,note from the preparer of this etext3  
,i have had to insert a few comments    
mainly in regards to adjustments to     
fonts to allow for some of the          
characters in the ,indian names2 you    
will find any of my own notes enclosed  
in these brackets--4  ,i have also      
renumbered the footnotes and placed them
 at the end of this e-text1 removing    
them from within the document where they
 fell at the end of each corresponding  
page4  ,updater's note3 footnote numbers
 have been enclosed with square         
brackets1 e4g4 #cj4  ,the ,greek in     
footnote #a has been transliterated     
character has been replaced with oe1 in 
the text version4      ,the ,life of    
,william ,carey1 ,shoemaker  ,missionary
   by  ,george ,smith     ,,preface     
,on the death of ,william ,carey ,in    
#ahcd ,dr4 ,joshua ,marshman promised to
 write the ,life of his great colleague1
 with whom he had held almost daily     
converse since the beginning of the     
century1 but he survived too short a    

time to begin the work4  ,in #ahcf the  
,rev4 ,eustace ,carey anticipated him by
 issuing what is little better than a   
selection of mutilated letters and      
journals made at the request of the     
,committee of the ,baptist ,missionary  
,society4  ,it contains one passage of  
value1 however4  ,dr4 ,carey once said  
to his nephew1 whose design he seems to 
have suspected1 ,eustace1 if after my   
removal any one should think it worth   
his while to write my ,life1 ,i will    
give you a criterion by which you may   
judge of its correctness4  ,if he give  
me credit for being a plodder he will   
describe me justly4 ,anything beyond    
this will be too much4  ,i can plod4  ,i
 can persevere in any definite pursuit4 
,to this ,i owe everything4  ,in #ahei  
,mr4 ,john ,marshman1 after his final   
return to ,england1 published ,the ,life
 and ,times of ,carey1 ,marshman1 and   
,ward1 a valuable history and defence of
 the ,serampore ,mission1 but rather a  
biography of his father than of ,carey4 

,when ,i first went to ,serampore the   
great missionary had not been twenty    
years dead4  ,during my long residence  
there as ,editor of the ,friend of      
,india1 ,i came to know1 in most of its 
details1 the nature of the work done by 
,carey for ,india and for ,christendom  
in the first third of the century4  ,i  
began to collect such materials for his 
,biography as were to be found in the   
office1 the press1 and the college1 and 
among the ,native ,christians and       
,brahman pundits whom he had influenced4
  ,in addition to such materials and    
experience ,i have been favoured with   
the use of many unpublished letters     
written by ,carey or referring to him2  
for which courtesy ,i here desire to    
thank ,mrs4 ,s4 ,carey1 ,south ,bank1   
,red ,hill2 ,frederick ,george ,carey1  
,esq41 ,,ll4,b41 of ,lincoln's ,inn2 and
 the ,rev4 ,jonathan ,p4 ,carey of      
,tiverton4  ,my ,biographies of ,carey  
of ,serampore1 ,henry ,martyn1 ,duff of 
,calcutta1 and ,wilson of ,bombay1 cover

 a period of nearly a century and a     
quarter1 from #agfa to #ahgh4  ,they    
have been written as contributions to   
that history of the ,christian ,church  
of ,india which one of its native sons  
must some day attempt2 and to the       
history of ,english-speaking peoples1   
whom the ,foreign ,missions begun by    
,carey have made the rulers and         
civilisers of the non-,christian world4 
,,contents      ,i4 ,,carey',s ,,college
    ,,ii4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of            
,,england',s ,,foreign ,,missions       
,,iii4 ,,india ,,as ,,carey ,,found ,,it
    ,,iv4 ,,six ,,years ,,in ,,north    
,,bengal--,,missionary ,,and ,,indigo   
,,planter     ,v4 ,,the ,,new           
,,crusade--,,serampore ,,and ,,the      
,,brotherhood    ,,vi4 ,,the ,,first    
,,native ,,converts ,,and ,,christian   
,,schools   ,,vii4 ,,calcutta ,,and     
,,the ,,mission ,,centres ,,from ,,delhi
 ,,to ,,amboyna  ,,viii4 ,,carey',s     
,,family ,,and ,,friends    ,,ix4       
,,professor ,,of ,,sanskrit1 ,,bengali1 

,,and ,,marathi     ,x4 ,,the ,,wyclif  
,,of ,,the ,,east--,,bible ,,translation
    ,,xi4 ,,what ,,carey ,,did ,,for    
,,literature ,,and ,,for ,,humanity     
,,xii4 ,,what ,,carey ,,did ,,for       
,,science--,,founder ,,of ,,the         
,,agricultural ,,and                    
,,horticultural ,,society ,,of ,,india  
,,xiii4 ,,carey',s ,,immediate          
,,influence ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,and
 ,,america   ,,xiv4 ,,carey ,,as ,,an   
,,educator--,,the ,,first ,,christian   
,,college ,,in ,,the ,,east    ,,xv4    
,,carey',s ,,christian ,,university     
,,for ,,the ,,people ,,of ,,india       
,,xvi4 ,,carey',s ,,last ,,days         
,,appendix      ,,life ,,of ,,william   
,,carey1 ,d4,d4   ,,chapter ,i          
,,carey',s ,,college  #agfa-aghe  ,the  
,heart of ,england--,the ,weaver ,carey 
who became a ,peer1 and the weaver who  
was father of ,william ,carey--,early   
training in ,paulerspury--,impressions  
made by him on his sister--,on his      
companions and the villagers--,his      

experience as son of the parish         
clerk--,apprenticed to a shoemaker of   
,hackleton--,poverty--,famous shoemakers
 from ,annianus and ,crispin to ,hans   
,sachs and ,whittier--,from ,pharisaism 
to ,christ--,the last shall be          
first--,the dissenting preacher in the  
parish clerk's home--,he studies ,latin1
 ,greek and ,hebrew1 ,dutch and         
,french--,the cobbler's shed is ,carey's
 ,college4  ,william ,carey1 the first  
of her own children of the ,reformation 
whom ,england sent forth as a missionary
 to ,india1 where he became the most    
extensive translator of the ,bible and  
civiliser1 was the son of a weaver1 and 
was himself a village shoemaker till he 
was twenty-eight years of age4  ,he was 
born on the #agth ,august #agfa1 in the 
very midland of ,england1 in the heart  
of the district which had produced      
,shakspere1 had fostered ,wyclif and    
,hooker1 had bred ,fox and ,bunyan1 and 
had for a time been the scene of the    
lesser lights of ,john ,mason and       

,doddridge1 of ,john ,newton and ,thomas
 ,scott4  ,william ,cowper1 the poet of 
missions1 made the land his chosen home1
 writing ,hope and ,the ,task in ,olney1
 while the shoemaker was studying       
theology under ,sutcliff on the opposite
 side of the market-place4 ,thomas      
,clarkson1 born a year before ,carey1   
was beginning his assaults on the       
slave-trade by translating into ,english
 his ,latin essay on the day-star of    
,african liberty when the shoemaker1    
whom no university knew1 was writing his
 ,enquiry into the ,obligations of      
,christians to use means for the        
,conversion of the ,heathens4  ,william 
,carey bore a name which had slowly     
fallen into forgetfulness after services
 to the ,stewarts1 with whose cause it  
had been identified4  ,professor        
,stephens1 of ,copenhagen1 traces it to 
the ,scando-,anglian ,car1 ,,caer or    
,,care1 which became a place-name as    
,,car-,,ey4 ,among scores of neighbours 
called ,william1 ,william of ,car-ey    

would soon sink into ,carey1 and this   
would again become the family name4  ,in
 ,denmark the name ,care is common4     
,the oldest ,english instance is the    
,cariet who coined money in ,london for 
thelred ,,ii4 in #ajaf4  ,certainly the 
name1 through its forms of ,crew1       
,carew1 ,carey1 and ,cary1 still        
prevails on the ,irish coast--from which
 depression of trade drove the family   
first to ,yorkshire1 then to the        
,northamptonshire village of            
,yelvertoft1 and finally to             
,paulerspury1 farther south--as well as 
over the whole ,danegelt from           
,lincolnshire to ,devonshire4  ,if thus 
there was ,norse blood in ,william      
,carey it came out in his persistent    
missionary daring1 and it is pleasant   
even to speculate on the possibility of 
such an origin in one who was all his   
,indian life indebted to ,denmark for   
the protection which alone made his     
career possible4  ,the ,careys who      
became famous in ,english history sprang

 from ,devon4 ,for two and a half       
centuries1 from the second ,richard to  
the second ,charles1 they gave statesmen
 and soldiers1 scholars and bishops1 to 
the service of their country4  ,henry   
,carey1 first cousin of ,queen          
,elizabeth1 was the common ancestor of  
two ennobled houses long since          
extinct--the ,earls of ,dover and the   
,earls of ,monmouth4  ,a third peerage  
won by the ,careys has been made        
historic by the patriotic counsels and  
self-sacrificing fate of ,viscount      
,falkland1 whose representative was     
,governor of ,bombay for a time4  ,two  
of the heroic ,falkland's descendants1  
aged ladies1 addressed a pathetic letter
 to ,parliament about the time that the 
great missionary died1 praying that they
 might not be doomed to starvation by   
being deprived of a crown pension of #hj
 a year4  ,the older branch of the      
,careys also had fallen on evil times1  
and it became extinct while the future  
missionary was yet four years old4  ,the

 seventh lord was a weaver when he      
succeeded to the title1 and he died     
childless4  ,the eighth was a ,dutchman 
who had to be naturalised1 and he was   
the last4  ,the ,careys fell lower      
still4  ,one of them bore to the        
brilliant and reckless ,marquis of      
,halifax1 ,henry ,carey1 who wrote one  
of the few ,english ballads that live4  
,another1 the poet's granddaughter1 was 
the mother of ,edmund ,kean1 and he at  
first was known by her name on the      
stage4  ,at that time when the weaver   
became the lord the grandfather of the  
missionary was parish clerk and first   
schoolmaster of the village of          
,paulerspury1 eleven miles south of     
,northampton1 and near the ancient      
posting town of ,towcester1 on the old  
,roman road from ,london to ,chester4   
,the free school was at the east or     
church end of the village1 which1 after 
crossing the old ,watling ,street1      
straggles for a mile over a sluggish    
burn to the ,pury end4  ,one son1       

,thomas1 had enlisted and was in        
,canada4  ,edmund ,carey1 the second1   
set up the loom on which he wove the    
woollen cloth known as tammy1 in a      
two-storied cottage4  ,there his eldest 
child1 ,,william1 was born1 and lived   
for six years till his father was       
appointed schoolmaster1 when the family 
removed to the free schoolhouse4  ,the  
cottage was demolished in #ahed by one  
,richard ,linnell1 who placed on the    
still meaner structure now occupying the
 site the memorial slab that guides many
 visitors to the spot4  ,the            
schoolhouse1 in which ,william ,carey   
spent the eight most important years of 
his childhood till he was fourteen1 and 
the school made way for the present     
pretty buildings4  ,the village         
surroundings and the country scenery    
coloured the whole of the boy's after   
life1 and did much to make him the first
 agricultural improver and naturalist of
 ,bengal1 which he became4 ,the lordship
 of ,pirie1 as it was called by ,gitda1 

its ,saxon owner1 was given by the      
,conqueror1 with much else1 to his      
natural son1 ,william ,peverel1 as we   
see from the ,domesday survey4  ,his    
descendants passed it on to ,robert de  
,paveli1 whence its present name1 but in
 ,carey's time it was held by the second
 ,earl ,bathurst1 who was ,lord         
,chancellor4  ,up to the very           
schoolhouse came the royal forest of    
,whittlebury1 its walks leading north to
 the woods of ,salcey1 of ,yardley      
,chase and ,rockingham1 from the beeches
 which give ,buckingham its name4       
,carey must have often sat under the    
,queen's ,oak1 still venerable in its   
riven form1 where ,edward ,,iv41 when   
hunting1 first saw ,elizabeth1 unhappy  
mother of the two princes murdered in   
the ,tower4  ,the silent robbery of the 
people's rights called inclosures has   
done much1 before and since ,carey's    
time1 to sweep away or shut up the      
woodlands4  ,the country may be less    
beautiful1 while the population has     

grown so that ,paulerspury has now      
nearly double the eight hundred         
inhabitants of a century ago4 ,but its  
oolitic hills1 gently swelling to above 
#gjj feet1 and the valleys of the many  
rivers which flow from this central     
watershed1 west and east1 are covered   
with fat vegetation almost equally      
divided between grass and corn1 with    
green crops4  ,the many large estates   
are rich in gardens and orchards4  ,the 
farmers1 chiefly on small holdings1 are 
famous for their shorthorns and         
,leicester sheep4 ,except for the       
rapidly-developing production of iron   
from the ,lias1 begun by the ,romans1   
there is but one manufacture--that of   
shoes4 ,it is now centred by modern     
machinery and labour arrangements in    
,northampton itself1 which has #bd1jjj  
shoemakers1 and in the other towns1 but 
a century ago the craft was common to   
every hamlet4  ,for botany and          
agriculture1 however1 ,northamptonshire 
was the finest county in ,england1 and  

young ,carey had trodden many a mile of 
it1 as boy and man1 before he left home 
for ever for ,bengal4  ,two unfinished  
autobiographical sketches1 written from 
,india at the request of ,fuller and of 
,ryland1 and letters of his youngest    
sister ,mary1 his favourite ,polly who  
survived him1 have preserved for us in  
still vivid characters the details of   
the early training of ,william ,carey4  
,he was the eldest of five children4    
,he was the special care of their       
grandmother1 a woman of a delicate      
nature and devout habits1 who closed her
 sad widowhood in the weaver-son's      
cottage4  ,encompassed by such a living 
influence the grandson spent his first  
six years4 ,already the child           
unconsciously showed the eager thirst   
for knowledge1 and perseverance in      
attaining his object1 which made him    
chiefly what he became4  ,his mother    
would often be awoke in the night by the
 pleasant lisping of a voice casting    
accompts2 so intent was he from         

childhood in the pursuit of knowledge4  
,whatever he began he finished2         
difficulties never seemed to discourage 
his mind4  ,on removal to the ancestral 
schoolhouse the boy had a room to       
himself4  ,his sister describes it as   
full of insects stuck in every corner   
that he might observe their progress4   
,his many birds he entrusted to her care
 when he was from home4  ,in this       
picture we see the exact foreshadowing  
of the man4 ,though ,i often used to    
kill his birds by kindness1 yet when he 
saw my grief for it he always indulged  
me with the pleasure of serving them    
again2 and often took me over the       
dirtiest roads to get at a plant or an  
insect4  ,he never walked out1 ,i think1
 when quite a boy1 without observation  
on the hedges as he passed2 and when he 
took up a plant of any kind he always   
observed it with care4  ,though ,i was  
but a child ,i well remember his        
pursuits4  ,he always seemed in earnest 
in his recreations as well as in school4

  ,he was generally one of the most     
active in all the amusements and        
recreations that boys in general pursue4
  ,he was always beloved by the boys    
about his own age4  ,to climb a certain 
tree was the object of their ambition2  
he fell often in the attempt1 but did   
not rest till he had succeeded4  ,his   
,uncle ,peter was a gardener in the same
 village1 and gave him his first lessons
 in botany and horticulture4  ,he soon  
became responsible for his father's     
official garden1 till it was the best   
kept in the neighbourhood4 ,wherever    
after that he lived1 as boy or man1 poor
 or in comfort1 ,william ,carey made and
 perfected his garden1 and always for   
others1 until he created at ,serampore  
the botanical park which for more than  
half a century was unique in ,southern  
,asia4  ,we have in a letter from the   
,manse1 ,paulerspury1 a tradition of the
 impression made on the dull rustics by 
the dawning genius of the youth whom    
they but dimly comprehended4  ,he went  

amongst them under the nickname of      
,columbus1 and they would say1 ,well1 if
 you won't play1 preach us a sermon1    
which he would do4  ,mounting on an old 
dwarf witch-elm about seven feet high1  
where several could sit1 he would hold  
forth4  ,this seems to have been a      
resort of his for reading1 his favourite
 occupation4  ,the same authority tells 
how1 when suffering toothache1 he       
allowed his companions to drag the tooth
 from his head with a violent jerk1 by  
tying around it a string attached to a  
wheel used to grind malt1 to which they 
gave a sharp turn4  ,the boy's own      
peculiar room was a little library as   
well as museum of natural history4  ,he 
possessed a few books1 which indeed were
 many for those days1 but he borrowed   
more from the whole country-side4       
,recalling the eight years of his       
intellectual apprenticeship till he was 
fourteen1 from the serene height of his 
missionary standard1 he wrote long      
after3--,i chose to read books of       

science1 history1 voyages1 etc41 more   
than any others4  ,novels and plays     
always disgusted me1 and ,i avoided them
 as much as ,i did books of religion1   
and perhaps from the same motive4  ,i   
was better pleased with romances1 and   
this circumstance made me read the      
,pilgrim's ,progress with eagerness1    
though to no purpose4  ,the new era1 of 
which he was to be the aggressive       
spiritual representative from           
,christendom1 had not dawned4  ,walter  
,scott was ten years his junior4        
,captain ,cook had not discovered the   
,sandwich ,islands1 and was only        
returning from the second of his three  
voyages while ,carey was still at       
school4  ,the church services and the   
watchfulness of his father supplied the 
directly moral training which his       
grandmother had begun4  ,the            
,paulerspury living of ,st4 ,james is a 
valuable rectory in the gift of ,new    
,college1 ,oxford4  ,originally built in
 ,early ,english1 and rebuilt in #ahdd1 

the church must have presented a still  
more venerable appearance a century ago 
than it does now1 with its noble tower  
in the ,perpendicular1 and chancel in   
the ,decorated style1 dominating all the
 county4  ,then1 as still1 effigies of a
 ,paveli and his wife1 and of ,sir      
,arthur ,throckmorton and his wife      
recumbent head to head1 covered a large 
altar-tomb in the chancel1 and with the 
,bathurst and other monuments called    
forth first the fear and then the pride 
of the parish clerk's eldest son4  ,in  
those days the clerk had just below the 
pulpit the desk from which his sonorous 
,amen sounded forth1 while his family   
occupied a low gallery rising from the  
same level up behind the pulpit4 ,there 
the boys of the free school also could  
be under the master's eye1 and with     
instruments of music like those of ,king
 ,david1 but now banished from even     
village churches1 would accompany him in
 the doggerel strains of ,sternhold and 
,hopkins1 immortalised by ,cowper4  ,to 

the far right the boys could see and    
long for the ropes under the tower1 in  
which the bell-ringers of his day1 as of
 ,bunyan's not long before1 delighted4  
,the preaching of the time did nothing  
more for young ,carey than for the rest 
of ,england and ,scotland1 whom the     
parish church had not driven into       
dissent or secession4  ,but he could not
 help knowing the ,prayer-,book1 and    
especially its psalms and lessons1 and  
he was duly confirmed4  ,the family     
training1 too1 was exceptionally        
scriptural1 though not evangelical4 ,i  
had many stirrings of mind occasioned by
 being often obliged to read books of a 
religious character2 and1 having been   
accustomed from my infancy to read the  
,scriptures1 ,i had a considerable      
acquaintance therewith1 especially with 
the historical parts4  ,the first result
 was to make him despise dissenters4    
,but1 undoubtedly1 this eldest son of   
the schoolmaster and the clerk of the   
parish had at fourteen received an      

education from parents1 nature1 and     
books which1 with his habits of         
observation1 love of reading1 and       
perseverance1 made him better instructed
 than most boys of fourteen far above   
the peasant class to which he belonged4 
,buried in this obscure village in the  
dullest period of the dullest of all    
centuries1 the boy had no better        
prospect before him than that of a      
weaver or labourer1 or possibly a       
schoolmaster like one of his uncles in  
the neighbouring town of ,towcester4    
,when twelve years of age1 with his     
uncle there1 he might have formed one of
 the crowd which listened to ,john      
,wesley1 who1 in #aggc and then aged    
seventy1 visited the prosperous posting 
town4  ,paulerspury could indeed boast  
of one son1 ,edward ,bernard1 ,d4,d41   
who1 two centuries before1 had made for 
himself a name in ,oxford1 where he was 
,savilian ,professor of ,astronomy4     
,but ,carey was not a ,scotsman1 and    
therefore the university was not for    

such as he4  ,like his school-fellows1  
he seemed born to the ,english          
labourer's fate of five shillings a     
week1 and the poorhouse in sickness and 
old age4  ,from this1 in the first      
instance1 he was saved by a disease     
which affected his face and hands most  
painfully whenever he was long exposed  
to the sun4  ,for seven years he had    
failed to find relief4  ,his attempt at 
work in the field were for two years    
followed by distressing agony at night4 
,he was now sixteen1 and his father     
sought out a good man who would receive 
him as apprentice to the shoemaking     
trade4  ,the man was not difficult to   
find1 in the hamlet of ,hackleton1 nine 
miles off1 in the person of one ,clarke 
,nichols4  ,the lad afterwards described
 him as a strict churchman and1 what ,i 
thought1 a very moral man4  ,it is true 
he sometimes drank rather too freely1   
and generally employed me in carrying   
out goods on the ,lord's ,day morning2  
but he was an inveterate enemy to lying1

 a vice to which ,i was awfully         
addicted4 ,the senior apprentice was a  
dissenter1 and the master and his boys  
gave much of the talk over their work to
 disputes upon religious subjects4      
,carey had always looked upon dissenters
 with contempt4 ,i had1 moreover1 a     
share of pride sufficient for a thousand
 times my knowledge2 ,i therefore always
 scorned to have the worst in an        
argument1 and the last word was         
assuredly mine4  ,i also made up in     
positive assertion what was wanting in  
argument1 and generally came off with   
triumph4  ,but ,i was often convinced   
afterwards that although ,i had the last
 word my antagonist had the better of   
the argument1 and on that account felt a
 growing uneasiness and stings of       
conscience gradually increasing4  ,the  
dissenting apprentice was soon to be the
 first to lead him to ,christ4  ,william
 ,carey was a shoemaker during the      
twelve years of his life from sixteen to
 twenty-eight1 till he went to          

,leicester4  ,poverty1 which the grace  
of ,god used to make him a preacher also
 from his eighteenth year1 compelled him
 to work with his hands in leather all  
the week1 and to tramp many a weary mile
 to ,northampton and ,kettering carrying
 the product of his labour4  ,at one    
time1 when minister of ,moulton1 he kept
 a school by day1 made or cobbled shoes 
by night1 and preached on ,sunday4  ,so 
,paul had made tents of his native      
,cilician goatskin in the days when     
infant ,christianity was chased from    
city to city1 and the cross was a       
reproach only less bitter1 however1 than
 evangelical dissent in ,christian      
,england in the eighteenth century4     
,the providence which made and kept     
young ,carey so long a shoemaker1 put   
him in the very position in which he    
could most fruitfully receive and nurse 
the sacred fire that made him the most  
learned scholar and ,bible translator of
 his day in the ,east4 ,the same        
providence thus linked him to the       

earliest ,latin missionaries of         
,alexandria1 of ,asia ,minor1 and of    
,gaul1 who were shoemakers1 and to a    
succession of scholars and divines1     
poets and critics1 reformers and        
philanthropists1 who have used the      
shoemaker's life to become              
illustrious4#a ,st4 ,mark chose for his 
successor1 as first bishop of           
,alexandria1 that ,annianus whom he had 
been the means of converting to ,christ 
when he found him at the cobbler's      
stall4  ,the ,talmud commemorates the   
courage and the wisdom of ,rabbi        
,jochanan1 the shoemaker1 whose learning
 soon after found a parallel in         
,carey's4  ,like ,annianus1 a poor      
shoemaker named ,alexander1 despised in 
the world but great in the sight of     
,god1 who did honour to so exalted a    
station in the ,church1 became famous as
 ,bishop of ,comana in ,cappadocia1 as  
saint1 preacher1 and missionary-martyr4 
,soon after there perished in the       
persecutions of ,diocletian1 at         

,soissons1 the two missionary brothers  
whose name of ,crispin has ever since   
been gloried in by the trade1 which they
 chose at once as a means of livelihood 
and of helping their poor converts4     
,the ,hackleton apprentice was still a  
child when the great ,goethe was again  
adding to the then artificial literature
 of his country his own true            
predecessor1 ,hans ,sachs1 the shoemaker
 of ,nrnberg1 the friend of ,luther1 the
 meistersinger of the ,reformation4     
,and it was another ,german shoemaker1  
,boehme1 whose exalted theosophy as     
expounded by ,william ,law became one   
link in the chain that drew ,carey to   
,christ1 as it influenced ,wesley and   
,whitefield1 ,samuel ,johnson and       
,coleridge4  ,george ,fox was only      
nineteen when1 after eight years'       
service with a shoemaker in ,drayton1   
,leicestershire1 not far from ,carey's  
county1 he heard the voice from heaven  
which sent him forth in #afdc to preach 
righteousness1 temperance1 and judgment 

to come1 till ,cromwell sought converse 
with him1 and the ,friends became a     
power among men4  ,carlyle has1 in      
characteristic style1 seized on the true
 meaning that was in the man when he    
made to himself a suit of leather and   
became the modern hero of ,sartor       
,resartus4  ,the words fit ,william     
,carey's case even better than that of  
,george ,fox3--,sitting in his stall1   
working on tanned hides1 amid pincers1  
paste-horns1 rosin1 swine-bristles1 and 
a nameless flood of rubbish1 this youth 
had nevertheless a ,living ,spirit      
belonging to him2 also an antique       
,inspired ,volume1 through which1 as    
through a window1 it could look upwards 
and discern its celestial ,home4 ,that  
shoe-shop1 had men known it1 was a      
holier place than any ,vatican or       
,loretto-shrine444,stitch away1 every   
prick of that little instrument is      
pricking into the heart of slavery4     
,thirty-six years after ,fox had begun  
to wear his leathern doublet he directed

 all ,friends everywhere that had       
,indians or blacks to preach the ,gospel
 to them4  ,but it would be too long to 
tell the list of workers in what has    
been called the gentle craft1 whom the  
cobbler's stall1 with its peculiar      
opportunities for rhythmic meditation1  
hard thinking1 and oft harder debating1 
has prepared for the honours of         
literature and scholarship1 of          
philanthropy and reform4  ,to mention   
only ,carey's contemporaries1 the career
 of these men ran parallel at home with 
his abroad--,thomas ,shillitoe1 who     
stood before magistrates1 bishops1 and  
such sovereigns as ,george ,,iii4 and   
,,iv4 and the ,czar ,alexander ,i4 in   
the interests of social reform2 and     
,john ,pounds1 the picture of whom as   
the founder of ragged schools led       
,thomas ,guthrie1 when he stumbled on it
 in an inn in ,anstruther1 to do the    
same ,christlike work in ,scotland4     
,coleridge1 who when at ,christ's       
,hospital was ambitious to be a         

shoemaker's apprentice1 was right when  
he declared that shoemakers had given to
 the world a larger number of eminent   
men than any other handicraft4          
,whittier's own early experience in     
,massachusetts fitted him to be the     
poet-laureate of the craft which for    
some years he adorned4  ,his ,songs of  
,labour1 published in #ahej1 contain the
 best ,english lines on shoemakers since
 ,shakspere put into the mouth of ,king 
,henry ,v4 the address on the eve of    
,agincourt1 which begins3 ,this day is  
called the feast of ,crispin4 ,but      
,whittier1 ,quaker1 philanthropist1 and 
countryman of ,judson though he was1    
might have found a place for ,carey when
 he sang so well of others3--    ,thy   
songs1 ,hans ,sachs1 are living yet1    
,in strong and hearty ,german2   ,and   
,bloomfield's lay and ,gifford's wit    
,and patriot fame of ,sherman2    ,still
 from his book1 a mystic seer1     ,the 
soul of ,behmen teaches1   ,and         
,england's priestcraft shakes to hear   

,of ,fox's leathern breeches4  ,the     
confessions of ,carey1 made in the      
spiritual humility and self-examination 
of his later life1 form a parallel to   
the ,grace ,abounding to the ,chief of  
,sinners1 the little classic of ,john   
,bunyan second only to his ,pilgrim's   
,progress4  ,the young ,pharisee1 who   
entered ,hackleton with such hate in his
 heart to dissenters that he would have 
destroyed their meeting-place1 who      
practised lying1 swearing1 and other    
sins1 gradually yielded so far to his   
brother apprentice's importunity as to  
leave these off1 to try to pray         
sometimes when alone1 to attend church  
three times a day1 and to visit the     
dissenting prayer-meeting4  ,like the   
zealot who thought to do ,god service by
 keeping the whole law1 ,carey lived    
thus for a time1 not doubting but this  
would produce ease of mind and make me  
acceptable to ,god4 ,what revealed him  
to himself was an incident which he     
tells in language recalling at once     

,augustine and one of the subtlest      
sketches of ,george ,eliot1 in which the
 latter uses her half-knowledge of      
evangelical faith to stab the very truth
 that delivered ,paul and ,augustine1   
,bunyan and ,carey1 from the            
antinomianism of the ,pharisee3--  ,a   
circumstance which ,i always reflect on 
with a mixture of horror and gratitude  
occurred about this time1 which1 though 
greatly to my dishonour1 ,i must relate4
  ,it being customary in that part of   
the country for apprentices to collect  
,christmas boxes donations from the     
tradesmen with whom their masters have  
dealings1 ,i was permitted to collect   
these little sums4  ,when ,i applied to 
an ironmonger1 he gave me the choice of 
a shilling or a sixpence2 ,i of course  
chose the shilling1 and putting it in my
 pocket1 went away4  ,when ,i had got a 
few shillings my next care was to       
purchase some little articles for       
myself1 ,i have forgotten what4  ,but   
then1 to my sorrow1 ,i found that my    

shilling was a brass one4  ,i paid for  
the things which ,i bought by using a   
shilling of my master's4  ,i now found  
that ,i had exceeded my stock by a few  
pence4 ,i expected severe reproaches    
from my master1 and therefore came to   
the resolution to declare strenuously   
that the bad money was his4  ,i well    
remember the struggles of mind which ,i 
had on this occasion1 and that ,i made  
this deliberate sin a matter of prayer  
to ,god as ,i passed over the fields    
towards home6  ,i there promised that1  
if ,god would but get me clearly over   
this1 or1 in other words1 help me       
through with the theft1 ,i would        
certainly for the future leave off all  
evil practices2 but this theft and      
consequent lying appeared to me so      
necessary1 that they could not be       
dispensed with4  ,a gracious ,god did   
not get me safe through4  ,my master    
sent the other apprentice to investigate
 the matter4  ,the ironmonger           
acknowledged the giving me the shilling1

 and ,i was therefore exposed to shame1 
reproach1 and inward remorse1 which     
preyed upon my mind for a considerable  
time4 ,i at this time sought the ,lord1 
perhaps much more earnestly than ever1  
but with shame and fear4  ,i was quite  
ashamed to go out1 and never1 till ,i   
was assured that my conduct was not     
spread over the town1 did ,i attend a   
place of worship4  ,i trust that1 under 
these circumstances1 ,i was led to see  
much more of myself than ,i had ever    
done before1 and to seek for mercy with 
greater earnestness4  ,i attended       
prayer-meetings only1 however1 till     
,february #aj1 #aggi1 which being       
appointed a day of fasting and prayer1  
,i attended worship on that day4  ,mr4  
,chater congregationalist of ,olney     
preached1 but from what text ,i have    
forgotten4  ,he insisted much on        
following ,christ entirely1 and enforced
 his exhortation with that passage1     
',let us therefore go out unto him      
without the camp1 bearing his           

reproach4'--,heb4 xiii4 #ac4  ,i think  
,i had a desire to follow ,christ2 but  
one idea occurred to my mind on hearing 
those words which broke me off from the 
,church of ,england4  ,the idea was     
certainly very crude1 but useful in     
bringing me from attending a lifeless1  
carnal ministry to one more evangelical4
  ,i concluded that the ,church of      
,england1 as established by law1 was the
 camp in which all were protected from  
the scandal of the cross1 and that ,i   
ought to bear the reproach of ,christ   
among the dissenters2 and accordingly ,i
 always afterwards attended divine      
worship among them4  ,at eighteen ,carey
 was thus emptied of self and there was 
room for ,christ4  ,in a neighbouring   
village he consorted much for a time    
with some followers of ,william ,law1   
who had not long before passed away in a
 village in the neighbourhood1 and      
select passages from whose writings the 
,moravian minister1 ,francis ,okely1 of 
,northampton1 had versified4 ,these     

completed the negative process4 ,i felt 
ruined and helpless4 ,then to his       
spiritual eyes1 purged of self1 there   
appeared the ,crucified ,one2 and to his
 spiritual intelligence there was given 
the ,word of ,god4 ,the change was that 
wrought on ,paul by a ,living ,person4  
,it converted the hypocritical ,pharisee
 into the evangelical preacher2 it      
turned the vicious peasant into the most
 self-denying saint2 it sent the village
 shoemaker far off to the ,hindoos4     
,but the process was slow2 it had been  
so even in ,paul's case4  ,carey found  
encouragement in intercourse with some  
old ,christians in ,hackleton1 and he   
united with a few of them1 including his
 fellow-apprentice1 in forming a        
congregational church4  ,the state of   
the parish may be imagined from its     
recent history4  ,hackleton is part of  
,piddington1 and the squire had long    
appropriated the living of #cjj a year1 
the parsonage1 the glebe1 and all       
tithes1 sending his house minister at   

times to do duty4  ,a ,certificate from 
,northamptonshire1 against the          
pluralities and other such scandals1    
published in #afda1 declared that not a 
child or servant in ,hackleton or       
,piddington could say the ,lord's       
,prayer4  ,carey sought the preaching of
 ,doddridge's successor at ,northampton1
 of a ,baptist minister at ,road1 and of
 ,scott the commentator1 then at        
,ravenstone4 ,he had found peace1 but   
was theologically inquisitive and       
unsatisfied4  ,fortunately1 like        
,luther1 he was obliged to draw all from
 the ,bible alone4  ,when1 at twenty    
years of age1 ,carey was slowly piecing 
together the doctrines in the ,word of  
,god into something like a system which 
would at once satisfy his own spiritual 
and intellectual needs1 and help him to 
preach to others1 a little volume was   
published1 of which he wrote3--,i do not
 remember ever to have read any book    
with such raptures4  ,it was ,help to   
,zion's ,travellers2 being an attempt to

 remove various ,stumbling-,blocks out  
of the ,way1 relating to ,doctrinal1    
,experimental1 and ,practical ,religion1
 by ,robert ,hall4 ,the writer was the  
father of the greater ,robert ,hall1 a  
venerable man1 who1 in his village      
church of ,arnsby1 near ,leicester1 had 
already taught ,carey how to preach4    
,the book is described as an attempt to 
relieve discouraged ,christians in a day
 of gloominess and perplexity1 that they
 might devote themselves to ,christ     
through life as well as be found in ,him
 in death4  ,carey made a careful       
synopsis of it in an exquisitely neat   
hand on the margin of each page4  ,the  
worm-eaten copy1 which he treasured even
 in ,india1 is now deposited in ,bristol
 ,college4  ,a ,calvinist of the broad  
missionary type of ,paul1 ,carey        
somewhat suddenly1 according to his own 
account1 became a ,baptist4 ,i do not   
recollect having read anything on the   
subject till ,i applied to ,mr4 ,ryland1
 senior1 to baptise me4  ,he lent me a  

pamphlet1 and turned me over to his son1
 who thus told the story when the       
,baptist ,missionary ,society held its  
first public meeting in                 
,london3--,october #eth1 #aghc3 ,i      
baptised in the river ,nen1 a little    
beyond ,dr4 ,doddridge's meeting-house  
at ,northampton1 a poor journeyman      
shoemaker1 little thinking that before  
nine years had elapsed1 he would prove  
the first instrument of forming a       
society for sending missionaries from   
,england to preach the gospel to the    
heathen4  ,such1 however1 as the event  
has proved1 was the purpose of the ,most
 ,high1 who selected for this work not  
the son of one of our most learned      
ministers1 nor of one of the most       
opulent of our dissenting gentlemen1 but
 the son of a parish clerk4  ,the spot  
may still be visited at the foot of the 
hill1 where the ,nen fed the moat of the
 old castle1 in which many a ,parliament
 sat from the days of ,king ,john4 ,the 
text of that morning's sermon happened  

to be the ,lord's saying1 ,many first   
shall be last1 and the last first1 which
 asserts ,his absolute sovereignty in   
choosing and in rewarding ,his          
missionaries1 and introduces the parable
 of the labourers in the vineyard4  ,as 
,carey wrote in the fulness of his fame1
 that the evangelical doctrines         
continued to be the choice of his heart1
 so he never wavered in his preference  
for the ,baptist division of the        
,christian host4  ,but from the first he
 enjoyed the friendship of ,scott and   
,newton1 and of his neighbour ,mr4      
,robinson of ,st4 ,mary's1 ,leicester1  
and we shall see him in ,india the      
centre of the ,episcopal and            
,presbyterian chaplains and missionaries
 from ,martyn ,wilson to ,lacroix and   
,duff4 ,his controversial spirit died   
with the youthful conceit and           
self-righteousness of which it is so    
often the birth4  ,when at eighteen he  
learned to know himself1 he became for  
ever humble4  ,a zeal like that of his  

new-found ,master took its place1 and   
all the energy of his nature1 every     
moment of his time1 was directed to     
setting ,him forth4  ,in his monthly    
visits to the father-house at           
,paulerspury the new man in him could   
not be hid4  ,his sister gives us a     
vivid sketch of the lad1 whose going    
over to the dissenters was resented by  
the formal and stern clerk1 and whose   
evangelicalism was a reproach to the    
others4  ,at this time he was           
increasingly thoughtful1 and very was   
jealous for the ,lord of ,hosts4  ,like 
,gideon1 he seemed for throwing down all
 the altars of ,baal in one night4      
,when he came home we used to wonder at 
the change4  ,we knew that before he was
 rather inclined to persecute the faith 
he now seemed to wish to propagate4  ,at
 first1 perhaps1 his zeal exceeded the  
bounds of prudence2 but he felt the     
importance of things we were strangers  
to1 and his natural disposition was to  
pursue earnestly what he undertook1 so  

that it was not to be wondered at1      
though we wondered at the change4  ,he  
stood alone in his father's house for   
some years4  ,after a time he asked     
permission to have family prayer when he
 came home to see us1 a favour which he 
very readily had granted4  ,often have  
,i felt my pride rise while he was      
engaged in prayer1 at the mention of    
those words in ,isaiah1 'that all our   
righteousness was like filthy rags4' ,i 
did not think he thought his so1 but    
looked on me and the family as filthy1  
not himself and his party4 ,oh1 what    
pride is in the human heart6  ,nothing  
but my love to my brother would have    
kept me from showing my resentment4  ,a 
few of the friends of religion wished   
our brother to exercise his gifts by    
speaking to a few friends in a house    
licensed at ,pury2 which he did with    
great acceptance4  ,the next morning a  
neighbour of ours1 a very pious woman1  
came in to congratulate my mother on the
 occasion1 and to speak of the ,lord's  

goodness in calling her son1 and my     
brother1 two such near neighbours1 to   
the same noble calling4 ,my mother      
replied1 ',what1 do you think he will be
 a preacher8' ',yes1' she replied1 'and 
a great one1 ,i think1 if spared4'      
,from that time till he was settled at  
,moulton he regularly preached once a   
month at ,pury with much acceptance4    
,he was at that time in his twentieth   
year1 and married4 ,our parents were    
always friendly to religion2 yet1 on    
some accounts1 we should rather have    
wished him to go from home than come    
home to preach4 ,i do not think ,i ever 
heard him1 though my younger brother and
 my sister1 ,i think1 generally did4    
,our father much wished to hear his son1
 if he could do it unseen by him or any 
one4  ,it was not long before an        
opportunity offered1 and he embraced it4
  ,though he was a man that never       
discovered any partiality for the       
abilities of his children1 but rather   
sometimes went too far on the other     

hand1 that often tended a little to     
discourage them1 yet we were convinced  
that he approved of what he heard1 and  
was highly gratified by it4  ,in        
,hackleton itself his expositions of    
,scripture were so valued that the      
people1 he writes1 being ignorant1      
sometimes applauded to my great injury4 
,when in poverty1 so deep that he fasted
 all that day because he had not a penny
 to buy a dinner1 he attended a meeting 
of the ,association of ,baptist         
,churches at ,olney1 not far off4       
,there he first met with his lifelong   
colleague1 the future secretary of the  
mission1 ,andrew ,fuller1 the young     
minister of ,soham1 who preached on     
being men in understanding1 and there it
 was arranged that he should preach     
regularly to a small congregation at    
,earls ,barton1 six miles from          
,hackleton4  ,his new-born humility made
 him unable to refuse the duty1 which he
 discharged for more than three years   
while filling his cobbler's stall at    

,hackleton all the week1 and frequently 
preaching elsewhere also4  ,the secret  
of his power which drew the             
,northamptonshire peasants and craftsmen
 to the feet of their fellow was this1  
that he studied the portion of          
,scripture1 which he read every morning 
at his private devotions1 in ,hebrew1   
,greek1 and ,latin4  ,this was ,carey's 
college4  ,on the death of his first    
master1 when he was eighteen1 he had    
transferred his apprenticeship to a ,mr4
 ,t4 ,old4 ,hackleton stands on the high
 road from ,bedford and ,olney to       
,northampton1 and ,thomas ,scott was in 
the habit of resting at ,mr4 ,old's on  
his not infrequent walks from ,olney1   
where he had succeeded ,john ,newton4   
,there he had no more attentive listener
 or intelligent talker than the new     
journeyman1 who had been more influenced
 by his preaching at ,ravenstone than by
 that of any other man4  ,forty years   
after1 just before ,scott's death1 ,dr4 
,ryland gave him this message from      

,carey3--,if there be anything of the   
work of ,god in my soul1 ,i owe much of 
it to his preaching when ,i first set   
out in the ways of the ,lord2 to which  
this reply was sent3 ,i am surprised as 
well as gratified at your message from  
,dr4 ,carey4  ,he heard me preach only a
 few times1 and that as far as ,i know  
in my rather irregular excursions2      
though ,i often conversed and prayed in 
his presence1 and endeavoured to answer 
his sensible and pertinent inquiries    
when at ,hackleton4  ,but to have       
suggested even a single useful hint to  
such a mind as his must be considered as
 a high privilege and matter of         
gratitude4  ,scott had previously       
written this more detailed account of   
his intercourse with the preaching      
shoemaker1 whom he first saw when he    
called on ,mr4 ,old to tell him of the  
welfare of his mother3  ,when ,i went   
into the cottage ,i was soon recognised1
 and ,mr4 ,old came in1 with a          
sensible-looking lad in his             

working-dress4  ,i at first rather      
wondered to see him enter1 as he seemed 
young1 being1 ,i believe1 little of his 
age4  ,we1 however1 entered into very   
interesting conversation1 especially    
respecting my parishioner1 their        
relative1 and the excellent state of her
 mind1 and the wonder of divine grace in
 the conversion of one who had been so  
very many years considered as a         
self-righteous ,pharisee4  ,i believe ,i
 endeavoured to show that the term was  
often improperly applied to             
conscientious but ignorant inquirers1   
who are far from self-satisfied1 and    
who1 when the ,gospel is set before     
them1 find the thing which they had long
 been groping after4  ,however that may 
be1 ,i observed the lad who entered with
 ,mr4 ,old riveted in attention with    
every mark and symptom of intelligence  
and feeling2 saying little1 but modestly
 asking now and then an appropriate     
question4  ,i took occasion1 before ,i  
went forward1 to inquire after him1 and 

found that1 young as he was1 he was a   
member of the church at ,hackleton1 and 
looked upon as a very consistent and    
promising character4  ,i lived at ,olney
 till the end of #aghe2 and in the      
course of that time ,i called perhaps   
two or three times each year at ,mr4    
,old's1 and was each time more and more 
struck with the youth's conduct1 though 
,i said little2 but1 before ,i left     
,olney1 ,mr4 ,carey was out of his      
engagement with ,mr4 ,old4 ,i found also
 that he was sent out as a probationary 
preacher1 and preached at ,moulton2 and 
,i said to all to whom ,i had access1   
that he would1 if ,i could judge1 prove 
no ordinary man4  ,yet1 though ,i often 
met both old ,mr4 ,ryland1 the present  
,dr4 ,ryland1 ,mr4 ,hall1 ,mr4 ,fuller1 
and knew almost every step taken in     
forming your ,missionary ,society1 and  
though ,i sometimes preached very near  
,moulton1 it so happened that ,i do not 
recollect having met with him any more1 
till he came to my house in ,london with

 ,mr4 ,thomas1 to desire me to use what 
little influence ,i had with ,charles   
,grant1 ,esq41 to procure them licence  
to go in the ,company's ships as        
missionaries to the ,british settlements
 in ,india1 perhaps in #agib4  ,my      
little influence was of no avail4  ,what
 ,i said of ,mr4 ,carey so far satisfied
 ,mr4 ,grant that he said1 if ,mr4      
,carey was going alone1 or with one     
equally to be depended on along with    
him1 he would not oppose him2 but his   
strong disapprobation of ,mr4 ,t41 on   
what ground ,i knew not1 induced his    
negative4  ,i believe ,mr4 ,old died    
soon after ,i left ,olney1 if not just  
before2 and his shop1 which was a little
 building apart from the house1 was     
suffered to go to decay4  ,while in this
 state ,i several times passed it1 and  
said to my sons and others with me1 that
 is ,mr4 ,carey's college4  ,this       
cobbler's shed which was ,carey's       
college has been since restored1 but two
 of the original walls still stand1     

forming the corner in which he sat1     
opposite the window that looks out into 
the garden he carefully kept4  ,here1   
when his second master died1 ,carey     
succeeded to the business1 charging     
himself with the care of the widow1 and 
marrying the widow's sister1 ,dorothy or
 ,dolly ,placket4 ,he was only twenty   
when he took upon himself such burdens1 
in the neighbouring church of           
,piddington1 a village to which he      
afterwards moved his shop4  ,never had  
minister1 missionary1 or scholar a less 
sympathetic mate1 due largely to that   
latent mental disease which in ,india   
carried her off2 but for more than      
twenty years the husband showed her     
loving reverence4  ,as we stand in the  
,hackleton shed1 over which ,carey      
placed the rude signboard prepared by   
his own hands1 and now in the library of
 ,regent's ,park ,college1 ,second ,hand
 ,shoes ,bought and--1#b we can realise 
the low estate to which ,carey fell1    
even below his father's loom and        

schoolhouse1 and from which he was      
called to become the apostle of ,north  
,india as ,schwartz was of the ,south4  
,how was this shed his college8  ,we    
have seen that he brought with him from 
his native village an amount of         
information1 habits of observation1 and 
a knowledge of books unusual in rustics 
of that day1 and even of the present    
time4  ,at twelve he made his first     
acquaintance with a language other than 
his own1 when he mastered the short     
grammar in ,dyche's ,latine ,vocabulary1
 and committed nearly the whole book to 
memory4  ,when urging him to take the   
preaching at ,barton1 ,mr4 ,sutcliff of 
,olney gave him ,ruddiman's ,latin      
,grammar4 ,the one alleviation of his   
lot under the coarse but upright        
,nichols was found in his master's small
 library4  ,there he began to study     
,greek4  ,in a ,new ,testament          
commentary he found ,greek words1 which 
he carefully transcribed and kept until 
he should next visit home1 where a youth

 whom dissipation had reduced from      
college to weaving explained both the   
words and their terminations to him4    
,all that he wanted was such beginnings4
  ,hebrew he seems to have learned by   
the aid of the neighbouring ministers2  
borrowing books from them1 and          
questioning them pertinently1 as he did 
,scott4#c ,at the end of ,hopkins's     
,three ,sermons on the ,effects of ,sin 
on the ,universe1 preached in #agei1 he 
had made this entry on #ith ,august     
#aghg--;,gulielm4 ,careius perlegit4    
,he starved himself to purchase a few   
books at the sale which attended ,dr4   
,ryland's removal from ,northampton to  
,bristol4  ,in an old woman's cottage he
 found a ,dutch quarto1 and from that he
 so taught himself the language that in 
#aghi he translated for ,ryland a       
discourse on the ,gospel ,offer sent to 
him by the evangelical ,dr4 ,erskine of 
,edinburgh4  ,the manuscript is in an   
extremely small character1 unlike what  
might have been expected from one who   

had wrought with his hands for eight    
years4  ,french he acquired1            
sufficiently for literary purposes1 in  
three weeks from the ,french version of 
,ditton on the ,resurrection1 which he  
purchased for a few coppers4  ,he had   
the linguistic gift which soon after    
made the young carpenter ,mezzofanti of 
,bologna famous and a cardinal4 ,but the
 gift would have been buried in the     
grave of his penury and his             
circumstances had his trade been almost 
any other1 and had he not been impelled 
by the most powerful of all motives4    
,he never sat on his stall without his  
book before him1 nor did he painfully   
toil with his wallet of new-made shoes  
to the neighbouring towns or return with
 leather without conning over his       
lately-acquired knowledge1 and making it
 for ever1 in orderly array1 his own4   
,he so taught his evening school and his
 ,sunday congregations that the teaching
 to him1 like writing to others1        
stereotyped or lighted up the truths4   

,indeed1 the school and the cobbling    
often went on together--a fact          
commemorated in the addition to the     
,hackleton signboard of the ,piddington 
nail on which he used to fix his thread 
while teaching the children4  ,but that 
which sanctified and directed the whole 
throughout a working life of more than  
half a century1 was the missionary idea 
and the missionary consecration4  ,with 
a caution not often shown at that time  
by bishops in laying hands on those whom
 they had passed for deacon's orders1   
the little church at ,olney thus dealt  
with the ,father of ,modern ,missions   
before they would recognise his call and
 send him out to preach the gospel      
wherever ,god in ,his providence might  
call him3  ,june #ag1 #aghe4--;,a       
request from ,william ,carey of         
,moulton1 in ,northamptonshire1 was     
taken into consideration4  ,he has been 
and still is in connection with a       
society of people at ,hackleton4  ,he is
 occasionally engaged with acceptance in

 various places in speaking the ,word4  
,he bears a very good moral character4  
,he is desirous of being sent out from  
some reputable church of ,christ into   
the work of the ministry4  ,the         
principal ,question was--',in what      
manner shall we receive him8 by a letter
 from the people of ,hackleton1 or on a 
profession of faith1 etc48'  ,the final 
resolution of it was left to another    
church ,meeting4  ,july #ad--;,ch4      
,meeting4  ,w4 ,carey appeared before   
the ,church1 and having given a         
satisfactory account of the work of ,god
 upon his soul1 he was admitted a       
member4  ,he had been formerly baptised 
by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ryland1 jun41 of     
,northampton4  ,he was invited by the   
,church to preach in public once next   
,lord's ,day4  ,july #ag4--;,ch4        
,meeting1 ,lord's ,day ,evening4  ,w4   
,carey1 in consequence of a request from
 the ,church1 preached this ,evening4   
,after which it was resolved that he    
should be allowed to go on preaching at 

those places where he has been for some 
time employed1 and that he should engage
 again on suitable occasions for some   
time before us1 in order that farther   
trial may be made of ministerial gifts4 
,june #af1 #aghf4--;,c4,m4 ,the case of 
,bror4 ,carey was considered1 and an    
unanimous satisfaction with his         
ministerial abilities being expressed1 a
 vote was passed to call him to the     
,ministry at a proper time4  ,august    
#aj4--;,ch4 ,meeting4  ,this evening our
 ,brother ,william ,carey was called to 
the work of the ,ministry1 and sent out 
by the ,church to preach the ,gospel1   
wherever ,god in ,his providence might  
call him4  ,april #bi1 #aghg4--;,ch4 ,m4
 ,after the ,orde4 our ,brother ,william
 ,carey was dismissed to the ,church of 
,christ at ,moulton in ,northamptonshire
 with a view to his ,ordination there4  
,these were the last years at ,olney of 
,william ,cowper before he removed to   
the ,throckmortons' house at ,weston    
village1 two miles distant4 ,carey must 

often have seen the poet during the     
twenty years which he spent in the      
corner house of the market-square1 and  
in the walks around4  ,he must have read
 the poems of #aghb1 which for the first
 time do justice to missionary          
enterprise4  ,he must have hailed what  
,mrs4 ,browning calls the deathless     
singing which in #aghe1 in ,the ,task1  
opened a new era in ,english literature4
  ,he may have been fired with the      
desire to imitate ,whitefield1 in the   
description of whom1 though reluctant to
 name him1 ,cowper really anticipated   
,carey himself3--    ,he followed ,paul2
 his zeal a kindred flame1   ,his       
apostolic charity the same2   ,like him 
crossed cheerfully tempestuous seas1    
,forsaking country1 kindred1 friends and
 ease2   ,like him he laboured and1 like
 him1 content   ,to bear it1 suffered   
shame where'er he went4     ,,chapter   
,,ii  ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,england',s   
,,foreign ,,missions  #aghe-agib        
,moulton the ,mission's                 

birthplace--,carey's fever and          
poverty--,his ,moulton school--,fired   
with the missionary idea--,his very     
large missionary map--,fuller's         
confession of the aged and respectable  
ministers' opposition--,old ,mr4        
,ryland's rebuke--,driven to publish his
 ,enquiry--,its literary                
character--,carey's survey of the world 
in #aghh--;,his motives1 difficulties1  
and plans--,projects the first          
,missionary ,society--,contrasted with  
his predecessors from ,erasmus--,prayer 
concert begun in ,scotland in           
#agdb--;,jonathan ,edwards--,the        
,northamptonshire ,baptist movement in  
#aghd--;,andrew ,fuller--,the ,baptists1
 ,particular and ,general--,antinomian  
and ,socinian extremes opposed to       
,missions--,met by ,fuller's writings   
and ,clipstone sermon--,carey's agony at
 continued delay--,his work in          
,leicester--,his sermon at              
,nottingham--,foundation of ,baptist    
,missionary ,society at last--,kettering

 and ,jerusalem4  ,the north road1 which
 runs for twelve miles from ,northampton
 to ,kettering1 passes through a country
 known last century for the doings of   
the ,pytchley ,hunt4 ,stories1 by no    
means exaggerated1 of the deep drinking 
and deeper play of the club1 whose      
gatehouse now stands at the entrance of 
,overstone ,park1 were rife1 when on    
,lady ,day #aghe ,william ,carey became 
,baptist preacher of ,moulton village1  
on the other side of the road4  ,moulton
 was to become the birthplace of the    
modern missionary idea2 ,kettering1 of  
evangelical missionary action4  ,no man 
in ,england had apparently a more       
wretched lot or more miserable prospects
 than he4  ,he had started in life as a 
journeyman shoemaker at eighteen1       
burdened with a payment to his first    
master's widow which his own kind heart 
had led him to offer1 and with the price
 of his second master's stock and       
business4  ,trade was good for the      
moment1 and he had married1 before he   

was twenty1 one who brought him the most
 terrible sorrow a man can bear4  ,he   
had no sooner completed a large order   
for which his predecessor had contracted
 than it was returned on his hands4     
,from place to place he wearily trudged1
 trying to sell the shoes4 ,fever       
carried off his first child and brought 
himself so near to the grave that he    
sent for his mother to help in the      
nursing4  ,at ,piddington he worked     
early and late at his garden1 but ague1 
caused by a neighbouring marsh1 returned
 and left him so bald that he wore a wig
 thereafter until his voyage to ,india4 
,during his preaching for more than     
three years at ,barton1 which involved a
 walk of sixteen miles1 he did not      
receive from the poor folks enough to   
pay for the clothes he wore out in their
 service4  ,his younger brother         
delicately came to his help1 and he     
received the gift with a pathetic       
tenderness4  ,but a calling which at    
once starved him1 in spite of all his   

method and perseverance1 and cramped the
 ardour of his soul for service to the  
,master who had revealed ,himself in    
him1 became distasteful4  ,he gladly    
accepted an invitation from the somewhat
 disorganised church at ,moulton to     
preach to them4  ,they could offer him  
only about #aj a year1 supplemented by  
#e from a ,london fund4  ,but the       
schoolmaster had just left1 and ,carey  
saw in that fact a new hope4  ,for a    
time he and his family managed to live  
on an income which is estimated as never
 exceeding #cf a year4  ,we find this   
passage in a printed appeal made by the 
very poor congregation for funds to     
repair and enlarge the chapel to which  
the new pastor's preaching had attracted
 a crowd3--,the peculiar situation of   
our minister1 ,mr4 ,carey1 renders it   
impossible for us to send him far abroad
 to collect the ,contributions of the   
,charitable2 as we are able to raise him
 but about ,ten ,pounds per ,annum1 so  
that he is obliged to keep a ,school for

 his ,support3 ,and as there are other  
two ,schools in the ,town1 if he was to 
leave ,home to collect for the          
,building1 he must probably quit his    
,station on his ,return1 for ,want of a 
,maintenance4  ,his genial              
loving-kindness and his fast increasing 
learning little fitted him to drill     
peasant children in the alphabet4 ,when 
,i kept school the boys kept me1 he used
 to confess with a merry twinkle4 ,in   
all that our ,lord meant by it ,william 
,carey was a child from first to last4  
,the former teacher returned1 and the   
poor preacher again took to shoemaking  
for the village clowns and the shops in 
,kettering and ,northampton4  ,his house
 still stands1 one of a row of six      
cottages of the dear old ,english type1 
with the indispensable garden behind1   
and the glad sunshine pouring in through
 the open window embowered in roses and 
honeysuckle4  ,there1 and chiefly in the
 school-hours as he tried to teach the  
children geography and the ,bible and   

was all the while teaching himself1 the 
missionary idea arose in his mind1 and  
his soul became fired with the          
self-consecration1 unknown to ,wyclif   
and ,hus1 ,luther and ,calvin1 ,knox and
 even ,bunyan1 for theirs was other     
work4  ,all his past knowledge of nature
 and of books1 all his favourite reading
 of voyages and of travels which had led
 his school-fellows to dub him          
,columbus1 all his painful study of the 
,word1 his experience of the love of    
,christ and expoundings of the meaning  
of ,his message to men for six years1   
were gathered up1 were intensified1 and 
were directed with a concentrated power 
to the thought that ,christ died1 as for
 him1 so for these millions of dark     
savages whom ,cook was revealing to     
,christendom1 and who had never heard   
the glad tidings of great joy4  ,carey  
had ceased to keep school when the      
,moulton ,baptists1 who could subscribe 
no more than twopence a month each for  
their own poor1 formally called the     

preacher to become their ordained       
pastor1 and ,ryland1 ,sutcliff1 and     
,fuller were asked to ordain him on the 
#ajth ,august #aghf4  ,fuller had       
discovered the value of a man who had   
passed through spiritual experience1 and
 possessed a native common sense like   
his own1 when ,carey had been suddenly  
called to preach in ,northampton to     
supply the place of another4  ,since    
that day he had often visited ,moulton1 
and he thus tells us what he had seen3--
  ,the congregation being few and poor1 
he followed his business in order to    
assist in supporting his family4  ,his  
mind1 however1 was much occupied in     
acquiring the learned languages1 and    
almost every other branch of useful     
knowledge4  ,i remember1 on going into  
the room where he employed himself at   
his business1 ,i saw hanging up against 
the wall a very large map1 consisting of
 several sheets of paper pasted together
 by himself1 on which he had drawn1 with
 a pen1 a place for every nation in the 

known world1 and entered into it        
whatever he met with in reading1        
relative to its population1 religion1   
etc4  ,the substance of this was        
afterwards published in his ,enquiry4   
,these researches1 on which his mind was
 naturally bent1 hindered him1 of       
course1 from doing much of his business2
 and the people1 as was said1 being few 
and poor1 he was at this time exposed to
 great hardships4  ,i have been assured 
that he and his family have lived for a 
great while together without tasting    
animal food1 and with but a scanty      
pittance of other provision4  ,he would 
also be frequently conversing with his  
brethren in the ministry on the         
practicability and importance of a      
mission to the heathen1 and of his      
willingness to engage in it4  ,at       
several ministers' meetings1 between the
 year #aghg and #agij1 this was the     
topic of his conversation4  ,some of our
 most aged and respectable ministers    
thought1 ,i believe1 at that time1 that 

it was a wild and impracticable scheme  
that he had got in his mind1 and        
therefore gave him no encouragement4    
,yet he would not give it up2 but would 
converse with us1 one by one1 till he   
had made some impression upon us4  ,the 
picture is completed by his sister3--   
,he was always1 from his first being    
thoughtful1 remarkably impressed about  
heathen lands and the slave-trade4  ,i  
never remember his engaging in prayer1  
in his family or in public1 without     
praying for those poor creatures4  ,the 
first time ,i ever recollect my feeling 
for the heathen world1 was from a       
discourse ,i heard my brother preach at 
,moulton1 the first summer after ,i was 
thoughtful4 ,it was from these          
words3--',for ,zion's sake will ,i not  
hold my peace1 and for ,jerusalem's sake
 will ,i give him no rest4'  ,it was a  
day to be remembered by me2 a day set   
apart for prayer and fasting by the     
church4  ,what hath ,god wrought since  
that time6  ,old ,mr4 ,ryland always    

failed to recall the story1 but we have 
it on the testimony of ,carey's personal
 friend1 ,morris of ,clipstone1 who was 
present at the meeting of ministers held
 in #aghf at ,northampton1 at which the 
incident occurred4  ,ryland invited the 
younger brethren to propose a subject   
for discussion4  ,there was no reply1   
till at last the ,moulton preacher      
suggested1 doubtless with an            
ill-restrained excitement1 whether the  
command given to the ,apostles1 to teach
 all nations1 was not obligatory on all 
succeeding ministers to the end of the  
world1 seeing that the accompanying     
promise was of equal extent4 ,neither   
,fuller nor ,carey himself had yet      
delivered the ,particular ,baptists from
 the yoke of hyper-calvinism which had  
to that hour shut the heathen out of a  
dead ,christendom1 and the aged chairman
 shouted out the rebuke--,you are a     
miserable enthusiast for asking such a  
question4  ,certainly nothing can be    
done before another ,pentecost1 when an 

effusion of miraculous gifts1 including 
the gift of tongues1 will give effect to
 the commission of ,christ as at first4 
,carey had never before mentioned the   
subject openly1 and he was for the      
moment greatly mortified4  ,but1 says   
,morris1 he still pondered these things 
in his heart4  ,that incident marks the 
wide gulf which ,carey had to bridge4   
,silenced by his brethren1 he had       
recourse to the press4  ,it was then    
that he wrote his own contribution to   
the discussion he would have raised on a
 duty which was more than seventeen     
centuries old1 and had been for fourteen
 of these neglected3 ,an ,enquiry into  
the ,obligations of ,christians to use  
,means for the ,conversion of the       
,heathens1 in which the ,religious      
,state of the ,different ,nations of the
 ,world1 the ,success of ,former        
,undertakings1 and the ,practicability  
of ,further ,undertakings1 are          
considered by ,,william ,,carey4  ,then 
follows the great conclusion of ,paul in

 his letter to the ,romans 7x4 #ab-ae73 
,for there is no difference between the 
,jew and the ,greek444,how shall they   
preach except they be sent8  ,he        
happened to be in ,birmingham in #aghf  
collecting subscriptions for the        
rebuilding of the chapel in ,moulton1   
when ,mr4 ,thomas ,potts1 who had made a
 fortune in trade with ,america1        
discovering that he had prepared the    
manuscript1 gave him #aj to publish it4 
,and it appeared at ,leicester in #agib1
 price one shilling and sixpence1 the   
profits to go to the proposed mission4  
,the pamphlet form doubtless accounts   
for its disappearance now2 only four    
copies of the original edition#d are    
known to be in existence4  ,this        
,enquiry has a literary interest of its 
own1 as a contribution to the statistics
 and geography of the world1 written in 
a cultured and almost finished style1   
such as few1 if any1 ,university men of 
that day could have produced1 for none  
were impelled by such a motive as ,carey

 had4  ,in an obscure village1 toiling  
save when he slept1 and finding rest on 
,sunday only by a change of toil1 far   
from libraries and the society of men   
with more advantages than his own1 this 
shoemaker1 still under thirty1 surveys  
the whole world1 continent by continent1
 island by island1 race by race1 faith  
by faith1 kingdom by kingdom1 tabulating
 his results with an accuracy1 and      
following them up with a logical power  
of generalisation which would extort the
 admiration of the learned even of the  
present day4  ,having proved that the   
commission given by our ,lord to ,his   
disciples is still binding on us1 having
 reviewed former undertakings for the   
conversion of the heathen from the      
,ascension to the ,moravians and the    
late ,mr4 ,wesley in the ,west ,indies1 
and having thus surveyed in detail the  
state of the world in #aghf1 he removes 
the five impediments in the way of      
carrying the ,gospel among the heathen1 
which his contemporaries advanced--their

 distance from us1 their barbarism1 the 
danger of being killed by them1 the     
difficulty of procuring the necessaries 
of life1 the unintelligibleness of their
 languages4  ,these his loving heart and
 ,bible knowledge enable him skilfully  
to turn in favour of the cause he       
pleads4  ,the whole section is essential
 to an appreciation of ,carey's motives1
 difficulties1 and plans3--  ,,first1   
,as to their distance from us1 whatever 
objections might have been made on that 
account before the invention of the     
mariner's compass1 nothing can be       
alleged for it with any colour of       
plausibility in the present age4  ,men  
can now sail with as much certainty     
through the ,great ,south ,sea as they  
can through the ,mediterranean or any   
lesser sea4  ,yea1 and providence seems 
in a manner to invite us to the trial1  
as there are to our knowledge trading   
companies1 whose commerce lies in many  
of the places where these barbarians    
dwell4  ,at one time or other ships are 

sent to visit places of more recent     
discovery1 and to explore parts the most
 unknown2 and every fresh account of    
their ignorance or cruelty should call  
forth our pity1 and excite us to concur 
with providence in seeking their eternal
 good4  ,scripture likewise seems to    
point out this method1 ',surely the     
,isles shall wait for me2 the ships of  
,tarshish first1 to bring my sons from  
far1 their silver and their gold with   
them1 unto the name of the ,lord1 thy   
,god4'--,isai4 lx4 #i4 ,this seems to   
imply that in the time of the glorious  
increase of the church1 in the latter   
days 7of which the whole chapter is     
undoubtedly a prophecy71 commerce shall 
subserve the spread of the gospel4  ,the
 ships of ,tarshish were trading        
vessels1 which made voyages for traffic 
to various parts2 thus much therefore   
must be meant by it1 that navigation1   
especially that which is commercial1    
shall be one great mean of carrying on  
the work of ,god2 and perhaps it may    

imply that there shall be a very        
considerable appropriation of wealth to 
that purpose4  ,,secondly1 ,as to their 
uncivilised and barbarous way of living1
 this can be no objection to any1 except
 those whose love of ease renders them  
unwilling to expose themselves to       
inconveniences for the good of others4  
,it was no objection to the apostles and
 their successors1 who went among the   
barbarous ,germans and ,gauls1 and still
 more barbarous ,britons6  ,they did not
 wait for the ancient inhabitants of    
these countries to be civilised before  
they could be christianised1 but went   
simply with the doctrine of the cross2  
and ,tertullian could boast that 'those 
parts of ,britain which were proof      
against the ,roman armies1 were         
conquered by the gospel of ,christ4' ,it
 was no objection to an ,eliot or a     
,brainerd1 in later times4 ,they went   
forth1 and encountered every difficulty 
of the kind1 and found that a cordial   
reception of the gospel produced those  

happy effects which the longest         
intercourse with ,europeans without it  
could never accomplish4  ,it is no      
objection to commercial men4  ,it only  
requires that we should have as much    
love to the souls of our                
fellow-creatures1 and fellow-sinners1 as
 they have for the profits arising from 
a few otter-skins1 and all these        
difficulties would be easily surmounted4
  ,after all1 the uncivilised state of  
the heathen1 instead of affording an    
objection against preaching the gospel  
to them1 ought to furnish an argument   
for it4  ,can we as men1 or as          
,christians1 hear that a great part of  
our fellow-creatures1 whose souls are as
 immortal as ours1 and who are as       
capable as ourselves of adorning the    
gospel and contributing by their        
preachings1 writings1 or practices to   
the glory of our ,redeemer's name and   
the good of his church1 are enveloped in
 ignorance and barbarism8  ,can we hear 
that they are without the gospel1       

without government1 without laws1 and   
without arts1 and sciences2 and not     
exert ourselves to introduce among them 
the sentiments of men1 and of           
,christians8  ,would not the spread of  
the gospel be the most effectual mean of
 their civilisation8  ,would not that   
make them useful members of society8 ,we
 know that such effects did in a measure
 follow the afore-mentioned efforts of  
,eliot1 ,brainerd1 and others amongst   
the ,american ,indians2 and if similar  
attempts were made in other parts of the
 world1 and succeeded with a divine     
blessing 7which we have every reason to 
think they would71 might we not expect  
to see able divines1 or read            
well-conducted treatises in defence of  
the truth1 even amongst those who at    
present seem to be scarcely human8      
,,thirdly1 ,in respect to the danger of 
being killed by them1 it is true that   
whoever does go must put his life in his
 hand1 and not consult with flesh and   
blood2 but do not the goodness of the   

cause1 the duties incumbent on us as the
 creatures of ,god and ,christians1 and 
the perishing state of our fellow-men1  
loudly call upon us to venture all1 and 
use every warrantable exertion for their
 benefit8 ,paul and ,barnabas1 who      
hazarded their lives for the name of our
 ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 were not blamed  
as being rash1 but commended for so     
doing2 while ,john ,mark1 who through   
timidity of mind deserted them in their 
perilous undertaking1 was branded with  
censure4  ,after all1 as has been       
already observed1 ,i greatly question   
whether most of the barbarities         
practised by the savages upon those who 
have visited them1 have not originated  
in some real or supposed affront1 and   
were therefore1 more properly1 acts of  
self-defence1 than proofs of ferocious  
dispositions4 ,no wonder if the         
imprudence of sailors should prompt them
 to offend the simple savage1 and the   
offence be resented2 but ,eliot1        
,brainerd1 and the ,moravian            

missionaries have been very seldom      
molested4  ,nay1 in general the heathen 
have showed a willingness to hear the   
word2 and have principally expressed    
their hatred of ,christianity on account
 of the vices of nominal ,christians4   
,,fourthly1 ,as to the difficulty of    
procuring the necessaries of life1 this 
would not be so great as may appear at  
first sight2 for1 though we could not   
procure ,european food1 yet we might    
procure such as the natives of those    
countries which we visit1 subsist upon  
themselves4 ,and this would only be     
passing through what we have virtually  
engaged in by entering on the           
ministerial office4  ,a ,christian      
minister is a person who in a peculiar  
sense is not his own2 he is the servant 
of ,god1 and therefore ought to be      
wholly devoted to him4  ,by entering on 
that sacred office he solemnly          
undertakes to be always engaged1 as much
 as possible1 in the ,lord's work1 and  
not to choose his own pleasure1 or      

employment1 or pursue the ministry as a 
something that is to subserve his own   
ends1 or interests1 or as a kind of     
bye-work4  ,he engages to go where ,god 
pleases1 and to do or endure what he    
sees fit to command1 or call him to1 in 
the exercise of his function4  ,he      
virtually bids farewell to friends1     
pleasures1 and comforts1 and stands in  
readiness to endure the greatest        
sufferings in the work of his ,lord1 and
 ,master4 ,it is inconsistent for       
ministers to please themselves with     
thoughts of a numerous auditory1 cordial
 friends1 a civilised country1 legal    
protection1 affluence1 splendour1 or    
even a competency4  ,the slights1 and   
hatred of men1 and even pretended       
friends1 gloomy prisons1 and tortures1  
the society of barbarians of uncouth    
speech1 miserable accommodations in     
wretched wildernesses1 hunger1 and      
thirst1 nakedness1 weariness1 and       
painfulness1 hard work1 and but little  
worldly encouragement1 should rather be 

the objects of their expectation4  ,thus
 the apostles acted1 in the primitive   
times1 and endured hardness1 as good    
soldiers of ,jesus ,christ2 and though  
we1 living in a civilised country where 
,christianity is protected by law1 are  
not called to suffer these things while 
we continue here1 yet ,i question       
whether all are justified in staying    
here1 while so many are perishing       
without means of grace in other lands4  
,sure ,i am that it is entirely contrary
 to the spirit of the gospel for its    
ministers to enter upon it from         
interested motives1 or with great       
worldly expectations4  ,on the contrary1
 the commission is a sufficient call to 
them to venture all1 and1 like the      
primitive ,christians1 go everywhere    
preaching the gospel4  ,it might be     
necessary1 however1 for two1 at least1  
to go together1 and in general ,i should
 think it best that they should be      
married men1 and to prevent their time  
from being employed in procuring        

necessaries1 two1 or more1 other        
persons1 with their wives and families1 
might also accompany them1 who should be
 wholly employed in providing for them4 
,in most countries it would be necessary
 for them to cultivate a little spot of 
ground just for their support1 which    
would be a resource to them1 whenever   
their supplies failed4 ,not to mention  
the advantages they would reap from each
 other's company1 it would take off the 
enormous expense which has always       
attended undertakings of this kind1 the 
first expense being the whole2 for      
though a large colony needs support for 
a considerable time1 yet so small a     
number would1 upon receiving the first  
crop1 maintain themselves4  ,they would 
have the advantage of choosing their    
situation1 their wants would be few2 the
 women1 and even the children1 would be 
necessary for domestic purposes3 and a  
few articles of stock1 as a cow or two1 
and a bull1 and a few other cattle of   
both sexes1 a very few utensils of      

husbandry1 and some corn to sow their   
land1 would be sufficient4  ,those who  
attend the missionaries should          
understand husbandry1 fishing1 fowling1 
etc41 and be provided with the necessary
 implements for these purposes4 ,indeed1
 a variety of methods may be thought of1
 and when once the work is undertaken1  
many things will suggest themselves to  
us1 of which we at present can form no  
idea4  ,,fifthly1 ,as to learning their 
languages1 the same means would be found
 necessary here as in trade between     
different nations4  ,in some cases      
interpreters might be obtained1 who     
might be employed for a time2 and where 
these were not to be found1 the         
missionaries must have patience1 and    
mingle with the people1 till they have  
learned so much of their language as to 
be able to communicate their ideas to   
them in it4  ,it is well known to       
require no very extraordinary talents to
 learn1 in the space of a year1 or two  
at most1 the language of any people upon

 earth1 so much of it at least as to be 
able to convey any sentiments we wish to
 their understandings4  ,the            
,missionaries must be men of great      
piety1 prudence1 courage1 and           
forbearance2 of undoubted orthodoxy in  
their sentiments1 and must enter with   
all their hearts into the spirit of     
their mission2 they must be willing to  
leave all the comforts of life behind   
them1 and to encounter all the hardships
 of a torrid or a frigid climate1 an    
uncomfortable manner of living1 and     
every other inconvenience that can      
attend this undertaking4  ,clothing1 a  
few knives1 powder and shot1            
fishing-tackle1 and the articles of     
husbandry above mentioned1 must be      
provided for them2 and when arrived at  
the place of their destination1 their   
first business must be to gain some     
acquaintance with the language of the   
natives 7for which purpose two would be 
better than one71 and by all lawful     
means to endeavour to cultivate a       

friendship with them1 and as soon as    
possible let them know the errand for   
which they were sent4 ,they must        
endeavour to convince them that it was  
their good alone which induced them to  
forsake their friends1 and all the      
comforts of their native country4  ,they
 must be very careful not to resent     
injuries which may be offered to them1  
nor to think highly of themselves1 so as
 to despise the poor heathens1 and by   
those means lay a foundation for their  
resentment or rejection of the gospel4  
,they must take every opportunity of    
doing them good1 and labouring and      
travelling night and day1 they must     
instruct1 exhort1 and rebuke1 with all  
long suffering and anxious desire for   
them1 and1 above all1 must be instant in
 prayer for the effusion of the ,holy   
,spirit upon the people of their charge4
 ,let but missionaries of the above     
description engage in the work1 and we  
shall see that it is not impracticable4 
,it might likewise be of importance1 if 

,god should bless their labours1 for    
them to encourage any appearances of    
gifts amongst the people of their       
charge2 if such should be raised up many
 advantages would be derived from their 
knowledge of the language and customs of
 their countrymen2 and their change of  
conduct would give great weight to their
 ministrations4  ,this first and still  
greatest missionary treatise in the     
,english language closes with the       
practical suggestion of these           
means--fervent and united prayer1 the   
formation of a catholic or1 failing     
that1 a ,particular ,baptist ,society of
 persons whose hearts are in the work1  
men of serious religion and possessing a
 spirit of perseverance1 with an        
executive committee1 and subscriptions  
from rich and poor of a tenth of their  
income for both village preaching and   
foreign missions1 or1 at least1 an      
average of one penny or more per week   
from all members of congregations4  ,he 
thus concludes3--,it is true all the    

reward is of mere grace1 but it is      
nevertheless encouraging2 what a        
treasure1 what an harvest must await    
such characters as ,paul1 and ,eliot1   
and ,brainerd1 and others1 who have     
given themselves wholly to the work of  
the ,lord4 ,what a heaven will it be to 
see the many myriads of poor heathens1  
of ,britons amongst the rest1 who by    
their labours have been brought to the  
knowledge of ,god4 ,surely a crown of   
rejoicing like this is worth aspiring   
to4 ,surely it is worth while to lay    
ourselves out with all our might1 in    
promoting the cause and kingdom of      
,christ4  ,so ,carey projected the first
 organisation which ,england had seen   
for missions to all the human race      
outside of ,christendom2 and his        
project1 while necessarily requiring a  
,society to carry it out1 as coming from
 an independent ,church1 provided that  
every member of every congregation      
should take a part to the extent of     
fervent and united prayer1 and of an    

average subscription of a penny a week4 
,he came as near to the ,new ,testament 
ideal of all ,christians acting in an   
aggressive missionary church as was     
possible in an age when the ,established
 ,churches of ,england1 ,scotland1 and  
,germany scouted foreign missions1 and  
the ,free ,churches were chiefly        
congregational in their ecclesiastical  
action4  ,while asserting the other     
ideal of the voluntary tenth or tithe as
 both a ,scriptural principle and       
,puritan practice1 his common sense was 
satisfied to suggest an average penny a 
week1 all over1 for every ,christian4   
,at this hour1 more than a century since
 ,carey wrote1 and after a remarkable   
missionary revival in consequence of    
what he wrote and did1 all ,christendom1
 ,evangelical1 ,greek1 and ,latin1 does 
not give more than five millions        
sterling a year to ,christianise the    
majority of the race still outside its  
pale4  ,it is not too much to say that  
were ,carey's penny a week from every   

,christian a fact1 and the prayer which 
would sooner or later accompany it1 the 
five millions would be fifty1 and       
,christendom would become a term nearly 
synonymous with humanity4  ,the         
,churches1 whether by themselves or by  
societies1 have yet to pray and organise
 up to the level of ,carey's penny a    
week4  ,the absolute originality as well
 as grandeur of the unconscious action  
of the peasant shoemaker who1 from      
#aggi1 prayed daily for all the heathen 
and slaves1 and organised his society   
accordingly1 will be seen in the dim    
light or darkness visible of all who had
 preceded him4  ,they were before the   
set time2 he was ready in the fulness of
 the missionary preparation4  ,they     
belonged not only to periods1 but to    
nations1 to churches1 to communities    
which were failing in the struggle for  
fruitfulness and expansion in new worlds
 and fresh lands2 he was a son of       
,england1 which had come or was about to
 come out of the struggle a victor1     

charged with the terrible responsibility
 of the special servant of the ,lord1 as
 no people had ever before been charged 
in all history1 sacred or secular4      
,william ,carey1 indeed1 reaped the     
little that the few brave toilers of the
 wintry time had sown2 with a humility  
that is pathetic he acknowledges their  
toll1 while ever ignorant to the last of
 his own merit4  ,but he reaped only as 
each generation garners such fruits of  
its predecessor as may have been worthy 
to survive4  ,he was the first of the   
true ,anastatosantes of the modern      
world1 as only an ,english-speaking man 
could be--of the most thorough1         
permanent1 and everlasting of all       
,reformers1 the men who turn the world  
upside down1 because they make it rise  
up and depart from deadly beliefs and   
practices1 from the fear and the fate of
 death1 into the life and light of      
,christ and the ,father4  ,who were his 
predecessors1 reckoning from the        
,renascence of ,europe1 the discovery of

 ,america1 and the opening up of ,india 
and ,africa8 ,erasmus comes first1 the  
bright scholar of compromise who in     
#aeaf gave the ,new ,testament again to 
,europe1 as three centuries after ,carey
 gave it to all ,southern ,asia1 and    
whose missionary treatise1              
,ecclesiasties1 in #aece anticipated1   
theoretically at least1 ,carey's        
,enquiry by two centuries and a half4   
,the missionary dream of this escaped   
monk of ,rotterdam and ,basel1 who      
taught women and weavers and cobblers to
 read the ,scriptures1 and prayed that  
the ,book might be translated into all  
languages1 was realised in the          
scandalous iniquities and frauds of     
,portuguese and ,spanish and ,jesuit    
missions in ,west and ,east4 ,luther had
 enough to do with his papal antichrist 
and his ,german translation of the      
,greek of the ,testament of ,erasmus4   
,the ,lutheran church drove missions    
into the hands of the ,pietists and     
,moravians--,wiclif's offspring--who    

nobly but ineffectually strove to do a  
work meant for the whole ,christian     
community4  ,the ,church of ,england    
thrust forth the ,puritans first to     
,holland and then to ,new ,england1     
where ,eliot1 the ,brainerds1 and the   
,mayhews sought to evangelise tribes    
which did not long survive themselves4  
,it was from ,courteenhall1 a           
,northamptonshire village near          
,paulerspury1 that in #afdd there went  
forth the appeal for the propagation of 
the ,gospel which comes nearest to      
,carey's cry from the same midland      
region4 ,cromwell was in power1 and had 
himself planned a ,protestant           
,propaganda1 so to the ,long ,parliament
 ,william ,castell1 parson of           
,courteenhall1 sent a petition which1   
with the ,eliot ,tracts1 resulted in an 
ordinance creating the ,corporation for 
the ,promoting and ,propagating the     
,gospel of ,jesus ,christ in ,new       
,england4  ,seventy ,english ministers  
had backed the petition1 and six of the 

,church of ,scotland1 first of whom was 
,alexander ,henderson4 ,the corporation1
 which1 in a restored form1 ,robert     
,boyle governed for thirty years1       
familiarised the nation with the duty of
 caring for the dark races then coming  
more and more under our sway alike in   
,america and in ,india4  ,it still      
exists1 as well as ,boyle's ,society for
 advancing the ,faith in the ,west      
,indies4  ,the ,friends also1 and then  
the ,moravians1 taught the ,wesleys and 
,whitefield to care for the negroes4    
,the ,english and ,scottish ,propagation
 ,societies sought also to provide      
spiritual aids for the colonists and the
 highlanders4  ,the two great thinkers  
of the eighteenth century1 who          
flourished as philosopher and moralist  
when ,carey was a youth1 taught the     
principles which he of all others was to
 apply on their spiritual and most      
effective side4  ,adam ,smith put his   
finger on the crime which had darkened  
and continued till #ahcd to shadow the  

brightness of geographical enterprise in
 both hemispheres--the treatment of the 
natives by ,europeans whose superiority 
of force enabled them to commit every   
sort of injustice in the new lands4  ,he
 sought a remedy in establishing an     
equality of force by the mutual         
communication of knowledge and of all   
sorts of improvements by an extensive   
commerce4#e ,samuel ,johnson rose to a  
higher level alike of wisdom and        
righteousness1 when he expressed the    
indignation of a ,christian mind that   
the propagation of truth had never been 
seriously pursued by any ,european      
nation1 and the hope that the light of  
the ,gospel will at last illuminate the 
sands of ,africa and the deserts of     
,america1 though its progress cannot but
 be slow when it is so much obstructed  
by the lives of ,christians4  ,the early
 movement which is connected most       
directly with ,carey's and the          
,northamptonshire ,baptists' began in   
,scotland4  ,its ,kirk1 emasculated by  

the ,revolution settlement and statute  
of ,queen ,anne1 had put down the       
evangelical teaching of ,boston and the 
marrow men1 and had cast out the fathers
 of the ,secession in #agcc4  ,in #agdb 
the quickening spread over the west     
country4  ,in ,october #agdd several    
ministers in ,scotland united1 for the  
two years next following1 in what they  
called1 and what has since become       
familiar in ,america as1 a ,concert to  
promote more abundant application to a  
duty that is perpetually binding--prayer
 that our ,god's kingdom may come1      
joined with praises2 to be offered      
weekly on ,saturday evening and ,sunday 
morning1 and more solemnly on the first 
,tuesday of every quarter4  ,such was   
the result1 and so did the prayer       
concert spread in the ,united ,kingdom  
that in ,august #agdf a memorial was    
sent to ,boston inviting all ,christians
 in ,north ,america to enter into it for
 the next seven years4 ,it was on this  
that ,jonathan ,edwards wrote his       

,humble ,attempt to promote ,explicit   
,agreement and ,visible ,union of ,god's
 ,people in ,extraordinary ,prayer for  
the ,revival of ,religion and the       
,advancement of ,christ's ,kingdom on   
,earth4  ,this work of ,edwards1        
republished at ,olney1 came into the    
hands of ,carey1 and powerfully         
influenced the ,northamptonshire        
,association of ,baptist ministers and  
messengers4  ,at their meeting in       
,nottingham in #aghd ,sutcliff of ,olney
 suggested and ,ryland of ,northampton  
drafted an invitation to the people to  
join them1 for one hour on the first    
,monday of every month1 in prayer for   
the effusion of the ,holy ,spirit of    
,god4 ,let the whole interest of the    
,redeemer be affectionately remembered1 
wrote these catholic men1 and to give   
emphasis to their oecumenical missionary
 desires they added in italics--,let the
 spread of the ,gospel to the most      
distant parts of the habitable globe be 
the object of your most fervent         

requests4  ,we shall rejoice if any     
other ,christian societies of our own or
 other denominations will join with us1 
and we do now invite them most cordially
 to join heart and hand in the attempt4 
,to this ,carey prominently referred in 
his ,enquiry1 tracing to even the       
unimportunate and feeble prayers of     
these eight years the increase of the   
churches1 the clearing of controversies1
 the opening of lands to missions1 the  
spread of civil and religious liberty1  
the noble effort made to abolish the    
inhuman slave-trade1 and the            
establishment of the free settlement of 
,sierra ,leone4  ,and then he hits the  
other blots in the movement1 besides the
 want of importunity and                
earnestness--,we must not be contented  
with praying without exerting ourselves 
in the use of means444,were the children
 of light but as wise in their          
generation as the children of this      
world1 they would stretch every nerve to
 gain so glorious a prize1 nor ever     

imagine that it was to be obtained in   
any other way4  ,a trading company      
obtain a charter and go to its utmost   
limits4  ,the charter1 the              
encouragements of ,christians are       
exceeding great1 and the returns        
promised infinitely superior4 ,suppose a
 company of serious ,christians1        
ministers and private persons1 were to  
form themselves into a society4  ,the   
man was ready who had been specially    
fitted1 by character and training1 to   
form the home organisation of the       
society1 while ,carey created its       
foreign mission4  ,for the next quarter 
of a century ,william ,carey and ,andrew
 ,fuller worked lovingly1 fruitfully    
together1 with the breadth of half the  
world between them4  ,the one showed    
how1 by ,bible and church and school1 by
 physical and spiritual truth1 ,india   
and all ,asia could be brought to       
,christ2 the other taught ,england1     
,scotland1 and ,america to begin at last
 to play their part in an enterprise as 

old as ,abraham2 as divine in its       
warrant1 its charge1 its promise1 as    
,christ ,himself4  ,seven years older   
than ,carey1 his friend was born a      
farmer's son and labourer in the fen    
country of ,cromwell whom he resembled1 
was self-educated under conditions      
precisely similar1 and passed through   
spiritual experiences almost exactly the
 same4  ,the two1 unknown to each other1
 found themselves when called to preach 
at eighteen unable to reconcile the grim
 dead theology of their church with the 
new life and liberty which had come to  
them direct from the ,spirit of ,christ 
and from ,his ,word4 ,carey had left his
 ancestral church at a time when the    
biographer of ,romaine could declare    
with truth that that preacher was the   
only evangelical in the established     
churches of all ,london1 and that of    
twenty thousand clergymen in ,england1  
the number who preached the truth as it 
is in ,jesus had risen from not twenty  
in #agdi to three hundred in #aghi4     

,the methodism of the ,wesleys was      
beginning to tell1 but the ,baptists    
were as lifeless as the ,established    
,church4  ,in both the ,church and      
,dissent there were individuals only1   
like ,newton and ,scott1 the elder      
,robert ,hall and ,ryland1 whose        
spiritual fervour made them marked men4 
,the ,baptists1 who had stood alone as  
the advocates of toleration1 religious  
and civil1 in an age of intolerance     
which made them the victims1 had        
subsided like ,puritan and ,covenanter  
when the ,revolution of #afhh brought   
persecution to an end4  ,the section who
 held the doctrine of general           
redemption1 and are now honourably known
 as ,general ,baptists1 preached        
ordinary ,arminianism1 and even         
,socinianism4 ,the more earnest and     
educated among them clung to ,calvinism1
 but1 by adopting the unhappy term of   
particular ,baptists1 gradually fell    
under a fatalistic and antinomian spell4
 ,this false ,calvinism1 which the      

,french theologian of ,geneva would have
 been the first to denounce1 proved all 
the more hostile to the preaching of the
 ,gospel of salvation to the heathen    
abroad1 as well as the sinner at home1  
that it professed to be an orthodox     
evangel while either emasculating the   
,gospel or turning the grace of ,god    
into licentiousness4  ,from such        
particular preachers as young ,fuller   
and ,carey listened to1 at first with   
bewilderment1 then impatience1 and then 
denunciation1 missions of no kind could 
come4 ,fuller exposed and pursued the   
delusion with a native shrewdness1 a    
masculine sagacity1 and a fine ,english 
style1 which have won for him the apt   
name of the ,franklin of ,theology4     
,for more than twenty years ,fullerism1 
as it was called1 raised a controversy  
like that of the ,marrow of ,divinity in
 ,scotland1 and cleared the ground      
sufficiently at least to allow of the   
foundation of foreign missions in both  
countries4  ,it now seems incredible    

that the only class who a century ago   
represented evangelicalism should have  
opposed missions to the heathen on the  
ground that the ,gospel is meant only   
for the elect1 whether at home or       
abroad2 that nothing spiritually good is
 the duty of the unregenerate1 therefore
 nothing must be addressed to them in a 
way of exhortation excepting what       
relates to external obedience4  ,the    
same year1 #aghd1 in which the ,baptist 
concert for prayer was begun1 saw the   
publication of ,fuller's ,gospel ,worthy
 of all ,acceptation4 ,seven years later
 he preached at ,clipstone a famous     
sermon1 in which he applied the dealing 
of the ,lord of ,hosts 7in ,haggai7 to  
the ,jewish apathy--,the time is not    
come that the ,lord's house should be   
built--with a power and directness which
 nevertheless failed practically to     
convince himself4  ,the men who listened
 to him had been praying for seven      
years1 yet had opposed ,carey's pleas   
for a foreign mission1 had treated him  

as a visionary or a madman4  ,when      
,fuller had published his treatise1     
,carey had drawn the practical          
deduction--,if it be the duty of all    
men1 when the ,gospel comes1 to believe 
unto salvation1 then it is the duty of  
those who are entrusted with the ,gospel
 to endeavour to make it known among all
 nations for the obedience of faith4    
,now1 after seven more years of waiting1
 and remembering the manuscript         
,enquiry1 ,carey thought action cannot  
be longer delayed4  ,hardly was the     
usual discussion that followed the      
meeting over when1 as the story is told 
by the son of ,ryland who had silenced  
him in a former ministers' meeting1     
,carey appealed to his brethren to put  
their preaching into practice and begin 
a missionary society that very day4     
,fuller's sermon bore the title of ,the 
,evil ,nature and the ,dangerous        
,tendency of ,delay in the ,concerns of 
,religion1 and it had been preceded by  
one on being very jealous for the ,lord 

,god of ,hosts1 in which ,sutcliff cried
 for the divine passion1 the celestial  
fire that burned in the bosom and blazed
 in the life of ,elijah4  ,the ,elijah  
of their own church and day was among   
them1 burning and blazing for years1 and
 all that he could induce them to       
promise was vaguely that1 something     
should be done1 and to throw to his     
importunity the easy request that he    
would publish his manuscript and preach 
next year's sermon4  ,meanwhile1 in     
#aghi1 ,carey had left ,moulton#f for   
,leicester1 whither he was summoned to  
build up a congregation1 ruined by      
antinomianism1 in the mean brick chapel 
of the obscure quarter of ,harvey ,lane4
 ,this chapel his genius and ,robert    
,hall's eloquence made so famous in time
 that the ,baptists sent off a vigorous 
hive to the fine new church4 ,in an     
equally humble house opposite the chapel
 the poverty of the pastor compelled him
 to keep a school from nine in the      
morning till four in winter and five in 

summer4  ,between this and the hours for
 sleep and food he had little leisure2  
but that he spent1 as he had done all   
his life before and did all his life    
after1 with a method and zeal which     
doubled his working days4 ,i have seen  
him at work1 writes ,gardiner in his    
,music and ,friends1 his books beside   
him1 and his beautiful flowers in the   
windows4  ,in a letter to his father we 
have this division of his               
leisure--,monday1 the learned languages2
 ,tuesday1 the study of science1        
history1 composition1 etc2 ,wednesday1  
,i preach a lecture1 and have been for  
more than twelve months on the ,book of 
,revelation2 ,thursday1 ,i visit my     
friends2 ,friday and ,saturday1         
preparing for the ,lord's ,day4 ,he     
preached three times every ,sunday in   
his own chapel or the surrounding       
villages1 with such results that in one 
case he added hundreds to its ,wesleyan 
congregation4  ,he was secretary to the 
local committee of dissenters4 ,add to  

this occasional journeys1 ministers'    
meetings1 etc41 and you will rather     
wonder that ,i have any time1 than that 
,i have so little4  ,i am not my own1   
nor would ,i choose for myself4 ,let    
,god employ me where he thinks fit1 and 
give me patience and discretion to fill 
up my station to his honour and glory4  
,after ,i had been probationer in this  
place a year and ten months1 on the     
#bdth of ,may #agia ,i was solemnly set 
apart to the office of pastor4 ,about   
twenty ministers of different           
denominations were witnesses to the     
transactions of the day4  ,after prayer 
,brother ,hopper of ,nottingham         
addressed the congregation upon the     
nature of an ordination1 after which he 
proposed the usual questions to the     
church1 and required my ,confession of  
,faith2 which being delivered1 ,brother 
,ryland prayed the ordination prayer1   
with laying on of hands4  ,brother      
,sutcliff delivered a very solemn charge
 from ,acts vi4 #d--';,but we will give 

ourselves continually to prayer and to  
the ministry of the word4'  ,and        
,brother ,fuller delivered an excellent 
address to the people from ,eph4 v4     
#b--',walk in love4'  ,in the evening   
,brother ,pearce of ,birmingham preached
 from ,gal4 vi4 #ad--';,god forbid that 
,i should glory1 save in the cross of   
our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 by whom the   
world is crucified unto me and ,i unto  
the world4'  ,the day was a day of      
pleasure1 and ,i hope of profit to the  
greatest part of the ,assembly4  ,carey 
became the friend of his neighbour1     
,thomas ,robinson1 evangelical rector of
 ,st4 ,mary's1 to whom he said on one   
occasion when indirectly charged in     
humorous fashion with sheep-stealing3   
,mr4 ,robinson1 ,i am a dissenter1 and  
you are a churchman2 we must each       
endeavour to do good according to our   
light4  ,at the same time1 you may be   
assured that ,i had rather be the       
instrument of converting a scavenger    
that sweeps the streets than of merely  

proselyting the richest and best        
characters in your congregation4  ,dr4  
,arnold and ,mr4 ,r4 ,brewin1 a         
botanist1 opened to him their libraries1
 and all good men in ,leicester soon    
learned to be proud of the new ,baptist 
minister4  ,in the two chapels1 as in   
that of ,moulton1 enlarged since his    
time1 memorial tablets tell succeeding  
generations of the virtues and the deeds
 of the illustrious ,w4 ,carey1 ,d4,d4  
,the ministers' meeting of #agib came   
round1 and on #cast ,may ,carey seized  
his opportunity4  ,the place was        
,nottingham1 from which the #aghd       
invitation to prayer had gone forth4    
,was the answer to come just there after
 nine years' waiting8  ,his ,enquiry had
 been published2 had it prepared the    
brethren8  ,ryland had been always loyal
 to the journeyman shoemaker he had     
baptised in the river1 and he gives us  
this record3--,if all the people had    
lifted up their voices and wept1 as the 
children of ,israel did at ,bochim1 ,i  

should not have wondered at the effect4 
,it would only have seemed proportionate
 to the cause1 so clearly did he prove  
the criminality of our supineness in the
 cause of ,god4 ,the text was ,isaiah's 
7liv4 #b1 #c7 vision of the widowed     
church's tent stretching forth till her 
children inherited the nations and      
peopled the desolate cities1 and the    
application to the reluctant brethren   
was couched in these two great maxims   
written ever since on the banners of the
 missionary host of the kingdom--       
,,expect ,,great ,,things ,,from ,,god4 
,,attempt ,,great ,,things ,,for ,,god4 
,the service was over2 even ,fuller was 
afraid1 even ,ryland made no sign1 and  
the ministers were leaving the meeting4 
,seizing ,fuller's arm with an imploring
 look1 the preacher1 whom despair       
emboldened to act alone for his ,master1
 exclaimed3 ,and are you1 after all1    
going again to do nothing8  ,what       
,fuller describes as the much fear and  
trembling of these inexperienced1 poor1 

and ignorant village preachers gave way 
to the appeal of one who had gained both
 knowledge and courage1 and who1 as to  
funds and men1 was ready to give        
himself4  ,they entered on their minutes
 this much3--,that a plan be prepared   
against the next ministers' meeting at  
,kettering for forming a ,baptist       
,society for propagating the ,gospel    
among the ,heathen4  ,there was more    
delay1 but only for four months4  ,the  
first purely ,english ,missionary       
,society1 which sent forth its own      
,english founder1 was thus constituted  
as described in the minutes of the      
,northampton ministers' meeting4  ,at   
the ministers' meeting at ,kettering1   
,october #b1 #agib1 after the public    
services of the day were ended1 the     
ministers retired to consult further on 
the matter1 and to lay a foundation at  
least for a society1 when the following 
resolutions were proposed1 and          
unanimously agreed to3--  #a4 ,desirous 
of making an effort for the propagation 

of the gospel among the heathen1        
agreeably to what is recommended in     
brother ,carey's late publication on    
that subject1 we1 whose names appear to 
the subsequent subscription1 do solemnly
 agree to act in society together for   
that purpose4  #b4 ,as in the present   
divided state of ,christendom1 it seems 
that each denomination1 by exerting     
itself separately1 is most likely to    
accomplish the great ends of a mission1 
it is agreed that this society be called
 ,the ,particular ,calvinistic ,baptist 
,society for ,propagating the ,gospel   
among the ,heathen4  #c4 ,as such an    
undertaking must needs be attended with 
expense1 we agree immediately to open a 
subscription for the above purpose1 and 
to recommend it to others4  #d4 ,every  
person who shall subscribe ten pounds at
 once1 or ten shillings and sixpence    
annually1 shall be considered a member  
of the society4  #e4 ,that the ,rev4    
,john ,ryland1 ,reynold ,hogg1 ,william 
,carey1 ,john ,sutcliff1 and ,andrew    

,fuller1 be appointed a committee1 three
 of whom shall be empowered to act in   
carrying into effect the purposes of    
this society4  #f4 ,that the ,rev4      
,reynold ,hogg be appointed treasurer1  
and the ,rev4 ,andrew ,fuller secretary4
  #g4 ,that the subscriptions be paid in
 at the ,northampton ministers' meeting1
 ,october #ca1 #agib1 at which time the 
subject shall be considered more        
particularly by the committee1 and other
 subscribers who may be present4        
,signed1 ,john ,ryland1 ,reynold ,hogg1 
,john ,sutcliff1 ,andrew ,fuller1       
,abraham ,greenwood1 ,edward ,sherman1  
,joshua ,burton1 ,samuel ,pearce1       
,thomas ,blundel1 ,william ,heighton1   
,john ,eayres1 ,joseph ,timms2 whose    
subscriptions in all amounted to        
#ac3b3f4  ,the procedure suggested in   
brother ,carey's late publication was   
strictly followed--a society of         
subscribers1 #b;d4 a week1 or #ajs4     
#f;d4 a year as a compromise between the
 tithes and the penny a week of the     

