,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,,sc>let ,,sol> ,,prom95ces1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,su* ,a ,,notable ,,feature ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,ph5om5a1 ,,are ,,imm5se ,,outbur/s ,,( ,,flam+ ,,hydrog5 ,,ris+ ,,sometimes ,,to ,a ,,height ,,( #ejj1jjj ,,miles ,,! ,,outl9e ,,( ,,sci5ce ,a ,,pla9 ,,/ory ,,simply ,,told ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson ,,regius ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ab]de5 ,,) ,,ov] #hjj ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,:i* ,,ab\t #dj ,,are ,,9 ,,col\r ,,9 ,,f\r ,,volumes ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,! ,knick]bock] press ,copyright1 #aibb by ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,fir/ ,pr9t+ ,april1 #aibb ,second ,pr9t+ ,april1 #aibb ,?ird ,pr9t+ ,april1 #aibb ,f\r? ,pr9t+ ,april1 #aibb ,fif? ,pr9t+ ,june1 #aibb ,six? ,pr9t+ ,june1 #aibb ,sev5? ,pr9t+ ,june1 #aibb ,eigh? ,pr9t+ ,june1 #aibb ,n9? ,pr9t+ ,augu/1 #aibb ,t5? ,pr9t+ ,septemb]1 #aibb ,elev5? ,pr9t+ ,sept41 #aibb ,twelf? ,pr9t+1 ,may1 #aibd ,made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,introductory ,,note ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson ,0 x n ! great philosoph] & ma!matician ,leibnitz :o said t ! m k advances ! m x becomes possible to cond5se x into little books8 ,n[ ?is ,outl9e ( ,sci5ce is c]ta9ly n a little book1 & yet x illu/rates "p ( ! mean+ ( ,leibnitz's wise say+4 ,= "h )9 reasonable compass !re is a libr>y ( little books--an outl9e ( _m sci5ces4 ,x w be pr(itable to ! /ud5t 9 proportion to ! discrim9ation ) :i* x is us$4 ,= x is n 9 ! lea/ meant to be ( ! nature ( an ,encyclopdia1 giv+ cond5s$ & compreh5sive articles ) a big full /op at ! end ( ea*4 ,nor is x a collection ( prim]s1 beg9n+ at ! v beg9n+ ( ea* subject & work+ me?odically onw>ds4 ,t is n ! idea4 ,:at !n is ! aim ( ?is book8 ,x is to give ! intellig5t /ud5t-citiz51 o!rwise call$ ! man 9 ! /reet1 a bun* ( intellectual keys by :i* to op5 doors :i* h be5 hi!rto %ut to him1 p>tly because he got no glimpse ( ! treasures beh9d ! doors1 & p>tly because ! portals 7 made =bidd+ by an unnecess>y display ( te*nicalities4 ,lay+ aside conv5tional modes ( treatm5t & seek+ r to op5 up ! subject z "o might on a walk ) a fri5d1 ! "w (f]s ! /ud5t :at might be call$ in=mal introductions to ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 ! articles are meant to be clues :i* ! read] may foll[ till he has left 8 />t+ po9t v f> beh9d4 ,p]haps :5 he has gone f> on 8 own he w n be ungrateful to ! simple book ( in/ructions to travell]s :i* ?is ,outl9e ( ,sci5ce is int5d$ to be4 ,! simple bibliographies app5d$ to ! v>i\s articles w be en\gh to indicate fir/ books4 ,ea* article is meant to be an invitation to an intellectual adv5ture1 & ! %ort li/s ( books are m]ely f+]-po/s = ! beg9n+ ( ! j\rney4 ,we confess to be+ greatly enc\rag$ by ! reception t has be5 giv5 to ! ,engli% s]ial issue ( ,! ,outl9e ( ,sci5ce4 ,x has be5 v he>ty--we might almo/ say en?usia/ic4 ,= we agree ) ,pr(essor ,john ,dewey1 t ! future ( our civilisation dep5ds ^u ! wid5+ spread & deep5+ hold ( ! sci5tific habit ( m9d4 ,& we hope t ?is is :at ,! ,outl9e ( ,sci5ce makes =4 ,in=mation is all to ! good2 int]e/+ in=mation is bett] /ill2 b be/ ( all is ! education ( ! sci5tific habit ( m9d4 ,ano!r mod]n philosoph]1 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se1 has decl>$ t ! evolutioni/'s mundane goal is ! ma/]y by ! human m9d ( ! conditions1 int]nal z well z ext]nal1 ( its life & gr[?4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is conviction ,! ,outl9e ( ,sci5ce has be5 writt54 ,= life is n = sci5ce1 b sci5ce = life4 ,& ev5 m ?an sci5ce1 to our way ( ?9k+1 is ! individual developm5t ( ! sci5tific way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,sci5ce is our legacy2 we mu/ use x if x is to be our v own4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction #c ,i4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s #g ,! scale ( ! univ]se--,! sol> sy/em--,regions ( ! sun--,! surface ( ! sun--,measur+ ! spe$ ( light--,is ! sun dy+8--,! planets--,v5us--,is !re life on ,m>s8--,jupit] & ,saturn--,! moon--,! m\nta9s ( ! moon--,meteors & comets--,millions ( meteorites--,a great comet--,! /ell> univ]se--,! evolution ( />s--,! age ( />s--,! nebul> !ory--,spiral nebul--,! bir? & dea? ( />s--,! %ape ( our univ]se--,a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,evolution #ec ,! beg9n+ ( ! e>?--,mak+ a home = life--,! fir/ liv+ creatures--,! fir/ plants--,! fir/ animals--,beg9n+s ( bodies--,evolution ( sex--,beg9n+ ( natural dea?--,procession ( life ?r\gh ! ages--,evolution ( l& animals--,! fly+ dragons--,! fir/ kn[n bird--,evid5ces ( evolution--,factors 9 evolution4 ,,iii4 ,,adaptations ,,to ,,environm5t #aac ,! %ore ( ! sea--,! op5 sea--,! deep sea--,! fre% wat]s--,! dry l&--,! air4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,exi/5ce #ace ,animal & bird mimicry & disguise--,o!r k9ds ( elusiv5ess4 ,v4 ,,! ,,asc5t ,,( ,,man #aec ,anatomical pro( ( man's relation%ip ) a ,simian /ock--,physiological pro(--,embryological pro(--,man's p$igree--,man's arboreal appr5tice%ip--,t5tative m5--,primitive m5--,races ( mank9d--,/eps 9 human evolution--,factors 9 human progress4 ,,vi4 ,,evolution ,,go+ ,,on #ahc ,evolution>y prospect = man--,! f\nta9 ( *ange2 v>iability--,evolution ( plants--,romance ( :eat--,*anges 9 animal life--,/ory ( ! salmon--,=m+ new habits--,exp]im5ts 9 locomotion2 new devices4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,m9d #bje ,a caution 9 reg>d to in/9ct--,a useful law--,s5ses ( fi%es--,! m9d ( a m9n[--,! m9d & s5ses ( amphibians--,! reptilian m9d--,m9d 9 birds--,intellig5ce co-op]at+ ) in/9ct--,! m9d ( ! mammal--,in/9ctive aptitudes--,p[] ( association--,:y is !re n m intellig5ce8--,! m9d ( monkeys--,activity = activity's sake--,imitation--,! m9d ( man--,body & m9d4 ,,viii4 ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se #bdc ,! _w ( atoms--,! en]gy ( atoms--,! discov]y ( ,x-rays--,! discov]y ( radium--,! discov]y ( ! electron--,! electron !ory--,! /ructure ( ! atom--,! new view ( matt]--,o!r new views--,! nature ( electricity--,electric curr5t--,! dynamo--,magnetism--,e!r & waves--,light--,:at ! blue sky means--,light )\t heat--,=ms ( en]gy--,:at heat is--,sub/itutes = coal--,dissipation ( en]gy--,:at a uni=m temp]ature w\ld mean--,matt]1 e!r1 & ,e9/e9--,! tides--,orig9 ( ! moon--,! e>? sl[+ d[n--,! day becom+ long]4 ,,illu/rations ,,fac+ ,,page ,,! ,,great ,,sc>let ,,sol> ,,prom95ces1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,su* ,a ,,notable ,,feature ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,ph5om5a1 ,,are ,,imm5se ,,outbur/s ,,( ,,flam+ ,,hydrog5 ,,ris+ ,,sometimes ,,to ,a ,,height ,,( #ejj1jjj ,,miles ,col\r$ ,frontispiece ,,laplace #aj ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,,adams #aj ,photo3 ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,,pr(essor ,,edd+ton ,,( ,,cambridge ,,univ]sity #aj ,photo3 ,elliot ,fry1 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,planets1 ,,%[+ ,,_! ,,relative ,,di/ances ,,& ,,dim5sions #aa ,,! ,,milky ,,way #ad ,photo3 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,,! ,,moon ,,ent]+ ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,ca/ ,,by ,,! ,,e>? #ad ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,&rom$a1 ,,messi] #ca #ae ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ma9 ,,lay]s ,,( ,,! ,,sun #ah ,,sol> ,,prom95ces ,,se5 ,,at ,,total ,,sol> ,,eclipse1 ,,may #bi1 #aiai4 ,,tak5 ,,at ,,sobral1 ,,brazil #ah ,photo3 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,,! ,,visible ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,sun #ai ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,! ,,sun ,,photograph$ ,,9 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,gl[+ ,,hydrog5 #ai ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #bj ,reproduc$ f ,! ,=ces ( ,nature 7,messrs4 ,macmillan7 ,,! ,,great ,,sun-,,spot ,,( ,,july #ag1 #aije #bb ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,sol> ,,prom95ces #bb ,f photographs tak5 at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,m>s1 ,,octob] #e1 #aiji #bc ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,jupit] #bc ,,saturn1 ,,novemb] #ai1 #aiaa #bc ,photo3 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d1 ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,! ,,spectroscope1 ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,analys+ ,,light2 ,,x ,,provides ,,means ,,= ,,id5tify+ ,,sub/ances 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #bd ,,! ,,moon #bh ,,m>s #bi ,draw+s by ,pr(essor ,p]cival ,l[ell4 ,,! ,,moon1 ,,at ,,n9e ,,& ,,?ree ,,qu>t] ,,days #bi ,a ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,pla9s ,,& ,,crat]s ,,( ,,! ,,moon #cb ,a ,,diagram ,,( ,a ,,/ream ,,( ,,meteors ,,%[+ ,,! ,,e>? ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,!m #cb ,,comet1 ,,septemb] #bi1 #aijh #cc ,photo3 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,,comet1 ,,octob] #c1 #aijh #cc ,photo3 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,,typical ,,spectra #cf ,photo3 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,a ,,nebul> ,,region ,,s\? ,,( ,,zeta ,,orionis #cg ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,/> ,,clu/] ,,9 ,,h]cules #cg ,photo3 ,a/rophysical ,obs]vatory1 ,victoria1 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion #dj ,photo3 ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,giant ,,spiral ,,nebula1 ,,m>* #bc1 #aiad #da ,photo3 ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,a ,,spiral ,,nebula ,,se5 ,,edge-,,on #dd ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 #ajj-;,,in* ,,telescope1 ,,m\nt ,,wilson #de ,photo3 ,h4 ,j4 ,%ep/one4 ,,! ,,y]kes #dj-;,,in* ,,refractor #dh ,,! ,,d\ble-,,slide ,,plate-,,hold] ,,on ,,y]kes #dj-;,,in* ,,refract+ ,,telescope #di ,photo3 ,h4 ,j4 ,%ep/one4 ,,mod]n ,,direct-,,read+ ,,spectroscope #di ,by ,a4 ,hilg]1 ,ltd4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9 #ef ,photo3 ,ris*gitz ,collection4 ,,"l ,,kelv9 #ef ,photo3 ,ris*gitz ,collection4 ,a ,,giant ,,spiral ,,nebula #eg ,photo3 ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,,meteorite ,,:i* ,,fell ,,ne> ,,sc>bor\gh ,,& ,,is ,,n[ ,,to ,,be ,,se5 ,,9 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,museum #eg ,photo3 ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,a ,,lime/one ,,canyon #fj ,reproduc$ f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiae4 ,,geological ,,tree ,,( ,,animals #fa ,,diagram ,,( ,,amoeba #fa ,a ,,piece ,,( ,a ,,reef-,,build+ ,,coral1 ,,built ,,up ,,by ,a ,,l>ge ,,colony ,,( ,,small ,,sea-,,anemone-,,l ,,polyps1 ,,ea* ,,( ,,:i* ,,=ms ,,f ,,! ,,salts ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,a ,,skeleton ,,or ,,%ell ,,( ,,lime #fd ,f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiag4 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,*alk-,,=m+ ,,animals1 ,,or ,,=am9if]a1 ,,ea* ,,ab\t ,,! ,,size ,,( ,a ,,v ,,small ,,p9',s ,,head #fe ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,a ,,common ,,=am9if] 7,,poly/omella7 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,%ell ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tre ,,& ,,! ,,outfl[+ ,,network ,,( ,,liv+ ,,matt]1 ,,along ,,:i* ,,granules ,,are ,,cont9ually ,,travell+1 ,,& ,,by ,,:i* ,,food ,,p>ticles ,,are ,,entangl$ ,,& ,,drawn ,,9 #fe ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 7aft] ,max ,s*ultze74 ,a ,,plant-,,l ,,animal1 ,,or ,,zoophyte1 ,,call$ ,,obelia #fh ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,trypanosoma ,,gambi5se #fi ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,! ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 ,,volvox #fi ,,prot]ospongia #fi ,,gre5 ,,hydra #gb ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,individual ,,life #gb ,,e>?worm #gb ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,glass ,,model ,,( ,a ,,sea-,,anemone #gb ,reproduc$ f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiag4 ,,?is ,,draw+ ,,%[s ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,f ,,fi% ,,to ,,man #gc ,,okapi ,,& ,,giraffe 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #gd ,,diagram ,,( ,a ,,simple ,,reflex ,,arc ,,9 ,a ,,backboneless ,,animal ,,l ,,an ,,e>?worm #gf ,,! ,,yucca ,,mo? #gf ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,incl9$ ,,plane ,,( ,,animal ,,behavi\r #gf ,,v5us' ,,fly-,,trap #gg ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,a ,,spid] ,,sunn+ ,,h] ,,eggs #gg ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,! ,wond]s ( ,in/9ct by ,j4 ,h4 ,fabre4 ,,! ,,hoatz9 ,,inhabits ,,briti% ,,guiana #hb ,,p]ipatus #hc ,photograph1 f ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory71 ( a draw+ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,wilson4 ,,rock ,,kang>oo ,,c>ry+ ,,its ,,"y ,,9 ,a ,,p\* #hc ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley 7#ahbe-ie7 #hf ,photo3 ,ris*gitz4 ,,b>on ,,cuvi]1 #agfi-ahcb #hf ,,an ,,illu/ration ,,%[+ ,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,fly+ ,,& ,,swoop+ #hg ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,cambrian ,,p]iod #ij ,f ,knipe's ,nebula to ,man4 ,a ,,trilobite #ij ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,! ,,gambian ,,mud-,,fi%1 ,,protopt]us #ia ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,! ,,ar*,,opt]yx #ia ,aft] ,william ,le*e ( ,/ockholm4 ,,w+ ,,( ,a ,,bird1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fea!rs #ia ,,pictorial ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,/rata ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/1 ,,) ,,sugge/ions ,,( ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #ib ,,fossil ,,( ,a ,,pt]odactyl ,,or ,,ext9ct ,,fly+ ,,dragon #id ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,p>iasaurus3 ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,veget>ian ,,triassic ,,reptile #id ,f ,knipe's ,nebula to ,man4 ,,tric]atops3 ,a ,,huge ,,ext9ct ,,reptile #ie ,f ,knipe's ,nebula to ,man4 ,,! ,,duckmole ,,or ,,duck-,,bill$ ,,platypus ,,( ,,au/ralia #ie ,photo3 ,daily ,mail4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,flightless ,,too!d ,,bird1 ,,hesp]ornis #ajj ,aft] ,m>%4 ,,six ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,horse1 ,,%[+ ,,gradual ,,increase ,,9 ,,size #aja ,aft] ,lull & ,mat!w4 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,sev5 ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,=e-,,limbs ,,& ,,h9d-,,limbs ,,( ,,! ,,ance/ors ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,horse1 ,,beg9n+ ,,) ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,kn[n ,,pr$ecessors ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,culm9at+ ,,) ,,! ,,horse ,,( ,,to-,,day #ajd ,aft] ,m>% & ,lull4 ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,homology8 ,,ess5tial ,,simil>ity ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ,,?\gh ,,! ,,appe>ances ,,may ,,be ,,v ,,diff]5t #aje ,,an ,,eight-,,arm$ ,,cuttlefi% ,,or ,,octopus ,,attack+ ,a ,,small ,,crab #aaf ,a ,,common ,,/>fi%1 ,,:i* ,,has ,,lo/ ,,?ree ,,arms ,,& ,,is ,,regr[+ ,,!m #aaf ,aft] ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,mc,intosh4 ,,! ,,pap] ,,nautilus 7,,argonauta71 ,,an ,,animal ,,( ,,! ,,op5 ,,sea #aag ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,a ,,photograph ,,%[+ ,a ,,/>fi% 7,a/]ias ,=r]i7 ,,:i* ,,has ,,captur$ ,a ,,l>ge ,,fi% #aag ,,t5-,,arm$ ,,cuttlefi% ,,or ,,squid ,,9 ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,captur+ ,a ,,fi% #aah ,,gre5l& ,,:ale #aah ,,m9ute ,,transp>5t ,,e>ly ,,/age ,,( ,a ,,sea-,,cucumb] #aai ,,an ,,intricate ,,colony ,,( ,,op5-,,sea ,,animals 7,physophora ,hydro/atica7 ,,relat$ ,,to ,,! ,,portuguese ,,man-,,(-,,w> #aai ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,a ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,dep?s #aai ,,sea-,,horse ,,9 ,,s>gasso ,,we$ #abj ,,l>ge ,,m>9e ,,lampreys 7,petromyzon ,m>9us7 #abj ,,! ,,deep-,,sea ,,fi% ,*iasmodon ,nig] #abj ,,deep-,,sea ,,fi%es #abj ,,fl9ty ,,skeleton ,,( ,,v5us' ,,fl[] ,,basket 7,euplectella71 ,a ,,japanese ,,deep-,,sea ,,sponge #aba ,,egg ,,depository ,,( ,semotilus ,atromaculatus #aba ,,! ,,bitt]l+ 7,rhodeus ,am>us7 #abd ,,woolly ,,opossum ,,c>ry+ ,,h] ,,family #abd ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,sur9am ,,toad 7,pipa ,am]icana7 ,,) ,,"y ,,ones ,,hat*+ ,,out ,,( ,,little ,,pockets ,,on ,,h] ,,back #abe ,,/orm ,,petrel ,,or ,,"m ,,c>ey',s ,,*ick5 7,procell>ia ,pelagica7 #abe ,,albatross3 ,a ,,*>act]i/ic ,,pelagic ,,bird ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,sea #abh ,,! ,,pray+ ,,mantis 7,mantis ,religiosa7 #ach ,,protective ,,coloration3 ,a ,,w9t] ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,nor? ,,sc&9avia #ach ,,! ,,v>iable ,,monitor 7,v>anus7 #aci ,photo3 ,a4 ,a4 ,:ite4 ,,b&$ ,,krait3 ,a ,,v ,,poison\s ,,snake ,,) ,,alt]nat+ ,,yell[ ,,& ,,d>k ,,b&s #adj ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,! ,,w>ty ,,*ameleon #adj ,photos3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,seasonal ,,col\r-,,*ange3 ,,summ] ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,nor? ,,sc&9avia #ada ,,protective ,,resemblance #adb ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,:5 ,,only ,a ,,few ,,days ,,old1 ,,"y ,,bitt]n ,,beg9 ,,to ,,/rike ,,! ,,same ,,attitude ,,z ,,_! ,,p>5ts1 ,,?ru/+ ,,_! ,,bills ,,upw>ds ,,& ,,draw+ ,,_! ,,bodies ,,up ,,s ,,t ,,!y ,,resemble ,a ,,bun* ,,( ,,re$s #adc ,,protective ,,coloration ,,or ,,cam\flag+1 ,,giv+ ,,animals ,a ,,g>m5t ,,( ,,invisibility 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #add ,,ano!r ,,example ,,( ,,protective ,,coloration 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #add ,,dead-,,leaf ,,butt]fly 7,kallima ,ina*is7 ,,f ,,india #adf ,,protective ,,resemblance ,,betwe5 ,a ,,small ,,spid] 7to ! left7 ,,& ,,an ,,ant 7to ! "r7 #adf ,,! ,,wasp ,,beetle1 ,,:i*1 ,,:5 ,,mov+ ,,among/ ,,! ,,bran*es1 ,,gives ,a ,,wasp-,,l ,,impression #adg ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,h]mit-,,crab ,,) ,,p>tn] ,,sea-,,anemones #adg ,,cuckoo-,,spit #adg ,photo3 ,g4 ,p4 ,duffus4 ,,*impanzee1 ,,sitt+ #aef ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,*impanzee1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,walk+ ,,p[]s #aef ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,surface ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,bra9s ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,*impanzee #aeg ,,side-,,view ,,( ,,*impanzee',s ,,head #aeg ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,pr(ile ,,view ,,( ,,head ,,( ,,pi!can?ropus1 ,,! ,,java ,,ape-,,man1 ,,recon/ruct$ ,,f ,,! ,,skull-,,cap #aeg ,aft] a model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,! ,,flipp] ,,( ,a ,,:ale ,,& ,,! ,,h& ,,( ,a ,,man #aeg ,,! ,,gorilla1 ,,inhabit+ ,,! ,,=e/ ,,tract ,,( ,,! ,,gaboon ,,9 ,,africa 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #aeh ,,d>w9',s ,,po9t ,,on ,,human ,,e> #afj ,,pr(essor ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,kei?1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 #afa ,photo3 ,j4 ,russell ,sons4 ,,skeletons ,,( ,,! ,,gibbon1 ,,orang1 ,,*impanzee1 ,,gorilla1 ,,man #afa ,aft] ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley 7by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan74 ,,side-,,view ,,( ,,skull ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,gorilla #afd ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,bra9-,,case ,,( ,,pi!can?ropus1 ,,! ,,java ,,ape-,,man1 ,,z ,,re/or$ ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,mcgregor ,,f ,,! ,,scanty ,,rema9s #afd ,,sugge/$ ,,g5ealogical ,,tree ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,an?ropoid ,,apes #afe ,,! ,,gibbon ,,is ,,l[] ,,?an ,,! ,,o!r ,,apes ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,its ,,skull ,,& ,,d5tition1 ,,b ,,x ,,is ,,highly ,,specializ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,adaptation ,,( ,,its ,,limbs ,,to ,,arboreal ,,life #aff ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,! ,,orang ,,has ,a ,,high ,,r\nd$ ,,skull ,,& ,a ,,long ,,face #aff ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,comp>isons ,,( ,,! ,,skeletons ,,( ,,horse ,,& ,,man #afg ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,a ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,java ,,man 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #afh ,,pr(ile ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,pi!can?ropus1 ,,! ,,java ,,ape-,,man--,,an ,,e>ly ,,(f%oot ,,f ,,! ,,ma9 ,,l9e ,,( ,,man',s ,,asc5t #agj ,aft] a model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,piltd[n ,,skull #agj ,f ! recon/ruction by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,s&-,,pit ,,at ,,mau]1 ,,ne> ,,heidelb]g3 ,,discov]y ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,jaw ,,( ,,heidelb]g ,,man #aga ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,osborn's ,m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,,pa9t+s ,,on ,,! ,,ro( ,,( ,,! ,,altamira ,,cave ,,9 ,,nor!rn ,,spa91 ,,%[+ ,a ,,bison ,,& ,a ,,gallop+ ,,bo> 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #agb ,,piltd[n ,,man1 ,,prec$+ ,,ne&]?al ,,man1 ,,p]haps #ajj1jjj ,,to #aej1jjj ,,ye>s ,,ago #agd ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,man ,,( ,,la ,,*apelle-,,aux-,,sa9ts #age ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,re/oration ,,by ,a4 ,,=e/i] ,,( ,,! ,,rhodesian ,,man ,,^: ,,skull ,,0 ,,discov]$ ,,9 #aiba #agf-agg ,,side ,,view ,,( ,a ,,prehi/oric ,,human ,,skull ,,discov]$ ,,9 #aiba ,,9 ,,brok5 ,,hill ,,cave1 ,,nor!rn ,,rhodesia #agh ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,a ,,cromagnon ,,man ,,or ,,cromagn>d1 ,,repres5tative ,,( ,a ,,/rong ,,arti/ic ,,race ,,liv+ ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,( ,,france ,,9 ,,! ,,upp] ,,plei/oc5e1 ,,p]haps #be1jjj ,,ye>s ,,ago #agh ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,photograph ,,%[+ ,a ,,n>r[ ,,passage ,,9 ,,! ,,cav]n ,,( ,,font-,,de-,,gaume ,,on ,,! ,,beune #agi ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,osborn's ,m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,a ,,mammo? ,,drawn ,,on ,,! ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,font-,,de-,,gaume ,,cav]n #agi ,a ,,graz+ ,,bison1 ,,delicately ,,& ,,c>efully ,,drawn1 ,,engrav$ ,,on ,a ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,altamira ,,cave1 ,,nor!rn ,,spa9 #agi ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,m$ian ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,pe>ly ,,nautilus #ahf ,,photograph ,,( ,,! ,,entire ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,pe>ly ,,nautilus #ahf ,,nautilus #ahf ,,%oebill #ahg ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,! ,,walk+-,,fi% ,,or ,,mud-,,skipp] 7,p]ioph?almus71 ,,common ,,at ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,riv]s ,,9 ,,tropical ,,africa1 ,,asia1 ,,& ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,au/ralia #aij ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,m-,,pork ,,or ,,pod>gus #aij ,photo3 ,! ,times4 ,,pelican',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,cat*+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,,fi%es #aia ,,spoonbill',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,sift+ ,,! ,,mud ,,& ,,cat*+ ,,! ,,small ,,animals1 ,e4,g4 ,,fi%es1 ,,cru/aceans1 ,,insect ,,l>v1 ,,:i* ,,live ,,!re #aia ,,avocet',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,a ,,curi\s ,,sideways ,,scoop+ ,,9 ,,! ,,%ore-,,pools ,,& ,,cat*+ ,,small ,,animals #aia ,,hornbill',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,excavat+ ,a ,,ne/ ,,9 ,a ,,tree1 ,,& ,,also ,,= ,,seiz+ ,,& ,,break+ ,,div]se ,,=ms ,,( ,,food1 ,,f ,,mammals ,,to ,,tortoises1 ,,f ,,roots ,,to ,,fruits #aia ,,falcon',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,seiz+1 ,,kill+1 ,,& ,,te>+ ,,small ,,mammals ,,& ,,birds #aia ,,puff9',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,cat*+ ,,small ,,fi%es ,,ne> ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,sea1 ,,& ,,= ,,hold+ ,,!m ,,:5 ,,caught ,,& ,,c>ry+ ,,!m ,,to ,,! ,,ne/ #aia ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,frog #aib ,,h9d-,,leg ,,( ,,:irligig ,,beetle ,,:i* ,,has ,,become ,,beautifully ,,modifi$ ,,= ,,aquatic ,,locomotion #aib ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,! ,,big ,,robb]-,,crab 7,birgus ,latro71 ,,t ,,climbs ,,! ,,coconut ,,palm ,,& ,,breaks ,,(f ,,! ,,nuts #aic ,,e>ly ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,salmon #aif ,,! ,,salmon ,,leap+ ,,at ,,! ,,fall ,,is ,a ,,mo/ ,,fasc9at+ ,,spectacle #aig ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,eel 7,anguilla ,vulg>is7 #bjj ,,cass[>y #bja ,photo3 ,gambi] ,bolton4 ,,! ,,kiwi1 ,,ano!r ,,flightless ,,bird1 ,,( ,,rem>kable ,,appe>ance1 ,,habits1 ,,& ,,/ructure #bja ,photo3 ,gambi] ,bolton4 ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,frill$ ,,liz>d1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,at ,,pres5t ,,try+ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,bip$ #bjb ,a ,,c>pet ,,( ,,gossam] #bjb ,,! ,,wat] ,,spid] #bjc ,,jackdaw ,,balanc+ ,,on ,a ,,gatepo/ #bjh ,photo3 ,o4 ,j4 ,wilk9son4 ,,two ,,opossums ,,feign+ ,,dea? #bjh ,f ,+]soll's ,! ,wit ( ! ,wild4 ,,male ,,( ,,?ree-,,sp9$ ,,/ickleback1 ,,mak+ ,a ,,ne/ ,,( ,,wat]-,,we$1 ,,glu$ ,,toge!r ,,by ,,viscid ,,?reads ,,secret$ ,,f ,,! ,,kidneys ,,at ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,season #bji ,a ,,female ,,/ickleback ,,ent]s ,,! ,,ne/ ,,:i* ,,! ,,male ,,has ,,made1 ,,lays ,,! ,,eggs ,,inside1 ,,& ,,!n ,,dep>ts #bji ,,hom+ ,,pigeon #bab ,photo3 ,imp]ial ,w> ,museum4 ,,c>ri] ,,pigeon #bab ,photo3 ,imp]ial ,w> ,museum4 ,,yell[-,,cr[n$ ,,p5gu9 #bac ,photo3 ,james's ,press ,ag5cy4 ,,p5gu9s ,,are ,a ,,peculi> ,,p #bac ,photo3 ,cagcombe ,co4 ,,h>py-,,eagle #baf ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,! ,,d+o ,,or ,,wild ,,dog ,,( ,,au/ralia1 ,,p]haps ,,an ,,indig5\s ,,wild ,,species1 ,,p]haps ,a ,,dome/icat$ ,,dog ,,t ,,has ,,gone ,,wild ,,or ,,f]al #baf ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,woodpeck] ,,hamm]+ ,,at ,a ,,cotton-,,reel1 ,,atta*$ ,,to ,a ,,tree #bag ,,! ,,beav] #bbj ,,! ,,?ru% ,,at ,,its ,,anvil #bba ,photo3 ,f4 ,r4 ,h9k9s ,son4 ,,alsatian ,,wolf-,,dog #bbf ,photo3 ,lafayette4 ,,! ,,pol> ,,be> ,,( ,,! ,,f> ,,nor? #bbg ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,an ,,alligator ,,yawn+ ,,9 ,,expectation ,,( ,,food #bbg ,f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiad4 ,,baby ,,orang #bcb ,photo3 ,w4 ,p4 ,d&o4 ,,orang-,,utan #bcb ,photo3 ,gambi] ,bolton4 ,,*impanzee #bcc ,photo3 ,james's ,press ,ag5cy4 ,,baby ,,orang-,,utan #bcc ,photo3 ,james's ,press ,ag5cy4 ,,orang-,,utan #bcc ,photo3 ,james's ,press ,ag5cy4 ,,baby ,,*impanzees #bcc ,photo3 ,james's ,press ,ag5cy4 ,,*impanzee #bch ,photo3 ,w4 ,p4 ,d&o4 ,,"y ,,*eetahs1 ,,or ,,hunt+ ,,leop>ds #bch ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,common ,,ott] #bci ,photo3 ,c4 ,reid4 ,,sir ,,erne/ ,,ru!r=d #bdf ,photo3 ,elliott ,fry4 ,j4 ,,cl]k-,,maxwell #bdf ,photo3 ,ris*gitz ,collection4 ,,sir ,,william ,,crookes #bdg ,photo3 ,erne/ ,h4 ,mills4 ,,pr(essor ,,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,,bragg #bdg ,photo3 ,photo ,press4 ,,comp>ative ,,sizes ,,( ,,molecules #bej ,,inconceivable ,,numb]s ,,& ,,inconceivably ,,small ,,p>ticles #bej ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,million8 #bej ,,! ,,br[nian ,,movem5t #bea ,a ,,soap ,,bubble 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #beb ,reproduc$ f ,! ,=ces ( ,nature 7,messrs4 ,macmillan74 ,,detect+ ,a ,,small ,,quantity ,,( ,,matt] #bed ,f ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,,?is ,x-,,ray ,,photograph ,,is ,,t ,,( ,a ,,h& ,,( ,a ,,soldi] ,,w\nd$ ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> #bed ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,x-,rays ,ltd4 ,,an ,x-,,ray ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,golf ,,ball1 ,,reveal+ ,,an ,,imp]fect ,,core #bed ,photo3 ,national ,physical ,laboratory4 ,a ,,wond]ful ,x-,,ray ,,photograph #bee ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,x-,rays ,ltd4 ,,electric ,,dis*>ge ,,9 ,a ,,vacuum ,,tube #beh ,,! ,,relative ,,sizes ,,( ,,atoms ,,& ,,electrons #beh ,,electrons ,,/ream+ ,,f ,,! ,,sun ,,to ,,! ,,e>? #bei ,,pr(essor ,,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,,?omson #bfb ,,electrons ,,produc$ ,,by ,,passage ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,?r\gh ,,air #bfb ,f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiae4 ,,magnetic ,,deflection ,,( ,,radium ,,rays #bfc ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,a4 ,,millikan',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,c\nt+ ,,electrons #bfc ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,invisible ,,visible #bff ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,electrons #bfg ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,atoms ,,9 ,a ,,diamond #bfg ,,dis9tegration ,,( ,,atoms #bgj ,,silk ,,tassel ,,electrifi$ #bgj ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium 7,john ,murray74 ,,silk ,,tassel ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,,! ,,rays ,,f ,,radium #bgj ,a ,,huge ,,electric ,,sp>k #bga ,,electrical ,,attraction ,,betwe5 ,,common ,,objects #bga ,f ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,,an ,,electric ,,sp>k #bgd ,photo3 ,leadbeat]4 ,,an ,,e!r ,,di/urbance ,,ar\nd ,,an ,,electron ,,curr5t #bge ,f ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,,lightn+ #bgh ,photo3 ,h4 ,j4 ,%ep/one4 ,,light ,,waves #bgi ,,! ,,magnetic ,,circuit ,,( ,,an ,,electric ,,curr5t #bgi ,,! ,,magnet #bgi ,,rotat+ ,,disc ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,,= ,,mix+ ,,col\rs 7,col\r$ ,illu/ration7 #bhj ,,wave ,,%apes #bhb ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,a ,,magnet #bhb ,,! ,,spe$ ,,( ,,light #bhc ,photo3 ,! ,locomotive ,publi%+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,rotat+ ,,disc ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,,= ,,mix+ ,,col\rs #bhc ,,niag>a ,,falls #bhf ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,en]gy #bhg ,photo3 ,/eph5 ,cribb4 ,,boil+ ,a ,,kettle ,,on ,,ice #bhg ,photo3 ,und]wood ,und]wood4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,tides #bij ,,! ,,aegir ,,on ,,! ,,tr5t #bij ,photo3 ,g4 ,brocklehur/4 ,a ,,big ,,spr+ ,,tide1 ,,! ,,aegir ,,on ,,! ,,tr5t #bia ,photo3 ,g4 ,brocklehur/4 ,! ,outl9e ( ,sci5ce ,,introduction ,!re is abundant evid5ce ( a wid5$ & deep5$ int]e/ 9 mod]n sci5ce4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise :5 we ?9k ( ! magnitude & ! ev5tfulness ( rec5t advances8 ,b ! int]e/ ( ! g5]al public w\ld be ev5 great] ?an x is if ! mak]s ( new k 7 m will+ to exp\nd _! discov]ies 9 ways t c\ld be und]/&$ ( ! p4 ,no "o objects v mu* to te*nicalities 9 a game or on bo>d a ya*t1 & !y are cle>ly necess>y = t]se & precise sci5tific description4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !y c be r$uc$ to a m9imum )\t sacrific+ accuracy1 :5 ! object 9 view is to expla9 ! gi/ ( ! matt]4 ,s ?is ,,outl9e ,,( ,,sci5ce is meant = ! g5]al read]1 :o lacks bo? "t & opportunity = special /udy1 & yet w\ld take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! progress ( sci5ce :i* is mak+ ! _w always new4 ,! /ory ( ! triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce is "o ( :i* ,man may well be pr\d4 ,sci5ce reads ! secret ( ! di/ant /> & anatomises ! atom2 =etells ! date ( ! comet's return & pr$icts ! k9ds ( *ick5s t w hat* f a doz5 eggs2 discov]s ! laws ( ! w9d t bl[e? :]e x li/e? & r$uces to ord] ! disord] ( disease4 ,sci5ce is always sett+ =? on ,columbus voyages1 discov]+ new worlds & conqu]+ !m by und]/&+4 ,= ,k means ,=esight & ,=esight means ,p[]4 ,! idea ( ,evolution has influ5c$ all ! sci5ces1 =c+ u to ?9k ( ev]y?+ z ) a hi/ory beh9d x1 = we h travell$ f> s9ce ,d>w9's day4 ,! sol> sy/em1 ! e>?1 ! m\nta9 ranges1 & ! great deeps1 ! rocks & cry/als1 ! plants & animals1 man himself & 8 social in/itutions--all mu/ be se5 z ! outcome ( a long process ( ,becom+4 ,!re are "s eighty-odd *emical elem5ts on ! e>? to-day1 & x is n[ mu* m ?an a sugge/ion t ^! are ! outcome ( an inorganic evolution1 elem5t giv+ rise to elem5t1 go+ back & back to "s primeval /uff1 f :i* !y 7 all orig9ally d]iv$1 inf9itely long ago4 ,no idea has be5 s p[]ful a tool 9 ! fa%ion+ ( ,new ,k z ?is simple b pr(\nd idea ( ,evolution1 t ! pres5t is ! *ild ( ! pa/ & ! p>5t ( ! future4 ,& ) ! picture ( a cont9uity ( evolution f nebula to social sy/ems comes a promise ( an increas+ control--a promise t ,man w become n only a m accurate /ud5t1 b a m complete ma/] ( 8 _w4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( mod]n sci5ce t ! :ole _w is se5 to be m vital ?an be=e4 ,ev]y:]e !re has be5 a passage f ! /atic to ! dynamic4 ,?us ! new revelations ( ! con/itution ( matt]1 :i* we owe to ! discov]ies ( m5 l ,pr(essor ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,pr(essor ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 & ,pr(essor ,fr$]ick ,soddy1 h %[n ! v du/ to h a complexity & an activity h]et(ore unimag9$4 ,su* phrases z dead matt] & in]t matt] h gone by ! bo>d4 ,! new !ory ( ! atom am\nts almo/ to a new conception ( ! univ]se4 ,x bids fair to reveal to u _m ( nature's hidd5 secrets4 ,! atom is no long] ! indivisible p>ticle ( matt] x 0 once und]/ood to be4 ,we "k n[ t !re is an atom )9 ! atom--t :at we ?\ght 0 elem5t>y c be dissociat$ & brok5 up4 ,! pres5t-day !ories ( ! atom & ! con/itution ( matt] are ! outcome ( ! comp>atively rec5t discov]y ( su* ?+s z radium1 ! ,x-rays1 & ! wond]ful revelations ( su* in/rum5ts z ! spectroscope & o!r highly p]fect$ sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,! adv5t ( ! electron !ory has ?r[n a flood ( light on :at be=e 0 hidd5 or only dimly guess$ at4 ,x has giv5 u a new conception ( ! framework ( ! univ]se4 ,we are beg9n+ to "k & realise ( :at matt] is made & :at electric ph5om5a mean4 ,we c glimpse ! va/ /ores ( en]gy lock$ up 9 matt]4 ,! new k has mu* to tell u ab\t ! orig9 & ph5om5a1 n only ( our own planet1 b o!r planets1 ( ! />s1 & ! sun4 ,new light is ?r[n on ! s\rce ( ! sun's heat2 we c make m ?an guesses z to its probable age4 ,! great "q to-day is3 is !re "o primordial sub/ance f :i* all ! v>y+ =ms ( matt] h be5 evolv$8 ,b ! discov]y ( electrons is only "o ( ! revolution>y *anges :i* give mod]n sci5ce an entranc+ int]e/4 ,z 9 *emi/ry & physics1 s 9 ! sci5ce ( liv+ creatures !re h be5 rec5t advances t h *ang$ ! :ole prospect4 ,a good in/ance is af=d$ by ! discov]y ( ! hormones1 or *emical mess5g]s1 :i* are produc$ by ductless gl&s1 su* z ! ?yroid1 ! supra-r5al1 & ! pituit>y1 & are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! body by ! blood4 ,! "w ( physiologi/s l ,pr(essor ,/>l+ & ,pr(essor ,bayliss has %[n t ^! *emical mess5g]s regulate :at may be call$ ! pace ( ! body1 & br+ ab\t t regulat$ h>mony & smoo?ness ( work+ :i* we "k z heal?4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! discov]y ( hormones has *ang$ ! :ole ( physiology4 ,our k ( ! human body f> surpasses t ( ! pa/ g5]ation4 ,! p]si/5t pati5ce ( microscopi/s & te*nical improvem5ts l ! ultramicroscope h greatly increas$ our k ( ! invisible _w ( life4 ,to ! bact]ia ( a pa/ g5]ation h be5 add$ a multitude ( microscopic animal microbes1 su* z t :i* causes ,sleep+ ,sickness4 ,! life-hi/ories & ! weird ways ( _m important p>asites h be5 unravell$2 & "h aga9 k means ma/]y4 ,to a degree :i* has almo/ surpass$ expectations !re has be5 a revelation ( ! intricacy ( ! /ones & mort> ( ! h\se ( life1 & ! microscopic /udy ( g]m-cells has wond]fully supplem5t$ ! epo*-mak+ exp]im5tal /udy ( h]$ity :i* began ) ,m5del4 ,x goes )\t say+ t no "o c call himself educat$ :o does n und]/& ! c5tral & simple ideas ( ,m5delism & o!r new dep>tures 9 biology4 ,! procession ( life ?r\gh ! ages & ! factors 9 ! sublime movem5t2 ! peopl+ ( ! e>? by plants & animals & ! l9k+ ( life to life 9 subtle int]-relations1 su* z ^? betwe5 fl[]s & _! insect-visitors2 ! life-hi/ories ( individual types & ! extraord9>y results ( ! new inquiry call$ exp]im5tal embryology--^! also are among ! subjects ) :i* ?is ,,outl9e w deal4 ,! behavi\r ( animals is ano!r fasc9at+ /udy1 lead+ to a provisional picture ( ! dawn ( m9d4 ,inde$1 no bran* ( sci5ce surpasses 9 int]e/ t :i* deals ) ! ways & habits--! truly wond]ful devices1 adaptations1 & in/9cts--( insects1 birds1 & mammals4 ,we no long] d5y a degree ( intellig5ce to "s memb]s ( ! animal _w--ev5 ! l9e betwe5 intellig5ce & reason is sometimes difficult to f9d4 ,fre% contacts betwe5 physiology & ! /udy ( man's m5tal life2 precise /udies ( ! ways ( *ildr5 & wild peoples2 & new me?ods l ^? ( ! psy*o-analy/ mu/ also receive ! att5tion !y des]ve1 = !y are giv+ u a ,new ,psy*ology & ! claims ( psy*ical rese>* mu/ also be recognis$ by ! op5-m9d$4 ,! g5]al aim ( ! ,,outl9e is to give ! read] a cle> & concise view ( ! ess5tials ( pres5t-day sci5ce1 s t he may foll[ ) intellig5ce ! mod]n advance & %>e appreciatively 9 man's cont9u$ conque/ ( 8 k+dom4 ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson4 ,i ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s ,,! ,,scale ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se--,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em #a ,! /ory ( ! triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce naturally op5s ) ,a/ronomy4 ,! picture ( ! ,univ]se :i* ! a/ronom] (f]s to u is imp]fect2 ! l9es he traces are (t5 fa9t & unc]ta94 ,!re are _m problems :i* h be5 solv$1 !re are j z _m ab\t :i* !re is d\bt1 & not)/&+ our great increase 9 k1 !re rema9 j z _m :i* are entirely unsolv$4 ,! problem ( ! /ructure & duration ( ! univ]se said ! great a/ronom] ,simon ,newcomb is ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ) :i* ! m9d has to deal4 ,its solution may be reg>d$ z ! ultimate object ( /ell> a/ronomy1 ! possibility ( rea*+ :i* has occupi$ ! m9ds ( ?9k]s s9ce ! beg9n+ ( civilisation4 ,be=e our "t ! problem c\ld be consid]$ only f ! imag9ative or ! speculative po9t ( view4 ,al?\gh we c to-day attack x to a limit$ ext5t by sci5tific me?ods1 x mu/ be admitt$ t we h sc>cely tak5 m ?an ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! actual solution4444 ,:at is ! duration ( ! univ]se 9 "t8 ,is x fitt$ to la/ = ev] 9 its pres5t =m1 or does x conta9 )9 itself ! se$s ( dissolution8 ,mu/ x1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 9 we "k n h[ _m millions ( ages1 be trans=m$ into some?+ v diff]5t f :at x n[ is8 ,?is "q is intimately associat$ ) ! "q :e!r ! />s =m a sy/em4 ,if !y d1 we may suppose t sy/em to be p]man5t 9 its g5]al features2 if n1 we mu/ look fur!r = our conclusions4 ,! ,heav5ly ,bodies ,! heav5ly bodies fall into two v di/9ct classes s f> z _! relation to our ,e>? is conc]n$2 ! "o class1 a v small "o1 comprises a sort ( colony ( :i* ! ,e>? is a memb]4 ,^! bodies are call$ planets1 or w&]]s4 ,!re are eight ( !m1 includ+ ! ,e>?1 & !y all circle r\nd ! sun4 ,_! names1 9 ! ord] ( _! di/ance f ! sun1 are ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 ,neptune1 & ( ^! ,m]cury1 ! ne>e/ to ! sun1 is r>ely se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,uranus is practically invisible1 & ,neptune q s4 ,^! eight planets1 toge!r ) ! sun1 con/itute1 z we h said1 a sort ( little colony2 ?is colony is call$ ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,! second class ( heav5ly bodies are ^? :i* lie outside ! sol> sy/em4 ,e "o ( ^? glitt]+ po9ts we see on a />lit night is at an imm5sely great] di/ance f u ?an is any memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,yet ! memb]s ( ?is little colony ( ours1 judg$ by t]re/rial /&>ds1 are at enorm\s di/ances f "o ano!r4 ,if a %ell 7 %ot 9 a /raight l9e f "o side ( ,neptune's orbit to ! o!r x w\ld take five hundr$ ye>s to complete its j\rney4 ,yet ?is di/ance1 ! greate/ 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em z n[ kn[n 7except+ ! f> sw+ ( "s ( ! comets71 is insignificant comp>$ to ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,"o ( ! ne>e/ />s to ! e>? t we "k ( is ,alpha ,c5tauri1 e/imat$ to be "s tw5ty-five million millions ( miles away4 ,sirius1 ! brighte/ /> 9 ! firmam5t1 is d\ble ?is di/ance f ! e>?4 ,we mu/ imag9e ! colony ( planets to :i* we belong z a compact little family swimm+ 9 an imm5se void4 ,at di/ances :i* w\ld take our %ell1 n hundr$s1 b millions ( ye>s to trav]se1 we rea* ! />s--or r1 a />1 = ! di/ances betwe5 />s are z great z ! di/ance betwe5 ! ne>e/ ( !m & our ,sun4 ,! ,e>?1 ! planet on :i* we live1 is a mighty globe b\nd$ by a cru/ ( rock _m miles 9 ?ickness2 ! great volumes ( wat] :i* we call our oceans lie 9 ! deep] holl[s ( ! cru/4 ,above ! surface an ocean ( invisible gas1 ! atmosph]e1 rises to a height ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles1 gett+ ?9n] & ?9n] z x asc5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,laplace ,"o ( ! greate/ ma!matical a/ronom]s ( all "t & ! orig9ator ( ! nebul> !ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,c4 ,,adams :o1 anticipat+ ! great ,fr5* ma!matician1 ,le ,v]ri]1 discov]$ ! planet ,neptune by calculations bas$ on ! irregul>ities ( ! orbit ( ,uranus4 ,"o ( ! mo/ dramatic discov]ies 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,elliott ,fry1 ,ltd4 ,,pr(essor ,,edd+ton ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,cambridge4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,engli% disciples ( ,e9/e94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,diagrams ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,di/ances ,,( ,,! ,,planets 7,drawn approximately to scale7 ,! isolation ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em is v great4 ,on ! above scale ! ne>e/ /> 7at a di/ance ( #be trillions ( miles7 w\ld be ov] "o half mile away4 ,! h\rs1 days1 & ye>s are ! measures ( "t z we use !m2 t is3 ,jupit]'s ,day 7"o rotation ( ! planet7 is made 9 t5 ( our h\rs2 ,m]cury's ,ye> 7"o revolution ( ! planet ar\nd ! ,sun7 is eighty-eight ( our days4 ,m]cury's ,day & ,ye> are ! same4 ,?is planet turns always ! same side to ! ,sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,sizes ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,planets 7,drawn approximately to scale7 ,on ?is scale ! ,sun w\ld be #ag-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]2 x is f> great] ?an all ! planets put toge!r4 ,jupit]1 9 turn1 is great] ?an all ! o!r planets put toge!r4 ,except :5 ! w9ds rise to a high spe$1 we seem to live 9 a v tranquil _w4 ,at night1 :5 ! gl>e ( ! sun passes out ( our atmosph]e1 ! />s & planets seem to move across ! heav5s ) a /ately & solemn sl[ness4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ discov]ies ( mod]n a/ronomy t ?is movem5t is only app>5t4 ,! app>5t creep+ ( ! />s across ! heav5s at night is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! e>? turns ^u its axis once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 we rememb] ! size ( ! e>? we see t ?is implies a prodigi\s spe$4 ,9 addition to ?is ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun at a spe$ ( m ?an a ?\s& miles a m9ute4 ,its pa? r\nd ! sun1 ye> 9 ye> out1 measures ab\t #ehj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! e>? is held closely to ?is pa? by ! gravitational pull ( ! sun1 :i* has a mass #ccc1dcb times t ( ! e>?4 ,if at any mom5t ! sun ceas$ to ex]t ?is pull ! e>? w\ld in/antly fly (f into space /raight 9 ! direction 9 :i* x 0 mov+ at ! "t1 t is to say1 at a tang5t4 ,?is t5d5cy to fly (f at a tang5t is cont9u\s4 ,x is ! balance betwe5 x & ! sun's pull :i* keeps ! e>? to h] almo/ circul> orbit4 ,9 ! same way ! sev5 o!r planets are held to _! orbits4 ,circl+ r\nd ! e>?1 9 ! same way z ! e>? circles r\nd ! sun1 is our moon4 ,sometimes ! moon passes directly betwe5 u & ! sun1 & cuts (f ! light f u4 ,we !n h a total or p>tial eclipse ( ! sun4 ,at o!r times ! e>? passes directly betwe5 ! sun & ! moon1 & causes an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,! great ball ( ! e>? naturally trails a mighty %ad[ across space1 & ! moon is eclips$ :5 x passes into ?is4 ,! o!r sev5 planets1 five ( :i* h moons ( _! own1 circle r\nd ! sun z ! e>? does4 ,! sun's mass is imm5sely l>g] ?an t ( all ! planets put toge!r1 & all ( !m w\ld be drawn into x & p]i% if !y did n travel rapidly r\nd x 9 gigantic orbits4 ,s ! eight planets1 sp9n+ r\nd on _! axes1 foll[ _! fix$ pa?s r\nd ! sun4 ,! planets are second>y bodies1 b !y are mo/ important1 because !y are ! only globes 9 :i* !re c be life1 z we "k life4 ,if we c\ld be transport$ 9 "s magical way to an imm5se di/ance 9 space above ! sun1 we %\ld see our ,sol> ,sy/em z x is drawn 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #a71 except t ! planets w\ld be m]e specks1 fa9tly visible 9 ! light :i* !y receive f ! sun4 7,?is diagram is drawn approximately to scale47 ,if we mov$ /ill f>!r away1 trillions ( miles away1 ! planets w\ld fade entirely out ( view1 & ! sun w\ld %r9k into a po9t ( fire1 a />4 ,& "h y beg9 to realize ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,! sun is a />4 ,! />s are suns4 ,our sun looks big simply because ( its comp>ative ne>ness to u4 ,! univ]se is a /up5d\s collection ( millions ( />s or suns1 _m ( :i* may h planet>y families l ours4 #b ,! ,scale ( ! ,univ]se ,h[ _m />s are !re8 ,a glance at a photograph ( />-cl\ds w tell at once t x is q impossible to c\nt !m4 ,! f9e photograph reproduc$ 9 ,figure #b repres5ts a v small pat* ( t pale-:ite belt1 ! ,milky ,way1 :i* spans ! sky at night4 ,x is true t ?is is a p>ticul>ly ri* area ( ! ,milky ,way1 b ! entire belt ( light has be5 resolv$ 9 ?is way into masses or cl\ds ( />s4 ,a/ronom]s h c\nt$ ! />s 9 typical di/ricts "h & !re1 & f ^! p>tial c\nts we get "s idea ( ! total numb] ( />s4 ,!re are e/imat$ to be betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& million />s4 ,yet ^! />s are sep>at$ by inconceivable di/ances f ea* o!r1 & x is "o ( ! greate/ triumphs ( mod]n a/ronomy to h ma/]$1 s f>1 ! scale ( ! univ]se4 ,= sev]al c5turies a/ronom]s h kn[n ! relative di/ances f ea* o!r ( ! sun & ! planets4 ,if !y c\ld discov] ! actual di/ance ( any "o planet f any o!r1 !y c\ld at once tell all ! di/ances )9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,! sun is1 on ! late/ measurem5ts1 at an av]age di/ance ( #ib1hcj1jjj miles f ! e>?1 = z ! orbit ( ! e>? is n a true circle1 ?is di/ance v>ies4 ,?is means t 9 six mon?s f n[ ! e>? w be "r at ! opposite side ( its pa? r\nd ! sun1 or #ahe1jjj1jjj miles away f :]e x is n[4 ,view$ or photograph$ f two positions s wide ap>t1 ! ne>e/ />s %[ a t9y %ift aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ! mo/ di/ant />s1 & t is en\gh = ! ma!matician4 ,he c calculate ! di/ance ( any /> ne> en\gh to %[ ?is %ift4 ,we h f\nd t ! ne>e/ /> to ! e>?1 a rec5tly discov]$ />1 is tw5ty-five trillion miles away4 ,only ?irty />s are kn[n to be )9 a hundr$ trillion miles ( u4 ,?is way ( measur+ does n1 h[ev]1 take u v f> away 9 ! heav5s4 ,!re are only a few hundr$ />s )9 five hundr$ trillion miles ( ! e>?1 & at t di/ance ! %ift ( a /> aga9/ ! backgr\nd 7p>allax1 ! a/ronom] calls x7 is s m9ute t figures are v unc]ta94 ,at ?is po9t ! a/ronom] takes up a new me?od4 ,he le>ns ! diff]5t types ( />s1 & !n he is able to d$uce m or less accurately ! di/ance ( a /> ( a kn[n type f its fa9tness4 ,he1 ( c\rse1 has in/rum5ts = gaug+ _! light4 ,z a result ( tw5ty ye>s "w 9 ?is field1 x is n[ kn[n t ! m di/ant />s ( ! ,milky ,way are at lea/ a hundr$ ?\s& trillion 7#ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj7 miles away f ! sun4 ,our sun is 9 a m or less c5tral region ( ! univ]se1 or a few hundr$ trillion miles f ! actual c5tre4 ,! rema9d] ( ! />s1 :i* are all outside our ,sol> ,sy/em1 are spread out1 app>5tly1 9 an enorm\s disc-l collection1 s va/ t ev5 a ray ( light1 :i* travels at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles a second1 w\ld take #ej1jjj ye>s to travel f "o end ( x to ! o!r4 ,?is1 !n is :at we call our univ]se4 ,are !re o!r ,univ]ses8 ,:y d we say our univ]se8 ,:y n ! univ]se8 ,x is n[ believ$ by _m ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ a/ronom]s t our colossal family ( />s is only "o ( _m univ]ses4 ,by a univ]se an a/ronom] means any collection ( />s :i* are close en\gh to control ea* o!r's movem5ts by gravitation2 & x is cle> t !re might be _m univ]ses1 9 ?is s5se1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by pr(\nd abysses ( space4 ,probably !re are4 ,= a long "t we h be5 famili> ) c]ta9 /range objects 9 ! heav5s :i* are call$ spiral nebul 7,fig #d74 ,we %all see at a lat] /age :at a nebula is1 & we %all see t "s a/ronom]s reg>d ^! spiral nebul z worlds 9 ! mak+4 ,b "s ( ! mo/ em95t a/ronom]s believe t !y are sep>ate univ]ses--isl&-univ]ses !y call !m--or great collections ( millions ( />s l our univ]se4 ,!re are c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,milky ,way :i* lead ^! a/ronom]s to ?9k t our univ]se may be a spiral nebula1 & t ! o!r spiral nebul are o!r univ]ses4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,milky ,,way ,note ! cl\d-l effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--,,! ,,moon ,,ent]+ ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,ca/ ,,by ,,! ,,e>? ,! diagram %[s ! ,moon p>tially eclips$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f a photograph tak5 at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,&rom$a1 ,,messi] #ca ,va/ z is ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 !n1 x is excessively m9ute 9 comp>ison ) ! ,/ell> ,sy/em1 ! univ]se ( ! ,/>s1 :i* is on a scale f> transc5d+ any?+ ! human m9d c appreh5d4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em ,,! ,,sun #a ,b n[ let u turn to ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & consid] ! memb]s ( our own little colony4 ,)9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em !re are a l>ge numb] ( problems t int]e/ u4 ,:at is ! size1 mass1 & di/ance ( ea* ( ! planets8 ,:at satellites1 l our ,moon1 d !y possess8 ,:at are _! temp]atures8 ,& ^? o!r1 sporadic memb]s ( our sy/em1 comets & meteors1 :at are !y8 ,:at are _! movem5ts8 ,h[ d !y orig9ate8 ,& ! ,sun itself1 :at is its composition1 :at is ! s\rce ( its heat1 h[ did x orig9ate8 ,is x runn+ d[n8 ,^! la/ que/ions introduce u to a bran* ( a/ronomy :i* is conc]n$ ) ! physical con/itution ( ! />s1 a /udy :i*1 n s v _m ye>s ago1 may well h appe>$ inconceivable4 ,b ! spectroscope enables u to answ] ev5 ^! que/ions1 & ! answ] op5s up que/ions ( yet great] int]e/4 ,we f9d t ! />s c be arrang$ 9 an ord] ( developm5t--t !re are />s at all /ages ( _! life-hi/ory4 ,! ma9 l9es ( ! evolution ( ! /ell> univ]se c be work$ out4 ,9 ! sun & />s we h furnaces ) temp]atures enorm\sly high2 x is 9 su* conditions t sub/ances are resolv$ into _! simple/ =ms1 & x is ?us we are enabl$ to obta9 a k ( ! mo/ primitive =ms ( matt]4 ,x is 9 ?is direction t ! spectroscope 7:i* we %all ref] to imm$iately7 has help$ u s mu*4 ,x is to ?is wond]ful in/rum5t t we owe our k ( ! composition ( ! sun & />s1 z we %all see4 ,t ! spectroscope w detect ! million? ( a milligram ( matt]1 & on t acc\nt has discov]$ new elem5ts1 comm&s our admiration2 b :5 we f9d 9 addition t x w detect ! nature ( =ms ( matt] trillions ( miles away1 & moreov]1 t x w measure ! velocities ) :i* ^! =ms ( matt] are mov+ ) an absurdly small p] c5t4 ( possible error1 we c easily acquiesce 9 ! /atem5t t x is ! greate/ in/rum5t ev] devis$ by ! bra9 & h& ( man4 ,su* are "s ( ! que/ions ) :i* mod]n a/ronomy deals4 ,to answ] !m requires ! employm5t ( in/rum5ts ( almo/ incr$ible ref9em5t & exactitude & also ! full res\rces ( ma!matical g5ius4 ,:e!r a/ronomy be judg$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! ph5om5a /udi$1 ! va/ masses1 ! imm5se di/ances1 ! ons ( "t1 or :e!r x be judg$ z a monum5t ( human +5uity1 pati5ce1 & ! r>e/ type ( g5ius1 x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! gr&e/1 z x is also "o ( ! olde/1 ( ! sci5ces4 ,! ,sol> ,sy/em ,9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em we include all ^? bodies dep5d5t on ! sun :i* circulate r\nd x at v>i\s di/ances1 d]iv+ _! light & heat f ! sun--! planets & _! moons1 c]ta9 comets & a multitude ( meteors3 9 o!r words1 all bodies ^: movem5ts 9 space are det]m9$ by ! gravitational pull ( ! sun4 ,! ,sun ,?anks to our wond]ful mod]n in/rum5ts & ! +5i\s me?ods us$ by a/ronom]s1 we h to-day a rem>kable k ( ! sun4 ,look at ! figure ( ! sun 9 ! frontispiece4 ,! picture repres5ts an eclipse ( ! sun2 ! d>k body ( ! moon has scre5$ ! sun's %9+ disc & tak5 ! gl>e out ( our eyes2 we see a silv]y halo surr\nd+ ! great orb on e side4 ,x is ! sun's atmosph]e1 or cr[n 7corona71 /ret*+ = millions ( miles into space 9 ! =m ( a s(t silv]y-look+ light2 probably mu* ( its light is sunlight reflect$ f p>ticles ( du/1 al?\gh ! spectroscope %[s an elem5t 9 ! corona t has n s f> be5 detect$ any:]e else 9 ! univ]se & :i* 9 consequ5ce has be5 nam$ ,coronium4 ,we next notice 9 ! illu/ration t at ! base ( ! halo !re are r$ flames peep+ out f ! edges ( ! hidd5 disc4 ,:5 "o rememb]s t ! sun is #hff1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 "o h>dly ne$s to be told t ^! flames are really gigantic4 ,we %all see :at !y are pres5tly4 ,regions ( ! ,sun ,! a/ronom] has divid$ ! sun into def9ite conc5tric regions or lay]s4 ,^! lay]s envelop ! nucleus or c5tral body ( ! sun some:at z ! atmosph]e envelops our e>?4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! vap\r lay]s t ! bright :ite body ( ! sun is se54 ,( ! inn]mo/ region1 ! he>t or nucleus ( ! sun1 we "k almo/ no?+4 ,! c5tral body or nucleus is surr\nd$ by a brilliantly lum9\s envelope or lay] ( vapor\s matt] :i* is :at we see :5 we look at ! sun & :i* ! a/ronom] calls ! photosph]e4 ,above--t is1 ov]ly+--! photosph]e !re is a second lay] ( gl[+ gases1 :i* is kn[n z ! rev]s+ lay]4 ,?is lay] is cool] ?an ! und]ly+ photosph]e2 x =ms a veil ( smoke-l haze & is ( f #ejj to #a1jjj miles 9 ?ickness4 ,a ?ird lay] or envelope imm$iately ly+ ov] ! la/ "o is ! region kn[n z ! *romosph]e4 ,! *romosph]e ext5ds f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj miles 9 ?ickness--a sea ( r$ tumultu\s surg+ fire4 ,*ief among ! gl[+ gases is ! vap\r ( hydrog54 ,! int5se :ite heat ( ! photosph]e b5ea? %9es ?r\gh ?is lay]1 ov]p[]+ its brilliant r$ness4 ,f ! upp]mo/ portion ( ! *romosph]e great fi]y tongues ( gl[+ hydrog5 & calcium vap\r %oot out = _m ?\s&s ( miles1 driv5 outw>d by "s prodigi\s expulsive =ce4 ,x is ^! r$ prom95ces :i* are su* a notable feature 9 ! picture ( ! eclipse ( ! sun already ref]r$ to4 ,dur+ ! sol> eclipse ( #aiai "o ( ^! r$ flames rose 9 less ?an sev5 h\rs f a height ( #acj1jjj miles to m ?an #ejj1jjj miles above ! sun's surface4 ,?is imm5se column ( r$-hot gas1 f\r or five times ! ?ickness ( ! e>?1 0 so>+ upw>d at ! rate ( #fj1jjj miles an h\r4 ,^! flam+ jets or prom95ces %oot+ out f ! *romosph]e are n to be se5 e day by ! nak$ eye2 ! dazzl+ light ( ! sun obscures !m1 gigantic z !y are4 ,!y c be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 by ! spectroscope any day1 & !y are visible to u = a v %ort "t dur+ an eclipse ( ! sun4 ,"s extraord9>y outbur/s h be5 witness$4 ,?us ! late ,pr(essor ,"y describ$ "o on ,septemb] #g1 #ahga1 :5 he _h be5 exam9+ a prom95ce by ! spectroscope3 ,x _h rema9$ un*ang$ s9ce noon ( ! previ\s day--a long1 l[1 quiet-look+ cl\d1 n v d5se1 or brilliant1 or 9 any way rem>kable except = its size4 ,at #ab3cj p4m4 ! ,pr(essor left ! spectroscope = a %ort "t1 & on return+ half an h\r lat] to 8 obs]vations1 he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d ! gigantic ,sun flame %att]$ to pieces4 ,! sol> atmosph]e 0 fill$ ) fly+ debris1 & "s ( ^! portions rea*$ a height ( #ajj1jjj miles above ! sol> surface4 ,mov+ ) a velocity :i*1 ev5 at ! di/ance ( #ic1jjj1jjj miles1 0 almo/ p]ceptible to ! eye1 ^! fragm5ts d\bl$ _! height 9 t5 m9utes4 ,on ,janu>y #cj1 #ahhe1 ano!r di/+ui%$ sol> obs]v]1 ! late ,pr(essor ,tac*9i ( ,rome1 obs]v$ "o ( ! greate/ prom95ces ev] se5 by man4 ,its height 0 no less ?an #adb1jjj miles--eighte5 times ! diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,ano!r mighty flame 0 s va/ t suppos+ ! eight l>ge planets ( ! sol> sy/em rang$ "o on top ( ! o!r1 ! prom95ce w\ld /ill t[] above !m4#a #a ,! ,romance ( ,a/ronomy1 by ,h4 ,macph]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ma9 ,,lay]s ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,comp>e ) frontispiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,,fig4 #f4--,,sol> ,,prom95ces ,,se5 ,,at ,,total ,,sol> ,,eclipse1 ,may #bi1 #aiai4 ,,tak5 ,,at ,,sobral1 ,,brazil4 ,! small ,corona is also visible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,visible ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,a photograph tak5 at ! ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution at ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,! ,,sun ,photograph$ 9 ! light ( gl[+ hydrog51 at ! ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton3 vortex ph5om5a ne> ! spots are especially prom95t4 ,! f\r? & upp]mo/ lay] or region is t ( ! corona1 ( imm5se ext5t & fad+ away into ! surr\nd+ sky--?is we h already ref]r$ to4 ,! diagram 7,fig4 #e7 %[s ! dispositions ( ^! v>i\s lay]s ( ! sun4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! sev]al transp>5t lay]s t we see ! :ite light body ( ! sun4 #b ,! ,surface ( ! ,sun ,"h let u return to & see :at m we "k ab\t ! photosph]e--! sun's surface4 ,x is f ! photosph]e t we h ga9$ mo/ ( our k ( ! composition ( ! sun1 :i* is believ$ n to be a solid body4 ,exam9ation ( ! photosph]e %[s t ! out] surface is nev] at re/4 ,small bright cl\dlets come & g 9 rapid succession1 giv+ ! surface1 ?r\gh contra/s 9 lum9osity1 a granul> appe>ance4 ,( c\rse1 to be visible at all at #ib1hcj1jjj miles ! cl\dlets _c be small4 ,!y imply enorm\s activity 9 ! photosph]e4 ,if we might speak picturesquely ! sun's surface resembles a boil+ ocean ( :ite-hot metal vap\rs4 ,we h to-day a wond]ful in/rum5t1 :i* w be describ$ lat]1 :i* dilutes1 z x 71 ! g5]al gl>e ( ! sun1 & enables u to obs]ve ^! fi]y eruptions at any h\r4 ,! oceans ( r$-hot gas & :ite-hot metal vap\r at ! sun's surface are con/antly driv5 by great /orms4 ,"s unimag9able en]gy /reams out f ! body or muscles ( ! sun & bl[s its out] lay]s into gigantic %r$s1 z x 74 ,! actual temp]ature at ! sun's surface1 or :at appe>s to u to be ! surface--! photosph]e--is1 ( c\rse1 unkn[n1 b c>eful calculation sugge/s t x is f #e1jjj ,c4 to #g1jjj ,c4 ,! int]ior is va/ly hott]4 ,we c =m no conception ( su* temp]atures z mu/ exi/ !re4 ,n ev5 ! mo/ obdurate solid c\ld resi/ su* temp]atures1 b w\ld be conv]t$ almo/ in/antane\sly into gas4 ,b x w\ld n be gas z we "k gases on ! e>?4 ,! enorm\s pressures t exi/ on ! sun mu/ conv]t ev5 gases into ?ick treacly fluids4 ,we c only inf] ?is /ate ( matt]4 ,x is beyond our p[] to reproduce x4 ,sun-spots ,x is 9 ! brilliant photosph]e t ! d>k areas kn[n z sun-spots appe>4 ,"s ( ^! d>k spots--!y are d>k only by contra/ ) ! photosph]e surr\nd+ !m--are ( enorm\s size1 cov]+ _m ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( surface4 ,:at !y are we _c positively say4 ,!y look l great cavities 9 ! sun's surface4 ,"s ?9k !y are giant :irlpools4 ,c]ta9ly !y seem to be great :irl+ /reams ( gl[+ gases ) vap\rs above !m & imm5se upw>d & d[nw>d curr5ts )9 !m4 ,r\nd ! edges ( ! sun-spots rise great tongues ( flame4 ,p]haps ! mo/ popul>ly kn[n fact ab\t sun-spots is t !y are someh[ connect$ ) :at we call magnetic /orms on e>?4 ,^! magnetic /orms manife/ !mselves 9 int]ruptions ( our telegraphic & telephonic communications1 9 viol5t di/urbances ( ! m>9]'s compass1 & 9 exceptional auroral displays4 ,! connection betwe5 ! two sets ( ph5om5a _c be d\bt$1 ev5 al?\gh at times !re may be a great spot on ! sun )\t any correspond+ magnetic /orm effects on ! e>?4 ,a surpris+ fact ab\t sun-spots is t !y %[ def9ite p]iodic v>iations 9 numb]4 ,! be/-def9$ p]iod is "o ( ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! spots increase to a maximum 9 numb] & !n dim9i% to a m9imum1 ! v>iation be+ m or less regul>4 ,n[ ?is c only mean "o ?+4 ,to be p]iodic ! spots mu/ h "s deep-seat$ connection ) ! fundam5tal facts ( ! sun's /ructure & activities4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view _! importance becomes great4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduction f ,! ,=ces ( ,nature 7,messrs4 ,macmillan7 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis ,! aurora borealis is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful spectacles 9 ! sky4 ,! col\rs & %ape *ange e in/ant2 sometimes a fan-l clu/] ( rays1 at o!r times long gold5 drap]ies glid+ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,blue1 gre51 yell[1 r$1 & :ite comb9e to give a glori\s display ( col\r4 ,! !ory ( its orig9 is /ill1 9 "p1 obscure1 b !re c be no d\bt t ! aurora is relat$ to ! magnetic ph5om5a ( ! e>? & !re=e is connect$ ) ! electrical influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,x is f ! /udy ( sun-spots t we h le>n$ t ! sun's surface does n appe> to rotate all at ! same spe$4 ,! equatorial regions are rotat+ quick] ?an regions f>!r nor? or s\?4 ,a po9t =ty-five degrees f ! equator seems to take ab\t two & a half days long] to complete "o rotation ?an a po9t on ! equator4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 confirms our belief t ! sun _c be a solid body4 ,:at is its composition8 ,we "k t !re are pres5t1 9 a gase\s /ate1 su* well-kn[n elem5ts z sodium1 iron1 copp]1 z9c1 & magnesium2 inde$1 we "k t !re is practically e elem5t 9 ! sun t we "k to be 9 ! e>?4 ,h[ d we "k8 ,x is f ! photosph]e1 z has be5 said1 t we h won mo/ ( our k ( ! sun4 ,! in/rum5t us$ = ?is purpose is ! spectroscope2 & be=e proce$+ to deal fur!r ) ! sun & ! s\rce ( its en]gy x w be bett] to describe ?is in/rum5t4 ,a ,,wond]ful ,,in/rum5t ,,& ,,:at ,,x ,,reveals ,! spectroscope is an in/rum5t = analys+ light4 ,s important is x 9 ! revelations x has giv5 u t x w be be/ to describe x fully4 ,e sub/ance to be exam9$ mu/ fir/ be made to gl[1 made lum9\s2 & z ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ! heav5s is lum9\s ! in/rum5t has a great range 9 ,a/ronomy4 ,& :5 we speak ( analys+ light1 we mean t ! light may be brok5 up into waves ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,:at we call light is a s]ies ( m9ute waves 9 e!r1 & ^! waves are--measur+ !m f cre/ to cre/1 s to say--( v>i\s l5g?s4 ,ea* wave-l5g? corresponds to a col\r ( ! ra9b[4 ,! %orte/ waves give u a s5sation ( violet col\r1 & ! l>ge/ waves cause a s5sation ( r$4 ,! ra9b[1 9 fact1 is a sort ( natural spectrum4 7,! mean+ ( ! ra9b[ is t ! moi/ure-lad5 air has sort$ out ^! waves1 9 ! sun's light1 accord+ to _! l5g?47 ,n[ ! simple/ =m ( spectroscope is a glass prism--a triangul>-%ap$ piece ( glass4 ,if :ite light 7sunlight1 = example7 passes ?r\gh a glass prism1 we see a s]ies ( ra9b[-t9t$ col\rs4 ,anyone c notice ?is effect :5 sunlight is %9+ ?r\gh any k9d ( cut glass--! /opp] ( a w9e decant]1 = in/ance4 ,if1 in/ead ( cat*+ ) ! eye ! col\r$ lights z !y em]ge f ! glass prism1 we all[ !m to fall on a scre51 we %all f9d t !y pass1 by cont9u\s gradations1 f r$ at ! "o end ( ! scre51 ?r\gh orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & indigo1 to violet at ! o!r end4 ,9 o!r words1 :at we call :ite light is compos$ ( rays ( ^! sev]al col\rs4 ,!y g to make up ! effect :i* we call :ite4 ,& n[ j z wat] c be split up into its two elem5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 s sunlight c be brok5 up into its prim>y col\rs1 :i* are ^? we h j m5tion$4 ,?is range ( col\rs1 produc$ by ! spectroscope1 we call ! sol> spectrum1 & ^! are1 f ! spectroscopic po9t ( view1 prim>y col\rs4 ,ea* %ade ( col\r has its def9ite position 9 ! spectrum4 ,t is to say1 ! light ( ea* %ade ( col\r 7correspond+ to its wave-l5g?7 is reflect$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 fix$ angle on pass+ ?r\gh ! glass prism4 ,e possible k9d ( light has its def9ite position1 & is d5ot$ by a numb] :i* gives ! wave-l5g? ( ! vibrations con/itut+ t p>ticul> k9d ( light4 ,n[1 o!r k9ds ( light besides sunlight c be analys$4 ,light f any sub/ance :i* has be5 made inc&esc5t may be obs]v$ ) ! spectroscope 9 ! same way1 & ea* elem5t c be ?us sep>at$4 ,x is f\nd t ea* sub/ance 79 ! same conditions ( pressure1 etc47 gives a con/ant spectrum ( its own4 ,ea* metal displays its own di/9ctive col\r4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! spectrum provides ! means = id5tify+ a p>ticul> sub/ance4 ,x 0 by ?is me?od t we discov]$ 9 ! sun ! pres5ce ( su* well-kn[n elem5ts z sodium1 iron1 copp]1 z9c1 & magnesium4 ,illu/ration3 ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #i4--,,! ,,great ,,sun-,,spot ,,( ,,july #ag1 #aije ,illu/ration3 ,f photographs tak5 at ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,sol> ,,prom95ces ,^! are ab\t #fj1jjj miles 9 height4 ,! two photographs %[ ! va/ *anges occurr+ 9 t5 m9utes4 ,octob] #aj1 #aiaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,m>s1 ,octob] #e1 #aiji ,%[+ ! d>k m>k+s & ! ,pol> ,cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,jupit] ,%[+ ! belts :i* are probably cl\d =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,e4 ,b>n>d1 ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,saturn1 ,novemb] #ai1 #aiaa ,%[+ ! r+s1 mighty sw>ms ( meteorites4 ,e *emical elem5t kn[n1 !n1 has a di/9ctive spectrum ( its own :5 x is rais$ to inc&esc5ce1 & ?is di/9ctive spectrum is z reliable a means ( id5tification = ! elem5t z a human face is = its own]4 ,:e!r x is a sub/ance gl[+ 9 ! laboratory or 9 a remote /> makes no diff]5ce to ! spectroscope2 if ! light ( any sub/ance rea*es x1 t sub/ance w be recognis$ & id5tifi$ by ! *>act]i/ic set ( waves4 ,! spectrum ( a gl[+ mass ( gas w consi/ 9 a numb] ( bright l9es ( v>i\s col\rs1 & at v>i\s int]vals2 correspond+ to ea* k9d ( gas1 !re w be a peculi> & di/9ctive arrangem5t ( bright l9es4 ,b if ! light f su* a mass ( gl[+ gas be made to pass ?r\gh a cool mass ( ! same gas x w be f\nd t d>k l9es replace ! bright l9es 9 ! spectrum1 ! reason = ?is be+ t ! cool gas absorbs ! rays ( light emitt$ by ! hot gas4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d enable u to rea* ! important g5]al /atem5t t e gas1 :5 cold1 absorbs ! same rays ( light :i* x emits :5 hot4 ,cross+ ! sol> spectrum are hundr$s & hundr$s ( d>k l9es4 ,^! c\ld n at fir/ be expla9$1 because ?is fact ( discrim9ative absorption 0 n kn[n4 ,we und]/& n[4 ,! sun's :ite light comes f ! photosph]e1 b betwe5 u & ! photosph]e !re is1 z we h se51 ano!r sol> envelope ( relatively cool] vap\rs--! rev]s+ lay]4 ,ea* con/itu5t elem5t 9 ?is out] envelope /ops its own k9d ( light1 t is1 ! k9d ( light made by inc&esc5t atoms ( ! same elem5t 9 ! photosph]e4 ,! /oppages regi/] !mselves 9 ! sol> spectrum z d>k l9es plac$ exactly :]e ! correspond+ bright l9es w\ld h be54 ,! explanation once atta9$1 d>k l9es became z significant z bright l9es4 ,! secret ( ! sun's composition 0 out4 ,we h f\nd practically e elem5t 9 ! sun t we "k to be 9 ! e>?4 ,we h id5tifi$ an elem5t 9 ! sun be=e we 7 able to isolate x on ! e>?4 ,we h be5 able ev5 to po9t to ! coole/ places on ! sun1 ! c5tres ( sun-spots1 :]e alone ! temp]ature seems to h fall5 suffici5tly l[ to all[ *emical comp\nds to =m4 ,x is ?us we h be5 able to det]m9e :at ! />s1 comets1 or nebul are made (4 ,a ,unique ,discov]y ,9 #ahfh ,sir ,norman ,locky] detect$ a light com+ f ! prom95ces ( ! sun :i* 0 n giv5 by any sub/ance kn[n on e>?1 & attribut$ ?is to an unkn[n gas :i* he call$ helium1 f ! ,greek helios1 ! sun4 ,9 #ahie ,sir ,william ,ramsay discov]$ 9 c]ta9 m9]als ! same gas id5tifi$ by ! spectroscope4 ,we c say1 !re=e1 t ?is gas 0 discov]$ 9 ! sun ne>ly ?irty ye>s be=e x 0 f\nd on e>?2 ?is discov]y ( ! long-lo/ heir is z ?rill+ a *apt] 9 ! detective /ory ( sci5ce z any 9 ! s5sational /ories ( ! day1 & makes u feel q c]ta9 t our me?ods really tell u ( :at elem5ts sun & />s are built up4 ,! light f ! corona ( ! sun1 z we h m5tion$ indicates a gas /ill unkn[n on e>?1 :i* has be5 *ri/5$ ,coronium4 ,measur+ ! ,spe$ ( ,light ,b ?is is n all2 soon a new use 0 f\nd = ! spectroscope4 ,we f\nd t we c\ld measure ) x ! mo/ difficult ( all spe$s to measure1 spe$ 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,movem5t at "r angles to ! direction 9 :i* "o is look+ is1 if !re is suffici5t ( x1 easy to detect1 &1 if ! di/ance ( ! mov+ body is kn[n1 easy to measure4 ,b movem5t 9 ! l9e ( vision is bo? difficult to detect & difficult to measure4 ,yet1 ev5 at ! enorm\s di/ances ) :i* a/ronom]s h to deal1 ! spectroscope c detect su* movem5t & furni% data = its measurem5t4 ,if a lum9\s body conta9+1 say1 sodium is mov+ rapidly t[>ds ! spectroscope1 x w be f\nd t ! sodium l9es 9 ! spectrum h mov$ slightly f _! usual def9ite positions t[>ds ! violet end ( ! spectrum1 ! am\nt ( ! *ange ( position increas+ ) ! spe$ ( ! lum9\s body4 ,if ! body is mov+ away f ! spectroscope ! %ift+ ( ! spectral l9es w be 9 ! opposite direction1 t[>ds ! r$ end ( ! spectrum4 ,9 ?is way we h discov]$ & measur$ movem5ts t o!rwise w\ld probably n h reveal$ !mselves unmi/akably to u = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 ! same way we h wat*$1 & measur$ ! spe$ (1 trem5d\s movem5ts on ! sun1 & s ga9$ pro( t ! va/ di/urbances we %\ld expect !re actually d occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectroscope ,,is ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,analys+ ,,light2 ,,x ,,provides ,,! ,,means ,,= ,,id5tify+ ,,diff]5t ,,sub/ances ,?is pictorial diagram illu/rates ! pr9cipal ( ,spectrum ,analysis1 %[+ h[ sunlight is decompos$ into its prim>y col\rs4 ,:at we call :ite light is compos$ ( sev5 diff]5t col\rs4 ,! diagram is reliev$ ( all detail :i* w\ld unduly obscure ! simple process by :i* a ray ( light is brok5 up by a prism into diff]5t wave-l5g?s4 ,! spectrum rays h be5 greatly magnifi$4 ,,is ,,! ,,sun ,,dy+8 #c ,n[ let u return to our consid]ation ( ! sun4 ,to u on ! e>? ! mo/ pat5t & mo/ a/oni%+ fact ab\t ! sun is its trem5d\s en]gy4 ,heat & light 9 amaz+ quantities p\r f x )\t ceas+4 ,:]e does ?is en]gy come f8 ,enorm\s jets ( r$ gl[+ gases c be se5 %oot+ outw>ds f ! sun1 l flames f a fire1 = ?\s&s ( miles4 ,does ?is argue fire1 z we "k fire on ! e>?8 ,on ?is po9t ! sci5ti/ is sure4 ,! sun is n burn+1 & combu/ion is n ! s\rce ( its heat4 ,combu/ion is a *emical reaction betwe5 atoms4 ,! conditions t make x possible are kn[n & ! results are pr$ictable & measurable4 ,b no *emical reaction ( ! nature ( combu/ion z we "k x w expla9 ! sun's en]gy1 nor inde$ w any ord9>y *emical reaction ( any k9d4 ,if ! sun 7 compos$ ( combu/ible mat]ial ?r\gh\t & ! conditions ( combu/ion z we und]/& !m 7 always pres5t1 ! sun w\ld burn itself out 9 "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ) m>k$ *anges 9 its heat & light production z ! process advanc$4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( su* *anges4 ,!re is1 in/ead1 /rong evid5ce t ! sun has be5 emitt+ light & heat 9 prodigi\s quantities1 n = ?