,,religion ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,greece ,,by ,,erne/ ,a4 ,,g>dn] ,,yates ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ar*aeology ,,& ,,public ,,orator ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,london2 ,,late ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,s*ool ,,at ,,a!ns ,,london ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs #de ,,albem>le ,,/reet1 ,w4 #aiaj ,,preface ,greek religion may be /udi$ "u v>i\s aspects2 & _m rec5t contributions to ?is /udy h be5 ma9ly conc]n$ ei!r ) ! remote orig9 ( _m ( its c]emonies 9 primitive ritual1 or ) ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( its obscur] manife/ations met ! deep] spiritual ne$s :i* did n f9d satisfaction 9 ! (ficial cults4 ,su* discussions are ( ! highe/ int]e/ to ! an?ropologi/ & to ! psy*ologi/2 b !y h ! disadvantage ( fix+ our att5tion too exclusively on :at1 to ! ord9>y ,greek1 appe>$ accid5tal or ev5 morbid1 & ( mak+ u reg>d ! ,olympian pan!on1 ) its cle>ly realis$ figures ( ! gods1 z a m]e sy/em impos$ m or less f outside ^u ! old rites & beliefs ( ! p4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( art1 at lea/1 ! ,olympian gods are p>am\nt2 & ?us we are l$ to appreciate & to und]/& _! wor%ip z x affect$ ! religi\s ideals ( ! p & ! s]vices ( ! ,/ate4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t 9 ! case ( religion ev5 m ?an 9 t ( art1 its ess5tial "* & its influ5ce ^u life & ?\ght lie r 9 its full p]fection ?an 9 its orig94 ,9 a %ort sket* ( s wide a subject x has seem$ inadvisable to make any attempt to describe ! types ( ! v>i\s gods4 ,)\t full illu/ration & a consid]able exp5diture ( space1 su* a description w\ld be impracticable1 & ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ord9>y h&books ( ! subject4 ,a full] acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,f>nell's ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 & "s select$ types are discuss$ ) ! greate/ subtlety & und]/&+ 9 ,brunn's ,grie*is*e ,gott]ideale4 ,9 ! pres5t volume only a few examples are m5tion$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! v>i\s p]iods4 ,x may ?us1 ,i tru/1 s]ve z an introduction to a m complete /udy ( ! subject2 & may1 at ! same "t1 (f] to ^? :o h n ! leisure or incl9ation = su* fur!r /udy1 at lea/ a summ>y ( :at we may le>n f ,greece z to ! relations ( religion & art "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,x is easy1 z ,ari/otle says1 to fill 9 ! details if only ! outl9es are rightly drawn--,greek3 doxeie d' an pantos e9ai proagage9 kai dior?osai ta kalos e*onta te p]igraphe4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,idolatry ,,& ,,imag9ation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,ii4 ,,aspects ,,( ,,religion--,,popul>1 ,,(ficial1 ,,poetical1 ,,philosophical 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bd ,,iii4 ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,religi\s ,,art ,,9 ,,greece 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #dh ,,iv4 ,,an?ropomorphism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eh ,v4 ,,idealism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ge ,,vi4 ,,individualism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #id ,,vii4 ,,p]sonification1 ,,conv5tion1 ,,& ,,symbolism 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajh ,,religion ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,greece ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction--,,idolatry ,,& ,,imag9ation ,! relation ( religion to art has v>i$ greatly among diff]5t peoples & at diff]5t p]iods4 ,at ! "o extreme is ! uncompromis+ puritan _s1 :i* refuses to admit any devices ( human skill into ! direct relations betwe5 ,god & man1 :e!r x be 9 ! beauty ( *ur* or temple1 9 ! ritual ( _! s]vice1 or 9 ! images :i* !y en%r9e4 ,o!r religions1 su* z ^? ( ! ,jews or ( ,islam1 relegate art to a subord9ate position2 & :ile !y accept its s]vices to decorate ! build+s & app>atus connect$ ) div9e wor%ip1 =bid any attempt to make a visible repres5tation ( ! deity4 ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 :ile x does n1 z a rule1 repeat ?is prohibition1 has v>i$ greatly f "t to "t & f c\ntry to c\ntry z to ! ext5t to :i* x all[s su* repres5tations4 ,probably ! bett] educat$ or m ?\ghtful individuals w\ld 9 e case reg>d !m m]ely z symbolic aids to induce ! conc5tration & int5sity ( religi\s ideas & aspirations2 b !re is no d\bt t among ! common p !y t5d to become actually objects ( wor%ip 9 !mselves4 ,x is in/ructive to turn to a sy/em 9 :i* idolatry1 ! wor%ip ( images1 0 an ess5tial "p ( or?odox religi\s obs]vance4 ,x is easy & cu/om>y ) a c]ta9 class ( m9ds to dismiss all su* examples ( idolatry ) a sup]ficial g5]alisation su* z ! hea!n 9 8 bl9dness b[s d[n to /ock & /one4 ,b x seems wor? :ile to devote a %ort /udy to an attempt to und]/& h[ su* a sy/em work$ 9 ! case ( a p l ! anci5t ,greeks1 :o possess$ to a degree t has nev] be5 surpass$ bo? cle>ness ( intellectual p]ception & a p[] to embody _! ideals 9 arti/ic =m4 ,:e!r x t5d$ to exalt or to debase religion may be a d\btful "q2 b !re c be no d\bt t x gave an inspiration to art :i* contribut$ to ! unrivall$ atta9m5ts ( ! ,greeks 9 _m bran*es ( arti/ic creation4 ,we %all be ma9ly conc]n$ "h ) ! religion ( ,greece z x affect$ ! art ( sculpture2 b be=e attempt+ a hi/orical summ>y x is necess>y = u to und]/& exactly :at we mean by ! wor%ip ( repres5tations ( ! gods1 & to consid] ! nature ( ! influ5ce :i* su* repres5tation mu/ h ^u arti/ic activity4 ,idolatry--! wor%ip ( images--is almo/ always us$ by u 9 a bad s5se1 ow+1 no d\bt1 *iefly to ! usage ( ! ^w 9 ! ,jewi% scriptures4 ,mr4 ,rusk91 9 8 *apt] on ! subject 9 8 ,aratra ,p5telici1 po9ts out t x may also be us$ 9 a good s5se1 ?\gh he pref]s to use ! ^w imag9ation 9 ?is mean+4 ,!re is d\btless a frequ5t t5d5cy to failure to ,look ?r\gh ! sign to ! ?+ signifi$1 b !re is no ess5tial reason :y ! contemplation ( a beautiful /atue1 embody+ a wor?y conception ( ! deity1 %\ld n be z conducive to a /ate ( wor%ip & communion z is an impressive ritual or c]emony1 or any o!r aid to devotion4 ,?is view ( ! matt] is express$ by "s lat] ,greek writ]s2 9 e>li] times x 0 probably unconsci\sly pres5t1 ?\gh x is h>dly to be f\nd 9 contempor>y lit]ature4 ,b x 0 only by sl[ /ages t art came to d s direct a s]vice to religi\s ideas2 9 m primitive times its relation 0 m subord9ate4 ,! wor%ip or s]vice ( images1 ev5 9 ! highe/ ages ( ,greek civilisation1 0 mu* m associat$ ) primitive & comp>atively in>ti/ic figures ?an ) ! ma/]pieces ( sculpture2 & ev5 :]e ^! ma/]pieces 7 actually objects ( wor%ip x 0 (t5 f ! inh]itance ( a sanctity transf]r$ to !m f an e>li] image r ?an = _! own arti/ic qualities4 ,x does n1 inde$1 foll[ t ! influ5ce ( ! great sculptors ^u ! religi\s ideals ( ! p 0 a negligible quality2 we h abundant evid5ce1 bo? direct & indirect1 t x 0 v great4 ,b x 0 ex]cis$ *iefly by foll[+ & ennobl+ traditional notions r ?an by d>+ innovation1 & !re=e c only be und]/ood 9 relation to ! g5]al developm5t bo? ( religi\s conceptions & ( arti/ic facility4 ,"h we %all be ma9ly conc]n$ ) art z an expression ( ! religi\s ideals & aspirations ( ! p1 & z an influ5ce ^u popul> & educat$ op9ions & conceptions ( ! gods4 ,b we mu/ n =get t x is also valuable to u z a record ( my?s & beliefs1 & ( ritual & cu/oms associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! gods4 ,?is is ! case1 above all1 ) reliefs & vase-pa9t+s4 ,9 !m we (t5 f9d repres5tations :i* d n m]ely illu/rate anci5t lit]ature1 b supplem5t & modify ! in=mation we d]ive f classical writ]s4 ,! po9t ( view ( ! arti/ is (t5 n ! same z t ( ! poet or hi/orian1 & x is frequ5tly ne>] to t ( ! p1 & !re=e a help 9 any attempt to und]/& popul> beliefs4 ,! repres5tations ( ! gods :i* we f9d 9 su* works d n (t5 embody any l(ty ideals or subtle *>act]isation2 b !y %[ u ! traditional & easily recognisable figures 9 :i* ! gods usually occurr$ to ! imag9ation ( ! ,greek p4 ,! association ( acts ( wor%ip ) c]ta9 specially sacr$ objects or places lies at ! basis ( mu* religi\s art1 ?\gh v (t5 art has little or no?+ to d ) su* objects 9 a primitive /age ( religi\s developm5t4 ,/ocks & /ones--! latt] (t5 reput$ to h fall5 f heav51 ! =m] sometimes 9 ! %ape ( a gr[+ tree1 sometimes ( a m]e unwr\ght log--7 to be f\nd z ! c5tres ( religi\s cult 9 _m ( ! %r9es ( ,greece4 ,^! sacr$ objects are sometimes call$ feti%es2 & al?\gh x is p]haps wis] to avoid t]ms belong+ prop]ly to ! religion ( mod]n savages 9 speak+ ( anci5t ,greece1 !re seems to be an analogy betwe5 ! beliefs & cu/oms t are impli$4 ,su* sacr$ /ocks or /ones 7 n reg>d$ m]ely z symbols ( c]ta9 deities1 b 7 look$ ^u z hav+ c]ta9 occult or magic qualities inh]5t 9 !m1 & z be+ 9 !mselves pot5t = good or evil4 ,! c]emonies us$ 9 _! cult p>took ( ! nature ( magic r ?an religion1 s f> z ^! consi/$ ( ano9t+ !m ) oil or ) dr9k (f]+s2 su* c]emonies might1 inde$1 be reg>d$ z gratify+ to ! deity wor%ipp$ "u _! =m1 :5 !y 7 def9itely affiliat$ to ! s]vice ( an an?ropomorphic god2 b 9 a m primitive /age ( belief ! indwell+ p[] probably 0 n associat$ ) any su* g5]alisation z is impli$ 9 ! *ange f animism or polydaemonism to poly!ism4 ,we are "h conc]n$ n ) ?is gr[? ( religi\s feel+1 b r ) its influ5ce ^u ! sacr$ ?+s t 7 objects ( wor%ip & ) ! "q h[ f> _! sanctity enc\rag$ _! arti/ic decoration4 ,x is p]haps easi] to realise ! feel+ ( a primitive p ab\t ?is matt] 9 ! case ( a sacr$ build+ ?an 9 t ( ! actual image ( a god4 ,a temple does n1 inde$--9 ,greece1 at lea/--belong to ! e>lie/ phase ( cult2 = x is ! dwell+ ( ! god1 & its =m1 bas$ on t ( a human dwell+-h\se1 implies an an?ropomorphic imag9ation4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 9 ,hom] t ! gods are actually ?\ght ( z inhabit+ _! temples & pref]r+ "o to ano!r1 ,a!na go+ to ,a!ns & ,aphrodite to ,paphos z h] *os5 abode4 ,x 0 cle>ly desirable = e city to ga9 ?is special fav\r2 & an obvi\s way to d ?is 0 to make ! dwell+-place attractive 9 itself to ! deity4 ,?is might be done n m]ely by ! abundance ( sacrifices1 b also by ! ar*itectural beauty ( ! build+ itself1 & by ! ri*ness ( ! (f]+s x conta9$4 ,"h 01 !re=e1 a v practical reason = mak+ ! dwell+ ( ! god z sumptu\s & beautiful z possible1 9 ord] t he might be attract$ to live 9 x & to give 8 fav\r & protection to ^? t dwelt ar\nd x4 ,d\btless1 z religi\s ideas advanc$ & ! conception ( ! nature ( ! gods became high]1 !re came ! notion t !y did n dwell 9 h\ses made ) h&s2 yet a ,greek temple1 j l a m$iaeval ca!dral1 might be made beautiful z a pleas+ s]vice & an hon\r to ! deity to :om x 0 d$icat$2 & !re 0 a cont9u\s tradition 9 practice f ! l[] conception to ! high]1 nor is x easy to draw ! l9e at any p>ticul> /age betwe5 ! two4 ,if we turn n[ to ! sacr$ image ( ! deity we f9d ! same process go+ on4 ,! rude /ock or /one 0 sometimes itself ! actual recipi5t ( mat]ial (f]+s2 or x might be pa9t$ ) "s bright & pleas+ col\r1 or wrapp$ 9 co/ly drap]ies4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cu/oms an assumption is impli$ t ! object ( wor%ip is pleas$ by ! same ?+s z please its wor%ipp]s2 & "h we f9d ! g]m ( ! an?ropomorphic idea4 ,x 0 probably ! desire to make ! (f]+s & pray]s ( ! wor%ipp]s p]ceptible to ! p[] )9 t fir/ l$ to ! addition ( human features to ! %apeless block4 ,j z ! e>ly ,greeks pa9t$ eyes ^u ! pr[s ( _! %ips1 to enable !m to f9d _! way ?r\gh ! wat]1 s !y c>v$ a head1 ) eyes & e>s1 out ( ! sacr$ /one or /ock1 or p]haps add$ a head to ! orig9al %apeless mass4 ,we f9d _m primitive idols 9 ?is =m--a cone or column ) a head & p]haps arms & feet add$ to x2 & ! tradition survives 9 ! h]m1 or 9 ! mask ( ,dionysus atta*$ to a po/1 r\nd :i* we /ill see ! ,ma5ads danc+ on fif?