,,:at ,,is ,,& ,,:at ,,might ,,be ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,education ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,elem5t>y ,,education ,,9 ,,p>ticul> ,,by ,,edmond ,,holmes ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,cre$ ,,( ,,*ri/1 ,,! ,,cre$ ,,( ,,buddha1 ,,! ,,sil5ce ,,( ,,love1 ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,love1 ,,etc4 ,,london ,,con/able ,,company #aiab ,fir/ publi%$1 ,may #aiaa4 ,second impression1 ,july #aiaa4 ,?ird impression1 ,septemb] #aiaa4 ,f\r? impression1 ,novemb] #aiaa4 ,fif? impression1 ,janu>y #aiab4 ,six? impression1 ,octob] #aiab4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transcrib]'s note3 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors h be5 correct$4 ,all o!r incon/ancies 9 spell+ or punctuation are z 9 ! orig9al4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,preface ,my aim1 9 writ+ ?is book1 is to %[ t ! ext]nalism ( ! ,we/1 ! preval5t t5d5cy to pay undue reg>d to outw>d & visible results & to neglect :at is inw>d & vital1 is ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ! defects t vitiate ,education 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re=e t ! only rem$y = ^? defects is ! dra/ic "o ( *ang+ our /&>d ( reality & our conception ( ! mean+ & value ( life4 ,my reason = mak+ a special /udy ( t bran* ( education :i* is kn[n z ,elem5t>y1 is t ,i happ5 to h a m intimate k ( x ?an ( any o!r bran*1 ! inside ( an elem5t>y s*ool be+ s famili> to me t ,i c 9 "s degree br+ ! eye ( exp]i5ce to be> ^u ! problems t confront its tea*]s4 ,i d n = a mom5t imag9e t ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*] is m deeply ta9t$ ?an 8 fell[s ) ! virus ( ,occid5talism4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ! defects ( 8 s*ools are grav] ?an ^? ( o!r educational in/itutions4 ,9 my judgm5t !y are less grave because1 ?\gh p]haps m gl>+1 !y h n _h "t to become s deeply root$1 & are !re=e1 "o may surmise1 less difficult to eradicate4 ,also !re is at lea/ a brea? ( heal?y discont5t /irr+ 9 ! field ( elem5t>y education1 a brea? :i* sometimes bl[s ! mi/ away & gives u sudd5 gleams ( sun%9e1 :]eas ov] ! high] levels ( ! educational _w !re hangs ! heavy /upor ( pr(\nd self-satisfaction4#a ,i am n exagg]at+ :5 ,i say t at ?is mom5t !re are elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,engl& 9 :i* ! life ( ! *ildr5 is emancipative & educative to an ext5t :i* is unsurpass$1 & p]haps unequall$1 9 any o!r type or grade ( s*ool4 ,i am c>eful to say all ?is because ,i =esee t1 )\t a =eword ( explanation1 my adv]se criticism ( :at ,i h call$ a famili> type ( s*ool may be con/ru$ into an attack on ! elem5t>y tea*]s z a body4 ,i %\ld be v sorry if su* a con/ruction 7 put ^u x4 ,no "o kn[s bett] ?an ,i d t ! elem5t>y tea*]s ( ?is c\ntry are ! victims ( a vici\s conception ( education :i* has beh9d x tw5ty c5turies ( tradition & prescription1 & ! malign influ5ce ( :i* 0 int5sifi$ 9 _! case by ?irty ye>s or m#b ( ,code despotism & paym5t by results4 ,h&icapp$ z !y h be5 by ?is & o!r adv]se conditions1 !y h yet produc$ a noble b& ( pione]s1 to :om ,i1 = "o1 owe :at little ,i "k ab\t ! inn] mean+ ( education2 & if ,i take an unduly high /&>d 9 judg+ ( _! "w1 ! reason is t !y !mselves1 by ! brilliance ( _! isolat$ a*ievem5ts1 h compell$ me to take x4 ,i w !re=e ask !m to be> ) me1 :ile ,i expose ) almo/ brutal c&\r ! %ortcom+s ( _m ( _! s*ools4 ,!y w und]/& t all ! "t ,i am ?9k+ ( education 9 g5]al ev5 m ?an ( elem5t>y education1 & us+ my k ( ! latt] to illu/rate /atem5ts & argum5ts :i* are really int5d$ to tell aga9/ ! =m]4 ,!y w also und]/& t at ! back ( my m9d ,i am lay+ ! blame ( _! failures1 n on !m b on ! ho/ile =ces :i* h be5 too /rong = _m ( !m1--on ! false assumptions ( ,we/]n philosophy1 on ! false /&>ds & false ideals ( ,we/]n civilisation1 on v>i\s old1 unhappy1 f>-(f ?+s1 ! effects ( :i* are /ill ) u1 =emo/ among ^! be+ t deadly sy/em ( paym5t by results :i* seems to h be5 devis$ = ! express purpose ( arre/+ gr[? & /rangl+ life1 :i* b\nd u all1 myself includ$1 ) l9ks ( iron1 & :i* _h _m zeal\s ag5ts1 ( :om ,i1 alas6 0 "o4 ,,"p ,i ,,:at ,,is ,,or ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,me*anical ,,ob$i5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,salvation ,,?r\gh ,,me*anical ,,ob$i5ce ,! function ( education is to fo/] gr[?4 ,by "s ( my read]s ?is /atem5t w be reg>d$ z a truism2 by o!rs z a *all5ge2 by o!rs1 aga91 :5 !y h realis$ its inn] mean+1 z a wick$ h]esy4 ,i w beg9 by assum+ t x is a truism1 & w !n try to prove t x is true4 ,! function ( education is to fo/] gr[?4 ,! end :i* ! tea*] %\ld set be=e himself is ! developm5t ( ! lat5t p[]s ( 8 pupils1 ! unfold+ ( _! lat5t life4 ,if gr[? is to be fo/]$1 two ?+s mu/ be lib]ally provid$1--n\ri%m5t & ex]cise4 ,on ! ne$ = n\ri%m5t ,i ne$ n insi/4 ,! ne$ = ex]cise is p]haps less obvi\s1 b is c]ta9ly n less urg5t4 ,we make our limbs1 our organs1 our s5ses1 our faculties gr[ by ex]cis+ !m4 ,:5 !y h rea*$ _! maximum ( developm5t we ma9ta9 !m at t level by ex]cis+ !m4 ,:5 _! capacity = gr[? is unlimit$1 z 9 ! case ( our m5tal & spiritual faculties1 ! ne$ = ex]cise is /ill m urg5t4 ,to neglect to ex]cise a giv5 limb1 or organ1 or s5se1 or faculty1 w\ld result 9 its becom+ weak1 flabby1 & 9 ! la/ resort useless4 ,9 *ildhood1 :5 ! /ress ( ,nature's expansive =ces is /ronge/1 ! neglect ( ex]cise w1 = obvi\s reasons1 h mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,if a heal?y *ild 7 kept 9 b$ dur+ ! second & ?ird ye>s ( 8 life1 ! damage done to 8 :ole body w\ld be incalculable4 ,^! are gl>+ truisms4 ,let me p]petrate "o m1--"o :i* is p]haps ! mo/ gl>+ ( all4 ,! process ( gr[+ mu/ be done by ! gr[+ organism1 by ! *ild1 let u say1 & by no "o else4 ,! *ild himself mu/ take 9 & assimilate ! n\ri%m5t t is provid$ = him4 ,! *ild himself mu/ ex]cise 8 organs & faculties4 ,! "o ?+ :i* no "o may ev] delegate to ano!r is ! bus9ess ( gr[+4 ,to wat* ano!r p]son eat+ w n n\ri% "o's own body4 ,to wat* ano!r p]son us+ 8 limbs w n /r5g!n "o's own4 ,! =ces t make = ! *ild's gr[? come f )9 himself2 & x is = him1 & him alone1 to fe$ !m1 use !m1 evolve !m4 ,all ?is is-- ,z true z tru?'s simplicity1 ,& simpl] ?an ! infancy ( tru?4 ,b x sometimes happ5s t :at is mo/ palpable is lea/ p]ceptible2 & p]haps x is because ! tru? ( :at ,i say is self-evid5t & indisputable1 t 9 _m ,elem5t>y ,s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry ! education giv5 seems to be bas$ on ! assumption t my truisms are absolutely false4 ,9 su* s*ools ! "o end & aim ( ! tea*] is to d ev]y?+ = ! *ild2--to fe$ him ) semi-dige/$ food2 to hold him by ! h&1 or r by bo? %\ld]s1 :5 he tries to walk or run2 to keep him "u close & con/ant sup]vision2 to tell him 9 precise detail :at he is to ?9k1 to feel1 to say1 to wi%1 to d2 to %[ him 9 precise detail h[ he is to d :atev] may h to be done2 to lay ?9 v5e]s ( in=mation on ! surface ( 8 m9d2 nev] to all[ him a m9ute = indep5d5t /udy2 nev] to tru/ him ) a h&book1 a note-book1 or a sket*-book2 9 f9e1 to d all t lies 9 8 p[] to prev5t ! *ild f do+ any?+ :atev] = himself4 ,! result is t ! v>i\s vital faculties :i* education might be suppos$ to tra9 become irretrievably />v$ & /unt$ 9 ! ov]-educat$ s*ool *ild2 till at la/1 :5 ! "t comes = him to leave ! s*ool 9 :i* he has be5 s s$ul\sly c>$ =1 he is too (t5 ?r[n out ^u ! _w1 helpless1 li/less1 res\rceless1 )\t a s+le int]e/1 )\t a s+le purpose 9 life4 ,! contra/ betwe5 elem5t>y education z x too (t5 is1 & z x ought to be if ! tru? ( my truisms 7 widely accept$1 is s />tl+ t 9 my desire to acc\nt = x ,i h _h rec\rse to a p>adox4 ,trop de vrit1 says ,pascal1 n\s tonne3 les premi]s pr9cipes ont trop d'vid5ce p\r n\s4 ,i h sugge/$ t ! inability ( s _m tea*]s to live up to ! _s1 or ev5 to ! lett]1 ( my prim>y truism1 may be due to its hav+ too mu* evid5ce = !m1 to _! be+ bl9d$ by ! nak$ light ( its tru?4 ,b !re may be ano!r explanation ( ! s+ul> fact t a !ory ( education to :i* ! tea*] w\ld ass5t )\t hesitation if x 7 submitt$ to 8 consci\sness1 c\nts = no?+ 9 ! daily r\t9e ( 8 "w4 ,failure to c>ry an accept$ pr9ciple into practice is sometimes due to ! fact t ! pr9ciple has n really be5 accept$2 t its inn] mean+ has n be5 appreh5d$2 t ass5t has be5 giv5 to a =mula r ?an a tru?4 ,! cause ( ! failure may inde$ lie deep] ?an ?is4 ,x may be t ! nom9al adh]5ts ( ! pr9ciple are 9 secret revolt aga9/ ! vital tru? t is at ! he>t ( x2 t !y repudiate x 9 practice because !y h already repudiat$ x 9 ! inn] recesses ( _! ?\ght4 ,?is p drawe? nigh unto me ) _! m\?1 & hon\re? me ) _! lips2 b _! he>t is f> f me4 ,tell ! tea*] t ! function ( education is to fo/] gr[?2 t !re=e x is 8 bus9ess to develop ! lat5t faculties ( 8 pupils2 & t !re=e 7s9ce gr[? presupposes ex]cise7 he mu/ all[ 8 pupils to d z mu* z possible by & = !mselves1--place ^! propositions be=e him1 & ! *ances are t he w say ,am5 to !m4 ,b t lip ass5t w c\nt = no?+4 ,"o's life is gov]n$ by in/9ct r ?an logic4 ,to give a lip ass5t to ! logical inf]5ces f an accept$ pr9ciple is "o ?+4 ,to give a real ass5t to ! ess5tial tru? t und]lies & animates ! pr9ciple is ano!r4 ,! way 9 :i* ! tea*] too (t5 conducts 8 s*ool leads "o to inf] t ! intuitive1 in/9ctive side ( him--! side t is ne>e/ to practice--has someh[ or o!r held int]c\rse ) ! inn] mean+ ( t truism :i* he repeats s glibly1 & has reject$ x z antagoni/ic to ! traditional assumptions on :i* he bases 8 life4 ,or p]haps ?is "w ( subconsci\s criticism & rejection has be5 & is be+ done = him1 ei!r by ! _s ( ! age to :i* he belongs or by ! g5ius ( ! l& 9 :i* he lives4 ,:y is ! tea*] s ready to d ev]y?+ 7or ne>ly ev]y?+7 = ! *ildr5 :om he pr(esses to educate8 ,"o obvi\s answ] to ?is "q is t = a ?ird ( a c5tury 7#ahfb-ahie7 ! ,education ,dep>tm5t did ev]y?+ 7or ne>ly ev]y?+7 = him4 ,= a ?ird ( a c5tury ,my ,lords requir$ _! inspectors to exam9e e *ild 9 e elem5t>y s*ool 9 ,engl& on a syllabus :i* 0 b9d+ on all s*ools alike4 ,9 do+ ?is1 !y put a bit into ! m\? ( ! tea*] & drove him1 at _! pleasure1 9 ?is direction & t4 ,& :at !y did to him !y compell$ him to d to ! *ild4 ,s f> z ! action ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 0 conc]n$1 ?is policy 0 ab&on$--9 l>ge measure1 if n :olly--9 #ahie2 b its consequ5ces are ) u /ill4 ,:at conception ( ! mean+ & purpose ( education c\ld h induc$ ,my ,lords to adopt su* a policy1 &1 hav+ adopt$ x1 to adh]e to x = m ?an ?irty ye>s8 ,_h "o ask$ ,my ,lords at any "t dur+ ^? ?irty ye>s :at !y reg>d$ z ! true function ( education1 & _h "o sugge/$ to !m 7z !y _h probably nev] turn$ _! m9ds to ! "q7 t ! function ( education 0 to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! *ild1 !y might possibly h giv5 an indol5t ass5t to t proposition4 ,b _! educational policy mu/ h be5 dictat$ by "s widely diff]5t conception4 ,!y mu/ h believ$ t ! m5tal progress ( ! *ild--! only aspect ( progress :i* conc]n$ educationali/s 9 ^? days--w\ld be/ be te/$ by a =mal exam9ation on a prescrib$ syllabus1 & w\ld be/ be secur$ by prep>ation = su* a te/2 & !y mu/ h accept$1 p]haps )\t ! cons5t ( _! consci\sness1 :atev] !ory ( education may be implicit 9 t belief4 ,9 act+ z !y did1 ,my ,lords fell into l9e ) ! ,univ]sities1 ! ,public ,s*ools1 ! ,prep>atory ,s*ools1 ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission]s1 ! ,pr(essional ,societies1 & 7to make a g5]al /atem5t7 ) all ! ,bo>ds & ,bodies t controll$1 directly or indirectly1 ! education ( ! y\? ( ,engl&4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 wid5 ! scope ( our inquiry1 & c>ry our se>* = cause a /ep f>!r back4 ,h[ did ! belief t a =mal exam9ation is a wor?y end = tea*] & *ild to aim at1 & an adequate te/ ( success 9 tea*+ & 9 le>n+1 come to e/abli% itself 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,& n 9 ?is c\ntry only1 b 9 ! :ole ,we/]n _w8 ,9 e ,we/]n c\ntry t is progressive & up to date1 & 9 e ,we/]n c\ntry 9 exact proportion z x is progressive & up to date1 ! exam9ation sy/em controls education1 & 9 do+ s arre/s ! self-developm5t ( ! *ild1 & !re=e /rangles 8 inw>d gr[?4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ?is significant fact8 ,9 my attempt to acc\nt = ! failure ( elem5t>y education 9 ,engl& to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! educat$ *ild1 ,i h travell$ f>4 ,b ,i mu/ travel f>!r yet4 ,! ,we/]n belief 9 ! efficacy ( exam9ations is a symptom ( a widespread & deep-seat$ t5d5cy1--! t5d5cy to judge accord+ to ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 to atta* supreme importance to visible results1 to measure inw>d wor? by outw>d /&>ds1 to e/imate progress 9 t]ms ( :at ! _w rev]es z success4 ,x is ! ,we/]n /&>d ( values1 ! ,we/]n way ( look+ at ?+s1 :i* is 9 "q1 & :i* ,i mu/ n[ attempt to det]m9e4 ,t ,i %\ld h to und]take ?is task is a pro( ( ! complexity ( education1 ( ! bewild]+ tanglem5t ( its root-sy/em1 ( ! dep?s to :i* "s ( its roots desc5d into ! subsoil ( human-life4 ,! defect 9 our sy/em ( education :i* ,i am try+ to diagnose is "o :i* ! bus9ess man1 :o may h _h reason to compla9 ( ! output ( our elem5t>y s*ools1 w probably acc\nt = 9 "o s5t5ce & prop\nd a rem$y = 9 ano!r4 ,b ,i1 :o "k en\gh ab\t education to realise h[ little is or c be kn[n ab\t x1 f9d t if ,i am to und]/& :y s _m s*ools turn out helpless & res\rceless *ildr51 ,i mu/ g back to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( mod]n civilisation1 or 9 o!r words to ! c>d9al axioms ( ! philosophy ( ! ,we/4 ,?is does n mean t ,i mu/ make a sy/ematic /udy ( ,we/]n metaphysics4 ,pr(essional ?9k]s ab\nd 9 ! ,we/2 b ! rank & file ( ! p pay little he$ to !m4 ,x is true t !y take !mselves v s]i\sly2 b s does e clique ( exp]ts & connoisseurs4 ,! indirect influ5ce ( _! !ories has at times be5 consid]able2 b _! direct influ5ce on human ?\ght is1 & has always be51 v slight4 ,= ! pla9 av]age man1 :o _c rid himself ( ! suspicion t ! pr(essional ?9k] is a pr(essional ^w-juggl]1 has a philosophy ( 8 own :i* 0 =mulat$ = him by an unphilosophical p1 & :i*1 ?\gh x is n[ beg9n+ to fail him1 0 once suffici5t = all 8 ne$s4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t !re are two s*ools ( popul> ?\ght 9 ! ,we/4 ,= _m c5turies !re 0 only "o4 ,= _m c5turies m5 7 cont5t to believe t ! outw>d & visible _w--! _w ( _! normal exp]i5ce--0 ! all ( ,nature4 ,b !y 7 n cont5t to believe t x 0 ! all ( ,be+4 ,! latt] conception w\ld h said ,no to c]ta9 desires ( ! he>t :i* refuse to be negativ$1--desires :i* are z l>ge & l(ty z !y are pure & deep3 & 9 ord] to provide a refuge = ^!1 m5 add$ to _! belief 9 a natural _w :i* 0 b\nd$ by ! horizon ( exp]i5ce 7z !y und]/ood ! ^w71 ! complem5t>y belief 9 a _w :i* transc5d$ ! limits ( exp]i5ce1 & 9 :i* ! dreams & hopes = :i* ,nature c\ld make no provision might someh[ or o!r be realis$ & fulfill$4 ,) ! developm5t ( physical sci5ce1 ! conception ( ! ,sup]natural has become discr$it$1 & a mat]iali/ic monism has begun to dispute ! supremacy ( t duali/ic philosophy :i* _h reign$ )\t a rival = _m hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,b antagoni/ic z ^! philosophies are to "o ano!r1 !y h "o conception 9 common4 ,! popul> belief t ! _w ( man's normal exp]i5ce is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ,nature1 is ! v plat=m on :i* _! controv]sies are c>ri$ on4 ,7 any "o to sugge/ to !m t ?is belief 0 )\t f\ndation1 t !re 0 room & to sp>e 9 ,nature = ! sup]natural z well z = ! normal1 t ! sup]natural _w 7z x _h long be5 miscall$7 0 no?+ m nor less ?an la cont9uation occulte de la ,nature inf9ie1--!y w\ld at once unite _! =ces aga9/ him1 & assail him ) an ev5 bitt]] hatr$ ?an t :i* animates !m 9 _! own inte/9e /rife4 ,! duali/ic philosophy :i* satisfi$ ! ne$s ( ! ,we/ = "s fifte5 c5turies 0 sy/ematis$ & =mulat$ = x1 9 ! language ( my? & poetry1 by an ,ea/]n p4 ,! acceptance ( (ficial ,*ri/ianity by ! ,graeco-,roman _w 0 ! result ( _m causes1 two ( :i* /& out z c5tral & supreme4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! p]sonal magnetism ( ,*ri/1 9 & ?r\gh :i* m5 came 9 contact )1 & respond$ to1 ! attractive =ces ( ^? moral & spiritual ideas :i* ,*ri/ set be=e 8 foll[]s4 ,! second 0 ! read9ess ( ! ,we/]n m9d to accept ! philosophy ( ,israel1--a philosophy ) ! ma/] pr9ciples ( :i* x _h long be5 subconsci\sly famili>1 & = ! cle> & conv9c+ pres5tation ( :i* x _h long be5 wait+4 ,( ! p]sonal magnetism ( ,*ri/ & ! "p t x has play$ 9 ! life ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,i ne$ n n[ speak4 ,my pres5t conc]n is to %[ h[ ! philosophy ( ,israel--accept$ nom9ally = ,*ri/'s sake1 b really = its own--has influ5c$ ! educational policy ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,we/]n m9d f\nd itself face to face ) ! philosophical !ories--!ories ab\t ! _w & its orig91 ab\t ,man & 8 de/9y1 ab\t conduct & its consequ5ces--to :i* its own my?ologies _h giv5 inadequate expression1 b :i* ! poetical g5ius ( a practical p 0 able to =mulate to ! satisfaction ( a practical _w4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,israel ,nature 0 conceiv$ (1 n z animat$ by an indwell+ life or s\l1 b z ! h&iwork ( an omnipot5t ,god4 ,9 six days--s runs ! /ory--,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,:e!r by ! ^w :i* we translate z days 7 meant t]re/rial days or cosmic ages matt]s no?+1 = 9 ei!r case ! broad fact rema9s t accord+ to ! ,biblical n>rative ! "w ( creation occupi$ a def9ite p]iod ( "t1 & t on a c]ta9 day 9 ! remote pa/ ! ,creator re/$ f 8 lab\rs1 survey$ 8 h&iwork1 & pron\nc$ x to be v good4 ,8 next /ep 0 to /& aside f ! _w t he _h made1 leave x to its own devices & see h[ x w\ld behave itself 9 ! p]son ( its "l & 8 vic]oy1--,man4 ,t ! ,creator %\ld place ,creation on its trial & t x %\ld spe$ily misbehave itself1 may be said to h be5 preorda9$4 ,! idea ( a ,creator po/ulates ! fur!r idea ( a ,fall4 ,! f9i%$ "w ( an omnipot5t ,creator is presumably good1--good 9 ?is s5se1 if 9 no o!r1 t its actualities mu/ ne$s det]m9e ! creature's ideals & /&>ds ( good4 ,b ! _w1 z ,man kn[s x1 seems to be deeply ta9t$ ) evil4 ,h[ is ?is anomaly to be acc\nt$ =8 ,! /ory ( ! ,fall is ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,:e!r mod]n !ology reg>ds ! /ory ( ! ,fall z lit]ally or only z symbolically true1 ,i _c say = c]ta94 ,! "q is ( m9or importance4 ,:at is ( supreme importance is t ,*ri/ian !ology accepts & has always accept$ ! consequ5ces ( ! idea ( ! ,fall1 & t 9 =mulat+ ^? consequ5ces x has provid$ ! popul> ?\ght ( ! ,we/ ) conceptions by :i* its :ole outlook on life has be51 & is /ill1 det]m9$ & controll$4 ,! idea ( ! ,fall1 z dramatis$ by ,israel & int]pret$ by ! ,doctors ( ! ,we/1 gives adequate expression--on ! highe/ level ( 8 ?9k+--to ! crude dualism :i* con/itutes ! philosophy ( ! av]age man4 ,h5ce ! imm5se attractiv5ess ( ! idea to ! practical races ( ! ,we/1--to peoples ^: *ief idea is to get _! m5tal problems solv$ = !m z spe$ily1 z au?oritatively1 & z intelligibly z possible1 t !y may ?us be free to devote !mselves to bus9ess1 to ! tangible affairs ( life4 ,let u foll[ ! philosophy ( ! ,fall into "s ( its m obvi\s consequ5ces4 ,! ,univ]se 7to use ! mo/ compreh5sive ( all t]ms7 is conceiv$ ( z divid$ into two dissev]$ worlds1--! _w ( ,nature1 :i* is fall51 ru9$1 & accurs$1 & ! ,sup]natural _w1 :i* %>es 9 ! p]fection & c5tres 9 ! glory ( ,god4 ,betwe5 ^! two worlds int]c\rse is1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 impossible4 ,b ,man is n cont5t t 8 /ate ( godless isolation %\ld endure = ev]4 ,z a ?9k]1 he has exil$ ,god f ,nature & !re=e f 8 own daily life4 ,b1 z a liv+ s\l1 he craves = reunion ) ,god2 & s long z ! gulf betwe5 ! two worlds rema9s impassable1 8 philosophy w be felt to be incomplete4 ,a supplem5t>y !ory ( ?+s mu/ !re=e be devis$4 ,corrupt & fall5 z he is1 ,man _c hope to climb to ,heav52 b ,god1 ) :om no?+ is impossible1 c at 8 own good pleasure come d[n to e>?4 ,& come he w1 :5ev] t s5se ( all-p]vad+ imp]fection :i* exil$ him1 9 its premature attempt to expla9 itself1 to 8 sup]natural ,heav51 is realis$ 9 man's he>t z a desire = bett] ?+s4 ,b :at w be ! signs ( 8 adv5t8 ,! philosophy ( ! ,fall is at no loss = an answ] to ?is "q4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,nature 0 ! mirror ( ,god's face4 ,b x is s no long]4 ,! mirror 0 %att]$ :5 ,adam fell4 ,h5ce=? x is only by tr\bl+ ! wat]s ( ,nature1 by susp5d+ ! op]ation ( its laws1 by turn+ its ord] into confusion1 by produc+ sup]natural ph5om5a1 or miracles z !y are vulg>ly call$1 t ,god c ann\nce 8 pres5ce to ,man4 ,! "q ( ! miracul\s is "o into :i* we ne$ n ent]4 ,let u assume t ,god c someh[ or o!r come to ,man1 & t ,man c someh[ or o!r recognise ,god's pres5ce & int]pret 8 spee*4 ,we h n[ to ask ourselves "o vital "q4 ,) :at purpose does ,god visit ! _w :i* has =feit$ 8 fav\r1 & :at does he propose to d = ru9$ ,nature & fall5 ,man8 ,= ,nature1 no?+4 ,= ,man1 to provide a way ( escape f ,nature4 ,! dualism ( popul> ?\ght mu/ ne$s control ! v ef=ts t m5 make to deliv] !mselves f its consequ5ces4 ,! irrem$iable corruption ( ,man's nature is ! assumption on :i* ! :ole s*eme ( salvation is to be h+$4 ,8 deliv]ance f s9 & dea? w be effect$1 n by ! developm5t ( any natural capacity = good1 b by 8 be+ induc$ to quit ! pa? 7or pa?s7 ( ,nature1 & to walk1 "u ,div9e direction1 9 "s new & n>r[ pa?4 ,b h[ w ?is end be a*iev$8 ,t ,man _c discov] ! pa? ( salvation = himself w1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 = grant$4 ,! cata/rophe ( ! ,fall has corrupt$ 8 :ole nature1 & has !re=e bl9d$ him to ! light ( tru?4 ,! way ( man is n 9 himself3 x is n 9 man t walke? to direct 8 /eps4 ,! prompt+s ( 8 own nature1 :i* he w\ld foll[ if left to himself1 c d no?+ b lead him a/ray4 ,x w also be tak5 = grant$ t ! pa? ( salvation is a pa? ( action4 ,:5 ! :ole inw>d disposition is hopelessly corrupt1 ! idea ( a*iev+ salvation by gr[+1 by br++ "o's hidd5 life to ! p]fection ( maturity1 mu/ p]=ce be ab&on$4 ,x is only by do+ ,god's w t ,man c hope to rega9 8 fav\r4 ,"o ?+1 !n1 is cle>4 ,man mu/ be told 9 exact detail :at he is to d & also 7%\ld ?is be necess>y7 h[ he is to d x4 ,9 o!r words1 an elaborate ,code ( ,law1 cov]+ ! :ole range ( human life & regulat+ all ! details ( conduct1 mu/ be deliv]$ by ,god to ,man4 ,if ,man w obey ?is ,law he w be sav$4 ,if he w n obey x1 he w be lo/4 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( ! idea ( a sup]natural revelation on :i* x is necess>y to t\*4 ,z int]c\rse betwe5 ,nature & ! ,sup]natural _w takes place1 n 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s b at ! good pleasure ( ! ,sup]natural ,god1 revelation mu/ ne$s be conceiv$ ( z a highly-specialis$ process4 ,a revelation :i* 0 address$ to ! :ole human race1 & to :i* ! :ole human race 0 able to respond1 c\ld sc>cely be reg>d$ z ( sup]natural orig94 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! sup]naturalness ( ! appeal & ! naturalness ( ! response w\ld gradually t5d to efface itself3 = :at is univ]sal is natural1 & ! voice :i* e man 0 able to recognise w\ld come at la/ to be reg>d$ z a voice f )9 oneself4 ,if ! sup]natural "* ( an alleg$ revelation is to be e/abli%$1 its uniqu5ess mu/ be duly emphasis$4 ,a p>ticul> p mu/ be *os5 = ! purpose ( ! div9e exp]im5t4 ,a p>ticul> law-giv] mu/ be commission$ to decl>e to ! *os5 p ! w ( ! ,sup]natural ,god4 ,& f "t to "t a p>ticul> prophet mu/ be s5t to rebuke ! *os5 p = its backslid+s1 to %[ x :]e x has gone a/ray1 & to exhort x to turn aga9 to its ,god4 ,= if x is f> f ,man to disc]n good1 x is /ill f>!r f him to desire x4 ,h[1 !n1 %all he be induc$ to walk 9 ! pa? :i* ! ,law has prescrib$ = him8 ,to ?is "q !re c be b "o answ]3 ,by ! promise ( ext]nal rew>d1 & ! ?reat ( ext]nal puni%m5t4 ,to set be=e ,man an ideal ( life--an ideal :i* w\ld be to him an unfail+ f\nta9 ( magnetic =ce & guid+ light--is n 9 ! p[] ( legalism4 ,= if an ideal is to appeal to "o1 x mu/ be ! consummation ( "o's own natural t5d5cies2 b ! curr5t ( ,man's natural t5d5cies is ev] sett+ t[>ds p]dition1 & ! vani%+ po9t ( 8 he>t's desires is dea?4 ,7 an ideal reveal$ to ! ,law-giv] & by him pres5t$ to 8 fell[-m51 & 7 ! he>t ( ,man to respond to ! appeal t x made to him1 ! basic assumption ( legalism--t ( ! corruption ( ,man's nature--w\ld be und]m9$2 = ,man w\ld h prov$ t x belong$ to 8 nature to turn t[>ds ! light1--9 o!r words1 t he _h a natural capacity = good4 ,! pla9 tru? is t legalism is preclud$1 by its own fir/ pr9ciples f appeal+ to any motive high] ?an t in/9ctive desire = pleasure :i* has z its c\nt]p>t a quasi-physical fe> ( pa94 ,x is impossible = ! lawgiv] to appeal to ,man's bett] nature1 to say to him3 ,_c y see = y\rself t ?is c\rse ( action is bett] ?an t1--t love is bett] ?an hatr$1 m]cy ?an cruelty1 loyalty ?an trea*]y1 cont95ce ?an self-indulg5ce8 ,:at he c & mu/ say to him is ?is1 & ?is only2 ,if y obey ! ,law y w be rew>d$4 ,if y disobey x y w be puni%$4 ,& ?is he mu/ say to him aga9 & aga94 ,x is true t among ! _m comm&m5ts :i* ! ,law sets be=e its vot>ies1 !re are "s--! moral comm&m5ts1 prop]ly s call$--:i* d 9 po9t ( fact1 & 9 defiance ( ! philosophical assumption ( legalism1 appeal to ! bett] nature ( ,man4 ,b ^! are at be/ an insignificant m9ority2 & _! relative importance w necess>ily dim9i% ) ! developm5t into its natural consequ5ces ( ! root idea ( legalism4 ,= legalism1 j s f> z x is /rong1 s9c]e1 & self-confid5t1 w try to cov] ! :ole ( human life4 ,! religion t is cont5t to d less ?an ?is1 ! religion t acquiesces 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is religi\s & :at is secul>1 is1 z we %all pres5tly see1 a religion 9 decay4 ,religion may p]haps be def9$ z ,man's in/9ctive ef=t to br+ a c5tral aim into 8 life & s provide himself ) an au?oritative /&>d ( values4 ,9 its highe/ & pure/ =m1 ,religion controls ,man's life1 bo? z a :ole & 9 all its ess5tial details1 ?r\gh ! c5tral aim or spiritual ideal :i* x sets be=e him & ! consequ5t /&>d ( values ) :i* x equips him4 ,b legalism is deb>r$ by its di/ru/ ( human nature f try+ to control ! details ( life ?r\gh any c5tral aim or ideal2 & its assumption t all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,law are ( div9e orig91 & !re=e equally b9d+ ^u ,man1 is obvi\sly incompatible ) ! conception ( a /&>d ( moral wor?4 ,its attempt to cov] ! :ole ( life mu/ !re=e resolve itself into an attempt to control ! details ( conduct 9 all _! detail2 to deal ) !m1 "o by "o1 br++ ea* 9 turn "u ! op]ation ( an appropriate comm&m5t1 & if necess>y d$uc+ f ! comm&m5t a special rule to meet ! special case4 ,9 o!r words1 besides be+ told :at he is n to d 79 ! m /rictly moral sph]e ( conduct71 & :at he is to d 79 ! m /rictly c]emonial sph]e71 ,man mu/ be told1 9 ! fulle/ detail1 h[ he is to d :atev] may h to be done 9 ! daily r\nd ( 8 life4 ,su* at lea/ is ! aim ( legalism4 ,! nets ( ! ,law are wov5 f9e1 & flung f> & wide4 ,if !re are any acts 9 a man's life :i* escape ?r\gh _! cl++ me%es1 ! =ce ( ,nature is to be blam$ = ?is p>tial failure1 n ! zeal ( ! ,doctors ( ! ,law4 ,x is t[>ds ?is inv]t$ ideal t ! doctr9e ( salvation ?r\gh ob$i5ce w lead its vot>ies1 :5 its ma/] pr9ciple--t ( di/ru/ ( human nature--has be5 foll[$ out into all its natural consequ5ces1--foll[$ out1 z x 0 by ,ph>isaism1 ) a fe>less logic & a fix$ t5acity ( purpose4 ,an imm5se & ev]-gr[+ ho/ ( =mulat$ rules1 n "o 9 a hundr$ ( :i* makes any appeal to ! he>t ( ,man or has any mean+ = 8 high] reason1 w cru% 8 life d[n1 sl[ly & inexorably1 b5ea? _! deadly burd54 ,at e /ep1 at ! "w ( 8 call+1 at pray]1 at meals1 at home & abroad1 f e>ly morn+ till late 9 ! ev5+1 f y\? to old age1 ! dead1 ! dead5+ =mula#c w await him4 ,! pa? ( ob$i5ce = ! sake ( ob$i5ce spe$ily deg5]ates into ! pa? ( me*anical ob$i5ce2 & ! end ( t pa? is ! triumph ( ma*9]y ov] life4 ,= x is to ! lett] ( ! ,law1 r ?an to ! _s1 t ! /rict legali/ is b\nd to con=m4 ,! lett] ( ! ,law is div9e2 & ob$i5ce to x is )9 ! p[] ( e man :o w take ! tr\ble to le>n its comm&m5ts4 ,:at ! _s ( ! ,law may be1 is beyond ! p[] ( fall5 ,man to det]m9e2 & 7 an attempt made to int]pret x1 ! result w\ld be a /ate ( widespread moral *aos1 = !re w\ld be z _m int]pretations ( x z !re 7 m9ds t _h ! c\rage & ! initiative to und]take s audaci\s a task4 ,z x is ) ! ,law z su*1 s x is ) ea* ( its num]\s comm&m5ts4 ,! man :o pr(esses to obey ! _s ( a comm&m5t is 9 secret revolt aga9/ its div9e au?ority4 ,= he is presum+ to criticise x 9 ! light ( 8 own consci5ce & insight1 & to limit 8 ob$i5ce to x to t p>ticul> aspect ( x :i* he judges to be wor?y ( 8 devotion4 ,f su* a criticism ( ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t z ! ,sabba? is made = man1 n man = ! ,sabba? to op5 violation ( ! lett] ( ! comm&m5t 7on ?is occasion or on t7 !re is b a s+le /ep4 ,! :ole /ructure ( legalism w\ld collapse if m5 7 all[$ to absolve !mselves f ob$i5ce to ! lett] ( ! ,law1 out ( reg>d = :at !y conceiv$ to be its _s4 ,to int]pret a comm&m5t1 9 ! s5se ( provid+ = its application to ! fre% cases t may arise = treatm5t1 is ! "w1 n ( poets & prophets b ( ,doctors & ,scribes4 ,! pa? ( lit]al1 & !re=e ( me*anical1 ob$i5ce is ! only pa? ( safety2 & ! m punctili\sly ! lett] is obey$1 ! m p]fect w be ! ma*9]y ( salvation1 & ! ne>] w legalism get to ! appo9t$ goal ( its lab\rs1--! ext9ction ( spiritual life4 ,z is ! life t legalism expects u to lead1 s is ! s*eme ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts by :i* 7z we h already se57 x con/ra9s u to lead x4 ,! mat]ialisation ( life t takes place "u ! sway ( ! ,law is accurately mat*$ & measur$ by ! mat]ialisation ( ! doctr9e ( moral retribution4 ,! g5]al idea t virtue is rew>d$ & vice puni%$ is pr(\ndly true4 ,b ! idea is easily mis9t]pret$2 & x necess>ily %>es 9 ! degradation ( "o's g5]al conception ( life4 ,virtue rew>ds ! virtu\s by mak+ !m m virtu\s4 ,vice puni%es ! vici\s by mak+ !m m vici\s4 ,s long z ! rew>ds = :i* we hope & ! puni%m5ts :i* we dread are conceiv$ ( z inw>d & spiritual1 we are on safe gr\nd4 ,b su* a s*eme ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts is :olly =eign to ! g5ius ( sup]naturalism4 ,x is n by becom+ m virtu\s t we are sav$4 ,x is n by becom+ m vici\s t we are lo/4 ,we are sav$ by ob$i5ce1 we are lo/ by disob$i5ce1 to ! =mulat$ rules ( a div9ely-deliv]$ law4 ,to appeal to ,man's high] self1 :5 !re is no high] self to appeal to1--to set be=e him z ! supreme rew>d ( virtue ! developm5t ( 8 bett] nature1 :5 8 nature is intr9sically evil1--w\ld be an obvi\s wa/e ( lab\r4 ,& z1 ap>t f ! presum$ repugnance ( ! natural man to ! presum$ delights ( ! ,law1 ! intr9sic attractiv5ess ( ! life t legalism prescribes mu/ ne$s dim9i% 9 exact proportion z ! au?ority ( ! ,law becomes oppressive & vexati\s1 & ! lett] ( x t5ds to e/abli% itself at ! exp5se ( ! _s1--x is cle> t a s*eme ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts w become1 9 effect z well z 9 !ory1 ! only weapon 9 ! arm\ry ( ! legali/4 ,x is also cle> t !re w be mu* "w = t "o weapon to d4 ,! c5tral t5d5cies ( ,man's nature1 besides be+ ex hypo!si evil1 are antagoni/ic de facto to ! gall+ despotism & ! irrational requirem5ts ( ! ,law2 & ! lawgiv]1 f> f be+ able to enli/ ^? t5d5cies "u 8 bann] by appeal+ to ! highe/ ( !m--! natural lead]s ( ! re/1--mu/ be prep>$ to ov]come _! collective resi/ance by w9n+ to 8 side ! l[e/ ( !m1 by t]rify+ ,man's weak] self ) ?reats1 by corrupt+ 8 bas] self ) bribes4 ,! ru9 ( ,man's nature1 :e!r hypo!tical or actual1#d has left intact 7or relatively intact7 only ! animal base ( x4 ,x is to 8 animal in/9cts1 !n1 t legalism mu/ appeal 9 its endeav\r to influ5ce 8 conduct4 ,9 o!r words1 ! puni%m5ts & ! rew>ds to :i* ,man is to look =w>d mu/ be ( ! same g5us1 if n ( ! same species1 z ! la% ( ! :ip t puni%es ! lagg+ race-horse1 or ! lump ( sug> t rew>ds 8 ex]tions4 ,& ) ! inevitable gr[? ( egoism & individualism 9 ! demoralis+ atmosph]e ) :i* legalism 7& its l9eal successors7 mu/ ne$s inve/ human life1 ,man's conception ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts t await him w det]iorate r ?an improve4 ,! ,jewi% desire = national prosp]ity 0 an immeasurably nobl] motive to action ?an is ! ,*ri/ian's fe> ( ! quasi-mat]ial fires ( ,hell4 ,inde$ x is no?+ b our famili>ity ) ! latt] motive t has bl9d$ u to its inh]5t bas5ess4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t !re h be5 epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom 7z !re are /ill qu>t]s ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght & phases ( ,*ri/ian fai?7 9 :i* ! trumpet-call t 0 meant to r\se ! soldi]s ( ,god to r5ew$ ex]tion has rung 9 _! e>s z an ignom9i\s sauve qui peut4 ,! t5d5cy ( legalism to ext]nalise life has ano!r aspect4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! /rict legali/ !re is no su* ?+ z an inw>d /ate ( human wor?4 ,! doctr9e ( ! corruption ( ,man's nature is incompatible ) ! idea ( goodness be+ measurable 7pot5tially if n actually7 9 t]ms ( ! heal? & happ9ess ( ! inw>d man4 ,goodness1 z ! legali/ conceives x1 is measurable 9 t]ms ( correctness ( outw>d conduct1 & ( t only4 ,& :5 life is regulat$ by an elaborate ,law1 ! rules ( :i* are famili> to all m51 !re is no reason :y a man's outw>d conduct %\ld n be apprais$1 ) "s approa* to accuracy1 by 8 neighb\rs & fri5ds4 ,h5ce x is t 9 ! atmosph]e ( legalism an excessive def]5ce is wont to be paid to public1 & ev5 to p>o*ial1 op9ion4 ,! life ( ! vot>y ( ! ,law is liv$ "u /rict & con/ant surveillance2 & a man le>ns at la/ to value himself z 8 conduct is valu$ by a critical onlook]1 & to make x ! bus9ess ( 8 life to produce results :i* c be weigh$ & measur$ by conv5tional /&>ds1 r ?an to gr[ 9 grace1--) sil5t1 subtle1 unobtrusive gr[?4 ,7 ,i to try to prove t ! rgime ( ! ,law 0 necess>ily fatal to ! developm5t ( ,man's high] faculties--consci5ce1 fre$om1 reason1 imag9ation1 intuition1 aspiration1 & ! re/--,i %\ld wa/e my "t4 ,legalism1 z a s*eme ( life1 is bas$ on ! assumption t developm5t along ! l9es ( ,man's nature is a movem5t t[>ds p]dition2 & to reproa* ! legali/ = hav+ arre/$ ! gr[? ( ! human _s by ! pressure ( ! ,law 7 to provoke ! rejo9d] t he _h done :at he int5d$ to d4 ,! two s*emes ( ,salvation--! me*anical & ! evolutional--h s little 9 common t nei!r c pass judgm5t on ! o!r )\t begg+ ! "q t is 9 dispute4 ,:5 ,i come to consid] ! effect ( legalism--or r ( ! philosophy t und]lies legalism--on education1 ,i may p]haps be able to f9d "s c\rt ( law 9 :i* ! case betwe5 ! two s*emes c be tri$ ) ! tacit cons5t ( bo?4 ,mean:ile ,i c b note t 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,law gr[? is z a matt] ( fact arre/$1--arre/$ s effectually t ! c\nt] process ( deg5]ation beg9s to take its place4 ,! pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 if pro( be ne$$1 is t legalism1 :5 its ma/] pr9ciple has be5 fully grasp$ & fe>lessly appli$1 takes ! =m ( ,ph>isaism1 & t x is possible = ! ,ph>isee to c\nt himself to h appreh5d$1 to congratulate himself on 8 spiritual a*ievem5t1 to believe1 9 all s]i\sness1 t he has clos$ 8 acc\nt ) ,god4 ,ph>isaism is at once ! logical consummation & ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( legalism4 ,x is to ! g5ius ( ,israel t we owe t practical int]pretation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( sup]naturalism1 :i* 0 embodi$ 9 ! doctr9e ( salvation ?r\gh ob$i5ce to ! lett] ( a ,law4 ,& x is to ! g5ius ( ,israel t we owe t rigor\sly logical int]pretation ( ! axiomata m$ia ( legalism1 :i* issu$ 9 due season 9 ,ph>isaism4 ,! _w owes mu* to ! c\rage & s9c]ity ( ,israel1--to 8 unique =ce ( "*1 to 8 fanatical e>ne/ness1 to 8 rel5tless t5acity ( purpose4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x owes a debt :i* x c nev] liquidate to :at 0 at once ! cause & ! result ( 8 ov]-s]i\sness1--to 8 lack ( any s5se ( hum\r1--a negative quality :i* all[$ 8 practical logic to run its c\rse )\t let or h9drance1 & prev5t$ ! brakes ( common-s5se f act+ :5 he f\nd himself1 9 8 v zeal = ! ,law1 desc5d+ an incl9$ plane into an unfa?omable abyss ( turpitude & folly4 ,! man 7or p7 :o is able1 ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 to tell ! re/ ( mank9d :at a giv5 s*eme ( life really means & is really wor?1 ow+ to 8 hav+ (f]$ himself z ! corpus vile = ! requir$ exp]im5t1 is "o ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! human race4 ,_h ,israel be5 less s9c]e or less c\rage\s1 we might nev] h kn[n :at deadly fallacies lurk 9 ! seem+ly h>mless dualism ( popul> ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! ,we/1 x w be said1 is ,*ri/ian1 n ,jewi%4 ,is x ,*ri/ian8 ,if ! ^w ,*ri/ian connotes acceptance ( ! tea*+ z well z devotion to ! p]son ( ,*ri/1 x is sc>cely applicable ei!r to ! (ficial or to ! popul> religion ( ! ,we/4 ,= ,*ri/1 ! /]n d5\nc] ( ! ,ph>isees1 0 ! :ole-he>t$ enemy ( legalism2 & ! legal conception ( salvation ?r\gh me*anical ob$i5ce /ill dom9ates ! religion & life ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,jewi% ,law tri$ to cov]1 & t5d$ m & m to cov]1 ! :ole ( human life4 ,x is true t x controll$ ! details r ?an ! totality ( life2 b ! reason :y x dealt ) life1 detail by detail1 0 t its expon5ts1 ow+ to _! spiritual purbl9dness1 7 unable to see ! wood = ! trees4 ,9 ,*ri/5dom1 :ile ! doctr9e ( salvation ?r\gh me*anical ob$i5ce 0 reta9$1 ! au?ority ( a ,*ur* 0 sub/itut$ = t ( a ,code ( ,law4 ,! gr[? ( ! idea ( ,humanity1 z oppos$ to t ( m]e nationality1 made ?is necess>y4 ,z ! =m] idea began to compete ) ! latt]1 ! ne$ = a div9ely-commission$ society :i* %\ld decl>e ! w & communicate ! grace ( ,god1 n to "o nation only b to all m5 :o 7 will+ to he>k5 & obey1--& ^: action1 z a *annel ( int]c\rse betwe5 ,god & ,man1 %\ld be cont9u\s r ?an spasmodic1--began to make itself felt4 ,a ,code ( ,law might conceivably suffice to regulate ! life ( "o small nation2 b :5 we consid] "u :at v>y+ conditions ( climate1 occupation1 cu/om1 tradition1 & s =?1 ! g5]al life ( ,humanity is c>ri$ on1 we see cle>ly t no "o ,code c ev5 beg9 to suffice = ! ne$s ( ! :ole human race4 ,h5ce1 & = o!r reasons :i* we ne$ n n[ consid]1 ! ,we/1 9 accept+ ! philosophy ( ,israel1 translat$ its ma/] idea ( salvation ?r\gh me*anical ob$i5ce into ! notation ( ecclesia/ical1 z di/+ui%$ f legal1 control4 ,t ob$i5ce to a sup]naturally-commission$ ,*ur*1 or r to ! ,"o sup]naturally-commission$ ,*ur*1 is ! fir/ & la/ duty ( ,man1 is ! fundam5tal assumption on :i* ! /ately fabric ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity has be5 re>$4 ,9 v>i\s ways ! ,*ur* has /riv5 to exact implicit ob$i5ce f h] *ildr54 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,confessional %e has secur$ "s measure ( control ov] _! morals4 ,by regulat+ ! wor%ip ( ,god--bo? public & private--%e has be5 able to rule (f a sph]e ( human conduct 9 :i* h] own au?ority is necess>ily p>am\nt4 ,by supply+ ! fai?ful ) rations ( !ological in=mation 7to quote ! apt phrase ( a pill> ( or?odoxy71 & requir+ !m to accept ^! on h] au?ority z indisputably true1 %e has succe$$ 9 impos+ h] yoke on ?\ght z well z on conduct4 ,by claim+ to control ! outfl[ ( ,div9e grace1 ?r\gh ! *annels ( ! ,sacram5ts1 %e has be5 able to ?reat5 ! rebelli\s ) ! dread p5alty ( be+ cut (f f int]c\rse ) ,god4 ,& by tell+ m51 ) /]n insi/5ce1 t ! *oice betwe5 ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce to h]self is ! *oice betwe5 et]nal happ9ess & et]nal mis]y1 %e has s\ght to ext5d h] dom9ion beyond ! limits ( "t & to raise to an inf9ite p[] h] supremacy ov] ! s\ls ( m54 ,b j because ! life ( collective ,humanity is l>ge1 complex1 & full ( *ange & v>iety1 ! ,*ur* :i* aspires to be univ]sal1 h[ev] /rong may be h] desire to sup]9t5d all ! details ( human ?\ght & conduct1 & h[ev] ready %e may be to adapt h]self to local & temporal v>iations1 mu/ ne$s all[ :ole aspects & :ole sph]es ( human life to escape f h] control4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom is ! hi/ory ( ! gradual emancipation ( ! ,we/]n _w f ! despotism ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! v>i\s activities ( ! human _s--art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 law1 /atecraft1 & ! re/--h1 "o & all1 fre$ !mselves by sl[ degrees f ecclesia/ical control1 till little or no?+ has be5 left = ! ,*ur* to regulate b h] own rites & c]emonies1 ! morals 79 a n>r[ & ev]-n>r[+ s5se ( ! ^w71 & ! fai? 79 ! !ological s5se ( ! ^w71 ( ! fai?ful4 ,) ! emancipation ( ,man's high] activities f ecclesia/ical control1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! religi\s & ! secul> life has gradually e/abli%$ itself4 ,t ?is %\ld happ5 0 inevitable4 ,me*anical ob$i5ce be+ ( ! ess5ce ( sup]natural religion1 ! secul>is+ ( human life became absolutely necess>y if any vital progress 0 to be made4 ,! ,*ur* patronis$ art1 music1 & ! drama s f> z !y s]v$ h] purposes4 ,:5 !y outgrew ^? purposes1 9 response to ! expansive =ces ( human nature1 %e treat$ !m z secul> & let !m g _! sev]al ways4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( !ology %e tri$ to keep physical sci5ce 9 lead+-/r+s2 b :51 aft] a bitt] /ruggle1 sci5ce broke loose f h] control1 %e treat$ x too z secul> & let x g its way4 ,let u see :at ?is di/9ction involves4 ,z salvation is to be a*iev$ by ob$i5ce to ! ,*ur* & 9 no o!r way1 x foll[s t 9 all ^? sph]es ( life :i* are outside ! jurisdiction ( ! ,*ur* 7except1 ( c\rse1 s f> z que/ions ( morals may arise 9 connection ) !m71 ,man's conduct & g5]al demean\r are suppos$ to h no be>+ on 8 et]nal de/9y4 ,?is is ! view ( ! secul> life :i* is tak5 by ! ,*ur*4 ,& n by ! ,*ur* alone4 ,z1 little by little1 ! ,in/itution--be x ,*ur*1 or ,sect1 or ,code1 or ,scripture--:i* claims to be ! sole accr$it$ ag5t ( ! ,et]nal ,god1 relaxes its hold ^u ! ev]-exp&+ life ( ,humanity1 all ^? developm5ts ( human nature :i* cease to be am5able to its control come to be reg>d$ z mundane1 z unspiritual1 z c>nal1 z matt]s ) :i* ,god has no conc]n4 ,7 ?is view ( ! secul> life conf9$ to ^? :o call !mselves religi\s1 no great h>m w\ld be done4 ,un=tunately1 ! secul> life1 :i* is "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t conception ( ,god z "o :o holds no int]c\rse ) ,man except ?r\gh c]ta9 accr$it$ ag5ts1 is ready to acquiesce 9 ! curr5t e/imate ( itself z godless1 & to accept z valid ! di/9ction betwe5 ! religi\s life & its own4 ,h5ce comes a g5]al l[]+ ( ,man's aims4 ,z ! secul> life is cont5t to reg>d itself z godless1 & s deprives itself ( any c5tral & unify+ aim1 x is b natural t success 9 ea* ( its _m bran*es %\ld come to be reg>d$ z an end 9 itself4 ,x is b natural1 to take examples at r&om1 t ! arti/ %\ld foll[ art = art's sake1 t ! man ( sci5ce %\ld deify positive k1 t ! /atesman %\ld reg>d political p[] z intr9sically desirable1 t ! m]*ant & ! manufactur] %\ld live to make money1 & t ! highe/ motive :i* appeals to all m5 alike %\ld be ! desire to bulk l>ge 9 ! eyes ( _! fell[-m54 ,ev5 ! ard5t re=m]1 ^: en?usiasm makes him unselfi%1 pursues ! ideal to :i* he devotes himself1 z an end 9 itself1 & makes no attempt to def9e or int]pret x 9 t]ms ( its relation to t supreme & c5tral ideal :i* he ought to reg>d z ! f9al end ( human endeav\r4 ,:5 we rem9d ourselves1 fur!r1 t secul>ism1 equally ) sup]naturalism1 t5ds to id5tify ,nature ) l[] nature--9 o!r words1 ) ! mat]ial side ( ! ,univ]se & ! c>nal side ( ,man's be+1--we %all realise h[ easy x is = ! secul> life1 once x has lo/1 ?r\gh its divorce f religion1 ! tonic /imulus ( a c5tral aim1 to s9k1 )\t directly int5d+ to d s1 into ! mire ( mat]ialism1--a mat]ialism ( conduct z well z ( ?\ght4 ,b if ! loss to ! secul> life1 f its compulsory despiritualisation1 is great1 ! loss to religion1 f ! secul>isation ( s mu* ( ,man's rational activity1 is great] /ill4 ,! v di/9ction betwe5 ! secul> & ! religi\s life is pr(\ndly irreligi\s1 9 t x re/s on ! tacit assumption t !re is no unity1 no c5tral aim1 9 human life2 & ! fact t (ficial religion is ready to acquiesce 9 ! di/9ction1 is ready1 9 o!r words1 to make a compromise ) its enemy ! _w1 is a pro( t x is secretly consci\s ( its own fail+ p[]1 & is ev5 beg9n+ to despair ( itself4 ,z x resigns itself to ?is feel+ 7z yet p]haps b dimly realis$71 its reasons = ent]ta9+ x mu/ ne$s gr[ /rong]4 ,! progressive enl>gem5t ( ! sph]e ( ,man's secul> activities is accompani$1 /ep = /ep1 by ! devitalisation ( ! idea ( ! ,div9e4 ,:at k9d ( int]c\rse c ,god be suppos$ to hold ) ,man if ! latt] is to be left to 8 own devices 9 :at he mu/ ne$s reg>d z among ! m important aspects ( 8 life1--9 8 comm]cial & indu/rial ent]prises1 9 8 art1 9 8 lit]ature1 9 8 /udy ( ,nature's laws1 9 8 ma/]y ( ,nature's =ces1 9 8 pursuit ( positive tru? & practical good8 ,z 9 ^! matt]s ,man frees himself1 little by little1 f ! yoke ( sup]naturalism1 :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to id5tify ) religion1 8 =mal conception ( 8 relation to ,god & ( ! "p t ,god plays 9 8 life--! conception t is def9$ & elucidat$ = him by religi\s or?odoxy--becomes ( necessity m irrational1 m me*anical1 m unreal1 m repugnant to 8 bett] nature & to ! high] developm5ts ( 8 common-s5se4 ,! t5d5cy to exalt ! lett] ( :at is spok5 or writt51 at ! exp5se ( ! _s1 is z mu* ( ! ess5ce ( ecclesia/icism z ( legalism4 ,si dans les rgles du salut le fond l'emport]ait sur la =me1 ce s]ait la ru9e du sac]doce4 ,&1 z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 ! hair-splitt+ pu]ilities ( ,ph>isaism "u ! ,old ,disp5sation h be5 mat*$1 & m ?an mat*$1 9 ! sph]es ( ritual1 ( dogmatic !ology1 & ( casui/ical morality1 "u ! ,new4 ,z ,man gradually %ifts ! c5tre ( gravity ( 8 be+ f ! religi\s to ! secul> side ( 8 life1 ?is pu]ile elem5t 9 religion--! elem5t ( ultra-=malism1 ( irrationality1 ( unreality--t5ds1 l a morbid gr[?1 to draw to itself ! vital en]gies ( :at 0 once a heal?y organism b is n[ deg5]at+ into a body ( dea?4 ,if1 9 ^! days ( absorb+ secul> activity1 ,man cont9ues to tol]ate ! !ories & practices ( ! religi\s exp]ts1 ! reason is--ap>t f ! influ5ce ( cu/om & tradition & ( 8 respect = v5]able & e/abli%$ in/itutions--t !y are ?+s :i* he has nei!r "t nor incl9ation to inve/igate1 & :i* he c !re=e af=d to tol]ate z be+ f> remov$ f :at is vital & c5tral 9 8 life4 ,i am told t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* holds1 9 ! case ( a dy+ man1 t ! et]nal fate ( ! s\l1 = good or = evil1 may dep5d ^u ! reception or ! non-reception ( absolution1 & ev5 ( extreme unction4 ,t ! truly appall+ conception ( ,god :i* is implicit 9 ?is s5t5ce %\ld /ill survive1 t x %\ld n yet h be5 swept out ( exi/5ce by ! outrag$ common-s5se & good feel+ ( ,humanity1 is a pro( ( ! imm5se indiff]5ce ) :i* ! ,we/]n _w1 absorb$ z x is 9 secul> pursuits1 reg>ds religion4 ,x may inde$ be d\bt$ if m5 h ev] be5 s non-religi\s z are at ! pres5t day ! inhabitants ( our highly-civilis$ & ?or\ghly-,*ri/ianis$ ,we/4 ,at any rate ! abs5ce ( a c5tral aim 9 human life has nev] be5 s complete z x is n[4 ,mo/ m5 are cont5t to drift ?r\gh life1 toil+ = ! daily bread :i* w enable !m to g on liv+1 yet nei!r kn[+ nor c>+ to "k :y !y are alive4 ,!re is a m9ority ( /rong] & m resolute m5 :o devote life ) unwav]+ en]gy to ! pursuit ( :at ,i may call private & p]sonal ends4 ,?us ! man ( bus9ess lives = ! acquisition ( ri*es2 ! s*ol> & ! sci5ti/1 ( k2 ! /atesman1 ( p[]2 ! speculator1 ( excitem5t2 ! lib]t9e1 ( pleasure2 & s =?4 ,few are !y :o ev] dream ( devot+ life z a :ole to ! pursuit ( an end :i* is pot5tially atta9able by all m51 & :i* is !re=e wor?y ( ,man z ,man4 ,! idea ( !re be+ su* an end has inde$ be5 almo/ :olly lo/ sight (4 ,^? among u :o are ( l>g] disc\rse ?an ! re/ & less absorb$ by p]sonal aims1 ask !mselves m\rnfully3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( life8 ,:y are we "h8 ,is life wor? liv+8 & o!r su* que/ions2 & be+ unable to answ] !m to _! satisfaction1 or get !m answ]$1 resign !mselves to a /ate ( quasi-/oical endurance4 ,t religion _c be expect$ to answ] ^! que/ions--! v que/ions :i* x is its "r & its duty to answ]--seems to be tak5 = grant$ by all :o ask !m4 ,religion1 z x is n[ conceiv$ (1 is a ?+ = prie/s & m9i/]s1 = *ur*es & *apels1 = ,sundays & ,sa9ts'-days1 = ! private devotions ( wom5 & *ildr51 = educational debates 9 ,p>liam5t1 = ! fir/ lesson on ! "t-table 7#i4e to #i4de a4m47 ( a ,public ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4 ,! unbeliev] is eag] to run a tilt aga9/ religion4 ,! non-believ] is cont5t to ignore x4 ,! believ] is c>eful to exclude x f n9e-t5?s ( 8 life4 ,x is to ?is pass t ! gospel ( salvation by ma*9]y has br\ght ! mo/ progressive "p ( ! human race4 ,! phase ( non-religi\sness ?r\gh :i* ! ,we/ is pass+ has1 we may re/ assur$1 a mean+ & a purpose4 ,at ! meet+s ( ! ,ca?olic ,tru? ,society x is cu/om>y = ! speak]s to deplore ! /eady relapse ( ,*ri/5dom into paganism1 :i* is go+ on be=e _! eyes4 ,z ! ,*ur* _h ?+s h] own way = t5 c5turies or m1 ^! compla9ts on ! "p ( h] *ampions are equival5t to a confession on h] "p ( disa/r\s failure4 ,:y is ! ,*ur*1 aft] hav+ evangelis$ ! ,we/ & rul$ x = a ?\s& ye>s1 all[+ x to slide back into paganism8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is t %e h]self is unwitt+ly paganis+ x4 ,i mean by ?is t1 )\t int5d+ to d s1 %e is compell+ x to *oose betwe5 secul>is$ life & arre/$ gr[?4 ,7 a gr[+ tree encircl$ ) an iron b&1 ! day w\ld surely come :5 ! tree1 by ! =ce ( its own natural expansion1 w\ld ei!r %att] ! b& or all[ x to cut deep into its own /em4 ,! gr[+ consci\sness ( ,humanity has long be5 encircl$ by a rigid & inadequate conception ( ,god4 ,! gradual secul>isation ( ! ,we/ means t ! s\l ( man is /ra9+ t p>ticul> conception ( ,god to break+-po9t3 & x is inf9itely bett] t x %\ld be brok5 to pieces ?an t its iron %\ld be all[$ to s9k deep into ! s\l4 ,! secul>isation ( contempor>y life means ?is1 & m ?an ?is4 ,x means ! gradual h&+ back ( ,man's life to ! control ( ,nature1--( ,nature :i* is z yet unequal to ! task t is be+ set x1 ow+ to its hav+ be5 ?r\gh all ^! c5turies id5tifi$ ) its l[] self1 taught to di/ru/ itself1 & o!rwise mis9t]pret$ & mismanag$1 b :i*1 9 ob$i5ce to ! prim>y in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 w gradually rise to ! level ( ! responsibility t is be+ laid ^u x4 ,) ! fur!r secul>isation ( ,man's life1 ! ne$ = religion to make effective ! control ( ,nature1 by po9t+ out to x its own ideal & s co-ord9at+ & organis+ all its =ces1 w gradually make itself felt1 & ! reg5]ation ( religion w at la/ h begun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= _m c5turies ! curr5t ( religi\s belief 9 ! ,we/ 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! "o *annel ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re ! mighty riv] pursu$ 8 c\rse1 brimm+ & bright & l>ge1 till ! "t came :51 ) ! gradual loss ( 8 pri/9e en]gy-- ,s&s began ,to hem 8 w9try m>*1 & dam 8 /reams ,& split 8 curr5ts2 ,side *annels 7 =m$1 & grew 9 numb]2 & ?\gh ,ca?olicism is /ill ! c5tral *annel = ! mov+ wat]s1 ! riv] has n[ fall5 on evil days1 & /ra9s along1 %orn & p>cell$1 l ! riv] ( ! ,asian des]t-- =gett+ ! bright spe$ he bore ,9 8 high m\nta9 cradle4 ,( ! _m side /reams into :i* ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity has split1 ! majority may be spok5 ( collectively z ,prote/ant4 ,prote/antism claims to h lib]at$ a l>ge "p ( ,*ri/5dom f ! yoke ( ,rome2 & x is !re=e "r t we %\ld ask ourselves 9 :at s5se & to :at ext5t x has br\ght fre$om to ! human _s4 ,! answ] to ?is "q is1 ,i ?9k1 t ?\gh ,prote/antism has f\ght a good fight = ! pr9ciple ( fre$om1 x has fail$--= _m reasons1 ! *ief ( :i* is t x began its "w be=e m5 7 ripe = fre$om--to lead its vot>ies into ! pa? ( spiritual life & gr[?4 ,confront$ by ! uncompromis+ dogmatism ( ,rome1 x _h to devise a c\nt] dogmatism ( its own 9 ord] to rally r\nd x ! fa9t-he>t$ :o1 ?\gh eag] to absolve !mselves f ob$i5ce to ! despotism ( ! ,*ur*1 yet fe>$ to walk by _! own inw>d light4 ,9 mak+ ?is move1 :i* 0 n ! less false because x 0 9 a s5se inevitable1 ,prote/antism may be said to h r5\nc$ its mission4 ,t x has done mu*1 9 v>i\s ways1 = human progress is und5iable2 b ! fact rema9s t x has fail$ to revitalise ,*ri/ianity4 ,its ma/]-/roke 9 its /ruggle ) prie/craft--! sub/itution ( fai? = works z ! basis ( salvation--has done little or no?+ to relieve ! ,we/ f ! deadly pressure ( ,israel's philosophy4 ,= fai?1 z ,prote/antism und]/&s ! ^w1 is ! movem5t ( ! s\l1 n t[>ds ! ideal end ( its be+ b t[>ds an alleg$ sup]natural transaction1--! r$emption ( ! _w by ! dea? ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross4 ,gratitude to ,*ri/ = 8 love & self-sacrifice may inde$ be an effective motive to action1 b fai? 9 ! efficacy ( ,*ri/'s aton+ sacrifice is no guide to conduct4 ,! inability ( ,prote/antism to d$uce a s*eme ( life f its own ma/]-pr9ciple ( salvation by fai? has compell$ x1 9 its desire to avoid ! pitfalls ( ant9omianism1 to revive 9 a modifi$ =m ! practical legalism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,prote/ant desires to %[ 8 gratitude to ,*ri/ by lead+ a correct life2 b 8 di/ru/ ( 8 own high] nature compels him to g to "s ext]nal au?ority = e?ical guidance2 & z he has repudiat$ ! au?ority ( ! sup]naturally-inspir$ ,*ur*1 he is compell$ to h rec\rse to ! sup]naturally-inspir$ ,bible4 ,h5ce ! traditional alliance betwe5 ,prote/antism & ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* ! pa? ( duty is f> m cle>ly & consi/5tly def9$ ?an 9 ! ,new4 ,& h5ce ! s+ul> fact t ,calv9ism1 :i* is ! backbone ( ,prote/antism1 & :i* 9 !ory1 & ev5 7at times7 9 practice1 reg>ds works z fil?y rags1 f9ds its o!r self 9 ,puritanism1 :i* is 9 ! ma9 a recrudesc5ce ( ,jewi% legalism 9 ! m /rictly moral sph]e ( conduct4 ,x is ow+ to its alliance ) ! legalism ( ,israel1 t ,prote/antism has be5 9 "s respects an ev5 great] enemy ( human fre$om ?an ,ca?olicism1 & has on ! :ole done m ?an ! latt] to n>r[ & maim human life4 ,! /rict legali/ tries1 z we h se51 to br+ ! :ole ( human life "u ! direct control ( ! ,law2 & :5 he f9ds1 z ! ,puritan did 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 t :ole aspects ( life h 9 po9t ( fact escap$ f ! control ( religion & won f ! latt] a tacit acceptance ( !mselves z secul>1 he n unnaturally t5ds to reg>d ^! non-religi\s aspects ( life z c>nal1 & !re=e z unacceptable to ,god4 ,h5ce ! antipa?y ( ! ,prote/ant1 9 8 seasons ( ,puritanical fanaticism1 to art1 music1 ! drama1 & o!r noble fruits ( ! human _s4 ,ca?olicism has f\nd itself compell$ to tol]ate ! secul> activities ( ! layman2 ,prote/antism1 :ile tol]at+ ^? activities by :i* man e>ns 8 daily bread & :i* may be spok5 ( collectively z bus9ess1 has f "t to "t wag$ w> aga9/ all ! developm5ts ( human nature :i* are nei!r spiritual 79 ! n>r[ & rigid s5se ( ! ^w7 nor obvi\sly useful1 & has s\ght to extirpate ! correspond+ desires f ! he>t ( ,man4 ,on ! m arti/ic side ( human life1 x has done z mu* to imp$e ! gr[? ( ! s\l z ,ca?olicism has done on ! m intellectual side2 & ?r\gh its influ5ce on "* x has done z mu* to h>d5 ! fibre ( ! s\l z ,ca?olicism has done to relax x1 ! t5d5cy ( bo? religions be+ to de/roy t ela/icity ( fibre :i* m$iates betwe5 h>dness & flabb9ess1 & :i* has its c\nt]p>t 9 vigor\s heal? & /r5g?4 ,! tru? is--b x is a tru? :i* ,prote/antism is apt to mis9t]pret1 & :i* ,ca?olicism f9ds x exp$i5t to ignore--t religion is n a bran* or dep>tm5t ( human life1 b a way ( look+ at life z a :ole4 ,inde$1 x is ( ! ess5ce ( religion 7z has be5 already sugge/$7 t x %\ld look at life z a :ole1 & s be able to look at ea* ( its details 9 ! light ( t supreme syn!sis :i* we call ,div9e4 ,& ! religion :i* sanctions1 & by its own action necessitates1 ! division ( life into two bran*es--! secul> & ! religi\s--has obvi\sly miss$ its de/9y & betray$ its tru/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a brief summ>y ( ! cont5ts ( ?is *apt] w prep>e ! way = ! next4 ,! movem5ts ( high] ?\ght 9 ! ,we/ h be5 dom9at$1 nom9ally by ! pr(essional ?9k]1 really by ! av]age man4 ,z a ?9k]1 ! av]age man is incurably duali/ic4 ,enslav$ z he is to ! requirem5ts ( 8 in/rum5t1 language1 he in/9ctively opposes m9d to body1 _s to matt]1 good to evil1 ! ,creator to ! ,creation1 ,god to ,man2 & 9 ea* case he fixes a great gulf betwe5 ! mighty opposites t con/itute ! giv5 anti!sis4 ,confront$ by ! my/]y ( exi/5ce1 he has expla9$ x by ! /ory ( ,creation4 ,confront$ by ! tw9 my/]ies ( s9 & sorr[1 he has expla9$ !m by ! /ory ( ! ,fall4 ,f ! /ory ( ! ,fall he has pass$ on to ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 to ! belief t ,nature 9 g5]al1 & human nature 9 p>ticul>1 is corrupt & ru9$1 & !re=e intr9sically evil4 ,%r9k+ f ! hopeless prospect :i* ?is belief op5s up to him1 he has f\nd refuge 9 ! conception ( ano!r _w1--( a _w above & beyond ,nature1 a _w ( ,div9e p]fection f :i* in=mation & guidance c at ,god's good pleasure be dol$ out to ,man4 ,= a sup]natural revelation 7z !ologians call ?is s5d+ ( help f ,god to ,man7 special in/rum5ts are obvi\sly ne$$1--a special ,p1 a special ,scripture1 a special ,lawgiv]1 a special ,prophet1 a special ,*ur*4 ,h5ce has aris5 ! idea t c]ta9 p]sons1 c]ta9 ca/es1 c]ta9 in/itutions h a monopoly ( ,div9e tru? & grace1 & are !re=e 9 a position to dictate to _! fell[-m5 h[ !y are to be> !mselves if !y wi% to be sav$1 :at !y are to believe1 :at !y are to d4 ,f ?is ! transition has be5 easy to ! fur!r idea t salvation is to be a*iev$ by bl9d & me*anical ob$i5ce1--by r5\nc+ ! "r to foll[ "o's own high] nature1 to obey "o's own consci5ce1 to use "o's own reason1 to map out "o's own life4 ,9 ord] to induce m5 to yield ! ob$i5ce :i* is requir$ ( !m1 _! l[] in/9cts h _h to be appeal$ to 7= ! high]1 ru9$ by ! ,fall1 h presumably ceas$ to op]ate71--_! desire = pleasure by ! promise ( ,heav51 _! fe> ( pa9 by ! ?reat ( ,hell4 ,& 9 ord] t _! lives may be kept "u close sup]vision & _! m]its accurately apprais$1 an ev]-increas+ /ress has _h to be laid on :at is outw>d1 visible1 & measurable 9 human life1 z di/+ui%$ f :at is inw>d & occult1--on correctness 9 ! details ( prescrib$ conduct1 or aga9 9 ! details ( =mulat$ belief4 ,z ! idea ( salvation ?r\gh me*anical ob$i5ce develops into a sy/ematis$ s*eme ( life1 ! high] & m spiritual faculties ( ,man's nature become gradually atrophi$ by disuse4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *annel ( s\l gr[?--! only *annel t leads to spiritual heal?1 & !re=e to salvation--becomes gradually ob/ruct$1 ) ! result t ! vital en]gies ( ! s\l t5d ei!r to dissipate !mselves & run to wa/e1 or to make new *annels = !mselves1--*annels ( deg5]ative t5d5cy1 ! end ( :i* is spiritual dea?4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,by self-satisfaction ,i mean satisfaction ) ! exi/+ sy/em z a sy/em4 ,t /r5u\s ef=ts are be+ made to improve ! sy/em1 )9 its own limits1 ,i c well believe4 ,b ! sy/em itself1 ) ! defects & limitations :i* are ( its ess5ce1 seems to be reg>d$ z adequate1 & ev5 z f9al1 by ne>ly all :o "w "u x4 #b #ahfb to #ahie ,a4,d4 #c ,! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! "t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 by ,dr4 ,emil ,s*r]4 #d ,9 its extreme =m legalism t5ds to br+ ab\t t ru9 ( human nature :i* x />ts by po/ulat+2 =1 by =bidd+ ,man's high] faculties to en]gise1 x necess>ily arre/s _! developm5t1 & s makes x possible = ! l[] faculties to draw to !mselves an undue %>e ( ! ris+ sap ( ,man's life4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,education ,,?r\gh ,,me*anical ,,ob$i5ce ,! ,god ( popul> !ology has be5 engag$ = m ?an ?irty c5turies 9 educat+ 8 *ild1 ,man4 ,8 sy/em ( education has be5 bas$ on complete di/ru/ ( ,man's nature4 ,9 ! s*ools :i* ,man has be5 requir$ to att5d--! ,legal ,s*ool "u ! ,old ,disp5sation1 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,s*ool "u ! ,new--x has be5 tak5 = grant$ t he c nei!r disc]n :at is true1 nor desire :at is good4 ,! tru? ( ?+s has !re=e be5 =mulat$ = him1 & he has be5 requir$ to le>n x by rote & pr(ess 8 belief 9 x1 clause by clause4 ,8 duty has also be5 =mulat$ = him1 & he has be5 requir$ to p]=m x1 detail by detail1 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm&m5ts ( an all-embrac+ ,code1 or to ! direction ( an all-controll+ ,*ur*4 ,x has fur!r be5 tak5 = grant$ t ,man's in/9cts & impulses are :olly evil1 & t ,"r ,fai? & ,"r ,conduct are entirely repugnant to 8 nature4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ! resi/ance :i* 8 corrupt he>t & p]v]se w might !re=e be expect$ to (f] to ! au?ority & influ5ce ( 8 tea*]s1 a s*eme ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts has _h to be devis$ = 8 b5efit4 ,z !re is no bett] nature = ! s*eme to appeal to1 an appeal has _h to be made to fe>s & hopes :i* are av[$ly base4 ,! refractory *ild has _h to be ?reat5$ ) corporal puni%m5t 9 ! =m ( an et]nity ( torm5t 9 ,hell4 ,& he has _h to be brib$ by ! (f] ( prizes1 ! *ief ( :i* is an et]nity ( selfi% enjoym5t 9 ,heav51--enjoym5t s selfi% t x w consi/ )1 & ev5 7x is said7 be height5$ by1 ! k t 9 ! ,f9al ,exam9ation ! failures h be5 _m & ! prize-w9n]s few4 ,& z1 "u ?is sy/em ( education1 ob$i5ce is ! fir/ & la/ ( virtues1 s self-w--9 ! s5se ( d>+ to ?9k & act = oneself--is ! fir/ & la/ ( (f5ces4 ,x is = ! s9 ( spiritual initiative--! s9 ( try+ to "w out "o's own salvation by ! ex]cise ( reason1 consci5ce1 imag9ation1 aspiration1 & o!r spiritual faculties--t ! dire/ p5alties are res]v$4 ,! pa? ( salvation is ! pa? ( bl9d1 passive1 me*anical ob$i5ce4 ,to deviate ev5 a little f t pa? is to incur ! p5alty ( et]nal dea?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ,man is educat$ by 8 fa!r1 ,god1 s mu/ ! *ild be educat$ by 8 fa!r1 ! adult man4 ,if ! nature ( ,man is intr9sically evil1 ! *ild mu/ ne$s h be5 conceiv$ 9 s9 & %ap5 9 iniquity4 ,if ,man1 ev5 9 8 maturity1 _c be tru/$ to ?9k or desire or d :at is "r1 /ill less c he be s tru/$ :5 he is t relatively immature & helpless be+1 ! *ild4 ,if ! adult man has to be told 9 ! fulle/ detail 7:e!r by a =mulat$ ,law or by a liv+ ,*ur*7 h[ he is to conduct himself1 /ill great] is ! ne$ = su* or simil> direction to be giv5 to ! *ild4 ,if ! adult is to be sav$ by /rict & me*anical ob$i5ce1 & by no o!r me?od1 /ill great] is ! ne$ = su* ob$i5ce on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,if a sy/em ( ext]nal & quasi-mat]ial rew>ds & puni%m5ts is indisp5sable 9 ! education ( ! adult1 /ill less c x be disp5s$ ) 9 ! education ( ! *ild4 ,^! a =tiori argum5ts are /rong2 b !re is a /rong]4 ,! *ild w develop into ! adult1 & he _c too soon be initiat$ into ! life :i*1 z ! adult1 he w h to lead4 ,! process ( educat+ ! *ild is n m]ely analog\s to ! process ( sav+ ! man4 ,x is a vital "p ( x4 ,= *ildhood is ! "t :5 human nature is mo/ easily m\ld$2 & ! b5t t is giv5 to x !n is1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 decisive ( its ultimate de/9y4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t if ,man is to be sav$ by a rgime ( me*anical ob$i5ce1 8 education 9 8 *ildhood mu/ be bas$ on ! same g5]al conception ( life & duty4 ,?is means1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! *ild mu/ be br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( sev]ity4 ,! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--! ,deity ^: nimbus ov]%ad[s ! life ( ! ,we/--comb9es 9 8 own p]son ! functions ( law-giv]1 gov]nor1 prosecutor1 judge1 & execution]4 ,8 subjects are a race ( vile (f5d]s1 ^: e impulse is bad1 & ^: nature turns t[>ds evil z inevitably z a plant turns t[>ds ! light4 ,z he _c tru/ !m to "k good f evil1 he has _h to provide !m ) an elaborate code ( law2 & he has _h to take = grant$ t1 left to !mselves1 !y w break 8 comm&m5ts1 & f9d pleasure 9 do+ s4 ,f ! v outset1 !n1 8 attitude t[>ds !m has be5 "o ( suspicion & ris+ ang]4 ,he is always on ! look-out = disob$i5ce1 & he is ready to *a/ise ! (f5d] almo/ be=e he has _h "t to commit ! (f5ce4 ,8 pupils1 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( suspicion1 & taught f _! e>lie/ days to disbelieve 9 & condemn !mselves1 c sc>cely be blam$ = liv+ d[n to ! evil reputation :i* !y h un=tunately ga9$4 ,to p]suade a man t he is a mis]able s9n] is to g "s way t[>ds lead+ him into ! pa? ( s94 ,sy/ematic di/ru/ p>alyses & demoralises ^? :o live "u x1 & s t5ds to ju/ify ! cruelty into :i* x too readily develops4 ,! p5alties :i* ,god has atta*$ to ! s9s :i* he may almo/ be said to h provok$ ,man to commit1 are s t]rible & unju/ t if ! fe> ( !m has n robb$ life ( all its sun%9e1 ! reason is t _! v horror has numb$ ,man's imag9ation1 & made x impossible = him ev5 to beg9 to picture to himself _! lurid gloom4 ,9 ! ,we/ m5 h loyally /riv5 to reproduce t[>ds _! *ildr5 ! suppos$ attitude ( _! ,god ( ,wra? t[>ds !mselves4 ,f v t5d] ye>s ! *ild has be5 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( displeasure & mi/ru/4 ,8 spontane\s activities h be5 repress$ z evil4 ,8 e act has be5 look$ ^u ) suspicion4 ,he has be5 ev] on ! def5sive1 l a prison] 9 ! dock4 ,he has be5 ev] on ! al]t = a s5t5ce ( doom4 ,he has be5 cuff$1 kick$1 can$1 flogg$1 %ut up 9 ! d>k1 f$ on bread & wat]1 s5t hungry to b$1 subject$ to a v>iety ( cruel & humiliat+ puni%m5ts1 t]rifi$ ) idle--b to him appall+--?reats4 ,9 8 mis]y he has %$ a :ole ocean ( te>s1--! salt & bitt] te>s ( hopeless grief & helpless ang]1 n ! s\l-refre%+ te>s :i* are sometimes di/ill$ f sorr[ by ! sun%9e ( love4 ,b ( all ! cruelties to :i* he has be5 subject$1 ! mo/ devili% has be5 t ( mak+ him believe 9 8 own crim9ality1 9 ! corruption ( 8 innoc5t he>t4 ,9 ! deadly %ade ( t *ill+ cl\d1 ! fl[] ( 8 op5+ life has too (t5 )]$ be=e x has _h "t to exp&4 ,= :at is mo/ cruel 9 cruelty is its t5d5cy to demoralise its victims1 especially ^? :o are ( t5d] ye>s--to h>d5 !m1 to brutalise !m1 to make !m /ubborn & secretive1 to make !m %ifty & deceitful1 to ?r[ !m back ^u !mselves1 to %ut !m up )9 !mselves1 to qu5* ! joy ( _! he>ts1 to numb _! sympa?ies1 to cramp _! expansive en]gies1 to n>r[ & d>k5 _! :ole outlook on life4 ,all ?is ! cruelty ( 8 s5iors w\ld d to ! *ild1 ev5 if he _h n be5 taught to believe 9 8 own inborn wick$ness4 ,b t belief1 ) :i* he has be5 indoctr9at$ f 8 e>lie/ days1 necess>ily weak5s 8 p[] ( resi/+ evil1 & s pr$isposes him to fall a victim to ! malignant g]ms t cruelty s[s 9 8 he>t4 ,we tell ! *ild t he is a crim9al1 & treat him z su*1 & !n expect him to be p]fect2 & :5 our misguid$ education has begun to deprave him1 we %ake our heads ov] 8 cong5ital depravity1 & ?ank ,god t we believe 9 orig9al s94#e ,9 ! next place1 if ,man is to be fai?ful to 8 model1 he mu/ br+ up ! *ild 9 an atmosph]e ( vexati\s int]f]5ce & unnatural re/ra9t4 ,t ,man himself has be5 br\ght up 9 su* an atmosph]e 9 bo? 8 s*ools--! ,legal & ! ,ecclesia/ical--,i ne$ n take pa9s to prove4 ,:at he has suff]$ at ! h&s ( 8 ,s*oolma/]--! ,god ( ,israel 7& ( ,*ri/5dom7--he has tak5 good c>e to inflict on 8 pupil1 ! *ild4 ,su* phrases z3 ,don't talk1 ,don't fidget1 ,don't worry1 ,don't ask que/ions1 ,don't make a noise1 ,don't make a mess1 ,don't d ?is ?+1 ,don't d t ?+1 are ev] fall+ f 8 lips4 ,& !y are supplem5t$ ) su* positive in/ructions z3 ,sit /ill1 ,/& on ! =m1 ,hold y\rself up1 ,fold arms1 ,h&s beh9d backs1 ,h&s on heads1 ,eyes on ! blackbo>d4 ,at e turn--f infancy till adolesc5ce1 f e>ly morn+ till late 9 ! ev5+--^! dead & dead5+ =mulas await ! unhappy *ild4 ,! aim ( 8 tea*]s is to leave no?+ to 8 nature1 no?+ to 8 spontane\s life1 no?+ to 8 free activity2 to repress all 8 natural impulses2 to drill 8 en]gies into complete quiesc5ce2 to keep 8 :ole be+ 9 a /ate ( su/a9$ & pa9ful t5sion4 ,& 9 ord] t we may see a mean+ & a rational purpose 9 ?is rgime ( oppressive int]f]5ce1 we mu/ assume t its ultimate aim is to turn ! *ild into an animat$ puppet1 :o1 hav+ lo/ 8 capacity = vital activity1 w be ready to dance1 or r g ?r\gh a s]ies ( j]ky movem5ts1 9 response to ! /r+s :i* 8 tea*] pulls4 ,x is ! inevitable reaction f ?is /ate ( t5sion :i* is responsible = mu* ( ! naught9ess ( *ildr54 ,! spontane\s en]gies ( ! *ild1 :5 education has block$ all _! lawful outlets1 mu/ ne$s =ce new outlets = !mselves1--lawless outlets1 if no o!rs are available4 ,! *ild's in/9ct to live w see to t4 ,x sometimes happ5s t1 :5 ! *annel ( a riv] has be5 block$ by w9t]'s ice1 ! riv]1 on its awak5+ 9 ,spr+1 w sudd5ly *ange its c\rse & c>ve out a new *annel = itself1 reckless ( ! de/ruction t x may cause1 s long z an outlet c by any means be f\nd = its baffl$ curr5t4 ,x is ! same ) ! riv] ( ! *ild's exp&+ life4 ,! naughtie/ & mo/ mis*iev\s boy n infrequ5tly develops into a h]o1 or a lead] ( m54 ,! explanation ( ?is is t ?r\gh 8 v naught9ess ! curr5t ( s\l-gr[?1 :i* ran /rong] 9 him ?an 9 8 s*ool-mates1 kept op5 ! *annel :i* 8 tea*]s 7 do+ _! be/ to close4 ,ev5 ,hooliganism--to take ! mo/ s]i\s ( ! p]iodic outbur/s ( juv5ile crim9ality--resolves itself1 :5 ?\ghtfully consid]$1 into a sudd5 & viol5t *ange 9 ! *annel ( a boy's life1 a *ange :i* is due to ! normal *annel 7or *annels7 ( 8 expansive en]gies hav+ be5 block$ by ye>s ( educational repression4 ,8 wild1 ruffianly outrages are p]haps ! la/ despair+ ef=t t 8 vital pr9ciple makes to ass]t itself1 be=e x f9ally gives up ! /ruggle = active exi/5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 sev]ity & con/ra9t h done _! "w1 :5 ! _s ( ! *ild has be5 brok51 :5 8 vitality has be5 l[]$ to its b>e/ m9imum1 :5 he has be5 r$uc$ to a /ate ( m5tal & moral s]fdom1 ! "t has come = ! sy/em ( education ?r\gh me*anical ob$i5ce to be appli$ to him 9 all its rig\r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "t has come = ,man to d to ! *ild1 :at ! ,god :om he wor%ips is suppos$ to h done to him1--to tell him 9 ! fulle/ & m9ute/ detail :at he is to d to be sav$1 & to /& ov] him ) a sc\rge 9 8 h& & see t he does x4 ,9 ! two great s*ools :i* ,god is suppos$ to h op5$ = ,man's b5efit1 fre$om & initiative h ev] be5 reg>d$ 7& ) good reason7 z ! grave/ ( (f5ces4 ,lit]al ob$i5ce has be5 exact$ by ! ,law2 bl9d ob$i5ce by ! ,*ur*2 passive ob$i5ce--! ob$i5ce ( a puppet1 or at be/ ( an automaton--by bo?4 ,! ne$ = ?is insi/5ce on ! "p ( ,law & ,*ur* is obvi\s4 ,if any l+]+ desire to ?9k ?+s out = himself1 if any intellig5t int]e/ 9 :at he 0 taught1 surviv$ 9 ! disciple1 ! :ole sy/em ( salvation by ma*9]y w\ld be 9 dang] ( be+ ?r[n out ( ge>4 ,z x has be51 & /ill is1 9 ! s*ools :i* ,god has op5$ = ,man1 s x has be51 & /ill is1 9 ! s*ools :i* ,man has op5$ = ! *ild4 ,bl9d1 passive1 lit]al1 un9tellig5t ob$i5ce is ! basis on :i* ! :ole sy/em ( ,we/]n education has be5 re>$4 ,! *ild mu/ di/ru/ himself absolutely1 mu/ realise t he is z helpless z he is ignorant1 be=e he c beg9 to pr(it by ! in/ruction t w be giv5 to him4 ,8 m9d mu/ become a tabula rasa be=e 8 tea*] c beg9 to write on x4 ,! vital "p ( him--call x :at y w--mu/ become z clay be=e 8 tea*] c beg9 to m\ld him to 8 w4 ,! /r5g? ( ! *ild1 !n1 is to sit /ill1 to li/51 to say ,am5 to1 or repeat1 :at he has he>d4 ,! /r5g? ( ! tea*] is to bu/le ab\t1 to give comm&s1 to convey in=mation1 to exhort1 to exp\nd4 ,! /r5g? ( ! *ild is to efface himself 9 e possible way4 ,! /r5g? ( ! tea*] is to ass]t himself 9 e possible way4 ,! gold5 rule ( education is t ! *ild is to d no?+ = himself :i* 8 tea*] c possibly d1 or ev5 pret5d to d1 = him4 ,7 he to try to d ?+s by or = himself1 he w\ld probably />t by do+ !m badly4 ,?is is n to be tol]at$4 ,imp]fection & incorrectness are moral defects2 & ! *ild mu/ z f> z possible be gu>d$ f !m z f ! contam9ation ( moral guilt4 ,he mu/ !re=e tru/ himself to 8 tea*]1 & d :at he is told to d 9 ! precise way 9 :i* he is told4 ,8 tea*] mu/ /& 9 front ( him & give su* directions z ^!3 ,look at me1 ,see :at ,i am do+1 ,wat* my h&1 ,d ! ?+ ?is way1 ,d ! ?+ t way1 ,li/5 to :at ,i say1 ,repeat x aft] me1 ,repeat x all toge!r1 ,say x ?ree times4 ,& ! *ild1 gr[+ m & m comatose1 mu/ obey ^! directions & ask no que/ions2 & :5 he has done :at he has be5 told to d1 he mu/ sit /ill & wait = ! next in/alm5t ( in/ruction4 ,:at is all ?is do+ = ! *ild8 ,! tea*] seldom asks himself ?is "q4 ,if he did1 he w\ld answ] x by say+ t ! end ( education is to enable ! *ild to produce c]ta9 outw>d & visible results1--to d by himself :at he has (t5 done1 ei!r 9 imitation ( 8 tea*]1 or 9 ob$i5ce to 8 repeat$ directions2 to say by himself :at he has said _m times 9 *orus ) 8 class-mates2 to disgorge "s fragm5ts ( ! in=mation ) :i* he has be5 cramm$2 & s =?4 ,:at may be ! value ( ^! outw>d results1 :at !y indicate1 :at am\nt or k9d ( m5tal 7or o!r7 gr[? may be beh9d !m1--are que/ions :i* ! tea*] _c af=d to consid]1 ev5 if he felt incl9$ to ask !m4 ,8 bus9ess is to drill ! *ild into ! me*anical production ( quasi-mat]ial results2 & 8 success 9 do+ ?is w be gaug$ 9 due c\rse by an exam9ation1--a p]iodic te/ :i* is design$ to measure1 n ! degree ( gr[? :i* ! *ild has made1 b ! indu/ry ( ! tea*] z indicat$ by ! receptivity ( 8 class4 ,! tru? is t inw>d & spiritual gr[?1 ev5 if x 7 ?\ght desirable to produce x & measure x1 c\ld n possibly be measur$4 ,! real results ( education are 9 ! *ild's he>t & m9d & s\l1 beyond ! rea* ( any measur+ tape or weigh+ ma*9e4 ,x foll[s t if ! "w ( ! tea*] is to be te/$1 an ext]nal te/ mu/ be appli$4 ,?is means t ext]nal results1 results :i* c be weigh$ & measur$1 mu/ be aim$ at by bo? tea*] & *ild1 & t ! value ( ^! z symbols ( :at is inw>d & intr9sic mu/ be :olly ignor$4 ,n t ! inw>d results ( education w\ld 9 any case be s]i\sly consid]$4 ,:5 education is bas$ on ! passivity ( ! *ild1 no?+ matt]s to him or to 8 tea*] except ! accuracy ) :i* he c reproduce :at he has be5 taught1--c repeat :at he has be5 told1 or d by himself :at he has be5 told h[ to d4 ,:at connection !re may be betwe5 ^! a*ievem5ts & 8 m5tal /ate matt]s s little t ! b>e idea ( !re be+ su* a connection is1 z a rule1 entirely lo/ sight (4 ,! ext]nalisation ( religion 9 ! ,we/1 z evid5c$ by its c]emonialism & its casui/ry1 has fai?fully mirror$ itself 9 ! ext]nality ( ,we/]n education4 ,! exam9ation sy/em 7:i* ,i w pres5tly consid]7 keeps education 9 ! grooves ( ext]nality1 & drives ^? grooves s deep z to make escape f !m impossible4 ,yet x does b give =mal recognition to1 & 9 s do+ cr[n & complete--z ! key/one cr[ns & completes ! ar*--! :ole sy/em ( education 9 ! ,we/4 ,x is because :at is outw>d & visible c\nts = ev]y?+ 9 ! ,we/1 fir/ 9 ! life ( ! adult & !n 9 ! life ( ! *ild1 t ! idea ( weigh+ & measur+ ! results ( education--) its implicit assumption t ! real results ( education are pond]able & measurable 7a deadly fallacy :i* n[ has ! =ce & au?ority ( an axiom7--has come to e/abli% itself 9 e ,we/]n l&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! t5d5cy ( ! ,we/]n tea*] to mi/ake ! ext]nals = ! ess5tials ( education1 & to measure educational progress 9 t]ms ( ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 gives rise to _m misconceptions1 "o ( ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ! curr5t confusion betwe5 in=mation & k4 ,to g5]ate k 9 8 pupils is a legitimate end ( ! tea*]'s ambition4 ,9 s*ools & o!r academies x t5ds to become ! *ief1 if n ! sole1 end2 &1 ?+s be+ :at !y are1 ! tea*] may be p>don$ = reg>d+ x z su*4 ,b :at is k8 ,! vulg> confusion betwe5 k & in=mation is ! accept$ answ] to ?is "q4 ,b ! answ] is usually giv5 be=e ! "q has be5 s]i\sly consid]$4 ,"o :o all[$ himself to reflect on x1 h[ev] briefly or cursorily1 w\ld quickly realise t x is possible to h intimate & effective k ( a subject )\t be+ able to imp>t any in=mation ab\t x4 ,successful action1 z 9 arts1 crafts1 games1 sports1 & ! l1 mu/ ne$s h subtle & accurate k beh9d x2 b ! possessor ( su* k is seldom able to imp>t x ) any approa* to lucidity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x frequ5tly happ5s t "o :o has a ret5tive memory is able to imp>t in=mation glibly & correctly1 )\t possess+ any real k ( ! subject 9 "q4 ,! tru? is t k1 :i* may p]haps be provisionally def9$ z a correct attitude t[>ds "o's environm5t1 has almo/ z wide a range z t ( human nature itself4 ,at "o end ( ! scale we h ! quasi-animal in/9ct :i* gov]ns successful physical action4 ,at ! o!r end we h ! k1 ( :i*1 & ( ! possession ( :i*1 its possessor is cle>ly1 consci\s4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes !re is an almo/ inf9ite s]ies ( /rata1 rang+ ?r\gh e conceivable degree ( subconsci\sness4 ,! k t is real & effective is absorb$ into "o or m ( ! subconsci\s /rata1 f :i* x gradually asc5ds1 "u ! influ5ce ( att5tion & reflection1 t[>ds ! m consci\s levels1 ga9+1 z x asc5ds1 9 scope & outlook :at x may possibly lose 9 subtlety & ne>ness to action4 ,:5 k1 aft] pass+ upw>ds ?r\gh _m subconsci\s /rata1 rises to :at ,i may call ! surface-level ( consci\sness1 x is ready1 on occasion1 to give itself (f z in=mation4 ,?is exhalation f ! surface ( consci\sness is g5u9e in=mation1 n to be conf\nd$ ) k1 to :i* x is relat$ z ! outw>d to ! inw>d /ate1 /ill less to be conf\nd$ ) t spuri\s in=mation :i* floats1 z we %all pres5tly see1 l a film on ! surface ( ! m9d1 mean+ no?+ & indicat+ no?+ except t x has be5 artificially deposit$1 & t 9 due season x w be skimm$ (f1 if ! tea*]'s hopes are fulfill$1 = ! delectation ( an exam9]4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m cases 9 :i* ! consci\s acquisition ( in=mation is a necess>y /age 9 ! acquisition ( k4 ,b 9 all su* cases1 if ! in=mation acquir$ is to h any educative value1 x mu/ be all[$ to s9k d[n into ! subconsci\s /rata1 :5ce1 aft] hav+ be5 absorb$ & assimilat$ & s conv]t$ into k1 x w p]haps reasc5d t[>ds ! surface ( ! m9d1 j z ! leaves :i* fall 9 autumn are dragg$ d[n into ! soil bel[1 conv]t$ into f]tile m\ld1 & !n gradually lift$ t[>ds ! surface2 or z ! fre% wat] t ! riv]s p\r into ! sea has to be sl[ly absorb$ into ! :ole mass ( salt wat] be=e x 7or its equival5t7 c return to ! l& z ra94 ,:5 in=mation :i* has be5 receiv$ & assimilat$ rises to ! surface ( ! m9d1 x w be ready1 :5 requir$ to d s1 to reappe> z in=mation1 & p]haps to return 9 t =m to ! s\rce f :i* x came4 ,b ! in=mation :i* is giv5 (f w diff] pr(\ndly f t :i* has be5 receiv$1 = betwe5 ! two w h int]v5$ _m /ages ( sil5t absorption & sil5t gr[?4 ,x may be necess>y1 !n1 9 ! c\rse ( education1 bo? to supply & to dem& in=mation4 ,b ! in=mation :i* is suppli$ mu/ be reg>d$ z ! raw mat]ial ( k1 into :i* x is to be conv]t$ by a subtle & secret process4 ,& ! in=mation :i* is dem&$ mu/ be reg>d$ z an exhalation 7s to speak7 f ! surface ( a m9d :i* has be5 saturat$ ) /udy & exp]i5ce1 & !re=e z a pro( ( ! possession ( k4 ,to assume t k & in=mation are int]*angeable t]ms1 t to imp>t in=mation is !re=e to g5]ate k1 t to give back in=mation is !re=e to give pro( ( ! possession ( k1--is "o ( ! greate/ mi/akes t a tea*] c make4 ,b ! mi/ake is almo/ univ]sally made4 ,in=mation be+ relat$ to k1 z :at is outw>d to :at is inw>d1 x is b natural t education 9 ! ,we/1 :i* on pr9ciple conc]ns itself ) :at is outw>d1 & ignores :at is inw>d1 %\ld h always reg>d$1 & %\ld /ill reg>d1 ! supply+ ( in=mation z ! ma9 function ( ! tea*]1 & ! ability ( ! *ild to retail ! in=mation :i* has be5 suppli$ to him z a conv9c+ pro( t ! "w ( ! tea*] has be5 successfully done4 ,9 n9e s*ools out ( t51 on n9e days out ( t51 9 n9e lessons out ( t51 ! tea*] is engag$ 9 lay+ ?9 films ( in=mation on ! surface ( ! *ild's m9d1 & !n1 aft] a brief int]val1 9 skimm+ ^! (f 9 ord] to satisfy himself t !y _h be5 duly laid4 ,he _c af=d to d o!rwise4 ,if ! *ild1 l ! man1 is to be sav$ by passive ob$i5ce1 8 tea*] mu/ keep 8 e action & op]ation "u close & con/ant sup]vision4 ,7 ! in=mation :i* is suppli$ to him all[$ to desc5d into ! subconsci\s /rata ( 8 be+1 !re to be dealt ) by ! secret1 subtle1 assimilative processes ( 8 nature1 x w\ld escape f ! tea*]'s sup]vision & !re=e f 8 control4 ,9 o!r words1 ! tea*] w\ld h abdicat$ 8 function4 ,he mu/ !re=e take great pa9s to keep ! processes by :i* ! *ild acquires k 7or :at passes = su*7 z ne> to ! surface ( 8 m9d z possible2 9 rivalry ( ! nurse :o %\ld take s mu* int]e/ 9 ! well-be+ ( h] *>ges t %e w\ld n all[ !m to dige/ ! food :i* %e _h giv5 !m1 b w\ld insi/ on _! disgorg+ x at int]vals1 9 ord] t %e might satisfy h]self t x _h be5 duly giv5 & receiv$4 ,x is no d\bt "r t ! tea*] %\ld take /eps to te/ ! indu/ry ( 8 pupils2 b ! in=mation :i* ! *ild has always to keep at ! call ( 8 memory1 9 ord] t he may give x back on dem& 9 ! =m 9 :i* he has receiv$ x1 is ! equival5t ( food :i* its recipi5t has n be5 all[$ to dige/4 ,! confusion betwe5 in=mation & k lies at ! he>t ( ! religion1 z well z ( ! education1 ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild by 8 tea*] has be5 modell$ on ! suppos$ tra9+ ( ,man by ,god4 ,x is sc>cely an exagg]ation to say t ! :ole s*eme ( salvation by me*anical ob$i5ce is pivot$ on ! assum$ id5tity ( in=mation & k4 ,9 bo? ! s*ools :i* ,man has att5d$ ?ree ?+s h always be5 tak5 = grant$4 ,! fir/ is t salvation dep5ds ^u "r k ( ,god4 ,! second1 t "r k ( ,god & correct in=mation ab\t ,god are int]*angeable phrases4 ,! ?ird1 t correct in=mation ab\t ,god is procurable by1 & communicable to1 ,man4 ,f ^! premises x has be5 inf]r$ t if ,man c be duly suppli$ ) correct in=mation ab\t ,god1 & c be induc$ to receive & reta9 x1 he w be able to save 8 s\l alive4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s*ools is1 t 9 ! ,legal ,s*ool ! in=mation suppli$ to ,man has be5 l>gely conc]n$ ) ! ,w ( ,god1 s f> z x be>s on ! life ( ,man1 & has !re=e tak5 ! =m ( a ,code ( =mulat$ comm&m5ts2 :]eas 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,s*ool x has ma9ly be5 conc]n$ ) ! ,be+ ( ,god1 z int]pret$ f 8 do+s & especially f 8 deal+s ) ,man1 & has !re=e tak5 ! =m ( cate*isms & cre$s4 ,& !re is1 ( c\rse1 ! fur!r diff]5ce t 9 ! ,legal ,s*ool ,man's acceptance ( :at he is taught has tak5 ! practical =m ( do+ :at he is told to d1 detail by detail2 :]eas 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,s*ool x has be5 ma9ly oral 7?\gh also p>tly c]emonial71 ! bus9ess ( ! disciple be+ to commit to memory ! cre$ or cate*ism :i* has be5 plac$ 9 8 h&s1 & recite x1 =mula by =mula1 ) flawless accuracy4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s*ools is :olly sup]ficial1 be+1 9 fact1 analog\s to t betwe5 ! conv5tional tea*+ ( ,draw+1 9 :i* ! pupil f9ds salvation 9 do+ :at he is told to d1 l9e by l9e1 & /roke by /roke1 & ! conv5tional tea*+ ( ,hi/ory & ,geography1 9 :i* ! pupil f9ds salvation 9 say+ :at he is told to say1 "n by "n1 & date by date4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two great bran*es ( education1 ! education ( ,man by ,god1 & ! education ( ! *ild by ! man1 is "o1 n ( analogy m]ely1 b also ( cause & effect4 ,x is because ! ,jew ?\ght to save 8 s\l alive by obey+1 bl9dly & un9tellig5tly1 a multitude ( vexati\s rules1 t ! tea*] ( to-day ?9ks to educate 8 pupils 9 ,draw+ by tell+ !m 9 ! fulle/ detail 7ei!r 9 8 own p]son or by means ( a diagram7 :at l9es & /rokes !y are to make4 ,& x is because ! ,*ri/ian has ?\ght to save 8 s\l alive by recit+ ) p>rot-l accuracy ! =mul ( 8 cre$s & cate*isms1 t ! tea*] ( to-day ?9ks to educate 8 pupils 9 ,hi/ory & ,geography by mak+ !m repeat f memory a s]ies ( def9itions1 dates1 ev5ts1 names ( p]sons1 names ( places1 articles ( comm]ce1 & ! l4 ,i d n say t ! mod]n tea*] consci\sly imitates 8 models2 b ,i say t he & !y h be5 inspir$ by ! same conception ( life1 & t ! influ5ce ( t conception has be51 9 "p at lea/1 transmitt$ by !m to him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t education 9 ! ,we/ %\ld ultimately be controll$ by a sy/em ( =mal exam9ation1 may be said to h be5 pr$e/9$ by ! g5]al tr5d ( religi\s ?\ght & belief4 ,:]ev] lit]al ob$i5ce is reg>d$ z ! fir/1 if n ! la/1 condition ( salvation1 ! t5d5cy to measure wor? & progress by ! outw>d results t are produc$ w inevitably spr+ up & ass]t itself4 ,9 ?is t5d5cy we h ! :ole exam9ation sy/em 9 embryo4 ,:5 ,israel1 ) *>act]i/ic ?or\ghness1 _h embodi$ 9 ,ph>isaism ! logical inf]5ces f 8 religi\s conceptions1 a m]ciless exam9ation sy/em came into be+1 9 :i* e "o 0 at once exam9] & exam9ee1 & 9 :i* ! :ole ( human life 0 dragg$ out 7z f> z t 0 possible7 into ! fi]ce light ( public criticism1 & plac$ "u vigilant & un9t]mitt5t sup]vision4 ,:5 ,ph>isaism 0 reviv$1 ) _m modifications b ) no ess5tial *ange ( "*1 "u ! "n ( ,puritanism1 ! t5d5cy to arraign human life at ! b> ( public op9ion reass]t$ itself1 & gave rise1 z 9 ,new ,engl& & cov5ant+ ,scotl&1 to an intol]able spiritual tyranny4 ,9 ,ca?olic c\ntries ! believ] is subject$ 9 ! ,confessional to a p]iodical oral exam9ation1 9 :i* he passes 9 review ! outw>d aspect ( 8 inw>d & spiritual life1 detail+ = ! b5efit ( 8 confessor 8 s9s ( c]emonial omission or laxity1 & su* lapses f moral rectitude z admit ( be+ =mulat$ 9 words & accurately valu$ 9 t]ms ( expiatory p5ance4 ,ev5 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 :i* has too great a reg>d = ! ,engli%man's traditional love ( p]sonal fre$om to be unduly inquisitorial1 ! cl]gyman is apt to measure ! spiritual heal? & progress ( 8 p>i%ion]s by ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y att5d *ur* & ,celebration1 :ile ! ,bi%op measures ! spiritual heal? & progress ( ea* p>i% by ! numb] ( its communicants & ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y communicate1 /ati/ics "u bo? heads be+ 7,i am told7 regul>ly =w>d$ to him f all p>ts ( 8 diocese4 ,x 0 inevitable1 !n1 ! relation betwe5 t soon] or lat] ! education ( ! "y %\ld come "u ! control ( a sy/em ( =mal religion & education be+ :at x 0 & is1 exam9ation1 & t x %\ld be z mu* easi] to apply ! sy/em to education ?an to religion z x is easi] to te/ k 79 ! conv5tional s5se ( ! ^w7 ?an conduct4 ,x is to ! vulg> confusion betwe5 k & in=mation t we owe ! =mal exam9ation1 z x is n[ conduct$ 9 mo/ ,we/]n c\ntries4 ,9 a society :i* mi/akes ! ext]nals = ! ess5tials ( life1 x is b natural t ! tea*]1 ) ! full cons5t ( ! p>5ts ( 8 pupils1 %\ld reg>d ! imp>t+ ( k z ! end & aim ( 8 pr(essional life1 & t ! p>5ts %\ld dem& "s gu>antee t k has be5 successfully imp>t$ to _! *ildr54 ,if by k 7 meant a correct attitude ( m9d1 ! tea*] w\ld realise t ! idea ( te/+ x 9 any way :i* w\ld satisfy ! av]age p>5t 0 *im]ical2 & 8 cli5ts1 if !y cont9u$ to ask = a gu>antee ( successful tea*+1 w\ld require some?+ widely diff]5t f t :i* has hi!rto cont5t$ !m4 ,b :5 in=mation is reg>d$ z ! equival5t ( k1 ! te/+ ( ! tea*]'s "w becomes a simple matt]1 = x is q easy to frame an exam9ation :i* w asc]ta91 ) "s approa* to accuracy1 ! am\nt ( in=mation t is float+ on ! surface ( ! *ild's m9d2 & x is also easy to tabulate ! results ( su* an exam9ation1--to f9d a num]ical equival5t = ! "w done by ea* exam9ee1 & !n arrange ! :ole class 9 :at is kn[n z ! ord] ( m]it1 & accept$ z su*1 )\t a mom5t's misgiv+1 by all conc]n$4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x is equally easy to prep>e *ildr5 = an exam9ation ( ?is1 ! normal type4 ,z *ildr5 h receptive memories1 x is easy = ! tea*] to lay films ( in=mation on ! surface ( _! m9ds4 ,z !y h capaci\s & fairly ret5tive memories1 x is easy = ! tea*]1 especially if he is a /rict discipl9>ian1 to make 8 pupils reta9 ! great] "p ( :at !y h be5 taught4 ,to skim (f & give back to ! tea*] 7or exam9]7 portions ( ! float+ films ( in=mation1 is a knack :i* comes ) practice1 & :i* ! av]age *ild easily acquires4 ,! tea*] w1 ( c\rse1 dem& t 8 s*ool %all be exam9$ on a cle>ly-def9$ syllabus2 & ! exam9]1 9 8 own int]e/1 w gladly comply ) ?is dem&4 ,! exam9] w g fur!r ?an ?is4 ,if he happ5s to be employ$ by ! ,/ate or by a ,local ,au?ority1 & has1 !re=e1 _m s*ools ( ! same type to exam9e1 he w1 9 ord] to save himself unnecess>y tr\ble1 prescribe ! syllabus on :i* all ! s*ools 9 8 area are to be exam9$4 ,?is means t he w dictate to ! tea*] :at subjects he is to tea*1 h[ mu* gr\nd he is to cov] 9 ea* ye> 7or t]m71 9 :at g5]al ord] he is to treat ea* subject1 & on :at g5]al pr9ciples he is to tea* x4 ,int5tionally he w d all ?is4 ,un9t5tionally he w d f> m ?an ?is4 ,z he wi%es 8 exam9ation to be a te/ & n a m]e =mality1 z he wi%es to sift ! exam9ees & n to set ! seal ( approval on all ( !m indiscrim9ately1 he w take c>e t "s at lea/ ( 8 que/ions are diff]5t f :at ! tea*] might expect !m to be4 ,also1 z he is himself a rational be+1 he w probably endeav\r to te/ intellig5ce z well z memory2 &1 ) ?is end 9 view1 he w set que/ions1 ! precise nature ( :i* x w be difficult = ! tea*] to =eca/4 ,b ! tea*] w make a practice ( /udy+ ! que/ions set 9 ! p]iodical exam9ations & ( prep>+ 8 pupils accord+ly1 equipp+ !m 7if he is an exp]t at 8 "w7 ) a /ock ( sup]ficial intellig5ce z well z ( in=mation1 & putt+ !m up to :atev] knacks1 tricks1 & dodges w enable !m to %[ to advantage on ! exam9ation day4 ,9 8 desire to outwit ! tea*]1 ! exam9] w turn & d\ble l a h>e :o is pursu$ by a greyh\nd4 ,b ! tea*] w turn & d\ble ) equal agility1 & w nev] all[ himself to be outdi/anc$ by 8 qu>ry4 ,! m successful ! tea*] is 9 keep+ up ) ! exam9]1 ! m fatal w 8 success be to 8 pupils & to himself4 ,9 ! ard\r ( ! *ase he is be+ lur$ on into a region ( trea*]\s quicks&s2 & ! long] he is able to ma9ta9 ! pursuit1 ! m c]ta9 is x t he w lose himself at la/ 9 dep?s & mazes ( misconception & delusion4 ,x is only by /ripp+ himself ( 8 own fre$om & responsibility t ! tea*] is able to keep pace ) ! exam9]1 & ea* turn or d\ble t he makes involves a fre% surr5d] ( ^? pr]ogatives4 ,9 cons5t+ to "w on a prescrib$ syllabus he has giv5 up ! idea ( plann+ out 8 "w = himself4 ,9 attempt+ to adapt 8 tea*+ to ! que/ions set by ! exam9]1 he is all[+ ! latt] to dictate to him1 9 ! m9ute/ detail1 h[ ea* subject is to be taught4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ord] to a*ieve ! semblance ( success1 he is deliv]+ himself1 m9d & s\l1 into ! h&s ( ! exam9]1 & compell+ ! latt]1 p]haps aga9/ 8 w1 to become a ,provid5ce to him & to ord] all 8 go+s4 ,?is means t 8 di/ru/ ( himself is z complete z 8 di/ru/ ( ! *ild1 & t 8 fai? 9 ! efficacy ( me*anical ob$i5ce has l$ him to seek salvation = himself1 z well z = 8 pupils1 by foll[+ t fatal pa?4 ,x is 9 ?is way t a =mal exam9ation reacts ^u & int5sifies ! s9i/] t5d5cies ( :i* x is at once a product & a symptom4 ,! exam9ation sy/em is1 z ,i h said1 ! key/one ( ! ar* ( ,we/]n education1 cr[n+ & complet+ ! :ole /ructure1 & at ! same "t hold+ x toge!r1 & prev5t+ x f fall+1 z x des]ves to fall1 into a ru9\s heap4 ,education1 z x is n[ int]pret$ & practis$ 9 ! ,we/1 c\ld n cont9ue to exi/ )\t ! support ( ! exam9ation sy/em2 b ! price t x pays1 & w cont9ue to pay1 = ?is deadly pres]vative1 is ! progressive aggravation ( all its own inh]5t defects4 ,! plight ( an organism is inde$ desp]ate :5 ! v poison :i* x ought1 if heal?y1 to elim9ate f its sy/em1 has become indisp5sable to ! prolongation ( its life4 ,x is notori\s t ! application ( ! exam9ation pr9ciple to religion--! attempt to e/imate spiritual heal? & gr[? 9 t]ms ( outw>d action--g5]ates hypocrisy1 or ! pret5ce ( be+ m virtu\s 7& m religi\s7 ?an "o really is4 ,:5 appli$ to ! education ( ! "y1 ! same pr9ciple g5]ates hypocrisy ( ano!r k9d1--! pret5ce ( be+ clev]] ?an "o really is1 ( kn[+ m ?an "o really kn[s4 ,s long z ! hypocrite realises t he is a hypocrite1 !re is hope = him4 ,b :5 hypocrisy develops into self-deception1 ! sev]ance betwe5 outw>d & inw>d1 betwe5 appe>ance & reality1 is complete4 ,9 a s*ool :i* is ridd5 by ! exam9ation incubus1 ! :ole atmosph]e is *>g$ ) deceit4 ,! tea*]'s attempt to outwit ! exam9] is deceitful2 & ! immorality ( 8 action is aggravat$ by ! fact t he makes 8 pupils p>tn]s ) him 9 8 fraud4 ,! *ild :o is be+ cramm$ = an exam9ation1 & :o is be+ practis$ at ! v>i\s tricks & dodges t w1 x is hop$1 enable him to ?r[ du/ 9 ! exam9]'s eyes1 may n consci\sly realise t he & 8 tea*] are try+ to p]petrate a fraud1 b w probably h an in/9ctive feel+ t he is be+ l$ into crook$ ways4 ,if he has n t feel+1 if ! crook$ ways seem /raight 9 8 eyes1 we may "k t 8 s5se ( reality is be+ poison$ by ! vitiat$ atmosph]e :i* he has be5 compell$ to brea!4 ,nor1 if t is 8 case1 w he lack companion%ip 9 8 delusion4 ,9 ! atmosph]e ( ! exam9ation sy/em1 deceit & hypocrisy are ev] *ang+ into self-deception2 & all :o become acclimatis$ to ! influ5ce ( ! sy/em--pupils1 tea*]s1 exam9]s1 p>5ts1 employ]s ( lab\r1 m9i/]s ( religion1 memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! re/--fall victims1 soon] or lat]1 to ! poison t infects x1 & are well cont5t to *eat !mselves ) outw>d & visible results1 accept+ class-li/s & ord]s ( m]it z ( quasi-div9e au?ority1 mi/ak+ (ficial regulations = laws ( ,nature1 & ! clumsy movem5ts ( ov]-elaborat$ yet ill-contriv$ ma*9]y = ! subtle processes ( life4 ,( ! _m evils inh]5t 9 ,we/]n education1 :i* ! exam9ation sy/em t5ds to int5sify1 "o ( ! greate/ is t ( />v+ ! *ild's activities1 ( mak+ him helpless1 apa!tic1 & in]t4 ,orig9al s9 f9ds its equival5t1 9 ! sph]e ( m5tal action1 9 orig9al impot5ce & /upidity4 ,x is n 9 ! *ild to direct 8 /eps1 & ! tea*] mu/ !re=e direct !m = him1 &1 if necess>y1 support him ) bo? h&s :ile he makes !m4 ,ev5 if ! outw>d results :i* are ! goal ( ! tea*]'s ambition 7 to be produc$ = 8 own satisfaction only1 he w\ld take c>e to leave z little z possible to ! *ild's indep5d5t ef=t4 ,b :5 ! results 9 "q h to satisfy an exam9]1 & :51 z may well happ51 ! tea*]'s own pr(essional welf>e dep5ds on ! exam9]'s v]dict1 x is b natural t he %\ld hold himself responsible = e /roke & dot t 8 pupil makes4 ,:5 ! education giv5 9 a s*ool is dom9at$ by a p]iodical exam9ation on a prescrib$ syllabus1 suppression ( ! *ild's natural activities becomes ! c5tral feature ( ! tea*]'s programme4 ,9 su* a s*ool ! *ild is n all[$ to d any?+ :i* ! tea*] c possibly d = him4 ,he has to ?9k :at 8 tea*] tells him to ?9k1 to feel :at 8 tea*] tells him to feel1 to see :at 8 tea*] tells him to see1 to say :at 8 tea*] tells him to say1 to d :at 8 tea*] tells him to d4 ,& ! directions giv5 to him are always m9ute4 ,n ! smalle/ room = free action is all[$ him if 8 tea*] c possibly help x4 ,inde$1 x is ! function ( ! skilful tea*] to se>* = su* possible nooks & crannies1 & fill !m up4 ,x is true t if an exam9ation is to be pass$ ) cr$it "s ?9k+ has to be done4 ,b ! great] "p ( ?is ?9k+ mu/ be done by ! tea*]1 ! rle ( ! pupil1 ev5 :5 he is an adult /ud5t1 be+ ess5tially passive & receptive4 ,! pupil mu/ inde$ be actively passive & indu/ri\sly receptive2 b = ! re/1 he mu/ z f> z possible leave himself 9 ! tea*]'s h&s4 ,h[ to outwit ! exam9] is ! "o aim ( bo? ! tea*] & ! exam9ee2 & z ! tea*] is presumably old]1 wis]1 & f> m skilful at ! exam9ation game ?an 8 pupil1 ! duty ( ?9k+--( plann+1 ( contriv+1 & ev5 79 ! deep] s5se ( ! ^w7 ( /udy+--necess>ily devolves on ! =m]2 & ! latt]1 in/ead ( rely+ ^u himself & le>n+ to use 8 own wits & res\rces1 becomes m & m helpless & res\rceless1 & gradually ceases to take any int]e/ 9 ! "w t he is do+1 = its own sake1 8 *ief1 if n 8 sole1 conc]n be+ to outwit ! exam9] & pass a successful exam9ation4 7,"o frequ5tly meets ) clev] ,univ]sity /ud5ts :o1 hav+ read a c]ta9 book = a c]ta9 exam9ation & _h no "q set f x1 reg>d ! "t giv5 to ! /udy ( x z wa/$1 & h no compunction ab\t express+ ?is op9ion67 ,if ^! are evils incid5tal--,i might almo/ say ess5tial--to ! exam9ation ( adult s*ol>s1 x /&s to reason t !y w be greatly aggravat$ :5 ! exam9ees are "y *ildr54 ,= ! y\ng] ! *ild1 ! m ignorant & helpless he is 7h[ev] full he may be ( lat5t capacity & spontane\s activity71 & !re=e ! m ready he is to lean ^u 8 tea*] & to look to him = in/ruction & direction4 ,! desire to outwit1 & s w9 approval f1 an exam9]1 is n ! only reason :y ! tea*] s (t5 r$uces to an absurdity ! traditional di/ru/ ( ! *ild4 ,8 own inability to educate ! *ild on o!r l9es is ano!r & n less pot5t reason4 ,! exam9ation rgime to :i* he has be5 subject$ himself1 p>tly1 p]haps1 "u compulsion1 b also & 9 l>g] measure ( 8 own *oice1 deprives him1 z we h already se51 ( mu* ( 8 fre$om1 initiative1 & responsibility2 & t be+ s1 x is inevitable t )9 ! limit$ range ( free action :i* is left to him1 he 9 8 turn %\ld devote 8 en]gies to depriv+ 8 pupils ( ! same vital qualities1 & to mak+ !m ! helpless creatures ( habit & r\t9e :i* he himself is t5d+ to become4 ,to give free play to a *ild's natural faculties & s lead him into ! pa? ( self-developm5t & self-education1 dem&s a high degree ( intellig5ce on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 comb9$ ) ! con/ant ex]cise ( ?\ght & initiative )9 a wide range ( free action4 ,if y tell a tea*] 9 precise detail1 :e!r directly or indirectly1 t he is to d ?is ?+1 & t ?+1 & ! next ?+1 he w n be able to c>ry out y\r in/ructions1 except by tell+ 8 pupils1 aga9 9 precise detail1 t !y are to d ?is ?+1 & t ?+1 & ! next ?+4 ,he _c help himself4 ,he has no *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,he is ! victim ( a quasi-physical compulsion4 ,! pressure :i* is put ^u him w inevitably be transmitt$ by him & ?r\gh him to 8 pupils1 & w inevitably be multipli$ 7! relations betwe5 tea*] & pupil be+ :at !y are7 9 ! c\rse ( transmission4 ,!re is no?+ t a heal?y *ild hates s mu* z to h ! use ( 8 natural faculties & ! play ( 8 natural en]gies unduly re/rict$ by p>5tal or p$agogic control4 ,we may !re=e take = grant$ t ! *ild w f9d himself ill at ease 9 a s*ool 9 :i* e vital activity is rigidly repress$1 & 9 :i* he sp5ds mo/ ( 8 "t 9 sitt+ /ill & wait+ = ord]s4 ,nor w x add to 8 happ9ess to live habitually 9 an atmosph]e ( con/ra9t1 ( au/]ity1 ( suspicion1 ( gloom4 ,b ,i ne$ n take pa9s to prove t education1 z x is conduct$ 9 ,we/]n c\ntries1 is pr(\ndly repugnant to ! natural in/9cts ( ! heal?y *ild4 ,= t is precisely :at x is int5d$ to be4 ,! idea ( a *ild enjoy+ 8 lessons is =eign to ! g5ius ( ! ,we/4 ,dom9at$ z he is by ! inh]it$ conviction t ,man's nature is corrupt & t 8 in/9cts are evil1 ! ,we/]n tea*] has set himself ! task ( do+ viol5ce to ! *ild's in/9ctive t5d5cies1 ( ?w>t+ 8 inborn desires1 ( work+ aga9/ ! gra9 ( 8 nature4 ,he has expect$ ! *ild to rebel aga9/ ?is rgime1 & he has welcom$ 8 rebellion z a pro( ( ! corruption ( ,man's nature1 & !re=e ( ! s\ndness ( ! traditional philosophy ( education4 ,b if education is hateful to ! *ild1 h[ is he to be induc$ to submit to be+ educat$8 ,"s co-op]ation on 8 "p w be necess>y4 ,h[ is x to be secur$8 ,by precisely ! same me?ods z ^? by :i* ,man1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 education1 has be5 induc$ to co-op]ate ) ,god4 ,! *ild1 l ,man1 is to be sav$--to be rescu$ f ,nature & f himself--by be+ l$ into ! pa? ( me*anical ob$i5ce4 ,! *ild1 l ,man1 is to be kept 9 t pa? by a sy/em ( ext]nal rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,if he w n d :at he is told to d1 he w be puni%$ by 8 tea*]4 ,if he w d :at he is told to d1 he w escape puni%m5t1 & he may possibly1 :5 8 m]its h accumulat$ suffici5tly1 receive a rew>d4 ,9 ! education ( ,man by ! ,god ( ,israel ! balance betwe5 rew>ds & puni%m5ts has be5 kept fairly ev54 ,hell has be5 balanc$ by ,heav51 calamity by prosp]ity1 dea? by life4 ,x has be5 f> o!rwise ) ! *ild4 ,8 puni%m5ts h be5 _m1 & 8 rew>ds few4 ,at ! pres5t day m5 are m humane ?an !y us$ to be2 & corporal puni%m5t1 ?\gh /ill resort$ to1 c\nts = less ?an x us$ to d 9 ! tra9+ ( ! *ild4 ,b puni%m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds are /ill reg>d$ z indisp5sable adjuncts to s*ool discipl9e2 & x is /ill tak5 = grant$ 9 f> too _m s*ools t ! fe> ( puni%m5t & ! hope ( rew>d are ! only effective motives to educational ef=t4 ,x is difficult to say :i* ( ! two motives is ! m likely to demoralise ! *ild4 ,a rgime ( puni%m5t is n necess>ily a rgime ( cruelty2 b puni%m5t c sc>cely fail to sav\r ( sev]ity1 & :5 ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 is 9 ! asc5dant1 & ! inborn wilfulness & /ubbornness ( ! *ild are po/ulat$ by 8 tea*]s1 ! indef9able b\nd>y l9e betwe5 sev]ity & cruelty is easily cross$4 ,( ! t5d5cy ( cruelty to demoralise its victims ,i h already spok54 ,b ! effect ( puni%m5t on ! *ild mu/ be consid]$ 9 its relation to 8 m5tal1 z well z to 8 moral1 developm5t4 ,s*ol>%ips1 prizes1 high places 9 class1 & o!r su* rew>ds are = ! few1 n = ! _m4 ,if ! _m are to be r\s$ to ex]tion1 ! fe> ( puni%m5t 79 ! hypo!tical abs5ce ( any o!r motive7 mu/ be ev] be=e !m4 ,:at w happ5 to !m :5 t motive is )drawn1 z x w be :5 ! *ild becomes ! adolesc5t8 ,8 education has be5 di/a/eful to ! *ild1 p>tly because 8 tea*]s h assum$ f ! outset t x w\ld be & mu/ be s1 b *iefly because 9 _! ignorance !y h tak5 pa9s to make x s1 8 s*ool life hav+ be5 s ord]$ z to comb9e ! maximum ( /ra9 ) ! maximum ( ennui4 ,8 tea*]s h done ev]y?+ = him1 except ^? me*anical & monoton\s ex]cises :i* !y felt !y might tru/ him to d by himself4 ,"s ( 8 m5tal faculties h become /unt$ & atrophi$ ?r\gh lack ( ex]cise4 ,o!rs h be5 all[$ to )] 9 ! bud4 ,if he happ5s to belong to ! masses1 he w h complet$ 8 s*ool education at ! age ( ?irte5 or f\rte54 ,:at w he d ) himself :5 !re is no long] a tea*] at 8 elb[ to tell him :at to d & h[ to d x1 & to /& ov] him 7%\ld ?is be necess>y7 :ile he does x8 ,:y %\ld he g on ) /udies :i* he has nei!r ! incl9ation nor ! ability to pursue1 & :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 he has nev] really begun8 ,& :y %\ld he cont9ue to ex]t himself :51 ow+ to 8 be+ at la/ beyond ! rea* ( puni%m5t1 ! ne$ = him to d s--! only ne$ :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z imp]ative--has ceas$ to exi/8 ,! objections to ! hope ( rew>d z a motive to educational ef=t are ( ano!r k9d4 ,prizes1 z ,i h said1 are = ! few2 & x is ! consci\sness ( be+ "o ( ! elect :i* inve/s ! w9n+ ( a prize ) its *ief attraction4 ,! prize sy/em makes a direct appeal to ! vanity & egoism ( ! *ild4 ,x enc\rages him to ?9k himself bett] ?an o!rs1 to pride himself on hav+ surpass$ 8 class-mates & %one at _! exp5se4 ,! clev] *ild is to "w h>d1 n because k is wor? w9n+ = its own sake & = 8 own sake1 b because x w be pleasant = him to feel t he has succe$$ :]e o!rs h fail$4 ,x is a j reproa* aga9/ ! exam9ation sy/em t :ile1 by its dem& = outw>d results x does its be/ to de/roy individuality1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is s9c]ity ( expression1 x also does its be/ to fo/] individualism1 by appeal+1 ) its (f] ( prizes & o!r di/9ctions1 to ^? in/9cts :i* pr$ispose ea* "o ( u to affirm & exalt t n>r[1 commonplace1 sup]ficial aspect ( 8 be+ :i* he miscalls 8 self4 ,?us ! hope ( rew>d t5ds to demoralise ! clev] *ild by mak+ an appeal to basely selfi% motives4 ,at ! same "t x is probably delud+ him ) ! belief t he has m capacity ?an he really has4 ,if ! exam9ation sy/em is1 z ,i h sugge/$1 ! key/one ( ! ar* ( ,we/]n education1 x is by means ( ! prize sy/em t ! key/one has be5 firmly cem5t$ into its place4 ,an exam9ation :i* _h no rew>ds or di/9ctions to (f] to ! competitors w\ld n be an effective /imulus to ex]tion4 ,t be+ s1 our educationali/s h tak5 c>e t to e exam9ation "s ext]nal rew>d or rew>ds %all be atta*$4 ,ev5 if !re are no mat]ial prizes to appeal to ! *ild's cupidity1 !re is always ! class-li/1 ) its s-call$ ord] ( m]it1 to appeal to 8 vanity4 ,our educationali/s h also tak5 c>e t dur+ ! p]iods ( *ildhood1 adolesc5ce1 & ev5 e>ly maturity1 e prize t is (f]$ = competition %all be aw>d$ aft] a =mal exam9ation & on ! consid]ation ( its tabulat$ results4 ,! appo9tm5ts 9 ! ,home1 ,colonial1 & ,indian ,civil ,s]vices1 ! promotions 9 ! ,army & ,navy1 ! fell[%ips & s*ol>%ips at ! ,univ]sities1 ! s*ol>%ips at ! ,public ,s*ools1 ! m$als1 books1 & o!r prizes t are (f]$ to s*ool-*ildr51 are all aw>d$ to ^? :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! correspond+ exam9ations1 no o!r qualification ?an t ( ability to %9e 9 an exam9ation be+ look$ = 9 ! competitors4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 exceptions to ^! g5]al /atem5ts1 b !y are s few t !y sc>cely c\nt4 ,we h se5 t ! asc5d5cy ( ! exam9ation sy/em 9 our s*ools & colleges is l>gely due to ! vulg> confusion betwe5 in=mation & k2 & we h also se5 t ! exam9ation sy/em reacts ^u t fatal confusion & t5ds to /r5g!n & p]petuate x4 ,if1 !n1 ! effect ( ! prize sy/em is to consolidate ! au?ority ( ! =mal exam9ation & int5sify its influ5ce1 we %all n g f> wrong 9 assum+ t 9 ! v>i\s competitions = prizes ! confusion betwe5 in=mation & k w play a vital "p4 ,&1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! clev]ness :i* enables ! *ild--,i ignore = ! mom5t ! adolesc5t & ! adult /ud5t--to w9 prizes ( v>i\s k9ds is f\nd1 :5 c>efully analys$1 to resolve itself1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 into ! ability to receive1 reta91 & retail in=mation4 ,z ?is p>ticul>1 ability is b a small "p ( t m5tal capacity :i* education is suppos$ to tra91 x is cle> t ! clev] *ild :o gets to ! top ( 8 class1 & w9s prizes 9 s do+1 may easily be l$ to ov]-e/imate 8 p[]s1 & to take himself f> m s]i\sly ?an x is ei!r "r or wise ( him to d4 ,8 ov]-confid5ce may = a "t prove an effective /imulus to ex]tion2 b ! ex]tion w probably be misdirect$2 & lat] on1 :5 he f9ds himself confront$ by ! complex realities ( life1 & :5 problems h to be solv$ :i* dem& ! ex]cise ( o!r faculties ?an t ( memory1 8 belief 9 himself1 :i* is ! outcome ( a false crit]ion ( m]it1 may induce him to und]take :at he _c accompli%1 & may lead at la/--ow+ to 8 hav+ lo/ t\* ) ! actualities ( ?+s--to 8 complete undo+4 ,& z "u ! prize sy/em ! *ild :o is high 9 8 class is apt to ov]-e/imate 8 ability1 s ! *ild :o is l[ 9 8 class is apt to accept ! v]dict ( ! class-li/ z f9al1 & to reg>d himself z a failure because he lacks ! sup]ficial ability :i* enables a *ild to %9e on ! exam9ation day4 ,aga9 & aga9 x happ5s t ! dunce ( 8 class goes to ! front 9 ! battle ( life4 ,b num]\s & significant z ^! cases are1 !y are un=tunately exceptions to a g5]al rule4 ,= "o dunce :o em]ges f ! dep?s ( app>5t failure1 !re are t5 :o g "u aft] a m or less protract$ /ruggle1 & s9k cont5t$ly to ! bottom4 ,! explanation ( ?is is t ?\gh e *ild has capacity 7ap>t1 ( c\rse1 f ! cong5ital idiot & ! m5tally defective71 !re are _m k9ds ( capacity :i* a =mal exam9ation fails to discov]1 & :i* ! education t is dom9at$ by ! prize sy/em fails to develop4 ,! *ild ^: p>ticul> k9d ( capacity does n c\nt1 ei!r 9 ! ord9>y s*ool lesson or on ! exam9ation day1 is n aw>e t he is capable2 & z he is always l[ on ! class-li/1 & is !re=e reg>d$ by 8 tea*]s z dull & /upid1 he n unnaturally acquiesces 9 ! curr5t & app>5tly au?oritative e/imate1 ( 8 p[]s1 &1 los+ he>t ab\t himself1 ends by becom+ ! failure :i* he has be5 taught to believe himself to be4 ,9 brief1 :ile ! prize sy/em bre$s ungr\nd$ & !re=e dang]\s self-e/eem 9 ! *ild :om x labels z bright1 x bre$s ungr\nd$ b n ! less fatal self-di/ru/ 9 ! *ild :om x labels z dull4 ,we h se5 t !re comes a "t 9 ! life ( e man :5 ! fe> ( puni%m5t ceases to act z a /imulus to educational ex]tion4 ,x is ! same ) ! hope ( rew>d4 ,exam9ations1 & ! prizes :i* rew>d success 9 exam9ations1 are = ! "y4 ,:at w happ5 to ! prize-w9n] :5 !re are no m prizes = him to compete =8 ,w he cont9ue to pursue k = its own sake8 ,alas6 he has nev] pursu$ x = its own sake4 ,he has pursu$ x = ! sake ( ! prizes & o!r hon\rs :i* x br\ght him4 ,:5 he has won 8 la/ prize ! *ances are t he w lose all int]e/ 9 t bran* ( le>n+ 9 :i* he a*iev$ di/9ction1 unless1 inde$1 he has to e>n 8 livelihood by tea*+ x4 ,( ! scores ( "y m5 :o di/+ui% !mselves 9 ,classics at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 h[ _m w cont9ue to /udy ! classical writ]s :5 !y h ga9$ ! ,fir/s = :i* !y work$ s dilig5tly8 ,ap>t f ^? :o are go+ to tea* ,classics 9 ! ,public ,s*ools or ,univ]sities1 a m]e h&ful1--"o 9 t5 p]haps1 ?