,,the ,,witch-,,cult ,,in ,,western ,,europe ,a ,study in ,anthropology ,,by ,,margaret ,,alice ,,murray ,,oxford ,,at ,,the ,,clarendon ,,press #aiba ,oxford ,university ,press ,london ,edinburgh ,glasgow ,copenhagen ,new ,york ,toronto ,melbourne ,cape ,town ,bombay ,calcutta ,madras ,shanghai ,humphrey ,milford ,publisher to the ,,university ,,preface ,the mass of existing material on this subject is so great that ,i have not attempted to make a survey of the whole of ,european ',witchcraft'1 but have confined myself to an intensive study of the cult in ,great ,britain4 ,in order1 however1 to obtain a clearer understanding of the ritual and beliefs ,i have had recourse to ,french and ,flemish sources1 as the cult appears to have been the same throughout ,western ,europe4 ,the ,new ,england records are unfortunately not published in extenso2 this is the more unfortunate as the extracts already given to the public occasionally throw light on some of the ,english practices4 ,it is more difficult to trace the ,english practices than the ,scotch or ,french1 for in ,england the cult was already in a decadent condition when the records were made2 therefore records in a purely ,english colony would probably contain much of interest4 ,the sources from which the information is taken are the judicial records and contemporary chroniclers4 ,in the case of the chroniclers ,i have studied their facts and not their opinions4 ,i have also had access to some unpublished trials among the ,edinburgh ,justiciary ,records and also in the ,guernsey ,greffe4 ,the following articles have already appeared in various journals1 to whose editors ,i am indebted for kind permission to republish3 ',organization of ,witch ,societies' and ',witches and the number ,thirteen' in ,folk ,lore2 ',the ,god of the ,witches' in the ,journal of the ,manchester ,oriental ,society2 ',child ,sacrifice'1 ',witches' ,familiars'1 ',the ,devil's ,mark'1 ',the ,devil's ,officers'1 ',witches' ,fertility ,rites'1 ',witches ,transformations'1 in ,man2 and ',the ,devil of ,north ,berwick' in the ,scottish ,historical ,review4 ,my thanks are due to ,georgiana ,aitken1 ,w4 ,bonser1 and ,mary ,slater for much kind help1 also to ,prof4 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligman for valuable suggestions and advice as to lines of research4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,murray4 ,,university ,,college1 ,,london4 ,,contents ,,page ,,preface #e ,,introduction #i ,i4 ,,continuity ,,of ,,the ,,religion #ai ,,ii4 ,,the ,,god #bh #a4 ,as ,god #bh #b4 ,as a ,human ,being #ca #c4 ,identification #dg #d4 ,as an ,animal #fj ,,iii4 ,,admission ,,ceremonies #ga #a4 ,general #ga #b4 ,the ,introduction #gf #c4 ,the ,renunciation and ,vows #gg #d4 ,the ,covenant #gi #e4 ,the ,baptism #hb #f4 ,the ,mark #hf ,,iv4 ,,the ,,assemblies #ig #a4 ,the ,sabbath4 ,method of going4 ,the site4 ,the date4 ,the hour #ig #b4 ,the ,esbat4 ,business4 ,the site4 ,the time4 #aab ,v4 ,,the ,,rites #abd #a4 ,general #abd #b4 ,homage #abf #c4 ,the ,dances #acj #d4 ,the ,music #ace #e4 ,the ,feast #ach #f4 ,candles #add #g4 ,the ,sacrament #adh #h4 ,sacrifices3 ,of animals4 ,of children4 ,of the ,god #aeb #i ,magic ,words #afb ,,vi4 ,,the ,,rites1 continued #afi #a4 ,general #afi #b4 ,rain-making #agb #c4 ,fertility #agc ,,vii4 ,,the ,,organization #ahf #a4 ,the ,officer #ahf #b4 ,the ,covens #aij #c4 ,duties #aid #d4 ,discipline #aig ,,viii4 ,,the ,,familiars ,,and ,,transformations #bje #a4 ,the ,divining ,familiar #bje #b4 ,the ,domestic ,familiar #bjh #c4 ,methods of obtaining ,familiars #bbb #d4 ,transformations into ,animals #bcj ,,appendix ,i4 ,fairies and ,witches #bch ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,trial of ,silvain ,nevillon4 ,taken from ,de ,lancre's ,l',incredulit et ,mscrance #bdf ,,appendix ,,iii4 ,a4 ,covens and ,names of ,members #bdi ,b4 ,index of ,witches' ,names1 with ,notes #bee ,,appendix ,,iv4 ,notes on the ,trials of ,joan of ,arc and ,gilles de ,rais #bgj ,,appendix ,v4 ,some ,notes on ',flying' ,ointments4 ,by ,prof4 ,a4 ,j4 ,clark #bgi ,,bibliography #bha ,,general ,,index #bhf ,,introduction ,the subject of ,witches and ,witchcraft has always suffered from the biassed opinions of the commentators1 both contemporary and of later date4 ,on the one hand are the writers who1 having heard the evidence at first hand1 believe implicitly in the facts and place upon them the unwarranted construction that those facts were due to supernatural power2 on the other hand are the writers who1 taking the evidence on hearsay and disbelieving the conclusions drawn by their opponents1 deny the facts in toto4 ,both parties believed with equal firmness in a personal ,devil1 and both supported their arguments with quotations from the ,bible4 ,but as the believers were able to bring forward more texts than the unbelievers and had in their hands an unanswerable argument in the ,witch of ,endor1 the unbelievers1 who dared not contradict the ,word of ,god1 were forced to fall back on the theory that the witches suffered from hallucination1 hysteria1 and1 to use the modern word1 'auto-suggestion'4 ,these two classes still persist1 the sceptic predominating4 ,between the believer who believed everything and the unbeliever who disbelieved everything there has been no critical examination of the evidence1 which presents a new and untouched field of research to the student of comparative religion4 ,among the believers in witchcraft everything which could not be explained by the knowledge at their disposal was laid to the credit of supernatural powers2 and as everything incomprehensible is usually supposed to emanate from evil1 the witches were believed to be possessed of devilish arts4 ,as also every non-,christian ,god was1 in the eyes of the ,christian1 the opponent of the ,christian ,god1 the witches were considered to worship the ,enemy of ,salvation1 in other words1 the ,devil4 ,the greater number of these writers1 however1 obtained the evidence at first hand1 and it must therefore be accepted although the statements do not bear the construction put upon them4 ,it is only by a careful comparison with the evidence of anthropology that the facts fall into their proper places and an organized religion stands revealed4 ,the common beliefs as to the powers of the witches are largely due to the credulous contemporary commentators1 who misunderstood the evidence and then exaggerated some of the facts to suit their preconceived ideas of the supernatural powers of the witches2 thereby laying themselves open to the ridicule of all their opponents1 past and present4 ,yet the ridicule is not fully deserved1 for the facts are there1 though the explanation is wrong2 for even the two points1 which are usually considered the ultimate proof of the absurdity and incredibility of the whole system--the flying on a broomstick through the window or up the chimney1 and the transformation into animals--are capable of explanation4 ,the first can be accounted for when the form of early mound-dwellings is taken into consideration1 and when it is remembered that among savage tribes there are often taboos connected with the door1 the two-faced god being essentially a deity of the door4 ,besides this the fertility rites connected with the broom should be taken into account4 ,the second should be compared with similar accounts of transformation into animals among the cults of other nations4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook's comment on the ,greek ritual applies quite as well to ,western as to ,eastern ,europe3 ',we may venture on the general statement that within the bounds of ,hellenic mythology animal-metamorphosis commonly points to a preceding animal cult4'#a ,it is interesting to note the class of mind among those contemporary writers who believed in the reality of the facts confessed at the trials as compared with those who disbelieved4 ,it will be seen that the most brilliant minds1 the keenest intellects1 the greatest investigators1 were among the believers3 ,bodin1 ,lord ,bacon1 ,raleigh1 ,boyle1 ,cudworth1 ,selden1 ,henry ,more1 ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 ,matthew ,hale1 ,sir ,george ,mackenzie1 and many others1 most of whom had heard the evidence at first hand4 ,the sceptics were ,weyer1 pupil of the occultist ,cornelius ,agrippa2 ,reginald ,scot1 a ,kentish country squire2 ,filmer1 whose name was a byword for political bigotry2 ,wagstaffe1 who went mad from drink2 and ,webster1 a fanatical preacher4#b ,the sceptics1 with the exception of ,weyer1 appear to have had little or no first-hand evidence2 their only weapon was an appeal to common sense and sentiment combined2 their only method was a flat denial of every statement which appeared to point to supernatural powers4 ,they could not disprove the statements2 they could not explain them without opposing the accepted religious beliefs of their time1 and so weakening their cause by exposing themselves to the serious charge of atheism2 therefore they denied evidence which in the case of any other accusation would have been accepted as proof4 ,the evidence which ,i now bring forward is taken entirely from contemporary sources1 i4e4 the legal records of the trials1 pamphlets giving accounts of individual witches1 and the works of ,inquisitors and other writers4 ,i have omitted the opinions of the authors1 and have examined only the recorded facts1 without however including the stories of ghosts and other 'occult' phenomena with which all the commentators confuse the subject4 ,i have also1 for the reason given below1 omitted all reference to charms and spells when performed by one witch alone1 and have confined myself to those statements only which show the beliefs1 organization1 and ritual of a hitherto unrecognized cult4 ,in order to clear the ground ,i make a sharp distinction between ,operative ,witchcraft and ,ritual ,witchcraft4 ,under ,operative ,witchcraft ,i class all charms and spells1 whether used by a professed witch or by a professed ,christian1 whether intended for good or for evil1 for killing or for curing4 ,such charms and spells are common to every nation and country1 and are practised by the priests and people of every religion4 ,they are part of the common heritage of the human race and are therefore of no practical value in the study of any one particular cult4 ,ritual ,witchcraft--or1 as ,i propose to call it1 the ,dianic cult--embraces the religious beliefs and ritual of the people known in late mediaeval times as ',witches'4 ,the evidence proves that underlying the ,christian religion was a cult practised by many classes of the community1 chiefly1 however1 by the more ignorant or those in the less thickly inhabited parts of the country4 ,it can be traced back to pre-,christian times1 and appears to be the ancient religion of ,western ,europe4 ,the god1 anthropomorphic or theriomorphic1 was worshipped in well-defined rites2 the organization was highly developed2 and the ritual is analogous to many other ancient rituals4 ,the dates of the chief festivals suggest that the religion belonged to a race which had not reached the agricultural stage2 and the evidence shows that various modifications were introduced1 probably by invading peoples who brought in their own beliefs4 ,i have not attempted to disentangle the various cults2 ,i am content merely to point out that it was a definite religion with beliefs1 ritual1 and organization as highly developed as that of any other cult in the world4 ,the deity of this cult was incarnate in a man1 a woman1 or an animal2 the animal form being apparently earlier than the human1 for the god was often spoken of as wearing the skin or attributes of an animal4 ,at the same time1 however1 there was another form of the god in the shape of a man with two faces4 ,such a god is found in ,italy 7where he was called ,janus or ,dianus71 in ,southern ,france 7see pp4 #fb1 #abi71 and in the ,english ,midlands4 ,the feminine form of the name1 ,diana1 is found throughout ,western ,europe as the name of the female deity or leader of the so-called ,witches1 and it is for this reason that ,i have called this ancient religion the ,dianic cult4 ,the geographical distribution of the two-faced god suggests that the race or races1 who carried the cult1 either did not remain in every country which they entered1 or that in many places they and their religion were overwhelmed by subsequent invaders4 ,the dates of the two chief festivals1 ,may ,eve and ,november ,eve1 indicate the use of a calendar which is generally acknowledged to be pre-agricultural and earlier than the solstitial division of the year4 ,the fertility rites of the cult bear out this indication1 as they were for promoting the increase of animals and only rarely for the benefit of the crops4 ,the cross-quarter-days1 ,february #b and ,august #a1 which were also kept as festivals1 were probably of later date1 as1 though classed among the great festivals1 they were not of so high an importance as the ,may and ,november ,eves4 ,to ,february #b1 ,candlemas ,day1 probably belongs the sun-charm of the burning wheel1 formed by the whirling dancers1 each carrying a blazing torch2 but no special ceremony seems to be assigned to ,august #a1 ,lammas ,day1 a fact suggestive of a later introduction of this festival4 ,the organization of the hierarchy was the same throughout ,western ,europe1 with the slight local differences which always occur in any organization4 ,the same organization1 when carried to ,america1 caused ,cotton ,mather to say1 ',the witches are organized like ,congregational ,churches4' ,this gives the clue at once4 ,in each ,congregational ,church there is a body of elders who manage the affairs of the ,church1 and the minister who conducts the religious services and is the chief person in religious matters2 and there may also be a specially appointed person to conduct the services in the minister's absence2 each ,church is an independent entity and not necessarily connected with any other4 ,in the same way there was among the witches a body of elders--the ,coven--which managed the local affairs of the cult1 and a man who1 like the minister1 held the chief place1 though as ,god that place was infinitely higher in the eyes of the congregation than any held by a mere human being4 ,in some of the larger congregations there was a person1 inferior to the ,chief1 who took charge in the ,chief's absence4 ,in ,southern ,france1 however1 there seems to have been a ,grand ,master who was supreme over several districts4 ,the position of the chief woman in the cult is still somewhat obscure4 ,professor ,pearson sees in her the ,mother-,goddess worshipped chiefly by women4 ,this is very probable1 but at the time when the cult is recorded the worship of the male deity appears to have superseded that of the female1 and it is only on rare occasions that the ,god appears in female form to receive the homage of the worshippers4 ,as a general rule the woman's position1 when divine1 is that of the familiar or substitute for the male god4 ,there remains1 however1 the curious fact that the chief woman was often identified with the ,queen of ,faerie1 or the ,elfin ,queen as she is sometimes called4 ,this connexion of the witches and fairies opens up a very wide field2 at present it is little more than speculation that the two are identical1 but there is promise that the theory may be proved at some later date when the subject is more fully worked out4 ,it is now a commonplace of anthropology that the tales of fairies and elves preserve the tradition of a dwarf race which once inhabited ,northern and ,western ,europe4 ,successive invasions drove them to the less fertile parts of each country which they inhabited1 some betook themselves to the inhospitable north or the equally inhospitable mountains2 some1 however1 remained in the open heaths and moors1 living as mound-dwellers1 venturing out chiefly at night and coming in contact with the ruling races only on rare occasions4 ,as the conqueror always regards the religion of the conquered as superior to his own in the arts of evil magic1 the dwarf race obtained the reputation of wizards and magicians1 and their god was identified by the conquerors with the ,principle of ,evil4 ,the identification of the witches with the dwarf or fairy race would give us a clear insight into much of the civilization of the early ,european peoples1 especially as regards their religious ideas4 ,the religious rites varied according to circumstances and the requirements of the people4 ,the greater number of the ceremonies appear to have been practised for the purpose of securing fertility4 ,of these the sexual ritual has been given an overwhelming and quite unwarranted importance in the trials1 for it became an obsession with the ,christian judges and recorders to investigate the smallest and most minute details of the rite4 ,though in late examples the ceremony had possibly degenerated into a ,bacchanalian orgy1 there is evidence to prove that1 like the same rite in other countries1 it was originally a ceremonial magic to ensure fertility4 ,there is at present nothing to show how much of the ,witches' ,mass 7in which the bread1 the wine1 and the candles were black7 derived from the ,christian ritual and how much belonged to the ,dianic cult2 it is1 however1 possible that the witches' service was the earlier form and influenced the ,christian4 ,the admission ceremonies were often elaborate1 and it is here that the changes in the religion are most clearly marked2 certain ceremonies must have been introduced when another cult was superimposed and became paramount1 such as the specific renunciation of a previous religion which was obligatory on all new candidates1 and the payment to the member who brought a new recruit into the fold4 ,the other rites--the feasts and dances--show that it was a joyous religion2 and as such it must have been quite incomprehensible to the gloomy ,inquisitors and ,reformers who suppressed it4 ,much stress has always been laid by the sceptical writers on the undoubted fact that in many cases the witch confused dreams with reality and believed that she had visited the ,sabbath when credible witnesses could prove that she had slept in her bed all the time4 ,yet such visions are known in other religions2 ,christians have met their ,lord in dreams of the night and have been accounted saints for that very reason2 ,mahomed1 though not released from the body1 had interviews with ,allah2 ,moses talked with ,god2 the ,egyptian ,pharaohs record similar experiences4 ,to the devotee of a certain temperament such visions occur1 and it is only to be expected that in every case the vision should take the form required by the religion of the worshipper4 ,hence the ,christian sees ,christ and enters heaven2 ,mahomed was caught up to the ,paradise of the true believers2 the anthropomorphic ,jehovah permitted only a back view to ,his votary2 the ,egyptian ,pharaohs beheld their gods alive and moving on the earth4 ,the witch also met her god at the actual ,sabbath and again in her dreams1 for that earthly ,sabbath was to her the true ,paradise1 where there was more pleasure than she could express1 and she believed also that the joy which she took in it was but the prelude to a much greater glory1 for her god so held her heart that no other desire could enter in4 ,thus the witches often went to the gibbet and the stake1 glorifying their god and committing their souls into his keeping1 with a firm belief that death was but the entrance to an eternal life in which they would never be parted from him4 ,fanatics and visionaries as many of them were1 they resemble those ,christian martyrs whom the witch-persecutors often held in the highest honour4 ,another objection is that1 as the evidence of the witches at the trials is more or less uniform in character1 it must be attributed to the publication by the ,inquisitors of a questionary for the use of all judges concerned in such trials2 in short1 that the evidence is valueless1 as it was given in answer to leading questions4 ,no explanation is offered by the objectors as to how the ,inquisitors arrived at the form of questionary1 nor is any regard given to the injunction to all ,inquisitors to acquaint themselves with all the details of any heresy which they were commissioned to root out2 they were to obtain the information from those who would recant and use it against the accused2 and to instruct other judges in the belief and ritual of the heresy1 so that they also might recognize it and act accordingly4 ,the objectors also overlook the fact that the believers in any given religion1 when tried for their faith1 exhibit a sameness in their accounts of the cult1 usually with slight local differences4 ,had the testimony of the witches as to their beliefs varied widely1 it would be prima facie evidence that there was no well-defined religion underlying their ritual2 but the very uniformity of their confessions points to the reality of the occurrence4 ,still another objection is that the evidence was always given under torture1 and that the wretched victims consequently made reckless assertions and accusations4 ,in most of the ,english and many of the ,scotch trials legal torture was not applied2 and it was only in the seventeenth century that pricking for the mark1 starvation1 and prevention of sleep were used4 ,even then there were many voluntary confessions given by those who1 like the early ,christian martyrs1 rushed headlong on their fate1 determined to die for their faith and their god4 ,yet even if some of the evidence were given under torture and in answer to leading questions1 there still remains a mass of details which cannot be explained away4 ,among others there are the close connexions of the witches with the fairies1 the persistence of the number thirteen in the ,covens1 the narrow geographical range of the domestic familiar1 the avoidance of certain forms in the animal transformations1 the limited number of personal names among the women-witches1 and the survival of the names of some of the early gods4 ,in ,england the legal method of executing a witch was by hanging2 after death the body was burnt and the ashes scattered4 ,in ,scotland1 as a rule1 the witch was strangled at the stake and the body burned1 but there are several records of the culprit being sentenced to burning alive4 ,in ,france burning alive was the invariable punishment4 ,in cases where popular fury1 unrestrained by the law1 worked its own vengeance on individuals1 horrible scenes occurred2 but these were the exception1 and1 examining only the legal aspect of the subject1 it will be found that witches had a fair trial according to the methods of the period1 and that their punishment was according to the law4 ,there was1 however1 one popular method of dealing with a person accused of witchcraft which is interesting as showing the survival of a legal process1 obsolete as regards the law itself1 but remaining in full force among the people4 ,this is the ordeal by water4 ,in the ,laws of ,athelstan the full detail of this ordeal is given3 after the person who was to undergo the ordeal had been prepared by prayer and fasting1 he was tied1 the right thumb to the right big toe1 the left thumb to the left big toe1 and was then cast into the water with suitable prayers to the ,almighty to declare the right2 if he sank he was considered innocent1 if he floated he was guilty4 ,the witch was 'tried' in the same way1 except that she was tied 'crossways'1 i4e4 the right thumb to the left big toe1 and the left thumb to the right big toe4 ,so great was the belief in this test that many women accused of witchcraft insisted on undergoing this ordeal1 which was often conducted with solemnity and decency under the auspices of the minister of the parish and other grave persons4 ,unless there was strong feeling against the woman for other reasons1 the mere fact of her floating did not rouse the populace against her1 and she merely returned home2 ,widow ,coman1 for instance1 was 'ducked' on three separate occasions at her own request4 ,the theologians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were greatly exercised by the conclusive evidence which proved that people known to be devout and professing ,christians had been present at the ,sabbath1 joined in the ceremonies1 and worshipped the witches' god4 ,the ,inquisitors recognized the fact1 and devote many pages of their books to the discussion of the course to be followed in the case of ,christian priests1 coming finally to the conclusion that if a priest merely went to the ,sabbath but was not in any way in an official position there his sacred character preserved him from evil4 ,the theologians of the ,reformed ,churches1 who could not accept the sanctity of the priesthood with the same ease and were also desirous of finding some means of accounting for the presence of the devout laity1 boldly evolved the theory that the ,devil could for his own purposes assume the shape of good ,christians in order to mislead the witches4 ,by this plea the accused often succeeded in escaping when the examiners were religious ministers1 but it was of no value to them when the trial was in a court of law1 and the fact of their presence at an illegal assembly was proved4 ,lord ,coke's definition of a witch summed up the law on the subject3 ',a witch is a person who hath conference with the ,devil1 to consult with him or to do some act'1 and any person proved to have had such conference was thus convicted of a capital offence and sentenced accordingly4 ,this accounts for the fact1 commented on by all students of witch-trials1 that a witch was often condemned even though she had invariably used her skill for good and not for evil2 for healing the sick1 not for casting sickness4 ,if it were proved that she had obtained her knowledge from the ',devil' she had broken the law and must die4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 #ahid1 p4 #afj4 ,the italics are in the original4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,james ,crossley's ,introduction to ,potts's ,discoverie of ,witchcraft1 ,chetham ,society1 pp4 v-xii4 ,i4 ,,continuity ,,of ,,the ,,religion ,of the ancient religion of pre-,christian ,britain there are few written records1 but it is contrary to all experience that a cult should die out and leave no trace immediately on the introduction of a new religion4 ,the so-called conversion of ,britain meant the conversion of the rulers only2 the mass of the people continued to follow their ancient customs and beliefs with a veneer of ,christian rites4 ,the centuries brought a deepening of ,christianity which1 introduced from above1 gradually penetrated downwards through one class after another4 ,during this process the laws against the practice of certain heathen rites became more strict as ,christianity grew in power1 the ,church tried her strength against 'witches' in high places and was victorious1 and in the fifteenth century open war was declared against the last remains of heathenism in the famous ,bull of ,innocent ,,viii4 ,this heathenism was practised only in certain places and among certain classes of the community4 ,in other places the ancient ritual was either adopted into1 or tolerated by1 the ,church2 and the ,maypole dances and other rustic festivities remained as survivals of the rites of the early cult4 ,whether the religion which survived as the witch cult was the same as the religion of the ,druids1 or whether it belonged to a still earlier stratum1 is not clear4 ,though the descriptions of classical authors are rather too vague and scanty to settle such a point1 sufficient remains to show that a fertility cult did once exist in these islands1 akin to similar cults in the ancient world4 ,such rites would not be suppressed by the tribes who entered ,great ,britain after the withdrawal of the ,romans2 a continuance of the cult may therefore be expected among the people whom the ,christian missionaries laboured to convert4 ,as the early historical records of these islands were made by ,christian ecclesiastics1 allowance must be made for the religious bias of the writers1 which caused them to make ,christianity appear as the only religion existing at the time4 ,but though the historical records are silent on the subject the laws and enactments of the different communities1 whether lay or ecclesiastical1 retain very definite evidence of the continuance of the ancient cults4 ,in this connexion the dates of the conversion of ,england are instructive4 ,the following table gives the principal dates3 #eig-fjd4 ,augustine's mission4 ,london still heathen4 ,conversion of thelbert1 ,king of ,kent4 ,after thelbert's death ,christianity suffered a reverse4 #fjd4 ,conversion of the ,king of the ,east ,saxons1 whose successor lapsed4 #fbg4 ,conversion of the ,king of ,northumbria4 #fbh4 ,conversion of the ,king of ,east ,anglia4 #fca-fea4 ,aidan's missions4 #fce4 ,conversion of the ,king of ,wessex4 #fec4 ,conversion of the ,king of ,mercia4 #fed4 ,re-conversion of the ,king of the ,east ,saxons4 #fha4 ,conversion of the ,king of the ,south ,saxons4 ,an influx of heathenism occurred on two later occasions3 in the ninth century there was an invasion by the heathen ,danes under ,guthrum2 and in the eleventh century the heathen king ,cnut led his hordes to victory4 ,as in the case of the ,saxon kings of the seventh century1 ,guthrum and ,cnut were converted and the tribes followed their leaders' example1 professed ,christianity1 and were baptized4 ,but it cannot be imagined that these wholesale conversions were more than nominal in most cases1 though the king's religion was outwardly the tribe's religion4 ,if1 as happened among the ,east ,saxons1 the king forsook his old gods1 returned to them again1 and finally forsook them altogether1 the tribe followed his lead1 and1 in public at least1 worshipped ,christ1 ,odin1 or any other deity whom the king favoured for the moment2 but there can be hardly any doubt that in private the mass of the people adhered to the old religion to which they were accustomed4 ,this tribal conversion is clearly marked when a heathen king married a ,christian queen1 or vice versa2 and it must also be noted that a king never changed his religion without careful consultation with his chief men4#c ,an example of the two religions existing side by side is found in the account of ,redwald1 ,king of the ,east ,saxons1 who 'in the same temple had an altar to sacrifice to ,christ1 and another small one to offer victims to devils'4#d ,the continuity of the ancient religion is proved by the references to it in the classical authors1 the ecclesiastical laws1 and other legal and historical records4 #ast cent4 ,strabo1 #fc ,b4,c4-,a4,d4 #bc4 ',in an island close to ,britain1 ,demeter and ,persephone are venerated with rites similar to the orgies of ,samothrace4'#e #dth cent4 ,dionysius says that in islands near ,jersey and ,guernsey the rites of ,bacchus were performed by the women1 crowned with leaves2 they danced and made an even greater shouting than the ,thracians4#f #gth cent4 ,theodore1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 #ffh-fij4 ,the ,liber ,poenitentialis#g of ,theodore contains the earliest ecclesiastical laws of ,england4 ,it consists of a list of offences and the penance due for each offence2 one whole section is occupied with details of the ancient religion and of its rites4 ,such are3 ,sacrifice to devils4 ,eating and drinking in a heathen temple1 7a7 in ignorance1 7b7 after being told by the ,christian priest that it is sacrilege and the table of devils1 7c7 as a cult of idols and in honour of idols4 ',not only celebrating feasts in the abominable places of the heathen and offering food there1 but also consuming it4 ,serving this hidden idolatry1 having relinquished ,christ4 ,if anyone at the kalends of ,january goes about as a stag or a bull2 that is1 making himself into a wild animal and dressing in the skin of a herd animal1 and putting on the heads of beasts2 those who in such wise transform themselves into the appearance of a wild animal1 penance for three years because this is devilish4' ,the ,laws of ,wihtraed1 ,king of ,kent1#h #fij4 ,fines inflicted on those who offer to devils4 #hth cent4 ,the ,confessionale and ,poenitentiale of ,ecgberht1 first ,archbishop of ,york1#i #gcd-gff4 ,prohibition of offerings to devils2 of witchcraft2 of auguries according to the methods of the heathen2 of vows paid1 loosed1 or confirmed at wells1 stones1 or trees2 of the gathering of herbs with any incantation except ,christian prayers4 ,the ,law of the ,northumbrian priests4#aj ',if then anyone be found that shall henceforth practise any heathenship1 either by sacrifice or by fyrt1 or in any way love witchcraft1 or worship idols1 if he be a king's thane1 let him pay ,x half-marks2 half to ,christ1 half to the king4 ,we are all to love and worship one ,god1 and strictly hold one ,christianity1 and totally renounce all heathenship4' #ith cent4 ,decree attributed to a ,general ,council of ,ancyra4#aa ',certain wicked women1 reverting to ,satan1 and seduced by the illusions and phantasms of demons1 believe and profess that they ride at night with ,diana on certain beasts1 with an innumerable multitude of women1 passing over immense distances1 obeying her commands as their mistress1 and evoked by her on certain nights4' #ajth cent4 ,laws of ,edward and ,guthrum4#ab ,after #ija4 ',if anyone violate christianity1 or reverence heathenism1 by word or by work1 let him pay as well wer1 as wite or lah-slit1 according as the deed may be4' ,laws of ,king ,athelstan1#ac #ibd-idj4 ',we have ordained respecting witchcrafts1 and lyblacs1 and morthdaeds3 if anyone should be thereby killed1 and he could not deny it1 that he be liable in his life4 ,but if he will deny it1 and at the threefold ordeal shall be guilty2 that he be cxx days in prison4' ,ecclesiastical canons of ,king ,edgar1#ad #iei4 ',we enjoin1 that every priest zealously promote ,christianity1 and totally extinguish every heathenism2 and forbid well worshipings1 and necromancies1 and divinations1 and enchantments1 and man worshipings1 and the vain practices which are carried on with various spells1 and with frithsplots1#ae and with elders1 and also with various other trees1 and with stones1 and with many various delusions1 with which men do much of what they should not4--,and we enjoin1 that every ,christian man zealously accustom his children to ,christianity1 and teach them the ,paternoster and the ,creed4 ,and we enjoin1 that on feast days heathen songs and devil's games be abstained from4' ,laws of ,king ,ethelred1#af #igh-ajaf4 ',let every ,christian man do as is needful to him2 let him strictly keep his ,christianity4444 ,let us zealously venerate right ,christianity1 and totally despise every heathenism4' #aath cent4 ,laws of ,king ,cnut1#ag #ajag-ajce4 ',we earnestly forbid every heathenism3 heathenism is1 that men worship idols2 that is1 that they worship heathen gods1 and the sun or the moon1 fire or rivers1 water-wells or stones1 or forest trees of any kind2 or love witchcraft1 or promote morth-work in any wise4' #acth cent4 ,witchcraft made into a sect and heresy by the ,church4 ,the priest of ,inverkeithing presented before the bishop in #abhb for leading a fertility dance at ,easter round the phallic figure of a god2 he was allowed to retain his benefice4#ah #adth cent4 ,in #acjc the ,bishop of ,coventry was accused before the ,pope for doing homage to the ,devil4#ai ,trial of ,dame ,alice ,kyteler1 #acbd4 ,tried for both operative and ritual witchcraft1 and found guilty4 ,nider's ,formicarius1 #accg4 ,a detailed account of witches and their proceedings in ,berne1 which had been infested by them for more than sixty years4 #aeth cent4 ,joan of ,arc burnt as a witch1 #adca4 ,gilles de ,rais executed as a witch1 #addj4 ,bernardo di ,bosco1 #adeg4 ,sent by ,pope ,calixtus ,,iii to suppress the witches in ,brescia and its neighbourhood4 ,bull of ,pope ,innocent ,,viii1 #adhd4 ',it has come to our ears that numbers of both sexes do not avoid to have intercourse with demons1 ,incubi and ,succubi2 and that by their sorceries1 and by their incantations1 charms1 and conjurations1 they suffocate1 extinguish1 and cause to perish the births of women1 the increase of animals1 the corn of the ground1 the grapes of the vineyard and the fruit of the trees1 as well as men1 women1 flocks1 herds1 and other various kinds of animals1 vines and apple trees1 grass1 corn and other fruits of the earth2 making and procuring that men and women1 flocks and herds and other animals shall suffer and be tormented both from within and without1 so that men beget not1 nor women conceive2 and they impede the conjugal action of men and women4' ,it will be seen by the foregoing that so far from the ,bull of ,pope ,innocent ,,viii being the beginning of the 'outbreak of witchcraft'1 as so many modern writers consider1 it is only one of many ordinances against the practices of an earlier cult4 ,it takes no account of the effect of these practices on the morals of the people who believed in them1 but lays stress only on their power over fertility2 the fertility of human beings1 animals1 and crops4 ,in short it is exactly the pronouncement which one would expect from a ,christian against a heathen form of religion in which the worship of a god of fertility was the central idea4 ,it shows therefore that the witches were considered to deal with fertility only4 ,looked upon in the light of a fertility cult1 the ritual of the witches becomes comprehensible4 ,originally for the promotion of fertility1 it became gradually degraded into a method for blasting fertility1 and thus the witches who had been once the means of bringing prosperity to the people and the land by driving out all evil influences1 in process of time were looked upon as being themselves the evil influences1 and were held in horror accordingly4 ,the actual feelings of the witches towards their religion have been recorded in very few cases1 but they can be inferred from the few records which remain4 ,the earliest example is from ,lorraine in #adjh1 'lequel mfait les susdites dames disoient et confessoient avoir endur leur contentement et saoulement de plaisir que n'avoient eu onc de leur vie en tel pourchas'4#bj ,de ,lancre took a certain amount of trouble to obtain the opinions of the witches1 whereby he was obviously scandalized4 ',vne sorciere entre autres fort insigne nous dict qu'elle auoit tousiours creu1 que la sorcelerie estoit la meilleure religion4--,ieanne ,dibasson aagee de vingt neuf ans nous dict que le sabbat estoit le vray ,paradis1 o il y a beaucoup plus de plaisir qu'on ne peut exprimer4 ,que ceux qui y vont trouuent le temps si court force de plaisir de contentemt1 qu'ils n'en peuuent sortir sans vn merveilleux regret1 de maniere qu'il leur tarde infiniment qu'ils n'y reuiennent4--,marie de la ,ralde1 aagee de vingt huict ans1 tres belle femme1 depose qu'elle auoit vn singulier plaisir d'aller au sabbat1 si bien que quand on la venoit semondre d'y aller elle y alloit comme nopces3 non pas tant pour la libert licence qu'on a de s'accointer ensemble 7ce que par modestie elle dict n'auoir iamais faict ny veu faire7 mais parce que le ,diable tenoit tellement lis leurs coeurs leurs volontez qu' peine y laissoit il entrer nul autre desir4444 ,au reste elle dict qu'elle ne croyoit faire aucun mal d'aller au sabbat1 qu'elle y auoit beaucoup plus de plaisir contentement que d'aller la ,messe1 parce que le ,diable leur faisoit croire qu'il estoit le vray ,dieu1 que la ioye que les sorciers prenoyent au sabbat n'estoit qu'vn commencement d'vne beaucoup plus grande gloire4--,elles disoyent franchement1 qu'elles y alloyent voyoient toutes ces execrations auec vne volupt admirable1 vn desir enrager d'y aller d'y estre1 trouut les iours trop reculez de la nuict pour faire le voyage si desir1 le poinct ou les heures pour y aller trop lentes1 y estant1 trop courtes pour vn si agreable seiour delicieux amusement4--,en fin il a le faux martyre3 se trouue des ,sorciers si acharnez son seruice endiabl1 qu'il n'y a torture ny supplice qui les estonne1 diriez qu'ils vont au vray martyre la mort pour l'amour de luy1 aussi gayement que s'ils alloient vn festin de plaisir reioyssance publique4--,quand elles sont preuenues de la ,iustice1 elles ne pleurent ne iettent vne seule larme1 voire leur faux martyre soit de la torture1 soit du gibet leur est si plaisant1 qu'il tarde plusieurs qu'elles ne soit executes mort1 souffrt fort ioyeusement qu'on leur face le procez1 tant il leur tarde qu'elles ne soient auec le ,diable4 ,et ne s'impatientent de rien tant en leur prison1 que de ce qu'elles ne lui peuuent tesmoigner cbi elles souffrent desirent souffrir pour luy4'#ba ,bodin says1 ',il y en a d'autres1 ausquelles ,satan promet qu'elles seront bien heureuses apres cette vie1 qui empesche qu'elles ne se repentent1 meurent obstinees en leur mechancet'4#bb ,madame de ,bourignon's girls at ,lille 7#affa7 'had not the least design of changing1 to quit these abominable ,pleasures1 as one of them of ,twenty-two ,years old one day told me4 ,no1 said she1 ,i will not be other than ,i am2 ,i find too much content in my ,condition4'#bc ,though the ,english and ,scotch witches' opinions are not reported1 it is clear from the evidence that they were the same as those of the ,basses-,pyrnes1 for not only did they join of their own free will but in many cases there seems to have been no need of persuasion4 ,in a great number of trials1 when the witches acknowledged that they had been asked to become members of the society1 there follows an expression of this sort1 'ye freely and willingly accepted and granted thereto'4 ,and that they held to their god as firmly as those de ,lancre put to death is equally evident in view of the ,north ,berwick witches1 of ,rebecca ,west and ,rose ,hallybread1 who 'dyed very ,stuburn1 and ,refractory without any ,remorss1 or seeming ,terror of ,conscience for their abominable ,witch-craft'2#bd ,major ,weir1 who perished as a witch1 renouncing all hope of heaven2#be and the ,northampton witches1 ,agnes ,browne and her daughter1 who 'were never heard to pray1 or to call vppon ,god1 never asking pardon for their offences either of ,god or the world in this their dangerous1 and desperate ,resolution1 dyed'2 ,elinor ,shaw and ,mary ,phillips1 at their execution 'being desired to say their ,prayers1 they both set up a very loud ,laughter1 calling for the ,devil to come and help them in such a ,blasphemous manner1 as is not fit to ,mention2 so that the ,sherif seeing their presumptious ,impenitence1 caused them to be ,executed with all the ,expedition possible2 even while they were ,cursing and raving1 and as they liv'd the ,devils true ,factors1 so they resolutely ,dyed in his ,service'3 the rest of the ,coven also died 'without any confession or contrition'4#bf ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #c3 ,hunt1 vol4 i ,footnote #d3 ,bede1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 ch4 xv4 ,footnote #e3 ,strabo1 ,geography1 ,bk4 ,,iv1 c4 iv1 #f4 ,footnote #f3 ,dionysius1 ,periegetes1 ll4 #aabj-e4 ,footnote #g3 ,thorpe1 ii1 pp4 #cb-d4 ,footnote #h3 ,thorpe1 i1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #i3 ,id41 ii1 p4 #aeg seq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,id41 ii1 pp4 #bii1 #cjc4 ,footnote #aa3 ,scot1 p4 #ff4--,lea1 iii1 p4 #dic4 ,footnote #ab3 ,thorpe1 i1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ac3 ,id41 i1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #ad3 ,id41 ii1 p4 #bdi4 ,footnote #ae3 ,frith brushwood1 splot plot of ground2 sometimes used for 'splotch1 splash'4 ,footnote #af3 ,thorpe1 i1 pp4 #caa1 #cbc1 #cea4 ,footnote #ag3 ,id41 i1 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,chronicles of ,lanercost1 p4 #aji1 ed4 ,stevenson4 ,footnote #ai3 ,rymer1 ii1 #icd4 ,footnote #bj3 ,bournon1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #ace1 #bjh1 #deh4 ,footnote #bb3 ,bodin1 ,flau1 p4 #cgc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,bourignon1 ,parole1 p4 #hg4--;,hale1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #bd3 ,full ,tryals of ,notorious ,witches1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #be3 ,records of the ,justiciary ,court of ,edinburgh1 ii1 p4 #ad4--;,arnot1 p4 #cei4 ,footnote #bf3 ,witches of ,northamptonshire1 p4 #h4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,god #a4 ,as ,god ,it is impossible to understand the witch-cult without first understanding the position of the chief personage of that cult4 ,he was known to the contemporary ,christian judges and recorders as the ,devil1 and was called by them ,satan1 ,lucifer1 ,beelzebub1 the ,foul ,fiend1 the ,enemy of ,salvation1 and similar names appropriate to the ,principle of ,evil1 the ,devil of the ,scriptures1 with whom they identified him4 ,this was far from the view of the witches themselves4 ,to them this so-called ,devil was ,god1 manifest and incarnate2 they adored him on their knees1 they addressed their prayers to him1 they offered thanks to him as the giver of food and the necessities of life1 they dedicated their children to him1 and there are indications that1 like many another god1 he was sacrificed for the good of his people4 ,the contemporary writers state in so many words that the witches believed in the divinity of their ,master4 ,danaeus1 writing in #aege1 says1 ',the ,diuell comaundeth them that they shall acknowledge him for their god1 cal vp him1 pray to him1 and trust in him4--,then doe they all repeate the othe which they haue geuen vnto him2 in acknowledging him to be their ,god4'#bg ,gaule1 in #afdf1 nearly a century later1 says that the witches vow 'to take him the ,devil for their ,god1 worship1 invoke1 obey him'4#bh ,the witches are even more explicit1 and their evidence proves the belief that their ,master was to them their ,god4 ,the accusation against ,elisabeth ,vlamyncx of ,alost1 #aeie1 was that 'vous n'avez pas eu honte de vous agenouiller devant votre ,belzebuth1 que vous avez ador'4#bi ,the same accusation was made against ,marion ,grant of ,aberdeen1 #aeif1 that 'the ,deuill quhome thow callis thy god 444 causit the worship him on thy kneis as thy lord'4#cj ,de ,lancre 7#afji7 records1 as did all the ,inquisitors1 the actual words of the witches2 when they presented a young child1 they fell on their knees and said1 ',grand ,seigneur1 lequel i'adore'1 and when the child was old enough to join the society she made her vow in these words3 ',ie me remets de tout poinct en ton pouuoir entre tes mains1 ne recognois autre ,dieu3 si bien que tu es mon ,dieu'4#ca ,silvain ,nevillon1 tried at ,orleans in #afad1 said1 ',on dit au ,diable nous vous recognoissons pour nostre maistre1 nostre ,dieu1 nostre ,createur'4#cb ,the ,lancashire witch1 ,margaret ,johnson1 #afcc1 said3 ',there appeared vnto her a spirit or divell in the similitude and proportion of a man4 ,and the said divell or spirit bidd her call him by the name of ,mamillion4 ,and saith1 that in all her talke and conferense shee calleth her said ,divell ,mamillion1 my god4'#cc ,according to ,madame ,bourignon1 #affa1 ',persons who were thus engaged to the ,devil by a precise ,contract1 will allow no other ,god but him'4#cd ,isobel ,gowdie confessed that 'he maid vs beliew that ther wes no ,god besyd him4--,we get all this power from the ,divell1 and when ve seik it from him1 ve call him owr ,lord4--,at each tyme1 quhan ve wold meitt with him1 we behoowit to ryse and mak our curtesie2 and we wold say1 ,ye ar welcom1 owr ,lord1 and ,how doe ye1 my ,lord4'#ce ,the ,yorkshire witch1 ,alice ,huson1 #affd1 stated that the ,devil 'appeared like a ,black ,man upon a ,black ,horse1 with ,cloven ,feet2 and then ,i fell down1 and did ,worship him upon my ,knees'4#cf ,ann ,armstrong in ,northumberland1 #afgc1 gave a good deal of information about her fellow witches3 ',the said ,ann ,baites hath severall times danced with the divell att the places aforesaid1 calling him1 sometimes1 her protector1 and1 other sometimes1 her blessed saviour4--,she saw ,forster1 ,dryden1 and ,thompson1 and the rest1 and theire protector1 which they call'd their god1 sitting at the head of the table4--,when this informer used meanes to avoyd theire company1 they threatned her1 if she would not turne to theire god1 the last shift should be the worst4'#cg ,at ,crighton1 #afgh1 the ,devil himself preached to the witches1 'and most blasphemously mocked them1 if they offered to trust in ,god who left them miserable in the world1 and neither he nor his ,son ,jesus ,christ ever appeared to them when they called on them1 as he had1 who would not cheat them'4#ch ,even in ,america1 #afib1 ,mary ,osgood1 the wife of ,capt4 ,osgood1 declared that 'the devil told her he was her ,god1 and that she should serve and worship him'4#ci ,prayers were addressed to the ,master by his followers1 and in some instances the prayer was taught by him4 ,alice ,gooderidge of ,stapenhill in ,derbyshire1 #aeig1 herself a witch and the daughter of a witch1 was charged by ,sir ,humphrey ,ferrers 'with witchcraft about one ,michael's ,cow3 which ,cow when shee brake all thinges that they tied her in1 ranne to this ,alice ,gooderige her house1 scraping at the walls and windowes to haue come in3 her olde mother ,elizabeth ,wright1 tooke vpon her to help2 vpon condition that she might haue a peny to bestow vpon her god1 and so she came to the mans house kneeled downe before the ,cow1 crossed her with a sticke in the forehead1 and prayed to her god1 since which time the ,cow continued wel'4#dj ,antide ,colas1 #aeih1 confessed that ',satan luy commda de le prier soir matin1 auant qu'elle s'addonnat faire autre oeuure'4#da ,elizabeth ,sawyer1 the witch of ,edmonton1 #afba1 was taught by the ,devil2 ',he asked of me to whom ,i prayed1 and ,i answered him to ,iesus ,christ1 and he charged me then to pray no more to ,iesus ,christ1 but to him the ,diuell1 and he the ,diuell taught me this prayer1 ,sanctibecetur nomen tuum1 ,amen'4#db ,part of the dittay against ,jonet ,rendall1 an ,orkney witch1 #afbi1 was that 'the devill appeirit to you1 ,quhom ye called ,walliman4--,indyttit and accusit for yt of your awne confessioune efter ye met your ,walliman upoun the hill ye cam to ,williame ,rendalls hous quha haid ane seik hors and promeised to haill him if he could geve yow tua penneys for everie foot1 ,and haveing gottin the silver ye hailled the hors be praying to your ,walliman1 ,lykeas ye have confest that thair is nather man nor beast sick that is not tane away be the hand of ,god bot for almis ye ar able to cur it be praying to your ,walliman1 and yt thair is nane yt geves yow almis bot they will thryve ather be sea or land it ye pray to yor ,walliman'4#dc ,the witches of ,east ,anglia1 #afde1 also prayed2 ',ellen the wife of ,nicholas ,greenleife of ,barton in ,suffolke1 confessed1 that when she prayed she prayed to the ,devill and not to ,god4--,rebecca ,west confessed that her mother prayed constantly 7and1 as the world thought1 very seriously71 but she said it was to the devil1 using these words1 ,oh my ,god1 my ,god1 meaning him and not the ,,lord4'#dd ,a good example of the change of the word ',god'1 when used by the witch1 into the word 'devil' when recorded by the ,christian writer1 is found at ,bute in #affb3 ',jonet ,stewart declares that quhen ,alester ,mc,nivan was lying sick that ,jonet ,morisone and ,nc,william being in her house the said ,jonet desyred ,nc,william to goe see the said ,allester the said ,nc,william lifting up her curcheffe said devill let him never be seene till ,i see him and devill let him never ryse 444 ,nc,william was asked if she lifted up her curcheffe quhen ,jonet ,morisone desyred her to goe see ,alester ,mc,nivan1 saying god let him never ryse till ,i goe see him4'#de #b4 ,as a ,human ,being4 7a7 ,man ,the evidence of the witches makes it abundantly clear that the so-called ,devil was a human being1 generally a man1 occasionally a woman4 ,at the great ,sabbaths1 where he appeared in his grand array1 he was disguised out of recognition2 at the small meetings1 in visiting his votaries1 or when inducing a possible convert to join the ranks of the witch-society1 he came in his own person1 usually dressed plainly in the costume of the period4 ,when in ordinary clothes he was indistinguishable from any other man of his own rank or age1 but the evidence suggests that he made himself known by some manual gesture1 by a password1 or by some token carried on his person4 ,the token seems to have been carried on the foot1 and was perhaps a specially formed boot or shoe1 or a foot-covering worn under the shoe4#df ,besides the ,grand ,master himself there was often a second ',devil'1 younger than the ,chief4 ,there is no indication whatsoever as to the method of appointing the head of the witch-community1 but it seems probable that on the death of the principal ',devil' the junior succeeded1 and that the junior was appointed from among the officers 7see chap4 vii74 ,this suggestion1 however1 does not appear to hold good where a woman was the ,chief1 for her second in command was always a man and often one well advanced in years4 ,the elderly men always seem to have had grey beards4 ,danaeus in #aege summarizes the evidence and says of the ,devil1 'he appeareth vnto them in likenesse of a man1 insomuch that it hapneth many tymes1 that among a great company of men1 the ,sorcerer only knoweth ,satan1 that is present1 when other doo not know him1 although they see another man1 but who or what he is they know not'4#dg ,de ,lancre says1 ',on a obseru de tout temps que lors qu'il veut receuoir quelcun faire pacte auec luy1 il se presente tousiours en homme'4#dh ,cooper states that 'the ,wizards and ,witches being met in a place and time appointed1 the devil appears to them in humane shape'4#di ,even a modern writer1 after studying the evidence1 acknowledges that the witches 'seem to have been undoubtedly the victims of unscrupulous and designing knaves1 who personated ,satan'4#ej ,the witches not only described the personal appearance of the ,devil1 but often gave careful details as to his clothes2 such details are naturally fuller when given by the women than by the men4 ,england4--,john ,walsh of ,dorsetshire1 #aeff1 described the ,devil1 whom he called his ,familiar1 as 'sometymes like a man in all proportions1 sauing that he had clouen feete'4#ea ,the ,lancashire witch1 ,anne ,chattox1 #afac1 said1 ',a thing like a ,christian man did sundry times come to this ,examinate1 and requested this ,examinate to giue him her ,soule3 ,and in the end1 this ,examinate was contented to giue him her sayd ,soule1 shee being then in her owne house1 in the ,forrest of ,pendle2 wherevpon the ,deuill then in the shape of a ,man1 sayd to this ,examinate3 ,thou shalt want nothing4' ,elizabeth ,southerns of the same ,coven said that 'there met her this ,examinate a ,spirit or ,deuill1 in the shape of a ,boy1 the one halfe of his ,coate blacke1 and the other browne'4#eb ,to ,margaret ,johnson1 one of the later ,lancashire witches1 #afcc1 there appeared 'a spirit or divell in the similitude and proportion of a man1 apparelled in a suite of black1 tyed about wth silke pointes'4#ec ,the ,yarmouth witch1 #afdd1 'when she was in ,bed1 heard one knock at her ,door1 and rising to her ,window1 she saw1 it being ,moonlight1 a tall black ,man there'4#ed ,the ,essex witches1 #afde1 agreed very fairly in their description of the man who came amongst them3 according to ,elizabeth ,clarke he appeared 'in the shape of a proper gentleman1 with a laced band1 having the whole proportion of a man4444 ,he had oftentimes knocked at her dore in the night time2 and shee did arise open the dore and let him in'2 ,rebecca ,weste gave evidence that 'the ,devil appeared in the likeness of a proper young man'2 and ,rebecca ,jones said that the ,devil as 'a very handsome young man came to the door1 who asked how she did'2 on another occasion she met the ,devil1 'as shee was going to ,st4 ,osyth to sell butter'1 in the form of a 'man in a ragged sute'4#ee ,there are two accounts of the evidence given by the ,huntingdonshire witch1 ,joan ,wallis of ,keiston1 #afdf3 ,stearne says that she 'confessed the ,devill came to her in the likenesse of a man in blackish cloathing1 but had cloven feet'4 ,davenport's record is slightly different3 ',blackman came first to her1 about a twelve-moneth since1 like a man something ancient1 in blackish cloathes1 but he had ugly feet uncovered4'#ef ,the evidence of the ,suffolk witches1 #afde-f1 is to the same effect2 ,thomazine ,ratcliffe of ,shellie confessed that 'there came one in the likeness of a man4--,one ,richmond1 a woman which lived at ,brampford1 confessed the ,devill appeared to her in the likenesse of a man1 called ,daniel the ,prophet4--,one ,bush of ,barton1 widdow1 confessed that the ,devill appeared to her in the shape of a young black man'4#eg ,all the ,covens of ,somerset1 #affd1 were evidently under one ,chief2 he came to ,elizabeth ,style as 'a handsome man'2 to ,elizabeth ,style1 ,anne ,bishop1 ,alice ,duke1 and ,mary ,penny as 'a ,man in black ,clothes1 with a little ,band'2 to ,christian ,green 'in the shape of a ,man in blackish ,clothes'2 and to ,mary and ,catherine ,green as 'a little ,man in black ,clothes with a little ,band'4#eh ,to the ,yorkshire witch1 ,alice ,huson1 #affd1 he appeared 'like a ,black ,man on a ,horse upon the ,moor'1 and again 'like a ,black ,man upon a ,black ,horse1 with ,cloven ,feet'4#ei ,abre ,grinset of ,dunwich1 in ,suffolk1 #affe1 said 'he did appear in the form of a ,pretty handsom ,young ,man'4#fj ,in ,northumberland1 #afgc1 ,ann ,armstrong said that 'she see the said ,ann ,forster with twelve others and a long black man rideing on a bay galloway1 as she thought1 which they call'd there protector'4#fa ,the ,devonshire witch ,susanna ,edwards1 #afhb1 enters into some detail3 ',she did meet with a gentleman in a field called the ,parsonage ,close in the town of ,biddiford4 ,and saith that his apparel was all of black4 ,upon which she did hope to have a piece of money of him4 ,whereupon the gentleman drawing near unto this examinant1 she did make a curchy or courtesy unto him1 as she did use to do to gentlemen4 ,being demanded what and who the gentleman she spake of was1 the said examinant answered and said1 ,that it was the ,devil4'#fb ,in ,northamptonshire1 #agje1 he came to ,mary ,phillips and ,elinor ,shaw as 'a tall black ,man'4#fc ,scotland4--,the earliest description is in the trial of ,bessie ,dunlop of ,lyne in ,ayrshire in #aegf1 and is one of the most detailed4 ,bessie never spoke of the person1 who appeared to her1 as the ',devil'1 she invariably called him ,thom ,reid2 but he stood to her in the same relation that the ,devil stood to the witches1 and like the ,devil he demanded that she should believe on him4 ,she described him as 'ane honest wele elderlie man1 gray bairdit1 and had ane gray coitt with ,lumbart slevis of the auld fassoun2 ane pair of gray brekis1 and quhyte schankis1 gartanit aboue the kne2 ane blak bonet on his heid1 cloise behind and plane befoir1 with silkin laissis drawin throw the lippis thairof2 and ane quhyte wand in his hand'4#fd ,alison ,peirson1 #aehh1 must have recognized the man who appeared to her1 for she 'wes conuict of the vsing of ,sorcerie and ,wichcraft1 with the ,inuocatioun of the spreitis of the ,dewill2 speciallie1 in the visioune and forme of ane ,mr4 ,william ,sympsoune1 hir cousing and moder-brotheris-sone1 quha sche affermit wes ane grit scoller and doctor of medicin'4#fe ,though the ,devil of ,north ,berwick1 #aeij1 appeared in disguise1 it is not only certain that he was a man but his identity can be determined4 ,barbara ,napier deposed that 'the devil wess with them in likeness of ane black man 444 the devil start up in the pulpit1 like a mickle blak man1 with ane black beard sticking out like ane goat's beard1 clad in ane blak tatie tattered gown and ane ewill favoured scull bonnet on his heid2 hauing ane black book in his hand'4 ,agnes ,sampson's description in the official record was very brief3 'he had on him ane gown1 and ane hat1 which were both black'2#ff but ,melville1 who probably heard her evidence1 puts it more dramatically3 ',the deuell wes cled in ane blak gown with ane blak hat vpon his head4444 ,his faice was terrible1 his noise lyk the bek of ane egle1 gret bournyng eyn2 his handis and leggis wer herry1 with clawes vpon his handis1 and feit lyk the griffon4'#fg ,john ,fian merely mentions that the first time the ,devil came he was clothed in white raiment4#fh ,the evidence from ,aberdeen1 #aeif-g1 points to there being two ,chiefs1 one old and one young4 ,ellen ,gray confessed that 'the ,devill1 thy maister1 apperit to thee in the scheap of ane agit man1 beirdit1 with a quhyt gown and a thrummit shaggy hatt'4 ,andro ,man 'confessis that ,crystsunday cum to hym in liknes of ane fair angell1 and clad in quhyt claythis'4 ,christen ,mitchell stated that ',sathan apperit to the in the lyknes of a littill crippill man'2 and ,marion ,grant gave evidence that 'the ,deuill1 quhom thow callis thy god1 apperit to thee in ane gryte man his licknes1 in silkin abuilzeament habiliment1 withe ane quhyt candill in his hand'4#fi ,isobell ,haldane of ,perth1 #afjg1 was carried away into a fairy hill1 'thair scho stayit thrie dayis1 viz4 fra ,thurisday till ,sonday at xii houris4 ,scho mett a man with ane gray beird1 quha brocht hir furth agane4' ,this man stood to her in the same relation as ,thom ,reid to ,bessie ,dunlop1 or as the ,devil to the witches4#gj ,jonet ,rendall of ,orkney1 #afbi1 saw him 'claid in quhyt cloathis1 with ane quhyt head and ane gray beard'4#ga ,in ,east ,lothian1 #afcj1 ,alexander ,hamilton met the ,devil in the likeness of a black man4#gb ,at ,eymouth1 #afcd1 ,bessie ,bathgate was seen by two young men 'at #ab hours of even 7when all people are in their beds7 standing bare-legged and in her sark valicot1 at the back of hir yard1 conferring with the devil who was in green cloaths'4#gc ,manie ,haliburton of ,dirlton1 #afdi1 confessed that1 when her daughter was ill1 'came the ,devill1 in licknes of a man1 to hir hous1 calling himselff a phisition'4#gd ,he came also as 'a ,mediciner' to ,sandie ,hunter in ,east ,lothian in #afdi4ge ,in the same year he appeared as a black man to ,robert ,grieve1 'an eminent ,warlock' at ,lauder4#gf ,in the same year also ',janet ,brown was charged with having held a meeting with the ,devil appearing as a man1 at the back of ,broomhills'4#gg ,among the ,alloa witches1 tried in #afeh1 ,margret ,duchall 'did freelie confes hir paction with the diwell1 how he appeared first to hir in the liknes of a man in broun cloathis1 and ane blak hat'2 while ,kathren ,renny said 'that he first appeared to hir in the bodis medow in the liknes of a man with gray cloathis and ane blew cap'4#gh ,the years #affa and #affb are notable in the annals of ,scotch witchcraft for the number of trials and the consequent mass of evidence1 including many descriptions of the ,grand-master4 ,at ,forfar1 in #affa1 ,helen ,guthrie said that at several meetings the devil was present 'in the shape of a black iron-hued man'2 ,katherine ,porter 'saw the divill and he had ane blacke plaid about him'2 when ,issobell ,smyth was alone gathering heather1 'hee appeared to hir alone lik ane braw gentleman'2 and on another occasion 'like a light gentleman'4#gi ,jonet ,watson of ,dalkeith1 also in #affa1 said 'that the ,deivill apeired vnto her in the liknes of ane prettie boy1 in grein clothes4444 ,shoe was at a ,meitting in ,newtoun-dein with the ,deavill1 who had grein clothes vpone him1 and ane blak hatt vpone his head'4#hj ,in the same year an ,edinburgh ,coven was tried3 ,jonet ,ker was accused that 'as you wer comeing from ,edr to the park you mett with the devill at the bough in the liknes of a greavous black man'2 ,helene ,casso 'met with the devill in liknes of a man with greine cloaths in the links of ,dudingstone qr he wes gathering sticks amongst the whines'2 ,isobel ,ramsay 'mett with the devill in the ,liknes of a pleasant young man who said qr live you goodwyf and how does the minister ,and as you wes goeing away he gave you a sexpence saying ,god bud him give you that qch you wared and bought meall therwith ,as also you had ane uther meiting wt the devill in yor awne house in the liknes of yor awne husband as you wes lying in yor bed at qch tyme you engadged to be his servant'2 ,jonet ,millar 'did meit wt the devill in liknes of ane young man in the hous besyd the standing stane'4#ha ,the trials of the ,auldearne witches in #affb are fully reported as regards matters which interested the recorder2 unfortunately the appearance of the ,devil was not one of these1 therefore ,isobel ,gowdie's description is abbreviated to the following3 ',he was a meikle black roch man4 ,sometimes he had boots and sometimes shoes on his foot2 but still always his foot are forked and cloven4'#hb ,at ,crook of ,devon in ,kinross-shire1 in the same year1 nine of the witches describe the men they saw1 for evidently there were two ',devils' in this district2 ,isobel ,rutherford said that ',sathan was in the likness of a man with gray cloathes and ane blue bannet1 having ane beard'2 ,bessie ,henderson1 'the ,devil appeared to you in the likeness of ane bonnie young lad1 with ane blue bonnet'2 ,robert ,wilson1 'the ,devil was riding on ane horse with fulyairt clothes and ane ,spanish cape'2 ,bessie ,neil1 ',sathan appeared to you with dun-coloured clothes'2 ,margaret ,litster1 ',sathan having grey clothes'2 ,agnes ,brugh1 'the ,devil appeared in the twilight like unto a half long fellow with an dusti coloured coat'2 ,margaret ,huggon1 'he was an uncouth man with black cloathes with ane hood on his head'2 ,janet ,paton1 ',sathan had black coloured clothes and ane blue bonnet being an unkie like man'2 ,christian ,grieve1 ',sathan did first appear to yow like ane little man with ane blue bonnet on his head with rough gray cloaths on him'4#hc ,marie ,lamont of ,innerkip1 also in #affb1 said that 'the devil was in the likeness of a meikle black man1 and sung to them1 and they dancit'2 he appeared again 'in the likeness of a black man with cloven featt'4#hd ,at ,paisley1 in #afgh1 the girl-witch ,annabil ,stuart said that 'the ,devil in the shape of a ,black man came to her ,mother's ,house'2 her brother ,john was more detailed in his description1 he observed 'one of the black man's feet to be cloven3 and that the black man's ,apparel was black2 and that he had a bluish ,band and ,handcuffs2 and that he had ,hogers#he on his ,legs without ,shoes'2 ,margaret ,jackson of the same ,coven confirmed the description1 'the black man's ,clothes were black1 and he had white ,handcuffs'4#hf ,the clearest evidence is from an unpublished trial of #afgh among the records in the ,justiciary ,court in ,edinburgh3 ',margaret ,lowis declaires that about ,elevin years ago a man whom she thought to be ane ,englishman that cured diseases in the countrey called blank ,webb appeared to her in her own house and gave her a drink and told her that she would have children after the taking of that drink ,and declares that that man made her renunce her baptisme 444 and declares that she thought that the man who made her doe these things wes the divill and that she has hade severall meitings with that man after she knew him to be the divill4444 ,margaret ,smaill prisoner being examined anent the ,cryme of witchcraft depones that having come into the house of ,jannet ,borthvick in ,crightoun she saw a gentleman sitting with her1 and they desyred her to sitt down and having sitten down the gentleman drank to her and she drank to him and therefter the said ,jannet ,borthvick told her that that gentleman was the divill and declares that at her desyre she renunced her baptisme and gave herself to the divill4' ,at ,borrowstowness in #afgi ,annaple ,thomson 'had a metting with the devill in your cwming betwixt ,linlithgow and ,borrowstownes1 where the devil1 in the lyknes of ane black man1 told yow1 that yow wis ane poore puddled bodie4444 ,and yow the said ,annaple had ane other metting1 and he inveitted yow to go alongst1 and drink with him'4 ,the same devil met ,margaret ,hamilton 'and conversed with yow at the town-well of ,borrowstownes1 and several tymes in yowr awin howss1 and drank severall choppens of ale with you'4#hg ,the ,renfrewshire trials of #afif show that all ,mrs4 ,fulton's grandchildren saw the same personage2 ,elizabeth ,anderson1 at the age of seven1 'saw a black grim ,man go in to her ,grandmothers ,house'2 ,james ,lindsay1 aged fourteen1 'met his ,grandmother with a black grim ,man'2 and little ,thomas ,lindsay was awaked by his grandmother 'one ,night out of his ,bed1 and caused him take a ,black ,grimm ,gentleman 7as she called him7 by the ,hand'4#hh ,at ,pittenweem1 in #agjd1 'this young ,woman ,isobel ,adams acknowledged her compact with the ,devil1 which she says was made up after this manner1 viz4 ,that being in the ,house of the said ,beatie ,laing1 and a ,man at the end of the ,table1 ,beatie proposes to ,isobel1 that since she would not ,fee and ,hire with her1 that she would do it1 with the ,man at the end of the ,table2 ,and accordingly ,isobel agreed to it1 and spoke with the ,man at that time in ,general terms4 ,eight days after1 the same ,person in ,appearance comes to her1 and owns that he was the ,devil4'#hi ,the latest instance is at ,thurso in #agai1 where the ,devil met ,margaret ,nin-,gilbert 'in the way in the likeness of a man1 and engaged her to take on with him1 which she consented to2 and she said she knew him to be the devil or he parted with her'4#ij ,in ,ireland one of the earliest known trials for ritual witchcraft occurred in #acbd1 the accused being the ,lady ,alice ,kyteler4 ,she was said to have met the ,devil1 who was called ,robin son of ,artis1 'in specie cuiusdam aethiopis cum duobus sociis ipso maioribus et longioribus'4#ia ,in ,france also there is a considerable amount of evidence4 ,the earliest example is in #adcj1 when ,pierronne1 a follower of ,joan of ,arc1 was put to death by fire as a witch4 ,she persisted to the end in her statement1 which she made on oath1 that ,god appeared to her in human form and spoke to her as friend to friend1 and that the last time she had seen him he was clothed in a scarlet cap and a long white robe4#ib ,estebene de ,cambrue of the parish of ,amou in #aefg said that the witches danced round a great stone1 'sur laquelle est assis un grand homme noir1 qu'elles appellent ,monsieur'4#ic ,jeanne ,hervillier of ,verberie near ,compigne1 in #aegh1 daughter of a witch who had been condemned and burnt1 'confessa qu' l'aage de douze ans sa mere la presenta au diable1 en forme d'vn grand homme noir1 vestu de noir1 bott1 esperonn1 auec vne espe au cost1 vn cheual noir la porte'4#id ,franoise ,secretain of ,saint ,claud in #aeih stated 'qu'elle s'estoit donne au ,diable1 lequel auoit lors la semblance d'vn grand homme noir'2 ,thievenne ,paget1 from the same district1 'racontoit que le ,diable s'apparut elle la premiere fois en plein midy1 en forme d'vn grand homme noir'2 and ,antide ,colas 'disoit1 que ,satan s'apparut elle en forme d'vn homme1 de grande stature1 ayant sa barbe ses habillemens noirs'4#ie ,jeanne d',abadie1 in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 #afji1 'dit qu'elle y vid le ,diable en forme d'homme noir hideux1 auec six cornes en la teste1 parfois huict'4#if ,silvain ,nevillon1 tried at ,orleans in #afad1 'dit que le ,sabbat se tenoit dans vne maison1 o il vit la chemine come ledit ,sabbat se faisoit1 vn homme noir1 duquel on ne voyoit point la teste4 ,vit aussi vn grand homme noir l'opposite de celuy de la chemine4 ,dit que les deux ,diables qui estoient au ,sabbat1 l'vn s'appelloit l',orthon1 l'autre ,traisnesac4'#ig ,two sisters were tried in #afeb3 one 'dict avoir trouv ung diable en ghuise d'ung home pied'2 the other said that 'il entra dans sa chambre en forme d'ung chat par une fenestre et se changea en la posture d'un home vestu de rouge'4#ih ,in ,belgium1 ,digna ,robert1 #aefe1 met 'un beau jeune homme vtu d'une casaque noire1 qui tait le diable1 et se nommait ,barrebon4444 la ,nol passe1 un autre diable1 nomm ,crebas1 est venu prs d'elle4' ,elisabeth ,vlamynx of ,ninove in the ,pays d',alost1 #aeie1 was accused 'que vous avez1 avant comme aprs le repas1 vous septime ou huitime1 dans sous les arbres en compagnie de votre ,belzebuth et d'un autre dmon1 tous deux en pourpoint blanc la mode franaise'4 ,josine ,labyns in #affd1 aged about forty3 'pass dix-neuf ans le diable s'est offert vos yeux1 derrire votre habitation1 sous la figure d'un grand seigneur1 vtu en noir et portant des plumes sur son chapeau4'#ii ,in the copper mines of ,sweden1 #afgj1 the ,devil appeared as a minister4#ajj ,in the province of ,elfdale in the same year his dress was not the usual black of that period3 ',he used to appear1 but in different ,habits2 but for the most part we saw him in a gray ,coat1 and red and blue ,stockings2 he had a red ,beard1 a high-crown'd ,hat1 with ,linnen of divers colours wrapt about it1 and long ,garters upon his ,stockings4'#aja ,this is not unlike the costume of ,thom ,reid as described1 more than a century before1 by ,bessie ,dunlop4 ,in ,america the same evidence is found4 ,at ,hartford1 #affb1 ',robert ,sterne testifieth as followeth3 ,i saw this woman goodwife ,seager in ye woods with three more women and with them ,i saw two black creatures like two ,indians but taller'2 and ,hugh ,crosia 'sayd ye deuell opned ye dore of eben booths hous made it fly open and ye gate fly open being asked how he could tell he sayd ye deuell apeered to him like a boye and told him hee ded make them fly open and then ye boye went out of his sight4'#ajb ,elizabeth ,knap at ,groton1 #afga1 'was with another maid yt boarded in ye house1 where both of them saw ye appearance of a mans head and shoulders1 wth a great white neckcloath1 looking in at ye window1 which shee hath since confessed1 was ye ,devill coming to her4--,one day as shee was alone in a lower roome she looked out of ye window1 and saw ye devill in ye habit of an old man1 coming over a great meadow4'#ajc ,at ,salem1 #afib1 ,mary ,osgood saw him as a black man who presented a book2 and ,mary ,lacey described him as a black man in a high-crowned hat4#ajd ,the evidence suggests that an important part of the ,devil's costume was the head-covering1 which he appears to have worn both in and out of doors4 ,though the fact is not of special interest in itself1 it may throw light on one of the possible origins of the cult4 ,in #aegf ,bessie ,dunlop met ,thom ,reid1 who was clearly the ,devil2 he was 'ane honest wele elderlie man1 gray bairdit1 and had ane gray coitt with ,lumbart slevis of the auld fassoun2 ane pair of gray brekis and quhyte schankis1 gartanit aboue the kne2 ane blak bonet on his heid1 cloise behind and plane befoir1 with silkin laissis drawin throw the lippis thairof4'#aje ,at ,north ,berwick in #aeij1 'the deuell1 cled in a blak gown with a blak hat vpon his head1 preachit vnto a gret nomber of them4'#ajf ,another description of the same event shows that 'the ,devil start up in the pulpit1 like a mickle black man clad in a black tatie gown2 and an evil-favoured scull-bonnet on his head'4#ajg ,at ,aberdeen in #aeig ,ellen ,gray described the ,devil as 'ane agit man1 beirdit1 with a quhyt gown and a thrummit hat'4#ajh ,in #afji1 in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 when the ,devil appeared as a goat1 'on luy voit aussi quelque espece de bonet ou chapeau au dessus de ses cornes4'#aji ,the ,alloa ,coven in #afeh spoke of 'a man in broun clathis and ane blak hat'2 and on two occasions of 'a young man with gray cloathis and ane blew cap'4#aaj ,in #affa ,janet ,watson of ,dalkeith 'was at a ,meitting in ,newtoun-dein with the ,deavill1 who had grein cloathes vpone him1 and ane blak hatt vpone his head'4#aaa ,five members of the ,coven at ,crook of ,devon in #affb spoke of the ,devil's head-gear3 ',sathan was in the likeness of a man with gray cloathes and ane blue bannet1 having ane beard4 ,ane bonnie young lad with ane blue bonnet4 ,ane uncouth man with black clothes with ane hood on his head4 ,sathan had all the said times black coloured cloathes and ane blue bonnet being an unkie like man4 ,ane little man with ane blue bonnet on his head with rough gray cloathes on him4'#aab ,in #affb in ,connecticut ,robert ,sterne saw 'two black creatures like two ,indians1 but taller'2#aac as he was at a little distance it is probable that he took a plumed or horned head-dress to be the same as the ,indian head-gear4 ,in ,belgium in #affd ,josine ,labyns saw the ,devil wearing a plumed hat4#aad ,in ,somerset in #affe ,mary ,green said that when he met the witches 'the little ,man put his hand to his ,hat1 saying ,how do ye1 speaking low but big'4#aae ,at ,torryburn ,lilias ,adie said that the light was sufficient to 'shew the devil1 who wore a cap covering his ears and neck'4#aaf ,in ,sweden in #afgj the ,devil came 'in a gray ,coat1 and red and blue ,stockings1 he had a red ,beard1 a high-crown'd ,hat1 with ,linnen of divers colours wrapt about1 and long ,garters upon his ,stockings'4#aag ,at ,pittenweem in #afgj the young lass ,isobel ,adams saw the ,devil as 'a man in black cloaths with a hat on his head1 sitting at the table' in ,beatty ,laing's house4#aah 7b7 ,woman ,the ,queen of ,elphin1 or ,elfhame1 is sometimes called the ,devil1 and it is often impossible to distinguish between her and the ,devil when the latter appears as a woman4 ,whether she was the same as the ,french ,reine du ,sabbat is equally difficult to determine4 ,the greater part of the evidence regarding the woman-devil is from ,scotland4 ,in #aegf ,bessie ,dunlop's evidence shows that ,thom ,reid1 who was to her what the ,devil was to witches1 was under the orders of the ,queen of ,elfhame3 ',interrogat1 ,gif sche neuir askit the questioun at him1 ,quhairfoir he com to hir mair than ane vthir bodye8 ,ansuerit1 ,remembring hir1 quhen sche was lyand in child-bed-lair1 with ane of her laiddis1 that ane stout woman com in to hir1 and sat doun on the forme besyde hir1 and askit ane drink at her1 and sche gaif hir2 quha alsua tauld hir1 that that barne wald de1 and that hir husband suld mend of his seiknes4 ,the said ,bessie ansuerit1 that sche remembrit wele thairof2 and ,thom said1 ,that was the ,quene of ,elfame his maistres1 quha had commandit him to wait vpoun hir1 and to do hir gude4 ,confessit and fylit4'#aai ,in #aehh ,alison ,peirson 'was conuict for hanting and repairing with the gude nychtbouris and ,quene of ,elfame1 thir diuers eiris bypast1 as scho had confest be hir depositiounis1 declaring that scho could nocht say reddelie how lang scho wes with thame2 and that scho had freindis in that court quhilk wes of hir awin blude1 quha had gude acquentence of the ,quene of ,elphane4 ,and that scho saw nocht the ,quene thir seuin eir4'#abj ,in #aeig at ,aberdeen ,andro ,man was accused that 'thriescoir yeris sensyne or thairby1 the ,devill1 thy maister1 come to thy motheris hous1 in the liknes and scheap of a woman1 quhom thow callis the ,quene of ,elphen1 and was delyverit of a barne1 as apperit to the their1 thow confessis that be the space of threttie two yeris sensyn or thairby1 thow begud to have carnall deall with that devilische spreit1 the ,quene of ,elphen1 on quhom thow begat dyveris bairnis1 quhom thow hes sene sensyn4444 ,thow confessis that the ,devill1 thy maister1 quhom thow termes ,christsonday1 and supponis to be ane engell1 and ,goddis godsone1 albeit he hes a thraw by ,god1 and swyis sways to the ,quene of ,elphen1 is rasit be the speaking of the word ,benedicite4444 ,siclyk1 thow affermis that the ,quene of ,elphen hes a grip of all the craft1 bot ,christsonday is the gudeman1 and hes all power vnder ,god4444 ,vpon the ,ruidday in harvest1 in this present yeir1 quhilk fell on a ,wedinsday1 thow confessis and affermis1 thow saw ,christsonday cum out of the snaw in liknes of a staig1 and that the ,quene of ,elphen was their1 and vtheris with hir1 rydand on quhyt haikneyes1 and that thay com to the ,binhill and the ,binlocht1 quhair thay vse commonlie to convene1 and that thay quha convenis with thame kissis ,christsonday and the ,quene of ,elphenis airss4 ,thow affermis that the quene is verray plesand1 and wilbe auld and young quhen scho pleissis2 scho mackis any kyng quhom scho pleisis1 and lyis with any scho lykis'4#aba ,another ,aberdeen witch1 ,marion ,grant1 was accused in the same year and confessed1 'that the ,devill1 thy maister1 quhome thow termes ,christsonday1 causit the dans sindrie tymes with him and with ,our ,ladye1 quha1 as thow sayes1 was a fine woman1 cled in a quhyt walicot'4#abb ,in ,ayrshire in #afje ,patrick ,lowrie and ,jonet ,hunter were accused that they 'att ,hallowevin assemblit thame selffis vpon ,lowdon-hill1 quhair thair appeirit to thame are devillische ,spreit1 in liknes of ane woman1 and callit hir selff ,helen ,mcbrune'4#abc ,in the ,basses-,pyrnes in #afji1 one could 'en chasque village trouuer vne ,royne du ,sabbat1 que ,sathan tenoit en delices come vne espouse priuilegie'4#abd ,at the witch-mass the worshippers 'luy baisent la main gauche1 tremblans auec mille angoisses1 luy offrent du pain1 des ufs1 de l'argent3 la ,royne du ,sabbat les reoit1 laquelle est assise son cost gauche1 en sa main gauche elle tient vne paix ou platine1 dans laquelle est graue l'effigie de ,lucifer1 laquelle on ne baise qu'aprs l'auoir premirement baise elle'4#abe ,in #afac the ,lancashire witch1 ,anne ,chattox1 made a confused statement as to the sex of the so-called spirits2 it is however quite possible that the confusion is due to the recorder1 who was accustomed to consider all demons as male3 ',after their eating1 the ,deuill called ,fancie1 and the other ,spirit calling himselfe ,tibbe1 carried the remnant away3 ,and she sayeth that at their said ,banquet1 the said ,spirits gaue them light to see what they did1 and that they were both shee ,spirites and ,diuels4'#abf ,in #afah at ,leicester ,joan ,willimott 'saith1 that shee hath a ,spirit which shee calleth ,pretty1 which was giuen vnto her by ,william ,berry of ,langholme in ,rutlandshire1 whom she serued three yeares2 and that her ,master when he gaue it vnto her1 willed her to open her mouth1 and hee would blow into her a ,fairy which should doe her good2 and that shee opened her mouth1 and he did blow into her mouth2 and that presently after his blowing1 there came out of her mouth a ,spirit1 which stood vpon the ground in the shape and forme of a ,woman1 which ,spirit did aske of her her ,soule1 which she then promised vnto it1 being willed thereunto by her ,master4'#abg ,william ,barton was tried in ,edinburgh about #afee3 ',one day1 says he1 going from my own house in ,kirkliston1 to the ,queens ,ferry1 ,i overtook in ,dalmeny ,muire1 a young ,gentlewoman1 as to appearance beautiful and comely4 ,i drew near to her1 but she shunned my company1 and when ,i insisted1 she became angry and very nyce4 ,said ,i1 we are both going one way1 be pleased to accept of a convoy4 ,at last after much entreaty she grew better natured1 and at length came to that ,familiarity1 that she suffered me to embrace her1 and to do that which ,christian ears ought not to hear of4 ,at this time ,i parted with her very joyful4 ,the next night1 she appeared to him in that same very place1 and after that which should not be named1 he became sensible1 that it was the ,devil4 ,here he renounced his ,baptism1 and gave up himself to her service1 and she called him her beloved1 and gave him this new name of ,iohn ,baptist1 and received the ,mark4'#abh ,at ,forfar in #affb ,marjorie ,ritchie 'willingly and friely declared that the divill appeired to her thrie severall tymes in the similitud of a womane1 the first tyme in on ,jonet ,barrie's house1 the second tyme whyle she was putting vp lint in the companie of the said ,jonet1 and that the divill did take her by the hand at that tyme1 and promised that she should never want money2 and therafter that the divill appeired to her in the moiss of ,neutoune of ,airly1 wher and when she did renunce her baptism'4#abi ,in #afgj ,jean ,weir1 sister of the notorious ,major ,weir1 gave an account of how she entered the service of the ,devil2 the ceremony began as follows3 ',when she keeped a school at ,dalkeith1 and teached childering1 ane tall woman came to the declarants hous when the childering were there2 and that she had1 as appeared to her1 ane chyld upon her back1 and on or two at her foot2 and that the said woman desyred that the declarant should imploy her to spick for her to the ,queen of ,farie1 and strik and battle in her behalf with the said ,queen 7which was her own words74'#acj ,among the ,salem witches in #afib1 'this ,rampant ,hag1 ,martha ,carrier1 was the person1 of whom the ,confessions of the ,witches1 and of her own ,children among the rest1 agreed1 ,that the ,devil had promised her1 she should be ,queen of ,hell4#aca #c4 ,identification ,as it is certain that the so-called ',devil' was a human being1 sometimes disguised and sometimes not1 the instances in which these persons can be identified are worth investigating4 ,in most cases these are usually men1 and the names are often given1 but it is only in the case of the ,devil of ,north ,berwick that the man in question is of any historic importance2 the others are simply private individuals of little or no note4 ,elizabeth ,stile of ,windsor1 in #aegi1 gives a description of ,father ,rosimond's changes of form1 which points to his being the ,chief of the ,windsor witches3 ',she confesseth1 her self often tymes to haue gon to ,father ,rosimond house where she founde hym sittyng in a ,wood1 not farre from thence1 vnder the bodie of a ,tree1 sometymes in the shape of an ,ape1 and otherwhiles like an ,horse4'#acb ,in the reign of ,elizabeth1 #aehd1 there is a list of eighty-seven suspected persons1 among whom occur the names of ',ould ,birtles the great devil1 ,roger ,birtles and his wife and ,anne ,birtles1 ,darnally the sorcerer1 the oulde witche of ,ramsbury1 ,maud ,twogood ,enchantress1 ,mother ,gillian witch' and several other 'oulde witches'4#acc ,the account by ,john ,stearne the pricker1 in #afde1 indicates that one of the magistrates of ,fenny ,drayton was the local ,devil3 ',some will say1 ,it is strange they should know when they should be searched1 if it be kept private4 ,i answer1 ,let it be kept never so private1 it hath been common1 and as common as any other thing1 as they themselves have confessed3 for so did they of ,fenny-,drayton in ,cambridge-shire1 who made very large ,confessions1 as1 that the devil told them of our coming to town4'#acd ,one of the clearest cases1 however1 is that of ,marsh of ,dunstable in #afdi1 'whom ,palmer confessed to be head of the whole ,colledge of ,witches1 that hee knows in the world3 ,this ,palmer hath been a witch these sixty years 7by his own confession7 long enough to know and give in the totall summe of all the conjuring conclave1 and the ,society of ,witches in ,england4'#ace ,in ,scotland a certain number of identifications are also possible4 ,alison ,peirson1 tried in #aehh1 learnt all her charms and obtained all her knowledge from the ,devil1 who came to her in the form of ,mr4 ,william ,sympson1 her mother's brother's son1 who was a great scholar and doctor of medicine in ,edinburgh4#acf ,jonet ,stewart in #aeig 'learnt her charms from umquhill ,michaell ,clark1 smyth in ,laswaid1 and fra ane ,italean strangear callit ,mr4 ,john ,damiet1 ane notorious knawin ,enchanter and ,sorcerer'4#acg ,in the trial of ,marion ,pardon of ,hillswick in #afdd 'it was given in evidence that a man spoke of the devil as ,marion ,pardon's pobe1 i4e4 nurse's husband or foster father'4#ach ,in a case tried at ,lauder in #afdi there is an indication that one of the magistrates was the ,chief of the witches2 ,robert ,grieve accused a certain woman at a secret session of the court1 'but the ,devil came that same night unto her1 and told her that ,hob ,grieve had fyled her for a witch'4#aci ,isobel ,ramsay in #affa was accused that 'you had ane uther meiting wt the devill in yor awne hous in the liknes of yor awne husband as you wes lying in yor bed at qch tyme you engadged to be his servant and receaved a dollar from him'4#adj ,when a man had special knowledge as to which women were witches1 it is suggestive that he might be himself the ,devil2 as in the case of the ,rev4 ,allan ,logan1 who 'was particularly knowing in the detection of witches4 ,at the administration of the communion1 he would cast his eye along1 and say3 ,you witch wife1 get up from the table of the ,lord1 when some poor creature would rise and depart4'#ada ,it seems probable that the infamous ,abb ,guibourg was the head of the ,paris witches1 for it was he who celebrated the 'black mass' and performed the sacrifice of a child1 both of which were the duties of the ',devil'4#adb ,at ,salem also the account given by the witches of the ,rev4 ,george ,burroughs points to his filling the office of ',devil'1 for he was ',head ,actor at some of their ,hellish ,randezvouses1 and one who had the promise of being a ,king in ,satan's kingdom4--,he was the person who had ,seduc'd and ,compell'd them into the snares of ,witchcraft'4#adc ,that ,burroughs was a religious person is no argument against his being also the ',devil' of ,salem4 ,apart from the well-known psychological fact that a certain form of religious feeling can exist at the same time as the propensity to and practice of sexual indulgence1 there is proof that many of the witches were outwardly religious according to the tenets of ,christianity4 ,so many ,christian priests were also followers of the witch-religion that the ,inquisitors of the sixteenth century were greatly exercised in their minds as to how to deal with the offenders4 ,antide ,colas confessed that she attended the midnight mass on ,christmas ,eve1 then went to a witch meeting1 and returned to the church in time for the mass at dawn on ,christmas morning4#add ,at ,ipswich in #afde ',mother ,lakeland hath been a professour of ,religion1 a constant hearer of the ,word for these many years1 and yet a witch 7as she confessed7 for the space of near twenty years'4#ade ,the best-known case of the kind is that of ,major ,weir in ,edinburgh in #afgj1 whose outward appearance tallies with the usual descriptions of the ,devil1 and whose conduct is only explainable on the supposition that he actually was the ,chief of the witches3 ',his garb was still a cloak1 and somewhat dark1 and he never went without his staff4 ,he was a tall black man1 and ordinarily looked down to the ground2 a grim countenance1 and a big nose4'#adf ,his reputation for piety was so great that a woman1 who had actually seen him commit an offence against the criminal law1 was flogged for mentioning the fact and thus defaming a man of such extreme and well-established piety4 ,he was tried as a witch on his own unsolicited confession1 and was burnt together with his staff1 dying 'impenitent' and renouncing all hope of a ,christian heaven4 ,the most interesting case historically1 however1 is that of the ,devil of the ,north ,berwick witches 7#aeij74 ,the number of people involved was thirty-nine1 i4e4 three ,covens2 but though the names of all were known1 only four were tried4 ,the records are given in considerable detail1 and the identification of the ,chief is therefore possible4 ,the character of the accused in this case is of great importance when considering the evidence4 ,nothing more unlike the conventional idea of witches can well be imagined than the man and women who were arraigned on that occasion4 ,agnes ,sampson1 the wise wife of ,keith1 was 'a woman not of the base and ignorant sort of ,witches1 but matron-like1 grave and settled in her answers1 which were all to some purpose'4 ,john ,fian1 or ,cunynghame1 was a schoolmaster1 therefore a man of education2 ,effie ,mc,calyan1 the daughter of ,lord ,cliftonhall1 was a woman of family and position2 ,barbara ,napier was also of good family4 ,these were clearly the moving spirits of the band1 and they were all persons capable of understanding the meaning and result of their actions4#adg ,the accusation against the witches was that they had met together to plot the murder of the ,king and ,queen by witchcraft4 ,the trial therefore was on a double charge1 witchcraft and high treason1 and both charges had to be substantiated4 ,keeping in mind ,lord ,coke's definition of a witch as 'a person who has conference with the ,devil to take counsel or to do some act'1 it is clear that the fact of the ,devil's bodily presence at the meetings had to be proved first1 then the fact of the 'conference'1 and finally the attempts at murder4 ,the reports of the trial do not1 however1 differentiate these points in any way1 and the religious prepossession of the recorders colours every account4 ,it is therefore necessary to take the facts without the construction put upon them by the natural bias of the ,christian judges and writers4 ,the records give in some detail the account of several meetings where the deaths of the ,king and ,queen were discussed1 and instructions given and carried out to effect that purpose4 ,at each meeting certain ceremonies proper to the presence of the ,grand ,master were performed1 but the real object of the meeting was never forgotten or even obscured4 ,the actual evidence of the affair was given by ,agnes ,sampson 7also called ,anny ,simpson or ,tompson71 ,john ,fian1 ,euphemia or ,effie ,mc,calyan1 and ,barbara ,napier4 ,as it was a case of high treason1 the two leaders1 ,sampson and ,fian1 were tortured to force them to divulge the name of the prime mover4 ,both these two and ,effie ,mc,calyan were condemned and executed2 ,barbara ,napier1 equally guilty according to the evidence but more fortunate in her jurors1 was released2 for which action the jurors themselves were subsequently tried4 ,though the means used by the witches may seem ridiculous1 the murderous intention is very clear4 ,first they performed incantations to raise a storm to wreck the ,queen's ship on her way to ,scotland1 and the storm which actually arose very nearly effected their purpose4 ,as it failed1 however1 they betook themselves to the accredited method of melting a waxen image1 but they were also ready to use poisons1 which were to their minds the most virulent that could be prepared4 ,i have arranged the evidence so as to make as far as possible a consecutive narrative of the occurrences4 ,john ,fian1 tried ,december #bf1 #aeij4 ,the first items relate to his consulting with the ,devil and working witchcraft4 #g4 ,item1 ,fylit1 for the rasing of wyndis att the ,kingis passing to ,denmark1 and for the sending of ane letter to ,marioun ,linkup in ,leyth1 to that effect1 bidding hir to meit him and the rest1 on the see1 within fyve dayes2 quhair ,satan delyuerit ane catt out of his hand to ,robert ,griersoune1 gevand the word to ',cast the same in the see hola6'3 ,and thaireftir1 being mountit in a schip1 and drank ilk ane to otheris1 quhair ,satane said1 'ye shall sink the schip'1 lyke as thay thocht thay did4 #h4 ,item1 ,fylit1 for assembling him selff with ,sathane1 att the ,kingis returning to ,denmark2 quhair ,satan promeist to raise ane mist1 and cast the ,kingis ,majestie in ,ingland4 ,agnes ,sampson1 tried ,january #bg1 #aeia4 ,the first part of the dittay is entirely occupied with her conferences with the devil and her healing the sick by his advice4 #dj4 ,item1 fylit and convict1 of the delyuerie of ane letter1 quhilk ,john ,fiene1 clerk1 maid in ,george ,mutis bake hous in the ,pannis1 accumpaneit with the gudwyff of the hous1 ,gelie ,duncan and eight others1 quha convenit thair for rasing of storme1 to stay the ,quene's hame cuming to ,scotland2 eftir consultatioun1 quhether ,gelie ,duncan or ,bessie ,thomsoun wes meitest to send the letter with2 and concludit to send the said ,gelie1 quhilk letter wes send to ,marioun ,lenchop in ,leyth4 ,the effect quhairoff is this3 ,marioun ,lenchop1 ye sall warne the rest of the sisteris1 to raise the wind this day1 att eleavin houris1 to stay the ,quenis cuming in ,scotland4 ,lyke as they that wer convenit at the ,pannis sould do their part be-eist2 and to meit thame that wer in the ,pannis2 and att thair meting1 thay sould mak the storme vniversall thro the see4 ,then follows the method of doing this by casting in a cat4 ,from ,newes from ,scotland4 ,the said ,agnis ,tompson 7,sampson7 confessed1 that the ,divell1 being then at ,north ,barrick ,kirke attending their comming1 in the habit or likenesse of a man 444 and having made his ungodly exhortations1 wherein he did greatly inveigh against the ,king of ,scotland1 he received their oathes for their good and true service towards him1 and departed2 which done1 they returned to sea1 and so home again4 ,at which time1 the witches demaunded of the ,divell1 'why he did beare such hatred to the ,kinge8' who aunswered1 ',by reason the ,king is the greatest enemie hee hath in the world4' ,all which their confessions and depositions are still extant upon record4 ,barbara ,napier1 tried ,may #h1 #aeia4 ,released4 ,assisors tried ,june #g1 and acquitted4 ,the said ,barbara was accusit1 that scho gaif hir presens1 in the maist develisch and tressonabill ,conventioune1 haldin be hir and hir complices in the ,divellis name1 vpoune ,lambmes-ewin last1 att the ,new-heavin callit ,aitchesounes-heavin1 betuix ,musselburcht and ,prestonpannis1 sin his ,majestie come furth of ,denmark2 quhair war assemblit nyne principallis1 to witt1 ,agnes ,sampsoune1 ,jonett ,straittoun1 ,ewfame ,mc,calyeane1 hir selff1 ,johne ,fiene1 ,robert ,griersoun1 ,george ,moitis wyffe in ,prestoune1 ,margrett ,thomsoune1 and ,donald ,robesoune2 quhilk is nyne persounes1 the ,devill1 quha wes with thame in liknes of ane blak man1 thocht maist meit to do the turne for the quhilk thay wer convenit2 and thairfore1 he sett thame nyne nerrest to him selff1 in ane cumpany2 and thay1 togidder with the wyffe of ,saltoune myle and the rest of the inferiouris1 to the nowmer of threttie persounes1 standand skairse the lenth of ane buird frae the foirsaid nyne persounes in ane vthir cumpany2#adh ,agnes ,sampsoune proponit the distructioune of his hienes persoune1 saying to the ,dewill1 ',we haif ane turne ado1 and we would fain be att itt gif we could1 and thairfore help ws to itt'4 ,the ,dewill ansuerit1 he sould do quhat he could1 bott it wald be lang to1 because it wald be thoirterit thwarted1 and he promeist to hir and thame ane pictour of walx1 and ordenit hir and thame to hing1 roist1 and drop ane taid1 and to lay the droppis of the taid mixed with other supposedly virulent poisons1 in his hienes way1 quhair his ,maiestie wald gang inowre or outowre1 or in ony passage quhair itt mycht drop vpoun his hienes heid or body1 for his hienes distructioune1 that ane vther mycht haif rewlit in his ,maiesties place1 and the ward government mycht haif gane to the ,dewill4 ,att the quhilk conventioune1 his hienes name wes pronunceit in ,latine2 and ,agnes ,sampsoune wes appointit to mak the pictour and to gif it to the ,devill to be inchantit1 quhilk scho maid in deid1 and gaif itt to him2 and he promiseit to giff it to the said ,barbara and to ,effie ,mc,calyan1 att the nixt meting to be roistit4 ,margarett ,thomsoun was appointit to dropp the taid4 ,there wes ane appointit to seik sum of his hienes linning claithes1 to do the turne with4 ,agnes ,sampson1 continued4 ,anny ,sampsoun affirmed that sche1 in company with nyn vthers witches1 being convenit in the nycht besyd ,prestounpannes1 the deuell ther maister being present standing in the midis of thame2 ther a body of wax1 schaipen and maid be the said ,anny ,sampsoun1 wrappit within a lynnyng claith1 was fyrst delyuerit to the deuell2 quhilk efter he had pronuncit his verde1 delyuerit the said pictour to ,anny ,sampsoun1 and sche to hir nyxt marrow1 and sa euery ane round about1 saying1 ',this is ,king ,james the sext1 ordonit to be consumed at the instance of a noble man ,francis ,erle ,bodowell6' ,efterwart again1 at ther meting be nycht at the kirk of ,northberick1 wher the deuell1 cled in a blak gown with a blak hat vpon his head1 preachit vnto a gret nomber of them out of the pulpit1 having lyk leicht candles rond about him4 ,the effect of his language was till knaw1 what skaith they had done1 whow many they had won to ther oppinion sen their last meting1 what succes the melting of the pictour had tane1 and sic vain toyes4 ,and because ane auld sely pure plowman1 callit ,grey ,meill1 chancit to say that 'nathing ailit the ,king yet1 ,god be thankit' the deuell gaif him a gret blaw4 ,then dyuers amang them enterit in a raisonyng1 maruelling that all ther deuellerie culd do na harm to the ,king1 as it did till others dyuers4 ,the deuell answerit1 ',il est vn home de ,dieu'4#adi ,euphemia ,mc,calyan1 tried ,june #i1 #aeia1 executed 7burnt alive7 ,june #be1 #aeia4 ,evidence was first given as to her practising witchcraft and consorting with well-known witches4 ,item1 indyttit and accusit1 of the conventicle had att ,north ,berwick ,kirk1 tuentie dayes before ,michelmas1 #aeij2 and thair inquyring for the ,kings pictour1 gewin by ,annie ,sampsoun to the ,dewill1 to be inchantit1 for the tressonabill distructioun of the ,king4 ,item1 indyttit and accusit1 for being att ane ,conventioun haldin at the ,new ,heaven callit the ,fayrie-hoillis1 att ,lambmes last wes1 to the effect immediatlie aboue writtin4 ,item1 ,indytit and accusit1 for an ,conventioun halden by yow and utheris notorious ,wichis1 youre associattis1 att the ,brwme-hoillis1 quhair yow and thay tuik the sea1 ,robert ,griersoun being your admerell and ,maister-manne4 ,then comes the recital of the magical means used to raise a tempest1 quhairby the ,quene wes putt back be storme4 ,item1 ,indytit1 for consulting with the said ,annie ,sampsoun1 ,robert ,griersoun1 and diuers vtheris ,wichis1 for the tressonabill staying of the ,quene's hame-cuming1 be storme and wind2 and rasing of storme1 to that effect2 or ellis to haif drownit hir ,majestie and hir cumpany1 be coniuring of cattis and casting of thame in the sea1 at ,leith1 at the bak of ,robert ,griersounis hous4 ,barbara ,napier1 continued4 ,and siclyke1 the said ,barbara was accusit1 that sche gaif hir bodelie presens vpoun ,alhallowewin last was1 #aeij yeiris1 to the frequent conuentioune haldin att the ,kirk of ,north-,berwick1 quhair sche dancit endlang the ,kirk-yaird1 and ,gelie ,duncan playit on ane trump1 ,johnne ,fiene missellit muffled led the ring2 ,agnes ,sampsoun and hir dochteris and all the rest following the said ,barbara1 to the nowmer of sevin scoir of persounes4444 ,and the ,devill start vp in the pulpett1 lyke ane mekill blak man1 haifand ane blak buik in his hand1 callit on ewerie ane of thame1 desyring thame all to be guid serwandis to him1 and he sould be ane guid maister to thame4 ,robert ,griersoun and ,johne ,fian stuid on his left hand2 and the said ,robert ffand grit fault with the ,dewill1 and cryit out1 that all quhilkis wer besyd mycht heir1 becaus his hienes pictour was nocht gewin thame1 as wes promesit2 the said ,effie ,mc,calyan remembrand and biddand the said ,robert ,griersoun to speir for the pictour1 meaning his ,maiesties pictour1 quhilk sould have been roistit4 ,robert ,griersoun said thir wordis1 ',quhair is the thing ye promiseit8' meaning the pictour of walx1 dewysit for roisting and vndoing his hienes persoune1 quhilk ,agnes ,sampsoune gaif to him2 and ,robert cryit to 'haif the turne done'2 yit his hienes name was nocht nameit1 quhill thay that wer wemen nameit him2 craifand in playne termes his hienes pictour4 ,bot he ansuerit1 ',it sould be gottin the nixt meitting2 and he wald hald the nixt assemblie for that caus the soner3 ,it was nocht reddie at that tyme4' ,robert ,griersoune ansuerit1 ',ye promiseit twyis and begylit ws4' ,and four honest-like wemene wer very ernist and instant to haif itt4 ,and the said ,barbara and ,effie ,mc,calyane gatt than ane promeis of the ,dewill1 that his hienes pictour sould be gottin to thame twa1 and that rycht sone3 ,and this mater of his hienes pictour was the caus of that assemblie4 ,this ends the evidence of the witches2 the point to be proved now is the identity of the man whom they believed in and obeyed as ,god incarnate4 ,in all cases of murder or attempted murder it is necessary to find the person who would benefit1 for murder is differentiated from manslaughter by the fact that it is deliberately planned and that it is done for a motive4 ,in the case of the witches of ,north ,berwick1 the man who instigated the meetings1 and to whom consequently suspicion points1 was ,francis ,stewart ,earl of ,bothwell4 ,his position as regards both the ,king and the witches must therefore be investigated4 ,francis1 afterwards ,earl of ,bothwell1 was the eldest son of ,john ,stewart and ,jane ,hepburn1 sister of that ,earl of ,bothwell whom ,mary ,queen of ,scots married4 ,francis succeeded his maternal uncle in title and estates4 ,his father1 ,lord ,john ,stewart1 was an illegitimate son of ,james ,v4 ,the ,pope1 however1 legitimized all the natural children of ,james ,v2 and ,mary1 after her accession1 granted letters of legitimation#aej to her two half-brothers1 ,john ,stewart1 and ,james1 afterwards the ,regent ,moray4 ,john was slightly the elder of the two1 and had he been legitimate would have been the heir to the exclusion of ,mary4 ,the ,regent ,moray left only daughters1 whereas ,john ,stewart had several sons1 of whom ,francis was the eldest4 ,francis might therefore claim to be the next heir male to the throne of ,scotland1 and possibly of ,england1 had ,james ,,vi died without children4 ,james's own opinion of the matter is shown in his speech to his ,parliament in #aeib1 when he denounced ,bothwell as an aspirant to the throne1 although he was 'but a bastard1 and could claim no title to the crown'4 ,bothwell1 however1 was himself no bastard1 though his father was4 ,but the significance of the witches' attempt1 as well as the identity of the chief personage at their meeting1 is given in ,barbara ,napier's evidence as to the reason for the attempted murder of the ,king1 'that another might have ruled in his ,majesty's place1 and the government might have gone to the ,devil'4 ,by changing the title 'the ,devil' by which he was known to the witches1 to the title ',earl of ,bothwell' by which he was known outside the community1 the man and the motive are manifest4 ,this hypothesis is borne out by the contemporary accounts4 ,the trial of the witches created a great stir1 and ,bothwell's name was freely coupled with the witches'4 ,he denied all complicity2 this was only natural1 as confession would have meant an acknowledgement of high treason4 ,but his followers might have betrayed him4 ,the two leaders1 ,agnes ,sampson and ,john ,fian1 were tortured4 ,sampson admitted that the wax image was made at the instance of ,francis1 ,earl of ,bothwell2 an admission sufficiently damning1 but beyond that she would say nothing4 ,the real danger to ,bothwell lay in ,fian4 ,under torture he made admissions and signed a confession in the presence of the ,king4 ,he was then 'by the maister of the prison committed to ward1 and appointed to a chamber by himselfe2 where1 foresaking his wicked wayes1 acknowledging his most ungodly lyfe1 shewing that he had too much folowed the allurements and enticements of ,sathan1 and fondly practised his conclusions1 by conjuring1 witchcraft1 inchantment1 sorcerie1 and such like1 hee renounced the ,devill and all his wicked workes1 vowed to lead the lyfe of a ,christian1 and seemed newly converted to ,god4 ,the morrow after1 upon conference had with him1 he granted that the ,devill had appeared unto him in the night before1 appareled all in blacke1 with a white wande in his hande2 and that the ,devill demaunded of him1 ,if hee woulde continue his faithfull service1 according to his first oath and promise made to that effect3 ,whome 7as hee then saide7 he utterly renounced to his face1 and said unto him in this manner1 ,avoide6 ,sathan1 avoide6 for ,i have listned too much unto thee1 and by the same thou hast undone me2 in respect whereof ,i utterly forsake thee4 ,to whome the ,devill answered1 that once ere thou die thou shalt bee mine4 ,and with that 7as he sayd7 the ,devill brake the white wand1 and immediately vanished foorth of his sight4 ,thus1 all the daie1 this ,doctor ,fian continued verie solitarie1 and seemed to have a care of his owne soule1 and would call uppon ,god1 showing himselfe penitent for his wicked life2 neverthelesse1 the same night1 hee found such meanes that he stole the key of the prison doore and chamber in which he was1 which in the night hee opened and fled awaie to the ,saltpans1 where hee was alwayes resident1 and first apprehended4 ,of whose sodaine departure1 when the ,kings ,majestie had intelligence1 hee presently commanded diligent inquirie to bee made for his apprehension2 and for the better effecting thereof hee sent publike proclamations into all partes of his lande to the same effect4 ,by means of whose hot and harde pursuite he was agayn taken1 and brought to prison2 and then1 being called before the ,kings ,highnes1 hee was reexamined1 as well touching his departure1 as also touching all that had before happened4 ,but this ,doctor1 notwithstanding that his owne confession appeareth1 remaining in recorde under his owne hande writting1 and the same thereunto fixed in the presence of the ,kings ,majestie and sundrie of his ,councell1 yet did hee utterly denie the same4 ,whereupon the ,kings ,majestie1 perceiving his stubborne wilfulnesse1 conceived and imagined1 that in the time of his absence1 hee had entered into newe conference and league with the ,devill his maister'4 ,fian was then subjected to the most horrible tortures that could be devised4 ',and notwithstanding all these grievous paines and cruel torments1 hee would not confess anie thinges2 so deeply had the ,devill entered into his heart1 that hee utterly denied all that which he before avouched2 and would saie nothing thereunto1 but this1 that what hee had done and sayde before1 was onely done and sayde1 for fear of paynes which he had endured'4#aea ,he continued steadfast and was executed at the ,castle ,hill4 ,the character of ,fian is perfectly consistent4 ,under torture he signed a confession1 which confession might have implicated ,bothwell4 ,that night ,bothwell himself1 or one of his emissaries1 obtained access to the prisoner and arranged for his escape4 ,the wretched ,fian was faced with death either way2 if he retracted his confession1 he would die as a criminal by the hands of the law2 if he held to it1 he would die as a traitor by the hands of his comrades4 ,there was no alternative4 ,all that day he 'continued verie solitarie'1 calling upon ,god1 but by night he had made his choice and fled4 ,he apparently escaped without difficulty4 ,the story of his stealing the keys of his own cell and of the prison door is absurd2 the escape was obviously effected by connivance just as later on ,bothwell's own escape was effected4 ,fian went back to his own home1 where1 according to ,james's surmise1 he had an interview with the ,devil 7i4e4 ,bothwell71 and there he tamely waited till the officers of the law came and recaptured him4 ,this tameness is not in keeping with the rest of his character4 ,a man with sufficient courage and resource to get out of a strongly guarded prison would have made good his escape2 an easy enough matter in those turbulent times4 ,fian then must have been retaken because he wished to be retaken4 ,for fear of torture and in hope of pardon he signed the first confession1 implicating ,bothwell1#aeb yet later he endured agonies of torture with the certainty of death rather than acknowledge one word which might lead to the discovery that ,james was bent upon4 ,james's surmise was perhaps more than a mere guess2 it was prompted by his knowledge of the facts4 ,fian had had an interview with his ,master1 whom he believed to be ,god ,incarnate1 and like many a ,christian martyr he atoned for the first betrayal by steadfast courage through cruel torment even to death4 ,reading the accounts in the light of this supposition1 it is seen that every one1 including ,james1 suspected ,bothwell4 ,even if they did not acknowledge his divinity1 they feared the magical powers which1 as ,chief of the ,witches1 he was supposed to wield4 ,it is impossible to study the details of this period without realizing the extraordinary fear which ,james had of his cousin2 it was fear with an underlying horror1 totally different from his feeling towards his other turbulent subjects4 ,when ,bothwell1 seeking pardon1 was introduced into ,holyrood ,palace by ,lady ,athol in the early morning of ,july #bd1 #aeic1 he entered the ,king's chamber4 ,james1 always undignified1 was caught in the middle of his morning toilet2 he tried to run into the ,queen's room1 but the way was barred by ,bothwell's friends and the door was locked4 ',the king1 seeing no other refuge1 asked what they meant4 ,came they to seek his life8 let them take it--they would not get his soul4'#aec ,this remark1 made in the urgency and excitement of the moment1 is highly significant4 ,had ,bothwell been1 like many of ,james's other enemies1 merely an assassin1 ,james would not have spoken of his soul4 ,but ,bothwell as the ,devil of the witches had the right to demand the yielding of the soul1 and ,james was aware of the fact4 ,the birth of ,james's children removed ,bothwell's hopes of succession2 the power of the witch organization1 of which he was the ,chief1 was broken by the death of its leaders4 ,he had made a strong bid for power1 he failed1 fled the country1 and finally died in poverty at ,naples4 ,there ,george ,sandys the traveller heard of him3 ',here a certaine ,calabrian hearing that ,i was an ,english man1 came to me1 and would needs perswade me that ,i had insight in magicke3 for that ,earle ,bothel was my countryman1 who liues at ,naples1 and is in those parts famous for suspected negromancie4'#aed ,the ,devil being actually a human being1 the letter of introduction to him1 given by a man-witch to a would-be proselyte1 becomes quite credible4 ,it is worth quoting verbatim3 ',monseigneur1 d'autant qu'il me faut retirer de la ,religion des ,chrestiens1 afin que ie multiplie vostre party1 duquel estant1 il est raisonnable que ie vous glorifie et assemble tant de gens que ie pourray1 ie vous enuoye ce porteur pour estre du nombre3 c'est pourquoy ie vous prie de l'aider en ses amours4' ,satan's reply to the novice shows a distinctly human trace of temper3 ',vous autres ,chrestiens vous estes perfides et obstinez3 ,quand vous auez quelque violent desir1 vous vous departez de vostre maistre1 et auez recours moy3 mais quand vostre desir est accompli1 vous me tournez le dos comme vn ennemi1 et vous en retournez vostre ,dieu1 lequel estant benin et clement1 vous pardonne et reoit volontiers4 ,mais fay moy vne promesse escrite et signee de ta main1 par laquelle tu renonces volontairement ton ,christ et ton ,baptesme1 et me promets que tu adhereras et seras auec moy iusqu'au iour du iugement2 et apres iceluy tu te delecteras encore auec moy de souffrir les peines eternelles1 et i'accompliray ton desir4'#aee #d4 ,as an ,animal ,illustration ,in many religions the disguising of the principal personage--whether god or priest--as an animal is well known4 ,the custom is very ancient--such disguised human beings are found even among the palaeolithic drawings in ,france2 and on a slate palette belonging to the late pre-dynastic period of ,egypt there is a representation of a man disguised as a jackal and playing on a pipe4#aef ,the ritual disguise as an animal is condemned1 with great particularity1 as devilish1 in the ,liber ,poenitentialis of ,theodore of the seventh century 7see supra1 p4 #ba71 showing that it continued in force after the conversion of ,england to an outward appearance of ,christianity4 ,from the analogy of other religions in which the custom occurs1 it would appear that it is a ritual for the promotion of fertility2 the animal represented being either the sacred animal of the tribe or the creature most used for food4 ,the suggestion that the ,devil was a man1 wearing either an animal's skin or a mask in the form of an animal's head as a ritual disguise1 accounts as nothing else can for the witches' evidence as to his appearance and his changes of form4 ,a confusion1 however1 exists from the fact that the witches1 and therefore the recorders1 usually spoke of the familiars as the ,devil2 but in almost every case the disguised man can1 on examination of the evidence1 be distinguished from the animal familiar4 ,the animal forms in which the ,devil most commonly appeared were bull1 cat1 dog1 goat1 horse1 and sheep4 ,a few curious facts come to light on tabulating these forms2 i4e4 the ,devil appears as a goat or a sheep in ,france only2 he is never found in any country as a hare1 though this was the traditional form for a witch to assume2 nor is he found as a toad1 though this was a common form for the familiar2 the fox and the ass also are unknown forms2 and in ,western ,europe the pig is an animal almost entirely absent from all the rites and ceremonies as well as from the disguises of the ,devil4 ,the witches never admitted in so many words that the ,devil was a man disguised1 but their evidence points strongly to the fact4 ,in some cases the whole body was disguised1 in others a mask was worn1 usually over the face4 ,the wearing of the mask is indicated partly by descriptions of its appearance1 and partly by the description of the ,devil's voice4 ,the ,lorraine witches in #aehi said that the ,devils 'knnen nimmermehr die ,menschliche ,stimme so aussdrcklich nachreden1 dass man nicht leicht daran mercke1 dass es eine gemachte falsche ,stimme sey4 ,nicolaea ,ganatia1 und fast alle andere sagen1 dass sie eine ,stimme von sich geben1 gleich denen1 so den ,kopff in ein ,fass oder zerbrochenen ,hafen stecken und daraus reden4 ,auch geben sie etwann eine kleine leise ,stimme von sich4'#aeg ,the ,north ,berwick ,devil in #aeij was purposely disguised out of all recognition3 ',the ,devil start up in the pulpit1 like a mickle black man1 with a black beard sticking out like a goat's beard2 and a high ribbed nose1 falling down sharp like the beak of a hawk2 with a long rumpill' tail4#aeh ,this was ,barbara ,napier's account2 ,agnes ,sampson describes the same personage1 ',the deuell caused all the company to com and kiss his ers1 quhilk they said was cauld like yce2 his body was hard lyk yrn1 as they thocht that handled him2 his faice was terrible1 his noise lyk the bek of an egle1 gret bournyng eyn3 his handis and legis wer herry1 with clawis vpon his handis and feit lyk the griffon1 and spak with a how voice4'#aei ,boguet states that 'on demanda ,george ,gandillon1 si lors qu'il fut sollicit par ,sat de se bailler luy1 ,satan parloit distinctement4 ,il respondit que non1 qu' peine pouuoit il comprendre ce qu'il disoit4'#afj ,the evidence of the witches in the ,basses-,pyrnes makes it clear that a disguise was worn1 and that a mask was placed on the back either of the head or of the person2 this also explains part of ,agnes ,sampson's evidence given above4 ,the effect of the mask at the back of the head was to make the man appear two-faced1 'comme le dieu ,janus'4 ,in the other case 'le diable estoit en forme de bouc1 ayant vne queue1 au-dessoubs vn visage d'homme noir 444 n'a parole par ce visage de derriere4--,vne grande quee au derriere1 vne forme de visage au dessoubs3 duquel visage il ne profere aucune parole1 ains luy sert pour donner baiser ceux qui bon luy semble4--,marie d',aspilecute dit qu'elle le baisa ce visage de derriere au dessoubs d'vne grande queu2 qu'elle l'y a bais par trois fois1 qu'il auoit ce visage faict comme le museau d'vn bouc4--,bertrand de ,handuch1 aagee de dix ans1 confessa que le cul du grd maistre auoit vn visage derriere1 c'estoit le visage de derriere qu'on baisoit1 non le cul4'#afa ,the ,devil of the ,basses-,pyrnes evidently wore a mask over the face1 for he had 'la voix effroyable sans ton1 quand il parle on diroit que cest vn mullet qui se met braire1 il a la voix casse1 la parole malarticulee1 peu intelligible1 parcequ'il a tousiours la voix triste enroee'4 ,on occasions also 'il quitoit la forme de ,bouc1 prenoit celle d'homme'4#afb ,in #afad at ,orleans ,silvain ,nevillon said 'qu'il vit la chemine vn homme noir duquel on ne voyoit pas la teste4 ,vit aussi vn grand homme noir l'opposite de celuy de la chemine1 que ledit home noir parloit comme si la voix fut sortie d'vn poinson4 ,dit3 ,que le ,diable dit le ,serm au ,sabbat1 mais qu'on n'entend ce qu'il dit1 parce qu'il parle come en grdant4'#afc ,the devil who appeared to ,joan ,wallis1 the ,huntingdonshire witch1 in #afdi1 was in the shape of a man dressed in black1 but he 'was not as her husband1 which speaks to her like a man1 but he as he had been some distance from her when he was with her'4#afd ,thomazine ,ratcliffe1 a ,suffolk witch1 said that the ,devil 'spoke with a hollow1 shrill voyce'4#afe ,according to ,mary ,green 7#affe7 the ,somerset ,devil1 who was a little man1 'put his hand to his ,hat1 saying1 ,how do ye8 speaking low but big'4#aff ,in the same year ,abre ,grinset1 another ,suffolk witch1 confessed that she met the ,devil1 who was in the form of 'a ,pretty handsom ,young ,man1 and spake to her with a hollow ,solemn ,voice'4#afg ,john ,stuart at ,paisley 7#afgh7 said the ,devil came to him as a black man1 'and that the black man's ,apparel was black2 and that the black man's ,voice was hough and goustie'4#afh ,the coldness of the devil's entire person1 which is vouched for by several witches1 suggests that the ritual disguise was not merely a mask over the face1 but included a covering1 possibly of leather or some other hard and cold substance1 over the whole body and even the hands4 ,such a disguise was apparently not always worn1 for in the great majority of cases there is no record of the ,devil's temperature except in the sexual rites1 and even then the witch could not always say whether the touch of the ,devil was warm or not4 ,in #aefe the ,belgian witch1 ,digna ,robert1 said the devil 'tait froid dans tous ses membres'4#afi ,in #aeij1 at ,north ,berwick1 'he caused all the company to com and kiss his ers1 quhilk they said was cauld lyk yce2 his body was hard lyk yrn1 as they thocht that handled him'4#agj ,in #aeih ,pierre ,burgot1 whose statement is quoted by several authors1 'a confess1 que le ,diable luy donna baiser sa main senestre1 qui estoit noire1 comme morte1 toute froide'4#aga ,in #afji1 in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 ,isaac de ,queyran1 aged #be1 said that he and others 'le baiserent vne fesse qui estoit blanche rouge1 auoit la forme d'vne grande cuisse d'vn homme1 estoit velue'4#agb ,this shows the ritual disguise of the person and suggests the use of an animal's hide with the hair still attached4 ,in #afde the ,essex witch ,rebecca ,west said 'he kissed her1 but was as cold as clay'4#agc ,at ,salisbury in #afec1 when the witch ,anne ,bodenham persuaded ,anne ,styles to join the community1 'then appeared two ,spirits in the likenesse of great ,boyes1 with long shagged black hair1 and stood by her looking over her shoulder1 and the ,witch took the ,maids forefinger of her right hand1 and pricked it with a pin1 and squeezed out the blood and put it into a ,pen1 and put the ,pen in the ,maids hand1 and held her hand to write in a great book1 and one of the ,spirits laid his hand or ,claw upon the ,witches whilest the ,maid wrote2 and the ,spirits hand did feel cold to the ,maid as it touched her hand1 when the witches hand and hers were together writing'4#agd ,at ,forfar in #affa three of the witches agreed as to the coldness of the ,devil2 ',elspet ,alexander confesses that the divill kissed hir selfe that night and that it was ane cold kisse2 ,katheren ,porter confesseth that the divill tooke hir by the hand1 that his hand was cold2 ,isobell ,smith confessed that he kissed hir and his mouth and breath were cold4'#age ,in #affb the ,crook of ,devon witches were also in accord4 ,isabel ,rutherford 'confesst that ye was at ane meeting at ,turfhills1 where ,sathan took you by the hand and said welcome1 ,isabel1 and said that his hand was cold4--,margaret ,litster confessed that ,sathan took you be the hand and stayed the space of half an hour1 ,sathan having grey clothes and his hand cold4--,janet ,paton confessed that ,sathan asked you gif ye would be his servant1 whilk ye did1 and ,sathan took you be the hand1 and ye said that his hand was cold4' ,on the other hand ,agnes ,murie 'knew not whether his body was hot or cold'4#agf ,according to ,isobel ,gowdie at ,auldearne in #affb1 'he was a meikle blak roch man1 werie cold'2#agg at ,torryburn1 ,lilias ,adie found his skin was cold2#agh and the ,crighton witches in #afgh said1 'he was cold1 and his breath was like a damp air'4#agi ,in #afig little ,thomas ,lindsay declared that ',jean ,fulton his ,grand-mother awaked him one ,night out of his ,bed1 and caused him take a ,black ,grimm ,gentleman 7as she called him7 by the ,hand2 which he felt to be cold'4#ahj ,the evidence as to the forms assumed by the ,devil is tabulated here under each animal1 each section being arranged in chronological order4 #a4 ,bull4--,in #aeic at ,angers ',michel des ,rousseaux1 ag de #ej ans1 dict que ledict homme noir appell ,iupin se transforma aussitost en ,bouc 444 et apres leur auoir baill des boetes de poudre1 il se trsforma en ,bouuard'4#aha ,at ,aberdeen in #aeig ,marion ,grant confessed that 'the ,devill apperit to the1 sumtyme in the scheap of a beist1 and sumtyme in the scheap of a man'4 ,jonet ,lucas of the same ,coven said that the ,devil was with them1 'beand in likenes of ane beist'4 ,agnes ,wobster1 also of the same ,coven1 acknowledged that 'thaireftir ,satan apperit to the in the likenes of a calff1 and spak to the in manner forsaid1 and baid the be a gude servand to him'4#ahb ,in #afjh ,gabriel ,pell confessed that he went with a friend to the ,sabbath1 where 'le ,diable estoit en vache noire1 que cette vache noire luy fit renoncer ,dieu'4#ahc ,de ,lancre says that at ,tournelle the ,devil appeared 'parfois comme vn grand ,buf d'airain couch terre1 comme vn ,buf naturel qui se repose'4#ahd ,at ,lille in #affa the witches 'adored a beast with which they committed infamous things'4#ahe ,according to ,isobel ,gowdie in #affb1 the ,devil of ,auldearne changed his form1 or disguise1 continually1 'somtym he vold be lyk a stirk1 a bull1 a deir1 a rae1 or a dowg'4#ahf ,in the above1 ,i have taken the word 'beast' in its usual meaning as an animal of the cattle tribe1 but it is quite possible that the ,lille beast1 beste in the original1 may have been a goat and not a bull4 ,this seems likely from the fact that the sacrifice was by fire as in the other places where the ,devil used the goat-disguise4 #b4 ,cat4--,the earliest example of the cat-disguise is in the trial of the ,guernsey witches in #aefc1 when ,martin ,tulouff confessed3 '99q il y a viron ung quartier d'an passez 99q il soy trouva auvec99qs la ,vieillesse aultremt dit ,collenette ,gascoing1 en la rue de la fosse au ,coully1 l ou l y avoet chinq ou vi chatz1 d'ou il y en avoet ung qui estoet noir1 qui menoit la dance1 et danssoient et luy dyst ladte ,collenette1 99q il besait ledt ,chat et dt 99q il estoet sur ses pieds plat1 et que ladite ,collenette le besa 99p de derriere1 et luy 99p la crysse1 et 99q frcoize ,lenouff sa mre y estoet et ,collette ,salmon fae de ,collas du port1 laqlle alloet devt et s'agenouillerent tos devt le ,chat et l'adorert en luy baillt ler foy1 et luy dist ladite ,vieillesse 99q ledit ,chat estoet le diable4'#ahg ,franoise ,secretain1 in #aeih1 saw the ,devil 'tantost en forme de chat'4 ,rolande de ,vernois said1 ',le ,diable se presenta pour lors au ,sabbat en forme d'vn groz chat noir4'#ahh ,in #afeb another ,french witch confessed that 'il entra dans sa chambre en forme d'ung chat et se changea en la posture d'un home vestu de rouge'1 who took her to the ,sabbath4#ahi ,both the ,devonshire witches1 ,mary ,trembles and ,susanna ,edwards1 in #afhb1 stated that they saw him as a lion1 by which they possibly meant a large cat4#aij ,in this connexion it is worth noting that in ,lapland as late as #agfg the devil appeared 'in the likeness of a cat1 handling them from their feet to their mouth1 and counting their teeth'4#aia #c4 ,dog4--,at ,chelmsford in #aeef ,joan ,waterhouse 'dydde as she had seene her mother doe1 callynge ,sathan1 whiche came to her 7as she sayd7 in the lykenes of a great dogge'4#aib ,in #afaf ,barthlemy ,minguet of ,brcy was tried for witchcraft4 ',enquis1 comme il a aduis quand le ,sabbat se doit tenir4 ,respond1 que c'est le ,diable qui luy vient dire estant en forme de chien noir1 faict comme vn barbet1 parle luy en ceste forme4 ,enquis1 en quelle forme se met le ,diable estant au ,sabbat4 ,respond1 qu'il ne l'a iamais veu autrement qu'en forme de barbet noir4 ,enquis1 quelles ceremonies ils obseruent estant au ,sabbat4 ,respond1 que le ,diable estant en forme de barbet noir 7comme dessus est dit7 se met tout droit sur les pattes de derriere1 les preche'4#aic etc4 ,in ,guernsey in #afag ,isabel ,becquet went to ,rocquaine ,castle1 'the usual place where the ,devil kept his ,sabbath2 no sooner had she arrived there than the ,devil came to her in the form of a dog1 with two great horns sticking up3 and with one of his paws 7which seemed to her like hands7 took her by the hand3 and calling her by her name told her that she was welcome3 then immediately the ,devil made her kneel down3 while he himself stood up on his hind legs2 he then made her express detestation of the ,eternal in these words3 ,i renounce ,god the ,father1 ,god the ,son1 and ,god the ,holy ,ghost2 and then caused her to worship and invoke himself4'#aid ,barton's wife1 about #afee1 stated that 'one ,night going to a dancing upon ,pentland-hills1 he went before us in the likeness of a rough tanny-,dog1 playing on a pair of ,pipes1 and his tail played ey wig wag wig wag'4#aie ,in #afeh an ,alloa witch named ,jonet ,blak declared that he appeared to her first as 'a dog with a sowis head'4#aif ,in #affa ,jonet ,watson of ,dalkeith said that 'the ,deivill apeired vnto her1 in the liknes of ane prettie boy1 in grein clothes1 and went away from her in the liknes of ane blak doug'4#aig ,according to ,marie ,lamont of ,innerkip in #affb1 'the devill in the likeness of a brown dog' helped to raise a storm4#aih ,margaret ,hamilton1 widow of ,james ,pullwart of ,borrowstowness in #afgi1 was accused that she met 'the devil in the likeness of a man1 but he removed from you in the likeness of an black dog'4#aii ,the ,highland witches in the eighteenth century saw the devil as a dog2 he was 'a large black ugly tyke'1 to whom the witches made obeisance2 the dog acknowledged the homage 'by bowing1 grinning1 and clapping his paws'4#bjj ,in the case of the dog-disguise1 there is again a similarity with ,lapp beliefs and customs1 the appearance of the ,devil as a dog being not uncommon in ,lapland4#bja #d4 ,goat4--,an interesting point as regards this form of disguise is that it does not occur in ,great ,britain1 nor have ,i found it so far in ,belgium4 ,it prevailed chiefly in ,france1 from which all my examples are taken4 ,at ,poictiers in #aegd 'trois ,sorciers vne ,sorciere declarent qu'ils estoyent trois fois l'an1 l'assemble generale1 o plusieurs ,sorciers se trouuoyent prs d'vne croix d'vn carrefour1 qui seruoit d'enseigne4 ,et l se trouuoit vn grand bouc noir1 qui parloit comme vne personne aux assistans1 dansoyent l'entour du bouc4'#bjb ,at ,avignon in #aeha 'when hee comes to be adored1 he appeareth not in a humane forme1 but as the ,witches themselues haue deposed1 as soone as they are agreed of the time that he is to mount vpon the altar 7which is some rock or great stone in the fields7 there to bee worshipped by them1 hee instantly turneth himselfe into the forme of a great black ,goate1 although in all other occasions hee vseth to appeare in the shape of a man4#bjc ,in ,lorraine in #aehi the ,devil 'sich in einen zottelichten ,bock verwandelt hat1 und viel strker reucht und beler stinckt als immer ein ,bock im ,anfang des ,frhlings thun mag'4#bjd ,in ,puy de ,dme in #aeid ,jane ,bosdeau's lover took her to a meeting1 and 'there appeared a great ,black ,goat with a ,candle between his ,horns'4#bje ,in #aeih ',satan apres auoir prins la figure d'vn ,bouc1 se consume en feu'4#bjf ,in the ,basses-,pyrnes in #afji3 'le ,diable estoit en forme de bouc1 ayant vne queue1 au-dessoubs vn visage d'homme noir1 n'a parole par ce visage de derriere4--,marie d',aguerre dit qu'il y a vne grande cruche au milieu du ,sabbat1 d'o sort le ,diable en forme de bouc4--,d'autres disent qu'il est comme vn grand bouc1 ayant deux cornes devant deux en derriere2 que celles de devant se rebrassent en haut comme la perruque d'vne femme4 ,mais le commun est qu'il a seulement trois cornes1 qu'il a quelque espece de lumiere en celle du milieu4 ,on luy voit aussi quelque espece de bonet ou chapeau au dessus de ces cornes4 ,on a obseru de tout temps que lorsqu'il veut receuoir quelcun faire pacte auec luy1 il se presente tousiours en homme1 pour ne l'effaroucher ou effraier3 car faire pacte auec vn ,bouc ouuertement1 tiendroit plus de la beste que de la creature raisonnable4 ,mais le pacte faict1 lors qu'il veut receuoir quelqu'vn l'adoration1 communemt il se represente en ,bouc4'#bjg ,silvain ,nevillon confessed at ,orleans in #afad 'qu'il a veu le ,diable en plusieurs faons1 tantost comme vn bouc1 ayant vn visage deuant vn autre derriere'4#bjh #e4 ,horse4--,i give here only the references to the ,devil when actually disguised as a horse1 but there are a very great number of cases where he appeared riding on a horse4 ,these cases are so numerous as to suggest that the horse was part of the ritual1 especially as the riding ,devil usually occurs in places where an animal disguise was not used1 e4g4 in #aeih1 in ,aberdeen1 where ,andro ,man 'confessis that ,crystsunday rydis all the tyme that he is in thair cumpanie'4#bji ,the actual disguise as a horse is not common4 ,elizabeth ,stile of ,windsor in #aegi 'confesseth1 her self often tymes to haue gon to ,father ,rosimond house where she found hym sittyng in a ,wood1 not farre from thence1 vnder the bodie of a ,tree1 sometymes in the shape of an ,ape1 and otherwhiles like an ,horse'4#baj ,helen ,guthrie in #affa stated that when the ,forfar witches were trying to sink a ship1 'the divell wes there present with them all1 in the shape of ane great horse4 ,they returned all in the same liknes as of befor1 except that the divell wes in the shape of a man4'#baa ,mary ,lacey of ,salem in #afib said that he appeared in the shape of a horse4 ',i was in bed and the devil came to me and bid me obey him4'#bab #f4 ,sheep4--,the sheep-disguise1 which is perhaps a form of the goat1 is usually found in ,france only4 ,in #adec ',guillaume ,edeline1 docteur en thologie1 prieur de ,s4 ,germain en ,laye1 et auparavant ,augustin1 et religieux de certaines aultres ordres 444 confessa1 de sa bonne et franche voulont1 avoir fait hommage audit ennemy en l'espce et semblance d'ung mouton'4#bac ,iaquema ,paget and ,antoine ,gandillon in #aeih said that 'il prenoit la figure d'vn mouton noir1 portant des cornes'4#bad ,in #afad at ,orleans ,silvain ,nevillon was induced to reveal all he knew2 'dit qu'il a veu le ,diable en plusieurs faons1 tantost comme vn bouc1 ores comme vn gros mouton'4#bae ,the rarer animal disguises are the deer and the bear4 ,of these the deer is found at ,aberdeen in #aeig1 ,andro ,man 'confessis and affermis1 thow saw ,christsonday cum owt of the snaw in liknes of a staig'2#baf at ,auldearne in #affb1 'somtym he vold be lyk a stirk1 a bull1 a deir1 a rae1 or a dowg'2#bag at ,hartford1 ,connecticut1 #affb1 ,rebecca ,greensmith said that 'the devil first appeared to her in the form of a deer or fawn'4#bah ,the bear is still rarer1 as ,i have found it only twice--once in ,lorraine1 and once in ,lancashire4 ,in #aehi 'es haben die ,geister auch etwann ,lust sich in ,gestalt eines ,bren zu erzeigen'4#bai ,in #afac ,anne ,chattox declared that the ,devil 'came vpon this ,examinate in the night time3 and at diuerse and sundry times in the likenesse of a ,beare1 gaping as though he would haue wearied worried this ,examinate4 ,and the last time of all shee1 this ,examinate1 saw him1 was vpon ,thursday last yeare but one1 next before ,midsummer day1 in the euening1 like a ,beare1 and this ,examinate would not then speake vnto him1 for the which the said ,deuill pulled this ,examinate downe4'#bbj ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bg3 ,danaeus1 ,e #a1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #bh3 ,gaule1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #bi3 ,cannaert1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #cj3 ,spalding ,club ,miscellany1 i1 pp4 #aga1 #agb4 ,footnote #ca3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #cih1 #cii4 ,footnote #cb3 ,id41 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hja4 ,footnote #cc3 ,baines1 i1 p4 #fjg note4 ,for the name ,mamillion see ,layamon's ,brut1 p4 #aee1 ,everyman ,library4 ,footnote #cd3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bbb4--;,hale1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #ce3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fje1 #fjg1 #fac4 ,footnote #cf3 ,hale1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #cg3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 pp4 #aia1 #aic4 ,footnote #ch3 ,fountainhall1 i4 #ae4 ,footnote #ci3 ,howell1 vi1 #ffj4--;,j4 ,hutchinson1 ii1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #dj3 ,alse ,gooderidge1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 ,footnote #da3 ,boguet1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #db3 ,wonderfull ,discouerie of ,elizabeth ,sawyer1 ,c #d1 rev4 ,footnote #dc3 ,county ,folklore1 iii1 ,orkney1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajg-h4 ,footnote #dd3 ,stearne1 pp4 #bh1 #ch ,footnote #de3 ,highland ,papers1 iii1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 ,footnote #df3 ,it is possible that the shoe was cleft like the modern 'hygienic' shoe4 ,such a shoe is described in the ballad of the ,cobler of ,canterbury1 date #afjh1 as part of a woman's costume3 ',her sleevs blue1 her traine behind1 ,with silver hookes was tucked1 ,i find2 ,her shos broad1 and forked before4' ,footnote #dg3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #dh3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #di3 ,cooper1 ,pleasant ,treatise1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #ej3 ,burns ,begg1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #ea3 ,examination of ,john ,walsh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,potts1 ,d #c1 ,b #b4 ,footnote #ec3 ,baines1 i1 p4 #fjg note4 ,footnote #ed3 ,hale1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #ee3 ,howell1 iv1 #hcc1 #hcf1 #hdj1 #hed-e4 ,footnote #ef3 ,stearne1 p4 #ac4--;,davenport1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #eg3 ,stearne1 pp4 #bb1 #bi1 #cj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acf1 #acg1 #adg1 #adi1 #aef1 #afa-e4 ,footnote #ei3 ,hale1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #fj3 ,petto1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #fa3 ,denham ,tracts1 ii1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #fb3 ,howell1 viii1 #ajce4 ,footnote #fc3 ,elinor ,shaw and ,mary ,phillips1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #fd3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #ea-f4 ,footnote #fe3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #ff3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bde-f1 #bci4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #fg3 ,melville1 pp4 #cie-f4 ,footnote #fh3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #fi3 ,spalding ,club ,miscellany1 i1 pp4 #abd1 #abg1 #afd1 #agb4 ,footnote #gj3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 p4 #ecg4 ,footnote #ga3 ,county ,folklore1 iii1 p4 #ajc4 ,orkney4 ,footnote #gb3 ,from the record of the trial in the ,justiciary ,court1 ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,spottiswode ,miscellany1 ii1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #gd3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #eii4 ,footnote #ge3 ,sinclair1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #gf3 ,id41 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #gg3 ,arnot1 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,scottish ,antiquary1 ix1 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,footnote #gi3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #aad1 #abh1 #acb4 ,footnote #hj3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #ha3 ,from the records in the ,justiciary ,court1 ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #hb3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fjc4 ,footnote #hc3 ,burns ,begg1 pp4 #bba-ci4 ,footnote #hd3 ,sharpe1 pp4 #aca1 #acd4 ,footnote #he3 ,hogers1 a coarse stocking without the foot4 ,footnote #hf3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bia-e1 #big4 ,footnote #hg3 ,scots ,magazine1 #ahad1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #hh3 ,narrative of the ,sufferings of a ,young ,girle1 pp4 xxxix-xli--,sadd4 ,debell41 pp4 #ch-dj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,a true and full ,relation of the ,witches of ,pittenweem1 p4 #aj4--,sinclair1 p4 lxxxix4 ,footnote #ij3 ,sharpe1 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #ia3 ,camden ,society1 ,lady ,alice ,kyteler1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ib3 ,journal d'un bourgeois de ,paris1 p4 #fhg4 ,footnote #ic3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #id3 ,bodin1 p4 #bbf4 ,footnote #ie3 ,boguet1 pp4 #h1 #if4 ,footnote #if3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ig3 ,id41 ,l',incredulit1 pp4 #gii1 #hjj4 ,the second ,devil is called ,tramesabot on p4 #hjb4 ,footnote #ih3 ,van ,elven1 ,la ,tradition1 v 7#ahia71 p4 #bae4 ,neither the witches' names nor the place are given4 ,footnote #ii3 ,cannaert1 pp4 #dd1 #ec-d1 #fj4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,fountainhall1 i1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #aja3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,taylor1 pp4 #ha1 #aah4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,green1 pp4 #i1 #ad4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,howell1 vi1 #ffj1 #ffd2 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ii1 pp4 #ca1 #cg4 ,footnote #aje3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,melville1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bdf4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #aji3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,scottish ,antiquary1 ix1 pp4 #ej1 #ea4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #aab3 ,burns ,begg1 pp4 #bba1 #bbc1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bci4 ,footnote #aac3 ,taylor1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #aad3 ,cannaert1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #aae3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,chambers1 iii1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #aag3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #aah3 ,sinclair1 p4 lxxxix4 ,footnote #aai3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #abj3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #aba3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 pp4 #aai-ba4 ,footnote #abb3 ,id41 i1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #abc3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 p4 #dgh4 ,footnote #abd3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #abe3 ,id41 ,tableau1 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #abf3 ,potts1 ,b #d4 ,footnote #abg3 ,wonderful ,discovery of ,margaret and ,phillip ,flower1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #abh3 ,sinclair1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #abi3 ,kinloch1 p4 #add4 ,footnote #acj3 ,law1 p4 #bg note4 ,footnote #aca3 ,cotton ,mather1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #acb3 ,rehearsall both straung and true1 par4 #bd4 ,footnote #acc3 ,calendar of ,state ,papers4 ,domestic1 #aehd1 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #acd3 ,stearne1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #ace3 ,gerish1 ,the ,divel's ,delusions1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #acf3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #afa-d4 ,footnote #acg3 ,id41 ii1 pp4 #bf-g4 ,footnote #ach3 ,hibbert1 p4 #egh4 ,footnote #aci3 ,sinclair1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #adj3 ,from the record in the ,justiciary ,office1 ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #ada3 ,chambers1 iii1 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #adb3 ,ravaisson1 #afgi1 pp4 #ccd-f4 ,footnote #adc3 ,mather1 pp4 #abj1 #abe2 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ,history1 ii1 pp4 #cg seq4 ,footnote #add3 ,boguet1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #ade3 ,lawes against ,witches and ,conivration1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #adf3 ,wilson1 ii1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #adg3 ,the trials are published by ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii4 ,footnote #adh3 ,there were present on this occasion thirty-nine persons1 or three ,covens4 ,see chap4 vii on the ,organization4 ,footnote #adi3 ,bannatyne ,club1 ,melville1 ,memoirs1 p4 #cie4 ,the sycophantic ,melville adds2 ',and certanly he is a man of ,god1 and dois na wrang wittingly1 bot is inclynit to all godlynes1 justice and virtu2 therfore ,god hes preserued him in the midis of many dangers4' ,footnote #aej3 ,reg4 ,mag4 ,sig4 ,scot41 ,no4 #efe1 ,feb4 #g1 #aeej_/a4 ,footnote #aea3 ,newes from ,scotland4 ,quoted in ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bac-bc4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,it is perhaps significant that the confession of ,john ,fian1 and the trials of both ,barbara ,napier and of ,bothwell himself for witchcraft1 have disappeared from the ,justiciary ,records4 ,footnote #aec3 ,burton1 v1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #aed3 ,sandys1 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #aee3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #agf1 #agg4 ,footnote #aef3 ,quibell1 pl4 xxviii4 ,the palette itself is now in the ,ashmolean ,museum1 ,oxford4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bdf4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #aei3 ,melville1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #afj3 ,boguet1 p4 #ef4 ,footnote #afa3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fh1 #gc1 #abf4 ,footnote #afb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #bbe1 #cih4 ,footnote #afc3 ,id41 ,l',incredulit1 pp4 #gii-hja4 ,footnote #afd3 ,stearne1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #afe3 ,id41 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #aff3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #afg3 ,petto1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #afh3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bid-e4 ,footnote #afi3 ,cannaert1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #agj3 ,melville1 ,memoirs1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #aga3 ,boguet1 pp4 #ec-d4 ,footnote #agb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #agc3 ,howell1 iv1 #hdb4 ,footnote #agd3 ,more1 pp4 #aif-g4 ,footnote #age3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #aae1 #abi1 #acb4 ,footnote #agf3 ,burns ,begg1 pp4 #bai1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,footnote #agg3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fjc4 ,footnote #agh3 ,chambers1 iii1 #bih4 ,footnote #agi3 ,fountainhall1 i1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,narrative of the ,sufferings of a ,young ,girle1 p4 xli2 ,sadd4 ,debell41 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #aha3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #gfi4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #gid4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,id41 ,tableau1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,bourignon1 ,parole1 p4 #hg2 ,hale1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fac4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,from a trial in the ,guernsey ,greffe4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,boguet1 pp4 #h1 #gj1 #daa4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,la ,tradition1 v 7#ahia71 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #aij3 ,howell1 viii1 #ajcd1 #ajcf4 ,footnote #aia3 ,pinkerton1 i1 p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #aib3 ,witches of ,chelmsford1 p4 #cd2 ,philobiblon ,soc41 viii4 ,footnote #aic3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hje4 ,footnote #aid3 ,goldsmid1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #aie3 ,sinclair1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #aif3 ,scottish ,antiquary1 ix1 #ea4 ,footnote #aig3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #aih3 ,sharpe1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #aii3 ,scots ,magazine1 #ahad1 p4 #bja4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,stewart1 p4 #age4 ,the whole account is marred by the would-be comic style adopted by the author4 ,footnote #bja3 ,pinkerton1 i1 p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,bodin1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,michaelis1 ,discourse1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #bje3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,historical ,essay1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,boguet1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #abf4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,id41 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hjj4 ,footnote #bji3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #abe4 ,cp4 ,elworthy on the ,hobby-horse as the ,devil1 ,horns of ,honour1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #baj3 ,rehearsall both ,straung and ,true1 par4 #bd4 ,footnote #baa3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abb-c4 ,footnote #bab3 ,howell1 vi1 #ffc-d2 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ii1 pp4 #cf-g4 ,footnote #bac3 ,chartier1 iii1 #dd-e4 ,footnote #bad3 ,boguet1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #bae3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hjj4 ,footnote #baf3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #bag3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fac4 ,footnote #bah3 ,taylor1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #bai3 ,remigius1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,potts1 ,e #c4 ,,iii4 ,,admission ,,ceremonies #a4 ,general ,in the ceremonies for admission1 as in all the other ceremonies of the cult1 the essentials are the same in every community and country1 though the details differ4 ,the two points which are the essence of the ceremony are invariable3 the first1 that the candidates must join of their own free will and without compulsion2 the second1 that they devote themselves1 body and soul1 to the ,master and his service4 ,the ceremonies of admission differed also according to whether the candidate were a child or an adult4 ,the most complete record of the admission of children comes from the ,basses-,pyrnes in #afji3 ',les ,sorcieres luy offrt des petits enfans le genoil en terre1 lui disant auec vne soubmission1 ,grand seigneur1 lequel i'adore1 ie vous ameine ce nouueau seruiteur1 lequel veut estre perpetuellement vostre esclaue3 ,et le ,diable en signe de remerciement gratification leur respond1 ,approchez vous de moy3 quoy obeissant1 elles en se trainant genouil1 le luy presentent1 luy receuant l'enfant entre ses bras1 le rend la ,sorciere1 la remercie1 puis luy recommande d'en auoir soing1 leur disant par ce moyen sa troupe s'augmentera4 ,que si les enfans ayans attainct l'aage de neuf ans1 par malheur se voent au ,diable sans estre forcez ny violentez d'aucun ,sorcier1 ils se prosternent par terre deuant ,satan3 lequel iettant du feu par les yeux1 leur dit1 ,que demandez vous1 voulez vous estre moy8 ils respondent qu'ouy1 il leur dict1 ,venez vous de vostre bonne volont8 ils respondent qu'ouy1 ,faictes donc ce que ie veux1 ce que ie fay4 ,et alors la grande maistresse ,royne du ,sabbat qui leur sert de pedagogue1 dict ce nouueau qui se presente1 qu'il die haute voix1 ,ie renie ,dieu premierement1 puis ,iesus ,christ son ,fils1 le ,s4 ,esprit1 la vierge1 les ,saincts1 la ,saincte ,croix1 le ,chresme1 le ,baptesme1 la ,foy que ie tiens1 mes ,parrain ,marraine1 me remets de tout poinct en ton pouuoir entre tes mains1 ne recognois autre ,dieu3 si bien que tu es mon ,dieu ie suis ton esclaue4 ,aprs on luy baille vn crapaud habill auec son capot ou manteau1 puis il commande qu'on l'adore2 si bien qu'obeyssans estants mis genouil1 ils baisent le ,diable auprs de l'il gauche1 la poitrine1 la fesse1 la cuisse1 aux parties honteuses1 puis leuant la queue ils luy baisent le derriere4'#bba ,the novice was then marked by a scratch from a sharp instrument1 but was not admitted to the 'high mysteries' till about the age of twenty4#bbb ,as no further ceremonies are mentioned1 it may be concluded that the initiation into these mysteries was performed by degrees and without any special rites4 ,at ,lille1 about the middle of the seventeenth century1 ,madame ,bourignon founded a home for girls of the lowest classes1 'pauvres et mal-origines1 la plus part si ignorantes au fait de leur salut qu'elles vivoient comme des btes'4#bbc ,after a few years1 in #affa1 she discovered that thirty-two of these girls were worshippers of the ,devil1 and in the habit of going to the ,witches' ,sabbaths4 ,they 'had all contracted this ,mischief before they came into the ,house'4#bbd ,one of these girls named ,bellot1 aged fifteen1 said 'that her ,mother had taken her with her when she was very ,young1 and had even carried her in her ,arms to the ,witches ,sabbaths'4#bbe ,another girl of twelve had been in the habit of going to the ,sabbath since she also was 'very ,young'4 ,as the girls seem to have been genuinely fond of ,madame ,bourignon1 she obtained a considerable amount of information from them4 ,they told her that all worshippers of the ,devil 'are constrained to offer him their ,children4 ,when a child thus offered to the ,devil by its ,parents1 comes to the use of ,reason1 the ,devil then demands its ,soul1 and makes it deny ,god and renounce ,baptism1 and all relating to the ,faith1 promising ,homage and ,fealty to the ,devil in manner of a ,marriage1 and instead of a ,ring1 the ,devil gives them a ,mark with an iron awl aleine de fer in some part of the ,body4'#bbf ,it is also clear that ,marguerite ,montvoisin#bbg in ,paris had been instructed in witchcraft from an early age2 but as the trial in which she figures was for the attempted poisoning of the king and not for witchcraft1 no ceremonies of initiation or admission are recorded4 ,in ,great ,britain the ceremonies for the reception of children are not given in any detail1 though it was generally acknowledged that the witches dedicated their children to the ,devil as soon as born2 and from the evidence it appears that in many cases the witches had belonged to that religion all their lives4 ,it was sometimes sufficient evidence against a woman that her mother had been a witch1#bbh as it presupposed that she had been brought up as a worshipper of the ,devil4 ,the ,anderson children in ,renfrewshire were all admitted to the society at an early age4#bbi ,elizabeth ,anderson was only seven when she was first asked to swear fealty to the 'black grim ,man4' ,james ,lindsay was under fourteen1 and his little brother ,thomas was still 'below pupillarity' at the time of the trial1 where he declared that he had been bribed1 by the promise of a red coat1 to serve 'the ,gentleman1 whom he knew thereafter to be the ,devil'4#bcj ,at ,forfar in #affa1 ,jonet ,howat was so young that when ,isabel ,syrie 'presented hir to the divell1 the divell said1 ,what shall ,i do with such a little bairn as she8' ,he accepted her1 however1 and she was evidently the pet of the community1 the ,devil calling her 'his bonny bird'4#bca ,at ,paisley1 ,annabil ,stuart was fourteen when1 at her mother's persuasion1 she took the vows of fidelity to the ,devil4#bcb ,elizabeth ,frances at ,chelmsford 7tried in #aeef7 was about twelve years old when her grandmother first taught her the art of witchcraft4#bcc ,elizabeth ,demdike1 the famous ,lancashire witch1 'brought vp her owne ,children1 instructed her ,graund-children1 and tooke great care and paines to bring them to be ,witches'4#bcd ,one of her granddaughters1 ,jennet ,device1 was aged nine at the time of the trial4 ,in ,sweden the children were taken regularly to the assemblies1#bce and in ,america#bcf also a child-witch is recorded in the person of ,sarah ,carrier1 aged eight1 who had made her vows two years before at her mother's instigation4 ,the ceremony for the admission of adults who were converts to the witch religion from ,christianity follow certain main lines4 ,these are 7#a7 the free consent of the candidate1 7#b7 the explicit denial and rejection of a previous religion1 7#c7 the absolute and entire dedication of body and soul to the service and commands of the new ,master and ,god4 ,the ceremonies being more startling and dramatic for adults than for children1 they are recorded in ,great ,britain with the same careful detail as in ,france1 and it is possible to trace the local variations2 although in ,england1 as is usual1 the ceremonies had lost their significance to a far greater extent than in ,scotland1 and are described more shortly1 probably because they were more curtailed4 ,the legal aspect of the admission ceremonies is well expressed by ,sir ,george ,mackenzie1 writing in #afii on the ,scotch laws relating to witchcraft in the seventeenth century3 ',as to the relevancy of this ,crime1 the first ,article useth to be paction to serve the ,devil1 which is certainly relevant1 per se1 without any addition4444 ,paction with the ,devil is divided by ,lawyers1 in expressum1 tacitum1 an express and tacit ,paction4 ,express ,paction is performed either by a formal ,promise given to the ,devil then present1 or by presenting a ,supplication to him1 or by giving the promise to a ,proxie or ,commissioner impowered by the ,devil for that effect1 which is used by some who dare not see himself4 ,the ,formula set down by ,delrio1 is1 ,i deny ,god ,creator of ,heaven and ,earth1 and ,i adhere to thee1 and believe in thee4 ,but by the ,journal ,books it appears1 that the ordinary ,form of express ,paction confest by our ,witness1 is a simple ,promise to serve him4 ,tacit ,paction is either when a person who hath made no express ,paction1 useth the ,words or ,signs which ,sorcerers use1 knowing them to be such4444 ,renouncing of ,baptism is by ,delrio made an effect of ,paction1 yet with us it is relevant1 per se 444 and the ,solemnity confest by our ,witches1 is the putting one hand to the crown of the ,head1 and another to the sole of the ,foot1 renouncing their ,baptism in that posture4 ,delrio tells us1 that the ,devil useth to ,baptize them of new1 and to wipe off their ,brow the old ,baptism3 ,and our ,witches confess always the giving them new ,names4444 ,the ,devil's ,mark useth to be a great ,article with us1 but it is not per se found relevant1 except it be confest by them1 that they got that ,mark with their own consent2 quo casu1 it is equivalent to a ,paction4 ,this ,mark is given them1 as is alledg'd1 by a ,nip in any part of the body1 and it is blew4'#bcg ,reginald ,scot1#bch writing considerably earlier1 gives a somewhat similar account of the ,english witches1 though couched in less legal phraseology3 ',the order of their bargaine or profession is double2 the one solemne and publike2 the other secret and priuate4 ,that which is called solemne or publike1 is where witches come togither at certeine assemblies1 at the times prefixed1 and doo not onelie see the diuell in visible forme2 but confer and talke familiarlie with him4 ,in which conference the diuell exhorteth them to obserue their fidelitie vnto him1 promising them long life and prosperitie4 ,then the witches assembled1 commend a new disciple 7whom they call a nouice7 vnto him3 and if the diuell find that yoong witch apt and forward in renunciation of christian faith1 in despising anie of the seuen sacraments1 in treading upon crosses1 in spetting at the time of eleuation1 in breaking their fast on fasting daies1 and fasting on sundaies2 then the diuell giueth foorth his hand1 and the nouice joining hand in hand with him1 promiseth to obserue and keepe all the diuell's commandements4 ,this done1 the diuell beginneth to be more bold with hir1 telling hir plainlie that all this will not serue his turne2 and therefore requireth homage at hir hands3 yea1 he also telleth hir1 that she must grant him both hir bodie and soule to be tormented in euerlasting fire3 which she yeeldeth vnto4 ,then he chargeth hir1 to procure as manie men1 women1 and children also1 as she can1 to enter into this societie4444 ,sometimes their homage with their oth and bargaine is receiued for a certeine terme of yeares2 sometimes for euer4 ,sometimes it consisteth in the deniall of the whole faith1 sometimes in part4 ,the first is1 when the soule is absolutelie yeelded to the diuell and hell-fier3 the other is1 when they haue but bargained not to obserue certeine ceremonies and statutes of the church2 as to conceale faults at shrift1 to fast on sundaies1 etc4 ,and this is doone either by oth1 protestation of words1 or by obligation in writing1 sometimes sealed with wax1 sometimes signed with bloud4' ,forbes says that 'an express ,covenant is entred into betwixt a ,witch1 and the ,devil appearing in some visible ,shape4 ,whereby the former renounceth ,god and his ,baptism1 engages to serve the ,devil1 and do all the ,mischief he can as ,occasion offers1 and leaves ,soul and ,body to his ,disposal after ,death4 ,the ,devil on his part articles with such ,proselytes1 concerning the ,shape he is to appear to them in1 the ,services they are to expect from him1 upon the ,performance of certain ,charms or ceremonious ,rites4 ,this ,league is made verbally1 if the ,party cannot write4 ,and such as can write1 sign a written ,covenant with their ,blood4'#bci ,the general order of the ceremony of admission can be gathered from the evidence given at the trials1 though no one trial gives the order in its entirety4 ,the ceremony might take place privately1 at a local meeting1 or in full ,sabbath2 it was the same for either sex1 except that the men were not usually introduced1 the women were sometimes introduced1 sometimes not4 ,if there were any sort of introduction1 it was by some one who was acquainted with the candidate2 usually the person who had induced her to join4 ,she was brought before the ,devil1 who asked her if she would be his faithful servant1 and if she would renounce her previous religion1 and dedicate herself to his service1 taking him as her ,god4 ,after the renunciation and vows1 the ,devil baptized her in his own great name1 and among the ,scotch witches gave her a new name by which she was known afterwards at the ,sabbaths and other meetings4 ,the ceremony concluded by giving the witch a mark or 'flesh-brand' on some part of the body4 #b4 ,the ,introduction ,it is not clear whether the introduction of a candidate by a member of the society was an early or a late detail4 ,it is quite possible that it was early1 the introducer standing in the same relation to the candidate as the ,christian sponsors stand to a candidate for baptism4 ,on the other hand1 it is quite comprehensible that1 when the witch religion became an object of persecution1 no new member could be admitted unless vouched for by some trustworthy person4 ,in the cases where the first meetings with the ,devil are recorded1 both systems are apparently in vogue4 ,occasionally1 however1 the accounts show a confusion on the part of the recorder4 ,thus ,anne ,chattox said that ,mother ,demdike introduced her to the ,devil in ,mother ,demdike's own house1 and that she there yielded her soul to him2 and in another place she is reported as saying that 'a thing like a ,christian man1 for foure yeares togeather1 did sundry times come to this ,examinate1 and requested this ,examinate to giue him her ,soule3 ,and in the end1 this ,examinate was contented to giue him her sayd ,soule1 shee being then in her owne house1 in the ,forrest of ,pendle4'#bdj ,the two statements are not inconsistent if we conclude that in her own house she consented to join the society1 and in ,mother ,demdike's presence she took the vows4 ,as a rule the men seem to have joined at the direct invitation of the ,devil himself1 especially when they came of witch families4 #c4 ,the ,renunciation and ,vows ,the renunciation of previous errors of faith and the vows of fidelity to the new belief are part of the ceremony of admission of any convert to a new religion4 ,the renunciation by the witches was explicit1 but the records are apt to pass it over in a few words1 e4g4 ',i denied my baptism1' ',i forsook ,god and ,christ1' ',ils renient ,dieu1 la ,vierge1 et le reste1' ',vne renonciation expresse ,iesu-,christ la foy'2 but occasionally the words are given in full4 ,mackenzie1 quoting from ,del ,rio1 gives the formula thus3 ',i deny ,god ,creator of ,heaven and ,earth1 and ,i adhere to thee1 and believe in thee4'#bda ,the actual formula is still extant in the case of the priest ,louis ,gaufredy1 tried before the ,parliament of ,aix in #afaa3 ',ie ,louys ,gaufredy renonce tous les biens tant spirituels que corporels qui me pourroyent estre conferez de la part de ,dieu1 de la vierge ,marie de tous les ,saincts de ,paradis1 pareillement de mon patron ,s4 ,iean ,baptiste1 ,s4 ,pierre1 ,s4 ,paul1 ,s4 ,franois1 de me donner de corps d'ame ,lucifer icy present auec tous les biens que ie feray iamais3 except la valeur du ,sacrement pour le regard de ceux qui le recevront3 ,et ainsi le signe et atteste4'#bdb ,jeannette d',abadie1 aged sixteen1 said that she was made to 'renoncer renier son ,createur1 la saincte ,vierge1 les ,saincts1 le ,baptesme1 pere1 mere1 parens1 le ciel1 la terre tout ce qui est au monde'4#bdc ,the irrevocability of this renunciation was impressed upon the ,swedish witches in a very dramatic manner3 ',the ,devil gave them a ,purse1 wherein there were shavings of ,clocks with a ,stone tied to it1 which they threw into the water1 and then were forced to speak these words3 ,as these ,shavings of the ,clock do never return to the ,clock from which they are taken1 so may my ,soul never return to ,heaven4'#bdd ,the vows to the new ,god were as explicit as the renunciation of the old4 ,danaeus says1 ',he commaundeth them to forswere ,god theyr creator and all his power1 promising perpetually to obey and worship him1 who there standeth in their presence4'#bde ,the ,english witches merely took the vow of fealty and obedience1 devoting themselves body and soul to him2 sometimes only the soul1 however1 is mentioned3 but the ,scotch witches of both sexes laid one hand on the crown of the head1 the other on the sole of the foot1 and dedicated all that was between the two hands to the service of the ,master4#bdf ,there is a slight variation of this ceremony at ,dalkeith in #affa1 where the ,devil laid his hand upon ,jonet ,watson's head1 'and bad her give all ower to him that was vnder his hand1 and shoe did so'4#bdg ,in ,southern ,france the candidates1 after renouncing their old faith1 'prennent ,satan pour leur pere et protecteur1 la ,diablesse pour leur mere'4#bdh ,at ,lille the children called the ceremony the ,dedication1#bdi showing that the same rite obtained there4 #d4 ,the ,covenant ,the signing of a covenant does not occur in every case and was probably a late introduction4 ,forbes1 as quoted above1 gives the contract between the ,devil and his follower1 with the part which each engages to perform4 ,in ,somerset the witches signed whether they could write or not1 those who could not write putting a cross or circle as their mark4#bej ,the free consent of the candidate is a point always insisted on1 and by the confessions of the witches themselves the consent was often not merely freely but actually willingly given4 ,isobel ,crawford of the ,irvine ,coven in #afah was accused that the devil 'come to hir awin dur in similitud of ane blak man1 and prommeist1 gif sche wold be his servand1 sche sould have geir aneuch1 and sould not want4 ,quhairunto sche was ever reddy to accord4'#bea ,little ,jonet ,howat said that the ,devil 'bade her renounce her ,god1 and she answered1 ,marry1 shall ,i'4#beb ,in the dittay against ,christian ,grieve1 it is stated that ',sathan desired you to be his servant whilk ye willingly granted to be4444 ,and sicklike the minister posing you upon the foresaid particulars especially anent the renunciation of your ,baptism1 ye answered that ,sathan speired at you if ye would do