,enquiry4  ,the secretary was the       
courageous ,fuller1 who once said to    
,ryland and ,sutcliff3 ,you excel me in 
wisdom1 especially in foreseeing        
difficulties4  ,i therefore want to     
advise with you both1 but to execute    
without you4  ,the frequent chairman was
 ,ryland1 who was soon to train         
missionaries for the work at ,bristol   
,college4  ,the treasurer was the only  
rich man of the twelve1 who soon        
resigned his office into a layman's     
hands1 as was right4  ,of the others we 
need now point only to ,samuel ,pearce1 
the seraphic preacher of ,birmingham1   
who went home and sent #gj to the       
collection1 and who1 since he desired to
 give himself like ,carey1 became to him
 dearer than even ,fuller was4  ,the    
place was a low-roofed parlour in the   
house of ,widow ,wallis1 looking on to a
 back garden1 which many a pilgrim still
 visits1 and around which there gathered
 thousands in #ahdb to hold the first   
jubilee of modern missions1 when        

commemorative medals were struck4       
,there in #ahib the centenary witnessed 
a still vaster assemblage4  ,can any    
good come out of ,kettering8 was the    
conclusion of the ,baptist ministers of 
,london with the one exception of       
,booth1 when they met formally to decide
 whether1 like those of ,birmingham and 
other places1 they should join the      
primary society4  ,benjamin ,beddome1 a 
venerable scholar whom ,robert ,hall    
declared to be chief among his brethren1
 replied to ,fuller in language which is
 far from unusual even at the present   
day1 but showing the position which the 
,leicester minister had won for himself 
even then3--  ,i think your scheme1     
considering the paucity of              
well-qualified ministers1 hath a very   
unfavourable aspect with respect to     
destitute churches at home1 where       
charity ought to begin4  ,i had the     
pleasure once to see and hear ,mr4      
,carey2 it struck me he was the most    
suitable person in the kingdom1 at least

 whom ,i knew1 to supply my place1 and  
make up my great deficiencies when      
either disabled or removed4  ,a         
different plan is formed and pursued1   
and ,i fear that the great and good man1
 though influenced by the most excellent
 motives1 will meet with a              
disappointment4  ,however1 ,god hath his
 ends1 and whoever is disappointed ,he  
cannot be so4  ,my unbelieving heart is 
ready to suggest that the time is not   
come1 the time that the ,lord's house   
should be built4  ,the other            
,congregationalists made no sign4  ,the 
,presbyterians1 with a few noble        
exceptions like ,dr4 ,erskine1 whose    
,dutch volume ,carey had translated1    
denounced such movements as             
revolutionary in a ,general ,assembly of
 ,socinianised moderates4  ,the ,church 
of ,england kept haughtily or timidly   
aloof1 though king and archbishop were  
pressed to send a mission4 ,those who in
 that day sneered that ,england had sent
 a cobbler to convert the world were the

 direct lineal descendants of those who 
sneered in ,palestine #bjjj years ago1  
',is not this the carpenter8' said      
,archdeacon ,farrar in ,westminster     
,abbey on #fth ,march #ahhg4  ,hence    
,fuller's reference to this time3--,when
 we began in #agib there was little or  
no respectability among us1 not so much 
as a squire to sit in the chair or an   
orator to address him with speeches4    
,hence good ,dr4 ,stennett advised the  
,london ministers to stand aloof and not
 commit themselves4  ,one man in ,india 
had striven to rouse the ,church to its 
duty as ,carey had done at home4        
,charles ,grant had in #aghg written    
from ,malda to ,charles ,simeon and     
,wilberforce for eight missionaries1 but
 not one ,church of ,england clergyman  
could be found to go4  ,thirty years    
after1 when chairman of the ,court of   
,directors and father of ,lord ,glenelg 
and ,sir ,robert ,grant1 he wrote3--,i  
had formed the design of a mission to   
,bengal3 ,providence reserved that      

honour for the ,baptists4  ,after all1  
the twelve village pastors in the back  
parlour of ,kettering were the more     
really the successors of the twelve     
apostles in the upper room of           
,jerusalem4     ,,chapter ,,iii  ,,india
 ,,as ,,carey ,,found ,,it  #agic       
,tahiti v4 ,bengal--,carey and ,thomas  
appointed missionaries to ,bengal--,the 
farewell at ,leicester--,john ,thomas1  
first medical missionary--,carey's      
letter to his father--,the ,company's   
abominable monopoly--,the               
voyage--,carey's aspirations for        
world-wide missions--,lands at          
,calcutta--,his description of ,bengal  
in #agic--;,contrast presented by ,carey
 to ,clive1 ,hastings1 and              
,cornwallis--,the spiritual founder of  
an ,indian ,empire of ,christian        
,britain--,bengal and the famine of     
#agfi-gj--,the ,decennial ,settlement   
declared permanent--,effects on the     
landed classes--,obstacles to ,carey's  
work--,east ,india ,company at its      

worst--,hindooism and the ,bengalees in 
#agic--,position of ,hindoo             
women--,missionary attempts before      
,carey's--,ziegenbalg and               
,schwartz--,kiernander and the          
chaplains--,hindooised state of         
,anglo-,indian society and its reaction 
on ,england--,guneshan ,dass1 the first 
caste ,hindoo to visit                  
,england--,william ,carey had no        
predecessor4  ,carey had desired to go  
first to ,tahiti or ,western ,africa4   
,the natives of ,north ,america and the 
negroes of the ,west ,indies and ,sierra
 ,leone were being cared for by         
,moravian and ,wesleyan evangelists4    
,the narrative of ,captain ,cook's two  
first voyages to the ,pacific and       
discovery of ,tahiti had appeared in the
 same year in which the ,northampton    
churches began their seven years'       
concert of prayer1 just after his own   
second baptism4  ,from the map1 and a   
leather globe which also he is said to  
have made1 he had been teaching the     

children of ,piddington1 ,moulton1 and  
,leicester the great outlines and       
thrilling details of expeditions round  
the world which roused both the         
scientific and the simple of ,england as
 much as the discoveries of ,columbus   
had excited ,europe4  ,when the         
childlike ignorance and natural grace of
 the ,hawaiians1 which had at first     
fired him with the longing to tell them 
the good news of ,god1 were seen turned 
into the wild justice of revenge1 which 
made ,cook its first victim1 ,carey     
became all the more eager to anticipate 
the disasters of later days4  ,that was 
work for which others were to be found4 
,it was not amid the scattered and      
decimated savages of the ,pacific or of 
,america that the citadel of heathenism 
was found1 nor by them that the world1  
old and new1 was to be made the kingdom 
of ,christ4  ,with the cautious wisdom  
that marked all ,fuller's action1 though
 perhaps with the ignorance that was due
 to ,carey's absence1 the third meeting 

of the new society recorded this among  
other articles to be examined and       
discussed in the most diligent and      
impartial manner--,in what part of the  
heathen world do there seem to be the   
most promising openings8  ,the answer1  
big with consequence for the future of  
the ,east1 was in their hands1 in the   
form of a letter from ,carey1 who stated
 that ,mr4 ,thomas1 the ,bengal         
missionary1 was trying to raise a fund  
for that province1 and asked whether it 
would not be worthy of the ,society to  
try to make that and ours unite with one
 fund for the purpose of sending the    
gospel to the heathen indefinitely4     
,tahiti was not to be neglected1 nor    
,africa1 nor ,bengal1 in our larger     
plan1 which included above four hundred 
millions of our fellowmen1 among whom it
 was an object worthy of the most ardent
 and persevering pursuit to disseminate 
the humane and saving principles of the 
,christian ,religion4  ,if this ,mr4    
,thomas were worthy1 his experience made

 it desirable to begin with ,bengal4    
,thomas answered for himself at the next
 meeting1 when ,carey fell upon his neck
 and wept1 having previously preached   
from the words--,behold ,i come quickly1
 and ,my reward is with ,me4 ,we saw1   
said ,fuller afterwards1 there was a    
gold mine in ,india1 but it was as deep 
as the centre of the earth4  ,who will  
venture to explore it8 ',i will venture 
to go down1' said ,carey1 'but remember 
that you 7addressing ,fuller1 ,sutcliff1
 and ,ryland7 must hold the ropes4'  ,we
 solemnly engaged to him to do so1 nor  
while we live shall we desert him4      
,carey and ,thomas1 an ordained minister
 and a medical evangelist1 were at this 
meeting in ,kettering1 on #ajth ,january
 #agic1 appointed missionaries to the   
,east ,indies for preaching the gospel  
to the heathen1 on #ajj or #aej a year  
between them all1--that is1 for two     
missionaries1 their wives1 and four     
children1--until they should be able to 
support themselves like the ,moravians4 

,as a matter of fact they received just 
#bjj in all for the first three years   
when self-support and mission extension 
fairly began4  ,the whole sum at credit 
of the ,society for outfit1 passage1 and
 salaries was #acj1 so that ,fuller's   
prudence was not without justification  
when supported by ,thomas's assurances  
that the amount was enough1 and ,carey's
 modest self-sacrifice4 ,we advised ,mr4
 ,carey1 wrote ,fuller to ,ryland1 to   
give up his school this quarter1 for we 
must make up the loss to him4 ,the more 
serious cost of the passage was raised  
by ,fuller and by the preaching tours of
 the two missionaries4  ,during one of  
these1 at ,hull1 ,carey met the printer 
and newspaper editor1 ,william ,ward1   
and cast his mantle over him thus--,if  
the ,lord bless us1 we shall want a     
person of your business to enable us to 
print the ,scriptures2 ,i hope you will 
come after us4  ,ward did so in five    
years4  ,the #bjth ,march #agic was a   
high day in the ,leicester chapel1      

,harvey ,lane1 when the missionaries    
were set apart like ,barnabas and       
,paul--a forenoon of prayer2 an         
afternoon of preaching by ,thomas from  
,psalm xvi4 #d2 ,their sorrows shall be 
multiplied that hasten after another    
,god2 an evening of preaching by the    
treasurer from ,acts xxi4 #ad1 ,and when
 he would not be persuaded1 we ceased1  
saying1 the will of the ,lord be done2  
and the parting charge by ,fuller the   
secretary1 from the risen ,lord's own   
benediction and forthsending of ,his    
disciples1 ,peace be unto you1 as ,my   
,father hath sent ,me1 even so send ,i  
you4  ,often in after days of solitude  
and reproach did ,carey quicken his     
faith by reading the brave and loving   
words of ,fuller on the objects you must
 keep in view1 the directions you must  
observe1 the difficulties you must      
encounter1 the reward you may expect4   
,under date four days after we find this
 entry in the ,church ,book--,mr4       
,carey1 our minister1 left ,leicester to

 go on a mission to the ,east ,indies1  
to take and propagate the ,gospel among 
those idolatrous and superstitious      
heathens4  ,this is inserted to show his
 love to his poor miserable             
fellow-creatures4  ,in this we concurred
 with him1 though it is at the expense  
of losing one whom we love as our own   
souls4  ,when ,carey's preaching had so 
filled the church that it became        
necessary to build a front gallery at a 
cost of #ih1 and they had applied to    
several other churches for assistance in
 vain1 he thus taught them to help      
themselves4  ,the minister and many of  
the members agreed to pay off the debt  
among ourselves by weekly               
subscriptions1--a process1 however1     
which covered five years1 so poor were  
they4  ,carey left this as a parting    
lesson to home congregations1 while his 
people found it the easier to pay the   
debt that they had sacrificed their     
best1 their own minister1 to the work of
 missions for which he had taught them  

to pray4  ,john ,thomas1 four years     
older than ,carey1 was a surgeon1 who   
had made two voyages to ,calcutta in the
 ,oxford ,indiaman1 had been of         
spiritual service to ,charles ,grant1   
,mr4 ,george ,udny1 and the ,bengal     
civilian circle at ,malda1 and had been 
supported by ,mr4 ,grant as a missionary
 for a time until his eccentricities and
 debts outraged his friends and drove   
him home at the time of the ,kettering  
meetings4  ,full justice has been done  
to a character and a career somewhat    
resembling those of ,john ,newton1 by   
his patient and able biographer the     
,rev4 ,c4 ,b4 ,lewis4  ,john ,thomas has
 the merit of being the first medical   
missionary1 at a time when no other     
,englishman cared for either the bodies 
or souls of our recently acquired       
subjects in ,north ,india1 outside of   
,charles ,grant's circle4  ,he has more2
 he was used by ,god to direct ,carey to
 the dense ,hindoo population of        
,bengal--to the people and to the       

centre1 that is1 where ,brahmanism had  
its seat1 and whence ,buddhism had been 
carried by thousands of missionaries all
 over ,southern1 ,eastern1 and ,central 
,asia4 ,but there our ascription of     
merit to ,thomas must stop4 ,however    
well he might speak the uncultured      
,bengali1 he never could write the      
language or translate the ,bible into a 
literary style so that it could be      
understood by the people or influence   
their leaders4  ,his temper kept        
,charles ,grant back from helping the   
infant mission1 though anxious to see   
,mr4 ,carey and to aid him and any other
 companion4  ,the debts of ,thomas      
caused him and ,carey to be excluded    
from the ,oxford1 in which his friend   
the commander had agreed to take them   
and their party without a licence2      
clouded the early years of the          
enterprise with their shadow1 and formed
 the heaviest of the many burdens ,carey
 had to bear at starting4  ,if1         
afterwards1 the old association of      

,thomas with ,mr4 ,udny at ,malda gave  
,carey a home during his ,indian        
apprenticeship1 this was a small        
atonement for the loss of the direct    
help of ,mr4 ,grant4  ,if ,carey proved 
to be the ,john among the men who began 
to make ,serampore illustrious1 ,thomas 
was the ,peter1 so far as we know ,peter
 in the ,gospels only4  ,just before    
being ejected from the ,oxford1 as he   
had been deprived of the effectual help 
of ,charles ,grant through his unhappy  
companion1 when with only his eldest son
 ,felix beside him1 how did ,carey view 
his ,god-given mission8  ,the very      
different nature of his wife1 who had   
announced to him the birth of a child1  
clung anew to the hope that this might  
cause him to turn back4  ,writing from  
,ryde on the #fth ,may he thus replied  
with sweet delicacy of human affection1 
but with true loyalty to his ,master's  
call3--  ,received yours1 giving me an  
account of your safe delivery4  ,this is
 pleasant news indeed to me2 surely     

goodness and mercy follow me all my     
days4  ,my stay here was very painful   
and unpleasant1 but now ,i see the      
goodness of ,god in it4  ,it was that ,i
 might hear the most pleasing accounts  
that ,i possibly could hear respecting  
earthly things4  ,you wish to know in   
what state my mind is4  ,i answer1 it is
 much as when ,i left you4  ,if ,i had  
all the world1 ,i would freely give it  
all to have you and my dear children    
with me2 but the sense of duty is so    
strong as to overpower all other        
considerations2 ,i could not turn back  
without guilt on my soul4  ,i find a    
longing desire to enjoy more of ,god2   
but1 now ,i am among the people of the  
world1 ,i think ,i see more beauties in 
godliness than ever1 and1 ,i hope1 enjoy
 more of ,god in retirement than ,i have
 done for some time past444,you want to 
know what ,mrs4 ,thomas thinks1 and how 
she likes the voyage444,she would rather
 stay in ,england than go to ,india2 but
 thinks it right to go with her         

husband444,tell my dear children ,i love
 them dearly1 and pray for them         
constantly4  ,felix sends his love4  ,i 
look upon this mercy as an answer to    
prayer indeed4 ,trust in ,god4 ,love to 
,kitty1 brothers1 sisters1 etc4  ,be    
assured ,i love you most affectionately4
  ,let me know my dear little child's   
name4--,i am1 for ever1 your faithful   
and affectionate husband1  ,,william    
,,carey4  ,my health never was so well4 
,i believe the sea makes ,felix and me  
both as hungry as hunters4  ,i can eat a
 monstrous meat supper1 and drink a     
couple of glasses of wine after it1     
without hurting me at all4 ,farewell4   
,she was woman and wife enough1 in the  
end1 to do as ,mrs4 ,thomas had done1   
but she stipulated that her sister      
should accompany her4  ,by a series of  
specially providential events1 as it    
seemed1 such as marked the whole early  
history of this first missionary        
enterprise of modern ,england1 ,carey   
and ,thomas secured a passage on board  

the ,danish ,indiaman ,kron ,princessa  
,maria1 bound from ,copenhagen to       
,serampore4  ,at ,dover1 where they had 
been waiting for days1 the eight were   
roused from sleep by the news that the  
ship was off the harbour4  ,sunrise on  
the #acth ,june saw them on board4      
,carey had had other troubles besides   
his colleague and his wife4  ,his       
father1 then fifty-eight years old1 had 
not given him up without a struggle4 ,is
 ,william mad8 he had said when he      
received the letter in which his son    
thus offered himself up on the          
missionary altar4  ,his mother had died 
six years before3--  ,,leicester1 ,jan4 
#agth1 #agic4  ,,dear ,,and ,,honoured  
,,father1--,the importance of spending  
our time for ,god alone1 is the         
principal theme of the gospel4  ,i      
beseech you1 brethren1 says ,paul1 by   
the mercies of ,god1 that you present   
your bodies a living sacrifice1 holy and
 acceptable1 which is your reasonable   
service4  ,to be devoted like a         

sacrifice to holy uses1 is the great    
business of a christian1 pursuant to    
these requisitions4 ,i consider myself  
as devoted to the service of ,god alone1
 and now ,i am to realise my            
professions4  ,i am appointed to go to  
,bengal1 in the ,east ,indies1 a        
missionary to the ,hindoos4  ,i shall   
have a colleague who has been there five
 or six years already1 and who          
understands their language4  ,they are  
the most mild and inoffensive people in 
all the world1 but are enveloped in the 
greatest superstition1 and in the       
grossest ignorance444,i hope1 dear      
father1 you may be enabled to surrender 
me up to the ,lord for the most arduous1
 honourable1 and important work that    
ever any of the sons of men were called 
to engage in4  ,i have many sacrifices  
to make4  ,i must part with a beloved   
family1 and a number of most            
affectionate friends4 ,never did ,i see 
such sorrow manifested as reigned       
through our place of worship last       

,lord's-day4  ,but ,i have set my hand  
to the plough4--,i remain1 your dutiful 
son1  ,,william ,,carey4  ,when in      
,london ,carey had asked ,john ,newton1 
,what if the ,company should send us    
home on our arrival in ,bengal8 ,then   
conclude1 was the reply1 that your ,lord
 has nothing there for you to           
accomplish4 ,but if ,he have1 no power  
on earth can hinder you4  ,by ,act of   
,parliament not ten years old1 every    
subject of the ,king going to or found  
in the ,east ,indies without a licence  
from the ,company1 was guilty of a high 
crime and misdemeanour1 and liable to   
fine and imprisonment4  ,only four years
 previously a regulation had compelled  
every commander to deliver to the       
,hoogli pilot a return of the passengers
 on board that the ,act might be        
enforced4  ,the ,danish nationality of  
the ship and crew saved the missionary  
party4  ,so grievously do unjust laws   
demoralise contemporary opinion1 that   
,fuller was constrained to meet the     

objections of many to the illegality of 
the missionaries' action by reasoning1  
unanswerable indeed1 but not now        
required3 ,the apostles and primitive   
ministers were commanded to go into all 
the world1 and preach the gospel to     
every creature2 nor were they to stop   
for the permission of any power upon    
earth1 but to go1 and take the          
consequences4  ,if a man of ,god1       
conscious of having nothing in his heart
 unfriendly to any civil government     
whatever1 but determined in all civil   
matters to obey and teach obedience to  
the powers that are1 put his life in his
 hand1 saying1 ,i will go1 and if ,i am 
persecuted in one city ,i will flee to  
another'444whatever the wisdom of this  
world may decide upon his conduct1 he   
will assuredly be acquitted1 and more   
than acquitted1 at a higher tribunal4   
,carey's journal of the voyage begins   
with an allusion to the abominable ,east
 ,indian monopoly1 which he was to do   
more than any other man to break down by

 weapons not of man's warfare4  ,the    
second week found him at ,bengali1 and  
for his companion the poems of ,cowper4 
,of the four fellow-passengers one was a
 ,french deist1 with whom he had many a 
debate4  ,aug4 #b4--;,i feel myself to  
be much declined1 upon the whole1 in the
 more spiritual exercises of religion2  
yet have had some pleasant exercises of 
soul1 and feel my heart set upon the    
great work upon which ,i am going4      
,sometimes ,i am quite dejected when ,i 
see the impenetrability of the hearts of
 those with us4  ,they hear us preach on
 the ,lord's-day1 but we are forced to  
witness their disregard to ,god all the 
week4  ,o may ,god give us greater      
success among the heathen4  ,i am very  
desirous that my children may pursue the
 same work2 and now intend to bring up  
one in the study of ,sanskrit1 and      
another of ,persian4  ,o may ,god give  
them grace to fit them for the work6  ,i
 have been much concerned for fear the  
power of the ,company should oppose     

us444  ,aug4 #bj4--;,i have reason to   
lament over a barrenness of soul1 and am
 sometimes much discouraged2 for if ,i  
am so dead and stupid1 how can ,i expect
 to be of any use among the heathen8    
,yet ,i have of late felt some very     
lively desires after the success of our 
undertaking4 ,if there is anything that 
engages my heart in prayer to ,god1 it  
is that the heathen may be converted1   
and that the society which has so       
generously exerted itself may be        
encouraged1 and excited to go on with   
greater vigour in the important         
undertaking444  ,nov4 #i4--;,i think    
that ,i have had more liberty in prayer1
 and more converse with ,god1 than for  
some time before2 but have1             
notwithstanding1 been a very unfruitful 
creature1 and so remain4 ,for near a    
month we have been within two hundred   
miles of ,bengal1 but the violence of   
the currents set us back when we have   
been at the very door4  ,i hope ,i have 
learned the necessity of bearing up in  

the things of ,god against wind and     
tide1 when there is occasion1 as we have
 done in our voyage4  ,to the ,society  
he writes for a ,polyglot ,bible1 the   
,gospels in ,malay1 ,curtis's ,botanical
 ,magazine1 and ,sowerby's ,english     
,botany1 at his own cost1 and thus plans
 the conquest of the world3--,i hope the
 ,society will go on and increase1 and  
that the multitudes of heathen in the   
world may hear the glorious words of    
truth4  ,africa is but a little way from
 ,england2 ,madagascar but a little way 
farther2 ,south ,america1 and all the   
numerous and large islands in the       
,indian and ,chinese seas1 ,i hope will 
not be passed over4  ,a large field     
opens on every side1 and millions of    
perishing heathens1 tormented in this   
life by idolatry1 superstition1 and     
ignorance1 and exposed to eternal       
miseries in the world to come1 are      
pleading2 yea1 all their miseries plead 
as soon as they are known1 with every   
heart that loves ,god1 and with all the 

churches of the living ,god4 ,oh1 that  
many labourers may be thrust out into   
the vineyard of our ,lord ,jesus        
,christ1 and that the gentiles may come 
to the knowledge of the truth as it is  
in ,him6  ,on the #gth ,november1 as the
 ship lay in the roads of ,balasore1 he 
and ,thomas landed and began our        
labours4  ,for three hours the people of
 the bazaar listened with great         
attention to ,thomas1 and one prepared  
for them a native dinner with plantain  
leaf for dish1 and fingers for knives   
and forks4  ,balasore--name of          
,krishna--was one of the first          
settlements of the ,english in ,north   
,india in #afdb1 and there the ,american
 ,baptist successors of ,carey have     
since carried on his work4 ,on the #aath
 ,november1 after a five months' voyage1
 they landed at ,calcutta unmolested4   
,the first fortnight's experience of the
 city1 whose native population he       
estimated at #bjj1jjj1 and of the       
surrounding country1 he thus            

condenses3--,i feel something of what   
,paul felt when he beheld ,athens1 and  
'his spirit was stirred within him4'  ,i
 see one of the finest countries in the 
world1 full of industrious inhabitants2 
yet three-fifths of it are an           
uncultivated jungle1 abandoned to wild  
beasts and serpents4  ,if the gospel    
flourishes here1 'the wilderness will in
 every respect become a fruitful field4'
  ,clive1 ,hastings 7,macpherson during 
an interregnum of twenty-two months71   
and ,cornwallis1 were the men who had   
founded and administered the empire of  
,british ,india up to this time4  ,carey
 passed the last ,governor-,general in  
the ,bay of ,bengal as he retired with  
the honours of a seven years' successful
 generalship and government to atone for
 the not unhappy surrender of ,york     
,town1 which had resulted in the        
independence of the ,united ,states4    
,sir ,john ,shore1 afterwards ,lord     
,teignmouth1 who had been selected by   
,pitt to carry out the reforms which he 

had elaborated along with his           
predecessor1 had entered on his high    
office just a fortnight before4 ,what a 
contrast was presented1 as man judges1  
by the shy shoemaker1 schoolmaster1 and 
,baptist preacher1 who found not a place
 in which to lay his head save a hovel  
lent to him by a ,hindoo1 to ,clive1    
whose suicide he might have heard of    
when a child2 to ,hastings1 who for     
seventeen years had stood before his    
country impeached4  ,they were men      
described by ,macaulay as of ancient1   
even illustrious lineage1 and they had  
brought into existence an empire more   
extensive than that of ,rome4 ,he was a 
peasant craftsman1 who had taught       
himself with a skill which ,lord        
,wellesley1 their successor almost as   
great as themselves1 delighted publicly 
to acknowledge--a man of the people1 of 
the class who had used the ,roman       
,empire to build out of it a universal  
,christendom1 who were even then turning
 ,france upside down1 creating the      

,republic of ,america1 and giving new   
life to ,great ,britain itself4  ,the   
little ,englishman was about to do in   
,calcutta and from ,serampore what the  
little ,jew1 ,paul1 had done in ,antioch
 and ,ephesus1 from ,corinth and ,rome4 
,england might send its nobly born to   
erect the material and the secular      
fabric of empire1 but it was only1 in   
the providence of ,god1 that they might 
prepare for the poor village preacher to
 convert the empire into a spiritual    
force which should in time do for ,asia 
what ,rome had done for ,western        
,christendom4  ,but till the last1 as   
from the first1 ,carey was as           
unconscious of the part which he had    
been called to play as he was unresting 
in the work which it involved4  ,it is  
no fanatical criticism1 but the true    
philosophy of history1 which places     
,carey over against ,clive1 the         
spiritual and secular founders1 and     
,duff beside ,hastings1 the spiritual   
and secular consolidators of our ,indian

 ,empire4  ,carey's work for ,india     
underlay the first period of forty years
 of transition from ,cornwallis to      
,bentinck1 as ,duff's covered the second
 of thirty years to the close of ,lord  
,canning's administration1 which        
introduced the new era of full          
toleration and partial but increasing   
self-government directed by the ,viceroy
 and ,parliament4  ,carey had been sent 
not only to the one people outside of   
,christendom whose conversion would tell
 most powerfully on all ,asia1 ,africa1 
and their islands--the ,hindoos2 but to 
the one province which was almost       
entirely ,british1 and could be used as 
it had been employed to assimilate the  
rest of ,india--,bengal4  ,territorially
 the ,east ,india ,company possessed1   
when he landed1 nothing outside of the  
,ganges valley of ,bengal1 ,bihar1 and  
,benares1 save a few spots on the       
,madras and ,malabar coasts and the     
portion just before taken in the ,mysore
 war4 ,the rest was desolated by the    

,marathas1 the ,nizam1 ,tipoo1 and other
 ,mohammedan adventurers4  ,on the      
,gangetic delta and right up to         
,allahabad1 but not beyond1 the ,company
 ruled and raised revenue1 leaving the  
other functions of the state to         
,mohammedans of the type of ,turkish    
pashas under the titular superiority of 
the effete ,emperor of ,delhi4  ,the    
,bengali and ,hindi-speaking millions of
 the ,ganges and the simpler aborigines 
of the hills had been devastated by the 
famine of #agfi-gj1 which the ,company's
 officials1 who were powerless where    
they did not intensify it by            
interference with trade1 confessed to   
have cut off from ten to twelve millions
 of human beings4  ,over three-fifths of
 the area the soil was left without a   
cultivator4  ,the whole young of that   
generation perished1 so that1 even      
twenty years after1 ,lord ,cornwallis   
officially described one-third of       
,bengal as a jungle inhabited only by   
wild beasts4  ,a quarter of a century   

after ,carey's language was1 as we have 
seen1 three-fifths of it are an         
uncultivated jungle abandoned to wild   
beasts and serpents4  ,but the ,british 
peace1 in ,bengal at least1 had allowed 
abundant crops to work their natural    
result on the population4  ,the local   
experience of ,shore1 who had witnessed 
the horrors he could do so little to    
relieve1 had united with the            
statesmanship of ,cornwallis to initiate
 a series of administrative reforms that
 worked some evil1 but more good1 all   
through ,carey's time4  ,first of all1  
as affecting the very existence and the 
social development of the people1 or    
their capacity for being educated1      
,christianised1 civilised in the highest
 sense1 there was the relation of the   
,government to the ryots 7protected     
ones7 and the zameendars 7landholders74 
,in ,india1 as nearly all over the world
 except in feudalised ,britain1 the     
state is the common landlord in the     
interests of all classes who hold the   

soil subject to the payment of customary
 rents1 directly or through middlemen1  
to the ,government4 ,for thirty years   
after ,plassey the ,government of ,india
 had been learning its business1 and in 
the process had injured both itself and 
the landed classes1 as much as has been 
done in ,ireland4  ,from a mere trader  
it had been1 more or less consciously1  
becoming a ruler4 ,in #aghf the ,court  
of ,directors1 in a famous letter1 tried
 to arrest the ruin which the famine had
 only hastened by ordering that a       
settlement of the land-tax or revenue or
 rent be made1 not with mere farmers    
like the pashas of ,turkey1 but with the
 old zameendars1 and that the rate be   
fixed for ten years4  ,cornwallis and   
,shore took three years to make the     
detailed investigations1 and in #aghi   
the state rent-roll of ,bengal proper   
was fixed at #b1heh1ggb a year4 ,the    
,english peer1 who was                  
,governor-,general1 at once jumped to   
the conclusion that this rate should be 

fixed not only for ten years1 but for   
ever4  ,the experienced ,bengal civilian
 protested that to do that would be     
madness when a third of the rich        
province was out of cultivation1 and as 
to the rest its value was but little    
known1 and its estates were without     
reliable survey or boundaries4  ,we can 
now see that1 as usual1 both were right 
in what they asserted and wrong in what 
they denied4  ,the principle of fixity  
of tenure and tax cannot be             
over-estimated in its economic1 social1 
and political value1 but it should have 
been applied to the village communities 
and cultivating peasants without the    
intervention of middlemen other than the
 large ancestral landholders with       
hereditary rights1 and that on the      
standard of corn rents4  ,cornwallis had
 it in his power thus to do what some   
years afterwards ,stein did in ,prussia1
 with the result seen in the present    
,german people and empire4  ,the dispute
 as to a permanent or a decennial       

settlement was referred home1 and ,pitt1
 aided by ,dundas and ,charles ,grant1  
took a week to consider it4  ,his       
verdict was given in favour of          
feudalism4 ,eight months before ,carey  
landed at ,calcutta the settlement had  
been declared perpetual2 in #agie it was
 extended to ,benares also4  ,during the
 next twenty years mismanagement and    
debt revolutionised the landed interest1
 as in ,france at the same time1 but in 
a very different direction4  ,the       
customary rights of the peasant         
proprietors had been legislatively      
secured by reserving to the             
,governor-,general the power to enact   
such regulations as he may think        
necessary for the protection and welfare
 of the dependent talookdars1 ryots1 and
 other cultivators of the soil4  ,the   
peasants continued long to be so few    
that there was competition for them2 the
 process of extortion with the aid of   
the courts had hardly begun when they   
were many1 and the zameendars were      

burdened with charges for the police4   
,but in #agii and again in #ahab the    
state1 trembling for its rent1 gave the 
zameendars further authority4  ,the     
principle of permanence of assessment so
 far co-operated with the splendid      
fertility of the ,ganges valley and the 
peaceful multiplication of the people   
and spread of cultivation1 that all     
through the wars and annexations1 up to 
the close of the ,mutiny1 it was ,bengal
 which enabled ,england to extend the   
empire up to its natural limits from the
 two seas to the ,himalaya4  ,but in    
#ahei the first attempt was made by the 
famous ,act ,x4 to check the            
rack-renting power of the zameendars4   
,and now1 more than a century since the 
first step was taken to arrest the ruin 
of the peasantry1 the legislature of    
,india has again tried to solve for the 
whole country these four difficulties   
which all past landed regulations have  
intensified--to give the state tenants a
 guarantee against uncertain            

enhancements of rent1 and against       
taxation of improvements2 to minimise   
the evil of taking rent in cash instead 
of in kind by arranging the dates on    
which rent is paid2 and to mitigate if  
not prevent famine by allowing relief   
for failure of crops4 ,as pioneering1   
the work of ,carey and his colleagues   
all through was distinctly hindered by  
the treatment of the land question1     
which at once ground down the mass of   
the people and created a class of       
oppressive landlords destitute for the  
most part of public spirit and the      
higher culture4  ,both were disinclined 
by their circumstances to lend an ear to
 the ,gospel1 but these circumstances   
made it the more imperative on the      
missionaries to tell them1 to teach     
their children1 to print for all the    
glad tidings4  ,carey1 himself of       
peasant extraction1 cared for the       
millions of the people above all2 but   
his work in the classical as well as the
 vernacular languages was equally       

addressed to their twenty thousand      
landlords4  ,the time of his            
work--before ,bentinck2 and the centre  
of it--outside the metropolis1 left the 
use of the ,english weapon against      
,brahmanism largely for ,duff4  ,when   
,cornwallis1 following ,warren          
,hastings1 completed the substitution of
 the ,british for the ,mohammedan civil 
administration by a system of courts and
 police and a code of regulations1 he   
was guilty of one omission and one      
mistake that it took years of discussion
 and action to rectify4  ,he did not    
abolish from the courts the use of      
,persian1 the language of the old       
,mussulman invaders1 now foreign to all 
parties2 and he excluded from all       
offices above #cj a year the natives of 
the country1 contrary to their fair and 
politic practice4  ,bengal and its      
millions1 in truth1 were nominally      
governed in detail by three hundred     
white and upright civilians1 with the   
inevitable result in abuses which they  

could not prevent1 and oppression of    
native by native which they would not   
check1 and the delay or development of  
reforms which the few missionaries long 
called for in vain4  ,in a word1 after  
making the most generous allowance for  
the good intentions of ,cornwallis1 and 
conscientiousness of ,shore1 his        
successor1 we must admit that ,carey was
 called to become the reformer of a     
state of society which the worst evils  
of ,asiatic and ,english rule combined  
to prevent him and other                
self-sacrificing or disinterested       
philanthropists from purifying4  ,the   
,east ,india ,company1 at home and in   
,india1 had reached that depth of       
opposition to light and freedom in any  
form which justifies ,burke's extremest 
passages--the period between its triumph
 on the exclusion of the pious clauses  
from the ,charter of #agic and its      
defeat in the ,charter of #ahac4  ,we   
shall reproduce some outlines of the    
picture which ,ward drew3--#g  ,on      

landing in ,bengal1 in the year #agic1  
our brethren found themselves surrounded
 with a population of heathens 7not     
including the ,mahometans7 amounting to 
at least one hundred millions of souls4 
,on the subject of the divine nature1   
with the verbal admission of the        
doctrine of the divine unity1 they heard
 these idolaters speak of #ccj1jjj1jjj  
of gods4  ,amidst innumerable idol      
temples they found none erected for the 
worship of the one living and true ,god4
 ,services without end they saw         
performed in honour of the elements and 
deified heroes1 but heard not one voice 
tuned to the praise or employed in the  
service of the one ,god4 ,unacquainted  
with the moral perfections of ,jehovah1 
they saw this immense population        
prostrate before dead matter1 before the
 monkey1 the serpent1 before idols the  
very personifications of sin2 and they  
found this animal1 this reptile1 and the
 lecher ,krishnu u-caron and his        
concubine ,radha1 among the favourite   

deities of the ,hindoos444  ,respecting 
the real nature of the present state1   
the missionaries perceived that the     
,hindoos laboured under the most fatal  
misapprehensions2 that they believed the
 good or evil actions of this birth were
 not produced as the volitions of their 
own wills1 but arose from1 and were the 
unavoidable results of1 the actions of  
the past birth2 that their present      
actions would inevitably give rise to   
the whole complexion of their characters
 and conduct in the following birth2 and
 that thus they were doomed to          
interminable transmigrations1 to float  
as some light substance upon the bosom  
of an irresistible torrent444  ,amongst 
these idolaters no ,bibles were found2  
no sabbaths2 no congregating for        
religious instruction in any form2 no   
house for ,god2 no ,god but a log of    
wood1 or a monkey2 no ,saviour but the  
,ganges2 no worship but that paid to    
abominable idols1 and that connected    
with dances1 songs1 and unutterable     

impurities2 so that what should have    
been divine worship1 purifying1         
elevating1 and carrying the heart to    
heaven1 was a corrupt but rapid torrent1
 poisoning the soul and carrying it down
 to perdition2 no morality1 for how     
should a people be moral whose gods are 
monsters of vice2 whose priests are     
their ringleaders in crime2 whose       
scriptures encourage pride1 impurity1   
falsehood1 revenge1 and murder2 whose   
worship is connected with indescribable 
abominations1 and whose heaven is a     
brothel8  ,as might be expected1 they   
found that men died here without        
indulging the smallest vestige of hope1 
except what can arise from              
transmigration1 the hope1 instead of    
plunging into some place of misery1 of  
passing into the body of some reptile4  
,to carry to such a people the divine   
word1 to call them together for sacred  
instruction1 to introduce amongst them a
 pure and heavenly worship1 and to lead 
them to the observance of a ,sabbath on 

earth1 as the preparative and prelude to
 a state of endless perfection1 was     
surely a work worthy for a ,saviour to  
command1 and becoming a christian people
 to attempt4  ,the condition of women1  
who were then estimated at seventy-five 
millions of minds1 and whom the census  
shows to be now above #add1jjj1jjj1 is  
thus described after an account of      
female infanticide3--  ,to the ,hindoo  
female all education is denied by the   
positive injunction of the shastru      
u-caron1 and by the general voice of the
 population4  ,not a single school for  
girls1 therefore1 all over the country6 
,with knitting1 sewing1 embroidery1     
painting1 music1 and drawing1 they have 
no more to do than with letters2 the    
washing is done by men of a particular  
tribe4  ,the ,hindoo girl1 therefore1   
spends the ten first years of her life  
in sheer idleness1 immured in the house 
of her father4  ,before she has attained
 to this age1 however1 she is sought    
after by the ghutuks1 men employed by   

parents to seek wives for their sons4   
,she is betrothed without her consent2 a
 legal agreement1 which binds her for   
life1 being made by the parents on both 
sides while she is yet a child4  ,at a  
time most convenient to the parents1    
this boy and girl are brought together  
for the first time1 and the marriage    
ceremony is performed2 after which she  
returns to the house of her father4     
,before the marriage is consummated1 in 
many instances1 the boy dies1 and this  
girl becomes a widow2 and as the law    
prohibits the marriage of widows1 she is
 doomed to remain in this state as long 
as she lives4 ,the greater number of    
these unfortunate beings become a prey  
to the seducer1 and a disgrace to their 
families4  ,not long since a bride1 on  
the day the marriage ceremony was to    
have been performed1 was burnt on the   
funeral pile with the dead body of the  
bridegroom1 at ,chandernagore1 a few    
miles north of ,calcutta4 ,concubinage1 
to a most awful extent1 is the fruit of 

these marriages without choice4  ,what a
 sum of misery is attached to the lot of
 woman in ,india before she has attained
 even her fifteenth year6  ,in some     
cases as many as fifty females1 the     
daughters of so many ,hindoos1 are given
 in marriage to one bramhun u-caron1 in 
order to make these families something  
more respectable1 and that the parents  
may be able to say1 we are allied by    
marriage to the kooleens444  ,but the   
awful state of female society in this   
miserable country appears in nothing so 
much as in dooming the female1 the      
widow1 to be burnt alive with the putrid
 carcase of her husband4  ,the ,hindoo  
legislators have sanctioned this        
immolation1 showing herein a studied    
determination to insult and degrade     
woman4  ,she is1 therefore1 in the first
 instance1 deluded into this act by the 
writings of these bramhuns u-caron2 in  
which also she is promised1 that if she 
will offer herself1 for the benefit of  
her husband1 on the funeral pile1 she   

shall1 by the extraordinary merit of    
this action1 rescue her husband from    
misery1 and take him and fourteen       
generations of his and her family with  
her to heaven1 where she shall enjoy    
with them celestial happiness until     
fourteen kings of the gods shall have   
succeeded to the throne of heaven 7that 
is1 millions of years67 ,thus ensnared1 
she embraces this dreadful death4  ,i   
have seen three widows1 at different    
times1 burnt alive2 and had repeated    
opportunities of being present at       
similar immolations1 but my courage     
failed me444  ,the burying alive of     
widows manifests1 if that were possible1
 a still more abominable state of       
feeling towards women than the burning  
them alive4  ,the weavers bury their    
dead4  ,when1 therefore1 a widow of this
 tribe is deluded into the determination
 not to survive her husband1 she is     
buried alive with the dead body4  ,in   
this kind of immolation the children and
 relations dig the grave4 ,after certain

 ceremonies have been attended to1 the  
poor widow arrives1 and is let down into
 the pit4 ,she sits in the centre1      
taking the dead body on her lap and     
encircling it with her arms4 ,these     
relations now begin to throw in the     
soil2 and after a short space1 two of   
them descend into the grave1 and tread  
the earth firmly round the body of the  
widow4  ,she sits a calm and            
unremonstrating spectator of the horrid 
process4  ,she sees the earth rising    
higher and higher around her1 without   
upbraiding her murderers1 or making the 
least effort to arise and make her      
escape4 ,at length the earth reaches her
 lips--covers her head4  ,the rest of   
the earth is then hastily thrown in1 and
 these children and relations mount the 
grave1 and tread down the earth upon the
 head of the suffocating widow--the     
mother6  ,before ,carey1 what had been  
done to turn the millions of ,north     
,india from such darkness as that8      
,nothing1 beyond the brief and impulsive

 efforts of ,thomas4  ,there does not   
seem to have been there one genuine     
convert from any of the ,asiatic faiths2
 there had never been even the nucleus  
of a native church4  ,in ,south ,india1 
for the greater part of the century1 the
 ,coast ,mission1 as it was called1 had 
been carried on from ,tranquebar as a   
centre by the ,lutherans whom1 from     
,ziegenbalg to ,schwartz1 ,francke had  
trained at ,halle and ,friedrich ,,iv4  
of ,denmark had sent forth to its ,east 
,india ,company's settlement4  ,from the
 baptism of the first convert in #agjg  
and translation of the ,new ,testament  
into ,tamil1 to the death in #agih of   
,schwartz1 with whom ,carey sought to   
begin a correspondence then taken up by 
,guericke1 the foundations were laid    
around ,madras1 in ,tanjore1 and in     
,tinnevelli of a native church which now
 includes nearly a million4  ,but1 when 
,carey landed1 rationalism in ,germany  
and ,denmark1 and the ,carnatic wars    
between the ,english and ,french1 had   

reduced the ,coast ,mission to a state  
of inanition4  ,nor was ,southern ,india
 the true or ultimate battlefield       
against ,brahmanism2 the triumphs of    
,christianity there were rather among   
the demon-worshipping tribes of         
,dravidian origin than among the ,aryan 
races till ,dr4 ,w4 ,miller developed   
the ,christian ,college4 ,but the way   
for the harvest now being reaped by the 
,evangelicals and ,anglicans of the     
,church of ,england1 by the             
,independents of the ,london ,missionary
 ,society1 the ,wesleyans1 and the      
,presbyterians of ,scotland and         
,america1 was prepared by the ,german   
,ziegenbalg and ,schwartz under ,danish 
protection4  ,the ,english ,propagation 
and ,christian ,knowledge ,societies    
sent them occasional aid1 the first two 
,georges under the influence of their   
,german chaplains wrote to them         
encouraging letters1 and the ,east      
,india ,company even gave them a free   
passage in its ships1 and employed the  

sculptor ,bacon to prepare the noble    
group of marble which1 in ,st4 ,mary's  
,church1 ,madras1 expresses its         
gratitude to ,schwartz for his political
 services4  ,it was ,clive himself who  
brought to ,calcutta the first          
missionary1 ,kiernander the ,swede1 but 
he was rather a chaplain1 or a          
missionary to the ,portuguese1 who were 
nominal ,christians of the lowest       
,romanist type4  ,the ,french had closed
 the ,danish mission at ,cuddalore1 and 
in #ageh ,calcutta was without a        
,protestant clergyman to bury the dead  
or baptise or marry the living4  ,two   
years before one of the two chaplains   
had perished in the tragedy of the      
,black ,hole1 where he was found lying  
hand in hand with his son1 a young      
lieutenant4  ,the other had escaped down
 the river only to die of fever along   
with many more4  ,the victory of        
,plassey and the large compensation paid
 for the destruction of ,old ,calcutta  
and its church induced thousands of     

natives to flock to the new capital1    
while the number of the ,european troops
 and officials was about #bjjj4  ,when  
chaplains were sent out1 the            
,governor-,general officially wrote of  
them to the ,court of ,directors so late
 as #agie3--,our clergy in ,bengal1 with
 some exceptions1 are not respectable   
characters4  ,from the general          
relaxation of morals1 he added1 a black 
coat is no security4  ,they were so     
badly paid--from #ej to #bcj a year1    
increased by #abj to meet the cost of   
living in ,calcutta after #agfd--that   
they traded4  ,preaching was the least  
of the chaplains' duties2 burying was   
the most onerous4  ,anglo-,indian       
society1 cut off from ,london1 itself   
not much better1 by a six months'       
voyage1 was corrupt4  ,warren ,hastings 
and ,philip ,francis1 his hostile       
colleague in ,council1 lived in open    
adultery4  ,the majority of the         
officials had native women1 and the     
increase of their children1 who lived in

 a state worse than that of the heathen1
 became so alarming that the            
compensation paid by the ,mohammedan    
,government of ,moorshedabad for the    
destruction of the church was applied to
 the foundation of the useful charity   
still known as the ,free ,school4  ,the 
fathers not infrequently adopted the    
,hindoo pantheon along with the zanana4 
,the pollution1 springing from ,england 
originally1 was rolled back into it in  
an increasing volume1 when the survivors
 retired as nabobs with fortunes1 to    
corrupt social and political life1 till 
,pitt cried out2 and it became possible 
for ,burke almost to succeed in his     
eighteen years' impeachment of          
,hastings4  ,the literature of the close
 of the eighteenth century is full of   
alarm lest the ,english character should
 be corrupted1 and lest the balance of  
the constitution should be upset4       
,kiernander is said to have been the    
means of converting #bji heathens and   
#chj ,romanists1 of whom three were     

priests1 during the twenty-eight years  
of his ,calcutta career4  ,claudius     
,buchanan declares that ,christian      
tracts had been translated into         
,bengali--one written by the ,bishop of 
,sodor and ,man--and that in the time of
 ,warren ,hastings ,hindoo ,christians  
had preached to their countrymen in the 
city4  ,the heathen were probably       
,portuguese descendants1 in whose       
language ,kiernander preached as the    
lingua franca of the time4 ,he could not
 even converse in ,bengali or           
,hindostani1 and when ,charles ,grant   
went to him for information as to the   
way of a sinner's salvation this        
happened--,my anxious inquiries as to   
what ,i should do to be saved appeared  
to embarrass and confuse him            
exceedingly4  ,he could not answer my   
questions1 but he gave me some good     
instructive books4  ,on ,kiernander's   
bankruptcy1 caused by his son when the  
father was blind1 the ,mission ,church  
was bought by ,grant1 who wrote that its

 labours have been confined to the      
descendants of ,europeans1 and have     
hardly ever embraced a single heathen1  
so that a mission to the ,hindoos and   
,mohammedans would be a new thing4  ,the
 ,rev4 ,david ,brown1 who had been sent 
out the year after as master and        
chaplain of the ,military ,orphan       
,society1 for the education of the      
children of officers and soldiers1 and  
was to become one of the ,serampore     
circle of friends1 preached to          
,europeans only in the ,mission ,church4
  ,carey could find no trace of         
,kiernander's work among the natives six
 years after his death4#h ,the only     
converted ,hindoo known of in ,northern 
,india up to that time was ,guneshan    
,dass1 of ,delhi1 who when a boy joined 
,clive's army1 who was the first man of 
caste to visit ,england1 and who1 on his
 return with the ,calcutta ,supreme     
,court ,judges in #aggd as ,persian     
interpreter and translator1 was baptised
 by ,kiernander1 ,mr4 justice ,chambers 

being sponsor4  ,william ,carey had no  
predecessor in ,india as the first      
ordained ,englishman who was sent to it 
as a missionary2 he had no predecessor  
in ,bengal and ,hindostan proper as the 
first missionary from any land to the   
people4  ,even the ,moravians1 who in   
#aggg had sent two brethren to          
,serampore1 ,calcutta1 and ,patna1 had  
soon withdrawn them1 and one of them    
became the ,company's botanist in       
,madras--,dr4 ,heyne4 ,carey practically
 stood alone at the first1 while he     
unconsciously set in motion the double  
revolution1 which was to convert the    
,anglo-,indian influence on ,england    
from corrupting heathenism to aggressive
 missionary zeal1 and to change the     
,bengal of ,cornwallis into the ,india  
of ,bentinck1 with all the possibilities
 that have made it grow1 thus far1 into 
the ,india of the ,lawrences4           
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,six ,,years ,,in      
,,north ,,bengal--,,missionary ,,and    
,,indigo ,,planter  #agid-agii  ,carey's

 two missionary principles--,destitute  
in ,calcutta--,bandel and               
,nuddea--,applies in vain to be         
under-superintendent of the ,botanic    
,garden--,housed by a native            
usurer--,translation and preaching work 
in ,calcutta--,secures a grant of waste 
land at ,hasnabad--,estimate of the     
,bengali language1 and appeal to the    
,society to work in ,asia and ,africa   
rather than in ,america--,the ,udny     
family--,carey's summary of his first   
year's experience--,superintends the    
indigo factory of ,mudnabati--,indigo   
and the ,east ,india ,company's         
monopolies--,carey's first nearly fatal 
sickness--,death of his child and       
chronic madness of his wife--,formation 
of first ,baptist church in             
,india--,early progress of ,bible       
translation--,sanskrit studies2 the     
,mahabarata--,the wooden printing-press 
set up at ,mudnabati--,his educational  
ideal2 school-work--,the medical        
mission--,lord ,wellesley--,carey seeks 

a mission centre among the              
,bhooteas--,describes his first sight of
 a ,sati--,projects a mission settlement
 at ,kidderpore4  ,carey was in his     
thirty-third year when he landed in     
,bengal4  ,two principles regulated the 
conception1 the foundation1 and the     
whole course of the mission which he now
 began4  ,he had been led to these by   
the very genius of ,christianity itself1
 by the example and teaching of ,christ 
and of ,paul1 and by the experience of  
the ,moravian brethren4  ,he had laid   
them down in his ,enquiry1 and every    
month's residence during forty years in 
,india confirmed him in his adhesion to 
them4  ,these principles are that 7#a7 a
 missionary must be one of the          
companions and equals of the people to  
whom he is sent2 and 7#b7 a missionary  
must as soon as possible become         
indigenous1 self-supporting1            
self-propagating1 alike by the labours  
of the mission and of the converts4     
,himself a man of the people yet a      

scholar1 a shoemaker and a schoolmaster 
yet a preacher and pastor to whom the   
great ,robert ,hall gloried in being a  
successor1 ,carey had led the two lives 
as ,paul had done4  ,now that he was    
fairly in ,calcutta he resumed the      
divine toil1 and ceased it not till he  
entered on the eternal rest4  ,he       
prepared to go up country to ,malda to  
till the ground among the natives of the
 rich district around the ruined capital
 of ,gour4 ,he engaged as his pundit and
 interpreter ,ram ,basu1 one of the     
professing inquirers whom ,thomas had   
attracted in former days4  ,experience  
soon taught him that1 however correct   
his principle1 ,malda is not a land     
where the white man can be a farmer4 ,so
 he became1 in the different stages of  
his career1 a captain of labour as an   
indigo planter1 a teacher of ,bengali1  
and professor of ,sanskrit and ,marathi1
 and the ,government translator of      
,bengali4  ,nor did he or his associates
 ever make the mistake--or commit the   

fraud--of the ,jesuit missionaries1     
whose idea of equality with the people  
was not that of brotherhood in ,christ1 
but that of dragging down ,christian    
doctrine1 worship and civilisation1 to  
the level of idolatrous heathenism1 and 
deluding the ignorant into accepting the
 blasphemous compromise4  ,alas6 ,carey 
could not manage to get out of ,calcutta
 and its neighbourhood for five months4 
,as he thought to live by farming1      
,thomas was to practise his profession2 
and their first year's income of #aej   
had1 in those days when the foreign     
exchanges were unknown1 to be realised  
by the sale of the goods in which it had
 been invested4  ,as usual1 ,thomas had 
again blundered1 so that even his gentle
 colleague himself half-condemned1      
half-apologised for him by the shrewd   
reflection that he was only fit to live 
at sea1 where his daily business would  
be before him1 and daily provision would
 be made for him4  ,carey found himself 
penniless4  ,even had he received the   

whole of his #ge1 as he really did in   
one way or other1 what was that for such
 a family as his at the beginning of    
their undertaking8 ,the expense of      
living at all in ,calcutta drove the    
whole party thirty miles up the river to
 ,bandel1 an old ,portuguese suburb of  
the ,hoogli factory4  ,there they rented
 a small house from the ,german         
hotel-keeper1 beside the ,augustinian   
priory and oldest church in ,north      
,india1 which dates from #aeii and is   
still in good order4 ,there they met    
,kiernander1 then at the great age of   
eighty-four4 ,daily they preached or    
talked to the people4 ,they purchased a 
boat for regular visitation of the      
hamlets1 markets1 and towns which line  
both banks of the river4  ,with sure    
instinct ,carey soon fixed on ,nuddea1  
as the centre of ,brahmanical           
superstition and ,sanskrit learning1    
where to build me a hut and live like   
the natives1 language recalled to us by 
the words of the dying ,livingstone in  

the swamps of ,central ,africa4  ,there1
 in the capital of the last of the      
,hindoo kings1 beside the leafy tols or 
colleges of a river port which rivals   
,benares1 ,poona1 and ,conjeeveram in   
sanctity1 where ,chaitanya the          
,vaishnaiva reformer was born1 ,carey   
might have attacked ,brahmanism in its  
stronghold4  ,a passage in his journal  
shows how he realised the position4     
,thomas1 the pundit1 and he sought the  
,lord by prayer for direction1 and this 
much was the result--,several of the    
most learned ,pundits and ,brahmans     
wished us to settle there2 and1 as that 
is the great place for ,eastern         
learning1 we seemed inclined1 especially
 as it is the bulwark of heathenism1    
which1 if once carried1 all the rest of 
the country must be laid open to us4    
,but there was no available land there  
for an ,englishman's cultivation4  ,from
 ,bandel he wrote home these impressions
 of ,anglo-,indian life and missionary  
duty3--  #bfth ,dec4 #agic4--;,a        

missionary must be one of the companions
 and equals of the people to whom he is 
sent1 and many dangers and temptations  
will be in his way4  ,one or two pieces 
of advice ,i may venture to give4  ,the 
first is to be exceedingly cautious lest
 the voyage prove a great snare4  ,all  
the discourse is about high life1 and   
every circumstance will contribute to   
unfit the mind for the work and         
prejudice the soul against the people to
 whom he goes2 and in a country like    
this1 settled by ,europeans1 the        
grandeur1 the customs1 and prejudices of
 the ,europeans are exceeding dangerous4
 ,they are very kind and hospitable1 but
 even to visit them1 if a man keeps no  
table of his own1 would more than ten   
times exceed the allowance of a mission2
 and all their discourse is about the   
vices of the natives1 so that a         
missionary must see thousands of people 
treating him with the greatest kindness1
 but whom he must be entirely different 
from in his life1 his appearance in     

everything1 or it is impossible for him 
to stand their profuse way of living1   
being so contrary to his character and  
so much above his ability4 ,this is a   
snare to dear ,mr4 ,thomas1 which will  
be felt by us both in some measure4  ,it
 will be very important to missionaries 
to be men of calmness and evenness of   
temper1 and rather inclined to suffer   
hardships than to court the favour of   
men1 and such who will be indefatigably 
employed in the work set before them1 an
 inconstancy of mind being quite        
injurious to it4  ,he had need of such  
faith and patience4  ,hearing of waste  
land in ,calcutta1 he returned there    
only to be disappointed4  ,the ,danish  
captain1 knowing that he had written a  
botanical work1 advised him to take it  
to the doctor in charge of the          
,company's ,botanic ,garden1 and offer  
himself for a vacant appointment to     
superintend part of it4  ,the doctor1   
who and whose successors were soon to be
 proud of his assistance on equal terms1

 had to tell him that the office had    
been filled up1 but invited the weary   
man to dine with him4 ,houseless1 with  
his maddened wife1 and her sister and   
two of his four children down with      
dysentery1 due to the bad food and      
exposure of six weeks in the interior1  
,carey found a friend1 appropriately    
enough1 in a ,bengali money-lender4#i   
,nelu ,dutt1 a banker who had lent money
 to ,thomas1 offered the destitute      
family his garden house in the          
north-eastern quarter of ,manicktolla   
until they could do better4 ,the place  
was mean enough1 but ,carey never forgot
 the deed1 and he had it in his power   
long after to help ,nelu ,dutt when in  
poverty4 ,such1 on the other hand1 was  
the dislike of the ,rev4 ,david ,brown  
to ,thomas1 that when ,carey had walked 
five miles in the heat of the sun to    
visit the comparatively prosperous      
evangelical preacher1 ,i left him       
without his having so much as asked me  
to take any refreshment4  ,carey would  

not have been allowed to live in        
,calcutta as a missionary4 ,forty years 
were to pass before that could be       
possible without a ,company's passport4 
,but no one was aware of the existence  
of the obscure vagrant1 as he seemed1   
although he was hard at work4 ,all      
around him was a ,mohammedan community  
whom he addressed with the greatest     
freedom1 and with whom he discussed the 
relative merits of the ,koran and the   
,bible in a kindly spirit1 to recommend 
the ,gospel and the way of life by      
,christ4  ,he had helped ,thomas with a 
translation of the book of ,genesis     
during the voyage1 and now we find this 
in his journal two months and a half    
after he had landed3--  ,through the    
delays of my companion ,i have spent    
another month1 and done scarcely        
anything1 except that ,i have added to  
my knowledge of the language1 and had   
opportunity of seeing much more of the  
genius and disposition of the natives   
than ,i otherwise could have known4     

,this day finished the correction of the
 first chapter of ,genesis1 which       
moonshi says is rendered into very good 
,bengali4  ,just as we had finished it1 
a pundit and another man from ,nuddea   
came to see me4  ,i showed it to them2  
and the pundit seemed much pleased with 
the account of the creation2 only they  
have an imaginary place somewhere       
beneath the earth1 and he thought that  
should have been mentioned likewise444  
,was very weary1 having walked in the   
sun about fifteen or sixteen miles1 yet 
had the satisfaction of discoursing with
 some money-changers at ,calcutta1 who  
could speak ,english1 about the         
importance and absolute necessity of    
faith in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,one 
of them was a very crafty man1 and tried
 much to entangle me with hard          
questions2 but at last1 finding himself 
entangled1 he desisted1 and went to his 
old occupation of money-changing again4 
,if once ,god would by his ,spirit      
convince them of sin1 a ,saviour would  

be a blessing indeed to them3 but human 
nature is the same all the world over1  
and all conviction fails except it is   
produced by the effectual working of the
 ,holy ,spirit4  ,ram ,basu was himself 
in debt1 was indeed all along a         
self-interested inquirer4  ,but the next
 gleam of hope came from him1 that the  
,carey family should move to the waste  
jungles of the ,soondarbans1 the        
tiger-haunted swamps south-east of      
,calcutta1 and there cultivate a grant  
of land4  ,with a sum of #af borrowed   
from a native at twelve per cent4 by    
,mr4 ,thomas1 a boat was hired1 and on  
the fourth day1 when only one more meal 
remained1 the miserable family and their
 stout-hearted father saw an            
,english-built house4  ,as they walked  
up to it the owner met them1 and with   
,anglo-,indian hospitality invited them 
all to become his guests4  ,he proved to
 be ,mr4 ,charles ,short1 in charge of  
the ,company's salt manufacture there4  
,as a deist he had no sympathy with     

,carey's enterprise1 but he helped the  
missionary none the less1 and the reward
 came to him in due time in the opening 
of his heart to the love of ,christ4    
,he afterwards married ,mrs4 ,carey's   
sister1 and in ,england the two survived
 the great missionary1 to tell this and 
much more regarding him4  ,here1 at the 
place appropriately named ,hasnabad1 or 
the smiling spot1 ,carey took a few     
acres on the ,jamoona arm of the united 
,ganges and ,brahmapootra1 and built him
 a bamboo house1 forty miles east of    
,calcutta4  ,knowing that the sahib's   
gun would keep off the tigers1 natives  
squatted around to the number of three  
or four thousand4 ,such was the faith1  
the industry1 and the modesty of the    
brave little man that1 after just three 
months1 he wrote thus3--,when ,i know   
the language well enough to preach in   
it1 ,i have no doubt of having a stated 
congregation1 and ,i much hope to send  
you pleasing accounts4  ,i can so far   
converse in the language as to be       

understood in most things belonging to  
eating and drinking1 buying and selling1
 etc4  ,my ear is somewhat familiarised 
to the ,bengali sounds4  ,it is a       
language of a very singular             
construction1 having no plural except   
for pronouns1 and not a single          
preposition in it3 but the cases of     
nouns and pronouns are almost endless1  
all the words answering to our          
prepositions being put after the word1  
and forming a new case4 ,except these   
singularities1 ,i find it an easy       
language4  ,i feel myself happy in my   
present undertaking2 for1 though ,i     
never felt the loss of social religion  
so much as now1 yet a consciousness of  
having given up all for ,god is a       
support2 and the work1 with all its     
attendant inconveniences1 is to me a    
rich reward4  ,i think the ,society     
would do well to keep their eye towards 
,africa or ,asia1 countries which are   
not like the wilds of ,america1 where   
long labour will scarcely collect sixty 

people to hear the ,word3 for here it is
 almost impossible to get out of the way
 of hundreds1 and preachers are wanted a
 thousand times more than people to     
preach to4  ,within ,india are the      
,maratha country and the northern parts 
to ,cashmere1 in which1 as far as ,i can
 learn1 there is not one soul that      
thinks of ,god aright444,my health was  
never better4  ,the climate1 though hot1
 is tolerable2 but1 attended as ,i am   
with difficulties1 ,i would not renounce
 my undertaking for all the world4  ,it 
was at this time that he drew his       
strength often from the experience of   
the first missionary1 described by      
,isaiah1 in all his solitude3--,look    
unto ,abraham your father1 for ,i called
 him alone and blessed him and increased
 him4  ,for the ,lord shall comfort     
,zion2 ,he will comfort all her waste   
places4  ,the sun of ,his comfort shone 
forth at last4  ,carey's original       
intention to begin his mission near     
,malda was now to be carried out4  ,in  

the opening week of #agid the small     
,english community in ,bengal were      
saddened by the news that1 when crossing
 the ,hoogli at ,calcutta1 a boat       
containing three of its principal       
merchants and the wife of one of them1  
had been upset1 and all had been        
drowned4 ,it turned out that two of the 
men recovered1 but ,mr4 ,r4 ,udny and   
his young wife perished4  ,his aged     
mother had been one of the godly circle 
in the ,residency at ,malda to whom     
,thomas had ministered2 and ,mr4 ,g4    
,udny1 her other son1 was still the     
,company's commercial ,resident there4  
,a letter of sympathy which ,thomas sent
 to them restored the old relations1 and
 resulted in ,mr4 ,g4 ,udny inviting    
first the writer and then ,carey to     
become his assistants in charge of new  
indigo factories which he was building  
on his own account4  ,each received a   
salary equivalent to #bej a year1 with  
the prospect of a commission on the     
out-turn1 and even a proprietary share4 

,carey's remark in his journal on the   
day he received the offer was3--,this   
appearing to be a remarkable opening in 
divine providence for our comfortable   
support1 ,i accepted it444,i shall      
likewise be joined with my colleague    
again1 and we shall unitedly engage in  
our work4  ,again3--,the conversion of  
the heathen is the object which above   
all others ,i wish to pursue4  ,if my   
situation at ,malda should be tolerable1
 ,i most certainly will publish the     
,bible in numbers4  ,on receiving the   
rejoinder to his acceptance of the offer
 he set this down3--,i am resolved to   
write to the ,society that my           
circumstances are such that ,i do not   
need future help from them1 and to      
devote a sum monthly for the printing of
 the ,bengali ,bible4 ,this he did1     
adding that it would be his glory and   
joy to stand in the same relation to the
 ,society as if he needed support from  
them4 ,he hoped they would be the sooner
 able to send another mission           

somewhere--to ,sumatra or some of the   
,indian ,islands4  ,from the first he   
lived with such simplicity that he gave 
from one-fourth to one-third of his     
little income to his own mission at     
,mudnabati4  ,carey thus sums up his    
first year's experience before leaving  
his jungle home on a three weeks' voyage
 up the ,ganges1 and records his first  
deliberate and regular attempt to preach
 in ,bengali on the way4  #hth ,april   
#agid4--;,all my hope is in1 and all my 
comfort arises from1 ,god2 without ,his 
power no ,european could possibly be    
converted1 and ,his power can convert   
any ,indian2 and when ,i reflect that   
,he has stirred me up to the work1 and  
wrought wonders to prepare the way1 ,i  
can hope in ,his promises1 and am       
encouraged and strengthened444  #aith   
,april4--,o how glorious are the ways of
 ,god6 ',my soul longeth and fainteth   
for ,god1 for the living ,god1 to see   
,his glory and beauty as ,i have seen   
them in the sanctuary4'  ,when ,i first 

left ,england1 my hope of the conversion
 of the heathen was very strong2 but1   
among so many obstacles1 it would       
entirely die away unless upheld by ,god4
 ,nothing to exercise it1 but plenty to 
obstruct it1 for now a year and nineteen
 days1 which is the space since ,i left 
my dear charge at ,leicester4 ,since    
that ,i have had hurrying up and down2 a
 five months' imprisonment with carnal  
men on board the ship2 five more        
learning the language2 my moonshi not   
understanding ,english sufficiently to  
interpret my preaching2 my colleague    
separated from me2 long delays and few  
opportunities for social worship2 no    
woods to retire to1 like ,brainerd1 for 
fear of tigers 7no less than twenty men 
in the department of ,deharta1 where ,i 
am1 have been carried away by them this 
season from the salt-works72 no earthly 
thing to depend upon1 or earthly        
comfort1 except food and raiment4       
,well1 ,i have ,god1 and ,his ,word is  
sure2 and though the superstitions of   

the heathen were a million times worse  
than they are1 if ,i were deserted by   
all1 and persecuted by all1 yet my hope1
 fixed on that sure ,word1 will rise    
superior to all obstructions1 and       
triumph over all trials4  ,god's cause  
will triumph1 and ,i shall come out of  
all trials as gold purified by fire4  ,i
 was much humbled to-day by reading     
,brainerd4  ,o what a disparity betwixt 
me and him1 he always constant1 ,i as   
inconstant as the wind6  #bbnd          
,april4--,bless ,god for a continuance  
of the happy frame of yesterday4  ,i    
think the hope of soon acquiring the    
language puts fresh life into my soul2  
for a long time my mouth has been shut1 
and my days have been beclouded with    
heaviness2 but now ,i begin to be       
something like a traveller who has been 
almost beaten out in a violent storm1   
and who1 with all his clothes about him 
dripping wet1 sees the sky begin to     
clear3 so ,i1 with only the prospect of 
a more pleasant season at hand1 scarcely

 feel the sorrows of the present4       
#bcrd4--,with all the cares of life1 and
 all its sorrows1 yet ,i find that a    
life of communion with ,god is          
sufficient to yield consolation in the  
midst of all1 and even to produce a holy
 joy in the soul1 which shall make it to
 triumph over all affliction4  ,i have  
never yet repented of any sacrifice that
 ,i have made for the ,gospel1 but find 
that consolation of mind which can come 
from ,god alone4  #bfth ,may4--,this day
 kept ,sabbath at ,chandureea2 had a    
pleasant day4 ,in the morning and       
afternoon addressed my family1 and in   
the evening began my work of publishing 
the ,word of ,god to the heathen4       
,though imperfect in the knowledge of   
the language1 yet1 with the help of     
moonshi1 ,i conversed with two ,brahmans
 in the presence of about two hundred   
people1 about the things of ,god4 ,i had
 been to see a temple1 in which were the
 images of ,dukkinroy1 the god of the   
woods1 riding on a tiger2 ,sheetulla1   

goddess of the smallpox1 without a head1
 riding on a horse without a head2      
,punchanon1 with large ears2 and        
,colloroy1 riding on a horse4  ,in      
another apartment was ,seeb1 which was  
only a smooth post of wood1 with two or 
three mouldings in it1 like the base of 
a ,tuscan pillar4  ,i therefore         
discoursed with them upon the vanity of 
idols1 the folly and wickedness of      
idolatry1 the nature and attributes of  
,god1 and the way of salvation by       
,christ4  ,one ,brahman was quite       
confounded1 and a number of people were 
all at once crying out to him1 ',why do 
you not answer him8  ,why do you not    
answer him8'  ,he replied1 ',i have no  
words4'  ,just at this time a very      
learned ,brahman came up1 who was       
desired to talk with me1 which he did1  
and so acceded to what ,i said1 that he 
at last said images had been used of    
late years1 but not from the beginning4 
,i inquired what ,i must do to be saved2
 he said ,i must repeat the name of ,god

 a great many times4  ,i replied1 would 
you1 if your son had offended you1 be so
 pleased with him as to forgive him if  
he were to repeat the word 'father' a   
thousand times8  ,this might please     
children or fools1 but ,god is wise4    
,he told me that ,i must get faith2 ,i  
asked what faith was1 to which he gave  
me no intelligible reply1 but said ,i   
must obey ,god4 ,i answered1 what are   
,his commands8 what is ,his will8  ,they
 said ,god was a great light1 and as no 
one could see him1 he became incarnate1 
under the threefold character of        
,brhumma1 ,bishno1 and ,seeb1 and that  
either of them must be worshipped in    
order to life4  ,i told them of the sure
 ,word of the ,gospel1 and the way of   
life by ,christ2 and1 night coming on1  
left them4  ,i cannot tell what effect  
it may have1 as ,i may never see them   
again4  ,at the beginning of the great  
rains in the middle of ,june ,carey     
joined ,mr4 ,udny and his mother at the 
chief factory4  ,on each of the next two

 ,sabbaths he preached twice in the hall
 of the ,residency of the ,company1     
which excluded all ,christian           
missionaries by ,act of ,parliament4    
,as an indigo planter he received the   
,company's licence to reside for at     
least five years4  ,so on #bfth ,june he
 began his secular duties by completing 
for the season of indigo manufacture the
 buildings at ,mudnabati1 and making the
 acquaintance of the ninety natives     
under his charge4  ,both ,mr4 ,udny and 
he knew well that he was above all      
things a ,christian missionary4 ,these  
will furnish a congregation immediately1
 and1 added to the extensive engagements
 which ,i must necessarily have with the
 natives1 will open a very wide door for
 activity4  ,god grant that it may not  
only be large but effectual4  ,these    
were the days1 which continued till the 
next charter1 when the ,east ,india     
,company was still not only a body of   
merchants but of manufacturers4  ,of all
 the old monopolies only the most evil  

one is left1 that of the growth1        
manufacture1 and sale of opium4  ,the   
civil servants1 who were termed         
,residents1 had not political duties    
with tributary sovereigns as now1 but   
from great factory-like palaces1 and on 
large salaries1 made advances of money  
to contractors1 native and ,european1   
who induced the ryots to weave cloth1 to
 breed and feed the silkworm1 and to    
grow and make the blue dye to which     
,india had long given the name of       
indigo4  ,mr4 ,carey was already        
familiar with the system of advances for
 salt1 and the opium monopoly was then  
in its infancy4  ,the ,european         
contractors were interlopers1 who       
introduced the most valuable cultivation
 and processes into ,india1 and yet with
 whom the covenanted ,residents were    
often at war4  ,the ,residents had      
themselves liberty of private trade1 and
 unscrupulous men abused it4 ,clive had 
been hurried out thirty years before to 
check the abuse1 which was ruining not  

only the ,company's investments but the 
people4 ,it had so spread on his        
departure that even judges and chaplains
 shared in the spoils till ,cornwallis  
interfered4  ,in the case of ,mr4 ,g4   
,udny and purely commercial agents the  
evil was reduced to a minimum1 and the  
practice had been deliberately          
sanctioned by ,sir ,john ,shore on the  
ground that it was desirable to make the
 interests of the ,company and of       
individuals go hand in hand4  ,the days 
when ,europe got its cotton cloth from  
,india1 calling it calico1 from         
,calicut1 and its rich yellow silks1    
have long since passed1 although the    
latter are still supplied in an inferior
 form1 and the former is once more      
raising its head1 from the combination  
of machinery and cheap labour4  ,for the
 old abuses of the ,company the         
,government by ,parliament has to some  
extent atoned by fostering the new      
cultures of tea1 coffee1 and cinchona1  
jute and wheat4  ,the system of inducing

 the ryots to cultivate by advances1    
protected by a stringent contract law1  
still exists in the case of opium4  ,the
 indigo culture system of ,carey's time 
broke down in #ahfj in the lower        
districts1 where1 following the ,company
 itself1 the planter made cash advances 
to the peasant1 who was required to sow 
indigo on land which he held as a tenant
 but often as a proprietor1 to deliver  
it at a fixed rate1 and to bear the risk
 of the crop as well as the exactions of
 the factory servants4  ,it still exists
 in the upper districts of ,bihar1      
especially in ,tirhoot1 on a system     
comparatively free from economic        
objections4  ,the plant known as        
,indigofera ,tinctoria is sown in ,march
 in soil carefully prepared1 grows to   
about #e feet1 is cut down early in     
,july1 is fermented in vats1 and the    
liquor is beaten till it precipitates   
the precious blue dye1 which is boiled1 
drained1 cut in small cakes1 and dried4 
,from first to last the growth and the  

manufacture are even more precarious    
than most tropical crops4  ,an even     
rainfall1 rigorous weeding1 the most    
careful superintendence of the chemical 
processes1 and conscientious packing1   
are necessary4 ,one good crop in three  
years will pay where the factory is not 
burdened by severe interest on capital2 
one every other year will pay very well4
  ,personally ,carey had more than the  
usual qualifications of a successful    
planter1 scientific knowledge1          
scrupulous conscientiousness and        
industry1 and familiarity with the      
native character1 so soon as he acquired
 the special experience necessary for   
superintending the manufacture4  ,that  
experience he spared no effort to gain  
at once4  #ast1 #bnd1 and #crd          
,july4--,much engaged in the necessary  
business of preparing our works for the 
approaching season of indigo-making1    
which will commence in about a          
fortnight4  ,i had on the evening of    
each of these days very precious seasons

 of fervent prayer to ,god4 ,i have been
 on these evenings much drawn out in    
prayer for my dear friends at           
,leicester1 and for the ,society that it
 may be prosperous2 likewise for the    
ministers of my acquaintance1 not only  
of the ,baptist but other denominations4
  ,i was engaged for the churches in    
,america and ,holland1 as well as       
,england1 and much concerned for the    
success of the ,gospel among the        
,hindoos4  ,at present ,i know not of   
any success since ,i have been here4    
,many say that the ,gospel is the word  
of truth2 but they abound so much in    
flattery and encomiums1 which are mere  
words of course1 that little can be said
 respecting their sincerity4  ,the very 
common sins of lying and avarice are so 
universal also1 that no ,european who   
has not witnessed it can form any idea  
of their various appearances3 they will 
stoop to anything whatsoever to get a   
few cowries1 and lie on every occasion4 
,o how desirable is the spread of the   

,gospel6  #dth ,july4--,rather more     
flat1 perhaps owing to the excessive    
heat2 for in the rainy season1 if there 
be a fine day1 it is very hot indeed4   
,such has been this day1 and ,i was     
necessitated to be out in it from       
morning till evening1 giving necessary  
directions4  ,i felt very much fatigued 
indeed1 and had no spirits left in the  
evening1 and in prayer was very         
barren444  #ith ,july to #dth           
,aug4--,employed in visiting several    
factories to learn the process of       
indigo-making4  ,had some very pleasant 
seasons at ,malda1 where ,i preached    
several times1 and the people seemed    
much affected with the ,word4 ,one day1 
as ,mr4 ,thomas and ,i were riding out1 
we saw a basket hung in a tree1 in which
 an infant had been exposed2 the skull  
remained1 the rest having been devoured 
by ants4  ,success in the indigo culture
 was indeed never possible in           
,mudnabati4 ,the factory stood on the   
river ,tangan1 within what is now the   

district of ,dinajpoor1 thirty miles    
north of ,malda4  ,to this day the      
revenue surveyors of ,government        
describe it as low and marshy1 subject  
to inundation during the rains1 and     
considered very unhealthy4  ,carey had  
not been there a fortnight when he had  
to make this record3--  #eth1 #fth1 #gth
 ,july4--,much employed in settling the 
affairs of the buildings1 etc41 having  
been absent so long1 and several of our 
managing and principal people being     
sick4  ,it is indeed an awful time here 
with us now1 scarcely a day but some are
 seized with fevers4  ,it is1 ,i        
believe1 owing to the abundance of      
water1 there being rice-fields all      
around us1 in which they dam up the     
water1 so that all the country          
hereabouts is about a foot deep in      
water2 and as we have rain1 though      
moderate to what ,i expected the rainy  
season to be1 yet the continual moisture
 occasions fevers in such situations    
where rice is cultivated444,felt at home

 and thankful these days4  ,o that ,i   
may be very useful6  ,i must soon learn 
the language tolerably well1 for ,i am  
obliged to converse with the natives    
every day1 having no other persons here 
except my family4  ,soon in ,september1 
the worst of all the months in ,bengal1 
he himself was brought near to the grave
 by a fever1 one of the paroxysms       
continuing for twenty-six hours without 
intermission1 when providentially ,mr4  
,udny came to visit us1 not knowing that
 ,i was ill1 and brought a bottle of    
bark with him4  ,he slowly recovered1   
but the second youngest child1 ,peter1 a
 boy of five1 was removed by dysentery1 
and caste made it long difficult to find
 any native to dig his grave4 ,but of   
this time the faithful sufferer could   
write3--  ,sometimes ,i enjoyed sweet   
seasons of self-examination and prayer1 
as ,i lay upon my bed4  ,many hours     
together ,i sweetly spent in            
contemplating subjects for preaching1   
and in musing over discourses in        

,bengali2 and when my animal spirits    
were somewhat raised by the fever1 ,i   
found myself able to reason and         
discourse in ,bengali for some hours    
together1 and words and phrases occurred
 much more readily than when ,i was in  
health4  ,when my dear child was ill ,i 
was enabled to attend upon him night and
 day1 though very dangerously ill       
myself1 without much fatigue2 and now1  
,i bless ,god that ,i feel a sweet      
resignation to his will4  ,a still      
harder fate befell him4  ,the monomania 
of his wife became chronic4  ,a letter  
which she wrote and sent by special     
messenger called forth from ,thomas this
 loving sympathy3--,you must endeavour  
to consider it a disease4  ,the eyes and
 ears of many are upon you1 to whom your
 conduct is unimpeachable with respect  
to all her charges2 but if you show     
resentment1 they have ears1 and others  
have tongues set on fire4  ,were ,i in  
your case1 ,i should be violent2 but    
blessed be ,god1 who suits our burdens  

to our backs4  ,sometimes ,i pray       
earnestly for you1 and ,i always feel   
for you4  ,think of ,job1 ,think of     
,jesus4  ,think of those who were       
'destitute1 afflicted1 tormented4'  ,a  
voyage up the ,tangan in ,mr4 ,udny's   
pinnace as far as the north frontier1 at
 a spot now passed by the railway to    
,darjeeling1 restored the invalid4 ,i am
 no hunter1 he wrote1 while ,thomas was 
shooting wild buffaloes1 but he was ever
 adding to his store of observations of 
the people1 the customs and language4   
,meanwhile he was longing for letters   
from ,fuller and ,pearce and ,ryland4   
,at the end of ,january #agie the       
missionary exile thus talks of himself  
in his journal3--,much engaged in       
writing1 having begun to write letters  
to ,europe2 but having received none1 ,i
 feel that hope deferred makes the heart
 sick4 ,however1 ,i am so fully         
satisfied of the firmness of their      
friendship that ,i feel a sweet pleasure
 in writing to them1 though rather of a 

forlorn kind2 and having nothing but    
myself to write about1 feel the         
awkwardness of being an egotist4 ,i feel
 a social spirit though barred from     
society444,i sometimes walk in my       
garden1 and try to pray to ,god2 and if 
,i pray at all it is in the solitude of 
a walk4  ,i thought my soul a little    
drawn out to-day1 but soon gross        
darkness returned4 ,spoke a word or two 
to a ,mohammedan upon the things of     
,god1 but ,i feel to be as bad as       
they444#ith ,may4  ,i have added nothing
 to these memoirs since the #aith of    
,april4  ,now ,i observe that for the   
last three sabbaths my soul has been    
much comforted in seeing so large a     
congregation1 and more especially as    
many who are not our own workmen come   
from the parts adjacent1 whose          
attendance must be wholly disinterested4
  ,i therefore now rejoice in seeing a  
regular congregation of from two to six 
hundred people of all                   
descriptions--,mussulmans1 ,brahmans and

 other classes of ,hindus1 which ,i look
 upon as a favourable token from        
,god444,blessed be ,god1 ,i have at last
 received letters and other articles    
from our friends in ,england444from dear
 brethren ,fuller1 ,morris1 ,pearce1 and
 ,rippon1 but why not from              
others8444#adth ,june4  ,i have had very
 sore trials in my own family1 from a   
quarter which ,i forbear to mention4    
,have greater need for faith and        
patience than ever ,i had1 and ,i bless 
,god that ,i have not been altogether   
without supplies of these graces444,mr4 
,thomas and his family spent one ,lord's
 day with us1 ,may #bcrd444,we spent    
,wednesday1 #bfth1 in prayer1 and for a 
convenient place assembled in a temple  
of ,seeb1 which was near to our         
house444,i was from that day seized with
 a dysentery1 which continued nearly a  
week with fearful violence2 but then ,i 
recovered1 through abundant mercy4      
,that day of prayer was a good day to   
our souls4  ,we concerted measures for  

forming a ,baptist church4  ,to his     
sister he wrote1 on the #aath ,march1 of
 the church1 which was duly formed of   
,europeans and ,eurasians4  ,no native  
convert was made in this ,dinapoor      
mission till #ahjf1 after ,carey had    
removed to ,serampore4 ,we have in the  
neighbourhood about fifteen or sixteen  
serious persons1 or those ,i have good  
hopes of1 all ,europeans4  ,with the    
natives ,i have very large concerns2    
almost all the farmers for nearly twenty
 miles round cultivate indigo for us1   
and the labouring people working here to
 the number of about five hundred1 so   
that ,i have considerable opportunity of
 publishing the ,gospel to them4  ,i    
have so much knowledge of the language  
as to be able to preach to them for     
about half an hour1 so as to be         
understood1 but am not able to vary my  
subjects much4  ,i tell them of the evil
 and universality of sin1 the sins of a 
natural state1 the justice of ,god1 the 
incarnation of ,christ and his          

sufferings in our stead1 and of the     
necessity of conversion1 holiness1 and  
faith1 in order to salvation4 ,they hear
 with attention in general1 and some    
come to me for instruction in the things
 of ,god4  ,it was always my opinion    
that missionaries may and must support  
themselves after having been sent out   
and received a little support at first1 
and in consequence ,i pursue a very     
little worldly employment which requires
 three months' closish attendance in the
 year2 but this is in the rains--the    
most unfavourable season for exertion4  
,i have a district of about twenty miles
 square1 where ,i am continually going  
from village to village to publish the  
,gospel2 and in this space are about two
 hundred villages1 whose inhabitants    
from time to time hear the ,word4 ,my   
manner of travelling is with two small  
boats2 one serves me to live in1 and the
 other for cooking my food4  ,i carry   
all my furniture and food with me from  
place to place--viz4 a chair1 a table1 a

 bed1 and a lamp4  ,i walk from village 
to village1 but repair to my boat for   
lodging and eating4 ,there are several  
rivers in this extent of country1 which 
is very convenient for travelling4      
,carey's first convert seems to have    
been ,ignatius ,fernandez1 a ,portuguese
 descendant who had prospered as a      
trader in ,dinapoor station4  ,the first
 ,protestant place of worship in        
,bengal1 outside of ,calcutta1 was built
 by him1 in #agig1 next to his own      
house4 ,there he conducted service both 
in ,english and ,bengali1 whenever      
,carey and ,thomas1 and ,fountain       
afterwards1 were unable to go out to the
 station1 and in his house ,thomas and  
,fountain died4  ,he remained there as a
 missionary till his own death1 four    
years before ,carey's1 when he left all 
his property to the mission4  ,the      
mission-house1 as it is now1 is a       
typical example of the bungalow of one  
story1 which afterwards formed the first
 chapel in ,serampore1 and is still     

common as officers' quarters in         
,barrackpore and other military         
stations4  ,side by side with his daily 
public preaching and more private       
conversations with inquirers in         
,bengali1 ,carey carried on the work of 
,bible translation4  ,as each new       
portion was prepared it was tested by   
being read to hundreds of natives4  ,the
 difficulty was that he had at once to  
give a literary form to the rich        
materials of the language1 and to find  
in these or adapt from them terms       
sufficiently pure and accurate to       
express the divine ideas and facts      
revealed through the ,hebrew and the    
,greek of the original4  ,he gives us   
this unconscious glimpse of himself at  
work on this loftiest and most fruitful 
of tasks1 which ,jerome had first       
accomplished for ,latin ,christendom1   
,ulfila for our ,scandinavian           
forefathers1 ,wiclif for the ,english1  
and ,luther for the ,germans of the     
time4  ,now ,i must mention some of the 

difficulties under which we labour1     
particularly myself4  ,the language     
spoken by the natives of this part1     
though ,bengali1 is yet so different    
from the language itself1 that1 though  
,i can preach an hour with tolerable    
freedom so as that all who speak the    
language well1 or can write or read1    
perfectly understand me1 yet the poor   
labouring people can understand but     
little2 and though the language is rich1
 beautiful1 and expressive1 yet the poor
 people1 whose whole concern has been to
 get a little rice to satisfy their     
wants1 or to cheat their oppressive     
merchants and zameendars1 have scarcely 
a word in use about religion4  ,they    
have no word for love1 for repent1 and a
 thousand other things2 and every idea  
is expressed either by quaint phrases or
 tedious circumlocutions4  ,a native who
 speaks the language well finds it a    
year's work to obtain their idiom4      
,this sometimes discourages me much2 but
 blessed be ,god ,i feel a growing      

desire to be always abounding in the    
work of the ,lord1 and ,i know that my  
labour shall not be in vain in the      
,lord4 ,i am much encouraged by our     
,lord's expression1 ',he who reapeth'   
7in the harvest7 'receiveth wages1 and  
gathereth fruit unto eternal life4'  ,if
 ,i1 like ,david1 only am an instrument 
of gathering materials1 and another     
build the house1 ,i trust my joy will   
not be the less4  ,this was written to  
the well-beloved ,pearce1 whom he would 
fain have had beside him at ,mudnabati4 
,to guide the two missionaries whom the 
,society were about to send to ,africa  
on the salaries which he and ,thomas had
 set free for this extension1 ,carey    
adds3--,they will do well to associate  
as much as possible with the natives1   
and to write down every word they can   
catch1 with its meaning4 ,but if they   
have children with them1 it is by far   
the readiest way of learning to listen  
to them1 for they will catch up every   
idiom in a little time4 ,my children can

 speak nearly as well as the natives1   
and know many things in ,bengali which  
they do not know in ,english4  ,i should
 also recommend to your consideration a 
very large country1 perhaps unthought   
of3 ,i mean ,bhootan or ,tibet4  ,were  
two missionaries sent to that country1  
we should have it in our power to afford
 them much help444,the day ,i received  
your letter ,i set about composing a    
grammar and dictionary of the ,bengal   
language to send to you4  ,the best     
account of ,hindu mythology extant1 and 
which is pretty exact1 is ,sonnerat's   
,voyage1 undertaken by order of the king
 of ,france4  ,without ,sanskrit ,carey 
found that he could neither master its  
,bengali offshoot nor enrich that       
vernacular with the words and           
combinations necessary for his          
translations of ,scripture4             
,accordingly1 with his usual rapidity   
and industry1 we find that he had by    
,april #agif so worked his way through  
the intricate difficulties of the mother

 language of the ,aryans that he could  
thus write to ,ryland1 with more than a 
mere scholar's enthusiasm1 of one of the
 two great ,vedic epics3--,i have read a
 considerable part of the ,mahabarata1  
an epic poem written in most beautiful  
language1 and much upon a par with      
,homer2 and it was1 like his ,iliad1    
only considered as a great effort of    
human genius1 ,i should think it one of 
the first productions in the world2 but 
alas6 it is the ground of faith to      
millions of the simple sons of men1 and 
as such must be held in the utmost      
abhorrence4  ,at the beginning of #agih 
he wrote to ,sutcliff3--,i am learning  
the ,sanskrit language1 which1 with only
 the helps to be procured here1 is      
perhaps the hardest language in the     
world4  ,to accomplish this1 ,i have    
nearly translated the ,sanskrit grammar 
and dictionary into ,english1 and have  
made considerable progress in compiling 
a dictionary1 ,sanskrit1 including      
,bengali and ,english4  ,by this year he

 had completed his first translation of 
the ,bible except the historical books  
from ,joshua to ,job1 and had gone to   
,calcutta to obtain estimates for       
printing the ,new ,testament1 of which  
he had reported to ,mr4 ,fuller3--,it   
has undergone one correction1 but must  
undergo several more4  ,i employ a      
pundit merely for this purpose1 with    
whom ,i go through the whole in as exact
 a manner as ,i can4  ,he judges of the 
style and syntax1 and ,i of the         
faithfulness of the translation4 ,i     
have1 however1 translated several       
chapters together1 which have not       
required any alteration in the syntax   
whatever3 yet ,i always submit this     
article entirely to his judgment4  ,i   
can also1 by hearing him read1 judge    
whether he understands his subject by   
his accenting his reading properly and  
laying the emphasis on the right words4 
,if he fails in this1 ,i immediately    
suspect the translation2 though it is   
not an easy matter for an ordinary      

reader to lay the emphasis properly in  
reading ,bengali1 in which there is no  
pointing at all4  ,the mode of printing1
 i4e4 whether a printing-press1 etc41   
shall be sent from ,england1 or whether 
it shall be printed here1 or whether it 
shall be printed at all1 now rests with 
the ,society4  ,fuller was willing1 but 
the ardent scholar anticipated him4     
,seeing a wooden printing-press         
advertised in ,calcutta for #dj1 ,carey 
at once ordered it4  ,on its arrival in 
#agih1 after worship he retired and     
thanked ,god for furnishing us with a   
press4  ,when set up in the ,mudnabati  
house its working was explained to the  
natives1 on whom the delighted          
missionary's enthusiasm produced only   
the impression that it must be the idol 
of the ,english4  ,but ,carey's         
missionary organisation would not have  
been complete without schools1 and in   
planning these from the very first he   
gives us the germs which blossomed into 
the ,serampore ,college of #ahah on the 

one hand1 and the primary school circles
 under native ,christian inspectors on  
the other1 a system carried out since   
the ,mutiny of #aheg by the ,christian  
,literature ,society1 and adopted by the
 state departments of public            
instruction4  ,,mudnabati1 #bgth        
,january #agie4--,mr4 ,thomas and ,i    
7between whom the utmost harmony        
prevails7 have formed a plan for        
erecting two colleges 7,chowparis1      
,bengali71 one here and the other at his
 residence1 where we intend to educate  
twelve lads1 viz4 six ,mussulmans and   
six ,hindoos at each place4  ,a pundit  
is to have the charge of them1 and they 
are to be taught ,sanskrit1 ,bengali1   
and ,persian2 the ,bible is to be       
introduced1 and perhaps a little        
philosophy and geography4  ,the time of 
their education is to be seven years1   
and we find them meat1 clothing1        
lodging1 etc4  ,we are now inquiring for
 children proper for the purpose4  ,we  
have also determined to require that the

 ,society will advance money for types  
to print the ,bengali ,bible1 and make  
us their debtors for the sum1 which we  
hope to be able to pay off in one year3 
and it will also be requisite to send a 
printing-press from ,england4 ,we will1 
if our lives are spared1 repay the      
whole1 and print the ,bible at our own  
expense1 and ,i hope the ,society will  
become our creditors by paying for them 
when delivered4  ,mr4 ,thomas is now    
preparing letters for specimens1 which  
,i hope will be sent by this conveyance4
  ,we are under great obligation to ,mr4
 ,g4 ,udny for putting us in these      
stations4  ,he is a very friendly man   
and a true ,christian4  ,i have no      
spirit for politics here2 for whatever  
the ,east ,india ,company may be in     
,england1 their servants and officers   
here are very different2 we have a few  
laws1 and nothing to do but to obey4    
,of his own school he wrote in #agii    
that it consisted of forty boys4 ,the   
school would have been much larger1 had 

we been able to have borne the expense2 
but1 as among the scholars there are    
several orphans whom we wholly maintain1
 we could not prudently venture on any  
further expense444,the boys have        
hitherto learned to read and write1     
especially parts of the ,scriptures1 and
 to keep accounts4  ,we may now be able 
to introduce some other useful branches 
of knowledge among them444,i trust these
 schools may tend to promote curiosity  
and inquisitiveness among the rising    
generation2 qualities which are seldom  
found in the natives of ,bengal4  ,the  
,medical ,mission completed the         
equipment4 ,i submit it to the          
consideration of the ,society whether we
 should not be furnished with medicines 
gratis4  ,no medicines will be sold by  
us1 yet the cost of them enters very    
deeply into our allowance4  ,the whole  
supply sent in the ,earl ,howe1         
amounting to #ce1 besides charges       
amounting to thirty per cent41 falls on 
me2 but the whole will either be        

administered to sick poor1 or given to  
any neighbour who is in want1 or used in
 our own families4  ,neighbouring       
gentlemen have often supplied us4       
,indeed1 considering the distance we are
 from medical assistance1 the great     
expensiveness of it far beyond our      
ability1 and the number of wretched1    
afflicted objects whom we continually   
see and who continually apply for help1 
we ought never to sell a pennyworth4    
,brother ,thomas has been the instrument
 of saving numbers of lives4  ,his house
 is constantly surrounded with the      
afflicted2 and the cures wrought by him 
would have gained any physician or      
surgeon in ,europe the most extensive   
reputation4  ,we ought to be furnished  
yearly with at least half a             
hundredweight of ,jesuit's bark4        
,around and as the fruit of the         
completely organised mission1 thus      
conducted by the ordained preacher1     
teacher1 scholar1 scientist1 printer1   
and licensed indigo planter in one      

station1 and by his medical colleague   
sixteen miles to the north of him at    
,mahipal1 there gathered many native    
inquirers4  ,besides the planters1 civil
 officials1 and military officers1 to   
whom he ministered in ,malda and        
,dinapoor stations1 there was added the 
most able and consistent convert1 ,mr4  
,cunninghame of ,lainshaw1 the assistant
 judge1 who afterwards in ,england      
fought the battle of missions1 and from 
his ,ayrshire estate1 where he built a  
church1 became famous as an expounder of
 prophecy4  ,carey looked upon this as  
the greatest event that has occurred    
since our coming to this country4  ,the 
appointment of ,lord ,mornington1 soon  
to be known as the ,marquis ,wellesley1 
the glorious little man1 as ,metcalfe   
called him1 and hardly second to his    
younger brother ,wellington1 having led 
,fuller to recommend that ,carey should 
wait upon his ,excellency at ,calcutta1 
this reply was received3--,i would not1 
however1 have you suppose that we are   

obliged to conceal ourselves1 or our    
work3 no such thing4  ,we preach before 
magistrates and judges2 and were ,i to  
be in the company with ,lord            
,mornington1 ,i should not hesitate to  
declare myself a missionary to the      
heathen1 though ,i would not on any     
account return myself as such to the    
,governor-,general in ,council4  ,two   
years before this1 in #agig1 ,carey had 
written3--,this mission should be       
strengthened as much as possible1 as its
 situation is such as may put it in our 
power1 eventually1 to spread the ,gospel
 through the greatest part of ,asia1 and
 almost all the necessary languages may 
be learned here4  ,he had just returned 
from his first long missionary tour     
among the ,bhooteas1 who from ,tibet had
 overrun the eastern ,himalaya from     
,darjeeling to ,assam4  ,carey and      
,thomas were received as ,christian     
,lamas by the ,soobah or                
lieutenant-governor of the country below
 the hills1 which in #ahfe we were      

compelled to annex and now administer as
 ,jalpaigori ,district4  ,they seemed to
 have been the first ,englishmen who had
 entered the territory since the        
political and commercial missions of    
,bogle and ,buchanan-,hamilton sent by  
,warren ,hastings4  ,the genuine        
politeness and gentleman-like behaviour 
of the ,soobah exceeded everything that 
can be imagined1 and his generosity was 
astonishing4  ,he insisted on supplying 
all our people with everything they     
wanted2 and if we did but cast our eyes 
to any object in the room1 he           
immediately presented us with one of the
 same sort4  ,indeed he seemed to       
interpret our looks before we were      
aware2 and in this manner he presented  
each of us that night with a sword1     
shield1 helmet1 and cup1 made of a very 
light beautiful wood1 and used by all   
the ,bhooteas for drinking in4  ,we     
admiring the wood1 he gave us a large   
log of it2 which appears to be like fir1
 with a very dark beautiful grain3 it is

 full of a resin or turpentine1 and     
burns like a candle if cut into thin    
pieces1 and serves for that use4  ,in   
eating1 the ,soobah imitated our manners
 so quickly and exactly1 that though he 
had never seen a ,european before1 yet  
he appeared as free as if he had spent  
his life with them4  ,we ate his food1  
though ,i confess the thoughts of the   
,jinkof's bacon made me eat rather      
sparingly4  ,we had much talk about     
,bhootan1 and about the ,gospel4  ,we   
found that he had determined to give all
 the country a testimony of his         
friendship for us in a public manner2   
and the next day was fixed on to perform
 the ceremony in our tent on the        
market-place4 ,accordingly we got       
instructed in the necessary etiquette2  
and informed him we were only coming a  
short journey to see the country1 were  
not provided with ,english cloth1 etc41 
for presents4  ,the time being come1 we 
were waited on by the ,soobah1 followed 
by all his servants1 both ,bhooteas and 

,hindus4  ,being seated1 we exchanged   
each five rupees and five pieces of     
betel1 in the sight of the whole town2  
and having chewed betel for the first   
time in our lives1 we embraced three    
times in the ,eastern manner1 and then  
shook hands in the ,english manner2     
after which1 he made us a present of a  
piece of rich debang wrought with gold1 
each a ,bhootan blanket1 and the tail of
 an animal called the cheer cow1 as     
bushy as a horse's1 and used in the     
,hindu worship444,in the morning1 the   
,soobah came with his usual friendship1 
and brought more presents1 which we     
received1 and took our leave4  ,he sent 
us away with every honour he could heap 
upon us2 as a band of music before us1  
guides to show us the way1 etc4444,the  
,soobah is to pay us a visit in a little
 time1 which ,i hope to improve for the 
great end of settling a mission in that 
country4  ,carey applied his unusual    
powers of detailed observation and      
memory in noting the physical and mental

 characteristics of these little        
,buddhists1 the structure of the        
language and nature of their books1     
beliefs1 and government1 all of which he
 afterwards utilised4  ,he was often in 
sight of snowy ,kinchinjinga 7#bh1aef   
feet71 behind ,darjeeling1 and when the 
,soobah1 being sick1 afterwards sent    
messengers with gifts to induce him to  
return1 he wrote3--,i hope to ascend    
those stupendous mountains1 which are so
 high as to be seen at a distance of    
#bjj or #bej miles4  ,one of these      
distant mountains1 which is seen at     
,mahipal1 is concealed from view by the 
tops of a nearer range of hills1 when   
you approach within sixty miles of them4
 ,the distant range forms an angle of   
about ten degrees with the horizon4     
,but the time did not come for a mission
 to that region till the sanitarium of  
,darjeeling became the centre of another
 ,british district opened up by railway 
from ,calcutta1 and now the aboriginal  
,lepchas are coming in large numbers    

into the church4 ,subsequent            
communications from the ,soobah informed
 them of the ,garos of ,assam4  ,on his 
last visit to ,calcutta1 in #agii1 to   
get types cast for printing the ,bible1 
,carey witnessed that sight of          
widow-burning which was to continue to  
disgrace alike the ,hindoos and the     
,company's ,government until his        
incessant appeals in ,india and in      
,england led to its prevention in #ahbi4
  ,in a letter to ,dr4 ,ryland he thus  
describes the horrid rite3--            
,,mudnabati1 #ast ,april #agii4--;,as ,i
 was returning from ,calcutta ,i saw the
 ,sahamaranam1 or1 a woman burning      
herself with the corpse of her husband1 
for the first time in my life4  ,we were
 near the village of ,noya ,serai1 or1  
as ,rennell calls it in his chart of the
 ,hoogli river1 ,niaverai4  ,being      
evening1 we got out of the boat to walk1
 when we saw a number of people         
assembled on the river-side4  ,i asked  
them what they were met for1 and they   

told me to burn the body of a dead man4 
,i inquired if his wife would die with  
him2 they answered ,yes1 and pointed to 
the woman4  ,she was standing by the    
pile1 which was made of large billets of
 wood1 about two and a half feet high1  
four feet long1 and two wide1 on the top
 of which lay the dead body of her      
husband4  ,her nearest relation stood by
 her1 and near her was a small basket of
 sweetmeats called ,thioy4  ,i asked    
them if this was the woman's choice1 or 
if she were brought to it by any        
improper influence8  ,they answered that
 it was perfectly voluntary4  ,i talked 
till reasoning was of no use1 and then  
began to exclaim with all my might      
against what they were doing1 telling   
them that it was a shocking murder4     
,they told me it was a great act of     
holiness1 and added in a very surly     
manner1 that if ,i did not like to see  
it ,i might go farther off1 and desired 
me to go4  ,i told them that ,i would   
not go1 that ,i was determined to stay  

and see the murder1 and that ,i should  
certainly bear witness of it at the     
tribunal of ,god4 ,i exhorted the woman 
not to throw away her life2 to fear     
nothing1 for no evil would follow her   
refusal to burn4  ,but she in the most  
calm manner mounted the pile1 and danced
 on it with her hands extended1 as if in
 the utmost tranquillity of spirit4     
,previous to her mounting the pile the  
relation1 whose office it was to set    
fire to the pile1 led her six times     
round it1 at two intervals--that is1    
thrice at each circumambulation4  ,as   
she went round she scattered the        
sweetmeat above mentioned among the     
people1 who picked it up and ate it as a
 very holy thing4  ,this being ended1   
and she having mounted the pile and     
danced as above mentioned 7,n4,b4--,the 
dancing only appeared to be to show us  
her contempt of death1 and prove to us  
that her dying was voluntary71 she lay  
down by the corpse1 and put one arm     
under its neck and the other over it1   

when a quantity of dry cocoa-leaves and 
other substances were heaped over them  
to a considerable height1 and then      
,ghee1 or melted preserved butter1      
poured on the top4  ,two bamboos were   
then put over them and held fast down1  
and fire put to the pile1 which         
immediately blazed very fiercely1 owing 
to the dry and combustible materials of 
which it was composed4  ,no sooner was  
the fire kindled than all the people set
 up a great shout--,hurree-,bol1        
,hurree-,bol1 which is a common shout of
 joy1 and an invocation of ,hurree1 or  
,seeb4 ,it was impossible to have heard 
the woman had she groaned1 or even cried
 aloud1 on account of the mad noise of  
the people1 and it was impossible for   
her to stir or struggle on account of   
the bamboos which were held down on her 
like the levers of a press4  ,we made   
much objection to their using these     
bamboos1 and insisted that it was using 
force to prevent the woman from getting 
up when the fire burned her4  ,but they 

declared that it was only done to keep  
the pile from falling down4  ,we could  
not bear to see more1 but left them1    
exclaiming loudly against the murder1   
and full of horror at what we had seen4 
,in the same letter ,carey communicates 
the information he had collected        
regarding the ,jews and ,syrian         
,christians of the ,malabar coast4  ,mr4
 ,g4 ,udny had now found his private    
indigo enterprise to be disastrous4  ,he
 resolved to give it up and retire to   
,england4 ,thomas had left his factory1 
and was urging his colleague to try the 
sugar trade1 which at that time meant   
the distillation of rum4 ,carey rather  
took over from ,mr4 ,udny the           
out-factory of ,kidderpore1 twelve miles
 distant1 and there resolved to prepare 
for the arrival of colleagues1 the      
communistic missionary settlement on the
 ,moravian plan1 which he had advocated 
in his ,enquiry4  ,mr4 ,john ,fountain  
had been sent out as the first          
reinforcement1 but he proved to be      

almost as dangerous to the infant       
mission from his outspoken political    
radicalism as ,thomas had been from his 
debts4  ,carey seriously contemplated   
the setting up of his mission centre    
among the ,bhooteas1 so as to be free   
from the ,east ,india ,company4  ,the   
authorities would not license ,fountain 
as his assistant4  ,would they allow    
future missionaries to settle with him8 
,would they always renew his own        
licence8  ,and what if he must cease    
altogether to work with his hands1 and  
give himself wholly to the work of the  
mission as seemed necessary8  ,four new 
colleagues and their families were      
already on the sea1 but ,god had        
provided a better refuge for ,his       
servants till the public conscience     
which they were about to quicken and    
enlighten should cause the persecution  
to cease4     ,,chapter ,v  ,,the ,,new 
,,crusade--,,serampore ,,and ,,the      
,,brotherhood  #ahjj  ,effects of the   
news in ,england on the ,baptists--,on  

the home churches--,in the foundation of
 the ,london and other ,missionary      
,societies--,in ,scotland--,in ,holland 
and ,america--,the missionary           
home--,joshua ,marshman1 ,william ,ward1
 and two others sent out--,landing at   
the ,iona of ,southern ,asia--,meeting  
of ,ward and ,carey--,first attempt to  
evangelise the non-,aryan hill          
tribes--,carey driven by providences to 
,serampore--,dense population of ,hoogli
 district--,adapts his communistic plan 
to the new conditions--,purchase of the 
property--,constitution of the          
,brotherhood--,his relations to         
,marshman and ,ward--,hannah ,marshman1 
the first woman missionary--,daily life 
of the ,brethren--,form of              
,agreement--,carey's ideal system of    
missionary administration realised for  
fifteen years--,spiritual heroism of the
 ,brotherhood4  ,the first two ,english 
missionaries to ,india seemed to those  
who sent them forth to have disappeared 
for ever4  ,for fourteen months1 in     

those days of slow ,indiamen and ,french
 privateers1 no tidings of their welfare
 reached the poor praying people of the 
midlands1 who had been emboldened to    
begin the heroic enterprise4  ,the      
convoy1 which had seen the ,danish      
vessel fairly beyond the ,french coast1 
had been unable to bring back letters on
 account of the weather4  ,at last1 on  
the #bith ,july #agid1 ,fuller1 the     
secretary2 ,pearce1 the beloved personal
 friend of ,carey2 ,ryland in ,bristol2 
and the congregation at ,leicester1     
received the journals of the voyage and 
letters which told of the first six     
weeks' experience at ,balasore1 in      
,calcutta1 ,bandel1 and ,nuddea1 just   
before ,carey knew the worst of their   
pecuniary position4  ,the committee at  
once met4  ,they sang with sacred joy   
what has ever since been the jubilee    
hymn of missions1 that by ,william      
,williams--     ,o'er those gloomy hills
 of darkness4  ,they returned solemn    
thanks to the everlasting ,god whose    

mercy endureth for ever1 for having     
preserved you from the perils of the    
sea1 and hitherto made your ways        
prosperous4  ,in reading the short      
account of your labours we feel         
something of that spirit spoken of in   
the prophet1 ',thine heart shall fear   
and be enlarged4'  ,we cordially thank  
you for your assiduity in learning the  
languages1 in translating1 and in every 
labour of love in which you have        
engaged4 ,under ,god we cheerfully      
confide in your wisdom1 fidelity1 and   
prudence1 with relation to the seat of  
your labours or the means to carry them 
into effect4  ,if there be one place1   
however1 which strikes us as of more    
importance than the rest1 it is ,nuddea4
  ,but you must follow where the ,lord  
opens a door for you4  ,the same spirit 
of generous confidence marked the       
relations of ,carey and the committee so
 long as ,fuller was secretary4  ,when  
the news came that the missionaries had 
become indigo planters1 some of the     

weaker brethren1 estimating ,carey by   
themselves1 sent out a mild warning     
against secular temptations1 to which he
 returned a half-amused and kindly      
reply4  ,john ,newton1 then the aged    
rector of ,st4 ,mary ,woolnoth1 on being
 consulted1 reassured them3 ,if the     
heart be fired with a zeal for ,god and 
love to souls1 he said1 such attention  
to business as circumstances require    
will not hurt it4 ,since ,carey1 like   
the ,moravians1 meant that the          
missionaries should live upon a common  
stock1 and never lay up money1 the      
weakest might have recognised the       
,paul-like nobleness1 which had marked  
all his life1 in relinquishing the      
scanty salary that it might be used for 
other missions to ,africa and ,asia4    
,the spiritual law which ,duff's success
 afterwards led ,chalmers to formulate1 
that the relation of foreign to home    
missions acts not by exhaustion but by  
fermentation1 now came to be illustrated
 on a great scale1 and to result in the 

foundation of the catholic missionary   
enterprise of the evangelicals of       
,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,america1
 ,germany1 and ,france1 which has marked
 the whole nineteenth century4  ,we find
 it first in ,fuller himself4  ,in      
comforting ,thomas during his extremest 
dejection he quoted to him from his own 
journal of #aghi the record of a long   
period of spiritual inactivity1 which   
continued till ,carey compelled him to  
join in the mission4 ,before this ,i did
 little but pine over my misery1 but    
since ,i have betaken myself to greater 
activity for ,god1 my strength has been 
recovered and my soul replenished4 ,your
 work is a great work1 and the eyes of  
the religious world are upon you4 ,your 
undertaking1 with that of your dear     
colleague1 has provoked many4  ,the     
spirit of missions is gone forth4  ,i   
wish it may never stop till the ,gospel 
is sent unto all the world4  ,following 
the pietist ,francke1 who in #agaj      
published the first missionary reports1 

and also the ,moravians1 ,fuller and his
 coadjutors issued from the press of ,j4
 ,w4 ,morris at ,clipstone1 towards the 
end of #agid1 ,no4 ,i4 of their         
,periodical ,accounts relative to a     
,society formed among the ,particular   
,baptists for ,propagating the ,gospel  
among the ,heathen4  ,that contained a  
narrative of the foundation of the      
,society and the letters of ,carey up to
 #aeth ,february #agid from the         
,soondarbans4 ,six of these ,accounts   
appeared up to the year #ahjj1 when they
 were published as one volume with an   
index and illustrations4  ,the volume   
closes with a doggerel translation of   
one of several ,gospel ballads which    
,carey had written in ,bengali in #agih4
  ,he had thus early brought into the   
service of ,christ the ,hindoo love of  
musical recitative1 which was recently  
re-discovered--as it were--and now forms
 an important mode of evangelistic work 
when accompanied by native musical      
instruments4 ,the original has a curious

 interest and value in the history of   
the ,bengali language1 as formed by     
,carey4  ,as to the music he wrote3--,we
 sometimes have a melody that cheers my 
heart1 though it would be discordant    
upon the ears of an ,englishman4  ,such 
was the immediate action of the infant  
,baptist ,society4  ,the moment ,dr4    
,ryland read his letter from ,carey he  
sent for ,dr4 ,bogue and ,mr4 ,stephen1 
who happened to be in ,bristol1 to      
rejoice with him4 ,the three returned   
thanks to ,god1 and then ,bogue and     
,stephen1 calling on ,mr4 ,hey1 a       
leading minister1 took the first step   
towards the foundation of a similar     
organisation of non-,baptists1 since    
known as the ,london ,missionary        
,society4  ,immediately ,bogue1 the able
 ,presbyterian1 who had presided over a 
theological school at ,gosport from     
which missionaries went forth1 and who  
refused the best living in ,edinburgh   
when offered to him by ,dundas1 wrote   
his address1 which appeared in the      