\gh t is probably an extravagant e/imate4 ,& yet ! poets1 philosoph]s1 & hi/orians :om !y h /udi$ are among/ ! greate/ t ! _w has produc$4 ,:at is x1 !n1 t kills1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! classical /ud5t's int]e/ 9 ! ma/]pieces ( antiquity8 ,! obvi\s fact t he 0 nev] int]e/$ 9 !m = _! own sakes--t he /udi$ !m1 n 9 ord] to enjoy !m or pr(it by !m1 b 9 ord] to pass an exam9ation 9 !m1 ( :i* he might be able to say 9 aft] ye>s3 ,i am nam$ & kn[n by t h\r's feat1 ,!re took my /ation & degree4 ,h[ _m ,wrangl]s1 o!r ?an ^? :o h or w become s*oolma/]s or college tutors1 cont9ue to /udy ma!matics8 ,h[ _m ( ! ,fir/ ,classm5 9 ,sci5ce1 ,hi/ory1 ,law1 & o!r ,hon\r ,s*ools cont9ue to /udy _! respective subjects8 ,9 e case an utt]ly insignificant m9ority4 ,b if ! prize sy/em does ?is to ! "y man ( tw5ty-two or tw5ty-?ree1 if x kills 8 int]e/ 9 le>n+1 if x makes him regi/] an inw>d v[ nev] aga9 to op5 ! books :i* he has cramm$ s successfully = 8 exam9ations1 :at may x be expect$ to d to ! *ild ^: s*ool education comes to an end :5 he is only ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s old8 ,:51 ) ! fe> ( puni%m5t1 ! complem5t>y hope ( rew>d is )drawn f him1 is x reasonable to expect him to cont9ue 8 education1 to cont9ue to apply himself to subjects ) :i* 8 acqua9tance has be5 entirely =mal & sup]ficial1 & :i* he has nev] be5 all[$ to dige/ & assimilate8 ,! utt] indiff]5ce ( ! av]age ex-elem5t>y s*ol> to lit]ature1 to hi/ory1 to geography1 to sci5ce1 to music1 to art1 is ! _w-wide answ] to ?is "q4 ,= :at is1 above all1 hateful 9 any s*eme ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 :5 appli$ to ! s*ool life ( ! "y1 is t x :olly ext]nalises :at is really an inw>d & spiritual process1 ! evolution ( ! y\?ful m9d4 ,j z 9 ! sph]e ( religion x is po/ulat$ z a self-evid5t tru? t righte\sness is n its own rew>d1 nor iniquity its own puni%m5t1--s 9 ! sph]e ( education x is po/ulat$ z a self-evid5t tru?1 t k is n its own rew>d1 nor ignorance its own puni%m5t4 ,& j z 9 ! sph]e ( religion ! appeal to ,man's selfi% hopes & ignoble fe>s has g5]at$ a radical misconception ( ! mean+ & purpose ( righte\sness1 :i* has caus$ 8 moral & spiritual en]gies to be div]t$ into irreligi\s or anti-religi\s *annels1 to ! detrim5t ( 8 inw>d & spiritual gr[?1--s 9 ! sph]e ( education ! appeal to ! *ild's selfi% desires & ignoble fe>s has g5]at$ a radical misconception ( ! mean+ & purpose ( k1 :i* has caus$ 8 m5tal en]gies to be div]t$ into un$ucational *annels1 to ! detrim5t ( 8 m5tal gr[?4 ,9 ea* case ! s*eme ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 act+ l an imm5se bli/]1 :5 appli$ to a heal?y body1 draws to ! surface ! life-blood :i* ought to n\ri% & purify ! vital organs ( ! s\l 7or m9d71 !reby impov]i%+ ! vital organs1 & inflam+ & disfigur+ ! surface4 ,= if ! surface life1 ) its outw>d & visible results1 is to be happy & productive1 ! heal? ( ! vital organs mu/ be c>efully ma9ta9$4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal tru? :i* ^? :o control education 9 ! ,we/ h p]si/5tly ignor$4 ,! sy/em ( education :i* ,i h tri$ to describe is a practical embodim5t ( ! ideas t gov]n ! popul> philosophy ( ! ,we/4 ,"o :o _h /udi$ t philosophy1 & :o wi%$ to asc]ta9 :at provision x made = ! education ( ! "y1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inquiry con/ruct a priori ! precise sy/em ( education :i* is 9 vogue 9 all ,we/]n c\ntries4 ,! suppos$ relation betwe5 ,god & 8 fall5 & rebelli\s (fspr+1 ,man1 is obvi\sly p>allel$ by ! relation betwe5 ! tea*] & ! *ild2 & x is !re=e cle> t ! suppos$ deal+s ( ,god ) ,man ought to be p>allel$ by ! deal+s ( ! tea*] ) ! *ild4 ,t !y are s p>allel$--t salvation by ma*9]y has f\nd its mo/ exact c\nt]p>t 9 education by ma*9]y--! hi/ory ( education has made abundantly cle>4 ,:atev] else ! curr5t sy/em ( education may d to ! *ild1 !re is "o ?+ :i* x _c fail to d to him1--to blight 8 m5tal gr[?4 ,:at p>ticul> =m or =ms ?is blight+ influ5ce may take w dep5d 9 ea* p>ticul> case on a v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,exp]i5ce tells u t :at happ5s 9 mo/ cases is t ,we/]n education /rangles "s faculties1 arre/s ! gr[? ( o!rs1 /unts ! gr[? ( a ?ird gr\p1 & di/orts ! gr[? ( a f\r?4 ,is x int5d$ t education %\ld d all ?is8 ,?is "q is n s p>adoxical z x s\nds4 ,my prim>y assumption t ! function ( education is to fo/] gr[? may be a truism 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o agree ) x2 b ,we/]n or?odoxy1 j s f> z x is self-consci\s & s9c]e1 mu/ ne$s repudiate x z a pe/il5t h]esy4 ,= if :at gr[s is intr9sically evil1 :at c gr[? d = x b c>ry x t[>ds p]dition8 ,:at is x t gr[s8 ,x is "t t ,i %\ld ask myself ?is "q4 ,my answ] to x is1 9 brief1 t x is ! :ole human be+ t gr[s1 ! :ole nature ( ! *ild1--body1 m9d1 he>t & s\l4 ,:5 ,i use ^! famili> words1 ,i am f> f wi%+ to sugge/ t human nature is divisible into f\r prov9ces or comp>tm5ts4 ,9 e /age ( its developm5t human nature is a liv+ & indivisible :ole4 ,ea* ( ! f\r words /&s = a typical aspect ( ,man's be+1 b "o ( ! f\r may also be said to /& = ! totality ( ,man's be+1--! ^w s\l4 ,= x is ! s\l :i* manife/s z body1 :i* ?9ks z m9d1 :i* feels & loves z he>t1 & :i* is :at x is--?\gh n p]haps :at x really or f9ally is--z s\l4 ,! function ( education1 !n1 is to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! *ild's :ole nature1 or1 9 a ^w1 ( 8 s\l4 ,i ought1 p]haps1 to apologise = my tem]ity 9 us+ ?is n[ discr$it$ ^w4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,man does n believe 9 ! s\l4 ,h[ c he8 ,he does n believe 9 ,god ei!r z ! et]nal s\rce or z ! et]nal end ( 8 own nature4 ,x foll[s t he does n & _c believe 9 ! unity ( 8 own be+4 ,he has be5 taught t 8 nature is corrupt1 evil1 godless2 & t ! s\l1 :i* is someh[ or o!r atta*$ to 8 fall5 nature dur+ 8 e>?ly pilgrimage1 0 sup]naturally creat$ at ! mom5t ( 8 bir?4 ,he is n[ beg9n+ to reject ?is conception ( ! s\l2 b he _c yet rise to ! high] conception ( x z ! vital ess5ce ( 8 be+1 z ! div9e g]m 9 virtue ( :i* 8 nature is no m]e aggregate ( p>ts or faculties1 b a liv+ :ole4 ,s deeply root$ 9 ! ,we/]n m9d is disbelief 9 ! reality ( ! s\l t x is difficult to use ! ^w1 :5 speak+ to a ,we/]n audi5ce1 )\t expos+ oneself to ! *>ge ( ins9c]ity1--n to speak ( ! grav] *>ge ( bad =m4 ,a sav\r ei!r ( cant or gu% hangs ab\t ! ^w1 & is n easily deta*$ f x4 ,t be+ s1 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ,i mean by ! s\l ! nature ( ,man consid]$ 9 its unity & totality1--no m ?an ?is1 & no less4 ,9 ! op5+ p>agraph ( ?is book ,i said t "s ( my read]s w\ld reg>d my fundam5tal assumption z a truism1 o!rs z a *all5ge1 & o!rs aga9 z a wick$ h]esy4 ,:e!r x %all be reg>d$ z a truism1 a *all5ge1 or a h]esy1 w dep5d on ! way 9 :i* x is word$4 ,to say t ! function ( education is to fo/] ! gr[? ( human nature1 is to invite condemnation f ^? :o reg>d human nature z ru9$ & corrupt4 ,to say t ! function ( education is to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! s\l1 is to issue a *all5ge to ,we/]n civilisation1 :i* is bas$ on ! belief t ! end ( ,man's be+ is n ! gr[? ( 8 s\l1 b ! gr[? ( 8 balance at ! bank ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,to say t ! function ( education is to fo/] ! gr[? ( c]ta9 faculties1 is to insi/ on :at no "o :o _h giv5 8 m9d to ! matt] w\ld c>e to d5y4 ,= ev5 ! or?odox1 :o reg>d ,man's nature 9 its totality z intr9sically evil1 admit )\t hesitation t !re are faculties 9 ,man :i* c be & ought to be tra9$2 :ile ! man ( ! _w1 :om we may reg>d z ! mo/ typical product ( ,we/]n civilisation1 is clamor\s 9 8 dem& t education %all fo/] ! gr[? ( c]ta9 m5tal faculties :i* w enable ! *ild to become an effici5t cl]k or workman1 & s contribute to ! enri*m5t ( 8 employ] & ! community to :i* he belongs4 ,! ,we/]n educationali/ w admit1 !n1 t ! function ( education is to fo/] gr[?2 & if y ask him :at x is t gr[s or ought to gr[ "u education's fo/]+ c>e1 he w give y a long li/ ( faculties--m5tal1 = ! mo/ "p1 b also moral & physical--& !n break (f "u ! impression t he has set education an adequate & a practicable task4 ,b he has set x an inadequate & an impracticable task4 ,= beh9d all ! faculties t he enum]ates dwells ! liv+ reality :i* he _c br+ himself to believe 91--! s\l4 ,& because he _c br+ himself to believe 9 ! s\l1 he deprives ! faculties :i* he proposes to cultivate ( ! v qualities :i* make !m mo/ wor?y ( cultivation1--( _! int]relation1 _! int]dep5d5ce1 _! organic unity4 ,9 o!r words he devitalises ea* ( !m by cutt+ x (f f ! life :i* is common to all ( !m1 & s p>alyses its capacity = gr[+ 9 ! v act ( tak+ ?\ght = its gr[?4 ,he =gets t e faculty :i* is wor? cultivat+ bo? draws life f1 & contributes life to1 ! g5]al life ( ! gr[+ *ild4 ,he =gets t ! *ild himself--! liv+ s\l--is gr[+ 9 & ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ea* ( 8 op5+ faculties2 & t unless1 :5 a faculty seems to be gr[+1 ! life ( ! *ild is at once express+ itself 9 & r5ew+ itself ?r\gh ! process ( its gr[?1 its semblance ( gr[? is a pure illusion1 ! results t are produc$ be+ 9 reality z fraudul5t z artificial fl[]s on a liv+ rose-bu%4 ,b ! :ole "q may be look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,let u assume1 = argum5t's sake1 t ! function ( education is to tra91 or fo/] ! gr[? (1 c]ta9 faculties1 :i* are ma9ly ?\gh n exclusively m5tal1 & t :5 ^? faculties h be5 duly tra9$ ! tea*] has done 8 "w4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! faculties :i* education is suppos$ to tra98 ,9 my attempt to answ] ?is "q ,i w conf9e myself to ! elem5t>y s*ool1--! only s*ool :i* ,i c pret5d to "k well4 ,a glance at ! "t-table ( an ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool might sugge/ to u t !re 7 two *ief gr\ps ( faculties to be tra9$--^? :i* p]ceive & ^? :i* express1 ^? :i* take 9 & ^? :i* give out4 ,:5 su* subjects z ,hi/ory1 ,geography1 or ,sci5ce are be+ taught1 ! *ild's p]ceptive faculties are be+ tra9$4 ,:5 su* subjects z ,composition1 ,draw+ or ,s++ are be+ taught1 ! *ild's expressive faculties are be+ tra9$4 ,s at lea/ "o might be dispos$ to assume4 ,9 :at relation d ! p]ceptive faculties /& to ! expressive8 ,is x possible to cultivate ei!r gr\p )\t reg>d to ! o!r8 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool seem to be gov]n$ by ! assumption t ! p]ceptive & ! expressive faculties are two di/9ct gr\ps :i* admit ( be+ sep>ately tra9$4 ,9 ! ord9>y ,draw+ lesson1 = example1 ! *ild is try+ to express :at he does n ev5 pret5d to h p]ceiv$2 :]eas 9 ! ord9>y ,hi/ory or ,sci5ce lesson ! process is rev]s$1 & ! *ild pret5ds to p]ceive :at he makes no attempt to express4 ,b is ! assumption correct8 ,d ! two gr\ps ( faculties admit ( be+ sep>ately tra9$8 ,is x possible to devote ?is h\r or half-h\r to ! tra9+ ( p]ception1 & t to ! tra9+ ( expression8 ,surely n4 ,p]ception & expression are n two faculties1 b "o4 ,ea* is ! v c\nt]p>t & correlate1 ea* is ! v life & s\l1 ( ! o!r4 ,ea*1 :5 divorc$ f ! o!r1 ceases to be its own true self4 ,:5 p]ception is real1 liv+1 in=m$ ) p]sonal feel+1 x mu/ ne$s f9d = itself ! outlet ( expression4 ,:5 expression is real1 liv+1 in=m$ ) p]sonal feel+1 p]ception--! *ild's own p]ception ( ?+s--mu/ ne$s be beh9d x4 ,m ?an t4 ,! p]ceptive faculties 7at any rate 9 *ildhood7 gr[ ?r\gh ! int]pretation :i* expression gives !m1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,& ! expressive faculties gr[ by int]pret+ p]ception1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,! *ild :o tries to draw :at he sees is tra9+ 8 p[] ( obs]vation1 n less ?an 8 p[] ( expression4 ,z he passes & repasses betwe5 ! object ( 8 p]ception & 8 repres5tation ( x1 !re is a cont9u\s ga9 bo? to 8 vision & to 8 te*nique4 ,! m fai?fully he tries to r5d] 8 impression ( ! object1 ! m does t impression ga9 9 tru? & /r5g?2 & 9 proportion z ! impression becomes tru] & /rong]1 s does ! r5d]+ ( x become m ma/]ly & m correct4 ,s1 aga91 if a man tries to set =? 9 writ+ 8 views ab\t "s difficult problem--social1 political1 metaphysical1 or :atev] x may be--! v ef=t t he makes to express himself cle>ly & coh]5tly w t5d to br+ ord] into ! *aos & light into ! d>kness ( 8 m9d1 to wid5 8 outlook on 8 subject1 to deep5 8 insight into x1 to br+ new aspects ( x )9 ! rea* ( 8 consci\s ?\ght4 ,& "h1 z 9 ! case ( ! *ild :o tries to draw :at he sees1 !re is a cont9u\s reciprocal action betwe5 p]ception & expression1 9 virtue ( :i* ea* 9 turn helps =w>d ! evolution ( ! o!r4 ,ev5 9 s ab/ract & imp]sonal a subject z ma!matics1 ! reaction ( expression on p]ception is /rong & salut>y4 ,! /ud5t :o wi%es to ma/] a difficult piece ( bookwork %\ld try to write x out 9 8 own words2 9 ! ef=t to set x out concisely & lucidly he w gradually p]fect 8 appreh5sion ( x4 ,7 he to solve a difficult problem1 he w\ld probably reg>d 8 grasp ( ! solution z insecure & incomplete until he _h succe$$ 9 mak+ x intelligible to ! m9d ( ano!r4 ,:5 p]ception is deeply t+$ ) emotion1 z :5 "o sees :at is beautiful1 or admires :at is noble1 ! attempt to express x 9 language1 action1 or art1 seems to be dictat$ by "s inn] necessity ( "o's nature4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is t ! p]ception itself imp]atively dem&s expression 9 ord] t1 9 & ?r\gh ! /ruggle ( ! arti/ic consci\sness to d full ju/ice to x1 x may gradually realise its hidd5 pot5tialities1 discov] its inn] mean+1 & f9d its true self4 ,once we realise t expression is ! o!r self ( p]ception1 x becomes p]missible = u to say t to tra9 ! p]ceptive faculties--! faculties by means ( :i* ,man lays hold ^u ! _w t surr\nds him1 & draws x into himself & makes x 8 own--is ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( ! tea*]'s art4 ,ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( my prim>y truism1 ?is conception ( ! mean+ & purpose ( education holds good4 ,= accord+ to t truism ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] is to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! *ild's s\l2 & ! s\l gr[s by ! use ( its p]ceptive faculties1 :i*1 by enabl+ x to take 9 & assimilate an ev]-wid5+ environm5t1 cause a gradual enl>gem5t ( its consci\sness & a proportionate expansion ( its life4 ,b ! p]ceptive faculties 9 _! turn gr[ by express+ !mselves2 & unless !y are all[$ to express !mselves--unless ! *ild is all[$ to express himself 7= expression1 if x is g5u9e1 is always self-expression7--_! gr[? w be arre/$1 & ! mission :i* all educationali/s assign to education w n h be5 fulfill$4 ,! "q is1 !n1 ,does ! sy/em ( education :i* prevails 9 all ,we/]n c\ntries provide = self-expression on ! "p ( ! *ild8 ,,footnotes3 #e ,i mean by ! words orig9al s9 :at ! pla91 unsophi/icat$1 believ+ ,*ri/ian means by !m4 ,a mod]n poet1 9 a mom5t ( impulsive or?odoxy1 praises ,*ri/ianity because x taught orig9al s91 ,! corruption ( man's he>t 444 ,?is def9ition is suffici5tly accurate4 ,orig9al s91 says ! ,n9? ,article ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*1 444 is ! fault & corruption ( ! ,nature ( e man 444 :]eby man is ( 8 own nature incl9$ to evil 444 & !re=e1 9 e p]son born into ! _w1 x des]ve? ,god's wra? & damnation4 ,h[ f> ! popul> int]pretation ( ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 co9cides ) ! late/ !ological ref9em5t ( ! doctr9e1 ,i _c pret5d to say4 ,:5 x f9ds x conv5i5t to expla9 ?+s away1 !ology1 l ,voltaire's ,m9or ,prophet1 e/ capable de t\t2 & ! ne$ = reconcil+ ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 ) ! tea*+ ( mod]n sci5ce has 9 rec5t ye>s laid a heavy tax on its +5uity4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,a ,,famili> ,,type ,,( ,,s*ool#f ,9 ?is *apt] ,i %all h 9 my m9d a type ( s*ool :i* is famili> to all :o are int]e/$ 9 elem5t>y education4 ,:at p]c5tage ( ! s*ools ( ,engl& are ( t p>ticul> type ,i _c pret5d to say4 ,9 ! days ( paym5t by results ! p]c5tage 0 unque/ionably v high4 ,! sy/em "u :i* we all work$ made t inevitable4 ,! days ( paym5t by results are ov]1 b _! consequ5ces are ) u /ill4 ,! pione] is abroad 9 ! l&1 b he has _h1 & /ill has1 =midable difficulties to ov]come4 ,! p]c5tage ( r\t9e-ridd5 s*ools is consid]ably l[] ?an x us$ to be1 & x is fall+ f ye> to ye>4 ,( ?is !re c be no d\bt4 ,ea* tea*] 9 turn :o reads ?is *apt] w1 ,i hope1 be able to say t ! s*ool :i* is 9 my m9d is n 84 ,b ,i c assure him t !re are ?\s&s ( s*ools 9 :i* all or mo/ ( ! evils on :i* ,i am ab\t to comm5t are /ill rampant2 & ,i w add1 = 8 consolation1 t x w\ld be a miracle if ?is 7 n s4 ,! fir/ =ty m9utes ( ! morn+ session are giv51 9 almo/ e elem5t>y s*ool1 to :at is call$ ,religi\s ,in/ruction4 ,?is goes on1 morn+ aft] morn+1 & week aft] week4 ,! *ild :o att5ds s*ool regul>ly & punctually1 z _m *ildr5 d1 w h be5 ! victim ( upw>ds ( two ?\s& ,scripture lessons by ! "t he leaves s*ool4 ,! "q ( religi\s education 9 elem5t>y s*ools has long be5 ! c5tre ( a p]fect :irlpool ( controv]sial talk4 ,! great] "p ( ?is talk is1 to speak pla9ly1 blatant cant4 ,e c&idate = a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ?9ks x incumb5t ^u him to say some?+ ab\t religi\s education1 b n "o 9 a hundr$ ( !m has ev] be5 pres5t 9 an elem5t>y s*ool :ile religi\s in/ruction 0 be+ giv54 ,! ,bi%ops ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* wax eloqu5t 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords ov] ! wick$ness ( a godless education & ! virtue ( def9ite dogmatic tea*+1 b x may be d\bt$ if !re is a ,bi%op 9 ! ,h\se :o has 9 rec5t ye>s sat out a ,scripture lesson 9 a ,*ur* ( ,engl& s*ool4 ,x w\ld be well if all :o talk$ publicly ab\t religi\s education c\ld be s5t5c$ to devote a mon? to ! p]sonal /udy ( religi\s in/ruction z x is ord9>ily giv5 9 elem5t>y s*ools4 ,at ! end ( ! mon? !y w\ld be wis] & sadd] m51 & 9 future !y w\ld probably talk less ab\t religi\s education & ?9k m4 ,! ,scripture lesson1 z x is famili>ly call$1 is suppos$ to make ! *ildr5 ( ,engl& religi\s1 9 ! special s5se :i* ea* *ur* or sect atta*es to t ^w1--to make !m good ,ca?olics1 good ,*ur*m51 good ,wesleyans1 good ,bible ,*ri/ians1 good ,jews4 ,b z ^? :o are mo/ 9 e>ne/ ab\t religion1 & mo/ s9c]e 9 _! religi\s convictions1 unite 9 assur+ u t ,engl& is relaps+ into paganism1 x may be d\bt$ if ! religi\s education ( ! elem5t>y s*ool *ild--a process :i* has be5 go+ on = half a c5tury or m--has be5 entirely successful4 ,:ile ! fact t ! ,engli% p>5t1 :o mu/ himself h att5d$ f #a1ejj to #b1jjj ,scripture lessons 9 ,8 s*ooldays1 is n "u any circum/ances to be tru/$ to give religi\s in/ruction to 8 own *ildr51 %[s t ^? :o control ! religi\s education ( ! y\?ful masses h b little confid5ce 9 ! effect ( _! sy/em on ! religi\s life & fai? ( ! ,engli% p4 ,!y h good gr\nd = _! subconsci\s di/ru/ ( x4 ,we h se5 t ! vulg> confusion betwe5 in=mation & k is at ! root ( mu* t is uns\nd 9 education4 ,!re is no bran* ( education 9 :i* ?is confusion is s fallaci\s or s fatal z 9 t :i* is call$ religi\s4 ,! process ( conv]t+ in=mation into k is a comp>atively easy "o :5 we are deal+ ) matt]s ( detail$ fact4 ,in=mation z to ! dates ( ! k+s ( ,engl&1 z to ! bays & capes ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 z to ! exports & imports ( ,liv]pool1 z to ! weights & measures ( ?is or t c\ntry1 is 9 ea* case readily conv]tible into k ( ! giv5 facts4 ,b directly we get away f m]e facts1 & beg9 to conc]n ourselves ) :at is l>ge1 vague1 subtle1 & obscure1--) =ces1 = example1 ) causes1 ) laws1 ) pr9ciples1--! difficulty ( collect+ adequate & appropriate in=mation ab\t our subject becomes great1 & ! difficulty ( conv]t+ su* in=mation into k becomes great] /ill4 ,in=mation z to ! dates & names ( ! ,engli% k+s1 & o!r hi/orical facts1 is easily conv]t$ into k ( ^? facts1 b x is n easily conv]t$ into k ( ,engli% hi/ory4 ,in=mation z to ! names & positions ( capes & bays1 z to areas & populations1 & o!r geographical facts1 is easily conv]t$ into k ( ^? facts1 b x is n easily conv]t$ into k ( geography4 ,in=mation z to ari?metical rules & tables1 z to weights & measures1 & o!r ari?metical facts1 is easily conv]t$ into k ( ^? facts1 b x is n easily conv]t$ into k ( ari?metic4 ,9 ea* case a s5se mu/ be evolv$ if ! in=mation is to be assimilat$1 & s conv]t$ into real k2 & ?\gh x is true t ! s5se 9 "q gr[s1 9 "p at lea/1 by fe$+ on appropriate in=mation1 x is equally true t if1 ow+ to defective tra9+1 ! s5se rema9s undevelop$1 ! in=mation suppli$ w rema9 unassimilat$1 & ! tacit assumption t ! possession ( in=mation is equival5t to ! possession ( real k w delude bo? ! tea*] & ! taught4 ,x is possible1 z "o kn[s f exp]i5ce1 = a boy to h ma/]$ all ! ari?metical rules & tables ) :i* 8 ma/] has suppli$ him1 & to h all 8 measures & weights at 8 f+]s' ends1 & yet to be s de/itute ( ! ari?metical s5se z to give )\t a mom5t's misgiv+ an entirely nons5sical answ] to a simple ari?metical problem1--to say1 = example1 z ,i h kn[n half a class ( boys say1 t a room is five %ill+s & sixp5ce wide4 ,su* a boy1 ?\gh 8 head may be /uff$ ) ari?metical in=mation1 has no k ( ari?metic4 ,! gulf betwe5 memoris$ in=mation & real k becomes deep & wide 9 proportion z ! subject matt] is "o :i* dem&s = its effective appreh5sion ei!r intellectual ef=t or emotional insight4 ,:5 bo? ^! v>iables are dem&$1 ! gulf wid5s & deep5s at a ratio :i* is geometrical r ?an ari?metical2 & :5 a high degree ( ea* is dem&$1 ! sep>ation betwe5 k & in=mation is complete4 ,! ,art ,ma/] :o %\ld try to tra9 ! /hetic s5se ( 8 pupils by mak+ !m le>n by he>t a /r+ ( propositions 9 :i* he _h set out ! arti/ic m]its ( sundry ma/]pieces ( pa9t+ & sculpture1 w\ld expose himself to well-m]it$ ridicule4 ,s w\ld ! tea*] :o %\ld try to tra9 ! sci5tific s5se ( 8 pupils by no o!r me?od ?an t ( mak+ !m le>n sci5tific =mul by he>t4 ,:at %all we say1 !n1 ( ! tea*] :o tries to tra9 ! religi\s s5se ( 8 pupils by supply+ !m ) rations ( !ological & !ologico-hi/orical in=mation8 ,:atev] else we may mean by ! ^w ,god1 we mean :at is inf9itely great1 & !re=e beyond ! rea* ( human ?\ght1 & we mean :at is mo/ high1 & !re=e beyond ! rea* ( ! he>t's desire4 ,x foll[s t = k ( ,god ! maximum ( intellectual ef=t is ne$$1 9 conjunction ) ! maximum ( emotional insight2 & x foll[s fur!r t ! gulf betwe5 k ( ,god & in=mation ab\t ,god is unimag9ably wide & deep1--s wide & s deep t out ( our v attempts to span or fa?om x ! d\bt at la/ arises :e!r ! idea ( acquir+ in=mation ab\t ,god may n1 aft] all1 be ! idle/ ( dreams4 ,nev]!less ! pa/ors & ma/]s ( our elem5t>y s*ools are1 ) few exceptions1 engag$1 sanct simplicitate1 9 try+ to make ! *ildr5 ( ,engl& religi\s by cramm+ !m ) !ological & !ologico-hi/orical in=mation1--in=mation z to ! nature & attributes ( ,god1 z to ! inn] con/itution ( 8 be+1 z to 8 relations to ,man & ! ,univ]se1 z to 8 report$ do+s 9 ! pa/4 ,& 9 ord] t ! giv+1 receiv+1 & reta9+ ( ?is unv]ifiable in=mation may be reg>d$ by all conc]n$ z ! c5tral feature ( ! ,scripture lesson1 to ! neglect ( all ! o!r aspects ( religi\s education1 ! spiritual p[]s t be 7& also1 ,i am told1 "s ( ! ,local ,education ,au?orities7 h decre$ t ! s*ools "u _! jurisdiction %all be subject$ to a ye>ly exam9ation 9 religi\s k at ! h&s ( a ,diocesan ,inspector1 or "s o!r (ficial4 ,to "o :o has conv9c$ himself1 z ,i h1 t a "r attitude t[>ds ! ?+ kn[n is ( ! ess5ce ( k1 & t rev]5ce & devotion--to g no fur!r--are ( ! ess5ce ( a "r attitude t[>ds ,god1 ! idea ( hold+ a =mal exam9ation 9 religi\s k seems sc>cely less ridicul\s ?an ! idea ( hold+ a =mal exam9ation 9 unselfi%ness or bro!rly love4 ,! phrase to exam9e 9 religi\s k has no mean+ = me4 ,! v]b is out ( all relation to its indirect object4 ,:at ! ,diocesan ,inspector attempts to d _c possibly be done4 ,! te/ ( religi\s k is necess>ily practical & vital1 n =mal & me*anical4 ,ev5 if ,i 7 to admit1 = argum5t's sake1 t ! in=mation ) :i* we cram ! elem5t>y s*ool *ild betwe5 #i4e & #i4de a4m4 _h be5 sup]naturally communicat$ by ,god to ,man1 my g5]al position w\ld rema9 unaffect$4 ,= exp]i5ce has amply prov$ t a *ild--or1 = ! matt] ( t1 a man--may "k mu* !ology & ev5 be mighty 9 ! ,scriptures1 & yet %[ by 8 conduct t 8 religi\s s5se has n be5 awak5$1 & t !re=e he has no k ( ,god2 j z we h se5 t a *ild may "k by he>t all ari?metical rules & tables1 & yet %[1 by 8 helplessness 9 ! face ( a simple problem1 t 8 ari?metical s5se has n be5 awak5$1 & t !re=e he has no k ( ari?metic4 ,! "t giv5 to religi\s in/ruction is1 to make a g5]al /atem5t1 ! only "p ( ! session 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are be+ prep>$ = a =mal ext]nal exam9ation4 ,t be+ s1 x is no matt] = wond] t _m ( ! gl>+ faults ( me?od & organisation :i* ! exam9ation sy/em fo/]$ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfb & #ahie1 & :i* are n[ be+ ab&on$1 h[ev] sl[ly1 reluctantly1 & sporadically1 dur+ ! h\rs ( secul> in/ruction1 /ill f9d a refuge 9 ! ,scripture lesson4 ,ov]gr\p+ ( classes1 ov]cr[d+ ( s*ool-rooms1 collective answ]+1 collective repetition1 scribbl+ on slates1 & o!r faults ) :i* inspectors 7 only too famili> 9 bygone days1 are /ill rampant :ile religi\s in/ruction is be+ giv54#g ,! ,diocesan ,inspector is an exam9]1 pure & simple1 & is nev] pres5t :5 ! ,scripture lesson is 9 progress4 ,:e!r he w\ld f9d any?+ to criticise if he 7 pres5t1 may be d\bt$4 ,i h frequ5tly be5 told by tea*]s t x is 8 dem& = a good volume ( s\nd1 :5 he is cate*is+ ! *ildr51 :i* keeps alive dur+ ! ,scripture lesson ! pe/il5t habit ( collective answ]+1 9 defiance ( ! obvi\s fact t :at is ev]ybody's bus9ess is nobody's bus9ess1 & t an exp]i5c$ bell-we!r c easily give a lead to a :ole class4 ,an inconv5i5t tra9 s]vice may compel ,h4,m4 ,inspector to be pres5t :5 religi\s in/ruction is be+ giv52 b ?\gh he may f9d mu* to deplore 9 :at he sees & he>s1 he mu/ ab/a9 f criticism1 & be cont5t to play ! rle ( ! man :o looks ov] a h$ge :ile a horse is be+ /ol54 ,9 mo/ elem5t>y s*ools religion is taught on an elaborate syllabus :i* is impos$ on ! tea*] by an ext]nal au?ority1 & :i* !re=e t5ds to de/roy 8 fre$om & 8 int]e/ 9 ! "w4 ,x is n 8 bus9ess to take ?\ght = ! religi\s tra9+ ( 8 pupils1 to consid] h[ ! religi\s in/9ct may be/ be awak5$ 9 !m1 h[ _! lat5t k ( ,god may be/ be evolv$4 ,8 bus9ess is to prep>e !m = _! ye>ly exam9ation1 to cram !m ) cate*isms1 hymns1 texts1 & collects1 & ) /ories ( v>i\s k9ds1--/ories f ! folk-lore ( ,israel1 f ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 f ! ,gospel n>ratives4 ,to appeal to ! reason+ p[]s ( 8 pupils w\ld be =eign to 8 aim1 & =eign1 let me say 9 pass+1 to ! :ole tradition ( religi\s tea*+ 9 ! ,we/4 ,! burd5 ( prep>+ = an exam9ation1 :atev] ! exam9ation may be1 falls ma9ly on ! faculty ( memory4 ,?is is a rule to :i* !re are v few exceptions4 ,:5 ! exam9ation is "o 9 religi\s k1 ! burd5 ( prep>+ = x falls :olly on ! faculty ( memory4 ,to appeal to ! reason+ p[]s ( ! s*ol>s might conceivably provoke !m to ask inconv5i5t que/ions1 & might ev5 give rise to a _s ( rationalism 9 ! s*ool1--! _s :i* or?odoxy has always reg>d$ z ! v antipole to religi\s fai?4 ,b :at ( ! *ild's emotional faculties8 ,w n ! beauty ( ! ,gospel /ories1 w n ! sublimity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t poetry1 make _! own appeal to ^!8 ,!y might d s if !y 7 all[$ to ex]t _! spiritual magnetism4 ,b :at *ance h !y8 ,! *ill+ %ad[ ( ! imp5d+ exam9ation falls ^u !m & cancels _! educative influ5ce4 ,x is n because ! ,gospel /ories are full ( beauty & spiritual mean+ t ! *ild has to le>n !m1 b because he w be que/ion$ on !m by ! ,diocesan ,inspector4 ,x is n because c]ta9 passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t are poetry ( a high ord] t ! *ild commits !m to memory1 b because he may h to repeat !m to ! ,diocesan ,inspector4 ,we _c s]ve ,god & ,mammon1--! ,god ( poetry & ! inw>d life1 ! ,mammon ( outw>d results4 ,! ?+ is n to be done1 & ! pret5ce ( do+ x is a mock]y & a fraud4 ,! compulsory prep>ation ( ! plays ( ,%akespe>e & o!r lit]>y ma/]pieces = a =mal exam9ation1 too (t5 gives ! s*oolboy1 or ! college /ud5t1 a p]man5t di/a/e = ,engli% lit]ature4 ,! /udy ( ! ,anci5t ,classics = ! ,ox=d ,s*ools or ! ,cambridge ,tripos too (t5 gives ! /udi\s und]graduate a p]man5t di/a/e = ! lit]atures ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,does x n foll[ a =tiori t to cram a "y *ild1 = ! purposes ( a =mal exam9ation1 to cram him1 ye> aft] ye>1 ) ! idyllic /ories ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! poetic beauties ( ! ,old1 w 9 all probability g a long way t[>ds blight+ 9 ! bud ! *ild's lat5t capacity = respond+ to ! appeal1 n ( ! ,bible alone1 b ( spiritual poetry z su*8 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t ! religi\s in/ruction giv5 9 our elem5t>y s*ools is always =mal & me*anical4 ,!re are tea*]s :o c break ?r\gh ! toils ( any sy/em1 h[ev] deadly1 & give life to _! tea*+ 9 defiance ( conditions :i* w\ld p>alyse ! en]gies ( less] m54 ,z ,i write1 ,i recall two tea*]s ( elem5t>y s*ools1 :o1 9 spite ( hav+ to prep>e _! pupils = diocesan inspection1 succe$$ 9 quick5+ _! religi\s in/9cts into vital activity4 ,! fir/ 0 a s*oolma/]1--a /rong ,*ur*man1 & a s9c]ely religi\s man4 ,! second 0 a woman ( g5ius1 ^: extraord9>y sympa?y ) & insight into ! s\l ( ! *ild1 enabl$ h] to give free play to all 8 expansive in/9cts1 & 9 & ?r\gh ! evolution ( ^! to fo/] ! gr[? ( 8 religi\s s5se4 ,i c nev] feel q sure t ?is tea*] fully realis$ h[ deeply1 & yet heal?ily1 religi\s h] *ildr5 74 ,if %e did n1 ,i c b apply to h] :at ,did]ot said to ,david ! pa9t]1 :5 ! latt] confess$ t he _h n int5d$ to produce "s arti/ic effect :i* ! =m] _h discov]$ 9 "o ( 8 pictures3 ,quoi6 c'e/ votre insu8 ,c'e/ encore mieux4 ,to make *ildr5 religi\s )\t int5d+ to d s is a pr(\ndly significant a*ievem5t1 = x means t ! fatal di/9ction betwe5 religi\s & secul> education has be5 utt]ly aboli%$ & de/roy$4 ,bo? ^! tea*]s fell1 z x happ5$1 "u ! ban ( ! ,diocesan ,inspector's displeasure4 ,! s*oolma/] took ov] a s*ool :i* 0 n only ineffici5t 9 ! eyes ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t1 9 respect ( in/ruction & discipl9e1 b 0 also ta9t$ 9 its upp] classes ) moral depravity4 ,he spe$ily re/or$ x to effici5cy1 & re=m$ its moral tone4 ,9 accompli%+ ^! salut>y *anges1 he reli$ ma9ly on an appeal :i* he made1 9 all manly s9c]ity1 to ! religi\s s5se ( ! old] boys4 ,! fai? 9 human nature :i* prompt$ him to make ?is appeal 0 ju/ifi$ by ! response :i* x evok$4 ,9 less ?an a ye> ! s*ool 0 trans=m$ beyond recognition4 ,9 less ?an two ye>s x 0 "o ( ! be/ 9 its c\nty2 inde$ 9 respect ( moral tone & religi\s atmosph]e x 0 p]haps ! be/4 ,mean:ile ! "w ( cramm+ ! *ildr5 = ! ye>ly diocesan exam9ation mu/ h fall5 into arre>s2 = ! s*ool1 :i* "u my fri5d's incompet5t pr$ecessor _h always be5 class$ z ,excell5t1 sank to ! level ( ,good 9 ! ye> aft] he left1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> to ! level ( ,fair4 ,any "o :o has any acqua9tance ) ! reports ( ! ,diocesan ,inspector kn[s t ! summ>y m>k ,fair1 :5 employ$ by him1 is equival5t to utt] damnation4 ,! s*oolmi/ress always _h a horror ( =mal tea*+1 & a special horror ( cramm+ "y *ildr5 = =mal exam9ations2 & ,i c only wond] t h] d[nfall 0 s long delay$4 ,soon] or lat]1 if %e 0 to rema9 true to h] own fir/ pr9ciples1 h] "w 0 b\nd to incur ! condemnation ( ! ,diocesan ,inspector4 ,nev]!less1 hav+ read hundr$s ( diocesan reports1 & realis$ h[ lavi% ( praise & *>y ( blame ! ,diocesan ,inspector usually is1 ,i am incl9$ to suspect t ! comp>ative failure ( ! *ildr5 on ! exam9ation day 0 n ! sole or ev5 ! *ief cause ( ! sev]e c5sure :i* ^! two s*ools receiv$4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 ea* case ! inspector recognis$ 9 ! exceptional religi\s vitality ( a s*ool :i* 0 defici5t1 f 8 po9t ( view1 9 religi\s k1 an implicit *all5ge to 8 own preconceiv$ notions1 & t1 )\t = a mom5t int5d+ to be unfair1 he respond$ to ?is *all5ge by giv+ ! s*ool a /rongly adv]se report4 ,immorality & irreligi\sness z su* are comp>atively v5ial (f5ces 9 ! eyes ( religi\s or?odoxy4 ,:at x _c tol]ate is t m5 %\ld be moral & religi\s 9 any b ! or?odox ways4 ,ap>t f ^! two exceptional cases1 !re are ( c\rse hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( tea*]s ^: p]sonal influ5ce is a p>tial antidote to ! numb+ poison :i* is be+ di/ill$ b surely1 f ! daily ,scripture lesson4 ,b ! net result ( giv+ =mal & me*anical in/ruction on ! greate/ ( all great matt]s is to depress ! spiritual vitality ( ! *ildr5 ( ,engl& to a po9t :i* ?reat5s ! ext9ction ( ! spiritual life ( ! nation4 ,my s*oolma/] fri5d1 :o1 besides be+ deeply religi\s 79 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w71 is a man ( s\nd judgm5t & wide & v>i$ exp]i5ce1 has m ?an once assur$ me t religi\s in/ruction1 z giv5 9 ! normal ,*ur* ( ,engl& s*ool 78 exp]i5ce has be5 limit$ to s*ools ( t type71 is paganis+ ! p ( ,engl&1--paganis+ !m because x pres5ts religion to !m 9 a =m :i* !y in/9ctively reject1 accept+ x at fir/ "u compulsion1 b turn+ away f x at la/ ) deep-seat$ we>9ess & p]man5t di/a/e4 ,! boy :o1 hav+ att5d$ two ?\s& ,scripture lessons1 says to himself :5 he leaves s*ool3 ,if ?is is religion1 ,i w h no m ( x1 is act+ 9 ob$i5ce to a heal?y in/9ct4 ,he is to be hon\r$ r ?an blam$ = hav+ realis$ at la/ t ! *aff on :i* he has s long be5 f$ is n ! life-giv+ gra9 :i*1 unkn[n to himself1 8 inmo/ s\l dem&s4 ,t ,engl& is relaps+ into paganism is1 z we h se51 ! s9c]e conviction ( _m e>ne/ ,*ri/ians4 ,:y ?is %\ld be s1 !y _c und]/&4 ,9 _! desire to acc\nt = s di/ress+ a ph5om5on1 !y w h rec\rse to any explanation1 h[ev] f>-fet*$ & fanta/ic1 r ?an ackn[l$ge t x is ! ,scripture lesson 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool :i* is paganis+ ! masses4 ,if ! ,*ur*es c\ld h _! way1 !y w\ld d\btless try to m5d matt]s by d\bl+ ! h\rs t are giv5 to religi\s in/ruction1 by mak+ ! ,diocesan ,inspector's visit a half-ye>ly in/ead ( a ye>ly function1 & by cramm+ ! *ildr5 = x ) r$\bl$ en]gy4 ,9 _! refusal to reckon ) human nature1 !y are true to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( _! religion & _! philosophy4 ,b x is possible to buy consi/5cy at too high a price4 ,! laws & t5d5cies ( ,nature are :at !y are2 & x is madness1 n h]oism1 to ignore !m4 ,to ^? :o refuse to reckon ) human nature1 ! day w surely come :5 human nature1 evolv+ itself "u ! /ress ( its own =ces & 9 ob$i5ce to its own laws1 w cease to take acc\nt ( !m4#h ,:5 ! h&s ( ! clock po9t to a qu>t] to t51 ! religi\s education ( ! *ild is ov] = ! day1 & 8 secul> in/ruction has begun4 ,t ! religi\s education ( ! *ild %\ld be suppos$ to end :5 ! ,scripture lesson is ov]1 is ! la/ & /ronge/ pro( ( ! fundam5tal falsity ( t conception ( religion on :i*1 z on a quicks&1 8 education1 religi\s & secul>1 has be5 bas$4 ,aft] ,scripture comes z a rule ,ari?metic4 ,dur+ ! =m] lesson ! tea*]1 act+ "u compulsion1 does 8 be/1 z we h se51 to dead5 ! *ild's spiritual faculties4 ,dur+ ! latt]1 he n infrequ5tly does 8 be/ to dead5 ! *ild's m5tal faculties4 ,9 ea* case he is to be piti$ r ?an blam$4 ,! conditions "u :i* he works1 & has long work$1 are too /rong = him4 ,if we are to und]/& :y secul> in/ruction1 z giv5 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 is :at x is1 we mu/ g back = half a c5tury or s & trace ! /eps by :i* ! ,education ,dep>tm5t =c$ elem5t>y education 9 ,engl& into ! grooves 9 :i*1 9 _m s*ools1 x is /ill mov+1 & f :i* ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ & ent]pris+ tea*]s f9d x difficult to escape4 ,9 #ahfa ! ,royal ,commission 7"u ! ,duke ( ,newca/le z ,*airman71 :i* _h be5 appo9t$ 9 #aheh 9 ord] to inquire into ! /ate ( popul> education 9 ,engl&1 & z to ! measures requir$ = ! ext5sion ( s\nd & *eap elem5t>y in/ruction to all classes ( ! p1 issu$ its report1 9 :i* x recomm5d$ int] alia t ! ,grants paid to elem5t>y s*ools %\ld be expressly apportion$ on ! exam9ation ( individual *ildr54 ,?is recomm5dation 0 c>ri$ into effect 9 ! ,l[e ,revis$ ,code ( #ahfb2 & f t date till #ahie a consid]able "p ( ! ,grant receiv$ by ea* s*ool 0 paid on ! results ( a ye>ly exam9ation held by ,h4,m4 ,inspector on an elaborate syllabus1 =mulat$ by ! ,dep>tm5t & b9d+ on all s*ools alike4 ,on ! (ficial report :i* foll[$ ?is exam9ation dep5d$ ! reputation & f9ancial prosp]ity ( ! s*ool1 & ! reputation & f9ancial prosp]ity ( ! tea*]4#i ,! consequ5t pressure on ! tea*] to ex]t himself 0 well-nigh irresi/ible2 & he _h no *oice b to transmit t pressure to 8 subord9ates & 8 pupils4 ,! result 0 t 9 ^? days ! av]age s*ool 0 a hive ( indu/ry4 ,b x 0 also a hive ( misdirect$ en]gy4 ,! ,/ate1 9 prescrib+ a syllabus :i* 0 to be foll[$1 9 all ! subjects ( in/ruction1 by all ! s*ools 9 ! c\ntry1 )\t reg>d to local or p]sonal consid]ations1 0 guilty ( "o capital (f5ce4 ,x did all 8 ?9k+ = ! tea*]4 ,x told him 9 precise detail :at he 0 to d ea* ye> 9 ea* ,/&>d1 h[ he 0 to h&le ea* subject1 & h[ f> he 0 to g 9 x2 :at wid? ( gr\nd he 0 to cov]2 :at am\nt ( k1 :at degree ( accuracy 0 requir$ = a pass1 ,9 o!r words x provid$ him ) 8 ideals1 8 g5]al conceptions1 8 m imm$iate aims1 8 s*emes ( "w2 & if x did n control 8 me?ods 9 all _! details1 x gave him 7by implication7 h9ts & sugge/ions ) reg>d to ^! on :i* he 0 n sl[ to act2 = x told him t ! "w done 9 ea* class & ea* subject w\ld be te/$ at ! end ( ea* ye> by a c>eful exam9ation ( ea* individual *ild2 & x 0 inevitable t 9 8 endeav\r to adapt 8 tea*+ to ! type ( "q :i* 8 exp]i5ce ( ! ye>ly exam9ation l$ him to expect1 he %\ld gradually deliv] himself1 m9d & s\l1 into ! h&s ( ! (ficials ( ! ,dep>tm5t1--! (ficials at ,:itehall :o fram$ ! ye>ly syllabus1 & ! (ficials 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts :o exam9$ on x4 ,:at ! ,dep>tm5t did to ! tea*]1 x compell$ him to d to ! *ild4 ,! tea*] :o is ! slave ( ano!r's w _c c>ry out 8 in/ructions except by mak+ 8 pupils ! slaves ( 8 own w4 ,! tea*] :o has be5 depriv$ by 8 sup]iors ( fre$om1 initiative1 & responsibility1 _c c>ry out 8 in/ructions except by depriv+ 8 pupils ( ! same vital qualities4 ,! tea*] :o1 9 response to ! deadly pressure ( a ca/-iron sy/em1 has become a creature ( habit & r\t9e1 _c c>ry out 8 in/ructions except by mak+ 8 pupils z helpless & z puppet-l z himself4 ,b x is n only because me*anical ob$i5ce is fatal1 9 ! long run1 to m5tal & spiritual gr[?1 t ! regulation ( elem5t>y or any o!r grade ( education by a uni=m syllabus is to be deprecat$4 ,x is also because a uni=m syllabus is1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 a bad syllabus1 & because ! degree ( its badness v>ies directly ) ! area ( ! sph]e ( educational activity t comes "u its control4 ,x is easy = u ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury to laugh at ! syllabuses :i* ! ,dep>tm5t issu$1 )\t misgiv+1 ye> aft] ye>1 9 ! latt] half ( ! ,n9ete5?4 ,we 7 all grop+ 9 ! d>k 9 ^? days2 & our :ole attitude t[>ds education 0 s fundam5tally wrong t ! absurdities ( ! ye>ly syllabus 7 m]ely s mu* by-play 9 ! evolution ( a drama :i* 0 a grotesque bl5d ( trag$y & f>ce4 ,b let u ( ! enlight5$ ,tw5tie? ,c5tury try our h&s at con/ruct+ a syllabus on :i* all ! elem5t>y s*ools ( ,engl& are to be prep>$ = a ye>ly exam9ation1 & see if we c improve appreciably on ! "w ( our pr$ecessors4 ,"s improvem5t !re w\ld c]ta9ly be1 b x w\ld n am\nt to v mu*4 ,7 ! ,bo>d to re-in/itute paym5t by results1 & 7 !y1 ) ?is end 9 view1 to entru/ ! draft+ ( s*emes ( "w 9 ! v>i\s subjects to a committee ( ! wise/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ educationali/s 9 ,engl&1 ! resultant syllabus w\ld be a dismal failure4 ,= 9 fram+ _! s*emes ^! wise & exp]i5c$ educationali/s w\ld f9d !mselves compell$ to take acc\nt ( ! l[e/ r ?an ( ! highe/ level ( actual educational a*ievem5t4 ,:at is exceptional & exp]im5tal _c possibly f9d a place 9 a syllabus :i* is to b9d all s*ools & all tea*]s alike1 & :i* mu/ !re=e be s fram$ t ! lea/ capable tea*]1 work+ "u ! lea/ fav\rable conditions1 may hope1 :5 8 pupils are exam9$ on x1 to a*ieve ) dec5t indu/ry a dec5t modicum ( success4 ,"u ! control ( a uni=m syllabus1 ! s*ools :i* are n[ specialis+ & exp]im5t+1 & s giv+ a lead to ! re/1 w\ld h to ab&on :atev] 0 int]e/+ 9 _! respective curricula1 & fall into l9e ) ! av]age s*ool2 :ile1 ) ! consequ5t l[]+ ( ! curr5t ideal ( effici5cy1 ! level ( ! av]age s*ool w\ld /eadily fall4 ,a uni=m syllabus is a bad syllabus1 = ?is if = no o!r reason1 t x is compell$ to idealise ! av]age2 & t1 inasmu* z education1 s f> z x is a liv+ sy/em1 gr[s by means ( its lead]s1 ! idealisation ( ! av]age is necess>ily fatal to educational gr[? & !re=e to educational life4 ,x 0 preorda9$1 !n1 t ! syllabuses :i* ! ,dep>tm5t issu$1 ye> by ye>1 9 ! days ( paym5t by results %\ld h few m]its & _m defects4 ,yet ev5 if1 by an unimag9able miracle1 !y _h all be5 educationally s\nd1 ! m]e fact t all ! tea*]s 9 ,engl& _h to "w by !m w\ld h made !m pot5t ag5cies = evil4 ,to be 9 bondage to a syllabus is a mis=tune = a tea*]1 & a mis=tune = ! s*ool t he tea*es4 ,to be 9 bondage to a syllabus :i* is b9d+ on all s*ools alike1 is a grav] mis=tune4 ,to be 9 bondage to a bad syllabus :i* is b9d+ on all s*ools alike1 is ( all mis=tunes ! grave/4 ,or if !re is a grav]1 x is ! fate t befell ! tea*]s ( ,engl& "u ! old rgime1--! fate ( be+ 9 bondage to a syllabus :i* 0 bad bo? because x _h to come d[n to ! level ( ! lea/ =tunate s*ool & ! lea/ capable tea*]1 & also because x 0 ! outcome ( ignorance1 inexp]i5ce1 & bureaucratic self-satisfaction4 ,( ! evils t are inh]5t 9 ! exam9ation sy/em z su*--( its t5d5cy to arre/ gr[?1 to dead5 life1 to p>alyse ! high] faculties1 to ext]nalise :at is inw>d1 to mat]ialise :at is spiritual1 to involve education 9 an atmosph]e ( unreality & self-deception--,i h already spok5 at "s l5g?4 ,9 ! days ( paym5t by results v>i\s circum/ances conspir$ to raise ^? evil t5d5cies to ! highe/ imag9able p[]4 ,:5 inspectors ceas$ to exam9e 79 ! /rict] s5se ( ! ^w7 !y realis$ :at inf9ite mis*ief ! ye>ly exam9ation _h done4 ,! *ildr51 ! majority ( :om 7 exam9$ 9 read+ & dictation out ( _! own read+-books 7two or ?ree 9 numb]1 z ! case might be71 7 drill$ 9 ! cont5ts ( ^? books until !y knew !m almo/ by he>t4 ,9 ari?metic !y work$ ab/ract sums1 9 ob$i5ce to =mal rules1 day aft] day1 & mon? aft] mon?2 & !y 7 put up to v>i\s tricks & dodges :i* w\ld1 x 0 hop$1 enable !m to "k by :at precise rules ! v>i\s que/ions on ! ari?metic c>ds 7 to be answ]$4 ,!y le>n$ a few l9es ( poetry by he>t1 & committ$ all ! mean+s & allusions to memory1 ) ! probable result--s sick5+ mu/ ! process h be5--t !y hat$ poetry = ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,9 geography1 hi/ory1 & gramm> !y 7 ! victims ( un9tellig5t oral cram1 :i* !y 7 compell$1 "u pa9s & p5alties1 to take 9 & reta9 till ! exam9ation day 0 ov]1 _! ability to disgorge x on occasion be+ p]iodically te/$ by ! tea*]4 ,& s ) ! o!r subjects4 ,n a ?\ght 0 giv51 except 9 a small m9ority ( ! s*ools1 to ! real tra9+ ( ! *ild1 to ! fo/]+ ( 8 m5tal 7& o!r7 gr[?4 ,to get him ?r\gh ! ye>ly exam9ation by hook or by crook 0 ! "o conc]n ( ! tea*]4 ,z pr(\nd di/ru/ ( ! tea*] 0 ! basis ( ! policy ( ! ,dep>tm5t1 s pr(\nd di/ru/ ( ! *ild 0 ! basis ( ! policy ( ! tea*]4 ,to leave ! *ild to f9d out any?+ = himself1 to "w out any?+ = himself1 to ?9k out any?+ = himself1 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a pro( ( incapacity1 n to say insanity1 on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 & w\ld h l$ to results :i*1 f ! p]c5tage po9t ( view1 w\ld probably h be5 disa/r\s4 ,!re 7 few inspectors :o 7 n duly impress$ f #ahie onw>ds by ! gravity ( ! evils t inspection1 z di/+ui%$ f m]e exam9ation1 reveal$ to !m2 b x may be d\bt$ if !re 7 _m inspectors :o realis$ !n1 :at "s among !m see cle>ly n[1 t ! evils :i* di/ress$ !m 7 significant z symptoms ev5 m ?an z s\rces ( mis*ief1--z symptoms ( a deep-seat$ & insidi\s malady1 ( ! gradual ossification ( ! spiritual & m5tal muscles ( bo? ! tea*] & ! *ild1 ( ! gradual sub/itution 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool ( ma*9]y = life4 ,= u ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury :o "k en\gh ab\t education to be aw>e ( ! %all[ness ( our k ( x1 & ( ! imp]fection ( ! exi/+ educational sy/ems ( our c\ntry1 x may be difficult to realise t 9 ! ye>s :5 ?+s 7 at _! wor/1 at any rate 9 ! field ( elem5t>y education1 ! ,nation 9 g5]al & ! ,dep>tm5t 9 p>ticul> 7 well cont5t t ?+s %\ld rema9 z !y 71--well cont5t t ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld be1 n a nurs]y ( gr[+ se$l+s & sapl+s1 b a dec5tly effici5t mill1 & t ye> aft] ye> ?is mill %\ld keep on gr9d+ out its dre>y & mean+less results4 ,b 9 tru? t ignorant optimism1 t *eap cont5t ) ! actual1 0 a sure pro( t ?+s 7 at _! wor/2--= ,:5 we 9 our vici\sness gr[ h>d1 7,o mis]y on't7 ! wise gods seal our eyes ,9 our own fil?2 drop our cle> judgm5ts3 make u ,adore our errors2 & ! multi=m discont5t ) education 9 its pres5t /age ( developm5t1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( our own g5]ation1 & :i* is 9 "s ways s confus+ & disconc]t+1 & s unfav\rable to ! smoo? work+ ( our educational ma*9]y1 has ! m]it ( be+ a heal?y & hopeful symptom4 ,b bad z ?+s 7 9 ^? days1 !re 0 at lea/ "o r$eem+ feature4 ,! *ildr5 7 compell$ to "w1 to ex]t !mselves1 to put _! backs into x4 ,! ne$ = ?is 0 obvi\s4 ,! indu/ry ( ! *ild meant s mu* pr(essional reputation &1 9 ! la/ resort1 s mu* bread & butt] to 8 tea*]4 ,x is true t ! *ild 0 n all[$ to d any?+ by or = himself2 b x is equally true t he _h to d pretty /r5u\sly :atev] task 0 set him4 ,he _h to get up 8 two 7or ?ree7 ,read]s s ?or\ghly t he c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to pass bo? ! read+ & ! dictation te/ ) success4 ,he _h to "w 8 ab/ract sums 9 ari?metic correctly4 ,he _h to take 9 & rememb] ! hi/orical & geographical in=mation ) :i* he _h be5 cramm$4 ,& s =?4 ,!re mu/ be no %irk+1 no slack+ on 8 "p4 ,8 tea*]s work$ h>d1 ?\gh n accord+ to k2 & he mu/ d ! same4 ,active1 9 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w1 he 0 nev] all[$ to be2 b he _h to be actively receptive1 /r5u\sly automatic1 or 8 tea*] w\ld "k ! reason :y4 ,su* 0 ! old rgime4 ,its defects 7 s grave & s vital t1 n[ t x has become discr$it$ 79 !ory1 if n 9 practice71 we c b wond] h[ x endur$ = s long4 ,z an +5i\s in/rum5t = arre/+ ! m5tal gr[? ( ! *ild1 & dead5+ all 8 high] faculties1 x has nev] _h1 & ,i hope w nev] h1 a rival4 ,f> f fo/]+ ! gr[? ( ^? great expansive in/9cts--sympa!tic1 /hetic1 & sci5tific--:i* ,nature has implant$ 9 e *ild1 x set itself to extirpate !m1 "o & all1 ) ru?less p]t9acity4 ,z a p>tial comp5sation = ?is "w ( wanton de/ruction1 x made ! *ild bl9dly ob$i5t1 me*anically indu/ri\s1 & 7)9 v n>r[ limits7 accurate & ?or\gh4 ,i h describ$ x at "s l5g? because ,i see cle>ly t no "o :o does n realise :at ! elem5t>y s*ool us$ to be1 9 ! days ( its soj\rn 9 ! ,l& ( ,bondage1 c ev5 beg9 to und]/& :y x is :at x is to-day4 ,hav+ = ?irty-?ree ye>s depriv$ ! tea*]s ( almo/ e ve/ige ( fre$om1 ! ,dep>tm5t sudd5ly rev]s$ its policy & gave !m 9 g5]\s measure ! boon :i* x _h s long )held4 ,:e!r x 0 wise to give s mu* at s %ort a notice may be d\bt$4 ,:at is beyond dispute is t x 0 unwise to expect s great & s unexpect$ a gift to be us$ at once to full advantage4 ,a man :o _h gr[n accu/om$ to semi-d>kness w\ld be dazzl$ to ! v]ge ( bl9dness if he 7 sudd5ly tak5 out into broad daylight4 ,?is is :at 0 done 9 #ahie to ! tea*]s ( ,engl&1 & x is n to be wond]$ at t _m ( !m h be5 purbl9d ev] s9ce4 ,= ?irty-?ree ye>s !y _h be5 treat$ z ma*9es1 & !y 7 sudd5ly ask$ to act z intellig5t be+s4 ,= ?irty-?ree ye>s !y _h be5 practically compell$ to d ev]y?+ = ! *ild1 & !y 7 sudd5ly expect$ to give him fre$om & responsibility1--words :i* = _m ( !m _h well-nigh lo/ _! mean+4 ,to comply ) ^! unreasonable dem&s 0 beyond _! p[]4 ,! grooves into :i* !y _h be5 =c$ 7 f> too deep = !m4 ,! r\t9e to :i* !y _h become accu/om$ _h f> too /rong a hold on !m4 ,! "o *ange :i* !y c\ld make 0 to relax _! own sev]e pressure on ! *ild4 ,?is !y did1 p]haps )\t int5d+ to d x4 ,inde$1 n[ t !re 0 no ext]nal exam9ation to look =w>d to1 ! pressure on ! *ild may be said to h automatically relax$ itself4 ,:at happ5$--,i w n say 9 all s*ools1 b 9 f> too _m--0 t ! tea*+ rema9$ z me*anical & un9tellig5t z ev]1 t ! tea*] cont9u$ to di/ru/ ! *ild & to d ev]y?+ = him1 b t ! *ild gradually became slack] & less indu/ri\s4 ,n t 8 tea*] wi%$ him to slack1 b t ! /imulus ( ! ye>ly exam9ation _h be5 )drawn at a "t :5 !re 0 no?+ to take its place4 ,ex]cise is 9 itself a delightful ?+ :5 x is :olesome1 natural1 & rational2 b :5 x is un:olesome1 unnatural1 & irrational1 x w n be tak5 9 suffici5t measure except 9 response to "s /rong ext]nal /imulus4 ,"u ! old exam9ation sy/em an adequate /imulus _h be5 suppli$ by ! comb9$ influ5ce ( competition & fe> 7*iefly ! latt]74 ,:5 ! exam9ation sy/em 0 aboli%$1 t /imulus necess>ily lo/ its po9t4 ,_h x !n be5 possible = ! tea*] to make ! ex]cise :i* 8 pupils 7 ask$ to take :olesome1 natural1 & rational1 a new /imulus--t ( int]e/ 9 _! "w--w\ld h be5 appli$ to ! pupils1 & !y w\ld h ex]t$ !mselves z !y _h nev] done be=e4 ,b x 0 n possible = ! av]age tea*] to execute at a mom5t's notice a complete *ange ( front1 & x 0 unwise ( ! ,dep>tm5t to expect him to d s4 ,ap>t f an hon\rable m9ority1 :o _h always be5 9 secret revolt aga9/ ! despotism ( ! ,code1 ! old tea*]s 7 helpless & hopeless4 ,! y\ng] ones _h be5 ?r\gh ! mill !mselves1 fir/ 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool1 !n 9 ! ,pupil-,tea*] ,c5tre1 & !n 9 ! ,tra9+ ,college 7bo? ! latt] hav+ be5 9 too _m cases cramm+ e/abli%m5ts l ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool72 & :5 !y w5t back to "w "u a head tea*] :o 0 w$d$ to ! old ord] ( ?+s1 !y f\nd no difficulty 9 fall+ 9 ) 8 ways & c>ry+ out 8 wi%es4 ,if a "y tea*]1 fre% f an exceptionally enlight5$ ,tra9+ ,college1 became an assi/ant "u an old-fa%ion$ head tea*]1 he soon _h ! nons5se knock$ out ( him1 & 0 compell$ to toe ! l9e ) ! re/ ( ! /aff4 ,b x 0 n only because ! tea*]s ( ,engl& _h got accu/om$ to ! ,l& ( ,bondage1 t !y %rank f ent]+ ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,!re 01 & /ill is1 ano!r & a /rong] reason4 ,:]ev] ! tea*] looks1 he sees t ! exam9ation sy/em1 ) its dem& = ma*9e-made results1 controls education2 & he feels t x is only by an accid5t t 8 s*ool has be5 exempt$ 79 "p at lea/7 f its pressure4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education /ill exam9e = lab\r c]tificates1 = admission z unc]tificat$ assi/ants1 = ! tea*]'s c]tificate4 ,!y expect head tea*]s to hold t]m9al exam9ations ( all ! classes 9 _! s*ools4 ,!y all[ ,local ,au?orities to exam9e *ildr5 9 _! s*ools z =mally & z /r+5tly z !y please1 & to hold exam9ations = ,c\nty ,s*ol>%ips1 = :i* *ildr5 f elem5t>y s*ools are eligible4 ,admission to second>y s*ools ( all grades dep5ds on success 9 pass+ entrance exam9ations4 ,s does admission to ! v>i\s ,colleges & ,univ]sities4 ,9 ! s*ools :i* prep>e little boys = ! ,great ,public ,s*ools1 ! :ole s*eme ( education ,is dom9at$ by ! headma/]'s desire to w9 z _m entrance s*ol>%ips z possible4 ,9 ! ,great ,public ,s*ools ! s*eme ( education is simil>ly dom9at$ by ! headma/]'s desire to w9 z _m s*ol>%ips z possible at ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,colleges4 ,9 ! ,univ]sities all ! und]graduates )\t exception are read+ = exam9ations ( v>i\s k9ds1--pass s*ools1 hon\r s*ools1 ,civil ,s]vice exam9ations1 & ! l4 ,(fic]s 9 ! ,army & ,navy h nev] done ) exam9ations2 & !re is n a s+le pr(ession :i* c be ent]$ ?r\gh any door b t ( a public exam9ation4 ,:]ev] ! tea*] looks he sees t exam9ations are held 9 high hon\r1 & t ! ma9 bus9ess ( tea*]s ( all grades is to produce results :i* an outside exam9] w\ld accept z satisfactory2 & he naturally takes = grant$ t ! production ( su* results is ! true function ( ! tea*]1 :e!r 8 success 9 produc+ !m is to be te/$ by a =mal exam9ation or n4 ,! air t he brea!s is *>g$ ) ideas--ideas ab\t life 9 g5]al & education 9 p>ticul>--:i* belong to ! ord] ( ?+s t he is suppos$ to h left beh9d him1 & are fi]cely antagoni/ic to ^? z yet unrecognis$ ideas :i* give ! new ord] ( ?+s its mean+1 its purpose1 & its value4 ,h[ c we expect ! tea*] to look inw>d :5 all ! conditions ( 8 exi/5ce1 n z a tea*] only b also z a citiz5 & a man1 conspire to make him look outw>d8 ,b if ! ,fates are aga9/ 8 look+ inw>d1 to :at purpose has he be5 emancipat$ f ! direct control ( a sy/em :i* _h at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ 9 l9e ) all ! c5tral t5d5cies ( ,we/]n civilisation8 ,h[ does x pr(it him to be free if1 "u ! pressure ( ^? t5d5cies1 ! *ief use t he makes ( 8 fre$om is to gr9d out f 8 pupils results ak9 to ^? :i* 7 ask$ = 9 ! days ( s*$ules & p]c5tages8 ,fre$om 0 giv5 him 9 ord] t he might be free to take ?\ght = ! vital welf>e ( 8 pupils4 ,or1 if fre$om 0 n giv5 to him = t purpose1 x 7 bett] t x _h be5 )held f him until ^? :o 7 able to give or )hold x _h =m$ a ju/] conception ( its mean+4 ,! tru? is t ! exemption ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & ( x alone among s*ools1 f ! direct pressure ( ! exam9ation sy/em1 is an isolat$ & audaci\s exp]im5t1 :i* is c>ri$ on "u conditions s unfav\rable to its success t no?