it and ye answered ,i warrand did ,i4'#bec ,bessie ,henderson and ,janet ,brugh1 of the same ,coven1 acknowledged the same4 ,to the former 'the ,devil appeared and asked you gif you would be his servant whilk ye freely and instantly accepted and granted thereto'4#bed ,janet ,brugh was rather more emphatic3 ',sathan desired you to be his servant whilk ye willingly promised to be and likeways desired you to renounce your baptism whilk ye willingly did4'#bee ,the written contract appealed very strongly to the legal minds of the judges and magistrates1 and it is therefore often mentioned1 but in ,great ,britain there is no record of the actual wording of any individual covenant2 the ,devil seems to have kept the parchment1 paper1 or book in his own custody4 ,in ,france1 however1 such contracts occasionally fell into the hands of the authorities2 the earliest case being in #adec1 when ,guillaume ,edeline1 ,prior of ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye1 signed a compact with the ,devil1 which compact was afterwards found upon his person4#bef ,the witch ,stevenote de ,audebert1 who was burnt in ,january #afai1 showed de ,lancre 'le pacte conuention qu'elle auoit faict auec le ,diable1 escrite en sang de menstrus1 si horrible qu'on auoit horreur de la regarder'4#beg ,the contract was said to be signed always in the blood of the witch1 and here we come to a confusion between the mark made on the person and the mark made by the person4 ,it seems clear that part of the ceremony of initiation was the cutting of the skin of the candidate to the effusion of blood4 ,this is the early rite1 and it seems probable that when the written contract came into vogue the blood was found to be a convenient writing-fluid1 or was offered to the ,devil in the form of a signature4 ,this signing of a book plays a great part in the ,new ,england trials4 ,the contract was usually for the term of the witch's life1 but sometimes it was for a term of years1 the number of which varies considerably4 ,as ,scot says1 ',sometimes their homage with their oth and bargaine is receiued for a certeine terme of yeares2 sometimes for ever4'#beh ,popular belief assigns seven years as the length of time1 at the end of which period the ,devil was supposed to kill his votary4 ,the tradition seems to be founded on fact1 but there is also a certain amount of evidence that the witch was at liberty to discontinue or renew the contract at the end of the allotted term4 ,such a renewal seems also to have been made on the appointment of a new ,chief4 ,in ,france1 ,england1 and ,new ,england the term of years is mentioned2 in ,scotland it is mentioned by the legal authorities1 but from the fact that it occurs seldom1 if ever1 in the trials it would seem that the contract of the ,scotch witches was for life4 ,magdalene de la ,croix1 ,abbess of a religious house in ,cordova in #aede1 made a contract 'for the space of thirty years'1 she being then a girl of twelve4#bei ,in ,paris in #aega 'il y eut vn aduocat lequel confessa qu'il auoit pass l'obligation au ,diable renonceant ,dieu1 icelle signee de son propre sang4 ,encores s'est il verifi par plusieurs procez1 que l'obligation reciproque entre le diable1 le sorcier1 contient quelquesfois le terme d'vn an1 deux ans1 ou autre temps4'#bfj ,at ,faversham in #afde ,joan ,williford said 'that the ,devil promised to be her servant about twenty yeeres1 and that the time is now almost expired'4#bfa ,in ,huntingdonshire in #afdf ,elizabeth ,weed of ,great ,catworth confessed that 'the ,devill then offer'd her1 that hee would doe what mischiefe she should require him2 and said she must covenant with him that he must have her soule at the end of one and twenty years1 which she granted'4#bfb ,in #afeb ,giles ,fenderlin of ,leaven ,heath was tried for that when he was a soldier at ,bell in ,flanders he made a five-years' covenant with a ,jesuit2 'after the said five years was expired1 in #afdc he renew'd the said ,covenant with the ,jesuit for #ad years longer3 whereupon he drew a ,covenant for him with the ,devil1 pricking the two fore-fingers of his right hand with an needle1 and drew bloud1 wherewith he writ his name with his own bloud1 and then covenanted with the ,devil1 ,that if he should be safely protected during the space of #ad years aforesaid1 while such time as it expired1 that then he was to take away both body and soul as his own right and interest4'#bfc ,at ,lille in #affa ,madame ,bourignon's girls indicate the renewal of the contract3 ',the ,devil gives them a ,mark1 which ,marks they renew as often as those ,persons have any desire to quit him4 ,the ,devil reproves them then more severely and obligeth them to new ,promises1 making them also new ,marks for assurance or pledge1 that those ,persons should continue faithful to him4'#bfd ,in ,somerset in #affd ,elizabeth ,style said that the ,devil 'promised her ,mony1 and that she should live gallantly1 and have the pleasure of the ,world for ,twelve years1 if she would with her ,blood sign his ,paper1 which was to give her ,soul to him'4#bfe ,at ,groton in ,new ,england in #afga1 according to ,elizabeth ,knap1 'the terme of time agreed upon with him was for #g yeers2 one yeere shee was to be faithfull in his service1 and then ye other six hee would serve her1 and make her a witch'4#bff ,at ,newcastle-on-,tyne in #afgc ,ann ,armstrong 'deposeth that ,ann ,drydon had a lease for fifty yeares of the divill1 whereof ten ar expired4 ,ann ,forster had a lease of her life for #dg yeares1 whereof seaven are yet to come4 ,lucy ,thompson had a lease of two and forty1 whereof two are yet to come1 and1 her lease being near out1 they would have perswaded this informer to have taken a lease of three score yeares or upwards4'#bfg ,in ,new ,england some of the 'afflicted' said of ,goodwife ,c4 that 'she had ,covenanted with the ,devil for ten ,years1 six of them were gone1 and four more to come'4#bfh ,in modern ,france the belief in the contract for a term of years is recorded1 but nothing is said of the renewal of the contract or of the fate of the witch who refuses such a contract4 ,in the department of ,entre-,sambre-et-,meuse the full method of entering on such a contract is known3 ',si vous voulez venir au bois avec moi1 vous verrez un homme venir vous4 ,c'est le chef4 ,il vous demandera si vous voulez vous engager dans la socit4 ,si vous acceptez1 le terme d'engagement est de sept ans et vous gagnerez une plaquette par jour4'#bfi ,among the ,walloons the neophyte takes with him a black hen1 which the ,devil buys1 and then ratifies the contract1 'le pacte est fait pour une dure de sept ans4'#bgj #e4 ,the ,baptism ,records of the baptism of candidates are rare1 the rite being possibly copied from the ,christian ceremony and therefore of later date4 ,it does not seem to occur in ,england and hardly at all in ,scotland4 ,the earliest mention is in the ,basses-,pyrnes 7#afji71 where ,jeannette d',abadie stated 'qu'elle a veu souuent baptiser des enfans au sabbat1 qu'elle nous expliqua estre des enfans des sorcieres non autres1 lesquelles ont accoutume faire plustost baptiser leurs enfans au sabbat qu'en l',eglise'4#bga ,the rite1 however1 was practised in ,bute in #affb3 ,margret ,nc,levine confessed-- 'that being in a litle chamber in ,balichtarach the devill came to her in the lyknes of a man and deseired hir to goe with him1 and that she refusing he said ,i will not blank and she gave him blank she never saw afterward and that she knew it was the devill and after he went that he came bak and asked hir to give him hir hand quhich she refusing to doe he took hir by the midle finger of the rycht hand quhich he had almost cutt off hir and therwith left hir4 ,her finger was so sorely pained for the space of a moneth ther after that ther was no pain comparable to it1 as also took her by the right leg quhich was sorly pained likewayes as also be the devill4 ,item he came to her againe as she was shaking straw in the barne of ,ardroscidell in a very ugly shape and that there he desired hir to goe with him and she refusing he said to her ,i will either have thy self or then thy heart4 ,item that he healed her sore foot and finger quhich finger is yet be nummed4 ,item that before he haled her that she made a covenant with him and promised to doe him any service that he wold imploy hir in4 ,item that he asked quhat was her name4 ,she answered him ,margret the name that ,god gave me1 and he said to her ,i baptise the ,jonet4'#bgb ,isobell ,nc,nicoll 'confessed that as she was in her owne house her alone drawing acquavittie the devill came to her in the lyknes of a young man and desyred her to goe with him and confesses that she made a covenant with him quhairin he promised that she should not want meanes enough and she promised to be his servand4 ,item that he baptised her and gave her a new name and called her ,caterine4 ,item that about a moneth therafter in the night as she went out of her own back dore she met with the devill and spok with him4'#bgc--;,jonet ,mc,nicoll 'confesses with remorse that about hallowday as she was in ,mary ,moore's house that there appeared to her two men the on a gross copperfaced man and the other a wele favored young man and that the copperfaced man quhom she knew to be ane evil spirit bade her goe with him4 ,item confesses that she made a covenant with him1 and he promised that she wold not want meines eneugh and she promised to serve him and that he gave her a new name saying ,i baptise the ,mary4'#bgd--;,jonet ,morisoune 'traysted with the divill at the ,knockanrioch1 being the second tyme of her meeting with him1 that shee made covenant with the devill 444 quairin she promised to be his servant etc4 that shee asked quhat was his name his answer was my name is ,klareanough and he asked quhat was her name and she answered ,jonet ,morisoun1 the name that ,god gave me1 and he said belive not in ,christ bot belive in me4 ,i baptise the ,margarat4'#bge ,the ,swedish witches 7#affi7 were also baptized2 'they added1 that he caused them to be baptized too by such ,priests as he had there1 and made them confirm their ,baptism with dreadful ,oaths and ,imprecations4'#bgf ,curiously enough the most detailed account comes from ,new ,england 7#afib74 ,mary ,osgood1 wife of ,captain ,osgood1 went 'to five mile pond1 where she was baptized by the devil1 who dipped her face in the water1 and made her renounce her former baptism1 and told her she must be his1 soul and body for ever1 and that she must serve him1 which she promised to do4 ,she says1 the renouncing her first baptism was after her dipping4'#bgg ,the account of ,goody ,lacey's experience is given in the form of question and answer3 ',q4 ,goody ,lacey6 how many years since they were baptized8 ,a4 ,three or four years ago1 ,i suppose4 ,q4 ,who baptized them8 ,a4 ,the old serpent4 ,q4 ,how did he do it8 ,a4 ,he dipped their heads in the water1 saying1 that they were his and that he had power over them4 ,q4 ,where was this8 ,a4 ,at ,fall's ,river4 ,q4 ,how many were baptized that day8 ,a4 ,some of the chief2 ,i think they were six baptized4 ,q4 ,name them4 ,a4 ,i think they were of the higher powers4'#bgh ,a near approach to the ceremony of baptism is the blood-rite at ,auldearne1 described by ,isobel ,gowdie and ,janet ,breadheid4 ,the ,devil marked ,isobel on the shoulder1 'and suked owt my blood at that mark1 and spowted it in his hand1 and1 sprinkling it on my head1 said1 ,i baptise the1 ,janet1 in my awin name4' ,the ,devil marked ,janet ,breadheid in the same way on the shoulder1 'and suked out my blood with his mowth1 at that place2 he spowted it in his hand1 and sprinkled it on my head4 ,he baptised me thairvith in his awin nam1 ,christian4'#bgi ,though baptism is rare1 the giving of a new name on admission is peculiar to ,scotland4 ,the names seem to have been usually nicknames derived from various sources2 personal peculiarities such as ',weill dancing ,janet'1 or ',able and stout'2 contractions of the proper name1 as ',naip' for ,barbara ,napier2 or a title such as ',rob the ,rowar'1 for ,robert ,grierson1 who kept the rows or rolls4 ,most of the other names appear to have been ordinary ,christian names arbitrarily bestowed4 ,there is nothing to throw any light on the reason for the change4 ,in #aeij at ,north ,berwick the witch-name was considered of the highest importance4 ',robert ,griersoune being namit1 thay ran all hirdie-girdie and wer angrie2 for it wes promesit1 that he sould be callit ,rot the ,comptroller alias ,rob the ,rowar for expreming of his name4--,effie ,mc,calzane1 ,robert ,griersoune1 and the said ,barbara1 hapnit to be nameit thair2 quhilk offendit all the cumpany3 ,and that they sould nocht haif bene nameit with thair awin names2 ,robert ,griersoun1 to haif bene callit ,rob the rowar2 ,effie to be callit ,cane2 and the said ,barbara1 to be callit ,naip4'#bhj ,later1 the change of name was of so little value that at ,crook of ,devon several of the witches could not remember what they had been called2 ,bessie ,henderson appears to have recollected the name after a time1 for it is inserted towards the end of the confession2 ,robert ,wilson could remember the ,devil's name but not his own3 ,agnes ,brugh and ,christian ,grieve could remember neither the ,devil's nor their own4#bha ,the so-called 'christening'1 i4e4 naming1 of animals1 comes rather under the head of 'sacrifice' than of baptism1 for the ceremony appears to have been purificatory4 #f4 ,the ,mark ,the ,witches' ,mark1 or ,devil's ,mark1 as it is indifferently called1 is one of the most important points in the identification of a witch1 as the infliction of it was often the final rite in the admission ceremonies4 ,the fact that any person bore such a mark was taken as incontrovertible proof that the bearer was a witch4 ,there were two kinds of marks1 which should be carefully differentiated1 one of which was clearly natural1 the other probably artificial4 ,both were said to be insensible to pain and not to bleed when pricked or pierced4 ,local anaesthesia is vouched for in much of the evidence1 which suggests that there is a substratum of truth in the statements1 but ,i can at present offer no solution of this problem4 ,the writers on witchcraft1 particularly the legal authorities1 recognize the value of the ,mark as proof of witchcraft1 and some differentiate between the two forms2 the witches themselves made a distinction between the two1 the natural being considered inferior to the artificial4 ,reginald ,scot in #aehd summarizes the evidence in a few words3 ',the ,diuell giveth to euerie nouice a marke1 either with his teeth or with his clawes4'#bhb ,the ,lawes against ,witches and ,conivration1 published 'by authority' in #afde1 state that 'their said ,familiar hath some big or little ,teat upon their body1 wher he sucketh them3 and besides their sucking1 the ,devil leaveth other markes upon their bodies1 sometimes like a ,blew-spot1 or ,red-spot like a flea-biting'4 ,sir ,george ,mackenzie1 the famous ,scotch lawyer1 describing in #afii what did and did not legally constitute a witch1 says3 ',the ,devils ,mark useth to be a great ,article with us1 but it is not per se found relevant1 except it be confest by them1 that they got that ,mark with their own consent2 quo casu1 it is equivalent to a ,paction4 ,this ,mark is given to them1 as is alledg'd1 by a ,nip in any part of the ,body1 and it is blew4 ,delrio calls it ,stigma1 or ,character1 and alledges that it is sometimes like the impression of a ,hare's foot1 or the ,foot of a ,rat or ,spider4'#bhc ,forbes1 writing in #agcj1 says3 ',on the meaner ,proselytes the ,devil fixes in some secret ,part of their ,bodies a ,mark1 as his ,seal to know his own by2 which is like a ,flea ,bite or blew ,spot1 or sometimes resembles a little ,teat1 and the ,part so stamped doth ever after remain insensible1 and doth not bleed1 tho' never so much nipped or pricked by thrusting a ,pin1 ,awl or ,bodkin into it2 but if the ,covenanter be of better ,rank1 the ,devil only draws ,blood of the ,party1 or touches him or her in some ,part of the ,body without any visible ,mark remaining4'#bhd ,the ,mark proper appears to have been the coloured spot or design which followed the infliction of a prick or nip by the claws or teeth of the ,devil on the person of the neophyte4 ,the red mark is described as being like a flea-bite1 i4e4 small and circular2 the blue mark seems to have been larger and more elaborate1 apparently in some kind of design4 ,from the evidence five facts are clear3 7#a7 that the mark was coloured1 7#b7 that it was permanent1 7#c7 that it was caused by the pricking or tearing of the skin1 7#d7 that the operator passed his hand or fingers over the place1 7#e7 that the pain could be severe and might last a considerable time4 ,put together in this way1 the facts suggest tattooing4 ,among the ,aberdeen witches in #aeig ,andro ,man was accused that ',christsunday the ,devil bit a mark in the third finger of thy right hand1 whilk thou has yet to show'2 and ,christen ,mitchell also was accused that 'the ,devil gave thee a nip on the back of thy right hand1 for a mark that thou was one of his number'4#bhe ,according to ,boguet1 writing in #aeih1 the witches of ,eastern ,france were usually marked on the left shoulder1 and the mark was in the shape of the foot or footprint of a hare1 but he also gives some exceptional cases3 ',l'epaule gauche est l'endroit1 o plus ordinairement il marque les ,sorciers4 ,la marque des ,sorciers est tantost come vne piste ou pied de lieure1 tantost d'autre faon4 ,on en a veu vne1 qui auoit vne figure rapportant en grandeur vn petit denier1 du centre de laquelle s'estendoient plusieurs filamens vers la circonference4 ,la marque de la ,belcuenotte1 qui a est brule ,besanon1 estoit au dessus de sa nature1 vn peu plus bas que le nombril4 ,celle1 dont ,guillauma ,proby d',anchay se trouua marque au col du cost droit1 estoit de mesme de la grandeur d'vn petit denier1 tirant sur le brun4 ,iean de ,vaux auoit la siee au doz1 ressembloit vn petit chien noir4'#bhf ,de ,lancre in #afji says that in the ,basses-,pyrnes 'comme le ,diable faict sa marque1 on sent vn peu de chaleur1 qui penetre plus ou moins profondement la chair1 que plus ou moins il pince le lieu qu'il touche'4 ,as regards the position of the mark he says3 ',il les egratigne tous auec le bras gauche1 les ongles de la main senestre4 ,et tout aussi tost prenant vne espingle d'or faux1 il les marque le plus souuent dans le blc de l'il gauche1 leur imprime vne marque qui semble vn petit crapaud' elsewhere he says 'vne patte de crapaud'2 'par fois dans l'epaule cost gauche1 ou dans la cuisse1 leur rompant dechirant la peau la chair iusques effusi de sang2 si bien que pendant trois mois ils ont de tres grandes douleurs4'#bhg ,isobel ,crawford of ,irvine in #afah had 'the devill's mark1 quhilk was lyk ane braid dyn spott1 in the inner syd of hir left thie1 about ane handbraid under her lisk'4#bhh ,the ,lancashire witch1 ,margaret ,johnson1 in #afcc1 'saith1 that such ,witches as have sharpe bones given them by the devill to pricke them1 have no papps nor duggs1 but their devil receiveth blood from the place1 pricked with the bone1 which witches are more grand witches than any that have marks'4#bhi ,the ,yarmouth witch1 tried in #afdd1 saw a tall black man standing in the moonlight at her door3 'he told her1 he must first see her ,hand2 and then taking out something like a ,pen-knife1 he gave it a little ,scratch1 so that ,blood followed1 and the ,mark remained to that time4'#bij ,rebecca ,jones1 an ,essex witch tried in #afde1 confessed that 'there came one morning one to the doore and knocked1 and that this examinant going to the dore1 shee saw there a very handsome young man1 as shee then thought but now shee thinkes it was the devill2 who asked this examinant how shee did1 and desired to see her left wrist1 which shee shewed unto him3 and he then tooke a pin from this examinant's owne sleeve1 and pricked her wrist twice1 and there came out a drop of bloud1 which he took off with the top of his finger1 and so departed'4#bia ,the child-witch1 ,jonet ,howat of ,forfar1 tried in #affa1 said that 'the devil kist hir and niped hir vpon one of hir shoulders1 so as shoe hade great paine for some tyme therafter'2 later he came to her1 and 'calling hir his bony bird did kisse hir1 and straiked her shoulder 7quhich was niped7 with his hand1 and that presently after that shoe was eased of hir former paine'4 ,elspet ,alexander1 of the same ,coven1 was also marked on the shoulder2 four weeks later 'the divill straiked hir shoulder with his fingers1 and after that shoe hade ease in the place formerly niped by the devill'4#bib ,the witch girls at ,lille in #affa stated that 'le ,diable leur fait quelque marque comme avec une aleine de fer en quelque partie du corps'4#bic ,marie ,lamont of ,innerkip in #affb confessed voluntarily that 'the devill nipit her upon the right syd1 qlk was very painful for a tym1 but yairefter he straikit it with his hand1 and healed it2 this she confesses to be his mark'4#bid ,in ,bute in #affb ',margaret ,nc,william was tryed for the merk there was #c merks fund1 one up her left leg1 next hard be the shine bone1 another betwixt her shoulders a #c ane uthyr up her hensh1 blew4444 ,kat ,moore was tried1 and it was found undernethe her richt shoulder a little whyt unsensible spott'4#bie ,the ,somerset witches1 in #affd1 were marked on the fingers2 it was stated of ,elizabeth ,style that the ,devil 'prickt the fourth ,finger of hir right hand1 between the middle and upper joynt 7where the sign at the ,examination remained7'2 of ,alice ,duke1 that 'the ,devil prickt the fourth finger of her right hand between the middle and upper joynt 7where the mark is yet to be seen7'2 and of ,christian ,green1 that 'the ,man in black prickt the fourth finger of her ,right-hand between the middle and upper joints1 where the sign yet remains'4#bif ,at ,paisley in #afgh ,annabil ,stuart confessed 'that the ,devil took her by the ,hand and nipped her ,arm1 which continued to be sore for half an hour'4#big ,at ,borrowstowness the ,devil took ,margaret ,pringle 'by the right hand1 whereby it was for eight days grievowslie pained2 bot having it twitched of new againe1 it imediatelie becam haill'4#bih ,of the ,renfrewshire ,coven in #afif little ,thomas ,lindsay received 'a ,nip on the ,neck which continued sore for ,ten days'2 and ,john ,reid had 'a ,bite or ,nipp in his ,loyn1 which he found painfull for a ,fortnight'4#bii ,at ,pittenweem in #agjd the 'young lass'1 ,isobel ,adams1 confessed that the ,devil 'put his mark in her flesh which was very painful'4#cjj ,the other form of the ,devil's ,mark was the 'little ,teat'4 ,it occurred on various parts of the body2 was said to secrete milk and to give suck to the familiars1 both human and animal2 and was sometimes cut off by the witch before being searched4 ,the descriptions of the 'teat' point to its being that natural phenomenon1 the supernumerary nipple4 ,cases of polymastia or supernumerary breasts1 and of polythelia or supernumerary nipples1 are constantly recorded by modern medical observers4 ',these accessory structures are usually situated on the chest wall1 the upper part of the abdominal wall1 or in the axillae1 but they have been met with on the shoulder1 the buttock1 the thigh1 and other extraordinary positions4 ,as a rule they are functionless4'#cja ,polythelia occurs in both sexes2 according to ,bruce1 'of #cae individuals taken indiscriminately and in succession1 #g4fai per cent4 presented supernumerary nipple2 #i4aa per cent4 of #bjg men examined in succession presented supernumerary nipple2 and #d4hjg per cent4 of #ajd women4' ,he concludes that1 'according to present observations at least1 supernumerary nipples occur much more frequently in the male than in the female4'#cjb ,cameron tabulates the positions of the supernumerary nipple in #aje cases3 '#if were situated in thorax1 #e in axilla1 #b in back1 #a on shoulder1 #a outside of thigh4'#cjc ,all writers on the subject agree that the phenomenon is of more common occurrence than is usually supposed1 but that many cases pass unnoticed unless well marked when in men or causing discomfort by functioning when in women4 ,this view is supported by the fact that1 during the recent unparalleled opportunity for the physical examination of large numbers of men1 many cases have been published in the ,british ,medical ,journal for #aiag as occurring among recruits for the army4 ,the supernumerary nipple is usually very much smaller than the normal2 like the normal1 it is a modification of cutaneous tissue and is not attached to muscular tissue2 its removal is a simple operation1 in fact it would be quite possible for an unskilled operator to cut it off with a sharp knife4 ,in women the supernumerary nipple is observed to increase at the time of the periods2 in some cases during lactation so much milk is secreted as to make it a matter of indifference whether the child is suckled at the normal nipples or at the supernumerary one4 ,in cases of polymastia the nipple is not always formed2 the milk1 when secreted1 issuing from a small opening4 ,though the nipple is congenital1 the supernumerary breast may develop1 or at any rate become noticeable1 later2 the theory being that the ducts carrying the secretion from the supernumerary to the normal breast become blocked in some way1 and that the milk is thus exuded through the pore in the supernumerary breast4 ,the change in the case quoted by ,cameron1 as well as in the case of the witch ,rose ,cullender1 seems to have been caused by a strain4 ,making allowance for the unscientific language of the recorders of the witch trials1 it will be seen that the descriptions of the 'witch-pap' or 'little ,teat' exactly coincide with these anatomical facts4 ,i give the evidence below1 the trials being in chronological order4 ,it will be observed that the cases are from ,england and ,new ,england only2 if the phenomena of polymastia and polythelia occurred in ,france and ,scotland1 there are no records of the fact in the witch-trials of those countries4 ,alice ,gooderidge and her mother1 ,elizabeth ,wright1 of ,stapenhill near ,burton-on-,trent1 were tried in #aeig3 ',the old woman they stript1 and found behind her right sholder a thing much like the vdder of an ewe that giueth sucke with two teates1 like vnto two great wartes1 the one behinde vnder her armehole1 the other a hand off towardes the top of her shoulder4 ,being demanded how long she had those teates1 she aunswered she was borne so4 ,then did they search ,alice ,gooderige1 and found vpon her belly1 a hole of the bignesse of two pence1 fresh and bloudy1 as though some great wart had beene cut off the place4'#cjd ,the witch of ,edmonton1 tried in #afba3 ',the ,bench commanded three women to search the body of ,elizabeth ,sawyer4 ,they all three said1 that they a little aboue the ,fundiment of ,elizabeth ,sawyer found a thing like a ,teate the bignesse of the little finger1 and the length of half a finger1 which was branched at the top like a teate1 and seemed as though one had suckt it1 and that the bottome thereof was blew1 and the top of it was redde4'#cje ,the greatest number of cases recorded in one place is in ,essex during the trials before ,sir ,matthew ,hale in #afde3 ,anne ,leech said 'that her imps did usually suck those teats which were found about the privie parts of her body4 ,two women searched ,mary ,greenleife1 and found that the said ,mary had bigges or teates in her secret parts1 not like emerods1 nor in those places where women use to be troubled with them4 ,the examinant1 being asked how she came by those teats which were discovered in her secret parts1 she saith she knows not unlesse she was born with them3 but she never knew she had any such untill this time4 ,a woman searched ,margaret ,moone1 she found three long teates or bigges in her secret parts1 which seemed to have been lately sucked2 and that they were not like pyles1 for this informant knows well what they are1 having been troubled with them herself4 ,upon the searching of her daughters1 this informant found that two of them had biggs in their privy parts as the said ,margaret their mother had4 ,several women were required to search ,sarah ,hating1 the wife of ,william ,hating2 ,elizabeth ,harvy widow1 and ,marian ,hocket widow1 and upon her said search 7being a midwife7 found such marks or bigges1 that she never saw in other women3 for ,sarah ,hating had foure teats or bigges in those parts1 almost an inch long1 and as bigge as this informant's little finger3 ,that the said ,elizabeth ,harvy had three such biggs1 and about the same scantling3 ,and that the said ,marian ,hocket had no such bigges2 but was found in the same parts not like other honest women4 ,sarah ,barton1 the sister of the said ,marian ,hocket 7also suspected of being a witch7 said the said ,marian had cut off her bigs1 whereby she might have been suspected to have been a witch1 and laid plaisters to those places4'#cjf ',another ,evidence deposed that she once heard the said ,margaret ,landish say1 that her ,imps did usually suck two ,teats near the privy parts4'#cjg ,in ,huntingdonshire in #afdf ,john ,clarke junior1 a labourer1 was tried for witchcraft2 ,john ,browne1 a tailor1 deposed that he met ,clarke on the road1 ,clarke 'said he was in haste2 for his ,father and ,mother were accused for ,witches1 and that hee himselfe had beene searched3 and this ,informant answered1 and so have ,i4 ,then ,clarke asked this ,informant1 whether any thing were found about him1 or not8 he 7this ,informant7 answered1 that they said there were marks3 ,clarke said againe1 had you no more wit but to have your marks found8 ,i cut off mine three dayes before ,i was searched4'#cjh ,john ,palmer of ,st4 ,albans 7#afdi7 confessed that 'upon his compact with the ,divel1 hee received a flesh brand1 or mark1 upon his side1 which gave suck to two familiars'4#cji ,there were several cases in ,yorkshire3 ,in #afdi 'they searched the body of the saide ,mary ,sikes1 and founde upon the side of her seate a redd lumpe about the biggnes of a nutt1 being wett1 and that1 when they wrung it with theire fingers1 moisture came out of it like lee4 ,and they founde upon her left side neare her arme a litle lumpe like a wart1 and being puld out it stretcht about halfe an inch4 ,and they further say that they never sawe the like upon anie other weomen4'#caj ,in #afej ,frances ,ward 'saith that she was one of the fower that searched ,margaret ,morton1 and found upon her two black spotts between her thigh and her body2 they were like a wart1 but it was none4 ,and the other was black on both sides1 an inch bread1 and blew in the middest4'#caa ,at ,scarborough in #afea ',margery ,ffish1 widdow1 beinge commanded to searche the bodye of ,anne ,hunnam otherwise ,marchant1 who was accused for witchcraft2 she1 this informante1 and ,elizabeth ,jackson1 and ,eliz4 ,dale1 did accordingly searche the body of the saide ,anne ,hunnam1 otherwise ,marchant1 and did finde a little blue spott upon her left side1 into which spott this informant did thrust a pinne att which the sd4 ,ann ,hunnam never moved or seemed to feel it1 which spott grows1 out of her ffleshe or skin at her waste of a great bignesse4 ,elizabeth ,dale informeth upon oath1 that she did1 together with ,margery ,ffish1 searche ,ann ,hunnam1 otherwise ,marchant1 her bodye and saith that their was found on her left buttock a blue spott growing out of her fleshe or skin like a greate warte4#cab ,the ,kentish witch1 ,mary ,read of ,lenham1 in #afeb1 'had a visible ,teat1 under her tongue1 and did show it to many1 and it was likewise seen by this ,observator4'#cac ,in the case of the ,salisbury witch1 ,anne ,bodenham1 in #afeb1 ',women searched the ,witch in the ,gaol1 and they delivered on their oaths at the ,assises1 that they found on her shoulder a certain mark or ,teat1 about the length and bignesse of the ,niple of a ,womans breast1 and hollow and soft as a ,niple1 with a hole on the top of it3 ,and searching further1 they likewise found in her secret place another ,teat1 soft1 and like the former on her shoulder4'#cad ,in ,yorkshire again1 in #afed1 ,katherine ,earle was accused1 'and the said ,katherine hathe beene searched1 and a marke founde upon her in the likenesse of a papp'4#cae ,at ,st4 ,albans1 about #affj1 there was a man-witch1 who 'had like a ,breast on his side'4#caf ,in the same year at ,kidderminster a widow1 her two daughters1 and a man were brought to trial2 'the man had five teats1 the mother three1 and the eldest daughter one4 ,when they went to search the woman1 none were visible2 one advised to lay them on their backs1 and keep open their mouths1 and they would appear2 and so they presently appeared in sight4'#cag ,alice ,huson1 of ,burton ,agnes1 ,yorks1 in #affd1 stated that ',i have1 ,i confess1 a ,witch-pap1 which is sucked by the ,unclean ,spirit'4#cah ,abre ,grinset1 of ,dunwich1 ,suffolk1 in #affe1 said1 ',the ,devil did appear in the form of a ,pretty handsom ,young ,man first1 and since ,appeareth to her in the form of a blackish ,gray ,cat or ,kitling1 that it sucketh of a ,tett 7which ,searchers since saw in the place ,she mentioned74'#cai ,in the same year1 also in ,suffolk1 ,rose ,cullender was tried for witchcraft3 ',the searchers six women began at her head1 and so stript her naked1 and in the lower part of her belly they found a thing like a teat of an inch long1 they questioned her about it1 and she said1 that she had got a strain by carrying of water which caused that excrescence4 ,but upon narrower search1 they found in her privy parts three more excrescencies or teats1 but smaller than the former3 this deponent farther saith1 that in the long teat at the end thereof there was a little hole1 and it appeared unto them as if it had been lately sucked1 and upon the straining of it there issued out white milky matter4'#cbj ,temperance ,lloyd1 a ,devon witch1 was tried in #afhb3 ',upon search of her body this informant did find in her secret parts1 two teats hanging nigh together like unto a piece of flesh that a child had suckt4 ,and each of the said teats was about an inch in length4'#cba ,bridget ,bishop1 one of the ,new ,england witches1 was tried in #afib3 ',a ,jury of ,women found a preternatural ,teat upon her ,body2 ,but upon a second search1 within #c or #d hours1 there was no such thing to be seen4'#cbb ,elizabeth ,horner1 another ,devon witch1 tried in #afif1 'had something like a ,nipple on her ,shoulder1 which the ,children who gave evidence said was sucked by a ,toad'4#cbc ,widow ,coman1 an ,essex witch1 died a natural death in #afii3 ',upon her death ,i requested ,becke the midwife to search her body in the presence of some sober women1 which she did and assured me she never saw the like in her life that her fundament was open like a mouse-hole and that in it were two long bigges out of which being pressed issued blood that they were neither piles nor emrods for she knew both but excrescencies like to biggs with nipples which seemed as if they had been frequently sucked4'#cbd ,elinor ,shaw and ,mary ,phillips were executed in ,northampton in #agjd for witchcraft3 ',the ,infernal ,imps did ,nightly ,suck each of them a large ,teat1 or pieces of red ,flesh in their ,privy ,parts4'#cbe ,the positions of the marks are worth noting4 ,of the coloured mark it will be seen from the evidence given above that there were certain well-defined positions1 which is in itself a strong suggestion of the artificial character of this mark4 ,in ,france the usual position was the left shoulder2 in the ,basses-,pyrnes the left eye1 the left side1 and the thigh were also commonly marked2 the variations given by ,boguet are the abdomen1 the back1 and the right side of the neck4 ,in ,england it seems that only the hand and wrist were marked2 in ,somerset the exact position was between the upper and middle joints of the fourth finger of the right hand1 probably the 'ring-finger'1 but whether on the outer or inner surface is not recorded4 ,in ,scotland the position is very varied1 the right hand1 the right side1 the shoulder1 the back1 the neck1 and the loin2 at ,aberdeen the position on the right hand is still further defined as being on the back and on the third finger1 i4e4 the 'ring-finger'4 ,reginald ,scot does not distinguish between the two kinds of marks1 when he says that if the witch 'have anie privie marke under hir arme pokes1 under hir haire1 under hir lip1 or in her buttocke1 or in her privities2 it is a presumption sufficient for the judge to proceed to give sentence of death upon her'4#cbf ,but from the positions in which supernumerary nipples are known to occur1 it would seem that he is speaking of the 'little ,teat' and not of the coloured mark4 ,in six out of the thirty-two cases of supernumerary nipple cited above1 the number of nipples is not given2 though from the context it would appear that more than one was often found on each of the accused4 ,if1 therefore1 we allow two apiece for those cases not definitely specified1 there were sixty-three such nipples1 an average roughly of two to each person2 the number varying1 however1 from one to five 7this last being a man74 ,the position of the nipple on the body is given in forty-five out of the sixty-three cases3 abdomen #b1 axilla #a1 buttock #a1 fundament #c1 groin #b1 pudenda #cj1 shoulder #c1 side #c1 under tongue #a4 ,in writing of supernumerary nipples and mammae erraticae ,williams quotes cases recorded by modern observers1 in which the accessory organ occurred on the abdomen1 axilla1 inguinal region1 outer side of thigh1 shoulder1 and face4#cbg ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bba3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,id41 ,parole1 p4 #he2 ,hale1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,id41 ,vie1 p4 #baa2 ,hale1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #bbc2 ,hale1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,ravaisson 7the years #afgi-ha74 ,footnote #bbh3 ,reg4 ,scot41 ,bk4 ,,ii1 p4 #cf 7quoting from ,c4 ,agrippa74 ,footnote #bbi3 ,narrative of the ,sufferings of a ,young ,girle1 p4 xxxix4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,ib41 pp4 xl1 xli4 ,footnote #bca3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abd1 #abe4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,glanvil1 ii1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,philobiblon ,society1 viii1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,potts1 ,b #b4 ,footnote #bce3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii41 pp4 #cag-bj4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,howell1 vi1 #ffi2 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ,hist4 of ,massachusetts1 ii1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,mackenzie1 ,title x1 pp4 #dg1 #dh4 ,footnote #bch3 ,reginald ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 pp4 #dj-b4 ,footnote #bci3 ,w4 ,forbes1 ii1 #cc1 ed4 #agcj4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,potts1 ,b #d1 ,d #c4 ,footnote #bda3 ,mackenzie1 p4 #dg1 ed4 #afii4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cbb4 ,footnote #bde3 ,danaeus1 ch4 ii1 ,e #a4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,lord ,fountainhall mentions a case where a pregnant woman excepted the unborn child1 at which the devil was very angry4 ,decisions1 i1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bad2 ,hale1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #bej3 ,glanvil1 ii1 pp4 #acf1 #adh4 ,footnote #bea3 ,isobel ,inch1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #beb3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abe4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #bec3 ,burns ,begg1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #bed3 ,id41 pp4 #bbc-d4 ,footnote #bee3 ,id41 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #bef3 ,lea1 iii1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #beg3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #beh3 ,reg4 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #bei3 ,pleasant ,treatise1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,bodin1 ,flau1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,examination of ,joan ,williford1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,davenport1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,mrs4 ,joan ,peterson1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bbc2 ,hale1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #bff3 ,green1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,increase ,mather1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,lemoine1 ,la ,tradition1 vi 7#ahib71 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,monseur1 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #bga3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,highland ,papers1 vol4 iii1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,ib41 vol4 iii1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,ib41 vol4 iii1 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #bge3 ,highland ,papers1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cba4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,howell1 vi1 #ffj2 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ii1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ii1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjc1 #fag4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bci1 #bdf4 ,footnote #bha3 ,burns ,begg1 x1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bcb1 #bci4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #dc2 see also ,danaeus1 ch4 iii4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,mackenzie1 title x1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,forbes1 ii1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #abj1 #afe4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,boguet1 pp4 #cae1 #caf1 #cag4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #aie1 #cii4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,isobel ,inch1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #bij3 ,hale1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #bia3 ,howell1 iv1 #hed-e4 ,footnote #bib3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abd-f4 ,footnote #bic3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #bid3 ,sharpe1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #bie3 ,highland ,papers1 iii1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #bif3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acf1 #adh1 #aef4 ,footnote #big3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #bih3 ,scots ,magazine1 #ahad1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #bii3 ,narrative of the ,sufferings1 pp4 xli1 xliv4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,sinclair1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #cja3 ,thompson and ,miles1 ii1 p4 #cda4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,journal of ,anatomy1 xiii1 pp4 #dch1 #ddg4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,id41 xiii1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,alse ,gooderidge1 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #cje3 ,elisabeth ,sawyer1 ,b #c1 obv4 and rev4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,howell1 iv1 #hch1 #hdc1 #hdh1 #hdi1 #hej1 #hea4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,four ,notorious ,witches at ,worcester1 p4 #d4 ,the place is wrongly given3 it should be ,essex1 not ,worcester4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,davenport1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #cji3 ,gerish1 ,the ,divel's ,delusions1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #caj3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #caa3 ,id41 xl1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #cab3 ,county ,folklore1 ii1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #cac3 ,prod4 and ,trag4 ,hist41 p4 #f4 ,footnote #cad3 ,bower1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cae3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #caf3 ,gerish1 ,relation of ,mary ,hall1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #cag3 ,howell1 iv1 #hbg note4 ,footnote #cah3 ,hale1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #cai3 ,petto1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,howell1 vi1 #fif4 ,footnote #cba3 ,id41 viii1 #ajbb4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,mather1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,historical ,essay1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,gilbert1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,witches of ,northamptonshire1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,r4 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 ch4 #e4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,journal of ,anatomy1 xxv1 #bbe seq4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,assemblies ,there were two kinds of assemblies2 the one1 known as the ,sabbath1 was the ,general ,meeting of all the members of the religion2 the other1 to which ,i give--on the authority of ,estebne de ,cambrue--the name of ,esbat1 was only for the special and limited number who carried out the rites and practices of the cult1 and was not for the general public4 ,the derivation of the word ,sabbath in this connexion is quite unknown4 ,it has clearly nothing to do with the number seven1 and equally clearly it is not connected with the ,jewish ceremonial4 ,it is possibly a derivative of s'esbattre1 'to frolic'2 a very suitable description of the joyous gaiety of the meetings4 #a4 ,sabbath ,locomotion4--,the method of going to the meetings varied according to the distance to be traversed4 ,in an immense majority of cases the means of locomotion are not even mentioned1 presumably therefore the witches went on foot1 as would naturally be the case in going to the local meeting or ,esbat1 which was attended only by those who lived near4 ,there are1 however1 a few instances where it was thought worth while to mention that the worshippers walked to the meeting4 ,boguet 7#aeih71 who yields to none in his accounts of magical means of going to the ,sabbath1 says1 'les ,sorciers netmoins vont quelquefois de pied au ,sabbat1 ce qui leur aduient principalement1 lors que le lieu1 o ils font leur assemble1 n'est pas guieres eslongn de leur habitation'1 and cites in confirmation the evidence of ,george and ,antoinette ,gandillon and their father ,pierre1 ,clauda ,ianprost1 ,clauda ,ianguillaume1 ,iaquema ,paget1 ,gros ,iaques1 the two brothers ,claude and ,claude ,charloz1 ,pierre ,willermoz1 l',aranthon1 ,pernette ,molard1 ,ianne ,platet1 and ,clauda ,paget4#cbh ,iaquema ,paget's account of how she and ,antoine ,tornier went to a meeting on their way home from the harvest field 7see p4 #aba71 proves that they were on foot4 ,the ,lang-,niddry witches 7#afjh7 clearly walked1 they 'convenit thame selffis at ,deane-fute of ,lang-,niddry 444 thaireftir thay past altogidder to the said ,beigis hous in ,lang-,nydry where they drank2 and thaireftir come with all thair speid to ,seaton-thorne be-north the zet2 quhair the ,devill callit for the said ,christiane ,tod1 and past to ,robert ,smartis house1 and brocht hir out4444 ,and thay thaireftir past altogidder1 with the ,devill1 to the irne zet of ,seatoun4444 ,and thaireftir come all bak agane to the ,deane-fute1 quhair first thai convenit4'#cbi ,the distance from ,lang ,niddry to ,seaton ,castle is under a mile4 ,isaac de ,queyran 7#afji71 a young fellow of twenty-five1 told de ,lancre that those living at a distance flew home through the air1 the near ones returned on foot4#ccj ,barthlemy ,minguet of ,brcy was tried in #afaf3 ',enquis1 de quelle faon sa femme fut au ,sabbat la premiere fois4 ,respond1 qu'elle y fut transporte par le ,diable1 lequel la rapporta apres le ,sabbat1 que la seconde fois qu'elle y a est1 elle y fut de son pied avec luy1 s'en retourna de son pied1 qu'elle n'y a iamais est que ces deux fois4'#cca ,helen ,guthrie of ,forfar 7#affa7 said that 'herselfe1 ,isobell ,shyrie1 and ,elspet ,alexander1 did meit togither at ane aile house near to ,barrie1 a litle befor sunsett1 efter they hade stayed in the said house about the spaice of ane houre drinking of thrie pintis of ale togidder1 they went foorth to the sandis1 and ther thrie other women met them1 and the divell wes there present with them all 444 and they parted so late that night that she could get no lodging1 but wes forced to lye at ane dyk syde all night4'#ccb ,christian ,grieve1 of ,crook of ,devon 7#affb71 acknowledged 'that ye came to the foresaid meeting immediately after your goodman and the rest went to bed1 and that ye locked the door and put the key under the same1 and that ye and the said ,margaret ,young your neighbor came foot for foot to the foresaid meeting and that ye stayed at the foresaid meeting about the space of two hours and came back again on your foot1 and the foresaid ,margaret ,young with you1 and found the key of the door in that same place where you left it1 and declared that neither your husband nor any other in the house was waking at your return'4#ccc ,at ,lille 7#affa7 the girl ,bellot1 then aged fifteen1 said that 'her ,mother had taken her with her when she was very ,young1 and had even carried her in her ,arms to the ,witches ,sabbaths or ,assemblies'4#ccd ,at ,strathdown 7eighteenth century7 the witches went along the side of the river ,avon to ,craic-pol-nain1 fording the river on foot4#cce ,in the cases cited above there is nothing in the least bizarre or extraordinary1 but there are other methods recorded of reaching the distant meetings4 ,sometimes the obvious means was by riding on a horse2 sometimes the witches were accused1 or claimed the power1 of flying through the air1 of riding in the air on a stick1 of riding on animals or human beings1 which latter were sometimes in their own natural form and sometimes enchanted into the form of animals4 ,the following instances are of those who rode to or from the meetings on horseback4 ,agnes ,sampson of ,north ,berwick 7#aeij7 said that 'the ,devil in mans likeness met her going out in the fields from her own house at ,keith1 betwixt five and six at even1 being her alone and commanded her to be at ,north-,berwick ,kirk the next night3 ,and she passed there on horse-back1 conveyed by her ,good-son1 called ,iohn ,couper'4#ccf ,boguet 7#afjh7 mentions1 in passing1 the fact that the witches sometimes rode on horses4#ccg ,the ,lancashire witches 7#afac71 after the meeting at ,malking ,tower1 'went out of the said ,house in their owne shapes and likenesses4 ,and they all1 by that they were forth of the dores1 gotten on ,horseback1 like vnto foals1 some of one colour1 some of another4'#cch ,this was the usual mode of locomotion among the ,lancashire witches1 for ,margaret ,johnson 7#afcc7 said that at the meeting at ,hoarstones 'there was1 at yt tyme1 between #cj and #dj witches1 who did all ride to the said meetinge'4#cci ,isobell ,gowdie 7#affb7 said1 ',i haid a little horse1 and wold say1 ,horse and ,hattock1 in the ,divellis name6'#cdj ,the most detailed account is from ,sweden 7#affi73 ',another ,boy confessed too1 that one day he was carried away by his ,mistriss1 and to perform the ,journey he took his own ,father's ,horse out of the ,meadow where it was1 and upon his return she let the ,horse go in her own ground4 ,the next morning the ,boys ,father sought for his ,horse1 and not finding it1 gave it over for lost2 but the ,boy told him the whole story1 and so his ,father fetcht the ,horse back again4'#cda ,we now come to the marvellous and magical means of locomotion4 ,the belief in the power of witches to ride in the air is very ancient and universal in ,europe4 ,they flew either unsupported1 being carried by the ,devil1 or were supported on a stick2 sometimes1 however1 an animal which they rode passed through the air4 ,the flying was usually preceded by an anointing of the whole or part of the body with a magical ointment4 ,the earliest example of unsupported flying is from ,paul ,grilland 7#aecg71 who gives an account of an ,italian witch in #aebf1 who flew in the air with the help of a magic ointment4#cdb ,reginald ,scot 7#aehd7 says that the ointment 'whereby they ride in the aire' was made of the flesh of unbaptized children1 and gives two recipes3 #a ',the fat of yoong children1 and seeth it with water in a brasen vessell1 reseruing the thickest of that which remaineth boiled in the bottome1 which they laie up and keepe1 untill occasion serueth to use it4 ,they put hereunto ,eleoselinum1 ,aconitum1 ,frondes populeas1 and ,soote4' #b ',sium1 acarum vulgare1 pentaphyllon1 the blood of a flitter mouse1 solanum somniferum1 and oleum4 ,they stampe all these togither1 and then they rubbe all parts of their bodys exceedinglie1 till they looke red1 and be verie hot1 so as the pores may be opened1 and their flesh soluble and loose4 ,they ioine herewithall either fat1 or oil in steed thereof1 that the force of the ointment maie the rather pearse inwardly1 and so be more effectuall4 ,by this means in a moonlight night they seeme to be carried in the aire4'#cdc ,so far this is only hearsay evidence1 but there is also a certain amount of first-hand testimony1 the witches declaring that they actually passed through the air above ground1 or had seen others do so4 ,in #aeih ',thieuenne ,paget racontoit1 que le ,diable s'apparut elle la premiere fois en plein midy1 en forme d'vn grand homme noir1 que comme elle se fut baille luy1 il l'embrassa l'esleva en l'air1 la transporta en la maison du prel de ,longchamois 444 puis la rapporta au lieu mesme1 o il l'auoit prise4 ,antide ,colas disoit1 que le soir1 que ,satan s'apparut elle en forme d'vn homme de grande stature1 ayant sa barbe ses habillemens noirs1 il la transporta au ,sabbat1 qu'aux autres fois1 il la venoit prendre dans son lict1 l'emportoit comme si c'eust est vn vent froid1 l'empoignant par la teste4'#cdd ,isaac de ,queyran 7#afji71 whose evidence has already been quoted1 said that the witches living at a distance flew home through the air4#cde ,in ,france 7#afeb7 'lors qu'elle vouloit aller aux danses1 elle se oindoit d'ung onguen qui lui estoit donn par vn sorcier envoy par le diable4 ,que lors elle s'en alloit comme ung vent aux dictes danses avecque les aultres4'#cdf ,at ,crook of ,devon 7#affa7 ,bessie ,henderson confessed 'that ye was taken out of your bed to that meeting in an flight'4#cdg ,the most detail comes from an ,english source3 the ,somerset witches 7#affd7 claimed that they habitually flew through the air by means of a magical oil and magical words4 ,elizabeth ,style said3 ',before they are carried to their meetings1 they anoint their ,foreheads1 and ,hand-wrists with an ,oyl the ,spirit brings them 7which smells raw7 and then they are carried in a very short time1 using these words as they pass1 ,thout1 tout a tout1 tout1 throughout and about4 ,and when they go off from their ,meetings1 they say1 ,rentum1 ,tormentum 444 all are carried to their several homes in a short space4' ,alice ,duke gave the same testimony1 noting besides that the oil was greenish in colour4 ,anne ,bishop1 the ,officer of the ,somerset covens1 confessed that 'her ,forehead being first anointed with a ,feather dipt in ,oyl1 she hath been suddenly carried to the place of their meeting4444 ,after all was ended1 the ,man in black vanished4 ,the rest were on a sudden conveighed to their homes4'#cdh ,the belief that the witches actually rode in the air seated on some concrete object1 such as an animal1 a human being1 or a stick1 is both ancient and universal1 and is reflected in the ecclesiastical and civil laws1 of which the earliest is the decree of the ninth century1 attributed to the ,council of ,ancyra4 ',certeine wicked women following sathans prouocations1 being seduced by the illusion of diuels1 beleeve and professe1 that in the night times they ride abroad with ,diana1 the goddesse of the ,pagans1 or else with ,herodias1 with an innumerable multitude1 vpon certeine beasts 444 and doo whatsoeuer those fairies or ladies command4'#cdi ,the laws of ,lorraine 7#acbi-df7 decree that 'celui qui fera magie1 sortilge1 billets de sort1 pronostic d'oiseau ou se vanteroit d'avoir chevauch la nuit avec ,diane ou telle autre vielle qui se dit magicienne1 sera banni et payera dix livres tournois'4#cej ,the witches themselves confirmed the statements about riding on animals to the ,sabbath4 ,rolande du ,vernier 7#aeih7 confessed 'que lors qu'elle y fut1 elle y alla sur vn gros mouton noir1 qui la portoit si viste en l'air1 qu'elle ne se pouuoit recognoistre'4#cea ,de ,lancre says that the witches 'se font porter iusqu'audit lieu1 sur vne beste1 qui semble parfois vn cheual1 parfoys vn homme'4#ceb ,margaret ,johnson 7#afcc7 'saith1 if they desyre to be in any place upon a sodaine1 theire devill or spirit will1 upon a rodde1 dogge1 or any thinge els1 presently convey them thither'4#cec ,one of ,madame ,bourignon's girls1 then aged twelve 7#affa71 declared that 'her said ,lover came upon a little ,horse1 and took her by the ,hand1 asking her if she would be his ,mistress1 and she saying ,ay1 she was catched up into the ,air with him and the other ,girls1 and they flew all together to a great ,castle'4#ced ,the ,swedish witches 7#affi7 said3 ',he set us on a ,beast which he had there ready1 and carried us over ,churches and high walls 444 he gives us a horn with a ,salve in it1 wherewith we do anoint our selves2 and then he gives us a ,saddle1 with a ,hammer and a wooden nail1 thereby to fix the ,saddle2 whereupon we call upon the ,devil1 and away we go4444 ,for their journey they said they made use of all sorts of ,instruments1 of ,beasts1 of ,men1 of ,spits and ,posts4 ,what the manner of their ,journey is1 ,god alone knows4444 ,blockula is scituated in a delicate large ,meadow whereof you can see no end4 ,they went into a little ,meadow distinct from the other1 where the ,beasts went that they used to ride on3 ,but the ,men whom they made use of in their ,journey1 stood in the ,house by the ,gate in a slumbering posture1 sleeping against the wall4'#cee ,human beings were also said to be ridden upon in other places besides ,sweden4 ,agnes ,spark of ,forfar 7#affa7 said she 'hard people ther present did speake of ,isabell ,shirie1 and say that shoe was the devill's horse1 and that the divill did allwayes ryde upon hir1 and that shoe was shoad lyke ane mare1 or ane horse'4#cef ,ann ,armstrong1 of a ,northumbrian ,coven 7#afgc7-- 'saith1 that since she gave information against severall persons who ridd her to severall places where they had conversation with the divell1 she hath beene severall times lately ridden by ,anne ,driden and ,anne ,forster1 and was last night ridden by them to the rideing house in the close on the common4444 ,whilst she was lying in that condition i4e4 a fitt1 which happened one night a little before ,christmas1 about the change of the moone1 the informant see the said ,anne ,forster come with a bridle1 and bridled her and ridd upon her crosse-leggd1 till they come to 7the7 rest of her companions at ,rideing millne bridg-end1 where they usually mett4 ,and when she light of her back1 pulld the bridle of this informer's head1 now in the likenesse of a horse2 but1 when the bridle was taken of1 she stood up in her own shape4444 ,and when they had done1 bridled this informer1 and the rest of the horses1 and rid home4444 ,upon ,collupp ,munday last1 being the tenth of ,february1 the said persons met at ,allensford1 where this informant was ridden upon by an inchanted bridle by ,michael ,aynsley and ,margaret his wife4 ,which inchanted bridle1 when they tooke it from her head1 she stood upp in her owne proper person4444 ,on ,monday last at night1 she1 being in her father's house1 see one ,jane ,baites1 of ,corbridge1 come in the forme of a gray catt with a bridle hanging on her foote1 and breath'd upon her and struck her dead1 and bridled her1 and rid upon her in the name of the devill southward1 but the name of the place she does not now remember4 ,and the said ,jane allighted and pulld the bridle of her head4'#ceg ,the method of locomotion which has most impressed the popular imagination and has become proverbial was riding on a stick1 generally said to be a broomstick4 ,it must1 however1 be remembered that one of the earliest cases on record of stick-riding does not definitely state that the witch flew through the air4 ,this was the case of the ,lady ,alice ,kyteler in #acbd1 when 'in rifleing the closet of the ladie1 they found a ,pipe of oyntment1 wherewith she greased a staffe1 upon the which she ambled and galloped through thick and thin1 when and in what maner she listed'4#ceh ,though ,holinshed is not always a reliable authority1 it is worth while to compare this account with the stick-riding of the ,arab witches and the tree-riding of the ,aberdeen ,covens 7see pp4 #aaj1 #acd74 ,the number of cases vouched for by the persons who actually performed or saw the feat of riding on a stick through the air are disappointingly few4 ,guillaume ,edeline1 prior of ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye 7#adec71 'se mit en telle servitude de l'ennemy1 qu'il luy convenoit estre en certain lieu toutes fois qu'il estoit par ledit ennemy vocqu3 ouquel lieu ilz avoient accoustum faire leur consistoire1 et ne luy falloit que monter sur ung balay1 qu'aussi-tost il estoit prestement transport l o ledit consistoire se faisoit'4#cei ,the ,guernsey witch1 ,martin ,tulouff 7#aefc71 confessed '99q il soy est trouv avecq la dite viellesse ou elle chevaucha ung genest et luy ung aultre1 et 99q ladte viellesse monta a mont la chemynee et 99q il en perdyt la veue et 99q elle disoet devt 99q monter ,va au nom du diable et luciffer dessq roches et espyes et 99q por luy il ne pouvoet ainsy faire1 et dt 99q sa mere a chevauche le genest 99p ,,iv ou ,v foys et 99q il l'a veue monter a mont la cheminee'4#cfj ,danaeus 7#aege7 sums up the evidence of the witches themselves3 ',he promiseth that himself will conuay them thither1 that are so weak that they cannot trauaile of themselues3 which many tymes he doth by meanes of a staffe or rod1 which he deliuereth vnto th1 or promiseth to doo it by force of a certen oyntment1 which he will geue them3 and sometimes he offreth them an horse to ride vpon4'#cfa ,boguet's experience 7#aeih7 is more dramatic than that of ,danaeus3 ',les autres y vont1 tantost sur vn ,bouc1 tantost sur vn cheual1 tantost sur vn ballet1 ou ramasse1 sortans ces derniers de leurs maisons le plus souuent par la cheminee4444 ,les vns encor se frottent auparauant de certaine graisse1 oignement3 les autres ne se frottent en aucune faon4'#cfb ,he also records the actual evidence of individual witches3 ,franoise ,secretain said 'qu'elle avoit est vne infinit de fois au ,sabbat assemblee des ,sorciers 444 qu'elle y alloit sur vn baston blanc1 qu'elle mettoit entre ses iambes4#cfc--;,claudine ,boban1 ieune fille confessa1 qu'elle1 sa mere montoient sur vne ramasse1#cfd que sortans le contremont de la chemine elles alloient par l'air en ceste faon au ,sabbat4'#cfe ,in ,belgium ,claire ,goessen 7#afjc7 confessed 'qu'elle s'est trouve diverses assembles nocturnes tenues par lui1 dans lesquelles elle s'est laisse transporter au moyen d'un bton enduit d'onguent'4#cff ,isobell ,gowdie 7#affb7 was fully reported as regards the methods of locomotion used by the witches1 though in other places her evidence is unfortunately cut short3 ',i haid a little horse1 and wold say1 ,horse and ,hattock1 in the ,divellis name6 ,and than ve void flie away1 quhair ve vold1 be ewin as strawes wold flie wpon an hie-way4 ,we will flie lyk strawes quhan we pleas2 wild-strawes and corne-strawes wilbe horses to ws1 an ve put thaim betwixt our foot1 and say1 ,horse and ,hattok1 in the ,divellis name6 444 ,quhan we wold ryd1 we tak windle-strawes1 or been-stakes bean-stalks1 and put them betwixt owr foot1 and say thryse1 ,horse and ,hattok1 horse and goe1 ,horse and pellattis1 ho6 ho6 and immediatlie we flie away whair euir we wold4444 ,all the ,coeven did fflie lyk cattis1 bot ,barbara ,ronald1 in ,brightmanney1 and ,i1 still always read on an horse1 quhich ve vold mak of a straw or beein-stalk4'#cfg ,julian ,cox 7#affd7 said that 'one evening she walkt out about a ,mile from her own ,house1 and there came riding towards her three persons upon three ,broom-staves1 born up about a yard and an half from the ground4 ,two of them she formerly knew1 which was a ,witch and a ,wizzard4444 ,the third person she knew not4 ,he came in the shape of a black ,man4'#cfh ,two of the ,new ,england witches 7#afib7 confessed to riding on a pole2 ,mary ,osgood1 wife of ,capt4 ,osgood of ,andover1 'was carried through the air to five-mile pond 444 she was transported back again through the air1 in company with the forenamed persons1 in the same manner as she went1 and believes they were carried upon a pole'4#cfi ,goody ,foster's evidence was reported by two authors3 ',one ,foster confessed that the ,devil carry'd them on a pole1 to a ,witch-meeting2 but the pole broke1 and she hanging about ,martha ,carrier's neck1 they both fell down1 and she then received an hurt by the ,fall1 whereof she was not at this very time recovered4'#cgj ,the second account is substantially the same3 ',in particular ,goody ,f4 said 7,inter alia7 that she with two others 7one of whom acknowledged the same7 ,rode from ,andover to the same ,village ,witch meeting upon a stick above ground1 and that in the way the stick brake1 and gave the said ,f4 a fall3 whereupon1 said she1 ,i got a fall and hurt of which ,i am still sore4'#cga ,site4--,the ,sabbath seems to have been originally held on a fixed site4 ,so much so was this the case that de ,lancre is able to say1 'communement ils l'appellent ,aquelarre1 qui signifie ,lane de ,bouc1 comme qui diroit la lane ou lde1 o le ,bouc conuoque ses assemblees4 ,et de faict les ,sorciers qui confessent1 nommt le lieu pour la chose1 la chose ou ,assemblee pour le lieu3 tellement qu'encore que proprement ,lane de ,bouc1 soit le ,sabbat qui se tient s landes1 si est-ce qu'ils appellent aussi bien ,lane de ,bouc1 le ,sabbat qui se tient s ,eglises1 s places des villages1 paroisses1 maisons1 autres lieux4'#cgb ,the confusion of the original ,lane de ,bouc1 i4e4 the ,sabbath or ,great ,assembly1 with local meetings is thus shown to be due to the inaccuracy of the witches themselves2 and therefore it is not surprising that de ,lancre and other authors should also fail to distinguish between the two4 ,still1 in many of the records there are certain indications by which it is possible to recognize the localities where the real ,sabbath1 the true ,lane de ,bouc1 was held4 ,de ,lancre himself notes that the ,sabbath must be held near a lake1 stream1 or water of some kind4#cgc ,bodin1 however1 gives a better clue1 ',les lieux des assemblees des ,sorciers sont notables1 signalez de quelques arbres1 ou croix4'#cgd ,the croix is clearly the ,christian form of the standing stone which is a marked feature in many descriptions of the ,sabbath2 and ,bodin's statement recalls one of the laws of ,cnut in the eleventh century1 ',we earnestly forbid every heathenism3 heathenism is1 that men worship idols2 that is that they worship heathen gods1 or stones1 or forest trees of any kind4' ,estebne de ,cambrue 7#aefg7 said1 ',le lieu de ceste grande conuocation s'appelle generalement par tout le pays la ,lanne de ,bouc4 ,o ils se mettent dancer l'entour d'vne pierre1 qui est plante audit lieu1 sur laquelle est assis vn grand homme noir4'#cge ,at ,poictiers in #aegd four witches1 one woman and three men1 said that they went 'trois fois l'an1 l'assemblee generale1 o plusieurs ,sorciers se trouuoyt prs d'vne croix d'vn carrefour1 qui seruoit d'enseigne'4#cgf ,at ,aberdeen in #aeif the witches acknowledged that they danced round the market cross and the 'fische croce' on ,all-,hallow-eve2 and also round 'ane gray stane' at the foot of the hill at ,craigleauch4#cgg ,margaret ,johnson 7#afcc7 said 'shee was not at the greate meetinge at ,hoarestones at the ,forest of ,pendle upon ,all ,saints day'4#cgh ,though no stone is actually mentioned the name suggests that there had been1 or still were1 one or more stones standing in that place4 ,the ,swedish witches 7#affi7 seem to have used the same site for both kinds of meetings2 ,blockula seems to have been a building of some kind1 set in a meadow which was entered by a painted gate2 within the building were rooms and some kind of chapel for the religious service4#cgi ,the ,new ,england recorders 7#afib7 did not enter into much detail1 but even among them the fact is mentioned that there was 'a ,general ,meeting of the ,witches1 in a ,field at ,salem-,village'4#chj ,in modern times the identification of stones or of certain places with the ,devil or with witch meetings is very noticeable4 ,out of innumerable instances ,i will mention only a few4 ,in ,guernsey the ,catioroc is always identified as the site of the ,sabbath4 ,in ,belgium ' ,godarville 7,hainaut7 se trouve un tunnel hant par les sorcires2 elles y tiennent leur sabbat'4#cha ',un bloc de pierre isol et d'aspect extraordinaire est gnralement appel pierre du diable4 ,exemples3 ,a7 le dolmen dtruit prs de ,namur2 ,b7 la grande pierre en forme de table demi encastre dans la route qui conduit du village de ,sny celui d',ellemelle 7,candroz72 ,c7 le fais du diable1 bloc de grs d'environ #hjj mtres cubes1 isol dans la bruyre entre ,wanne et ,grand-,halleux prs de ,stavelot2 ,d7 les murs du diable ,pepinster1 c4--,dans plusieurs cantons1 il y a un terrain que l'on apple tchan d makral1 champ des sorciers4 ,c'est le cas prs de ,remouchamps1 prs de ,tongres1 prs de la ,gileppe et prs de ,grand-,halleux4'#chb ,it is also noticeable how many of our own stone circles1 such as the ,nine ,maidens1 the ,dancing ,maidens1 and so on1 are connected by tradition with women who danced there on the ,sabbath4 ,date4--,it appears from the evidence that certain changes took place in course of time in the religion2 and1 as might be expected1 this is shown very markedly in the festivals4 ,the ancient festivals remained all through1 and to them were added the festivals of the succeeding religions4 ,the original celebrations belonged to the ,may-,november year1 a division of time which follows neither the solstices nor the agricultural seasons2 ,i have shown below 7pp4 #acj1 #agh7 that there is reason to believe these festivals were connected with the breeding seasons of the flocks and herds4 ,the chief festivals were3 in the spring1 ,may ,eve 7,april #cj71 called ,roodmas or ,rood ,day in ,britain and ,walpurgis-,nacht in ,germany2 in the autumn1 ,november ,eve 7,october #ca71 called in ,britain ,allhallow ,eve4 ,between these two came3 in the winter1 ,candlemas 7,february #b72 and in the summer1 the ,gule of ,august 7,august #a71 called ,lammas in ,britain4 ,to these were added the festivals of the solstitial invaders1 ,beltane at midsummer and ,yule at midwinter2 the movable festival of ,easter was also added1 but the equinoxes were never observed in ,britain4 ,on the advent of ,christianity the names of the festivals were changed1 and the date of one--,roodmas--was slightly altered so as to fall on ,may #c2 otherwise the dates were observed as before1 but with ceremonies of the new religion4 ,therefore ,boguet is justified in saying that the witches kept all the ,christian festivals4 ,but the ,great ,assemblies were always held on the four original days1 and it is this fact which makes it possible to distinguish with certainty between the ,sabbath and the ,esbat whenever dates are mentioned4 ,de ,lancre1 generalizing from the evidence before him1 says1 ',quelquefois il y a des ,sabbats assemblees generales qui se font ordinairement les quatre festes annuelles'2#chc and he also gives the words of a witch1 tried in #aefg3 ',estebne de ,cambrue dit que les ,sorcieres n'alloient en la grande assemblee au grand ,sabbat que quatre fois l'anne4'#chd ,the four actual days are given in only one trial1 that of ,issobell ,smyth at ,forfar in #affa1 ',by these meitings shee mett with him every quarter at ,candlemas1 ,rud-day1 ,lambemas1 and ,hallomas'1#che but it is very clear that these were the regular days1 from the mention of them individually in both ,england and ,scotland4 ,at ,north ,berwick ',barbara ,napier was accused of being present at the convention on ,lammas ,eve at the ,new haven' three ,covens1 i4e4 thirty-nine persons1 were assembled4 ',and the said ,barbara was accused that she gave her bodily presence upon ,all ,hallow even last was1 #aeij years1 to the frequent convention holden at the ,kirk of ,north-,berwick1 where she danced endlong the ,kirk-yard1 and ,gelie ,duncan played on a trump1 ,john ,fian1 missellit1 led the ring2 ,agnes ,sampson and her daughters and all the rest following the said ,barbara1 to the number of seven score persons4'#chf ,the dittays against the witches of ,aberdeen in #aeif show that 'wpoun ,hallowewin last bypast1 att tuelff houris at ewin or thairby1 thow the said ,thomas ,leyis 444 withe ane gryit number of vtheris witchis1 come to the mercatt and fische croce of ,aberdene1 wnder the conduct and gyding of the ,dewill present withe you1 all in company1 playing befoir yow on his kynd of instrumentis4 ,ye all dansit about baythe the saidis croces1 and the meill mercatt1 ane lang space of tyme4'#chg ,christen ,michell and ,bessie ,thom had been not only at the ,allhallow ,eve meeting with ,thomas ,leyis but also at another before that4 ',thow confessis that1 thrie yeris sensyn1 vpon the ,ruidday1 airlie in the morning1' ,bessie ,thom3 'befoir sone rysing' 'thow1 accumpaniet with 444 certan vtheris witchis1 thy devilische adherentis1 convenit vpon ,sainct ,katherines ,hill 444 and thair1 vnder the conduct of ,sathan1 present with yow1 playing befoir yow1 efter his forme1 ye all dansit a devilische danse1 rydand on treis1 be a lang space4'#chh ,in #aeig ,issobell ,richie1 ,margrat ,og1 ,helene ,rogie1 ,jonet ,lucas1 ,jonet ,dauidsone1 ,issobell ,oige1 and ,beatrice ,robbie were accused of a meeting at ,craigleauche1 near ,aberdeen3 ',thow art indyttit for the being at the twa devylische dances betuixt ,lumfannand and ,cragleauche1 with vmquhile ,margerat ,bane1 vpon ,alhalowewin last1 quhair thow conferrit with the ,dewill4'#chi ,in ,ayrshire in #afjd ,patrik ,lowrie and his companion-witches were accused that they 'att ,hallowevin in the yeir of ,god foirsaid1 assemblit thame selffis vpon ,lowdon-hill1 quhair thair appeirit to thame ane devillische ,spreit'4#cij ,margaret ,johnson1 of the second generation of ,lancashire witches1 in #afcc said 'shee was not at the greate meetinge at ,hartford in the ,forrest of ,pendle on ,all ,saintes day'4#cia ,isobel ,gowdie 7,auldearne1 #affb7 does not enter into her usual detail1 but merely states that 'a ,grand ,meitting vold be about the end of ilk ,quarter'4#cib ,of the festivals belonging to later religions several mentions are made4 ,de ,lancre1 when giving a general account of the ceremonies1 says that the witches of the ,basses-,pyrnes went to their assemblies at ,easter and other solemn festivals1 and that their chief night was that of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4#cic ,jane ,bosdeau1 from the ,puy-de-,dme district 7#aeid71 bears this out1 for she went to a meeting with the ,devil 'at ,midnight on the ,eve of ,st4 ,john'4#cid ,antide ,colas 7#aeih7 'auoit est au ,sabbat vn chacun bon iour de l'an1 comme ,noel1 ,pasques1 la feste de ,dieu'4#cie ,both generations of ,lancashire witches 7#afac and #afcc7 kept ,good ,friday4#cif ,jonet ,watson of ,dalkeith 7#affa7 was at a meeting 'about the tyme of the last ,baille-ffyre night'4#cig ,the ,crook of ,devon witches 7#affb7 met on ,st4 ,andrew's ,day1 at ,yule4#cih ,in ,connecticut 7#affb7 the 'high frolic' was to be held at ,christmas4#cii ,hour4--,the actual hour at which the ,sabbath was held is specified in very few cases2 it appears to have been a nocturnal assembly1 beginning about midnight and lasting till early dawn or cockcrow4 ',le coq s'oyt par fois s sabbats sonnt la retraicte aux ,sorciers4'#djj ,in the ,vosges in #adjh the meeting was held 'en la minuit et la deuxieme heure'4#dja ,in ,lorraine in #aehi ',johannes a ,villa und ,agathina des ,schneiders ,francisci ,weib1 sagt1 eine oder zwey ,stunde vor ,mitternacht were die bequemste ,zeit darzu'4#djb ,at ,north ,berwick1 in #aeij1 ,agnes ,sampson arrived at the appointed place 'about eleven hours at even'4#djc ,the ,aberdeen witches in #aeig held their dance 'wpon ,hallowewin last bypast1 at tuelff houris at ewin or thairby' 7or more particularly7 'betuixt tuell ane houris at nycht'4#djd ,in #aeih the ,lyons witch ,franoise ,secretain 'adioustoit qu'elle alloit tousiours au ,sabbat enuiron la minuit1 beaucoup d'autres sorciers1 que i'ay eu en main1 ont dit le mesme'4 ,antide ,colas1 another ,lyonnaise1 went to the meeting on ,christmas ,eve between the midnight mass and the mass at dawn4#dje ,the only daylight meeting which can be identified as a ,sabbath occurred at ,aberdeen1 and may have been peculiar either to the locality or to the ,may-,day festival2 or it may have been simply the continuation of the festival till the sun rose4 ,christen ,michell and ,bessie ,thom were each accused that 'vpon the ,ruidday1 thrie yeris sensyn bygane1 airlie in the morning1 befoir sone rysing1 thow convenit vpon ,sanct ,katherines ,hill1 accumpaniet with a numer of thy devilische factioun and band1 the ,devill your maister in cumpanie with yow'4#djf #b4 ,the ,esbat ,business4--,the ,esbat differed from the ,sabbath by being primarily for business1 whereas the ,sabbath was purely religious4 ,in both1 feasting and dancing brought the proceedings to a close4 ,the business carried on at the ,esbat was usually the practice of magic for the benefit of a client or for the harming of an enemy4 ,sometimes the ,devil appears to have ordered his followers to perform some action by which to impress the imagination of those who believed in his power though they did not worship him4 ,very often also the ,esbat was for sheer enjoyment only1 without any ulterior object1 as the following quotations show3 ,estebne de ,cambrue 7#aefg71 who is the authority for the name ,esbat as applied to local meetings1 says that 'les petites assembles qui se font pres des villes ou parroisses1 o il n'y va que ceux du lieu1 ils les appellent les esbats3 se font ores en vn lieu de ladicte paroisse1 ores en vn autre1 o on ne faict que sauter folastrer1 le ,diable n'y estant auec tout son grand arroy comme aux grandes assemblees'4#djg ,alesoun ,peirsoun 7#aehh7 was taken by a party of men and women1 under the leadership of a man in green1 'fordir nor scho could tell2 and saw with thame pypeing and mirrynes and gude scheir1 and wes careit to ,lowtheane1 and saw wyne punchounis with tassis with them'4#djh ,jonet ,barker 7#afdc7 said that 'scho and ye said ,margaret ,lauder being wthin ye said ,jonet ,cranstones house tua pyntis of beir war drukkin be thame thre togidder in ye said house at quhilk ye devill appeirit to thame in ye liknes of ane tryme gentill man and drank wt thame all thre and that he ,imbracet the said margaret lauder in his armes at ye drinking of ye beir and put his arme about hir waist'4#dji ,isobel ,bairdie 7#afdi7 was accused of meeting the ,devil and drinking with him1 'the devil drank to her1 and she pledging him1 drank back again to him1 and he pledged her1 saying1 ,grammercie1 you are very welcome4'#daj ,janet ,brown 7#afdi7 'was charged with having held a meeting with the ,devil appearing as a man1 at the back of ,broomhills1 who was at a wanton play with ,isobel ,gairdner the elder1 and ,janet ,thomson'4#daa ,in ,forfar ,helen ,guthrie 7#affa7 confessed that she went to several meetings2 at one in the churchyard 'they daunced togither1 and the ground under them wes all fyre flauchter1 and ,andrew ,watson hade his vsuale staff in his hand1 altho he be a blind man yet he daunced alse nimblie as any of the companye1 and made also great miriement by singing his old ballads1 and that ,isobell ,shyrrie did sing her song called ,tinkletum ,tankletum2 and that the divill kist every one of the women'4 ,at another meeting 'they all daunced togither a whyle1 and then went to ,mary ,rynd's house and sat doune together at the table 444 and made them selfes mirrie2 and the divell made much of them all1 but especiallie of ,mary ,rynd1 and he kist them all'4#dab ,elspet ,bruce of the same ,coven1 'by turning the sive and sheires1 reased the divell1 who being werry hard to be laid againe1 ther wes a meiting of witches for laying of him 444 and at this meiting they had pipe-music and dauncing'4#dac ,isobell ,gowdie 7#affb7 gives an account of one of these joyous assemblies3 ',we killed an ox1 in ,burgie1 abowt the dawing of the day1 and we browght the ox with ws hom to ,aulderne1 and did eat all amongst ws1 in an hows in ,aulderne1 and feasted on it4'#dad ,marie ,lamont 7#affb7 also enjoyed her meetings2 the first at which she was present was held in ,kettie ,scott's house1 where the devil 'sung to them1 and they dancit2 he gave them wyn to drink1 and wheat bread to eat1 and they warr all very mirrie4 ,she confesses1 at that meiting the said ,kettie ,scott made her first acquaintance with the devill1 and caused her to drink to him1 and shak hands with him4--,shee was with ,katie ,scot and others at a meitting at ,kempoch1 wher they danced1 and the devil kissed them when they went away4'#dae ,annaple ,thomson and the other witches of ,borrowstowness 7#afgi7-- 'wis at several mettings with the devill in the linkes of ,borrowstonenes1 and in the howsse of you ,bessie ,vickar1 and ye did eatt and drink with the devill1 and with on another1 and with witches in hir howss in the night tyme2 and the devill and the said ,wm ,craw browght the ale which ye drank1 extending to about sevin gallons1 from the howss of ,elizabeth ,hamilton2 and yow the said ,annaple had ane other metting abowt fyve wekes ago1 when yow wis goeing to the coalhill of ,grange1 and he inveitted you to go alongst1 and drink with him4444 ,and yow the said ,margret ,hamilton has bein the devill's servant these eight or nyne yeeres bygane2 and he appered and conversed with yow at the town-well at ,borrowstownes1 and several tymes in yowr awin howss1 and drank severall choppens of ale with you4'#daf ,the magical ceremonies performed by the witches with the help of the ,devil were usually for the destruction of1 or for doing harm to1 an enemy4 ,sometimes1 however1 the spells were originally for the promotion of fertility1 but were misunderstood by the recorders and probably by the witches themselves4 ,alexia ,violaea 7#aehi7 said that 'nachdem sie were mit ihren ,gespielen umb und umb gelauffen eine ziemliche gut ,weile1 habe sie pflegen in die ,hhe ber sich zu werffen ein reines subtiles ,pulverlein1 welches ihr der ,teuffel darzu gegeben habe1 darvon ,raupen1 ,kffern1 ,heuschrecken1 und dergleichen andere ,beschdigung mehr1 so ,hauffenweise wchsen1 dass die ,acker darmit in einem ,augenblick berall beschmeist wrden'4#dag ,isobel ,gowdie's magical charm 7#affb7 seems to come under this category3 ',we went be-east ,kinlosse1 and ther we yoaked an plewghe of paddokis4 ,the ,devill held the plewgh1 and ,johne ,yownge in ,mebestowne1 our ,officer1 did drywe the plewghe4 ,paddokis did draw the plewgh1 as oxen2 qwickens wer sowmes1 a riglen's horne wes a cowter1 and an piece of an riglen's horne wes an sok4 ,we went two seuerall tymes abowt2 and all we of the ,coven went still wp and downe with the plewghe1 prayeing to the ,divell for the fruit of that land4'#dah ,the greater number of meetings were occupied with business of a magical character with the intention of harming certain specified persons2 though any other kind of business was also transacted4 ,the ,north ,berwick witches opened the graves which the ,devil indicated in order to obtain the means of making charms with dead men's bones2 on another occasion they attempted to wreck a ship by magic4#dai ,the ,lang ,niddry witches 7#afjh7 went to the house of ,beigis ,tod1 where they drank1 and there christened a cat4#dbj ,the ,lancashire witches 7#afac7 met at ,malking ,tower for two purposes2 the first was to give a name to the familiar of ,alison ,device1 which could not be done as she was not present1 being then in prison2 the second was to arrange a scheme or plot for the release of ,mother ,demdike1 the principal witch of the community1 then a prisoner in ,lancaster ,castle2 the plot involved the killing of the gaoler and governor1 and the blowing up of the castle4#dba ,in #afcj ,alexander ,hamilton was tried in ,edinburgh1 'the said ,alexr ,hamiltoun haifing concaivet ane