,evangelical ,magazine for ,september1  
calling on the churches to send out at  
least twenty or thirty missionaries4    
,in the sermon of lofty eloquence which 
he preached the year after1 he declared 
that the missionary movement of that    
time would form an epoch in the history 
of man1--the time will be ever          
remembered by us1 and may it be         
celebrated by future ages as the ra of  
,christian ,benevolence4  ,on the same  
day the ,rev4 ,t4 ,haweis1 rector of    
,all ,saints1 ,aldwinkle1 referring to  
the hundreds of ministers collected to  
decide where the first mission should be
 sent1 thus burst forth3 ,methinks ,i   
see the great ,angel of the ,covenant in
 the midst of us1 pluming his wings1 and
 ready to fly through the midst of      
heaven with his own everlasting ,gospel1
 to every nation and tribe and tongue   
and people4  ,in ,hindostan our brethren
 the ,baptists have at present prevented
 our wishes444there is room for a       
thousand missionaries1 and ,i wish we   

may be ready with a numerous host for   
that or any other part of the earth4    
,scotland#aj was the next to take up the
 challenge sent by ,carey4 ,greville    
,ewing1 then a young minister of the    
kirk in ,edinburgh1 published in ,march 
#agif the appeal of the ,edinburgh or   
,scottish ,missionary ,society1 which   
afterwards sent ,john ,wilson to        
,bombay1 and that was followed by the   
,glasgow ,society1 to which we owe the  
most successful of the ,kafir missions  
in ,south ,africa4  ,robert ,haldane    
sold all that he had when he read the   
first number of the ,periodical         
,accounts1 and gave #ce1jjj to send a   
,presbyterian mission of six ministers  
and laymen1 besides himself1 to do from 
,benares what ,carey had planned from   
,mudnabati2 but ,pitt as well as        
,dundas1 though his personal friends1   
threatened him with the ,company's      
intolerant ,act of ,parliament4         
,evangelical ministers of the ,church of
 ,england took their proper place in the

 new crusade1 and a year before the     
eighteenth century closed they formed   
the agency1 which has ever since been in
 the forefront of the host of the ,lord 
as the ,church ,missionary ,society1    
with ,carey's friend1 ,thomas ,scott1 as
 its first secretary4  ,the sacred      
enthusiasm was caught by the            
,netherlands on the one side under the  
influence of ,dr4 ,van der ,kemp1 who   
had studied at ,edinburgh ,university1  
and by the divinity students of ,new    
,england1 of whom ,adoniram ,judson was 
even then in training to receive from   
,carey the apostolate of ,burma4  ,soon 
too the ,bengali ,bible translations    
were to unite with the needs of the     
,welsh at home to establish the ,british
 and ,foreign ,bible ,society4  ,as news
 of all this reached ,carey amid his    
troubles and yet triumphs of faith in   
the swamps of ,dinajpoor1 and when he   
learned that he was soon to be joined by
 four colleagues1 one of whom was ,ward 
whom he himself had trysted to print the

 ,bengali ,bible for him1 he might well 
write1 in ,july #agii3--,the success of 
the ,gospel and1 among other things1 the
 hitherto unextinguishable missionary   
flame in ,england and all the western   
world1 give us no little encouragement  
and animate our hearts4 ,to ,sutcliff he
 had written eighteen months before     
that3--,i rejoice much at the missionary
 spirit which has lately gone forth3    
surely it is a prelude to the universal 
spread of the ,gospel6  ,your account of
 the ,german ,moravian ,brethren's      
affectionate regard towards me is very  
pleasing4  ,i am not much moved by what 
men in general say of me2 yet ,i cannot 
be insensible to the regards of men     
eminent for godliness444,staying at home
 is now become sinful in many cases1 and
 will become so more and more4  ,all    
gifts should be encouraged1 and spread  
abroad4  ,the day was breaking now4     
,men as well as money were offered for  
,carey's work4  ,in ,scotland especially
 ,fuller found that he had but to ask1  

but to appear in any evangelical pulpit1
 and he would receive sums which1 in    
that day of small things1 rebuked his   
little faith4  ,till the last ,scotland 
was loyal to ,carey and his colleagues1 
and with almost a prevision of this he  
wrote so early as #agig3--;,it rejoices 
my heart much to hear of our brethren in
 ,scotland having so liberally set      
themselves to encourage the mission4    
,they approved of his plans1 and prayed 
for him and his work4  ,when ,fuller    
called on ,cecil for help1 the churchy  
evangelical told him he had a poor      
opinion of all ,baptists except one1 the
 man who wrote ,the ,gospel ,worthy of  
,all ,acceptation4 ,when he learned that
 its author was before him1 the hasty   
offender apologised and offered a       
subscription4 ,not a farthing1 sir6 was 
the reply1 you do not give in faith2 but
 the persistent ,cecil prevailed4 ,men1 
however1 were a greater want than money 
at that early stage of the modern       
crusade4  ,thomas and ,fountain had each

 been a mistake4  ,so were the early    
,african missionaries1 with the         
exception of the first ,scotsman1 ,peter
 ,greig4  ,of the thirty sent out by the
 ,london ,missionary ,society in the    
,duff only four were fit for ordination1
 and not one has left a name of mark4   
,the ,church ,mission continued to send 
out only ,germans till #ahae4  ,in quick
 succession four young men offered      
themselves to the ,baptist ,society to  
go out as assistants to ,carey1 in the  
hope that the ,company would give them a
 covenant to reside--,brunsdon and      
,grant1 two of ,ryland's ,bristol flock2
 ,joshua ,marshman with his wife ,hannah
 ,marshman1 and ,william ,ward called by
 ,carey himself4  ,in nine months       
,fuller had them and their families     
shipped in an ,american vessel1 the     
,criterion1 commanded by ,captain       
,wickes1 a ,presbyterian elder of       
,philadelphia1 who ever after promoted  
the cause in the ,united ,states4       
,charles ,grant helped them as he would 

have aided ,carey alone4  ,though the   
most influential of the ,company's      
directors1 he could not obtain a        
passport for them1 but he gave them the 
very counsel which was to provide for   
the young mission its ark of defence3   
,do not land at ,calcutta but at        
,serampore1 and there1 under the        
protection of the ,danish flag1 arrange 
to join ,mr4 ,carey4  ,after five       
months' prosperous voyage the party     
reached the ,hoogli4  ,before arriving  
within the limits of the port of        
,calcutta ,captain ,wickes sent them off
 in two boats under the guidance of a   
,bengali clerk to ,serampore1 fifteen   
miles higher up on the right bank of the
 river4 ,they had agreed that he should 
boldly enter them1 not as assistant     
planters1 but as ,christian             
missionaries1 rightly trusting to       
,danish protection4  ,charles ,grant had
 advised them well1 but it is not easy  
now1 as in the case of their            
predecessors in #agie and of their      

successors up to #ahac1 to refrain from 
indignation that the ,british           
,parliament1 and the party led by       
,william ,pitt1 should have so long lent
 all the weight of their power to the   
,east ,india ,company in the vain       
attempt to keep ,christianity from the  
,hindoos4  ,ward's journal thus simply  
tells the story of the landing of the   
missionaries at this ,iona1 this        
,canterbury of ,southern ,asia3--       
,lord's-day1 ,oct4 #ac1                 
#agii4--;,brother ,brunsdon and ,i slept
 in the open air on our chests4  ,we    
arrived at ,serampore this morning by   
daylight1 in health and pretty good     
spirits4  ,we put up at ,myerr's1 a     
,danish tavern to which we had been     
recommended4  ,no worship to-day4       
,nothing but a ,portuguese church here4 
,oct4 #ad4--,mr4 ,forsyth from          
,calcutta1 missionary belonging to the  
,london ,missionary ,society1 astonished
 us by his presence this afternoon4  ,he
 was wholly unknown1 but soon became    

well known4  ,he gave us a deal of      
interesting information4  ,he had seen  
brother ,carey1 who invited him to his  
house1 offered him the assistance of his
 ,moonshi1 etc4  ,oct4 #af--,the        
,captain having been at ,calcutta came  
and informed us that his ship could not 
be entered unless we made our           
appearance4 ,brother ,brunsdon and ,i   
went to ,calcutta1 and the next day we  
were informed that the ship had obtained
 an entrance1 on condition that we      
appeared at the ,police ,office1 or     
would continue at ,serampore4 ,all      
things considered we preferred the      
latter1 till the arrival of our friends 
from ,kidderpore to whom we had         
addressed letters4 ,captain ,wickes     
called on ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brown1 who very   
kindly offered to do anything for us in 
his power4  ,our ,instructions with     
respect to our conduct towards ,civil   
,government were read to him4  ,he      
promised to call at the ,police ,office 
afterwards1 and to inform the ,master   

that we intended to stay at ,serampore1 
till we had leave to go up the country4 
,captain ,wickes called at the office   
afterwards1 and they seemed quite       
satisfied with our declaration by him4  
,in the afternoon we went to ,serampore4
  ,oct4 #ai4--;,i addressed a letter to 
the ,governor to-day begging his        
acceptance of the last number of our    
,periodical ,accounts1 and informing him
 that we proposed having worship        
to-morrow in our own house1 from which  
we did not wish to exclude any person4  
,lord's-day1 ,oct4 #bj4--,this morning  
the ,governor sent to inquire the hours 
of our worship4  ,about half-past ten he
 came to our house with a number of     
gentlemen and their retinue4  ,i        
preached from ,acts xx4 #bd4 ,we had a  
very attentive congregation of          
,europeans3 several appeared affected1  
among whom was the ,governor4  ,the text
 was well chosen from ,paul's words to  
the elders of ,ephesus1 as he turned his
 face towards the bonds and afflictions 

that awaited him--,but none of these    
things move me1 neither count ,i my life
 dear unto myself1 so that ,i might     
finish my course with joy1 and the      
ministry which ,i have received of the  
,lord ,jesus1 to testify the gospel of  
the grace of ,god4 ,it proved to be a   
history of the three men thenceforth    
best known as the ,serampore            
,missionaries4  ,ward1 too1 the literary
 member of the mission1 composed the    
hymn which thus concluded3--    ,yes1 we
 are safe beneath ,thy shade1   ,and    
shall be so 'midst ,india's heat3       
,what should a missionary dread1   ,for 
devils crouch at ,jesus' feet4          
,there1 sweetest ,saviour6 let ,thy     
cross   ,win many ,hindoo hearts to     
,thee2   ,this shall make up for every  
loss1   ,while ,thou art ours eternally4
  ,in his first letter to a friend in   
,hull ,ward used language which         
unconsciously predicted the future of   
the mission3--,with a ,bible and a press
 posterity will see that a missionary   

will not labour in vain1 even in ,india4
  ,but one of their number1 ,grant1 was 
meanwhile removed by death1 and1 while  
they waited for a month1 ,carey failed  
to obtain leave for them to settle as   
his assistants in ,british territory4   
,he had appealed to ,mr4 ,brown1 and to 
,dr4 ,roxburgh1 his friend in charge of 
the ,botanic ,garden1 to use his        
influence with the ,government through  
,colebrooke1 the ,oriental scholar1 then
 high in the service4  ,but it was in   
vain4  ,the police had seen with        
annoyance the missionaries slip from    
their grasp because of the liberality of
 the ,governor-,general of whom ,carey  
had written to ,ryland a year before3   
,at ,calcutta1 ,i saw much dissipation2 
but yet ,i think less than formerly4    
,lord ,mornington has set his face      
against sports1 gaming1 horse-racing1   
and working on the ,lord's-day2 in      
consequence of which these infamous     
practices are less common than formerly4
  ,the missionaries1 too1 had at first  

been reported not as ,baptist but as    
,papist1 and the emissaries of ,france1 
believed to be everywhere1 must be      
watched against4  ,the brave little     
,governor let it be understood that he  
would protect to the last the men who   
had been committed to his care by the   
,danish consul in ,london4  ,so ,ward   
obtained a ,danish passport to enable   
him to visit ,dinapoor and consult with 
,carey4  ,it was ,sunday morning when he
 approached the ,mudnabati factory1     
feeling very unusual sensations1 greatly
 excited4 ,at length ,i saw ,carey6  ,he
 is less altered than ,i expected3 has  
rather more flesh than when in ,england1
 and1 blessed be ,god6 he is a young man
 still4 ,it was a wrench to sacrifice   
his own pioneer mission1 property worth 
#ejj1 the school1 the church1 the       
inquirers1 but he did not hesitate4  ,he
 thus stated the case on the other      
side3--,at ,serampore we may settle as  
missionaries1 which is not allow here2  
and the great ends of the mission1      

particularly the printing of the        
,scriptures1 seem much more likely to be
 answered in that situation than in     
this4  ,there also brother ,ward can    
have the inspection of the press2       
whereas here we should be deprived of   
his important assistance4  ,in that part
 of the country the inhabitants are far 
more numerous than in this2 and other   
missionaries may there be permitted to  
join us1 which here it seems they will  
not4  ,on the way down1 during a visit  
to the ,rajmahal ,hills1 round which the
 great ,ganges sweeps1 ,carey and ,ward 
made the first attempt to evangelise the
 ,santal and other simple aboriginal    
tribes1 whom the officials ,brown and   
,cleveland had partly tamed4  ,the      
,paharis are described1 at that time1 as
 without caste1 priests1 or public      
religion1 as living on ,indian corn and 
by hunting1 for which they carry bows   
and arrows4 ,brother ,carey was able to 
converse with them4 ,again1 ,ward's     
comment on the ,bengali services on the 

next ,sunday1 from the boats1 is the    
common sort wonder how brother ,carey   
can know so much of the ,shasters4 ,i   
long1 wrote ,carey from the spot to his 
new colleagues1 to stay here and tell   
these social and untutored heathen the  
good news from heaven4  ,i have a strong
 persuasion that the doctrine of a dying
 ,saviour would1 under the ,holy        
,spirit's influence1 melt their hearts4 
,from ,taljheri and ,pokhuria1 near that
 place1 to ,parisnath1 ,ranchi1 and     
,orissa1 thousands of ,santals and ,kols
 have since been gathered into the      
kingdom4  ,on the #ajth ,january #ahjj  
,carey took up his residence at         
,serampore1 on the #aath he was         
presented to the ,governor1 and he went 
out and preached to the natives4  ,his  
apprenticeship was over2 so began his   
full apostolate1 instant in season and  
out of season1 to end only with his life
 thirty-four years after4  ,thus step by
 step1 by a way that he knew not1 the   
shoemaker lad--who had educated himself 

to carry the ,gospel to ,tahiti1 had    
been sent to ,bengal in spite of the    
,company which cast him out of their    
ship1 had starved in ,calcutta1 had     
built him a wooden hut in the jungles of
 the ,delta1 had become indigo planter  
in the swamps of ,dinapoor that he might
 preach ,christ without interference1   
had been forced to think of seeking the 
protection of a ,buddhist in the        
,himalaya morass--was driven to begin   
anew in the very heart of the most      
densely peopled part of the ,british    
,empire1 under the jealous care of the  
foreign ,european power which had a     
century before sent missionaries to     
,tranquebar and taught ,zinzendorf and  
the ,moravians the divine law of the    
kingdom2 encouraged by a ,governor1     
,colonel ,bie1 who was himself a        
disciple of ,schwartz4  ,to complete    
this catalogue of special providences we
 may add that1 if ,fuller had delayed   
only a little longer1 even ,serampore   
would have been found shut against the  

missionaries4  ,for the year after1 when
 ,napoleon's acts had driven us to war  
with ,denmark1 a detachment of ,british 
troops1 under ,lord ,minto's son1 took  
possession of ,fredericksnagore1 as     
,serampore was officially called1 and of
 the ,danish ,east ,india ,company's    
ship there1 without opposition4  ,the   
district or county of ,hoogli and       
,howrah1 opposite ,calcutta and         
,barrackpore1 of which ,serampore is the
 central port1 swarms with a population1
 chiefly ,hindoo but partly ,mussulman1 
unmatched for density in any other part 
of the world4  ,if1 after years of a    
decimating fever1 each of its #agja     
square miles still supports nearly a    
thousand human beings or double the     
proportion of ,belgium1 we cannot       
believe that it was much less dense at  
the beginning of the century4  ,from    
,howrah1 the ,surrey side of ,calcutta1 
up to ,hoogli the county town1 the high 
ridge of mud between the river and the  
old channel of the ,ganges to the west1 

has attracted the wealthiest and most   
intellectually active of all the        
,bengalees4  ,hence it was here that    
,portuguese and ,dutch1 ,french and     
,english1 and ,danish planted their     
early factories4  ,the last to obtain a 
site of twenty acres from the moribund  
,mussulman ,government at ,moorshedabad 
was ,denmark1 two years before ,plassey4
  ,in the half century the hut of the   
first ,governor sent from ,tranquebar   
had grown into the beautiful little town
 which delighted the first ,baptist     
missionaries4  ,its inhabitants1 under  
only ,british administration since      
#ahde1 now number #de1jjj4  ,then they  
were much fewer1 but then even more than
 now the town was a centre of the       
,vishnoo-worship of ,jagganath1 second  
only to that of ,pooree in all ,india4  
,not far off1 and now connected with the
 port by railway1 is the foul shrine of 
,tarakeswar1 which attracts thousands of
 pilgrims1 many of them widows1 who     
measure the road with their prostrate   

bodies dripping from the bath4          
,commercially ,serampore sometimes      
distanced ,calcutta itself1 for all the 
foreign ,european trade was centred in  
it during the ,american and ,french     
wars1 and the ,english civilians used   
its investments as the best means of    
remitting their savings home4  ,when the
 missionaries landed there was nothing  
but a ,portuguese ,catholic church in   
the settlement1 and the ,governor was   
raising subscriptions for that pretty   
building in which ,carey preached till  
he died1 and the spire of which the     
,governor-,general is said to have      
erected to improve the view of the town 
from the windows of his summer palace at
 ,barrackpore opposite4  ,removed from  
the rural obscurity of a ,bengali       
village1 where the cost of housing1     
clothing1 and living was small1 to a    
town in the neighbourhood of the capital
 much frequented by ,europeans1 ,carey  
at once adapted the practical details of
 his communistic brotherhood to the new 

circumstances4  ,with such wisdom was he
 aided in this by the business          
experience of ,marshman and ,ward1 that 
a settlement was formed which admitted  
of easy development in correspondence   
with the rapid growth of the mission4   
,at first the community consisted of ten
 adults and nine children4  ,grant had  
been carried off in a fever caused by   
the dampness of their first quarters4   
,the promising ,brunsdon was soon after 
removed by liver complaint caught from  
standing on an unmatted floor in the    
printing-office4  ,fountain1 who at     
first continued the mission at          
,dinapoor1 soon died there a happy      
death4  ,thomas had settled at          
,beerbhoom1 but joined the ,serampore   
brethren in time to do good though brief
 service before he too was cut off4     
,but1 fortunately as it proved for the  
future1 ,carey had to arrange for five  
families at the first1 and this is how  
it was done as described by ,ward3--    
,the renting of a house1 or houses1     

would ruin us4  ,we hoped therefore to  
have been able to purchase land1 and    
build mat houses upon it2 but we can get
 none properly situated4  ,we have in   
consequence purchased of the ,governor's
 nephew a large house in the middle of  
the town for ,rs4#fjjj1 or about #hjj2  
the rent in four years would have       
amounted to the purchase4  ,it consists 
of a spacious verandah 7portico7 and    
hall1 with two rooms on each side4      
,rather more to the front are two other 
rooms separate1 and on one side is a    
storehouse1 separate also1 which will   
make a printing-office4  ,it stands by  
the river-side upon a pretty large piece
 of ground1 walled round1 with a garden 
at the bottom1 and in the middle a fine 
tank or pool of water4  ,the price      
alarmed us1 but we had no alternative2  
and we hope this will form a comfortable
 missionary settlement4  ,being near to 
,calcutta1 it is of the utmost          
importance to our school1 our press1 and
 our connection with ,england4  ,from   

hence may the ,gospel issue and pervade 
all ,india1 they wrote to ,fuller4 ,we  
intend to teach a school1 and make what 
we can of our press4  ,the paper is all 
arrived1 and the press1 with the types1 
etc41 complete4  ,the ,bible is wholly  
translated1 except a few chapters1 so   
that we intend to begin printing        
immediately1 first the ,new and then the
 ,old ,testament4  ,we love our work1   
and will do all we can to lighten your  
expenses4  ,this house-chapel1 with two 
acres of garden land and separate rooms 
on either side1 continued till #ahge to 
be the nucleus of the settlement        
afterwards celebrated all over ,south   
,asia and ,christendom4  ,the chapel is 
still sacred to the worship of ,god4    
,the separate rooms to the left1        
fronting the ,hoogli1 became enlarged   
into the stately residence of ,mr4 ,john
 ,marshman1 ,c4,s4,i41 and his two      
successors in the ,friend of ,india1    
while beyond were the girl's school1 now
 removed1 the residence of ,dr4 ,joshua 

,marshman before his death1 and the     
boys' school presented to the mission by
 the ,king of ,denmark4  ,the separate  
rooms to the right grew into the press2 
farther down the river was the house of 
the ,lady ,rumohr who became ,carey's   
second wife1 with the great paper-mill  
behind2 and1 still farther1 the second  
park in which the ,serampore ,college   
was built1 with the principal's house in
 which ,carey died1 and a hostel for the
 ,native ,christian students behind4    
,the whole settlement finally formed a  
block of at least five acres1 with      
almost palatial buildings1 on the right 
bank of the ,hoogli1 which1 with a      
breadth of half a mile when in flood1   
rolls between it and the                
,governor-,general's summer house and   
,english-like park of ,barrackpore4     
,the original two acres became ,carey's 
,botanic ,garden2 the houses he         
surrounded and connected by mahogany    
trees1 which grew to be of umbrageous   
beauty4  ,his favourite promenade       

between the chapel and the mill1 and    
ultimately the college1 was under an    
avenue of his own planting1 long known  
as ,carey's ,walk4  ,the new colleagues 
who were to live with him in loving     
brotherhood till death removed the last 
in #ahcg were not long in attracting    
him4 ,the two were worthy to be         
associated with him1 and so admirably   
supplemented his own deficiencies that  
the brotherhood became the most potent  
and permanent force in ,india4  ,he thus
 wrote to ,fuller his first impressions 
of them1 with a loving                  
self-depreciation3--,brother ,ward is   
the very man we wanted3 he enters into  
the work with his whole soul4  ,i have  
much pleasure in him1 and expect much   
from him4  ,brother ,marshman is a      
prodigy of diligence and prudence1 as is
 also his wife in the latter3 learning  
the language is mere play to him2 he has
 already acquired as much as ,i did in  
double the time4  ,after eight months of
 study and evangelising work they are   

thus described3--,our brother ,marshman1
 who is a true missionary1 is able to   
talk a little2 he goes out frequently1  
nay almost every day1 and assaults the  
fortress of ,satan4  ,brother ,brunsdon 
can talk a little1 though not like      
,marshman4 ,brother ,ward is a great    
prize2 he does not learn the language so
 quickly1 but he is so holy1 so         
spiritual a man1 and so useful among the
 children4  ,thus early did ,carey note 
the value of ,hannah ,marshman1 the     
first woman missionary to ,india4       
,granddaughter of the ,baptist minister 
of ,crockerton in ,wiltshire1 she proved
 to be for forty-six years at once a    
loving wife1 and the equal of the three 
missionaries of ,christ and of          
civilisation whom she aided in the      
common home1 in the schools1 in the     
congregation1 in the ,native ,christian 
families1 and even1 at that early time1 
in purely ,hindoo circles4  ,without her
 the mission must have been one-sided   
indeed4  ,it gives us a pathetic        

interest to turn to her household books1
 where we find entered with loving care 
and thoughtful thrift all the daily     
details which at once form a valuable   
contribution to the history of prices1  
and show how her prudence combined with 
the heroic self-denial of all to make   
the ,serampore mission the light of     
,india4  ,ward's journal supplies this  
first sketch of the brotherhood1 who    
realised1 more than probably any in     
,protestant1 ,romanist1 or ,greek       
hagiology1 the life of the apostolic    
community in ,jerusalem3--  ,january    
#ah1 #ahjj4--,this week we have adopted 
a set of rules for the government of the
 family4  ,all preach and pray in turn2 
one superintends the affairs of the     
family for a month1 and then another2   
brother ,carey is treasurer1 and has the
 regulation of the medicine chest2      
brother ,fountain is librarian4         
,saturday evening is devoted to         
adjusting differences1 and pledging     
ourselves to love one another4  ,one of 

our resolutions is1 that no one of us do
 engage in private trade2 but that all  
be done for the benefit of the          
mission444  ,august #a4--,our labours   
for every day are now regularly         
arranged4 ,about six o'clock we rise2   
brother ,carey to his garden2 brother   
,marshman to his school at seven2       
brother ,brunsdon1 ,felix1 and ,i1 to   
the printing-office4  ,at eight the bell
 rings for family worship3 we assemble  
in the hall2 sing1 read1 and pray4      
,breakfast4  ,afterwards1 brother ,carey
 goes to the translation1 or reading    
proofs3 brother ,marshman to school1 and
 the rest to the printing-office4  ,our 
compositor having left us1 we do        
without3 we print three half-sheets of  
#bjjj each in a week2 have five         
pressmen1 one folder1 and one binder4   
,at twelve o'clock we take a luncheon2  
then most of us shave and bathe1 read   
and sleep before dinner1 which we have  
at three4 ,after dinner we deliver our  
thoughts on a text or question3 this we 

find to be very profitable4  ,brother   
and sister ,marshman keep their schools 
till after two4  ,in the afternoon1 if  
business be done in the office1 ,i read 
and try to talk ,bengali with the       
brmmhn4  ,we drink tea about seven1 and 
have little or no supper4  ,we have     
,bengali preaching once or twice in the 
week1 and on ,thursday evening we have  
an experience meeting4  ,on ,saturday   
evening we meet to compose differences  
and transact business1 after prayer1    
which is always immediately after tea4  
,felix is very useful in the office2    
,william goes to school1 and part of the
 day learns to bind4  ,we meet two hours
 before breakfast on the first ,monday  
in the month1 and each one prays for the
 salvation of the ,bengal heathen4  ,at 
night we unite our prayers for the      
universal spread of the ,gospel4  ,the  
,form of ,agreement which regulated the 
social economy and spiritual enterprise 
of the brotherhood1 and also its legal  
relations to the ,baptist ,society in   

,england1 deserves study1 in its divine 
disinterestedness1 its lofty aims1 and  
its kindly common sense4  ,fuller had   
pledged the ,society in #agih to send   
out #cfj a year for the joint family of 
six missionaries1 their wives1 and      
children4  ,the house and land at       
,serampore cost the ,society ,rs4#fjjj4 
,on ,grant's death1 leaving a widow and 
two children1 the five missionaries made
 the first voluntary agreement1 which   
provided that no one should trade on his
 own private account1 and that the      
product of their labour should form a   
common fund to be applied at the will of
 the majority1 to the support of their  
respective families1 of the cause of    
,god around them1 and of the widow and  
family of such as might be removed by   
death4  ,the first year the schools and 
the press enabled the brotherhood to be 
more than self-supporting4  ,in the     
second year ,carey's salary from the    
,college of ,fort-,william1 and the     
growth of the schools and press1 gave   

them a surplus for mission extension4   
,they not only paid for the additional  
two houses and ground required by such  
extension1 but they paid back to the    
,society all that it had advanced for   
the first purchase in the course of the 
next six years4  ,they acquired all the 
property for the ,serampore ,mission1   
duly informing the home ,committee from 
time to time1 and they vested the whole 
right1 up to ,fuller's death in #ahae1  
in the ,society1 to prevent the premises
 being sold or becoming private property
 in the families4  ,but to secure their 
own quiet occupation of them1 and enable
 them to leave them in the hands of such
 as they might associate with themselves
 in their work1 they declared themselves
 trustees instead of proprietors4  ,the 
agreement of #ahjj was expanded into the
 ,form of ,agreement of #ahje when the  
spiritual side of the mission had grown4
  ,their own authoritative statement1 as
 given above1 was lovingly recognised by
 ,fuller4  ,in #ahag1 and again in      

#ahbj1 the claims of aged and destitute 
relatives1 and the duty of each brother 
making provision for his own widow and  
orphans1 and1 occasionally1 the calls of
 pity and humanity1 led the brotherhood 
to agree that each shall regularly      
deduct a tenth of the net product of his
 labour to form a fund in his own hands 
for these purposes4  ,we know nothing in
 the history of missions1 monastic or   
evangelical1 which at all approaches    
this in administrative perfectness as   
well is in ,christlike self-sacrifice4  
,it prevents secularisation of spirit1  
stimulates activity of all kinds1 gives 
full scope to local ability and         
experience1 calls forth the maximum of  
local support and propagation1 sets the 
church at home free to enter incessantly
 on new fields1 provides permanence as  
well as variety of action and adaptation
 to new circumstances1 and binds the    
whole in a holy bond of prayerful       
co-operation and loving brotherhood4    
,this ,agreement worked for seventeen   

years1 with a success in ,england and   
,india which we shall trace1 or as long 
as ,fuller1 ,ryland1 and ,sutcliff lived
 to hold the ropes1 while ,carey1       
,marshman1 and ,ward excavated the mine 
of ,hindooism4  ,the spiritual side of  
the ,agreement we find in the form which
 the three drew up in #ahje1 to be read 
publicly at all their stations thrice   
every year1 on the ,lord's ,day4 ,it is 
the ripe fruit of the first eleven years
 of ,carey's daily toil and consecrated 
genius1 as written out by the fervent   
pen of ,ward4 ,in the light of it the   
whole of ,carey's life must be read4    
,in these concluding sentences the      
writer sketches ,carey himself3--,let us
 often look at ,brainerd in the woods of
 ,america1 pouring out his very soul    
before ,god for the perishing heathen1  
without whose salvation nothing could   
make you happy4  ,prayer1 secret1       
fervent1 believing prayer1 lies at the  
root of all personal godliness4  ,a     
competent knowledge of the languages    

current where a missionary lives1 a mild
 and winning temper1 and a heart given  
up to ,god in closet religion2 these1   
these are the attainments which more    
than all knowledge or all other gifts1  
will fit us to become the instruments of
 ,god in the great work of human        
redemption4  ,finally1 let us give      
ourselves unreservedly to this glorious 
cause4  ,let us never think that our    
time1 our gifts1 our strength1 our      
families1 or even the clothes we wear   
are our own4 ,let us sanctify them all  
to ,god and ,his cause4  ,oh6 that ,he  
may sanctify us for ,his work4  ,let us 
for ever shut out the idea of laying up 
a cowrie 7mite7 for ourselves or our    
children4  ,if we give up the resolution
 which was formed on the subject of     
private trade1 when we first united at  
,serampore1 the mission is from that    
hour a lost cause4  ,let us continually 
watch against a worldly spirit1 and     
cultivate a ,christian indifference     
towards every indulgence4  ,rather let  

us bear hardness as good soldiers of    
,jesus ,christ4  ,no private family ever
 enjoyed a greater portion of happiness1
 even in the most prosperous gale of    
worldly prosperity1 than we have done   
since we resolved to have all things in 
common4  ,if we are enabled to persevere
 in the same principles1 we may hope    
that multitudes of converted souls will 
have reason to bless ,god to all        
eternity for sending ,his ,gospel into  
this country4  ,such was the moral      
heroism1 such the spiritual aim of the  
,serampore brotherhood2 how did it set  
to work8     ,,chapter ,,vi  ,,the      
,,first ,,native ,,converts ,,and       
,,christian ,,schools  #ahjj-ahaj  ,a   
carpenter the first ,bengali            
convert--,krishna ,pal's                
confession--,caste broken for the first 
time--,carey describes the baptism in   
the ,hoogli--,the first woman           
convert--,the first widow convert--,the 
first convert of writer caste--,the     
first ,christian ,brahman--,the first   

native chapel--,a ,bengali experience   
meeting--,carey founding a new community
 as well as church--,marriage           
difficulties solved--,the first native  
,christian marriage feast in ,north     
,india--,hindoo ,christian death and    
burial--,the first ,christian schools   
and school-books in ,north ,india--,the 
first native ,sunday school--,boarding  
schools for the higher education of     
country-born ,christians--,carey on the 
mixed ,portuguese1 ,eurasians1 and      
,armenians--,the ,benevolent            
,institution for destitute children of  
all races--,a hundred schools--,english 
only postponed--,effect on native       
opinion and action--,the leaven of the  
,kingdom--,the ,mission breaks forth    
into five at the close of #ahaj4  ,for  
seven years ,carey had daily preached   
,christ in ,bengali without a convert4  
,he had produced the first edition of   
the ,new ,testament4 ,he had reduced the
 language to literary form4  ,he had    
laid the foundations in the darkness of 

the pit of ,hindooism1 while the        
,northamptonshire pastors1 by prayer and
 self-sacrifice1 held the ropes4  ,the  
last disappointment was on #beth        
,november #ahjj1 when the first ,hindoo 
catechumen1 ,fakeer1 offered himself for
 baptism1 returned to his distant home  
for his child1 and appeared no more1    
probably detained by force4  ,but on the
 last ,sunday of that year ,krishna ,pal
 was baptised in the ,hoogli and his    
whole family soon followed him4  ,he was
 thirty-five years of age4  ,not only as
 the first native ,christian of ,north  
,india of whom we have a reliable       
account1 but as the first missionary to 
,calcutta and ,assam1 and the first     
,bengali hymn-writer1 this man deserves 
study4  ,carey's first ,hindoo convert  
was three years younger than himself1 or
 about thirty-six1 at baptism4  ,krishna
 ,pal1 born in the neighbouring ,french 
settlement of ,chandernagore1 had       
settled in the suburbs of ,serampore1   
where he worked as a carpenter4  ,sore  

sickness and a sense of sin led him to  
join the ,kharta-bhojas1 one of the     
sects which1 from the time of ,gautama  
,buddha1 and of ,chaitanya1 the reformer
 of ,nuddea1 to that of ,nanak1 founder 
of the ,sikh brotherhood have been      
driven into dissent by the yoke of      
,brahmanism4 ,generally worshippers of  
some form of ,vishnoo1 and occasionally1
 as in ,kabeer's case1 influenced by the
 monotheism of ,islam1 these sects begin
 by professing theism and opposition to 
caste1 though ,hindooism is elastic     
enough to keep them always within its   
pale and ultimately to absorb them      
again4  ,for sixteen years ,krishna ,pal
 was himself a gooroo of the ,ghospara  
sect1 of which from ,carey's to ,duff's 
earlier days the missionaries had a hope
 which proved vain4  ,he recovered from 
sickness1 but could not shake off the   
sense of the burden of sin1 when this   
message came to him1 and1 to his        
surprise1 through the ,europeans--,jesus
 ,christ came into the world to save    

sinners4 ,at the same time he happened  
to dislocate his right arm by falling   
down the slippery side of his tank when 
about to bathe4 ,he sent two of the     
children to the ,mission ,house for     
,thomas1 who immediately left the       
breakfast table at which the brethren   
had just sat down1 and soon reduced the 
luxation1 while the sufferer again heard
 the good news that ,christ was waiting 
to heal his soul1 and he and his        
neighbour ,gokool received a ,bengali   
tract4  ,he himself thus told the       
story3--,in this paper ,i read that he  
who confesseth and forsaketh his sins1  
and trusteth in the righteousness of    
,christ1 obtains salvation4 ,the next   
morning ,mr4 ,carey came to see me1 and 
after inquiring how ,i was1 told me to  
come to his house1 that he would give me
 some medicine1 by which1 through the   
blessing of ,god1 the pain in my arm    
would be removed4  ,i went and obtained 
the medicine1 and through the mercy of  
,god my arm was cured4  ,from this time 

,i made a practice of calling at the    
mission house1 where ,mr4 ,ward and ,mr4
 ,felix ,carey used to read and expound 
the ,holy ,bible to me4  ,one day ,dr4  
,thomas asked me whether ,i understood  
what ,i heard from ,mr4 ,ward and ,mr4  
,carey4  ,i said ,i understood that the 
,lord ,jesus ,christ gave his life up   
for the salvation of sinners1 and that  
,i believed it1 and so did my friend    
,gokool4  ,dr4 ,t4 said1 ',then ,i call 
you brother--come and let us eat        
together in love4'  ,at this time the   
table was set for luncheon1 and all the 
missionaries and their wives1 and ,i and
 ,gokool1 sat down and ate together4    
,the servants spread the news1 most     
horrible to the people1 that the two    
,hindoos had become ,europeans1 and they
 were assaulted on their way home4      
,just thirty years after1 in ,calcutta1 
the first public breach of caste by the 
young ,brahman students of ,duff raised 
a still greater commotion1 and resulted 
in the first converts there4 ,krishna   

,pal and his wife1 his wife's sister and
 his four daughters2 ,gokool1 his wife1 
and a widow of forty who lived beside   
them1 formed the first group of         
,christian ,hindoos of caste in ,india  
north of ,madras4  ,two years after     
,krishna ,pal sent to the ,society this 
confession of his faith4 ,literally     
translated1 it is a record of belief    
such as ,paul himself might have        
written1 illustrated by an apostolic    
life of twenty-two years4  ,the         
carpenter's confession and dedication   
has1 in the original1 an exquisite      
tenderness1 reflected also in the       
hymn#aa which he wrote for family       
worship3--  ,,serampore1 #abth ,oct4    
#ahjb4  ,to the brethren of the church  
of our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 our     
souls' beloved1 my affectionately       
embracing representation4  ,the love of 
,god1 the gospel of ,jesus ,christ1 was 
made known by holy brother ,thomas4  ,in
 that day our minds were filled with    
joy4  ,then judging1 we understood that 

we were dwelling in darkness4  ,through 
the door of manifestation we came to    
know that1 sin confessing1 sin          
forsaking1 ,christ's righteousness      
embracing1 salvation would be obtained4 
,by light springing up in the heart1 we 
knew that sinners becoming repentant1   
through the sufferings of ,christ1      
obtain salvation4  ,in this rejoicing1  
and in ,christ's love believing1 ,i     
obtained mercy4  ,now it is in my mind  
continually to dwell in the love of     
,christ3 this is the desire of my soul4 
,do you1 holy people1 pour down love    
upon us1 that as the chatookee we may be
 satisfied4#ab ,i was the vilest of     
sinners3 ,he hath saved me4  ,now this  
word ,i will tell to the world4  ,going 
forth1 ,i will proclaim the love of     
,christ with rejoicing4  ,to sinners ,i 
will say this word3 ,here sinner1       
brother6  ,without ,christ there is no  
help4  ,christ1 the world to save1 gave 
his own soul6  ,such love was never     
heard3 for enemies ,christ gave his own 

soul6  ,such compassion1 where shall we 
get8 ,for the sake of saving sinners he 
forsook the happiness of heaven4  ,i    
will constantly stay near him4  ,being  
awakened by this news1 ,i will          
constantly dwell in the town of joy4    
,in the ,holy ,spirit ,i will live3 yet 
in ,christ's sorrow ,i will be          
sorrowful4  ,i will dwell along with    
happiness1 continually meditating on    
this2--,christ will save the world6 ,in 
,christ not taking refuge1 there is no  
other way of life4  ,i was indeed a     
sinner1 praise not knowing4--,this is   
the representation of ,christ's servant1
  ,,kristno4  ,such is the first epistle
 of the ,church of ,india4  ,thus the   
first medical missionary had his reward2
 but the joy proved to be too much for  
him4  ,when ,carey led ,krishna and his 
own son ,felix down into the water of   
baptism the ravings of ,thomas in the   
schoolhouse on the one side1 and of     
,mrs4 ,carey on the other1 mingled with 
the strains of the ,bengali hymn of     

praise4  ,the ,mission ,journal1 written
 by ,ward1 tells with graphic simplicity
 how caste as well as idol-worship was  
overcome not only by the men but the    
women representatives of a race whom1   
thirty years after1 ,macaulay described 
as destitute of courage1 independence1  
and veracity1 and bold only in deceit4  
,christ is changing all that4  ,nov4    
#bg4--,krishna1 the man whose arm was   
set1 overtook ,felix and me1 and said he
 would come to our house daily for      
instruction2 for that we had not only   
cured his arm1 but brought him the news 
of salvation444  ,dec4 #e4--,yesterday  
evening ,gokool and ,krishna prayed in  
my room4 ,this morning ,gokool called   
upon us1 and told us that his wife and  
two or three more of his family had left
 him on account of the gospel4  ,he had 
eaten of ,krishna's rice1 who being of  
another caste1 ,gokool had lost his4    
,krishna says his wife and family are   
all desirous of becoming ,christians4   
,they declare their willingness to join 

us1 and obey all our ,saviour's         
commands4  ,gokool and his wife had a   
long talk2 but she continued determined1
 and is gone to her relations4  ,dec4   
#f4--,this morning brother ,carey and ,i
 went to ,krishna's house4 ,everything  
was made very clean4  ,the women sat    
within the house1 the children at the   
door1 and ,krishna and ,gokool with     
brother ,carey and ,i in the court4     
,the houses of the poor are only        
calculated for sleeping in4  ,brother   
,carey talked2 and the women appeared to
 have learned more of the gospel than we
 expected4  ,they declared for ,christ  
at once4 ,this work was new1 even to    
brother ,carey4  ,a whole family        
desiring to hear the gospel1 and        
declaring in favour of it6 ,krishna's   
wife said she had received great joy    
from it4  ,lord's-day1 ,dec4 #g4--,this 
morning brother ,carey went to          
,krishna's house1 and spoke to a yard   
full of people1 who heard with great    
attention though trembling with cold4   

,brother ,brunsdon is very poorly4      
,krishna's wife and her sister were to  
have been with us in the evening2 but   
the women have many scruples to sitting 
in the company of ,europeans4  ,some of 
them scarcely ever go out but to the    
river2 and if they meet a ,european run 
away4  ,sometimes when we have begun to 
speak in a street1 some one desires us  
to remove to a little distance2 for the 
women dare not come by us to fill their 
jars at the river4  ,we always obey444  
,dec4 #aa4--;,gokool1 ,krishna1 and     
family continue to seek after the ,word1
 and profess their entire willingness to
 join us4  ,the women seem to have      
learnt that sin is a dreadful thing1 and
 to have received joy in hearing of     
,jesus ,christ4  ,we see them all every 
day almost4  ,they live but half a mile 
from us4  ,we think it right to make    
many allowances for ignorance1 and for a
 state of mind produced by a corrupt    
superstition4 ,we therefore cannot think
 of demanding from them1 previous to    

baptism1 to more than a profession of   
dependence on ,christ1 from a knowledge 
of their need of ,him1 and submission to
 ,him in all things4  ,we now begin to  
talk of baptism4 ,yesterday we fixed    
upon the spot1 before our gate1 in the  
river4 ,we begin to talk also of many   
other things concerning the discipled   
natives4  ,this evening ,felix and ,i   
went to ,gokool's house4 ,krishna and   
his wife and a brmmhn were present4  ,i 
said a little4 ,felix read the four last
 chapters of ,john to them1 and spoke   
also4  ,we sat down upon a piece of mat 
in the front of the house4 7,no chairs47
 ,it was very pleasant4  ,to have       
natives who feel a little as we do      
ourselves1 is so new and different4     
,the country itself seems to wear a new 
aspect to me444  ,dec4 #ac4--,this      
evening ,felix and ,i went to see our   
friends ,gokool and ,krishna4  ,the     
latter was out4  ,gokool gave a pleasing
 account of the state of his mind1 and  
also of that of ,krishna and his family4

 ,while we were there1 ,gokool's gooroo 
7teacher7 came for the first time since 
his losing caste4  ,gokool refused to   
prostrate himself at his feet while he  
should put his foot on his head2 for    
which his gooroo was displeased444      
,dec4 #bb4--,this day ,gokool and       
,krishna came to eat tiffin 7what in    
,england is called luncheon7 with us1   
and thus publicly threw away their      
caste4  ,brethren ,carey and ,thomas    
went to prayer with the two natives     
before they proceeded to this act4  ,all
 our servants were astonished3 so many  
had said that nobody would ever mind    
,christ or lose caste4 ,brother ,thomas 
has waited fifteen years1 and thrown    
away much upon deceitful characters3    
brother ,carey has waited till hope of  
his own success has almost expired2 and 
after all1 ,god has done it with perfect
 ease6  ,thus the door of faith is open 
to the gentiles2 who shall shut it8     
,the chain of the caste is broken2 who  
shall mend it8  ,carey thus describes   

the baptism3--,dec4 #bi4--,yesterday was
 a day of great joy4  ,i had the        
happiness to desecrate the ,gunga1 by   
baptising the first ,hindoo1 viz4       
,krishna1 and my son ,felix3 some       
circumstances turned up to delay the    
baptism of ,gokool and the two women4   
,krishna's coming forward alone1        
however1 gave us very great pleasure1   
and his joy at both ordinances was very 
great4  ,the river runs just before our 
gate1 in front of the house1 and1 ,i    
think1 is as wide as the ,thames at     
,gravesend4  ,we intended to have       
baptised at nine in the morning2 but1 on
 account of the tide1 were obliged to   
defer it till nearly one o'clock1 and it
 was administered just after the        
,english preaching4  ,the ,governor and 
a good number of ,europeans were        
present4  ,brother ,ward preached a     
sermon in ,english1 from ,john v4       
#ci--',search the ,scriptures4' ,we then
 went to the water-side1 where ,i       
addressed the people in ,bengali2 after 

having sung a ,bengali translation of   
',jesus1 and shall it ever be8' and     
engaging in prayer4  ,after the address 
,i administered the ordinance1 first to 
my son1 then to ,krishna4  ,at half-past
 four ,i administered the ,lord's       
,supper2 and a time of real refreshing  
it was444  ,thus1 you see1 ,god is      
making way for us1 and giving success to
 the word of ,his grace6  ,we have      
toiled long1 and have met with many     
discouragements2 but1 at last1 the ,lord
 has appeared for us4  ,may we have the 
true spirit of nurses1 to train them up 
in the words of faith and sound         
doctrine6  ,i have no fear of any one1  
however1 in this respect1 but myself4   
,i feel much concerned that they may act
 worthy of their vocation1 and also that
 they may be able to teach others4  ,i  
think it becomes us to make the most of 
every one whom the ,lord gives us4      
,jeymooni1 ,krishna's wife's sister1 was
 the first ,bengali woman to be         
baptised1 and ,rasoo1 his wife1 soon    

followed2 both were about thirty-five   
years old4  ,the former said she had    
found a treasure in ,christ greater than
 anything in the world4  ,the latter1   
when she first heard the good news from 
her husband1 said there was no such     
sinner as ,i1 and ,i felt my heart      
immediately unite to ,him4 ,i wish to   
keep all ,his commands so far as ,i know
 them4  ,gokool was kept back for a time
 by his wife1 ,komal1 who fled to her   
father's1 but ,krishna and his family   
brought in1 first the husband1 then the 
wife1 whose simplicity and frankness    
attracted the missionaries4  ,unna1     
their widowed friend of forty1 was also 
gathered in1 the first of that sad host 
of victims to ,brahmanical cruelty1     
lust1 and avarice1 to whom ,christianity
 has ever since offered the only        
deliverance4  ,of #abd1jjj1jjj of women 
in ,india in #ahha1 no fewer than       
#ba1jjj1jjj were returned by the census 
as widows1 of whom #ffi1jjj were under  
nineteen years1 #bhf1jjj were under     

fifteen1 and #gi1jjj were under nine1   
all figures undoubtedly within the      
appalling truth4  ,jeymooni and ,unna at
 once became active missionaries among  
their country-women1 not only in        
,serampore but in ,chandernagore and the
 surrounding country4  ,the year #ahjj  
did not close without fruit from the    
other and higher castes4  ,petumber     
,singh1 a man of fifty of the writer    
caste1 had sought deliverance from sin  
for thirty years at many a ,hindoo      
shrine and in many a ,brahmanical       
scripture4  ,one of the earliest tracts 
of the ,serampore press fell into his   
hands1 and he at once walked forty miles
 to seek fuller instruction from its    
author4  ,his baptism gave ,carey just  
what the mission wanted1 a good         
schoolmaster1 and he soon proved to be1 
even before ,krishna in time1 the first 
preacher to the people4 ,of the same    
writer caste were ,syam ,dass1 ,petumber
 ,mitter1 and his wife ,draupadi1 who   
was as brave as her young husband4  ,the

 despised soodras were represented by   
,syam's neighbour1 ,bharut1 an old man1 
who said he went to ,christ because he  
was just falling into hell and saw no   
other way of safety4  ,the first        
,mohammedan convert was ,peroo1 another 
neighbour of ,syam ,dass4 ,from the spot
 on the ,soondarbans where ,carey first 
began his life of missionary farmer1    
there came to him at the close of #ahjb1
 in ,calcutta1 the first ,brahman who   
had bowed his neck to the ,gospel in all
 ,india up to this time1 for we can     
hardly reckon ,kiernander's case4       
,krishna ,prosad1 then nineteen1 gave up
 his friends and his caste with much    
fortitude1 and is the first ,brahman who
 has been baptised4  ,the word of       
,christ's death seems to have gone to   
his heart1 and he continues to receive  
the ,word with meekness4  ,the poita or 
sevenfold thread which1 as worn over the
 naked body1 betokened his caste1 he    
trampled under foot1 and another was    
given to him1 that when preaching       

,christ he might be a witness to the    
,brahmans at once that ,christ is       
irresistible and that an idol is nothing
 in the world4  ,this he voluntarily    
ceased to wear in a few years4  ,two    
more ,brahmans were brought in by       
,petumber ,singhee in #ahjd1 by the     
close of which year the number of       
baptised converts was forty-eight1 of   
whom forty were native men and women4   
,with the instinct of a true scholar and
 ,christian ,carey kept to the apostolic
 practice1 which has been too often     
departed from--he consecrated the       
convert's name as well as soul and body 
to ,christ4  ,beside the ,hermes of     
,rome to whom ,paul sent his salutation1
 he kept the ,krishna of ,serampore and 
,calcutta4  ,the first act of the first 
convert1 ,krishna ,pal1 was of his own  
accord to build a house for ,god        
immediately opposite his own1 the first 
native meeting-house in ,bengal4  ,carey
 preached the first sermon in it to     
twenty natives besides the family4  ,on 

the side of the high road1 along which  
the car of ,jagganath is dragged every  
year1 the missionaries purchased a site 
and built a preaching place1 a school1 a
 house for ,gokool1 and a room for the  
old widow1 at the cost of ,captain      
,wickes1 who had rejoiced to witness    
their baptism4 ,the ,brahman who owned  
the neighbouring land wished to sell it 
and leave the place1 so much do these   
people abhor us4  ,this little purchase 
for #f grew in time into the extensive  
settlement of ,jannagur1 where about    
#ahgj the last of ,carey's converts     
passed away4  ,from its native chapel1  
and in its village tank1 many ,hindoos  
have since been led by their own        
ordained countrymen to put on ,christ4  
,in time the church in the chapel on the
 ,hoogli became chiefly ,european and   
,eurasian1 but on the first ,sunday of  
the year1 the members of both churches  
meet together for solemn and joyful     
communion1 when the services are        
alternately in ,bengali and ,english4   

,the longing for converts now gave place
 to anxiety that they might continue to 
be ,christians indeed4  ,as in the early
 ,corinthian ,church1 all did not       
perceive at once the solemnities of the 
,lord's ,supper4 ,krishna ,pal1 for     
instance1 jealous because the better    
educated ,petumber had been ordained to 
preach before him1 made a schism by     
administering it1 and so filled the     
missionaries with grief and fear2 but he
 soon became penitent4  ,associated with
 men who gave their all to ,christ1 the 
native members could not but learn the  
lesson of self-support1 so essential for
 a self-propagating church1 and so often
 neglected in the early history of      
missions1 and even still4  ,on baptism  
,krishna received a new white dress with
 six shillings2 but such a gift1        
beautiful in itself1 was soon           
discontinued4  ,a ,mohammedan convert   
asked assistance to cultivate a little  
ground and rear silkworms1 but1 writes  
,mr4 ,ward bowed down with missionary   

cares1 ,we are desirous to avoid such a 
precedent4 ,although these first        
converts were necessarily missionaries  
rather than pastors for a time1 each    
preacher received no more than six      
rupees a month while in his own village1
 and double that when itinerating4      
,carey and his colleagues were ever on  
the watch to foster the spiritual life  
and growth of men and women born1 and   
for thirty or fifty years trained1 in   
all the ideas and practices of a system 
which is the very centre of opposition  
to teaching like theirs4  ,this record  
of an experience meeting of three men   
and five women may be taken as a type of
 ,bengali ,christianity when it was but 
two years old1 and as a contrast to that
 which prevails a century after3--      
,gokool4 ,i have been the greatest of   
sinners1 but ,i wish only to think of   
the death of ,christ4  ,i rejoice that  
now people can no longer despise the    
,gospel1 and call us feringas2 but they 
begin to judge for themselves4  ,krishna

 ,prosad4 ,i have this week been        
thinking of the power of ,god1 that he  
can do all things2 and of the necessity 
of minding all his commands4  ,i have   
thought also of my mother a great deal1 
who is now become old1 and who is       
constantly crying about me1 thinking    
that ,i have dishonoured the family and 
am lost4  ,oh that ,i could but once go 
and tell her of the good news1 as well  
as my brothers and sisters1 and open    
their eyes to the way of salvation6     
,ram ,roteen4 ,in my mind there is this3
 ,i see that all the debtahs 7idols7 are
 nothing1 and that ,jesus ,christ is the
 only ,saviour4  ,if ,i can believe in  
him1 and walk in his commandments1 it   
may be well with me4  ,rasoo4 ,i am a   
great sinner2 yet ,i wish continually to
 think of the death of ,christ4  ,i had 
much comfort in the marriage of my      
daughter 7,onunda to ,krishna ,prosad74 
,the neighbours talked much about it1   
and seemed to think that it was much    
better that a man should choose his own 

wife1 than that people should be        
betrothed in their infancy by their     
parents4  ,people begin to be able to   
judge a little now about the ,christian 
ways4  ,jeymooni4 ,in this country are  
many ways3 the way of the debtahs2 the  
way of ,jagganath1 where all eat        
together2 the way of ,ghospara1 etc4    
,yet all these are vain4  ,yesoo        
,kreest's death1 and ,yesoo ,kreest's   
commands--this is the way of life6  ,i  
long to see ,kreest's kingdom grow4     
,this week ,i had much joy in talking to
 ,gokool's mother1 whose heart is       
inclined to judge about the way of      
,kreest4 ,when ,i was called to go and  
talk with her1 on the way ,i thought    
within myself1 but how can ,i explain   
the way of ,kreest8  ,i am but a woman1 
and do not know much4  ,yet ,i          
recollected that the blessing does not  
come from us3 ,god can bless the weakest
 words4  ,many ,bengali women coming    
from the adjoining houses1 sat down and 
heard the word2 and ,i was glad in      

hoping that the mercy of ,god might be  
found by this old woman4 ,gokool's      
mother4  ,komal4 ,i am a great sinner2  
yet ,i have been much rejoiced this week
 in ,gokool's mother coming to inquire  
about the ,gospel4  ,i had great sorrow 
when ,gokool was ill2 and at one time ,i
 thought he would have died2 but ,god   
has graciously restored him4  ,we have  
worldly sorrow1 but this lasts only for 
a time4  ,draupadi4 ,this week ,i have  
had much sorrow on account of ,petumber4
 ,his mind is very bad3 he sits in the  
house1 and refuses to work2 and ,i know 
not what will become of him3 yet        
,kreest's death is a true word4         
,golook4 ,i have had much joy in        
thinking of ,god's goodness to our      
family4  ,my sisters ,onunda and        
,kesaree wish to be baptised1 and to    
come into the church4  ,if ,i can       
believe in ,kreest's death1 and keep his
 commands till death1 then ,i shall be  
saved4  ,carey was not only founding the
 ,church of ,north ,india2 he was       

creating a new society1 a community1    
which has its healthy roots in the      
,christian family4  ,krishna ,pal had   
come over with his household1 like the  
,philippian1 and at once became his own 
and their gooroo or priest4 ,but the    
marriage difficulty was early forced on 
him and on the missionaries4  ,the first
 shape which persecution took was an    
assault on his eldest daughter1 ,golook1
 who was carried off to the house in    
,calcutta of the ,hindoo to whom in     
infancy she had been betrothed1 or      
married according to ,hindoo law        
enforced by the ,danish and ,british    
courts4  ,as a ,christian she loathed a 
connection which was both idolatrous and
 polygamous4  ,but she submitted for a  
time1 continuing1 however1 secretly to  
pray to ,christ when beaten by her      
husband for openly worshipping ,him1 and
 refusing to eat things offered to the  
idol4 ,at last it became intolerable4   
,she fled to her father1 was baptised1  
and was after a time joined by her      

penitent husband4  ,the subject of what 
was to be done with converts whose wives
 would not join them occupied the       
missionaries in discussion every ,sunday
 during #ahjc1 and they at last referred
 it to ,andrew ,fuller and the          
committee4 ,practically they anticipated
 the ,act in which ,sir ,henry ,maine   
gave relief after the ,scriptural mode4 
,they sent the husband to use every     
endeavour to induce his heathen wife to 
join him2 long delay or refusal they    
counted a sufficient ground for divorce1
 and they allowed him to marry again4   
,the other case1 which still troubles   
the native churches1 of the duty of a   
polygamous ,christian1 seems to have    
been solved according to ,dr4           
,doddridge's advice1 by keeping such out
 of office in the church1 and pressing  
on the conscience of all the teaching of
 our ,lord in ,matthew xix41 and of     
,paul in #ast ,corinthians vii4  ,in    
#ahjb ,carey drew up a form of agreement
 and of service for native ,christian   

marriages not unlike that of the ,church
 of ,england4  ,the simple and pleasing 
ceremony in the case of ,syam ,dass     
presented a contrast to the prolonged1  
expensive1 and obscene rites of the     
,hindoos1 which attracted the people4   
,when1 the year after1 a ,christian     
,brahman was united to a daughter of    
,krishna ,pal1 in the presence of more  
than a hundred ,hindoos1 the unity of   
all in ,christ ,jesus was still more    
marked3--  ,apr4 #d1 #ahjc4--,this      
morning early we went to attend the     
wedding of ,krishna ,prosad with        
,onunda1 ,krishna's second daughter4    
,krishna gave him a piece of ground     
adjoining his dwelling1 to build him a  
house1 and we lent ,prosad fifty rupees 
for that purpose1 which he is to return 
monthly1 out of his wages4  ,we         
therefore had a meeting for prayer in   
this new house1 and many neighbours were
 present4  ,five hymns were sung3       
brother ,carey and ,marshman prayed in  
,bengali4 ,after this we went under an  

open shed close to the house1 where     
chairs and mats were provided3 here     
friends and neighbours sat all around4  
,brother ,carey sat at a table2 and     
after a short introduction1 in which he 
explained the nature of marriage1 and   
noticed the impropriety of the ,hindoo  
customs in this respect1 he read #b     
,cor4 vi4 #ad-ah1 and also the account  
of the marriage at ,cana4 ,then he read 
the printed marriage agreement1 at the  
close of which ,krishna ,prosad and     
,onunda1 with joined hands1 one after   
the other1 promised love1 faithfulness1 
obedience1 etc4  ,they then signed the  
agreement1 and brethren ,carey1         
,marshman1 ,ward1 ,chamberlain1 ,ram    
,roteen1 etc41 signed as witnesses4     
,the whole was closed with prayer by    
brother ,ward4 ,everything was conducted
 with the greatest decorum1 and it was  
almost impossible not to have been      
pleased4  ,we returned home to          
breakfast1 and sent the new-married     
couple some sugar-candy1 plantains1 and 

raisins2 the first and last of these    
articles had been made a present of to  
us1 and the plantains were the produce  
of the mission garden4  ,in the evening 
we attended the monthly prayer-meeting4 
,apr4 #e4--,this evening we all went to 
supper at ,krishna's1 and sat under the 
shade where the marriage ceremony had   
been performed4 ,tables1 knives and     
forks1 glasses1 etc41 having been taken 
from our house1 we had a number of      
,bengali plain dishes1 consisting of    
curry1 fried fish1 vegetables1 etc41 and
 ,i fancy most of us ate heartily4 ,this
 is the first instance of our eating at 
the house of our native brethren4  ,at  
this table we all sat with the greatest 
cheerfulness1 and some of the neighbours
 looked on with a kind of amazement4    
,it was a new and very singular sight in
 this land where clean and unclean is so
 much regarded4  ,we should have gone in
 the daytime1 but were prevented by the 
heat and want of leisure4  ,we began    
this wedding supper with singing1 and   

concluded with prayer3 between ten and  
eleven we returned home with joy4  ,this
 was a glorious triumph over the caste6 
,a ,brahman married to a soodra1 in the 
,christian way3 ,englishmen eating with 
the married couple and their friends1 at
 the same table1 and at a native house4 
,allowing the ,hindoo chronology to be  
true1 there has not been such a sight in
 ,bengal these millions of years6  ,in  
the same year the approaching death of  
,gokool led the missionaries to purchase
 the acre of ground1 near the present   
railway station1 in which lies the dust 
of themselves and their converts1 and of
 a child of the ,judsons1 till the      
,resurrection4 ,often did ,carey        
officiate at the burial of ,europeans in
 the ,danish cemetery4  ,previous to his
 time the only service there consisted  
in the ,government secretary dropping a 
handful of earth on the coffin4 ,in the 
native ,god's-acre1 as in the ,communion
 of the ,lord's ,table1 and in the      
simple rites which accompanied the      

burial of the dead in ,christ1 the      
heathen saw the one lofty platform of   
loving self-sacrifice to which the      
,cross raises all its children3--  ,oct4
 #g4--,our dear friend ,gokool is gone3 
he departed at two this morning4  ,at   
twelve he called the brethren around him
 to sing and pray2 was perfectly        
sensible1 resigned1 and tranquil4  ,some
 of the neighbours had been persuading  
him the day before to employ a native   
doctor2 he however refused1 saying he   
would have no physician but ,jesus      
,christ4 ,on their saying1 ,how is it   
that you who have turned to ,christ     
should be thus afflicted8  ,he replied1 
,my affliction is on account of my sins2
 my ,lord does all things well6         
,observing ,komal weep 7who had been a  
most affectionate wife71 he said1 ,why  
do you weep for me8  ,only pray1 etc4   
,from the beginning of his illness he   
had little hope of recovery2 yet he     
never murmured1 nor appeared at all     
anxious for medicine4  ,his answer      

constantly was1 ,i am in my ,lord's     
hands1 ,i want no other physician6'     
,his patience throughout was            
astonishing3 ,i never heard him say once
 that his pain was great4 ,his tranquil 
and happy end has made a deep impression
 on our friends3 they say one to        
another1 ',may my mind be as ,gokool's  
was6' ,when we consider1 too1 that this 
very man grew shy of us three years ago1
 because we opposed his notion that     
believers would never die1 the grace now
 bestowed upon him appears the more     
remarkable4 ,knowing the horror the     
,hindoos have for a dead body1 and how  
unwilling they are to contribute any way
 to its interment1 ,i had the coffin    
made at our house the preceding day1 by 
carpenters whom we employ4  ,they would 
not1 however1 carry it to the house4    
,the difficulty now was1 to carry him to
 the grave4  ,the usual mode of         
,europeans is to hire a set of men      
7,portuguese71 who live by it4  ,but    
besides that our friends could never    

constantly sustain that expense1 ,i     
wished exceedingly to convince them of  
the propriety of doing that last kind   
office for a brother themselves4  ,but  
as ,krishna had been ill again the night
 before1 and two of our brethren were   
absent with brother ,ward1 we could only
 muster three persons4 ,i evidently saw 
the only way to supply the deficiency2  
and brother ,carey being from home1 ,i  
sounded ,felix and ,william1 and we     
determined to make the trial2 and at    
five in the afternoon repaired to the   
house4  ,thither were assembled all our 
,hindoo brethren and sisters1 with a    
crowd of natives that filled the yard1  
and lined the street4  ,we brought the  
remains of our dear brother out1 whose  
coffin ,krishna had covered within and  
without with white muslin at his own    
expense2 then1 in the midst of the      
silent and astonished multitude1 we     
improved the solemn moment by singing a 
hymn of ,krishna's1 the chorus of which 
is ',salvation by the death of ,christ4'

  ,bhairub the brahmn1 ,peroo the       
mussulman1 ,felix and ,i took up the    
coffin2 and1 with the assistance of     
,krishna and ,william1 conveyed it to   
its long home3 depositing it in the     
grave1 we sung two appropriate hymns4   
,after this1 as the crowd was           
accumulating1 ,i endeavoured to show the
 grounds of our joyful hope even in     
death1 referring to the deceased for a  
proof of its efficacy3 told them that   
indeed he had been a great sinner1 as   
they all knew1 and for that reason could
 find no way of salvation among them2   
but when he heard of ,jesus ,christ1 he 
received him as a suitable and          
all-sufficient ,saviour1 put his trust  
in him1 and died full of tranquil hope4 
,after begging them to consider their   
own state1 we prayed1 sung ,moorad's    
hymn1 and distributed papers4  ,the     
concourse of people was great1 perhaps  
#ejj3 they seemed much struck with the  
novelty of the scene1 and with the love 
and regard ,christians manifest to each 

other1 even in death2 so different from 
their throwing their friends1 half dead 
and half living1 into the river2 or     
burning their body1 with perhaps a      
solitary attendant4  ,preaching1        
teaching1 and ,bible translating were   
from the first ,carey's three missionary
 methods1 and in all he led the         
missionaries who have till the present  
followed him with a success which he    
never hesitated to expect1 as one of the
 great things from ,god4 ,his work for  
the education of the people of ,india1  
especially in their own vernacular and  
classical languages1 was second only to 
that which gave them a literature sacred
 and pure4  ,up to #agid1 when at       
,mudnabati he opened the first primary  
school worthy of the name in all ,india 
at his own cost1 and daily superintended
 it1 there had been only one attempt to 
improve upon the indigenous schools1    
which taught the children of the trading
 castes only to keep rude accounts1 or  
upon the tols in which the ,brahmans    

instructed their disciples for one-half 
the year1 while for the other half they 
lived by begging4  ,that attempt was    
made by ,schwartz at ,combaconum1 the   
priestly ,oxford of ,south ,india1 where
 the wars with ,tipoo soon put an end to
 a scheme supported by both the ,raja of
 ,tanjore and the ,british ,government4 
,when ,carey moved to ,serampore and    
found associated with him teachers so   
accomplished and enthusiastic as        
,marshman and his wife1 education was   
not long in taking its place in the     
crusade which was then fully organised  
for the conversion of ,southern and     
,eastern ,asia4 ,at ,madras1 too1 ,bell 
had stumbled upon the system of mutual  
instruction which he had learned from   
the easy methods of the indigenous      
schoolmaster1 and which he and          
,lancaster taught ,england to apply to  
the clamant wants of the country1 and to
 improve into the monitorial1           
pupil-teacher and grant-in-aid systems4 
,carey had all the native schools of the

 mission conducted upon ,lancaster's    
plan4  ,in ,serampore1 and in every new 
station as it was formed1 a free school 
was opened4  ,we have seen how the first
 educated convert1 ,petumber1 was made  
schoolmaster4  ,so early as ,october    
#ahjj we find ,carey writing home3--,the
 children in our ,bengali free school1  
about fifty1 are mostly very young4     
,yet we are endeavouring to instil into 
their minds ,divine truth1 as fast as   
their understandings ripen4  ,some      
natives have complained that we are     
poisoning the minds even of their very  
children4  ,the first attempt to induce 
the boys to write out the catechism in  
,bengali resulted1 as did ,duff's to get
 them to read aloud the ,sermon on the  
,mount thirty years after1 in a protest 
that their caste was in danger4  ,but   
the true principles of toleration and   
discipline were at once explained--that 
the children will never be compelled to 
do anything that will make them lose    
caste2 that though we abhor the caste we

 do not wish any to lose it but by their
 own choice4 ,after this we shall insist
 on the children doing what they have   
been ordered4  ,a few of the oldest boys
 withdrew for a time1 declaring that    
they feared they would be sent on board 
ship to ,england1 and the baptism of    
each of the earlier converts caused a   
panic4  ,but instruction on honest      
methods soon worked out the true remedy4
  ,two years after we find this         
report3--,the first class1 consisting of
 catechumens1 are now learning in       
,bengali the first principles of        
,christianity2 and will hereafter be    
instructed in the rudiments of history1 
geography1 astronomy1 etc4  ,the second 
class1 under two other masters1 learn to
 read and write ,bengali and ,english4  
,the third class1 consisting of the     
children of natives who have not lost   
caste1 learn only ,bengali4 ,this school
 is in a promising state1 and is        
liberally supported by the subscriptions
 of ,europeans in this country4         

,carey's early success led ,mr4         
,creighton of ,malda to open at         
,goamalty several ,bengali free schools1
 and to draw up a scheme for extending  
such ,christian nurseries all over the  
country at a cost of #aj for the        
education of fifty children4  ,only by  
the year #ahjf was such a scheme        
practicable1 because ,carey had         
translated the ,scriptures1 and1 as     
,creighton noted1 a variety of          
introductory and explanatory tracts and 
catechisms in the ,bengali and          
,hindostani tongues have already been   
circulated in some parts of the country1
 and any number may be had gratis from  
the ,mission ,house1 ,serampore4  ,as   
only a few of the ,brahman and writer   
castes could read1 and not one woman1 a 
general perusal of the ,scriptures      
amongst natives will be impracticable   
till they are taught to read4  ,but     
nothing was done1 save by the           
missionaries1 till #ahce1 when ,lord    
,william ,bentinck received ,adam's     

report on the educational destitution of
 ,bengal4  ,referring to ,creighton's   
scheme1 ,mr4 ,ward's journal thus       
chronicles the opening of the first     
,sunday school in ,india in ,july #ahjc 
by ,carey's sons3--  ,last ,lord's day a
 kind of ,sunday school was opened1     
which will be superintended principally 
by our young friends ,felix and ,william
 ,carey1 and ,john ,fernandez4  ,it will
 chiefly be confined to teaching        
catechisms in ,bengali and ,english1 as 
the children learn to read and write    
every day4  ,i have received a letter   
from a gentleman up the country1 who    
writes very warmly respecting the       
general establishment of ,christian     
schools all over ,bengal4  ,not many    
years had passed since ,raikes had begun
 ,sunday schools in ,england4  ,their   
use seems to have passed away with the  
three ,serampore missionaries for a     
time1 and to have been again extended by
 the ,american missionaries about #ahgj4
  ,there are now above #bjj1jjj boys and

 girls at such schools in ,india1 and   
three-fourths of these are              
non-,christians4  ,as from the first    
,carey drew converts from all classes1  
the ,armenians1 the ,portuguese1 and the
 ,eurasians1 as well as the natives of  
,india1 he and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,marshman 
especially took care to provide schools 
for their children4  ,the necessity1    
indeed1 of this was forced upon them by 
the facts that the brotherhood began    
with nine children1 and that            
boarding-schools for these classes would
 form an honourable source of revenue to
 the mission4  ,hence this              
advertisement1 which appeared in ,march 
#ahjj3--,mission1 ,house1               
,serampore4--,on ,thursday1 the #ast of 
,may #ahjj1 a school will be opened at  
this house1 which stands in a very      
healthy and pleasant situation by the   
side of the river4  ,letters add to ,mr4
 ,carey will be immediately attended to4
  ,the cost of boarding and fees varied 
from #de to #ej a year1 according as    

,latin1 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,persian1 or   
,sanskrit lessons were included4        
,particular attention will be paid to   
the correct pronunciation of the        
,english language was added for reasons 
which the mixed parentage of the pupils 
explains4  ,such was the first sign of a
 care for the ,eurasians not connected  
with the army1 which1 as developed by   
,marshman and ,mack1 began in #ahbc to  
take the form of the ,doveton ,college4 
,the boys' school was soon followed by a
 girls' school1 through which a stream  
of ,christian light radiated forth over 
resident ,christian society1 and from   
which many a missionary came4  ,carey's 
description of the mixed community is   
the best we have of its origin as well  
as of the state of ,european society in 
,india1 alike when the ,portuguese were 
dominant1 and at the beginning of the   
nineteenth century when the ,east ,india
 ,company were most afraid of           
,christianity3--,the ,portuguese are a  
people who1 in the estimation of both   

,europeans and natives1 are sunk below  
the ,hindoos or ,mussulmans4 ,however1  
,i am of opinion that they are rated    
much too low4  ,they are chiefly        
descendants of the slaves of the        
,portuguese who first landed here1 or of
 the children of those ,portuguese by   
their female slaves2 and being born in  
their house1 were made ,christians in   
their infancy by what is called baptism1
 and had ,portuguese names given them4  
,it is no wonder that these people1     
despised as they are by ,europeans1 and 
being consigned to the teachings of very
 ignorant ,popish priests1 should be    
sunk into such a state of degradation4  
,so gross1 indeed1 are their            
superstitions1 that ,i have seen a      
,hindoo image-maker carrying home an    
image of ,christ on the cross between   
two thieves1 to the house of a          
,portuguese4  ,many of them1 however1   
can read and write ,english well and    
understand ,portuguese444  ,besides     
these1 there are many who are the       

children of ,europeans by native women1 
several of whom are well educated1 and  
nearly all of them ,protestants by      
profession4  ,these1 whether children of
 ,english1 ,french1 ,dutch1 or ,danes1  
by native women1 are called ,portuguese4
 ,concubinage here is so common1 that   
few unmarried ,europeans are without a  
native woman1 with whom they live as if 
married2 and ,i believe there are but   
few instances of separation1 except in  
case of marriage with ,european women1  
in which case the native woman is       
dismissed with an allowance3 but the    
children of these marriages are never   
admitted to table with company1 and are 
universally treated by the ,english as  
an inferior species of beings4  ,hence  
they are often shame-faced yet proud and
 conceited1 and endeavour to assume that
 honour to themselves which is denied   
them by others4  ,this class may be     
regarded as forming a connecting link   
between ,europeans and natives4  ,the   
,armenians are few in number1 but       

chiefly rich4  ,i have several times    
conversed with them about religion3 they
 hear with patience1 and wonder that any
 ,englishman should make that a subject 
of conversation4  ,while the ,marshmans 
gave their time from seven in the       
morning till three in the afternoon to  
these boarding-schools started by ,carey
 in #ahjj for the higher education of   
the ,eurasians1 ,carey himself1 in      
,calcutta1 early began to care for the  
destitute4  ,his efforts resulted in the
 establishment of the ,benevolent       
,institution for the ,instruction of    
,indigent ,children1 which the          
contemporary ,bengal civilian1 ,charles 
,lushington1 in his ,history extols as  
one of the monuments of active and      
indefatigable benevolence due to        
,serampore4 ,here1 on the ,lancaster    
system1 and superintended by ,carey1    
,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,penney had as many as   
#cjj boys and #ajj girls under          
,christian instruction of all ages up to
 twenty-four1 and of every              

race3--,europeans1 native ,portuguese1  
,armenians1 ,mugs1 ,chinese1 ,hindoos1  
,mussulmans1 natives of ,sumatra1       
,mozambik1 and ,abyssinia4 ,this        
official reporter states that thus more 
than a thousand youths had been rescued 
from vice and ignorance and advanced in 
usefulness to society1 in a degree of   
opulence and respectability4  ,the      
origin of this noble charity is thus    
told to ,dr4 ,ryland by ,carey himself  
in a letter which unconsciously reveals 
his own busy life1 records the          
missionary influence of the higher      
schools1 and reports the existence of   
the mission over a wide area4  ,he      
writes from ,calcutta on #bdth ,may     
#ahaa3--  ,a year ago we opened a free  
school in ,calcutta4  ,this year we     
added to it a school for girls4  ,there 
are now in it about #adj boys and near  
#dj girls4  ,one of our deacons1 ,mr4   
,leonard1 a most valuable and active    
man1 superintends the boys1 and a very  
pious woman1 a member of the church1 is 

over the girls4  ,the ,institution meets
 with considerable encouragement1 and is
 conducted upon ,lancaster's plan4 ,we  
meditate another for instruction of     
,hindoo youths in the ,sanskrit         
language1 designing1 however1 to        
introduce the study of the ,sanskrit    
,bible into it2 indeed it is as good as 
begun2 it will be in ,calcutta4  ,by    
brother and sister ,marshman's          
encouragement there are two schools in  
our own premises at ,serampore for the  
gratuitous instruction of youth of both 
sexes1 supported and managed wholly by  
the male and female scholars in our own 
school4  ,these young persons appear to 
enter with pleasure into the plan1      
contribute their money to its support1  
and give instruction in turns to the    
children of these free schools4  ,i     
trust we shall be able to enlarge this  
plan1 and to spread its influence far   
about the country4  ,our brethren in the
 ,isles of ,france and ,bourbon seem to 
be doing good2 some of them are gone to 

,madagascar1 and1 as if to show that    
,divine ,providence watches over them1  
the ship on which they went was wrecked 
soon after they had landed from it4  ,a 
number of our members are now gone to   
,java2 ,i trust their going thither will
 not be in vain4  ,brother ,chamberlain 
is1 ere this1 arrived at ,agra444,we    
preach every week in the ,fort and in   
the public prison1 both in ,english and 
,bengali4  ,carey had not been six      
months at ,serampore when he saw the    
importance of using the ,english        
language as a missionary weapon1 and he 
proposed this to ,andrew ,fuller4  ,the 
other pressing duties of a pioneer      
mission to the people of ,bengal led him
 to postpone immediate action in this   
direction2 we shall have occasion to    
trace the ,english influence of the     
press and the college hereafter4  ,but  
meanwhile the vernacular schools1 which 
soon numbered a hundred altogether1 were
 most popular1 and then as now proved   
most valuable feeders of the infant     

,church4  ,without them1 wrote the three
 missionaries to the ,society1 the whole
 plan must have been nipped in the bud1 
since1 if the natives had not cheerfully
 sent their children1 everything else   
would have been useless4  ,but the      
earnestness with which they have sought 
these schools exceeds everything we had 
previously expected4  ,we are still     
constantly importuned for more schools1 
although we have long gone beyond the   
extent of our funds4  ,it was well that 
thus early1 in schools1 in books and    
tracts1 and in providing the literary   
form and apparatus of the vernacular    
languages1 ,carey laid the foundation of
 the new national or imperial           
civilisation4  ,when the time for       
,english came1 the foundations were at  
least above the ground4  ,laid deep and 
strong in the very nature of the people1
 the structure has thus far promised to 
be national rather than foreign1 though 
raised by foreign hands1 while marked by
 the truth and the purity of its        

,western architects4  ,the manifestation
 of ,christ to the ,bengalees could not 
be made without rousing the hate and the
 opposition of the vested interests of  
,brahmanism4  ,so long as ,carey was an 
indigo planter as well as a proselytiser
 in ,dinapoor and ,malda he met with no 
opposition1 for he had no direct        
success4  ,but when1 from ,serampore1 he
 and the others1 by voice1 by press1 by 
school1 by healing the sick and visiting
 the poor1 carried on the crusade day by
 day with the gentle persistency of a   
law of nature1 the cry began4  ,and     
when1 by the breaking of caste and the  
denial of ,krishna's ,christian daughter
 ,golook to the ,hindoo to whom she had 
been betrothed from infancy1 the        
,brahmans began dimly to apprehend that 
not only their craft but the whole      
structure of society was menaced1 the   
cry became louder1 and1 as in ,ephesus  
of old1 an appeal was made to the       
magistrates against the men who were    
turning the world upside down4  ,at     

first the very boys taunted the         
missionaries in the streets with the    
name of ,jesus ,christ4  ,then1 after   
,krishna and his family had broken      
caste1 they were seized by a mob and    
hurried before the ,danish magistrate1  
who at first refused to hand over a     
,christian girl to a heathen1 and gave  
her father a guard to prevent her from  
being murdered1 until the ,calcutta     
magistrate decided that she must join   
her husband but would be protected in   
the exercise of her new faith4  ,the    
commotion spread over the whole         
densely-peopled district4 ,but the      
people were not with the ,brahmans1 and 
the excitement sent many a sin-laden    
inquirer to ,serampore from a great     
distance4 ,the fire is now already      
kindled for which our ,redeemer         
expressed his strong desire1 wrote      
,carey to ,ryland in ,march #ahja4  ,a  
year later he used this language to his 
old friend ,morris at ,clipstone        
village3--,i think there is such a      

fermentation raised in ,bengal by the   
little leaven1 that there is a hope of  
the whole lump by degrees being         
leavened4 ,god is carrying on his work2 
and though it goes forward1 yet no one  
can say who is the instrument4          
,doubtless1 various means contribute    
towards it2 but of late the printing and
 dispersing of ,new ,testaments and     
small tracts seem to have the greatest  
effect4  ,in a spirit the opposite of   
,jonah's the whole brotherhood1 then    
consisting of the three1 of ,carey's son
 ,felix1 and of a new missionary1       
,chamberlain1 sent home this review of  
their position at the close of #ahjd3-- 
,we are still a happy1 healthful1 and   
highly favoured family4  ,but though we 
would feel incessant gratitude for these
 gourds1 yet we would not feel content  
unless ,nineveh be brought to           
repentance4  ,we did not come into this 
country to be placed in what are called 
easy circumstances respecting this      
world2 and we trust that nothing but the

 salvation of souls will satisfy us4    
,true1 before we set off1 we thought we 
could die content if we should be       
permitted to see the half of what we    
have already seen2 yet now we seem      
almost as far from the mark of our      
missionary high calling as ever4  ,if   
three millions of men were drowning1 he 
must be a monster who should be content 
with saving one individual only2 though 
for the deliverance of that one he would
 find cause for perpetual gratitude4    
,in #ahaj the parent mission at         
,serampore had so spread into numerous  
stations and districts that a new       
organisation became necessary4 ,there   
were #cjj converts1 of whom #aje had    
been added in that year4 ,did you expect
 to see this eighteen years ago8 wrote  
,marshman to the ,society4 ,but what may
 we not expect if ,god continues to     
bless us in years to come8  ,marshman   
forgot how ,carey had1 in #agib1 told   
them on the inspired evangelical        
prophet's authority to expect great     

things from ,god4 ,henceforth the one   
mission became fivefold for a time4     
,,chapter ,,vii  ,,calcutta ,,and ,,the 
,,mission ,,centres ,,from ,,delhi ,,to 
,,amboyna  #ahjb-ahag  ,the ,east ,india
 ,company an unwilling partner of       
,carey--,calcutta opened to the ,mission
 by his appointment as ,government      
teacher of ,bengali--,meeting of #ahjb  
grows into the ,lall ,bazaar            
mission--,christ-like work among the    
poor1 the sick1 the prisoners1 the      
soldiers and sailors and the            
natives--,krishna ,pal first native     
missionary in ,calcutta--,organisation  
of subordinate stations--,carey's       
,united ,missions in ,india--,the       
missionary staff thirty strong--,the    
native missionaries--,the ,bengali      
church self-propagating--,carey the     
pioneer of other                        
missionaries--,benares--,burma and      
,indo-,china--,felix                    
,carey--,instructions to                
missionaries--,the missionary shrivelled

 into an ambassador--,adoniram and ,ann 
,judson--,jabez ,carey--,mission to     
,amboyna--,remarkable letter from ,carey
 to his third son4  ,the short-sighted  
regulation of the ,east ,india ,company1
 which dreamed that it could keep       
,christianity out of ,bengal by shutting
 up the missionaries within the little  
territory of ,danish ,serampore1 could  
not be enforced with the same ease as   
the order of a jailer4 ,under ,danish   
passports1 and often without them1      
missionary tours were made over ,central
 ,bengal1 aided by its network of       
rivers4 ,every printed ,bengali leaf of 
,scripture or pure literature was a     
missionary4  ,every new convert1 even   
the women1 became an apostle to their   
people1 and such could not be stopped4  
,gradually1 as not only the innocency   
but the positive political usefulness of
 the missionaries' character and work   
came to be recognised by the local      
authorities1 they were let alone for a  
time4  ,and soon1 by the same historic  

irony which has marked so many of the   
greatest reforms--,he that sitteth in   
the heavens shall laugh--the ,government
 of ,india became1 though unwittingly1  
more of a missionary agency than the    
,baptist ,society itself4  ,the only    
teacher of ,bengal who could be found   
for ,lord ,wellesley's new ,college of  
,fort ,william was ,william ,carey4     
,the appointment1 made and accepted     
without the slightest prejudice to his  
aggressive spiritual designs and work1  
at once opened ,calcutta itself for the 
first time to the ,english proselytising
 of natives1 and supplied ,carey with   
the only means yet lacking for the      
translation of the ,scriptures into all 
the languages of the farther ,east4 ,in 
spite of its own selfish fears the      
,company became a principal partner in  
the ,christianisation of ,india and     
,china4  ,from the middle of the year   
#ahja and for the next thirty years     
,carey spent as much of his time in the 
metropolis as in ,serampore4  ,he was   

generally rowed down the eighteen miles 
of the winding river to ,calcutta at    
sunset on ,monday evening and returned  
on ,friday night every week1 working    
always by the way4  ,at first he        
personally influenced the ,bengali      
traders and youths who knew ,english1   
and he read with many such the ,english 
,bible4  ,his chaplain friends1 ,brown  
and ,buchanan1 with the catholicity born
 of their presbyterian and evangelical  
training1 shared his sympathy with the  
hundreds of poor mixed ,christians for  
whom ,st4 ,john's and even the ,mission 
,church made no provision1 and          
encouraged him to care for them4  ,in   
#ahjb he began a weekly meeting for     
prayer and conversation in the house of 
,mr4 ,rolt1 and another for a more      
ignorant class in the house of a        
,portuguese ,christian4  ,by #ahjc he   
was able to write to ,fuller3 ,we have  
opened a place of worship in ,calcutta1 
where we have preaching twice on ,lord's
 day in ,english1 on ,wednesday evening 

in ,bengali1 and on ,thursday evening in
 ,english4  ,he took all the work during
 the week and the ,sunday service in    
rotation with his brethren4 ,the first  
church was the hall of a well-known     
undertaker1 approached through lines of 
coffins and the trappings of woe4  ,in  
time most of the evangelical ,christians
 in the city promised to relieve the    
missionaries of the expense if they     
would build an unsectarian chapel more  
worthy of the object4  ,this was done in
 ,lall ,bazaar1 a little withdrawn from 
that thoroughfare to this day of the    
poor and abandoned ,christians1 of the  
sailors and soldiers on leave1 of the   
liquor-shops and the stews4 ,there1 as  
in ,serampore1 at a time when the noble 
hospitals of ,calcutta were not1 and the
 children of only the services were     
cared for1 ,brother ,carey gave them    
medicine for their bodies and the best  
medicine for their poor souls1 as a     
contemporary widow describes it4 ,the   
site alone cost so much--a thousand     

pounds--that only a mat chapel could be 
built4  ,marshman raised another #aajj  
in ten days1 and after delays caused by 
the police ,government sanctioned the   
building which ,carey opened on ,sunday1
 #ast ,january #ahji4  ,but he and his  
colleagues not episcopally ordained were
 forbidden to preach to ,british        
soldiers and to the ,armenians and      
,portuguese4 ,carey's ,baptist ,chapel  
is now its name4  ,here was for nearly a
 whole generation a sublime             
spectacle--the ,northamptonshire        
shoemaker training the governing class  
of ,india in ,sanskrit1 ,bengali1 and   
,marathi all day1 and translating the   
,ramayana and the ,veda1 and then1 when 
the sun went down1 returning to the     
society of the maimed1 the halt1 and the
 blind1 and many with the leprosy1 to   
preach in several tongues the glad      
tidings of the ,kingdom to the heathen  
of ,england as well as of ,india1 and   
all with a loving tenderness and patient
 humility learned in the childlike      

school of ,him who said1 ,wist ye not   
that ,i must be about my ,father's      
business8  ,street preaching was added  
to the apostolic agencies1 and for this 
prudence dictated recourse to the       
,asiatic and ,eurasian converts4  ,we   
find the missionaries writing to the    
,society at the beginning of #ahjg1     
after the mutiny at ,vellore1 occasioned
 as certainly by the hatlike turban then
 ordered1 as the mutiny of ,bengal half 
a century after was by the greased      
cartridges3--  ,we now return to        
,calcutta2 not1 however1 without a sigh4
  ,how can we avoid sighing when we     
think of the number of perishing souls  
which this city contains1 and recollect 
the multitudes who used of late to hang 
upon our lips2 standing in the          
thick-wedged crowd for hours together1  
in the heat of a ,bengal summer1        
listening to the word of life6  ,we feel
 thankful1 however1 that nothing has    
been found against us1 except in the    
matters of our ,god4 ,conscious of the  

most cordial attachment to the ,british 
,government1 and of the liveliest       
interest in its welfare1 we might well  
endure reproach were it cast upon us2   
but the tongue of calumny itself has not
 to our knowledge been suffered to bring
 the slightest accusation against us4   
,we still worship at ,calcutta in a     
private house1 and our congregation     
rather increases4  ,we are going on with
 the chapel4 ,a family of ,armenians    
also1 who found it pleasant to attend   
divine worship in the ,bengali language1
 have erected a small place on their    
premises for the sake of the natives4   
,krishna ,pal became the first native   
missionary to ,calcutta1 where he in    
#ahaj had preached at fourteen different
 places every week1 and visited         
forty-one families1 to evangelise the   
servants of the richer and bring in the 
members of the poorer4  ,sebuk ,ram was 
added to the staff4  ,carey himself thus
 sums up the labours of the year #ahaa1 
when he was still the only pastor of the

 ,christian poor1 and the only resident 
missionary to half a million of         
natives3--  ,calcutta is three miles    
long and one broad1 very populous2 the  
environs are crowded with people settled
 in large villages1 resembling 7for     
population1 not elegance7 the environs  
of ,birmingham4  ,the first is about a  
mile south of the city2 at nearly the   
same distance are the public jail and   
the general hospital4 ,brother ,gordon1 
one of our deacons1 being the jailer we 
preach there in ,english every ,lord's  
day4 ,we did preach in the ,fort2 but of
 late a military order has stopped us4  
,krishna and ,sebuk ,ram1 however1      
preach once or twice a week in the ,fort
 notwithstanding2 also at the jail2 in  
the house of correction2 at the village 
of ,alipore1 south of the jail2 at a    
large factory north of the city1 where  
several hundreds are employed2 and at   
ten or twelve houses in different parts 
of the city itself4  ,in several        
instances ,roman ,catholics1 having     

heard the word1 have invited them to    
their houses1 and having collected their
 neighbours1 the one or the other have  
received the word with gladness4  ,the  
number of inquirers constantly coming   
forward1 awakened by the instrumentality
 of these brethren1 fills me with joy4  
,i do not know that ,i am of much use   
myself1 but ,i see a work which fills my
 soul with thankfulness4  ,not having   
time to visit the people1 ,i appropriate
 every ,thursday evening to receiving   
the visits of inquirers4  ,seldom fewer 
than twenty come2 and the simple        
confessions of their sinful state1 the  
unvarnished declaration of their former 
ignorance1 the expressions of trust in  
,christ and gratitude to him1 with the  
accounts of their spiritual conflicts   
often attended with tears which almost  
choke their utterance1 presents a scene 
of which you can scarcely entertain an  
adequate idea4  ,at the same time1      
meetings for prayer and mutual          
edification are held every night in the 

week2 and some nights1 for convenience1 
at several places at the same time3 so  
that the sacred leaven spreads its      
influence through the mass4  ,on his    
voyage to ,india ,carey had deliberately
 contemplated the time when the ,society
 he had founded would influence not only
 ,asia1 but ,africa1 and he would supply
 the peoples of ,asia with the          
,scriptures in their own tongues4  ,the 
time had come by #ahjd for organising   
the onward movement1 and he thus        
describes it to ,ryland3--  #adth       
,december #ahjc4--;,another plan has    
lately occupied our attention4 ,it      
appears that our business is to provide 
materials for spreading the ,gospel1 and
 to apply those materials4              
,translations1 pamphlets1 etc41 are the 
materials4  ,to apply them we have      
thought of setting up a number of       
subordinate stations1 in each of which a
 brother shall be fixed4  ,it will be   
necessary and useful to carry on some   
worldly business4  ,let him be furnished

 from us with a sum of money to begin   
and purchase cloth or whatever other    
article the part produces in greatest   
perfection3 the whole to belong to the  
mission1 and no part even to be private 
trade or private property4  ,the gains  
may probably support the station4       
,every brother in such a station to have
 one or two native brethren with him1   
and to do all he can to preach1 and     
spread ,bibles1 pamphlets1 etc41 and to 
set up and encourage schools where the  
reading of the ,scriptures shall be     
introduced4  ,at least four brethren    
shall always reside at ,serampore1 which
 must be like the heart while the other 
stations are the members4  ,each one    
must constantly send a monthly account  
of both spirituals and temporals to     
,serampore1 and the brethren at         
,serampore 7who must have a power of    
control over the stations7 must send a  
monthly account likewise to each        
station1 with advice1 etc41 as shall be 
necessary4  ,a plan of this sort appears

 to be more formidable than it is in    
reality4  ,to find proper persons will  
be the greatest difficulty2 but as it   
will prevent much of that abrasion which
 may arise from a great number of       
persons living in one house1 so it will 
give several brethren an opportunity of 
being useful1 whose temper may not be   
formed to live in a common family1 and  
at the same time connect them as much to
 the body as if they all lived together4
  ,we have judged that about #bjjj      
rupees will do to begin at each place1  
and it is probable that ,god will enable
 us to find money 7especially if        
assisted in the translations and        
printing by our brethren in ,england7 as
 fast as you will be able to find men4  
,this plan may be extended through a    
circular surface of a thousand miles'   
radius1 and a constant communication    
kept up between the whole1 and in some  
particular cases it may extend ever     
farther4  ,we are also to hope that ,god
 may raise up some missionaries in this 

country who may be more fitted for the  
work than any from ,england can be4  ,at
 present we have not concluded on       
anything1 but when ,brother ,ward comes 
down we hope to do so1 and ,i think one 
station may be fixed on immediately     
which ,brother ,chamberlain may occupy4 
,a late favourable providence will1 ,i  
hope1 enable us to begin1 viz41 the     
,college have subscribed for #ajj copies
 of my ,sanskrit ,grammar1 which will be
 #fdjj rupees or #hjj pounds sterling4  
,the motion was very generously made by 
,h4 ,colebrooke1 ,esq41 who is engaged  
in a similar work1 and seconded by      
,messrs4 ,brown and ,buchanan2 indeed it
 met with no opposition4  ,it will      
scarcely be printed off under twelve    
months more1 but it is probable that the
 greatest part of the money will be     
advanced4  ,the ,maratha war and the    
subjugation of the country of ,cuttak to
 the ,english may be esteemed a         
favourable event for the spreading of   
the ,gospel1 and will certainly         

contribute much to the comfort of the   
inhabitants4  ,two years later he thus  
anticipates the consent of the local    
,government1 in spite of the ,company's 
determined hostility in ,england1 but   
the ,vellore mutiny panic led to further
 delay3--  #beth ,december #ahje4--;,it 
has long been a favourite object with me
 to fix ,european brethren in different 
parts of the country at about two       
hundred miles apart1 so that each shall 
be able to visit a circle of a hundred  
miles' radius1 and within each of the   
circuits to place native brethren at    
proper distances1 who will1 till they   
are more established1 be under the      
superintendence of the ,european        
brethren situated in the centre4  ,our  
brethren concur with me in this plan4   
,in consequence of this1 ,i thought it  
would be desirable to have leave of     
,government for them to settle1 and     
preach1 without control1 in any part of 
the country4  ,the ,government look on  
us with a favourable eye2 and owing to  

,sir ,g4 ,barlow1 the                   
,governor-,general1 being up the        
country1 ,mr4 ,udny is ,vice-,president 
and ,deputy-,governor4  ,i therefore    
went one morning1 took a breakfast with 
him1 and told him what we were doing and
 what we wished to do4 ,he1 in a very   
friendly manner1 desired me to state to 
him in a private letter all that we     
wished1 and offered to communicate      
privately with ,sir ,g4 ,barlow upon the
 subject1 and inform me of the result4  
,i called on him again last week1 when  
he informed me that he had written upon 
the subject and was promised a speedy   
reply4 ,god grant that it may be        
favourable4  ,i know that ,government   
will allow it if their powers are large 
enough4  ,not till #ahaj could ,carey   
report that permission was obtained of  
,government for the forming of a new    
station at ,agra1 a large city in upper 
,hindostan1 not far from ,delhi and the 
country of the ,sikhs1 to which         
,chamberlain and an assistant were sent4

  ,from that year the ,bengal became    
only the first of ,the ,united ,missions
 in ,india4 ,these were five in number1 
each under its own separate brotherhood1
 on the same principles of self-denial  
as the original1 each a ,lindisfarne    
sprung from the parent ,iona4 ,these    
five were the ,bengal1 the ,burman1 the 
,orissa1 the ,bhootan1 and the          
,hindostan ,missions4 ,the ,bengal      
mission was fourfold--,serampore and    
,calcutta reckoned as one station2 the  
old ,dinapoor and ,sadamahal which had  
taken the place of ,mudnabati2          
,goamalty1 near ,malda2 ,cutwa1 an old  
town on the upper waters of the ,hoogli2
 ,jessor1 the agricultural capital of   
its lower delta2 and afterwards         
,monghyr1 ,berhampore1 ,moorshedabad1   
,dacca1 ,chittagong1 and ,assam4  ,the  
,bhootan missionaries were plundered and
 driven out4  ,the ,hindostan mission   
soon included ,gaya1 ,patna1 ,deegah1   
,ghazeepore1 ,benares1 ,allahabad1      
,cawnpore1 ,ajmer1 and ,delhi itself4   

,from ,nagpoor1 in the very centre of   
,india1 and ,surat to the north of      
,bombay1 ,carey sought to bring         
,marathas and ,goojaratees under the    
yoke of ,christ4 ,china1 where the ,east
 ,india ,company was still master1 was  
cared for by the press1 as we shall see4
  ,not content with the continent of    
,asia1 ,carey's mission1 at once forced 
by the intolerance which refused to     
allow new missionaries to land in ,india
 proper1 and led by the invitations of  
,sir ,stamford ,raffles1 extended to    
,java and ,amboyna1 ,penang1 ,ceylon1   
and even ,mauritius4  ,the elaborate    
review of their position1 signed by the 
three faithful men of ,serampore1 at the
 close of #ahag1 amazes the reader at   
once by the magnitude and variety of the
 operations1 the childlike modesty of   
the record1 and the heroism of the toil 
which supplied the means4  ,at the time 
of the organisation into the ,five      
,united ,missions the staff of workers  
had grown to be thirty strong4  ,from   