+ b a high degree ( intellig5ce & moral c\rage 7n to speak ( orig9ality7 on ! "p ( ! tea*] c make x succe$4 ,c we wond] t 9 _m cases ! exp]im5t has prov$ a failure8 ,at ! end ( ! previ\s *apt] ,i ask$ myself :e!r ! education t 0 giv5 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool t5d$ to fo/] self-expression on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,we c n[ see :at ! answ] to ?is "q is likely to be4 ,= a ?ird ( a c5tury--f #ahfb to #ahie--self-expression on ! "p ( ! *ild may be said to h be5 =mally prohibit$ by all :o 7 responsible = ! elem5t>y education ( ! *ildr5 ( ,engl&1 & also to h be5 prohibit$ de facto by all ! un=mulat$ conditions "u :i* ! elem5t>y s*ool 0 conduct$4 ,9 #ahie ! =mal prohibition ( self-expression ceas$1 b ! de facto prohibition ( x 9 ! ord9>y s*ool is sc>cely less effective to-day ?an x 0 9 ! d>ke/ days ( ! old rgime4 ,= ,! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m1 & ! old rgime1 ?\gh nom9ally abrogat$1 ov]%ad[s u /ill4 ,:5 ,i say ?is ,i d n m]ely mean t _m tea*]s :o 7 br\ght up "u ! old rgime h be5 unable to emancipate !mselves f its influ5ce4 ,i mean t ! old rgime 0 itself ! outcome & expression ( traditional t5d5cies :i* are ( ! ess5ce ( ,we/]n civilisation1 ( ways ( ?9k+ & act+ to :i* we are all habituat$ f our e>lie/ days1 & t ^! t5d5cies & ^! ways ( ?9k+ & act+ ov]%ad[ u /ill4 ,! =mal abrogation ( ! old rgime c\nts = little s long z ! exam9ation sy/em1 ) its dem& = visible & measurable results & its implicit invitation to cram & *eat1 is all[$ to ca/ its deadly %ad[ on education z su*1--& s long z ! :ole sy/em on :i* ! "y ( all classes & grades are educat$ is fav\rable to self-deception on ! "p ( ! tea*] & fatal to s9c]ity on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,con/ra9$ by e influ5ce t is br\ght to be> ^u him to judge accord+ to ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 ! tea*] c ill af=d to judge righte\s judgm5t1--c ill af=d to reg>d :at is outw>d & visible z ! symbol ( :at is inw>d & spiritual1 c ill af=d to ?9k ( ! "w done by ! *ild except z a ?+ to be weigh$ 9 an exam9]'s balance or measur$ by an exam9]'s rule4 ,?+s be+ z !y are 9 ! v>i\s grades ( education & 9 ! v>i\s /rata ( social life1 x is inevitable t ! education giv5 9 _m ( our elem5t>y s*ools %\ld be bas$1 9 ! ma91 on complete di/ru/ ( ! *ild4 ,9 su* s*ools1 :atev] else ! *ild may be all[$ to d1 he mu/ n be all[$ to d any?+ by or = himself4 ,he mu/ n express :at he really feels & sees2 = if he does1 ! results w probably fall %ort ( ! /&>d ( neatness1 cleanness1 & correctness :i* an exam9] might expect ! s*ool to rea*4 ,at any rate1 ! exp]im5t is mu* too risky to be tri$4 ,9 ! l[] classes ! results produc$ w\ld c]ta9ly be r\gh1 imp]fect1 untidy4 ,!re=e self-expression mu/ n be p]mitt$ 9 t "p ( ! s*ool4 ,& if n !re1 x mu/ n be p]mitt$ any:]e1 = ! long] x is delay$ ! great] w be ! difficulty ( />t+ x & ! great] ! att5dant risk4 ,! *ild mu/ n express :at he really p]ceives2 & z g5u9e p]ception =ces = itself ! outlet ( g5u9e expression1 he mu/ n be all[$ to ex]cise 8 p]ceptive faculties4 ,in/ead ( see+ ?+s = himself1 he mu/ see :at 8 tea*] directs him to see1 he mu/ feel :at 8 tea*] directs him to feel1 he mu/ ?9k :at 8 tea*] directs him to ?9k1 & s on4 ,b to =bid a *ild to use 8 own p]ceptive faculties is to arre/ ! :ole process ( 8 gr[?4 ,i w n[ g back to ! ,ari?metic lesson4 ,dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* ! *ildr5 9 elem5t>y s*ools 7 exam9$ individually 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 ! "o virtue :i* 0 inculcat$ :ile ! ari?metic lesson 0 9 progress 0 t ( ob$i5ce to ! =mulat$ rule4 ,on ! ye>ly exam9ation day x 0 cu/om>y to give ea* *ild f\r que/ions 9 ari?metic1 ( :i* only "o 0 a problem4 ,two sums correctly work$ secur$ a pass2 & x 0 !re=e possible = ! *ild to a*ieve salvation 9 ari?metic by bl9dly obey+ ! v>i\s rules ) :i* 8 tea*] _h equipp$ him4 ,he _h1 inde$1 to decide = himself 9 ea* case :i* rule 0 to be foll[$2 b he did ?is 79 mo/ s*ools71 n by ?9k+ ! matt] out1 b by foll[+ c]ta9 by-rules giv5 him by 8 tea*]1 :i* 7 bas$ on a c>eful /udy ( ! word+ ( ! que/ions set by ! inspector1 & :i* held good z long z t word+ rema9$ un*ang$4 ,= example1 if a subtraction sum 0 to be dictat$ to ,/&>d ,,ii1 ! *ild 0 taught t ! numb] :i* 0 giv5 out fir/ 0 to be plac$ 9 ! upp] l9e1 & t ! numb] :i* came next 0 to be subtract$ f ?is4 ,he 0 n taught t ! less] ( ! two numb]s 0 always to be subtract$ f ! l>g]2 = 9 ord] to apply t pr9ciple he w\ld h _h to decide = himself :i* 0 ! l>g] ( ! two numb]s1 & ! consequ5t m5tal ef=t 0 "o :i* 8 tea*] c\ld n tru/ him to make4 ,x is true t 9 8 desire to save ! *ild f ! dire necessity ( ?9k+1 ! tea*] ran ! risk ( be+ discomfit$ by a sudd5 *ange ( proc$ure on ! "p ( an inspector4 ,! inspector1 = example1 :o1 hav+ be5 accu/om$ to say ,f #ie take #eg1 *ose to say1 = a *ange1 ,take #eg f #ie1 w\ld cause widespread havoc 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree s*ools t 7 ! victims ( 8 unlook$-= exp]im5t4 ,b ! risks :i* ! tea*] ran :o taught 8 pupils to rely on trick]y r ?an ?\ght 7 wor? runn+2 = ! inspectors1 l ! tea*]s & ! *ildr51 7 ev] t5d+ to become creatures ( r\t9e1 & ! vag>ies ( ^? :o _h ! reputation ( be+ tiresomely v]satile c\ld be provid$ aga9/--l>gely1 if n :olly--by increas$ +5uity on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 & increas$ att5tion to tricky by-rules on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,! numb] ( s*ools 9 :i* ari?metic is intellig5tly & ev5 practically taught is und\bt$ly mu* l>g] ?an x 0 9 ! days ( paym5t by results2 b !re are /ill ?\s&s ( s*ools 9 :i* ob$i5ce to ! rule = its own sake is ! basis ( all in/ruction 9 ari?metic4 ,n[ to live habitually by rule in/ead ( by ?\ght is necess>ily fatal1 9 e field ( action1 to ! developm5t ( t s5se or p]ceptive faculty1 on :i* "r action ultimately dep5ds4 ,foll[+ 8 reput$ guide bl9dly1 me*anically1 & ) :ole-he>t$ devotion1 ! vot>y ( ! rule nev] all[s 8 intuition1 8 faculty ( direct p]ception & subconsci\s judgm5t1 to play ev5 = a mom5t r\nd ! matt]s on :i* he is engag$2 & ! result is t ! faculty 9 "q is n m]ely prev5t$ f gr[+1 b is at la/ actually blight$ 9 ! bud4 ,?is is b ano!r way ( say+ :at ,i h already insi/$ ^u1--t to =bid self-expression on ! "p ( ! *ild is to />ve 8 p]ceptive faculties into non-exi/5ce4 ,!re is no folly p]petrat$ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool ( to-day = :i* !re are n au?oritative prec$5ts to be f\nd 9 ! conduct ( "o or o!r ( ! two great s*ools :i* ! ,god ( ,we/]n !ology is suppos$ to h op5$ = ! education ( ,man4 ,& x is 9 t special developm5t ( ! ,legal ,s*ool :i* is kn[n z ,ph>isaism t we %all look = a prec$5t = ! conv5tional tea*+ ( ari?metic 9 our elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! ultra-legalism ( ! ,ph>isee 9 ! days ( ,*ri/ f9ds its exact c\nt]p>t 9 ! ultra-legalism ( ! *ild :o has be5 taught ari?metic by ! me?ods :i* ! ye>ly exam9ation fo/]$1 & :i* are /ill widely preval5t4 ,9 ! "o case !re 01 9 ! o!r case !re is1 an entire inability on ! "p ( ! zeal\s vot>y ( ! rule to e/imate ! intr9sic value ( ! results ( 8 bl9d & un9tellig5t action4 ,! s5se ( hum\r1 :i* is a necess>y elem5t 9 e o!r heal?y s5se1 & :i* s (t5 keeps u f go+ a/ray1 by sudd5ly reveal+ to u ! inh]5t absurdity ( our propos$ action1 is "o ( ! fir/ faculties to succumb to ! blight+ influ5ce ( an ultra-legal conception ( life4 ,z an example ( ! unwav]+ s]i\sness ( ! ,ph>isee 9 ! pres5ce ( :at 0 intr9sically ridicul\s1 let u take 8 attitude t[>ds ! problem ( keep+ food w>m = ! ,sabba? day4 ,accord+ to ,exodus xvi4 #bc1 x 0 =bidd5 to bake & to boil on ! ,sabba?4 ,h5ce ! food1 :i* x 0 desir$ to eat hot on ! ,sabba?1 0 to be prep>$ be=e its comm5cem5t1 & kept w>m by artificial means4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! exi/+ heat 0 n increas$1 :i* w\ld h be5 'boil+4' ,h5ce ! food mu/ be put only into su* sub/ances z w\ld ma9ta9 its heat1 n into su* z might possibly increase x4 ',food to be kept w>m = ! ,sabba? mu/ n be put into oil-dregs1 manure1 salt1 *alk1 or s&1 :e!r moi/ or dry1 nor into /raw1 grape-sk9s1 flock1 or vegetables1 if ^! are damp1 ?\gh x may if !y are dry4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be put into clo!s1 amid/ fruits1 pigeons' fea!rs1 & flax t[4 ,r4 ,jehudah decl>es flax t[ unall[able & p]mits only co>se t[4'#aj ,foll[+ 8 rule out1 /ep by /ep1 ) unfl9*+ loyalty1 into ^! ridicul\s consequ5ces1 ! ,ph>isee _h entirely lo/ ! p[] ( see+ t !y 7 ridicul\s1 & 0 well cont5t to believe1 ) ,jehudah1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 keep+ food w>m 9 co>se t[ & 9 flax t[ 0 ! diff]5ce betwe5 life & dea?4 ,?is r$uctio ad absurdum ( legalism is exactly p>allel$1 9 _m ( our elem5t>y s*ools1 9 ! answ]s to ari?metical que/ions giv5 by ! *ildr54 ,! ,fif? ,/&>d boys :o told _! inspector1 z an answ] to an easy problem1 t a giv5 room 0 five %ill+s & sixp5ce wide1 _h foll[$ out _! rule--!y _h un=tunately got hold ( a wrong rule--/ep by /ep1 till x l$ !m to a conclusion1 ! intr9sic absurdity ( :i* !y 7 "o & all unable to see4#aa ,!re are _m elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,engl& 9 :i* a majority ( ! answ]s giv5 to q easy problems w\ld c]ta9ly be wrong1 & a respectable m9ority ( !m ludicr\sly wrong4 ,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at2 = ?\gh ! types ( problems t c be set 9 elem5t>y s*ools are n num]\s1 to provide 8 pupils ) ! by-rules :i* %all enable !m 9 all1 or ev5 9 mo/ cases1 to det]m9e :i* ( ! recognis$ rules are appropriate to ! giv5 situation1 passes ! wit ( ! tea*]4 ,b if ! helplessness ( s _m elem5t>y s*ol>s 9 ! face ( an ari?metical problem is lam5table1 /ill m lam5table is ! fact t ! s*ol> is seldom met ) :o1 hav+ giv5 an entirely wrong answ] to an easy problem1 is able to see = himself t1 :atev] ! "r answ] may be1 ! answ] giv5 is & mu/ be wrong4 ,s fatal to ! developm5t ( ! ari?metical s5se is ! curr5t wor%ip ( ! rule = its own sake1 & s deadly a n>cotic is ! conv5tional ari?metic lesson to all :o take "p 9 x6 ,x is n 9 ! ari?metic lesson1 !n1 t provision is ord9>ily made = ! developm5t ( a s5se1 or p]ceptive faculty1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( self-expression on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v raison d'tre ( ! ari?metic lesson1 z x is /ill giv5 9 _m s*ools1 is to de/roy ! ari?metical s5se1 & make ! *ild an ineffici5t calculat+ ma*9e1 :i*1 ev5 :5 work+1 is too (t5 inaccurate & clumsy1 & :i* ! slighte/ *ange ( environm5t ?r[s at once & completely out ( ge>4 ,aft] ! ari?metical lesson come1 z a rule1 lessons 9 ,read+ & ,writ+--9 read+ 9 "s classes1 9 writ+ 9 o!rs4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /rikes ! visitor :o ent]s an ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool :ile a read+ lesson is 9 progress1 is t ! *ildr5 are n read+ at all1 9 ! accept$ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y are n read+ to !mselves1 n /udy+1 n ma/]+ ! cont5ts ( ! book1 n assimilat+ ! m5tal & spiritual nutrim5t t x may be suppos$ to conta94 ,!y are /&+ up1 "o by "o1 ev5 9 ! highe/ class ( all1 & read+ al\d to _! tea*]4 ,:y are !y do+ ?is8 ,is x 9 ord] t _! tea*] may %[ !m h[ to ma/] ! m difficult words 9 _! read+ lesson8 ,?is may be ! reason1 9 "s s*ools2 b !re are o!rs1 p]haps a majority1 9 :i* ! tea*] tells 8 pupils ! words t puzzle !m in/ead ( help+ !m to make !m out = !mselves4 ,besides1 if read+ 7 prop]ly taught 9 ! l[] classes1 ! *ildr5 9 ! upp] classes w\ld surely be able to ma/] unaid$ ! difficulties t might confront !m4 ,or is x 9 ord] t elocution may be cultivat$8 ,b elocution is seldom1 if ev]1 cultivat$ 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool1 ! v]ie/ mumbl+ on ! "p ( ! *ild be+ accept$ by 8 tea*] 7:o foll[s him ) an op5 book 9 8 h&71 provid$ t he c read correctly & ) "s attempt at phras+4 ,inde$1 ! indi/9ct utt]ance ( s _m s*ool *ildr5 may be attribut$ to ! fact t !y h read al\d to _! tea*]s = _m ye>s1 & t dur+ ! :ole ( t "t a v l[ /&>d ( di/9ctness has be5 accept$ z satisfactory4 ,or is x 9 ord] t ! tea*] may help 8 pupils to und]/& :at !y are read+8 ,?is may be "o ( 8 reasons = he>+ !m read al\d2 b s f> z ! high] classes are conc]n$ x is a bad reason1 = ! old] ! *ild ! m imp]ative is x t he %\ld try to make out = himself ! mean+ ( :at he reads2 & ! tea*] :o spoon-fe$s 8 pupils dur+ ! read+ lesson is do+ 8 be/ to make !m incapable ( dige/+ ! cont5ts ( books = !mselves4 ,no1 !re are two *ief reasons :y ! tea*] makes *ildr5 ( elev51 twelve1 ?irte5 & f\rte5 ye>s ( age read al\d to him z if !y 7 *ildr5 ( six or sev54 ,! fir/ reason is t ! unemancipat$ tea*] in/9ctively does to-day :at he did tw5ty ye>s ago1 & t tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 *ildr5 7 exam9$ 9 read+ f _! own books1 ! tea*] he>d !m read al\d1 day aft] day 9 ord] t he might make sure t !y knew _! books well en\gh to pass ! inspector's te/4 ,! second reason1 :i* is wid] ?an ! fir/1 & may be said to include & acc\nt = x1 is t ! read+-al\d lesson fits 9 ) ! :ole sy/em ( ,we/]n education1 be+ ! outcome & expression ( t complete di/ru/ ( ! *ild :i* is1 & always has be51 *>act]i/ic ( ! popul> religion & philosophy ( ! ,we/4 ,if y ask ! tea*] :y ! *ildr51 ev5 9 ! highe/ classes1 are nev] all[$ to "w at su* subjects z hi/ory & geography by !mselves1 he w tell y frankly t he _c tru/ !m to d s1 t !y d n "k h[ to use a book4 ,& he _c see t 9 giv+ ?is excuse he is condemn+ himself1 & mak+ op5 confession ( ! wor?lessness ( ! tra9+ t he has giv5 to 8 pupils4 ,:atev] else ! read+-al\d lesson may be1 x is a dismal wa/e ( "t4 ,*ild aft] *ild /&s up1 reads = a m9ute or s1 & !n sits d[n1 rema9+ idle & in]t 7except :5 an occasional "q is address$ to him7 = ! re/ ( ! "t occupi$ by ! s-call$ lesson4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ oral lessons1 ! elem5t>y s*ool *ild passes mu* ( 8 "t 9 a /ate :i* is nei!r activity nor re/1--a /ate ( en=c$ in]tness comb9$ ) unnatural & unceas+ /ra94 ,activity is good = ! *ild1 & re/1 :i*1 is ! complem5t ( activity1 is good = ! *ild2 b ! comb9ation ( in]tness ) /ra9 is good = nei!r 8 body nor 8 m9d4 ,inde$1 x may be d\bt$ if !re is any /ate ( m9d & body :i* is s un$ucational z ?is1 or s unfav\rable to heal?y gr[?4 ,b ! ma9 objection to ! read+-al\d lesson is1 ,i repeat1 t :ile x is go+ on ! *ildr5 are n read+ at all1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 n attack+ ! book1 n enjoy+ x1 n extract+ ! honey f x4 ,& ! consequ5ces ( ! inability to read :i* is ?us eng5d]$ are f>-rea*+ & disa/r\s4 ,! p[] to read is a key :i* unlocks _m doors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! doors--p]haps1 f ! /rictly s*ola/ic po9t ( view1 ! mo/ important--is ! door ( /udy4 ,! *ild :o _c read to himself _c /udy a book1 _c ma/] its cont5ts4 ,x is because ! elem5t>y s*ool *ild _c be tru/$ to d any indep5d5t /udy1 t ! oral lesson1 or lecture1 ) its futile exp5diture ( *alk & talk1 is s prom95t a feature 9 ! "w ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,& x is because ! oral lesson necess>ily c\nts = s mu*1 t ! ov]-gr\p+ ( classes1 ) all its att5dant evils1 is s widely practis$4 ,! gr\p+ toge!r ( ,/&>ds ,v1 ,,vi1 & ,,vii1 ) ! result t ! *ildr5 :o g ?r\gh all ^? ,/&>ds are compell$ to wa/e ! la/ two ye>s ( _! s*ool life1 is a practice :i* is almo/ univ]sal 9 elem5t>y s*ools ( a c]ta9 size4 ,& !re are few s*ools ( t size 9 :i* ^? ,/&>ds c\ld n be brok5 up into two1 if n ?ree1 indep5d5t classes1 if ! *ildr51 ^: ages range z a rule betwe5 elev5 & f\rte51 c\ld be tru/$ to "w by !mselves4 ,9 _m cases ?is ov]-gr\p+ is :olly inexcusable1 ! headma/] hav+ no class ( 8 own to tea*1 & be+ !re=e free to d :at obvi\sly ought to be done1--to sep>ate ! old] & m advanc$ *ildr5 f ! re/ ( ! top class1 & =m !m into a sep>ate class 7a real top class7 = indep5d5t /udy & self-education "u 8 direction & sup]vision4 ,b s /rong is ! =ce ( habit1 & s deeply root$ 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*] is di/ru/ ( ! *ild1 t x is r>e to f9d ! head tea*] to :om ! idea ( break+ up an ov]-gr\p$ top class has sugge/$ itself z practicable1 or ev5 z intr9sically desirable4 ,we owe x1 !n1 to ! read+-al\d feti* t 9 _m ( our s*ools ! *ildr5 are compell$ to sp5d ! la/ two 7or ev5 ?ree7 ye>s ( _! s*ool life--! mo/ important ye>s ( all f ! po9t ( view ( _! prep>ation = ! battle ( life--9 m>k+ "t1 9 /ay+ :]e !y 74 ,x is to ^? ye>s ( en=c$ /agnation t ! reluctance ( ! ex-elem5t>y s*ol> to g on ) 8 education is l>gely due2 = no "o c keep on mov+ :o is n already on ! move1 & ! desire to cont9ue education is sc>cely to be look$ = 9 "o :o has be5 giv5 to und]/& t 8 education has come to an end4 ,b !re is ano!r & a %ort] cut f ! conv5tional read+ lesson to ! e>ly ext9ction ( ! *ild's educational c>e]4 ,! *ild :o leaves s*ool )\t hav+ le>n$ h[ to use a book1 w f9d t ! "o door ?r\gh :i* access is ga9$ to mo/ ( ! halls ( le>n+--! door ( indep5d5t /udy--is = ev] slamm$ 9 8 face4 ,n t he w s]i\sly try to op5 x2 = ) ! ability to read ! desire to read w h abort$4 ,! di/ru/ ( ! *ild1 on :i* ,we/]n education is bas$1 is a bottomless gulf 9 :i* educational ef=t1 :atev] =m x may take or 9 :atev] qu>t] x may orig9ate1 is = ! mo/ "p swall[$ up & made z ?\gh x _h n be54 ,! *ild :o leaves s*ool at ! age ( f\rte5 w h att5d$ "s #b1jjj or #c1jjj read+ lessons 9 ! c\rse ( 8 s*ool life4 ,f ^!1 9 f> too _m cases1 he w h c>ri$ no?+ away b ! ability to /umble ) tol]able correctness ?r\gh pr9t$ matt] ( mod]ate difficulty4 ,he w n h c>ri$ away f !m ei!r ! p[] or ! desire to read4 ,9 ! days ( p]c5tages1 in/ruction 9 ,writ+ bel[ ,/&>d ,v 0 entirely conf9$ to h&writ+ & spell+2 & ev5 9 ! high] ,/&>ds ! tea*] ?\ght m ab\t h&writ+ & spell+ ?an any o!r aspect ( ?is composite subject4 ,n[ h&writ+ & spell+ are m]ely means to an end1--! end ( mak+ cle> to ! read] ! words t h be5 committ$ to pap] by ! writ]4 ,b x is ! *oice r ?an ! sett+ out ( words t really matt]s1 & ! "n t we give to ! *oos+ ( words is ,composition4 ,! excessive reg>d t has always be5 paid 9 our elem5t>y s*ools to neat h&writ+ & correct spell+ is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole ,we/]n attitude t[>ds education4 ,no results are m easily or m accurately apprais$ ?an ^!1 & x foll[s t no results are m highly e/eem$ by ! un5light5$ tea*]4 ,= :]ev] ! outw>d /&>d ( reality has e/abli%$ itself at ! exp5se ( ! inw>d1 ! ease ) :i* wor? 7or :at passes = su*7 c be measur$ is ev] t5d+ to become 9 itself ! *ief1 if n ! sole1 measure ( wor?4 ,& 9 proportion z we t5d to value ! results ( education = _! measureabl5ess1 s we t5d to und]value & at la/ to ignore ^? results :i* are too intr9sically valuable to be measur$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h5ce ! neglect ( ,composition 9 s _m elem5t>y s*ools4 ,i mean by composition ! s9c]e expression 9 language ( ! *ild's g5u9e ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,! ef=t to compose1 :e!r orally or on pap]1 is "o ( ! mo/ educational ( all ef=ts2 = language is at once ! mo/ readily available & ! mo/ subtle & sympa!tic ( all m$ia ( expression2 & ! ef=t to express himself 9 x t5ds1 9 proportion z x is s9c]e & /rong1 to give bread?1 dep?1 & complexity to ! *ild's ?\ghts & feel+s1 & ?r\gh ! developm5t ( ^! to weave 8 exp]i5ces into ! tissue ( 8 life4 ,b s9c]ity ( expression is n easily measur$1 & ! true value ( ! ?\ghts & feel+s t are /ruggl+ to express !mselves 9 a *ild's composition is beyond ! rea* ( any rule or scale2 :]eas neatness ( h&writ+ & correctness ( spell+ are1 z we h se51 features :i* appeal ev5 to ! c>elessly obs]vant eye4 ,kn[+ ?is1 ! tea*] takes c>e t ! ex]cise-books ( 8 pupils %all be fill$ ) neat & accurate composition ex]cises1 & t "s ( ! neate/ & mo/ accurate ( ^! %all be exhibit$ on ! walls ( 8 s*ool4 ,! visitor ^: eye ranges ov] ^! ex]cises & goes no fur!r may be excus$ if he =ms a highly fav\rable op9ion ( ! s*ool :i* c produce su* seem+ly excell5t "w4 ,b let him sp5d a morn+ 9 ! s*ool1 & see h[ ^! results h be5 produc$4 ,he w probably *ange 8 m9d z to _! value4 ,! tea*+ ( composition 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool is too (t5 fraudul5t & futile4 ,inde$1 !re is no lesson 9 :i* ! tea*]'s traditional di/ru/ ( ! *ild goes fur!r ?an 9 ?is4 ,9 ! l[] classes ! *ild is taught h[ to con/ruct simple s5t5ces 7z if he _h nev] made "o 9 ! previ\s c\rse ( 8 life71 & he is n tru/$ to d m ?an ?is4 ,he li/5s to a s-call$ object lesson1 & :5 x is ov] he is told to write a few simple s5t5ces ab\t ! ,c[ or ! ,horse1 or :atev] ! subject ( ! lesson may h be52 & le/ 8 memory 7! only faculty :i* he is all[$ to ex]cise7 %\ld fail him1 ! *ief l&m>ks ( ! lesson are plac$ be=e him on ! blackbo>d4 ,?is /r+ ( simple s5t5ces reproduc$ f memory passes mu/] z composition4 ,& yet t *ild began to practise oral composition at ! age ( eighte5 mon?s1 & at ! age ( ?ree 0 able to use complex s5t5ces ) fre$om & skill4 ,9 ! upp] classes ! composition is too (t5 z me*anical1 z unreal1 & z ins9c]e z 9 ! l[]4 ,sometimes a giv5 subject is work$ out by ! tea*] ) ! class1 ! *ildr51 "o by "o1 sugge/+ s5t5ces1 :i* are %ap$ & correct$ by ! tea*] & !n writt5 up on ! blackbo>d1 until !re are en\gh ( !m to fill "o page ( an ord9>y ex]cise book4 ,!n ! :ole essay 7if "o mu/ dignify x ) t "n7 is copi$ out1 v neatly & c>efully1 by e *ild 9 ! class2 & ! result is %[n to ! inspector z orig9al composition4 ,at o!r times or 9 o!r s*ools ! class tea*] does n g q s f> z ?is4 ,he cont5ts himself ) talk+ ! subject ov] ) ! class1 & !n writ+ a s]ies ( head+s#ab on ! blackbo>d4 ,or1 aga91 tru/+ to ! *ild's r$-hot memory1 he w all[ him to write out :at he rememb]s ( an object-lesson1 or a hi/ory lesson1 or :atev] x may be4 ,composition ex]cises :i* are ! g5u9e expression ( g5u9e p]ception1 :i* h beh9d !m :at ! *ild has exp]i5c$1 :at he has felt or ?\ght1 :at he has read1 :at he has /udi$1 are ! exception r ?an ! rule2 = 9 su* ex]cises !re w\ld probably be faults ( spell+1 faults ( gramm>1 colloquialisms1 c>eless writ+ 7due to ! *ild's eag]ness71 & s =?2 & ! "w w\ld !re=e be unsatisfactory f ! %[man's po9t ( view4 ,! *ild's natural capacity = express+ himself 9 language is sy/ematically />v$ 9 ord] t outw>d & visible results1 results :i* w w9 approval f ^? :o judge accord+ to ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 may be duly produc$4 ,! case ( oral composition 9 ! unemancipat$ elem5t>y s*ool is ev5 m hopeless ?an t ( writt5 composition4 ,! latt] has a "t set ap>t = x on ! "t-table1 & is at any rate suppos$ to be taught4 ,! =m] is :olly ignor$4 ,_m tea*]s seem to h entirely =gott5 t ! desire & ! ability to talk are "p ( ! normal equipm5t ( e heal?y *ild4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a "t :5 *ildr5 7 taught to answ] que/ions 9 complete s5t5ces ev5 :5 "o-^w answ]s w\ld h amply suffic$4 ,= example1 :5 a *ild 0 ask$ h[ _m p5ce !re 7 9 a %ill+1 he 0 expect$ to answ]1 ,!re are twelve p5ce 9 a %ill+2 :5 he 0 ask$ :at 0 ! col\r ( sn[1 he 0 expect$ to answ]1 ,! col\r ( sn[ is :ite 2 & s on4 ,& bo? he & 8 tea*] flatt]$ !mselves t ?is wa/e ( words 0 oral composition6 ,9 po9t ( fact ! s5t5ce 9 ea* ( ^! cases 0 wor? no m1 z an ef=t ( self-expression1 ?an its "o important ^w--twelve1 :ite1 or :atev] x might be2 & ! *ild1 :o 0 all[$ to ?9k t he _h produc$ a real s5t5ce1 _h 9 effect done no m ?an envelop "o real ^w 9 a holl[ =mula4 ,!re are /ill _m s*ools 9 :i* ?is ridicul\s practice l+]s1 & 9 :i* x con/itutes ! only attempt at oral composition t ! *ild is all[$ to make4 ,:]e x has di$ out ! idea ( tea*+ oral composition has too (t5 di$ ) x4 ,"y *ildr5 are1 z a rule1 voluble talk]s1 ) a consid]able comm& ( language4 ,b x n infrequ5tly happ5s t at ! close ( 8 s*ool life ! once talkative *ild has laps$ into a /ate ( sull5 taciturnity4 ,9 common ) o!r vital faculties1 8 p[] ( express+ himself 9 spee* has )]$ 9 ! repressive atmosph]e to :i* he has s long be5 expos$4 ,x is 9 ! oral lesson t "o w\ld expect oral composition to be taught or at any rate practis$4 ,9 su* subjects z ,hi/ory1 ,geography1 ,engli%1 ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce1 ! tea*+ 9 mo/ elem5t>y s*ools is ma9ly1 if n :olly1 oral4 ,9 ! days ( paym5t by results sep>ate & v>iable grants 7 giv5 = ^! subjects2 & :i*1 if ei!r1 ( two grants %\ld be recomm5d$ dep5d$ 9 ea* case on ! result ( an oral exam9ation conduct$ by ,h4,m4 ,inspector1 ! employm5t ( a writt5 te/ 9 any class be+ /rictly =bidd5 by ,my ,lords4 ,9 ?is exam9ation pro( ( ! possession ( in=mation 0 all t ! inspector c\ld dem&2 & ! quicke/ & easie/ way ( obta9+ su* pro( 0 to ask ! class que/ions :i* c\ld be briefly answ]$ by ! *ildr5 individually4 ,que/ions :i* 7 design$ to te/ intellig5ce might1 ( c\rse1 h be5 ask$1 & 9 "s di/ricts 7 freely ask$2 b to h r$uc$ ! grant because ! *ildr5 fail$ to answ] ^! w\ld h provok$ an outcry2 :ile1 _h ! inspector ask$ que/ions :i* dem&$ long answ]s1 he w\ld1 9 ! limit$ "t at 8 comm&1 h giv5 b few *ildr5 ! *ance ( %[+ t !y _h be5 duly prep>$ = ! exam9ation4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! oral lesson on a class subject usually took ! =m ( /uff+ ! *ildr5 ) pellets ( appropriate in=mation1 "s ( :i* !y w\ld1 9 all probability1 h ! opportunity ( disgorg+ :5 !y 7 que/ion$ by ! inspector on ! ye>ly p>ade day4 ,n only1 !n1 did ! (ficial exam9ation 9 hi/ory1 geography & elem5t>y sci5ce direct ! tea*+ ( ^! subjects into *annels 9 :i* ! gold5 opportunities t !y (f] = ! practice ( writt5 composition 7 p]=ce ?r[n away1 b also ! exam9ation 0 s fram$ t ev5 ! practice ( oral composition1 9 prep>ation = x1 0 actively disc\rag$4 ,& ! neglect ( composition act$ disa/r\sly on ! tea*+ ( ! subjects 9 "q2 = :]ev] self-expression on ! "p ( ! *ild is =bidd51 ! appropriate s5se1 or p]ceptive faculty1 _c possibly evolve itself1--p]ception & expression be+1 z we h else:]e se51 ! v life & s\l ( ea* o!r2 & 9 ! abs5ce 7to take p]t95t examples7 ( ! hi/orical or ! geographical s5se1 ! possession ( hi/orical or geographical in=mation _c possibly be conv]t$ into k ( hi/ory or geography4 ,! prompt1 accurate1 & g5]al answ]+ :i* 0 rew>d$ by ! aw>d ( ! high] grants = class subjects 01 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! outcome ( assidu\s & un9tellig5t cram1--a mode ( prep>ation = :i* ! policy ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t 0 ma9ly responsible4 ,b :5 sep>ate grants ceas$ to be paid = class subjects1 7 n ! tea*]s free to tea* !m by rational me?ods8 ,no d\bt !y 7--9 !ory4 ,9 po9t ( fact !y 7 9 bondage to ! /ronge/ ( all con/ra9+ influ5ces1--! =ce ( invet]ate habit4 ,= tw5ty ye>s !y _h taught ! class subjects by ! "o safe me?od ( vigor\s oral cram4 ,?is me?od _h answ]$ _! purpose1 & x 0 b natural t !y %\ld cont9ue to tea* by x4 ,:at happ5$1 :5 sep>ate grants ceas$ to be paid1 0 t ! ne$ = responsiv5ess on ! "p ( ! s*ol> gradually less5$4 ,! pellets ( in=mation 7 /ill imp>t$1 b x became less & less incumb5t ^u ! tea*] to see t 8 pupils 7 ready to disgorge !m at a mom5t's notice4 ,& s ! cramm+ lesson gradually trans=m$ itself into a lecture1 9 :i* ! tea*] did all or ne>ly all ! talk+1 :ile ! *ildr5 sat /ill & li/5$ or pret5d$ to li/51 an occasional yawn giv+ op5 pro( ( ! bor$om f :i* mo/ ( !m 7 suff]+4 ,t is ! type ( oral lesson :i* is mo/ common at ! pres5t day4 ,results 9 hi/ory1 geography1 nature /udy & ,engli% are seldom ask$ = by ! inspector2 & ! tea*] takes b little tr\ble to produce !m4 ,b 8 di/ru/ ( ! *ild is z firmly root$ z ev]1 & 8 unwill+ness to all[ ! *ild to "w by or = himself is z /rong z x ev] 04 ,! consequ5ce is t !re are _m s*ools 9 :i* ! tea*] n[ does ev]y?+ dur+ ! oral lesson1 :ile ! *ild does z ne>ly z possible no?+4 ,=m]ly ! *ild 0 at any rate all[$ 7or r requir$7 to be actively receptive4 ,n[ he is seldom all[$ to d any?+ m active ?an to yawn4 ,& all ! "t he is secretly long+ to en]gise--to d some?+ ) himself--to use 8 m5tal1 if n 8 physical faculties--to "w1 if n to play4 ,"o might h ?\ght t 9 ! hi/ory & geography lessons1 if 9 no o!r1 ,/&>ds ,,vi & ,,vii 7:]e ! numb]s 7 too small to admit ( ^! /&>ds hav+ a tea*] to !mselves7 w\ld be sep>at$ f ,/&>d ,v1 & all[$ to "w out _! own salvation by /udy+ suitable text-books "u prop] sup]vision & guidance4 ,b no2 ! =ce ( habit is too /rong = ! ma*9e-made tea*]4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago hi/ory & geography 7 class subjects1 & z su* 7 taught orally to :ole classes ( *ildr54 ,& !y mu/ /ill be taught z class subjects1 ev5 if ?is %\ld involve ! ,six? & ,sev5? ,/&>ds be+ brigad$ )1 & kept d[n = "o or ev5 two ye>s to1 ! level ( ! ,fif?1--kept d[n1 x w\ld seem1 = no o!r purpose ?an t ( be+ ! passive recipi5ts ( ! tea*]'s w9dy talk1 & ! helpless witnesses ( 8 futile *alk1 & ( hav+ _! own activities p>alys$ & _! own p[]s ( expression />v$ into inanition4 ,i w deal ) "o m secul> subject be=e ,i br+ ?is sket* to a close4 ,!re are /ill _m s*ools 9 :i* ! h\rs t are set ap>t = ,draw+ are devot$ 9 l>ge measure to ! slavi% reproduction ( flat copies4 ,a picture ( "s famili> object--outl9$1 %ad$1 or t9t$ z ! case may be1 & n infrequ5tly highly conv5tionalis$--hangs 9 front ( ! class2 & ! *ildr5 copy x1 /roke by /roke1 & curve by curve1 & put 9 ! %ad+ & lay on wa%es ( col\r4 ,z long practice at "w ( ?is k9d develops a c]ta9 degree ( manual dext]ity1 & z ! free use ( india-rubb] is p]mitt$ & ev5 enc\rag$1 ! *ild's f9i%$ "w may be s neat & accurate z to become wor?y ( a place on ! s*ool wall4 ,b :at is ! value1 :at is ! mean+ ( "w ( ?is k9d8 ,:5 su* a draw+ lesson z ,i h describ$ is 9 progress1 ! divorce betwe5 p]ception & expression is complete4 ,& z ea* ( ^! ma/] faculties is ! v life & s\l ( ! o!r1 _! complete divorce f "o ano!r involves ! complete eclipse ( ea*4 ,! *ild :o copies a flat copy does n p]ceive any?+ except "s o!r p]son's reproduction ( a sc5e or object2 & ev5 ?is he does n necess>ily grasp z a :ole1 8 bus9ess be+ to reproduce x ) flawless accuracy1 l9e by l9e4 ,inde$1 x may well happ5 t he does n ev5 "k :at ! picture or diagram be=e him is int5d$ to repres5t4 ,nor is he express+ any?+1 = he has n made 8 model 9 any s5se or degree 8 own4 ,?us1 dur+ ! :ole ( a lesson 9 :i* ! p]ceptive & expressive faculties are suppos$ to be receiv+ a special tra9+1 !y are ly+ dormant & in]t4 ,ea* ( !m is1 = ! "t be+1 z good z dead4 ,& ea* ( !m w assur$ly die if ?is k9d ( tea*+ goes on = v long1 die = lack ( ex]cise1 die wa/$ & atrophi$ by disuse4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! copy+ ( copies c injure a *ild's p[] ( obs]vation exce$s belief4 ,i h se5 a b[l plac$ high above ! l9e ( sight ( a class ( fifty s5ior boys1 ea* "o ( :om 78 memory be+ haunt$1 ,i suppose1 by "s diagram :i* he _h once copi$7 drew x z if he 7 look+ into x f above4 ,n "o ( ^? boys c\ld see ! b[l z x really 01 or r z x really 0 to be se54 ,a *ild :o _h nev] drawn a /roke 9 8 life1 b ^: p]ceptive faculties _h n be5 dead5$ by education1 w\ld h sket*$ ! b[l m correctly ?an any ( ^? quasi-exp]ts4 ,& ) ! wa/+ ( ! p[] ( obs]vation1 ! executive p[] is gradually lo/2 = p]ception is ev] int]p5etrat+1 re9=c+1 & /imulat+ expression2 & :5 ! eye is bl9d1 ! h&1 h[ev] skilful its m]e manipulation may be1 necess>ily falt]s & loses its cunn+4 ,f\r or five ye>s ago1 _h "o ent]$ an elem5t>y s*ool :ile draw+ 0 be+ taught1 su* a lesson z ,i h j describ$ w\ld h be5 9 progress 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( e hundr$4 ,s9ce !n a sy/ematic w>f>e has be5 wag$ by ! ,bo>d aga9/ ! flat copy2 & ?\gh x is /ill v f> f ext9ct1 !re is n[ p]haps an actual majority ( s*ools 9 :i* its use has be5 discont9u$4 ,b ! numb] ( s*ools 9 :i* draw+ f ! object is effectively taught1 ?\gh increas+ /eadily1 is /ill small4 ,9 ^? s*ools1 inde$1 ! results are surpris+ly good1--s good z to ju/ify1 n only ! new gospel ( draw+ f ! object1 b also ! :ole gospel ( education ?r\gh self-reliance & self-expression4 ,b else:]e !re has be5 b little improvem5t1 except s f> z x may be bett] to draw f an object )\t guidance1 or ) q ineffective guidance1 ?an to draw f a flat copy4 ,9 "s s*ools ! =mula or tip is beg9n+ to take ! place ( ! flat copy4 ,!re is a =mula = ! tulip1 a =mula = ! sn[drop1 a =mula = ! daffodil1 & s on2 & ! *ildr5 draw f ^! =mul :ile ! actual fl[]s are be=e !m & !y are mak+ believe to reproduce !m4 ,9 o!r s*ools an object is plac$ be=e ! class1 & ! tea*] draws ?is = !m on ! blackbo>d1 expla9+ to !m 9 detail h[ x ought to be drawn2 & :5 he has f9i%$1 ! *ildr5 pret5d to draw ! object1 b really copy 8 blackbo>d copy ( x4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 ! tea*] :o has become a victim ( r\t9e w give a facile b ma9ly notional ass5t to ! sugge/ions t are plac$ be=e him1 w promise to try !m1 & w make an un9tellig5t & half-he>t$ attempt to d s1 b w z (t5 z n slide back into practices :i* d n mat]ially diff] f ^? :i* he pr(esses to h ab&on$4 ,! pressure ( ! :ole sy/em ( ,we/]n education--n to speak ( ,we/]n civilisation--w be too /rong = him4 ,! flat copy1 ) its dem& = me*anical "w & s]vile ob$i5ce1 fits into t sy/em4 ,draw+ f ! object1 ) its dem& = initiative & self-reliance1 does n4 ,h5ce ! attractive =ce ( ! =m]1--a secret attractive =ce :i* w neutralise ! ef=ts t ! tea*] consci\sly makes to free himself f its influ5ce1 & w arm him1 z ) a hidd5 %irt ( mail1 aga9/ ! mission>y zeal ( 8 inspector4#ac ,ev5 ! zeal ( ! inspector w be affect$ by 8 possible inability to h>monise 8 gospel ( self-expression 9 draw+ ) any g5]al sy/em ( self-education4 ,x is because ! educational re=m] is fight+1 9 8 sporadic attempts at re=m1 aga9/ 8 own deepe/ conviction1 t he a*ieves s little ev5 9 ! p>ticul> directions 9 :i* he sees cle>ly t re=m is ne$$4 ,b h[1 x w be ask$1 is su* a s*ool z ,i h describ$ to be kept go+8 ,! :ole rgime mu/ be em95tly di/a/eful to ! heal?y *ild1 & x c sc>cely be attractive to 8 tea*]4 ,by :at motive =ce1 !n1 is ! s*ool to be kept 9 motion1--9 motion1 if n along ! pa? ( progress1 at any rate along ! well-worn track ( r\t9e8 ,by ! only motive =ce :i* ! religion & ! civilisation ( ! ,we/ recognise z effective1--! hope ( ext]nal rew>d1 ) its complem5t1 ! fe> ( ext]nal puni%m5t4 ,f highe/ to l[e/1 f ! head tea*] ( ! s*ool to ! y\nge/ *ild 9 ! bottom class1 all ! tea*]s & all ! *ildr5 are subject$ to ! pressure ( ?is quasi-physical =ce4 ,! tea*]s hope = advancem5t & increase ( sal>y1 & fe> degradation & loss ( sal>y1 or at any rate loss ( ! hop$-= increm5t4#ad ,! *ildr5 hope = m$als1 books1 high places 9 _! respective classes1 & o!r rew>ds & di/9ctions1 & fe> corporal & o!r k9ds ( puni%m5t4 ,! ?or\ghly effici5t s*ool is "o 9 :i* ?is motive =ce is duly transmitt$ to e "p ( ! s*ool by means ( a well-plann$ & c>efully-elaborat$ ma*9]y1 analog\s to t by :i* wat] & gas are laid on at e tap 9 e h\se 9 a well-gov]n$ t[n4 ,only ^? :o are intimately acqua9t$ ) ! inside ( ! elem5t>y s*ool c realise to :at an ext5t ! ma*9]y ( education has 9 rec5t ye>s encroa*$ ^u ! vital int]e/s ( ! s*ool & ! "t & ?\ght ( ! tea*]4 ,9 s*ools :i* are adm9i/]$ by bus9ess-l & up-to-date ,local ,au?orities1 ?is encroa*m5t is becom+ z s]i\s z t ( drift+ s&s on a f]tile soil4 ,"t-tables1 s*emes ( "w1 syllabuses1 record books1 progress books1 exam9ation result books1 & ! re/1--h\rs & h\rs are sp5t by ! tea*]s on ! cl]ical "w :i* ^! me*anical contrivances dem&4 ,& ! h\rs s sp5t are too (t5 :olly wa/$4 ,! wor/ ( ?is ma*9]y is t1 s long z x works smoo?ly1 all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! s*ool are satisfi$4 ,b x may all "w ) p]fect smoo?ness1 & yet a*ieve no?+ t really c\nts4 ,i "k ( hundr$s ( s*ools :i* are to all appe>ance ?or\ghly effici5t1--s*ools 9 :i* ! ma*9]y ( education is z well contriv$ z x is well oil$ & clean$1--& yet 9 :i* !re is no vital movem5t1 no gr[?1 no life4 ,f highe/ to l[e/1 all ! inmates ( ^? s*ools are *eat+ !mselves ) =ms1 figures1 m>ks1 & o!r su* empty symbols4 ,! application ( ! conv5tional motive =ce to ! s*ool *ildr5 goes by ! "n ( ,discipl9e4 ,if ! pressure at ea* tap is /eady1 con/ant1 & o!rwise effective1 ! discipl9e is good4 ,if x is v>iable1 int]mitt5t1 & o!rwise ineffective1 ! discipl9e is bad4 ,! life ( ! r\t9e-ridd5 s*ool is s irksome to ! *ild1 t if he is heal?y & vigor\s he w long to f9d a cong5ial outlet = 8 vital en]gies1 :i* are z a rule ei!r p5t back 7z :5 he sits /ill li/5+ to a lecture71 or =c$ into un9t]e/+ & unpr(itable *annels4 ,:5 ?is desire ma/]s him dur+ s*ool h\rs1 x goes by ! "n ( naught9ess1 & is reg>d$ z a pro( ( ! inborn s9fulness ( 8 fall5 nature4 ,to repress ! desire1 to keep ! *ild 9 a /ate ei!r ( absolute inaction or ( me*anically regulat$ activity1 is ! function ( s*ool discipl9e4 ,:atev] 9 ! *ild's life is free1 natural1 spontane\s1 wells up f an evil s\rce4 ,if educational progress is to be made1 t s\rce mu/ be c>efully seal$4 ,z an educator1 ! tea*] mu/ d 8 be/ to r$uce ! *ild to ! level ( a wire-pull$ puppet4 ,z a discipl9>ian1 he mu/ ov]come ! *ild's in/9ctive repugnance to be+ subject$ to su* unwor?y treatm5t4 ,! bett] ! discipl9e ( ! s*ool1 ! easi] x w be = ! me*anical education giv5 9 x to a*ieve its deadly "w4 ,9 mak+ ?is sket* ( :at is /ill a common type ( elem5t>y s*ool1 my object has be5 to provide myself ) mat]ials = answ]+ ! "q3 ,does elem5t>y education1 z at pres5t conduct$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 t5d to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! *ild's faculties8 ,if my sket* is ev5 approximately fai?ful to its orig9al1 ! answ] to ! "q1 s f> at lea/ z ?\s&s ( s*ools are conc]n$1 mu/ be an emphatic ,no4 ,= 9 ! s*ool1 z ,i h sket*$ x1 ! "o end & aim ( ! tea*] is to prev5t ! *ild f do+ any?+ :atev] = himself2 & :]e indep5d5t ef=t is prohibit$1 ! gr[? ( faculty mu/ ne$s be arre/$1 ! gr[? ( e faculty1 z ( e limb & organ1 be+ dep5d5t 9 l>ge measure on its be+ duly & suitably ex]cis$ by its own]4 ,if ?is /atem5t is true ( faculty z su*1 & ( ef=t z su*1 /ill m is x true ( ! p>ticul> faculties :i* s*ool life is suppos$ to tra91 ! faculties :i* we speak ( loosely z p]ceptive1--& ( ! p>ticul> ef=t by :i* alone ! gr[? ( ! p]ceptive faculties is effect$1 ! _m-sid$ ef=t :i* we speak ( loosely z self-expression4 ,f> p]ception & expression are1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to prove1 ! face & obv]se ( ! same vital process2 & ! educational policy :i* makes self-expression1 or1 9 o!r words1 s9c]e expression1 impossible1 is !re=e fatal to ! outgr[? ( ! :ole range ( ! p]ceptive faculties4 ,! education giv5 9 ?\s&s ( our elem5t>y s*ools is1 !n1 9 ! highe/ degree anti-educational4 ,! end :i* education ought to aim at a*iev+ is ! v end :i* ! tea*] lab\rs unceas+ly to defeat4 ,! tea*] may1 inde$1 cont5d t 8 bus9ess is n to evoke faculty b to imp>t k4 ,! answ] to ?is argum5t is t ! type ( education :i* imp$es ! outgr[? ( faculty is necess>ily fatal to ! acquisition ( k4 ,= ! tea*] c no m imp>t k to 8 pupils ?an a nurse c imp>t fle% & blood to h] *>ges4 ,:at ! tea*] imp>ts is in=mation1 j z :at ! nurse imp>ts is food2 & until in=mation has be5 conv]t$ into k ! *ild is z f> f be+ educat$ z ! infant1 ^: food rema9s unassimilat$1 is f be+ n\ri%$4 ,! tea*] may pump in=mation into ! *ild 9 a nev]-end+ /ream2 b s long z he compels ! *ild to adopt an attitude ( passive receptivity1 & =bids him to react1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( self-expression1 on ! food t he is receiv+1 s long w ! food rema9 unassimilat$ & ev5 undige/$1 & ! s\l & m9d ( ! *ild rema9 un$ucat$ & unf$4 ,:e!r1 !n1 we conc]n ourselves1 z educationali/s1 ) ! gr[? ( ! *ild's :ole nature1 or ) ! gr[? ( 8 ma/] faculties1 or aga9 ) ! gr[? ( ^? special s5ses :i* evolve !mselves 9 response to ! /imulus ( special environm5ts1 we see t 9 ea* case ! effect ( ! tea*]'s policy ( di/ru/ & repression is to arre/ gr[?4 ,:5 ! /]n sup]naturali/ rem9ds u t ! *ild's nature is intr9sically evil1 & t !re=e 9 arre/+ its gr[? education r5d]s him a priceless s]vice1 we answ] t1 9 arre/+ ! gr[? ( ! *ild's nature z a :ole1 education arre/s ! gr[? ( all ! ma/] faculties ( 8 be+1 & t !re are "s at lea/ among ^! :i*1 ev5 9 ! judgm5t ( ! sup]naturali/1 imp]atively ne$ to be tra9$4 ,:5 ! /rait-lac$1 result-hunt+ tea*] rem9ds u t 8 sole bus9ess is to tea* c]ta9 subjects1 & t !re=e he _c conc]n himself ) gr[?1 we answ] t1 9 neglect+ to fo/] gr[?1 he makes x impossible = ! *ild to put =? a special s5se1 a special faculty ( direct p]ception1 9 response to ea* new environm5t1 & s 7= reasons :i* h already be5 giv57 incapacitates him = ma/]+ any subject4 ,!re is always "o po9t ( view1 if no m1 f :i* my prim>y assumption--t ! function ( education is to fo/] gr[?--is se5 to be a truism4 ,& f t po9t ( view1 if f no o!r1 ! failure ( ! r\t9e-ridd5 s*ool to fulfil its de/9y is se5 to be f9al & complete4 ,yet to say t elem5t>y education1 z x is giv5 9 su* a s*ool1 t5ds to arre/ gr[?1 is to "u-e/imate its capacity = mis*ief4 ,9 ! act ( arre/+ gr[? x mu/ ne$s di/ort gr[?1 & 9 do+ ?is x mu/ ne$s dead5 & ev5 de/roy ! life :i* is ev] /ruggl+ to evolve itself4 ,x is well t f "t to "t we %\ld ask ourselves :at compulsory education has done = ! p ( ,engl&4 ,h[ mu* x has done to civilise & humanise ! masses is beg9n+ to be kn[n to all :o are int]e/$ 9 social progress1 & ,i = "o am ready to second any vote ( ?anks t may be propos$ to x = ?is invaluable s]vice4#ae ,b :5 we ask ourselves :at x has done to vitalise ! nation1 we may well hesitate = an answ]4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 9 ! days ( s*$ules & p]c5tages1 elem5t>y education 01 on balance1 an actively devitalis+ ag5cy4 ,! policy ( ! ,education ,dep>tm5t made t inevitable4 ,b ?+s h *ang$ s9ce !n2 & x is probable t ! balance is n[ 9 fav\r ( ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b ! balance1 ?\gh gr[+ f ye> to ye>1 is z yet v small comp>$ ) :at x w be :5 ! tea*]1 reliev$ f ! pressure ( ! /ill prevail+ dem& = results1 is free to take ?\ght = ! vital int]e/s ( ! *ild4 ,:om %all we blame = ! %ortcom+s ( our elem5t>y s*ools8 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education8 ,_! ,inspectors8 ,! ,tea*]s8 ,! ,tra9+ ,colleges8 ,! ,local ,au?orities8 ,we w blame none ( ^!4 ,we w blame ! _s ( ,we/]n civilisation1 ) its false philosophy ( life & its false /&>d ( reality4 ,%all we blame ! ,bo>d because1 9 ! days :5 !y call$ !mselves ! ,dep>tm5t1 !y made ! tea*]s ( ,engl& ! s]fs ( _! s\l-de/roy+ ,code8 ,= my own "p ,i pref] to hon\r ! ,bo>d1 n only because on a c]ta9 day !y lib]at$ _! s]fs by a dep>tm5tal edict1 b also & m especially because1 9 defiance ( ! prote/s & criticisms ( ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 employ]s ( lab\r1 ,*airm5 ( ,education ,committees1 & o!rs1 9 defiance ( ! ubiquit\s pressure ( ,we/]n ext]nalism & mat]ialism1 9 defiance ( ! tr5d ( contempor>y op9ion1 9 defiance ( _! own practice1--= !y !mselves are an exam9+ body ^: nets are widely spread1--!y refuse to revoke ! gift ( fre$om1 :i* !y gave1 p]haps ov]-ha/ily1 to ! tea*]s ( ,engl&1 & cont9ue to exempt !m1 s f> z _! own action is conc]n$1 f ! pressure ( a =mal exam9ation on a uni=m s*eme ( "w4 ,%all we blame ! tea*]s z a body because too _m ( !m are ma*9e-made creatures ( r\t9e8 ,= my own "p ,i hon\r ! tea*]s z a body1 if only because "h & !re "o ( !m has d>$1 ) spl5did c\rage1 to defy ! despotism ( cu/om1 ( tradition1 ( (ficialdom1 ( ! ?\s& dead5+ influ5ces t are br\ght to be> ^u him1 & to foll[ = himself ! pa? ( inw>dness & life4 ,to blame ! av]age tea*] = be+ unable to resi/ ! pressure to :i* he is unceas+ly expos$ w\ld be almo/ z unfair z to blame a pebble on ! sea%ore = be+ unable to resi/ ! gr9d+ action ( ! waves1 & w\ld ill become "o :o has special reason to rememb] h[ ! ,dep>tm5t1 9 its misguid$ zeal = effici5cy1 /rove = ?irty ye>s or m to gr9d ! tea*]s ( ,engl& to "o patt]n 9 ! mill ( paym5t by results4 ,x is to a c]tificat$ tea*] t1 z an educationali/ 7if ,i may give myself s =midable a title71 ,i owe my s\l4 ,& !re are _m o!r tea*]s to :om my debts1 ?\gh less weighty ?an ?is1 are by no means light4 ,mo/ ( ! fail+s ( ! elem5t>y tea*]s are w\nds & /ra9s :i* adv]se ,fate has inflict$ on !m4 ,mo/ ( _! virtues are _! own4 ,%all we blame ! ,tra9+ ,colleges because1 ) an unhappy pa/ beh9d !m1 !y h yet _m ?+s to unle>n8 ,%all we blame ! local ,education ,au?orities because1 ) an unkn[n future be=e !m1 !y h yet _m ?+s to le>n8 ,no1 ,i repeat1 we w blame none ( ^!4 ,we w lay ! blame on broad] %\ld]s4 ,we w blame our mat]iali/ic philosophy ( life1 :i* we complac5tly reg>d--or?odox & h]etics alike--z ,! tru?2 & we w blame our mat]ialis$ civilisation1 :i* we complac5tly reg>d--cultur$ & uncultur$ alike--z civilisation1 pure & simple1 :atev] lies beyond its conf9es be+ lightly dismiss$ z b>b>ism4 ,^! are ! =ces aga9/ :i* e tea*]1 e manag]1 e inspector1 :o /rives = emancipation & enlight5m5t1 has to fight unceas+ly4 ,if ! fight is an unequal "o2 if !re are _m w\ld-be re=m]s :o h %runk f x2 if !re are o!rs :o retir$ f x e>ly 9 ! day2 if !re are o!rs1 aga91 :o h be5 cru%$ 9 x2--we w blame ! =ces ( d>kness = ^! disa/]s2 we w n blame _! victims4 ,on ! contr>y1 we w hon\r all :o h f\ght & fall52 = :5 ! cause is l>ge & wor?y ( devotion1 failure 9 ! s]vice ( x is only less triumphant ?an success4 ,b if !re is hon\r = failure :at %all be ! gu]don ( success8 ,:at tribute %all we pay to ^? :o h f\ght & won8 ,= !re are "s :o h f\ght & won4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] ! s*ool t ,i h 9 m9d is "o = old] *ildr5 only4 ,:atev] may be ! defects ( ! elem5t>y infant s*ools1 an excessive reg>d = outw>d & visible results is n "o ( !m4 ,exemption f ! pressure ( a =mal ext]nal exam9ation has meant mu* m to !m ?an to ! s*ools = old] *ildr52 & ! atmosph]e ( ! good infant s*ools is1 9 consequ5ce1 fre]1 happi]1 m recreative1 & m truly educative ?an t ( ! upp] s*ools ( equival5t m]it4 ,& :5 we comp>e grade ) grade1 we f9d t ! sup]iority ( ! elem5t>y infant s*ools is /ill m pron\nc$4 ,! ,great ,public ,s*ools1 & ! co/ly prep>atory s*ools t lead up to !m1 may or may n be wor?y ( _! high reputation2 b z reg>ds facilities = ! education 79 s*ool7 ( _! infants1 ! classes are unque/ionably mu* less =tunate ?an ! masses4 #g ,n long ago ,i happ5$ to ent] ! ,boys' ,dep>tm5t ( an urban ,*ur* ,s*ool at ab\t #i4ae a4m4 ,! ,headma/] 0 sitt+ at 8 desk1 draw+ up s*emes ( secul> "w4 ,all ! boys above ,/&>d ,,iii--#id 9 numb]--7 gr\p$ toge!r1 li/5+1 or pret5d+ to li/51 to a *alk-&-talk lecture on ,pray] ( :i* !re are app>5tly five v>ieties1 viz41 7#a7 ,invocation1 7#b7 ,deprecation1 7#c7 ,obsecration1 7#d7 ,int]cession1 7#e7 ,supplication4 ,! ,headma/] expla9$ to me t ( c\rse x 0 only dur+ ! ,scripture lesson t ?is ov]gr\p+ w5t on4 ,! lecture on ,pray] 0 giv5 by a "y ,assi/ant-ma/]1 ^: naive delight 9 ! long words t he roll$ out ore rotundo & !n *alk$ up on ! blackbo>d1 _h bl9d$ him to ! obvi\s fact t he 0 mak+ no impression :atev] on 8 audi5ce4 ,! boys1 "o & all1 rem9d$ me =cibly ( ! :ite-head$ boy 9 ,dick5s' village s*ool1 :o display$ 9 ! expression ( 8 face a rem>kable capacity ( totally ab/ract+ 8 m9d f ! spell+ on :i* 8 eyes 7 fix$4 #h ,!re are _m elem5t>y s*ools :i* ! ,diocesan ,inspector does n ent]4 ,9 ! ,provid$ or ,c\ncil ,s*ools und5om9ational ,bible tea*+ takes ! place ( ! def9ite dogmatic in/ruction 9 religi\s k :i* is te/$ by ,diocesan ,inspection4 ,b ev5 :5 undogmatic ,bible tea*+ is giv51 ! %ad[ ( an imp5d+ exam9ation1 ext]nal or int]nal z ! case may be1 too (t5 /]ilises ! ef=ts ( ! tea*]4 ,n t ! ef=ts ( ! tea*] w\ld 9 any case be productive s long z ! attitude ( popul> ?\ght t[>ds ! ,bible rema9$ un*ang$4 ,to g into ?is burn+ "q w\ld involve me 9 an unju/ifiable digression2 b ,i mu/ be all[$ to express my conviction t ! tea*+ ( ! ,bible 9 our elem5t>y s*ools w nev] be any?+ b misguid$ & mis*iev\s until ^? :o are responsible = x h realis$ t ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! inspir$ lit]ature ( a p>ticul> p1 & h ceas$ to reg>d x z ! au!ntic biography ( ! ,et]nal ,god4 ,x is to ! curr5t misconception ( ! mean+ & value ( ! ,bible1 & ! consequ5t misconception ( ! relation ( ,god to ,nature & to ,man1 t ! ext]nalism ( ! ,we/1 :i* is ! s\rce ( all ! grav] defects ( mod]n education1 is 7z ,i cont5d7 l>gely due2 & x is useless to try to rem$y ^? defects s long z we all[ our philosophy ( life to be p]5nially poison$ at its highe/ spr+s4 #i ,9 f> too _m cases ! tea*] receiv$ a c]ta9 proportion ( ! ,grant2 & 9 any case 8 value 9 ! m>ket t5d$ to v>y directly ) 8 ability to secure a l>ge ,grant = 8 s*ool by 8 success 9 ! ye>ly exam9ation4 #aj ,! ,jewi% ,p 9 ! "t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 by ,dr4 ,emil ,s*r]4 #aa ,"h is ano!r example ( ! m5tal bl9dness :i* rule-wor%ip 9 ,ari?metic is apt to induce4 ,! boys 9 a l>ge ,/&>d ,,ii1 :o _h be5 sp5d+ ! :ole ye> 9 add+1 subtract+1 multiply+1 & divid+ t5s ( ?\s&s1 7 giv5 ! foll[+ sum3 ,a f>m] _h #abf %eep4 ,he b\ght n9e4 ,h[ _m _h he !n8 ,out ( #ej boys1 "o only work$ ! sum correctly4 ,( ! rema9+ #di1 ab\t a ?ird multipli$ #abf by #i1 ano!r ?ird divid$ #abf by #i1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ird subtract$ #i f #abf4 #ab ,re9=c$ 9 _m cases by sugge/ive words4 ,i rec5tly f\nd myself 9 an urban s*ool :ile ! ,f\r? ,/&>d boys 7 do+ ,composition4 ,! subject--,trees--_h already be5 dealt ) 9 a prep>atory talk4 ,9 front ( ! class 0 a blackbo>d1 on :i* 7 writt5 ! foll[+ words3 fruit1 fl[]s1 ,i4 ,roots t\gh1 /rong1 /ret*1 ext5d4 ,,ii4 ,trunk ?ick1 bran*es1 b>k4 ,,iii4 ,bran*es /rong1 t\gh1 leaves4 ,,iv4 ,leaves gre51 %apes1 sizes1 beautiful1 clo!1 autumn1 br[n4 ,i am told t sometimes z _m z twelve head+s are giv51 ea* ) its own li/ ( sugge/ive words4 #ac ,i 0 rec5tly pres5t at a l>ge ga!r+ ( tea*]s :o _h assembl$ to discuss ! tea*+ ( ,draw+ & o!r k9dr$ topics4 ,! di/rict is "o 9 :i* ! gospel ( self-help 9 ,draw+ has be5 prea*$ ) dilig5ce & ) mu* app>5t success4 ,"o ( ! tea*]s1 :o 0 expect$ to support ! ,bo>d 9 _! crusade aga9/ ! flat copy1 play$ ! "p ( ,balaam by read+ out lett]s f c]ta9 di/+ui%$ ,r4,a4's1 9 :i* ! use ( ! flat copy 9 elem5t>y s*ools 0 op5ly advocat$4 ,x 0 evid5t t ^? di/+ui%$ ,r4,a4's knew z mu* ab\t elem5t>y education z ! man 9 ! /reet kn[s ab\t naval tactics1 = ! argum5ts by :i* !y support$ _! p>adoxical op9ions 7 wor? exactly no?+4 ,b ! salvos ( applause1 r5ew$ aga9 & aga91 :i* greet$ ! extracts f _! lett]s %[$ cle>ly 9 :i* direction ! curr5t ( subconsci\s conviction 0 runn+ 9 t evangelis$ & app>5tly conv]t$ di/rict4 #ad ,!re are few tea*]s :o d n also "w f high] motives ?an ^!2 b !re are v few :o are exempt f ! pressure ( ^!4 #ae ,x is pleasant to read t at ,s\!nd on ,ea/] ,monday 7#aiaj7 !re 7 #fe1jjj excursioni/s & only two cases ( drunk5ness4 ,x is also pleasant to he> f an (fic] :o has s]v$ = _m ye>s 9 ,india t ! mod]n ,engli% private soldi] 9 ,india is an inf9itely sup]ior be+ to 8 pr$ecessors1 & t ,india c\ld n n[ be held by ! old type ( ,briti% soldi]4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get t ! old type conqu]$ ,india4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,:at ,,might ,,be ,,or ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,self-,,realisation ,,*apt] ,,iv ,a ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,utopia ,hav+ pa9t$ 9 gloomy col\rs "s ( ! actualities ( elem5t>y education1 ,i w n[ try to set =? its possibilities4 ,9 oppos+ ! actual to ! possible1 ,i am p]haps runn+ ! risk ( be+ misund]/ood4 ,! possible1 z ,i conceive x1 is no m]e fabric ( a dream4 ,:at are possibilities = ! elem5t>y s*ool1 z su*1 are already actualities 9 c]ta9 s*ools4 ,7 x n s1 ,i %\ld n speak ( !m z possibilities4 ,i d n pret5d to be a prophet1 9 ! vulg> s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! ends :i* ,i am ab\t to set be=e manag]s & tea*]s are ends :i* h be5 a*iev$1 & are be+ a*iev$1 "u entirely normal conditions1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & :i* are !re=e n impracticable4 ,!re are _m elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,engl& 9 :i* bold & successful dep>tures h be5 made f ! beat5 track2 & 9 ea* ( ^! cases :at is at pres5t a m]e possibility = mo/ s*ools has be5 actually realis$4 ,& !re is "o elem5t>y s*ool at lea/ 9 :i* ! beat5 track has be5 entirely ab&on$1 ) ! result t possibilities 7z ,i may n[ call !m7 :i* ,i might p]haps h dismiss$ on a priori gr\nds z too fanta/ic = s]i\s consid]ation1 h become "p ( ! ev]yday life ( ! s*ol>s4 ,t s*ool %all n[ become ! !me ( my book2 = ,i feel t ,i _c s]ve ! cause ( education bett] ?an by try+ to describe & int]pret ! "w t is be+ done 9 x4 ,! s*ool belongs to a village :i* ,i w call ,utopia4 ,x is n an imag9>y village--a village ( ,n[h]e--b a v real village1 :i* c be rea*$1 z all o!r villages c1 by rail & road4 ,x ne/les at ! foot ( a long range ( hills2 & if y w climb ! slope t rises at ! back ( ! village1 & look ov] ! level c\ntry t y h left beh9d1 y w see 9 ! di/ance ! gleam+ wat]s ( "o ( ! _m seas t wa% our %ores4 ,! village is fairly l>ge1 z villages g 9 ^! days ( rural depopulation2 & ! s*ool is att5d$ by ab\t #abj *ildr54 ,! head tea*]1 ^: g5ius has revolutionis$ ! life1 n ( ! s*ool only1 b ( ! :ole village1 is a woman4 ,i w call h] ,eg]ia4 ,%e has c]ta9ly be5 my ,eg]ia1 9 ! s5se t :atev] modicum ( wisdom 9 matt]s educational ,i may happ5 to possess1 ,i owe 9 l>ge measure to h]4 ,i h paid h] s*ool _m visits1 & x has tak5 me _m mon?s ( ?\ght to get to :at ,i believe to be ! b$-rock ( h] philosophy ( education1--a philosophy :i* ,i w n[ attempt to exp\nd4 ,two ?+s w /rike ! /rang] :o pays 8 fir/ visit to ?is s*ool4 ,"o is ! ceaseless activity ( ! *ildr54 ,! o!r is ! bright & happy look on e face4 ,9 too _m elem5t>y s*ools ! *ildr5 are engag$ ei!r 9 labori\sly do+ no?+1--9 li/5+1 = example1 ) ill-conceal$ yawns1 to lectures on hi/ory1 geography1 nature-/udy1 & ! re/2 or 9 do+ :at is only "o degree remov$ f no?