-c5tury vases4 ,! notion t su* c>v$ eyes or e>s actually s]v$ to transmit impressions to ! god is well illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,petrie's discov]y at ,memphis ( a numb] ( votive e>s ( ! god1 int5d$ to facilitate or to symbolise 8 reception ( ! pray]s ( 8 vot>ies4 ,9 fact1 ! taunt ( ! psalmi/ aga9/ ! images ( ! hea!n--,eyes h !y1 b !y see n2 !y h e>s1 & yet !y he> n--is n a m]ely rhetorical "o1 z x seems to u1 b real & practical1 if spok5 to m5 :o gave _! gods e>s & eyes t !y might he> & see4 ,an imag9ation s entirely mat]iali/ic may belong to a m primitive /age ?an any we c f9d among ! ,greeks4 ,z soon z religion has rea*$ ! poly!i/ic /age ! gods are reg>d$ z travell+ f image to image1 j z !y travel f temple to temple4 ,ev5 9 ,a,eschylus' ,eum5ides x w be rememb]$ t :5 ,ore/es1 by ! advice ( ,apollo1 clasps z a suppliant ! anci5t image ( ,a!na at ,a!ns1 ! goddess comes fly+ f f> away 9 ! ,troad :5 %e he>s ! s\nd ( 8 call+4 ,! exact relation ( ! goddess to ! image is n1 9 all probability1 v cle>ly realis$2 b1 s f> z "o c trace x f ! ritual proc$ure1 :at appe>s to be impli$ is t a suppliant w h a bett] *ance ( rea*+ ! deity he addresses if he approa*es "o ( ! images pref]r$ by t deity z ! abode ( 8 p[]2 (t5 !re is "o su* image pref]r$ to all o!rs1 z ?is e>ly "o ( ,a!na at ,a!ns4 ,! deity 0 n1 !re=e1 reg>d$ z imman5t 9 any image--at lea/1 9 classical times2 ! gods liv$ 9 ,olympus1 or possibly visit$ f "t to "t ! p :om !y fav\r$1 or w5t to ! great fe/ivals t 7 held 9 _! hon\r4 ,b ! v>i\s images ( !m1 especially ! mo/ anci5t ones1 t 7 set up 9 _! temples 9 ! v>i\s cities ( ,greece 7 reg>d$ z a means ( communication betwe5 gods & m54 ,! pray] ( a wor%ipp] address+ su* an image w be transmitt$ to ! deity :om he addresses1 & ! deity may ev5 come 9 p]son to he> him1 if special aid is requir$4 ,a close p>allel may be f\nd ev5 9 mod]n days4 ,i h kn[n ( a *ild1 br\ght up 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 :o _h a p>ticul> v5]ation or affection = a c]ta9 /atue ( ! ,virg91 & us$ (t5 to address x or1 z %e said1 conv]se ) x4 ,& %e said %e _h an impression t1 if only %e c\ld slip 9 unaw>es1 %e might see ! ,virg9 ,m>y h]self approa*+ or leav+ ! /atue1 :e!r to be trans=m$ into x or m]ely to dwell 9 x = a "t4 ,on ,greek vases we see ! same notion express$ z 9 ! ,eum5ides1 :5 a god or goddess is repres5t$ z actually pres5t beside ! /atue to :i* a sacrifice or pray] is be+ (f]$4 ,9 su* a /age ( religi\s belief or imag9ation x is cle>ly ( high importance t ! image ( any deity %\ld be pleas+ to t deity1 & !reby attract 8 pres5ce & s]ve z a ready *annel ( communication ) him4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( art1 x w\ld seem at fir/ sight t ! result w\ld be a desire to make ! image z beautiful z possible1 & z wor?y an embodim5t ( ! deity z ! sculptor c\ld devise4 ,?is d\btless 0 ! result 9 ! f9e/ p]iod ( art 9 ,greece1 & x involv$1 z we %all see1 a great deal ( reciprocal influ5ce on ! "p ( religion & art4 ,b 9 e>li] times ! case is n s simple2 & ev5 9 /atues ( ! fif? c5tury x is n easy to und]/& ! conditions "u :i* ! sculptor work$ )\t "s ref]5ce to ! hi/orical developm5t t lay beh9d him4 ,be=e ! rise ( sculpture 9 ,greece1 images ( ! gods1 "s ( !m only rudely an?ropomorphic1 _h long be5 objects ( wor%ip2 & x 0 by no means safe 9 religi\s matt]s to dep>t too ra%ly f ! =ms consecrat$ by tradition4 ,?is 0 p>tly ow+ to ! feel+ t :5 a c]ta9 =m _h be5 accept$1 & a c]ta9 means ( communication _h work$ = a long "t satisfactorily1 x 0 a dang]\s ?+ to make a *ange :i* might n be agreeable to ! p[]s conc]n$1 & :i* might1 s to speak1 break ! e/abli%$ connection4 ,b :ile hi]atic cons]vatism t5d$ to pres]ve =ms & =mulae almo/ = :at we may call magic reasons1 !re 0 also a s5tim5t ab\t ! matt] :i* gave popul> support to ! t5d5cy4 ,?us ,pausanias probably expresses a common feel+ :5 he says t ! images made by ,da$alus1 ?\gh some:at /range 9 aspect1 yet seem to be di/+ui%$ by some?+ 9 !m ( ! div9e4 ,x is true t ^! e>ly images attribut$ to ,da$alus %[$ already a consid]able advance on ! %apeless or r\ghly %ap$ /ocks or /ones t _h s]v$ z ! mo/ primitive objects ( wor%ip2 b x 0 _! resemblance to ^! r ?an _! diff]5ce f !m t impress$ ! imag9ation ( ,pausanias4 ,he appreciat$ !m n s mu* z examples ( an art t promis$ mu* = ! future1 b r z l9k$ ) ! pa/ by ! tradition ( an immemorial sanctity4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 t ! rude e>ly images rema9$ ! c5tres ( /ate cult & (ficial wor%ip1 z well z ( popul> v5]ation1 long aft] ! art ( sculpture _h become capable ( provid+ _! wor%ipp]s ) m adequate embodim5ts ( ! gods !y repres5t$4 ,x 0 ! e>ly image ( ,a!na1 n ! ,a!na ,p>!nos by ,phidias1 t 0 annually wa%$ 9 ! sea1 & = :i* ! peplos 0 wov5 by ! *os5 wom5 ( ,a!ns4 ,! connection betwe5 art & religion is1 9 su* a case1 r$uc$ to n>r[ limits2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we he> ( _m in/ances :]e new /atues ( ! gods 7 made z temple /atues1 to be ! *ief objects ( wor%ip & c5tres ( cult4 ,& ?is 0 sometimes done ) ! (ficial sanction ( ! gods !mselves1 z express$ ?r\gh ! oracle ( ,delphi4 ,! sanctity ( ! old image 0 sometimes transf]r$ to ! new "o2 a /rik+ example ( ?is is se5 9 ! case ( ,artemis ,brauronia on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,x _h be5 ! cu/om = ! g>m5ts pres5t$ to ! goddess by h] wor%ipp]s to be plac$ ^u h] primitive /atue2 & :5 a new & wor?i] repres5tation ( ! goddess 0 plac$ 9 ! temple 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 we are in=m$ by inscriptions t d$icat$ g>m5ts 7 sometimes hung ^u x1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 a /atue f ! h& ( ,praxiteles4 ,x sometimes happ5$ t ! old & ! new /atues /ood side by side 9 ! same temple1 or 9 adjac5t temples1 & !y seem !n to exemplify ! two k9ds ( idolatry--! lit]al & ! imag9ative--! "o be+ ! actual subject ( ! rites c]emonially obs]v$1 & ! o!r be+ ! visible pres5tm5t ( ! deity1 & help+ ! wor%ipp] to conc5trate 8 pray]s & aspirations4 ,"h ! art ( ! sculptor _h ! fulle/ scope1 & x is 9 su* cases t he c\ld1 z ,qu9tilian said ( ,phidias1 make "s addition to ! receiv$ religion4 ,?is duality 01 h[ev]1 ! result ( accid5t r ?an ! normal arrangem5t1 &1 s long z ! primitive image rema9$ ! (ficial object ( wor%ip1 x 0 difficult1 if n impossible1 = ! new & m arti/ic /atue to h its full religi\s effect4 ,9 _m cases1 probably 9 mo/ cases1 x 0 actually sub/itut$1 soon] or lat]1 = ! e>li] embodim5t ( ! deity4 ,sometimes ! e>ly image1 :i* 0 (t5 ( wood1 may h decay$ or be5 worn away by ! att5tions lavi%$ ^u x2 we he> ( a /atue ( :i* ! h& _h p]i%$ "u ! kisses ( ! dev\t4 ,we he> also ( cases 9 :i* x _h be5 entirely lo/--= in/ance1 ! ,black ,demete ( ,phigalia1 an unc\? image ) a horse's head2 "h1 :5 a plague _h w>n$ ! p to replace x1 ! ,a,eginetan sculptor ,onatas und]took ! task2 & he is said to h be5 v\*saf$ a vision 9 sleep :i* enabl$ him to reproduce exactly ?is unsightly idol4 ,x w\ld n seem t su* a commission gave mu* scope to 8 arti/ic p[]s2 b x is notewor?y t ! ,phigalians employ$ "o ( ! mo/ fam\s sculptors ( ! day4 ,else:]e ! conditions 7 m fav\rable1 & x 0 possible = ! arti/1 :ile con=m+ to ! accept$ type1 to give x a m correct =m & m pleas+ features4 ,da$alus1 we are told--& 9 ?is /ory ,da$alus is an imp]sonation ( ! art ( ! e>ly sculptors 9 ,greece--made /atues ( ! gods s life-l t !y _h to be *a9$ to _! p$e/als = fe> !y %\ld run away4 ,x is likely t ?is tale goes back to a g5u9e tradition2 = ,pausanias actually saw /atues ) fett]s atta*$ to !m 9 sev]al e>ly %r9es 9 ,greece4 ,! device is natural en\gh4 ,da$alus 0 a magician z well z a sculptor2 & if he c\ld give 8 /atues eyes t !y might see1 & e>s t !y might he>1 x 0 an obvi\s inf]5ce t if he gave !m legs !y might run away & des]t _! %r9es & _! wor%ipp]s4 ,we may v likely f9d also 9 a simil> notion ! explanation ( a peculi>ity (t5 f\nd 9 e>ly /atues ( ! gods--! well-kn[n ar*aic smile4 ,_m explanations1 te*nical & o!rwise1 h be5 giv5 ( ?is device2 b none ( !m c get ov] ! fact t x 0 j z easy1 or ev5 easi]1 = a primitive sculptor to make ! m\? /raight z to make x curve up at ! ends1 & t he (t5 did make x /raight4 ,:5 he does n d s1 x is probably done ) int5tion2 & x is q 9 accordance ) ! conditions ( e>ly religi\s art t he %\ld make ! image ( a deity smile 9 ord] t ! deity himself might smile ^u 8 wor%ipp]s2 & a pleasant expression might also1 by a natural transf] ( ideas1 be suppos$ to be pleas+ to ! god1 & s attract him to 8 /atue4 ,we are told t at ,*ios !re 0 a head ( ,artemis set high up1 :i* appe>$ morose to ^? ent]+ ! temple1 b :5 !y left x seem$ to h become *e]ful4 ,?is may h be5 orig9ally due to "s accid5t ( plac+ or light+1 b x seems to h acquir$ a religi\s significance2 & we c h>dly d5y a simil> significance to ! smile :i* we f9d on s _m e>ly /atues4 ,9 "s cases1 especially 9 /atues ( m51 x may h be5 int5d$ m]ely z a device to give expression & life to ! face2 b x _c h be5 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to a primitive wor%ipp] t 8 deity %\ld smile on him ?r\gh ! face ( its visible image4 ,?is po9t ( view be+ giv51 x is evid5tly only a "q ( h[ f> x is )9 ! p[] ( art to express ! b5ignity ( ! god1 & lat] on 8 "* & p]sonality1 9 an adequate mann]2 & ?is p[] dep5ds on ! gradual acquisition ( ma/]y ov] =m & mat]ial1 ( k & obs]vation ( ! human body & face1 & ( ! te*nical skill requisite to express ?is k 9 m>ble or bronze1 or m preci\s mat]ials su* z gold & ivory4 ,all ?is developm5t belongs to ! hi/ory ( art1 n to t ( religion4 ,b be=e we c pursue ! inve/igation any fur!r1 x is necess>y to consid] ! diff]5t s\rces & *annels ( religi\s influ5ce on art ) :i* we h to deal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,v>i\s ,,aspects ,,( ,,religion ,religion1 = our pres5t purpose1 may be consid]$ z 7#a7 popul>1 7#b7 (ficial1 7#c7 poetic1 & 7#d7 philosophical4 ,^! f\r divisions1 or r aspects1 are n1 ( c\rse1 mutually exclusive1 & !y act & react ext5sively ^u "o ano!r2 b1 9 _! relations to art1 x is conv5i5t to obs]ve ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 7#a7 ,! beliefs ( ! p are1 ( c\rse1 ! basis ( all ! o!rs1 ?\gh !y come to be affect$ by ^! o!rs 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! p g5]ally believ$ 9 ! sanctity & efficacy ( ! %apeless idols or primitive images1 & ?is belief w\ld t5d to support hi]atic cons]vatism1 & ?us to h9d] arti/ic progress4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p ( ,greece %[$ ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory a t5d5cy to an int5sely & vividly an?ropomorphic imag9ation4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 d\btless realis$ & enc\rag$ by ! poets1 b x 0 n creat$ by !m1 any m ?an by ! my?ologi/s :o def9$ & sy/ematis$ x4 ,! exact relation ( ?is an?ropomorphic imag9ation to ! primitive sacr$ /ocks & /ones is n easy to asc]ta92 b x seems to h t5d$1 on ! "o h&1 to ! realisation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! gods ap>t f su* sacr$ objects1 & ?us to r$uce ! /ocks & /ones to ! position ( symbols--a great advance 9 religi\s ideals2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! trans=mation ( ! /ocks & /ones into human =m1 n m]ely by giv+ !m e>s & eyes t !y might he> & see1 b also by mak+ !m take ! image & "* ( ! deity :om !y repres5t$4 ,x 0 impossible = any ord9>y ,greek to ?9k ( ! gods 9 o!r ?an human =m4 ,he _h1 inde$1 no su* def9ite dogma z ! ,hebrew /atem5t t ,god creat$ man 9 ,8 own image2 = ! leg5ds ab\t ! orig9 ( ! human race v>i$ consid]ably & _m ( !m repres5t$ crude philosophical !oris+ r ?an religi\s belief4 ,b ! mon/r\s =ms :i* we f9d 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia z embodim5ts ( div9e p[] 7 ali5 to ! ,greek imag9ation2 if we f9d "h & !re a survival ( "s /range type1 su* z ! horse-head$ ,demet] at ,phigalia1 x rema9s isolat$ & has little influ5ce ^u preval5t beliefs4 ,! ,greek c]ta9ly ?\ght ( 8 gods z hav+ ! same human =m z himself2 & n ! gods only1 b also ! semi-div9e1 semi-human1 sometimes less ?an human be+s ) :i* 8 imag9ation peopl$ ! woods & m\nta9s & seas4 ,8 ,n]eids _h human feet1 n fi%y tails l our m]maids2 & if c5taurs & satyrs & "s o!r creatures ( 8 imag9ation %[$ some?+ ( ! bea/ )9 ! man 9 _! visible %ape1 !y _h little ab\t !m ( ! my/]i\s or ! une>?ly4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake to reg>d all ^! creatures z m]e imp]sonations or ab/ractions4 ,if a pagan suckl$ 9 a cre$ outworn c\ld ,h sight ( ,proteus com+ f ! sea ,& he> old ,triton bl[ 8 wrea!d horn1 mu* m 7 su* sights & s\nds famili> to 8 =efa!rs1 to :om ! same beliefs 7 fre% & real4 ,ev5 to ! pres5t day ,greek peasants may (t5 be f\nd :o c tell ( su* exp]i5ces2 to !m1 z to ! ,greeks ( old1 des]t places & remote woods & m\nta9s are t]rible1 n because !y are lonely1 b because :5 a man is alone !n is he lea/ alone2 h5ce ! panic t]ror1 ! t]ror ( ,pan4 ,! same idea1 :i* lat] takes ! religi\s or philosophic =m ( ! belief 9 ! omnipres5ce ( ! deity1 peopl$ ! woods ) dryads1 ! /reams & spr+s ) nymphs & riv]-gods1 ! seas ) ,n]eids & ,tritons4 ,:5 an arti/ repres5t$ a m\nta9 or a riv]-god1 a nymph or a ,triton1 or add$ su* figures to a sc5e to indicate its locality by :at seems to u at fir/ sight a m]e arti/ic conv5tion1 he 0 n inv5t+ an imp]sonation1 b he 0 repres5t+ some?+ :i*1 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p1 might actually be se5 ^u ! spot--at lea/1 by ^? ^: eyes 7 op5$ to see x4 ,x 0 ! same gift ( imag9ation t made ,blake say3 ',:at1' x w be que/ion$1 ':5 ! sun rises1 d y n see a disc ( fire1 some:at l a gu9ea8' ',oh no1 no6 ,i see an innum]able company ( ! heav5ly ho/1 cry+ ,holy1 holy1 holy is ! ,"l ,god ,almighty6 ,i "q n my corporeal eye1 any m ?an ,i w\ld "q a w9d[1 conc]n+ a sight4 ,i look ?r\gh x1 & n ) x4'#a ,footnote #a3 ,blake1 ,ald9e edition1 p4 cvi4 ,9 ! case ( ! gods1 ! matt] is some:at less simple ?an 9 t ( all ^! daemonic creatures ( ! popul> imag9ation4 ,gods imply a great] p[] ( g5]alisation & a high] /age ( religi\s developm5t4 ,x 0 n ?