,england there were nine                
surviving3--,carey1 ,marshman1 ,ward1   
,chamberlain1 ,mardon1 ,moore1 ,chater1 
,rowe1 and ,robinson4  ,raised up in    
,india itself there were seven--the two 
sons of ,carey1 ,felix and ,william2    
,fernandez1 his first convert at        
,dinapoor2 ,peacock and ,cornish1 and   
two ,armenians1 ,aratoon and ,peters2   
two were on probation for the ministry1 
,leonard and ,forder4  ,besides seven   
,hindoo evangelists also on probation1  
there were five survivors of the band of
 converts called from time to time to   
the ministry--,krishna ,pal1 the first1 
who is entered on the list as the       
beloved2 ,krishna ,dass1 ,ram ,mohun1   
,seeta ,ram1 and ,seeta ,dass4 ,carey's 
third son ,jabez was soon to become the 
most advanced of the three brothers away
 in far ,amboyna4  ,his father had long 
prayed1 and besought others to pray1    
that he too might be a missionary4  ,for
 the last fifteen years of his life     
,jabez was his closest and most valued  

correspondent4  ,but only less dear than
 his own sons to the heart of the       
father1 already in #ahag described in an
 official letter as our aged brother    
,carey1 were the native missionaries and
 pastors1 his sons in the faith4  ,he   
sent forth the educated ,petumber       
,singh1 first in ,november #ahjb1 to his
 countrymen at ,sooksagar1 and gave him 
a suitable and solemn charge3 the       
opportunity was very pleasant4  ,in ,may
 #ahjc ,krishna ,pal was similarly set  
apart4  ,at the same time the young     
,brahman1 ,krishna ,prosad1 delivered   
his first sermon in ,bengali1 much to   
the satisfaction of our brethren4  ,six 
months after1 ,ward reports of him in   
,dinapoor3--,the eyes of the people were
 fixed listening to ,prosad2 he is      
becoming eloquent4  ,in #ahjd their     
successful probation resulted in their  
formal ordination by prayer and the     
laying on of the hands of the brethren1 
when ,carey addressed them from the     
divine words1 ,as my ,father hath sent  

me so send ,i you1 and all commemorated 
the ,lord's death till ,he come4        
,krishna ,dass was imprisoned unjustly1 
for a debt which he had paid1 but he did
 not cease to declare to the native men 
in power that he was a ,christian1 when 
they gnashed upon him with their teeth4 
,he preached almost all night to the    
prisoners1 who heard the word with      
eagerness4  ,two years after he was     
ordained1 ,carey charged him as ,paul   
had written to ,timothy1 in the sight of
 ,god and of ,christ ,jesus1 who shall  
judge the quick and the dead1 to be     
instant in season and out of season1 to 
reprove1 rebuke1 exhort with all        
long-suffering and teaching4  ,ram      
,mohun was a ,brahman1 the fruit of old 
,petumber's ministry1 and had his       
ability as a student and preacher of the
 ,scriptures consecrated to ,christ on  
the death of ,krishna ,prosad1 while the
 missionaries thus saw again answered   
the invocation they had sung1 in rude   
strains1 in the ship which brought them 

to ,india3--    ,bid ,brahmans preach   
the heavenly word     ,beneath the      
banian's shade2   ,oh let the ,hindoo   
feel its power     ,and grace his soul  
pervade4  ,so early as #ahjf the        
missionaries thus acknowledged the value
 of the work of their native brethren1  
and made of all the native converts a   
,missionary ,church4  ,in the delay and 
even failure to do this of their        
successors of all ,churches we see the  
one radical point in which the ,church  
in ,india has as yet come short of its  
duty and its privilege3--  ,we have     
availed ourselves of the help of native 
brethren ever since we had one who dared
 to speak in the name of ,christ1 and   
their exertions have chiefly been the   
immediate means by which our church has 
been increased4  ,but we have lately    
been revolving a plan for rendering     
their labours more extensively useful2  
namely1 that of sending them out1 two   
and two1 without any ,european brother4 
,it appeared also a most desirable      

object to interest in this work1 as much
 as possible1 the whole of the native   
church among us3 indeed1 we have had    
much in them of this nature to commend4 
,in order1 then1 more effectually to    
answer this purpose1 we called an       
extraordinary meeting of all the        
brethren on ,friday evening1 ,aug4 #h1  
#ahjf1 and laid before them the         
following ideas3--  #a4 ,that the       
intention of the ,saviour1 in calling   
them out of darkness into marvellous    
light1 was that they should labour to   
the uttermost in advancing his cause    
among their countrymen4  #b4 ,that it   
was therefore their indispensable duty1 
both collectively and individually1 to  
strive by every means to bring their    
countrymen to the knowledge of the      
,saviour2 that if we1 who were          
strangers1 thought it our duty to come  
from a country so distant1 for this     
purpose1 much more was it incumbent on  
them to labour for the same end4  ,this 
was therefore the grand business of our 

lives4  #c4 ,that if a brother in       
discharge of this duty went out forty or
 fifty miles1 he could not labour for   
his family2 it therefore became the     
church to support such1 seeing they were
 hindered from supporting themselves1 by
 giving themselves wholly to that work  
in which it was equally the duty of all 
to take a share4  #d4 ,we therefore     
proposed to unite the support of        
itinerant brethren with the care of the 
poor1 and to throw them both upon the   
church fund1 as being both1 at least in 
a heathen land1 equally the duty of a   
church4  ,every one of these ideas our  
native brethren entered into with the   
greatest readiness and the most cordial 
approbation4  ,carey's scheme so early  
as #ahaj included not only the capital  
of the ,great ,mogul1 ,surat far to the 
west1 and ,maratha ,nagpoor to the      
south1 but ,lahore1 where ,ranjeet      
,singh had consolidated the ,sikh power1
 ,kashmeer1 and even ,afghanistan to    
which he had sent the ,pushtoo ,bible4  

,to set ,chamberlain free for this      
enterprise he sent his second son       
,william to relieve him as missionary in
 charge of ,cutwa4 ,this would secure   
the gradual perfection of the version of
 the ,scriptures in the ,sikh language1 
would introduce the ,gospel among the   
people1 and would open a way for        
introducing it into ,kashmeer1 and      
eventually to the ,afghans under whose  
dominion ,kashmeer at present is4       
,carey and his two colleagues took      
possession for ,christ of the principal 
centres of ,hindoo and ,mohammedan      
influence in ,india only because they   
were unoccupied1 and provided           
translations of the ,bible into the     
principal tongues1 avowedly as a        
preparation for other missionary        
agencies4  ,all over ,india and the far 
,east he thus pioneered the way of the  
,lord1 as he had written to ,ryland when
 first he settled in ,serampore3--,it is
 very probable we may be only as        
pioneers to prepare the way for most    

successful missionaries1 who perhaps may
 not be at liberty to attend to those   
preparatory labours in which we have    
been occupied--the translation and      
printing of the ,scriptures1 etc4  ,his 
heart was enlarged like his ,master's on
 earth1 and hence his humbleness of     
mind4 ,when the ,church ,missionary     
,society1 for instance1 occupied ,agra  
as their first station in ,india1 he    
sent the ,baptist missionary thence to  
,allahabad4  ,to ,benares ,brother      
,william ,smith1 called in ,orissa under
 ,brother ,john ,peters1 the ,armenian1 
was sent owing to his acquaintance with 
the ,hindi language2 he was the means of
 bringing to the door of the ,kingdom   
that rich ,brahman ,raja ,jay ,narain   
,ghosal1 whom he encouraged to found in 
#ahag the ,church ,mission ,college     
there which bears the name of this      
almost ,christian ,hindoo1 who was      
exceedingly desirous of diffusing light 
among his own countrymen4  ,the most    
striking illustrations of this form of  

,carey's self-sacrifice are1 however1 to
 be found outside of ,india as it then  
was1 in the career of his other two sons
 in ,burma and the ,spice ,islands4     
,the ,east ,india ,company's panic on   
the ,vellore mutiny led ,carey to plan a
 mission to ,burma1 just as he had been 
guided to settle in ,danish ,serampore  
ten years before4  ,the ,government of  
,india had doubled his salary as        
,bengali1 ,marathi1 and ,sanskrit       
,professor1 and thus had unconsciously  
supplied the means4  ,since #agie the   
port of ,rangoon had been opened to the 
,british1 although ,colonel ,symes had  
been insulted eight years after1 during 
his second embassy to ,ava4 ,rangoon1   
wrote the accurate ,carey to ,fuller in 
,november #ahjf1 is about ten days' sail
 from ,calcutta4 ,the ,burman empire is 
about eight hundred miles long1 lying   
contiguous to ,bengal on the east2 but  
is inaccessible by land1 on account of  
the mountains covered with thick forests
 which run between the two countries4   

,the east side of this empire borders   
upon ,china1 ,cochin ,china1 and        
,tongking1 and may afford us the        
opportunity ultimately of introducing   
the ,gospel into those countries4  ,they
 are quite within our reach1 and the    
,bible in ,chinese will be understood by
 them equally as well as by the ,chinese
 themselves4  ,about twenty chapters of 
,matthew are translated into that       
language1 and three of our family have  
made considerable progress in it4  ,this
 was the beginning of ,reformed missions
 to ,eastern ,asia4 ,a year was to pass 
before ,dr4 ,robert ,morrison landed at 
,macao4  ,from those politically        
aggressive and therefore opposed ,jesuit
 missions1 which alone had worked in    
,anam up to this time1 a persecuted     
bishop was about to find an asylum at   
,serampore1 and to use its press and its
 purse for the publication of his       
,dictionarium ,anamitico-,latinum4 ,the 
,french have long sought to seize an    
empire there4  ,that1 at its best1 must 

prove far inferior to the marvellous    
province and ,christian ,church of      
,burma1 of which ,carey laid the        
foundation4 ,judson1 and the ,governors 
,durand1 ,phayre1 ,aitchison1 and       
,bernard1 ,henry ,lawrence's nephew1    
built well upon it4  ,on #bdth ,january 
#ahjg ,mardon and ,chater went forth1   
after ,carey had charged them from the  
words1 ,and thence sailed to ,antioch   
from whence they had been recommended to
 the grace of ,god1 which they          
fulfilled4 ,carey's eldest son ,felix   
soon took the place of ,mardon4 ,the    
instructions1 which bear the impress of 
the sacred scholar's pen1 form a model  
still for all missionaries4  ,these two 
extracts give counsels never more needed
 than now3--  #d4 ,with respect to the  
,burman language1 let this occupy your  
most precious time and your most anxious
 solicitude4  ,do not be content with   
acquiring this language superficially1  
but make it your own1 root and branch4  
,to become fluent in it1 you must       

attentivly listen1 with prying          
curiosity1 into the forms of speech1 the
 construction and accent of the natives4
  ,here all the imitative powers are    
wanted2 yet these powers and this       
attention1 without continued effort to  
use all you acquire1 and as fast as you 
acquire it1 will be comparatively of    
little use4  #e4 ,as soon as you shall  
feel your ground well in this language  
you may compose a grammar1 and also send
 us some ,scripture tract1 for printing2
 small and plain2 simple ,christian     
instruction1 and ,gospel invitation1    
without any thing that can irritate the 
most superstitious mind4  #f4 ,we would 
recommend you to begin the translation  
of the ,gospel of ,mark as soon as      
possible1 as one of the best and most   
certain ways of acquiring the language4 
,this translation will of course be     
revised again and again4  ,in these     
revisions you will be very careful      
respecting the idiom and construction1  
that they be really ,burman1 and not    

,english4  ,let your instructor be well 
acquainted with the language1 and try   
every word of importance1 in every way  
you can1 before it be admitted444  ,in  
prosecuting this work1 there are two    
things to which especially we would call
 your very close attention1 viz4 the    
strictest and most rigid economy1 and   
the cultivation of brotherly love4      
,remember1 that the money which you will
 expend is neither ours nor yours1 for  
it has been consecrated to ,god2 and    
every unnecessary expenditure will be   
robbing ,god1 and appropriating to      
unnecessary secular uses what is sacred1
 and consecrated to ,christ and his     
cause4 ,in building1 especially1        
remember that you are poor men1 and have
 chosen a life of poverty and           
self-denial1 with ,christ and his       
missionary servants4  ,if another person
 is profuse in expenditure1 the         
consequence is small1 because his       
property would perhaps fall into hands  
where it might be devoted to the        

purposes of iniquity2 but missionary    
funds are in their very circumstances   
the most sacred and important of any    
thing of this nature on earth4  ,we say 
not this1 ,brethren1 because we suspect 
you1 or any of our partners in labour2  
but we perceive that when you have done 
all1 the ,rangoon mission will lie heavy
 upon the ,missionary ,funds1 and the   
field of exertion is very wide4  ,felix 
,carey was a medical missionary of great
 skill1 a printer of the ,oriental      
languages trained by ,ward1 and a       
scholar1 especially in ,sanskrit and    
,pali1 ,bengali and ,burman1 not        
unworthy of his father4 ,he early       
commended himself to the goodwill of the
 ,rangoon ,viceroy1 and was of great use
 to ,captain ,canning in the successful 
mission from the ,governor-,general in  
#ahji4  ,at his intercession the        
,viceroy gave him the life of a         
malefactor who had hung for six hours on
 the cross4 ,reporting the incident to  
,ryland1 ,dr4 ,carey wrote that         

crucifixion is not performed on separate
 crosses1 elevated to a considerable    
height1 after the manner of the ,romans2
 but several posts are erected which are
 connected by a cross piece near the    
top1 to which the hands are nailed1 and 
by another near the bottom1 to which the
 feet are nailed in a horizontal        
direction4  ,he prepared a folio        
dictionary of ,burmese and ,pali1       
translated several of the ,buddhist     
,sootras into ,english1 and several     
books of ,holy ,scripture into the      
vernacular4  ,his medical and linguistic
 skill so commended him to the king that
 he was loaded with honours and sent as 
,burmese ambassador to the              
,governor-,general in #ahad1 when he    
withdrew from the ,christian mission4   
,on his way back up the ,irawadi he     
alone was saved from the wreck of his   
boat1 in which his second wife and      
children and the ,,ms4 of his dictionary
 went down4  ,of this his eldest son1   
who procured ,his ,majesty's sanction   

for printing the ,scriptures in the     
,burman and adjacent languages1 which   
step he highly approved1 and at the same
 time the orders of my rank1 which      
consist of a red umbrella with an ivory 
top1 gold betel box1 gold lefeek cup1   
and a sword of state1 the father wrote  
lamenting to ,ryland3--,felix is        
shrivelled from a missionary into an    
ambassador4 ,to his third son the       
sorrowing father said3--,the honours he 
has received from the ,burmese          
,government have not been beneficial to 
his soul4 ,felix is certainly not so    
much esteemed since his visit as he was 
before it4  ,it is a very distressing   
thing to be forced to apologise for     
those you love4  ,mr4 ,chater had       
removed to ,ceylon to begin a mission in
 ,colombo4  ,in ,july #ahac1 when ,felix
 ,carey was in ,ava1 two young          
,americans1 ,adoniram ,judson and his   
wife ,ann1 tempest-tossed and fleeing   
before the persecution of the ,east     
,india ,company1 found shelter in the   

,mission ,house at ,rangoon4  ,judson   
was one of a band of divinity students  
of the ,congregational ,church of ,new  
,england1 whose zeal had almost         
compelled the institution of the        
,american ,board of ,foreign ,missions4 
,he1 his wife1 and colleague ,rice had  
become ,baptists by conviction on their 
way to ,serampore1 to the brotherhood of
 which they had been commended4 ,carey  
and his colleagues made it a point to   
guard against obtruding on missionary   
brethren of different sentiments any    
conversation relative to baptism2 but   
,judson himself sent a note to ,carey   
requesting baptism by immersion4  ,the  
result was the foundation at ,boston of 
the ,american ,baptist ,missionary      
,society1 which was to win such triumphs
 in ,burma and among the ,karens4  ,for 
a time1 however1 ,judson was a          
missionary from ,serampore1 and         
supported by the brotherhood4  ,as such 
he wrote thus3--  ,,rangoon1 ,sept4 #a1 
#ahad4--;,brother ,ward wishes to have  

an idea of the probable expense of each 
station2 on which ,i take occasion to   
say that it would be more gratifying to 
me1 as presenting a less temptation1 and
 as less dangerous to my habits of      
economy and my spiritual welfare1 to    
have a limited monthly allowance4  ,i   
fear that1 if ,i am allowed as much as  
,i want1 my wants will enlarge with     
their gratification1 and finally embrace
 many things1 which at first ,i should  
have thought incompatible with          
economical management1 as well as with  
that character among the heathen which  
it becomes the professed followers of   
,him who for our sakes became poor1 even
 to sustain4  ,it is better for a       
missionary1 especially a young man1 to  
have rather too little than rather too  
much4 ,your case1 on coming out from    
,england1 was quite different from mine4
 ,you had all that there was1 and were  
obliged to make the most of it4  ,if    
these things meet the ideas of the      
brethren1 ,i will be obliged to them to 

say1 what sum1 in ,sicca ,rupees1       
payable in ,bengal1 they think          
sufficient for a small family in        
,rangoon--sufficient to meet all common 
expenses1 and indeed all that will be   
incurred at present1 except that of     
passages by sea4  ,you have all the     
accounts before you1 especially of      
things purchased in ,bengal1 which ,i   
have not2 and from having seen the      
mission pass through various changes1   
will be more competent to make an       
estimate of expense than ,i am4 ,and    
while you are making this estimate for  
one family1 say also what will be       
sufficient for two small families1 so   
that if ,brother ,rice1 or any other    
should soon join me1 it may not be      
necessary to bring the subject again    
under consideration4 ,this sum ,i will  
receive under the same regulations as   
other stations are subject to1 and which
 ,i heartily approve4  ,and if1 on      
experiment1 it be found much too large1 
,i shall be as glad to diminish it1 as  

to have you increase it1 if it be found 
much too small4  ,sept4 #g4--,since     
writing the above1 we have received the 
distressing intelligence1 that a few    
days after ,mr4 ,carey left us1 and soon
 after he had reached the brig 7which   
had previously gone into the great      
river7 on the #cast of ,august1 about   
noon1 she was overtaken by a squall of  
wind1 upset1 and instantly sunk4  ,those
 who could swim1 escaped with their     
lives merely1 and those who could not1  
perished4 ,among the saved1 were ,mr4   
,carey and most of the ,bengalees4      
,mrs4 ,carey1 the two children1 her     
women and girls1 and several men--in    
all1 ten persons1 perished4  ,every     
article of property had been transferred
 from the boats to the vessel1 and she  
had just left the place1 where she had  
been long waiting the arrival of ,mr4   
,carey1 and had been under sail about   
three hours4  ,several boats were not   
far distant2 the gold-boat was within   
sight1 but so instantaneous was the     

disaster1 that not a single thing was   
saved4  ,some attempts were made by the 
lascars to save ,mrs4 ,carey and        
,william1 but they were unsuccessful4   
,mr4 ,carey staid on the shore through  
the following night2 a neighbouring     
governor sent him clothes and money2 and
 the next morning he took the gold-boat1
 and proceeded up the river4  ,a large  
boat1 on which were several servants1   
men and women1 beside those that were in
 the vessel1 followed the gold-boat4    
,the jolly boat has returned here1      
bringing the surviving lascars4  ,the   
dreadful situation to which our poor    
brother was thus reduced in a moment1   
from the height of prosperity1 fills our
 minds continually with the greatest    
distress4  ,we are utterly unable to    
afford him the least relief1 and can    
only pray that this awful dispensation  
may prove a paternal chastisement from  
his ,heavenly ,father1 and be sanctified
 to his soul4  ,while ,judson wrote to  
,serampore1 which he once again visited1

 leaving the dust of a child in the     
mission burial-ground1 ,i am glad to    
hear you say that you will not abandon  
this mission1 ,carey pressed on to the  
regions beyond4  ,judson lived till     
#ahej to found a church and to prepare a
 ,burmese dictionary1 grammar1 and      
translation of the ,bible so perfect    
that revision has hardly been necessary 
up to the present day4 ,he and ,hough1 a
 printer who joined him1 formed         
themselves into a brotherhood on the    
same self-denying principles as that of 
,serampore1 whom they besought to send  
them frequent communications to counsel1
 strengthen1 and encourage them4 ,on    
#bhth ,september #ahad ,judson again    
wrote to ,carey from ,rangoon3--  ,,dear
 ,,brother ,,carey--,if copies of       
,colebrooke's ,sungskrita ,dictionary1  
and your ,sungskrita ,grammar are not   
too scarce1 ,i earnestly request a copy 
of each4  ,i find it will be absolutely 
necessary for me to pick up a little of 
the ,pali1 chiefly on account of many   

theological terms1 which have been      
incorporated from that language into the
 ,burman4  ,i have found a dictionary1  
which ,i suppose is the same as that    
which ,mr4 ,colebrooke translated1      
adapted to the ,burman system4  ,this ,i
 intend to read4  ,i want also ,leyden's
 ,vocabulary1 and a copy or two of your 
son's grammar1 when it is completed4  ,i
 gave your son on his going up to ,ava1 
my copy of ,campbell's ,gospels1        
together with several other books1 all  
of which are now lost4  ,the former ,i  
chiefly regret1 and know not whence ,i  
can procure another copy4  ,there is a  
vessel now lying here1 which is destined
 to take round an ,ambassador from this 
,government to ,bengal4  ,he expects to 
go in about a month1 as he told me4  ,he
 is now waiting for final instructions  
from ,ava4 ,if ,felix be really to be   
sent to ,bengal again1 ,i think it most 
probable that he will be ordered to     
accompany this ambassador4  ,mrs4 ,j4   
was on the point of taking passage with 

,captain ,hitchins1 to obtain some      
medical advice in ,bengal2 but she has  
been a little better for a few days1 and
 has given up the plan for the present4 
,this is a delightful climate4  ,we have
 now seen all the seasons1 and can      
therefore judge4  ,the hot weather in   
,march and ,april is the chief          
exception4  ,nature has done everything 
for this country2 and the ,government is
 very indulgent to all foreigners4      
,when we see how we are distinguished   
above all around1 even in point of      
worldly comforts1 we feel that we want  
gratitude4  ,o that we may be faithful  
in the improvement of every mercy1 and  
patient under every trial which ,god may
 have in store for us4  ,we know not how
 the ,gospel can ever be introduced     
here3 everything1 in this respect1      
appears as dark as midnight4  ,by #ahaf 
,judson had prepared the ,gospel of     
,matthew in ,burmese1 following up short
 tracts accommodated to the optics of a 
,burman4  ,carey's third son ,jabez was 

clerk to a ,calcutta attorney at the    
time1 in #ahab1 when ,dr4 ,ryland       
preached in the ,dutch ,church1 ,austin 
,friars1 the anniversary sermon on the  
occasion of the removal of the          
headquarters of the ,society to ,london4
  ,pausing in the midst of his          
discourse1 after a reference to ,carey1 
the preacher called on the vast         
congregation silently to pray for the   
conversion of ,jabez ,carey4  ,the      
answer came next year in a letter from  
his father3--,my son ,jabez1 who has    
been articled to an attorney1 and has   
the fairest prospects as to this world1 
is become decidedly religious1 and      
prefers the work of the ,lord to every  
other4  ,lord ,minto's expeditions of   
#ahaj and #ahaa had captured the islands
 swept by the ,french privateers from   
,madagascar to ,java1 and there was soon
 an end of the active hostility of the  
authorities to ,christianity4  ,sir     
,stamford ,raffles governed ,java in the
 spirit of a ,christian statesman4  ,the

 new ,governor-,general1 ,lord ,moira1  
afterwards ,marquis of ,hastings1 proved
 to be the most enlightened and powerful
 friend the mission had had4  ,in these 
circumstances1 after the charter of     
#ahac had removed the legislative excuse
 for intolerance1 ,dr4 ,carey was asked 
by the ,lieutenant-,governor to send    
missionaries and ,malay ,bibles to the  
fifty thousand natives of ,amboyna4     
,the ,governor-,general repeated the    
request officially4  ,jabez ,carey was  
baptised1 married1 and despatched at the
 cost of the state before he could be   
ordained4  ,amboyna1 it will be         
perceived1 was not in ,india1 but far   
enough away to give the still timid     
,company little apprehension as to the  
influence of the missionaries there4    
,the father's heart was very full when  
he sent forth the son3--  #bdth ,january
 #ahad4--,you are now engaging in a most
 important undertaking1 in which not    
only you will have our prayers for your 
success1 but those of all who love our  

,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and who know of   
your engagement4  ,i know that a few    
hints for your future conduct from a    
parent who loves you very tenderly will 
be acceptable1 and ,i shall therefore   
now give you them1 assured that they    
will not be given in vain4  #ast4 ,pay  
the utmost attention at all times to the
 state of your own mind both towards    
,god and man3 cultivate an intimate     
acquaintance with your own heart2 labour
 to obtain a deep sense of your         
depravity and to trust always in        
,christ2 be pure in heart1 and meditate 
much upon the pure and holy character of
 ,god2 live a life of prayer and        
devotedness to ,god2 cherish every      
amiable and right disposition towards   
men2 be mild1 gentle1 and unassuming1   
yet firm and manly4 ,as soon as you     
perceive anything wrong in your spirit  
or behaviour set about correcting it1   
and never suppose yourself so perfect as
 to need no correction4  #bnd4 ,you are 
now a married man1 be not satisfied with

 conducting yourself towards your wife  
with propriety1 but let love to her be  
the spring of your conduct towards her4 
,esteem her highly1 and so act that she 
may be induced thereby to esteem you    
highly4  ,the first impressions of love 
arising from form and beauty will soon  
wear off1 but the esteem arising from   
excellency of disposition and substance 
of character will endure and increase4  
,her honour is now yours1 and she cannot
 be insulted without your being         
degraded4  ,i hope as soon as you get on
 board1 and are settled in your cabin1  
you will begin and end each day by      
uniting together to pray and praise     
,god4 ,let religion always have a place 
in your house4  ,if the ,lord bless you 
with children1 bring them up in the fear
 of ,god1 and be always an example to   
others of the power of godliness4  ,this
 advice ,i give also to ,eliza1 and if  
it is followed you will be happy4  #crd4
 ,behave affably and genteelly to all1  
but not cringingly towards any4  ,feel  

that you are a man1 and always act with 
that dignified sincerity and truth which
 will command the esteem of all4 ,seek  
not the society of worldly men1 but when
 called to be with them act and converse
 with propriety and dignity4  ,to do    
this labour to gain a good acquaintance 
with history1 geography1 men1 and       
things4  ,a gentleman is the next best  
character after a ,christian1 and the   
latter includes the former4  ,money     
never makes a gentleman1 neither does a 
fine appearance1 but an enlarged        
understanding joined to engaging        
manners4  #dth4 ,on your arrival at     
,amboyna your first business must be to 
wait on ,mr4 ,martin4  ,you should first
 send a note to inform him of your      
arrival1 and to inquire when it will    
suit him to receive you4  ,ask his      
advice upon every occasion of           
importance1 and communicate freely to   
him all the steps you take4  #eth4 ,as  
soon as you are settled begin your work4
  ,get a ,malay who can speak a little  

,english1 and with him make a tour of   
the island1 and visit every school4     
,encourage all you see worthy of        
encouragement1 and correct with         
mildness1 yet with firmness4  ,keep a   
journal of the transactions of the      
schools1 and enter each one under a     
distinct head therein4  ,take account of
 the number of scholars1 the names of   
the schoolmasters1 compare their        
progress at stated periods1 and1 in     
short1 consider this as the work which  
the ,lord has given you to do4  #fth4   
,do not1 however1 consider yourself as a
 mere superintendent of schools2        
consider yourself as the spiritual      
instructor of the people1 and devote    
yourself to their good4  ,god has       
committed the spiritual interests of    
this island--#bj1jjj men or more--to    
you2 a vast charge1 but ,he can enable  
you to be faithful to it4  ,revise the  
catechism1 tracts1 and school-books used
 among them1 and labour to introduce    
among them sound doctrine and genuine   

piety4  ,pray with them as soon as you  
can1 and labour after a gift to preach  
to them4 ,i expect you will have much to
 do with them respecting baptism4 ,they 
all think infant sprinkling right1 and  
will apply to you to baptise their      
children2 you must say little till you  
know something of the language1 and then
 prove to them from ,scripture what is  
the right mode of baptism and who are   
the proper persons to be baptised4 ,form
 them into ,gospel churches when you    
meet with a few who truly fear ,god2 and
 as soon as you see any fit to preach to
 others1 call them to the ministry and  
settle them with the churches4  ,you    
must baptise and administer the ,lord's 
,supper according to your own discretion
 when there is a proper occasion for it4
  ,avoid indolence and love of ease1 and
 never attempt to act the part of the   
great and gay in this world4  #gth4     
,labour incessantly to become a perfect 
master of the ,malay language4  ,in     
order to this1 associate with the       

natives1 walk out with them1 ask the    
name of everything you see1 and note it 
down2 visit their houses1 especially    
when any of them are sick4  ,every night
 arrange the words you get in           
alphabetical order4  ,try to talk as    
soon as you get a few words1 and be as  
much as possible one of them4  ,a course
 of kind and attentive conduct will gain
 their esteem and confidence and give   
you an opportunity of doing much good4  
#hth4 ,you will soon learn from ,mr4    
,martin the situation and disposition of
 the ,alfoors or aboriginal inhabitants1
 and will see what can be done for them4
  ,do not unnecessarily expose your     
life1 but incessantly contrive some way 
of giving them the word of life4  #ith4 
,i come now to things of inferior       
importance1 but which ,i hope you will  
not neglect4  ,i wish you to learn      
correctly the number1 size1 and         
geography of the islands2 the number and
 description of inhabitants2 their      
customs and manners1 and everything of  

note relative to them2 and regularly    
communicate these things to me4  ,your  
great work1 my dear ,jabez1 is that of a
 ,christian minister4 ,you would have   
been solemnly set apart thereto if you  
could have stayed long enough to have   
permitted it4  ,the success of your     
labours does not depend upon an outward 
ceremony1 nor does your right to preach 
the ,gospel or administer the ordinances
 of the ,gospel depend on any such      
thing1 but only on the ,divine call     
expressed in the ,word of ,god4 ,the    
,church has1 however1 in their          
intentions and wishes borne a testimony 
to the grace given to you1 and will not 
cease to pray for you that you may be   
successful4  ,may you be kept from all  
temptations1 supported under every      
trial1 made victorious in every         
conflict2 and may our hearts be mutually
 gladdened with accounts from each other
 of the triumphs of ,divine grace4  ,god
 has conferred a great favour upon you  
in committing to you this ministry4     

,take heed to it therefore in the ,lord 
that thou fulfil it4  ,we shall often   
meet at the throne of grace4 ,write me  
by every opportunity1 and tell ,eliza to
 write to your mother4  ,now1 my dear   
,jabez1 ,i commit you both to ,god1 and 
to the word of ,his grace1 which is able
 to make you perfect in the knowledge of
 ,his will4 ,let that word be near your 
heart4  ,i give you both up to ,god1 and
 should ,i never more see you on earth  
,i trust we shall meet with joy before  
,his throne of glory at last4  ,under   
both the ,english and the ,dutch for a  
time1 to whom the island was restored1  
,jabez ,carey proved to be a successful 
missionary1 while he supported the      
mission by his official income as       
superintendent of schools and second    
member of the ,college of ,justice4     
,the island contained #ah1jjj native    
,christians of the ,dutch compulsory    
type1 such as we found in ,ceylon on    
taking it over4  ,thus by the labours of
 himself1 his sons1 his colleagues1 and 

his children in the faith1 ,william     
,carey saw the ,gospel1 the press1 and  
the influence of a divine philanthropy  
extending among ,mohammedans1           
,buddhists1 and ,hindoos1 from the      
shores of the ,pacific ,ocean west to   
the ,arabian ,sea4     ,,chapter ,,viii 
,,carey',s ,,family ,,and ,,friends     
#ahjg-ahab  ,the type of a ,christian   
gentleman--,carey and his first         
wife--,his second marriage--,the ,lady  
,rumohr--,his picture of their married  
life--,his nearly fatal illness when    
forty-eight years old--,his meditations 
and dreams--,aldeen ,house--,henry      
,martyn's pagoda--,carey1 ,marshman1 and
 the ,anglican chaplains in the         
pagoda--,corrie's account of the        
,serampore ,brotherhood--,claudius      
,buchanan and his ,anglican             
establishment--,improvement in          
,anglo-,indian ,society--,carey's       
literary and scientific friends--,desire
 in the ,west for a likeness of         
,carey--,home's portrait of             

him--,correspondence with his son       
,william on missionary consecration1    
,buonaparte1 botany1 the missionary a   
soldier1 ,felix and ,burma1 hunting1 the
 temporal power of the ,pope1 the duty  
of reconciliation--,carey's descendants4
  ,a ,gentleman is the next best        
character after a ,christian1 and the   
latter includes the former1 were the    
father's words to the son whom he was   
sending forth as a ,christian missionary
 and state superintendent of schools4   
,carey wrote from his own experience1   
and he unwittingly painted his own      
character4  ,the peasant bearing of his 
early youth showed itself throughout his
 life in a certain shyness1 which gave a
 charm to his converse with old and     
young4 ,occasionally1 as in a letter    
which he wrote to his friend ,pearce of 
,birmingham1 at a time when he did not  
know whether his distant correspondent  
was alive or dead1 he burst forth into  
an unrestrained enthusiasm of affection 
and service4 ,but his was rather the    

even tenor of domestic devotion and     
friendly duty1 unbroken by passion or   
coldness1 and ever lighted up by a      
steady geniality4  ,the colleagues who  
were associated with him for the third  
of a century worshipped him in the old  
,english sense of the word4  ,the       
younger committee-men and missionaries  
who came to the front on the death of   
,fuller1 ,sutcliff1 and ,ryland1 in all 
their mistaken conflicts with these     
colleagues1 always tried to separate    
,carey from those they denounced1 till  
even his saintly spirit burst forth into
 wrath at the double wrong thus done to 
his coadjutors4  ,his intercourse with  
the chaplains and bishops of the ,church
 of ,england1 and with the missionaries 
of other ,churches and societies1 was as
 loving in its degree as his relations  
to his own people4  ,with men of the    
world1 from the successive              
,governor-,generals1 from ,wellesley1   
,hastings1 and ,bentinck1 down to the   
scholars1 merchants1 and planters with  

whom he became associated for the public
 good1 ,william ,carey was ever the     
saint and the gentleman whom it was a   
privilege to know4  ,in nothing perhaps 
was ,carey's true ,christian            
gentlemanliness so seen as in his       
relations with his first wife1 above    
whom grace and culture had immeasurably 
raised him1 while she never learned to  
share his aspirations or to understand  
his ideals4  ,not only did she remain to
 the last a peasant woman1 with a       
reproachful tongue1 but the early       
hardships of ,calcutta and the fever and
 dysentery of ,mudnabati clouded the    
last twelve years of her life with      
madness4 ,never did reproach or         
complaint escape his lips regarding     
either her or ,thomas1 whose eccentric  
impulses and oft-darkened spirit were   
due to mania also4  ,of both he was the 
tender nurse and guardian when1 many a  
time1 the ever-busy scholar would fain  
have lingered at his desk or sought the 
scanty sleep which his jealous devotion 

to his ,master's business allowed him4  
,the brotherhood arrangement1 the common
 family1 ,ward's influence over the     
boys1 and ,hannah ,marshman's           
housekeeping relieved him of much that  
his wife's illness had thrown upon him  
at ,mudnabati1 so that a colleague      
describes him1 when he was forty-three  
years of age1 as still looking young in 
spite of the few hairs on his head1     
after eleven years in ,lower ,bengal of 
work such as never ,englishman had      
before him4  ,but almost from the first 
day of his early married life he had    
never known the delight of daily        
converse with a wife able to enter into 
his scholarly pursuits1 and ever to     
stimulate him in his heavenly quest4    
,when the eldest boy1 ,felix1 had left  
for ,burma in #ahjg the faithful        
sorrowing husband wrote to him3--,your  
poor mother grew worse and worse from   
the time you left us1 and died on the   
#gth ,december about seven o'clock in   
the evening4  ,during her illness she   

was almost always asleep1 and ,i suppose
 during the fourteen days that she lay  
in a severe fever she was not more than 
twenty-four hours awake4  ,she was      
buried the next day in the missionary   
burying-ground4  ,about the same time   
that ,carey himself settled in          
,serampore there arrived the ,lady      
,rumohr4  ,she built a house on the     
,hoogli bank immediately below that of  
the missionaries1 whose society she     
sought1 and by whom she was baptised4   
,on the #ith ,may #ahjh she became      
,carey's wife2 and in ,may #ahba she too
 was removed by death in her sixty-first
 year1 after thirteen years of unbroken 
happiness4  ,charlotte ,emilia1 born in 
the same year as ,carey in the then     
,danish duchy of ,schleswick1 was the   
only child of the ,chevalier de ,rumohr1
 who married the ,countess of ,alfeldt1 
only representative of a historic       
family4  ,her wakefulness when a sickly 
girl of fifteen saved the whole         
household from destruction by fire1 but 

she herself became so disabled that she 
could never walk up or down stairs4     
,she failed to find complete recovery in
 the south of ,europe1 and her father's 
friend1 ,mr4 ,anker1 a director of the  
,danish ,east ,india ,company1 gave her 
letters to his brother1 then ,governor  
of ,tranquebar1 in the hope that the    
climate of ,india might cause her       
relief4  ,the ,danish ship brought her  
first to ,serampore1 where ,colonel ,bie
 introduced her to the brotherhood1 and 
there she resolved to remain4  ,she knew
 the principal languages of ,europe2 a  
copy of the ,penses of ,pascal1 given to
 her by ,mr4 ,anker before she sailed1  
for the first time quickened her        
conscience4  ,she speedily learned      
,english1 that she might join the       
missionaries in public worship4  ,the   
barren orthodoxy of the ,lutheranism in 
which she had been brought up had made  
her a sceptic4  ,this soon gave way to  
the evangelical teaching of the same    
apostle who had brought ,luther himself 

to ,christ4  ,she became a keen student 
of the ,scriptures1 then an ardent      
follower of ,jesus ,christ4  ,on her    
marriage to ,dr4 ,carey1 in ,may #ahjh1 
she made over her house to the mission1 
and when1 long after1 it became famous  
as the office of the weekly ,friend of  
,india1 the rent was sacredly devoted to
 the assistance of native preachers4    
,she learned ,bengali that she might be 
as a mother to the native ,christian    
families4  ,she was her husband's       
counsellor in all that related to the   
extension of the varied enterprise of   
the brethren4  ,especially did she make 
the education of ,hindoo girls her own  
charge1 both at ,serampore and ,cutwa4  
,her leisure she gave to the reading of 
,french ,protestant writers1 such as    
,saurin and ,du ,moulin4  ,she admired1 
wrote ,carey1 ,massillon's language1 his
 deep knowledge of the human heart1 and 
his intrepidity in reproving sin2 but   
felt the greatest dissatisfaction with  
his total neglect of his ,saviour1      

except when ,he is introduced to give   
efficacy to works of human merit4       
,these authors she read in their native 
language1 that being more familiar to   
her than ,english4  ,she in general     
enjoyed much of the consolations of     
religion4  ,though so much afflicted1 a 
pleasing cheerfulness generally pervaded
 her conversation4  ,she indeed         
possessed great activity of mind4  ,she 
was constantly out with the dawn of the 
morning when the weather permitted1 in  
her little carriage drawn by one bearer2
 and again in the evening1 as soon as   
the sun was sufficiently low4  ,she thus
 spent daily nearly three hours in the  
open air4  ,it was probably this        
vigorous and regular course which1 as   
the means1 carried her beyond the age of
 threescore years 7twenty-one of them   
spent in ,india71 notwithstanding the   
weakness of her constitution4  ,it is a 
pretty picture1 the delicate invalid    
lady1 drawn along the mall morning and  
evening1 to enjoy the river breeze1 on  

her way to and from the schools and     
homes of the natives4  ,but her highest 
service was1 after all1 to her husband1 
who was doing a work for ,india and for 
humanity1 equalled by few1 if any4      
,when1 on one occasion1 they were       
separated for a time while she sought   
for health at ,monghyr1 she wrote to him
 the tenderest yet most courtly         
love-letters4  ,,my ,,dearest           
,,love1--,i felt very much in parting   
with thee1 and feel much in being so far
 from thee444,i am sure thou wilt be    
happy and thankful on account of my     
voice1 which is daily getting better1   
and thy pleasure greatly adds to mine   
own4  ,i hope you will not think ,i am  
writing too often2 ,i rather trust you  
will be glad to hear of me444,though my 
journey is very pleasant1 and the good  
state of my health1 the freshness of the
 air1 and the variety of objects enliven
 my spirits1 yet ,i cannot help longing 
for you4 ,pray1 my love1 take care of   
your health that ,i may have the joy to 

find you well4  ,i thank thee most      
affectionately1 my dearest love1 for thy
 kind letter4  ,though the journey is   
very useful to me1 ,i cannot help       
feeling much to be so distant from you1 
but ,i am much with you in my           
thoughts444,the ,lord be blessed for the
 kind protection ,he has given to ,his  
cause in a time of need4  ,may ,he still
 protect and guide and bless ,his dear  
cause1 and give us all hearts growing in
 love and zeal444,i felt very much      
affected in parting with thee4  ,i see  
plainly it would not do to go far from  
you2 my heart cleaves to you4 ,i need   
not say 7for ,i hope you know my heart  
is not insensible7 how much ,i feel your
 kindness in not minding any expense for
 the recovery of my health4  ,you will  
rejoice to hear me talk in my old way1  
and not in that whispering manner4  ,i  
find so much pleasure in writing to you1
 my love1 that ,i cannot help doing it4 
,i was nearly disconcerted by           
,mrs4--laughing at my writing so often2 

but then1 ,i thought1 ,i feel so much   
pleasure in receiving your letters that 
,i may hope you do the same4  ,i thank  
thee1 my love1 for thy kind letter4  ,i 
need not say that the serious part of it
 was welcome to me1 and the more as ,i  
am deprived of all religious            
intercourse444,i shall greatly rejoice1 
my love1 in seeing thee again2 but take 
care of your health that ,i may find you
 well4 ,i need not say how much you are 
in my thoughts day and night4  ,his     
narrative of their intercourse1 written 
after her death1 lets in a flood of     
light on his home life3--  ,during the  
thirteen years of her union with ,dr4   
,carey1 they had enjoyed the most entire
 oneness of mind1 never having a single 
circumstance which either of them wished
 to conceal from the other4 ,her        
solicitude for her husband's health and 
comfort was unceasing4 ,they prayed and 
conversed together on those things which
 form the life of personal religion1    
without the least reserve2 and enjoyed a

 degree of conjugal happiness while thus
 continued to each other1 which can only
 arise from a union of mind grounded on 
real religion4 ,on the whole1 her lot in
 ,india was altogether a scene of mercy4
 ,here she was found of the ,saviour1   
gradually ripened for glory1 and after  
having her life prolonged beyond the    
expectation of herself and all who knew 
her1 she was released from this mortal  
state almost without the consciousness  
of pain1 and1 as we most assuredly      
believe1 had 'an abundant entrance      
ministered unto her into the kingdom of 
our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4' 
,when1 on #bdth ,june #ahji1 ,carey     
announced at the dinner table that he   
had that morning finished the ,bengali  
translation of the whole ,bible1 and he 
was asked how much more he thought of   
doing1 he answered3 ,the work ,i have   
allotted to myself1 in translating1 will
 take me about twenty years4  ,but he   
had kept the bow too long and too       
tightly bent1 and it threatened to snap4

  ,that evening he was seized with      
bilious fever1 and on the eighteenth day
 thereafter his life was despaired of4  
,the goodness of ,god is eminently      
conspicuous in raising up our beloved   
brother ,carey1 wrote ,marshman4 ,god   
has raised him up again and restored him
 to his labours2 may he live to         
accomplish all that is in his heart1    
wrote ,rowe4 ,he was at once at his desk
 again1 in college and in his study4 ,i 
am this day forty-eight years old1 he   
wrote to ,ryland on the #agth ,august1  
and sent him the following letters1     
every line of which reveals the inner   
soul of the writer3--  ,,calcutta1 #afth
 ,august #ahji4--;,i did not expect1    
about a month ago1 ever to write to you 
again4  ,i was then ill of a severe     
fever1 and for a week together scarcely 
any hopes were entertained of my life4  
,one or two days ,i was supposed to be  
dying1 but the ,lord has graciously     
restored me2 may it be that ,i may live 
more than ever to ,his glory4 ,whilst ,i

 was ill ,i had scarcely any such thing 
as thought belonging to me1 but1        
excepting seasons of delirium1 seemed to
 be nearly stupid2 perhaps some of this 
arose from the weak state to which ,i   
was reduced1 which was so great that    
,dr4 ,hare1 one of the most eminent     
physicians in ,calcutta1 who was        
consulted about it1 apprehended more    
danger from that than from the fever4   
,i1 however1 had scarcely a thought of  
death or eternity1 or of life1 or       
anything belonging thereto4  ,in my     
delirium1 greatest part of which ,i     
perfectly remember1 ,i was busily       
employed in carrying a commission from  
,god to all the princes and governments 
in the world1 requiring them instantly  
to abolish every political establishment
 of religion1 and to sell the parish and
 other churches to the first body of    
,christians that would purchase them4   
,also to declare war infamous1 to esteem
 all military officers as men who had   
sold themselves to destroy the human    

race1 to extend this to all those dead  
men called heroes1 defenders of their   
country1 meritorious officers1 etc4#ac  
,i was attended by angels in all my     
excursions1 and was universally         
successful4  ,a few princes in ,germany 
were refractory1 but my attendants      
struck them dead instantly4  ,i         
pronounced the doom of ,rome to the     
,pope1 and soon afterwards all the      
territory about ,rome1 the ,march of    
,ancona1 the great city and all its     
riches sank into that vast bed of       
burning lava which heats ,nero's bath4  
,these two considerations were the      
delirious wanderings of the mind1 but ,i
 hope to feel their force1 to pray and  
strive for their accomplishment to the  
end of my life4  ,but it is now time to 
attend to something not merely ideal4   
,the state of the world occupied my     
thoughts more and more2 ,i mean as it   
relates to the spread of the ,gospel4   
,the harvest truly is great1 and        
labourers bear scarcely any proportion  

thereto4  ,i was forcibly struck this   
morning with reading our ,lord's reply  
to ,his disciples1 ,john iv4  ,when ,he 
had told them that ,he had meat to eat  
the world knew not of1 and that ,his    
meat was to do the will of ,his ,father 
and to finish ,his work1 ,he said1 ',say
 not ye there are three months and then 
cometh harvest8'  ,he by this plainly   
intended to call their attention to the 
conduct of men when harvest was         
approaching1 for that being the season  
upon which all the hopes of men hang for
 temporal supplies1 they provide men and
 measures in time for securing it4      
,afterwards directing their attention to
 that which so occupied ,his own as to  
be ,his meat and drink1 ,he said1 ',lift
 up your eyes and look upon the fields  
7of souls to be gathered in71 for they  
are white already to harvest4'  ,after  
so many centuries have elapsed and so   
many fields full of this harvest have   
been lost for want of labourers to      
gather it in1 shall we not at last      

reflect seriously on our duty8          
,hindostan requires ten thousand        
ministers of the ,gospel1 at the lowest 
calculation1 ,china as many1 and you may
 easily calculate for the rest of the   
world4  ,i trust that many will         
eventually be raised up here1 but be    
that as it may the demands for          
missionaries are pressing to a degree   
seldom realised4  ,england has done     
much1 but not the hundredth part of what
 she is bound to do4  ,in so great a    
want of ministers ought not every church
 to turn its attention chiefly to the   
raising up and maturing of spiritual    
gifts with the express design of sending
 them abroad8 ,should not this be a     
specific matter of prayer1 and is there 
not reason to labour hard to infuse this
 spirit into the churches8  ,a mission  
into ,siam would be comparatively easy  
of introduction and support on account  
of its vicinity to ,prince of ,wales    
,island1 from which vessels can often go
 in a few hours4  ,a mission to ,pegu   

and another to ,arakan would not be     
difficult of introduction1 they being   
both within the ,burman dominions1      
,missions to ,assam and ,nepal should be
 speedily tried4  ,brother ,robinson is 
going to ,bhootan4  ,i do not know      
anything about the facility with which  
missions could be introduced into       
,cochin ,china1 ,cambodia1 and ,laos1   
but were the trial made ,i believe      
difficulties would remove4  ,it is also 
very desirable that the ,burman mission 
should be strengthened4  ,there is no   
full liberty of conscience1 and several 
stations might be occupied2 even the    
borders of ,china might be visited from 
that country if an easier entrance into 
the heart of the country could not be   
found4  ,i have not mentioned ,sumatra1 
,java1 the ,moluccas1 the ,philippines1 
or ,japan1 but all these countries must 
be supplied with missionaries4 ,this is 
a very imperfect sketch of the wants of 
,asia only1 without including the       
,mahometan countries2 but ,africa and   

,south ,america call as loudly for help1
 and the greatest part of ,europe must  
also be holpen by the ,protestant       
churches1 being nearly as destitute of  
real godliness as any heathen country on
 the earth4 ,what a pressing call1 then1
 is here for labourers in the spiritual 
harvest1 and what need that the         
attention of all the churches in        
,england and ,america should be drawn to
 this very object6  ,two years after the
 establishment of the mission at        
,serampore1 ,david ,brown1 the senior   
chaplain and provost of ,fort ,william  
,college1 took possession of ,aldeen    
,house1 which he occupied till the year 
of his death in #ahab4  ,the house is   
the first in the settlement reached by  
boat from ,calcutta4  ,aldeen is five   
minutes' walk south of the ,serampore   
,mission ,house1 and a century ago there
 was only a park between them4  ,the    
garden slopes down to the noble river1  
and commands the beautiful country seat 
of ,barrackpore1 which ,lord ,wellesley 

had just built4  ,the house itself is   
embosomed in trees1 the mango1 the teak1
 and the graceful bamboo4  ,just below  
it1 but outside of ,serampore1 are the  
deserted temple of ,bullubpoor and the  
,ghat of the same name1 a fine flight of
 steps up which thousands of pilgrims   
flock every ,june to the adjoining      
shrine and monstrous car of ,jagganath4 
,david ,brown had not been long in      
,aldeen when he secured the deserted    
temple and converted it into a          
,christian oratory1 ever since known as 
,henry ,martyn's ,pagoda4  ,for ten     
years ,aldeen and the pagoda became the 
meeting-place of ,carey and his         
,nonconformist friends1 with ,claudius  
,buchanan1 ,martyn1 ,bishop ,corrie1    
,thomason1 and the little band of       
evangelical ,anglicans who1 under the   
protection of ,lords ,wellesley and     
,hastings1 sweetened ,anglo-,indian     
society1 and made the names of          
missionary and of chaplain synonymous4  
,here too there gathered1 as also to the

 ,mission ,house higher up1 many a      
civilian and officer who sought the     
charms of that ,christian family life   
which they had left behind4  ,a young   
lieutenant commemorated these years when
 ,brown was removed1 in a pleasing      
elegy1 which ,charles ,simeon published 
in the ,memorials of his friend4  ,many 
a traveller from the far ,west still    
visits the spot1 and recalls the        
memories of ,william ,carey and ,henry  
,martyn1 of ,marshman and ,buchanan1 of 
,ward and ,corrie1 which linger around  
the fair scene4  ,when first we saw it  
the now mutilated ruin was perfect1 and 
under the wide-spreading banian tree    
behind a ,brahman was reciting1 for a   
day and a night1 the verses of the      
,mahabharata epic to thousands of       
listening ,hindoos4    ,long1 ,hoogli1  
has thy sullen stream     ,been doomed  
the cheerless shores to lave2   ,long   
has the ,suttee's baneful gleam         
,pale glimmered o'er thy midnight wave4 
,yet gladdened seemed to flow thy tide  

,where opens on the view--,aldeen2      
,for there to grace thy palmy side      
,loved ,england's purest joys were seen4
    ,yon dome1 'neath which in former   
days     ,grim idols marked the pagan   
shrine1   ,has swelled the notes of     
pious praise1     ,attuned to themes of 
love divine4  ,we find this allusion to 
the place in ,carey's correspondence    
with ,dr4 ,ryland3--#bjth ,january      
#ahjg4--;,it would have done your heart 
good to have joined us at our meetings  
at the pagoda4  ,from that place we have
 successively recommended ,dr4 ,taylor  
to the work of the ,lord at ,bombay1    
,mr4 ,martyn to his at ,dinapoor1 ,mr4  
,corrie to his at ,chunar1 ,mr4 ,parsons
 to his at ,burhampore1 ,mr4 ,des       
,granges to his at ,vizagapatam1 and our
 two brethren to theirs at ,rangoon1 and
 from thence we soon expect to commend  
,mr4 ,thomason to his at ,madras4  ,in  
these meetings the utmost harmony       
prevails and a union of hearts unknown  
between persons of different            

denominations in ,england4  ,dr4 ,taylor
 and ,mr4 ,des ,granges were early      
missionaries of the ,london ,society2   
the ,rangoon brethren were ,baptists2   
the others were ,church of ,england     
chaplains4 ,sacramentarianism and       
sacerdotalism had not then begun to     
afflict the ,church of ,india4  ,there  
were giants in those days1 in ,bengal1  
worthy of ,carey and of the one work in 
which all were the servants of one      
,master4  ,let us look a little more    
closely at ,henry ,martyn's ,pagoda4    
,it is now a picturesque ruin1 which the
 peepul tree that is entwined among its 
fine brick masonry1 and the crumbling   
river-bank1 may soon cause to disappear 
for ever4  ,the exquisite tracery of the
 moulded bricks may be seen1 but not the
 few figures that are left of the       
popular ,hindoo idols just where the two
 still perfect arches begin to spring4  
,the side to the river has already      
fallen down1 and with it the open       
platform overhanging the bank on which  

the missionary sat in the cool of the   
morning and evening1 and where he knelt 
to pray for the people4  ,we have       
accompanied many a visitor there1 from  
,dr4 ,duff to ,bishop ,cotton1 and ,john
 ,lawrence1 and have rarely seen one    
unmoved4  ,this pagoda had been         
abandoned long before by the priests of 
,radhabullub1 because the river had     
encroached to a point within #cjj feet  
of it1 the limit within which no        
,brahman is allowed to receive a gift or
 take his food4  ,the little black doll 
of an idol1 which is famous among       
,hindoos alike for its sanctity and as a
 work of art--for had it not been       
miraculously wafted to this spot like   
the ,santa ,casa to ,loretto8--was      
removed with great pomp to a new temple 
after it had paid a visit to ,clive's   
moonshi1 the wealthy ,raja ,nobokissen  
in ,calcutta1 who sought to purchase it 
outright4  ,in this cool old pagoda     
,henry ,martyn1 on one of his earliest  
visits to ,aldeen after his arrival as a

 chaplain in #ahjf1 found an appropriate
 residence4  ,under the vaulted roof of 
the shrine a place of prayer and praise 
was fitted up with an organ1 so that1 as
 he wrote1 the place where once devils  
were worshipped has now become a        
,christian oratory4 ,here1 too1 he laid 
his plans for the evangelisation of the 
people4 ,when suffering from one of his 
moods of depression as to his own state1
 he thus writes of this place3--,i began
 to pray as on the verge of eternity2   
and the ,lord was pleased to break my   
hard heart4  ,i lay in tears1           
interceding for the unfortunate natives 
of this country2 thinking within myself 
that the most despicable soodra of      
,india was of as much value in the sight
 of ,god as the ,king of ,great         
,britain4  ,it was from such            
supplication that he was once roused by 
the blaze of a ,suttee's funeral pyre1  
on which he found that the living widow 
had been consumed with the dead before  
he could interfere4  ,he could hear the 

hideous drums and gongs and conch-shells
 of the temple to which ,radhabullub had
 been removed4  ,there he often tried to
 turn his fellow-creatures to the       
worship of the one ,god1 from their     
prostrations before a black image placed
 in a pagoda1 with lights burning around
 it1 whilst1 he says1 he shivered as if 
standing1 as it were1 in the            
neighbourhood of hell4  ,it was in the  
deserted pagoda that ,brown1 ,corrie1   
and ,parsons met with him to commend him
 to ,god before he set out for his new  
duties at ,dinapoor4 ,my soul1 he writes
 of this occasion1 never yet had such   
divine enjoyment4  ,i felt a desire to  
break from the body1 and join the high  
praises of the saints above4 ,may ,i go 
'in the strength of this many days4'    
,amen4 ,i found my heaven begun on      
earth4  ,no work so sweet as that of    
praying and living wholly to the service
 of ,god4 ,and as he passed by the      
,mission ,house on his upward voyage1   
with true catholicity ,dr4 ,marshman    

could not resist joining the party3 and 
after going a little way1 left them with
 prayer4  ,do we wonder that these men  
have left their mark on ,india8  ,as    
years went by1 the temple1 thus         
consecrated as a ,christian oratory1    
became degraded in other hands4  ,the   
brand pagoda distillery for a time came 
to be known as marking the rum          
manufactured there4  ,the visits of so  
many ,christian pilgrims to the spot1   
and above all1 the desire expressed by  
,lord ,lawrence when ,governor-,general 
to see it1 led the ,hindoo family who   
own the pagoda to leave it at least as a
 simple ruin4  ,corrie1 afterwards the  
first bishop of ,madras1 describes the  
marriage of ,des ,granges in the        
oratory1 and gives us a glimpse of life 
in the ,serampore ,mission ,house3--    
#ahjf4--;,calcutta strikes me as the    
most magnificent city in the world2 and 
,i am made most happy by the hope of    
being instrumental to the eternal good  
of many4  ,a great opposition1 ,i find1 

is raised against ,martyn and the       
principles he preaches444,went up to    
,serampore yesterday1 and in the evening
 was present at the marriage of ,mr4    
,des ,granges4  ,mr4 ,brown entered into
 the concern with much interest4 ,the   
pagoda was fixed on1 and lighted up for 
the celebration of the wedding2 at eight
 o'clock the parties came from the      
,mission ,house at ,serampore1 attended 
by most of the family4  ,mr4 ,brown     
commenced with the hymn1 ',come1        
gracious ,spirit1 heavenly dove6'  ,a   
divine influence seemed to attend us1   
and most delightful were my sensations4 
,the circumstance of so many being      
engaged in spreading the glad tidings of
 salvation1--the temple of an idol      
converted to the purpose of ,christian  
worship1 and the ,divine presence felt  
among us1--filled me with joy           
unspeakable4  ,after the marriage       
service of the ,church of ,england1 ,mr4
 ,brown gave out 'the ,wedding ,hymn'2  
and after signing certificates of the   

marriage we adjourned to the house1     
where ,mr4 ,brown had provided supper4  
,two hymns given out by ,mr4 ,marshman  
were felt very powerfully4  ,he is a    
most lively1 sanguine missionary2 his   
conversation made my heart burn within  
me1 and ,i find desires of spreading the
 ,gospel growing stronger daily1 and my 
zeal in the cause more ardent444,i went 
to the ,mission ,house1 and supped at   
the same table with about fifty native  
converts4  ,the triumph of the ,cross   
was most evident in breaking down their 
prejudices1 and uniting them with those 
who formerly were an abomination in     
their eyes4 ,after supper they sang a   
,bengali hymn1 many of them with tears  
of joy2 and they concluded with prayer  
in ,bengali1 with evident earnestness   
and emotion4  ,my own feelings were too 
big for utterance4  ,o may the time be  
hastened when every tongue shall confess
 ,jesus ,christ1 to the glory of ,god   
the ,father6  ,on ,friday evening ,oct4 
#ajth1 we had a meeting in the pagoda1  

at which almost all the missionaries1   
some of their wives1 and ,captain       
,wickes attended1 with a view to commend
 ,martyn to the favour and protection of
 ,god in his work4  ,the ,divine        
presence was with us4  ,i felt more than
 it would have been proper to express4  
,mr4 ,brown commenced with a hymn and   
prayer1 ,mr4 ,des ,granges succeeded    
him1 with much devotion and sweetness of
 expression3 ,mr4 ,marshman followed1   
and dwelt particularly on the promising 
appearance of things2 and1 with much    
humility1 pleaded ,god's promises for   
the enlargement of ,zion2 with many     
petitions for ,mr4 ,brown and his       
family4  ,the service was concluded by  
,mr4 ,carey1 who was earnest in prayer  
for ,mr4 ,brown3 the petition that      
'having laboured for many years without 
encouragement or support1 in the evening
 it might be light1' seemed much to     
affect his own mind1 and greatly        
impressed us all4  ,afterwards we supped
 together at ,mr4 ,brown's444  #acth    

,oct4--,i came to ,serampore to dinner4 
,had a pleasant sail up the river3 the  
time passed agreeably in conversation4  
,in the evening a fire was kindled on   
the opposite bank2 and we soon perceived
 that it was a funeral pile1 on which   
the wife was burning with the dead body 
of her husband4  ,it was too dark to    
distinguish the miserable victim444,on  
going out to walk with ,martyn to the   
pagoda1 the noise so unnatural1 and so  
little calculated to excite joy1 raised 
in my mind an awful sense of the        
presence and influence of evil spirits4 
,corrie married the daughter of ,mrs4   
,ellerton1 who knew ,serampore and      
,carey well4  ,it was ,mr4 ,ellerton    
who1 when an indigo-planter at ,malda1  
opened the first ,bengali school1 and   
made the first attempt at translating   
the ,bible into that vernacular4  ,his  
young wife1 early made a widow1         
witnessed accidentally the duel in which
 ,warren ,hastings shot ,philip         
,francis4  ,she was an occasional       

visitor at ,aldeen1 and took part in the
 pagoda services4  ,fifty years         
afterwards1 not long before her death at
 eighty-seven1 ,bishop ,wilson1 whose   
guest she was1 wrote of her3 ,she made  
me take her to ,henry ,martyn's pagoda4 
,she remembers the neighbourhood1 and   
,gharetty ,ghat and ,house in ,sir ,eyre
 ,coote's time 7#aghc74  ,the ancient   
,governor of ,chinsurah and his fat     
,dutch wife are still in her mind4      
,when she visited him with her first    
husband 7she was then sixteen7 the old  
,dutchman cried out1 ',oh1 if you would 
find me such a nice little wife ,i would
 give you ten thousand rupees4'  ,it was
 in ,martyn's pagoda that ,claudius     
,buchanan first broached his plan of an 
ecclesiastical establishment for ,india1
 and invited the discussion of it by    
,carey and his colleagues4  ,such a     
scheme came naturally from one who was  
the grandson of a ,presbyterian elder of
 the ,church of ,scotland1 converted in 
the ,whitefield revival at ,cambuslang4 

,it had been suggested first by ,bishop 
,porteous when he reviewed the          
,company's acquisitions in ,asia4 ,it   
was encouraged by ,lord ,wellesley1 who 
was scandalised on his arrival in ,india
 by the godlessness of the civil        
servants and the absence of practically 
any provision for the ,christian worship
 and instruction of its officers and    
soldiers1 who were all their lives      
without religion1 not a tenth of them   
ever returning home4  ,carey thus wrote1
 at ,ryland's request1 of the proposal1 
which resulted in the arrival in        
,calcutta of ,bishop ,middleton and ,dr4
 ,bryce in #ahad3--;,i have no opinion  
of ,dr4 ,buchanan's scheme for a        
religious establishment here1 nor could 
,i from memory point out what is        
exceptionable in his memoir4  ,all his  
representations must be taken with some 
grains of allowance4  ,when1 in the     
,aldeen discussions1 ,dr4 ,buchanan told
 ,marshman that the temple lands would  
eventually answer for the established   

churches and the ,brahmans' lands for   
the chaplains1 the stout ,nonconformist 
replied with emphasis1 ,you will never  
obtain them4  ,we may all accept the    
conversion of the idol shrine into a    
place of prayer--as ,gregory ,i4 taught 
,augustine of ,canterbury to transform  
heathen temples into ,christian         
churches--as presaging the time when the
 vast temple and mosque endowments will 
be devoted by the people themselves to  
their own moral if not spiritual good   
through education1 both religious and   
secular4  ,the change wrought in        
seventeen years by ,carey and such      
associates as these on society in       
,bengal1 both rich and poor1 became     
marked by the year #ahaj4  ,we find him 
writing of it thus3--,when ,i arrived ,i
 knew of no person who cared about the  
,gospel except ,mr4 ,brown1 ,mr4 ,udny1 
,mr4 ,creighton1 ,mr4 ,grant1 and ,mr4  
,brown an indigo-planter1 besides       
,brother ,thomas and myself4  ,there    
might be more1 and probably were1 though

 unknown to me4  ,there are now in      
,india thirty-two ministers of the      
,gospel4  ,indeed1 the ,lord is doing   
great things for ,calcutta2 and though  
infidelity abounds1 yet religion is the 
theme of conversation or dispute in     
almost every house4  ,a few weeks ago   
7,october #ahaj71 ,i called upon one of 
the ,judges to take breakfast with him1 
and going rather abruptly upstairs1 as  
,i had been accustomed to do1 ,i found  
the family just going to engage in      
morning worship4  ,i was of course asked
 to engage in prayer1 which ,i did4  ,i 
afterwards told him that ,i had scarcely
 witnessed anything since ,i had been in
 ,calcutta which gave me more pleasure  
than what ,i had seen that morning4     
,the change in this family was an effect
 of ,mr4 ,thomason's ministry444,about  
ten days ago ,i had a conversation with 
one of the ,judges of the ,supreme      
,court1 ,sir ,john ,boyd1 upon religious
 subjects4  ,indeed there is now        
scarcely a place where you can pay a    

visit without having an opportunity of  
saying something about true religion4   
,carey's friendly intercourse1 by person
 and letter1 was not confined to those  
who were aggressively ,christian or to  
,christian and ecclesiastical questions4
  ,as we shall soon see1 his literary   
and scientific pursuits led him to      
constant and familiar converse with     
scholars like ,colebrooke and ,leyden1  
with savants like ,roxburgh1 the        
astronomer ,bentley1 and ,dr4 ,hare1    
with publicists like ,sir ,james        
,mackintosh and ,robert ,hall1 with such
 travellers and administrators as       
,manning1 the friend of ,charles ,lamb1 
and ,raffles4  ,in ,great ,britain the  
name of ,william ,carey had1 by #ahab1  
become familiar as a household word in  
all evangelical circles4  ,the men who  
had known him in the days before #agic  
were few and old1 were soon to pass away
 for ever4  ,the new generation had fed 
their ,christian zeal on his            
achievements1 and had learned to look on

 him1 in spite of all his humility which
 only inflamed that zeal1 as the        
pioneer1 the father1 the founder of     
foreign missions1 ,english1 ,scottish1  
and ,american4  ,they had never seen    
him2 they were not likely to see him in 
the flesh4  ,the desire for a portrait  
of him became irresistible4  ,the       
burning of the press1 to be hereafter   
described1 which led even bitter enemies
 of the mission like ,major ,scott      
,waring to subscribe for its            
restoration1 gave the desired           
sympathetic voice1 so that ,fuller wrote
 to the missionaries3--,the public is   
now giving us their praises4  ,eight    
hundred guineas have been offered for   
,dr4 ,carey's likeness444,when you      
pitched your tents at ,serampore you    
said1 ',we will not accumulate riches   
but devote all to ,god for the salvation
 of the heathen4'  ,god has given you   
what you desired and what you desired   
not4  ,blessed men1 ,god will bless you 
and make you a blessing4  ,i and others 

of us may die1 but ,god will surely     
visit you444,expect to be highly        
applauded1 bitterly reproached1 greatly 
moved1 and much tried in every way4  ,oh
 that1 having done all1 you may stand6  
,carey was1 fortunately for posterity1  
not rebellious in the matter of the     
portrait2 he was passive4  ,as he sat in
 his room in the college of ,fort       
,william1 his pen in hand1 his ,sanskrit
 ,bible before him1 and his ,brahman    
pundit at his left hand1 the saint and  
the scholar in the ripeness of his      
powers at fifty was transferred to the  
canvas which has since adorned the walls
 of ,regent's ,park ,college4  ,a line  
engraving of the portrait was published 
in ,england the year after at a guinea1 
and widely purchased1 the profit going  
to the mission4  ,the painter was ,home1
 famous in his day as the artist whom   
,lord ,cornwallis had engaged during the
 first war with ,tipoo to prepare those 
,select ,views in ,mysore1 the ,country 
of ,tipoo ,sultaun1 from ,drawings taken

 on the ,spot1 which appeared in #agid4 
,of his four sons1 ,felix1 ,william1    
,jabez1 and ,jonathan1 ,carey's         
correspondence was most frequent at this
 period with ,william1 who went forth in
 #ahjg to ,dinapoor to begin his        
independent career as a missionary by   
the side of ,fernandez4  #bnd ,april    
#ahjg4--,we have the greatest           
encouragement to go forward in the work 
of our ,lord ,jesus1 because we have    
every reason to conclude that it will be
 successful at last4  ,it is the cause  
which ,god has had in ,his mind from    
eternity1 the cause for which ,christ   
shed ,his blood1 that for which the     
,spirit and word of ,god were given1    
that which is the subject of many great 
promises1 that for which the saints have
 been always praying1 and which ,god    
,himself bears an infinite regard to in 
,his dispensations of ,providence and   
,grace4  ,the success thereof is        
therefore certain4  ,be encouraged1     
therefore1 my dear son1 to devote       

yourself entirely to it1 and to pursue  
it as a matter of the very first        
importance even to your dying day4      
,give my love to ,mr4 and ,mrs4         
,creighton and to ,mr4 ,ellerton1 ,mr4  
,grant1 or any other who knows me about 
,malda1 also to our native ,brethren4   
,,calcutta1 #bith ,september #ahjh4--;,a
 ship is just arrived which brings the  
account that ,buonaparte has taken      
possession of the whole kingdom of      
,spain1 and that the ,royal family of   
that country are in prison at ,bayonne4 
,it is likely that ,turkey is fallen    
before now1 and what will be the end of 
these wonders we cannot tell4  ,i see   
the wrath of ,god poured out on the     
nations which have so long persecuted   
,his ,gospel1 and prevented the spread  
of ,his truth4  ,buonaparte is but the  
minister of the ,divine vengeance1 the  
public executioner now employed to      
execute the sentence of ,god upon       
criminal men4  ,he1 however1 has no end 
in view but the gratifying his own      

ambition4  #bbnd ,december              
#ahjh4--;,,dear ,,william--,be          
steadfast444,walk worthy of your high   
calling1 and so as to be a pattern to   
others who may engage in similar        
undertakings4  ,much depends upon us who
 go first to the work of the ,lord in   
this country2 and we have reason to     
believe that succeeding ,ministers of   
the ,gospel in this country will be more
 or less influenced by our              
example444,all1 even the best of men1   
are more likely to be influenced by evil
 example than benefited by good3 let it1
 therefore1 be your business and mine to
 live and act for ,god in all things and
 at all times4  ,i am very glad you     
wrote to ,jabez and ,jonathan4  ,o that 
,i could see them converted6  #cjth ,may
 #ahji4--,when you come down take a     
little pains to bring down a few plants 
of some sort4  ,there is one grows      
plentifully about ,sadamahal which grows
 about as high as one's knee1 and       
produces a large red flower4  ,put half 

a dozen plants in pots 7with a hole in  
the bottom74  ,there is at ,sadamahal   
7for ,i found it there7 a plant which   
produces a flower like ,bhayt1 of a pale
 bluish colour1 almost white2 and indeed
 several other things there4  ,try and  
bring something4  ,can't you bring the  
grasshopper which has a saddle on its   
back1 or the bird which has a large     
crest which he opens when he settles on 
the ground8 ,i want to give you a little
 taste for natural objects4  ,felix is  
very good indeed in this respect4  #bfth
 ,april #ahji4--,you1 my dear ,william1 
are situated in a post which is very    
dear to my remembrance because the first
 years of my residence in ,india were   
spent in that neighbourhood4  ,i        
therefore greatly rejoice in any        
exertions which you are enabled to make 
for the cause of our ,redeemer444,should
 you1 after many years' labour1 be      
instrumental in the conversion of only  
one soul1 it would be worth the work of 
a whole life444,i am not sure that ,i   

have been of real use to any one person 
since ,i have been in this country1 yet 
,i dare not give up the work in which ,i
 am engaged4  ,indeed1 notwithstanding  
all the discouragements which ,i feel   
from my own unfitness for any part of   
it1 ,i prefer it to everything else1 and
 consider that in the work of my        
,redeemer ,i have a rich reward4  ,if   
you are enabled to persevere you will   
feel the same1 and will say with the    
great ,apostle--',i count not my life   
dear to me that ,i may fulfil the       
ministry which ,i have received of the  
,lord4' ',unto me is this grace 7favour7
 given that ,i should preach among the  
,gentiles the unsearchable riches of    
,christ4'  ,hold on1 therefore1 be      
steady in your work1 and leave the      
result with ,god4  ,i have been thinking
 of a mission to the ,ten ,tribes of    
,israel1 ,i mean the ,afghans1 who      
inhabit ,cabul444,i leave the other side
 for your mother to write a few lines to
 ,mary1 to whom give my love4           

,,calcutta1 #ast ,november              
#ahji4--,yesterday was the day for the  
,chinese examination1 at which ,jabez   
acquitted himself with much honour4  ,i 
wish his heart were truly set on ,god4  
,one of the greatest blessings which ,i 
am now anxious to see before my death is
 the conversion of him and ,jonathan1   
and their being employed in the work of 
the ,lord4  ,now1 dear ,william1 what do
 we live for but to promote the cause of
 our dear ,redeemer in the world8  ,if  
that be carried on we need not wish for 
anything more2 and if our poor labours  
are at all blessed to the promotion of  
that desirable end1 our lives will not  
be in vain4  ,let this1 therefore1 be   
the great object of your life1 and if   
you should be made the instrument of    
turning only one soul from darkness to  
marvellous light1 who can say how many  
more may be converted by his            
instrumentality1 and what a tribute of  
glory may arise to ,god from that one   
conversion4  ,indeed1 were you never to 

be blessed to the conversion of one     
soul1 still the pleasure of labouring in
 the work of the ,lord is greater than  
that of any other undertaking in the    
world1 and is of itself sufficient to   
make it the work of our choice4  ,i hope
 ,sebuk ,ram is arrived before now1 and 
that you will find him to be a blessing 
to you in your work4  ,try your utmost  
to make him well acquainted with the    
,bible1 labour to correct his mistakes1 
and to establish him in the knowledge of
 the truth4  ,you may always enclose a  
pinch of seeds in a letter4  #agth      
,january #ahaj4--;,felix went with      
,captain ,canning1 the ,english         
ambassador to the ,burman ,empire1 to   
the city of ,pegu4 ,on his way thither  
he observed to ,captain ,canning that he
 should be greatly gratified in         
accompanying the ,minister to the       
mountains of ,martaban and the country  
beyond them4  ,captain ,canning at his  
next interview with the ,minister       
mentioned this to him1 which he was much

 pleased with1 and immediately ordered  
several buffalo-carts to be made ready1 
and gave him a war-boat to return to    
,rangoon to bring his baggage1          
medicines1 etc4  ,he had no time to     
consult ,brother ,chater before he      
determined on the journey1 and wrote to 
me when at ,rangoon1 where he stayed    
only one night1 and returned to ,pegu   
the next morning4  ,he says the         
,minister has now nearly the whole      
dominion over the ,empire1 and is going 
to war4  ,he will accompany the army to 
,martaban1 when he expects to stay with 
the ,minister there4  ,he goes in great 
spirits to explore those countries where
 no ,european has been before him1 and  
where he goes with advantages and       
accommodations such as a traveller      
seldom can obtain4 ,brother and ,sister 
,chater do not approve of his           
undertaking1 perhaps through fear for   
his safety4  ,i feel as much for that as
 any one can do1 yet ,i1 and indeed     
,brethren ,marshman1 ,ward1 and ,rowe1  

rejoice that he has undertaken the      
journey4  ,it will assist him in        
acquiring the language2 it will gratify 
the ,minister1 it will serve the        
interests of literature1 and perhaps    
answer many other important purposes1 as
 it respects the mission2 and as much of
 the way will be through uninhabited    
forests1 it could not have been safely  
undertaken except with an army4  ,he    
expects to be absent three months4  ,i  
shall feel a great desire to hear from  
him when he returns1 and ,i doubt not   
but you will join me in prayer for his  
safety both of mind and body444  ,one or
 two words about natural history4  ,can 
you not get me a male and female        
khokora--,i mean the great bird like a  
kite1 which makes so great a noise1 and 
often carries off a duck or a kid8  ,i  
believe it is an eagle1 and want to     
examine it4  ,send me also all the sorts
 of ducks and waterfowls you can get1   
and1 in short1 every sort of bird you   
can obtain which is not common here4    

,send their ,bengali names4  ,collect me
 all the sorts of insects1 and serpents1
 and lizards you can get which are not  
common here4  ,put all the insects      
together into a bottle of rum1 except   
butterflies1 which you may dry between  
two papers1 and the serpents and lizards
 the same4  ,i will send you a small    
quantity of rum for that purpose4  ,send
 all the country names4  ,let me have   
the birds alive2 and when you have got a
 good boat-load send a small boat down  
with them under charge of a careful     
person1 and ,i will pay the expenses4   
,spare no pains to get me seeds and     
roots1 and get ,brother ,robinson to    
procure what he can from ,bhootan or    
other parts4  ,remember me              
affectionately to ,sebuk ,ram and his   
wife1 and to all the native brethren and
 sisters4  #eth ,february #ahaj4--,were 
you hunting the buffalo1 or did it      
charge you without provocation8  ,i     
advise you to abstain from hunting      
buffaloes or other animals1 because1    

though ,i think it lawful to kill       
noxious animals1 or to kill animals for 
food1 yet the unnecessary killing of    
animals1 and especially the spending    
much time in the pursuit of them1 is    
wrong1 and your life is too valuable to 
be thrown away by exposing it to such   
furious animals as buffaloes and tigers4
  ,if you can kill them without running 
any risk 'tis very well1 but it is wrong
 to expose yourself to danger for an end
 so much below that to which you are    
devoted444  ,i believe the cause of our 
,redeemer increases in the earth1 and   
look forward to more decided appearances
 of divine power4  ,the destruction of  
the temporal power of the ,pope is a    
glorious circumstance1 and an answer to 
the prayers of the ,church for centuries
 past444  ,i send you a small cask of   
rum to preserve curiosities in1 and a   
few bottles2 but your best way will be  
to draw off a couple of gallons of the  
rum1 which you may keep for your own    
use1 and then put the snakes1 frogs1    

toads1 lizards1 etc41 into the cask1 and
 send them down4  ,i can easily put them
 into proper bottles1 etc41 afterwards4 
,you may1 however1 send one or two of   
the bottles filled with beetles1        
grasshoppers1 and other insects4  ,in   
the absence of ,mr4 ,fernandez1 the     
pastor1 ,william had excluded two       
members of the ,church4  #dth ,april    
#ahaj4--;,a very little knowledge of    
human nature will convince you that this
 would have been thought an affront in  
five instances out of six4  ,you would  
have done better to have advised them1  
or even to have required them to have   
kept from the ,lord's table till ,mr4   
,fernandez's return1 and to have left it
 to him to preside over the discipline  
of the church4  ,you1 no doubt1 did it  
without thinking of the consequences1   
and in the simplicity of your heart1 and
 ,i think ,mr4 ,fernandez is wrong in   
treating you with coolness1 when a      
little conversation might have put      
everything to rights4  ,of that1        

however1 ,i shall say no more to you1   
but one of us shall write to him upon   
the subject as soon as we can4  ,the    
great thing to be done now is the       
effecting of a reconciliation between   
you1 and whether you leave ,sadamahal1  
or stay there1 this is absolutely       
necessary4  ,in order to this you both  
must be willing to make some sacrifice  
of your feelings2 and as those feelings1
 which prevent either of you from making
 concessions where you have acted amiss1
 are wrong1 the sooner they are         
sacrificed the better4  ,i advise you to
 write to ,mr4 ,fernandez immediately1  
and acknowledge that you did wrong in   
proceeding to the exclusion of the      
members without having first consulted  
with him1 and state that you had no     
intention of hurting his feelings1 but  
acted from what you thought the urgency 
of the case1 and request of him a       
cordial reconciliation4  ,i should like 
much to see a copy of the letter you    
send to him4  ,i have no object in view 

but the good of the ,church1 and would  
therefore rather see you stoop as low as
 you can to effect a reconciliation1    
than avoid it through any little        
punctilio of honour or feeling of pride4
  ,you will never repent of having      
humbled yourself to the dust that peace 
may be restored1 nothing will be a more 
instructive example to the heathen      
around you1 nothing will so completely  
subdue ,brother ,fernandez's            
dissatisfaction1 and nothing will make  
you more respected in the ,church of    
,god4  ,it is highly probable that you  
will some time or other be removed to   
another situation1 but it cannot be done
 till you are perfectly reconciled to   
each other1 nor can it possibly be done 
till some time after your               
reconciliation1 as such a step would be 
considered by all as an effect of       
resentment or dissatisfaction1 and would
 be condemned by every thinking person4 
,we shall keep our minds steadily on the
 object1 and look out for a proper      

station2 but both we and you must act   
with great caution and tenderness in    
this affair4  ,for this reason also ,i  
entreat you not to withdraw yourself    
from the church1 or from any part of    
your labours1 but go on steadily in the 
path of duty1 suppress and pray against 
every feeling of resentment1 and bear   
anything rather than be accessory to a  
misunderstanding1 or the perpetuating of
 one4 ',let that mind be in you which   
was also in ,christ1 who made himself of
 no reputation4'  ,i hope what ,i have  
said will induce you to set in earnest  
about a reconciliation with ,brother    
,fernandez1 and to spare no pains or    
concession 7consistent with truth7 to   
effect it4  ,william had applied to be  
transferred to ,serampore4  #crd ,august
 #ahaa4--,the necessities of the mission
 must be consulted before every other   
consideration4  ,native brethren can    
itinerate1 but ,europeans must be       
employed to open new missions and found 
new stations4 ,for were we to go upon   

the plan of sending ,europeans where    
natives could possibly be employed1 no  
subscriptions or profits could support  
them4  ,we intend to commence a new     
station at ,dacca1 and if you prefer    
that to ,cutwa you may go thither4  ,one
 of the first things to be done there   
will be to open a charity school1 and to
 overlook it4  ,dacca itself is a very  
large place1 where you may often        
communicate religious instructions      
without leaving the town4  ,there are   
also a number of ,europeans there1 so   
that ,mary would not be so much alone1  
and at any rate help would be near4  ,we
 can obtain the permission of           
,government for you to settle there4  ,i
 ought1 however1 to say that ,i think   
there is much guilt in your fears4  ,you
 and ,mary will be a thousand times more
 safe in committing yourselves to ,god  
in the way of duty than in neglecting   
obvious duty to take care of yourselves4
  ,you see what hardships and dangers a 
soldier meets in the wicked trade of    

war4  ,they are forced to leave home and
 expose themselves to a thousand        
dangers1 yet they never think of        
objecting1 and in this the officers are 
in the same situation as the men4  ,i   
will engage to say that no military     
officer would ever refuse to go any     
whither on service because his family   
must be exposed to danger in his        
absence2 and yet ,i doubt not but many  
of them are men who have great          
tenderness for their wives and families4
  ,however1 they must be men and their  
wives must be women4 ,your undertaking  
is infinitely superior to theirs in     
importance4 ,they go to kill men1 you to
 save them4  ,if they leave their       
families to chance for the sake of war1 
surely you can leave yours to the ,god  
of providence while you go about ,his   
work4  ,i speak thus because ,i am much 
distressed to see you thus waste away   
the flower of your life in inactivity1  
and only plead for it what would not    
excuse a child4  ,were you in any       

secular employment you must go out quite
 as much as we expect you to do in the  
,mission4  ,i did so when at ,mudnabati1
 which was as lonesome a place as could 
have been thought of1 and when ,i well  
knew that many of our own ryots were    
dakoits 7robbers74  ,william finally    
settled at ,cutwa1 higher up the ,hoogli
 than ,serampore1 and did good service  
there4  #ast ,december #ahac4--;,i have 
now an assistant at ,college1           
notwithstanding which my duties are     
quite as heavy as they ever were1 for we
 are to receive a number of military    
students--,i suppose thirty at least4   
,the translation1 and printing also1 is 
now so much enlarged that ,i am scarcely
 able to get through the necessary      
labour of correcting proofs and learning
 the necessary languages4  ,all these   
things are causes of rejoicing more than
 of regret1 for they are the very things
 for which ,i came into the country1 and
 to which ,i wish to devote my latest   
breath444,jabez has offered himself to  

the ,mission1 a circumstance which gives
 me more pleasure than if he had been   
appointed ,chief ,judge of the ,supreme 
,court444,your mother has long been     
confined to her couch1 ,i believe about 
six months4  ,the following was written 
evidently in reply to loving letters on 
the death of his wife1 ,charlotte       
,emilia3--  #dth ,june #ahba4--,,my     
,,dear ,,jonathan--,i feel your         
affectionate care for me very tenderly4 
,i have just received very affectionate 
letters from ,william and ,brother      
,sutton 7,orissa74  ,lord and ,lady     
,hastings wrote to ,brother ,marshman1  
thinking it would oppress my feelings to
 write to me directly1 to offer their   
kind condolence to me through him4      
,will you have the goodness to send five
 rupees to ,william for the ,cutwa      
school1 which your dear mother          
supported4  ,i will repay you soon1 but 
am now very short of money4--,i am your 
very affectionate father1 ,w4 ,,carey4  
,of the many descendants of ,dr4 ,carey1

 one great grandson is now an ordained  
missionary in ,bengal1 another a medical
 missionary in ,delhi1 and a third is a 
member of the ,civil ,service1 who has  
distinguished himself by travels in     
,northern ,tibet and ,chinese           
,turkestan1 which promise to unveil much
 of the unexplored regions of ,asia to  
the scholar and the missionary4  ,thus  
far we have confined our study of       
,william ,carey to his purely missionary
 career1 and that in its earlier half4  
,we have now to see him as the scholar1 
the ,bible translator1 the              
philanthropist1 the agriculturist1 and  
the founder of a ,university4           
,,chapter ,,ix  ,,professor ,,of        
,,sanskrit1 ,,bengali1 ,,and ,,marathi  
#ahja-ahcj  ,carey the only ,sanskrit   
scholar in ,india besides               
,colebrooke--,the motive of the         
missionary scholar--,plans translation  
of the sacred books of the              
,east--,comparative philology from      
,leibniz to ,carey--,hindoo and         

,mohammedan codes and colleges of       
,warren ,hastings--,the ,marquis        
,wellesley--,the ,college of ,fort      
,william founded--,character of the     
,company's civil and military           
servants--,curriculum of study1         
professors and teachers--,the vernacular
 languages--,carey's account of the     
college and his appointment--,how he    
studied ,sanskrit--,college ,disputation
 ,day in the new ,government            
,house--,carey's ,sanskrit speech--,lord
 ,wellesley's eulogy--,sir ,james       
,mackintosh--,carey's pundits--,he      
projects the ,bibliotheca ,asiatica--,on
 the ,committee of the ,bengal ,asiatic 
,society--,edition and translation of   
the ,ramayana epic--,the                
,hitopadesa--,his ,universal            
,dictionary--,influence of ,carey on the
 civil and military services--,w4 ,b4   
,bayley2 ,b4 ,h4 ,hodgson2 ,r4 ,jenkins2
 ,r4 ,m4 and ,w4 ,bird2 ,john ,lawrence4
  ,when1 in the opening days of the     
nineteenth century1 ,william ,carey was 

driven to settle in ,danish ,serampore1 
he was the only member of the governing 
race in ,north ,india who knew the      
language of the people so as to teach   
it2 the only scholar1 with the exception
 of ,colebrooke1 who could speak        
,sanskrit as fluently as the ,brahmans4 
,the ,bengali language he had made the  
vehicle of the teaching of ,christ1 of  
the thought of ,paul1 of the revelation 
of ,john4 ,of the ,sanskrit1 hitherto   
concealed from alien eyes or diluted    
only through the ,persian1 he had       
prepared a grammar and begun a          
dictionary1 while he had continually    
used its great epics in preaching to the
 ,brahmans1 as ,paul had quoted the     
,greek poets on the ,areopagus4  ,and   
all this he had done as the missionary  
of ,christ and the scholar afterwards4  
,reporting to ,ryland1 in ,august #ahjj1
 the publication of the ,gospels and of 
several small pieces in ,bengali1 he    
excused his irregularity in keeping a   
journal1 for in the printing ,i have to 

look over the copy and correct the      
press1 which is much more laborious than
 it would be in ,england1 because       
spelling1 writing1 printing1 etc41 in   
,bengali is almost a new thing1 and we  
have in a manner to fix the orthography4
  ,a little later1 in a letter to       
,sutcliff1 he used language regarding   
the sacred books of the ,hindoos which  
finds a parallel more than eighty years 
after in ,professor ,max ,mller's       
preface to his series of the sacred     
books of the ,east1 the translation of  
which ,carey was the first to plan and  
to begin from the highest of all        
motives4  ,mr4 ,max ,mller calls        
attention to the real mischief that has 
been and is still being done by the     
enthusiasm of those pioneers who have   
opened the first avenues through the    
bewildering forests of the sacred       
literature of the ,east4 ,he declares   
that ,eastern nations themselves would  
not tolerate1 in any of their classical 
literary compositions1 such violations  

of the simplest rules of taste as they  
have accustomed themselves to tolerate1 
if not to admire1 in their sacred books4
 ,and he is compelled to leave          
untranslated1 while he apologises for   
them1 the frequent allusions to the     
sexual aspects of nature1 particularly  
in religious books4  ,the revelations of
 the ,maharaj trial in ,bombay are the  
practical fruit of all this4            
,,calcutta1 #agth ,march #ahjb4--;,i    
have been much astonished lately at the 
malignity of some of the infidel        
opposers of the ,gospel1 to see how     
ready they are to pick every flaw they  
can in the inspired writings1 and even  
to distort the meaning1 that they may   
make it appear inconsistent2 while these
 very persons will labour to reconcile  
the grossest contradictions in the      
writings accounted sacred by the        
,hindoos1 and will stoop to the meanest 
artifices in order to apologise for the 
numerous glaring falsehoods and horrid  
violations of all decency and decorum1  

which abound in almost every page4  ,any
 thing1 it seems1 will do with these men
 but the word of ,god4 ,they ridicule   
the figurative language of ,scripture1  
but will run allegory-mad in support of 
the most worthless productions that ever
 were published4  ,i should think it    
time lost to translate any of them2 and 
only a sense of duty excites me to read 
them4  ,an idea1 however1 of the        
advantage which the friends of          
,christianity may obtain by having these
 mysterious sacred nothings 7which have 
maintained their celebrity so long      
merely by being kept from the inspection
 of any but interested ,brahmans7       
exposed to view1 has induced me1 among  
other things1 to write the ,sanskrit    
grammar1 and to begin a dictionary of   
that language4  ,i sincerely pity the   
poor people1 who are held by the chains 
of an implicit faith in the grossest of 
lies2 and can scarcely help despising   
the wretched infidel who pleads in their
 favour and tries to vindicate them4  ,i

 have long wished to obtain a copy of   
the ,veda2 and am now in hopes ,i shall 
be able to procure all that are extant4 
,a ,brahman this morning offered to get 
them for me for the sake of money4  ,if 
,i succeed1 ,i shall be strongly tempted
 to publish them with a translation1 pro
 bono publico4  ,it was not surprising  
that the ,governor-,general1 even if he 
had been less enlightened than ,lord    
,wellesley1 found in this missionary    
interloper1 as the ,east ,india ,company
 officially termed the class to which he
 belonged1 the only man fit to be       
,professor of ,bengali1 ,sanskrit1 and  
,marathi in the ,college of ,fort       
,william1 and also translator of the    
laws and regulations of the ,government4
  ,in a memoir read before the ,berlin  
,academy of ,sciences1 which he had     
founded in the first year of the        
eighteenth century1 ,leibniz first sowed
 the seed of the twin sciences of       
comparative philology and ethnology1 to 
which we owe the fruitful results of the

 historical and critical school4  ,that 
century was passed in the necessary     
collection of facts1 of data4  ,carey   
introduced the second period1 so far as 
the learned and vernacular languages of 
,north ,india are concerned--of         
developing from the body of facts which 
his industry enormously extended1 the   
principles upon which these languages   
were constructed1 besides applying these
 principles1 in the shape of grammars1  
dictionaries1 and translations1 to the  
instruction and ,christian civilisation 
alike of the learned and of the millions
 of the people4 ,to the last1 as at the 
first1 he was undoubtedly only what he  
called himself1 a pioneer to prepare the
 way for more successful civilisers and 
scholars4  ,but his pioneering was      
acknowledged by contemporary#ad and     
later ,orientalists1 like ,colebrooke   
and ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 to be of unexampled
 value in the history of scientific     
research and industry1 while the        
succeeding pages will show that in its  

practical results the pioneering came as
 nearly to victory as is possible1 until
 native ,india lives its own national   
,christian life4  ,when ,india first    
became a united ,british ,empire under  
one ,governor-,general and the          
,regulating ,act of ,parliament of      
#aggc1 ,warren ,hastings had at once    
carried out the provision he himself had
 suggested for using the moulavies and  
pundits in the administration of        
,mussulman and ,hindoo law4  ,besides   
colleges in ,calcutta and ,benares to   
train such1 he caused those codes of    
,mohammedan and ,brahmanical law to be  
prepared which afterwards appeared as   
,the ,hedaya and ,the ,code of ,gentoo  
,laws4 ,the last was compiled in        
,sanskrit by pundits summoned from all  
,bengal and maintained in ,calcutta at  
the public cost1 each at a rupee a day4 
,it was translated through the ,persian1
 the language of the courts1 by the     
elder ,halhed into ,english in #aggf4   
,that was the first step in ,english    

,orientalism4  ,the second was taken by 
,sir ,william ,jones1 a predecessor     
worthy of ,carey1 but cut off all too   
soon while still a young man of         
thirty-four1 when he founded the ,bengal
 ,asiatic ,society in #aghd on the model
 of ,boyle's ,royal ,society4  ,the code
 of ,warren ,hastings had to be arranged
 and supplemented into a reliable digest
 of the original texts1 and the         
translation of this work1 as done by    
pundit ,jaganatha1 was left1 by the     
death of ,jones1 to ,colebrooke1 who    
completed it in #agig4  ,charles        
,wilkins had made the first direct      
translation from the ,sanskrit into     
,english in #aghe1 when he published in 
,london ,the ,bhagavat-,geeta or        
,dialogue of ,krishna and ,arjoon1 and  
his is the imperishable honour thus     
chronicled by a contemporary            
poetaster3--    ,but he performed a yet 
more noble part1   ,he gave to ,asia    
typographic art4  ,in ,bengali ,halhed  
had printed at ,hoogli in #aghc1 with   

types cut by ,wilkins1 the first        
grammar1 but it had become obsolete and 
was imperfect4  ,such had been the      
tentative efforts of the civilians and  
officials of the ,company when ,carey   
began anew the work from the only secure
 foundation1 the level of daily         
sympathetic intercourse with the people 
and their ,brahmans1 with the young as  
well as the old4  ,the ,marquis         
,wellesley was of nearly the same age as
 ,carey1 whom he soon learned to        
appreciate and to use for the highest   
good of the empire4 ,of the same name   
and original ,english descent as ,john  
and ,charles ,wesley1 the               
,governor-,general was the eldest and   
not the least brilliant of the ,irish   
family which1 besides him1 gave to the  
country the ,duke of ,wellington and    
,lord ,cowley4  ,while ,carey was       
cobbling shoes in an unknown hamlet of  
the ,midlands and was aspiring to       
convert the world1 young ,wellesley was 
at ,eton and ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1  

acquiring the classical scholarship     
which1 as we find its fruits in his     
,primitioe et ,reliquioe1 extorted the  
praise of ,de ,quincey4  ,when ,carey   
was starving in ,calcutta unknown the   
young lord was making his mark in the   
,house of ,commons by a speech against  
the ,jacobins of ,france in the style of
 ,burke4  ,the friend of ,pitt1 he      
served his apprenticeship to ,indian    
affairs in the ,board of ,control1 where
 he learned to fight the directors of   
the ,east ,india ,company1 and he landed
 at ,calcutta in #agih1 just in time to 
save the nascent empire from ruin by the
 second ,mysore war and the fall of     
,tipoo at ,seringapatam4  ,like that    
other marquis who most closely resembled
 him half a century after1 the ,scottish
 ,dalhousie1 his hands were no sooner   
freed from the uncongenial bonds of war 
than he became even more illustrious by 
his devotion to the progress which peace
 makes possible4  ,he created the       
,college of ,fort ,william1 dating the  

foundation of what was fitted and       
intended to be the greatest seat of     
learning in the ,east from the first    
anniversary of the victory of           
,seringapatam4  ,so splendidly did he   
plan1 so wisely did he organise1 and    
with such lofty aims did he select the  
teachers of the college1 that long after
 his death he won from ,de ,quincey the 
impartial eulogy1 that of his three     
services to his country and ,india this 
was the first1 to pave the way for the  
propagation of ,christianity--mighty    
service1 stretching to the clouds1 and  
which in the hour of death must have    
given him consolation4  ,when ,wellesley
 arrived at ,calcutta he had been       
shocked by the sensual ignorance of the 
,company's servants4  ,sunday was       
universally given up to horse-racing and
 gambling4  ,boys of sixteen were       
removed from the ,english public schools
 where they had hardly mastered the     
rudiments of education to become the    
magistrates1 judges1 revenue collectors1

 and governors of millions of natives   
recently brought under ,british sway4   
,at a time when the passions most need  
regulation and the conscience training1 
these lads found themselves in ,india   
with large incomes1 flattered by native 
subordinates1 encouraged by their       
superiors to lead lives of dissipation1 
and without the moral control even of   
the weakest public opinion4  ,the ,eton 
boy and ,oxford man was himself still   
young1 and he knew the world1 but he saw
 that all this meant ruin to both the   
civil and military services1 and to the 
,company's system4  ,the directors      
addressed in a public letter1 dated     
#beth ,may #agih1 an objurgation on the 
character and conduct of their servants4
  ,they re-echoed the words of the new  
,governor-,general in their condemnation
 of a state of things1 highly           
discreditable to our ,government1 and   
totally incompatible with the religion  
we profess4  ,such a service as this1   
preceding the creation of the college1  

led ,pitt's other friend1 ,wilberforce1 
in the discussions on the charter of    
#ahac1 to ascribe to ,lord ,wellesley1  
when summoning him to confirm and revise
 it1 the system of diffusing useful     
knowledge of all sorts as the true foe  
not only of ignorance but of vice and of
 political and social decay4  ,called   
upon to prevent the evils he had been   
the first to denounce officially1 ,lord 
,wellesley wrote his magnificent state  
paper of #ahjj1 which he simply termed  
,notes on the necessity of a special    
collegiate training of ,civil ,servants4
  ,the ,company's factories had grown   
into the ,indian ,empire of ,great      
,britain4  ,the tradesmen and clerks1   
whom the ,company still called writer1  
factor1 and merchant1 in their several  
grades1 had1 since ,clive obtained a    
military commission in disgust at such  
duties1 become the judges and rulers of 
millions1 responsible to ,parliament4   
,they must be educated in ,india itself1
 and trained to be equal to the         

responsibilities and temptations of     
their position4  ,if appointed by       
patronage at home when still at school1 
they must be tested after training in   
,india so that promotion shall depend on
 degrees of merit4  ,lord ,wellesley    
anticipated the modified system of      
competition which ,macaulay offered to  
the ,company in #ahec1 and the refusal  
of which led to the unrestricted system 
which has prevailed with varying results
 since that time4  ,nor was the college 
only for the young civilians as they    
arrived4  ,those already at work were to
 be encouraged to study4  ,military     
officers were to be invited to take     
advantage of an institution which was   
intended to be the university of        
,calcutta1 a light amid the darkness of 
,asia1 and that at a time when in all   
,england there was not a military       
college4 ,finally1 the college was      
designed to be a centre of ,western     
learning in an ,eastern dress for the   
natives of ,india and ,southern ,asia1  

alike as students and teachers4 ,a noble
 site was marked out for it on the      
stately sweep of ,garden ,reach1 where  
every ,east ,indiaman first dropped its 
anchor1 and the building was to be      
worthy of the founder who erected       
,government ,house4  ,the curriculum of 
study included ,arabic1 ,persian1 and   
,sanskrit2 ,bengali1 ,marathi1          
,hindostani 7,hindi71 ,telugoo1 ,tamil1 
and ,kanarese2 ,english1 the ,company's1
 ,mohammedan and ,hindoo law1 civil     
jurisprudence1 and the law of nations2  
ethics2 political economy1 history1     
geography1 and mathematics2 the ,greek1 
,latin1 and ,english classics1 and the  
modern languages of ,europe2 the history
 and antiquities of ,india2 natural     
history1 botany1 chemistry1 and         
astronomy4  ,the discipline was that of 
the ,english universities as they then  
were1 under the ,governor-,general      
himself1 his colleagues1 and the        
appellate judges4  ,the senior chaplain1
 the ,rev4 ,david ,brown1 was provost in

 charge of the discipline2 and ,dr4     
,claudius ,buchanan was vice-provost in 
charge of the studies1 as well as       
professor of ,greek1 ,latin1 and        
,english4  ,dr4 ,gilchrist was professor
 of ,hindostani1 in teaching which he   
had already made a fortune2 ,lieutenant 
,j4 ,baillie of ,arabic2 and ,mr4 ,h4   
,b4 ,edmonstone of ,persian4  ,sir      
,george ,barlow expounded the laws or   
regulations of the ,british ,government 
in ,india4  ,the ,church of ,england    
constitution of the college at first1 to
 which ,buchanan had applied the        
,english ,test ,act1 and his own        
modesty1 led ,carey to accept of his    
appointment1 which was thus             
gazetted3--,the ,rev4 ,william ,carey1  
teacher of the ,bengali and ,sanskrit   
languages4  ,the first notice of the new
 college which we find in ,carey's      
correspondence is this1 in a letter to  
,sutcliff dated #bgth ,november         
#ahjj3--,there is a college erected at  
,fort ,william1 of which the ,rev4 ,d4  

,brown is appointed provost1 and ,c4    
,buchanan classical tutor3 all the      
,eastern languages are to be taught in  
it4 ,all the languages of ,india were to
 be taught1 the vernacular as well as   
the classical and purely official4      
,this was a reform not less radical and 
beneficial in its far-reaching          
influence1 and not less honourable to   
the scholarly foresight of ,lord        
,wellesley1 than ,lord ,william         
,bentinck's new era of the ,english     
language thirty-five years after4  ,the 
rulers and administrators of the new    
empire were to begin their career by a  
three years' study of the mother tongue 
of the people1 to whom justice was      
administered in a language foreign alike
 to them and their governors1 and of the
 ,persian language of their foreign     
,mohammedan conquerors4 ,that the       
peoples of ,india1 every man in his own 
language1 might hear and read the story 
of what the one true and living ,god had
 done for us men and our salvation1     