deidlie haitrent agains umqle ,elizabeth ,lausone ,lady ,ormestoun younger becaus the said ,alexr being at her zet asking for almous she choisit him therfra saying to him away custroun carle ye will get nothing heir4 ,the said ,alexr therupon in revenge therof accompaneit wt tua wemen mentionet in his depostiones come to ,saltoun woid quhair he raisit the devill and quha appeirit to him and his associattis in the likenes of ane man cled in gray and the said ,alexr and his associattis haifing schawin to him the caus of thair coming desyring him to schaw to thame be quhat meanes thay micht be revendget upon the said ,lady4'#dbb ,margaret ,johnson 7#afcc7 deposed that she was not at the great witch-meeting on ,all ,saints' ,day1 but was at a smaller meeting the ,sunday after1 'where there was1 at yt tyme1 between #cj and #dj witches1 who did all ride to the said meetinge1 and the end of theire said meeting was to consult for the killinge and hurtinge of men and beasts4'#dbc ,the ,forfar witches 7#affa7 claimed to have wrecked a ship4#dbd ,isobel ,gowdie 7#affb7 is as usual very dramatic in her account2 on one occasion the witches met to make a charm against the minister of ,auldearne1 ,mr4 ,harie ,forbes3 ',satan wes with ws and learned ws the wordis to say thryse ower4 ,quhan we haid learned all thes wordis from the ,divell1 we fell all down wpon owr kneis1 with owr hear down ower owr showlderis and eyes1 and owr handis lifted wp1 and owr eyes stedfastlie fixed wpon the ,divell2 and said the forsaidis wordis thryse ower to the ,divell1 striktlie1 against ,maister ,harie ,forbes his recowering from the said seiknes4' ,when making an image only a few of the witches were present with the ,devil4#dbe ,marie ,lamont 7#affb7 claimed that her ,coven raised storms on two occasions2 and on a third1 they in the likeness of 'kats'1 and the ,devil as a man with cloven feet1 made a charm with 'wyt sand' against ,blackhall younger and ,mr4 ,john ,hamilton4#dbf ,amongst the most detailed accounts of the wax or clay images1 and of the ritual for killing the person whom the image represented1 are those of the ,somerset witches#dbg 7#affd74 ,the baptism of the figure is an interesting point4 ,the ,paisley witches 7#afgh7 had a meeting to make a clay figure in order to kill an enemy of the witch in whose house the meeting was held4#dbh ,at ,borrowstowness part of the accusation was that 'ye and ilk ane of yow was at ane metting with the devill and other witches at the croce of ,murestane1 upon the threttein of ,october last1 where you all danced and the devill acted the pyiper1 and where yow indewored to have destroyed ,andrew ,mitchell4'#dbi ,in ,new ,england the witches accused ,george ,burroughs 'that he brought ,poppets to them1 and ,thorns to stick into those ,poppets'4#dcj ,at the ,esbats it is also evident that the ,devil wished to maintain an appearance of miraculous power not only before the world at large1 but in the eyes of the witches as well4 ,this will account for the meetings on the sea-shore in raging storms when vessels were liable to be wrecked1 and there are also many indications that the destruction of an enemy was effected by means more certain than the making and pricking of a wax or clay figure1 means which were used after the figure had been made4 ,some of the methods of maintaining this prestige are of the simplest1 others are noted without any explanation3 ',satan faict en ce lieu le ,sabbat tant de choses estrges nouuelles que leur simplicit abus prend cela pour quelques miracles4'#dca ,at ,forfar 7#affa7 the means of obtaining the result are apparent2 during a great storm the ,devil and the witches destroyed the bridge of ,cortaquhie1 and the destruction was so arranged as to appear to have been effected by magical power2 but ,helen ,guthrie confessed that 'they went to the bridge of ,cortaquhie with intentione to pull it doune1 and that for this end shee her selfe1 ,jonnet ,stout1 and others of them1 did thrust ther shoulderis againest the bridge1 and that the divell wes bussie among them acting his pairt'4 ,issobell ,smyth1 who also assisted on the occasion1 said1 ',wee all rewed that meitting1 for wee hurt our selves lifting4'#dcb ,still more simple was the method of destroying the harvest of a field at ,crook of ,devon1 where ,bessie ,henderson 'confessed and declared that ,janet ,paton was with you at ane meeting when they trampit down ,thos4 ,white's rie in the beginning of harvest1 #affa1 and that she had broad soales and trampit down more nor any of the rest'4#dcc ,the ,devil of ,mohra in ,sweden cared only to impress his followers2 when the wall which they were building fell down 'some of the ,witches are commonly hurt1 which makes him laugh1 but presently he cures them again'4#dcd ,site4--,in some places the ,esbat was held at a fixed site1 in others the site varied from week to week4 ,in both cases1 the locality was always in the near neighbourhood of the village whose inhabitants attended the meeting4 ',pour le lieu ordinaire c'est s carrefours1 come disoit ,isaac de ,queyran1 qui deposoit y auoir est au carrefour du ,palays ,galienne1 prs la ville de ,bourdeaux2 ou aux places des paroisses au deuant des ,eglises1 le plus souuent au droict de la grand' porte1 si l',eglise est plante au milieu de la place comme elle est souuent1 afin que le ,diable plante sa chaire tout vis vis du grand autel o on met le ,sainct sacrement3 comme il est en la place d',ascain1 o tous les tesmoins du lieu1 nous ont dict que le ,sabbat se faisoit4 ,il a aussi accoustum les tenir en quelque lieu desert1 sauuage1 comme au milieu d'vne lande2 encore en lieu du tout hors de passage1 de voisinage1 d'habitation1 de rencontre3 ,et communement ils s'appellent ,aquelarre#dce qui signifie ,lane de ,bouc1 comme qui diroit la lane ou lde1 o le ,bouc conuoque ses assembles4'#dcf ,danaeus emphasizes the variation of both site and date3 ',they meete togither in certen apointed places1 not al of them togither1 nor at once1 but certen of them whom he pleaseth to call1 so that he apointeth where they shall meete1 and at what houre of the day1 or of the nighte4'#dcg ,the ,windsor witches1 however1 'did accustome to meete within the backeside of ,maister ,dodges in the ,pittes there'4#dch ,boguet's evidence also points to there being a settled site for the ,esbat in each village3 ',les ,sorciers du cost de ,longchamois s'assembloient en vn pr1 qui est sur le grand chemin tirant ,s4 ,claude1 o l'on voit les ruines d'vne maison4 ,ceux du cost de ,coirieres tenoient leur ,sabbat1 sous le village de ,coirieres proche l'eau1 en vn lieu appell s ,combes1 qui est du tout sans chemin4 ,autres se retrouuoient en vn lieu dict s ,fontenelles1 sous le village de ,nezan1 qui est vn lieu assez descouuert 444 le ,sabbat des ,sorciers de la ,moille se tenoit en la ,cour du ,prior du mesme lieu4'#dci ,jane ,bosdeau 7#aeid7 went twice a week regularly to 'a ,rendezvous of above ,sixty ,witches at ,puy de dome'4#ddj ,and the ,swedish witches went so uniformly to one place that there was a special building for their rites3 ',they unanimously confessed that ,blockula is scituated in a delicate large ,meadow whereof you can see no end4 ,the place or house they met at1 had before it a ,gate painted with divers colours2 through this ,gate they went into a little ,meadow distinct from the other4444 ,in a huge large ,room of this ,house1 they said1 there stood a very long ,table1 at which the ,witches did sit down3 ,and that hard by this ,room was another ,chamber where there were very lovely and delicate ,beds4'#dda ,on the whole1 the weight of evidence in ,england and ,scotland is in favour of ,danaeus's statement that there was no fixed site1 though this should be taken as referring to the local meetings only1 not to the ,great ,assemblies4 ,the ,forfar witch-trials give much information3 ,helen ,guthrie 'wes at a meitting in the church yeard of ,forfar in the ,holfe therof4444 ,betwixt the oatseid and the bearseid barleysowing1 she wes at ane other meitting at the ,pavilione hollis4444 ,this same year1 betwixt the oatseid and bearseid1 she was at a thrid meiting in the church yeard of ,forfar in the holfe thereof1 about the same tyme of the night as at the former meitings1 viz4 at midnight4--,about the beginning of the last oat seid tyme1 ,isabell ,syrie did cary hir ,jonet ,howat to the ,insch within the loch of ,forfar1 shoe saw at this tyme1 about threteen witches with the divill1 and they daunced togither4444 ,about four wiekes after the forsaid meiting in the ,insch1 the said ,isabell ,syrie caried hir to ane other meiting at ,muryknowes4--,about three and a halfe yeares since1 she ,elspet ,alexander was at a meiting with the divill at ,peterden1 midway betwixt ,forfar and ,dondie4444 ,about four wiekes after this mieting at ,petterden1 shoe was at ane second mieting at the ,muryknowes 444 shoe was present at ane thrid mieting near ,kerymure4'#ddb ,isobel ,gowdie's evidence is detailed as usual3 ',the last tyme that owr ,coven met1 we1 and an vther ,coven1 wer dauncing at the ,hill of ,earlseat2 and befor that1 betwixt ,moynes and ,bowgholl2 and befor that we ves beyond the ,meikleburne2 and the vther ,coven being at the ,downie-hillis we went from beyond the ,meikle-burne1 and went besyd them1 to the howssis at the ,wood-end of ,inshoch4444 ,befor ,candlemas1 we went be-east ,kinlosse4'#ddc ,the same facts were elicited from the ,kinross-shire witches2 ,robert ,wilson 'confessed ye had ane meeting with the ,devill at the ,stanriegate1 bewest the ,cruick of ,devon 444 the ,devil appointed them to meet at the ,bents of ,balruddrie'4--,margaret ,huggon confessed 'that ye was at another meeting with ,sathan at the ,stanriegate1 bewest the ,cruik of ,devon 444 lykeways ye confessed ye was at another meeting with ,satan at the ,heathrie ,knowe be-east the ,cruik of ,devon1 where the ,gallows stands 444 a meeting at the back of ,knocktinnie at the ,gaitside 444 and another at the bents of ,newbiggin'4--,janet ,brugh 'confessed that ye was at ane meeting at ,stanriegate 444 ye confessed that about ,yule last bypast ye was at ane meeting with ,sathan at ,turfhills 444 lykeways ye confessed that ye was at the ,bents of ,balruddrie and ,gibson's ,craig1 where ,sathan was present at them both'4--,christian ,grieve 'freely confessed that ye was at ane meeting with ,sathan at the back of ,andrew ,dowie his house'4#ddd ,the ,somerset witches 7#affd7 varied in this respect4 ,those of ,wincanton met in different places3 ,elizabeth ,style 'hath been at several general meetings in the night at ,high ,common1 and a ,common near ,motcombe1 at a place near ,marnhull1 and at other places'4--,alice ,duke 'hath been at several meetings in ,lie ,common1 and other places in the night'4 ,but the ,brewham ,coven appear to have met commonly at ,hussey's ,knap in ,brewham ,forest4#dde ,occasionally a reason is given for the change of site4 ',parfois vn ,sabbat finy vn coin de paroisse1 on s'en va le tenir vne autre1 o le ,diable mene les mesmes personnes3 mais l1 on y en rencontre d'autres'4#ddf ,sometimes also a sidelight is thrown upon these gatherings1 which explains the fact that in many cases the witches said that they did not know all the people present at a given meeting3 ',antoine ,tornier1 ,et ,iaquema ,paget ont confess1 que comme elles retournoient certain iour par ensemble de glanner1 passans au long du pr de ,longchamois1 elles appereurent que l'on y tenoit le ,sabbat2 ,surquoy elles poserent bas leurs fardeaux1 allerent au lieu predict1 o elles firent comme les autres1 puis se retirerent chacune en leurs maisons1 apres auoir reprins leurs fardeaux4'#ddg ,the ,salem ,witches 7#afib7 met 'upon a plain grassy place1 by which was a ,cart path and sandy ground in the path1 in which were the tracks of ,horses feet'4#ddh ,date and ,hour4--,there was no fixed day or hour for the ,esbat1 and in this it differed from the ,sabbath1 which was always at night4 ,the ,devil let his followers know the time1 either by going to them himself or by sending a message by the officer4 ,the message might be by word of mouth1 or by some signal understood by the initiated4 ,though there was no fixed day for the ,esbat1 it seems probable that one day in the week was observed in each locality4 ,danaeus1 in his general survey of the cult in #aege1 says3 ',he apointeth where they shall meete1 and at what houre of the day1 or of the night3 wherein they haue no surenes1 nor certentie4 ,for these meetinges are not weekely1 nor monthly1 nor yeerely1 but when and how often it shall seeme good to this their maister4 ,and many times himself warneth them to meete1 sometimes hee apoynteth others to warne them in his staede4 ,but when he doth it himself1 he appeareth vnto them in likenesse of a man4'#ddi ,de ,lancre says that in the ,basses-,pyrnes 'le lieu o on le trouue ordinairement s'appelle ,lanne de bouc1 en ,basque ,aquelarre de verros1 prado del ,cabron1 l les ,sorciers le vont adorer trois nuicts durant1 celle du ,lundy1 du ,mercredy1 du ,vendredy4--,les iours ordinaires de la conuocation du ,sabbat1 ou pour mieux dire les nuicts1 sont celles du ,mercredy venant au ,ieudy1 du ,vendredy venant au ,samedy4--,catherine de ,naguille de la paroisse d',vstarits1 aagee de onze ans1 sa compagne1 nous out asseur qu'elles auoit est au ,sabbat en plein midy4'#dej ,jane ,bosdeau 7#aeid7 'every ,wednesday and ,friday met a ,rendezvous of aboue ,sixty ,witches at ,puy de dome'4#dea ,boguet says that the day of the ,sabbath was variable1 usually ,thursday night2#deb while1 according to ,bodin1 the most frequent was 'entre la nuict du ,lundi ,mardi'4#dec ,boguet also goes on to say1 ',le ,sabbat ne se tient pas tousiours de nuict1 ains que les ,sorciers y vont aussi quelquefois de iour1 selon que firent ,antoine ,tornier1 ,iaquema ,paget1 plusieurs autres de leur secte le confessent4'#ded ,the ,lorraine witches also had the same custom3 ',alle zugleich1 so viel ihrer bisher in ,lotharingen peinlich sind verhret worden1 bekandten1 dass solche ,versammlung in keiner andern ,nacht1 als welche zu nechst vor dem ,donnerstag oder ,sambstag hergehet1 gehalten werden4--,johannes a ,villa und ,agathina des ,schneiders ,francisci weib1 sagt1 eine oder zwey ,stunde vor ,mitternacht1 were die bequemste ,zeit darzu1 und zwar nicht allein zu diesen ,gespensten1 sondern auch sonsten zu allerhand ,gespensten1 ,bollergeisten1 ,irrgeisten1 c4 ,aber die ,stunde nach ,mitternacht diene nicht darzu4'#dee ,the ,english and ,scotch evidence is to the same effect4 ,the witches 'are likewise reported to have each of them a ,spirit or ,imp attending on1 or assigned to them4444 ,these give the ,witches notice to be ready on all ,solemn appointments1 and meetings1 which are ordinarily on ,tuesday or ,wednesday night'4#def ,janet ,breadheid of the ,auldearne ,coven emphasizes the irregularity of the dates3 ',efter that1 we vold still meit euerie ten1 twelve1 or twantie dayes continwally4'#deg ,marie ,lamont merely notes that the meetings were at night3 ',the devil came to ,kattrein ,scott's house in the midst of the night4444 ,when she had been at a mietting sine ,zowle last1 with other witches1 in the night1 the devill convoyed her home in the dawing4'#deh ,the ,somerset witches had no special night3 ',at every meeting before the ,spirit vanisheth away1 he appoints the next meeting place and time1'#dei and ,mary ,green went to a meeting 'on ,thursday ,night before ,whitsunday last4'#dfj ,at ,paisley the meeting was on ,thursday1 the #dth of ,january1 #afgh1 in the night1 in ,john ,stuart's house4#dfa ,the ,swedish witches were much harder worked3 'whereas formerly one journey a week would serve his turn1 from their own ,town to the place aforesaid1 now they were forced to run to other ,towns and places for ,children1 and that some of them did bring with them some fifteen1 some sixteen ,children every night4'#dfb ,the more modern examples suggest that the date became more fixed3 ',on croit que c'est toujours un vendredi soir que les sorciers et sorcires se runissent4'#dfc ',sorciers et sorcires vont au sabbat le vendredi1 travers les airs4'#dfd ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cbh3 ,boguet1 pp4 #ajf-g4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 pp4 #edb-c4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #cca3 ,id41 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hjh4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abb-c4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,burns ,begg1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #baa2 ,hale1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #cce3 ,stewart1 p4 #agd4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bci4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,boguet1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #cch3 ,potts1 ,g #d4 ,footnote #cci3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fjd4 ,footnote #cda3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,bodin1 ,flau1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,scot1 pp4 #da1 #ahd4 ,scot is as usual1 extraordinarily inaccurate in his statements4 ,the correct formulae1 as given by ,wierus1 will be found in ,appendix ,v1 with notes on the ingredients by ,prof4 ,a4 ,j4 ,clark4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,boguet1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #cde3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,h4 ,g4 van ,elven1 ,la ,tradition1 #ahia1 p4 #bae4 ,unfortunately neither name nor place are given in the transcription4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,burns ,begg1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #aci1 #ada1 #adh-i1 #aea4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,scot1 ,bk4 iii1 p4 #ff2 ,lea1 iii1 p4 #dic4 ,i give ,scot's translation as being more racily expressed4 ,footnote #cej3 ,j4 ,bournon1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #cea3 ,boguet1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #cec3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #ced3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bad2 ,hale1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #cee3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #caf1 #cag1 #cah1 #cai1 #cba4 ,footnote #cef3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,surtees ,society1 xl1 pp4 #aia-b1 #aid1 #aig2 ,denham ,tracts1 ii1 pp4 #bii-cja1 #cjd1 #cjg4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,holinshed1 ,ireland1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #cei3 ,chartier1 iii1 p4 #de2 ,lea1 iii1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,from a trial in the ,greffe1 ,guernsey4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,boguet1 p4 #ajd4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,id41 pp4 #i1 #ajd4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,a marginal note against the word ramasse gives 'autrement balait1 en ,lyonnois coiue'4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,boguet1 pp4 #i1 #ig1 #ajd4 ,footnote #cff3 ,cannaert1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjd1 #fjh1 #fac4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,howell1 vi1 #ffj2 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ,hist4 of ,massachusetts ,bay1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,cotton ,mather1 p4 #aeh2 ,burr1 p4 #bdd4 ,see also ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ii1 pp4 #ce-f4 ,footnote #cga3 ,burr1 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,bodin1 ,flau1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #cge3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,bodin1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #ig-h1 #aad1 #adi1 #aec1 #afe1 #afg4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf2 ,baines1 i1 p4 #fjg note1 where the name is given as ,hartford4 ,the importance of the stone in the ,sabbath ceremonies is very marked in the account of a meeting in ,northumberland 7#afgc74 ,ann ,armstrong declared that 'she and the rest had drawne their compasse nigh to a bridg end1 and the devil placed a stone in the middle of the compasse1 they sett themselves downe1 and bending towards the stone1 repeated the ,lord's prayer backwards'4 ,denham ,tracts1 ii1 p4 #cjg2 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #cba1 #cbd4 ,footnote #chj3 ,mather1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #cha3 ,harou1 ,la ,tradition1 vi 7#ahib71 p4 #cfg4 ,footnote #chb3 ,monseur1 pp4 #b1 #hh4 ,footnote #chc3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #chd3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #che3 ,kinloch1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #chf3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bde4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #chg3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #ig-h4 ,footnote #chh3 ,ib41 i1 ,christen ,michell1 p4 #afe2 ,bessie ,thom1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #chi3 ,ib41 i1 ,issobell ,richie1 p4 #adb2 ,margrat ,og1 p4 #add2 ,helene ,rogie1 p4 #adg2 ,jonet ,lucas1 p4 #adi2 ,jonet ,dauidsone1 p4 #aej2 ,issobell ,oige1 p4 #aeb2 ,beatrice ,robbie1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #cij3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 p4 #dgh4 ,footnote #cia3 ,baines1 i1 p4 #fjg note4 ,footnote #cib3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fjf4 ,footnote #cic3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #cid3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,historical ,essay1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #cie3 ,boguet1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #cif3 ,chetham ,society1 vi1 p4 lxxiii2 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #cig3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #cih3 ,burns ,begg1 pp4 #bai1 #bbf1 #bcg4 ,footnote #cii3 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ,history of ,massachusetts ,bay1 ii1 p4 #ag2 ,taylor1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #djj3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #aed4 ,footnote #dja3 ,bournon1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #djb3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 p4 #gb4 ,footnote #djc3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #djd3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #ig1 #aad1 #afe1 #afg4 ,footnote #dje3 ,boguet1 pp4 #aai1 #abe4 ,footnote #djf3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #afe1 #afg4 ,footnote #djg3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #djh3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #dji3 ,from the record in the ,justiciary ,court of ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #daj3 ,arnot1 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #daa3 ,id41 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #dab3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abj1 #aba4 ,footnote #dac3 ,id41 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #dad3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fac4 ,footnote #dae3 ,sharpe1 pp4 #aca1 #acd4 ,footnote #daf3 ,scots ,magazine1 #ahad1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #dag3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #dah3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fjc2 see below1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #dai3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #baj-aa1 #bag1 #bci4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,id41 ii1 pp4 #edb-c4 ,footnote #dba3 ,potts1 ,c #c1 ,g #c1 ,i #b1 ,i #c4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,from the trial of ',alexr ,hamiltoun1 warlok'1 in the ,justiciary ,court1 ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fji1 #fac4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,sharpe1 pp4 #acb-d4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acg-h1 #afd4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,id41 pt4 ii1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,scots ,magazine1 #ahad1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,mather1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #dca3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abb1 #acc4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,burns ,begg1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #dce3 ,the full name is ,aquelarre de verros1 prado del ,cabron4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fd-e4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #dch3 ,rehearsall1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #dci3 ,boguet1 pp4 #abf-g4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,historical ,essay1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #dda3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cba4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abj seq4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fjc4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,burns ,begg1 pp4 #bbf seq4 ,footnote #dde3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #adj1 #adh1 #aef1 #afa4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,boguet1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,burr1 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #dej3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fb1 #cih4 ,footnote #dea3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #deb3 ,boguet1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #dec3 ,bodin1 ,flau1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #ded3 ,boguet1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #dee3 ,remigius1 pp4 #ga1 #gb4 ,footnote #def3 ,pleasant ,treatise1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #deg3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fag4 ,footnote #deh3 ,sharpe1 pp4 #aca1 #acc4 ,footnote #dei3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,id41 pt4 ii1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,id41 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bic1 #big4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,monseur1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,lemoine1 ,la ,tradition1 #ahib1 vi1 p4 #ajf4 ,v4 ,,the ,,rites #a4 ,general ,the exact order of the ceremonies is never given and probably varied in different localities1 but the general rule of the ritual at the ,sabbath seems to have been that proceedings began by the worshippers paying homage to the ,devil1 who sat or stood in a convenient place4 ,the homage consisted in renewing the vows of fidelity and obedience1 in kissing the ,devil on any part of his person that he chose to indicate1 and sometimes in turning a certain number of times widdershins4 ,then followed the reports of all magic worked since the previous ,sabbath1 either by individuals or at the ,esbats1 and at the same time the witches consulted the ,master as to their cases and received instructions from him how to proceed2 after which came admissions to the society or marriages of the members4 ,this ended the business part of the meeting4 ,immediately after all the business was transacted1 the religious service was celebrated1 the ceremonial of which varied according to the season of the year2 and it was followed by the 'obscene' fertility rites4 ,the whole ceremony ended with feasting and dancing1 and the assembly broke up at dawn4 ,this was apparently the usual course of the ritual of the ,sabbath2 the ,esbat had less ceremonial1 and the religious service was not performed4 ,the ,devil himself often went round and collected the congregation2 and1 not being in his 'grand arroy'1 he appeared as a man in ordinary dress4 ,instead of the religious service with the adoration of the god1 the witches worked the spells and charms with which they bewitched or unbewitched their enemies and friends1 or they exercised new methods which they learnt from their ,master1 or received instructions how to practise the arts of healing and secret poisoning1 of causing and blasting fertility4 ,there are a few general accounts of the usual course of the ,sabbath ritual4 ,danaeus 7#aege7 does not distinguish clearly between the two classes of meetings1 but at the same time he seems to have realized that a certain order was followed3 ',satan calleth them togither into a ,diuelish ,sinagoge1 and that he may also vnderstand of them howe well and diligently they haue fulfilled their office of intoxicating committed vnto them1 and wh they haue slaine3 wherefore they meete togither in certen apointed places4444 ,wh they meete together he appeareth visibly vnto them in sundrie fourmes1 as the head and chiefe of that congregation4444 ,then doe they all repeate the othe which they haue geuen vnto him1 in acknowledging him to be their ,god1 th fal they to dauncing4444 ,whiche beeing all finished1 then he demaundeth agayne of them what they woulde require of him4444 ,vnto some he geueth poysons ready made1 and others he teacheth howe to make and mingle new4444 ,finally1 if in any thing they neede his presence and helpe1 by couenant he promiseth to be present with them4'#dfe ,boguet 7#aehi7 is more exact1 as he obtained his knowledge at first hand3 ',les ,sorciers estans assemblez en leur ,synagogue adorent premierement ,satan 444 ils luy offrent des chandelles1 le baisent aux parties honteuses de derriere4 ,quelquefois encor il tient vne image noire1 qu'il faut baiser aux ,sorciers4444 ,les ,sorciers en second lieu dansent4444 ,les danses finies1 les ,sorciers viennent s'accoupler4444 ,les ,sorciers1 apres s'estre veautrez parmy les plaisirs immondes de la chair1 banquettent se festoient4444 ,les ,sorciers rendent conte ,satan de ce qu'ils ont fait ds la derniere assemble4444 ,il fait renoncer de nouueau ces miserables1 ,dieu1 ,chresme1 ,baptesme4 ,il leur fait rafraischir le serment solennel qu'ils ont fait4'#dff ,the ,english account is put together from foreign sources to a great extent3 ',they are carryed out of the house1 either by the ,window1 ,door1 or ,chimney1 mounted on their ,imps4444 ,thus brought to the designed place1 they find a great number of others arrived there by the same means3 who1 before ,lucifer takes his place in his throne as ,king1 do make their accustomed homage1 ,adoring1 and ,proclaiming him their ,lord1 and rendring him all ,honour4 ,this ,solemnity being finished1 they sit to ,table where no delicate meats are wanting4444 ,at the sound of many pleasant ,instruments the table is taken away1 and the pleasant consort invites them to a ,ball4444 ,at the last1 the lights are put out4 ,the ,incubus's in the shapes of proper men satisfy the desires of the ,witches1 and the ,succubus's serve for whores to the ,wizards4 ,at last before ,aurora brings back the day1 each one mounts on his spirit1 and so returns to his respective dwelling place4444 ,sometimes at their solemn assemblies1 the ,devil commands1 that each tell what wickedness he hath committed4444 ,when the assembly is ready to break up1 and the ,devil to dispatch them1 he publisheth this law with a loud voice1 ,revenge your selves or else you shall dye1 then each one kissing the ,posteriors of the ,devil returns upon their aiery ,vehicles to their habitations4'#dfg #b4 ,homage ,in some places the witches saluted their ,chief by falling on their knees1 and also by certain manual gestures2 in other places by curtsies and obeisances4 ,in ,scotland1 ,france1 and ,belgium1 another rite was also in vogue1 that of kissing the ,devil on any part of his person that he might direct4 ,at ,como and ,brescia the witches1 'when they paid reverence to the presiding demon1 bent themselves backwards1 lifting a foot in the air forwards4'#dfh ,remigius1 writing of the ,lorraine witches in #aehi1 says3 ',es erzehlte die ,beatrix ,bayona dass einer unter ihnen allen der ,oberster wer1 welcher in einer ,zell auff einem hohen ,stuhl ssse1 sehr ernsthafftig und prchtig heraus1 zu demselbigen trete je einer nach dem andern1 mit ,furcht und ,zittern1 falle ihm zum ,zeichen seiner ,ehrerbietung fr die ,fsse1 und umbfange ihn mit aller ,demuth und ,reverentz4--,erstlich fallen sie nieder auff ihre ,knie2 darnach legen sie die ,hnde ausswendig zusammen1 als diejenigen pflegen zu thun1 welche obtestiren1 jedoch auff dem ,rcken und verkehrter ,weise1 sie haben den ,rcken zu ihm gewandt1 bleiben so lang kniend1 biss er selbsten zu ihnen sagt1 dass es genugsam sey4'#dfi ,in ,somerset 7#affd7 the witches always mention the salutation3 ',at their first meeting the ,man in black bids them welcome1 and they all make low obeysance to him4--,elizabeth ,style1 ,alice ,duke1 ,anne ,bishop1 ,mary ,penny met about nine of the ,clock in the ,night1 in the ,common near ,trister ,gate1 where they met a ,man in black ,clothes with a little ,band1 to whom they did ,courtesie and due observance4--,mary ,green went with others to ,hussey's ,knap in the ,forrest in the ,night time1 where met them the ,fiend in the shape of a little ,man in black ,clothes with a little band1 to him all made obeysances4444 ,on ,thursday ,night before ,whitsunday last she met several others and being met they called out ,robin4 ,upon which instantly appeared a little ,man in black ,clothes to whom all made obeysance1 and the little ,man put his hand to his ,hat1 saying1 ,how do ye8 speaking low but big4 ,then all made low obeysances to him again4'#dgj ,as late as the eighteenth century there is a similar account4#dga ,danaeus 7#aege7 and ,cooper 7#afag7 are the only writers who mention the kiss in their general accounts of the ceremonies4 ,the former says3 ',then biddeth he th that they fall down worship him1 after what maner and gesture of body he pleaseth1 and best liketh of4 ,thus some of them falle downe at his knees1 some offre vnto him black burning cdles1 other kisse him in some part of his body where he appeareth visibly4'#dgb ,cooper mentions it as part of the admission ceremony3 ',secondly1 when this acknowledgement is made1 in testimoniall of this subiection1 ,satan offers his back-parts to be kissed of his vassall4'#dgc ,the ceremony is one of the earliest of which there is any record4 ,in #acjc a ,bishop of ,coventry was accused at ,rome of a number of crimes1 amongst others 'quod diabolo homagium fecerat1 et eum fuerit osculatus in tergo'4#dgd ,guillaume ,edeline was tried in #adec2 he was 'docteur en thologie1 prieur de ,s4 ,germain en ,laye1 et auparavant ,augustin1 et religieux de certaines aultres ordres4 ,confessa ledit sire ,guillaume1 de sa bonne et franche voulent1 avoir fait hommage audit ennemy en l'espce et semblance d'ung mouton1 en le baisant par le fondement en signe de rvrence et d'hommage4'#dge ,martin ,tulouff1 tried in ,guernsey in #aefc1 went to a meeting1 'ou ly avoet chinq ou vi chatz1 d'ou il y en avoet ung qui estoit noir1 qui menoit la dance1 et dt 99q il estoit sur ses pieds plat1 et que ladite ,collennette le besa 99p de derriere1 et luy 99p la crysse4 ,et luy dist ladite vieillesse 99q ledit chat estoit le diable4'#dgf ,estebne de ,cambrue1 in #aefg1 described the ceremonies at the ,sabbath3 ',ils se mettent dancer l'entour d'une pierre1 sur laquelle est assis vn grand homme noir1 qu'elles appellent ,msieur1 chacun de l'assemblee luy va baiser le derriere4'#dgg ,the witches of ,poictiers in #aegd 'dansoyent l'entour du bouc3 puis vn chacun luy baisoit le derriere'4#dgh ,the same ceremony took place at ,north ,berwick in #aeij3 ',now efter that the deuell had endit his admonitions1 he cam down out of the pulpit1 and caused all the company to com and kiss his ers1 quhilk they said was cauld lyk yce4'#dgi ,jane ,bosdeau confessed that at meetings at ,puy-de-,dme in #aeid 'all the ,witches had ,candles which they lighted at his1 and danced in a ,circle ,back to ,back4 ,they kiss'd his ,backside1 and pray'd that he would help them4'#dhj ,andro ,man of ,aberdeen in #aeig confessed 'that all thay quha convenis with thame kissis ,christsonday and the ,quene of ,elphenis airss'4#dha ,rolande de ,vernois in #aeih 'confessa que le ,diable se presenta pour lors au ,sabbat en forme d'vn gros chat noir4 ,que tous ceux1 qui estoient au ,sabbat1 alloient baiser ce gros chat noir au derriere4'#dhb ,cornlie van ,beverwyck1 aged #ge1 at ,ghent in #aeih1 was accused that 'vous n'avez pas craint de vous agenouiller devant lui1 de lui rendre hommage et de baiser son derriere en signe de soumission'4#dhc ,claire ,goessen in #afjc went to 'l'assemble nocturne de ,lembeke1 o1 aprs la danse1 elle a1 comme tous les assistans1 bais un bouc l'endroit de sa queue'4#dhd ,jeannette d',abadie in #afji in the ,basses-,pyrnes said1 regarding the renunciation which she made on admission1 'il luy faisoit renouueller toutes les fois qu'elle alloit au sabbat1 puis elle l'alloit baiser au derriere4'#dhe ,at the celebrated trial of ,louis ,gaufredy at ,aix in #afaj1 ,magdalene de ,demandouls gave a detailed account of the homage rendered by the witches3 ',first the hagges and witches1 who are people of a sordid and base condition1 are the first that come to adore the ,prince of the ,synagogue1 who is ,lucifers lieftenant1 and he that now holdeth that place is ,lewes ,gaufridy3 then they adore the ,princesse of the ,synagogue who is a woman placed at his right hand4 ,next they goe and worship the ,diuell who is seated in a ,throne like a ,prince4 ,in the second place come the ,sorcerers and ,sorceresses1 who are people of a middle condition1 and these performe the same kind of adoration with the former1 kneeling vpon the ground1 but not prostrating themselves as doe the other2 although they kisse the hands and feet of the ,diuell as the first likewise doe4 ,in the third place come the ,magicians who are ,gentlemen and people of a higher ranke4'#dhf ,isobel ,gowdie of ,auldearne in #affb said1 ',somtym he vold be lyk a stirk1 a bull1 a deir1 a rae1 or a dowg1 and he vold hold wp his taill wntill we wold kiss his arce4'#dhg ,the explanation of this rite is given in the ,french authorities3 ',le ,diable estoit en forme de bouc1 ayant vne queue1 au dessoubs vn visage d'homme noir1 o elle fut contrainte le baiser4--,elle depose1 ,que la premiere fois qu'elle luy fut presentee elle le baisa ce visage de derriere au dessoubs d'vne grande queu3 qu'elle l'y a bais par trois fois1 qu'il auoit aussi ce visage faict comme le museau d'vn bouc4--,il a vne grande queu au derriere1 vne forme de visage au dessoubs3 duquel visage il ne profere aucune parole1 ains luy sert pour le donner baiser ceux qui bon luy semble4--,es festes solemnelles on baisoit le ,diable au derriere1 mais les notables sorcieres le baisoient au visage4'#dhh ,the two faces are thus distinctly vouched for1 and the use of them seems to have been to distinguish the position of the witch in the society4 ,the mask or disguise is clearly indicated in the evidence of ,isaac de ,queyron1 who with others 'le baiserent vne fesse qui estoit blanche rouge1 auoit la forme d'vne grande cuisse d'vn homme1 estoit velue'4#dhi ,the ,devil was also kissed on other parts of his person4 ,marion ,grant of the ,aberdeen witches 7#aeig7 confessed that he 'causit the kis him in dyvers pairtis1 and worship him on thy kneis as thy lord'4#dij ,some of the ,lyons witches 'le baiserent aux parties honteuses de derriere3 les autres le baisent sur l'espaule4'#dia ,jeannette d',abadie in the ,basses-,pyrnes 7#afji7 confessed 'que le ,diable luy faisoit baiser son visage1 puis le nombril1 puis le membre viril1 puis son derriere'4#dib ,in connexion with this last statement1 it is worth comparing ,doughty's account of an ,arab custom3 ',there is a strange custom1 7not only of nomad women1 but in the ,arabic countries even among ,christians1 which may seem to remain of the old idolatry among them17 of mothers1 their gossips1 and even young maidens1 visiting married women to kiss with a kind of devotion the hammam of the male children4'#dic #c4 ,the ,dances ,dances as an important part of fertility rites are too well known to need description4 ,the witches' dances1 taken in conjunction with the dates of the four great ,sabbaths of the year1 point to the fact that they also were intended to promote fertility4 ,there were several forms of ritual dances1 varying apparently according to the form of fertility required1 whether of crops1 animals1 or human beings4 ,the jumping dance seems to have had for its object the growth of the crops2 the higher the performers jumped the higher the crops would grow4 ,the so-called 'obscene' or 'indecent' dance was for the promotion of fertility among animals and women4 ,when the dancers were disguised as animals1 the dance was for the increase of the animals represented2 when undisguised1 for the fertility of human beings4 ,although the dances took place at ,english witch meetings1 they are merely mentioned and not described4 ,the ,scotch trials give rather fuller accounts1 but the chief details are from ,france4 ,the two principal forms of the dance were the ring-dance and the follow-my-leader dance1 but there was also a very complicated form which was not understood by the ,inquisitors1 who therefore dismiss it with the words 'tout est en confusion'4 ,it still survives1 however1 in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 in some of the very villages which were inhabited by witches in the sixteenth century--those witches whose proceedings de ,lancre describes so vividly4#did ,the ring dances were usually round some object2 sometimes a stone1 sometimes the ,devil stood or was enthroned in the middle4 ,thomas ,leyis1 with a great number of other witches1 'came to the ,market and ,fish ,cross of ,aberdeen1 under the conduct and guiding of the ,devil present with you1 all in company1 playing before you on his kind of instruments3 ,ye all danced about both the said crosses1 and the meal market1 a long space of time2 in the which ,devil's dance1 thou the said ,thomas was foremost and led the ring1 and dang the said ,kathren ,mitchell1 because she spoiled your dance1 and ran not so fast about as the rest4 ,testified by the said ,kathren ,mitchell1 who was present with thee at the time forsaid dancing with the ,devil4'#die ,margaret ,og was indicted for going to ,craigleauch 'on ,hallow even last1 and there1 accompanied by thy own two daughters1 and certain others1 your devilish adherents and companions1 ye danced all together1 about a great stone1 under the conduct of ,satan1 your master1 a long space'4#dif ,jonet ,lucas was accused of 'danceing in ane ring' on the same occasion4#dig ,beatrice ,robbie was 'indited as a notorious witch1 in coming1 under the conduct of the ,devil thy master1 with certain others1 thy devilish adherents1 to ,craigleauche1 and there dancing altogether about a great stone1 a long space1 and the ,devil your master playing before you'4#dih ,in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 ',ils se mettent dancer l'entour d'une pierre1 qui est plante audit lieu1 sur laquelle est assis un grand homme noir4'#dii ,jane ,bosdeau1 who 'confessed freely and without ,torture and continued constant in it in the midst of the ,flames in which she was burnt'1 said that she had been to a witch-meeting1 'and danced in a circle back to back'4#ejj ',les ,sorciers dansent1 font leurs danses en rond1 doz contre doz4 ,les boiteux y vont plus dispostement que les autres et incitoient les autres sauter danser4#eja 444 ,quelquefois1 mais rarement1 ils dansent deux deux1 par fois l'vn l'autre l1 tousiours en confusion3 estans telles danses semblables celles des ,fes1 vrais ,diables incorporez1 qui regnoient il n'y a pas lg temps4'#ejb ',on y dance tousiours le dos tourn au centre de la dance1 qui faict que les filles sont si accoutumes porter les mains en arriere en cette dce ronde1 qu'elles y trainent tout le corps1 luy donnent vn ply courb en arriere1 ayant les bras demy tournez3 si bien que la plupart ont le ventre communement grand1 enfl avanc1 vn peu penchant sur le deuant4 ,on y dance fort peu souuent vn vn1 c'est dire vn homme seul auec vne femme ou fille4444 ,on n'y danoit que trois sortes de bransles1 communement se tournant les espaules l'vn l'autre1 le dos d'vn chascun visant dans le rond de la dance1 le visage en dehors4 ,la premiere c'est la ,bohemienne4444 ,la seconde c'est sauts2 ces deux sont en rond4'#ejc ',ils apperceurent l'entre d'vn bois1 vn rond1 ou cerne1 dans lequel il y auoit plusieurs vestiges de pieds d'homes1 d'fans1 d',ours1 ou bien d'autres bestes semblables1#ejd lesquels estoient seulement enfoncez d'vn demy doigt dans la neige1 quoy que pour eux ils y entrassent iusques la ceinture4'#eje ,the ,swedish witches danced in the same manner4 ',we used to go to a gravel pit which lay hard by a cross-way1 and there we put on a garment over our heads1 and then danced round4'#ejf ,the round dance was so essentially a witch dance that ,more says1 ',it might be here very seasonable to enquire into the nature of those large dark ,rings in the grass1 which they call ,fairy ,circles1 whether they be the ,rendezvouz of ,witches1 or the dancing places of those little ,puppet ,spirits which they call ,elves or ,fairies4'#ejg ,it will be seen from the above quotations that there were many varieties in the ring dance2 this was the case also in the follow-my-leader dance4 ,there seems to have been also a combination of the two dances2 or perhaps it would be more correct to say that sometimes the ring and follow-my-leader figures were used together so as to form one complete dance1 as in the modern ,lancers4 ,in both forms of the dance one of the chief members of the society was the 'ring-leader'1 or leader of the dance4 ,in the follow-my-leader dance this was often the ,devil1 but in the ring dances this place was usually taken by the second in command4 ,when1 however1 the ,devil was the leader1 the second-in-command was in the rear to keep up those who could not move so quickly as the others4 ,as pace was apparently of importance1 and as it seems to have been a punishable offence to lag behind in the dance1 this is possibly the origin of the expression ',the ,devil take the hindmost'4 ,at ,north ,berwick ,barbara ,napier met her comrades at the church1 'where she danced endlong the ,kirk yard1 and ,gelie ,duncan played on a trump1 ,john ,fian1 missellit1 led the ring2 ,agnes ,sampson and her daughters and all the rest following the said ,barbara1 to the number of seven score of persons4'#ejh ,isobel ,gowdie was unfortunately not encouraged to describe the dances in which she had taken part1 so that our information1 instead of being full and precise1 is very meagre4 ',jean ,martein is ,maiden to the ,coven that ,i am of2 and her nickname is ,over the dyke with it1 because the ,devil always takes the ,maiden in his hand next him1 when we dance ,gillatrypes2 and when he would loup from words broken here he and she will say1 ,over the dyke with it4'#eji ,another ,scotch example is ,mr4 ,gideon ,penman1 who had been minister at ,crighton4 ,he usually 'was in the rear in all their dances1 and beat up all those that were slow'4#eaj ,barton's wife 'one night going to a dancing upon ,pentland ,hills1 he the ,devil went before us in the likeness of a rough tanny ,dog1 playing on a pair of ,pipes'4#eaa ,de ,lancre concludes his description of the dances 7see above1 p4 #aca7 by an account of an 'endlong' dance4 ',la troisieme est aussi le dos tourn1 mais se tenant tous en long1 sans se deprendre des mains1 ils s'approchent de si prs qu'ils se touchent1 se rencontrent dos dos1 vn homme auec vne femme2 certaine cadance ils se choquent frapent impudemment cul contre cul4'#eab ,it was perhaps this dance which the ,devil led3 ',le ,diable voit parfois dancer simplement comme spectateur2 parfois il mene la dance1 changeant souuent de main se mettant la main de celles qui luy plaisent le plus4'#eac ,in ,northumberland in #afgc 'their particular divell tooke them that did most evill1 and danced with them first4--,the devill1 in the forme of a little black man and black cloaths1 called of one ,isabell ,thompson1 of ,slealy1 widdow1 by name1 and required of her what service she had done him4 ,she replyd she had gott power of the body of one ,margarett ,teasdale4 ,and after he had danced with her he dismissed her1 and call'd of one ,thomasine1 wife of ,edward ,watson1 of ,slealy4'#ead ,danaeus also notes that the ,devil was the leader3 ',th fal they to dauncing1 wherin he leadeth the daunce1 or els they hoppe and daunce merely about him4'#eae ,this is perhaps what de ,lancre means when he says that 'apres la dance ils se mettent par fois sauter'4#eaf ,a curious variation of the follow-my-leader dance was practised at ,aberdeen on ,rood ,day1 a date which as ,i have shown elsewhere corresponds with the ,walpurgis-,nacht of the ,german witches4 ,the meeting took place upon ,st4 ,katherine's ,hill1 'and there under the conduct of ,satan1 present with you1 playing before you1 after his form1 ye all danced a devilish dance1 riding on trees1 by a long space4'#eag ,other variations are also given4 ',the dance is strange1 and wonderful1 as well as diabolical1 for turning themselves back to back1 they take one another by the arms and raise each other from the ground1 then shake their heads to and fro like ,anticks1 and turn themselves as if they were mad4'#eah ,reginald ,scot1 quoting ,bodin1 says3 ',at these magicall assemblies1 the witches neuer faile to danse2 and in their danse they sing these words1 ,har har1 divell divell1 danse here danse here1 plaie here plaie here1 ,sabbath sabbath4 ,and whiles they sing and danse1 euerie one hath a broome in hir hand1 and holdeth it vp aloft4 ,item he saith1 that these night-walking or rather night-dansing witches1 brought out of ,italie into ,france1 that danse which is called ,la ,volta4'#eai ,there is also a description of one of the dances of the ,italian witches3 ',at ,como and ,brescia a number of children from eight to twelve years of age1 who had frequented the ,sabbat1 and had been re-converted by the inquisitors1 gave exhibitions in which their skill showed that they had not been taught by human art4 ,the woman was held behind her partner and they danced backward1 and when they paid reverence to the presiding demon they bent themselves backwards1 lifting a foot in the air forwards4'#ebj ,in ,lorraine the round dance always moved to the left4 ,as the dancers faced outwards1 this would mean that they moved 'widdershins'1 i4e4 against the sun4 ',ferner1 dass sie ihre ,tntze in einem ronden ,kreiss rings umbher fhren1 und die ,rcke zusammen gekehret haben1 wie eine unter den dreyen ,gratiis pfleget frgerissen zu werden1 und also zusammen tanzen4 ,sybilla ,morelia sagt1 dass der ,reyhen allezeit auff der lincken ,hand umbher gehe4'#eba ,one form of the witches' dance seems to survive among the children in the ,walloon districts of ,belgium4 ,it appears to be a mixture of the ordinary round dance and the third of de ,lancre's dances2 for it has no central personage1 and the striking of back against back is a marked feature4 ',les enfants font une ronde et rptent un couplet4 ,chaque fois1 un joueur dsign fait demi-tour sur place et se remet tourner avec les autres en faisant face l'extrieur du cercle4 ,quand tous les joueurs sont retourns1 ils se rapprochent et se heurtent le dos en cadence4'#ebb #d4 ,the ,music ,the music at the assemblies was of all kinds1 both instrumental and vocal4 ,the ,english trials hardly mention music1 possibly because the ,sabbath had fallen into a decadent condition2 but the ,scotch and ,french trials prove that it was an integral part of the celebration4 ,the ,devil himself was the usual performer1 but other members of the society could also supply the music1 and occasionally one person held the position of piper to the ,devil4 ,the music was always as an accompaniment of the dance2 the instrument in general use was a pipe1 varied in ,england by a cittern1 in ,scotland by 'the trump' or ,jew's harp1 also an instrument played with the mouth4 ,the ,somerset witches said that 'the ,man in black sometimes playes on a ,pipe or ,cittern1 and the company dance'4#ebc ,the ,north ,berwick witches 7#aeij71 when at the special meeting called to compass the death of the king1 'danced along the ,kirk-yeard1 ,geilis ,duncan playing on a ,trump4'#ebd ,the instrument of the ,aberdeen ,devil 7#aeig71 though not specified1 was probably a pipe2 it is usually called 'his forme of instrument' in the dittays4 ,isobel ,cockie of ,aberdeen was accused of being at a ,sabbath on ,allhallow ,eve3 ',thou wast the ring-leader1 next ,thomas ,leyis2 and because the ,devil played not so melodiously and well as thou crewit1 thou took his instrument out of his mouth1 then took him on the chaps therewith1 and played thyself thereon to the whole company4'#ebe ,at another meeting1 ,jonet ,lucas was present3 ',thou and they was under the conduct of thy master1 the ,devil1 dancing in ane ring1 and he playing melodiously upon ane instrument1 albeit invisibly to you4'#ebf ,at ,tranent 7#afei7 eight women and a man named ,john ,douglas confessed to 'having merry meetings with ,satan1 enlivened with music and dancing4 ,douglas was the pyper1 and the two favourite airs of his majesty were ,kilt thy coat1 ,maggie1 and come thy way with me1 and ,hulie the bed will fa'4'#ebg ,agnes ,spark at ,forfar 7#affa7 'did see about a dozen of people dancing1 and they had sweet music amongst them1 and1 as she thought1 it was the music of a pipe'4#ebh ,barton's wife was at a meeting in the ,pentland ,hills1 where the ,devil 'went before us in the likeness of a rough tanny ,dog1 playing on a pair of ,pipes4 ,the ,spring he played 7says she7 was1 ,the silly bit ,chiken1 gar cast it a pickle and it will grow meikle4'#ebi ,at ,crook of ,devon 7#affb7 the two old witches1 ,margaret ,huggon and ,janet ,paton1 confessed to being at a meeting1 and 'the foresaids hail women was there likeways and did all dance and ane piper play'4#ecj ,in ,france the instruments were more varied4 ,marie d',aspilcouette1 aged nineteen1 'voyoit dancer auec violons1 trompettes1 ou tabourins1 qui rendoyent vne tres grande harmonie'4#eca ,isaac de ,queyran1 aged twenty-five1 said that a minor devil 7diabloton7 played on a tambourine1 while the witches danced4#ecb ,but as usual de ,lancre is at his best when making a general summary3 ',elles dancent au son du petit tabourin de la fluste1 par fois auec ce long instrument qu'ils posent sur le col1 puis s'allongeant iusqu'auprs de la ceinture2 ils le battent auec vn petit baston3 par fois auec vn violon4 ,mais ce ne sont les seuls instrums du sabbat1 car nous aus apprins de plusieurs1 qu'on y oyt toute sorte d'instrumens1 auec vne telle harmonie1 qu'il n'y a concert au monde qui le puisse esgaler4'#ecc ,vocal music was also heard at the meetings1 sometimes as an accompaniment of the dance1 sometimes as an entertainment in itself4 ,when it was sung as a part of the dance1 the words were usually addressed to the ,master1 and took the form of a hymn of praise4 ,such a hymn addressed to the god of fertility would be full of allusions and words to shock the sensibilities of the ,christian priests and ministers who sat in judgement on the witches4 ,danaeus gives a general account of these scenes3 ',then fal they to dauncing1 wherin he leadeth the daunce1 or els they hoppe and daunce merely about him1 singing most filthy songes made in his prayse4'#ecd ,sinclair had his account from a clergyman3 'a reverend ,minister told me1 that one who was the ,devils ,piper1 a wizzard confest to him1 that at a ,ball of dancing1 the ,foul ,spirit taught him a ,baudy song to sing and play1 as it were this night1 and ere two days past all the ,lads and ,lasses of the town were lilting it throw the street4 ,it were abomination to rehearse it4'#ece ,at ,forfar ,helen ,guthrie told the court that ,andrew ,watson 'made great merriment by singing his old ballads1 and ,isobell ,shirrie did sing her song called ,tinkletum ,tankletum'4#ecf ,occasionally the ,devil himself was the performer1 as at ,innerkip1 where according to ,marie ,lamont 'he sung to us and we all dancit'4#ecg ,boguet notes that the music was sometimes vocal and sometimes instrumental3 ',les haubois ne manquent pas ces esbats3 car il y en a qui sont commis faire le devoir de menestrier2 ,satan y iou mesme de la flutte le plus souuent2 d'autrefois les ,sorciers se contentent de chanter la voix1 disant toutefois leurs chansons pesle-mesle1 auec vne confusion telle1 qu'ils ne s'entendent pas les vns les autres4'#ech ,at ,aix in #afaj 'the ,magicians and those that can reade1 sing certaine ,psalmes as they doe in the ,church1 especially ,laudate ,dominum de ,coelis3 ,confitemini domino quoniam bonus1 and the ,canticle ,benedicite1 transferring all to the praise of ,lucifer and the ,diuels3 ,and the ,hagges and ,sorcerers doe houle and vary their hellish cries high and low counterfeiting a kinde of villanous musicke4 ,they also daunce at the sound of ,viols and other instruments1 which are brought thither by those that were skild to play vpon them4'#eci ,at another ,french trial in #afeb the evidence showed that 'on dansait sans musique1 aux chansons'4#edj #e4 ,the ,feast ,the feast1 like the rest of the ritual1 varied in detail in different places4 ,it took place either indoors or out according to the climate and the season2 in ,southern ,france almost invariably in the open air1 in ,scotland and ,sweden almost always under cover2 in ,england sometimes one1 sometimes the other4 ,where it was usual to have it in the open1 tables were carried out and the food laid upon them2 indoor feasts were always spread on tables2 but in the ,english accounts of the open-air meal the cloth was spread1 picnic-fashion1 on the ground4 ,the food was supplied in different ways2 sometimes entirely by the devil1 sometimes entirely by one member of the community1 and sometimes--picnic-fashion again--all the company brought their own provisions4 ,consequently the quality of the food varied considerably2 on some occasions it was very good1 on others very homely4 ,but no matter who provided it1 the thanks of the feasters were solemnly and reverently given to the ,master1 to whose power the production of all food was due4 ,in a certain number of cases it is said that the food eaten at the feasts was of an unsatisfying nature4 ,this statement is usually made in the general descriptions given by contemporary writers2 it is rarely found in the personal confessions4 ,when it does so occur1 it is worth noting that the witch is generally a young girl4 ,if this were always the case1 it would be quite possible that then1 as now1 dancing and excitement had a great effect on the appetite1 and that the ordinary amount of food would appear insufficient4 ,the taboo on salt is interesting1 but it does not appear to have been by any means universal4 ,it does not seem to occur at all in ,great ,britain1 where the food at the feasts was quite normal4 ,some authorities appear to think that the witches ate the best of everything4 ',they sit to ,table where no delicate meats are wanting to gratifie their ,appetites1 all dainties being brought in the twinckling of an ,eye1 by those spirits that attend the ,assembly'4#eda ,though this is dramatically expressed it is confirmed by the statements of the witches themselves4 ,the ,lancashire witches had a great feast when they met in ,malking ,tower to consult as to the rescue of ,mother ,demdike4 ',the persons aforesaid had to their dinners ,beefe1 ,bacon1 and roasted ,mutton2 which ,mutton 7as this ,examinates said brother said7 was of a ,wether of ,christopher ,swyers of ,barley3 which ,wether was brought in the night before into this ,examinates mothers house by the said ,iames ,deuice1 this ,examinates said brother3 and in this ,examinates sight killed and eaten4444 ,and before their said parting away1 they all appointed to meete at the said ,prestons wiues house that day twelue-moneths2 at which time the said ,prestons wife promised to make them a great ,feast4'#edb ,the feast of the ,faversham witches was also indoors4 ',joan ,cariden confessed that ,goodwife ,hott told her within these two daies that there was a great meeting at ,goodwife ,panterys house1 and that ,goodwife ,dodson was there1 and that ,goodwife ,gardner should have been there1 but did not come1 and the ,divell sat at the upper end of the ,table4'#edc ,this was always the ,devil's place at the feast1 and beside him sat the chief of the women witches4 ,the ,somerset trials give more detail than any of the other ,english cases4 ,elizabeth ,style said that 'at their meeting they have usually ,wine or good ,beer1 ,cakes1 ,meat or the like4 ,they eat and drink really when they meet in their bodies1 dance also and have ,musick4 ,the ,man in black sits at the higher end1 and ,anne ,bishop usually next him4 ,he useth some words before meat1 and none after1 his voice is audible1 but very low4'#edd ,she enters into a little more detail in another place3 ',they had ,wine1 ,cakes1 and ,roastmeat 7all brought by the ,man in black7 which they did eat and drink4 ,they danced and were merry1 and were bodily there1 and in their ,clothes4'#ede ,alice ,duke gave a similar account3 ',all sate down1 a white ,cloth being spread on the ground1 and did drink ,wine1 and eat ,cakes and ,meat4'#edf ,the ,scotch trials show that it was usually the witches who entertained the ,master and the rest of the band4 ,alison ,peirson1 whose adventures among the fairies are very interesting1 stated that a man in green 'apperit to hir1 ane lustie mane1 with mony mene and wemen with him3 ,and that scho sanit her and prayit1 and past with thame fordir nor scho could tell2 and saw with thame pypeing and mirrynes and gude scheir1 and wes careit to ,lowtheane1 and saw wyne punchounis with tassis with thame'4#edg ,on another occasion a very considerable meeting took place 'in an old house near ,castle ,semple1 where a splendid feast was prepared1 which pleased the royal visitor so much1 that he complimented his entertainers for their hospitality1 and endearingly addressed them as his bairns'4#edh ,the ,forfar witches had many feasts2 ,helen ,guthrie says of one occasion3 ',they went to ,mary ,rynd's house and sat doune together at the table1 the divell being present at the head of it2 and some of them went to ,johne ,benny's house1 he being a brewer1 and brought ale from hence 444 and others of them went to ,alexander ,hieche's and brought aqua vitae from thence1 and thus made themselfes mirrie2 and the divill made much of them all1 but especiallie of ,mary ,rynd1 and he kist them all except the said ,helen herselfe1 whose hand onlie he kist2 and shee and ,jonet ,stout satt opposite one to another at the table4'#edi ,of the meeting at ,muryknowes there are several accounts4 ,the first is by little ,jonet ,howat1 ,helen ,guthrie's young daughter3 ',at this meiting there wer about twenty persones present with the divill1 and they daunced togither and eat togither1 having bieff1 bread1 and ale1 and shoe did eat and drink with them hir self1 bot hir bellie was not filled1 and shoe filled the drink to the rest of the company4'#eej ,elspet ,alexander confirms this statement1 ',the divill and the witches did drinke together having flesh1 bread1 and aile'2#eea and so also does the ,jonet ,stout who sat opposite to ,helen ,guthrie at the table1 ',the divill and the said witches did eat and drinke1 having flesh1 bread1 and aile upon ane table1 and ,joanet ,huit was caper and filled the drinke'4#eeb ,on one occasion they tried to wreck the ,bridge of ,cortaquhie2 'when we had done1 ,elspet ,bruce gaive the divell ane goose in hir own house1 and he dated hir mor than them all1 because shee was ane prettie woman4'#eec ,the ,kinross-shire witches obtained their food from the ,devil1 and this is one of the few instances of complaints as to the quality of it4 ',sathan gave you ,robert ,wilson both meat and drink sundry times1 but it never did you any good'2#eed and ,janet ,brugh 'confessed that ye got rough bread and sour drink from ,sathan at the ,bents of ,balruddrie'4#eee ,according to ,marie ,lamont1 'the devill came to ,kattrein ,scott's house1 in the midst of the night4 ,he gave them wyn to drink1 and wheat bread to eat1 and they warr all very mirrie4'#eef ,isobel ,gowdie's confession gives a wealth of detail as usual3 ',we would go to several houses in the night time4 ,we were at ,candlemas last in ,grangehill1 where we got meat and drink enough4 ,the ,devil sat at the head of the table1 and all the ,coven about4 ,that night he desired ,alexander ,elder in ,earlseat to say the grace before meat1 which he did2 and is this3#eeg ,we eat this meat in the ,devil's name etc44 ,and then we began to eat4 ,and when we had ended eating1 we looked steadfastly to the ,devil1 and bowing ourselves to him1 we said to the ,devil1 ,we thank thee1 our ,lord1 for this4--,we killed an ox1 in ,burgie1 about the dawing of the day1 and we brought the ox with us home to ,aulderne1 and did eat all amongst us in an house in ,aulderne1 and feasted on it4'#eeh ,at ,borrowstowness the witches went to different houses for their feasts1 which seem to have been supplied partly by the hostess1 partly by the ,devil and the guests4 ',ye and each person of you was at several meetings with the devil in the links of ,borrowstowness1 and in the house of you ,bessie ,vickar1 and ye did eat and drink with the devil1 and with one another1 and with witches in her house in the night time2 and the devil and the said ,william ,craw brought the ale which ye drank1 extending to about seven gallons1 from the house of ,elizabeth ,hamilton4'#eei ,in #afib ,goodwife ,foster of ,salem gave a rather charming description of the picnic feast with the ,coven from ,andover3 ',i enquired what she did for ,victuals' at the meeting2 ',she answered that she carried ,bread and ,cheese in her pocket1 and that she and the ,andover ,company came to the ,village before the ,meeting began1 and sat down together under a tree1 and eat their food1 and that she drank water out of a ,brook to quench her thirst4'#efj ,the ,continental evidence varies very little from the ,british4 ,except in a few details1 the main facts are practically the same4 ,de ,lancre summarizes the evidence which he himself collected1 and contrasts it with what other authorities said on the subject3 ',les liures disent que les sorciers mangent au ,sabbat de ce que le ,diable leur a apprest3 mais bien souut il ne s'y trouue que des viandes qu'ils ont port eux mesmes4 ,parfois il y a plusieurs tables seruies de bons viures1 d'autres fois de tres meschans3 table on se sied selon sa qualit1 ayant chacun son ,demon assis auprs1 parfois vis vis4 ,ils benissent leur table inuoquant ,beelzebub1 le tenant pour celui qui leur faict ce bien4'#efa ,the young man-witch1 ,isaac de ,queyran1 told de ,lancre that the witches sat at a table with the ,black ,man at the end1 and had bread and meat which was spread on a cloth4#efb ,the evidence at the trial of ,louis ,gaufredy at ,aix in #afaj gives other details1 though the eating of children's flesh is probably an exaggeration3 ',they prouide a banquet1 setting three tables according to the three diuersities of the people above named4 ,they that haue the charge of bread1 doe bring in bread made of corne4 ,the drink which they haue is ,malmsey4 ,the meate they ordinarily eate is the flesh of young children1 which they cooke and make ready in the ,synagogue1 sometimes bringing them thither aliue by stealing them from those houses where they haue opportunity to come4 ,they haue no vse of kniues at table for feare least they should be laid a crosse4 ,they haue also no salt4'#efc ,boguet also collected a considerable amount of information from the witches who fell into his hands3 ',les ,sorciers1 apres s'estre veautrez parmi les plaisirs immondes de la chair1 banquettent se festoient3 leurs banquets estans composez de plusieurs sortes de viandes1 selon les lieux1 qualitez des personnes4 ,par de la table estoit couuerte de beurre1 de fromage1 de chair4 ,clauda ,ianguillaume1 ,iaquema ,paget1 quelques autres adioustoient qu'il y auoit vne grande chaudiere sur le feu1 dans laquelle chacun alloit prendre de la chair4 ,on y boit aussi du vin1 le plus souuent de l'eau4444 ,antoine ,tornier a confess qu'elle en auoit beu le vin dans vn goubelet de bois2 les autres parloient seulement d'eau4 ,mais il n'y a iamais sel en ces repas4444 ,les ,sorciers auant que de prendre leur repas benissent la table1 mais auec des parolles remplies de blasphemes1 faisans ,beelzebub autheur conseruateur de toutes choses4444 ,ils accordent tous1 qu'il n'y a point de gout aux viandes qu'ils mangent au ,sabbat1 que la chair n'est autre chair que de cheual4 ,et adioustent en outre1 que lors qu'ils sortent de table1 ils sont aussi affamez que quand ils entrent4 ,antide ,colas racontoit particulierement que les viandes estoient froides4444 ,toutesfois il faut croire que bien souuent l'on mange au ,sabbat bon escient1 non par fantaisie imagination4'#efd ,the cold food occurs also in the accusation against a ,belgian witch1 ,elizabeth ,vlamynx1 in #aeie3 ',vous-mme vous avez apport aux convives un hochepot hutsepot froid1 que vous aviez prpar d'avance4'#efe ,in ,sweden the witches collected the food and sent it to the ,devil1 who gave them as much of it as he thought fit4 ,the feast was always held indoors in the house known as ,blockula4 ',in a huge large ,room of this ,house1 they said1 there stood a very long ,table1 at which the ,witches did sit down4444 ,they sate down to ,table1 and those that the ,devil esteemed most1 were placed nearest to him1 but the ,children must stand at the door1 where he himself gives them meat and drink4 ,the diet they did use to have there1 was1 they said1 ,broth with ,colworts and ,bacon in it1 ,oatmeal1 ,bread spread with ,butter1 ,milk and ,cheese4 ,and they added that sometimes it tasted very well1 and sometimes very ill4'#eff #f4 ,candles ,at first sight it would seem that the candles were naturally used only to illuminate the midnight festivities1 but the evidence points to the burning lights being part of the ritual4 ,this is also suggested by the importance1 in the cult1 of the early-spring festival of ,candlemas2 a festival which has long been recognized as of pre-,christian origin4 ,the light is particularly mentioned in many instances as being carried by the ,devil1 usually on his head2 the witches often lit their torches and candles at this flame1 though sometimes it seems that the ,devil lit the torch and then presented it to the witch4 ,to call the chief of the cult ,lucifer was therefore peculiarly appropriate1 especially at the ,candlemas ,sabbath4 ,in #aegd the witches of ,poictiers went to a cross-roads3 'l se trouuoit vn grand bouc noir1 qui parloit comme vne personne aux assistans1 dansoyent a l'entour du bouc3 puis vn chacun luy baisoit le derriere1 auec vne chandelle ardente4'#efg ,the witches of ,north ,berwick in #aeij mention candles as part of the ritual3 ',at ther meting be nycht in the kirk of ,northberick1 the deuell1 cled in a blak gown with a blak hat upon his head1 preachit vnto a gret nomber of them out of the pulpit1 having lyk leicht candles rond about him4#efh--;,john ,fian blew up the ,kirk doors1 and blew in the lights1 which were like mickle black candles1 holden in an old man's hand1 round about the pulpit4#efi--;,john ,fian was taken to ,north ,berwick church where ,satan commanded him to make him homage with the rest of his servants2 where he thought he saw the light of a candle1 standing in the midst of his servants1 which appeared blue lowe flame4'#egj ,in #aeid at ,puy-de-,dme ,jane ,bosdeau went 'at ,midnight on the ,eve of ,st ,john into a ,field1 where there appeared a great ,black ,goat with a ,candle between his ,horns'4#ega ,at ,aberdeen in #aeig ,marion ,grant confessed that 'the ,deuill apperit to the1 within this auchteine dayis or thairby1 quhome thow callis thy god1 about ane hour in the nicht1 and apperit to the in ane gryte man his lickness1 in silkin abuilzeament habiliment1 withe ane quhyt candill in his hand'4#egb ,in #aeih the witches whom ,boguet tried said that-- 'les ,sorciers estans assemblez en leur ,synagogue adorent premierement ,satan1 qui apparoit l1 tantost en forme d'vn grand homme noir1 tantost en forme de bouc1 pour plus grand hommage1 ils luy offrent des chandelles1 qui rendent vne flamme de couleur blee4 ,quelquefois encor il tient vne image noire1 qu'il fait baiser aux ,sorciers4 ,antide ,colas ses compagnes1 en baisant ceste image1 offroient vne chandelle ou buche d'estrain ardente4 ,ces chandelles leur sont bailles par le ,diable1 se perdent esuanouissent ds lors qu'elles luy out est offertes4 ,il s'en est trouu qui ont confess qu'ils alloient allumer le plus souuent leurs chandelles vne autre chandelle1 que le ,demon1 estant en forme de bouc1 portoit au dessus de la teste entre les deux cornes4'#egc ,some of the witches of the ,basses-,pyrnes1 tried in #afji1 said that the ,devil was-- 'comme vn grand bouc1 ayt deux cornes deuant deux en derriere4 ,mais le commun est qu'il a seulement trois cornes1 qu'il a quelque espece de lumiere en celle du milieu1 de laquelle il a accoustum au sabbat d'esclairer1 donner du feu de la lumiere1 mesmes ces ,sorcieres qui tiennent quelques chandelles alumees aux ceremonies de la ,messe qu'ils veulent contrefaire4 ,on luy voit aussi quelque espece de bonet ou chapeau au dessus de ses cornes4--,toute l'assemblee le vient adorer le baisant sous la queu1 allumant des chandelles noires4'#egd ,barthlemy ,minguet of ,brcy1 a man of twenty-five1 tried in #afaf1 described the ceremonies of the ,sabbath2 after the sermon the worshippers 'vont l'offerte1 tenant en leurs mains des chandelles de poix noire qui leur sont donnes par le ,diable'4#ege ,in #afdf ,elizabeth ,weed of ,great ,catworth1 ,hunts1 confessed that the ,devil came to her at night1 'and being demanded what light was there1 she answered1 none but the light of the ,spirit4'#egf ,in #afeb a ,french witch stated that at the ,sabbath 'on dansait sans musique1 aux chansons4 ,toutes les femmes y toient tenues par les diables par lors il y avoit de la lumire une chandelle tenue au millieu par une femme que ne connoit4444 ,au milieux il y auoit une feme masque tenant une chandelle4'#egg ,barton's wife was at a witch meeting in the ,pentland ,hills1 'and coming down the hill when we had done1 which was the best sport1 he the ,devil carried the candle in his bottom under his tail1 which played ey wig wag wig wag4'#egh ,helen ,guthrie in #affa does not expressly mention candles or torches1 but her description of the flickering light on the ground suggests their use4 ,she 'was at a meiting in the churchyeard of ,forfar in the ,holfe therof1 and they daunced togither1 and the ground under them wes all fyre flauchter'4#egi ,the ,somerset witches stated that1 when they met1 'the ,man in ,black bids them welcome1 and they all make low obeysance to him1 and he delivers some ,wax ,candles like little ,torches1 which they give back again at parting4'#ehj ,the light seems to have been sometimes so arranged1 probably in a lantern1 as to be diffused4 ,this was the case at ,torryburn1 where the assembly was lit by a light 'which came from darkness'1 it was sufficiently strong for the dancers to see one another's faces1 and to show the ,devil wearing a cap or hood which covered his neck and ears4#eha ,the latest account of a witch-meeting in the eighteenth century describes how the witches of ,strathdown went to ,pol-nain and there were 'steering themselves to and fro in their riddles1 by means of their oars the brooms1 hallooing and skirling worse than the bogles1 and each holding in her left hand a torch of fir'4#ehb ,there is one account where the candle was for use and not for ritual4 ,john ,stuart of ,paisley1 in #afgh1 admitted the ,devil and some witches into his room one night in order to make a clay image of an enemy4 ',declares1 that the black man did make the figure of the ,head and ,face and two ,arms to the said ,effigies4 ,declares1 that the ,devil set three ,pins in the same1 one in each side1 and one in the ,breast3 ,and that the ,declarant did hold the ,candle to them all the time the ,picture was making4'#ehc ,john ,stuart was the principal person on this occasion1 and therefore had the honour of holding the light4 ,the description of the event suggests that the saying ',to hold a candle to the ,devil' took its rise in actual fact4 ,the material of which the candles or torches were made was pitch1 according to de ,lancre1 and at ,north ,berwick the lights were 'like lighted candles' burning with a blue flame4 ,the white candle seems to have been essentially the attribute of the devil1 the black candles or torches being distinctive of the witches4 ,that the lights burned blue is due to the material of which the torches were made4 ,the evanescent character of the light1 when a wisp of straw was used1 is noted in the evidence of ,antide ,colas4 #g4 ,the ,sacrament ,the earliest example of the religious services occurs in #acbd in the trial of ,lady ,alice ,kyteler3 ',in rifeling the closet of the ladie1 they found a ,wafer of sacramentall bread1 hauing the diuels name stamped thereon in stead of ,jesus ,christ4'#ehd ,according to ,boguet 7#aehi7 the ,devil did not always perform the religious service himself1 but mass was celebrated by a priest among his followers2 this custom is found in all countries and seems to have been as common as that the ,devil himself should perform the service4 ',celuy1 qui est commis faire l'office1 est reuestu d'vne chappe noire sans croix1 apres auoir mis de l'eau dans le calice1 il tourne le doz l'autel1 puis esleue vn rond de raue teinte en noir1 au lieu de l'hostie1 lors tous les ,sorciers crient haute voix1 ,maistre1 aide nous4 ,le ,diable en mesme temps pisse dans vn trou terre1 fait de l'eau beniste de son vrine1 de laquelle celuy1 qui dit la messe1 arrouse tous les assistans auec vn asperges noir4'#ehe ,the ,devil of the ,basses ,pyrnes 7#afji7 performed the religious ceremony himself3 ',il s'habille en ,prestre pour dire ,messe1 laquelle il fait semblant de celebrer auec mille fourbes souplesses1 auprs d'vn arbre1 ou parfois auprs d'vn rocher1 dressant quelque forme d'autel sur des coloes infernales1 sur iceluy sans dire le ,confiteor1 ny l',alleluya1 tournant les feuillets d'vn certain liure qu'il a en main1 il commence marmoter quelques mots de la ,messe1 arriuant l'offertoire il s'assiet1 toute l'assemblee le vient adorer le baisant sous la queu1 allumant des chandelles noires3 ,puis luy baisent la main gauche1 tremblans auec mille angoisses1 luy offrent du pain1 des ufs1 de l'argent3 la ,royne du ,sabbat les reoit1 laquelle est assise son cost gauche1 en sa main gauche elle tient vne paix ou platine1 dans laquelle est grauee l'effigie de ,lucifer1 laquelle on ne baise qu'aprs l'auoir premierement baise elle4 ,puis il se met prescher1 son subiect est communment de la vaine gloire4444 ,il finit son sermon1 continue ses autres ceremonies1 leuant vne certaine ,hostie laquelle est noire ronde1 auec sa figure imprime au dessus3 disant ces paroles1 ,cecy est mon corps1 il leue l',hostie sur ses cornes3 cette esleuati tous ceux de l'assemblee l'adort en disant ces mots1 ,aquerra ,goity1 ,aquerra ,beyty1 ,aquerra ,goity1 ,aquerra ,beyty1 qui veut dire1 ,cabron arriba1 ,cabron abaro1 de mesme en font ils au ,calice repetant ces mots1 iusqu' ce qu'il a vuid tout ce qui est dans iceluy4 ,puis toute l'assemblee enuironnant l'autel en forme de croissant ou demy-lune1 prosternez par terre1 il leur fait vn autre sermon1 puis leur baille communier par ordre1 donnant chacun vn petit morceau de l'hostie1 pour leur donner moyen de l'aualer aisment1 il leur donne deux gorgees de quelque medicine infernale1 certain breuuage de si mauuais goust odeur1 que l'aualant ils suent1 neantmoins il est si froid1 qu'il leur gele le corps1 les nerfs1 les moelles4 ,puis il s'accouple auec elles1 leur commande d'en faire de mesme1 si bien qu'ils commettent mille incestes autres pechez contre nature4 ,puis il les inuite se mettre table4'#ehf ,at ,aix in #afaj ,magdalene de ,demandouls 'said that that accursed ,magician ,lewes ,gaufredy did first inuent the saying of ,masse at the ,sabbaths1 and did really consecrate and present the sacrifice to ,lucifer4444 ,she also related1 that the said ,magician did sprinkle the consecrated wine vpon all the company1 at which time euery one cryeth1 ,sanguis eius super nos filios nostros4'#ehg ,lord ,fountainhall remarks1 ',in #afgj we heard that the ,devil appeared in the shape of a ,minister1 in the copper mines of ,sweden1 and attempted the same villainous apery4'#ehh ,the ,scotch witches1 like the ,swedish1 performed the rite after the manner of the ,reformed ,churches4 ,in #afgh-- 'the devill had a great meeting of witches in ,loudian1 where1 among others1 was a warlock who formerly had been admitted to the ministrie in the presbyterian tymes1 and when the bishops came in1 conformed with them4 ,but being found flagitious and wicked1 was deposed by them1 and now he turnes a preacher under the devill of hellish doctrine2 for the devill at this tyme preaches to his witches really 7if ,i may so term it7 the doctrine of the infernall pitt1 viz4 blasphemies against ,god and his son ,christ4 ,among other things1 he told them that they were more happy in him than they could be in ,god2 him they saw1 but ,god they could not see2 and in mockrie of ,christ and his holy ordinance of the sacrament of his supper1 he gives the sacrament to them1 bidding them eat it and to drink it in remembrance of himself4 ,this villan was assisting to ,sathan in this action1 and in preaching4'#ehi ,fountainhall in writing of the same convention of witches says that the ,devil 'adventured to give them the communion or holy sacrament1 the bread was like wafers1 the drink was sometimes blood sometimes black moss-water4 ,he preached and most blasphemously mocked them1 if they offered to trust in ,god who left them miserable in the world1 and neither he nor his ,son ,jesus ,christ ever appeared to them when they called on them1 as he had1 who would not cheat them4'#eij ,the ,abb ,guibourg 7#afgi71 head of the ,paris witches1 'a fait chez la ,voisin1 revtu d'aube1 d'tole et de manipule1 une conjuration4'#eia ,the same ,abb celebrated mass more than once over the body of a woman and with the blood of a child1 sacrificed for the occasion1 in the chalice 7see section on ,sacrifice74 ,the woman1 who served as the altar for these masses1 was always nude1 and was the person for whose benefit the ceremony was performed4 ,marguerite ,montvoisin makes this clear3 ',il est vrai aussi qu'une sage-femme qui demeurait au coin de la rue des ,deux-,portes1 distilla aussi les entrailles d'un enfant dont la mre y avait accouch4444 ,avant la distillation1 les entrailles de l'enfant et l'arrire-faix de la mre avaient t ports ,saint-,denis1 ,guibourg1 par sa mre1 la sage-femme et la mre de l'enfant1 sur le ventre de laquelle sa mre1 son retour1 lui dit que ,guibourg avait dit la messe4'#eib ,guibourg acknowledged that1 besides the one just quoted1 he celebrated three masses in this way4 ,at the first he used a conjuration4 ',il dit la deuxime messe dans une masure sur les remparts de ,saint-,denis1 sur la mme femme1 avec les mmes crmonies4444 ,dit la troisime ,paris chez la ,voisin sur la mme femme4'#eic ,the woman mentioned in ,guibourg's confession was ,madame de ,montespan herself4 ,the following conjuration was used at the first mass3 'sur le ventre d'une femme'3 ',astaroth1 ,asmode1 princes d'amiti1 je vous conjure d'accepter le sacrifice que je vous prsente de cet enfant pour les choses que je vous demande1 qui sont l'amiti du ,roi1 de ,mgr le ,dauphin me soit continue et tre honore des princes et princesses de la cour1 que rien ne me soit dni de tout ce que je demanderai au ,roi1 tant pour mes parents que serviteurs4'#eid ,a very interesting case is that of the ,rev4 ,george ,burroughs in ,new ,england 7#afib73 ',he was ,accused by ,eight of the ,confessing ,witches1 as being an ,head ,actor at some of their ,hellish ,randezvouses1 and one who had the promise of being a ,king in ,satan's kingdom1 now going to be ,erected4444 ,one ,lacy testify'd that she and the prisoner ,martha ,carrier were once ,bodily present at a ,witch-meeting in ,salem ,village2 and that she knew the prisoner to be a ,witch1 and to have been at a ,diabolical sacrament4444 ,another ,lacy testify'd that the prisoner was at the ,witch-meeting1 in ,salem ,village1 where they had ,bread and ,wine ,administred unto them4444 ,deliverance ,hobbs affirmed that this ,bridget ,bishop was at a ,general ,meeting of the ,witches1 in a ,field at ,salem-,village1 and there partook of a ,diabolical ,sacrament in ,bread and ,wine then administred4'#eie ,hutchinson had access to the same records and gives the same evidence1 though even more strongly3 ',richard ,carrier affirmed