+1--work+ me*anical sums1 transcrib+ li/s ( spell+s or pieces ( composition1 draw+ diagrams :i* h no mean+ = !m1 & s =?4 ,b 9 ?is s*ool e *ild is1 z a rule1 actively employ$4 ,& be>+ 9 m9d t unimp$$ en]gy is a recognis$ s\rce ( happ9ess1 ! visitor w probably conjecture t !re is a close connection betwe5 ! activity ( ! *ildr5 & ! brightness ( _! faces4 ,t ! latt] feature ( ! s*ool w arre/ 8 att5tion is almo/ c]ta94 ,utopia belongs to a c\nty :i* is prov]bial = ! dullness ( its ru/ics1 b !re is no sign ( dullness on ! face ( any ,utopian *ild4 ,on ! contr>y1 s radiantly bright are ! faces ( ! *ildr5 t some?+ ak9 to sun%9e seems always to fill ! s*ool4 ,:5 he gets to "k ! s*ool1 ! visitor w realise t ! brightness ( ! *ildr5 is ( two k9ds1--! brightness ( en]gy & intellig5ce1 & ! brightness ( goodness & joy4 ,& :5 he gets to "k ! s*ool z well z ,i d1 he w realise t ^! two k9ds ( brightness are 9 _! ess5ce "o4 ,let me say some?+ ab\t ea* ( !m4 ,! ,utopian *ild is alive1 al]t1 active1 full ( lat5t en]gy1 ready to act1 to d ?+s1 to turn 8 m9d to ?+s1 to turn 8 h& to ?+s1 to turn 8 desire to ?+s1 to turn 8 :ole be+ to ?+s4 ,!re is no trace 9 ?is s*ool ( ! m5tal le?>gy :i*1 9 spite ( ! ceaseless activity ( ! tea*]s1 p]vades ! atmosph]e ( s _m elem5t>y s*ools2 no trace ( ! fatal in]tness on ! "p ( ! *ild1 :i* is ! outcome ( five or six ye>s ( sy/ematic repression & compulsory inaction4 ,! air ( ! s*ool is electrical ) en]gy4 ,we are obvi\sly 9 ! pres5ce ( an active & vigor\s life4 ,& ! activity ( ! ,utopian *ild is 8 own activity4 ,x is a f\nta9 :i* spr+s up 9 himself4 ,unlike ! ord9>y s*ool-*ild1 he c d ?+s on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he does n wait1 9 ! helplessness ( passive ob$i5ce1 = 8 tea*] to tell him :at he is to d & h[ he is to d x4 ,he does n ev5 wait1 9 ! bewild]m5t ( self-di/ru/1 = 8 tea*] to give him a lead4 ,if a new situation arises1 he deals ) x ) promptitude & decision4 ,8 solution ( ! problem :i* x involves may be incorrect1 b at any rate x w be a solution4 ,he w h fac$ a difficulty & grappl$ ) x1 in/ead ( hav+ wait$ in]tly = some?+ to turn up4 ,8 initiative has evid5tly be5 develop$ p>i passu ) 8 intellig5ce2 & ! result ( ?is is t he c ?9k ?+s out = himself1 t he c devise ways & means1 t he c purpose1 t he c plan4 ,9 all ^! matt]s ! ,utopian *ild diff]s widely & deeply f ! less =tunate *ild :o has to att5d a m ord9>y type ( elem5t>y s*ool4 ,b :5 we turn to ! o!r aspect ( ! ,utopian brightness1 :5 we consid] x z ! reflect$ light ( goodness & joy1 we f9d t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two *ildr5 is wid] & deep] /ill4 ,!re are _m s*ools outside ,utopia t pride !mselves on ! excell5ce ( _! discipl9e2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 "s at lea/ ( ^! ! self-satisfaction ( ! tea*] is equival5t to a confession ( failure4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 e elem5t>y s*ool receiv$ a l>ge grant = in/ruction & a small grant = discipl9e2 & inspectors 7 suppos$ to report sep>ately on ea* ( ^! aspects ( ! s*ool's life4 ,a /range misconception ( ! mean+ & purpose ( education und]lay ?is artificial di/9ction2 b on t we ne$ n dwell4 ,7 an inspector call$ ^u to report on ! discipl9e ( ! ,utopian s*ool1 8 report w\ld be brief4 ,!re is no discipl9e 9 ! s*ool4 ,!re is no ne$ = any4 ,! function ( ! /rict discipl9>ian is to %ut d[n1 &1 if necess>y1 sit ^u1 ! safety-valve ( misconduct4 ,b 9 ,utopia1 :]e all ! en]gies ( ! *ildr5 are fully & happily employ$1 t safety-valve has nev] to be us$4 ,ea* *ild 9 turn is s happy 9 8 s*ool life t ! idea ( be+ naughty nev] ent]s 8 head4 ,"o _c rema9 long 9 ! s*ool )\t realis+ t 9 its atmosph]e ,love is an un]r+ light1 ,& joy its own security4 ,x rec5tly happ5$ t on a c]ta9 day "o ( ! assi/ant-tea*]s _h to g to a hospital1 t ano!r _h to take h] !re1 t ! ?ird 0 ill 9 b$1 & t ,eg]ia--! only available memb] ( ! /aff--0 deta9$ by "o ( ! manag]s = half-an-h\r on h] way to s*ool4 ,! s*ool 0 ?us left )\t a tea*]4 ,on ent]+ x1 ,eg]ia f\nd all ! *ildr5 9 _! places & at "w4 ,!y _h look$ at ! "t-table1 _h *os5 "s ( ! old] s*ol>s to take ! l[] classes1 & _h settl$ d[n happily & 9 p]fect ord]4 ,?is incid5t proves to demon/ration t ! morale ( ! s*ool has someh[ or o!r be5 c>ri$ f> beyond ! limits ( :at is usually und]/ood by discipl9e4 ,i h se5 hi/orical sc5es act$ ) mu* vig\r by "s ( ! *ildr5 9 ! fir/ class1 & applaud$ ) equal vig\r by _! class-mates1 :ile all ! "t ! *ildr5 9 ! second class1 :o 7 draw+ fl[]s 9 ! same room1 nev] lift$ _! eyes f _! desks4 ,yet no *ildr5 c laugh m m]rily or m unre/ra9$ly ?an ^!1 or make a great] upro> :5 x is fitt+ t !y %\ld d s4 ,& if !re is no ne$ = puni%m5t1 or any o!r =m ( repression1 9 ?is s*ool1 x is equally true t !re is no ne$ = rew>ds4 ,to "o :o has be5 taught to reg>d competition 9 s*ool z a sacr$ duty1 & ! w9n+ ( prizes z a laudable object ( ! s*ol>'s ambition1 ?is may seem /range4 ,b s x is4 ,no *ild has ! slighte/ desire to out/rip 8 fell[s or rise to ! top ( 8 class4 ,joy 9 _! "w1 pride 9 _! s*ool1 devotion to _! tea*]1 are suffici5t inc5tives to indu/ry4 ,7 ! /imulus ( competition add$ to ^!1 nei!r ! zeal nor ! int]e/ ( ! *ildr5 w\ld be quick5$ "o :it1 b a discordant elem5t w\ld be introduc$ into _! s*ool life4 ,happy z he obvi\sly is 9 8 own s*ool life1 x w\ld add no?+ to ! happ9ess ( ! ,utopian to feel t he _h out/ripp$ 8 class-mates & won a prize = 8 a*ievem5t4 ,s f>1 inde$1 are ^! *ildr5 f wi%+ to %9e at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 t if !y ?9k ,eg]ia has done less ?an ju/ice to ! "w ( "s "o *ild1 ! re/ ( ! class w g out ( _! way to call h] att5tion to x4 ,if "s *ildr5 are bright]1 clev]]1 & m advanc$ ?an o!rs1 ! rew>d ( _! progress is t !y are all[$ to help on ^? :o lag beh9d4 ,?is is especially noticeable 9 ,draw+1 9 :i* ! pre-em95ce ( "o or two *ildr5 has aga9 & aga9 _h ! effect ( lift+ ! "w ( ! :ole class to a high] level4 ,b ! lagg>ds are z f> f be+ disc\rag$ by _! failure z are ! m advanc$ s*ol>s f be+ puff$ up by _! success4 ,f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 all are do+ _! be/ & all are happy toge!r4 ,f morals to mann]s ! transition is obvi\s & direct4 ,be ! explanation :at x may1 ! :ole atmosph]e ( ?is s*ool is evid5tly fatal to selfi%ness & self-ass]tion2 & 9 su* an atmosph]e good mann]s w spr+ up spontane\sly among ! *ildr51 & w sc>cely ne$ to be inculcat$1 = ! ess5ce ( c\rtesy is =getfulness ( self & consid]ation ( o!rs 9 ! small] affairs ( social life4 ,! g5]al be>+ ( ! ,utopian *ildr5 hits ! happy mean betwe5 aggressive famili>ity & unc\? %yness1--ea* a =m ( self-consci\s egoism1--j z _! be>+ 9 s*ool hits ! happy mean betwe5 laxity & undue con/ra9t4 ,!y welcome ! /rang] z a fri5d1 take 8 goodwill = grant$1 take him into _! confid5ce1 & %[ him1 tactfully & uno/5tati\sly1 _m pretty c\rtesies4 ,& !y d all ?is1 n because !y h be5 drill$ into do+ x1 b because x is _! nature to d x1 because _! ov]fl[+ sympa?y & goodwill mu/ ne$s express !mselves 9 & ?r\gh ! *annels ( c\rtesy & k9dness4 ,!re is no trace ( sull5 self-repression 9 ?is s*ool4 ,accu/om$ 7z we %all pres5tly see7 to express !mselves 9 v>i\s ways1 ! *ildr5 _c ent]ta9 k9dly feel+s )\t seek+ "s v5t = !m4 ,b :e!r _! k9dly feel+s lead !m to dance 9 a r+ r\nd _! own inspector1 s++ ,= he's a jolly good fell[1 or to escort ano!r visitor1 on 8 dep>ture1 ?r\gh ! playgr\nd ) _! arms 9 81 _! tact1--:i* is ! outcome1 p>tly ( _! self-=getfulness1 p>tly ( ! tra9+ :i* _! p]ceptive faculties are always receiv+1--is unfail+1 & !y nev] all[ fri5dl9ess to deg5]ate into undue famili>ity4 ,!re is "o o!r feature ( ! s*ool life :i* ,i _c pass ov]4 ,i h nev] be5 9 a s*ool 9 :i* ! love ( :at is beautiful 9 ,nature is s /rong or s s9c]e z 9 ?is4 ,! /hetic s5se ( ! ,utopian *ild has n be5 delib]ately tra9$1 b x has be5 all[$1 & ev5 enc\rag$1 to unfold itself2 & ! appeal t beauty makes to ! he>t meets 9 consequ5ce ) a ready response4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t ,i c\ld1 if necess>y1 give _m pro(s4 ,"o mu/ suffice4 ,! *ildr51 :o are adepts at draw+ ) bru% & p5cil1 w&] 9 field & lane ) sket*-books 9 _! h&s2 & "o ( !m at lea/ 0 s mov$ by ! beauty ( a w9t] sunrise1 z se5 f 8 cottage w9d[1 t1 9 8 own words1 he felt he mu/ try to pa9t x1 ! result be+ a wat]-col\r sket* :i* ,i h %[n to a compet5t arti/1 :o tells me t ! feel+ 9 ! sky is q wond]ful4 ,9 ?is brief prelim9>y sket* ( ! m sali5t features ( ! ,utopian s*ool1 ,i h1 ,i hope1 said en\gh to %[ t its s*ol>s diff] toto coelo f ^? :o att5d t famili> type ( s*ool :i* ,i h rec5tly describ$4 ,yet ! ,utopian *ildr5 are made ( ! same clay z ! *ildr5 ( o!r villages4 ,if any?+1 inde$1 ! clay is heavi] & m /ubborn 9 ,utopia ?an else:]e4 ,"s t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 :5 ,eg]ia took *>ge ( ! s*ool1 ! *ildr5 7 dull1 lifeless1 li/less1 res\rceless4 ,n[ !y are bright1 intellig5t1 happy1 responsive1 ov]fl[+ ) life1 int]e/$ 9 _m ?+s1 full ( ability & res\rce4 ,h[ has ?is *ange be5 wr\ght8 ,n by v5e]+ or ev5 inoculat+ ! *ildr5 ) good qualities1 b simply by all[+ _! bett] & high] nature to evolve itself freely1 naturally1 & "u fav\rable conditions4 ,t ! *ild's bett] & high] nature is 8 real nature1 is ! assumption--let me r say1 ! pr(\nd conviction--on :i* ,eg]ia's :ole sy/em ( education has be5 bas$4 ,9 bas+ x on ?is assumption1 %e has made a bold dep>ture f ! highway :i* has be5 bl9dly foll[$ = _m c5turies4 ,we h se5 t ! basis ( education 9 ?is c\ntry1 z 9 ,*ri/5dom g5]ally1 is ! doctr9e ( orig9al s94 ,x is tak5 = grant$ by ^? :o tra9 ! *ild t 8 nature1 if all[$ to develop itself freely1 w gr[ 9 ! wrong direction1 & w !re=e lead him a/ray2 & t x is ! function ( education to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy1 to d viol5ce to ! *ild's nature1 to compel x by ma9 =ce to gr[ 7or make a pret5ce ( gr[+7 9 ! "r direction1 to subject x to p]petual repression & con/ra9t4 ,! wild :oops to :i* *ildr5 s (t5 give v5t1 :5 releas$ f s*ool1 %[ t a p]iod ( unnatural t5sion has come to an end2 & 9 ^!1 & 9 ! fur!r conduct ( ! releas$ *ild--9 ! r\ghness1 rud5ess1 & bad language1 ( :i* ! pass]-by 7especially 9 t[ns7 n infrequ5tly has to compla9--we see a reb\nd f ?is /ate ( t5sion1 an in/9ctive prote/ aga9/ ! con/ra9t to :i* he has be5 subject$ = s _m h\rs4 ,! result ( all ?is is t ! *ild leads two lives1 a life ( unnatural repression & con/ra9t 9 s*ool1 & a life--also unnatural1 ?\gh x is suppos$ to be ! expression ( 8 nature--( reaction & prote/ out ( s*ool4 ,su* a dislocation ( ! *ild's daily life is n likely to conduce to 8 well-be+2 :ile ! tea*]'s assumption t 8 rle 9 s*ool is ess5tially active1 & t ( ! *ild ess5tially passive1 w lead at la/ to 8 turn+ 8 back on ! root-idea ( gr[?1 to 8 =gett+ t ! *ild is a liv+ & !re=e a gr[+ organism1 to 8 reg>d+ ! *ild z clay 9 8 h&s1 to be rem\ld$ by him to 8 he>t's desire1 or ev5 z a tabula rasa1 on :i* he is to inscribe words & o!r symbols at 8 w4 ,9 ,utopia ! tra9+ :i* ! *ild receives may be said to be bas$ on ! doctr9e ( orig9al goodness4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ by ,eg]ia t ! *ild is nei!r a lump ( clay nor a tabula rasa1 b a liv+ s\l2 t gr[? is ( ! v ess5ce ( 8 be+2 & t ! normal *ild1 if all[$ to make natural gr[? "u reasonably fav\rable conditions1 w gr[ happily & well4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! pot5cies ( 8 nature are well wor? realis+2 t ! end ( 8 be+--! ideal type t[>ds :i* ! natural c\rse ( 8 developm5t t5ds to take him--is intr9sically good2 9 f9e1 t he is by nature a *ild ( ,god r ?an a *ild ( wra?4 ,x is !re=e tak5 = grant$ t gr[? is 9 itself a good ?+1 a move 9 ! "r direction2 & t to fo/] gr[?1 to make its conditions z fav\rable z possible1 to give x ! food1 ! guidance1 & ! /imulus t x ne$s1 is ! be/ ?+ t education c d = ! *ild4 ,x is fur!r tak5 = grant$ t ! _m-sid$ ef=t to gr[ :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( ! *ild's nature is ! ma9spr+ (1 & expresses itself 91 c]ta9 typical in/9cts :i* no "o :o /udies ! *ild ) any degree ( c>e c fail to obs]ve2 & t by duly cultivat+ ^! in/9cts1--expansive in/9cts1 z "o may p]haps call !m1 s9ce ea* ( !m t5ds to take ! *ild away f 8 petty self1--! tea*] w make ! be/ possible provision = ! gr[? ( ! *ild's nature z a :ole4 ,above all1 x is tak5 = grant$ t ! gr[? :i* ! *ild makes mu/ come f )9 himself2 t no liv+ ?+ c gr[ vic>i\sly2 t ! r+s ( s\l-gr[?1 l ! r+s ( tree-gr[?1 mu/ be evolv$ f an inn] life2 t ! tea*] mu/ !re=e cont5t himself ) giv+ ! *ild's expansive in/9cts fair play & free play2 & t1 = ! re/1 he mu/ z f> z possible efface himself1 be>+ 9 m9d t n he1 b ! *ild1 is ! real actor 9 ! drama ( s*ool life4 ,b ?\gh s mu* is left to ! *ild 9 ,utopia1 & s mu* dem&$ ( him1 x is n fe>$ t ! ef=t to gr[ w be repugnant to him4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is tak5 = grant$ t 9 gr[+1 9 develop+ 8 expansive in/9cts1 ! *ild w be foll[+ ! l9es & obey+ ! laws ( 8 own nature2 t he w be fulfill+ ! lat5t desires ( 8 he>t2 t he w be seek+ 8 own pleasure2 9 f9e1 t he w be lead+ a happy life4 ,all ?is is tak5 = grant$ 9 ,utopia1 & ! *ild's life is !re=e "o ( unimp$$1 ?\gh duly guid$ & /imulat$1 activity4 ,e in/9ct t makes = ! expansion & elevation 7= gr[? is always upw>d z well z outw>d7 ( ! *ild's nature is giv5 ! free/ possible play1 & ! :ole organisation ( ! s*ool is subord9at$ to ?is c5tral end4 ,9 ord] to f9d out :at are ! in/9cts :i* make = ! expansion & elevation ( ! *ild's nature1 & :i* education ought !re=e to fo/]1 we mu/ d :at ,eg]ia has always done1 we mu/ obs]ve "y *ildr51 & /udy _! ways & works4 ,n[ e heal?y *ild wants to eat & dr9k1 & to run ab\t4 ,"h are two in/9cts--! in/9ctive desire = physical n\ri%m5t1 & ! in/9ctive desire = physical ex]cise--?r\gh :i* ,nature provides = ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,h[ does %e provide = ! gr[? ( :at we h agre$ to call ! s\l8 ,we ne$ n be v c>eful obs]v]s ( "y *ildr5 9 ord] to satisfy ourselves t1 ap>t f physical n\ri%m5t & ex]cise1 !re are six ?+s :i* ! *ild in/9ctively desires1 namely3 7#a7 to talk & li/53 7#b7 to act 79 ! dramatic s5se ( ! ^w73 7#c7 to draw1 pa9t1 & model3 7#d7 to dance & s+3 7#e7 to "k ! :y ( ?+s3 7#f7 to con/ruct ?+s4 ,let u consid] ea* ( ^! in/9cts1 & try to det]m9e its mean+ & purpose4 7#a7 ,! *ild in/9ctively desires to ent] into communion ) o!r p]sons1--8 p>5ts1 8 bro!rs & si/]s1 8 nurse1 8 gov]ness1 8 little fri5ds4 ,he wants to talk to !m1 to tell !m :at he has done1 se51 felt1 ?\ght2 & he wants to he> :at !y h to tell him1--n only ( :at !y !mselves h done1 b also ( :at o!r p]sons & o!r liv+ ?+s h done1 9 o!r times1 9 o!r c\ntries1 9 o!r worlds4 ,lat] on1 ! desire to talk & li/5 w develop into ! desire to write & read2 b ! desire w /ill be "o = communion1 = int]c\rse ) o!r lives4 ,we w call ?is ! communicative in/9ct4 7#b7 ,! *ild desires1 n only to ent] into communion ) o!r p]sons & o!r liv+ ?+s1 b also1 9 "s sort1 to id5tify 8 life ) !irs4 ,wat* him :5 he is play+ ) o!r *ildr51 or ev5 :5 he is alone1 except = ! companion%ip ( 8 dolls & toys4 ,he is pretty sure to be act+1 play+ at make-believe1 pret5d+ to be some?+ t he is n1 "s gr[n-up p]son ( 8 acqua9tance1 "s h]o ( hi/ory or romance1 "s travell] or o!r adv5tur]1 "s giant1 dw>f1 or fairy1 "s animal1 wild or tame4 ,he plays ! "p ( "o or o!r ( ^!1 & 8 playmates play o!r p>ts1 & s a little drama is enact$4 ,if he has no playmates1 8 dolls h to play _! p>ts1 or 8 toy animals h to be end[$ ) life1 s t !y may become fell[-actors ) him on ! /age t he has select$4 ,no in/9ct is m inevitable1 m sure to en]gise1 ?an ?is4 ,we w call x ! dramatic in/9ct4 ,9 bo? ^! in/9cts ! *ild is /ruggl+ to gr[1 to exp& 8 be+1 by go+ out ( himself1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( sympa?y & imag9ation--tw9 aspects ( ! same vital t5d5cy--into ! lives ( o!r liv+ be+s4 ,we w !re=e call ^! ! ,sympa!tic ,in/9cts1 & place !m 9 a class by !mselves4 7#c7 ,f 8 v babyhood ! *ild delights 9 col\r1 & at a v e>ly age he le>ns to love & und]/& pictures4 ,!n comes ! desire to make ^! = himself4 ,give him p5cil & pap]1 give him *alk1 *>coal1 a pa9t-box1 & o!r suitable mat]ials1 & he w set to "w ( 8 own accord to depict :at he sees or has se51 ei!r ) 8 outw>d or 8 inw>d eye4 ,give him a lump ( clay1 & he w try to m\ld x into ! lik5ess ( some?+ t has ei!r attract$ 8 att5tion1 or pres5t$ itself to 8 imag9ation4 ,9 all ^! attempts he is try+1 unkn[n to himself1 to express 8 p]ception (1 & delight 91 ! visible beauty ( ,nature4 ,?is in/9ct w exp&1 9 ! fullness ( "t1 into a /rong & subtle feel+ = visible beauty1 & into a re/less desire to give expression to t feel+4 ,we w call ?is ! arti/ic in/9ct1 ! ^w arti/ic be+ us$1 = lack ( a m suitable t]m1 9 its n>r[ & conv5tional s5se4 7#d7 ,:ile ! *ild is /ill a baby 9 arms1 8 "m w s+ to him1 & dance him on h] knee4 ,?is is h] fir/ attempt to initiate him into ! my/]y ( music2 & ! response t he makes to h] proves t %e is a wise tea*]1 & is appeal+ to a g5u9ely natural faculty4 ,x w n be long be=e he beg9s to dance & s+ = himself4 ,wat* ! *ildr5 9 a ,london c\rt or alley :5 a b>rel-organ appe>s on ! sc5e4 ,)\t hav+ any "o to direct or tea* !m1 !y w come toge!r & dance 9 c\ples1 (t5 ) abundant grace & *>m4 ,nature is _! tutor4 ,h] own rhy?m1 ( :i* ! musician mu/ h caught an e*o1 is pass+ ?r\gh _! e>s into _! he>ts & into _! limbs4 ,no in/9ct is s spontane\s z ?is4 ,a *ild w :i/le or s+ :ile 8 m9d is engag$ on o!r ?+s4 ,if he is happy he w dance ab\t z naturally1 & almo/ z inevitably1 z ! leaves dance :5 ! breeze passes ?r\gh !m4 ,we w call ?is ! musical in/9ct4 ,s elem5tal is x t man %>es x1 9 "s degree1 ) o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,! birds are accompli%$ musicians1 & _! movem5ts1 & ^? ( _m o!r creatures1 are full ( rhy?m & grace4 ,9 bo? ^! in/9cts ! *ild is /ruggl+ to gr[1 to exp& 8 be+1 by go+ out ( himself1 9 response to ! attractive =ce ( beauty1 into t l>g] life :i* is at ! he>t ( ,nature1 b :i* is n ours until we h made x our own4 ,we w !re=e call ^! ! /hetic ,in/9cts1 & place !m 9 a class by !mselves4 7#e7 ,f a v e>ly age ! *ild desires to "k ! :y & :]e=e ( ?+s1 to und]/& h[ effects are produc$1 to discov] new facts1 & pass on1 if possible1 to _! causes4 ,9 response to ! pressure ( ?is in/9ct1 ! *ild breaks 8 toys 9 ord] t he may f9d out h[ !y "w1 & asks innum]able que/ions :i* make him ! t]ror & despair ( 8 p>5ts & ! o!r ,olympians4 ,no in/9ct is m insi/5t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! *ild's life4 ,no in/9ct is m ru?lessly repress$ by ^? to :om ! education ( ! *ild is entru/$4 ,no in/9ct dies out s completely 7except s f> z x is kept alive by purely utilit>ian consid]ations7 :5 education ( ! conv5tional type has done its deadly "w4 ,x has be5 said t *ildr5 g to s*ool ignorant b curi\s1 & leave s*ool ignorant & incuri\s4 ,?is gibe is ! pla9 /atem5t ( a pat5t tru?4 ,we w call ?is ! inquisitive in/9ct4 7#f7 ,aft] analysis comes syn!sis4 ,! *ild pulls 8 toys to pieces 9 ord] t he may1 if possible1 recon/ruct !m1 & s be ! bett] able to control ! work+ ( !m4 ,! ends t he sets be=e himself are ^? :i* ,comte set be=e ! human race1--savoir p\r prvoir1 af9 de p\voir3 induire p\r dduire1 af9 de con/ruire4 ,! desire to make ?+s1 to build ?+s up1 to control ways & means1 to ma/] ! res\rces ( ,nature1 to put 8 k ( h] laws & facts to a practical use1 is /rong 9 8 s\l4 ,give him a box ( bricks1 & he w sp5d h\rs 9 build+ & rebuild+ h\ses1 *ur*es1 t[]s1 & ! l4 ,set him on a s&y %ore1 ) a spade & a pail1 & he w sp5d h\rs 9 con/ruct+ =tifi$ ca/les ) deep1 encircl+ moats into :i* ! sea may be duly admitt$4 ,or he w make h>ness & :ips ( plait$ ru%es1 arm\r ( tea-pap]1 swords ( t9-plate1 boxes & o!r articles ( c>dbo>d1 waggons1 eng9es1 & o!r implem5ts ( wood4 ,we w call ?is ! con/ructive in/9ct4 ,9 bo? ^! in/9cts ! *ild is /ruggl+ to gr[1 to exp& 8 be+1 by go+ out ( himself1 ?r\gh ! correlat$ *annels ( !ory & practice1 into :at ,i may call ! ma*9]y ( ,nature's life1--an aspect ( t life :i* reveals its my/]ies to reason r ?an to emotion1 or 7to use ! language ( ,ea/]n philosophy7 to ! faculties t try to f9d ord] 9 ! ,_m1 r ?an to ^? :i* try to hold int]c\rse ) ! ,"o4#af ,:i*ev] *annel he may use1--& inde$ !y are n s mu* two *annels z "o1 = ea* 9 turn is = ev] lead+ into & !n pass+ out ( ! o!r1--8 conc]n is always = facts1 = ! actualities ( ?+s1 = objective tru?4 ,we w !re=e call ^! ! ,sci5tific ,in/9cts1 & place !m 9 a class by !mselves4 ,!re are six in/9cts1 !n1--six =mative & expansive in/9cts--:i* ,nature has implant$ 9 e normal *ild1 & :i* education1 s f> z x aims at be+ loyal to ,nature1 %\ld take acc\nt ( & try to fo/]4 ,two ( ^! are sympa!tic2 two are /hetic2 two are sci5tific4 ,9 & ?r\gh ! sympa!tic in/9cts ! s\l gr[s 9 ! direction ( love4 ,9 & ?r\gh ! /hetic in/9cts ! s\l gr[s 9 ! direction ( beauty4 ,9 & ?r\gh ! sci5tific in/9cts ! s\l gr[s 9 ! direction ( tru?4 ,x is t[>ds ?is triune goal t ,nature h]self is ev] direct+ ! gr[? ( ! gr[+ *ild4 ,! significance ( ?is conclusion w unfold itself z we proce$4 ,^! in/9cts manife/ !mselves 9 v>i\s ways1 b *iefly 9 ! direction t !y give to t v s]i\s occupation ( "y *ildr5 :i* we call play4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t if ^! in/9cts are to be duly cultivat$1 ! "w ( ! s*ool mu/ be modell$1 z f> z possible1 on ! l9es :i* *ildr51 :5 at play1 spontane\sly foll[4 ,?is ,eg]ia1 ) h] inspir$ sagacity1 has cle>ly se52 & %e has tak5 h] measures accord+ly4 ,9 ,utopia ! s*ool life ( ! *ild is all play1--play tak5 v s]i\sly1 play sy/ematis$1 organis$1 provid$ ) ample mat]ials & ample opportunities1 enc\rag$ & /imulat$ 9 e possible way4 ,ea* ( ! fundam5tal in/9cts t manife/ !mselves 9 ! *ild's play1 & 9 do+ s give a cle> indication ( ,nature's aims 9 ! *ild's life1 & ( ! directions 9 :i* %e wi%es him to gr[1 is duly m9i/]$ to 9 ?is s*ool1 ! curr5t t wells up 9 & ?r\gh x be+ skilfully guid$ into a suitable *annel1 & e ob/acle to its free developm5t be+ c>efully remov$4 ,b ! guidance :i* ,eg]ia gives t5ds1 z we %all see1 to fo/] r ?an fett] ! fre$om ( ! *ild4 ,:5 ! curr5t has be5 l$ into a suitable *annel1 x is expect$ to %ape its own fur!r c\rse1 & ev5 to impose on itself ! limits--! conta9+ walls--:i* are ne$$ if its dep? & /r5g? are to be ma9ta9$4 ,let u n[ consid] ea* ( ! six in/9cts 9 turn1 & see :at special /eps ,eg]ia takes to fo/] its gr[?4 7#a7 ,! ,communicative ,in/9ct4 ,?r\gh ?is in/9ct ! *ild goes out ( himself into ! lives ( o!r p]sons & o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,! desire is 9 its ess5ce "o = int]c\rse1 = communion1 = ! int]*ange ( ?\ghts1 ( feel+s1 ( exp]i5ces4 ,! normal *ild is1 z we all "k1 an invet]ate *att]box2 b he is also a rapt li/5]4 ,if he desires1 z he c]ta9ly does1 to tell o!rs ab\t himself1 he desires1 9 no less a degree1 to he> ab\t o!rs1 ei!r f !mselves1 or f ^? :o are be/ able to tell him ab\t !m4 ,! balance betwe5 ! two desires is well ma9ta9$ by ,nature2 & x %\ld be c>efully ma9ta9$ by ^? :o tra9 ! "y1 if ! communicative in/9ct z a :ole is to make heal?y gr[?4 ,9 too _m elem5t>y s*ools ! in/9ct is sy/ematically />v$1 ! s*ol>s be+ /rictly =bidd5 to talk among !mselves1 :ile _! conv]sational int]c\rse ) _! tea*] is limit$ to receiv+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( dry in=mation1 & giv+ ?is back1 collectively or individually1 :5 !y are expressly direct$ to d s4 ,! *ild's in/9ctive desire to conv]se1 be+ depriv$ by education ( its natural outlets1 mu/ ne$s =ce = itself ! subt]ranean & illicit outlet ( :isp]+ 9 class1 ei!r "u ! tea*]'s nose1 if he happ5s to be unobs]vant or indol5t1 or beh9d 8 back1 if he happ5s to be vigilant & /rict4 ,& z ! *ild is =bidd5 to talk ab\t ?+s :i* are :olesome & int]e/+1 x is b natural t 9 8 surreptiti\s conv]sations he %\ld talk ab\t ?+s :i* are less edify+1 ?+s :i* are trivial & vulg>1 or ev5 un:olesome & unclean4 ,*ildr5 are naturally ob$i5t & tru?ful2 b 9 _! attempts to f9d outlets = heal?y activities :i* are wantonly repress$1 !y w g f> d[n ! incl9$ plane ( disob$i5ce & deceit4 ,9 ,utopia free conv]sation is sy/ematically enc\rag$4 ,no elem5t>y s*ool is suppos$ to op5 be=e #i a4m42 b ,eg]ia is 9 ! habit ( com+ to s*ool at #h4de or e>li]1 s t ! *ildr5 :o wi% to d s may come & talk to h] freely ab\t ! ?+s t int]e/ !m1--:at !y h obs]v$ on _! walks to or f s*ool1 :at !y h he>d or read at home1 :at !y ?9k ab\t ?+s 9 g5]al1 & s on4 ,! s*ool has a good libr>y ( books :i* are wor? read+1 bo? 9 prose & v]se4 ,^! ! *ildr5 read 9 s*ool & out ( s*ool1 & are ?us br\ght into communication ) o!r m9ds1 ) o!r times1 ) o!r l&s4 ,!y are also accu/om$ to talk freely to "o ano!r ab\t ! books t !y are read+4 ,:atev] lesson may be go+ on1 !y are enc\rag$ to ask que/ions ab\t ! matt] 9 h&1 & ev5 to express _! own views ab\t x4 ,!y g out into ! playgr\nd 9 gr\ps & make up games & plays1 discuss+ ?+s freely among !mselves4 ,:5 !y are prep>+ to act an hi/orical sc5e or a passage f "s dramatic au?or1 !y hold a sort ( in=mal p>liam5t1 9 :i* ! actors are select$ & v>i\s important que/ions are provisionally settl$4 ,!y write lett]s 9 s*ool to real p4 ,! old] girls take ! little ones 9 h&1 & talk to !m & draw !m out4 ,:5 an int]e/+ ph5om5on is notic$1 e4g4 9 a ,nature ramble1 ! *ildr5 are accu/om$ to discuss x 9 gr\ps1 & to try to ?9k out among !mselves its cause & its mean+4 ,gossip is ( c\rse disc\rag$2 b x is sc>cely necess>y = ,eg]ia to proscribe x2 = idle talk has no attraction = *ildr5 :o are all[$ to talk freely & frankly1 at all times & 9 all places1 ab\t ?+s t are really wor? discuss+4 ,life is full ( int]e/ = *ildr5 :o are all[$1 z ^! are1 to take an active int]e/ 9 x2 & subjects ( conv]sation are !re=e ev] pres5t+ !mselves1 9 s*ool & out ( s*ool1 to ! happy *ildr5 ( ,utopia4 ,?is means t ! life ( ea* individual *ild is ov]fl[+ ?r\gh _m *annels1 an ov]fl[ :i* w c>ry ! out-well+ life into ! lives ( o!r liv+ be+s--human & infra-human1 actual & imag9>y--& ev5 beyond ^!1 :5 x has be5 met & re9=c$ by o!r surg+ curr5ts1 into ! imp]sonal life ( ,humanity & ( ,nature4 7#b7 ,! ,dramatic ,in/9ct4 ,:atev] else "y *ildr5 may be1 !y are all born actors2 & 9 a s*ool :i* bases its s*eme ( education on ! actualities ( *ild life1 x is b natural t ! dramatic in/9ct %\ld be fo/]$ 9 e possible way4 ,"w :ile y "w1 & play :ile y play1 is "o ( ^? trite maxims :i* h be5 un9tellig5tly repeat$ till !y h lo/ :atev] value !y may once h possess$4 ,"w :ile y play1 & play :ile y "w1 seems to be ,eg]ia's sub/itute = x2 & %e w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 d well to write ^? words ov] ! por* ( h] s*ool4 ,9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool a fair am\nt ( act+ goes on 9 ! infant dep>tm5t1 & an occasional attempt is made1 9 "o ( ! high] classes ( ! upp] dep>tm5t1 to act a sc5e f ,%akespe>e or an episode 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,b dur+ ! five ye>s or s ( s*ool life :i* int]v5e betwe5 ! infant dep>tm5t & ,/&>d ,,vi1 ! dramatic in/9ct is z a rule entirely neglect$2 & ! consequ5t outgr[? ( self-consci\sness 9 ! *ildr5 is too (t5 a fatal ob/acle to ! success ( ! spasmodic attempts at dramatisation :i* are made 9 ! high] classes4 ,9 ,utopia act+ is a vital "p ( ! s*ool life ( e class1 & e subject t admits ( dramatic treatm5t is sy/ematically dramatis$4 ,9 ,hi/ory1 = example1 :5 ! c\rse ( _! /udy br+s !m to a suitable episode1 ! *ildr5 set to "w to dramatise x4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 !y consult "s advanc$ text-book or hi/orical novel or o!r book ( ref]5ce1 & hav+ /udi$ ) c>e ! p>ticul> *apt] 9 :i* !y are int]e/$1 & hav+ decid$ among !mselves :o are to play :at p>ts1 !y proce$ to make up _! own dialogues1 & _! own co/umes & o!r accessories4 ,!y !n act ! sc5e1 putt+ _! own int]pretation on ! v>i\s p>ts1 & receiv+ ! /imulus & guidance ( ,eg]ia's sympa!tic & moeutic criticism4 ,_! class-mates & ! re/ ( ! *ildr5 9 ! ma9 room look on1 ) _! hi/ory books op5 9 front ( !m1 & applaud2 &1 by gradually famili>is+ !mselves ) ! v>i\s p>ts1 qualify !mselves half-unconsci\sly to act z "u-/udies 9 ! p>ticul> sc5e1 & 9 due c\rse to play _! own p>ts z int]pret]s ( "s o!r hi/orical episode4 ,i "k ( no treatm5t ( hi/ory :i* is s effective z ?is = "y *ildr54 ,! actual k ( ! facts ( hi/ory :i* a *ild c>ries away ) him f an elem5t>y s*ool _c well be l>ge1 & is1 9 _m cases1 a negligible quantity4 ,b ! *ild :o has once act$ hi/ory w always be int]e/$ 9 x1 & be+ int]e/$ 9 x w be able1 )\t mak+ a =mal /udy ( x1 to absorb its _s1 its atmosph]e1 & ! m significant ( its facts4 ,nor d ! advantages ( ! dramatic treatm5t ( hi/ory end ) ! subject itself4 ,! actors 9 ^! hi/orical sc5es are1 z ,i h said1 express+ _! own int]pretation ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 & _! own p]ception ( ! mean+ ( ea* episode z a :ole4 ,?is means t !y are tra9+ _! imag9ative sympa?y1--a sov]eign faculty :i* ( all faculties is p]haps ! mo/ emancipative & expansive1--& tra9+ x1 z ,i c te/ify1 ) /rik+ success2 = ! dramatic p[] :i* !y display is rem>kable1 & c h be5 g5]at$ by no?+ less ?an sympa!tic insight into ! feel+s ( ! v>i\s hi/orical p]sonages & ! possibilities ( ! v>i\s situations4 ,x is probable t ,hi/ory l5ds itself m readily to dramatic treatm5t ?an any o!r subject1 b x is by no means ! only subject t is dramatis$ 9 ,utopia4 ,an int]e/ 9 ,geography is awak5$ by sc5es 9 =eign l&s & episodes f books ( travel be+ act$ by ! *ildr54 ,an int]e/ 9 ,ari?metic1 by a %op be+ op5$1 :i* is well equipp$ ) weights1 measures1 & c>dbo>d money1 & 9 :i* a salesman /&s beh9d ! c\nt] & sells goods to a succession ( cu/om]s4 ,an int]e/ 9 ,lit]ature by ! act+1 ) improvis$ co/umes1 ( passages f ,%akespe>e's plays1 or sc5es f ,scott's & ,dick5s' novels4 ,simple plays to illu/rate ,nature-/udy are act$ by ! y\ng] *ildr52 :ile ! ,folk ,songs1 :i*1 z we %all see1 play a prom95t "p 9 ! musical life ( ! *ildr51 are act$ z well z sung4 ,h[ev] rude & simple ! hi/rionic ef=ts ( ! *ildr5 may be1 !y are do+ two ?+s = ! actors4 ,!y are giv+ !m a liv+ int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s subjects t are dramatis$2 &1 by tea*+ !m to id5tify !mselves1 if only = a mom5t1 ) o!r human be+s1 !y are lead+ !m into ! pa? ( tol]ance1 ( compassion1 ( *>ity1 ( sympa?y1--! ev]-wid5+ pa? :i* makes at la/ = ,nirvnic on5ess ) ! ,"o ,life4#ag 7#c7 ,! ,arti/ic ,in/9ct4 ,! desire to reproduce ) p5cil1 pa9t1 or clay ! =m & col\r ( ! outw>d _w w1 if duly cultivat$1 gradually trans=m itself into ! desire to feel1 to und]/&1 to int]pret1 to express1 n ! =m & col\r only ( ! outw>d _w1 b also t less palpable b m spiritual quality :i* we call beauty4 ,b 9 ord] t ?is trans=mation may take place1 ! *ild mu/ always endeav\r to reproduce ) due fidelity ! m palpable qualities ( col\r & =m4 ,9 ?is endeav\r he mu/ br+ _m faculties into play4 ,he mu/ obs]ve closely & att5tively4 ,he mu/ reflect on :at he obs]ves4 ,he mu/ reflect on :at he himself is do+4 ,he mu/ comp>e 8 "w ) ! orig9al1 & try to discov] h[ f> he has succe$$1 & :]e he has gone a/ray4 ,! m fai?fully he tries to reproduce :at he has se51 ! cle>] & sur] w be 8 insight into ! less palpable prop]ties ( ?+s1--into ^? details1 ^? aspects1 ^? qualities1 :i* d n reveal !mselves to ! fir/ c>eless glance1 b :i* w gradually reveal !mselves to ^? :o w take ! tr\ble to discov] !m4 ,:5 he is ask$ to reproduce ?+s :i* are intr9sically beautiful--fl[]s1 bran*es1 buds1 %ells1 butt]flies1 & ! l--he beg9s to realise t if 8 "w is to be successful1 he mu/ d ju/ice to _m impalpable1 ?\gh n imp]ceptible1 details :i* g to ! mak+ up ( beauty4 ,s ! s5se ( beauty1 ! feel+ = x1 ! desire to br+ x into 8 "w1 gr[s up 9 8 he>t2 & a new k9d ( fidelity--fidelity to feel+ r ?an to fact 7if ,i may speak = ! mom5t 9 ! delusive language ( dualism7--beg9s to weave itself into 8 arti/ic consci\sness4 ,if !re is any s*ool 9 ,engl& 9 :i* fidelity to feel+ has evolv$ itself out ( fidelity to fact1 t s*ool is 9 ! village ( ,utopia4 ,"s t5 or twelve ye>s ago a decree w5t out f ,:itehall t ,draw+ 0 to be taught 9 all ! elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,engl&4 ,eg]ia at once took ! *ildr5 into h] confid5ce1 & said to !m3 ,y h n[ got to le>n to draw3 y don't "k h[ to draw1 & ,i don't "k h[ to draw1 b we mu/ all set to "w & see :at we c d4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! s*ool 0 visit$ by ! inspector to ^: zeal z a prophet1 & skill z an expositor & tea*]1 ! trans=mation 9 ! tea*+ ( draw+ :i* is gradually tak+ effect 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 has be5 l>gely due4 ,"h is ! report#ah t he wrote aft] 8 visit-- ,9 ?is s*ool ! tea*+ ( ,draw+ rea*es ! highe/ educational level ,i h hi!rto met ) 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 & ! results are ! g5u9e expression ( ! *ildr5's own ?\ghts4 ,flat copies are n us$1 & ! s*ol>s evolve _! own te*nique1 = ! ,head ,tea*] is n /rong h]self 9 ?is respect4 ,! developm5t ( ?\ght c>ries ) x ! developm5t ( skill1 & ?is is cle>ly se5 9 ! *ildr5's draw+s1 :i* %[ good =m & proportion1 "s k ( light & %ade1 a delicate & ref9$ p]ception ( col\r1 & a wond]ful p[] ( deal+ ) ! difficulties ( =e%ort5+4 ,! c5tral law is self-ef=t1--confid5ce & self-reliance foll[4 ,! spontane\s activities ( ! *ildr5 are duly recognis$1 & ! latt] decide :at to draw1 h[ to draw x1 & ! mat]ials to be us$4 ,"o _c rema9 long 9 ! s*ool )\t obs]v+ ! abs5ce ( t timidity1 t haunt+ fe> ( mak+ a mi/ake1 :i* p>alyses ! m9ds & bodies ( s _m ( our *ildr54 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,head ,tea*] ! *ildr5 become acute critics4 ,h] me?ods co9cide s exactly ) ^? :i* ,i h long be5 advocat+1 t ,i give !m 9 h] own words-- ',i gave ea* *ild an ivy-leaf & said1 ,n[ look well at x4 ,we talk$ ab\t its peculi>ities1 look+ at x all ! "t1 & !n ,i told !m to draw "o1 /ill look+ back to ! leaf f "t to "t4 ,!n ,i exam9$ _! draw+s4 ,a good _m 71 ( c\rse1 faulty4 ,9 ^? cases ,i did n say1 ,no1 y are wrong2 ?is is ! way1 & g to ! blackbo>d4 ,i said1 ,9 su* & su* a "p is y\rs ! same z ! leaf8 ,:at is diff]5t8 ,h[ c y alt] x8 etc41 etc4 ,i make !m tell me _! faults4 ,!re 0 no blackbo>d demon/ration4' ,f a c>eful exam9ation ( _! "w x is cle> t ! *ildr5 h n only be5 taught to draw1 b t !y love & enjoy _! draw+4 ,=m & col\r are n only se51 b und]/ood & felt4 ,! *ildr5 are impell$ by an irresi/ible desire to rea* & express ! tru?1 & are ?us c>ri$ along an ev]-mov+ pa? ( educative action4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! love ( visible beauty :i* is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! life ( ?is s*ool4 ,x is 9 ! draw+ lesson t ?is love ( beauty has 9 ! ma9 evolv$ itself4 ,o!r influ5ces h no d\bt be5 at "w4 ,nature-/udy & lit]ature1 = example1 h1 z taught 9 ?is s*ool1 done mu* to fo/] ! *ildr5's lat5t love ( beauty2 b _h draw+ nev] be5 taught1 ! influ5ce ( ^? subjects w\ld h be5 mu* less effective ?an x has be54 ,x is 9 ! /ruggle to express :at he p]ceives t ! ,utopian *ild has gradually /r5g!n$ & deep5$ 8 p]ceptive p[]s1 till 8 sight has trans=m$ itself into insight1 & =m & col\r h come to be int]pret$ by him ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! beauty :i* is beh9d !m1--8 feel+ ( beauty hav+1 little by little1 be5 awak5$ & evolv$ by 8 unceas+ ef=ts to int]pret ! vraie vrit ( =m & col\r1 :i*1 z he n[ beg9s to le>n1 are beauty's outw>d self4 7#d7 ,! ,musical ,in/9ct4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! arti/ic s5se ! pa? ( imitation is foll[$ until x leads at la/ to heights :i* x _c scale4 ,! developm5t ( ! musical s5se takes f ! fir/ a widely diff]5t pa?4 ,nature has a beautiful music ( h] own1 b ! *ild seldom attempts to imitate ?is4 ,music belongs to ! s\l ev5 m ?an to ! outw>d _w4 ,s at lea/ "o feels dispos$ to ?9k4 ,b p]haps x is m correct to say t 9 ! pres5ce ( music ! provisional di/9ction betwe5 inw>d & outw>d1 betwe5 ! s\l & ! surr\nd+ _w1 becomes :olly effac$4 ,expression is always ! c\nt]p>t ( p]ception2 & we may re/ assur$ t ! deep1 subtle1 & elusive feel+s to :i* music gives utt]ance h reality = _! c\nt]p>t4 ,! musician does n (t5 reproduce 9 8 compositions ! audible s\nds ( ! outw>d _w1--! voices ( animals1 ! songs ( birds1 ! ru/le ( leaves1 ! murmur ( ! sea1 ! sigh+ ( ! breeze1 ! ?und] ( ! /orm4 ,:at he does reproduce is ! music t awakes 9 8 s\l :5 ! emotions :i* ^! s\nds k9dle beg9 to /ruggle = expression1--! music t is beh9d all ! audible s\nds1 & p]haps also beh9d all ! inaudible vibrations ( ,nature1--! music t is 9 8 he>t because x is also at ! he>t ( ,nature1--! rhy?m ( ! ,univ]se1 z "o may p]haps call x = lack ( a fitt] phrase4 ,x is ! s5se ( ?is rhy?m :i* inspires ! great ,compos] :5 he builds up 8 ma/]pieces4 ,x is ! s5se ( ?is rhy?m :i* inspires ! *ild :51 9 ! joy ( 8 he>t1 he breaks spontane\sly into dance & song4 ,to br+ ! rhy?m ( ! ,univ]se into ! daily life ( ! *ild1 to give free play to 8 in/9ctive s5se ( its all-p]vad+ pres5ce1 is "o ( ! highe/ functions ( ! tea*]4 ,& ! m c>efully ! s5se ( rhy?m is cultivat$1 ! m does x t5d to spiritualise itself1 & ! m pr(\nd & m vital is ! life :i* x /ruggles to int]pret & evolve4 ,!re is no in/9ct :i* is s deeply seat$ z ! musical4 ,x is possible = a *ild1 x is possible = a :ole class ( *ildr51 to s+ out ( ! dep?s ( ! s\l2 & :5 ?is happ5s we may be sure t a f\nta9 ( spiritual joy has be5 unseal$1 & t a great & sacr$ my/]y has be5 unveil$4 ,!re is a s*ool 9 "o ( ! poore/ slums ( a l>ge t[n1 9 :i*1 "s two or ?ree ye>s ago1 ! *ildr5 7 taught to s+1 & ! tea*]s to tea* s++1 by an inspir$ ma/] :o believes t to lift ! sluices ( spiritual feel+ is to quick5 into ev]-increas+ activity its hidd5 spr+s2 & nei!r ! tea*]s nor ! *ildr5 h yet =gott5 _! lesson4 ,! *ildr5 are poor1 pale1 ?91 unkempt1 ill-clad1 unlovely2 b ,i am told t :5 !y s+ _! faces are transfigur$1 & !y all become beautiful4 ,eg]ia is an accompli%$ musician1 & ?\gh ,utopia belongs to "o ( ! unmusical c\nties ( ,engl&1 %e has f\nd x easy to awak5 ! musical in/9ct 9 ! he>ts ( its *ildr54 ,a few ye>s ago %e introduc$ ! old ,engli% ,folk ,songs & ,morris ,dances into ! s*ool4 ,! *ildr5 took to !m at once z duckl+s take to ! wat]2 & )9 a ye> !y 7 able to give an admirably successful p]=mance ( "s two doz5 songs & dances 9 ! village hall4 ,"s ( ^! _h be5 rehe>s$ only once2 b ! *ildr51 ?anks to _! hav+ be5 sy/ematically tra9$ to educate !mselves1 are s v]satile & res\rceful t e item on _! programme 0 a complete success4 ,! ,folk ,songs & ,morris ,dances are /ill ! delight ( ! *ildr54 ,!y are ev] add+ to _! rep]tory ( songs2 & :5 !y g into ! playgr\nd = recreation1 !y at once =m into small gr\ps = ,morris ,danc+1 ! old] *ildr5 tak+ ! little ones 9 h&1 & initiat+ !m into ! pleasures ( rhy?mical movem5t4 ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* ,eg]ia br+s music into ! lives ( ! *ildr54 ,9 h] own words1 %e sets _m ( _! lessons to music4 ,= example1 :5 !y are do+ ne$lework or draw+ or any o!r quiet lesson1 %e plays high-class music to !m1 :i* =ms a backgr\nd to _! ef=ts & _! ?\ghts1 & :i* gradually weaves itself1 on ! "o h& into ! outw>d & visible "w t !y are do+1 & on ! o!r h& into ! my/]i\s tissue ( _! inw>d life4 7#e7 ,! ,inquisitive ,in/9ct4 ,z ! inquisitive in/9ct makes ! *ild an intol]able nuisance to 8 ignorant & indol5t eld]s1 x is b natural t 9 ! un5light5$ s*ool1 z 9 ! un5light5$ home1 x %\ld be =cibly ext]m9at$4 ,x is ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! =mula ,don't speak till y are spok5 to1 t its de/ruction is usually effect$4 ,b "u ,eg]ia's gis conv]sation 9 s*ool h\rs is1 z we h se51 freely enc\rag$1 & ! *ild's "r to ask que/ions fully recognis$2 & "o may !re=e conjecture t ?is proscrib$ & outlaw$ in/9ct w f9d a safe asylum 9 h] s*ool4 ,:atev] lesson may be 9 progress1 ! ,utopian *ildr5 are all[$1 & ev5 expect$1 to seek = illum9ation :5ev] !y f9d !mselves 9 ! d>k1 to pause inquir+ly at e ob/acle to _! und]/&+ :at !y h se5 or he>d or read4 ,! enc\ragem5t :i* is giv5 9 ,utopia to ! *ild :o seeks to gratify 8 desire = k1 is positive z well z negative4 ,:5 ! ob/acles :i* education usually places 9 8 pa? h be5 remov$1 x is f\nd t ! :ole atmosph]e ( ! s*ool is fav\rable to ! gr[? ( 8 inquisitive in/9ct4 ,at e turn he is call$ ^u to plan & contrive1 & is ?us made to realise 8 own limitations1 & to try to escape f !m4 ,:atev] he may h 9 h&1--be x ! prep>ation = act+ a new sc5e1 or ! int]pretation ( a new ,folk ,song or ,morris ,dance1 or ! inv5tion ( a new s*ool game1 or ! ?9k+ out "s new way ( treat+ a subject1--he is sure to f9d t k is ne$$ if he is to a*ieve success2 & 8 desire = k is !re=e cont9ually /imulat$ by ! dem&s t 8 own initiative & activity are ev] mak+ ^u him4 ,b x is 9 ! ,nature lesson t ! inquisitive in/9ct f9ds 9 ,utopia its free/ scope & its fulle/ opportunity4 ,to "o :o _h p]suad$ himself ( ! innate /upidity ( ! av]age ,engli% *ild1 a ,nature lesson 9 ,utopia w\ld come z a revelation4 ,he w\ld le>n = ! fir/ "t t1 f> f be+ innately /upid1 ! av]age ,engli% *ild has x 9 him to rea* a v high level ( ke5ness1 acut5ess1 & intellectual activity4 ,:5ev] a lesson is giv5 on a natural object1 e4g4 a fl[] or a leaf1 e *ild has a specim5 & a l5s4 ,! object is !n closely & c>efully obs]v$1 9 ! hope ( discov]+ features 9 x :i* might escape ! unobs]vant4 ,:5ev] su* features are discov]$ ! *ildr5 try to acc\nt = !m4 ,9 ^! attempts !y display mu* +5uity & intellig5ce1 & are l$ on by ,eg]ia 9 ! direction ( ! true explanation ( ea* ph5om5on1 & ! relation ( ?is to :at !y "k ( ! object z a :ole1 & ( its mean+ & function4 ,! eag]ness ( ! *ildr5 to volunte] explanations ( ! facts t !y obs]ve is only equall$ by ! intellig5ce ) :i* !y grasp ! g5]al be>+ ( ! problems t confront !m1 & ! res\rcefulness & quickness ( wit ) :i* !y make repeat$ attempts to solve !m4 ,& ^! are n ! only qualities to :i* ! ,nature lesson gives free play4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t z on ! "o h& ! inquisitive in/9ct is obvi\sly ne> ( k9 to ! communicative1 s on ! o!r h& x is ev] t5d+ to l9k itself to ! arti/ic4 ,! clos5ess ( obs]vation :i* is ! basis ( success 9 ,nature-/udy1 & by means ( :i* ! inquisitive in/9ct is f$ & /r5g!n$1 is also ! basis ( success 9 draw+2 & 9 ea* case x leads beyond itself into a region 9 :i* x has to be supplem5t$ by1 & ev5 transfigur$ into1 imag9ation1 ! faculty by means ( :i* we obs]ve :at is at once impalpable & real4#ai ,& 9 t region ! di/9ction betwe5 tru? & beauty is ev] t5d+ to efface itself4 ,! ma/] sculptor is always an accompli%$ anatomi/2 & ! g5u9e naturali/ is a lov] & admir]1 z well z a /ud5t1 ( ,nature4 ,x has be5 well said t to see ?+s 9 _! beauty is to see !m 9 _! tru?2 & x is p]haps equally1 ?\gh m remotely1 true t to see ?+s 9 _! tru? is to see !m 9 _! beauty4 ,t be+ s1 we ne$ n wond] t among ! ,utopian *ildr5 ! love ( :at is beautiful 9 ,nature has gr[n cont9u\sly ) ! gr[? ( _! int]e/ 9 ,nature-/udy1 & t ! inquisitive in/9ct is ev] ,re9=c+ & be+ re9=c$ by ! arti/ic4 7#f7 ,! ,con/ructive ,in/9ct4 ,active1 intellig5t1 res\rceful1 self-helpful1 ! ,utopian *ild takes to h&work ( v>i\s k9ds z readily & almo/ z spontane\sly z ! birds 9 spr+-"t take to ! "w ( ne/-build+4 ,x mu/ inde$ be admitt$ t ! sy/ematic in/ruction 9 ,g>d5+1 ,cook]y1 & ,woodwork :i* w>rants ! paym5t ( special grants = ^! subjects is n giv54 ,b in=mal g>d5+1 in=mal cook]y1 & in=mal woodwork are vital features ( ! s*ool life4 ,nor are ! *ildr5's essays 9 h&work limit$ to ^! subjects4 ,:atev] implem5t1 in/rum5t1 or o!r contrivance may be ne$$ 9 ord] to illu/rate or o!rwise help =w>d ! g5]al "w ( ! s*ool w be made by ! *ildr51 s f> z _! te*nical ability & ! res\rces ( ! s*ool p]mit4 ,= example1 !y w make f5ces1 seats1 frames1 & %$s = _! g>d5s1 & prop]ties & dresses = _! dramatic p]=mances4 ,!y w illu/rate _! games & lessons by means ( simple modell+ & pap]-cutt+4 ,! old] girls w dress dolls = ! little ones to _! own fancy1 us+ _! own discretion z reg>ds mat]ial1 /yle ( dress1 & me?od ( dress-mak+4 ,& s on4 ,b ready z ! ,utopian *ildr5 are to use _! h&s1 & clev] z !y are at us+ !m1 x is n ?r\gh manual activity only t ! developm5t ( _! con/ructive in/9ct is c>ri$ on4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! s*ool is ! l>g5ess ( ! scale on :i* ! con/ructive p[]s ( ! *ildr5 are enc\rag$ to en]gise1 & ! frequ5cy & v>iety ( ! dem&s t are made ^u !m4 ,! ,utopian *ild is expect$ to educate himself1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se ( do+ by & = himself :atev] task may be set him1 b also 9 ! s5se ( devis+ new tasks = himself1 9 ?9k+ out new ways ( treat+ ! diff]5t subjects t appe> on ! s*ool "t-table1 9 tak+ ?\ght = ! :ole s*eme ( 8 education4 ,z ! ye>s g by1 ,eg]ia makes m & great] dem&s on ! initiative & ! intellig5ce ( ! *ildr51 h] aim be+ app>5tly to trans=m ! s*ool by sl[ degrees into a self-gov]n+ community :i*1 "u h] presid5cy1 %all ord] its own life & "w out its own salvation4 ,?is means1 z ,i h lately po9t$ out1 t at e turn ! ,utopian *ild is be+ call$ ^u to plan & contrive2 & ?is1 aga91 means t 8 con/ructive in/9ct1 ) 8 inquisitive in/9ct z its o!r self1 is be+ cont9ually ex]cis$ on ! wide/ possible field & "u ! mo/ /imulat+ ( all influ5ces4 ,! result ( ?is is t reciprocal action is ev] go+ on 9 8 m9d betwe5 ! faculties t acquire k & ! faculties t apply x1--action :i* makes = ! rapid & heal?y gr[? ( bo? sets ( faculties1 & :i* is !re=e ev] t5d+ to /r5g!n ! *ild's capacity = ?9k+ & to raise ! plane ( its activity4 ,:at is ! culture ( ! *ild's expansive in/9cts likely to d = him8 ,i w weave into my answ] to ?is "q my k ( :at has be5 done & is be+ done 9 ,utopia4 ,x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 own ex]tions t ! evolution ( ! *ild's in/9cts is c>ri$ on by ,eg]ia4 ,x may be possible to lay v5e]s ( in=mation on ! surface ( a *ild's m9d1 b x is n possible to lay on v5e]s ( gr[?2 & gr[?1 n in=mation1 is ! end at :i* ,eg]ia has always aim$4 ,if a *ild is to gr[1 he mu/ ex]cise 8 own limbs1 8 own organs1 8 own faculties4 ,no "o else c d ?is = him2 & unless he does x himself1 x w nev] be done4 ,! s*ool life 9 ,utopia is !re=e "o ( con/ant activity4 ,! habit ( do+ ?+s1 ( do+ ?+s = himself1 ( do+ ?+s by himself1 is gradually built up 9 ea* *ild4 ,!re is no =c$ in]tness 9 ,utopia1 no slackness1 no bor$om1 no yawn+4 ,& ! activity :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! s*ool is always ! *ild's own activity4 ,! *ild himself is beh9d ev]y?+ t he does4 ,! *ild himself is express+ himself 9 8 e action4 ,me*anical activity1 ! do+ ( ?+s1 n m]ely at ! bidd+ ( ano!r1 b also "u 8 m9utely detail$ direction1 is z =eign to ! g5ius ( ! s*ool z is ! passivity ( ! helpless victims ( ! un5light5$ tea*]'s *alk & talk4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce1 !n1 ( ! tra9+ ( ! expansive in/9cts :i* is giv5 9 ,utopia is ! build+ up 9 ea* s*ol> ( :at ,i may call ! habit ( rational activity4 ,9 _m s*ools ! en]gies ( ! *ild are sy/ematically damm$ back1 till at la/ ! spr+s ( 8 activity1 f9d+ t no dem& is made ^u !m1 cease to fl[4 ,9 ,utopia ! sluices1 ?\gh always regulat$1 are p]man5tly lift$1 & ! en]gies ( ! *ild are ev] mov+1 ) a /rong & /eady curr5t1 9 :atev] *annel !y may h *anc$ to ent]4 ,s /rong1 inde$1 & s /eady is ! curr5t t x ma9ta9s its movem5t long aft] ! *ild has left s*ool4 ,! employ]s ( lab\r 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,utopia w tell y t !re are no slack]s or loaf]s 9 ! ye>ly output ( ! s*ool4 ,eg]ia rec5tly receiv$ a visit f "o ( h] ex-pupils1 a girl ( f\rte5 :o is at home keep+ h\se = h] fa!r1 & :o said to h] 9 ! c\rse ( _! conv]sation3 ,i d j love wa%+ days2 ,i get up be=e six & />t4 ,!n1 :5 all ! wa%+ is done1 ,i scrub ev]y?+ bright 9 ! copp] :ile ,i h ! hot soapsuds4 ,accu/om$ z he 7or %e7 is f 8 7or h]7 e>lie/ days to s9c]e & fe>less self-expression1 ! ,utopian *ild is entirely incapable ( indulg+ 9 cant2 & ! g5u95ess ( ! s5tim5t :i* dictat$ ^? words is !re=e above suspicion4 ,to "w vigor\sly1 to d well :atev] he 7or %e7 has to d1 is a real pleasure to ! ,utopian *ild4 ,inde$ 8 :ole be+ is a liv+ response to ! famili> precept3 ,:atsoev] ?y h& f9de? to d1 d x ) ?y might4 ,& :at he does ) 8 might is always well wor? do+4 ,8 con/ant ef=t to express himself has1 z its necess>y c\nt]p>t1 a con/ant ef=t to f9d out :at is wor? express+1 to get to ! tru? ( ?+s1 to see ?+s z !y are4 ,! consequ5t gr[? ( 8 p]ceptive p[]s may be look$ at f two po9ts ( view4 ,on ! "o h& 8 gr[+ capacity = gett+ on t]ms ) ?+s--= feel+ 8 way among !m1 = gett+1 ! hang ( !m1 = mak+ himself at home ) !m1 = le>n+ _! ins & outs1 = und]/&+ _! ways & works--w give him ! p[] ( putt+ =? an appropriate s5se 9 response to ! dem&s ( ea* new environm5t1 &1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is s5se1 ( conv]t+ in=mation into k4 ,= ?is reason new subjects h no t]ror = ,eg]ia & h] pupils4 ,?\gh %e has nev] ?\ght 9 subjects1 %e is ready to ext5d h] curriculum 9 any direction 9 :i* %e ?9ks t h] *ildr5 are likely to f9d int]e/ or pr(it4 ,! v]satility1 ! m5tal agility1 ( ! *ildr5 is z rem>kable z _! activity4 ,! curr5t ( _! en]gy is ready to adapt itself to e modify+ influ5ce1 to e *ange ( geological =mation1 t x may enc\nt] 9 its c\rse1 & to %ape its *annel or *annels accord+ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z heal?y vigor\s gr[? is always upw>d 7& d[nw>d7 z well z outw>d1 ! lat]al ext5sion ( ! *ild's p]ceptive p[]s mu/ ne$s be balanc$ 9 ,utopia by ! gradual elevation ( 8 /&po9t1 ) a correspond+ wid5+ ( 8 outlook1 & ! proportionate deep5+ ( 8 insight4 ,:5 ! s*ool life ( ! *ild is "o ( cont9u\s self-expression1 opportunities = putt+ 8 s\l into :at he says & does w (t5 pres5t !mselves to him2 & if only a few ( ^! are made use (1 8 outlook on life w wid51 & 8 imag9ative sympa?y ) life w deep51 to an ext5t :i* to "o :o _h nev] visit$ ,utopia might well seem incr$ible4 ,i h spok5 ( ! ,utopian *ild's love ( ! beautiful4 ,?is is "o aspect ( ! spiritual gr[? t he is always mak+4 ,o!r aspects ( x are 8 /rong sympa?y ) life 9 all its =ms1 & a c]ta9 l>ge & free way ( look+ at ?+s1 :i*1 z f> z my exp]i5ce ( s*ool *ildr5 goes1 is all 8 own4 ,!re is yet ano!r aspect ( 8 spiritual gr[? :i* is p]haps ! mo/ vital & ! mo/ typical ( all4 ,:5 we say t ! *ild is gr[+ bo? lat]ally & v]tically 7l a %apely tree71 we mean t he is gr[+ z a :ole1 z a liv+ s\l4 ,n[ ! gr[? ( ! s\l z su* mu/ ne$s take ! =m ( outgr[?1 ( escape f self4 ,gr[? is1 9 its ess5ce1 an emancipative process2 & ?\gh x sometimes int5sifies selfi%ness & wid5s ! sph]e ( its activity1 t is inv>iably due to its be+ "o-sid$ & !re=e inh>moni\s & unheal?y4 ,:5 ! *ild or ! man is gr[+ z a liv+ :ole1 ) a happy1 h>moni\s1 _m-sid$ gr[?1 8 gr[? is ( necessity outgr[?1 & he mu/ ne$s be escap+ f ! ?raldom ( 8 l[] & less] self4 ,?is conclusion is no m]e inf]5ce f accept$ or po/ulat$ premises4 ,:at ,i h se5 9 ,utopia has =c$ x ^u me4 ,! unselfi%ness1 ! natural1 easy1 spontane\s self-=getfulness1 ( ! ,utopian *ild1 is ! c5tral feature ( 8 moral life1--s m>k$ & )al s unique a feature t its pres5ce proves to demon/ration1 fir/1 t gr[? ( ! "r sort is necess>ily emancipative1 &1 next1 t ! gr[? made 9 ,utopia is gr[? ( ! "r sort4 ,i h already comm5t$ on ! s+ul> *>m ( mann] :i* di/+ui%es ! *ildr5 ( ,utopia4 ,_! self-=getfulness1 _! entire lack ( self-consci\sness1 is "o s\rce ( ?is *>m4 ,! tactfulness :i* _! life ( self-expression1 & !re=e ( tra9$ p]ception1 t5ds to eng5d]1 is ano!r4 ,b ! moral aspect ( ,utopianism is "o ( su* surpass+ int]e/1 & also ( su* pr(\nd significance f ! po9t ( view ( my fundam5tal truism1 t ,i mu/ limit myself = ! mom5t to ?is pass+ ref]5ce to x1 & res]ve x = full] treatm5t 9 ! rema9+ *apt]s4 ,i c\ld easily make a long li/ ( ,utopian virtues & graces1 b ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) t\*+ on "o m typical product ( ,eg]ia's philosophy ( education1--! joy :i* ! *ildr5 we> 9 _! faces & be> 9 _! he>ts4 ,! s5se ( well-be+ :i* mu/ ne$s accompany heal?y & h>moni\s gr[? is realis$ by him :o exp]i5ces x z joy4 ,! ,utopian *ildr5 are by _m degrees ! happie/ t ,i h met ) 9 an elem5t>y s*ool1 & ,i mu/ !re=e conclude t all is well ) !m1 t _! well-be+--! true end ( all education--has be51 & is be+1 a*iev$4 ,if y look at any ( !m ) m ?an a m]e pass+ glance1 y w be sure to w9 f him ! quick response ( a sunny smile1--a smile :i* is half gladness1 half goodwill4 ,& ! joy ( _! he>ts goes ) !m :5 _! s*ooldays are ov] & !y beg9 to "w = _! bread4 ,la/ ye> "o ( ! boys1 on leav+ s*ool1 f\nd employm5t 9 a l>ge field on ! l[] slopes ( ! hills1 :]e he _h to collect fl9ts & pile !m 9 heaps1 8 wage = ?is dull & tiresome "w be+ no m ?an fivep5ce a day4 ,b he f\nd ! "w nei!r dull nor tiresome2 = z he m>*$ up & d[n ! field1 collect+ & pil+ ! fl9ts ) *e]y goodwill1 he sang 8 ,folk ,songs ) all ! spontane\s happ9ess ( a so>+ l>k4 ,activity1 v]satility1 imag9ative sympa?y1 a wide & free outlook1 self-=getfulness1 *>m ( mann]1 joy ( he>t1--^! are qualities :i* might be expect$ to unfold !mselves "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,utopian tra9+1 & :i* d1 9 po9t ( fact1 fl\ri% vigor\sly 9 ! soil & atmosph]e ( ,utopia4 ,!y are ! outcome ( a type ( education :i* diff]s radically f t :i* has hi!rto be5 accept$ z or?odox1--diff]+ f x ) ! unfa?omable diff]5ce betwe5 vital & me*anical ob$i5ce1 betwe5 life & ma*9]y4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,! *ild is /ruggl+ to d ?is1 & m ?an ?is4 ,! se>* = ord] resolves itself into ! se>* = cause2 & ! se>* = cause w resolve itself1 9 ! la/ resort1 into ! greate/ ( all adv5tures1--! se>* = t pure ess5ce ( ?+s on :i* all ! deep] desires ( ! s\l conv]ge1 :i* imag9ation dreams ( z absolute beauty1 & reason z a beacon-lamp ( all-illum9at+ light1 fla%+ =? alt]nately z absolute reality & absolute tru?4 #ag ,i %all p]haps be told t my extravagant idealism is out ( place 9 a book on elem5t>y education4 ,to ?is possible reproa* ,i c b answ]1 9 ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s words1 t-- ,x takes ! ideal to bl[ a hair's bread? (f ,! du/ ( ! actual4 ,my exp]i5ce ( ,utopia has conv9c$ me t 9 tak+ ?