,carey had nine years before given      
himself to acquire ,bengali and the     
,sanskrit of which it is one of a       
numerous family of daughters1 as the    
tongues of the ,latin nations of ,europe
 and ,south ,america are of the         
offspring of the speech of ,caesar and  
,cicero4 ,now1 following the missionary 
pioneer1 as educational1 scientific1 and
 even political progress has ever since 
done in the ,india which would have kept
 him out1 ,lord ,wellesley decreed that1
 like the missionary1 the administrator 
and the military officer shall master   
the language of the people4  ,the five  
great vernaculars of ,india were        
accordingly named1 and the greatest of  
all1 the ,hindi1 which was not          
scientifically elaborated till long     
after1 was provided for under the mixed 
dialect or lingua franca known as       
,hindostani4  ,when ,carey and his      
colleagues were congratulating          
themselves on a reform which has already
 proved as fruitful of results as the   

first century of the ,renascence of     
,europe1 he little thought1 in his      
modesty1 that he would be recognised as 
the only man who was fit to carry it    
out4  ,having guarded the college1 as   
they thought1 by a test1 ,brown and     
,buchanan urged ,carey to take charge of
 the ,bengali and ,sanskrit classes as  
teacher on ,rs4 #ejj a month or #gjj a  
year4 ,such an office was entirely in   
the line of the constitution of the     
missionary brotherhood4 ,but would the  
,government which had banished it to    
,serampore recognise the aggressively   
missionary character of ,carey1 who     
would not degrade his high calling by   
even the suspicion of a compromise8  ,to
 be called and paid as a teacher rather 
than as the professor whose double work 
he was asked to do1 was nothing to the  
modesty of the scholar who pleaded his  
sense of unfitness for the duties4  ,his
 ,master1 not himself1 was ever ,carey's
 first thought1 and the full            
professorship1 rising to #ahjj a year1  

was soon conferred on the man who proved
 himself to be almost as much the       
college in his own person as were the   
other professors put together4  ,a month
 after his appointment he thus told the 
story to ,dr4 ,ryland in the course of a
 long letter devoted chiefly to the     
first native converts3--  ,,serampore1  
#aeth ,june #ahja444,we sent you some   
time ago a box full of gods and         
butterflies1 etc41 and another box      
containing a hundred copies of the ,new 
,testament in ,bengali444,mr4 ,lang is  
studying ,bengali1 under me1 in the     
college4  ,what ,i have last mentioned  
requires some explanation1 though you   
will probably hear of it before this    
reaches you4  ,you must know1 then1 that
 a college was founded last year in     
,fort ,william1 for the instruction of  
the junior civil servants of the        
,company1 who are obliged to study in it
 three years after their arrival4  ,i   
always highly approved of the           
institution1 but never entertained a    

thought that ,i should be called to fill
 a station in it4 ,to my great surprise 
,i was asked to undertake the ,bengali  
professorship4  ,one morning a letter   
from ,mr4 ,brown came1 inviting me to   
cross the water1 to have some           
conversation with him upon this subject4
  ,i had but just time to call our      
brethren together1 who were of opinion  
that1 for several reasons1 ,i ought to  
accept it1 provided it did not interfere
 with the work of the mission4  ,i also 
knew myself to be incapable of filling  
such a station with reputation and      
propriety4 ,i1 however1 went over1 and  
honestly proposed all my fears and      
objections4  ,both ,mr4 ,brown and ,mr4 
,buchanan were of opinion that the cause
 of the mission would be furthered by   
it2 and ,i was not able to reply to     
their arguments4  ,i was convinced that 
it might4  ,as to my ability1 they could
 not satisfy me2 but they insisted upon 
it that they must be the judges of that4
  ,i therefore consented1 with fear and 

trembling4  ,they proposed me that day1 
or the next1 to the ,governor-,general1 
who is patron and visitor of the        
college4  ,they told him that ,i had    
been a missionary in the country for    
seven years or more2 and as a missionary
 ,i was appointed to the office4  ,a    
clause had been inserted in the statutes
 to accommodate those who are not of the
 ,church of ,england 7for all professors
 are to take certain oaths1 and make    
declarations72 but1 for the             
accommodation of such1 two other names  
were inserted1 viz41 lecturers and      
teachers1 who are not included under    
that obligation4  ,when ,i was proposed1
 his lordship asked if ,i was well      
affected to the state1 and capable of   
fulfilling the duties of the station2 to
 which ,mr4 ,b4 replied that he should  
never have proposed me if he had had the
 smallest doubt on those heads4  ,i     
wonder how people can have such         
favourable ideas of me4  ,i certainly am
 not disaffected to the state2 but the  

other is not clear to me4  ,when the    
appointment was made1 ,i saw that ,i had
 a very important charge committed to   
me1 and no books or helps of any kind to
 assist me4 ,i therefore set about      
compiling a grammar1 which is now half  
printed4 ,i got ,ram ,basu to compose a 
history of one of their kings1 the first
 prose book ever written in the ,bengali
 language2 which we are also printing4  
,our pundit has also nearly translated  
the ,sanskrit fables1 one or two of     
which ,brother ,thomas sent you1 which  
we are also going to publish1 ,these1   
with ,mr4 ,foster's vocabulary1 will    
prepare the way to reading their        
poetical books2 so that ,i hope this    
difficulty will be gotten through4  ,but
 my ignorance of the way of conducting  
collegiate exercises is a great weight  
upon my mind4 ,i have thirteen students 
in my class2 ,i lecture twice a week1   
and have nearly gone through one term1  
not quite two months4  ,it began #dth   
,may4  ,most of the students have gotten

 through the accidents1 and some have   
begun to translate ,bengali into        
,english4  ,the examination begins this 
week4  ,i am also appointed teacher of  
the ,sanskrit language2 and though no   
students have yet entered in that class1
 yet ,i must prepare for it4  ,i am1    
therefore1 writing a grammar of that    
language1 which ,i must also print1 if  
,i should be able to get through with   
it1 and perhaps a dictionary1 which ,i  
began some years ago4  ,i say all this1 
my dear brother1 to induce you to give  
me your advice about the best manner of 
conducting myself in this station1 and  
to induce you to pray much for me1 that 
,god may1 in all things1 be glorified by
 me4  ,we presented a copy of the       
,bengali ,new ,testament to ,lord       
,wellesley1 after the appointment1      
through the medium of the ,rev4 ,d4     
,brown1 which was graciously received4  
,we also presented ,governor ,bie with  
one4  ,serampore is now in the hands of 
the ,english4  ,it was taken while we   

were in bed and asleep2 you may         
therefore suppose that it was done      
without bloodshed4  ,you may be         
perfectly easy about us3 we are equally 
secure under the ,english or ,danish    
,government1 and ,i am sure well        
disposed to both4  ,for seven years1    
since his first settlement in the       
,dinapoor district1 ,carey had given    
one-third of his long working day to the
 study of ,sanskrit4  ,in #agif he      
reported3--,i am now learning the       
,sanskrit language1 that ,i may be able 
to read their ,shasters for myself2 and 
,i have acquired so much of the ,hindi  
or ,hindostani as to converse in it and 
speak for some time intelligibly444,even
 the language of ,ceylon has so much    
affinity with that of ,bengal that out  
of twelve words1 with the little        
,sanskrit that ,i know1 ,i can          
understand five or six4  ,in #agih he   
wrote3--,i constantly employ the        
forenoon in temporal affairs2 the       
afternoon in reading1 writing1 learning 

,sanskrit1 etc42 and the evening by     
candle light in translating the         
,scriptures444,except ,i go out to      
preach1 which is often the case1 ,i     
never deviate from this rule4 ,three    
years before that he had been able to   
confute the ,brahmans from their own    
writings2 in #agih he quoted and        
translated the ,rig ,veda and the       
,purana in reply to a request for an    
account of the beliefs of the           
priesthood1 apologising1 however1 with  
his usual self-depreciation3--,i am just
 beginning to see for myself by reading 
the original ,shasters4 ,in #agii we    
find him reading the ,mahabharata epic  
with the hope of finding some allusion  
or fact which might enable him to equate
 ,hindoo chronology with reliable       
history1 as ,dr4 ,john ,wilson of       
,bombay and ,james ,prinsep did a       
generation later1 by the discovery of   
the name of ,antiochus the ,great in two
 of the edicts of ,asoka1 written on the
 ,girnar rock4  ,by ,september #ahjd    

,carey had completed the first three    
years' course of collegiate training in 
,sanskrit4  ,the ,governor-,general     
summoned a brilliant assembly to listen 
to the disputations and declamations of 
the students who were passing out1 and  
of their professors1 in the various     
,oriental languages4  ,the new          
,government ,house1 as it was still     
called1 having been completed only the  
year before at a cost of #adj1jjj1 was  
the scene1 in the southern room on the  
marble floor1 where1 ever since1 all    
through the century1 the ,sovereign's   
,viceroys have received the homage of   
the tributary kings of our ,indian      
empire4 ,there1 from ,dalhousie and     
,canning to ,lawrence and ,mayo1 and    
their still surviving successors1 we    
have seen pageants and durbars more     
splendid1 and representing a wider      
extent of territory1 from ,yarkand to   
,bangkok1 than even the ,sultanised     
,englishman as ,sir ,james ,mackintosh  
called ,wellesley1 ever dreamed of in   

his most imperial aspirations4  ,there  
councils have ever since been held1 and 
laws have been passed affecting the weal
 of from two to three hundred millions  
of our fellow-subjects4 ,there1 too1 we 
have stood with ,duff and ,cotton1      
,ritchie and ,outram1 representing the  
later ,university of ,calcutta which    
,wellesley would have anticipated4  ,but
 we question if1 ever since1 the marble 
hall of the ,governor-,general's palace 
has witnessed a sight more profoundly   
significant than that of ,william ,carey
 addressing the ,marquis ,wellesley in  
,sanskrit1 and in the presence of the   
future ,duke of ,wellington1 in such    
words as follow4  ,the seventy students1
 their governors1 officers1 and         
professors1 rose to their feet1 when1 at
 ten o'clock on ,thursday the #bjth of  
,september #ahjd1 ,his ,excellency the  
,visitor entered the room1 accompanied1 
as the official gazette duly chronicles1
 by the ,honourable the ,chief ,justice1
 the judges of the ,supreme ,court1 the 

members of the ,supreme ,council1 the   
members of the ,council of the ,college1
 ,major-,general ,cameron1              
,major-,general the ,honourable ,arthur 
,wellesley1 ,major-,general ,dowdeswell1
 and ,solyman ,aga1 the envoy from      
,baghdad4  ,all the principal civil and 
military officers at the ,presidency1   
and many of the ,british inhabitants1   
were present on this occasion2 and also 
many learned natives4  ,after ,romer had
 defended1 in ,hindostani1 the thesis   
that the ,sanskrit is the parent        
language in ,india1 and ,swinton1 in    
,persian1 that the poems of ,hafiz are  
to be understood in a figurative or     
mystical sense1 there came a ,bengali   
declamation by ,tod senior on the       
position that the translations of the   
best works extant in the ,sanskrit with 
the popular languages of ,india would   
promote the extension of science and    
civilisation1 opposed by ,hayes2 then   
,carey1 as moderator1 made an           
appropriate ,bengali speech4  ,a similar

 disputation in ,arabic and a ,sanskrit 
declamation followed1 when ,carey was   
called on to conclude with a speech in  
,sanskrit4  ,two days after1 at a second
 assemblage of the same kind1 followed  
by a state dinner4  ,lord ,wellesley    
presented the best students with degrees
 of merit inscribed on vellum in        
,oriental characters1 and delivered an  
oration1 in which he specially          
complimented the ,sanskrit classes1     
urged more general attention to the     
,bengali language1 and expressed        
satisfaction that a successful beginning
 had been made in the study of ,marathi4
  ,it was considered a dangerous        
experiment for a missionary1 speaking in
 ,sanskrit1 to avow himself such not    
only before the ,governor-,general in   
official state but before the ,hindoo   
and ,mohammedan nobles who surrounded   
him4  ,we may be sure that ,carey would 
not show less of his ,master's charity  
and wisdom than he had always striven to
 do4  ,but the necessity was the more   

laid on him that he should openly       
confess his great calling1 for he had   
told ,fuller on ,lord ,wellesley's      
arrival he would do so if it were       
possible4  ,buchanan1 being quite as    
anxious to bring the mission forward on 
this occasion1 added much to the        
,english draft--the whole of the        
flattery is his1 wrote ,carey to        
,fuller--and sent it on to ,lord        
,wellesley with apprehension4  ,this    
answer came back from the great         
,proconsul3--,i am much pleased with    
,mr4 ,carey's truly original and        
excellent speech4  ,i would not wish to 
have a word altered4  ,i esteem such a  
testimony from such a man a greater     
honour than the applause of ,courts and 
,parliaments4  ,,my ,,lord1 it is just  
that the language which has been first  
cultivated under your auspices should   
primarily be employed in gratefully     
acknowledging the benefit1 and in       
speaking your praise4 ,this ancient     
language1 which refused to disclose     

itself to the former ,governors of      
,india1 unlocks its treasures at your   
command1 and enriches the world with the
 history1 learning1 and science of a    
distant age4  ,the rising importance of 
our collegiate institution has never    
been more clearly demonstrated than on  
the present occasion2 and thousands of  
the learned in distant nations will     
exult in this triumph of literature4    
,what a singular exhibition has been    
this day presented to us6  ,in presence 
of the supreme ,governor of ,india1 and 
of its most learned and illustrious     
characters1 ,asiatic and ,european1 an  
assembly is convened1 in which no word  
of our native tongue is spoken1 but     
public discourse is maintained on       
interesting subjects in the languages of
 ,asia4 ,the colloquial ,hindostani1 the
 classic ,persian1 the commercial       
,bengali1 the learned ,arabic1 and the  
primval ,sanskrit are spoken fluently1  
after having been studied grammatically1
 by ,english youth4  ,did ever any      

university in ,europe1 or any literary  
institution in any other age or country1
 exhibit a scene so interesting as this8
  ,and what are the circumstances of    
these youth8  ,they are not students who
 prosecute a dead language with         
uncertain purpose1 impelled only by     
natural genius or love of fame4  ,but   
having been appointed to the important  
offices of administering the government 
of the country in which these languages 
are spoken1 they apply their            
acquisitions immediately to useful      
purpose2 in distributing justice to the 
inhabitants2 in transacting the business
 of the state1 revenual and commercial2 
and in maintaining official intercourse 
with the people1 in their own tongue1   
and not1 as hitherto1 by an interpreter4
  ,the acquisitions of our students may 
be appreciated by their affording to the
 suppliant native immediate access to   
his principal2 and by their elucidating 
the spirit of the regulations of our    
,government by oral communication1 and  

by written explanations1 varied         
according to the circumstances and      
capacities of the people4  ,the         
acquisitions of our students are        
appreciated at this moment by those     
learned ,asiatics now present in this   
assembly1 some of them strangers from   
distant provinces2 who wonder every man 
to hear in his own tongue important     
subjects discussed1 and new and noble   
principles asserted1 by the youth of a  
foreign land4  ,the literary proceedings
 of this day amply repay all the        
solicitude1 labour1 and expense that    
have been bestowed on this institution4 
,if the expense had been a thousand     
times greater1 it would not have        
equalled the immensity of the advantage1
 moral and political1 that will ensue4  
,i1 now an old man1 have lived for a    
long series of years among the ,hindoos4
  ,i have been in the habit of preaching
 to multitudes daily1 of discoursing    
with the ,brahmans on every subject1 and
 of superintending schools for the      

instruction of the ,hindoo youth4 ,their
 language is nearly as familiar to me as
 my own4  ,this close intercourse with  
the natives for so long a period1 and in
 different parts of our empire1 has     
afforded me opportunities of information
 not inferior to those which have       
hitherto been presented to any other    
person4  ,i may say indeed that their   
manners1 customs1 habits1 and sentiments
 are as obvious to me as if ,i was      
myself a native4 ,and knowing them as ,i
 do1 and hearing as ,i do their daily   
observations on our government1         
character1 and principles1 ,i am        
warranted to say 7and ,i deem it my duty
 to embrace the public opportunity now  
afforded me of saying it7 that the      
institution of this college was wanting 
to complete the happiness of the natives
 under our dominion2 for this           
institution will break down that barrier
 7our ignorance of their language7 which
 has ever opposed the influence of our  
laws and principles1 and has despoiled  

our administration of its energy and    
effect4  ,were the institution to cease 
from this moment1 its salutary effects  
would yet remain4  ,good has been done1 
which cannot be undone4  ,sources of    
useful knowledge1 moral instruction1 and
 political utility have been opened to  
the natives of ,india which can never be
 closed2 and their civil improvement1   
like the gradual civilisation of our own
 country1 will advance in progression   
for ages to come4  ,one hundred original
 volumes in the ,oriental languages and 
literature will preserve for ever in    
,asia the name of the founder of this   
institution4  ,nor are the examples     
frequent of a renown1 possessing such   
utility for its basis1 or pervading such
 a vast portion of the habitable globe4 
,my lord1 you have raised a monument of 
fame which no length of time or reverse 
of fortune is able to destroy2 not      
chiefly because it is inscribed with    
,maratha and ,mysore1 with the trophies 
of war and the emblems of victory1 but  

because there are inscribed on it the   
names of those learned youth who have   
obtained degrees of honour for high     
proficiency in the ,oriental tongues4   
,these youth will rise in regular       
succession to the ,government of this   
country4  ,they will extend the domain  
of ,british civilisation1 security1 and 
happiness1 by enlarging the bounds of   
,oriental literature and thereby        
diffusing the spirit of ,christian      
principles throughout the nations of    
,asia4 ,these youth1 who have lived so  
long amongst us1 whose unwearied        
application to their studies we have all
 witnessed1 whose moral and exemplary   
conduct has1 in so solemn a manner1 been
 publicly declared before this august   
assembly1 on this day2 and who1 at the  
moment of entering on the public        
service1 enjoy the fame of possessing   
qualities 7rarely combined7 constituting
 a reputation of threefold strength for 
public men1 genius1 industry1 and       
virtue2--these illustrious scholars1 my 

lord1 the pride of their country1 and   
the pillars of this empire1 will record 
your name in many a language and secure 
your fame for ever4  ,your fame is      
already recorded in their hearts4  ,the 
whole body of youth of this service hail
 you as their father and their friend4  
,your honour will ever be safe in their 
hands4 ,no revolution of opinion or     
change of circumstances can rob you of  
the solid glory derived from the humane1
 just1 liberal1 and magnanimous         
principles which have been embodied by  
your administration4  ,to whatever      
situation the course of future events   
may call you1 the youth of this service 
will ever remain the pledges of the     
wisdom and purity of your government4   
,your evening of life will be constantly
 cheered with new testimonies of their  
reverence and affection1 with new proofs
 of the advantages of the education you 
have afforded them1 and with a          
demonstration of the numerous benefits1 
moral1 religious1 and political1        

resulting from this                     
institution2--benefits which will       
consolidate the happiness of millions of
 ,asia1 with the glory and welfare of   
our country4  ,the ,court of ,directors 
had never liked ,lord ,wellesley1 and he
 had1 in common with ,colebrooke1 keenly
 wounded them by proposing a free trade 
movement against their monopoly4  ,they 
ordered that his favourite college      
should be immediately abolished4  ,he   
took good care so to protract the       
operation as to give him time to call in
 the aid of the ,board of ,control1     
which saved the institution1 but        
confined it to the teaching of languages
 to the civilians of the ,bengal        
,presidency only4 ,the ,directors1 when 
thus overruled chiefly by ,pitt1 created
 a similar college at ,haileybury1 which
 continued till the open competitive    
system of #ahed swept that also away2   
and the ,company itself soon followed1  
as the march of events had made it an   
anachronism4  ,the first law professor  

at ,haileybury was ,james ,mackintosh1  
an ,aberdeen student who had leaped into
 the front rank of publicists and       
scholars by his answer to ,burke1 in the
 ,vindicioe ,gallicoe1 and his famous   
defence of ,m4 ,peltier accused of a    
libel on ,napoleon ,buonaparte4         
,knighted and sent out to ,bombay as its
 first recorder1 ,sir ,james ,mackintosh
 became the centre of scholarly society 
in ,western ,india1 as ,sir ,william    
,jones had been in ,bengal4  ,he was the
 friend of ,robert ,hall1 the younger1  
who was filling ,carey's pulpit in      
,leicester1 and he soon became the      
admiring correspondent of ,carey        
himself4  ,his first act during his     
seven years' residence in ,bombay was to
 establish the ,literary ,society4  ,he 
drew up a ,plan of a comparative        
vocabulary of ,indian languages1 to be  
filled up by the officials of every     
district1 like that which ,carey had    
long been elaborating for his own use as
 a philologist and ,bible translator4   

,in his first address to the ,literary  
,society he thus eulogised the ,college 
of ,fort ,william1 though fresh from a  
chair in its ,english rival1            
,haileybury3--,the original plan was the
 most magnificent attempt ever made for 
the promotion of learning in the        
,east444,even in its present mutilated  
state we have seen1 at the last public  
exhibition1 ,sanskrit declamation by    
,english youth1 a circumstance so       
extraordinary1 that if it be followed by
 suitable advances it will mark an epoch
 in the history of learning4  ,carey    
continued till #ahca to be the most     
notable figure in the ,college of ,fort 
,william4  ,he was the centre of the    
learned natives whom it attracted1 as   
pundits and moonshees1 as inquirers and 
visitors4  ,his own special pundit was  
the chief one1 ,mrityunjaya             
,vidyalankar1 whom ,home has            
immortalised in ,carey's portrait4  ,in 
the college for more than half the week1
 as in his study at ,serampore1 ,carey  

exhausted three pundits daily4  ,his    
college-room was the centre of incessant
 literary work1 as his ,serampore study 
was of ,bible translation4  ,when he    
declared that the college staff had sent
 forth one hundred original volumes in  
the ,oriental languages and literature1 
he referred to the grammars and         
dictionaries1 the reading-books1        
compilations1 and editions prepared for 
the students by the professors and their
 native assistants4  ,but he contributed
 the largest share1 and of all his      
contributions the most laborious and    
valuable was this project of the        
,bibliotheca ,asiatica4  #bdth ,july1   
#ahje4--;,by the enclosed ,gazette you  
will see that the ,asiatic ,society and 
the ,college have agreed to allow us a  
yearly stipend for translating ,sanskrit
 works3 this will maintain three        
missionary stations1 and we intend to   
apply it to that purpose4  ,an          
augmentation of my salary has been      
warmly recommended by the ,college      

,council1 but has not yet taken place1  
and as ,lord ,cornwallis is now arrived 
and ,lord ,wellesley going away1 it may 
not take place4  ,if it should1 it will 
be a further assistance4  ,the business 
of the translation of ,sanskrit works is
 as follows3 ,about two years ago ,i    
presented proposals 7to the ,council of 
the ,college7 to print the ,sanskrit    
books at a fixed price1 with a certain  
indemnity for #ajj copies4  ,the plan   
was thought too extensive by some1 and  
was therefore laid by4  ,a few months   
ago ,dr4 ,francis ,buchanan came to me1 
by desire of ,marquis ,wellesley1 about 
the translation of his manuscripts4  ,in
 the course of conversation ,i mentioned
 the proposal ,i had made1 of which he  
much approved1 and immediately          
communicated the matter to ,sir ,john   
,anstruther1 who is president of the    
,asiatic ,society4  ,sir ,john had then 
been drawing out a proposal to ,lord    
,wellesley to form a catalogue raisonn  
of the ancient ,hindoo books1 which he  

sent to me1 and entering warmly into my 
plan1 desired that ,i would send in a   
set of proposals4 ,after some amendments
 it was agreed that the ,college of     
,fort ,william and the ,asiatic ,society
 should subscribe in equal shares #cjj  
rupees a month to defray the current    
expenses1 that we should undertake any  
work approved of by them1 and print the 
original with an ,english translation on
 such paper and with such a type as they
 shall approve2 the copy to be ours4    
,they have agreed to recommend the work 
to all the learned bodies in ,europe4   
,i have recommended the ,ramayana to    
begin with1 it being one of the most    
popular of all the ,hindoo books        
accounted sacred4 ,the ,veda are so     
excessively insipid that1 had we begun  
with them1 we should have sickened the  
public at the outset4  ,the ,ramayana   
will furnish the best account of ,hindoo
 mythology that any one book will1 and  
has extravagancy enough to excite a wish
 to read it through4  ,in #ahjg ,carey  

became one of the most active members of
 the ,bengal ,asiatic ,society4  ,his   
name at once appears as one of the      
,committee of ,papers4  ,in the ninth   
volume of the ,asiatic ,researches for  
that year1 scholars were invited to     
communicate translations and descriptive
 accounts of ,asiatic books4  ,carey's  
edition of ,the ,ramayana of ,valmeeki1 
in the original ,sanskrit1 with a prose 
translation and explanatory notes1      
appeared from the ,serampore press in   
three successive quartos from #ahjf to  
#ahaj4  ,the translation was done by    
,dr4 ,carey and ,joshua ,marshman4      
,until ,gorresio published his edition  
and ,italian translation of the whole   
poem this was the first and only attempt
 to open the seal of the second great   
,sankrit epic to the ,european world4   
,in #ahjb ,carey had encouraged the     
publication at his own press of         
translations of both the ,mahabharata   
and the ,ramayana into ,bengali4        
,carey's ,ramayana excited a keen       

interest not only among the learned of  
,europe1 but among poetical students4   
,southey eagerly turned to it for       
materials for his ,curse of ,kehama1 in 
the notes to which he makes long        
quotations from the excellent and       
learned ,baptist missionaries of        
,serampore4  ,dean ,milman1 when        
professor of poetry in ,oxford1 drew    
from the same storehouse many of the    
notes with which he enriched his verse  
translations from both epics4  ,a4 ,w4  
von ,schlegel1 the death of whose eldest
 brother at ,madras early led him to    
,oriental studies1 published two books  
with a ,latin translation4  ,mr4 ,ralph 
,t4 ,h4 ,griffith most pleasantly opened
 the treasures of this epic to ,english 
readers in his verse translations       
published since #ahfh4 ,carey's         
translation has always been the more    
rare that the edition despatched for    
sale in ,england was lost at sea1 and   
only a few presentation copies are      
extant1 one of which is in the ,british 

,museum4  ,carey's contributions to     
,sanskrit scholarship were not confined 
to what he published or to what appeared
 under his own name4  ,we are told by   
,h4 ,h4 ,wilson that he had prepared for
 the press translations of treatises on 
the metaphysical system called ,sankhya4
 ,it was not in ,dr4 ,carey's nature to 
volunteer a display of his erudition1   
and the literary labours already        
adverted to arose in a great measure out
 of his connection with the college of  
,calcutta1 or were suggested to him by  
those whose authority he respected1 and 
to whose wishes he thought it incumbent 
upon him to attend4  ,it may be added   
that ,dr4 ,carey spoke ,sanskrit with   
fluency and correctness4  ,he edited for
 the college the ,sanskrit text of the  
,hitopadesa1 from six ,,mss4 recensions 
of this the first revelation to ,europe 
of the fountain of ,aryan folk-tales1 of
 the original of ,pilpay's ,fables4#ae  
,h4 ,h4 ,wilson remarks that the errors 
are not more than might have been       

expected from the variations and defects
 of the manuscripts and the novelty of  
the task1 for this was the first        
,sanskrit book ever printed in the      
,devanagari character4  ,to this famous 
work ,carey added an abridgment of the  
prose ,adventures of ,ten ,princes 7the 
,dasa ,kumara ,carita71 and of          
,bhartri-hari's ,apophthegms4           
,colebrooke records his debt to ,carey  
for carrying through the ,serampore     
press the ,sanskrit dictionary of ,amara
 ,sinha1 the oldest native              
lexicographer1 with an ,english         
interpretation and annotations4  ,but   
the magnum opus of ,carey was what in   
#ahaa he described as ,a ,universal     
,dictionary of the ,oriental ,languages1
 derived from the ,sanskrit1 of which   
that language is to be the groundwork4  
,the object for which he had been long  
collecting the materials of this mighty 
work was the assisting of ,biblical     
students to correct the translation of  
the ,bible in the ,oriental languages   

after we are dead4  ,through the        
,college of ,fort ,william during thirty
 long years ,carey influenced the ablest
 men in the ,bengal ,civil ,service1 and
 not a few in ,madras and ,bombay4 ,the 
college must stand or the empire must   
fall1 its founder had written to his    
friends in the ,government1 so convinced
 was he that only thus could proper men 
be trained for the public service and   
the welfare of our native subjects be   
secured4 ,how right he was ,carey's     
experience proved4  ,the young civilians
 turned out after the first three years'
 course introduced that new era in the  
administration of ,india which has      
converted traders into statesmen and    
filibusters into soldier-politicals1 so 
that the ,east ,indian services stand   
alone in the history of the             
administration of imperial dependencies 
for spotless integrity and high average 
ability4  ,contrast with the work of    
these men1 from the days of ,wellesley1 
the first ,minto1 and ,dalhousie1 from  

the time of ,canning to ,lawrence and   
the second ,minto1 the provincial       
administration of imperial ,rome1 of    
,spain and ,portugal at their best1 of  
even the ,netherlands and ,france4  ,for
 a whole generation of thirty years the 
civilians who studied ,sanskrit1        
,bengali1 and ,marathi came daily under 
the gentle spell of ,carey1 who1 though 
he had failed to keep the village school
 of ,moulton in order1 manifested the   
learning and the modesty1 the efficiency
 and the geniality1 which won the       
affectionate admiration of his students 
in ,calcutta4  ,a glance at the register
 of the college for its first five years
 reveals such men as these among his    
best students4  ,the first ,bengali     
prizeman of ,carey was ,w4 ,butterworth 
,bayley1 whose long career of blameless 
uprightness and marked ability          
culminated in the temporary seat of     
,governor-,general1 and who was followed
 in the service by a son worthy of him4 
,the second was that ,brian ,h4 ,hodgson

 who1 when ,resident of ,nepal1 of all  
his contemporaries won for himself the  
greatest reputation as a scholar1 who   
fought side by side with the ,serampore 
brotherhood the battle of the           
vernaculars of the people4  ,charles1   
afterwards ,lord ,metcalfe1 had been the
 first student to enter the college4    
,he was on its ,persian side1 and he    
learned while still under its discipline
 that humility1 patience1 and obedience 
to the divine will which                
unostentatiously marked his brilliant   
life and soothed his spirit in the      
agonies of a fatal disease4  ,he and    
,bayley were inseparable4  ,of the first
 set1 too1 were ,richard ,jenkins1 who  
was to leave his mark on history as     
,nagpoor ,resident and author of the    
,report of #ahbf2 and ,romer1 who rose  
to be ,governor of ,bombay for a time4  
,in those early years the two ,birds    
passed through the classes--,robert     
,mertins ,bird1 who was to found the    
great land revenue school of ,hindostan2

 and ,wilberforce ,bird1 who governed   
,india while ,lord ,ellenborough played 
at soldiers1 and to whom the legal      
suppression of slavery in ,southern     
,asia is due4  ,names of men second to  
those1 such as ,elliot and ,thackeray1  
,hamilton and ,martin1 the ,shakespeares
 and ,plowdens1 the ,moneys1 the ,rosses
 and ,keenes1 crowd the honour lists4   
,one of the last to enjoy the advantages
 of the college before its abolition was
 ,john ,lawrence1 who used to confess   
that he was never good at languages1 but
 whose vigorous ,hindostani made many an
 ill-doing ,raja tremble1 while his     
homely conversation1 interspersed with  
jokes1 encouraged the toiling ryot4     
,these1 and men like these1 sat at the  
feet of ,carey1 where they learned not  
only to be scholars but to treat the    
natives kindly1 and--some of them--even 
as brethren in ,christ4  ,then from     
teaching the future rulers of the ,east1
 the missionary-professor turned to his 
,bengali preaching and his ,benevolent  

,institution1 to his visits to the      
prisoners and his intercourse with the  
,british soldiers in ,fort ,william4    
,and when the four days' work in        
,calcutta was over1 the early tide bore 
him swiftly up the ,hoogli to the study 
where1 for the rest of the week1 he gave
 himself to the translation of the      
,bible into the languages of the people 
and of their leaders4     ,,chapter ,x  
,,the ,,wyclif ,,of ,,the               
,,east--,,bible ,,translation           
#ahja-ahcb  ,the ,bible ,carey's        
missionary weapon--,other vernacular    
translators--,carey's modest but just   
description of his labours--,his        
philological key--,type-cutting and     
type-casting by a ,hindoo               
blacksmith--,the first manufacture of   
paper and steam-engines in the          
,east--,carey takes stock of the        
translation work at the opening of      
#ahjh--;,in his workshop--,a seminary of
 ,bible translators--,william ,yates1   
shoemaker1 the ,coverdale of the        

,bengali ,bible--,wenger--,a ,bengali   
,luther wanted--,carey's ,bengali       
,bible--,how the ,new ,testament was    
printed--,the first copy offered to     
,god--,reception of the volume by ,lord 
,spencer and ,george                    
,,iii4--,self-evidencing power of the   
first edition--,the ,bible in           
,ooriya--,in ,maghadi1 ,assamese1       
,khasi1 and ,manipoori--,marathi1       
,konkani1 and ,goojarati versions--,the 
translation into ,hindi and its many    
dialects--,the ,dravidian               
translations--,tale of the ,pushtoo     
,bible--,the ,sikhs and the ,bible--,the
 first ,burman version and press--,the  
,british and ,foreign ,bible            
,society--,deaths1 earthquake1 and fire 
in #ahab--;,destruction of the          
press--,thomason's description of the   
smoking ruins--,carey's heroism as to   
his manuscripts--,enthusiastic sympathy 
of ,india and ,christendom--,the phoenix
 and its feathers4  ,every great reform 
in the world has been1 in the first     

instance1 the work of one man1 who1     
however much he may have been the       
product of his time1 has conceived and  
begun to execute the movement which     
transforms society4  ,this is true alike
 of the moral and the physical forces of
 history1 of contemporaries so          
apparently opposite in character and    
aims as ,carey and ,clarkson on the one 
side and ,napoleon and ,wellington on   
the other4  ,carey stood alone in his   
persistent determination that the       
,church should evangelise the world4    
,he was no less singular in the means   
which he insisted on as the first       
essential condition of its              
evangelisation--the vernacular          
translation of the ,bible4  ,from the   
,scriptures alone1 while yet a          
journeyman shoemaker of eighteen1 he had
 formed his own system1 and had been    
filled with the divine missionary idea4 
,that was a year before the first ,bible
 ,society was formed in #aghj to        
circulate the ,english ,bible among     

soldiers and sailors2 and1 a quarter of 
a century before his own success led to 
the formation in #ahjd of the ,british  
and ,foreign ,bible ,society4  ,from the
 time of his youth1 when he realised the
 self-evidencing power of the ,bible1   
,carey's unbroken habit was to begin    
every morning by reading one chapter of 
the ,bible1 first in ,english1 and then 
in each of the languages1 soon1         
numbering six1 which he had himself     
learned4  ,hence the translation of the 
,bible into all the languages and       
principal dialects of ,india and        
,eastern ,asia was the work above all   
others to which ,carey set himself from 
the time1 in #agic1 when he acquired the
 ,bengali4  ,he preached1 he taught1 he 
discipled in every form then reasonable 
and possible1 and in the fullest sense  
of his ,master's missionary charge4     
,but the one form of most pressing and  
abiding importance1 the condition       
without which neither true faith1 nor   
true science1 nor true civilisation     

could exist or be propagated outside of 
the narrow circle to be reached by the  
one herald's voice1 was the publishing  
of the divine message in the mother     
tongues of the millions of ,asiatic men 
and women1 boys and girls1 and in the   
learned tongues also of their leaders   
and priests4 ,wyclif had first done this
 for the ,english-reading races of all  
time1 translating from the ,latin1 and  
so had begun the ,reformation1 religious
 and political1 not only in ,britain but
 in ,western ,christendom4  ,erasmus and
 ,luther had followed him--the former in
 his ,greek and ,latin ,new ,testament  
and in his ,paraphrase of the ,word for 
women and cobblers1 clowns1 mechanics1  
and even the ,turks2 the latter in his  
great vernacular translation of the     
edition of ,erasmus1 who had never      
ceased to urge his contemporaries to    
translate the ,scriptures into all      
tongues4  ,tyndale had first given      
,england the ,bible from the ,hebrew and
 the ,greek4  ,and now one of these     

cobblers was prompted and enabled by the
 ,spirit who is the author of the truth 
in the ,scriptures1 to give to ,south   
and ,eastern ,asia the sacred books     
which its ,syrian sons1 from ,moses and 
,ezra to ,paul and ,john1 had been      
inspired to write for all races and all 
ages4 ,emphatically1 ,carey and his     
later coadjutors deserve the language of
 the ,british and ,foreign ,bible       
,society1 when1 in #ahbg1 it made to    
,serampore a last grant of money for    
translation--,future generations will   
apply to them the words of the          
translators of the ,english             
,bible--',therefore blessed be they and 
most honoured their names that break the
 ice and give the onset in that which   
helped them forward to the saving of    
souls4  ,now what can be more available 
thereto than to deliver ,god's book unto
 ,god's people in a tongue which they   
understand8'  ,carey might tolerate     
interruption when engaged in other work1
 but for forty years he never allowed   

anything to shorten the time allotted to
 the ,bible work4 ,you1 madam1 he wrote 
in #agig to a lady as to many a         
correspondent1 will excuse my brevity   
when ,i inform you that all my time for 
writting letters is stolen from the work
 of transcribing the ,scriptures into   
the ,bengali language4  ,from no mere   
humility1 but with an accurate judgment 
in the state of scholarship and         
criticism at the opening of last        
century1 ,carey always insisted that he 
was a forerunner1 breaking up the way   
for successors like ,yates1 ,wenger1 and
 ,rouse1 who1 in their turn1 must be    
superseded by purely native ,tyndales   
and ,luthers in the ,church of ,india4  
,he more than once deprecated the talk  
of his having translated the ,bible into
 forty languages and dialects4#af ,as we
 proceed that will be a apparent which  
he did with his own hand1 that which his
 colleagues accomplished1 that which he 
revised and edited both of their work   
and of the pundits'1 and that which he  

corrected and printed for others at the 
,serampore press under the care of      
,ward4 ,it is to these four lines of    
work1 which centred in him1 as most of  
them originally proceeded from his      
conception and advocacy1 that the       
assertion as to the forty translations  
is strictly applicable4  ,the ,bengali1 
,hindi1 ,marathi1 and ,sanskrit         
translations were his own4  ,the        
,chinese was similarly the work of      
,marshman4  ,the ,hindi versions1 in    
their many dialects1 and the ,ooriya1   
were blocked out by his colleagues and  
the pundits4  ,he saw through the press 
the ,hindostani1 ,persian1 ,malay1      
,tamil1 and other versions of the whole 
or portions of the ,scriptures4  ,he    
ceased not1 night and day1 if by any    
means1 with a loving catholicity1 the   
,word of ,god might be given to the     
millions4  ,writing in #aijd on the     
centenary of the ,british and ,foreign  
,bible ,society1 ,mr4 ,george ,a4       
,grierson1 ,c4,i4,e41 ,ph4,d41          

,d4,litt41 the head of the ,linguistic  
,survey of ,india1 sums up              
authoritatively the work of ,carey and  
his assistants4 ,the great-hearted band 
of ,serampore missionaries issued       
translations of the ,bible or of the    
,new ,testament in more than forty      
languages4  ,before them the number of  
,protestant versions of the ,bible in   
the speeches of ,india could be counted 
on the fingers of one hand4  ,the ,dutch
 of ,ceylon undertook a ,tamil ,new     
,testament in #afhh1 which was followed 
in #agae by another version from the pen
 of ,ziegenbalg4  ,the famous           
missionary1 ,schultze1 between #agbg and
 #agcb made a ,telugu version which was 
never printed1 and later1 between #agde 
and #ageh1 he published at ,halle a     
,hindostani translation of the ,new     
,testament and of a portion of ,genesis4
  ,a manuscript version of portions of  
the ,bible in ,bengali was made by      
,thomas in #agia2 and then the great    
,serampore series began with ,carey's   

,bengali ,new ,testament published in   
#ahja4 ,most of these ,serampore        
versions were1 it is true1 first        
attempts and have been superseded by    
more accurate versions1 but the first   
step is always the most important one1  
and this was taken by ,carey and his    
brethren4  ,carey's correspondent in    
this and purely scholarly subjects was  
,dr4 ,ryland1 an accomplished ,hebraist 
and ,biblical critic for that day1 at   
the head of the ,bristol ,college4      
,carey's letters1 plentifully sprinkled 
with ,hebrew and ,greek1 show the       
jealousy with which he sought to convey 
the divine message accurately1 and the  
unwearied sense of responsibility under 
which he worked4  ,biblical criticism1  
alike as to the original text and to the
 exegesis of the sacred writings1 is so 
very modern a science1 that these       
letters have now only a historical      
interest4  ,but this communication to   
,ryland shows how he worked from the    
first3--  ,,calcutta1 #adth ,dec4       

#ahjc4--,we some time ago engaged in an 
undertaking1 of which we intended to say
 nothing until it was accomplished2 but 
an unforeseen providence made it        
necessary for us to disclose it4  ,it is
 as follows3 ,about a year and a half   
ago1 some attempts were made to engage  
,mr4 ,gilchrist in the translation of   
the ,scriptures into the ,hindostani    
language4  ,by something or other it was
 put by4  ,the ,persian was also at the 
same time much talked of1 but given up1 
or rather not engaged in4  ,at this time
 several considerations prevailed on us 
to set ourselves silently upon a        
translation into these languages4  ,we  
accordingly hired two moonshees to      
assist us in it1 and each of us took our
 share2 ,brother ,marshman took ,matthew
 and ,luke2 ,brother ,ward1 ,mark and   
,john2 and myself the remaining part of 
the ,new ,testament into ,hindostani4   
,i undertook no part of the ,persian2   
but1 instead thereof1 engaged in        
translating it into ,maharastra1        

commonly called the ,mahratta language1 
the person who assists me in the        
,hindostani being a ,mahratta4 ,brother 
,marshman has finished ,matthew1 and1   
instead of ,luke1 has begun the ,acts4  
,brother ,ward has done part of ,john1  
and ,i have done the ,epistles1 and     
about six chapters of the ,revelation2  
and have proceeded as far as the second 
epistle of the ,corinthians in the      
revisal3 they have done a few chapters  
into ,persian1 and ,i a few into        
,mahratta4  ,thus the matter stood1 till
 a few days ago ,mr4 ,buchanan informed 
me that a military gentleman had        
translated the ,gospels into ,hindostani
 and ,persian1 and had made a present of
 them to the ,college1 and that the     
,college ,council had voted the printing
 of them4  ,this made it necessary for  
me to say what we had been about2 and   
had it not been for this circumstance we
 should not have said anything till we  
had got the ,new ,testament at least    
pretty forward in printing4  ,i am very 

glad that ,major ,colebrooke has done   
it4  ,we will gladly do what others do  
not do1 and wish all speed to those who 
do anything in this way4  ,we have it in
 our power1 if our means would do for   
it1 in the space of about fifteen years 
to have the word of ,god translated and 
printed in all the languages of the     
,east4 ,our situation is such as to     
furnish us with the best assistance from
 natives of the different countries4    
,we can have types of all the different 
characters cast here2 and about #gjj    
rupees per month1 part of which ,i hope 
we shall be able to furnish1 would      
complete the work4  ,the languages are  
the ,hindostani 7,hindi71 ,maharastra1  
,ooriya1 ,telinga1 ,bhotan1 ,burman1    
,chinese1 ,cochin ,chinese1 ,tongkinese1
 and ,malay4  ,on this great work we    
have fixed our eyes4 ,whether ,god will 
enable us to accomplish it1 or any      
considerable part of it1 is uncertain4  
,but all these advantages1 his own      
genius for languages1 his unconquerable 

plodding directed by a divine motive1   
his colleagues' co-operation1 the       
encouragement of learned societies and  
the public1 and the number of pundits   
and moonshees increased by the ,college 
of ,fort ,william1 would have failed to 
open the door of the ,east to the sacred
 ,scriptures had the philological key of
 the ,sanskrit been wanting or          
undiscovered4  ,in the preface to his   
,sanskrit grammar1 quoted by the        
,quarterly ,review with high            
approbation1 ,carey wrote that it gave  
him the meaning of four out of every    
five words of the principal languages of
 the whole people of ,india3--,the      
peculiar grammar of any one of these may
 be acquired in a couple of months1 and 
then the language lies open to the      
student4  ,the knowledge of four words  
in five enables him to read with        
pleasure1 and renders the acquisition of
 the few new words1 as well as the      
idiomatic expressions1 a matter of      
delight rather than of labour4  ,thus   

the ,ooriya1 though possessing a        
separate grammar and character1 is so   
much like the ,bengali in the very      
expression that a ,bengali pundit is    
almost equal to the correction of an    
,orissa proof sheet2 and the first time 
that ,i read a page of ,goojarati the   
meaning appeared so obvious as to render
 it unnecessary to ask the pundit       
questions4  ,the mechanical apparatus of
 types1 paper1 and printing seem to have
 been provided by the same providential 
foresight as the intellectual and the   
spiritual4  ,we have seen how1 when he  
was far enough advanced in his          
translation1 ,carey amid the swamps of  
,dinapoor looked to ,england for press1 
type1 paper1 and printer4  ,he got the  
last1 ,william ,ward1 a man of his own  
selection1 worthy to be his colleague4  
,but he had hardly despatched his letter
 when he found or made all the rest in  
,bengal itself4  ,it was from the old   
press bought in ,calcutta1 set up in    
,mudnabati1 and removed to ,serampore1  

that the first edition of the ,bengali  
,new ,testament was printed4 ,the few   
rare and venerable copies have now a    
peculiar bibliographic interest2 the    
type and the paper alike are coarse and 
blurred4  ,sir ,charles ,wilkins1 the   
,caxton of ,india1 had with his own     
hands cut the punches and cast the types
 from which ,halhed's ,bengali grammar  
was printed at ,hoogli in #aggh4  ,he   
taught the art to a native blacksmith1  
,panchanan1 who went to ,serampore in   
search of work just when ,carey was in  
despair for a fount of the sacred       
,devanagari type for his ,sanskirt      
grammar1 and for founts of the other    
languages besides ,bengali which had    
never been printed4  ,they thus tell the
 story in a ,memoir ,relative to the    
,translations1 published in #ahjg3--    
,it will be obvious that in the present 
state of things in ,india it was in many
 instances necessary to cast new founts 
of types in several of these languages4 
,happily for us and ,india at large     

,wilkins had led the way in this        
department2 and by persevering industry1
 the value of which can scarcely be     
appreciated1 under the greatest         
disadvantages with respect to materials 
and workmen1 had brought the ,bengali to
 a high degree of perfection4  ,soon    
after our settling at ,serampore the    
providence of ,god brought to us the    
very artist who had wrought with        
,wilkins in that work1 and in a great   
measure imbibed his ideas4  ,by his     
assistance we erected a letter-foundry2 
and although he is now dead1 he had so  
fully communicated his art to a number  
of others1 that they carry forward the  
work of type-casting1 and even of       
cutting the matrices1 with a degree of  
accuracy which would not disgrace       
,european artists4  ,these have cast for
 us two or three founts of ,bengali2 and
 we are now employing them in casting a 
fount on a construction which bids fair 
to diminish the expense of paper1 and   
the size of the book at least           

one-fourth1 without affecting the       
legibility of the character4 ,of the    
,devanagari character we have also cast 
an entire new fount1 which is esteemed  
the most beautiful of the kind in       
,india4  ,it consists of nearly #ajjj   
different combinations of characters1 so
 that the expense of cutting the        
patterns only amounted to #aejj rupees1 
exclusive of metal and casting4  ,in the
 ,orissa we have been compelled also to 
cast a new fount of types1 as none      
before existed in that character4  ,the 
fount consists of about #cjj separate   
combinations1 and the whole expense of  
cutting and casting has amounted to at  
least #ajjj rupees4  ,the character1    
though distinct1 is of a moderate size1 
and will comprise the whole ,new        
,testament in about #gjj pages octavo1  
which is about a fourth less than the   
,bengali4  ,although in the ,mahratta   
country the ,devanagari character is    
well known to men of education1 yet a   
character is current among the men of   

business which is much smaller1 and     
varies considerably in form from the    
,nagari1 though the number and power of 
the letters nearly correspond4  ,we have
 cast a fount in this character1 in     
which we have begun to print the        
,mahratta ,new ,testament1 as well as a 
,mahratta dictionary4  ,this character  
is moderate in size1 distinct and       
beautiful4  ,it will comprise the ,new  
,testament in perhaps a less number of  
pages than the ,orissa4  ,the expense of
 casting1 etc41 has been much the same4 
,we stand in need of three more founts2 
one in the ,burman1 another in the      
,telinga and ,kernata1 and a third in   
the ,seek's character4 ,these1 with the 
,chinese characters1 will enable us to  
go through the work4  ,an excellent and 
extensive fount of ,persian we received 
from you1 dear brethren1 last year4     
,panchanan's apprentice1 ,monohur1      
continued to make elegant founts of type
 in all ,eastern languages for the      
mission and for sale to others for more 

than forty years1 becoming a benefactor 
not only to literature but to ,christian
 civilisation to an extent of which he  
was unconscious1 for he remained a      
,hindoo of the blacksmith caste4 ,in    
#ahci1 when he first went to ,india as a
 young missionary1 the ,rev4 ,james     
,kennedy#ag saw him1 as the present     
writer has often since seen his         
successor1 cutting the matrices or      
casting the type for the ,bibles1 while 
he squatted below his favourite idol1   
under the auspices of which alone he    
would work4  ,serampore continued down  
till #ahfj to be the principal ,oriental
 typefoundry of the ,east4#ah  ,hardly  
less service did the mission come to    
render to the manufacture of paper in   
course of time1 giving the name of      
,serampore to a variety known all over  
,india4  ,at first ,carey was compelled 
to print his ,bengali ,testament on a   
dingy1 porous1 rough substance called   
,patna paper4  ,then he began to depend 
on supplies from ,england1 which in     

those days reached the press at         
irregular times1 often impeding the     
work1 and was most costly4  ,this was   
not all4 ,native paper1 whether mill or 
hand-made1 being sized with rice paste1 
attracted the bookworm and white ant1 so
 that the first sheets of a work which  
lingered in the press were sometimes    
devoured by these insects before the    
last sheets were printed off4  ,carey   
used to preserve his most valuable      
manuscripts by writing on arsenicated   
paper1 which became of a hideous yellow 
colour1 though it is to this alone we   
owe the preservation in the library of  
,serampore ,college of five colossal    
volumes of his polyglot dictionary      
prepared for the ,bible translation     
work4  ,many and long were the          
experiments of the missionaries to solve
 the paper difficulty1 ending in the    
erection of a tread-mill on which relays
 of forty natives reduced the raw       
material in the paper-engine1 until one 
was accidentally killed4  ,the          

enterprise of ,mr4 ,william ,jones1 who 
first worked the ,raneegunj coal-field1 
suggested the remedy in the employment  
of a steam-engine4 ,one of twelve-horse 
power was ordered from ,messrs4         
,thwaites and ,rothwell of ,bolton4     
,this was the first ever erected in     
,india1 and it was a purely missionary  
locomotive4  ,the machine of fire1 as   
they called it1 brought crowds of       
natives to the mission1 whose curiosity 
tried the patience of the engineman     
imported to work it2 while many a       
,european who had never seen machinery  
driven by steam came to study and to    
copy it4  ,the date was the #bgth of    
,march #ahbj1 when the engine went in   
reality this day4  ,from that time till 
#ahfe ,serampore became the one source  
of supply for local as distinguished    
from imported and purely native         
hand-made paper4  ,even the cartridges  
of ,mutiny notoriety in #aheg were from 
this factory1 though it had long ceased 
to be connected with the mission4  ,dr4 

,carey thus took stock of the           
translating enterprise in a letter to   
,dr4 ,ryland3--  #bbnd ,january         
#ahjh4--,last year may be reckoned among
 the most important which this mission  
has seen--not for the numbers converted 
among the natives1 for they have been   
fewer than in some preceding years1 but 
for the gracious care which ,god has    
exercised towards us4 ,we have been     
enabled to carry on the translation and 
printing of the ,word of ,god in several
 languages4  ,the printing is now going 
on in six and the translation into six  
more4  ,the ,bengali is all printed     
except from ,judges vii4 to the end of  
,esther2 ,sanskrit ,new ,testament to   
,acts xxvii42 ,orissa to ,john xxi42    
,mahratta1 second edition1 to the end of
 ,matthew2 ,hindostani 7new version7 to 
,mark v41 and ,matthew is begun in      
,goojarati4  ,the translation is nearly 
carried on to the end of ,john in       
,chinese1 ,telinga ,kurnata1 and the    
language of the ,seeks4  ,it is carried 

on to a pretty large extent in ,persian 
and begun in ,burman4  ,the whole ,bible
 was printed in ,malay at ,batavia some 
years ago4  ,the whole is printed in    
,tamil1 and the ,syrian ,bishop at      
,travancore is now superintending a     
translation from ,syriac into ,malayala4
  ,i learnt this week that the language 
of ,kashmeer is a distinct language4  ,i
 have this day been to visit the most   
learned ,hindoo now living2 he speaks   
only ,sanskrit1 is more than eighty     
years old1 is acquainted with the       
writings and has studied the sentiments 
of all their schools of philosophy      
7usually called the ,darshunas of the   
,veda74  ,he tells me that this is the  
sixteenth time that he has travelled    
from ,rameshwaram to ,harhu 7viz4 from  
the extreme cape of the ,peninsula to   
,benares74  ,he was1 he says1 near      
,madras when the ,english first took    
possession of it4 ,this man has given   
his opinion against the burning of      
women4  ,four years later1 in another   

letter to ,ryland1 he takes us into his 
confidence more fully1 showing us not   
only his sacred workshop1 but           
ingenuously revealing his own humility  
and self-sacrifice3--#ajth ,december    
#ahaa4--;,i have of late been much      
impressed with the vast importance of   
laying a foundation for ,biblical       
criticism in the ,east1 by preparing    
grammars of the different languages into
 which we have translated or may        
translate the ,bible4  ,without some    
such step1 they who follow us will have 
to wade through the same labour that ,i 
have1 in order to stand merely upon the 
same ground that ,i now stand upon4     
,if1 however1 elementary books are      
provided1 the labour will be greatly    
contracted2 and a person will be able in
 a short time to acquire that which has 
cost me years of study and toil4  ,the  
necessity which lies upon me of         
acquiring so many languages1 obliges me 
to study and write out the grammar of   
each of them1 and to attend closely to  

their irregularities and peculiarities4 
,i have therefore already published     
grammars of three of them2 namely1 the  
,sanskrit1 the ,bengali1 and the        
,mahratta4  ,to these ,i have resolved  
to add grammars of the ,telinga1        
,kurnata1 ,orissa1 ,punjabi1 ,kashmeeri1
 ,goojarati1 ,nepalese1 and ,assam      
languages4  ,two of these are now in the
 press1 and ,i hope to have two or three
 more of them out by the end of the next
 year4  ,this may not only be useful in 
the way ,i have stated1 but may serve to
 furnish an answer to a question which  
has been more than once repeated1 ',how 
can these men translate into so great a 
number of languages8'  ,few people know 
what may be done till they try1 and     
persevere in what they undertake4  ,i am
 now printing a dictionary of the       
,bengali1 which will be pretty large1   
for ,i have got to page #bef1 quarto1   
and am not near through the first       
letter4  ,that letter1 however1 begins  
more words than any two others4  ,to    

secure the gradual perfection of the    
translations1 ,i have also in my mind1  
and indeed have been long collecting    
materials for1 ,an ,universal           
,dictionary of the ,oriental languages  
derived from the ,sanskrit4  ,i mean to 
take the ,sanskrit1 of course1 as the   
groundwork1 and to give the different   
acceptations of every word1 with        
examples of their application1 in the   
manner of ,johnson1 and then to give the
 synonyms in the different languages    
derived from the ,sanskrit1 with the    
,hebrew and ,greek terms answering      
thereto2 always putting the word derived
 from the ,sanskrit term first1 and then
 those derived from other sources4  ,i  
intend always to give the etymology of  
the ,sanskrit term1 so that that of the 
terms deduced from it in the cognate    
languages will be evident4  ,this work  
will be great1 and it is doubtful       
whether ,i shall live to complete it2   
but ,i mean to begin to arrange the     
materials1 which ,i have been some years

 collecting for this purpose1 as soon as
 my ,bengali dictionary is finished4    
,should ,i live to accomplish this1 and 
the translations in hand1 ,i think ,i   
can then say1 ',lord1 now lettest thou  
thy servant depart in peace4'  ,the     
ardent scholar had twenty-three years of
 toil before him in this happy work4    
,but he did not know this1 while each   
year the labour increased1 and the      
apprehension grew that he and his       
colleagues might at any time be removed 
without leaving a trained successor4    
,they naturally looked first to the sons
 of the mission for translators as they 
had already done for preachers4  ,to    
,dr4 ,carey personally1 however1 the    
education of a young missionary         
specially fitted to be his successor1 as
 translator and editor of the           
translations1 was even more important4  
,such a man was found in ,william       
,yates1 born in #agib1 and in the       
county1 ,leicestershire1 in which ,carey
 brought the ,baptist mission to the    

birth4  ,yates was in his early years   
also a shoemaker1 and member of ,carey's
 old church in ,harvey ,lane1 when under
 the great ,robert ,hall1 who said to   
the youth's father1 ,your son1 sir1 will
 be a great scholar and a good preacher1
 and he is a holy young man4  ,in #ahad 
he became the last of the young         
missionaries devoted to the cause by    
,fuller1 soon to pass away1 ,ryland1 and
 ,hall4 ,yates had not been many months 
at ,serampore when1 with the approval of
 his brethren1 ,carey wrote to ,fuller1 
on #agth ,may #ahae3--;,i am much       
inclined to associate him with myself in
 the translations4  ,my labour is       
greater than at any former period4  ,we 
have now translations of the ,bible     
going forward in twenty-seven languages1
 all of which are in the press except   
two or three4  ,the labour of correcting
 and revising all of them lies on me4   
,by ,september we find ,yates           
writing3--,dr4 ,carey sends all the     
,bengali proofs to me to review4  ,i    

read them over1 and if there is anything
 ,i do not understand1 or think to be   
wrong1 ,i mark it4 ,we then converse    
over it1 and if it is wrong1 he alters  
it2 but if not1 he shows me the reason  
why it is right1 and thus will initiate 
me into the languages as fast as ,i can 
learn them4  ,he wishes me to begin the 
,hindi very soon4  ,since ,i have been  
here ,i have read three volumes in      
,bengali1 and they have but six of      
consequence in prose4  ,there are       
abundance in ,sanskrit4 ,dr4 ,carey has 
treated me with the greatest affection  
and kindness1 and told me he will give  
me every information he can1 and do     
anything in his power to promote my     
happiness4  ,what ,baruch was to the    
prophet ,jeremiah1 that ,yates might    
have been to ,carey1 who went so far in 
urging him to remain for life in        
,serampore as to say1 if he did not     
accept the service it would be1 in his  
judgment1 acting against ,providence1   
and the blessing of ,god was not to be  

expected4  ,yates threw in his lot with 
the younger men who1 in ,calcutta after 
,fuller's death1 began the ,society's as
 distinct from the ,serampore mission4  
,if ,carey was the ,wyclif and ,tyndale1
 ,yates was the ,coverdale of the       
,bengali and ,sanskrit ,bible4  ,wenger1
 their successor1 was worthy of both4   
,bengal still waits for the first native
 revision of the great work which these 
successive pioneers have gradually      
improved4  ,when shall ,bengal see its  
own ,luther8  ,the ,bengali ,bible was  
the first as it was the most important  
of the translations4  ,the province1 or 
lieutenant-governorship then had the    
same area as ,france1 and contained more
 than double its population1 or eighty  
millions4  ,of the three principal      
vernaculars1 ,bengali is spoken by      
forty-five millions of ,hindoos and     
,mohammedans4  ,it was for all the      
natives of ,bengal and of ,india north  
of the ,dekhan 7south7 tableland1 but   
especially for the ,bengali-speaking    

people1 that ,william ,carey created a  
literary language a century ago4  ,the  
first ,bengali version of the whole ,new
 ,testament ,carey translated from the  
original ,greek before the close of     
#agif4  ,the only ,english commentary   
used was the ,family ,expositor of      
,doddridge1 published in #agch1 and then
 the most critical in the language4     
,four times he revised the manuscript1  
with a ,greek concordance in his hand1  
and he used it not only with ,ram ,basu 
by his side1 the most accomplished of   
early ,bengali scholars1 but with the   
natives around him of all classes4 ,by  
#ahjj ,ward had arrived as printer1 the 
press was perfected at ,serampore1 and  
the result of seven years of toil       
appeared in ,february #ahja1 in the     
first edition of #bjjj copies1 costing  
#fab4  ,the printing occupied nine      
months4  ,the type was set up by ,ward  
and ,carey's son ,felix with their own  
hands2 for about a month at first we had
 a ,brahman compositor1 but we were     

quite weary of him4  ,we kept four      
pressmen constantly employed4  ,a public
 subscription had been opened for the   
whole ,bengali ,bible at ,rs4 #cb1 or #d
 a copy as exchange then was1 and nearly
 fifty copies had been at once          
subscribed for4  ,it was this edition   
which immediately led to ,carey's       
appointment to the ,college of ,fort    
,william1 and it was that appointment   
which placed ,carey in a position1      
philological and financial1 to give the 
,bible to the peoples of the farther    
,east in their own tongue4  ,some loving
 memories cluster round the first       
,bengali version of the ,new ,testament 
which it is well to collect4  ,on       
,tuesday1 #ahth ,march #ahjj1 ,ward's   
journal#ai records3 ,brother ,carey took
 an impression at the press of the first
 page in ,matthew4  ,the translator was 
himself the pressman4  ,as soon as the  
whole of this ,gospel was ready1 #ejj   
copies of it were struck off for        
immediate circulation1 which we         

considered of importance as containing a
 complete life of the ,redeemer4  ,four 
days after an advertisement in the      
official ,calcutta ,gazette1 announcing 
that the missionaries had established a 
press at ,serampore and were printing   
the ,bible in ,bengali1 roused ,lord    
,wellesley1 who had fettered the press  
in ,british ,india4  ,mr4 ,brown was    
able to inform the ,governor-,general   
that this very ,serampore press had     
refused to print a political attack on  
the ,english ,government1 and that it   
was intended for the spiritual          
instruction only of the natives4  ,this 
called forth the assurance from that    
liberal statesman that he was personally
 favourable to the conversion of the    
heathen4  ,when he was further told that
 such an ,oriental press would be       
invaluable to the ,college of ,fort     
,william1 he not only withdrew his      
opposition but made ,carey first teacher
 of ,bengali4  ,it was on the #gth      
,february #ahja that the last sheet with

 the final corrections was put into     
,carey's hands4  ,when a volume had been
 bound it was reverently offered to ,god
 by being placed on the ,communion-table
 of the chapel1 and the mission families
 and the new-made converts gathered     
around it with solemn thanksgiving to   
,god led by ,krishna ,pal4 ,carey       
preached from the words 7,col4 iii4 #aa7
 ,let the ,word of ,christ dwell in you 
richly in all wisdom4  ,the centenary   
was celebrated in ,calcutta in #aija1   
under ,dr4 ,rouse1 whose fine           
scholarship had just revised the        
translation4  ,when the first copies    
reached ,england1 ,andrew ,fuller sent  
one to the second ,earl ,spencer1 the   
peer who had used the wealth of ,sarah1 
,duchess of ,marlborough1 to collect the
 great library at ,althorp4 ,carey had  
been a poor tenant of his1 though the   
,earl knew it not4 ,when the ,bengali   
,new ,testament reached him1 with its   
story1 he sent a cheque for #ej to help 
to translate the ,old ,testament1 and he

 took care that a copy should be        
presented to ,george ,,iii41 as by his  
own request4  ,mr4 ,bowyer was received 
one morning at ,windsor1 and along with 
the volume presented an address         
expressing the desire that ,his ,majesty
 might live to see its principles       
universally prevail throughout his      
,eastern dominions4  ,on this the lord  
in waiting whispered a doubt whether the
 book had come through the proper       
channel4  ,at once the king replied that
 the ,board of ,control had nothing to  
do with it1 and turning to ,mr4 ,bowyer 
said1 ,i am greatly pleased to find that
 any of my subjects are employed in this
 manner4  ,this now rare volume1 to be  
found on the shelves of the ,serampore  
,college ,library1 where it leads the   
host of the ,carey translations1 is     
coarse and unattractive in appearance   
compared with its latest successors4    
,in truth the second edition1 which     
appeared in #ahjf1 was almost a new     
version4  ,the criticism of his         

colleagues and others1 especially of a  
ripe ,grecian like ,dr4 ,marshman1 the  
growth of the native church1 and his own
 experience as a ,professor of ,sanskrit
 and ,marathi as well as ,bengali1 gave 
,carey new power in adapting the        
language to the divine ideas of which he
 made it the medium4  ,but the first    
edition was not without its             
self-evidencing power4  ,seventeen years
 after1 when the mission extended to the
 old capital of ,dacca1 there were found
 several villages of ,hindoo-born       
peasants who had given up idol-worship1 
were renowned for their truthfulness1   
and1 as searching for a true teacher    
come from ,god1 called themselves       
,satya-gooroos4  ,they traced their new 
faith to a much-worn book kept in a     
wooden box in one of their villages4    
,no one could say whence it had come2   
all they knew was that they had         
possessed it for many years4 ,it was    
,carey's first ,bengali version of the  
,new ,testament of our ,lord and        

,saviour ,jesus ,christ4  ,in the wide  
and elastic bounds of ,hindooism1 and   
even1 as we shall see1 amid fanatical   
,mussulmans beyond the frontier1 the    
,bible1 dimly understood without a      
teacher1 has led to puritan sects like  
this1 as to earnest inquirers like the  
chamberlain of ,queen ,candace4  ,the   
third edition of the ,bengali ,testament
 was published in #ahaa in folio for the
 use of the native congregations by that
 time formed4 ,the fourth1 consisting of
 #ejjj copies1 appeared in #ahaf1 and   
the eighth in #ahcb4  ,the venerable    
scholar1 like ,columba at ,iona over the
 thirty-fourth psalm1 and ,baeda at     
,jarrow over the sixth chapter of       
,john's ,gospel1 said as he corrected   
the last sheet--the last after forty    
years' faithful and delighted toil3 ,my 
work is done2 ,i have nothing more to do
 but to wait the will of the ,lord4 ,the
 ,old ,testament from the ,hebrew       
appeared in portions from #ahjb to      
#ahji4 ,such was the ardour of the      

translator1 that he had finished the    
correction of his version of the first  
chapter of ,genesis in ,january #agid4  
,when he read it to two pundits from    
,nuddea1 he told ,fuller in his journal 
of that month they seemed much pleased  
with the account of the creation1 but   
they objected to the omission of patala1
 their imaginary place beneath the      
earth1 which they thought should have   
been mentioned4  ,at this early period  
,carey saw the weakness of ,hindooism as
 a pretended revelation1 from its       
identification with false physics1 just 
as ,duff was to see and use it          
afterwards with tremendous effect1 and  
wrote3--,there is a necessity of        
explaining to them several circumstances
 relative to geography and chronology1  
as they have many superstitious opinions
 on those subjects which are closely    
connected with their systems of         
idolatry4  ,the ,bengali ,bible was the 
result of fifteen years' sweet toil1 in 
which ,marshman read the ,greek and     

,carey the ,bengali2 every one of their 
colleagues examined the proof sheets1   
and ,carey finally wrote with his own   
pen the whole of the five octavo        
volumes4  ,in the forty years of his    
missionary career ,carey prepared and   
saw through the press five editions of  
the ,old ,testament and eight editions  
of the ,new in ,bengali4  ,the ,sanskrit
 version was translated from the        
original1 and written out by the toiling
 scholar himself4  ,sir ,william ,jones 
is said to have been able to secure his 
first pundit's help only by paying him  
,rs4 #ejj a month1 or #gjj a year4      
,carey engaged and trained his many     
pundits at a twentieth of that sum4  ,he
 well knew that the ,brahmans would     
scorn a book in the language of the     
common people4 ,what1 said one who was  
offered the ,hindi version1 even if the 
books should contain divine knowledge1  
they are nothing to us4  ,the knowledge 
of ,god contained in them is to us as   
milk in a vessel of dog's skin1 utterly 

polluted4 ,but1 writes the annalist of  
,biblical ,translations in ,india1      
,carey's ,sanskrit version was cordially
 received by the ,brahmans4  ,destroyed 
in the fire in #ahab1 the ,old          
,testament historical books were again  
translated1 and appeared in #ahae4  ,in 
#ahbg the aged saint had strength to    
bring out the first volume of a thorough
 revision1 and to leave the manuscript  
of the second volume1 on his death1 as a
 legacy to his successors1 ,yates and   
,wenger4  ,against ,vedas and           
,upanishads1 ,brahmanas and ,epics1 he  
set the ,sanskrit ,bible4  ,the whole   
number of completely translated and     
published versions of the sacred        
,scriptures which ,carey sent forth was 
twenty-eight4  ,of these seven included 
the whole ,bible1 and twenty-one        
contained the books of the ,new         
,testament4  ,each translation has a    
history1 a spiritual romance of its own4
  ,each became almost immediately a     
silent but effectual missionary to the  

peoples of ,asia1 as well as the        
scholarly and literary pioneer of those 
later editions and versions from which  
the native churches of farther ,asia    
derive the materials of their lively    
growth4  ,the ,ooriya version was almost
 the first to be undertaken after the   
,bengali1 to which language it bears the
 same relation as rural ,scotch to      
,english1 though it has a written       
character of its own4 ,what is now the  
,orissa division of ,bengal1 separating 
it from ,madras to the south-west1 was  
added to the empire in #ahjc4  ,this    
circumstance1 and the fact that its     
,pooree district1 after centuries of    
sun-worship and then shiva-worship1 had 
become the high-place of the vaishnava  
cult of ,jaganath and his car1 which    
attracted and often slew hundreds of    
thousands of pilgrims every year1 led   
,carey to prepare at once for the press 
the ,ooriya ,bible4  ,the chief pundit1 
,mritunjaya1 skilled in both dialects1  
first adapted the ,bengali version to   

the language of the ,ooriyas1 which was 
his own4 ,carey then took the           
manuscript1 compared it with the        
original ,greek1 and corrected it verse 
by verse4  ,the ,new ,testament was     
ready in #ahji1 and the ,old ,testament 
in #ahae1 the whole in four volumes4    
,large editions were quickly bought up  
and circulated4 ,these led to the       
establishment of the ,general ,baptist  
,society's missionaries at ,cuttak1 the 
capital4  ,in #ahad the ,serampore      
,bible translation college1 as we may   
call it1 began the preparation of the   
,new ,testament in ,maghadi1 another of 
the languages allied to the ,bengali1   
and derived from the ,sanskrit through  
the ,pali1 because that was the         
vernacular of ,buddhism in its original 
seat2 an edition of #ajjj copies        
appeared in #ahbd4  ,it was intended to 
publish a version in the ,maithili      
language of ,bihar1 which has a         
literature stretching back to the       
fourteenth century1 that every class    

might have the ,word of ,god in their   
own dialect4 ,but ,carey's literary     
enthusiasm and scholarship had by this  
time done so much to develop and extend 
the power of ,bengali proper1 that it   
had begun to supersede all such         
dialects1 except ,ooriya and the        
northern vernaculars of the valley of   
the ,brahmapootra4  ,in #ahaj the       
,serampore press added the ,assamese    
,new ,testament to its achievements4    
,in #ahai the first edition appeared1 in
 #ahbf the province became ,british1 and
 in #ahcb ,carey had the satisfaction of
 issuing the ,old ,testament1 and       
setting apart ,mr4 ,rae1 a ,scottish    
soldier1 who had settled there1 as the  
first missionary at ,gowhatti4 ,to these
 must be added1 as in the ,bengali      
character though non-,aryan languages1  
versions in ,khasi and ,manipoori1 the  
former for the democratic tribes of the 
,khasia hills among whom the ,welsh     
,calvinists have since worked1 and the  
latter for the curious ,hindoo          

snake-people on the border of ,burma1   
who have taught ,europe the game of     
polo4  ,another immediate successor of  
the ,bengali translation was the        
,marathi1 of which also ,carey was      
professor in the ,college of ,fort      
,william4  ,by #ahjd he was himself hard
 at work on this version1 by #ahaa the  
first edition of the ,new ,testament    
appeared1 and by #ahbj the ,old         
,testament left the press4  ,it was in a
 dialect peculiar to ,nagpoor1 and was  
at first largely circulated by          
,lieutenant ,moxon in the army there4   
,in #ahab ,carey sent the missionary    
,aratoon to ,bombay and ,surat just     
after ,henry ,martyn had written that   
the only ,christian in the city who     
understood his evangelical sermon was a 
ropemaker just arrived from ,england4   
,at the same time he was busy with a    
version in the dialect of the ,konkan1  
the densely-peopled coast district to   
the south of ,bombay city1 inhabited    
chiefly by the ablest ,brahmanical race 

in ,india4  ,in #ahai the ,new          
,testament appeared in this translation1
 having been under preparation at       
,serampore for eleven years4  ,thus     
,carey sought to turn to ,christ the    
twelve millions of ,hindoos who1 from   
,western ,india above and below the     
great coast-range known as the ,sahyadri
 or delectable mountains1 had nearly    
wrested the whole peninsula from the    
,mohammedans1 and had almost anticipated
 the life-giving rule of the ,british1  
first at ,panipat and then as ,assye4   
,meanwhile new missionaries had been    
taking possession of those western      
districts where the men of ,serampore   
had sowed the first seed and reaped the 
first fruits4  ,the charter of #ahac    
made it possible for the ,american      
,missionaries to land there1 and for the
 local ,bible ,society to spring into   
existence4  ,dr4 ,john ,wilson and his  
,scottish colleagues followed them4     
,carey and his brethren welcomed these  
and retired from that field1 confining  

themselves to providing1 during the next
 seven years1 a ,goojarati version for  
the millions of ,northern ,bombay1      
including the hopeful ,parsees1 and     
resigning that1 too1 to the ,london     
,missionary ,society after issuing the  
,new ,testament in #ahbj4  ,mr4         
,christopher ,anderson justly remarks1  
in his ,annals of the ,english ,bible1  
published half a century ago3--,time    
will show1 and in a very singular       
manner1 that every version1 without     
exception1 which came from ,carey's     
hands1 has a value affixed to it which  
the present generation1 living as it    
were too near an object1 is not yet able
 to estimate or descry4  ,fifty years   
hence the character of this             
extraordinary and humble man will be    
more correctly appreciated4  ,in none of
 the classes of languages derived from  
the ,sanskrit was the zeal of ,carey and
 his associates so remarkable as in the 
,hindi4 ,so early as #agif he wrote of  
this the most widely extended offspring 

of the ,sanskrit3--,i have acquired so  
much of the ,hindi as to converse in it 
and preach for some time                
intelligibly444,it is the current       
language of all the west from ,rajmahal 
to ,delhi1 and perhaps farther4  ,with  
this ,i can be understood nearly all    
over ,hindostan4 ,by the time that he   
issued the sixth memoir of the          
translations ,chamberlain's experiences 
in ,north-,western ,india led ,carey to 
write that he had ascertained the       
existence of twenty dialects of ,hindi1 
with the same vocabulary but different  
sets of terminations4  ,the ,bruj or    
,brijbhasa ,gospels were finished in    
#ahac1 two years after ,chamberlain had 
settled in ,agra1 and the ,new          
,testament was completed nine years     
after4  ,this version of the ,gospels   
led the ,brahman priest1 ,anand ,masih1 
to ,christ4  ,in their eagerness for a  
copy of the ,old ,testament1 which      
appeared in #ahah1 many ,sepoys brought 
testimonials from their commanding      

officers1 and in one year it led        
eighteen converts to ,christ4  ,the     
other ,hindi dialects1 in which the     
whole ,new ,testament or the ,gospels   
appeared1 will be found at page #agg see
 footnote number #af4  ,the parent      
,hindi translation was made by ,carey   
with his own hand from the original     
languages between #ahjb and #ahjg1 and  
ran through many large editions till    
,mr4 ,chamberlain's was preferred by    
,carey himself in #ahai4  ,we may pass  
over the story of the ,dravidian        
versions1 the ,telugoo#bj ,new          
,testament and ,pentateuch1 and the     
,kanarese4  ,nor need we do more than   
refer to the ,singhalese1 derived from  
the previous labours of ,dr4 ,carey by  
,tolfrey1 the ,persian1 ,malayalam1 and 
other versions made by others1 but      
edited or carefully carried through the 
press by ,carey4 ,the wonderful tale of 
his ,bible work is well illustrated by a
 man who1 next to the ,lawrences1 was   
the greatest ,englishman who has        

governed the ,punjab frontier1 the hero 
of ,mr4 ,ruskin's book1 ,a ,knight's    
,faith4  ,in that portion of his career 
which ,sir ,herbert ,edwardes gave to   
the world under the title of ,a ,year on
 the ,punjab ,frontier in #ahdh-di1 and 
in which he describes his bloodless     
conquest of the wild valley of ,bunnoo1 
we find this gem embedded4 ,the writer  
was at the time in the ,gundapoor       
country1 of which ,kulachi is the       
trade-centre between the ,afghan pass of
 ,ghwalari and ,dera ,ismail ,kan1 where
 the dust of ,sir ,henry ,durand now    
lies3--  ,a highly interesting          
circumstance connected with the ,indian 
trade came under my notice4  ,ali ,khan1
 ,gundapoor1 the uncle of the present   
chief1 ,gooldd ,khan1 told me he could  
remember well1 as a youth1 being sent by
 his father and elder brother with a    
string of ,cabul horses to the fair of  
,hurdwr1 on the ,ganges4  ,he also      
showed me a ,pushtoo version of the     
,bible1 printed at ,serampore in #ahah1 

which he said had been given him thirty 
years before at ,hurdwr by an ,english  
gentleman1 who told him to 'take care of
 it1 and neither fling it into the fire 
nor the river2 but hoard it up against  
the day when the ,british should be     
rulers of his country6'  ,ali ,khan said
 little to anybody of his possessing    
this book1 but put it carefully by in a 
linen cover1 and produced it with great 
mystery when ,i came to settle the      
revenue of his nephew's country1        
'thinking that the time predicted by the
 ,englishman had arrived6'  ,the only   
person1 ,i believe1 to whom he had shown
 the volume was a ,moolluh1 who read    
several passages in the ,old ,testament1
 and told ,ali ,khan 'it was a true     
story1 and was all about their own      
,muhommudan prophets1 ,father ,moses and
 ,father ,noah4'  ,i examined the book  
with great interest4  ,it was not       
printed in the ,persian character1 but  
the common ,pushtoo language of         
,afghanistan2 and was the only specimen 

,i had ever seen of ,pushtoo reduced to 
writing4 ,the accomplishment of such a  
translation was a highly honourable     
proof of the zeal and industry of the   
,serampore mission2 and should these    
pages ever meet the eye of ,mr4 ,john   
,marshman1 of ,serampore1#ba whose own  
pen is consistently guided by a love of 
civil order and religious truth1 he may 
probably be able to identify 'the       
,english gentleman' who1 thirty-two     
years ago on the banks of the ,ganges1  
at the then frontier of ,british ,india1
 gave to a young ,afghan chief1 from    
beyond the distant ,indus1 a ,bible in  
his own barbarous tongue1 and foresaw   
the day when the followers of the ',son 
of ,david' should extend their dominion 
to the ',throne of ,solomon4'  ,hurdwr1 
as the spot at which the ,ganges        
debouches into the plains1 is the scene 
of the greatest pilgrim gathering in    
,india1 especially every twelfth year4  
,then three millions of people used to  
assemble1 and too often carried1 all    

over ,asia1 cholera which extended to   
,europe4  ,the missionaries made this1  
like most pilgrim resorts1 a centre of  
preaching and ,bible circulation1 and   
doubtless it was from ,thompson1        
,carey's ,missionary at ,delhi1 that    
this copy of the ,pushtoo ,bible was    
received4  ,it was begun by ,dr4        
,leyden1 and continued for seven years  
by the same ,afghan maulavee under      
,carey1 in the ,arabic character4  ,the 
,punjabi ,bible1 nearly complete1 issued
 first in #ahae1 had become so popular  
by #ahbj as to lead ,carey to report of 
the ,sikhs that no one of the nations of
 ,india had discovered a stronger desire
 for the ,scriptures than this hardy    
race4  ,at ,amritsar and ,lahore the    
book of ,jesus is spoken of1 is read1   
and has caused a considerable stir in   
the minds of the people4  ,a ,thug1     
asked how he could have committed so    
many murders1 pointed to it and said1   
,if ,i had had this book ,i could not   
have done it4  ,a fakeer1 forty miles   

from ,lodiana1 read the book1 founded   
the community of worshippers of the     
,sachi ,pit ,isa1 and suffered much     
persecution in a native ,state4  ,when  
,felix ,carey returned to ,serampore in 
#ahab to print his ,burmese version of  
the ,gospel of ,matthew and his ,burmese
 grammar1 his father determined to send 
the press at which they were completed  
to ,rangoon4 ,the three missionaries    
despatched with it a letter to the king 
of ,ava1 commending to his care their   
beloved brethren1 who from love to his  
majesty's subjects had voluntarily gone 
to place themselves under his           
protection1 while they translated the   
,bible1 the ,book of ,heaven1 which was 
received and revered by all the         
countries of ,europe and ,america as the
 source whence all the knowledge of     
virtue and religion was drawn4 ,the king
 at once ordered from ,serampore a      
printing-press1 like that at ,rangoon1  
for his own palace at ,ava1 with workmen
 to use it4  ,in this ,carey saw the    

beginning of a mission in the ,burman   
capital1 but ,god had other designs     
which the sons and daughters of         
,america1 following ,judson first of    
all1 are still splendidly developing1   
from ,rangoon to ,kareng-nee1 ,siam1 and
 ,china4  ,the ship containing the press
 sank in the ,rangoon river1 and the    
first ,burmese war soon followed4       
,three months after the complete and    
magnificent plan of translating the     
,bible into all the languages of the far
 ,east1 which the assistance of his two 
colleagues and the college of ,fort     
,william led ,carey to form1 had been   
laid before ,fuller in                  
,northamptonshire1 the ,british and     
,foreign ,bible ,society was founded in 
,london4  ,joseph ,hughes1 the          
,nonconformist who was its first        
secretary1 had been moved by the need of
 the ,welsh for the ,bible in their own 
tongue4 ,but the ex-,governor-,general1 
,lord ,teignmouth1 became its first     
president1 and the ,serampore           

translators at once turned for          
assistance to the new organisation whose
 work ,carey had individually been doing
 for ten years at the cost of his two   
associates and himself4  ,the catholic  
,bible ,society at once asked ,carey's  
old friend1 ,mr4 ,udny1 then a member of
 the ,government in ,calcutta1 to form a
 corresponding committee there of the   
three missionaries--their chaplain      
friends1 ,brown and ,buchanan1 and      
himself4  ,the chaplains delayed the    
formation of the committee till #ahji1  
but liberally helped meanwhile in the   
circulation of the other appeals issued 
from ,serampore1 and even made the      
proposal which resulted in ,dr4         
,marshman's wonderful version of the    
,bible in ,chinese and ,ward's          
improvements in ,chinese printing4  ,to 
the principal tributary sovereigns of   
,india ,dr4 ,buchanan sent copies of the
 vernacular ,scriptures already         
published4  ,from #ahji till #ahcj1 or  
practically through the rest of ,carey's

 life1 the co-operation of ,serampore   
and the ,bible ,society was honourable  
to both4  ,carey loyally clung to it    
when in #ahaa1 under the spell of ,henry
 ,martyn's sermon on ,christian ,india1 
the chaplains established the ,calcutta 
,auxiliary ,bible ,society in order to  
supersede its corresponding committee4  
,in the ,serampore press the new        
auxiliary1 like the parent ,society1    
found the cheapest and best means of    
publishing editions of the ,new         
,testament in ,singhalese1 ,malayalam1  
and ,tamil4  ,the press issued also the 
,persian ,new ,testament1 first of the  
,romanist missionary1                   
,sebastiani--though it be not wholly    
free from imperfections1 it will        
doubtless do much good1 wrote ,dr4      
,marshman to ,fuller--and then of ,henry
 ,martyn1 whose assistant1 ,sabat1 was  
trained at ,serampore4  ,those three of 
,serampore had a ,christ-like tolerance1
 which sprang from the divine charity of
 their determination to live only that  

the ,word of ,god might sound out       
through ,asia4 ,when in #ahcj this      
auxiliary--which had at first sought to 
keep all missionaries out of its        
executive in order to conciliate men    
like ,sydney ,smith's brother1 the      
,advocate-,general of ,bengal--refused  
to use the translations of ,carey and   
,yates1 and inclined to an earlier      
version of ,ellerton1 because of the    
translation or transliteration of the   
,greek words for baptism1 these two     
scholars acted thus1 as described by the
 ,bible ,society's annalist--they1 with 
a liberality which does them honour1    
permitted the use of their respective   
versions of the ,bengali ,scriptures1   
with such alterations as were deemed    
needful in the disputed word for        
'baptism1' they being considered in no  
way parties to such alterations4  ,from 
first to last the ,british and ,foreign 
,bible ,society1 to use its own         
language1 had the privilege of aiding   
the ,serampore brethren by grants1      

amounting to not less than #ac1ejj4  ,of
 this #adge had been raised by ,mr4     
,william ,hey1 ,f4,r4,s41 a surgeon at  
,leeds1 who had been so moved by the    
translation memoir of #ahaf as to offer 
#ejj for the publication of a thousand  
copies of every approved first          
translation of the ,new ,testament into 
any dialect of ,india4  ,it was with    
this assistance that most of the ,hindi 
and the ,pushtoo and ,punjabi versions  
were produced4  ,the cold season of     
#ahaa-ab was one ever to be remembered4 
,death entered the home of each of the  
staff of seven missionaries and carried 
off wife or children4  ,an earthquake of
 unusual violence alarmed the natives4  
,dr4 ,carey had buried a grandson1 and  
was at his weekly work in the college at
 ,calcutta4  ,the sun had just set on   
the evening of the #aath ,march #ahab1  
and the native typefounders1            
compositors1 pressmen1 binders1 and     
writers had gone4  ,ward alone lingered 
in the waning light at his desk settling

 an account with a few servants4  ,his  
two rooms formed the north end of the   
long printing-office4  ,the south rooms 
were filled with paper and printed      
materials4  ,close beyond was the       
paper-mill4  ,the ,bible-publishing     
enterprise was at its height4 ,fourteen 
founts of ,oriental types1 new supplies 
of ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and ,english types1 
a vast stock of paper from the ,bible   
,society1 presses1 priceless manuscripts
 of dictionaries1 grammars1 and         
translations1 and1 above all1 the steel 
punches of the ,eastern letters--all    
were there1 with the deeds and          
account-books of the property1 and the  
iron safe containing notes and rupees4  
,suffocating smoke burst from the long  
type-room into the office4  ,rushing    
through it to observe the source of the 
fire1 he was arrested at the southern   
rooms by the paper store4 ,returning    
with difficulty and joined by ,marshman 
and the natives1 he had every door and  
window closed1 and then mounting the    

south roof1 he had water poured through 
it upon the burning mass for four hours1
 with the most hopeful prospect of      
arresting the ruin4  ,while he was busy 
with ,marshman in removing the papers in
 the north end some one opened a window1
 when the air set the entire building on
 flame4  ,by midnight the roof fell in  
along its whole length1 and the column  
of fire leapt up towards heaven4  ,with 
solemn serenity the members of the      
mission family remained seated in front 
of the desolation4  ,the ruins were     
still smoking when next evening ,dr4    
,carey arrived from ,calcutta1 which was
 ringing with the sad news4  ,the       
venerable scholar had suffered most1 for
 his were the manuscripts2 the steel    
punches were found uninjured4  ,the     
,sikh and ,telugoo grammars and ten     
,bible versions in the press were gone4 
,second editions of ,confucius4  ,a     
,dissertation on the ,chinese ,language1
 and of ,ward on the ,hindoos1 and      
smaller works were destroyed4  ,the     

translation of the ,ramayana1 on which  
he and ,marshman had been busy for a    
year1 was stopped for ever2 fifty years 
after the present writer came upon some 
charred sheets of the fourth volume1    
which had been on the press and rescued4
  ,the ,circular ,letter for ,april     
#ahab is printed on paper scorched at   
the edge4  ,worst of all was the loss of
 that polyglot dictionary of all the    
languages derived from the ,sanskrit    
which1 if ,carey had felt any of this   
world's ambition1 would have perpetuated
 his name in the first rank of          
philologists4  ,with the delicacy which 
always marked him ,dr4 ,marshman had    
himself gone down to ,calcutta next     
morning to break the news to ,carey1 who
 received it with choking utterance4    
,the two then called on the friendly    
chaplain1 ,thomason1 who burst into     
tears4  ,when the afternoon tide enabled
 the three to reach ,serampore1 after a 
two hours' hard pull at the flood1 they 
found ,ward rejoicing4  ,he had been all

 day clearing away the rubbish1 and had 
just discovered the punches and matrices
 unharmed4  ,the five presses too were  
untouched4 ,he had already opened out a 
long warehouse nearer the river-shore1  
the lease of which had fallen in to     
them1 and he had already planned the    
occupation of that uninviting place in  
which the famous press of ,serampore    
and1 at the last1 the ,friend of ,india 
weekly newspaper found a home till      
#ahge4  ,the description of the scene   
and of its effect on ,carey by an       
eye-witness like ,thomason has a value  
of its own3--  ,the year #ahab was      
ushered in by an earthquake which was   
preceded by a loud noise2 the house     
shook2 the oil in the lamps on the walls
 was thrown out2 the birds made a       
frightful noise2 the natives ran from   
their houses1 calling on the names of   
their gods2 the sensation is most awful2
 we read the forty-sixth ,psalm4  ,this 
fearful prodigy was succeeded by that   
desolating disaster1 the ,serampore     

fire4  ,i could scarcely believe the    
report2 it was like a blow on the head  
which stupefies4  ,i flew to ,serampore 
to witness the desolation4  ,the scene  
was indeed affecting4  ,the immense     
printing-office1 two hundred feet long  
and fifty broad1 reduced to a mere      
shell4  ,the yard covered with burnt    
quires of paper1 the loss in which      
article was immense4  ,carey walked with
 me over the smoking ruins4  ,the tears 
stood in his eyes4 ',in one short       
evening1' said he1 'the labours of years
 are consumed4 ,how unsearchable are the
 ways of ,god6  ,i had lately brought   
some things to the utmost perfection of 
which they seemed capable1 and          
contemplated the missionary             
establishment with perhaps too much     
self-congratulation4 ,the ,lord has laid
 me low1 that ,i may look more simply to
 ,him4' ,who could stand in such a      
place1 at such a time1 with such a man1 
without feelings of sharp regret and    
solemn exercise of mind4  ,i saw the    

ground strewed with half-consumed paper1
 on which in the course of a very few   
months the words of life would have been
 printed4  ,the metal under our feet    
amidst the ruins was melted into        
misshapen lumps--the sad remains of     
beautiful types consecrated to the      
service of the sanctuary4  ,all was     
smiling and promising a few hours       
before--now all is vanished into smoke  
or converted into rubbish6 ,return now  
to thy books1 regard ,god in all thou   
doest4  ,learn ,arabic with humility4   
,let ,god be exalted in all thy plans1  
and purposes1 and labours2 ,he can do   
without thee4  ,carey himself thus wrote
 of the disaster to ,dr4 ,ryland3--#beth
 ,march #ahab4--,the loss is very great1
 and will long be severely felt2 yet ,i 
can think of a hundred circumstances    
which would have made it much more      
difficult to bear4  ,the ,lord has      
smitten us1 he had a right to do so1 and
 we deserve his corrections4  ,i wish to
 submit to ,his sovereign will1 nay1    

cordially to acquiesce therein1 and to  
examine myself rigidly to see what in me
 has contributed to this evil4  ,i now1 
however1 turn to the bright side2 and   
here ,i might mention what still remains
 to us1 and the merciful circumstances  
which attend even this stroke of ,god's 
rod2 but ,i will principally notice what
 will tend to cheer the heart of every  
one who feels for the cause of ,god4    
,our loss1 so far as ,i can see1 is     
reparable in a much shorter time than ,i
 should at first have supposed4  ,the   
,tamil fount of types was the first that
 we began to recast4  ,i expect it will 
be finished by the end of this week1    
just a fortnight after it was begun4    
,the next will be the small ,devanagari1
 for the ,hindostani ,scriptures1 and   
next the larger for the ,sanskrit4  ,i  
hope this will be completed in another  
month4  ,the other founts1 viz41        
,bengali1 ,orissa1 ,sikh1 ,telinga1     
,singhalese1 ,mahratta1 ,burman1        
,kashmeerian1 ,arabic1 ,persian1 and    

,chinese1 will follow in order1 and will
 probably be finished in six or seven   
months1 except the ,chinese1 which will 
take more than a year to replace it4  ,i
 trust1 therefore1 that we shall not be 
greatly delayed4  ,our ,english works   
will be delayed the longest2 but in     
general they are of the least           
importance4  ,of ,,mss4 burnt ,i have   
suffered the most2 that is1 what was    
actually prepared by me1 and what owes  
its whole revision for the press to me1 
comprise the principal part of the      
,,mss4 consumed4 ,the ground must be    
trodden over again1 but no delay in     
printing need arise from that4  ,the    
translations are all written out first  
by pundits in the different languages1  
except the ,sanskrit which is dictated  
by me to an amanuensis4  ,the ,sikh1    
,mahratta1 ,hindostani1 ,orissa1        
,telinga1 ,assam1 and ,kurnata are      
re-translating in rough by pundits who  
have been long accustomed to their work1
 and have gone over the ground before4  

,i follow them in revise1 the chief part
 of which is done as the sheets pass    
through the press1 and is by far the    
heaviest part of the work4 ,of the      
,sanskrit only the second book of       
,samuel and the first book of ,kings    
were lost4  ,scarcely any of the        
,orissa1 and none of the ,kashmeerian or
 of the ,burman ,,mss4 were lost--copy  
for about thirty pages of my ,bengali   
dictionary1 the whole copy of a ,telinga
 grammar1 part of the copy of the       
grammar of ,punjabi or ,sikh language1  
and all the materials which ,i had been 
long collecting for a dictionary of all 
the languages derived from the          
,sanskrit4  ,i hope1 however1 to be     
enabled to repair the loss1 and to      
complete my favourite scheme1 if my life
 be prolonged4  ,little did these simple
 scholars1 all absorbed in their work1  
dream that this fire would prove to be  
the means of making them and their work 
famous all over ,europe and ,america as 
well as ,india4  ,men of every          

,christian school1 and men interested   
only in the literary and secular side of
 their enterprise1 had their active     
sympathy called out4  ,the mere money   
loss1 at the exchange of the day1 was   
not under ten thousand pounds4  ,in     
fifty days this was raised in ,england  
and ,scotland alone1 till ,fuller1      
returning from his last campaign1       
entered the room of his committee1      
declaring we must stop the              
contributions4  ,in ,greenock1 for      
instance1 every place of worship on one 
,sunday collected money4  ,in the       
,united ,states ,mr4 ,robert ,ralston1 a
 ,presbyterian1 a merchant of           
,philadelphia1 who as ,carey's          
correspondent had been the first        
,american layman to help missions to    
,india1 and ,dr4 ,staughton1 who had    
taken an interest in the formation of   
the ,society in #agib before he         
emigrated1 had long assisted the        
translation work1 and now that ,judson  
was on his way out they redoubled their 

exertions4  ,in ,india ,thomason's own  
congregation sent the missionaries #hjj1
 and ,brown wrote from his dying bed a  
message of loving help4  ,the newspapers
 of ,calcutta caught the enthusiasm2 one
 leading article concluded with the     
assurance that the ,serampore press     
would1 like the phoenix of antiquity1   
rise from its ashes1 winged with new    
strength1 and destined1 in a lofty and  
long-enduring flight1 widely to diffuse 
the benefits of knowledge throughout the
 ,east4 ,the day after the fire ceased  
to smoke ,monohur was at the task of    
casting type from the lumps of the      
molten metal4  ,in two months after the 
first intelligence ,fuller was able to  
send as feathers of the phoenix slips of
 sheets of the ,tamil ,testament1       
printed from these types1 to the towns  
and churches which had subscribed4      
,every fortnight a fount was cast2 in a 
month all the native establishment was  
at work night and day4  ,in six months  
the whole loss in ,oriental types was   

repaired4  ,the ,ramayana version and   
,sanskrit polyglot dictionary were never
 resumed4  ,but of the ,bible           
translations and grammars1 ,carey and   
his two heroic brethren wrote3--,we     
found1 on making the trial1 that the    
advantages in going over the same ground
 a second time were so great that they  
fully counter-balanced the time         
requisite to be devoted thereto in a    
second translation4  ,the fire1 in      
truth1 the cause of which was never     
discovered1 and insurance against which 
did not exist in ,india1 had given birth
 to revised editions4     ,,chapter ,,xi
  ,,what ,,carey ,,did ,,for            
,,literature ,,and ,,for ,,humanity     
,the growth of a language--,carey       
identified with the transition stage of 
,bengali--,first printed books--,carey's
 own works--,his influence on indigenous
 writers--,his son's works--,bengal the 
first heathen country to receive the    
press--,the first ,bengali              
newspaper--,the monthly and quarterly   

,friend of ,india--,the ,hindoo revival 
of the eighteenth century fostered by   
the ,east ,india ,company--,carey's     
three memorials to ,government on female
 infanticide1 voluntary drowning1 and   
widow-burning--,what ,jonathan ,duncan  
and ,col4 ,walker had done--,wellesley's
 regulation to prevent the sacrifice of 
children--,beginning of the agitation   
against the ,suttee crime--,carey's     
pundits more enlightened than the       
,company's judges--,humanity triumphs in
 #ahcb--;,carey's share in ,ward's book 
on the ,hindoos--,the lawless           
supernaturalism of ,rome and of         
,india--,worship of                     
,jaganath--,regulation identifying      
,government with ,hindooism--,the       
swinging festival--,ghat                
murders--,burning of lepers--,carey     
establishes the ,leper ,hospital in     
,calcutta--,slavery in ,india loses its 
legal status--,cowper1 ,clarkson1 and   
,carey4  ,like the growth of a tree is  
the development of a language1 as really

 and as strictly according to law4  ,in 
savage lands like those of ,africa the  
missionary finds the living germs of    
speech1 arranges them for the first time
 in grammatical order1 expresses them in
 written and printed form1 using the    
simplest1 most perfect1 and most        
universal character of all--the ,roman1 
and at one bound gives the most degraded
 of the dark peoples the possibility of 
the highest civilisation and the        
divinest future4  ,in countries like    
,india and ,china1 where civilisation   
has long ago reached its highest level1 
and has been declining for want of the  
salt of a universal ,christianity1 it is
 the missionary again who interferes for
 the highest ends1 but by a different   
process4  ,mastering the complex        
classical speech and literature of the  
learned and priestly class1 and living  
with his ,master's sympathy among the   
people whom that class oppresses1 he    
takes the popular dialects which are    
instinct with the life of the future2   

where they are wildly luxuriant he      
brings them under law1 where they are   
barren he enriches them from the parent 
stock so as to make them the vehicle of 
ideas such as ,greek gave to ,europe1   
and in time he brings to the birth      
nations worthy of the name by a national
 language and literature lighted up with
 the ideas of the ,book which he is the 
first to translate4  ,this was what     
,carey did for the speech of the        
,bengalees4  ,to them1 as the historians
 of the fast approaching ,christian     
future will recognise1 he was made what 
the ,saxon ,boniface had become to the  
,germans1 or the ,northumbrian ,baeda   
and ,wyclif to the ,english4  ,the      
transition period of ,english1 from     
#aaej when its modern grammatical form  
prevailed1 to the fifteenth century when
 the rich dialects gave place to the    
literary standard1 has its central date 
in #acfb4  ,then ,edward the ,third made
 ,english take the place of ,french as  
the public language of justice and      

legislation1 closely followed by        
,wyclif's ,english ,bible4  ,carey's one
 ,indian life of forty years marks the  
similar transition stage of ,bengali1   
including the parallel regulation of    
#ahbi1 which abolished ,persian1 made by
 the ,mohammedan conquerors the language
 of the courts1 and put in its place    
,bengali and the vernaculars of the     
other provinces4  ,when ,carey began to 
work in ,calcutta and ,dinapoor in      
#agib-ic ,bengali had no printed and    
hardly any written literature4  ,the    
very written characters were justly     
described by ,colebrooke as nothing else
 but the difficult and beautiful        
,sanskrit ,devanagari deformed for the  
sake of expeditious writings1 such as   
accounts4  ,it was the new vaishnava    
faith of the ,nuddea reformer ,chaitanya
 which led to the composition of the    
first ,bengali prose4#bb ,the ,brahmans 
and the ,mohammedan rulers alike treated
 ,bengali--though it arose from the tomb
 of the ,sanskrit1 as ,italian did from 

,latin under ,dante's inspiration--as   
fit only for demons and women4  ,in the 
generation before ,carey there          
flourished at the same ,oxford of       
,india1 as ,nuddea has been called1     
,raja ,krishna ,rai1 who did for        
,bengali what our own ,king ,alfred     
accomplished for ,english prose4        
,moved1 however1 chiefly by a zeal for  
,hindooism1 which caused him to put a   
,soodra to death for marrying into a    
,brahman family1 he himself wrote the   
vernacular and spent money in gifts1    
which encouraged the people to study    
,bengali with unusual diligence4  ,but  
when1 forty years after that1 ,carey    
visited ,nuddea he could not discover   
more than forty separate works1 all in  
manuscript1 as the whole literature of  
#cj1jjj1jjj of people up to that time4  
,a press had been at work on the        
opposite side of the river for fifteen  
years1 but ,halhed's grammar was still  
the only as it was the most ancient     
printed book4  ,one ,baboo ,ram1 from   

,upper ,india1 was the first native who 
established a press in ,calcutta1 and   
that only under the influence of        
,colebrooke1 to print the ,sanskrit     
classics4  ,the first ,bengali who1 on  
his own account1 printed works in the   
vernacular on trade principles1 was     
,gunga ,kishore1 whom ,carey and ,ward  
had trained at ,serampore4  ,he soon    
made so large a fortune by his own press
 that three native rivals had sprung up 
by #ahbj1 when twenty-seven separate    
books1 or #ae1jjj copies1 had been sold 
to natives within ten years4  ,for      
nearly all these ,serampore supplied the
 type4  ,but all were in another sense  
the result of ,carey's action4  ,his    
first edition of the ,bengali ,new      
,testament appeared in #ahja1 his       
,grammar in the same year1 and at the   
same time his ,colloquies1 or dialogues 
intended to facilitate the acquiring of 
the ,bengali language1 which he wrote   
out of the abundance of his knowledge of
 native thought1 idioms1 and even slang1

 to enable students to converse with all
 classes of society1 as ,erasmus had    
done in another way4  ,his ,dictionary  
of #hj1jjj words began to appear in     
#ahae4  ,knowing1 however1 that in the  
long run the literature of a nation must
 be of indigenous growth1 he at once    
pressed the natives into this service4  
,his first pundit1 ,ram ,basu1 was a    
most accomplished ,bengali scholar4     
,this able man1 who lacked the courage  
to profess ,christ in the end1 wrote the
 first tract1 the ,gospel ,messenger1   
and the first pamphlet exposing         
,hindooism1 both of which had an        
enormous sale and caused much           
excitement4  ,on the historical side    
,carey induced him to publish in #ahja  
the ,life of ,raja ,pratapaditya1 the   
last king of ,sagar ,island4 ,at first  
the new professor could not find reading
 books for his ,bengali class in the    
college of ,fort ,william4  ,he1 his    
pundits1 especially ,mritunjaya who has 
been compared in his physique and       

knowledge to ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 and 
even the young civilian students1 were  
for many years compelled to write       
,bengali text-books1 including          
translations of ,virgil's neid and      
,shakspere's ,tempest4 ,the ,school     
,book ,society took up the work1        
encouraging such a man as ,ram ,komal   
,sen1 the printer who became chief      
native official of the ,bank of ,bengal 
and father of the late ,keshab ,chunder 
,sen1 to prepare his ,bengali           
dictionary4  ,self-interest soon        
enlisted the haughtiest ,brahmans in the
 work of producing school and reading   
books1 till now the ,bengali language is
 to ,india what the ,italian is to      
,europe1 and its native literature is   
comparatively as rich4  ,nor was ,carey 
without his ,european successor in the  
good work for a time4  ,when his son    
,felix died in #ahbc he was bewailed as 
the coadjutor of ,ram ,komal ,sen1 as   
the author of the first volume of a     
,bengali encyclopdia on anatomy1 as the 

translator of ,bunyan's ,pilgrim1       
,goldsmith's ,history of ,england1 and  
,mill's ,history of ,india4  ,literature
 cannot be said to exist for the people 
till the newspaper appears4  ,bengal was
 the first non-,christian country into  
which the press had ever been           
introduced4  ,above all forms of truth  
and faith ,christianity seeks free      
discussion2 in place of that the        
missionaries lived under a shackled     
press law tempered by the higher        
instincts of rulers like ,wellesley1    
,hastings1 and ,bentinck1 till ,macaulay
 and ,metcalfe gained for it liberty4   
,when ,dr4 ,marshman in #ahah proposed  
the publication of a ,bengali           
periodical1 ,dr4 ,carey1 impressed by a 
quarter of a century's intolerance1     
consented only on the condition that it 
should be a monthly magazine1 and should
 avoid political discussion4            
,accordingly the ,dig-darshan appeared1 
anticipating in its contents and style  
the later ,penny and ,saturday          