\ght likely t ! gods w\ld %[ !mselves to mortal eyes1 z _h be5 _! habit 9 ! ,gold5 ,age1 except p]haps ^u "s occasion ( a great national crisis2 & ev5 !n x 0 ! h]oes r ?an ! gods :o manife/$ !mselves4 ,b ! ord9>y ,greek believ$ t ! gods actually exi/$ 9 human =m1 & ev5 t _! *>act]s & passions & moods 7 l ^? ( human be+s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! poet & ! arti/ c\ld n h be5 s vigor\s if x _h n f\nd1 9 ! imag9ation ( ! p1 a suitable & sympa!tic mat]ial4 7#b7 ,(ficial or /ate religion consi/$ 9 ! ma9 ( an organisation ( popul> ritual4 ,!re 0 no prie/craft 9 ,greece1 no exclusive ca/e to :om ! wor%ip ( ! gods 0 assign$1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! "r to practise c]ta9 cults belong$ to p>ticul> families4 ,b a prie/hood1 z a rule1 0 a political (fice l any o!r magi/racy1 & !re 0 no exclusive tradition 9 ! case ( ! *ief cults ( any ,greek /ate to keep ! po9t ( view ( ! prie/s diff]5t f t ( ! p g5]ally4 ,! t5d5cy ( /ate religion 01 z a rule1 cons]vative1 = reasons t we h already notic$2 innovations 9 ! matt] ( ritual are dang]\s1 = ! new rite may n please ! gods z well z ! old2 & ! same feel+ applies to ! /atues t =m ! c5tres ( ritual4 ,p]icles1 = example1 d\btless wi%$ to make ! ,a!na ,p>!nos ( ,phidias ! (ficial & visible repres5tation ( ! goddess ( ,a!ns1 & !reby to raise ! religi\s ideals ( ! ,a!nians4 ,9 ?is la/ "p ( 8 attempt he 0 successful2 ! /atue became ! pride & glory ( ! city 9 its fitt+ %r9e1 ! ,p>!non2 b ! old image 0 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,a!na ,polias1 & rema9$ ! (ficial c5tre ( wor%ip4 ,we are n told t ,p]icles meant to sup]s$e x2 b x is v probable t he int5d$ to d s1 & 0 only prev5t$ by ! religi\s cons]vatism t curtail$ o!r plans ( 8 = ! beautify+ ( ! ,acropolis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no evid5ce t 9 ,greece--at lea/1 9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek art--any /atesman held ! views z to ! (ficial religion frankly express$ 9 ,rome1 t x 0 exp$i5t = ?is religion to be accept$ by ! common p1 b t educat$ m5 c\ld only reconcile _! consci5ces to tak+ "p 9 x by a philosophical int]pretation4 ,!re is some?+ unreal & artificial ab\t any su* compromise4 ,if ,p]icles 0 intimate ) ,anaxagoras1 :o 0 prosecut$ = a!ism1 he 0 also ! fri5d ( ,phidias1 :o expressly said t 8 ,zeus 0 ! ,zeus ( ,hom]1 no m]e ab/ract ideal ( div9ity4 ,if ?is 0 ! case ) ,p]icles1 :o held himself alo( f ! common p1 x mu/ h be5 mu* m s ) o!r /atesm51 :o m+l$ ) !m m freely1 or ev51 l ,nicias1 %>$ _! sup]/itions4 ,"u su* conditions ! influ5ce ( art ^u ! repres5tations ( ! gods c\ld n well g 9 advance ( popul> conceptions1 ?\gh x might accompany & direct !m4 ,! mak+ ( new /atues ( ! gods1 to be set up z ! c5tres ( wor%ip 9 _! temples1 9 "s cases receiv$ ! =mal sanction ( ! ,delphic oracle1 ! highe/ (ficial & religi\s au?ority4 ,public commissions ( ?is sort are common at all times1 b commone/ 9 ! ye>s imm$iately succe$+ ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 :5 ! spoils ( ! ,p]sians suppli$ ample res\rces1 & 9 _m cases ! anci5t temples & images _h be5 de/roy$2 & at ! same "t ! outbur/ ( national en?usiasm ov] ! great deliv]ance l$ to a desire to give due ?ank-(f]+s to ! gods ( ! ,hell5ic race1 a desire :i* co9cid$ ) ! ability to fulfil x1 ow+ to ! rapid progress ( arti/ic p[]4 ,su* public commissions1 & ! popul> feel+ :i* !y express$1 (f]$ an inspiration to ! arti/ su* z has r>ely1 if ev]1 f\nd a p>allel4 ,b any great victory or deliv]ance might be commemorat$ by ! sett+ up ( /atues ( ! gods to :om x 0 attribut$2 & 9 ?is way ! dem&s ( (ficial religion (f]$ ! sculptor ! highe/ scope = ! ex]cise ( 8 art & 8 imag9ation4 7#c7 ,! influ5ce ( poetic my?ology ^u art c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus t ,hom] & ,hesiod made ! ,greek !ogony1 & assign$ to ! gods _! epi!ts & di/+ui%$ _! pr]ogatives & _! functions1 & indicat$ _! =m1 w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be accept$ 9 a lit]al s5se by any mod]n my?ologi/4 ,b x is nev]!less true t ! cle> & vivid p]sonality & individuality giv5 to ! gods by ! epic poets affects all lat] poetry & all ,greek art4 ,! imag9ation ( ! poets c\ld n1 z we h already notic$1 h _h s deep & wide an influ5ce unless x _h be5 bas$ ^u popul> beliefs & conceptions4 ,b x fills ^! conceptions ) real & vivid "*1 s t ! gods ( ,hom] are z cle>ly pres5t$ to u z any p]sonalities ( hi/ory or fiction4 ,!y are1 inde$1 end[$ n only ) ! =m1 b ) ! passions1 & "s ev5 ( ! weaknesses ( mank9d2 & = ?is reason ! philosoph]s (t5 reject$ z unwor?y ! tales t ! poets told ( ! gods4 ,b ev5 an arti/ su* z ,phidias expressly /at$ t x 0 ! ,zeus ( ,hom] :o inspir$ 8 greate/ "w1 quot+ ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,iliad 9 :i* ! god grants ! pray] ( ,!tis3-- ,he said2 & 8 black eyebr[s b5t2 above 8 dea?less head ,?' ambrosian curls fl[$2 great heav5 %ook4 ,descriptive passages su* z ?is are n1 inde$1 common1 because1 z ,less+ cle>ly po9t$ out1 ! poet dep5ds m ^u action & its effect ?an on m]e enum]ative description4 ,ev5 "h x is ! action ( ! nod1 & ! %ak+ ( heav5 t foll[s x1 t emphasises ! impression1 r ?an ! m]e m5tion ( eyebr[s or hair4 ,9 _m o!r cases ! di/9ctive epi!t has its value = all lat] art--! c[-ey$ ,h]a1 ! grey-ey$ ,a!na1 ! swift mess5g] ,h]mes2 b1 above all1 x is ! action & "* ( ! v>i\s gods t is s cle>ly realis$ by ! poet t 8 successors _c1 if !y wi%1 escape f 8 spell4 ,! influ5ce ( ! v>i\s ,greek poets is n1 inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to be trac$ 9 contempor>y ,greek art4 ,?is is obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 = ! art ( ! "t 0 ( a purely decorative "*1 & 0 q incapable ( repres5t+ 9 any adequate way ! vivid & lively imag9ation ( ! poets2 &1 = t matt]1 = _m c5turies aft] ! date ( ! composition ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ,hell5ic art made no attempt to cope ) any s ambiti\s problems4 ,ev5 :5 ! art ( sculpture _h atta9$ to a consid]able degree ( ma/]y ov] mat]ial & expression1 we f9d its aims & conceptions lagg+ f> beh9d ^? ( ! poet4 ,?is w become cle>] :51 9 ! next *apt]1 we consid] ! conditions ( arti/ic expression 9 ,greece2 b x mu/ be not$ "h1 9 ord] to prev5t possible misconception4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z art became capable ( aim+ at some?+ beyond p]fection ( a bodily =m--a *ange :i*1 9 spite ( ,pausanias' admiration ( some?+ div9e ab\t ! works ( ,da$alus1 c h>dly be dat$ e>li] ?an ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4--! ,hom]ic conceptions ( ! gods came to h _! full effect4 ,zeus1 ! k+ & fa!r ( gods & m52 ,a!na1 ! fri5dly protectress ( h]oes1 irresi/ible 9 w>1 giv] ( all intellectual & arti/ic p[]2 ,apollo1 ! ar*] & musician1 ! purifi] & soo?say]--^! & o!rs f9d _! fir/ visible embodim5t 9 ! /atues :]eby ! sculptors ( ! fif? c5tury gave expression to ! ,hom]ic conceptions4 ,! tales1 too1 t 7 told ab\t ! gods1 "s ( !m trivial en\gh1 b o!rs full ( religi\s & e?ical significance1 _h = "s "t be=e ?is be5 common subjects ^u reliefs & vase-pa9t+s1 & on ^! also ! influ5ce ( ! poets 0 v great4 ,"h we h n only ! ,iliad & ,odyssey to consid]1 b _m o!r e>ly epics t are n[ lo/ to u4 ,! vase-pa9t] or sculptor did n1 inde$1 m]ely illu/rate ^! /ories z a mod]n arti/ might2 (t5 he _h a sep>ate tradition & a rep]tory ( subjects belong+ to 8 own art1 & develop$ !m along diff]5t l9es f ^? foll[$ by ! poets4 ,b al?\gh ?is tradition might lead him to *oose a v]sion less famili> to poetry1 or ev5 to give a new =m to an old /ory1 8 conception 0 ess5tially poetical1 9 t x impli$ an imag9ative realisation ( ! sc5e or action1 & ev5 ( ! "* ( ! deity or h]o repres5t$4 ,! conception ( ! gods to be f\nd 9 o!r e>ly epics probably did n diff] ess5tially f t we f9d 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey2 b ) ! ,hom]ic hymns & ) "s ( ! e>li] lyric poets we f9d a *ange sett+ 94 ,!re seems to be a new int]e/ 9 ! adv5tures ( ! gods !mselves1 ap>t f _! relation to mank9d2 romantic & ev5 pa!tic /ories are told ab\t !m1 imply+ almo/ a psy*ological appreciation ( _! p]sonality--! tale ( ,demet]'s m\rn+ = h] daught] ,p]sephone1 h] w&]+s & adv5tures2 ( ! love ( ,aphrodite = a mortal2 ( h[ ,h]mes inv5t$ ! lyre & trick$ ,apollo ab\t 8 cattle2 ( ! bir? ( ,apollo & ! f\nd+ ( 8 wor%ip at ,delos & ,delphi2 ( ! m>vell\s bir? ( ,a!na f ! head ( ,zeus4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t 9 ! lat] ( ^! ,hom]ic hymns--^? t are m5tion$ fir/ 9 ! above enum]ation--an almo/ human int]e/ is giv5 to ! gods1 to _! suff]+s & adv5tures4 ,x is ! same t5d5cy :i* we see 9 ! lyric poetry ( ! ,greeks1 ) its int5sely p]sonal note4 ,! reflexion ( ?is t5d5cy 9 art is n1 inde$1 to be se5 until ! f\r? c5tury2 n only ! p[] ( expression1 b ! desire to express su* a side ( ! "* ( ! gods seems to be abs5t until ?is p]iod4 ,x may seem curi\s at fir/ sight t art 0 s sl[ 9 ?is case to foll[ ! lead giv5 x by poetry2 b x is to be rememb]$ t a p[] ( expression su* z w\ld h enabl$ x to d s 0 n atta9$ until ! fif? c5tury1 & t 9 ?is age !re 0 an exaltation ( national & religi\s en?usiasm1 ow+ ma9ly to ! victories ov] ! ,p]sians1 :i* *eck$ ! t5d5cy to s5tim5t & pa?os2 & x 0 n until ?is vigor\s reaction _h di$ away t ! t5d5cy once m ass]t$ itself4 ,! e>ly fif? c5tury 0 also m>k$ by poets su* z ,p9d> & ,a,eschylus1 :o rais$ ! religi\s ideals ( ! nation on to a high] plane1 :o consci\sly reject$ ! less wor?y conceptions ( ! gods1 &1 :e!r 9 accordance ) ! popul> beliefs or n1 gave expression to a high] tru? 9 religion ?an _h hi!rto be5 dream$ (4 ,! gods :om ! sculptors ( ! fif? c5tury 7 call$ ^u to repres5t may h be5 ! gods ( ,hom]1 b !y 7 ! ,hom]ic gods trans=m$ by ! creative imag9ation ( a m reflective age1 & purifi$ by a poetic1 if n a philosophic1 idealism4 ,b :ile ,a,eschylus sugge/s a deeply brood+ m9d1 t+$ ) my/icism1 grappl+ ) d>k problems ( life & fate1#b & s 01 9 "s ways1 remote f ! cl>ity & def9ition ( sculptural =m1 ,sophocles inve/s ! conceptions ( popul> religion ) a high] spiritual & intellectual mean+2 & ! arti/ic side ( ! age is express$ by him 9 poetry1 mu* z 9 ar*itecture & sculpture x is int]pret$ by ! rema9s ( ! ,p>!non2 !re is ! same s]5ity & :ol5ess ( "w2 p[] jo9$ to purity ( ta/e2 self-re/ra9t2 & a sure in/9ct ( symmetry4#c ,sophocles 0 a fri5d & companion ( ,p]icles1 & !re=e probably ( ,phidias2 & 9 bo? alike we see ! same h>mony & abs5ce ( exagg]ation t are *>act]i/ic ( ,greek art at its be/4 ,9 ?is case we may say ) "s confid5ce t ! poet & ! sculptor probably influ5c$ ea* o!r4 ,footnote #b3 ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,jebb 9 ,cambridge ,companion to ,greek ,/udies1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid4 p4 #aac4 ,x seems a tempt+ hypo!sis to see some?+ ( ! influ5ce ( ,euripides ! human 9 ! individuali/ic t5d5cies ( ! art ( ! f\r? c5tury2 b x seems h>dly to be ju/ifi$ by ! facts4 ,! influ5ce ( 8 dramas is1 inde$1 to be se5 9 lat] vase-pa9t+s2 b ?is is n a matt] ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( ! gods1 ,euripides c h>dly be quot$ z an example ( ! humanis+ t5d5cy4 ,he res5t$ ! notion t gods c\ld be unju/ or impure2 b ! pur] & m ab/ract conceptions ( div9ity t appeal$ to him 7 h>dly su* z c\ld f9d expression 9 art2 x has ev5 be5 said t he blurr$ ^? ,hell5ic ideals :i* 7 ! common man's be/ )\t def9itely replac+ !m4 ,! br++ ( ^! ideals ne>] to ! common life ( man f9ds its poetic inspiration r 9 ! t5d5cy :i* has already be5 notic$ 9 ! ,hom]ic hymns & ! lyric poets1 & :i* n[1 aft] ! reaction ( ! fif? c5tury1 ex]ts its full =ce on ! art ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,!re is no ne$ to dwell "h on ! influ5ce ( lat] poets ^u religi\s art1 ?\gh we %all h to notice h]eaft] ! p>allel developm5t ( ! repres5tation ( ! gods 9 ,hell5i/ic sculpture4 ,! ,alex&rian poets express$ 9 elegant language _! le>n+ on matt]s ( religion & my?ology1 b !re 0 no liv+ belief 9 ! subjects :i* !y made _! !me2 & ! art !y inspir$ c\ld only %[ ! same qualities ( a correct & academic eclecticism4 ,! idylls ( ,!ocritus f9d1 inde$1 a p>allel 9 ! playful treatm5t ( ,satyrs & o!r subjects ( a simil> "*2 b ^! belong to :at may be call$ my?ological g5re r ?an to religi\s art4 ,! dramatic vig\r & int5sity :i* we f9d 9 ! art ( ,p]gamon _c easily be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( any simil> developm5t 9 lit]ature1 ?\gh its artificial & le>n$ my?ology is su* z we f9d also 9 ! "w ( ,hell5i/ic poets4 7#d7 ,! philosophical aspect ( religion _h no v great influ5ce ^u art 9 ,greece4 ,we might p]haps expect t1 s f> z ! philosoph]s accept$ ! popul> religion1 !y w\ld t5d to purify x & to give x a high] mean+1 j z ! m ?\ghtful ( ! poets d\btless assi/$ ! idealis+ t5d5cy ( fif?