\s&s1 b = millions ( ye>s4 ,e addition to our k t ?r[s light on ! sun's age seems to make = increase r ?an decrease ( its ye>s4 ,?is makes ! wond] ( its en]gy great]4 ,& we _c avoid ! issue ( ! s\rce ( ! en]gy by say+ m]ely t ! sun is gradually radiat+ away an en]gy t orig9at$ 9 "s unkn[n mann]1 away back at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,reliable calculations %[ t ! ye>s requir$ = ! m]e cool+ ( a globe l ! sun c\ld n possibly run to millions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sun's en]gy mu/ be subject to cont9u\s & m or less /eady r5ewal4 ,h[ev] x may h acquir$ its enorm\s en]gy 9 ! pa/1 x mu/ h "s s\rce ( en]gy 9 ! pres5t4 ,! be/ explanation t we h to-day ( ?is cont9u\s accretion ( en]gy is t x is due to %r9kage ( ! sun's bulk "u ! =ce ( gravity4 ,gravity is "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s =ces ( nature1 b x is an obvi\s fact t bodies behave z if !y attract$ "o ano!r1 & ,newton work$ out ! law ( ?is attraction4 ,we may say1 )\t try+ to g too deeply into ?+s1 t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,if ! diamet] ( ! sun 7 to %r9k by "o mile all r\nd1 ?is w\ld mean t all ! millions ( tons 9 ! out] "o-mile ?ickness w\ld h a /raight drop ( "o mile t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,& t is n all1 because obvi\sly ! lay]s bel[ ?is out] mile w\ld also drop inw>ds1 ea* to a less degree ?an ! "o above x4 ,:at a trem5d\s movem5t ( matt]1 h[ev] sl[ly x might take place6 ,& :at a trem5d\s en]gy w\ld be involv$6 ,a/ronom]s calculate t ! above %r9kage ( "o mile all r\nd w\ld require fifty ye>s = its completion1 assum+1 reasonably1 t !re is close & cont9u\s relation%ip betwe5 loss ( heat by radiation & %r9kage4 ,ev5 if ?is 7 true we ne$ n feel ov]-anxi\s on ?is !ory2 be=e ! sun became too cold to support life _m millions ( ye>s w\ld be requir$4 ,x 0 sugge/$ at "o "t t falls ( meteoric matt] into ! sun w\ld acc\nt = ! sun's heat4 ,?is position is h>dly t5able n[4 ,! m]e bulk ( ! meteoric matt] requir$ by ! hypo!sis1 ap>t f o!r reasons1 is aga9/ x4 ,!re is und\bt$ly an enorm\s am\nt ( meteoric matt] mov+ ab\t )9 ! b\nds ( ! sol> sy/em1 b mo/ ( x seems to be foll[+ def9ite r\tes r\nd ! sun l ! planets4 ,! /ray erratic quantities de/9$ to meet _! doom by collision ) ! sun c h>dly be suffici5t to acc\nt = ! sun's heat4 ,rec5t /udy ( radio-active bodies has sugge/$ ano!r factor t may be work+ p[]fully along ) ! =ce ( gravitation to ma9ta9 ! sun's /ore ( heat4 ,9 radio-active bodies c]ta9 atoms seem to be und]go+ dis9tegration4 ,^! atoms appe> to be splitt+ up into v m9ute & primitive con/itu5ts4 ,b s9ce matt] may be split up into su* con/itu5ts1 may x n be built up f !m8 ,! "q is :e!r ^! radio-active elem5ts are und]go+ dis9tegration1 or =mation1 9 ! sun4 ,if !y are und]go+ dis9tegration--& ! sun itself is und\bt$ly radio-active--!n we h ano!r s\rce ( heat = ! sun t w la/ indef9itely4 ,,! ,,planets ,,life ,,9 ,,o!r ,,worlds8 #a ,x is q cle> t !re _c be life on ! />s4 ,no?+ solid or ev5 liquid c exi/ 9 su* furnaces z !y are4 ,life exi/s only on planets1 & ev5 on ^! its possibilities are limit$4 ,:e!r all ! />s1 or h[ _m ( !m1 h planet>y families l our sun1 we _c positively say4 ,if !y h1 su* planets w\ld be too fa9t & small to be visible t5s ( trillions ( miles away4 ,"s a/ronom]s ?9k t our sun may be exceptional 9 hav+ planets1 b _! reasons are speculative & unconv9c+4 ,probably a l>ge proportion at lea/ ( ! />s h planets1 & we may !re=e survey ! globes ( our own sol> sy/em & 9 a g5]al way ext5d ! results to ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,9 consid]+ ! possibility ( life z we "k x we may at once rule out ! mo/ di/ant planets f ! sun1 ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,!y are probably intr9sically too hot4 ,we may also pass ov] ! ne>e/ planet to ! sun1 ,m]cury4 ,we h reason to believe t x turns on its axis 9 ! same p]iod z x revolves r\nd ! sun1 & x mu/ !re=e always pres5t ! same side to ! sun4 ,?is means t ! heat on ! sunlit side ( ,m]cury is above boil+-po9t1 :ile ! cold on ! o!r side mu/ be betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ degrees bel[ freez+-po9t4 ,! ,planet ,v5us ,! planet ,v5us1 ! bright globe :i* is kn[n to all z ! morn+ & ev5+ />1 seems at fir/ sight m promis+ z reg>ds ! possibility ( life4 ,x is ( ne>ly ! same size z ! e>?1 & x has a good atmosph]e1 b !re are _m a/ronom]s :o believe t1 l ,m]cury1 x always pres5ts ! same face to ! sun1 & x w\ld !re=e h ! same disadvantage--a broil+ heat on ! sunny side & ! cold ( space on ! opposite side4 ,we are n sure4 ,! surface ( ,v5us is s bright--! light ( ! sun is reflect$ to u by su* d5se masses ( cl\d & du/--t x is difficult to trace any p]man5t m>k+s on x1 & ?us asc]ta9 h[ long x takes to rotate on its axis4 ,_m a/ronom]s believe t !y h succe$$1 & t ! planet always turns ! same face to ! sun4 ,if x does1 we c h>dly conceive ( life on its surface1 9 spite ( ! cl\d-scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,! ,,moon ,%[+ a great pla9 & "s typical crat]s4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( ^! crat]s1 & "s !ories ( _! orig9 are expla9$ on page #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,m>s #a ,draw+s by ,pr(4 ,l[ell to accompany actual photographs ( ,m>s %[+ _m ( ! #b canals4 ,tak5 9 #aijg by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,sliph] ( ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory4 #c ,draw+ by ,pr(4 ,l[ell made ,janu>y #f1 #aiad4 #d ,draw+ by ,pr(4 ,l[ell made ,janu>y #ba1 #aiad4 ,nos4 #a & #b %[ ! effect ( ! planet's rotation4 ,nos4 #c & #d depict q diff]5t sections4 ,note ! *ange 9 ! pol> sn[-caps 9 ! la/ two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,! ,,moon1 ,,at ,,n9e ,,& ,,?ree-,,qu>t] ,,days ,note ! my/]i\s rays div]g+ f ! almo/ p]fectly circul> crat]s indicat$ by ! arr[s 7,ty*o1 upp]2 ,cop]nicus1 l[]71 & also ! m\nta9s to ! "r ) ! lun> dawn break+ on !m4 ,we turn to ,m>s2 & we mu/ fir/ make x cle> :y !re is s mu* speculation ab\t life on ,m>s1 & :y x is suppos$ t1 if !re is life on ,m>s1 x mu/ be m advanc$ ?an life on ! e>?4 ,is !re ,life on ,m>s8 ,! basis ( ?is belief is t if1 z we saw1 all ! globes 9 our sol> sy/em are masses ( metal t are cool+ d[n1 ! small] w h cool$ d[n be=e ! l>g]1 & w be fur!r ahead 9 _! developm5t4 ,n[ ,m>s is v mu* small] ?an ! e>?1 & mu/ h cool$ at its surface millions ( ye>s be=e ! e>? did4 ,h5ce1 if a /ory ( life began on ,m>s at all1 x began long be=e ! /ory ( life on ! e>?4 ,we _c guess :at sort ( life-=ms w\ld be evolv$ 9 a diff]5t _w1 b we c confid5tly say t !y w\ld t5d t[>d increas+ intellig5ce2 & ?us we are dispos$ to look = highly intellig5t be+s on ,m>s4 ,b ?is argum5t supposes t ! conditions ( life1 namely air & wat]1 are f\nd on ,m>s1 & x is disput$ :e!r !y are f\nd !re 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,p]cival ,l[ell1 :o made a lifelong /udy ( ,m>s1 ma9ta9$ t !re are hundr$s ( /raight l9es drawn across ! surface ( ! planet1 & he claim$ t !y are b$s ( vegetation m>k+ ! sites ( great *annels or pipes by means ( :i* ! ,m>tians draw wat] f _! pol> ocean4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 ano!r high au?ority1 ?9ks t ! l9es are long1 n>r[ m>%es f$ by moi/ w9ds f ! poles4 ,!re are c]ta9ly :ite pol> caps on ,m>s4 ,!y seem to melt 9 ! spr+1 & ! d>k fr+e r\nd !m gr[s broad]4 ,o!r a/ronom]s1 h[ev]1 say t !y f9d no trace ( wat]-vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 & !y ?9k t ! pol> caps may be simply ?9 %eets ( ho>-fro/ or froz5 gas4 ,!y po9t out t1 z ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s is c]ta9ly scanty1 & ! di/ance f ! sun is s great1 x may be too cold = ! fluid wat] to exi/ on ! planet4 ,if "o asks :y our wond]ful in/rum5ts _c settle ^! po9ts1 "o mu/ be rem9d$ t ,m>s is nev] ne>] ?an #cd1jjj1jjj miles f ! e>?1 & only approa*es to ?is di/ance once 9 fifte5 or sev5te5 ye>s4 ,! image ( ,m>s on ! photographic negative tak5 9 a big telescope is v small4 ,a/ronom]s rely to a great ext5t on ! eye1 :i* is m s5sitive ?an ! photographic plate4 ,b x is easy to h diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :at ! eye sees1 & s !re is a good deal ( controv]sy4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aibd1 ! planet w aga9 be well plac$ = obs]vation1 & we may le>n m ab\t x4 ,already a few ( ! mu*-disput$ l9es1 :i* p wrongly call canals1 h be5 trac$ on photographs4 ,a/ronom]s :o are sceptical ab\t life on ,m>s are (t5 n fully aw>e ( ! extraord9>y adaptability ( life4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! climate ( ! :ole e>?1 f pole to pole1 0 semi-tropical = millions ( ye>s4 ,no animal c\ld !n endure ! lea/ cold1 yet n[ we h pl5ty ( ,arctic plants & animals4 ,if ! cold came sl[ly on ,m>s1 z we h reason to suppose1 ! population c\ld be gradually adapt$ to x4 ,on ! :ole1 x is possible t !re is advanc$ life on ,m>s1 & x is n impossible1 9 spite ( ! v great difficulties ( a code ( communication1 t our eld] bro!rs may yet fla% across space ! solution ( _m ( our problems4 #b ,jupit] & ,saturn ,next to ,m>s1 go+ outw>d f ! sun1 is ,jupit]4 ,betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 h[ev]1 !re are m ?an ?ree hundr$ million miles ( space1 & ! old] a/ronom]s wond]$ :y ?is 0 n occupi$ by a planet4 ,we n[ "k t x conta9s ab\t n9e hundr$ planetoids1 or small globes ( f five to five hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,x 0 at "o "t ?\ght t a planet might h bur/ into ^! fragm5ts 7a !ory :i* is n ma!matically satisfactory71 or x may be t ! mat]ial :i* is scatt]$ 9 !m 0 prev5t$ by ! ne>ness ( ! great bulk ( ,jupit] f unit+ into "o globe4 ,= ,jupit] is a giant planet1 & its gravitational influ5ce mu/ ext5d f> ov] space4 ,x is #a1cjj times z l>ge z ! e>?1 & has n9e moons1 f\r ( :i* are l>ge1 9 att5dance on x4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! out]mo/ moons ( ,jupit] & ,saturn revolve r\nd ^! planets 9 a direction contr>y to ! usual direction tak5 by moons r\nd planets1 & by planets r\nd ! sun4 ,b !re is no life on ,jupit]4 ,! surface :i* we see 9 photographs 7,fig4 #ab7 is a mass ( cl\d or /eam :i* always envelops ! body ( ! planet4 ,x is app>5tly r$-hot4 ,a r$ t+e is se5 sometimes at ! edges ( its cl\d-belts1 & a l>ge r$ region 7! r$ spot71 #bc1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 has be5 visible on x = half a c5tury4 ,!re may be a liquid or solid core to ! planet1 b z a :ole x is a mass ( see?+ vap\rs :irl+ r\nd on its axis once 9 e t5 h\rs4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! sun1 h[ev]1 diff]5t latitudes appe> to rotate at diff]5t rates4 ,! int]ior ( ,jupit] is v hot1 b ! planet is n self-lum9\s4 ,! planets ,v5us & ,jupit] %9e v brightly1 b !y h no light ( _! own2 !y reflect ! sunlight4 ,saturn is 9 ! same int]e/+ condition4 ,! surface 9 ! photograph 7,fig4 #ac7 is /eam1 & ,saturn is s f> away f ! sun t ! vaporisation ( its oceans mu/ necess>ily be due to its own int]nal heat4 ,x is too hot = wat] to settle on its surface4 ,l ,jupit]1 ! great globe turns on its axis once 9 t5 h\rs--a prodigi\s spe$--& mu/ be a swirl+1 see?+ mass ( metallic vap\rs & gases4 ,x is in/ructive to comp>e ,jupit] & ,saturn 9 ?is respect ) ! sun4 ,!y are small] globes & h cool$ d[n m ?an ! c5tral fire4 ,saturn is a beautiful object 9 ! telescope because x has t5 moons 7to include "o :i* is disput$7 & a wond]ful sy/em ( r+s r\nd x4 ,! s-call$ r+s are a mighty sw>m ( meteorites--pieces ( iron & /one ( all sorts & sizes1 :i* reflect ! light ( ! sun to u4 ,?is ocean ( matt] is "s miles deep1 & /ret*es f a few ?\s& miles f ! surface ( ! planet to #agb1jjj miles out 9 space4 ,"s a/ronom]s ?9k t ?is is volcanic mat]ial :i* has be5 %ot out ( ! planet4 ,o!rs reg>d x z /uff :i* w\ld h comb9$ to =m an elev5? moon b 0 prev5t$ by ! ne>ness ( ,saturn itself4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( life on ,saturn4 ,,! ,,moon ,m>s & ,v5us are !re=e ! only planets1 besides ! e>?1 on :i* we may look = life2 & 9 ! case ( ,v5us1 ! possibility is v fa9t4 ,b :at ab\t ! moons :i* att5d ! planets8 ,!y range 9 size f ! little t5-miles-wide moons ( ,m>s1 to ,titan1 a moon ( ,saturn1 & ,ganym$e1 a satellite ( ,jupit]1 :i* are ab\t #c1jjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,may !re n be life on "s ( ! l>g] ( ^! moons8 ,we w take our own moon z a type ( ! class4 ,a ,dead ,_w ,! moon is s v mu* ne>] to u ?an any o!r heav5ly body t we h a rem>kable k ( x4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad y h a photograph1 tak5 9 "o ( our l>ge/ telescopes1 ( "p ( its surface4 ,9 a s5se su* a telescope br+s ! moon to )9 ab\t fifty miles ( u4 ,we %\ld see a city l ,london z a d>k1 sprawl+ blot* on ! globe4 ,we c\ld j detect a ,zeppel9 or a ,diplodocus z a mov+ speck aga9/ ! surface4 ,b we f9d none ( ^! ?+s4 ,x is true t a few a/ronom]s believe t !y see signs ( "s sort ( feeble life or movem5t on ! moon4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ ?9ks t he c trace "s volcanic activity4 ,he believes t !re are areas ( vegetation1 probably ( a l[ ord]1 & t ! soil ( ! moon may reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] 9 x4 ,he speaks ( a v ?9 atmosph]e1 & ( occasional light falls ( sn[4 ,he has succe$$ 9 p]suad+ "s c>eful obs]v]s t !re probably are slight *anges ( "s k9d tak+ place on ! moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,a ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,pla9s ,,& ,,crat]s ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,! pla9s 7 orig9ally suppos$ to be seas3 h5ce ! "n ,m>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,a ,,diagram ,,( ,a ,,/ream ,,( ,,meteors ,,%[+ ,,! ,,e>? ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,!m ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,comet1 ,septemb] #bi1 #aijh ,notice ! t5d5cy to =m a numb] ( tails4 7,see photograph bel[47 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,,comet1 ,octob] #c1 #aijh ,! process has gone fur!r & a numb] ( di/9ct tails c n[ be c\nt$4 ,b !re are _m ?+s t po9t to abs5ce ( air on ! moon4 ,ev5 ! photographs we reproduce tell ! same /ory4 ,! edges ( ! %ad[s are all h>d & black4 ,if !re _h be5 an appreciable atmosph]e x w\ld h scatt]$ ! sun's light on to ! edges & produc$ a gradual %ad+ (f su* z we see on ! e>?4 ,?is relative abs5ce ( air mu/ give rise to "s surpris+ effects4 ,!re w be no s\nds on ! moon1 because s\nds are m]ely air waves4 ,ev5 a meteor %att]+ itself to a viol5t end aga9/ ! surface ( ! moon w\ld make no noise4 ,nor w\ld x h]ald its com+ by gl[+ into a %oot+ />1 z x w\ld on ent]+ ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,!re w be no float+ du/1 no sc5t1 no twilight1 no blue sky1 no tw9kl+ ( ! />s4 ,! sky w be always black & ! />s w be cle>ly visible by day z by night4 ,! sun's wond]ful corona1 :i* no man on e>?1 ev5 by seiz+ e opportunity dur+ eclipses1 c hope to see = m ?an two h\rs 9 all 9 a long lifetime1 w be visible all day4 ,s w ! great r$ flames ( ! sun4 ,( c\rse1 !re w be no life1 & no l&scape effects & sc5]y effects due to vegetation4 ,! moon takes approximately tw5ty-sev5 ( our days to turn once on its axis4 ,s = f\rte5 days !re is cont9u\s night1 :5 ! temp]ature mu/ s9k away d[n t[>ds ! absolute cold ( space4 ,?is w be foll[$ )\t an in/ant ( twilight by full daylight4 ,= ano!r f\rte5 days ! sun's rays w be> /raight d[n1 ) no diffusion or absorption ( _! heat1 or light1 on ! way4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! temp]ature ( ! moon's surface mu/ rise enorm\sly4 ,x may n ev5 rise to ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice4 ,see+ !re is no air !re c be no *eck on radiation4 ,! heat t ! moon gets w radiate away imm$iately4 ,we "k t among/ ! colde/ places on ! e>? are ! tops ( v high m\nta9s1 ! po9ts t h re>$ !mselves ne>e/ to ! sun b f>!/ out ( ! %elt]+ blanket ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,! actual temp]ature ( ! moon's surface by day is a moot po9t4 ,x may be bel[ ! freez+-po9t or above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon ,! lack ( air is consid]$ by _m a/ronom]s to furni% ! explanation ( ! enorm\s numb] ( crat]s :i* pit ! moon's surface4 ,!re are ab\t a hundr$ ?\s& ( ^! /range r+s1 & x is n[ believ$ by _m t !y are spots :]e v l>ge meteorites1 or ev5 planetoids1 spla%$ into ! moon :5 its surface 0 /ill s(t4 ,o!r a/ronom]s ?9k t !y are ! rema9s ( gigantic bubbles :i* 7 rais$ 9 ! moon's sk91 :5 ! globe 0 /ill molt51 by volcanic gases f bel[4 ,a few a/ronom]s ?9k t !y are1 z is popul>ly suppos$1 ! crat]s ( ext9ct volcanoes4 ,our crat]s1 on ! e>?1 are g5]ally deep cups1 :]eas ^! r+-=mations on ! moon are m l v %all[ & broad sauc]s4 ,clavius1 ! l>ge/ ( !m1 is #abc miles across ! int]ior1 yet its encircl+ ramp>t is n a mile high4 ,! m\nta9s on ! moon 7,fig4 #af7 rise to a great height1 & are extraord9>ily gaunt & rugg$4 ,!y are l f\nta9s ( lava1 ris+ 9 places to #bf1jjj & #bg1jjj feet4 ,! lun> ,ap5n9es h ?ree ?\s& /eep & weird peaks4 ,our t]re/rial m\nta9s are cont9ually worn d[n by fro/ act+ on moi/ure & by ice & wat]1 b !re are none ( ^! ag5cies op]at+ on ! moon4 ,its m\nta9s are comp>atively ev]la/+ hills4 ,! moon is int]e/+ to u precisely because x is a dead _w4 ,x seems to %[ h[ ! e>?1 or any cool+ metal globe1 w evolve 9 ! remote future4 ,we d n "k if !re 0 ev] life on ! moon1 b 9 any case x _c h proce$$ f> 9 developm5t4 ,at ! mo/ we c imag9e "s /range l[ly =ms ( vegetation l+]+ "h & !re 9 pools ( heavy gas1 exp&+ dur+ ! blaze ( ! sun's long day1 & froz5 rigid dur+ ! long night4 ,,meteors ,,& ,,comets ,we may conclude our survey ( ! sol> sy/em ) a ^w ab\t %oot+ />s1 or meteors1 & comets4 ,!re are few n[ :o d n "k t ! /reak ( fire :i* sudd5ly lights ! sky ov]head at night means t a piece ( /one or iron has ent]$ our atmosph]e f out] space1 & has be5 burn$ up by friction4 ,x 0 travell+ at1 p]haps1 tw5ty or ?irty miles a second4 ,at sev5ty or eighty miles above our heads x began to gl[1 z at t height ! air is ?ick en\gh to (f] s]i\s friction & raise x to a :ite heat4 ,by ! "t ! meteor rea*$ ab\t tw5ty miles or s f ! e>?'s surface x 0 entirely dissipat$1 z a rule 9 fi]y vap\r4 ,millions ( ,meteorites ,x is e/imat$ t betwe5 t5 & a hundr$ million meteorites ent] our atmosph]e & are cremat$1 e day4 ,mo/ ( !m weigh only an ounce or two1 & are invisible4 ,"s ( !m weigh a ton or m1 b ev5 aga9/ ^! l>ge masses ! air acts z a k9d ( torp$o-net4 ,!y g5]ally bur/ into fragm5ts & fall )\t do+ damage4 ,x is cle> t empty space is1 at lea/ )9 ! limits ( our sol> sy/em1 full ( ^! ?+s4 ,!y sw>m l fi%es 9 ! seas4 ,l ! fi%es1 moreov]1 !y may be ei!r solit>y or greg>i\s4 ,! solit>y bit ( cosmic rubbi% is ! meteorite1 :i* we h j exam9$4 ,a social gr\p ( meteorites is ! ess5tial "p ( a comet4 ,! nucleus1 or bright c5tral "p1 ( ! head ( a comet 7,fig4 #ai7 consi/s ( a sw>m1 sometimes ?\s&s ( miles wide1 ( ^! pieces ( iron or /one4 ,?is sw>m has come "u ! sun's gravitational influ5ce1 & is =c$ to travel r\nd x4 ,f "s d>k region ( space x has mov$ sl[ly into our sy/em4 ,x is n !n a comet1 = x has no tail4 ,b z ! cr[d$ meteors approa* ! sun1 ! spe$ increases4 ,!y give (f f9e vap\r-l matt] & ! fi]ce flood ( light f ! sun sweeps ?is vap\r out 9 an ev]-l5g!n+ tail4 ,:atev] way ! comet is travell+1 ! tail always po9ts away f ! sun4 ,a ,great ,comet ,! vap\ry tail (t5 gr[s to an enorm\s l5g? z ! comet approa*es ! sun4 ,! great comet ( #ahdc _h a tail two hundr$ million miles long4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 compos$ ( ! ?9ne/ vap\rs imag9able4 ,twice dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! e>? pass$ ?r\gh ! tail ( a comet1 & no?+ 0 felt4 ,! vap\rs ( ! tail are1 9 fact1 s att5uat$ t we c h>dly imag9e !m to be :ite-hot4 ,!y may be lit by "s electrical =ce4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! comet da%es r\nd ! sun1 (t5 at ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles a second1 !n may pass gradually out ( our sy/em once m4 ,x may be a ?\s& ye>s1 or x may be fifty ye>s1 be=e ! mon>* ( ! sy/em w summon x aga9 to make its fi]y j\rney r\nd 8 ?rone4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,typical ,,spectra ,six ma9 types ( /ell> spectra4 ,notice ! l9es !y h 9 common1 %[+ :at elem5ts are met ) 9 diff]5t types ( />s4 ,ea* ( ^! spectra corresponds to a diff]5t set ( physical & *emical conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,a ,,nebul> ,,region ,,s\? ,,( ,,zeta ,,orionis ,%[+ a great projection ( d>k matt] cutt+ (f ! light f beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,a/rophysical ,obs]vatory1 ,victoria1 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,/> ,,clu/] ,,9 ,,h]cules ,a wond]ful clu/] ( />s4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! di/ance ( ?is clu/] is su* t x w\ld take light m ?an #ajj1jjj ye>s to rea* u4 ,,! ,,/ell> ,,univ]se #a ,! imm5sity ( ! ,/ell> ,univ]se1 z we h se51 is beyond our appreh5sion4 ,! sun is no?+ m ?an a v ord9>y />1 p]haps an insignificant "o4 ,!re are />s enorm\sly great] ?an ! sun4 ,"o su*1 ,betelgeux1 has rec5tly be5 measur$1 & its diamet] is m ?an #cjj times t ( ! sun4 ,! ,evolution ( ,/>s ,! pro( ( ! simil>ity betwe5 our sun & ! />s has come to u ?r\gh ! spectroscope4 ,! elem5ts t we f9d by its means 9 ! sun are also f\nd 9 ! same way 9 ! />s4 ,matt]1 says ! spectroscope1 is ess5tially ! same ev]y:]e1 9 ! e>? & ! sun1 9 ! comet t visits u once 9 a ?\s& ye>s1 9 ! /> ^: di/ance is incalculable1 & 9 ! great cl\ds ( fire-mi/ t we call nebul4 ,9 consid]+ ! evolution ( ! />s let u keep two po9ts cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,! />t+-po9t1 ! nebula1 is no figm5t ( ! sci5tific imag9ation4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( nebul1 besides ev5 va/] irregul> /ret*es ( nebul\s matt]1 exi/ 9 ! heav5s4 ,b ! /ages ( ! evolution ( ?is /uff into />s are v l>gely a matt] ( speculation4 ,possibly !re is m ?an "o l9e ( evolution1 & ! v>i\s !ories may be reconcil$4 ,& ?is applies also to ! !ories ( ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ! />s !mselves pass on _! way to ext9ction4 ,! light ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a million />s has be5 analys$ 9 ! spectroscope1 & x is f\nd t !y fall into ab\t a doz5 classes :i* g5]ally correspond to /ages 9 _! evolution 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! ,age ( ,/>s ,9 its ma9 l9es ! spectrum ( a /> corresponds to its col\r1 & we may r\ghly gr\p ! />s into r$1 yell[1 & :ite4 ,?is is also ! ord] ( increas+ temp]ature1 ! r$ />s be+ ! coole/ & ! :ite />s ! hotte/4 ,we might !re=e imag9e t ! :ite />s are ! y\nge/1 & t z !y gr[ old] & cool] !y become yell[i%1 !n r$1 & f9ally become invisible--j z a cool+ :ite-hot iron w\ld d4 ,b a v int]e/+ rec5t rese>* %[s t !re are two k9ds ( r$ />s2 "s ( !m are among/ ! olde/ />s & "s are among/ ! y\nge/4 ,! facts appe> to be t :5 a /> is fir/ =m$ x is n v hot4 ,x is an imm5se mass ( diffuse gas gl[+ ) a dull-r$ heat4 ,x contracts "u ! mutual gravitation ( its p>ticles1 & z x does s x gr[s hott]4 ,x acquires a yell[i% t+e4 ,z x cont9ues to contract x gr[s hott] & hott] until its temp]ature rea*es a maximum z a :ite />4 ,at ?is po9t ! contraction process does n /op1 b ! heat+ process does4 ,fur!r contraction is n[ accompani$ by cool+1 & ! /> goes ?r\gh its col\r *anges aga91 b ?is "t 9 ! inv]se ord]4 ,x contracts & cools to yell[ & f9ally to r$4 ,b :5 x aga9 becomes a r$ /> x is enorm\sly d5s] & small] ?an :5 x began z a r$ />4 ,consequ5tly ! r$ />s are divid$ into two classes call$1 appropriately1 ,giants & ,dw>fs4 ,?is !ory1 :i* we owe to an ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,h4 ,n4 ,russell1 has be5 successful 9 expla9+ a v>iety ( ph5om5a1 & !re is consequ5tly good reason to suppose x to be true4 ,b ! "q z to h[ ! r$ giant />s 7 =m$ has receiv$ less satisfactory & precise answ]s4 ,! mo/ commonly accept$ !ory is ! nebul> !ory4 ,,! ,,nebul> ,,!ory #b ,nebul are dim lum9\s cl\d-l pat*es 9 ! heav5s1 m l wisps ( smoke 9 "s cases ?an any?+ else4 ,bo? photography & ! telescope %[ t !y are v num]\s1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s be+ already kn[n & ! numb] be+ cont9ually add$ to4 ,!y are n small4 ,mo/ ( !m are imm5sely l>ge4 ,actual dim5sions _c be giv51 because to e/imate ^! we mu/ fir/ "k def9itely ! di/ance ( ! nebul f ! e>?4 ,! di/ances ( "s nebul are kn[n approximately1 & we c !re=e =m "s idea ( size 9 ^! cases4 ,! results are /agg]+4 ,! m]e visible surface ( "s nebul is s l>ge t ! :ole /ret* ( ! sol> sy/em w\ld be too small to =m a conv5i5t unit = measur+ x4 ,a ray ( light w\ld require to travel = ye>s to cross f side to side ( su* a nebula4 ,its imm5sity is inconceivable to ! human m9d4 ,!re appe> to be two types ( nebul1 & !re is evid5ce sugge/+ t ! "o type is only an e>li] =m ( ! o!r2 b ?is aga9 we d n "k4 ,! m primitive nebul w\ld seem to be compos$ ( gas 9 an extremely r>ifi$ =m4 ,x is difficult to convey an adequate idea ( ! r>ity ( nebul> gases4 ,! residual gases 9 a vacuum tube are d5se by comp>ison4 ,a cubic in* ( air at ord9>y pressure w\ld conta9 m matt] ?an is conta9$ 9 millions ( cubic in*es ( ! gases ( nebul4 ,! light ( ev5 ! fa9te/ />s does n seem to be dimm$ by pass+ ?r\gh a gase\s nebula1 al?\gh we _c be sure on ?is po9t4 ,! mo/ rem>kable physical fact ab\t ^! gases is t !y are lum9\s4 ,:5ce !y d]ive _! lum9osity we d n "k4 ,x h>dly seems possible to believe t extremely ?9 gases expos$ to ! t]rific cold ( space c be s hot z to be lum9\s & c reta9 _! heat & _! lum9osity indef9itely4 ,a cold lum9osity due to electrification1 l t ( ! aurora borealis1 w\ld seem to fit ! case bett]4 ,n[ ! nebul> !ory is t out ( great fire-mi/s1 su* z we h describ$1 />s are born4 ,we d n "k :e!r gravitation is ! only or ev5 ! ma9 =ce at "w 9 a nebula1 b x is suppos$ t "u ! action ( gravity ! f>-flung fire-mi/s w\ld beg9 to cond5se r\nd c5tres ( greate/ d5sity1 heat be+ evolv$ 9 ! process4 ,( c\rse ! cond5sation w\ld be enorm\sly sl[1 al?\gh ! sudd5 irruption ( a sw>m ( meteors or "s solid body might ha/5 matt]s greatly by provid+ l>ge1 ready-made c5tres ( cond5sation4 ,spiral ,nebul ,x is !n suppos$ t ! contract+ mass ( gas w\ld beg9 to rotate & to ?r[ (f gigantic /ream]s1 :i* w\ld 9 _! turn =m c5tres ( cond5sation4 ,! :ole /ructure w\ld ?us =m a spiral1 hav+ a d5se region at its c5tre & knots or lumps ( cond5s$ matt] along its spiral arms4 ,besides ! =mless gase\s nebul !re are hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( spiral nebul su* z we h j m5tion$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,!y are at all /ages ( developm5t1 & !y are visible to u at all angles--t is to say1 "s ( !m face directly t[>ds u1 o!rs are edge on1 & "s are 9 int]m$iate positions4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t we h "h a /rik+ confirmation ( ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,b we mu/ n g s fa/4 ,!re is mu* controv]sy z to ! nature ( ^! spiral nebul4 ,"s em95t a/ronom]s ?9k !y are o!r /ell> univ]ses1 comp>able 9 size ) our own4 ,9 any case !y are va/ /ructures1 & if !y repres5t />s 9 process ( cond5sation1 !y mu/ be giv+ bir? to huge agglom]ations ( />s--to /> clu/]s at lea/4 ,^! va/ & enigmatic objects d n ?r[ mu* light on ! orig9 ( our own sol> sy/em4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,laplace to expla9 ! orig9 ( our sol> sy/em1 has n yet met ) univ]sal acceptance4 ,! explanation (f]s grave difficulties1 & x is be/ :ile ! subject is /ill be+ closely inve/igat$1 to hold all op9ions ) res]ve4 ,x may be tak5 z probable1 h[ev]1 t ! univ]se has develop$ f masses ( inc&esc5t gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,! ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion ,! mo/ impressive nebula 9 ! heav5s4 ,x is inconceivably great] 9 dim5sions ?an ! :ole sol> sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #be--;,,giant ,,spiral ,,nebula1 ,m>* #bc1 #aiad ,?is spiral nebula is se5 full on4 ,notice ! c5tral nucleus & ! two spiral arms em]g+ f its opposite directions4 ,is matt] fl[+ out ( ! nucleus into ! arms or along ! arms into ! nucleus8 ,9 ei!r case we %\ld get two /reams 9 opposite directions )9 ! nucleus4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,& ,,dea? ,,( ,,/>s #c ,v>iable1 ,new1 & ,d>k ,/>s3 ,dy+ ,suns ,_m a/ronom]s believe t 9 v>iable />s we h ano!r />1 foll[+ t ( ! dulle/ r$ />1 9 ! dy+ ( suns4 ,! light ( ^! />s v>ies p]iodically 9 s _m days1 weeks1 or ye>s4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate t !y are sl[ly dy+ suns1 9 :i* ! molt5 int]ior p]iodically bur/s ?r\gh ! %ell ( ?ick vap\rs t is ga!r+ r\nd !m4 ,:at we saw ab\t our sun seems to po9t to "s su* /age 9 ! future4 ,t is1 h[ev]1 n ! receiv$ op9ion ab\t v>iable />s4 ,x may be t !y are />s :i* p]iodically pass ?r\gh a great sw>m ( meteors or a region ( space t is ri* 9 cosmic du/ ( "s sort1 :51 ( c\rse1 a great illum9ation w\ld take place4 ,"o class ( ^! v>iable />s1 :i* takes its "n f ! /> ,algol1 is ( special int]e/4 ,e ?ird night ,algol has its light r$uc$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,mod]n a/ronomy has discov]$ t 9 ?is case !re are really two />s1 circulat+ r\nd a common c5tre1 & t e ?ird night ! fa9t] ( ! two comes directly betwe5 u & its companion & causes an eclipse4 ,?is 0 until rec5tly reg>d$ z a mo/ int]e/+ case 9 :i* a dead /> reveal$ itself to u by pass+ be=e ! light ( ano!r />4 ,b a/ronom]s h 9 rec5t ye>s inv5t$ some?+1 ! sel5ium-cell1 :i* is ev5 m s5sitive ?an ! photographic plate1 & on ?is ! suppos$ dead /> regi/]s itself z v mu* alive4 ,algol is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ 9 ano!r way4 ,! pair ( />s :i* we h discov]$ 9 x are hundr$s ( trillions ( miles away f ! e>?1 yet we "k _! masses & _! di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,! ,dea? & ,bir? ( ,/>s ,we h no positive k ( dead />s2 :i* is n surpris+ :5 we reflect t a dead /> means an invisible />6 ,b :5 we see s _m individual />s t5d+ t[>d dea?1 :5 we behold a va/ population ( all conceivable ages1 we presume t !re are _m already dead4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! univ]se z a :ole is runn+ d[n4 ,"s writ]s h ma9ta9$ ?is1 b _! argum5t implies t we "k a great deal m ab\t ! univ]se ?an we actually d4 ,! sci5tific man does n "k :e!r ! univ]se is f9ite or inf9ite1 temporal or et]nal2 & he decl9es to speculate :]e !re are no facts to guide him4 ,he kn[s only t ! great gase\s nebul promise myriads ( worlds 9 ! future1 & he conc$es ! possibility t new nebul may be =m+ 9 ! e!r ( space4 ,! la/1 & n ! lea/ int]e/+1 subject we h to notice is ! bir? ( a new />4 ,?is is an ev5t :i* a/ronom]s n[ ann\nce e few ye>s2 & x is a f> m port5t\s ev5t ?an ! read] imag9es :5 x is report$ 9 8 daily pap]4 ,! /ory is mu* ! same 9 all cases4 ,we say t ! /> appe>$ 9 #aija1 b y beg9 to realise ! magnitude ( ! ev5t :5 y le>n t ! di/ant blaze _h really occurr$ ab\t ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,lu!r6 ,! light ( ! conflagration _h be5 spe$+ t[>d u across space at #ahf1jjj miles a second1 yet x has tak5 ne>ly ?ree c5turies to rea* u4 ,to be visible at all to u at t di/ance ! fi]y outbreak mu/ h be5 /up5d\s4 ,if a mass ( petroleum t5 times ! size ( ! e>? 7 sudd5ly fir$ x w\ld n be se5 at su* a di/ance4 ,! new /> _h increas$ its light _m hundr$fold 9 a few days4 ,!re is a consid]able fasc9ation ab\t ! speculation t 9 su* cases we see ! resurrection ( a dead _w1 a means ( r5ew+ ! population ( ! univ]se4 ,:at happ5s is t 9 "s region ( ! sky :]e no />1 or only a v fa9t />1 _h be5 regi/]$ on our *>ts1 we almo/ sudd5ly p]ceive a bright />4 ,9 a few days x may rise to ! highe/ brilliancy4 ,by ! spectroscope we le>n t ?is di/ant blaze means a prodigi\s outp\r ( :ite-hot hydrog5 at hundr$s ( miles a second4 ,b ! /> s9ks aga9 aft] a few mon?s1 & we !n f9d a nebula r\nd x on e side4 ,x is natural to suppose t a dead or dy+ sun has someh[ be5 reconv]t$ 9 :ole or 9 "p into a nebula4 ,a few a/ronom]s ?9k t x may h p>tially collid$ ) ano!r />1 or approa*$ too closely to ano!r1 ) ! result we describ$ on an e>li] page4 ,! g5]al op9ion n[ is t a fa9t or dead /> _h ru%$ into "o ( ^? regions ( space 9 :i* !re are imm5se /ret*es ( nebul\s matt]1 & be5 7at lea/ 9 "p7 vaporis$ by ! friction4 ,b ! difficulties are consid]able1 & "s a/ronom]s pref] to ?9k t ! blaz+ /> may m]ely h lit up a d>k nebula :i* already exi/$4 ,x is "o ( ^? problems on :i* speculation is mo/ tempt+ b positive k is /ill v incomplete4 ,we may be cont5t1 ev5 pr\d1 t already we c take a conflagration t has occurr$ m ?an a ?\s& trillion miles away & analyse x positively into an outflame ( gl[+ hydrog5 gas at s _m miles a second4 ,,! ,,%ape ,,( ,,our ,,univ]se #d ,our ,univ]se a ,spiral ,nebula ,:at is ! %ape ( our univ]se1 & :at are its dim5sions8 ,?is is a trem5d\s "q to ask4 ,x is l ask+ an intellig5t insect1 liv+ on a s+le leaf 9 ! mid/ ( a great ,brazilian =e/1 to say :at is ! %ape & size ( ! =e/4 ,yet man's +5uity has prov$ equal to giv+ an answ] ev5 to ?is "q1 & by a me?od exactly simil> to t :i* w\ld be adopt$ by ! insect4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! =e/ 0 %ap$ z an elongat$ oval1 & ! insect liv$ on a tree ne> ! c5tre ( ! oval4 ,if ! trees 7 approximately equally spac$ f "o ano!r !y w\ld appe> mu* d5s] along ! l5g? ( ! oval ?an across its wid?4 ,?is is ! simple consid]ation t has guid$ a/ronom]s 9 det]m9+ ! %ape ( our /ell> univ]se4 ,!re is "o direction 9 ! heav5s along :i* ! />s appe> d5s] ?an 9 ! directions at "r angles to x4 ,t direction is ! direction 9 :i* we look t[>ds ! ,milky ,way4 ,if we c\nt ! numb] ( />s visible all ov] ! heav5s1 we f9d !y become m & m num]\s z we approa* ! ,milky ,way4 ,z we g f>!r & f>!r f ! ,milky ,way ! />s ?9 out until !y rea* a maximum sp>s5ess 9 directions at "r angles to ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,we may consid] ! ,milky ,way to =m1 z x 71 ! equator ( our sy/em1 & ! l9e at "r angles to po9t to ! nor? & s\? poles4 ,our sy/em1 9 fact1 is %ap$ some?+ l a l5s1 & our sun is situat$ ne> ! c5tre ( ?is l5s4 ,9 ! remot] "p ( ?is l5s1 ne> its edge1 or possibly outside x altoge!r1 lies ! great s]ies ( /> cl\ds :i* make up ! ,milky ,way4 ,all ! />s are 9 motion )9 ?is sy/em1 b ! v rem>kable discov]y has be5 made t ^! motions are n entirely r&om4 ,! great majority ( ! />s ^: motions c be measur$ fall into two gr\ps drift+ pa/ "o ano!r 9 opposite directions4 ,! velocity ( "o /ream relative to ! o!r is ab\t tw5ty-five miles p] second4 ,! />s =m+ ^! two gr\ps are ?or\ghly well mix$2 x is n a case ( an inn] /ream go+ "o way & an out] /ream ! o!r4 ,b !re are n q z _m />s go+ "o way z ! o!r4 ,= e two />s 9 "o /ream !re are ?ree 9 ! o!r4 ,n[1 z we h said1 "s em95t a/ronom]s hold t ! spiral nebul are univ]ses l our own1 & if we look at ! two photographs 7,figs4 #be & #bf7 we see t ^! spirals pres5t features :i*1 9 ! light ( :at we h j said ab\t our sy/em1 are v rem>kable4 ,! nebula 9 ,coma ,b]5ices is a spiral edge-on to u1 & we see t x has precisely ! l5s-%ap$ middle & ! g5]al flatt5$ %ape t we h f\nd 9 our own sy/em4 ,! nebula 9 ,canes ,v5atici is a spiral fac+ t[>ds u1 & its %ape irresi/ibly sugge/s motions along ! spiral arms4 ,?is motion1 :e!r x is t[>ds or away f ! c5tral1 l5s-%ap$ portion1 w\ld cause a d\ble /ream+ motion 9 t c5tral portion ( ! k9d we h f\nd 9 our own sy/em4 ,aga91 & altoge!r ap>t f ^! consid]ations1 !re are good reasons = suppos+ our ,milky ,way to possess a d\ble-arm$ spiral /ructure4 ,& ! great pat*es ( d>k absorb+ matt] :i* are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,milky ,way 7see ,fig4 #bb7 w\ld give v mu* ! mottl$ appe>ance we notice 9 ! arms 7:i* we see edge-on7 ( ! nebula 9 ,coma ,b]5ices4 ,! hypo!sis1 !re=e1 t our univ]se is a spiral nebula has mu* to be said = x4 ,if x be accept$ x greatly increases our e/imate ( ! size ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,= our c5tral1 l5s-%ap$ sy/em is calculat$ to ext5d t[>ds ! ,milky ,way = m ?an tw5ty ?\s& times a million million miles1 & ab\t a ?ird ( ?is di/ance t[>ds :at we h call$ ! poles4 ,if1 z we suppose1 ea* spiral nebula is an indep5d5t /ell> univ]se comp>able 9 size ) our own1 !n1 s9ce !re are hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( spiral nebul1 we see t ! size ( ! :ole mat]ial univ]se is inde$ beyond our compreh5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,m\nt ,wilson ,obs]vatory4 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,a ,,spiral ,,nebula ,,se5 ,,edge-,,on ,notice ! l5s-%ap$ =mation ( ! nucleus & ! arm /ret*+ z a b& across x4 ,see ref]5ce 9 ! text to ! resemblance betwe5 ?is & our /ell> univ]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,h4 ,j4 ,%ep/one4 #ajj-;,,in* ,,telescope1 ,,m\nt ,,wilson ,a reflect+ telescope3 ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,! mirror is situat$ at ! base ( ! telescope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em ,,mean ,,di/ance ,,p]iod ,,( ,,"n ,,f ,,sun 7,,9 ,,revolution ,,diamet] ,,numb] ,,( ,,millions ,,( ,,ar\nd ,,sun 7,,9 ,,miles7 ,,satellites ,,miles7 7,,9 ,,ye>s7 ,,m]cury #cf4j #j4bd #cjcj #j ,,v5us #fg4b #j4fb #ggjj #j ,,e>? #ib4i #a4jj #giah #a ,,m>s #ada4e #a4hh #dbcj #b ,,jupit] #dhc4c #aa4hf #hfejj #i ,,saturn #hhf4j #bi4df #gcjjj #aj ,,uranus #agha4i #hd4jb #caijj #d ,,neptune #biga4f #afd4gh #cdhjj #a ,,sun ------ ------ #hffdjj -- ,,moon ------ ------ #bafc -- ,,fig4 #bg ,illu/ration3 ,,/> ,,di/ances ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,/> ,,light-,,ye>s ,,pol>is #gf ,,capella #di4d ,,rigel #dff ,,sirius #h4g ,,procyon #aj4e ,,regulus #ih4h ,,arcturus #dc4d ,,alpha ,,c5tauri #d4bi ,,vega #cd4g ,,small] ,,magellanic ,,cl\d #cb1fjj;,a ,,great ,,clu/] ,,9 ,,h]cules #ajh1fjj;,a ,a ,,e/imat$ ,,fig4 #bh ,! above di/ances are m]ely approximate & are subject to fur!r revision4 ,a light-ye> is ! di/ance t light1 travell+ at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 w\ld cov] 9 "o ye>4 ,9 ?is simple outl9e we h n t\*$ on "s ( ! m debatable que/ions t engage ! att5tion ( mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,_m ( ^! que/ions h n yet pass$ ! controv]sial /age2 out ( ^! w em]ge ! a/ronomy ( ! future4 ,b we h se5 en\gh to conv9ce u t1 :atev] advances ! future holds 9 /ore1 ! sci5ce ( ! heav5s con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important /ones 9 ! wond]ful fabric ( human k4 ,,a/ronomical ,,in/rum5ts #a ,! ,telescope ,! in/rum5ts us$ 9 mod]n a/ronomy are among/ ! f9e/ triumphs ( me*anical skill 9 ! _w4 ,9 a great mod]n obs]vatory ! diff]5t in/rum5ts are to be c\nt$ by ! score1 b !re are two :i* /& out pre-em95t z ! fundam5tal in/rum5ts ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,^! in/rum5ts are ! telescope & ! spectroscope1 & )\t !m a/ronomy1 z we "k x1 c\ld n exi/4 ,!re is /ill "s dispute z to :]e & :5 ! fir/ telescope 0 con/ruct$2 z an a/ronomical in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 x dates f ! "t ( ! great ,italian sci5ti/ ,galileo1 :o1 ) a v small & imp]fect telescope ( 8 own inv5tion1 fir/ obs]v$ ! spots on ! sun1 ! m\nta9s ( ! moon1 & ! *ief f\r satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,a good pair ( mod]n b9ocul>s is sup]ior to ?is e>ly in/rum5t ( ,galileo's1 & ! hi/ory ( telescope con/ruction1 f t primitive in/rum5t to ! mod]n giant rec5tly erect$ on ,m\nt ,wilson1 ,cali=nia1 is an excit+ *apt] 9 human progress4 ,b ! e>ly in/rum5ts h only an hi/oric int]e/3 ! era ( mod]n telescopes beg9s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury telescope con/ruction und]w5t an unprec$5t$ developm5t4 ,an imm5se am\nt ( int]e/ 0 tak5 9 ! con/ruction ( l>ge telescopes1 & ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ! _w ent]$ on an excit+ race to produce ! mo/ p[]ful possible in/rum5ts4 ,besides ?is rivalry ( diff]5t c\ntries !re 0 a rivalry ( me?ods4 ,! telescope develop$ along two diff]5t l9es1 & ea* ( ^! two types has its p>tisans at ! pres5t day4 ,^! types are kn[n z refractors & reflectors1 & x is necess>y to m5tion1 briefly1 ! pr9ciples employ$ 9 ea*4 ,! refractor is ! ord9>y1 famili> type ( telescope4 ,x consi/s1 ess5tially1 ( a l>ge l5s at "o end ( a tube1 & a small l5s1 call$ ! eye-piece1 at ! o!r4 ,! function ( ! l>ge l5s is to act z a sort ( gigantic eye4 ,x collects a l>ge am\nt ( light1 an am\nt proportional to its size1 & br+s ?is light to a focus )9 ! tube ( ! telescope4 ,x ?us produces a small b bright image1 & ! eye-piece magnifies ?is image4 ,9 ! reflector1 in/ead ( a l>ge l5s at ! top ( ! tube1 a l>ge mirror is plac$ at ! bottom4 ,?is mirror is s %ap$ z to reflect ! light t falls on x to a focus1 :5ce ! light is aga9 l$ to an eye-piece4 ,?us ! refractor & ! reflector diff] *iefly 9 _! mann] ( ga!r+ light4 ,! p[]fulness ( ! telescope dep5ds on ! size ( ! light-ga!r]4 ,a telescope ) a l5s f\r in*es 9 diamet] is f\r times z p[]ful z ! "o ) a l5s two in*es 9 diamet]1 = ! am\nt ( light ga!r$ obvi\sly dep5ds on ! area ( ! l5s1 & ! area v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! diamet]4 ,! l>ge/ telescopes at pres5t 9 exi/5ce are reflectors4 ,x is mu* easi] to con/ruct a v l>ge mirror ?an to con/ruct a v l>ge l5s2 x is also *eap]4 ,a mirror is m likely to get out ( ord] ?an is a l5s1 h[ev]1 & any irregul>ity 9 ! %ape ( a mirror produces a great] di/ort+ effect ?an 9 a l5s4 ,a refractor is also m conv5i5t to h&le ?an is a reflector4 ,= ^! reasons great refractors are /ill made1 b ! l>ge/ ( !m1 ! great ,y]kes' refractor1 is mu* small] ?an ! greate/ reflector1 ! "o on ,m\nt ,wilson1 ,cali=nia4 ,! l5s ( ! ,y]kes' refractor measures ?ree feet f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 :]eas ! ,m\nt ,wilson reflector has a diamet] ( no less ?an eight feet f\r in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,y]kes #dj-;,,in* ,,refractor 7,! l>ge/ refract+ telescope 9 ! _w4 ,its big l5s weighs #a1jjj p\nds1 & its mammo? tube1 :i* is #fb feet long1 weighs ab\t #ab1jjj p\nds4 ,! p>ts to be mov$ weigh approximately #bb tons4 ,! great #ajj-;in* reflector ( ! ,m\nt ,wilson reflect+ telescope--! l>ge/ reflect+ in/rum5t 9 ! _w--weighs ne>ly #i1jjj p\nds & ! mov+ p>ts ( ! telescope weigh ab\t #ajj tons4 ,! new #gb-;in* reflector at ! ,dom9ion ,a/rophysical ,obs]vatory1 ne> ,victoria1 ,b4 ,c41 weighs ne>ly #d1ejj p\nds1 & ! mov+ p>ts ab\t #ce tons47 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,h4 ,j4 ,%ep/one4 ,,! ,,d\ble-,,slide ,,plate ,,hold] ,,on ,,y]kes #dj-;,,in* ,,refract+ ,,telescope ,! small] telescope at ! top ( ! picture acts z a f9d]2 ! field ( view ( ! l>ge telescope is s re/rict$ t x is difficult to recognise1 z x 71 ! "p ( ! heav5s be+ survey$4 ,! small] telescope takes 9 a l>g] area & enables ! precise object to be exam9$ to be easily select$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n ,,direct-,,read+ ,,spectroscope 7,by ,a4 ,hilg]1 ,ltd47 ,! light is br\ght ?r\gh "o telescope1 is split up by ! prism1 & ! result+ spectrum is obs]v$ ?r\gh ! o!r telescope4 ,b !re is a device :]eby ! p[] ( ^! giant in/rum5ts1 great z x is1 c be /ill fur!r height5$4 ,t device is ! simple "o ( all[+ ! photographic plate to take ! place ( ! human eye4 ,n[adays an a/ronom] seldom sp5ds ! night ) 8 eye glu$ to ! great telescope4 ,he puts a photographic plate !re4 ,! photographic plate has ?is advantage ov] ! eye1 t x builds up impressions4 ,h[ev] long we />e at an object too fa9t to be se51 we %all nev] see x4 ,) ! photographic plate1 h[ev]1 fa9t impressions g on accumulat+4 ,z h\r aft] h\r passes1 ! /> :i* 0 too fa9t to make a p]ceptible impression on ! plate goes on affect+ x until f9ally x makes an impression :i* c be made visible4 ,9 ?is way ! photographic plate reveals to u ph5om5a 9 ! heav5s :i* _c be se5 ev5 ?r\gh ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes4 ,telescopes ( ! k9d we h be5 discuss+1 telescopes = explor+ ! heav5s1 are m\nt$ equatorially2 t is to say1 !y are m\nt$ on an incl9$ pill> p>allel to ! axis ( ! e>? s t1 by rotat+ r\nd ?is pill>1 ! telescope is enabl$ to foll[ ! app>5t motion ( a /> due to ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,?is motion is effect$ by clock-"w1 s t1 once adju/$ on a />1 & ! clock-"w />t$1 ! telescope rema9s adju/$ on t /> = any l5g? ( "t t is desir$4 ,b a great (ficial obs]vatory1 su* z ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory or ! ,obs]vatory at ,p>is1 also has transit in/rum5ts1 or telescopes small] ?an ! equatorials & )\t ! same facility ( movem5t1 b :i*1 by a numb] ( exquisite ref9em5ts1 are m adapt$ to accurate measurem5ts4 ,x is ^! in/rum5ts :i* are *iefly us$ 9 ! compilation ( ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,!y d n foll[ ! app>5t motions ( ! />s4 ,/>s are all[$ to drift across ! field ( vision1 & z ea* /> crosses a small gr\p ( p>allel wires 9 ! eye-piece its precise "t ( passage is record$4 ,ow+ to _! relative fixity ( position ^! in/rum5ts c be con/ruct$ to record ! positions ( />s ) mu* great] accuracy ?an is possible to ! m g5]al & flexible m\nt+ ( equatorials4 ,! record+ ( transit is comp>atively dry "w2 ! spectacul> elem5t is entirely abs5t2 />s are treat$ m]ely z ma!matical po9ts4 ,b ^! obs]vations furni% ! v basis ( mod]n ma!matical a/ronomy1 & )\t !m su* publications z ! ,nautical ,almanac & ! ,connaissance du ,temps w\ld be robb$ ( ! great] "p ( _! importance4 #b ,! ,spectroscope ,we h already le>nt some?+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ! spectroscope1 ! in/rum5t :i*1 by mak+ x possible to le>n ! actual con/itution ( ! />s1 has add$ a va/ new doma9 to a/ronomy4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ( ?is in/rum5t ! analys+ portion consi/s ( a s+le prism4 ,unless ! prism is v l>ge1 h[ev]1 only a small degree ( disp]sion is obta9$4 ,x is obvi\sly desirable1 = accurate analytical "w1 t ! disp]sion--t is1 ! sep>ation ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! spectrum--%\ld be z great z possible4 ,! disp]sion c be increas$ by us+ a l>ge numb] ( prisms1 ! light em]g+ f ! fir/ prism1 ent]+ ! second1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way ea* prism produces its own disp]sive effect &1 :5 a numb] ( prisms are employ$1 ! f9al disp]sion is consid]able4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( light is absorb$ 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 s t unless our prim>y s\rce ( light is v /rong1 ! f9al spectrum w be v feeble & h>d to deciph]4 ,ano!r way ( obta9+ consid]able disp]sion is by us+ a diffraction grat+ in/ead ( a prism4 ,?is consi/s ess5tially ( a piece ( glass on :i* l9es are rul$ by a diamond po9t4 ,:5 ! l9es are suffici5tly close toge!r !y split up light fall+ on !m into its con/itu5ts & produce a spectrum4 ,! mod]n diffraction grat+ is a truly wond]ful piece ( "w4 ,x conta9s sev]al ?\s&s ( l9es to ! in*1 & ^! l9es h to be spac$ ) ! greate/ accuracy4 ,b 9 ?is in/rum5t1 aga91 !re is a consid]able loss ( light4 ,we h said t e sub/ance has its own di/9ctive spectrum1 & x might be ?\ght t1 :5 a li/ ( ! spectra ( diff]5t sub/ances has be5 prep>$1 spectrum analysis w\ld become p]fectly /raight=w>d4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ?+s are n q s simple4 ,! spectrum emitt$ by a sub/ance is influ5c$ by a v>iety ( conditions4 ,! pressure1 ! temp]ature1 ! /ate ( motion ( ! object we are obs]v+1 all make a diff]5ce1 & "o ( ! mo/ labori\s tasks ( ! mod]n spectroscopi/ is to dis5tangle ^! effects f "o ano!r4 ,simple z x is 9 its broad outl9es1 spectroscopy is1 9 reality1 "o ( ! mo/ intricate bran*es ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,,bibliography 7,! foll[+ li/ ( books may be useful to read]s wi%+ to pursue fur!r ! /udy ( ,a/ronomy47 ,,ball1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s4 ,,ball1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,sun4 ,,=bes1 ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,h9cks1 ,a/ronomy4 ,,kippax1 ,call ( ! ,/>s4 ,,l[ell1 ,m>s & ,its ,canals4 ,,l[ell1 ,evolution ( ,worlds4 ,,mckready1 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,/>-,book4 ,,newcomb1 ,popul> ,a/ronomy4 ,,newcomb1 ,! ,/>s3 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,univ]se4 ,,olcott1 ,field ,book ( ! ,/>s4 ,,price1 ,ess5ce ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,s]viss1 ,curiosities ( ! ,skies4 ,,webb1 ,cele/ial ,objects = ,common ,telescopes4 ,,"y1 ,text-,book ( ,g5]al ,a/ronomy4 ,,ii ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,evolution ,,introductory ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,e>?--,,mak+ ,a ,,home ,,= ,,life--,,! ,,fir/ ,,liv+ ,,creatures #a ,! ,evolution-idea is a ma/]-key t op5s _m doors4 ,x is a lum9\s int]pretation ( ! _w1 ?r[+ ! light ( ! pa/ ^u ! pres5t4 ,ev]y?+ is se5 to be an antiquity1 ) a hi/ory beh9d x--a natural hi/ory1 :i* enables u to und]/& 9 "s measure h[ x has come to be z x is4 ,we _c say m ?an und]/& 9 "s measure1 = :ile ! fact ( evolution is c]ta91 we are only beg9n+ to disc]n ! factors t h be5 at "w4 ,! evolution-idea is v old1 go+ back to "s ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 b x is only 9 mod]n times t x has become an ess5tial "p ( our m5tal equipm5t4 ,x is n[ an ev]yday intellectual tool4 ,x 0 appli$ to ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em & to ! mak+ ( ! e>? be=e x 0 appli$ to plants & animals2 x 0 ext5d$ f ^! to man himself2 x spread to language1 to folk-ways1 to in/itutions4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ! evolution-idea has be5 appli$ to ! *emical elem5ts1 = x appe>s t uranium may *ange into radium1 t radium may produce helium1 & t lead is ! f9al /able result :5 ! *anges ( uranium are complete4 ,p]haps all ! elem5ts may be ! outcome ( an inorganic evolution4 ,n less important is ! ext5sion ( ! evolution-idea to ! _w )9 z well z to ! _w )\t4 ,= alongside ( ! evolution ( bodies & bra9s is ! evolution ( feel+s & emotions1 ideas & imag9ation4 ,organic evolution means t ! pres5t is ! *ild ( ! pa/ & ! p>5t ( ! future4 ,x is n a p[] or a pr9ciple2 x is a process--a process ( becom+4 ,x means t ! pres5t-day animals & plants & all ! subtle int]-relations betwe5 !m h aris5 9 a natural kn[able way f a prec$+ /ate ( affairs on ! :ole some:at simpl]1 & t aga9 f =ms & int]-relations simpl] /ill1 & s on backw>ds & backw>ds = millions ( ye>s till we lose all clues 9 ! ?ick mi/ t hangs ov] life's beg9n+s4 ,our sol> sy/em 0 once repres5t$ by a nebula ( "s sort1 & we may speak ( ! evolution ( ! sun & ! planets4 ,b s9ce x has be5 ! same mat]ial ?r\gh\t t has *ang$ 9 its di/ribution & =ms1 x might be cle>] to use "s ^w l g5esis4 ,simil>ly1 our human in/itutions 7 once v diff]5t f :at !y are n[1 & we may speak ( ! evolution ( gov]nm5t or ( cities4 ,b ,man works ) a purpose1 ) ideas & ideals 9 "s measure controll+ 8 actions & guid+ 8 a*ievem5ts1 s t x is probably cle>] to keep ! good old ^w hi/ory = all processes ( social becom+ 9 :i* man has be5 a consci\s ag5t4 ,n[ betwe5 ! g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em & ! hi/ory ( civilisation !re comes ! va/ process ( organic evolution4 ,! ^w developm5t %\ld be kept = ! becom+ ( ! individual1 ! *ick out ( ! egg1 = in/ance4 ,organic evolution is a cont9u\s natural process ( racial *ange1 by successive /eps 9 a def9ite direction1 :]eby di/9ctively new individualities arise1 take root1 & fl\ri%1 sometimes alongside (1 & sometimes1 soon] or lat]1 9 place (1 ! orig9ative /ock4 ,our dome/icat$ bre$s ( pigeons & p\ltry are ! results ( evolution>y *ange ^: orig9s are /ill ) u 9 ! ,rock ,dove & ! ,jungle ,f[l2 b 9 mo/ cases 9 ,wild ,nature ! ance/ral /ocks ( pres5t-day =ms are long s9ce ext9ct1 & 9 _m cases !y are unkn[n4 ,evolution is a long process ( com+ & go+1 appe>+ & disappe>+1 a long-drawn-out sublime process l a great piece ( music4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,ris*gitz ,collection4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9 ,greate/ ( naturali/s1 :o made ! idea ( evolution curr5t intellectual co91 & 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei7 made ! :ole _w new4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,ris*gitz ,collection4 ,,"l ,,kelv9 ,"o ( ! greate/ physici/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he e/imat$ ! age ( ! e>? at #bj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,he _h n at 8 disposal1 h[ev]1 ! k ( rec5t discov]ies1 :i* h result$ 9 ?is e/imate be+ v greatly increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,lick ,obs]vatory4 ,a ,,giant ,,spiral ,,nebula ,laplace's fam\s !ory 0 t ! planets & ! e>? 7 =m$ f great :irl+ nebul4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,,meteorite ,,:i* ,,fell ,,ne> ,,sc>bor\gh1 ,,& ,,is ,,n[ ,,to ,,be ,,se5 ,,9 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,museum ,x weighs ab\t #ef lb41 & is a /ony meteorite1 i4e41 an a]olite4 #b ,! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,e>? ,:5 we speak ! language ( sci5ce we _c say ,9 ! beg9n+1 = we d n "k ( & _c ?9k ( any condition ( ?+s t did n arise f some?+ t w5t be=e4 ,b we may qualify ! phrase1 & legitimately inquire into ! beg9n+ ( ! e>? )9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,if ! result ( ?is inquiry is to trace ! sun & ! planets back to a nebula we rea* only a relative beg9n+4 ,! nebula has to be acc\nt$ =4 ,& ev5 be=e matt] !re may h be5 a pre-mat]ial _w4 ,if we say1 z 0 said long ago1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ,m9d1 we may be express+ or try+ to express a great tru?1 b we h gone ,,beyond ,,sci5ce4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ,"o ( ! gr&e/ pictures t ! sci5tific m9d has ev] ?r[n ^u ! scre5 is t ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,accord+ to ,laplace's fam\s =m ( ?is !ory 7#agif71 ! sol> sy/em 0 once a gigantic gl[+ mass1 sp9n+ sl[ly & uni=mly ar\nd its c5tre4 ,z ! inc&esc5t _w-cl\d ( gas cool$ & its spe$ ( rotation increas$ ! %r9k+ mass gave (f a sep>ate :irl+ r+1 :i* broke up & ga!r$ toge!r aga9 z ! fir/ & mo/ di/ant planet4 ,! ma9 mass gave (f ano!r r+ & ano!r till all ! planets1 includ+ ! e>?1 7 =m$4 ,! c5tral mass p]si/$ z ! sun4 ,laplace spoke ( 8 !ory1 :i* ,kant _h anticipat$ =ty-"o ye>s be=e1 ) sci5tific caution3 conjectures :i* ,i pres5t ) all ! di/ru/ :i* ev]y?+ n ! result ( obs]vation or ( calculation ought to inspire4 ,subsequ5t rese>* ju/ifi$ 8 di/ru/1 = x has be5 %[n t ! orig9al nebula ne$ n h be5 hot & ne$ n h be5 gase\s4 ,moreov]1 !re are great difficulties 9 ,laplace's !ory ( ! sep>ation ( successive r+s f ! ma9 mass1 & ( ! cond5sation ( a :irl+ gase\s r+ into a planet4 ,s x has come ab\t t ! picture ( a hot gase\s nebula revolv+ z a unit body has giv5 place to o!r pictures4 ,?us ,sir ,norman ,locky] po9t$ out 7#ahij7 t ! e>? is ga!r+ to itself millions ( meteorites e day2 ?is has be5 go+ on = millions ( ye>s2 9 di/ant ages ! accretion may h be5 va/ly m rapid & volum9\s2 & s ! e>? has gr[n6 ,n[ ! meteoritic contributions are und\bt$1 b !y require a c5tre to attract !m1 & ! difficulty is to acc\nt = ! beg9n+ ( a collect+ c5tre or planet>y nucleus4 ,moreov]1 meteorites are sporadic & erratic1 scatt]$ hi!r & ?i!r r ?an collect+ into unit-bodies4 ,z ,pr(essor ,*amb]l9 says1 meteorites h r ! *>act]i/ics ( ! wreckage ( "s e>li] organisation ?an ( ! p>5tage ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,sev]al o!r !ories h be5 prop\nd$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! e>?1 b ! "o t has f\nd mo/ fav\r 9 ! eyes ( au?orities is t ( ,*amb]l9 & ,m\lton4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory a great nebul> mass cond5s$ to =m ! sun1 f :i* "u ! attraction ( pass+ />s planet aft] planet1 ! e>? includ$1 0 heav$ (f 9 ! =m ( knott$ spiral nebul1 l _m ( ^? n[ obs]v$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,( great importance 7 ! knots1 = !y s]v$ z collect+ c5tres draw+ fly+ matt] into _! clut*es4 ,:atev] "p ( ! primitive bolt escap$ & scatt]$ 0 drawn out into indep5d5t orbits r\nd ! sun1 =m+ ! planetesimals :i* behave l m9ute planets4 ,^! planetesimals =m$ ! food on :i* ! knots subsequ5tly f$4 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,e>? ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! newborn e>?--! e>?-knot ( ,*amb]l9's !ory--_h a diamet] ( ab\t #e1ejj miles4 ,b x grew by draw+ planetesimals into itself until x _h a diamet] ( ov] #h1ajj miles at ! end ( its gr[+ p]iod4 ,s9ce !n x has %runk1 by p]iodic %r9kages :i* h meant ! buckl+ up ( successive s]ies ( m\nta9s1 & x has n[ a diamet] ( #g1iah miles4 ,b dur+ ! %r9k+ ! e>? became m v>i$4 ,a sort ( sl[ boil+ ( ! int]nally hot e>? (t5 =c$ molt5 matt] ?r\gh ! cold out] cru/1 & !re came ab\t a gradual assortm5t ( light] mat]ials ne>] ! surface & heavi] mat]ials deep] d[n4 ,! cont95ts are built ( ! light] mat]ials1 su* z granites1 :ile ! b$s ( ! great oceans are made ( ! heavi] mat]ials su* z basalts4 ,9 limit$ areas l& has (t5 become sea1 & sea has (t5 giv5 place to l&1 b ! probability is t ! di/9ction ( ! areas correspond+ to ! great cont95ts & oceans goes back to a v e>ly /age4 ,! li?osph]e is ! m or less /able cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* may h be51 to beg9 )1 ab\t fifty miles 9 ?ickness4 ,x seems t ! "y e>? _h no atmosph]e1 & t ages pass$ be=e wat] began to accumulate on its surface--be=e1 9 o!r words1 !re 0 any hydrosph]e4 ,! wat] came f ! e>? itself1 to beg9 )1 & x 0 long be=e !re 0 any ra9 dissolv+ out sal9e matt] f ! expos$ rocks & mak+ ! sea salt4 ,! wea!r+ ( ! high gr\nds ( ! anci5t cru/ by air & wat] furni%$ ! mat]ial :i* =m$ ! s&/ones & mud/ones & o!r s$im5t>y rocks1 :i* are said to am\nt to a ?ickness ( ov] fifty miles 9 all4 #c ,mak+ a ,home = ,life ,x is int]e/+ to inquire h[ ! call\s1 r\gh-&-tumble conditions ( ! out] _w 9 e>ly days 7 replac$ by o!rs t all[$ ( ! g]m9ation & gr[? ( t t5d] plant we call ,,life4 ,!re are v t\gh liv+ creatures1 b ! av]age organism is ill suit$ = viol5ce4 ,mo/ liv+ creatures are adapt$ to mild temp]atures & g5tle reactions4 ,h5ce ! fundam5tal importance ( ! e>ly atmosph]e1 heavy ) planetesimal du/1 9 blanket+ ! e>? aga9/ int5sities ( radiance f )\t1 z ,*amb]l9 says1 & inequalities ( radiance f )94 ,?is 0 ! fir/ prep>ation = life1 b x 0 an atmosph]e )\t free oxyg54 ,n less important 0 ! appe>ance ( pools & lakelets1 ( lakes & seas4 ,p]haps ! e>ly wat]s cov]$ ! e>?4 ,& wat] 0 ! second prep>ation = life--wat]1 t c dissolve a l>g] v>iety ( sub/ances 9 great] conc5tration ?an any o!r liquid2 wat]1 t 9 summ] does n readily evaporate altoge!r f a pond1 nor 9 w9t] freeze ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t2 wat]1 t is su* a mobile vehicle & su* a subtle cleav] ( sub/ances2 wat]1 t =ms ov] #hj p] c5t4 ( liv+ matt] itself4 ,( great significance 0 ! abundance ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 79 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & wat]7 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! cool+ e>?1 = ^! ?ree wond]ful elem5ts h a unique ensemble ( prop]ties--ready to ent] into reactions & relations1 mak+ great div]sity & complexity possible1 fav\r+ ! =mation ( ! pla/ic & p]meable mat]ials t build up liv+ creatures4 ,we mu/ n pursue ! idea1 b x is cle> t ! /ones & mort> ( ! inanimate _w are su* t !y built a fri5dly home = life4 ,orig9 ( ,liv+ ,creatures ^u ! ,e>? ,dur+ ! e>ly *apt]s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 no liv+ creature t we c imag9e c\ld possibly h liv$ !re4 ,! temp]ature 0 too high2 !re 0 nei!r atmosph]e nor surface wat]4 ,!re=e x foll[s t at "s unc]ta91 b inconceivably di/ant date1 liv+ creatures appe>$ ^u ! e>?4 ,no "o kn[s h[1 b x is int]e/+ to consid] possibilities4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiae4 ,a ,,lime/one ,,canyon ,_m fossils ( ext9ct animals h be5 f\nd 9 su* rock =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5ealogical ,,tree ,,( ,,animals ,%[+ 9 ord] ( evolution ! g5]al relations ( ! *ief classes into :i* ! _w ( liv+ ?+s is divid$4 ,?is s*eme repres5ts ! pres5t /age ( our k1 b is admitt$ly provisional4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,amoeba 7,greatly magnifi$47 ,! amoeba is "o ( ! simple/ ( all animals1 & gives u a h9t ( ! orig9al ance/ors4 ,x looks l a t9y irregul> speck ( greyi% jelly1 ab\t #a_/ajj? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is commonly f\nd glid+ on ! mud or we$s 9 ponds1 :]e x engulfs its microscopic food by means ( out-fl[+ lobes 7,,ps74 ,! food vacuole 7,,fv7 conta9s +e/$ food4 ,f ! contractile vacuole 7,,cv7 ! wa/e matt] is dis*>g$4 ,n is ! nucleus1 ,,gr1 granules4 ,f anci5t times x has be5 a fav\rite answ] t ! du/ ( ! e>? may h become liv+ 9 a way :i* is outside sci5tific description4 ,?is answ] =ecloses ! "q1 & x is f> too soon to d t4 ,sci5ce mu/ (t5 say ,ignoramus3 ,sci5ce %\ld be sl[ to say ,ignorabimus4 ,a second position held by ,helmholtz1 ,"l ,kelv91 & o!rs1 sugge/s t m9ute liv+ creatures may h come to ! e>? f else:]e1 9 ! cracks ( a meteorite or among cosmic du/4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t se$s c survive prolong$ exposure to v l[ temp]atures2 t spores ( bact]ia c survive high temp]ature2 t se$s ( plants & g]ms ( animals 9 a /ate ( lat5t life c survive prolong$ dr\ght & abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,x is possible1 accord+ to ,b]!lot1 t z long z !re is n molecul> dis9tegration vital activities may be susp5d$ = a "t1 & may aft]w>ds recomm5ce :5 appropriate conditions are re/or$4 ,!re=e1 "o %\ld be sl[ to say t a long j\rney ?r\gh space is impossible4 ,! obvi\s limitation ( ,"l ,kelv9's !ory is t x only %ifts ! problem ( ! orig9 ( organisms 7i4e4 liv+ creatures7 f ! e>? to else:]e4 ,! ?ird answ] is t liv+ creatures ( a v simple sort may h em]g$ on ! e>?'s surface f n-liv+ mat]ial1 e4g4 f "s semi-fluid c>bon comp\nds activat$ by f]m5ts4 ,! t5ability ( ?is view is sugge/$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( ! syn!tic *emi/s1 :o are able artificially to build up sub/ances su* z oxalic acid1 indigo1 salicylic acid1 caffe9e1 & grape-sug>4 ,we d n "k1 inde$1 :at 9 ,nature's laboratory w\ld take ! place ( ! clev] syn!tic *emi/1 b !re seems to be a t5d5cy to complexity4 ,corpuscles =m atoms1 atoms =m molecules1 small molecules l>ge ones4 ,v>i\s concrete sugge/ions h be5 made 9 reg>d to ! possible orig9 ( liv+ matt]1 :i* w be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,s f> z we "k ( :at goes on to-day1 !re is no evid5ce ( spontane\s g5]ation2 organisms seem always to arise f pre-exi/+ organisms ( ! same k9d2 :]e any sugge/ion ( ! contr>y has be5 fanci$1 !re h be5 flaws 9 ! exp]im5t+4 ,b x is "o ?+ to accept ! v]dict omne vivum e vivo z a fact to :i* exp]im5t has n yet discov]$ an exception & ano!r ?+ to ma9ta9 t ?is mu/ always h be5 true or mu/ always rema9 true4 ,if ! syn!tic *emi/s %\ld g on surpass+ !mselves1 if sub/ances l :ite ( egg %\ld be made artificially1 & if we %\ld get m light on possible /eps by :i* simple liv+ creatures may h aris5 f n-liv+ mat]ials1 ?is w\ld n greatly affect our g5]al outlook on life1 ?\gh x w\ld increase our appreciation ( :at is (t5 libell$ z in]t matt]4 ,if ! du/ ( ! e>? did naturally give rise v long ago to liv+ creatures1 if !y are 9 a real s5se born ( h] & ( ! sun%9e1 !n ! :ole _w becomes m cont9u\s & m vital1 & all ! inorganic groan+ & travail+ becomes m intelligible4 #d ,! ,fir/ ,organisms ^u ! ,e>? ,we _c h m ?an a speculative picture ( ! fir/ liv+ creatures ^u ! e>? or1 r1 9 ! wat]s t cov]$ ! e>?4 ,a basis = speculation is to be f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ! simple/ creatures liv+ to-day1 su* z "s ( ! bact]ia & "o-cell$ animalcules1 especially ^? call$ ,proti/s1 :i* h n tak5 any v def9ite /ep t[>ds becom+ ei!r plants or animals4 ,no "o c be sure1 b !re is mu* to be said = ! !ory t ! fir/ creatures 7 microscopic globules ( liv+ matt]1 n unlike ! simple/ bact]ia ( to-day1 b able to live on air1 wat]1 & dissolv$ salts4 ,f su* a s\rce may h orig9at$ a race ( "o-cell$ m>9e organisms :i* 7 able to manufacture *lorophyll1 or some?+ l *lorophyll1 t is to say1 ! gre5 pigm5t :i* makes x possible = plants to utilise ! en]gy ( ! sunlight 9 break+ up c>bon dioxide & 9 build+ up 7photosyn!sis7 c>bon comp\nds l sug>s & />*4 ,^! little units 7 probably encas$ 9 a cell-wall ( cellulose1 b _! box$-9 en]gy express$ itself 9 ! undulatory movem5t ( a la% or flagellum1 by means ( :i* !y propell$ !mselves en]getically ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,!re are _m simil> organisms to-day1 mo/ly 9 wat]1 b "s ( !m--simple "o-cell$ plants--pa9t ! tree-/ems & ev5 ! pav+-/ones gre5 9 wet wea!r4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,a4 ,h4 ,*ur* !re 0 a long *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? :5 ! sea t cov]$ ev]y?+ teem$ ) ^! gre5 flagellates--! orig9ators ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,on ano!r tack1 h[ev]1 !re probably evolv$ a s]ies ( simple pr$atory creatures1 n able to build up organic matt] f air1 wat]1 & salts1 b dev\r+ _! neighb\rs4 ,^! units 7 n clos$ 9 ) cellulose1 b rema9$ nak$1 ) _! liv+ matt] or protoplasm fl[+ out 9 *angeful processes1 su* z we see 9 ! ,amoeb 9 ! dit* or 9 our own :ite blood corpuscles & o!r amoeboid cells4 ,^! 7 ! orig9ators ( ! animal k+dom4 ,?us f v simple ,proti/s ! fir/ animals & ! fir/ plants may h aris54 ,all 7 /ill v m9ute1 & x is wor? rememb]+ t _h !re be5 any sci5tific spectator aft] our k9d ^u ! e>? dur+ ^! long ages1 he w\ld h lam5t$ ! entire abs5ce ( life1 al?\gh ! seas 7 teem+4 ,! simple/ =ms ( life & ! protoplasm :i* ,huxley call$ ! physical basis ( life w be dealt ) 9 ! *apt] on ,biology 9 a lat] section ( ?is "w4 ,,fir/ ,,great ,,/eps ,,9 ,,evolution ,,! ,,fir/ ,,plants--,,! ,,fir/ ,,animals--,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,bodies--,,evolution ,,( ,,sex--,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,natural ,,dea? #a ,! ,contra/ betwe5 ,plants & ,animals ,h[ev] x may h come ab\t1 !re is no d\bt at all t "o ( ! fir/ great /eps 9 ,organic ,evolution 0 ! =k+ ( ! g5ealogical tree into ,plants & ,animals--! mo/ important p>t+ ( ! ways 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,nature4 ,typical plants h *lorophyll2 !y are able to fe$ at a l[ *emical level on air1 wat]1 & salts1 us+ ! en]gy ( ! sunlight 9 _! photosyn!sis4 ,!y h _! cells box$ 9 by cellulose walls1 s t _! opportunities = motility are greatly re/rict$4 ,!y manufacture mu* m nutritive mat]ial ?an !y ne$1 & live f> bel[ _! income4 ,!y h no ready way ( gett+ rid ( any nitrog5\s wa/e matt] t !y may =m1 & ?is probably helps to keep !m sluggi%4 ,animals1 on ! o!r h&1 fe$ at a high *emical level1 on ! c>bohydrates 7e4g4 />* & sug>71 fats1 & prote9s 7e4g4 glut51 album91 case97 :i* are manufactur$ by o!r animals1 or to beg9 )1 by plants4 ,_! cells h n cellulose walls1 nor 9 mo/ cases mu* wall ( any k9d1 & motility 9 ! majority is unre/rict$4 ,animals live mu* m ne>ly up to _! income4 ,if we c\ld make = an animal & a plant ( equal weight two fractions %[+ ! ratio ( ! upbuild+1 con/ructive1 *emical processes to ! d[n-break+1 disruptive1 *emical processes t g on 9 _! respective bodies1 ! ratio = ! plant w\ld be mu* great] ?an ! correspond+ ratio = ! animal4 ,9 o!r words1 animals take ! munitions :i* plants labori\sly manufacture & explode !m 9 locomotion & "w2 & ! entire sy/em ( animate nature dep5ds ^u ! photosyn!sis t goes on 9 gre5 plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiag ,a ,,piece ,,( ,a ,,reef-,,build+ ,,coral1 ,,built ,,up ,,by ,a ,,l>ge ,,colony ,,( ,,small ,,sea-,,anemone-,,l ,,polyps1 ,,ea* ,,( ,,:i* ,,=ms ,,f ,,! ,,salts ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,a ,,skeleton ,,or ,,%ell ,,( ,,lime ,! wond]ful mass ( corals1 :i* are v beautiful1 are ! skeleton rema9s ( hundr$s ( ^! little creatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,! ,,inset ,,circle ,,%[s ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,*alk-,,=m+ ,,animals1 ,,or ,,=am9if]a1 ,,ea* ,,ab\t ,,! ,,size ,,( ,a ,,v ,,small ,,p9',s ,,head ,!y =m a great "p ( ! *alk cliffs ( ,dov] & simil> deposits :i* h be5 rais$ f ! floor ( an anci5t sea4 ,,! ,,enorm\sly ,,enl>g$ ,,illu/ration ,,is ,,t ,,( ,a ,,common ,,=am9if] 7,,poly/omella7 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,%ell ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tre ,,& ,,! ,,outfl[+ ,,network ,,( ,,liv+ ,,matt]1 ,,along ,,:i* ,,granules ,,are ,,cont9ually ,,travell+1 ,,& ,,by ,,:i* ,,food ,,p>ticles ,,are ,,entangl$ ,,& ,,drawn ,,9 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 7aft] ,max ,s*ultze74 ,z ! result ( mu* m explosive life1 animals h to deal ) mu* 9 ! way ( nitrog5\s wa/e products1 ! a%es ( ! liv+ fire1 b ^! are usually got rid ( v effectively1 e4g4 9 ! kidney filt]s1 & d n clog ! sy/em by be+ deposit$ z cry/als & ! l1 z happ5s 9 plants4 ,sluggi% animals l sea-squirts :i* h no kidneys are exceptions t prove ! rule1 & x ne$ h>dly be said t ! /atem5ts t h be5 made 9 reg>d to ! contra/s betwe5 plants & animals are g5]al /atem5ts4 ,!re is (t5 a good deal ( ! plant ab\t ! animal1 z 9 s$5t>y sponges1 zoophytes1 corals1 & sea-squirts1 & !re is (t5 a little ( ! animal ab\t ! plant1 z we see 9 ! movem5ts ( all %oots & roots & leaves1 & occasionally 9 ! p>ts ( ! fl[]4 ,b ! important fact is t on ! e>ly =k+ ( ! g5ealogical tree1 i4e4 ! div]g5ce ( plants & animals1 !re dep5d$ & dep5ds all ! high] life ( ! animal k+dom1 n to speak ( mank9d4 ,! cont9uance ( civilisation1 ! upkeep ( ! human & animal population ( ! globe1 & ev5 ! supply ( oxyg5 to ! air we brea!1 dep5d on ! sil5t laboratories ( ! gre5 leaves1 :i* are able ) ! help ( ! sunlight to use c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & salts to build up ! bread ( life4 #b ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,l& ,plants ,x is highly probable t = long ages ! wat]s cov]$ ! e>?1 & t all ! primeval vegetation consi/$ ( simple ,flagellates 9 ! univ]sal ,op5 ,sea4 ,b contraction ( ! e>?'s cru/ br\ght ab\t elevations & depressions ( ! sea-floor1 & 9 places ! solid sub/ratum 0 br\ght ne> en\gh ! surface to all[ ! float+ plants to beg9 to settle d[n )\t gett+ out ( ! light4 ,?is is h[ ,pr(essor ,*ur* pictures ! beg9n+ ( a fix$ vegetation--a v mom5t\s /ep 9 evolution4 ,x 0 p]haps among ?is e>ly vegetation t animals _h _! fir/ successes4 ,z ! floor ( ! sea 9 ^! %all[ areas 0 rais$ high] & high] !re 0 a beg9n+ ( dry l&4 ,! s$5t>y plants already spok5 ( 7 ! ance/ors ( ! %ore seawe$s1 & !re is no d\bt t :5 we g d[n at ! l[e/ tide & wade cauti\sly out among ! jungle ( vegetation only expos$ on su* occasions we are gett+ a glimpse ( v anci5t days4 ,?is is ! =e/ primeval4 ,! ,protozoa ,animals bel[ ! level ( zoophytes & sponges are call$ ,protozoa4 ,! ^w obvi\sly means ,fir/ ,animals1 b all t we c say is t ! v simple/ ( !m may give u "s h9t ( ! simplicity ( ! orig9al fir/ animals4 ,= x is q c]ta9 t ! va/ majority ( ! ,protozoa to-day are f> too complicat$ to be ?\ght ( z primitive4 ,?