,magazines1 and continued for three     
years4  ,its immediate success led to   
the issue from the ,serampore press on  
the #cast ,may #ahah1 of the first      
newspaper ever printed in any ,oriental 
language--the ,samachar ,darpan1 or     
,news ,mirror4  ,it was a critical hour 
when the first proof of the first number
 was laid before the assembled          
brotherhood at the weekly meeting on    
,friday evening4  ,dr4 ,carey1 fearing  
for his spiritual work1 but eager for   
this new avenue to the minds of the     
people who were being taught to read1   
and had little save their own mythology1
 consented to its publication when ,dr4 
,marshman promised to send a copy1 with 
an analysis of its contents in ,english1
 to the ,government1 and to stop the    
enterprise if it should be officially   
disapproved4  ,lord ,hastings was       
fighting the ,pindarees1 and nothing was
 said by his ,council4  ,on his return  
he declared that the effect of such a   
paper must be extensively and           

importantly useful4  ,he allowed it to  
circulate by post at one-fourth the then
 heavy rate4  ,the natives welcomed     
their first newspaper4 ,although it     
avoided religious controversy1 in a few 
weeks an opposition journal was issued  
by a native1 who sought to defend       
,hindooism under the title of the       
,destroyer of ,darkness4  ,to the       
,darpan the educated natives looked as  
the means of bringing the oppression of 
their own countrymen to the knowledge of
 the public and the authorities4        
,government found it most useful for    
contradicting silly rumours and         
promoting contentment if not loyalty4   
,the paper gave a new development to the
 ,bengali language as well as to the    
moral and political education of the    
people4  ,the same period of liberty to 
the press and to native advancement1    
with which the names of the ,marquis of 
,hastings and his accomplished wife will
 ever be associated1 saw the birth of an
 ,english periodical which1 for the next

 fifty-seven years1 was to become not   
merely famous but powerfully useful as  
the ,friend of ,india4  ,the title was  
the selection of ,dr4 ,marshman1 and the
 editorial management was his and his   
able son's down to #aheb1 when it passed
 into the hands of ,mr4 ,meredith       
,townsend1 long the most brilliant of   
,english journalists1 and finally into  
those of the present writer4  ,for some 
years a monthly and for a time a        
quarterly magazine till #ahce1 when ,mr4
 ,john ,marshman made it the well-known 
weekly1 this journal became the means   
through which ,carey and the brotherhood
 fought the good fight of humanity4  ,in
 the monthly and quarterly ,friend1     
moreover1 reprinted as much of it was in
 ,london1 the three philanthropists     
brought their ripe experience and lofty 
principles to bear on the conscience of 
,england and of educated ,india alike4  
,as1 on the ,oriental side1 ,carey chose
 for his weapon the vernacular1 on the  
other he drew from ,western sources the 

principles and the thoughts which he    
clothed in a ,bengali dress4  ,we have  
already seen how ,carey at the end of   
the eighteenth century found ,hindooism 
at its worst4  ,steadily had the        
,pooranic corruption and the            
,brahmanical oppression gone on         
demoralising the whole of ,hindoo       
society4  ,in the period of virtual     
anarchy1 which covered the seventy-five 
years from the death of ,aurangzeb to   
the supremacy of ,warren ,hastings and  
the reforms of ,lord ,cornwallis1 the   
healthy zeal of ,islam against the      
idolatrous abominations of the ,hindoos 
had ceased4 ,in its place there was not 
only a wild licence amounting to an     
undoubted ,hindoo revival1 marked on the
 political side by the ,maratha         
ascendency1 but there came to be        
deliberate encouragement of the worst   
forms of ,hindooism by the ,east ,india 
,company and its servants4  ,that the   
mischievous reaction on ,england from   
,india--its idolatry1 its women1 its    

nabobs1 its wealth1 its absolutism--was 
prevented1 and ,european civilisation   
was after much delay and hesitation     
brought to bear on ,india1 was due      
indeed to the legislation of            
,governor-,generals from ,cornwallis to 
,bentinck1 but much more1 to the        
persistent agitation of ,christian      
missionaries1 notably ,carey and ,duff4 
,for years ,carey stood alone in ,india1
 as ,grant and ,wilberforce did in      
,england1 in the darkest hour of        
,england's moral degradation and        
spiritual death1 when the men who were  
shaping the destinies of ,india were the
 ,hindooising ,stewarts and ,youngs1    
,prendergasts1 ,twinings1 and ,warings1 
some of whom hated missions from the    
dread of sedition1 others because their 
hearts seduced by fair idolatresses had 
fallen to idols foul4  ,the most        
atrociously inhuman of all the          
,brahmanical customs1 and yet the most  
universal1 from the land of the five    
rivers at ,lahore to the far spice      

islands at ,bali1 was the murder of     
widows by burning or burying them alive 
with the husband's corpse4  ,we have    
seen how the first of the many such     
scenes which he was doomed to witness   
for the next thirty years affected      
,carey4  ,after remonstrances1 which the
 people met first by argument and then  
by surly threats1 ,carey wrote3--,i told
 them ,i would not go1 that ,i was      
determined to stay and see the murder1  
and that ,i should certainly bear       
witness of it at the tribunal of ,god4  
,and when he again sought to interfere  
because the two stout bamboos always    
fixed for the purpose of preventing the 
victim's escape were pressed down on the
 shrieking woman like levers1 and they  
persisted1 he wrote3 ,we could not bear 
to see more1 but left them exclaiming   
loudly against the murder and full of   
horror at what we had seen4  ,the       
remembrance of that sight never left    
,carey4  ,his naturally cheerful spirit 
was inflamed to indignation all his life

 through1 till his influence1 more than 
that of any other one man1 at last      
prevailed to put out for ever the       
murderous pyre4  ,had ,lord ,wellesley  
remained ,governor-,general a year      
longer ,carey would have succeeded in   
#ahjh1 instead of having to wait till   
#ahbi1 and to know as he waited and     
prayed that literally every day saw the 
devilish smoke ascending along the banks
 of the ,ganges1 and the rivers and     
pools considered sacred by the ,hindoos4
  ,need we wonder that when on a ,sunday
 morning the regulation of ,lord        
,william ,bentinck prohibiting the crime
 reached him as he was meditating his   
sermon1 he sent for another to do the   
preaching1 and taking his pen in his    
hand1 at once wrote the official        
translation1 and had it issued in the   
,bengali ,gazette that not another day  
might be added to the long black        
catalogue of many centuries8  ,on the   
return of the ,marquis ,wellesley to    
,calcutta from the ,tipoo war1 and his  

own appointment to the ,college of ,fort
 ,william1 ,carey felt that his time had
 come to prevent the murder of the      
innocents all over ,india in the three  
forms of female infanticide1 voluntary  
drowning1 and widow-burning or burying  
alive4  ,his old friend1 ,udny1 having  
become a member of ,council or colleague
 of the ,governor-,general1 he prepared 
three memorials to ,government on each  
of these crimes4  ,when afterwards he   
had enlisted ,claudius ,buchanan in the 
good work1 and had employed trustworthy 
natives to collect statistics proving   
that in the small district around       
,calcutta #bge widow murders thus took  
place in six months of #ahjc1 and when  
he was asked by ,dr4 ,ryland to state   
the facts which1 with his usual absence 
of self-regarding1 he had not reported  
publicly1 or even in letters home1 he   
thus replied3--  #bgth ,april           
#ahjh4--,the report of the burning of   
women1 and some others1 however1 were   
made by me4  ,i1 at his expense1        

however1 made the inquiries and         
furnished the reports1 and believe they 
are rather below the truth than above   
it4  ,i have1 since ,i have been here1  
through a different medium1 presented   
three petitions or representations to   
,government for the purpose of having   
the burning of women and other modes of 
murder abolished1 and have succeeded in 
the case of infanticide and voluntary   
drowning in the river4  ,laws were made 
to prevent these1 which have been       
successful4  ,but there was a crime     
nearer home1 committed in the river     
flowing past his own door1 and          
especially at ,sagar ,island1 where the 
,ganges loses itself in the ocean4  ,at 
that tiger-haunted spot1 shivering in   
the cold of the winter solstice1 every  
year multitudes of ,hindoos1 chiefly    
wives with children and widows with     
heavy hearts1 assembled to wash away    
their sins--to sacrifice the fruit of   
their body for the sin of their soul4   
,since #agid1 when ,thomas and he had   

found in a basket hanging on a tree the 
bones of an infant exposed1 to be       
devoured by the white ants1 by some     
mother too poor to go on pilgrimage to a
 sacred river-spot1 ,carey had known    
this unnatural horror4  ,he and his     
brethren had planned a preaching tour to
 ,sagar1 where not only mothers drowned 
their first born in payment of a vow1   
with the encouragement of the ,brahmans1
 but widows and even men walked into the
 deep sea and drowned themselves at the 
spot where ,ganga and ,sagar kiss each  
other1 as the highest degree of         
holiness1 and as securing immediate     
heaven4  ,the result of ,carey's        
memorial was the publication of the     
,regulation for preventing the sacrifice
 of children at ,sagar and other places 
on the ,ganges3--,it has been           
represented to the ,governor-,general in
 ,council that a criminal and inhuman   
practice of sacrificing children1 by    
exposing them to be drowned or devoured 
by sharks1 prevails444,children thrown  

into the sea at ,sagar have not been    
generally rescued444but the sacrifice   
has been effected with circumstances of 
peculiar atrocity in some instances4    
,this practice is not sanctioned by the 
,hindoo law1 nor countenanced by the    
religious orders4  ,it was accordingly  
declared to be murder1 punishable with  
death4  ,at each pilgrim gathering      
sepoys were stationed to check the      
priests and the police1 greedy of       
bribes1 and to prevent fanatical        
suicides as well as superstitious       
murders4  ,the practice of infanticide  
was really based on the recommendation  
of ,sati1 literally the method of purity
 which the ,hindoo shastras require when
 they recommend the bereaved wife to    
burn with her husband4 ,surely1 reasoned
 the ,rajpoots1 we may destroy a        
daughter by abortion1 starvation1       
suffocation1 strangulation1 or neglect1 
of whose marriage in the line of caste  
and dignity of family there is little   
prospect1 if a widow may be burned to   

preserve her chastity6  ,in answer to   
,carey's third memorial ,lord ,wellesley
 took the first step1 on #eth ,february 
#ahje1 in the history of ,british       
,india1 two centuries after ,queen      
,elizabeth had given the ,company its   
mercantile charter1 and half a century  
after ,plassey had given it political   
power1 to protect from murder the widows
 who had been burned alive1 at least    
since the time of ,alexander the ,great4
  ,this was the first step in the       
history of ,british but not of          
,mohammedan ,india1 for our predecessors
 had by decree forbidden and in practice
 discouraged the crime4  ,lord          
,wellesley's colleagues were still the  
good ,udny1 the great soldier ,lord     
,lake and ,sir ,george ,barlow4  ,the   
magistrate of ,bihar had on his own     
authority prevented a child-widow of    
twelve1 when drugged by the ,brahmans1  
from being burned alive1 after which1 he
 wrote1 the girl and her friends were   
extremely grateful for my interposition4

  ,taking advantage of this case1 the   
,government asked the appellate judges1 
all ,company's servants1 to ascertain   
how far the practice is founded on the  
religious opinions of the ,hindoos4 ,if 
not founded on any precept of their law1
 the ,governor-,general in ,council     
hopes that the custom may gradually1 if 
not immediately1 be altogether          
abolished4  ,if1 however1 the entire    
abolition should appear to the ,court to
 be impracticable in itself1 or         
inexpedient1 as offending any           
established religious opinion of the    
,hindoos1 the ,court were desired to    
consider the best means of preventing   
the abuses1 such as the use of drugs and
 the sacrifice of those of immature age4
  ,but the preamble of this reference to
 the judges declared it to be one of the
 fundamental principles of the ,british 
,government to consult the religious    
opinions of the natives1 consistently   
with the principles of morality1 reason1
 and humanity4 ,there spoke ,carey and  

,udny1 and ,wellesley himself4  ,but for
 another quarter of a century the       
funeral pyres were to blaze with the    
living also1 because that caveat was set
 aside1 that fundamental maxim of the   
constitution of much more than the      
,british ,government--of the conscience 
of humanity1 was carefully buried up4   
,the judges asked the pundits whether   
the woman is enjoined by the shaster    
voluntarily to burn herself with the    
body of her husband4 ,they replied every
 woman of the four castes is permitted  
to burn herself1 except in certain cases
 enumerated1 and they quoted ,manoo1 who
 is against the custom in so far as he  
says that a virtuous wife ascends to    
heaven if she devotes herself to pious  
austerities after the decease of her    
lord4  ,this opinion would have been    
sufficient to give the requisite native 
excuse to ,government for the abolition1
 but the ,nizamat ,adawlat judges urged 
the principle of manifesting every      
possible indulgence to the religious    

opinions and prejudices of the natives1 
ignoring morality1 reason1 and humanity 
alike4  ,lord ,wellesley's long and     
brilliant administration of eight years 
was virtually at an end3 in seven days  
he was to embark for home4  ,the man who
 had preserved the infants from the     
sharks of ,sagar had to leave the widows
 and their children to be saved by the  
civilians ,carey and he had personally  
trained1 ,metcalfe and ,bayley1 who by  
#ahbi had risen to ,council and become  
colleagues of ,lord ,w4 ,bentinck4  ,but
 ,lord ,wellesley did this much1 he     
declined to notice the so-called        
prohibitory regulations recommended by  
the civilian judges4 ,these1 when       
adopted in the year #ahab1 made the     
,british ,government responsible by     
legislation for every murder thereafter1
 and greatly increased the number of    
murders4  ,from that date the           
,government of ,india decided to allow  
the practice1 as recognised and         
encouraged by the ,hindoo religion1     

except in cases of compulsion1 drugging1
 widows under sixteen1 and proved       
pregnancy4  ,the police--natives--were  
to be present1 and to report every case4
  ,at the very time the ,british        
,parliament were again refusing in the  
charter discussions of #ahac for another
 twenty years to tolerate ,christianity 
in its ,eastern dependency1 the ,indian 
legislature legalised the burning and   
burying alive of widows1 who numbered at
 least #fjjj in nine only of the next   
sixteen years1 from #ahae to #ahbc      
inclusive4  ,from ,plassey in #ageg to  
#ahbi1 three quarters of a century1     
,christian ,england was responsible1 at 
first indirectly and then most directly1
 for the known immolation of at least   
#gj1jjj ,hindoo widows4  ,carey was the 
first to move the authorities2 ,udny and
 ,wellesley were the first to begin     
action against an atrocity so long      
continued and so atrocious4 ,while the  
,governor-,generals and their colleagues
 passed away1 ,carey and his associates 

did not cease to agitate in ,india and  
to stir up ,wilberforce and the         
evangelicals in ,england1 till the      
victory was gained4  ,the very first    
number of the ,friend of ,india         
published their essay on the burning of 
widows1 which was thereafter quoted on  
both sides of the conflict1 as a        
powerful and convincing statement of the
 real facts and circumstances of the    
case1 in ,parliament and elsewhere4 ,nor
 can we omit to record the opinion of   
,carey's chief pundit1 with whom he     
spent hours every day as a              
fellow-worker4  ,the whole body of      
law-pundits wrote of ,sati as only      
permitted4  ,mritunjaya1 described as   
the head jurist of the ,college of ,fort
 ,william and the ,supreme ,court1      
decided that1 according to ,hindooism1 a
 life of mortification is the law for a 
widow4  ,at best burning is only an     
alternative for mortification1 and no   
alternative can have the force of direct
 law4 ,but in former ages nothing was   

ever heard of the practice1 it being    
peculiar to a later and more corrupt    
era4 ,a woman's burning herself from the
 desire of connubial bliss ought to be  
rejected with abhorrence1 wrote this    
colossus of pundits4  ,yet before he was
 believed1 or the higher law was        
enforced1 as it has ever since been even
 in our tributary ,states1 mothers had  
burned with sons1 and forty wives1 many 
of them sisters1 at a time1 with        
polygamous husbands4 ,lepers and the    
widows of the devotee class had been    
legally buried alive4 ,magistrates1 who 
were men like ,metcalfe1 never ceased to
 prevent widow-murder on any pretext1   
wherever they might be placed1 in       
defiance of their own misguided         
,government4  ,though from #dth         
,december #ahbi--memorable date1 to be  
classed with that on which soon after   
#hjj1jjj slaves were set free--the      
,ganges flowed unblooded to the sea for 
the first time1 the fight lasted a      
little longer4  ,the ,calcutta orthodox 

formed a society to restore their right 
of murdering their widows1 and found    
,english lawyers ready to help them in  
an appeal to the ,privy ,council under  
an ,act of ,parliament of #agig4  ,the  
,darpan weekly did good service in      
keeping the mass of the educated natives
 right on the subject4  ,the ,privy     
,council1 at which ,lord ,wellesley and 
,charles ,grant1 venerable in years and 
character1 were present1 heard the case 
for two days1 and on #bdth ,june #ahcb  
dismissed the petition6  ,though the    
greatest1 this was only one of the      
crimes against humanity and morality    
which ,carey opposed all his life with a
 practical reasonableness till he saw   
the public opinion he had done so much  
to create triumph4  ,he knew the people 
of ,india1 their religious1 social1 and 
economic condition1 as no ,englishman   
before him had done4  ,he stood between 
them and their foreign ,government at   
the beginning of our intimate contact   
with all classes as detailed            

administrators and rulers4  ,the outcome
 of his peculiar experience is to be    
found not only in the writings published
 under his own name but in the great    
book of his colleague ,william ,ward1   
every page of which passed under his    
careful correction as well as under the 
more general revision of ,henry ,martyn4
  ,except for the philosophy of         
,hindooism1 the second edition of ,a    
,view of the ,history1 ,literature1 and 
,mythology of the ,hindoos1 including a 
,minute ,description of their ,manners  
and ,customs1 and ,translations from    
their ,principal ,works1 published in   
#ahah in two quarto volumes1 stands     
unrivalled as the best authority on the 
character and daily life and beliefs of 
the #bjj1jjj1jjj to whom ,great ,britain
 had been made a terrestrial providence1
 till ,christianity teaches them to     
govern themselves and to become to the  
rest of ,asia missionaries of nobler    
truth than that wherewith their         
,buddhist fathers covered ,china and the

 farther ,east4  ,all the crimes against
 humanity with which the history of     
,india teems1 down to the ,mutiny and   
the records of our courts and tributary 
states at this hour1 are directly       
traceable to lawless supernaturalism    
like that of the civilised world before 
the triumph of ,christianity4  ,in      
nothing does ,england's administration  
of ,india resemble ,rome's government of
 its provinces in the seven centuries   
from the reduction of ,sicily1 #bdj     
,b4,c41 to the fall of the ,western     
,empire1 #dgf ,a4,d41 so much as in the 
relation of nascent ,christianity to the
 pagan cults which had made society what
 it was4  ,carey and the brotherhood    
stood alone in facing1 in fighting with 
divine weapons1 in winning the first    
victories over the secular as well as   
spiritual lawlessness which fell before 
,paul and his successors down to        
,augustine and his ,city of ,god4 ,the  
gentle and reasonable but none the less 
divinely indignant father of modern     

missions brings against ,hindoo and     
,mohammedan society accusations no more 
railing than those in the opening       
passage of the ,epistle to the ,romans1 
and he brings these only that1 following
 ,paul1 he may declare the more         
excellent way4  ,as ,serampore1 or its  
suburbs1 is the most popular centre of  
,jaganath worship next to ,pooree in    
,orissa1 the cruelty and oppression     
which marked the annual festival were   
ever before the missionaries' eyes4 ,in 
#ahac we find ,dr4 ,claudius ,buchanan  
establishing his veracity as an         
eye-witness of the immolation of drugged
 or voluntary victims under the idol    
car1 by this quotation from ,dr4 ,carey1
 whom he had to describe at that time to
 his ,english readers1 as a man of      
unquestionable integrity1 long held in  
estimation by the most respectable      
characters in ,bengal1 and possessing   
very superior opportunities of knowing  
what is passing in ,india generally3    
,idolatry destroys more than the sword1 

yet in a way which is scarcely          
perceived4  ,the numbers who die in     
their long pilgrimages1 either through  
want or fatigue1 or from dysenteries and
 fevers caught by lying out1 and want of
 accommodation1 is incredible4 ,i only  
mention one idol1 the famous ,juggernaut
 in ,orissa1 to which twelve or thirteen
 pilgrimages are made every year4  ,it  
is calculated that the number who go    
thither is1 on some occasions1 #fjj1jjj 
persons1 and scarcely ever less than    
#ajj1jjj4  ,i suppose1 at the lowest    
calculation1 that in the year #a1bjj1jjj
 persons attend4 ,now1 if only one in   
ten died1 the mortality caused by this  
one idol would be #abj1jjj in a year2   
but some are of opinion that not many   
more than one in ten survive and return 
home again4  ,besides these1 ,i         
calculate that #aj1jjj women annually   
burn with the bodies of their deceased  
husbands1 and the multitudes destroyed  
in other methods would swell the        
catalogue to an extent almost exceeding 

credibility4  ,after we had taken       
,orissa from the ,marathas the priests  
of ,jaganath declared that the night    
before the conquest the god had made    
known its desire to be under ,british   
protection4  ,this was joyfully reported
 to ,lord ,wellesley's ,government by   
the first ,british commissioner4  ,at   
once a regulation was drafted vesting   
the shrine and the increased pilgrim-tax
 in the ,christian officials4  ,this    
,lord ,wellesley indignantly refused to 
sanction1 and it was passed by ,sir     
,george ,barlow in spite of the protests
 of ,carey's friend1 ,udny4 ,in         
,conjeeveram a ,brahmanised civilian    
named ,place had so early as #agif      
induced ,government to undertake the    
payment of the priests and prostitutes  
of the temples1 under the phraseology of
 churchwardens and the management of the
 church funds4  ,even before the ,madras
 iniquity1 the pilgrims to ,gaya from   
#agij1 if not before1 paid for authority
 to offer funeral cakes to the manes of 

their ancestors and to worship ,vishnoo 
under the official seal and signature of
 the ,english ,collector4 ,although     
,charles ,grant's son1 ,lord ,glenelg1  
when ,president of the ,board of        
,control in #ahcc1 ordered1 as          
,theodosius had done on the fall of     
pagan idolatry in ,a4,d4 #cij1 that in  
all matters relating to their temples1  
their worship1 their festivals1 their   
religious practices1 their ceremonial   
observances1 our native subjects be left
 entirely to themselves1 the            
identification of ,government with      
,hindooism was not completely severed   
till a recent period4  ,the ,charak1 or 
swinging festival1 has been frequently  
witnessed by the present writer in      
,calcutta itself4  ,the orgie has been  
suppressed by the police in great       
cities1 although it has not ceased in   
the rural districts4  ,in #ahad the     
brotherhood thus wrote home3--  ,this   
abominable festival was held1 according 
to the annual custom1 on the last day of

 the ,hindoo year4  ,there were fewer   
gibbet posts erected at ,serampore1 but 
we hear that amongst the swingers was   
one female4  ,a man fell from a stage   
thirty cubits high and broke his back2  
and another fell from a swinging post1  
but was not much hurt4 ,some days after 
the first swinging1 certain natives     
revived the ceremonies4  ,as ,mr4 ,ward 
was passing through ,calcutta he saw    
several ,hindoos hanging by the heels   
over a slow fire1 as an act of devotion4
  ,several ,hindoos employed in the     
printing-office applied this year to    
,mr4 ,ward for protection1 to escape    
being dragged into these pretendedly    
voluntary practices4  ,this brought     
before us facts which we were not aware 
of4 ,it seems that the landlords of the 
poor and other men of property insist   
upon certain of their tenants and       
dependants engaging in these practices1 
and that they expect and compel by      
actual force multitudes every year to   
join the companies of sunyassees in     

parading the streets1 piercing their    
sides1 tongues1 etc4  ,to avoid this    
compulsion1 many poor young men leave   
their houses and hide themselves2 but   
they are sure of being beaten if caught1
 or of having their huts pulled down4   
,the influence and power of the rich    
have a great effect on the multitude in 
most of the idolatrous festivals4  ,when
 the lands and riches of the country    
were in few hands1 this influence       
carried all before it4  ,it is still    
very widely felt1 in compelling         
dependants to assist at public shows1   
and to contribute towards the expense of
 splendid ceremonies4  ,the ,ghat       
murders1 caused by the carrying of the  
dying to the ,ganges or a sacred river1 
and their treatment there1 continue to  
this day1 although ,lord ,lawrence      
attempted to interfere4  ,ward estimated
 the number of sick whose death is      
hastened on the banks of the ,ganges    
alone at five hundred a year1 in his    
anxiety to use no unfair means of       

rendering even idolatry detestable1 but 
he admits that1 in the opinion of       
others1 this estimate is far below the  
truth4  ,we believe1 from our own recent
 experience1 that still it fails to give
 any just idea of the destruction of    
parents by children in the name of      
religion4  ,one class who had been the  
special objects of ,christ's healing    
power and divine sympathy was specially 
interesting to ,carey in proportion to  
their misery and abandonment by their   
own people--lepers4  ,when at ,cutwa in 
#ahab1 where his son was stationed as   
missionary1 he saw the burning of a     
leper1 which he thus described3--,a pit 
about ten cubits in depth was dug and a 
fire placed at the bottom of it4  ,the  
poor man rolled himself into it2 but    
instantly1 on feeling the fire1 begged  
to be taken out1 and struggled hard for 
that purpose4  ,his mother and sister1  
however1 thrust him in again2 and thus a
 man1 who to all appearance might have  
survived several years1 was cruelly     

burned to death4  ,i find that the      
practice is not uncommon in these parts4
 ,taught that a violent end purifies the
 body and ensures transmigration into a 
healthy new existence1 while natural    
death by disease results in four        
successive births1 and a fifth as a     
leper again1 the leper1 like the even   
more wretched widow1 has always courted 
suicide4  ,carey did not rest until he  
had brought about the establishment of a
 leper hospital in ,calcutta1 near what 
became the centre of the ,church        
,missionary ,society's work1 and there  
benevolent physicians1 like the late    
,dr4 ,kenneth ,stuart1 and ,christian   
people1 have made it possible to record1
 as in ,christ's days1 that the leper is
 cleansed and the poor have the ,gospel 
preached to them4  ,by none of the many 
young civilians whom he trained1 or1 in 
the later years of his life1 examined1  
was ,carey's humane work on all its     
sides more persistently carried out than
 by ,john ,lawrence in the ,punjab4     

,when their new ruler first visited     
their district1 the ,bedi clan amazed   
him by petitioning for leave to destroy 
their infant daughters4  ,in wrath he   
briefly told them he would hang every   
man found guilty of such murder4  ,when 
settling the land revenue of the        
,cis-,sutlej districts he caused each   
farmer1 as he touched the pen in        
acceptance of the assessment1 to recite 
this formula--    ,bewa mat jalo1       
,beti mat mro1   ,korhi mat dabao       
7,thou shalt not burn thy widow1 thou   
shalt not kill thy daughters1 thou shalt
 not bury thy lepers47  ,from the hour  
of ,carey's conversion he never omitted 
to remember in prayer the slave as well 
as the heathen4  ,the same period which 
saw his foundation of modern missions   
witnessed the earliest efforts of his   
contemporary1 ,thomas ,clarkson of      
,wisbeach1 in the neighbouring county of
 ,cambridge1 to free the slave4  ,but   
,clarkson1 ,granville ,sharp1 and their 
associates were so occupied with ,africa

 that they knew not that ,great ,britain
 was responsible for the existence of at
 least nine millions of slaves in       
,india1 many of them brought by ,hindoo 
merchants as well as ,arabs from        
,eastern ,africa to fill the hareems of 
,mohammedans1 and do domestic service in
 the zananas of ,hindoos4  ,the         
startling fact came to be known only    
slowly towards the end of ,carey's      
career1 when his prayers1 continued     
daily from #aggi1 were answered in the  
freedom of all our ,west ,india slaves4 
,the ,east ,india answer came after he  
had passed away1 in ,act ,v4 of #ahdc1  
which for ever abolished the legal      
status of slavery in ,india4 ,the ,penal
 ,code has since placed the prdial slave
 in such a position that if he is not   
free it is his own fault4  ,it is penal 
in ,india to hold a slave against his   
will1 and we trust the time is not far  
distant when the last three words may be
 struck out4  ,with true instinct       
,christopher ,anderson1 in his ,annals  

of the ,english ,bible1 associates      
,carey1 ,clarkson1 and ,cowper1 as the  
triumvirate who1 unknown to each other1 
began the great moral changes1 in the   
,church1 in society1 and in literature1 
which mark the difference between the   
eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries4
 ,little did ,carey think1 as he studied
 under ,sutcliff within sight of the    
poet's house1 that ,cowper was writing  
at that very time these lines in ,the   
,task while he himself was praying for  
the highest of all kinds of liberty to  
be given to the heathen and the slaves1 
,christ's freedom which had up till then
 remained                               
444unsung   ,by poets1 and by senators  
unpraised1   ,which monarchs cannot     
grant1 nor all the powers   ,of earth   
and hell confederate take away2   ,a    
liberty which persecution1 fraud1       
,oppression1 prisons1 have no power to  
bind3   ,which whoso tastes can be      
enslaved no more4     ,,chapter ,,xii   
,,what ,,carey ,,did ,,for              

,,science--,,founder ,,of ,,the         
,,agricultural ,,and ,,horticultural    
,,society ,,of ,,india  ,carey's        
relation to science and                 
economics--,state of the                
peasantry--,carey a careful scientific  
observer--,specially a                  
botanist--,becomes the friend of ,dr4   
,roxburgh of the ,company's ,botanic    
,garden--,orders seeds and instruments  
of husbandry--,all his researches       
subordinate to his spiritual            
mission--,his eminence as a botanist    
acknowledged in the history of the      
science--,his own botanic garden and    
park at ,serampore--,the poet           
,montgomery on the daisies              
there--,borneo--,carey's paper in the   
,asiatic ,researches on the state of    
agriculture in ,bengal--,the first to   
advocate ,forestry in ,india--,founds   
the ,agri-,horticultural ,society of    
,india--,issues queries on agriculture  
and horticulture--,remarkable results of
 his action--,on the manufacture of     

paper--,his expanded address on         
agricultural reform--,his political     
foresight on the importance of ,european
 capital and the future of ,india--,an  
official estimate of the results in the 
present day--,on the usury of the       
natives and savings banks--,his academic
 and scientific honours--,destruction of
 his house and garden by the ,damoodar  
flood of #ahbc--,report on the          
,horticultural ,society's garden--,the  
,society honours its founder4  ,not only
 was the first ,englishman1 who in      
modern times became a missionary1 sent  
to ,india when he desired to go to      
,tahiti or ,west ,africa2 and sent to   
,bengal from which all ,northern ,india 
was to be brought under ,british rule2  
and to ,calcutta--with a safe asylum at 
,danish ,serampore--then the metropolis 
and centre of all ,southern ,asia2 but  
he was sent at the very time when the   
life of the people could best be        
purified and elevated on its many sides1
 and he was specially fitted to         

influence each of these sides save one4 
,an ambassador for ,christ above all    
things like ,paul1 but1 also like him1  
becoming all things to all men that he  
might win some to the higher life1      
,carey was successively1 and often at   
the same time1 a captain of labour1 a   
schoolmaster1 a printer1 the developer  
of the vernacular speech1 the expounder 
of the classical language1 the          
translator of both into ,english and of 
the ,english ,bible into both1 the      
founder of a pure literature1 the       
purifier of society1 the watchful       
philanthropist1 the saviour of the widow
 and the fatherless1 of the despairing  
and the would-be suicide1 of the        
downtrodden and oppressed4  ,we have now
 to see him on the scientific or the    
physical and economic side1 while he    
still jealously keeps his strength for  
the one motive power of all1 the        
spiritual1 and with almost equal care   
avoids the political or administrative  
as his ,master did4  ,but even then it  

was his aim to proclaim the divine      
principles which would use science and  
politics alike to bring nations to the  
birth1 while1 like the apostles1 leaving
 the application of these principles to 
the course of ,god's providence and the 
consciences of men4  ,in what he did for
 science1 for literature1 and for       
humanity1 as in what he abstained from  
doing in the practical region of public 
life1 the first ,english missionary was 
an example to all of every race who have
 followed him in the past century4 ,from
 ,carey to ,livingstone1 alike in ,asia 
and ,africa1 the greatest ,christian    
evangelists have been those who have    
made science and literature the         
handmaids of missions4  ,apart from the 
extreme south of the peninsula of       
,india1 where the ,danish missionaries  
had explored with hawk's eyes1 almost   
nothing was known of its plants and     
animals1 its men1 as well as its beasts1
 when ,carey found himself in a rural   
district of ,north ,bengal in the       

closing decade of the eighteenth        
century4  ,nor had any writer1 official 
or missionary1 anywhere realised the    
state of ,india and the needs of the    
,hindoo and ,mohammedan cultivators as  
flowing from the relation of the people 
to the soil4  ,india was in truth a land
 of millions of peasant proprietors on  
five-acre farms1 rack-rented or         
plundered by powerful middlemen1 both   
squeezed or literally tortured by the   
,government of the day1 and driven to   
depend on the usurer for even the seed  
for each crop4  ,war and famine had     
alternated in keeping down the          
population4 ,ignorance and fear had     
blunted the natural shrewdness of the   
cultivator4  ,a foul mythology1 a       
saddening demon-worship1 and an exacting
 social system1 covered the land as with
 a pall4  ,what even ,christendom was   
fast becoming in the tenth century1     
,india had been all through the eighteen
 ,christian centuries4  ,the boy who    
from eight to fourteen chose to read    

books of science1 history1 voyages1     
etc41 more than others2 the youth whose 
gardener uncle would have had him follow
 that calling1 but whose sensitive skin 
kept him within doors1 where he fitted  
up a room with his botanical and        
zoological museum2 the                  
shoemaker-preacher who made a garden    
around every cottage-manse in which he  
lived1 and was familiar with every      
beast1 bird1 insect1 and tree in the    
,midlands of ,england1 became a         
scientific observer from the day he     
landed at ,calcutta1 an agricultural    
reformer from the year he first built a 
wooden farmhouse in the jungle1 as the  
,manitoba emigrant now does under very  
different skies1 and then began to grow 
and make indigo amid the peasantry at   
,dinapoor4  ,he thus unconsciously      
reveals himself and his method of       
working in a letter to ,morris of       
,clipstone3--  ,,mudnabati1 #eth        
,december #agig4--,to talk of           
continuance of friendship and warm      

affection to you would be folly4  ,i    
love you2 and next to seeing your face1 
a letter from you is one of my greatest 
gratifications4  ,i see the handwriting1
 and read the heart of my friend2 nor   
can the distance of one-fourth of the   
globe prevent a union of hearts4        
,hitherto ,i have refrained from writing
 accounts of the country1 because ,i    
concluded that those whose souls were   
panting after the conversion of the     
heathen would feel but little gratified 
in having an account of the natural     
productions of the country4  ,but as    
intelligence of this kind has been      
frequently solicited by several of my   
friends1 ,i have accordingly opened     
books of observation1 which ,i hope to  
communicate when they are sufficiently  
authenticated and matured4  ,i also     
intend to assign a peculiar share to    
each of my stated correspondents4  ,to  
you ,i shall write some accounts of the 
arts1 utensils1 and manufactures of the 
country2 to ,brother ,sutcliff their    

mythology and religion2 to ,brother     
,ryland the manners and customs of the  
inhabitants2 to ,brother ,fuller the    
productions of the country2 to ,brother 
,pearce the language1 etc42 and to the  
,society a joint account of the mission4
  ,he had separate books for every      
distinct class1 as birds1 beasts1       
fishes1 reptiles1 etc4  ,long before    
this1 on #acth ,march #agie1 he had     
written to the learned ,ryland1 his     
special correspondent on subjects of    
science and on ,hebrew1 his first       
impressions of the physiography of      
,bengal1 adding3 ,the natural history of
 ,bengal would furnish innumerable      
novelties to a curious inquirer4  ,i am 
making collections and minute           
descriptions of whatever ,i can obtain2 
and intend at some future time to       
transmit them to ,europe4  ,,mudnabati1 
#bfth ,november #agif4--;,i observed in 
a former letter that the beasts have    
been in general described1 but that the 
undescribed birds were surprisingly     

numerous2 and1 in fact1 new species are 
still frequently coming under my notice4
  ,we have sparrows and water-wagtails1 
one species of crow1 ducks1 geese1 and  
common fowls2 pigeons1 teal1 ortolans1  
plovers1 snipes like those in ,europe2  
but others1 entirely unlike ,european   
birds1 would fill a volume4 ,insects are
 very numerous4  ,i have seen about     
twelve sorts of grylli1 or grasshoppers 
and crickets4  ,ants are the most       
omnivorous of all insects2 we have eight
 or ten sorts very numerous4  ,the      
termes1 or white ants1 destroy          
everything on which they fasten2 they   
will eat through an oak chest in a day  
or two and devour all its contents4     
,butterflies are not so numerous as in  
,england1 but ,i think all different4   
,common flies and mosquitoes 7or gnats7 
are abundant1 and the latter so         
tormenting as to make one conclude that 
if the flies in ,egypt were mosquitoes1 
the plague must be almost insupportable4
  ,here are beetles of many species2    

scorpions of two sorts1 the sting of the
 smallest not mortal2 land crabs in     
abundance1 and an amazing number of     
other kinds of insects4  ,fish is very  
plentiful1 and the principal animal food
 of the inhabitants4  ,i find fewer     
varieties of vegetables than ,i could   
have conceived in so large a country4   
,edible vegetables are scarce1 and fruit
 far from plentiful4  ,you will perhaps 
wonder at our eating many things here   
which no one eats in ,england3 as arum1 
three or four sorts1 and poppy leaves   
7,papaver somniferum74  ,we also cut up 
mallows by the bushes for our food 7,job
 xxx4 #d74  ,amaranths1 of three sorts1 
we also eat1 besides capsicums1         
pumpkins1 gourds1 calabashes1 and the   
egg-plant fruit2 yet we have no         
hardships in these respects4  ,rice is  
the staple article of food444  ,my love 
to the students4  ,god raise them up for
 great blessings4 ,great things are     
certainly at hand4  ,but he was also an 
erudite botanist4  ,had he arrived in   

,calcutta a few days earlier than he    
did1 he would have been appointed to the
 place for which sheer poverty led him  
to apply1 in the ,company's ,botanical  
,garden1 established on the right bank  
of the ,hoogli a few miles below        
,calcutta1 by ,colonel ,alexander ,kyd1 
for the collection of indigenous and    
acclimatisation of foreign plants4      
,there he at once made the acquaintance1
 and till #ahae retained the loving     
friendship1 of its superintendent1 ,dr4 
,roxburgh1 the leader of a series of    
eminent men1 ,buchanan and ,wallich1    
,griffith1 ,falconer1 ,t4 ,thomson1 and 
,thomas ,anderson1 the last two cut off 
in the ripe promise of their manhood4   
,one of ,carey's first requests was for 
seeds and instruments1 not merely from  
scientific reasons1 but that he might   
carry out his early plan of working with
 his hands as a farmer while he         
evangelised the people4  ,on #eth       
,august #agid he wrote to the           
,society3--,i wish you also to send me a

 few instruments of husbandry1 viz41    
scythes1 sickles1 plough-wheels1 and    
such things2 and a yearly assortment of 
all garden and flowering seeds1 and     
seeds of fruit trees1 that you can      
possibly procure2 and let them be packed
 in papers1 or bottles well stopped1    
which is the best method4 ,all these    
things1 at whatever price you can       
procure them1 and the seeds of all sorts
 of field and forest trees1 etc41 ,i    
will regularly remit you the money for  
every year2 and ,i hope that ,i may     
depend upon the exertions of my numerous
 friends to procure them4 ,apply to     
,london seedsmen and others1 as it will 
be a lasting advantage to this country2 
and ,i shall have it in my power to do  
this for what ,i now call my own        
country4  ,only take care that they are 
new and dry4 ,again he addressed ,fuller
 on #bbnd ,june #agig3--  ,,my ,,very   
,,dear ,,brother--,i have yours of      
,august #i1 #af1 which informs me that  
the seeds1 etc41 were shipped4  ,i have 

received those seeds and other articles 
in tolerable preservation1 and shall    
find them a very useful article4  ,an   
acquaintance which ,i have formed with  
,dr4 ,roxburgh1 ,superintendent of the  
,company's ,botanic ,garden1 and whose  
wife is daughter of a missionary on the 
coast1 may be of future use to the      
mission1 and make that investment of    
vegetables more valuable4  ,thus towards
 the close of his six years' sacrifice  
for the people of ,dinapoor does he     
estimate himself and his scientific     
pursuits in the light of the great      
conflict to which the ,captain of       
,salvation had called him4  ,he is      
opening his heart to ,fuller again1 most
 trusted of all3--  ,,mudnabati1 #agth  
,july #agii4--,respecting myself ,i have
 nothing interesting to say2 and if ,i  
had1 it appears foreign to the design of
 a mission for the missionaries to be   
always speaking of their own            
experiences4  ,i keep several journals1 
it is true1 relating to things private  

and public1 respecting the mission1     
articles of curiosity and science2 but  
they are sometimes continued and        
sometimes discontinued3 besides1 most   
things contained in them are of too     
general or trivial a nature to send to  
,england1 and ,i imagine could have no  
effect1 except to mock the expectations 
of our numerous friends1 who are waiting
 to hear of the conversion of the       
heathen and overthrow of ,satan's       
kingdom4  ,i therefore only observe1    
respecting myself1 that ,i have much    
proof of the vileness of my heart1 much 
more than ,i thought of till lately3    
and1 indeed1 ,i often fear that instead 
of being instrumental in the conversion 
of the heathen1 ,i may some time        
dishonour the cause in which ,i am      
engaged4  ,i have hitherto had much     
experience of the daily supports of a   
gracious ,god2 but ,i am conscious that 
if those supports were intermitted but  
for a little time1 my sinful            
dispositions would infallibly           

predominate4  ,at present ,i am kept1   
but am not one of those who are strong  
and do exploits4  ,i have often thought 
that a spirit of observation is         
necessary in order to our doing or      
communicating much good2 and were it not
 for a very phlegmatic habit1 ,i think  
my soul would be richer4  ,i1 however1  
appear to myself to have lost much of my
 capacity for making observations1      
improvements1 etc41 or of retaining what
 ,i attend to closely4  ,for instance1  
,i have been near three years learning  
the ,sanskrit language1 yet know very   
little of it4  ,this is only a specimen 
of what ,i feel myself to be in every   
respect4  ,i try to observe1 to imprint 
what ,i see and hear on my memory1 and  
to feel my heart properly affected with 
the circumstances2 yet my soul is       
impoverished1 and ,i have something of a
 lethargic disease cleaving to my       
body444  ,i would communicate something 
on the natural history of the country in
 addition to what ,i have before        

written1 but no part of that pleasing   
study is so familiar to me as the       
vegetable world4  ,his letters of this  
period to ,fuller on the fruits of      
,india1 and to ,morris on the husbandry 
of the natives1 might be quoted still as
 accurate and yet popular descriptions  
of the mango1 guava1 and custard apple2 
plantain1 jack1 and tamarind2           
pomegranate1 pine-apple1 and rose-apple2
 papaya1 date1 and cocoa-nut2 citron1   
lime1 and shaddock4 ,of many of these1  
and of foreign fruits which he          
introduced1 it might be said he found   
them poor1 and he cultivated them till  
he left to succeeding generations a rich
 and varied orchard4  ,while still in   
,dinapoor1 he wrote on #ast ,january    
#agih3 ,seeds of sour apples1 pears1    
nectarines1 plums1 apricots1 cherries1  
gooseberries1 currants1 strawberries1 or
 raspberries1 put loose into a box of   
dry sand1 and sent so as to arrive in   
,september1 ,october1 ,november1 or     
,december1 would be a great acquisition1

 as is every ,european production4      
,nuts1 filberts1 acorns1 etc41 would be 
the same4  ,we have lately obtained the 
cinnamon tree1 and nutmeg tree1 which   
,dr4 ,roxburgh very obligingly sent to  
me4  ,of timber trees ,i mention the    
sissoo1 the teak1 and the saul tree1    
which1 being an unnamed genus1 ,dr4     
,roxburgh1 as a mark of respect to me1  
has called ,careya saulea4  ,the        
publication of the last name caused     
,carey's sensitive modesty extreme      
annoyance4 ,do not print the names of   
,europeans4  ,i was sorry to see that   
you printed that ,dr4 ,roxburgh had     
named the saul tree by my name4  ,as he 
is in the habit of publishing his       
drawings of plants1 it would have looked
 better if it had been mentioned first  
by him4 ,whether he prevailed with his  
admiring friend in the ,company's       
,botanic ,garden to change the name to  
that which the useful sal tree now      
bears1 the ,shorea robusta1 we know not1
 but the term is derived from ,lord     

,teignmouth's name4  ,carey will go down
 to posterity in the history of         
botanical research1 notwithstanding his 
own humility and the accidents of time4 
,for ,dr4 ,roxburgh gave the name of    
,careya to an interesting genus of      
,myrtaceoe4  ,the great ,french botanist
 ,m4 ,benjamin ,delessert duly          
commemorates the labours of ,dr4 ,carey 
in the ,muse ,botanique4  ,it was in    
,serampore that the gentle botanist     
found full scope for the one recreation 
which he allowed himself1 in the        
interest of his body as well as of his  
otherwise overtasked spirit4  ,there he 
had five acres of ground laid out1 and1 
in time1 planted on the ,linnan system4 
,the park around1 from which he had the 
little paradise carefully walled in1    
that ,brahmani bull and villager's cow1 
nightly jackal and thoughtless youth1   
might not intrude1 he planted with trees
 then rare or unknown in lower ,bengal1 
the mahogany and deodar1 the teak and   
tamarind1 the carob and eucalyptus4     

,the fine ,american ,mahogany has so    
thriven that the present writer was     
able1 seventy years after the trees had 
been planted1 to supply ,government with
 plentiful seed4  ,the trees of the park
 were so placed as to form a noble      
avenue1 which long shaded the press and 
was known as ,carey's ,walk4 ,the       
umbrageous tamarind formed a dense      
cover1 under which more than one        
generation of ,carey's successors       
rejoiced as they welcomed visitors to   
the consecrated spot from all parts of  
,india1 ,america1 and ,great ,britain4  
,foresters like ,sir ,d4 ,brandis and   
,dr4 ,cleghorn at various times visited 
this arboretum1 and have referred to the
 trees1 whose date of planting is known1
 for the purpose of recording the rate  
of growth4  ,for the loved garden ,carey
 himself trained native peasants who1   
with the mimetic instinct of the        
,bengali1 followed his instructions like
 those of their own ,brahmans1 learned  
the ,latin names1 and pronounced them   

with their master's very accent up till 
a late date1 when ,hullodhur1 the last  
of them1 passed away4  ,the garden with 
its tropical glories and more modest    
exotics1 every one of which was as a    
personal friend1 and to him had an      
individual history1 was more than a     
place of recreation4  ,it was his       
oratory1 the scene of prayer and        
meditation1 the place where he began and
 ended the day of light--with ,god4     
,what he wrote in his earlier journals  
and letters of the sequestered spot at  
,mudnabati was true in a deeper and     
wider sense of the garden of            
,serampore3--#bcrd ,september1 ,lord's  
,day4--,arose about sunrise1 and1       
according to my usual practice1 walked  
into my garden for meditation and prayer
 till the servants came to family       
worship4  ,we have this account from his
 son ,jonathan3--  ,in objects of nature
 my father was exceedingly curious4     
,his collection of mineral ores1 and    
other subjects of natural history1 was  

extensive1 and obtained his particular  
attention in seasons of leisure and     
recreation4  ,the science of botany was 
his constant delight and study2 and his 
fondness for his garden remained to the 
last4  ,no one was allowed to interfere 
in the arrangements of this his         
favourite retreat2 and it is here he    
enjoyed his most pleasant moments of    
secret devotion and meditation4  ,the   
arrangements made by him were on the    
,linnan system2 and to disturb the bed  
or border of the garden was to touch the
 apple of his eye4  ,the garden formed  
the best and rarest botanical collection
 of plants in the ,east2 to the         
extension of which1 by his              
correspondence with persons of eminence 
in ,europe and other parts of the world1
 his attention was constantly directed2 
and1 in return1 he supplied his         
correspondents with rare collections    
from the ,east4 ,it was painful to      
observe with what distress my father    
quitted this scene of his enjoyments1   

when extreme weakness1 during his last  
illness1 prevented his going to his     
favourite retreat4  ,often1 when he was 
unable to walk1 he was drawn into the   
garden in a chair placed on a board with
 four wheels4  ,in order to prevent     
irregularity in the attendance of the   
gardeners he was latterly particular in 
paying their wages with his own hands2  
and on the last occasion of doing so1 he
 was much affected that his weakness had
 increased and confined him to the      
house4  ,but1 notwithstanding he had    
closed this part of his earthly scene1  
he could not refrain from sending for   
his gardeners into the room where he    
lay1 and would converse with them about 
the plants2 and near his couch1 against 
the wall1 he placed the picture of a    
beautiful shrub1 upon which he gazed    
with delight4  ,on this science he      
frequently gave lectures1 which were    
well attended1 and never failed to prove
 interesting4  ,his publication of      
,roxburgh's ,flora ,indica is a standard

 work with botanists4  ,of his botanical
 friends he spoke with great esteem2 and
 never failed to defend them when       
erroneously assailed4  ,he encouraged   
the study of the science wherever a     
desire to acquire it was manifested4    
,in this particular he would sometimes  
gently reprove those who had no taste   
for it2 but he would not spare those who
 attempted to undervalue it4 ,his remark
 of one of his colleagues was keen and  
striking4  ,when the latter somewhat    
reprehended ,dr4 ,carey1 to the medical 
gentleman attending him1 for exposing   
himself so much in the garden1 he       
immediately replied1 that his colleague 
was conversant with the pleasures of a  
garden1 just as an animal was with the  
grass in the field4  ,as from ,dinapoor1
 so from ,serampore after his settlement
 there1 an early order was this on #bgth
 ,november #ahjj3--,we are sending an   
assortment of ,hindoo gods to the       
,british ,museum1 and some other        
curiosities to different friends4  ,do  

send a few tulips1 daffodils1 snowdrops1
 lilies1 and seeds of other things1 by  
,dolton when he returns1 desiring him   
not to put them into the hold4  ,send   
the roots in a net or basket1 to be hung
 up anywhere out of the reach of salt   
water1 and the seeds in a separate small
 box4  ,you need not be at any expense1 
any friend will supply these things4    
,the cowslips and daisies of your fields
 would be great acquisitions here4      
,what the daisies of the ,english fields
 became to ,carey1 and how his request  
was long after answered1 is told by     
,james ,montgomery1 the ,moravian1 who  
formed after ,cowper the second poet of 
the missionary reformation3--  ,,the    
,,daisy ,,in ,,india  ,a friend of mine1
 a scientific botanist1 residing near   
,sheffield1 had sent a package of sundry
 kinds of ,british seeds to the learned 
and venerable ,doctor ,,william ,,carey4
  ,some of the seeds had been enclosed  
in a bag1 containing a portion of their 
native earth4  ,in ,march #ahba a letter

 of acknowledgment was received by his  
correspondent from the ,doctor1 who was 
himself well skilled in botany1 and had 
a garden rich in plants1 both tropical  
and ,european4 ,in this enclosure he was
 wont to spend an hour every morning1   
before he entered upon those labours and
 studies which have rendered his name   
illustrious both at home and abroad1 as 
one of the most accomplished of         
,oriental scholars and a translator of  
the ,holy ,scriptures into many of the  
,hindoo languages4 ,in the letter       
aforementioned1 which was shown to me1  
the good man says3--',that ,i might be  
sure not to lose any part of your       
valuable present1 ,i shook the bag over 
a patch of earth in a shady place3 on   
visiting which a few days afterwards ,i 
found springing up1 to my inexpressible 
delight1 a ,bellis perennis of our      
,english pastures4  ,i know not that ,i 
ever enjoyed1 since leaving ,europe1 a  
simple pleasure so exquisite as the     
sight of this ,english ,daisy afforded  

me2 not having seen one for upwards of  
thirty years1 and never expecting to see
 one again4'  ,on the perusal of this   
passage1 the following stanzas seemed to
 spring up almost spontaneously in my   
mind1 as the 'little ,english flower' in
 the good ,doctor's garden1 whom ,i     
imagined to be thus addressing it on its
 sudden appearance3--    ,thrice        
welcome1 little ,english flower6   ,my  
mother-country's white and red1   ,in   
rose or lily1 till this hour1   ,never  
to me such beauty spread3               
,transplanted from thine island-bed1    
,a treasure in a grain of earth1        
,strange as a spirit from the dead1     
,thine embryo sprang to birth4          
,thrice welcome1 little ,english flower6
   ,whose tribes1 beneath our natal     
skies1   ,shut close their leaves while 
vapours lower2   ,but1 when the sun's   
gay beams arise1   ,with unabashed but  
modest eyes1   ,follow his motion to the
 west1   ,nor cease to gaze till        
daylight dies1   ,then fold themselves  

to rest4    ,thrice welcome1 little     
,english flower6   ,to this resplendent 
hemisphere1   ,where ,flora's giant     
offspring tower   ,in gorgeous liveries 
all the year3   ,thou1 only thou1 art   
little here1   ,like worth unfriended   
and unknown1   ,yet to my ,british heart
 more dear   ,than all the torrid zone4 
,thrice welcome1 little ,english flower6
   ,of early scenes beloved by me1      
,while happy in my father's bower1      
,thou shalt the blythe memorial be2     
,the fairy sports of infancy1   ,youth's
 golden age1 and manhood's prime4       
,home1 country1 kindred1 friends1--with 
thee1   ,i find in this far clime4      
,thrice welcome1 little ,english flower6
   ,i'll rear thee with a trembling     
hand3   ,oh1 for the ,april sun and     
shower1   ,the sweet ,may dews of that  
fair land4   ,where ,daisies1 thick as  
starlight1 stand   ,in every walk6--that
 here may shoot   ,thy scions1 and thy  
buds expand   ,a hundred from one root4 
,thrice welcome1 little ,english flower6

   ,to me the pledge of hope unseen3    
,when sorrow would my soul o'erpower1   
,for joys that were1 or might have been1
   ,i'll call to mind1 how1 fresh and   
green1   ,i saw thee waking from the    
dust2   ,then turn to heaven with brow  
serene1   ,and place in ,,god my trust4 
,from every distant station1 from       
,amboyna to ,delhi1 he received seeds   
and animals and specimens of natural    
history4  ,the very schoolboys when they
 went out into the world1 and the young 
civilians of ,fort ,william ,college1   
enriched his collections4  ,to ,jabez1  
his son in ,amboyna1 we find him thus   
writing3--,i have already informed you  
of the luckless fate of all the animals 
you have sent4  ,i know of no remedy for
 the living animals dying1 but by a     
little attention to packing them you may
 send skins of birds and animals of     
every kind1 and also seeds and roots4   
,i lately received a parcel of seeds    
from ,moore 7a large boy who1 you may   
remember1 was at school when the        

printing-office was burnt71 every one of
 which bids fair to grow4 ,he is in some
 of the ,malay islands4  ,after all you 
have greatly contributed to the         
enlargement of my collection4  #agth    
,september #ahaf4--;,i approve much of  
,bencoolen as a place for your future   
labours1 unless you should rather choose
 the island of ,borneo444,the ,english  
may send a ,resident thither after a    
time4  ,i mention this from a           
conversation ,i had some months ago on  
the subject with ,lord ,moira1 who told 
me that there is a large body of        
,chinese on that island4  ,they applied 
to the late ,lieut4-,governor of ,java1 
requesting that an ,english ,resident   
may be sent to govern them1 and offering
 to be at the whole expense of his      
salary and government4  ,the ,borneo    
business may come to nothing1 but if it 
should succeed it would be a glorious   
opening for the ,gospel in that large   
island4  ,sumatra1 however1 is larger   
than any one man could occupy4  ,as we  

read this we see the ,serampore         
apostle's hope fulfilled after a        
different fashion1 in ,rajah ,brooke's  
settlement at ,sarawak1 in the charter  
of the ,north ,borneo ,company1 in the  
opening up of ,new ,guinea and in the   
civilisation of the ,philippines by the 
,united ,states of ,america4  ,to       
,roxburgh and his ,danish successor     
,wallich1 to ,voigt who succeeded       
,wallich in ,serampore1 and hundreds of 
correspondents in ,india and ,germany1  
,great ,britain and ,america1 ,carey did
 many a service in sending plants       
and--what was a greater sacrifice for so
 busy a man--writing letters4  ,what he 
did for the ,hortus ,bengalensis may    
stand for all4  ,when1 in #ahad1 ,dr4   
,roxburgh was sent to sea almost dying1 
,dr4 ,carey edited and printed at his   
own press that now very rare volume1 the
 ,hortus ,bengalensis1 or a ,catalogue  
of the ,plants of the ,honourable ,east 
,india ,company's ,botanic ,garden in   
,calcutta4  ,carey's introduction of    

twelve large pages is perhaps his most  
characteristic writing on a scientific  
subject4  ,his genuine friendliness and 
humility shine forth in the testimony he
 bears to the abilities1 zeal1 and      
success of the great botanist who1 in   
twenty years1 had created a collection  
of #cbjj species4  ,of these #cjjj at   
least had been given by the ,european   
residents in ,india1 himself most       
largely of all4  ,having shown in detail
 the utility of botanical gardens1      
especially in all the foreign           
settlements of ,great ,britain1 he      
declared that only a beginning had been 
made in observing and cataloguing the   
stock of ,asiatic productions4  ,he     
urged ,english residents all over ,india
 to set apart a small plot for the      
reception of the plants of their        
neighbourhood1 and when riding about the
 country to mark plants1 which their    
servants could bring on to the nursery1 
getting them to write the native name of
 each4 ,he desiderated gardens at       

,hurdwar1 ,delhi1 ,dacca1 and ,sylhet1  
where plants that will not live at      
,calcutta might prosper1 a suggestion   
which was afterwards carried out by the 
,government in establishing a garden at 
,saharanpoor1 in a ,sub-,himalayan      
region1 which has been successfully     
directed by ,royle1 ,falconer1 and      
,jameson4  ,on ,dr4 ,roxburgh's death in
 #ahae ,dr4 ,carey waited to see whether
 an ,english botanist would publish the 
fruit of thirty years' labour of his    
friend in the description of more than  
#bjjj plants1 natives of ,eastern ,asia4
 ,at his own risk he then1 in #ahbj1    
undertook this publication1 or the      
,flora ,indica1 placing on the          
title-page1 ,all ,thy works praise      
,thee1 ,o ,lord--,david4  ,when the     
,roxburgh ,,mss4 were made over to the  
library of the ,botanic ,garden at      
,calcutta1 the fourth and final volume  
appeared with this note regarding the   
new edition3--,the work was printed from
 ,,mss4 in the possession of ,dr4       

,carey1 and it was carried through the  
press when he was labouring under the   
debility of great age444,the advanced   
age of ,dr4 ,carey did not admit of any 
longer delay4  ,his first public attempt
 at agricultural reform was made in the 
paper which he contributed to the       
,transactions of the ,bengal ,asiatic   
,society1 and which appeared in #ahaa in
 the tenth volume of the ,asiatic       
,researches4  ,in the space of an       
ordinary ,quarterly ,review article he  
describes the ,state of ,agriculture in 
the ,district of ,dinapoor1 and urges   
improvements such as only the officials1
 settlers1 and ,government could begin4 
,the soils1 the extremely poor people1  
their proportionally simple and wretched
 farming utensils1 the cattle1 the      
primitive irrigation alluded to in      
,deuteronomy as watering with the foot1 
and the modes of ploughing and reaping1 
are rapidly sketched and illustrated by 
lithographed figures drawn to scale4    
,in greater detail the principal crops  

are treated4  ,the staple crop of rice  
in its many varieties and harvests at   
different seasons is lucidly brought    
before the ,government1 in language     
which it would have been well to        
remember or reproduce in the subsequent 
avoidable famines of ,orissa and ,north 
,bihar4  ,indigo is set before us with  
the skill of one who had grown and      
manufactured it for years4  ,the hemp   
and jute plants are enlarged on in      
language which unconsciously anticipates
 the vast and enriching development     
given to the latter as an export and a  
local manufacture since the ,crimean    
,war4 ,an account of the oil-seeds and  
the faulty mode of expressing the oil1  
which made ,indian linseed oil unfit for
 painting1 is followed by remarks on the
 cultivation of wheat1 to which         
subsequent events have given great      
importance4  ,though many parts1 even of
 ,dinapoor1 were fit for the growth of  
wheat and barley1 the natives produced  
only a dark variety from bad seed4 ,for 

the purpose of making a trial ,i sowed  
,patna wheat on a large quantity of land
 in the year #agih1 the flour produced  
from which was of a very good quality4  
,the pulses1 tobacco1 the egg-plant1 the
 capsicums1 the cucumbers1 the arum     
roots1 turmeric1 ginger1 and sugar-cane1
 all pass in review in a style which the
 non-scientific reader may enjoy and the
 expert must appreciate4  ,improvements 
in method and the introduction of the   
best kinds of plants and vegetables are 
suggested1 notwithstanding the poverty1 
prejudices1 and indolence of the        
natives4  ,this paper is most           
remarkable1 however1 for the true note  
which its writer was the first to strike
 on the subject of forestry4  ,if we    
reflect that it was not till #ahdf that 
the ,government made the first attempt  
at forest conservancy1 in order to      
preserve the timber of ,malabar for the 
,bombay dockyard2 and not till the      
conquest of ,pegu1 in #ahee1 that the   
,marquis of ,dalhousie was led by the   

,friend of ,india to appoint ,dietrich  
,brandis of ,bonn to care for the       
forests of ,burma1 and ,dr4 ,cleghorn   
for those of ,south ,india1 we shall    
appreciate the wise foresight of the    
missionary-scholar1 who1 having first   
made his own park a model of forest     
teaching1 wrote such words as these     
early in the century3--,the cultivation 
of timber has hitherto1 ,i believe1 been
 wholly neglected4  ,several sorts have 
been planted444all over ,bengal1 and    
would soon furnish a very large share of
 the timber used in the country4  ,the  
sissoo1 the ,andaman redwood1 the teak1 
the mahogany1 the satin-wood1 the       
chikrasi1 the toona1 and the sirisha    
should be principally chosen4  ,the     
planting of these trees single1 at the  
distance of a furlong from each other1  
would do no injury to the crops of corn1
 but would1 by cooling the atmosphere1  
rather be advantageous4 ,in many places 
spots now unproductive would be improved
 by clumps or small plantations of      

timber1 under which ginger and turmeric 
might be cultivated to great advantage4 
,in some situations saul444would        
prosper4  ,indeed the improvements that 
might be made in this country by the    
planting of timber can scarcely be      
calculated4  ,teak is at present brought
 from the ,burman dominions444,the      
,french naturalists have already begun  
to turn their attention to the culture  
of this valuable tree as an object of   
national utility4  ,this will be found  
impracticable in ,france1 but may       
perhaps be attempted somewhere else4    
,to ,england1 the first commercial      
country in the world1 its importance    
must be obvious4  ,ten years passed1    
,carey continued to watch and to extend 
his agri-horticultural experiments in   
his own garden1 and to correspond with  
botanists in all parts of the world1 but
 still nothing was done publicly in     
,india4  ,at last1 on #aeth ,april      
#ahbj1 when the advantages arising from 
a number of persons uniting themselves  

as a ,society for the purpose of        
carrying forward any undertaking were   
generally acknowledged1 the shoemaker   
and preacher who had a generation before
 tested these advantages in the         
formation of the first ,foreign ,mission
 ,society1 issued a ,prospectus of an   
,agricultural and ,horticultural        
,society in ,india1 from the ,mission   
,house1 ,serampore4  ,the prospectus    
thus concluded3--,both in forming such a
 ,society and in subsequently promoting 
its objects1 important to the happiness 
of the country as they regard them1 the 
writer and his colleagues will be happy 
in doing all their other avocations will
 permit4  ,native as well as ,european  
gentlemen were particularly invited to  
co-operate4 ,it is peculiarly desirable 
that native gentlemen should be eligible
 as members of the ,society1 because one
 of its chief objects will be the       
improvement of their estates and of the 
peasantry which reside thereon4  ,they  
should therefore not only be eligible as

 members but also as officers of the    
,society in precisely the same manner as
 ,europeans4  ,at the first meeting in  
the ,town ,hall of ,calcutta1 ,carey and
 ,marshman found only three ,europeans  
beside themselves4  ,they resolved to   
proceed1 and in two months they secured 
more than fifty members1 several of whom
 were natives4  ,the first formal       
meeting was held on #adth ,september1   
when the constitution was drawn up on   
the lines laid down in the prospectus1  
it being specially provided that        
gentlemen of every nation be eligible as
 members4  ,at the next meeting ,dr4    
,carey was requested to draw up a series
 of queries1 which were circulated      
widely1 in order to obtain correct      
information upon every circumstance     
which is connected with the state of    
agriculture and horticulture in the     
various provinces of ,india4 ,the twenty
 queries show a grasp of principles1 a  
mastery of detail1 and a kindliness of  
spirit which reveal the practical       

farmer1 the accomplished observer1 and  
the thoughtful philanthropist all in    
one4 ,one only we may quote3--#ai4  ,in 
what manner do you think the comforts of
 the peasantry around you could be      
increased1 their health better secured1 
and their general happiness promoted8   
,the ,marquis of ,hastings gladly became
 patron1 and ever since the ,government 
has made a grant to the ,society4  ,his 
wife showed such an interest in its     
progress that the members obtained her  
consent to sit to ,chinnery for her     
portrait to fill the largest panel in   
the house at ,titigur4  ,lord ,hastings 
added the experimental farm1 formed near
 ,barrackpore1 to the ,botanic ,garden1 
with an immediate view to its assisting 
the ,agricultural ,society in their     
experiments and pursuits4  ,the ,society
 became speedily popular1 for ,carey    
watched its infancy with loving         
solicitude1 and was the life of its     
meetings4  ,in the first eighty-seven   
years of its existence seven thousand of

 the best men in ,india have been its   
members1 of whom seven hundred are      
,asiatics4  ,agriculturists1 military   
and medical officers1 civilians1 clergy1
 and merchants1 are represented on its  
roll in nearly equal proportions4  ,the 
one ,society has grown into three in    
,india1 and formed the model for the    
,royal ,agricultural ,society of        
,england1 which was not founded till    
#ahch4  ,italy and ,scotland alone      
preceded ,carey in this organisation1   
and he quotes with approbation the      
action of ,sir ,john ,sinclair in #agij1
 which led to the first inquiry into the
 state of ,british agriculture4  ,the   
,transactions which ,carey led the      
,society to promise to publish in       
,english1 ,bengali1 and ,hindostani1    
have proved to be only the first of a   
series of special periodicals           
representing ,indian agriculture        
generally1 tea1 and forestry4  ,the     
various ,governments in ,india have     
economic museums2 and the ,government of

 ,india1 under ,lord ,mayo1 established 
a ,revenue and ,agricultural ,department
 expanded by ,lord ,curzon4  ,carey's   
early proposal of premiums1 each of a   
hundred rupees1 or the ,society's gold  
medal1 for the most successful          
cultivation on a commercial scale of    
coffee and improved cotton1 for the     
successful introduction of ,european    
fruits1 for the improvement of          
indigenous fruits1 for the successful   
introduction from the ,eastern ,islands 
of the mangosteen or doorian1 and for   
the manufacture of cheese equal to      
,warwickshire1 had the best results in  
some cases4  ,in #ahbe ,mr4 ,lamb of    
,dacca was presented by ,rev4 ,dr4      
,carey in the chair with the gold medal 
for #hj lbs4 of coffee grown there4     
,carey's own head gardener became famous
 for his cabbages2 and we find this     
sentence in the ,society's ,report just 
after the founder's death3--,who would  
have credited fifteen years ago that we 
could have exhibited vegetables in the  

,town ,hall of ,calcutta equal to the   
choicest in ,covent ,garden8  ,the      
berries two centuries ago brought from  
,arabia in his wallet by the pilgrim    
,baba ,booden to the hills of ,mysore1  
which bear his name1 have1 since that   
,dacca experiment1 covered the uplands  
of ,south ,india and ,ceylon4 ,before   
,carey died he knew of the discovery of 
the indigenous tea-tree in its original 
home on the ,assam border of ,tibet--a  
discovery which has put ,india in the   
place of ,china as a producer4  ,in the 
,society's ,proceedings for #ith        
,january #ahbh we find this significant 
record3--,resolved1 at the suggestion of
 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,carey1 that permission 
be given to ,goluk ,chundra1 a          
blacksmith of ,titigur1 to exhibit a    
steam engine made by himself without the
 aid of any ,european artist4  ,at the  
next meeting1 when #aji malees or native
 gardeners competed at the annual       
exhibition of vegetables1 the steam     
engine was submitted and pronounced     

useful for irrigating lands made upon   
the model of a large steam engine       
belonging to the missionaries at        
,serampore4  ,a premium of ,rs4 #ej was 
presented to the ingenious blacksmith as
 an encouragement to further exertions  
of his industry4 ,when in #ahcb the     
afterwards well-known                   
,lieutenant-,governor ,thomason was     
deputy-secretary to ,government1 he     
applied to the ,society for information 
regarding the manufacture of paper4     
,dr4 ,carey and ,ram ,komal ,sen were   
referred to1 and the former thus replied
 in his usual concise and clear         
manner3--  ,when we commenced           
paper-making several years ago1 having  
then no machinery1 we employed a number 
of native papermakers to make it in the 
way to which they had been accustomed1  
with the exception of mixing conjee or  
rice gruel with the pulp and using it as
 sizing2 our object being that of making
 paper impervious to insects4  ,our     
success at first was very imperfect1 but

 the process was conducted as follows3--
  ,a quantity of sunn1 viz41 the fibres 
of ,crotolaria juncea1 was steeped      
repeatedly in limewater1 and then       
exposed to the air by spreading it on   
the grass2 it was also repeatedly       
pounded by the dhenki or pedal1 and when
 sufficiently reduced by this process to
 make a pulp1 it was mixed in a gumla   
with water1 so as to make it of the     
consistence of thick soup4  ,the frames 
with which the sheets were taken up were
 made of mat of the size of a sheet of  
paper4  ,the operator sitting by the    
gumla dipped this frame in the pulp1 and
 after it was drained gave it to an     
assistant1 who laid it on the grass to  
dry3 this finished the process with us2 
but for the native market this paper is 
afterwards sized by holding a number of 
sheets by the edge and dipping them     
carefully in conjee1 so as to keep the  
sheets separate4  ,they are afterwards  
dried1 folded1 and pressed by putting   
them between two boards1 the upper board

 of which is loaded with one or more    
large stones4  ,in the ,english method  
the pulp is prepared by the mill and put
 into cisterns2 the frames are made of  
fine wire1 and the workman stands by the
 cistern and takes up the pulp on the   
frames4  ,the sheets when sufficiently  
dry are hung on lines to dry completely1
 after which they are sized1 if sizing  
be required4  ,we now make our paper by 
machinery1 in which the pulp is let to  
run on a web of wire1 and passing over  
several cylinders1 the last of which is 
heated by steam1 it is dried and fit for
 use in about two minutes from its      
having been in a liquid state4  ,since  
that reply the ,government of ,india1   
under the pressure of the home          
authorities1 has alternately discouraged
 and fostered the manufacture of paper  
on the spot4  ,at present it is in the  
wiser position of preferring to purchase
 its supplies in ,india1 at once as     
being cheaper1 and that it may develop  
the use of the many paper-making fibres 

there4  ,hence at the ,calcutta         
,exhibition of #ahha-hb the jurors began
 their report on the machine and        
hand-made paper submitted to them1 with 
a reference to ,carey and this report of
 his4  ,the ,serampore mills were       
gradually crushed by the expensive and  
unsatisfactory contracts made at home by
 the ,india ,office4  ,the neighbouring 
,bally mills seem to flourish since the 
abandonment of that virtual monopoly1   
and ,carey's anticipations as to the    
utilisation of the plantain and other   
fibres of ,india are being realised     
nearly a century after he first formed  
them4  ,carey expanded and published his
 ,address respecting an ,agricultural   
,society in ,india in the quarterly     
,friend of ,india4  ,he still thinks it 
necessary to apologise for his action by
 quoting his hero1 ,brainerd1 who was   
constrained to assist his ,indian       
converts with his counsels in sowing    
their maize and arranging their secular 
concerns4 ,few1 he adds with the true   

breadth of genius which converted the   
,baptist shoemaker into the ,christian  
statesman and scholar1 who are          
extensively acquainted with human life1 
will esteem these cares either unworthy 
of religion or incongruous with its     
highest enjoyments4  ,when ,carey wrote1
 the millions of five-acre farmers in   
,india were only beginning to recover   
from the oppression and neglect of      
former rulers and the visitation of     
terrific famines4  ,trade was as        
depressed as agriculture4 ,transit      
duties1 not less offensive than those of
 the ,chinese1 continued to weigh down  
agricultural industry till ,lord ,w4    
,bentinck's time and later4  ,the       
,english ,government levied an unequal  
scale of duties on the staples of the   
,east and ,west ,indies1 against which  
the former petitioned in vain4 ,the     
,east ,india ,company kept the people in
 ignorance1 and continued to exclude the
 ,european capitalist and captain of    
labour4  ,the large native landholders  

were as uneducated as the cultivators4  
,before all ,carey set these reforms3   
close attention to the improvement of   
land1 the best method of cropping land1 
the introduction of new and useful      
plants1 the improvement of the          
implements of husbandry1 the improvement
 of live stock1 the bringing of waste   
lands under cultivation1 the improvement
 of horticulture4  ,he went on to show  
that1 in addition to the abundance which
 an improved agriculture would diffuse  
throughout the country1 the surplus of  
grain exported1 besides her opium1 her  
indigo1 her silk1 and her cotton1 would 
greatly tend to enrich ,india and endear
 ,britain to her4 ,whatever may be      
thought of the ,government of ,mr4      
,hastings and those who immediately     
preceded him for these last forty years1
 ,india has certainly enjoyed such a    
,government as none of the provinces of 
the ,persian or the ,roman ,empire ever 
enjoyed for so great a length of time in
 succession1 and1 indeed1 one almost as 

new in the annals of modern ,europe as  
in those of ,india4  ,carey found one of
 the greatest obstacles to agricultural 
progress to be the fact that not one    
,european owned a single foot of the    
soil1 a singular fact in the history of 
nations1 removed only about the time of 
his own death4  ,his remarks on this    
have a present significance3--  ,it     
doubtless originated in a laudable care 
to preserve our ,indian fellow-subjects 
from insult and violence1 which it was  
feared could scarcely be done if natives
 of ,britain1 wholly unacquainted with  
the laws and customs of the people1 were
 permitted to settle indiscriminately in
 ,india4  ,while the wisdom of this     
regulation at that time is not impugned1
 however1 it may not be improper to     
inquire whether at the present time a   
permission to hold landed property1 to  
be granted by ,government to ,british   
subjects in ,india1 according to their  
own discretion1 might not be of the     
highest benefit to the country1 and in  

some degree advantageous to the         
,government itself4  ,the objections    
which have been urged against any       
measure of this nature are chiefly that 
the indiscriminate admission of         
,europeans into the country might tend  
to alienate the minds of the inhabitants
 from ,britain1 or possibly lead to its 
disruption from ,britain in a way       
similar to that of ,america4            
,respecting this latter circumstance1 it
 is certain that1 in the common course  
of events1 a greater evil could scarcely
 befall ,india4  ,on the continuance of 
her connection with ,britain is         
suspended her every hope relative to    
improvement1 security1 and happiness4   
,the moment ,india falls again under the
 dominion of any one or any number of   
native princes1 all hope of mental      
improvement1 or even of security for    
person or property1 will at once vanish4
  ,nothing could be then expected but   
scenes of rapine1 plunder1 bloodshed1   
and violence1 till its inhabitants were 

sealed over to irremediable             
wretchedness1 without the most distant  
ray of hope respecting the future4  ,and
 were it severed from ,britain in any   
other way1 the reverse felt in ,india   
would be unspeakably great4  ,at present
 all the learning1 the intelligence1 the
 probity1 the philanthropy1 the weight  
of character existing in ,britain1 are  
brought to bear on ,india4  ,there is   
scarcely an individual sustaining a part
 in the administration of affairs who   
does not feel the weight of that        
tribunal formed by the suffrages of the 
wise and the good in ,britain1 though he
 be stationed in the remotest parts of  
,india4  ,through the medium of a free  
press the wisdom1 probity1 and          
philanthropy which pervade ,britain     
exercise an almost unbounded sway over  
every part of ,india1 to the            
incalculable advantage of its           
inhabitants2 constituting a triumph of  
virtue and wisdom thus unknown to the   
ancients1 and which will increase in its

 effects in exact proportion to the     
increase in ,britain of justice1        
generosity1 and love to mankind4  ,let  
,india1 however1 be severed from        
,britain1 and the weight of these is    
felt no more444  ,it is a fact that in  
case of outrage or injury it is in most 
cases easier for a native to obtain     
justice against a ,european1 than for a 
,european to obtain redress if insulted 
or wronged by a native4  ,this          
circumstance1 attended as it may be with
 some inconvenience1 reflects the       
highest honour on the ,british name2 it 
is a fact of which ,india affords almost
 the first instance on record in the    
annals of history4 ,britain is nearly   
the first nation in whose foreign       
,courts of ,justice a tenderness for the
 native inhabitants habitually prevails 
over all the partialities arising from  
country and education4  ,if there ever  
existed a period1 therefore1 in which a 
,european could oppress a native of     
,india with impunity1 that time is      

passed away--we trust for ever4  ,that a
 permission of this nature might tend to
 sever ,india from ,britain after the   
example of ,america is of all things the
 most improbable444  ,long before the   
number of ,british landholders in ,india
 shall have become considerable1 ,penang
 and the ,eastern ,isles1 ,ceylon1 the  
,cape1 and even the ,isles of ,new      
,south ,wales1 may in ,european         
population far exceed them in number2   
and unitedly1 if not singly1 render the 
most distant step of this nature as     
impracticable1 as it would be ruinous1  
to the welfare and happiness of         
,india444  ,british-born landholders    
would naturally maintain all their      
national attachments1 for what ,briton  
can lose them8 and derive their         
happiness from corresponding with the   
wise and good at home4 ,if sufficiently 
wealthy1 they would no doubt            
occasionally visit ,britain1 where      
indeed it might be expected that some of
 them would reside for years together1  

as do the owners of estates in the ,west
 ,indies4  ,while ,britain shall remain 
what she now is1 it will be impossible  
for those who have once felt the force  
of ,british attachments1 ever to forego 
them4  ,those feelings would animate    
their minds1 occupy their conversation1 
and regulate the education and studies  
of their children1 who would be in      
general sent home that they might there 
imbibe all those ideas of a moral and   
intellectual nature for which our       
beloved country is so eminent4 ,thus a  
new intercourse would be established    
between ,britain and the proprietors of 
land in ,india1 highly to the advantage 
of both countries4  ,while they derived 
their highest happiness from the        
religion1 the literature1 the           
philanthropy and public spirit of       
,britain1 they would1 on the other hand1
 be able to furnish ,britain with the   
most accurate and ample information     
relative to the state of things in a    
country in which the property they held 

there constrained them to feel so deep  
an interest4  ,the fear of all          
oppression being out of the question1   
while it would be so evidently the      
interest not only of every ,briton but  
of every ,christian1 whether ,british or
 native1 to secure the protecting aid of
 ,britain1 at least as long as          
two-thirds of the inhabitants of ,india 
retained the ,hindoo or ,mussulman      
system of religion1 few things would be 
more likely to cement and preserve the  
connection between both countries than  
the existence of such a class of        
,british-born landholders in ,india4    
,it is profitable to read this in the   
light of subsequent events--of the      
,duff-,bentinck reforms1 the ,sepoy     
mutiny1 the government of the           
,queen-,empress1 the existence of more  
than three millions of ,christians in   
,india1 the social and commercial       
development due to the non-officials    
from ,great ,britain and ,america1 and  
the administrative progress under ,lord 

,curzon and ,lord ,minto4  ,there is one
 evil which ,carey never ceased to point
 out1 but which the very perfection of  
our judicial procedure and the temporary
 character of our land assessments have 
intensified--the borrowing system of the
 natives4  ,while #ab per cent4 is the  
so-called legal rate of interest2 it is 
never below #cf1 and frequently rises to
 #gb per cent4  ,native marriage        
customs1 the commercial custom of       
advances1 agricultural usage1 and our   
civil procedure combine to sink millions
 of the peasantry lower than they were1 
in this respect1 in ,carey's time4  ,for
 this1 too1 he had a remedy so far as it
 was in his power to mitigate an evil   
which only practical ,christianity will 
cure4  ,he was the first to apply in    
,india that system of savings banks     
which the ,government has of late sought
 to encourage4  ,at a time when the     
,english and even ,scottish universities
 denied their honorary degrees to all   
,british subjects who were not of the   

established churches1 ,brown            
,university1 in the ,united             
,states--,judson's--spontaneously sent  
,carey the diploma of ,doctor of        
,divinity4  ,that was in the year #ahjg4
  ,in #ahbc he was elected a            
corresponding member of the             
,horticultural ,society of ,london1 a   
member of the ,geological ,society1 and 
a ,fellow of the ,linnan ,society4  ,to 
him the latter year was ever memorable1 
not for such honours which he had not   
sought1 but for a flood of the ,damoodar
 river1 which1 overflowing its          
embankments and desolating the whole    
country between it and the ,hoogli1     
submerged his garden and the mission    
grounds with three feet of water1 swept 
away the botanic treasures or buried    
them under sand1 and destroyed his own  
house4 ,carey was lying in bed at the   
time1 under an apparently fatal fever   
following dislocation of the hip-joint4 
,he had lost his footing when stepping  
from his boat4  ,surgical science was   

then less equal to such a case than it  
is now1 and for nine days he suffered   
agony1 which on the tenth resulted in   
fever4  ,when hurriedly carried out of  
his tottering house1 which in a few     
hours was scoured away by the rush of   
the torrent into a hole fifty feet deep1
 his first thought was of his garden4   
,for six months he used crutches1 but   
long before he could put foot to the    
ground he was carefully borne all over  
the scene of desolation4  ,his noble    
collection of exotic plants1 unmatched  
in ,asia save in the ,company's garden1 
was gone4  ,his scientific arrangement  
of orders and families was obliterated4 
,it seemed as if the fine barren sand of
 the mountain torrent would make the    
paradise a desert for ever4  ,the       
venerable botanist was wounded in his   
keenest part1 but he lost not an hour in
 issuing orders and writing off for new 
supplies of specimens and seeds1 which  
years after made the place as lovely if 
not so precious1 as before4  ,he thus   

wrote to ,dr4 ,ryland3--  ,,serampore1  
#bbnd ,december #ahbc4  ,,my ,,dear     
,,brother--,i once more address you from
 the land of the living1 a mercy which  
about two months ago ,i had no          
expectation of1 nor did any one expect  
it more than1 nor perhaps so much as1   
myself4 ,on the #ast of ,october ,i went
 to ,calcutta to preach1 and returned   
with another friend about midnight4     
,when ,i got out of the boat close to   
our own premises1 my foot slipped and ,i
 fell2 my friend also fell in the same  
place4  ,i however perceived that ,i    
could not rise1 nor even make the       
smallest effort to rise4  ,the boatmen  
carried me into the house1 and laid me  
on a couch1 and my friend1 who was a    
medical man1 examined my hurt4--,from   
all this affliction ,i am1 through      
mercy1 nearly restored4  ,i am still    
very weak1 and the injured limb is very 
painful4  ,i am unable to walk two steps
 without crutches2 yet my strength is   
sensibly increasing1 and ,dr4 ,mellis1  

who attended me during the illness1 says
 he has no doubts of my perfect         
recovery4  ,during my confinement1 in   
,october1 such a quantity of water came 
down from the western hills1 that it    
laid the whole country for about a      
hundred miles in length and the same in 
breadth1 under water4  ,the ,ganges was 
filled by the flood1 so as to spread far
 on every side4 ,serampore was under    
water2 we had three feet of water in our
 garden for seven or eight days4        
,almost all the houses of the natives in
 that vast extent of country fell2 their
 cattle were swept away1 and the people1
 men1 women1 and children4  ,some gained
 elevated spots1 where the water still  
rose so high as to threaten them with   
death2 others climbed trees1 and some   
floated on the roofs of their ruined    
houses4  ,one of the ,church            
missionaries1 ,mr4 ,jetter1 who had     
accompanied ,mr4 ,thomason and some     
other gentlemen to ,burdwan to examine  
the schools there1 called on me on his  

return and gave me a most distressing   
account of the fall of houses1 the loss 
of property1 the violent rushing of     
waters1 so that none1 not even the best 
swimmers1 dared to leave the place where
 they were4  ,this inundation was very  
destructive to the ,mission house1 or   
rather the ,mission premises4  ,a slip  
of the earth 7somewhat like that of an  
avalanche71 took place on the bank of   
the river near my house1 and gradually  
approached it until only about ten feet 
of space were left between that and the 
house2 and that space soon split4  ,at  
last two fissures appeared in the       
foundation and wall of the house itself4
  ,this was a signal for me to remove2  
and a house built for a professor in the
 ,college being empty1 ,i removed to it1
 and through mercy am now comfortably   
settled there4  ,i have nearly filled my
 letter with this account1 but ,i must  
give you a short account of the state of
 my mind when ,i could think1 and that  
was generally when excited by an access 

of friends2 at other times ,i could     
scarcely speak or think4  ,i concluded  
one or two days that my death was near4 
,i had no joys2 nor any fear of death1  
or reluctance to die2 but never was ,i  
so sensibly convinced of the value of an
 ,,atoning ,saviour as then4  ,i could  
only say1 ',hangs my helpless soul on   
thee2' and adopt the language of the    
first and second verses of the          
fifty-first ,psalm1 which ,i desired    
might be the text for my funeral sermon4
  ,a life of faith in ,christ as the    
,lamb of ,god who taketh away the sin of
 the world1 appeared more than          
ordinarily important to my mind1 and ,i 
expressed these feelings to those about 
me with freedom and pleasure4  ,now1    
through the gracious providence of ,god1
 ,i am again restored to my work1 and   
daily do a little as my strength will   
admit4  ,the printing of the            
translations is now going forward almost
 as usual1 but ,i have not yet been able
 to attend to my duties in ,college4    

,the affairs of the ,mission are more   
extended1 and ,i trust in as prosperous 
a state as at any former time4  ,there  
are now many of other denominations     
employed in ,missions1 and ,i rejoice to
 say that we are all workers together in
 the work4  ,the native churches were   
never in a better state1 and the face of
 the ,mission is in every respect       
encouraging4  ,give my love to all who  
know me4--,i am very affectionately     
yours1 ,w4 ,,carey4  ,still more severe 
and disastrous in its effects was the   
cyclone of #ahca4  ,the former had      
desolated the open garden1 but this laid
 low some of the noblest trees which1 in
 their fall1 crushed his splendid       
conservatory4  ,one of his brethren     
represents the old man as weeping over  
the ruin of the collections of twenty   
years4  ,again the ,hoogli1 lashed into 
fury and swollen by the tidal wave1     
swept away the lately-formed road1 and1 
cutting off another fourth of the       
original settlement of the ,mission1    

imperilled the old house of ,mr4 ,ward4 
,its ruins were levelled to form another
 road1 and ever since the whole face of 
the right bank of the river has been a  
source of apprehension and expense4     
,just before this1 ,dr4 ,staughton had  
written from ,america that the interest 
on the funds raised there by ,ward for  
the ,college would not be sent until the
 trustees were assured that the money   
was not to be spent on the teaching of  
science in the ,college1 but only on the
 theological education of ,hindoo       
converts4 ,i must confess1 was ,carey's 
reply1 ,i never heard anything more     
illiberal4  ,pray can youth be trained  
up for the ,christian ministry without  
science8  ,do you in ,america train up  
youths for it without any knowledge of  
science8  ,one of ,dr4 ,carey's latest  
visits to ,calcutta was to inspect the  
,society's ,garden then at ,alipore1 and
 to write the elaborate report of the   
,horticultural ,committee which appeared
 in the second volume of the            

,transactions after his death4  ,he     
there records the great success of the  
cultivation of the ,west ,india         
arrowroot4  ,this he introduced into his
 own garden1 and after years of         
discontinued culture we raised many a   
fine crop from the old roots4  ,the old 
man cannot but advert1 with feelings of 
the highest satisfaction1 to the display
 of vegetables on the #acth ,january    
#ahcj1 a display which would have done  
honour to any climate1 or to any1 even  
the most improved system of             
horticulture444,the greater part of the 
vegetables then produced were1 till     
within these last few years1 of species 
wholly unknown to the native gardeners4 
,when1 in #ahdb1 the                    
,agri-,horticultural ,society resolved  
to honour its founder1 it appropriately 
fell to ,dr4 ,wallich1 followed by the  
president ,sir ,j4 ,p4 ,grant1 to do    
what is thus recorded3--,dr4 ,wallich   
addressed the meeting at some length1   
and alluded to the peculiar claims which

 their late venerable founder had on the
 affection of all classes for his       
untiring exertions in advancing the     
prosperity of ,india1 and especially so 
on the members of the ,society4  ,he    
concluded his address by this           
motion3--',that the ,agricultural and   
,horticultural ,society of ,india1 duly 
estimating the great and important      
services rendered to the interests of   
,british ,india by the founder of the   
institution1 the late ,reverend ,dr4    
,william ,carey1 who unceasingly applied
 his great talents1 abilities1 and      
influence in advancing the happiness of 
,india--more especially by the spread of
 an improved system of husbandry and    
gardening--desire to mark1 by some      
permanent record1 their sense of his    
transcendent worth1 by placing a marble 
bust to his memory in the ,society's new
 apartments at the ,metcalfe ,hall1     
there to remain a lasting testimony to  
the pure and disinterested zeal and     
labours of so illustrious a character3  

that a subscription1 accordingly1 from  
among the members of the ,society1 be   
urgently recommended for the            
accomplishment of the above object4'    
,one fact in the history of the marble  
bust of ,carey1 which since #ahde has   
adorned the hall of the ,agricultural   
,society of ,india1 would have delighted
 the venerable missionary4  ,following  
the engraving from ,home's portrait1 and
 advised by one of the sons1 ,nobo      
,koomar ,pal1 a self-educated ,bengali  
artist1 modelled the clay4  ,the clay   
bust was sent to ,england for the       
guidance of ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,lough1 the    
sculptor selected by ,dr4 ,royle to     
finish the work in marble4 ,mr4 ,lough  
had executed the ,queen's statue for the
 ,royal ,exchange1 and the monument with
 a reclining figure of ,southey4  ,in   
sending out the marble bust of ,carey to
 ,calcutta ,dr4 ,royle wrote1--,i think 
the bust an admirable one2 ,general     
,macleod immediately recognised it as   
one of your much esteemed ,founder4     

,the ,bengal ,asiatic ,society1 on the  
motion of the ,lord ,bishop and ,colonel
 ,sir ,jer4 ,bryant1 entered these words
 on their ,journal3--,the ,asiatic      
,society cannot note upon their         
proceedings the death of the ,rev4 ,w4  
,carey1 ,d4,d41 so long an active member
 and an ornament of this ,institution1  
distinguished alike for his high        
attainments in the ,oriental languages1 
for his eminent services in opening the 
stores of ,indian literature to the     
knowledge of ,europe1 and for his       
extensive acquaintance with the         
sciences1 the natural history and botany
 of this country1 and his useful        
contributions on every hand towards the 
promotion of the objects of the         
,society1 without placing on record this
 expression of their high sense of his  
value and merits as a scholar and a man 
of science2 their esteem for the        
sterling and surpassing religious and   
moral excellencies of his character1 and
 their sincere grief for his irreparable

 loss4     ,,chapter ,,xiii  ,,carey',s 
,,immediate ,,influence ,,in ,,great    
,,britain ,,and ,,america  #ahac-ahcj   
,carey's relation to the new era--,the  
,east ,india ,company's ,charters of    
#agic1 #ahac1 and #ahcc--;,his double   
influence on the churches and public    
opinion--,the great missionary          
societies--,missionary journals and     
their readers--,bengal and ,india       
recognised as the most important mission
 fields--,influence on ,robert          
,haldane--,reflex effect of foreign on  
home missions--,carey's power over      
individuals--,melville ,horne and       
,douglas of ,cavers--,henry             
,martyn--,charles ,simeon and ,stewart  
of ,moulin--,robert ,hall and ,john     
,foster--,heber and ,chalmers--,william 
,wilberforce on ,carey--,mr4            
,prendergast and the tub story--,last   
persecution by the ,company's           
,government--,carey on the persecution  
and the charter controversy--,the       
persecuting clause and the resolution   

legalising toleration--,the ,edinburgh  
,review and ,sydney ,smith's fun--,sir  
,james ,mackintosh's opinion--,southey's
 defence and eulogy of ,carey and the   
brotherhood in the ,quarterly           
,review--,political value of ,carey's   
labours--,andrew ,fuller's death--,a    
model foreign mission secretary--,his   
friendship with ,carey--,the sixteen    
years' dispute--,dr4 ,carey's           
position--,his defence of               
,marshman--,his chivalrous              
self-sacrifice--,his forgiveness of the 
younger brethren in ,calcutta--,his     
fidelity to righteousness and to        
friendship4  ,himself the outcome of the
 social and political forces which began
 in the ,french ,revolution1 and are    
still at work1 ,william ,carey was made 
a living personal force to the new era4 
,the period which was introduced in     
#aghc by the ,peace of ,versailles in   
,europe following the ,independence of  
the ,united ,states of ,america1 was new
 on every side--in politics1 in         

philosophy1 in literature1 in scientific
 research1 in a just and benevolent     
regard for the peoples of every land1   
and in the awakening of the churches    
from the sleep of formalism4  ,carey was
 no thinker1 but with the reality and   
the vividness of practical action and   
personal sacrifice he led the           
,english-speaking races1 to whom the    
future of the world was then given1 to  
substitute for the dreams of ,rousseau  
and all other theories the teaching of  
,christ as to ,his kingdom within each  
man1 and in the progress of mankind4    
,set free from the impossible task of   
administering ,north ,america on the    
absolutist system which the ,georges    
would fain have continued1 ,great       
,britain found herself committed to the 
duty of doing for ,india what ,rome had 
done for ,europe4  ,england was         
compelled to surrender the free ,west to
 her own children only that she might   
raise the servile and idolatrous ,east  
to such a ,christian level as the genius

 of its peoples could in time enable    
them to work out4  ,but it took the     
thirty years from #aghc to #ahac to     
convince ,british statesmen1 from ,pitt 
to ,castlereagh1 that ,india is to be   
civilised not according to its own false
 systems1 but by truth in all forms1    
spiritual and moral1 scientific and     
historical4  ,it took other twenty      
years1 to the ,charter of #ahcc1 to     
complete the conversion of the ,british 
,parliament to the belief that the      
principles of truth and freedom are in  
their measure as good for the ,east as  
for the ,west4 ,at the beginning of this
 new period ,william ,pitt based his    
motion for ,parliamentary reform on this
 fact1 that our senators are no longer  
the representatives of ,british virtue  
but of the vices and pollutions of the  
,east4 ,at the close of it ,lord        
,william ,bentinck1 ,macaulay1 and      
,duff1 co-operated in the decree which  
made truth1 as most completely revealed 
through the ,english language and       

literature1 the medium of ,india's      
enlightenment4  ,william ,carey's career
 of fifty years1 from his baptism in    
#aghc and the composition of his        
,enquiry to his death in #ahcd1 covered 
and influenced more than any other one  
man's the whole time2 and he represented
 in it an element of permanent healthy  
nationalisation which these successors  
overlooked1--the use of the languages of
 the peoples of ,india as the only      
literary channels for allowing the truth
 revealed through ,english to reach the 
millions of the people4  ,it was by this
 means that ,carey educated ,great      
,britain and ,america to rise equal to  
the terrible trust of jointly creating a
 ,christian ,empire of ,india1 and      
ultimately a series of self-governing   
,christian nations in ,southern and     
,eastern ,asia4 ,he consciously and     
directly roused the ,churches of all    
names to carry out the commission of    
their ,master1 and to seek the promised 
impulse of ,his ,spirit or ,divine      

,representative on earth1 that they     
might do greater things than even those 
which ,he did4 ,and he1 less directly   
but not less consciously1 brought the   
influence of public opinion1 which every
 year purified and quickened1 to bear   
upon ,parliament and upon individual    
statesmen1 aided in this up till #ahae  
by ,andrew ,fuller4 ,he never set foot  
in ,england again1 and the influence of 
his brethren ,ward and ,marshman during 
their visits was largely neutralised by 
some leaders of their own church4  ,but 
,carey's character and career1 his      
letters and writings1 his work and whole
 personality1 stood out in ,england1    
,scotland1 and ,america as the motive   
power which stimulated every church and 
society1 and won the triumph of         
toleration in the charter of #ahac1 of  
humanity1 education1 and administrative 
reform in the legislation of ,lord      
,william ,bentinck4  ,we have already   
seen how the immediate result of        
,carey's early letters was the          

foundation on a catholic basis of the   
,london ,missionary ,society1 which now 
represents the great ,nonconformist half
 of ,england2 of the ,edinburgh or      
,scottish and ,glasgow ,societies1      
through which the ,presbyterians sent   
forth missionaries to ,west and ,south  
,africa and to ,western ,india1 until   
their churches acted as such2 of the    
,church ,missionary ,society which the  
evangelical members of the ,church of   
,england have put in the front of all   
the societies2 and of ,robert ,haldane's
 splendid self-sacrifice in selling all 
that he had to lead a large             
,presbyterian mission to ,hindostan4    
,soon 7#agig7 the ,london ,society      
became the parent of that of the        
,netherlands1 and of that which is one  
of the most extensive in ,christendom1  
the ,american ,board of ,commissioners  
for ,foreign ,missions4  ,the latter1   
really founded 7#ahaj7 by ,judson and   
some of his fellow-students1 gave birth 
7#ahad7 to the almost equally great     

,american ,baptist ,union when ,judson  
and his colleague became ,baptists1 and 
the former was sent by ,carey to ,burma4
 ,the ,religious ,tract ,society        
7#agii71 and the ,british and ,foreign  
,bible ,society 7#ahjd7--;each a        
handmaid of the missionary              
agencies--sprang as really though less  
directly from ,carey's action4  ,such   
organised efforts to bring in heathen   
and ,mohammedan peoples led in #ahji to 
the at first catholic work begun by the 
,london ,society for promoting          
,christianity among the ,jews4 ,the     
older ,wesleyan ,methodist and ,gospel  
,propagation ,societies1 catching the   
enthusiasm as ,carey succeeded in       
opening ,india and the ,east1 entered on
 a new development under which the      
former in #ahac1 and the latter in      
#ahba1 no longer confined their         
operations to the slaves of ,america and
 the ,english of the dispersion in the  
colonies and dependencies of ,great     
,britain4  ,in #ahae ,lutheran ,germany 

also1 which had cast out the ,pietists  
and the ,moravian brethren as the       
,church of ,england had rejected the    
,wesleyans1 founded the principal       
representative of its evangelicalism at 
,basel4  ,the succeeding years up to    
,carey's death saw similar missionary   
centres formed1 or reorganised1 in      
,leipzig 7#ahai71 ,berlin 7#ahbc71 and  
,bremen 7#ahcf74bc  ,the ,periodical    
,accounts sent home from ,mudnabati and 
,serampore1 beginning at the close of   
#agid1 and the ,monthly ,circular       
,letters after #ahjg1 gave birth not    
only to these great missionary movements
 but to the new and now familiar class  
of foreign missionary periodicals4  ,the
 few magazines then existing1 like the  
,evangelical1 became filled with a new  
spirit of earnest aggressiveness4  ,in  
#agif there appeared in ,edinburgh ,the 
,missionary ,magazine1 a periodical     
publication intended as a repository of 
discussion and intelligence respecting  
the progress of the ,gospel throughout  

the world4  ,the editors close their    
preface in ,january #agig with this     
statement3--,with much pleasure they    
have learned that there was never a     
greater number of religious periodical  
publications carried on than at present1
 and never were any of them more        
generally read4 ,the aggregate          
impression of those alone which are     
printed in ,britain every month         
considerably exceeds thirty thousand4   
,the first article utilises the facts   
sent home by ,dr4 ,carey as the fruit of
 his first two years' experience1 to    
show ,the ,peculiar ,advantages of      
,bengal as a ,field for ,missions from  
,great ,britain4 ,after describing1 in  
the style of an ,english statesman1 the 
immense population1 the highly civilised
 state of society1 the eagerness of the 
natives in the acquisition of knowledge1
 and the principles which the ,hindoos  
and ,mohammedans hold in common with    
,christians1 the writer thus            
continues3--  ,the attachment of both   

the ,mohammedans and ,hindoos to their  
ancient systems is lessening every day4 
,we have this information from the late 
,sir ,william ,jones1 one of the ,judges
 of that country1 a name dear to        
literature1 and a lover of the religion 
of ,jesus4  ,the ,mussulmans in         
,hindostan are in general but little    
acquainted with their system1 and by no 
means so zealous for it as their        
brethren in the ,turkish and ,persian   
empires4  ,besides1 they have not the   
strong arm of civil authority to crush  
those who would convert them4  ,mr4     
,carey's letters seem to intimate the   
same relaxation among the ,hindoos4     
,this decay of prejudice and bigotry    
will at least incline them to listen    
with more patience1 and a milder temper1
 to the doctrines and evidences of the  
,christian religion4  ,the degree of    
adhesion to their castes1 which still   
remains1 is certainly unfavourable1 and 
must be considered as one of ,satan's   
arts to render men unhappy2 but it is   

not insuperable4  ,the ,roman ,catholics
 have gained myriads of converts from   
among them4  ,the ,danish missionaries  
record their thousands too3 and one     
7,schwartz7 of the most successful      
missionaries at present in the world is 
labouring in the southern part of       
,hindostan4  ,besides a very            
considerable number who have thrown     
aside their old superstition1 and make a
 profession of the ,christian religion1 
he computes that1 in the course of his  
ministry1 he has been the instrument of 
savingly converting two thousand persons
 to the faith of ,christ4  ,of these1   
above five hundred are ,mohammedans3 the
 rest are from among the different      
castes of the ,hindoos4  ,in addition to
 these instances1 it is proper to notice
 the attention which the ,hindoos are   
paying to the two ,baptist missionaries1
 and which gives a favourable specimen  
of their readiness to listen to the     
preaching of the ,gospel444  ,reflect1  
,o disciple of ,jesus6 on what has been 

presented to thy view4 ,the cause of    
,christ is thy own cause4  ,without deep
 criminality thou canst not be          
indifferent to its success4  ,rejoice   
that so delightful a field of missions  
has been discovered and exhibited4      
,rouse thyself from the slumbers of     
spiritual languor4 ,exert thyself to the
 utmost of thy power2 and let conscience
 be able to testify1 without a doubt1   
even at the tribunal of ,jesus ,christ1 
,if missionaries are not speedily sent  
to preach she glorious ,gospel in       
,bengal1 it shall not be owing to me4   
,that is remarkable writing for an      
,edinburgh magazine in the year #agig1  
and it was ,carey who made it possible4 
,its author followed up the appeal by   
offering himself and his all1 for life  
and death1 in a ,plan of the ,mission to
 ,bengal1 which appeared in the ,april  
number4 ,robert ,haldane1 whose journal 
at this time was full of ,carey's       
doings1 and his ordained associates1    
,bogue1 ,innes1 and ,greville ,ewing1   

accompanied by ,john ,ritchie as        
printer1 ,john ,campbell as catechist1  
and other lay workers1 determined to    
turn the very centre of ,hindooism1     
,benares1 into a second ,serampore4     
,defeated by one set of ,directors of   
the ,east ,india ,company1 he waited for
 the election of their successors1 only 
to find the ,east ,india ,company as    
hostile to the ,scottish gentleman as   
they had been to the ,english shoemaker 
four years before4  ,the formation of   
the great ,missionary and ,bible        
,societies did not1 as in the case of   
the ,moravian ,brethren and the         
,wesleyans1 take their members out of   
the ,churches of ,england and ,scotland1
 of the ,baptists and ,independents4    
,it supplied in each case an executive  
through which they worked aggressively  
not only on the non-christian world1 but
 still more directly on their own home  
congregations and parishes4  ,the       
foreign mission spirit directly gave    
birth to the home mission on an         

extensive scale4  ,not merely did the   
,haldanes and their agents1 following   
,whitefield and the ,scottish ,secession
 of #agcc1 become the evangelists of the
 north when they were not suffered to   
preach the ,gospel in ,south ,asia2     
every member of the churches of ,great  
,britain and ,america1 as he caught the 
enthusiasm of humanity1 in the ,master's
 sense1 from the periodical accounts    
sent home from ,serampore1 and soon from
 ,africa and the ,south ,seas1 as well  
as from the ,red ,indians and ,slaves of
 the ,west1 began to work as earnestly  
among the neglected classes around him1 
as to pray and give for the conversion  
of the peoples abroad4  ,from first to  
last1 from the early days of the        
,moravian influence on ,wesley and      
,whitefield1 and the letters of ,carey1 
to the successive visits to the home    
churches of missionaries like ,duff and 
,judson1 ,ellis and ,williams1 ,moffat  
and ,livingstone1 it is the enterprise  
of foreign missions which has been the  

leaven of ,christendom no less really   
than of the rest of the world4  ,does   
the fact that at the close of the year  
#agif there were more than thirty       
thousand men and women in ,great        
,britain who every month read and prayed
 about the then little known world of   
heathenism1 and spared not their best to
 bring that world to the ,christ whom   
they had found1 seem a small thing8     
,how much smaller1 even to contemptible 
insignificance1 must those who think so 
consider the arrival of ,william ,carey 
in ,calcutta to be three years before6  
,yet the thirty thousand sprang from the
 one1 and to-day the thirty thousand    
have a vast body of ,christians really  
obedient to the ,master1 in so far as1  
banded together in five hundred churches
 and societies1 they have sent out      
eighteen thousand missionaries instead  
of one or two2 they see eighty thousand 
,asiatics1 ,africans1 and ,polynesians  
proclaiming the ,christ to their        
countrymen1 and their praying is tested 

by their giving annually a sum of       
#e1jjj1jjj1 to which every year is      
adding4  ,the influence of ,carey and   
his work on individual men and women in 
his generation was even more marked1    
inasmuch as his humility kept him so    
often from magnifying his office and    
glorifying ,god as the example of ,paul 
should have encouraged him to do4  ,most
 important of all for the cause1 he     
personally called ,ward to be his       
associate1 and his writings drew ,dr4   
and ,mrs4 ,marshman to his side1 while  
his apostolic charity so developed and  
used all that was good in ,thomas and   
,fountain1 that not even in the churches
 of ,john and ,james1 ,peter and ,paul1 
,barnabas and ,luke1 was there such a   
brotherhood4  ,when troubles came from  
outside he won to himself the younger   
brethren1 ,yates and ,pearce1 and healed
 half the schism which ,andrew ,fuller's
 successors made4  ,his ,enquiry1       
followed by actually embarking on a     
mission to ,india1 led to the           

publication of the ,letters on ,missions
 addressed to the ,protestant ,ministers
 of the ,british ,churches by ,melville 
,horne1 who1 after a brief experience as
 ,church of ,england chaplain in        
,zachary ,macaulay's settlement of      
,sierra ,leone1 published that little   
book to excite in all ,christians a     
passion for missions like the ,master's4
  ,referring to the ,english churches1  
,established and ,nonconformist1 he     
wrote3--,except the ,reverend ,mr4      
,carey and a friend who accompanies him1
 ,i am not informed of any444ministers  
who are engaged in missions4  ,such was 
the impression made by ,carey on ,john  
,newton that1 in #ahjb1 he rebuked his  
old curate1 ,claudius ,buchanan1 for    
depreciating the ,serampore             
missionaries1 adding1 ,i do not look for
 miracles1 but if ,god were to work one 
in our day1 ,i should not wonder if it  
were in favour of ,dr4 ,carey4  ,the    
,serampore ,mission1 at an early period1
 called forth the admiration of the     