-c5tury art4 ,& x might well seem t1 = example1 ,plato's !ory ( ideas supplies a m satisfactory basis = an ideali/ art ?an any o!r sy/em1 s9ce x might be ma9ta9$ t ! true arti/ repres5ts n ! mat]ial object :i* he sees be=e him1 b ! ideal prototype ( :i* x is b a fa9t & inadequate reflexion4 ,?is !ory is peculi>ly applicable to /atues ( ! gods1 & we f9d x s appli$ by lat] philosophical & rhetorical writ]s2 = in/ance1 ,cic]o says t ,phidias :5 he 0 mak+ ! /atue ( ,zeus or ( ,a!na did n d]ive 8 image f "s individual1 b )9 8 own m9d !re 0 a p]fect ideal ( beauty2 & gaz+ on ?is & 9 contemplation ( x1 he guid$ ! craft ( 8 h& aft] its lik5ess4#d ,! same notion und]lies ! say+ quot$ by ,/rabo1 t ,phidias 0 ei!r ! only man t saw1 or ! only man t reveal$ to o!rs ! images ( ! gods4#e ,b !re is no trace or enc\ragem5t ( any su* feel+ 9 ! philosophic lit]ature contempor>y ) ! great age ( ,greek art4 ,plato expressly /ates t ! arti/ only makes an imitation ( an imitation2 & ! high] ideas ( div9ity prea*$ by philosoph]s did n s mu* t5d to ennoble ! popul> conceptions z to sub/itute o!rs = !m4 ,above all1 ! mono!i/ic idea1 ev5 if associat$ ) ! "n ( ,zeus1 t5d$ to become an ab/ract conception ) little relation to ! national god ( ,hellas1 :om ,phidias embodi$ 9 8 ,olympian /atue4 ,footnote #d3 ,or4 #b4 #h4 ,footnote #e3 viii4 p4 #cec4 ,x does n matt] :e!r ! passage is quot$ by ,/rabo himself or by an int]polator4 ,! philosophic or !ological conception ( a mono!i/ic deity does n1 9 fact1 seem to l5d itself at any "t to impressive arti/ic repres5tation4 ,we may obs]ve ! same ?+ 9 ,*ri/ian art1 9 :i* repres5tations ( ,god ! ,fa!r are n v common nor1 z a rule1 v expressive ( ! mo/ vivid religi\s ideals2 :ile ,*ri/1 usually n z ,god1 b z man or *ild1 & ! ,virg9 ,m>y are ! con/ant !mes ( ! mo/ dev\t religi\s art1 n to speak ( ! num]\s sa9ts :o correspond m or less to ! gods ( a poly!i/ic sy/em4 ,philosophical ?\ght 0 antagoni/ic to an?ropomorphism1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( popul> religion 9 ,greece1 & :i* 0 ess5tial to ,greek religi\s art4 ,z soon z ! human =m is a m]e symbol1 no long] reg>d$ z ! express image ( ! god & ! embodim5t ( 8 individuality1 x loses t\* ) reality4 ,& ?is reality 9 ! relation ( ! god to 8 image mu/ be believ$ 9 by ! p1 & at lea/ ?r\gh ! p by ! arti/1 if religi\s art is to pres]ve its vitality4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,conditions ,,( ,,religi\s ,,art ,,9 ,,greece ,! ,greeks possess$1 z we h se51 to an exceptionally high degree ! vivid an?ropomorphic imag9ation necess>y = ! expression ( _! conception ( ! gods 9 _! art2 we h also notic$ ! conditions :i* enc\rag$ or re/rict$ su* repres5tation1 & ! influ5ces t affect$ its nature4 ,giv5 ! desire to repres5t ! "* & individuality ( ! gods 9 human =m1 ! next "q we h to consid] is h[ f> _! art1 & especially ! art ( sculpture1 0 capable ( giv+ effect to ?is desire4 ,! answ] lies ma9ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture1 :i* c only be t\*$ on "h 9 ! b>e/ outl9e4 ,b1 at ! outset1 x is necess>y to remove a misconception :i* is preval5t at ! pres5t day1 & m especially 9 ,engl&1 ow+ p>tly to ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( a great critic4 ,mr4 ,rusk9's ,aratra ,p5telici is full ( ! mo/ admirable & sugge/ive appreciations ( ,greek sculpture 9 its m te*nical aspects2 b side by side ) !m are f\nd passages su* z ! foll[+3 ,!re is no p]sonal "* 9 true ,greek art2 ab/ract ideas ( y\? & age1 /r5g? & swiftness1 virtue & vice--yes2 b !re is no individuality4 ,or aga93 ,! ,greek1 z su*1 nev] expresses p]sonal "*1 :ile a ,flor5t9e holds x to be ! ultimate condition ( beauty4 ,if ?is criticism 7 j1 x w\ld foll[ t any /udy ( ! relation ( religion to art 9 ,greece w\ld lose mo/ if n all ( its int]e/4 ,b anyone :o is acqua9t$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ,greek sculpture w n s mu* feel call$ ^u to refute su* /atem5ts z to expla9 h[ s /range a misconception c\ld h aris54 ,nor is ! explanation v f> to seek4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 0 writ+ = a g5]ation n yet p5etrat$ by ! con/ructive criticism ( rec5t inve/igation4 ,its conception ( ! antique 9 art 0 bas$ ma9ly on ! mass ( me*anical & academic copies or imitations1 ( ,graeco-,roman date1 ) :i* our museums are fill$1 & on ! influ5ce ( su* sculpture to be se5 9 ! "w ( ,flaxman or ,?orwalds54 ,x _h1 inde$1 le>nt f ! ,elg9 m>bles t ! ,greek sculptors 9 ! fif? c5tury possess$ a nobility 9 _! conception ( ! human =m1 a ma/]y 9 ! treatm5t ( ! nude & ( drap]y1 & a skill 9 m>ble te*nique ( :i* only a fa9t reflection c be trac$ 9 ! lat] ,graeco-,roman tradition2 b ! great /atues 9 :i* ! sculptors ( ! fif? c5tury embodi$ _! ideals ( ! gods 7 ei!r entirely lo/ or pres]v$ only 9 inadequate copies2 & x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t ! discov]y ( orig9als or ! id5tification ( tru/wor?y copies has enabl$ u to appreciate ! int5sity ( expression & ( inn] life :i* di/+ui%$ ! "w ( ! great sculptors ( ! f\r? c5tury1 su* z ,scopas1 ,praxiteles1 & ,lysippus4 ,/ill1 if ,mr4 ,rusk9 _h1 l ,brunn 9 8 ,gott]ideal51 select$ heads l ^? ( ! ,demet] ( ,cnidus or ! ,h]a ,f>nese to illu/rate 8 !me1 in/ead ( a s]ies ( heads on co9s magnifi$ to _m times ! size = :i* !y 7 design$1 he c\ld h>dly h writt5 ! passages j quot$4 ,b ! second ( ^? passages itself supplies u ) ano!r clue4 ,9 ?is e/imate ( ,greek sculpture !re is ?r\gh\t impli$ a comp>ison ) ,*ri/ian1 & above all ) ,flor5t9e art1 & its desire to 444 br+ ! invisible full into play2 ,let ! visible g to ! dogs2 :at matt]s8 ,x is evid5t t ! expression ( ! invisible1 ( "* & individuality1 w be m /rik+ & obvi\s 9 an art :i* lets !m %9e ?r\gh ! fle% !y fray ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,greek sculptors ^: respect & ev5 passionate admiration = ! human body w\ld n all[ !m ?us to transfigure x1 at lea/ 9 _! /atues ( ! gods1 & l$ !m to seek = subtl] me?ods ( expression by means ( ! fle% & 9 h>mony ) its nature4 ,_! expression ( "* & emotion is r5d]$ 9 t]ms ( a beautiful & heal?y body4 ,h[ ?is end 0 atta9$ we mu/ consid] lat] on2 b !re is yet ano!r curr5t prejudice 9 fav\r ( ?is exagg]ation ( individuality :i* has its influ5ce especially ^u mod]n arti/s4 ,x is sometimes said n[adays t a dep>ture f ! individual model is an attempt to improve ^u nature1 & is !re=e an arti/ic mi/ake4 ,n[ ! ,greek sculptor1 z a rule1 did n "w f an individual model at all4 ,he tru/$ p>tly1 especially 9 e>li] times1 to ! tradition :i* famili>is$ him ) a few fix$ types1 on :i* he made v>iations1 p>tly to 8 obs]vation & memory tra9$ = g5]ations1 & daily suppli$ ) new mat]ial 9 ! gymnasium :]e nude y\?s & m5 7 con/antly ex]cis+1 or 9 ! m>ketplace :]e he met 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,to see be=e him1 :e!r drap$ or nude1 ! figures he want$ = 8 art1 he _h no ne$ to pose a model 9 a /udio2 8 models 7 at all times ar\nd him 9 8 daily life4 ,! result 0 t :5 he wi%$ to repres5t a y\? or a maid51 or ev5 to make a portrait ( a /atesman1 he t5d$ to reproduce ! type ) c]ta9 p]sonal modifications r ?an to produce a portrait 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,b :5 he came to mak+ /atues ( ! gods1 8 fre$om ( h& 0 ( incalculable s]vice to him 9 giv+ a bodily =m to 8 imag9ation2 x enabl$ him to create aft] nature1 )\t be+ dep5d5t on an individual model or hav+ to fall back ^u su* vague & g5]alis$ =ms z are sometimes associat$ ) an academic or classical art2 = x 0 8 own tra9$ obs]vation & memory t he call$ into play1 n a m]e me*anical sy/em he _h le>nt f 8 pr$ecessors4 ,9 ! m individuali/ic art ( ! f\r? c5tury1 z we %all see1 x is probable t ! p]sonal model 0 ( m importance1 especially 9 female /atues2 b ev5 !n x 0 /ill modifi$ by ! tradition & /yle :i* makes a h>moni\s :ole1 n only ( ea* ,greek /atue1 b ( ! developm5t ( ,hell5ic sculpture g5]ally4 ,9 typical examples ( ! sculpture ( ! f\r? c5tury we f9d n only ?is h>mony & re/ra9t1 & ! beauty ( bodily =m 9 figure z well z 9 features :i* is g5]ally recognis$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,greek art1 b also an expression ( "* & individuality1 ( mood & temp]am5t1 ( pa?os & passion1 :i* is none ! less int5se & real because x is express$ by means ( ! p]fection ( physical =m1 n z wa/+ or de=m+ x4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ! invisible1 m5tal1 or spiritual qualities c be portray$ 9 visible =m1 especially if t visible =m be n ov]mu* di/ort$ or modifi$1 & 9 a m g5]al way1 h[ ! expression ( a /atue1 & ! impression x produces1 c be analys$ or discuss$4 ,= examples ( ! way ?is c be done1 ! read] may be ref]r$ once m to ,brunn's ,gott]ideal51 a /udy ( a few select$ repres5tations ( ,greek gods 9 :i* ! "* ( ea* is br\ght out by a subtle & discrim9at+ analysis ( ! visible =ms4 ,"h x may suffice to quote ,brunn's own words f ! ,introduction to t "w3 ,! spiritual effect produc$ on u by a "w ( sculpture _c be compreh5d$ z a moral or a metaphysical peculi>ity1 completely indep5d5t ( corporeal ph5om5a2 x c become intelligible to u only by means ( tangible sculptural =ms1 z ! expon5ts ( spiritual expression4 ,& aga93 ,! spiritual und]/&+ ( ideal arti/ic creations c only be atta9$ on ! basis ( a ?or\gh analysis ( _! =ms2 h5ce 9 su* a /udy we h to d ) no subjective fancies1 b an inve/igation ( objective arti/ic pr9ciples1 accord+ to ! me?od ( sci5tific "w4 ,!re are v>i\s ways 9 :i* spiritual qualities1 mood1 & "* may be giv5 mat]ial expression 9 h>mony ) ! bodily =ms1 n 9 combat ) ! fle%4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 bodily peculi>ities t usually accompany1 & !re=e sugge/ by association1 v>i\s temp]am5ts or m5tal qualities2 &1 moreov]1 ! actual effect ^u ! features & be>+ ( c]ta9 emotions or moods (t5 leaves p]man5t traces1 f :i* a habitual or repeat$ t5d5cy to su* emotions or moods c be inf]r$4 ,t c]ta9 types ( face & c]ta9 expressions are usually associat$ ) c]ta9 spiritual or m5tal qualities w h>dly be d5i$2 & "h ! me?od ( ! ,greek arti/1 9 obs]v+ & work+ f memory r ?an f a pos$ model1 gave him a great advantage 9 v>iety & fre$om 9 ! expression ( "* no less ?an 9 ! r5d]+ ( bodily =m4 ,if he realis$ cle>ly ! individuality ( 8 gods1 8 skill & ma/]y ov] 8 mat]ial & 8 /ore ( obs]vation gave him a facility 9 giv+ ?is individuality a visible =m :i* may n be s obvi\s at fir/ sight z ! individuality ( a ,flor5t9e or ( a mod]n head1 b :i* is none ! less !re = ^? :o h eyes to see x1 & :o c accu/om !mselves to ! subtle atmosph]e ( anci5t art1 & to ! mod]ation & re/ra9t :i* are seldom1 if ev]1 violat$ 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic productions4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,an?ropomorphism ,we h already notic$ ! religi\s conceptions & impulses :i* l$ to ! sub/itution ( images 9 human %ape = ! rude /ocks & /ones ( primitive wor%ip4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! *ange seems to h tak5 place at an e>ly /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,greek art4 ,9 pre-,hell5ic times we f9d repres5tation ( gods & goddesses 9 human =m ^u gems & o!r small works ( art1 & also 9 /atuettes t 7 ei!r objects ( wor%ip or d$icat$ 9 %r9es2 b we h at pres5t no evid5ce z to :e!r monum5tal images ( ! gods 7 made 9 human =m1 ?\gh "s objects ( wor%ip1 su* z ! d\ble-axe1 7 c]ta9ly set up 9 regul> %r9es4 ,we "k too little ab\t ! religi\s beliefs & cu/oms ( ?is prehi/oric age to be able to judge :e!r su* objects 7 reg>d$ m]ely z symbols ( ! deity or z hav+ imman5t 9 !m "s div9e or sup]human p[]2 b survivals1 especially ( an e>ly tree & pill> cult1 are probably to be trac$ 9 hi/oric ,greece1 & ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,hom]ic poems1 on ! o!r h&1 supply u ) little or no evid5ce z to ! exi/5ce ( any sculptural repres5tation ( ! gods4 ,al?\gh temples are frequ5tly m5tion$1 we are n in=m$ t any ( !m conta9$ a sacr$ image1 ) ! app>5t exception ( ! temple ( ,a!na at ,troy4 ,!re we are told t ! ,trojan matrons1 9 a "t ( /ress1 br\ght a robe to (f] to ! goddess1 & t ! prie/ess ,!ano plac$ x ^u ! knees ( beaute\s-hair$ ,a!ne4 ,unless1 z is possible1 ?is is a purely metaphorical expression1 x w\ld seem to imply a seat$ /atue2 b x is to be not$ t ! ,palladium ( ,troy1 ! sacr$ image ( ,a!na :i* 0 /ol5 by ,ulysses & ,diom$1 & :i* 0 pres]v$1 accord+ to conflict+ traditions1 9 "o or ano!r %r9e 9 lat] ,greece1 0 a /&+ /atue ( a primitive type4 ,! inconsi/5cy is n ( great importance1 except z %[+ t ! suppos$ m5tion ( ! /atue ( ,a!na 9 ! ,iliad _h little1 if any1 influ5ce on lat] tradition2 & 9 any case x is isolat$1 & does n ref] to a ,greek1 b a =eign temple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d frequ5t m5tion 9 lat] writ]s ( primitive /atues ( ! gods :i* 7 said to h be5 set up or d$icat$ by v>i\s p]sons 9 ! h]oic age4 ,an example is (f]$ by ! ,trojan ,palladium already m5tion$2 ano!r 0 ! /atue ( ,artemis c>ri$ (f f ,tauris by ,iphig5ia & ,ore/es2 rival claimants to ?is id5tification exi/$ at ,sp>ta & at ,brauron 9 ,attica4 ,! leg5ds ( d$ication are ( no hi/oric value2 ! /ory ( ! ,palladium itself 0 unkn[n to ,hom]1 ?