\ght = ! education ( ! "y x is impossible to be too ideali/ic1 & t ! m commons5sical & utilit>ian "o's philosophy ( education1 ! %all[] & fals] x w prove to be4 #ah ,an in=mal report to me1 n a =mal report to ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 #ai ,real1 9 ! s5se t ! beauty ( =m & col\r is m real ?an ei!r =m or col\r1 & t a law ( ,nature is m real ?an an isolat$ fact4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,education ,,?r\gh ,,self-,,realisation ,activity1 v]satility1 imag9ative sympa?y1 a l>ge & free outlook1 self-=getfulness1 *>m ( mann]1 joy ( he>t1--are !re _m s*ools 9 ,engl& 9 :i* ! soil & atmosph]e are fav\rable to ! vigor\s gr[? ( all ^! qualities8 ,i d\bt x4 ,9 ! second>y s*ools1 ( all grades & types1 ! education giv5 is s "o-sid$1 ?anks to ! inexorable pressure ( ! s*ol>%ip sy/em1 t ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! *ild's nature is n to be look$ =4 ,9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 f :i* ! *ill+ %ad[ ca/ by ?irty ye>s ( paym5t by results is pass+ sl[ly--v sl[ly--away1 ! in/9ct ( ! tea*] is to di/ru/ ! *ild & d ev]y?+1 or ne>ly ev]y?+1 = him1 ! result be+ t ! :ole rgime is /ill unfav\rable to ! spontane\s outgr[? ( ! *ild's high] qualities4 ,!re are ( c\rse s*ools1 bo? second>y & elem5t>y1 9 :i* "o or m ( ! ,utopian qualities fl\ri% ) consid]able vig\r4 ,!re are elem5t>y s*ools1 = example1 9 :i* ! *ildr51 be+ all[$ by ent]pris+ tea*]s to walk 9 new pa?s )\t lead+ /r+s1 h become unexpect$ly active & v]satile4 ,& !re are o!rs--mo/ly 9 ! slum regions ( great t[ns--9 :i* ! devotion1 ! sympa!tic k9dness1 & ! graci\s be>+ ( ! tea*]s h won f ! *ildr5 ! response ( unselfi% affection1 attractive mann]s1 & happy faces4#bj ,yet ev5 9 ^! exceptional cases x may be d\bt$ if ! developm5t ( ! p>ticul> quality or qualities = :i* ! s*ool is di/+ui%$ rea*es ! high-wat] m>k :i* is rea*$ 9 ea* & all ( ! sev5 qualities 9 ,utopia4 ,z = ! elem5t>y s*ools :i* rema9 fai?ful1 z s _m /ill d1 to ! traditions ( ! old rgime1--if 9 ^! any ( ! sev5 qualities manage to resi/ ! adv]se influ5ces to :i* !y are all expos$1 !y h at be/ b a />v$ & /unt$ life4 ,i h spok5 mu* & ) unsp>+ frankness ( ! %ortcom+s ( our elem5t>y s*ools4 ,! "t has come = me to say ) emphasis t h[ev] grave & h[ev] num]\s may be ! defects ( elem5t>y education 9 ,engl&1 !y are defects :i* x %>es ) all o!r bran*es ( education1 & :i* ,engl& %>es ) all o!r ,we/]n l&s4 ,! pla9 tru? is t education z su* is a failure 9 ! ,we/1 a failure 9 ! s5se t ! v qualities :i* x ought to fo/]--! c>d9al virtues1 m5tal1 moral1 & spiritual1 :i* are pres5t 9 embryo 9 e *ild1 wait+ to be realis$--are n m]ely neglect$ by x1 9 its insane ard\r = results1 b are also expos$1 9 mo/ ( its s*ools1 to /rongly adv]se influ5ces4 ,& ! reason :y education z su* is a failure 9 ! ,we/ is t f its e>lie/ days x has be5 a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself1 ^? :o 7 & are responsible = x hav+ be5 "u ! influ5ce ( two mutually de/ructive assumptions1 :i* !y h va9ly tri$ to reconcile ) "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ ( ^! assumptions is my initial truism1--t ! function ( education is to fo/] gr[?4 ,?is is admitt$1 implicitly if n directly1 by all :o ?9k & speak ab\t education1 & ev51 9 _! ungu>d$ mom5ts1 by mo/ ( ^? :o tea*4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 = example1 t su* m5tal qualities z att5tion1 memory1 judgm5t1 intellig5ce1 reason1 su* moral qualities z loyalty1 c\rage1 tru?fulness1 k9dness1 unselfi%ness1 su* semi-moral qualities z cleanl9ess1 ord]l9ess1 c>efulness1 al]tness1 indu/ry1 punctuality1 are capable ( be+ develop$ by education4 ,x is fur!r admitt$ t su* special qualities z lit]>y or arti/ic ta/e1 ! ma!matical or ! hi/orical s5se1 an aptitude = bus9ess or f9ance1 are ready to evolve !mselves1 9 response to ! fo/]+ influ5ce ( practical exp]i5ce direct$ by skilful tea*+4 ,x is admitt$1 9 o!r words1 t !re is mu* 9 human nature1 ap>t f :at is purely or ma9ly physical1 :i* is bo? capable & wor?y ( cultivation1 & :i* education ought !re=e to try to cultivate4 ,s f>1 s good4 ,^! admissions1 ) ! fundam5tal admission :i* und]lies !m all1 might =m ! basis ( a s\nd philosophy ( education1 if !y 7 n liable to be /ultifi$ & ev5 nullifi$ by ! c\nt] assumption t human nature is innately evil & corrupt4 ,= f ! latt] assumption has foll[$1 bo? logically & naturally1 a !ory ( education :i* is n m]ely unfav\rable b fatal to gr[?4 ,if human nature is innately evil1 if x has no inborn capacity = goodness or tru?1 :at is !re 9 x t is wor? tra9+8 ,s f> z ! great matt]s ( life are conc]n$1 ! *ild mu/ be educat$ by be+ told 9 m9ute detail :at to d1 & by be+ alt]nately brib$ & bulli$ into do+ x4 ,z he c nei!r ?9k1 nor believe1 nor desire1 nor d :at is "r1 he mu/ be told :at to ?9k1 :at to believe1 :at to desire1 :at to d2 & z x is assum$ t ! tasks set him by 8 tea*] w n be intr9sically attractive1 he mu/ be induc$ to p]=m !m by ! ?reat ( ext]nal puni%m5ts & ! promise ( ext]nal rew>ds4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! sph]es ( religion & morals1 s f> z ^! c be wall$ (f f ! re/ ( human life1 he mu/ be educat$1 n by be+ help$ to gr[1 b by be+ compell$ to obey2 & z ! sph]es ( religion & morals _c possibly be wall$ (f f ! re/ ( human life1 ! idea ( educat+ ! *ild ?r\gh ! m$ium ( passive & me*anical ob$i5ce w gradually ext5d its influ5ce ov] all ! o!r dep>tm5ts & aspects ( 8 home & s*ool life1 8 innate s9fulness f9d+ its equival5t1 9 secul> matt]s1 9 8 innate helplessness & /upidity1 :ile 9 ! place ( ! cre$s1 codes1 & cate*isms by :i* 8 spiritual welf>e is provid$ =1 he w be f$ dur+ ! h\rs ( secul> in/ruction on rations ( in=mation1 =mulat$ rules1 & m9ute directions ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,"u ?is rgime ( wire-pull+ on ! "p ( ! tea*] & puppet-l danc+ on ! "p ( ! *ild1 ! gr[? ( ! *ild's faculties1--( ! :ole range ( 8 faculties1 = !y w all come "u ! blight+ influ5ce ( ! curr5t misconception ( ! b5t ( 8 nature & ! consequ5t "u-e/imate ( 8 p[]s1--f> f be+ fo/]$1 w be sy/ematically ?w>t$ & />v$4 ,?is is ! fate :i* might be expect$ to befall ! *ild if ! doctr9e ( 8 innate s9fulness 7 all[$ to dom9ate 8 education2 & ?is is ! fate :i* has befall5 & is befall+ him 9 all grades ( society & 9 all ! c\ntries ( ! ,we/4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 ( ! cong5ital depravity ( man's nature1 :i* blocks ! way to ! re=m ( education1--blocks ! way to x by compell+ education to become ! de/roy+ angel in/ead ( ! fo/]-nurse ( ! *ild's exp&+ life4 ,9 criticis+ ! defects ( our educational sy/em1 we h too long mi/ak5 symptoms = causes1 & believ$ t we 7 remov+ ! latt] :5 we 7 only palliat+ or at be/ excis+ ! =m]4 ,to p9* (f a )]$ bud1 to lop (f a )]$ limb1 ( ! diseas$ tree ( education1 to tra9 9 ?is or t direction a bran* :i* is z yet unaffect$1 is b lo/ lab\r s long z ! tree is be+ sl[ly poison$ at its roots by a fundam5tal misconception ( ! "* & capacity ( ! *ild4 ,x is "t t we %\ld reconsid] our :ole attitude t[>ds human nature4 ,! widespread belief t sundry faculties1 physical1 m5tal1 & moral1 admit ( be+ cultivat$ & ought to be cultivat$ 9 ! s*oolroom--a belief :i* is ev] affirm+ itself aga9/ ! educational sy/ems & practices t are ev] giv+ x ! lie--may surely be con/ru$ into an admission t my prim>y truism is at lea/ a tru?4 ,if ?is is s1 if ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] is1 z ,i cont5d1 to help ! *ild to gr[1 heal?ily1 vigor\sly1 & symmetrically1 on all ! planes ( 8 be+1 ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible t education w a*ieve no?+ b failure until its f\ndations h be5 entirely relaid4 ,= fai? 9 ! inh]5t s\ndness1 9 ! natural goodness1 ( ! se$ or sapl+1 or :atev] else he may und]take to re>1 is ! fir/ condition ( success on ! "p ( ! gr[]4 ,& to ask education to br+ to sane & heal?y maturity ! plant :i* we call human nature1 & 9 ! same brea? to tell x t human nature is intr9sically corrupt & evil1 is to set x an obvi\sly impracticable task4 ,"o might z well supply a f>m] ) ! se$s ( wild grasses & poison\s we$s1 & ask him to gr[ a crop ( :eat4 ,gr[? c & does trans=m pot5tial into actual good1 b no process ( gr[? c trans=m :at is innately evil into :at is f9ally good4 ,a poison\s se$ w rip5 ( inn] necessity into a poison\s plant2 & ! m c>efully x is f$ & t5d$1 ! l>g] & /rong] w ! poison\s plant become4 ,! "t has come1 !n1 = u to ?r[ to ! w9ds ! "t-hon\r$1 b o!rwise di%on\r$ & discr$it$1 belief t ! *ild is conceiv$ 9 s9 & %ap5 9 iniquity1 & t !re=e 8 nature1 if all[$ to obey its own laws & foll[ its own t5d5cies1 w rip5 into dea?1 in/ead ( into a l>g] & ri*] life4 ,i %all p]haps be told t if ?is belief is ab&on$1 o!r religi\s beliefs w g ) x4 ,let !m g4 ,!y h kept bad company1 & if !y _c dissociate !mselves f x1 !y _h bett] %>e its fate4 ,:at is real & vital 9 our religi\s beliefs w ga9 incalculably by be+ dis5gag$ f :at may once h _h a life & a mean+ ( its own b is n[ no?+ bett] ?an a morbid gr[?4 ,to tell a man t1 ap>t f a miracle1 he is pr$e/9$ to p]dition1 is ! sure/ way to s5d him !re2 & x is probable t ! doctr9e ( 8 own innate depravity is ! deadlie/ in/rum5t = a*iev+ 8 ru91 t ,man1 9 8 grop+ endeav\rs to expla9 to himself ! dom9ant facts ( 8 exi/5ce1 has ev] devis$4 ,nor is ! practical failure ( ! doctr9e--its failure to a*ieve any la/+ result b ! /rangulation ( ,man's exp&+ life--! only pro( t x is inh]5tly uns\nd4 ,!re is positive pro( t ! c\nt] doctr9e1 ! doctr9e ( ,man's pot5tial goodness1 is inh]5tly true4 ,we h se5 t ! great art]ial in/9cts :i* manife/ !mselves 9 ! undirect$ play ( "y *ildr51 are mak+ = ?ree supreme ends1--! sympa!tic in/9cts = ! goal ( ,love1 ! arti/ic in/9cts = ! goal ( ,beauty1 ! sci5tific in/9cts = ! goal ( ,tru?4 ,we h se51 9 o!r words1 t ! pu% ( ,nature's =ces 9 ! inn] life ( ! "y *ild is ev] t5d+ to take him out ( himself 9 ! direction ( a triune goal :i* ,i may surely be all[$ to call ,div9e4 ,if we foll[ t[>ds inf9ity ! l9es ( love1 ( beauty1 & ( tru?1 we %all beg9 at la/ to dream ( an ideal po9t--! meet+-po9t ( all & ! vani%+-po9t ( ea*--= :i* no "n w suffice less pregnant ) mean+ or less sugge/ive ( reality ?an t ( ,god4 ,x is t[>ds ,god1 !n1 n t[>ds ! ,devil1 t ! rip5+1 expansive =ces ( ,nature :i* are at "w 9 ! *ild1 are direct+ ! process ( 8 gr[?4 ,we are taught t ,man is by nature a *ild ( wra?4 ,! m closely we /udy 8 ways & works :51 z a "y *ild1 he is left 7m or less7 to 8 own devices1 ! /rong] does our conviction become t he is by nature a *ild ( ,god4 ,^? :o are 9 a position to speak tell u t ! normal *ild is born physically heal?y4 ,if ! m5 ( sci5ce w\ld /udy ! o!r sides ( 8 be+ z c>efully z !y h /udi$ 8 physique1 !y w\ld1 ,i feel sure1 be able to tell u t he is also born m5tally1 morally1 & spiritually heal?y1 & t on ^! sides1 z well z on ! physical side1 8 gr[? might be & ought to be a natural movem5t t[>ds p]fection4 ,= "s ( my read]s su* argum5ts z ^! are p]haps too mu* 9 ! air to be conv9c+4 ,well1 !n1 let u appeal to exp]i5ce4 ,let u see :at ! sy/ematic cultivation ( 8 natural faculties has done = ! *ild 9 ,utopia4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! unselfi%ness ( ! *ildr5--! complete abs5ce ( self-seek+ & self-ass]tion--is "o ( ! mo/ noticeable features ( ! life ( _! s*ool4 ,n[ !re is no place = moral tea*+ on ! "t-table ( ! s*ool3 & ,i c say )\t hesitation t ! direct inculcation ( morality is :olly =eign to ,eg]ia's conception ( education4 ,h[1 !n1 has ! emancipation ( ! *ild f ! fir/ enemy ( ,man's well-be+--f all ^? n>r[+1 h>d5+1 & demoralis+ influ5ces :i* we speak ( collectively z egoi/ic or selfi%--be5 effect$ 9 ,utopia8 ,by no o!r means ?an t ( all[+ ! *ild's nature to unfold itself1 on _m sides ( its be+ & "u ?or\ghly fav\rable conditions4 ,! tw(old desire :i* we all exp]i5ce1--to accept & re/ 9 ! ord9>y undevelop$ self1 & at ! same "t to exalt & magnify x1--is ! sure/ & mo/ fruitful s\rce ( moral evil4 ,inde$1 x may be d\bt$ if !re is any s\rce ( moral evil1 ap>t f ^? :i* are purely s5sual1 :i* has n at lea/ an und]gr\nd connection ) ?is4 ,if we are to cap ?is deadly f\nta91 & s prev5t x f desolat+ human life1 we mu/ realise1 once & = all1 t ! two desires :i* ma/] u _c be simultane\sly gratifi$2 t we _c bo? re/ 9 ! ord9>y self & magnify x2 t we c magnify x only by mak+ x great1 by help+ x to gr[4 ,:5 we h realis$ ?is1 we %all be ready to receive ! fur!r lesson t 9 proportion z ! self magnifies itself by ! natural process ( gr[?1 s does its desire to magnify itself gradually die away1--die away ) ! dawn+ consci\sness t 9 & ?r\gh ! process ( its gr[? x is outgr[+ itself1 =gett+ itself1 escap+ f itself1 t ! ?+ :i* s ard5tly desir$ to be magnifi$ is 9 fact ceas+ to be4 ,?is vital tru?1--:i* my visits to ,utopia h borne 9 ^u me1--t heal?y & h>moni\s gr[? is 9 its v ess5ce outgr[? or escape f self1 has dep?s ( mean+ :i* are wait+ to be fa?om$4 ,= "o ?+1 x means1 if x has any mean+1 t :at is c5tral 9 human nature is1 n its inborn wick$ness b its inf9ite capacity = good1 n its rebelli\s in/9cts & backslid+ t5d5cies b its _m-sid$ ef=t to a*ieve p]fection4 ,we mu/ n[ make our *oice betwe5 two alt]natives4 ,we mu/ decide1 once & = all1 :e!r ! function ( education is to fo/] gr[? or to exact me*anical ob$i5ce4 ,if we *oose ! latt] alt]native1 we %all ent] a pa? :i* leads 9 ! direction ( spiritual dea?4 ,if we *oose ! =m]1 we mu/ cease to halt betwe5 two op9ions1 & mu/ h5ce=? base our sy/em ( education1 boldly & confid5tly1 on ! conviction t gr[? is 9 its ess5ce a movem5t t[>ds p]fection1 & !re=e t self-realisation is ! fir/ & la/ duty ( ,man4 ,x is by answ]+ possible objections to ,utopianism t ,i %all be/ be able to unfold ,eg]ia's philosophy ( education4 ,i %all p]haps be told t 9 my advocacy ( t philosophy ,i am prea*+ dang]\s doctr9es2 t ! only alt]native = ob$i5ce is ! lawlessness ( unbridl$ lic5ce2 & t an>*y1 social1 moral1 & spiritual1 is ! ultimate goal ( ! pa? :i* ,i am urg+ ! tea*] to ent]4 ,let me po9t out1 9 answ] to ?is prote/1 t x is me*anical ob$i5ce :i* ,i condemn1 n ob$i5ce z su*4 ,if ,i condemn me*anical ob$i5ce1 ,i d s because x is unwor?y ( ! "n ( ob$i5ce1 because ! high] faculties ( ,man's be+1 ! faculties :i* are di/9ctively human--reason1 imag9ation1 aspiration1 spiritual intuition1 & ! l--take no "p 9 x1 because x is ! ob$i5ce ( an automaton1 n ( a liv+ s\l4 ,:at ,i wi% to oppose to x is vital ob$i5ce1 ob$i5ce to ! ma/] laws ( ,man's be+1 ob$i5ce to ! laws :i* ass]t !mselves z c5tral & supreme1 ob$i5ce m p>ticul>ly to ^? l>g] & obscur] laws :i* ob$i5ce itself helps u to discov]1 ob$i5ce 9 f9e to t hi]>*y ( laws--7! sup]ior law always claim+ ! full] measure & ! high] k9d ( ob$i5ce7--:i*1 if we are to use ! ,div9e ,"n1 we mu/ ne$s id5tify ) ! w ( ,god4 ,ob$i5ce1 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 is a su/a9$ & s\l-deep ef=t 9 :i* all ! high] faculties ( ,man's be+ take "p1 an ef=t :i* is 9 "s sort a voyage ( discov]y1 ! do+ ( ! m obvi\s duty be+ always rew>d$ by ! deep5+ ( ! do]'s insight & ! wid5+ ( 8 outlook1 & by ! consequ5t unveil+ to him ( ! way 9 :i* he is to walk & ! goal at :i* he is to aim4 ,t ! pa? ( s\l-gr[? is ! pa? ( vital ob$i5ce c sc>cely be d\bt$4 ,! ef=t to gr[ is always successful j s f> z x implies k ( ! laws ( ! nature t is unfold+ itself1 & read9ess to obey ^? laws2 & s f> z x is successful1 x c>ries ) x ! outgr[? ( ! v faculties by :i* k--! high] k :i* makes fur!r gr[? possible--is to be ga9$4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 !re is an unceas+ int]action betwe5 p]ception & expression1 betwe5 k ( law & ob$i5ce to law1 :at is giv5 z ob$i5ce be+ receiv$ back z enlight5m5t1 & :at is receiv$ z enlight5m5t be+ giv5 back z l>g]1 full]1 & m significant ob$i5ce4 ,&1 be x c>efully obs]v$1 x is ob$i5ce to ! laws ( human nature1 n ob$i5ce to ! idiosyncrasies ( ! individual nature1 :i* ! process ( s\l-gr[? at once implies & makes possible4 ,gr[? is1 9 its ess5ce1 a movem5t t[>ds t p]fect type :i* is ! real self ( ea* individual 9 turn1 & ! approa* to :i* involves ! gradual surr5d] ( individuality1 & ! gradual escape f ! ord9>y self4 ,a man is to cl+ to & affirm 8 individuality1 n 9 ord] t he may re/ 9 x & make mu* ( x1 b 9 ord] t he may outgr[ x & pass f> beyond x 9 t "o way--! be/ way = him--:i* x1 & x alone1 is able to m>k out = him4 ,9 o!r words1 he is to ass]t 8 individual self 9 ord] t he may univ]salise himself 9 8 own way1 & n 9 ob$i5ce to ! rul+ ( cu/om & au?ority1 9 ord] t he may escape f himself ?r\gh ! real outlet ( s9c]e self-expression1 & n ?r\gh ! %am outlet ( hypocrisy & cant4 ,:at ,i may call ! ,utopian s*eme ( education1 f> f mak+ = ant9omianism & an>*y1 is ! sworn enemy ( individualism & !re=e1 a =tiori1 ( ev]y?+ t sav\rs ( lic5ce4 ,x is ! conv5tional type ( education1 ) its dem&s = me*anical ob$i5ce to ext]nal au?ority1 :i* leads ?r\gh despotism to social & political *aos4 ,! :ole rgime ( me*anical ob$i5ce is fav\rable1 9 ! long run1 to ! developm5t ( an>*y4 ,let u take ! case ( a *ur* or an autocracy :i* dem&s implicit ob$i5ce f its subjects1 & is prep>$ to exact su* ob$i5ce by ! application ( physical =ce or its moral equival5t4 ,:at w happ5 to x :5 its subjects beg9 to ask x = its cr$5tials8 ,! fact t x has always dem&$ f !m lit]al r ?an spiritual ob$i5ce1 & t1 9 its application ( motive =ce1 x has appeal$ to _! bas] desires & bas] fe>s1 makes x impossible = x to ju/ify itself to _! high] faculties1 rational or emotional1 & makes x necess>y = x to meet _! incipi5t criticism ) r5ew$ ?reats ( puni%m5t & r5ew$ promises ( rew>d4 ,b ! v fact t x is be+ ask$ = its cr$5tials means t ! =ce on :i* x has hi!rto reli$ is weak5+1 t its p[] to puni% & rew>d1 :i* has always be5 resolvable into ! p[] to make p believe t x c puni% & rew>d1 is be+ call$ 9 "q & is !re=e crumbl+ away4 ,& beh9d t p[] !re is no?+ b *aos4 ,= ! rgime ( me*anical ob$i5ce1 by arre/+ ! spontane\s gr[? ( ,man's high] nature1 & by mak+ its *ief appeal to 8 bas] desires & bas] fe>s1 becomes ( necessity ! fo/]-"m ( egoism2 & :5 egoism1 :i* makes ea* man a law to himself & ! pot5tial enemy ( 8 k9d1 is unre/ra9$ by au?ority1 ! door is ?r[n wide op5 to an>*y1 & ?r\gh an>*y to *aos4 ,?is is :at is happ5+ 9 ! ,we/1 9 our self-consci\s & critical age4 ,9 e field ( human action1 9 religion1 9 politics1 9 social life1 9 art1 9 lett]s1 au?ority is be+ ask$ = its cr$5tials2 & z ?is dem&1 besides be+ a dis9tegrat+ influ5ce1 is a sign t ! =ce on :i* au?ority relies is weak5+1 x is n to be wond]$ at t !re is a /eady drift 9 _m ,we/]n c\ntries 9 ! direction ( an>*y1--religi\s1 political1 social1 arti/ic1 lit]>y1--or t ?is rgime ( incipi5t an>*y is tak+ ! =m ( an ignoble scramble = weal?1 = p[]1 = position1 = fame1 = notoriety1 = any?+ 9 f9e :i* may s]ve to exalt a man above 8 fell[s1 & s m9i/] to ! aggr&izem5t ( 8 l[] self4 ,9 ?is drift t[>ds an>*y ! s*ool is play+ its "p4 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t ! boys & girls ( ?is or any o!r ,we/]n c\ntry are beg9n+ to ask _! tea*]s = _! cr$5tials1 or are likely to rise 9 rebellion aga9/ !m4 ,! prep>ation = an>*y t is go+ on 9 ! s*ool is n only q compatible ) :at is kn[n z /rict discipl9e1 b is also1 9 "p at lea/1 ! effect ( x4 ,:at is happ5+ is t 9 an acutely critical age ! rgime ( me*anical ob$i5ce to ext]nal au?ority :i* has be5 9 =ce 9 ! ,we/ = ne>ly #bjjj ye>s1 & :i* is n[ tak+ its victims /raight t[>ds an>*y1 is be+ c>efully rehe>s$ 9 our s*ools ( all types & grades4 ,dur+ ! ye>s :5 human nature is mo/ pliable 7ow+ to its ri*ness 9 sap71 mo/ easily tra9$1 & mo/ am5able to influ5ce1 good or evil1 ! *ild's spontane\s ef=t to outgr[ himself & s escape f 8 l[] self1--an end :i* is n to be rea*$ except by ! pa? ( free self-expression1--is p]si/5tly ?w>t$ till at la/ x dies away2 bl9d & lit]al ob$i5ce to ext]nal au?ority1 = :i* ! cons5t ( 8 high] faculties is n ask$1 & 9 ! giv+ ( :i* !y are n all[$ to take "p1 is p]si/5tly exact$ f him till at la/ 8 high] faculties cease to en]gise1 & 8 l[] nature beg9s to monopolise ! ris+ sap ( 8 life2 9 ord] to en=ce ! bl9d ob$i5ce t is ask$ =1 an appeal is made1 by an elaborate sy/em ( ext]nal rew>ds & ext]nal puni%m5ts1 to 8 selfi% desires & ignoble fe>s2 :ile ! exam9ation sy/em1 ) its inevitable accompanim5ts ( prizes & class-li/s1 makes a special appeal to 8 competitive in/9cts1--in/9cts :i* are anti-social1 & may ev51 9 extreme cases1 become anti-human 9 _! t5d5cy4 ,& :5 au?ority has ?us be5 pres5t$ to him1 9 a =m :i* he has nev] be5 expect$ to welcome1 & :51 by ! same process1 ! gr[? ( 8 high] self has be5 arre/$1 & 8 an>*ical in/9cts--8 selfi%ness & self-ass]tion--h be5 sy/ematically cultivat$1 ! critical _s & temp] w be delib]ately ar\s$ 9 him1 especially if he happ5s to att5d "o ( ^? second>y s*ools :i* are reg>d$ z highly effici5t because _! li/s ( ,univ]sity di/9ctions & o!r successes are inord9ately long2 = ! education giv5 to him 9 su* a s*ool by 8 s*ol>%ip-hunt+ tea*]s is ( necessity s booki% & s "o-sid$ t 8 intellectual1 dialectically critical faculties are apt to become hyp]trophi$1 :ile o!r faculties :i* might h kept ^! 9 *eck are neglect$ & />v$4 ,! product ( su* a sy/em ( education1--b5umb$ or p>alys$ on _m sides ( 8 be+ by ! repressive rgime to :i* he has s long be5 subject$1 b vigor\sly alive on ! sides ( egoism & intellectual criticism1--w be an an>*i/ 9 posse 7unless1 inde$1 8 vitality has be5 depress$ by 8 s*ool-life bel[ ! po9t at :i* reaction becomes possible72--an an>*i/ 9 posse1 ev5 ?\gh1 9 8 t]ror ( an>*ism 9 o!rs1 he %\ld become a pill> ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( 8 c\ntry1 a ,j4,p4 ( 8 t[n or c\nty1 & an active memb] ( ! ne>e/ ,cons]vative ,association4 ,9 ,utopia1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e selfi%ness is outgr[n & =gott51 & :]e ! _s ( comrade%ip & bro!rhood p]vades ! s*ool1 !re c be no prep>ation = an>*y1 if only = ! reason t !re is no au?ority--no despotic au?ority1 =cibly impos+ its w on ! s*ool ab extra--to be pot5tially de?ron$4 ,= all h] s*ol>s1 ,eg]ia is ! v symbol & embodim5t ( love1 ! c5tre :5ce all happy1 h>moni\s1 life-giv+1 peace-diffus+ influ5ces radiate1 & to :i*1 :5 !y h vitalis$ ! s\ls ( ! *ildr5 & trans=m$ !mselves into s5tim5ts ( loyalty & devotion1 !y all return4 ,i am n exagg]at+ a :it :5 ,i say t ! ,utopian s*ool is an ideal community1 a community ^: social sy/em1 in/ead ( be+ inspir$ by t _s ( competitive selfi%ness :i* makes ea* = himself1 & ! devil take ! h9dmo/ its motto1 seems to h realis$ ! ,sociali/ic dream ( ,ea* = all1 & all = ea*4 ,i %all p]haps be ask$ :at provision is made 9 ,utopia = enabl+ ! *ildr5 to g ?r\gh ! drudg]y ( s*ool-life1 to ma/] ! #c ,r's1 to get up ! v>i\s subjects :i* ! ,code prescribes1 & s =?4 ,to ?is "q !re is b "o answ]3 ! be/ possible provision4 ,qui veut la f9 veut les moy5s4 ,9 ! life ( organis$ play :i* ! *ildr5 lead1 attractive ends are ev] be+ set be=e !m4 ,if !y are to a*ieve ^! ends1 !y mu/ take ! appropriate means4 ,:at *ildr5 9 o!r s*ools might reg>d z drudg]y1 ! ,utopian takes 9 8 /ride4 ,read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic are means to ends beyond !mselves1 ends :i* are con/antly pres5t+ !mselves to ! ,utopian4 ,if he is to gratify 8 communicative in/9ct1 he mu/ le>n to read & write4 ,if he is to gratify 8 dramatic in/9ct1 he mu/1 int] alia1 read ) intellig5ce books ( ref]5ce :i* w\ld be consid]$ too advanc$ = ! ord9>y s*ool-*ild4 ,if he is to gratify 8 inquisitive & con/ructive in/9cts1 he mu/ le>n to c\nt1 measure1 & calculate4 ,= :atev] means may h to be tak51 mu/ be tak5 by him4 ,eg]ia1 z he kn[s well1 w d no?+ = him :i* he c reasonably be expect$ to d = himself4 ,!re are subjects1 su* z draw+1 danc+1 & s++1 :i* are1 or at any rate ought to be1 intr9sically delightful1 z be+ natural *annels ( self-expression4 ,!re are o!r subjects1 su* z hi/ory1 geography1 & ,engli%1 :i* c be made delightful by be+ treat$ dramatically4 ,! ^w drudg]y has no mean+ = ! ,utopian *ild4 ,a gr\p ( *ildr5 9 ! highe/ class rec5tly committ$ to memory ! :ole ,trial ,sc5e ( ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice--"s #cjj l9es or s ( blank v]se--9 ord] t !y might give !mselves ! pleasure ( act+ x4 ,!y accompli%$ ?is feat 9 a little m ?an a mon?4 ,9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ool ! *ild :o has committ$ #aej l9es to memory 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> has done all t is requir$ ( him4 ,! gett+ up ( a subject is drudg]y only :5 ! *ild c see no mean+ 9 :at he is do+1 only :5 ! gett+ up ( ! subject is reg>d$ z an end 9 itself4 ,9 ,utopia no subject1 ap>t f ^? :i* ,i h spok5 ( z intr9sically delightful1 is taught = its own sake4 ,subjects are taught !re ei!r z ! means to desir$ ends1 or because !y af=d opportunities = ! tra9+ ( ! expansive in/9cts1 ! gratification ( :i* is a pure pleasure to e heal?y *ild4 ,b n only does ! ,utopian *ild1 ) 8 eyes always fix$ on desirable ends1 f9d a pleasure 9 do+ ?+s :i* o!r *ildr5 are wont to reg>d z drudg]y1 b he has ! fur!r advantage ( be+ able to ma/] ) comp>ative facility :at o!r *ildr5 f9d difficult z well z di/a/eful4 ,f fir/ to la/1 ! tra9+ giv5 9 ,utopia makes1 z we h se51 = ! developm5t ( faculty4 ,9 my la/ *apt] ,i set =? 9 detail "s ( ! ways & means by :i* ,eg]ia tries to cultivate ! expansive in/9cts ( h] pupils4 ,beh9d all ^! ways & means /&s ! ma/] me?od--or %all ,i say ! ma/] pr9ciple8--( self-expression4 ,recognis+1 z %e does1 t ea* ( ! expansive in/9cts is a def9ite expression ( ! s\l's spontane\s ef=t to gr[1 & a cle> indication ( a p>ticul> direction 9 :i* ,nature wi%es ! s\l to gr[1--& recognis+1 z %e also does1 t ! bus9ess ( gr[+ mu/ be done by ! gr[+ organism & _c be delegat$ to any "o else1--,eg]ia entru/s ! "w ( self-realisation to ! *ild himself1 & makes no attempt to relieve him ( an obligation :i* no "o b himself c dis*>ge4 ,n[ self-realisation is a tw(old process4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a fitt] & m adequate ^w1 ,i h appli$ ! t]m p]ceptive to ^? faculties by means ( :i* we lay hold ^u ! _w t surr\nds u1 & draw x into ourselves & make x our own4 ,& ,i h cont5d$ t ?is gr\p ( faculties has1 z its c\nt]p>t & correlate1 ano!r gr\p ( faculties :i* ,i h call$ expressive1--! faculties by means ( :i* we g out ( ourselves into ! _w t surr\nds u1 & give ourselves to x & try to id5tify ourselves ) x1--& t ! relation betwe5 ^! two gr\ps is s vital & s intimate t ea* 9 turn may be reg>d$ z ! v life & s\l ( ! o!r4 ,9 words :i* ,i h already us$1 ! p]ceptive faculties1 at any rate 9 *ildhood1 gr[ ?r\gh ! int]pretation :i* expression gives !m1 & 9 no o!r way1 & ! expressive faculties gr[ by int]pret+ p]ception1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,t ^! two gr\ps ( faculties are1 z x 71 ! reciprocat+ eng9es by means ( :i* ! vital movem5t :i* we call self-realisation is effect$1 is ! conviction on :i* ,eg]ia's :ole s*eme ( education may be said to be pivot$4 ,9 ,utopia self-expression is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! expansive in/9cts are enc\rag$ to unfold !mselves4 ,& ?is life ( self-expression has z its necess>y c\nt]p>t ! cont9u\s developm5t ( ! p]ceptive faculties along ! :ole range ( ! *ild's nature4 ,h5ce ! all-r\nd capacity ( ! ,utopian *ild4 ,! developm5t ( 8 p]ceptive faculties :i* 8 life ( self-expression t5ds to produce1 takes _m =ms4 ,"o ( ^!1 & "o :i* 9 "s sort und]lies & int]p5etrates all ! re/1 is ! outgr[? ( :at ,i may call ! intuitional faculty1--a g5]al capacity = gett+ into t\* ) any new environm5t 9 :i* ! *ild may f9d himself1 ( subconsci\sly appreh5d+ its laws & prop]ties1 ( feel+ 8 way ?r\gh its unexplor$ l&4 ,x is by means ( ?is capacity = putt+ =? a new s5se 9 response to ! /imulus ( ea* new environm5t1 t ! ,utopian *ild is able to ma/] ) comp>ative ease ! v>i\s subjects :i* he is expect$ to le>n4 ,& n ) ease only1 b ) effect4 ,x is1 z we h se51 ?r\gh ! action ( an appropriate s5se1 & 9 no o!r way1 t ! in=mation :i* is suppli$ to ! s*ol>1 :5 he is le>n+ ?is or t subject1 is conv]t$ into k1 & is s made available bo? = ! fur!r und]/&+ ( ! giv5 subject & = ! nutrition ( ! s*ol>'s own inn] life4 ,f e po9t ( view1 !n1 ! ,utopian s*ol> has a m>k$ advantage1 9 respect ( ! ?+s ) :i* education is suppos$ to be ma9ly conc]n$--! ma/]y ( subjects & ! acquisition ( k--ov] ! product ( ! conv5tional type ( s*ool4 ,:atev] ! ,utopian may h to le>n1 is a pleasure to him ei!r = its own sake or z a means to "s desirable end4 ,:atev] he may h to le>n1 he le>ns ) comp>ative ease1 because 8 p]ceptive faculties h be5 sy/ematically tra9$1 & he is !re=e at home1 9 great] or less] degree1 9 any new environm5t4 ,& :atev] he may h to le>n1 he le>ns ) effect1 because he is able to dige/ ! in=mation t he receives1 & conv]t x into k1 & s reta9 x 9 ! =m 9 :i* x w be/ conduce bo? to 8 fur!r progress 9 t p>ticul> bran* ( /udy & to ! g5]al build+ up ( 8 m9d4 ,9 ! ord9>y result-hunt+ s*ool ! s*ol> f>es v diff]5tly f ?is4 ,z a rule1 he takes b little pleasure 9 8 "w1 = subjects :i* h _! *ief value z means to desirable ends are pres5t$ to him z ends 9 !mselves1 & z su* are rightly reg>d$ by him z mean+less & !re=e z intol]ably dull2 :ile subjects :i* are ei!r intr9sically attractive1 z be+ natural *annels ( self-expression1 or pot5tially attractive z provid+ opportunities = self-expression1 h no attraction = him1 z 9 nei!r case is self-expression on 8 "p p]mitt$4 ,aga91 he f9ds great difficulty 9 ma/]+ ! subjects on 8 "t-table1 or ev5 9 mak+ ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ma/]+ !m1 =1 ow+ to 8 p]ceptive faculties z a :ole hav+ be5 />v$ by ! repressive rgime :i* d5i$ !m ! outlet ( expression1 he has n evolv$ ! p[] ( putt+ =? an appropriate s5se 9 response to ! /imulus ( a new environm5t1 & is !re=e helpless 9 ! pres5ce ( :at is unfamili> or unexpect$4 ,"o ( 8 faculties1 8 memory1 has inde$ be5 hyp]trophi$ by be+ unduly ex]cis$1 & 8 capacity = receiv+ in=mation is 9 consequ5ce unheal?ily great2 b because he lacks1 9 ?is case or 9 t1 ! s5se :i* might enable him to dige/ ! in=mation receiv$ & conv]t x into k1 ! food ) :i* he has be5 cramm$ spe$ily passes ?r\gh him1 undige/$ & unassimilat$1 & ! h\rs :i* he has sp5t 9 acquir+ in=mation w h done z little = 8 progress 9 ! giv5 subject z = ! g5]al gr[? ( 8 m9d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s*emes ( education--t :i* exacts me*anical ob$i5ce1 & t :i* seeks to fo/] gr[?--may be look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,"u ! =m]1 int]f]5ce ) :at ,i may call ! subconsci\s processes ( ,nature is at its maximum4 ,"u ! latt]1 at its m9imum4 ,9 ord] to realise :at ?is means let u suppose t su* int]f]5ce 7 possible :]e =tunately x is & mu/ ev] be impossible1--9 ! fir/ & second ye>s ( ! *ild's life4 ,=tunately = ! *ild1 x is impossible = u to educate him1 9 any =mal s5se ( ! ^w1 until he has ma/]$ 8 "m tongue4 ,7 x o!rwise1 8 "m tongue w\ld nev] be ma/]$4 ,be=e he rea*es ! age ( two ! *ild accompli%es ! m>vell\s feat ( acquir+ an entirely new language4 ,:ile he is le>n+ x ,nature is 8 only tea*]1 & "u h] tuition he ma/]s ! new language )\t ! lea/ /ra9 & ) complete success4 ,b let u suppose t x 0 possible = a tea*] ( ! conv5tional type to give m9ute directions to a *ild by "s o!r m$ium ( expression ?an t ( language4 ,& let u suppose t su* a tea*] made up h] m9d t %e1 & n ,nature1 0 to tea* ! *ild 8 "m tongue4 ,"o c readily imag9e :at w\ld happ54 ,! tea*] w\ld probably h a !ory t no *ild %\ld beg9 to talk till he 0 two or ev5 two & a half ye>s old2 & if s1 ! *ild w\ld be kept 9 a /ate ( en=c$ dumbness till he rea*$ t age4 ,9 any case1 he w\ld be /rictly =bidd5 to speak till 8 tea*] gave him =mal p]mission to d s4 ,half-an-h\r 9 ! morn+1 & half-an-h\r 9 ! aft]noon w\ld probably be set aside = ! language lesson4 ,= s _m weeks or mon?s ! *ild w\ld be /rictly limit$ to words ( two or ?ree lett]s4 ,= s _m m weeks or mon?s1 to words ( f\r or five lett]s4 ,?+s :i* _h names ( m ?an ! prescrib$ numb] ( lett]s w\ld be kept away f ! *ild2 or1 if t 0 impossible1 he w\ld n be all[$ to talk ab\t !m4 ,= half a ye> p]haps he w\ld be limit$ to ! use ( n\ns & v]bs4 ,prepositions might !n be introduc$ into 8 vocabul>y2 &1 lat]1 adjectives & adv]bs4 ,& s on2 & s on4 ,& ! outcome ( all ?is elaborate tra9+ w\ld be t ! *ild w\ld nev] le>n to talk 8 "m tongue4 ,x is by me?ods analog\s 9 all respects to ?is t _m ( ! subjects on ! "t-table are taught 9 ?\s&s ( our s*ools4 ,! tea*] seems to imag9e t he kn[s1 fully & precisely1 h[ ea* subject ought to be taught2 & in/ead ( /&+ aside1 & try+ to le>n h[ ,nature wi%es ?is or t subject to be taught 7if ,nature c be said to take any int]e/ 9 subjects71 & !n try+ to co-op]ate ) h] subconsci\s t5d5cies1 he makes out 8 elaborate s*eme ( in/ruction1 sets be=e ! *ild z ! goal ( 8 ef=ts ! production ( c]ta9 =mal results1 & drives him t[>ds ^! ) :ip & bridle1 satisfi$ t if he succe$s 9 produc+ !m1 ! subject w h be5 duly ma/]$4 ,& all ! "t he w n h giv5 a ?\ght to :at is happ5+ to ! *ild's inn] life4 ,yet x is m ?an probable t ! tea*]'s disreg>d (1 & !re=e incessant int]f]5ce )1 ! subconsci\s processes ( ,nature has q z disa/r\s results 9 ! tea*+ ( composition1 let u say1 or draw+1 z x w\ld c]ta9ly h 9 ! hypo!tical case ( ! tea*+ ( ! *ild's "m tongue4 ,b 9 tru? ! ,utopian conception ( :at con/itutes effici5cy diff]s s radically f ! curr5t conception1 t little is to be ga9$ by comp>+ !m4 ,if ,i am ask$ by ^? :o value outw>d & visible results = _! own sake1 :e!r ! tra9+ giv5 9 ,utopia is effici5t1 ,i c b answ]3 ,yes1 b effici5t 9 a s5se :i* y _c ev5 beg9 to und]/&1--effici5t 9 ! s5se ( develop+ faculty & fo/]+ life1 :]eas ! price paid = y\r boa/$ effici5cy is ! />vation ( faculty & ! de/ruction ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b h[1 x w be ask$1 are ! ,utopian *ildr51 "o & all1 induc$ to ex]t !mselves8 ,! /&>d ( activity 9 ! s*ool is1 on y\r own %[+1 exceptionally high4 ,mu* is expect$ ( ! *ildr54 ,yet !re are no rew>ds = !m to hope =1 & no puni%m5ts = !m to fe>4 ,h[1 !n1 are ^? :o are by nature less en]getic or less p]sev]+ ?an ! re/ to be induc$ to rise to ! level ( ! tea*]'s expectation8 ,by implication ?is "q has be5 answ]$ aga9 & aga94 ,b x des]ves a direct answ]1 & ,i w try to give x "o4 ,to beg9 )1 x is incorrect to say t !re are no rew>ds or puni%m5ts 9 ,utopia4 ,outw>d rew>ds & outw>d puni%m5ts are entirely unkn[n !re2 b !re are inw>d rew>ds to be _h = ! seek+1 & !re are inw>d puni%m5ts to be fe>$1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! fe> ( !m seldom ov]%ad[s1 ev5 = a pass+ mom5t1 ! sunlit life ( ! ,utopian *ild4 ,:at induces ! ,utopian *ild to "w is1 9 brief1 delight 9 8 "w4 ,he is all[$ & ev5 enc\rag$ to en]gise along ! l9es :i* 8 nature seems to h m>k$ out = him1 & 9 response to ! /ress ( =ces :i* seem to be well+ up f ! dep?s ( 8 inn] life4 ,ex]tion ( ?is k9d is 9 itself a delight4 ,nature has tak5 c>e to make all ! ex]cises by :i* gr[? is fo/]$1 at any rate 9 ! days ( *ildhood :5 gr[? is mo/ rapid & vigor\s1 intr9sically attractive4 ,_h %e done o!rwise %e w\ld h fail$ to make due provision = ! gr[? ( ,man's be+ dur+ ! ye>s :i* prec$e ! outgr[? ( self-consci\sness1 & ! possibility ( self-discipl9e1 ( ! n>r[] & /]n] k9d4 ,& n only are ! ex]cises by :i* heal?y & h>moni\s gr[? is secur$ intr9sically attractive1 b also ! s5se ( well-be+ :i* accompanies su* gr[? is an unfail+ s\rce ( happ9ess4 ,9 ,utopia ! end = :i* ! *ildr5 are work+ is n an ext]nal rew>d or prize to be conf]r$ on !m if !y a*ieve c]ta9 prescrib$ results1 b r ! actual goal to :i* ! pa? t !y h ent]$ is tak+ !m1--a goal :i* is ev] light+ ! pa? ) its =egl[1 & :i* is !re=e at once an inf9itely di/ant lode/> & an ev] pres5t delight4 ,= ! consummation ( any process ( gr[? is always ! p]fection1 ! f9al well-be+1 ( ! ?+ t gr[s2 & !re=e 9 ea* successive /age ( ! process !re is a tru] prefigurem5t ( ! p]fection :i* is be+ gradually a*iev$1 & a full] s5se ( t well-be+ :i*1 at its highe/ level1 is p]fection's o!r self4 ,= ! ,utopian1 !n1 to walk 9 ! pa? ( self-realisation is its own rew>d2 & to w&] f t pa? is its own puni%m5t4 ,b z ! =ces ( ,nature are all co-op]at+ to keep ! *ild 9 ! pa? ( self-realisation1 & z ,eg]ia has alli$ h]self ) ^? =ces & is work+ ) !m 9 e possible way1 ! rew>ds :i* ! ,utopian w9s = himself are v _m1 :ile ! puni%m5ts :i* he inflicts on himself are v few4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pressure on him to ex]t himself is s /rong1 8 opportunities = ex]t+ himself 7"u ,eg]ia's sympa!tic rule7 are s _m1 & ! pleasure ( ex]t+ himself is f\nd to be s great1 t ! temptation to be idle or rebelli\s c sc>cely be said to exi/4 ,x is inde$ 9 respect ( ! motives to ex]tion :i* !y respectively supply1 t ! sup]iority ( ! ,utopian to ! conv5tional type ( education is p]haps mo/ pron\nc$4 ,i h said t ,eg]ia allies h]self ) ! expansive =ces ( ,nature4 ,! tea*] ( ! conv5tional type has to fight aga9/ ^? =ces4 ,let u assume t ! two tea*]s are on a level 9 respect ( _! capacity = influ5c+ & /imulat+ _! pupils1 & let u indicate t level by ! algebraical symbol x4 ,!n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! motive =ce :i* ,eg]ia ex]ts1 & ! motive =ce :i* h] rival ex]ts1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 x y1 & x - y1 y be+ us$ to symbolise ! aggregate motive =ce ( ! expansive t5d5cies ( ! *ild's inn] nature4 ,su* a diff]5ce is incalculable4 ,! s*eme ( education :i* is bas$ on di/ru/ ( ! *ild's nature & belief 9 its intr9sic s9fulness & /upidity1 necess>ily arrays aga9/ itself ! hidd5 =ces ( t malign$ & despis$ nature1 & mu/ ne$s ov]come _! resi/ance be=e x c hope to a*ieve its propos$ end4 ,:ile ,eg]ia is help+ ,nature to provide suitable *annels = ! v>i\s expansive t5d5cies t are at "w 9 ! *ild1 & to guide !m all into ! c5tral *annel ( self-realisation1 h] rival is engag$ 9 digg+ a canal 7to be fill$1 :5 f9i%$1 ) dead1 /agnant wat]7 :i* is s design$ t n only w no use be made by x ( ! life /ream ( ! *ild's lat5t en]gies1 b also co/ly culv]ts & o!r works w h to be con/ruct$ = x 9 ord] to div]t & s5d to wa/e t tr\blesome curr5t4 ,! wa/e ( motive =ce :i* goes on "u any s*eme ( education ?r\gh me*anical ob$i5ce1 is inde$ enorm\s4 ,& :at is mo/ lam5table is t ! en]gies ( ! tea*] are be+ l>gely wa/$ 9 ! ef=t to neutralise ! lat5t en]gies ( ! *ild4 ,no wond] t1 9 ord] to produce 8 meagre & illusory1 results1 ! tea*] %\ld h to resort to motive =ces :i*1 by appeal+ to ! l[] side ( ! *ild's nature1 w enable him to be> d[n ! resi/ance1 &1 9 do+ s1 to imp$e ! outgr[? ( ! high]1--to ! hope ( ext]nal rew>ds & ! ?reat ( ext]nal puni%m5ts4 ,& no wond] t1 ow+ to ! tea*] hav+ to "w unceas+ly aga9/ ! gra9 ( ! *ild's nature1 ( ^! two demoralis+ =ces1 ! fe> ( puni%m5t--:i*1 if n ! m demoralis+1 is c]ta9ly ! m wa/eful ( en]gy--%\ld bulk ! m l>gely 9 ! eyes ( ! *ild4 ,9 f9e1 !n1 :]eas ! conv5tional type ( education is s wa/eful ( motive =ce t x dissipates ! great] "p ( ! tea*]s' & ! s*ol>s' en]gies 9 ne$less friction1--9 ,utopia1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is su* an economy ( motive =ce t ! v joy :i*1 "u its s*eme ( education1 always accompanies ! *ild's exp5diture ( en]gy1 & :i* might be reg>d$ z m]ely a wa/e by-product1 becomes 9 its turn a p[]ful inc5tive to fur!r ex]tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b is !re n too mu* joy 9 ,utopia8 ,is n ! sky too cl\dless8 ,is n ! atmosph]e too cle>8 ,does ! ,utopian nev] act f a s5se ( duty8 ,has he nev] to d any?+ t is di/a/eful to him8 ,?is objection raises an int]e/+ "q4 ,is ! function ( ! s5se ( duty to enable u to d di/a/eful ?+s8 ,& if s1 are we to reg>d x z ! highe/ ( motives to moral action8 ,9 ! days :5 ,kant's idea ( ! moral imp]ative 0 9 ! asc5dant1 ! belief got abroad t ! ess5ce ( virtue 0 to d :at y hat$ do+4 ,look+ back to my ,ox=d days1 ,i recall "s dogg]el l9es1 ( ,g]man orig91 9 :i* ?is belief f9ds apt expression4 ,a disciple :o is 9 tr\ble ab\t 8 s\l says to 8 ma/]3 ,will+ s]ve ,i my fri5ds1 b d x1 alas6 ) affection1 ,& s gnaws me my he>t1 t ,i'm n virtu\s yet4 ,to ?is ! ma/] replies3 ,help except ?is !re is none3 y mu/ /rive ) might to contemn !m1 ,& ) horror p]=m !n :at ! law may enjo94 ,if ?is conception ( morality is correct1 if x is true t ! atmosph]e ( ! virtu\s life %\ld be "o ( horror & ev5 ( hatr$1 !n x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,utopian *ildr5 are receiv+ a s]i\sly defective education4 ,b ! if is a l>ge "o2 & = my "p ,i incl9e to ! belief t love1 z a motive to action1 is bett] ?an hatr$1 joy ?an horror1 sun%9e ?an gloom4 ,! day w inde$ come :5 ! ,utopian--a *ild no long]--w h to d ?+s1 ei!r = 8 own sake or 9 ord] to dis*>ge obligations to o!rs1 :i* w be1 or w seem to be1 aga9/ ! gra9 ev5 ( 8 happy nature2 & ! s5se ( duty w !n h to come to 8 aid4 ,b !re is no reason :y he1 or 8 tea*]s1 %\ld anticipate t day4 ,to compel him1 :ile /ill a *ild1 to "w aga9/ ! gra9 ( 8 nature1 :5 !re 0 no real ne$ = ?is1 w\ld n be ! be/ prep>ation = ! trials t await him4 ,to compel him to sp5d ! great] "p ( 8 s*ool-life 9 do+ :at 0 di/a/eful to him1 w\ld be ! wor/ possible prep>ation = !m4 ,=1 to beg9 )1 ! s5se ( duty is n ! highe/ motive to action4 ,a f> high] motive is love4 ,if ! s5se ( duty to ,god1 = example1 _h n devotion to ,god & love ( ,god beh9d x1 ! object ( "o's wor%ip w\ld be a malignant r ?an a b5efic5t deity1 a devil r ?an a ,god4 ,or let u take ! case ( a *ild :o is dang]\sly ill1 & :o ne$s to be c>efully & ev5 devot$ly nurs$4 ,by :om w he be ! m effectively nurs$1--by 8 "m :o loves him passionately1 or by a hir$ nurse :o _c be expect$ to love him b :o has a /rong s5se ( duty to h] employ]s8 7,i am assum+ t z reg>ds pr(essional skill1 & ! s5se ( duty to ,god1 ! two wom5 are on a level47 ,surely ! "m1 su/a9$ by love 9 ! endurance ( sleeplessness & fatigue1 & 9 ! ex]cise ( t unceas+ vigilance :i* lets no symptom escape x1 w be ! bett] nurse4 ,love1 z a motive to moral action1 has ! imm5se advantage ov] ! s5se ( duty ( be+ able to rob ! h\r ( trial ( its gloom1 by /r5g!n+ ! lov] to make light ( lab\r & difficulty till at la/ ! s5se ( ef=t is lo/ 9 ! s5se ( joy4 ,b if love is ! highe/ ( all motives1 is x n well t ! *ild's life %\ld z f> z possible1 & = z long z possible1 be kept "u its influ5ce1 to ! exclusion ( o!r motives4 ,we h se5 t ! ,utopian *ild takes _m ?+s 9 8 /ride :i* o!r *ildr5 w\ld reg>d z di/a/eful4 ,if !y are n di/a/eful to him1 ! reason is t he does !m1 n f a s5se ( duty1 b "u ! inspiration ( love1--love ( life1 love ( ,eg]ia1 love ( 8 s*oolmates1 love ( 8 s*ool4 ,& ! long] he c rema9 on ! high plane ( love1 ! bett] x w be = 8 aft] life4 ,& :5 ! "t comes = him to yield himself to ! sav+ arms ( duty1 he w h _h ! be/ ( all prep>ations = t h\r ( trial1 = he w h be5 brac$ & /r5g!n$ = x by ! mo/ moralis+ ( all discipl9es1 t ( gr[?4 ,:at is ! s5se ( duty8 ,we too seldom ask ourselves ?is "q4 ,is x n a feel+ ( obligation1 ( be+ 9 debt1 to "s p]son1 or p]sons1 or in/itution1 or society1 or ev5 to "s invisible ,p[]2--to a fri5d1 = example1 a relative1 a dep5d5t1 an employ]1 a contract+ p>ty1 a comm&+ (fic]1--or1 aga91 to "o's trade or pr(ession1 to "o's political p>ty1 to "o's *ur*1 to "o's c\ntry1--or1 9 ! la/ resort1 to ,god8 ,& is n ?is feel+ accompani$ by ! secret conviction t until ! debt has be5 liquidat$1 to ! be/ ( ! debtor's ability1 ju/ice w n h be5 done8 ,! s5se ( duty is1 ,i ?9k1 a d]ivative s5se1 an (f%oot f ! m primitive s5se ( ju/ice1--a s5se s primitive t x may almo/ be said to h made possible our social life4 ,if ?is is s1 if ! s5se ( duty is resolvable into ! s5se ( ju/ice1 !n ! tra9+ :i* is giv5 9 ,utopia--a tra9+ :i* makes = heal?y & h>moni\s gr[?1 & !re=e 7z we h se57 = outgr[? or escape f self--is ! be/ prep>ation = a life ( duty1 t c possibly be giv54 ,= "u its influ5ce ! s5se ( ju/ice1 :i* is ess5tially a social in/9ct1 kn[+ no di/9ction betwe5 oneself & "o's neighb\r1 w be reliev$ ( ! ho/ile pressure ( its ar*-enemy1 ! anti-social in/9ct ( selfi%ness1#ba & w !re=e make rapid & vigor\s gr[?4 ,! s5se ( ju/ice is1 z might be expect$1 /rongly develop$ 9 ! selfless atmosph]e ( ,utopia1 :]e inde$ x has help$1 9 no small degree1 to evolve ! wond]ful social life ( ! s*ool2 &1 t be+ s1 !re is no fe> b :at ! ,utopian w be su/a9$ by ! s5se ( duty :5 ! "t comes = him to "w aga9/ ! gra9 ( 8 nature4 ,b h[ev] /rong may be 8 s5se ( duty1 he w always h ! great advantage ( be+ seldom call$ ^u to d :at he dislikes1 & !re=e ( be+ able to keep ! fibre ( 8 s5se ( duty f be+ ei!r unduly relax$ or unduly h>d5$ by ov]work2 = he has be5 accu/om$ f 8 e>lie/ days to make light (1 & ev5 f9d a pleasure 91 :at is usually acc\nt$ drudg]y1 & he has be5 accu/om$ to "w1 9 s*ool & out ( s*ool1 "u ! inspiration ( joy & love4 ,b is ! education giv5 9 ,utopia useful8 ,i wi% ,i knew :o 0 ask+ ?is "q1 = ,i _c hope to answ] x to 8 satisfaction until ,i "k :at is 8 /&>d ( values4 ,:at end does he set be=e ! tea*]s ( our elem5t>y s*ools8 ,if he w\ld tell me ?is1 ,i might be able to say ,yes or ,no to 8 "q4 ,at pres5t !re seems to be no agreem5t among educationali/s1 pr(essional or amateur1 z to :at con/itutes usefulness 9 education4 ,^? :o belong to ! upp] classes are apt to assume t ! l[] ord]s w h be5 adequately educat$ :5 !y h be5 taught read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 ne$lework1 & religion1 subject$ to a c]ta9 am\nt ( repressive discipl9e1 & compell$ to g to *ur* or *apel4 ,if1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ?is mill1 ! *ildr5 ( ! l[] ord]s d n develop into good m5 & wom5 & useful citiz5s1 x is n _! education :i* is to blame1 b ! inborn s9fulness ( _! corrupt & fall5 natures4 ,su* an education is reg>d$ by ^? :o advocate x z pre-em95tly useful4 ,!re is no nons5se ab\t x1 no cant ( idealism1 no ta9t ( socialism4 ,x keeps ! l[] ord]s 9 _! places1 & =bids !m to dream ( ris+ above t /ate ( life unto :i* x has pleas$ ,god to call !m4 ,z x is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! conv5tional type ( education1 my objection to x is t x makes ! be/ possible provision = secur+ ! end :i* ! conv5tional type seems to h set be=e itself1--9 o!r words1 = depress+ ! vitality ( ! *ild1 = />v+ 8 faculties1 = arre/+ 8 gr[?4 ,z su*1 x has n ev5 ! m]it ( be+ sordidly useful2 = unless /upidity is a bett] ?+ ?an intellig5ce1 sl[ness ?an al]tness1 helplessness ?an initiative1 lifelessness ?an vital activity1 ! *ild :o has pass$ ?r\gh t dre>y mill w be f> less effective1 ev5 z a day-lab\r]1 ?an ! *ild ^: s*ool-life has be5 "o ( cont9u\s & _m-sid$ gr[?4 ,x is /range t ! reaction>y memb]s ( ! upp] classes %\ld be too %ort-sight$ to disc]n ?is obvi\s tru?4 ,b p]haps !y h a secret conviction t by s educat+ ! l[] ord]s z to make !m sl[ & /upid1 helpless & lifeless1 !y w be ! bett] able to keep !m 9 a /ate ( subs]vi5ce to & dep5d5ce on !mselves4#bb ,if ?is is s1 !re is me?od 9 ! madness ( ! upp] classes2 & _! conception ( ! c\rse t education ought to take has ! m]it ( be+ entirely true to _! basely selfi% conception ( ! end t education ought to s]ve4 ,i h allud$ to ?is pseudo-utilit>ian !ory1 n because x is intr9sically wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion1 b because !re is und\bt$ly a /rong & influ5tial curr5t ( op9ion :i* sets 9 its direction4 ,!re are o!r advocates ( a useful education :o seem to reg>d ! elem5t>y s*ool1 n z a tra9+ gr\nd = good m5 & wom51 b z a k9d ( te*nical in/itute 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are to be tra9$ = ! v>i\s call+s by :i*1 :5 !y gr[ up1 !y w h to e>n _! daily bread4 ,?is !ory ne$ n be s]i\sly consid]$1 = its inh]5t absurdity has caus$ x to be tacitly ab&on$ by all ^: op9ion c>ries weight2 & ! m reasonable !ory t ! education giv5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool %\ld be z f> z possible adapt$ to ! environm5t ( ! s*ool--t x %\ld be giv5 a rural bias1 = example1 or a m>9e bias1 or ev5 an urban bias--has begun to take its place4 ,t x %\ld ev] h f\nd advocates is int]e/+ z %[+ h[ easy x is = un5light5$ public op9ion to mis9t]pret ! ^w useful4#bc ,!re is a ?ird class ( critics1 compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( memb]s ( ,local ,education ,committees1 :o seem to ?9k t ability to pass a leav+ exam9ation is ! only valid pro( ( ! usefulness ( elem5t>y education4 ,if ^! influ5tial critics1 :o are %[+ 9 v>i\s ways t !y c>e m = ma*9]y ?an = life1 c\ld h _! w1 !y w\ld probably rev]t to ! good old days ( cut-&-dri$ syllabuses1 =mal exam9ations ( individual s*ol>s1 p]c5tages ( passes1 & ! l4 ,z ,i h already tak5 pa9s to expla9 :at ! rgime ( ! good old days really meant1 ,i ne$ n wa/e my "t 9 expos+ ! fallacies :i* und]lie ?is conception ( usefulness4 ,"h1 !n1 are ?ree di/9ct /&>ds ( usefulness 9 elem5t>y education4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 education is useful 9 proportion z x t5ds1 by repress+ ! activities & atrophy+ ! faculties ( ! s*ol>s1 to keep ! l[] ord]s 9 _! places1 & 9 s do+ to provide ! upp] classes ) a suffici5cy ( lab\r]s & s]vants4 ,accord+ to ! second1 x is useful 9 proportion z x is able to prep>e ! s*ol>s = _! v>i\s call+s 9 aft] life4#bd ,accord+ to ! ?ird1 9 proportion z x enables ! s*ol>s to pass ) cr$it c]ta9 leav+ & o!r exam9ations ( a =mal type4 ,i w n[ assume t ! end ( education is to produce1 or at any rate contribute to ! production (1 good m5 & wom52 & t ! education giv5 9 elem5t>y s*ools is useful 9 exact proportion z x s]ves ?is end4 ,i am n us+ ! ^w good 9 its ,sunday ,s*ool s5se4 ,nor does ! ^w sugge/ to my m9d t bl5d ( /upidity1 pati5ce1 & submissiv5ess :i* sometimes passes = goodness :5 ! upp] classes are tak+ ?\ght = ! welf>e ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,! good man1 z ,i und]/& ! phrase1 is a good son1 a good bro!r1 a good husb&1 a good fa!r1 a good citiz51 a good t[nsman1 a good workman1 a good s]vant1 a good ma/]4 ,9 f9e1 he is a good specim5 ( 8 k9d1 well gr[n & well develop$1 effici5t on all ! planes ( 8 be+1--physical1 m5tal1 moral1 spiritual4 ,?is conception ( :at con/itutes useful education diff]s radically f ^? :i* ,i h j be5 consid]+2 b ,i believe t :5 x has be5 adequately exp\nd$1 & submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( ^? ^: op9ion is wor? hav+1 x w n be s]i\sly ga9said4 ,if education is useful 9 proportion z x t5ds to produce good m5 & wom51 ! education giv5 9 ,utopia is useful to ! highe/ degree4 ,= a *ild _c become a good man 7or woman7 except by gr[+ good2 & if he is to gr[ good1 8 nature mu/ be all[$ to develop itself freely & h>moni\sly 7= j s f> z x is normal & heal?y x is necess>ily mak+ = its own p]fection71 & ! "o end & aim ( ! tea*] mu/ be to /imulate & direct ?is process ( spontane\s gr[?4 ,?is1 z we h se51 is ! "o end & aim ( ,eg]ia2 & x is !re=e cle> t %e is tak+ effective /eps--! mo/ effective t c possibly be tak5--to produce good m5 & wom54 ,we h b to "n ! qualities :i* are *>act]i/ic1 z we h already se51 ( h] pupils & ex-pupils1--activity1 v]satility1 imag9ative sympa?y1 a l>ge & free outlook1 self-=getfulness1 *>m ( mann]1 joy ( he>t1--9 ord] to conv9ce ourselves t ^? :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! ,utopian s*ool are on ! high road :i* leads to goodness4 ,s obvi\s is all ?is1 t 9 def9+ ! ^w useful ,i may be said to h decid$ ! "q 9 fav\r ( ,utopia2 & :at is n[ 9 dispute is n :e!r ,utopianism is useful1 9 any s5se ( ! ^w1 b :e!r my s5se ( ! ^w is ! "r "o4 ,i _c g mu* fur!r into ?is "q )\t exce$+ ! limits ( ! !me :i* ,i am h&l+ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,= 9 consid]+ ! aft] life ( ! ,utopian *ild1 ,i am ent]+ a region 9 :i* ! idea ( education beg9s to m]ge itself 9 ! l>g] idea ( salvation2 & ?\gh education1 z begun 9 ,utopia1 is 9 its ess5ce a life-long process1 ,i mu/ pay "s he$ to ! limits :i* tradition & cu/om h impos$ on ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,b be=e ,i close ?is *apt] ,i mu/ be all[$ to give "o illu/ration 9 support ( my cont5tion t ! education giv5 9 ,utopia is useful4 ,( ! _m compla9ts t are br\ght aga9/ ! output ( our elem5t>y s*ools1 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s is t ! boys & girls :o h rec5tly left s*ool are voraci\s read]s ( a vici\s & demoralis+ lit]ature :i* seems to be provid$ = _! special b5efit4 ,! reason :y !y take s readily to ?is g>bage is t !y h lo/ _! appetite = :olesome food4 ,!y are n int]e/$ 9 heal?y lit]ature1 9 ,nature-/udy1 9 music1 9 art1 9 h&icraft1--9 any pursuit :i* might take !m out ( !mselves into a l>g] & fre] life2 & s !y fall victims to ! allurem5ts ( a lit]ature :i* appeals to _! bas]1 m s5sual1 & m selfi% in/9cts1--! v in/9cts :i* gr[? 79 ! true s5se ( ! ^w7 spontane\sly relegates to a subord9ate position & places "u effective control4 ,x is ! in]tness1 ! apa?y1 ! l[ vitality ( ! av]age *ild ( f\rte51 :i* is ! cause ( 8 undo+4 ,8 ta/e = false & m]etrici\s excitem5t--a ta/e :i* may lead him f> along ! d[nw>d pa?--is ! outcome ( 8 v in/9ct to live1 an in/9ct :i*1 ?