,scottish philanthropist and essayist1  
,james ,douglas of ,cavers1 whose ,hints
 on ,missions 7#ahbb71 a book still full
 of suggestiveness1 contains this       
passage3--,education and the press have 
only been employed to purpose of very   
late years1 especially by the           
missionaries of ,serampore2 every year  
they have been making some improvements 
upon their former efforts1 and444it only
 requires to increase the number of     
printing presses1 schools1 teachers1    
translators1 and professors1 to         
accelerate to any pitch the rate of     
improvement444,to attempt to convert the
 world without educating it1 is grasping
 at the end and neglecting the means4   
,referring to what ,carey had begun and 
the ,serampore ,college had helped to   
develop in ,asia1 as in ,africa and     
,america1 ,douglas of ,cavers well      
described the missionary era1 the new   
crusade3--,the ,reformation itself      
needed anew a reform in the spirit if   
not in the letter4  ,that second        

,reformation has begun2 it makes less   
noise than that of ,luther1 but it      
spreads wider and deeper2 as it is more 
intimate it will be more enduring4      
,like the ,temple of ,solomon1 it is    
rising silently1 without the din of     
pressure or the note of previous        
preparation1 but notwithstanding it will
 be not less complete in all its parts  
nor less able to resist the injuries of 
time6  ,henry ,martyn died1 perhaps the 
loftiest and most loving spirit of the  
men whom ,carey drew to ,india4  ,son of
 a ,cornish miner-captain1 after passing
 through the ,truro ,grammar ,school1 he
 was sixteen--the age at which ,carey   
became a shoemaker's apprentice--when he
 was entered at ,st4 ,john's1 and made  
that ever since the most missionary of  
all the colleges of ,cambridge4  ,when  
not yet twenty he came out ,senior      
,wrangler4  ,his father's death drove   
him to the ,bible1 to the ,acts of the  
,apostles1 which he began to study1 and 
the first whisper of the call of ,christ

 came to him in the joy of the          
,magnificat as its strains pealed       
through the chapel4  ,charles ,simeon's 
preaching drew him to ,trinity ,church4 
,in the vicarage1 when he had come to be
 tutor of his college1 and was preparing
 for the law1 he heard much talk of     
,william ,carey1 of his self-sacrifice  
and his success in ,india4  ,it was the 
opening year of the nineteenth century1 
the ,church ,missionary ,society had    
just been born as the fruit partly of a 
paper written by ,simeon four years     
previously1 and he offered himself as   
its first ,english missionary4  ,he was 
not twenty-one1 he could not be ordained
 for two years4  ,meanwhile a calamity  
made him and his unmarried sister       
penniless2 he loved ,lydia ,grenfell    
with a pure passion which enriched while
 it saddened his short life1 and a      
chaplaincy became the best mode in every
 way of his living and dying for ,india4
  ,what a meeting must that have been   
between him and ,carey when1 already    

stricken by fever1 he found a sanctuary 
in ,aldeen1 and learned at ,serampore   
the sweetness of telling to the natives 
of ,india in one of their own tongues   
the love of ,god4 ,william ,carey and   
,henry ,martyn were one in origin1 from 
the people2 in industry1 as scholars2 in
 genius1 as ,god-devoted2 in the love of
 a great heart not always returned4     
,the older man left the church of his   
fathers because there was no ,simeon and
 no missionary society1 and he made his 
own university2 he laid the foundation  
of ,english missions deep and broad in  
no sect but in ,christ1 to whom he and  
,martyn alike gave themselves4  ,the    
names of ,carey and ,simeon1 thus linked
 to each other by ,martyn1 find another 
pleasant and fruitful tie in the ,rev4  
,alexander ,stewart1 ,d4,d41 ,gaelic    
scholar and ,scottish preacher4  ,it was
 soon after ,carey went out to ,india   
that ,simeon1 travelling in the         
,highlands1 spent a ,sunday in the manse
 of ,moulin1 where his personal         

intercourse and his evening sermon after
 a season of ,communion were blessed to 
the evangelical enlightenment of        
,stewart4  ,moulin was the birthplace   
ten years after of ,alexander ,duff1    
whose parents previously came under the 
power of the minister's new-found       
light4#bd ,like ,simeon1 ,dr4 ,stewart  
thenceforth became a warm supporter of  
foreign missions4  ,finding in the      
,periodical ,accounts a letter in which 
,carey asked ,fuller to send him a copy 
of ,van der ,hooght's edition of the    
,hebrew ,bible because of the weakness  
of his eyesight1 ,dr4 ,stewart at once  
wrote offering his own copy4  ,fuller   
gladly accepted the kindness4 ,i with   
great pleasure1 writes ,dr4 ,stewart1   
followed the direction1 wrote a letter  
of some length to ,carey1 and sent off  
my parcel to ,london4  ,i daresay you   
remember my favourite ,hebrew ,bible in 
two volumes4  ,i parted with it with    
something of the same feelings that a   
pious parent might do with a favourite  

son going on a mission to the           
heathen--with a little regret but with  
much goodwill4  ,this was the beginning 
of an interesting correspondence with   
,carey and ,fuller4  ,next to ,andrew   
,fuller1 and in the region of           
literature1 general culture and         
eloquence before him1 the strongest men 
among the ,baptists were the younger    
,robert ,hall and ,john ,foster4  ,both 
were devoted to ,carey1 and were the    
most powerful of the ,english advocates 
of his mission4  ,the former1 for a     
time1 was led to side with the ,society 
in some of the details of its dispute   
with ,dr4 ,marshman1 but his loyalty to 
,carey and the principles of the mission
 fired some of the most eloquent        
orations in ,english literature4 ,john  
,foster's shrewder common sense never   
wavered1 but inspired his pen alike in  
the heat of controversy and in his      
powerful essays and criticisms4         
,writing in #ahbh1 he declared that the 
,serampore missionaries have laboured   

with the most earnest assiduity for a   
quarter of a century 7,dr4 ,carey much  
longer7 in all manner of undertakings   
for promoting ,christianity1 with such a
 renunciation of self-interest as will  
never be surpassed2 that they have      
conveyed the oracles of divine truth    
into so many languages2 that they have  
watched over diversified missionary     
operations with unremitting care2 that  
they have conducted themselves through  
many trying and some perilous           
circumstances with prudence and         
fortitude2 and that they retain to this 
hour an undiminished zeal to do all that
 providence shall enable them in the    
same good cause4  ,the expenditure of   
the ,serampore ,brotherhood up to that  
time1 leaving out of account the        
miscellaneous missionary services1 he   
showed to have been upwards of #ge1jjj4 
,dr4 ,chalmers in ,scotland was as      
stoutly with ,carey and his brethren as 
,foster was in ,england1 so that        
,marshman wrote3--,thus two of the      

greatest and wisest men of ,england are 
on our side1 and1 what is more1 ,i trust
 the ,lord ,god is with us4  ,what      
,heber thought1 alike as man and bishop1
 his own loving letter and proposal for 
reunion of our churches in the next     
chapter will show4  ,of all the         
publicists in the ,united ,kingdom      
during ,carey's long career the foremost
 was ,william ,wilberforce2 he was not  
second even to ,charles ,grant and his  
sons4  ,defeated in carrying into law   
the pious clauses of the charter which  
would have opened ,india to the         
,christian missionary and schoolmaster  
in #agic1 he nevertheless succeeded by  
his persuasive eloquence and the weight 
of his character in having them entered 
as ,resolutions of the ,house of        
,commons4  ,he then gave himself        
successfully to the abolition of the    
slave-trade4  ,but he always declared   
the toleration of ,christianity in      
,british ,india to be that greatest of  
all causes1 for ,i really place it      

before the abolition1 in which1 blessed 
be ,god1 we gained the victory4  ,his   
defeat in #agic1 when ,dundas and the   
,government were with him1 was due to   
the apathy of public opinion1 and       
especially of the dumb churches4  ,but  
in the next twenty years ,carey changed 
all that4  ,not merely was ,andrew      
,fuller ever on the watch with pen and  
voice1 but all the churches were roused1
 the ,established to send out bishops   
and chaplains1 the ,nonconformist and   
,established ,evangelicals together to  
secure freedom for missionaries and     
schoolmasters4  ,in #agic an ,english   
missionary was an unknown and therefore 
a much-dreaded monster1 for ,carey was  
then on the sea4  ,in #ahac ,carey and  
the ,serampore ,brotherhood were still  
the only ,english missionaries          
continuously at work in ,india1 and not 
the churches only1 but governor-generals
 like ,teignmouth and ,wellesley1 and   
scholars like ,colebrooke and ,h4 ,h4   
,wilson1 were familiar with the grandeur

 and political innocency of their       
labours4  ,hence this outburst of       
,wilberforce in the ,house of ,commons  
on the #afth ,july #ahac1 when he used  
the name of ,carey to defeat an attempt 
of the ,company to prevent toleration by
 omitting the declaratory clauses of the
 ,resolution1 which would have made it  
imply that the privilege should never be
 exerted though the power of licensing  
missionaries was nominally conceded4    
,one great argument of his opponents was
 grounded on the enthusiastic character 
which they imputed to the missionary    
body4 ,india hitherto has seen no       
missionary who was a member of the      
,english ,church1 and imputations could 
be cast more readily on ',anabaptists   
and fanatics4' ,these attacks ,mr4      
,wilberforce indignantly refuted1 and   
well had the noble conduct of the band  
at ,serampore deserved this vindication4
 ',i do not know1' he often said1 'a    
finer instance of the moral sublime1    
than that a poor cobbler working in his 

stall should conceive the idea of       
converting the ,hindoos to              
,christianity2 yet such was ,dr4 ,carey4
  ,why ,milton's planning his ,paradise 
,lost in his old age and blindness was  
nothing to it4  ,and then when he had   
gone to ,india1 and was appointed by    
,lord ,wellesley to a lucrative and     
honourable station in the college of    
,fort ,william1 with equal nobleness of 
mind he made over all his salary        
7between #ajjj and #aejj per annum7 to  
the general objects of the mission4  ,by
 the way1 nothing ever gave me a more   
lively sense of the low and mercenary   
standard of your men of honour1 than the
 manifest effect produced upon the      
,house of ,commons by my stating this   
last circumstance4  ,it seemed to be the
 only thing which moved them4'  ,dr4    
,carey had been especially attacked1 and
 'a few days afterwards the member who  
had made this charge came to me1 and    
asked me in a manner which in a noted   
duellist could not be mistaken1 ,pray1  

,mr4 ,wilberforce1 do you know a ,mr4   
,andrew ,fuller1 who has written to     
desire me to retract the statement which
 ,i made with reference to ,dr4 ,carey8 
,yes1 ,i answered with a smile1 ,i know 
him perfectly1 but depend upon it you   
will make nothing of him in your way2 he
 is a respectable ,baptist minister at  
,kettering4  ,in due time there came    
from ,india an authoritative            
contradiction of the slander4  ,it was  
sent to me1 and for two whole years did 
,i take it in my pocket to the ,house of
 ,commons to read it to the ,house      
whenever the author of the accusation   
should be present2 but during that whole
 time he never once dared show himself  
in the ,house4'  ,the slanderer was a   
,mr4 ,prendergast1 who affirmed that    
,dr4 ,carey's conduct had changed so    
much for the worse since the departure  
of ,lord ,wellesley1 that he himself had
 seen the missionary on a tub in the    
streets of ,calcutta haranguing the mob 
and abusing the religion of the people  

in such a way that the police alone     
saved him from being killed4 ,so1 and   
for the same object of defeating the    
,resolutions on ,toleration1 ,mr4       
,montgomerie ,campbell had asserted that
 when ,schwartz was in the heat of his  
discourse in a certain village and had  
taken off his stock1 that and his gold  
buckle were stolen by one of his        
virtuous and enlightened congregation2  
in such a description of natives did the
 doctrine of the missionaries operate4  
,before ,dr4 ,carey's exposure could    
reach ,england this tub story became the
 stock argument of the anti-christian   
orators4 ,the ,madras barrister1 ,marsh1
 who was put up to answer ,wilberforce1 
was driven to such language as this3--  
,your struggles are only begun when you 
have converted one caste2 never will the
 scheme of ,hindoo conversion be        
realised till you persuade an immense   
population to suffer by whole tribes the
 severest martyrdom that has yet been   
sustained for the sake of religion--and 

are the missionaries whom this bill will
 let loose on ,india fit engines for the
 accomplishment of this great           
revolution8 ,will these people1 crawling
 from the holes and caverns of their    
original destinations1 apostates from   
the loom and the anvil--he should have  
said the awl--and renegades from the    
lowest handicraft employments1 be a     
match for the cool and sedate           
controversies they will have to         
encounter should the ,brahmans          
condescend to enter into the arena      
against the maimed and crippled         
gladiators that presume to grapple with 
their faith8  ,what can be apprehended  
but the disgrace and discomfiture of    
whole hosts of tub preachers in the     
conflict8  ,lord ,wellesley's eulogy of 
the ,serampore mission in the ,house of 
,lords was much more pronounced than    
appears from the imperfect report4  ,but
 even in that he answered the           
,brahmanised member of the ,house of    
,commons thus3--  ,with regard to the   

missionaries1 he must say that while he 
was in ,india he never knew of any      
danger arising from their proceedings1  
neither had he heard of any impression  
produced by them in the way of          
conversion4  ,the greater number of them
 were in the ,danish settlement of      
,serampore2 but he never heard of any   
convulsions or any alarm produced by    
them4  ,some of them1 particularly ,mr4 
,carey1 were very learned men1 and had  
been employed in the ,college of ,fort  
,william4  ,he had always considered the
 missionaries who were in ,india in his 
time a quiet1 orderly1 discreet1 and    
learned body2 and he had employed them  
in the education of youth and the       
translation of the ,scriptures into the 
eastern languages4  ,he had thought it  
his duty to have the ,sacred ,scriptures
 translated into the languages of the   
,east1 and to give the learned natives  
employed in the translation the         
advantage of access to the sacred       
fountain of divine truth4  ,he thought a

 ,christian governor could not have done
 less2 and he knew that a ,british      
governor ought not to do more4  ,carey's
 letters to ,fuller in #ahaj-ab are     
filled with importunate appeals to      
agitate1 so that the new charter might  
legalise ,christian mission work in     
,india4  ,fuller worked outside of the  
,house as hard as ,wilberforce4  ,in    
eight weeks of the session no fewer than
 nine hundred petitions were presented1 
in twenties and thirties1 night after   
night1 till ,lord ,castlereagh          
exclaimed1 ,this is enough1 ,mr4        
,fuller4  ,there was more reason for    
,carey's urgency than he knew at the    
time he was pressing ,fuller4  ,the     
persecution of the missionaries in      
,bengal1 excused by the ,vellore mutiny1
 which had driven ,judson to ,burma and 
several other missionaries elsewhere1   
was renewed by the ,indian ,government's
 secretaries and police4  ,the ,ministry
 had informed the ,court of ,directors  
that they had resolved to permit        

,europeans to settle in ,india1 yet     
after five weeks' vacillation the       
,governor-,general yielded to his       
subordinates so far as to issue an order
 on #eth ,march #ahab1 for the expulsion
 of three missionaries1 an order which  
was so executed that one of them was    
conducted like a felon through the      
streets and lodged in the native jail   
for two hours4  ,carey thus wrote to    
,ryland on the persecution3--           
,,calcutta1 #adth ,april                
#ahac4--;,before this reaches you it is 
probable that you will have heard of the
 resolution of ,government respecting   
our brethren ,johns1 ,lawson1 and       
,robinson1 and will perhaps have even   
seen ,brother ,johns1 who was by that   
cruel order sent home on the            
,castlereagh4  ,government have agreed  
that ,brother ,lawson shall stay till   
the pleasure of the ,court of ,directors
 is known1 to whom a reference will be  
made4  ,brother ,robinson was gone down 
the river1 and was on board a ship bound

 to ,java when the order was issued2 he 
therefore got out without hearing of it1
 but ,i understand it will be sent      
thither after him4  ,jehovah reigneth6  
,since ,brother ,johns's departure ,i   
have tried to ascertain the cause of the
 severity in ,government4  ,i had a long
 conversation with ,h4 ,t4 ,colebrooke1 
,esq41 who has been out of ,council but 
a few months1 upon the matter4  ,i      
cannot learn that ,government has any   
specific dislike to us1 but find that   
ever since the year #ahjg the orders of 
the ,court of ,directors to send home   
all ,europeans not in the service of    
,her ,majesty or the ,company1 and who  
come out without leave of the           
,directors1 have been so peremptory and 
express that ,government cannot now     
overlook any circumstance which brings  
such persons to notice4                 
,notwithstanding the general way in     
which the ,court of ,directors have     
worded their orders1 ,i cannot help     
putting several circumstances together1 

which make me fear that our ,mission was
 the cause of the enforcement of that   
general law which forbids ,europeans to 
remain in ,india without the leave of   
the ,court of ,directors4  ,whether     
,twining's pamphlet excited the alarm1  
or was only an echo of the minds of a   
number of men hostile to religion1 ,i   
cannot say1 but if ,i recollect dates   
aright the orders of the ,court of      
,directors came as soon as possible     
after that pamphlet was published2 and  
as it would have been too barefaced to  
have given a specific order to send home
 missionaries1 they founded their orders
 on an unjust and wicked clause in the  
charter1 and so enforced it that it     
should effectually operate on           
missionaries4  ,i hope the friends of   
religion will persevere in the use of   
all peaceful and lawful means to prevail
 on the legislature to expunge that     
clause1 or so to modify it that         
ministers of the ,gospel may have leave 
to preach1 form and visit churches1 and 

perform the various duties of their     
office without molestation1 and that    
they may have a right to settle in and  
travel over any part of ,india for that 
purpose4  ,nothing can be more just than
 this wish1 and nothing would be more   
politic than for it to be granted2 for  
every one converted from among the      
heathen is from that time a staunch     
friend of the ,english ,government4     
,our necks have1 however1 been more or  
less under the yoke ever since that     
year1 and preaching the ,gospel stands  
in much the same political light as     
committing an act of felony4  ,witness  
what has been done to ,mr4 ,thompson1   
the five ,american brethren1 and our    
three brethren4  ,mr4 ,thomason1 the    
clergyman1 has likewise hard work to    
stand his ground4  ,i trust1 however1 it
 is too late to eradicate the ,gospel   
from ,bengal4 ,the number of those born 
in the country who preach the ,word is  
now very considerable4  ,fifteen of this
 description preach constantly1 and     

seven or eight more occasionally exhort 
their countrymen1 besides our ,european 
brethren4  ,the ,gospel is stationed at 
eighteen or twenty stations belonging to
 our ,mission alone1 and at several of  
them there are churches4  ,the ,bible is
 either translated or under translation 
into twenty-four of the languages of the
 ,east1 eighteen of which we are        
employed about1 besides printing most of
 the others4  ,thirteen out of these    
eighteen are now in the press1 including
 a third edition of the ,bengali ,new   
,testament4 ,indeed1 so great is the    
demand for ,bibles that though we have  
eight presses constantly at work ,i fear
 we shall not have a ,bengali ,new      
,testament to sell or give away for the 
next twelve months1 the old edition     
being entirely out of print4  ,we shall 
be in almost the same predicament with  
the ,hindostani4  ,we are going to set  
up two more presses1 which we can get   
made in ,calcutta1 and are going to send
 another to ,rangoon4  ,in short1 though

 the publishing of the ,word of ,god is 
a political crime1 there never was a    
time when it was so successful4 ',not by
 might1 nor by power1 but by my ,spirit1
 saith the ,lord4'  ,through divine     
mercy we are all well1 and live in peace
 and love4 ,a small cloud which         
threatened at the time ,brother ,johns  
left us has mercifully blown over1 and  
we are now in the utmost harmony4  ,i   
will1 if possible1 write to my nephew   
,eustace by these ships1 but ,i am so   
pressed for time that ,i can never      
promise to write a letter4 ,the ,lord   
has so blessed us that we are now       
printing in more languages than we could
 do before the fire took place4  ,give  
my love to ,eustace1 also to all who    
recollect or think of me4 ,i am now near
 fifty-two years of age2 yet through    
mercy ,i am well and am enabled to keep 
close to work twelve or fourteen hours a
 day4 ,i hope to see the ,bible printed 
in most of the languages in which it is 
begun4--,i am1 very affectionately      

yours1 ,,wm4 ,,carey4  ,carey had       
previously written thus to              
,fuller3--,the fault lies in the clause 
which gives the ,company power thus to  
send home interlopers1 and is just as   
reasonable as one which should forbid   
all the people in ,england--a select few
 excepted--to look at the moon4  ,i hope
 this clause will be modified or        
expunged in the new charter4  ,the      
prohibition is wrong1 and nothing that  
is morally wrong can be politically     
right4  ,it was left to the charter of  
#ahec fully to liberalise the ,company1 
but each step was taken too late to save
 it from the nemesis of #aheg and       
extinction in #aheh4 ,let no man think1 
,wilberforce had said to the ,house of  
,commons in #ahac1 that the petitions   
which have loaded our table have been   
produced by a burst of momentary        
enthusiasm4 ,while the sun and moon     
continue to shine in the firmament so   
long will this object be pursued with   
unabated ardour until the great work be 

accomplished4  ,the opposition of       
,anglo-,indian officials and lawyers1   
which vainly used no better weapons than
 such as ,mr4 ,prendergast and his tub  
fabrication1 had been anticipated and   
encouraged by the ,edinburgh ,review4   
,that periodical was at the height of   
its influence in #ahjh1 the year before 
,john ,murray's ,quarterly was first    
published4  ,the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith1  
as the literary and professional        
representative of what he delighted to  
call the cause of rational religion1 was
 the foe of every form of earnest       
,christianity1 which he joined the mob  
in stigmatising as ,methodism4  ,he was 
not unacquainted with ,indian politics1 
for his equally clever brother1 known as
 ,bobus ,smith1 was long                
,advocate-,general in ,calcutta1 and    
left a very considerable fortune made   
there to enrich the last six years of   
the ,canon's life4  ,casting about for a
 subject on which to exercise at once   
his animosity and his fun1 he found it  

in the ,periodical ,accounts1 wherein   
,fuller had undoubtedly too often       
published letters and passages of       
journals written only for the eye of the
 private friend4  ,carey frequently     
remonstrated against the publicity given
 to some of his communications1 and the 
fear of this checked his correspondence4
  ,in truth1 the new-born enthusiasm was
 such that1 at first1 the ,committee    
kept nothing back4  ,it was easy for a  
litterateur like ,sydney ,smith in those
 days to extract passages and to give   
them such headings as ,brother ,carey's 
,piety at ,sea1 ,hatred of the ,natives 
to the ,gospel4  ,smith produced an     
article which1 as republished in his    
collected essays1 has a historical value
 as a test of the bitterness of the hate
 which the missionary enterprise had to 
meet in secular literature till the     
death of ,livingstone1 ,wilson1 and     
,duff opened the eyes of journalism to  
the facts4  ,in itself it must be read  
in the light of its author's own        

criticism of his articles1 thus         
expressed in a letter to ,francis       
,jeffrey1 and of the regret that he had 
written it which1 ,jeffrey told ,dr4    
,marshman1 he lived to utter3--,never   
mind2 let them 7his articles7 go away   
with their absurdity unadulterated and  
pure4  ,if ,i please1 the object for    
which ,i write is attained2 if ,i do    
not1 the laughter which follows my error
 is the only thing which can make me    
cautious and tremble4  ,but for that    
picture by himself we should have       
pronounced ,carlyle's drawing of him to 
be almost as malicious as his own of the
 ,serampore missionaries--,a mass of fat
 and muscularity1 with massive ,roman   
nose1 piercing hazel eyes1 shrewdness   
and fun--not humour or even             
wit--seemingly without soul altogether4 
,the attack called forth a reply by ,mr4
 ,styles so severe that ,sydney ,smith  
wrote a rejoinder which began by        
claiming credit for rooting out a nest  
of consecrated cobblers4  ,sir ,james   

,mackintosh1 then in ,bombay1 wrote of a
 similar assault by ,mr4 ,thomas        
,twining on the ,bible ,societies1 that 
it must excite general indignation4     
,the only measure which he could        
consistently propose would be the       
infliction of capital punishment on the 
crime of preaching or embracing         
,christianity in ,india1 for almost     
every inferior degree of persecution is 
already practised by ,european or native
 anti-christians4  ,but it fell to      
,southey1 in the very first number of   
the ,quarterly ,review1 in ,april #ahji1
 to deal with the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith1 
and to defend ,carey and the            
,brotherhood as both deserved4 ,the     
layman's defence was the more effective 
for its immediate purpose that he       
started from the same prejudice as that 
of the reverend ,whig rationalist--the  
,wesleyans1 the ,orthodox dissenters of 
every description1 and the ,evangelical 
churchmen may all be comprehended under 
the generic name of ,methodists4  ,the  

religion which they preach is not the   
religion of our fathers1 and what they  
have altered they have made worse4  ,but
 ,southey had himself faith as well as a
 literary canon higher than that of his 
opponent who wrote only to please his   
patrons4  ,he saw in these ,methodists  
alone that which he appreciated as the  
essence of true faith--that spirit of   
enthusiasm by which ,europe was         
converted to ,christianity they have in 
some measure revived1 and they have     
removed from ,protestantism a part of   
its reproach4  ,he proceeded to tell how
 this ,mission1 which is represented by 
its enemies as so dangerous to the      
,british ,empire in ,india1 and thereby1
 according to a logic learnt from       
,buonaparte1 to ,england also1          
originated in a man by name ,william    
,carey1 who till the twenty-fourth year 
of his age was a working shoemaker4     
,sectarianism has this main advantage   
over the ,established ,church1 that its 
men of ability certainly find their     

station1 and none of its talents are    
neglected or lost4  ,carey was a        
studious and pious man1 his faith wrong1
 his feelings right4  ,he made himself  
competently versed in ,latin1 ,greek1   
and ,hebrew4  ,he is now probably a far 
more learned orientalist than any       
,european has ever been before him1 and 
has been appointed ,professor of        
,sanskrit and ,bengali at the ,college  
of ,fort ,william4  ,then follow a      
history of the ,mission written in a    
style worthy of the author of the ,life 
of ,nelson1 and these statements of the 
political and the purely missionary     
questions1 which read now almost as     
predictions3--  ,the first step towards 
winning the natives to our religion is  
to show them that we have one4  ,this   
will hardly be done without a visible   
church4  ,there would be no difficulty  
in filling up the establishment1 however
 ample2 but would the archbishop1       
bishops1 deans1 and chapters of ,mr4    
,buchanan's plan do the work of         

missionaries8  ,could the ,church of    
,england supply missionaries8--where are
 they to be found among them8 ,in what  
school for the promulgation of sound and
 orthodox learning are they trained up8 
,there is ability and there is learning 
in the ,church of ,england1 but its age 
of fermentation has long been over2 and 
that zeal which for this work is the    
most needful is1 we fear1 possessed only
 by the ,methodists444  ,carey and his  
son have been in ,bengal fourteen years1
 the other brethren only nine2 they had 
all a difficult language to acquire     
before they could speak to a native1 and
 to preach and argue in it required a   
thorough and familiar knowledge4  ,under
 these circumstances the wonder is1 not 
that they have done so little1 but that 
they have done so much2 for it will be  
found that1 even without this difficulty
 to retard them1 no religious opinions  
have spread more rapidly in the same    
time1 unless there was some remarkable  
folly or extravagance to recommend them1

 or some powerful worldly inducement4   
,their progress will be continually     
accelerating2 the difficulty is at      
first1 as in introducing vaccination    
into a distant land2 when the matter has
 once taken one subject supplies        
infection for all around him1 and the   
disease takes root in the country4  ,the
 husband converts the wife1 the son     
converts the parent1 the friend his     
friend1 and every fresh proselyte       
becomes a missionary in his own         
neighbourhood4  ,thus their sphere of   
influence and of action widens1 and the 
eventual issue of a struggle between    
truth and falsehood is not to be doubted
 by those who believe in the former4    
,other missionaries from other societies
 have now entered ,india1 and will soon 
become efficient labourers in their     
station4  ,from ,government all that is 
asked is toleration for themselves and  
protection for their converts4  ,the    
plan which they have laid for their own 
proceedings is perfectly prudent and    

unexceptionable1 and there is as little 
fear of their provoking martyrdom as    
there would be of their shrinking from  
it1 if the cause of ,god and man require
 the sacrifice4 ,but the converts ought 
to be protected from violence1 and all  
cramming with cow-dung prohibited on    
pain of retaliation with beef-tea4      
,nothing can be more unfair than the    
manner in which the scoffers and        
alarmists have represented the          
missionaries4  ,we1 who have thus       
vindicated them1 are neither blind to   
what is erroneous in their doctrine or  
ludicrous in their phraseology2 but the 
anti-missionaries cull out from their   
journals and letters all that is        
ridiculous sectarian1 and trifling2 call
 them fools1 madmen1 tinkers1           
,calvinists1 and schismatics2 and keep  
out of sight their love of man1 and     
their zeal for ,god1 their              
self-devotement1 their indefatigable    
industry1 and their unequalled learning4
  ,these low-born and low-bred mechanics

 have translated the whole ,bible into  
,bengali1 and have by this time printed 
it4  ,they are printing the ,new        
,testament in the ,sanskrit1 the        
,orissa1 ,mahratta1 ,hindostan1 and     
,guzarat1 and translating it into       
,persic1 ,telinga1 ,karnata1 ,chinese1  
the language of the ,sieks and of the   
,burmans1 and in four of these languages
 they are going on with the ,bible4     
,extraordinary as this is1 it will      
appear more so when it is remembered    
that of these men one was originally a  
shoemaker1 another a printer at ,hull1  
and a third the master of a             
charity-school at ,bristol4 ,only       
fourteen years have elapsed since       
,thomas and ,carey set foot in ,india1  
and in that time have these missionaries
 acquired this gift of tongues1 in      
fourteen years these low-born1 low-bred 
mechanics have done more towards        
spreading the knowledge of the          
,scriptures among the heathen than has  
been accomplished1 or even attempted1 by

 all the princes and potentates of the  
world--and all the universities and     
establishments into the bargain4  ,do   
not think to supersede the ,baptist     
missionaries till you can provide from  
your own church such men as these1 and1 
it may be added1 such women also as     
their wives4  ,soon after the ,charter  
victory had been gained that fierce and 
fiery ,calvinist1 whose dictum ,southey 
adopted1 that the question in dispute is
 not whether the natives shall enjoy    
toleration1 but whether that toleration 
shall be extended to the teachers of    
,christianity1 ,andrew ,fuller1 entered 
into rest on the #gth ,may #ahae1 at the
 age of sixty-two4 ,sutcliff of ,olney  
had been the first of the three to be   
taken away#be a year before1 at the same
 age4  ,the scholarly ,dr4 ,ryland of   
,bristol was left alone1 and the home   
management of the ,mission passed into  
the hands of another generation4  ,up to
 ,fuller's death that management had    
been almost ideally perfect4  ,in #ahab 

the ,committee had been increased by the
 addition of nineteen members1 to       
represent the growing interest of the   
churches in ,serampore1 and to meet the 
demand of the respectable class who had 
held aloof at the first1 who were eager 
that the headquarters of so renowned an 
enterprise should be removed to ,london4
  ,but ,fuller prevailed to keep the    
,society a little longer at ,kettering1 
although he failed to secure as his     
assistant and successor the one man     
whose ability1 experience1 and prudence 
would have been equal to his own1 and   
have prevented the troubles that        
followed--,christopher ,anderson4  ,as  
,fuller lay dying1 he dictated a letter 
to ,ryland wherein he thus referred to  
the evangelical doctrine of grace which 
he had been the one ,english theologian 
of his day to defend from the           
hyper-calvinists1 and to use as the     
foundation of the modern missionary     
enterprise3--,i have preached and       
written much against the abuse of the   

doctrine of grace1 but that doctrine is 
all my salvation and all my desire4  ,i 
have no other hope than from salvation  
by mere sovereign1 efficacious grace    
through the atonement of my ,lord and   
,saviour3 with this hope ,i can go into 
eternity with composure4  ,we have some 
who have been giving it out of late that
 if ,sutcliff and some others had       
preached more of ,christ and less of    
,jonathan ,edwards they would have been 
more useful4  ,if those who talk thus   
had preached ,christ half as much as    
,jonathan ,edwards did1 and were half as
 useful as he was1 their usefulness     
would be double what it is4  ,it is very
 singular that the ,mission to the ,east
 originated with one of these           
principles1 and without pretending to be
 a prophet1 ,i may say if it ever falls 
into the hands of men who talk in this  
strain 7of hyper-calvinism7 it will soon
 come to nothing4  ,andrew ,fuller was  
not only the first of ,foreign ,mission 
,secretaries2 he was a model for all4   

,to him his work was spiritual life1 and
 hence1 though the most active preacher 
and writer of his day1 he was like      
,carey in this1 that his working day was
 twice as long as that of most men1 and 
he could spend half of his time in the  
frequent journeys all over the kingdom  
to raise funds1 in repeated campaigns in
 ,london to secure toleration1 and in   
abundant letters to the missionaries4   
,his relation to the ,committee1 up to  
the last1 was equally exemplary4  ,in   
the very earliest missionary            
organisation in ,england it is due to   
him that the line was clearly drawn     
between the deliberative and judicial   
function which is that of the members1  
and the executive which is that of the  
secretary4  ,wisdom and efficiency1     
clearness of perception and promptitude 
of action1 were thus combined4          
,fuller's1 too1 was the special merit of
 realising that1 while a missionary     
committee or church are fellow-workers  
only with the men and women abroad1 the 

,serampore ,brotherhood was a           
self-supporting1 and to that extent a   
self-governing body in a sense true of  
no foreign mission ever since4  ,the two
 triumvirates1 moreover1 consisted of   
giants--,carey1 ,marshman1 and ,ward    
abroad2 ,fuller1 ,sutcliff1 and ,ryland 
at home4  ,to ,carey personally the     
death of ,fuller was more than to any   
other4  ,for almost the quarter of a    
century he had kept his vow that he     
would hold the rope4  ,when ,pearce died
 all too soon there was none whom ,carey
 loved like ,fuller1 while ,fuller's    
devotion to ,carey was all the greater  
that it was tempered by a wise jealousy 
for his perfectness4  ,so early as      
#agig1 ,fuller wrote thus to the        
troublesome ,fountain3--,it affords us  
good hope of your being a useful        
missionary that you seem to love and    
revere the counsels of ,brother ,carey4 
,a humble1 peaceful1 circumspect1       
disinterested1 faithful1 peaceable1 and 
zealous conduct like his will render you

 a blessing to society4  ,brother ,carey
 is greatly respected and beloved by all
 denominations here4  ,i will tell you  
what ,i have foreborne to tell him lest 
it should hurt his modesty4  ,good old  
,mr4 ,newton says3 ',mr4 ,carey has     
favoured me with a letter1 which1       
indeed1 ,i accept as a favour1 and ,i   
mean to thank him for it4  ,i trust my  
heart as cordially unites with him as   
though ,i were a brother ,baptist       
myself4  ,i look to such a man with     
reverence4  ,he is more to me than      
bishop or archbishop2 he is an apostle4 
,may the ,lord make all who undertake   
missions like-minded with ,brother      
,carey6'  ,as the home administrator1 no
 less than as the theological           
controversialist1 ,andrew ,fuller stands
 only second to ,william ,carey1 the    
founder of ,modern ,english ,missions4  
,fuller's last letter to ,carey forms   
the best introduction to the little     
which it is here necessary to record of 
the action of the ,baptist ,missionary  

,society when under the secretaryship of
 the ,rev4 ,john ,dyer4 ,mr4 ,john      
,marshman1 ,c4,s4,i41 has written the   
detailed history of that controversy not
 only with filial duty1 but with a      
forgiving charity which excites our     
admiration for one who suffered more    
from it than all his predecessors in the
 ,brotherhood1 of which he was the last 
representative4  ,the ,society has long 
since ceased to approve of that period4 
,its opinion has become that of ,mr4    
,marshman1 to which a careful perusal of
 all the documents both in ,serampore   
and ,england has led us--,had it been   
possible to create a dozen              
establishments like that of ,serampore1 
each raising and managing its own funds1
 and connected with the ,society as the 
centre of unity in a common cause1 it   
ought to have been a subject of         
congratulation and not of regret4  ,the 
whole policy of every missionary church 
and society is now and has long been    
directed to creating self-supporting and

 self-propagating missions1 like        
,serampore1 that the regions beyond may 
be evangelised--whether these be        
colleges of catechumens and inquirers1  
like those of ,duff and ,wilson1 ,hislop
 and ,dr4 ,miller in ,india1 and of     
,govan and ,dr4 ,stewart in ,lovedale1  
,kafraria2 or the indigenous churches of
 the ,west ,indies1 ,west ,africa1 the  
,pacific ,ocean1 and ,burma4  ,to us the
 long and bitter dispute is now of value
 only in so far as it brings out in     
,christ-like relief the personality of  
,william ,carey4  ,at the close of #ahad
 ,dr4 ,carey had asked ,fuller to pay   
#ej a year to his father1 then in his   
eightieth year1 and #bj to his 7step7   
mother if she survived the old man4     
,protesting that an engraving of his    
portrait had been published in violation
 of the agreement which he had made with
 the artist1 he agreed to the wish of   
each of his relatives for a copy4 ,to   
these requests ,fuller had              
replied3--,you should not insist on     

these things being charged to you1 nor  
yet your father's #ej1 nor the books1   
nor anything necessary to make you      
comfortable1 unless it be to be paid out
 of what you would otherwise give to the
 mission4  ,to insist on their being    
paid out of your private property seems 
to be dictated by resentment4  ,it is   
thus we express our indignation when we 
have an avaricious man to deal with4    
,the first act of the ,committee1 after 
,fuller's funeral1 led ,dr4 ,ryland to  
express to ,carey his unbounded fears   
for the future4 ,there were two         
difficulties4  ,the new men raised the  
first question1 in what sense the       
,serampore property belonged to the     
,society8  ,they then proceeded to show 
how they would answer it1 by appointing 
the son of ,samuel ,pearce to ,serampore
 as ,mr4 ,ward's assistant4  ,on both   
sides of their independence1 as trustees
 of the property which they had created 
and gifted to the ,society on this      
condition1 and as a self-supporting1    

self-elective brotherhood1 it became    
necessary1 for the unbroken peace of the
 mission and the success of their work1 
that they should vindicate their moral  
and legal position4  ,the correspondence
 fell chiefly to ,dr4 ,marshman4 ,ward  
and he successively visited ,england1 to
 which the controversy was transferred1 
with occasional references to ,dr4      
,carey in ,serampore4  ,all ,scotland1  
led by ,christopher ,anderson1          
,chalmers1 and the ,haldanes--all       
,england1 except the ,dyer faction and  
,robert ,hall for a time1 among the     
,baptists1 and nearly all ,america1 held
 with the ,serampore men2 but their     
ever-extending operations were checked  
by the uncertainty1 and their hearts    
were nearly broken4  ,the junior        
missionaries in ,india formed a separate
 union and congregation by themselves in
 ,calcutta1 paid by the ,society1 though
 professing to carry out the            
organisation of the ,serampore          
,brotherhood in other respects4  ,the   

,committee's controversy lasted sixteen 
years1 and was closed in #ahcj1 after   
,ward's death1 by ,carey and ,marshman  
drawing up a new trust-deed1 in which1  
having vindicated their position1 the   
old men made over properties which had  
cost them #ghjj to eleven trustees in   
,england1 stipulating only that they    
should occupy them rent free till death1
 and that their colleagues--who were    
,john ,marshman and ,john ,mack1 of     
,edinburgh ,university--might continue  
in them for three years thereafter1     
paying rent to the ,society4  ,such     
self-sacrifice would be pronounced      
heroic1 but it was only the outcome of a
 life of self-devotion1 marked by the   
spirit of ,him who spake the ,sermon on 
the ,mount1 and said to the first       
missionaries ,he sent forth3--,be wise  
as serpents1 harmless as doves4  ,the   
story is completed by the fact that     
,john ,marshman1 on his father's death1 
again paid the price of as much of the  
property as the ,hoogli had not         

swallowed up when the ,committee were   
about to put it in the market4  ,such   
was ,dr4 ,carey's position in the       
,christian world that the ,dyer party   
considered it important for their       
interest to separate him from his       
colleagues1 and if not to claim his     
influence for their side1 at least to   
neutralise it4  ,by trying to hold up   
,dr4 ,marshman to odium1 they roused the
 righteous indignation of ,carey1 while 
outraging his sense of justice by their 
blows at the independence of the        
,brotherhood4 ,dr4 ,marshman1 when in   
,england1 met this course by frankly    
printing the whole private              
correspondence of ,carey on the subject 
of the property1 or thirty-two letters  
ranging from the year #ahae to #ahbh4   
,one of the earliest of these is to ,mr4
 ,dyer1 who had so far forgotten himself
 as to ask ,dr4 ,carey to write home1   
alone1 his opinion of his elder         
brethren1 and particularly of ,dr4      
,marshman4  ,the answer1 covering eleven

 octavo pages of small type1 is a model 
for all controversialists1 and          
especially for any whom duty compels to 
rebuke the minister who has failed to   
learn the charity which envieth not4    
,we reproduce the principal passages1   
and the later letters to ,christopher   
,anderson and his son ,jabez1 revealing 
the nobleness of ,carey and the inner   
life of the ,brotherhood3--             
,,serampore1 #aeth ,july #ahai4  ,,my   
,,dear ,,brother--,i am sorry you       
addressed your letter of ,january the   
#ith to me alone1 because it places me  
in a most awkward situation1 as it      
respects my elder brethren1 with whom ,i
 have acted in concert for the last     
nineteen years1 with as great a share of
 satisfaction and pleasure as could     
reasonably be expected from a connection
 with imperfect creatures1 and whom ,i  
am thereby called to condemn contrary to
 my convictions1 or to justify at the   
expense of their accusers4  ,it also    
places me in a disagreeable situation as

 it respects my younger brethren1 whom  
,i highly respect as ,christians2 but   
whose whole conduct1 as it respects the 
late unhappy differences1 has been such 
as makes it impossible for me to do     
otherwise than condemn it444  ,you ask1 
',is there no ground for the charges of 
profusion1 etc41 preferred against      
,brother ,marshman8'  ,brother ,marshman
 has always been ardently engaged in    
promoting the cause of ,god in ,india1  
and1 being of a very active mind1 has   
generally been chosen by us to draw up  
our ,reports1 to write many of our      
public letters1 to draw up plans for    
promoting the objects of the mission1   
founding and managing schools1 raising  
subscriptions1 and other things of a    
like nature2 so that he has taken a more
 active part than ,brother ,ward or     
myself in these public acts of the      
mission4  ,these things placed him in   
the foreground1 and it has been no      
uncommon thing for him to bear the blame
 of those acts which equally belong to  

,brother ,ward and myself1 merely       
because he was the instrument employed  
in performing them4  ,the charge of     
profusion brought against ,dr4 ,marshman
 is more extensive than you have stated 
in your letter4  ,he is charged with    
having his house superbly furnished1    
with keeping several vehicles for the   
use of his family1 and with labouring to
 aggrandise and bring them into public  
notice to a culpable extent4  ,the whole
 business of furniture1 internal        
economy1 etc41 of the ,serampore        
station1 must exclusively belong to     
ourselves1 and ,i confess ,i think the  
question about it an unlovely one4 ,some
 person1 we know not whom1 told some    
one1 we know not whom1 'that he had been
 often at ,lord ,hastings's table1 but  
that ,brother ,marshman's table far     
exceeded his4'  ,i have also often been 
at ,lord ,hastings's table 7,i mean his 
private table71 and ,i do therefore most
 positively deny the truth of the       
assertion2 though ,i confess there is   

much domestic plainness at the table of 
the ,governor-,general of ,india 7though
 nothing of meanness2 on the contrary1  
everything is marked with a dignified   
simplicity74  ,i suspect the informant  
never was at ,lord ,hastings's table1 or
 he could have not been guilty of such  
misrepresentation4  ,lord ,hastings's   
table costs more in one day than        
,brother ,marshman's in ten4  ,the      
following statement may explain the     
whole business of ,brother ,marshman's  
furniture1 etc41 which you have all been
 so puzzled to account for1 and have    
certainly accounted for in a way that is
 not the true one4  ,we have1 you know1 
a very large school1 perhaps the largest
 in ,india4  ,in this school are        
children of persons of the first rank in
 the country4  ,the parents or guardians
 of these children frequently call at   
the ,mission-house1 and common propriety
 requires that they should be           
respectfully received1 and invited to   
take a breakfast or dinner1 and         

sometimes to continue there a day or    
two4  ,it is natural that persons who   
visit the ,mission-house upon business  
superintended by ,brother ,marshman     
should be entertained at his house      
rather than elsewhere4  ,till within the
 last four or five years we had no      
particular arrangement for the          
accommodation of visitors who came to   
see us2 but as those who visited us on  
business were entertained at ,brother   
,marshman's1 it appeared to be the most 
eligible method to provide for the      
entertainment of other visitors there   
also2 but at that time ,brother         
,marshman had not a decent table for    
persons of the above description to sit 
down to4  ,we1 therefore1 voted him a   
sum to enable him to provide such       
articles as were necessary to entertain 
them with decency2 and ,i am not aware  
that he has been profuse1 or that he has
 provided anything not called for by the
 rules of propriety4  ,i have no doubt  
but ,brother ,ward can enumerate and    

describe all these articles of          
furniture4  ,it is1 however1 evident    
that you must be very imperfect judges  
of their necessity1 unless you could at 
the same time form a just estimate of   
the circumstances in which we stand4    
,it ought also to be considered that all
 these articles are public property1 and
 always convertible into their full     
value in cash4  ,i hope1 however1 that  
things are not yet come to that pass1   
that a man who1 with his wife1 has for  
nineteen or twenty years laboured night 
and day for the mission1 who by their   
labour disinterestedly contribute       
between #bjjj and #cjjj rupees monthly  
to it1 and who have made sacrifices     
which1 if others have not seen1 ,brother
 ,ward and ,i have1--sacrifices which   
ought to put to the blush all his       
accusers1 who1 notwithstanding their    
cries against him1 have not only        
supported themselves1 but also have set 
themselves up in a lucrative business at
 the ,society's expense2 and who1 even  

to this day1 though they have two       
prosperous schools1 and a profitable    
printing-office1 continue to receive    
their monthly allowance1 amounting      
7including ,miss ,chaffin's7 to #gjj    
rupees a month from the ,society2 ,i    
feel indignant at their outcry on the   
subject of expense1 and ,i say1 merely  
as a contrast to their conduct1 ,so did 
not ,brother ,marshman4  ,surely things 
are not come to that pass1 that he or   
any other brother must give an account  
to the ,society of every plate he uses1 
and every loaf he cuts4  ,till a very   
few years ago we had no vehicle except a
 single horse chaise for me to go       
backwards and forwards to ,calcutta4    
,that was necessarily kept on the       
opposite side of the river2 and if the  
strength of the horse would have borne  
it1 could not have been used for the    
purposes of health4  ,sister ,marshman  
was seized with a disease of the liver1 
a disease which proves fatal in three   
cases out of four4  ,sister ,ward was   

ill of the same disorder1 and both of   
them underwent a long course of         
mercurial treatment1 as is usual in that
 disease4  ,exercise was considered by  
the physicians as of the first          
importance1 and we certainly thought no 
expense too great to save the valuable  
lives of our sisters4  ,a single horse  
chaise1 and an open palanquin1 called a 
,tonjon1 were procured4  ,i never ride  
out for health2 but usually spend an    
hour or two1 morning and evening1 in the
 garden4  ,sister ,ward was necessitated
 to visit ,england for hers4  ,brother  
,ward had a saddle horse presented to   
him by a friend4 ,my wife has a small   
carriage drawn by a man4  ,these        
vehicles were therefore almost          
exclusively used by ,brother ,marshman's
 family4 ,when our brethren arrived from
 ,england they did not fail to put this 
equipage into the account against       
,brother ,marshman4  ,they now keep     
three single horse chaises1 besides     
palanquins2 but we do not think they    

keep more than are necessary4  ,brother 
,marshman retains for the school a      
,french master1 a music master1 and a   
drawing master4  ,the expenses of these 
are amply repaid by the school1 but     
,brother ,marshman's children1 and all  
those belonging to the family1 have the 
advantage of their instructions4        
,brother ,marshman's children are1      
however1 the most numerous1 and envy has
 not failed to charge him with having   
retained them all for the sake of his   
own children4  ,surely a man's caring   
for his family's health and his         
children's education is1 if a crime1 a  
venial one1 and ought not to be held up 
to blacken his reputation4 ,brother     
,marshman is no more perfect than other 
men1 partakers like him of the grace of 
,god4 ,his natural bias and habits are  
his own1 and differ as much from those  
of other men as theirs differ from one  
another4  ,i do not deny that he has an 
inclination to display his children to  
advantage4  ,this1 however1 is a foible 

which most fond parents will be inclined
 to pardon4  ,i wish ,i had half his    
piety1 energy of mind1 and zeal for the 
cause of ,god4 ,these excellencies1 in  
my opinion1 so far overbalance all his  
defects that ,i am constrained to       
consider him a ,christian far above the 
common run4  ,i must now close this     
defence of ,brother ,marshman by        
repeating that all matters of furniture1
 convenience1 etc41 are things belonging
 to the economy of the station at       
,serampore1 and that no one beside      
ourselves has the smallest right to     
interfere therewith4  ,the ,calcutta    
brethren are now acting on the same     
principle1 and would certainly repel    
with indignation any attempt made by us 
to regulate their affairs4  ,i have said
 that ',i never ride out for the sake of
 health'2 and it may therefore be       
inquired1 ',why are vehicles1 etc41 for 
the purpose of health more necessary for
 the other members of the family than   
for you8'  ,i reply that my health is in

 general good1 and probably much        
benefited by a journey to and from      
,calcutta two or three times a week4 ,i 
have also a great fondness for natural  
science1 particularly botany and        
horticulture4  ,these1 therefore1       
furnish not only exercise1 but amusement
 for me4  ,these amusements of mine are 
not1 however1 enjoyed without expense1  
any more than those of my brethren1 and 
were it not convenient for ,brother     
,marshman's accusers to make a          
stepping-stone of me1 ,i have no doubt  
but my collection of plants1 aviary1 and
 museum1 would be equally impeached as  
articles of luxury and lawless expenses2
 though1 except the garden1 the whole of
 these expenses are borne by myself4    
,john ,marshman is admitted a member of 
the union1 but he had for some time     
previously thereto been a member of the 
church4  ,i perceive plainly that all   
your objections to him have been excited
 by the statements of the ,calcutta     
brethren1 which you certainly ought to  

receive with much caution in all things 
which regard ,bother ,marshman and his  
family4  ,you observe that the younger  
brethren especially look up to me with  
respect and affection4  ,it may be so2  
but ,i confess ,i have frequently       
thought that1 had it been so1 they would
 have consulted me1 or at least have    
mentioned to me the grounds of their    
dissatisfaction before they proceeded to
 the extremity of dividing the mission4 
,when ,i engaged in the mission1 it was 
a determination that1 whatever ,i       
suffered1 a breach therein should never 
originate with me4 ,to this resolution  
,i have hitherto obstinately adhered4   
,i think everything should be borne1    
every sacrifice made1 and every method  
of accommodation or reconciliation      
tried1 before a schism is suffered to   
take place444  ,i disapprove as much of 
the conduct of our ,calcutta brethren as
 it is possible for me to disapprove of 
any human actions4  ,the evil they have 
done is1 ,i fear1 irreparable2 and      

certainly the whole might have been     
prevented by a little frank conversation
 with either of us2 and a hundredth part
 of that self-denial which ,i found it  
necessary to exercise for the first few 
years of the mission1 would have        
prevented this awful rupture4  ,i trust 
you will excuse my warmth of feeling    
upon this subject1 when you consider    
that by this rupture that cause is      
weakened and disgraced1 in the          
establishment and promotion of which ,i 
have spent the best part of my life4  ,a
 church is attempted to be torn in      
pieces1 for which neither ,i nor my     
brethren ever thought we could do       
enough4  ,we laboured to raise it3 we   
expended much money to accomplish that  
object2 and in a good measure saw the   
object of our desire accomplished4  ,but
 now we are traduced1 and the church    
rent by the very men who came to be our 
helpers4  ,as to ,brother ,marshman1    
seriously1 what do they want8 ,would    
they attempt to deny his possessing the 

grace of ,god8  ,he was known to and    
esteemed by ,brother ,ryland as a       
,christian before he left ,england4  ,i 
have lived with him ever since his      
arrival in ,india1 and can witness to   
his piety and holy conduct4  ,would they
 exclude him from the mission8  ,judge  
yourself whether it is comely that a    
man1 who has laboriously and            
disinterestedly served the mission so   
many years--who has by his diligence and
 hard labour raised the most respectable
 school in ,india1 as well as given a   
tone to all the others--who has         
unvaryingly consecrated the whole of    
that income1 as well as his other       
labours1 to the cause of ,god in        
,india1--should be arraigned and        
condemned without a hearing by a few    
young men just arrived1 and one of whom 
had not been a month in the country     
before he joined the senseless outcry8  
,or would they have his blood8  ,judge1 
my dear brother1 yourself1 for ,i am    
ashamed to say more on this subject4  ,i

 need not say that circumstances must in
 a great measure determine where        
missionaries should settle4  ,the chief 
town of each of these countries would be
 preferable1 if other circumstances     
permit2 but sometimes ,government would 
not allow this1 and sometimes other     
things may close the door4              
,missionaries however must knock loud   
and push hard at the door1 and if there 
be the smallest opening1 must force     
themselves in2 and1 once entered1 put   
their lives in their hands and exert    
themselves to the utmost in dependence  
upon divine support1 if they ever hope  
to do much towards evangelising the     
heathen world4  ,my situation in the    
college1 and ,brother ,marshman's as    
superintending the first academy in     
,india1 which1 ,i likewise observe1 has 
been established and brought to its     
present flourishing state wholly by his 
care and application1 have made our     
present situation widely different from 
what it was when first engaged in the   

mission4  ,as a missionary ,i could go  
in a straw hat and dine with the judge  
of the district1 and often did so2 but  
as a ,professor in the ,college ,i      
cannot do so4  ,brother ,marshman is    
placed in the same predicament4  ,these 
circumstances impose upon us a necessity
 of making a different appearance to    
what we formerly did as simple          
missionaries2 but they furnish us with  
opportunities of speaking to gentlemen  
of the first power and influence in     
government1 upon matters of the highest 
importance to the great work in which we
 are engaged2 and1 as a proof that our  
opportunities of this nature have not   
been in vain1 ,i need only say that1 in 
a conversation which ,i had some time   
ago with one of the secretaries to      
,government1 upon the present favourable
 bias of government and the public in   
general to favour all plans for doing   
good1 he told me that he believed the   
whole was owing to the prudent and      
temperate manner in which we had acted2 

and that if we had acted with           
precipitancy and indiscretion1 he had   
every reason to believe the general     
feeling would have been as hostile to   
attempts to do good as it is now        
favourable to them4  ,i would not wish  
you to entertain the idea that we and   
our brethren in ,calcutta are resolved  
upon interminable hatred4  ,on the      
contrary1 ,i think that things are gone 
as far as we may expect them to go2 and 
,i now expect that the fire of          
contention will gradually go out4  ,all 
the distressing and disagreeable        
circumstances are1 ,i trust1 past2 and  
,i expect we shall be in a little time  
on a more friendly footing4  ,much of   
what has taken place originated in      
,england4 ,mistakes and false           
conclusions were followed by all the    
circumstances ,i have detailed4  ,i     
think the whole virulence of opposition 
has now spent itself4  ,our brethren    
have no control over us1 nor we over    
them4  ,and1 if ,i am not mistaken1 each

 side will soon acknowledge that it has 
gone too far in some instances2 and     
ultimate good will arise from the evil  
,i so much deplore4  ,having now written
 to you my whole sentiments upon the    
business1 and formerly to my very dear  
,brother ,ryland1 allow me to declare my
 resolution not to write anything       
further upon the subject1 however much  
,i may be pressed thereto4  ,the future 
prosperity of the mission does not      
depend upon the clearing up of every    
little circumstance to the satisfaction 
of every captious inquirer1 but upon the
 restoration of mutual concord among us1
 which must be preceded by admitting    
that we are all subject to mistake1 and 
to be misled by passion1 prejudice1 and 
false judgment4  ,let us therefore      
strive and pray that the things which   
make for peace and those by which we may
 edify one another may abound among us  
more and more4  ,i am1 my dear brother1 
very affectionately1 yours in our ,lord 
,jesus ,christ1 ,w4 ,,carey4  #adth ,may

 #ahbh4  ,,my ,,dear ,,brother          
,,anderson--,yours by the ,louisa1 of   
,october last1 came to hand a few days  
ago with the copies of ,brother         
,marshman's brief ,memoir of the        
,serampore ,mission4  ,i am glad it is  
written in so temperate and ,christian a
 spirit1 and ,i doubt not but it will be
 ultimately productive of good effects4 
,there certainly is a great contrast    
between the spirit in which that piece  
is written and that in which            
observations upon it1 both in the       
,baptist and ,particular ,baptist       
,magazines1 are written4  ,the unworthy 
attempts in those and other such like   
pieces to separate ,brother ,marshman   
and me are truly contemptible4 ,in plain
 ,english1 they amount to thus          
much--',the ,serampore ,missionaries1   
,carey1 ,marshman1 and ,ward1 have acted
 a dishonest part1 alias are rogues4    
,but we do not include ,dr4 ,carey in   
the charge of dishonesty2 he is an easy 
sort of a man1 who will agree to        

anything for the sake of peace1 or in   
other words1 he is a fool4  ,mr4 ,ward1 
it is well known1' say they1 'was the   
tool of ,dr4 ,marshman1 but he is gone  
from the present scene1 and it is       
unlovely to say any evil of the dead4'  
,now ,i certainly hold those persons'   
exemption of me from the blame they     
attach to ,brother ,marshman in the     
greatest possible contempt4  ,i may have
 subscribed my name thoughtlessly to    
papers1 and it would be wonderful if    
there had been no instance of this in so
 long a course of years4  ,the great    
esteem ,i had for the ,society for many 
years1 undoubtedly on more occasions    
than one put me off my guard1 and ,i    
believe my brethren too2 so that we have
 signed writings which1 if we could have
 foreseen the events of a few years1 we 
should not have done4 ,these1 however1  
were all against our own private        
interest1 and ,i believe ,i have never  
been called an easy fool for signing of 
them4  ,it has only been since we found 

it necessary to resist the claims of the
 ,committee that ,i have risen to this  
honour4  ,it has also been hinted that  
,i intend to separate from ,brother     
,marshman4  ,i cannot tell upon what    
such hints or reports are founded1 but  
,i assure you1 in the most explicit     
manner1 that ,i intend to continue      
connected with him and ,serampore as    
long as ,i live2 unless ,i should be    
separated from him by some unforeseen   
stroke of ,providence4 ,there may be    
modifications of our union1 arising from
 circumstances2 but it is my wish that  
it should remain in all things essential
 to the mission as long as ,i live4  ,i 
rejoice to say that there is very little
 of that spirit of hostility which      
prevails in ,england in ,india1 and ,i  
trust what still remains will gradually 
decrease till scarcely the remembrance  
of it will continue4 ,our stations1 ,i  
mean those connected with ,serampore1   
are of great importance1 and some of    
them in a flourishing state4 ,we will do

 all we can to maintain them1 and ,i    
hope the friends to the cause of ,god in
 ,britain will not suffer them to sink  
for want of that pecuniary help which is
 necessary4  ,indeed ,i hope we shall be
 assisted in attempting other stations  
beside those already occupied2 and many 
such stations present themselves to my  
mind which nothing prevents being       
immediately occupied but want of men and
 money4  ,the college will also require 
assistance1 and ,i hope will not be     
without it2 ,i anticipate the time when 
its salutary operation in the cause of  
,god in ,india will be felt and         
acknowledged by all4  ,these            
observations respecting my own conduct  
you are at liberty to use as you please4
  ,i hope now to take my final leave of 
this unpleasant subject1 and have just  
room to say that ,i am very             
affectionately yours1 ,w4 ,,carey4      
,throughout the controversy thus forced 
upon him1 we find ,dr4 ,carey's         
references1 in his unpublished letters  

to the brethren in ,calcutta1 all in the
 strain of the following to his son     
,jabez3--  #aeth ,august #ahbj4--,this  
week we received letters from ,mr4      
,marshman1 who had safely arrived at    
,st4 ,helena4  ,i am sure it will give  
you pleasure to learn that our          
long-continued dispute with the younger 
brethren in ,calcutta is now settled4   
,we met together for that purpose about 
three weeks ago1 and after each side    
giving up some trifling ideas and       
expressions1 came to a reconciliation1  
which1 ,i pray ,god1 may be lasting4    
,nothing ,i ever met with in my         
life--and ,i have met with many         
distressing things--ever preyed so much 
upon my spirits as this difference has4 
,i am sure that in all disputes very    
many wrong things must take place on    
both sides for which both parties ought 
to be humbled before ,god and one       
another4  ,i wish you could succeed in  
setting up a few more                   
schools444,consider that and the spread 

of the gospel as the great objects of   
your life1 and try to promote them by   
all the wise and prudent methods in your
 power4  ,indeed we must always venture 
something for the sake of doing good4   
,the cause of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ  
continues to prosper with us4 ,i have   
several persons now coming in who are   
inquirers2 two or three of them1 ,i     
hope1 will be this evening received into
 the ,church4  ,excuse my saying more as
 my room is full of people4  ,eight     
years after1 on the #agth ,april #ahbh1 
he thus censured ,jabez in the matter of
 the ,society's action at home3--,from a
 letter of yours to ,jonathan1 in which 
you express a very indecent pleasure at 
the opposition which ,brother ,marshman 
has received1 not by the ,society but by
 some anonymous writer in a magazine1 ,i
 perceive you are informed of the       
separation which has taken place between
 them and us4  ,what in that anonymous  
piece you call a 'set-down' ,i call a   
'falsehood4'  ,you ought to know that ,i

 was a party in all public acts and     
writings1 and that ,i never intend to   
withdraw from all the responsibility    
connected therewith4  ,i utterly despise
 all the creeping1 mean assertions of   
that party when they say they do not    
include me in their censures1 nor do ,i 
work for their praise4 ,according to    
their and according to your             
rejoicing444,i am either a knave or a   
fool--a knave if ,i joined with ,brother
 ,marshman2 but if1 as those gentlemen  
say1 and as you seem to agree with them1
 ,i was only led as he pleased1 and was 
a mere cat's-paw1 then of course ,i am a
 fool4  ,in either way your thoughts are
 not very high as it respects me4  ,i do
 not wonder that ,jonathan should       
express himself unguardedly2 his family 
connection with ,mr4 ,pearce            
sufficiently accounts for that4  ,we    
have long been attacked in this         
country--first by ,mr4 ,adam1#bf and    
afterwards by ,dr4 ,bryce4#bg ,bryce is 
now silenced by two or three pieces by  

,john ,marshman in his own newspaper1   
the ,john ,bull2 and as to some of the  
tissues of falsehood published in       
,england1 ,i shall certainly never reply
 to them1 and ,i hope no one else will4 
,that cause must be bad which needs such
 means to support it4  ,i believe ,god  
will bring forth our righteousness as   
the noonday4  ,on the #abth ,july #ahbh 
the father again writes to his son      
,jabez thus3--,your apologies about     
,brother ,marshman are undoubtedly the  
best you can offer4  ,i should be sorry 
to harbour hostile sentiments against   
any man on the earth upon grounds so    
slight4  ,indeed1 were all you say      
matter of fact you ought to forgive it  
as ,god for ,christ's sake forgives us4 
,we are required to lay aside all envy  
and strife and animosities1 to forgive  
each other mutually and to love one     
another with a pure heart fervently4    
',thine own friend and thy father's     
friend forsake not4'     ,,chapter ,,xiv
  ,,carey ,,as ,,an ,,educator--,,the   

,,first ,,christian ,,college ,,in ,,the
 ,,east  #ahah-ahcj  ,a college the     
fourth and perfecting corner-stone of   
the mission--,carey on the importance of
 ,english in #ahjj--;,anticipates       
,duff's policy of undermining           
,brahmanism--,new educational era begun 
by the charter of #ahac and ,lord       
,hastings--,plan of the ,serampore      
,college in #ahah--;,anticipates the    
,anglo-,orientalism of the ,punjab      
,university--,the building described by 
,john ,marshman--,bishop ,middleton     
follows--,the ,scottish and other       
colleges--,action of the ,danish        
,government--,the royal charter--,visit 
of ,maharaja ,serfojee--,death of ,ward1
 ,charles ,grant and ,bentley--,bishop  
,heber and his catholic letter--,dr4    
,carey's reply--,progress of the        
college--,cause of its foundation--,the 
college directly and essentially a      
missionary undertaking--,action of the  
,brotherhood from the first             
vindicated--,carey appeals to           

posterity--,the college and the         
systematic study of ,english--,carey    
author of the ,grant in ,aid            
system--,economy in administering       
missions--,the ,serampore ,mission has  
eighteen stations and fifty missionaries
 of all kinds--,subsequent history of   
the ,serampore ,college to #ahhc4  ,the 
first act of ,carey and ,marshman when  
their ,committee took up a position of  
hostility to their self-denying         
independence1 was to complete and       
perpetuate the mission by a college4    
,as planned by ,carey in #agic1 the     
constitution had founded the enterprise 
on these three corner-stones--preaching 
the ,gospel in the mother tongue of the 
people2 translating the ,bible into all 
the languages of ,southern and ,eastern 
,asia2 teaching the young1 both heathen 
and ,christian1 both boys and girls1 in 
vernacular schools4  ,but ,carey had not
 been a year in ,serampore when1 having 
built well on all three1 he began to see
 that a fourth must be laid some day in 

the shape of a college4  ,he and his    
colleagues had founded and supervised1  
by the year #ahah1 no fewer than #abf   
native schools1 containing some #aj1jjj 
boys1 of whom more than #gjjj were in   
and around ,serampore4  ,his work among 
the pundit class1 both in ,serampore and
 in the college of ,fort ,william1 and  
the facilities in the mission-house for 
training natives1 ,eurasians1 and the   
missionaries' sons to be preachers1     
translators1 and teachers1 seemed to    
meet the immediate want4  ,but as every 
year the mission in all its forms grew  
and the experience of its leaders       
developed1 the necessity of creating a  
college staff in a building adapted to  
the purpose became more urgent4  ,only  
thus could the otherwise educated       
natives be reached1 and the ,brahmanical
 class especially be permanently        
influenced4  ,only thus could a         
theological institute be satisfactorily 
conducted to feed the native ,church4   
,on #ajth ,october #ahjj the            

missionaries had thus written           
home3--,there appears to be a favourable
 change in the general temper of the    
people4 ,commerce has roused new        
thoughts and awakened new energies2 so  
that hundreds1 if we could skilfully    
teach them gratis1 would crowd to learn 
the ,english language4  ,we hope this   
may be in our power some time1 and may  
be a happy means of diffusing the       
gospel4 ,at present our hands are quite 
full4  ,a month after that ,carey wrote 
to ,fuller3--,i have long thought       
whether it would not be desirable for us
 to set up a school to teach the natives
 ,english4  ,i doubt not but a thousand 
scholars would come4  ,i do not say this
 because ,i think it an object to teach 
them the ,english tongue2 but1 query1 is
 not the universal inclination of the   
,bengalees to learn ,english a          
favourable circumstance which may be    
improved to valuable ends8  ,i only     
hesitate at the expense4  ,thirty years 
after ,duff reasoned in the same way1   

after consulting ,carey1 and acted at   
once in ,calcutta4  ,by #ahaf1 when1 on 
#beth ,june1 ,carey wrote a letter1 for 
his colleagues and himself1 to the      
,board of the ,american ,baptist        
,general ,convention1 the great idea1   
destined slowly to revolutionise not    
only ,india1 but ,china1 ,japan1 and the
 farther ,east1 had taken this form3--  
,we know not what your immediate        
expectations are relative to the ,burman
 empire1 but we hope your views are not 
confined to the immediate conversion of 
the natives by the preaching of the     
,word4 ,could a church of converted     
natives be obtained at ,rangoon1 it     
might exist for a while1 and be         
scattered1 or perish for want of        
additions4  ,from all we have seen      
hitherto we are ready to think that the 
dispensations of ,providence point to   
labours that may operate1 indeed1 more  
slowly on the population1 but more      
effectually in the end3 as knowledge1   
once put into fermentation1 will not    

only influence the part where it is     
first deposited1 but leaven the whole   
lump4  ,the slow progress of conversion 
in such a mode of teaching the natives  
may not be so encouraging1 and may      
require1 in all1 more faith and         
patience2 but it appears to have been   
the process of things1 in the progress  
of the ,reformation1 during the reigns  
of ,henry1 ,edward1 ,elizabeth1 ,james1 
and ,charles4  ,and should the work of  
evangelising ,india be thus slow and    
silently progressive1 which1 however1   
considering the age of the world1 is not
 perhaps very likely1 still the grand   
result will amply recompense us1 and    
you1 for all our toils4  ,we are sure to
 take the fortress1 if we can but       
persuade ourselves to sit down long     
enough before it4 ',we shall reap if we 
faint not4'  ,and then1 very dear       
brethren1 when it shall be said of the  
seat of our labours1 the infamous       
swinging-post is no longer erected2 the 
widow burns no more on the funeral pile2

 the obscene dances and songs are seen  
and heard no more2 the gods are thrown  
to the moles and to the bats1 and ,jesus
 is known as the ,god of the whole land2
 the poor ,hindoo goes no more to the   
,ganges to be washed from his           
filthiness1 but to the fountain opened  
for sin and uncleanness2 the temples are
 forsaken2 the crowds say1 ',let us go  
up to the house of the ,lord1 and ,he   
shall teach us of ,his ways1 and we will
 walk in ,his statutes2' the anxious    
,hindoos no more consume their property1
 their strength1 and their lives1 in    
vain pilgrimages1 but they come at once 
to ,him who can save to 'the uttermost'2
 the sick and the dying are no more     
dragged to the ,ganges1 but look to the 
,lamb of ,god1 and commit their souls   
into ,his faithful hands2 the children1 
no more sacrificed to idols1 are become 
'the seed of the ,lord1 that ,he may be 
glorified'2 the public morals are       
improved2 the language of ,canaan is    
learnt2 benevolent societies are formed2

 civilisation and salvation walk arm in 
arm together2 the desert blossoms2 the  
earth yields her increase2 angels and   
glorified spirits hover with joy over   
,india1 and carry ten thousand messages 
of love from the ,lamb in the midst of  
the throne2 and redeemed souls from the 
different villages1 towns1 and cities of
 this immense country1 constantly add to
 the number1 and swell the chorus of the
 redeemed1 ',unto ,him that loved us1   
and washed us from our sins in ,his own 
blood1 unto ,,him be the glory2'--when  
this grand result of the labours of     
,god's servants in ,india shall be      
realised1 shall we then think that we   
have laboured in vain1 and spent our    
strength for nought8  ,surely not4      
,well1 the decree is gone forth6 ',my   
word shall prosper in the thing         
whereunto ,i sent it4'  ,india was being
 prepared for the new missionary policy4
  ,on what we may call its literary side
 ,carey had been long busy4  ,on its    
more strictly educational side1 the     

charter of #ahac had conceded what had  
been demanded in vain by a too feeble   
public opinion in the charter of #agic4 
,a clause was inserted at the last      
moment declaring that a sum of not less 
than a lakh of rupees 7or ten thousand  
pounds7 a year was to be set apart from 
the surplus revenues1 and applied to the
 revival and improvement of literature  
and the encouragement of the learned    
natives of ,india1 and for the          
introduction and promotion of a         
knowledge of the sciences among the     
inhabitants of the ,british territories 
there4  ,the clause was prompted by an  
,anglo-,indian of oriental tastes1 who  
hoped that the ,brahman and his ,veda   
might thus be made too strong for the   
,christian missionary and the ,bible as 
at last tolerated under the #acth       
resolution4  ,for this reason1 and      
because the money was to be paid only   
out of any surplus1 the directors and   
their friends offered no opposition4    
,for the quarter of a century the grant 

was given1 and was applied in the spirit
 of its proposer4  ,but the scandals of 
its application became such that it was 
made legally by ,bentinck and ,macaulay1
 and practically by ,duff1 the fountain 
of a river of knowledge and life which  
is flooding the ,east4  ,the first      
result of the liberalism of the charter 
of #ahac and the generous views of ,lord
 ,hastings was the establishment in     
,calcutta by the ,hindoos themselves1   
under the influence of ,english         
secularists1 of the ,hindoo1 now the    
,presidency ,college4  ,carey and       
,marshman were not in ,calcutta1        
otherwise they must have realised even  
then what they left to ,duff to act on  
fourteen years after1 the importance of 
,english not only as an educating but as
 a ,christianising instrument4 ,but     
though not so well adapted to the       
immediate need of the reformation which 
they had begun1 and though not applied  
to the very heart of ,bengal in         
,calcutta1 the prospectus of their      

,college for the ,instruction of        
,asiatic1 ,christian1 and ,other ,youth 
in ,eastern ,literature and ,european   
,science1 which they published on the   
#aeth ,july #ahah1 sketched a more      
perfect and complete system than any    
since attempted1 if we except ,john     
,wilson's almost unsupported effort in  
,bombay4  ,it embraced the classical or 
learned languages of the ,hindoos and   
,mohammedans1 ,sanskrit and ,arabic2 the
 ,english language and literature1 to   
enable the senior students to dive into 
the deepest recesses of ,european       
science1 and enrich their own language  
with its choicest treasures2 the        
preparation of manuals of science1      
philosophy1 and history in the learned  
and vernacular languages of the ,east2 a
 normal department to train native      
teachers and professors2 as the crown of
 all1 a theological institute to equip  
the ,eurasian and native ,christian     
students1 by a quite unsectarian course 
of study1 in apologetics1 exegetics1 and

 the ,bible languages1 to be            
missionaries to the ,brahmanical        
classes4 ,while the ,government and the 
,scottish missionaries have in the      
university and grant in aid systems     
since followed too exclusively the      
,english line1 happily supplanting the  
extreme ,orientalists1 it is the glory  
of the ,serampore ,brotherhood that they
 sought to apply both the ,oriental and 
the ,european1 the one as the form1 the 
other as the substance1 so as to        
evangelise and civilise the people      
through their mother tongue4  ,they were
 the ,vernacularists in the famous      
controversy between the ,orientalists   
and the ,anglicists raised by ,duff4 ,in
 #ahfg the present writer in vain       
attempted to induce the ,university of  
,calcutta to follow them in this4 ,it   
was left to ,sir ,charles ,aitchison1   
when he wielded the power and the       
influence of the ,lieutenant-,governor1 
to do in #ahhb what the ,serampore      
,college would have accomplished had its

 founders been young instead of old men1
 by establishing the ,punjab            
,university4  ,lord ,hastings and even  
,sir ,john ,malcolm took a personal     
interest in the ,serampore ,college4    
,the latter1 who had visited the        
missionaries since his timid evidence   
before the ,house of ,lords in #ahac1   
wrote to them3--,i wish ,i could be     
certain that your successors in the     
serious task you propose would have as  
much experience as you and your         
fellow-labourers at ,serampore--that    
they would walk1 not run1 in the same   
path--,i would not then have to state   
one reserve4  ,lord ,hastings in        
,council passed an order encouraging the
 establishment of a ,european ,medical  
,professorship in ,serampore ,college1  
and engaged to assist in meeting the    
permanent expense of the chair when     
established4  ,his ,excellency          
interrupted pressing avocations to      
criticise both the architectural plan of
 the building and the phraseology of the

 draft of the first report1 and his     
suggestions were followed4  ,adopting   
one of the ,grecian orders as most      
suitable to a tropical climate1 the     
,danish ,governor's colleague1 ,major   
,wickedie1 planned the noble ,ionic     
building which was then1 and is still1  
the finest edifice of the kind in       
,british ,india4  ,the centre building1 
intended for the public rooms1 was a    
hundred and thirty feet in length1 and a
 hundred and twenty in depth4  ,the hall
 on the ground floor1 supported on      
arches1 and terminated at the south by a
 bow1 was ninety-five feet in length1   
sixty-six in breadth1 and twenty in     
height4  ,it was originally intended for
 the library1 but is now occupied by the
 classes4  ,the hall above1 of the same 
dimensions and twenty-six feet in       
height1 was supported by two rows of    
,ionic columns2 it was intended for the 
annual examinations4 ,of the twelve     
side-rooms above and below1 eight were  
of spacious dimensions1 twenty-seven    

feet by thirty-five4  ,the portico which
 fronted the river was composed of six  
columns1 more than four feet in diameter
 at the base4  ,the staircase-room was  
ninety feet in length1 twenty-seven in  
width1 and forty-seven in height1 with  
two staircases of cast-iron1 of large   
size and elegant form1 prepared at      
,birmingham4  ,the spacious grounds were
 surrounded with iron railing1 and the  
front entrance was adorned with a noble 
gate1 likewise cast at ,birmingham444   
,the scale on which it was proposed to  
establish the college1 and to which the 
size of the building was necessarily    
accommodated1 corresponded with the     
breadth of all the other enterprises of 
the ,serampore missionaries1--the       
mission1 the translations1 and the      
schools4  ,while ,mr4 ,ward was engaged 
in making collections for the support of
 the institution in ,england1 he wrote  
to his brethren1 'the buildings you must
 raise in ,india2' and they determined  
to respond to the call1 and1 if         

possible1 to augment their donation from
 #bejj to #hjjj1 and to make a vigorous 
effort to erect the buildings from their
 own funds4  ,neither the ungenerous    
suspicion1 nor the charge of            
unfaithfulness1 with which their        
character was assailed in ,england1 was 
allowed to slacken the prosecution of   
this plan4  ,it was while their         
reputation was under an eclipse in      
,england1 and the benevolent hesitated  
to subscribe to the society till they   
were assured that their donations would 
not be mixed up with the funds of the   
men at ,serampore1 that those men were  
engaged in erecting a noble edifice for 
the promotion of religion and knowledge1
 at their own cost1 the expense of which
 eventually grew under their hands to   
the sum of #ae1jjj4  ,to the charge of  
endeavouring to alienate from the       
society premises of the value of #cjjj1 
their own gift1 they replied by erecting
 a building at five times the cost1 and 
vesting it in eleven trustees1--seven   

besides themselves4  ,it was thus they  
vindicated the purity of their motives  
in their differences with the society1  
and endeavoured to silence the voice of 
calumny4  ,they were the first who      
maintained that a college was an        
indispensable appendage to an ,indian   
mission4  ,the next to follow ,carey in 
this was ,bishop ,middleton1 who raised 
funds to erect a chaste ,gothic pile    
beside the ,botanic ,garden1 since to   
him the time appeared to have arrived   
when it is desirable that some          
missionary endeavours1 at least1 should 
have some connection with the ,church   
establishment4  ,that college no longer 
exists1 in spite of the saintly         
scholarship of such ,principals as ,mill
 and ,kay2 the building is now utilised 
as a ,government engineering college4   
,but in ,calcutta the ,duff ,college1   
with the ,general ,assembly's           
,institution 7now united as the         
,scottish ,churches ,college71 the      
,cathedral ,mission ,divinity ,school1  

and the ,bhowanipore ,institution2 in   
,bombay the ,wilson ,college1 in ,madras
 the ,christian ,college1 in ,nagpoor   
the ,hislop ,college1 in ,agra ,st4     
,john's ,college1 in ,lahore the ,church
 ,mission ,divinity ,school1 in ,lucknow
 the ,reid ,college1 and others1 bear   
witness to the fruitfulness of the ,alma
 ,mater of ,serampore4  ,the ,serampore 
,college began with thirty-seven        
students1 of whom nineteen were native  
,christians and the rest ,hindoos4      
,when the building was occupied in #ahba
 ,carey wrote to his son3--,i pray that 
the blessing of ,god may attend it1 and 
that it may be the means of preparing   
many for an important situation in the  
,church of ,god444,the ,king of ,denmark
 has written letters signed with his own
 hand to ,brothers ,ward1 ,marshman1 and
 myself1 and has sent each of us a gold 
medal as a token of his approbation4    
,he has also made over the house in     
which ,major ,wickedie resides1 between 
,sarkies's house and ours1 to us three  

in perpetuity for the college4  ,thus   
,divine generosity appears for us and   
supplies our expectations4  ,the        
missionaries had declined the ,order of 
the ,dannebrog4  ,when1 in #ahbf1 ,dr4  
,marshman visited ,europe1 one of his   
first duties was to acknowledge this    
gift to ,count ,moltke1 ,danish         
,minister in ,london and ancestor of the
 great strategist1 and to ask for a     
royal charter4 ,the ,minister and ,count
 ,schulin1 whose wife had been a warm   
friend of ,mrs4 ,carey1 happened to be  
on board the steamer in which ,dr4      
,marshman1 accompanied by ,christopher  
,anderson1 sailed to ,copenhagen4       
,raske1 the ,orientalist1 who had       
visited ,serampore1 was a ,professor in 
the ,university there4  ,the vellum     
charter was prepared among them1        
empowering the ,college ,council1       
consisting of the ,governor of          
,serampore and the ,brotherhood1 to     
confer degrees like those of the        
,universities of ,copenhagen and ,kiel1 

but not carrying the rank in the ,state 
implied in ,danish degrees unless with  
the sanction of the ,crown4  ,the ,king1
 in the audience which he gave1 informed
 ,dr4 ,marshman that1 having in #ahja   
promised the mission protection1 he had 
hitherto refused to transfer ,serampore 
to the ,east ,india ,company1 since that
 would prevent him from keeping his     
word4  ,when1 in #ahde1 the ,company    
purchased both ,tranquebar and          
,serampore1 it could be no longer       
dangerous to the ,christian ,mission1   
but the ,treaty expressly provided that 
the ,college should retain all its      
powers1 and its ,christian character1   
under the ,danish charter1 which it     
does4  ,it was thus the earliest        
degree-conferring college in ,asia1 but 
it has never exercised the power4       
,christian ,,viii41 then the heir to the
 throne1 showed particular interest in  
the ,bible translation work of ,carey4  
,when1 in #ahhd1 the ,evangelical       
,alliance held its session in           

,copenhagen1 and was received by        
,christian ,,ix41#bh it did well1 by    
special resolution1 to express the      
gratitude of ,protestant ,christendom to
 ,denmark for such courageous and       
continued services to the first         
,christian mission from ,england to     
,india4  ,how ,dr4 ,carey valued the    
gift of the ,king is seen in this       
writing1 on the lining of the case of   
the gold medal1 dated #fth ,november    
#ahbc3--  ,it is my desire that this    
medal1 and the letter of the ,king of   
,denmark1 which accompanied it1 be given
 at my death to my dear son ,jonathan1  
that he may keep it for my sake4  ,the  
letter of ,king ,frederic ,,vi4 is as   
follows3--  ,,monsieur ,,le ,,docteur   
,,et ,,professeur ,,william ,,carey--   
,c'est avec beaucoup d'intrt que nous   
avons appris le mrite qu'en qualit de   
membre dirigeant de la ,socit de la     
,mission1 vous avez acquis1 ainsi que   
vos co-directeurs1 et les effts         
salutaires que vos louables travaux ont 

produits et partout o votre influence a 
pu atteindre4  ,particulierement informs
 qu'en votre dite qualit vous avez      
contribu a effectuer bien des choses    
utiles1 dont l'tablissement             
,frdricsnagore a  se louer1 et voulant  
vous certifier que nous vous en avons   
gr1 nous avons charg le chef du dit     
tablissement1--notre                    
,lieutenant-,colonel ,kraefting1 de vous
 remettre cette lettre2 et en mme temps 
une medaille d'or1 comme une marque de  
notre bienveillance et de notre         
protection1 que vous assurera toujours  
une conduite meritoire4  ,sur ce nous   
prions ,dieu de vous avoir dans ,sa     
sainte et digne garde4--,votre          
affectionn ,,frederic4  ,copenhague1 ce 
#g ,juin #ahbj4  ,au ,docteur et        
,professeur ,,william ,,carey1  ,membre 
dirigeant de la ,socit de la ,mission   
,frdricsnagore4  ,the new ,college      
formed an additional attraction to      
visitors to the mission4  ,one of these1
 in #ahba1 was the ,maharaja ,serfojee1 

the prince of ,tanjore1 whom ,schwartz  
had tended1 but who was on pilgrimage to
 ,benares4  ,hand in hand with ,dr4     
,carey he walked through the missionary 
workshop1 noticed specially the pundits 
who were busy with translation to which 
,lord ,hastings had directed his        
attention1 and dilated with affectionate
 enthusiasm on the deeds and the        
character of the apostle of ,south      
,india4  ,in #ahbc cholera suddenly cut 
off ,mr4 ,ward in the midst of his      
labours4  ,the year after that ,charles 
,grant died1 leaving a legacy to the    
mission4 ,almost his last act had been  
to write to ,carey urging him to publish
 a reply to the attack of the ,abb      
,dubois on all ,christian missions4     
,another friend was removed in ,bentley1
 the scholar who put ,hindoo astronomy  
in its right place4  ,bishop ,heber     
began his too brief episcopate in #ahbd1
 when the college1 strengthened by the  
abilities of the ,edinburgh professor1  
,john ,mack1 was accomplishing all that 

its founders had projected4  ,the       
,bishop of all good ,christian men never
 penned a finer production--not even his
 hymns--than this letter1 called forth  
by a copy of the ,report on the ,college
 sent to him by ,dr4 ,marshman3--  ,i   
have seldom felt more painfully than    
while reading your appeal on the subject
 of ,serampore ,college1 the unhappy    
divisions of those who are the servants 
of the same ,great ,master6  ,would to  
,god1 my honoured brethren1 the time    
were arrived when not only in heart and 
hope1 but visibly1 we shall be one fold1
 as well as under one shepherd6  ,in the
 meantime ,i have arrived1 after some   
serious considerations1 at the          
conclusion that ,i shall serve our great
 cause most effectually by doing all    
which ,i can for the rising institutions
 of those with whom my sentiments agree 
in all things1 rather than by forwarding
 the labours of those from whom1 in some
 important points1 ,i am conscientiously
 constrained to differ4  ,after all1 why

 do we differ8  ,surely the leading     
points which keep us asunder are capable
 of explanation or of softening1 and ,i 
am expressing myself in much sincerity  
of heart--7though1 perhaps1 according to
 the customs of the world1 ,i am taking 
too great a freedom with men my         
superiors both in age and in talent71   
that ,i should think myself happy to be 
permitted to explain1 to the best of my 
power1 those objections which keep you  
and your brethren divided from that form
 of church government which ,i believe  
to have been instituted by the apostles1
 and that admission of infants to the   
,gospel ,covenants which seem to me to  
be founded on the expressions and       
practice of ,christ himself4  ,if ,i    
were writing thus to worldly men ,i know
 ,i should expose myself to the         
imputation of excessive vanity or       
impertinent intrusion4  ,but of you and 
,dr4 ,carey ,i am far from judging as of
 worldly men1 and ,i therefore say that1
 if we are spared to have any future    

intercourse1 it is my desire1 if you    
permit1 to discuss with both of you1 in 
the spirit of meekness and conciliation1
 the points which now divide us1        
convinced that1 if a reunion of our     
,churches could be effected1 the harvest
 of the heathen would ere long be       
reaped1 and the work of the ,lord would 
advance among them with a celerity of   
which we have now no experience4  ,i    
trust1 at all events1 you will take this
 hasty note as it is intended1 and      
believe me1 with much sincerity1 your   
friend and servant in ,christ1          
,,reginald ,,calcutta4  #crd ,june      
#ahbd4  ,this is how ,carey reciprocated
 these sentiments1 when writing to ,dr4 
,ryland3--  ,,serampore1 #fth ,july     
#ahbd4  ,i rejoice to say that there is 
the utmost harmony between all the      
ministers of all denominations4  ,bishop
 ,heber is a man of liberal principles  
and catholic spirit4  ,soon after his   
arrival in the country he wrote me a    
very friendly letter1 expressing his    

wish to maintain all the friendship with
 us which our respective circumstances  
would allow4 ,i was then confined1 but  
,brother ,marshman called on him4  ,as  
soon as ,i could walk without crutches  
,i did the same1 and had much free      
conversation with him4  ,some time after
 this he wrote us a very friendly       
letter1 saying that it would highly     
gratify him to meet ,brother ,marshman  
and myself1 and discuss in a friendly   
manner all the points of difference     
between himself and us1 adding that     
there was every reason to expect much   
good from a calm and temperate          
discussion of these things1 and that1 if
 we could at any rate come so near to   
each other as to act together1 he       
thought it would have a greater effect  
upon the spread of the gospel among the 
heathen than we could calculate upon4   
,he was then just setting out on a      
visitation which will in all probability
 take a year4  ,we1 however1 wrote him a
 reply accepting his proposal1 and      

,brother ,marshman expressed a wish that
 the discussion might be carried on by  
letter1 to which in his reply he partly 
consented4  ,i have such a              
disinclination to writing1 and so little
 leisure for it1 that ,i wished the     
discussion to be viva voce2 it will1    
however1 make little difference1 and all
 ,i should have to say would be         
introduced into the letter4  ,on the    
death of ,mr4 ,ward and departure of    
,dr4 ,marshman for ,great ,britain on   
furlough1 after twenty-six years' active
 labours1 his son1 ,mr4 ,john ,marshman1
 was formally taken into the            
,brotherhood4  ,he united with ,dr4     
,carey in writing to the ,committee two 
letters1 dated #bast ,january #ahbf and 
#aeth ,november #ahbg1 which show the   
progress of the college and the mission 
from the first as one independent       
agency1 and closed with ,carey's appeal 
to the judgment of posterity4  ,about   
seven years ago we felt convinced of the
 necessity of erecting a ,college for   

native ,christian youth1 in order to    
consolidate our plans for the spread of 
gospel truth in ,india2 and1 as we      
despaired of being able to raise from   
public subscriptions a sum equal to the 
expense of the buildings1 we determined 
to erect them from our own private      
funds4 ,up to the present date they have
 cost us nearly #ad1jjj1 and the        
completion of them will require a       
further sum of about #ejjj1 which1 if we
 are not enabled to advance from our own
 purse1 the undertaking must remain     
incomplete4  ,with this burden upon our 
private funds we find it impossible any 
longer to meet1 to the same extent as   
formerly1 the demands of our            
out-stations4  ,the time is now arrived 
when they must cease to be wholly       
dependent on the private donations of   
three individuals1 and must be placed on
 the strength of public contributions4  
,as two out of three of the members of  
our body are now beyond the age of      
fifty-seven1 it becomes our duty to     

place them on a more permanent footing1 
as it regards their management1 their   
support1 and their increase4  ,we have  
therefore associated with ourselves1 in 
the superintendence of them1 the ,rev4  
,messrs4 ,mack and ,swan1 the two       
present professors of the college1 with 
the view of eventually leaving them     
entirely in the hands of the body of    
professors1 of whom the constitution of 
the college provides that there shall be
 an unbroken succession4  ,to secure an 
increase of missionaries in ,european   
habits we have formed a class of        
theological students in the college1    
under the ,divinity ,professor4  ,it    
contains at present six promising       
youths1 of whose piety we have in some  
cases undoubted evidence1 in others     
considerable ground for hope4  ,the     
class will shortly be increased to      
twelve1 but none will be continued in it
 who do not manifest undeniable piety   
and devotedness to the cause of         
missions4  ,as we propose to allow each 

student to remain on an average four    
years1 we may calculate upon the        
acquisition of two1 and perhaps three1  
additional labourers annually1 who will 
be eminently fitted for active service  
in the cause of missions by their       
natural familiarity with the language   
and their acquisitions at college4      
,this arrangement will1 we trust1 secure
 the speedy accomplishment of the plan  
we have long cherished1 that of placing 
one missionary in each province in      
,bengal1 and eventually1 if means be    
afforded1 in ,hindostan4  ,as the       
completion of the buildings requires no 
public contribution1 the sole expense   
left on the generosity of its friends is
 that of its existing establishment4    
,our subscriptions in ,india1 with what 
we receive as the interest of money     
raised in ,britain and ,america1 average
 #ajjj annually2 about #ejj more from   
,england would cover every charge1 and  
secure the efficiency of the            
institution4  ,nor shall we require this

 aid beyond a limited period4  ,of the  
three objects connected with the        
,college1 the education of non-resident 
heathen students1 the education of      
resident ,christian students1 and the   
preparation of missionaries from those  
born in the country1 the first is not   
strictly a missionary object1 the two   
latter are intimately connected with the
 progress of the good cause4 ,the       
preparation of missionaries in the      
country was not so much recommended as  
enforced by the great expense which     
attends the despatch of missionaries    
from ,europe4  ,that the number of      
labourers in this country must be       
greatly augmented1 before the work of   
evangelising the heathen can be said to 
have effectively commenced1 can admit of
 no doubt4  ,the education of the       
increasing body of ,native ,christians  
likewise1 necessarily became a matter of
 anxiety4  ,nothing could be more       
distressing than the prospect of their  
being more backward in mental pursuits  

than their heathen neighbours4  ,the    
planting of the gospel in ,india is not 
likely to be accomplished by the        
exertions of a few missionaries in      
solitary and barren spots in the        
country1 without the aid of some        
well-digested plan which may consolidate
 the missionary enterprise1 and provide 
for the mental and religious cultivation
 of the converts4  ,if the body of      
native ,christians required an          
educational system1 native ministers1   
who must gradually take the spiritual   
conduct of that body1 demanded          
pre-eminent attention4  ,they require a 
knowledge of the ingenious system they  
will have to combat1 of the scheme of   
,christian theology they are to teach1  
and a familiarity with the lights of    
modern science4  ,we cannot discharge   
the duty we owe as ,christians to       
,india1 without some plan for combining 
in the converts of the new religion1 and
 more especially in its ministers1 the  
highest moral refinement of the         

,christian character1 and the highest   
attainable progress in the pursuits of  
the mind4  ,during the last ten years of
 entire independence the missionary     
cause has received from the product of  
our labour1 in the erection of the      
college buildings1 in the support of    
stations and schools1 and in the        
printing of tracts1 much more than      
#bc1jjj4  ,the unceasing calumny with   
which we have been assailed1 for what   
has been called 'our declaration of     
independence' 7which1 by the bye1 ,mr4  
,fuller approved of our issuing almost  
with his dying breath71 it is beneath us
 to notice1 but it has fully convinced  
us of the propriety of the step4  ,this 
calumny is so unreasonable that we      
confidently appeal from the decision of 
the present age to the judgment of      
posterity4  ,under ,carey1 as ,professor
 of ,divinity and ,lecturer on ,botany  
and ,zoology1 ,mack and ,john ,marshman1
 with pundits and moulavies1 the college
 grew in public favour1 even during ,dr4

 ,marshman's absence1 while ,mrs4       
,marshman continued to conduct the      
girls' school and superintend native    
female education with a vigorous        
enthusiasm which advancing years did not
 abate and misrepresentation in ,england
 only fed4  ,the difficulties in which  
,carey found himself had the happy      
result of forcing him into the position 
of being the first to establish         
practically the principle of the ,grant 
in ,aid system4  ,had his ,nonconformist
 successors followed him in this1 with  
the same breadth of view and clear      
distinction between the duty of aiding  
the secular education1 while giving     
absolute liberty to the spiritual1 the  
splendid legacy which he left to ,india 
would have been both perpetuated and    
extended4  ,as it is1 it was left to his
 young colleague1 ,john ,marshman1 and  
to ,dr4 ,duff1 to induce ,parliament1 by
 the charter of #ahec1 and the first    
,lord ,halifax in the ,educational      
,despatch of #ahed1 to sanction the     

system of national education for the    
multifarious classes and races of our   
,indian subjects1 under which secular   
instruction is aided by the state on    
impartial terms according to its        
efficiency1 and ,christianity delights  
to take its place1 unfettered and       
certain of victory1 with the            
,brahmanical and aboriginal cults of    
every kind4  ,in #ahbf ,carey1 finding  
that his favourite ,benevolent          
,institution in ,calcutta was getting   
into debt1 and required repair1 applied 
to ,government for aid4  ,he had        
previously joined the ,marchioness of   
,hastings in founding the ,calcutta     
,school ,book and ,school ,society1 and 
had thus been relieved of some of the   
schools4  ,government at once paid the  
debt1 repaired the building1 and        
continued to give an annual grant of    
#bdj for many years4  ,john ,marshman   
did not think it necessary1 to defend   
,dr4 ,carey from the charge of treason  
to the principles of dissent in having  

thus solicited and accepted aid from the
 state for an educational establishment2
 the repudiation of that aid is a modern
 addition to those principles4  ,he     
tells us that when conversation happened
 to turn upon this subject at           
,serampore1 his father was wont to      
excuse any warmth which his colleague   
might exhibit by the humorous remark    
that renegades always fought hardest4   
,there was one question on which the    
three were equally strenuous--that it   
was as much the duty of ,government to  
support education as to abstain from    
patronising missions4  ,a letter written
 in #ahah to his son ,william1 then one 
of the missionaries1 shows with what    
jealous economy the founder of the great
 modern enterprise managed the early    
undertakings4  ,,my ,,dear              
,,william--,yours of the #crd instant ,i
 have received1 and must say that it has
 filled me with distress4  ,i do not    
know what the allowance of #bjj rupees  
includes1 nor how much is allotted for  

particular things2 but it appears that  
,rs4 #adb3b is expended upon your       
private expenses1 viz41 #gh3b on table  
expenses1 and #fd on servants4 ,now     
neither ,lawson nor ,eustace have more  
than #adj rupees for their allowance1   
separate from house rent1 for which #hj 
rupees each is allowed1 and ,i believe  
all the brethren are on that1 or a lower
 allowance1 ,brother ,yates excepted1   
who chooses for himself4  ,i cannot     
therefore make an application for more  
with any face4  ,indeed we have no power
 to add or diminish salaries1 though the
 ,society would agree to our doing so if
 we showed good reasons for it4  ,i     
believe the allowances of the           
missionaries from the ,london ,society  
are about the same1 or rather less--viz4
 #bjj sterling1 or #acb rupees a month1 
besides extra expenses2 so that your    
income1 taking it at #adj rupees a      
month1 is quite equal to that of any    
other missionary4  ,i may also mention  
that neither ,eustace nor ,lawson can do

 without a buggy1 which is not a small  
expense4  ,i suppose the two articles   
you have mentioned of table expenses and
 servants include a number of other     
things2 otherwise ,i cannot imagine how 
you can go to that expense4  ,when ,i   
was at ,mudnabati my income was #bjj per
 month1 and during the time ,i stayed   
there ,i had saved near #bjjj rupees4   
,my table expenses scarcely ever        
amounted to #ej rupees1 and though ,i   
kept a moonshi at #bj rupees and four   
gardeners1 yet my servants' wages did   
not exceed #fj rupees monthly4 ,i kept a
 horse and a farmyard1 and yet my       
expenses bore no proportion to yours4   
,i merely mention this without any      
reflection on you1 or even a wish to do 
it2 but ,i sincerely think your expenses
 upon these two articles are very       
greater4--,i am your affectionate       
father1 ,w4 ,,carey4  ,in #ahbe ,carey  
completed his great ,dictionary of      
,bengali and ,english in three quarto   
volumes1 abridged two years afterwards4 