\gh mo/ ( !m are microscopic1 ea* is an animal complete 9 itself1 ) ! same fundam5tal bodily attributes z are manife/$ 9 ourselves4 ,!y diff] f animals ( high] degree 9 n be+ built up ( ! unit areas or corpuscles call$ cells4 ,!y h no cells1 no tissues1 no organs1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ^! words1 b _m ( !m %[ a great complexity ( int]nal /ructure1 f> exce$+ t ( ! ord9>y cells t build up ! tissues ( high] animals4 ,!y are complete liv+ creatures :i* h n gone 9 = body-mak+4 ,9 ! dim & di/ant pa/ !re 0 a "t :5 ! only animals 7 ( ! nature ( ,protozoa1 & x is safe to say t "o ( ! great /eps 9 evolution 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?ree great types ( ,protozoa3 7a7 ,"s 7 v active1 ! ,infusorians1 l ! slipp] animalcule1 ! night-light 7,noctiluca71 :i* makes ! seas phosphoresc5t at night1 & ! deadly ,trypanosome1 :i* causes ,sleep+ ,sickness4 7b7 ,o!rs 7 v sluggi%1 ! p>asitic ,sporozoa1 l ! mal>ia organism :i* ! mosquito introduces into man's body4 7c7 ,o!rs 7 nei!r v active nor v passive1 ! ,rhizopods1 ) out-fl[+ processes ( liv+ matt]4 ,?is amoeboid l9e ( evolution has be5 v successful2 x is repres5t$ by ! ,rhizopods1 su* z ,amoeb & ! *alk-=m+ ,=am9if]a & ! exquisitely beautiful fl9t-%ell$ ,radiol>ians ( ! op5 sea4 ,!y h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! amoeboid cells ( mo/ multicellul> animals1 su* z ! phagocytes :i* migrate ab\t 9 ! body1 engulf+ & dige/+ intrud+ bact]ia1 s]v+ z sapp]s & m9]s :5 some?+ has to be brok5 d[n & built up aga91 & p]=m+ o!r useful (fices4 #c ,! ,mak+ ( a ,body ,! great naturali/ ,l\is ,agassiz once said t ! bigge/ gulf 9 ,organic ,nature 0 t betwe5 ! unicellul> & ! multicellul> animals 7,protozoa & ,metazoa74 ,b ! gulf 0 bridg$ v long ago :5 sponges1 /++ animals1 & simple worms 7 evolv$1 & %[$1 = ! fir/ "t1 a body4 ,:at w\ld "o n give to be able to acc\nt = ! mak+ ( a body1 "o ( ! great /eps 9 evolution6 ,no "o kn[s1 b ! problem is n altoge!r obscure4 ,:5 an ord9>y ,protozoon or "o-cell$ animal divides into two or m1 :i* is its way ( multiply+1 ! daught]-units ?us =m$ float ap>t & live indep5d5t lives4 ,b !re are a few ,protozoa 9 :i* ! daught]-units are n q sep>at$ (f f "o ano!r1 b rema9 coh]5t4 ,?us ,volvox1 a beautiful gre5 ball1 f\nd 9 "s canals & ! l1 is a colony ( a ?\s& or ev5 t5 ?\s& cells4 ,x has almo/ =m$ a body6 ,b 9 ?is colony-mak+ ,protozoon1 & 9 o!rs l x1 ! compon5t cells are all ( "o k9d1 :]eas 9 true multicellul> animals !re are diff]5t k9ds ( cells1 %[+ division ( lab\r4 ,!re are "s o!r ,protozoa 9 :i* ! nucleus or k]nel divides into _m nuclei )9 ! cell4 ,?is is se5 9 ! ,giant ,amoeba 7,pelomyxa71 sometimes f\nd 9 duck-ponds1 or ! beautiful ,opal9a1 :i* always lives 9 ! h9d "p ( ! frog's food-canal4 ,if a portion ( ! liv+ matt] ( ^! ,protozoa %\ld ga!r r\nd ea* ( ! nuclei1 !n t w\ld be ! beg9n+ ( a body4 ,x w\ld be /ill ne>] ! beg9n+ ( a body if division ( lab\r set 91 & if !re 0 a sett+ ap>t ( egg-cells & sp]m-cells di/9ct f body-cells4 ,x 0 possibly 9 "s su* way t animals & plants ) a body 7 fir/ evolv$4 ,two po9ts %\ld be notic$1 t body-mak+ is n ess5tially a matt] ( size1 ?\gh x made l>ge size possible4 ,= ! body ( a _m-cell$ ,:eel ,animalcule or ,rotif] is no bigg] ?an _m a ,protozoon4 ,yet ! ,rotif]--we are ?9k+ ( ,hydat9a--has n9e hundr$ odd cells1 :]eas ! ,protozoon has only "o1 except 9 =ms l ,volvox4 ,secondly1 x is a lum9\s fact t e _m-cell$ animal f sponge to man t multiplies 9 ! ord9>y way beg9s at ! beg9n+ aga9 z a s+le cell1 ! f]tilis$ egg-cell4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n an ord9>y s+le cell t develops into an e>?worm or a butt]fly1 an eagle1 or a man2 x is a cell 9 :i* a ri* inh]itance1 ! fruition ( ages1 is someh[ cond5s$2 b x is int]e/+ to be> 9 m9d ! elem5t>y fact t e _m-cell$ creature1 reproduc$ 9 ! ord9>y way & n by budd+ or ! l1 />ts z a f]tilis$ egg-cell4 ,! coh]5ce ( ! daught]-cells into :i* ! f]tilis$ egg-cell divides is a rem9isc5ce1 z x 71 ( ! primeval coh]5ce ( daught]-units t made ! fir/ body possible4 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,sexual ,reproduction ,a fre%wat] ,hydra1 gr[+ on ! duckwe$ usually multiplies by budd+4 ,x =ms daught]-buds1 liv+ images ( itself2 a *eck comes to nutrition & ^! daught]-buds g free4 ,a big sea-anemone may divide 9 two or m p>ts1 :i* become sep>ate animals4 ,?is is asexual reproduction1 :i* means t ! multiplication takes place by divid+ into two or _m portions1 & n by lib]at+ egg-cells & sp]m-cells4 ,among animals z among plants1 asexual reproduction is v common4 ,b x has great disadvantages1 = x is apt to be physiologically exp5sive1 & x is beset ) difficulties :5 ! body %[s great division ( lab\r1 & is v intimately b\nd into unity4 ,?us1 no "o c ?9k ( a bee or a bird multiply+ by division or by budd+4 ,moreov]1 if ! body ( ! p>5t has suff]$ f injury or det]ioration1 ! result ( ?is is b\nd to be h&$ on to ! next g5]ation if asexual reproduction is ! only me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,a ,,plant-,,l ,,animal1 ,,or ,,zoophyte1 ,,call$ ,,obelia ,consi/+ ( a colony ( small polyps1 ^: /++ t5tacles are well %[n greatly enl>g$ 9 ! l[] photograph4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,! ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 ,,trypanosoma ,,gambi5se 7,v highly magnifi$47 ,! microscopic animal ,trypanosome1 :i* causes ,sleep+ ,sickness4 ,! /udy ( ^! organisms has ( late ye>s acquir$ an imm5se importance on acc\nt ( ! widespread & dang]\s maladies to :i* "s ( !m give rise4 ,x lives 9 ! blood ( man1 :o is infect$ by ! bite ( a ,tse-tse fly :i* c>ries ! p>asite f "s o!r ho/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,volvox ,! ,volvox is f\nd 9 "s canals & ! l4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ animals to sugge/ ! beg9n+ ( a body4 ,x is a colony ( a ?\s& or ev5 t5 ?\s& cells1 b !y are all cells ( "o k9d4 ,9 multicellul> animals ! cells are ( diff]5t k9ds ) diff]5t functions4 ,ea* ( ! ord9>y cells 7m>k$ #e7 has two la%es or flagella4 ,daught] colonies inside ! ,p>5t colony are be+ =m$ at #c1 #d1 & #b4 ,! developm5t ( g]m-cells is %[n at #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,prot]ospongia ,"o ( ! simple/ multicellul> animals1 illu/rat+ ! beg9n+ ( a body4 ,!re is a sett+ ap>t ( egg-cells & sp]m-cells1 di/9ct f body-cells2 ! coll>$ la%$ cells on ! m>g9 are diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? f>!r 94 ,?us1 z 9 indubitable multicellul> animals1 division ( lab\r has begun4 ,splitt+ into two or _m p>ts 0 ! old-fa%ion$ way ( multiply+1 b "o ( ! great /eps 9 evolution 0 ! discov]y ( a bett] me?od1 namely1 sexual reproduction4 ,! gi/ ( ?is is simply t dur+ ! process ( body-build+ 7by ! developm5t ( ! f]tilis$ egg-cell7 c]ta9 units1 ! g]m-cells1 d n %>e 9 =m+ ord9>y tissues or organs1 b rema9 ap>t1 cont9u+ ! full inh]itance :i* 0 cond5s$ 9 ! f]tilis$ egg-cell4 ,^! cells kept by !mselves are ! orig9ators ( ! future reproductive cells ( ! mature animal2 !y give rise to ! egg-cells & ! sp]m-cells4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are great4 7#a7 ,! new g5]ation is />t$ less exp5sively1 = x is easi] to %$ g]m-cells into ! cradle ( ! wat] ?an to sep>ate (f half ( ! body4 7#b7 ,x is possible to />t a great _m new lives at once1 & ?is may be ( vital importance :5 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is v ke51 & :5 p>5tal c>e is impossible4 7#c7 ,! g]m-cells are little likely to be prejudicially affect$ by disadvantage\s d9ts impress$ on ! body ( ! p>5t--little likely unless ! d9ts h peculi>ly p5etrat+ consequ5ces1 z 9 ! case ( poisons4 7#d7 ,a fur!r advantage is impli$ 9 ! =mation ( two k9ds ( g]m-cells--! ovum or egg-cell1 ) a consid]able am\nt ( build+ mat]ial & (t5 ) a legacy ( nutritive yolk2 ! sp]matozoon or sp]m-cell1 adapt$ to move 9 fluids & to f9d ! ovum f a di/ance1 ?us secur+ *ange-provok+ cross-f]tilisation4 #d ,! ,evolution ( ,sex ,ano!r ( ! great /eps 9 organic evolution 0 ! diff]5tiation ( two diff]5t physiological types1 ! male or sp]m-produc] & ! female or egg-produc]4 ,x seems to be a deep-seat$ diff]5ce 9 con/itution1 :i* leads "o egg to develop into a male1 & ano!r1 ly+ beside x 9 ! ne/1 into a female4 ,9 ! case ( pigeons x seems almo/ c]ta91 f ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,osc> ,riddle1 t !re are two k9ds ( egg1 a male-produc+ egg & a female-produc+ egg1 :i* diff] 9 _! yolk-=m+ & o!r physiological *>act]s4 ,9 sea-ur*9s we (t5 f9d two creatures sup]ficially indi/+ui%able1 b ! "o is a female ) l>ge ov>ies & ! o!r is a male ) equally l>ge te/es4 ,"h ! physiological diff]5ce does n affect ! body z a :ole1 b ! reproductive organs or gonads only1 ?\gh m intimate physiology w\ld d\btless discov] diff]5ces 9 ! blood or 9 ! *emical r\t9e 7metabolism74 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 h[ev]1 !re are m>k$ sup]ficial diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes1 & ev]yone is famili> ) su* contra/s z peacock & peah51 /ag & h9d4 ,9 su* cases ! physiological diff]5ce betwe5 ! sp]m-produc] & ! ovum-produc]1 = ?is is ! ess5tial diff]5ce1 saturates ?r\gh ! body & expresses itself 9 mascul9e & fem99e /ructures & modes ( behavi\r4 ,! expression ( ! mascul9e & fem99e *>act]s is 9 "s cases "u ! control ( hormones or *emical mess5g]s :i* are c>ri$ by ! blood f ! reproductive organs ?r\gh\t ! body1 & pull ! trigg] :i* br+s ab\t ! developm5t ( an antl] or a wattle or a decorative plume or a capacity = vocal & saltatory display4 ,9 "s cases x is c]ta9 t ! female c>ries 9 a lat5t /ate ! mascul9e features1 b ^! are kept f express+ !mselves by o!r *emical mess5g]s f ! ov>y4 ,( ^! *emical mess5g]s m mu/ be said lat] on4 ,rec5t rese>* has %[n t :ile ! diff]5ce betwe5 male & female is v deep-root$1 correspond+ to a diff]5ce 9 ge>+1 x is n always cle>-cut4 ,?us a h5-pigeon may be v mascul9e1 & a cock-pigeon v fem99e4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 #e ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! univ]sal or almo/ univ]sal inevitabl5ess ( dea?8 ,a ,sequoia or ,big ,tree ( ,cali=nia has be5 kn[n to live = ov] two ?\s& ye>s1 b ev5tually x di$4 ,a c5t5>ian tortoise has be5 kn[n1 & a sea-anemone sixty ye>s ( age2 b ev5tually !y die4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is app>5tly inevitable /oppage ( bodily life8 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,natural ,dea? ,!re are ?ree *ief k9ds ( dea?1 7a7 ,! great majority ( animals come to a viol5t end1 be+ dev\r$ by o!rs or kill$ by sudd5 & extreme *anges 9 _! surr\nd+s4 7b7 ,:5 an animal ent]s a new habitat1 or comes into new associations ) o!r organisms1 x may be invad$ by a microbe or by "s l>g] p>asite to :i* x is unaccu/om$ & to :i* x c (f] no resi/ance4 ,) _m p>asites a live-&-let-live compromise is arriv$ at1 b new p>asites are apt to be fatal1 z man kn[s to 8 co/ :5 he is bitt5 by a tse-tse fly :i* infects him ) ! microscopic animal 7a ,trypanosome7 t causes ,sleep+ ,sickness4 ,9 _m animals ! p>asites are n tr\blesome z long z ! ho/ is vigor\s1 b if ! ho/ is out ( condition ! p>asites may get ! upp] h&1 z 9 ! s-call$ gr\se disease1 & become fatal4 7c7 ,b besides viol5t dea? & microbic 7or p>asitic7 dea?1 !re is natural dea?4 ,?is is 9 great "p to be reg>d$ z ! price paid = a body4 ,a body wor? hav+ implies complexity or division ( lab\r1 & ?is implies c]ta9 int]nal furni%+s ( a m or less /able k9d 9 :i* ! effects ( we> & te> are apt to accumulate4 ,x is n ! liv+ matt] itself t gr[s old s mu* z ! framework 9 :i* x works--! furni%+s ( ! vital laboratory4 ,!re are v>i\s processes ( rejuv5esc5ce1 e4g4 re/1 repair1 *ange1 reorganisation1 :i* "w aga9/ ! inevitable processes ( s5esc5ce1 b soon] or lat] ! victory is ) age+4 ,ano!r deep reason = natural dea? is to be f\nd 9 ! physiological exp5siv5ess ( reproduction1 = _m animals1 f worms to eels1 illu/rate natural dea? z ! nemesis ( />t+ new lives4 ,n[ x is a v /rik+ fact t to a l>ge degree ! simple/ animals or ,protozoa are exempt f natural dea?4 ,!y are s relatively simple t !y c cont9ually recup]ate by re/ & repair2 !y d n accumulate any bad debts4 ,moreov]1 _! modes ( multiply+1 by divid+ into two or _m units1 are v inexp5sive physiologically4 ,x seems t 9 "s measure ?is bodily immortality ( ! ,protozoa is %>$ by "s simple _m-cell$ animals l ! fre%wat] ,hydra & ,plan>ian worms4 ,"h is an int]e/+ *apt] 9 evolution1 ! evolution ( means ( evad+ or /av+ (f natural dea?4 ,?us !re is ! well-kn[n case ( ! ,palol[orm ( ! coral-reefs :]e ! body breaks up 9 lib]at+ ! g]m-cells1 b ! head-end rema9s fix$ 9 a crevice ( ! coral1 & buds out a new body at leisure4 ,along ) ! evolution ( ! ways ( avoid+ dea? %\ld be consid]$ also ! gradual e/abli%m5t ( ! l5g? ( life be/ suit$ to ! welf>e ( ! species1 & ! punctuation ( ! life-hi/ory to suit v>i\s conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,gre5 ,,hydra ,a little fre%wat] polyp1 ab\t half an in* long1 ) a cr[n ( t5tacles r\nd ! m\?4 ,x is se5 giv+ (f a bud1 a cle> illu/ration ( asexual reproduction4 ,:5 a t5tacle t\*es "s small organism ! latt] is p>alys$ & drawn into ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,e>?worm ,e>?worms began ! pr(itable habit ( mov+ ) "o end ( ! body always 9 front1 & f worms to man ! great majority ( animals h bilat]al symmetry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,individual ,,life #a4 ,an immature sp]m-cell1 ) #d *romosomes 7nucle> bodies7 repres5t$ z rods4 #b4 ,a mature sp]m-cell1 ) #b *romosomes4 #c4 ,an immature egg-cell1 ) #d *romosomes repres5t$ z curv$ bodies4 #d4 ,a mature egg-cell1 ) #b *romosomes4 #e4 ,! sp]matozoon f]tilises ! ovum1 introduc+ #b *romosomes4 #f4 ,! f]tilis$ ovum1 ) #d *romosomes1 #b ( pat]nal orig9 & #b ( mat]nal orig94 #g4 ,! *romosomes lie at ! equator1 & ea* is split longitud9ally4 ,! c5trosome introduc$ by ! sp]matozoon has divid$ into two c5trosomes1 "o at ea* pole ( ! nucleus4 ,^! play an important "p 9 ! division or segm5tation ( ! egg4 #h4 ,! f]tilis$ egg has divid$ into two cells4 ,ea* cell has #b pat]nal & #b mat]nal *romosomes4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiag4 ,,glass ,,model ,,( ,a ,,sea-,,anemone ,a long tubul> sea-anemone1 ) a f9e cr[n ( t5tacles ar\nd ! m\?4 ,! sugge/ion ( a fl[] is v obvi\s4 ,by means ( /++ lassoes on ! t5tacles m9ute animals on :i* x fe$s are p>alys$ & captur$ = food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?is ,,draw+ ,,%[s ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,bra9 ,,f ,,fi% ,,to ,,man ,! ,c]ebrum1 ! seat ( intellig5ce1 increases 9 proportion to ! o!r p>ts4 ,9 mammals x becomes m & m convolut$4 ,! bra91 :i* lies 9 "o plane 9 fi%es1 becomes gradually curv$ on itself4 ,9 birds x is m curv$ ?an ! draw+ %[s4 #f ,great ,acquisitions ,9 animals l sea-anemones & jellyfi%es ! g5]al symmetry ( ! body is radial2 t is to say1 !re is no "r or left1 & ! body might be halv$ along _m planes4 ,x is a k9d ( symmetry well suit$ = s$5t>y or = drift+ life4 ,b worms began ! pr(itable habit ( mov+ ) "o end ( ! body always 9 front1 & f worms to man ! great majority ( animals h bilat]al symmetry4 ,!y h a "r & a left side1 & !re is only "o cut t halves ! body4 ,?is k9d ( symmetry is suit$ = a m /r5u\s life ?an radial animals %[2 x is suit$ = pursu+ food1 = avoid+ enemies1 = *as+ mates4 ,& ) ! e/abli%m5t ( bilat]al symmetry mu/ be associat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( head-bra9s1 ! beg9n+ ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 "s simple worm-types4 ,among ! o!r great acquisitions gradually evolv$ we may notice3 a well-develop$ head ) s5se-organs1 ! e/abli%m5t ( l>ge int]nal surfaces su* z ! dige/ive & absorptive wall ( ! food-canal1 ! orig9 ( quickly contract+ /rip$ muscle & ( muscul> app5dages1 ! =mation ( blood z a di/ribut+ m$ium ?r\gh\t ! body1 f :i* all ! p>ts take :at !y ne$ & to :i* !y also contribute4 ,ano!r v important acquisition1 almo/ conf9$ 7s f> z is kn[n7 to backbon$ animals1 0 ! evolution ( :at are call$ gl&s ( int]nal secretion1 su* z ! ?yroid & ! supra-r5al4 ,^! manufacture subtle *emical sub/ances :i* are di/ribut$ by ! blood ?r\gh\t ! body1 & h a manifold influ5ce 9 regulat+ & h>monis+ ! vital processes4 ,"s ( ^! *emical mess5g]s are call$ hormones1 :i* /imulate organs & tissues to great] activity2 o!rs are call$ *alones1 :i* put on a brake4 ,"s regulate gr[? & o!rs rapidly alt] ! pressure & composition ( ! blood4 ,"s ( !m call into active developm5t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body :i* h be51 z x 71 wait+ = an appropriate trigg]-pull+4 ,?us1 at ! prop] "t1 ! milk-gl&s ( a mammalian "m are awak5$ f _! dormancy4 ,?is v int]e/+ outcome ( evolution w be dealt ) 9 ano!r portion ( ?is "w4 ,,! ,,incl9$ ,,plane ,,( ,,animal ,,behavi\r #a ,be=e pass+ to a connect$ /ory ( ! gradual em]g5ce ( high] & high] =ms ( life 9 ! c\rse ( ! successive ages--! procession ( life1 z x may be call$--x w be useful to consid] ! evolution ( animal behavi\r4 ,evolution ( ,m9d ,a human be+ beg9s z a microscopic f]tilis$ egg-cell1 )9 :i* !re is cond5s$ ! long result ( "t--,man's inh]itance4 ,! long p]iod ( n9e mon?s be=e bir?1 ) its intimate p>tn]%ip betwe5 "m & (fspr+1 is pass$ z x 7 9 sleep1 & no "o c make any /atem5t 9 reg>d to ! m9d ( ! unborn *ild4 ,ev5 aft] bir? ! dawn ( m9d is z sl[ z x is wond]ful4 ,to beg9 )1 !re is 9 ! ovum & e>ly embryo no n]v\s sy/em at all1 & x develops v gradually f simple beg9n+s4 ,yet z m5tality _c come 9 f outside1 we seem b\nd to conclude t ! pot5tiality ( x--:atev] t means--resides 9 ! individual f ! v fir/4 ,! p>ticul> k9d ( activity kn[n to u z ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+ is ! mo/ intimate "p ( our exp]i5ce1 kn[n to u directly ap>t f our s5ses1 & ! possibility ( t mu/ be implicit 9 ! g]m-cell j z ! g5ius ( ,newton 0 implicit 9 a v mis]able specim5 ( an infant4 ,n[ :at is true ( ! individual is true also ( ! race--!re is a gradual evolution ( t aspect ( ! liv+ creature's activity :i* we call m9d4 ,we _c put our f+] on any po9t & say3 ,be=e ?is /age !re 0 no m9d4 ,inde$1 _m facts sugge/ ! conclusion t :]ev] !re is life !re is "s degree ( m9d--ev5 9 ! plants4 ,or x might be m accurate to put ! conclusion 9 ano!r way1 t ! activity we call life has always 9 "s degree an inn] or m5tal aspect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,okapi ,,& ,,giraffe ,! ,okapi is "o ( ! great zological discov]ies4 ,x gives a good idea ( :at ! ,giraffe's ance/ors 7 l4 ,! ,okapi 0 unkn[n until discov]$ 9 #aijj by ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 :]e ^! /range animals h probably liv$ 9 d5se =e/s f "t immemorial4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is book !re is an acc\nt ( ! dawn ( m9d 9 backbon$ animals2 :at we aim at "h is an outl9e ( :at may be call$ ! incl9$ plane ( animal behavi\r4 ,a v simple animal accumulates a little /ore ( pot5tial en]gy1 & x proce$s to exp5d ?is1 l an explosive1 by act+ on its environm5t4 ,x does s 9 a v *>act]i/ic self-pres]vative fa%ion1 s t x burns )\t be+ consum$ & explodes )\t be+ bl[n to bits4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! organism t x rema9s a go+ conc]n = a long] or %ort] p]iod--its l5g? ( life4 ,liv+ creatures t exp5d$ _! en]gy ineffectively or self-de/ructively w\ld be elim9at$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,:5 a simple "o-cell$ organism explores a corn] ( ! field se5 "u a microscope1 behav+ to all appe>ance v l a dog sc\r+ a field se5 ?r\gh a telescope1 x seems p]missible to ?9k ( some?+ correspond+ to m5tal endeav\r associat$ ) its activity4 ,?is impression is /r5g!n$ :5 an amoeba pursues ano!r amoeba1 ov]takes x1 engulfs x1 loses x1 pursues x aga91 recaptures x1 & s on4 ,:at is q c]ta9 is t ! behavi\r ( ! animalcule is n l t ( a potassium pill fizz+ ab\t 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 nor l ! lur*+ movem5ts ( a gun t has got loose & tak5 *>ge on bo>d %ip4 ,ano!r feature is t ! locomotor activity ( an animalcule (t5 %[s a di/9ct individuality3 x may swim1 = in/ance1 9 a loose spiral4 ,b !re is ano!r side to vital activity besides act+ ^u ! surr\nd+ _w2 ! liv+ creature is act$ on by influ5ces f )\t4 ,! organism acts on its environm5t2 t is ! "o side ( ! %ield3 ! environm5t acts ^u ! organism2 t is ! o!r side4 ,if we are to see life :ole we mu/ recognise ^! two sides ( :at we call liv+1 & x is miss+ an important "p ( ! hi/ory ( animal life if we fail to see t evolution implies becom+ m advantage\sly s5sitive to ! environm5t1 mak+ m ( its influ5ces1 %utt+ out pr(itless /imuli1 & op5+ m gateways to k4 ,! bird's _w is a l>g] & f9] _w ?an an e>?worm's2 ! _w means m to ! bird ?an to ! worm4 ,! ,trial & ,error ,me?od ,simple creatures act ) a c]ta9 degree ( spontaneity on _! environm5t1 & !y likewise react effectively to surr\nd+ /imuli4 ,animals come to h def9ite answ]s back1 sometimes sev]al1 sometimes only "o1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,slipp] ,animalcule1 :i* rev]ses its cilia :5 x comes )9 ! sph]e ( "s di/urb+ influ5ce1 retreats1 &1 turn+ ^u itself t5tatively1 sets (f aga9 9 ! same g5]al direction z be=e1 b at an angle to ! previ\s l9e4 ,if x misses ! di/urb+ influ5ce1 well & good2 if x /rikes x aga91 ! tactics are repeat$ until a satisfactory way out is discov]$ or ! /imulation proves fatal4 ,x may be said t ! ,slipp] ,animalcule has b "o answ] to e "q1 b !re are _m ,protozoa :i* h sev]al enregi/]$ reactions4 ,:5 !re are alt]native reactions :i* are tri$ "o aft] ano!r1 ! animal is pursu+ :at is call$ ! trial-&-error me?od1 & a high] note is /ruck4 ,!re is an endeav\r aft] satisfaction1 & a trial ( answ]s4 ,:5 ! creature pr(its by exp]i5ce to ! ext5t ( giv+ ! "r answ] fir/1 !re is ! beg9n+ ( le>n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,a ,,simple ,,reflex ,,arc ,,9 ,a ,,backboneless ,,animal ,,l ,,an ,,e>?worm #a4 ,a s5sory n]ve-cell 7,s4,c47 on ! surface receives a /imulus4 #b4 ,! /imulus travels along ! s5satory n]ve-fibre 7,s4,f47 #c4 ,! s5sory n]ve-fibre bran*es 9 ! n]ve-cord4 #d4 ,its bran*es come into close contact 7,,sy#a7 ) ^? ( an associative or communicat+ n]ve-cell 7,a4,c474 #e4 ,o!r bran*es ( ! associative cell come into close contact 7,,sy#b7 ) ! bran*es or d5drites ( a motor n]ve-cell 7,m4,c474 #f4 ,an impulse or comm& travels along ! motor n]ve-fibre or axis cyl9d] ( ! motor n]ve-cell4 #g4 ,! motor n]ve-fibre ends on a muscle-fibre 7,m4,f47 ne> ! surface4 ,?is moves & ! reflex action is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,! ,,yucca ,,mo? ,! ,yucca ,mo?1 em]g+ f h] cocoon1 flies at night to a ,yucca fl[] & collects poll5 f ! /am5s1 hold+ a little ball ( x 9 h] m\?-p>ts4 ,%e !n visits ano!r fl[] & lays an egg 9 ! se$-box4 ,aft] ?is %e applies ! poll5 to ! tip ( ! pi/il1 ?us secur+ ! f]tilisation ( ! fl[] & ! gr[? ( ! ovules 9 ! pod4 ,yucca fl[]s 9 ,brita9 d n produce se$s because !re are no ,yucca ,mo?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,incl9$ ,,plane ,,( ,,animal ,,behavi\r ,diagram illu/rat+ animal behavi\r4 ,! ma9 l9e repres5ts ! g5]al life ( ! creature4 ,on ! upp] side are activities imply+ initiative2 on ! l[] side actions :i* are almo/ automatic4 ,upp] ,side4--,i4 ,en]getic actions4 ,,ii4 ,simple t5tatives4 ,,iii4 ,trial-&-error me?ods4 ,,iv4 ,non-intellig5t exp]im5ts4 ,v4 ,exp]i5tial le>n+4 ,,vi4 ,associative le>n+4 ,,vii4 ,intellig5t behavi\r4 ,,viii4 ,rational conduct 7man74 ,l[] ,side4--#a4 ,reactions to environm5t4 #b4 ,enregi/]$ reactions4 #c4 ,simple reflex actions4 #d4 ,comp\nd reflex actions4 #e4 ,tropisms4 #f4 ,enregi/]$ rhy?ms4 #g4 ,simple in/9cts4 #h4 ,*a9 in/9cts4 #i4 ,in/9ctive activities influ5c$ by intellig5ce4 #aj4 ,subconsci\s c]ebration at a high level 7man74 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,v5us' ,,fly-,,trap ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable plants 9 ! _w1 :i* captures its prey by means ( a trap =m$ f "p ( its leaf4 ,x has be5 induc$ to snap at & hold a bri/le4 ,if an insect light+ on ! leaf t\*es "o ( six v s5sitive hairs1 :i* pull ! trigg] ( ! movem5t1 ! two halves ( ! leaf close rapidly & ! fr++ tee? on ! m>g9 int]lock1 prev5t+ ! insect's escape4 ,!n foll[s an exudation ( dige/ive juice4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,! ,wond]s ( ,in/9ct by ,j4 ,h4 ,fabre4 ,a ,,spid] ,,sunn+ ,,h] ,,eggs ,a k9d ( spid]1 call$ ,lycosa1 ly+ head d[nw>ds at ! edge ( h] ne/1 & hold+ h] silk5 cocoon--! bag conta9+ ! eggs--up t[>ds ! sun 9 h] h9dmo/ pair ( legs4 ,?is extraord9>y proce$+ is believ$ to assi/ 9 ! hat*+4 ,reflex ,actions ,among simple multicellul> animals1 su* z sea-anemones1 we f9d ! beg9n+s ( reflex actions1 & a consid]able "p ( ! behavi\r ( ! l[] animals is reflex4 ,t is to say1 !re are laid d[n 9 ! animal 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t c]ta9 pre-arrangem5ts ( n]ve-cells & muscle-cells :i* secure t a fit & prop] answ] is giv5 to a frequ5tly recurr5t /imulus4 ,an e>?worm half out ( its burr[ becomes aw>e ( ! light tread ( a ?ru%'s foot1 & j]ks itself back into its hole be=e anyone c say reflex action4 ,:at is x t happ5s8 ,c]ta9 s5sory n]ve-cells 9 ! e>?worm's sk9 are /imulat$ by vibrations 9 ! e>?2 ! message travels d[n a s5sory n]ve-fibre f ea* ( ! /imulat$ cells & ent]s ! n]ve-cord4 ,! s5sory fibres come into vital connection ) bran*es ( int]m$i>y1 associative1 or communicat+ cells1 :i* are likewise connect$ ) motor n]ve-cells4 ,to ^! ! message is ?us %unt$4 ,f ! motor n]ve-cells an impulse or comm& travels by motor n]ve-fibres1 "o f ea* cell1 to ! muscles1 :i* contract4 ,if ?is took z long to happ5 z x takes to describe1 ev5 9 outl9e1 x w\ld n be ( mu* use to ! e>?worm4 ,b ! motor answ] foll[s ! s5sory /imulus almo/ in/antane\sly4 ,! great advantage ( e/abli%+ or enregi/]+ ^! reflex *a9s is t ! answ]s are practically ready-made or inborn1 n requir+ to be le>n$4 ,x is n necess>y t ! bra9 %\ld be /imulat$ if !re is a bra92 nor does ! animal w to act1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 cases x may by means ( high] controll+ n]ve-c5tres keep ! natural reflex response f be+ giv51 z happ5s1 = in/ance1 :5 we control a c\gh or a sneeze on "s solemn occasion4 ,! evolution>y me?od1 if we may use ! expression1 has be5 to enregi/] ready-made responses2 & z we asc5d ! animal k+dom1 we f9d reflex actions becom+ complicat$ & (t5 l9k$ toge!r1 s t ! occurr5ce ( "o pulls ! trigg] ( ano!r1 & s on 9 a *a94 ,! behavi\r ( ! insectivor\s plant call$ ,v5us's fly-trap :5 x %uts on an insect is l a reflex action 9 an animal1 b plants h no def9ite n]v\s sy/em4 ,:at are ,call$ ,tropisms ,a some:at high] level on ! incl9$ plane is illu/rat$ by :at are call$ tropisms1 obligatory movem5ts :i* ! animal makes1 adju/+ its :ole body s t physiological equilibrium results 9 relation to gravity1 pressure1 curr5ts1 moi/ure1 heat1 light1 electricity1 & surfaces ( contact4 ,a mo? is fly+ pa/ a c&le2 ! eye next ! light is m illum9$ ?an ! o!r2 a physiological inequilibrium results1 affect+ n]ve-cells & muscle-cells2 ! outcome is t ! mo? automatically adju/s its flight s t bo? eyes become equally illum9$2 9 do+ ?is x (t5 flies into ! c&le4 ,x may seem bad bus9ess t ! mo? %\ld fly into ! c&le1 b ! flame is an utt]ly artificial item 9 its environm5t to :i* no "o c expect x to be adapt$4 ,^! tropisms play an important rle 9 animal behavi\r4 #b ,in/9ctive ,behavi\r ,on a high] level is in/9ctive behavi\r1 :i* rea*es su* rem>kable p]fection 9 ants1 bees1 & wasps4 ,9 its typical expression in/9ctive behavi\r dep5ds on inborn capacities2 x does n require to be le>n$2 x is indep5d5t ( practice or exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x may be improv$ by bo?2 x is %>$ equally by all memb]s ( ! species ( ! same sex 7= ! female's in/9cts are (t5 diff]5t f ! male's72 x ref]s to p>ticul> conditions ( life t are ( vital importance1 ?\gh !y may occur only once 9 a lifetime4 ,! female ,yucca ,mo? em]ges f ! cocoon :5 ! ,yucca fl[] puts =? its bell-l blossoms4 ,%e flies to a fl[]1 collects "s poll5 f ! /am5s1 kneads x into a pill-l ball1 & /[s ?is away "u h] *94 ,%e flies to an old] ,yucca fl[] & lays h] eggs 9 "s ( ! ovules )9 ! se$-box1 b be=e %e does s %e has to deposit on ! /igma ! ball ( poll54 ,f ?is ! poll5-tubes gr[ d[n & ! poll5-nucleus ( a tube f]tilises ! egg-cell 9 an ovule1 s t ! possible se$s become real se$s1 = x is only a fraction ( !m t ! ,yucca ,mo? has de/roy$ by us+ !m z cradles = h] eggs4 ,n[ x is pla9 t ! ,yucca ,mo? has no individual exp]i5ce ( ,yucca fl[]s1 yet %e secures ! cont9uance ( h] race by a concat5ation ( actions :i* =m "p ( h] in/9ctive rep]tory4 ,f a physiological po9t ( view in/9ctive behavi\r is l a *a9 ( comp\nd reflex actions1 b 9 "s cases1 at lea/1 !re is reason to believe t ! behavi\r is suffus$ ) aw>5ess & back$ by endeav\r4 ,?is is sugge/$ 9 exceptional cases :]e ! /]eotyp$ r\t9e is dep>t$ f to meet exceptional conditions4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t j z ants1 hive bees1 & wasps exhibit 9 mo/ cases purely in/9ctive behavi\r1 b move on occasion on ! ma9 l9e ( trial & error or ( exp]im5tal initiative1 s among birds & mammals ! intellig5t behavi\r is sometimes replac$ by in/9ctive r\t9e4 ,p]haps !re is no in/9ctive behavi\r )\t a spice ( intellig5ce1 & no intellig5t behavi\r )\t an in/9ctive elem5t4 ,! old view t in/9ctive behavi\r 0 orig9ally intellig5t1 & t in/9ct is laps$ intellig5ce1 is a tempt+ "o1 & is sugge/$ by ! way 9 :i* habitual intellig5t actions cease 9 ! individual to require intellig5t control1 b x re/s on ! unprov$ hypo!sis t ! acquisitions ( ! individual c be entail$ on ! race4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t in/9ct is on a l9e ( evolution q diff]5t f intellig5ce1 & t x is ne>] to ! inborn inspirations ( ! calculat+ boy or ! musical g5ius ?an to ! plodd+ me?ods ( intellig5t le>n+4 ,animal ,intellig5ce ,! high] rea*es ( ! incl9$ plane ( behavi\r %[ intellig5ce 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,!y include ^? k9ds ( behavi\r :i* _c be describ$ )\t ! sugge/ion t ! animal makes "s sort ( p]ceptual inf]5ce1 n only pr(it+ by exp]i5ce b le>n+ by ideas4 ,su* intellig5t actions %[ great individual v>iability2 !y are pla/ic & adju/able 9 a mann] r>ely h9t$ at 9 connection ) in/9cts :]e r\t9e _c be dep>t$ f )\t ! creature be+ nonpluss$2 !y are n b\nd up ) p>ticul> circum/ances z in/9ctive actions are1 b imply an appreciative aw>5ess ( relations4 ,:5 !re is an exp]im5t+ ) g5]al ideas1 :5 !re is conceptual z contra/$ ) p]ceptual inf]5ce1 we speak ( ,reason1 b !re is no evid5ce ( ?is bel[ ! level ( man4 ,x is n1 inde$1 always t we c cr$it man ) rational conduct1 b he has ! possibility ( x ev] )9 8 rea*4 ,animal in/9ct & intellig5ce w be illu/rat$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w4 ,we are "h conc]n$ simply ) ! g5]al "q ( ! evolution ( behavi\r4 ,!re is a ma9 l9e ( t5tative exp]im5tal behavi\r bo? bel[ & above ! level ( intellig5ce1 & x has be5 "p ( ! tactics ( evolution to br+ ab\t ! h]$it>y enregi/ration ( capacities ( effective response1 ! advantages be+ t ! answ]s come m rapidly & t ! creature is left free1 if x *ooses1 = high] adv5tures4 ,!re is no d\bt z to ! big fact t 9 ! c\rse ( evolution animals h %[n an increas+ complexity & ma/]fulness ( behavi\r1 t !y h become at once m controll$ & m def9itely free ag5ts1 & t ! inn] aspect ( ! behavi\r--exp]im5t+1 le>n+1 ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+--has come to c\nt = m & m4 #c ,evolution ( ,p>5tal ,c>e ,mammals furni% a cr[n+ in/ance ( a tr5d ( evolution :i* expresses itself at _m levels--! t5d5cy to br+ =? ! "y at a well-advanc$ /age & to an increase ( p>5tal c>e associat$ ) a decrease 9 ! numb] ( (fspr+4 ,!re is a ,briti% />fi% call$ ,luidia :i* has two hundr$ millions ( eggs 9 a ye>1 & !re are said to be sev]al millions ( eggs 9 cong]-eels & "s o!r fi%es4 ,^! illu/rate ! spawn+ me?od ( solv+ ! problem ( survival4 ,"s animals are naturally prolific1 & ! numb] ( eggs :i* !y s[ broadca/ 9 ! wat]s all[s = enorm\s infantile mortality & obviates any necessity = p>5tal c>e4 ,b "s o!r creatures1 by nature less prolific1 h f\nd an entirely diff]5t solution ( ! problem4 ,!y practise p>5tal c>e & !y secure survival ) greatly economis$ reproduction4 ,?is is a tr5d ( evolution p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! high] animals4 ,s mu* s t ,h]b]t ,sp5c] =mulat$ ! g5]alisation t ! size & frequ5cy ( ! animal family is inv]se ratio to ! degree ( evolution to :i* ! animal has atta9$4 ,n[ !re are _m diff]5t me?ods ( p>5tal c>e :i* secure ! safety ( ! "y1 & "o ( ^! is call$ vivip>ity4 ,! "y ones are n lib]at$ f ! p>5t until !y are relatively well advanc$ & m or less able to look aft] !mselves4 ,?is gives ! "y a good s5d-(f 9 life1 & _! *ances ( dea? are greatly r$uc$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! animals t h v>i$ 9 ! direction ( economis$ reproduction may keep _! foo?old 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce if !y h v>i$ at ! same "t 9 ! direction ( p>5tal c>e4 ,9 o!r cases x may h work$ ! o!r way r\nd4 ,9 ! int]e/+ ar*aic animal call$ ,p]ipatus1 :i* has to face a mod]n _w too sev]e = x1 "o ( ! me?ods ( meet+ ! environ+ difficulties is ! ret5tion ( ! (fspr+ = _m mon?s )9 ! "m1 s t x is born a fully-=m$ creature4 ,!re are only a few (fspr+ at a "t1 &1 al?\gh !re are exceptional cases l ! summ] gre5-flies1 :i* are v prolific ?\gh vivip>\s1 ! g5]al rule is t vivip>ity is associat$ ) a v small family4 ,! case ( fl[]+ plants /&s by itself1 = al?\gh !y illu/rate a k9d ( vivip>ity1 ! se$ be+ embryos1 an individual plant may h a l>ge numb] ( fl[]s & !re=e a huge family4 ,vivip>ity naturally f9ds its be/ illu/rations among t]re/rial animals1 :]e ! risks to ! "y life are _m1 & x f9ds its climax among mammals4 ,n[ x is an int]e/+ fact t ! ?ree l[e/ mammals1 ! ,duckmole & two ,sp9y ,ant-eat]s1 lay eggs1 i4e4 are ovip>\s2 t ! ,m>supials1 on ! next grade1 br+ =? _! "y1 z x 71 prematurely1 & 9 mo/ cases /[ !m away 9 an ext]nal p\*2 :ile all ! o!rs--! ,plac5tals--%[ a m prolong$ ante-natal life & an intimate p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! "m & ! unborn "y4 #d ,!re is ano!r way ( look+ at ! sublime process ( evolution4 ,x has impli$ a ma/]y ( all ! possible haunts ( life2 x has be5 a progressive conque/ ( ! environm5t4 #a4 ,x is highly probable t liv+ organisms f\nd _! foo?old 9 ! /imulat+ conditions ( ! %ore ( ! sea--! %all[ wat]1 brightly illum9$1 seawe$-gr[+ %elf fr++ ! ,cont95ts4 ,?is littoral zone 0 a propiti\s environm5t :]e sea & fre% wat]1 e>? & air all meet1 :]e !re is /imulat+ *ange1 abundant oxyg5ation & a copi\s supply ( nutritive mat]ial 9 :at ! /reams br+ d[n & 9 ! ri* seawe$ vegetation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hoatz9 ,,inhabits ,,briti% ,,guiana ,! newly hat*$ bird has claws on its ?umb & fir/ f+] & s is enabl$ to climb on ! bran*es ( trees ) great dext]ity until su* "t z ! w+s are /rong en\gh to su/a9 x 9 flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph1 f ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory71 ( a draw+ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,wilson4 ,,p]ipatus ,a widely di/ribut$ old-fa%ion$ type ( animal1 some:at l a p]man5t cat]pill>4 ,x has aff9ities bo? ) worms & ) insects4 ,x has a velvety sk91 m9ute diamond-l eyes1 & %ort /ump-l legs4 ,a def5celess1 weaponless animal1 x comes out at night1 & is said to capture small insects by squirt+ jets ( slime f its m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,rock ,,kang>oo ,,c>ry+ ,,its ,,"y ,,9 ,a ,,p\* ,! "y are born s helpless t !y _c ev5 suck4 ,! "m places !m 9 ! ext]nal p\*1 & fitt+ _! m\?s on ! teats injects ! milk4 ,aft] a "t ! "y ones g out & 9 z !y please4 ,x is n an easy haunt ( life1 b none ! worse = t1 & x is t5ant$ to-day by repres5tatives ( practically e class ( animals f infusorians to sea%ore birds & mammals4 ,! ,cradle ( ! ,op5 ,sea #b4 ,! op5-sea or pelagic haunt includes all ! brightly illum9$ surface wat]s beyond ! %all[ wat] ( ! %ore area4 ,x is p]haps ! easie/ ( all ! haunts ( life1 = !re is no cr[d+1 !re is consid]able uni=mity1 & an abundance ( food = animals is af=d$ by ! inexhau/ible float+ sea-mead[s ( microscopic ,alg4 ,^! are re9c>nat$ 9 m9ute animals l ! op5-sea cru/aceans1 :i* aga9 are utilis$ by fi%es1 ^! 9 turn mak+ life possible = high] =ms l c>nivor\s turtles & too!d :ales4 ,x is q possible t ! op5 sea 0 ! orig9al cradle ( life & p]haps ,pr(essor ,*ur* is "r 9 pictur+ a long p]iod ( pelagic life be=e !re 0 any suffici5tly %all[ wat] to all[ ! float+ plants to an*or4 ,x is r 9 fav\r ( ?is view t _m %ore animals su* z crabs & />fi%es1 sp5d _! y\?ful /ages 9 ! relatively safe cradle ( ! op5 sea1 & only return to ! m /r5u\s conditions ( _! bir?place aft] !y h ga9$ consid]able /r5g? ( body4 ,x is probably safe to say t ! hon\r ( be+ ! orig9al cradle ( life lies betwe5 ! %ore ( ! sea & ! op5 sea4 ,! ,great ,deeps #c4 ,a ?ird haunt ( life is ! floor ( ! ,deep ,sea1 ! abyssal area1 :i* occupies m ?an a half ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,x is a region ( extreme cold--an et]nal w9t]2 ( utt] d>kness--an et]nal night--reliev$ only by ! fitful gleams ( phosphoresc5t animals2 ( enorm\s pressure--#b-a_/b tons on ! squ>e in* at a dep? ( #b1ejj fa?oms2 ( pr(\nd calm1 unbrok5 sil5ce1 imm5se monotony4 ,& z !re are no plants 9 ! great abysses1 ! animals mu/ live on "o ano!r1 &1 9 ! long run1 on ! ra9 ( moribund animalcules :i* s9k f ! surface ?r\gh ! miles ( wat]4 ,x seems a v unpromis+ haunt ( life1 b x is abundantly t5ant$1 & x gives u a glimpse ( ! insurg5t nature ( ! liv+ creature t ! difficulties ( ! ,deep ,sea %\ld h be5 s effectively conqu]$4 ,x is probable t ! colonis+ ( ! great abysses took place 9 relatively rec5t times1 = ! fauna does n include _m v antique types4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t ! colonisation 0 due to littoral animals :i* foll[$ ! food-dbris1 mill5nium aft] mill5nium1 fur!r & fur!r d[n ! long slope f ! %ore4 ,! ,fre%wat]s #d4 ,a f\r? haunt ( life is t ( ! fre%wat]s1 includ+ riv] & lake1 pond & pool1 swamp & m>%4 ,x may h be5 colonis$ by gradual migration up e/u>ies & riv]s1 or by m direct passage f ! sea%ore into ! bracki% swamp4 ,or x may h be5 9 "s cases t p>tially l&lock$ corn]s ( anci5t seas became gradually turn$ into fre%wat] bas9s4 ,! animal population ( ! fre%wat]s is v repres5tative1 & is div]sely adapt$ to meet ! *>act]i/ic cont+5cies--! risk ( be+ dri$ up1 ! risk ( be+ froz5 h>d 9 w9t]1 & ! risk ( be+ left high & dry aft] floods or ( be+ swept d[n to ! sea4 ,conque/ ( ! ,dry ,l& #e4 ,! t]re/rial haunt has be5 invad$ age aft] age by cont+5ts f ! sea or f ! fre%wat]s4 ,we mu/ recognise ! worm invasion1 :i* l$ ev5tually to ! mak+ ( ! f]tile soil1 ! invasion due to air-brea?+ ,ar?ropods1 :i* l$ ev5tually to ! important l9kage betwe5 fl[]s & _! insect visitors1 & ! invasion due to air-brea?+ ,amphibians1 :i* l$ ev5tually to ! high] t]re/rial animals & to ! developm5t ( intellig5ce & family affection4 ,besides ^! ?ree great invasions1 !re 7 m9or ones su* z t lead+ to l&-snails1 = !re has be5 a widespread & p]si/5t t5d5cy among aquatic animals to try to possess ! dry l&4 ,gett+ on to dry l& _h a manifold significance4 ,x impli$ gett+ into a m$ium ) a mu* l>g] supply ( oxyg5 ?an !re is dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,b ! oxyg5 ( ! air is m difficult to capture1 especially :5 ! sk9 becomes h>d or well protect$1 z x is almo/ b\nd to become 9 animals liv+ on dry gr\nd4 ,?us ?is leads to ! developm5t ( int]nal surfaces1 su* z ^? ( lungs1 :]e ! oxyg5 tak5 into ! body may be absorb$ by ! blood4 ,9 mo/ animals ! blood goes to ! surface ( oxyg5-capture2 b 9 insects & _! relatives !re is a diff]5t idea--( tak+ ! air to ! blood or 9 great] "p to ! area ( oxyg5-combu/ion1 ! liv+ tissues4 ,a sy/em ( bran*+ air-tubes takes air into e hole & corn] ( ! insect's body1 & ?is ?or\gh a]ation is d\btless 9 "p ! secret ( ! insect's int5se activity4 ,! blood nev] becomes impure4 ,! conque/ ( ! dry l& also impli$ a pr$om9ance ( t k9d ( locomotion :i* may be comp>$ to punt+1 :5 ! body is pu%$ along by press+ a lev] aga9/ a h>d sub/ratum4 ,& x also foll[$ t ) few exceptions ! body ( ! t]re/rial animal t5d$ to be compact1 readily lift$ (f ! gr\nd by ! limbs or adju/$ 9 "s o!r way s t !re may n be too l>ge a surface trail+ on ! gr\nd4 ,an animal l a jellyfi%1 easily support$ 9 ! wat]1 w\ld be impossible on l&4 ,su* app>5t exceptions z e>?worms1 c5tip$es1 & snakes are n difficult to expla91 = ! e>?worm is a burr[] :i* eats its way ?r\gh ! soil1 ! c5tip$e's long body is support$ by num]\s h>d legs1 & ! snake pu%es itself along by means ( ! l>ge v5tral scales to :i* ! l[] ends ( v num]\s ribs are atta*$4 ,me?ods ( ,ma/]+ ! ,difficulties ( ,t]re/rial ,life ,a great re/riction att5dant on ! invasion ( ! dry l& is t locomotion becomes limit$ to "o plane1 namely1 ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is is 9 great contra/ to :at is true 9 ! wat]1 :]e ! animal c move up or d[n1 to "r or to left1 at any angle & 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,x surely foll[s f ?is t ! movem5ts ( l& animals mu/ be rapid & precise1 unless1 inde$1 safety is secur$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,h5ce x is easy to und]/& :y mo/ l& animals h v f9ely develop$ /rip$ muscles1 & :y a beetle runn+ on ! gr\nd has f> m num]\s muscles ?an a lob/] swimm+ 9 ! sea4 ,l& animals 7 also h&icapp$ by ! risks ( dr\ght & ( fro/1 b ^! 7 met by def5ces ( ! mo/ div]se description1 f ! hairs ( woolly cat]pill>s to ! fur ( mammals1 f ! c>apace ( tortoises to ! arm\r ( armadillos4 ,9 o!r cases1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 ! difficulties may be met 9 o!r ways1 z frogs meet ! w9t] by fall+ into a le?>gic /ate 9 "s seclud$ retreat4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( gett+ on to dry l& is t ! eggs or "y c no long] be set free anyh[1 z is possible :5 ! animal is surr\nd$ by wat]1 :i* is 9 itself m or less ( a cradle4 ,if ! eggs 7 laid or ! "y lib]at$ on dry gr\nd1 ! *ances are _m t !y w\ld be dri$ up or dev\r$4 ,s !re are num]\s ways 9 :i* l& animals secure ! safety ( _! "y1 e4g4 by bury+ !m 9 ! gr\nd1 or by hid+ !m 9 ne/s1 or by c>ry+ !m ab\t = a prolong$ p]iod ei!r be=e or aft] bir?4 ,?is may mean great safety = ! "y1 ?is may make x possible to h only a small family1 & ?is may t5d to ! evolution ( p>5tal c>e & ! k9dly emotions4 ,?us x may be und]/ood t f ! conque/ ( ! l& _m f>-rea*+ consequ5ces h foll[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,ris*gitz4 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley 7#ahbe-ie7 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( zoologi/s1 ) unsurpass$ gifts z a tea*] & expositor4 ,he did great s]vice 9 ga9+ a place = sci5ce 9 ord9>y education & 9 popul> e/imation4 ,no "o *ampion$ ,evolutionism ) m c\rage & skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>on ,,cuvi]1 #agfi-ahcb ,"o ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,a man ( gigantic intellect1 :o came to ,p>is z a y\? f ! prov9ces1 & became ! director ( ! high] education ( ,france & a pe] ( ! ,empire4 ,he 0 oppos$ to ,evolutioni/ ideas1 b he _h anatomical g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,illu/ration ,,%[+ ,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,fly+ ,,& ,,swoop+ ,gull1 ) a fea!r-w+1 a true fli]4 ,fox-bat1 ) a sk9-w+1 a true fli]4 ,fly+ ,squirrel1 ) a p>a*ute ( sk91 able to swoop f tree to tree1 b n to fly4 ,fly+ ,fi%1 ) pectoral f9s us$ z volplanes 9 a great leap due to ! tail4 ,to "s ext5t able to sail 9 albatros fa%ion4 ,f9ally1 x is wor? dwell+ on ! risks ( t]re/rial life1 because !y enable u bett] to und]/& :y s _m l& animals h become burr[]s & o!rs climb]s ( trees1 :y "s h return$ to ! wat] & o!rs h tak5 to ! air4 ,x may be ask$1 p]haps1 :y ! l& %\ld h be5 colonis$ at all :5 ! risks & difficulties are s great4 ,! answ] mu/ be t necessity & curiosity are ! "m & fa!r ( inv5tion4 ,animals left ! wat] because ! pools dri$ up1 or because !y 7 ov]cr[d$1 or because ( invet]ate enemies1 b also because ( t curiosity & _s ( adv5ture :i*1 f fir/ to la/1 has be5 "o ( ! spurs ( progress4 ,conqu]+ ! ,air #f4 ,! la/ great haunt ( life is ! air1 a ma/]y ( :i* mu/ be plac$ to ! cr$it ( insects1 ,pt]odactyls1 birds1 & bats4 ,^! h be5 ! successes1 b x %\ld be not$ t !re h be5 _m brilliant failures1 :i* h n atta9$ to mu* m ?an p>a*ut+4 ,^! include ! ,fly+ ,fi%es1 :i* take leaps f ! wat] & are c>ri$ = _m y>ds & to consid]able heights1 hold+ _! enl>g$ pectoral f9s taut or ) little m ?an a slight flutt]+4 ,!re is a s-call$ ,fly+ ,frog 7,rhacophorus7 t skims f bran* to bran*1 & ! mu* m effective ,fly+ ,dragon 7,draco volans7 ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 :i* has be5 m5tion$ already4 ,among mammals !re are ,fly+ ,phalang]s1 ,fly+ ,lemurs1 & m besides1 all atta9+ to great skill z p>a*uti/s1 & illu/rat+ ! endeav\r to ma/] ! air :i* man has realis$ 9 a way ( 8 own4 ,! p[] ( flight br+s obvi\s advantages4 ,a bird fe$+ on ! gr\nd is able to evade ! /alk+ c>nivore by sudd5ly ris+ into ! air2 food & wat] c be foll[$ rapidly & to great di/ances2 ! eggs or ! "y c be plac$ 9 safe situations2 & birds 9 _! migrations h made a brilliant conque/ bo? ( "t & space4 ,_m ( !m "k no w9t] 9 _! ye>1 & ! migratory flight ( ! ,pacific ,gold5 ,plov] f ,hawaii to ,alaska & back aga9 does n /& alone4 ,,! ,,procession ,,( ,,life ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,ages #a ,! ,rock ,record ,h[ d we "k :5 ! v>i\s classes ( animals & plants 7 e/abli%$ on ! e>?8 ,h[ d we "k ! ord] ( _! appe>ance & ! succession ( _! advances8 ,! answ] is3 by read+ ! ,rock ,record4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! cru/ ( ! e>? has be5 elevat$ into cont95ts & depress$ into ocean-tr\ghs1 & ! surface ( ! l& has be5 buckl$ up into m\nta9 ranges & fold$ 9 g5tl] hills & valleys4 ,! high places ( ! l& h be5 wea!r$ by air & wat] 9 _m =ms1 & ! results ( ! wea!r+ h be5 borne away by riv]s & seas1 to be laid d[n aga9 else:]e z deposits :i* ev5tually =m$ s&/ones1 mud/ones1 & simil> s$im5t>y rocks4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial ( ! orig9al cru/ has ?us be5 brok5 d[n & work$ up aga9 _m times ov]1 & if ! total ?ickness ( ! s$im5t>y rocks is add$ up x am\nts1 accord+ to "s geologi/s1 to a total ( #fg miles4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 only a small "p ( ?is ?ickness is to be se5 9 "o place1 = ! deposits 7 usually =m$ 9 limit$ areas at any "o "t4 ,! ,use ( ,fossils ,:5 ! s$im5ts 7 accumulat+ age aft] age1 x naturally came ab\t t rema9s ( ! plants & animals liv+ at ! "t 7 buri$1 & ^! =m$ ! fossils by ! aid ( :i* x is possible to read ! /ory ( ! pa/4 ,by c>eful piec+ toge!r ( evid5ce ! geologi/ is able to det]m9e ! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t s$im5t>y rocks 7 laid d[n1 & ?us to say1 = in/ance1 t ! ,devonian p]iod 0 ! "t ( ! orig9 ( ,amphibians4 ,9 o!r cases ! geologi/ utilises ! fossils 9 8 attempt to "w out ! ord] ( ! /rata :5 ^! h be5 mu* dis>rang$4 ,= ! simpl] fossil =ms ( any type mu/ be old] ?an ^? t are m complex4 ,!re is no vici\s circle "h1 = ! g5]al succession ( /rata is cle>1 & x is q c]ta9 t !re 7 fi%es be=e !re 7 amphibians1 & amphibians be=e !re 7 reptiles1 & reptiles be=e !re 7 birds & mammals4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 e4g4 ( fossil horses & elephants1 ! actual hi/orical succession has be5 cle>ly work$ out4 ,if ! successive /rata conta9$ good samples ( all ! plants & animals liv+ at ! "t :5 ! b$s 7 =m$1 !n x w\ld be easy to read ! record ( ! rocks1 b _m animals 7 too s(t to become satisfactory fossils1 _m 7 eat5 or dissolv$ away1 _m 7 de/roy$ by heat & pressure1 s t ! rock record is l a libr>y v mu* damag$ by fire & loot+ & decay4 #b ,! ,geological ,"t-table ,! long hi/ory ( ! e>? & its inhabitants is conv5i5tly divid$ into eras4 ,?us1 j z we speak ( ! anci5t1 m$ival1 & mod]n hi/ory ( mank9d1 s we may speak ( ,palozoic1 ,mesozoic & ,c5ozoic eras 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? z a :ole4 ,geologi/s _c tell u except 9 an approximate way h[ long ! process ( evolution has tak54 ,"o ( ! me?ods is to e/imate h[ long has be5 requir$ = ! accumulation ( ! salts ( ! sea1 = all ^! h be5 dissolv$ out ( ! rocks s9ce ra9 began to fall on ! e>?4 ,divid+ ! total am\nt ( sal9e matt] by :at is contribut$ e ye> 9 mod]n times1 we get ab\t a hundr$ million ye>s z ! age ( ! sea4 ,b z ! pres5t rate ( salt-accumulation is probably mu* great] ?an x 0 dur+ _m ( ! geological p]iods1 ! prodigi\s age j m5tion$ is 9 all likelihood f> bel[ ! m>k4 ,ano!r me?od is to calculate h[ long x w\ld take to =m ! s$im5t>y rocks1 l s&/ones & mud/ones1 :i* h a total ?ickness ( ov] fifty miles1 ?\gh ! local ?ickness is r>ely ov] a mile4 ,z mo/ ( ! mat]ials h come f ! wea!r+ ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & z ! annual am\nt ( wea!r+ n[ go+ on c be e/imat$1 ! "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! _w c be approximately calculat$4 ,!re are "s o!r ways ( try+ to tell ! e>?'s age & ! l5g? ( ! successive p]iods1 b no c]ta9ty has be5 rea*$4 ,! eras m>k$ on ! table 7page #ib7 z be=e ! ,cambrian correspond to ab\t ?irty-two miles ( ?ickness ( /rata2 & all ! subsequ5t eras ) fossil-be>+ rocks to a ?ickness ( ab\t tw5ty-"o miles--9 itself an a/\nd+ fact4 ,p]haps ?irty million ye>s mu/ be allott$ to ! ,pre-,cambrian eras1 eighte5 to ! ,palozoic1 n9e to ! ,mesozoic1 ?ree to ! ,c5ozoic1 mak+ a gr& total ( sixty millions4 ,! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,inv]tebrate ,/ocks ,x is an a/\nd+ fact t at lea/ half ( geological "t 7! ,ar*ozoic & ,prot]ozoic eras7 pass$ be=e !re 7 liv+ creatures ) p>ts suffici5tly h>d to =m fossils4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,prot]ozoic era !re are traces ( "o-cell$ m>9e animals 7,radiol>ians7 ) %ells ( fl9t1 & ( worms t wall[$ 9 ! primal mud4 ,x is pla9 t z reg>ds ! mo/ primitive creatures ! rock record tells u little4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,knipe's ,nebula to ,man4 ,,animals ,,( ,,! ,,cambrian ,,p]iod e4g4 ,sponges1 ,jellyfi%1 ,/>fi%1 ,sea-lilies1 ,wat]-fleas1 & ,trilobites ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,a ,,trilobite ,trilobites 7 anci5t sea%ore animals1 abundant f ! ,upp] ,cambrian to ! ,c>bonif]\s eras4 ,!y h no direct desc5dants to-day4 ,!y 7 jo9t$-foot$ animals1 alli$ to ,cru/aceans & p]haps also to ,k+-crabs4 ,!y 7 able to roll !mselves up 9 _! r+-arm\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,! ,,gambian ,,mud-,,fi%1 ,,protopt]us ,x c brea! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 wat] by its gills2 x c also brea! dry air by means ( its swim-bladd]1 :i* has become a lung4 ,x is a d\ble-brea!r1 %[+ evolution 9 process4 ,= sev5 mon?s ( ! ye>1 ! dry season1 x c rema9 in]t 9 ! mud1 gett+ air ?r\gh an op5 pipe to ! surface4 ,:5 wat] fills ! pools x c use its gills aga94 ,mud-ne/s or mud encasem5ts ) ! lung-fi% inside h (t5 be5 br\ght to ,brita9 & ! fi% :5 lib]at$ 7 q lively4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ar*,,opt]yx 7,aft] ,william ,le*e ( ,/ockholm47 ,a good re/oration ( ! olde/ kn[n bird1 ,ar*opt]yx 7,jurassic ,era74 ,x 0 ab\t ! size ( a cr[2 x _h tee? on bo? jaws2 x _h claws on ! ?umb & two f+]s2 & x _h a long liz>d-l tail4 ,b x _h fea!rs1 prov+ itself a true bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,w+ ,,( ,a ,,bird1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,fea!rs ,! longe/ fea!rs or prim>ies 7,,pr7 are borne by ! two f+]s 7#b & #c71 & _! palm-bones 7,,cmc72 ! second longe/ or second>ies are borne by ! ulna bone 7,u7 ( ! =e-arm2 !re is a sep>ate tuft 7,,z7 on ! ?umb 7,,?74 ,! r>ity ( direct traces ( life 9 ! olde/ rocks is p>tly due to ! fact t ! primitive animals w\ld be ( delicate build1 b x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! anci5t rocks h be5 pr(\ndly & repeat$ly *ang$ by pressure & heat1 s t ! traces :i* did exi/ w\ld be v liable to oblit]ation4 ,& if x be ask$ :at "r we h to suppose ! pres5ce ( liv+ creatures 9 ! abs5ce or extreme r>ity ( fossils1 we mu/ po9t to great accumulations ( lime/one :i* indicate ! exi/5ce ( calc>e\s alg1 & to deposits ( iron :i* probably indicate ! activity ( iron-=m+ ,bact]ia4 ,anci5t b$s ( graphite simil>ly sugge/ t gre5 plants fl\ri%$ 9 ^! anci5t days4 #c ,! ,era ( ,anci5t ,life 7,palozoic7 ,! ,cambrian p]iod 0 ! "t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! *ief /ocks ( backboneless animals su* z sponges1 jellyfi%es1 worms1 sea-cucumb]s1 lamp-%ells1 trilobites1 cru/aceans1 & molluscs4 ,!re is some?+ v eloqu5t 9 ! broad fact t ! peopl+ ( ! seas _h def9itely begun "s ?irty million ye>s ago1 = ,pr(essor ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn po9ts out t 9 ! ,cambrian p]iod !re 0 already a colonisation ( ! %ore ( ! sea1 ! op5 sea1 & ! deep wat]s4 ,! ,ordovician p]iod 0 m>k$ by abundant repres5tation ( ! once v successful class ( ,trilobites--jo9t$-foot$1 ant5na-be>+1 segm5t$ m>9e animals1 ) num]\s app5dages & a cov]+ ( *it94 ,!y di$ away entirely ) ! end ( ! ,palozoic era4 ,also v notable 0 ! abundance ( pr$atory cuttlefi%es1 ! bullies ( ! anci5t seas4 ,b x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ! fir/ backbon$ animals made _! appe>ance--an epo*-mak+ /ep 9 evolution4 ,9 o!r words1 true fi%es 7 evolv$--de/9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages to replace ! cuttlefi%es 7:i* are m]e molluscs7 9 dom9at+ ! seas4 ,,rec5t ,,times ,human civilisation4 ,,plei/oc5e ,,or ,,glacial ,,"t ,la/ great ,ice ,age4 ,,c5ozoic ,,era ,,mioc5e ,,& ,,plioc5e ,,times ,em]g5ce ( ,man4 ,,eoc5e ,,& ,,oligoc5e ,,times ,rise ( high] mammals4 ,,cretace\s ,,p]iod ,rise ( primitive mammals1 fl[]+ plants1 & high] insects4 ,,mesozoic ,,era ,,jurassic ,,p]iod ,rise ( birds & fly+ reptiles4 ,,triassic ,,p]iod ,rise ( d9osaur reptiles4 ,,p]mian ,,p]iod ,rise ( reptiles4 ,,c>bonif]\s ,,p]iod ,rise ( insects4 ,,devonian ,,p]iod ,fir/ amphibians4 ,,pal,,ozoic ,,era ,,silurian ,,p]iod ,l& animals began4 ,,ordovician ,,p]iod ,fir/ fi%es4 ,,cambrian ,,p]iod ,peopl+ ( ! sea4 ,,prot]ozoic ,,ages ,_m ( ! ,backboneless /ocks began4 ,,ar*,,ozoic ,,ages ,liv+ creatures began to be ^u ! e>?4 ,mak+ ( cont95ts & ocean-bas9s4 ,beg9n+s ( atmosph]e & hydrosph]e4 ,,=mative ,,times ,cool+ ( ! e>?4 ,e/abli%m5t ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 ! ,silurian p]iod 9 :i* ! peopl+ ( ! seas w5t on apace1 !re 0 ! fir/ kn[n attempt at colonis+ ! dry l&4 ,= 9 ,silurian rocks !re are fossil scorpions1 & t implies ability to brea! dry air--by means ( int]nal surfaces1 9 ?is case kn[n z lungbooks4 ,x 0 also t[>ds ! end ( ! ,silurian1 :5 a p]iod ( great aridity set 91 t fi%es appe>$ relat$ to our mud-fi%es or d\ble-brea!rs 7,dipnoi71 :i* h lungs z well z gills4 ,?is1 aga91 meant utilis+ dry air1 j z ! pres5t-day mud-fi%es d :5 ! wat] disappe>s f ! pools 9 hot wea!r4 ,! lung-fi%es or mud-fi%es ( to-day are b ?ree 9 numb]1 "o 9 ,que5sl&1 "o 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & "o 9 ,africa1 b !y are extremely int]e/+ liv+ fossils1 b9d+ ! class ( fi%es to t ( amphibians4 ,x is highly probable t ! fir/ invasion ( ! dry l& %\ld be put to ! cr$it ( "s adv5tur\s worms1 b ! second great invasion 0 c]ta9ly due to air-brea?+ ,ar?ropods1 l ! pione] scorpion we m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pictorial ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,successive ,,/rata ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,cru/1 ,,) ,,sugge/ions ,,( ,,*>act]i/ic ,,fossils ,e4g4 ,fi% & ,trilobite 9 ! ,devonian 7r$71 a l>ge ,amphibian 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s 7blue71 ,reptiles 9 ,p]mian 7light r$71 ! fir/ ,mammal 9 ! ,triassic 7blue71 ! fir/ ,bird 9 ! ,jurassic 7yell[71 ,giant ,reptiles 9 ! ,cretace\s 7:ite71 !n foll[ ! ,t]ti>y /rata ) progressive mammals1 & ,quat]n>y at ! top ) man & mammo?4 ,! ,devonian p]iod1 includ+ t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 0 "o ( ! mo/ significant p]iods 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,= x 0 ! "t ( ! e/abli%m5t ( fl[]+ plants ^u ! e>? & ( t]re/rial backbon$ animals4 ,"o w\ld l to h be5 ! discov]] ( ! ,devonian foot-pr9t ( ,?9opus1 ! fir/ kn[n ,amphibian foot-pr9t--an eloqu5t ve/ige ( ! ?ird great invasion ( ! dry l&4 ,x 0 probably f a /ock ( ,devonian lung-fi%es t ! fir/ ,amphibians sprang1 b x 0 n till ! next p]iod t !y came to _! own4 ,:ile !y 7 /ill feel+ _! way1 !re 0 a rem>kable exub]ance ( %>k-l & heavily arm\r$ fi%es 9 ! ,devonian seas4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,l& ,,animals #a ,giant ,amphibians & ,coal-measures ,! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod 0 m>k$ by a mild moi/ climate & a luxuriant vegetation 9 ! swampy l[ gr\nds4 ,x 0 a mu* less /r5u\s "t ?an ! ,devonian p]iod2 x 0 l a v long summ]4 ,!re 7 no trees ( ! type we see n[1 b !re 7 =e/s ( club-mosses & horsetails :i* grew to a gigantic size comp>$ ) _! pigmy repres5tatives ( to-day4 ,9 ^! =e/s ! jo9t$-foot$ invad]s ( ! dry l& ran riot 9 ! =m ( c5tip$es1 spid]s1 scorpions1 & insects1 & on ^! ! primeval ,amphibians f$4 ,! appe>ance ( insects made possible a new l9kage ( f>-rea*+ importance1 namely1 ! cross-f]tilisation ( fl[]+ plants by _! insect visitors1 & f ?is "t onw>ds x may be said t fl[]s & _! visitors h evolv$ h& 9 h&4 ,cross-f]tilisation is mu* sur] by insects ?an by ! w9d1 & cross-f]tilisation is m advantage\s ?an self-f]tilisation because x promotes bo? f]tility & pla/icity4 ,x 0 probably 9 ?is p]iod t col\r$ fl[]s--attractive to insect-visitors--began to ju/ify !mselves z beauty became useful1 & began to relieve ! monoton\s gre5 ( ! horsetail & club-moss =e/s1 :i* cov]$ great tracts ( ! e>? = millions ( ye>s4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s =e/s !re 7 also l&-snails1 repres5t+ "o ( ! m9or invasions ( ! dry l&1 t5d+ on ! :ole to *eck vegetation4 ,!y1 too1 7 probably prey$ ^u by ! ,amphibians1 "s ( :i* atta9$ a l>ge size4 ,ea* age has _h its giants1 & ^? ( ! ,c>bonif]\s 7 ,amphibians call$ ,labyr9?odonts1 "s ( :i* 7 almo/ z big z donkeys4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t x 0 9 ?is p]iod t mo/ ( ! ,coal-measures 7 laid d[n by ! imm5se accumulation ( ! spores & debris ( ! club-moss =e/s4 ,ages aft]w>ds1 x 0 giv5 to man to tap ?is great s\rce ( en]gy--traceable back to ! sun%9e ( millions ( ye>s ago4 ,ev5 !n x 0 true t no plant or animal lives or dies to itself6 ,! ,acquisitions ( ,amphibians4 ,z ,amphibians _h _! ,gold5 ,age 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod we may fitly use ?is opportunity ( indicat+ ! advances 9 evolution :i* ! em]g5ce ( ,amphibians impli$4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place ! passage f wat] to dry l& 0 ! beg9n+ ( a high] & m promiseful life1 tax$ no d\bt by increas$ difficulties4 ,! natural "q rises :y animals %\ld h migrat$ f wat] to dry l& at all :5 great difficulties 7 involv$ 9 ! transition4 ,! answ]s mu/ be3 7a7 t local dry+ up ( wat]-bas9s or elevations ( ! l& surface (t5 made ! old haunts unt5able2 7b7 t !re may h be5 great conge/ion & competition 9 ! old qu>t]s2 & 7c7 t !re has be5 an und5iable endeav\r aft] well-be+ ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( animal life4 ,9 ! same way ) mank9d1 migrations 7 prompt$ by ! sett+ 9 ( prolong$ dr\ght1 by ov]-population1 & by ! _s ( adv5ture4 7#b7 ,9 ,amphibians = ! fir/ "t ! non-digitate pair$ f9s ( fi%es 7 replac$ by limbs ) f+]s & toes4 ,?is impli$ an advantage\s p[] ( grasp+1 ( hold+ firm1 ( putt+ food into ! m\?1 ( feel+ ?+s 9 ?ree dim5sions4 7#c7 ,we _c be positive 9 reg>d to ! s(t p>ts ( ! anci5t ,amphibians kn[n only z fossils1 b if !y 7 9 a g5]al way l ! frogs & toads1 newts & salam&]s ( ! pres5t day1 we may say t !y made among o!r acquisitions ! foll[+3 true v5tral lungs1 a ?ree-*amb]$ he>t1 a movable tongue1 a drum to ! e>1 & lids to ! eyes4 ,x is v int]e/+ to f9d t ?\gh ! tongue ( ! tadpole has "s muscle-fibres 9 x1 !y are n /rong en\gh to effect movem5t1 recall+ ! tongue ( fi%es1 :i* has n any muscles at all4 ,gradually1 z ! tadpole becomes a frog1 ! muscle-fibres gr[ 9 /r5g?1 & make x possible = ! full-gr[n creature to %oot out its tongue ^u insects4 ,?is is probably a recapitulation ( :at 0 accompli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( mill5nia 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,amphibian race4 7#d7 ,ano!r acquisition made by ,amphibians 0 a voice1 due1 z 9 ourselves1 to ! rapid passage ( air ov] taut membranes 7vocal cords7 /ret*$ 9 ! l>ynx4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t = millions ( ye>s !re 0 ^u ! e>? no s\nd ( life at all1 only ! noise ( w9d & wave1 ?und] & avalan*e4 ,ap>t f ! in/rum5tal music ( "s insects1 p]haps beg9n+ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ! fir/ vital s\nds 7 due to ,amphibians1 & !irs c]ta9ly 0 ! fir/ voice--surely "o ( ! great /eps 9 organic evolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,fossil ,,( ,a ,,pt]odactyl ,,or ,,ext9ct ,,fly+ ,,dragon ,! w+ is made ( a web ( sk9 ext5d$ on ! enorm\sly elongat$ out]mo/ f+]4 ,! long tail s]v$ = balanc+ & /e]+4 ,! ,pt]odactyls v>i$ f ! size ( sp>r[s to a w+-span ( fifte5 feet--! l>ge/ fly+ creatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,knipe's ,nebula to ,man4 ,,p>iasaurus3 ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,veget>ian ,,triassic ,,reptile ,total l5g? ab\t #i feet4 7,rema9s f\nd 9 ,cape ,colony1 ,s\? ,africa47 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,knipe's ,nebula to ,man4 ,,tric]atops3 ,a ,,huge ,,ext9ct ,,reptile 7,f rema9s f\nd 9 ,cretace\s /rata ( ,wyom+1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,?is ,d9osaur1 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge rh9oc]os1 _h a huge ?ree-horn$ skull ) a rem>kable bony coll> ov] ! neck4 ,b1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 its bra9 0 s small t x c\ld h pass$ d[n ! sp9al canal 9 :i* ! sp9al cord lies4 ,p]haps ?is p>tly acc\nts = ! ext9ction ( giant reptiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,daily ,mail4 ,,! ,,duckmole ,,or ,,duck-,,bill$ ,,platypus ,,( ,,au/ralia ,! ,duckmole or ,duck-bill$ ,platypus ( ,au/ralia is a survivor ( ! mo/ primitive mammals4 ,x h>ks back to reptiles1 e4g4 9 be+ an egg-lay]1 9 hav+ comp>atively l>ge eggs1 & 9 be+ imp]fectly w>m-blood$4 ,x swims well & fe$s on small wat]-animals4 ,x c also burr[4 ,evolution ( ! ,voice ,! fir/ use ( ! voice 0 probably t indicat$ by our frogs & toads--x s]ves z a sex-call4 ,t is ! mean+ ( ! trumpet+ ) :i* frogs h]ald ! spr+1 & x is (t5 only 9 ! males t ! voice is well develop$4 ,b if we look =w>d1 pa/ ,amphibians altoge!r1 we f9d ! voice becom+ a mat]nal call help+ to secure ! safety ( ! "y--a use v obvi\s :5 "y birds squat motionless at ! s\nd ( ! p>5t's dang]-note4 ,lat] on1 probably1 ! voice became an infantile call1 z :5 ! unhat*$ crocodile pipes f )9 ! deeply buri$ egg1 signall+ to ! "m t x is "t to be une>!d4 ,high] /ill ! voice expresses emotion1 z 9 ! song ( birds1 (t5 outside ! limits ( ! bre$+ "t4 ,lat] /ill1 p>ticul> s\nds become words1 signify+ p>ticul> ?+s or feel+s1 su* z food1 dang]1 home1 ang]1 & joy4 ,f9ally words become a m$ium ( social int]c\rse & z symbols help to make x possible = man to reason4 #b ,! ,e>ly ,reptiles ,9 ! ,p]mian p]iod reptiles appe>$1 or p]haps "o %\ld say1 began to ass]t !mselves4 ,t is to say1 !re 0 an em]g5ce ( backbon$ animals :i* 7 free f wat] & rel9qui%$ ! me?od ( brea?+ by gills1 :i* ,amphibians reta9$ 9 _! "y /ages at lea/4 ,! unhat*$ or unborn reptile brea!s by means ( a vascul> hood spread und]nea? ! egg-%ell & absorb+ dry air f )\t4 ,x is an int]e/+ po9t t ?is vascul> hood1 call$ ! allantois1 is repres5t$ 9 ! ,amphibians by an unimportant bladd] gr[+ out f ! h9d end ( ! food-canal4 ,a great /ep 9 evolution 0 impli$ 9 ! orig9 ( ?is ante-natal hood or foetal membrane & ano!r "o--( protective significance--call$ ! amnion1 :i* =ms a wat]-bag ov] ! delicate embryo4 ,! /ep meant total emancipation f ! wat] & f gill-brea?+1 & ! two foetal membranes1 ! amnion & ! allantois1 p]si/ n only 9 all reptiles b 9 birds & mammals z well4 ,^! high] ,v]tebrates are !re=e call$ ,amniota 9 contra/ to ! ,l[] ,v]tebrates or ,anamnia 7! ,amphibians1 ,fi%es1 & primitive types74 ,x is a sugge/ive fact t ! embryos ( all reptiles1 birds1 & mammals %[ gill-clefts--a tell-tale evid5ce ( _! di/ant aquatic ance/ry4 ,b ^! embryonic gill-clefts are n us$ = respiration & %[ no trace ( gills except 9 a few embryonic reptiles & birds :]e _! dw9dl$ ve/iges h be5 rec5tly discov]$4 ,z to ! gill-clefts1 !y are ( no use 9 high] ,v]tebrates except t ! fir/ becomes ! ,eu/a*ian tube lead+ f ! e>-passage to ! back ( ! m\?4 ,! reason :y !y p]si/ :5 only "o is ( any use1 & t 9 a trans=m$ guise1 w\ld be difficult to int]pret except 9 t]ms ( ! ,evolution !ory4 ,!y illu/rate ! l+]+ influ5ce ( a long p$igree1 ! liv+ h& ( ! pa/1 ! t5d5cy t individual developm5t has to recapitulate racial evolution4 ,9 a cond5s$ & telescop$ mann]1 ( c\rse1 = :at took ! race a million ye>s may be recapitulat$ by ! individual 9 a week6 ,9 ! ,p]mian p]iod ! w>m moi/ climate ( mo/ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod 0 replac$ by sev]e conditions1 culm9at+ 9 an ,ice ,age :i* spread f ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,) ?is 0 associat$ a wan+ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora1 & ! appe>ance ( a new "o1 consi/+ ( f]ns1 conif]s1 g9kgos1 & cycads1 :i* p]si/$ until ne> ! end ( ! ,mesozoic era4 ,! ,p]mian ,ice ,age la/$ = millions ( ye>s1 & 0 mo/ sev]e 9 ! ,f> ,s\?4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 a v diff]5t _w !n1 = ,nor? ,europe 0 jo9$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,africa to ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia to ,asia4 ,x 0 probably dur+ ! ,p]mian ,ice ,age t _m ( ! insects divid$ _! life-hi/ory into two ma9 *apt]s--! fe$+1 gr[+1 m\lt+1 immature1 l>val /ages1 e4g4 cat]pill>s1 & ! m ascetic1 non-gr[+1 non-m\lt+1 w+$ phase1 adapt$ = reproduction4 ,betwe5 ^! !re int]v5$ ! quiesc5t1 well-protect$ pupa /age or *rysalis1 probably adapt$ to beg9 ) z a means ( surviv+ ! sev]e w9t]4 ,= x is easi] = an animal to survive :5 ! vital processes are m or less 9 abeyance4 ,disappe>ance ( _m ,anci5t ,types ,we _c leave ! la/ p]iod ( ! ,palozoic era & its prolong$ ice age )\t notic+ t x meant ! entire cessation ( a l>ge numb] ( anci5t types1 especially among plants & backboneless animals1 :i* n[ disappe> = ev]4 ,x is necess>y to und]/& t ! animals ( anci5t days /& 9 ?ree diff]5t relations to ^? ( to-day4 7a7 ,!re are anci5t types t h liv+ repres5tatives1 sometimes few & sometimes _m1 sometimes mu* *ang$ & sometimes b slightly *ang$4 ,! lamp-%ell1 ,l+ulella1 ( ! ,cambrian & ,ordovician p]iod has a v ne> relative 9 ! ,l+ula ( to-day4 ,!re are a few extremely cons]vative animals4 7b7 ,!re are anci5t types :i* h no liv+ repres5tatives1 except 9 ! guise ( trans=m$ desc5dants1 z ! ,k+-crab 7,limulus7 may be said to be a trans=m$ desc5dant ( ! o!rwise q ext9ct race to :i* ,eurypt]ids or ,sea-scorpions belong$4 7c7 ,!re are altoge!r ext9ct types--lo/ races--:i* h left n a wrack beh9d4 ,= !re is n any repres5tation to-day ( su* races z ,graptolites & ,trilobites4 ,look+ backw>ds ov] ! _m millions ( ye>s compris$ 9 ! ,palozoic era1 :at may we emphasise z ! mo/ sali5t features8 ,!re 0 9 ! ,cambrian ! e/abli%m5t ( ! *ief classes ( backboneless animals2 9 ! ,ordovician ! fir/ fi%es & p]haps ! fir/ t]re/rial plants2 9 ! ,silurian ! em]g5ce ( air-brea?+ ,inv]tebrates & mud-fi%es2 9 ! ,devonian ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ ,amphibians1 f :i* all high] l& animals are desc5d$1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a l& flora2 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ! great ,club-moss =e/s & an exub]ance ( air-brea?+ insects & _! allies2 9 ! ,p]mian ! fir/ reptiles & a new flora4 ,,! ,,geological ,,middle ,,ages #a ,! ,mesozoic ,era ,9 a broad way ! ,mesozoic era corresponds ) ! ,gold5 ,age ( reptiles1 & ) ! climax ( ! ,conif] & ,cycad flora1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,p]mian4 ,b among ! ,conif]s & ,cycads our mod]n fl[]+ plants 7 beg9n+ to %[ face t5tatively1 j l birds & mammals among ! great reptiles4 ,9 ! ,triassic p]iod ! exub]ance ( reptilian life :i* m>k$ ! ,p]mian 0 cont9u$4 ,besides ,turtles :i* /ill p]si/1 !re 7 ,i*?yosaurs1 ,plesiosaurs1 ,d9osaurs1 & ,pt]osaurs1 none ( :i* la/$ beyond ! ,mesozoic era4 ,( great importance 0 ! rise ( ! ,d9osaurs 9 ! ,triassic1 = x is highly probable t )9 ! limits ( ?is vigor\s & pla/ic /ock--"s ( !m bip$s--we mu/ look = ! ance/ors ( bo? birds & mammals4 ,bo? l& & wat] 7 dom9at$ by reptiles1 "s ( :i* atta9$ to gigantic size4 ,_h !re be5 any zoologi/ 9 ^? days1 he w\ld h be5 v sagaci\s inde$ if he _h suspect$ t reptiles did n repres5t ! climax ( creation4 ,! ,fly+ ,dragons ,! ,jurassic p]iod %[$ a cont9uance ( ! reptilian spl5d\r4 ,!y radiat$ 9 _m directions1 becom+ adapt$ to _m haunts4 ,?us !re 7 _m ,fi% ,liz>ds paddl+ 9 ! seas1 _m types ( t]re/rial dragons /alk+ ab\t on l&1 _m swiftly glid+ alligator-l =ms1 & ! ,fly+ ,dragons :i* began 9 ! ,triassic atta9$ to rem>kable success & v>iety4 ,_! w+ 0 =m$ by ! ext5sion ( a great fold ( sk9 on ! enorm\sly elongat$ out]mo/ f+]1 & !y v>i$ f ! size ( a sp>r[ to a spread ( ov] five feet4 ,a sold]+ ( ! dorsal v]tebr z 9 our ,fly+ ,birds 0 an adaptation to /rik+ ! air ) "s =ce1 b z !re is n m ?an a slight keel1 if any1 on ! brea/-bone1 x is unlikely t !y c\ld fly f>4 ,= we "k f our mod]n birds t ! p[] ( flight may be to "s ext5t gaug$ f ! degree ( developm5t ( ! keel1 :i* is simply a great ridge = ! bett] ins]tion ( ! muscles ( flight4 ,x is abs5t1 ( c\rse1 9 ! ,runn+ ,birds1 l ! o/ri*1 & x has deg5]at$ 9 an int]e/+ way 9 ! burr[+ p>rot 7,/r+ops7 & a few o!r birds t h gone back4 ,! ,fir/ ,kn[n ,bird ,b ! ,jurassic is p>ticul>ly memorable because its /rata h yield$ two f9e specim5s ( ! fir/ kn[n bird1 ,ar*opt]yx4 ,^! 7 entomb$ 9 ! deposits :i* =m$ ! f9e-gra9$ li?ographic /ones ( ,bav>ia1 & practically e bone 9 ! body is pres]v$ except ! brea/-bone4 ,ev5 ! fea!rs h left _! m>ks ) di/9ctness4 ,?is olde/ kn[n bird--too f> advanc$ to be ! fir/ bird--0 ab\t ! size ( a cr[ & 0 probably ( arboreal habits4 ,( great int]e/ are its reptilian features1 s pron\nc$ t "o _c evade ! evolutioni/ sugge/ion4 ,x _h tee? 9 bo? jaws1 :i* no mod]n bird has2 x _h a long liz>d-l tail1 :i* no mod]n bird has2 x _h claws on ?ree f+]s1 & a sort ( half-made w+4 ,t is to say1 x does n %[1 :at all mod]n birds %[1 a fusion ( half ! wri/-bones ) ! :ole ( ! palm-bones1 ! well-kn[n c>po-metac>pus bone :i* =ms a basis = ! longe/ p9ions4 ,9 _m reptiles1 su* z ,crocodiles1 !re are peculi> bones runn+ across ! abdom5 b5ea? ! sk91 ! s-call$ abdom9al ribs1 & x seems an eloqu5t detail to f9d ^! repres5t$ 9 ,ar*opt]yx1 ! e>lie/ kn[n bird4 ,no mod]n bird %[s any trace ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,flightless ,,too!d ,,bird1 ,,hesp]ornis 7,aft] ,m>%47 ,! bird 0 five or six feet high1 some?