\gh x occurr$ 9 lat] epics4 ,all t c be ass]t$ ( su* images is t !y 7 ( unkn[n antiquity1 & t local patriotism claim$ = !m a h]oic orig94 ,mu* ! same may be said ( ,da$alus4 ,x ne$ n be discuss$ "h :e!r an actual arti/ ( ?is "n ev] exi/$4 ,! in=mation we h z to ,da$alus is ( two k9ds2 on ! "o h&1 we f9d tales ( a my?ical craftsman & magician1 to ^: inv5tion _m ( ! mo/ typical improvem5ts 9 e>ly ,greek sculpture are attribut$2 on ! o!r h&1 we h records ( _m /atues ( ! gods1 extant 9 hi/orical times 9 v>i\s %r9es ( ,greece1 :i* 7 attribut$ to him4 ,su* attributions are n really ( great] hi/orical value ?an ! traditions ( d$ication 9 ! h]oic age :i* we f9d else:]e4 ,! "n ( ,da$alus hav+ once become fam\s 9 ?is connection1 x 0 natural t _m /atues ( primitive /yle & unrecord$ orig9 %\ld be attribut$ to him4 ,m importance may be atta*$ to ! fact t ! sculptors :o actually made "s ( ! e>ly /atues ( ! gods 9 ,a!ns & 9 ! ,peloponnesus are describ$ z ! pupils or by "s z ! sons or companions ( ,da$alus4 ,9 ?is way 8 "n is associat$ ) "s ( ! e>ly s*ools t _h ! greate/ influ5ce 9 ,greece1 especially on ! repres5tation ( ! gods 9 sculpture4 ,!re are o!r traditions ( e>ly s*ools ( sculptors1 ! m>ble work]s ( ,*ios1 ! bronze f\nd]s ( ,samos1 :o devot$ !mselves ma9ly to mak+ /atues ( ! gods1 "s ( :i* surviv$ ?r\gh\t hi/orical times4 ,:5 we turn f tradition & consid] ! e>ly examples ( /atues ( gods t may /ill be se5 or are record$ by extant copies1 we f9d t ^! fall into two classes4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are m or less exact repetitions ( ! primitive /ock or /one1 ! cyl9drical tree-trunk or ! rectangul> block cut f ! qu>ry1 ) ! rude/ indication ( head & arms & feet1 deviat+ z little z possible f ! orig9al %ape ( ! block4 ,:5 images ( ?is sort 71 z 0 (t5 ! case1 ( wood1 !y h1 ( c\rse1 disappe>$2 b we c sometimes recognise copies ( !m ^u reliefs or 9 /one4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ano!r class ( images :i* approximate m to ! atta9m5ts ( ,da$alus z describ$ by rationalis+ writ]s ( lat] date4 ,^! images are completely 9 human =m1 &1 if male1 are usually nude4 ,!y h _! legs sep>at$ 9 a %ort /ride1 ! left foot be+ usually advanc$2 _! arms are ei!r set close to _! sides1 or "o or bo? ( !m is rais$ f ! elb[2 _! :ole %ape sugge/s a rigid sy/em ( proportions & a m or less conv5tionalis$ =m4 ,^! images h no resemblance to ! modifications ( ! primitive /ocks & /ones1 & c\ld n well be directly d]iv$ f !m2 !y are f\nd 9 great numb]s ^u _m sites ( e>ly sanctity 9 ,greece itself & 9 ,greek settlem5ts ar\nd ! ,levant1 notably 9 ,cyprus1 ,rhodes1 & ,naucratis 9 ,egypt4 ,sometimes !y seem to repres5t ! god1 sometimes ! d$icator2 b all alike %[ ! attempt ( ! e>ly ,greek craftsman to imitate ! products ( m advanc$ & f9i%$ art :i* he saw ar\nd him4 ,_m ( !m are d]iv$ f ,egyptian types2 o!rs %[ ! influ5ce ( ,mesopotamian art1 or ( ! hybrid craftsman%ip ( ,pho5icia4 ,! borr[+ or imitation ( su* =eign types may at fir/ sight appe> to %[ ev5 less promise ( arti/ic progress ?an v>iations on ! old native images2 b x is n 9 its orig9s1 b 9 its developm5t & p]fection t ! *ief excell5ce ( ,greek art is to be f\nd4 ,! types borr[$ by sculpture f =eign art are almo/ exclusively ( human =m4 ,! mon/r\s mix$ =ms 9 :i* ! deities ( ,egypt or ,mesopotamia (t5 f\nd ! expression ( _! sup]human & my/]i\s p[]s d n seem to h appeal$ to ! imag9ation ( ! ,greeks4 ,su* mix$ =ms 71 inde$1 frequ5tly borr[$ by e>ly decorative art1 & on ,ori5talis+ vases we con/antly f9d human-head$ & bird-head$ quadrup$s1 usually w+$1 & human-head$ birds4 ,! delight 9 w+$ figures g5]ally1 :i* 0 ma9ly decorative 9 e>ly times1 also f9ds its orig9 9 ,ori5tal wov5 /uffs4 ,greek sculpture adopt$ & translat$ into /one or bronze "s ( ^! mix$ types--notably ! human-head$ bird & ! human-head$ w+$ lion2 ^! x id5tifi$ z ! ,sir5 & ! ,sph9x ( ,greek my?1 & associat$ !m ) ! my/]ies ( ! tomb4 ,to "s o!r =ms1 t ( ! ,c5taur & ! ,satyr & ! ,triton1 x also gave consid]able scope4 ,b all ^!1 if n human1 are h>dly to be reg>d$ z div9e2 !y are mo/ly noxi\s1 &1 ev5 if b5ignant1 d n atta9 ! rank ( gods4 ,p]haps a ne>] approa* to div9e "* is to be f\nd 9 ! riv]-gods1 :o are (t5 repres5t$ z bulls ) human heads or z human ) bull's horns2 b "h1 too1 we h only to deal ) m9or deities4 ,no sculptor repres5t$ ,dionysus 9 ?is way1 ev5 ?\gh he 0 call$ bull-%ap$ by poets2 nor is ! horse-god ,posidon ev5 repres5t$ z a ,c5taur4 ,! horse-head$ ,demet] ( ,phigalia rema9s ! /range & solit>y exception1 h[ev] we may expla9 h] exi/5ce4 ,! process by :i* ! e>ly human types 7 gradually improv$ & made m life-l1 by a cont9u\s /ruggle ) te*nical difficulties1 by con/ant & direct obs]vation ( nature1 & by ! build+ up ( an arti/ic tradition 9 diff]5t s*ools & families1 is a "q t conc]ns ! hi/ory ( art r ?an our pres5t /udy4 ,b x is impossible to di/+ui% rigidly betwe5 ! two1 because ^! types1 :e!r ( ! nude /&+ male figure1 ( ! drap$ female1 or ( ! seat$ figure1 are all ( !m us$ alike to repres5t human & div9e p]sonages2 &1 ap>t f inscriptions ( d$ication or conditions ( discov]y or di/9ctive attributes1 x w\ld (t5 be impossible to tell :e!r any p>ticul> /atue 0 meant to repres5t1 = example1 ! image ( a god or a conv5tional portrait ( a man4 ,^! nude male /atues1 commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,apollo1 7 c]ta9ly1 "s ( !m1 made to commemorate a?letes1 ^: images 7 set up ei!r 9 ! place :]e !y won _! victories or 9 _! native t[n2 o!rs 7 plac$ ov] graves z memorials ( ! dead2 & ev5 9 a sacr$ prec9ct x is sometimes unc]ta9 :e!r ! god himself is repres5t$ or ! wor%ipp] :o d$icates ?is record ( 8 devotion4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod1 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,rusk9's /rictures z to ! impossibility ( di/+ui%+ ! individuality ( ! diff]5t gods mu/ be admitt$1 & ev5 supplem5t$ by an admission ( ! impossibility ( di/+ui%+ gods & goddesses f human be+s4 ,! explanation is obvi\s en\gh4 ,dur+ ?is age ( e>ly progress ! con/ant aim ( ! sculptor is to atta9 to complete ma/]y ov] ! mat]ial & to p]fection ( bodily =m4 ,9 religi\s art1 :at corresponds to ?is is ! /ruggle t[>ds an?ropomorphism--fir/ to repres5t ! gods 9 human =m1 & !n to make t =m ! mo/ p]fect t human art c devise4 ,dur+ ?is /age ( arti/ic & religi\s developm5t ! type & ! ideal _c be di/+ui%$4 ,x 0 only :5 a type or a v>y+ s]ies ( types _h be5 br\ght to p]fection 9 ! fif? c5tury1 s z to satisfy ! dem& = a h>moni\s sy/em ( bodily proportions1 = beauty ( outl9e & dignity ( c\nt5ance1 t ^! types c\ld be us$ z a means ( expression = ! religi\s ideals ( ! nation4 ,9 develop+ ! type ! accid5tal has to be disc>d$1 & ) x mu* ( ! feel+ ( individuality2 works ( e>ly ar*aic art1 = all _! defects1 (t5 %[ m sign ( individual "* ?an ! m p]fect works ( ! e>li] "p ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! atta9m5t ( ! type is foll[$ by an infusion ( "* & individuality1 drawn f ! arti/'s tra9$ memory & obs]vation ) cle> arti/ic int5tion1 n f ! m]e caprice ( an accid5tal recollection or a casual peculi>ity ( a model4 ,! "* & individuality ?us express$ mu/ be consid]$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s2 x is only necess>y "h to di/+ui% x f ! sugge/ion ( an individual1 almo/ ( a c>icature1 :i* we f9d sometimes 9 ar*aic art1 & :i* is c]ta9ly to be se5 occasionally 9 works ( ,flor5t9e sculpture4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! rise ( ,greek sculpture ! v>i\s s*ools 7 advanc+ ea* 9 its own way t[>ds :at has be5 call$ naturalism 9 art1 z oppos$ to realism on ! "o side & idealism on ! o!r4 ,t is to say1 !y 7 /riv+ by con/ant /udy ( ! a?letic =m1 ( proportions & muscles1 ( drap]y & hair1 to atta9 to a s]ies ( types bo? 9 h>mony ) !mselves & 9 accordance ) nature2 & !y 7 too mu* absorb$ 9 ?is attempt to g f> beyond _! pr$ecessors 9 r5d]+ ! "* ( ! gods accord+ to ! =m consecrat$ by tradition4 ,ev5 9 ! expression ( ! face ! same process is to be trac$4 ,9 e>ly works we f9d sometimes no expression at all1 or an app>5t /olidity :i* is really ! abs5ce ( expression2 9 ! ar*aic smile we see an attempt to enliv5 ! face1 & possibly also1 z we h notic$1 to express & ev5 to induce ! b5ignity ( ! deity4 ,b ?is attempt1 made ) inadequate arti/ic res\rces1 t5ds to result 9 a m]e grimace2 & z we approa* ! transitional age be=e ! greate/ p]iod ( sculpture1 we (t5 f9d a reaction aga9/ any su* exagg]ation ( expression 9 a sev]ity & dignity t may h a c]ta9 grace ( _! own1 b t are 9 "s s5se a retrograde movem5t s f> z ! expression ( "* is conc]n$4 ,x foll[s t ! /atues ( ! gods dat+ f ?is e>ly p]iod1 h[ev] int]e/+ !y might be = ! hi/ory ( sculpture1 w\ld n1 ev5 if we possess$ _m m ( !m ?an we d possess1 ?r[ v mu* light ^u ! developm5t ( ! ideas ( ! ,greeks conc]n+ _! deities4 ,!y w\ld probably con=m to a limit$ numb] ( cle>ly def9$ types4 ,! mo/ famili> ( all1 ! /&+ nude male figure1 w\ld1 if be>dless1 usually repres5t ,apollo1 ) a b[ or a bran* ( bay1 or sometimes o!r attributes4 ,a simil> type1 be>d$1 w\ld /& = ,zeus or ,posidon or ,h]mes1 if provid$ ) ?und]bolt or eagle1 ) trid5t or fi%1 or ) a caduceus4 ,simil> figures might also be drap$1 & /ill repres5t gods2 or1 if female1 w\ld s]ve = ,h]a1 ,artemis1 ,aphrodite1 & sometimes = ,a!na1 if %e 0 repres5t$ )\t h] arms & aegis4 ,!n1 too1 !re 0 ! seat$ type1 usually envelop$ 9 full drap]y1 :i* might readily be adapt$ to a /atue ( any ( ! *ief gods4 ,9 all ( ^! !re is no "q ( di/+ui%+ ! gods f "o ano!r 9 "* & individuality2 ap>t f attributes1 !re is h>dly any attempt to di/+ui% gods f m54 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ class ( /atues 9 :i* we f9d any attempt to give arti/ic expression to sup]human p[] is t 9 :i* we see ! god 9 vigor\s action1 (t5 /rik+ ) 8 *>act]i/ic weapon3 ,zeus ) 8 ?und]bolt 9 8 rais$ "r h&1 ,posidon ) 8 trid5t1 or ,a!na advanc+ rapidly ) br&i%$ spe> & %ield advanc$4 ,b ev5 ^! figures1 ap>t f _! div9e attributes1 %[ no ess5tial di/9ction f human combatants4 ,x is a significant fact t x is /ill a matt] ( dispute#f :e!r "o ( ! mo/ fam\s /atues ( ! e>ly fif? c5tury1 ! ,*oiseul-,g\ffi] ,apollo1 repres5ts a god or an a?lete4 ,?is is nei!r because ! ,greeks at ?is "t idealis$ _! a?letes nor because !y humanis$ _! gods1 b because !y typifi$ !m bo?2 t is to say1 !y repres5t$ !m by a type :i* 0 ! mo/ p]fect r5d]+ )9 _! p[] ei!r ( man or ( an an?ropomorphic deity4 ,"h we h ! mat]ial =m provid$ by means ( :i* ! ideals ( ! succe$+ p]iod 7 to f9d _! arti/ic expression--su* a typical or normal human =m is1 9 fact1 ! logical expression ( an?ropomorphism 9 its mo/ lit]al s5se--! mak+ ( gods aft] man's image4 ,b ^? :o believ$ r t man 0 made aft] ,god's image w\ld look to f9d 9 ! prototype some?+ m & high] ?an c be se5 9 its e>?ly copy4 ,?is notion1 ev5 if n =mulat$ by philosophy until a lat] age1 c]ta9ly und]lies ! ideali/ic art ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,footnote #f3 ,ev5 if ?is dispute be reg>d$ z n[ settl$ by weight ( evid5ce1 ! fact t su* a dispute is possible reta9s its significance4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,idealism ,! age :i* foll[$ ! great ,p]sian ,w>s 0 ! "t ( ! highe/ political1 lit]>y1 & intellectual developm5t 9 ,greece4 ,nor 0 x unfav\rable to /r5g? & dep? ( religi\s feel+ among ! p4 ,if ! m ?\ghtful among !m 7 incl9$ to d\bt :e!r "s ( ! /ories told ab\t ! gods 7 ei!r probable or edify+1 ^! 7 ! v m5 :o1 on ! o!r h&1 7 mo/ capable ( appreciat+ ! high] & nobl] conceptions ( ! gods :i* we f9d 9 contempor>y poets4 ,& ! great deliv]y f ! ,p]sians n only gave ! ,greeks a confid5ce 9 !mselves :i* ju/ly increas$ _! national pride & !reby /r5g!n$ _! national ideals1 b x also gave occasion to a confid5ce 9 ! gods & a gratitude to !m :i* f\nd expression 9 num]\s build+s & (f]+s4 ,all ?is religi\s activity c\ld n fail to h consid]able influ5ce ^u ! common p2 & 9 "s cases1 z at ,a!ns1 !re 0 ! necessity ( replac+ ! temples & /atues t _h be5 de/roy$ or c>ri$ (f by ! ,p]sian invad]4 ,at ! "t :5 a dem& occurr$ = new /atues ( ! gods1 ! rapid progress ( ! art ( sculpture made x inevitable t ^! new /atues %\ld n be m]e reproductions or rem9isc5ces ( ! ones !y replac$1 b fre% & orig9al conceptions1 wor?y ( ! increas$ skill ( ! arti/ & ( ! nobl] ideals ( ! p4 ,& by "o ( ^? co9cid5ces :i* we meet s (t5 bo? 9 ! hi/ory ( art & 9 t ( lit]ature1 j at ! "t :5 ! mat]ial conditions1 ! _s ( ! p1 & ! rapid advance ( art gave ! utmo/ scope = arti/ic creation1 !re arose ! man ( transc5d5t g5ius to give full expression to ! religi\s & arti/ic aspirations ( ! "t4 ,! age ( ,p]icles 0 also ! age ( ,phidias4 ,x is true t !re 0 an int]val betwe5 ! defeat ( ! ,p]sians & ! p]iod ( highe/ atta9m5t 9 ,greece2 & dur+ ?is int]val _m temples 7 built or rebuilt1 & _m /atues 7 set up z objects ( wor%ip or z d$ications to ! gods4 ,"s ( ^! may h anticipat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "w ( ,phidias2 sev]al ( !m 7 ( colossal size1 l 8 *ief ma/]pieces1 & ?us1 ev5 f ! te*nical po9t ( view1 may h prep>$ ! way be=e him2 "o1 ! ,apollo by ,calamis at ,apollonia1 0 ab\t =ty-five feet high1 & s actually rivall$ ! ,zeus & ,a!na ( ,phidias 9 size4 ,b ( ^! /atues we "k little or no?+4 ,z to ! two mo/ fam\s works ( ,phidias himself1 ! ,a!na ,p>!nos )9 ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns & ! ,zeus at ,olympia1 we are bett] in=m$1 s f> z elaborate descriptions & ! some:at rhetorical appreciations ( lat] writ]s are conc]n$2 & we possess "s extant copies :i* tell u some?