\gh repress$ by ! influ5ces t h *ok$ its natural *annels1 _c resign itself to ext9ction1 & at la/1 9 its despair+ ef=t to en]gise1 =ces = itself ! artificial outlet ( an imag9ative int]e/ 9 vice & crime4 ,! "y p]son :o1 on leav+ s*ool1 becomes a voraci\s dev\r] ( un:olesome lit]ature1 _c be said to h receiv$ a useful education4 ,t vice & crime--:e!r practis$ or imag9$--are 9 ! fir/ in/ance artificial outlets1 outlets :i* ! s\l w\ld n use if its expansive in/9cts 7 duly fo/]$1 is prov$ by ! abs5ce ( naught9ess 9 ! ,utopian s*ool1 & ! abs5ce ( any ta/e = morbid excitem5t among/ ,utopian ex-s*ol>s4 ,! un:olesome lit]ature :i* gives s mu* conc]n to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( ! "y1 is unkn[n 9 ,utopia4 ,& 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]1 ! goodness ( ! *ildr5 & "y p]sons is due1 n to any lack ( life & _s1 b to ! v abundance ( _! vitality4 ,ap>t f ! fact t vigor\s gr[?1 :e!r 9 plant or animal or human s\l1 is 9 itself a sure prophylactic aga9/ ! v>i\s evils to :i* gr[+ life is expos$1 ! ,utopians are gu>d$ aga9/ ! dang] ( demoralis+ books & demoralis+ amusem5ts by _! _m-sid$ int]e/ 9 life4 ,_! in/9ct to live1 f9d+ natural & adequate outlets 9 _m directions1 has no ne$ to =ce = itself ! artificial outlet ( morbid excitem5t1--an outlet = imprison$ en]gies1 :i* has too (t5 prov$ an op5+ to a life ( vice & crime4 ,!re is a ,%akespe>e 9 e cottage 9 ,utopia2 b ! advocates ( a repressive & re/rictive education = ! l[] ord]s ne$ n be al>m$ at ?is1 = ! ,utopians1 :o h f\nd ! secret ( true happ9ess1 are fre] ?an mo/ villag]s f social discont5t4 ,nor are ,eg]ia's ex-pupils less effici5t z lab\r]s or dome/ic s]vants because !y are int]e/$ 9 good lit]ature1 9 ,nature-/udy1 9 act+1 or because !y c /ill dance ! ,morris ,dances & s+ ! ,folk ,songs :i* !y le>n$ 9 s*ool4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,i am ?9k+ m p>ticul>ly ( "s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic s*ools 9 ! ,iri% qu>t] ( ,liv]pool1 :]e ! s+ul>ly k9d & graci\s be>+ ( ! tea*+ si/]s t[>ds _! poor1 ill-f$1 & ill-clad pupils is an educative influ5ce ( incalculable value4 #ba ,! s5se ( ju/ice1 :i* w\ld give to ea* 8 due1 & !re=e n m ?an 8 due to oneself1 seems to hold ! balance betwe5 selfi%ness & love1 be+ z x 71 equidi/ant f ! gre$ & self-indulg5ce ( ! =m] & ! lavi%ness & self-devotion ( ! latt]4 ,if ?is is s1 & if ! s5se ( duty is1 z ,i h sugge/$1 an (f%oot f ! s5se ( ju/ice1 "o c und]/& :y1 on ! "o h&1 ! s5se ( duty %\ld be ne$$ to hold ! self-seek+ in/9cts 9 *eck1 & :y1 on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld be an altoge!r l[] & weak] motive ?an love1 by :i* inde$1 9 its own int]e/1 x %\ld always be ready to be sup]s$$4 #bb ,i 0 once pres5t :5 ! ,utopian *ildr5 7 go+ ?r\gh a programme ( ,folk ,songs & ,morris ,dances 9 ! village hall4 ,a lady :o 0 look+ on rem>k$ to me3 ,?is is all v f9e2 b if ?is sort ( ?+ goes on1 :]e are we go+ to f9d our s]vants8 ,! selfi%ness ( ?is rem>k is obvi\s4 ,:at is less obvi\s1 b m significant1 is its purbl9dness4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! ,utopian girls make excell5t dome/ic s]vants1 & are well cont5t to g into s]vice4 #bc ,"s two or ?ree ye>s ago x 0 s]i\sly propos$ t m>9e navigation %\ld be taught 9 all ! elem5t>y s*ools ( a c]ta9 m>itime c\nty6 #bd ,! p>5t :o wrote to a s*oolma/]1 ,please d n tea* my boy any m poetry1 z he is go+ to be a groc]1 mu/ h be5 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is conception ( usefulness4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,salvation ,,?r\gh ,,self-,,realisation ,9 ,utopia ! transition f education to salvation1 bo? 9 !ory & practice1 is obvi\s & direct4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 education & salvation is1 inde$1 purely nom9al3 9 _! ess5ce ! two processes are "o4 ,z ! education giv5 9 ,utopia is1 9 ! ma91 self-education1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be cont9u$ indef9itely aft] ! *ild has left s*ool2 & z its function is to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! *ild's _m-sid$ nature 7) its va/ pot5tialities71 !re is e reason :y x %\ld be cont9u$ z long z he lives4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pa? ( salvation is ! pa? ( self-realisation1 ! mo/ important "p ( :i* is trav]s$ 9 *ildhood2 & to atta9 to salvation 7:i* is 9 a s5se unatta9able7 is to rema9 fai?ful to t pa? till x passes beyond our ?\ght4 ,outside ,utopia !re is a widely diff]5t conception ( ! mean+ & purpose ( education1 & a correspond+ly diff]5t conception ( ! nature ( salvation & ! means by :i* x is to be a*iev$4 ,! idea ( salvation1 ) ! complem5t>y idea ( p]dition1 may be reg>d$ z ! cr[n & completion ( t s*eme ( ext]nal rew>ds & puni%m5ts :i* plays s prom95t a "p 9 ,we/]n education4 ,salvation1 :i* is ! highe/ ( all ext]nal rew>ds1 j z p]dition is ! sev]e/ ( all ext]nal puni%m5ts1 is n a pa? to be foll[$1 b a /ate ( happ9ess to be won & enjoy$4 ,x foll[s t ! relation betwe5 education & salvation is1 9 ! ma91 "o ( analogy1 r ?an ( id5tity 7z 9 ,utopia71 or ev5 ( vital connection4 ,or %all we say t education is n s mu* ! fir/ act 9 ! drama ( salvation z ! fir/ rehe>sal ( ! play8 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 two conceptions ( salvation 9 ! ,we/1 j z !re are two worlds to be liv$ 91--! ,sup]natural _w & ! _w ( ,nature4 ,9 :at are call$ religi\s circles1 to be sav$ is to h ga9$ admission to ,heav51 &1 9 do+ s1 to h escap$ ! torm5t & mis]y ( ,hell4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,hell 0 tak5 v s]i\sly2 b ! idea ( nev]-end+ torm5t & mis]y is f\nd1 :5 /eadily fac$1 to be s intol]able t popul> ?\ght1 ev5 9 religi\s circles1 is n[ turn+ away f x2 & s loosely d m5 sit1 9 ^! deg5]ate days1 to ! old doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t1 t to die & to g to heav5 are becom+ int]*angeable t]ms4 ,b if all m5 are to be admitt$ to ,heav5 7or to its ante-room1 ,purgatory7 at ! end ( ?is1 _! "o e>?-life1 x is cle> t !re c be no causal connection betwe5 conduct & salvation4 ,= ?\gh !re may be degrees ( happ9ess 9 ,heav5 to rew>d ! v>y+ degrees ( virtue on e>?1 all ^! are dw>f$ to no?+ by ! unimag9able abyss ( diff]5ce :i* yawns betwe5 ,heav5 & ,hell2 & ! practical up%ot ( ! curr5t es*atology is t all m5--! self-sacrific+ equally ) ! self-indulg5t1 ! k9d & compassionate equally ) ! h>d-he>t$1 ! spiritually-m9d$ equally ) ! worldly1 ! aspir+ equally ) ! indiff]5t--are to reap ! same rew>d4 ,if a man is a notori\sly evil liv]1 ^? :o h suff]$ at 8 h&s or be5 viol5tly sc&alis$ by 8 conduct may p]haps f9d a sombre pleasure 9 consign+ him to ,hell1 :i*1 inde$1 might o!rwise h to put up its %utt]s4 ,b ?\gh ! doors ( ,heav5 may be clos$ aga9/ a few exceptional sc\ndrels1 !y are n[adays ?r[n op5 to all ! re/ ( ,mank9d2 & ! maxim1 ,live anyh[1 & y w be sav$ someh[1 seems to sum up ) tol]able accuracy ! popul> attitude t[>ds ! tw(old problem ( duty & de/9y4 ,i d n = a mom5t sugge/ t ?is happy-g-lucky es*atology is =mally c\nt5anc$ by ! ,*ur*es & ,sects4 ,!y w\ld d\btless repudiate x ) indignation2 b ! fact rema9s t _! own tea*+ is l>gely responsible = x4 ,= n only is ! idea ( natural retribution :olly =eign to ! g5ius ( sup]naturalism1 b also1 9 ! two great s*ools ( ,we/]n !ology1 !re is1 & always has be51 a /rong t5d5cy to und]value conduct 79 ! broad1 human s5se ( ! ^w71 & to make ! means ( salvation me*anical r ?an vital4 ,at any rate ! sacram5tal tea*+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( salvation ?r\gh fai? 9 ! f9i%$ "w ( ,*ri/1 readily l5d !mselves to su* an int]pretation4 ,s ineffective is ! curr5t es*atology1 9 its be>+ on conduct1 t ! lat5t en]gy ( ,man's nature--8 lat5t desire to h a c5tral purpose 9 life--is compell+ him to "w out = himself ano!r & a m mundane conception ( salvation1 to set be=e himself z ! end ( life ! w9n+ ( c]ta9 temporal prizes1 & to keep ?is end /eadily 9 view f day to day & f ye> to ye>4 ,su* a conception ( salvation has always _h a /rong attraction = him1 ?\gh 9 8 m or?odox days he f\nd x desirable to subord9ate x to1 or if possible h>monise x )1 ! conception :i* 8 religion dictat$ to him2 & ( late its attractiv5ess has be5 increas$ by ! fact t he is beg9n+ to ?r[ 8 es*atology 7ev5 9 its pres5t emasculat$ =m7 to ! w9ds4 ,s f>1 ,i h _h 9 my m9d ^? qu>t]s ( ,we/]n ?\ght 9 :i* ! belief 9 ! reality ( ! s\l & ! k9dr$ belief 9 immortality /ill survive4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact bo? beliefs are dy+ be=e our eyes1--dy+ z a dumb prote/ aga9/ ! inadequacy ( ! popul> philosophy1 aga9/ ! intr9sic incr$ibility ( its premises1 aga9/ its fundam5tal misconception ( ! mean+ ( life & ! nature & conditions ( salvation1 above all aga9/ ! way 9 :i* ! beliefs !mselves h be5 p]si/5tly mis9t]pret$ & trave/i$4 ,& :]e ! beliefs are dy+1 ! lat5t ext]nalism & mat]ialism ( ,we/]n ?\ght & ,we/]n life are able to ass]t !mselves )\t let or h9drance4 ,to be sav$1 z ! phrase is n[ widely und]/ood1 means to get on 9 life1 to succe$ 9 bus9ess or 9 a pr(ession1 to make money1 to rise 9 ! social scale 7if necess>y1 on ! %\ld]s ( o!rs71 to =ce "o's way to ! front 7if necess>y1 by trampl+ d[n o!rs71 to be talk$ ab\t 9 ! daily pap]s1 to make a spla% 9 "s circle or cot]ie1--9 ^! & 9 o!r ways to a*ieve "s measure ( :at is call$ success4 ,& 9 proportion z ?is mundane conception ( salvation t5ds to e/abli% itself1 s does ! drift t[>ds social & political an>*y1 :i* is n[ beg9n+ to al>m all ! lov]s ( ord] & progress1 t5d to wid5 its range & accel]ate its movem5t4 ,= ?\gh ! curr5t idea ( a*iev+ salvation ?r\gh success is a com=table doctr9e = ! successful few1 x is ! rev]se ( com=table = ! unsuccessful _m1 among :om ! idea is ga9+ gr\nd t z salvation is ! rew>d1 n ( virtue1 b ( a judici\s bl5d ( clev]ness1 unscrupul\sness1 selfi%ness1 & gre$1 !re is no reason1 9 ! moral ord] ( ?+s1 :y x %\ld n be wre/$ f ^? :o are enjoy+ x1 ei!r by organis$ social w>f>e or by op5 viol5ce & crime4 ,& ev5 if an an>*ical outbreak %\ld result 9 p]dition all r\nd in/ead ( salvation all r\nd1 x w\ld at lea/ be "s consolation to ! lo/ to feel t !y _h dragg$ ! sav$ d[n into _! own bottomless pit4 ,?is w\ld n be a l(ty s5tim5t2 yet ,i d n see :o is 9 a position to condemn x1--n ! support] ( ! exi/+ social ord]1 :i* legalises a g5]al scramble1 fir/ = ! prizes ( life & !n = ! b>e means ( subsi/5ce1 & is well cont5t t 9 t scramble ! weak1 ! ignorant1 & ! un=tunate %\ld g to ! wall1--n ! expon5t ( ! conv5tional !ology1 :i* has taught m5 to dream ( a ,heav5 9 :i* ! happ9ess ( ! elect w be unruffl$ by ! k t an et]nity ( mis]y is ! doom ( p]haps a majority ( _! fell[-m54 ,9 ! ,we/1 !n1 !re are two conceptions ( salvation1--a selfi%1 worldly conception :i* is daily becom+ m effective1 & a selfi% o!r-worldly conception :i* is daily becom+ m ineffective1 & is !re=e less & less able to compete ) or control its rival4 ,out ( ! attempts t are made to realise bo? ^! conceptions & to keep !m on fri5dly t]ms ) "o ano!r1 !re is em]g+ a /ate ( *aos--political1 social1 moral1 spiritual1--a welt]+ *aos ( new & old ideals1 new & old !ories ( life1 new & old /&>ds ( values1 new & old c5tres ( au?ority1 new & old ambitions & dreams4 ,& 9 ?is *aos !re are only two pr9ciples ( ord]1 ! fir/ 7:i* is also ! ultimate cause ( all our disord]7 be+ ! pa!tic fact t ne>ly all ! actors 9 ! bewild]+ drama are /ill seek+ = happ9ess outside !mselves1 ! second be+ ! fundam5tal goodness ( man's he>t4 ,i w n[ g back to ,utopia4 ,!re a new conception ( salvation is implicit 9 ! new !ory ( education :i* has revolutionis$ ! life ( ! s*ool4 ,humble z is ! sph]e & small z is ! scale ( ,eg]ia's lab\rs1 h] "w is1 ,i firmly believe1 ( _w-wide importance & la/+ value1 = %e has provid$ an exp]im5tal basis = ! idea t salvation is to be a*iev$ by gr[?1 & gr[? alone4 ,i w n[ try to int]pret t idea4 ,! education ( ! *ild 9 s*ool beg9s :5 he is f\r or five ye>s old1 & la/s till he is ?irte5 or f\rte54 ,b he ent]s ! pa? ( salvation ! day he is born4 ,he comes into ! _w a weak1 helpless baby2 b1 l e o!r se$l+1 he has 9 him all ! pot5cies ( p]fection1--! p]fection ( 8 k9d4 ,to realise ^? pot5cies1 s f> z !y c be realis$ )9 ! limits ( "o e>?-life1 is to a*ieve salvation4 ,are ^? pot5cies wor? realis+8 ,to ?is "q ,i c b answ]3 ,su* z !y are1 !y are our all4 ,we might ask ! same "q ) reg>d to an acorn or a gra9 ( :eat2 & 9 ea* case ! answ] w\ld be ! same4 ,!re are1 inde$1 plants & animals :i* are noxi\s f our po9t ( view4 ,b t is n ! view :i* !y take ( !mselves4 ,ea* ( !m reg>ds 8 own pot5cies 9 ! light ( a sacr$ tru/1 & /rives ) untir+ en]gy to realise !m4 ,if ! pot5cies ( our nature are n wor? realis+ we _h bett] give up ! bus9ess ( liv+4 ,if !y are1 we _h bett] fall into l9e ) o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,an unceas+ pressure is be+ put ^u u to d s4 ,! p]fect manhood :i* is pres5t 9 embryo 9 ! new-born infant1 j z ! oak-tree is pres5t 9 embryo 9 ! acorn1 w /ruggle unceas+ly to evolve itself4 ,) ! dawn ( self-consci\sness1 we %all gradually acquire ! p[] ( ei!r co-op]at+ )1 or ?w>t+1 ! spontane\s en]gies t are well+ up 9 u & mak+ = our gr[?4 ,9 ?is respect we /&1 9 "s sort1 ap>t f ! re/ ( liv+ ?+s4 ,b ! p[] to co-op]ate ) our own spontane\s en]gies is to ! full z natural z are ! en]gies !mselves4 ,to fa?om ! my/]y ( self-consci\sness is beyond my p[] & beside my pres5t purpose2 b we may p]haps reg>d our p[] ( int]f]+1 = good or ill1 ) ! spontane\s en]gies ( our nature1 z ! outcome ( a successful ef=t :i* our nature has made bo? to wid5 ! sph]e ( its own life & to accel]ate ! process ( its own gr[?4 ,b j because we possess t p[]1 x is ess5tial t we1 above all o!r liv+ ?+s1 %\ld believe 9 ourselves1 %\ld believe 9 ! intr9sic value ( our natural pot5cies1 ) a :ole-he>t$ fai?4 ,= if we d n1 we %all h9d] in/ead ( help+ ! =ces t are at "w 9 u1 & we %all ret>d in/ead ( accel]at+ ! process ( our gr[?4 ,we h se5 t education 9 ! ,we/ has hi!rto be5 a failure because1 ow+ to ! asc5d5cy ( ! doctr9e ( orig9al s91 x has be5 bas$ on di/ru/ ( human nature2 & we h se5 t 9 ,utopia1 :]e ,eg]ia's fai? 9 human nature is s pr(\nd t %e has all[$ ! *ildr5 to g f> t[>ds educat+ !mselves1 ! results a*iev$ h gone beyond my wilde/ dream ( :at 0 practicable1 at any rate )9 ! limits ( ! s*ool life ( village *ildr54 ,:at is true ( education is true a =tiori ( salvation4 ,if x is impossible to con/ruct a satisfactory s*eme ( education on ! basis ( di/ru/ ( human nature1 x is ev5 m impossible 7if !re are degrees 9 impossibility7 to con/ruct on ! same basis a satisfactory s*eme ( salvation4 ,i h already cont5d$ t if education is to be re=m$1 ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 mu/ g2 & ,i n[ cont5d t if our philosophy ( life is to be re=m$1 we mu/ ab&on1 n t doctr9e only1 b ! :ole duali/ic philosophy :i* c5tres 9 ! opposition ( ,nature to ! ,sup]natural4 ,= tru/ 9 human nature--! microcosm--is impossible1 s long z ,nature--! macrocosm--is liable to be disp>ag$ & discr$it$ 79 our m9ds7 by ! vision>y spl5d\rs ( ! ,sup]natural _w2 & to devise a h>moni\s s*eme ( life is impossible s long z an inh>moni\s conception ( ! ,univ]se dom9ates our ?\ght1--a conception s inh>moni\s t x divides ! ,univ]se1 ! ,all ( ,be+1 into two ho/ile camps1 & 9 do+ s introduces ! w> ( ! worlds into ea* individual life4 ,:5 a fruit-gr[] plants a fruit-tree1 he does ?ree ?+s = x4 ,by *oos+ an appropriate soil & aspect1 he br+s adequate supplies ( n\ri%m5t )9 rea* ( x4 ,by manur+ x at ! "r season1 he bo? adds to its /ore ( n\ri%m5t & gives x ! /imulus :i* w help x to absorb & assimilate ! n\ri%m5t t is imm$iately available = its use4 ,&1 by prun+ & tra9+ x judici\sly1 he gives x ! guidance :i* w enable x to develop itself to ! be/ advantage f ! fruit-be>+ po9t ( view 7fruit-be>+ be+ ! end :i* he sets x74 ,he does ^! ?ree ?+s = x1 b he does no m ?an ^!4 ,he realises t 9 all ^! op]ations he is only tak+ advantage ( ! innate p[]s & t5d5cies ( ! tree1 & enabl+ ^! to deploy !mselves "u z fav\rable conditions z possible2 & he is !re=e well cont5t to leave ! re/ to ! tree itself1 feel+ sure t its own spontane\s ef=t to a*ieve p]fection w d all t is ne$$4 ,8 tru/ 9 ! ability & will+ness ( ! tree to "w out its salvation is complete4 ,^! are ! l9es on :i* ! f>m] & ! fruit-gr[] conduct _! bus9ess1--l9es1 ! neglect ( :i* w\ld involve !m 9 e>ly disa/] & 9 ultimate ru94 ,& ^! are ! l9es on :i* human nature ought to be tra9$1 9 s*ool & out ( s*ool1 f ! day ( bir? to ! day ( dea?4 ,b !y are l9es on :i* x w nev] be tra9$ s long z ! doctr9e ( ! depravity ( ,nature 9 g5]al & human nature 9 p>ticul> controls our philosophy ( life4 ,! doctr9e ( natural depravity1 or orig9al s91 is ! outcome ( ,man's attempt to expla9 to himself ! gl>+ fact ( 8 own imp]fection4 ,! doctr9e grew up 9 an age :5 m5 7 ignorant ( ! fundam5tal laws ( ,nature1 & among a p :o1 ?\gh o!rwise ri*ly gift$1 _h no turn = su/a9$ ?\ght4 ,s long z m5 7 ignorant ( ,nature's ma/] law ( evolution1 x 0 b natural t !y %\ld acc\nt = _! own imp]fection by look+ back to a ,gold5 ,age1--a /ate ( innoc5ce & bliss f :i* !y _h someh[ fall51 & to :i* !y c\ld n1 by any ef=t or process ( _! corrupt$ nature1 hope to return4 ,:ile ?is idea--half my? & half doctr9e--0 gr[+ up 9 ! m9d ( ,israel1 ! c\nt] idea ( ! evolution or gr[? ( ! s\l1 ( its asc5t f weak beg9n+s t[>ds a /ate ( spiritual p]fection1 0 gr[+ up among ! ?9k]s ( ,india1 & ! d]ivative doctr9e ( salvation ?r\gh ! natural process ( s\l-gr[? 0 be+ gradually elaborat$4 ,b ?\gh ! philosophy ( ,india produc$ "s impression on ! consci\s ?\ght1 & a f> deep] impression on ! subconsci\s ?\ght1 ( ! ,we/1 its ma/] idea ( spiritual evolution--?r\gh a long sequ5ce ( lives--0 :olly =eign to ! g5ius ( ,*ri/5dom1 :i* _h borr[$ its ideas f ! commonplace philosophy ( ,israel2 & x 0 n till ! n9ete5? c5tury ( our era t ! idea ( evolution began to make its way1 f ! qu>t] ( physical sci5ce1 into ,we/]n ?\ght4 ,! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 mu/ once h _h a mean+ & a purpose4 ,= "o ?+1 x mu/ h be5 g5]at$ by a sudd5 rise 9 ,man's moral /&>d2 & z su* x mu/ h _h a salut>y influ5ce on 8 conduct & inw>d life4 ,b x is n[ out/ay+ its welcome4 ,! ,biblical /ory ( ! ,fall1 9 virtue ( :i* x 0 once au?oritatively taught1 is ceas+ to be reg>d$ z s]i\s hi/ory2 & ! doctr9e mu/ !re=e ei!r ju/ify itself to critical ?\ght or resign itself to rejection z inadequate & uns\nd4 ,b !re is only "o l9e ( def5ce :i* its support]s c take4 ,z ! doctr9e 0 ! outcome ( ,man's premature attempt to expla9 ! fact ( 8 own imp]fection1 if x is to survive 9 ! _w ( ideas x mu/ be able to %[1 fir/ & =emo/1 t ! fact 9 "q _c be acc\nt$ = on o!r gr\nds4 ,w x be able to d ?is1 at a "t :5 ! idea ( evolution is beg9n+ to impregnate our m5tal atmosph]e1 & 9 do+ s is mak+ u realise t we are ne> ( k9 to all o!r liv+ ?+s1 & t our lives1 l !irs1 are dom9at$ by ! ma/]-law ( gr[?8 ,t !re is mu* moral evil 9 ! _w is und5iable4 ,are we !re=e to pr$icate orig9al depravity ( man's he>t & s\l8 ,b !re is also mu* physical evil 9 ! _w1--pa91 weakness1 disease1 decay1 & dea?4 ,are we !re=e to pr$icate orig9al depravity ( man's body8 ,& ?is physical evil1 ?is liability to disease1 is n conf9$ to man1 b also affects all o!r liv+ ?+s4 ,are we !re=e to pr$icate orig9al depravity ( a new-born lamb1 ( a new-laid egg1 ( an acorn1 ( a gra9 ( :eat8 ,let u consid] c]ta9 typical =ms ( moral evil1 & see if we c acc\nt = !m1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( orig9al s94 ,! vici\s prop5sities :i* manife/ !mselves 9 *ildr5 & "y p]sons may be divid$ into two ma9 classes1 app>5t & actual4#be ,( ! =m] class ! *ief cause is1 9 a ^w1 immaturity4 ,( ! latt]1 environm5t4 ,analogies drawn f plant life may help u to und]/& h[ ^! causes op]ate4 ,immaturity4 ,if an ,engli%man :o _h nev] be=e ta/$ an apple 7 to eat "o 9 ,july1 he w\ld probably come to ! conclusion t x 0 a h>d1 s\r1 indige/ible fruit1 conceiv$ 9 s9 & %ap5 9 iniquity1 & fit only to be consign$ to p]dition 7on a du/heap1 or else:]e74 ,b if ! same man 7 to wait till ,octob] & !n eat an apple f ! same tree1 he w\ld =m a :olly diff]5t conception ( its value4 ,he w\ld f9d t ! s\rness _h rip5$ into :olesome & refre%+ acidity2 ! h>dness into t firmness ( fibre :i*1 besides be+ pleasant to ! palate1 makes ! apple keep bett] ?an any o!r fruit2 ! indige/ibility into c]ta9 valuable dietetic qualities2 & s on4 ,x is ! same ) ! gr[+ *ild4 ,mo/ ( 8 vices are virtues 9 ! mak+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> or s ( 8 life he is a mon/] ( selfi%ness2 & selfi%ness is ! mo/ compreh5sive & f>-rea*+ ( all vici\s t5d5cies4 ,does ?is mean t he has be5 conceiv$ 9 s98 ,n 9 ! lea/4 ,x means t he is mak+ a :ole-he>t$ ef=t to gu>d & unfold ! pot5cies ( life--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( physical life--:i* h be5 entru/$ to him4 ,x means t he has ent]$ ! pa? ( self-realisation1 & t if he w be z fai?ful to t pa? dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life z he has be5 dur+ ^? e>ly mon?s ( uncompromis+ selfi%ness1 he w be able at la/ to scale ! l(tie/ heights ( self-=getfulness & self-sacrifice4 ,environm5t4 ,! influ5ces :i* environm5t ex]ts seem to fall "u ?ree heads-- 7#a7 ,g5]al influ5ces ( a m or less p]man5t "*1 su* z home1 neighb\rhood1 social grade1 etc4 7#b7 ,g5]al influ5ces ( a m or less v>iable "*1 su* z education1 employm5t1 fri5d%ip1 etc4 7#c7 ,p>ticul> influ5ces1 su* z companion%ip 7good or bad71 lit]ature 7:olesome or p]nici\s71 places ( amusem5t 7elevat+ or debas+71 special opportunities = self-sacrifice or self-indulg5ce1 etc4 ,correspond+ to ^! 9 plant-life we h-- 7#a7 ,soil1 situation1 & climate3 7#b7 ,cultivation & wea!r3 7#c7 ,! v>i\s insects & micro-organisms :i* are ready to assail or protect gr[+ life4 7#a7 ,if two acorns f ! same tree 7 s[n1 ! "o 9 a deep clay soil & a fav\rable situation1 ! o!r 9 a light s&y soil & an unfav\rable situation1 ! =m] w\ld 9 "t develop into a l>ge & %apely1 ! latt] into a puny & mis%ap5 oak-tree4 ,x w\ld be ! same1 mutatis mut&is1 ) two human be+s :o 7 expos$ f _! e>lie/ days to widely diff]5t p]man5t influ5ces4 7#b7 ,if :eat ( a c]ta9 /ra9 7 s[n on ! same day 9 two adjo9+ fields1 "o ( :i* 0 well f>m$ & ! o!r badly f>m$1 ! result+ crops w\ld diff] widely 9 yield & value4 ,x w\ld be ! same ) two human be+s1 "o ( :om 7to take a p]t95t example7 att5d$ a s*ool ( ,utopian t5d5cies1 & ! o!r a s*ool ( a m conv5tional type4 ,( all moralis+ 7or demoralis+7 influ5ces education is by f> ! mo/ important1 ow+ to ! fact t x c d m1 & is 9 a position to d m1 ?an any o!r influ5ce ei!r to fo/] or to h9d] gr[?4 ,! influ5ce ( wea!r on plant-life is1 ( c\rse1 enorm\s4 ,9 "o ye> ! fruit-crop 9 a giv5 neighb\rhood is a failure3 9 ano!r ye> x gluts ! m>ket4 ,"o explanation ( ?is fact1 :i* has its exact analogies 9 human life1 w be giv5 9 ! next p>agraph4 7#c7 ,all =ms ( life are expos$ to ! attacks ( enemies ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,:e!r !y %all beat (f ^? attacks or succumb to !m dep5ds 9 l>ge measure on ! nature ( ! gr[? t !y are mak+2 & ?is aga9 dep5ds1 l>gely if n :olly1 on ! nature ( ! g5]al influ5ces to :i* !y h be5 expos$4 ,= _m ye>s ,i liv$ 9 a di/rict 9 :i* hops 7 gr[n on a l>ge scale2 & ,i naturally took an int]e/ 9 ! /aple indu/ry ( my adopt$ c\nty4 ,i notic$ t :5ev] 7dur+ ! summ] mon?s7 !re came a spell ( cold w9ds f ! nor?-ea/--w9ds :i* t5d to arre/ plant-gr[?--! hop-b9es 7 at once assail$ by blight & o!r pe/s1 & ! safety ( ! gr[+ crop 0 imp]ill$4 ,& ,i notic$ fur!r t :5 ! w9d got r\nd to ! s\?-we/1 & w>m %[]s began to /imulate ! gr[? ( ! flagg+ plants1 ! pe/s t _h assail$ !m disappe>$ z if by magic1 & ! anxieties ( ! gr[]s 7 reliev$4 ,z x is ) plants1 s x is ) human be+s4 ,!y too h _! enemies1--temptations ( v>i\s k9ds & o!r evil influ5ces t w> aga9/ ! s\l4 ,& !y too w be able to beat (f _! assailants j s f> z _! own gr[? is vigor\s & heal?y2 & w succumb to _! attacks1 to _! own s]i\s detrim5t1 j s f> z _! own gr[? is feeble & sickly4 ,! be>+ ( ?is fact on ! problem ( ! orig9 ( moral evil is obvi\s4 ,t ! evils :i* assail ! organism1 be x a plant or a human be+1 are n inh]5t 9 its nature1 is prov$ by ! fact t :5 ! gr[? ( ! organism is normal & unimp$$1 ! assailants are always beat5 (f4 ,z x is ! gr[? ( ! organism--! developm5t ( its own nature--:i* enables x to resi/ ! evils t ?reat5 x1 we mu/ assume t its nature is good4 ,inde$ ! evils t ?reat5 x are call$ evils = no o!r reason ?an t !y imp]il its well-be+2 & x foll[s t 9 call+ !m evils we imply t ! organism is intr9sically good4 ,:5 we h elim9at$ f human nature ! vici\s t5d5cies :i* are due ei!r to immaturity or to ! numb]less influ5ces t come "u ! g5]al head ( environm5t1 we %all f9d t a v small p]c5tage rema9 to be acc\nt$ =4 ,we ne$ n h rec\rse to ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 9 ord] to acc\nt = ^!4 ,s f> ,i h said no?+ ab\t h]$ity1 p>tly because its influ5ce on ! moral developm5t ( ! individual is1 ,i ?9k1 v small comp>$ ) t ( environm5t1 & p>tly because x is impossible to consid] ! ext5t & "* ( its influ5ce1 )\t go+ deeply into c]ta9 l>ge & complicat$ problems4 ,= example1 x w\ld be impossible = me to say mu* ab\t ! curr5t1 ?\gh gradually wan+1 belief 9 ! =ce ( h]$ity1 )\t say+ some?+ ab\t its ,f> ,ea/]n equival5t1 ! belief 9 re-inc>nation1--9 o!r words1 )\t ask+ :e!r a man inh]its f 8 p>5ts & o!r ance/ors1 or f 8 =m] selves4 ,t diff]5t p]sona are born ) widely diff]5t moral t5d5cies & prop5sities1 is z c]ta9 z t "s /ra9s ( :eat are h>di] & m productive ?an o!rs4 ,& x is possible1 & ev5 probable1 t !re are exceptional cases ( moral evil :i* po9t to cong5ital depravity1 & _c o!rwise be acc\nt$ =4 ,b 9 ^! admissions ,i am mak+ no concession to ! believ] 9 orig9al s92 = he reg>ds human nature z su* z cong5itally deprav$1 & !re=e c take no cognisance ( exceptional cases ( cong5ital depravity1 cases :i* by break+ ! rule t ! new-born *ild is morally & spiritually heal?y1 may be said to prove x4 ,9 f9e1 !n1 all moral evil c be acc\nt$ = on gr\nds :i* are q compatible ) ! assumption t ! normal *ild is heal?y1 on all ! planes ( 8 be+1 at ! mom5t ( 8 bir?4 ,t he c>ries ) him into ! _w ! capacity = be+ affect$ by adv]se influ5ces ( v>i\s k9ds1 is und5iable2 b s does e o!r liv+ ?+2 & if cong5ital depravity is to be pr$icat$ ( him = t reason1 x mu/ also be pr$icat$ ( e new-born animal & plant4 ,b ! f9al pro( t ,man is by nature a *ild ( ,god1 is "o :i* has already be5 h9t$ at1 & w pres5tly be fur!r develop$1--namely1 t gr[?--! heal?y1 vigor\s gr[? ( ! :ole human be+1 ! h>moni\s developm5t ( 8 :ole nature--is 9 its ess5ce a movem5t t[>ds moral & spiritual p]fection4 ,& ! f9al pro( t ! doctr9e ( ,man's cong5ital depravity is false is ! practical "o t ! doctr9e is ev] t5d+ to fulfil its own gloomy pr$ictions1 & to ju/ify its own l[ e/imate ( human nature1--9 o!r words1 t by mak+ education repressive & devitalis+1 by introduc+ ext]nalism1 ) its endless tra9 ( att5dant evils1 into ,man's daily life1 & by mak+ him disbelieve 9 & ev5 despair ( himself1 x has done m p]haps ?an all o!r influ5ces add$ toge!r to deprave 8 he>t & to wreck 8 life4 ,to "o :o has conv9c$ himself t human nature is fundam5tally good1 9 ! s5se t ! new-born *ild is z a rule s\nd & heal?y on all ! planes ( 8 be+1 x mu/ be cle> t ! pa? ( s\l-gr[? or self-realisation is ! only way ( salvation4 ,:at salvation means1 :at ! pa? ( self-realisation w d = him :o ent]s x1 is a !me to :i* ,i c\ld n hope to d ju/ice )9 ! limits ( ?is "w4 ,i w !re=e cont5t myself ) indicat+ c]ta9 typical aspects ( ! process :i* ,i h call$ self-realisation1 & say+ some?+ ab\t ea* ( ^!4 ,f\r aspects sugge/ !mselves to me z wor?y ( special consid]ation1--! m5tal1 ! moral1 ! social1 & ! religi\s4#bf ,! ,m5tal ,aspect ( ,self-realisation4 ,!re are two features ( ! process ( self-realisation1 on ! importance ( :i* ,i _c insi/ too (t5 or too /rongly4 ,! fir/ is t ! gr[? :i* ! life ( self-realisation fo/]s is1 9 its ess5ce1 h>moni\s & _m-sid$4 ,! second is t ! life ( self-realisation is1 f fir/ to la/1 a life ( self-expression1 & t self-expression & p]ception are ! face & obv]se ( ! same m5tal ef=t4 ,if ! life ( self-realisation did n provide = ! gr[? ( ! self 9 its totality1 ! self z a liv+ :ole1 x w\ld n be wor?y ( its "n4 ,"o-sid$ gr[?1 inh>moni\s gr[?1 gr[? 9 :i* "s faculties are hyp]trophi$ & o!rs atrophi$1 is n self-realisation4 ,:5 trees are plant$ close toge!r1 z 9 ! bee*-=e/s ( ! ,cont95t1 !y climb to great heights 9 _! /ruggle = air & light1 b !y make no lat]al gr[?4 ,:5 trees are poll>d$1 !y make abundant lat]al gr[?1 b !y cease to climb upw>d4 ,:5 trees are expos$ to ! prevail+ w9ds ( an op5 sea-coa/1 !y are bl[n ov] away f ! sea1 & make all _! gr[?1 su* z x is1 on ! l&w>d side4 ,:5 trees are on ! bord] ( a ?ick plantation1 !y make all _! gr[? t[>ds ! op5 air1 & are b>e & leafless on ! opposite side4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! gr[? made is inh>moni\s & "o-sid$3 ! balance betwe5 ! two int]sect+ planes ( gr[?1 or betwe5 ! two opposite sides1 has be5 lo/4 ,b :5 a tree is plant$ 9 ! op51 & :5 all ! o!r conditions ( gr[? are fav\rable1 x gr[s h>moni\sly 9 all directions1--upw>d1 outw>d1 & all ar\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 x is gr[+ z a :ole1 gr[+1 z x ought to gr[1 ?r\gh e fibre ( its be+1 & yet ma9ta9+ a p]fect symmetry ( =m & ! h>mony ( true proportion among its v>i\s p>ts4 ,?is is ! k9d ( gr[? :i* ! s\l makes 9 ! life ( self-realisation2 & if x falls appreciably %ort ( ?is /&>d1 if x develops itself on ?is side or t1 to ! neglect ( all o!r sides1 !n we mu/ say ( x t1 ?\gh x is realis+ ?is or t faculty or gr\p ( faculties1 x is n realis+ itself4 ,i h spok5 ( ! six great expansive in/9cts :i* indicate ! ma9 l9es ( ! *ild's natural gr[?1 & ,i h %[n t 9 ,utopia ! cultivation ( all ^? in/9cts is duly provid$ =4 ,9 ! life ( self-realisation ! s\l w\ld cont9ue to gr[ on ! l9es :i* ^? in/9cts _h m>k$ out = x4 ,i d n mean t :5 ! *ild goes out into ! "w-a-day _w1 he mu/ give to all six in/9cts ! sy/ematic tra9+ :i* !y receiv$1 or ought to h receiv$1 9 s*ool4 ,! exig5cies ( ! daily r\nd ( life are su* z to make t impossible1 9 all b ! mo/ exceptional cases4 ,b t is all ! m reason :y ! expansive in/9cts %\ld be c>efully & skilfully tra9$ 9 s*ool4 ,= :]e !y are s tra9$1 an impetus is giv5 to ea* ( !m :i* w keep x alive & active long aft] ! direct influ5ce ( ! s*ool has ceas$1 & w enable x to absorb & assimilate :atev] nutrim5t may come 9 its way4 ,if ! ,utopian tra9+ _c be foll[$ up1 9 its entirety1 9 ! *ild's aft]-life1 x c at lea/ initiate a movem5t :i* ne$ nev] be arre/$1--a movem5t 9 ! direction ( ! triune goal ( ,man's be+1 ! goal t[>ds :i* 8 expansive in/9cts are ev] t5d+ to take him1 ! goal ( ,love1 ,beauty1 & ,tru?4 ,! life ( _m-sid$ gr[? is also a life ( self-expression4 ,?is means t ! self-expression1 l ! gr[? :i* x fo/]s1 is _m-sid$2 & ?is aga9 means t ! p]ceptive faculties1 :i* unfold !mselves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( self-expression1 are n s mu* sep>ate faculties z a g5]al capacity = gett+ on t]ms ) "o's environm5t & ga9+ an insight into its laws & prop]ties4 ,9 a s*ool :i* lays itself out to tea* "o or two subjects ?or\ghly1 to ! neglect ( o!rs1 a s5se1 or special p]ceptive faculty1 w gradually be evolv$ by ! /udy ( ea* subject1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! pa? ( self-expression is foll[$1--a lit]>y s5se1 a hi/orical s5se1 a ma!matical s5se1 & s on4 ,b :ile ^! special s5ses are be+ develop$1 ! rema9+ p]ceptive faculties are be+ />v$1 & no attempt is be+ made to cultivate t g5]al capacity ( :i* ,i h j spok54 ,! consequ5t loss to ! *ild1 bo? 9 8 s*ool-life & 9 8 aft]-life1 is v great4 ,= n only is 8 m5tal gr[? "o-sid$ & inh>moni\s1 b ev5 9 ! subjects 9 :i* he specialises he w lose appreciably1 ow+ to 8 special p]ceptive faculties n hav+ z _! backgr\nd any g5]al capacity = see+ ?+s z !y are4 ,i w try to expla9 :at ,i mean4 ,9 :at is kn[n z ,society !re is a valuable quality call$ tact1 9 virtue ( :i* ! man or woman :o is end[$ ) x always says & does ! "r ?+4 ,?is quality is comp\nd$ p>tly ( sympa!tic insight into ! feel+s1 actual & possible1 ( o!rs1 & p>tly ( a ke5 & subtle s5se = all ! nuances ( social propriety4 ,l e o!r p]ceptive faculty1 x is ! outcome ( self-expression1--( ye>s ( self-expression on ! plane ( social int]c\rse4 ,t g5]al p]ceptive faculty1 or p]ceptive capacity1 :i* is ! outcome ( ye>s ( self-expression on _m sides ( "o's be+1 has s mu* 9 common ) ! tact ( ! man ( society1 t ! epi!t tactful may p]haps be appli$ to x4 ,! l>g]1 l ! less]1 faculty is comp\nd$1 p>tly ( sympa!tic insight into lat5t possibilities1 & p>tly ( a delicate s5se = nuances ( all k9ds4 ,b ev5 ?is =mula does less ?an ju/ice to its complex nature4 ,g5]at$ z x is by a life ( _m-sid$ self-expression1 x reflects its orig9 9 its int]nal con/itution4 ,_m elem5ts ( ?\ght & feel+ h wov5 !mselves into x2 & x is ready to take a col\r f ea* new environm5t or ev5 f ea* new situation4 ,x c become emotional1 = example1 :5 ! matt] 9 h& appeals1 9 any sort or degree1 to ! emotions2 & !re are occasions :5 its lat5t s5se ( hum\r becomes an invaluable antidote to t ov]-s]i\sness :i* s (t5 leads m5 a/ray4 ,above all1 x is 9 its ess5ce1 imag9ative1 = x is ev] le>n+ to picture ?+s to itself z !y are or z !y might be2 & ! high] ! level & ! wid] ! sph]e ( its activity1 ! m boldly imag9ative x becomes4 ,a faculty s subtle & s sympa!tic mu/ ne$s play a vitally important rle1 n only :5 its possessor is /udy+ subjects or h&l+ concrete problems1 b also1 & m especially1 :5 he is deal+ ) ! affairs ( life2 & we c und]/& t :5 x is :olly or l>gely lack+1 ea* ( ! special faculties :i* specialis+ is suppos$ to fo/] w suff] f n be+ temp]$ & yet vitalis$ by its all-p5etrat+ influ5ce4 ,t we may ! bett] und]/& ?is1 & ! bett] und]/& :at ! pa? ( self-realisation does = ! m5tal developm5t ( him :o walks 9 x1 let u ask ourselves :at type ( m9d ! conv5tional type ( education is likely to produce4 ,& let u /udy ! conv5tional type ( education on :at is suppos$ to be its highe/ level4 ,let u consid] ! education giv5 to ! sons ( ! upp] classes4 ,& let u take ?is highe/ level at its own highe/ level4 ,let u take ! case ( ^? :o g ?r\gh t tri-p>tite c\rse ( education :i* beg9s 9 a high-class ,prep>atory ,s*ool1 is cont9u$ 9 "o ( ! ,great ,public ,s*ools1 & is complet$ at ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,a boy ent]s a ,prep>atory ,s*ool at ! age ( eight or n9e1 & is !re prep>$1 9 g5]al = entrance into "o ( ! ,great ,public ,s*ools1 & 9 p>ticul> = "o ( ! competitive exam9ations on ! results ( :i* ! entrance s*ol>%ips ( ! ,great ,public ,s*ools are aw>d$4 ,he ent]s "o ( ! ,great ,public ,s*ools at ! age ( ?irte5 or f\rte51 & is !re prep>$1 9 g5]al = admission to ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 & 9 p>ticul> = ! s*ol>%ip exam9ations ( ! v>i\s ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,colleges4 ,he ent]s ,ox=d or ,cambridge at ! age ( eighte5 or n9ete51 & is !re prep>$1 directly = 8 degree exam9ation--,pass or ,hon\rs z ! case may be--& indirectly = ! public exam9ation :i* admits to ! ,indian & ,colonial1 & ! high] grades ( ! ,home1 ,civil ,s]vice4 ,?is c\rse ( education la/s ab\t f\rte5 ye>s1 & co/s f #a1ejj to #d1ejj4 ,:at w x d = ! boy :o goes ?r\gh x8 ,! education giv5 9 ! ,prep>atory ,s*ool is completely dom9at$ by ! s*ol>%ip & entrance exam9ations at ! ,great ,public ,s*ools4 ,! l9es on :i* ^? exam9ations are conduct$ are ! l9es on :i* ! ,prep>atory ,s*oolma/] mu/ educate 8 pupils4 ,he has no *oice 9 ! matt]4 ,! title ,prep>atory seals 8 doom4 ,8 bus9ess is1 n to give 8 pupils ! education t is be/ suit$ to _! capacities & _! ye>s1 b to prep>e !m = admission to a m advanc$ s*ool4 ,! m s*ol>%ips he c w9 at ,eton1 ,h>r[1 ,w9*e/]1 ,rugby1 & ! re/1 ! high] w be ! repute ( 8 s*ool2 & z ! competition betwe5 s*ool & s*ool is fi]ce & un9t]mitt5t1 he _c af=d to ?r[ away a s+le *ance4 ,9 o!r words1 he _c af=d to make a s+le s]i\s exp]im5t4 ,! education giv5 9 ! ,great ,public ,s*ools is simil>ly dom9at$ by ! s*ol>%ip & entrance exam9ations held by ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,colleges4 ,! l9es on :i* ^? exam9ations are conduct$ are 9 ! ma9 ! l9es on :i* ! boys mu/ be educat$4 ,x is possible t ! ,great ,public ,s*ools are fre] to g _! own ways ?an are ! ,prep>atory ,s*ools2 b if !y are1 !y make b little use ( _! fre$om4 ,s f> z ! rank & file ( ! boys are conc]n$1 x may be d\bt$ if ! ^w educative is applicable1 9 any s5se or degree1 to ! daily r\nd ( _! "w4 ,( ! six great expansive in/9cts :i* are /ruggl+ to evolve !mselves 9 e heal?y *ild1 n "o c be said to f9d a cong5ial soil or a /imulat+ atmosph]e 9 ! ord9>y classroom ei!r ( ! ,prep>atory or ( ! ,public ,s*ool4 ,f\r ( ! six--! dramatic1 ! arti/ic1 ! musical1 & ! con/ructive--are entirely or almo/ entirely neglect$4 ,music & ,h&work#bg are extras 7a fatally significant ^w72 ! tea*+ ( ,draw+ is1 z a rule1 q p]functory2 & ,act+ is n a recognis$ "p ( ! s*ool curriculum4 ,! tru? is t m>ks are n giv5 = ^! subjects--= 9 ! eyes ( ! s*oolma/] !y are all subjects--9 any entrance or s*ol>%ip exam9ation1 & t !re=e x does n pay to tea* !m4 ,!re rema9 two in/9cts1--! communicative & ! inquisitive4 ,! /udy ( ! ,humanities--,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 anci5t & mod]n--ought to tra9 ! =m]2 & ! /udy ( ,sci5ce ought to tra9 ! latt]4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! av]age boy1 ! /udy ( ! ,humanities resolves itself1 9 ! ma91 into a prolong$ & unsuccessful tussle ) ! difficulties ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 ! ma/]+ ( :i* is reg>d$ z an end 9 itself in/ead ( z ! gateway to ! wond]-worlds ( anci5t life & ?\ght2 & ! /udy ( ,sci5ce is1 z a rule1 a pure f>ce4#bh ,n "o1 !n1 ( ! expansive in/9cts ( ! av]age boy receives any tra9+ dur+ ! n9e or t5 ye>s ( 8 s*ool life2 & z1 9 8 /ruggle = ! ,pass degree ( 8 ,univ]sity1 he w foll[ ! l9es on :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to "w 9 bo? 8 s*ools1 he w g out into ! _w at ! age ( tw5ty-two or tw5ty-?ree1 ! victim ( a c\rse ( education :i* has la/$ = f\rte5 ye>s & co/ ?\s&s ( p\nds1 & :i* has done no?+ :atev] to fo/] 8 m5tal or spiritual gr[?4 ,x is true t 9 all ! ,public ,s*ools a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mal education is done ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,musical ,societies1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,societies1 ,debat+ ,societies1 ,s*ool ,magaz9es1 & ! l2 t ! discipl9e ( a ,public ,s*ool1 ) its sy/em ( ,s*ool & ,h\se prefects1 has consid]able educational value2 t ! play+ fields d some?+ t[>ds ! =mation ( "*2 t ! boys1 by ex*ang+ exp]i5ces & discuss+ ?+s freely among !mselves1 help to educate "o ano!r2 & t dur+ ! f\r mon?s ( ea* ye> :i* ! s*oolboy sp5ds away f s*ool1 he is1 or may be1 expos$ to educative influ5ces ( v>i\s k9ds4#bi ,b ! broad fact rema9s t ! /udies ( ! y\?ful graduate1 :e!r 9 s*ool classroom or college lecture-room1 h be5 :olly un=mative & !re=e :olly un$ucative4 ,b let u consid] ! education giv5 9 our ,public ,s*ools & ,univ]sities1 at :at is presumably ! highe/ ( all its levels4 ,let u see :at is done = ! boys :o h suffici5t ability to w9 ,s*ol>%ips & read = ,hon\rs at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,x is to ! suppos$ int]e/s ( ^! bright] boys t ! vital int]e/s ( _! dull] s*oolfell[s are p]=ce sacrific$4 ,are ! results wor? ! sacrifice8 ,! bright] boys fall into two ma9 gr\ps1--^? :o h a turn = ! ,humanities1 & ^? :o h a turn = ,ma!matics & ,sci5ce4 ,:]e ! ,humanities are effectively taught1--:]e1 = example1 ! s*ol> is all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! portals ( ,lat9 & ,greek gramm> & composition into ! wond]-_w t lies beyond !m1--! communicative in/9ct receives a valuable tra9+4 ,x is1 un=tunately1 q possible = a boy1 or ev5 = a man1 to be :at is call$ a good s*ol>1 & yet to take no int]e/ :atev] 9 ! hi/ory or lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome2 & ! exam9ation sy/em und\bt$ly t5ds to fo/] ?is ba/>d type ( humanism4 ,b :51 z a result ( 8 s*ool & ,univ]sity tra9+1 a s*ol> has pass$ ! l+ui/ic portals & f\nd pleasure 9 ! worlds beyond1 we may say ( him t 8 education has fo/]$ ! gr[? ( "o ( 8 expansive in/9cts1--p]haps ! mo/ important ( all1 b /ill only "o4 ,:5 ,sci5ce is effectively taught1 ! gr[? ( ! inquisitive in/9ct is simil>ly fo/]$2 b ! inquisitive in/9ct1 ?\gh ( great value1 :5 tra9$ 9 conjunction ) o!r in/9cts1 has b little value z a =mative :5 tra9$ by itself4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x comp>es unfav\rably ) ! communicative in/9ct1 be+ z mu* less =mative ?an ! latt]1 z ! my/]ies ( ! mat]ial _w are less significant & less able to inspire & vitalise _! int]pret] ?an ! my/]ies ( human life2 & a purely 7or ma9ly7 sci5tific tra9+ is !re=e wor? f> less z an in/rum5t ( education ?an a purely 7or ma9ly7 humani/ic tra9+4 ,b :y %\ld ! boys at our ,great ,public ,s*ools & ! "y m5 at our ,univ]sities h to *oose betwe5 a sci5tific & a humani/ic tra9+8 ,:y %\ld ^! anci5t & fam\s in/itutions be cont5t to tra9 "o only ( ! six expansive in/9cts in/ead ( at lea/ two8 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! s*ol>%ip sy/em blocks ! way4 ,"s s*ol>%ips are giv5 = ,classics1 o!rs = ,hi/ory1 o!rs = ,ma!matics1 o!rs = ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,n a s+le s*ol>%ip is giv51 at ei!r ,univ]sity1 = g5]al capacity1 z measur$ by ! results ( a _m-sid$ exam9ation4 ,:y %\ld ?is be8 ,! answ] is t "u any sy/em ( =mal exam9ation _m-sid$ness 9 education necess>ily means smatt]+2 & t aga9/ smatt]+ ! ,univ]sities h1 v prop]ly1 set _! faces4 ,b1 aft] all1 !re is no necess>y connection betwe5 _m-sid$ness & smatt]+4 ,9 ,utopia1 :]e ! conc5tric r+s ( gr[? are =m$ by ! gradual evolution ( an inn] life1 :atev] fe$s t inn] life is a contribution1 h[ev] humble1 to ! gr[? ( ! :ole tree2 & _m-sid$ness1 f> f be+ a defect1 is "o ( ! fir/ conditions ( success 9 education4 ,b 9 ! ,great ,public ,s*ools1 :]e v5e]s ( in=mation are be+ assidu\sly laid on ! surface ( ! boy's m9d ) a view to 8 pass+ "s imp5d+ exam9ation1 ! great] ! numb] & v>iety ( su* v5e]s1 ! m c]ta9 !y all are to split & wa/e & p]i%4 ,inde$ ! real reason :y specialis+ has to be resort$ to 9 ! case ( ! bright] boys1 is t 9 no o!r way c provision be made = ! fatal process ( v5e]+ be+ disp5s$ )1 & = faculty be+ evolv$ by gr[? f )94 ,b a heavy price has to be paid = ! gr[? ( ^! specialis$ faculties4 ,if ,sci5ce is to be s]i\sly /udi$ ! /ud5t mu/ give ! :ole ( 8 "t to x4 ,?is means t he mu/ give up ! idea ( educat+ himself4 ,x is only by turn+ 8 back on hi/ory1 on lit]ature1 on philosophy1 on music1 on art1 t he c hope to meet ! exact+ & ev]-gr[+ dem&s :i* ,sci5ce makes on ^? :o desire to be initiat$ into its my/]ies4 ,to say t :5 he has tak5 8 degree he is only half-educat$1 is greatly to ov]-e/imate ! =mative influ5ce ( 8 highly specialis$ tra9+4 ,a s5se has und\bt$ly be5 develop$ 9 him1 an in/9ct has be5 awak5$1 "o or two ( 8 m5tal faculties h be5 vigor\sly cultivat$2 b 8 tra9+ has be5 ! rev]se ( humanis+2 & z 8 /udies & 8 consequ5t attitude t[>ds ,nature h be5 ess5tially analytical1 he may1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^? correctives :i* 8 compulsory specialis+ has )held f him1 h le>n$ to reg>d ! dead side ( ?+s z ! real side1--a conception :i*1 if x ma/]$ him1 w\ld mat]ialise 8 :ole outlook on life4 ,! case ( ! humani/ is diff]5t4 ,! subjects :i* he /udies appeal to _m sides ( 8 be+2 & if he c\ld respond to _! appeal1 !y might d mu* = 8 m5tal & spiritual developm5t4 ,t he %\ld be able to respond to _! appeal is ( vital importance4 ,:5 he has become a dec5t s*ol>1 a *ance is giv5 to him1 :i* if he neglects he w probably lose = ev]1--! *ance ( mak+ good1 9 "p at lea/1 ! defici5cies ( 8 e>ly education4 ,_h he liv$ 9 ,utopia1 8 life ( _m-sid$ self-expression w\ld h giv5 a g5]al tra9+ to 8 p]ceptive faculties1 9 :i* ! tw9 faculties ( imag9ation & sympa?y w\ld h _h _! %>e4 ,b nei!r 9 8 ,prep>atory ,s*ool nor 9 ! l[] classes ( 8 ,public ,s*ool has any s]i\s attempt be5 made dur+ s*ool h\rs to rip5 ei!r ( ^? mighty faculties1 :]eas mu* has be5 done 9 bo? s*ools to ret>d _! gr[?4 ,he is doom$1 !n1 to beg9 8 /udy ( ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ! ,anci5t ,_w ) a consid]able k ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages1 b 79 too _m cases7 ) an unimag9ative m9d & an unsympa!tic he>t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* 9 t hi/ory & t lit]ature1--n to speak ( ! hi/ory & ! lit]ature ( 8 own & o!r mod]n c\ntries1--:i*1 if x c\ld b h its way1 w\ld appeal /rongly to 8 imag9ation & 8 sympa?y1 dormant & undevelop$ z ^! faculties are1--appeal to !m s /rongly z to awak5 !m at la/ f _! slumb] & quick5 !m into active life4 ,b alas6 ! %ad[ ( an imp5d+ exam9ation is always fall+ on 8 humani/ic /udies1 nullify+ ! appeal t !y make to him1 & compell+ him to look at !m f a sordidly utilit>ian po9t ( view4 ,= to give m>ks = ! response t he might make to _! appeal1 or ev5 to set que/ions :i* w\ld af=d free scope = ! play ( 8 imag9ation or ! fl[ ( 8 sympa?y1 is beyond ! p[] ( any exam9]4 ,!re are two ?+s1 & two only1 :i* pay on ! exam9ation day1--! possession ( in=mation & ! p[] to make use ( x2 & ! humani/ :o w\ld w9 prizes at 8 s*ool or ga9 high hon\rs at 8 ,univ]sity1 mu/ !re=e reg>d ! memorable do+s & ! imp]i%able say+s ( 8 fell[-m51 n z ?+s to be imag9$ & felt1 admir$ & lov$1 wond]$ at & pond]$ ov]1 b z ?+s to be pigeon-hol$ 9 8 memory1 to be tak5 out & arrang$ "u head+s1 to be dissect$ & comm5t$ on & criticis$4#cj ,( ! "p t memory plays 9 ! education ( our humani/1 ,i ne$ n speak4 ,an undue burd5 is probably laid ^u x2 b t is a matt] ( m9or importance4 ,:at is ( supreme importance is t 9 cultivat+ 8 critical faculty ) an almo/ int5sive culture1 :ile !y />ve1 or at any rate leave unt5d$1 8 m vital & m emancipative faculties ( imag9ation & sympa?y1 our ,great ,public ,s*ools & ,univ]sities are do+ him a s]i\s & la/+ injury4 ,let u take ! case ( a "y man ( en]gy & ability :o has j left ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 hav+ won high hon\rs 9 "o ( ! humani/ic s*ools4 ,let u assume t1 l s _m ( 8 k9d1 he has a ke5ly critical m9d1 b is defici5t 9 imag9ation & sympa?y2 & let u !n try to =eca/ 8 future4 ,t ! fai? ( 8 *ildhood1 und]m9$ by 8 criticism1 has already fall5 to pieces or w %ortly d s1 is m ?an probable4 ,t he w be too unimag9ative to attempt to con/ruct a new fai? out ( ! ru9s ( ! old1 is practically c]ta94 ,8 lack ( fai?1 9 ! broad] s5se ( ! ^w1 w incapacitate him = high s]i\sness 7:i* he w reg>d z bad =m71 & a =tiori = en?usiasm 7:i* he w %un l ! plague71 & w !re=e pr$ispose him to frivolity4 ,be+ fully p]suad$1 ow+ to 8 lack ( imag9ative sympa?y1 t 8 own outlook on life is alone compatible ) m5tal sanity1 & yet be+ too cle>-sight$ to accept t outlook z satisfactory1 he w m+le ) 8 frivolity a /ra9 ( bitt]ness & discont5t1--! bitt]ness ( self-corrod+ scepticism1 & ! discont5t :i* gr[s apace ?r\gh its v ef=t to ignore its own exi/5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 8 attitude t[>ds life w be "o ( cynicism1--t bl5d ( h>dness & bitt]ness ) frivolity :i* exactly inv]ts ! ideal ( ! mod]n poet1 :5 he dreams ( an age 9 ! f>-(f future1 ,:i* )\t h>dness w be sage1 ,& gay )\t frivolity4#ca ,& ! bitt]ness ( 8 cynicism w be made bitt]] /ill by ! fact t1 ow+ to 8 be+ 79 all probability7 unmusical1 in>ti/ic1 & unable to amuse himself ) any =m ( h&work1 he w h no ta/e or hobby to di/ract him f himself4 ,= a "t1 inde$1 ! g5ial s5se ( y\? w keep 8 s9i/] t5d5cies 9 *eck2 & 9 ! middle p]iod ( life1 8 /ruggle to a*ieve success--= ( c\rse he w be an ext]nali/ to ! core--w t5d to keep !m 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,b 9 8 lat] ye>s1 :5 he w h ei!r fail$ to a*ieve success or discov]$--too late--t x 0 n wor? a*iev+1 8 cynicism w ass]t itself )\t let or h9drance1 &1 ) 8 gr[+ incapacity = frivolity1 w become h>d] & bitt]]1 till at la/ ! d>k %ad[ ( incurable pessimism w fall on him & involve 8 decl9+ ye>s 9 ev] deep5+ gloom4 ,i d n say t _m ( our ,univ]sity humani/s w con=m to ?is type2 b ,i d say t ! type is easily recognisable & is becom+ increas+ly famili>4 ,ev5 ! intellectual developm5t ( our humani/1 :o is no?+ if n intellectual1 w be adv]sely affect$ by ! "o-sid$ness ( 8 education4 ,well-in=m$ & acutely critical he w probably be2 b he w lack ! sav+ grace ( t tactful faculty :i* ye>s ( _m-sid$ self-expression c alone evolve1--a faculty :i* 7z we h se57 is subtly adaptive :5 x deals ) small matt]s1 boldly imag9ative :5 x deals ) great matt]s1 & delicately sympa!tic along ! :ole range ( its activity4 ,?is s9u\s & p5etrative s5se is to ! m logically critical faculty :at equity is to law2 & 9 its abs5ce ! intellectuality ( our "y intellectual w be z incomplete z w\ld be ! legal sy/em ( a c\ntry :i* knew no?+ ( equity & tri$ to br+ all legal problems "u ! direct control ( positive law4 ,= x w be 8 bus9ess1 z he goes ?r\gh life1 to deal 9 & ) words & phrases2 & z words & phrases are ev] t5d+ to *ange _! =ce1 & ev5 _! mean+1 "u our h&s1 & z 8 use & treatm5t ( !m w be logical & legal r ?an tactful & equitable1 he w aga9 & aga9 mis9t]pret & misuse !m1 & w s d badly ! v ?+ :i* he is expect$ to d well4 ,! man :o1 ?\gh end[$ ) an acute & vigor\s intellect1 c nei!r ?9k imag9atively nor reason tactfully1 has grave intellectual defects2 & ! bl9d] he is to ! exi/5ce ( ^! defects ! m pron\nc$ w !y become4 ,! pity ( x is t :5 ^! unimag9ative intellectuals g out into ! _w1 !y w fill po/s 9 :i* !y w h unrivall$ opportunities = e/abli%+ & dissem9at+ _! un:olesome influ5ce4 ,a section ( !m w g into ! tea*+ pr(ession1 ! high] grades ( :i* are almo/ entirely recruit$ f ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,ano!r section w g into ! legal pr(ession1 & ?r\gh x w ent] ,p>liam5t 9 consid]able numb]s1 :]e1 be+ tra9$ advocates1 !y w ex]cise an influ5ce out ( all proportion to _! num]ical /r5g?4 ,& a ?ird section w man ! high] grades ( ! ,home1 ,colonial1 & ,indian ,civil ,s]vices4 ,tea*]s1 legislators1 adm9i/rators1--if !re are any walks 9 life 9 :i* cynicism & a capacity = m]ely de/ructive criticism are out ( place1 & 9 :i* imag9ation & sympa?y are imp]atively dem&$1 !y are ^! ?ree2 & x is no?+ %ort ( a national calamity t ^! great & comm&+ pr(essions %\ld be mann$1 9 "p at lea/1 by m5 ^: mission 9 life is to p>alyse r ?an to vitalise1 to fett] r ?an to set free4 ,! fur!r pity ( x is t ! tra9+ ( ^! intellectuals might easily h tak5 an entirely diff]5t c\rse4 ,mu* ( ! specialis+ :i* goes on 9 our ,great ,public ,s*ools & ,univ]sities1 & :i* is s de/ructive ( m5tal & spiritual vitality1 is :olly unnecess>y4 ,! c\rse ( education :i* ! sons ( ! upp] classes g ?r\gh has ?is 9 common ) elem5t>y education1 t 9 nei!r case ne$ utilit>ian consid]ations weigh ) ! tea*]s4 ,! p>5ts ( a l>ge proportion ( our ,public ,s*ool boys c af=d to give _! sons a lib]al education 79 ! true/ & fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w7 up to ! age ( tw5ty-two or tw5ty-?ree2 & 9 ! case ( ^! boys1 at any rate1 ! excessive specialisation :i* makes _! education s illib]al is done1 n 9 response to ! dem&s ( pr(essions 7su* z ! m$ical or ! eng9e]+7 :i* necessitate e>ly specialis+1 b solely 9 response to ! dem&s ( an exam9ation sy/em :i* we adopt$ be=e we _h begun to ask ourselves :at education meant1 & :i*1 p>tly f ! =ce ( habit & p>tly because x is 9 keep+ ) our g5]al attitude t[>ds life1 we /ill b[ d[n be=e ) a devotion z ard5t & z irrational z t :i* inspir$ ! cry ( ,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians4#cb ,at its be/1 !n1 ! education giv5 by ! ,great ,public ,s*ools & ,univ]sities fo/]s ! gr[? ( "o ( ! expansive in/9cts1--! communicative1 a mighty in/9ct :i* op5s up to imag9ation & sympa?y ! :ole wide _w ( human life2 b because x leaves all ! o!r expansive in/9cts unt5d$1 x gives t "o in/9ct an inadequate & unsymmetrical tra9+1 a tra9+ :i* *ecks ! gr[? ( ! v faculties--imag9ation & sympa?y--( :i* ! in/9ct is l>gely comp\nd$ & = ! sake ( :i* x may almo/ be said to exi/4 ,at its second be/1 ?is co/ly education fo/]s ! gr[? ( ! inquisitive in/9ct1--a gr&ly expansive in/9ct :5 tra9$ 9 conjunction ) ! o!rs1 b "o :i* is con/rictive r ?an expansive :5 tra9$ by itself & = its own sake4 ,at its ord9>y level1 x tra9s no in/9ct :atev]1 & is !re=e unwor?y ( ! "n ( education4 ,:y %\ld ?is be s8 ,:y %\ld a c\rse ( education :i* la/s s long & co/s s mu* d s little = its victims1 & d t little s badly or1 at any rate1 s inadequately8 ,because f fir/ to la/ x has look$ outw>d in/ead ( inw>d2 because x has lab\r$ unceas+ly to produce results1 & has nev] giv5 a ?\ght to gr[?4#cc ,let u n[ g to ! o!r end ( ! social scale4 ,:at ! pa? ( self-realisation might d = ! *ildr5 ( ! upp] classes if !y 7 all[$ to foll[ x1 we may r\ghly calculate1 p>tly by measur+ :at ! alt]native s*eme ( education has fail$ to d = !m1 p>tly by rem9d+ ourselves ( :at ! pa? has done = ! village *ildr5 ( ,utopia4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! upp] classes h su* an advantage ov] ! *ildr5 ( ,utopia 9 ! matt] ( environm5t1--to say no?