+ l a swimm+ o/ri*1 ) a v p[]ful leg b only a ve/ige ( a w+4 ,!re 7 %>p tee? 9 a groove4 ,! mod]n div]s come ne>e/ to ?is anci5t type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,six ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,horse1 ,,%[+ ,,gradual ,,increase ,,9 ,,size 7,aft] ,lull & ,mat!w47 #a4 ,f\r-to$ horse1 ,eohippus1 ab\t "o foot high4 ,l[] ,eoc5e1 ,n4 ,am]ica4 #b4 ,ano!r f\r-to$ horse1 ,orohippus1 a little ov] a foot high4 ,middle ,eoc5e1 ,n4 ,am]ica4 #c4 ,?ree-to$ horse1 ,mesohippus1 ab\t ! size ( a %eep4 ,middle ,oligoc5e1 ,n4 ,am]ica4 #d4 ,?ree-to$ horse1 ,m]y*ippus1 ,mioc5e1 ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,only "o toe rea*es ! gr\nd on ea* foot1 b ! rema9s ( two o!rs are prom95t4 #e4 ,! fir/ "o-to$ horse1 ,pliohippus1 ab\t =ty in*es high at ! %\ld]4 ,plioc5e1 ,n4 ,am]ica4 #f4 ,! mod]n horse1 runn+ on ! ?ird digit ( ea* foot4 ,!re is no w>rant = suppos+ t ! fly+ reptiles or ,pt]odactyls gave rise to birds1 = ! two gr\ps are on diff]5t l9es1 & ! /ructure ( ! w+s is entirely diff]5t4 ,?us ! long-f+]$ ,pt]odactyl w+ 0 a p>a*ute w+1 :ile ! secret ( ! bird's w+ has its c5tre 9 ! fea!rs4 ,x is highly probable t birds evolv$ f c]ta9 ,d9osaurs :i* _h become bip$s1 & x is possible t !y 7 = a "t swift runn]s t took fly+ jumps along ! gr\nd4 ,!reaft]1 p]haps1 came a p]iod ( arboreal appr5tice%ip dur+ :i* !re 0 mu* glid+ f tree to tree be=e true flight 0 a*iev$4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! problem ( flight has be5 solv$ f\r times among animals--by insects1 by ,pt]odactyls1 by birds1 & by bats2 & t ! f\r solutions are on entirely diff]5t l9es4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod ! out/&+ ev5ts includ$ ! wan+ ( giant reptiles1 ! mod]nis+ ( ! fl[]+ plants1 & ! multiplication ( small mammals4 ,"s ( ! ,p]mian reptiles1 su* z ! dog-too!d ,cynodonts1 7 extraord9>ily mammal-l1 & x 0 probably f among !m t def9ite mammals em]g$ 9 ! ,triassic4 ,comp>atively little is kn[n ( ! e>ly ,triassic mammals save t _! back-tee? 7 m>k$ by num]\s tub]cles on ! cr[n1 b !y 7 ga9+ /r5g? 9 ! late ,triassic :5 small arboreal insectivores1 n v di/ant f ! mod]n tree-%rews 7,tupaia71 began to bran* out 9 _m directions indicative ( ! great divisions ( mod]n mammals1 su* z ! claw$ mammals1 ho($ mammals1 & ! race ( monkeys or ,primates4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s !re 0 an exub]ant radiation ( mammals1 adaptive to ! conque/ ( all sorts ( haunts1 & ?is 0 vigor\sly cont9u$ 9 ,t]ti>y times4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ! fact t ! e>lie/ rema9s ( def9ite mammals 9 ! ,triassic prec$e ! fir/-kn[n bird 9 ! ,jurassic4 ,= al?\gh we usually rank mammals z high] ?an birds 7be+ mammals ourselves1 h[ c\ld we d o!rwise871 !re are _m ways 9 :i* birds are pre-em95t1 e4g4 9 skeleton1 musculature1 integum5t>y /ructures1 & respiratory sy/em4 ,! fact is t birds & mammals are on two q diff]5t tacks ( evolution1 n relat$ to "o ano!r1 save 9 hav+ a common ance/ry 9 ext9ct reptiles4 ,moreov]1 !re is no reason to believe t ! ,jurassic ,ar*opt]yx 0 ! fir/ bird 9 any s5se except t x is ! fir/ ( :i* we h any record4 ,9 any case x is safe to say t birds came to _! own be=e mammals did4 ,look+ backw>ds1 we may p]haps sum up :at is mo/ ess5tial 9 ! ,mesozoic era 9 ,pr(essor ,s*u*]t's s5t5ce3 ,! ,mesozoic is ! ,age ( ,reptiles1 & yet ! little mammals & ! too!d birds are /or+ up intellig5ce & /r5g? to replace ! reptiles :5 ! cycads & conif]s %all give way to ! high] fl[]+ plants4 #b ,! ,c5ozoic or ,t]ti>y ,era ,9 ! ,eoc5e p]iod !re 0 a replacem5t ( ! small-bra9$ ar*aic mammals by big-bra9$ mod]nis$ types1 & ) ?is mu/ be associat$ ! cov]+ ( ! e>? ) a g>m5t ( grass & dry pa/ure4 ,m>%es 7 replac$ by mead[s & br[s+ by graz+ mammals4 ,9 ! spread+ mead[s an opportunity 0 also (f]$ = a ri*] evolution ( insects & birds4 ,dur+ ! ,oligoc5e ! elevation ( ! l& cont9u$1 ! climate became mu* less moi/1 & ! graz+ h]ds ext5d$ _! range4 ,! ,mioc5e 0 ! mammalian ,gold5 ,age & !re 7 cr[n+ examples ( :at ,osborn calls adaptive radiation4 ,t is to say1 mammals1 l ! reptiles be=e !m1 conqu] e haunt ( life4 ,!re are fly+ bats1 volplan+ p>a*uti/s1 climb]s 9 trees l slo?s & squirrels1 quickly mov+ ho($ mammals1 burr[]s l ! moles1 fre%wat] mammals1 l duckmole & beav]1 %ore-frequ5t+ seals & manatees1 & op5-sea cetaceans1 "s ( :i* dive f> m ?an full fa?oms five4 ,x is important to realise ! p]5nial t5d5cy ( animals to conqu] e corn] & to fill e ni*e ( opportunity1 & to notice t ?is has be5 done by successive sets ( animals 9 succe$+ ages4 ,mo/ notably ! mammals repeat all ! exp]im5ts ( reptiles on a high] turn ( ! spiral4 ,?us arises :at is call$ conv]g5ce1 ! sup]ficial resemblance ( unrelat$ types1 l :ales & fi%es1 ! resemblance be+ due to ! fact t ! diff]5t types are simil>ly adapt$ to simil> conditions ( life4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn po9ts out t mammals may seek any "o ( ! twelve diff]5t habitat-zones1 & t 9 ea* ( ^! !re may be six q diff]5t k9ds ( food4 ,liv+ creatures p5etrate ev]y:]e l ! ov]fl[+ wat]s ( a great riv] 9 flood4 #c ,! ,plioc5e p]iod 0 a m /r5u\s "t1 ) less g5ial climatic conditions1 & ) m int5se competition4 ,old l& bridges 7 brok5 & new ones made1 & ! geographical di/ribution und]w5t great *anges4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,s4 ,lull describes ! ,plioc5e z a p]iod ( great unre/4 ,_m migrations occurr$ ! _w ov]1 new competitions arose1 & ! weak] /ocks began to %[ ! effects ( ! /r5u\s life4 ,"o mom5t\s ev5t seems to h occurr$ 9 ! ,plioc5e1 & t 0 ! trans=mation ( ! precursor ( humanity into man--! culm9ation ( ! highe/ l9e ( evolution4 ,! ,plei/oc5e p]iod 0 a "t ( sift+4 ,!re 0 a cont9u$ elevation ( ! cont95tal masses1 & ,ice ,ages set 91 reliev$ by less sev]e int]glacial times :5 ! ice-%eets retreat$ nor?w>ds = a "t4 ,_m types1 l ! mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! sabre-too!d tig]1 ! cave-lion1 & ! cave-be>1 became ext9ct4 ,o!rs :i* =m]ly _h a wide range became re/rict$ to ! ,f> ,nor? or 7 left isolat$ "h & !re on ! high m\nta9s1 l ! ,sn[ ,m\se1 :i* n[ occurs on isolat$ ,alp9e heights above ! sn[-l9e4 ,p]haps x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t _m birds ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e le>n$ to evade ! w9t] by ! sublime device ( migration4 ,look+ backw>ds we may quote ,pr(essor ,s*u*]t aga93 ,! l&s 9 ! ,c5ozoic began to bloom ) m & m fl[]+ plants & gr& h>dwood =e/s1 ! atmosph]e is sc5t$ ) sweet od\rs1 a va/ cr[d ( new k9ds ( insects appe>1 & ! places ( ! once dom9ant reptiles ( ! l&s & seas are tak5 by ! mammals4 ,out ( ^! /ruggles !re rises a great] intellig5ce1 se5 9 ne>ly all ( ! mammal /ocks1 b p>ticul>ly 9 "o1 ! monkey-ape-man4 ,brute man appe>s on ! sc5e ) ! introduction ( ! la/ glacial climate1 a mo/ try+ "t = all ?+s end[$ ) life1 & f9ally !re results ! dom9ance ( reason+ man ov] all 8 brute associates4 ,9 man & human society ! /ory ( evolution has its climax4 ,! ,asc5t ( ,man ,man /&s ap>t f animals 9 8 p[] ( build+ up g5]al ideas & ( us+ ^! 9 ! guidance ( 8 behavi\r & ! control ( 8 conduct4 ,?is is ess5tially wrapp$ up ) 8 developm5t ( language z an in/rum5t ( ?\ght4 ,"s animals h words1 b man has language 7,logos74 ,"s animals %[ evid5ce ( p]ceptual inf]5ce1 b man (t5 gets beyond ?is to conceptual inf]5ce 7,reason74 ,_m animals are affectionate & brave1 self-=getful & indu/ri\s1 b man ?9ks ! ought1 def9itely guid+ 8 conduct 9 ! light ( ideals1 :i* 9 turn are wrapp$ up ) ! fact t he is a social p]son4 ,besides 8 big bra91 :i* may be ?ree times z heavy z t ( a gorilla1 man has v>i\s physical peculi>ities4 ,he walks erect1 he plants ! sole ( 8 foot flat on ! gr\nd1 he has a *9 & a good heel1 a big =ehead & a non-protrusive face1 a relatively uni=m set ( tee? )\t conspicu\s can9es1 & a relatively nak$ body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,sev5 ,,/ages ,,9 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,=e-,,limbs ,,& ,,h9d-,,limbs ,,( ,,! ,,ance/ors ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,horse1 ,,beg9n+ ,,) ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,kn[n ,,pr$ecessors ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,culm9at+ ,,) ,,! ,,horse ,,( ,,to-,,day 7,aft] ,m>% & ,lull47 #a & #a;,a1 =e-limb & h9d-limb ( ,eohippus2 #b & #b;,a1 ,orohippus2 #c & #c;,a1 ,mesohippus2 #d & #d;,a1 ,hypohippus2 #e & #e;,a1 ,m]y*ippus2 #f & #f;,a1 ,hipp>ion2 #g & #g;,a1 ! mod]n horse4 ,note h[ ! toes %ort5 & disappe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,=e-limb ( ,monkey ,b4 ,=e-limb ( ,:ale ,,:at ,,is ,,meant ,,by ,,homology8 ,,ess5tial ,,simil>ity ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ,,?\gh ,,! ,,appe>ances ,,may ,,be ,,v ,,diff]5t ,?is is se5 9 comp>+ ^! two =e-limbs1 ,a1 ( ,monkey1 ,b1 ( ,:ale4 ,!y are z diff]5t z possible1 yet !y %[ ! same bones1 e4g4 ,,sc1 ! scapula or %\ld]-blade2 ,h1 ! hum]us or upp] arm2 ,r & ,u1 ! radius & ulna ( ! =e-arm2 ,,ca1 ! wri/2 ,,mc1 ! palm2 & !n ! f+]s4 ,b 9 spite ( man's und5iable ap>tness1 !re is no d\bt z to 8 solid>ity ) ! re/ ( creation4 ,!re is an all-p]vad+ similitude ( /ructure1 betwe5 man & ! ,an?ropoid ,apes1 ?\gh x is c]ta9 t x is n f any liv+ =m t he took 8 orig94 ,none ( ! anatomical di/9ctions1 except ! heavy bra91 c\ld be call$ mom5t\s4 ,man's body is a v]itable museum ( relics 7ve/igial /ructures7 inh]it$ f pre-human ance/ors4 ,9 8 ev]yday bodily life & 9 "s ( its di/urbances1 man's p$igree is (t5 reveal$4 ,ev5 8 facial expression1 z ,d>w9 %[$1 is n always human4 ,"s fossil rema9s br+ mod]n man ne>] ! an?ropoid type4 ,x is difficult n to admit ! r+ ( tru? 9 ! clos+ words ( ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man3 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ge1 z x seems to me1 t man1 ) all 8 noble qualities1 ) sympa?y :i* feels = ! mo/ debas$1 ) b5evol5ce :i* ext5ds n only to o!r m5 b to ! humble/ liv+ creature1 ) 8 ,god-l intellect :i* has p5etrat$ into ! movem5ts & con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em--) all ^! exalt$ p[]s--man /ill be>s 9 8 bodily frame ! indelible /amp ( 8 l[ly orig94 ,,! ,,evolv+ ,,sy/em ,,( ,,nature ,!re is ano!r side ( evolution s obvi\s t x is (t5 ov]look$1 ! t5d5cy to l9k lives toge!r 9 vital int]-relations4 ,?us fl[]s & _! insect visitors are (t5 vitally int]l9k$ 9 mutual dep5d5ce4 ,_m birds fe$ on b]ries & di/ribute ! se$s4 ,! t9y fre%wat] snail is ! ho/ ( ! juv5ile /ages ( ! liv]-fluke ( ! %eep4 ,! mosquito is ! vehicle ( mal>ia f man to man1 & ! tse-tse fly spreads sleep+ sickness4 ,! fre%wat] mussel _c cont9ue its race )\t ! unconsci\s co-op]ation ( ! m9n[1 & ! fre%wat] fi% call$ ! bitt]l+ _c cont9ue its race )\t ! unconsci\s co-op]ation ( ! mussel4 ,!re are num]\s mutually b5eficial p>tn]%ips betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( creatures1 & o!r int]-relations :]e ! b5efit is "o-sid$1 z 9 ! case ( insects t make galls on plants4 ,!re are also among k9dr$ animals _m =ms ( colonies1 communities1 & societies4 ,nutritive *a9s b9d long s]ies ( animals toge!r1 ! cod fe$+ on ! :elk1 ! :elk on ! worm1 ! worm on ! organic du/ ( ! sea4 ,!re is a sy/em ( successive inc>nations & matt] is cont9ually pass+ f "o embodim5t to ano!r4 ,^! in/ances mu/ suffice to illu/rate ! c5tral biological idea ( ! web ( life1 ! int]l9k$ ,sy/em ( ,animate ,nature4 ,l9nu spoke ( ! ,sy/ema ,natur1 mean+ ! ord]ly hi]>*y ( classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & species2 b we owe to ,d>w9 9 p>ticul> "s k ( a m dynamic ,sy/ema ,natur1 ! network ( vital int]-relations4 ,?is has become m & m complex z evolution has cont9u$1 & man's web is mo/ complex ( all4 ,x means mak+ ,animate ,nature m ( a unity2 x means an ext]nal me?od ( regi/]+ /eps ( progress2 x means an evolv+ set ( sieves by :i* new v>iations are sift$1 & liv+ creatures are kept f slipp+ d[n ! /eep ladd] ( evolution4 ,p>asitism ,x sometimes happ5s t ! int]-relation e/abli%$ betwe5 "o liv+ creature & ano!r works 9 a retrograde direction4 ,?is is ! case ) _m ?or\ghgo+ int]nal p>asites :i* h sunk into an easygo+ k9d ( life1 utt]ly dep5d5t on _! ho/ = food1 requir+ no ex]tions1 runn+ no risks1 & receiv+ no spur to ef=t4 ,?us we see t evolution is n necess>ily progressive2 ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! conditions 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! liv+ creatures h be5 evolv$4 ,:5 ! conditions are too easygo+1 ! animal may be ?or\ghly well adapt$ to !m--z a tapeworm c]ta9ly is--b x slips d[n ! rungs ( ! ladd] ( evolution4 ,?is is an int]e/+ m9or *apt] 9 ! /ory ( evolution--! e/abli%m5t ( diff]5t k9ds ( p>asites1 casual & con/ant1 tempor>y & lifelong1 ext]nal hang]s-on & int]nal unpay+ bo>d]s1 ^? t live 9 ! food-canal & dep5d on ! ho/'s food & ^? t inhabit ! blood or ! tissues & f9d _! food !re4 ,x seems cle> t i*neumon grubs & ! l :i* hat* inside a cat]pill> & eat x alive are n s mu* p>asites z bea/s ( prey work+ f )94 ,b !re are two sides to ?is m9or *apt]3 !re is ! evolution ( ! p>asite1 & !re is also ! evolution ( c\nt]active measures on ! "p ( ! ho/4 ,?us !re is ! ma9t5ance ( a bodygu>d ( w&]+ amoeboid cells1 :i* tackle ! microbes invad+ ! body & (t5 succe$ 9 ov]p[]+ & dige/+ !m4 ,?us1 aga91 !re is ! protective capacity ! blood has ( mak+ antagoni/ic sub/ances or anti-bodies :i* c\nt]act poisons1 includ+ ! poisons :i* ! intrud+ p>asites (t5 make4 ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,evolution--,,h[ ,,x ,,came ,,ab\t #a ,progress 9 ,evolution ,!re has (t5 be5 slipp+ back & deg5]acy 9 ! c\rse ( evolution1 b ! big fact is t !re has be5 progress4 ,= millions ( ye>s ,life has be5 sl[ly creep+ upw>ds1 & if we comp>e ! highe/ animals--,birds & ,mammals--) _! pr$ecessors1 we mu/ admit t !y are m controll$1 m ma/]s ( _! fate1 ) m m5tality4 ,evolution is on ! :ole integrative2 t is to say1 x makes aga9/ in/ability & disord]1 & t[>ds h>mony & progress4 ,ev5 9 ! rise ( ,birds & ,mammals we c disc]n t ! evolution>y process 0 mak+ t[>ds a full] embodim5t or expression ( :at ,man values mo/--control1 fre$om1 und]/&+1 & love4 ,! advance ( animal life ?r\gh ! ages has be5 *equ]$1 b on ! :ole x has be5 an advance t[>ds increas+ fullness1 fre$om1 & fitness ( life4 ,9 ! /udy ( ?is advance--! c5tral fact ( ,organic ,evolution--!re is assur$ly mu* = ,man's in/ruction & mu* = 8 enc\ragem5t4 ,evid5ces ( ,evolution ,9 all ?is1 x may be said1 ! fact ( evolution has be5 tak5 = grant$1 b :at are ! evid5ces8 ,p]haps x %\ld be frankly answ]$ t ! idea ( evolution1 t ! pres5t is ! *ild ( ! pa/ & ! p>5t ( ! future1 _c be prov$ z "o may prove ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,all t c be done is to %[ t x is a key--a way ( look+ at ?+s--t fits ! facts4 ,!re is no lock t x does n op54 ,b if ! facts t ! evolution !ory vividly int]prets be call$ ! evid5ces ( its validity1 !re is no lack ( !m4 ,!re is hi/orical evid5ce2 & :at is m eloqu5t ?an ! g5]al fact t fi%es em]ge be=e amphibians1 & ^! be=e reptiles1 & ^! be=e birds1 & s on8 ,!re are wond]fully complete fossil s]ies1 e4g4 among cuttlefi%es1 9 :i* we c almo/ see evolution 9 process4 ,! p$igree ( horse & elephant & crocodile is 9 g5]al v conv9c+1 ?\gh x is to be confess$ t !re are o!r cases 9 reg>d to :i* we h no light4 ,:o c tell1 = in/ance1 h[ ,v]tebrates arose or f :at orig98 ,!re is embryological evid5ce1 = ! individual developm5t (t5 reads l an abbreviat$ recapitulation ( ! presum$ evolution ( ! race4 ,! mammal's visc]al clefts are tell-tale evid5ce ( remote aquatic ance/ors1 brea?+ by gills4 ,some?+ is kn[n 9 reg>d to ! hi/orical evolution ( antl]s 9 bygone ages2 ! ,r$ ,de] ( to-day recapitulates at lea/ ! g5]al outl9es ( ! hi/ory4 ,! individual developm5t ( an asymmetrical flat-fi%1 l a plaice or sole1 :i* re/s & swims on "o side1 tells u pla9ly t its ance/ors 7 symmetrical fi%es4 ,!re is :at might be call$ physiological evid5ce1 = _m plants & animals are v>iable be=e our eyes1 & evolution is go+ on ar\nd u to-day4 ,?is is famili>ly se5 among dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants1 b !re is abundant flux 9 ,wild ,nature4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t "s organisms are v cons]vative1 & t *ange ne$ n be expect$ :5 a position ( /able equilibrium has be5 secur$4 ,!re is also anatomical evid5ce ( a mo/ conv9c+ quality4 ,9 ! =e-limbs ( backbon$ animals1 say1 ! paddle ( a turtle1 ! w+ ( a bird1 ! flipp] ( a :ale1 ! =e-leg ( a horse1 & ! arm ( a man2 ! same ess5tial bones & muscles are us$ to su* div]se results6 ,:at c\ld x mean save blood relation%ip8 ,& z to ! two sets ( tee? 9 :alebone :ales1 :i* nev] ev5 cut ! gum1 is !re any alt]native b to reg>d !m z relics ( useful tee? :i* ance/ral =ms possess$8 ,9 %ort1 ! evolution !ory is ju/ifi$ by ! way 9 :i* x works4 #b ,factors 9 ,evolution ,if x be said ,s mu* = ! fact ( evolution1 b :at ( ! factors8 ! answ] is n easy4 ,= n only is ! problem ! greate/ ( all sci5tific problems1 b ! inquiry is /ill v "y4 ,! sci5tific /udy ( evolution practically dates f ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 #ahei4 ,h]itable novelties or v>iations (t5 crop up 9 liv+ creatures1 & ^! =m ! raw mat]ial ( evolution4 ,^! v>iations are ! outcome ( expression ( *anges 9 ! g]m-cells t develop into organisms4 ,b :y %\ld !re be *anges 9 ! con/itution ( ! g]m-cells8 ,p]haps because ! liv+ mat]ial is v complex & inh]5tly liable to *ange2 p]haps because x is ! vehicle ( a multitude ( h]$it>y items among :i* !re are v likely to be re%uffl+s or re>rangem5ts2 p]haps because ! g]m-cells h v *angeful surr\nd+s 7! blood1 ! body-cavity fluid1 ! sea-wat]72 p]haps because deeply saturat+ outside influ5ces1 su* z *ange ( climate & habitat1 p5etrate ?r\gh ! body to its g]m-cells & provoke !m to v>y4 ,b we mu/ be pati5t ) ! we>isome reit]ation ( p]haps4 ,moreov]1 e _m-cell$ organism reproduc$ 9 ! usual way1 arises f an egg-cell f]tilis$ by a sp]m-cell1 & ! *anges involv$ 9 & prep>atory to ?is f]tilisation may make new p]mutations & comb9ations ( ! liv+ items & h]$it>y qualities n only possible b necess>y4 ,x is some?+ l %uffl+ a pack ( c>ds1 b ! c>ds are liv+4 ,z to ! *anges wr\ght on ! body dur+ its lifetime by peculi>ities 9 nurture1 habits1 & surr\nd+s1 ^! d5ts or modifications are (t5 v important = ! individual1 b x does n foll[ t !y are directly important = ! race1 s9ce x is n c]ta9 t !y are transmissible4 ,giv5 a crop ( v>iations or new dep>tures or mutations1 :atev] ! inborn novelties may be call$1 we h !n to inquire h[ ^! are sift$4 ,! sift+1 :i* means ! elim9ation ( ! relatively less fit v>iations & ! selection ( ! relatively m fit1 effect$ 9 _m diff]5t ways 9 ! c\rse ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! organism plays its new c>d 9 ! game ( life1 & ! consequ5ces may det]m9e survival4 ,! relatively less fit to giv5 conditions w t5d to be elim9at$1 :ile ! relatively m fit w t5d to survive4 ,if ! v>iations are h]$it>y & reappe>1 p]haps increas$ 9 am\nt1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 & if ! process ( sift+ cont9ue consi/5tly1 ! result w be ! evolution ( ! species4 ,! sift+ process may be help$ by v>i\s =ms ( isolation :i* less5 ! range ( free int]cross+ betwe5 memb]s ( a species1 e4g4 by geographical b>ri]s4 ,int]bre$+ ( simil> =ms t5ds to make a /able /ock2 out-bre$+ among dissimil>s t5ds to promote v>iability4 ,b = an outl9e l ?is x is en\gh to sugge/ ! g5]al me?od ( organic evolution3 ,?r\gh\t ! ages organisms h be5 mak+ t5tatives--new dep>tures ( v>y+ magnitude--& ^! t5tatives h be5 te/$4 ,! me?od is t ( te/+ all ?+s & hold+ fa/ t :i* is good4 ,,bibliography 7,! foll[+ %ort li/ may be useful to read]s :o desire to h fur!r books recomm5d$ to !m47 ,,clodd1 ,/ory ( ,creation3 ,a ,pla9 ,acc\nt ( ,evolution4 ,,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,,dep]et1 ,trans=mation ( ! ,animal ,_w 7,int]nat4 ,sci4 ,s]ies74 ,,g$des ,,& ,,?omson1 ,evolution 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,,goodri*1 ,evolution 7,! ,p's ,books74 ,,headley1 ,life & ,evolution4 ,,hut*9son1 ,h4 ,,neville1 ,ext9ct ,mon/]s 7#ahib74 ,,lull1 ,organic ,evolution4 ,,mccabe1 ,a ,b ,c ( ,evolution4 ,,metcalf1 ,outl9e ( ! ,!ory ( ,organic ,evolution4 ,,osborn1 ,h4 ,f41 ,! ,evolution ( ,life 7#aiba74 ,,?omson1 ,d>w9ism & ,human ,life4 ,,wallace1 ,d>w9ism4 ,,iii ,,adaptations ,,to ,,environm5t ,,adaptations ,,to ,,environm5t ,we saw 9 a previ\s *apt] h[ ! process ( evolution l$ to a ma/]y ( all ! haunts ( life4 ,b x is necess>y to return to ^! haunts or homes ( animals 9 "s detail1 s z to und]/& ! peculi> circum/ances ( ea*1 & to see h[ 9 ! c\rse ( ages ( /ruggle all sorts ( self-pres]v+ & race-cont9u+ adaptations or fitnesses h be5 wr\ght out & firmly e/abli%$4 ,liv+ creatures h spread ov] all ! e>? & 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?2 "s ( !m h conqu]$ ! und]gr\nd _w & o!rs ! air4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 z has be5 indicat$1 to di/+ui% six great haunts ( life1 ea* t5ant$ by a di/9ctive fauna1 namely1 ! %ore ( ! sea1 ! op5 sea1 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 ! fre%wat]s1 ! dry l&1 & ! air4 ,9 ! deep sea !re are no plants at all2 9 ! air ! only plants are float+ bact]ia1 ?\gh !re is a s5se 9 :i* a tree is v a]ial1 & ! or*id p]*$ on its bran*es /ill m s2 9 ! o!r f\r haunts !re is a flora z well z a fauna--! two work+ into "o ano!r's h&s 9 int]e/+ & (t5 subtle int]-relations--! subject ( a sep>ate /udy4 ,i4 ,,! ,,%ore ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,! ,seawe$ ,area ,by ! %ore ( ! sea ! zoologi/ means mu* m ?an ! n>r[ zone betwe5 tide-m>ks2 he means ! :ole ( ! relatively %all[1 well-illum9$1 seawe$-gr[+ %elf ar\nd ! cont95ts & cont95tal isl&s4 ,te*nically1 ?is is call$ ! littoral area1 & x is divisible into zones1 ea* ) its *>act]i/ic population4 ,x may be not$ t ! gre5 seawe$s are highe/ up on ! %ore2 ! br[n ones come next2 ! beautiful r$ ones are l[e/4 ,all ( !m h got gre5 *lorophyll1 :i* enables !m to utilise ! sun's rays 9 photosyn!sis 7i4e4 build+ up c>bon comp\nds f air1 wat]1 & salts71 b 9 ! br[n & r$ seawe$s ! gre5 pigm5t is mask$ by o!rs4 ,x is ma9ta9$ by "s botani/s t ^! o!r pigm5ts enable _! possessors to make m ( ! scanti] light 9 ! deep] wat]s4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we mu/ always ?9k ( ! %ore-haunt z ! seawe$-gr[+ area4 ,directly & indirectly ! life ( ! %ore animals is closely wrapp$ up ) ! seawe$s1 :i* af=d food & foo?old1 & temp] ! =ce ( ! waves4 ,! m9ute fragm5ts brok5 (f f seawe$s & f ! sea-grass 7a fl[]+ plant call$ ,zo/]a7 =m a sort ( nutritive sea-du/ :i* is swept sl[ly d[n ! slope f ! %ore1 to =m a v useful deposit 9 ! quietness ( deepi% wat]4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 ! /oma*s ( m>9e animals liv+ a long way (f%ore4 ,conditions ( ,%ore ,life ,! littoral area z def9$ is n a l>ge haunt ( life2 x occupies only ab\t #i million squ>e miles1 a small fraction ( ! #aig1jjj1jjj ( ! :ole e>?'s surface4 ,b x is a v long haunt1 "s #aej1jjj miles1 w9d+ 9 & out by bay & fiord1 e/u>y & creek4 ,:]e deep wat] comes close to cliffs !re may be no %ore at all2 9 o!r places ! relatively %all[ wat]1 ) seawe$s gr[+ ov] ! bottom1 may ext5d outw>ds = miles4 ,! nature ( ! %ore v>ies greatly accord+ to ! nature ( ! rocks1 accord+ to :at ! /reams br+ d[n f inl&1 & accord+ to ! jetsam t is br\ght 9 by ! tides4 ,! %ore is a *angeful place2 !re is1 9 ! upp] rea*es1 a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 tide 9 & tide out2 !re are vicissitudes due to /orms1 to fre%wat] floods1 to w9d-bl[n s&1 & to sl[ *anges ( level1 up & d[n4 ,! %ore is a v cr[d$ haunt1 = x is comp>atively n>r[1 & e ni*e among ! rocks may be preci\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,eight-,,arm$ ,,cuttlefi% ,,or ,,octopus ,,attack+ ,a ,,small ,,crab ,^! molluscs are p>ticul>ly fond ( cru/aceans1 :i* !y crun* ) _! p>rot's beak-l jaws4 ,_! saliv>y juice has a p>alys+ effect on _! prey4 ,to "o side1 bel[ ! eye1 may be se5 ! funnel ?r\gh :i* wat] is v =cibly eject$ 9 ! process ( locomotion4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,common ,,/>fi%1 ,,:i* ,,has ,,lo/ ,,?ree ,,arms ,,& ,,is ,,regr[+ ,,!m ,! l[e/ arm is be+ regr[n d\ble4 7,aft] ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,mc,intosh47 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,photograph ,,%[+ ,a ,,/>fi% 7,a/]ias ,=r]i7 ,,:i* ,,has ,,captur$ ,a ,,l>ge ,,fi% ,! suctorial tube-feet are se5 gripp+ ! fi% firmly4 7,aft] an obs]vation on ! ,cali=nian coa/47 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,! ,,pap] ,,nautilus 7,,argonauta71 ,,an ,,animal ,,( ,,! ,,op5 ,,sea ,! delicate %ell is made by ! female only1 & is us$ z a %elt] = ! eggs & "y ones4 ,x is secret$ by two ( ! arms1 n by ! mantle z o!r mollusc %ells are4 ,x is a s+le-*amb]$ %ell1 v diff]5t f t ( ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus4 ,ke5 ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce ,x foll[s t ! %ore mu/ be ! sc5e ( a ke5 /ruggle = exi/5ce--:i* includes all ! answ]s-back t liv+ creatures make to environ+ difficulties & limitations4 ,!re is /ruggle = food1 acc5tuat$ by ! fact t small items t5d to be swept away by ! outgo+ tide or to s9k d[n ! slope to deep wat]4 ,ap>t f direct competition1 e4g4 betwe5 hungry h]mit-crabs1 x (t5 involves h>d "w to get a meal4 ,?is is true ev5 ( app>5tly sluggi% creatures4 ,?us ! ,crumb-(-,bread ,sponge1 or any o!r sea%ore sponge1 has to la% l>ge quantities ( wat] ?r\gh ! intricate canal sy/em ( its body be=e x c get a suffici5t supply ( ! microscopic organisms & organic p>ticles on :i* x fe$s4 ,an index ( ! int5sity ( ! /ruggle = food is af=d$ by ! nutritive *a9s :i* b9d animals toge!r4 ,! %ore is almo/ noisy ) ! conjugation ( ! v]b to eat 9 its _m t5ses4 ,"o p\nd ( rock-cod requires = its =mation t5 p\nds ( :elk2 "o p\nd ( :elk requires t5 p\nds ( sea-worms2 & "o p\nd ( worms requires t5 p\nds ( sea-du/4 ,su* is ! circulation ( matt]1 ev] pass+ f "o embodim5t or inc>nation to ano!r4 ,besides /ruggle = food !re is /ruggle = foo?old & = fre% air1 /ruggle aga9/ ! sc\r+ tide & aga9/ ! p\nd+ break]s4 ,! risk ( dislodgm5t is (t5 great & ! fracture ( limbs is a common accid5t4 ,( k9ds ( arm\r--! sea-ur*9's h$gehog-l te/1 ! crab's %>d1 ! limpet's %ell--!re is great v>iety1 surpass$ only by t ( weapons--! sea-anemone's /++-cells1 ! sea-ur*9's snapp+-blades1 ! h]mit-crab's =ceps1 ! grappl+ t5tacles & p>rot's-beak jaws ( ! octopus4 ,%ifts = a ,liv+ ,we get ano!r glimpse ( ! int5sity ( ! sea%ore /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! frequ5cy ( %ifts = a liv+1 adaptations ( /ructure or ( behavi\r :i* meet frequ5tly recurr5t vicissitudes4 ,! />fi% is (t5 9 ! dilemma ( los+ a limb or its life2 by a reflex action x jettisons ! captur$ arm & escapes4 ,& :at is lo/ is gradually regr[n4 ,! crab gets its leg brok5 pa/ all m5d+2 x ca/s (f ! leg across a weak breakage plane ne> ! base1 & )9 a pre=m$ b&age :i* prev5ts ble$+ a new leg is =m$ 9 m9iature4 ,su* is ! adaptive device--m reflex ?an reflective--:i* is call$ self-mutilation or autotomy4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is book !re is a discussion ( cam\flag+ & protective resemblance2 h[ abundantly ^! are illu/rat$ on ! %ore6 ,b !re are o!r %ifts = a liv+4 ,"s ( ! s&-hopp]s & _! relatives illu/rate ! puzzl+ ph5om5on ( feign+ dea?1 becom+ sudd5ly s motionless t !y escape ! eyes ( _! enemies4 ,cuttlefi%es1 by dis*>g+ sepia f _! ink-bags1 are able to ?r[ du/ 9 ! eyes ( _! enemies4 ,"s undisguis$ %ore-animals1 e4g4 crabs1 are adepts 9 a hide-&-seek game2 "s fi%es1 l ! butt]fi% or gunnel1 escape betwe5 /ones :]e !re seem$ no op5+ & are almo/ uncat*able 9 _! slipp]9ess4 ,subtle/ ( all1 p]haps1 is ! habit "s h]mit-crabs h ( ent]+ into mutually b5eficial p>tn]%ip 7comm5salism7 ) sea-anemones1 :i* mask _! be>]s & also s]ve z m\nt$ batt]ies1 gett+ transport z _! rew>d & likewise crumbs f ! frequ5tly spread table4 ,b en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! %ore-haunt exhibits an extraord9>y v>iety ( %ifts = a liv+4 ,p>5tal ,c>e on ! ,%ore ,accord+ to ,d>w91 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z a big fact 9 ! economy ( ,animate ,nature1 includes n only competition b all ! endeav\rs :i* secure ! welf>e ( ! (fspr+1 & give !m a good s5d-(f 9 life4 ,s x is )\t a jolt t we pass f /ruggle = food & foo?old to p>5tal c>e4 ,! m>9e lee* call$ ,pontobdella1 an int]e/+ gre5i% w>ty creature fond ( fix+ itself to skate1 places its egg-cocoons 9 ! empty %ell ( a bivalve mollusc1 & gu>ds !m = weeks1 remov+ any mud t might injure _! developm5t4 ,we h se5 a ,briti% />fi% ) its fully-=m$ "y ones creep+ ab\t on its body1 ?\gh ! usual mode ( developm5t = %ore />fi%es is t ! "y ones pass ?r\gh a free-swimm+ l>val p]iod 9 ! op5 wat]4 ,! fa!r sea-spid] c>ries ab\t ! eggs atta*$ to two ( 8 limbs2 ! fa!r sea-horse puts 8 mate's eggs into 8 brea/ pocket & c>ries !m !re 9 safety until !y are hat*$2 ! fa!r /ickleback ( ! %ore-pools makes a seawe$ ne/ & gu>ds ! eggs :i* 8 wives are induc$ to lay !re2 ! fa!r lumpsuck] m\nts gu>d ov] ! bun* ( p9ki% eggs :i* 8 mate has laid 9 a nook ( a rocky %ore-pool1 & drives (f intrud]s ) ze/4 ,he also a]ates ! develop+ eggs by frequ5t paddl+ ) 8 pectoral f9s & tail1 z ! ,scots "n ,cock-paidle probably sugge/s4 ,x is int]e/+ t ! sali5t examples ( p>5tal c>e 9 ! %ore-haunt are mo/ly on ! male p>5t's side4 ,b !re is mat]nal virtue z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5-,,arm$ ,,cuttlefi% ,,or ,,squid ,,9 ,,! ,,act ,,( ,,captur+ ,a ,,fi% ,! arms be> num]\s preh5sile suck]s1 :i* grip ! prey4 ,9 ! m\? !re are /rong jaws %ap$ l a p>rot's beak4 ,! cuttlefi%es are molluscs & may be reg>d$ z ! highe/ ( ! backboneless or ,inv]tebrate animals4 ,_m occur ne> %ore1 o!rs 9 ! op5 sea1 & o!rs 9 ! great dep?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gre5l& ,,:ale ,%[+ ! d\ble bl[hole or no/rils on ! top ( ! head & ! :alebone plates hang+ d[n f ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9ute ,,transp>5t ,,e>ly ,,/age ,,( ,a ,,sea-,,cucumb] ,x swims 9 ! op5 sea by means ( girdles ( microscopic cilia %[n 9 ! figure4 ,aft] a p]iod ( free swimm+ & a rem>kable metamorphosis1 ! animal settles d[n on ! floor ( ! sea 9 relatively %all[ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory7 ,,an ,,intricate ,,colony ,,( ,,op5-,,sea ,,animals 7,physophora ,hydro/atica7 ,,relat$ ,,to ,,! ,,portuguese ,,man-,,(-,,w> ,!re is great division ( labor 9 ! colony4 ,at ! top are float+ & swimm+ p]sons2 ! long ones bel[ are (f5sive p]sons be>+ batt]ies ( /++ cells2 9 ! middle zone !re are nutritive1 reproductive1 & o!r p]sons4 ,! color ( ! colony is a f9e transluc5t blue4 ,swimm]s & ba!rs are (t5 badly /ung by ?is /range animal & its relatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,dep?s ,%[+ a deep-sea fi% ( l>ge gape1 two fea!r-/>s on ! end ( long /alks1 a sea-spid] 7or ,pycnogon7 walk+ on lanky legs on ! trea*]\s ooze1 likewise a brittle-/>1 & "s deep-sea corals4 ,! fauna ( ! %ore is rem>kably repres5tative--f unicellul> ,protozoa to birds l ! oy/]-cat*] & mammals l ! seals4 ,almo/ all ! great gr\ps ( animals h app>5tly s]v$ an appr5tice%ip 9 ! %ore-haunt1 & s9ce lessons le>n$ = millions ( ye>s s9k 9 & become organically enregi/]$1 x is ju/ifiable to look to ! %ore z a great s*ool 9 :i* 7 ga9$ racial qualities ( endurance1 pati5ce1 & al]tness4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,op5 ,,sea ,9 great contra/ to ! n>r[1 cr[d$1 difficult conditions ( ! %ore-haunt 7littoral area7 are ! spaci\s1 b\ntiful1 & relatively easygo+ conditions ( ! op5 sea 7pelagic area71 :i* means ! well-light$ surface wat]s q away f l&4 ,_m small organisms h _! maximum abundance at ab\t fifty fa?oms1 s t ! ^w surface is to be tak5 g5]\sly4 ,! light becomes v dim at #bej fa?oms1 & ! op5 sea1 z a zoological haunt1 /ops ) ! light4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! pelagic plants are m abundant ne> ! surface1 & t bel[ a c]ta9 dep? ! population consi/s almo/ exclusively ( animals4 ,n a few ( ! animals s9k & rise 9 ! wat] p]iodically2 !re are "s t come ne> ! surface by day1 & o!rs t come ne> ! surface by night4 ,( great int]e/ is ! habit ( ! extremely delicate ,ct5ophores or sea-gooseb]ries1 :i* ! spla% ( a wave w\ld te> into %r$s4 ,:5ev] !re is any h9t ( a /orm !y s9k beyond its rea*1 & ! ocean's surface mu/ h rema9$ flat z a mirror = _m h\rs be=e !y c be lur$ upw>ds f ! calm ( _! deep retreat4 ,! ,float+ ,sea-mead[s ,to und]/& ! vital economy ( ! op5 sea1 we mu/ recognise ! incalculable abundance ( m9ute unicellul> plants1 = !y =m ! fundam5tal food-supply4 ,along ) ^! mu/ also be includ$ num]\s microscopic animals :i* h got possession ( *lorophyll1 or h ent]$ into int]nal p>tn]%ip ) unicellul> ,alg 7symbiosis74 ,^! gre5 or gre5i% plants & animals are ! produc]s1 us+ ! en]gy ( ! sunlight to help !m 9 build+ up c>bon comp\nds out ( air1 wat]1 & salts4 ,! animals :i* fe$ on ! produc]s1 or on o!r animals1 are ! consum]s4 ,betwe5 ! two come ^? op5-sea bact]ia t conv]t nitrog5\s mat]ial1 e4g4 f dead plants or animals t o!r bact]ia h rott$1 into =ms1 e4g4 nitrates1 :i* plants c re-utilise4 ,! importance ( ^! middlem5 is great 9 keep+ ! circulation ( matt] ago+4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,sea-,,horse ,,9 ,,s>gasso ,,we$4 ,9 its frond-l tags ( sk9 & 9 its col\r+ ?is k9d ( sea-horse is well conceal$ among ! float+ seawe$ ( ! s-call$ ,s>gasso ,sea4 #b4 ,,! ,,l>ge ,,m>9e ,,lampreys 7,,petromyzon ,,m>9us71 ,,:i* ,,may ,,be ,,z ,,long ,,z ,,"o',s ,,arm1 ,,spawn ,,9 ,,fre% ,,wat]4 ,/ones & pebbles1 gripp$ 9 ! suctorial m\?1 are remov$ f a select$ spot & pil$ ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 s t ! eggs1 :i* are laid )9 ! circle1 are n easily wa%$ away4 #c4 ,,! ,,deep-,,sea ,,fi% ,,*iasmodon ,,nig] ,,is ,,fam\s ,,= ,,its ,,voracity4 ,x sometimes manages to swall[ a fi% l>g] ?an itself1 :i* causes an extraord9>y protrusion ( ! /oma*4 #d4 ,,deep-,,sea ,,fi%es4 ,two ( !m--,melanocetus murrayi & ,melanocetus indicus--are relat$ to ! ,angl] ( ,briti% coa/s1 b adapt$ to life 9 ! great abysses4 ,!y are v d>k 9 col\r1 & delicately built2 !y possess well-develop$ lum9\s organs4 ,! ?ird =m is call$ ,*auliodus1 a pr$atory animal ) l>ge gape & =midable tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl9ty ,,skeleton ,,( ,,v5us ,,fl[] ,,basket 7,,euplectella71 ,a ,,japanese ,,deep-,,sea ,,sponge ,illu/ration3 ,,egg ,,depository ,,( ,semotilus ,atromaculatus ,9 ! build+ ( ?is egg depository1 ! male fi% takes /ones f ! bottom ( ! /ream1 gripp+ !m 9 8 m\?1 & heaps !m up into ! dam4 ,9 ! egg depository he arranges ! /ones s t :5 ! eggs are deposit$ 9 ! int]/ices !y are ?or\ghly protect$1 & _c be wa%$ d[n-/ream4 #a1 dam ( /ones2 #b1 egg depository2 #c1 hillock ( s&4 ,! arr[ %[s ! direction ( ! /ream4 ,upp] fi%1 male2 l[]1 female4 ,! float+ sea-mead[s1 z ,sir ,john ,murray call$ !m1 are always receiv+ contributions f in%ore wat]s1 :]e ! conditions are fav\rable = ! prolific multiplication ( unicellul> ,alg1 & !re is also a c]ta9 am\nt ( non-liv+ sea-du/ always be+ swept out f ! seawe$ & sea-grass area4 ,swimm]s & ,drift]s ,! animals ( ! op5 sea are conv5i5tly divid$ into ! active swimm]s 7,nekton7 & ! m passive drift]s 7,plankton74 ,! swimm]s include :ales great & small1 su* birds z ! /orm petrel1 ! fi%-eat+ turtles & sea-snakes1 su* fi%es z mack]el & h]r+1 ! w+$ snails or sea-butt]flies on :i* :alebone :ales l>gely fe$1 "s ( ! active cuttles or squids1 v>i\s op5-sea prawns & _! relatives1 "s worms l ! transp>5t arr[-worm1 & su* active ,protozoa z ,noctiluca1 ^: lum9esc5ce makes ! waves sp>kle 9 ! %ort summ] d>kness4 ,v /rik+ z an in/ance ( ! insurg5ce ( life are ! sea-skimm]s 7,halobatid71 w+less insects relat$ to ! wat]-measur]s 9 ! dit*4 ,!y are f\nd hundr$s ( miles f l&1 skimm+ on ! surface ( ! op5 sea1 & div+ 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,!y fe$ on float+ dead animals4 ,! drift]s or easygo+ swimm]s--= !re is no h>d & fa/ l9e--are repres5t$1 = in/ance1 by ! fl9ty-%ell$ ,radiol>ians & c]ta9 ( ! *alk-=m+ animals 7,globig]9id ,=am9if]a72 by jellyfi%es1 swimm+-bells1 & ,portuguese m5-(-w>2 by ! comb-be>]s or ,ct5ophores2 by legions ( m9ute ,cru/aceans2 by /range animals call$ ,salps1 relat$ to ! s$5t>y sea-squirts2 & by "s sluggi% fi%es l globe-fi%es1 :i* (t5 float idly on ! surface4 ,op5-sea animals t5d to be delicately built1 ) a specific gravity ne> t ( ! sea-wat]1 ) adaptations1 su* z project+ filam5ts1 :i* help flotation1 & ) capacities ( ris+ & s9k+ accord+ to ! surr\nd+ conditions4 ,_m ( !m are lum9esc5t1 & _m ( !m are v inconspicu\s 9 ! wat] ow+ to _! transp>5cy or _! blui% col\r4 ,9 bo? cases ! significance is obscure4 ,hung] & ,love ,hung] is (t5 v mu* 9 evid5ce 9 ! op5 sea1 especially 9 areas :]e ! ,plankton is poor4 ,= !re is great div]sity 9 ?is respect1 mo/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 = in/ance1 hav+ a scanty ,plankton z comp>$ ) ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 we/ ( ,patagonia1 !re is said to be an imm5se sea des]t :]e !re is little ,plankton1 & !re=e little 9 ! way ( fi%es4 ,! success ( fi%]ies 9 ! ,nor?1 e4g4 on ! ,atlantic cod-banks1 is due to ! ri*ness ( ! float+ sea-mead[s & ! abundance ( ! small] con/itu5ts ( ! animal ,plankton4 ,hung] is pla9 en\gh :5 ! ,bale5 ,:ale ru%es ?r\gh ! wat] ) op5 jaws1 engulf+ 9 ! huge cav]n ( its m\?1 :]e ! p5d5t :alebone plates =m a huge sieve1 incalculable millions ( small fry4 ,b !re is love z well z hung] 9 ! op5 sea4 ,! mat]nal c>e exhibit$ by ! :ale rea*es a v high level1 & ! delicate %ell ( ! female ,pap] ,nautilus or ,argonaut1 9 :i* ! eggs & ! "y ones are %elt]$1 may well be describ$ z ! mo/ beautiful cradle 9 ! _w4 ,besides ! p]man5t inhabitants ( ! op5 sea1 !re are ! l>val /ages ( _m %ore-animals :i* are !re only = a %ort "t4 ,= !re is an int]e/+ give & take betwe5 ! %ore-haunt & ! op5 sea4 ,f ! %ore come nutritive contributions & m9ute organisms :i* multiply quickly 9 ! op5 wat]s4 ,b n less important is ! fact t ! op5 wat]s af=d a safe cradle or nurs]y = _m a delicate l>va1 e4g4 ( crab & />fi%1 acorn-%ell & sea-ur*91 :i* c\ld n survive = a day 9 ! r\gh-&-tumble conditions ( ! %ore & ! %all[ wat]4 ,aft] und]go+ radical *anges & ga9+ /r5g?1 ! "y creatures return to ! %ore 9 v>i\s ways4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,deep ,,sea ,v diff]5t f all ! o!r haunts are ! dep?s ( ! sea1 includ+ ! floor ( ! abysses & ! zones ( wat] ne> ! bottom4 ,?is haunt1 =ev] unse51 occupies m ?an a ?ird ( ! e>?'s surface1 & x is ?ickly peopl$4 ,x came into emphatic notice 9 connection ) ! m5d+ ( telegraph cables1 b ! results ( ! ,*all5g] exp$ition 7#ahgc-f7 gave ! fir/ impressive picture ( :at 0 practically a new _w4 ,physical ,conditions ,! av]age dep? ( ! ocean is ab\t two & a half miles2 !re=e1 s9ce _m p>ts are relatively %all[1 !re mu/ be enorm\s dep?s4 ,a few ( ^!1 te*nically call$ deeps1 are ab\t six miles deep1 9 :i* ,m\nt ,ev]e/ w\ld be engulf$4 ,!re is enorm\s pressure 9 su* dep?s2 ev5 at #b1ejj fa?oms x is two & a half tons on ! squ>e in*4 ,! temp]ature is on & (f ! freez+-po9t ( fre% wat] 7#bh-cd ,fahr471 due to ! cont9ual s9k+ d[n ( cold wat] f ! ,poles1 especially f ! ,s\?4 ,ap>t f ! fitful gleams ( lum9esc5t animals1 !re is utt] d>kness 9 ! deep wat]s4 ,! rays ( sunlight are practically ext+ui%$ at #bej fa?oms1 ?\gh v s5sitive bromogelat9e plates expos$ at #ejj fa?oms h %[n fa9t indications ev5 at t dep?4 ,x is a _w ( absolute calm & sil5ce1 & !re is no sc5]y on ! floor4 ,a deep1 cold1 d>k1 sil5t1 monoton\s _w6 ,biological ,conditions ,:ile "s p>ts ( ! floor ( ! abysses are m ?ickly peopl$ ?an o!rs1 !re is no dep? limit to ! di/ribution ( life4 ,:]ev] ! long arm ( ! dr$ge has rea*$1 animals h be5 f\nd1 e4g4 ,protozoa1 sponges1 corals1 worms1 />fi%es1 sea-ur*9s1 sea-lilies1 cru/aceans1 lamp-%ells1 molluscs1 ascidians1 & fi%es--a v repres5tative fauna4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( light !re c be no *lorophyll-possess+ plants1 & z ! animals _c all be eat+ "o ano!r !re mu/ be an extrane\s s\rce ( food-supply4 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! s9k+ d[n ( m9ute organisms :i* are kill$ on ! surface by *anges ( temp]ature & o!r causes4 ,:at is left ( !m1 be=e or aft] be+ swall[$1 & ( sea-du/ & m9]al p>ticles ( v>i\s k9ds =ms ! div]sifi$ ooze ( ! sea-floor1 a s(t muddy precipitate1 :i* is said to h 9 places ! consi/5ce ( butt] 9 summ] wea!r4 ,!re seems to be no bact]ia 9 ! abysses1 s !re c be no rott+4 ,ev]y?+ t s9ks d[n1 ev5 ! huge c>case ( a :ale1 mu/ be nibbl$ away by hungry animals & dige/$1 or else1 9 ! case ( mo/ bones1 sl[ly dissolv$ away4 ,( ! :ale !re are left only ! e>-bones1 ( ! %>k 8 tee?4 ,adaptations to ,deep-sea ,life ,9 adaptation to ! great pressure ! bodies ( deep-sea animals are usually v p]meable1 s t ! wat] gets ?r\gh & ?r\gh !m1 z 9 ! case ( ,v5us' ,fl[] ,basket1 a fl9ty sponge :i* a *ild's f+] w\ld %iv]4 ,b :5 ! pressure inside is ! same z t outside no?+ happ5s4 ,9 adaptation to ! trea*]\s ooze1 s apt to smo!r1 _m ( ! active deep-sea animals h v long1 /ilt-l legs1 & _m ( ! s$5t>y types are lift$ into safety on ! end ( long /alks :i* h _! bases emb$d$ 9 ! mud4 ,9 adaptation to ! d>kness1 9 :i* !re is only lum9esc5ce t eyes c\ld use1 !re is a great developm5t ( tactility4 ,! int]e/+ problem ( lum9esc5ce w be discuss$ else:]e4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! deep-sea fauna1 !re seems no d\bt t x has aris5 by _m contributions f ! v>i\s %ore-haunts4 ,foll[+ ! d[n-drift+ food1 _m %ore-animals h 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations rea*$ ! _w ( et]nal night & w9t]1 & become adapt$ to its /range conditions4 ,= ! animals ( ! deep-sea are z fit1 beautiful1 & vigor\s z ^? else:]e4 ,!re are no slums 9 ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bitt]l+ 7,rhodeus ,am>us7 ,a ,cont95tal fi% :i* lays its eggs by means ( a long ovipositor inside ! fre%wat] mussel4 ,! eggs develop inside ! mollusc's gill-plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,woolly ,,opossum ,,c>ry+ ,,h] ,,family ,"o ( ! "y ones is cl++ to its "m & has its long preh5sile tail coil$ r\nd h]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sur9am ,,toad 7,pipa ,am]icana7 ,,) ,,"y ,,ones ,,hat*+ ,,out ,,( ,,little ,,pockets ,,on ,,h] ,,back ,illu/ration3 ,,/orm ,,petrel ,,or ,,"m ,,c>ey',s ,,*ick5 7,procell>ia ,pelagica7 ,?is *>act]i/ic bird ( ! op5 sea does n come to l& at all except to ne/4 ,x is ! smalle/ web-foot$ bird1 ab\t f\r in*es long4 ,! legs are long & (t5 t\* ! wat] z ! bird flies4 ,! /orm petrel is at home 9 ! ,atlantic1 & (t5 ne/s on isl&s (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,brita94 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fre% ,,wat]s ,( ! :ole e>?'s surface ! fre%wat]s =m a v small fraction1 ab\t a hundr$?1 b !y make up = _! smallness by _! v>iety4 ,we ?9k ( deep lake & %all[ pond1 ( ! great riv] & ! purl+ brook1 ( lagoon & swamp1 & m besides4 ,!re is a /rik+ resemblance 9 ! animal population ( widely sep>at$ fre%wat] bas9s3 & ?is is p>tly because birds c>ry _m small creatures on _! muddy feet f "o wat]-%$ to ano!r2 p>tly because "s ( ! fre%wat] animals are desc5d$ f types :i* make _! way f ! sea & ! sea%ore ?r\gh e/u>ies & m>%es1 & only c]ta9 k9ds ( con/itution c\ld survive ! migration2 & p>tly because "s lakes are l&lock$ dw9dl+ relics ( anci5t seas1 & simil> =ms aga9 w\ld survive ! *ange4 ,a typical assemblage ( fre%wat] animals w\ld include _m ,protozoa1 l ,amoeb & ! ,bell-,animalcules1 a repres5tative ( "o family ( sponges 7,spongillid71 ! common ,hydra1 _m unsegm5t$ worms 7notably ,plan>ians & ,nematodes71 _m ,annelids relat$ to ! e>?worms1 _m cru/aceans1 insects1 & mites1 _m bivalves & snails1 v>i\s fi%es1 a newt or two1 p]haps a little mud-turtle or 9 w>m c\ntries a huge ,crocodilian1 v>i\s int]e/+ birds l ! wat]-ouzel or dipp]1 & mammals l ! wat]-vole & ! wat]-%rew4 ,fre%wat] animals h to face c]ta9 difficulties1 ! greate/ ( :i* are dr\ght1 fro/1 & be+ wa%$ away 9 times ( flood4 ,!re is no m int]e/+ /udy 9 ! _w ?an an inquiry into ! adaptations by :i* fre%wat] animals ov]come ! difficulties ( ! situation4 ,we _c give m ?an a few illu/rations4 7#a7 ,dr\ght is circumv5t$ by ! capacity t _m fre%wat] animals h ( ly+ l[ & say+ no?+4 ,?us ! ,african mudfi% may sp5d half ! ye> encas$ 9 ! mud1 & _m m9ute cru/aceans c survive be+ dri$ up = ye>s4 7#b7 ,escape f ! dang] ( be+ froz5 h>d 9 ! pool is l>gely due to ! almo/ unique prop]ty ( wat] t x exp&s z x approa*es ! freez+-po9t4 ,?us ! cold] wat] rises to ! surface & =ms or adds to ! protect+ blanket ( ice4 ,! w>m] wat] rema9s unfroz5 at ! bottom1 & ! animals live on4 7#c7 ,! risk ( be+ wa%$ away1 e4g4 to ! sea1 is less5$ by all sorts ( gripp+1 grappl+1 & an*or+ /ructures1 & by %ort5+ ! juv5ile /ages :5 ! risks are greate/4 ,v4 ,,! ,,dry ,,l& ,ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( animal life !re h be5 attempts to get out ( ! wat] on to t]ra firma1 & _m ( ^! h be5 successful1 notably ^? made 7#a7 by worms1 7#b7 by air-brea?+ ,ar?ropods1 & 7#c7 by amphibians4 ,9 ?9k+ ( ! conque/ ( ! dry l& by animals1 we mu/ recognise ! indisp5sable rle ( plants 9 prep>+ ! way4 ,! dry gr\nd w\ld h prov$ too inhospitable _h n t]re/rial plants begun to e/abli% !mselves1 af=d+ food1 %elt]1 & humidity4 ,!re _h to be plants be=e !re c\ld be e>?worms1 :i* fe$ on decay+ leaves & ! l1 b h[ soon 0 ! debt repaid :5 ! e>?worms began _! worldwide task ( =m+ vegetable m\ld1 op5+ up ! e>? ) _! burr[s1 circulat+ ! soil by means ( _! ca/+s1 & bruis+ ! p>ticles 9 _! gizz>d--c]ta9ly ! mo/ important mill 9 ! _w4 ,ano!r important idea is t littoral haunts1 bo? on ! sea%ore & 9 ! fre%wat]s1 af=d$ ! necess>y appr5tice%ip & transitional exp]i5ce = ! m /r5u\s life on dry l&4 ,mu* t 0 p]fect$ on l& _h its beg9n+s on ! %ore4 ,let u inquire1 h[ev]1 :at ! passage f wat] to dry l& actually impli$4 ,?is has be5 briefly discuss$ 9 a previ\s article 7on ,evolution71 b ! subject is "o ( great int]e/ & importance4 ,difficulties & ,results ( ! ,transition f ,wat] to ,l& ,leav+ ! wat] = dry l& impli$ a loss 9 fre$om ( movem5t1 = ! t]re/rial animal is prim>ily re/rict$ to ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?us x became ess5tial t movem5ts %\ld be v rapid & v precise1 ne$s ) :i* we may associate ! acquisition ( f9e cross-/rip$1 quickly contract+ muscles1 & also1 9 "t1 _! multiplication into v num]\s sep>ate eng9es4 ,we ex]cise fifty-f\r muscles 9 ! half-second t elapses betwe5 rais+ ! heel ( our foot 9 walk+ & plant+ x firmly on ! gr\nd aga94 ,moreov]1 ! ne$ = rapid precisely controll$ movem5ts impli$ an improv$ n]v\s sy/em1 = ! bra9 0 a movem5t-controll+ organ = ages be=e x did mu* 9 ! way ( ?9k+4 ,! transition to t]ra firma also involv$ a great] compactness ( body1 s t !re %\ld n be too great friction on ! surface4 ,an animal l ! jellyfi% is un?9kable on l&1 & ! elongat$ bodies ( "s l& animals l c5tip$es & snakes are specially adapt$ s t !y d n sprawl4 ,!y are exceptions t prove ! rule4 ,gett+ on to dry l& meant ent]+ a k+dom :]e ! diff]5ces betwe5 day & night1 betwe5 summ] & w9t] are m felt ?an 9 ! sea4 ,?is made x advantage\s to h protections aga9/ evaporation & loss ( heat & o!r su* dang]s4 ,h5ce a v>iety ( ways 9 :i* ! surface ( ! body acquir$ a ?ick5$ sk91 or a dead cuticle1 or a %ell1 or a gr[? ( hair1 & s =?4 ,9 _m cases !re is an increase ( ! protection be=e ! w9t] sets 91 e4g4 by gr[+ ?ick] fur or by accumulat+ a lay] ( fat bel[ ! sk94 ,b ! ?ick5+ or protection ( ! sk9 involv$ a p>tial or total loss ( ! sk9 z a respiratory surface4 ,!re is m oxyg5 available on dry l& ?an 9 ! wat]1 b x is n s readily captur$4 ,?us we see ! importance ( moi/ int]nal surfaces = captur+ ! oxyg5 :i* has be5 drawn into ! int]ior ( ! body into "s sort ( lung4 ,a unique solution 0 (f]$ by ,tra*eate ,ar?ropods1 su* z ,p]ipatus1 ,c5tip$es1 ,millip$es1 & ,insects1 :]e ! air is c>ri$ to e hole & corn] ( ! body by a ramify+ sy/em ( air-tubes or tra*e4 ,9 mo/ animals ! blood goes to ! air1 9 insects ! air goes to ! blood4 ,9 ! ,robb]-,crab1 :i* has migrat$ f ! %ore inl&1 ! dry air is absorb$ by vascul> tufts gr[+ "u ! %elt] ( ! gill-cov]4 ,! problem ( dispos+ ( eggs or "y ones is obvi\sly mu* m difficult on l& ?an 9 ! wat]4 ,= ! wat] (f]s an imm$iate cradle1 :]eas on ! dry l& !re 7 _m dang]s1 e4g4 ( dr\ght1 extremes ( temp]ature1 & hungry %>p-ey$ enemies1 :i* _h to be circumv5t$4 ,s we f9d all mann] ( ways 9 :i* l& animals hide _! eggs or _! "y ones 9 holes & ne/s1 on h]bs & on trees4 ,"s c>ry _! "y ones ab\t aft] !y are born1 l ! ,sur9am toad & ! kang>oo1 :ile o!rs h prolong$ ! p]iod ( ante-natal life dur+ :i* ! "y ones develop 9 safety )9 _! "m1 & 9 v intimate p>tn]%ip ) h] 9 ! case ( ! plac5tal mammals4 ,x is v int]e/+ to f9d t ! pione] animal call$ ,p]ipatus1 :i* bridges ! gap betwe5 worms & insects1 c>ries its "y = almo/ a ye> be=e bir?4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! successive conque/s ( ! dry l& _h great evolution>y results4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t ! invasion :i* ! ,amphibians l$ 0 ! beg9n+ ( bett] bra9s1 m controll$ activities1 & high] expressions ( family life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,albatross3 ,a ,,*>act]i/ic ,,pelagic ,,bird ,,( ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,sea ,x may h a spread ( w+ ( ov] #aa feet f tip to tip4 ,x is fam\s = its extraord9>y p[] ( sail+ r\nd ! %ip )\t any app>5t /rokes ( its w+s4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,air ,!re are no animals ?or\ghly a]ial1 b _m insects sp5d mu* ( _! adult life 9 ! free air1 & ! swift h>dly pauses 9 its flight f dawn to dusk ( ! long summ] day1 alight+ only = brief mom5ts at ! ne/ to deliv] insects to ! "y4 ,all ! active life ( bats c]ta9ly des]ves to be call$ a]ial4 ,! air 0 ! la/ haunt ( life to be conqu]$1 & x is int]e/+ to inquire :at ! conque/ impli$4 7#a7 ,x meant transc5d+ ! radical difficulty ( t]re/rial life :i* conf9es ! creatures ( ! dry l& to mov+ on "o plane1 ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,b ! p[] ( flight br\ght its possessors back to ! univ]sal fre$om ( movem5t :i* wat] animals enjoy4 ,:5 we wat* a sp>r[ rise into ! air j z ! cat has complet$ h] /eal?y /alk+1 we see t flight implies an enorm\s increase ( safety4 7#b7 ,! p[] ( flight also op5$ up new possibilities ( foll[+ ! prey1 ( explor+ new t]ritories1 ( prospect+ = wat]4 7#c7 ,( great importance too 0 ! practicability ( plac+ ! eggs & ! "y1 p]haps 9 a ne/1 9 "s place inaccessible to mo/ enemies4 ,:5 "o ?9ks ( x1 ! rooks' ne/s sway+ on ! tree-tops express ! climax ( a brilliant exp]im5t4 7#d7 ,! cr[n+ advantage 0 ! possibility ( migrat+1 ( conqu]+ "t 7by circumv5t+ ! arid summ] & ! sev]e w9t]7 & ( conqu]+ space 7by pass+ quickly f "o c\ntry to ano!r & sometimes almo/ girdl+ ! globe74 ,!re are n _m acquisitions t h meant m to _! possessors ?an ! p[] ( flight4 ,x 0 a key op5+ ! doors ( a new fre$om4 ,! problem ( flight1 z has be5 said 9 a previ\s *apt]1 has be5 solv$ f\r times1 & ! solution has be5 diff]5t 9 ea* case4 ,! f\r solutions are ^? (f]$ by insects1 ext9ct ,pt]odactyls1 birds1 & bats4 ,moreov]1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 !re h be5 num]\s attempts at flight :i* rema9 glori\s failures1 notably ! fly+ fi%es1 :i* take a great leap & hold _! pectoral f9s taut2 ! ,fly+ ,tree-,toad1 ^: webb$ f+]s & toes =m a p>a*ute2 ! ,fly+ ,liz>d 7,draco volans71 :i* has its sk9 pu%$ out on five or six greatly elongat$ mobile ribs2 & v>i\s fly+ mammals1 e4g4 ,fly+ ,phalang]s & ,fly+ ,squirrels1 :i* take great swoop+ leaps f tree to tree4 ,! w+s ( an insect are holl[ flatt5$ sacs :i* gr[ out f ! upp] p>ts ( ! sides ( ! second & ?ird r+s ( ! region call$ ! ?orax4 ,!y are work$ by p[]ful muscles1 & are support$1 l a fan1 by ribs ( *it91 :i* may be accompani$ by air-tubes1 blood-*annels1 & n]ves4 ,! insect's body is lightly built & v p]fectly a]at$1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! insect's flight is ! extremely rapid /rik+ ( ! air by means ( ! lightly built ela/ic w+s4 ,_m an insect has ov] two hundr$ /rokes ( its w+s 9 "o second4 ,h5ce1 9 _m cases1 ! famili> hum1 comp>able on a small scale to t produc$ by ! rapidly revolv+ blades ( an a]oplane's propell]4 ,= a %ort di/ance a bee c outfly a pigeon1 b few insects c fly f>1 & !y are easily bl[n away or bl[n back by ! w9d4 ,dragon-flies & bees may be cit$ z examples ( insects t (t5 fly = two or ?ree miles4 ,b ?is is exceptional1 & ! usual %ortness ( insect flight is an important fact = man s9ce x limits ! range ( insects l h\se-flies & mosquitoes :i* are vehicles ( typhoid fev] & mal>ia respectively4 ,! mo/ primitive insects 7spr+-tails & bri/le-tails7 %[ no trace ( w+s1 :ile fleas & lice h become second>ily w+less4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t "s insects only fly once 9 _! lifetime1 namely1 9 connection ) mat+4 ,! evolution ( ! insect's w+ rema9s q obscure1 b x is probable t insects c\ld run1 leap1 & p>a*ute be=e !y c\ld actually fly4 ,! ext9ct ,fly+ ,dragons or ,pt]odactyls _h _! gold5 age 9 ! ,cretace\s era1 aft] :i* !y disappe>$1 leav+ no desc5dants4 ,a fold ( sk9 0 spread out f ! sides ( ! body by ! enorm\sly elongat$ out]mo/ f+] 7usually reg>d$ z correspond+ to our little f+]72 x 0 cont9u$ to ! h9d-legs & !nce to ! tail4 ,x is unlikely t ! ,pt]odactyls c\ld fly f>1 = !y h at mo/ a weak keel on _! brea/-bone2 on ! o!r h&1 "s ( !m %[ a m>k$ fusion ( dorsal v]tebr1 :i*1 z 9 fly+ birds1 mu/ h s]v$ z a firm fulcrum = ! /roke ( ! w+s4 ,! qua9t creatures v>i$ f ! size ( a sp>r[ up to a magnific5t spread ( #ae-bj feet f tip to tip ( ! w+s4 ,!y 7 ! l>ge/ ( all fly+ creatures4 ,! bird's solution ( ! problem ( flight1 :i* w be discuss$ sep>ately1 is c5tr$ 9 ! fea!r1 :i* =ms a coh]5t vane = /rik+ ! air4 ,9 ,pt]odactyl & bat ! w+ is a web-w+ or patagium1 & a small web is to be se5 on ! front side ( ! bird's w+4 ,b ! bird's patagium is unimportant1 & ! bird's w+ is on an evolution>y tack ( its own--a =e-limb trans=m$ = be>+ ! fea!rs ( flight4 ,fea!rs are 9 a g5]al way comp>able to ! scales ( reptiles1 b only 9 a g5]al way1 & no transition /age is kn[n betwe5 ! two4 ,birds evolv$ f a bip$al ,d9osaur /ock1 z has be5 notic$ already1 & x is highly probable t !y began _! asc5t by tak+ runn+ leaps along ! gr\nd1 flapp+ _! scaly =e-limbs1 & balanc+ !mselves 9 kang>oo-l fa%ion ) an ext5d$ tail4 ,a second *apt] 0 probably an arboreal appr5tice%ip1 dur+ :i* !y made a f9e art ( p>a*ut+--a p]si/5ce ( :i* is to be se5 9 ! pigeon glid+ f ! dovecot to ! gr\nd4 ,x is 9 birds t ! ma/]y ( ! air rea*es its climax1 & ! my/]i\s sail+ ( ! albatross & ! vulture is surely ! mo/ rem>kable locomotor triumph t has ev] be5 a*iev$4 ,)\t any app>5t /roke ( ! w+s1 ! bird sails = half an h\r at a "t ) ! w9d & aga9/ ! w9d1 ar\nd ! %ip & 9 maje/ic spirals 9 ! sky1 probably tak+ advantage ( curr5ts ( air ( diff]5t velocities1 & cont9ually *ang+ en]gy ( position into en]gy ( motion z x s9ks1 & en]gy ( motion into en]gy ( position z x rises4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t "s dragon-flies are also able to sail4 ,! web-w+ ( bats involves mu* m ?an ! =e-arm4 ,! d\ble fold ( sk9 beg9s on ! side ( ! neck1 passes along ! front ( ! arm1 skips ! ?umb1 & is cont9u$ ov] ! elongat$ palm-bones & f+]s to ! sides ( ! body aga91 & to ! h9d-legs1 & to ! tail if !re is a tail4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! bones ( ! bat's skeleton t5d to be lightly built z 9 birds1 t ! brea/-bone has likewise a keel = ! bett] ins]tion ( ! pectoral muscles1 & t !re is a solidify+ ( ! v]tebr ( ! back1 af=d+ z 9 birds a firm basis = ! w+ action4 ,su* simil> adaptations to simil> ne$s1 occurr+ 9 animals n ne>ly relat$ to "o ano!r1 are call$ conv]g5ces1 & =m a v int]e/+ /udy4 ,9 addition to adaptations :i* ! bat %>es ) ! fly+ bird1 x has _m ( its own4 ,!re are s _m n]ve-end+s on ! w+1 & (t5 also on special sk9-leaves ab\t ! e>s & nose1 t ! bat fly+ 9 ! dusk does n knock aga9/ bran*es or o!r ob/acles4 ,"s say t x is help$ by ! e*oes ( its high-pit*$ voice1 b !re is no d\bt z to its exquisite tactility4 ,t x usually produces only a s+le "y "o at a "t is a cle> adaptation to flight1 & simil>ly ! %>p1 m\nta9-top-l cusps on ! back tee? are adapt$ 9 insectivor\s bats = crun*+ insects4 ,:e!r we ?9k ( ! triumphant flight ( birds1 rea*+ a climax 9 migration1 or ( ! m>vel t a creature ( ! e>?--z a mammal ess5tially is--%\ld evolve su* a ma/]y ( ! air z we see 9 bats1 or ev5 ( ! repeat$ b spl5did failures :i* p>a*ut+ animals illu/rate1 we ga9 an impression ( ! insurg5ce ( liv+ creatures 9 _! *>act]i/ic endeav\r aft] full] well-be+4 ,we h said en\gh to %[ h[ well adapt$ _m animals are to meet ! p>ticul> difficulties ( ! haunt :i* !y t5ant4 ,b difficulties & limitations are ev] aris+ afre%1 & s "o fitness foll[s on ano!r4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to pass to ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( protective resemblance1 cam\flage1 & mimicry--! subject ( ! next article4 ,,bibliography ,,elmhir/1 ,r41 ,animals ( ! ,%ore4 ,,flattely ,,& ,,walton1 ,! ,biology ( ! ,%ore 7#aiba74 ,,furneaux1 ,life ( ,ponds & ,/reams4 ,,hickson1 ,s4 ,j41 ,/ory ( ,life 9 ! ,seas & ,fauna ( ! ,deep ,sea4 ,,john/one1 ,j41 ,life 9 ! ,sea 7,cambridge ,manual ( ,sci5ce74 ,,miall1 ,l4 ,c41 ,aquatic ,insects4 ,,murray1 ,,sir ,,john1 ,! ,ocean 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,,murray1 ,,sir ,,john ,,& ,,hjort1 ,,dr4 ,j41 ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,ocean4 ,,newbig91 ,m4 ,i41 ,life by ! ,sea ,%ore4 ,,pycraft1 ,w4 ,p41 ,hi/ory ( ,birds4 ,,s*>ff1 ,r4 ,f41 ,hi/ory ( ! ,european ,fauna 7,contemp4 ,sci4 ,s]ies74 ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,,ar?ur1 ,! ,wond] ( ,life 7#aiad7 & ,! ,haunts ( ,life 7#aiba74 ,,iv ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,exi/5ce ,,animal ,,& ,,bird ,,mimicry ,,& ,,disguise #a ,= e animal "o discov]s :5 obs]v+ c>efully1 !re mu/ be t5 unse54 ,?is is p>tly because _m animals burr[ 9 ! gr\nd or get 9 und]nea? ?+s & into d>k corn]s1 be+ :at is call$ cryptozoic or elusive4 ,b x is p>tly because _m animals put on disguise or h 9 "s way acquir$ a g>m5t ( invisibility4 ,?is is v common among animals1 & x occurs 9 _m =ms & degrees4 ,! reason :y x is s common is because ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is (t5 v ke51 & ! reasons :y ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ke5 are f\r4 ,fir/1 !re is ! t5d5cy to ov]-population 9 _m animals1 especially ^? ( l[ degree4 ,second1 !re is ! fact t ! s*eme ( nature involves nutritive *a9s or successive inc>nations1 "o animal dep5d+ ^u ano!r = food1 & all 9 ! long run on plants2 ?irdly1 e vigor\s animal is a bit ( a hu/l]1 giv5 to insurg5ce & /ick+ out 8 elb[s4 ,!re is a f\r? great reason = ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 namely1 ! frequ5t *angefulness ( ! physical environm5t1 :i* =ces animals to answ] back or die2 b ! fir/ ?ree reasons h mo/ to d ) ! v common assumption ( "s sort ( disguise4 ,ev5 :5 an animal is 9 no s5se a weakl+1 x may be v advantage\s = x to be inconspicu\s :5 x is re/+ or :5 x is tak+ c>e ( its "y4 ,our problem is ! evolution ( elusiv5ess1 s f> at lea/ z t dep5ds on lik5ess to surr\nd+s1 on protective resemblance to o!r objects1 & 9 its highe/ rea*es on true mimicry4 ,col\r ,p]man5tly ,l ,t ( ,surr\nd+s ,_m animals liv+ on s&y places h a light-br[n col\r1 z is se5 9 "s liz>ds & snakes4 ,! gre5 liz>d is l ! grass & ! gre5 tree-snake is inconspicu\s among ! bran*es4 ,! spott$ leop>d is suit$ to ! int]rupt$ light ( ! =e/1 & x is sometimes h>d to tell :]e ! jungle ends & ! /rip$ tig] beg9s4 ,!re is no bett] case ?an ! h>e or ! p>tridge sitt+ a few y>ds (f on ! pl\gh$ field4 ,ev5 a donkey graz+ 9 ! dusk is mu* m readily he>d ?an se54 ,! exp]im5t has be5 made ( te!r+ ! gre5 v>iety ( ,pray+ ,mantis on gre5 h]bage1 fa/5+ !m ) silk ?reads4 ,!y escape ! notice ( birds4 ,! same is true :5 ! br[n v>iety is te!r$ on )]$ h]bage4 ,b if ! gre5 ones are put on br[n plants1 or ! br[n ones on gre5 plants1 ! birds pick !m (f4 ,simil>ly1 out ( #cjj *ick5s 9 a field1 #bdj :ite or black & !re=e conspicu\s1 #fj spott$ & inconspicu\s1 #bd 7 soon pick$ (f by cr[s1 b only "o ( ^! 0 spott$4 ,?is 0 n ! proportion t !re %\ld h be5 if ! mortality _h be5 =tuit\s4 ,!re is no d\bt t x (t5 pays an animal to be l its habitual surr\nd+s1 l a little piece ( sc5]y if ! animal is n mov+4 ,x is safe to say t 9 process ( "t wide dep>tures f ! safe/ coloration w be wip$ out 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature's ceaseless sift+4 ,b we mu/ n be cr$ul\s1 & !re are ?ree cautions to be borne 9 m9d4 7#a7 ,an animal may be v l its surr\nd+s )\t !re be+ any protection impli$4 ,! arr[-worms 9 ! sea are z cle> z glass1 & s are _m op5-sea animals4 ,b ?is is because _! tissues are s wat]y1 ) a specific gravity ne> t ( ! salt wat]4 ,& ! invisibility does n save !m1 always or (t51 f be+ swall[$ by l>g] animals t ga!r ! h>ve/ ( ! sea4 7#b7 ,among ! clev]] animals x looks z if ! creature sometimes s\ght out a spot :]e x 0 mo/ inconspicu\s4 ,a spid] may place itself 9 ! middle ( a little pat* ( li*51 :]e its self-effacem5t is complete4 ,p]haps x is m com=table z well z saf] to re/ 9 surr\nd+s ! g5]al col\r ( :i* is l t ( ! animal's body4 7#c7 ,! fi%es t live among ! coral-reefs are />tl+ 9 _! brilliant coloration1 & !re are _m diff]5t patt]ns4 ,to expla9 ?is x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! fi%es are s safe among ! mazy passages & endless nooks ( ! reefs1 t !y c well af=d to we> any col\r t suits _! con/itution4 ,9 "s cases ?is may be true1 b naturali/s :o h put on a div+ suit & walk$ ab\t among ! coral h told u t ea* k9d ( fi% is p>ticul>ly suit$ to "s p>ticul> place1 & t "s are suit$ = midday "w & o!rs = ev5+ "w4 ,sometimes !re is a sort ( ,box & ,cox arrangem5t by :i* two diff]5t fi%es utilise ! same corn] at diff]5t times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pray+ ,,mantis 7,mantis ,religiosa7 ,a v voraci\s insect ) a quiet1 unobtrusive appe>ance4 ,x holds its =midable =elegs z if 9 ! attitude ( pray]2 its movem5ts are v sl[ & /eal?y2 & !re is a sugge/ion ( a leaf 9 ! =ew+4 ,b !re is no reason to cr$it ! creature ) consci\s guile6 ,illu/ration3 ,,protective ,,coloration3 ,a ,,w9t] ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,nor? ,,sc&9avia ,%[+ ,v>iable ,h>e1 ,will[ ,gr\se1 & ,arctic ,fox1 all :ite 9 w9t] & inconspicu\s aga9/ ! sn[4 ,b ! :ite dress is also ! dress t is physiologically be/1 = x loses lea/ ( ! animal heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,v>iable ,,monitor 7,v>anus7 ,! monitors are ! l>ge/ ( exi/+ liz>ds1 ! ,au/ralian species repres5t$ 9 ! photograph atta9+ a l5g? ( f\r feet4 ,x has a br[n col\r ) yell[ spots1 & 9 spite ( its size x is n conspicu\s aga9/ c]ta9 backgr\nds1 su* z ! b>k ( a tree4 #b ,gradual ,*ange ( ,col\r ,! common %ore-crab %[s _m diff]5t col\rs & mottl+s1 especially :5 x is "y4 ,x may be gre5 or grey1 r$ or br[n1 & s =?1 & x is (t5 9 admirable adju/m5t to ! col\r ( ! rock-pool :]e x is liv+4 ,exp]im5ts1 :i* require ext5sion1 h %[n t :5 ! crab has m\lt$1 :i* x has to d v (t5 :5 x is "y1 ! col\r ( ! new %ell t5ds to h>monise ) ! g5]al col\r ( ! rocks & seawe$4 ,h[ ?is is br\ght ab\t1 we d n "k4 ,! col\r does n seem to *ange till ! next m\lt1 & n !n unless !re is "s reason = x4 ,a full-gr[n %ore-crab is well able to look aft] itself1 & x is ( int]e/ to notice1 !re=e1 t ! v>iety ( coloration is ma9ly among ! small individuals1 :o h1 ( c\rse1 a mu* less secure position4 ,x is possible1 moreov]1 t ! resemblance to ! surr\nd+s admits ( m successful hunt+1 enabl+ ! small crab to take its victim unaw>es4 ,pr(essor ,p\lton's exp]im5ts ) ! cat]pill>s ( ! small tortoise-%ell butt]fly %[$ t 9 black surr\nd+s ! pup t5d to be d>k]1 9 :ite surr\nd+s light]1 9 gild$ boxes gold52 & ! same is true 9 o!r cases4 ,x appe>s t ! surr\nd+ col\r affects ! cat]pill>s ?r\gh ! sk9 dur+ a s5sitive p]iod--! tw5ty h\rs imm$iately prec$+ ! la/ twelve h\rs ( ! l>val /ate4 ,! result w t5d to make ! quiesc5t pup less conspicu\s dur+ ! critical "t ( metamorphosis4 ,! physiology ( ?is sympa!tic col\r+ rema9s obscure4 ,seasonal ,*ange ( ,col\r+ ,! pt>migan m\lts ?ree times 9 ! ye>4 ,its summ] plumage is r gr\selike above1 ) a good deal ( ruf\s br[n2 ! back becomes mu* m grey 9 autumn2 almo/ all ! fea!rs ( ! w9t] plumage are :ite4 ,t is to say1 !y develop )\t any pigm5t & ) num]\s gas-bubbles 9 _! cells4 ,n[ !re c be no d\bt t ?is :ite w9t] plumage makes ! pt>migan v inconspicu\s amid/ ! sn[4 ,sometimes "o comes )9 a few feet ( ! cr\*+ bird )\t see+ x1 & ?is g>m5t ( invisibility may save x f ! hungry eyes ( gold5 eagles4 ,simil>ly ! br[n /oat becomes ! :ite erm9e1 ma9ly by ! gr[?1 ( a new suit ( :ite fur1 & ! same is true ( ! m\nta9 h>e4 ,! erm9e is all :ite except ! black tip ( its tail2 ! m\nta9 h>e 9 its w9t] dress is all :ite save ! black tips ( its e>s4 ,9 "s cases1 especially 9 ! m\nta9 h>e1 x seems t individual hairs may turn :ite1 by a loss ( pigm5t1 z may occur 9 man4 ,accord+ to ,met*nik(f1 ! w&]+ amoeboid cells ( ! body1 call$ phagocytes1 may creep up into ! hairs & come back aga9 ) microscopic burd5s ( pigm5t4 ,! place ( ! pigm5t is tak5 by gas-bubbles1 & t is :at causes ! :it5ess4 ,9 no animals is !re any :ite pigm5t2 ! :ite col\r is l t ( sn[ or foam1 x is due to ! complete reflection ( ! light f innum]able m9ute surfaces ( cry/als or bubbles4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,b&$ ,,krait3 ,a ,,v ,,poison\s ,,snake ,,) ,,alt]nat+ ,,yell[ ,,& ,,d>k ,,b&s ,x is v conspicu\s & may s]ve z an illu/ration ( w>n+ coloration4 ,p]haps1 t is to say1 its /rik+ coloration s]ves z an adv]tisem5t1 impress+ o!r creatures ) ! fact t ! ,b&$ ,krait %\ld be left alone4 ,x is v unpr(itable = a snake to wa/e its v5om on creatures x does n want4 ,illu/ration3 ,photos3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,! ,,w>ty ,,*ameleon ,! upp] photograph %[s ! ,w>ty ,*ameleon inflat$ & conspicu\s4 ,at ano!r "t1 h[ev]1 ) compress$ body & adju/$ coloration1 ! animal is v inconspicu\s4 ,! l[] photograph %[s ! sudd5 protrusion ( ! v long tongue on a fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,seasonal ,,col\r-,,*ange3 ,a ,,summ] ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,nor? ,,sc&9avia ,%[+ a br[n ,v>iable ,h>e1 ,will[ ,gr\se1 & ,arctic ,fox1 all inconspicu\s 9 _! coloration :5 se5 9 _! natural surr\nd+s4 ,! m\nta9 h>e may escape ! fox ! m readily because its :it5ess makes x s inconspicu\s aga9/ a backgr\nd ( sn[2 & yet1 at o!r times1 we h se5 ! creature /&+ out l a t>get on ! d>k moorl&4 ,s x cuts bo? ways4 ,! erm9e has almo/ no enemies except ! gamekeep]1 b its w9t] :it5ess may help x to sneak ^u its victims1 su* z gr\se or rabbit1 :5 !re is sn[ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 ! probability is t ! con/itutional rhy?m :i* leads to :ite hair 9 w9t] has be5 fo/]$ & fix$ = a reason q ap>t f protection4 ,! fact is t = a w>m-blood$ creature1 :e!r bird or mammal1 ! physiologically be/ dress is a :ite "o1 = !re is less radiation ( ! preci\s animal heat f :ite plumage or :ite pelage ?an f any o!r col\r4 ,! quality ( w>m-blood$ness is a pr]ogative ( birds & mammals1 & x means t ! body keeps an almo/ con/ant temp]ature1 day & night1 ye> 9 & ye> out4 ,?is is effect$ by automatic int]nal adju/m5ts :i* regulate ! supply ( heat1 *iefly f ! muscles1 to ! loss ( heat1 *iefly ?r\gh ! sk9 & f ! lungs4 ,! *ief importance ( ?is int]nal heat is t x facilitates ! smoo? cont9uance ( ! *emical processes on :i* life dep5ds4 ,if ! temp]ature falls1 z 9 hib]nat+ mammals 7^: w>m-blood$ness is imp]fect71 ! rate ( ! vital process is sl[$ d[n--sometimes dang]\sly4 ,?us we see h[ ! :ite coat helps ! life ( ! creature4 #c ,rapid ,col\r-*ange ,bony flat-fi%es1 l plaice & sole1 h a rem>kable p[] ( adju/+ _! hue & patt]n to ! surr\nd+ gravel & s&1 s t x is difficult to f9d !m ev5 :5 we "k t !y are !re4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y are also v quick to get a spr9kl+ ( s& ov] _! upturn$ side1 s t only ! eyes are left %[+4 ,b !re is no d\bt z to ! exactness ) :i* !y (t5 adju/ !mselves to be l a little piece ( ! sub/ratum on :i* !y lie2 !y w d ?is )9 limits 9 exp]im5tal conditions :5 !y are plac$ on a q artificial floor4 ,z ^! fi%es are v palatable & are mu* s\ght aft] by su* enemies z cormorants & ott]s1 x is highly probably t _! p[] ( self-effacem5t (t5 saves _! life4 ,& x may be effect$ )9 a few m9utes1 9 "s cases )9 a m9ute4 ,9 ^! self-effac+ flat-fi%es we "k ) "s precision :at happ5s4 ,! adju/m5t ( col\r & patt]n is due to *anges 9 ! size1 %ape1 & position ( mobile pigm5t-cells 7*romatophores7 & ! sk94 ,b :at makes ! pigm5t-cells *ange8 ,! fact t a bl9d flat-fi% does n *ange its col\r gives u ! fir/ "p ( ! answ]4 ,! col\r & ! patt]n ( ! surr\nd+s mu/ affect ! eye4 ,! message travels by ! optic n]ve to ! bra92 f ! bra91 in/ead ( pass+ d[n ! sp9al cord1 ! message travels d[n ! *a9 ( sympa!tic ganglia4 ,f ^! x passes along ! n]ves :i* comes out ( ! sp9al cord & control ! sk94 ,?us ! message rea*es ! col\r-cells 9 ! sk91 & be=e y h c>efully read ^! l9es ! flat-fi% has slipp$ on its ,gyges r+ & become invisible4 ,! same p[] ( rapid col\r-*ange is se5 9 cuttlefi%es1 :]e x is (t5 an expression ( n]v\s excitem5t1 ?\gh x sometimes helps to conceal4 ,x occurs ) mu* subtlety 9 ! sop prawn1 ,hippolyte1 :i* may be br[n on a br[n seawe$1 gre5 on sea-lettuce or sea-grass1 r$ on r$ seawe$1 & s on ?r\gh an ext5sive rep]tory4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! backgr\nd1 ,pr(essor ,gamble writes s is ! mixture ( ! pigm5ts comp\nd$ s z to =m a close reproduction bo? ( its col\r & its patt]n4 ,a sweep ( ! %rimp net deta*es a battalion ( ^! sleep+ prawns1 & if we turn ! motley into a di% & give a *oice ( seawe$1 ea* v>iety aft] its k9d w select ! "o ) :i* x agrees 9 col\r1 & vani%4 ,bo? :5 "y & :5 full-gr[n1 ! sop prawn takes on ! col\r ( its imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,at nightfall ,hippolyte1 ( :atev] col\r1 *anges to a transp>5t azure blue3 its /olidity gives place to a n]v\s re/lessness2 at ! lea/ tremor x leaps viol5tly1 & (t5 swims actively f "o food-plant to ano!r4 ,?is blue fit la/s till daybreak1 & is !n succe$$ by ! prawn's diurnal t9t4 ,?us1 ,pr(essor ,gamble cont9ues1 ! col\r ( an animal may express a n]v\s rhy?m4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,protective ,,resemblance ,hawk ,mo?1 settl$ d[n on a bran*1 & v difficult to detect z long z x rema9s /ation>y4 ,note its rem>kable suck+ tongue1 :i* is ab\t twice ! l5g? ( its body4 ,! tongue c be quickly coil$ up & put safely away b5ea? ! l[] "p ( ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:5 ,,only ,a ,,few ,,days ,,old1 ,,"y ,,bitt]n ,,beg9 ,,to ,,/rike ,,! ,,same ,,attitude ,,z ,,_! ,,p>5ts ,,?ru/+ ,,_! ,,bills ,,upw>ds ,,& ,,draw+ ,,_! ,,bodies ,,up ,,s ,,t ,,!y ,,resemble ,a ,,bun* ,,( ,,re$s ,! s(t br[ns & blue-gre5s h>monise ) ! dull %ea?s ( ! "y re$s2 ! ne/l+ bitt]n is ?us completely cam\flag$4 ,! ,case ( ,*ameleons ,! highe/ level at :i* rapid col\r-*ange occurs is among liz>ds1 & ! f9e/ exhibition ( x is among ! *ameleons4 ,^! qua9t creatures are *>act]i/ic ( ,africa2 b !y occur also 9 ,&alusia1 ,arabia1 ,ceylon1 & ,s\!rn ,india4 ,!y are adapt$ = life on trees1 :]e !y hunt insects ) great delib]at5ess & success4 ,! protrusible tongue1 end+ 9 a /icky club1 c be %ot out = ab\t sev5 in*es 9 ! common *ameleon4 ,_! h&s & feet are split s t !y grip ! bran*es firmly1 & ! preh5sile tail rivals a monkey's4 ,:5 !y wi% !y c make !mselves v slim1 contract+ ! body f side to side1 s t !y are n v readily se54 ,9 o!r circum/ances1 h[ev]1 !y d n practise self-effacem5t1 b ! v rev]se4 ,!y inflate _! bodies1 hav+ n only l>ge lungs1 b air-sacs 9 connection ) !m4 ,! ?roat bulges2 ! body sways f side to side2 & ! creature expresses its s5tim5ts 9 a hiss4 ,! p[] ( col\r-*ange is v rem>kable1 & dep5ds p>tly on ! contraction & expansion ( ! col\r-cells 7*romatophores7 9 ! "u-sk9 7or d]mis7 & p>tly on close-pack$ refractive granules & cry/als ( a wa/e-product call$ guan94 ,! rep]tory ( possible col\rs 9 ! common *ameleon is great] ?an 9 any o!r animal except ! sop prawn4 ,!re is a leg5d ( a *ameleon :i* 0 br[n 9 a br[n box1 gre5 9 a gre5 box1 & blue 9 a blue box1 & di$ :5 put into "o l9$ ) t>tan2 & !re is no d\bt t "o & ! same animal has a wide range ( col\rs4 ,! s-call$ *ameleon 7,anolis7 ( ,nor? ,am]ica is s s5sitive t a pass+ cl\d makes x *ange its em]ald hue4 ,!re is no d\bt t a *ameleon may make itself m inconspicu\s by *ang+ its col\r1 be+ affect$ by ! play ( light on its eyes4 ,a bright-gre5 hue is (t5 se5 on ^? t are sitt+ among /rongly illum9$ gre5 leaves4 ,b ! col\r also *anges ) ! "t ( day & ) ! animal's moods4 ,a sudd5 irritation may br+ ab\t a rapid *ange2 9 o!r cases ! trans=mation comes ab\t v gradually4 ,:5 ! col\r-*ange expresses ! *ameleon's feel+s x might be comp>$ to blu%+1 b t is due to an expansion ( ! art]ies ( ! face1 all[+ m blood to get into ! capill>ies ( ! "u-sk94 ,! case ( ! *ameleon is peculi>ly int]e/+ because ! animal has two k9ds ( tactics--self-effacem5t on ! "o h& & bluff+ on ! o!r4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! p[] ( col\r-*ange sometimes ju/ifies itself by driv+ (f intrud]s4 ,dr4 ,cyril ,crossl& obs]v$ t a *ameleon attack$ by a fox-t]ri] turn$ r\nd & op5$ its great p9k m\? 