+ ( _! pose & attributes4 ,b any notion we may =m z to _! true arti/ic & religi\s "* mu/ be ma9ly dep5d5t ^u our imag9ation2 & ev5 = _! relation to ! religi\s ideals ( ! p we are dep5d5t = ! mo/ "p ^u indirect evid5ce4 ,?\gh ! art ( sculpture 0 s closely b\nd up ) ! life ( ! p 9 ,greece1 we f9d v few ref]5ces to its greate/ works2 x is evid5t t ! ,a!nians1 = example1 took ! greate/ pride 9 ! build+s t adorn$ _! ,acropolis & 9 ! sculptures !y conta9$2 yet :5 ,p]icles1 z report$ by ,?ucydides1 speaks ( ! /atue ( ! ,a!na ,p>!nos1 x is only to reckon ! gold ( h] drap]y z "p ( ! possible res\rces ( ! /ate4 ,we "k t 9 ! eyes ( ,p]icles & ( 8 he>]s ! preci\sness ( ! mat]ial 0 only an incid5t 9 ! arti/ic "* ( ! "w2 b :at is felt mo/ deeply is (t5 ! lea/ spok5 ab\t4 ,lat] descriptions1 su* z t ( ,pausanias1 lay emphasis on ! details & accessories ( ! /atue1 ! ornam5tation ( helmet & %ield & s&als2 !y lay !mselves op5 to ! /ricture ( ,lucian on su* z c nei!r see nor praise ! :ole beauty ( ! ,olympian ,zeus1 great & noble z x is1 nor describe x to o!rs t d n "k x1 b admire ! accurate "w & f9e poli% ( 8 foot/ool & ! good proportions ( ! basis1 enum]at+ all su* details ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,at ! same "t ev5 su* in=mation z !y give u is welcome1 s9ce x aids our imag9ation to recon/ruct ! appe>ance ( ! :ole4 ,^! great *ryselephant9e /atues 7 plac$ )9 ! cella ( a temple1 light$ only ?r\gh ! door & by "s infiltration ?r\gh ! m>ble ro(1 & _! effect 0 calculat$ = ^! conditions4 ,! ri* tone & subtle reflections ( ! ivory & ! gold1 m+l$ ) col\r$ inlays ( enamel or preci\s /ones1 & temp]$ & h>monis$ by a dim religi\s light1 mu/ h be5 mo/ impressive2 & ! gr&eur ( ! figures 0 enhanc$ by _! colossal size4 ,b 9 all ?is we are /ill deal+ only ) conditions & accessories1 n ) ! art itself & ! religi\s ideals :i* x express$4 ,^! are p]haps easi] = u to appreciate 9 ! case ( ! ,zeus ?an ( ! ,a!na1 ?\gh we are bett] provid$ ) copies ( ! latt]4 ,we are accu/om$ 9 our own religi\s art to ! attempt to express div9ity 9 ! =m ( a mature man ( unspeakable maje/y & b5ignity4 ,to ! ,greeks1 inde$1 ! human figure ( ,zeus 0 n m]ely an inc>nation1 b ! actual =m ( ! god himself2 ! god 0 n ?\ght ( z hav+ tak5 ^u himself ! sorr[s & ! weaknesses ( our mortal nature1 b z %>+ only its ideal p]fection4 ,yet t ! effect 0 n altoge!r dissimil> is %[n by su* a passage z t we f9d 9 ,dion ,*ryso/om3 ,a man ^: s\l is utt]ly imm]s$ 9 toil1 :o has suff]$ _m disa/]s & sorr[s1 & _c ev5 enjoy sweet sleep1 ev5 su* an "o1 ,i ?9k1 if he /ood face to face ) ?is /atue1 w\ld =get all ! dang]s & difficulties ( ?is mortal life3 su* ! vision y1 ,phidias1 h inv5t$ & devis$1 a sight 'to lull all pa9 & ang]1 & br+ =getfulness ( e sorr[4' ,! same writ] else:]e puts into ! m\? ( ,phidias an explanation ( h[ he _h attempt$ to embody 9 8 /atue ! curr5t conception ( ! god1 & ev5 ! epi!ts t belong$ to 8 wor%ip4 ,my ,zeus1 says ! sculptor1 is peaceful & altoge!r g5tle1 z ! gu>dian ( a ,hellas free f factions & ( "o m9d ) itself4 ,him1 tak+ c\nsel ) my art1 & ) ! wise & noble ,elean /ate1 ,i set up 9 8 temple1 mild & maje/ic 9 a =m free f all sorr[1 z ! giv] ( life & livelihood & all good ?+s1 ! common fa!r ( m51 _! savi\r & _! gu>dian1 s f> z x is possible = a mortal man to conceive & to copy 8 div9e & inexpressible nature4 ,& consid] :e!r y w n f9d ! image accord+ ) all ! epi!ts ( ! god2 ,zeus alone is call$ ! fa!r ( gods & _! only k+1 & also god ( ! city & ( fri5d%ip & society1 & ( suppliants too & /rang]s1 ! giv] ( h>ve/1 & by innum]able o!r titles4 ,& = "o ^: aim x 0 to display all ^! qualities )\t speak+1 is n my art successful8 ,! /r5g? ( ! =m & its impos+ proportions %[ ! p[] to rule & ! k+2 ! g5tle & amiable "* %[s ! fa!r & 8 c>e2 ! maje/y & sev]ity %[ ! god ( ! city & ( law2 & ( ! k9%ip ( m5 & gods ! simil>ity ( _! %ape s]ves z a symbol4 ,8 protective fri5d%ip ( suppliants & /rang]s & fugitives & su* l is se5 9 8 k9dl9ess & 8 evid5t g5tl5ess & goodness4 ,& an image ( ! giv] ( possessions & h>ve/ is se5 9 ! simplicity & magnanimity display$ 9 8 =m2 he seems j l "o :o w\ld give & be g5]\s ( good ?+s4 ,all ?is1 9 %ort1 ,i imitat$ z f> z possible1 be+ unable to express x 9 spee*4 ,?is description is1 ( c\rse1 ! "w ( a late & rhetorical au?or1 b x is ! "w ( a man :o 0 famili> ) ^! great /atues t are n[ lo/ to u1 & 0 capable ( appreciat+ !m4 ,8 criticism may n be s ?or\gh & subtle z ! analysis ( ! ,greek type ( ,zeus made by ,brunn 9 8 ,gott]ideal52 b x is bas$ on simil> pr9ciples1 ! obs]vation ( ! physical type & ! spiritual expression :i* s]ves be/ to embody ! maje/y & b5ignity ( ! god4 ,aft] all1 we come back p]haps to ! say+ ( ,phidias himself1 & 8 quotation f ,hom]2 "h1 too1 x is ! br[ ( ! god t is emphasis$1 & ! nod t %ook ,olympus :ile x grant$ a pray]4 ,x is 9 su* effects r ?an 9 any detail$ description t x is possible to realise ! nature ( a great "w ( art4 ,:at success 9 ! atta9m5t ( its aim 0 "h rea*$ by ! art ( ! sculptor may p]haps be/ be e/imat$ f ! (t5 quot$ s5t5ce ( ,qu9tilian1 p]haps ! noble/ praise ev] accord$ to an arti/ by a critic3 ,! beauty ( ! /atue ev5 made "s addition to ! receiv$ religion2 ! maje/y ( ! "w 0 equal to ! god4 ,we might inde$1 )\t irrev]5ce1 impute to ,phidias ! words utt]$ 9 a v diff]5t s5se by "o :o lat] gave a new & high] int]pretation to a =mula ( ! receiv$ religion 9 ,greece3 ,:om !re=e ye ignorantly wor%ip1 ,him decl>e ,i unto y4 ,! o!r great ,phidian ideal1 t ( ,a!na1 0 repres5t$ by sev]al /atues1 bo? 9 ,a!ns & 9 o!r cities4 ,z to ^! we h a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation1 & ev5 a c]ta9 numb] ( copies1 :i* %[ u ! pose & ! accessories ( ! v>i\s /atues2 "s ( ! bett] ones ev5 suffice to give u "s notion ( ! beauty ( _! orig9al4 ,we h also descriptions by anci5t writ]s1 :i* tell u1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,olympian ,zeus1 mu* ab\t ! decoration ( ! /atue2 b we h n 9 ?is case any appreciations ( ! effect ^u ^? :o saw x4 ,! ideal ( ,a!na is 9 "s ways m difficult = u to compreh5d ?an t ( ,zeus1 p>tly because x is less univ]sally human1 & m peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,greece & ev5 ( ,a!ns4 ,! notion ( ! "m goddess is common to mo/ religions2 t ( ! que5 & huntress1 *a/e & fair is at lea/ famili> to u 9 lit]ature1 & readily comm5ds itself to ! imag9ation4 ,b ,a!na1 ?\gh %e has some?+ ( bo? ^! *>act]s1 has a nature diff]5t f bo?4 ,x is impossible to d]ive h] v>i$ my?ological functions f any "o orig92 b "h x is n ! orig9 ( h] wor%ip t conc]ns u1 r its mean+ & influ5ce z ^! affect$ ! p ( h] *os5 city4 ,j z ,zeus 0 ! ideal ( all t 0 be/ 9 ! ,hell5ic conception ( manhood & ! god ( a unit$ ,hellas1 s ,a!na is especially ! goddess ( ,a!ns1 ! giv] & fo/]] ( all ^? qualities t made ! ,a!nians :at !y 71 ! creatress ( t ideal city sket*$ 9 ! wond]ful spee*es ( ,p]icles4 ,h] gifts are ! arts ( w> & peace1 & all arti/ic & intellectual activity1 z well z ! olive & o!r *>act]i/ic products ( ,attic soil1 & ! cle> & lum9\s air & /imulat+ climate :i* ,attic writ]s are nev] tir$ ( extoll+1 & ( associat+ ) ! peculi> g5ius ( ! ,a!nian race4 ,"o c imag9e h[ ,dion ,*ryso/om might h recognis$ ! expression ( ^! v>i\s qualities 9 ! broad & maje/ic1 yet ke5ly intellectual br[1 9 ! wide & cle> eyes1 & 9 o!r features2 b ! extant copies ( ! ,a!na ,p>!nos _c d m ?an assi/ our imag9ation 9 realis+ h[ ! sculptor repres5t$ ! goddess ( ,a!ns4 ,"h1 too1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,zeus1 x is difficult = u to avoid ! error ( reg>d+ ! /atue z a m]e philosophical ab/raction1 an imp]sonation ( ! qualities x repres5ts4 ,a!na 9 lat] art1 z set up 9 libr>ies & museums1 0 d\btless su* an imp]sonation1 j z %e is 9 mod]n art unreal & comp>atively un9t]e/+4 ,b ! ,a!nian believ$ int5sely 9 ! exi/5ce ( 8 goddess4 ,he believ$ t ! c]emonies connect$ ) h] anci5t image 7 necess>y to ! cont9uance ( h] fav\r to h] city & p1 & t ! new temples & /atues set up 9 h] hon\r w\ld /ill fur!r delight h] & ensure h] protection & h] abode among h] grateful wor%ipp]s4 ,! /atue by ,phidias )9 ! ,p>!non (f]$ n m]ely t =m 9 :i* %e w\ld *oose to appe> if %e %[$ h]self to mortal eyes1 b actually %[$ h] =m z %e _h reveal$ x to ! sculptor4 ,to look ^u su* an image help$ ! wor%ipp] z mu* z--p]haps m ?an--any s]vice or ritual to br+ himself into communion ) ! goddess1 & to fit himself1 z a citiz5 ( h] *os5 city1 to c>ry out h] w 9 contribut+ 8 be/ ef=ts to its supremacy 9 politics1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 art4 ,if a "w ( art c\ld h ?is actual influ5ce ^u religi\s emotion1 & ?r\gh x ^u practical life1 x may be said to h atta9$ ! utmo/ t any human ef=t c a*ieve 9 ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,! religi\s influ5ce ( art 9 ! fif? c5tury is1 z we h se51 closely associat$ ) ! /ate2 ! ,a!na ,p>!nos & ! ,olympian ,zeus appeal$ to _! wor%ipp]s z citiz5s ( ,a!ns & z memb]s ( ! privileg$ ,hell5ic race4 ,x w\ld be easy to trace a simil> "* 9 almo/ all ! great /atues ( gods t are record$ z belong+ to ?is p]iod4 ,?us ! ,dionysus ( ,alcam5es is n ! dreamy god ( w9e & pleasure t we f9d at a lat] age1 b an augu/ figure1 be>d$ & en?ron$1 ! giv] ( ! ri*es ( ! e>? & ! w9e1 ! god 9 ^: hon\r all ! great ,dionysian fe/ivals 7 held2 ! same sculptor's ,h]mes is ! gu>dian ( ways & gates1 ! giv] ( increase to flocks1 n ! y\?ful & a?letic mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,hephae/us1 too1 especially :5 associat$ ) ,a!na1 is ! patron & tea*] ( all h&icrafts1 himself ! ideal artisan1 practical & g5ial1 b ) none ( 8 godhead lo/ 9 a too human individuality2 ev5 8 lam5ess--*>act]i/ic ( ! smi? 9 all folk-lore--is lightly indicat$1 n dwelt on z an int]e/+ motive4 ,v>i\s /atues ( p>ticul> gods may1 ( c\rse1 emphasise "o side or ano!r ( _! functions4 ,a!na may be wor%ipp$ & repres5t$ z goddess ( ,victory or ( ,heal?2 b "h1 too1 x is usually "s recognis$ /ate cult t und]lies ! repres5tation4 ,outside ,a!ns we f9d ! same conditions4 ,to take only "o in/ance1 ! colossal gold & ivory ,h]a ( ,argos1 made by ! *ief ,argive ma/] ,polyclitus1 is ! great goddess ( ! city1 j z ,a!na is ( ,a!ns4 ,%e 0 repres5t$ z ! bride ( ,zeus1 :o annually r5ew$ h] maid5hood at ! great ,argive fe/ival ( ! div9e m>riage2 & we _c d\bt t ,polyclitus express$ 9 ?is /atue1 :i* 0 h>dly less fam\s ?an ! ma/]pieces ( ,phidias1 all ! ess5tial features ( ! great religi\s ideals t und]lay ?is primitive rite4 ,8 ,h]a _h nei!r ! w>like nor ! intellectual & spiritual *>act]i/ics ( ! ,attic ,a!na2 b %e 0 ! goddess ( womanly grace & beauty 9 ! bride1 & embodi$ t p]fection ( physical =m :i* ,argive art s\ght also 9 its a?letic figures1 & :i* 0 9 a s5se a "p ( ! religion t f\nd expression 9 ! great a?letic games4 ,"s gods--,apollo1 = example--seem 9 fif?-c5tury /atues to h a m individual "*4 ,j z 9 e>li] times ! "n ,apollo s]ves to cov] a multitude ( /atues ( :i* "s may be meant to repres5t individual m51 s ev5 9 ! age ( ,phidias we sometimes meet ) a figure ( a?letic type or ( y\?ful beauty z to :i* x is possible to d\bt :e!r x is an ,apollo2 ?is may be p>tly ! result ( ! great popul>ity ( ! type 9 all ages ( ,greek sculpture :i* l$ to its m rapid developm5t & e>li] individualisation4 ,b ! ,apollo ( ?is p]iod is nev] ! m]e dreamy y\? ( lat] "t2 x has be5 well said t he is ! god :o1 9 ! my?ical a?letic conte/1 c\ld surpass ,h]mes 9 ! foot-race & ,ares 9 box+2 ! embodim5t ( all-r\nd physical & intellectual excell5ce1 ! comb9ation ( music & gymna/ic1 :i* aga9 br+s u back to a national ,hell5ic ideal4 ,?r\gh\t ! repres5tations ( ! gods 9 ! art ( ! fif? c5tury we f9d ! same ess5tial "*4 ,!y embody 9 !mselves ! expression1 by means ( ! mo/ p]fect physical =ms1 ( ! qualities attribut$ to ! god himself1 or giv5 by him to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,!y are no imp]sonal ab/raction ( ^! qualities1 b are real & liv+ be+s1 9 :om ^! qualities exi/ to a degree impossible = a m]e mortal4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h no?+ ( ! passions & emotions1 ! weaknesses & imp]fections ( mortal nature4 ,9 ?is !y are inconsi/5t1 p]haps1 ) t ,hom]ic pres5tm5t ( ! gods :i* ! greate/ arti/s consci\sly set be=e !mselves4 ,b we _c wond] t an age ( su* cle> & l(ty intellectual & moral p]ceptions %\ld h reject$ :at x felt to be unwor?y 9 ! curr5t notions ( ! gods1 & %\ld h select$ only :at x felt to be truly div9e4 ,art did n1 h[ev]1 rema9 v long ^u its highe/ level ( religi\s feel+2 b 9 ,greece1 by a =tunate co9cid5ce1 ! age ( ! greate/ religi\s ideals 0 also t ( ! highe/ p]fection ( physical type 9 art z well z ( te*nical skill 9 execution4 ,we d n !re=e f9d 9 ?is age t ! sculptor lacks ! p[] to express 8 ideas1 or t 8 ideas are too /rong = ! =ms 9 :i* !y are express$2 !re is r t p]fect h>mony betwe5 ! two t1 "h z else:]e1 is *>act]i/ic ( ,hell5ic art4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,individualism ,! great religi\s ideals ( ! fif? c5tury 71 z we h se51 closely b\nd up ) ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! ,/ate2 & _! expression 9 sculpture 0 also due 9 almo/ e case to ! employm5t ( ! arti/ by ! community4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d on e side a /rong] ass]tion ( individuality4 ,x 0 a commonplace among ,attic orators 9 ! f\r? c5tury to contra/ ! private luxury & o/5tation ( _! own day ) ! simplicity ( life among ! great m5 ( ! e>li] age1 ^: h\ses c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! common p1 ?