,no language1 not even in ,europe1 could
 show a work of such industry1          
erudition1 and philological completeness
 at that time4  ,professor ,h4 ,h4      
,wilson declared that it must ever be   
regarded as a standard authority1       
especially because of its etymological  
references to the ,sanskrit1 which      
supplies more than three-fourths of the 
words2 its full and correct vocabulary  
of local terms1 with which the author's 
long domestication amongst the natives  
made him familiar1 and his unique       
knowledge of all natural history terms4 
,the first copy which issued from the   
press he sent to ,dr4 ,ryland1 who had  
passed away at seventy-two1 a month     
before the following letter was         
written3--  ,june #gth1 #ahbe4--,on the 
#agth of ,august next ,i shall be       
sixty-four years of age2 and though ,i  
feel the enervating influence of the    
climate1 and have lost something of my  
bodily activity1 ,i labour as closely1  
and perhaps more so than ,i have ever   

done before4  ,my ,bengali ,dictionary  
is finished at press4  ,i intend to send
 you a copy of it by first opportunity1 
which ,i request you to accept as a     
token of my unshaken friendship to you4 
,i am now obliged1 in my own defence1 to
 abridge it1 and to do it as quickly as 
possible1 to prevent another person from
 forestalling me and running away with  
the profits4  ,on ,lord's day ,i        
preached a funeral sermon at ,calcutta  
for one of our deacons1 who died very   
happily2 administered the ,lords'       
,supper1 and preached again in the      
evening4  ,it was a dreadfully hot day1 
and ,i was much exhausted4  ,yesterday  
the rain set in1 and the air is somewhat
 cooled4  ,it is still uncertain whether
 ,brothers ,judson and ,price are       
living4  ,there was a report in the     
newspaper that they were on their way to
 meet ,sir ,archibald ,campbell with    
proposals of peace from the ,burman     
king2 but no foundation for the report  
can be traced out4 ,living or dead they 

are secure4  ,on hearing of the death of
 ,dr4 ,ryland1 he wrote3--,there are now
 in ,england very few ministers with    
whom ,i was acquainted4  ,fuller1       
,sutcliff1 ,pearce1 ,fawcett1 and       
,ryland1 besides many others whom ,i    
knew1 are gone to glory4  ,my family    
connections also1 those excepted who    
were children when ,i left ,england1 or 
have since that time been born1 are all 
gone1 two sisters only excepted4        
,wherever ,i look in ,england ,i see a  
vast blank2 and were ,i ever to revisit 
that dear country ,i should have an     
entirely new set of friendships to form4
 ,i1 however1 never intended to return  
to ,england when ,i left it1 and unless 
something very unexpected were to take  
place ,i certainly shall not do it4  ,i 
am fully convinced ,i should meet with  
many who would show me the utmost       
kindness in their power1 but my heart is
 wedded to ,india1 and though ,i am of  
little use ,i feel a pleasure in doing  
the little ,i can1 and a very high      

interest in the spiritual good of this  
vast country1 by whose instrumentality  
soever it is promoted4  ,by #ahbi the   
divinity faculty of the ,college had    
become so valuable a nursery of         
,eurasian and ,native missionaries1 and 
the importance of attracting more of the
 new generation of educated ,hindoos    
within its influence had become so      
apparent that ,oriental gave place to   
,english literature in the curriculum4  
,mr4 ,rowe1 as ,english tutor1 took his 
place in the staff beside ,dr4 ,carey1  
,dr4 ,marshman1 ,mr4 ,mack1 and ,mr4    
,john ,marshman4  ,hundreds of native   
youths flocked to the classes4 ,such was
 the faith1 such the zeal of ,carey1    
that he continued to add new missions to
 the ten of which the ,college was the  
life-giving centre2 so that when he was 
taken away he left eighteen1 under      
eleven ,european1 thirteen ,eurasian1   
seventeen ,bengali1 two ,hindostani1 one
 ,telugoo1 and six ,arakanese           
missionaries4  ,when ,mr4 ,david ,scott1

 formerly a student of his own in ,fort 
,william ,college1 and in #ahbh         
,commissioner of ,assam 7then recently  
annexed to the empire71 asked for a     
missionary1 ,carey's importunity        
prevailed with his colleagues only when 
he bound himself to pay half the cost by
 stinting his personal expenditure4     
,similarly it was the generous action of
 ,mr4 ,garrett1 when judge of ,barisal1 
that led him to send the best of his    
,serampore students to found that       
afterwards famous mission4  ,having     
translated the ,gospels into the        
language of the ,khasias in the ,assam  
hills1 he determined in #ahcb to open a 
new mission at the village of ,cherra1  
which the ,serampore ,brotherhood were  
the first to use as a sanitarium in the 
hot season4  ,for this he gave up #fj of
 his ,government pension and ,mr4       
,garrett gave a similar sum4  ,he sent  
another of his students1 ,mr4 ,lisk1 to 
found the mission1 which prospered until
 it was transferred to the ,welsh       

,calvinists1 who have made it the centre
 of extensive and successful operations4
  ,thus the influence of his middle age 
and old age in the ,colleges of ,fort   
,william and of ,serampore combined to  
make the missionary patriarch the father
 of two bands--that of the ,society and 
that of the ,brotherhood4  ,dr4 ,carey's
 last report1 at the close of #ahcb1 was
 a defence of what has since been       
called1 and outside of ,india and of    
,scotland has too often been            
misunderstood as1 educational missions  
or ,christian ,colleges4  ,to a purely  
divinity college for ,asiatic           
,christians he preferred a divinity     
faculty as part of an ,arts and ,science
 ,college1#bi in which the converts     
study side by side with their inquiring 
countrymen1 the inquirers are influenced
 by them as well as by the ,christian   
teaching and secular teaching in a      
,christian spirit1 and the ,bible       
consecrates the whole4  ,the ,united    
,free ,church of ,scotland has1 alike in

 ,india1 ,china and ,africa1 proved the 
wisdom1 the breadth1 and the spiritual  
advantage of ,carey's policy4 ,when the 
,society opposed him1 scholars like     
,mack from ,edinburgh and ,leechman from
 ,glasgow rejoiced to work out his      
,paul-like conception4 ,when not only   
he1 but ,dr4 ,marshman1 had passed away 
,mack bravely held aloft the banner they
 bequeathed1 till his death in #ahdf4   
,then ,john ,marshman1 who in #ahce had 
begun the ,friend of ,india as a weekly 
paper to aid the ,college1 transferred  
the mission to the ,society under the   
learned ,w4 ,h4 ,denham4  ,when in #ahed
 a new generation of the ,english       
,baptists accepted the ,college also as 
their own1 it received a ,principal     
worthy to succeed the giants of those   
days1 the ,rev4 ,john ,trafford1 ,m4,a41
 a student of ,foster's and of ,glasgow 
,university4  ,for twenty-six years he  
carried out the principles of ,carey4   
,on his retirement the ,college as such 
was suspended in the year #ahhc1 and in 

the same building a purely native       
,christian ,training ,institution took  
its place4  ,there1 however1 the many   
visitors from ,christendom still found  
the library and museum2 the ,bibles1    
grammars1 and dictionaries2 the natural 
history collections1 and the ,oriental  
,,mss42 the ,danish ,charter1 the       
historic portraits1 and the ,british    
,treaty2 as well as the native          
,christian classes--all of which re-echo
 ,william ,carey's appeal to posterity4 
,,chapter ,,xv  ,,carey',s ,,christian  
,,university ,,for ,,the ,,people ,,of  
,,india  ,the ,danish charter--,the     
,british treaty--,growth of native      
,christian community--,lord ,minto's    
concession of self-governing            
privileges--,madras ,decennial          
,conference and ,serampore              
degrees--,proposed reorganisation of    
,college so as to teach and examine for 
,b4,d4 and other degrees--,appeal for   
endowments of ,carey's ,christian       
,university  ,attention has already been

 directed to the far-seeing plans which 
,carey laid down for ,serampore         
,college4  ,it is a pleasure to record  
that while this volume is in the press  
7#aiji71 a scheme is being promoted by  
the ,college ,council for the           
reorganisation of the ,college on the   
lines of ,carey's ideal1 with a view to 
making it a centre of higher ministerial
 training for all branches of the       
,indian ,church4  ,it will be remembered
 that in #ahbg the ,college received    
from ,friedrich ,,vi4 a ,royal ,charter1
 empowering it to confer degrees1 and   
giving to it all the rights which are   
possessed by ,western ,universities4    
,under ,treaty dated the #fth ,october1 
#ahde1 the ,king of ,denmark agreed to  
transfer to the ,governor-,general of   
,india1 ,lord ,hardinge1 ,g4,c4,b41 for 
the sum of #abe1jjj1 the towns of       
,tranquebar1 ,frederiksnagore or        
,serampore1#cj and the old factory site 
at ,balasore4  ,article #f of this      
treaty provides that the rights and     

immunities granted to the ,serampore    
,college by ,royal ,charter1 of date    
#bcrd of ,february1 #ahbg1 shall not be 
interfered with1 but continue in force  
in the same manner as if they had been  
obtained by a ,charter from the ,british
 ,government1 subject to the ,general   
,law of ,british ,india4#ca  ,for lack  
of an endowment sufficient to maintain  
the teaching staff required1 and to     
establish the necessary scholarships1   
the ,college has never been fully       
developed on ,university lines4  ,since 
#ahhc it has been used as a training    
,institution for preachers and teachers 
for the ,bengal field of the ,baptist   
,missionary ,society4  ,meanwhile in the
 century since ,carey's statesman-like  
ideal was sketched1 under the providence
 of ,god there have been two notable    
developments in the conditions of       
,indian life--7#a7 the educated         
,christian natives of ,india1 from ,cape
 ,comorin to ,peshawar1 have grown1 and 
continue to grow1 in numbers1 in        

character1 and in influence1 with a     
rapidity pronounced marvellous by the   
official report of the ,census of #aija2
 7#b7 the three hundred millions of the 
peoples of ,india have1 by the frank    
concession of the ,earl of ,minto and   
his advisers1 and the sanction of       
,viscount ,morley and ,parliament1      
received a virtual constitution1 which  
recognises their fitness for            
self-governing rights under the         
benevolent rule of ,king ,edward ,,vii4 
and his ,viceroy in ,council4           
,christianity1 and the leaven of the    
more really educated ,christian natives1
 will alone moralise and loyalise the   
peoples of ,india1 and prepare future   
generations for a healthy independence1 
material and political4  ,as they have  
watched the lines along which these     
developments have proceeded1 the leaders
 of the missionary enterprise have      
become more and more convinced that the 
realisation of ,carey's ideal has been  
too long delayed1 and that the influence

 of the ,christian community on the     
great movements of ,indian thought has  
suffered in consequence4  ,in           
particular1 while the need for          
highly-equipped ,indian preachers1      
evangelists and leaders1 is far more    
urgent now even than it was in ,carey's 
day1 the most experienced missionaries  
of all societies are far from satisfied 
with the present level of theological   
education in the ,indian ,church4  ,they
 are convinced that the time has come to
 reorganise the whole system of         
ministerial training1 and to secure for 
the study of ,christian ,theology in    
,india that academic recognition which  
it has enjoyed for centuries in ,western
 lands4  ,since the ,british ,government
 is pledged to neutrality in religious  
matters1 it is unable to sanction the   
establishment of ,divinity faculties1 in
 any of the ,state ,universities1 ,hence
 the ,decennial ,missionary ,conference1
 representing all the ,protestant       
,missionary ,societies working in       

,india1 meeting in ,madras in ,december 
#aijb1 appointed a ,committee to confer 
with the ,council of the ,serampore     
,college1 through the ,committee of the 
,london ,baptist ,missionary ,society1  
to ascertain whether they are prepared  
to delegate the degree-conferring powers
 of the ,charter of that ,college to a  
,senate or ,faculty1 representative of  
the various ,protestant ,christian      
,churches and ,societies working in     
,india4  ,the ,college ,council 7of     
which ,meredith ,townsend1 ,esq41 is    
,master1 and ,alfred ,henry ,baynes1    
,esq41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 is ,secretary71 has
 taken this request into careful        
consideration1 and after being assured  
by the highest legal opinion that the   
,charter is still valid1 has resolved to
 do everything in its power to carry out
 the suggestions of the ,decennial      
,conference4  ,they realise1 however1   
that if the degree-conferring powers of 
the ,charter are to be used1 the        
,college itself must be raised to the   

highest standard of efficiency as a     
,teaching ,institution1 and its         
permanence must be guaranteed by an     
adequate endowment4  ,the ,council has  
felt that the attainment of these two   
objects is possible only through a union
 of the forces of the various           
,protestant ,christian ,churches working
 in ,india4  ,the result has been the   
adoption of a wise and catholic project 
of reorganisation1 under which it is    
hoped that ,serampore will become a     
great interdenominational ,college of   
,university rank1 giving a theological  
training up to the standard of the      
,london ,b4,d41 conferring its own      
divinity degrees1 and maintaining an    
,arts and ,science department1 for the  
present at least affiliated to the      
,calcutta ,university4  ,it is justly   
claimed that such a ,christian          
,university at ,serampore will both     
unify and raise the standard of         
theological education in the ,indian    
,church1 helping to build the ,eastern  

structure of ,christian thought and life
 on the one ,foundation of ,jesus       
,christ1 the ,word of ,god4  ,the scheme
 which the ,council has sanctioned      
contemplates the permanent endowment of 
the requisite professorships and        
scholarships4  ,the ,college building   
will provide sufficient class-room      
accommodation1 but it will be necessary 
to secure additional land1 and to erect 
houses for the staff and hostels for the
 students4  ,an immediate endowment of  
#bej1jjj is aimed at with a view of     
establishing a well-equipped theological
 faculty1 with a preliminary department 
in ,arts and ,sciences4  ,the ,council1 
however1 is not without hope that in due
 time ,carey's noble vision of a great  
,christian ,university at ,serampore    
conferring its own degrees1 not only in 
theology but in all branches of useful  
learning1 may powerfully appeal to some 
of the merchant princes of the ,west4   
,it is estimated that the sum of        
#b1jjj1jjj would be required for this   

equipment and endowment of the          
,university on this larger scale4  ,the 
great missionary ,churches and          
,societies look favourably on the       
proposal1 initiated by their own        
missionaries1 to co-operate with        
,carey's more immediate representatives 
in realising and applying his ideal     
which is bound to expand and grow as    
,india becomes ,christianised4  ,the    
members of the ,college ,council        
maintain that1 in view of the world-wide
 influence of the modern missionary     
movement1 inaugurated by ,william       
,carey1 a movement that has been so     
beneficial both to the ,church at home  
and to non-,christian nations1 there is 
no institution that has greater         
historical and spiritual claims upon    
modern philanthropy than ,serampore1 and
 they believe that there are large      
numbers of men and women in ,great      
,britain1 ,america1 ,india and other    
lands who will consider it a sacred     
privilege to have their names inscribed 

with those of ,carey1 ,marshman and     
,ward on the walls of ,serampore        
,college as its second founders4  ,the  
,council is doing all within its power  
to reorganise the ,college on the       
broadest possible basis1 believing that 
an institution with such inspiring      
traditions and associations should be   
utilised in the interests1 not merely of
 one denomination1 but of the whole     
,church in ,india and the nation4  ,up  
to the present1 the ,council1 though    
legally an entirely independent body1   
has worked in the closest association   
with the ,baptist ,missionary ,society's
 ,committee4  ,but now with the fullest 
sympathy both of the ,baptist           
,missionaries on the field and the      
,committee in ,england1 it is also      
inviting the co-operation of all        
evangelical ,christian bodies in the    
work of ,serampore ,college4  ,it is    
prepared to welcome as full professors  
of the ,college1 in ,arts and ,theology1
 representatives of other evangelical   

missions1 who shall have special        
superintendence of the students         
belonging to their respective           
denominations1 and be free to give them 
such supplementary instruction as may be
 thought necessary4  ,all professors    
without distinction of denomination will
 share equally in the local management  
of the affairs of the ,college4 ,the    
final authority must1 in accordance with
 the ,charter1 remain in the hands of   
the ,college ,council1 but in order to  
admit of the due representation upon the
 ,council of the various evangelical    
bodies which may co-operate1 the present
 members of ,council have1 with the     
hearty concurrence of the ,baptist      
,missionary ,society's ,committee1      
approved the suggestion that application
 should be made to the ,indian          
,legislature for powers to enlarge its  
membership4  ,the ,honorary ,secretary  
of the ,college ,council1 ,a4 ,h4       
,baynes1 ,esq41 #ai ,furnival ,street1  
,london1 ,e4,c41 will be glad to supply 

further information1 or to receive      
contributions towards the ,fund for the 
endowment and equipment of the ,college4
  ,in view of the conditions at present 
existing in ,india1 this appeal should  
be of interest not only to friends of   
,christian missions1 but to             
philanthropists generally1 for a        
,christian ,university1 conducted on the
 broad and catholic principles laid down
 by ,carey1 supplementary but in no way 
antagonistic to the existing            
,universities1 will be a most effective 
instrument for permeating the political 
and social ideals of the youth of ,india
 with the spirit of ,christ4  ,this is a
 matter that deeply concerns1 not only  
the ,missionary1 but also the statesman1
 the merchant1 and all true friends of  
,india of whatever race or creed4  ,in  
all the romance of ,christian ,missions1
 from ,iona to ,canterbury1 there is no 
more evident example of the working of  
the ,spirit of ,god with the ,church1   
than the call of ,carey and the         

foundation of ,serampore ,college under 
,danish ,charter and ,british treaty1   
making it the only ,university with full
 powers to enable the whole ,reformed   
,church in ,india to work out its own   
theological system and ,christian life4 
,,chapter ,,xvi  ,,carey',s ,,last      
,,days  #ahcj-ahcd  ,the college and    
mission stripped of all their           
funds--,failure of the six firms for    
sixteen millions--,carey's official     
income reduced from #aefj to #fjj--;,his
 ,thoughts and ,appeal published in     
,england--,his vigour at seventy--,last 
revision of the ,bengali ,bible--,final 
edition of the ,bengali ,new            
,testament--,carey rejoices in the      
reforms of ,lord ,william ,bentinck's   
,government--,in the emancipation of the
 slaves--,carey sketched by his younger 
contemporaries--,his latest letters and 
last message to ,christendom--,visits of
 ,lady ,william ,bentinck and ,bishop   
,daniel ,wilson--,marshman's affection  
and promise as to the garden--,the      

,english mail brings glad news a        
fortnight before his death--,his last   
,sabbath--,he dies--,is buried--,his    
tomb among his converts--,his will--,the
 ,indian press on his poverty and       
disinterestedness--,dr4 ,marshman and   
,mack1 ,christopher ,anderson and ,john 
,wilson of ,bombay on his               
character--,his influence still as the  
founder of missions--,dr4 ,cox and      
,robert ,hall on ,carey as a            
man--,scotland's estimate of the father 
of the ,evangelical ,revival and its    
foreign missions4  ,the last days of    
,william ,carey were the best4  ,his sun
 went down in all the splendour of a    
glowing faith and a burning             
self-sacrifice4 ,not in the penury of   
,hackleton and ,moulton1 not in the     
hardships of ,calcutta and the          
,soondarbans1 not in the fevers of the  
swamps of ,dinapoor1 not in the         
apprehensions twice excited by official 
intolerance1 not in the most bitter     
sorrow of all--the sixteen years'       

persecution by ,english brethren after  
,fuller's death1 had the father of      
modern missions been so tried as in the 
years #ahcj-ahcc4 ,blow succeeded blow1 
but only that the fine gold of his      
trust1 his humility1 and his love might 
be seen to be the purer4  ,the          
,serampore ,college and ,mission lost   
all the funds it had in ,india4 ,by     
#ahcj the financial revolution which had
 laid many houses low in ,europe five   
years before1 began to tell upon the    
merchant princes of ,calcutta4  ,the six
 firms1 which had developed the trade of
 ,northern ,india so far as the         
,company's monopolies allowed1 had been 
the bankers of the ,government itself1  
of states like ,haidarabad1 and of all  
the civil and military officials1 and   
had enriched a succession of partners   
for half a century1 fell one by         
one--fell for sixteen millions sterling 
among them4  ,palmer and ,co4 was the   
greatest2 the house at one time played a
 large part in the history of ,india1   

and in the debates and papers of        
,parliament4  ,mr4 ,john ,palmer1 a     
personal friend of the ,serampore men1  
had advanced them money at ten per cent4
 four years previously1 when the        
,society's misrepresentation had done   
its worst4 ,the children in the         
,eurasian schools1 which ,dr4 and ,mrs4 
,marshman conducted with such profit to 
the mission1 depended chiefly on funds  
deposited with this firm4  ,it suddenly 
failed for more than two millions       
sterling4 ,although the catastrophe     
exposed the rottenness of the system of 
credit on which commerce and banking    
were at that time conducted1 in the     
absence of a free press and an          
intelligent public opinion1 the alarm   
soon subsided1 and only the more        
business fell to the other firms4  ,but 
the year #ahcc had hardly opened when   
first the house of ,alexander and ,co41 
then that of ,mackintosh and ,co41 and  
then the three others1 collapsed without
 warning4  ,the ,english in ,india1     

officials and merchants1 were reduced to
 universal poverty4  ,capital           
disappeared and credit ceased at the    
very time that ,parliament was about to 
complete the partial concession of      
freedom of trade made by the charter of 
#ahac1 by granting all ,carey had argued
 for1 and allowing ,europeans to hold   
land4  ,the funds invested for ,jessor  
and ,delhi2 the legacy of ,fernandez1   
,carey's first convert and missionary2  
his own tenths with which he supported  
three aged relatives in ,england2 the   
property of the partner of his third    
marriage1 on whom the money was settled1
 and who survived him by a year2 the    
little possessed by ,dr4 ,marshman1 who 
had paid all his expenses in ,england   
even while working for the ,society--all
 was swept away4  ,not only was the     
small balance in hand towards meeting   
the college and mission expenditure     
gone1 but it was impossible to borrow   
even for a short time4  ,again one of   
,dr4 ,carey's old civilian students came

 to the rescue4  ,mr4 ,garrett1 grandson
 of ,robert ,raikes who first began     
,sunday schools1 pledged his own credit 
with the ,bank of ,bengal1 until ,samuel
 ,hope of ,liverpool1 treasurer of the  
,serampore ,mission there1 could be     
communicated with4  ,meanwhile the      
question of giving up any of the        
stations or shutting the college was not
 once favoured4 ,i have seen the tears  
run down the face of the venerable ,dr4 
,carey at the thought of such a         
calamity1 wrote ,leechman2 were it to   
arrive we should soon have to lay him in
 his grave4  ,when the interest of the  
funds raised by ,ward in ,america ceased
 for a time because of the malicious    
report from ,england that it might be   
applied by ,dr4 ,marshman to the        
purposes of family aggrandisement1      
,carey replied in a spirit like that of 
,paul under a similar charge3 ,dr4      
,marshman is as poor as ,i am1 and ,i   
can scarcely lay by a sum monthly to    
relieve three or four indigent relatives

 in ,europe4  ,i might have had large   
possessions1 but ,i have given my all1  
except what ,i ate1 drank1 and wore1 to 
the cause of missions1 and ,dr4         
,marshman has done the same1 and so did 
,mr4 ,ward4  ,carey's trust in ,god1 for
 the mission and for himself1 was to be 
still further tried4  ,on #abth ,july   
#ahbh we find him thus writing from     
,calcutta to ,jabez3--,i came down this 
morning to attend ,lord ,w4 ,bentinck's 
first leve4  ,it was numerously         
attended1 and ,i had the pleasure of    
seeing there a great number of gentlemen
 who had formerly studied under me1 and 
for whom ,i felt a very sincere regard4 
,i hear ,lady ,bentinck is a pious      
woman1 but have not yet seen her4  ,i   
have a card to attend at her            
drawing-room this evening1 but ,i shall 
not go1 as ,i must be at home for the   
,sabbath1 which is to-morrow4  ,it soon 
fell to ,lord ,william ,bentinck to meet
 the financial consequences of his weak 
predecessor's administration4 ,the      

,college of ,fort ,william had to be    
sacrificed4  ,metcalfe and ,bayley1     
,carey's old students whom he had       
permanently influenced in the higher    
life1 were the members of council1 and  
he appealed to them4  ,they sent him to 
the good ,governor-,general1 to whose   
sympathy he laid bare all the past and  
present of the mission's finance4  ,he  
was told to have no fear1 and indeed the
 ,council held a long sitting on this   
one matter4  ,but from ,june #ahcj the  
college ceased to be a teaching1 and    
became an examining body4  ,when the    
salary was reduced one-half1 from ,rs4  
#ajjj a month1 the ,brotherhood met to  
pray for light and strength4  ,mr4      
,robinson1 the ,java missionary who had 
attached himself to ,serampore1 and     
whose son long did good service as a    
,bengali scholar and preacher1 gives us 
this glimpse of its inner life at this  
time3--  ,the two old men were dissolved
 in tears while they were engaged in    
prayer1 and ,dr4 ,marshman in particular

 could not give expressions to his      
feelings4  ,it was indeed affecting to  
see these good old men1 the fathers of  
the mission1 entreating with tears that 
,god would not forsake them now grey    
hairs were come upon them1 but that ,he 
would silence the tongue of calumny1 and
 furnish them with the means of carrying
 on ,his own cause4  ,they sent home an 
appeal to ,england1 and ,carey himself  
published what is perhaps the most      
chivalrous1 just1 and weighty of all his
 utterances on the disagreeable         
subject--,thoughts upon the ,discussions
 which have arisen from the ,separation 
between the ,baptist ,missionary        
,society and the ,serampore ,missions4  
,from our age and other circumstances   
our contributions may soon cease4  ,we  
have seen a great work wrought in       
,india1 and much of it1 either directly 
or indirectly1 has been done by         
ourselves4  ,i cannot1 ,i ought not to  
be indifferent about the permanency of  
this work1 and cannot therefore view the

 exultation expressed at the prospect of
 our resources being crippled otherwise 
than being of a character too satanic to
 be long persisted in by any man who has
 the love of ,god in his heart4  ,the   
appeal to all ,christians for a few     
hundred pounds per annum for the mission
 station closed thus3 ,but a few years  
have passed away since the ,protestant  
world was awakened to missionary effort4
 ,since that time the annual revenues   
collected for this object have grown to 
the then unthought-of sum of #djj1jjj4  
,and is it unreasonable to expect that  
some unnoticeable portion of this should
 be intrusted to him who was amongst the
 first to move in this enterprise and to
 his colleagues8  ,the ,brotherhood had 
hardly despatched this appeal to        
,england with the sentence1 ,our present
 incomes even are uncertain1 when the   
shears of financial reduction cut off   
,dr4 ,carey's office of ,bengali        
translator to ,government1 which for    
eight years had yielded him ,rs4 #cjj a 

month4  ,but such was his faith this    
final stroke called forth only an       
expression of regret that he must reduce
 his contributions to the missionary    
cause by so much4  ,he was a wonder to  
his colleagues1 who wrote of him3       
,though thus reduced in his             
circumstances the good man1 about to    
enter on his seventieth year1 is as     
cheerful and as happy as the day is     
long4  ,he rides out four or five miles 
every morning1 returning home by        
sunrise2 goes on with the work of       
translation day by day2 gives two       
lectures on divinity and one on natural 
history every week in the college1 and  
takes his turn of preaching both in     
,bengali and in ,english4  ,when the    
,christian public responded heartily to 
his appeal ,carey was loud and frequent 
in his expressions of gratitude to ,god1
 who1 in the time of our great          
extremity1 appeared and stirred up ,his 
people thus willingly to offer their    
substance for ,his cause4  ,with respect

 to myself1 ,i consider my race as      
nearly run4  ,the days of our years are 
three score years and ten1 and ,i am now
 only three months short of that age1   
and repeated bilious attacks have       
weakened my constitution4  ,but ,i do   
not look forward to death with any      
painful anticipations4  ,i cast myself  
on and plead the efficacy of that       
atonement which will not fail me when ,i
 need it4  ,dr4 ,marshman gives us a    
brighter picture of him4 ,i met with    
very few friends in ,england in their   
seventieth year so lively1 as free from 
the infirmities of age1 so interesting  
in the pulpit1 so completely conversible
 as he is now4  ,the reason is found in 
the fact that he was still useful1 still
 busy at the work he loved most of all4 
,he completed his last revision of the  
entire ,bible in ,bengali--the fifth    
edition of the ,old ,testament and the  
eighth edition of the ,new--in ,june    
#ahcb4  ,immediately thereafter1 when   
presiding at the ordination of ,mr4     

,mack as co-pastor with ,dr4 ,marshman  
and himself over the church at          
,serampore1 he took with him into the   
pulpit the first copy of the sacred     
volume which came from the binder's     
hands1 and addressed the converts and   
their children from the words of        
,simeon--,lord now lettest ,thou ,thy   
servant depart in peace1 for mine eyes  
have seen ,thy salvation4  ,as the      
months went on he carried through the   
press still another and improved edition
 of the ,new ,testament1 and only then  
he felt and often said that the work of 
his heart was done4  ,he had other      
sources of saintly pleasure as he lay   
meditating on the ,word1 and praising   
,god for ,his goodness to the college   
and the mission stations increased to   
nineteen by young ,sir ,henry ,havelock1
 who founded the church at ,agra4 ,lord 
,william ,bentinck1 having begun his    
reign with the abolition of the crime of
 suttee1 was1 with the help of ,carey's 
old students1 steadily carrying out the 

other reforms for which in all his      
,indian career the missionary had prayed
 and preached and published4 ,the       
judicial service was reorganised so as  
to include native judges4 ,the          
uncovenanted civil service was opened to
 all ,british subjects of every creed4  
,the first act of justice to native     
,christians was thus done1 so that he   
wrote of the college3--,the students are
 now eligible to every legal appointment
 in ,india which a native can hold2     
those who may possess no love for the   
,christian ministry have the prospect of
 a profitable profession as advocates in
 the judicial courts1 and the hope of   
rising to posts of honourable           
distinction in their native land4 ,the  
,hindoo law of inheritance which the    
,regulating ,act of ,parliament had so  
covered that it was used to deprive     
converts to ,christianity of all civil  
rights1 was dealt with so far as a local
 regulation could do so1 and ,carey1    
advised by such an authority as         

,harington1 laid it on his successor in 
the apostolate1 the young ,alexander    
,duff1 to carry the act of justice out  
fully1 which was done under the ,marquis
 of ,dalhousie4  ,the orders drawn up by
 ,charles ,grant's sons at last1 in     
,february #ahcc1 freed ,great ,britain  
from responsibility for the connection  
of the ,east ,india ,company with       
,temple and mosque endowments and the   
pilgrim tax4  ,his son ,jonathan wrote  
this of him two years after his death3--
  ,in principle my father was resolute  
and firm1 never shrinking from avowing  
and maintaining his sentiments4  ,he had
 conscientious scruples against taking  
an oath2 and condemned severely the     
manner in which oaths were administered1
 and urged vehemently the propriety of  
altogether dispensing with them4  ,i    
remember three instances in which he    
took a conspicuous part in regard to    
oaths1 such as was characteristic of the
 man4  ,on one occasion1 when a         
respectable ,hindoo servant of the      

college of ,fort ,william1 attached to  
,dr4 ,carey's department1 was early one 
morning proceeding to the ,ganges to    
bathe1 he perceived a dead body lying   
near the road2 but it being dark1 and no
 person being present1 he passed on1    
taking no further notice of the         
circumstance4  ,as he returned from the 
,ganges after sunrise1 he saw a crowd   
near the body1 and then happened to say 
to one of the watchmen present that in  
the morning he saw the body on the other
 side of the road4  ,the watchman took  
him in custody1 as a witness before the 
coroner2 but1 when brought before the   
coroner1 he refused to take an oath1 and
 was1 consequently1 committed to prison 
for contempt4  ,the ,hindoo being a     
respectable person1 and never having    
taken an oath1 refused to take any      
nourishment in the prison4 ,in this     
state he continued a day and a half1 my 
father being then at ,serampore2 but    
upon his coming to ,calcutta1 the       
circumstances were mentioned to him4    

,the fact of the man having refused to  
take an oath was enough to make him     
interest himself in his behalf4  ,he was
 delighted with the resolution the man  
took--rather to go to prison than take  
an oath2 and was determined to do all he
 could to procure his liberation4  ,he  
first applied to the coroner1 but was   
directed by him to the sheriff4  ,to    
that functionary he proceeded1 but was  
informed by him that he could make no   
order on the subject4 ,he then had an   
interview with the then chief judge1 by 
whose interference the man was set at   
liberty4  ,another instance relates to  
him personally4  ,on the occasion of his
 last marriage1 the day was fixed on    
which the ceremony was to take          
place--friends were invited--and all    
necessary arrangements made2 but1 three 
or four days prior to the day fixed1 he 
was informed that it would be necessary 
for him to obtain a licence1 in doing   
which1 he must either take an oath or   
have banns published4  ,to taking an    

oath he at once objected1 and applied to
 the then senior judge1 who informed him
 that1 as he was not a quaker1 his oath 
was indispensable2 but1 rather than take
 an oath1 he applied to have the banns  
published1 and postponed the            
arrangements for his marriage for       
another three weeks4  ,the third        
instance was as follows3--,it was       
necessary1 in a certain case1 to prove a
 will in court1 in which the name of    
,dr4 ,carey was mentioned1 in connection
 with the ,serampore missionaries as    
executors4 ,an application was made by  
one of his colleagues1 which was refused
 by the court1 on account of the        
vagueness of the terms1 ',serampore     
missionaries2' but as ,dr4 ,carey's name
 was specifically mentioned1 the court  
intimated that they would grant the     
application if made by him4 ,the        
communication was made3 but when he was 
informed that an oath was necessary1 he 
shrunk with abhorrence from the idea2   
but after much persuasion1 he consented 

to make the application1 if taking an   
oath would be dispensed with4  ,he did  
attend1 and stated his objections to the
 then chief judge1 which being allowed1 
his affirmation was received and        
recorded by the court4  ,the duties     
connected with the ,college of ,fort    
,william afforded him a change of scene1
 which relieved his mind1 and gave him  
opportunities of taking exercise1 and   
conduced much to his health4 ,during the
 several years he held the situation of 
professor to the college1 no            
consideration would allow him to neglect
 his attendance2 and though he had to   
encounter boisterous weather in crossing
 the river at unseasonable hours1 he was
 punctual in his attendance1 and never  
applied for leave of absence4  ,and when
 he was qualified by the rules of the   
service to retire on a handsome pension1
 he preferred being actively employed in
 promoting the interests of the college1
 and remained1 assiduously discharging  
his duties1 till his department was     

abolished by ,government4  ,the business
 of the college requiring his attendance
 in ,calcutta1 he became so habituated  
to his journeys to and fro1 that at his 
age he painfully felt the retirement he 
was subjected to when his office ceased4
  ,after this circumstance his health   
rapidly declined2 and though he         
occasionally visited ,calcutta1 he      
complained of extreme debility4  ,this  
increased daily1 and made him a constant
 sufferer2 until at length he was not   
able to leave his house4  ,nor was it in
 ,india alone that the venerable saint  
found such causes of satisfaction4  ,he 
lived long enough to thank ,god for the 
emancipation of the slaves by the       
,english people1 for which he had prayed
 daily for fifty years4  ,we have many  
sketches of the ,father of ,english     
,missions in his later years by young   
contemporaries who1 on their first      
arrival in ,bengal1 sought him out4  ,in
 #ahbd ,mr4 ,leslie1 an ,edinburgh      
student1 who became in ,india the first 

of ,baptist preachers1 and was the means
 of the conversion of ,henry ,havelock  
who married ,dr4 ,marshman's youngest   
daughter1 wrote thus of ,carey after the
 third great illness of his ,indian     
life3--  ,dr4 ,carey1 who has been very 
ill1 is quite recovered1 and bids fair  
to live many years2 and as for ,dr4     
,marshman1 he has never known ill-health
 is1 during the whole period of his     
residence in ,india4 ,they are both     
active to a degree which you would think
 impossible in such a country4 ,dr4     
,carey is a very equable and cheerful   
old man1 in countenance very like the   
engraving of him with his pundit1 though
 not so robust as he appears to be      
there4  ,next to his translations       
,botany is his grand study4  ,he has    
collected every plant and tree in his   
garden that will possibly grow in       
,india1 and is so scientific withal that
 he calls everything by its classical   
name4  ,if1 therefore1 ,i should at any 
time blunder out the word ,geranium1 he 

would say ,pelargonium1 and perhaps     
accuse me of ignorance1 or blame me for 
vulgarity4  ,we had the pleasure of     
hearing him preach from ,rom4 vii4 #ac1 
when he gave us an excellent sermon4    
,in manner he is very animated1 and in  
style very methodical4 ,indeed he       
carries method into everything he does2 
classification is his grand hobby1 and  
wherever anything can be classified1    
there you find ,dr4 ,carey2 not only    
does he classify and arrange the roots  
of plants and words1 but visit his      
dwelling and you find he has fitted up  
and classified shelves full of minerals1
 stones1 shells1 etc41 and cages full of
 birds4  ,he is of very easy access1 and
 great familiarity4  ,his attachments   
are strong1 and extend not merely to    
persons but places4 ,about a year ago1  
so much of the house in which he had    
lived ever since he had been at         
,serampore1 fell down so that he had to 
leave it1 at which he wept bitterly4    
,one morning at breakfast1 he was       

relating to us an anecdote of the       
generosity of the late excellent ,john  
,thornton1 at the remembrance of whom   
the big tear filled his eye4  ,though it
 is an affecting sight to see the       
venerable man weep2 yet it is a sight   
which greatly interests you1 as there is
 a manliness in his tears--something far
 removed from the crying of a child4    
,the house in which for the last ten    
years he lived1 and where he died1 was  
the only one of two or three1 planned   
for the new professors of the college1  
that was completed4  ,compared with the 
adjoining college it was erected with   
such severe simplicity that it was said 
to have been designed for angels rather 
than for men4 ,carey's room and library 
looked towards the river with the       
breadth of the college garden between4  
,on the other side1 in the upper        
verandah1 in the morning he worked at   
his desk almost to the last1 and in the 
evening towards sunset he talked with   
his visitors4  ,in #ahbf the ,london    

,missionary ,society sent out to        
,calcutta the first of its deputations4 
,dr4 ,carey sent his boat for them1 and 
in the absence of her husband in        
,england1 ,mrs4 ,marshman entertained   
the guests4  ,they wrote3--  ,we found  
,dr4 ,carey in his study1 and we were   
both pleased and struck with his        
primitive1 and we may say1 apostolical  
appearance4 ,he is short of stature1 his
 hair white1 his countenance equally    
bland and benevolent in feature and     
expression4  ,two ,hindoo men were      
sitting by1 engaged in painting some    
small subjects in natural history1 of   
which the doctor1 a man of pure taste   
and highly intellectual cast of feeling1
 irrespective of his more learned       
pursuits1 has a choice collection1 both 
in specimens and pictorial              
representations4  ,botany is a favourite
 study with him1 and his garden is      
curiously enriched with rarities4  ,of  
all the visits paid to ,carey none are  
now so interesting to the historian of  

the ,church of ,india1 as those of the  
youth who succeeded him as he had       
succeeded ,schwartz4  ,alexander ,duff  
was twenty-four years of age when1 in   
#ahcj1 full of hesitation as to carrying
 out his own plans in opposition to the 
experience of all the missionaries he   
had consulted1 he received from ,carey  
alone the most earnest encouragement to 
pursue in ,calcutta the ,christian      
college policy so well begun in the less
 central settlement of ,serampore4  ,we 
have elsewhere#cb told the story3--     
,landing at the college ghaut one       
sweltering ,july day1 the still ruddy   
highlander strode up to the flight of   
steps that leads to the finest modern   
building in ,asia4 ,turning to the left1
 he sought the study of ,carey in the   
house--'built for angels1' said one1 so 
simple is it--where the greatest of     
missionary scholars was still working   
for ,india4  ,there he beheld what      
seemed to be a little yellow old man in 
a white jacket1 who tottered up to the  

visitor of whom he had already often    
heard1 and with outstretched hands      
solemnly blessed him4  ,a contemporary  
soon after wrote thus of the childlike  
saint--    ',thou'rt in our heart--with 
tresses thin and grey1     ,and eye that
 knew the ,book of ,life so well1   ,and
 brow serene1 as thou wert wont to stray
     ,amidst thy flowers--like ,adam ere
 he fell4'  ,the result of the          
conference was a double blessing2 for   
,carey could speak with the influence at
 once of a scholar who had created the  
best college at that time in the        
country1 and of a vernacularist who had 
preached to the people for half a       
century4  ,the young ,scotsman left his 
presence with the approval of the one   
authority whose opinion was best worth  
having444  ,among those who visited him 
in his last illness was ,alexander      
,duff1 the ,scots missionary4  ,on one  
of the last occasions on which he saw   
him--if not the very last--he spent some
 time talking chiefly about ,carey's    

missionary life1 till at length the     
dying man whispered1 ,pray4 ,duff knelt 
down and prayed1 and then said          
,good-bye4  ,as he passed from the room1
 he thought he heard a feeble voice     
pronouncing his name1 and1 turning1 he  
found that he was recalled4  ,he stepped
 back accordingly1 and this is what he  
heard1 spoken with a gracious solemnity3
 ',mr4 ,duff1 you have been speaking    
about ,dr4 ,carey1 ,dr4 ,carey2 ,when ,i
 am gone1 say nothing about ,dr4        
,carey--speak about ,dr4 ,carey's       
,saviour4'  ,duff went away rebuked and 
awed1 with a lesson in his heart that he
 never forgot4#cc  ,when with his old   
friends he dwelt much on the past4      
,writing of ,may #ahcb1 ,dr4 ,marshman  
mentioned3 ,i spent an hour at tea with 
dear ,brother ,carey last night1 now    
seventy and nine months4  ,he was in the
 most comfortable state of health1      
talking over his first feelings         
respecting ,india and the heathen1 and  
the manner in which ,god kept them      

alive1 when even ,fuller could not yet  
enter into them1 and good old ,john     
,ryland 7the doctor's father7 denounced 
them as unscriptural4  ,had these       
feelings died away1 in what a different 
state might ,india now have been6  ,in  
,september of that year1 when burying   
,mrs4 ,ward1 he seemed1 in his address  
at the grave1 to long for renewed       
intercourse with the friends who had    
preceded him in entering into the joy of
 the ,lord4  ,on ,mr4 ,leechman's       
arrival from ,scotland to be his        
colleague1 he found the old man thus    
vigorous even in ,april #ahcc1 or if    
faint1 yet pursuing3--  ,our venerable  
,dr4 ,carey is in excellent health1 and 
takes his turn in all our public        
exercises4  ,just forty years ago1 the  
first of this month1 he administered the
 ,lord's ,supper to the church at       
,leicester1 and started on the morrow to
 embark for ,india4  ,through this long 
period of honourable toil the ,lord has 
mercifully preserved him2 and at our    

missionary prayer meeting1 held on the  
first of this month1 he delivered an    
interesting address to encourage us to  
persevere in the work of the ,lord4 ,we 
have also a private monthly prayer      
meeting held in ,dr4 ,carey's study1    
which is to me a meeting of uncommon    
interest4  ,on these occasions we       
particularly spread before the ,lord our
 public and private trials1 both those  
which come upon us from the cause of    
,christ1 with which it is our honour and
 privilege to be connected1 and those   
also which we as individuals are called 
to bear4  ,at our last meeting ,dr4     
,carey read part of the history of      
,gideon1 and commented with deep feeling
 on the encouragement which that history
 affords1 that the cause of ,god can be 
carried on to victory and triumph1 by   
feeble and apparently inefficient means4
  ,carey's successor1 ,mack1 wrote thus 
to ,christopher ,anderson ten months    
later3--  ,,serampore1 #cast ,january   
#ahcd4--,our venerable father1 ,dr4     

,carey1 is yet continued to us1 but in  
the same state in which he has been for 
the last three months or so4  ,he is    
quite incapable of work1 and very weak4 
,he can walk but a few yards at a time1 
and spends the day in reading for profit
 and entertainment1 and in occasionally 
nodding and sleeping4 ,he is perfectly  
tranquil in mind4  ,his imagination does
 not soar much in vivid anticipations of
 glory2 and it never disquiets him with 
restless misgivings respecting his      
inheritance in ,god4 ,to him it is      
everything that the gospel is true1 and 
he believes it2 and1 as he says1 if he  
can say he knows anything1 he knows that
 he believes it4 ,when his attention is 
turned to his dismissal from earth1 or  
his hope of glory1 his emotions are     
tender and sweet4  ,they are also very  
simple1 and express themselves in a few 
brief and pithy sentences4  ,his        
interest in all the affairs of the      
mission is unabated1 and although he can
 no longer join us either in            

deliberation or associated prayer1 he   
must be informed of all that occurs1 and
 his heart is wholly with us in whatever
 we do4  ,i do not conceive it possible 
that he can survive the ensuing hot     
season1 but he may1 and the ,lord will  
do in this as in all other things what  
is best4  ,when our necessities were    
coming to their climax ,i concluded that
 ,i must leave ,serampore in order to   
find food to eat1 and ,i fixed upon     
,cherra-poonjee as my future residence4 
,i proposed establishing a first-class  
school there1 and then with some warmth 
of imagination ,i began anticipating a  
sort of second edition of ,serampore up 
in the ,khasia hills1 to be a centre of 
diffusing light in the western          
provinces4  ,i became really somewhat   
enamoured of the phantom of my          
imagination1 but it was not to be4  ,the
 brethren here would not see it as ,i   
did4  ,this last sketch1 by ,mr4        
,gogerly1 whom the ,london ,missionary  
,society had sent out in #ahai1 brings  

us still nearer the end3--  ,at this    
time ,i paid him my last visit4  ,he was
 seated near his desk1 in the study1    
dressed in his usual neat attire2 his   
eyes were closed1 and his hands clasped 
together4  ,on his desk was the         
proof-sheet of the last chapter of the  
,new ,testament1 which he had revised a 
few days before4  ,his appearance1 as he
 sat there1 with the few white locks    
which adorned his venerable brow1 and   
his placid colourless face1 filled me   
with a kind of awe2 for he appeared as  
then listening to the ,master's summons1
 and as waiting to depart4  ,i sat1 in  
his presence1 for about half an hour1   
and not one word was uttered2 for ,i    
feared to break that solemn silence1 and
 call back to earth the soul that seemed
 almost in heaven4  ,at last1 however1  
,i spoke2 and well do ,i remember the   
identical words that passed between us1 
though more than thirty-six years have  
elapsed since then4  ,i said1 ',my dear 
friend1 you evidently are standing on   

the borders of the eternal world2 do not
 think it wrong1 then1 if ,i ask1 ,what 
are your feelings in the immediate      
prospect of death8'  ,the question      
roused him from his apparent stupor1 and
 opening his languid eyes1 he earnestly 
replied1 ',as far as my personal        
salvation is concerned1 ,i have not the 
shadow of a doubt2 ,i know in ,whom ,i  
have believed1 and am persuaded that ,he
 is able to keep that which ,i have     
committed unto ,him against that day2   
but when ,i think that ,i am about to   
appear in the presence of a holy ,god1  
and remember all my sins and manifold   
imperfections--,i tremble4'  ,he could  
say no more4 ,the tears trickled down   
his cheeks1 and after a while he        
relapsed into the same state of silence 
from which ,i had aroused him4  ,deeply 
solemn was that interview1 and important
 the lesson ,i then received4  ,here was
 one of the most holy and harmless men  
whom ,i ever knew--who had lived above  
the breath of calumny for upwards of    

forty years1 surrounded by and in close 
intimacy with many1 both ,europeans and 
natives1 who would have rejoiced to have
 witnessed any inconsistency in his     
conduct1 but who were constrained to    
admire his integrity and ,christian     
character--whilst thus convinced of the 
certainty of his salvation1 through the 
merits of that ,saviour whom he had     
preached1 yet so impressed with the     
exceeding sinfulness of sin1 that he    
trembled at the thought of appearing    
before a holy ,god6 ,a few days after   
this event1 ,dr4 ,carey retired to his  
bed1 from which he never rose4  ,so long
 before this as #agth ,march #ahjb1     
,carey had thus described himself to    
,dr4 ,ryland3--,a year or more ago you1 
or some other of my dear friends1       
mentioned an intention of publishing a  
volume of sermons as a testimony of     
mutual ,christian love1 and wished me to
 send a sermon or two for that purpose4 
,i have seriously intended it1 and more 
than once sat down to accomplish it1 but

 have as constantly been broken off from
 it4  ,indolence is my prevailing sin1  
and to that are now added a number of   
avocations which ,i never thought of2 ,i
 have also so continual a fear that ,i  
may at last fall some way or other so as
 to dishonour the ,gospel that ,i have  
often desired that my name may be buried
 in oblivion2 and indeed ,i have reason 
for those fears1 for ,i am so prone to  
sin that ,i wonder every night that ,i  
have been preserved from foul crimes    
through the day1 and when ,i escape a   
temptation ,i esteem it to be a miracle 
of grace which has preserved me4  ,i    
never was so fully persuaded as ,i am   
now that no habit of religion is a      
security from falling into the foulest  
crimes1 and ,i need the immediate help  
of ,god every moment4 ,the sense of my  
continual danger has1 ,i confess1       
operated strongly upon me to induce me  
to desire that no publication of a      
religious nature should be published as 
mine whilst ,i am alive4 ,another reason

 is my sense of incapacity to do justice
 to any subject1 or even to write good  
sense4  ,i have1 it is true1 been       
obliged to publish several things1 and  
,i can say that nothing but necessity   
could have induced me to do it4  ,they  
are1 however1 only grammatical works1   
and certainly the very last things which
 ,i should have written if ,i could have
 chosen for myself4  ,on #aeth ,june    
#ahcc the old man was still able to     
rejoice with others4 ,he addressed to   
his son ,jonathan the only brief letter 
which the present writer possesses from 
his pen1 in a hand as clear as that of a
 quarter of a century before3--  ,,my   
,,dear ,,jonathan--,i congratulate you  
upon the good news you have received4   
,but am sorry ,lucy continues so ill4   
,i am too weak to write more than to say
 your mother is as well as the weather  
will permit us to expect4  ,i could     
scarcely have been worse to live than ,i
 have been the last fortnight4--,your   
affectionate father1 ,w4 ,,carey4  ,the 

hot season had then reached its worst4  
,his last letters were brief messages of
 love and hope to his two sisters in    
,england4  ,on #bgth ,july #ahcc he     
wrote to them3--  ,about a week ago so  
great a change took place in me that ,i 
concluded it was the immediate stroke of
 death1 and all my children were        
informed of it and have been here to see
 me4  ,i have since that revived in an  
almost miraculous manner1 or ,i could   
not have written this4  ,but ,i cannot  
expect it to continue4  ,the will of the
 ,lord be done4  ,adieu1 till ,i meet   
you in a better world4--,your           
affectionate brother1 ,w4 ,,carey4  ,two
 months later he was at his old work1   
able now and then to read a proof sheet 
of the ,scriptures4  ,,serampore1 #beth 
,sept4 #ahcc4  ,,my ,,dear              
,,sisters--,my being able to write to   
you now is quite unexpected by me1 and1 
,i believe1 by every one else2 but it   
appears to be the will of ,god that ,i  
should continue a little time longer4   

,how long that may be ,i leave entirely 
with ,him1 and can only say1 ',all the  
days of my appointed time will ,i wait  
till my change come4' ,i was1 two months
 or more ago1 reduced to such a state of
 weakness that it appeared as if my mind
 was extinguished2 and my weakness of   
body1 and sense of extreme fatigue and  
exhaustion1 were such that ,i could     
scarcely speak1 and it appeared that    
death would be no more felt than the    
removing from one chair to another4  ,i 
am now able to sit and to lie on my     
couch1 and now and then to read a proof 
sheet of the ,scriptures4  ,i am too    
weak to walk more than just across the  
house1 nor can ,i stand even a few      
minutes without support4  ,i have every 
comfort that kind friends can yield1 and
 feel1 generally1 a tranquil mind4  ,i  
trust the great point is settled1 and ,i
 am ready to depart2 but the time when1 
,i leave with ,god4  #crd ,oct4--,i am  
not worse than when ,i began this       
letter4--,i am1 your very affectionate  

brother1 ,,wm4 ,,carey4  ,his latest    
message to ,christendom was sent on the 
#cjth ,september1 most appropriately to 
,christopher ,anderson3--,as everything 
connected with the full accomplishment  
of the divine promises depends on the   
almighty power of ,god1 pray that ,i and
 all the ministers of the ,word may take
 hold of ,his strength1 and go about our
 work as fully expecting the            
accomplishment of them all1 which1      
however difficult and improbable it may 
appear1 is certain1 as all the promises 
of ,god are in ,him1 yea1 and in ,him1  
,amen4 ,had he not1 all his career1     
therefore expected and attempted great  
things8  ,he had had a chair fixed on a 
small platform1 constructed after his   
own direction1 that he might be wheeled 
through his garden4  ,at other times the
 chief gardener ,hullodhur1 reported to 
him the state of the collection of      
plants1 then numbering about #bjjj4     
,dr4 ,marshman saw his friend daily1    
sometimes twice a day1 and found him    

always what ,lord ,hastings had         
described him to be--the cheerful old   
man4  ,on the only occasion on which he 
seemed sad1 ,dr4 ,marshman as he was    
leaving the room turned and asked why4  
,with deep feeling the dying scholar    
looked to the others and said1 ,after ,i
 am gone ,brother ,marshman will turn   
the cows into my garden4  ,the reply was
 prompt1 ,far be it from me2 though ,i  
have not your botanical tastes1 the care
 of the garden in which you have taken  
so much delight1 shall be to me a sacred
 duty4#cd  ,of strangers his most       
frequent visitor was the                
,governor-,general's wife1 ,lady        
,william ,bentinck4  ,her husband was in
 ,south ,india1 and she spent most of   
her time in ,barrackpore ,park retreat  
opposite to ,carey's house4 ,from her   
frequent converse with him1 in his life 
as well as now1 she studied the art of  
dying4  ,daniel ,wilson1 ,bishop of     
,calcutta1 learned to delight in        
,serampore almost from the beginning of 

his long episcopate1 and in later years 
he lived there more than in ,calcutta4  
,on the #adth ,february #ahcc he first  
visited ,carey1 his interview with whom1
 confined as he was to his room1 and    
apparently on the verge of the celestial
 world1 was peculiarly affecting4  ,in  
the last of subsequent visits the young 
,bishop asked the dying missionary's    
benediction4  ,with all the talk was the
 same1 a humble resignation to the will 
of ,god1 firm trust in the ,redeemer of 
sinners1 a joyful gratitude for the     
wonderful progress of ,his ,kingdom4    
,what a picture is this that his        
brethren sent home six weeks before he  
passed away4 ,our aged and venerable    
brother feels himself growing gradually 
weaker4  ,he can scarcely rise from his 
couch1 and it is with great difficulty  
that he is carried out daily to take the
 air4  ,yet he is free from all pain as 
to disease1 and his mind is in a most   
serene and happy state4  ,he is in full 
possession of his faculties1 and1       

although with difficulty1 on account of 
his weakness1 he still converses with   
his friends from day to day4  ,the      
hottest season of the year crept wearily
 on during the month of ,may and the    
first week of ,june4  ,each night he    
slept well1 and each day he was moved to
 his couch in the dining-room for air4  
,there he lay1 unable to articulate more
 than a word or two1 but expressing by  
his joyful features union in prayer and 
interest in conversation4 ,on the #bbnd 
,may the ,english mail arrived with     
gladdening intelligence from ,mr4       
,hope--,god's people were praying and   
giving anew for the mission4 ,especially
 was his own latest station of          
,cherra-poonjee remembered4  ,as he was 
told that a lady1 anonymously1 had      
offered #ejj for that mission1 #ejj for 
the college1 #ejj for the translations1 
and #ajj for the mission generally1 he  
raised his emaciated hands to heaven and
 murmured praise to ,god4 ,when the     
delirium of departure came he strove to 

reach his desk that he might write a    
letter of thanks1 particularly for      
,cherra4  ,then he would recall the fact
 that the little church he at first     
formed had branched out into six and    
twenty churches1 in which the ordinances
 of the ,gospel were regularly          
administered1 and he would whisper1     
,what has ,god wrought6  ,the last      
,sabbath had come--and the last full    
day4  ,the constant ,marshman was with  
him4 ,he was scarcely able to           
articulate1 and after a little          
conversation ,i knelt down by the side  
of his couch and prayed with him4       
,finding my mind unexpectedly drawn out 
to bless ,god for ,his goodness1 in     
having preserved him and blessed him in 
,india for above forty years1 and made  
him such an instrument of good to ,his  
church2 and to entreat that on his being
 taken home1 a double portion of his    
spirit might rest on those who remained 
behind2 though unable to speak1 he      
testified sufficiently by his           

countenance how cordially he joined in  
this prayer4  ,i then asked ,mrs4 ,carey
 whether she thought he could now see   
me4  ,she said yes1 and to convince me1 
said1 ',mr4 ,marshman wishes to know    
whether you now see him8'  ,he answered 
so loudly that ,i could hear him1 ',yes1
 ,i do1' and shook me most cordially by 
the hand4  ,i then left him1 and my     
other duties did not permit me to reach 
him again that day4  ,the next morning1 
as ,i was returning home before sunrise1
 ,i met our ,brethren ,mack and         
,leechman out on their morning ride1    
when ,mack told me that our beloved     
brother had been rather worse all the   
night1 and that he had just left him    
very ill4  ,i immediately hastened home1
 through the college in which he has    
lived these ten years1 and when ,i      
reached his room1 found that he had just
 entered into the joy of his            
,lord--,mrs4 ,carey1 his son ,jabez1 my 
son ,john1 and ,mrs4 ,mack being        
present4  ,it was ,monday the #ith ,june

 #ahcd1 at half-past five1 as the       
morning sun was ascending the heavens   
towards the perfect day4  ,the          
rain-clouds burst and covered the land  
with gloom next morning when they       
carried ,william ,carey to the converts'
 burial-ground and made great           
lamentation4  ,the notice was too short 
for many to come up from ,calcutta in   
those days4 ,mr4 ,duff1 of the ,scottish
 ,church1 returned a most kind letter4  
,sir ,charles ,metcalfe and the ,bishop 
wrote very feelingly in reply4  ,lady   
,bentinck sent the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,fisher to
 represent the ,governor-,general and   
herself1 and a most kind and feeling    
answer1 for she truly loved the         
venerable man1 while she sadly gazed at 
the mourners as they followed the simple
 funeral up the right bank of the       
,hoogli1 past the ,college and the      
,mission chapel4  ,mr4 ,yates1 who had  
taken a loving farewell of the scholar  
he had been reluctant to succeed1       
represented the younger brethren2       

,lacroix1 ,micaiah ,hill1 and ,gogerly1 
the ,london ,missionary ,society4       
,corrie and ,dealtry do not seem to have
 reached the spot in time4  ,the ,danish
 ,governor1 his wife1 and the members of
 council were there1 and the flag       
drooped half-mast high as on the        
occasion of a ,governor's death4  ,the  
road was lined by the poor1 ,hindoo and 
,mohammedan1 for whom he had done so    
much4  ,when all1 walking in the rain1  
had reached the open grave1 the sun     
shone out1 and ,leechman led them in the
 joyous resurrection hymn1 ,why do we   
mourn departing friends8 ,i then        
addressed the audience1 wrote ,marshman1
 and1 contrary to ,brother ,mack's      
foretelling that ,i should never get    
through it for tears1 ,i did not shed   
one4 ,brother ,mack was then asked to   
address the native members1 but he1     
seeing the time so far gone1 publicly   
said he would do so at the village4     
,brother ,robinson then prayed1 and     
weeping--then neither myself nor few    

besides could refrain4  ,in ,jannuggur  
village chapel in the evening the       
,bengali burial hymn was sung1          
,poeritran ,christer ,morone1 ,salvation
 by the death of ,christ1 and ,pran     
,krishna1 the oldest disciple1 led his  
countrymen in prayer4  ,then ,mack spoke
 to the weeping converts with all the   
pathos of their own sweet vernacular    
from the words1 ,for ,david1 after he   
had served his own generation1 by the   
will of ,god fell on sleep4  ,had not   
,carey's been a royal career1 even that 
of a king and a priest unto ,god8  ,we1 
as a mission1 wrote ,dr4 ,marshman to   
,christopher ,anderson1 took the expense
 on ourselves1 not suffering his family 
to do so1 as we shall that of erecting a
 monument for him4  ,long before his    
death we had1 by a letter signed by us  
all1 assured him that the dear          
relatives1 in ,england and ,france1     
should have their pensions continued as 
though he were living1 and that ,mrs4   
,carey1 as a widow1 should have ,rs4    

#ajj monthly1 whatever ,mackintosh's    
house might yield her4  ,twenty-two     
years before1 when ,chamberlain was     
complaining because of the absence of   
stone1 or brick1 or inscription in the  
mission burial-ground1 ,carey had said1 
,why should we be remembered8  ,i think 
when ,i am dead the sooner ,i am        
forgotten the better4  ,dr4 ,johns      
observed that it is not the desire of   
the persons themselves but of their     
friends for them1 to which ,carey       
replied1 ,i think of others in that     
respect as ,i do of myself4  ,when his  
second wife was taken from him1 his     
affection so far prevailed that he      
raised a memorial stone1 and in his will
 left this order to ,mack and ,william  
,robinson1 his executors3 ,i direct that
 my funeral be as plain as possible2    
that ,i be buried by the side of my     
second wife1 ,charlotte ,emilia ,carey2 
and that the following inscription and  
nothing more may be cut on the stone    
which commemorates her1 either above or 

below1 as there may be room1 viz43--    
,,william ,,carey1 ,,born ,,august #ag1 
#agfa2 ,,died    ,a wretched1 poor1 and 
helpless worm1   ,on ,thy kind arms ,i  
fall4  ,the surviving brethren seem to  
have taken the small oblong stone1 with 
the inscription added as directed1 and  
to have placed it on the south side of  
the domed square block of brick and     
white plaster--since renewed from time  
to time--which stands in the left corner
 of the ,god's-acre1 now consecrated by 
the mingled dust of four generations of 
missionaries1 converts1 and ,christian  
people4 ,ward's monument stands in the  
centre1 and that of the ,marshman family
 at the right hand4  ,three and a half  
years afterwards ,joshua ,marshman      
followed ,carey2 not till #ahdg was     
,hannah ,marshman laid beside him1 after
 a noble life of eighty years4  ,mack   
had gone the year before1 cut off by    
cholera like ,ward4 ,but the brotherhood
 cannot be said to have ended till ,john
 ,marshman1 ,c4,s4,i41 died in ,london  

in #ahgg4  ,from first to last the three
 families contributed to the cause of   
,god from their own earnings1 ninety    
thousand pounds1 and the world would    
never have known it but for the lack of 
the charity that envieth not on the part
 of ,andrew ,fuller's successors4       
,carey's last will and testament begins3
 ,i utterly disclaim all or any right or
 title to the premises at ,serampore1   
called the mission premises1 and every  
part and parcel thereof2 and do hereby  
declare that ,i never had1 or supposed  
myself to have1 any such right or title4
  ,i give and bequeath to the ,college  
of ,serampore the whole of my museum1   
consisting of minerals1 shells1 corals1 
insects1 and other natural curiosities1 
and a ,hortus ,siccus2 also the folio   
edition of ,hortus ,woburnensis1 which  
was presented to me by ,lord ,hastings2 
,taylor's ,hebrew ,concordance1 my      
collection of ,bibles in foreign        
languages1 and all my books in the      
,italian and ,german languages4  ,his   

widow1 ,grace1 who survived him a short 
time1 had the little capital that was   
hers before her marriage to him1 and he 
desired that she would choose from his  
library whatever ,english books she     
valued4  ,his youngest son1 ,jonathan1  
was not in want of money4  ,he had paid 
,felix and ,william ,rs4 #aejj each in  
his lifetime4 ,in order to leave a like 
sum to ,jabez1 he thus provided3 ,from  
the failure of funds to carry my former 
intentions into effect1 ,i direct that  
my library be sold4  ,in dying as in    
living he is the same--just to others   
because self-devoted to ,him to whom he 
thus formally willed himself1 ,on ,thy  
kind arms ,i fall4  ,the ,indian        
journals rang with the praises of the   
missionary whose childlike humility and 
sincerity1 patriotism and learning1 had 
long made ,india proud of him4  ,after  
giving himself1 ,william ,carey had died
 so poor that his books had to be sold  
to provide #ahg #ajs4 for one of his    
sons4  ,one writer asserted that this   

man had contributed sixteen lakhs of    
rupees to the cause of ,christ while    
connected with the ,serampore ,mission1 
and the statement was everywhere        
repeated4  ,dr4 ,marshman thereupon     
published the actual facts1 as no one   
would have felt greater abhorrence of   
such an attempt to impose on the        
,christian public than ,dr4 ,carey      
himself1 had he been living4 ,at a time 
when the old ,sicca ,rupee was worth    
half a crown1 ,carey received1 in the   
thirty-four and a half years of his     
residence at ,serampore1 from the date  
of his appointment to the ,college of   
,fort ,william1 #de1jjj4ce ,of this he  
spent #gejj on his ,botanic ,garden in  
that period4  ,if accuracy is of any    
value in such a question1 which has     
little more than a curious biographical 
interest1 then we must add the seven    
years previous to #ahja1 and we shall   
find that the shoemaker of ,hackleton   
received in all for himself and his     
family #fjj from the ,society which he  

called into existence1 and which sent   
him forth1 while he spent on the        
,christianisation and civilisation of   
,india #afbe received as a manufacturer 
of indigo2 and #de1jjj as ,professor of 
,sanskrit1 ,bengali1 and ,marathi1 and  
,bengali ,translator to ,government1 or 
#df1fbe in all4  ,it is possible1 wrote 
,dr4 ,marshman1 that if1 instead of thus
 living to ,god and his cause with his  
brethren at ,serampore1 ,dr4 ,carey had1
 like the other professors in the       
college1 lived in ,calcutta wholly for  
himself and his family1 he might have   
laid by for them a lakh of rupees in the
 thirty years he was employed by        
,government1 and had he been very       
parsimonious1 possibly a lakh and a     
half4  ,but who that contrasts the      
pleasures of such a life with those ,dr4
 ,carey enjoyed in promoting with his   
own funds every plan likely to plant    
,christianity among the natives around  
him1 without having to consult any one  
in thus doing1 but his two brethren of  

one heart with him1 who contributed as  
much as himself to the ,redeemer's      
cause1 and the fruit of which he saw    
before his death in ,twenty-six ,gospel 
,churches planted in ,india within a    
surface of about eight hundred miles1   
and above ,forty labouring brethren     
raised up on the spot amidst them--would
 not prefer the latter8  ,what must have
 been the feelings on a deathbed of a   
man who had lived wholly to himself1    
compared with the joyous tranquillity   
which filled ,carey's soul in the       
prospect of entering into the joy of his
 ,lord1 and above all with what he felt 
when1 a few days before his decease1 he 
said to his companion in labour for     
thirty-four years3 ',i have no fears2 ,i
 have no doubts2 ,i have not a wish left
 unsatisfied4'  ,in the ,danish ,church 
of ,serampore1 and in the ,mission      
,chapel1 and afterwards in the ,union   
,chapel of ,calcutta1 ,dr4 ,marshman and
 ,mr4 ,mack preached sermons on ,william
 ,carey4  ,these and the discourse      

delivered in ,charlotte ,chapel1        
,edinburgh1 on the #cjth of ,november1  
by ,christopher ,anderson1 were the only
 materials from which a just estimate of
 ,carey and his work could be formed for
 the next quarter of a century4  ,all1  
and especially the last1 were as worthy 
of their theme as loges pronounced in   
such circumstances could be4  ,marshman 
spoke from the text chosen by ,carey    
himself a few weeks before his death as 
containing the foundation of his hope   
and the source of his calm and tranquil 
assurance--,for by grace are ye saved4  
,mack found his inspiration again1 as he
 had done in the ,bengali village1 in   
,paul's words--,david1 after he had     
served his own generation1 by the will  
of ,god fell on sleep4  ,the ,edinburgh 
preacher turned to the message of       
,isaiah wherewith ,carey used to comfort
 himself in his early loneliness1 and   
which the ,revised ,version             
renders--,look unto ,abraham your       
father2 for when he was but one ,i      

called him and ,i blessed him and made  
him many4 ,and in ,bombay the young     
contemporary missionary who most nearly 
resembled ,carey in personal            
saintliness1 scholarship1 and           
self-devotion1 ,john ,wilson1 thus      
wrote3--  ,dr4 ,carey1 the first of     
living missionaries1 the most honoured  
and the most successful since the time  
of the ,apostles1 has closed his long   
and influential career4  ,indeed his    
spirit1 his life1 and his labours1 were 
truly apostolic444,the ,spirit of ,god  
which was in him led him forward from   
strength to strength1 supported him     
under privation1 enabled him to overcome
 in a fight that seemed without hope4   
,like the beloved disciple1 whom he     
resembled in simplicity of mind1 and in 
seeking to draw sinners to ,christ      
altogether by the cords of love1 he     
outlived his trials to enjoy a peaceful 
and honoured old age1 to know that his  
,master's cause was prospering1 and that
 his own name was named with reverence  

and blessing in every country where a   
,christian dwelt4 ,perhaps no man ever  
exerted a greater influence for good on 
a great cause4  ,who that saw him1 poor 
and in seats of learning uneducated1    
embark on such an enterprise1 could ever
 dream that1 in little more than forty  
years1 ,christendom should be animated  
with the same spirit1 thousands forsake 
all to follow his example1 and that the 
,word of ,life should be translated into
 almost every language and preached in  
almost every corner of the earth8  ,as  
the ,founder and ,father of ,modern     
,missions1 the character and career of  
,william ,carey are being revealed every
 year in the progress1 and as yet1 the  
purity of the expansion of the ,church  
and of the ,english-speaking races in   
the two-thirds of the world which are   
still outside of ,christendom4  ,the    
#ac3b3f of ,kettering became #djj1jjj   
before he died1 and is now #e1jjj1jjj a 
year4  ,the one ordained ,english       
missionary is now a band of #bj1jjj men 

and women sent out by #eeh agencies of  
the ,reformed ,churches4  ,the solitary 
converts1 each with no influence on his 
people1 or country1 or generation1 are  
now a community of #c1jjj1jjj in ,india 
alone1 and in all the lands outside of  
,christendom #e1jjj1jjj1 of whom #hj1jjj
 are missionaries to their own          
countrymen1 and many are leaders of the 
native communities4  ,since the first   
edition of the ,bengali ,new ,testament 
appeared at the beginning of the century
 #bej1jjj1jjj of copies of the ,holy    
,scriptures have been printed1 of which 
one half are in #cgj of the non-,english
 tongues of the world4  ,the ,bengali   
,school of ,mudnabati1 the ,christian   
,college of ,serampore1 have set in     
motion educational forces that are      
bringing nations to the birth1 are      
passing under ,bible instruction every  
day more than a million boys and girls1 
young men and maidens of the dark races 
of mankind4  ,the seventh ,earl of      
,shaftesbury1 the greatest and most     

practical ,evangelical of the nineteenth
 century after ,william ,wilberforce1   
wrote thus in his ,journal of the class 
whom ,carey headed in the eighteenth1   
and whom ,wordsworth commemorated as    
,not sedentary all1 there are who roam  
,to scatter seeds of ,life on barbarous 
shores4  #ahdg4 ,aug4                   
#cjth--,,ryde4--,reading ,missionary    
,enterprises by ,williams444,zeal1      
devotion1 joy1 simplicity of heart1     
faith1 love2 and we here have barely    
affection enough to thank ,god that such
 deeds have been done4  ,talk of 'doing 
good' and being 'useful in one's        
generation1' why1 these admirable men   
performed more in one month than ,i or  
many others shall perform in a whole    
life6  ,the eloquent ,dr4 ,richard      
,winter ,hamilton1 reflecting that      
sacrifice to heroes is reserved until   
after sunset1 recalled ,william ,carey1 
eight years after his death1 as wielding
 a power to which all difficulties      
yielded1 but that power noiseless as a  

law of nature2 great in conception as   
well as in performance2 profound as     
those deep combinations of language in  
which the ,indian philosophy and        
polytheism hide themselves1 but gentle  
as the flower which in his brief        
recreation he loved to train2 awful as  
the sage1 simple as the child2 speaking 
through the ,eastern world in as many   
languages1 perhaps1 as 'the cloven      
tongues of fire' represented2 to be     
remembered and blessed as long as       
,ganges rolls6  ,the historian of the   
,baptist ,missionary ,society1 and      
,robert ,hall1 whom ,sir ,james         
,mackintosh pronounced the greatest     
,english orator1 have both attempted an 
estimate of ,carey's genius and         
influence4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,cox            
remarks3--,had he been born in the      
sixteenth century he might have been a  
,luther1 to give ,protestantism to      
,europe2 had he turned his thought and  
observations merely to natural          
philosophy he might have been a ,newton2

 but his faculties1 consecrated by      
religion to a still higher end1 have    
gained for him the sublime distinction  
of having been the ,translator of the   
,scriptures and the ,benefactor of      
,asia4 ,robert ,hall spoke thus of      
,carey in his lifetime3--,that          
extraordinary man who1 from the lowest  
obscurity and poverty1 without          
assistance1 rose by dint of unrelenting 
industry to the highest honours of      
literature1 became one of the first of  
,orientalists1 the first of             
,missionaries1 and the instrument of    
diffusing more religious knowledge among
 his contemporaries than has fallen to  
the lot of any individual since the     
,reformation2 a man who unites with the 
most profound and varied attainments the
 fervour of an evangelist1 the piety of 
a saint1 and the simplicity of a child4 
,except the portrait in ,london and the 
bust in ,calcutta1 no memorial1         
national1 catholic1 or sectarian1 marks 
the work of ,carey4  ,that work is      

meanwhile most appropriately embodied in
 the ,college for natives at ,serampore1
 in the ,lall ,bazaar chapel and        
,benevolent ,institution for the poor of
 ,calcutta4  ,the ,church of ,england1  
which he left1 like ,john ,wesley1 has  
allowed ,e4 ,s4 ,robinson1 ,esq41 of    
,bristol1 to place an inscription1 on   
brass1 in the porch of the church of his
 native village1 beside the stone which 
he erected over the remains of his      
father1 ,edmund1 the parish clerk3--,to 
the ,glory of ,god and in memory of ,dr4
 ,wm4 ,carey1 ,missionary and           
,orientalist4  ,neither ,baptist nor    
,anglican1 the present biographer would1
 in the name of the country which stood 
firm in its support of ,carey and       
,serampore all through the forty-one    
years of his apostolate1 add this final 
eulogy1 pronounced in ,st4 ,george's    
,free ,church1 ,edinburgh1 on the man   
who1 more than any other and before all 
others1 made the civilisation of the    
modern world by the ,english-speaking   

races a ,christian force4#cf ,carey1    
childlike in his humility1 is the most  
striking illustration in all ,hagiology1
 ,protestant or ,romanist1 of the       
,lord's declaration to the ,twelve when 
,he had set a little child in the midst 
of them1 ,whosoever shall humble himself
 as this little child1 the same is      
greatest in the kingdom of heaven4  ,yet
 we1 nigh a century after he went forth 
with the ,gospel to ,hindostan1 may     
venture to place him where the ,church  
,history of the future is likely to keep
 him--amid the uncrowned kings of men   
who have made ,christian ,england what  
it is1 under ,god1 to its own people and
 to half the human race4  ,these are    
,chaucer1 the ,father of ,english       
,verse2 ,wyclif the ,father of the      
,evangelical ,reformation in all lands2 
,hooker1 the ,father of ,english ,prose2
 ,shakspere1 the ,father of ,english    
,literature2 ,milton1 the ,father of the
 ,english ,epic2 ,bunyan1 the ,father of
 ,english ,allegory2 ,newton1 the father

 of ,english ,science2 ,carey1 the      
,father of the ,second ,reformation     
through ,foreign ,missions4             
,,appendix  ,i4--,,charter ,,of         
,,incorporation ,,of ,,serampore        
,,college  ,,we1 ,frederick the ,sixth1 
by the ,grace of ,god ,king of ,denmark1
 the ,venders and ,gothers1 ,duke of    
,slesvig ,holsten1 ,stormarn1           
,ditmarsken1 ,limessborg and ,oldenborg1
 by writings these make known and       
publicly declare1 that whereas ,william 
,carey and ,joshua ,marshman1 ,doctors  
of ,divinity1 and ,john ,clark          
,marshman1 ,esq41 inhabitants of our    
town of ,fredericksnagore 7or           
,serampore7 in ,bengal1 being desirous  
of founding a ,college to promote piety 
and learning particularly among the     
native ,christian population of ,india1 
have to secure this object erected      
suitable buildings and purchased and    
collected suitable books1 maps1 etc41   
and have humbly besought us to grant    
unto them and such persons as shall be  

elected by them and their successors to 
form the ,council of the ,college in the
 manner to be hereafter named1 our      
,royal ,charter of ,incorporation that  
they may the more effectually carry into
 execution the purposes                 
above-mentioned3--,we1 being desirous to
 encourage so laudable an undertaking1  
have of our special grace and free      
motion ordained1 constituted1 granted   
and declared1 and by the presents ,we do
 for ourselves1 our heirs and successors
 ordain1 constitute1 grant and declare3 
#a4 ,that the said ,william ,carey1     
,joshua ,marshman and ,john ,clark      
,marshman1 and such other person or     
persons as shall successively be elected
 and appointed the ,council of the said 
,college1 in the manner hereafter       
mentioned1 shall by virtue of the       
presents be for ever hereafter one body 
politic and incorporate by the name of  
the ,serampore ,college for the purposes
 aforesaid to have perpetual succession 
and to have a common seal1 and by the   

said name to sue and be sued1 to implead
 and be impleaded1 and to answer and be 
answered unto in every court and place  
belonging to us1 our heirs and          
successors4  #b4 ,and ,we do hereby     
ordain1 constitute and declare that the 
persons hereby incorporated and their   
successors shall for ever be competent  
in law to purchase1 hold and enjoy for  
them and their successors any goods and 
chattels whatsoever and to receive1     
purchase1 hold and enjoy1 they and their
 successors1 any lands1 tenements or    
hereditaments whatever1 and that they   
shall have full power and authority to  
sell1 exchange or otherwise dispose of  
any real or personal property to be by  
them acquired as aforesaid1 unless the  
sale or alienation of such property be  
specially prohibited by the donor or    
donors thereof1 and to do all things    
relating to the said ,college or        
,corporation in as ample a manner or    
form as any of our liege subjects1 or   
any other body politic or corporate in  

our said kingdom or its dependencies may
 or can do4  #c4 ,and ,we do hereby     
ordain1 grant and declare that the      
number of ,professors1 ,fellows or      
,student ,tutors and ,students1 shall be
 indefinite and that the said ,william  
,carey1 ,joshua ,marshman and ,john     
,clark ,marshman1 shall be the first    
,council of the said ,college1 and that 
in the event of its appearing to them   
necessary during their life-time1 or in 
the case of the death of any one of the 
three members of the said first         
,council1 the survivors or survivor     
shall and may under their respective    
hands and seals appoint such other      
person or persons to be members of the  
,council of the ,college1 and to succeed
 each other so as to become ,members of 
the said ,council in the order in which 
they shall be appointed1 to the intent  
that the ,council of the said ,college  
shall for ever consist of at least three
 persons4  #d4 ,and ,we do hereby       
further ordain1 grant and declare1 that 

for the better government of the said   
,college1 and the better management of  
its concerns1 the said ,william ,carey1 
,joshua ,marshman and ,john ,clark      
,marshman1 the members of the first     
,council1 shall have full power and     
authority for the space of ten years    
from the date of these presents1 to make
 and establish such statutes as shall   
appear to them useful and necessary for 
the government of the said ,college1 in 
which statutes they shall define the    
powers to be entrusted to their         
successors1 to the ,professors1 the     
,fellows or ,student ,tutors and the    
other ,officers thereof1 and the duties 
to be performed by these respectively   
for the management of the estates1      
lands1 revenues and goods--and of the   
business of the said ,college1 and the  
manner of proposing1 electing1 admitting
 and removing all and every one of the  
,council1 the ,professors1 the ,fellows 
or ,tutors1 the officers1 the students  
and the servants thereof1 and shall make

 and establish generally all such other 
statutes as may appear to them necessary
 for the future good government and     
prosperity of the said ,college1        
provided that these statutes be not     
contrary to the laws and statutes of our
 realm4  #e4 ,and we do hereby further  
ordain1 grant and declare1 that the     
statutes thus made and established by   
the said three members of the first     
,council1 and given or left in writing  
under their respective hands1 shall be  
valid and in full force at the          
expiration of ten years from the date of
 these presents1 so that no future      
,council of the ,college shall have     
power to alter1 change or vary them in  
any manner whatever and that the        
statutes shall for ever be considered   
the constitution of the said ,college4  
,and we do hereby appoint and declare   
that these statutes shall be made and   
established by the said ,william ,carey1
 ,joshua ,marshman and ,john ,clark     
,marshman alone1 so that in case either 

of them should die before the expiration
 of ten years1 the power of completing  
or perfecting these statutes shall      
devolve wholly on the survivors or      
survivor2 and that in case all three of 
them should die before the expiration of
 ten years1 the statutes which they have
 left in writing under their hands1 or  
under the hand of the last survivor     
among them shall be considered ,the     
,fundamental ,statutes and ,constitution
 of ,serampore ,college1 incapable of   
receiving either addition or alteration1
 and shall and may be registered in our 
,royal ,court of ,chancery as ,the      
,statutes and ,constitution of          
,serampore ,college4  #f4 ,and ,we do   
hereby further appoint1 grant and       
declare that from and after the         
completion of the statutes of the said  
,college in the above said time of ten  
years1 the said ,council of the ,college
 shall be deemed to consist of a ,master
 or ,president and two or four members  
who may be ,professors or otherwise as  

the ,statutes may direct so that the    
said ,council shall not contain less    
than three1 nor more than five persons1 
as shall be defined in the ,statutes4   
,the ,council shall ever be elected as  
the ,statutes of the ,college may       
direct1 yet the said ,master or         
,president shall always previously have 
been a ,member of the said ,college2 and
 upon the decease of the said ,master or
 ,president1 the ,council of the said   
,college shall be unable to do any act  
or deed until the appointment of a new  
,master or ,president1 save and except  
the appointment of such a ,master4  #g4 
,and ,we further appoint1 grant and     
declare1 that the said ,william ,carey1 
,joshua ,marshman and ,john ,clark      
,marshman1 the members of the first     
,council1 and their successors for ever1
 shall have the power of conferring upon
 the students of the said ,college1     
,native ,christians as well as others1  
degrees of rank and honour according to 
their proficiency in as ample a manner  

as any other such ,college1 yet the said
 ,serampore ,college shall only have the
 power of conferring such degrees on the
 students that testify their proficiency
 in ,science and no rank or other       
special right shall be connected        
therewith in our dominions4  ,and ,we do
 hereby further appoint1 grant and      
declare1 that after the expiration of   
the said ten years1 the said ,council of
 the ,college and their successors for  
ever shall have power to make and       
establish such orders and bye-laws as   
shall appear to them useful and         
necessary for the government of the said
 ,college1 and to alter1 suspend or     
repeal those already made1 and from time
 to time make such new ones in their    
room as shall appear to them most proper
 and expedient provided the same be not 
repugnant to the ,statutes of the       
,college1 or to the laws of our realm1  
and that after the expiration of these  
ten years any member of the ,council    
shall have power to move the enactment  

of any new bye-law1 or the alteration1  
suspension or repeal of any existing one
 provided notice of such motion shall   
have been delivered in writing to the   
,master and read from the ,chair at one 
previous meeting of the ,council of the 
said ,college1 but that no such motion  
shall be deemed to have passed in the   
affirmative1 until the same shall have  
been discussed and decided by ballot at 
another meeting summoned especially for 
that purpose1 a majority of the members 
then present having voted in the        
affirmative2 and in this1 as in all     
other cases1 if the votes be equal1 the 
,master or ,president shall have the    
casting vote4  ,given at our ,royal     
,palace in ,copenhagen on the           
twenty-third day of ,february1 in the   
year of our ,lord one thousand1 eight   
hundred and twenty-seven1 in the        
nineteenth year of our reign4  ,under   
our ,royal ,hand and ,seal4  ,,frederick
 ,r4    ,,ii4--,,statutes ,,and         
,,regulations ,,of ,,serampore ,,college

  ,june #abth1 #ahcc4  #a4 ,article the 
,third of the ,charter granted by his   
,danish ,majesty1 having authorised the 
first ,council of ,serampore ,college in
 their lifetime to nominate under their 
hand and seal such other person or      
persons for colleagues or successors as 
may to them appear most proper1 so that 
the ,council shall always consist of at 
least three persons1 their successors in
 the ,council shall be competent in like
 manner to nominate in their lifetime1  
under their separate hand and seal1 such
 person or persons as they may deem most
 proper to fill vacancies then existing 
or which may occur on their demise2     
members thus nominated and chosen shall 
succeed to the ,council in order of     
their nomination4  #b4 ,it being fixed  
in the ,charter that the ,council must  
consist of the ,master or ,president and
 at least two1 but no more than four    
,members1 and that on the demise of the 
,master no act shall be done until      
another be elected1 the ,master and     

,council for the time being shall       
appoint the next ,master under their    
separate hand and seal4 ,if on the      
demise of a ,master no one be found thus
 appointed under the hand and seal of a 
majority of the ,council1 the ,senior   
,member of the ,council shall succeed as
 ,master4  #c4 ,the ,charter having     
given the casting vote to the ,master1  
in all cases when the votes are equal   
the casting vote shall lie with the     
,master1 and if there be no ,master1 it 
shall lie with the ,senior ,member of   
the ,council4  #d4 ,learning and piety  
being peculiar to no denomination of    
,christians1 one member of the ,council 
may at all times be of any other        
denomination besides the ,baptist1 to   
preserve the original design of the     
,institution2 however1 if on the        
election of a ,master a number of the   
,council be equally divided1 that part  
which is entirely of the ,baptist       
denomination shall have the casting     
vote1 whether it includes the ,master or

 not4  #e4 ,the management of the       
,college1 including its revenues and    
property1 the choice of ,professor and  
,tutors1 the admission of ,students1 the
 appointment of all functionaries and   
servants1 and the general order and     
government of the ,college1 shall ever  
be vested in the ,master and the        
,council4  ,the ,master shall see that  
the ,statutes and ,regulations of the   
,council be duly carried into effect1   
and take order for the good government  
of the ,college in all things4  ,his    
signature is necessary to the validity  
of all deeds1 instruments1 documents and
 proceedings4  #f4 ,the first ,council  
and their successor for ever being      
authorised by the ,charter to confer    
such degrees of rank and honour as shall
 encourage learning in the same manner  
as other ,colleges and ,universities1   
they shall from time to time confer     
degrees in such branches of ,knowledge  
and ,science as may be studied there1 in
 the same manner as the ,universities in

 ,denmark1 ,germany and ,great ,britain4
  ,in doing this the ,master and        
,council shall ad libitum call in the   
aid of any or all the ,professors of    
,serampore ,college4  ,all such degrees 
shall be perfectly free of expense to   
the person on whom they may be          
conferred1 whether he be in ,india1     
,europe or ,america4  #g4 ,no oaths     
shall be administered in ,serampore     
,college1 either to the ,members of     
,council1 the ,professors and ,tutors1  
or the ,students4 ,in all cases a solemn
 promise1 duly recorded and signed by   
the party1 shall be accepted instead of 
an oath4  #h4 ,marriage shall be no bar 
to any office or situation in ,serampore
 ,college1 from that of the ,master to  
that of the lowest student4  #i4 ,the   
salaries of the ,professors and ,tutors 
in ,serampore ,college shall be         
appointed1 and the means of support for 
all functionaries1 students and servants
 be regulated by the ,council in such   
manner as shall best promote the objects

 of the ,institution4  #aj4 ,it is      
intended that neither the ,master nor   
any ,member of the ,council in general  
shall receive any salary4  ,but any     
,master who may not previously reside in
 the ,college shall have a residence    
there free of rent for himself and his  
family4  ,and if the ,council shall     
elect any one in ,europe or in ,america1
 whom they deem eminent for learning and
 piety1 a ,member of the ,council1 with 
a view to choosing him ,master1 should  
they on trial deem him worthy1 the      
,council shall be competent to appoint  
him such salary as they may deem        
necessary1 not exceeding1 however1 the  
highest given to a ,professor4  #aa4 ,as
 the founders of the ,college deem the  
belief of ,christ's ,divinity and       
,atonement essential to vital           
,christianity1 the promotion of which is
 the grand object of this ,institution1 
no one shall be eligible to the ,college
 ,council or to any ,professorship who  
is known to oppose these doctrines1 and 

should any one of the ,professors or any
 member of the ,council unhappily so    
change his views after his election as  
to oppose these fundamental doctrines of
 ,christianity1 on this being clearly   
and decidedly proved from his teaching  
or his writings1 he shall vacate the    
office he previously held4  ,but every  
proceeding of this nature on the part of
 the ,college ,council shall be         
published to the ,christian world1 with 
the proofs on which it may rest1 as an  
,appendix to the succeeding ,report4    
#ab4 ,members of the ,council are       
eligible from among the ,professors of  
the ,college1 or from among any in      
,india1 ,europe1 or ,america whom the   
,college ,council may deem suitable in  
point of learning1 piety1 and talent4   
#ac4 ,students are admissible at the    
discretion of the ,council from any body
 of ,christians1 whether ,protestant1   
,roman ,catholic1 the ,greek1 or the    
,armenian ,church2 and for the purpose  
of study1 from the ,mussulman and ,hindu

 youth1 whose habits forbid their living
 in the ,college4  ,no caste1 colour1 or
 country shall bar any man from         
admission into ,serampore ,college4     
#ad4 ,expulsion shall be awarded in     
cases of open immorality1 incorrigible  
idleness1 neglect of the ,college       
,statutes and regulations1 or repeated  
disobedience to the officers of the     
,college4  #ae4 ,any person in ,india1  
,europe1 or ,america shall be at liberty
 to found any ,professorship1 or to     
attach to ,serampore ,college any annual
 exhibition or prize for the            
encouragement of learning in the same   
manner as in the ,universities of ,great
 ,britain1 regulating such endowment    
according to their own will2 and it     
shall be duty of the ,college ,council  
to carry such benefactions into effect  
in strict consonance with the will of   
the donors as far as shall be consistent
 with the ,statutes of the ,college4    
#af4 ,it shall be lawful for the first  
,council of the ,college or their       

successors to make and rescind any      
bye-laws whatever1 provided they be not 
contrary to these ,statutes4  #ag4 ,the 
,charter having declared that the number
 of the ,professors and students in     
,serampore ,college remains unlimited1  
they shall be left thus unlimited1 the  
number to be regulated only by the      
gracious providence of ,god and the     
generosity of the public in ,india1     
,europe and ,america4                   
,,iii4--,,article ,,vi41 ,,clause #b1   
,,of ,,the ,,treaty ,,of ,,purchase1    
,,transferring ,,serampore ,,to ,,the   
,,british ,,government  ,the rights and 
immunities granted to the ,serampore    
,college by ,royal ,charter of date1    
#bcrd ,february1 #ahbg1 shall not be    
interfered with1 but continue in force  
in the same manner as if they had been  
obtained by a ,charter from the ,british
 ,government1 subject to the general law
 of ,british ,india4     ,,footnotes  #a
 ,iphicrates1 great ,athenian general1  
who was the son of a shoemaker1 used    

this saying1 fit motto for ,carey1 ex   
oin eis oia4  #b ,the shopmate1 ,william
 ,manning1 preserved this signboard4    
,in #ahha we found a ,baptist shoemaker1
 a descendant of ,carey's wife1 with    
four assistants1 at work in the shed4   
,then an old man1 who had occasionally  
worked under ,carey1 had just died1 and 
he used to tell how ,carey had once     
flipped him with his apron when he had  
allowed the wax to boil over4  #c ,in   
the library of the late ,rev4 ,t4       
,toller of ,kettering was a manuscript  
7now in the library of ,bristol ,baptist
 ,college7 of nine small octavo pages1  
evidently in the exquisitely small and  
legible handwriting of ,carey1 on the   
,psalter4  ,the short treatise discusses
 the literary character and authorship  
of the ,psalms in the style of          
,michaelis and ,bishop ,lowth1 whose    
writings are referred to4  ,the ,hebrew 
words used are written even more        
beautifully than the ,english4  ,if this
 little work was written before ,carey  

went to ,india--and the caligraphy seems
 to point to that--the author shows a   
very early familiarity with the writings
 of one who was his predecessor as a    
,christian ,orientalist1 ,sir ,william  
,jones4  ,the closing paragraph has this
 sentence3--,a frequent perusal of the  
book of ,psalms is recommended to all4  
,we should permit few days to pass      
without reading in ,hebrew one of those 
sacred poems2 the more they are read and
 studied1 the more will they delight1   
edify1 and instruct4  #d ,twice         
reprinted1 in ,leicester1 and in ,london
 7#ahib7 in facsimile4  #e ,wealth of   
,nations1 ,book ,,iv41 ,chap4 ,,vii4  #f
 ,mr4 ,thomas ,haddon of ,clipstone     
writes3 ,i recollect when ,i was about  
ten years old1 at my father's house2 it 
was on a ,saturday1 ,carey was on his   
way to ,arnsby 7which is twenty miles   
from ,moulton7 to supply there the      
following ,sabbath2 he had then walked  
from ,moulton to ,clipstone1 a distance 
of ten miles1 and had ten miles further 

to walk to ,arnsby4  ,my honoured father
 had been intimately acquainted with him
 for some years before1 and he pressed  
him to stay and take an early cup of tea
 before he went further4  ,i well       
recollect my father saying to him1 ',i  
suppose you still work at your trade8'  
7which was that of an army and navy     
shoemaker74  ,mr4 ,carey replied3 ',no1 
indeed1 ,i do not2 for yesterday week ,i
 took in my work to ,kettering1 and ,mr4
 ,gotch came into the warehouse just as 
,i had emptied my bag4  ,he took up one 
of the shoes and said1 ,let me see1     
,carey1 how much do you earn a week8  ,i
 said1 ,about #is41 sir4  ,mr4 ,gotch   
then said3 ,i have a secret to tell you1
 which is this3 ,i do not intend you    
should spoil any more of my leather1 but
 you may proceed as fast as you can with
 your ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,hebrew1 and  
,i will allow you from my own private   
purse #ajs4 a week6  ,with that sum and 
about #es4 a week which ,i get from my  
people at ,moulton1 ,i can make a       

comfortable living' 7although at that   
time he had a wife and three children to
 provide for74  #g ,farewell ,letters on
 ,returning to ,bengal in #ahba4  #h    
,rev4 ,a4 ,t4 ,clarke succeeded         
,kiernander in #aghi in the ,old or     
,mission ,church1 according to ,miss    
,blechynden's ,calcutta ,past and       
,present 7#aije71 p4 #hd4  #i ,at this  
time1 and up to #ahja1 the last survivor
 of the ,black ,hole tragedy was living 
in ,calcutta and bore his own name1     
though the missionary knew it not4      
,mrs4 ,carey was a country-born woman1  
who1 when a girl1 had married an officer
 of one of the ,east ,indiamen1 and with
 him1 her mother1 and sister1 had been  
shut up in the ,black ,hole1 where1     
while they perished1 she is said to have
 retained life by swallowing her tears4 
,dr4 ,bishop1 of ,merchant ,taylors'    
,school--,clive's ,school--wrote ,latin 
verses on the story1 which thus         
conclude--           444,nescit sitiendo
 perire   ,cui sic dat lacrymas quas    

bibat ipsa fides4   --,see ,echoes from 
,old ,calcutta1 by ,dr4 ,busteed1       
,c4,i4,e4  #aj ,but not its ,church4    
,in ,october #agif ,mr4 ,a4 ,johnstone1 
thirty years elder in ,lady ,yester's   
congregation1 beside the ,university of 
,edinburgh1 began a prayer meeting for  
,carey's work and for foreign missions4 
,he was summoned to the ,presbytery1 and
 there questioned as if he had been a   
,black-neb or revolutionary4  ,this     
meeting led to the foundation of the    
,sabbath ,school and ,destitute ,sick   
,societies in ,edinburgh4  ,see ,lives  
of the ,haldanes4  #aa ,dr4 ,marshman's 
,english translation is still used1     
beginning--    ,oh6 thou my soul forget 
no more   ,the ,friend who all thy      
misery bore4  #ab ,the chatookee is a   
bird which1 they say1 drinks not at the 
streams below3 but when it rains1       
opening its bill1 it catches the drops  
as they fall from the clouds4  #ac ,the 
sight of the red coat of the military   
surgeon who attended him gave this form 

to his delirious talk3 ,i treated him   
very roughly and refused to touch his   
medicine4  ,in vain did he retire and   
put on a black coat4  ,i knew him and   
was resolved4  #ad ,in a criticism of   
the three ,sanskrit grammars of ,carey1 
,wilkins1 and ,colebrooke1 the first    
number of the ,quarterly ,review in     
#ahji pronounces the first everywhere   
useful1 laborious1 and practical4 ,mr4  
,wilkins has also discussed these       
subjects1 though not always so amply as 
the worthy and unwearied missionary4    
,we have been much pleased with ,dr4    
,carey's very sensible preface4  #ae ,it
 was reserved for a young ,orientalist1 
whom the career of ,carey and ,wilson of
 ,bombay attracted to the life of a     
,christian missionary1 to do full       
justice to this book and its literature4
  ,in #ahhe the ,hon4 ,ion              
,keith-,falconer1 ,m4,a41 published1 at 
the ,cambridge ,university ,press1 his  
,kalilah and ,dimnah1 or ,the ,fables of
 ,bidpai3 ,being an ,account of their   

,literary ,history1 with an ,english    
,translation of the later ,syriac       
,version of the ,same1 and ,notes4  ,the
 heroic scholar and humble follower of  
,christ1 having given himself and his   
all to found a ,mission to the          
,mohammedans of ,south ,arabia1 at      
,sheikh ,othman1 near ,aden1 died there1
 on #aath ,may #ahhg1 a death which will
 bring life to ,yemen1 through his      
memory1 and the ,mission which he       
founded1 his family support1 and the    
,united ,free ,church of ,scotland carry
 on in his name4  #af                   
,,thirty-,,six ,,bible ,,translations1  
,,made ,,and ,,edited ,,by ,,dr4 ,,carey
 ,,at ,,serampore       ,first          
,published in      #ahja4               
,,bengali--,new ,testament2 ,old        
,testament in #ahjb-i4      #ahaa4      
,ooriya                            in   
#ahai4      #ahbd4   ,maghadi           
only4   #ahae-ai4   ,assamese           
in #ahcb4      #ahbd4   ,khasi4         
#ahad-bd4   ,manipoori4      #ahjh4     

,,sanskrit                            in
 #ahaa-ah4   #ahji-aa4 ,,hindi          
in #ahac-ah4   #ahbb-cb4   ,bruj-bhasa  
only4   #ahae-bb4   ,kanouji            
#ahbj4   ,khosali--,gospel of ,matthew  
only4      #ahbb4   ,oodeypoori--,new   
,testament only4      #ahae4   ,jeypoori
                   #ahba4   ,bhugeli    
#ahba4   ,marwari                       
#ahbb4   ,haraoti                       
#ahbc4   ,bikaneri                      
#ahbc4   ,oojeini                       
#ahbd4   ,bhatti                        
#ahcb4   ,palpa                         
#ahbf4   ,kumaoni                       
#ahcb4   ,gurhwali                      
#ahba4   ,nepalese                      
#ahaa4 ,,marathi--                 ,old 
,testament in #ahbj4      #ahbj4        
,goojarati             only4      #ahai4
   ,konkan                  ,pentateuch 
in #ahba4      #ahae4 ,,panjabi         
and ,historical ,books                  
in #ahbb4      #ahai4   ,mooltani--,new 
,testament4      #ahbe4                 

,sindhi--,gospel of ,matthew only4      
#ahbj4   ,kashmeeri--,new ,testament2   
and ,old ,testament to #bnd ,book       
of ,kings4   #ahbj-bf4   ,dogri--,new   
,testament only4      #ahai4            
,,pushtoo--,new ,test4 and ,old ,test4  
,historical ,books4      #ahae4         
,,baloochi              ,three ,gospels4
      #ahah4 ,,telugoo               and
 ,pentateuch in #ahbj4      #ahbb4      
,,kanarese              only4           
,,maldivian--,four ,gospels4            
,,edited ,,and ,,printed ,,only ,,by    
,,carey    ,persian4                    
,singhalese4   ,hindostani4             
,chinese 7,dr4 ,marshman's74            
,malayalam4                             
,javanese4   ,burmese--,matthew's       
,gospel4       ,malay4  #ag ,life and   
,work in ,benares and ,kumaon1 #ahci-gg4
 ,london1 #ahhd4  #ah ,mr4 ,john        
,marshman1 in his ,life and ,times of   
the three1 states that ,fry and         
,figgins1 the ,london typefounders1     
would not produce under #gjj half the   

,nagari fount which the ,serampore      
native turned out at about #ajj4  ,in   
#ahac ,dr4 ,marshman's ,chinese ,gospels
 were printed on movable metallic types1
 instead of the immemorial wooden       
blocks1 for the first time in the twenty
 centuries of the history of ,chinese   
printing4  ,this forms an era in the    
history of ,chinese literature1 he      
justly remarks4  #ai ,the fervent       
printer thus wrote to his ,hull         
friends3--,to give to a man a ,new      
,testament who never saw it1 who has    
been reading lies as the ,word of ,god2 
to give him these everlasting lines     
which angels would be glad to           
read--this1 this is my blessed work4    
#bj ,in #agie ,captain ,dodds1 a ,madras
 officer front ,scotland1 translated    
part of the ,bible into ,telugoo1 and1  
lingering on in the country to complete 
the work1 died seven days after the date
 of his letter on the subject in the    
,missionary ,magazines of #agif4  #ba   
,then ,editor of the ,friend of ,india4 

#bb ,the ,chaitanya ,charita ,amrita1 by
 ,krishna ,dass in #aeeg1 was the first 
of importance4  #bc ,nor was his        
influence confined to the ,protestant   
division of ,christendom4  ,when1 on the
 ,restoration of #ahae1 ,france became  
once more aggressively ,romanist for a  
time1 the ,association for the          
,propagation of the ,faith was founded  
at ,lyons and ,paris1 avowedly on the   
model of the ,baptist ,missionary       
,society1 and it now raises a quarter of
 a million sterling a year for its      
missions4  ,the expression in an early  
number of its ,annales is3--,c'est      
l',angleterre qui a fourni l'ide modle1 
etc4 ,la ,socit des ,anabaptistes a form
 pour ses ,missions des ,socits1 etc4   
#bd ,life of ,alexander ,duff1 ,d4,d41  
,,ll4,d41 chapter ,i4  #be ,fuller more 
than once referred to the dying words of
 ,sutcliff--,i wish ,i had prayed more4 
,i do not suppose he wished he had      
prayed more frequently1 but more        
spiritually4  ,i wish ,i had prayed more

 for the influences of the ,holy        
,spirit2 ,i might have enjoyed more of  
the power of vital godliness4  ,i wish  
,i had prayed more for the assistance of
 the ,holy ,spirit in studying and      
preaching my sermons2 ,i might have seen
 more of the blessing of ,god attending 
my ministry4 ,i wish ,i had prayed more 
for the outpouring of the ,holy ,spirit 
to attend the labours of our friends in 
,india2 ,i might have witnessed more of 
the effects of their efforts in the     
conversion of the heathen4  #bf ,the    
,baptist missionary1 who became an      
,arian1 and was afterwards employed by  
,lord ,william ,bentinck to report on   
the actual state of primary education in
 ,bengal4  #bg ,the first ,india        
chaplain of the ,church of ,scotland1   
superintendent of stationery and editor 
of the ,john ,bull4--,see ,life of      
,alexander ,duff1 ,d4,d4  #bh ,his      
,majesty's ,lord ,chamberlain formally  
expressed to the ,british ,minister at  
,copenhagen1 ,h4,e4 the ,hon4 ,edmund   

,monson1 ,c4,b41 the ,king's high       
pleasure at the author's noble          
expressions of the good his             
pre-possessors of the throne and the    
government of ,denmark tried to do for  
their ,indian subjects1 when the first  
edition of this ,life of ,william       
,carey1 ,d4,d41 was presented to ,his   
,majesty4--,see ,taylor and ,son's      
,biographical and ,literary ,notices of 
,william ,carey1 ,d4,d41 ,northampton1  
#ahhf4  #bi ,in #ahcd1 the year ,carey  
died1 there were in the college ten     
,european and ,eurasian students        
learning ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,latin1       
,bengali1 mathematics1 chemistry1 mental
 philosophy1 and history 7ancient and   
ecclesiastical74  ,there were           
forty-eight resident native ,christians 
and thirty-four ,hindoos1 sons of       
,brahmans chiefly1 learning ,sanskrit1  
,bengali1 and ,english4 ,the ,bengal    
language is sedulously cultivated444,the
 ,christian natives of ,india will most 
effectually combat error and diffuse    

sounder information with a knowledge of 
,sanskrit4  ,the communication1         
therefore1 of a thoroughly classic      
,indian education to ,christian youth is
 deemed an important but not always an  
indispensable object4  #cj              
,serampore--,srirampur or place of the  
worshipful ,ram4  #ca ,aitchison's      
,collection1 vol4 i41 edition #ahib1 pp4
 #ha-hf  #cb ,life of ,alexander ,duff1 
,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 #ahgi4  #cc ,william  
,carey1 by ,james ,culross1 ,d4,d41     
#ahha4  #cd ,for years1 and till the    
land was sold to the ,india ,jute       
,company in #ahge1 the ,garden was kept 
up at the expense of ,john ,marshman1   
,esq41 ,c4,s4,i4   #ce                  
,sa4 ,rs4      ,from ,may #ahja to ,june
 #ahjg1 inclusive1 as ,teacher of       
,bengali and ,sanskrit1 #gd months at   
#ejj rupees monthly   #cg1jjj           
,from #ast ,july #ahjg to #cast ,may    
#ahcj1 as ,professor of      ditto1 at  
#ajjj rupees monthly                    
#b1ge1jjj       ,from #bcrd ,oct4 to    

,july #ahcj1 inclusive1 #cjj rupees     
monthly1 as ,translator of ,government  
,regulations        #bd1fjj       ,from 
#ast ,july #ahcj to #cast ,may #ahcd1 a 
pension of #ejj      rupees monthly     
#bc1ejj                                 
,sicca ,rupees #c1fj1ajj  #cf ,the      
,evangelical ,succession4 ,third        
,series4 ,edinburgh1 ,macniven and      
,wallace1 #ahhd4