9 ! face ( ! advanc+ dog1 at ! same "t rapidly *ang+ col\r1 becom+ almo/ black4 ,?is ruse succe$$ e "t1 ! dog turn+ (f at once4 ,9 natural leafy surr\nd+s ! />tl+ effect w\ld be mu* great]--a sudd5 ?r[+ (f ( ! mantle ( invisibility & ! exposure ( a conspicu\s black body ) a l>ge r$ m\?4 #d ,lik5ess to ,o!r ,?+s ,dr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes tells ( a flat spid] :i* pres5ts a /rik+ resemblance to a bird's dropp+ on a leaf4 ,ye>s aft] he fir/ f\nd x he 0 wat*+ 9 a =e/ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ :5 8 eye fell on a leaf be=e him :i* _h be5 blot*$ by a bird4 ,he wond]$ idly :y he _h n se5 = s long ano!r specim5 ( ! bird-dropp+ spid] 7,orni?oscatoides decipi5s71 & drew ! leaf t[>ds him4 ,in/antane\sly he got a *>act]i/ic %>p nip2 x 0 ! spid] aft] all6 ,"h ! col\r-resemblance 0 enhanc$ by a =m-resemblance4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,,protective ,,coloration ,,or ,,cam\flag+1 ,,giv+ ,,animals ,a ,,g>m5t ,,( ,,invisibility ,at ! foot ( ! plate is a ,nightj>1 ) plumage l b>k & )]+ leaves2 to ! "r1 re/+ on a bran*1 is %[n a ,*ameleon 9 a gre5 phase amid gre5 surr\nd+s2 ! insects on ! re$s are ,locu/s2 :ile a gre5 ,frog1 m]g$ into its surr\nd+s1 re/s on a leaf ne> ! c5tre at ! top ( ! picture4 ,b4 ,,ano!r ,,example ,,( ,,protective ,,coloration ,,or ,,cam\flage ,a %ore sc5e %[+ ,tr\t 9 ! pool almo/ invisible aga9/ _! backgr\nd4 ,! ,/one ,curlews1 bo? adult & "y1 are v inconspicu\s among ! /ones on ! bea*4 ,b :y %\ld x pr(it a spid] to be l a bird-dropp+8 ,p]haps because x !reby escapes att5tion2 b !re is ano!r possibility4 ,x seems t "s butt]flies1 alli$ to our ,blues1 are (t5 attract$ to excrem5titi\s mat]ial1 & ! spid] ,dr4 ,=bes obs]v$ _h actually caught its victim4 ,?is is borne out by a rec5t obs]vation by ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,h4 ,c>p5t]1 :o f\nd a ,ug&a bug closely resembl+ a bird-dropp+ on s&4 ,! bug actually settl$ d[n on a bird-dropp+ on s&1 & caught a blue butt]fly :i* came to fe$ !re6 ,"s ( ! walk+-/ick insects1 belong+ to ! ord] ( crickets & gras%opp]s 7,or?opt]a71 h _! body elongat$ & n>r[1 l a ?9 dry bran*1 & !y h a way ( /ick+ out _! limbs at abrupt & div]se angles1 :i* makes ! resemblance to twigs v close inde$4 ,"s ( ^! qua9t insects re/ ?r\gh ! day & h ! rem>kable habit ( putt+ !mselves into a sort ( kataleptic /ate4 ,_m creatures turn /iff :5 !y get a %ock1 or pass sudd5ly into new surr\nd+s1 l "s ( ! s&-hopp]s :5 we lay !m on ! palm ( our h&2 b ^! twig-insects put !mselves into ?is /range /ate4 ,! body is rock$ f side to side = a %ort "t1 & !n x /iff5s4 ,an advantage may be t ev5 if !y 7 surpris$ by a bird or a liz>d1 !y w n be able to betray !mselves by ev5 a tremor4 ,disguise is p]fect$ by a rem>kable habit1 a habit :i* leads u to ?9k ( a :ole s]ies ( diff]5t ways ( ly+ l[ & say+ no?+ :i* are (t5 ( life-pres]v+ value4 ,! top end ( ! s]ies is se5 :5 a fox plays 'possum4 ,! leaf-butt]fly ,kallima1 conspicu\sly col\r$ on its upp] surface1 is l a )]$ leaf :5 x settles d[n & %[s ! "u side ( its w+s4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is precise =m-resemblance1 = ! n]vures on ! w+s are l ! mid-rib & side ve9s on a leaf1 & ! t\* ( p]fection is giv5 9 ! pres5ce ( :iti% spots :i* look exactly l ! discolorations produc$ by li*5s on leaves4 ,an old entomologi/1 ,mr4 ,j5n] ,weir1 confess$ t he repeat$ly prun$ (f a cat]pill> on a bu% 9 mi/ake = a sup]flu\s twig1 = _m br[ni% cat]pill>s fa/5 !mselves by _! po/]ior clasp]s & by an invisible ?read ( silk f _! m\?1 & project f ! bran* at a twig-l angle4 ,an insect may be ! v image ( a %>p prickle or a piece ( s(t moss2 a spid] may look precisely l a t9y knob on a bran* or a fragm5t ( li*52 "o ( ! sea-horses 7,phyllopt]yx7 has frond-l tassels on v>i\s p>ts ( its body1 s t x looks extraord9>ily l ! seawe$s among :i* x lives4 ,9 a few cases1 e4g4 among spid]s1 x has be5 %[n t animals ) a special protective resemblance to some?+ else seek out a position :]e ?is resemblance tells1 & !re is urg5t ne$ = obs]vations be>+ on ?is selection ( environm5t4 #e ,mimicry 9 ! ,true ,s5se ,x sometimes happ5s t 9 "o & ! same place !re are two gr\ps ( animals n v ne>ly relat$ :i* are d\bles ( "o ano!r4 ,inve/igation %[s t ! memb]s ( ! "o gr\p1 always 9 ! majority1 are 9 "s way specially protect$1 e4g4 by be+ unpalatable4 ,!y are ! mimick$4 ,! memb]s ( ! o!r gr\p1 always 9 ! m9ority1 h n got ! special protection possess$ by ! o!rs4 ,!y are ! mimick]s1 ?\gh ! resemblance is n1 ( c\rse1 associat$ ) any consci\s imitation4 ,! !ory is t ! mimick]s live on ! reputation ( ! mimick$4 ,if ! mimick$ are left alone by birds because !y h a reputation = unpalatability1 or because !y are able to /+1 ! mimick]s survive--al?\gh !y are palatable & /+less4 ,!y succe$1 n ?r\gh any virtue ( _! own1 b because ( _! resemblance to ! mimick$1 = :om !y are mi/ak54 ,!re are _m cases ( mimetic resemblance s /rik+ & s subtle t x seems impossible to d\bt t ! ?+ works2 !re are o!r cases :i* are r f>-fet*$1 & may be some:at ( ! nature ( co9cid5ces4 ,?us al?\gh ,mr4 ,bates tells u t he repeat$ly %ot humm+-bird mo?s 9 mi/ake = humm+-birds1 we _c ?9k t ?is is a good illu/ration ( mimicry4 ,:at is ne$$ = _m cases is :at is =?com+ = "s1 namely1 exp]im5tal evid5ce1 e4g4 t ! unpalatable mimick$ butt]flies are left 9 relative peace :ile simil> palatable butt]flies are p]secut$4 ,x is also necess>y to %[ t ! mimick]s d actually consort ) ! mimick$4 ,"s beetles & mo?s are curi\sly wasplike1 :i* may be a great advantage2 ! common drone-fly is sup]ficially l a small bee2 "s h>mless snakes are v l poison\s species2 & ,mr4 ,wallace ma9ta9$ t ! p[]ful fri>-birds ( ! ,f> ,ea/ are mimick$ by ! weak & timid orioles4 ,:5 ! model is unpalatable or repulsive or dang]\s1 & ! mimic ! rev]se1 ! mimicry is call$ ,batesian 7aft] ,mr4 ,bates71 b !re is ano!r k9d ( mimicry call$ ,mll]ian 7aft] ,fritz ,mll]7 :]e ! mimic is also unpalatable4 ,! !ory 9 ?is case is t ! mimicry s]ves z mutual assurance1 ! memb]s ( ! r+ gett+ on bett] by consi/5tly pres5t+ ! same appe>ance1 :i* has come to mean to possible enemies a signal1 ,noli me tang]e 7,leave me alone74 ,!re is no?+ out ( ! "q 9 ?is !ory1 b x requires to be tak5 9 a critical _s4 ,x leads u to ?9k ( w>n+ col\rs1 :i* are ! v opposite ( ! disguises :i* we are n[ /udy+4 ,"s creatures l skunks1 magpies1 coral-snakes1 cobras1 brightly col\r$ tree-frogs are obtrusive r ?an elusive1 & ! !ory ( ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace 0 t ! flaunt+ conspicu\sness s]ves z a useful adv]tisem5t1 impress+ itself on ! memories ( inexp]i5c$ enemies1 :o soon le>n to leave creatures ) w>n+ col\rs alone4 ,9 any case x is pla9 t an animal :i* is z safe z a wasp or a coral-snake c af=d to we> any suit ( clo!s x likes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dead-,,leaf ,,butt]fly 7,kallima ,ina*is7 ,,f ,,india ,x is conspicu\s on its upp] surface1 b :5 x settles d[n on a twig & %[s ! und]side ( its w+s x is practically invisible4 ,! col\r+ ( ! "u surface ( ! w+s is l t ( ! )]+ leaf2 !re are spots l fungas spots2 & ! v5ation ( ! w+s sugge/s ! mid-rib & ve9s ( ! leaf4 ,a1 %[+ upp] surface2 ,b1 %[+ "u surface2 ,c1 a leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,protective ,,resemblance ,,betwe5 ,a ,,small ,,spid] 7to ! left7 ,,& ,,an ,,ant 7to ! "r7 ,z ants are mu* dread$1 x is probably pr(itable to ! spid] to be l an ant4 ,x w be not$ t ! spid] has f\r pairs ( legs & no feel]s1 :]eas ! ant has ?ree pairs ( legs & a pair ( feel]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,! ,,wasp ,,beetle1 ,,:i*1 ,,:5 ,,mov+ ,,among/ ,,! ,,bran*es ,,gives ,a ,,wasp-,,l ,,impression ,illu/ration3 ,,h]mit-,,crab ,,) ,,p>tn] ,,sea-,,anemones ,h]mit-crabs hide _! s(t tail 9 ! %ell ( a :elk or "s o!r sea-snail4 ,b "s h]mit-crabs place sea-anemones on ! back ( _! borr[$ %ell4 ,! sea-anemones mask ! h]mit-crab & _! t5tacles c /+4 ,z = ! sea-anemones1 !y are c>ri$ ab\t by ! h]mit-crab & !y get crumbs f its table4 ,?is k9d ( mutually b5eficial ext]nal p>tn]%ip is call$ comm5salism1 i4e4 eat+ at ! same table4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,g4 ,p4 ,duffus4 ,,cuckoo-,,spit ,! :ite mass 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture is a soapy fro? :i* ! "y frog-hopp] makes1 & )9 :i* x lies safe bo? f ! heat ( ! sun & almo/ all enemies4 ,aft] soj\rn+ = a "t 9 ! cuckoo-spit1 ! frog-hopp] becomes a w+$ insect4 ,mask+ ,! episode 9 ,scotti% hi/ory call$ ,! ,walk+ ,wood ( ,birnam1 :5 ! advanc+ troop mask$ _! approa* by cutt+ d[n bran*es ( ! trees1 has _h its c\nt]p>t 9 _m c\ntries4 ,b x is also enact$ on ! sea%ore4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( crabs t put on disguise ) :at looks l delib]at5ess4 ,! s&-crab takes a piece ( seawe$1 nibbles at ! end ( x1 & !n rubs x on ! back ( ! c>apace or on ! legs s t x fixes to ! bri/les4 ,z ! seawe$ cont9ues to live1 ! crab soon has a little g>d5 on its back :i* masks ! crab's real nature4 ,x is mo/ effective cam\flag+1 b if ! crab cont9ues to gr[ x has to m\lt1 & t means los+ ! disguise4 ,x is !n necess>y to make a new "o4 ,! crab mu/ h on ! %ore some?+ correspond+ to a reputation2 t is to say1 o!r animals are cle>ly or dimly aw>e t ! crab is a voraci\s & combative creature4 ,h[ useful to ! crab1 !n1 to h its appe>ance cloak$ by a gr[? ( innoc5t seawe$1 or sponge1 or zoophyte4 ,x w enable ! creature to sneak ^u its victims or to escape ! att5tion ( its own enemies4 ,if a n>r[-beak$ crab is clean$ artificially x w proce$ to clo! itself aga91 ! habit has become in/9ctive2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t :ile a p>ticul> crab pref]s a p>ticul> k9d ( seawe$ = its dress1 x w cov] itself ) unsuitable & ev5 conspicu\s mat]ial1 su* z pieces ( col\r$ clo?1 if no?+ bett] is available4 ,! disguise diff]s greatly1 = "o crab is mask$ by a brightly col\r$ & unpalatable sponge d5sely pack$ ) fl9ty ne$les2 ano!r cuts (f ! tunic ( a sea-squirt & ?r[s x ov] its %\ld]s2 ano!r trundles ab\t a bivalve %ell4 ,! facts recall ! famili> case ( ! h]mit-crab1 :i* protects its s(t tail by tuck+ x into ! empty %ell ( a p]iw9kle or a :elk or "s o!r sea-snail1 & t case leads on to ! elaboration kn[n z comm5salism1 :]e ! h]mit-crab fixes sea-anemones on ! back ( its borr[$ h\se4 ,! advantage "h is beyond t ( mask+1 = ! sea-anemone c /+1 :i* is a useful quality 9 a p>tn]4 ,t ?is second advantage may become ! ma9 "o is evid5t 9 sev]al cases :]e ! sea-anemone is borne1 j l a weapon1 on ea* ( ! cru/acean's great claws4 ,moreov]1 z ! t]m comm5salism 7eat+ at ! same table7 sugge/s1 ! p>tn]%ip is mutually b5eficial4 ,= ! sea-anemone is c>ri$ ab\t by ! h]mit-crab1 & x d\btless gets its %>e ( crumbs f its p>tn]'s frequ5t meals4 ,!re is a v int]e/+ sidelight on ! mutual b5efit 9 ! case ( a dislodg$ sea-anemone :i* sulk$ = a :ile & !n wait$ 9 a /ate ( prep>$ness until a h]mit-crab pass$ by & t\*$ x4 ,:]eupon ! sea-anemone gripp$ & sl[ly work$ itself up on to ! back ( ! %ell4 #f ,o!r ,k9ds ( ,elusiv5ess ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( disguise :i* are n readily classifi$4 ,a troop ( cuttlefi% swimm+ 9 ! sea is a beautiful sight4 ,!y keep "t ) "o ano!r 9 _! movem5ts & !y %[ ! same *ange ( col\r almo/ at ! same mom5t4 ,!y are sudd5ly attack$1 h[ev]1 by a small %>k1 & !n comes a simultane\s dis*>ge ( sepia f _! ink-bags4 ,!re are cl\ds ( ink 9 ! cle> wat]1 =1 z ,pr(essor ,hickson puts x1 ! cuttlefi%es h ?r[n du/ 9 ! eyes ( _! enemies4 ,"o c see a newborn cuttlefi% d ?is a m9ute aft] x escapes f ! egg4 ,v beautiful is ! way 9 :i* _m birds1 l our common *aff9*1 disguise ! outside ( _! ne/ ) moss & li*5 & o!r trifles felt$ toge!r1 s t ! cradle is z inconspicu\s z possible4 ,!re seems to be a t\* ( art 9 fa/5+ pieces ( spid]'s web on ! outside ( a ne/6 ,h[ curi\s is ! case ( ! tree-slo? ( ,s\? ,am]ican =e/s1 t walks sl[ly1 back d[nw>ds1 along ! und]sides ( ! bran*es1 hang+ on by its long1 curv$ f+]s & toes4 ,x is a nocturnal animal1 & !re=e n 9 special dang]1 b :5 re/+ dur+ ! day x is almo/ invisible because its %aggy hair is s l c]ta9 li*5s & o!r gr[?s on ! bran*es4 ,b ! protective resemblance is enhanc$ by ! pres5ce ( a gre5 alga1 :i* actually lives on ! surface ( ! slo?'s hairs--an alga l ! "o t makes tree-/ems & gate-po/s gre5 9 damp wea!r4 ,!re is no common] sight 9 ! e>ly summ] ?an ! cuckoo-spit on ! grasses & h]bage by ! wayside4 ,x is conspicu\s & yet x is said to be left sev]ely alone by almo/ all creatures4 ,9 "s way x mu/ be a disguise4 ,x is a sort ( soap made by ! activity ( small frog-hopp]s :ile !y are /ill 9 ! w+less l>val /age1 be=e !y beg9 to hop4 ,! insect pi]ces ) its %>p m\?-p>ts ! sk9 ( ! plant & sucks 9 sweet sap :i* by & by ov]fl[s ov] its body4 ,x works its body up & d[n _m times1 :ipp+ 9 air1 :i* mixes ) ! sug>y sap1 rem9d+ "o ( h[ :ipp$ egg is made4 ,b along ) ! sug>y sap & ! air1 !re is a little f]m5t f ! food-canal & a little wax f gl&s on ! sk91 & ! f\r ?+s mix$ toge!r make a k9d ( soap :i* la/s ?r\gh ! heat ( ! day4 ,!re are _m o!r modes ( disguise besides ^? :i* we h be5 able to illu/rate4 ,inde$1 ! bigge/ fact is t !re are s _m1 = x br+s u back to ! idea t life is n an easy bus9ess4 ,x is true1 z ,walt ,:itman says1 t animals d n sweat & :9e ab\t _! condition2 p]haps x is true1 z he says1 t n "o is unhappy ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,b !re is ano!r tru?1 t ?is _w is n a place = ! unlit lamp & ! ungirt lo91 & t :5 a creature has n arm\r or weapons or clev]ness x mu/ f9d "s pa? ( safety or g back4 ,"o ( ^! pa?s ( safety is disguise1 & we h illu/rat$ its evolution4 ,v ,,! ,,asc5t ,,( ,,man ,,! ,,asc5t ,,( ,,man #a ,no "o ?9ks less ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton because he 0 born z a v puny infant1 & no "o %\ld ?9k less ( ! human race because x sprang f a /ock ( arboreal mammals4 ,!re is no d\bt z to man's ap>tness f ! re/ ( creation :5 he is se5 at 8 be/--a little l[] ?an ! angels1 cr[n$ ) glory & hon\r4 ,:at a piece ( "w is a man6 ,h[ noble 9 reason6 ,h[ inf9ite 9 faculty6 9 =m & mov+ h[ express & admirable6 9 action h[ l an angel6 9 appreh5sion s l a ,god4 ,nev]!less1 all ! facts po9t to 8 affiliation to ! /ock to :i* monkeys & apes also belong4 ,n1 inde$1 t man is desc5d$ f any liv+ ape or monkey2 x is r t he & !y h sprung f a common ance/ry--are bran*es ( ! same /em4 ,?is conclusion is s mom5t\s t ! reasons = accept+ x mu/ be c>efully consid]$4 ,!y 7 exp\nd$ ) ma/]ly skill 9 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man 9 #ahga--;a book :i* 0 b an expansion ( a *apt] 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei74 ,anatomical ,pro( ( ,man's ,relation%ip ) a ,simian ,/ock ,! anatomical /ructure ( man is closely simil> to t ( ! an?ropoid apes--! gorilla1 ! orang1 ! *impanzee1 & ! gibbon4 ,bone = bone1 muscle = muscle1 blood-vessel = blood-vessel1 n]ve = n]ve1 man & ape agree4 ,z ! cons]vative anatomi/1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 said1 !re is betwe5 !m an all-p]vad+ similitude ( /ructure4 ,diff]5ces1 ( c\rse1 !re are1 b !y are n mom5t\s except man's big bra91 :i* may be ?ree times z heavy z t ( a gorilla4 ,! av]age human bra9 weighs ab\t #dh ounces2 ! gorilla bra9 does n exce$ #bj ounces at its be/4 ,! capacity ( ! human skull is nev] less ?an #ee cubic in*es2 9 ! orang & ! *impanzee ! figures are #bf & #bg-a_/b respectively4 ,we are n sugge/+ t ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( man are su* z c be measur$ & weigh$1 b x is important to notice t ! ma9 seat ( 8 m5tal p[]s is physically f> ahead ( t ( ! highe/ ( ! an?ropoid apes4 ,man alone is ?or\ghly erect aft] 8 infancy is pa/2 8 head weight$ ) ! heavy bra9 does n droop =w>d z ! ape's does2 ) 8 erect attitude !re is p]haps to be associat$ 8 m highly develop$ vocal organs4 ,comp>$ ) an an?ropoid ape1 man has a bigg] & m upright =ehead1 a less protrusive face region1 small] *eek-bones & eyebr[ ridges1 & m uni=m tee?4 ,he is almo/ unique 9 hav+ a *94 ,man plants ! sole ( 8 foot flat on ! gr\nd1 8 big toe is usually 9 a l9e ) ! o!r toes1 & he has a bett] heel ?an any monkey has4 ,! *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! head is to be ?\ght ( 9 connection ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! bra91 & also 9 connection ) ! natural r$uction ( ! muzzle region :5 ! h& 0 fre$ f be+ an organ ( support & became suit$ = grasp+ ! food & convey+ x to ! m\?4 ,ev]yone is famili> 9 man's clo?+ ) traces ( ! pa/ p]si/+ 9 ! pres5t1 ?\gh _! use has long s9ce disappe>$4 ,!re are buttons on ! back ( ! wai/ ( ! morn+ coat to :i* ! tails ( ! coat us$ to be fa/5$ up1 & !re are buttons1 occasionally ) buttonholes1 at ! wri/ :i* 7 once useful 9 turn+ up ! sleeve4 ,! same is true ( man's body1 :i* is a v]itable museum ( relics4 ,"s anatomi/s h made out a li/ ( ov] a hundr$ ( ^! ve/igial /ructures1 & ?\gh ?is numb] is p]haps too high1 !re is no d\bt t ! li/ is long4 ,9 ! inn] upp] corn] ( ! eye !re is a m9ute tag--b l>g] 9 "s races ?an 9 o!rs--:i* is ! la/ dw9dl+ relic ( ! ?ird eyelid1 us$ 9 clean+ ! front ( ! eye1 :i* mo/ mammals possess 9 a l>ge & well-develop$ =m4 ,x c be easily se51 = in/ance1 9 ox & rabbit4 ,9 man & 9 monkeys x has become a useless ve/ige1 & ! dw9dl+ mu/ be associat$ ) ! fact t ! upp] eyelid is mu* m mobile 9 man & monkeys ?an 9 ! o!r mammals4 ,! ve/igial ?ird eyelid 9 man is en\gh ( itself to prove 8 relation%ip ) ! mammals1 b x is only "o example out ( _m4 ,"s ( ^! are discuss$ 9 ! article deal+ ) ! human body1 b we may m5tion ! ve/igial muscles go+ to ! e>-trumpet1 man's dw9dl+ c\nt]p>t ( ! sk9-twit*+ muscle :i* we see a horse use :5 he j]ks a fly (f 8 flanks1 & ! %ort tail :i* 9 ! sev5-weeks-old human embryo is actually long] ?an ! leg4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to a belief 9 ! entire uselessness ( ! v]mi=m app5dix1 :i* gr[s out z a bl9d alley at ! junction ( ! small inte/9e ) ! l>ge1 we are safe 9 say+ t x is a dw9dl+ /ructure--! rema9s ( a bl9d gut :i* mu/ h be5 capaci\s & useful 9 ance/ral =ms4 ,9 "s mammals1 l ! rabbit1 ! bl9d gut is ! bulkie/ /ructure 9 ! body1 & be>s ! v]mi=m app5dix at its f> end4 ,9 man ! app5dix alone is left1 & x tells its tale4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t x is usually long] 9 ! orang ?an 9 man1 & t x is v v>iable1 z dw9dl+ /ructures t5d to be4 ,"o ( ! unpleasant expressions ( ?is v>iability is ! liability to g wrong3 h5ce app5dicitis4 ,n[ ^! ve/igial /ructures are1 z ,d>w9 said1 l ! uns\nd$1 i4e4 functionless1 lett]s 9 words1 su* z ! o 9 leop>d1 ! b 9 d\bt1 ! g 9 reign4 ,!y are ( no use1 b !y tell u some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! words4 ,s d man's ve/igial /ructures reveal 8 p$igree4 ,!y mu/ h an hi/orical or evolution>y significance4 ,no o!r int]pretation is possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,*impanzee1 ,,sitt+ ,! head %[s c]ta9 facial *>act]i/ics1 e4g4 ! beetl+ eyebr[ ridges1 :i* 7 m>k$ 9 ! ,ne&]?al race ( m54 ,note ! %ort5+ ( ! ?umb & ! enl>gem5t ( ! big toe4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,*impanzee1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,walk+ ,,p[]s ,note ! great l5g? ( ! arms & ! relative %ortness ( ! legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,surface ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,bra9s ,,( ,,man 7#a7 ,,& ,,*impanzee 7#b7 ,! human bra9 is mu* l>g] & heavi]1 m dome-l1 & ) mu* m num]\s & complicat$ convolutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,side-,,view ,,( ,,*impanzee',s ,,head4 7,comp>e ) opposite picture47 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] a model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,pr(ile ,,view ,,( ,,head ,,( ,,pi!can?ropus1 ,,! ,,java ,,ape ,,man1 ,,recon/ruct$ ,,f ,,! ,,skull-,,cap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,flipp] ,,( ,a ,,:ale ,,& ,,! ,,h& ,,( ,a ,,man ,9 ! bones & 9 _! arrangem5t !re is a close resemblance 9 ! two cases1 yet ! outcome is v diff]5t4 ,! multiplication ( f+] jo9ts 9 ! :ale is a /rik+ feature4 ,"s m51 (t5] ?an wom51 %[ on ! inturn$ m>g9 ( ! e>-trumpet or p9na1 a little conical projection ( great int]e/4 ,x is a ve/ige ( ! tip ( ! po9t$ e> ( l[] mammals1 & x is well nam$ ,d>w9's po9t4 ,x 0 he :o describ$ x z a surviv+ symbol ( ! /irr+ times & dang]\s days ( man's animal y\?4 #b ,physiological ,pro( ( ,man's ,relation%ip ) a ,simian ,/ock ,! ev]yday functions ( ! human body are practically ! same z ^? ( ! an?ropoid ape1 & simil> disord]s are common to bo?4 ,monkeys may be infect$ ) c]ta9 microbes to :i* man is peculi>ly liable1 su* z ! bacillus ( tub]culosis4 ,d>w9 %[$ t v>i\s human ge/ures & facial expressions h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 monkeys4 ,! sne]+ curl ( ! upp] lip1 :i* t5ds to expose ! can9e too?1 is a case 9 po9t1 ?\gh x may be se5 9 _m o!r mammals besides monkeys--9 dogs1 = in/ance1 :i* are at "s consid]able di/ance f ! simian bran* to :i* man's ance/ors belong$4 ,:5 human blood is transfus$ into a dog or ev5 a monkey1 x behaves 9 a ho/ile way to ! o!r blood1 br++ ab\t a de/ruction ( ! r$ blood corpuscles4 ,b :5 x is transfus$ into a *impanzee !re is an h>moni\s m+l+ ( ! two4 ,?is is a v lit]al demon/ration ( man's blood-relation%ip ) ! high] apes4 ,b !re is a f9] =m ( ! same exp]im5t4 ,:5 ! blood-fluid 7or s]um7 ( a rabbit1 :i* has _h human blood inject$ into x1 is m+l$ ) human blood1 x =ms a cl\dy precipitate4 ,x =ms almo/ z m>k$ a precipitate :5 x is m+l$ ) ! blood ( an an?ropoid ape4 ,b :5 x is m+l$ ) ! blood ( an ,am]ican monkey !re is only a slight cl\d+ aft] a consid]able "t & no actual precipitate4 ,:5 x is add$ to ! blood ( "o ( ! di/antly relat$ half-monkeys or lemurs !re is no reaction or only a v weak "o4 ,) ! blood ( mammals (f ! simian l9e altoge!r !re is no reaction at all4 ,?us1 z a di/+ui%$ an?ropologi/1 ,pr(essor ,s*walbe1 has said3 ,we h 9 ?is n only a pro( ( ! lit]al blood-relation%ip betwe5 man & apes1 b ! degree ( relation%ip ) ! diff]5t ma9 gr\ps ( apes c be det]m9$ beyond possibility ( mi/ake4 ,we c imag9e h[ ?is mod]n l9e ( exp]im5t w\ld h delight$ ,d>w94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gorilla1 ,,inhabit+ ,,! ,,=e/ ,,tract ,,( ,,! ,,gaboon ,,9 ,,africa ,a full-gr[n individual /&s ab\t #e feet high4 ,! gait is %uffl+1 ! /r5g? enorm\s1 ! diet ma9ly veget>ian1 ! temp] r f]oci\s4 ,embryological ,pro( ( ,man's ,relation%ip ) a ,simian ,/ock ,9 8 individual developm5t1 man does 9 "s measure climb up 8 own g5ealogical tree4 ,/ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! body dur+ its n9e mon?s ( ante-natal life are closely simil> to /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! an?ropoid embryo4 ,babies born 9 times ( fam9e or siege are sometimes1 z x 71 imp]fectly f9i%$1 & sometimes h :at may be describ$ z monkeyi% features & ways4 ,a visit to an in/itution = ! c>e ( *ildr5 :o %[ arre/$1 defective1 or di/urb$ developm5t leaves "o sadly impress$ ) ! risk ( slipp+ d[n ! rungs ( ! /eep ladd] ( evolution2 & ev5 9 adults ! occurr5ce ( s]i\s n]v\s di/urbance1 su* z %ell-%ock1 is sometimes m>k$ by relapses to animal ways4 ,x is a famili> fact t a normal baby reveals ! pa/ 9 its surpris+ p[] ( grip1 & ! c>eful exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son %[$ t an infant ?ree weeks old c\ld support its own weight = ov] two m9utes1 hold+ on to a horizontal b>4 ,9 _m cases no sign ( di/ress is ev9c$ & no cry utt]$1 until ! grasp beg9s to give way4 ,?is p]si/5t grasp probably po9ts back to ! "t :5 ! baby _h to cl+ to its arboreal "m4 ,! human tail is repres5t$ 9 ! adult by a fusion ( f\r or five v]tebr =m+ ! coccyx at ! end ( ! backbone1 & is normally conceal$ b5ea? ! fle%1 b 9 ! embryo ! tail projects freely & is movable4 ,up to ! six? mon? ( ! ante-natal sleep ! body is cov]$1 all b ! palms & soles1 ) longi% hair 7! lanugo71 :i* usually disappe>s be=e bir?4 ,?is is a /age 9 ! normal developm5t1 :i* is reasonably int]pret$ z a recapitulation ( a /age 9 ! racial evolution4 ,we draw ?is inf]5ce :5 we f9d t ! unborn (fspr+ ( an almo/ hairless :ale has an abundant repres5tation ( hairs2 we mu/ draw a simil> inf]5ce 9 ! case ( man4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t !re are two s]i\s errors 9 ! c>eless /atem5t (t5 made t man 9 8 developm5t is at "o "t l a little fi%1 at a lat] /age l a little reptile1 at a lat] /age l a little primitive mammal1 & ev5tually l a little monkey4 ,! fir/ error "h is t ! comp>ison %\ld be made ) embryo-fi%1 embryo-reptile1 embryo-mammal1 & s on4 ,x is 9 ! mak+ ( ! embryos t ! great resemblance lies4 ,:5 ! human embryo %[s ! lay+ d[n ( ! ess5tial v]tebrate *>act]s1 su* z bra9 & sp9al cord1 !n x is closely comp>able to ! embryo ( a l[] v]tebrate at a simil> /age4 ,:51 at a subsequ5t /age1 its he>t1 = in/ance1 is ab\t to become a f\r-*amb]$ mammalian he>t1 x is closely comp>able to ! he>t (1 let u say1 a turtle1 :i* nev] becomes m ?an ?ree-*amb]$4 ,! po9t is t 9 ! mak+ ( ! organs ( ! body1 say bra9 & kidneys1 ! embryo ( man pursues a pa? closely correspond+ to ! pa? foll[$ by ! embryos ( o!r backbon$ animals l[] 9 ! scale1 b at successive /ages x p>ts company ) ^!1 ) ! l[e/ fir/ & s on 9 succession4 ,a human embryo is nev] l a little reptile1 b ! develop+ organs pass ?r\gh /ages :i* v closely resemble ! correspond+ /ages 9 l[] types :i* are 9 a g5]al way ance/ral4 ,! second error is t e k9d ( animal1 man includ$1 has f ! fir/ a c]ta9 individuality1 ) peculi> *>act]i/ics :i* are all its own4 ,?is is express$ by ! some:at difficult ^w specificity1 :i* j means t e species is itself & no o!r4 ,s 9 ! developm5t ( ! human embryo1 :ile !re are close resemblances to ! embryos ( apes1 monkeys1 o!r mammals1 & ev51 at e>li] /ages /ill1 to ! embryos ( reptile & fi%1 x has to be admitt$ t we are deal+ f fir/ to la/ ) a human embryo ) peculi>ities ( its own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d>w9',s ,,po9t ,,on ,,human ,,e> 7,,m>k$ ,d4,p47 ,x corresponds to ! tip 7,t7 ( ! e> ( an ord9>y mammal1 z %[n 9 ! h>e's e> bel[4 ,9 ! "y orang ! "p correspond+ to ,d>w9's po9t is /ill at ! tip ( ! e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,russell ,sons4 ,,pr(essor ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,kei?1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cons]vator ( ! ,museum & ,hunt]ian ,pr(essor1 ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons ( ,engl&4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ liv+ an?ropologi/s & a lead+ au?ority on ! antiquity ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley 7by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,macmillan74 ,,skeletons ,,( ,,! ,,gibbon1 ,,orang1 ,,*impanzee1 ,,gorilla1 ,,man ,photographically r$uc$ f diagrams ( ! natural size 7except t ( ! gibbon1 :i* 0 twice z l>ge z nature7 drawn by ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s f specim5s 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,e human be+ beg9s 8 or h] life z a s+le cell--a f]tilis$ egg-cell1 a treasure-h\se ( all ! ages4 ,= 9 ?is liv+ microcosm1 only a small fraction 7#a_/abe7 ( an in* 9 diamet]1 !re is cond5s$--:o c imag9e h[8--all ! natural inh]itance ( man1 all ! legacy ( 8 p>5tage1 ( 8 ance/ry1 ( 8 long pre-human p$igree4 ,d>w9 call$ ! p9head bra9 ( ! ant ! mo/ m>vell\s atom ( matt] 9 ! _w1 b ! human ovum is m m>vell\s /ill4 ,x has m possibilities 9 x ?an any o!r ?+1 yet )\t f]tilisation x w die4 ,! f]tilis$ ovum divides & r$ivides2 !re results a ball ( cells & a sack ( cells2 gradually division ( lab\r becomes ! rule2 !re is a lay+ d[n ( n]v\s sy/em & food-canal1 muscul> sy/em & skeleton1 & s proce$s :at is le>n$ly call$ diff]5tiation4 ,out ( ! app>5tly simple !re em]ges ! obvi\sly complex4 ,z ,ari/otle obs]v$ m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 9 ! develop+ egg ( ! h5 !re soon appe>s ! beat+ he>t6 ,!re is no?+ l ?is 9 ! non-liv+ _w4 ,b to return to ! develop+ human embryo1 !re is =m$ f & above ! embryonic food-canal a skeletal rod1 :i* is call$ ! noto*ord4 ,x ?rills ! imag9ation to le>n t ?is is ! only support+ axis t ! l[] ord]s ( ! backbon$ race possess4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t x does n become ! backbone1 :i* is c]ta9ly "o ( ! ess5tial features ( ! v]tebrate race4 ,! noto*ord is ! support+ axis ( ! pione] backbon$ animals1 namely ! ,lancelets & ! ,r\nd-m\?s 7,cyclo/omes71 su* z ! ,lamprey4 ,!y h no backbone 9 ! /rict s5se1 b !y h ?is noto*ord4 ,x c easily be dissect$ out 9 ! lamprey--a long gri/ly rod4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a %ea? :i* becomes ! backbone ( mo/ fi%es & ( all high] animals4 ,! int]e/+ po9t is t al?\gh ! noto*ord is only a ve/ige 9 ! adults ( ^! types1 x is nev] abs5t f ! embryo4 ,x occurs ev5 9 man1 a %ort-liv$ relic ( ! primeval support+ axis ( ! body4 ,x comes & !n x goes1 leav+ only m9ute traces 9 ! adult4 ,we _c say t x is ( any use1 unless x s]ves z a /imulus to ! developm5t ( its sub/itute1 ! backbone4 ,x is only a piece ( prelim9>y scaffold+1 b !re is no m eloqu5t in/ance ( ! liv+ h& ( ! pa/4 ,"o o!r in/ance mu/ suffice ( :at ,pr(essor ,lull calls ! wond]ful *anges wr\ght 9 ! d>k ( ! ante-natal p]iod1 :i* recapitulate 9 rapid abbreviation ! great evolution>y /eps :i* 7 tak5 by man's ance/ors dur+ ! long night ( ! geological pa/4 ,on ! sides ( ! neck ( ! human embryo !re are f\r pairs ( slits1 ! visc]al clefts1 op5+s f ! beg9n+ ( ! food-canals to ! surface4 ,!re is no d\bt z to _! significance4 ,!y correspond to ! gill-slits ( fi%es & tadpoles4 ,yet 9 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals !y h no connection ) brea?+1 :i* is _! function 9 fi%es & amphibians4 ,inde$1 !y are n ( any use at all1 except t ! fir/ becomes ! ,eu/a*ian tube br++ ! e>-passage into connection ) ! back ( ! m\?1 & t ! second & ?ird h to d ) ! developm5t ( a curi\s organ call$ ! ?ymus gl&4 ,p]si/5t1 nev]!less1 ^! gill-slits are1 recall+ ev5 9 man an aquatic ance/ry ( _m millions ( ye>s ago4 ,:5 all ^! l9es ( evid5ce are consid]$1 !y are se5 to conv]ge 9 ! conclusion t man is d]iv$ f a simian /ock ( mammals4 ,he is solid>y ) ! re/ ( creation4 ,to quote ! clos+ words ( ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man3 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ge1 z x seems to me1 t man ) all 8 noble qualities1 ) sympa?y :i* feels = ! mo/ debas$1 ) b5evol5ce :i* ext5ds n only to o!r m5 b to ! humble/ liv+ creature1 ) 8 ,god-l intellect1 :i* has p5etrat$ into ! movem5ts & con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em--) all ^! exalt$ p[]s--man /ill be>s 9 8 bodily frame ! indelible /amp ( 8 l[ly orig94 ,we %\ld be cle> t ?is view does n say m ?an t man sprang f a /ock common to him & to ! high] apes4 ,^? :o are repell$ by ! idea ( man's d]ivation f a simian type %\ld rememb] t ! !ory implies r m ?an ?is1 namely1 t man is ! outcome ( a g5ealogy :i* has impli$ _m millions ( ye>s ( exp]im5t+ & sift+--! groan+ & travail+ ( a :ole creation4 ,speak+ ( man's m5tal qualities1 ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] says3 ,!y ju/ify ! view t man =ms a new dep>ture 9 ! gradual unfold+ ( ,nature's pr$e/9$ plan4 ,9 any case1 we h to try to squ>e our views ) ! facts1 n ! facts ) our views1 & :ile "o ( ! facts is t man /&s unique & ap>t1 ! o!r is t man is a scion ( a progressive simian /ock4 ,naturali/s h expos$ ! pit :5ce man has be5 digg$ & ! rock :5ce he has be5 hewn1 b x is surely a he>t5+ enc\ragem5t to "k t x is an asc5t1 n a desc5t1 t we h beh9d u4 ,!re is wisdom 9 ,pascal's maxim3 ,x is dang]\s to %[ man too pla9ly h[ l he is to ! animals1 )\t1 at ! same "t1 rem9d+ him ( 8 greatness4 ,x is equally unwise to impress him ) 8 greatness & n ) 8 l[l9ess4 ,x is worse to leave him 9 ignorance ( bo?4 ,b x is v pr(itable to recognise ! two facts4 #c ,man's ,p$igree ,! facts ( anatomy1 physiology1 & embryology1 ( :i* we h giv5 illu/rations1 all po9t to man's affiliation ) ! ord] ( monkeys & apes4 ,to ?is ord] is giv5 ! "n ,primates1 & our fir/ & second "q mu/ be :5 & :5ce ! ,primates began4 ,! rock record answ]s ! fir/ "q3 ! ,primates em]g$ ab\t ! dawn ( ! ,eoc5e era1 :5 grass 0 beg9n+ to cov] ! e>? ) a g>m5t4 ,_! ance/ral home 0 9 ! nor? 9 bo? hemisph]es1 & !n !y migrat$ to ,africa1 ,india1 ,malay1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,primates soon became ext9ct1 & ! same ?+ happ5$ lat] on 9 ,europe4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a repeopl+ f ! ,s\? 79 ! ,l[] ,mioc5e7 & !n a second ext9ction 79 ! ,upp] ,plioc5e7 be=e man appe>$4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce 9 support ( ,pr(essor ,r4 ,s4 ,lull's conclusion1 t 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica ! evolution ( ,primates 0 cont9u\s s9ce ! fir/ great s\?w>d migration1 & !re is1 ( c\rse1 an abundant mod]n repres5tation ( ,primates 9 ^! regions to-day4 ,z to ! second "q3 ,:5ce ! ,primates sprang1 ! answ] mu/ be m conjectural4 ,b x is a reasonable view t ,c>nivores & ,primates sprang f a common ,insectivore /ock1 ! "o ord] div]g+ t[>ds fle%-eat+ & hunt+ on ! gr\nd1 ! o!r ord] div]g+ t[>ds fruit-eat+ & arboreal habits4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,insectivores 7includ+ %rews1 tree-%rews1 h$gehog1 mole1 & ! l7 7 v pla/ic & progressive mammals4 ,:at foll[$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages 0 ! div]g5ce ( bran* aft] bran* f ! ma9 ,primate /em4 ,fir/ !re div]g$ ! ,s\? ,am]ican monkeys on a l9e ( _! own1 & !n ! ,old ,_w monkeys1 su* z ! macaques & baboons4 ,ages pass$ & ! ma9 /ems gave (f 79 ! ,oligoc5e p]iod7 ! bran* n[ repres5t$ by ! small an?ropoid apes--! gibbon & ! siamang4 ,di/9ctly lat] !re div]g$ ! bran* ( ! l>ge an?ropoid apes--! gorilla1 ! *impanzee1 & ! orang4 ,t left a g5]alis$ humanoid /ock sep>at$ (f f all monkeys & apes1 & includ+ ! imm$iate precursors ( man4 ,:5 ?is sift+ out ( a g5]alis$ humanoid /ock took place rema9s v unc]ta91 "s au?orities ref]r+ x to ! ,mioc5e1 o!rs to ! e>ly ,plioc5e4 ,"s w\ld e/imate its date at half a million ye>s ago1 o!rs at two millions6 ,! fact is t que/ions ( *ronology d n z yet admit ( sci5tific /atem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side-,,view ,,( ,,skull ,,( ,,man 7,m7 ,,& ,,gorilla 7,g7 ,notice 9 ! gorilla's skull ! protrusive face region1 ! big eyebr[ ridges1 ! mu* less dom$ cranial cavity1 ! massive l[] jaw1 ! big can9e tee?4 ,notice 9 man's skull ! well-develop$ =ehead1 ! dom$ & spaci\s cranial cavity1 ! abs5ce ( any sn\t1 ! *9 process1 & _m o!r m>k$ diff]5ces sep>at+ ! human skull f ! ape's4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,bra9-,,case ,,( ,,pi!can?ropus1 ,,! ,,java ,,ape-,,man1 ,,z ,,re/or$4 ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,g,r,e,g,o,r ,,f ,,! ,,scanty ,,rema9s ,! re/oration %[s ! l[1 retreat+ =ehead & ! prom95t eyebr[ ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/$ ,,g5ealogical ,,tree ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,an?ropoid ,,apes ,f ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei?2 ! lett]+ to ! "r has be5 slightly simplifi$4 ,we are on firm]1 ?\gh /ill unc]ta91 gr\nd :5 we /ate ! probability t x 0 9 ,asia t ! precursors ( man 7 sep>at$ (f f monkeys & apes1 & began to be t]re/rial r ?an arboreal4 ,pr(essor ,lull po9ts out t ,asia is ne>e/ to ! olde/ kn[n human rema9s 79 ,java71 & t ,asia 0 ! seat ( ! mo/ anci5t civilisations & ! orig9al home ( _m dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants4 ,! probability is t ! cradle ( ! human race 0 9 ,asia4 ,man's ,arboreal ,appr5tice%ip ,at ?is po9t x w be useful to consid] man's arboreal appr5tice%ip & h[ he became a t]re/rial j\rneyman4 ,pr(essor ,wood ,jones has work$ out v conv9c+ly ! !sis t man _h no direct f\r-foot$ ance/ry1 b t ! ,primate /ock to :i* he belongs 0 f its fir/ div]g5ce arboreal4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! lead+ peculi>ities ( ! imm$iate precursors ( man 7 wr\ght out dur+ a long arboreal appr5tice%ip4 ,! fir/ great ga9 ( arboreal life on bip$al erect l9es 7n aft] ! quadrup$al fa%ion ( tree-slo?s1 = in/ance7 0 ! emancipation ( ! h&4 ,! foot became ! support+ & bran*-gripp+ memb]1 & ! h& 0 set free to rea* upw>d1 to hang on by1 to seize ! fruit1 to lift x & hold x to ! m\?1 & to hug ! "y "o close to ! brea/4 ,! h& ?us set free has rema9$ pla/ic--a g5]alis$1 n a specialis$ memb]4 ,mu* has foll[$ f man's h&9ess4 ,! arboreal life _h _m o!r consequ5ces4 ,x l$ to an increas$ fre$om ( movem5t ( ! ?igh on ! hip jo9t1 to muscul> arrangem5ts = balanc+ ! body on ! leg1 to mak+ ! backbone a supple yet /able curv$ pill>1 to a /rongly develop$ coll>-bone :i* is only f\nd well-=m$ :5 ! =e-limb is us$ = m ?an support1 & to a p[] ( oppos+ ! ?umb & ! big toe to ! o!r digits ( ! h& & foot--an obvi\s advantage = bran*-gripp+4 ,b ! evolution ( a free h& made x possible to disp5se ) protrusive lips & gripp+ tee?4 ,?us began ! recession ( ! sn\t region1 ! associat$ enl>gem5t ( ! bra9-box1 & ! br++ ( ! eyes to ! front4 ,! ov]cr[d+ ( ! tee? t foll[$ ! %ort5+ ( ! sn\t 0 "o ( ! taxes on progress ( :i* mod]n man is (t5 rem9d$ 9 8 d5tal tr\bles4 ,ano!r acquisition associat$ ) arboreal life 0 a greatly increas$ p[] ( turn+ ! head f side to side--a mobility v important 9 locat+ s\nds & 9 explor+ ) ! eyes4 ,fur!rmore1 !re came ab\t a flatt5+ ( ! *e/ & ( ! back1 & ! movem5ts ( ! midriff 7or diaphragm7 came to c\nt = m 9 respiration ?an ! movem5ts ( ! ribs4 ,! s5se ( t\* came to be ( m importance & ! s5se ( smell ( less2 ! "p ( ! bra9 receiv+ tid+s f h& & eye & e> came to pr$om9ate ov] ! "p = receiv+ olfactory messages4 ,f9ally1 ! ne$ = c>ry+ ! infant ab\t among ! bran*es mu/ surely h impli$ an int5sification ( family relations1 & fav\r$ ! evolution ( g5tl5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,! ,,gibbon ,,is ,,l[] ,,?an ,,! ,,o!r ,,apes ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,its ,,skull ,,& ,,d5tition1 ,,b ,,x ,,is ,,highly ,,specializ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,adaptation ,,( ,,its ,,limbs ,,to ,,arboreal ,,life ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,new ,york ,zoological ,p>k4 ,,! ,,orang ,,has ,a ,,high ,,r\nd$ ,,skull ,,& ,a ,,long ,,face ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,comp>isons ,,( ,,! ,,skeletons ,,( ,,horse ,,& ,,man ,bone = bone1 ! two skeletons are l "o ano!r1 ?\gh man is a bip$ & ! horse a quadrup$4 ,! backbone 9 man is ma9ly v]tical2 ! backbone 9 ! horse is horizontal except 9 ! neck & ! tail4 ,man's skull is ma9ly 9 a l9e ) ! backbone2 ! horse's at an angle to x4 ,bo? man & horse h sev5 neck v]tebr4 ,man has five digits on ea* limb2 ! horse has only "o digit well develop$ on ea* limb4 ,x may be urg$ t we are atta*+ too mu* importance to ! arboreal appr5tice%ip1 s9ce _m tree-lov+ animals rema9 to-day v innoc5t creatures4 ,to ?is reasonable objection !re are two answ]s1 fir/ t 9 its _m acquisitions ! arboreal evolution ( ! humanoid precursors ( man prep>$ ! way = ! survival ( a human type m>k$ by a great /ep 9 bra9-developm5t2 & second t ! passage f ! humanoid to ! human 0 probably associat$ ) a return to "m e>?4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,lull1 to ^: f9e textbook1 ,organic ,evolution 7#aiag71 we are mu* indebt$1 climatic conditions 9 ,asia 9 ! ,mioc5e or e>ly ,plioc5e 7 su* z to compel ! desc5t ( ! pre-human ance/or f ! trees1 a /ep :i* 0 absolutely ess5tial to fur!r human developm5t4 ,cont95tal elevation & consequ5t aridity l$ to a dw9dl+ ( ! =e/s1 & =c$ ! ape-man to come to e>?4 ,& at ! la/ arose ! man4 ,accord+ to ,lull1 ! desc5t f ! trees 0 associat$ ) ! assumption ( a m erect po/ure1 ) increas$ lib]ation & pla/icity ( ! h&1 ) becom+ a hunt]1 ) exp]im5ts t[>ds clo?+ & %elt]1 ) an explor+ habit1 & ) ! beg9n+ ( communal life4 ,x is a plausible view t ! transition f ! humanoid to ! human 0 effect$ by a discont9u\s v>iation ( consid]able magnitude1 :at is n[adays call$ a mutation1 & t x _h ma9ly to d ) ! bra9 & ! vocal organs4 ,b giv5 ! ga9s ( ! arboreal appr5tice%ip1 ! /imulus ( an en=c$ desc5t to t]ra firma1 & an evolv+ bra9 & voice1 we c recognise accessory factors :i* help$ success to succe$4 ,p]haps ! abs5ce ( great physical /r5g? prompt$ reliance on wits2 ! prolongation ( infancy w\ld help to educate ! p>5ts 9 g5tl5ess2 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! feel+ ( k9%ip w\ld fav\r ! evolution ( family & social life--( :i* !re are _m anticipations at l[] levels4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ! say+3 ,man did n make society1 society made man4 ,a cont9uation ( ! /ory w deal ) ! em]g5ce ( ! primitive types ( man & ! gradual asc5t ( ! mod]n species4 #d ,t5tative ,m5 ,s f> ! /ory has be5 t ( ! sift+ out ( a humanoid /ock & ( ! transition to human k9d1 f ! ance/ors ( apes & m5 to ! man-ape1 & f ! man-ape to man4 ,x looks z if ! sift+-out process _h proce$$ fur!r1 = !re 7 sev]al human bran*es t did n lead on to ! mod]n type ( man4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is repres5t$ by ! scanty fossil rema9s kn[n z ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 f\nd 9 ,java 9 fossilif]\s b$s :i* date f ! end ( ! ,plioc5e or ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e era4 ,p]haps ?is means half a million ye>s ago1 & ! rema9s occurr$ along ) ^? ( "s mammals :i* are n[ ext9ct4 ,un=tunately ! rema9s ( ,pi!can?ropus ! ,erect consi/$ only ( a skull-cap1 a ?igh-bone1 & two back tee?1 s x is n surpris+ t exp]ts %\ld diff] consid]ably 9 _! int]pretation ( :at 0 f\nd4 ,"s h reg>d$ ! rema9s z ^? ( a l>ge gibbon1 o!rs z ^? ( a pre-human ape-man1 & o!rs z ^? ( a primitive man (f ! ma9 l9e ( asc5t4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei?1 ,pi!can?ropus 0 a be+ human 9 /ature1 human 9 gait1 human 9 all its p>ts1 save its bra94 ,! ?igh-bone indicates a height ( ab\t #e feet #g in*es1 "o in* less ?an ! av]age height ( ! m5 ( to-day4 ,! skull-cap indicates a l[1 flat =ehead1 beetl+ br[s1 & a capacity ab\t two-?irds ( ! mod]n size4 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd by ,dubois1 9 #ahid1 9 ,tr9il 9 ,c5tral ,java4 #b4 ,! next (f%oot is repres5t$ by ! ,heidelb]g man 7,homo heidelb]g5sis71 discov]$ ne> ,heidelb]g 9 #aijg by ,dr4 ,s*oet5sack4 ,b ! rema9s consi/$ only ( a l[] jaw & its tee?4 ,along ) ?is relic 7 bones ( v>i\s mammals1 includ+ "s long s9ce ext9ct 9 ,europe1 su* z elephant1 rh9oc]os1 bison1 & lion4 ,! circum/ances indicate an age ( p]haps #cjj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,!re 7 also v crude fl9t implem5ts 7or eoli?s74 ,b ! tee? are human tee?1 & ! jaw seems transitional betwe5 t ( an an?ropoid ape & t ( man4 ,?us !re 0 no *94 ,accord+ to mo/ au?orities ! l[] jaw f ! ,heidelb]g s&-pit mu/ be reg>d$ z a relic ( a primitive type (f ! ma9 l9e ( human asc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,java ,,man 7,pi!can?ropus erectus47 #c4 ,x 0 9 all probability 9 ! ,plioc5e t !re took orig9 ! ,ne&]?al species ( man1 ,homo ne&]?al5sis1 fir/ kn[n f rema9s f\nd 9 #ahef 9 ! ,ne&]?al rav9e ne> ,dsseldorf4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities ,ne&]?al man 0 liv+ 9 ,europe a qu>t] ( a million ye>s ago4 ,o!r specim5s 7 aft]w>ds f\nd else:]e1 e4g4 9 ,belgium 7! m5 ( ,spy71 9 ,france1 9 ,croatia1 & at ,gibralt>1 s t a good deal is kn[n ( ,ne&]?al man4 ,he 0 a loose-limb$ fell[1 %ort ( /ature & ( sl\*+ gait1 b a skilful artific]1 fa%ion+ beautifully work$ fl9ts ) a *>act]i/ic /yle4 ,he us$ fire2 he buri$ 8 dead rev]5tly & furni%$ !m ) an outfit = a long j\rney2 & he _h a big bra94 ,b he _h great beetl+1 ape-l eyebr[ ridges & massive jaws1 & he %[$ simian *>act]s sw>m+ 9 ! details ( 8 /ructure4 ,9 mo/ ( ! po9ts 9 :i* he diff]s f mod]n man he approa*es ! an?ropoid apes1 & he mu/ be reg>d$ z a l[ type ( man (f ! ma9 l9e4 ,huxley reg>d$ ! ,ne&]?al man z a l[ =m ( ! mod]n type1 b exp]t op9ion seems to agree r ) ! view ma9ta9$ 9 #ahfd by ,pr(essor ,william ,k+ ( ,galway1 t ! ,ne&]?al man repres5ts a di/9ct species (f ! ma9 l9e ( asc5t4 ,he disappe>$ ) app>5t sudd5ness 7l "s aborig9al races to-day7 ab\t ! end ( ! ,f\r? ,great ,ice ,age2 b !re is evid5ce t be=e he ceas$ to be !re _h em]g$ a successor r ?an a desc5dant--! mod]n man4 #d4 ,ano!r (f%oot f ! ma9 l9e is probably repres5t$ by ! ,piltd[n man1 f\nd 9 ,sussex 9 #aiab4 ,! rema9s consi/$ ( ! walls ( ! skull1 :i* indicate a l>ge bra91 & a high =ehead )\t ! beetl+ eyebr[s ( ! ,ne&]?al man & ,pi!can?ropus4 ,! f9d includ$ a too? & "p ( a l[] jaw1 b ^! p]haps belong to "s ape1 = !y are v discrepant4 ,! ,piltd[n skull repres5ts ! mo/ anci5t human rema9s z yet f\nd 9 ,brita91 & ,dr4 ,smi? ,woodw>d's e/abli%m5t ( a sep>ate g5us ,eoan?ropus expresses 8 conviction t ! ,piltd[n man 0 (f ! l9e ( ! evolution ( ! mod]n type4 ,if ! too? & piece ( l[] jaw belong to ! ,piltd[n skull1 !n !re 0 a rem>kable comb9ation ( ape-l & human *>act]s4 ,z reg>ds ! bra91 inf]r$ f ! skull-walls1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei? says3 ,all ! ess5tial features ( ! bra9 ( mod]n man are to be se5 9 ! bra9 ca/4 ,!re are "s :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z primitive4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x is built on exactly ! same l9es z our mod]n bra9s4 ,a few m9or alt]ations w\ld make x 9 all respects a mod]n bra94444 ,al?\gh our k ( ! human bra9 is limit$--!re are l>ge areas to :i* we c assign no def9ite function--we may re/ assur$ t a bra9 :i* 0 %ap$ 9 a m\ld s simil> to our own 0 "o :i* respond$ to ! outside _w z ours does4 ,piltd[n man saw1 he>d1 felt1 ?\ght1 & dreamt mu* z we d /ill4 ,& ?is 0 #aej1jjj ye>s ago at a mod]n e/imate1 & "s w\ld say half a million4 ,!re is nei!r agreem5t nor c]ta9ty z to ! antiquity ( man1 except t ! mod]n type 0 di/+ui%able f its collat]als hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! g5]al impression left is v gr&4 ,9 remote antiquity ! ,primate /em div]g$ f ! o!r ord]s ( mammals2 x s5t =? its t5tative bran*es1 & ! result 0 a tangle ( monkeys2 ages pass$ & ! monkeys 7 left beh9d1 :ile ! ma9 /em1 /ill prob+ its way1 gave (f ! ,an?ropoid apes1 bo? small & l>ge4 ,b !y too 7 left beh9d1 & ! ma9 l9e gave (f o!r exp]im5ts--indications ( :i* we "k 9 ,java1 at ,heidelb]g1 9 ! ,ne&]?al1 & at ,piltd[n4 ,none ( ^! la/$ or 0 made p]fect4 ,!y repres5t t5tative m5 :o _h _! day & ceas$ to be1 our pr$ecessors r ?an our ance/ors4 ,/ill1 ! ma9 /em goes on evolv+1 & :o w be bold en\gh to say :at fruit x has yet to be>6 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] a model by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,pr(ile ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,pi!can?ropus1 ,,! ,,java ,,ape-,,man--,,an ,,e>ly ,,(f%oot ,,f ,,! ,,ma9 ,,l9e ,,( ,,man',s ,,asc5t ,! animal rema9s f\nd along ) ! skull-cap1 ?igh-bone1 & two tee? ( ,pi!can?ropus seem to indicate ! l[e/ ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 p]haps #ejj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! recon/ruction by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,piltd[n ,,skull4 ,,! ,,d>k ,,p>ts ,,only ,,are ,,pres]v$1 ,,namely ,,portions ,,( ,,! ,,cranial ,,walls ,,& ,,! ,,nasal ,,bones ,"s au?orities include a can9e too? & "p ( ! l[] jaw :i* 7 f\nd close by4 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd 9 #aiab 9 ,?ames gravels 9 ,sussex1 & are usually reg>d$ z va/ly m anci5t ?an ^? ( ,ne&]?al ,man4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,piltd[n ,man liv$ #ajj1jjj to #aej1jjj ye>s ago1 9 ! ,?ird ,int]glacial p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,osborn's ,m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,,s&-,,pit ,,at ,,mau]1 ,,ne> ,,heidelb]g3 ,,discov]y ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,jaw ,,( ,,heidelb]g ,,man a-b4 ,new] loess1 ei!r ( ,?ird ,int]glacial or ( ,po/glacial times4 b-c4 ,old] loess 7s&y loess71 ( ! close ( ,second ,int]glacial times4 c-f4 ,! s&s ( ,mau]4 d-e4 ,an int]m$iate lay] ( clay4 ,! :ite cross 7,x7 indicates ! spot at ! base ( ! s&s ( ,mau] at :i* ! jaw ( ,heidelb]g 0 discov]$4 ,primitive ,m5 ,anci5t skeletons ( m5 ( ! mod]n type h be5 f\nd 9 _m places1 e4g4 ,combe ,capelle 9 ,dordogne1 ,galley ,hill 9 ,k5t1 ,cro-,magnon 9 ,prigord1 ,m5tone on ! ,rivi]a2 & !y are (t5 ref]r$ to z ,cave-m5 or m5 ( ! ,e>ly ,/one ,age4 ,!y _h l>ge skulls1 high =eheads1 well-m>k$ *9s1 & o!r features su* z mod]n man possesses4 ,!y 7 true m5 at la/--t is to say1 l ourselves6 ,! spirit$ pictures !y made on ! walls ( caves 9 ,france & ,spa9 %[ arti/ic s5se & skill4 ,well-f9i%$ /atuettes repres5t+ nude female figures are also kn[n4 ,! elaborate burial cu/oms po9t to a belief 9 life aft] dea?4 ,!y made /one implem5ts--knives1 scrap]s1 grav]s1 & ! l1 ( ! type kn[n z ,paloli?ic1 & ^! %[ int]e/+ gradations ( skill & peculi>ities ( /yle4 ,! ,cave-m5 liv$ betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? ,ice ,ages1 along ) cave-be>1 cave-lion1 cave-hyna1 mammo?1 woolly rh9oc]os1 ,iri% elk1 & o!r mammals n[ ext9ct--tak+ u back to #cj1jjj-ej1jjj ye>s ago1 & _m w\ld say mu* m4 ,"s ( ! big-bra9$ skulls ( ^! ,paloli?ic cave-m5 %[ n a s+le feature t c\ld be call$ primitive4 ,!y %[ tee? :i* 9 size & =m are exactly ! same z ^? ( a ?\s& g5]ations aft]w>ds--& suff]+ f gumboil too6 ,!re seems little d\bt t ^! vigor\s ,paloli?ic ,cave-m5 ( ,europe 7 liv+ = a :ile contemporane\sly ) ! m5 ( ,ne&]?al1 & x is possible t !y directly or indirectly ha/5$ ! disappe>ance ( _! m primitive collat]als4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 h[ev]1 !y _h n !mselves adequate la/+ p[] 9 ,europe1 = !y seem = ! mo/ "p to h dw9dl$ away1 leav+ p]haps /ray pres5t-day survivors 9 isolat$ di/ricts4 ,! probability is t aft] _! decl9e ,europe 0 repeopl$ by immigrants f ,asia4 ,x _c be said t !re is any inh]5t biological necessity = ! decl9e ( a vigor\s race--_m animal races g back = millions ( ye>s--b 9 mank9d ! hi/orical fact is t a p]iod ( great racial vig\r & success is (t5 foll[$ by a p]iod ( decl9e1 sometimes lead+ to practical disappe>ance z a def9ite race4 ,! causes ( ?is wan+ rema9 v obscure--sometimes environm5tal1 sometimes con/itutional1 sometimes competitive4 ,sometimes ! introduction ( a new p>asite1 l ! mal>ia organism1 may h be5 to blame4 ,aft] ! ,ice ,ages _h pass$1 p]haps #be1jjj ye>s ago1 ! ,paloli?ic culture gave place to ! ,neoli?ic4 ,! m5 :o made rudely dress$ b (t5 beautiful /one implem5ts 7 succe$$ or replac$ by m5 :o made poli%$ /one implem5ts4 ,! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,scotl& 7 ( ?is ,neoli?ic culture1 migrat+ f ! ,cont95t :5 ! ice-fields ( ! ,great ,glaciation _h disappe>$4 ,_! rema9s are (t5 associat$ ) ! ,fifty-foot ,bea* :i*1 ?\gh n[ high & dry1 0 ! sea%ore 9 e>ly ,neoli?ic days4 ,mu* is kn[n ab\t ^! m5 ( ! poli%$ /ones4 ,!y 7 hunt]s1 f[l]s1 & fi%]m52 )\t dome/icat$ animals or agriculture2 %ort folk1 two or ?ree in*es bel[ ! pres5t /&>d2 liv+ an active /r5u\s life4 ,simil>ly1 = ! s\?1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei? pictures = u a ,neoli?ic community at ,coldrum 9 ,k5t1 dat+ f ab\t #d1jjj ye>s ago--a few ticks ( ! geological clock4 ,x consi/$1 9 ?is case1 ( agricultural pione]s1 m5 ) l>ge heads & big bra9s1 ab\t two in*es %ort] 9 /ature ?an ! mod]n ,briti% av]age 7#e ft4 #h 9471 ) bett] tee? & broad] palates ?an m5 h 9 ^! days ( s(t food1 ) beliefs conc]n+ life & dea? simil> to ^? t sway$ _! contempor>ies 9 ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,v int]e/+ is ! manipulative skill !y %[$ on a l>ge scale 9 erect+ /&+ /ones 7probably connect$ ) cal5d>-keep+ & ) wor%ip71 & on a small scale 9 mak+ d>+ op]ations on ! skull4 ,f\r ?\s& ye>s ago is giv5 z a probable date = t e>ly community 9 ,k5t1 b evid5ces ( ,neoli?ic man occur 9 situations :i* dem& a mu* great] antiquity--p]haps #cj1jjj ye>s4 ,& man 0 n "y !n6 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa9t+s ,,on ,,! ,,ro( ,,( ,,! ,,altamira ,,cave ,,9 ,,nor!rn ,,spa91 ,,%[+ ,a ,,bison ,,above ,,& ,a ,,gallop+ ,,bo> ,,bel[ ,! arti/ic draw+s1 ov] #b feet 9 l5g?1 7 made by ! ,re9de] ,m5 or ,cromagn>ds 9 ! "t ( ! ,upp] or ,po/-,glacial ,plei/oc5e1 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,neoli?ic m54 ,we mu/ op5 "o m *apt] 9 ! ?rill+ /ory ( ! ,asc5t ( ,man--! ,metal ,ages1 :i* are 9 a s5se /ill cont9u+4 ,metals began to be us$ 9 ! late ,poli%$ ,/one 7,neoli?ic7 times1 = !re 7 always ov]lapp+s4 ,copp] came fir/1 ,bronze second1 & ,iron la/4 ,! work+ ( copp] 9 ! ,ea/ has be5 trac$ back to ! f\r? mill5nium ,b4,c41 & !re 0 also a v anci5t ,copp] ,age 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t :]e copp] is sc>ce1 z 9 ,brita91 we _c expect to f9d mu* trace ( a ,copp] ,age4 ,! ores ( diff]5t metals seem to h be5 smelt$ toge!r 9 an exp]im5tal way by _m prehi/oric metallurgi/s1 & bronze 0 ! alloy t rew>d$ ! comb9ation ( t9 ) copp]4 ,!re is evid5ce ( a m or less def9ite ,bronze ,age 9 ,egypt & ,babylonia1 ,greece & ,europe4 ,x is n cle> :y iron %\ld n h be5 ! e>lie/ metal to be us$ by man1 b ! ,iron ,age dates f ab\t ! middle ( ! second mill5nium ,b4,c4 ,f ,egypt ! usage spread ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean region to ,nor? ,europe1 or x may h be5 t discov]ies made 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 s ri* 9 iron-m9es1 saturat$ s\?w>ds1 foll[+ = in/ance1 ! r\te ( ! amb] trade f ! ,baltic4 ,comp>$ ) /one1 ! metals af=d$ mu* great] possibilities ( implem5ts1 in/rum5ts1 & weapons1 & _! discov]y & usage _h und\bt$ly great influ5ce on ! ,asc5t ( ,man4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 on 8 desc5t4 ,retrospect ,look+ backw>ds1 we disc]n ! foll[+ /ages3 7#a7 ,! sett+ ap>t ( a ,primate /ock1 m>k$ (f f o!r mammals by a t5d5cy to big bra9s1 a free h&1 greg>i\sness1 & good-hum\r$ talkativ5ess4 7#b7 ,! div]g5ce ( m>mosets & ,new ,_w monkeys & ,old ,_w monkeys1 leav+ a /ock--an an?ropoid /ock--common to ! pres5t-day & ext9ct apes & to mank9d4 7#c7 ,f ?is common /ock ! ,an?ropoid apes div]g$1 f> f ignoble creatures1 & a humanoid /ock 0 set ap>t4 7#d7 ,f ! latt] 7we foll[ ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei? & o!r au?orities7 !re arose :at may be call$1 )\t disp>agem5t1 t5tative or exp]im5tal m51 indicat$ by ,pi!can?ropus ! ,erect1 ! ,heidelb]g man1 ! ,ne&]?al]s1 &1 be/ ( all1 ! e>ly m5 ( ! ,sussex ,weald--h9t$ at by ! ,piltd[n skull4 ,x matt]s little :e!r p>ticul> items are corroborat$ or disprov$--e4g4 :e!r ! ,heidelb]g man came be=e or aft] ! ,ne&]?al]s--! g5]al tr5d ( evolution rema9s cle>4 7#e7 ,9 any case1 ! result 0 ! evolution ( ,homo sapi5s1 ! man we are--a q diff]5t fell[ f ! ,ne&]?al]4 7#f7 ,!n arose v>i\s /ocks ( primitive m51 prov+ ev]y?+ & hold+ fa/ to t :i* is good4 ,!re 7 ! ,paloli?ic peoples1 ) rude /one implem5ts1 a /rong vigor\s race1 b probably1 9 mo/ cases1 supplant$ by fre% exp]im5ts4 ,^! may h aris5 z %oots f ! gr[+ po9t ( ! old race1 or z a fre% (f%oot f m g5]alis$ memb]s at a l[] level4 ,?is is ! et]nal possible victory alike ( ari/ocracy & democracy4 7#g7 ,paloli?ic m5 7 involv$ 9 ! succession ( f\r ,great ,ice ,ages or ,glaciations1 & x may be t ! human race owes mu* to ! alt]nation ( h>d times & easy times--glacial & int]glacial4 ,:5 ! ice-fields cle>$ (f ,neoli?ic man _h 8 inn+s4 7#h7 ,& we h clos$ ! /ory1 9 ! meantime1 ) ! ,metal ,ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,piltd[n ,,man1 ,,prec$+ ,,ne&]?al ,,man1 ,,p]haps #ajj1jjj ,,to #aej1jjj ,,ye>s ,,ago ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,man ,,( ,,la ,,*apelle-,,aux-,,sa9ts ,! m5 ( ?is race liv$ 9 ,europe f ! ,?ird ,int]glacial p]iod ?r\gh ! ,f\r? ,glacial4 ,!y disappe>$ some:at sudd5ly1 be+ replac$ by ! ,mod]n ,man type1 su* z ! ,cromagn>ds4 ,_m reg>d ! ,ne&]?al ,m5 z a di/9ct species4 ,x seems n unfitt+ t we %\ld at ?is po9t s\nd ano!r note--t ( ! man ( feel+4 ,x is cle> 9 ,william ,james's words3 ,bone ( our bone1 & fle% ( our fle%1 are ^! half-bruti% prehi/oric bro!rs4 ,girdl$ ab\t ) ! imm5se d>kness ( ?is my/]i\s univ]se ev5 z we are1 !y 7 born & di$1 suff]$ & /ruggl$4 ,giv5 ov] to fe>ful crime & passion1 plung$ 9 ! blacke/ ignorance1 prey$ ^u by hide\s & grotesque delusions1 yet /eadfa/ly s]v+ ! pr(\nde/ ( ideals 9 _! fix$ fai? t exi/5ce 9 any =m is bett] ?an non-exi/5ce1 !y ev] rescu$ triumphantly f ! jaws ( ev] imm95t de/ruction ! tor* ( life :i*1 ?anks to !m1 n[ lights ! _w = u4 ,races ( ,mank9d ,giv5 a v>iable /ock spread+ ov] div]se t]ritory1 we expect to f9d x splitt+ up into v>ieties :i* may become /eadi$ into races or incipi5t species4 ,?us we h races ( hive-bees1 ,italians1 ,punics1 & s =?2 & ?us !re arose races ( m54 ,c]ta9 types suit$ c]ta9 areas1 & p]iods ( 9-bre$+ t5d$ to make ! di/9ctive peculi>ities ( ea* incipi5t race well-def9$ & /able4 ,:5 ! orig9al peculi>ities1 say1 ( negro & ,mongol1 ,au/ralian & ,caucasian1 arose z brusque v>iations or mutations1 !n !y w\ld h great /ay+ p[] f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,!y w\ld n be readily swamp$ by int]cross+ or av]ag$ (f4 ,peculi>ities & *anges ( climate & surr\nd+s1 n to speak ( o!r *ange-produc+ factors1 w\ld provoke new dep>tures f age to age1 & s fre% racial v5tures 7 made4 ,moreov]1 ! occurr5ce ( out-bre$+ :5 two races met1 9 peace or 9 w>1 w\ld c]ta9ly s]ve to induce fre% />ts4 ,v important 9 ! evolution ( human races mu/ h be5 ! alt]nat+ occurr5ce ( p]iods ( 9-bre$+ 7endogamy71 t5d+ to /ability & sam5ess1 & p]iods ( out-bre$+ 7exogamy71 t5d+ to *angefulness & div]sity4 ,?us we may di/+ui% sev]al m or less cle>ly def9$ primitive races ( mank9d--notably ! ,african1 ! ,au/ralian1 ! ,mongolian1 & ! ,caucasian4 ,! woolly-hair$ ,african race includes ! negroes & ! v primitive bu%m54 ,! wavy-to curly-hair$ ,au/ralian race includes ! ,jungle ,tribes ( ! ,deccan1 ! ,v$da ( ,ceylon1 ! ,jungle ,folk or ,semang1 & ! natives ( unsettl$ p>ts ( ,au/ralia--all sometimes slump$ toge!r z ,pre-,dravidians4 ,! /raight-hair$ ,mongols include ^? ( ,tibet1 ,indo-,*9a1 ,*9a1 & ,=mosa1 ^? ( _m oceanic isl&s1 & ( ! nor? f ,japan to ,lapl&4 ,! ,caucasians include ,m$it]raneans1 ,semites1 ,nordics1 ,afghans1 ,alp9es1 & _m m4 ,!re are v few corn]s ( k m difficult ?an t ( ! ,races ( ,m51 ! *ief reason be+ t !re has be5 s mu* movem5t & migration 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages4 ,"o physical type has m+l$ ) ano!r1 induc+ /range amalgams & novelties4 ,if we />t ) :at might be call$ zoological races or /ra9s diff]+1 = in/ance1 9 _! hair 7woolly-hair$ ,africans1 /raight-hair$ ,mongols1 curly-or wavy-hair$ ,pre-,dravidians & ,caucasians71 we f9d ^! replac$ by peoples :o are mixtures ( v>i\s races1 bre?r5 by civilisation m ?an by blood4 ,z ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie has said1 ! only mean+ ! t]m race n[ c h is t ( a gr\p ( human be+s ^: type has be5 unifi$ by _! rate ( assimilation exce$+ ! rate ( *ange produc$ by ! infiltration ( =eign elem5ts4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! progress ( precise an?ropology w make x possible to di/+ui% ! v>i\s racial /ra9s t make up any p4 ,= ! human s5se ( race is s /rong t x conv9ces u ( reality ev5 :5 sci5tific def9ition is impossible4 ,x 0 ?is ! ,briti% sailor express$ 9 8 answ] to ! "q ,:at is a ,dago8 ,dagoes1 he repli$1 is any?+ wot isn't our sort ( *aps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re/oration ,,by ,a4 ,,=e/i] ,,( ,,! ,,rhodesian ,,man ,,^: ,,skull ,,0 ,,discov]$ ,,9 #aiba ,att5tion may be drawn to ! beetl+ eyebr[ ridges1 ! project+ upp] lip1 ! l>ge eye-sockets1 ! well-pois$ head1 ! /rong %\ld]s4 ,! squatt+ figure is cru%+ se$s ) a /one1 & a cru%] is ly+ on ! rock to 8 "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re/oration ,,by ,a4 ,,=e/i] ,,( ,,! ,,rhodesian ,,man ,,^: ,,skull ,,0 ,,discov]$ ,,9 #aiba ,! figure 9 ! =egr\nd1 hold+ a /aff1 %[s ! erect attitude & ! /raight legs4 ,8 left h& holds a fl9t implem5t4 ,on ! left1 beh9d ! sitt+ figure1 is se5 ! entrance to ! cave4 ,?is new ,rhodesian cave-man may be reg>d$ z a s\!rn repres5tative ( a ,ne&]?al race1 or z an ext9ct type int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,ne&]?al ,m5 & ! ,mod]n ,man type4 ,/eps 9 ,human ,evolution ,real m5 arose1 we believe1 by v>iational uplifts ( consid]able magnitude :i* l$ to big & complex bra9s & to ! p[] ( reason$ disc\rse4 ,9 "s o!r l9es ( mammalian evolution !re 7 f "t to "t great advances 9 ! size & complexity ( ! bra91 z is cle>1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( horses & elephants4 ,! same is true ( birds z comp>$ ) reptiles1 & ev]yone recognises ! high level ( excell5ce t has be5 atta9$ by _! vocal p[]s4 ,h[ ^! great c]ebral advances came ab\t we d n "k1 b x has be5 "o ( ! ma9 tr5ds ( animal evolution to improve ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,two sugge/ions may be made4 ,fir/1 ! prolongation ( ! p]iod ( ante-natal life1 9 intimate physiological p>tn]%ip ) ! "m1 may h made x practicable to />t ! high] mammal ) a mu* bett] bra9 ?an 9 ! l[] ord]s1 l ,insectivores & ,rod5ts1 & /ill m ,m>supials1 :]e ! p]iod be=e bir? 7ge/ation7 is %ort4 ,second1 we "k t ! individual developm5t ( ! bra9 is pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! int]nal secretions ( c]ta9 ductless gl&s notably ! ?yroid4 ,:5 ?is organ is n function+ prop]ly ! *ild's bra9 developm5t is arre/$4 ,x may be t increas$ production ( c]ta9 hormones--itself1 ( c\rse1 to be acc\nt$ =--may h /imulat$ bra9 developm5t 9 man's remote ance/ors4 ,giv5 v>iability along ! l9e ( bett] bra9s & giv5 a process ( discrim9ate sift+ :i* w\ld consi/5tly (f] rew>ds to al]tness & =esight1 to k9-sympa?y & p>5tal c>e1 !re seems no great difficulty 9 imag9+ h[ ,man w\ld evolve4 ,we mu/ n ?9k ( an ,ari/otle or a ,newton except z f9e results :i* ju/ify all ! groan+ & travail+2 we mu/ ?9k ( av]age m51 ( primitive peoples to-day1 & ( our =be>s long ago4 ,we mu/ rememb] h[ mu* ( man's advance is dep5d5t on ! ext]nal regi/ration ( ! social h]itage1 n on ! sl[ly *ang+ natural inh]itance4 ,look+ backw>ds x is impossible1 we ?9k1 to fail to recognise progress4 ,!re is a r+ ( tru? 9 ! f9e description s*ylus gave ( primitive m5 t-- fir/1 behold+ !y beheld 9 va91 &1 he>+1 he>d n1 b1 l %apes 9 dreams1 mix$ all ?+s wildly d[n ! t$i\s "t1 nor knew to build a h\se aga9/ ! sun ) wicket$ sides1 nor any woodwork knew1 b liv$ l silly ants1 b5ea? ! gr\nd1 9 holl[ caves unsunn$4 ,!re came to !m no /eadfa/ sign ( w9t]1 nor ( spr+ fl[]-p]fum$1 nor ( summ] full ( fruit1 b bl9dly & lawlessly !y did all ?+s4 ,contra/ ?is picture ) ! position ( man to-day4 ,he has ma/]$ ! =ces ( ,nature & is le>n+ to use _! res\rces m & m economically2 he has h>ness$ electricity to 8 *>iot & he has made ! e!r c>ry 8 messages4 ,he tapp$ supplies ( mat]ial :i* seem$ = c5turies unavailable1 hav+ le>n$1 = in/ance1 h[ to capture & utilise ! free nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,) 8 telegraph & wireless he has annihilat$ di/ance1 & he has add$ to 8 navigable k+dom ! dep?s ( ! sea & ! heights ( ! air4 ,he has conqu]$ "o disease aft] ano!r1 & ! "y sci5ce ( h]$ity is %[+ him h[ to control 9 8 dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants ! nature ( ! g5]ations yet unborn4 ,) all 8 faults he has 8 e?ical face set 9 ! "r direction4 ,! ma9 l9e ( movem5t is t[>ds ! full] embodim5t ( ! true1 ! beautiful1 & ! good 9 heal?y lives :i* are increas+ly a satisfaction 9 !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,,side-,,view ,,( ,a ,,prehi/oric ,,human ,,skull ,,discov]$ ,,9 #aiba ,,9 ,,brok5 ,,hill ,,cave1 ,,nor!rn ,,rhodesia ,v /rik+ are ! prom95t eyebr[ ridges & ! broad massive face4 ,! skull looks less dom$ ?an t ( mod]n man1 b its cranial capacity is f> above ! l[e/ human limit4 ,! tee? are int]e/+ 9 %[+ m>k$ rott+ or c>ies1 hi!rto unkn[n 9 prehi/oric skulls4 ,9 all probability ! ,rhodesian man 0 an ,african repres5tative ( ! ext9ct ,ne&]?al species hi!rto kn[n only f ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ! re/oration modell$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mc,gregor4 ,a ,,cromagnon ,,man ,,or ,,cromagn>d1 ,,repres5tative ,,( ,a ,,/rong ,,arti/ic ,,race ,,liv+ ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,( ,,france ,,9 ,,! ,,upp] ,,plei/oc5e1 ,,p]haps #be1jjj ,,ye>s ,,ago ,!y seem$ to h liv$ = a :ile contemporane\sly ) ! ,ne&]?al ,m51 & !re may h be5 int]bre$+4 ,"s ,cromagn>ds probably survive1 b ! race z a :ole decl9$1 & !re 0 repopulation ( ,europe f ! ,ea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,osborn's ,m5 ( ! ,old ,/one ,age4 ,,photograph ,,%[+ ,a ,,n>r[ ,,passage ,,9 ,,! ,,cav]n ,,( ,,font-,,de-,,gaume ,,on ,,! ,,beune ,?r\gh\t ! cav]n ! walls are cr[d$ ) engrav+s2 on ! left wall1 %[n 9 ! photograph1 are two pa9t$ bison4 ,9 ! great gall]y !re may be f\nd n less ?an eighty figures--bison1 re9de]1 & mammo?s4 ,a specim5 ( ! la/ is reproduc$ bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mammo? ,,drawn ,,on ,,! ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,font-,,de-,,gaume ,,cav]n ,! mammo? age 0 9 ! ,middle ,plei/oc5e1 :ile ,ne&]?al ,m5 /ill fl\ri%$1 probably f> ov] #cj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,graz+ ,,bison1 ,,delicately ,,& ,,c>efully ,,drawn1 ,,engrav$ ,,on ,a ,,wall ,,( ,,! ,,altamira ,,cave1 ,,nor!rn ,,spa9 ,?is 0 ! "w ( a ,re9de] ,man or ,cromagn>d1 9 ! ,upp] or ,po/-,glacial ,plei/oc5e1 p]haps #be1jjj ye>s ago4 ,firelight mu/ h be5 us$ 9 mak+ ^! cave draw+s & engrav+s4 ,factors 9 ,human ,progress ,_m1 we believe1 7 ! ga9s t rew>d$ ! arboreal appr5tice%ip ( man's ance/ors4 ,_m1 likewise1 7 ! results ( leav+ ! trees & com+ d[n to ! solid e>?--a transition :i* m>k$ ! em]g5ce ( m ?an t5tative m54 ,:at great /eps foll[$8 ,"s ( ! greate/ 7--! work+ out ( a spok5 language & ( ext]nal me?ods ( regi/ration2 ! inv5tion ( tools2 ! discov]y ( ! use ( fire2 ! utilisation ( iron & o!r metals2 ! tam+ ( wild animals su* z dog & %eep1 horses & cattle2 ! cultivation ( wild plants su* z :eat & rice2 & ! irrigation ( fields4 ,all ?r\gh ! ages necessity has be5 ! "m ( inv5tion & curiosity its fa!r2 b p]haps we miss ! he>t ( ! matt] if we =get ! importance ( "s leisure "t--:]e9 to obs]ve & ?9k4 ,if our e>? _h be5 s cl\d$ t ! />s 7 hidd5 f m5's eyes ! :ole hi/ory ( our race w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,= x 0 ?r\gh 8 leisure-"t obs]vations ( ! />s t e>ly man discov]$ ! regul>ity ( ! ye> & got 8 fundam5tal impressions ( ! ord] ( ,nature--on :i* all 8 sci5ce is f\nd$4 ,if we are to ?9k cle>ly ( ! factors ( human progress we mu/ recall ! ?ree great biological ideas--! liv+ organism1 its environm5t1 & its function+4 ,= man ^! mean 7#a7 ! liv+ creature1 ! outcome ( p>5ts & ance/ors1 a fre% expression ( a bodily & m5tal inh]itance2 7#b7 ! surr\nd+s1 includ+ climate & soil1 ! plants & animals ^! all[2 & 7#c7 ! activities ( all sorts1 occupations & habits1 all ! actions & reactions betwe5 man & 8 milieu4 ,9 %ort1 we h to deal ) ,,folk1 ,,place1 ,,"w2 ! ,famille1 ,lieu1 ,travail ( ! ,le,play s*ool4 ,z to ,,folk1 human progress dep5ds on intr9sic racial qualities--notably heal? & vig\r ( body1 cle>ness & al]tness ( m9d1 & an indisp5sable sociality4 ,! mo/ p[]ful factors 9 ! _w are cle> ideas 9 ! m9ds ( en]getic m5 ( good w4 ,! diff]5ces 9 bodily & m5tal heal? :i* m>k races1 & /ocks )9 a p1 j z !y m>k individuals1 are !mselves traceable back to g]m9al v>iations or mutations1 & to ! k9d ( sift+ to :i* ! race or /ock has be5 subject$4 ,easygo+ conditions are n only )\t /imulus to new dep>tures1 !y are )\t ! sift+ :i* progress dem&s4 ,z to ,,place1 x is pla9 t diff]5t areas diff] greatly 9 _! mat]ial res\rces & 9 ! availability ( ^!4 ,moreov]1 ev5 :5 abundant mat]ial res\rces are pres5t1 !y w n make = mu* progress unless ! climate is su* t !y c be readily utilis$4 ,inde$1 climate has be5 "o ( ! great factors 9 civilisation1 "h /imulat+ & !re depress+ en]gy1 9 "o place fav\r+ c]ta9 plants & animals important to man1 9 ano!r place prev5t+ _! pres5ce4 ,moreov]1 climate has sl[ly *ang$ f age to age4 ,z to ,,"w1 ! =m ( a civilisation is 9 "s measure dep5d5t on ! prim>y occupations1 :e!r hunt+ or fi%+1 f>m+ or %eph]d+2 & on ! indu/ries ( lat] ages :i* h a pr(\nd m\ld+ effect on ! individual at lea/4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 say m ?an t ! factors ( human progress h always _h ^! ?ree aspects1 ,folk1 ,place1 ,"w1 & t if progress is to cont9ue on /able l9es x mu/ always recognise ! ess5tial correlation ( fitt] folk 9 body & m9d3 improv$ habits & functions1 alike 9 "w & leisure2 & bett]$ surr\nd+s 9 ! wide/ & deepe/ s5se4 ,,bibliography ,,d>w91 ,,*>les1 ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,,haddon1 ,a4 ,c41 ,races ( ,m54 ,,haddon1 ,a4 ,c41 ,hi/ory ( ,an?ropology4 ,,keane1 ,a4 ,h41 ,man ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,,kei?1 ,,ar?ur1 ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,,lull1 ,r4 ,s41 ,organic ,evolution4 ,,mccabe1 ,,joseph1 ,evolution ( ,civilization4 ,,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r41 ,an?ropology 7,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y74 ,,osborn1 ,h4 ,f41 ,m5 ( ! ,e>ly ,/one ,age4 ,,sollas1 ,w4 ,j41 ,anci5t ,hunt]s & _! ,mod]n ,repres5tatives4 ,,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 ,an?ropology & ,primitive ,culture4 ,,vi ,,evolution ,,go+ ,,on ,,evolution ,,go+ ,,on ,evolution1 z we h se5 9 a previ\s *apt]1 is ano!r ^w = race-hi/ory4 ,x means ! ceaseless process ( ,becom+1 l9k+ g5]ation to g5]ation ( liv+ creatures4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution /ates ! fact t ! pres5t is ! *ild ( ! pa/ & ! p>5t ( ! future4 ,x comes to ?is1 t ! liv+ plants & animals we "k are desc5d$ f ance/ors on ! :ole simpl]1 & ^! f o!rs likewise simpl]1 & s on1 back & back--till we rea* ! fir/ liv+ creatures1 ( :i*1 un=tunately1 we "k no?