\gh _! public build+s & ! temples !y rais$ to ! gods 7 ( unp>allel$ spl5d\r4 ,9 religion1 & above all 9 religi\s art1 we f9d some?+ ( ! same t5d5cy4 ,!re are few if any records ( ! d$ication dur+ ! f\r? c5tury ( ^? great /atues ( ! *ief gods :i* 7 look$ back to by all subsequ5t g5]ations z ! embodim5t ( a national ideal4 ,b !re 71 p]haps1 m /atues ( ! gods made 9 ! f\r? c5tury :i* 7 ! objects n m]ely ( arti/ic admiration1 b ( int5se & sometimes morbid p]sonal devotion4 ,! m]e li/ ( ! gods pref]r$ = repres5tation is an indication 9 itself2 :ile 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ,zeus & ,a!na & ,h]a1 ! great gods ( ! ,/ate or ( ! ,hell5ic race1 are ! subjects ( ! mo/ fam\s /atues1 9 ! f\r? c5tury x is r ,aphrodite & ,dionysus & ,asclepius1 ^? ^: gifts contribute to individual happ9ess or enjoym5t1 t (f] mo/ scope to ! p[]s ( ! arti/4 ,& ! sculptors !mselves1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 %[ m individuality ( /yle4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury ! g5ius ( ,phidias _h s dom9at$ religi\s art t ! works ( 8 successors1 m5 l ,alcam5es & ,agoracritus1 c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$ f 84 ,b ! great sculptors ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,scopas & ,praxiteles & ,lysippus1 n to m5tion o!rs ( less note1 devot$ !mselves n s mu* to ! expression ?r\gh p]fect physical =m ( great religi\s ideals1 b to a realisation ( ! "* &1 s to speak1 ! p]sonality ( ! gods :om !y portray$4 ,& !y did ?is by ! same means by :i* !y express$ 9 _! art ! *>act]s & passions ( h]oes or ( m51 !reby remov+ ! gods f ! sph]e ( passionless b5ignity & p[] :i* is assign$ to !m by ! art ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,su* a treatm5t evid5tly gave m scope = v>iety 9 ! /yles ( ! sculptors2 & al?\gh we c sometimes trace ! influ5ce ( "o ^u ano!r1 yet ea* cle>ly %[s 8 own *>act]i/ics4 ,we are expressly told ( ,praxiteles t he %[$ ! mo/ admirable skill 9 infus+ into 8 m>ble works ! passions & emotions ( ! s\l2 & ! extant rema9s ( ! /atues made by ,scopas & ,lysippus %[ t !y also1 ea* 9 8 own way1 atta9$ ! same results4 ,if ! sculpture ( ! fif? c5tury 0 e?ical1 express+ noble ideals ( "* :e!r 9 gods or m51 t ( ! f\r? c5tury may be call$ psy*ological4 ,x is n cont5t ) "*2 x expresses also mood & ev5 passion1 & !reby gives m prom95ce to individuality4 ,at fir/ sight x is n easy to realise h[ ?is *ange came to affect ! repres5tations ( ! gods4 ,! gods ( ,hom] are1 inde$1 full ( individual "*2 b we h se5 h[ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ?\gh ! greate/ sculptors decl>$ x 0 ! gods ( ,hom] t !y repres5t$1 ^! repres5tations 7 idealis$ & rais$ above ^? human t\*es 9 :i* ! individuality is mo/ conspicu\s4 ,!re 01 9 ! ,hom]ic hymns & 9 ! lyric poets1 a delight 9 details ( incid5t & 9 p]sonal peculi>ities & ev5 9 romantic tales ab\t ! gods2 & 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ! high idealisation ( ! prec$+ age is no long] s /rong 9 its influ5ce1 we f9d a simil> t5d5cy 9 art z well4 ,:ile ! great /atues ( ! gods 9 ! fif? c5tury are almo/ all repres5t$ z ei!r en?ron$ or /&+1 n employ$ 9 any p>ticul> action or function1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic examples ( ! /atues ( gods made 9 ! f\r? c5tury h almo/ all "s def9ite motive4 ,we may take z an example :at 0 p]haps ! mo/ fam\s /atue ( antiquity1 ! ,aphrodite by ,praxiteles at ,cnidus4 ,! goddess is repres5t$ z nude2 & x is (t5 said t goddesses w\ld n h be5 s repres5t$ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,x is true t full drap]y seems m consi/5t ) ! dignifi$ & augu/ figures ( ,phidian art4 ,b if ! religi\s type _h requir$ t ,phidias %\ld make a nude goddess1 we may be sure he w\ld h made h] nak$ & una%am$1 ) no m self-consci\sness ?an a nude ,apollo2 above all1 he w\ld n h ?\ght x necess>y to provide a motive = h] nudity4 ,) ,praxiteles x is o!rwise4 ,he repres5ts ! goddess z prep>+ = ! ba?1 & j lett+ h] la/ g>m5t slip f h] h& on to a vase t /&s beside h]2 &1 9 addition to ?is provision ( a motive--an excuse1 "o might almo/ say--= repres5t+ h] )\t h] clo!s1 he h9ts1 f ! in/9ctive ge/ure ( h] o!r h& :i* %e holds be=e h] body1 at a half-consci\s %r9k+ f exposure1 a feel+ ( mode/y :i*1 h[ev] suitable to a woman1 is by no means consi/5t ) a high ideal ( ! goddess4 ,! face & figure are ( extraord9>y physical beauty ( type1 ( a bread? & nobility :i* contra/ ) ! small]1 pretti]1 & less dignifi$ =ms ( lat] art2 ! ge/ure1 too1 has n ! consci\s coquetry :i* we see 9 su* a "w z ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ recognise t ! /atue repres5ts ! goddess "u a human r ?an a div9e aspect1 t ev5 h] mood & feel+ ( timidity are portray$ 9 a mann] :i*1 h[ev] *>m+ 9 itself1 is totally inconsi/5t ) h] wor%ip z a great goddess4 ,we are n surpris$ to he> t ?is /atue inspir$ a p]sonal passion2 %e is ! goddess ( love1 & is repres5t$ z n beyond ! rea* ( human attraction2 b %e is br\ght d[n to ! level ( mortals1 r ?an capable ( rais+ mortals to a high] sph]e by h] contemplation4 ,x is ! same1 ?\gh p]haps to a less degree1 ) o!r /atues ( ! gods made 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! motives ) :i* ! lat] ,greeks w5t to visit ! great /atues ( ! ,phidian age 71 z we h se51 to a great ext5t religi\s1 & _! contemplation 0 reg>d$ to "s ext5t z a s]vice2 "h we h idolatry 9 its highe/ =m4 ,b ^? :o w5t to see ! ,aphrodite ( ,cnidus w5t *iefly to enjoy ! beauty ( ! /atue2 & al?\gh ?is may be ! be/ ?+ f ! arti/ic po9t ( view1 x c]ta9ly has n ! same religi\s import4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t 9 ! individuality ( f\r?-c5tury /atues :i* may appeal to mod]n arti/s1 & :i* c]ta9ly did appeal--9 an inv]t$ mann]--to e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s ( invectives aga9/ pagan idolatry4 ,x 0 said t ,phryne _h pos$ z a model = ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite ( ,praxiteles2 & ! "* ( ! goddess 0 inf]r$ f t ( h] vot>y4 ,x is cle> t a ,greek arti/ c\ld n h1 9 ! case ( a nude female /atue1 ! same *oice ( types con/antly pres5t to 8 obs]vation & 8 memory z he _h 9 ! case ( male /atues2 & ! individuality ( ! model1 h[ev] beautiful1 w\ld ?us t5d to ass]t itself aga9/ ! type4 ,?us p]sonality & individual "*1 ! ultimate condition ( beauty1 to use ,mr4 ,rusk9's words1 9 mod]n z 9 ,tuscan art1 comes mu* ne>] to expression 9 ! f\r? c5tury ?an 9 ! fif?4 ,b a /udy ( su* a /atue z ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite %[s u nev]!less t 9 ! beauty ( ! type & ! avoidance ( ! accid5tal1 ! art ( ,praxiteles 0 z f> remov$ f realism z x 0 f ! vague g5]alisation ( ,graeco-,roman & mod]n pseudo-classical art4 ,x is full ( life & individuality1 b x is ! individuality ( a "* realis$ )9 8 m9d by ! arti/1 n m]ely copi$ f ! human model he set be=e him4 ,ano!r me?od by :i* ! motive becomes prom95t 9 ! art ( ! f\r? c5tury is to be se5 9 ! int]pretation ( my?ological conceptions4 ,^! are realis$ & embodi$ 9 /atues2 b ! /atues (f] a new1 sometimes1 x seems1 almo/ an accid5tal & trifl+ v]sion ( a solemn religi\s conception2 x appe>s z if ! arti/ 7 play+ ) a my?ological subject4 ,?us 9 ! /atue made by ,praxiteles ( ,apollo ,sauroktonos1 ! liz>d-slay]1 ! god /&s ) an arr[ 9 8 h&1 z if try+ to cat* ) x a liz>d :o runs up a tree2 x sugge/s a boyi% game r ?an ! epi!t ( a god4 ,aga91 ! wor%ip ( ,artemis ,brauronia at ,a!ns 0 "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ sacr$ cults 9 ! city1 & wom5 at m>riage & at o!r critical times ( _! life us$ to (f] h] _! g>m5ts1 !reby br++ !mselves into close contact ) ! goddess & claim+ h] special protection1 ! g>m5ts be+ actually plac$ on ! old image4 ,if1 z is probable1 ! ,artemis ( ,gabii is a copy ( ! /atue sub/itut$ by ,praxiteles = ?is old image1 we see !re ! goddess1 z a graceful girli% figure1 fa/5+ a cloak ^u h] %\ld]4 ,?is may be tak5 z symbolical ( ! e>li] cu/om ( plac+ ! g>m5ts on ! /atue2 b we h evid5ce t ! wor%ipp]s 7 n cont5t ) su* a symbolic contact1 b _h ! actual g>m5ts plac$ on ! new /atue z !y _h be5 on ! old4 ,"h we h probably a case ( unsuccessful sub/itution2 ! arti/ic repres5tation did n suffice to replace ! actual rite4 ,b ! repres5tation itself is d\btless int5d$ 9 a way :i*1 h[ev] graceful1 does n repres5t any deep religi\s feel+2 "o feels t ! arti/ f\nd ! subject a conv5i5t "o z an arti/ic motive1 r ?an t he _h any deep religi\s idea to express4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 g too f> 9 d5y+ religi\s ideals to ! f\r? c5tury altoge!r4 ,"s ( ! gods1 :o came v ne> to ! life ( man1 b :o 7 nev]!less wor%ipp$ ) a real belief 9 _! p[] & b5evol5ce1 f\nd at ?is "t _! fulle/ expression 9 art4 ,an example may be se5 9 ! ,demet] ( ,cnidus1 ! "m sorr[+ = h] daught]1 ^: suff]+ br+s h] into close sympa?y ) human weakness1 & ^: my/]ies1 p]haps m ?an any o!r ,hell5ic s]vice1 br\ght m5 & wom5 into p]sonal communion ) ! gods4 ,we may take z ano!r in/ance ! head ( ,asclepius f ,melos 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"h1 z ,brunn has po9t$ out 9 8 admirable analysis ( its =ms1 we may recognise n s mu* ! god z ! half-human1 half-div9e physician1 a g5ial & fri5dly _s :o p]suades r ?an comm&s4 ,! expression is n only intellectual1 b has also an inf9ite g5tl5ess1 z ( "o n himself unacqua9t$ ) mortal pa9 & sorr[2 & su* a conception1 z we "k f ,*ri/ian art1 (t5 appeals to ^? :o f9d ! maje/y ( ,zeus too di/ant1 ! idea ( 8 godhead too ab/ract4 ,9 su* almo/ human ideals ! individuality ( ! f\r? c5tury f9ds its full scope1 z 9 o!r half-human creations ( ! arti/'s imag9ation4 ,apollo z ! inspir$ musician or--if we accept ! d]ivation ( ! ,apollo ,belv$]e f a f\r?-c5tury orig9al--z ! disda9ful ar*]1 ,h]mes1 ! protector & playmate ( 8 little bro!r ,dionysus1 & _m o!r su* repres5tations ( ! gods 9 _! p]sonal moods & *>act]i/ic actions1 seem 9 _m ways less div9e1 less full ( religi\s feel+ ?an su* an ,asclepius2 if ! great gods are br\ght too ne> to human passions & weaknesses1 !y _c b lose mu* ( _! div9ity4 ,"o might easily multiply examples ( simil> motives 9 ! /atues ( ! gods made 9 ! f\r? c5tury2 b we %\ld f9d ! same und]ly+ pr9ciples 9 all cases4 ,! gods are inde$ m cle>ly realis$ z hav+ p]sonal "* & individuality1 & = ?is reason !y may sometimes inspire ke5] p]sonal feel+s ( wor%ip or ev5 ( romantic devotion4 ,b ! old] & high] conceptions ( ! gods1 z an ess5tial "p ( ! ,/ate religion1 & z embody+ ! ideals ( ! race or ( ! city1 are no long] to be f\nd1 except 9 a some:at lifeless cont9uance ( ! fif?-c5tury tradition4 ,! int5sity ( expression :i* we f9d 9 human h]oes is1 inde$1 express$ also 9 su* types z t ( ,apollo ! musician or ( ,dionysus ! god ( inspir$ en?usiasm4 ,b ?is t5d5cy is n fully develop$ until a lat] age4 ,! subtle di/9ctions ( "* betwe5 ! diff]5t gods are1 on ! o!r h&1 n[ mo/ ke5ly obs]v$ & mo/ skilfully r5d]$4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is1 "o does n feel t ! arti/ has ! same belief 9 ! gods & 9 _! p[] z we c see 9 ! ,phidian age4 ,if 8 arti/ic atta9m5t is possibly m skilful1 ! religi\s import ( 8 "w is c]ta9ly less4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,p]sonification1 ,,conv5tion1 ,,& ,,symbolism ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic age we f9d ! ,greek types ( ! gods adapt+ !mselves to new conditions & new mean+s4 ,) ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 ,greek language & civilisation spread ov] ! ,ea/]n _w2 & ) !m w5t ! arti/ic =ms ( ! ,greek pan!on1 ?\gh (t5 to be modifi$ by local beliefs or influ5ces4 ,simil>ly1 :5 at a lat] "t ! ,roman conque/ ( ,greece spread ,hell5ic influ5ce to ! ,we/1 !re also ! types ( ! ,greek deities came to be adopt$ or adapt$ to new my?ological mean+s4 ,greek art practically became cosmopolitan2 its influ5ce 0 broad5$2 b at ! same "t its ess5tial nature1 9 its h>mony ) ! imag9ation ( ! ,hell5ic race1 0 lo/ or obscur$4 ,x becomes m intelligible to u = ?is v reason1 b at ! same "t less in/ructive 9 its relation to religi\s conceptions4 ,9 ! art ( ! ,hell5i/ic & ,graeco-,roman age we f9d two ma9 t5d5cies1 ! "o t[>ds academic g5]alisation1 & ! o!r t[>ds excessive realism1 (t5 c\pl$ ) a !atrical or s5sational treatm5t4 ,?is latt] is ! m int]e/+ to u1 p>tly because x is 9 itself m orig9al1 p>tly because x is m 9 accordance ) mod]n arti/ic practice4 ,! two t5d5cies are by no means rigidly di/+ui%$2 = example1 we (t5 f9d a !atrical treatm5t comb9$ ) academic "w2 & ?r\gh\t are to be se5 traces ( eclecticism--t is to say1 ( ! habit ( imitat+ or reproduc+1 (t5 9 an un9tellig5t mann]1 ! devices & ev5 ! /yle ( e>li] art4 ,x does n foll[ t no great works ( art 7 made 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age2 ! f9e traditions ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies 7 n easily lo/4 ,b ! inspiration ( ! subject1 s f> z x /ill exi/s1 comes f new & diff]5t s\rces4 ,if we consid] fir/ ! /atues ( ! old] gods ( ,greece1 we (t5 f9d 9 !m ! individuali/ic t5d5cies ( ! f\r? c5tury c>ri$ to a fur!r pit*--sometimes to an extreme--9 ! s5tim5tal or passionate works ( ! ,hell5i/ic age2 !re is (t5 some?