+ ( inh]it$ capacity1--t "o w\ld expect ! pa? to d mu* m = _! m5tal developm5t ?an x has done = ! m5tal developm5t ( ! ,utopians1 especially z !y c\ld af=d to rema9 mu* long] 9 ! fir/ & mo/ important ( its /ages1 ! /age ( self-education 79 ! m limit$ s5se ( ! ^w74 ,! ga9 to ! :ole nation if ! m5tal developm5t ( ! highe/ social /ratum c\ld be rais$ z mu* above its normal level z ! m5tal developm5t ( y\?ful ,utopia has be5 rais$ above ! normal level ( an ,engli% rural village1 w\ld be incalculably great4 ,b great] /ill--incalculably great]--w\ld be ! ga9 to ! nation if ! rank & file ( its *ildr5 c\ld be l$ into ! pa? ( self-realisation1 & !re9 rise to ! high level ( brightness1 intellig5ce1 & res\rcefulness :i* has be5 rea*$ 9 ,utopia4 ,nor is ?is dream s wildly impracticable z "s might imag9e4 ,s f> z ! natural capacity ( ! av]age *ild is conc]n$1 !re is no b> to its realisation4 ,eg]ia has taught me t ! m5tal capacity ( ! av]age *ild1 ev5 9 a ru/ic village belong+ to a c\nty :i* is prov]bial = ! sl[ wits ( its ru/ics1 is v great4 ,x is sometimes said t ( ! *ildr5 :o h be5 tra9$ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 n "o 9 tw5ty is fit to pr(it by ! education giv5 9 a second>y s*ool3 & if by ?is is meant t 9 n9ete5 cases out ( tw5ty ! elem5t>y s*ol>1 educat$ z he has probably be51 is unlikely to pr(it by ! education giv5 9 a second>y s*ool1 conduct$ z ^? s*ools usually are1 ,i am n prep>$ to say (fh& t ! /atem5t is untrue4 ,b if x means t ! av]age m5tal capacity ( ! *ildr5 ( our l[] ord]s is hopelessly inf]ior to t ( ! *ildr5 ( our middle & upp] classes1 ,i c say )\t hesitation t x is a sl&] & a lie4 ,:e!r !re is any diff]5ce1 9 respect ( innate m5tal capacity1 betwe5 level & level ( our social scale1 may be d\bt$2 b ! ,utopian exp]im5t has prov$ to demon/ration t 9 ! l[e/ level ( all ! innate m5tal capacity is s great t we _c well expect to f9d any consid]able advance on x ev5 9 ! highe/ level ( all4 ,b :]e1 x w be ask$1 are we to f9d ,eg]ias to man our elem5t>y s*ools8 ,= ! mom5t ?is problem does n admit ( a practical solution4 ,b t ne$ n disc\rage u4 ,i admit t 9 f> too _m ( our s*ools ! tea*]s1 ?r\gh no fault ( _! own1 are :at ,i may call ma*9e-made1 & t !y are engag$ 9 turn+ out ma*9e-made s*ol>s1 "s ( :om 9 ! fullness ( "t w develop into ma*9e-made tea*]s4 ,b !re is a way ( escape f ?is vici\s circle1--! pa? ( self-realisation4 ,t pa? has trans=m$ ! *ildr5 ( a ru/ic village 9 a sl[-witt$ c\nty into ,utopians4 ,:y %\ld x n trans=m "s at lea/ among ! boys & girls :o are ?9k+ ( ent]+ ! tea*+ pr(ession into ,eg]ias1 or at any rate into tea*]s ( ,eg]ia's type8 ,ev5 z x is1 replicas ( ,eg]ia1--n exact replicas1 = %e is too orig9al to be easily replicat$1 b tea*]s :o1 l h]1 prea* & practise ! gospel ( self-education1--are beg9n+ to spr+ up 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & ea* ( _! s*ools1 besides be+ a c5tre ( light1 may well become a nurs]y = tea*]s :o w foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ^? :o h tra9$ !m1 & w 9 _! turn d pione] "w 9 o!r s*ools4 ,! ?9 end ( ! w$ge is ev5 n[ be+ driv5 into ! close-gra9$ mass ( tradition & r\t9e2 & ea* successive bl[ t is /ruck by a tea*] ( intellig5ce & initiative w wid5 ! incipi5t cleft4 ,! dream1 !n1 ( lead+ ! *ildr5 ( ,engl&--! *ildr5 ( ! masses z well z ( ! classes--into ! pa? ( self-realisation1 is n s widely impracticable z to convict ! dream] ( insanity4 ,& if we c\ld realise ! dream1 if we c\ld g b a little way t[>ds realis+ x1 h[ imm5se w\ld be ! ga9 to our c\ntry6 ,if ! av]age level ( m5tal developm5t 9 ,engl& 7 z high z x is 9 ,utopia1 to :at height w\ld n ! m5 & wom5 ( exceptional ability be able to rise8 ,! m\nta9 peaks t spr+ f an upl& plateau so> high] t[>ds ! sky ?an ! peaks1 ( ! same app>5t height1 t spr+ f a l[-ly+ pla94 ,& ! great m\nta9s lift ! l[l&s on to _! sides4 ,b ?is is n ! only reason :y ! gospel ( self-realisation %\ld be prea*$ 9 all p>ts ( ! l&4 ,!re is ano!r reason :i* is becom+ m & m urg5t4 ,if ! ,utopian s*eme ( education 7 widely adopt$1 an antidote w\ld be f\nd to a grave & gr[+ evil :i* is beg9n+ to imp]il ! m5tal heal? ( e civilis$ community1 & ( ?is m ?an any o!r4 ,! m civilis$ 79 ! ,we/]n s5se ( ! ^w7 a c\ntry becomes1 ! less educative does life--! r\gh-&-tumble life ( ! "w-a-day _w--t5d to become4 ,9 a ?or\ghly civilis$ c\ntry1 :]e ! mat]ial conditions ( life are highly organis$1 & :]e indu/ry is highly specialis$1 s mu* is done = ! individual by ^? :o organise 8 life & lab\r1 t x ceases to be necess>y = him1 except )9 n>r[ limits1 to %ift = himself4 ,9 a less civilis$ community m5 h to use _! wits z well z _! h&s at e turn2 & res\rcefulness & v]satility are !re=e 9 con/ant dem&4 ,! indu/rial life ( a ,russian peasant1 :o is ( necessity a ,jack-(-_m-trades1 is incomp>ably m educative ?an t ( ! ,lanca%ire cotton op]ative1 mo/ ( ^: ?9k+ & mu* ( ^: op]at+ may be said to be done = him by ! complicat$ ma*9]y :i* he controls2 :o does1 inde$1 le>n to d "o ?+ surpass+ly well1 b 9 do+ t "o ?+ becomes1 z he progresses1 m & m automatic1 s t ! highe/ praise we c give him is to say t he does 8 "w ) ! sur5ess & accuracy ( a ma*9e4 ,x foll[s t ! m civilis$ a c\ntry becomes1 ! m important is ! "p t ! elem5t>y s*ool plays 9 ! life ( ! nation1--& t n m]ely because ! ability to read1 write1 & ciph] is1 9 ! conditions :i* mod]n civilisation imposes1 almo/ z mu* a necess>y ( life z ! ability to walk or talk1 b also & m especially because x devolves ^u ! s*ool to d = ! citiz5 9 8 *ildhood :at life w n d = him 9 8 manhood1 or w d = him b 9 scant measure1 to /imulate 8 vital p[]s into heal?ful activity1 to fo/] ! gr[? ( 8 s\l4 ,& ! m ! p 9 a civilis$ c\ntry are )drawn f ! soil & h]d$ into m9es & mills & (fices1 ! m imp]ative is x t ! s*ool %\ld quick5 r ?an dead5 ! *ild's innate faculties1 %\ld br+ sun%9e r ?an fro/ into 8 adolesc5t life4 ,9 su* a c\ntry z ours ! responsibilities ( ! tea*] are only equall$ by 8 opportunities2 = ! *ild is 9 8 h&s dur+ ! mo/ impressionable ye>s ( life2 & ^? ye>s w h be5 wa/$1 & worse ?an wa/$1 unless !y h fitt$ ! *ild to face ! _w ) res\rcefulness1 intellig5ce1 & vital en]gy1 ready to wre/ f 8 environm5t1 by enl>g+ & o!rwise trans=m+ x1 ^? educative influ5ces :i* are /ill to be _h = ! seek+1 b are no long] automatically suppli$4 ,! ,moral ,aspect ( ,self-,realisation4 ,if ,man1 if ea* man 9 turn1 is born good1 ! process ( gr[?1 or self-realisation1 :i* is presumably tak+ him t[>ds ! p]fection ( :i* 8 nature admits1 mu/ ne$s make him cont9u\sly bett]4 ,9 o!r words1 gr[?1 provid$ t x is heal?y1 h>moni\s1 & _m-sid$1 provid$ t x is gr[? ( ! :ole be+1 is 9 itself & ( inn] necessity ! mo/ moralis+ ( all processes4 ,nay1 x is ! only moralis+ process1 = 9 no o!r way c :at is naturally good be trans=m$ into :at is ideally be/4 ,?is argum5t1 ap>t f its be+ op5 to ! possible objection t x plays on ! mean+ ( ! ^w good1 is p]haps too conclusive to be really conv9c+4 ,i w !re=e try to make my way to its conclusion by ano!r l9e ( ?\ght4 ,! desire to gr[1 to advance t[>ds maturity1 to realise 8 true self--! self t is 8 9 embryo f ! v beg9n+--is /rong 9 e liv+ ?+1 & is !re=e /rong 9 e *ild ( man4 ,b ! desire1 :i* necess>ily takes its %>e 9 ! g5]al process ( gr[?1 mu/ ne$s pass ?r\gh _m /ages on its way to its own highe/ =m4 ,9 infancy1 x is a desire = physical life1 = ! pres]vation & expansion ( ! physical self2 & 9 ?is /age x is1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 uncompromis+ly selfi%4 ,! new-born baby is ! inc>nation ( selfi%ness2 & x is q "r t he %\ld be s4 ,x is 8 way ( try+ to realise himself4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old]1 ! desire to gr[ becomes a desire = self-aggr&isem5t1--a desire to %9e 9 v>i\s ways1 to surpass o!rs1 to be admir$1 to be prais$2 & ?\gh 9 ?is /age x may give rise to mu* vanity & selfi%ness1 /ill1 s long z x has vigor\s gr[? beh9d x & is 9 its ess5ce a desire = fur!r gr[?1 x is 9 ! ma9 a heal?y t5d5cy1 & to call x s9ful or vici\s w\ld be a misuse ( words4 ,b :51 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! av]age1 ord9>y1 surface self--! self ) :i* we are all only too famili>--has be5 fully evolv$ & firmly e/abli%$1 ! day may come :51 ow+ to v>i\s adv]se conditions1 ! gr[? ( ! s\l w be arre/$1 & ! ord9>y self w come to be reg>d$ z ! true self1 z ! self :i* ! man may h5ce=? accept & re/ 91 z ! self 9 virtue ( :i* he is :at he is4 ,%\ld ! desire = self-aggr&isem5t survive t day1 ! door w\ld be ?r[n op5 to selfi%ness ( a malignant type & to g5]al demoralisation4 ,& ?is is :at w\ld assur$ly come to pass4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! desire = self-aggr&isem5t1 :i* always has ! pu% ( ,nature's expansive =ces beh9d x1 w\ld c]ta9ly survive t ill-om5$ day4 ,inde$1 x 7 well t x %\ld d s2 = :ile !re is life1 !re is hope1 & :5 ! s\l is ceas+ to gr[1 x is ?r\gh ! desire = self-aggr&isem5t t ,nature makes h] la/ ef=t to keep x alive1 by compell+ x to en]gise on "o or two at lea/ ( ! _m sides ( its be+4 ,9 ! second place1 ! desire w\ld gradually cease to be resolvable into ! desire = cont9u$ gr[?1 & w\ld gradually trans=m itself into ! desire to glorify & make mu* ( ! ord9>y self1 to m9i/] to its selfi% dem&s1 to give x possessions1 ri*es1 hon\r1 p[]1 social rank1 & :atev] else might s]ve to fe$ its self-e/eem1 & make x ?9k well ( itself because x 0 well ?\ght ( by ! _w4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1 9 its ef=t to glorify & make mu* ( ! ord9>y self1 ! desire w\ld1 )\t a mom5t's compunction1 see o!r p]sons pu%$ to ! wall1 trampl$ "u foot1 slight$ & humiliat$1 robb$ ( :at !y valu$ mo/1 outrag$ & w\nd$ 9 _! t5d]e/ feel+s4 ,x is my firm conviction t at ! pres5t day ?ree-f\r?s ( ! moral evil 9 ! _w1 or at any rate 9 ! ,we/]n _w1 are ! direct or indirect outcome ( egoism1--egoism :i*1 z a rule1 is mean1 petty1 & small-m9d$1 b is (t5 cruel & ru?less1 & c on occasion become h]oic & ev5 titanic 9 its capacity = evil & 9 ! havoc t x works1--egoism :i* 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ is g5]at$ by ! desire = self-aggr&isem5t hav+ outliv$ its bett] self1 ! desire to gr[4 ,if arre/$ gr[? is ! *ief s\rce ( malignant egoism1 !re is an obvi\s rem$y = ! deadly malady4 ,! egoi/ mu/ re-ent] ! pa? ( self-realisation4 ,8 great enemy is 8 l[] self2#cd & ! sure/ way to conqu] ?is enemy is to outgr[ x1 to leave x f> beh9d4 ,:5 ! pa? ( self-realisation has be5 re-ent]$1 :5 ! s\l has resum$ ! int]rupt$ process ( its gr[?1 ! desire = self-aggr&isem5t w spontane\sly trans=m itself1 fir/ into ! desire = fur!r gr[?1 & !n into ! desire = outgr[? or escape f self1 & w cease to m9i/] to ! selfi% dem&s ( ! l[] self2 & z ! l[] self is all ! :ile be+ gradually left beh9d by ! gr[+ s\l1 & is !re=e ceas+ to ass]t itself1 & ceas+ to clam\r1 l a spoilt *ild1 = ?is ?+ & = t1--x w n be long be=e ! antidote to ! poison ( egoism w h tak5 due effect1 & ! heal? ( ! s\l w h be5 re/or$4 ,b let me say aga9--= ,i c sc>cely say x too (t5--t ! gr[? :i* emancipates f self is _m-sid$ gr[?1 ! gr[?1 n ( any "o faculty1 or gr\p ( faculties1 b ( ! s\l z su*4 ,7 x n s1 ! life ( self-realisation might easily become a life ( glorifi$ & !re=e int5sifi$ selfi%ness4 ,x is q possible1 z we "k f exp]i5ce1 = a high degree ( culture to co-exi/ ) a high degree ( egoism4 ,x is possible1 = example1 = ! /hetic in/9cts1 :5 n kept agl[ by ! sympa!tic1 or h>d5$ ) an alloy ( ! sci5tific1 to evolve a peculi> =m ( selfi%ness :i* leads at la/ to loos5ess ( life & g5]al demoralisation4 ,& x is possible = ! sci5tific in/9cts1 :5 develop$ at ! exp5se ( ! /hetic & ! sympa!tic1 to evolve a h>d1 unemotional type ( "* :i* is self-c5tr$ & selfi% ow+ to its positiv5ess & lack ( imag9ation4 ,b ^! are in/ances ( inh>moni\s gr[?4 ,:5 gr[? is h>moni\s & _m-sid$1 x leads ( necessity to out-gr[?1 to escape f self4 ,= ! expansive in/9cts are s _m ways ( escape f self :i* ,nature op5s up to ! s\l2--! sympa!tic in/9cts1 a way ( escape into ! b\ndless !r ( love2 ! /hetic in/9cts1 a way ( escape into ! wond]-_w ( beauty2 ! sci5tific in/9cts1 a way ( escape into ! _w ( my/]ies :i* is light$ by ! high :ite /> ( tru?4 ,x is only :5 "o ( ! expansive in/9cts is all[$ to aggr&ise itself at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs1 t ! consequ5t outgr[? ( selfi%ness 9 :at ,i may call ! int]nal economy ( "o's nature beg9s to reflect itself 9 a g5]al selfi%ness ( "*4 ,an in/9ct may readily become egoi/ic 9 its ef=t to affirm or ov]-affirm itself1 to grasp at its %>e or m ?an its %>e ( ! *ild's ris+ life3 & if x does1 x may gradually suck d[n into ! vortex ( its egoism ! :ole "* ( ! *ild z he rip5s into ! man4 ,b gr[?1 z su*1 is anti-egoi/ic j because x is gr[?1 because x is a movem5t t[>ds a l>g]1 full]1 & fre] life3 & x is re/rict$1 ev5 m ?an "o-sid$ gr[?1--x is ! apa?y1 ! helplessness1 ! deadness ( s\l t ov]takes1 fir/ ! *ild & !n ! man1 :5 8 expansive in/9cts are sy/ematically />v$ & ?w>t$1--:i* is ! *ief cause ( 8 inc>c]ation 9 8 petty self4 ,if ?ree-f\r?s ( ! moral evil 9 ! _w are due to malignant egoism1 ! s\rce ( ! rema9+ f\r? is1 9 a ^w1 s5suality4 ,by s5suality ,i mean ! undue or p]v]t$ developm5t ( ! desires & passions ( ! animal self1--! desire = food & dr9k1 ! sexual desires1 ! desire = physical or semi-physical excitem5t1 ! animal passion ( ang]1 & ! re/4 ,z an enemy ( ! s\l1 s5suality is less dang]\s1 because m op5 & less insidi\s1 ?an egoism4 ,! egoi/1 :o mi/akes 8 ord9>y = 8 real self1 may well lead a life ( sy/ematic selfi%ness )\t 9 ! lea/ realis+ t he is liv+ amiss4 ,b ! animal self is nev] mi/ak5 = ! real self2 & ! s5suali/ always has an uneasy feel+ 9 ! back ( 8 m9d t1 9 indulg+ 8 animal desires & passions to excess1 he is do+ wrong4 ,?is feel+ may1 inde$1 die out :5 he gr[s h>d 9 8 vici\sness2 b 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! s5sual life x is sure to give pause2 & !re are1 ,i ?9k1 few p]sons :o d n feel t ! s5sual desires & passions are s remote f ! headqu>t]s ( human life1 t 9 yield+ to !m beyond due measure !y are act+ unwor?ily ( _! high] selves4 ,at any rate we may reg>d ! temptations to s5sual indulg5ce t lie 9 our pa? z evil influ5ces :i* are assail+ u f )\t r ?an f )92 & we may !re=e lik5 !m to ! blight1 ru/1 mites1 mildew1 & o!r pe/s t assail hops1 fruit1 :eat1 & o!r gr[+ plants4 ,&1 l ! pe/s t assail gr[+ plants1 ! s5sual pe/s t w> aga9/ ! s\l mu/ be beat5 (f by vigor\s & cont9u\s gr[?4 ,no o!r prophylactic is s sure or s effective z ?is4 ,:5 ,i 0 ask$ :e!r ! ,utopian education 0 useful or n1 ,i adduc$1 z an in/ance ( its usefulness1 its p[] ( protect+ ! "y f ! allurem5ts ( a p]nici\s lit]ature1 to :i* ! victims ( ! conv5tional type ( education1 ) _! l[]$ vitality & _! lack ( int]e/ 9 life1 too readily succumb4 ,?is is a typical example ( ! way 9 :i* ! ris+ sap ( life /r5g!ns ! s\l to resi/ ! temptations to undue s5sual indulg5ce by :i* x is always liable to be assail$4 ,! victim ( a repressive1 gr[?-arre/+ type ( education1 hav+ few if any int]e/s 9 life1 n infrequ5tly takes to ! m]etrici\s excitem5ts ( s5suality 9 ord] to relieve ! intol]able monotony ( 8 days4 ,b ! tra9+ :i* makes = _m-sid$ gr[?1 by fill+ ! life ( ! adolesc5t ) _m & v>i\s int]e/s1 removes temptations ( ?is p>ticul> type f 8 pa?4 ,& x does m = him ?an ?is4 ,x g5]ates 9 him a /ate ( heal? & well-be+1 9 :i* ! v vig\r & ela/icity ( 8 spiritual fibre automatically %ields him f temptation by refus+ to all[ ! g]ms ( moral disease to effect a lodgm5t 9 8 s\l4 ,x w\ld be well if our morali/s c\ld realise t ! *ief causes ( weakness 9 ! pres5ce ( s5sual temptation are1 on ! "o h&1 bor$om & ennui1 & on ! o!r h& flabb9ess & deg5]acy ( spiritual fibre1 & t ! rem$y = bo? ^! defects is to give ! "y ! type ( education :i* w fo/] r ?an h9d] gr[?4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to e/imate ! respective values1 z moralis+ influ5ces1 ( ! pa? ( self-realisation & ! pa? t leads to results4 ,:atev] t5ds to arre/ gr[? t5ds also & 9 an equal degree to demoralise ,man's life2 =1 on ! "o h&1 by trans=m+ ! heal?y desire = cont9u$ gr[? into ! unheal?y desire = m]e self-aggr&isem5t1 x g5]ates malignant egoism1 ) its endless tra9 ( att5dant evils2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by depress+ ! vitality ( ! s\l & s weak5+ its p[]s ( resi/ance1 x exposes x to ! attacks ( ^? p[]s & desires :i* we speak ( 9 ! aggregate z s5suality4 ,if ?is is s1 ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible t ! ext]nalism ( civilis$ life1 ) ! repressive & devitalis+ sy/em ( education :i* x necessitates1 is responsible = ! great] "p ( ! immorality--,i am us+ ! ^w 9 its wide/ s5se--( ! pres5t age4 ,contr>iwise1 :atev] t5ds to fo/] gr[? t5ds also1 & 9 an equal degree1 to moralise ,man's life2 =1 on ! "o h&1 by trans=m+ ! desire = self-aggr&isem5t into ! desire1 fir/ = cont9u$ gr[? & !n = out-gr[?1 x gives ! s\l /r5g? to elim9ate ! poison ( egoism f its sy/em2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by vitalis+ ! s\l & s /r5g!n+ its p[]s ( resi/ance1 x enables x to beat (f ! attacks ( ^? enemies ( its well-be+ :i* s]ve "u ! bann] ( s5suality4 ,if ?is is s1 ! inf]5ce is irresi/ible t self-realisation is ! only effective rem$y = ! immorality ( ! pres5t age4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ! two s*emes ( life may be c>ri$ a /age fur!r4 ,if egoism & s5suality are ! two prim>y vices1 ! second>y vices w be ! v>i\s ways & means by :i* egoism & s5suality try to compass _! respective ends4 ,let u select = consid]ation "o gr\p ( ^! vices1--! important gr\p :i* fall "u ! g5]al head ( untru?fulness4 ,ins9c]ity1 dis+5u\sness1 %ift9ess1 trick]y1 duplicity1 *ican]y1 evasion1 intrigue1 suppressio v]i1 sugge/io falsi1 fraud1 m5dacity1 trea*]y1 hypocrisy1 cant1--_! "n is ,legion4 ,t ext]nalism1 :e!r 9 s*ool or out ( s*ool1 is ! fo/]-"m ( ! :ole brood1 is almo/ too obvi\s to ne$ demon/ration4 ,9 s*ool ! *ild lives 9 an atmosph]e ( unreality & make-believe4 ,! dem& = me*anical ob$i5ce :i* is always press+ ^u him is a dem& t he %all be untrue to himself4 ,s9c]ity ( expression1 :i* is ! f\nta9-head ( all tru?fulness1 is n m]ely slight$ by 8 tea*]1 b is sy/ematically proscrib$4 ,he is always 7"u compulsion7 pret5d+ to be :at he is n1--to "k :at he does n "k1 to see :at he does n see1 to ?9k :at he does n ?9k1 to believe :at he does n believe4 ,& he lives1 f h\r to h\r1 "u ! d>k %ad[ ( sev]ity & di/ru/1--sev]ity :i* is too (t5 answ]$ by s]vility1 & di/ru/ :i* is too (t5 answ]$ by deceit4 ,:5 he goes out into ! _w1 he f9ds t ?\gh !re are _m s9s = :i* !re is =giv5ess1 !re is "o = :i* !re is no =giv5ess1--! s9 ( be+ f\nd out2 & he ord]s 8 life accord+ly4 ,he f9ds t he mu/ give acc\nt ( himself to public op9ion1 :i* necess>ily judges accord+ to ! appe>ance ( ?+s1 & is only too ready to be hoodw9k$ & gull$4 ,he f9ds t to succe$ is to a*ieve c]ta9 outw>d & visible results1--results :i* are out ( relation to ! vraie vrit ( ?+s1 :i* are 9 no way symbolical ( m]it1 & = ! w9n+ ( :i* any means may be resort$ to provid$ t sc&als are avoid$ & ! lett] ( ! law is obey$4 ,he f9ds t ! sy/em ( adv]tis+ :i* plays s l>ge a "p 9 mod]n life1 & )\t :i* x is s h>d to succe$1 is 9 ! ma9 a sy/em ( organis$ m5dacity4 ,f9ally1 & above all1 he f9ds t ! exam9ation sy/em1 ) its implicit dem&s = trick]y & %ift9ess1 & its almo/ op5 invitation to cram & *eat1 is n conf9$ to ! s*ool b has its equival5t 9 ! _w1 & is 9 fact ! basis ( civilisation z well z ( education 9 ! ,we/4 ,?is is ! provision t ext]nalism makes = ! practical inculcation ( tru?fulness1--a virtue :i* its religion & its e?ics pr(ess to hon\r above all o!rs4 ,! life ( self-realisation1 on ! o!r h&1 is a life ( g5u9e self-expression2 & a life ( g5u9e self-expression is obvi\sly a life ( fe>less s9c]ity4 ,9 su* a life !re is no place = untru?fulness or any memb] ( its impi% brood4 ,! "o conc]n ( ! *ild1 z ( ! man1 is to be loyal to intr9sic reality1 to be true to 8 true self4 ,8 /&>d is always inw>d1 n outw>d4 ,he kn[s t he is :at he is1 n :at he is reput$ to be4 ,quantum unusquisque e/ 9 oculis ,tuis1 tantum e/ et non amplius4 ,"h1 !n1 z else:]e1 we see t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! morality ( ext]nalism & ! morality ( self-realisation is a diff]5ce1 n ( degree b ( direct antagonism1--! diff]5ce betwe5 a poison & its antidote1 betwe5 ! cause ( a malady & ! cure4 ,:ile ! pa? ( self-realisation is emancipat+ u f egoism & s5suality1 9 :at g5]al direction is x lead+ u8 ,is its e?ical ideal positive or m]ely negative8 ,& if x is positive1 :at is its "*1 & h[ is x to be realis$8 ,! answ] to ?is "q w be giv5 9 ! rema9+ sections4 ,! ,social ,aspect ( ,self-realisation4 ,he mu/ ei!r be ri*ly end[$ ) ! good ?+s ( life or be ( an exceptionally optimi/ic disposition1 :o c view ! exi/+ social ord] ) complete satisfaction4 ,ev5 among ^? :o are ri*ly end[$ ) ! good ?+s ( life !re mu/ be _m :o realise t ! ,h-nots h "s cause = compla9t4 ,& ev5 among ^? :o are ( an exceptionally optimi/ic disposition !re mu/ be "s :o realise t ! gr\nds ( _! optimism are p]sonal to !mselves1 & t !y _c expect _m o!rs to %>e _! satisfaction ) ?+s z !y are4 ,! phrase ! good ?+s ( life is significant1 & expla9s mu*4 ,x means t an outw>d /&>d ( reality has fully e/abli%$ itself 9 ! community1 t money & ! possessions ( v>i\s k9ds :i* money c buy are reg>d$ z ! good ?+s ( life1--?+s :i* are intr9sically good1 & !re=e legitimate ends ( ,man's ambition & endeav\r1 ?+s to pursue :i* is to fulfil "o's de/9y & to w9 :i* is to a*ieve salvation4 ,x means1 9 o!r words1 t ! life ( ! community is a scramble = mat]ial possessions & outw>d & visible results--a scramble :i* on its l[e/ level becomes a /ruggle = b>e exi/5ce1 & on ! next level a /ruggle = ! necess>ies ( life--& t ?is legalis$ scramble is ! basis ( ! :ole social ord]4 ,9 su* a scramble ! great prizes are necess>ily few1 & ! numb] ( complete failures is always consid]able2 = ! weal?i] a c\ntry1 ! high] is its /&>d ( com=t1 s t ! proportion ( failures--! p]c5tage ( m5 :o are subm]g$ & outca/1 :o are 9 want & mis]y--is at lea/ z great 9 ! weal?ie/ z 9 ! poore/ community1 :ile ! extremes ( weal? & pov]ty are z a rule greate/ :]e ! pursuit ( ri*es is c>ri$ on ) ! ke5e/ vig\r & ! mo/ complete success4 ,!re are _m p]sons1 ri* z well z poor1 :o1 view+ ! legalis$ scramble f an entirely imp]sonal /&po9t1 are fill$ ) disgu/ & dismay1 & :o dream ( mak+ an end ( x1 by sub/itut+ :at !y call collectivism = ! individualism :i* !y reg>d z ! s\rce ( all our tr\bles4 ,^! p]sons are kn[n z ,sociali/s4 ,_! rul+ idea is t ! ,/ate %\ld become ! sole own] ( prop]ty1 & t ?is radical *ange %\ld be effect$ by a s]ies ( legislative measures4 ,) _! social ideal1 reg>d$ z an ideal1 "o has ( c\rse ! deepe/ sympa?y4 ,_! motto is1 ,i believe1 ,ea* = all1 & all = ea*2 & if ?is ideal c\ld be realis$1 ! social mill5nium w\ld inde$ h begun4 ,b 9 try+ to compass _! ends by legislation1 be=e ! /&>d ( reality has be5 *ang$1 !y are mak+ a disa/r\s mi/ake4 ,=1 to g no fur!r1 our s*ools are hotb$s ( individualism1 ! _s ( competitive selfi%ness be+ actively & sy/ematically fo/]$ 9 all ( !m1 ) a few exceptions2 & s long z ?is is s1 s long z our highly individualis$ society is recruit$1 ye> by ye>1 by a l>ge cont+5t ( individuali/s ( all ranks1 drawn f s*ools ( all grades1 = s long w ! ,sociali/ic ideal rema9 an impracticable dream4 ,an impracticable & a mis*iev\s dream2 = 9 ! attempt to realise x1 ! community w almo/ inevitably be br\ght to ! v]ge ( civil w>4 ,:5 ! se$s ( sociali/ic legislation1 or ev5 ( sociali/ic agitation1 are s[n 9 a soil :i* is highly *>g$ ) ! poison ( individualism1 ! result+ crop w be class hatr$ & social /rife4 ,no1 we mu/ *ange our /&>d ( reality be=e we c hope to re=m society4 ,:]e ! outw>d /&>d prevails1 :]e mat]ial possessions are reg>d$ z ! good ?+s ( life1 ! basis ( society mu/ ne$s be competitive r ?an communal1 = !re w nev] be en\gh ( ^? good ?+s to satisfy ! desires ( all ! memb]s ( any community4 ,& ev5 if ! sociali/ic dream ( /ate-own]%ip c\ld be univ]sally realis$1 ! *ange--s long z ! outw>d /&>d ( reality prevail$--w\ld n necess>ily be = ! bett]1 & might well be = ! worse4 ,competition = ! good ?+s ( life w\ld probably g on z fi]cely z ev]2 b x w\ld be a scramble among nations r ?an individuals1 & x might conceivably take ! =m ( op5 w>f>e wag$ on a titanic scale4#ce ,ev5 n[ !re are indications t su* a /ruggle1 or s]ies ( /ruggles1 if n actually approa*+1 is at any rate n beyond ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,& on ! way to ! realisation ( ! collectivi/ ideal1 we %\ld probably h 9 ea* community a simil> /ruggle = weal? & p[] among political p>ties1--a /ruggle :i* w\ld g5]ate _m social evils1 ( :i* civil w> might n be ! mo/ malignant4 ,b if we are to *ange our /&>d ( reality we mu/ *ange x1 fir/ & =emo/1 9 ! s*ool4 ,! way to d ?is is q simple4 ,we ne$ n give lessons on altruism4 ,we ne$ n tea* or prea* a new philosophy ( life4 ,all t we ne$ d is to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! *ild's s\l4 ,:5 ! gr[? ( ! s\l is heal?y & h>moni\s1 ! cultivation ( all ! expansive in/9cts hav+ be5 fully provid$ =1 ! communal in/9ct w evolve itself 9 its own season2 & :5 ! communal in/9ct has be5 fully evolv$1 ! social ord] w beg9 to re=m itself4 ,?is is :at has happ5$ 9 ,utopia4 ,!re1 :]e competition is unkn[n1 :]e prizes are undream$ (1 :]e ! gr[? ( ! *ild's natural faculties1 & ! consequ5t well-be+ ( 8 s\l1 is its own exce$+ great rew>d1 ! communal in/9ct has gr[n ) ! gr[? ( ! *ild's :ole nature1 & has g5]at$ an ideal social life4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ section ,i ask$ myself :at 0 ! e?ical ideal ( ! life ( self-realisation1--! positive ideal z di/+ui%$ f ! m negative ideal ( emancipat+ f egoism & s5suality4 ,i w n[ try to answ] ?is "q4 ,emancipation f egoism & s5suality is effect$ by ! outgr[? ( a l>g] & tru] self4 ,?is l>g] & tru] self1 z x unfolds itself1 directs our eyes t[>ds ! ideal self--! goal ( ! :ole process ( gr[?--:i* is to ! ord9>y self :at ! full-gr[n tree1 embody+ 9 itself ! p]fection ( oakhood1 is to ! sapl+ oak1 or :at ! ripe pea*1 embody+ 9 itself ! p]fection ( pea*hood1 is to ! gre5 unrip5$ fruit4 ,! ideal self is1 9 brief1 p]fect ,manhood4 ,:at p]fect ,manhood may be1 we ne$ n pause to inquire4 ,:atev] x may be1 x is ! true self ( ea* ( u4 ,x foll[s t ! ne>] ea* ( u gets to x1 ! ne>] he is to ! true self ( ea* ( 8 fell[-m52 t ! m closely he is able to id5tify himself ) x1 ! m closely he is able to id5tify himself ) ea* ( 8 fell[-m52 t 9 realis+ x1 he is realis+1 he is ent]+ into1 he is becom+ "o )1 ! real life ( ea* ( 8 fell[-m54 ,& n ( ea* ( 8 fell[-m5 only4 ,he is also ent]+ into ! life ( ! :ole community ( m5--7= x is ! pres5ce ( ! ideal self 9 ea* ( u :i* makes communal life possible7--&1 ?r\gh ?is1 ( ea* ( ! less] communities to :i* he may happ5 to belong4 ,9 o!r words1 he is los+ himself 9 ! lives ( o!rs1 & is f9d+ 8 well-be+1 & !re=e 8 happ9ess1 9 do+ s4 ,b self-loss1 ) joy 9 ! loss ( self1 is1 9 a ^w1 love4 ,! pa? ( self-realisation is1 !n1 9 its high] /ages1 a life ( love4 ,he :o walks 9 t pa? mu/ ne$s lead a life ( love4 ,he w love & s]ve 8 fell[-m51 bo? z individuals & z memb]s ( ?is or t community1 n because he is consci\sly try+ to live up to a high ideal1 b because he has rea*$ a /age 9 8 developm5t beyond :i* he _c develop himself except by lead+ a life ( love1 because ! pa? ( self-realisation has l$ him into ! sun%9e ( love1 & if he w n h5ce=? walk 9 t sun%9e he w cease to foll[ 8 pa?4 ,he has inde$ long walk$ 9 ! =egl[ ( ! sun%9e ( love4 ,! dawn ( ! orb ( love is h]ald$ by a gradual twilight1 :i* lights ! pa? ( self-realisation1 ev5 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,9 ,utopia ! joy on ! faces ( ! *ildr5 is ! joy ( goodwill n less ?an ( well-be+4 ,or r x is ! joy ( goodwill because x is ! joy ( well-be+1 because well-be+ w\ld n be well-be+ if x did n ceaselessly g5]ate goodwill4 ,t love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law1 & !re=e ! key/one ( e s\nd sy/em ( e?ics1 is a tru? on :i* ,i ne$ sc>cely insi/4 ,! f9al pro( t ! e?ics ( self-realisation are s\nd to ! core lies 9 ! fact t ! pa? ( self-realisation1 besides emancipat+ f egoism & s5suality1 leads all :o walk 9 x1 fir/ into ! =egl[ & !n into ! sun%9e ( love4 ,b x is ) ! social r ?an ! e?ical aspect ( self-realisation t ,i am n[ conc]n$4 ,& ! social aspect ( ! fact :i* has j be5 /at$ is obvi\sly ( vital importance4 ,love1 :i* is comm5surate ) life1 has innum]able phases4 ,"o ( ^! is :at ,i h call$ ! communal in/9ct1--! s5se ( belong+ to a community1 ( be+ a vital "p ( x1 ( %>+ 9 its life1 ( be+ :at "o is 79 "p at lea/7 because "o %>es 9 its life4 ,if ,socialism is to realise its noble dream1 ?is in/9ct1 /rongly develop$ & direct$ t[>ds ! well-be+ ( ! :ole social ord]1 mu/ become "p ( ! normal equipm5t ( e citiz54 ,& if ?is is to come to pass1 self-realisation mu/ be made ! basis ( education 9 all our s*ools4 ,:at x has done = ! *ildr5 ( ,utopia1 9 ! way ( develop+ _! communal in/9ct & mak+ _! s*ool an ideal community1 x is capable ( do+ = e s*ool 9 ,engl&1--,i might almo/ say = e s*ool on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,!re are faddi/s :o advocate ! tea*+ ( patriotism 9 our elem5t>y s*ools4 ,!re are ,local ,education ,committees :i* insi/ on citiz5%ip be+ taught 9 ! s*ools "u _! control4 ,by tea*+ patriotism1 & citiz5%ip is meant treat+ !m z subjects1 f9d+ places = !m on ! "t-table1 & giv+ =mal lessons on !m4 ,:]e ?is is done1 ! "t ( ! tea*]s & ! *ildr5 is wa/$4 ,! tea*+ ( patriotism & citiz5%ip1 if x is to produce any effect1 mu/ be entirely in=mal & indirect4 ,let ! *ild be s educat$ t he w develop himself freely on all ! sides ( 8 be+1 & 8 communal in/9ct w1 z ,i h said1 evolve itself 9 its own season4 ,until x has evolv$ itself1 patriotism & citiz5%ip w be m]e names to him1 & :at he is taught ab\t !m w make no impression on him4 ,:5 x has evolv$ itself1 he w be a patriot & a good citiz5 9 posse1 & w be ready on occasion to prove 8 patriotism & 8 good citiz5%ip by 8 de$s1 or1 bett] /ill1 by 8 life4#cf ,:ile ! communal in/9ct is evolv+ itself1 fir/ 9 ! s*ool & !n 9 ! community at l>ge1 ! /&>d ( reality w1 by a p>allel or p]haps id5tical process1 be trans=m+ itself 9 all ! grades ( society4 ,! inw>d w be tak+ ! place ( ! outw>d /&>d2 & m5 w be le>n+ to =m a diff]5t conception ( ! good ?+s ( life f t :i* n[ dom9ates our social life4 ,! ,sociali/ w !n h 8 opportunity4 ,t any memb] ( ! community %\ld be 9 physical want or irrem$iable mis]y1 w beg9 to be felt1 p>tly z a p]sonal grief1 p>tly z a reflection on himself1 by ea* memb] ( ! community 9 turn2 & /eps w beg9 to be tak5--:at /eps ,i _c pret5d to =eca/--to make physical want & irrem$iable mis]y impossible4 ,mean:ile1 ) ! gradual sub/itution ( ! inw>d = ! outw>d /&>d ( reality1 ! mad scramble = weal? & possessions & di/9ctions w gradually cease1 ! conception ( :at con/itutes com=t & ( :at are ! real necess>ies ( life w be correspond+ly *ang$1 & m5 w beg9 to realise t ( ! g5u9e good ?+s ( life--! good ?+s :i* ! *ildr5 ( ,utopia c>ry ) !m into ! _w1 & :i* make !m exce$+ly ri* 9 spite ( _! app>5t pov]ty--!re are en\gh & m ?an en\gh to g r\nd4 ,! ,religi\s ,aspect ( ,self-realisation4 ,! oak-tree is pres5t 9 embryo 9 ! acorn4 ,:at is x t is pres5t 9 embryo 9 ! new-born *ild8 ,to a*ieve salvation is to realise "o's true self4 ,b :at is "o's true self8 ,! p]fection ( manhood is an obvi\s answ] to ?is "q2 b x expla9s s little t we _c accept x z f9al4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 accept x z a re/+-place 9 our se>* = ! f9al answ]4 ,x is on ! religi\s aspect ( self-realisation t ,i n[ propose to dwell4 ,! function ( ,religion is to br+ a c5tral aim into man's life1 to direct 8 eyes t[>ds ! true end ( 8 be+ & to help him to rea* x4 ,! true end ( ,man's be+ is ! p]fection ( 8 nature2 & ! way to ?is end is ! process :i* we call gr[?4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ,man's nature ,i am ?9k+ ( 8 univ]sal nature1 ( ! nature :i* is common to all m51 ! nature ( ,man z ,man4 ,ea* ( u has 8 own p>ticul> nature1 8 individuality1 z x is sometimes call$4 ,! nature ( ,man z ,man is no m]e common measure ( ^! p>ticul> natures1 b is r :at ,i may call _! organis$ totality1 ! _m-sid$ nature :i* includes1 expla9s1 & ev5 ju/ifies !m all4 ,:at p]fection may mean :5 we pr$icate ! t]m ( our common nature1 we _c ev5 imag9e4 ,! pot5tialities ( our nature seem to be inf9ite1 & our k ( !m is limit$ & %all[4 ,:5 we comp>e an untutor$ savage or a brutal1 ignorant ,european ) a ,*ri/ or a ,buddha1 or aga9 ) a ,%akespe>e or a ,goe!1 we realise h[ va/ is ! range--! l9eal ev5 m ?an ! lat]al range--( ,man's nature1 & we f9d x easy to believe t 9 any ord9>y man !re are :ole tracts1 :ole aspects ( human nature1 9 :i* 8 consci\sness has n yet be5 awak5$1 & :i* !re=e seem to be nonexi/5t 9 him1 ?\gh 9 reality !y are only dormant or in]t4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are matt]s ) :i* we ne$ n at pres5t conc]n ourselves4 ,let ! pot5tialities ( our common nature be :at !y may4 ,our bus9ess is to realise !m z1 little by little1 !y pres5t !mselves to u = realisation4 ,let ! end ( ! process ( gr[? be :at x may4 ,our bus9ess is to gr[4 ,9 ! ef=t to gr[ we are n left )\t guidance4 ,! /imulus to gr[1 ! =ces & ! t5d5cies t make = gr[?1 all come f )9 ourselves4 ,yet x is only to a limit$ ext5t t !y come "u our direct control4 ,s1 too1 ! goal ( gr[?1 ! ideal p]fection ( our nature1 is our own2 & yet on ! way to x we mu/ ne$s outgr[ ourselves4 ,:at "p d we play 9 ?is mighty drama8 ,! my/]y ( selfhood is unfa?omable4 ,! ^w self *anges its mean+ ! mom5t we beg9 to ?9k ab\t x4 ,s does ! ^w nature4 ,! range ( mean+ is 9 ea* case unlimit$4 ,yet !re are limits beyond :i* we _c use ei!r ^w )\t "s risk ( be+ misund]/ood4 ,:5 we are m$itat+ on our orig9 & our de/9y1 "s o!r ^w seems to be ne$$ to enable u to complete ! span ( our ?\ghts4 ,is n t ^w ,god8 ,! s\rce ( our life1 ! ideal end ( our be+1--h[ %all we ?9k ab\t ^! if we may n speak ( !m z div9e8 ,& 9 us+ ! ^w div9e1 d we n set ourselves free to /ret* ! respective mean+s ( ! words self & nature beyond :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! break+ po9t ( ea*8 ,! true self is wor?i] ( ! "n ( self ?an ! app>5t self4 ,! true nature is wor?i] ( ! "n ( nature ?an ! l[] nature4 ,b ! true self is ! ,div9e ,self2 & ! highe/ nature is ! ,nature ( ,god4 ,if ?is is s1 we s]ve ,god be/ & obey ,god be/ by try+ to p]fect our nature 9 response to a /imulus1 a pressure1 & a guidance :i* is at once natural & div9e4 ,9 o!r words1 we s]ve ,god be/ by foll[+ ! pa? ( self-realisation4 ,& ! bett] we s]ve ,god1 ! m truly & fully d we le>n to "k him4 ,if to "k him1 & to live up to our k ( him1 is to be truly religi\s1 !n ! life ( self-realisation is1 9 ! true/ & deepe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a religi\s life4 ,or r x is ! only religi\s life1 = 9 no o!r way c k ( ,god be won4 ,let me try to make good ?is /atem5t4 ,k ( ,god is ! outcome1 n ( def9ite dogmatic in/ruction 9 !ology1 b ( spiritual gr[?4 ,k1 :atev] may be its object1 is always ! outcome ( gr[?4 ,ev5 k ( numb] is ! outcome1 n ( def9ite dogmatic in/ruction 9 ! ari?metical rules & tables1 b ( ! gr[? ( ! ari?metical s5se4 ,x is ! same ) lit]ature1 ! same ) hi/ory1 ! same ) *emi/ry1 ! same ) bus9ess1 ! same ) navigation1 ! same ) ! driv+ ( vehicles 9 cr[d$ /reets1 ! same ) e art1 craft1 sport1 game1 & pursuit4 ,9 evolv+ a special s5se1 ! s\l is gr[+ 9 "o p>ticul> direction1 a direction :i* is m>k$ out = x by ! environm5t 9 :i* x f9ds x ne$ful or desirable to en]gise4 ,! s\l has1 z we h se51 a g5]al p[] ( adapt+ itself to its environm5t1 ( p]meat+ x1 ( feel+ its way ?r\gh x1 ( gett+ to und]/& x1 ( deal+ ) x at la/ ) skill & success4 ,z is ! p>ticul> environm5t1 s is ! subtle1 tactful1 adaptive1 directly p]ceptive1 subconsci\sly cognitive faculty1--! s5se1 z ,i h call$ x--by means ( :i* ! s\l acquires ! p>ticul> k t x ne$s4 ,! m highly specialis$ 7:e!r by subdivision or by ab/raction7 ! environm5t1 ! m highly specialis$ ! s5se4 ,! l>g] & m compreh5sive ! environm5t1 ! l>g] & m massive ! s5se4 ,! acquir$ aptitude :i* enables an omnibus driv] to /e] 8 bulky vehicle ?r\gh ! traffic ( ,london is a highly specialis$ s5se4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale we h ! massive spiritual faculties :i* deal ) :ole aspects ( life or ,nature1 su* z ! s5se ( beauty or ( moral wor?4 ,b !re is a s5se :i* is l>g] & m massive ev5 ?an ^!4 ,:5 ! environm5t is all-embrac+1 :5 x cov]s ! :ole circle ( :i* ! s\l is or c be ! c5tre1 ! gr[? made 9 response to x is ! gr[? ( ! s\l z su*1 & ! k :i* rew>ds t gr[? is ! k ( supreme reality1 or1 9 ! language ( religion1 ! k ( ,god4 ,! highe/ ( all s5ses is ! religi\s s5se1 ! s5se :i* gives u k ( ,god4 ,b ! religi\s s5se is n1 z we are apt to imag9e1 "o ( _m s5ses4 ,no "o individual s5se1 h[ev] massive or subtle x might be1 c\ld enable its possessor to get on t]ms1 s to speak1 ) ! totality ( ?+s1 ) ! all-vitalis+ ,life1 ) ! all-embrac+ ,:ole4 ,! religi\s s5se is ! well-be+ ( ! s\l4 ,= ! s\l z su* gr[s 9 & ?r\gh ! gr[? ( its v>i\s s5ses1--its own gr[? be+ re9=c$ by ! gr[? ( ea* ( ^! :5 ,nature's balance is kept1 & ret>d$ by ! gr[? ( "o or m ( !m :5 ,nature's balance is lo/1--& 9 proportion z its own vital1 c5tral gr[? is vigor\s & heal?y1 its p[] ( appreh5d+ reality unfolds itself little by little4 ,t p[] is ( its inmo/ ess5ce4 ,:5 reality1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 is its object1 x sees ) ! :ole ( its be+2 x is itself1 :5 x is at ! c5tre ( its univ]se1 its own supreme p]ceptive faculty1 its own religi\s s5se4 ,if ?is is s1 if ! s\l 9 its totality1 ! s\l act+ ?r\gh its :ole app]ceptive mass1 is its own religi\s s5se1 x is abundantly cle> t ! pa? ( self-realisation is ! only pa? :i* leads to k ( ,god1 & ?r\gh k ( ,god to salvation4 ,= self-realisation is ! only s*eme ( life :i* provides = ! gr[? ( ! s\l 9 its totality1 = ! h>moni\s1 _m-sid$ developm5t ( ! s\l z su*4 ,i h (t5 dwelt on ?is po9t4 ,if we h nev] be=e realis$ its importance we mu/ surely d s n[4 ,a "o-sid$ tra9+1 ev5 :5 its "o-sid$ness takes ! =m ( specialis+ 9 !ology1 is a non-religi\s1 & may well become an irreligi\s tra9+1 = x does n lead to1 & may well lead away f1 k ( ,god4 ,& if we h nev] be=e realis$ h[ great are ! opportunities & responsibilities ( ! tea*]1 we mu/ surely d s n[4 ,= a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s--! numb] v>ies ) ! social /&+ ( ! *ild1 & ! f9ancial res\rces ( 8 p>5ts--! tea*] c af=d to disreg>d utilit>ian consid]ations & ?9k only ( :at is be/ = ! *ild4 ,:at use w he make ( ^? ye>s8 ,w he lead ! *ild into ! pa? ( self-realisation1 & s give a lifelong impetus to ! gr[? ( 8 s\l8 ,or w he1 9 8 ?ir/ = results1 lead him into ! pa? ( me*anical ob$i5ce1 or1 at be/1 ( "o-sid$ developm5t1 & s blight 8 budd+ faculties & arre/ ! gr[? ( 8 s\l8 ,on ! practical answ] t he gives to ?is "q w dep5d ! fate ( ! *ild4 ,= to ! *ild ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two pa?s w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 fulfill+ & miss+ 8 de/9y1 betwe5 k & ignorance ( ,god4 ,if any ( my read]s h imag9$ t ,i am an advocate ( :at is call$ secul> education1 !y w1 ,i hope1 n[ realise t !y h misread ?is book4 ,f> f wi%+ to secul>ise education1 ,i hold t x _c be too religi\s4 ,&1 f> f wi%+ to limit its religi\s activities to ! fir/ =ty m9utes ( ! morn+ sessions1 ,i hold t x %\ld be actively religi\s ?r\gh e m9ute ( e s*ool session1 t :atev] x does x %\ld d to ! glory ( ,god4 ,b h[ does k ( ,god %[ itself8 ,k1 s f> z x is real1 always %[s itself 9 "r be>+1 & 7if action is call$ =7 9 "r action4 ,k ( ari?metic & ( o!r m or less ab/ract subjects1 %[s itself 9 ! successful work+ ( ! correspond+ problems1 !oretical or practical z ! case may be4 ,k ( ! laws ( physical nature %[s itself 9 practical ma/]y ( ! =ces & res\rces ( physical nature4 ,k ( hi/ory & geography1 9 a "r attitude t[>ds ! problems & sub-problems ( ^! complex & compreh5sive subjects1 an attitude :i* may on occasion translate itself into "r action4 ,& s on4 ,k ( ,god1 be+ a /ate or attitude ( ! s\l z su*1 mu/ %[ itself 9 ! "r be>+ & ! "r action ( ! s\l z su*1 9 o!r words1 ( ,man z ,man1--n z ma!matician1 n z f9anci]1 n z sculptor1 n z cricket]1 b simply z ,man4 ,n[ ,man z ,man has to be> himself aright t[>ds ! _w 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 & 9 p>ticul> t[>ds ! _w :i* t\*es him mo/ closely & envelops him mo/ completely1--! _w ( human life4 ,!re=e k ( ,god w %[ itself1 pr9cipally & *iefly1 ?\gh by no means :olly1 9 deal+ aright ) "o's fell[-m51 9 be+ rightly dispos$ t[>ds !m1 & 9 do+ ! "r ?+s to !m4 ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to disconnect ! moral f ! religi\s aspect ( self-realisation4 ,we c n[ see t 9 ! la/ resort ! two aspects are "o4 ,f e po9t ( view1 !n1 & above all f t ( ,religion1 ! pa? ( self-realisation is se5 to be ! pa? ( salvation4 ,= x is ! only s*eme ( life :i* enables him :o foll[s x to atta9 to k ( ,god2 & k ( ,god has1 z its necess>y c\nt]p>t1 a "r attitude1 9 g5]al t[>ds ! _w :i* surr\nds him1 & 9 p>ticul> t[>ds 8 fell[-m54 ,b is x possible1 )9 ! limits ( "o e>?-life1 to foll[ ! pa? ( self-realisation to its appo9t$ goal8 ,& if n1 w ! pa? be cont9u$ beyond t abrupt turn 9 x :i* we call dea?8 ,! respective attitudes ( ! two great s*ools ( popul> ?\ght t[>ds ! problem ( ! grave1 are 9 brief z foll[s4 ,! ,mat]iali/s 7or ,naturali/s1 z !y miscall !mselves7 believe t dea? is ! end ( life4 ,! ,sup]naturali/s believe t "o e>?-life 7or ev5 a few ye>s or mon?s7 ( me*anical ob$i5ce to sup]natural direction w be rew>d$ by an et]nity ( happ9ess 9 ,heav54 ,b ^? :o walk 9 ! pa? ( self-realisation1 & ^: unsw]v+ loyalty to ,nature is rew>d$ by "s measure ( insight into h] deep] laws1 "k t ! goal ( ! pa? is inf9itely f> away1 & 9 _! he>t ( he>ts !y laugh bo? ! curr5t es*atologies to scorn4 ,& ! high] !y asc5d1 z !y foll[ ! pa?1 ! m vividly d !y realise h[ unimag9ably high above !m is ! summit ( ! m\nta9 :i* ! pa? is asc5d+ 9 spiral coils4 ,! ,utopian exp]im5t1 humble z x is1 c1 ,i ?9k1 ?r[ "s light on ^! mighty problems4 ,! relations betwe5 ! type & ! v>i\s sub-types1 betwe5 ! type & ! individual1 betwe5 ! sub-type & ! individual--:e!r 9 plant or bea/ or man--are matt]s :i* c\ld n be h&l$ )9 ! limits ( ?is book1 & :i* ,i h !re=e z f> z possible ignor$4 ,nor h ,i attempt$ to deal ) ! difficult problems t are pres5t$ by ! exi/5ce ( races1 su* z ! ,negro1 :i* seem to be f> bel[ ! normal level ( human developm5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! va/ region ( ?\ght :i* ^! & k9dr$ problems op5 out to u1 "o by-way :i* ,i mu/ be all[$ to foll[ = a :ile4 ,! wild bullace is1 ,i believe1 ! ance/or ( _m ( our yell[ plums4 ,9 o!r words1 bullacehood c develop into plumhood1 & ev5 into ! p]fection ( plumhood4 ,simil>ly human nature c develop into some?+ s high above ! normal level ( human nature t x might almo/ seem to belong to ano!r g5us4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases4 ,! bullace ideal is 9 ! individual bullace tree4 ,s1 9 a s5se1 is ! plum ideal4 ,b ! latt] _c be realis$1 or ev5 approa*$1 by ! individual bullace tree4 ,x _c be realis$1 or ev5 approa*$1 by ! bullace species except ?r\gh a long c\rse ( culture & bre$+4 ,is x ! same ) ,man8 ,let u take ,engli% ru/icity z a p>ticul> type ( human nature1--! equival5t ( bullacehood = ! purpose ( argum5t4 ,?is is a di/9ct type1 & may be said to h its own ideal4#cg ,em]g+ f ?is1 & gradually trans=m+ x1 is ! ideal ( human nature1 ! ideal = ,man z ,man4 ,z ! bullace ideal is to ! plum ideal1 s is ! ideal ( ,engli% ru/icity to ! ideal ( human nature4 ,b :]eas ! plum ideal _c be realis$ 9 any appreciable degree by ! individual bullace1 ! human ideal c be realis$ 9 a q appreciable degree by ! individual ,engli% ru/ic4 ,!re h always be5 & w always be isolat$ cases to prove t ?is is s1--cases ( m5 ( q humble orig9 :o h atta9$ to high degrees ( m5tal & spiritual developm5t4 ,^! h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z exceptional cases4 ,b ,eg]ia has conv9c$ me t "u fav\rable conditions ! av]age *ild c become ! r>e exception1 & atta9 to :at is usually reg>d$ z a rem>kably high degree ( m5tal & spiritual developm5t4 ,innoc5t joy1 self-=getfulness1 communal devotion1 he>tfelt goodwill1 graci\s mann]s--to speak ( spiritual developm5t only--are *>act]i/ics ( e ,utopian *ild4 ,:at are we to inf] f ?is8 ,! bullace ideal is realisable 7"u fav\rable conditions7 by ea* individual bullace tree1--b ! plum ideal is n4 ,! ,engli% ru/ic ideal is realisable by ea* individual ru/ic *ild4 ,b s is ! human ideal 9 ,utopia4 ,b :at ( ! *ildr5 :o d n belong to ,utopia8 ,:at w\ld h happ5$ to ! ,utopian *ildr5 if !re _h be5 no ,eg]ia to lead !m into ! pa? ( self-realisation8 ,!y w\ld h liv$ & di$ ord9>y ,engli% ru/ics1--heal?y bullaces1 b 9 no respect or degree plums4 ,eg]ia has conv9c$ me t ! av]age *ild1 besides be+ born m5tally & spiritually heal?y1 has imm5se capacity on e side ( 8 be+4 ,! plum ideal is ! true nature ( ! plum1 b is n ! true nature ( ! bullace4 ,b ,eg]ia has conv9c$ me t ! human ideal--! div9e self--is ! true nature ( ea* ( u1 ev5 ( ! av]age ru/ic *ild2 & %e has also conv9c$ me t ea* ( u c g a long way t[>ds realis+ t ideal4 ,_h !re be5 no ,eg]ia 9 ,utopia1 ! ,utopians w\ld h liv$ & di$ undevelop$1 hav+ arriv$ at a maturity ( a k9d1 ! maturity ( ! bullace z di/+ui%$ f t ( ! plum1 b hav+ fail$ to realise 9 any appreciable degree :at ! ,utopian exp]im5t has prov$ to be _! true nature4 ,:at !n8 ,is ?is ! end ( ! av]age man8 ,w ,nature admit f9al defeat8 ,! curve ( a man's life1 z x sweeps r\nd f bir? to dea?1 passes ?r\gh ! po9t ( app>5t maturity2 b ! real nature ( ! man has nev] rip5$1 & :5 he desc5ds into ! grave he is /ill ! embryo ( 8 true self4 ,w ! true self nev] be realis$8 ,nev]1 if dea? is inde$ ! end ( life4 ,b 9 t case ! man w h fail$ to fulfil ! c5tral purpose ( ,nature1 &1 alone among h] *ildr51 w h escap$ f ! control ( h] all-p]vad+ law ( gr[?4 ,x is 9 _! desire to keep ,man 9 l9e ) ! re/ ( ,nature's *ildr5 t s _m ?9k]s & sci5ti/s 9 ! ,we/ =bid him to look beyond ! horizon ( ! grave4 ,b 9 tru? x is only by be+ all[$ to look beyond t horizon t ,man c be kept 9 l9e ) ! re/ ( ,nature's *ildr52 = if dea? means ext9ction to him1 z x means 7or seems to mean7 to ! beetle or ! fly1 he w h liv$ to no purpose1 hav+ fail$ to realise 9 any appreciable degree :at e o!r liv+ ?+ realises )9 its appo9t$ limits1--! c5tral t5d5cies ( 8 be+4 ,t a liv+ ?+1 an av]age specim5 ( its k9d1 %\ld )9 ! limits ( a normal life fail completely to realise ^? pot5tialities :i* are di/9ctive ( its real nature1--fail s completely t ! v exi/5ce ( ^? pot5tialities might1 b = an occasional & q exceptional revelation1 h rema9$ unsuspect$1--is entirely at v>iance ) :at we "k ( ! ways & works ( ,nature4 ,yet failure to realise 8 true manhood is1 outside ! conf9es ( ,utopia1 ! app>5t lot ( n9e m5 out ( t54 ,an entire range ( qualities1 spiritual & m5tal1 :i* blossom freely 9 ! /imulat+ atmosph]e ( ,utopia1 & :i* mu/ !re=e exi/ 9 embryo 9 e normal *ild1 fail to g]m9ate 7or at be/ only j beg9 to g]m9ate7 )9 ! lifetime ( ! av]age non-,utopian4#ch ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ^! significant facts is t ! app>5t limits ( ,man's life are n ! real limits2 t ! "o e>?-life ( :i* ea* ( u is consci\s1 f> f be+ ! :ole ( "o's life1 is b a t9y fragm5t ( x1--"o t]m ( its asc5d+ s]ies1 "o day 9 its cycle ( ye>s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! spiritual f]tility ( ! av]age ,utopian *ild1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! spiritual /]ility ( ! av]age non-,utopian *ild 7& man71 po9ts to ! conclusion :i* ! ?9k]s ( ! ,f> ,ea/ rea*$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1--t = ! full developm5t ( human nature a plurality ( lives is ne$$1 :i* w d = ! individual s\l :at g5]ations ( sci5tific bre$+ & culture w d = ! bullace t is to be trans=m$ into a plum4 ,?is is "o lesson :i* ,utopia has taught me4 ,!re is ano!r :i* _h also be5 anticipat$ by ! ?9k]s ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,if "u exceptionally fav\rable conditions c]ta9 spiritual & m5tal qualities are able to blossom freely 9 ! space ( a few ye>s1 :i* "u normal conditions w\ld rema9 undevelop$ dur+ a lifetime ( sev5ty or eighty ye>s1 may we n inf] t !re is a direct] pa? to spiritual maturity ?an t :i* is ord9>ily foll[$8 ,may we n inf] t !re are ways ( liv+1 ways into :i* p>5ts & tea*]s c lead ! "y1 :i*1 if fai?fully foll[$1 w all[ ! pot5cies ( ,man's high] nature to evolve !mselves ) :at we1 ) our limit$ exp]i5ce1 mu/ reg>d z abnormal cel]ity1 & :i* w !re=e %ort5 appreciably ,man's j\rney to 8 goal8#ci ,& if !re is a direct] pa? to spiritual maturity ?an t :i* is ord9>ily foll[$1 is n ! "n = x ,self-realisation8 ,i w n pursue ^! speculations fur!r4 ,b1 speak+ = myself1 ,i w say t ! vi/a :i* ! idea ( self-realisation op5s up to me goes f> beyond ! limits ( any "o e>?-life or sequ5ce ( e>?-lives1 & f>1 immeasurably f>1 beyond ! limits ( ! %am et]nity ( ! conv5tional ,heav5 & ,hell4 ,b ev5 if !re is ! fulle/ provision 9 ,nature 7:e!r by a spiral asc5t ?r\gh a long *a9 ( lives1 or by "s direct] pa?7 = ! f9al developm5t 9 ea* individual man ( ! pot5cies ( p]fect manhood1 = ! f9al realisation ( ! div9e or true self1--:at !n8 ,:at does x all mean8 ,:y are we to foll[ ! pa? ( self-realisation8 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! cycle ( exi/5ce8 ,!re is an answ] to ?is ob/9ate "q1--an answ] :i* expla9s no?+1 & yet is f9al1 9 t x leaves no?+ to be expla9$4 ,! expansive en]gies & desires1 to yield to :i* is our wisdom & our happ9ess1 are ev] trans=m+ !mselves1 z we yield to !m1 into ! might & ! ard\r ( ,love4 ,& = love !re is no f9al re/+-place b ! sea ( ,div9e ,love f :i* x came4 ,amor ex ,deo natus e/1 nec pote/ nisi 9 ,deo requiesc]e4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,!re is ( c\rse an int]m$iate class ( vici\s t5d5cies1 :i* may be describ$ z app>5t r ?an actual1 & :i* are caus$ p>tly by immaturity1 p>tly by environm5t4 ,_m ( ! naught9esses ( s*ool *ildr5 belong to ?is class4 #bf ,! physical aspect is1 ( c\rse1 ( incalculable importance4 ,my only reason = ignor+ x is t ,i am n compet5t to deal ) x4 ,! /hetic aspect is also ( incalculable importance2 b ,i "k s little ab\t music or art1 t ,i mu/ limit my treatm5t ( ?is aspect to po9t+ out t until ! musical & arti/ic in/9cts ( ! masses are sy/ematically tra9$ 9 our elem5t>y s*ools1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( free self-expression on ! "p ( ! *ildr51 we %all h nei!r a national music nor a national art4 #bg ,work%ops1 = ! use ( ! eng9e]+ classes1 are1 ,i believe1 atta*$ to ! ,mod]n ,side ( "s ( our ,great ,public ,s*ools2 b ,i d\bt if !re is "o among ! ,great ,public ,s*ools1 or ev5 among ! ,prep>atory ,s*ools :i* lead up to !m1 9 :i* h&-"w is "p ( ! normal curriculum4 #bh ,i "k a y\? :o rec5tly att5d$ ,sci5ce lectures = two ye>s at "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( our ,great ,public ,s*ools1 & at ! end ( t "t _h n ! fa9te/ idea :at bran* ( ,sci5ce he _h be5 /udy+4 ,sci5ce is1 ,i believe1 s]i\sly taught 9 ! ,great ,public ,s*ools to ^? :o wi% to take x s]i\sly2 b1 if taught at all1 x is c]ta9ly n taught s]i\sly to ! rank & file ( ! boys :o belong to ! ,classical side ( _! respective s*ools4 #bi ,see also footnote #b to page #bgj4 #cj ,:5 ,i 0 an und]graduate at ,ox=d1 !re 0 "o at lea/ ( my fri5ds :o took a g5u9e delight 9 ! lit]>y ma/]pieces ( ,greece & ,rome1--! delight1 n ( a fa/idi\s s*ol> b ( a born lov] ( good lit]ature4 ,he got a ,?ird 9 ,classical ,mods1 & 0 gulf$ 9 ,greats4 ,s]ve him "r1 8 dons mu/ h said1 = ,i am afraid he cut _! lectures4 ,greek3 hs apoloito kai allos hotis toiauta ge rhezoi4 #ca ,/anzas on ! ,gr&e ,*>treuse1 by ,mat!w ,arnold4 #cb ,:5 ,i apply ! epi!t irrational to ! outcry at ,ephesus1 ,i am ?9k+ ( ! mob1 n ( ! silv]smi?s4 ,! latt] knew :at !y 7 ab\t4 #cc ,hav+ said s mu* 9 disp>agem5t ( ! m5tal tra9+ giv5 9 ! great ,public ,s*ools & ! old] ,univ]sities1 let me n[ try to make my peace ) my old s*ool & my ,univ]sity by express+ my conviction t ^? :o are /udy+ ! ,humanities1 :e!r at s*ool or college1 & f9d+ pleasure 9 _! /udies1 are receiv+ ! be/ education t is at pres5t procurable 9 ,engl&4 ,an old ,oxonian may p]haps be all[$ to make public pr(ession ( 8 fai? 9 ! special efficacy ( t c\rse ( /udy :i* is kn[n famili>ly z ,greats1 ! exam9ation 9 :i* is1 ( all exam9ations1 ! mo/ difficult to cram = & ! mo/ pr(itable to read =4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y = me to add t 9 ! old] ,univ]sities1 z 9 ! great ,public ,s*ools1 _m valuable educative influ5ces are at "w outside ! lecture-room4 ,= "o ?+1 ! und]graduates1 :o come f all p>ts ( ! _w1 are always educat+ "o ano!r4 ,= ano!r ?+1 ! atmosph]e ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge does mu* = ! m5tal & spiritual developm5t ( ^? :o are able to respond to its /imulus4 ,ev5 ! g5ius loci is educative1 9 its own quiet1 subtle way4 ,b x w\ld be an imp]t95ce on my "p to lab\r ?is po9t4 ,x is because ,ox=d & ,cambridge educate _! alumni 9 a ?\s& ways1 ! wor? ( :i* no =mal exam9ation c te/ or measure1 t !y /& ap>t f all o!r ,univ]sities4 #cd ,i mean by ! l[] self1 n ! animal base ( "o's exi/5ce1 b ! ord9>y self claim+ to be ! true self1 & s ris+ 9 rebellion aga9/ its lawful "l4 #ce ,9 o!r words1 x might conceivably take ! =m ( clan w>f>e1 highly organis$ & wag$ on a _w-wide field2 & we le>n f ! hi/ory ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& & ( ,old ,japan t ( all =ms ( w>f>e ! mo/ cruel & rel5tless1 ) ! exception ( t :i* is wag$ 9 ! "n ( religion1 is ! w>f>e betwe5 clan & clan4 #cf ,!re is su* a ?+ z communal egoism1 :5 a man reg>ds ! community or society to :i* he belongs z a k9d ( possession1 to be p>ad$ & bragg$ ab\t1 j z 9 p]sonal love !re is su* a ?+ z egoism deux4 ,b ! communal in/9ct :i* is g5]at$ by self-realisation readily purges itself ( e egoi/ic ta9t4 #cg ,i mean by ! ideal ! true nature ( ! giv5 species & ! true self ( ea* individual specim54 #ch ,:5 ,i comp>e ! av]age ,utopian ) ! av]age non-,utopian1 ,i am ( c\rse ?9k+ ( ! masses1 n ( ! classes4 ,if ! comp>ison is to h any value1 ! conditions 9 ! two cases mu/ be fairly equal4 ,m5tally1 ! classes are1 on ! :ole1 m highly develop$ 7?anks to _! m fav\rable environm5t7 ?an ! masses4 ,spiritually & morally1 !y are p]haps on a p> ) !m4 #ci ,?is 0 ! idea :i* inspir$ ! ,f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 & l$ him to =mulate a s*eme ( life1 9 virtue ( :i* he takes rank 7z x seems to me7 z ! greate/ educationali/1 z well z ! greate/ morali/1 t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,,! ,,end