+4 ,evolution is a process ( racial *ange 9 a def9ite direction1 :]eby new =ms arise1 take root1 & fl\ri%1 alongside ( or 9 ! place ( _! ance/ors1 :i* 7 9 mo/ cases r simpl] 9 /ructure & behavi\r4 ,! rock-record1 :i* _c be wrong1 ?\gh we may read x wrongly1 %[s cle>ly t !re 0 once a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>? :5 ! only backbon$ animals 7 ,fi%es4 ,ages pass$1 & !re evolv$ ,amphibians1 ) f+]s & toes1 scrambl+ on to dry l&4 ,ages pass$1 & !re evolv$ ,reptiles1 9 bewild]+ pr(usion4 ,!re 7 fi%-liz>ds & sea-s]p5ts1 t]re/rial dragons & fly+ dragons1 a prolific & v>i$ /ock4 ,f ! t]re/rial ,d9osaurs x seems t ,birds & ,mammals arose4 ,9 succe$+ ages !re evolv$ all ! v>iety ( ,birds & all ! v>iety ( ,mammals4 ,until at la/ arose ! ,man4 ,! "q is :e!r simil> processes ( evolution are /ill go+ on4 ,we are s ke5ly aw>e ( rapid *anges 9 mank9d1 ?\gh ^! conc]n ! social h]itage mu* m ?an ! fle%-&-blood natural inh]itance1 t we f9d no difficulty 9 ! idea t evolution is go+ on 9 mank9d4 ,we "k ! contra/ betwe5 mod]n man & primitive man1 & we are conv9c$ t 9 ! pa/1 at lea/1 progress has be5 a reality4 ,t deg5]ation may set 9 is an awful possibility--involution r ?an evolution--b ev5 if go+ back became = a "t ! rule1 we _c give up ! hope t ! race w\ld recov] itself & beg9 afre% to g =w>d4 ,= al?\gh !re h be5 retrogressions 9 ! hi/ory ( life1 cont9u$ ?r\gh un?9kably long ages1 & al?\gh great races1 ! ,fly+ ,dragons = in/ance1 h become utt]ly ext9ct1 leav+ no successors :atsoev]1 we feel sure t !re has be5 on ! :ole a progress t[>ds nobl]1 m ma/]ful1 m emancipat$1 m intellig5t1 & bett] =ms ( life--a progress t[>ds :at mank9d at its be/ has always reg>d$ z be/1 i4e4 af=d+ mo/ endur+ satisfaction4 ,s we ?9k ( evolution go+ on 9 mank9d1 evolution *equ]$ by involution1 b on ! :ole progressive evolution4 ,evolution>y ,prospect = ,man ,x is n likely t man's body w admit ( great *ange1 b !re is room = "s improvem5t1 e4g4 9 ! sup]flu\s l5g? ( ! food-canal & ! ov]cr[d+ ( ! tee?4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t !re w be con/itutional *anges1 e4g4 ( prolong$ y\?fulness1 a high] /&>d ( heal?fulness1 & a great] resi/ance to disease4 ,x is ju/ifiable to look =w>d to great improvem5ts 9 intellig5ce & 9 control4 ,! pot5tialities ( ! human bra91 z x is1 are f> f be+ utilis$ to ! full1 & new dep>tures ( promise are ( cont9ual occurr5ce4 ,:at is ( great importance is t ! new dep>tures or v>iations :i* em]ge 9 f9e *ildr5 %\ld be fo/]$1 n nipp$ 9 ! bud1 by ! social environm5t1 education includ$4 ,! evolution>y prospect = man is promis+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,m$ian ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,pe>ly ,,nautilus ,x is only ! l>ge t]m9al *amb] t is occupi$ by ! animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photograph ,,( ,,! ,,entire ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,pe>ly ,,nautilus ,! headqu>t]s ( ! ,nautilus are 9 ! ,indian & ,pacific ,oceans4 ,!y sometimes swim at ! surface ( ! sea1 b !y usually creep sl[ly ab\t on ! floor ( comp>atively %all[ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nautilus ,a section ?r\gh ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus1 ,nautilus pompilius1 common f ,malay to ,fiji4 ,! %ell is (t5 ab\t #i in*es long4 ,! animal lives 9 ! la/ *amb] only1 b a tube 7,s7 runs ?r\gh ! empty *amb]s1 p]=at+ ! p>titions 7,,se74 ,! bulk ( ! animal is m>k$ ,,vm2 ! eye is %[n at ,e2 a hood is m>k$ ,h2 r\nd ! m\? !re are num]\s lobes 7,l7 be>+ protrusible t5tacles1 "s ( :i* are %[n4 ,:5 ! animal is swimm+ ne> ! surface ! t5tacles radiate out 9 all directions1 & x has be5 describ$ z a %ell ) some?+ l a caulifl[] /ick+ out ( x4 ,! ,pe>ly ,nautilus is a good example ( a cons]vative type1 = x began 9 ! ,triassic ,era4 ,b ! family ( ,nautiloids to :i* x belongs illu/rates v vividly :at is meant by a dw9dl+ race4 ,! ,nautiloids began 9 ! ,cambrian1 rea*$ _! gold5 age 9 ! ,silurian1 & began to decl9e m>k$ly 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,!re are #b1ejj ext9ct or fossil species ( ,nautiloids1 & only #d liv+ to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,%oebill ,a bird ( a savage nature1 nev] mix+ ) o!r m>% birds4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,*alm]s ,mit*ell1 x %[s aff9ities to h]ons1 /orks1 pelicans1 & gannets1 & is a repres5tative ( a type equal to bo? h]ons & /orks & fall+ betwe5 ! two4 ,b x is v important to realise t among plant & animals likewise1 ,evolution is go+ on4 ,! ,f\nta9 ( ,*ange3 ,v>iability ,on an ord9>y big clock we d n readily see t ev5 ! m9ute h& is mov+1 & if ! clock /ruck only once 9 a hundr$ ye>s we c conceive ( p argu+ :e!r ! h&s did really move at all4 ,s x (t5 is ) ! *anges t g on f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 liv+ creatures4 ,! flux is s sl[1 l ! fl[+ ( a glaci]1 t "s p fail to be conv9c$ ( its reality4 ,& x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be admitt$ t "s k9ds ( liv+ creatures1 l ! ,lamp-%ell ,ligula or ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus1 h>dly *ange f age to age1 :]eas o!rs1 l "s ( ! birds & butt]flies1 are always giv+ rise to some?+ new4 ,! ,ev5+ ,primrose among plants1 & ! ,fruit-fly1 ,drosophila1 among animals1 are well-kn[n examples ( organisms :i* are at pres5t 9 a sport+ or mutat+ mood4 ,c]ta9 d>k v>ieties ( mo?1 e4g4 ( ! ,pepp]$ ,mo?1 are tak+ ! place ( ! pal] type 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 & ! same is true ( "s d>k =ms ( ,sug>-bird 9 ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s4 ,v important is ! piece ( /ati/ics work$ out by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,c4 ,punnett1 t if a population conta9s 4#jja p] c5t ( a new v>iety1 & if t v>iety has ev5 a #e p] c5t selection advantage ov] ! orig9al =m1 ! latt] w almo/ completely disappe> 9 less ?an a hundr$ g5]ations4 ,?is sort ( ?+ has be5 go+ on all ov] ! _w = untold ages1 & ! face ( animate nature has consequ5tly *ang$4 ,we are impress$ by /rik+ novelties t crop up--a clev] dw>f1 a musical g5ius1 a calculat+ boy1 a cock ) a #aj ft4 tail1 a wond]-horse ) a mane rea*+ to ! gr\nd1 a tailless cat1 a :ite blackbird1 a copp] bee*1 a ,great] ,cel&9e ) mu* cut up leaves2 b ?is sort ( mutation is common1 & small]1 less brusque v>iations are common] /ill4 ,!y =m ! raw mat]ials ( possible evolution4 ,we are actually /&+ be=e an app>5tly inexhau/ible f\nta9 ( *ange4 ,?is is evolution go+ on4 ,! ,sport+ ,jellyfi% ,x is ( int]e/ to consid] a common animal l ! jellyfi% ,aurelia4 ,x is admirably suit$ = a leisurely life 9 ! op5 sea1 :]e x swims ab\t by contract+ its sauc]-%ap$ body1 ?us driv+ wat] out f its concavity4 ,by means ( millions ( /++ cells on its f\r frill$ lips & on its m>g9al t5tacles x is able to p>alyse & lasso m9ute cru/aceans & ! l1 :i* x !n wafts into its m\?4 ,x has a v ev5tful life-hi/ory1 = x has 9 its e>ly y\? to pass ?r\gh a fix$ /age1 fa/5$ to rock or seawe$1 b x is a successful animal1 well suit$ = its habitat1 & practically cosmopolitan 9 its di/ribution4 ,x is c]ta9ly an old-e/abli%$ creature4 ,yet x is v v>iable 9 col\r & 9 size1 & ev5 9 int]nal /ructure4 ,v (t5 x is ! size ( a sauc] or a s\p-plate1 b giants ov] two feet 9 diamet] are well kn[n4 ,mu* m important1 h[ev]1 ?an v>iation 9 col\r & size are ! inborn *anges 9 /ructure4 ,normally a jellyfi% has its p>ts 9 f\r or multiples ( f\r4 ,?us x has f\r frill$ lips1 f\r tufts ( dige/ive filam5ts 9 its /oma*1 & f\r brightly col\r$ reproductive organs4 ,x has eight s5se-organs r\nd ! m>g9 ( its disc1 eight bran*$ & eight unbran*$ radial canals runn+ f ! c5tral /oma* to a canal r\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,! po9t ( giv+ ^! details is j ?is1 t e n[ & !n we f9d a jellyfi% ) its p>ts 9 sixes1 fives1 or ?rees1 & ) a multitude ( m9or idiosyncrasies4 ,ev5 9 ! well-e/abli%$ jellyfi% !re is a f\nta9 ( *ange4 #a ,evolution ( ,plants ,x is in/ructive to look at ! v>i\s k9ds ( cabbages1 su* z caulifl[] & ,brussels spr\ts1 kale & curly gre5s1 & rememb] t !y are all scions ( ! n v promis+ wild cabbage f\nd on our %ores4 ,& are n all ! ari/ocrat apple-trees ( our or*>ds desc5d$ f ! plebeian crab-apple ( ! roadside8 ,we "k f> too little ab\t ! precise orig9 ( our cultivat$ plants1 b !re is no d\bt t aft] man got a hold ( !m he took advantage ( _! v>iability to e/abli% race aft] race1 say1 ( rose & *rysan!mum1 ( potato & c]eal4 ,! evolution ( cultivat$ plants is cont9u+ be=e our eyes1 & ! creations ( ,mr4 ,lu!r ,burbank1 su* z ! /oneless plum & ! primus b]ry1 ! sp9eless cactus & ! ,%a/a daisy1 are m]ely /rik+ in/ances ( :at is always go+ on4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! dome/ic dog has ris5 ?ree times1 f ?ree di/9ct ance/ors--a wolf1 a jackal1 & a coyote4 ,s a multiple p$igree mu/ be all[$ = 9 ! case ( ! dog1 & ! same is true 9 reg>d to "s o!r dome/icat$ animals4 ,b ! big fact is ! great v>iety ( bre$s t man has be5 able to fix1 aft] he once got />t$ ) a dome/icat$ type4 ,!re are ov] #bjj well-m>k$ bre$s ( dome/ic pigeons1 & !re is v /rong evid5ce t all are desc5d$ f ! wild rock-dove1 j z ! num]\s k9ds ( p\ltry are desc5d$ f ! jungle-f[l ( "s p>ts ( ,india & ! ,malay ,isl&s4 ,ev5 m famili> is ! way 9 :i* man has1 s to speak1 unpack$ ! complex fur ( ! wild rabbit1 & e/abli%$ all ! num]\s col\r-v>ieties :i* we see among dome/ic rabbits4 ,& ap>t f col\r-v>ieties !re are long-hair$ ,angoras & qua9t lop-e>$ =ms1 & _m m besides4 ,all ?is po9ts to evolution go+ on4 ,! ,romance ( ! ,:eat ,x is well-kn[n t ,neoli?ic man grew :eat1 & "s au?orities h put ! date ( ! fir/ :eat h>ve/ at betwe5 fifte5 ?\s& & t5 ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! anci5t civilisations ( ,babylonia1 ,egypt1 ,crete1 ,greece1 & ,rome 7 l>gely bas$ on :eat1 & x is highly probable t ! fir/ great :eatfields 7 9 ! f]tile l& betwe5 ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,! olde/ ,egyptian tombs t conta9 :eat1 :i*1 by ! way1 nev] g]m9ates aft] its mill5nia ( re/1 belong to ! ,fir/ ,dyna/y1 & are ab\t six ?\s& ye>s old4 ,b !re mu/ h be5 a long hi/ory ( :eat be=e t4 ,n[ x is a v int]e/+ fact t ! almo/ c]ta9 ance/or ( ! cultivat$ :eat is at pres5t liv+ on ! arid & rocky slopes ( ,m\nt ,h]mon4 ,x is call$ ,triticum h]monis1 & x is v>y+ notably to-day1 z x did long ago :5 x gave rise to ! emm]1 :i* 0 cultivat$ 9 ! ,neoli?ic ,age & is ! ance/or ( all our ord9>y :eats4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( ,neoli?ic man notic+ ! big se$s ( ?is ,h]mon grass1 ga!r+ "s ( ! heads1 break+ ! brittle spikelet-be>+ axis 9 8 f+]s1 knock+ (f ! r\gh awns or bruis+ ! spikelets 9 8 h& till ! glumes or *aff sep>at$ (f & c\ld be bl[n away1 *ew+ a m\?ful ( ! se$s--& resolv+ to s[ & s[ aga94 ,t 0 ! beg9n+ ( a long /ory1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* man took advantage ( ! num]\s v>iations t cropp$ up 9 ?is sport+ /ock & e/abli%$ "o successful race aft] ano!r on 8 fields4 ,virgil ref]s 9 ! ,georgics to ! ga!r+ ( ! l>ge/ & fulle/ e>s ( :eat 9 ord] to get good se$ = ano!r s[+1 b x 0 n till ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! great /ep 0 tak51 by m5 l ,patrick ,%]iff ( ,hadd+ton1 ( delib]ately select+ individual e>s ( great excell5ce & segregat+ _! prog5y f m+l+ ) m$iocre /ock4 ,?is is ! me?od :i* has be5 foll[$ ) rem>kable success 9 mod]n times4 ,"o ( ! factors t assi/$ ! ,allies 9 ov]com+ ! food crisis 9 ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! w> 0 ! virtue ( ,m>quis ,:eat1 a v prolific1 e>ly rip5+1 h>d r$ spr+ :eat ) excell5t mill+ & bak+ qualities4 ,x is n[ ! dom9ant spr+ :eat 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x has enorm\sly increas$ ! real weal? ( ! _w 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s 7#aiba74 ,n[ our po9t is simply t ?is ,m>quis ,:eat is a f9e example ( evolution go+ on4 ,9 #aiag upw>ds ( #bej1jjj1jjj bu%els ( ?is :eat 7 rais$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 #aiah upw>ds ( #cjj1jjj1jjj bu%els2 yet ! :ole orig9at$ f a s+le gra9 plant$ 9 an exp]im5tal plot at ,ottawa by ,dr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,saund]s s rec5tly z ! spr+ ( #aijc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,walk+-,,fi% ,,or ,,mud-,,skipp] 7,,p]ioph?almus71 ,,common ,,at ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,riv]s ,,9 ,,tropical ,,africa1 ,,asia1 ,,& ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,au/ralia ,x skips ab\t by means ( its /rong pectoral f9s on ! mud-flats2 x jumps f /one to /one hunt+ small %ore-animals2 x climbs up ! roots ( ! mangrove-trees4 ,! close-set eyes protrude greatly & are v mobile4 ,! tail seems to help 9 respiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,! ,times4 ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,m-,,pork ,,or ,,pod>gus ,a bird ) a frog-l m\?1 alli$ to ! ,briti% ,nightj>4 ,n[ 9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,! capaci\s m\? is well suit$ = engulf+ l>ge insects su* z locu/s & mantises1 :i* are mo/ly caught on ! trees4 ,dur+ ! day ! ,m-pork or ,frog-m\? sleeps upright on a bran*1 & its mottl$ br[n plumage makes x almo/ invisible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pelican',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,cat*+ ,,& ,,/or+ ,,fi%es ,!re is an enorm\s dilatable sac b5ea? ! l[] jaw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hornbill',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,excavat+ ,a ,,ne/ ,,9 ,a ,,tree1 ,,& ,,also ,,= ,,seiz+ ,,& ,,break+ ,,div]se ,,=ms ,,( ,,food1 ,,f ,,mammals ,,to ,,tortoises1 ,,f ,,roots ,,to ,,fruits ,! use ( ! helmet or casque is obscure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spoonbill',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,sift+ ,,! ,,mud ,,& ,,cat*+ ,,! ,,small ,,animals1 ,e4,g4 ,,fi%es1 ,,cru/aceans1 ,,insect ,,l>v1 ,,:i* ,,live ,,!re ,illu/ration3 ,,falcon',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,seiz+1 ,,kill+1 ,,& ,,te>+ ,,small ,,mammals ,,& ,,birds ,illu/ration3 ,,avocet',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,a ,,curi\s ,,sideways ,,scoop+ ,,9 ,,! ,,%ore-,,pools ,,& ,,cat*+ ,,small ,,animals ,illu/ration3 ,,puff9',s ,,bill1 ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,cat*+ ,,small ,,fi%es ,,ne> ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,sea1 ,,& ,,= ,,hold+ ,,!m ,,:5 ,,caught ,,& ,,c>ry+ ,,!m ,,to ,,! ,,ne/ ,! scaly cov]+ is m\lt$ 9 ! autumn4 ,we mu/ n dwell too long on ?is p>ticul> in/ance ( evolution1 ?\gh x has meant mu* to our race4 ,we wi%1 h[ev]1 foll[+ ,pr(essor ,bull]'s ,essays on ,:eat 7#aiai71 to expla9 ! me?od by :i* ?is good se$ 0 discov]$4 ,f "o we may le>n all4 ,! p>5t ( ,m>quis ,:eat on ! male side 0 ! mid-,europe ,r$ ,fife--a fir/-class c]eal4 ,! p>5t on ! female side 0 less promis+1 a r nondescript1 n pure-br$ :eat1 call$ ,r$ ,calcutta1 :i* 0 import$ f ,india into ,canada ab\t ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! fa!r 0 "p ( a c>go t came f ! ,baltic to ,glasg[1 & 0 happily includ$ 9 a sample s5t on to ,david ,fife 9 ,ont>io ab\t #ahdb4 ,f "o k]nel ( ?is sample ,david ,fife />t$ 8 /ock ( ,r$ ,fife1 :i* 0 cross$ by ,dr4 ,saund]s ) ,h>d ,r$ ,calcutta4 ,! result ( ! cross 0 a m$ley ( types1 ne>ly a hundr$ v>ieties altoge!r1 & x 0 9 scrut9is+ ^! t ,dr4 ,saund]s hit ^u ,m>quis4 ,he work$ /eadily ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 /udy+ head aft] head ( :at result$ f s[+1 & select+ out ^? t gave mo/ promise4 ,ea* ( ! heads select$ 0 propagat$2 mo/ ( ! results 7 reject$2 ! elect 7 sift$ aga9 & yet aga91 & f9ally ,m>quis ,:eat em]g$1 ri* 9 con/ructive possibilities1 probably ! mo/ valuable food-plant 9 ! _w4 ,x is l a romance to read t ! fir/ crop ( ! :eat t 0 de/9$ )9 a doz5 ye>s to ov]tax ! mightie/ elevators 9 ! l& 0 /or$ away 9 ! w9t] ( #aijd-e 9 a pap] packet no l>g] ?an an envelope4 ,?us f ! ,wild ,:eat ( ,m\nt ,h]mon !re evolv$ "o ( ! mo/ important food-plants ( ! _w4 ,?is surely is ,evolution go+ on4 #b ,*anges 9 ! ,animal ,life ( a ,c\ntry ,no?+ gives u a m conv9c+ impression ( evolution 9 be+ ?an a succession ( pictures ( ! animal life ( a c\ntry 9 diff]5t ages4 ,dr4 ,james ,rit*ie1 a naturali/ ( di/9ction1 has writt5 a ma/]ly book1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,man on ,animal ,life 9 ,scotl& 7#aibj71 9 :i* we get ?is succession ( pictures4 ,)9 itself1 he says1 a fauna is 9 a con/ant /ate ( uneasy re/lessness1 an assemblage ( creatures :i* 9 its p>ts ebbs & fl[s z "o local influ5ce or ano!r plays ^u x4 ,!re are tempor>y & local *anges1 endless di/urbances & readju/m5ts ( ! balance ( nature4 ,"o ye> !re is a plague ( field-voles1 p]haps next ye> gr\se disease is rife2 9 "o place !re is huge increase ( />l+s1 9 ano!r place ( rabbits2 "h cock*af]s are 9 ! asc5dant1 & !re ! moles are spoil+ ! pa/ure4 ,b :ile ! p>ts fluctuate1 ! fauna z a :ole foll[s a pa? ( its own4 ,z well z int]nal tides :i* sw+ to & fro ab\t an av]age level1 !re is a drift :i* c>ries ! fauna bodily along an 'irretraceable c\rse4' ,?is is p>tly due to consid]able *anges ( climate1 = climate calls ! tune to :i* liv+ creatures dance1 b x is also due to new dep>tures among ! animals !mselves4 ,we ne$ n g back to ! ext9ct animals & lo/ faunas ( pa/ ages--= ,brita9 has pl5ty ( relics ( ^!--:i* illu/rate ! reality ( ! faunal drift1 b x may be v useful1 9 illu/ration ( evolution 9 be+1 to notice :at has happ5$ 9 ,scotl& s9ce ! end ( ! ,great ,ice ,age4 ,"s n9e ?\s& ye>s ago or m1 c]ta9 long-head$1 squ>e-jaw$1 %ort-limb$1 b agile hunt]s & fi%]m51 :om we call ,neoli?ic ,man1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,scotl&4 ,:at 0 ! /ate ( ! c\ntry !n8 ,x 0 a c\ntry ( swamps1 l[ =e/s ( bir*1 ald]1 & will[1 f]tile mead[s1 & sn[-capp$ m\nta9s4 ,its e/u>ies p5etrat$ fur!r inl& ?an !y n[ d1 & ! sea /ood at ! level ( ! ,fifty-,foot ,bea*4 ,on its pla9s & 9 its =e/s roam$ _m creatures :i* are /range to ! fauna ( to-day--! ,elk & ! ,re9de]1 ,wild ,cattle1 ! ,wild ,bo> & p]haps ,wild ,horses1 a fauna ( l>ge animals :i* paid toll to ! ,european ,lynx1 ! ,br[n ,be> & ! ,wolf4 ,9 all likelihood1 ! m>%es res\nd$ to ! boom ( ! ,bitt]n & ! pla9s to ! bre$+ calls ( ! ,crane & ! ,great ,bu/>d4 ,su* is ,dr4 ,rit*ie's initial picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,frog #a1 ,be=e hat*+2 #b1 newly hat*$ l>v hang+ on to wat]-we$2 #c1 ) ext]nal gills2 #d1 ext]nal gills are cov]$ ov] & are absorb$2 #e1 limbless l>va ab\t a mon? old ) int]nal gills2 #f1 tadpole ) h9d-legs1 ab\t two mon?s old2 #g1 ) ! =e-limbs em]g+2 #h1 ) all f\r legs free2 #i1 a "y frog1 ab\t ?ree mon?s old1 %[+ ! almo/ complete absorption ( ! tail & ! *ange ( ! tadpole m\? into a frog m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d4 ,f4,e4,s4 ,,h9d-,,leg ,,( ,,:irligig ,,beetle ,,:i* ,,has ,,become ,,beautifully ,,modifi$ ,,= ,,aquatic ,,locomotion ,! flatt5$ tips =m an exp&+ fan or paddle1 :i* op5s & closes ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,! clos+ ( ! fan1 l ! fea!r+ ( an o>1 r$uces friction :5 ! leg is be+ mov$ =w>ds = ! next /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,big ,,robb]-,,crab 7,birgus ,latro71 ,,t ,,climbs ,,! ,,coco-,,nut ,,palm ,,& ,,breaks ,,(f ,,! ,,nuts ,x occurs on isl&s 9 ! ,indian ,ocean & ,pacific1 & is (t5 f\nd f> above sea-level4 ,x is able to brea! dry air4 ,"o is se5 em]g+ f its burr[1 :i* is (t5 l9$ ) coco-nut fibre4 ,! empty coco-nut %ell is sometimes us$ by ! ,robb]-,crab = ! protection ( its tail4 ,n[ :at happ5$ 9 ?is k+dom ( ,cal$onia :i* ,neoli?ic ,man _h f\nd8 ,he began to introduce dome/icat$ animals1 & t meant a ?9n+ ( ! ranks ( pr$aci\s creatures4 ,safety fir/ 0 ! dang]\s motto 9 ob$i5ce to :i* man ext]m9at$ ! lynx1 ! br[n be>1 & ! wolf4 ,o!r creatures1 su* z ! great auk1 7 de/roy$ = food1 & o!rs l ! m>t5 = _! furs4 ,small pe/s 7 de/roy$ to protect ! beg9n+s ( agriculture2 l>g] animals l ! bo> 7 hunt$ out ( exi/5ce2 o!rs1 l ! pe>l-be>+ riv]-mussels1 yield$ to subtl] dem&s4 ,no d\bt !re 0 protection also--protection = sport1 = utility1 = /hetic reasons1 & because ( humane s5tim5ts2 ev5 :olesome sup]/itions h safegu>d$ ! rob9 r$brea/ & ! wr54 ,!re 7 introductions too--! rabbit = utility1 ! pheasant = sport1 & ! peacock = am5ity4 ,& e introduction1 e protection1 e kill+ out _h its f>-rea*+ influ5ces4 ,b if we are to picture ! evolution go+ on1 we mu/ ?9k also ( man's indirect int]f]5ce ) animal life4 ,he de/roy$ ! =e/s1 he cultivat$ ! wild1 he made bridges1 he all[$ ali5s1 l rats & cockroa*es1 to get 9 unaw>es4 ,( c\rse1 he (t5 did good1 z :5 he dra9$ swamps & got rid ( ! mosquitoes :i* once made mal>ia rife 9 ,scotl&4 ,:at has be5 ! net result8 ,n1 z "o might ?9k = a mom5t1 a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals4 ,f\rte5 or s species ( birds & bea/s h be5 bani%$ f ,scotl& s9ce man int]f]$1 b z f> z numb]s g !y h be5 m ?an replac$ by delib]ate introductions l fall[ de]1 rabbit1 squirrel1 & pheasant1 & by accid5tal introductions l rats & cockroa*es4 ,b ! *ange is r 9 quality ?an 9 quantity2 ! small] h tak5 ! place ( ! l>g]1 r paltry pigmies ( noble giants4 ,?us we get a vivid idea t evolution1 especially :5 man int]f]es1 is n necess>ily progressive4 ,t dep5ds on ! nature ( ! sieves ) :i* ! liv+ mat]ials are sift$4 ,z ,dr4 ,rit*ie well says1 ! /&>d ( ! wild fauna z reg>ds size has fall5 & is fall+1 & x is n 9 size only t !re is loss1 !re is a det]ioration ( quality4 ,= h[ c ! increase ( ,rabbits & ,sp>r[s & ,e>?worms & ,cat]pill>s1 & ! addition ( millions ( ,rats & ,co*roa*es & ,crickets & ,bugs1 ev] take ! place ( ^? f9e creatures r\nd ! memories ( :i* ! glam\r ( ,scotl&'s pa/ /ill plays--! ,re9de] & ! ,elk1 ! ,wolf1 ! ,br[n ,be>1 ! ,lynx1 & ! ,beav]1 ! ,bu/>d1 ! ,crane1 ! ,bumbl+ ,bitt]n1 & _m ano!r1 lo/ or disappe>+4 ,?us we see aga9 t evolution is go+ on4 #c ,! ,adv5tur]s ,all ?r\gh ! millions ( ye>s dur+ :i* animals h t5ant$ ! e>? & ! wat]s "u ! e>?1 !re has be5 a se>* = new k+doms to conqu]1 = new corn]s 9 :i* to make a home4 ,& ?is /ill goes on4 ,x has be5 & is "o ( ! me?ods ( evolution to fill e ni*e ( opportunity4 ,!re is a spid] t lives inside a pit*]-plant1 cat*+ "s ( ! inquisitive insects :i* slip d[n ! trea*]\s int]nal surface ( ! trap4 ,!re is ano!r t makes its home 9 crevices among ! rocks on ! %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 or ev5 9 empty tubul> %ells1 keep+ ! wat] out1 m or less successfully1 by sp9n+ ?reads ( silk across ! entrance to its retreat4 ,! beautiful br9e-%rimp1 ,artemia sal9a1 t us$ to occur 9 ,briti% salt]ns has f\nd a home 9 ! d5se wat]s ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake ( ,utah4 ,sev]al k9ds ( e>?worms h be5 f\nd up trees1 & !re is a fi%1 ,arges1 t climbs on ! /ones ( /eep m\nta9 torr5ts ( ! ,&es4 ,! intrepid explor]s ( ! ,scotia voyage f\nd q a numb] ( ,arctic t]ns sp5d+ our w9t] )9 ! summ] ( ! ,ant>ctic ,circle--:i* means girdl+ ! globe f pole to pole2 & e n[ & !n !re are incursions ( r>e birds1 l ,pallas's ,s&-gr\se1 into ,brita91 j z if !y 7 prospect+ 9 se>* ( a promis$ l&4 ,twice or ?rice ! di/9ctively ,nor? ,am]ican ,killde] ,plov] has be5 f\nd 9 ,brita91 hav+ someh[ or o!r got across ! ,atlantic4 ,we miss "p ( ! mean+ ( evolution if we d n cat* ?is note ( insurg5ce & adv5ture1 :i* "s animal or o!r nev] ceases to s\nd1 ?\gh _m e/abli% !mselves 9 a security n easily di/urb$1 & ?\gh a small m9ority give up ! /ruggle aga9/ ! /ream & are cont5t to acquiesce1 z p>asites or rott5ness eat]s1 9 a drift+ life ( ease4 ,m important ?an v peculi> cases is ! broad fact t ov] & ov] aga9 9 diff]5t gr\ps ( animals !re h be5 attempts to ma/] diff]5t k9ds ( haunts--su* z ! und]gr\nd _w1 ! trees1 ! fre%wat]s1 & ! air4 ,!re are burr[+ amphibians1 burr[+ reptiles1 burr[+ birds1 & burr[+ mammals2 !re are tree-toads1 tree-snakes1 tree-liz>ds1 tree-kang>oos1 tree-slo?s1 tree-%rews1 tree-mice1 tree-porcup9es1 & s on2 en\gh ( a li/ to %[1 )\t m5tion+ birds1 h[ _m diff]5t k9ds ( animals h ent]$ ^u an arboreal appr5tice%ip--an appr5tice%ip (t5 ) f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,:at ! free+ ( ! h& f be+ an organ ( t]re/rial support has meant 9 ! evolution ( monkeys is a "q t gives a spur to our imag9ation4 ,! ,case ( ! ,robb] ,crab ,on "s ( ! coral isl&s ( ! ,indian & ,pacific ,oceans !re lives a l&-crab1 ,birgus1 :i* has le>n$ to brea! on l&4 ,x brea!s dry air by means ( curi\s blood-conta9+ tufts 9 ! upp] "p ( its gill-cavity1 & x has also rudim5t>y gills4 ,x is (t5 ab\t a foot long1 & x has v heavy great claws1 especially on ! left-h& side4 ,) ?is great claw x hamm]s on ! eye-hole ( a coconut1 f :i* x has torn (f ! fibr\s husk4 ,x hamm]s until a hole is made by :i* x c get at ! pulp4 ,"p ( ! %ell is sometimes us$ z a protection = ! s(t abdom5--= ! robb]-crab1 z x is call$1 is an (f%oot f ! h]mit-crab /ock4 ,e ye> ?is qua9t explor]1 :i* may g f> up ! hills & climb ! coco-palms1 has to g back to ! sea to spawn4 ,! "y ones are hat*$ 9 ! same /ate z 9 our common %ore-crab4 ,t is to say1 !y are free-swimm+ l>v :i* pass ?r\gh an op5-wat] p]iod be=e !y settle d[n on ! %ore1 & ev5tually creep up on to dry l&4 ,j z op5-wat] turtles lay _! eggs on s&y %ores1 go+ back to _! old t]re/rial haunt1 s ! robb]-crab1 :i* has almo/ conqu]$ ! dry l&1 has to return to ! sea%ore to bre$4 ,!re is a peculi> int]e/ 9 ! association ( ! robb]-crab ) ! coco-palm1 = t tree is n a native ( ^! coral isl&s1 b has be5 introduc$1 p]haps f ,mexico1 by ! ,polynesian m>9]s be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus4 ,s ! le>n+ to deal ) coconuts is a rec5t a*ievem5t1 & we are face to face ) a v good example ( evolution go+ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,salmon #a4 ,! f]tilis$ egg1 %$ 9 ! gravelly b$ ( ! riv]4 #b4 ,! embryo )9 ! egg1 j be=e hat*+4 ,! embryo has be5 con/rict$ (f f ! yolk-lad5 portion ( ! egg4 #c4 ,! newly hat*$ salmon1 or alev91 encumb]$ ) its legacy ( yolk 7,y4,s474 #d & #e4 ,! l>val salmon1 /ill be+ n\ri%$ f ! yolk-sac 7,y4,s471 :i* is dim9i%+ 9 size z ! fi% gr[s l>g]4 #f4 ,! salmon fry ab\t six weeks old1 ) ! yolk fully absorb$1 s t ! "y fi% has n[ to fe$ = itself4 ,! fry become p>r1 :i* g to ! sea z smolts1 & return z grilse4 ,9 all cases ! small figures to ! "r indicate ! natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,salmon ,,leap+ ,,at ,,! ,,fall ,,is ,a ,,mo/ ,,fasc9at+ ,,spectacle ,aga9 & aga9 we see !m jump+ out ( ! see?+ foam b5ea? ! fall1 ca/+ !mselves into ! curta9 ( ! d[n-ru%+ wat]1 only to be c>ri$ back by x into ! dep?s :5ce !y h ris54 ,"o "h & ano!r !re makes its ef=t good1 t\*es ! upp] lip ( ! cat>act1 gives a swift /roke ( its tail1 & ru%es on t[>ds ^? upp] rea*es :i* are ! immemorial spawn+ b$s ( its race4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,salmon ,9 late autumn or 9 w9t] ! salmon spawn 9 ! riv]s4 ,! female makes a %all[ tr\gh 9 ! gravel by mov+ h] tail f side to side1 & !re9 lays _m eggs4 ,! male1 :o is 9 att5dance1 f]tilises ^! ) ! milt1 & !n ! female cov]s !m deeply ) gravel4 ,! process is repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 = a week or m till all ! eggs are %$4 ,= ?ree to f\r mon?s ! eggs develop1 & ev5tually !re em]ge ! l>v or alev9s1 :i* lurk among ! pebbles4 ,!y _c swim mu*1 = !y are encumb]$ by a big legacy ( yolk4 ,9 a few weeks1 p]haps eight1 ! protrud+ bag ( yolk has disappe>$ & ! fry1 ab\t an in* long1 beg9 to move ab\t m actively & to f5d = !mselves4 ,by ! end ( ! ye> !y h gr[n to be r tr\t-l p>r1 ab\t f\r in*es long4 ,9 two ye>s ^! are d\ble t l5g?4 ,usually 9 ! second ye>1 b x may be e>li] or lat]1 ! p>r become silv]y smolts1 :i* g out to sea1 usually ab\t ! mon? ( ,may4 ,!y fe$ on "y h]r+ & ! l & gr[ l>ge & /rong4 ,:5 !y are ab\t ?ree & a half ye>s old !y come up ! riv]s z grilse & may spawn4 ,or !y may pass ?r\gh ! :ole grilse /age 9 ! sea & come up ! riv]s ) all ! *>act]s ( ! full-gr[n fi%4 ,9 _m cases ! salmon spawn only once1 & "s 7!y are call$ kelts aft] spawn+7 are s mu* exhau/$ by />t+ a new g5]ation t !y die or fall a victim to ott]s & o!r enemies4 ,9 ! case ( ! salmon ( ! ,nor? ,pacific 79 ! g5us ,oncorhyn*us1 n ,salmo7 all ! individuals die aft] spawn+1 none be+ able to return to ! sea4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t full-gr[n salmon d n z a rule fe$ 9 fre% wat]1 ?\gh !y may be unable to resi/ snapp+ at ! angl]'s /range creations4 ,a v int]e/+ fact is t ! salmon keeps z x 7 a di>y ( its movem5ts1 :i* v>y a good deal 9 diff]5t riv]s4 ,?is di>y is writt5 9 ! scales1 & a c>eful read+ ( ! conc5tric l9es on ! scales %[s ! age ( ! fi%1 & :5 x w5t out to sea1 & :e!r x has spawn$ or n1 & m besides4 ,int]pretation ( ! ,salmon's ,/ory ,:5 an animal frequ5ts two diff]5t haunts1 9 "o ( :i* x bre$s1 x is v (t5 safe to say t ! bre$+-place repres5ts ! orig9al home4 ,! fl\nd] is q com=table f> up ! riv]s1 b x has to g to ! %ore-wat]s to spawn1 & !re is no d\bt t ! fl\nd] is a m>9e fi% :i* has rec5tly le>n$ to colonise ! fre% wat]s4 ,its relatives1 l plaice & sole1 are /rictly m>9e4 ,b x is impossible to make a dogma ( ! rule t ! bre$+-place corresponds to ! orig9al home4 ,?us "s k9ds ( bass1 :i* belong to ! m>9e family ( sea-p]*es1 live 9 ! sea or 9 e/u>ies1 :ile two h become p]man5t resid5ts 9 fre% wat]4 ,or1 aga91 ! memb]s ( ! h]r+ family are v di/9ctively m>9e1 b ! %ad1 :i* belong to ?is family1 spawn 9 riv]s & may sp5d _! lives !re4 ,s !re are two diff]5t ways ( int]pret+ ! life-hi/ory ( ! salmon4 ,"s au?orities reg>d ! salmon z a m>9e fi% :i* is e/abli%+ itself 9 fre% wat]4 ,b o!rs read ! /ory ! o!r way & reg>d ! salmon z a memb] ( a fre%wat] race1 t has tak5 to ! sea = fe$+ purposes4 ,9 reg>d to tr\t1 we "k t ! ranks ( ^? 9 riv]s & lakes are cont9ually be+ re9=c$ by migrants f ! sea1 & t "s tr\t g d[n to ! sea :ile o!rs rema9 9 ! fre%wat]4 ,we "k also 9 reg>d to a relat$ fi%1 ! *>1 t :ile ! great majority ( k9ds are n[ p]man5t resid5ts 9 cold & deep1 isolat$ nor!rn lakes1 !re are ,arctic =ms :i* live 9 ! sea b ent] ! riv]s to spawn4 ,^! facts fav\r ! view t ! salmon 0 orig9ally a m>9e fi%4 ,b !re are argum5ts on bo? sides1 &1 = our pres5t purpose1 ! important fact is t ! salmon is conqu]+ two haunts4 ,its evolution is go+ on4 ,! ,romance ( ! ,eel ,e>ly 9 summ]1 at dates v>y+ ) ! di/ance ( ! riv]s f ! op5 ,atlantic1 cr[ds ( "y eels or elv]s come up-/ream4 ,sometimes ! procession or eel-f>e includes ?\s&s ( individuals1 ea* ab\t ! l5g? ( our fir/ f+]1 & z ?ick z a /\t knitt+ ne$le4 ,!y obey an inborn impulse to swim aga9/ ! /ream1 seek+ automatically to h bo? sides ( _! body equally /imulat$ by ! curr5t4 ,s !y g /raight ahead4 ,! obligation works only dur+ ! day1 = :5 ! sun goes d[n beh9d ! hills ! elv]s snuggle "u /ones or b5ea? ! bank & re/ till dawn4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !y rea* ! quiet upp] rea*es ( ! riv] or g up rivulets & dra9pipes to ! isolat$ ponds4 ,_! impulse to g on mu/ be v imp]i\s1 = !y may wriggle up ! wet moss by ! side ( a wat]fall or ev5 make a %ort excursion 9 a damp mead[4 ,9 ! quiet-fl[+ /ret*es ( ! riv] or 9 ! ponds !y fe$ & gr[ = ye>s & ye>s4 ,!y acc\nt = a good _m "y fi%es4 ,ev5tually1 aft] five or six ye>s 9 ! case ( ! males1 six to eight ye>s 9 ! case ( ! females1 ! well-gr[n fi%es1 p]haps a foot & a half to two feet long1 are seiz$ by a novel re/lessness4 ,!y are beg9n+ to be mature4 ,!y put on a silv]y jacket & become l>ge ( eye1 & !y return to ! sea4 ,9 gett+ away f ! pond x may be necess>y to wriggle ?r\gh ! damp mead[-grass be=e rea*+ ! riv]4 ,!y travel by night & r excit$ly4 ,! ,arctic ,ocean is too cold = !m & ! ,nor? ,sea too %all[4 ,!y mu/ g f> out to sea1 to :]e ! old m>g9 ( ! once l>g] cont95t ( ,europe slopes d[n to ! great abysses1 f ! ,hebrides s\?w>ds4 ,eels seem to spawn 9 ! deep d>k wat]2 b ! j lib]at$ eggs h n yet be5 f\nd4 ,! "y fry rises to ne> ! surface & becomes a knife-blade-l l>va1 transp>5t all b its eye4 ,x lives = _m mon?s 9 ?is /ate1 gr[+ to be ab\t ?ree in*es long1 ris+ & s9k+ 9 ! wat]1 & swimm+ g5tly4 ,^! op5-sea "y eels are kn[n z ,leptocephali1 a "n giv5 to !m be=e _! real nature 0 prov$4 ,!y gradually become %ort]1 & ! %ape *anges f knife-blade-l to cyl9drical4 ,dur+ ?is *ange !y fa/1 & ! weight ( _! delicate body decreases4 ,!y turn into glass-eels1 ab\t #b-a_/b in*es long1 l a knitt+-ne$le 9 gir?4 ,!y beg9 to move t[>ds ! di/ant %ores & riv]s1 & !y may be a ye> & a half old be=e !y rea* _! de/9ation & g up-/ream z elv]s4 ,^? t asc5d ! riv]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,baltic mu/ h j\rney$ ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,x is c]ta9 t no eel ev] matures or spawns 9 fre% wat]4 ,x is practically c]ta9 t all ! "y eels asc5d+ ! riv]s ( ,nor? ,europe h come 9 f ! ,atlantic1 "s ( !m p]haps f ! ,azores or fur!r out /ill4 ,x is int]e/+ to inquire h[ ! "y eels circumv5t ! ,falls ( ! ,rh9e & get into ,lake ,con/ance1 or h[ _! k9dr$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic ov]come ! ob/acle ( ,niag>a2 b x is m important to lay emphasis on ! v>iety ( habitats :i* ?is fi% is try+--! deep wat]s1 ! op5 sea1 ! %ore1 ! riv]1 ! pond1 & ev51 x may be1 a little ta/e ( solid e>?4 ,x seems highly probable t ! common eel is a deep-wat] m>9e fi% :i* has le>n$ to colonise ! fre%wat]s4 ,x has be5 adv5tur\s & x has succe$$4 ,! only %ad[ on ! /ory ( a*ievem5t is t !re seems to be no return f ! spawn+4 ,!re is little d\bt t dea? is ! nemesis ( _! reproduction4 ,9 any case1 no adult eel ev] comes back f ! deep sea4 ,we are m9d$ ( ,goe!'s h>d say+3 ,dea? is ,nature's exp]t advice to get pl5ty ( life4 #d ,=m+ ,new ,habits ,!re is a well-kn[n mudfi% ( ,au/ralia1 ,neoc]atodus by "n1 :i* has turn$ its swim-bladd] into a lung & comes to ! surface to sp\t4 ,x expels vitiat$ air ) consid]able =ce & takes fre% gulps4 ,at ! same "t1 l an ord9>y fi%1 x has gills :i* all[ ! usual int]*ange ( gases betwe5 ! blood & ! wat]4 ,n[ ?is ,au/ralian mudfi% or d\ble-brea!r 7,dipnoan71 :i* may be a long way ov] a y>d 9 l5g?1 is a direct & little-*ang$ desc5dant ( an anci5t ext9ct fi%1 ,c]atodus1 :i* liv$ 9 ,mesozoic times1 z f> back z ! ,jurassic1 :i* probably means ov] five millions ( ye>s ago4 ,! ,que5sl& mudfi% is an antiquity1 & !re has n be5 mu* *ange 9 its l9eage = millions ( ye>s4 ,we might take x z an illu/ration ( ! in]tia ( evolution4 ,& yet1 ?\gh its /ructure has *ang$ b little1 ! fi% probably illu/rates evolution 9 process1 = x is a fi% t is le>n+ to brea! dry air4 ,x _c leave ! wat]2 b x c live com=tably 9 pools :i* are f\l ) decompos+ animal & vegetable matt]4 ,9 p>tially dri$-up & f\l wat]holes1 full ( dead fi%es ( v>i\s k9ds1 ,neoc]atodus has be5 f\nd vigor\s & lively4 ,unless we take ! view1 :i* is possible1 t ! swim-bladd] ( fi%es 0 orig9ally a lung1 ! mud-fi%es are le>n+ to brea! dry air4 ,!y illu/rate evolution ago+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,eel 7,anguilla ,vulgalis7 #a4 ,! transp>5t op5-sea knife-blade-l l>va call$ a ,leptocephalus4 #b & #c4 ,! gradual *ange ( %ape f knife-blade-l to cyl9drical4 ,! body becomes %ort] & loses weight4 #d4 ,! "y elv]1 at lea/ a ye> old1 :i* makes its way f ! op5 sea to ! e/u>ies & riv]s4 ,x is #b_/c in*es long & almo/ cyl9drical4 #e4 ,! fully-=m$ eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,gambi] ,bolton4 ,,cass[>y ,its b>e head is capp$ ) a helmet4 ,unlike ! plumage ( mo/ birds its fea!rs are loose & hair-l1 :il/ its w+s are m]ely repres5t$ by a few black quills4 ,x is flightless & entirely dep5d5t on its %ort p[]ful legs to c>ry x out ( dang]4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,gambi] ,bolton4 ,,! ,,kiwi1 ,,ano!r ,,flightless ,,bird1 ,,( ,,rem>kable ,,appe>ance1 ,,habits1 ,,& ,,/ructure ,! h]r+-gull is by nature a fi%-eat]2 b ( rec5t ye>s1 9 "s p>ts ( ,brita91 x has be5 becom+ 9 ! summ] mon?s m & m ( a veget>ian1 scoop+ out ! turnips1 dev\r+ potatoes1 settl+ on ! %eaves 9 ! h>ve/ field & gorg+ itself ) gra94 ,simil> exp]im5ts1 usually less /rik+1 are kn[n 9 _m birds2 b ! mo/ signal illu/ration is t ( ! kea or ,ne/or p>rot ( ,new ,zeal&1 :i* has tak5 to light+ on ! lo9s ( ! %eep1 te>+ away ! fleece1 cutt+ at ! sk91 & g\g+ out fat4 ,n[ ! p>rot belongs to a veget>ian or frugivor\s /ock1 & ?is *ange ( diet 9 ! relatively %ort "t s9ce %eep-ran*es 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,zeal& is v /rik+4 ,"h1 s9ce we "k ! dates1 we may speak ( evolution go+ on "u our eyes4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t v>iations 9 habit may give an animal a new opportunity to te/ v>iations 9 /ructure :i* arise my/]i\sly f )91 z expressions ( g]m9al *angefulness r ?an z impr9ts f )\t4 ,= ( ! transmissibility ( ! latt] !re is little secure evid5ce4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,locomotion ,x is v int]e/+ to ?9k ( ! num]\s types ( locomotion :i* animals h discov]$--pull+ & punt+1 scull+ & r[+1 & ( ! *anges t are rung on ^! f\r ma9 me?ods4 ,h[ /rik+ is ! case ( ! frill$ liz>d 7,*lamydosaurus7 ( ,au/ralia1 :i* at ! pres5t "t is1 z x 71 exp]im5t+ 9 bip$al progression--always a r ev5tful ?+ to d4 ,x gets up on its h9d-legs & runs tott]+ly = a few feet1 j l a baby le>n+ to walk4 ,h[ beautiful is ! adv5ture :i* has l$ our dipp] or wat]-ouzel--a bird alli$ to ! wr5s--to try walk+ & fly+ "u wat]6 ,h[ admirable is ! volplan+ ( num]\s p>a*uti/s--fly+ fi%1 fly+ frog1 fly+ dragon1 fly+ phalang]1 fly+ squirrel1 & m besides1 :i* take great leaps ?r\gh ! air4 ,= are ^! n ! spl5did failures t might h succe$$ 9 />t+ new modes ( flight8 ,mo/ d>+ ( all1 p]haps1 are ! a]ial j\rneys und]tak5 by _m small spid]s4 ,on a breezy morn+1 especially 9 ! autumn1 !y m\nt on gate-po/s & pal+s & h]bage1 &1 /&+ ) _! head to ! w9d1 pay out ?ree or f\r long ?reads ( silk4 ,:5 ! w9d tugs at ^! ?reads1 ! sp9n]s let g1 & are borne1 usually back d[nw>ds1 on ! w+s ( ! w9d f "o p>i% to ano!r4 ,x is said t if ! w9d falls !y c unfurl m sail1 or furl if x rises4 ,9 any case1 ^! w+less creatures make a]ial j\rneys4 ,:5 t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! us$ ?reads s9k to e>?1 !re is a %[] ( gossam]4 ,on 8 ,beagle voyage ,d>w9 obs]v$ t va/ numb]s ( small gossam] spid]s 7 borne on to ! %ip :5 x 0 sixty miles di/ant f ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,frill$ ,,liz>d1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,at ,,pres5t ,,try+ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,bip$ ,:5 x gets up on its h9d-legs & runs = a %ort di/ance x folds its big coll> r\nd its neck4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,c>pet ,,( ,,gossam] ,! silk5 ?reads us$ by ?\s&s ( gossam] spid]s 9 _! migrations are "h se5 entangl$ 9 ! grass1 =m+ :at is call$ a %[] ( gossam]4 ,at ! edge ( ! grass ! gossam] =ms a curta91 float+ out & look+ extraord9>ily l waves break+ on a sea%ore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wat]-,,spid] ,! spid] is se5 j leav+ its div+-bell to asc5d to ! surface to capture air4 ,! spid] j]ks its body & legs out at ! surface & !n dives-- --c>ry+ ) x :at looks l a silv]y air-bubble--air entangl$ 9 ! hair4 ,! spid] rea*es its air-dome4 ,note h[ ! t\* ( its legs ind5ts ! inflat$ balloon4 ,runn+ d[n ! side ( ! ne/1 ! spid] --bru%es (f ! air at ! entrance1 & ! bubble asc5ds into ! silk5 balloon4 ,photos3 ,j4 ,j4 ,w>d1 ,f4,e4,s4 ,new ,devices ,x is impossible1 we mu/ admit1 to fix dates1 except 9 a few cases1 relatively rec5t2 b !re is a smack ( mod]nity 9 "s /rik+ devices :i* we c obs]ve 9 op]ation to-day4 ,?us no "o w dispute ! /atem5t t spid]s are ?or\ghly t]re/rial animals brea?+ dry air1 b we h ! fact ( ! wat]-spid] conqu]+ ! "u-wat] _w4 ,!re are a few spid]s ab\t ! sea%ore1 & a few t c survive d\*+ ) fre%wat]1 b ! p>ticul> case ( ! true wat]-spid]1 ,argyroneta natans1 /&s by itself because ! creature1 z reg>ds ! female at lea/1 has conqu]$ ! sub-aquatic environm5t4 ,a flatti% web is wov51 someh[1 und]nea? ! wat]1 & pegg$ d[n by ?reads ( silk4 ,along a special v]tical l9e ! "m spid] asc5ds to ! surface & desc5ds aga91 hav+ entangl$ air 9 ! hairs ( h] body4 ,%e bru%es (f ?is air und]nea? h] web1 :i* is !reby buoy$ up into a sort ( dome4 ,%e does ?is ov] & ov] aga91 nev] gett+ wet all ! "t1 until ! dom$ web has become l a div+-bell1 full ( dry air4 ,9 ?is eloqu5t anticipation ( man's rational device1 ?is creature--f> f be+ end[$ ) reason--lays h] eggs & looks aft] h] "y4 ,! g5]al significance ( ! facts is t :5 competition is ke51 a new area ( exploitation is a promis$ l&4 ,?us spid]s h spread ov] all ! e>? except ! pol> areas4 ,b "h is a spid] ) "s _s ( adv5ture1 :i* has endeav\r$1 in/ead ( trekk+1 to f9d a new corn] ne> at home4 ,x has tackl$ a problem surely difficult = a t]re/rial animal1 ! problem ( liv+ 9 great "p "u wat]1 & x has solv$ x 9 a mann] at once effective & beautiful4 ,9 ,conclusion ,we h giv5 b a few repres5tative illu/rations ( a great !me4 ,:5 we consid] ! *angefulness ( liv+ creatures1 ! trans=mations ( cultivat$ plants & dome/icat$ animals1 ! gradual alt]ations 9 ! fauna ( a c\ntry1 ! se>* aft] new haunts1 ! =m+ ( new habits1 & ! discov]y ( _m inv5tions1 are we n conv9c$ t ,evolution is go+ on8 ,& :y %\ld x /op8 ,,vii ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,m9d ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,m9d ,9 ! /ory ( evolution !re is no *apt] m int]e/+ ?an ! em]g5ce ( m9d 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,b x is a difficult *apt] to read1 p>tly because m9d _c be se5 or measur$1 only inf]r$ f ! outw>d behavi\r ( ! creature1 & p>tly because x is almo/ impossible to avoid read+ ourselves into ! mu* simpl] animals4 #a ,two ,extremes to be ,avoid$ ,! "o extreme is t ( uncritical g5]osity :i* cr$its e animal1 l ,br] ,rabbit--:o1 by ! way1 0 ! h>e--) human qualities4 ,! o!r extreme is t ( ?9k+ ( ! animal z if x 7 an automatic ma*9e1 9 ! work+ ( :i* !re is no place or use = m9d4 ,bo? ^! extremes are to be avoid$4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,:itman took ! eggs ( ! ,pass5g] ,pigeon 7:i* became ext9ct n long ago ) />tl+ rapidity7 & plac$ !m a few in*es to "o side ( ! ne/1 ! bird look$ a little uneasy & put h] beak "u h] body z if to feel = some?+ t 0 n !re4 ,b %e did n try to retrieve h] eggs1 close at h& z !y 74 ,9 a %ort "t %e flew away altoge!r4 ,?is %[s t ! m9d ( ! pigeon is 9 "s respects v diff]5t f ! m9d ( man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a c]ta9 clev] dog1 c>ry+ a basket ( eggs1 ) ! h&le 9 8 m\?1 came to a /ile :i* _h to be negotiat$1 he laid ! basket on ! gr\nd1 pu%$ x g5tly ?r\gh a l[ gap to ! o!r side1 & !n took a runn+ leap ov]4 ,we d>e n talk ( ?is dog z an automatic ma*9e4 ,a ,caution 9 ,reg>d to ,in/9ct ,9 /udy+ ! behavi\r ( animals1 :i* is ! only way ( gett+ at _! m9d1 = x is only ( our own m9d t we h direct k1 x is ess5tial to give prom95ce to ! fact t !re has be5 ?r\gh\t ! evolution ( liv+ creatures a /rong t5d5cy to enregi/] or engra9 capacities ( do+ ?+s effectively4 ,?us c]ta9 abilities come to be inborn2 !y are p>ts ( ! inh]itance1 :i* w express !mselves :5ev] ! appropriate trigg] is pull$4 ,! newly born *ild does n require to le>n its brea?+ movem5ts1 z x aft]w>ds requires to le>n its walk+ movem5ts4 ,! ability to g ?r\gh ! brea?+ movem5ts is inborn1 engra9$1 enregi/]$4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are h]$it>y pre-arrangem5ts ( n]ve-cells & muscle-cells :i* come into activity almo/ z easily z ! beat+ ( ! he>t4 ,9 a m9ute or two ! newborn pigl+ creeps close to its "m & sucks milk4 ,x has n to le>n h[ to d ?is any m ?an we h to le>n to c\gh or sneeze4 ,?us animals h _m useful ready-made1 or almo/ ready-made1 capacities ( do+ app>5tly clev] ?+s4 ,9 simple cases ( ^! inborn pre-arrangem5ts we speak ( reflex actions2 9 m complicat$ cases1 ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,n[ ! caution is ?is1 t :ile ^! inborn capacities usually "w well 9 natural conditions1 !y sometimes "w badly :5 ! ord9>y r\t9e is di/urb$4 ,we see ?is :5 a pigeon cont9ues sitt+ = _m days on an empty ne/1 or :5 x fails to retrieve its eggs only two in*es away4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to call ! pigeon1 because ( ?is1 an unutt]ably /upid bird4 ,we h only to ?9k ( ! a*ievem5ts ( hom+ pigeons to "k t ?is _c be true4 ,we mu/ n judge animals 9 reg>d to ^? k9ds ( behavi\r :i* h be5 h&$ ov] to in/9ct1 & g badly agee :5 ! normal r\t9e is di/urb$4 ,9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ ! enregi/]$ in/9ctive capacities "w well1 & ! advantage ( _! becom+ /]eotyp$ 0 to leave ! animal m free = adv5tures at a high] level4 ,be+ a slave ( in/9ct may give ! animal a security t enables x to discov] "s new home or new food or new joy4 ,some:at 9 ! same way1 a man ( me?odical habits1 :i* he has himself e/abli%$1 may ga9 leisure to make "s new dep>ture ( racial pr(it4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,o4 ,j4 ,wilk9son4 ,,jackdaw ,,balanc+ ,,on ,a ,,gatepo/ ,! jackdaw is a big-bra9$1 extremely al]t1 v educable1 loquaci\s bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,+]soll's ,! ,wit ( ! ,wild4 ,,two ,,opossums ,,feign+ ,,dea? ,! ,opossums are ma9ly arboreal m>supials1 insectivor\s & c>nivor\s1 conf9$ to ! ,am]ican ,cont95t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,patagonia4 ,_m h no p\* & c>ry _! num]\s "y ones on _! back1 ! tail ( ! "y tw9$ r\nd t ( ! "m4 ,! opossums are agile1 clev] creatures1 & fam\s = play+ 'possum1 ly+ in]t j z if !y 7 dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,,male ,,( ,,?ree-,,sp9$ ,,/ickleback1 ,,mak+ ,a ,,ne/ ,,( ,,wat]-,,we$1 ,,glu$ ,,toge!r ,,by ,,viscid ,,?reads ,,secret$ ,,f ,,! ,,kidneys ,,at ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,season ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,female ,,/ickleback ,,ent]s ,,! ,,ne/ ,,:i* ,,! ,,male ,,has ,,made1 ,,lays ,,! ,,eggs ,,inside1 ,,& ,,!n ,,dep>ts ,9 _m cases two or ?ree females use ! same ne/1 ! /ickleback be+ polygam\s4 ,above ! ne/ ! male1 :o m\nts gu>d1 is se5 driv+ away an intrud]4 ,:5 we draw back our f+] f some?+ v hot1 or %ut our eye to avoid a bl[ f a reb\nd+ bran*1 we d n w ! action2 & ?is is m or less ! case1 probably1 :5 a "y mammal sucks its "m = ! fir/ "t4 ,"s ,m\nd-birds ( ,celebes lay _! eggs 9 w>m volcanic a% by ! %ore ( ! sea1 o!rs 9 a great mass ( f]m5t+ vegetation2 x is inborn 9 ! newly hat*$ bird to /ruggle out z quickly z x c f su* a /range ne/1 else x w suffocate4 ,if x /ops /ruggl+ too soon1 x p]i%es1 = x seems t ! trigg] ( ! in/9ct _c be pull$ twice4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! eggs ( ! turtle1 t h be5 laid 9 ! s& ( ! %ore1 hat* out1 ! "y ones make in/9ctively = ! sea4 ,"s ( ! crocodiles bury _! eggs two feet or s bel[ ! surface among s& & decay+ vegetation--an awkw>d situation = a bir?place4 ,:5 ! "y crocodile is ready to break out ( ! egg-%ell1 j z a *ick does at ! end ( ! ?ree weeks ( brood+1 x utt]s in/9ctively a pip+ cry4 ,on he>+ ?is1 ! wat*ful "m digs away ! heavy blankets1 o!rwise ! "y crocodile w\ld be buri$ alive at bir?4 ,n[ !re is no w>rant = believ+ t ! "y ,m\nd-birds1 "y crocodiles1 & "y turtles h an intellig5t appreciation ( :at !y d :5 !y are hat*$4 ,!y act in/9ctively1 z to ! mann] born4 ,b ?is is n to say t _! activity is n back$ by endeav\r or ev5 suffus$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( aw>5ess4 ,( c\rse1 x is necess>ily difficult = man1 :o is s mu* a creature ( intellig5ce1 to get ev5 an inkl+ ( ! m5tal side ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,9 _m ( ! high] rea*es ( animal in/9ct1 z 9 c\rt%ip or ne/-build+1 9 hunt+ or prep>+ ! food1 x looks z if ! />t+ ( ! r\t9e activity also rang up ! high] c5tres ( ! bra9 & put ! intellig5ce on ! qui vive1 ready to int]pose :5 ne$$4 ,s ! tw(old caution is ?is3 7#a7 ,we mu/ n depreciate ! creature too mu* if1 9 unusual circum/ances1 x acts 9 an ineffective way along l9es ( behavi\r :i* are normally h&$ ov] to in/9ct2 & 7#b7 we mu/ leave op5 ! possibility t ev5 r\t9e in/9ctive behavi\r may be suffus$ ) aw>5ess & back$ by endeav\r4 #b ,a ,useful ,law ,b h[ are we to "k :5 to cr$it ! animal ) intellig5ce & :5 ) some?+ less spontane\s8 ,above all1 h[ are we to "k :5 ! effective action1 l op5+ ! m\? ! v in/ant x is t\*$ by food 9 ! "m's beak1 is j a physiological action l c\gh+ or sneez+1 & :5 !re is beh9d x--a m9d at "w8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is no d\bt t giv5 by ,pr(4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 :o may be call$ ! f\nd] ( comp>ative psy*ology1 t we mu/ describe ! piece ( behavi\r v c>efully1 j z x occurr$1 )\t read+ any?+ into x1 & t we mu/ n ascribe x to a high] faculty if x c be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = 9 t]ms ( a l[] "o4 ,9 foll[+ ?is pr9ciple we may be sometimes nigg>dly1 = ! behavi\r may h a m5tal subtlety t we h miss$2 b 9 n9e cases out ( t5 our conclusions are likely to be s\nd4 ,x is ! critical1 sci5tific way4 ,be>+ ?is law 9 m9d1 let u take a survey ( ! em]g5ce ( m9d among backbon$ animals4 ,s5ses ( ,fi%es ,fi%es _c %ut _! eyes1 hav+ no true lids2 b ! eyes !mselves are v well develop$ & ! vision is acute1 especially = mov+ objects4 ,except 9 gri/ly fi%es1 ! ext]nal op5+ to ! e> has be5 lo/1 s t s\nd-waves & co>s] vibrations mu/ influ5ce ! inn] e>1 :i* is well develop$1 ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ fle% & bones4 ,x seems t ! ma9 use ( ! e> 9 fi%es is 9 connection ) balanc+1 n ) he>+4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! s5se ( he>+ has be5 demon/rat$2 ?us fi%es w come to ! side ( a pond to be f$ :5 a bell is rung or :5 a :i/le is bl[n by someone n visible f ! wat]4 ,! fact t _m fi%es pay no att5tion at all to l\d noises does n prove t !y are deaf1 = an animal may he> a s\nd & yet rema9 q indiff]5t or irresponsive4 ,?is m]ely means t ! s\nd has no vital int]e/ = ! animal4 ,"s fi%es1 su* z bullhead & dogfi%1 h a true s5se ( smell1 detect+ by _! no/rils v dilute sub/ances p]meat+ ! wat] f a di/ance4 ,o!rs1 su* z memb]s ( ! cod family1 p]ceive _! food 9 "p at lea/ by ! s5se ( ta/e1 :i* is susceptible to sub/ances ne> at h& & pres5t 9 consid]able quantity4 ,?is s5se ( ta/e may be locat$ on ! f9s z well z ab\t ! m\?4 ,at ?is l[ level ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e d n seem to be v readily sep>at$4 ,! *ief use ( ! s5sitive l9e or lat]al l9e se5 on ea* side ( a bony fi% is to make ! animal aw>e ( sl[ vibrations & *anges ( pressure 9 ! wat]4 ,! sk9 responds to pressures1 ! e> to vibrations ( high frequ5cy2 ! lat]al l9e is betwe5 ! two 9 its function4 ,int]e/+ ,ways ( ,fi%es ,! bra9 ( ! ord9>y bony fi% is at a v l[ level4 ,?us ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 de/9$ to become m & m ! seat ( intellig5ce1 are poorly develop$4 ,9 gri/ly fi%es1 l skates & %>ks1 ! bra9 is mu* m promis+4 ,b al?\gh ! /ate ( ! bra9 does n lead "o to expect v mu* f a bony fi% l tr\t or eel1 haddock or h]r+1 illu/rations are n want+ ( :at might be call$ pretty pieces ( behavi\r4 ,let u select a few cases4 ,! ,/ickleback's ,ne/ ,! ?ree-sp9$ & two-sp9$ /icklebacks live equally well 9 fre% or salt wat]2 ! l>g] fifte5-sp9$ /ickleback is entirely m>9e4 ,9 all ?ree species ! male fi% makes a ne/1 9 fre% or bracki% wat] 9 ! fir/ two cases1 9 %ore-pools 9 ! ?ird case4 ,! little species use ! leaves & /ems ( wat]-plants2 ! l>g] species use seawe$ & zoophyte4 ,! leaves or fronds are entangl$ toge!r & fa/5$ by glue-l ?reads1 secret$1 /range to say1 by ! kidneys4 ,x is j z if a tempor>y diseas$ condition _h be5 regul>is$ & turn$ to good purpose4 ,go+ ?r\gh ! ne/ sev]al times1 ! male makes a little room 9 ! middle4 ,p>tly by co]cion & p>tly by coax+ he induces a female--fir/ "o & !n ano!r--to pass ?r\gh ! ne/ ) two doors1 deposit+ eggs dur+ h] %ort soj\rn4 ,! females g _! way1 & ! male m\nts gu>d ov] ! ne/4 ,he drives (f intrud+ fi%es mu* bigg] ?an himself4 ,:5 ! "y are hat*$1 ! male has = a "t mu* to d1 keep+ 8 *>ges )9 b\nds until !y are able to move ab\t ) agility4 ,x seems t /icklebacks are %ort-liv$ fi%es1 probably bre$+ only once2 & x is reasonable to suppose t _! success z a race dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! pat]nal c>e4 ,n[ if we c\ld believe t ! ne/+ behavi\r _h appe>$ sudd5ly 9 its pres5t =m1 we %\ld be incl9$ to cr$it ! fi% ) consid]able m5tal ability4 ,b we are less likely to be s g5]\s if we reflect t ! r\t9e has be5 9 all likelihood ! outcome ( a long racial process ( slight improvem5ts & critical te/+s4 ,! secretion ( ! glue probably came ab\t z a pa?ological v>iation2 its utilisation 0 p]haps discov]$ by accid5t2 ! types t _h wit en\gh to take advantage ( ?is 7 mo/ successful2 ! r\t9e became enregi/]$ h]$it>ily4 ,! /ickleback is n s clev] z x looks4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,imp]ial ,w> ,museum4 ,,hom+ ,,pigeon ,a blue *equ] h51 :i* dur+ ! ,w> 79 ,septemb] ( #aiah7 flew #bb miles 9 z _m m9utes1 sav+ ! crew ( an a]oplane 9 difficulties4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,imp]ial ,w> ,museum4 ,,c>ri] ,,pigeon ,c>ri] pigeons 7 mu* us$ 9 ! ,w> to c>ry messages4 ,! photograph %[s h[ ! message is fix$ to ! c>ri] pigeon's leg1 9 ! =m ( light r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,james's ,press ,ag5cy4 ,,yell[-,,cr[n$ ,,p5gu9 ,notice ! flightless w+s turn$ into flipp]s1 :i* are (t5 flapp$ v vigor\sly4 ,! v /rong feet are also notewor?y4 ,p5gu9s are mo/ly conf9$ to ! ,f> ,s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,cagcombe ,co4 ,,p5gu9s ,,are ,a ,,peculi> ,,p ,_! w+s h be5 turn$ into flipp]s = swimm+ 9 ! sea & toboggan+ on sn[4 ,! p5gu9s come back ov] hundr$s ( miles ( trackless wa/e to _! bir?place1 :]e !y bre$4 ,:5 !y rea* ! ,ant>ctic %ore !y walk ) det]m9ation to a suitable site1 (t5 at ! top ( a /eep cliff4 ,"s species waddle #acj /eps p] m9ute1 #f in*es p] /ep1 two-?irds ( a mile p] h\r4 ,! ,m9d ( a ,m9n[ ,to f9d solid gr\nd on :i* to base an appreciation ( ! behavi\r ( fi%es1 x is necess>y to exp]im5t1 & we may ref] to ,miss ,g]trude ,:ite's int]e/+ "w on ,am]ican m9n[s & /icklebacks4 ,aft] ! fi%es _h become q at home 9 _! artificial surr\nd+s1 _! lessons began4 ,clo? packets1 "o ( :i* conta9$ meat & ! o!r cotton1 7 susp5d$ at opposite ends ( ! aqu>ium4 ,! mud-m9n[s did n %[ t !y p]ceiv$ ei!r packet1 ?\gh !y swam close by !m2 ! /icklebacks 7 intrigu$ at once4 ,^? t w5t t[>ds ! packet conta9+ meat d>t$ furi\sly ^u x & pull$ at x ) great excitem5t4 ,^? t w5t t[>ds ! cotton packet turn$ %>ply away :5 !y 7 )9 ab\t two in*es (f4 ,!y !n p]ceiv$ :at ^? at ! o!r end 7 aft] & jo9$ !m--a common habit among/ fi%es4 ,al?\gh ! m9n[s 7 n int]e/$ 9 ! t9y bags ( my/]y1 !y 7 ev5 m al]t ?an ! /icklebacks 9 p]ceiv+ mov+ objects 9 or on ! wat]1 & !re is no d\bt t bo? ^! %all[-wat] species discov] _! food l>gely by s5se ( sight4 ,! next set ( lessons _h to d ) col\r-associations4 ,! fi%es 7 f$ on m9c$ snail1 *opp$ e>?worm1 fragm5ts ( liv]1 & ! l1 & ! food 0 giv5 to !m f ! end ( =ceps held above ! surface ( ! wat]1 s t ! fi%es c\ld n be influ5c$ by smell4 ,!y _h to leap out ( ! wat] to take ! food f ! =ceps4 ,discs ( col\r$ c>dbo>d 7 slipp$ ov] ! end ( ! =ceps1 s t :at ! fi%es saw 0 a morsel ( food 9 ! c5tre ( a col\r$ disc4 ,aft] a week or s ( prelim9>y tra9+1 !y 7 s well accu/om$ to ! col\r$ discs t ! pres5tation ( "o s]v$ z a signal = ! fi%es to d>t to ! surface & spr+ out ( ! wat]4 ,:5 baits ( pap] 7 sub/itut$ = ! food1 ! fi%es cont9u$ to jump at ! discs4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a blue disc 0 p]si/5tly us$ = ! pap] bait & a r$ disc = ! real food1 or vice v]sa1 "s ( ! m9n[s le>n$ to discrim9ate infallibly betwe5 %ad[ & sub/ance1 bo? :5 ^! 7 pres5t$ alt]nately & :5 !y 7 pres5t$ simultane\sly4 ,?is is n f> f ! dawn ( m9d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few lessons1 bo? m9n[s & /icklebacks le>n$ to associate p>ticul> col\rs ) food1 & o!r associations 7 also =m$4 ,a k9d ( l>va t a m9n[ c\ld make no?+ ( aft] repeat$ trials 0 subsequ5tly ignor$4 ,! approa* ( ! exp]im5t] or anyone else soon began to s]ve z a food-signal4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ! ord9>y life ( fi%es !re is a process ( =m+ useful associations & suppress+ useless responses4 ,giv5 an inborn rep]tory ( pr(itable movem5ts t require no tra9+1 giv5 ! p[] ( =m+ associations su* z ^? we h illu/rat$1 & giv5 a consid]able degree ( s5sory al]tness along c]ta9 l9es1 fi%es d n require mu* m4 ,& 9 tru? !y h n got x4 ,mov+ ) great fre$om 9 ?ree dim5sions 9 a m$ium t supports !m & is v uni=m & con/ant1 able 9 mo/ cases to get pl5ty ( food )\t fatigu+ ex]tions & to disp5se ) x = consid]able p]iods if x is sc>ce1 multiply+ usually 9 great abundance s t ! huge infantile mortality h>dly c\nts1 r>ely dy+ a natural dea? b usually com+ ) _! /r5g? unabat$ to a viol5t end1 fi%es hold _! own 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce )\t mu* 9 ! way ( m5tal end[m5t4 ,_! bra9 has m to d ) motion ?an ) m5tality1 & !y h rema9$ at a l[ psy*ical level4 ,yet j z we %\ld greatly misjudge our own race if we conf9$ our att5tion to ev]yday r\t9e1 s 9 our total1 z di/+ui%$ f our av]age1 e/imate ( fi%es1 we mu/ rememb] ! salmon surm\nt+ ! falls1 ! w>y tr\t elud+ ! angl]'s skill1 ! common mud-skipp] 7,p]ioph?almus7 ( _m tropical %ores :i* climbs on ! rocks & ! roots ( ! mangrove-trees1 or actively hunts small %ore-animals4 ,we mu/ rememb] ! adv5tur\s life-hi/ory ( ! eel & ! qua9t ways 9 :i* "s fi%es1 males especially1 look aft] _! family4 ,! male sea-horse puts ! eggs 9 8 brea/-pocket2 ! male ,kurtus c>ries !m on ! top ( 8 head2 ! cock-paidle or lumpsuck] gu>ds !m & a]ates !m 9 a corn] ( a %ore-pool4 #c ,! ,m9d ( ,amphibians ,t[>ds ! end ( ! age ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one or ,devonian1 a great /ep 9 evolution 0 tak5--! em]g5ce ( ,amphibians4 ,! e>lie/ repres5tatives _h fi%-l *>act]s ev5 m m>k$ ?an ^? :i* may be disc]n$ 9 ! tadpoles ( our frogs & toads1 & !re is no d\bt t amphibians sprang f a fi% /ock4 ,b !y made great /rides1 associat$ 9 "p ) _! attempts to get out ( ! wat] on to dry l&4 ,f fossil =ms we _c say mu* 9 reg>d to s(t p>ts2 b if we consid] ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! class1 we may cr$it amphibians ) su* important acquisitions z f+]s & toes1 a ?ree-*amb]$ he>t1 true v5tral lungs1 a drum to ! e>1 a mobile tongue1 & vocal cords4 ,:5 animals began to be able to grasp an object & :5 !y began to be able to utt] suffici5t s\nds1 two new doors 7 op5$4 ,ap>t f insects1 ^: in/rum5tal music _h probably begun be=e ! end ( ! ,devonian age1 amphibians 7 ! fir/ animals to h a voice4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ?is voice 0 d\btless1 z x is to-day 9 our frogs1 a sex-call2 b x 0 ! beg9n+ ( :at 0 de/9$ to play a v important "p 9 ! evolution ( ! m9d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages ! significance ( ! voice broad5$ out2 x became a p>5tal call2 x became an infant's cry4 ,broad5+ /ill1 x became a v useful means ( recognition among k9dr$1 especially 9 ! d>k & 9 ! intricacies ( ! =e/4 ,ages pass$1 & ! voice rose on ano!r turn ( ! evolution>y spiral to be expressive ( p>ticul> emotions beyond ! imm$iate circle ( sex--emotions ( joy & ( fe>1 ( jeal\sy & ( cont5tm5t4 ,f9ally1 we judge1 ! animal--p]haps ! bird 0 fir/--began to give utt]ance to p>ticul> words1 indicative n m]ely ( emotions1 b ( p>ticul> ?+s ) an emotional halo1 su* z food1 enemy1 home4 ,long aft]w>ds1 words became 9 man ! m$ium ( reason$ disc\rse4 ,s5t5ces 7 made & judgm5ts express$4 ,b 0 n ! beg9n+ 9 ! croak+ ( ,amphibia8 ,s5ses ( ,amphibians ,frogs h good eyes1 & ! toad's eyes are jewels4 ,!re is evid5ce ( precise vision 9 ! neat way 9 :i* a frog cat*es a fly1 flick+ out its tongue1 :i* is fix$ 9 front & loose beh9d4 ,!re is also exp]im5tal pro( t a frog discrim9ates betwe5 r$ & blue1 or betwe5 r$ & :ite1 & an int]e/+ po9t is t :ile our sk9 is s5sitive to heat rays b n to light1 ! sk9 ( ! frog answ]s back to light rays z well4 ,pr(essor ,y]kes exp]im5t$ ) a frog :i* _h to g ?r\gh a simple labyr9? if x wi%$ to rea* a tank ( wat]4 ,at ! fir/ alt]native betwe5 two pa?s1 a r$ c>d 0 plac$ on ! wrong side & a :ite "o on ! o!r4 ,:5 ! frog _h le>n$ to take ! correct pa?1 m>k$ by ! :ite c>d1 ,pr(4 ,y]kes *ang$ ! c>ds4 ,! confusion ( ! frog %[$ h[ ?or\ghly x _h le>n$ its lesson4 ,we "k v little 9 reg>d to s5se ( smell or ta/e 9 amphibians2 b ! s5se ( he>+ is well develop$1 m develop$ ?an might be inf]r$ f ! indiff]5ce t frogs %[ to almo/ all s\nds except ! croak+ ( _! k9dr$ & spla%es 9 ! wat]4 ,! toad looks almo/ sagaci\s :5 x is climb+ up a bank1 & "s ( ! tree-frogs are v al]t2 b !re is v little t we d>e say ab\t ! amphibian m9d4 ,we h m5tion$ t frogs may le>n ! secret ( a simple maze1 & toads sometimes make = a p>ticul> spawn+-pond f a consid]able di/ance4 ,b an exam9ation ( _! bra9s1 occupy+ a relatively small "p ( ! broad1 flat skull1 w>ns u n to expect mu* intellig5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we take frogs along a l9e t is v vital to !m1 namely1 ! discrim9ation ( palatable & unpalatable insects1 we f9d1 by exp]im5t1 t !y are quick to le>n & t !y rememb] _! lessons = _m days4 ,frogs sometimes deposit _! eggs 9 v unsuitable pools ( wat]2 b p]haps t is n q s /upid z x looks4 ,! egg-lay+ is a matt] t has be51 z x 71 h&$ ov] to in/9ctive regi/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,h>py-,,eagle ,clean & da9ty & pr\d z a ,spani% ,don4 ,x is an arboreal & cliff-lov+ bird1 fe$+ *iefly on mammals1 v fi]ce & /rong4 ,! "u p>ts are mo/ly :ite1 ) a greyi% zone on ! *e/4 ,! upp] p>ts are blacki%-grey4 ,! h>py occurs f ,mexico to ,p>aguay & ,bolivia4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,! ,,d+o ,,or ,,wild ,,dog ,,( ,,au/ralia1 ,,p]haps ,,an ,,indig5\s ,,wild ,,species1 ,,p]haps ,a ,,dome/icat$ ,,dog ,,t ,,has ,,gone ,,wild ,,or ,,f]al ,x does mu* h>m 9 de/roy+ %eep4 ,x is fam\s = its p]si/5t dea?-feign+1 = an individual has be5 kn[n to all[ "p ( its sk9 to be remov$1 9 ! belief t x 0 dead1 be=e betray+ its vitality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,woodpeck]1 ,,hamm]+ ,,at ,a ,,cotton-,,reel1 ,,atta*$ ,,to ,a ,,tree ,notice h[ ! /iff tail-fea!rs brac$ aga9/ ! /em help ! bird to cl+ on ) its toes4 ,! orig9al hole1 9 :i* ?is woodpeck] ins]t$ nuts = ! purposes ( crack+ ! %ell & extract+ ! k]nel1 is se5 t[>ds ! top ( ! tree4 ,b ! tak] ( ! photograph ti$ on a holl[$-out cotton-reel z a receptacle = a nut1 & x 0 promptly discov]$ & us$ by ! bird4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ,p>5tal ,c>e ,x mu/ be put to ! cr$it ( amphibians t !y h made _m exp]im5ts 9 me?ods ( p>5tal c>e1 z if !y 7 feel+ _! way to new devices4 ,a common frog lays h] clumps ( eggs 9 ! cradle ( ! wat]1 sometimes f> ov] a ?\s& toge!r2 ! toad w9ds two long /r+s r\nd & betwe5 wat]-we$s2 & 9 bo? cases t is all4 ,!re is no p>5tal c>e1 & ! prolific multiplication cov]s ! enorm\s infantile mortality4 ,?is is ! spawn+ solution ( ! problem ( secur+ ! cont9uance ( ! race4 ,b !re is ano!r solution1 t ( p>5tal c>e associat$ ) an economical r$uction ( ! numb] ( eggs4 ,?us ! male ( ! ,nurse-,frog 7,alytes71 n uncommon on ! ,cont95t1 fixes a /r+ ( tw5ty to fifty eggs to ! upp] "p ( 8 h9d-legs1 & retires to 8 hole1 only com+ out at night to get "s food & to keep up ! moi/ure ab\t ! eggs4 ,9 ?ree weeks1 :5 ! tadpoles are ready to come out1 he plunges into ! pond & is fre$ f 8 liv+ burd5 & 8 family c>es4 ,9 ! case ( ! ?or\ghly aquatic ,sur9am ,toad 7,pipa71 ! male helps to press ! eggs1 p]haps a hundr$ 9 numb]1 on to ! back ( ! female1 :]e ea* s9ks into a pocket ( sk9 ) a little lid4 ,by & by fully =m$ "y toads jump out ( ! pockets4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican tree-frogs call$ ,nototrema !re is a p\* on ! back ( ! female 9 :i* ! eggs develop1 & x is int]e/+ to f9d t 9 "s species :at come out are ord9>y tadpoles1 :ile 9 o!r species ! "y em]ge z m9iatures ( _! p>5ts4 ,/range/ ( all1 p]haps1 is ! case ( ,d>w9's ,frog 7,rh9od]ma ( ,*ili71 :]e ! "y1 ab\t t5 to fifte5 9 numb]1 develop 9 ! male's croak+-sacs1 :i* become 9 consequ5ce enorm\sly di/5d$4 ,ev5tually ! /range spectacle is se5 ( m9iature frogs jump+ out ( _! fa!r's m\?4 ,ne$less to say we are n cit+ ^! me?ods ( p>5tal c>e z examples ( intellig5ce2 b p]haps !y correct ! impression ( amphibians z a r humdrum race4 ,:atev] be ! m5tal aspect ( ! facts1 !re has c]ta9ly be5 "s k9d ( exp]im5t+1 & ! increase ( p>5tal c>e1 s m>k$ 9 _m amphibians1 ) associat$ r$uction ( ! numb] ( (fspr+ is a f+]-po/ on ! pa? ( progress4 #d ,! ,reptilian ,m9d ,we speak ( ! wisdom ( ! s]p5t2 b x is n v easy to ju/ify ! phrase4 ,among all ! multitude ( reptiles--snakes1 liz>ds1 turtles1 & crocodiles1 a motley cr[d--we _c see mu* m ?an occasional traces ( intellig5ce4 ,! inn] life rema9s a t9y rill4 ,no d\bt _m reptiles are v effective2 b x is an in/9ctive r ?an an intellig5t effici5cy4 ,! well-kn[n s(t-%ell tortoise ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates swims ) p[]ful /rokes & runs s quickly t x c h>dly be ov]tak54 ,x hunts vigor\sly = crayfi% & insect l>v 9 ! riv]s4 ,x buries itself 9 ! mud :5 cold wea!r comes4 ,x may lie on a float+ log ready to slip into ! wat] at a mom5t's notice2 x may bask on a sunny bank or 9 ! w>m %all[s4 ,great w>9ess is %[n 9 *oos+ times & places = egg-lay+4 ,! "m tramps ! e>? d[n ^u ! buri$ eggs4 ,all is effective4 ,simil> /atem5ts might be made 9 reg>d to scores ( o!r reptiles2 b :at we see is almo/ :olly ( ! nature ( in/9ctive r\t9e1 & we get little glimpse ( m ?an effici5cy & endeav\r4 ,9 a few cases !re is pro( ( reptiles f9d+ _! way back to _! homes f a consid]able di/ance1 & recognition ( p]sons is indubitable4 ,gilb]t ,:ite rem>ks ( 8 tortoise3 ,:5ev] ! good old lady came 9 sight :o _h wait$ on x = m ?an ?irty ye>s1 x always hobbl$ ) awkw>d alacrity t[>ds its b5efactress1 :ile to /rang]s x 0 altoge!r inatt5tive4 ,( def9ite le>n+ !re are a few records4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,y]kes /udi$ a sluggi% turtle ( retir+ disposition1 tak+ advantage ( its /rong desire to efface itself4 ,on ! pa? ( ! d>k5$ ne/ ( damp grass he int]pos$ a simple maze 9 ! =m ( a p>tition$ box4 ,aft] w&]+ ab\t con/antly = ?irty-five m9utes ! turtle f\nd its way ?r\gh ! maze by *ance4 ,two h\rs aft]w>ds x rea*$ ! ne/ 9 fifte5 m9utes2 & aft] ano!r int]val ( two h\rs x only requir$ five m9utes4 ,aft] ! ?ird trial1 ! r\tes became m direct1 !re 0 less aimless w&]+4 ,! "t ( ! tw5tie? trial 0 =ty-five seconds2 t ( ! ?irtie?1 =ty seconds4 ,9 ! ?irtie? case1 ! pa? foll[$ 0 q direct1 & s x 0 on ! fiftie? trip1 :i* only requir$ ?irty-five seconds4 ,( c\rse1 ! :ole ?+ did n am\nt to v mu*2 b !re 0 a def9ite le>n+1 a le>n+ f exp]i5ce1 :i* has play$ an important "p 9 ! evolution ( animal behavi\r4 ,comp>+ reptiles ) amphibians1 we may recognise an increas$ ma/]l9ess ( behavi\r & a h9t ( great] pla/icity4 ,! records ( obs]v]s :o h made pets ( reptiles sugge/ t ! life ( feel+ or emotion is gr[+ /rong]1 & s d /ories1 if !y c be accept$1 :i* sugge/ ! beg9n+ ( conjugal affection4 ,! error mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ ( int]pret+ 9 t]ms ( intellig5ce :at is m]ely ! outcome ( long-cont9u$ /ructure adaptation4 ,:5 ! limbless liz>d call$ ! ,sl[-worm is sudd5ly seiz$ by ! tail1 x escapes by surr5d]+ ! app5dage1 :i* breaks across a pre=m$ weak plane4 ,b ?is is a reflex action1 n a reflective "o4 ,x is comp>able to our sudd5 )drawal ( our f+] f a v hot c9d]4 ,! ,egg-eat+ ,african snake ,dasypeltis gets ! egg ( a bird into its gullet unbrok51 & cuts ! %ell aga9/ d[nw>d-project+ %>p po9ts ( ! v]tebr4 ,none ( ! preci\s cont5ts is lo/ & ! brok5 empties are return$4 ,x is admirable1 inde$ unsurpassable2 b x is n intellig5t4 #e ,m9d 9 ,birds ,sight & he>+ are highly develop$ 9 birds1 & ! s5ses1 besides pull+ ! trigg]s ( inborn effici5cies1 supply ! raw mat]ials = intellig5ce4 ,!re is "s tru?1 ?\gh n ! :ole tru?1 9 ! old philosophical dictum1 t !re is no?+ 9 ! intellect :i* 0 n previ\sly 9 ! s5ses4 ,_m p h admir$ ! c]ta9ty & alacrity ) :i* gulls pick up a fragm5t ( biscuit f ! :ite wake ( a /eam]1 & ! incid5t is *>act]i/ic4 ,9 _! p[] ( rapidly alt]+ ! focus ( ! eye1 birds are unsurpass$4 ,to ! s5se ( sight 9 birds1 ! s5se ( he>+ comes a good second4 ,a twig breaks "u our feet1 & out s\nds ! dang]-call ( ! bird we 7 try+ to wat*4 ,_m "y birds1 l p>tridges1 respond :5 two or ?ree h\rs old to ! anxi\s w>n+ note ( ! p>5ts1 & squat motionless on ! gr\nd1 ?\gh o!r s\nds1 su* z ! excit$ cluck+ ( a fo/]-"m h51 leave !m indiff]5t4 ,!y d n "k :at !y are do+ :5 !y squat2 !y are obey+ ! liv+ h& ( ! pa/ :i* is )9 !m4 ,_! behavi\r is in/9ctive4 ,b ! pres5t po9t is ! discrim9at+ quality ( ! s5se ( he>+2 & t is corroborat$ by ! s++ ( birds4 ,x is emotional art1 express+ feel+s 9 ! m$ium ( s\nd4 ,on ! "p ( ! females1 :o are suppos$ to li/51 x betok5s a cultivat$ e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,beav] ,! beav] w gnaw ?r\gh trees a foot 9 diamet]2 to save itself m tr\ble ?an is necess>y1 x w /op :5 x has gnaw$ ! trunk till !re is only a n>r[ core left1 hav+ ! wit to "k t ! autumn gales w d ! re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,f4 ,r4 ,h9k9s ,son4 ,,! ,,?ru% ,,at ,,its ,,anvil ,! song-?ru% takes ! snail's %ell 9 its bill1 & knocks x aga9/ a /one until x breaks1 mak+ ! palatable fle% available4 ,_m brok5 %ells are (t5 f\nd ar\nd ! anvil4 ,z to ! o!r s5ses1 t\* is n highly develop$ except ab\t ! bill1 :]e x rea*es a climax 9 birds l ! wood-cock1 :i* probe = unse5 e>?worms 9 ! s(t soil4 ,ta/e seems to be poorly develop$1 = mo/ birds bolt _! food1 b !re is sometimes an emphatic rejection ( unpalatable ?+s1 l toads & cat]pill>s4 ,( smell 9 birds little is kn[n1 b x has be5 prov$ to be pres5t 9 c]ta9 cases1 e4g4 9 "s nocturnal birds ( prey4 ,x seems c]ta9 t x is by sight1 n by smell1 t ! eagles ga!r to ! c>cass2 b p]haps !re is m smell 9 birds ?an !y are usually cr$it$ )4 ,"o w\ld l to exp]im5t ) ! oil f ! pre5 gl& ( birds to see :e!r ! sc5t ( ?is does n help 9 ! recognition ( k9 by k9 at night or amid ! d>kness ( ! =e/4 ,!re may be o!r s5ses 9 birds1 su* z a s5se ( temp]ature & a s5se ( balance2 b no success has att5d$ ! attempts made to demon/rate a magnetic s5se1 :i* has be5 impati5tly po/ulat$ by /ud5ts ( bird migration 9 ord] to expla9 h[ ! birds f9d _! way4 ,! big fact is t 9 birds !re are two widely op5 gateways ( k1 ! s5se ( sight & ! s5se ( he>+4 ,in/9ctive ,aptitudes ,_m a "y wat]-bird1 su* z a coot1 swims "r away :5 x is tumbl$ into wat] = ! fir/ "t4 ,s *icks peck )\t any le>n+ or tea*+1 v "y duckl+s cat* small mo?s t flit by1 & "y plov]s lie l[ :5 ! dang]-signal s\nds4 ,b birds seem /rangely limit$ z reg>ds _m ( ^! in/9ctive capacities--limit$ :5 comp>$ ) ! little-bra9$ ants & bees1 :i* h f ! fir/ su* a ri* rep]tory ( ready-made clev]ness4 ,! limitation 9 birds is ( great int]e/1 = x means t intellig5ce is com+ to its own & is go+ to take up ! re9s at _m corn]s ( ! daily r\nd4 ,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan obs]v$ t 8 *ick5s incubat$ 9 ! laboratory _h no in/9ctive aw>5ess ( ! significance ( _! "m's cluck :5 %e 0 br\ght outside ! door4 ,al?