+ affect$ or dramatic ab\t !m1 z if !y 7 n m]ely realis$ z express+ _! individual "* 9 _! mood or action1 b act+ _! "p z ! repres5tative ( su* a "*2 9 fact1 !y t5d to embody imp]sonations r ?an to express p]sonalities4 ,"o might almo/ repeat "h mu* t has be5 said ab\t ! gods 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 b t !re is (t51 9 ?is case1 a t\* ( exagg]ation :i* is avoid$ by ! f9] arti/ic in/9ct & appreciation ( h>mony t m>k ! "w ( e>li] sculptors2 & jo9$ ) ?is we (t5 f9d a love ( display & a seek+ aft] effect :i* imply t ! arti/ ?9ks m ( 8 skill ?an ( ! idea he is /riv+ to express4 ,we c trace 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age n only ! traditions ( e>li] art1 b ! direct influ5ce ( ! ma/]s ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! ,praxitelean cult ( beauty = its own sake1 ! passion & dramatic =ce ( ,scopas1 & ! pref]5ce = allegorical subjects & = /atues ( colossal size :i* we may see1 z well z _m high] qualities1 9 ! art ( ,lysippus4 ,we h already notic$ h[ 9 ! ,apollo ,belv$]e !re is an impression ( !atrical pos+ :i* 0 probably ei!r introduc$ by ! copyi/ or at any rate mu* exagg]at$ by him 9 imitat+ an e>li] type2 & h[ 9 ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici we f9d a crude insi/5ce on a ge/ure ( mock mode/y :i* is a m]e trave/y ( ! h9t at half-consci\s %r9k+ f exposure :i* we see 9 ! ,cnidian ,aphrodite4 ,ev5 9 a /atue :i*1 l ! ,aphrodite ( ,melos1 %[s an endeav\r to return to ! nobl] ideals & m dignifi$ & simple =ms ( an e>li] age1 !re is some?+ artificial & conv5tional ab\t bo? figure & drap]y2 & "o feels t ! sculptor1 ?\gh bo? 8 aims & 8 atta9m5ts are ( ! highe/1 is try+ r to reflect ! be/ influ5ces ( 8 pr$ecessors ?an to embody a pres5t religi\s conception4 ,! influ5ce ^u art ( religi\s p]sonifications is p]haps /rong] ?an any o!r dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,!re _h1 inde$1 be5 su* p]sonifications at an e>li] "t1 su* z ! /atue by ,cephisodotus ( ,peace nurs+ ! infant ,weal?4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ example ( su* p]sonification may be se5 9 ! figures ( cities1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( ! ,=tunes ( cities1 su* z ! ,antio* ( ,euty*ides4 ,! influ5ce ( ! city or /ate ^u religi\s art 0 conspicu\s 9 ! fif? c5tury2 b "h we f9d ! city itself or its presid+ g5ius repres5t$ 9 a /atue :i* seems at fir/ sight a m]e allegory ( its situation4 ,! way 9 :i* ! figure is seat$1 half turn$ on h]self1 & ) h] feet re/+ ^u ! %\ld] ( ! riv] t swims bel[ h]1 seems to sugge/ an artificially inv5t$ symbolism2 yet we are expressly told t ?is /atue receiv$ great v5]ation f ! natives ( ! di/rict4 ,9 ! decay ( ! belief 9 ! gods1 !re seems to h be5 a crav+ = ne>] & m real objects ( wor%ip4 ,we c see ! same t5d5cy 9 a m extreme =m 9 ! deification ( human be+s4 ,?\gh "s examples ( ?is occur e>li]1 especially 9 ! case ( ! h]oes or f\nd]s ( cities1 ^! are n plac$ on a level ) ! gods2 b ! wor%ip ( ,alex&]1 & 9 imitation ( him1 ( 8 successors1 plac$ him 9 a di/9ctly div9e rank4 ,x is difficult to say h[ f> ?is 0 due to non-,hell5ic influ5ces4 ,9 ! case ( ,alex&]1 ) 8 m>vell\s1 almo/ sup]human a*ievem5ts1 & 8 f9al solution ( ! great drama ( ! conte/ ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 su* idealisation is easy to und]/&2 & we f9d n only t ,alex&] is himself repres5t$ z a god1 b t 8 expression & ca/ ( features come to affect ! sculpture ( 8 age1 ev5 9 ! repres5tations ( ! gods !mselves4 ,on co9s1 too1 8 head occurs2 an hon\r t be=e 8 "t 0 n giv5 to m]e mortals4 ,9 o!r cases ?is wor%ip ( m5 rea*$ a pit* :i* 0 a matt] ( %ame to ! lat] ,greeks2 ?us ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 :5 he gave ,a!ns back h] fre$om1 0 welcom$ at ! city ) div9e hon\rs4 ,ev5 hymns 7 compos$ 9 8 hon\r1 ( :i* we f9d specim5s pres]v$4#g ,aft] welcom+ 8 adv5t at ! same "t z t ( ,demet]1 ! poet addresses him ?us3--,o!r gods are ei!r f> away1 or !y h no e>s1 or !y exi/ n1 or h no c>e = u4 ,b we see !e1 a pres5t deity1 n ( wood or /one1 b real2 !re=e we pray to !e4 ,x is true t su* mat]iali/ic & a!i/ic expressions 7 probably reprobat$ by _m at ! "t1 z well z by lat] writ]s2 b ! m]e possibility ( _! public enunciation %[s h[ f> ! ,a!nians _h gone f _! old religi\s beliefs4 ,footnote #g3 ,a!n41 ,,vi1 #fc4 ,allegorical imp]sonations1 su* z t ( ,antio*1 are religi\s conceptions ( a high ord] comp>$ to ?is4 ,nev]!less1 "o feels t su* imp]sonations c h no sep>ate div9e exi/5ce ap>t f ! city or ! p :om !y repres5t4 ,!y are on a diff]5t plane ( religi\s belief f ,a!na1 = example1 z ! goddess ( ! city4 ,! goddess 01 inde$1 9 "s ways repres5tative ( :at 0 be/ 9 h] *os5 p2 b %e 0 n a m]e symbol ( its "* & its greatness4 ,%e exi/$ be=e x1 & w\ld cont9ue ?\gh x %\ld disappe> f ! e>?1 unlike ! ,=tune ( ,antio*1 ^: v exi/5ce 0 b\nd up ) t ( ! city %e repres5t$4 ,ano!r example ( p]sonification may be se5 9 ! recumb5t figures ( riv]-gods--notably t ( ! ,nile1 ) 8 sixte5 cubits1 z babies1 play+ ar\nd him4 ,riv]-gods 7 inde$ an object ( wor%ip f e>ly times 9 ,greece1 & s appe> on co9s & else:]e2 b ?is figure ( ! ,nile1 a product ( ,alex&rian art1 is n l ! e>li] gods1 :o 7 look$ ^u z ! giv]s ( increase & f]tility2 x is a m]e allegorical imp]sonation ( ! riv]1 su* z might be made by a mod]n arti/ :o made no pret5ce to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* an an?ropomorphic riv]-god4 ,x _c be c\nt$ z religi\s art at all4 ,& ! attributes & accessories ( su* a figure1 ! crocodile & hippopotamus1 ! sph9x & corn & horn ( pl5ty1 are all ( !m symbolic allusions su* z are suitable to su* a frigid p]sonification4 ,! art ( ,alex&ria is full ( su* devices2 t ( ,p]gamon is m vigor\s & dramatic2 b 9 bo? alike we f9d ! influ5ce ( a le>n$ /udy ( my?ology1 full ( qua9t & f>-fet*$ allusions & symbols4 ,! culm9ation ( ?is le>n$ my?ology is to be se5 9 ! great alt> ( ,p]gamon1 on :i* ! gods :o are 9 combat ) ! giants include n only all figures1 appropriate & inappropriate1 f ! ,hell5ic pan!on1 b _m o!r deities ^: "r ( admission to t pan!on is m ?an d\btful4 ,! figures ( ! gods no long] correspond to ! belief 9 any real div9ities1 b are ei!r m]e arti/ic types1 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 accordance ) conv5tion1 or else !y are reg>d$ z symbols repres5t+ diff]5t aspects ( div9e p[]4 ,symbolism ( ?is k9d is a common symptom ( ! decay ( religi\s fai?4 ,! m ?\ghtful or educat$ classes1 :o foll[ ! speculations ( philosoph]s z to ! nature ( ! deity1 f9d x possible to reconcile ^! speculations ) ! =ms ( popul> religion by accept+ ! =ms 9 a symbolic s5se4 ,! common p1 on ! o!r h&1 f9d+ ! old =ms inadequate to satisfy _! religi\s aspirations1 import new & /range div9ities1 ^: cult is (t5 mix$ ) magic or my/ic rites4 ,"h1 too1 ! symbols h a mean+ o!r ?an :at appe>s to ! un9itiat$ eye1 & ! prov9ce ( art1 :i* approa*es ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses1 is closely circumscrib$4 ,a /atue or o!r "w ( art :i* ne$s explanation ( its allusions1 :i* does n express an ideal t appeals directly to ! imag9ation ( ! p1 has lo/ t\* ) religion1 & _c to any appreciable ext5t influ5ce x or be influ5c$ by x4 ,! age ( idolatry 9 ! high] s5se1 ( a religi\s imag9ation t enables ! arti/ to br+ ! p ne>] to _! gods1 or ev5 ! gods ne>] to ! he>t ( ! p1 has pass$ away1 & 9 its place we f9d ei!r a sup]/iti\s cl++ to ! magic p[] ( ! e>ly objects ( wor%ip1 or a m]e acceptance1 z conv5tional symbols1 ( =ms t be> no direct relation to any?+ t is believ$ 9 z real4 ,our brief hi/orical survey has %[n u h[ ! ,greeks1 />t+ f a belief1 su* z is common to _m primitive religions1 9 ! sup]human p[]s or sanctity ( c]ta9 objects1 7 enabl$ by _! vivid an?ropomorphic imag9ation fir/ to ?9k ( ! gods z 9 l =m to !mselves1 & !n to make _! images 9 human %ape4 ,& z _! art progress$ t[>ds ! p[] ( mak+ a physical type ( p]fect beauty to s]ve z ! means ( expression ( ?is human =m div9e1 & also to skill 9 express+ "* by means ( human features & figures1 x became possible = !m to embody 9 _! great /atues ! v>i\s ideals ( div9ity :i* belong$ to _! *ief gods4 ,"h ! skill ( ! arti/ w\ld h avail$ little or no?+ if he _h n %>$ ) ! p = :om he work$ a belief 9 ! reality ( ^! ideals1 n m]ely z philosophic aspects ( ! div9e nature1 b z real be+s :o 7 able to help & to inspire1 & to manife/ !mselves to _! wor%ipp]s 9 ?is human =m4 ,! next /ep is t[>ds an ev5 m vivid realisation ( ! p]sonality ( ! gods2 b by br++ !m ne>] to human level x made ! wor%ip ( _! images less easy to accept 9 a lit]al s5se to ! m ?\ghtful1 :ile su* wor%ip t5d$1 ) ! common p1 to ent] ^u a m mat]ial & less exalt$ phase4 ,! result 0 a t5d5cy t[>ds symbolism 9 :i* ! symbol itself 0 reg>d$ z a m]e conv5tion1 & ! inspiration & actual communion ) m51 v\*saf$ by ! gods ?r\gh _! ideal images1 0 no long] s\ght aft]4 ,:5 any means ( communion betwe5 god & man1 :e!r by means ( a solemn s]vice or by means ( an image :i* ! god himself accepts z 8 e>?ly repres5tative1 ceases to be felt z any?+ m ?an a human device1 its religi\s p[] mu/ fail4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d a union ( religion & art to provide a means = ?is div9e int]c\rse1 we may recognise idolatry 9 its highe/ =m1 ! use ( images n m]ely z accessories ( religi\s s]vice1 b z provid+ 9 !mselves a *annel ( wor%ip & inspiration4 ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,plym\? ,h>p]'s ,libr>y ( ,liv+ ,?\ght ,foolscap #hvo1 gilt tops1 decorative cov]s1 ri*ly gilt backs ,p] ,volume3 ,clo? #bs4 #f;d4 net1 ,lea!r #cs4 #f;d4 net ,orig9al rese>* ( great importance4--,times ,,crete1 ,,! ,,=]unn] ,,( ,,greece ,,by ,c4 ,h4 ,hawes1 ,m4,a4 ,h>riet ,b4 ,hawes1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,map1 ,plans1 etc4 ,preface by ,ar?ur ,j4 ,evans1 ,d4,litt41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,etc4 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,hawes h a fasc9at+ /ory to tell--! /ory ( ! unfold+ ( a great civilisation :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,crete be=e ,abraham 0 born4 ,read+ ^! deeply int]e/+ pages we seem to get "r back into ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,we seem to ent] into ! feel+s ( ! inhabitants :5 ! %ips ( ! sea-rov]s hove 9 sight4 ,"h a c>p5t]'s kit lies conceal$ 9 a cranny2 !re a c>efully m5d$ anvil /&s at ! door ( ! village smi?y4 ,9 ! palace at ,knossos ! sy/em ( dra9age is sup]ior to any kn[n 9 ,europe betwe5 t day & ! la/ c5tury4 ,mo/ wond]ful ( all is ! art2 two small ivory figures ( y\?s leap+1 display a life & fre$om no?+ %ort ( m>vell\s4 ,ev5+ ,/&>d ,h>p]'s ,libr>y ( ,liv+ ,?\ght ,n[ ,ready ,alg]non ,*>les ,sw9burne ,,?ree ,,plays ,,( ,,%akespe>e ,leo ,tol/oy ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,jesus ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie ,,p]sonal ,,religion ,,9 ,,egypt ,,be=e ,,*ri/ianity ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,e!r ,,( ,,space4 ,illu/rat$ ,pr(4 ,william ,wr$e 7,univ]sity ( ,breslau7 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,beck] 7,colonial ,in/itute1 ,hamburg7 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,islam ,pr(4 ,svante ,arrh5ius 7,nobel ,in/itute1 ,/ockholm7 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 #b vols4 ,illu/rat$ ,pr(4 ,arnold ,mey] 7,univ]sity ( ,zuri*7 ,,jesus ,,or ,,paul8 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,a4 ,b]?olet 7,univ]sity ( ,basle7 ,,! ,,transmigration ,,( ,,s\ls ,pr(4 ,re9hold ,seeb]g 7,univ]sity ( ,b]l97 ,,revelation ,,& ,,inspiration ,pr(4 ,johannes ,weiss 7,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g7 ,,paul ,,& ,,jesus ,pr(4 ,rudolf ,euck5 7,univ]sity ( ,j5a7 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,idealism ,pr(4 ,p4 ,v9ograd(f 7,ox=d ,univ]sity7 ,,roman ,,law ,,9 ,,m$iaeval ,,europe ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,diamonds4 ,illu/rat$ ,c4 ,h4 ,hawes1 ,m4,a41 & ,h>riet ,boyd ,hawes1 ,m4,a4 ,,crete1 ,,! ,,=]unn] ,,( ,,greece ,sir ,william ,a4 ,tild54 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,elem5ts3 ,,speculations ,,z ,,to ,,_! ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9 ,pr(4 ,erne/ ,a4 ,g>dn] 7,univ]sity ( ,london7 ,,religion ,,& ,,art ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,greece ,o!r volumes w be duly ann\nc$ ,please write = a prospectus ,june1 #aiaj4 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs #de ,albem>le ,/reet1 ,london4 ,w4 3 3 ,frankl9 ,squ>e4 ,new ,york4