\gh ?ir/y & will+ to dr9k f a moi/5$ f+]-tip1 !y did n in/9ctively recognize wat]1 ev5 :5 !y walk$ ?r\gh a sauc]ful4 ,only :5 !y happ5$ to peck _! toes z !y /ood 9 ! wat] did !y appreciate wat] z ! /uff !y want$1 & raise _! bills up to ! sky4 ,once or twice !y actually /uff$ _! crops ) worms ( r$ wor/$6 ,in/9ctive aptitudes1 !n1 ! "y birds h1 b ^! are m limit$ ?an 9 ants1 bees1 & wasps2 & ! reason is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! bra9 is n[ evolv+ on ! tack ( :at ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] has call$ educability4 ,"y birds le>n ) prodigi\s rapidity2 ! emancipation ( ! m9d f ! tyranny ( h]$it>y obligations has begun4 ,"y birds make mi/akes1 l ! r$ wor/$ mi/ake1 b !y d n make ! same mi/akes (t54 ,!y are able to pr(it by exp]i5ce 9 a v rapid way4 ,we d n mean t creatures ( ! little-bra9 type1 l ants1 bees1 & wasps1 are unable to pr(it by exp]i5ce or are )\t intellig5ce4 ,!re are no su* h>d-&-fa/ l9es4 ,we mean t 9 ! ord9>y life ( insects ! enregi/]$ in/9ctive capacities are on ! :ole suffici5t = ! occasion1 & t intellig5t educability is v slightly develop$4 ,nor d we mean t birds are q emancipat$ f ! tyranny ( engra9$ in/9ctive obligations1 & c always r+ up intellig5ce 9 a way t is impossible = ! /]eotyp$ bee4 ,! sight ( a pigeon brood+ on an empty ne/1 :ile h] two eggs lie disreg>d$ only a c\ple ( in*es away1 is en\gh to %[ t along c]ta9 l9es birds may f9d x impossible to get free f ! trammels ( in/9ct4 ,! peculi> int]e/ ( birds is t !y h _m in/9cts & yet a notable p[] ( le>n+ intellig5tly4 ,intellig5ce co-op]at+ ) ,in/9ct ,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan 0 fo/]-p>5t to two moorh5s :i* grew up 9 isolation f _! k9dr$4 ,!y swam in/9ctively1 b !y w\ld n dive1 nei!r 9 a l>ge ba? nor 9 a curr5t4 ,b x happ5$ "o day :5 "o ( ^! moorh5s 0 swimm+ 9 a pool on a ,york%ire /ream1 t a puppy came b>k+ d[n ! bank & made an awkw>d fe9t t[>ds ! "y bird4 ,9 a mom5t ! moorh5 div$1 disappe>$ f view1 & soon p>tially reappe>$1 8 head j peep+ above ! wat] b5ea? ! ov]hang+ bank4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t ! bird _h div$1 & ! p]=mance 0 absolutely true to type4 ,!re c be little d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ?is obs]vation4 ,! moorh5 has an h]$it>y or in/9ctive capacity = swimm+ & div+1 b ! latt] is n s easily call$ into activity z ! =m]4 ,! p>ticul> moorh5 9 "q _h enjoy$ ab\t two mon?s ( swimm+ exp]i5ce1 :i* probably c\nt$ = some?+1 b 9 ! c\rse ( t exp]i5ce no?+ _h pull$ ! trigg] ( ! div+ capacity4 ,on an ev5tful day ! "y moorh5 saw & he>d ! dog2 x 0 emotionally excit$2 x probably did to "s ext5t intellig5tly appreciate a novel & mean+ful situation4 ,intellig5ce coop]at$ ) in/9ct1 & ! bird div$ appropriately4 ,birds h inborn pr$ispositions to c]ta9 effective ways ( peck+1 scrat*+1 swimm+1 div+1 fly+1 cr\*+1 ly+ l[1 ne/-build+1 & s on2 b !y are m>k$ (f f ! mu* m purely in/9ctive ants & bees by ! ext5t to :i* individual nurture seems to m+le ) ! inh]it$ nature4 ,! two toge!r result 9 ! f9e product :i* we call ! bird's behavi\r4 ,aft] ,lloyd ,morgan's *icks _h tri$ a few conspicu\s & unpalatable cat]pill>s1 !y _h no use = any m4 ,!y le>n$ 9 _! e>ly days ) prodigi\s rapidity1 illu/rat+ ! deep diff]5ce betwe5 ! big-bra9 type1 relatively poor 9 its end[m5t ( in/9ctive capacities1 b em95tly educable1 & ! little-bra9 type1 say1 ( ants & bees1 ri*ly end[$ ) in/9ctive capacities1 b v f> f be+ quick or glad to le>n4 ,we owe x to ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] to h made x cle> t ^! two types ( bra9 are1 z x 71 on diff]5t tacks ( evolution1 & %\ld n be directly pitt$ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! little-bra9 type makes = a climax 9 ! ant1 :]e in/9ctive behavi\r rea*es a high degree ( p]fection2 ! big-bra9 type rea*es its climax 9 horse & dog1 9 elephant & monkey4 ,! p>ticul> int]e/ t atta*es to ! behavi\r ( birds is 9 ! comb9ation ( a good deal ( in/9ct ) a great deal ( intellig5t le>n+4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ :5 birds make a ne/ out ( new mat]ials or 9 "s q novel situation4 ,x is cle>ly se5 :5 birds turn to "s new k9d ( food1 l ! ,kea p>rot1 :i* attacks ! %eep 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,"s "y woodpeck]s are q clev] 9 op5+ fir cones to get at ! se$s1 & ?is might be ha/ily ref]r$ to a well-def9$ h]$it>y capacity4 ,b ! facts are t ! p>5ts br+ _! "y ones fir/ ! se$s !mselves1 !n p>tly op5$ cones1 & !n intact ones4 ,!re is an educative process1 & s x is 9 scores ( cases4 ,us+ _! ,wits ,:5 ! ,greek eagle lifts ! ,greek tortoise 9 its talons1 & lets x fall f a height s t ! /rong c>apace is brok5 & ! fle% expos$1 x is mak+ intellig5t use ( an exp$i5t4 ,:e!r x discov]$ ! exp$i5t by exp]im5t+1 z is possible1 or by *ance1 z is m likely1 x uses x intellig5tly4 ,9 ! same way h]r+-gulls lift sea-ur*9s & clams 9 _! bills1 & let !m fall on ! rocks s t ! %ells are brok54 ,9 ! same way rooks deal ) fre%wat] mussels4 ,! ,?ru%'s ,anvil ,a v in/ructive case is ! behavi\r ( ! song-?ru% :5 x takes a wood-snail 9 its beak & hamm]s x aga9/ a /one1 its s-call$ anvil4 ,to a "y ?ru%1 :i* %e _h br\ght up by h&1 ,miss ,frances ,pitt (f]$ "s wood-snails1 b x took no int]e/ 9 !m until "o put out its head & began to move ab\t4 ,! bird !n peck$ at ! snail's horns1 b 0 evid5tly puzzl$ :5 ! creature retreat$ )9 ! %elt] ( ! %ell4 ,?is happ5$ ov] & ov] aga91 ! ?ru%'s inquisitive int]e/ increas+ day by day4 ,x peck$ at ! %ell & ev5 pick$ x up by ! lip1 b no real progress 0 made till ! six? day1 :5 ! ?ru% seiz$ ! snail & beat x on ! gr\nd z x w\ld a big worm4 ,on ! same day x pick$ up a %ell & knock$ x repeat$ly aga9/ a /one1 try+ fir/ "o snail & !n ano!r4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes' h>d "w1 ! ?ru% manag$ to break "o1 & aft] t x 0 all easy4 ,a c]ta9 pr$isposition to beat ?+s on ! gr\nd 0 d\btless pres5t1 b ! exp]im5t %[$ t ! use ( an anvil c\ld be arriv$ at by an untutor$ bird4 ,aft] prolong$ try+ x f\nd out h[ to deal ) a difficult situation4 ,x may be said t 9 m natural conditions ?is might be pick$ up by imitation1 b :ile ?is is q possible1 x is useful to notice t exp]im5ts ) animals lead u to d\bt :e!r imitation c\nts = ne>ly s mu* z us$ to be believ$4 #f ,! ,m9d ( ! ,mammal ,:5 we wat* a collie at a %eep-driv+ competition1 or an elephant help+ ! =e/]1 or a horse %unt+ waggons at a railway sid+1 we are apt to be too g5]\s to ! mammal m9d4 ,= 9 ! cases we h j m5tion$1 "p ( man's m9d has1 s to speak1 got into ! animal's4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we /udy rabbits & gu9ea-pigs1 we are apt to be too /+y1 = ^! rod5ts are "u ! av]age ( mammals1 & ^? t live 9 dome/ication illu/rate ! /upefy+ effect ( a too %elt]$ life4 ,! same applies to dome/icat$ %eep contra/$ ) wild %eep1 or ev5 ) _! own lambs4 ,if we are to =m a s\nd judgm5t on ! intellig5ce ( mammals we mu/ n att5d too mu* to ^? t h pr(it$ by man's tra9+1 nor to ^? ^: m5tal life has be5 dull$ by dome/ication4 ,in/9ctive ,aptitudes ,:at is to be said ( ! behavi\r ( beav]s :o gnaw ! base ( a tree ) _! *isel-edg$ tee? till only a n>r[ core is left--to snap 9 ! fir/ gale1 br++ ! useful bran*es d[n to ! gr\nd8 ,:at is to be said ( ! h>ve/-m\se con/ruct+ its ne/1 or ( ! squirrel mak+ ca*e aft] ca*e ( nuts8 ,^! & _m simil> pieces ( behavi\r are fundam5tally in/9ctive1 due to inborn pr$ispositions ( n]ve-cells & muscle-cells4 ,b 9 mammals !y seem to be (t5 att5d$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( intellig5t att5tion1 sav+ ! creature f ! tyranny ( r\t9e s m>k$ 9 ! ways ( ants & bees4 ,%e] ,dext]ity ,besides in/9ctive aptitudes1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 almo/ equal p]fection by all ! memb]s ( ! same species1 !re are acquir$ dext]ities :i* dep5d on individual opportunities4 ,!y are also m>k$ by be+ outside & beyond ord9>y r\t9e--n t any rigor\s b\nd>y l9e c be drawn4 ,we read t at ,ma?ura on ! ,jumna doles ( food are provid$ by ! piety ( pilgrims = ! sacr$ riv]-tortoises1 :i* are s cr[d$ :5 !re is food go+ t _! smoo? c>apaces =m a m or less cont9u\s raft across ! riv]4 ,on t un/eady slipp]y bridge ! ,langur monkeys 7,semnopi!cus entellus7 v5ture out & 9 spite ( vici\s snaps secure a %>e ( ! booty4 ,?is picture ( ! monkeys secur+ a foot+ on ! mov+ mass ( turtle-backs is almo/ a diagram ( %e] dext]ity4 ,x illu/rates ! _s ( adv5ture1 ! w to exp]im5t1 :i* is1 we believe1 ! ma9 motive-=ce 9 new dep>tures 9 behavi\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,lafayette ,,alsatian ,,wolf-,,dog ,an animal ( acute s5ses & great intellig5ce4 ,x 0 ( great s]vice 9 ! w>4 7,! dog %[n1 ,arno von ,indetal1 is a tra9$ police dog & did s]vice abroad dur+ ! w>47 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,! ,,pol> ,,be> ,,( ,,! ,,f> ,,nor? ,an animal ( extraord9>y /r5g?1 able ) a /roke ( its paw to lift a big seal "r out ( ! wat] & s5d x cra%+ along ! ice4 ,! food consi/s *iefly ( seals4 ,! sexes w&] sep>ately4 ,a hole is (t5 dug z a w9t] retreat1 b !re is no hib]nation4 ,a pol> be> 9 captivity has be5 se5 mak+ a curr5t ) its paw 9 ! wat] ( its pool 9 ord] to secure float+ buns )\t tr\ble--an in/ance ( %e] intellig5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiad ,,an ,,alligator ,,yawn+ ,,9 ,,expectation ,,( ,,food ,note ! l>ge numb] ( %>p conical tee? fix$ 9 sockets along ! jaws4 ,p[] ( ,association ,a bull-t]ri] call$ ,jasp]1 /udi$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,watson1 %[$ great p[] ( associat+ c]ta9 words ) c]ta9 actions4 ,f a position invisible to ! dog ! own] w\ld give c]ta9 comm&s1 su* z ,g into ! next room & br+ me a pap] ly+ on ! floor4 ,jasp] did ?is at once1 & a score ( simil> ?+s4 ,"l ,avebury's dog ,van 0 accu/om$ to g to a box conta9+ a small numb] ( pr9t$ c>ds & select ! c>d ,,tea or ,,out1 z ! occasion sugge/$4 ,x _h e/abli%$ an association betwe5 c]ta9 black m>ks on a :ite backgr\nd & ! gratification ( c]ta9 desires4 ,x is probable t "s ( ! extraord9>y ?+s horses & dogs h be5 kn[n to d 9 ! way ( /amp+ a c]ta9 numb] ( times 9 suppos$ indication ( an answ] to an ari?metical "q 79 ! case ( horses71 or ( ! "n ( an object drawn 79 ! case ( dogs71 are dep5d5t on clev] associations e/abli%$ by ! tea*] betwe5 m9ute signs & a numb] ( /amp+s4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t mammals h 9 v>y+ degrees a /rong p[] ( e/abli%+ associations4 ,!re is (t5 "s delicacy 9 ! association e/abli%$4 ,ev]yone kn[s ( cases :]e a dog1 a cat1 or a horse w rema9 q un9t]e/$1 to all appe>ance1 9 its own]'s movem5ts until "s little detail1 su* z tak+ a key f its peg1 pulls ! trigg]4 ,n[ ! importance ( ?is 9 ! wild life ( ! fox or ! h>e1 ! ott] or ! squirrel1 is obvi\sly t ! "y animals le>n to associate c]ta9 s\nds 9 _! environm5t ) def9ite possibilities4 ,!y h to le>n an alphabet ( woodcraft1 ! lett]s ( :i* are *iefly s\nds & sc5ts4 ,! ,danc+ ,m\se z a ,pupil ,! danc+ or waltz+ m\se is a ,japanese v>iety ) _m peculi>ities1 su* z hav+ only "o ( ! ?ree semicircul> canals ( ! e> well develop$4 ,x has a /rong t5d5cy to waltz r\nd & r\nd 9 circles )\t suffici5t cause & to trip sideways t[>ds its dormitory in/ead ( proce$+ 9 ! or?odox head-on fa%ion4 ,b ?is freak is a v educable creature1 z ,pr(essor ,y]kes has %[n4 ,9 a c>eful way he confront$ 8 m\se-pupil ) alt]native pa?ways m>k$ by diff]5t degrees ( illum9ation1 or by diff]5t col\rs4 ,if ! m\se *ose comp>tm5t ,a1 x f\nd a cle> passage direct to its ne/2 if x *ose comp>tm5t ,b1 x 0 puni%$ by a mild electric %ock & x _h to take a r\ndab\t road home4 ,ne$less to say1 ! ,a comp>tm5t 0 sometimes to ! "r h&1 sometimes to ! left1 else m]e position w\ld h be5 a guide4 ,! exp]im5ts %[$ t ! danc+ mice le>n to discrim9ate ! "r pa? f ! wrong1 & simil> results h be5 got f o!r mammals1 su* z rats & squirrels4 ,!re is no pro( ( le>n+ by ideas1 b !re is pro( ( le>n+ by exp]i5ce4 ,& ! same mu/ be true 9 wild life4 ,_m mammals1 su* z cats & rats1 le>n h[ to manipulate puzzle-boxes & h[ to get at ! treasure at ! he>t ( a ,hampton ,c\rt maze4 ,"s ( ! puzzle-boxes1 ) a rew>d ( food inside1 are q difficult1 = ! v>i\s bolts & b>s h to be dealt ) 9 a p>ticul> ord]1 & yet _m mammals ma/] ! problem4 ,:at is pla9 is t !y gradually elim9ate useless movem5ts1 t !y make few] & few] mi/akes1 t !y ev5tually succe$1 & t !y regi/] ! solution )9 !mselves s t x rema9s ) !m = a "t4 ,x looks a little l ! behavi\r ( a man :o le>ns a game ( skill )\t ?9k+4 ,x is a le>n+ by exp]i5ce1 n by ideas or reflection4 ,?us x is v difficult to suppose t a rat or a cat c\ld =m any idea or ev5 picture ( ! ,hampton ,c\rt maze--:i* !y nev]!less ma/]4 ,le>n+ ,tricks ,giv5 suffici5t inducem5t _m ( ! clev]] mammals w le>n to d v s5sible ?+s1 & no "o is wise en\gh to say t !y nev] und]/& :at !y are do+4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t tra9$ animals (t5 exhibit pieces ( behavi\r :i* are n ne>ly s clev] z !y look4 ,! elephant at ! ,belle ,vue ,g>d5s 9 ,man*e/] us$ to collect p5nies f b5evol5t visitors4 ,:5 x got a p5ny 9 its trunk x put x 9 ! slot ( an automatic ma*9e :i* deliv]$ up a biscuit4 ,:5 a visitor gave ! elephant a halfp5ny x us$ to ?r[ x back ) disgu/4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seem$ almo/ wise1 & !re 0 no d\bt "s intellig5t appreciation ( ! situation4 ,b x 0 l>gely a matt] ( habituation1 ! outcome ( c>eful & prolong$ tra9+4 ,! elephant 0 labori\sly taught to put ! p5ny 9 ! slot & to discrim9ate betwe5 ! useful p5nies & ! useless halfp5nies4 ,x 0 n ne>ly s clev] z x look$4 ,us+ _! ,wits ,9 ! beautiful ,zoological ,p>k 9 ,ed9burgh ! ,pol> ,be> 0 wont to sit on a rocky p59sula ( a wat]-fill$ qu>ry4 ,! visitors ?rew 9 buns1 "s ( :i* float$ on ! surface4 ,x 0 (t5 easy = ! ,pol> ,be> to collect half a doz5 by plung+ into ! pool4 ,b x _h discov]$ a m int]e/+ way4 ,at ! edge ( ! p59sula x scoop$ ! wat] g5tly ) its huge paw & made a curr5t :i* br\ght ! buns a%ore4 ,?is 0 a simple piece ( behavi\r1 b x has ! smack ( intellig5ce--( putt+ two & two toge!r 9 a novel way4 ,x sugge/s ! p[] ( mak+ :at is call$ a p]ceptual inf]5ce4 ,on ! occasion ( a great flood 9 a mead[ x 0 obs]v$ t a numb] ( m>es br\ght _! foals to ! top ( a knoll1 & /ood r\nd ab\t !m protect+ !m aga9/ ! ris+ wat]4 ,a dog has be5 kn[n to %[ :at 0 at any rate a pla/ic appreciation ( a v>y+ situation 9 swimm+ across a tidal riv]4 ,x *ang$ its />t+-po9t1 !y say1 accord+ to ! fl[ or ebb ( ! tide4 ,arctic foxes & "s o!r wild mammals %[ great clev]ness 9 deal+ ) traps1 & ! manipulative intellig5ce ( elephants is wor?y ( all our admiration4 #g ,:y is !re n m ,intellig5ce8 ,:5 we all[ = dext]ity & p[] ( association1 :5 we recognise a c]ta9 am\nt ( in/9ctive capacity & a capacity = pr(it+ by exp]i5ce 9 an intellig5t way1 we mu/ admit a c]ta9 degree ( disappo9tm5t :5 we take a survey ( ! behavi\r ( mammals1 especially ( ^? ) v f9e bra9s1 f :i* we %\ld naturally expect great ?+s4 ,:y is !re n m frequ5t exhibition ( intellig5ce 9 ! /rict] s5se8 ,! answ] is t mo/ mammals h become 9 ! c\rse ( "t v well adapt$ to ! ord9>y conditions ( _! life1 & t5d to leave well alone4 ,!y h got _! rep]tory ( effici5t answ]s to ! ord9>y que/ions ( ev]yday life1 & :y %\ld !y exp]im5t8 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :at has be5 e/abli%$ is effici5cy 9 normal circum/ances1 & !re=e ev5 ! high] animals t5d to be no clev]] ?an is necess>y4 ,s :ile _m mammals are extraord9>ily effici5t1 !y t5d to be a little dull4 ,_! m5tal equipm5t is adequate = ! ev]yday conditions ( _! life1 b x is n on suffici5tly g5]\s l9es to admit (1 let u say1 an int]e/ 9 ,nature or adv5tur\s exp]im5t4 ,mammals always t5d to play = safety4 ,we ha/51 h[ev]1 to ins]t "h "s v int]e/+ sav+ clauses4 ,exp]im5tation 9 ,play ,a glimpse ( :at mammals are capable (1 7 x necess>y1 may be obta9$ by wat*+ ^? t are playful1 su* z lambs & kids1 foals & calves1 "y foxes & o!rs4 ,= ^! "y creatures let !mselves g irresponsibly1 !y are /ill un/]eotyp$1 !y te/ :at !y & _! fell[s c d4 ,! exp]im5tal "* ( mu* ( animal play is v m>k$4 ,x is n[ recognis$ by biologi/s t play among animals is ! "y =m ( "w1 & t ! play+ p]iod1 (t5 s conspicu\s1 is vitally important z an appr5tice%ip to ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life & z an opportunity = le>n+ ! alphabet ( ,nature4 ,b ! play+ p]iod is mu* m2 x is "o ( ! few opportunities animals h ( mak+ exp]im5ts )\t too s]i\s responsibilities4 ,play is ,nature's device = all[+ elb[-room = new dep>tures 7behavi\r-v>iations7 :i* may =m "p ( ! raw mat]ials ( progress4 ,play1 we repeat1 gives u a glimpse ( ! possibilities ( ! mammal m9d4 ,o!r ,glimpses ( ,intellig5ce ,a squirrel is j z clev] z x ne$s to be & no m2 & ( "s vani%+ mammals1 l ! beav]1 n ev5 ?is c be said4 ,humdrum non-pla/ic effici5cy is apt to mean /agnation4 ,n[ we h j se5 t 9 ! play ( "y mammals !re is an indication ( unexhau/$ possibilities1 & we get ! same impression :5 we ?9k ( ?ree o!r facts4 7a7 ,9 ^? mammals1 l dog & horse1 :i* h ent]$ into active coop]ative relations ) man1 we see t ! m9d ( ! mammal is capable ( mu* m ?an ! av]age w\ld lead u to ?9k4 ,:5 man's %elt]+ is too complete & ! dome/icat$ creature is passive 9 8 grip1 ! intellig5ce det]iorates4 7b7 ,:5 we /udy mammals1 l ! ott]1 :i* live a v]satile life 9 a v complex & difficult environm5t1 we get an inspirit+ picture ( ! play ( wits4 7c7 ,?irdly1 :5 we pass to monkeys1 :]e ! =e-limb has become a free h&1 :]e ! bra9 %[s a relatively great improvem5t1 :]e words are mu* us$1 we _c fail to recognise ! em]g5ce ( some?+ new--a re/less inquisitiv5ess1 a desire to inve/igate ! _w1 an unsatisfi$ t5d5cy to exp]im5t4 ,we are approa*+ ! ,dawn ( ,reason4 ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,monkeys #h ,!re is a long gamut betwe5 ! bu%y-tail$1 almo/ squirrel-l m>mosets & ! big-bra9$ *impanzee4 ,!re is great v>iety ( atta9m5t at diff]5t levels 9 ! ,simian tribe4 ,ke5 ,s5ses ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 x is c]ta9 t monkeys h a fir/-class s5sory equipm5t1 especially z reg>ds sight1 he>+1 & t\*4 ,! axes ( ! two eyes are direct$ =w>ds z 9 man1 & a l>ge section ( ! field ( vision is common to bo? eyes4 ,9 o!r words1 monkeys h a m complete /]eoscopic vision ?an ! re/ ( ! mammals enjoy4 ,!y look m & smell less4 ,!y c di/+ui% diff]5t col\rs1 ap>t f diff]5t degrees ( brightness 9 ! col\r$ objects4 ,!y are quick to discrim9ate diff]5ces 9 ! %apes ( ?+s1 e4g4 boxes simil> 9 size b diff]5t 9 %ape1 = if ! prize is always put 9 a box ( ! same %ape !y soon le>n 7by association7 to select ! pr(itable "o4 ,!y le>n to discrim9ate c>ds ) %ort words or ) signs pr9t$ on !m1 com+ d[n :5 ! ,yes c>d is %[n1 rema9+ on _! p]* :5 ! c>d says ,no4 ,br$ to a =e/ life :]e al]tness is a life-or-dea? quality1 !y are quick to respond to a sudd5 movem5t or to pick out "s new feature 9 _! surr\nd+s4 ,& :at is true ( vision holds also = he>+4 ,p[] ( ,manipulation ,ano!r quality :i* sep>ates monkeys v m>k$ly f ord9>y mammals is _! manipulative exp]tness1 ! co-ord9ation ( h& & eye4 ,?is great gift foll[s f ! fact t among monkeys ! =e-leg has be5 emancipat$4 ,x has ceas$ to be indisp5sable z an organ ( support2 x has become a climb+1 grasp+1 lift+1 h&l+ organ4 ,! =e-limb has become a free h&1 & ev]yone :o kn[s monkeys at all is aw>e ( ! ze/ ) :i* !y use _! tool4 ,!y enjoy pull+ ?+s to pieces--a k9d ( dissection--or screw+ ! h&le (f a bru% & screw+ x on aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,p4 ,d&o ,,baby ,,orang ,notice ! small e>s & ! sugge/ion ( good temp]4 ,! "m orang w ?r[ prickly fruits & pieces ( bran*es at ^? :o intrude on h] mat]nal c>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,gambi] ,bolton4 ,,orang-,,utan ,a l>ge & heavy ape1 frequ5t+ =e/s 9 ,sumatra & ,borneo1 liv+ ma9ly 9 trees1 :]e a tempor>y ne/ is made4 ,! expression is melan*oly1 ! belly v protub]ant1 ! col\r yell[-br[n1 ! movem5ts are cauti\s & sl[4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,*impanzee #b4 ,,baby ,,orang-,,utan #c4 ,,orang-,,utan #d4 ,,baby ,,*impanzees ,photos3 ,james's ,press ,ag5cy4 ,9 8 fam\s book on ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals 7#ahgb7 ,*>les ,d>w9 %[$ t _m =ms ( facial expression famili> 9 man h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 apes & o!r mammals4 ,he also %[$ h[ important ! movem5ts ( expression are z means ( communication betwe5 "m & (fspr+1 mate & mate1 ki? & k94 ,! an?ropoid apes %[ notable diff]5ces ( temp]am5t z ! photographs %[4 ,! *impanzee is lively1 *e]ful1 & educable4 ,! orang is also mild ( temp]1 b (t5 & naturally appe>s melan*oly 9 captivity4 ,?is is n sugge/$1 h[ev]1 by our photograph ( ! adult4 ,bo? *impanzee & orang are m>k$ly contra/$ ) ! fi]ce & gloomy gorilla4 ,activity = ,activity's ,sake ,pr(essor ,?orndike hits ! nail on ! head :5 he lays /ress on ! int5sity ( activity 9 monkeys--activity bo? ( body & m9d4 ,!y are p5t-up res]voirs ( en]gy1 :i* almo/ any influ5ce w tap4 ,wat* a cat or a dog1 ,pr(essor ,?orndike says2 x does comp>atively few ?+s & is cont5t = long p]iods to d no?+4 ,x w be spl5didly active 9 response to "s /imulus su* z food or a fri5d or a fight1 b if no?+ appeals to its special make-up1 :i* is v utilit>ian 9 its int]e/s1 x w d no?+4 ,wat* a monkey & y _c enum]ate ! ?+s he does1 _c discov] ! /imuli to :i* he reacts1 _c conceive ! raison d'etre ( 8 pursuits4 ,ev]y?+ appeals to him4 ,he likes to be active = ! sake ( activity4 ,?is applies to m5tal activity z well1 & ! quality is "o ( extraord9>y int]e/1 = x %[s ! exp]im5t+ mood at a high] turn ( ! spiral ?an 9 any o!r creature1 save man4 ,x po9ts =w>d to ! sci5tific _s4 ,we _c1 inde$1 believe 9 ! sudd5 beg9n+ ( any quality1 & we recall ! exp]im5t+ ( play+ mammals1 su* z kids & kitt5s1 or ( inquisitive adults l ,kipl+'s mongoose1 ,riki-,tiki-,tavi1 :i* made x 8 bus9ess 9 life to f9d out ab\t ?+s4 ,b 9 monkeys ! habit ( re/less exp]im5t+ rises to a high] pit*4 ,!y appe> to be curi\s ab\t ! _w4 ,! psy*ologi/ :om we h quot$ tells ( a monkey :i* happ5$ to hit a project+ wire s z to make x vibrate4 ,he w5t on repeat+ ! p]=mance hundr$s ( times dur+ ! next few days4 ,( c\rse1 he got no?+ out ( x1 save fun1 b x 0 gri/ to 8 m5tal mill4 ,! fact ( m5tal life is to monkeys x own rew>d4 ,! monkey's bra9 is t5d] all ov]1 function+ ?r\gh\t1 set (f 9 action by any?+ & ev]y?+4 ,%e] ,quickness ,correlat$ ) ! quality ( re/less inquisitiv5ess & delight 9 activity = its own sake !re is ! quality ( quickness4 ,we mean n m]ely ! locomotor agility t m>ks mo/ monkeys1 b quickness ( p]ception & plan4 ,x is ! sort ( quality t life among ! bran*es w eng5d]1 :]e x is s (t5 a case ( neck or no?+4 ,x is ! quality :i* we describe z be+ on ! spot1 ?\gh ! phrase has slipp$ f its orig9al moor+s4 ,speak+ ( 8 ,bonnet ,monkey1 an ,indian macaque1 second c\s9 to ! k9d t lives on ! ,rock ( ,gibralt>1 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,j4 ,holmes writes3 ,= ke5ness ( p]ception1 rapidity ( action1 facility 9 =m+ good practical judgm5ts ab\t ways & means ( escap+ pursuit & ( atta9+ v>i\s o!r ends1 ,lizzie _h few rivals 9 ! animal _w4444 ,h] p]ceptions & decisions 7 s mu* m rapid ?an my own t %e w\ld frequ5tly transf] h] att5tion1 decide ^u a l9e ( action1 & c>ry x into effect be=e ,i 0 aw>e ( :at %e 0 ab\t4 ,until ,i came to gu>d aga9/ h] nimble & unexpect$ manoeuvres1 %e succe$$ 9 gett+ possession ( _m apples & peanuts :i* ,i _h n int5d$ to give h] except ^u ! successful p]=mance ( "s task4 ,quick to ,le>n ,q fundam5tal to any und]/&+ ( animal behavi\r is ! di/9ction s cle>ly drawn by ,sir ,ray ,lanke/] betwe5 ! little-bra9 type1 ri* 9 inborn or in/9ctive capacities1 b relatively sl[ to le>n1 & ! big-bra9 type1 ) a relatively poor end[m5t ( specialis$ in/9cts1 b ) great educability4 ,! little-bra9 type f9ds its climax 9 ants & bees2 ! big-bra9 type 9 horses & dogs1 elephants & monkeys4 ,& ( all animals monkeys are ! quicke/ to le>n1 if we use ! ^w le>n to mean ! =mation ( useful associations betwe5 ?is & t1 betwe5 a giv5 s5se-pres5tation & a p>ticul> piece ( behavi\r4 ,! ,case ( ,sally ,"s ( u rememb] ,sally1 ! *impanzee at ! ,zoo ) :i* ,dr4 ,romanes us$ to exp]im5t4 ,%e 0 taught to give h] tea*] ! numb] ( /raws he ask$ =1 & %e soon le>n$ to d s up to five4 ,if %e h&$ a numb] n ask$ =1 h] (f] 0 refus$2 if %e gave ! prop] numb]1 %e got a piece ( fruit4 ,if %e 0 ask$ = five /raws1 %e pick$ !m up individually & plac$ !m 9 h] m\?1 & :5 %e _h ga!r$ five %e pres5t$ !m toge!r 9 h] h&4 ,attempts to tea* h] to give six to t5 /raws 7 n v successful4 ,= ,sally above six meant _m1 & besides1 h] limits ( pati5ce 7 probably less ?an h] range ( computation4 ,?is 0 h9t$ at by ! highly int]e/+ circum/ance t :5 deal+ ) numb]s above five %e v frequ5tly d\bl$ ov] a /raw s z to make x pres5t two ends & ?us appe> z two /raws4 ,! d\bl+ ( ! /raw look$ l an intellig5t device to save "t1 & x 0 p]si/5tly resort$ to 9 spite ( ! fact t h] tea*] always refus$ to accept a d\bl$ /raw z equival5t to two /raws4 ,"h we get a glimpse ( some?+ beyond ! m]e association ( a s\nd--,five--& t numb] ( /raws4 ,! ,case ( ,lizzie ,! front ( ! cage 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,holmes kept ,lizzie 0 made ( v]tical b>s :i* all[$ h] to rea* out ) h] arm4 ,on a bo>d ) an upright nail z h&le1 !re 0 plac$ an apple--out ( ,lizzie's rea*4 ,%e rea*$ imm$iately = ! nail1 pull$ ! bo>d 9 & got ! apple4 ,!re 0 no employm5t ( ! me?od ( trial & error2 !re 0 direct appropriate action foll[+ ! p]ception ( h] relation to bo>d1 nail1 & apple4 ,( c\rse h] ance/ors may h be5 adepts at draw+ a fruit-lad5 bran* )9 _! rea*1 b ! simple exp]im5t 0 v in/ructive4 ,all ! m in/ructive because 9 _m o!r cases ! exp]im5ts indicate a gradual sift+ out ( useless movem5ts & an ev5tful ret5tion ( ! "o t pays4 ,:5 ,lizzie 0 giv5 a vasel9e bottle conta9+ a peanut & clos$ ) a cork1 %e at once pull$ ! cork out ) h] tee?1 obey+ ! in/9ct to bite at new objects1 b %e nev] le>n$ to turn ! bottle upside d[n & let ! nut drop out4 ,%e (t5 got ! nut1 & aft] "s education %e got x m quickly ?an %e did at fir/1 b !re 0 no indication t %e ev] p]ceiv$ ! fit & prop] way ( gett+ :at %e want$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( h] int5t ef=ts h] m9d seem$ s absorb$ ) ! object ( desire t x 0 nev] focuss$ on ! means ( atta9+ t object4 ,!re 0 no delib]ation1 & no discrim9ation betwe5 ! important & ! unimportant elem5ts 9 h] behavi\r4 ,! gradually increas+ facility ( h] p]=mances dep5d$ on ! app>5tly unconsci\s elim9ation ( useless movem5ts4 ,?is may be call$ le>n+1 b x is le>n+ at a v l[ level2 x is f> f le>n+ by ideas2 x is h>dly ev5 le>n+ by exp]im5t2 x is n m ?an le>n+ by exp]i5ce1 x is n m ?an fumbl+ at le>n+6 ,trial & ,error ,a high] note is /ruck 9 ! behavi\r ( "s m highly end[$ monkeys4 ,9 _m exp]im5ts1 *iefly 9 ! way ( gett+ into boxes difficult to op51 !re is evid5ce 7#a7 ( att5tive p]si/5t exp]im5t 7#b7 ( ! rapid elim9ation ( ineffective movem5ts1 & 7#c7 ( rememb]+ ! solution :5 x 0 discov]$4 ,k9naman taught two macaques ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,maze1 a feat :i* probably means a memory ( movem5ts1 & we get an int]e/+ glimpse 9 8 obs]vation t !y began to smack _! lips audibly :5 !y rea*$ ! latt] "p ( _! c\rse1 & began to feel1 d>e "o say1 ,we are "r ?is "t4 ,9 gett+ into puzzle-boxes & into comb9ation-boxes 7:]e ! b>ri]s mu/ be ov]come 9 a def9ite ord]71 monkeys le>n by ! trial & error me?od mu* m quickly ?an cats & dogs d1 & a v sugge/ive fact emphasiz$ by ,pr(essor ,?orndike is a process ( sudd5 acquisition by a rapid1 (t5 app>5tly in/antane\s ab&onm5t ( ! unsuccessful movem5ts & selection ( ! appropriate "o1 :i* rivals 9 sudd5ness ! selections made by human be+s 9 simil> p]=mances4 ,a high] note /ill 0 s\nd$ by "o ( ,?orndike's monkeys :i* op5$ a puzzle-box at once1 eight mon?s aft] 8 previ\s exp]i5ce ) x4 ,= "h 0 "s sort ( regi/ration ( a solution4 ,imitation ,two *impanzees 9 ! ,dubl9 ,zoo 7 (t5 to be se5 wa%+ ! two %elves ( _! cupbo>d & wr++ ! wet clo? 9 ! approv$ fa%ion4 ,x 0 l a c>icature ( a wa%]woman1 & someone said1 ,:at mimics !y are6 ,n[ we d n "k :e!r t 0 or 0 n ! case ) ! *impanzees1 b ! majority ( ! exp]im5ts t h be5 made d n lead u to atta* to imitation s mu* importance z is usually giv5 to x by ! popul> int]pret]4 ,!re are in/ances :]e a monkey t _h giv5 up a puzzle 9 despair return$ to x :5 x _h se5 its neighb\r succe$1 b mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts sugge/$ t ! creature has to f9d out = itself4 ,ev5 ) su* a simple problem z draw+ food ne> ) a /ick1 x (t5 seems ( little use to %[ ! monkey h[ x is done4 ,plac+ a bit ( food outside 8 monkey's cage1 ,pr(essor ,holmes pok$ x ab\t ) ! /ick s z to give h] a sugge/ion ( h[ ! /ick might be employ$ to move ! food )9 rea*1 b al?\gh ! act 0 repeat$ _m times ,lizzie nev] %[$ ! lea/ incl9ation to use ! /ick to h] advantage4 ,p]haps ! idea ( a tool is beyond ! ,bonnet ,monkey1 yet "h aga9 we mu/ be cauti\s1 = ,pr(essor ,l4 ,t4 ,hobh\se _h a monkey ( ! same macaque g5us :i* le>n$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t to use a crook$ /ick ) great effect4 ,! ,case ( ,pet] ,p]haps ! clev]e/ monkey z yet /udi$ 0 a p]=m+ *impanzee call$ ,pet]1 :i* has be5 g5]ally describ$ by ,dr4 ,lightn] ,witm]4 ,pet] c\ld skate & cycle1 ?read ne$les & untie knots1 smoke a cig>ette & /r+ beads1 screw 9 nails & unlock locks4 ,b :at ,pet] 0 ?9k+ ab\t all ! "t x 0 h>d to guess1 & !re is v little evid5ce to sugge/ t 8 rapid p[] ( putt+ two & two toge!r ev] rose above a sort ( concrete m5tal exp]im5t+1 :i* ,dr4 ,romanes us$ to call p]ceptual inf]5ce4 ,)\t suppos+ t !re are h>d-&-fa/ b\nd>y l9es1 we _c avoid ! g5]al conclusion t1 :ile monkeys are (t5 intellig5t1 !y seldom1 if ev]1 %[ ev5 h9ts ( reason1 i4e4 ( work+ or play+ ) g5]al ideas4 ,t rema9s ,man's pr]ogative4 ,! ,bu/le ( ! ,m9d ,9 mammals l ott]s1 foxes1 /oats1 h>es1 & elephants1 :at a complex ( tides & curr5ts !re mu/ be 9 ! bra9-m9d6 ,we may ?9k ( a /ream ) curr5ts at diff]5t levels4 ,l[e/ !re are ! basal appetites ( hung] & sex1 (t5 ) eddies ris+ to ! surface4 ,!n !re are ! prim>y emotions1 su* z fe> ( h]$it>y enemies & mat]nal affection = (fspr+4 ,above ^! are in/9ctive aptitudes1 inborn p[]s ( do+ clev] ?+s )\t hav+ to le>n h[4 ,b 9 mammals ^! are (t5 express$ along )1 or z x 7 ?r\gh1 ! controll$ life ( intellig5t activity1 :]e !re is m cle>-cut p]ceptual influ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,p4 ,d&o4 ,,*impanzee ,an ,african ape1 at home 9 ! equatorial =e/s1 a lively & playful creature1 em95tly educable4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,w4 ,s4 ,b]ridge4 ,,"y ,,*eetahs1 ,,or ,,hunt+ ,,leop>ds ,tra9$ to hunt f "t immemorial & q easily tam$4 ,*eetahs occur 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,turke/an1 & ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,c4 ,reid4 ,,common ,,ott] ,"o ( ! mo/ res\rceful ( animals & ! mo/ playsome/ crittur on ,god's e>?4 ,x nei!r /ores nor hib]nates1 b survives 9 virtue ( its wits & because ( ! c>eful education ( ! "y4 ,! ott] is a rov+ animal1 (t5 ) m ?an "o re/+-place2 x has be5 kn[n to travel fifte5 miles 9 a night4 ,high] /ill are ! records or memories ( individual exp]i5ce & ! regi/ration ( individual habits1 :ile on ! surface is ! in/ream+ multitude ( messages f ! outside _w1 l ra9drops & hail/ones on ! /ream1 "s ( !m p5etrat+ deeply1 be+1 z we say1 full ( mean+4 ,! m9d ( ! high] animal is 9 "s respects l a *ild's m9d1 9 hav+ little 9 ! way ( cle>-cut ideas1 9 %[+ no reason 9 ! /rict s5se1 & 9 its extraord9>y educability1 b x diff]s f ! *ild's m9d entirely 9 ! sure effectiv5ess ( a c]ta9 rep]tory ( responses4 ,x is effici5t to a degree4 ,until at la/ arose ! ,man4 ,man's bra9 is m complicat$ ?an t ( ! high] apes--gorilla1 orang1 & *impanzee--& x is relatively l>g]4 ,b ! improvem5ts 9 /ructure d n seem 9 !mselves suffici5t to acc\nt = man's great advance 9 intellig5ce4 ,! rill ( inn] life has become a swift /ream1 sometimes a ru%+ torr5t4 ,besides p]ceptual inf]5ce or ,intellig5ce--a sort ( picture-logic1 :i* "s animals likewise h--!re is conceptual inf]5ce--or ,reason--an int]nal exp]im5t+ ) g5]al ideas4 ,ev5 ! clev]e/ animals1 x w\ld seem1 d n get mu* beyond play+ ) p>ticul>s2 man plays an int]nal game ( *ess ) univ]sals4 ,intellig5t behavi\r may g a long way ) m5tal images2 rational conduct dem&s g5]al ideas4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t p]cepts & concepts diff] r 9 degree ?an 9 k9d1 & t ! passage f "o to ! o!r meant a high] p[] ( =m+ associations4 ,a clev] dog has probably a g5]alis$ p]cept ( man1 z di/+ui%$ f a memory-image ( ! p>ticul> m5 x has kn[n1 b man alone has ! concept ,man1 or ,mank9d1 or ,humanity4 ,exp]im5t+ ) concepts or g5]al ideas is :at we call ,reason4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 we get into deep wat]s1 & p]haps x is wise/ n to attempt too mu*4 ,s we %all cont5t ourselves "h ) po9t+ out t ,man's advance 9 intellig5ce & f intellig5ce to reason is closely wrapp$ up ) 8 p[] ( spee*4 ,:at animals began--a small vocabul>y--he has c>ri$ to high p]fection4 ,b :at is di/9ctive is n ! vocabul>y s mu* z ! habit ( mak+ s5t5ces1 ( express+ judgm5ts 9 a way :i* admitt$ ( communication betwe5 m9d & m9d4 ,! multiplication ( words meant mu*1 ! use ( words z symbols ( g5]al ideas meant ev5 m1 = x meant ! possibility ( play+ ! int]nal game ( ?9k+2 b p]haps ! mo/ important advance ( all 0 ! means ( comp>+ notes ) neighb\rs1 ( corroborat+ individual exp]i5ce by social int]c\rse4 ,) words1 also1 x became easi] to enregi/] outside himself ! ga9s ( ! pa/4 ,x is n )\t significance t ! ,greek ,logos1 :i* may be translat$ ! ^w1 may also be translat$ ,m9d4 #i ,look+ ,backw>ds ,:5 we take a survey ( animal behavi\r we see a long incl9$ plane4 ,! out] _w provokes simple creatures to answ] back2 simple creatures act exp]im5tally on _! surr\nd+s4 ,f ! beg9n+ ?is tw(old process has be5 go+ on1 receiv+ /imuli f ! environm5t & act+ ^u ! environm5t1 & accord+ to ! effici5cy ( ! reactions & actions liv+ creatures h be5 sift$ = millions ( ye>s4 ,"o ma9 l9e ( advance has be5 op5+ new gateways ( k--! s5ses1 :i* are f> m ?an five 9 numb]4 ,! o!r ma9 l9e ( advance has be5 9 mo/ g5]al t]ms1 exp]im5t+ or te/+1 prob+ & prov+1 try+ "o key aft] ano!r till a door is unlock$4 ,!re is progress 9 multiply+ ! gateways ( k & mak+ !m m discrim9at+1 & !re is progress 9 mak+ ! modes ( exp]im5t+ m wide-awake1 m controll$1 & m resolute4 ,b beh9d bo? ( ^! is ! *>act]i/ically vital p[] ( enregi/]+ )9 ! organism ! lessons ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! life ( ! individual ^! enregi/rations are illu/rat$ by memories & habituations & habits2 9 ! life ( ! race !y are illu/rat$ by reflex actions & in/9ctive capacities4 ,body & ,m9d ,we mu/ n %irk ! v difficult "q ( ! relation betwe5 ! bodily & ! m5tal side ( behavi\r4 7a7 ,"s great ?9k]s h taught t ! m9d is a reality by itself :i* plays ^u ! in/rum5t ( ! bra9 & body4 ,z ! in/rum5t gets worn & du/y ! play+ is n s good z x once 01 b ! play] is /ill himself4 ,?is !ory ( ! ess5tial indep5d5ce ( ! m9d is a v beautiful "o1 b ^? :o l x :5 appli$ to !mselves are n always s fond ( x :5 x is appli$ to o!r intellig5t creatures l rooks & elephants4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t !re is a gradual emancipation ( ! m9d :i* has gone fur!/ 9 ,man & is /ill progress+4 7b7 ,"s o!r ?9k]s h taught t ! inn] life ( ?\ght & feel+ is only1 z x 71 an e*o ( ! really important activity--t ( ! body & bra94 ,ideas are j foam-bells on ! hurry+ /reams & circl+ eddies ( matt] & en]gy t make up our physiological life4 ,to mo/ ( u ?is !ory is impossible1 because we are q sure t ideas & feel+s & purposes1 :i* _c be translat$ into matt] & motion1 are ! cle>e/ realities 9 our exp]i5ce1 & t !y c\nt = good & ill all ?r\gh our life4 ,!y are m ?an ! tick+s ( ! clock2 !y make ! :eels g r\nd4 7c7 ,!re are o!rs :o ?9k t ! mo/ sci5tific position is simply to recognise bo? ! bodily & ! m5tal activities z equally important1 & s closely int]wov5 t !y _c be sep>at$4 ,p]haps !y are j ! out] & ! inn] aspects ( "o reality--! life ( ! creature4 ,p]haps !y are l ! concave & convex curves ( a dome1 l ! two sides ( a %ield4 ,p]haps ! life ( ! organism is always a unity1 at "o "t appe>+ m conspicu\sly z ,m9d-body1 at ano!r "t z ,body-m9d4 ,! mo/ important fact is t nei!r aspect c be left out4 ,by no juggl]y ) words c we get ,m9d out ( ,matt] & ,motion4 ,& s9ce we are 9 ourselves q sure ( our ,m9d1 we are probably safe 9 say+ t 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ,m9d4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ,ari/otle's say+ t !re is no?+ 9 ! end :i* 0 n also 9 k9d pres5t 9 ! beg9n+--:atev] we mean by beg9n+4 ,9 conclusion ,:at has l$ to ! truly wond]ful result :i* we admire 9 a creature l a dog or an ott]1 a horse or a h>e8 ,9 g5]al1 we may say1 j two ma9 processes--7#a7 te/+ all ?+s1 & 7#b7 hold+ fa/ t :i* is good4 ,new dep>tures occur & ^! are te/$ = :at !y are wor?4 ,idiosyncrasies crop up & !y are sift$4 ,new c>ds come my/]i\sly f )9 into ! creature's h&1 & !y are play$--= bett] or = worse4 ,s by new v>iations & _! sift+1 by exp]im5t+ & enregi/]+ ! results1 ! m9d has gradually evolv$ & w cont9ue to evolve4 ,,viii ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,atoms ,mo/ p h he>d ( ! ori5tal race :i* puzzl$ ov] ! f\ndations ( ! univ]se1 & decid$ t x mu/ be support$ on ! back ( a giant elephant4 ,b ! elephant8 ,!y put x on ! back ( a mon/r\s tortoise1 & !re !y let ! matt] end4 ,if e animal 9 nature _h be5 call$ ^u1 !y w\ld h be5 no ne>] a f\ndation4 ,mo/ anci5t peoples1 inde$1 made no ef=t to f9d a f\ndation4 ,! univ]se 0 a v compact little /ructure1 ma9ly compos$ ( ! e>? & ! great canopy ov] ! e>? :i* !y call$ ! sky4 ,!y left x1 z a :ole1 float+ 9 no?+4 ,& 9 ?is ! anci5ts 7 wis] ?an !y knew4 ,?+s d n fall d[n unless !y are pull$ d[n by t my/]i\s =ce :i* we call gravitation4 ,! e>?1 x is true1 is pull$ by ! sun1 & w\ld fall into x2 b ! e>? escapes ?is fi]y fate by circulat+ at great spe$ r\nd ! sun4 ,! />s pull ea* o!r2 b x has already be5 expla9$ t !y meet ?is by travell+ rapidly 9 gigantic orbits4 ,yet we d1 9 a new s5se ( ! ^w1 ne$ f\ndations ( ! univ]se4 ,our m9d craves = "s explanation ( ! matt] out ( :i* ! univ]se is made4 ,= ?is explanation we turn to mod]n ,physics & ,*emi/ry4 ,bo? ^! sci5ces /udy1 "u diff]5t aspects1 matt] & en]gy2 & betwe5 !m !y h put toge!r a conception ( ! fundam5tal nature ( ?+s :i* m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 #a ,! ,bricks ( ! ,cosmos ,m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago ! fir/ m5 ( sci5ce1 ! ,greeks ( ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 speculat$ on ! nature ( matt]4 ,y c gr9d a piece ( /one into du/4 ,y c divide a spoonful ( wat] into z _m drops z y l4 ,app>5tly y c g on divid+ z long z y h got app>atus f9e en\gh = ! "w4 ,b !re mu/ be a limit1 ^! ,greeks said1 & s !y suppos$ t all matt] 0 ultimately compos$ ( m9ute p>ticles :i* 7 indivisible4 ,t is ! mean+ ( ! ,greek ^w atom4 ,l s _m o!r ideas ( ^! brilliant e>ly ,greek ?9k]s1 ! atom 0 a s\nd conception4 ,we "k to-day t matt] is compos$ ( atoms4 ,b sci5ce 0 !n s "y t ! way 9 :i* ! ,greeks appli$ ! idea 0 n v pr(\nd4 ,a liquid or a gas1 !y said1 consi/$ ( r\nd1 smoo? atoms1 :i* w\ld n cl+ toge!r4 ,!n !re 7 atoms ) r\gh surfaces1 hooky surfaces1 & ^! /uck toge!r & =m$ solids4 ,! atoms ( iron or m>ble1 = in/ance1 7 s v hooky t1 once !y got toge!r1 a /rong man c\ld n te> !m ap>t4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght t ! explanation ( ! univ]se 0 t an inf9ite numb] ( ^! atoms _h be5 mov+ & mix+ 9 an inf9ite space dur+ an inf9ite "t1 & _h at la/ hit by *ance on ! p>ticul> comb9ation :i* is our univ]se4 ,?is 0 too simple & sup]ficial4 ,! idea ( atoms 0 ca/ aside1 only to be advanc$ aga9 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x 0 ! fam\s ,man*e/] *emi/1 ,john ,dalton1 :o re/or$ x 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he fir/ def9itely =mulat$ ! atomic !ory z a sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,! :ole physical & *emical sci5ce ( t c5tury 0 n[ bas$ ^u ! atom1 & x is q a mi/ake to suppose t rec5t discov]ies h discr$it$ atomism4 ,an atom is ! smalle/ p>ticle ( a *emical elem5t4 ,no "o has ev] se5 an atom4 ,ev5 ! wond]ful new microscope :i* has j be5 inv5t$ _c possibly %[ u p>ticles ( matt] :i* are a million times small] ?an ! bread? ( a hair2 = t is ! size ( atoms4 ,we c weigh !m & measure !m1 ?\gh !y are invisible1 & we "k t all matt] is compos$ ( !m4 ,x is a new discov]y t atoms are n indivisible4 ,!y consi/ !mselves ( /ill small] p>ticles1 z we %all see4 ,b ! atoms exi/ all ! same1 & we may /ill say t !y are ! bricks ( :i* ! mat]ial univ]se is built4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,elliott ,fry4 ,,sir ,,erne/ ,,ru!r=d ,"o ( our mo/ em95t physici/s :o has succe$$ ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson z ,cav5di% ,pr(essor ( ,physics at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,! mod]n !ory ( ! /ructure ( ! atom is l>gely due to him4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,ris*gitz ,collection4 ,j4 ,,cl]k-,,maxwell ,"o ( ! greate/ sci5tific m5 :o h ev] liv$4 ,he revolutionis$ physics ) 8 electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 & practically all mod]n rese>*es h _h _! orig91 direct or indirect1 9 8 "w4 ,toge!r ) ,f>aday he con/itutes "o ( ! ma9 sci5tific glories ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,erne/ ,h4 ,mills4 ,,sir ,,william ,,crookes ,sir ,william ,crookes exp]im5t$ on ! electric dis*>ge 9 vacuum tubes & describ$ ! ph5om5a z a f\r? /ate ( matt]4 ,he 0 actually obs]v+ ! flight ( electrons1 b he did n fully appreciate ! nature ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,photo ,press ,,pr(essor ,,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,,bragg ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ physici/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,b if we _h "s magical glass by means ( :i* we c\ld see into ! /ructure ( mat]ial ?+s1 we %\ld n see ! atoms put ev5ly toge!r z bricks are 9 a wall4 ,z a rule1 two or m atoms fir/ come toge!r to =m a l>g] p>ticle1 :i* we call a molecule4 ,s+le atoms d n1 z a rule1 exi/ ap>t f o!r atoms2 if a molecule is brok5 up1 ! individual atoms seek to unite ) o!r atoms ( ano!r k9d or among/ !mselves4 ,= example1 ?ree atoms ( oxyg5 =m :at we call ozone2 two atoms ( hydrog5 unit+ ) "o atom ( oxyg5 =m wat]4 ,x is molecules t =m ! mass ( matt]2 a molecule1 z x has be5 express$1 is a little build+ ( :i* atoms are ! bricks4 ,9 ?is way we get a useful fir/ view ( ! mat]ial ?+s we h&le4 ,9 a liquid ! molecules ( ! liquid cl+ toge!r loosely4 ,!y rema9 toge!r z a body1 b !y roll ov] & away f ea* o!r4 ,!re is cohesion betwe5 !m1 b x is less p[]ful ?an 9 a solid4 ,put "s wat] 9 a kettle ov] ! light$ gas1 & pres5tly ! t9y molecules ( wat] w ru% ?r\gh ! sp\t 9 a cl\d ( /eam & scatt] ov] ! kit*54 ,! heat has brok5 _! bond ( association & turn$ ! wat] into some?+ l a gas2 ?\gh we "k t ! p>ticles w come toge!r aga91 z !y cool1 & =m once m drops ( wat]4 ,9 a gas ! molecules h full individual lib]ty4 ,!y are 9 a /ate ( viol5t movem5t1 & !y =m no union ) ea* o!r4 ,if we want to =ce !m to ent] into ! loose sort ( association :i* molecules h 9 a liquid1 we h to sl[ d[n _! individual movem5ts by apply+ sev]e cold4 ,t is h[ a mod]n man ( sci5ce liquefies gases4 ,no p[] t we h w liquefy air at its ord9>y temp]ature4 ,9 v sev]e cold1 on ! o!r h&1 ! air w spontane\sly become liquid4 ,"s day1 :5 ! fires ( ! sun h sunk v l[1 ! temp]ature ( ! e>? w be less ?an -#bjj ,c43 t is to say1 m ?an two hundr$ degrees ,c5tigrade bel[ freez+-po9t4 ,x w s9k to ! temp]ature ( ! moon4 ,our atmosph]e w !n be an ocean ( liquid air1 #ce feet deep1 ly+ ^u ! solidly froz5 masses ( our wat]-oceans4 ,9 a solid ! molecules cl+ firmly to ea* o!r4 ,we ne$ a =ce equal to tw5ty-five tons to te> asund] ! molecules 9 a b> ( iron an in* ?ick4 ,yet ! /ructure is n solid 9 ! popul> s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if y put a piece ( solid gold 9 a little pool ( m]cury1 ! gold w take 9 ! m]cury betwe5 its molecules1 z if x 7 por\s l a sponge4 ,! h>de/ solid is m l a lattice-"w ?an :at we usually mean by solid2 ?\gh ! molecules are n fix$1 l ! b>s ( a lattice-"w1 b are 9 viol5t motion2 !y vibrate ab\t equilibrium positions4 ,if we c\ld see "r into ! he>t ( a bit ( ! h>de/ /eel1 we %\ld see billions ( sep>ate molecules1 at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 all mov+ rapidly to & fro4 ,?is molecul> movem5t c1 9 a measure1 be made visible4 ,x 0 notic$ by a microscopi/ nam$ ,br[n t1 9 a solution conta9+ v f9e susp5d$ p>ticles1 ! p>ticles 7 9 con/ant movem5t4 ,"u a p[]ful microscope ^! p>ticles are se5 to be viol5tly agitat$2 !y are ea* indep5d5tly d>t+ hi!r & ?i!r some:at l a lot ( billi>d balls on a billi>d table1 collid+ & b\nd+ ab\t 9 all directions4 ,?\s&s ( times a second ^! enc\nt]s occur1 & ?is lively commotion is always go+ on1 ?is incessant collid+ ( "o molecule ) ano!r is ! normal condition ( affairs2 n "o ( !m is at re/4 ,! reason = ?is has be5 work$ out1 & x is n[ kn[n t ^! p>ticles move ab\t because !y are be+ incessantly bomb>d$ by ! molecules ( ! liquid4 ,! molecules _c1 ( c\rse1 be se51 b ! fact ( _! incessant movem5t is reveal$ to ! eye by ! behavi\r ( ! visible susp5d$ p>ticles4 ,?is incessant movem5t 9 ! _w ( molecules is call$ ! ,br[nian movem5t1 & is a /rik+ pro( ( ! reality ( molecul> motions4 #b ,! ,wond]-,_w ( ,atoms ,! exploration ( ?is wond]-_w ( atoms & molecules by ! physici/s & *emi/s ( to-day is "o ( ! mo/ impressive triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,q ap>t f radium & electrons & o!r s5sational discov]ies ( rec5t ye>s1 ! /udy ( ord9>y matt] is h>dly inf]ior1 ei!r 9 int]e/ or audacity1 to ! "w ( ! a/ronom]4 ,& !re is ! same f\ndation 9 bo? cases--m>vell\s app>atus1 & tra9s ( ma!matical reason+ t w\ld h a/oni%$ ,euclid or ,ar*im$es4 ,extraord9>y1 !re=e1 z are "s ( ! facts & figures we are n[ go+ to give 9 connection ) ! m9ut5ess ( atoms & molecules1 let u be> 9 m9d t we owe !m to ! mo/ solid & sev]e processes ( human ?\ght4 ,yet ! pr9ciple c 9 mo/ cases be made s cle> t ! read] w n be ask$ to take mu* on tru/4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 a matt] ( common k t gold is s(t en\gh to be beat5 into gold leaf4 ,x is a matt] ( common s5se1 "o hopes1 t if y beat a measur$ cube ( gold into a leaf six in*es squ>e1 ! ma!matician c tell ! ?ickness ( t leaf )\t measur+ x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a s+le gra9 ( gold has be5 beat5 into a leaf sev5ty-five in*es squ>e4 ,n[ ! ma!matician c easily f9d t :5 a s+le gra9 ( gold is beat5 out to t size1 ! leaf mu/ be #a_/cfg1jjj ( an in* ?ick1 or ab\t a ?\s& times ?9n] ?an ! pap] on :i* ^! words are pr9t$2 yet ! leaf mu/ be sev]al molecules ?ick4 ,! f9e/ gold leaf is1 9 fact1 too ?ick = our purpose1 & we turn ) a new int]e/ to t toy ( our boyhood ! soap-bubble4 ,if y c>efully exam9e "o ( ^! delicate films ( soapy wat]1 y notice c]ta9 d>k spots or pat*es on !m4 ,^! are _! ?9ne/ p>ts1 & by two q indep5d5t me?ods--"o us+ electricity & ! o!r light--we h f\nd t at ^! spots ! bubble is less ?an ! ?ree-million? ( an in* ?ick6 ,b ! molecules 9 ! film cl+ toge!r s firmly t !y mu/ be at lea/ tw5ty or ?irty deep 9 ! ?9ne/ "p4 ,a molecule1 !re=e1 mu/ be f> less ?an ! ?ree-million? ( an in* ?ick4 ,we f\nd next t a film ( oil on ! surface ( wat] may be ev5 ?9n] ?an a soap-bubble4 ,pr(essor ,p]r91 ! great ,fr5* au?ority on atoms1 got films ( oil d[n to ! fifty-million? ( an in* 9 ?ickness6 ,he p\r$ a measur$ drop ( oil ^u wat]4 ,!n he f\nd ! exact limits ( ! area ( ! oil-%eet by bl[+ ^u ! wat] a f9e p[d] :i* spread to ! edge ( ! film & cle>ly outl9$ x4 ,! re/ is safe & simple calculation1 z 9 ! case ( ! beat5 gra9 ( gold4 ,n[ ?is film ( oil mu/ h be5 at lea/ two molecules deep1 s a s+le molecule ( oil is consid]ably less ?an a hundr$-million? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,innum]able me?ods h be5 tri$1 & ! result is always ! same4 ,a s+le gra9 ( indigo1 = in/ance1 w col\r a ton ( wat]4 ,?is obvi\sly means t ! gra9 conta9s billions ( molecules :i* spread ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,a gra9 ( musk w sc5t a room--p\r molecules into e "p ( x--= sev]al ye>s1 yet n lose "o-million? ( its mass 9 a ye>4 ,!re are a hundr$ ways ( %[+ ! m9ut5ess ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1 & "s ( ^! enable u to give def9ite figures4 ,on a c>eful comp>ison ( ! be/ me?ods we c say t ! av]age molecule ( matt] is less ?an ! #a_/abe1jjj1jjj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 a s+le cubic c5timetre ( air--a globule ab\t ! size ( a small m>ble--!re are ?irty million trillion molecules4 ,& s9ce ! molecule is1 z we saw1 a gr\p or clu/] ( atoms1 ! atom itself is small]4 ,atoms1 = reasons :i* we %all see lat]1 diff] v greatly f ea* o!r 9 size & weight4 ,x is en\gh to say t "s ( !m are s small t x w\ld take #djj1jjj1jjj ( !m1 9 a l9e1 to cov] an in* ( space2 & t x takes at lea/ a qu9tillion atoms ( gold to weigh a s+le gramme4 ,five million atoms ( helium c\ld be plac$ 9 a l9e across ! diamet] ( a full /op4 ,illu/ration3 ,an atom is ! smalle/ p>ticle ( a *emical elem5t4 ,two or m atoms come toge!r to =m a molecule3 ?us molecules =m ! mass ( matt]4 ,a molecule ( wat] is made up ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o atom ( oxyg54 ,molecules ( diff]5t sub/ances1 !re=e1 are ( diff]5t sizes accord+ to ! numb] & k9d ( ! p>ticul> atoms ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,a />* molecule conta9s no less ?an #be1jjj atoms4 ,molecules1 ( c\rse1 are invisible4 ,! above diagram illu/rates ! comp>ative sizes ( molecules4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inconceivable ,,numb]s ,,& ,,inconceivably ,,small ,,p>ticles ,! molecules1 :i* are inconceivably small1 are1 on ! o!r h&1 s num]\s t if "o 0 able to place1 end to end1 all ^? conta9$ 91 = example1 a cubic c5timetre ( gas 7less ?an a fifte5? ( a cubic in*71 "o w\ld obta9 a l9e capable ( pass+ two hundr$ times r\nd ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,million8 ,9 deal+ ) ! inf9itely small1 x is difficult to appreh5d ! va/ figures ) :i* sci5ti/s confront u4 ,a million is "o ?\s& ?\s&4 ,we may realise :at ?is implies if we consid] t a clock1 beat+ seconds1 takes approximately #bgh h\rs 7i4e4 "o week f\r days f\rte5 h\rs7 to tick "o million times4 ,a billion is "o million million4 ,to tick a billion ! clock w\ld tick = ov] #ca1gce ye>s4 7,9 ,france & ,am]ica a ?\s& millions is call$ a billion47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,br[nian ,,movem5t ,a diagram1 con/ruct$ f actual obs]vations1 %[+ ! erratic pa?s pursu$ by v f9e p>ticles susp5d$ 9 a liquid1 :5 bomb>d$ by ! molecules ( ! liquid4 ,?is movem5t is call$ ! ,br[nian movem5t1 & x furni%es a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ! !ory t ! molecules ( a body are 9 a /ate ( cont9ual motion4 ,! ,en]gy ( ,atoms ,& ?is is only ! beg9n+ ( ! wond]s t 7 done ) ord9>y matt]1 q ap>t f radium & its revelations1 to :i* we w come pres5tly4 ,mo/ p h he>d ( atomic en]gy1 & ! extraord9>y ?+s t might be accompli%$ if we c\ld h>ness ?is en]gy & turn x to human use4 ,a deep] & m wond]ful s\rce ( ?is en]gy has be5 discov]$ 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 b x is well to realise t ! atoms !mselves h /up5d\s en]gy4 ,! atoms ( matt] are vibrat+ or gyrat+ ) extraord9>y vig\r4 ,! piece ( cold iron y hold 9 y\r h&1 ! bit ( brick y pick up1 or ! p5ny y take f y\r pocket is a colossal res]voir ( en]gy1 s9ce x consi/s ( trillions ( mov+ atoms4 ,to realise ! total en]gy1 ( c\rse1 we %\ld h to witness a trans=mation su* z we d 9 atoms ( radio-active elem5ts1 ab\t :i* we %all h some?+ to say pres5tly4 ,if we put a gra9 ( indigo 9 a glass ( wat]1 or a gra9 ( musk 9 a p]fectly /ill room1 we soon realise t molecules travel4 ,simil>ly1 ! fact t gases spread until !y fill e empty available space %[s def9itely t !y consi/ ( small p>ticles travell+ at great spe$4 ,! physici/ br+s 8 ref9$ me?ods to be> on ^! ?+s1 & he measures ! en]gy & velocity ( ^! inf9itely m9ute molecules4 ,he tells u t molecules ( oxyg51 at ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice1 travel at ! rate ( ab\t #ejj y>ds a second--m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile a second4 ,molecules ( hydrog5 travel at f\r times t spe$1 or ?ree times ! spe$ ) :i* a bullet leaves a rifle4 ,ea* molecule ( ! air1 :i* seems s /ill 9 ! h\se on a summ]'s day1 is really travell+ fa/] ?an a rifle bullet does at ! beg9n+ ( its j\rney4 ,x collides ) ano!r molecule e tw5ty-?\s&? ( an in* ( its j\rney4 ,x is turn$ f its c\rse #e1jjj1jjj1jjj times 9 e second by collisions4 ,if we c\ld /op ! molecules ( hydrog5 gas1 & utilise _! en]gy1 z we utilise ! en]gy ( /eam or ! en]gy ( ! wat] at ,niag>a1 we %\ld f9d en\gh 9 e gramme ( gas 7ab\t two-?\s&?s ( a p\nd7 to raise a ?ird ( a ton to a height ( =ty in*es4 ,i h us$ = comp>ison ! spe$ ( a rifle bullet1 & 9 an e>li] g5]ation p w\ld h ?\ght x impossible ev5 to e/imate ?is4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easy4 ,we put two scre5s 9 ! pa? ( ! bullet1 "o ne> ! rifle & ! o!r "s di/ance away4 ,we connect !m electrically & use a f9e "t-record+ ma*9e1 & ! bullet itself regi/]s ! "t x takes to travel f ! fir/ to ! second scre54 ,n[ ?is is v simple & sup]ficial "w 9 comp>ison ) ! sy/em ( exact & m9ute measurem5ts :i* ! physici/ & *emi/ use4 ,9 "o ( 8 int]e/+ works ,mr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,gibson gives a photograph ( two exactly equal pieces ( pap] 9 ! opposite pans ( a f9e balance4 ,a s+le ^w has be5 writt5 9 p5cil on "o ( ^! pap]s1 & t little scrap+ ( lead has be5 en\gh to br+ d[n ! scale6 ,! spectroscope w detect a quantity ( matt] f\r million times small] ev5 ?an ?is2 & ! electroscope is a million times /ill m s5sitive ?an ! spectroscope4 ,we h a heat-measur+ in/rum5t1 ! bolomet]1 :i* makes ! be/ !rmomet] seem ,e>ly ,victorian4 ,x records ! million? ( a degree ( temp]ature4 ,x is su* in/rum5ts1 multipli$ by ! score1 :i* enable u to d ! f9e "w record$ 9 ^! pages4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ f ,! ,=ces ( ,nature 7,messrs4 ,macmillan74 ,a ,,soap ,,bubble ,! iridesc5t col\rs sometimes se5 on a soap bubble1 z 9 ! illu/ration1 may also be se5 9 v f9e sections ( cry/als1 9 glass bl[n into extremely f9e bulbs1 on ! w+s ( dragon-flies & ! surface ( oily wat]4 ,! diff]5t col\rs correspond to diff]5t ?icknesses ( ! surface4 ,"p ( ! light :i* /rikes ^! ?9 coat+s is reflect$ f ! upp] surface1 b ano!r "p ( ! light p5etrates ! transp>5t coat+ & is reflect$ f ! l[] surface4 ,x is ! mixture ( ^! two reflect$ rays1 _! int]f]5ce z x is call$1 :i* produces ! col\rs obs]v$4 ,! black spots on a soap bubble are ! places :]e ! soapy film is ?9ne/4 ,at ! black spots ! ?ickness ( ! bubble is ab\t ! ?ree-million? "p ( an in*4 ,if ! :ole bubble 7 z ?9 z ?is x w\ld be completely invisible4 #c ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,& ,,radium ,! ,discov]y ( ,sir ,wm4 ,crookes ,b ^! wond]s ( ! atom are only a prelude to ! m romantic & f>-rea*+ discov]ies ( ! new physics--! wond]s ( ! electron4 ,ano!r & ! mo/ important phase ( our exploration ( ! mat]ial univ]se op5$ ) ! discov]y ( radium 9 #ahih4 ,9 ! discov]y ( radio-active elem5ts1 a new prop]ty ( matt] 0 discov]$4 ,:at foll[$ on ! discov]y ( radium & ( ! ,x-rays we %all see4 ,z ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 "o ( our greate/ au?orities1 rec5tly said1 ! new physics has dissipat$ ! la/ d\bt ab\t ! reality ( atoms & molecules4 ,! clos] exam9ation ( matt] :i* we h be5 able to make %[s positively t x is compos$ ( atoms4 ,b we mu/ n take ! ^w n[ 9 its orig9al ,greek mean+ 7an indivisible ?+74 ,! atoms are n indivisible4 ,!y c be brok5 up4 ,!y are compos$ ( /ill small] p>ticles4 ,! discov]y t ! atom 0 compos$ ( small] p>ticles 0 ! welcome realisation ( a dream t _h haunt$ ! imag9ation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,*emi/s said t !re 7 ab\t eighty diff]5t k9ds ( atoms--diff]5t k9ds ( matt]--b no "o 0 satisfi$ ) ! multiplicity4 ,sci5ce is always aim+ at simplicity & unity4 ,x may be t sci5ce has n[ tak5 a long /ep 9 ! direction ( expla9+ ! fundam5tal unity ( all ! matt]4 ,! *emi/ 0 unable to break up ^! elem5ts into some?+ simpl]1 s he call$ _! atoms indivisible 9 t s5se4 ,b "o man ( sci5ce aft] ano!r express$ ! hope t we w\ld yet discov] "s fundam5tal matt] ( :i* ! v>i\s atoms 7 compos$--"o primordial sub/ance f :i* all ! v>y+ =ms ( matt] h be5 evolv$ or built up4 ,pr\t sugge/$ ?is at ! v beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 :5 atoms 7 r$iscov]$ by ,dalton4 ,fa!r ,sec*i1 ! fam\s ,jesuit a/ronom] said t all ! atoms 7 probably evolv$ f e!r2 & ?is 0 a v fav\r$ speculation4 ,sir ,william ,crookes talk$ ( pro?yl z ! fundam5tal sub/ance4 ,o!rs ?\ght hydrog5 0 ! /uff out ( :i* all ! o!r atoms 7 compos$4 ,! "w :i* f9ally result$ 9 ! discov]y ( radium began ) "s beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor 7lat] ,sir ,william7 ,crookes 9 ! eighties4 ,x _h be5 notic$ 9 #ahfi t a /range col\r+ 0 caus$ :5 an electric *>ge 0 s5t ?r\gh a vacuum tube--! walls ( ! glass tube began to gl[ ) a gre5i% phosphoresc5ce4 ,a vacuum tube is "o f :i* ne>ly all ! air has be5 pump$1 al?\gh we c nev] completely empty ! tube4 ,crookes us$ su* +5i\s me?ods t he r$uc$ ! gas 9 8 tubes until x 0 tw5ty million times ?9n] ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,he !n s5t an electric dis*>ge ?r\gh1 & got v rem>kable results4 ,! negative pole ( ! electric curr5t 7! ca?ode7 gave (f rays :i* fa9tly lit ! molecules ( ! ?9 gas 9 ! tube1 & caus$ a pretty fluoresc5ce on ! glass walls ( ! tube4 ,:at 7 ^! ,rays8 ,crookes at fir/ ?\ght !y correspond$ to a new or f\r? /ate ( matt]4 ,hi!rto we _h only be5 famili> ) matt] 9 ! ?ree conditions ( solid1 liquid1 & gase\s4 ,n[ ,crookes really _h ! great secret "u 8 eyes4 ,b ab\t tw5ty ye>s elaps$ be=e ! true nature ( ^! rays 0 f9ally & indep5d5tly e/abli%$ by v>i\s exp]im5ts4 ,! exp]im5ts prov$ t ! rays consi/$ ( a /ream ( negatively *>g$ p>ticles travell+ ) enorm\s velocities f #aj1jjj to #ajj1jjj miles a second4 ,9 addition1 x 0 f\nd t ! mass ( ea* p>ticle 0 exce$+ly small1 ab\t #a_/ahjj ( ! mass ( a hydrog5 atom1 ! lighte/ atom kn[n to sci5ce4 ,^! p>ticles or electrons1 z !y are n[ call$1 7 be+ lib]at$ f ! atom4 ,! atoms ( matt] 7 break+ d[n 9 ,crookes tubes4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 x 0 premature to ?9k ( su* a ?+1 & ,crookes pref]r$ to say t ! p>ticles ( ! gas 7 electrifi$ & hurl$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! tube4 ,he said t x 0 ord9>y matt] 9 a new /ate--radiant matt]4 ,ano!r di/+ui%$ man ( sci5ce1 ,l5>d1 f\nd t1 :5 he fitt$ a little plate ( alum9um 9 ! glass wall ( ! tube1 ! my/]i\s rays pass$ ?r\gh ?is z if x 7 a w9d[4 ,!y mu/ be waves 9 ! e!r1 he said4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,,detect+ ,a ,,small ,,quantity ,,( ,,matt] ,9 ! left-h& photograph ! two pieces ( pap] exactly balance4 ,! balance us$ is v s5sitive1 & :5 ! s+le ^w atoms has be5 writt5 ) a lead p5cil ^u "o ( ! pap]s ! additional weight is suffici5t to depress "o ( ! pans z %[n 9 ! second photograph4 ,! spectroscope w detect less ?an "o-million? ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! ^w p5cill$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,x-,rays ,ltd4 ,,?is ,x-,,ray ,,photograph ,,is ,,t ,,( ,a ,,h& ,,( ,a ,,soldi] ,,w\nd$ ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> ,note ! pieces ( %rapnel :i* are reveal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,national ,physical ,laboratory4 ,,an ,x-,,ray ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,golf ,,ball1 ,,reveal+ ,,an ,,imp]fect ,,core ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,x-,rays ,ltd4 ,a ,,wond]ful ,x-,,ray ,,photograph ,note ! f9e details reveal$1 d[n to ! metal tags ( ! bootlace & ! nails 9 ! heel ( ! boot4 #d ,! ,discov]y ( ,x-rays ,s ! /ory w5t on f ye> to ye>4 ,we %all see 9 a mom5t to :at x l$4 ,mean:ile ! next great /ep 0 :51 9 #ahie1 ,rntg5 discov]$ ! ,x-rays1 :i* are n[ kn[n to ev]ybody4 ,he 0 foll[+ up ! "w ( ,l5>d1 & he "o day cov]$ a ,crookes tube ) "s black /uff4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t a prep>$ *emical scre5 :i* 0 ne> ! tube began to gl[4 ,! rays _h gone ?r\gh ! black /uff2 & on fur!r exp]im5t he f\nd t !y w\ld g ?r\gh /one1 liv+ fle%1 & all sorts ( opaque sub/ances4 ,9 a %ort "t ! _w 0 a/oni%$ to le>n t we c\ld photograph ! skeleton 9 a liv+ man's body1 locate a p5ny 9 ! int]ior ( a *ild t _h swall[$ "o1 or take an impression ( a co9 ?r\gh a slab ( /one4 ,& :at are ^! ,x-rays8 ,!y are n a =m ( matt]2 !y are n mat]ial p>ticles4 ,x-rays 7 f\nd to be a new v>iety ( light ) a rem>kable p[] ( p5etration4 ,we h se5 :at ! spectroscope reveals ab\t ! v>y+ nature ( light wave-l5g?s4 ,light-waves are set up by vibrations 9 e!r1#b &1 z we %all see1 ^! e!r di/urbances are all ( ! same k9d2 !y only diff] z reg>ds wave-l5g?s4 ,! ,x-rays :i* ,rntg5 discov]$1 !n1 are light1 b a v>iety ( light previ\sly unkn[n to u2 !y are e!r waves ( v %ort l5g?4 ,x-rays h prov$ ( great value 9 _m directions1 z all ! _w kn[s1 b t we ne$ n discuss at ?is po9t4 ,let u see :at foll[$ ,rntg5's discov]y4 #b ,we ref] ?r\gh\t to ! e!r because1 al?\gh mod]n !ories disp5se l>gely ) ?is conception1 ! !ories ( physics are s inextricably int]wov5 ) x t x is necess>y1 9 an elem5t>y exposition1 to assume its exi/5ce4 ,! mod]n view w be expla9$ lat] 9 ! article on ,e9/e9's ,!ory4 ,:ile ! _w wond]$ at ^! m>vels1 ! m5 ( sci5ce 7 eag]ly foll[+ up ! new clue to ! my/]y ( matt] :i* 0 ex]cis+ ! m9d ( ,crookes & o!r inve/igators4 ,9 #ahif ,becqu]el br\ght u to ! ?re%old ( ! great discov]y4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances are phosphoresc5t--!y become lum9\s aft] !y h be5 expos$ to sunlight = "s "t1 & ,becqu]el 0 try+ to f9d if any ( ^! sub/ances give rise to ,x-rays4 ,"o day he *ose a salt ( ! metal uranium4 ,he 0 go+ to see if1 aft] expos+ x to sunlight1 he c\ld photograph a cross ) x ?r\gh an opaque sub/ance4 ,he wrapp$ x up & laid x aside1 to wait = ! sun1 b he f\nd ! uranium salt did n wait = ! sun4 ,"s /rong radiation f x w5t ?r\gh ! opaque cov]+ & made an impression ( ! cross ^u ! plate und]nea?4 ,light or d>kness 0 immat]ial4 ,! my/]i\s rays /ream$ night & day f ! salt4 ,?is 0 some?+ new4 ,"h 0 a sub/ance :i* appe>$ to be produc+ ,x-rays2 ! rays emitt$ by uranium w\ld p5etrate ! same opaque sub/ances z ! ,x-rays discov]$ by ,rntg54 ,discov]y ( ,radium ,n[1 at ! same "t z _m o!r inve/igators1 ,pr(essor ,curie & 8 ,poli% wife took up ! se>*4 ,!y decid$ to f9d out :e!r ! emission came f ! uranium itself or f some?+ associat$ ) x1 & = ?is purpose !y made a *emical analysis ( great quantities ( m9]als4 ,!y f\nd a c]ta9 k9d ( pit*bl5de :i* 0 v active1 & !y analys$ tons ( x1 conc5trat+ always on ! radiant elem5t 9 x4 ,aft] a "t1 z !y successively work$ out ! non-radiant matt]1 ! /uff began to gl[4 ,9 ! end !y extract$ f eight tons ( pit*bl5de ab\t half a teaspoonful ( some?+ t 0 a million times m radiant ?an uranium4 ,!re 0 only "o "n = x--,radium4 ,t 0 ! />t+-po9t ( ! new developm5t ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,f e laboratory 9 ! _w came a cry = radium salts 7z pure radium 0 too preci\s71 & hundr$s ( brilliant work]s fa/5$ on ! new elem5t4 ,! inquiry 0 broad5$1 &1 z ye> foll[$ ye>1 "o sub/ance aft] ano!r 0 f\nd to possess ! p[] ( emitt+ rays1 t is1 to be radio-active4 ,we "k to-day t ne>ly e =m ( matt] c be /imulat$ to radio-activity2 :i*1 z we %all see1 means t its atoms break up into small] & wond]fully en]getic p>ticles :i* we call electrons4 ,?is discov]y ( electrons has br\ght ab\t a complete *ange 9 our ideas 9 _m directions4 ,s1 in/ead ( atoms be+ indivisible1 !y are actually divid+ !mselves1 spontane\sly1 & giv+ (f ?r\gh\t ! univ]se t9y fragm5ts ( _! sub/ance4 ,we %all expla9 pres5tly :at 0 lat] discov]$ ab\t ! electron2 mean:ile we c say t e gl[+ metal is p\r+ out a /ream ( ^! electrons4 ,e arc-lamp is dis*>g+ !m4 ,e clap ( ?und] means a %[] ( !m4 ,e /> is flood+ space ) !m4 ,we are witness+ ! spontane\s break+ up ( atoms1 atoms :i* _h be5 ?\ght to be indivisible4 ,! sun n only p\rs out /reams ( electrons f its own atoms1 b ! ultra-violet light :i* x s5ds to ! e>? is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5cies = releas+ electrons f ! surface-atoms ( matt] on ! e>?4 ,x is =tunate = u t our atmosph]e absorbs mo/ ( ?is ultra-violet or invisible light ( ! sun--a k9d ( light :i* w be expla9$ pres5tly4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t1 if we receiv$ ! full flood ( x f ! sun1 our metals w\ld dis9tegrate "u its influ5ce & ?is /eel civilisation ( ours w\ld be impossible6 ,b we are "h anticipat+1 we are go+ beyond radium to ! wond]ful discov]ies :i* 7 made by ! *emi/s & physici/s ( ! _w :o conc5trat$ ^u x4 ,! "w ( ,pr(essor & ,mme4 ,curie 0 m]ely ! f9al clue to guide ! great se>*4 ,h[ x 0 foll[$ up1 h[ we p5etrat$ into ! v he>t ( ! m9ute atom & discov]$ new & port5t\s m9es ( en]gy1 & h[ we 7 able to und]/&1 n only matt]1 b electricity & light1 w be told 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,electron ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,effect$ ,a ,,revolution ,,9 ,,ideas ,:at ! discov]y ( radium impli$ 0 only gradually realis$4 ,radium captivat$ ! imag9ation ( ! _w2 x 0 a boon to m$ic9e1 b to ! man ( sci5ce x 0 at fir/ a mo/ puzzl+ & mo/ attractive ph5om5on4 ,x 0 felt t "s great secret ( nature 0 dimly unveil$ 9 its wond]ful manife/ations1 & !re n[ conc5trat$ ^u x z gift$ a body ( m5--conspicu\s among/ !m ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d1 ,sir ,w4 ,ramsay1 & ,pr(essor ,soddy--z any age c\ld boa/1 ) an app>atus ( rese>* z f> beyond t ( any o!r age z ! ,aquitania is beyond a ,roman galley4 ,)9 five ye>s ! secret 0 fairly ma/]$4 ,n only 7 all k9ds ( matt] r$uc$ to a common basis1 b ! =ces ( ! univ]se 7 br\ght into a unity & und]/ood z !y _h nev] be5 und]/ood be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,dis*>ge ,,9 ,a ,,vacuum ,,tube ,! two ends1 m>k$ & -1 ( a tube f :i* ne>ly all air has be5 exhau/$ are connect$ to electric t]m9als1 ?us produc+ an electric dis*>ge 9 ! vacuum tube4 ,?is dis*>ge travels /raight along ! tube1 z 9 ! upp] diagram4 ,:5 a magnetic field is appli$1 h[ev]1 ! rays are deflect$1 z %[n 9 ! l[] diagram4 ,! simil>ity ( ! behavi\r ( ! electric dis*>ge ) ! radium rays 7see diagram ( deflection ( radium rays1 po/7 %[s t ! two ph5om5a may be id5tifi$4 ,x 0 by ?is means t ! *>act]i/ics ( electrons 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,relative ,,sizes ,,( ,,atoms ,,& ,,electrons ,an atom is f> too small to be se54 ,9 a bubble ( hydrog5 gas no l>g] ?an ! lett] ,o !re are billions ( atoms1 :il/ an electron is m ?an a ?\s& times small] ?an ! smalle/ atom4 ,h[ _! size is asc]ta9$ is describ$ 9 ! text4 ,9 ?is diagram a bubble ( gas is magnifi$ to ! size ( ! _w4 ,adopt+ ?is scale1 ea* atom 9 ! bubble w\ld !n be z l>ge z a t5nis ball4 ,illu/ration3 ,,if ,,an ,,atom ,,7 ,,magnifi$ ,,to ,,! ,,size ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s ,,ca!dral1 ,,ea* ,,electron ,,9 ,,! ,,atom 7,,z ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,ca!dral7 ,,w\ld ,,!n ,,be ,,ab\t ,,! ,,size ,,( ,a ,,small ,,bullet ,illu/ration3 ,,electrons ,,/ream+ ,,f ,,! ,,sun ,,to ,,! ,,e>? ,!re are /rong reasons = suppos+ t sun-spots are huge electronic cyclones4 ,! sun is con/antly p\r+ out va/ /reams ( electrons into space4 ,_m ( ^! /reams enc\nt] ! e>?1 giv+ rise to v>i\s electrical ph5om5a4 #e ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,electron ,physici/s did n take long to discov] t ! radiation f radium 0 v l ! radiation 9 a ,crookes tube4 ,x 0 quickly recognis$1 moreov]1 t bo? 9 ! tube & 9 radium 7& o!r metals7 ! atoms ( matt] 7 someh[ break+ d[n4 ,h[ev]1 ! fir/ /ep 0 to recognise t !re 7 ?ree di/9ct & diff]5t rays t 7 giv5 (f by su* metals z radium & uranium4 ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d *ri/5$ !m1 aft] ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 ! ,alpha1 ! ,beta1 & ,gamma rays4 ,we are conc]n$ *iefly ) ! second gr\p & purpose "h to deal ) t gr\p only4#c #c ,! ,alpha rays 7 pres5tly recognis$ z atoms ( helium gas1 %ot out at ! rate ( #ab1jjj miles a second4 ,! ,gamma rays are waves1 l ! ,x-rays1 n mat]ial p>ticles4 ,!y appe> to be a type ( ,x-rays4 ,!y possess ! rem>kable p[] ( p5etrat+ opaque sub/ances2 !y w pass ?r\gh a foot ( solid iron1 = example4 ,! ,beta rays1 z !y 7 at fir/ call$1 h prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies t sci5ce ev] made4 ,!y prov$ :at ,crookes _h surmis$ ab\t ! radiations he discov]$ 9 8 vacuum tube4 ,b x 0 n a f\r? /ate ( matt] t _h be5 f\nd1 b a new prop]ty ( matt]1 a prop]ty common to all atoms ( matt]4 ,! ,beta rays 7 lat] *ri/5$ ,electrons4 ,!y are p>ticles ( disembodi$ electricity1 "h spontane\sly lib]at$ f ! atoms ( matt]3 only :5 ! electron 0 isolat$ f ! atom 0 x recognis$ = ! fir/ "t z a sep>ate entity4 ,electrons1 !re=e1 are a con/itu5t ( ! atoms ( matt]1 & we h discov]$ t !y c be releas$ f ! atom by a v>iety ( ag5cies4 ,electrons are to be f\nd ev]y:]e1 =m+ "p ( e atom4 ,an electron1 ,sir ,william ,bragg says1 c only ma9ta9 a sep>ate exi/5ce if x is travell+ at an imm5se rate1 f "o ?ree-hundr$? ( ! velocity ( light upw>ds1 t is to say1 at lea/ #fjj miles a second1 or !reab\ts4 ,o!rwise ! electron /icks to ! fir/ atom x meets4 ,^! amaz+ p>ticles may travel ) ! enorm\s velocity ( f #aj1jjj to m ?an #ajj1jjj miles a second4 ,x 0 fir/ le>n$ t !y are ( an electrical nature1 because !y are b5t out ( _! normal pa? if a magnet is br\ght ne> !m4 ,& ?is fact l$ to a fur!r discov]y3 to "o ( ^? s5sational e/imates :i* ! g5]al public is apt to believe to be f\nd$ on ! mo/ ab/ruse speculations4 ,! physici/ set up a little *emical scre5 = ! ,beta rays to hit1 & he s arrang$ 8 tube t only a n>r[ %eaf ( ! rays p\r$ on to ! scre54 ,he !n drew ?is %eaf ( rays out ( its c\rse ) a magnet1 & he accurately measur$ ! %ift ( ! lum9\s spot on ! scre5 :]e ! rays imp+$ on x4 ,b :5 he kn[s ! exact int5sity ( 8 magnetic field--:i* he c control z he likes--& ! am\nt ( deviation x causes1 & ! mass ( ! mov+ p>ticles1 he c tell ! spe$ ( ! mov+ p>ticles :i* he ?us div]ts4 ,^! p>ticles 7 be+ hurl$ out ( ! atoms ( radium1 or f ! negative pole 9 a vacuum tube1 at a spe$ :i*1 9 good conditions1 rea*$ ne>ly ! velocity ( light1 i4e4 ne>ly #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,_! spe$ has1 ( c\rse1 be5 confirm$ by numb]s ( exp]im5ts2 & ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts enabl$ physici/s to det]m9e ! size ( ! p>ticles4 ,only "o ( ^! ne$ be describ$1 to give ! read] an idea h[ m5 ( sci5ce arriv$ at _! m />tl+ results4 ,fog1 z mo/ p "k1 is ?ick 9 our great cities because ! wat]-vap\r ga!rs on ! p>ticles ( du/ & smoke t are 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,?is fact 0 us$ z ! basis ( "s beautiful exp]im5ts4 ,artificial fogs 7 creat$ 9 little glass tubes1 by introduc+ du/1 9 v>i\s proportions1 = sup]saturat$ vap\r to ga!r on4 ,9 ! end x 0 possible to cause t9y drops ( ra91 ea* ) a p>ticle ( du/ at its core1 to fall ^u a silv] mirror & be c\nt$4 ,x 0 a me?od ( c\nt+ ! q invisible p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! tube2 & ! me?od 0 n[ successfully appli$ to ! new rays4 ,yet ano!r me?od 0 to direct a sl5d] /ream ( ! p>ticles ^u a *emical scre54 ,! scre5 gl[$ "u ! cannonade ( p>ticles1 & a p[]ful l5s resolv$ ! gl[ into di/9ct sp>ks1 :i* c\ld be c\nt$4 ,9 %ort1 a s]ies ( ! mo/ rem>kable & beautiful exp]im5ts1 *eck$ 9 all ! great laboratories ( ! _w1 settl$ ! nature ( ^! s-call$ rays4 ,!y 7 /reams ( p>ticles m ?an a ?\s& times small] ?an ! smalle/ kn[n atom4 ,! mass ( ea* p>ticle is1 accord+ to ! late/ & f9e/ measurem5ts #a_/ahde ( t ( an atom ( hydrog54 ,! physici/ has n be5 able to f9d any "* except electricity 9 !m1 & ! "n electrons has be5 g5]ally adopt$4 ,! ,key to _m ,my/]ies ,! ,electron is an atom1 ( disembodi$ electricity2 x occupies an exce$+ly small volume1 & its mass is entirely electrical4 ,^! electrons are ! key to half ! my/]ies ( matt]4 ,electrons 9 rapid motion1 z we %all see1 expla9 :at we mean by an electric curr5t1 n s long ago reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s manife/ations 9 nature4 ,:at a wond]1 !n1 h we "h6 says ,pr(essor ,r4 ,k4 ,duncan4 ,an innoc5t-look+ little p9* ( salt & yet possess$ ( special prop]ties utt]ly beyond ev5 ! fanciful imag9+s ( m5 ( pa/ "t2 = n[h]e d we f9d 9 ! records ( ?\ght ev5 ! h9t ( ! possibility ( ?+s :i* we n[ reg>d z e/abli%$ fact4 ,?is p9* ( salt projects f its surface bodies i4e4 electrons possess+ ! inconceivable velocity ( ov] #ajj1jjj miles a second1 a velocity suffici5t to c>ry !m1 if unimp$$1 five times ar\nd ! e>? 9 a second1 & possess+ ) ?is velocity1 masses a ?\s& times small] ?an ! smalle/ atom kn[n to sci5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are *>g$ ) negative electricity2 !y pass /raight ?r\gh bodies consid]$ opaque ) a sublime indiff]5ce to ! prop]ties ( ! body1 ) ! exception ( its m]e d5sity2 !y cause bodies :i* !y /rike to %9e out 9 ! d>k2 !y affect a photographic plate2 !y r5d] ! air a conductor ( electricity2 !y cause cl\ds 9 moi/ air2 !y cause *emical action & h a peculi> physiological action4 ,:o1 to-day1 %all pr$ict ! ultimate s]vice to humanity ( ! beta-rays f radium6 #f ,,! ,,electron ,,!ory1 ,,or ,,! ,,new ,,view ,,( ,,matt] ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,atom ,!re is g5]al agreem5t among/ all *emi/s1 physici/s1 & ma!maticians ^u ! conclusions :i* we h s f> giv54 ,we "k t ! atoms ( matt] are con/antly--ei!r spontane\sly or "u /imulation--giv+ (f electrons1 or break+ up into electrons2 & !y !re=e conta9 electrons4 ,?us we h n[ complete pro( ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( atoms & also ( electrons4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! man ( sci5ce tries to tell u h[ electrons compose atoms1 he passes f facts to speculation1 & v difficult speculation4 ,take ! lett] o z x is pr9t$ on ?is page4 ,9 a little bubble ( hydrog5 gas no l>g] ?an t lett] !re are trillions ( atoms2 & !y are n pack$ toge!r1 b are circulat+ z freely z danc]s 9 a ball-room4 ,we are ask+ ! physici/ to take "o ( ^! m9ute atoms & tell u h[ ! /ill small] electrons are arrang$ 9 x4 ,naturally he c only make m5tal pictures1 guesses or hypo!ses1 :i* he tries to fit to ! facts1 & disc>ds :5 !y w n fit4 ,at pres5t1 aft] ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ( critical discussion1 !re are two *ief !ories ( ! /ructure ( ! atom4 ,at fir/ ,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson imag9$ ! electrons circulat+ 9 %ells 7l ! lay]s ( an onion7 r\nd ! nucleus ( ! atom4 ,?is did n suit1 & ,sir ,e4 ,ru!r=d & o!rs work$ out a !ory t ! electrons circulat$ r\nd a nucleus r l ! planets ( our sol> sy/em revolv+ r\nd ! c5tral sun4 ,is !re a nucleus1 !n1 r\nd :i* ! electrons revolve8 ,! electron1 z we saw1 is a disembodi$ atom ( electricity2 we %\ld say1 ( negative electricity4 ,let u picture ^! electrons all mov+ r\nd 9 orbits ) great velocity4 ,n[ x is sugge/$ t !re is a nucleus ( positive electricity attract+ or pull+ ! revolv+ electrons to x1 & s =m+ an equilibrium1 o!rwise ! electrons w\ld fly (f 9 all directions4 ,?is nucleus has be5 rec5tly nam$ ! proton4 ,we h ?us two electricities 9 ! atom3 ! positive ! nucleus2 ! negative ! electron4 ,( rec5t ye>s ,dr4 ,langmuir has put out a !ory t ! electrons d n revolve r\nd ! nucleus1 b rema9 9 a /ate ( viol5t agitation ( "s sort at fix$ di/ances f ! nucleus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,,sir ,j4 ,j4 ,,?omson ,exp]im5tal discov]] ( ! electronic con/itution ( matt]1 9 ! ,cav5di% ,physical ,laboratory1 ,cambridge4 ,a great inve/igator1 not$ = ! imag9ative range ( 8 hypo!ses & 8 f]tility 9 exp]im5tal devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,smi?sonian ,report1 #aiae4 ,,electrons ,,produc$ ,,by ,,passage ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,?r\gh ,,air ,a photograph cle>ly %[+ t electrons are def9ite entities4 ,z electrons leave atoms !y may trav]se matt] or pass ?r\gh ! air 9 a /raight pa? ,! illu/ration %[s ! tortu\s pa? ( electrons result+ f collision ) atoms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnetic ,,deflection ,,( ,,radium ,,rays ,! radium rays are made to /rike a scre51 produc+ visible spots ( light4 ,:5 a magnetic field is appli$ ! rays are se5 to be deflect$1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,?is c only happ5 if ! rays c>ry an electric *>ge1 & x 0 by exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d t we obta9$ our k respect+ ! electric *>ges c>ri$ by radium rays4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,a4 ,,millikan',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,c\nt+ ,,electrons ,b we w conf9e ourselves "h to ! facts1 & leave ! cont5d+ !ories to sci5tific m54 ,x is n[ pretty g5]ally accept$ t an atom ( matt] consi/s ( a numb] ( electrons1 or *>ges ( negative electricity1 held toge!r by a *>ge ( positive electricity4 ,x is n disput$ t ^! electrons are 9 a /ate ( viol5t motion or /ra91 & t !re=e a va/ en]gy is lock$ up 9 ! atoms ( matt]4 ,to t we w return lat]4 ,"h1 r1 we w notice ano!r rem>kable discov]y :i* helps u to und]/& ! nature ( matt]4 ,a brilliant "y man ( sci5ce :o 0 kill$ 9 ! w>1 ,mr4 ,moseley1 "s ye>s ago %[$ t1 :5 ! atoms ( diff]5t sub/ances are arrang$ 9 ord] ( _! weight1 !y are also arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( increas+ complexity ( /ructure4 ,t is to say1 ! heavi] ! atom1 ! m electrons x conta9s4 ,!re is a gradual build+ up ( atoms conta9+ m & m electrons f ! lighte/ atom to ! heavie/4 ,"h x is en\gh to say t z he took elem5t aft] elem5t1 f ! lighte/ 7hydrog57 to ! heavie/ 7uranium7 he f\nd a /rangely regul> relation betwe5 !m4 ,if hydrog5 7 repres5t$ by ! figure "o1 helium by two1 li?ium ?ree1 & s on up to uranium1 !n uranium %\ld h ! figure n9ety-two4 ,?is makes x probable t !re are 9 nature n9ety-two elem5ts--we h f\nd eighty-sev5--& t ! numb] ,mr4 ,moseley f\nd is ! numb] ( electrons 9 ! atom ( ea* elem5t2 t is to say1 ! numb] is arrang$ 9 ord] ( ! atomic numb]s ( ! v>i\s elem5ts4 #g ,! ,new ,view ( ,matt] ,up to ! po9t we h rea*$1 !n1 we see :at ! new view ( ,matt] is4 ,e atom ( matt]1 ( :atev] k9d ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se1 is built up ( electrons 9 conjunction ) a nucleus4 ,f ! smalle/ atom ( all--! atom ( hydrog5--:i* consi/s ( "o electron1 rotat+ r\nd a positively *>g$ nucleus1 to a heavy complicat$ atom1 su* z ! atom ( gold1 con/itut$ ( _m electrons & a complex nucleus1 we h only to d ) positive & negative units ( electricity4 ,! electron & its nucleus are p>ticles ( electricity4 ,all ,matt]1 !re=e1 is no?+ b a manife/ation ( electricity4 ,! atoms ( matt]1 z we saw1 comb9e & =m molecules4 ,atoms & molecules are ! bricks out ( :i* nature has built up ev]y?+2 ourselves1 ! e>?1 ! />s1 ! :ole univ]se4 ,b m ?an bricks are requir$ to build a h\se4 ,!re are o!r fundam5tal exi/5ces1 su* z ! v>i\s =ms ( en]gy1 :i* give rise to sev]al complex problems4 ,& we h also to rememb]1 t !re are m ?an eighty di/9ct elem5ts1 ea* ) its own def9ite type ( atom4 ,we %all deal ) en]gy lat]4 ,mean:ile x rema9s to be said t1 al?\gh we h discov]$ a great deal ab\t ! electron & ! con/itution ( matt]1 & t :ile ! physici/s ( our own day seem to see a possibility ( expla9+ positive & negative electricity1 ! nature ( !m bo? is unkn[n4 ,!re exi/s ! !ory t ! p>ticles ( positive & negative electricity1 :i* make up ! atoms ( matt]1 are po9ts or c5tres ( di/urbances ( "s k9d 9 a univ]sal e!r1 & t all ! v>i\s =ms ( en]gy are1 9 "s fundam5tal way1 aspects ( ! same prim>y entity :i* con/itutes matt] itself4 ,b ! discov]y ( ! prop]ty ( radio-activity has rais$ _m o!r int]e/+ que/ions1 besides t :i* we h j dealt )4 ,9 radio-active elem5ts1 su* z uranium = example1 ! elem5t is break+ d[n2 9 :at we call radio-activity we h a manife/ation ( ! spontane\s *ange ( elem5ts4 ,:at is really tak+ place is a transmutation ( "o elem5t into ano!r1 f a heavi] to a light]4 ,! elem5t uranium spontane\sly becomes radium1 & radium passes ?r\gh a numb] ( o!r /ages until x1 9 turn1 becomes lead4 ,ea* desc5d+ elem5t is ( light] atomic weight ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,! *ang+ process1 ( c\rse1 is a v sl[ "o4 ,x may be t all matt] is radio-active1 or c be made s4 ,?is raises ! "q :e!r all ! matt] 9 ! univ]se may n und]go dis9tegration4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r side ( ! "q1 :i* ! discov]y ( radio-activity has br\ght to light1 & :i* has effect$ a revolution 9 our views4 ,we h se5 t 9 radio-active sub/ances ! elem5ts are break+ d[n4 ,is !re a process ( build+ up at "w8 ,if ! m complicat$ atoms are break+ d[n into simpl] =ms1 may !re n be a conv]se process--a build+ up f simpl] elem5ts to m complicat$ elem5ts8 ,x is probably ! case t bo? processes are at "w4 ,!re are "s eighty-odd *emical elem5ts on ! e>? to-day3 are !y all ! outcome ( an inorganic evolution1 elem5t giv+ rise to elem5t1 go+ back & back to "s primeval /uff f :i* !y 7 all orig9ally d]iv$ inf9itely long ago8 ,is !re an evolution 9 ! inorganic _w :i* may be go+ on1 p>allel to t ( ! evolution ( liv+ ?+s2 or is organic evolution a cont9uation ( inorganic evolution8 ,we h se5 :at evid5ce !re is ( ?is inorganic evolution 9 ! case ( ! />s4 ,we _c g deeply into ! matt] "h1 nor has ! "t come = any direct /atem5t t c be bas$ on ! f9d+s ( mod]n inve/igation4 ,tak+ x altoge!r ! evid5ce is /eadily accumulat+1 & !re are au?orities :o ma9ta9 t already ! evid5ce ( inorganic evolution is conv9c+ en\gh4 ,! heavi] atoms w\ld appe> to behave z ?\gh !y 7 evolv$ f ! light]4 ,! m complex =ms1 x is suppos$1 h evolv$ f ! simpl] =ms4 ,moseley's discov]y1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 po9ts to ! conclusion t ! elem5ts are built up "o f ano!r4 #h ,o!r ,new ,views ,we may "h ref] to ano!r new conception to :i* ! discov]y ( radio-activity has giv5 rise4 ,"l ,kelv91 :o e/imat$ ! age ( ! e>? at tw5ty million ye>s1 rea*$ ?is e/imate by consid]+ ! e>? z a body :i* is gradually cool+ d[n1 los+ its primitive heat1 l a loaf tak5 f ! ov51 at a rate :i* c\ld be calculat$1 & t ! heat radiat$ by ! sun 0 due to contraction4 ,uranium & radio-activity 7 n kn[n to ,kelv91 & _! discov]y has upset bo? 8 argum5ts4 ,radio-active sub/ances1 :i* are p]petually giv+ out heat1 introduce an entirely new factor4 ,we _c n[ assume t ! e>? is necess>ily cool+ d[n2 x may ev51 = all we "k1 be gett+ hott]4 ,at ! #aiba meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,pr(essor ,rayleigh /at$ t fur!r k _h ext5d$ ! probable p]iod dur+ :i* !re _h be5 life on ?is globe to ab\t "o ?\s& million ye>s1 & ! total age ( ! e>? to "s small multiple ( t4 ,! e>?1 he consid]s1 is n cool+1 b conta9s an int]nal s\rce ( heat f ! dis9tegration ( uranium 9 ! out] cru/4 ,on ! :ole ! e/imate obta9$ w\ld seem to be 9 agreem5t ) ! geological e/imates4 ,! "q1 ( c\rse1 _c1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 be settl$ )9 fix$ limits t meet ) g5]al agreem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,invisible ,,visible ,radium1 z expla9$ 9 ! text1 emits rays--! ,alpha1 ! ,beta 7electrons71 & ,gamma rays4 ,! above illu/ration indicates ! me?od by :i* ^! invisible rays are made visible1 & enables ! nature ( ! rays to be inve/igat$4 ,to ! "r ( ! diagram is ! in/rum5t us$1 ! ,sp9?>iscope1 mak+ ! impact ( radium rays visible on a scre54 ,! radium rays %oot out 9 all directions2 ^? t fall on ! scre5 make x gl[ ) po9ts ( light4 ,^! po9ts ( light are obs]v$ by ! magnify+ l5s4 ,a4 ,magnify+ l5s4 ,b4 ,a z9c sulphite scre54 ,c4 ,a ne$le on ^: po9t is plac$ a speck ( radium4 ,! l[] picture %[s ! scre5 & ne$le magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,electrons ,an atom ( matt] is compos$ ( electrons4 ,we picture an atom z a sort ( m9iature sol> sy/em1 ! electrons 7p>ticles ( negative electricity7 rotat+ r\nd a c5tral nucleus ( positive electricity1 z describ$ 9 ! text4 ,9 ! above pictorial repres5tation ( an atom ! :irl+ electrons are indicat$ 9 ! out] r+4 ,electrons move ) incr$ible spe$ z !y pass f "o atom to ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arrangem5ts ,,( ,,atoms ,,9 ,a ,,diamond ,! above is a model 7se5 f two po9ts ( view7 ( ! arrangem5t ( ! atoms 9 a diamond4 ,! arrangem5t is f\nd by /udy+ ! ,x-ray spectra ( ! diamond4 ,z we h said1 !re are o!r fundam5tal exi/5ces :i* give rise to m complex problems4 ,! ?ree great fundam5tal entities 9 ! physical univ]se are matt]1 e!r1 & en]gy2 s f> z we "k1 outside ^! !re is no?+4 ,we h dealt ) matt]1 !re rema9 e!r & en]gy4 ,we %all see t j z no p>ticle ( matt]1 h[ev] small1 may be creat$ or de/roy$1 & j z !re is no su* ?+ z empty space--e!r p]vades ev]y?+--s !re is no su* ?+ z re/4 ,e p>ticle t goes to make up our solid e>? is 9 a /ate ( p]petual unremitt+ vibration2 en]gy is ! univ]sal commodity on :i* all life dep5ds4 ,sep>ate & di/9ct z ^! ?ree fundam5tal entities--matt]1 e!r1 & en]gy--may appe>1 x may be t1 aft] all1 !y are only diff]5t & my/]i\s phases ( an ess5tial on5ess ( ! univ]se4 #i ,! ,future ,let u1 9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 give j "o illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* all ?is new k may prove to be z valuable practically z x is wond]ful intellectually4 ,we saw t electrons are %ot out ( atoms at a spe$ t may approa* #afj1jjj miles a second4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge has writt5 rec5tly t a sev5tie? ( a gra9 ( radium dis*>ges1 at a spe$ a ?\s& times t ( a rifle bullet1 ?irty million electrons a second4 ,pr(essor ,le ,bon has calculat$ t x w\ld take #a1cdj1jjj b>rels ( p[d] to give a bullet ! spe$ ( "o ( ^! electrons4 ,he %[s t ! smalle/ ,fr5* copp] co9--small] ?an a f>?+--conta9s an en]gy equal to eighty million horsep[]4 ,a few p\nds ( matt] conta9 m en]gy ?an we c\ld extract f millions ( tons ( coal4 ,ev5 9 ! atoms ( hydrog5 at a temp]ature :i* we c\ld produce 9 an electric furnace ! electrons sp9 r\nd at a rate ( ne>ly a hundr$ trillion revolutions a second6 ,e man asks at once3 ,w sci5ce ev] tap ?is en]gy8 ,if x does1 no m smoke1 no m9+1 no transit1 no bulky fuel4 ,! en]gy ( an atom is ( c\rse only lib]at$ :5 an atom passes f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,! /or$ up en]gy is =tunately fa/ b\nd by ! electrons be+ held toge!r z has be5 describ$4 ,if x 7 n s ! e>? w\ld explode & become a gase\s nebula6 ,x is believ$ t "s day we %all be able to release1 h>ness1 & utilise atomic en]gy4 ,i am ( op9ion1 says ,sir ,william ,bragg1 t atom en]gy w supply our future ne$4 ,a ?\s& ye>s may pass be=e we c h>ness ! atom1 or to-morr[ might see u ) ! re9s 9 our h&s4 ,t is ! peculi>ity ( ,physics--rese>* & 'accid5tal' discov]y g h& 9 h&4 ,half a brick conta9s z mu* en]gy z a small coal-field4 ,! difficulties are trem5d\s1 b1 z ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge rem9ds u1 !re 0 j z mu* scepticism at "o "t ab\t ! utilisation ( /eam or electricity4 ,is x to be suppos$1 he asks1 t !re c be no fre% inv5tion1 t all ! discov]ies h be5 made8 ,m ?an "o man ( sci5ce enc\rages u to hope4 ,"h are "s rem>kable words writt5 by ,pr(essor ,soddy1 "o ( ! highe/ au?orities on radio-active matt]1 9 our *ief sci5tific weekly 7,nature1 ,novemb] #f1 #aiai73 ,! prospects ( ! successful accompli%m5t ( artificial transmutation bright5 almo/ daily4 ,! anci5ts seem to h _h some?+ m ?an an inkl+ t ! accompli%m5t ( transmutation w\ld conf] ^u m5 p[]s hi!rto ! pr]ogative ( ! gods4 ,b n[ we "k def9itely t ! mat]ial aspect ( transmutation w\ld be ( small importance 9 comp>ison ) ! control ov] ! inexhau/ible /ores ( int]nal atomic en]gy to :i* its successful accompli%m5t w\ld inevitably lead4 ,x has become a problem1 no long] r$ol5t ( ! evil associations ( ! age ( al*emy1 b "o big ) ! promise ( a v]itable physical r5aissance ( ! :ole _w4 ,if t promise is ev] realis$1 ! economic & social face ( ! _w w be trans=m$4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! consid]ation ( e!r1 light1 & en]gy1 let u see :at new light ! discov]y ( ! electron has ?r[n on ! nature & manipulation ( electricity4 ,,:at ,,is ,,electricity8 ,! ,nature ( ,electricity ,!re is at lea/ "o manife/ation 9 nature1 & s late z tw5ty ye>s ago x seem$ to be "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s manife/ations ( all1 :i* has be5 9 great measure expla9$ by ! new discov]ies4 ,already1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 we spoke ( our age ( electricity1 yet !re 7 few ?+s 9 nature ab\t :i* we knew less4 ,! electric curr5t rang our bells1 drove our tra9s1 lit our rooms1 b none knew :at ! curr5t 04 ,!re 0 a vague idea t x 0 a sort ( fluid t fl[$ along copp] wires z wat] fl[s 9 a pipe4 ,we n[ suppose t x is a rapid movem5t ( electrons f atom to atom 9 ! wire or :]ev] ! curr5t is4 ,let u try to grasp ! pr9ciple ( ! new view ( electricity & see h[ x applies to all ! v>i$ electrical ph5om5a 9 ! _w ab\t u4 ,z we saw1 ! nucleus ( an atom ( matt] consi/s ( positive electricity :i* holds toge!r a numb] ( electrons1 or *>ges ( negative electricity4#d ,?is c]ta9ly tells u to "s ext5t :at electricity is1 & h[ x is relat$ to matt]1 b x leaves u ) ! usual difficulty ab\t fundam5tal realities4 ,b we n[ "k t electricity1 l matt]1 is atomic 9 /ructure2 a *>ge ( electricity is made up ( a numb] ( small units or *>ges ( a def9ite1 con/ant am\nt4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! two k9ds ( electricity1 i4e4 positive & negative1 are "r-h&$ & left-h&$ vortices or :irlpools 9 e!r1 or r+s 9 e!r1 b !re are v s]i\s difficulties1 & we leave ?is to ! future4 #d ,! words positive & negative electricity belong to ! days :5 x 0 reg>d$ z a fluid4 ,a body ov]*>g$ ) ! fluid 0 call$ positive2 an und]*>g$ body 0 call$ negative4 ,a positively-electrifi$ body is n[ "o ^: atoms h lo/ "s ( _! outly+ electrons1 s t ! positive *>ge ( electricity pr$om9ates4 ,! negatively-electrifi$ body is "o ) m ?an ! normal numb] ( electrons4 #aj ,:at an ,electric ,curr5t is ,! discov]y ( ^! two k9ds ( electricity has1 h[ev]1 enabl$ u to und]/& v fairly :at goes on 9 electrical ph5om5a4 ,! outly+ electrons1 z we saw1 may pass f atom to atom1 & ?is1 on a l>ge scale1 is ! mean+ ( ! electric curr5t4 ,9 o!r words1 we believe an electric curr5t to be a fl[ ( electrons4 ,let u take1 to beg9 )1 a simple electrical cell1 9 :i* a feeble curr5t is g5]at$3 su* a cell z !re is 9 e h\se to s]ve its electric bells4 ,9 ! orig9al =m ?is simple sort ( batt]y consi/$ ( a plate ( z9c & a plate ( copp] imm]s$ 9 a *emical4 ,long be=e any?+ 0 kn[n ab\t electrons x 0 kn[n t1 if y put z9c & copp] toge!r1 y produce a mild curr5t ( electricity4 ,we "k n[ :at ?is means4 ,z9c is a metal ! atoms ( :i* are p>ticul>ly dispos$ to "p ) "s ( _! outly+ electrons4 ,:y1 we d n "k2 b ! fact is ! basis ( ^! small batt]ies4 ,electrons f ! atoms ( z9c pass to ! atoms ( copp]1 & _! passage is a curr5t4 ,ea* atom gives up an electron to its neighb\r4 ,x 0 fur!r f\nd long ago t if ! z9c & copp] 7 imm]s$ 9 c]ta9 *emicals1 :i* sl[ly dissolve ! z9c1 & ! two metals 7 connect$ by a copp] wire1 ! curr5t 0 /rong]4 ,9 mod]n language1 !re is a brisk] fl[ ( electrons4 ,! reason is t ! atoms ( z9c :i* are /ol5 by ! *emical leave _! deta*able electrons beh9d !m1 & ! z9c has !re=e m electrons to pass on to ! copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dis9tegration ,,( ,,atoms ,an atom ( ,uranium1 by eject+ an ,alpha p>ticle1 becomes ,uranium ,x4 ,?is sub/ance1 by eject+ ,beta & ,gamma rays1 becomes ,radium4 ,radium passes ?r\gh a numb] ( fur!r *anges1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 & f9ally becomes lead4 ,"s radio-active sub/ances dis9tegrate mu* fa/] ?an o!rs4 ,?us ,uranium *anges v sl[ly1 tak+ #e1jjj1jjj1jjj ye>s to rea* ! same /age ( dis9tegration t ,radium ,a rea*es 9 #c m9utes4 ,z ! dis9tegration proce$s1 ! sub/ances become ( light] & light] atomic weights4 ,?us ,uranium has an atomic weight ( #bch1 :]eas lead has an atomic weight ( only #bjf4 ,! break+ d[n ( atoms is fully expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission f ,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium 7,john ,murray74 ,,silk ,,tassel ,,electrifi$ ,! sep>ate ?reads ( ! tassel1 be+ ea* electrifi$ ) ! same k9d ( electricity1 repel "o ano!r1 & ?us ! tassel bran*es out z 9 ! photograph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silk ,,tassel ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,,! ,,rays ,,f ,,radium ,:5 ! radium rays1 c>ry+ an opposite electric *>ge to t on ! tassel1 /rikes ! ?reads1 ! ?reads are neutralis$1 & h5ce fall toge!r aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,huge ,,electric ,,sp>k ,?is is an actual photograph ( an electric sp>k4 ,x is leap+ a di/ance ( ab\t #aj feet1 & is ! dis*>ge ( a million volts4 ,x is a graphic illu/ration ( ! trem5d\s en]gy ( electrons4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,,electrical ,,attraction ,,betwe5 ,,common ,,objects ,take an ord9>y fl[]-vase well dri$ & en]getically rub x ) a silk h&k]*ief4 ,! vase :i* ?us becomes electrifi$ w attract any light body1 su* z a fea!r1 z %[n 9 ! above illu/ration4 ,su* cells are n[ made ( z9c & c>bon1 imm]s$ 9 sal-ammoniac1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! fl[ ( electricity is a fl[ ( electrons2 ?\gh we ought to repeat t !y d n fl[ 9 a body1 z molecules ( wat] d4 ,y may h se5 boys place a r[ ( bricks1 ea* /&+ on "o end1 9 su* ord] t ! fir/1 if x is pu%$1 w knock ov] ! second1 ! second ! ?ird1 & s on to ! la/4 ,!re is a fl[ ( movem5t all along ! l9e1 b ea* brick moves only a %ort di/ance4 ,s an electron m]ely passes to ! next atom1 :i* s5ds on an electron to a ?ird atom1 & s on4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t f atom to atom is s rapid t ! ripple ( movem5t1 if we may call x s1 may pass along at an enorm\s spe$4 ,we h se5 h[ swiftly electrons travel4 ,b h[ is ?is turn$ into p[] en\gh ev5 to r+ a bell8 ,! actual me*anical app>atus by :i* ! en]gy ( ! electron curr5t is turn$ into s\nd1 or heat1 or light w be describ$ 9 a te*nical section lat] 9 ?is "w4 ,we are conc]n$ "h only ) ! pr9ciple1 :i* is cle>4 ,:ile z9c is v apt to "p ) electrons1 copp] is j z oblig+ 9 facilitat+ _! passage onw>d4 ,electrons w travel 9 ?is way 9 mo/ metals1 b copp] is "o ( ! be/ conductors4 ,s we l5g!n ! copp] wire betwe5 ! z9c & ! c>bon until x goes z f> z ! front door & ! bell1 :i* are includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,:5 y press ! button at ! door1 two wires are br\ght toge!r1 & ! curr5t ( electrons ru%es r\nd ! circuit2 & at ! bell its en]gy is div]t$ into ! me*anical app>atus :i* r+s ! bell4 ,copp] is a good conductor--six times z good z iron--& is !re=e s common 9 electrical indu/ries4 ,"s o!r sub/ances are j z /ubborn z copp] is yield+1 & we call !m insulators1 because !y resi/ ! curr5t in/ead ( lett+ x fl[4 ,_! atoms d n easily "p ) electrons4 ,glass1 vulcanite1 & porcela9 are v good insulators = ?is reason4 ,:at ! ,dynamo does ,b ev5 sev]al cells toge!r d n produce ! curr5ts ne$$ 9 mod]n indu/ry1 & ! fl[ is produc$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,z ! invisible electrons pass along a wire !y produce :at we call a magnetic field ar\nd ! wire1 !y produce a di/urbance 9 ! surr\nd+ e!r4 ,to be exact1 x is ?r\gh ! e!r surr\nd+ ! wire t ! en]gy orig9at$ by ! electrons is transmitt$4 ,to set electrons mov+ on a l>ge scale we use a dynamo4 ,by means ( ! dynamo x is possible to trans=m me*anical en]gy into electrical en]gy4 ,! mod]n dynamo1 z ,pr(essor ,soddy puts x1 may be look$ ^u z an electron pump4 ,we _c g into ! subject deeply "h1 we w\ld only say t a l>ge coil ( copp] wire is caus$ to turn r\nd rapidly betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful magnet4 ,t is ! ess5tial con/ruction ( ! dynamo1 :i* is us$ = g5]at+ /rong curr5ts4 ,we %all see 9 a mom5t h[ magnetism diff]s f electricity1 & w say "h only t r\nd ! poles ( a l>ge magnet !re is a field ( int5se di/urbance :i* w />t a fl[ ( electrons 9 any copp] t is introduc$ into x4 ,on acc\nt ( ! spe$ giv5 to ! coil ( wire its atoms ent] sudd5ly ?is magnetic field1 & !y give (f cr[ds ( electrons 9 a fla%4 ,x is f\nd t a simil> di/urbance is caus$1 ?\gh ! fl[ is 9 ! opposite direction1 :5 ! coil ( wire leaves ! magnetic field4 ,& z ! coil is revolv+ v rapidly we get a p[]ful curr5t ( electricity t runs 9 alt]nate directions--an alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,electricians h app>atus = conv]t+ x into a cont9u\s curr5t :]e ?is is necess>y4 ,a curr5t1 !re=e1 means a /eady fl[ ( ! electrons f atom to atom4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( electrons ru% viol5tly & explosively f "o body to ano!r1 z 9 ! electric sp>k or ! occasional fla% f an electric tram or tra94 ,! gr&e/ & mo/ spectacul> display ( ?is ph5om5on is ! ?und]/orm4 ,z we saw e>li]1 a port5t\s furnace l ! sun is con/antly p\r+ floods ( electrons f its atoms into space4 ,! e>? int]cepts great numb]s ( ^! electrons4 ,9 ! upp] regions ( ! air ! /ream ( sol> electrons has ! effect ( sep>at+ positively-electrifi$ atoms f negatively-electrifi$ ones1 & ! wat]-vap\r1 :i* is con/antly ris+ f ! surface ( ! sea1 ga!rs m freely r\nd ! positively-electrifi$ atoms1 & br+s !m d[n1 z ra91 to ! e>?4 ,?us ! upp] air loses a proportion ( positive electricity1 or becomes negatively electrifi$4 ,9 ! ?und]/orm we get bo? k9ds ( cl\ds--"s ) l>ge excesses ( electrons1 & "s defici5t 9 electrons--& ! t5sion gr[s until at la/ x is reliev$ by a sudd5 & viol5t dis*>ge ( electrons f "o cl\d to ano!r or to ! e>?--an electric sp>k on a prodigi\s scale4 #aa ,magnetism ,we h se5 t an electric curr5t is really a fl[ ( electrons4 ,n[ an electric curr5t exhibits a magnetic effect4 ,! surr\nd+ space is end[$ ) en]gy :i* we call electro-magnetic en]gy4 ,a piece ( magnetis$ iron attract+ o!r pieces ( iron to x is ! popul> idea ( a magnet4 ,if we arrange a wire to pass v]tically ?r\gh a piece ( c>dbo>d & !n spr9kle iron fil+s on ! c>dbo>d we %all f9d t1 on pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! wire1 ! iron fil+s arrange !mselves 9 circles r\nd x4 ,! magnetic =ce1 due to ! electric curr5t1 seems to exi/ 9 circles r\nd ! wire1 an e!r di/urbance be+ set up4 ,ev5 a s+le electron1 :5 9 movem5t1 creates a magnetic field1 z x is call$1 r\nd its pa?4 ,!re is no movem5t ( electrons )\t ?is att5dant field ( en]gy1 & _! motion is n /opp$ until t field ( en]gy disappe>s f ! e!r4 ,! mod]n !ory ( magnetism supposes t all magnetism is produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,all magnetism is suppos$ to arise f ! small :irl+ motions ( ! electrons conta9$ 9 ! ultimate atoms ( matt]4 ,we _c "h g into ! details ( ! !ory nor expla9 :y1 = in/ance1 iron behaves s diff]5tly f o!r sub/ances1 b x is suffici5t to say t "h1 also1 ! electron !ory provides ! key4 ,?is !ory is n yet def9itely prov$1 b x furni%es a suffici5t !oretical basis = future rese>*4 ,! e>? itself is a gigantic magnet1 a fact :i* makes ! compass possible1 & x is well kn[n t ! e>?'s magnetism is affect$ by ^? great outbreaks on ! sun call$ sun-spots4 ,n[ x has be5 rec5tly %[n t a sun-spot is a va/ :irlpool ( electrons & t x ex]ts a /rong magnetic action4 ,!re is d\btless a connection betwe5 ^! outbreaks ( electronic activity & ! consequ5t *anges 9 ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,! precise me*anism ( ! connection1 h[ev]1 is /ill a matt] t is be+ inve/igat$4 ,,e!r ,,& ,,waves ,e!r & ,waves ,! :ole mat]ial univ]se is suppos$ to be emb$d$ 9 a va/ m$ium call$ ! e!r4 ,x is true t ! notion ( ! e!r has be5 ab&on$ by "s mod]n physici/s1 b1 :e!r or n x is ultimately disp5s$ )1 ! conception ( ! e!r has ent]$ s deeply into ! sci5tific m9d t ! sci5ce ( physics _c be und]/ood unless we "k some?+ ab\t ! prop]ties attribut$ to ! e!r4 ,! e!r 0 inv5t$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( light1 & to acc\nt = ! fl[ ( en]gy across empty space4 ,light takes "t to travel4 ,we see ! sun at any mom5t by ! light t left x #h m9utes be=e4 ,x has tak5 t #h m9utes = ! light f ! sun to travel t #ic1jjj1jjj miles odd :i* sep>ates x f our e>?4 ,besides ! fact t light takes "t to travel1 x c be %[n t light travels 9 ! =m ( waves4 ,we "k t s\nd travels 9 waves2 s\nd consi/s ( waves 9 ! air1 or wat] or wood or :atev] m$ium we he> x ?r\gh4 ,if an electric bell be put 9 a glass j> & ! air be pump$ out ( ! j>1 ! s\nd ( ! bell becomes feebl] & feebl] until1 :5 en\gh air has be5 tak5 out1 we d n he> ! bell at all4 ,s\nd _c travel 9 a vacuum4 ,we cont9ue to see ! bell1 h[ev]1 s t evid5tly light c travel 9 a vacuum4 ,! invisible m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! waves ( light travel is ! e!r1 & ?is e!r p]meates all space & all matt]4 ,betwe5 u & ! />s /ret* va/ regions empty ( all matt]4 ,b we see ! />s2 _! light rea*es u1 ev5 ?\gh x may take c5turies to d s4 ,we conceive1 !n1 t x is ! univ]sal e!r :i* conveys t light4 ,all ! en]gy :i* has rea*$ ! e>? f ! sun & :i*1 /or$ = ages 9 our coal-fields1 is n[ us$ to propel our tra9s & /eam%ips1 to heat & light our cities1 to p]=m all ! multif>i\s tasks ( mod]n life1 0 convey$ by ! e!r4 ,)\t t univ]sal c>ri] ( en]gy we %\ld h no?+ b a /agnant1 lifeless _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,leadbeat]4 ,,an ,,electric ,,sp>k ,an electric sp>k consi/s ( a ru% ( electrons across ! space betwe5 ! two t]m9als4 ,a /ate ( t5sion is e/abli%$ 9 ! e!r by ! electric *>ges1 & :5 ?is t5sion passes a c]ta9 limit ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,,an ,,e!r ,,di/urbance ,,ar\nd ,,an ,,electron ,,curr5t ,9 ! left-h& photograph an electric curr5t is pass+ ?r\gh ! coil1 ?us produc+ a magnetic field & trans=m+ ! pok] into a magnet4 ,! pok] is !n able to support a pair ( scissors4 ,z soon z ! electric curr5t is brok5 (f1 z 9 ! second photograph1 ! e!r di/urbance ceases4 ,! pok] loses its magnetism1 & ! scissors fall4 ,we h said t light consi/s ( waves4 ,! e!r may be consid]$ z resembl+1 9 "s respects1 a jelly4 ,x c transmit vibrations4 ,! waves ( light are really excessively small ripples1 measur+ f cre/ to cre/4 ,! di/ance f cre/ to cre/ ( ! ripples 9 a pond is sometimes no m ?an an in* or two4 ,?is di/ance is enorm\sly great comp>$ to ! longe/ ( ! wave-l5g?s t con/itute light4 ,we say ! longe/1 = ! waves ( light diff] 9 l5g?2 ! col\r dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( ! light4 ,r$ light has ! longe/ waves & violet ! %orte/4 ,! longe/ waves1 ! waves ( deep-r$ light1 are sev5 two hundr$ & fifty ?\s&?s ( an in* 9 l5g? 7#g_/bej1jjj in*74 ,?is is ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( deep-violet light-waves1 :i* are #a_/fg1jjj in*4 ,b light-waves1 ! waves t affect ! eye1 are n ! only waves c>ri$ by ! e!r4 ,waves too %ort to affect ! eye c affect ! photographic plate1 & we c discov] 9 ?is way ! exi/5ce ( waves only half ! l5g? ( ! deep-violet waves4 ,/ill %ort] waves c be discov]$1 until we come to ^? excessively m9ute rays1 ! ,x-rays4 ,bel[ ! ,limits ( ,visibility ,b we c ext5d our inve/igations 9 ! o!r direction2 we f9d t ! e!r c>ries _m waves long] ?an light-waves4 ,special photographic emulsions c reveal ! exi/5ce ( waves five times long] ?an violet-light waves4 ,ext5d+ bel[ ! limits ( visibility are waves we detect z heat-waves4 ,radiant heat1 l ! heat f a fire1 is also a =m ( wave-motion 9 ! e!r1 b ! waves our s5ses recognise z heat are long] ?an light-waves4 ,!re are long] waves /ill1 b our s5ses d n recognise !m4 ,b we c detect !m by our in/rum5ts4 ,^! are ! waves us$ 9 wireless telegraphy1 & _! l5g? may be1 9 "s cases1 measur$ 9 miles4 ,^! waves are ! s-call$ electro-magnetic waves4 ,light1 radiant heat1 & electro-magnetic waves are all ( ! same nature2 !y diff] only z reg>ds _! wave-l5g?s4 ,,light--,,visible ,,& ,,invisible ,if ,light1 !n1 consi/s ( waves transmitt$ ?r\gh ! e!r1 :at gives rise to ! waves8 ,:atev] sets up su* wond]fully rapid s]ies ( waves mu/ be some?+ ) an enorm\s vibration4 ,we come back to ! electron3 all atoms ( matt]1 z we h se51 are made up ( electrons revolv+ 9 a regul> orbit r\nd a nucleus4 ,^! electrons may be affect$ by out-side influ5ces1 !y may be agitat$ & _! spe$ or vibration increas$4 ,electrons & ,light ,! p>ticles ev5 ( a piece ( cold iron are 9 a /ate ( vibration4 ,no n]ves ( ours are able to feel & regi/] ! waves !y emit1 b y\r cold pok] is really radiat+1 or s5d+ out a s]ies ( wave-movem5ts1 on e side4 ,aft] :at we saw ab\t ! nature ( matt]1 ?is w surprise none4 ,put y\r pok] 9 ! fire = a "t4 ,! p>ticles ( ! gl[+ coal1 :i* are viol5tly agitat$1 communicate "s ( _! en]gy to ! p>ticles ( iron 9 ! pok]4 ,!y move to & fro m rapidly1 & ! waves :i* !y create are n[ able to affect y\r n]ves & cause a s5sation ( heat4 ,put ! pok] aga9 9 ! fire1 until its temp]ature rises to #ejj ,c4 ,x beg9s to gl[ ) a dull r$4 ,its p>ticles are n[ mov+ v viol5tly1 & ! waves !y s5d out are s %ort & rapid t !y c be pick$ up by ! eye--we h visible light4 ,!y w\ld /ill n affect a photographic plate4 ,heat ! iron fur!r1 & ! cr[ds ( electrons n[ s5d out waves ( v>i\s l5g?s :i* bl5d into :ite light4 ,:at is happ5+ is ! agitat$ electrons fly+ r\nd 9 _! orbits at a spe$ ( trillions ( times a second4 ,make ! iron blue hot1 & x p\rs out1 9 addition to light1 ! invisible waves :i* alt] ! film on ! photographic plate4 ,& beyond ^! !re is a long range ( /ill %ort] waves1 culm9at+ 9 ! ,x-rays1 :i* w pass betwe5 ! atoms ( fle% or /one4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago x 0 prov$ t light travell$ at lea/ #fjj1jjj times fa/] ?an s\nd4 ,jupit]1 z we saw1 has moons1 :i* circle r\nd x4 ,!y pass beh9d ! body ( ! planet1 & reappe> at ! o!r side4 ,b x 0 notic$ t1 :5 ,jupit] is at its greate/ di/ance f u1 ! reappe>ance ( ! moon f beh9d x is #af m9utes & #cf seconds lat] ?an :5 ! planet is ne>e/ to u4 ,pla9ly ?is 0 because light took s long to cov] ! additional di/ance4 ,! di/ance 0 !n imp]fectly kn[n1 & ! spe$ ( light 0 und]rat$4 ,we n[ "k ! di/ance1 & we easily get ! velocity ( light4 ,no d\bt x seems f> m wond]ful to discov] ?is )9 ! walls ( a laboratory1 b x 0 done z long ago z #ahej4 ,a cogg$ :eel is s m\nt$ t a ray ( light passes betwe5 two ( ! tee? & is reflect$ back f a mirror4 ,n[1 slight z is ! fraction ( a second :i* light takes to travel t di/ance1 x is possible to give su* spe$ to ! :eel t ! next too? cat*es ! ray ( light on its return & cuts x (f4 ,! spe$ is increas$ /ill fur!r until ! ray ( light returns to ! eye ( ! obs]v] ?r\gh ! not* next to ! "o by :i* x _h pass$ to ! mirror6 ,! spe$ ( ! :eel 0 kn[n1 & x 0 ?us possible aga9 to ga!r ! velocity ( light4 ,if ! %orte/ waves are #a_/fg1jjj ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & light travels at #ahf1jjj miles a second1 any p]son c "w out t ab\t #hjj trillion waves ent] ! eye 9 a second :5 we see violet4 ,sort+ out ,light-waves ,! waves s5t out on e side by ! en]getic electrons become fa9tly visible to u :5 !y rea* ab\t #a_/ce1jjj ( an in*4 ,z !y become %ort] & m rapid1 z ! electrons increase _! spe$1 we get1 9 succession1 ! col\rs r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,ea* di/9ct s5sation ( col\r means a wave ( diff]5t l5g?4 ,:5 !y are all m+l$ toge!r1 z 9 ! light ( ! sun1 we get :ite light4 ,:5 ?is :ite light passes ?r\gh glass1 ! spe$ ( ! waves is less5$2 &1 if ! ray ( light falls obliquely on a triangul> piece ( glass1 ! waves ( diff]5t l5g?s "p company z !y travel ?r\gh x1 & ! light is spread out 9 a b& ( ra9b[-col\r4 ,! waves are sort$ out accord+ to _! l5g?s 9 ! ob/acle race ?r\gh ! glass4 ,anyone may see ?is = himself by hold+ up a w$ge-%ap$ piece ( cry/al betwe5 ! sunlight & ! eye2 ! prism sep>ates ! sunlight into its con/itu5t col\rs1 & ^! v>i\s col\rs w be se5 q readily4 ,or ! ?+ may be realis$ 9 ano!r way4 ,if ! sev5 col\rs are pa9t$ on a :eel z %[n opposite page #bhj 79 ! proportion %[n71 & ! :eel rapidly revolv$ on a pivot1 ! :eel w appe> a dull :ite1 ! sev]al col\rs w n be se54 ,b omit "o ( ! col\rs1 !n ! :eel1 :5 revolv$1 w n appe> :ite1 b w give ! impression ( "o col\r1 correspond+ to :at ! union ( six col\rs gives4 ,ano!r exp]im5t w %[ t "s bodies held up betwe5 ! eye & a :ite light w n p]mit all ! rays to pass ?r\gh1 b w int]cept "s2 a body t int]cepts all ! sev5 rays except r$ w give ! impression ( r$1 or if all ! rays except violet1 !n violet w be ! col\r se54 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,h4 ,j4 ,%ep/one4 ,,lightn+ ,9 a ?und]/orm we h ! mo/ spectacul> display 9 lightn+ ( a viol5t & explosive ru% ( electrons 7electricity7 f "o body to ano!r1 f cl\d to cl\d1 or to ! e>?4 ,9 ?is wond]ful photograph ( an electrical /orm note ! long bran*$ & undulat+ fla%es ( lightn+4 ,ea* fla% la/s no long] ?an ! "o hundr$-?\s&? "p ( a second ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,light ,,waves ,light consi/s ( waves transmitt$ ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,waves ( light diff] 9 l5g?4 ,! col\r ( ! light dep5ds on ! wave-l5g?4 ,deep-r$ waves 7! longe/7 are #g_/bejjjj in* & deep-violet waves #a_/fgjjj in*4 ,! diagram %[s two wave-motions ( diff]5t wave-l5g?s4 ,f cre/ to cre/1 or f tr\gh to tr\gh1 is ! l5g? ( ! wave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,circuit ,,( ,,an ,,electric ,,curr5t ,! electric curr5t pass+ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ r\nd ! electric circuit g5]ates 9 ! surr\nd+ space circul> magnetic circuits z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,x is ?is prop]ty :i* lies at ! base ( ! electro-magnet & ( ! electric dynamo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,magnet ,! illu/ration %[s ! l9es ( =ce betwe5 two magnets4 ,! l9es ( =ce proce$ f ! nor? pole ( "o magnet to ! s\? pole ( ! o!r4 ,!y also proce$ f ! nor? to ! s\? poles ( ! same magnet4 ,^! facts are %[n cle>ly 9 ! diagram4 ,! nor? pole ( a magnet is t end ( x :i* turns to ! nor? :5 ! magnet is freely susp5d$4 ,! ,fate ( ! ,_w ,pr(essor ,soddy has giv5 an int]e/+ picture ( :at might happ5 :5 ! sun's light & heat is no long] :at x is4 ,! human eye has adapt$ itself ?r\gh ! ages to ! peculi>ities ( ! sun's light1 s z to make ! mo/ ( t wave-l5g? ( :i* !re is mo/4444 ,let u indulge = a mom5t 9 ^! gloomy progno/ications1 z to ! consequ5ces to ?is e>? ( ! cool+ ( ! sun ) ! lapse ( ages1 :i* us$ to be 9 vogue1 b :i* radio-activity has s rudely %ak54 ,picture ! fate ( ! _w :5 ! sun has become a dull r$-hot ball1 or ev5 :5 x has cool$ s f> t x w\ld no long] emit light to u4 ,t does n all mean t ! _w w\ld be 9 inky d>kness1 & t ! sun w\ld n emit light to ! p !n inhabit+ ?is _w1 if any _h surviv$ & c\ld keep !mselves f freez+4 ,to su*1 if ! eye cont9u$ to adapt itself to ! *ang+ conditions1 our blues & violets w\ld be ultra-violet & invisible1 b our d>k heat w\ld be light & hot bodies w\ld be lum9\s to !m :i* w\ld be d>k to u4 #ab ,:at ! ,blue ,sky means ,we saw 9 a previ\s *apt] h[ ! spectroscope splits up light-waves into _! col\rs4 ,b nature is con/antly splitt+ ! light into its diff]5t-l5g!d waves1 its col\rs4 ,! ra9b[1 :]e d5se moi/ure 9 ! air acts z a spectroscope1 is ! mo/ famili> example4 ,a piece ( "m-(-pe>l1 or ev5 a film ( oil on ! /reet or on wat]1 has ! same effect1 ow+ to ! f9e inequalities 9 its surface4 ,! atmosph]e all day long is sort+ out ! waves4 ,! blue sky ov]head means t ! f9e p>ticles 9 ! upp] atmosph]e cat* ! %ort] waves1 ! blue waves1 & scatt] !m4 ,we c make a tubeful ( blue sky 9 ! laboratory at any "t4 ,! beautiful p9k-flu% on ! ,alps at sunrise1 ! r$ glory t l+]s 9 ! we/ at sunset1 mean t1 z ! sun's rays mu/ /ruggle ?r\gh d5s] masses ( air :5 x is l[ on ! horizon1 ! long r$ waves are sift$ out f ! o!r %afts4 ,!n !re is ! v>i$ face ( nature :i*1 by absorb+ "s waves & reflect+ o!rs1 weaves its own beautiful robe ( col\r4 ,"h & !re is a black pat*1 :i* absorbs all ! light4 ,:ite surfaces reflect ! :ole ( x4 ,:at is reflect$ dep5ds on ! p]iod ( vibration ( ! electrons 9 ! p>ticul> k9d ( matt]4 ,g5]ally1 z ! electrons receive ! flood ( trillions ( waves1 !y absorb ei!r ! long or ! m$ium or ! %ort1 & !y give u ! wond]ful col\r-s*eme ( nature4 ,9 "s cases ! electrons cont9ue to radiate long aft] ! sunlight has ceas$ to fall ^u !m4 ,we get f !m black or invisible light1 & we c take photographs by x4 ,o!r bodies1 l glass1 vibrate 9 unison ) ! p]iod ( ! light-waves & let !m /ream ?r\gh4 ,light )\t ,heat ,!re are sub/ances--phosphoresc5t ?+s we call !m--:i* give out a my/]i\s cold light ( _! own4 ,x is "o ( ! problems ( sci5ce1 & "o ( pr(\nd practical int]e/4 ,if we c\ld produce light )\t heat our gas bill w\ld %r9k amaz+ly4 ,s mu* en]gy is wa/$ 9 ! production ( heat-waves & ultra-violet waves :i* we d n want1 t #ij p] c5t4 or m ( ! p[] us$ 9 illum9ation is wa/$4 ,w\ld t ! gl[-worm1 or ev5 ! dead h]r+1 w\ld yield u its secret6 ,phosphorus is ! "o ?+ we "k z yet t suits ! purpose1 &--x smells6 ,inde$1 our artificial light is n only extravagant 9 co/1 b (t5 poor 9 col\r4 ,! unw>y p]son (t5 buys a g>m5t by artificial light1 & is disgu/$ next morn+ to f9d 9 x a col\r :i* is n want$4 ,! col\r disclos$ by ! sun 0 n 9 ! waves ( ! artificial light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rotat+ ,,disc ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,,= ,,mix+ ,,col\rs ,! ,spectroscope sorts out ! above sev5 col\rs f sunlight 7:i* is comp\nd$ ( ^! sev5 col\rs74 ,if pa9t$ 9 prop] proportions on a :eel1 z %[n 9 ! col\r$ illu/ration1 & ! :eel be turn$ rapidly on a pivot ?r\gh its c5tre1 only a dull :ite w be p]ceiv$4 ,if "o col\r be omitt$1 ! result w be "o col\r--! result ( ! union ( ! rema9+ six4 ,beyond ! waves ( violet light are ! /ill %ort] & m rapid waves--! ultra-violet waves--:i* are preci\s to ! photograph]4 ,z e amateur kn[s1 8 plate may safely be expos$ to light t comes ?r\gh a r$ or an orange scre54 ,su* a scre5 means no ?or\ghf>e = ! blue & beyond-blue waves1 & x is ^! :i* arrange ! little gra9s ( silv] on ! plate4 ,x is ! same waves :i* supply ! en]gy to ! little gre5 gra9s ( matt] 7*lorophyll7 9 ! plant1 prep>+ our food & timb] = u1 z w be se5 lat]4 ,! tree /ruggles upw>d & spreads out its leaves fanwise to ! blue sky to receive !m4 ,9 our coal-measures1 ! mighty dead =e/s ( long ago1 are va/ /ores ( sunlight :i* we are prodigally us+ up4 ,! ,x-rays are ! extreme end1 ! highe/ octave1 ( ! s]ies ( waves4 ,_! p[] ( p5etration implies t !y are excessively m9ute1 b ev5 ^! h n held _! secret f ! mod]n physici/4 ,f a s]ies ( beautiful exp]im5ts1 9 :i* !y 7 made to pass among/ ! atoms ( a cry/al1 we le>n$ _! l5g?4 ,x is ab\t ! t5-million? ( a millimetre1 & a millimetre is ab\t ! #a_/be ( an in*6 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies1 made dur+ a rec5t eclipse ( ! sun1 is t light is subject to gravitation4 ,a ray ( light f a /> is b5t out ( its /raight pa? :5 x passes ne> ! mass ( ! sun4 ,pr(essor ,edd+ton tells u t we h z mu* "r to speak ( a p\nd ( light z ( a p\nd ( sug>4 ,pr(essor ,edd+ton ev5 calculates t ! e>? receives #afj tons ( light f ! sun e ye>6 ,,en]gy3 ,,h[ ,,all ,,life ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,x ,z we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt]1 "o ( ! fundam5tal entities ( ! univ]se is matt]4 ,a second1 n less important1 is call$ en]gy4 ,en]gy is indisp5sable if ! _w is to cont9ue to exi/1 s9ce all ph5om5a1 includ+ life1 dep5d on x4 ,j z x is humanly impossible to create or to de/roy a p>ticle ( matt]1 s is x impossible to create or to de/roy en]gy4 ,?is /atem5t w be m readily und]/ood :5 we h consid]$ :at en]gy is4 ,en]gy1 l matt]1 is inde/ructible1 & j z matt] exi/s 9 v>i\s =ms s does en]gy4 ,& we may add1 j z we are ignorant ( :at ! negative & positive p>ticles ( electricity :i* con/itute matt] really are1 s we are ignorant ( ! true nature ( en]gy4 ,at ! same "t1 en]gy is n s completely my/]i\s z x once 04 ,x is ano!r ( nature's my/]ies :i* ! advance ( mod]n sci5ce has 9 "s measure unveil$4 ,x 0 only dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury t en]gy came to be kn[n z some?+ z di/9ct & p]man5t z matt] itself4 ,=ms ( ,en]gy ,! exi/5ce ( v>i\s =ms ( en]gy _h be5 kn[n1 ( c\rse1 = ages2 !re 0 ! en]gy ( a fall+ /one1 ! en]gy produc$ by burn+ wood or coal or any o!r sub/ance1 b ! ess5tial id5tity ( all ^! =ms ( en]gy _h n be5 suspect$4 ,! conception ( en]gy z some?+ :i*1 l matt]1 0 con/ant 9 am\nt1 :i* c\ld n be creat$ nor de/roy$1 0 "o ( ! great sci5tific acquisitions ( ! pa/ c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wave ,,%apes ,wave-motions are (t5 complex4 ,! above illu/ration %[s "s fairly complicat$ wave %apes4 ,all su* wave-motions c be produc$ by sup]pos+ a numb] ( simple wave =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,a ,,magnet ,! illu/ration is t ( a ,pho5ix electric magnet lift+ scrap f railway trucks4 ,! magnet is #eb in*es 9 diamet] & lifts a weight ( #bf tons4 ,! same type ( magnet1 #fb in*es 9 diamet]1 lifts a weight ( #dj tons4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,! ,locomotive ,publi%+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,! ,,spe$ ,,( ,,light ,a tra9 travell+ at ! rate ( sixty miles p] h\r w\ld take r m ?an sev5te5 & a qu>t] days to g r\nd ! e>? at ! equator1 i4e4 a di/ance ( #be1jjj miles4 ,light1 :i* travels at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 w\ld take betwe5 "o-sev5? & "o-eigh? ( a second to g ! same di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rotat+ ,,disc ,,( ,,sir ,,isaac ,,newton ,,= ,,mix+ ,,col\rs ,! ,spectroscope sorts out ! above sev5 col\rs f sunlight 7:i* is comp\nd$ ( ^! sev5 col\rs74 ,if pa9t$ 9 prop] proportions on a :eel1 z %[n 9 ! col\r$ illu/ration1 & ! :eel turn$ rapidly on a pivot ?r\gh its c5tre1 only a dull :ite w be p]ceiv$4 ,if "o col\r be omitt$1 ! result w be "o col\r--! result ( ! union ( ! rema9+ six4 ,x is n possible to ent] deeply into ?is subject "h4 ,x is suffici5t if we briefly outl9e its sali5t aspects4 ,en]gy is recognis$ 9 two =ms1 k9etic & pot5tial4 ,! =m ( en]gy :i* is mo/ app>5t to u is ! en]gy ( motion2 = example1 a roll+ /one1 runn+ wat]1 a fall+ body1 & s on4 ,we call ! en]gy ( motion k9etic en]gy4 ,pot5tial en]gy is ! en]gy a body has 9 virtue ( its position--x is its capacity1 9 o!r words1 to acquire k9etic en]gy1 z 9 ! case ( a /one re/+ on ! edge ( a cliff4 ,en]gy may assume diff]5t =ms2 "o k9d ( en]gy may be conv]t$ directly or indirectly into "s o!r =m4 ,! en]gy ( burn+ coal1 = example1 is conv]t$ into heat1 & f heat en]gy we h me*anical en]gy1 su* z t manife/$ by ! /eam-eng9e4 ,9 ?is way we c transf] en]gy f "o body to ano!r4 ,!re is ! en]gy ( ! great wat]falls ( ,niag>a1 = in/ance1 :i* are us$ to supply ! en]gy ( huge electric p[] /ations4 ,:at ,heat is ,an important fact ab\t en]gy is1 t all en]gy t5ds to take ! =m ( heat en]gy4 ,! impact ( a fall+ /one g5]ates heat2 a wat]fall is hott] at ! bottom ?an at ! top--! fall+ p>ticles ( wat]1 on /rik+ ! gr\nd1 g5]ate heat2 & mo/ *emical *anges are att5d$ by heat *anges4 ,en]gy may rema9 lat5t indef9itely 9 a lump ( wood1 b 9 combu/ion x is lib]at$1 & we h heat z a result4 ,! atom ( radium or ( any o!r radio-active sub/ance1 z x dis9tegrates1 g5]ates heat4 ,e h\r radium g5]ates suffici5t heat to raise ! temp]ature ( its own weight ( wat]1 f ! freez+ po9t to ! boil+ po9t4 ,& :at is heat8 ,heat is molecul> motion4 ,! molecules ( e sub/ance1 z we h se5 on a previ\s page1 are 9 a /ate ( cont9ual motion1 & ! m vigor\s ! motion ! hott] ! body4 ,z wood or coal burns1 ! invisible molecules ( ^! sub/ances are viol5tly agitat$1 & give rise to e!r waves :i* our s5ses int]pret z light & heat4 ,9 ?is con/ant movem5t ( ! molecules1 !n1 we h a manife/ation ( ! en]gy ( motion & ( heat4 ,t en]gy :i* disappe>s 9 "o =m reappe>s 9 ano!r has be5 f\nd to be univ]sally true4 ,x 0 ,j\le :o1 by *urn+ wat]1 fir/ %[$ t a measurable quantity ( me*anical en]gy c\ld be trans=m$ into a measurable quantity ( heat en]gy4 ,by caus+ an app>atus to /ir wat] vigor\sly1 t app>atus be+ driv5 by fall+ weights or a rotat+ fly:eel or by any o!r me*anical means1 ! wat] became heat$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( me*anical en]gy _h be5 us$ up & a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat _h appe>$4 ,! relation betwe5 ^! two ?+s 0 f\nd to be inv>iable4 ,e physical *ange 9 nature involves a trans=mation ( en]gy1 b ! total quantity ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se rema9s unalt]$4 ,?is is ! great doctr9e ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 #ac ,sub/itutes = ,coal ,consid] ! s\rce ( ne>ly all ! en]gy :i* is us$ 9 mod]n civilisation--coal4 ,! great =e/s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo* n[ exi/s z b$s ( coal4 ,by ! burn+ ( coal--a *emical trans=mation--! heat en]gy is produc$ on :i* at pres5t our :ole civilisation dep5ds4 ,:5ce is ! en]gy lock$ up 9 ! coal d]iv$8 ,f ! sun4 ,= millions ( ye>s ! en]gy ( ! sun's rays _h gone to =m ! va/ vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s era & _h be5 trans=m$1 by v>i\s subtle processes1 into ! pot5tial en]gy t slumb]s 9 ^? imm5se fossiliz$ =e/s4 ,! exhau/ion ( our coal deposits w\ld mean1 s f> z our k ext5ds at pres5t1 ! end ( ! _w's civilisation4 ,!re are o!r kn[n s\rces ( en]gy1 x is true4 ,!re is ! en]gy ( fall+ wat]2 ! great falls ( ,niag>a are us$ to supply ! en]gy ( huge electric p[] /ations4 ,p]haps1 also1 some?+ c\ld be done to utilise ! en]gy ( ! tides--ano!r in/ance ( ! en]gy ( mov+ wat]4 ,& attempts h be5 made to utilise directly ! en]gy ( ! sun's rays4 ,b all ^! s\rces ( en]gy are small comp>$ ) ! en]gy ( coal4 ,a sugge/ion 0 made at a rec5t ,briti% ,association meet+ t deep bor+s might be sunk 9 ord] to utilise ! int]nal heat ( ! e>?1 b ?is is n1 p]haps1 a v practical proposal4 ,by f> ! mo/ effective sub/itutes = coal w\ld be f\nd 9 ! int]ior en]gy ( ! atom1 a s\rce ( en]gy :i*1 z we h se51 is practically illimitable4 ,if ! imm5se electrical en]gy 9 ! int]ior ( ! atom c ev] be lib]at$ & controll$1 !n our /eadily decreas+ coal supply w no long] be ! bugbe> x n[ is to all ?\ghtful m54 ,! /or$-up en]gy ( ! great coal-fields c be us$ up1 b we _c replace x or create fre% supplies4 ,z we h se51 en]gy _c be de/roy$1 b x c become unavailable4 ,let u consid] :at ?is important fact means4 #ad ,dissipation ( ,en]gy ,en]gy may become dissipat$4 ,:]e does x g8 s9ce if x is inde/ructible x mu/ /ill exi/4 ,x is easi] to ask ! "q ?an to give a f9al answ]1 & x is n possible 9 ?is ,,outl9e1 :]e an advanc$ k ( physics is n assum$ on ! "p ( ! read]1 to g fully into ! some:at difficult !ories put =w>d by physici/s & *emi/s4 ,we may raise ! temp]ature1 say1 ( iron1 until x is :ite-hot4 ,if we /op ! process ! temp]ature ( ! iron w gradually settle d[n to ! temp]ature ( surr\nd+ bodies4 ,z x does s1 :]e does its previ\s en]gy g8 ,9 "s measure x may pass to o!r bodies 9 contact ) ! piece ( iron1 b ultimately ! heat becomes radiat$ away 9 space :]e we _c foll[ x4 ,x has be5 add$ to ! va/ res]voir ( unavailable heat en]gy ( uni=m temp]ature4 ,x is suffici5t "h to say t if all bodies _h a uni=m temp]ature we %\ld exp]i5ce no su* ?+ z heat1 because heat only travels f "o body to ano!r1 hav+ ! effect ( cool+ ! "o & w>m+ ! o!r4 ,9 "t ! two bodies acquire ! same temp]ature4 ,! sum-total ( ! heat 9 any body is measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! k9etic en]gy ( its mov+ molecules4 ,!re mu/ come a "t1 s f> z we c see at pres5t1 :51 ev5 if all ! heat en]gy ( ! univ]se is n radiat$ away into empty inf9ite space1 yet a uni=m temp]ature w prevail4 ,if "o body is hott] ?an ano!r x radiates heat to t body until bo? are at ! same temp]ature4 ,ea* body may /ill possess a consid]able quantity ( heat en]gy1 :i* x has absorb$1 b t en]gy1 s f> z reactions betwe5 ^? two bodies are conc]n$1 is n[ unavailable4 ,! same pr9ciple applies :atev] numb] ( bodies we consid]4 ,be=e heat en]gy c be utilis$ we mu/ h bodies ) diff]5t temp]ature4 ,if ! :ole univ]se 7 at "s uni=m temp]ature1 !n1 al?\gh x might possess an enorm\s am\nt ( heat en]gy1 ?is en]gy w\ld be unavailable4 ,:at a ,uni=m ,temp]ature w\ld mean ,& :at does ?is imply8 ,x implies a great deal3 = if all ! en]gy 9 ! _w became unavailable1 ! univ]se1 z x n[ is1 w\ld cease to be4 ,x is possible t1 by ! con/ant int]*ange ( heat radiations1 ! :ole univ]se is t5d+ to "s uni=m temp]ature1 9 :i* case1 al?\gh all molecul> motion w\ld n h ceas$1 x w\ld h become unavailable4 ,9 ?is s5se x may be said t ! univ]se is runn+ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,niag>a ,,falls ,! en]gy ( ?is fall+ wat] is prodigi\s4 ,x is us$ to g5]ate ?\s&s ( horse-p[] 9 great electrical in/allations4 ,! p[] is us$ to drive electric trams 9 cities #aej to #bej miles away4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,/eph5 ,cribb4 ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,en]gy ,an illu/ration ( ,en]gy4 ,! *emical en]gy br\ght into exi/5ce by fir+ ! explosive manife/+ itself z me*anical en]gy1 suffici5t to imp>t viol5t motion to tons ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,und]wood ,und]wood4 ,,boil+ ,a ,,kettle ,,on ,,ice ,:5 a kettle conta9+ liquid air is plac$ on ice x boils because ! ice is int5sely hot :5 comp>$ ) ! v l[ temp]ature ( ! liquid air4 ,if all ! molecules ( a sub/ance 7 br\ght to a /&/ill1 t sub/ance w\ld be at ! absolute z]o ( temp]ature4 ,!re c\ld be no?+ cold]4 ,! temp]ature at :i* all molecul> motions w\ld cease is kn[n3 x is -#bgc ,c4 ,no body c\ld possibly atta9 a l[] temp]ature ?an ?is3 a l[] temp]ature c\ld n exi/4 ,unless !re exi/s 9 nature "s process1 ( :i* we "k no?+ at pres5t1 :]eby en]gy is r5ew$1 our sol> sy/em mu/ "o day s9k to ?is absolute z]o ( temp]ature4 ,! sun1 ! e>?1 & e o!r body 9 ! univ]se is /eadily radiat+ heat1 & ?is radiation _c g on = ev]1 because heat cont9ually t5ds to diffuse & to equalise temp]atures4 ,b we c see1 !oretically1 t !re is a way ( evad+ ?is law4 ,if ! *aotic molecul> motions :i* con/itute heat c\ld be regulat$1 !n ! heat en]gy ( a body c\ld be utilis$ directly4 ,"s au?orities ?9k t "s ( ! processes :i* g on 9 ! liv+ body d n involve any wa/e en]gy1 t ! *emical en]gy ( food is trans=m$ directly into "w )\t any ( x be+ dissipat$ z useless heat en]gy4 ,x may be1 !re=e1 t man w f9ally discov] "s way ( escape f ! natural law t1 :ile en]gy _c be de/roy$1 x has a t5d5cy to become unavailable4 ,! prim>y res]voir ( en]gy is ! atom2 x is ! en]gy ( ! atom1 ! atom ( elem5ts 9 ! sun1 ! />s1 ! e>?1 f :i* nature draws = all h] supply ( en]gy4 ,%all we ev] discov] h[ we c repl5i% ! dw9dl+ res\rces ( en]gy1 or f9d out h[ we c call into be+ ! at pres5t unavailable en]gy :i* is /or$ up 9 uni=m temp]ature8 ,x looks z if our successors w\ld witness an int]e/+ race1 betwe5 ! progress ( sci5ce on ! "o h& & ! depletion ( natural res\rces ^u ! o!r4 ,! natural rate ( fl[ ( en]gy f its prim>y atomic res]voirs to ! sea ( wa/e heat en]gy ( uni=m temp]ature1 all[s life to proce$ at a complete pace /]nly regulat$ by ! inexorable laws ( supply & dem&1 :i* ! biologi/s h recognis$ 9 _! field z ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4#e #e ,matt] & ,en]gy1 by ,pr(essor ,soddy4 ,x is c]ta9 t en]gy is an actual entity j z mu* z matt]1 & t x _c be creat$ or de/roy$4 ,matt] & e!r are receptacles or vehicles ( en]gy4 ,z we h said1 :at ^! entities really are 9 !mselves we d n "k4 ,x may be t all =ms ( en]gy are 9 "s fundam5tal way aspects ( ! same prim>y entity :i* con/itutes matt]3 h[ all matt] is con/itut$ ( p>ticles ( electricity we h already se54 ,! "q to :i* we await an answ] is3 ,:at is electricity8 #ae ,,matt]1 ,,e!r1 ,,& ,,e9/e9 ,! supreme syn!sis1 ! cr[n ( all ?is progressive conque/ ( nature1 w\ld be to discov] t ! p>ticles ( positive & negative electricity1 :i* make up ! atoms ( matt]1 are po9ts or c5tres ( di/urbances ( "s k9d 9 a univ]sal e!r1 & t all our en]gies 7light1 magnetism1 gravitation1 etc47 are waves or /ra9s ( "s k9d set up 9 ! e!r by ^! clu/]s ( electrons4 ,x is a fasc9at+1 tantalis+ dream4 ,l>mor sugge/$ 9 #aijj t ! electron is a t9y :irlpool1 or vortex1 9 e!r2 &1 z su* a vortex may turn 9 ei!r ( two opposite ways1 we seem to see a possibility ( expla9+ positive & negative electricity4 ,b ! difficulties h prov$ v s]i\s1 & ! nature ( ! electron is unkn[n4 ,a rec5t view is t x is a r+ ( negative electricity rotat+ ab\t its axis at a high spe$1 ?\gh t does n c>ry u v f>4 ,! unit ( positive electricity is ev5 less kn[n4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to "k ! g5]al l9es on :i* ?\ght is mov+ t[>d ! f9al unification4 ,we say unification1 b x w\ld be a grave error to ?9k t e!r is ! only possible basis = su* unity1 or to make x an ess5tial "p ( "o's philosophy ( ! univ]se4 ,e!r 0 nev] m ?an an imag9$ entity to :i* we ascrib$ ! mo/ extraord9>y prop]ties1 & :i* seem$ !n to promise consid]able aid4 ,x 0 conceiv$ z an ela/ic solid ( v great d5sity1 /ret*+ f end to end ( ! univ]se1 transmitt+ waves f /> to /> at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles a second2 yet x 0 believ$ t ! mo/ solid matt] pass$ ?r\gh x z if x did n exi/4 ,"s ye>s ago a delicate exp]im5t 0 tri$ = ! purpose ( detect+ ! e!r4 ,s9ce ! e>?1 9 travell+ r\nd ! sun1 mu/ move ?r\gh ! e!r if ! e!r exi/s1 !re ought to be a /ream ( e!r fl[+ ?r\gh e laboratory2 j z ! motion ( a %ip ?r\gh a /ill atmosph]e w make a w9d4 ,9 #ahhg ,mi*elson & ,morley tri$ to detect ?is4 ,!oretically1 a ray ( light 9 ! direction ( ! /ream ought to travel at a diff]5t rate f a ray ( light aga9/ ! /ream or across x4 ,!y f\nd no diff]5ce1 & scores ( o!r exp]im5ts h fail$4 ,?is does n prove t !re is no e!r1 z !re is reason to suppose t our in/rum5ts w\ld appe> to %r9k 9 precisely ! same proportion z ! alt]ation ( ! light2 b ! fact rema9s t we h no pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( e!r4 ,j4 ,h4 ,jeans says t nature acts z if no su* ?+ exi/$4 ,ev5 ! ph5om5a ( light & magnetism1 he says1 d n imply e!r2 & he ?9ks t ! hypo!sis may be ab&on$4 ,! prim>y reason1 ( c\rse1 = giv+ up ! notion ( ! e!r is t1 z ,e9/e9 has %[n1 !re is no way ( detect+ its exi/5ce4 ,if !re is an e!r1 !n1 s9ce ! e>? is mov+ ?r\gh x1 !re %\ld be "s way ( detect+ ?is motion4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 tri$1 z we h said1 b1 al?\gh ! me?od us$ 0 v s5sitive1 no motion 0 discov]$4 ,x is ,e9/e9 :o1 by revolutionis+ our conceptions ( space & "t1 %[$ t no su* motion ev] c\ld be discov]$1 :atev] means 7 employ$1 & t ! usual notion ( ! e!r mu/ be ab&on$4 ,we %all expla9 ?is !ory m fully 9 a lat] section4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,tides3 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,moon3 ,,! ,,e>? ,,sl[+ ,,d[n #af ,until comp>atively rec5t times1 until1 9 fact1 ! full dawn ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! tides rank$ among/ ! greate/ ( nature's my/]ies4 ,&1 inde$1 :at ag5cy c\ld be invok$ to expla9 ?is my/]i\sly regul> flux & reflux ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean8 ,x is n surpris+ t t /eady1 rhy?mical rise & fall sugge/$ to "s imag9ative m9ds ! brea?+ ( a mighty animal4 ,& ev5 :5 man fir/ became aw>e ( ! fact t ?is regul> movem5t 0 someh[ associat$ ) ! moon1 0 he mu* ne>] an explanation8 ,:at bond c\ld exi/ betwe5 ! movem5ts ( t di/ant _w & ! diurnal v>iation ( ! wat]s ( ! e>?8 ,x is report$ t an anci5t a/ronom]1 despair+ ( ev] resolv+ ! my/]y1 dr[n$ himself 9 ! sea4 ,! ,e>? ,pull$ by ! ,moon ,b x 0 "p ( ! m]it ( ,newton's mighty !ory ( gravitation t x furni%$ an explanation ev5 ( ?is age-old my/]y4 ,we c see1 9 broad outl9es at any rate1 t ! !ory ( univ]sal attraction c be appli$ to ?is case4 ,= ! moon1 ,newton taught u1 pulls e p>ticle ( matt] ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,if we imag9e t "p ( ! e>?'s surface :i* comprises ! ,pacific ,ocean1 = in/ance1 to be turn$ t[>ds ! moon1 we see t ! moon's pull1 act+ on ! loose & mobile wat]1 w\ld t5d to heap x up into a sort ( m\nd4 ,! :ole e>? is pull$ by ! moon1 b ! wat] is m free to obey ?is pull ?an is ! solid e>?1 al?\gh small tides are also caus$ 9 ! e>?'s solid cru/4 ,x c be %[n also t a correspond+ hump w\ld t5d to be produc$ on ! o!r side ( ! e>?1 ow+1 9 ?is case1 to ! t5d5cy ( ! wat]1 be+ m loosely connect$1 to lag beh9d ! solid e>?4 ,if ! e>?'s surface 7 entirely fluid ! rotation ( ! e>? w\ld give ! impression t ^! two humps 7 cont9ually travell+ r\nd ! _w1 once e day4 ,at any giv5 "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 !re=e1 !re w\ld be two humps daily1 i4e4 two p]iods ( high wat]4 ,su* is ! simple/ possible outl9e ( ! gravitational !ory ( ! tides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,tides ,! tides ( ! sea are due to ! pull ( ! moon1 &1 9 less] degree1 ( ! sun4 ,! :ole e>? is pull$ by ! moon1 b ! loose & mobile wat] is m free to obey ?is pull ?an is ! solid e>?1 al?\gh small tides are also caus$ 9 ! e>?'s solid cru/4 ,! effect :i* ! tides h on sl[+ d[n ! rotation ( ! e>? is expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,g4 ,brocklehur/4 ,,! ,,aegir ,,on ,,! ,,tr5t ,an exceptionally smoo? =mation due to p]fect wea!r conditions4 ,! wall-l =mation ( ^! tidal waves 7see next page also7 w be notic$4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! d[nw>d curr5t 9 ! riv] heads ! sea-wat] back1 & ?us helps to exagg]ate ! advanc+ slope ( ! wave4 ,! exceptional spr+ tides are caus$ by ! comb9$ op]ation ( ! moon & ! sun1 z is expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo3 ,g4 ,brocklehur/4 ,a ,,big ,,spr+ ,,tide1 ,,! ,,aegir ,,on ,,! ,,tr5t ,! actually obs]v$ ph5om5a are va/ly m complicat$1 & ! complete !ory be>s v little resemblance to ! simple =m we h j outl9$4 ,ev]yone :o lives 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a port kn[s1 = in/ance1 t high wat] seldom co9cides ) ! "t :5 ! moon crosses ! m]idian4 ,x may be sev]al h\rs e>ly or late4 ,high wat] at ,london ,bridge1 = in/ance1 occurs ab\t "o & a half h\rs aft] ! moon has pass$ ! m]idian1 :ile at ,dubl9 high wat] occurs ab\t "o & a half h\rs be=e ! moon crosses ! m]idian4 ,! actually obs]v$ ph5om5a1 !n1 are f> f simple2 !y h1 nev]!less1 be5 v completely work$ out1 & ! times ( high wat] = e port 9 ! _w c n[ be prophesi$ = a consid]able "t ahead4 ,! ,action ( ,sun & ,moon ,x w\ld be beyond our scope to attempt to expla9 ! complete !ory1 b we may m5tion "o obvi\s factor :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,s9ce ! moon1 by its gravitational attraction1 produces tides1 we %\ld expect t ! sun1 ^: gravitational attraction is s mu* /rong]1 %\ld also produce tides &1 we w\ld suppose at fir/ sight1 m p[]ful tides ?an ! moon4 ,b :ile x is true t ! sun produces tides1 x is n true t !y are m p[]ful ?an ^? produc$ by ! moon4 ,! sun's tide-produc+ p[] is1 z a matt] ( fact1 less ?an half t ( ! moon4 ,! reason ( ?is is t di/ance plays an enorm\s rle 9 ! production ( tides4 ,! mass ( ! sun is #bf1jjj1jjj times t ( ! moon2 on ! o!r h& x is #chf times z f> (f z ! moon4 ,?is great] di/ance m ?an c\nt]balances its great] mass1 & ! result1 z we h said1 is t ! moon is m ?an twice z p[]ful4 ,sometimes ! sun & moon act toge!r1 & we h :at are call$ spr+ tides2 sometimes !y act aga9/ "o ano!r1 & we h neap tides4 ,^! effects are fur!r complicat$ by a numb] ( o!r factors1 & ! tides1 at v>i\s places1 v>y enorm\sly4 ,?us at ,/4 ,hel5a ! sea rises & falls ab\t ?ree feet1 :]eas 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy x rises & falls m ?an fifty feet4 ,b "h1 aga91 ! reasons are complicat$4 #ag ,orig9 ( ! ,moon ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( ! tides :i* is ( va/ly great] int]e/ & importance ?an ! !ory we h j be5 discuss+4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,sir ,george ,h4 ,d>w91 ! son ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ! tides _h be5 made to ?r[ light on ! evolution ( our sol> sy/em4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !y h illu/rat$ ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! sy/em =m$ by our e>? & moon4 ,x is q c]ta9 t1 long ages ago1 ! e>? 0 rotat+ imm5sely fa/] ?an x is n[1 & t ! moon 0 s ne> z to be actually 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,9 t remote age ! moon 0 j on ! po9t ( sep>at+ f ! e>?1 ( be+ ?r[n (f by ! e>?4 ,e>? & moon 7 once "o body1 b ! high rate ( rotation caus$ ?is body to split up into two pieces2 "o piece became ! e>? we n[ "k1 & ! o!r became ! moon4 ,su* is ! conclusion to :i* we are l$ by an exam9ation ( ! tides4 ,9 ! fir/ place let u consid] ! en]gy produc$ by ! tides4 ,we see evid5ces ( ?is en]gy all r\nd ! ^w's coa/l9es4 ,e/u>ies are scoop$ out1 great rocks are gradually r$uc$ to rubble1 innum]able tons ( matt] are cont9ually be+ set 9 movem5t4 ,:5ce is ?is en]gy d]iv$8 ,en]gy1 l matt]1 _c be creat$ f no?+2 :at1 !n1 is ! s\rce :i* makes ?is colossal exp5diture possible4 ,! ,e>? ,sl[+ d[n ,! answ] is simple1 b />tl+4 ,! s\rce ( tidal en]gy is ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,! massive bulk ( ! e>?1 turn+ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs on its axis1 is l a gigantic fly:eel4 ,9 virtue ( its rotation x possesses an enorm\s /ore ( en]gy4 ,b ev5 ! heavie/ & swifte/ fly:eel1 if x is do+ "w1 or ev5 if x is only work+ aga9/ ! friction ( its be>+s1 _c disp5se en]gy = ev]4 ,x mu/1 gradually1 sl[ d[n4 ,!re is no escape f ?is reason+4 ,x is ! rotation ( ! e>? :i* supplies ! en]gy ( ! tides1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! tides mu/ be sl[+ d[n ! e>?4 ,! tides act z a k9d ( brake on ! e>?'s rotation4 ,^! masses ( wat]1 held back by ! moon1 ex]t a k9d ( dragg+ effect on ! rotat+ e>?4 ,d\btless ?is effect1 measur$ by our ord9>y /&>ds1 is v small2 x is1 h[ev]1 cont9u\s1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! millions ( ye>s dealt ) 9 a/ronomy1 ?is small b con/ant effect may produce v consid]able results4 ,b !re is ano!r effect :i* c be %[n to be a necess>y ma!matical consequ5ce ( tidal action4 ,x is ! moon's action on ! e>? :i* produces ! tides1 b !y also react on ! moon4 ,! tides are sl[+ d[n ! e>?1 & !y are also driv+ ! moon f>!r & f>!r away4 ,?is result1 /range z x may seem1 does n p]mit ( d\bt1 = x is ! result ( an indubitable dynamical pr9ciple1 :i* _c be made cle> )\t a ma!matical discussion4 ,"s int]e/+ consequ5ces foll[4 ,s9ce ! e>? is sl[+ d[n1 x foll[s t x 0 once rotat+ fa/]4 ,!re 0 a p]iod1 a long "t ago1 :5 ! day compris$ only tw5ty h\rs4 ,go+ f>!r back /ill we come to a day ( t5 h\rs1 until1 inconceivable ages ago1 ! e>? mu/ h be5 rotat+ on its axis 9 a p]iod ( f ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,at ?is po9t let u /op & inquire :at 0 happ5+ to ! moon4 ,we h se5 t at pres5t ! moon is gett+ f>!r & f>!r away4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t :5 ! day 0 %ort] ! moon 0 ne>]4 ,z we g f>!r back 9 "t we f9d ! moon ne>] & ne>] to an e>? rotat+ fa/] & fa/]4 ,:5 we rea* ! p]iod we h already m5tion$1 ! p]iod :5 ! e>? complet$ a revolution 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs1 we f9d t ! moon 0 s ne> z to be almo/ graz+ ! e>?4 ,?is fact is v rem>kable4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t !re is a critical velocity = a rotat+ fly:eel1 a velocity beyond :i* ! fly:eel w\ld fly into pieces because ! c5trifugal =ce develop$ is s great z to ov]come ! cohesion ( ! molecules ( ! fly:eel4 ,we h already lik5$ our e>? to a fly:eel1 & we h trac$ its hi/ory back to ! po9t :]e x 0 rotat+ ) imm5se velocity4 ,we h also se5 t1 at t mom5t1 ! moon 0 b>ely sep>at$ f ! e>?4 ,! conclusion is irresi/ible4 ,9 an age m remote ! e>? did fly 9 pieces1 & "o ( ^? pieces is ! moon4 ,su*1 9 brief outl9e1 is ! tidal !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! e>?-moon sy/em4 ,! ,day ,becom+ ,long] ,at ! beg9n+1 :5 ! moon split (f f ! e>?1 x obvi\sly mu/ h %>$ ! e>?'s rotation4 ,x flew r\nd ! e>? 9 ! same "t t ! e>? rotat$1 t is to say1 ! mon? & ! day 7 ( equal l5g?4 ,z ! moon began to get f>!r f ! e>?1 ! mon?1 because ! moon took long] to rotate r\nd ! e>?1 began to get correspond+ly long]4 ,! day also became long]1 because ! e>? 0 sl[+ d[n1 tak+ long] to rotate on its axis1 b ! mon? increas$ at a great] rate ?an ! day4 ,pres5tly ! mon? became equal to two days1 !n to ?ree1 & s on4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ?is process w5t on until !re 7 tw5ty-n9e days 9 ! mon?4 ,aft] t ! numb] ( days 9 ! mon? began to decrease until x rea*$ its pres5t value or magnitude1 & w cont9ue to decrease until once m ! mon? & ! day are equal4 ,9 t age ! e>? w be rotat+ v sl[ly4 ,! brak+ action ( ! tides w cause ! e>? always to keep ! same face to ! moon2 x w rotate on its axis 9 ! same "t t ! moon turns r\nd ! e>?4 ,if no?+ b ! e>? & moon 7 involv$ ?is /ate ( affairs w\ld be f9al4 ,b !re is also ! effect ( ! sol> tides to be consid]$4 ,! moon makes ! day equal to ! mon?1 b ! sun has a t5d5cy1 by /ill fur!r sl[+ d[n ! e>?'s rotation on its axis1 to make ! day equal to ! ye>4 ,x w\ld d ?is1 ( c\rse1 by mak+ ! e>? take z long to turn on its axis z to g r\nd ! sun4 ,x _c succe$ 9 ?is1 ow+ to ! action ( ! moon1 b x c succe$ 9 mak+ ! day r long] ?an ! mon?4 ,surpris+ z x may seem1 we already h an illu/ration ( ?is possibility 9 ! satellites ( ,m>s4 ,! ,m>tian day is ab\t "o half-h\r long] ?an ours1 b :5 ! two m9ute satellites ( ,m>s 7 discov]$ x 0 notic$ t ! inn] "o ( ! two revolv$ r\nd ,m>s 9 ab\t sev5 h\rs =ty m9utes4 ,9 "o ,m>tian day1 !re=e1 "o ( ! moons ( ,m>s makes m ?an ?ree complete revolutions r\nd t planet1 s t1 to an inhabitant ( ,m>s1 !re w\ld be m ?an ?ree mon?s 9 a day4 ,,bibliography ,,arrh5ius1 ,,svante1 ,worlds 9 ! ,mak+4 ,,cl]k-,,maxwell1 ,,james1 ,matt] & ,motion4 ,,daniell1 ,,alfr$1 ,a ,text-,book ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,physics4 ,,d>w91 ,,sir ,g4 ,h41 ,! ,tides4 ,,holman1 ,matt]1 ,en]gy1 ,=ce & ,"w4 ,,kapp1 ,,gisb]t1 ,electricity4 ,,kelv91 ,,"l1 ,popul> ,lectures & ,addresses4 ,vol4 i4 ,con/itution ( ,matt]4 ,,locky]1 ,,sir ,,norman1 ,inorganic ,evolution4 ,,lodge1 ,,sir ,,oliv]1 ,electrons & ,! ,e!r ( ,space4 ,,p]r91 ,,jean1 ,br[nian ,movem5t & ,molecul> ,reality4 ,,soddy1 ,,fr$]ick1 ,matt] & ,en]gy & ,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium4 ,,?ompson1 ,,silvanus ,p41 ,light1 ,visible & ,invisible4 ,,?omson1 ,,sir ,j4 ,j41 ,! ,corpuscul> ,!ory ( ,matt]4