to the jury that he saw ,mr4 ,george ,burroughs at the witch meeting at the village and saw him administer the sacrament4 ,mary ,lacy1 senr4 and her daughter ,mary affirmed that ,mr4 ,george ,burroughs was at the witch meetings with witch sacrements1 and that she knows ,mr4 ,burroughs to be of the company of witches4'#eif ,john ,hale has a similar record3 ',this ,d4 ,h4 ,deliverance ,hobbs confessed she was at a ,witch ,meeting at ,salem ,village4444 ,and the said ,g4 ,b4 preached to them1 and such a ,woman was their ,deacon1 and there they had a ,sacrament4'#eig ,abigail ,williams said 'that the ,witches had a ,sacrament that day at an house in the ,village1 and that they had ,red ,bread and ,red ,drink'4#eih ,with the evidence before him ,mather seems justified in saying that the witches had 'their ,diabolical ,sacraments1 imitating the ,baptism and the ,supper of our ,lord'4#eii #h4 ,sacrifices ,there are four forms of sacrifice3 7#a7 the blood sacrifice1 which was performed by making an offering of the witch's own blood2 7#b7 the sacrifice of an animal2 7#c7 the sacrifice of a human being1 usually a child2 7#d7 the sacrifice of the god4 #a4 ,the blood-sacrifice took place first at the admission of the neophyte4 ,originally a sacrifice1 it was afterwards joined to the other ceremony of signing the contract1 the blood serving as the writing fluid2 it also seems to be confused in the seventeenth century with the pricking for the ,mark1 but the earlier evidence is clear4 ,a writer who generalizes on the witchcraft religion and who recognizes the sacrificial nature of the act is ,cooper2 as he wrote in #afag his evidence belongs practically to the sixteenth century4 ,he says3 ',in further token of their subiection unto ,satan in yeelding vp themselues wholy vnto his deuotion1 behold yet another ceremony heere vsually is performed3 namely1 to let themselues bloud in some apparant place of the body1 yeelding the same to be sucked by ,satan1 as a sacrifice vnto him1 and testifying thereby the full subiection of their liues and soules to his deuotion4'#fjj ,the earliest account of the ceremony is at ,chelmsford in #aeef4 ,elizabeth ,francis 'learned this arte of witchcraft from her grandmother4 ,when shee taughte it her1 she counseiled her to geue of her bloudde to ,sathan 7as she termed it7 whyche she delyuered to her in the lykenesse of a whyte spotted ,catte4 ,euery time that he the cat did any thynge for her1 she sayde that he required a drop of bloude1 which she gaue him by prycking herselfe4' ,some time after1 ,elizabeth ,francis presented the ,satan-cat to ,mother ,waterhouse1 passing on to her the instructions received from ,elizabeth's grandmother4 ,mother ,waterhouse 'gaue him for his labour a chicken1 which he fyrste required of her and a drop of her blod4 ,and thys she gaue him at all times when he dyd any thynge for her1 by pricking her hand or face and puttinge the bloud to hys mouth whyche he sucked4'#fja ,in #aeff ,john ,walsh1 a ,dorset witch1 confessed that 'at the first time when he had the ,spirite1 hys sayd maister did cause him to deliuer one drop of his blud1 whych bloud the ,spirite did take away vpon hys paw'4#fjb ,in ,belgium in #afjc ,claire ,goessen1 'aprs avoir donn boire de son sang ,satan1 et avoir bu du sien1 a fait avec lui un pacte4#fjc ,in the case of the ,lancashire witch1 ,margaret ,johnson1 in #afcc1 it is difficult to say whether the pricking was for the purpose of marking or for a blood sacrifice2 the slight verbal alterations in the two ,,ms4 accounts of her confession suggest a confusion between the two ideas2 the one appears to refer to the mark1 the other 7quoted here7 to the sacrifice3 ',such witches as have sharp bones given them by the devill to pricke them1 have no pappes or dugges whereon theire devil may sucke2 but theire devill receiveth bloud from the place1 pricked with the bone2 and they are more grand witches than any yt have marks4'#fjd ,in ,suffolk in #afde 'one ,bush of ,barton widdow confessed that the ,deuill appeared to her in the shape of a young black man 444 and asked her for bloud1 which he drew out of her mouth1 and it dropped on a paper'4#fje ,at ,auldearne1 in #affb1 the blood was drawn for baptizing the witch2 ,isobel ,gowdie said1 ',the ,divell marked me in the showlder1 and suked owt my blood at that mark1 and spowted it in his hand1 and1 sprinkling it on my head1 said1 ,i baptise the1 ,janet1 in my awin name4' ,janet ,breadheid's evidence is practically the same3 ',the ,divell marked me in the shoulder1 and suked out my blood with his mowth at that place2 he spowted it in his hand1 and sprinkled it on my head4 ,he baptised me thairvith1 in his awin nam1 ,christian4'#fjf #b4 ,the sacrifice of animals was general1 and the accounts give a certain amount of detail1 but the ceremony was not as a rule sufficiently dramatic to be considered worth recording4 ,the actual method of killing the animal is hardly ever given4 ,the rite was usually performed privately by an individual2 on rare occasions it was celebrated by a whole ,coven1 but it does not occur at the ,great ,assembly1 for there the sacrifice was of the ,god himself4 ,the animals offered were generally a dog1 a cat1 or a fowl1 and it is noteworthy that these were forms in which the ,devil often appeared to his worshippers4 ,the chief authorities all agree as to the fact of animal sacrifices4 ,cotta compares it with the sacrifices offered by the heathen3 ',some bring their cursed ,sorcery vnto their wished end1 by sacrificing vnto the ,diuell some liuing creatures1 as ,serres likewise witnesseth1 from the confession of ,witches in ,henry the fourth of ,france deprehended1 among whom1 one confessed to haue offered vnto his ,deuill or ,spirit a ,beetle4 ,this seemeth not improbable1 by the ,diabolicall litations 7sic7 and bloudy sacrifices1 not onely of other creatures1 but euen of men1 wherewith in ancient time the heathen pleased their gods1 which were no other then ,diuels4'#fjg ,the number of sacrifices in the year is exaggerated by the writers on the subject1 but the witches themselves are often quite definite in their information when it happens to be recorded4 ,it appears from their statements that the rite was performed only on certain occasions1 either to obtain help or as a thank-offering4 ,danaeus1 speaking of the newly admitted witch1 says1 ',then this vngracious and new servant of satan1 euery day afterward offreth something of his goods to his patrone1 some his dogge1 some his hen1 and some his cat4'#fjh ,scot1 who always improves on his original1 states that the witches depart after the ,sabbath1 'not forgetting euery daie afterwards to offer to him1 dogs1 cats1 hens1 or bloud of their owne4'#fji ,the earliest witch-trial in the ,british ,isles shows animal sacrifice4 ,in #acbd in ,ireland ,lady ,alice ,kyteler 'was charged to haue nightlie conference with a spirit called ,robin ,artisson1 to whom she sacrificed in the high waie 4ix4 red cocks'4#faj ,in #aeff at ,chelmsford ,mother ,waterhouse 'gaue him i4e4 the ,satan-cat for his labour a chicken1 which he fyrste required of her1 and a drop of her blod4444 ,another tyme she rewarded hym as before1 wyth a chicken and a droppe of her bloud1 which chicken he eate vp cleane as he didde al the rest1 and she cold fynde remaining neyther bones nor fethers4'#faa ,joan ,waterhouse1 daughter of ,mother ,waterhouse1 a girl of eighteen1 said that the ,deuil came in the likeness of a great dog1 'then asked hee her what she wolde geue hym1 and she saide a red kocke4'#fab ,john ,walsh of ,dorset1 in #aeff1 confessed that 'when he would call him the ,spirit1 hee sayth hee must geue hym some lyuing thing1 as a ,chicken1 a ,cat1 or a ,dog4 ,and further he sayth he must geue hym twoo lyuing thynges once a yeare4'#fac ,in ,lorraine in #aehi ,beatrix ,baonensis said1 ',etliche geben junge ,hner1 oder wohl alte ,hner1 wie ,desideria ,pari iensis1 und ,cathelonia ,vincentia gethan hatten3 ,etliche schneiden ihre ,haar ab und lieffern dieselbe dahin1 etliche geben ,spher1 etliche ,vgel oder sonst nicht viel besonders1 als da sein mchte gemntzt ,geld aus ,rindern ,ledder1 und wenn sie dergleichen nichts haben1 so verschafft es ihnen ihr ,geist1 auff dass sie staffirt seyn4'#fad ,in ,aberdeen in #aeig ,andro ,man gave evidence that 'the ,devill thy maister1 whom thow termis ,christsunday 444 is rasit be the speking of the word ,benedicite1 and is laid agane be tacking of a dog vnder thy left oxster in thi richt hand1 and casting the same in his mouth1 and speking the word ,maikpeblis4'#fae ,at ,lang ,niddry in #afjh the whole ,coven performed a rite1 beginning at the 'irne zet of ,seatoun'1 where they christened a cat by the name of ,margaret1 'and thaireftir come all bak agane to the ,deane-fute1 quhair first thai convenit1 and cuist the kat to the ,devill4'#faf ,in #afcj ,alexander ,hamilton had consultations with the ,devil near ,edinburgh1 'and afoir the devill his away passing the said ,alexr was in use to cast to him ather ane kat or ane laif or ane dog or any uther sic beast he come be4'#fag ,in ,bute in #afbb ,margaret ,nc,william 'renounced her baptisme and he baptised her and she gave him as a gift a hen or cock'4#fah ,in modern ,france the sacrifice of a fowl to the ,devil still holds good3 ',celui qui veut devenir sorcier doit aller un quatre chemins avec une poule noire1 ou bien encore au cimetire1 sur une tombe et toujours minuit4 ,il vient alors quelqu'un qui demande3 ,que venez vous faire ici8 ,j'ai une poule vendre1 rpond-on4 ,ce quelqu'un est le ,mchant4'#fai ,it is possible that the custom of burying a live animal to cure disease among farm animals1 as well as the charm of casting a live cat into the sea to raise a storm1 are forms of the animal sacrifice4 #c4 ,child ,sacrifice4--,the child-victim was usually a young infant1 either a witch's child or unbaptized2 in other words1 it did not belong to the ,christian community4 ,this last is an important point1 and was the reason why unbaptized children were considered to be in greater danger from witches than the baptized4 ',if there be anie children vnbaptised1 or not garded with the signe of the crosse1 or orizons2 then the witches may or doo catch them from their mothers sides in the night1 or out of their cradles1 or otherwise kill them with their ceremonies4'#fbj ,the same author quotes from the ,french authorities the crimes laid to the charge of witches1 among which are the following3 ',they sacrifice their owne children to the diuell before baptisme1 holding them vp in the aire vnto him1 and then thrust a needle into their braines'2 and 'they burne their children when they haue sacrificed them'4#fba ,boguet says1 ',les ,matrones1 sages femmes sont accoustum d'offrir ,satan les petits enfans qu'elles reoiuent1 puis les faire mourir auant qu'ils soient baptizez1 par le moy d'vne grosse espingle qu'elles leur enfoncent dans le cerueau4'#fbb ,boguet's words imply that this was done at every birth at which a witch officiated2 but it is impossible that this should be the case2 the sacrifice was probably made for some special purpose1 for which a new-born child was the appropriate victim4 ,the most detailed account of such sacrifices is given in the trial of the ,paris witches 7#afgi-ha71 whom ,madame de ,montespan consulted4 ,the whole ceremony was performed to the end that the love of ,louis ,,xiv should return to ,madame de ,montespan1 at that time his discarded mistress2 it seems to be a kind of fertility rite1 hence its use on this occasion4 ,the ,abb ,guibourg was the sacrificing priest1 and from this and other indications he appears to have been the ,chief or ,grand-master who1 before a less educated tribunal1 would have been called the ,devil4 ,both he and the girl ,montvoisin were practically agreed as to the rite2 though from the girl's words it would appear that the child was already dead1 while ,guibourg's evidence implies that it was alive4 ,both witnesses gave their evidence soberly and gravely and without torture4 ,montvoisin1 who was eighteen years old1 stated that she had presented ' la messe de ,madame de ,montespan1 par l'ordre de sa mre1 un enfant paraissant n avant terme1 le mit dans un bassin1 ,guibourg l'gorgea1 versa dans le calice1 et consacra le sang avec hostie'4 ,guibourg's evidence shows that the sacrifice was so far from being uncommon that the assistants were well used to the work1 and did all that was required with the utmost celerity3 ',il avait achet un cu l'enfant qui fut sacrifi cette messe qui lui fut prsent par une grande fille et ayant tir du sang de l'enfant qu'il piqua la gorge avec un canif1 il en versa dans le calice1 aprs quoi l'enfant fut retir et emport dans un autre lieu1 dont ensuite on lui rapporta le cur et les entrailles pour en faire une deuxieme oblation4'#fbc ,in ,scotland it was firmly believed that sacrifices of children took place in all classes of society3 ',the justices of the peace were seen familiarly conversing with the foul fiend1 to whom one in ,dumfries-shire actually offered up his firstborn child immediately after birth1 stepping out with it in his arms to the staircase1 where the devil stood ready1 as it was suspected1 to receive the innocent victim4'#fbd ,in the later witch-trials the sacrifice of the child seems to have been made after its burying1 as in the case of the ,witch of ,calder in #agbj1 who confessed that she had given the ,devil 'the body of a dead child of her own to make a roast of'4#fbe ,it is possible that the killing of children by poison was one method of sacrifice when the cult was decadent and victims difficult to obtain4 ,reginald ,scot's words1 written in #aehd1 suggest that this was the case3 ',this must be an infallible rule1 that euerie fortnight1 or at the least euerie moneth1 each witch must kill one child at the least for hir part4'#fbf ,sinistrari d',ameno1 writing about a century later1 says the same3 ',they promise the ,devil sacrifices and offerings at stated times3 once a fortnight or at least each month1 the murder of some child1 or an homicidal act of sorcery4'#fbg ,it is impossible to believe in any great frequency of this sacrifice1 but there is considerable foundation in fact for the statement that children were killed1 and it accounts as nothing else can for the cold-blooded murders of children of which the witches were sometimes accused4 ,the accusations seem to have been substantiated on several occasions1 the method of sacrifice being by poison4#fbh ,the sacrifice of a child was often performed as a means of procuring certain magical materials or powers1 which were obtained by preparing the sacrificed bodies in several ways4 ,scot says that the flesh of the child was boiled and consumed by the witches for two purposes4 ,of the thicker part of the concoction 'they make ointments1 whereby they ride in the aire2 but the thinner potion they put into flaggons1 whereof whosoeuer drinketh1 obseruing certeine ceremonies1 immediatelie becommeth a maister or rather a mistresse in that practise and facultie4'#fbi ,the ,paris ,coven confessed that they 'distilled' the entrails of the sacrificed child after ,guibourg had celebrated the mass for ,madame de ,montespan1 the method being probably the same as that described by ,scot4 ,a variant occurs in both ,france and ,scotland1 and is interesting as throwing light on the reasons for some of the savage rites of the witches3 ',pour ne confesser iamais le secret de l'escole1 on faict au sabbat vne paste de millet noir1 auec de la poudre du foye de quelque enfant non baptis qu'on faict secher1 puis meslant cette poudre avec ladicte paste1 elle a cette vertu de taciturnit3 si bien que qui en mange ne confesse iamais4'#fcj ,at ,forfar1 in #affa1 ,helen ,guthrie and four others exhumed the body of an unbaptized infant1 which was buried in the churchyard near the south-east door of the church1 'and took severall peices therof1 as the feet1 hands1 a pairt of the head1 and a pairt of the buttock1 and they made a py therof1 that they might eat of it1 that by this meanes they might never make a confession 7as they thought7 of their witchcraftis4'#fca ,here the idea of sympathetic magic is very clear2 by eating the flesh of a child who had never spoken articulate words1 the witches' own tongues would be unable to articulate4 #d4 ,sacrifice of the ,god4--,the sacrifice of the witch-god was a decadent custom when the records were made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries4 ,the accounts of the actual rite come from ,france and ,belgium1 where a goat was substituted for the human victim4 ,the sacrifice was by fire in both those countries1 and there are indications that it was the same in ,great ,britain4 ,it is uncertain whether the interval of time between the sacrifices was one1 seven1 or nine years4 ,bodin and ,boguet1 each writing from his own knowledge of the subject1 give very similar accounts1 ,bodin's being the more detailed4 ,in describing a trial which took place in ,poictiers in #aegd1 he says3 ',l se trouuoit vn grand bouc noir1 qui parloit comme vne personne aux assistans1 dansoyent l'entour du bouc3 puis vn chacun luy baisoit le derriere1 auec vne chandelle ardente3 cel faict1 le bouc se consommoit en feu1 de la cdre chacun en prenoit pour faire mourir le buf etc44 ,et en fin le ,diable leur disoit d'vne voix terrible des mots1 ,vengez vous ou vous mourrez4'#fcb ,boguet says that in the ,lyons district in #aeih the ,devil celebrated mass1 and 'apres auoir prins la figure d'vn ,bouc1 se consume en feu1 reduit en cendre1 laquelle les ,sorciers recueillent1 cachent pour s'en seruir l'execution de leurs desseins pernicieux abominables'4#fcc ,in #afjc1 a ,belgian witch1 ,claire ,goessen1 was present at such a sacrifice1 and her account is therefore that of an eyewitness4 ',elle s'est laisse transporter l'assemble nocturne de ,lembeke1 o1 aprs la danse1 elle a1 comme tous les assistans1 bais un bouc l'endroit de sa queue1 lequel bouc fut ensuite brl et ses cendres distribues et emportes par les convives4'#fcd ,jeanne de ,belloc in #afji 'a veu le ,grand maistre de l'assemblee se ietter dans les flammes au sabbat1 se faire brusler iusques ce qu'il estoit reduit en poudre1 les grandes insignes sorcieres prendre les dictes poudres pour ensorceler les petits enfants les mener au sabbat1 en prenoient aussi dans la bouche pour ne reueler iamais'4#fce ,a ,french witch in #afeb declared that at the ,sabbath 'le diable s'y at mis en feu et en donn des cendres lesquelles tous faisaient voller en l'air pour faire mancquer les fruits de la terre'4#fcf ,at ,lille in #affa the girls in ,madame ,bourignon's orphanage stated that 'on y adoroit une bte2 qu'on faisoit avec elle des infamies2 puis sur la fin on la brloit1 chacun en prenoit des cendres1 avec lesquelles on faisoit languir ou mourir des personnes1 ou autres animaux'4#fcg ,the collection and use of the ashes by the worshippers point to the fact that we have here a sacrifice of the god of fertility4 ,originally the sprinkling of the ashes on fields or animals or in running water was a fertility charm2 but when ,christianity became sufficiently powerful to attempt the suppression of the ancient religion1 such practices were represented as evil1 and were therefore said to be 'pour faire mancquer les fruits de la terre'4 ,the animal-substitute for the divine victim is usually the latest form of the sacrifice2 the intervening stages were first the volunteer1 then the criminal1 both of whom were accorded the power and rank of the divine being whom they personated4 ,the period of time during which the substitute acted as the god varied in different places2 so also did the interval between the sacrifices4 ,frazer has pointed out that the human victim1 whether the god himself or his human substitute1 did not content himself by merely not attempting to escape his destiny1 but in many cases actually rushed on his fate1 and died by his own hand or by voluntary submission to the sacrificer4 ,the witch-cult being a survival of an ancient religion1 many of the beliefs and rites of these early religions are to be found in it4 ,of these the principal are3 the voluntary substitute1 the temporary transference of power to the substitute1 and the self-devotion to death4 ,as times changed and the ceremonies could no longer be performed openly1 the sacrifices took on other forms4 ,i have already suggested that the child-murders1 of which the witches were often convicted1 were in many cases probably offerings made to the ,god4 ,in the same way1 when the time came for the ,god or his substitute to be sacrificed1 recourse was had to methods which hid the real meaning of the ceremony2 and the sacrifice of the incarnate deity1 though taking place in public1 was consummated at the hands of the public executioner4 ,this explanation accounts for the fact that the bodies of witches1 male or female1 were always burnt and the ashes scattered2 for the strong prejudice which existed1 as late as the eighteenth century1 against any other mode of disposing of their bodies2 and for some of the otherwise inexplicable occurrences in connexion with the deaths of certain of the victims4 ,read in the light of this theory much of the mystery which surrounds the fate of ,joan of ,arc is explained4 ,she was put to death as a witch1 and the conduct of her associates during her military career1 as well as the evidence at her trial1 bear out the fact that she belonged to the ancient religion1 not to the ,christian4 ,nine years after her death in the flames her commander1 ,gilles de ,rais1 was tried on the same charge and condemned to the same fate4 ,the sentence was not carried out completely in his case2 he was executed by hanging1 and the body was snatched from the fire and buried in ,christian ground4 ,like ,joan herself1 ,gilles received a semi-canonization after death1 and his shrine was visited by nursing mothers4 ,two centuries later ,major ,weir offered himself up and was executed as a witch in ,edinburgh1 refusing to the end all attempts to convert him to the ,christian point of view4 ,the belief that the witch must be burnt and the ashes scattered was so ingrained in the popular mind that1 when the severity of the laws began to relax1 remonstrances were made by or to the authorities4 ,in #afdi the ,scotch ,general ,assembly has a record3 ',concerning the matter of the buriall of the ,lady ,pittadro1 who1 being vnder a great scandall of witchcraft1 and being incarcerat in the ,tolbuith of this burgh during her triall before the ,justice1 died in prison1 ,the ,comission of the ,generall ,assembly1 having considered the report of the ,comittee appointed for that purpose1 ,doe give their advyse to the ,presbyterie of ,dumfermling to show their dislike of that fact of the buriall of the ,lady ,pittadro1 in respect of the maner and place1 and that the said ,presbyterie may labour to make the persons who hes buried her sensible of their offence in so doeing2 and some of the persons who buried hir1 being personallie present1 are desired by the ,comission to shew themselvis to the ,presbyterie sensible of their miscarriage therein4'#fch ,at ,maidstone in #afeb ',anne ,ashby1 alias ,cobler1 ,anne ,martyn1 ,mary ,browne1 ,anne ,wilson1 and ,mildred ,wright of ,cranbrook1 and ,mary ,read1 of ,lenham1 being legally convicted1 were according to the ,laws of this ,nation1 adjudged to be hanged1 at the common place of ,execution4 ,some there were that wished rather they might be burnt to ,ashes2 alledging that it was a received opinion among many1 that the body of a witch being burnt1 her bloud is prevented thereby from becomming hereditary to her ,progeny in the same evill4'#fci ,the witches themselves also held the belief that they ought to die by fire4 ,anne ,foster was tried for witchcraft at ,northampton in #afgd3 'after ,sentence of ,death was past upon her1 she mightily desired to be ,burned2 but the ,court would give no ,ear to that1 but that she should be hanged at the ,common place of ,execution4'#fdj #i4 ,magic ,words ,the magic words known to the witches were used only for certain definite purposes1 the most important use being to raise the ,devil4 ,i have omitted the charms which are founded on ,christian prayers and formulas1 and quote only those which appear to belong to the witch-cult4 ,in the section on ,familiars it will be seen how the witches divined by means of animals1 which animals were allotted to them by the ,chief4 ,in auguries and divinations of this kind in every part of the world a form of words is always used1 and the augury is taken by the first animal of the desired species which is seen after the charm is spoken4 ,agnes ,sampson1 the leading witch of the ,north ,berwick ,coven1 #aeij1 summoned her familiar by calling ',elva'1 and then divined by a dog1 whom she dismissed by telling him to 'depart by the law he lives on'4 ,she also used the formula1 ',haill1 hola6'1 and ',hola6' was also the cry when a cat was cast into the sea to raise a storm4#fda ,a man-witch of ,alest1 #aeic1 gave the devil's name as ,abiron3 'quand il le vouloit voir il disoit3 vien ,abiron1 sinon ie te quitteray4'#fdb ,andro ,man at ,aberdeen1 #aeig1 'confessis that the ,devill1 thy maister1 is rasit be the speking of the word ,benedicite1 and is laid agane be tacking of a dog vnder thy left oxster in thi richt hand1 and casting the same in his mouth1 and speking the word ,maikpeblis4--,he grantit that this word ,benedicite rasit the ,dewill1 and ,maikpeblis laid him againe1 strikin him on the faice with ane deice with the left hand4'#fdc ,alexander ,hamilton of ,east ,lothian1 #afcj1 when covenanting with the devil1 had 'ane battoun of fir in his hand the devill than gave the said ,alexr command to tak that battoun quhan evir he had ado with him and therewt to strek thruse upone the ground and to chairge him to ruse up foule theiff'2 the divining animals in this case were crows1 cats1 and dogs4#fdd ,marie ,lamont of ,innerkip1 #affb1 was instructed to call the ,devil ,serpent when she desired to speak with him4#fde ,the ,somerset witches1 #affd1 cried out ,robin at an appointed place1 and the ,master then appeared in his proper form as a man3 ,elizabeth ,style and ,alice ,duke also called him ,robin when summoning him privately1 and ,elizabeth ,style added1 ',o ,sathan give me my purpose'1 before saying what she wished done4#fdf ,the ,swedish witches1 #affi1 called their ,chief with the cry1 ',antecessor1 come and carry us to ,blockula'2 this they did at an appointed place1 and the ,devil then appeared as a man4#fdg ,the words used before starting to a meeting are rarely recorded2 only a few remain4 ,the earliest example is from ,guernsey in #aefc1 when ,martin ,tulouff heard an old witch cry as she bestrode a broomstick1 ',va au nom du diable et luciffer p dessq roches et espyes4' ,he then lost sight of her1 with the inference that she flew through the air1 though he acknowledged that he himself was not so successful4#fdh ,the witches of the ,basses-,pyrnes1 #afji1 anointed themselves before starting1 and repeated the words ',emen hetan1 emen hetan'1 which de ,lancre translates ',ici et l1 ici et l'4 ',quelquefois plus furieuses elles se batent entre elles mesmes1 en disant1 ,ie suis le ,diable1 ie n'ay rien qui ne soit toy1 en ton nom ,seigneur cette tienne seruante s'oingt1 dois estre quelque iour ,diable maling ,esprit comme toy4' ,when1 crossing water they cried1 ',haut la coude1 ,quillet1' upon which they could cross without getting wet2 and when going a long distance they said1 ',pic suber hoeilhe1 en ta la lane de bouc bien m'arrecoueille4'#fdi ,isobel ,gowdie1 #affb1 gives two variants of the magic words used on these occasions3 the first1 ',horse and hattock1 in the ,divellis name' is not unlike the form given by ,martin ,tulouff2 the second is longer1 ',horse and hattock1 horse and goe1 ,horse and pellattis1 ho6 ho6'#fej ,the ,somerset witches1 #affd1 when starting to the meeting1 said1 ',thout1 tout a tout1 tout1 throughout and about'2 and when returning1 ',rentum tormentum'4 ,at parting they cried1 ',a ,boy6 merry meet1 merry part4'#fea ,they also had a long form of words which were used when applying the flying ointment1 but these are not recorded4 ,other magical words were used at the religious services of the witches in the ,basses-,pyrnes 7#afji74 ,at the elevation of the host the congregation cried1 ',aquerra goity1 ,aquerra beyty1 ,aquerra goity1 ,aquerra beyty1 qui veut dire ,cabron arriba1 ,cabron abaro 7sic7'2 at the elevation of the chalice at a ,christian service they said1 ',corbeau noir1 corbeau noir4' ,there were two forms of words to be used when making the sign of the cross2 the first was1 ',in nomine ,patrica1 ,aragueaco ,petrica1 ,agora1 ,agora ,valentia1 ,iouanda1 goure gaitz goustia1' translated as ',au nom de ,patrique1 ,petrique1 d',arragon1 cette heure cette heure ,valence1 tout nostre mal est pass'4 ,the second roused de ,lancre's horror as peculiarly blasphemous3 ',in nomine patrica1 ,aragueaco ,petrica1 ,gastellaco ,ianicot1 ,equidae ipordian pot1' 'au nom de ,patrique1 petrique d',arragon4 ,iannicot de ,castille faictes moy vn baiser au derriere4'#feb ,the mention of the ancient ,basque god ,janicot makes this spell unusually interesting4 ,as the dances were also a religious rite the words used then must be recorded here4 ,bodin gives the formula1 ',har1 har1 diable1 diable1 saute icy1 saute l1 iou icy1 iou l3 ,et les autres disoyent sabath sabath4'#fec ,the word diable is clearly ,bodin's own interpellation for the name of the ,god1 for the ,guernsey version1 which is currently reported to be used at the present day1 runs ',har1 har1 ,hou1 ,hou1 danse ici'1 etc42 ,hou being the name of an ancient ,breton god4#fed ,jean ,weir 7#afgj7 stated that at the instigation of some woman unnamed she put her foot on a cloth on the floor with her hand upon the crown of her head1 and repeated thrice1 ',all my cross and troubles go to the door with thee4'#fee ,this seems to have been an admission ceremony1 but the words are of the same sentiment as the one recorded by de ,lancre1 'tout notre mal est pass4' ,there were also certain magical effects supposed to be brought about by the use of certain words4 ,martin ,tulouff 7#aefc7 claimed that he could bewitch cows so that they gave blood instead of milk1 by saying ',butyrum de armento'1 but he admitted that he also used powders to accomplish his purpose4#fef ,isobel ,gowdie 7#affb7 described how the witches laid a broom or a stool in their beds to represent themselves during their absence at a meeting4 ,by the time that this record was made the witches evidently believed that the object took on the exact appearance of the woman1 having forgotten its original meaning as a signal to show where she had gone4 ,the words used on these occasions show no belief in the change of appearance of the object3 ',i lay down this besom or stool in the ,devil's name1 ,let it not stir till ,i come again4' ,her statements regarding the change of witches into animals ,i have examined in the section on ,familiars 7p4 #bcd74 ,the words used to effect these changes are given in full4 ,when a witch wished to take on the form of a hare she said3 ',i sall goe intill ane haire1 ,with sorrow1 and sych1 and meikle caire2 ,and ,i sall goe in the ,divellis nam1 ,ay quhill ,i com hom againe4' ,to change into a cat or a crow the last two lines were retained unaltered1 but the first two were respectively1 ',i sall goe intill ane catt1 ,with sorrow1 and sych1 and a blak shot' or ',i sall goe intill a craw1 ,with sorrow1 and sych1 and a blak thraw4' ,to return into human form the witch said3 ',haire1 haire1 ,god send thee caire4 ,i am in an haire's liknes just now1 ,bot ,i sal be in a womanis liknes ewin now4' ,from a cat or a crow1 the words were ',cat1 cat1 ,god send thee a blak shott' or ',craw1 craw1 ,god send thee a blak thraw'1 with the last two lines as before4 ,when the witch in animal form entered the house of another witch1 she would say1 ',i conjure thee1 ,goe with me'2 on which the second witch would turn into the same kind of animal as the first4 ,if1 however1 they met in the open1 the formula was slightly different1 ',divell speid the1 ,goe thow with me1' the result being the same4#feg ,the ,somerset trials record the words used for cursing anything4 ,these were simply ',a ,pox take it'1 the curse being supposed to take effect at once4 ,if the curse were pronounced over an image of a person the words were ',a ,pox on thee1 ,i'le spite thee'4#feh ,alexander ,elder's grace over meat is probably a corrupt form of some ancient rite3 ',we eat this meat in the ,divellis nam1 ,with sorrow1 and sych1 and meikle shame2 ,we sall destroy hows and hald2 ,both sheip and noat in till the fald4 ,litle good sall come to the fore ,of all the rest of the litle store4'#fei ,the 'conjuring of cats' was a distinct feature1 and is clearly derived from an early form of sacrifice4 ,the details are recorded only in ,scotland1 and it is possible that ,scotland is the only country in which it occurred1 though the sanctity of the cat in other places suggests that the omission in the records is accidental4 ,in the dittay against ,john ,fian1 #aeij1 he was 'fylit1 for the chaissing of ane catt in ,tranent2 in the quhilk chaise1 he was careit heich aboue the ground1 with gryt swyftnes1 and as lychtlie as the catt hir selff1 ower ane heicher dyke1 nor he was able to lay his hand to the heid off3--,and being inquyrit1 to quhat effect he chaissit the samin8 ,ansuerit1 that in ane conversatioune haldin at ,brumhoillis1 ,sathan commandit all that were present1 to tak cattis2 lyke as he1 for obedience to ,sathan1 chaissit the said catt1 purpoiselie to be cassin in the sea1 to raise windis for distructioune of schippis and boitis4'#ffj ,agnes ,sampson of the same ,coven as ,fian confessed 'that at the time when his ,majestie was in ,denmark1 shee being accompanied by the parties before speciallie named1 tooke a cat and christened it1 and afterwards bounde to each part of that cat1 the cheefest parte of a dead man1 and severall joyntis of his bodie3 ,and that in the night following1 the saide cat was convayed into the middest of the sea by all the witches1 sayling in their riddles or cives1 as is aforesaid1 and so left the said cat right before the towne of ,leith in ,scotland4 ,this doone1 there did arise such a tempest in the sea1 as a greater hath not bene seene4'#ffa ,the legal record of this event is more detailed and less dramatic2 the sieves are never mentioned1 the witches merely walking to the ,pier-head in an ordinary and commonplace manner4 ,the ,coven at ,prestonpans sent a letter to the ,leith ,coven that-- 'they sould mak the storm vniuersall thro the sea4 ,and within aucht dayes eftir the said ,bill letter wes delyuerit1 the said ,agnes ,sampsoune1 ,jonett ,campbell1 ,johnne ,fean1 ,gelie ,duncan1 and ,meg ,dyn baptesit ane catt in the wobstaris hous1 in maner following3 ,fyrst1 twa of thame held ane fingar1 in the ane syd of the chimnay cruik1 and ane vther held ane vther fingar in the vther syd1 the twa nebbis of the fingars meting togidder2 than thay patt the catt thryis throw the linkis of the cruik1 and passit itt thryis vnder the chimnay4 ,thaireftir1 att ,begie ,toddis hous1 thay knitt to the foure feit of the catt1 foure jountis of men2 quhilk being done1 the sayd ,jonet fechit it to ,leith2 and about mydnycht1 sche and the twa ,linkhop1 and twa wyfeis callit ,stobbeis1 came to the ,pier-heid1 and saying thir words1 ',see that thair be na desait amangis ws'2 and thay caist the catt in the see1 sa far as thay mycht1 quhilk swam owre and cam agane2 and thay that wer in the ,panis1 caist in ane vthir catt in the see att xj houris4 ,eftir quhilk1 be thair sorcerie and inchantment1 the boit perischit betuix ,leith and ,kinghorne2 quhilk thing the ,deuill did1 and went befoir1 with ane stalf in his hand4'#ffb ,beigis ,todd was concerned in another 'conjuring of cats'1 this time at ,seaton4 ',eftir thay had drukkin togidder a certane space1 thay1 in thair devillische maner1 tuik ane katt1 and drew the samyn nyne tymes throw the said ,beigis cruik2 and thaireftir come with all thair speed to ,seaton-thorne1 be-north the et4444 ,and thay thaireftir past altogidder1 with the ,devill1 to the irne et iron gate of ,seatoun1 quhair of new thay tuik ane cat1 and drew the samyn nyne tymes throw the said ,irne-ett3 ,and immediatlie thaireftir1 came to the barne1 foiranent ,george ,feudaris dur1 quhair thai christened the said catt1 and callit hir ,margaret3 ,and thaireftir come all bak agane to the ,deane-fute1 quhair first thai convenit1 and cuist the kat to the ,devill4'#ffc ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dfe3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #dff3 ,boguet1 pp4 #aca-i4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,pleasant ,treatise1 pp4 #e-g4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,lea1 iii1 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 pp4 #hi1 #ia4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acg1 #aci1 #afc1 #afd4 ,footnote #dga3 ,w4 ,g4 ,stewart1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,danaeus1 ch4 ii4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,cooper1 p4 #ij4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,rymer1 i1 p4 #ief4 ,footnote #dge3 ,chartier1 iii1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,from a trial in the ,guernsey ,greffe4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,bodin1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,melville1 p4 #cif2 see also ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #baj-ab1 #bci1 #bdf4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #dha3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #aba1 #abe4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,boguet1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,cannaert1 p4 #df4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,id41 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,michaelis1 ,historie1 pp4 #ccd-e4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fac4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fh1 #abf1 #abh4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #dij3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #dia3 ,boguet1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #dib3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #gb1 #aca4 ,footnote #dic3 ,doughty1 ,travels in ,arabia ,deserta1 i1 #hi4 ,footnote #did3 ,moret1 ,mystres gyptiens1 pp4 #bdg seq4 ,footnote #die3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #ig-h4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #dif3 ,ib41 i1 p4 #add4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #dig3 ,ib41 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #dih3 ,ib41 p4 #aec4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #dii3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,historical ,essay1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #eja3 ,compare the account of the ,forfar witch-dance4 ,kinloch1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,boguet1 pp4 #aca-b4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,compare the dittay against ,bessie ,thom1 who danced round the ,fish ,cross of ,aberdeen with other witches 'in the lyknes of kattis and haris'4 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 #afg4 ,footnote #eje3 ,boguet1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,more1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bde-f4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #eji3 ,id41 iii1 p4 #fjf4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,fountainhall1 i1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,sinclair1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #eab3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #eac3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ead3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 pp4 #aie1 #aig4 ,footnote #eae3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,de ,lancre1 op4 cit41 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #eag3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #afe1 #afg4 ,spelling modernized4 ,the account of the ,arab witches should be compared with this4 ',in the time of ,ibn ,munkidh the witches rode about naked on a stick between the graves of the cemetery of ,shaizar4' ,wellhausen1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #eah3 ,pleasant ,treatise of ,witches1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #eai3 ,reg4 ,scot1 ,bk4 iii1 p4 #db4 ,la volta is said to be the origin of the waltz4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,lea1 iii1 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #eba3 ,remigius1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,e4 ,monseur1 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bci1 #bdf4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #aad-ae4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,id41 i1 p4 #adi4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,spottiswoode ,miscellany1 ii1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abi4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,sinclair1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,burns ,begg1 pp4 #bcd1 #bce4 ,footnote #eca3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #ece3 ,sinclair1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,sharpe1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #ech3 ,boguet1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #eci3 ,michaelis1 ,hist41 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #edj3 ,van ,elven1 v 7#ahia71 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #eda3 ,pleasant ,treatise of ,witches1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #edb3 ,potts1 ,g #c1 ,i #c1 ,p #c4 ,footnote #edc3 ,examination of ,joan ,williford1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #edd3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #aci-dj4 ,footnote #ede3 ,id41 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #edf3 ,id41 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #edg3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #edh3 ,spottiswoode ,misc41 ii1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #edi3 ,kinloch1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #eej3 ,id41 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #eea3 ,id41 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,id41 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #eec3 ,id41 p4 #acc4 ,dated caressed4 ,footnote #eed3 ,burns ,begg1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #eee3 ,id41 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #eef3 ,sharpe1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,the complete grace is given on p4 #afg4 ,it will be seen that it is a corrupt version of some ancient form of words4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fab1 #fac4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #eei3 ,scots ,magazine1 #ahad1 p4 #bjj4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #efj3 ,burr1 p4 #dah4 ,footnote #efa3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #efb3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #efc3 ,michaelis1 ,historie1 pp4 #cce-f4 ,footnote #efd3 ,boguet1 pp4 #ace-i4 ,footnote #efe3 ,cannaert1 p4 #de4 ,footnote #eff3 ,horneck1 pp4 #cba-b1 #cbg4 ,footnote #efg3 ,bodin1 ,flau1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #efh3 ,melville1 p4 #cie4 ,footnote #efi3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bdf4 ,the ploughman1 ,gray ,meal1 who took a large part in the ceremonies1 was an old man4 ,footnote #egj3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #ega3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,hist4 ,essay1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #egb3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #egc3 ,boguet1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #egd3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fh1 #dja4 ,footnote #ege3 ,id41 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hje4 ,footnote #egf3 ,davenport1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #egg3 ,van ,elven1 ,la ,tradition1 v 7#ahia71 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #egh3 ,sinclair1 p4 #afc4 ,the account given by ,barton's wife of the position of the candle on the ,devil's person is paralleled by the peculiarly coarse description of the ,light-bearers at the witch-sabbaths at ,mnster4 ,humborg1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #egi3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #eha3 ,chambers1 iii1 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,stewart1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,holinshed1 ,ireland1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,boguet1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #dja-b4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,michaelis1 ,hist41 p4 #ccg4 ,the use of this phrase suggests that the sprinkling was a fertility rite4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,fountainhall1 i1 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,law1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #eij3 ,fountainhall1 i1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #eia3 ,ravaisson1 #afgi-ha1 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #eib3 ,id41 p4 #ccc4 ,footnote #eic3 ,id41 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #eid3 ,ravaisson1 p4 #cce4 ,footnote #eie3 ,cotton ,mather1 pp4 #abj1 #aca1 #aeh4 ,footnote #eif3 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ,hist4 of ,massachusetts ,bay1 ii1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #eig3 ,burr1 p4 #dag4 ,footnote #eih3 ,increase ,mather1 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #eii3 ,cotton ,mather1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,cooper1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #fja3 ,chelmsford ,witches1 pp4 #bd1 #bf1 #bi1 #cj4 ,philobiblon ,society1 viii4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,examination of ,john ,walsh4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,cannaert1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #fje3 ,stearne1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjc1 #fag4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,cotta1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #fji3 ,r4 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #dd4 ,footnote #faj3 ,holinshed1 ,ireland1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #faa3 ,philobiblon ,society1 viii1 ,chelmsford ,witches1 pp4 #bi1 #cj4 ,footnote #fab3 ,id4 ib41 viii1 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #fac3 ,examination of ,john ,walsh4 ,footnote #fad3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #fae3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #abj2 ,burton1 i1 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #faf3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 pp4 #edb-c4 ,footnote #fag3 ,from an unpublished trial in the ,justiciary ,court at ,edinburgh4 ,the meaning of the word laif is not clear4 ,the ,oxford dictionary gives lop-eared1 the ,scotch dictionary gives loaf4 ,by analogy with the other accounts one would expect here a word meaning a hen4 ,footnote #fah3 ,highland ,papers1 iii1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #fai3 ,lemoine1 vi1 p4 #aji4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,reg4 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #fba3 ,id41 ,bk4 ,,ii1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,boguet1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,ravaisson1 p4 #ccd1 #cce4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,sharpe1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,chambers1 iii1 p4 #dej4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,sinistrari de ,ameno1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,see1 amongst others1 the account of ,mary ,johnson 7,essex1 #afde71 who was accused of poisoning two children2 the symptoms suggest belladonna4 ,howell1 iv1 #hdd1 #hdf4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #fca3 ,kinloch1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,bodin1 ,flau1 pp4 #ahg-h4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,boguet1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,cannaert1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #fce3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,la ,tradition1 #ahia1 v1 p4 #bae4 ,neither name nor place are given4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,bourignon1 ,parole1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #fch3 ,scot4 ,hist4 ,soc41 xxv1 p4 #cdh4 ,see also ,ross1 ,aberdour and ,inchcolme1 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #fci3 ,prod4 and ,trag4 ,history1 p4 #g4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,tryall of ,ann ,foster1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #fda3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #baa1 #bce1 #bch4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #ggb4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #abj1 #abd4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,from the record of the trial in the ,justiciary ,court of ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #fde3 ,sharpe1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acg1 #afd4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #caf4 ,footnote #fdh3 ,from the record of the trial in the ,guernsey ,greffe4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #abc1 #djj4 ,footnote #fej3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjd1 #fjh4 ,footnote #fea3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #aci1 #ada4 ,i have pointed out that the cry of ',a ,boy' is possibly the ,christian recorder's method of expressing the ,bacchic shout ',evoe'4 ,see ,jour4 ,man4 ,or4 ,soc41 #aiaf-ag1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #feb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #dja1 #dfa1 #dfb1 #dfd4 ,footnote #fec3 ,bodin1 p4 #aij4 ,footnote #fed3 ,the names of the smaller islands are often compounded with the name of this deity1 e4g4 ,li-hou1 ,brecq-hou1 c4 ,footnote #fee3 ,law1 p4 #bg note4 ,footnote #fef3 ,from a trial in the ,guernsey ,greffe4 ,footnote #feg3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjg-h1 #faa4 ,footnote #feh3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acg1 #aci1 #adh1 #adi4 ,footnote #fei3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fab4 ,sych sighing1 lamentation4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,newes from ,scotland1 see ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,id41 ii1 p4 #edb4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,rites 7continued7 ,,witches' ,,rain-,,making ,,and ,,fertility ,,rites #a4 ,general ,in common with many other religions of the ,lower ,culture1 the witch-cult of ,western ,europe observed certain rites for rain-making and for causing or blasting fertility4 ,this fact was recognized in the papal ,bulls formulated against the witches who were denounced1 not for moral offences1 but for the destruction of fertility4 ,the celebrated ,decree of ,innocent ,,viii1 which in #adhh let loose the full force of the ,church against the witches1 says that 'they blight the marriage bed1 destroy the births of women and the increase of cattle2 they blast the corn on the ground1 the grapes of the vineyard1 the fruits of the trees1 the grass and herbs of the field'4 ,adrian ,,vi followed this up in #aeba with a ,decretal ,epistle1 denouncing the witches 'as a ,sect deviating from the ,catholic ,faith1 denying their ,baptism1 and showing ,contempt of the ,ecclesiastical ,sacraments1 treading ,crosses under their ,feet1 and1 taking the ,devil for their ,lord1 destroyed the ,fruits of the ,earth by their ,enchantments1 ,sorceries1 and ,superstitions'4 ,the charms used by the witches1 the dances1 the burning of the god and the broadcast scattering of his ashes1 all point to the fact that this was a fertility cult2 and this is the view taken also by those contemporary writers who give a more or less comprehensive account of the religion and ritual4 ,though most of the fertility or anti-fertility charms remaining to us were used by the witches either for their own benefit or to injure their enemies1 enough remains to show that originally all these charms were to promote fertility in general and in particular4 ,when the charm was for fertility in general1 it was performed by the whole congregation together2 but for the fertility of any particular woman1 animal1 or field1 the ceremony was performed by one witch alone or by two at most4 ,the power which the witches claimed to possess over human fertility is shown in many of the trials4 ,jonet ,clark was tried in ,edinburgh in #aeij 'for giving and taking away power from sundry men's ,genital-members'2#ffd and in the same year and place ,bessie ,roy was accused of causing women's milk to dry up4#ffe ,the number of midwives who practised witchcraft points also to this fact2 they claimed to be able to cause and to prevent pregnancy1 to cause and to prevent an easy delivery1 to cast the labour-pains1 on an animal or a human being 7husbands who were the victims are peculiarly incensed against these witches71 and in every way to have power over the generative organs of both sexes4 ,in short1 it is possible to say that1 in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 the better the midwife the better the witch4 ,the ,red ,book of ,appin1#fff which was obtained from the ,devil by a trick1 is of great interest in this connexion4 ,it was said to contain charms for the curing of diseases of cattle2 among them must certainly have been some for promoting the fertility of the herds in general1 and individual animals in particular4 ,it is not unlikely that the charms as noted in the book were the result of many experiments1 for we know that the witches were bound to give account to the ,devil of all the magic they performed in the intervals between the ,sabbaths1 and he or his clerk recorded their doings4 ,from this record the ,devil instructed the witches4 ,it is evident from the confessions and the evidence at the trials that the help of the witches was often required to promote fertility among human beings as well as among animals4 ,the number of midwives who were also witches was very great1 and the fact can hardly be accidental4 ,witches were called in to perform incantations during the various events of a farm-yard4 ,margrat ,og of ,aberdeen1 #aeig1 was 'indyttit as a manifest witche1 in that1 be the space of a yeirsyn or theirby1 thy kow being in bulling1 and ,james ,farquhar1 thy awin gude son haulding the kow1 thow stuid on the ane syd of the kow1 and thy dochter1 ,batrix ,robbie1 on the vther syd1 and quhen the bull was lowping the kow1 thow tuik a knyff and keist ower the kow1 and thy dochter keapit the sam1 and keist it over to the agane1 and this ye did thryiss1 quhilk thou can nocht deny4'#ffg ,at ,auldearne the ,coven1 to which ,isobel ,gowdie belonged1 performed a ceremony to obtain for themselves the benefit of a neighbour's crop4 ',befor ,candlemas1 we went be-east ,kinlosse1 and ther we yoaked an plewghe of paddokis4 ,the ,divell held the plewgh1 and ,johne ,yownge in ,mebestowne1 our ,officer1 did drywe the plewghe4 ,paddokis did draw the plewgh as oxen2 quickens wer sowmes1 a riglen's horne was a cowter1 and an piece of an riglen's horne was an sok4 ,we went two seueral tymes abowt2 and all we of the ,coeven went still wp and downe with the plewghe1 prayeing to the ,divell for the fruit of that land1 and that thistles and brieris might grow ther'4#ffh ,here the ploughing-ceremony was to induce fertility for the benefit of the witches1 while the draught animals and all the parts of the plough connoted barrenness for the owner of the soil4 ,the most detailed account of a charm for human fertility is given in the confession of the ,abb ,guibourg1 who appears to have been the ,devil of the ,paris witches4 ,the ceremony took place at the house of a witch-midwife named ,voisin or ,montvoisin1 and according to the editor was for the benefit of ,louis ,,xiv or ,charles ,,ii1 two of the most notorious libertines of their age4 ',il a fait chez la ,voisin1 revtu d'aube1 d'tole et de manipule1 une conjuration en prsence de la ,des ,oeillets attendant of ,madame de ,montespan1 qui prtendait faire un charme pour le 7,roi7 et qui tait accompagne d'un homme qui lui donna la conjuration1 et comme il tait ncessaire d'avoir du sperme des deux sexes1 ,des ,oeillets ayant ses mois n'en put donner mais versa dans le calice de ses menstrues et l'homme qui l'accompagnait1 ayant pass dans la ruelle du lit avec lui ,guibourg1 versa de son sperme dans le calice4 ,sur le tout1 la ,des ,oeillets et l'homme mirent chacun d'une poudre de sang de chauve-souris et de la farine pour donner un corps plus ferme toute la composition et aprs qu'il eut rcit la conjuration il tira le tout du calice qui fut mis dans un petit vaisseau que la ,des ,oeillets ou l'homme emporta4'#ffi ,the ecclesiastical robes and the use of the chalice point to this being a ceremony of a religious character1 and should be compared with the child-sacrifices performed by the same priest or ,devil 7see pp4 #aej1 #aeg74 ,an anti-fertility rite1 which in its simplicity hardly deserves the name of a ceremony1 took place at ,crook of ,devon in ,kinross-shire4 ,bessie ,henderson 'lykeways confessed and declared that ,janet ,paton was with you at ane meeting when they trampit down ,thos4 ,white's rie in the beginning of harvest1 #affa1 and that she had broad soals and trampit down more nor any of the rest'4#fgj #b4 ,rain-making ,the rain-making powers of the witches have hardly been noted by writers on the subject1 for by the time the records were made the witches were credited with the blasting of fertility rather than its increase4 ,yet from what remains it is evident that the original meaning of much of the ritual was for the production of fertilizing rain1 though both judges and witnesses believed that it was for storms and hail4 ,one of the earliest accounts of such powers is given in the story quoted by ,reginald ,scot from the ,malleus ,maleficarum1 written in #adhg1 a century before ,scot's own book3 ',a little girle walking abroad with hir father in his land1 heard him complaine of drought1 wishing for raine1 etc4 ,whie father 7quoth the child7 ,i can make it raine or haile1 when and where ,i list3 ,he asked where she learned it4 ,she said1 of hir mother1 who forbad hir to tell anie bodie thereof4 ,he asked hir how hir mother taught hir8 ,she answered1 that hir mother committed hir to a maister1 who would at anie time doo anie thing for hir4 ,whie then 7said he7 make it raine but onlie in my field4 ,and so she went to the streame1 and threw vp water in hir maisters name1 and made it raine presentlie4 ,and proceeding further with hir father1 she made it haile in another field1 at hir father's request4 ,herevpon he accused his wife1 and caused hir to be burned2 and then he new christened his child againe4'#fga ,scot also gives 'certaine impossible actions' of witches when he ridicules the belief 'that the elements are obedient to witches1 and at their commandement2 or that they may at their pleasure send raine1 haile1 tempests1 thunder1 lightening2 when she being but an old doting woman1 casteth a flint stone ouer hir left shoulder1 towards the west1 or hurleth a little sea sand vp into the element1 or wetteth a broome sprig in water1 and sprinkleth the same in the aire2 or diggeth a pit in the earth1 and putting water therein1 stirreth it about with hir finger2 or boileth hogs bristles2 or laieth sticks acrosse vpon a banke1 where neuer a drop of water is2 or burieth sage till it be rotten2 all which things are confessed by witches1 and affirmed by writers to be the meanes that witches vse to mooue extraordinarie tempests and raine'4#fgb ,more quotes ,wierus to the same effect3 ',casting of ,flint-,stones behind their backs towards the ,west1 or flinging a little ,sand in the ,air1 or striking a ,river with a ,broom1 and so sprinkling the ,wet of it toward ,heaven1 the stirring of ,urine or ,water with their finger in a ,hole in the ground1 or boyling of ,hogs ,bristles in a ,pot4'#fgc ,the throwing of stones as a fertility rite is found in the trial of ,jonet ,wischert1 one of the chief witches at ,aberdeen1 and is there combined with a nudity rite4 ',in hervest last bypast1 ,mr4 ,william ,rayes huikes saw thee at the heid of thi awin gudmannis croft1 and saw the tak all thi claiss about thi heid1 and thow beand naikit from the middill down1 tuik ane gryte number of steynis1 and thi self gangand baklenis1 keist ane pairt behind the our thi heid1 and ane wther pairt fordward4'#fgd #c4 ,fertility ,every contemporary writer who gives a general view of the religion and ritual observes the witches' powers over human fertility4 ,boguet says1 ',ils font encor cacher retirer les parties viriles1 et puis les font ressortir quand il leur plait4 ,ils empeschent aussi tantost la copulation charnelle de l'home de la femme1 en retirant les nerfs1 ostant la roideur du membre2 et tantost la procreation en destournant ou bouchant les conduicts de la semence1 pour empescher qu'elle ne descende aux vases de la generation4'#fge ,scot1 who quotes generally without any acknowledgement and often inaccurately1 translates this statement1 ',they also affirme that the vertue of generation is impeached by witches1 both inwardlie1 and outwardlie3 for intrinsecallie they represse the courage1 and they stop the passage of the mans seed1 so as it may not descend to the vessels of generation3 also they hurt extrinsecallie1 with images1 hearbs1 c4'#fgf ,bodin also remarks that witches1 whether male or female1 can affect only the generative organs4#fgg ,madame ,bourignon says that the girls1 whom she befriended1 'told me1 that ,persons who were thus engaged to the ,devil by a precise ,contract1 will allow no other ,god but him1 and therefore offer him whatsoever is dearest to them2 nay1 are constrained to offer him their ,children1 or else the ,devil would ,beat them1 and contrive that they should never arrive to the ,state of ,marriage1 and so should have no ,children1 by reason that the ,devil hath power by his ,adherents1 to hinder both the one and the other4444 ,so soon as they come to be able to beget ,children1 the ,devil makes them offer the desire which they have of ,marrying1 to his ,honor3 ,and with this all the ,fruit that may proceed from their ,marriage4 ,this they promise voluntarily1 to the end that they may accomplish their ,designs3 ,for otherwise the ,devil threatens to hinder them by all manner of means1 that they shall not ,marry1 nor have ,children4'#fgh ,glanvil1 writing on the ,scotch trials of #aeij1 speaks of 'some ,effects1 ,kinds1 or ,circumstances of ,witchcraft1 such as the giving and taking away power from sundry men's ,genital-members4 ,for which ,jannet ,clark was accused4'#fgi ,in the official record ,jonet ,clark was tried and condemned for 'gewing of ane secreit member to ,iohnne ,coutis2 and gewing and taking of power fra sindrie mennis memberis4 ,item1 fylit of taking ,iohnne ,wattis secreit member fra him4'#fhj ,sexual ritual occurs in many religions of the ,lower ,culture and has always horrified members of the higher religions both in ancient and modern times4 ,in fertility cults it is one of the chief features1 not only symbolizing the fertilizing power in the whole animate world1 but1 in the belief of the actors1 actually assisting it and promoting its effects4 ,such fertility rites are governed by certain rules1 which vary in different countries1 particularly as to the age of girls1 i4e4 whether they are over or under puberty4 ,among the witches there appears to have been a definite rule that no girl under puberty had sexual intercourse with the ,devil4 ,this is even stated as a fact by so great an authority as ,bodin3 ',les diables ne font point de paction expresse auec les enfans1 qui leurs sont vouz1 s'ils n'ont attaint l'aage de pubert4'#fha ,the details of the trials show that this statement is accurate4 ',magdalene de la ,croix1 ,abbesse des ,moniales de ,cordoe en ,espaigne1 confessa que ,satan n'eust point copulation1 ny cognoissance d'elle1 qu'elle n'eust douze ans4'#fhb ,bodin and ,de ,lancre both cite the case of ,jeanne ,hervillier of ,verbery in ,compigne2 she was a woman of fifty-two at the time of her trial in #aegh4 ,she 'confessa qu' l'aage de douze ans sa mere la presenta au diable1 en forme d'vn grand homme noir1 vestu de noir1 bott1 esperonn1 auec vne espe au cost1 et vn cheual noir la porte1 auquel la mere dit3 ,voicy ma fille que ie vous ay promise3 ,et la fille1 ,voicy vostre amy1 qui vous fera bien heureuse1 et deslors qu'elle renona ,dieu1 la religion1 puis coucha auec elle charnellement1 en la mesme sorte maniere que font les hommes auec les femmes4'#fhc ,de ,lancre also emphasizes the age3 ',ieanne ,haruillier depose qu'encore sa mere l'eust voe ,satan ds sa naissance1 neantmoins qu'il ne la cognut charnellement qu'elle n'eust attainct l'aage de douze ans4'#fhd ,de ,lancre's own experience points in the same direction2 he found that the children were not treated in the same way as adults1 nor were they permitted to join in all the ceremonies until after they had passed childhood4#fhe ,the same rule appears to have held good in ,scotland1 for when little ,jonet ,howat was presented to the ,devil1 he said1 ',what shall ,i do with such a little bairn as she8'#fhf ,it is1 however1 rare to find child-witches in ,great ,britain1 therefore the rules concerning them are difficult to discover4 ,another rule appears to have been that there was no sexual connexion with a pregnant woman4 ,in the case of ,isobel ,elliot1 the ,devil 'offered to lie with her1 but forbore because she was with child2 that after she was kirked the ,devil often met her1 and had carnal copulation with her'4#fhg ,since the days of ,reginald ,scot it has been the fashion of all those writers who disbelieved in the magical powers of witches to point to the details of the sexual intercourse between the ,devil and the witches as proof positive of hysteria and hallucination4 ,this is not the attitude of mind of the recorders who heard the evidence at the trials4 ',les confessions des ,sorciers1 que i'ay eu en main1 me font croire qu'il en est quelque chose3 dautant qu'ils out tous recogneu1 qu'ils auoient est couplez auec le ,diable1 et que la semence qu'il iettoit estoit fort froide2 ,ce qui est conforme ce qu'en rapporte ,paul ,grilland1 et les ,inquisiteurs de la foy4'#fhh ',it pleaseth their new ,maister oftentimes to offer himselfe familiarly vnto them1 to dally and lye with them1 in token of their more neere coniunction1 and as it were marriage vnto him4'#fhi ',witches confessing1 so frequently as they do1 that the ,devil lies with them1 and withal complaining of his tedious and offensive coldness1 it is a shrewd presumption that he doth lie with them indeed1 and that it is not a meer ,dream4'#fij ,it is this statement of the physical coldness of the ,devil which modern writers adduce to prove their contention that the witches suffered from hallucination4 ,i have shown above 7pp4 #fa seq47 that the ,devil was often masked and his whole person covered with a disguise1 which accounts for part of the evidence but not for all1 and certainly not for the most important item4 ,for in trial after trial1 in places far removed from one another and at periods more than a century apart1 the same fact is vouched for with just the small variation of detail which shows the actuality of the event4 ,this is that1 when the woman admitted having had sexual intercourse with the ,devil1 in a large proportion of cases she added1 ',the ,devil was cold and his seed likewise4' ,these were women of every class and every age1 from just above puberty to old women of over seventy1 unmarried1 married1 and widows4 ,it is unscientific to disbelieve everything1 as ,scot does1 and it is equally unscientific to label all the phenomena as the imagination of hysterical women4 ,by the nature of things the whole of this evidence rests only on the word of the women1 but ,i have shown above 7pp4 #fc-e7 that there were cases in which the men found the ,devil cold1 and cases in which the women found other parts of the ,devil's person to be cold also4 ,such a mass of evidence cannot be ignored1 and in any other subject would obtain credence at once4 ,but the hallucination-theory1 being the easiest1 appears to have obsessed the minds of many writers1 to the exclusion of any attempt at explanation from an unbiassed point of view4 ,students of comparative and primitive religion have explained the custom of sacred marriages as an attempt to influence the course of nature by magic1 the people who practise the rite believing that thereby all crops and herds as well as the women were rendered fertile1 and that barrenness was averted4 ,this accounts very well for the occurrence of 'obscene rites' among the witches1 but fails when it touches the question of the ,devil's coldness4 ,i offer here an explanation which ,i believe to be the true one1 for it accounts for all the facts2 those facts which the women confessed voluntarily and without torture or fear of punishment1 like ,isobel ,gowdie1 or adhered to as the truth even at the stake amid the flames1 like ,jane ,bosdeau4 ,in ancient times the ,sacred ,marriage took place usually once a year2 but besides this ceremony there were other sexual rites which were not celebrated at a fixed season1 but might be performed in the precincts of the temple of a god or goddess at any time1 the males being often the priests or temple officials4 ,these are established facts1 and it is not too much to suppose that the witches' ceremonies were similar4 ,but if the women believed that sexual intercourse with the priests would increase fertility1 how much more would they believe in the efficacy of such intercourse with the incarnate ,god of fertility himself4 ,they would insist upon it as their right1 and it probably became compulsory at certain seasons1 such as the breeding periods of the herds or the sowing and reaping periods of the crops4 ,yet as the population and therefore the number of worshippers in each 'congregation' increased1 it would become increasingly difficult and finally impossible for one man to comply with the requirements of so many women4#fia ,the problem then was that on the one hand there were a number of women demanding what was in their eyes a thing essential for themselves and their families1 and on the other a man physically unable to satisfy all the calls upon him4 ,the obvious solution of the problem is that the intercourse between the ,chief and the women was by artificial means1 and the evidence in the trials points clearly to this solution4 ,artificial phalli are well known in the remains of ancient civilizations4 ,in ancient ,egypt it was not uncommon to have statues of which the phallus was of a different material from the figure1 and so made that it could be removed from its place and carried in procession4 ,the earliest of such statues are the colossal limestone figures of the fertility-god ,min found at ,koptos1 dating to the first dynasty1 perhaps ,b4,c4 #eejj4fib ,but similar figures are found at every period of ,egyptian history1 and a legend was current at the time of ,plutarch to account for this usage as well as for the festival of the ,phallephoria4#fic ,unless the phallus itself were the object of adoration there would be no reason to carry it in procession as a religious ceremony1 and it is easily understandable that such a cult would commend itself chiefly to women4#fid ,the phallus of a divine statue was not always merely for adoration and carrying in procession2 the ,roman bride sacrificed her virginity to the god ,priapus as a sacred rite4 ,this is probably the remains of a still more ancient custom when the god was personated by a man and not by an image4 ,the same custom remained in other parts of the world as the jus primae noctis1 which was held as an inalienable right by certain kings and other divine personages4 ,as might be expected1 this custom obtained also among the witches4 ',le ,diable faict des mariages au ,sabbat entre les ,sorciers ,sorcieres1 leur joignant les mains1 il leur dict hautement ,esta es buena parati ,esta parati lo toma4 ,mais auant qu'ils couchent ensemble1 il s'accouple auec elles1 oste la virginit des filles4'--,ieannette d',abadie1 aged sixteen1 's'accusoit elle mesme d'auoir est depucellee par ,satan4'#fie ,the occasional descriptions of the ,devil's phallus show without question its artificial character3 ,in #aeih in ,lorraine 'es sagte die ,alexia ,dragaea1 ihre ,bulschafft htte einen ,glied so starcken etc4 allezeit gehabt1 wenn ihm gestanden1 und so gross als ein ,ofengabel-,stiel1 dessgleichen sie zugegen zeigte1 denn ohngefehr eine ,gabel zugegen war1 sagte auch wie sie kein ,geleuth weder ,hoden noch ,beutel daran gemerckt hat'4#fif ',iaquema ,paget adioustoit1 qu'elle auoit empoign plusieurs fois auec la main le membre du ,demon1 qui la cognoissoit1 et que le membre estoit froid comme glace1 long d'vn bon doigt1 moindre en grosseur que celuy d'vn homme4 ,tieuenne ,paget et ,antoine ,tornier adioustoient aussi1 que le membre de leurs ,demons estoit long et gros1 comme l'vn de leurs doigts4'#fig ',il a au deuant son membre tir et pendant1 le monstre tousiours long d'vn coude4--,le membre du ,demon est faict escailles comme vn poisson4--,le membre du ,diable s'il estoit estendu est long enuiron d'vne aulne1 mais il le tient entortill et sinueux en forme de serpent4--,le ,diable1 soit qu'il ayt la forme d'homme1 ou qu'il soit en forme de ,bouc1 a tousiours vn membre de mulet1 ayant choisy en imitation celuy de cet animal comme le mieux pourueu4 ,il l'a long et gros comme le bras4--,le membre du ,diable est long enuiron la moiti d'vne aulne1 de mediocre grosseur1 rouge1 obscur1 tortu1 fort rude comme piquant4--,ce mauuais ,demon ait son membre myparty1 moiti de fer1 moiti de chair tout de son long1 de mesme les genitoires4 ,il tient tousiours son membre dehors4--,le ,diable a le membre faict de corne1 ou pour le moins il en a l'apparence3 c'est pourquoy il faict tant crier les femmes4--,jeannette d',abadie dit qu'elle n'a iamais senty1 qu'il eust aucune semence1 sauf quand il la depucella qu'elle la sentit froide1 mais que celle des autres hommes qui l'ont cognue1 est naturelle4'#fih ,sylvine de la ,plaine1 #afaf1 confessed 'qu'il a le membre faict comme vn cheual1 en entrant est froid comme glace1 iette la semence fort froide1 en sortant la brusle comme si c'estoit du feu'4#fii ,in #affb ,isobel ,gowdie said1 ',his memberis ar exceiding great and long2 no man's memberis ar so long bigg as they ar4'#gjj ,the artificial phallus will account as nothing else can for the pain suffered by many of the women2 and that they suffered voluntarily1 and even gladly1 can only be understood by realizing that they endured it for motives other than physical satisfaction and pleasure4 ',there appeared a great ,black ,goat with a ,candle between his ,horns4444 ,he had carnal knowledge of her which was with great pain4'#gja ',presque toutes les ,sorcieres rapportent que cet accouplement leur est le plus souuent des-agreable1 tant pour la laideur deformit de ,satan1 que pour ce qu'elles y ont vne extreme douleur4#gjb ',elle fuyoit l'accouplement du ,diable1 cause qu'ayant son membre faict en escailles il fait souffrir vne extresme douleur4'#gjc ,at the ,sabbath in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 the ,devil took the women behind some sort of screen1 and the children 'les oyent crier comme personnes qui souffrent vne grande douleur1 et ils les voyent aussi tost reuenir au ,sabbat toutes sanglantes'4#gjd ,as regards brides1 ',en cet accouplement il leur faict perdre vne infinit de sang1 et leur faict souffrir mille douleurs4'#gje ,widow ,bush of ,barton said that the ,devil1 who came to her as a young black man1 'was colder than man1 and heavier1 and could not performe nature as man4'#gjf ,the physical coldness of the ,devil is vouched for in all parts of ,europe4#gjg ',toutes les ,sorcieres s'accordent en cela1 que la semence1 qu'elles reoiuent du ,diable1 est froide comme glace3 ,spranger les ,inquisiteurs1 qui en ont veu vne infinit1 l'escriuent ainsi4 ,remy1 qui a fait le procez plus de deux milles ,sorciers1 en porte vn tesmoignage irrefragable4 ,ie puis asseurer au semblable1 que celles1 qui me sont passes par les mains1 en ont confess tout autant4 ,que si la semence est ainsi froide1 il s'ensuit qu'elle est destitue de ses esprits vitaux1 ainsi qu'elle ne peut estre cause d'aucune generation4'#gjh ,isobel ,gowdie and ,janet ,breadheid of ,auldearne both said that the ,devil was 'a meikle1 blak1 roch man1 werie cold2 and ,i fand his nature als cold within me as spring-well-water'4 ,isobel continues1 ',he is abler for ws that way than any man can be1 onlie he ves heavie lyk a malt-sek2 a hudg nature1 verie cold1 as yce4'#gji ,another point which goes to prove that the intercourse was by artificial means was that pregnancy did not follow1 except by special consent of the woman4 ,jeannette d',abadie1 aged sixteen1 said1 ',elle fuyoit l'accouplement du ,diable1 cause qu'ayant son membre faict en escailles il fait souffrir vne extresme douleur2 outre que la semence est extresmement froide1 si bien qu'elle n'engrosse iamais1 ni celle des autres hommes au sabbat1 bien qu'elle soit naturelle4'#gaj ,boguet remarks1 ',il me souuient1 qu',antoinette ,tornier1 ,antoinette ,gandillon1 estans interrogues1 si elles craignoient point de deuenir enceintes des uures du ,diable2 l'vne respondit qu'elle estoit trop vieille2 l'autre que ,dieu ne le vouloit pas permettre4'#gaa ,according to ,jeanne ,hervillier1 the ,devil 'coucha auec elle charnellement1 en la mesme sorte maniere que font les hommes auec les femmes1 horsmis que la semence estoit froide4 ,cele dit elle continua tous les huict ou quinze iours4444 ,et vn iour le diable luy demanda1 si elle vouloit estre enceinte de luy1 ce qu'elle ne voulut pas4'#gab ,but when the witch was willing to have a child1 it is noticeable that there is then no complaint of the ,devil's coldness4 ,at ,maidstone in #afeb ',anne ,ashby1 ,anne ,martyn1 and one other of their ,associates1 pleaded that they were with child pregnant1 but confessed it was not by any man1 but by the ,divell4444 ,anne ,ashby and ,anne ,martyn confessed that the ,divell had known them carnally1 and that they had no hurt by it4'#gac ,the ,devil appears to have donned or doffed his disguise in the presence of his worshippers1 and this was often the case at the time of the sexual rites1 whether public or private3 ',il cognoist les ,sorcieres tantost en forme d'homme tout noir1 tantost en forme de beste1 comme d'vn chien1 d'vn chat1 d'vn bouc1 d'vn mouton4 ,il cognoissoit ,thieuenne ,paget1 ,antoine ,tornier en forme d'vn homme noir3 ,et lors qu'il accouploit auec ,iaquema ,paget1 ,antoine ,gandillon1 il prenoit la figure d'vn mouton noir1 portant des cornes4 ,franoise ,secretain a dit que son ,demon se mettoit tantost en chien1 tantost en chat1 et tantost en poule1 quand il la vouloit cognoistre charnellement4 ,or tout cecy me fait de tant mieux asseurer l'accouplement reel du ,sorcier1 de la ,sorciere auec le ,demon4'#gad ,in the ,basses-,pyrnes ,marie d',aspilcouette 'disoit le mesme1 pour ce qui est du membre en escailles1 mais elle deposoit1 que lors qu'il les vouloit cognoistre1 il quitoit la forme de ,bouc1 prenoit celle d'homme4'#gae ',il entra dans sa chambre en forme d'ung chat et se changea en la posture d'un home vestu de rouge4'#gaf ,at an attempt to wreck a ship in a great storm 'the devil was there present with them all1 in the shape of a great horse4444 ,they returned all in the same likeness as of before1 except that the devil was in the shape of a man4'#gag ',the ,deivill apeired vnto her1 in the liknes of ane prettie boy in grein clothes4444 ,and at that tyme the ,deivil gaive hir his markis2 and went away from her in the liknes of ane blak doug4'#gah ',he wold haw carnall dealling with ws in the shap of a deir1 or in any vther shap1 now and then4 ,somtym he vold be lyk a stirk1 a bull1 a deir1 a rae1 or a dowg1 etc41 and haw dealling with ws4'#gai ',yow the said ,margaret ,hamilton1 relict of ,james ,pullwart 444 had carnall cowpulatiown with the devil in the lyknes of ane man1 bot he removed from yow in the lyknes of ane black dowg4'#gbj ,the most important instance is in ,boguet's description of the religious ceremony at the ,sabbath3 ',finalement ,satan apres auoir prins la figure d'vn ,bouc1 se consume en feu1 reduit en cendre4'#gba ,the witches' habit of speaking of every person of the other sex with whom they had sexual intercourse at the ,sabbath as a 'devil' has led to much confusion in the accounts4 ,the confusion has been accentuated by the fact that both male and female witches often used a disguise1 or were at least veiled4 ',et pource que les hommes ne cedent guieres aux femmes en lubricit1 c'est pourquoy le ,demon se met aussi en femme ou ,succube4444 ,ce qu'il fait principalement au ,sabbat1 selon que l'ont rapport ,pierre ,gandillon1 ,george ,gandillon1 pere fils1 les autres1 lesquels disent tout vnanimement1 qu'en leurs assembles il y a plusieurs ,demons1 que les vns exercent le mestier de l'homme pour les femmes1 les autres le mestier des femmes pour les hommes4'#gbb ',the ,incubus's in the shapes of proper men satisfy the desires of the ,witches1 and the ,succubus's serve for ,whores to the ,wizards4'#gbc ,margaret ,johnson said the same3 ',their spirittes vsuallie have knowledge of theire bodies4444 ,shee also saith1 that men ,witches usualie have woemen spirittes and woemen witches men spirittes4'#gbd ,the girls under ,madame ,bourignon's charge 'declared that they had daily carnal ,cohabitation with the ,devil2 that they went to the ,sabbaths or ,meetings1 where they ,eat1 ,drank1 ,danc'd1 and committed other ,whoredom and ,sensualities4 ,every one had her ,devil in form of a ,man2 and the ,men had their ,devils in the form of a ,woman4444 ,they had not the least design of changing1 to quit these abominable ,pleasures1 as one of them of ,twenty-two ,years old one day told me4 ,no1 said she1 ,i will not be other than ,i am2 ,i find too much content in my ,condition2 ,i am always ,caressed4'#gbe ,one girl of twelve said definitely that she knew the ,devil very well1 'that he was a ,boy a little bigger than her self2 and that he was her ,love1 and lay with her every ,night'2 and another girl named ,bellot1 aged fifteen1 'said her ,mother had taken her with her to the ,sabbath when she was very ,young1 and that being a little ,wench1 this ,man-,devil was then a little ,boy too1 and grew up as she did1 having been always her ,love1 and ,caressed her ,day and ,night4'#gbf ,such connexions sometimes resulted in marriage4 ,gaule mentions this fact in his general account3 ',oft times he marries them ere they part1 either to himselfe1 or their ,familiar1 or to one another2 and that by the ,book of ,common ,prayer 7as a pretender to witchfinding lately told me in the ,audience of many74'#gbg ,this statement is borne out in the trials3 ',agnes ,theobalda sagte1 sie sey selbst zugegen auff der ,hochzeit gewesen1 da ,cathalina und ,engel von ,hudlingen1 ihren ,beelzebub zur ,ehe genommen haben4'#gbh ,the ,devil of ,isobel ,ramsay's ,coven was clearly her husband1#gbi but there is nothing to show whether the marriage took place before she became a witch1 as in the case of ,janet ,breadheid of ,auldearne1 whose husband 'enticed her into that craft'4#gcj ,i have quoted above 7p4 #agi7 the ceremony at the marriage of witches in the ,basses-,pyrnes4 ,rebecca ,weste1 daughter of a witch1 married the ,devil by what may be a primitive rite2 he came to her 'as shee was going to bed1 and told her1 he would marry her1 and that shee could not deny him2 shee said he kissed her1 but was as cold as clay1 and married her that night1 in this manner2 he tooke her by the hand and lead her about the chamber1 and promised to be her loving husband till death1 and to avenge her of her enemies2 and that then shee promised him to be his obedient wife till death1 and to deny ,god1 and ,christ ,jesus4'#gca ,at ,edinburgh in #afeh a young woman called ,anderson was tried3 'her confessioun was1 that scho did marry the devill4'#gcb ,the ,swedish witches in #afgj confessed that at ,blockula 'the ,devil had ,sons and ,daughters which he did marry together'4#gcc ,giraldus ,cambrensis gives an account of a 'spirit' in the form of a red-haired young man1 called ,simon1 who 'was begotten upon the wife of a rustic in that parish1 by a demon1 in the shape of her husband1 naming the man1 and his father-in-law1 then dead1 and his mother1 still alive2 the truth of which the woman upon examination openly avowed'4#gcd ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ffd3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bjf2 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #fff3 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 pp4 #bic-d4 ,the book was in manuscript1 and when last heard of was in the possession of the now-extinct ,stewarts of ,invernahyle4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fjc4 ',toads did draw the plough as oxen1 couch-grass was the harness and trace-chains1 a gelded animal's horn was the coulter1 and a piece of a gelded animal's horn was the sock4' ,footnote #ffi3 ,ravaisson1 #afgi-ha1 p4 #ccf4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,burns ,begg1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #fga3 ,reg4 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,id41 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #fgc3 ,more1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #fge3 ,boguet1 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,r4 ,scot1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,bodin1 pp4 #abe-g4 ,footnote #fgh3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 pp4 #bbb-c2 ,hale1 pp4 #cg-h4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cja4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bjf4 ,footnote #fha3 ,bodin1 p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,id41 p4 #dfe4 ,the trial was in #aede1 ,magdalene being then forty-two4 ,see also ,pleasant ,treatise1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #fhc3 ,id41 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #ade1 #cih4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abd4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,arnot1 p4 #cfj4 ,footnote #fhh3 ,boguet1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #fhi3 ,cooper1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #fij3 ,more1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #fia3 ',the ,deuill your maister1 beand in liknes of ane beist1 haid carnall deal with ilk ane of you4'--,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #fib3 ,petrie1 pp4 #g-i2 ,capart1 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #fic3 ,plutarch1 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 xviii1 #e4 ,footnote #fid3 ,on the other hand1 the female generative organs were also adored1 and presumably by men4 ,this suggestion is borne out by the figures of women with the pudenda exposed and often exaggerated in size4 ,such figures are found in ,egypt1 where they were called ,baubo1 and a legend was invented to account for the attitude2 and similar figures were actually known in ancient ,christian churches 7,payne ,knight1 ,discourse on the ,worship of ,priapus74 ,footnote #fie3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #acb1 #djd4 ,footnote #fif3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #fig3 ,boguet1 pp4 #fh-i4 ,footnote #fih3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fh1 #bbd-f4 ,footnote #fii3 ,id41 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hjh4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #faj4 ,footnote #gja3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,historical ,essays1 p4 #db4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,boguet1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #gjd3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #gje3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,stearne1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,the following references are in chronological order1 and are only a few out of the many trials in which this coldness of the ,devil is noted3 #aefe1 ,cannaert1 p4 #ed2 #aefg1 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #acb2 #aegh1 ,bodin1 ,flau1 p4 #bbg2 #aeij1 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bai2 #aeih1 ,boguet1 op4 cit41 pp4 #h1 #dab2 #afde1 ,stearne1 p4 #bi2 #afdi1 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #eii2 #afeb1 ,van ,elven1 ,la ,tradition1 #ahia1 v1 p4 #bae2 #affa1 ,kinloch and ,baxter1 p4 #acb2 #affb1 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjc1 #faa1 #fag2 #affb1 ,burns ,begg1 x1 pp4 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bca-b1 #bcd2 #afgh1 ,fountainhall1 i1 p4 #ad2 #afhb1 ,howell1 viii4 #ajcb2 #agje1 ,trials of ,elinor ,shaw1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,boguet1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #gji3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjc1 #faa1 #fag4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #gaa3 ,boguet1 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #gab3 ,bodin1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #gac3 ,a ,prodigious and ,tragicall ,historie1 pp4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #gad3 ,boguet1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #gae3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,h4 ,g4 van ,elven1 ,la ,tradition1 #ahia1 v1 p4 #bae4 ,place and names not given4 ,footnote #gag3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abb1 #abc4 ,footnote #gah3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #gai3 ,id41 iii1 pp4 #faa1 #fac4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,scots ,magazine1 #ahag1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #gba3 ,boguet1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,id41 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,pleasant ,treatise of ,witches1 p4 #f4 ,the remembrance of the numerous male devils at the ,sabbath survives in the ,samalsain dance in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 where the male attendants on the ,king and ,queen of the dance are still called ,satans4 ,moret1 ,mystres gyptiens1 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,baines1 i1 pp4 #fjg-h1 note4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,bourignon1 ,parole1 pp4 #hf1 #hg2 ,hale1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,id41 ,vie1 p4 #baa1 #bad2 ,hale1 pp4 #bi1 #ca4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,gaule1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #gbh3 ,remigius1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,record of ,trial in the ,edinburgh ,justiciary ,court4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #faf4 ,footnote #gca3 ,howell1 iv1 #hdb4 ,footnote #gcb3 ,nicoll's ,diary1 p4 #bab4 ,bannatyne ,club4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cbc4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,davies1 p4 #ahc4 ,cp4 also the birth of ,merlin4 ,giraldus ,cambrensis1 ,itinerary1 ,bk4 ,i1 xii1 #ia;b4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,organization ,the cult was organized in as careful a manner as any other religious community2 each district however was independent1 and therefore ,mather is justified in saying that the witches 'form themselves after the manner of ,congregational ,churches'4#gce #a4 ,the ,officer ,the ,chief or supreme ,head of each district was known to the recorders as the ',devil'4 ,below him in each district1 one or more officers--according to the size of the district--were appointed by the chief4 ,the officers might be either men or women2 their duties were to arrange for meetings1 to send out notices1 to keep the record of work done1 to transact the business of the community1 and to present new members4 ,evidently these persons also noted any likely convert1 and either themselves entered into negotiations or reported to the ,chief1 who then took action as opportunity served4 ,at the ,esbats the officer appears to have taken command in the absence of the ,grand ,master2 at the ,sabbaths the officers were merely heads of their own ,covens1 and were known as ,devils or ,spirits1 though recognized as greatly inferior to the ,chief4 ,the principal officer acted as clerk at the ,sabbath and entered the witches' reports in his book2 if he were a priest or ordained minister1 he often performed part of the religious service2 but the ,devil himself always celebrated the mass or sacrament4 ,in the absence of all direct information on the subject1 it seems likely that the man who acted as principal officer became ,grand ,master on the death of the previous ,chief4 ,occasionally the ,devil appointed a personal attendant for himself1 who waited upon him on all solemn occasions1 but does not appear to have held any official position in the community4 ,estebene de ,cambrue 7#aefg7 said that 'elle a veu au ,sabbat vn ,notaire qu'elle nomme1 lequel a accoustum de leuer les defauts de celles qui ont manqu de se trouuer au ,sabbat4'#gcf ,at the ,north ,berwick meetings 7#aeij71 there were several officers1 of whom ,fian was the chief4 ',robert ,griersoun being namit1 they all ran hirdie-girdie and wer angrie3 for it wes promisit he sould be callit ,rot the ,comptroller1 alias ,rob the ,rowar1 for expreming of his name4--,johnne ,fiene wes ewer nerrest to the ,devill1 att his left elbok2 ,gray ,meill kepit the dur4--,the accusation of the saide ,geillis ,duncane aforesaide1 who confessed he ,fian was their ,regester1 and that there was not one man suffered to come to the ,divels readinges but onelie hee4--,fian's confession ,that at the generall meetinges of those witches1 he was always present2 that he was clarke to all those that were in subiection to the ,divels service1 bearing the name of witches2 that alway hee did take their oathes for their true service to the ,divell2 and that he wrote for them such matters as the ,divell still pleased to commaund him4'#gcg ,elizabeth ,southerns1 otherwise known as old ,mother ,demdike 7#afac71 'was generall agent for the ,deuill in all these partes'4#gch ,the 'eminent warlok' ,robert ,grieve of ,lauder 7#afdi7 'was brought to a ,confession of his being the ,devils ,officer in that ,countrey for warning all ,satans ,vassals to come to the ,meetings1 where1 and whensoever the ,devil required4444 ,the ,devil gave him that charge1 to be his ,officer to warn all to the meetings2 7as was said before17 in which charge he continued for the space of eighteen years and more4'#gci ,the evidence concerning ,isobel ,shyrie at ,forfar 7#affa7 is too long to quote1 but it is clear that she acted as the officer4#gdj ,isobel ,gowdie 7#affb7 says definitely1 ',johne ,young1 in ,mebestowne1 is ,officer to owr ,coeven'1 and remarks in another part of her confession that ',johne ,yownge in ,mebestowne1 owr ,officer1 did drywe the plewghe'4#gda ,the only indication of a change of personnel is given by ,janet ,breadheid1 of the same ,coven as ,isobel ,gowdie4 ',johne ,taylor1 my husband1 was then ,officer1 bot ,johne ,young in ,mebestoune1 is now ,officer to my ,coeven4 ,quhan ,i cam first ther1 the ,divell called tham all be thair names1 on the book2 and my husband1 than called thame at the door4444 ,whan we haid ,great ,meittingis1 ,walter ,ledy1 in ,penick1 my husband1 and ,alexander ,elder1 nixt to the ,divell1 wer ,ruleris2 and quhan ther wold be but fewar1 ,i my self1 the deceassit ,jean ,suthirland1 ,bessie ,hay1 ,bessie ,wilsone1 and ,janet ,burnet wold rule thaim4'#gdb ,in ,somerset 7#affd7 ,anne ,bishop appears to have been the chief personage under the ,devil1 in other words the ,officer4#gdc ,at ,paisley 7#afgh7 ,bessie ,weir 'was ,officer to their several meetings4--,bessie ,weir did intimate to him ,john ,stewart1 that there was a meeting to be at his house the next day3 ,and that the ,devil under the shape of a black man1 ,margaret ,jackson1 ,margery ,craige1 and the said ,bessie ,weir1 were to be present4 ,and that the said ,bessie ,weir required the ,declarant to be there1 which he promised4'#gdd ,in ,new ,england 7#afib7 it appears that both ,bridget ,bishop and ,martha ,carrier held high rank1 and were probably ,officers4 ,one duty seems to have been delegated to a particular individual1 who might perhaps hold no other office1 or who might1 on the other hand1 be the chief official2 this was the manager1 often the leader1 of the dance4 ,as pace seems to have been an essential in the dance1 the leader was necessarily active and generally young4 ,at ,north ,berwick 7#aeij7 ',john ,fein mussiled led the ring'4#gde ,in ,aberdeen 7#aeif7 ,thomas ,leyis was the chief person in the dance2 'thow the said ,thomas was formest and led the ring1 and dang the said ,kathren ,mitchell1 becaus scho spillet your dans1 and ran nocht so fast about as the rest4'#gdf ,isobel ,cockie of the same ,coven was next in importance2 'in the quhilk danse1 thow was the ring leader nixt ,thomas ,leyis4'#gdg ,mr4 ,gideon ,penman 7#afgh71 who had once been minister at ,crighton1 went to the ,sabbaths1 where the ,devil spoke of him as ',mr4 ,gideon1 my chaplain'4#gdh ,the witches said that 'ordinarily ,mr4 ,gideon was in the rear in all their dances1 and beat up those that were slow'4 ,this ,mr4 ,gideon seems to be the same person as the 'warlock who formerly had been admitted to the ministrie in the ,presbyterian times1 and now he turnes a preacher under the devill4--,this villan was assisting to ,satan in this action' giving the sacrament 'and in preaching4'#gdi ,the personal attendant of the ,devil is rare4 ,at ,aberdeen 7#aeif7 ,issobell ,richie was accused that 'at that tyme thow ressauit thy honours fra the ,dewyll1 thy maister1 and wer appoynted be him in all tymes thairefter1 his speciall domestick servand and furriour'4#gej ,john ,mc,william ,sclater 7#afef7 was appointed cloak-bearer to the ,devil4#gea ,the ,devil's piper was also an official appointment in ,scotland1 but does not occur elsewhere4 ,john ,douglas of ,tranent 7#afei7 was the ,devil's piper1#geb and so also was a man mentioned by ,sinclair3 ',a reverend ,minister told me1 that one who was the ,devils ,piper1 a wizzard confest to him1 that at a ,ball of dancing1 the ,foul ,spirit taught him a ,baudy song to sing and play4'#gec ,the ,queen of the ,sabbath may perhaps be considered as an official during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 though in early times she was probably the chief personage in the cult1 as ,pearson has pointed out4#ged ,it is not unlikely that she was originally the same as the ,queen of ,elfhame2 in ,scotland1 however1 in the seventeenth century1 there is a ,maiden of the ,coven1 which was an important position in the ,esbat but entirely distinct from the ,queen of ,faery1 while in other places a woman1 not the ,queen1 is often the officer and holds the highest place after the ,grand ,master4 ,elizabeth ,stile of ,windsor 7#aegi7 said that 'mother ,seidre dwelling in the ,almeshouse1 was the maistres ,witche of all the reste'4#gee ,marion ,grant of ,aberdeen 7#aeig7 confessed that 'the ,devill thy maister causit the dans sindrie tymes with him and with ,our ,ladye1 quha1 as thow sayes1 was a fine woman1 cled in a quhyte walicot'4#gef ,in ,france 7#afji7 the custom seems to have been universal1 'en chasque village trouuer vne ,royne du ,sabbat'1 who sat at the ,devil's left hand during the celebration of the mass and received the offerings of the faithful4#geg ,the witches called her both the ,grande ,matresse and the ,reine du ,sabbat4#geh ,isobel ,gowdie's confession 7#affb7 shows that the ,queen of ,elthame was not the same as the chief woman of the ,coven1 for she saw the ,queen only on going into the fairy-howe1 while the ,maiden of the ,coven was at each meeting4 ',we doe no great mater without owr ,maiden4--,quhan we ar at meat1 or in any vther place quhateuir1 the ,maiden of each ,coven sittis abow the rest1 nixt the ,divell4'#gei ,in ,new ,england 7#afib7 ,deliverance ,hobbs confessed that 'the said ,g4 ,b4 preached to them1 and such a woman was their ,deacon'4#gfj #b4 ,the ,covens ,the word coven is a derivative of 'convene'1 and is variously spelt coven1 coeven1 covine1 cuwing1 and even covey4 ,the special meaning of the word among the witches is a 'band' or 'company'1 who were set apart for the practice of the rites of the religion and for the performance of magical ceremonies2 in short1 a kind of priesthood4 ,the ,coven was composed of men and women1 belonging to one district1 though not necessarily all from one village1 and was ruled by an officer under the command of the ,grand ,master4 ,the members of the ,coven were apparently bound to attend the weekly ,esbat2 and it was they who were instructed in and practised magical arts1 and who performed all the rites and ceremonies of the cult4 ,the rest of the villagers attended the ,esbats when they could or when they felt so inclined1 but did not necessarily work magic1 and they attended the ,sabbaths as a matter of course4 ,this view of the organization of the religion is borne out by the common belief in modern ,france3 ',il est de croyance gnrale qu'il faut un nombre fixe de sorciers et de sorcires dans chaque canton4 ,le nouvel initi reprend les vieux papiers de l'ancien4--,les mauvaises gens forment une confrrie qui est dirige par une sorcire4 ,celle-ci a la jarretire comme marque de sa dignit4 ,elles se la transmettent successivement par rang d'anciennet4 ,il n'existe que cette diffrence de rang entre les sorciers et les sorcires4 ,ceux-l se recrutent aussi bien parmi les gens maris que chez les clibataires4'#gfa ,the 'fixed number' among the witches of ,great ,britain seems to have been thirteen3 twelve witches and their officer4 ,the actual numbers can be obtained1 as a rule1 only when the full record of the trial is available2 for when several witches in one district are brought to trial at the same time they will always be found to be members of a ,coven1 and usually the other members of the ,coven are implicated or at least mentioned4 ,the earliest account of a ,coven is in the trial of ,bessie ,dunlop 7#aefg72 when ,thom ,reid was trying to induce her to join the society1 he took her 'to the kill-end1 quhair he forbaid her to speik or feir for onye thing sche hard or saw2 and quhene thai had gane ane lytle pece fordwerd1 sche saw twelf persounes1 aucht wemene and four men3 ,the men wer cled in gentilmennis clething1 and the wemene had all plaiddis round about thame and wer verrie semelie lyke to se2 and ,thom was with thame4'#gfb ,clearly this was a ,coven with ,thom as the ,officer1 and he had brought ,bessie to see and be seen4 ,the witches tried at ,st4 ,osyth in ,essex in #aehb were thirteen in number4#gfc ,at the meeting of the ,north ,berwick witches 7#aeij7 to consult on the means to compass the king's death1 nine witches stood 'in ane cumpany'1 and the rest 'to the nowmer of threttie persons in ane vthir cumpany'2 in other words1 there were thirty-nine persons1 or three ,covens1 present4#gfd ,at ,aberdeen 7#aeif-g7 sixty-four names of witches occur in the trials2 of these1 seven were merely mentioned as being known to the accused1 though not as taking part in the ceremonies1 and five were acquitted2 thus leaving fifty-two persons1 or four ,covens4 ,out of these fifty-two1 one was condemned and executed at the assize in #aeif and twelve in #aeig1 making in all thirteen persons1 or one ,coven1 who were put to death4#gfe ,the great trial of the ,lancashire witches in #afac gives a grand total of fifty-two witches1 or four ,covens1 whose names occur in the record4 ,this includes the three ,salmesbury witches mentioned by ,grace ,sowerbuts1 whose evidence was discredited as being the outcome of a ',popish plot' to destroy the three women as converts to the ,reformed ,church2 but as the record shows that the other accused witches were tried on similar charges and condemned1 it may be concluded that other causes occasioned the acquittal4 ,taking together1 however1 only those witches who are mentioned1 in these trials1 as having actually taken part in the ceremonies and practices of witchcraft in the neighbourhood of ,pendle1 it will be found that there were thirty-nine persons1 or three ,covens4#gff ,in ,guernsey in #afag ,isabel ,becquet confessed that-- 'at the ,sabbath the ,devil used to summon the ,wizards and ,witches in regular order 7she remembered very well having heard him call the old woman ,collette the first1 in these terms3 ,madame the ,old ,woman ,becquette73 then the woman ,fallaise2 and afterwards the woman ,hardie4 ,item1 he also called ,marie1 wife of ,massy1 and daughter of the said ,collette4 ,said that after them she herself was called by the ,devil3 in these terms3 ,the ,little ,becquette3 she also heard him call there ,collas ,becquet1 son of the said old woman 7who ,collas held her by the hand in dancing1 and some one a woman whom she did not know1 held her by the other hand73 there were about six others there she did not know4#gfg ,at ,queensferry in #afdd thirteen women were tried and seven executed for witchcraft4#gfh ,at ,alloa 7#afeh71 though thirteen persons1 or one ,coven1 were brought to trial1 the word is used to indicate a smaller number3 ',margret ,duchall lykewayis declared that ther was sex women mair besyd hir self that was in thair cuwing' then follow the names of the six4--',jonet ,blak confessed severall meetings with the abowenamed cuwing4--,kathren ,renny being asked quhat meetingis scho had with the diwell1 and the rest of hir cuwing1 scho ansuered scho had severall meitingis with all tham abowenamed4'#gfi ,little ,jonet ,howat of ,forfar 7#affa7 said1 ',ther was thair present with the divell besyd hirselfe1 quhom he callit the prettie dauncer1 the said ,issobell ,syrie1 ,mairie ,rynd1 ,hellen ,alexander1 ,issobell ,dorward1 and utheris whoise names shoe did not know1 to the number of #ac of all4'#ggj ,the trial of ,jonet ,kerr and ,issobell ,ramsay at ,edinburgh 7#affa7 gives the names of thirteen persons1 or one ,coven4#gga ,at ,crook of ,devon 7#affb7 there were tried twelve women and one man1 i4e4 one ,coven4#ggb ,isobel ,gowdie of ,auldearne 7#affb7 gives the most detail concerning the ,covens3 ',jean ,mairten is ,maiden of owr ,coeven4 ,johne ,younge is ,officer to owr ,coeven4--,ther ar threttein persons in ilk ,coeven4' ,her evidence shows that there were several ,covens in the district3 ',the last tyme that owr ,coven met1 we1 and an vther ,coven1 wer dauncing at the ,hill of ,earlseat1 and befor that we ves beyond the ,meikle-burne2 and the vther ,coven being at the ,downie-hillis1 we went besyd them4--,she and four others with the ,divell1 wer onlie at the making of it a charm1 bot all the multitude of all owr ,coevens got notice of it1 at the next meitting 444 all my owin ,coeven gott notice of it werie schortlie4' ,she also notes that each member of her ,coven 'has an ,sprit to wait wpon ws1 quhan ve pleas to call wpon him'4 ,janet ,breadheid1 of the same ,coven as ,isobel ,gowdie1 gives the names of thirty-nine persons1 or three ,covens1 who were present in the ,kirk of ,nairn when she was admitted into the ,society4#ggc ,in ,somerset 7#affd7 the number of accused was twenty-six persons1 or two ,covens4#ggd ,at ,newcastle-on-,tyne 7#afgc7 ,ann ,armstrong stated that at the meeting at the 'rideing house in the close on the common' she saw ten men and women whom she knew and 'thre more1 whose names she knowes not'4 ,at another meeting 'at ,rideing ,millne bridg-end she see the said ,anne ,forster1 ,anne ,dryden1 and ,luce ,thompson1 and tenne more unknowne to her4--,att the house of ,john ,newton off the ,riding1 the said ,lucy wished that a boyl'd capon with silver scrues might come down to her and the rest1 which were five coveys consisting of thirteen person in every covey4' ,at a large meeting at ,allensford1 where a great many witches were present1 'every thirteen of them had a divell with them in sundry shapes4' ,it is also noticeable that ,ann ,armstrong mentions twenty-six persons by name as having been at various meetings to her knowledge4#gge ,at ,paisley 7#afib7 thirteen persons of high position brought an action for libel against six others for saying that they1 the thirteen1 had drunk the ,devil's health in the house of one of them2 the libellers were punished1 but the number of persons libelled suggests that the accusation might have been true4#ggf #c4 ,duties ,an important part of the organization was the system of reporting to the ,grand ,master everything which had happened since the previous ,great ,assembly4 ,the chief work of the ,covens was the performance of magical rites1 either publicly at the ,esbats or privately in the houses of the witches and their neighbours4 ,as these rites1 especially when performed privately1 were more or less in the nature of experiments1 the results were reported and when successful were recorded in writing for future use4 ,the book in which the records were made remained in the hands of the ,devil1 who in this way had always a store of well-tried magical spells and recipes to kill or cure1 from which he could instruct his followers as occasion demanded4 ,the position of the ,devil as the instructor of the witches is to be found in most of the trials in ,great ,britain4 ,cooper states this plainly3 ',he deliuers unto his ,proselite1 and so to the rest1 the ,rules of his ,art1 instructing them in the manner of hurting and helping1 and acquainting them with such medicines and poysons as are vsuall herevnto4'#ggg ,bessie ,dunlop 7#aefg7 never attempted to cure any disease without first consulting ,thom ,reid1 'quhen sundrie persounes cam to hir to seik help for thair beist1 thair kow or yow1 or for ane barne that was tane away with ane evill blast of wind1 or elf-grippit1 sche gait and sperit at ,thom1 ,quhat mycht help thame8--,sche culd do nathing1 quhill sche had first spokin with ,thom4'#ggh ,alison ,peirson 7#aehh7 learnt her craft from ,mr4 ,william ,simpson1 her mother's brother's son1 who lived among the fairy folk2 'the saide ,mr ,williame tauld hir of ewerie seiknes and quhat herbis scho sould tak to haill thame1 and how scho sould vse thame2 and gewis hir his directioune att all tymes4'#ggi ,agnes ,sampson1 the ,wise ,wife of ,keith 7#aeij71 always asked the ,devil's advice in serious cases2 'she had a familiar spirit1 who upon her call1 did appear in a visible form1 and resolve her of any doubtful matter1 especially concerning the life or death of persons lying sick4'#ghj ,grissel ,gairdner of ,newburgh 7#afaj7 was executed for consulting with the ',devill1 and seiking of responssis fra him1 at all tymes this fourtene or fyftene eir bygane1 for effectuating of hir devillisch intentiones'4#gha ,elspeth ,reoch in ,orkney 7#afaf7 confessed that the fairy man1 whom she met1 told her 'he wald lerne her to ken and sie ony thing she wald desyre'4#ghb ,isobel ,haldane of ,perth 7#afbc7 also obtained all her information as to life and death from the man with the 'grey beird' whom she met among the fairy folk4#ghc ,jonet ,rendall1 another ,orkney witch 7#afbi71 stated that 'the devill apperit to you1 ,quhom ye called ,walliman1 claid in quhyt cloathis with ane quhyt head and ane gray beard1 ,and said to you ,he sould learne yow to win almiss be healling of folk'#ghd ,sandie ,hunter was only moderately successful in curing cattle till he covenanted with the ,devil1 who 'came to him in the form of a ,mediciner1 and said1 ,sandie1 you have too long followed my trade1 and never acknowledged me for your ,master4 ,you must now take on with me1 and be my servant1 and ,i will make you more perfect in your ,calling4 ,whereupon the man gave up himself to the ,devil4 ,after this1 he grew very famous throw the ,countrey1 for his ,charming and cureing of diseases in ,men and ,beasts4'#ghe ,reginald ,scot says that the witches were taught by the ,devil to make magical ointments1 and that he 'supplied their want of powders and roots to intoxicate withal'4#ghf ,it was the ,devil who pointed out which graves were to be opened in order to obtain the material for working magic2 and when the bodies had been exhumed and dismembered1 he told the witches how to use the fragments4#ghg ,it was the ,devil who made#ghh or baptized#ghi the wax and clay images1 and who stuck the first thorn or pin into them4#gij ,it was the ,devil who held the mock plough at ,auldearne1 and taught the witches of that place all the charms they knew4 ',we get all this power from the ,divell'1 says ,isobell ,gowdie4#gia ,it was the ,devil who instigated and superintended the wrecking of the bridge at ,cortaquhie1 concerning which ,helen ,guthrie said1 'shee her selfe1 ,jonnet ,stout1 and others of them did thrust ther shoulderis againest the bridge'1 and ,isobel ,smyth confessed1 ',wee all rewed that meitting1 for wee hurt our selves lifting4'#gib ,the book in which the magical recipes were recorded must have been of great value to its owner1 and one which he would not willingly allow to pass out of his hands4 ,a volume of this kind was known to be extant till the beginning of the last century2 it was called the ,red ,book of ,appin4 ,there are two stories as to how it was taken from the ,devil1 but both stories agree that it was obtained by a trick4 ,it was in manuscript and contained charms for the cure of cattle1 and was consulted when cows were bewitched and refused to give milk4 ,it was also supposed to confer magical powers on the owner1 who was said to know what the inquiry would be before the inquirer opened his lips2 and it was in itself so magical that the owner had to wear a hoop of iron on his head when turning its leaves4#gic ,another ,devil's-book was carried away1 apparently as a joke1 by ,mr4 ,williamson of ,cardrona1 who took it from the witches as they danced on ,minchmoor1 but they followed him and he returned it4#gid ,the system of reporting everything to the ,chief of the community makes it certain that he was supplied with such current information as made his knowledge of public and private affairs appear miraculous to the uninitiated4 ,even those who supplied that information had firm faith in his supernatural power to kill or cure1 and believed with equal ardour in the charms which he taught them to make and use4 ,in reviewing the evidence it seems clear that the witches of the ,covens were bound to exercise their powers in the intervals between the meetings2 they were bound to attend those meetings1 unless absolutely prevented1 in order to learn new methods as well as to make their reports2 and they were bound to obey the ,grand ,master's orders and to treat him with the deference and respect due to his exalted position4 #d4 ,discipline ,discipline was maintained by a system of rewards and punishments1 enforced or relaxed according to the personal character of the ,chief4 ,as a rule only the severer punishments are recorded1 but occasionally there are indications of minor chastisements4 ,the contemporary writers make the system of rewards and punishments very clear3 ',satan calleth them togither into a ,diuelish ,sinagoge1 and that he may also vnderstand of them howe well and diligently they haue fulfilled their office of intoxicating committed vnto them1 and wh they haue slaine4'#gie ',such as are absent1 and have no care to be assoygned1 are amerced to this paenalty1 so to be beaten on the palms of their feete1 to be whipt with iron rods1 to be pincht and suckt by their ,familiars till their heart blood come1 till they repent them of their sloath1 and promise more attendance and diligence for the future4'#gif ',taking account also of the proceedings of his other ,schollers1 and so approuing or condemning accordingly4'#gig ,sometimes at their solemn assemblies1 the ,devil commands1 that each tell what wickedness he hath committed1 and according to the hainousness and detestableness of it1 he is honoured and respected with a general applause4 ,those on the contrary1 that have done no evil1 are beaten and punished4'#gih ,the usual punishment was beating1 which was inflicted for various offences1 chiefly disrespect or neglect of duty4 ,at ,arras in #adfj ,jean ,tacquet1 a rich eschevin1 'had endeavoured to withdraw his allegiance from ,satan who had forced him to continue it by beating him cruelly with a bull's pizzle4'#gii ,in ,lorraine 7#aehi7 the ,grand ,master seems to have been peculiarly brutal3 ',jana ,gerardina1 ,catharina ,russa1 und ,francisca ,fellaea bezeugten1 dass sie mehr als einmal schwerlich mit harten ,streichen htten bssen mssen1 wenn sie keinen ,schaden oder ,unglck angestifft htten4 ,und wie ,nicolaea ,morelia sagt1 hat er sie dermassen zerschlagen1 dass ihr der ,athem davon ausgeblieben1 und sie bey nahe gestorben wre2 ,uber welches sich dann nicht zu verwundern sey1 sintemahl er eiserne ,hnde habe1 mit denen er ihnen so unbarmhertzig die ,kpffe zerschlagen1 dass sie deren nicht mehr empfinden4'#hjj ,in the ,lyons district 7#aeih7 'les ,sorciers rendent conte ,satan de ce qu'ils ont fait ds la derniere assemble1 estans ceux l les mieux venus qui ont commis le plus de meschancetez4 ,les autres sont sifflez mocquez de tous2 l'on les fait mettre l'escart1 sont encor le plus souuent battus maltraitez de leur ,maistre'4#hja ,according to ,bodin1 'chacun ,sorcier doit rendre compte du mal qu'il a faict sur peine d'estre bien battu4'#hjb ,de ,lancre says1 ',les ,sorciers le vont adorer trois nuicts durant4 ,ceux qui par nonchalance1 ou autre petit empeschement ne s'y trouuent1 sont foettez battus l'outrance4'#hjc ,alexander ,hamilton 7#afcj7 stated that 'thair was ane new tryst appointed be him to be keipit wt thame altogidder within xiii days thereftir upon the cauldbit mure ,quhilk meitting was nocht keipit be the said ,alexr for the quhilk caus and breking of that tryst the said ,alexr was maist rigorouslie strukin be the devill wt ane battoun at ane meitting keipit betuix thame schortlie thereftir upone gairnetoune hillis'4#hjd ,in ,france 7#afeb7 two sisters were tried for witchcraft3 ',icelle confesse n'avoir faict mourir qu'un vaulx et d'avoir t battu par le diable1 deux fois1 parce qu'elle ne vouloit faire mourir aultres personnes et bestiault4' ,the other sister was 'interroge sy le diable ne luy avoit conseill de cracher la ,sainte ,hostie hors de sa bouche1 ou bien ne la point recepvoir1 dist que non1 mais bien que le diable l'at une fois battue fort parce qu'elle l'avoit receu'4#hje ,the girls at ,lille 7#affa7 informed ,madame ,bourignon that the witches 'are constrained to offer him their ,children1 or else the ,devil would ,beat them'4#hjf ,isobel ,gowdie's account is1 as usual1 very full3 ',som tymis1 among owr felwis1 we wold be calling him ,blak ,johne1 or the lyk1 and he wold ken it1 and heir ws weill aneughe2 and he ewin then com to ws1 and say1 ,i ken weill aneughe what e wer sayeing of me6 ,and then he vold beat and buffet ws werie sor4 ,we wold be beattin if ve wer absent any tyme1 or neglect any thing that wold be appointit to be done4 ,allexr ,elder1 in ,earlseat1 vold be werie often beattin4 ,he is bot soft1 and cowld never defend him self in the leist1 bot greitt and cry1 quhan he vold be scourging him4 ,bot ,margret ,wilson1 in ,auldearne1 wold defend hir selfe fynelie1 and cast wp hir handis to keip the stroakis off from hir2 and ,bessie ,wilson would speak crustie with hir townge1 and wold be belling again to him stowtlie4 ,he wold be beatting and scurgeing ws all wp and downe with cardis cords and vther sharp scurges1 like naked gwhastis2 and we wold still be cryeing1 ,pittie6 pittie6 ,mercie6 mercie1 owr ,lord6 ,bot he wold haue neither pittie nor mercie4 ,when he vold be angrie at ws1 he wold girne at ws lyk a dowge1 as iff he wold swallow ws wp4'#hjg ,the ,swedish witches 7#affi7 also had reason to complain of their ,grand-,master's cruelty3 'heretofore it was sufficient to carry but one of their ,children to the meeting or a strangers ,child with them1 but now he did plague them and whip them if they did not procure him ,children4'#hjh ,among the ,northumberland witches 7#afgc73 ',all of them who had donne harme gave an account thereof to their protector1 who made most of them that did most harme1 and beate those who had donne no harme4--,at the said meeting their particular divell tooke them that did most evill1 and danced with them first1 and called every of them to an account1 and those that did most evill he maid most of4--,the devill1 in the forme of a little black man and black cloaths1 calld of one ,isabell ,thompson1 of ,slealy1 widdow1 by name1 and required of her what service she had done him4 ,she replyd she had gott power of the body of one ,margarett ,teasdale4 ,and after he had danced with her he dismissed her and call'd of one ,thomasine1 wife of ,edward ,watson1 of ,slealy4'#hji ,punishments for minor offences are rarely recorded4 ,at ,north ,berwick 7#aeij71 when the witches returned after sinking a ship1 'seeing that they tarried over long1 hee at their comming enjoyned them all to a pennance1 which was1 that they should kisse his buttockes1 in sign of duety to him4'#haj ,at ,aberdeen 7#aeig7 ,christen ,mitchell confessed that when the ,devil asked her to join1 'thow ansuerit1 ,i will enter in thy band1 bot ,i will nocht byd thairin2 and thairefter that the ,devill gawe the a wisk1 and thow fell on thy face one the dyk of that yaird4'#haa ,beigis ,tod1 who belonged to one of the ,north ,berwick ,covens but was not tried till #afjh1 was late in arriving at a meeting1 'quhair the ,deuill appeirit to thame1 and reprovet the said ,beigis ,tod verrie scherplie1 for hir long tayreing2 to quhome scho maid this ansuer1 ,sir1 ,i could wyn na soner4'#hab ,at ,lille if any witch desired to leave the religion1 'the ,devil reproves them then more severely1 and obligeth them to new ,promises4'#hac ,occasionally the witches kept discipline among themselves2 this seems to have been the case only when the culprit prevented the proper execution of magical performances4 ,at ,aberdeen ,thomas ,leyis 'led the ring1 and dang the said ,kathren ,mitchell1 becaus scho spillit your dans1 and ran nocht sa fast about as the rest4'#had ,at ,auldearne ,isobel ,gowdie described how the witches used flint arrow-heads3 ',i shot at the ,laird of ,park1 as he ves crossing the ,burn of ,boath2 bot1 thankis to ,god now1 that he preserwit him4 ,bessie ,hay gaw me a great cuffe1 becaus ,i missed him4'#hae ,the former minister of ,crighton1 ,mr4 ,gideon ,penman1 acted as the ,devil's chaplain2 'ordinarily ,mr4 ,gideon was in the rear in all their dances1 and beat up all those that were slow4'#haf ,but a reasonable excuse for trifling misdemeanours could be accepted3 ',the devill asked at ,kathrine ,moore quhair hir ,husband was that he came not she answered there was a young bairne at home and that they could not both come4'#hag ,capital punishment was reserved for traitors1 actual and potential4 ,it must have been brought into use only after the cult had fallen upon evil days1 and then only when the ,chief himself was in danger4 ,beating to death1 hanging1 and poison were the usual means of execution4 ,the earliest instance occurred in #adej1 when the ,church had begun to use its power systematically against the witches4 ',the ,inquisitor of ,como1 ,bartolomeo de ,homate1 the podest ,lorenzo da ,carorezzo1 and the notary ,giovanni da ,fossato1 either out of curiosity or because they doubted the witches whom they were trying1 went to a place of assembly at ,mendrisio and witnessed the scene from a hiding-place4 ,the presiding demon pretended not to know their presence1 and in due course dismissed the assembly1 but suddenly recalled his followers and set them on the officials1 who were so beaten that they died within fifteen days4'#hah ,alesoun ,peirson 7#aehh7 was burnt as a witch1 having gained her knowledge from the fairies1 who threatened that 'gif scho wald speik and tell of thame and thair doingis1 thay sould martir hir'4#hai ,the ,lorraine witches 7#aehi7 took an oath of silence1 'welchen ,eyd sie so hoch und heilig halten1 dass wenn sie ,eydbrchig werden1 so darfr halten1 also ob sie ewig darumb musten verdampt und gestrafft seyn4'#hbj ,alice ,gooderidge1 the ,derbyshire witch 7#aeig71 was tried for witchcraft1 'she should haue bin executed1 but that her spirit killed her in the prison4'#hba ,jeannette d',abadie 7#afji7 was more fortunate than most in that she was not killed1 'elle a est battue au sabbat reellement corporellemt par deux sorcieres qu'elle nomme1 par ce qu'elle auoit reuel les mysteres du sabbat4'#hbb ,john ,stewart1 the 'juglour' of ,irvine 7#afah7-- 'for his better preferring to the day of the assys1 was put in ane lockfast buith1 quhair no maner of persoun might haif access to him quhil the dounsitting of the justice court1 and for avoyding of putting violent handis on himself1 was verie strictly gairdit and flitherit be the airms1 as us is1 and upon that same day of the assys1 about half ane hour befoir the doun sitting of the justice court1 ,mr4 ,david ,dickson1 minister at ,irving2 and ,mr4 ,george ,dunbar1 minister of ,air1 having went to him to exhort him to call on his ,god for mercie for his bygane wicked and evil lyf and that ,god wold of his infinite mercie1 lowis him out of the handis of the devil quhom he had servit thir mony years by gane ,he acquiescit to their prayer and godlie exhortation1 and utterit thir wordis--,i am so straitlie gairdit that it lyis not in my hand to tak off my bonnett1 nor to gett bread to my mouth4 ,and immediately after the departing of the two ministers from him1 the ,juglour being sent for at the desyr of my ,lord of ,eglintoune1 to be confrontit with ane woman of the burgh of ,air1 callit ,janet ,bous1 quha was apprehendit by the ,magistrates of the burghe of ,air1 for witchcraft1 to the burghe of ,irvine1 purposlie for that effer4 ,he was fund be the burrow officers1 quha went about him stranglit and hangit be the cruik of the dur1 with ane tait of hemp 7or a string maid of hemp1 supposed to haif been his garten1 or string of his bonnet7 not above the length of twa span long1 his kneyis not being from the grund half ane span1 and was brocht out of the hous1 his lyf not being so layt expellit3 but notwithstanding of quhatsomever meines usit to the contrair for remeid of his lyf1 he revievit not1 but so endit his lyf miserable by the help of the devill his maister4'#hbc ,rebecca ,west1 a young ,essex witch 7#afde71 confessed to ,matthew ,hopkins that 'if shee should discover any thing1 they all told the said ,rebecca1 shee should endure more torments on earth1 then could be in hell3 and the said ,rebecca told this informant that shee promised to keepe all their secrets2 and moreover they all told her1 that shee must never confesse any thing1 although the rope were about her necke1 and shee ready to be hanged'4#hbd ,in ,fifeshire 7#afdi7 'ane ,mistres ,hendersone 7sister to ,fordell ,hendersone1 in the presbytrey of ,dumfermling71 sometymes lady of ,pittahro1 being delated by many to be a witch1 was apprehended and caried to ,edenbroughe1 wher she was keiped fast2 and after her remaining in prison for a tyme1 being in health att night1 vpon the morne was founde dead4 ,it was thought1 and spoken by many1 that she wronged her selfe1 either by strangling or by poyson4'#hbe ,the ,swedish children 7#afgj7 were not spared3 'if the ,children did at any time name the ,names of those that had carried them away1 they were again carried by force either to ,blockula1 or to the ,cross way1 and there miserably beaten1 insomuch that some of them died of it4'#hbf ,whether ,deliverance ,hobbs 7#afib7 was actually beaten1 or whether her statement was made from the knowledge of what might happen to her1 cannot be certain without reference to the records of the trial itself1 as ,mather's bias is apt to distort the evidence3 ',she now testifi'd1 that this ,bishop tempted her to ,sign the ,book again1 and to deny what she had confess'd4 ,she affirm'd1 that it was the ,shape of this ,prisoner1 which whipped her with ,iron ,rods1 to compel her thereunto4'#hbg ,elizabeth ,anderson in ,renfrewshire 7#afif7 went with her father to a witch-meeting1 'severals of them being affraid that the ,declarant would ,confess1 and tell of them as she done formerly on her ,grand-mother1 they threatened to tear her all in pieces if she did so4'#hbh ,john ,reid of the same ,coven-- 'after his ,confession had called out of his prison ,window1 desiring ,baily ,scott to keep that old body ,angus ,forrester1 who had been his fellow prisoner1 closs and secure2 whereupon the company asked ,john when they were leaving him on ,friday night the #bath of ,may1 whether he desired company or would be afraid alone1 he said he had no fear of anything3 ,so being left till ,saturday in the ,forenoon1 he was found in this posture1 viz4 sitting upon a stool which was on the ,hearth of the ,chimney1 with his feet on the floor and his ,body straight upward1 his shoulders touching the lintel of the ,chimney1 but his ,neck tyed with his own neck-cloath 7whereof the knot was behind7 to a small stick thrust into a hole above the lintel of the ,chimney1 upon which the ,company1 especially ,john ,campbel a ,chyrurgeon who was called1 thought at first in respect of his being in an ordinary posture of sitting1 and the neck-cloath not having any drawn knot 7or run loup7 but an ordinary one which was not very strait1 and the sticke not having the strength to bear the weight of his ,body or the struggle1 that he had not been quite dead2 but finding it otherways1 and that he was in such a ,situation that he could not have been the ,actor thereof himself1 concluded that some extraordinary ,agent had done it1 especially considering that the ,door of the ,room was secured1 and that there was a board set over the ,window which was not there the night before when they left him4'#hbi ,a similar fate befell the warlock ,playfair in #aeig4 ,he was found strangled in his prison at ,dalkeith with the 'point' of his breeches tied round his neck4#hcj ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #gce3 ,cotton ,mather1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abc4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bai1 #bbj1 #bci1 #bdj4 ,footnote #gch3 ,potts1 ,b #b4 ,footnote #gci3 ,sinclair1 pp4 #df1 #dg4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abd1 #abi4 ,footnote #gda3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjc1 #fje4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fag4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #aci1 #adg1 #adh4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,id41 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bia1 #bic4 ,footnote #gde3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 iii1 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 pp4 #ig1 #ih4 ,footnote #gdg3 ,ib41 p4 #aae4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,fountainhall1 i1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,law1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #gej3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #gea3 ,spottiswoode ,misc41 ii1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #geb3 ,ib41 ii1 p4 #fh4 ,footnote #gec3 ,sinclair1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #ged3 ,pearson1 ii1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #gee3 ,rehearsall1 par4 #bf4 ,footnote #gef3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #geg3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #geh3 ,id41 ,tableau1 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #gei3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #faj1 #fac4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,burr1 p4 #dag4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,lemoine1 ,la ,tradition1 #ahib1 vi1 pp4 #ajh1 #aji4 ,the italics are in the original4 ,footnote #gfb3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #gfc3 ,witches taken at ,st4 ,oses4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #hg seq4 ,footnote #gff3 ,potts4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,goldsmid1 p4 #ac4 ,translated from the ,french record4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,fyfe1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #gfi3 ,scottish ,antiquary1 ix1 pp4 #ej-b4 ,footnote #ggj3 ,kinloch1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #gga3 ,from the record of the trial in the ,edinburgh ,justiciary ,court4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,burns ,begg1 pp4 #bai seq4 ,footnote #ggc3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjc-ag4 ,footnote #ggd3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #adj seq4 ,footnote #gge3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 pp4 #aia1 #aib2 ,denham ,tracts1 ii1 pp4 #cjj-b1 #cjd4 ,footnote #ggf3 ,hector1 i1 pp4 #ea-f4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,cooper1 ,mystery1 pp4 #ij-b4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 pp4 #ec1 #ed4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,id41 ii1 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,id41 ii1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #gha3 ,id41 iii1 p4 #if4 ,footnote #ghb3 ,county ,folklore1 iii1 p4 #aab2 ,mait4 ,cl4 ,misc41 ii1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 p4 #ecg4 ,footnote #ghd3 ,county ,folklore1 iii1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ghe3 ,sinclair1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #ghf3 ,scot1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ghg3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #baa1 #bci1 #bde-f4 ,footnote #ghh3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bic-e4 ,footnote #ghi3 ,id41 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acg-h4 ,footnote #gij3 ,id41 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bic-e4 ,footnote #gia3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjc1 #fje seq4 ,footnote #gib3 ,kinloch1 pp4 #abb1 #acc4 ,footnote #gic3 ,campbell1 pp4 #bic-d4 ,footnote #gid3 ,berwickshire ,naturalists ,club1 xi1 p4 #bfe4 ,unfortunately the author of the article gives neither her authority for the statement1 nor any indication of the date of the occurrence4 ,footnote #gie3 ,danaeus1 ch4 iv4 ,footnote #gif3 ,gaule1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #gig3 ,cooper1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #gih3 ,pleasant ,treatise1 pp4 #f-g4 ,footnote #gii3 ,lea1 iii1 p4 #ebe4 ,footnote #hjj3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 cap4 xiii1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #hja3 ,boguet1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #hjb3 ,bodin1 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #hjc3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #hjd3 ,from the record of the trial in the ,edinburgh ,justiciary ,court4 ,footnote #hje3 ,van ,elven1 ,la ,tradition1 v 7#ahia71 p4 #bae4 ,the names of the witches and the place are not given4 ,footnote #hjf3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bbb2 ,hale1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #hjg3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fac4 ,footnote #hjh3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #hji3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 pp4 #aia1 #aie1 #aig4 ,footnote #haj3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #haa3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #afe4 ,footnote #hab3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 p4 #edb4 ,footnote #hac3 ,bourignon1 ,vie1 p4 #bbc2 ,hale1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #had3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #hae3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fae4 ,footnote #haf3 ,fountainhall1 i1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #hag3 ,highland ,papers1 iii1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #hah3 ,lea1 iii1 p4 #eja4 ,footnote #hai3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #hbj3 ,remigius1 ch4 xviii1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #hba3 ,alse ,gooderidge1 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #hbb3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #hbc3 ,trial of ,isobel ,inch1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #hbd3 ,howell1 iv1 #hdb4 ,footnote #hbe3 ,lamont1 p4 #ab4 ,for further particulars of this lady1 see ,ross1 ,aberdour and ,inchcolme1 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #hbf3 ,horneck1 pt4 ii1 p4 #cai4 ,footnote #hbg3 ,cotton ,mather1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #hbh3 ,narr4 of the ,sufferings of a ,young ,girle1 p4 xl4 ,footnote #hbi3 ,narr4 of the ,sufferings of a ,young ,girle1 p4 xliv2 ,sadducismus ,debellatus1 pp4 #dc-d4 ,footnote #hcj3 ,sharpe1 p #df4 ,,viii4 ,,familiars ,,and ,,transformations ,the question of familiars is one which has always puzzled the student of witch-trials1 and almost more than any other has been the cause of the belief that hysteria and hallucination were the foundation of the witches' confessions4 ,yet when the accounts are carefully examined1 the circumstantial detail given in the evidence shows that here1 as elsewhere1 a foundation of fact underlies the statements of the accused4 ,these statements are often misunderstood and therefore misrepresented by the recorders1 and still more so by the modern commentator1 but by comparison of the details a considerable amount of information can be gained4 ,the familiars can be divided into two types3 7#a7 those by which the witch divined1 7#b7 those who attended on the witch to obey her commands4 #a4 ,the ,divining ,familiar ,the essence of this familiar is that it did not belong to the witch but was an animal which appeared accidentally after the performance of certain magical ceremonies4 ,forbes puts this quite clearly when describing the contract3 ',the ,devil on his ,part articles with such ,proselytes1 concerning the ,shape he is to appear to them in1 the ,services they are to expect from him1 upon the ,performance of certain ,charms or ceremonious ,rites4'#hca ,from this statement and from the facts revealed in the trials it would seem that the ,devil appointed to the witch1 on her admission1 some kind of animal or animals by which she should divine1 and which therefore represented himself for the time being1 for he claimed the power1 as ,god1 to know and reveal the future4 ,this explanation accounts for the fact that the witches always spoke of such animals as the ,devil and believed that they could foretell the future by his means4 ,the actual method of divination is not preserved2 all that remains of the ceremony are the words and gestures which were used before the appearance of the animal1 and these only in few cases4 ,the method was probably such as obtained in other places where auguries by animals and birds were practised1 i4e4 by the direction and pace of the animal1 by its actions1 by its voice if it emitted any sound1 and so on4 ,the method of making such observations and of translating them when made was part of the instruction given to the witch by the ,devil2 and was usually employed to discover whether a person were bewitched1 the ultimate result of an illness1 and the length of life of any given person4 ,in #aeff ,john ,walsh1 of ,netherberry in ,dorset1 who 'knoweth when anye man is bewytched1 sayth vpon his oth1 that his ,familiar would sometyme come vnto hym lyke a gray blackish ,culuer1 and somtime like a brended ,dog1 and somtimes lyke a man4'#hcb ,in #aeij ,agnes ,sampson1 the 'wise wife' of ,keith1 was-- 'fylit and convict1 that the ,dewill apperit to hir in liknes of ane dog1 att quhom she socht her haill responsis that quhene sche wes send for to haill the auld ,lady ,edmestoune1 quhene sche lay seik1 befoir the said ,agnes departit1 sche tauld to the gentilwemene1 that sche sould tell thame that nycht quhidder the ,lady wald haill or nocht2 and appointit thame to be in the gardin efter supper1 betuix fyve and sax att ewin4 ,sche passit to the gairdene1 to devyise vpoun hir prayer1 one quhat tyme sche chargeit the ,dewill1 calling him ,elva1 to cum and speik to hir1 quha come in owir the dyke1 in liknes of ane dog1 and come sa neir to hir1 that sche wes effrayit1 and chargeit him on the law that he lewit on1 to cum na neirar1 bot to ansuer hir2 and sche demandit1 ,quhidder the lady wald leif or nocht4 ,he said1 ,hir dayes war gane4 ,than he demandit1 ,gif the gentilwemen hir dochteres1 quhair thay wer8 ,and sche said1 that the gentilwemen said1 that thay war to be thair4 ,he ansuerit1 ,ane of thame sould be in perrell1 and that he sould haif ane of thame4 ,sche ansuerit1 ,it sould nocht be sa1 and swa departit fra hir zowling4 ,fra this tyme quhill eftir supper1 he remanit in the wall well4 ,quhen the gentilwemen come in1 the dog come out of the wall1 and apperit to thame2 quhairatt thay wer effrayit4 ,in the mene tyme1 ane of the said gentilwemen1 the ,lady ,torsenze1 ran to the wall1 being forceit and drawin by the ,devill1 quha wald haif drownit hir1 war nocht the said ,agnes and the rest of the gentilwemen gatt ane gryp of hir1 and with all hir their8 forceis drew hir abak agane1 quhilk maid thame all effrayd4 ,the dog passit away thaireftir with ane zowle4'#hcc ,margerat ,clarke1 like ,agnes ,sampson a midwife of great reputation1 was tried at ,aberdeen in #aeig for witchcraft1 in that1 being sent for to a case 'and ane ,androw ,mar cuming for the1 the ,devill thy maister1 quhome thow seruis1 and quha techis the all this vytchcraft and sorcerie1 apperit to the1 in the licknes of ane horss1 in ane how and den1 and spak and conferrit with the a lang speace4--,being sent for to another case and the said guidman of ,kincragie sendand his awin best horss1 with ane boy of his awin1 to bring the to his wyiff2 and the said boy on horse cuming to the1 and thow beand on the horss behind the boy1 att thy awin dure1 thy maister ,satane1 the ,dewill1 apperit in the licknes of ane gray staig1 and convoyit the and the boy fra thy awin houss to ,kincragie1 and keipit cumpanie all the way with you1 with quhome thow haid thy secreitt conference4--,vpone ,nwris ,new-year's day1 thow was att the loche syid besyid ,boigloche1 and thair thow pudlit be ane lang speace1 thy selff alane1 in ane deip holl amongis the watter1 castand watter1 erd and stone oure thi schowlderis1 and thair was besyid the thy maister the ,deuill1 quhome thow seruis1 in the licknes of ane hen flichtering1 with quhome thow was thane consultand1 and quhais directiounis than thow was taikand4'#hcd ,in ,derbyshire in #aeig1 ',whereas ,alice ,gooderige said her familiar was like one ,william ,gregories dog of ,stapenhill1 there arose a rumor1 his dog was her familiar3 ,wherefore hee with his neighbour maister ,coxe went the next day to examin her concerning this report2 and she saide1 my diuel 7,i say7 was like your dog4 ,now out vpon thee 7saide ,gregorie7 and departed3 she being further examined1 saide she had her familiar of her mother4'#hce ,alexander ,hamilton1 tried at ,edinburgh in #afcj1 confessed that-- 'haifing ane battoun of fir in his hand the devill than gave the said ,alexr command to tak that battoun quhan evir he had ado with him and thairwt to strek thruse upone the ground and to nhairge him to ruse up foule theiff ,conforme to the whilk directioun and be streking of the said battone thryse upone the ground the devill was in use sumtymes to appeir to the said ,alexr in the liknes of ane corbie at uther tymes in the schape of ane katt and at uther tymes in the schape of ane dog and thereby the said ,alexr did ressave reponsis frome him4--,the said ,alexr ,hamiltoun coming to the said ,thomas ,homes house and seing him visseit with the said seiknes declairit to him that he was bewitchet and promeist to cure him thereof ,lykas for this effect the said ,alexr schortlie thereftir past to clarkingtoun burne besyde the rottoneraw haifing ane katt under his okister and thair wt his said battoun raisit ,sathan his maister quha than appeirit to him in the liknes of ane corbie and thair instructit him be quhat meanis he sould cure the said ,thomas of his said seiknes and he haifing ressauit that respons fra the devill the said ,alexr thereftir cuist to him the kat quha therewt vanischet away'4#hcf ,two of the ,somerset witches in #affd had familiars2 to ,elizabeth ,style the familiar came as a black dog1 'and when she hath a desire to do harm1 she calls the ,spirit by the name of ,robin1 to whom when he appeareth1 she useth these words1 ,o ,sathan give me my purpose4 ,she then tells him what she would have done4 ,and that he should so appear to her was part of her ,contract with him4--,alice ,duke saith1 that when the ,devil doth any thing for her1 she calls for him by the name of ,robin1 upon which he appears1 and when in the shape of a ,man1 she can hear him speak'4#hcg ,this shows that the familiar1 or ,devil as she called him1 was not always in the form of a man4 ,the trial of ,margaret ,nin-,gilbert at ,thurso was as late as #agai3 ',being interrogat1 ,if ever the devil appeared afterwards to her8 ,confessed1 ,that sometimes he appeared in the likeness of a great black horse1 and other times riding on a black horse1 and that he appeared sometimes in the likeness of a black cloud1 and sometimes like a black henn'4#hch #b4 ,the ,domestic ,familiar ,forbes1 the great ,scotch lawyer1 says that 'to some he the ,devil gives certain ,spirits or ,imps to correspond with1 and serve them as their ,familiars1 known to them by some odd ,names1 to which they answer when called4 ,these ,imps are said to be kept in ,pots or other ,vessels4'#hci ,though the domestic familiar is thus mentioned in the law of ,scotland1 it never occurs in the trials4 ,it is confined so strictly to ,england that ,hutchinson is able to say ',i meet with little mention of ,imps in any ,country but ours1 where the ,law makes the feeding1 suckling1 or rewarding of them to be ,felony'4#hdj ,it is not found north of ,lancashire1 and the chief records are in ,essex1 ,suffolk1 and the other ,eastern counties4 ,the domestic familiar was always a small animal1 was fed in a special manner on bread and milk and blood1 and was kept1 as ,forbes points out1 in a box or earthen pot on a bed of wool4 ,it was used for working magic on the persons and property of other people1 never for divining4 ,giffard records the general belief3 ',the witches have their spirits1 some hath one1 some hath more1 as two1 three1 foure1 or five1 some in one likenesse1 and some in another1 as like cats1 weasils1 toades1 or mise1 whom they nourish with milke or with a chicken1 or by letting them suck now and then a drop of bloud4'#hda ,in the earlier trials the witches confessed to pricking the hands or face and giving the resulting drop or drops of blood to the familiar4 ,in the later trials this has developed into the sucking of the witch's blood by the familiar2 and the supernumerary nipple1 which was so marked a feature of the ,english witches1 was popularly supposed to be caused by such sucking4 ,it is more probable1 however1 that the witch who was possessed of a supernumerary nipple would regard it as something supernatural1 and would use it to nourish a supernatural animal4 ,elizabeth ,francis1 tried at ,chelmsford in #aeef1 'learned this arte of witchcraft of hyr grandmother whose nam mother ,eue4 ,item when shee taughte it her1 she counseiled her to renounce ,god and his worde and to geue of her bloudde to ,sathan 7as she termed it7 whyche she delyuered her in the lykenesse of a whyte spotted ,catte1 and taughte her to feede the sayde ,catte with breade and mylke1 and she dyd so1 also she taughte her to cal it by the name of ,sathan and to kepe it in a basket4 ,item that euery tyme that he did any thynge for her1 she sayde that he required a drop of bloude1 which she gaue him by prycking herselfe1 sometime in one place and then in an other4 ,when shee had kept this ,cat by the space of ,,xv or ,,xvi yeare1 and as some saye 7though vntruly7 beinge wery of it1 she came to one mother ,waterhouse her neyghbour1 she brought her this cat in her apron and taught her as she was instructed by her grandmother ,eue1 telling her that she must cal him ,sathan and geue him of her bloude and breade and milke as before4--,mother ,waterhouse receyued this cat of this ,frances wife in the order as is before sayde4 ,she 7to trye him what he coulde do7 wyld him to kyll a hog of her owne1 which he dyd1 and she gaue him for his labour a chicken1 which he fyrste required of her and a drop of her blod4 ,and thys she gaue him at all times when he dyd anythynge for her1 by pricking her hand or face and puttinge the bloud to hys mouth whyche he sucked1 and forthwith wold lye downe in hys pot againe1 wherein she kepte him4 ,another tym she rewarded hym as before1 wyth a chicken and a droppe of her bloud1 which chicken he eate vp cleane as he didde al the rest1 and she cold fynde remaining neyther bones nor fethers4 ,also she said that when she wolde wyl him to do any thinge for her1 she wolde say her ,pater noster in laten4 ,item1 this mother ,waterhouse confessed that shee fyrst turned this ,cat into a tode by this meanes1 she kept the cat a great while in woll in a pot1 and at length being moued by pouertie to occupie the woll1 she praied in the name of the father and of the sonne1 and of the holy ghost that it wold turne into a tode1 and forthwith it was turned into a tode1 and so kept it in the pot without woll4'#hdb ,in #aegi at ,windsor-- 'one ,mother ,dutton dwellyng in ,cleworthe ,parishe keepeth a ,spirite or ,feende in the likenesse of a ,toade1 and fedeth the same ,feende liyng in a border of greene ,hearbes1 within her ,garden1 with blood whiche she causeth to issue from her owne flancke4 ,mother ,deuell1 dwellyng nigh the ,ponde in ,windesore1 hath a ,spirite in the shape of a ,blacke ,catte1 and calleth it ,gille1 whereby she is aided in her ,witchcrafte1 and she daiely feedeth it with ,milke1 mingled with her owne bloud4 ,mother ,margaret1 dwellying in the ,almeshouse at ,windesore1 dooeth feede a ,kitlyng or ,feende by her named ,ginnie1 with crummes of bread and her owne blood4 ,the saied ,elizabeth ,stile1 of her self confesseth that she the same ,elizabeth kept a ,ratte1 beeyng in very deede a wicked ,spirite1 namyng it ,philip1 and that she fedde the same ,ratte with bloode1 issuing from her right handwrest1 the markes whereof euidently remaine4'#hdc ,at ,st4 ,osyth in ,essex in #aehb ,thomas ,rabbet1 aged eight1 said that his mother ,ursley ,kemp 'hath foure seuerall spirites1 the one called ,tyffin1 the other ,tittey1 the third ,pigine1 and the fourth ,iacke3 and being asked of what colours they were1 saith1 that ,tyttey is like a little grey ,cat1#hdd ,tyffin is like a white lambe1 ,pygine is black like a ,toad1 and ,iacke is blacke like a ,cat4 ,and hee saith1 hee hath seen his mother at times to giue th beere to drinke1 and of a white ,lofe or ,cake to eate1 and saith that in the night time the said spirites will come to his mother1 and sucke blood of her vpon her armes and other places of her body4' ,febey ,hunt1 stepdaughter of ,ales ,hunt1 one of the accused witches1 stated that 'shee hath seen her mother to haue two little thinges like horses1#hde the one white1 the other blacke1 the which shee kept in a little lowe earthen pot with woll1 colour white and blacke1 and that they stoode in her chamber by her bed side1 and saith1 that shee hath seene her mother to feede them with milke'4 ,ales ,hunt herself said that 'shee had within ,,vi4 dayes before this examination two spirits1 like unto little ,coltes1 the one blacke1 and the other white3 ,and saith she called them by the names of ,iacke and ,robbin4 ,this ,examinate saith that her sister 7named ,margerie ,sammon7 hath also two spirites like ,toades1 the one called ,tom1 and the other ,robbyn4' ,ursley ,kemp confessed that 'about a quarter of a yere past1 she went vnto mother ,bennets house for a messe of milke1 the which shee had promised her3 ,but at her comming this examinate saith shee knocked at her dore1 and no bodie made her any answere1 whereupon shee went to her chamber windowe and looked in therat1 saying1 ho1 ho1 mother ,bennet are you at home3 ,and casting her eyes aside1 shee saw a spirit lift up a clothe1 lying ouer a pot1 looking much lik a ,ferret4 ,and it being asked of this examinate why the spirite did looke vpon her1 shee said it was hungrie'4 ,elizabeth ,bennet acknowledged that she had two 'spirits1 one called ,suckin1 being blacke like a ,dogge1 the other called ,lierd1 beeing red like a ,lion4 ,suckin this examinat saith is a hee1 and the other a shee4 ,many tymes they drinke of her milke bowle4 ,and when1 and as often as they did drinke of the mylke3 ,this ,examynate saith they went into the sayd earthen pot1 and lay in the wooll4' ,ursley ,kemp also gave evidence concerning ,ales ,hunt's familiars3 ',about the foureteene or fifteene day of ,januarie last1 shee went to the house of ,william ,hunt to see howe his wife did1 and shee being from home1 shee called at her chamber window and looked in1 and then espied a spirite to looke out of a potcharde from vnder a clothe1 the nose thereof beeing browne like vnto a ,ferret4'#hdf ,in #aehh in ,essex an old woman1 whose name is not given1 'confessed all3 ,which was this in effect3 that she had three spirits3 one like a cat1 which she called ,lightfoot1 another like a toad1 which she called ,lunch1 the third like a ,weasill1 which she called ,makeshift4 ,this ,lightfoot1 she said1 one mother ,barlie of ,w4 solde her aboue sixteene yeares agoe1 for an ouen cake1 and told her the ,cat would doe her good seruice1 if she woulde1 she might send her of her errand3 this ,cat was with her but a while1 but the ,weasill and the ,toad came and offered their seruice3 ,the ,cat would kill kine1 the ,weasil would kill horses1 the ,toad would plague men in their bodies4--,there was one olde mother ,w4 of great ,t4 which had a spirite like a ,weasill3 she was offended highlie with one ,h4 ,m4 home she went1 and called forth her spirite1 which lay in a pot of woll vnder her bed1 she willed him to goe plague the man2 he required what she would give him4 ,she said she would give him a cocke1 which she did4' ,another ,mother ,w4 'sayd she had a spirit in the likenesse of a yellow dun cat'4#hdg ,in ,lancashire in #afac old mother ,demdike confessed that 'vpon a ,sabbath day in the morning1 this ,examinate hauing a litle ,child vpon her knee1 and she being in a slumber1 the sayd ,spirit appeared vnto her in the likenes of a browne ,dogg1 forcing himselfe to her knee1 to get blood vnder her left ,arme3 and she being without any apparrell sauing her ,smocke1 the said ,deuill did get blood vnder her left arme'4#hdh ,of the witches who plagued the ,fairfax family at ,fewstone in #afba1 five had domestic familiars3 ,margaret ,waite's was 'a deformed thing with many feet1 black of colour1 rough with hair1 the bigness of a cat'2 her daughter1 ,margaret ,waite1 had as 'her spirit1 a white cat spotted with black1 and named ,inges'2 ,jennet ,dibble had 'her spirit in the shape of a great black cat called ,gibbe1 which hath attended her now above #dj years'2 ,dibble's daughter1 ,margaret ,thorpe1 had a 'familiar in the shape of a bird1 yellow of colour1 about the bigness of a crow--the name of it is ,tewhit'2 ,elizabeth ,dickenson's spirit was 'in the likeness of a white cat1 which she calleth ,fillie1 she hath kept it twenty years'4#hdi ,the witch of ,edmonton1 ,elizabeth ,sawyer1 in #afba1 said3 ',it is eight yeares since our first acquaintance1 and three times in the weeke1 the ,diuell would come and see mee2 he would come sometimes in the morning1 and sometimes in the evening4 ,alwayes in the shape of a dogge1 and of two collars1 sometimes of blacke and sometimes of white4 ,i gaue him leaue to sucke of my bloud1 the which hee asked of me4 ,when he came barking to mee he then had done the mischiefe that ,i did bid him to doe for me4 ,i did call the ,diuell by the name of ,tom4 ,i did stroake him on the backe1 and then he would becke vnto me1 and wagge his tayle as being therewith contented4'#hej ,margaret ,johnson1 another ,lancashire witch in #afcc1 'alsoe saith1 yt when her devill did come to sucke her pappe1 hee usually came to her in ye liknes of a cat1 sometymes of one colour1 and sometymes on 7sic7 an other4 ,and yt since this trouble befell her1 her spirit hath left her1 and shee never sawe him since4'#hea ,from #afde to #afdg are the chief records of the witch trials of ,essex and the eastern counties1 celebrated as the scene of ,matthew ,hopkins's work4 ,the ,essex trials took place in #afde3 ,john ,sterne1 ,hopkins's assistant1 deposed that when watching ,elizabeth ,clarke1 'the said ,elizabeth desired this informant1 and the rest that were in the roome with her1 to sit downe1 and said1 shee would shew this informant and the rest some of her impes3 and within halfe an houre there appeared a white thing in the likeness of a cat1 but not altogether so big3 and being asked1 if she would not be afraid of her impes1 the said ,elizabeth answered1 ,what1 do yee think ,i am afraid of my children8 ,and that shee called the name of that white impe1 ,hoult4 ,and this informant further saith1 ,that presently after there appeared another white impe1 with red spots1 as big as a small dog1 which shee then called ,jarmara3 and that immediately after1 there appeared at the threshold of the doore another impe about the bignesse of the first1 but did presently vanish away4 ,and then the said ,elizabeth being asked1 if any more impes would come8 she answered1 ,that ,vinegar ,tom would come by and by4 ,and forthwith there appeared another in the likenesse of a dumb dogge1 somewhat bigger than any of the former4 ,and the said ,elizabeth also told this informant1 that shee had three impes from her mother1 which were of a browne colour1 and two from the old beldam ,weste2 and that there had five 8 four impes appeared1 but shee had one more1 called ,sack and ,sugar4 ,and the said ,elizabeth further confessed to this informant1 that shee had one impe for which she would fight up to the knees in bloud1 before shee would lose it2 and that her impes did commonly suck on the old beldam ,weste1 and that the said beldam's impes did suck on her the said ,elizabeth likewise4--,anne ,leech saith1 ,that she had a grey impe sent to her1 and that this examinant1 together with the said ,elizabeth ,clark1 and ,elizabeth the wife of ,edward ,gooding1 did about a yeer since1 send their imps to kill a black cowe and a white cowe of ,mr4 ,edwards1 which was done accordingly4 ,and this examinant saith1 that she sent her grey impe1 ,elizabeth ,clark a black imp1 and ,elizabeth ,gooding a white imp4 ,and this examinant confesseth1 that she and the said ,elizabeth ,gooding1 sent either of them an imp to destroy the childe of the said ,mr4 ,edwards2 this examinant's imp being then a white one1 and ,elizabeth ,gooding's a black imp2 and that about thirty yeers since1 this examinant had the said white imp and two others1 a grey and a black imp of one ,anne1 the wife of ,robert ,pearce of ,stoak in ,suffolk1 being her brother2 and that these imps went commonly from one to another1 and did mischief where ever they went2 and that when this examinant did not send and imploy them abroad to do mischief1 she had not her health1 but when they were imployed1 she was healthfull and well1 and that these imps did usually suck those teats which were found about the privie parts of her body4--,hellen ,clark confesseth1 that about six weeks since1 the ,devill appeared to her in her house1 in the likenesse of a white dog1 and that she calleth that familiar ,elimanzer2 and that this examinant hath often fed him with milk pottage4--,rebecca ,west saith1 that about a moneth since1 the aforesaid ,anne ,leech1 ,elizabeth ,gooding1 ,hellen ,clark1 ,anne ,west1 and this examinant1 met all together at the house of the aforesaid ,elizabeth ,clark in ,mannyntree1 where they spent some time in praying unto their familiars1 and every one in order went to prayers2 afterwards some of them read in a book1 the book being ,elizabeth ,clarks2 and this examinant saith1 that forthwith their familiars appeared1 and every one of them made their severall propositions to those familiars1 what every one of them desired to have effected4--,the ,information of ,matthew ,hopkins1 ,gent4 taken upon oath before the said ,justices4 ,this informant saith1 ,that being lately at ,colchester1 he went to the castle1 where the said ,rebecca ,weste1 with the other five1 are secured until the next gaole delivery3 and this informant going to ,rebecca ,weste1 and asking her how shee came first to be a witch1 the said ,rebecca told this informant1 that about a yeare since1 or thereabouts1 halfe an houre before sun-set1 the said ,anne ,weste 7her mother7 carried the said ,rebecca ,weste towards ,mannintree 7which is about a small mile from the place where the said ,anne dwelt7 and the said ,rebecca told this informant1 that as her mother and shee walked together1 the said ,anne told the said ,rebecca1 shee must keepe secret whatsoever shee saw1 whither they were then going2 and the said ,rebecca promised so to doe2 and the said ,rebecca told this informant1 that her mother and shee went to the house of the aforesaid ,elizabeth ,clarke1 where at their comming in they found the aforesaid ,anne ,leech1 widow1 ,elizabeth ,gooding1 ,hellen ,clarke1 and the house-keeper ,elizabeth ,clarke1 and that forthwith the ,devill appeared to them in the shape of a dogge2 afterwards in the shape of two kitlyns2 then in the shape of two dogges2 and that the said familiars did doe homage in the first place to the said ,elizabeth ,clarke1 and skipped up into her lap and kissed her2 and then went and kissed all that were in the roome1 except the said ,rebecca3 and the said ,rebecca told this informant1 that immediately one of the company asked the said ,anne her mother1 if shee had acquainted her daughter 7the said ,rebecca7 with the businesse4 ,rebecca then took an oath of secrecy2 after she had consented to all these things1 the ,devill came into her lap1 and kissed her1 and promised to doe for her what she could desire4--,the ,information of ,elizabeth ,otley of ,wyvenhoe1 taken upon oath before the said justices4 ,this informant saith1 that ,alice ,dixon1 who now stands committed for a suspected witch1 did in the presence of ,mary ,johnson of the same town1 charge and accuse the said ,mary ,johnson to be the death of this informant's child1 saying1 that the said ,mary ,johnson did carry an impe in her pocket to this informant's house1 and put the said impe into the house1 at an hole in the doore1 bidding it go rock the cradle1 and do the businesse she sent it about4--,the ,information of ,joseph ,long1 ,minister of ,clacton in the ,county of ,essex1 taken before the said ,justices4 ,this informant saith1 that ,anne the wife of ,john ,cooper of ,clacton aforesaid1 being accused for a witch3 ,confessed unto this informant1 that she the said ,anne hath had three black impes suckled on the lower parts of her body2 called by the names of ,wynowe1 ,jeso1 and ,panu4 ,and the said ,anne further confessed unto this informant1 that she the said ,anne offered to give unto her daughter ,sarah ,cooper an impe in the likenes of a gray kite kit1 to suck on the said ,sarah2 which impes name the said ,anne called ,tom boy2 and told the said ,sarah1 there was a cat for her4--,this informant ,henry ,cornwall saith1 that the said ,margaret ,moone did confesse to him that she had twelve impes1 and called them by their names2 of which he remembers onely these following3 ,jesus1 ,jockey1 ,sandy1 ,mrit4 ,elizabeth1 and ,collyn4--,the information of ,francis ,milles1 taken upon oath before the said ,justices4 ,this informant saith1 that she asking the said ,margaret ,moone for her impes1 which sucked those teats2 she said1 if she might have some bread and beere1 she would call her said impes2 which being given unto her1 she put the bread into the beere1 and set it against an hole in the wall1 and made a circle round the pot1 and then cried1 ,come ,christ1 come ,christ1 come ,mounsier1 come ,mounsier3 ,and no impe appearing1 she cried out and said1 she had devilish daughters1 which had carried her impes away in a white bagge1 and wished they might be searched4--,the information of ,francis ,stock1 and ,john ,felgate1 taken upon oath before the said ,justices4 ,the said ,francis and ,john say1 that the said ,sarah ,barton1 told them1 that the said ,marian ,hocket had given and delivered unto her the said ,sarah three imps1 and that the said ,marian called them by the names of ,littleman1 ,pretty-man1 and ,dainty4--,this examinant1 ,elizabeth ,harvie saith1 that about halfe a yeer since1 the said ,marian ,hocket brought three things to her house1 two of them being smaller than mouses1 and the other somewhat bigger and longer2 and that the said ,marian told this examinant they were pretty things1 and would do her and this examinant good1 if shee this examinant would keep them4--,rose ,hallybread saith1 that about fifteen or sixteen yeers since1 there was an imp brought to her house by one ,goodwife ,hagtree1 which imp this examinant entertained1 fed it with oatmeale1 and suckled it on her body1 for the space of a yeer and a halfe1 or thereabouts1 and then lost it3 ,and this examinant further saith1 that about half a yeer since1 one ,joyce ,boanes 7who is now also accused for ,witchcraft71 brought to this examinants house another imp1 in the likenesse of a small grey bird1 which this examinant received4 ,and this examinant further saith1 that about eight dayes since1 ,susan ,cock1 ,margaret ,landish1 and ,joyce ,boanes1 7all which stand now suspected for ,witchcraft7 brought to this examinants house each of them an imp1 7in all three7 to which this examinant added one of her own imps2 and then the said ,joyce ,boanes carryed the said four imps to the house of one ,robert ,turner1 to torment his servant4--,joyce ,boanes saith1 that about thirteen yeers since1 shee had two imps which came into the bed to her in the likenesse of mouses1 and that they sucked on this examinants body4 ,and this examinant also saith1 that she carried one of her said imps1 called ,rug1 to the house of the said ,rose ,hallybread2 and that her said imp ,rug1 with the three imps of the said ,rose ,hallybread1 ,susan ,cock1 and ,margaret ,landish1 each of them sending one1 were carried by this examinant from the house of the said ,rose ,hallybread1 to the house of the said ,robert ,turner to kill the servant of the said ,robert4--,susan ,cock saith1 that about three or four yeeres since1 one ,margery ,stoakes1 this examinants mother1 lying upon her death-bed1 and this examinant comming to visit her1 shee the said ,margery desired this examinant privately to give entertainment to two of her imps1 and withall told this examinant1 they would do this examinant good3 ,and this examinant saith1 that the same night her said mother dyed1 the said two imps came to her accordingly1 and sucked on her body3 ,and this examinant saith1 that one of the said imps was like a mouse1 and the name of that was ,susan2 that the other was of a yellow colour1 about the bigness of a cat2 and that the name of that imp was ,besse4--,rebecca ,jones saith1 that as shee was going to ,st4 ,osyth 7where this examinant doth now dwell7 to sell her said masters butter1 a man met with her1 being in a ragged sute1 and having such great eyes1 that this examinant was much afraid of him2 who came to this examinant1 and gave her three things like to moules1 having foure feet a piece1 but without tayles1 and of a black colour1 and bid this examinant nurse the said three things1 untill he did desire them againe2 ,and this examinant asked the said man1 what she should give them to eate1 and he told this examinant milke1 and that they would not hurt her1 and wished her not to be afraid of them4 ,and the said man told this examinant1 that those three things which he gave her1 would avenge her on her enemies1 and bid her murther some1 but not too many1 and he would forgive her2 and then went away from this examinant4 ,and this examinant saith1 that the names of her three imps were ,margaret1 ,amie1 and ,susan4 ,and that a while after1 this examinant and one ,joyce ,boanes1 now in prison1 did send each of them an impe to kill one ,thomas ,bumstead of ,st4 ,osyth3 ,and that the impe which the said ,joyce ,boanes sent was a dund one like unto a mouse4--,johan ,cooper saith1 ,that she hath been a witch about twenty yeers1 and hath three familiars1 two like mouses1 and the third like a frog2 the names of the two like mouses are ,jack1 and the other ,prickeare1 and the name of the third1 like a frog1 is ,frog4--,anne ,cate saith1 ,that she hath four familiars1 which shee had from her mother1 about two and twenty yeeres since1 and that the names of the said imps are ,james1 ,prickeare1 ,robyn1 and ,sparrow3 and that three of these imps are like mouses1 and the fourth like a sparrow1 which she called ,sparrow4'#heb ,in #afdf the ,huntingdonshire witches were tried4 ,elizabeth ,weed of ,great ,catworth confessed that-- 'about one and twenty yeares since she being saying her ,prayers in the evening about bedtime1 there did appeare unto her three ,spirits1 one in the likeness of a young man or boy1 and the other two of two ,puppies1 the one white and the other black4 ,being demanded the name of the lesser ,spirits1 shee saith the name of the white one was ,lilly1 and the blacke one ,priscill2 and that the office of ,lilly was to hurt man1 woman1 or childe2 and the office of ,priscill was to hurt ,cattell when she desired4--,francis ,moore saith1 that about eight yeares since she received a little blacke puppy from one ,margaret ,simson of great ,catworth1 which dog the said ,margaret had in her bed with her1 and took it thence when she gave it to the ,examinate3 ,the ,examinate further saith1 that the said ,margaret told her1 that she must keep that dogge all her life time2 and if she cursed any ,cattell1 and set the same dog upon them1 they should presently dye1 and the said ,margaret told her that she had named it already1 his name was ,pretty4 ,and the said ,examinate further saith1 that about the same time one goodwife ,weed gave her a white ,cat1 telling her1 that if she would deny ,god1 and affirme the same by her bloud1 then whomsoever she cursed and sent that ,cat unto1 they should dye shortly after4 ,whereupon the said ,examinate saith that shee did deny ,god1 and in affirmation thereof shee pricked her finger with a thorne1 whence issued bloud1 which the ,cat presently licked1 and the said gooodwife 7sic7 ,weed named the ,cat ,tissy4 ,and she further saith1 that she killed the said ,dog and ,cat about a yeare since4--,joan ,wallis of ,keiston said that the ,devil came to her and shee asked what his name was1 and he said his name was ,blackeman1 and asked her if she were poore1 and she said ,i2 then he told her he would send one ,grissell and ,greedigut to her1 that shall do any thing for her4 ,and after ,blackman was departed from her1 within three or four dayes1 ,grissell and ,greedigut came to her1 in the shapes of dogges with great brisles of hogges haire upon their backs4' ,the accounts given by ,john ,winnick1 ,ellen ,shepheard1 and ,anne ,desborough suggest that they are confused amplifications of the ritual to be observed in taking a familiar1 the ritual being clearly given in the confession of ,francis ,moore when she was presented with the cat ,tissy4 ,john ,winnick said1 ',on a ,friday being in the barne where he lost his purse there appeared unto him a ,spirit1 blacke and shaggy1 and having pawes like a ,beare1 but in bulk not fully so big as a ,coney4 ,the ,spirit asked him what he ailed to be so sorrowfull1 this ,examinate answered that he had lost a purse and money1 and knew not how to come by it againe4 ,the ,spirit replied1 if you will forsake ,god and ,christ1 and fall down and worship me for your ,god1 ,i will help you to your purse and mony againe3 ,this ,examinate said he would1 and thereupon fell down upon his knees and held up his hands4 ,then the ,spirit said1 tomorrow about this time of the day1 you shall find your purse4 ,whereupon at the time prefixed1 this ,examinate went unto the place1 and found his purse upon the floore and tooke it up1 and looking afterwards into it1 he found there all the money that was formerly lost3 but before he had looked into it1 the same ,spirit appears unto him1 and said1 there is your purse and your money in it3 and then this ,examinate fell downe upon his knees and said1 my ,lord and ,god ,i thanke you4 ,the said ,spirit at that time brought with him two other ,spirits1 for shape1 bignesse1 and colour1 the one like a white ,cat1 the other like a grey ,coney3 and while this ,examinate was upon his knees1 the ,beare ,spirit spake to him1 saying1 you must worship these two ,spirits as you worship me1 and take them for your ,gods also3 then this ,examinate directed his bodie towards them1 and call'd them his ,lords and ,gods4 ,then the ,beare ,spirit told him that when he dyed he must have his soule1 whereunto this ,examinate yielded4 ,hee told him then also that they must suck of his body1 to which this ,examinate also yielded4--,ellen ,shepheard saith that about five years since1 when she was in her homsted at ,molesworth1 there appeared unto her a ,spirit1 somewhat like a ,rat1 but not fully so big1 of an iron-grey colour1 and said you must goe with me1 and she said1 ,i will not1 avoid ,satan1 and thereupon he went away4 ,shee saith1 that within a short time after1 going into the field1 cursing1 and fretting1 and blaspheming1 there appeared three ,spirits more with the former in the fashion of ,rats1 of an iron-grey1 and said1 you must forsake ,god and ,christ1 and goe with me1 and take those ,spirits for your ,gods1 and you shall have all happinesse1 whereunto she consented3 ,and moreover they said unto her1 that when she dyed1 they must have her body and soule1 and said they must have blood from her1 which she granted1 and thereupon they sucked her upon and about her hippes4--,anne ,desborough confesseth1 that about thirty yeares since1 the first weeke of ,cleane ,lent1 there appeared unto her a thing some-what bigger than a ,mouse1 of a brown colour1 and of the likenesse of a mouse4 ,this was while shee lived at ,tichmarsh in the ,county of ,northampton3 she being there in bed1 and in a dreame1 the said likenesse then gave her a nip1 and thereby awakened her out of her dreame1 and then told her 7when she was awakened7 that it must have part of her soule2 whereupon she was in a great feare1 and gave him no answer1 but prayed to ,god1 and thereupon it vanished away from her4 ,about five dayes after1 the same ,mouse appeared to her againe1 bringing with it another ,mouse1 about the bignesse of an ordinary ,mouse1 or very little bigger1 browne like the former1 save only that the latter had some white about the belly1 whereas the former was all browne4 ,then the ,mouse that first appeared1 said1 we must sucke of your body4 ,she yielded to them1 and said1 they should2 upon her yielding1 they went to her and sucked of her bodie1 where the markes are found4 ,the bigger mouse she called ,tib1 and the lesser ,jone4 ,tib told her that she must forsake ,god and ,christ1 and take them for her ,gods1 telling her that when she dyed1 they must have her soule1 to all which she yielded4'#hec ,in ,cambridgeshire in #afdg ,dorothy ,ellis 'saith that about thirtie yeares since shee being much troubled in her minde there appeared unto hir the ,devell in the liknes of a great catt and speak unto this ext and demanded of hir hir blood wch she gave hime after which the spirit in the liknes of a catt suck upon the body of this ext and the first thing this ext commanded her spirit to doe was to goe and be witch four of the cattell of ,tho4 ,hitch all which cattell presently died '4#hed ,john ,palmer of ,st4 ,albans in #afdi1 'upon his compact with the ,divel1 received a flesh brand1 or mark1 upon his side1 which gave suck to two familiars1 the one in the form of a dog1 which he called ,george1 and the other in the likeness of a woman1 called ,jezebell4'#hee ,of the ,somerset witches in #affd1 ,alice ,duke 'confesseth that her ,familiar doth commonly suck her right ,breast about seven at night1 in the shape of a little ,cat of a dunnish colour1 which is as smooth as a ,want1 and when she is suckt1 she is in a kind of a ,trance4--,christian ,green saith1 ,the ,devil doth usually suck her left ,brest about five of the ,clock in the ,morning in the likeness of an ,hedghog1 bending1 and did so on ,wednesday ,morning last4 ,she saith that it is painful to her1 and that she is usually in a trance when she is suckt4'#hef ,in #affe ,abre ,grinset of ,dunwich in ,suffolk 'did confess that the ,devil did appear in the form of a ,pretty handsom ,young ,man first2 and since ,appeareth to her in the form of a blackish ,gray ,cat or ,kitling1 that it sucketh of a ,tett and hath drawn blood4'#heg ,the only published account of the animal familiar in ,france shows a combination of the two classes1 for the creature was a toad kept in the house1 fed in a particular way1 and used for divination4 ,silvain ,nevillon and ,gentien le ,clerc were tried at ,orleans in #afad4 ,silvain confessed-- 'qu'il y a des ,sorciers qui nourrissent des ,marionettes1 qui sont de petits ,diableteaux en forme de ,crapaux1 leur font manger de la bouillie compose de laict de farine1 leur donnent le premier mourceau1 n'oseroient s'absenter de leur maison sans leur demander cong1 luy faut dire combien de temps ils seront absens1 comme trois ou quatre iours1 si elles disent que c'est trop1 ceux qui les gardent1 n'osent faire leur voyage ny outre-passer leur volont4 ,et quand ils veulent aller en marchandise ou ioer1 sauoir s'il y fera bon1 ils regardent si les-dites ,marionettes sont ioyeuses1 en ce cas ils vont en marchandise1 ou ioer3 mais si elles sont maussades tristes1 ils ne bougent de la maison4--,gentil ou ,genti le ,clerc dit qu'il y auoit plus d'acquest en sa ,marionette qu'en ,dieu4 ,et auoit veu souuent la ,marionette dudit ,neuillon1 qui est comme vn gros crapaut tout noir1 comme d'vne fourrure noire1 estoit dans vne botte cach soubs vn carreau1 qui sautoit leuoit quand on vouloit donner manger audit crapaut4 ,qu'il l'a veu encore puis six sepmaines en la ruelle du lict dudict ,neuillon1 qu'il a veu qu'il l'apportoit vne autre fois dans son manteau1 qu'il luy a dit vne douzaine de fois1 que s'il vouloit il luy en feroit auoir vne4 ,qu'il y auoit plus profit en icelle qu'en ,dieu1 qu'il gagneroit rien regarder ,dieu3 mais que sa ,marionette luy apportoit tousiours quelque chose4'#heh ,with this may be compared the account of a ,lapp familiar in #afec3 ',dans chaque maison il y a un gros chat noir1 duquel ils font grand estime1 parlant luy comme s'il avoit de la raison1 ne font rien qu'il ne luy communique1 croyans qu'il leur aide en leurs entreprises1 ne manquans tous les soirs de sortir de leurs cabannes pour le consulter1 les suit par tout o ils vont1 tant la pesche qu' la chasse4 ,quoy que cet animal ait la figure d'un chat par son regard1 qui est pouvantable1 j'ay creu croy encore que c'est un ,diable familier4' #c4 ,methods of obtaining ,familiars ,there seem to have been four methods of obtaining familiars3 #a1 by gift from the ,devil2 #b1 by gift from a fellow-witch2 #c1 by inheritance2 #d1 by magical ceremonies4 ,of these1 ,nos4 #b and #c appear to be confined to the domestic familiar1 consequently they are found chiefly in the eastern counties of ,england4 #a4 ,the gift of the ,devil was sometimes a divining familiar1 sometimes a domestic familiar1 commonly presented at the admission ceremony4 ,as the divining familiar it represented the ,devil himself1 and the 'responses' received to questions were believed to come from him4 ,as the essential point of this class of familiar was that it should be a species of animals and not one special animal1 the devil merely appointed to the witch what species she should observe in divining4 ,the domestic familiar1 being a small animal1 could be actually given into the hands of the witch1 with instructions for its feeding and for the method of using it4 ,it was sometimes1 but not always1 identified with the devil1 and was usually#hei called an 'imp'1#hfj perhaps with the idea of a small or miniature ,devil1 like the ,marionette of ,silvain ,nevillon4 ,it acted as the ,devil's substitute when he himself was not present1 and was endowed with some1 though not all1 of his power2 for this reason the witch often had more than one familiar1 each to serve a single purpose4 ,in #afde at ,ipswich ,mother ,lakeland confessed that after she had signed the covenant with the ,devil1 'he furnished her with three ,imps1 two little ,dogs and a ,mole4'#hfa ,in the same year1 ,rebecca ,jones1 an ,essex witch1 'saith1 that as shee was going to ,st ,osyth to sell her masters butter1 a man met with her1 being in a ragged sute1 and having such great eyes1 that this examinant was much afraid of him2 who came to this examinant and gave her three things like to moules1 having foure feet a piece1 but without tayles1 and of a black colour1 and bid this examinant nurse the said three things1 untill he did desire them againe2 ,and the said man told this examinant1 that those three things which he gave her1 would avenge her on her enemies1 and bid her murther some1 but not too many1 and he would forgive her2 and then went away from this examinant4'#hfb ,in #afdf the ,huntingdonshire witch1 ,joane ,wallis1 said that ,blackman 'told her he would send one ,grissell and ,greedigut to her1 that shall do any thing for her4 ,and after ,blackman was departed from her1 within three or four dayes1 ,grissell and ,greedigut came to her1 in the shapes of dogges4'#hfc ,another witch of the same ,coven1 ,elizabeth ,weed1 confessed that 'there did appeare unto her three ,spirits1 one in the likenesse of a young man or boy1 and the other two of two ,puppies1 the one white and the other black4'#hfd #b4 ,the gift from a fellow-witch was always a domestic familiar1 as to the ,devil alone belonged the power of appointing a divining familiar2 therefore this method of obtaining a familiar is found only in the eastern counties and other places where the domestic or sucking familiar is recorded4 ,in #aeef ,elizabeth ,francis1 whose evidence was corroborated by ,mother ,waterhouse1 said that 'she came to one mother ,waterhouse her neighbour1 she brought her this cat in her apron and taught her as she was instructed by her grandmother ,eue1 telling her that she must cal him ,sathan and geue him of her bloude and bread and milke as before4--,mother ,waterhouse said1 she receyued this cat of this ,frances wife in the order as is before sayde4'#hfe ,in #aeff ,john ,walsh1 the ,dorset witch1 'being demaunded whether he had euer any ,familiar or no3 he sayth that he had one of his sayde mayster4 ,he being demaunded howe long he had the vse of the ,familiar3 ,he sayd one yeare by his sayd maister's life1 and iiii yeres after his death4'#hff ,an ,essex witch in #aehh had three familiars1 'one like a cat1 which she called ,lightfoot4 ,this ,lightfoote1 she said1 one mother ,barlie1 of ,w41 solde her aboue sixteene yeares ago1 for an ouen cake1 and told her the ,cat would do her good seruice1 if she woulde1 she might send her of her errand4'#hfg ,at ,orleans in #afad ,gentil le ,clerc said that he had seen ,nevillon's familiar1 and that ,nevillon 'luy a dit vne douzaine de fois1 que s'il vouloit il luy en feroit auoir vne'4#hfh ,elizabeth ,clarke in ,essex in #afde said she 'had three impes from her mother1 which were of a broune colour1 and two from old beldam ,weste4 ,the said ,anne ,weste seemed much to pitie this examinant for her lamenesse 7having but one leg7 and her poverty2 ,and said to this examinant1 ,that there was wayes and meanes for her to live much better then now shee did3 ,and said1 that shee would send to this examinant a thing like a little kitlyn1 which would fetch home some victualls for this examinant2 and that it should doe her no hurt4'#hfi ,the ,huntingdonshire witch1 ,francis ,moore1 in #afdf1 'saith that about eight yeares since she received a little blacke puppy from one ,margaret ,simson of great ,catworth4 ,the ,examinate further saith1 that the said ,margaret told her1 that she must keep that dogge all her life time2 and if she cursed any ,cattell1 and set the same dog upon them1 they should presently dye4 ,and the said ,examinate further saith1 that about the same time one goodwife ,weed gave her a white ,cat1 telling her1 that if she would deny ,god1 and affirme the same by her bloud1 then whomsoever she cursed and sent that ,cat unto1 they should dye shortly after4'#hgj #c4 ,the profession of the witch-religion being hereditary1 it is not uncommon to find that the familiar descended from mother to daughter4 ,this1 like the familiar given by one witch to another1 was the domestic familiar4 ,it was sometimes presented during the mother's lifetime or was left as a legacy at her death4 ,elizabeth ,francis in #aeef stated that 'she learned this arte of witchcraft at the age of xii yeres of hyr grandmother whose nam mother ,eue of ,hatfyelde ,peuerell1 disseased4 ,item when shee taughte it her1 she counseiled her to renounce ,,god and his worde and to geue of her bloudde to ,sathan 7as she termed it7 whyche she delyuered her in the lykenesse of a whyte spotted ,catte4'#hga ,in #aehb ,ales ,hunt of ,st4 ,osyth confessed to having two spirits1 and 'saith1 that her sister 7named ,margerie ,sammon7 hath also two spirites like ,toades1 the one called ,tom1 and the other ,robbyn3 ,and saith further1 her sayde ,syster and shee had the sayd spyrites of their ,mother1 ,mother ,barnes4'#hgb ,in #aeig the ,derbyshire witch1 ,alse ,gooderidge1 stated that 'the ,diuell appeared to me in lykenesse of a little partie-colored dog red and white1 and ,i called him ,minny4 ,she saide she had her familiar of her mother4'#hgc ,the ,essex witches1 tried in #afde1 also inherited familiars from their mothers4 ,anne ,cooper confessed 'that she the said ,anne offered to give unto her daughter ,sarah ,cooper an impe in the likenes of a gray kite 7i4e4 kit1 or cat71 to suck on the said ,sarah4--,susan ,cock saith1 that about three or four yeeres since1 one ,margery ,stoakes1 this examinants mother1 lying upon her death-bed1 and this examinant comming to visit her1 shee the said ,margery desired this examinant privately to give entertainment to two of her imps1 and withall told this examinant1 they would do this examinant good2 ,and this examinant saith1 that the same night her said mother dyed1 the said two imps came to her accordingly1 and sucked on her body4--,anne ,cate saith1 ,that she hath four familiars1 which shee had from her mother1 about two and twenty yeeres since4'#hgd ,in #affg at ,liverpool1 ',margaret ,loy1 being arraigned for a witch1 confessed she was one2 and when she was asked how long she had so been1 replied1 ,since the death of her mother1 who died thirty years ago2 and at her decease she had nothing to leave her1 and this widow ,bridge1 that were sisters1 but her two spirits2 and named them1 the eldest spirit to this widow1 and the other spirit to her the said ,margaret ,loy4'#hge ,this inheritance of a familiar may be compared with the ,lapp custom3 ',the ,laplanders bequeath their ,demons as part of their inheritance1 which is the reason that one family excels another in this magical art4'#hgf #d4 ,the method of obtaining a familiar by means of magical words or actions is clearly described in two modern examples3 ',sometime in the beginning of the last century1 two old dames attended the morning service at ,llanddewi ,brefi ,church1 and partook of the ,holy ,communion2 but instead of eating the sacred bread like other communicants1 they kept it in their mouths and went out4 ,then they walked round the ,church outside nine times1 and at the ninth time the ,evil ,one came out from the ,church wall in the form of a frog1 to whom they gave the bread from their mouths1 and by doing this wicked thing they were supposed to be selling themselves to ,satan and become witches4--,there was an old man in ,north ,pembrokeshire1 who used to say that he obtained the power of bewitching in the following manner3 ,the bread of his first ,communion he pocketed4 ,he made pretence at eating it first of all1 and then put it in his pocket4 ,when he went out from the service there was a dog meeting him by the gate1 to which he gave the bread1 thus selling his soul to the ,devil4 ,ever after1 he possessed the power to bewitch4'#hgg ,on the analogy of these two examples1 ,i suggest that in the accounts of familiars offering themselves to the witch1 there was1 previous to such appearance1 some formula of words or some magical action which are not recorded4 ,the animal1 which first appeared after such words or actions1 would be considered as the ,devil1 as in the two cases quoted above4 ,such an explanation accounts for the statements of some of the witches that on the appearance of the animal they at once renounced the ,christian religion and vowed obedience to the new ,god4 ,it is noticeable that in many cases the accused acknowledged that1 before the appearance of the animal1 they had been 'banning and cursing'1 in other words1 calling on the ,devil2 the appearance of the animal1 after such summons1 produced neither surprise nor alarm1 and in fact seems to have been regarded as the effect of their words4 ,in #aeef ,joan ,waterhouse1 the eighteen-year-old daughter of the witch ,mother ,waterhouse1 of ,hatfield ,peveril1 being angry with another girl1 'shee goinge home dydde as she had seene her mother doe1 callynge ,sathan1 whiche came to her 7as she sayd7 in the lykenes of a great dogge'4#hgh ,at ,aberdeen in #aeig ,agnes ,wobster said that the ,devil appeared 'in the liknes of a lamb1 quhom thow callis thy ,god1 and bletit on the1 and thaireftir spak to the'4#hgi ,james ,device1 one of the chief of the ,lancashire witches in #afac1 confessed 'that vpon ,sheare ,thursday was two yeares1 his ,grand-,mother ,elizabeth ,sothernes1 alias ,dembdike1 did bid him this ,examinate goe to the ,church to receiue the ,communion 7the next day after being ,good ,friday7 and then not to eate the ,bread the ,minister gaue him1 but to bring it and deliuer it to such a thing as should meet him in his way homewards3 ,notwithstanding her perswasions1 this ,examinate did eate the ,bread2 and so in his comming homeward some fortie roodes off the said ,church1 there met him a thing in the shape of a ,hare1 who spoke vnto this ,examinate1 and asked him whether hee had brought the ,bread4'#hhj ,in #afba ,elizabeth ,sawyer1 the witch of ,edmonton1 said that 'the first time that the ,diuell came vnto me was1 when ,i was cursing1 swearing1 and blaspheming'4#hha ,the evidence of the ,huntingdonshire witches1 ,john ,winnick and ,ellen ,shepheard1 in #afdf 7see above1 p4 #bai71 and of ,dorothy ,ellis of ,cambridgeshire in #afdg1 also show that the animal which appeared to the witch after an access of emotion was at once acknowledged as ,god and accepted as the familiar4 ,mary ,osgood of ,andover in #afib 'confesses that about #aa years ago1 when she was in a melancholy state and condition1 she used to walk abroad in her orchard2 and upon a certain time1 she saw the appearance of a cat1 at the end of the house1 which yet she thought was a real cat4 ,however1 at that time1 it diverted her from praying to ,god1 and instead thereof she prayed to the devil4#hhb ,the familiars in human form were human beings usually of the sex opposite to that of the witch4 ,as these familiars were generally called ',devils' it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them from the ,grand-master2#hhc but the evidence1 taken as a whole1 suggests that at certain parts of the ritual every individual of the company was known as a ,devil4 ,this suggestion is borne out in the modern survival of an ancient dance in the ,basses-,pyrnes1 where the dancers to this day are called ,satans4#hhd ,lady ,alice ,kyteler1 in #acbd1 was accused that the ,devil came to her 'quandoque in specie cujusdam aethiopis cum duobus sociis'4#hhe ,in #aeih the ,lyons witches1 ,thievenne ,paget and ,antoine ,tornier1 speak of 'leurs ,demons' as distinct from the great ,devil1 and the evidence of all the other witches shows that 'il y a encor des ,demons1 qui assistent ces danses'4#hhf ,de ,lancre says that there was more than one ,devil3 the great one1 who was called ,matre ,leonard1 and a little one called ,matre ,jean ,mullin4 ,it was this smaller ,devil who held the meetings in the absence of the ,chief3 'en la place du ,grd maistre1 il n'y auoit qu'vn petit ,diable ou ,demon qui n'auoit point de cornes1 lequel ne contentoit pas la compagnie comme son maistre4 ,qu'elles n'auoient tant de confiance en toute la trouppe des mauuais ,anges qu'en celuy seul qu'ils auoient accoustum d'adorer seruir4-- table on se sied selon sa qualit1 ayant chacun son ,demon assis auprs1 parfois vis vis4 ,et quand ils ont mang1 chaque ,demon prd sa disciple par la main1 danse auec elle4'#hhg ,in #afah ,joan ,willimott of ,leicester confessed 'that shee hath a ,spirit which shee calleth ,pretty1 which was giuen vnto her by ,william ,berry1 whom she serued three yeares2 the ,spirit stood vpon the ground in the shape and forme of a ,woman1 which ,spirit did aske of her her ,soule1 which shee then promised vnto it1 being willed thereunto by her ,master'4#hhh ,in #afcc1 ,margaret ,johnson1 the ,lancashire witch1 stated that 'besides theire particular familiars or spirits1 there was one greate or grand devill1 or spirit1 more eminent than the rest4 ,shee allsoe saith1 yt if a witch have but one marke1 shee hath but one spirit2 if two1 then two spirits2 if three1 yet but two spirits4 ,shee alsoe saith1 that men witches usually have women spirits1 and women witches men spirits4'#hhi ,in #afdi at ,st4 ,albans a man witch had 'two familiars1 the one in the form of a dog1 which he called ,george1 and the other in the likeness of a woman1 called ,jezebell'4#hij ,in #affb at ,auldearne ,issobell ,gowdie confessed 'ther is threttein persones in ilk ,coeven2 and ilk on of vs has an ,sprit to wait wpon ws1 quhan ve pleas to call wpon him4 ,i remember not all the ,spritis names2 bot thair is on called ,swein1 quhilk waitis wpon the said ,margret ,wilson in ,aulderne2 he is still always clothed in grass-grein4 ,the nixt ,sprit is called ,rorie1 who waitis wpon ,bessie ,wilsone1 in ,aulderne2 he is still clothed in yallow4 ,the third ,sprit is called ,the ,roring ,lyon1 who waitis wpon ,issobell ,nicoll1 in ,lochlow1 and he is still clothed in sea-grein4 ,the fowrth ,spirit is called ,mak ,hector1 qwho waitis wpon ,jean ,martein1 dawghter to the said ,margret ,wilson2 he is a yowng-lyk ,devill1 clothed still in grass-grein4444 ,the nam of the fyft ,sprit is ,robert the ,rule1 and he still clothed in sadd-dun1 and seimis to be a ,comander of the rest of the ,spritis2 and he waittis wpon ,margret ,brodie1 in ,aulderne4 ,the name of the saxt ,sprit is called ,thieff of ,hell1 ,wait wpon ,hir ,selfe2 and he waitis also on the said ,bessie ,wilson4 ,the name of the sevinth ,sprit is called ,the ,read ,reiver2 and he is my owin ,spirit1 that waittis on my selfe1 and is still clothed in blak4 ,the aucht ,spirit is called ,robert the ,jackis1 still clothed in dune1 and seimes to be aiged4 ,he is ane glaiked gowked ,spirit4 ,the nynth ,spirit is called ,laing4 ,the tenth ,spirit is named ,thomas a ,fearie1 c4#hia ,ther wilbe many vther ,divellis1 waiting wpon our ,maister ,divell2 bot he is bigger and mor awfull than the rest of the ,divellis1 and they all reverence him4 ,i will ken them all1 on by on1 from vtheris1 quhan they appeir lyk a man4' ,in a later confession ,issobell gave the names more fully4 ',the names of owr ,divellis that waited wpon ws1 ar thes4 ,first1 ,robert1 the ,jakis2 ,sanderis1 the ,read ,reaver2 ,thomas1 the ,fearie2 ,swein1 the roaring ,lion2 ,thieffe of ,hell1 wait wpon hir self2 ,makhectour2 ,robert1 the ,rule2 ,hendrie ,laing2 and ,rorie4'#hib ,in ,connecticut in #affb ',robert ,sterne testifieth as followeth3 ,i saw this woman goodwife ,seager in ye woods wth three more women and with them ,i saw two black creatures like two ,indians but taller4 ,i saw the women dance round these black creatures and whiles ,i looked upon them one of the women ,g4 ,greensmith said looke who is yonder and then they ran away up the hill4 ,i stood still and ye black things came towards mee and then ,i turned to come away4'#hic #d4 ,transformations into ,animals ,the belief that human beings can change themselves1 or be changed1 into animals carries with it the corollary that wounds received by a person when in the semblance of an animal will remain on the body after the return to human shape4 ,this belief seems to be connected with the worship of animal-gods or sacred animals1 the worshipper being changed into an animal by being invested with the skin of the creature1 by the utterance of magical words1 by the making of magical gestures1 the wearing of a magical object1 or the performance of magical ceremonies4 ,the witches of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries appear to have carried on the tradition of the pre-,christian cults2 and the stories of their transformations1 when viewed in the light of the ancient examples1 are capable of the same explanation4 ,much confusion1 however1 has been caused by the religious and so-called scientific explanations of the contemporary commentators1 as well as by the unfortunate belief of modern writers in the capacity of women for hysteria4 ,at both periods pseudo-science has prevented the unbiassed examination of the material4 ,there are no records extant of the animals held sacred by the early inhabitants of ,great ,britain1 but it is remarkable that the range of the witches' transformations was very limited2 cats and hares were the usual animals1 occasionally but rarely dogs1 mice1 crows1 rooks1 and bees4 ,in ,france1 where the solemn sacrifice of a goat at the ,sabbath points to that animal being sacred1 it is not surprising to find both men and women witches appearing as goats and sheep4 ,unless there were some definite meaning underlying the change of shape1 there would be no reason to prevent the witches from transforming themselves into animals of any species4 ,it would seem then that the witches1 like the adorers of animal gods in earlier times1 attempted to become one with their god or sacred animal by taking on his form2 the change being induced by the same means and being as real to the witch as to ,sigmund the ,volsung#hid or the worshipper of ,lycaean ,zeus4#hie ,in the earlier cults the worshipper1 on becoming an animal1 changed his outward shape to the eye of faith alone1 though his actions and probably his voice proclaimed the transformation4 ,the nearest approach to an outward change was by covering the body with the skin of the animal1 or by wearing a part of the skin or a mask4 ,the witches themselves admitted that they were masked and veiled1 and the evidence of other witnesses goes to prove the same4 ,boguet suggests that the disguise was used to hide their identity1 which was possibly the case at times1 but it seems more probable1 judging by the evidence1 that the masking and veiling were for ritual purposes4 ,in ,lorraine in #aehi a male witness stated that 'indem wird er eine ,hle1 welche sie nennen die ,morelianische ,klippe1 gewahr1 darinnen sechs ,weiber mit ,larven umb ein ,tisch voll guldernen und silbernen ,geschieren herumb tanzten'4--,bernhardt's ,nicolaea said that she had seen in an open field 'mitten am hellen ,tage1 einen ,tantz von ,mnnern und ,weibern1 und weil dieselben auff eine besondere ,weise und hinterrcks tantzten1 kam es ihr frembd fr1 stunde derhalben still1 und sahe mit allem ,fleiss zu da ward sie gewahr1 das etliche in dem ,reyhen waren so ,geiss und ,kuhfuss hatten'4#hif ,at ,north ,berwick in #aeij seven score witches 'danced endlong the ,kirk yard4 ,john ,fian1 missellit muffled1 masked led the ring4'#hig ,the witches whom ,boguet examined in #aeih confessed to using masks3 ',les ,sorciers dansent doz ctre doz1 pour ne pas estre recogneus2 pour la mesme raison ils se masquent encor' auiourd'huy pour la plus part4--,ils se masquent pour le iour d'huy1 selon que ,clauda ,paget l'a confess1 auec elle plusieurs autres4--,estienne ,poicheux rapportoit que partie des femmes1 qu'elle auoit veus au ,sabbat1 estaient voiles4 ,et pour cela aussi les ,lombards par leurs loix les appellent ,mascas4'#hih ,in #afji de ,lancre points out that in the ,basses-,pyrnes there were two grades of witches3 ',il y en a de deux sortes4 ,aucs sont voilez pour doer opinion aux pauures que ce sont des ,princes grds seigneurs4 ,les autres sont decouuerts tout ouuertemt dcent1 ceux cy ne sont si prs du maistre1 si fauoris ne si employez4'#hii ,in #afac ,barbe1 the wife of ,jean-,remy ,colin de ,moyemont1 said that 'elle a veu dancer les assistans en nombre de sept huict personnes1 partie desquelles elle ne cognoissoit ad cause des masques hideux qu'elles auoient de noire4'#ijj ,josine ,deblicq in ,hainault 7#afaf7 was asked1 ',que savez vous de la troisime danse8 ,r4 ,elle eut lieu au ,rond-,chneau1 sur le chemin de ,nivelles1 prs d'une fontaine4 ,il y avait bien #ba ou #bb femmes1 toutes masques1 chacune avec son amoureux accoutr d'un dguisement bleu1 jaune ou noir4'#ija ,in #afeb a ,french witch 'dist qu'elles dansoient les dots l'une l'autre et qu'au milieux il y auoit vne feme masque tenant vne chandelle'4#ijb ,it will be seen from the above that the witches were often disguised at the dance1 a fact strongly suggesting that the masking was entirely ritual4 ,as the witch trials in ,great ,britain seldom mention1 much less describe1 the dance1 it follows that the greater number of the cases of masks are found in ,france1 though a few occur in ,scotland1 still fewer in ,england4 ,the transformation by means of an animal's skin or head is mentioned in the ,liber ,poenitentialis of ,theodore in #ffh 7see p4 #ba74 ,it continued among the witches1 and in #aeih in the ,lyons district 'il y a encor des ,demons1 qui assistent ces danses en forme de boucs1 ou de moutons4 ,antoine ,tornier dit1 que lors qu'elle dansoit1 vn mouton noir la tenoit par la main auec ses pieds bien haireux1 c'est dire rudes reuesches'4#ijc ,in many cases it is very certain that the transformation was ritual and not actual2 that is to say the witches did not attempt to change their actual forms but called themselves cats1 hares1 or other animals4 ,in the ,aberdeen trials of #aeif-g the accused are stated to have 'come to the ,fish ,cross of this burgh1 under the conduct of ,sathan1 ye all danced about the ,fish ,cross and about the ,meal market a long space'4 ,here there is no suggestion of any change of form1 yet in the accusation against ,bessie ,thom1 who was tried for the same offence1 the dittay states that 'there1 accompanied with thy devilish companions and faction1 transformed in other likeness1 some in hares1 some in cats1 and some in other similitudes1 ye all danced about the ,fish ,cross'4#ijd ,in #afag in ,guernsey ,marie ,becquet said that 'every time that she went to the ,sabbath1 the ,devil came to her1 and it seemed as though he transformed her into a female dog'4#ije ,again at ,alloa in #afeh1 ,margret ,duchall1 describing the murder of ,cowdan's bairns1 said 'after they war turned all in the liknes of cattis1 they went in ouer ,jean ,lindsayis zaird ,dyk and went to ,coudans hous1 whair scho declared1 that the ,dewill being with tham went up the stair first with margret tailzeor ,besse ,paton and elspit blak'4 ,on the other hand1 ,jonet ,blak and ,kathren ,renny1 who were also present and described the same scene1 said nothing about the cat-form1 though they particularize the clothes of the other witches4 ,jonet ,blak said1 'the diwell1 margret tailzeor with ane long rok1 and kathren renny with the short rok and the bony las with the blak pok all went up the stair togidder'2 while ,kathren ,renny said that 'ther was ane bony las with ane blak pok1 who went befor ower ,jean ,lindsayis zaird dyk and ,margret tailzeor with hir'4#ijf ,the evidence of ,marie ,lamont 7#affb7 suggests the same idea of a ritual1 though not an actual1 change2 'shee confessed1 that shee1 ,kettie ,scot1 and ,margrat ,holm1 cam to ,allan ,orr's house in the likenesse of kats1 and followed his wif into the chalmer'2 and on another occasion 'the devil turned them in likeness of kats1 by shaking his hands above their heads'4#ijg ,in ,northumberland 7#afgc7 the same fact appears to underlie the evidence4 ,ann ,armstrong declared that at a witch meeting ,ann ,baites 'hath been severall times in the shape of a catt and a hare1 and in the shape of a greyhound and a bee1 letting the divell see how many shapes she could turn herself into4--,they the witches stood all upon a bare spott of ground1 and bid this informer sing whilst they danced in severall shapes1 first of a haire1 then in their owne1 and then in a catt1 sometimes in a mouse1 and in severall other shapes4--,she see all the said persons beforemencioned danceing1 some in the likenesse of haires1 some in the likenesse of catts1 others in the likenesse of bees1 and some in their owne likenesse4'#ijh ,the method of making the ritual change by means of magical words is recorded in the ,auldearne trials1 where ,isobel ,gowdie1 whose evidence was purely voluntary1 gives the actual words both for the change into an animal and for the reversion into human form4 ,to become a hare3 ',i sall goe intill ane haire1 ,with sorrow1 and sych1 and meikle caire1 ,and ,i sall goe in the ,divellis nam1 ,ay whill ,i com hom againe4' ,to become a cat or a crow the same verse was used with an alteration of the second line so as to force a rhyme2 instead of 'meikle caire'1 the words were 'a blak shot' for a cat1 and 'a blak thraw' for a crow or craw4 ,to revert again to the human form the words were3 ',hare1 hare1 ,god send thee care4 ,i am in an hare's likeness just now1 ,but ,i shall be in a woman's likeness even now'1 with the same variation of 'a black shot' or 'a black thraw' for a cat or a crow4 ,the ,auldearne witches were also able to turn one another into animals3 ',if we1 in the shape of an cat1 an crow1 an hare1 or any other likeness1 c41 go to any of our neighbours houses1 being ,witches1 we will say1 ,i 7or we7 conjure thee ,go with us 7or me74 ,and presently they become as we are1 either cats1 hares1 crows1 c41 and go with us whither we would4 ,when one of us or more are in the shape of cats1 and meet with any others our neighbours1 we will say1 ,devil speed thee1 ,go thou with me4 ,and immediately they will turn in the shape of a cat1 and go with us4'#iji ,the very simplicity of the method shows that the transformation was ritual2 the witch announced to her fellow that she herself was an animal1 a fact which the second witch would not have known otherwise2 the second witch at once became a similar animal and went with the first to perform the ritual acts which were to follow4 ,the witches were in their own estimation and in the belief of all their comrades1 to whom they communicated the fact1 actually animals1 though to the uninitiated eye their natural forms remained unchanged4 ,this is probably the explanation of ,marie d',aspilcouette's evidence1 which de ,lancre records in #afji3 ',elle a veu aussi les sorcieres insignes se changer en plusieurs sortes de bestes1 pour faire peur ceux qu'elles rencontroient3 ,mais celles qui se transformoyent ainsi1 disoyent qu'elles n'estoyent veritablement transformees1 mais seulement qu'elles sembloyent l'estre neantmoins pendant qu'elles sont ainsi en apparences bestes1 elles ne parlent du tout point'4#iaj ,the best example of transformation by means of a magical object placed on the person is from ,northumberland 7#afgc71 where ,ann ,armstrong stated that ',anne ,forster come with a bridle1 and bridled her and ridd upon her crosse-leggd1 till they come to the rest of her companions4 ,and when she light of her back1 pulld the bridle of this informer's head1 now in the likenesse of a horse2 but1 when the bridle was taken of1 she stood up in her owne shape4444 ,this informant was ridden upon by an inchanted bridle by ,michael ,aynsly and ,margaret his wife1 ,which inchanted bridle1 when they tooke it of from her head1 she stood upp in her owne proper person4444 ,jane ,baites of ,corbridge come in the forme of a gray catt with a bridle hanging on her foote1 and bridled her1 and rid upon her in the name of the devill4'#iaa ,this is again a clear account of the witch herself and her companions believing in the change of form caused by the magical object in exactly the same way that the shamans believe in their own transformation by similar means4 ,the ,devil had naturally the same power as the witches1 but in a greater degree4 ,the evidence of ,marie ,lamont quoted above shows that he transformed them into animals by a gesture only4 ,it seems possible that this was also the case with ,isobel ,shyrie at ,forfar 7#affa71 who was called ',horse' and 'the ,devil's horse'4 ,the name seems to have given rise to the idea that 'she was shod like a mare or a horse'2 she was in fact the officer or messenger who brought her companions to the meetings4 ,she was never seen in the form of a horse1 her transformation being probably effected by the ,devil1 in order that she might 'carry' the witches to and from the meetings2 ,agnes ,spark said that ,isobel 'carried her away to ,littlemiln1 and carried her back again to her own house'4#iab ,there is also another method of transformation1 which is the simplest4 ,the witches themselves1 like their contemporaries1 often believed that the actual animals1 which they saw1 were human beings in animal form4 ,jeannette de ,belloc1 aged twenty-four1 in the ,basses-,pyrnes 7#afji71 described the ,sabbath as 'vne foire celebre de toutes sortes de choses1 en laquelle aucuns se proment en leur propre forme1 d'autres sont transformez ne scayt pourquoy1 en animaux4 ,elle n'a iamais veu aucune d'elles se trsformer en beste en sa presence1 mais seulement certaines bestes courir par le sabbat4'#iac ,helen ,guthrie of ,forfar 7#affa7 states the case with even greater simplicity3 ',the last summer except one1 shee did sie ,john ,tailzeour somtymes in the shape of a todde1 and somtymes in the shape of a swyn1 and that the said ,johne ,tailzeour in these shapes went wp and doune among ,william ,millne1 miller at ,hetherstakes1 his cornes for the destructioune of the same1 because the said ,william hade taken the mylne ouer his head2 and that the diuell cam to her and pointed out ,johne ,tailzeour in the forsaid shapes unto her1 and told her that that wes ,johne ,tailzeour4'#iad ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hca3 ,forbes1 ii1 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #hcb3 ,examination of ,john ,walsh4 ,footnote #hcc3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #hcd3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #aeg-fj4 ,footnote #hce3 ,alse ,gooderidge1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #hcf3 ,from an unpublished trial in the ,justiciary ,court at ,edinburgh4 ,footnote #hcg3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #acf1 #acg1 #aeb4 ,footnote #hch3 ,sharpe1 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #hci3 ,forbes1 ii1 pp4 #cc4 ,footnote #hdj3 ,f4 ,hutchinson1 ,hist4 ,essay1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #hda3 ,giffard1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #hdb3 ,witches at ,chelmsford1 pp4 #bd-cb2 ,philobiblon ,soc41 viii4 ,footnote #hdc3 ,rehearsall1 par4 #b-e4 ,footnote #hdd3 ,also called ,tissey4 ,compare the name of the magic cat given to ,frances ,more by ,goodwife ,weed1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #hde3 ,in ,ales ,hunt's own confession 7q4 v47 the animals in question are called colts4 ,i would suggest that this is cotes1 the well-known provincialism for cats2 but the recorder understood the word as colts and further improved it into horses4 ,footnote #hdf3 ,witches taken at ,st4 ,oses1 ,a #c1 ,a #e1 ,c #c and #d1 ,b #b1 ,b #e and ,c #a1 ,b #c4 ,footnote #hdg3 ,giffard1 pp4 #ai1 #bg1 #ci4 ,footnote #hdh3 ,potts1 ,b #c4 ,footnote #hdi3 ,fairfax1 pp4 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #gi1 #hb4 ,footnote #hej3 ,wonderfull ,discouerie of ,elisabeth ,sawyer4 ,footnote #hea3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #heb3 ,howell1 iv1 #hcd et seq4 ,footnote #hec3 ,davenport1 pp4 #a-ab4 ,footnote #hed3 ,gibbons1 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #hee3 ,gerish1 ,the ,divel's ,delusions1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #hef3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #aea1 #aeg4 ,footnote #heg3 ,petto1 p4 #ah4 ,footnote #heh3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 pp4 #hja1 #hjc4 ,footnote #hei3 ,la ,martinire1 pp4 #db-c 7ed4 #afga74 ,footnote #hfj3 ,imp ,a slip1 sapling1 scion2 hence applied to persons with the meaning child1 lad1 boy4 ,footnote #hfa3 ,lawes against ,witches1 p #g4 ,footnote #hfb3 ,howell1 iv1 #hee4 ,footnote #hfc3 ,davenport1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #hfd3 ,id41 p4 #a4 ,footnote #hfe3 ,witches at ,chelmsford1 pp4 #bj1 #bi4 ,footnote #hff3 ,examination of ,john ,walsh4 ,his master was ,sir ,robert ,draiton4 ,footnote #hfg3 ,giffard1 p4 ,c41 see ,percy ,soc41 viii4 ,footnote #hfh3 ,de ,lancre1 ,l',incredulit1 p4 #hjc4 ,footnote #hfi3 ,howell1 iv1 #hcd1 #hcf4 ,footnote #hgj3 ,davenport1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #hga3 ,witches at ,chelmsford1 p4 #bd4 ,philobiblon ,soc41 viii4 ,footnote #hgb3 ,witches taken at ,st4 ,oses1 p4 ,c #d4 ,footnote #hgc3 ,alse ,gooderidge1 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 ,footnote #hgd3 ,howell1 iv1 #hde1 #hec1 #hef4 ,footnote #hge3 ,moore ,rental1 ,chetham ,society1 xii1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #hgf3 ,scheffer1 quoting ,tornaeus4 ,footnote #hgg3 ,davies1 p4 #bca4 ,for a similar practice in modern ,england1 see ,transactions of the ,devonshire ,association1 vi 7#ahgd71 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #hgh3 ,witches at ,chelmsford1 p4 #cd4 ,philobiblon ,soc41 viii4 ,footnote #hgi3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #hhj3 ,potts1 ,h #c4 ,footnote #hha3 ,goodcole1 ,wonderfull ,discoverie1 p4 ,c4 ,footnote #hhb3 ,j4 ,hutchinson1 ii1 p4 #ca2 ,howell1 vi1 #fei4 ,footnote #hhc3 ',nos sorciers tiennent la plus-part de ces ,demons pour leurs ,dieux1' ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #hhd3 ,moret1 pp4 #bdg seq4 ,footnote #hhe3 ,camden ,soc41 ,dame ,alice ,kyteler1 p4 #c ,footnote #hhf3 ,boguet1 pp4 #fi1 #acb4 ,footnote #hhg3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #fg1 #aig4 ,footnote #hhh3 ,wonderfull ,discoverie of ,margaret and ,phillip ,flower1 ,e #c4 ,footnote #hhi3 ,whitaker1 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #hij3 ,gerish1 ,the ,divel's ,delusions1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #hia3 ,pitcairn notes3 ',issobell1 as usual1 appears to have been stopped short here by her interrogators1 when she touched on such matters'1 i4e4 the fairies4 ,footnote #hib3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjf1 #fad4 ,footnote #hic3 ,taylor1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #hid3 ,volsunga ,saga1 ,bks4 ,i1 ,,ii2 ,wm4 ,morris1 ,collected ,works1 xii1 pp4 #cb4 #gg4 ,footnote #hie3 ,pausanias1 viii1 #b1 #c1 #f1 ed4 ,frazer4 ,cp4 also the animal names applied to priests and priestesses1 e4g4 the ,king-bees of ,ephesus2 the ,bee-priestesses of ,demeter1 of ,delphi1 of ,proserpine1 and of the ,great ,mother2 the ,doves of ,dodona2 the ,bears in the sacred dance of ,artemis2 the ,bulls at the feast of ,poseidon at ,ephesus2 the ,wolves at the ,lupercalia1 c4 ,footnote #hif3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 pp4 #fe1 #fg4 ,footnote #hig3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #bde-f4 ,footnote #hih3 ,boguet1 pp4 #abj1 #acb-c4 ,footnote #hii3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #ijj3 ,fournier1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #ija3 ,monoyer1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ijb3 ,van ,elven1 v1 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #ijc3 ,boguet1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #ijd3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp4 #ig1 #aad-ae1 #afe2 ,bessie ,thom1 p4 #afg4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #ije3 ,goldsmid1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #ijf3 ,scottish ,antiquary1 ix1 pp4 #ej-b4 ,footnote #ijg3 ,sharpe1 pp4 #acb1 #acd4 ,footnote #ijh3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 pp4 #aia1 #aic1 #aid4 ,footnote #iji3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjg1 #fjh1 #faa4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #iaj3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #iaa3 ,surtees ,soc41 xl1 pp4 #aib1 #aid1 #aig4 ,footnote #iab3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abi4 ,spelling modernized4 ,footnote #iac3 ,de ,lancre1 ,tableau1 pp4 #abi1 #acj4 ,footnote #iad3 ,kinloch1 p4 #abc4 ,,appendix ,i ,,fairies ,,and ,,witches ,the dwarf race which at one time inhabited ,europe has left few concrete remains1 but it has survived in innumerable stories of fairies and elves4 ,nothing1 however1 is known of the religious beliefs and cults of these early peoples1 except the fact that every seven years they made a human sacrifice to their god--',and aye at every seven years they pay the teind to hell'--and that like the ,khonds they stole children from the neighbouring races and brought them up to be the victims4 ,that there was a strong connexion between witches and fairies has been known to all students of fairy lore4 ,i suggest that the cult of the fairy or primitive race survived until less than three hundred years ago1 and that the people who practised it were known as witches4 ,i have already pointed out that many of the witch-beliefs and practices coincide with those of an existing dwarf race1 viz4 the ,lapps4 ,the ,devil and the witches entered freely into the fairy mounds1 the ,devil is often spoken of as a fairy man1 and he consorts with the ,queen of ,elfhame2 fairy gold which turns to rubbish is commonly given by the ,devil to the witches2 and the name ,robin is almost a generic name for the ,devil1 either as a man or as his substitute the familiar4 ,the other name for the fairy ,robin ,goodfellow is ,puck1 which derives through the ,gaelic ,bouca from the ,slavic ,bog1 which means ,god4 ,the evidence given below shows the close connexion between the fairies and the witches1 and shows also the witches' belief in the superiority of the fairies to themselves in the matter of magic and healing powers4 #adca4 ,joan of ,arc4 ,not far from ,domremy there is a certain tree that is called the ,ladies' ,tree ,arbor ,dominarum1 others call it the ,fairies' ,tree ,arbor ,fatalium1 gallice des ,faes1 beside which is a spring which cured fevers4 ,it is a great tree1 a beech fagus1 from which comes the may unde venit mayum1 gallice le beau may4 ,it belongs to ,seigneur ,pierre de ,bourlemont4 ,old people1 not of her lineage1 said that fairy-ladies haunted there conversabantur4 ,had heard her godmother ,jeanne1 wife of the ,mayor1 say she had seen fairy-women there4 ,she herself had never seen fairies at the tree that she knew of4 ,she made garlands at the tree1 with other girls1 for the image of the ,blessed ,mary of ,domremy4 ,sometimes with the other children she hung garlands on the tree1 sometimes they left them1 sometimes they took them away4 ,she had danced there with the other children1 but not since she was grown up4 ,she had sung there more than she had danced4 ,she had heard that it was said ',jeanne received her mission at the tree of the fairy-ladies'4#iae ,the saints ,katharine and ,margaret came and spoke to her at the spring beside the ,fairies' tree1 but she would not say if they came to the tree itself4#iaf ,denied having a mandrake1 but knew there was one near the ,fairies' tree4#iag ,my godmother1 who saw the fairy-ladies1 was held as a good woman1 not a diviner or a witch4#iah ,refused to say if she believed fairies to be evil spirits4#iai ,she did not put chaplets on the ,fairies' tree in honour of ,,ss4 ,katharine and ,margaret4#ibj ,had never done anything with1 or knew anything of1 those who came in the air with the fairies gallice en l'erre avec les faes4 ,had heard they came on ,thursdays1 but considered it witchcraft4#iba #dth ,article of ,accusation4 ,jeanne was not instructed in her youth in the belief and primitive faith1 but was imbued by certain old women in the use of witchcraft1 divination1 and other superstitious works or magic arts2 many inhabitants of those villages have been noted from antiquity for the aforesaid misdeeds4 ,jeanne herself has said that she had heard from her godmother1 and from many people1 of visions and apparitions of ,fairies1 or ,fairy spirits gallice faes2 by others also she has been taught and imbued with wicked and pernicious errors of such spirits1 insomuch that in the trial before you she confessed that up to this time she did not know that ,fairies were evil spirits4 ,answer3 ,as to the ,fairy-ladies1 she did not know what it was4 ,as to instruction she learnt to believe and was well and duly taught to do what a good child should4 ,as to her godmother she referred to what she had said before4#ibb #eth ,article4 ,near the village of ,domremy is a certain great1 big1 and ancient tree called vulgarly ,the ,charmed ,fairy-tree of ,bourlemont#ibc l'arbre charmine fae de ,bourlemont2 beside the tree is a spring2 round these gather1 it is said1 evil spirits called fairies1 with whom those who use witchcraft are accustomed to dance at night1 going round the tree and spring4 ,answer3 as to the tree and spring1 referred to her previous answers2 denied the rest4#ibd #fth ,article4 ,jeanne frequented the said tree and spring alone1 chiefly at night1 sometimes in the day most often at the hour that divine service was celebrated in church1 in order to be alone2 and dancing went round the spring and tree2 afterwards hung many garlands of various herbs and flowers on the branches of the tree1 made with her own hands1 saying and singing before and after1 certain incantations and songs with certain invocations1 witchcrafts and other misdeeds2 which garlands the following morning1 were not found4 ,answer3 ,referred for part to previous answers1 denied the rest4#ibe #bcrd ,article4 ,her letters showed that she had consulted evil spirits4 ,denied ever having done anything by inspiration of evil spirits4#ibf #aeff4 ,john ,walsh1 of ,netherberry1 ,dorset4 ,he being demaunded how he knoweth when anye man is bewytched3 ,he sayth that he knew it partlye by the ,feries1 and saith that ther be 4iii4 kindes of ,feries1 white1 greene1 and black4 ,which when he is disposed to vse1 hee speaketh with them vpon hyls1 where as there is great heapes of earth1 as namely in ,dorsetshire4 ,and betwene the houres of 4xii4 and one at noone1 or at midnight he vseth them4 ,whereof 7he sayth7 the blacke ,feries be the woorst4#ibg #aegf4 ,bessie ,dunlop of ,lyne1 ,ayrshire4 ,thom ,reid apperit in hir awin hous to hir1 about the xij hour of the day1 quhair thair was sittand thre tailzeouris1 and hir awin gudeman2 and he tuke hir apperoun and led hir to the dure with him1 and sche followit1 and zeid went vp with him to the kill end1 quhair he forbaid hir to speik or feir for onye thing sche hard or saw2 and quhene thai had gane ane lytle pece fordwerd1 sche saw twelf persounes1 aucht wemene and four men3 ,the men wer cled in gentilmennis clething1 and the wemene had all plaiddis round about thame1 and wer verrie semelie lyke to se2 and ,thome was with thame3 ,and demandit1 ,gif sche knew ony of thame8 ,ansuerit1 ,nane1 except ,thom4 ,demandit1 ,what thai said to hir8 ,ansuerit1 ,thai baid hir sit down1 and said1 ',welcum1 ,bessie1 will thow go with ws8' ,bot sche ansuerit nocht2 becaus ,thom had forbidden hir4 ,and forder declarit1 ,that sche knew nocht quhat purpois thai had amangis thaime1 onlie sche saw thair lippis move2 and within a schort space thai pairtit all away2 and ane hiddeous vglie sowche of wind followit thame3 and sche lay seik quhill ,thom came agane bak fra thame4 ,in the margin1 ',confessit and fylit4' ,item1 ,sche being demandit1 ,gif sche sperit at ,thom quhat persounes thai war8 ,ansuerit1 ,that thai war the gude wychtis that wynnit in the ,court of ,elfame2 quha come thair to desyre hir to go with thame3 ,and forder1 ,thom desyrit hir to do the sam2 quha ansuerit1 ',sche saw na proffeit to gang thai kynd of gaittis1 vnles sche kend quhairfor'4 ,thom said1 ',seis thow nocht me1 baith meit-worth1 claith-worth1 and gude aneuch lyke in persoun1 and he suld make hir far better nor euer sche was8' ,sche ansuerit1 ',that sche duelt with hir awin husband and bairnis1 and culd nocht leif thame4' ,and swa ,thom began to be verrie crabit angry with hir1 and said1 ',gif swa sche thocht1 sche wald get lytill gude of him4' 444 ,interrogat1 ,gif sche neuir askit the questioun at him1 ,quhairfoir he com to hir mair than ane vthir bodye8 ,ansuerit1 ,remembring hir1 quhen sche was lyand in chyld-bed-lair1 with ane of hir laiddis1 that ane stout woman com in to hir1 and sat doun on the forme besyde hir1 and askit ane drink at hir1 and sche gaif hir2 quha alsua tauld hir1 that that barne wald de1 and that hir husband suld mend of his seiknes4 ,the said ,bessie ansuerit1 that sche remembrit wele thairof2 and ,thom said1 ,that was the ,quene of ,elfame his maistres1 quha had commandit him to wait vpoun hir1 and to do hir gude4 ,confessit and fylit4#ibh #aehh4 ,alesoun ,peirsoun of ,byrehill1 ,fifeshire4 ,was conuict for hanting and repairing with the gude nichtbouris and ,quene of ,elfame1 thir diuers eiris bypast1 as scho had confesst be hir depositiounis1 declaring that scho could nocht say reddelie how lang scho wes with thame2 and that scho had friendis in that court quhilk wes of hir awin blude1 quha had gude acquentance of the ,quene of ,elphane4444 ,and that scho saw nocht the ,quene thir sewin eir3 ,and that scho had mony guid friendis in that court1 bot wer all away now3 ,and that scho wes sewin eir ewill handlit in the ,court of ,elfane and had kynd freindis thair1 bot had na will to visseit thame eftir the end4444 ,in ,grange-mure thair come ane man to hir1 cled in grene clothis1 quha said to hir1 ,gif scho wald be faithfull1 he wald do hir guid4 ,he gaid away thane1 and apperit to hir att ane vthir tyme1 ane lustie mane1 with mony mene and wemen with him3 ,and that scho sanit hir and prayit1 and past with thame forder nor scho could tell2 and saw with thame pypeing and mirrynes and good scheir4#ibi #aehi4 ,beatrix ,baonensis1 in ,lorraine4 ,etliche geben ,spher1 etliche ,vgel oder sonst nicht viel besonders1 als da sein mchte gemntzt ,geld aus ,rindern ,ledder1 und wenn sie dergleichen nichts haben1 so verschafft es ihnen ihr ,geist1 auf dass sie staffirt seyn4#icj #aeic4 ,another of my neighbours had his wife much troubled1 and he went to her the white witch1 and she told him his wife was haunted with a fairie4#ica #aeic4 ,she had three or foure impes1 some call them puckrels1 one like a grey cat1 another like a weasel1 another like a mouse4#icb #aeig4 ,christian ,livingston of ,leith4 ,scho affermit that hir dochter was tane away with the ,farie-folk1 and declarit to ,gothrayis wyff1 than being with barne1 that it was a man chyld scho was with2 as it provit in deid3 ,and that all the knawlege scho had was be hir dochter1 wha met with the ,fairie4#icc #aeig4 ,isobell ,strathaquhin and her daughter1 of ,aberdeen4 ,theye depone that hir self confessis that quhat skill so ever scho hes1 scho hed it of hir mother2 and hir mother learnit at ane elf man quha lay with hir4#icd #aeig4 ,andro ,man of ,aberdeen4 ,thriescoir yeris sensyne or thairby1 the ,devill1 thy maister1 com to thy motheris hous1 in the liknes and scheap of a woman1 quhom thow callis the ,quene of ,elphen1 and was delyverit of a barne1 as apperit to the their4444 ,thow confessis that be the space of threttie twa yeris sensyn or thairby1 thow begud to have carnall deall with that devilische spreit1 the ,quene of ,elphen1 on quhom thow begat dyveris bairnis1 quhom thow hes sene sensyn4444 ,vpon the ,ruidday in harvest1 in this present yeir1 quhilk fell on ane ,wedinsday1 thow confessis and affermis1 thow saw ,christsonday cum owt of the snaw in liknes of a staig1 and that the ,quene of ,elphen was their1 and vtheris with hir1 rydand vpon quhyt haiknayes1 and that thay com to the ,binhill1 and ,binlocht1 quhair thay vse commonlie to convene1 and that thay quha convenis with thame kissis ,christsonday and the ,quene of ,elphenis airss1 as thow did thy selff4 ,item1 thow affermis that the elphis hes schapes and claythis lyk men1 and that thay will have fair coverit taiblis1 and that thay ar bot schaddowis1 bot ar starker nor men1 and that thay have playing and dansing quhen thay pleas2 and als that the quene is verray plesand1 and wilbe auld and young quhen scho pleissis2 scho mackis any kyng quhom scho pleisis1 and lyis with any scho lykis4444 ,the said ,andro confessis that ,chrystsonday rydis all the tyme that he is in thair cumpanie1 and hes carnall deall with thame2 also1 that the men that cumis with thame1 hes do with the ,quene of ,elfane4#ice 444 ,thou confesses that the devil thy master1 whom thou terms ,christsunday1 and supposes to be an angel and ,god's godson--albeit he has a thraw by ,god1 and sways to the ,quene of ,elphin--is raised by the speaking of the word ,benedicite4 ,suchlike thou affirms that the ,queen of ,elphin has a grip of all the craft1 but ,christsunday is the goodman1 and has all power under ,god4#icf #afjh4 ,lyons district4 ,ils dansent deux deux1 par fois l'vn l'autre l2 estans telles danses semblables celles des ,fes1 vrais ,diables incorporez1 qui regnoient il n'y a pas long temps4#icg #afae4 ,jonet ,drever of ,orkney4 ,to be convict and giltie of the fostering of ane bairne in the hill of ,westray to the fary folk callit of hir our guid nichtbouris4 ,and in haveing carnall deall with hir4 ,and haveing conversation with the fary xxvj eiris bygane4 ,in respect of her awne confessioun4#ich #afaf4 ,katherine ,caray of ,orkney4 ,at the doun going of the sun are great number of fairie men mett her together with a maister man4#ici #afaf4 ,elspeth ,reoch of ,orkney4 ,sho confest that quhen shoe wes ane young las of twelf yeiris of age or therby and haid wandereit out of ,caithnes quher sho wes borne to ,lochquhaber ye cam to ,allane ,mc,keldowies wyfe quha wes your ant ,that she upon ane day being out of the loch in the contrey and returning and being at the ,loch syd awaiting quhen the boit sould fetch hir in4 ,that thair cam tua men to her ane cled in blak and the uther with ane grein tartane plaid about him ,and that the man with the plaid said to her she was ane prettie ,and he wald lerne her to ken and sie ony thing she wald desyre4444 ,and thairefter within tua yeir she bure her first bairne ,and being delyverit in hir sisteris hous the blak man cam to her that first came to hir in ,lochquhaber ,and callit him selff ane farie man4444 ,on yule day she confest the devell quhilk she callis the farie man lay with her ,at quhilk tyme he bade hir leave ,orkney4#idj #afah4 ,joan ,willimot of ,leicester4 ,this ,examinate saith1 ,that shee hath a spirit which shee calleth ,pretty1 which was giuen vnto her by ,william ,berry of ,langholme in ,rutlandshire1 whom she serued three yeares2 and that her ,master when hee gaue it vnto her1 willed her to open her mouth1 and hee would blow into her a ,fairy which should doe her good2 and that shee opened her mouth1 and he did blow into her mouth2 and that presently after his blowing1 there came out of her mouth a ,spirit1 which stood vpon the ground in the shape and forme of a ,woman1 which ,spirit did aske of her her ,soule1 which shee then promised vnto it4#ida #afcc4 ,isobel ,sinclair of ,orkney4 ,sex times at the reathes of the year1 shoe hath bein controlled with the ,phairie4#idb #afec4 ',yorkshire4 ,there was 7he saith7 as ,i have heard the story credibly reported in this ,country a ,man apprehended for suspicion of ,witchcraft1 he was of that sort we call white ,witches1 which are such as do cures beyond the ordinary reasons and deductions of our usual practitioners1 and are supposed 7and most part of them truly7 to do the same by ministration of spirits 7from whence under their noble favours1 most ,sciences at first grow7 and therefore are by good reason provided against by our ,civil ,laws1 as being ways full of danger and deceit1 and scarce ever otherwise obtained than by a devillish compact of the exchange of ones ,soul to that assistant spirit1 for the honour of its ,mountebankery4 ,what this man did was with a white powder which1 he said1 he received from the ,fairies1 and that going to a ,hill he knocked three times1 and the ,hill opened1 and he had access to1 and conversed with a visible people2 and offered1 that if any ,gentleman present would either go himself in person1 or send his servant1 he would conduct them thither1 or shew them the place and persons from whom he had his skill4' ,hotham's account ends here2 ,webster continues first in his own words and then in inverted commas as if quoting1 but gives no authority4 ,to this ,i shall only add thus much1 that the man was accused for invoking and calling upon evil spirits1 and was a very simple and illiterate person to any mans judgment1 and had been formerly very poor1 but had gotten some pretty little meanes to maintain himself1 his ,wife and diverse small children1 by his cures done with this white powder1 of which there were sufficient proofs1 and the ,judge asking him how he came by the powder1 he told a story to this effect4 ',that one night before day was gone1 as he was going home from his labour1 being very sad and full of heavy thoughts1 not knowing how to get meat and drink for his ,wife and ,children1 he met a fair ,woman in fine cloaths1 who asked him why he was so sad1 and he told her it was by reason of his poverty1 to which she said1 that if he would follow her counsel she would help him to that which would serve to get him a good living3 to which he said he would consent with all his heart1 so it were not by unlawful ways3 she told him it should not be by any such ways1 but by doing of good and curing of sick people2 and so warning him strictly to meet her there the next night at the same time1 she departed from him1 and he went home4 ,and the next night at the time appointed he duly waited1 and she 7according to promise7 came and told him that it was well he came so duly1 otherwise he had missed of that benefit1 that she intended to do unto him1 and so bade him follow her and not be afraid4 ,thereupon she led him to a little ,hill and she knocked three times1 and the ,hill opened1 and they went in1 and came to a fair hall1 wherein was a ,queen sitting in great state1 and many people about her1 and the ,gentlewoman that brought him1 presented him to the ,queen1 and she said he was welcom1 and bid the ,gentlewoman give him some of the white powder1 and teach him how to use it1 which she did1 and gave him a little wood box full of the white powder1 and bad him give #b or #c grains of it to any that were sick1 and it would heal them1 and so she brought him forth of the ,hill1 and so they parted4 ,and being asked by the ,judge whether the place within the ,hill1 which he called a ,hall1 were light or dark1 he said indifferent1 as it is with us in the twilight2 and being asked how he got more powder1 he said when he wanted he went to that ,hill1 and knocked three times1 and said every time ,i am coming1 ,i am coming1 whereupon it opened1 and he going in was conducted by the aforesaid ,woman to the ,queen1 and so had more powder given him4 ,this was the plain and simple story 7however it may be judged of7 that he told before the ,judge1 the whole ,court1 and the ,jury1 and there being no proof1 but what cures he had done to very many1 the ,jury did acquit him4#idc #afee4 ,it might be here very seasonable to enquire into the nature of those large dark ,rings in the grass1 which they call ,fairy ,circles1 whether they be the ,rendezvouz of ,witches1 or the dancing place of those little ,puppet ,spirits which they call ,elves or ,fairies4#idd #affa4 ,jonet ,watson ,of ,dalkeith4 ,she confessed that three months before the ,devill apeired vnto her1 in the liknes of ane prettie boy1 in grein clothes4 ,as also about the tyme of the last ,baille-fyre night1 shoe was at a ,meitting in ,newtoun-dein with the ,deavill1 who had grein cloathes vpone him1 and ane blak hatt vpone his head2 wher schoe denyd ,christ1 and took her self to be the servant of the ,deivill4#ide #affb4 ,isobel ,gowdie of ,auldearne4 ,i was in the ,downie-hillis1 and got meat ther from the ,qwein of ,fearrie1 mor than ,i could eat4 ,the ,qwein of ,fearrie is brawlie clothed in whyt linens1 and in whyt and browne cloathes1 c42 and the ,king of ,fearrie is a braw man1 weill favoured1 and broad faced1 c4 ,ther wes elf-bullis rowtting and skoylling wp and downe thair and affrighted me4444 ,as for ,elf-arrow-heidis1 the ,devill shapes them with his awin hand1 and syne deliueris thame to ,elf-boyes1 who whyttis and dightis them with a sharp thing lyk a paking needle4444 ,we went in to the ,downie hillis2 the hill opened1 and we cam to an fair and large braw rowme in the day tym4 ,thair ar great bullis rowtting and skoylling ther1 at the entrie1 quhilk feared me4444 ,the ,devill wold giw ws the brawest lyk money that ewer wes coyned2 within fowr and twantie houris it vold be horse-muke4#idf #affb4 ,janet ,breadheid of ,auldearne4 ,he gaw me ane piece of money1 lyk a testain 444 and gaw me an vthir piece of money1 lyk the first1 bot they both turned read1 and ,i got nothing for thaim4#idg #affb4 ,bute4 ,the devil 'gave her ane elf errow stone to shott him a child of seven which she did ten dayes therafter that the child dyed imediately therafter4 ,jonet ,morisoune declares the devill told her it was the fayries that took ,john ,glas child's lyfe4 ,mcfersone in ,keretoule his dochter lay sick of a very unnaturall disease4 ,the disease quhilk ailed her was blasting with the faryes and that she healed her with herbes4 ,item being questioned about her heileing of ,alester ,bannatyne who was sick of the lyk disease answred that he was blasted with the fairyes also and that she heiled him thereof with herbs and being questioned anent hir heileing of ,patrick ,glas dochter ,barbara ,glas answred that she was blasted with the faryes also4 ,being inquired quhat difference was betwix shooting and blasting sayes that quhen they are shott ther is no recoverie for it and if the shott be in the heart they died presently bot if it be not at the heart they will die in a while with it yet will at last die with it and that blasting is a whirlwinde that the fayries raises about that persone quhich they intend to wrong quhich may be healed two wayes ether by herbs or by charming4'#idh #affd4 ,alice ,duke of ,wincanton1 ,somerset4 ,when the ,devil doth anything for her1 she calls for him by the name of ,robin1 upon which he appears4#idi #affd4 ,elizabeth ,style of ,wincanton1 ,somerset4 ,when she hath a desire to do harm1 she calls the ,spirit by the name of ,robin4#iej #afgj4 ,jean ,weir of ,edinburgh4 ,when she keeped a school at ,dalkeith1 and teached childering1 ane tall woman came to the declarant's hous when the childering were there2 she had1 as appeared to her1 ane chyld upon her back1 and on or two at her foot2 and the said woman desyred that the declarant should imploy her to spick for her to the ,queen of ,farie1 and strik and battle in her behalf with the said ,queen 7which was her own words74#iea #afgg4 ,inveraray4 ,donald ,mc,ilmichall was tried 'for that horrid cryme of corresponding with the devill'2 the whole evidence being that he entered a fairy hill where he met many men and women 'and he playd on trumps to them quhen they danced'4#ieb #afig4 ,margaret ,fulton in ,renfrewshire4 ,she was reputed a ,witch1 has the ,mark of it1 and acknowledged that her ,husband had brought her back from the ,faries4#iec #afig4 ,james ,lindsay1 alias ,curat1 in ,renfrewshire4 ,he was called the ,gleid1 or ,squint-,ey'd ,elff4#ied ,nineteenth century4 ,it was the common rumour that ,elphin ,irving came not into the world like the other sinful creatures of the earth1 but was one of the ,kane-bairns of the fairies1 whilk they had to pay to the enemy of man's salvation every seventh year4 ,the poor lady-fairy1--a mother's aye a mother1 be she ,elve's flesh or ,eve's flesh1--hid her ,elf son beside the christened flesh in ,marion ,irving's cradle1 and the auld enemy lost his prey for a time4444 ,and touching this lad1 ye all ken his mother was a hawk of an uncannie nest1 a second cousin of ,kate ,kimmer1 of ,barfloshan1 as rank a witch as ever rode on ragwort4#iee ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #iae3 ,quicherat1 i1 p4 #fg2 ,murray1 pp4 #be #f4 ,footnote #iaf3 ,id41 i1 p4 #hg2 ,m41 p4 #db4 ,footnote #iag3 ,id41 i1 pp4 #hh-i2 ,m41 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #iah3 ,id41 i1 p4 #agg2 ,m41 p4 #hj4 ,footnote #iai3 ,id41 i1 p4 #agh2 ,m41 #hj4 ,footnote #ibj3 ,id41 i1 p4 #ahf2 ,m41 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #iba3 ,id41 i1 p4 #ahg2 ,m41 p4 #hd4 ,footnote #ibb3 ,id41 i1 p4 #bji2 ,m41 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ibc3 ,bour-le-mont1 cp4 ,bour-jo1 'a word of unknown derivation'4 ,see ,walter ,scott1 ,witchcraft and ,demonology4 ,footnote #ibd3 ,q41 i1 p4 #baj2 ,m41 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ibe3 ,q41 i1 pp4 #baa-ab2 ,m41 pp4 #ia-b4 ,footnote #ibf3 ,id41 i1 p4 #bdb2 ,m41 pp4 #if-g4 ,footnote #ibg3 ,examination of ,john ,walsh4 ,footnote #ibh3 ,pitcairn1 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #eb-c1 #ef-g4 ,footnote #ibi3 ,id41 i1 pt4 ii1 pp4 #afb-c4 ,footnote #icj3 ,remigius1 pt4 i1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #ica3 ,giffard1 p4 #aj2 ,percy ,soc4 viii4 ,footnote #icb3 ,id4 ib41 p4 #i4 ,footnote #icc3 ,pitcairn1 ii1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #icd3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 p4 #agg4 ,footnote #ice3 ,spalding ,club ,misc41 i1 pp1 #aai1 #aba1 #abe4 ,footnote #icf3 ,burton1 i1 p4 #bec4 ,footnote #icg3 ,boguet1 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #ich3 ,maitland ,club ,misc41 ii1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #ici3 ,dalyell1 p4 #ecf4 ,footnote #idj3 ,county ,folklore1 iii1 ,orkney1 pp4 #aab-ad2 ,maitland ,club ,misc41 ii1 pp4 #ahh-i4 ,footnote #ida3 ,wonderfull ,discoverie of ,margaret and ,phillip ,flower1 ,e #c4 ,footnote #idb3 ,dalyell1 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #idc3 ,webster1 pp4 #cjj-b4 ,footnote #idd3 ,more1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #ide3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 p4 #fja4 ,footnote #idf3 ,pitcairn1 iii1 pp4 #fjd1 #fjg1 #faa1 #fac4 ,footnote #idg3 ,id41 iii1 p4 #fag4 ,footnote #idh3 ,highland ,papers1 iii1 pp4 #ai1 #bc1 #bg4 ,footnote #idi3 ,glanvil1 pt4 ii1 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #iej3 ,id41 ii1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #iea3 ,law1 p4 #bg note4 ,footnote #ieb3 ,highland ,papers1 iii1 pp4 #cf-h4 ,footnote #iec3 ,sadducismus ,debellatus1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ied3 ,id41 p4 #be4 ,footnote #iee3 ,cunningham1 pp4 #bdf1 #bea ,,appendix ,,ii ,,trial ,,of ,,silvain ,,nevillon ,,and ,,gentien ,,le ,,clerc ,,at ,,orleans1 #afad-ae ,this trial is included here as a specimen of purely ritual witchcraft1 without spell-casting4 ,arrest procedure faicte par le ,lieutenant ,criminel d ,orleans1 contre ,siluain ,neuillon1 ,gentien le ,clerc dit ,niuelle1 ,mathurin ,ferrand du village de ,nouan en ,sologne1 conuaincus de sortilege le #bj ,juin #afad4 ,le ,vendredy #bj ,iuin #afad ledit ,lieutenant procedant l'audition dudit ,neuillon couureur ,masson1 aag de #gg ans4 ,ledit ,lieutenant ,criminel luy ayant dit qu'il luy vouloit faire raire ou razer le poil changer d'habits3 afin qu'il dict verit4 ,l'accus s'escria en ces mots1 ,comment me veut-on faire mourir1 ,messieurs1 si ie vous confesse la verit1 vous ne me ferez pas razer4 ,a confess auoir est au ,sabbat prez ,nouan1 en vn lieu nomm ,oliuet4 ,dit que le ,sabbat se tenoit dans vne maison1 o il vit la chemine come ledit ,sabbat se faisoit1 vn homme noir duquel on ne voyoit point la teste1 deux cheures ou boucs en la mesme maison ayant grand poil noir4 ,il y auoit #bjj4 personnes tous masquez1 except vn nomm ,ferrand4 ,qu'allant l'offrande aucuns baillent de l'argent comme l',eglise4 ,vit aussi vn grand homme noir l'opposite de celuy de la chemine1 qui regardoit dans vn liure1 dont les feuillets estoient noirs bleuds1 marmotoit entre ses dents sans entendre ce qu'il disoit1 leuoit vne hostie noire1 puis vn calice de meschant estain tout crasseux4 ,vit que tous les assistans danoient en bransles dos dos1 deux boucs ou cheures auec eux4 ,il y auoit des viandes si fades qu'il n'en peut aualler1 croit que c'estoit de la chair de cheual1 que ledit home noir parloit comme si la voix fut sortie d'vn poinson3 ,et vit enuiron douze enfans portez par des femmes1 que le ,diable batit vne femme auec vn baston1 de ce qu'elle n'auoit pas apport son enfant comme elle auoit promis1 bailloit ledit homme noir des gasteaux auxdits petits enfans4 ,dit que ceux qui ne vont au ,sabbat1 payent huict sols1 qu'il y a des processions o il a veu par fois six cens personnes1 que les deux ,diables qui estoient au ,sabbat1 l'vn s'appelloit l',orthon1 l'autre ,traisnesac1 qu'ils se baissoient enuers ceux qui leur emmenoient leurs enfans comme pour les remercier1 baisoient leursdits enfans au cul4 ,dit qu'il a veu le ,diable en plusieurs faons1 tantost comme vn bouc1 ayant vn visage deuant vn autre derriere1 ores comme vn gros mouton4 ,qu'on baptise des enfans au ,sabbat auec du ,cresme1 que des femmes apportent1 frottent la verge de quelque homme1 en font sortir de la semence qu'elles amassent1 la meslent auec le ,cresme1 puis mettent cela sur la teste de l'enfant en prononant quelques paroles en ,latin4 ,dit aussi auoir veu des ,sorciers ,sorcieres qui apportoient des ,hosties au ,sabbat1 lesquelles elles auoient gard lors qu'on leur auoit baill communier l',eglise1 que le ,diable faisoit des gestes comme en depitant sur icelles ,hosties1 desquelles on faisoit de la poudre1 quelque fois on les mettoit dans l'eau1 que le ,diable estoit fort ayse quand on luy apportoit lesdites ,hosties4 ,dit auoir ouy dire ,guilleaume le ,clerc dit ,nitelle1 que pour auoir faict mourir vn homme le ,diable donnoit de recompence huict sols1 pour vne femme cinq sols4 ,dit que le ,diable les bat au ,sabbat1 quand ils ne sauent rendre compte d'auoir fait quelque mal1 qu'il leur dit en se separant vengez vous1 autrement vous mourrez4 ,dit que le iour qu'on a est la ,messe1 on ne peut estre ensorcell1 ou qu'on a vn ,agnus ,dei sur soy1 que bien souuent ils appellent l',hostie ,iean le blanc1 que les femmes chantent des chsons en l'honneur du ,diable1 qu' l'entree sortie de table au ,sabbat1 on dit au ,diable nous vous recognoissons pour nostre maistre1 nostre ,dieu1 nostre ,createur4 ,que le ,diable dit le ,serm au ,sabbat1 mais qu'on n'entend ce qu'il dit1 parce qu'il parle come en grdant1 qu'il iette de la poudre par toute l'assemble1 come on fait de l'eau beniste4 ,vit qu'on frappoit dans l'eau d'vne baguette1 aussi tost vit comme il luy sembloit que c'estoit de la gresle4 ,dit estre all souuent au ,sabbat de son pied tout esueill1 ne se grassoit point1 d'autant que c'estoit folie de se graisser quand on ne va pas loing4 ,dit que le ,diable monstre une forme de membre viril au ,sabbat1 ong comme vne chandelle1 qu'il vit vne femme qui le baisa par l4 ,dit que les ,sorciers ne peuuent faire mal le ,vendredy1 cause que ,dieu y auoit souffert la mort1 estoit venu au monde ledit iour4 ,dit qu'il y a des ,sorciers qui nourrissent des ,marionettes1 qui sont de petits ,diableteaux en forme de ,crapaux1 leur font manger de la bouillie compose de laict de farine1 leur donnent le premier mourceau1 n'oseroient s'absenter de leur maison sans leur demander cong1 luy faut dire combien de temps ils seront absens1 comme trois ou quatre iours1 si elles disent que c'est trop1 ceux qui les gardent1 n'osent faire leur voyage ny outre-passer leur volont4 ,et quand ils veulent aller en marchandise ou ioer1 sauoir s'il y fera bon1 ils regardent si lesdites ,marionettes sont ioyeuses1 en ce cas ils vont en marchandise1 ou ioer3 mais si elles sont maussades tristes1 ils ne bougent de la maison1 le plus souuent lesdites ,marionettes vsent enuers eux de grandes menaces4 ,interrog ledit ,neuillon par ledit ,lieutenant ,criminel1 si son aduis vn ,iuge pourroit faire prendre lesdites ,marionettes1 veu que ce sont ,demons familliers4 ,respond qu'vn bon ,iuge pourroit bien faire emporter lesdites ,marionettes1 d'autant qu'elles craignent fort les bons ,iuges3 mais qu'vn ,iuge qui ne feroit pas bien la ,iustice1 ny gagneroit rien1 que les ,sorciers peuuent ensorceller vn meschant ,iuge1 parce que ,dieu l'a abandonn4 ,dit qu'il a veu bailler au ,sabbat du pain benist1 de l'encens1 mais il ne sentoit bon comme celuy de l',eglise1 que c'estoit vn des ,diables nomm ,orthon qui le donnoit1 lorsque ,tramesabot disoit la ,messe1 qu'auant la commencer il iettoit de l'eau beniste qui estoit faicte de pissat1 faisoit la reverence de l'espaule1 disoit1 ,asperges ,diaboli4 ,ledit ,neuillon estoit conuaincu par le procez1 d'auoir empoisonn faict mourir plusieurs personnes bestiaux1 d'auoir faict d'autres maux4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gentil ou ,genti le ,clerc dit1 que sa mre le presenta 7dit-on7 en l'aage de trois ans au ,sabbat1 vn bouc1 qu'on appelloit l',aspic4 ,dit qu'il fut baptis au ,sabbat1 au ,carroir d',oliuet1 auec quatorze ou quinze autres1 que ,ieanne ,geraut porta du ,chresme qui estoit jaune dans vn pot1 que ledit ,neuillon ietta de la semence dans ledit pot1 vn nomm ,semelle1 broilloient cela auec vne petite cuilliere de bois1 puis leur en mirent tous sur la teste4 ,il vit marquer plusieurs personnes1 mais les femmes principalement entre les tetins4 ,qu'on baille baiser la paix comme l',eglise1 que cela semble vne tuille1 qu'on y baille vn denier ou vn double allant l'offrande1 l'eau beniste est iaune comme du pissat d'asne1 qu'apres qu'on la iette on dit la ,messe1 que c'est le ,diable qui la dit1 qu'il a vne ,chasuble qui a vne croix3 mais qu'elle n'a que trois barres3 tourne le dos l',autel quand il veut leuer l',hostie le ,calice1 qui sont noirs1 marmote dans vn liure1 duquel la couuerture est toute velu comme d'vne peau de loup1 auec des feuillets blancs rouges1 d'autres noirs4 ,et quand ledit homme noir a iett1 ou iette de l'eau beniste1 chacun des assistans1 se iette en terre comme on faict l',eglise sur la fosse des trespassez1 auec vn morceau de hou qui a trois feuilles au bout4 ,aprs la ,messe on dance1 puis on couche ensemble1 hommes auec hommes1 auec des femmes4 ,puis on se met table1 o il n'a iamais veu de sel4 ,et n'y a autre viande que grenouille anguilles1 point de vin ains de l'eau4 ,dit qu'il a cognu des hommes s'est accoupl auec eux2 qu'il auoit vne couppe ou gondolle par le moyen de laquelle toutes les femmes le suiuoient pour y boire4 ,qu'au ,sabbat on y blasphemoit souuent1 disant chardieu1 c'est vne belle chose qu'ils font blanchir pour qu'on la voye de plus loing1 puis la mangent1 quand ils l'ont mang il n'y en a plus1 que les ,prestres font cela pour amuser le monde1 que c'est vn beau ,ianicot1 qu'il y auoit plus d'acquest en sa ,marionette qu'en ,dieu4 ,et auoit veu souuent la ,marionette dudit ,neuillon1 qui est comme vn gros crapaut tout noir1 comme d'vne fourrure noire1 estoit dans vne botte cach soubs vn carreau1 qui sautoit leuoit quand on vouloit donner manger audit crapaut4 ,qu'il l'a veu encore puis six sepmaines en la ruelle du lict dudict ,neuillon1 qu'il a veu qu'il l'apportoit vne autre fois dans son manteau1 qu'il luy a dit vne douzaine de fois1 que s'il vouloit il luy en feroit auoir vne4 ,qu'il y auoit plus profit en icelle qu'en ,dieu1 qu'il ne gagnoit rien regarder ,dieu3 mais que sa ,marionette luy apportoit tousiours quelque chose4 ,confesse auoir faict mourir plusieurs personnes1 qu'il sait faire dancer les bufs dans vn cercle qu'il fait1 qu'vne vieille luy apprins4 ,ils furent condamnez1 par sentence estre pendus bruslez4 ,appel en la ,cour1 ou au rapport de ,monsieur ,berulle1 ,conseiller en la seconde ,chambre des ,enquestes1 deux ,sorciers moururent4 ,cependant ,gentien le ,clerc seul1 fut condamn par ,arrest du #d ,feurier #afae4 ,,appendix ,,iii ,a4 ,,names ,,of ,,witches ,,in ,,covens #a #addj4 ,machecoul ,three were executed2 of four equally guilty two fled1 and two had died previously4 #a4 ,antonio ,prelati #b4 ,bertrand ,poulein #c4 ,etienne ,corrillaut executed #d4 ,etiennette ,blanchu #e4 ,eustache ,blanchet #f4 ,gilles de ,rais executed #g4 ,gilles de ,sill fled #h4 ,henri ,griart executed #i4 ,jean ,rossignol dead #aj4 ,lenano ,ceva #aa4 ,perrine ,martin #ab4 ,robin ,romulart dead #ac4 ,roger de ,bricqueville fled #b #aehb4 ,essex4 ,st4 ,osyth #a4 ,ales ,hunt #b4 ,ales ,manfield #c4 ,ales ,newman #d4 ,annis ,glascocke #e4 ,annys ,heade #f4 ,cysley ,celles #g4 ,elizabeth ,bennet #h4 ,elizabeth ,ewstace #i4 ,joan ,pechey #aj4 ,joan ,robinson #aa4 ,margaret ,grevell #ab4 ,margery ,sammon #ac4 ,ursley ,kemp #c #aeij4 ,north ,berwick ,those marked with a star are the nine who took part in the great attempt on ,james ,,vi's life4 ,of these four were tried and executed4 ,of the rest of the ,covens1 ,christian ,tod1 ,donald ,robson1 and ,robert ,grierson were executed as witches in #aeid1 and ,beigis ,tod in #afjh4 ,the others appear to have escaped altogether4 99#a1 #b4 ,agnes ,sampson and her daughter #c4 ,agnes ,stratton #d4 ,alexander ,quhytelaw #e4 ,annie ,richardson 99#f4 ,barbara ,napier #g4 ,beigis ,tod #h4 ,bessie ,broune #i4 ,bessie ,gwlene ,cowan #aj4 ,bessie ,robson #aa4 ,bessie ,thomson #ab4 ,bessie ,wright #ac4 ,catherine ,campbell #ad4 ,catherine ,duncan #ae4 ,catherene ,mc,gill #af4 ,christian ,carrington #ag4 ,christian ,tod 99#ah4 ,donald ,robson #ai4 ,duncan ,buchanan 99#bj4 ,euphemia ,mc,calyan #ba4 ,geillis ,duncan #bb4 ,gilbert ,mc,gill #bc4 ,helen ,lauder #bd4 ,helen ,quhyte #be4 ,issobell ,gylour ,gylloun #bf4 ,issobell ,lauder #bg4 ,jannet ,blandilands #bh4 ,jonnet ,campbell #bi4 ,jonet ,gaw ,gall #cj4 ,jonet ,logan #ca4 ,jonet ,nicholson 99#cb4 ,jonet ,stratton #cc4 ,john ,couper 99#cd4 ,john ,fian officer #ce4 ,john ,gordon ,gray-meill #cf4 ,john ,mc,gill #cg4 ,kaet ,gray #ch4 ,kait ,wallace #ci4 ,malie ,geddie #dj4 ,margrett ,aitchison #da4 ,meg ,begton #db4 ,meg ,dunn #dc4 ,meg ,stillcart 99#dd4 ,margret ,thomsoun #de4 ,marion ,bailzie #df4 ,marion ,congilton #dg1 #dh4 ,marion ,linkup and her sister #di4 ,marion ,nicholson #ej4 ,marion ,paterson #ea4 ,marion ,scheill ,shaw #eb4 ,marion 444 ,irish ,marion #ec4 ,masie ,aitchison #ed4 ,michael ,clark #ee4 ,richard ,graham 99#ef4 ,robert ,grierson #eg1 #eh4 ,thomas ,burnhill and his wife #ei1 #fj4 444 ,stobbeis #b women #fa4 ,archie ,henillis' wife 99#fb4 ,george ,mott's wife #fc4 ,john ,ramsay's wife #fd4 ,nicoll ,murray's wife #d #aeig4 ,aberdeen #a ,the following were executed4 #a4 ,andro ,man #b4 ,christen ,reid #c4 ,issobell ,oige #d4 ,issobell ,richie #e4 ,helen ,rogie #f4 ,jonet ,grant #g4 ,jonet ,spaldarg #h4 ,jonet ,wishert #i4 ,katherine ,gerard #aj4 ,margrat ,bean #aa4 ,margrat ,og #ab4 ,marion ,grant #ac4 ,thomas ,leyis officer #b ,the following took a leading part in the ceremonies and were tried2 seven were banished2 no record as to the fate of the rest4 #a4 ,agnes ,wobster #b4 ,beatrice ,robbie banished #c4 ,bessie ,thom #d4 ,christen ,mitchell #e4 ,ellen ,gray #f4 ,elspet ,leyis banished #g4 ,issobell ,coky #h4 ,helen ,fraser #i4 ,john ,leyis banished #aj4 ,jonet ,davidson banished #aa4 ,jonet ,leyis banished #ab4 ,jonet ,lucas banished #ac4 ,violet ,leyis banished #e #afac4 ,lancashire ,ten were executed2 ,elizabeth ,demdike died in prison2 ,jennet ,preston was acquitted1 but was executed later4 ,i suggest ,jennet ,hargreaves as the thirteenth1 for she was the only one who was first at ,malking ,tower and afterwards in prison4 #a4 ,alice ,nutter #b4 ,alizon ,device #c4 ,anne ,redferne #d4 ,anne ,whittle #e4 ,elizabeth ,demdike officer #f4 ,elizabeth ,device #g4 ,isobel ,robey #h4 ,james ,device #i4 ,jane ,bulcock #aj4 ,jennet ,hargreaves #aa4 ,jennet ,preston #ab4 ,john ,bulcock #ac4 ,katherine ,hewit #f #afag4 ,guernsey #a4 ,collas ,becquet #b4 ,collette du ,mont officer #c4 ,isabel ,becquet #d4 ,marie ,becquet #e4 ,the woman ,fallaise #f4 ,the woman ,hardie #g4 ,a woman she did not know #h-ac4 ,six others there she did not know #g #afdd4 ,queensferry ,seven were executed4 #a4 ,catherine ,logie #b4 ,catherine ,thomson #c4 ,elspet ,cant #d4 ,helen ,hill #e4 ,helen ,thomson #f4 ,isobel ,young #g4 ,janet ,lowrie #h4 ,janet ,mowbray #i4 ,margaret ,brown #aj4 ,margaret ,dauline #aa4 ,marion ,dauline #ab4 ,marion ,little #ac4 ,marion ,stein #h #afdi4 ,herts4 ,st4 ,albans #a4 ,anne ,smith #b4 ,john ,lamen ,sr4 #c4 ,john ,lamen ,jr4 #d4 ,john 8 ,joan ,lamen #e4 ,john ,palmer #f4 ,john ,salmon1 ,sr #g4 ,joseph ,salmon #h4 ,judeth ,salmon #i4 ,mary ,bychance #aj4 ,mary ,lamen1 ,sr #aa4 ,mary ,lamen1 ,jr #ab4 ,sarah ,smith #ac4 ,widow ,palmer #i #afeh4 ,alloa #a4 ,barbara ,erskin #b4 ,bessie ,paton #c4 ,elspet ,black #d4 ,james ,hudston #e4 ,james ,kirk #f4 ,jonet ,millar #g4 ,jonet ,paterson #h4 ,jonet ,reid #i4 ,kathren ,black #aj4 ,kathren ,renny #aa4 ,margret ,demperstoun #ab4 ,margret ,duchall #ac4 ,margret ,tailzeour #aj #affa4 ,forfar ,the two ,covens were led1 one by ,helen ,guthrie1 the other by ,helen ,cothills4 ,i have put in the first ,coven the names which occur most frequently together4 #a4 ,agnes ,sparke #b4 ,andrew ,watson #c4 ,elspet ,alexander #d4 ,elspet ,bruce #e4 ,helen ,alexander #f4 ,helen ,guthrie officer #g4 ,isobel ,dorward #h4 ,isobel ,shyrie #i4 ,john ,tailzeour #aj4 ,jonet ,howit #aa4 ,jonet ,stout #ab4 ,katherene ,portour #ac4 ,mary ,rynd #b #a4 ,bessie ,croket #b4 ,christen ,whyte #c4 ,george ,ellies #d4 ,helen ,cothills officer #e4 ,isobel ,smith #f4 ,jonet ,barrie #g4 ,katharene ,wallace #h4 ,margaret ,nicholl #i4 ,marjorie ,ritchie #aj4 444 ,finlason #aa4 444 ,hebrone #ab1 #ac4 ,two unnamed women mentioned by ,katharene ,portour4 #aa #affb4 ,auldearne #a4 ,barbara ,ronald #b4 ,bessie ,hay #c4 ,bessie ,wilson #d4 ,elspet ,nishie #e4 ,issobell ,gowdie #f4 ,issobell ,nicoll #g4 ,janet ,breadheid #h4 ,janet ,burnet #i4 ,john ,taylor #aj4 ,john ,young officer #aa4 ,jean ,marten the ,maiden #ab4 ,margret ,brodie #ac4 ,margret ,wilson #ab #affb4 ,kinross-shire4 ,crook of ,devon #a4 ,agnes ,brugh #b4 ,agnes ,murie #c4 ,agnes ,pittendreich #d4 ,bessie ,henderson #e4 ,bessie ,neil #f4 ,christian ,grieve #g4 ,isabel ,rutherford #h4 ,janet ,brugh #i4 ,janet ,paton 7of ,crook7 #aj4 ,janet ,paton 7of ,kilduff7 #aa4 ,margaret ,huggon #ab4 ,margaret ,litster #ac4 ,robert ,wilson #ac #affb4 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,though the published records are incomplete1 the number of names surviving suggests that a ,coven existed here4 #a4 ,andrew ,sanford #b4 ,elizabeth ,seager #c4 ,james ,walkley #d4 ,judith ,varlet #e4 ,mary ,sanford #f4 ,nathaniel ,greensmith #g4 ,rebecca ,greensmith #h4 ,william ,ayres #i4 ,goodwife ,ayres #aj4 ,goodwife ,grant #aa4 ,goodwife ,palmer #ab4 ,goodwife ,sanford #ad #affb4 ,bute #a4 ,agnes 444 in ,gortenis #b4 ,annie ,heyman the ,maiden #c4 ,cirstine ,ballantyne the ,maiden #d4 ,donald ,mc,cartour #e4 ,elspet ,galie #f4 ,elspeth ,gray #g4 ,elspet ,nc,william #h4 ,elspeth ,spence #i4 ,issobell ,more ,mc,kaw #aj4 ,issobell ,nc,neill #aa4 ,issobell ,nc,nicoll #ab4 ,jonet ,mc,conachie #ac4 ,jonet ,mc,neill #ad4 ,jonet ,mc,nickell #ae4 ,jonet ,isack #af4 ,jonet ,morison #ag4 ,jonet ,nicoll #ah4 ,john ,galy #ai4 ,kathrine ,cristell #bj4 ,kathrine ,frissell #ba4 ,kathrine ,mc,william #bb4 ,kathrine ,moore #bc4 ,kathrine ,stewart #bd4 ,margaret ,mc,neill #be4 ,margaret ,mc,nickell #bf4 ,margaret ,ncilduy #bg4 ,margaret ,nc,levin #bh4 ,margaret ,nc,william #bi4 ,margaret ,smith #cj4 ,marie ,mc,kaw #ca4 ,marie ,more ,nc,cuill #cb4 ,marie ,stewart #cc4 ,patrick ,mc,kaw ,besides eleven other incomplete names1 of which five can be identified as being already mentioned above1 leaving six to add to that number1 i4e4 thirty-nine in all4 #ae #affd4 ,somerset ,in the first ,coven ,i have put the names which occur most frequently together in the evidence4 #a #a4 ,alice ,duke #b4 ,alice ,green #c4 ,anne ,bishop officer #d4 ,catharine ,green #e4 ,christian ,green #f4 ,dinah ,warberton #g4 ,dorothy ,warberton #h4 ,elizabeth ,stile #i4 ,henry ,walter #aj4 ,jone ,syms #aa4 ,mary ,green #ab4 ,mary ,penny #ac4 ,mary ,warberton #b #a4 ,christopher ,ellen #b4 ,james ,bush #c4 ,john ,combes #d4 ,john ,vining #e4 ,julian ,cox #f4 ,margaret ,agar officer8 #g4 ,margaret ,clarke #h4 ,rachel ,king #i4 ,richard ,dickes #aj4 ,richard ,lannen #aa4 ,thomas ,bolster #ab4 ,thomas ,dunning #ac4 444 ,durnford #af #afgc4 ,northumberland #a4 ,anne ,driden #b4 ,anne ,foster #c4 ,anne ,usher #d4 ,elizabeth ,pickering #e4 ,john ,crauforth #f4 ,lucy ,thompson #g4 ,margaret ,aynsley #h4 ,margarett 7whose surname she knowes not7 #i4 ,michael ,aynsley #aj4 ,william ,wright #aa-ac4 ,and three more1 whose names she knowes not #ag #afeg4 ,renfrewshire4 ,bargarran #a4 ,agnes ,naismith #b4 ,alexander ,anderson #c4 ,james ,lindsay #d4 ,janet ,rodgers #e4 ,janet ,wagh #f4 ,jean ,fulton officer #g4 ,john ,lindsay #h4 ,john ,reid #i4 ,katherine ,campbel #aj4 ,margaret ,fulton #aa4 ,margaret ,laing #ab4 ,margaret ,rodgers #ac4 ,martha ,semple ,b4 ,,names ,,of ,,witches ,guernsey being a law unto itself in the matter of names1 the following remarks refer only to ,england and ,scotland4 ,the lists of witch-names bring to light several facts as regards the women4 ,one of these is the entire absence of ,saxon names1 such as ,gertrude1 ,edith1 ,hilda2 ,old ,testament names are so few in number as to be negligible2 ,scandinavian names are not found2 the essentially ,puritan names1 such as ,temperance1 hardly occur2 but the great mass of the names fall under eight heads with their dialectical differences3 #a1 ,ann 7,annis1 ,agnes1 ,annabel72 #b1 ,alice 7,alison72 #c1 ,christian 7,christen1 ,cirstine72 #d1 ,elizabeth 7,elspet1 ,isobel1 ,bessie72 #e1 ,ellen 7,elinor1 ,helen72 #f1 ,joan 7,jane1 ,janet1 ,jonet72 #g1 ,margaret 7,marget1 ,meg1 ,marjorie72 #h1 ,marion 7,mary74 ,at first sight the list suggests ,new ,testament and ,greek influence2 and though ,i am not prepared to dispute this1 ,i would point out 7#a7 that there was a ,british goddess called ,anna1 which may account not only for all the forms of ,ann but also for the terminations in ,alison and ,marion2 7#b7 that the name ,christian clearly indicates the presence of another religion2 7#c7 that there is at present nothing to prove that ,isobel is a variant of ,elizabeth--it is quite possible that ,isobel was the original name and that the missionaries ',christianized' it as ,elizabeth2 7#d7 that ,helen was a pre-,christian name in ,great ,britain2 7#e7 that ,margaret may have been originally ,marget1 the spelling and pronunciation being influenced by the ,greek form2 and as g and y are dialectically interchangeable1 ,marget would be the same as1 or closely allied to1 the ,finnish ,marjatta4 ,if ,christianity had obtained the hold on the people which the ecclesiastical writers would have us believe1 the name ,mary should surely have been the most common1 but it hardly occurs in ,great ,britain before #afde1 while ,marion is hardly used after that date4 ,this looks as though ,marion were the earlier form1 and ,mary may therefore be merely the contraction of the longer name4 ,as regards the name ,joan ,i can offer no explanations or suggestions4 ,i can only call attention to its overwhelming preponderance in comparison with the others4 ,in the lists the names are arranged without regard to local differences of spelling4 ,the surnames are in alphabetical order4 ,abre ,grinset ,dunwich #affc ,agnes ,allene ,crook of ,devon #affb ,agnes ,beveridge ,crook of ,devon #affb ,agnes ,brodie ,auldearne #affb ,agnes ,browne ,northampton #afab ,agnes ,brugh ,crook of ,devon #affb ,agnes ,finnie ,edinburgh #afdd ,agnes ,forbes ,aberdeen #aeig ,agnes ,frame ,aberdeen #aeig ,agnes ,grant ,auldearne #affb ,agnes ,murie ,crook of ,devon #affb ,agnes ,naismith ,bargarran #afig ,agnes ,pittendreich ,crook of ,devon #affb ,agnes ,rawsterne ,lancs #afac ,agnes ,sampson ,north ,berwick #aeij ,agnes ,sharp ,crook of ,devon #affb ,agnes ,sparke ,forfar #affa ,agnes ,stratton ,north ,berwick #aeij ,agnes ,torrie ,auldearne #affb ,agnes ,williamson ,samuelston #affb ,agnes ,wobster ,aberdeen #aeig ,agnes 444 in ,gortenis ,bute #affb ,alester ,mc,niven ,bute #afdb ,alexander ,bell ,auldearne #affb ,alexander ,elder ,auldearne #affb ,alexander ,hamilton ,edinburgh #afcj ,alexander ,hunter ,east ,lothian #afdi ,alexander ,ledy ,auldearne #affb ,alexander ,quhytelaw ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,alexander ,shepheard ,auldearne #affb ,alexander ,sussums ,suffolk #afdf ,alice ,dixon ,essex #afde ,alice ,dixon ,northumberland #afgc ,alice ,duke ,somerset #affd ,alice ,gooderidge ,burton-on-,trent #aeig ,alice ,gray ,lancs #afac ,alice ,green ,somerset #affd ,ales ,hunt ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,alice ,huson ,burton ,agnes #affd ,alice ,kyteler ,ireland #acbd ,ales ,mansfield ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,ales ,newman ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,alice ,nutter ,lancs #afac ,alice ,priestley ,lancs #afac ,alse ,young ,connecticut #afdg ,alizon ,device ,lancs #afac ,alison ,dick ,kirkcaldy #afcf ,alesoun ,peirsoun ,fifeshire #aehh ,allan ,mc,keldowie ,orkney #afaf ,amy ,duny ,essex #afde ,amie ,hyndman1 ,snr4 ,bute #affb ,amie ,hyndman1 ,jnr4 ,bute #affb ,andro ,man ,aberdeen #aeig ,andrew ,sanford ,conn4 #affb ,andrew ,watson ,forfar #affa ,anne ,ashby ,maidstone #afeb ,ann ,baites ,northumberland #afgc ,anne ,baker ,leicester #afai ,anne ,bishop ,somerset #affd ,anne ,blampied ,guernsey #afbi ,anne ,bodenham ,salisbury #afcc ,anne ,cate ,much ,holland1 ,essex #afde ,anne ,cooper ,clacton1 ,essex #afde ,annas ,craigie ,crook of ,devon #affb ,anne ,crunkshey ,lancs #afac ,anne ,desborough ,hunts #afdf ,anne ,driden ,northumberland #afgc ,anne ,foster ,northumberland #afgc ,ann ,foster ,northampton #afgd ,annis ,glascocke ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,anne ,grut ,guernsey #afad ,annis ,heade ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,annie ,heyman ,bute #affb ,anne ,hunnam ,scarborough #afea ,anne ,leach ,misley1 ,essex #afde ,anne ,martyn ,maidstone #afeb ,anne ,massq ,guernsey #afag ,anne ,parker ,suffolk #afde ,anne ,parteis ,northumberland #afgc ,anne ,pearce ,suffolk #afde ,anne ,redferne ,lancs #afac ,annie ,richardson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,anne ,smith ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,annabil ,stuart ,paisley #afgh ,anie ,tailzeour ,orkney #afcc ,annaple ,thomson ,borrowstowness #afgi ,anne ,usher ,northumberland #afgc ,anne ,west ,lawford1 ,essex #afde ,anne ,whitfield ,northumberland #afgc ,anne ,whittle ,lancs #afac ,anthony ,hunter ,northumberland #afgc ,archibald ,man ,auldearne #affb ,arthur ,bill ,northampton #afab ,barbara ,erskeine ,alloa #afeh ,barbara ,friece ,auldearne #affb ,barbara ,napier ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,barbara ,ronald ,auldearne #affb ,beak ,taiss ,aberdeen #aeig ,beigis ,tod ,n4 ,berwick #aeih ,beatrice ,laing ,pittenweem #agjd ,beatrice ,robbie ,aberdeen #aeig ,cirstine ,ballantyne ,bute #affb ,christian ,carington ,n4 ,berwick #aeig ,christian ,carrington ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,christian ,graham ,glasgow #afbb ,christian ,green ,somerset #affd ,christian ,grieve ,crook of ,devon #affb ,christine ,harnon ,guernsey #afag ,christiane ,lewingstone ,leith #aeig ,christen ,miller ,aberdeen #aeig ,christen ,mitchell ,aberdeen #aeig ,christen ,reid ,aberdeen #aeig ,christian ,saidler ,edinburgh #aeig ,christian ,tod ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,christen ,whyte ,forfar #affa ,christiane ,wilson ,dalkeith #affa ,christian ,young ,crook of ,devon #affb ,christopher ,dixon ,northumberland #afgc ,christopher ,ellen ,somerset #affd ,christopher ,hargreaves ,lancs #afac ,christopher ,howgate ,lancs #afac ,cysley ,celles ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,cecile ,vaultier ,guernsey #afaj ,collas ,becquet ,guernsey #afag ,collette ,becquet ,guernsey #afag ,collette de l',estal ,guernsey #afbb ,collette ,dumont ,guernsey #afag ,collette ,gascoing ,guernsey #aefc ,collette la ,gele ,guernsey #afbd ,collette ,robin ,guernsey #afbb ,collette ,salmon ,guernsey #aefc ,collette ,sauvage ,guernsey #afci ,collette ,tourtel ,guernsey #aegf ,deliverance ,hobbs ,salem #afib ,dinah ,warberton ,somerset #affd ,donald ,mc,cartour ,bute #affb ,donald ,robesoune ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,doll ,bilby ,burton ,agnes #affd ,dorothy ,green ,northumberland #afgc ,dorothy ,warberton ,somerset #affd ,duncan ,buchquhannane ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,bessie ,aiken ,edinburgh #aeig ,elspet ,alexander ,forfar #affa ,elizabeth ,astley ,lancs #afac ,elizabeth ,atchinson ,northumberland #afgc ,bessie ,bathgate ,eymouth #afcd ,elizabeth ,bennet ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,elspet ,blak ,alloa #afeh ,bessie ,browne ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,elspet ,bruce ,forfar #affa ,elspet ,cant ,queensferry #afdd ,elizabeth ,chandler ,hunts #afdf ,elspet ,chisholme ,auldearne #affb ,elizabeth ,clark ,manningtree #afde ,elizabeth ,clawson ,conn4 #afib ,bessie ,croket ,forfar #affa ,elizabeth ,demdike ,lancs #afac ,elizabeth ,dempster ,crook of ,devon #affb ,elizabeth ,device ,lancs #afac ,elizabeth ,dickenson ,knaresborough #afba ,bessie ,dunlop ,ayrshire #aegf ,elizabeth ,duquenin ,guernsey #afaj ,elizabeth ,ewstace ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,elspet ,falconer ,auldearne #affb ,elspet ,findlay ,aberdeen #aeig ,elizabeth ,fletcher ,knaresborough #afba ,elspett ,forbes ,aberdeen #aeig ,elizabeth ,francis ,chelmsford #aeef ,bessie ,friece ,auldearne #affb ,elspet ,galie ,bute #affb ,elizabeth ,garlick ,conn4 #afeg ,elizabeth ,gauvein ,guernsey #afci ,elspet ,gilbert ,auldearne #affb ,elizabeth ,godman ,conn4 #afec ,elizabeth ,gooding ,manningtree #afde ,bessie ,graham ,kilwinning #afdi ,elspet ,graham ,dalkeith #affa ,elspet ,gray ,bute #affb ,bessie ,gulene ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,elizabeth ,hare ,essex #afde ,elizabeth ,hargraves ,lancs #afac ,elizabeth ,harvy ,ramsey1 ,essex #afde ,bessie ,hay ,auldearne #affb ,bessie ,henderson ,crook of ,devon #affb ,elizabeth ,howgate ,lancs #afac ,bessie ,hucheons ,auldearne #affb ,elizabeth ,knap ,groton #afga ,elspet ,laird ,auldearne #affb ,elizabeth le ,hardy ,guernsey #afca ,elspet ,leyis ,aberdeen #aeig ,elspet ,macbeith ,auldearne #affb ,elspet ,makhomie ,auldearne #affb ,bessie ,moffat ,dalkeith #affa ,elspet ,moinness ,aberdeen #aeig ,elspet ,nc,william ,bute #affb ,bessie ,neil ,crook of ,devon #affb ,elspet ,nishie ,auldearne #affb ,bessie ,paton ,alloa #afeh ,bessie ,paul ,aberdeen #aeig ,bessie ,peterkin ,auldearne #affb ,elizabeth ,pickering ,northumberland #afgc ,elspeth ,reoch ,orkney #afaf ,bessie ,robson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,elizabeth ,sawyer ,edmonton #afba ,elizabeth ,seager ,conn4 #affb ,elspet ,smyth ,aberdeen #aeig ,elspeth ,spence ,bute #affb ,elizabeth ,stile ,somerset #affd ,elizabeth ,stile ,windsor #aegi ,elspet ,strathaquhin ,aberdeen #aeig ,bessie ,thom ,aberdeen #aeig ,bessie ,thomson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,bessie ,vickar ,borrowstowness #afgi ,elizabeth ,weed ,hunts #afdf ,bessie ,weir ,paisley #afgh ,bessie ,wilson ,auldearne #affb ,bessie ,wright ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,elizabeth ,wright ,burton-on-,trent #aeig ,bessie ,young ,auldearne #affb ,ellen ,bierley ,lancs #afac ,ellen ,gray ,aberdeen #aeig ,ellen ,green ,leicester #afai ,elinor ,shaw ,northampton #agje ,euphemia ,mc,calyan ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,frances ,dicconson ,lancs #afac ,frances ,moore ,hunts #afdf ,george ,ellies ,forfar #affa ,gideon ,penman ,crighton #afgh ,gilbert ,fidlar ,aberdeen #aeig ,gilbert ,mc,gill ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,giles ,fenderlin ,leaven ,heath #afeb ,geillis ,duncan ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,gilles ,hutton ,crook of ,devon #affb ,girette le ,parmentier ,guernsey #afbj ,gracyenne ,gousset ,guernsey #aefc ,grace ,hay ,lancs #afac ,grissell ,gairdner ,newburgh #afaj ,grissall ,sinklar ,auldearne #affb ,guillemine la ,bousse ,guernsey #afbb ,guillemine ,vaultier ,guernsey #afaj ,hellen ,alexander ,forfar #affa ,hellen ,clark ,manningtree #afde ,helen ,cothills ,forfar #affa ,helen ,fraser ,aberdeen #aeig ,helen ,guthrie ,forfar #affa ,helen ,hill ,queensferry #afdd ,helen ,inglis ,auldearne #affa ,hellen ,jenkinson ,northampton #afab ,helen ,lauder ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,helne le ,brun ,guernsey #afji ,helen ,makkie ,aberdeen #aeig ,hellen ,pennie ,aberdeen #aeig ,helen ,rogie ,aberdeen #aeig ,helen ,thomson ,queensferry #afdd ,helen ,white ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,henry ,graver ,knaresborough #afba ,henry ,walter ,somerset #affe ,hugh ,crosia ,conn4 #afic ,isobel ,adams ,pittenweem #agjd ,issabel ,andrews ,northumberland #afgc ,isobel ,bairdie ,edinburgh #afdi ,issobell ,barroun ,aberdeen #aeig ,isabel ,becquet ,guernsey #afag ,isobel ,black ,crook of ,devon #affb ,issobell ,burnett ,aberdeen #aeig ,issobell ,coky ,aberdeen #aeig ,isabel ,condie ,crook of ,devon #affb ,isobell ,crawford ,irvine #afah ,isobel ,dorward ,forfar #affa ,issobell ,forbes ,aberdeen #aeig ,isobel ,friece ,auldearne #affb ,isobel ,gairdner ,edinburgh #afdi ,isabel ,gibson ,crook of ,devon #affb ,issobell ,gowdie ,auldearne #affb ,issobell ,griersoune ,edinburgh #afjg ,isobell ,gylour ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,isobel ,haldane ,perth #afjg ,isobel ,inch ,irvine #afah ,issabell ,johnson ,northumberland #afgc ,isobell ,lauder ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,issobell ,menteithe ,aberdeen #aeig ,isobel ,more ,nc,kaw ,bute #affb ,isobel ,more ,auldearne #affb ,issobell ,nc,neill ,bute #affb ,issobell ,nc,nicoll ,bute #affb ,issobell ,nicoll ,auldearne #affb ,issobell ,oige ,aberdeen #aeig ,isobel ,ramsay ,edinburgh #affa ,issobell ,richie ,aberdeen #aeig ,issobell ,robbie ,aberdeen #aeig ,isobel ,robey ,lancs #afac ,isabel ,rutherford ,crook of ,devon #affb ,issobell ,shyrie ,forfar #affa ,isabel ,sidegraves ,lancs #afac ,issobell ,smith ,forfar #affa ,issobell ,strathaquhin ,aberdeen #aeig ,issabell ,thompson ,northumberland #afgc ,isobel ,young ,queensferry #afdd ,james ,bush ,somerset #affd ,james ,device ,lancs #afac ,james ,hudston ,alloa #afeh ,james ,kirk ,alloa #afeh ,james ,og ,aberdeen #aeig ,james ,walkley ,conn4 #affb ,jonet ,anderson ,edinburgh #afeg ,jane ,baites ,northumberland #afgc ,jonet ,barrie ,forfar #affa ,jeanne ,bichot ,guernsey #afai ,jennet ,bierley ,lancs #afac ,jannet ,blandilands ,edinburgh #aeij ,janet ,breadheid ,auldearne #affb ,janet ,brown ,edinburgh #afdi ,janet ,brugh ,crook of ,devon #affb ,jane ,bulcock ,lancs #afac ,janet ,burnet ,auldearne #affb ,jonet ,campbell ,edinburgh #aeij ,jonet ,campbell ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,joan ,cariden ,faversham #afde ,joan ,carrington ,conn4 #afea ,jonett ,clark ,edinburgh #aeij ,jonet ,cleracht ,aberdeen #aeig ,jennot ,cooke ,dalkeith #affa ,johan ,cooper ,much ,holland1 ,essex #afde ,jonet ,corset ,pittenweem #agjd ,jennet ,cronkshaw ,lancs #afac ,janet ,cunningham ,edinburgh #aeij ,jonet ,davidson ,aberdeen #aeig ,jeanne de ,bertran ,guernsey #afbf ,jenette de ,garis ,guernsey #afca ,jonet ,degeddes ,aberdeen #aeig ,jennet ,device ,lancs #afac ,jennit ,dibble ,knaresborough #afba ,jonet ,drever ,orkney #afae ,jeannette ,dumaresq ,guernsey #aegj ,janet ,finlay ,auldearne #affb ,jean ,fulton ,bargarran #afig ,jonet ,gaw 7,gall7 ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,jonet ,grant ,aberdeen #aeig ,jonett ,grant ,edinburgh #aeij ,jeanne ,guignon ,guernsey #aegj ,jonet ,guissett ,aberdeen #aeig ,jennet ,hargraves ,lancs #afac ,jonet ,hird ,crook of ,devon #affb ,jonet ,hood ,crook of ,devon #affb ,jane ,hopper ,northumberland #afgc ,jane ,hott ,faversham #afde ,jonet ,howit ,forfar #affa ,jonet ,hunter ,ayrshire #afje ,jonet ,isack ,bute #affb ,jonat ,kaw ,perth #afjg ,jean ,king ,innerkip #affb ,jeanne le ,cornu ,guernsey #afbj ,jeannette le ,galles ,guernsey #aegj ,jonet ,leisk ,aberdeen #aeig ,jonet ,leyis ,aberdeen #aeig ,jonet ,logan ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,janet ,lowry ,queensferry #afdd ,jonet ,lucas ,aberdeen #aeig ,joane ,lucus ,northampton #afab ,jane ,makepiece ,northumberland #afgc ,janet ,man ,auldearne #affb ,janet ,mathie ,paisley #afgh ,jonet ,mc,conachie ,bute #affb ,jonet ,mcilmertine ,bute #afdb ,jonet ,mc,neill ,bute #affb ,jonet ,mc,nickell ,bute #affb ,jonet ,mctyre ,bute #afdb ,jenot ,meiklejohn ,dalkeith #affa ,jonet ,millar ,alloa #afeh ,jonet ,morison ,bute #affb ,janet ,mowbray ,queensferry #afdd ,jonet ,nctyre ,bute #afdb ,jonet ,nicholson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,jonet ,nicoll ,bute #affb ,jonet ,paiston ,dalkeith #affa ,jonet ,paterson ,alloa #afeh ,janet ,paton ,crook of ,devon #affb ,janet ,paton ,kilduff #affb ,joan ,pechey ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,joan ,peterson ,wapping #afeb ,jennet ,preston ,lancs #afac ,jonet ,reid ,alloa #afeh ,jonet ,reid ,orkney #afcc ,jonet ,rendall ,orkney #afbi ,joan ,robinson ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,janet ,rodgers ,bargarran #afig ,janet ,scot ,innerkip #affb ,janet ,smith ,auldearne #affb ,jonet ,smyth ,aberdeen #aeig ,jane ,southworth ,lancs #afac ,jonet ,spaldarg ,aberdeen #aeig ,jonet ,stewart ,edinburgh #aeig ,jonet ,stout ,forfar #affa ,jonet ,stratton ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,jean ,sutherland ,auldearne #affb ,jone ,syms ,somerset #affd ,janet ,thomson ,edinburgh #afdi ,jeanne ,tourgis ,guernsey #afbb ,joane ,vaughan ,northampton #afab ,janet ,wagh ,bargarran #afig ,joan ,walliford ,faversham #afde ,joane ,wallis ,hunts #afdf ,joan ,waterhouse ,chelmsford #aeef ,jonet ,watson ,dalkeith #affa ,jean ,weir ,edinburgh #afgj ,jennet ,wilkinson ,lancs #afac ,joane ,willimot ,leicester #afai ,jonet ,wishert ,aberdeen #aeig ,john ,brugh ,edinburgh #afdc ,john ,bulcock ,lancs #afac ,john ,carington ,conn4 #afea ,john ,clarke ,hunts #afdf ,john ,combes ,somerset #affd ,john ,couper ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,john ,crauforth ,northumberland #afgc ,johnne ,damiet ,edinburgh #aeig ,john ,douglas ,tranent #afei ,john ,fian ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,john ,galie ,bute #affb ,john ,gordon 7,gray-meill7 ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,john ,lamen1 ,snr4 ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,john ,lamen1 ,jnr4 ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,john ,leyis ,aberdeen #aeig ,john ,lindsay ,bargarran #afig ,john ,mc,gill ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,john ,palmer ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,john ,ramsden ,lancs #afac ,john ,reid ,bargarran #afig ,john ,robertson ,auldearne #affb ,john ,salmon ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,john ,mc,william ,sclater ,edinburgh #afef ,john ,stewart ,irving #afah ,john ,stuart ,paisley #afgh ,john ,tailzeour ,forfar #affa ,john ,taylor ,auldearne #affb ,john ,vining ,somerset #affd ,john ,whitfield ,northumberland #afgc ,john ,winnick ,hunts #afdf ,john ,young ,auldearne #affb ,joseph ,salmon ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,josine ,deblicq ,hainault #afaf ,joyce ,boanes ,st4 ,osyth #afde ,judith ,moone ,thorp1 ,essex #afde ,judeth ,salmon ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,judith ,varlet ,conn4 #affb ,julian ,cox ,somerset #affe ,katherine ,blair ,glasgow #afbb ,kathren ,blak ,alloa #afeh ,katherine ,campbell ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,katherine ,campbell ,bargarran #afig ,katherine ,carruthers ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,katherine ,craige ,orkney #afcc ,katherine ,cristell ,bute #affb ,katherine ,duncan ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,katherine ,earle ,yorks #afed ,catherine ,ellot ,northumberland #afgc ,katherine ,eustache ,guernsey #aeha ,katherine ,fernsche ,aberdeen #aeig ,katherine ,ferris ,aberdeen #aeig ,katherine ,frissell ,bute #affb ,katherine ,gerard ,aberdeen #aeig ,kait ,gray ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,catherine ,green ,somerset #affe ,catherine ,halloudis ,guernsey #afbb ,katherine ,harrison ,conn4 #affb ,katherine ,heirst ,lancs #afac ,catherine ,logie ,queensferry #afdd ,katherine ,mc,gill ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,katherine ,mc,teir ,ayrshire #afje ,katherine ,mc,william ,bute #affb ,katherine ,miller ,orkney #afcc ,kathren ,mitchell ,aberdeen #aeig ,kathrin ,moore ,bute #affb ,katherine ,oswald ,edinburgh #afbi ,katharene ,portour ,forfar #affa ,catherine ,prays ,guernsey #aefc ,kathren ,renny ,alloa #afeh ,catherine ,robert ,guernsey #afci ,katherine ,scott ,innerkip #affb ,kathren ,sowter ,auldearne #affb ,katherine ,stewart ,bute #affb ,catherine ,thomson ,queensferry #afdd ,kait ,wallace ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,katharene ,wallace ,forfar #affa ,lawrence ,hay ,lancs #afac ,laurenche ,jehan ,guernsey #aegj ,laurence l',eustache ,guernsey #afag ,lilias ,adie ,torryburn #agjd ,lillie ,wallace ,pittenweem #agjd ,lucy ,thompson ,northumberland #afgc ,lydia ,gilbert ,conn4 #afed ,malie ,geddie ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,manie ,haliburton ,dirlton #afdi ,marable ,cooper ,orkney #afcc ,margaret ,agar ,somerset #affd ,margaret ,aitchison ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,margaret ,aynsley ,northumberland #afgc ,margaret ,barclay ,irvine #afah ,margret ,bean ,aberdeen #aeig ,meg ,begtoun ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,marget ,beveridge ,crook of ,devon #affb ,margret ,brodie ,auldearne #affb ,margaret ,brown ,queensferry #afdd ,margaret ,clarke ,somerset #affd ,margrat ,cleraucht ,aberdeen #aeig ,margaret ,craige ,paisley #afgh ,margaret ,dauline ,queensferry #afdd ,margret ,demperstoun ,alloa #afeh ,margret ,duchall ,alloa #afeh ,margaret ,duncane ,ayrshire #afje ,margaret ,duncane ,crook of ,devon #affb ,margaret ,dwn ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,margaret ,fulton ,bargarran #afig ,margaret ,grevell ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,margaret ,hamilton 7,mitchell7 ,borrowstowness #afgi ,margaret ,hamilton 7,pullwart7 ,borrowstowness #afgi ,margrat ,holm ,innerkip #affb ,margret ,hucheons ,auldearne #affb ,margaret ,huggon ,crook of ,devon #affb ,marget ,hutton ,crook of ,devon #affb ,margrat ,innes ,aberdeen #aeig ,margaret ,jackson ,paisley #afgh ,margaret ,jennings ,conn4 #affa ,margaret ,johnson ,lancs #afcc ,margaret ,keltie ,crook of ,devon #affb ,margaret ,kyllie ,auldearne #affb ,margaret ,laing ,bargarran #afig ,margaret ,landish ,st4 ,osyth #afde ,margaret ,litster ,crook of ,devon #affb ,margaret ,loy ,liverpool #affg ,margaret ,mc,guffok ,ayrshire #afje ,margret ,mc,kenzie ,innerkip #affb ,margaret ,mc,neill ,bute #affb ,margaret ,mc,nickell ,bute #affb ,margaret ,mc,nish ,crook of ,devon #affb ,margaret ,mc,william ,bute #affb ,margaret ,moone ,thorp1 ,essex #afde ,margaret ,morton ,yorks #afej ,margaret ,ncilduy ,bute #affb ,margaret ,nc,levin ,bute #affb ,margaret ,nicoll ,forfar #affa ,margaret ,nin-,gilbert ,thurso #agai ,margret ,og ,aberdeen #aeig ,margaret ,pearson ,lancs #afac ,marguerite ,picot ,guernsey #afbi ,margaret ,pringle ,borrowstowness #afgi ,margrat ,reauch ,aberdeen #aeig ,margaret ,rodgers ,bargarran #afig ,margrat ,scherar ,aberdeen #aeig ,margaret ,simson ,hunts #afdf ,margaret ,smith ,bute #affb ,margrat ,smyth ,aberdeen #aeig ,meg ,stillcart ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,margret ,tailzeour ,alloa #afeh ,marguerite ,tardif ,guernsey #afbd ,margaret ,thomson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,margaret ,waite1 ,snr4 ,knaresborough #afba ,margaret ,waite1 ,jnr4 ,knaresborough #afba ,margaret ,wallace ,glasgow #afbb ,margret ,wilson ,auldearne #affb ,margaret ,young ,crook of ,devon #affb ,margarett 7surname unknown7 ,northumberland #afgc ,marion ,bailzie ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,marion ,congilton ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,marion ,dauline ,queensferry #afdd ,marion ,frissell ,bute #afdb ,marrion ,fyfe ,crook of ,devon #affb ,marion ,grant ,aberdeen #aeig ,marion ,hocket ,ramsey1 ,essex #afde ,marion ,linkup ,leith #aeij ,marion ,little ,queensferry #afdd ,marion ,nicholson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,marion ,paterson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,marion ,richart ,orkney #afcc ,marion ,scheill 7,shaw7 ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,marion ,stein ,queensferry #afdd ,marrion ,thomson ,crook of ,devon #affb ,marion ,wod ,aberdeen #aeig ,marion 7,irish ,marion7 ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,marjorie ,dunbar ,auldearne #affb ,marjorie ,man ,auldearne #affb ,marjorie ,mutch ,aberdeen #aeig ,marjorie ,ritchie ,forfar #affa ,margery ,sammon ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,margery ,stoakes ,st4 ,osyth #afde ,marjorie ,taylor ,auldearne #affb ,martha ,semple ,bargarran #afig ,martin ,tulouff ,guernsey #aefc ,mary ,barber ,northampton #afab ,mary ,barnes ,conn4 #affb ,marie ,becquet ,guernsey #afag ,mary ,bychance ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,marie ,clouet ,guernsey #afca ,marie de ,calais ,guernsey #afag ,marie de ,calais ,guernsey #afca ,marie du ,mont ,guernsey #afag ,marie ,gauvein ,guernsey #aegj ,mary ,green ,somerset #affd ,mary ,greenleife ,alresford1 ,essex #afde ,marie ,guilbert ,guernsey #afci ,marie ,guillemotte ,guernsey #afcd ,mary ,hunter ,northumberland #afgc ,mary ,johnson ,wyvenhoe1 ,essex #afde ,mary ,johnson ,conn4 #afdg ,mary ,lamen1 ,snr4 ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,mary ,lamen1 ,jnr4 ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,marie ,lamont ,innerkip #affb ,marie ,mabille ,guernsey #afca ,marie ,martin ,guernsey #aehh ,marie ,mc,kaw ,bute #affb ,mary ,mc,niven ,bute #affb ,marie ,mortimer ,guernsey #afca ,marie ,more ,nc,cuill ,bute #affb ,marie ,paterson ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,mary ,penny ,somerset #affd ,mary ,phillips ,northampton #agje ,mary ,read ,lenham #afeb ,marie ,roland ,guernsey #afja ,marie ,roland ,guernsey #afcd ,mary ,rynd ,forfar #affa ,mary ,sanford ,conn4 #affb ,marie ,shuttleworth ,lancs #afac ,mary ,sikes ,yorks #afdi ,marie ,sohier ,guernsey #afbf ,marie ,spencer ,lancs #afac ,marie ,stewart ,bute #affb ,mary ,trembles ,bideford #afhb ,mary ,warberton ,somerset #affe ,masie ,aitchison ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,mercy ,disborough ,conn4 #afib ,meslie ,hirdall ,auldearne #affb ,michael ,aynsley ,northumberland #afgc ,michael ,clark ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,mildred ,wright ,maidstone #afeb ,nathaniel ,greensmith ,conn4 #affb ,nicholas ,jennings ,conn4 #affa ,patrick ,lowrie ,ayrshire #afje ,patrick ,mc,kaw ,bute #affb ,patrik ,watson ,dirlton #afdi ,perine ,marest ,guernsey #afbb ,philipine le ,parmentier ,guernsey #afag ,rachel ,king ,somerset #affe ,rebecca ,greensmith ,conn4 #affb ,rebecca ,jones ,st4 ,osyth #afde ,rebecca ,weste ,lawford1 ,essex #afde ,richard ,dickes ,somerset #affe ,richard ,graham ,edinburgh #aeij ,richard ,lannen ,somerset #affe ,robert ,griersoun ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,robert ,grieve ,lauder #afdi ,robert ,wilkinson ,lancs #afac ,robert ,wilson ,crook of ,devon #affb ,rose ,cullender ,bury #affd ,rose ,hallybread ,st4 ,osyth #afde ,sarah ,barton ,harwich #afde ,sarah ,cooper ,essex #afde ,sarah ,hating ,ramsey1 ,essex #afde ,sarah ,smith ,st4 ,albans #afdi ,susan ,cock ,st4 ,osyth #afde ,susanna ,edwards ,bideford #afhb ,susanne ,prudhomme ,guernsey #afbi ,susanne ,rouanne ,guernsey #afca ,temperance ,lloyd ,bideford #afhb ,thomas ,bolster ,somerset #affe ,thomas ,burnhill ,n4 ,berwick #aeij ,thomas ,durning ,somerset #affe ,thomas ,leyis ,aberdeen #aeig ,thomas ,weir ,edinburgh #afgj ,thomasse de ,calais ,guernsey #afag ,thomazine ,ratcliffe ,suffolk #afde ,thomasse ,salmon ,guernsey #aegj ,thomasine ,watson ,northumberland #afgc ,ursley ,kemp ,st4 ,osyth #aehb ,vyolett ,leyis ,aberdeen #aeig ,walter ,ledy ,auldearne #affb ,william ,ayres ,conn4 #affb ,william ,barton ,queensferry #afee ,william ,berry ,rutland #afai ,william ,coke ,kirkcaldy #afcf ,william ,craw ,borrowstowness #afgi ,william ,wright ,northumberland #afgc ,,appendix ,,iv ,,joan ,,of ,,arc ,,and ,,gilles ,,de ,,rais ,these two personages--so closely connected in life and dying similar deaths1 yet as the poles asunder in character--have been minutely studied from the historical and medical points of view1 and in the case of ,joan from the religious standpoint also4 ,but hitherto the anthropological aspect has been disregarded4 ,this is largely due to the fact that these intensive studies have been made of each person separately1 whereas to obtain the true perspective the two should be taken together4 ,this individual treatment is probably owing to the wide divergence of the two characters2 the simplicity and purity of the one is in marked contrast with the repulsive attributes of the other4 ,yet anthropologically speaking the tie between the two is as strongly marked as the contrast of character4 ,the case of ,joan is easily studied1 as the documents are accessible4#ief ,anatole ,france has realized that behind ,joan there lay some unseen power1 which ,charles ,,vii feared and from which he unwillingly accepted help4 ,m4 ,france sees in this power a party in the ,church1 and in his eyes the ,church was a house divided against itself4 ,though agreeing with the view that ,joan was the rallying-point of a great and powerful organization1 ,i see in that organization the underlying religion which permeated the lower orders of the people in ,france as in ,england2 that religion which ,i have set forth in the foregoing chapters4 ,the men-at-arms1 drawn from the lower orders1 followed without hesitation one whom they believed to have been sent by their ,god1 while the whole army was commanded by ,marshal ,gilles de ,rais1 who apparently tried to belong to both religions at once4 #a4 ,joan of ,arc ,the questions asked by the judges at ,joan's trial show that they were well aware of an underlying organization of which they stood in some dread4 ,the judges were ecclesiastics1 and the accusation against the prisoner was on points of ,christian faith and doctrine and ecclesiastical observance4 ,it was the first great trial of strength between the old and the new religions1 and the political conditions gave the victory to the new1 which was triumphant accordingly4 ',we have caught her now'1 said the ,bishop of ,beauvais1 and she was burned without even the formality of handing her over to the secular authorities4 ,after the execution1 the judges and counsellors who had sat in judgement on ,joan received letters of indemnity from the ,great ,council2 the ,chancellor of ,england sent letters to the ,emperor1 to the kings and princes of ,christendom1 to all the nobles and towns of ,france1 explaining that ,king ,henry and his ,counsellors had put ,joan to death through zeal for the ,christian ,faith2 and the ,university of ,paris sent similar letters to the ,pope1 the ,emperor1 and the ,college of ,cardinals4 ,such action can hardly be explained had ,joan been an ordinary heretic or an ordinary political prisoner4 ,but if she were in the eyes of the great mass of the population not merely a religious leader but actually the incarnate ,god1 then it was only natural for the authorities1 who had compassed her death1 to shelter themselves behind the bulwark of their zeal for the ,christian religion1 and to explain to the heads of that religion their reasons for the execution4 ,on the other hand1 the belief that ,joan was ,god ,incarnate will account1 as nothing else can1 for the extraordinary supineness of the ,french1 who never lifted a finger to ransom or rescue ,joan from the hands of either the ,burgundians or the ,english4 ,as ,god himself or his voluntary substitute she was doomed to suffer as the sacrifice for the people1 and no one of those people could attempt to save her4 ,in comparing the facts elicited at the trial with the ,dianic ,cult as set out in the previous chapters1 the coincidences are too numerous to be merely accidental4 ,i do not propose to enter into a detailed discussion of the trial1 ,i only wish to draw attention to a few points in this connexion4 ,the questions put to ,joan on the subject of fairies appear to the modern reader to be entirely irrelevant1 though much importance was evidently attached to her answers by the ,court4 ,she could not disprove1 though she denied1 the popular rumour that ',joan received her mission at the tree of the ,fairy-ladies' 7,iohanna ceperat factum suum apud arborem ,dominarum ,fatalium71 and she was finally forced to admit that she had first met the ',voices' near that spot4 ,connexion with the fairies was as damning in the eyes of the ,bishop of ,beauvais and his colleagues as it was later in the eyes of the judges who tried ,john ,walsh and ,aleson ,peirson4 ,the names of ,christian saints1 given to the persons whom ,joan called her ',voices'1 have misled modern writers2 but the questions showered upon her show that the judges had shrewd suspicions as to the identity of these persons4 ,that the ',voices' were human beings is very clear from ,joan's own testimony3 ',those of my party know well that the ,voice had been sent to me from ,god1 they have seen and known this ,voice4 ,my king and many others have also heard and seen the ,voices which came to me 444 ,i saw him ,st4 ,michael with my bodily eyes as well as ,i see you4' ,she refused to describe ',st4 ,michael'2 and bearing in mind some of the descriptions of the ,devil in later trials1 it is interesting to find that when the judges put the direct question to her as to whether ',st4 ,michael' came to her naked1 she did not give a direct answer4 ,later the following dialogue took place3 ',if the devil were to put himself in the form or likeness of an angel1 how would you know if it were a good or an evil angel8' asked the judges4 ,again ,joan's reply was not direct3 ',i should know quite well if it were ,st4 ,michael or a counterfeit4' ,she then stated that she had seen him many times before she knew him to be ,st4 ,michael2 when a child she had seen him and had been afraid at first4 ,pressed for a description1 she said he came 'in the form of a true honest man' tres vray preudomme1 forma unius verissimi probi hominis4#ieg ,the accounts of the trial prove that ,joan continually received advice from the 'saints'4 ,the person whom she called ',st4 ,katherine' was obviously in the castle and able to communicate with the prisoner3 this was not difficult1 for the evidence shows that there was a concealed opening between ,joan's room and the next4 ,it was in the adjoining room1 close to the opening1 that the notaries sat to take down ,joan's words when the spy ,loyseleur engaged her in conversation2 and it was evidently through this opening that ',st4 ,katherine' spoke when she awoke ,joan 'without touching her'1 and again when ,joan could not hear distinctly what she said 'on account of the noise in the castle'4 ,a remark of ,joan's that 'she often saw them the ,voices among the ,christians1 they themselves unseen'1 is noteworthy for the use of the word ,christian1 suggesting that the ',voices' were of a different religion4 ,the remark should also be compared with the account given by ,bessie ,dunlop as to her recognizing ,thom ,reid when those about him did not know him2 and with the statement by ,danaeus that 'among a great company of men1 the ,sorcerer only knoweth ,satan1 that is present1 when other doo not know him1 although they see another man1 but who or what he is they know not'4 ,the points of mortal sin1 of which ,joan finally stood accused1 were the following3 #a1 ,the attack on ,paris on a feast day2 #b1 taking the horse of the ,bishop of ,senlis2 #c1 leaping from the tower of ,beaurevoir2 #d1 wearing male costume2 #e1 consenting to the death of ,franquet d',arras at ,lagny4 ,of these the most surprising to modern ideas is the one referring to costume1 yet it was on this that the judges laid most stress4 ,even the severest of sumptuary laws has never made the wearing of male dress by a woman a capital crime2 yet1 though ,joan had recanted and been received into the ,church1 the moment that she put on male attire she was doomed on that account only4 ,whether she donned it by accident1 by treachery1 by force1 or out of bravado1 the extraordinary fact remains that the mere resuming of male garments was the signal for her death without further trial4 ,on the ,sunday she wore the dress1 on the ,monday she was condemned1 on the ,tuesday the sentence was communicated to her1 on the ,wednesday she was burned1 as an 'idolator1 apostate1 heretic1 relapsed'4 ,if1 as ,i suppose1 she were a member of the ,dianic ,cult1 the wearing of male attire must have been1 for her1 an outward sign of that faith1 and the resuming of it indicated the relapse2 the inscription on the high cap1 which she wore at her execution1 shows that the judges at least held this opinion4 ,throughout the trial questions were poured upon her as to her reasons for wearing the dress1 and she acknowledged that she wore it1 not by the advice of a human man per consilium hominis mundi 444 ',totum quod feci est per praeceptum ,domini1 et si aliam praeciperet assumere ego assumerem1 postquam hoc esset per praeceptum ,dei4' ,asked if she thought she would have been committing mortal sin by wearing women's clothes1 she answered that she did better in obeying and serving her supreme ,lord1 who is ,god4 ,she refused to wear women's dress except by command of ,god3 ',i would rather die than revoke what ,god has made me do4' ,on her letters were placed sometimes the words ,jhesus ,maria or a cross4 ',sometimes ,i put a cross as a sign for those of my party to whom ,i wrote so that they should not do as the letters said4' ,though the mark was merely a code-signal to the recipient of the letter1 it seems hardly probable that a ,christian of that date would have used the symbol of the ,faith for such a purpose4 ,she also consistently refused to take an oath on the ,gospels1 and was with difficulty persuaded to do so on the ,missal4 ,when she was asked whether she had ever blasphemed blasphemaverit ,god1 she replied that she had never cursed the ,saints maledixit ,sanctum vel ,sanctam4 ,when pressed whether she had not denied denegaverit ,god1 she again refused a direct answer1 saying that she had not denied the ,saints denegaverit ,sanctum nec ,sanctam4 ,the general feeling towards her among the ,christian priesthood is shown by the action of ,brother ,richard4 ,when he first entered her presence 'he made the sign of the cross and sprinkled holy water1 and ,i said to him1 ,approach boldly1 ,i shall not fly away4' ,another point to be noted is her answer that she learned the ,paternoster1 ,ave ,maria1 and ,credo from her mother1 thus proving that she was not of a witch-family4 ,according to ,reginald ,scot it was sufficient evidence to condemn a woman to death as a witch if her mother had been a witch before her4 ,at the same time1 however1 ,joan refused to say the ,paternoster except in confession1 when the priest's lips would have been sealed if she had proved herself not to be a ,christian4 ,she was very urgent to confess to the ,bishop of ,beauvais1 but he was too wary to be caught4 ,she first heard the ',voices' at the age of thirteen1 the usual time for the ,devil and the witch to make 'paction'4 ,one of her followers1 ,pierronne1 was burnt as a witch1 avowing to the last that she had spoken with ,god as friend with friend1 and describing the costume of her ,deity with a detail which shows the reality of the occurrence4 ,if also there is any weight to be attached to certain names--as seems likely after studying the lists given above--then we have in this history four of the chief witch-names2 ,joan1 the daughter of ,isabel1 and the two saints ,katherine and ,margaret4 ,these coincidences may be small1 but there are too many of them to be ignored4 ,there is evidence from ,joan's own words that she felt herself divine and also that she knew her time was limited1 but she never realized till the last that the end meant death2 this1 however1 the ',voices' knew and it was for this that they were preparing her4 ,at the beginning of the trial1 'she said she had come from ,god1 and had nothing to do here1 asking to be sent back to ,god from whom she came dixit quod venit ex parte ,dei1 et non habet quid negotiari quidquam1 petens ut remitteretur ad ,deum a quo venerat4 ',many times she said to him the ,king1 ,i shall live a year1 barely longer4 ,during that year let as much as possible be done4' ,the ',voices' told her she would be taken before the feast of ,st4 ,john1 and that thus it must be1 and that she must not be troubled but accept willingly and ,god would help her4 ,they also said it was necessary for her to be captured3 ',receive all willingly1 care not for thy martyrdom1 thou shalt come at last to the kingdom of paradise4' ,on the fatal ,tuesday when she learned her doom1 flesh and spirit quailed at the prospect of the agony to come1 and she cried out that her ',voices' had deceived her1 for she had thought that in her imprisonment she had already suffered the promised martyrdom4 ,yet within twenty-four hours she went to the stake with courage unquenched1 acknowledging that her ',voices' were from ,god4 ,like ,john ,fian nearly two centuries later1 her spirit had sunk at first1 and again like ,fian she endured to the end1 dying a martyr to the ,god who had exploited her confidence and simplicity and whom she had served so well4 ,to her de ,lancre's words might well apply1 ',the witches are so devoted to his service that neither torture nor death can affright them1 and they go to martyrdom and to death for love of him as gaily as to a festival of pleasure and public rejoicing4' ,the ashes were collected and thrown into running water2 a common rite1 in religions of the ,lower ,culture1 after the sacrifice of the ,incarnate ,god4 ,it is also worth noting that ,rouen was one of the ,french cities in which there was still a living tradition of human sacrifice4 #b4 ,gilles de ,rais ,like ,joan of ,arc1 ,gilles de ,rais was tried and executed as a witch2 and in the same way1 much that is mysterious in this trial can also be explained by the ,dianic ,cult4 ,on the mother's side he descended from ,tiphaine de ,champtoc1 and on the father's from ,tiphaine de ,husson2 this latter was the niece of ,bertrand du ,guesclin1 and called after du ,guesclin's wife1 who was a fairy woman4#ieh ,the name ,tiphaine appears to come from the same root as ,fein1 ,finn1 and ,fian1 all of which meant 'fairy' in ,great ,britain1 and probably in ,brittany as well4 ,there is therefore a strong suggestion of a strain of fairy blood1 and with that blood there may also have descended to ,gilles many of the beliefs and customs of the dwarf race4 ,the bond between ,gilles and ,joan was a very close one4 ,she obtained permission from the ,king to choose whom she would for her escort2 her choice at once fell on ,gilles1 for she would naturally prefer those of her own faith4 ,he held already a high command in the relieving force1 and added the protection of ,joan as a special part of his duties4 ,later on1 even after he had reached the high position of ,marshal of ,france1 he still continued those duties1 remaining with her all day when she was wounded at the assault on ,paris4 ,it is an interesting point also that ,charles ,,vii granted permission to both these great leaders to bear the royal arms on their escutcheons4 ,it seems incredible that a soldier of ,gilles's character and standing should have made no move to rescue ,joan by ransom or by force1 when she was captured4 ,she was not only a comrade1 she was especially under his protection1 and it is natural for us to think that his honour was involved4 ,but if he regarded her as the destined victim1 chosen and set apart for death1 as required by the religion to which both he and she belonged1 he could do nothing but remain inactive and let her fate be consummated4 ,if this is so1 then the ',mystery of ,orleans'1 of which he was the author1 would be a religious play of the same class as the mystery-plays of the ,christians4 ,the extraordinary prodigality and extravagance of ,gilles may have been due1 as is usually suggested1 to profligacy or to madness1 but it may equally well have been that he took seriously the belief that as the ,incarnate ,god--or at any rate as a candidate for that honour--he must give to all who asked4 ,he rode a black horse1 as also did ,joan and the ',devils' of later centuries2 and on two separate occasions he attempted to enter into a compact with the ',devil'4 ,he could not decide to which religion he would belong1 the old or the new1 and his life was one long struggle4 ,the old religion demanded human sacrifices and he gave them1 the new religion regarded murder as mortal sin and he tried to offer expiation2 openly he had ,christian masses and prayers celebrated with the utmost pomp1 secretly he followed the ancient cult2 when he was about to remove the bodies of the human victims from the castle of ,champtoc1 he swore his accomplices to secrecy by the binding oaths of both religions2 on the other hand members of the old faith1 whom he consulted when in trouble1 warned him that as long as he professed ,christianity and practised its rites they could do nothing for him4 ,an infringement of the rights of the ,church brought him under the ecclesiastical law1 and the ,church was not slow to take advantage of the position4 ,had he chosen to resist1 his exalted position would have protected him1 but he preferred to yield1 and like ,joan he stood his trial on the charge of heresy4 ,the trial did not take long2 he was arrested on ,september #ad1 and executed on ,october #bf4 ,with him were arrested eight others1 of whom two were executed with him4 ,seeing that thirteen was always the number of witches in a ,coven1 it is surely more than an accidental coincidence that nine men and women1 including ,gilles1 were arrested1 two saved themselves by flight1 and two more who had played a large part in the celebration of the rites of the old religion were already dead4 ,thus even as early as the middle of the fifteenth century the ,coven of thirteen was in existence4 ,gilles was charged with heresy before a ,court composed of ecclesiastics only1 and like ,joan he was willing to be tried for his faith4 ,he announced that he had always been a ,christian1 which may be taken to mean that there was some doubt as to whether he was not a heathen4 ,he suddenly gave way to a curious outburst against the authority of the ,court1 saying that he would rather be hanged by the neck with a lace than submit to them as judges4 ,this can only be understood by comparing his reference to 'hanging with a lace' with the method by which ,playfair in #aeig 7p4 #bjd71 ,john ,stewart in #afah 7p4 #bjb71 and ,john ,reid in #afig 7p4 #bjc71 met their deaths4 ,the sudden change of front in this haughty noble may be accounted for by the excommunication which was decreed against him1 but this explains neither his passionate haste to confess all1 and more than all1 of which he was accused1 nor his earnest and eager desire to die4 ,how much of his confession was true cannot be determined now1 but it is very evident that he was resolved to make his own death certain4 ,his action in this may be compared with that of ,major ,weir in #afgj1 who also was executed on his own voluntary confession of witchcraft and crime4 ,gilles's last words1 though couched in ,christian phraseology1 show that he had not realized the enormity of the crimes which he confessed3 ',we have sinned1 all three of us'1 he said to his two companions1 'but as soon as our souls have left our bodies we shall all see ,god in ,his glory in ,paradise4' ,he was hanged on a gibbet above a pyre1 but when the fire burned through the rope the body was snatched from the flames by several ladies of his family1 who prepared it for burial with their own hands1 and it was then interred in the ,carmelite church close by4 ,his two associates were also hanged1 their bodies being burned and the ashes scattered4 ,on the spot where ,gilles was executed his daughter erected a monument1 to which came all nursing mothers to pray for an abundance of milk4 ,here again is a strong suggestion that he was regarded as the ,incarnate ,god of fertility4 ,another suggestive fact is the length of time--nine years--which elapsed between the death of ,joan and the death of ,gilles4 ,this is a usual interval when the ,incarnate ,god is given a time-limit4 ,it required twenty-five years before an action of rehabilitation could be taken for ,joan4 ,in the case of ,gilles1 two years after the execution the ,king granted letters of rehabilitation for that 'the said ,gilles1 unduly and without cause1 was condemned and put to death'4 ,an intensive study of this period might reveal the witch organization at the royal ,court and possibly even the ,grand-master to whom ,joan owed allegiance1 the ',god' who sent her4 ,giac1 the ,king's favourite1 was executed as a witch1 and ,joan's beau duc1 the ,duke d',alenon1 was also of the fraternity4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ief3 ,it is advisable to read the trial in the original ,latin and ,french1 as the translations have often a ,christian bias1 e4g4 'the ,king of ,heaven' being rendered as 'our ,lord'1 and 'my ,lord' as 'our ,saviour'4 ,this is not merely inaccurate but actually misleading4 ,footnote #ieg3 ,compare ,bessie ,dunlop's more homely description of ,thom ,reid3 ',an honest wele elderlie man4' ,footnote #ieh3 ,tiphaine de ,maurice ,chevalier ,clmence ,bertrand ,tiphaine ,champtoc de ,craon de ,husson du ,guesclin 7the fairy7 ,guy de ,tiphaine ,laval ,i ,marie de ,craon ,guy de ,laval ,,ii ,gilles de ,rais ,,appendix ,v ,,flying ,,ointments ,the three formulae for the 'flying' ointment used by witches are as follows3 #a4 ,du persil1 de l'eau de l',aconite1 des feuilles de ,peuple1 et de la suye4 #b4 ,de la ,berle1 de l',acorum vulgaire1 de la ,quintefeuille1 du sang de chauuesouris1 de la ,morelle endormante1 et de l'huyle4 #c4 ,de graisse d'enfant1 de suc d',ache1 d',aconite1 de ,quintefeuille1 de ,morelle1 et de suye4 ,these formulae may be translated as follows3 #a4 ,parsley1 water of aconite1 poplar leaves1 and soot4 #b4 ,water parsnip1 sweet flag1 cinquefoil1 bat's blood1 deadly nightshade1 and oil4 #c4 ,baby's fat1 juice of water parsnip1 aconite1 cinquefoil1 deadly nightshade1 and soot4 ,these prescriptions show that the society of witches had a very creditable knowledge of the art of poisoning3 aconite and deadly nightshade or belladonna are two of the three most poisonous plants growing freely in ,europe1 the third is hemlock1 and in all probability 'persil' refers to hemlock and not to the harmless parsley1 which it resembles closely4 ,the other ingredients have no marked toxic action1 unless 'berle' and 'ache' refer not to the harmless water parsnip but to the poisonous water hemlock or cowbane4 ,the baby's fat and bat's blood would of course have no action4 ,aconite was one of the best-known poisons in ancient times2 indeed it was so extensively used by professional poisoners in ,rome during the ,empire that a law was passed making its cultivation a capital offence4 ,aconite root contains about #j4d per cent4 of alkaloid and one-fifteenth of a grain of the alkaloid is a lethal dose4 ,the drug has little effect upon the consciousness1 but produces slowing1 irregularity1 and finally arrest of the heart4 ,the use of belladonna as a poison was also known in classical times2 fourteen of the berries have been known to produce death2 a moderate dose will produce wild excitement and delirium4 ,hemlock is also a well-known and ancient poison2 the fruit may contain as much as #j4i per cent4 of alkaloid1 and grain of the alkaloid may produce death4 ,the action of hemlock usually is to produce a gradual motor paralysis1 consciousness being unimpaired1 and death being caused by paralysis of respiration1 but sometimes hemlock may produce delirium and excitement4 ,there is no doubt1 therefore1 about the efficacy of these prescriptions and their ability to produce physiological effects4 ,they were administered by being rubbed into the skin1 which is not an efficient way of introducing most drugs into the body1 indeed some have denied that alkaloids can be absorbed from the unbroken skin2 but there is no doubt that alkaloids can be absorbed when rubbed into scratches or into the quick of the nails1 and it must be remembered that an unbroken skin is only possessed by those who are free from vermin and who wash regularly1 and neither of these conditions would be likely to apply to a mediaeval witch4 ,cases of poisoning associated with delirium have actually been recorded following the application of belladonna plasters to the skin4 ,of the three prescriptions the first is a watery solution and would not be very efficacious when rubbed into the skin1 but the second and third are ointments1 and if they were rubbed into the skin in sufficient quantities definite physiological results would be produced4 ,the first preparation1 which contains hemlock and aconite1 would produce mental confusion1 impaired movement1 irregular action of the heart1 dizziness and shortness of breath4 ,the belladonna in the second ointment would produce excitement which might pass into delirium4 ,the third ointment1 containing both aconite and belladonna1 would produce excitement and irregular action of the heart4 ,i cannot say whether any of these drugs would produce the impression of flying1 but ,i consider the use of aconite interesting in this respect4 ,irregular action of the heart in a person falling asleep produces the well-known sensation of suddenly falling through space1 and it seems quite possible that the combination of a delirifacient like belladonna with a drug producing irregular action of the heart like aconite might produce the sensation of flying4 ,a4 ,j4 ,clark4 ,,bibliography ,abbotsford ,club ,miscellany1 vol4 i4 ,edinburgh1 #ahcg4 ,ady1 ,thomas4 ,a ,candle in the ,dark4 ,london1 #afef4 ,alse ,gooderige1 ,the most wonderfull and true ,storie of4 ,london1 #aeig4 ,arnot1 ,hugo4 ,criminal ,trials4 ,edinburgh1 #aghe4 ,baines1 ,edward4 ,history of the ,county ,palatine and ,duchy of ,lancaster4 ,london1 #ahcf4 ,bannatyne ,club4 ,memoirs of ,sir ,james ,melville4 ,edinburgh1 #ahbg4 ---- ,historie and ,life of ,king ,james the ,sext4 ,edinburgh1 #ahbe4 ---- ,diary of ,john ,nicoll4 ,edinburgh1 #ahcf4 ---- ,spottiswode's ,history of the ,church of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 #ahdg-ej4 ,baxter1 ,richard4 ,certainty of ,worlds of ,spirits4 ,london1 #afia4 ,beaumont1 ,john4 ,historical ,treatise of ,spirits4 ,london1 #agje4 ,bede1 ,venerable4 ,ecclesiastical ,history 7ed4 ,giles74 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,bernard1 ,richard4 ,guide to ,grand-,iury men4 ,london1 #afbg4 ,berwickshire ,naturalists' ,club1 vol4 xi4 ,alnwick1 #ahhg4 ,black1 ,g4 ,f4 ,scottish ,antiquary1 vol4 ix4 ,edinburgh1 #ahie4 ,blackwood's ,edinburgh ,magazine1 vol4 i4 ,edinburgh1 #ahag4 ,bodin1 ,jean4 ,de la ,dmonomanie des ,sorciers4 ,rouen1 #afjd4 ---- ,le ,flau des ,demons et ,sorciers4 ,nyort1 #afaf4 ,boguet1 ,henri4 ,discours des ,sorciers4 ,lyons1 #afjh4 ,bourignon1 ,antoinette4 ,la ,parole de ,dieu4 ,amsterdam1 #afhc4 ---- ,la vie exterieur4 ,amsterdam1 #afhc4 ,bournon1 ,jacques4 ,chroniques de la ,lorraine4 ,nancy1 #ahch4 ,bovett1 ,richard4 ,pandaemonium4 ,london1 #afhd4 ,bower1 ,edmund4 ,dr4 ,lamb revived4 ,london1 #afec4 ,bromhall1 ,thomas4 ,treatise of ,spectres4 ,london1 #afeh4 ,burns ,begg4 ,proceedings of the ,society of ,antiquaries of ,scotland4 ,new ,series1 vol4 x4 ,edinburgh4 ,burr1 ,george ,lincoln4 ,narratives of the ,witchcraft ,cases4 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,burton1 ,john ,hill4 ,criminal ,trials4 ,london1 #aheb4 ---- ,history of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 #ahgc4 ,calef1 ,robert4 ,more ,wonders of the ,invisible ,world4 ,salem1 #ahfa4 ,calendar of ,state ,papers4 ,domestic1 #aehd4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,cambrensis1 ,giraldus4 ,itinerary 7,bohn's edition74 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,camden ,society4 ,lady ,alice ,kyteler4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,campbell1 ,john ,gregorson4 ,superstitions of the ,highlands4 ,glasgow1 #aijb4 ,cannaert1 ,j4 ,b4 ,olim procs des ,sorcires en ,belgique4 ,gand1 #ahdg4 ,chambers1 ,robert4 ,domestic ,annals of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 #ahfa4 ,chartier1 ,jean4 ,chronique de ,charles ,,vii 7ed4 ,vallet de ,viriville74 ,paris1 #aheh4 ,chetham ,society4 ,moore ,rental4 ,manchester1 #ahdg4 ---- ,potts1 ,discoverie of ,witchcraft4 ,manchester1 #aheh4 ,chronicon de ,lanercost 7ed4 ,stevenson74 ,maitland ,club4 ,glasgow1 #ahci4 ,collection of rare and curious ,tracts relating to ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #ahch4 ,cooper1 ,thomas4 ,mystery of ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #afag4 ---- ,pleasant ,treatise of ,witches4 ,london1 #afgc4 ,cotta1 ,john4 ,infallible1 true and assured ,witch4 ,london1 #afbe4 ---- ,trial of ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #afaf4 ,county ,folklore1 iii4 ,orkney4 ,london1 #aija4 ,cunningham1 ,allan4 ,traditional ,tales of the ,english and ,scottish ,peasantry4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,dalyell1 ,john ,grahame4 ,darker ,superstitions of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 #ahcd4 ,danaeus1 ,lambert4 ,dialogue of ,witches4 ,london81 #aege4 ,davenport1 ,john4 ,witches of ,huntingdon4 ,london1 #afdf4 ,davies1 ,j4 ,ceredig4 ,welsh ,folklore4 ,aberystwith1 #aiaa4 ,de la ,martinire4 ,voyage des ,pais ,septentrionaux4 ,paris1 #afhb4 ,de ,lancre1 ,pierre4 ,l',incredulit et ,mescreance du ,sortilege4 ,paris1 #afbb4 ---- ,tableau de l',inconstance des mauvais ,anges4 ,paris1 #afac4 ,denham ,tracts4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,detection of damnable ,drifts4 #aegi4 ,elven1 ,henry van4 ,la ,tradition1 vol4 v4 ,paris1 #ahia4 ,examination of certain ,witches at ,chelmsford4 ,philobiblon ,society1 viii4 ,london1 #ahfc-d4 ,examination of ,a4 ,baker1 ,joane ,willimot1 and ,ellen ,greene4 ,london1 #afai4 ,examination of ,joane ,williford1 ,joan ,cariden1 and ,jane ,hott4 7,see ,collection of rare and curious ,tracts47 ,london1 #afde4 ,examination of ,john ,walsh4 ,london1 #aeff4 ,fairfax1 ,edward4 ,demonologia 7ed4 ,w4 ,grainge74 ,harrogate1 #ahhb4 ,flower1 ,the ,wonderful ,discoverie of the ,witchcrafts of ,margaret and ,philip4 ,london1 #afai4 ,forbes1 ,william4 ,institutes of the ,law of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 #agbb-cj4 ,foster1 ,tryall of ,ann4 ,northampton1 #ahha4 ,fountainhall1 ,lord4 ,decisions4 ,edinburgh1 #agei4 ,fournier1 ,alban4 ,epidmie de ,sorcellerie en ,lorraine4 ,nancy1 #ahia4 ,french ,intelligencer1 ,no4 #ba4 ,thomason ,tracts4 ,london1 #afeb4 ,full ,tryals of ,notorious ,witches at ,worcester4 ,london1 n4 d4 ,gaule1 ,john4 ,select ,cases of ,conscience4 ,london1 #afdf4 ,gerish1 ,william ,blyth4 ,relation of ,mary ,hall of ,gadsden4 #aiab4 ---- ,the ,divel's ,delusions4 ,bishops ,stortford1 #aiad4 ---- ,the ,severall ,practices of ,johane ,harrison4 #aiji4 ,gibbons1 ,a4 ,ely ,episcopal ,records4 ,lincoln1 #ahia4 ,giffard1 ,george4 ,discourse of the subtill ,practises of ,devilles4 ,london1 #aehg4 ---- ,dialogue concerning ,witches4 ,percy ,society1 ,,viii4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,gilbert1 ,william4 ,witchcraft in ,essex4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,giraldus ,cambrensis4 ,itinerary 7,bohn's edition74 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,glanvil1 ,joseph4 ,sadducismus ,triumphatus4 ,london1 #afha4 ,goldsmid1 ,e4 ,confessions of ,witches under ,torture4 ,edinburgh1 #ahhf4 ,goodcole1 ,henry4 ,wonderfull ,discoverie of ,elizabeth ,sawyer4 ,london1 #afba4 ,gooderige1 ,the most wonderfull and true storie1 of a certaine ,witch named ,alse4 ,london1 #aeig4 ,green1 ,samuel ,abbott4 ,groton in the ,witchcraft ,times4 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #ahhc4 ,hale1 ,john4 ,a modest ,enquiry 7ed4 ,burr74 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,hale1 ,sir ,matthew4 ,collection of ,modern ,relations4 ,london1 #afic4 ,harou1 ,alfred4 ,la ,tradition1 vol4 vi4 ,paris1 #ahib4 ,hector1 ,william4 ,judicial ,records of ,renfrewshire4 ,paisley1 #ahgf4 ,hibbert1 ,samuel4 ,description of the ,shetland ,isles4 ,edinburgh1 #ahbb4 ,highland ,papers1 vol4 iii4 ,witchcraft in ,bute4 ,edinburgh1 #aibj4 ,holinshed1 ,raphael4 ,chronicles4 ,london1 #aehg4 ,hopkins1 ,matthew4 ,the ,discovery of ,witches4 ,london1 #afdg4 ,horneck1 ,anthony4 ,appendix to ,glanvil's ,sadducismus ,triumphatus4 ,london1 #afha4 ,howell1 ,thomas ,bayly4 ,state ,trials4 ,london1 #ahaf4 ,humborg1 ,ludwig4 ,die ,hexenprozesse in der ,stadt ,mnster4 ,mnster8 #ahhb4 ,hunt1 ,william4 ,history of the ,english ,church4 ,london1 #aija4 ,hutchinson1 ,bishop ,francis4 ,historical ,essay4 ,london1 #agah4 ,hutchinson1 ,john4 ,history of the ,province of ,massachuset's ,bay4 #ahbh4 ,inch1 ,trial of ,isabel4 ,ardrossan 7#ahee874 ,james ,i4 ,demonologie4 ,edinburgh1 #aeig4 ,james the ,sext1 ,historie and ,life of4 ,bannatyne ,club4 ,edinburgh1 #ahbe4 ,journal of ,anatomy1 vols4 xiii and xxv4 ,london1 #ahgi1 #ahia4 ,journal d'un bourgeois de ,paris4 ,panthon ,littraire4 ,paris1 #ahch4 ,justiciary ,court1 ,edinburgh1 ,records of the ,proceedings of4 ,edinburgh1 #aije4 ,kinloch1 ,george ,ritchie4 ,reliquiae ,antiquae ,scoticae4 ,edinburgh1 #ahdh4 ,lamont1 ,john4 ,diary4 ,maitland ,club4 ,edinburgh1 #ahcj4 ,law1 ,robert4 ,memorialls 7ed4 ,sharpe74 ,edinburgh1 #ahah4 ,lawes against ,witches and ,conivration4 ,published by ,authority4 ,london1 #afde4 ,lea1 ,henry ,charles4 ,history of the ,inquisition4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,lemoine1 ,jules4 ,la ,tradition1 vol4 vi4 ,paris1 #ahib4 ,mackenzie1 ,sir ,george4 ,laws and ,customs of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh4 #afii4 ,maitland ,club4 ,chronicon de ,lanercost4 ,glasgow1 #ahci4 ---- ,lamont's ,diary4 ,glasgow1 #ahcj4 ,maitland ,club ,miscellany1 vol4 ii4 ,glasgow1 #ahdj4 ,manchester ,oriental ,society's ,journal4 ,manchester1 #aiaf-ag4 ,mather1 ,cotton4 ,wonders of the ,invisible ,world4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ---- ,increase4 ,remarkable ,providences4 ,london1 #ahij4 ,melville1 ,sir ,james4 ,memoirs4 ,bannatyne ,club4 ,edinburgh4 ,michaelis1 ,sebastian4 ,admirable ,historie of the ,possession and ,conversion of a ,penitent ,woman4 ,london1 #afac4 ---- ,a ,discourse of ,spirits4 ,london1 #afac4 ,monoyer1 ,jules4 ,la ,sorcellerie en ,hainault4 ,essais d'histoire et d'archologie4 ,mons1 #ahhf4 ,monseur1 ,eugne4 ,le ,folklore ,wallon4 ,bruxelles 7#ahib74 ,moore ,rental4 ,chetham ,society1 vol4 xii4 ,manchester1 #ahdg4 ,more1 ,henry4 ,antidote against ,atheism4 ,london1 #afee4 ,moret1 ,a4 ,mystres gyptiens4 ,paris1 #aiac4 ,murray1 ,t4 ,douglas4 ,jeanne d',arc4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,narrative of the ,sufferings of a young ,girle4 ,edinburgh1 #afih4 ,nicoll1 ,john4 ,diary4 ,bannatyne ,club4 ,edinburgh1 #ahcf4 ,notestein1 ,wallace4 ,history of ,witchcraft in ,england4 ,washington1 #aiaa4 ,pearson1 ,karl4 ,chances of ,death4 ,london1 #ahig4 ,percy ,society4 ,giffard's ,dialogue of ,witches4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,perkins1 ,william4 ,discourse of the damned ,art of ,witchcraft4 ,cambridge1 #afjh4 ,peterson1 ,tryall of ,mrs4 ,joan4 ,thomason ,tracts4 ,london1 #afeb4 ,petto1 ,samuel4 ,a faithful ,narrative4 ,london1 #afic4 ,philobiblon ,society4 ,examination of certain ,witches4 ,london1 #ahfc-d4 ,pinkerton1 ,john4 ,voyages4 ,london1 #ahjh-ad4 ,pitcairn1 ,robert4 ,criminal ,trials4 ,edinburgh1 #ahcc4 ,pittenweem1 ,a true and full ,relation of the ,witches of4 ,edinburgh1 #agjd4 ,pleasant ,treatise of ,witches4 ,london1 #afgc4 ,potts1 ,thomas4 ,discoverie of ,witches4 ,chetham ,society4 ,manchester1 #ahde4 ,prodigious and ,tragicall ,history4 ,see ,collection of rare and curious ,tracts4 ,london1 #afeb4 ,quibell1 ,james ,edward4 ,hierakonpolis1 ii4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,quicherat1 ,jules tienne ,joseph4 ,procs de condemnation et de rhabilitation de ,jeanne d',arc4 ,paris1 #ahda4 ,ravaisson1 ,franois4 ,archives de la ,bastille4 ,paris1 #ahgc4 ,records of the ,justiciary ,court of ,edinburgh4 ,edinburgh1 #aije4 ,registrum ,magni ,sigilli ,regum ,scotorum4 ,edinburgh1 #ahhf4 ,rehearsall both straung and true4 ,london1 #aegi4 ,remigius1 ,nicholas4 ,daemonolatria4 ,hamburg1 #afic4 ,roberts1 ,alexander4 ,treatise of ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #afaf4 ,ross1 ,william4 ,aberdour and ,inchcolme4 ,edinburgh1 #ahhe4 ,rymer1 ,thomas4 ,foedera4 ,london1 #agjd4 ,sadducismus ,debellatus4 ,london1 #afih4 ,st4 ,osees1 ,a true and iust ,recorde of all the ,witches taken at4 ,london1 #aehb4 ,sandys1 ,george4 ,relation of a ,journey4 ,london1 #afcb4 ,sawyer1 ,wonderfull ,discouerie of ,elisabeth4 #afba4 ,scot1 ,reginald4 ,discoverie of ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #aehd4 ,scots ,magazine4 ,edinburgh1 #aggb and #ahad4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walter4 ,demonology and ,witchcraft4 ,morley's ,universal ,library4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,scottish ,antiquary1 vol4 ix4 ,edinburgh1 #ahia4 ,scottish ,history ,society1 vol4 xxv4 ,edinburgh1 #ahif4 ,sharpe1 ,charles ,kirkpatrick4 ,historical ,account of ,witchcraft in ,scotland4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,shaw1 ,elinor1 and ,mary ,phillips4 ,northampton1 #ahff4 ,sinclair1 ,george4 ,the ,hydrostaticks4 ,edinburgh1 #afgb4 ---- ,satan's ,invisible ,world ,discovered4 ,edinburgh1 #ahga4 ,sinclair1 ,john4 ,statistical ,account of ,scotland1 vol4 xviii4 ,edinburgh1 #agif4 ,sinistrari de ,ameno1 ,ludovico ,maria4 ,demoniality4 ,paris1 #ahgi4 ,society of ,antiquaries of ,scotland4 ,new ,series1 x4 ,edinburgh4 ,spalding ,club ,miscellany4 ,aberdeen1 #ahda4 ,spottiswode1 ,john4 ,history of the ,church of ,scotland4 ,edinburgh1 #ahdg-ej4 ,spottiswoode ,miscellany4 ,edinburgh1 #ahdd-e4 ,stearne1 ,john4 ,confirmation and ,discovery of ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #afdh4 ,stevenson1 ,j4 ,chronicon de ,lanercost4 ,maitland ,club4 ,glasgow1 #ahci4 ,stewart1 ,william ,grant4 ,popular ,superstitions of the ,highlanders4 ,edinburgh1 #ahbc4 ,surtees ,society1 vol4 xl4 ,durham1 #ahfa4 ,taylor1 ,john4 ,tracts relating to ,northamptonshire4 ,northampton1 #ahff4 ,taylor1 ,john4 ,the ,witchcraft ,delusion in ,colonial ,connecticut4 ,new ,york1 n4 d4 ,thomson1 ,h4 ,a41 and ,miles1 ,a4 ,manual of ,surgery4 ,oxford1 #aiac4 ,thorpe1 ,benjamin4 ,monumenta ,ecclesiastica4 ,london #ahdj4 ,tradition1 ,la1 vol4 v4 van ,elven's ,les ,procs de ,sorcellerie au ,moyen ,age4 ,paris1 #ahia4 ---- vol4 vi4 ,harou's ,sorciers et ,sorcires4 ,paris1 #ahib4 ---- vol4 vi4 ,lemoine's ,sorcellerie contemporaine4 ,paris1 #ahib4 ,true and exact ,relation of the severall ,informations1 ,examinations and ,confessions of the late ,witches executed in the ,county of ,essex4 ,london1 #afde4 ,true and iust ,recorde of all the ,witches taken at ,st4 ,oses4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,london1 #aehb4 ,tryalls of ,four ,notorious ,witches at ,worcester4 ,london1 n4 d4 ,wagstaffe1 ,john4 ,question of ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #afga4 ,walsh1 ,examination of ,john4 ,london1 #aeff4 ,webster1 ,john4 ,displaying of ,supposed ,witchcraft4 ,london1 #afgg4 ,wellhausen1 ,julius4 ,reste arabischen ,heidenthums4 ,berlin1 #ahig4 ,whitaker1 ,t4 ,d4 ,history of ,whalley4 ,london1 #ahah4 ,wilson1 ,daniel4 ,memorials of ,edinburgh in the ,olden ,time4 ,edinburgh1 #ahia4 ,witch of ,wapping1 ,the4 ,thomason ,tracts4 ,london1 #afeb4 ,witchcraft1 ,collection of rare and curious tracts on4 ,edinburgh1 #ahbj4 ,witches of ,northamptonshire4 ,london1 #afab4 ,wonderfull ,discouerie of ,elizabeth ,sawyer4 ,london1 #afba4 ,wonderful ,discoverie of ,margaret and ,philip ,flower4 ,london1 #afai4 ,,addendum #acbd ,kilkenny1 ,ireland4 ,this is the earliest record to give the names of all those who took part in the ceremonies4 ,two of the poorer women were burned2 ,dame ,alice ,kyteler returned to ,england2 ,william ,outlaw1 her son1 was imprisoned for a time4 ,nothing is known of the fate of the rest4 #a4 ,alice ,kyteler #b4 ,alice1 wife of ,henry the ,smith #c4 ,annota ,lange #d4 ,eva de ,brounstoun #e4 ,helena ,galrussyn #f4 ,john ,galrussyn #g4 ,petronilla de ,meath #h4 ,robert de ,bristol #i4 ,robin1 son of ,artis 7the ,devil7 #aj4 ,sarah1 daughter of ,petronilla #aa4 ,sysok ,galrussyn #ab4 ,william ,payn of ,boly #ac4 ,william ,outlaw4 ,,index ,aberdeen3-- ,allhallow ,eve1 #ajg1 #aaj-ab1 #aca1 #acf4 ,candles1 #cf1 #ade4 ,children by the ,queen of ,elphen1 #dd1 #de1 #bdb4 ,christsonday1 #cf1 #dd1 #de1 #fi1 #gj1 #hg1 #abh1 #aee1 #bdb4 ,description of elves1 #bdb4 ,devil as a calf1 #fe4 ,god1 #bh1 #ade1 #bbg4 a hen1 #bjg4 a horse1 #bjg4 a lamb1 #bbg4 a man1 #cf1 #dc1 #fe1 #ade4 a stag1 #de1 #gj1 #bjg1 #bdb4 a woman1 #dd1 #bdb4 ,divination by animals1 #bjg4 ,dog sacrifice1 #aee1 #afc4 ,fertility charm1 #agj1 #agc4 ,fish ,cross1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aca1 #bcc4 ,headgear1 #cf1 #dc4 ,hour of meeting1 #aab4 ,king making1 #de1 #bdb4 ,kiss1 #de1 #abh1 #abi1 #bdb4 ,kneeling to the ,devil1 #bh1 #abi4 ,magical rite1 #bjg4 words1 #de1 #aee1 #afc1 #bdb4 ,mark1 #hg4 ,market ,cross1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aca4 ,midwife1 #bjg4 ,musical instrument1 #aaj1 #aca1 #acf4 ,names of members of ,covens1 #bea4 ,nudity rite1 #agc4 ,number in ,covens1 #aia-b4 ,our ,lady1 #de1 #ahi4 ,personal attendant1 #ahi4 ,punishment1 #aca1 #ahh1 #bjj4 ,queen of ,elphen1 #dd1 #de1 #abh1 #bdb4 ,raising the ,devil1 #de1 #aee1 #afc1 #bdb4 ,riding ,devil1 #fi1 #bdb4 ,right hand1 #hg4 ,ring dance1 #ajg1 #aca1 #acf4 leader1 #aca1 #acf1 #ahh1 #bjj4 ,rood-day1 #de1 #aaj1 #aab1 #acd1 #bdb4 ,sexual rites1 #bdb4 ,silken habiliments1 #cf1 #ade4 ,standing stone1 #ajh1 #aca4 ,transformation1 #bcc4 ,tree-riding1 #aaj1 #acd4 ,two chiefs1 #ce4 ,white garments1 #cf1 #dc1 #de4 hackneys1 #de1 #bdb4 ,abiron1 #afc4 ,admission ceremonies1 #ga-if4 ,age of admission1 #ga-d4 ,aix in ,provence3-- ,blood-sprinkling1 ,form of1 #adi4 ,cannibalism1 #adc4 ,christian priest1 #abh4 ,feast1 #adc4 ,kiss1 #abi4 ,kneeling1 #abi4 ,knives not used1 #adc4 ,lucifer1 #abi1 #adi4 ,musical instruments1 #ach4 ,queen of the ,sabbath1 #abi4 ,rank among the witches1 #abi4 ,religious service1 #ach4 ,renunciation1 #gg4 ,singing1 #ach4 ,taboo on salt1 #adc4 ,violins1 #ach4 ,wine representing blood1 #adi4 ,ale1 #ci1 #aad1 #ada1 #adb4 ,alest3-- ,abiron1 #afc4 ,raising the ,devil1 #afc4 ,alice ,kyteler1 ,dame 7see ,kyteler74 ,allhallow ,eve1 #de1 #ed1 #ajg1 #aji-ab1 #aca1 #acf4 ,alloa3-- ,brown garments1 #cf1 #dc4 ,devil as a dog1 #fg4 a man1 #cf1 #cg1 #dc4 ,grey garments1 #cg1 #dc4 ,headgear1 #cf1 #cg1 #dc4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #beb ,number in ,coven1 #aib4 ,transformation1 #bcc-d4 ,all ,saints' ,day1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aaf4 ,alost3-- ,adoration1 #bh4 ,belzebuth1 #bh1 #da4 ,white garments1 #da4 ,altars to ,christ and the ,devil1 #ba4 ,ancyra1 ,decree of ,council of1 #bb1 #ajb4 ,angers3-- ,change of shape1 #fe4 ,devil as a bull1 #fe4 a goat1 #fe4 ,iupin1 #fe4 ,animals for divination1 #afc1 #bjd4 ,antecessor1 #afd4 ,appin1 ,red ,book of1 #agj1 #aif4 ,aqua vitae1 #hc1 #ada4 ,aquelarre1 #ajg1 #aah1 #abb4 ,arab custom1 #acj4 witches1 #ajd1 #acd note4 ,arras1 #aih4 ,arrows1 ,fairy1 #bja1 #bde4 ,artificial phallus1 #agh-hb4 ,ashes of the sacrifice1 #aei-fb1 #ahc1 #bgf4 ,aspic1 #bdh4 ,auldearne3-- ,black garments1 #bbi4 ,black ,john1 #aii4 ,blood sprinkling1 #hd-e1 #aec4 ,boots and shoes1 #cg4 ,candlemas1 #abj1 #adb4 ,cloven feet1 #cg4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #fe1 #aha4 ,dances1 #abj1 #acc4 ,devil as an animal1 #ff1 #gj1 #abi1 #ahc4 ,god1 #bi4 a man1 #cg4 ,dun-coloured garments1 #bbi4 ,elf arrows1 #bja1 #bde4 boys1 #bde4 bulls1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,fairy money1 #bde4 ,feast1 #aad1 #ada-b4 ,gillatrypes1 #acc4 ,grace before meat1 #adb1 #afg4 ,green garments1 #bbi4 ,image1 #aaf4 ,instruction from the ,devil1 #aif4 ,irregular date of meetings1 #abb-c4 ,king of ,faery1 #bdd4 ,kiss1 #abi4 ,magical ceremony1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aga4 words1 #aje-f1 #afd1 #aff1 #bcd-e4 ,maiden of the ,coven1 #acc1 #aij1 #aic4 ,names of familiars1 #bbi-cj4 of members of ,coven1 #bec4 ,nickname1 #acc4 ,number in ,coven1 #aic4 ,officer1 #aga1 #ahg-h1 #aic4 ,phallus1 #ahj4 ,place of ,devil at table1 #adb4 meeting1 #abj4 ,ploughing ceremony1 #aae1 #aga4 ,power from the ,devil1 #bi4 ,punishment1 #aii1 #bja4 ,quarterly meeting1 #aaa4 ,queen of ,faery1 #bdd4 ,riding1 #ii1 #aje4 ,salutation1 #bi4 ,sexual rites1 #ahc4 ,transformation1 #aff1 #bcd-e4 ,yellow garments1 #bbi4 ,avignon3-- ,devil as a goat1 #fh4 a man1 #fh4 ,standing stone1 #fh4 ,avoidances1 #ag4 ,bacchic cry1 #afd note4 ,back-to-back dance1 #abh1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc-e1 #bcb1 #bdg4 ,bale fire1 #aaa4 ,baptism1 #hb-e1 #aag1 #aef1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,barton 7see ,suffolk74 ,basses-,pyrnes3-- ,admission ,ceremonies1 #ga1 #gh4 ,aquelarre1 #ajg1 #aah1 #abb4 ,ashes1 #afj4 ,back-to-back dance1 #acb1 #acc4 ,baptism1 #hb4 ,beelzebub1 #adc4 ,book1 #adh4 ,candles1 #adf1 #adh4 ,cannibalism1 #aeh4 ,change of shape1 #fc1 #ahb4 ,child witches1 #fb1 #ga1 #age-f4 ,christian festivals1 #aaa4 ,coldness of ,devil1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,cross-roads1 #aah4 ,day of meeting1 #abb4 ,devil as an animal1 #dc1 #fb1 #fc1 #fe1 #fh-i1 #abi1 #adf1 #ahb4 ,god1 #bi4 a man1 #cb1 #dj-a1 #fc1 #abh1 #acb4 ,diabloton1 #acg4 ,disguise1 #fd4 ,easter1 #aaa4 ,esbat1 #aac4 ,feast1 #adb4 ,fire1 #adf4 ,flute1 #acg4 ,flying1 #ih1 #aja1 #afd4 ointment1 #afd4 ,follow-my-leader dance1 #acd4 ,food at feast1 #adb4 ,grace before meat1 #adc4 ,headgear1 #dc1 #fi1 #adf4 ,horns1 #da1 #dc1 #fi1 #adf4 ,janicot1 #afe4 ,janus1 #fb4 ,jumping dance1 #acb4 ,jus primae noctis1 #agi4 ,kiss1 #de1 #fb1 #gb1 #abh-cj1 #adf1 #adh4 ,kneeling to the ,devil1 #bi1 #ga1 #gb4 ,lane de ,bouc1 #ajg1 #aah1 #abb4 ,left hand1 #de1 #adh4 side1 #de1 #hh1 #adh4 ,lucifer1 #adh4 ,magical words1 #adh1 #afd1 #afe4 ,mark1 #gb1 #hh4 ,marriage1 #agi4 ,mask1 #fb1 #fd1 #fh1 #abi1 #bcb4 ,midday1 #abb4 ,minor devils1 #acg1 #bbh4 ,modern dance1 #acj4 ,monsieur1 #abh4 ,musical instruments1 #acg4 ,officer1 #ahg4 ,opinions of witches1 #be4 ,phallus1 #agi-hj4 ,place of ,devil at table1 #adc4 meeting1 #aah4 ,punishment1 #aih1 #bjb4 ,quarterly festival1 #aji4 ,queen of the ,sabbath1 #de1 #ga1 #adh1 #aij4 ,quillet1 #afd4 ,religious service1 #adh1 #afd4 ,renewal of vows1 #abh4 ,renunciation1 #ga1 #gh4 ,riding1 #ajb4 ,ring dances1 #dj1 #ajg1 #abh1 #aca1 #acb4 ,sacrifice of the ,god1 #afj4 ,sermon1 #adh1 #adi4 ,sexual rites1 #adi1 #ahj-b4 ,standing stones1 #dj1 #ajg1 #abh1 #aca4 ,tambourine1 #acg4 ,toad1 #ga4 ,transformation1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,trumpet1 #acg4 ,two-faced ,god1 #fb1 #abi4 ,violin1 #acg4 ,voice1 #fb4 ,voluntary convert1 #ga4 ,vows to new ,god1 #gh4 ,walking to meeting1 #ih4 ,written contract1 #hj4 ,bear1 ,devil as a1 #gj4 familiar1 #bai4 ,beelzebub1 #bh1 #adc1 #ahd4 ,belgium3-- ,alost1 #bh1 #da4 ,ashes1 #afj4 ,barrebon1 #da4 ,belzebuth1 #bh1 #da4 ,black garments1 #da1 #dc1 #bcb4 ,blood-drinking1 #aec4 ,blue garments1 #bcb4 ,burning the ,god1 #afj4 ,cold food1 #add4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #fc4 ,crebas1 #da4 ,devil as a goat1 #abh1 #afj4 a man1 #da1 #dc4 ,flying ointment1 #aje4 ,headgear1 #dc4 ,kiss1 #abh1 #afj4 ,kneeling to the ,devil1 #bi1 #abh4 ,mask1 #bcb4 ,places dedicated to the ,devil1 #ajh4 ,standing stones1 #ajh4 ,stick-riding1 #aje4 ,white garments1 #da4 ,yellow garments1 #bcb4 ,believers in witchcraft1 #i1 #aj4 ,beltane1 #aji4 ,belzebuth1 #bh1 #da4 ,bernardo di ,bosco1 #bd4 ,bideford 7see ,devonshire74 ,bird familiars1 #bjf1 #bac1 #bag1 #bah4 sacrifice1 #aee1 #bda4 ,bishop of ,coventry1 #bc1 #abg4 ,black candles1 #adf4 garments1 #cc-e1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj-c1 #ed1 #eg1 #fc1 #abg1 #acd1 #adj1 #ade1 #adg1 #age1 #bjj1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bdb4 ,black ,john1 #aii4 ,blackman1 #cc1 #bai1 #bbc4 ,black plaid1 #cg4 ,blasting with the fairy1 #bde4 ,blockula 7see ,sweden74 ,blood baptism1 #hd4 covenant signed in1 #hj1 #ha4 drinking1 #aec4 ,familiars fed with1 #bji-aa1 #bac-ag1 #bai-ba1 #bbe4 in chalice1 #aeg4 sacrifice1 #hi1 #aeb-d1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbe4 sprinkling1 #hd1 #aec4 ,wine representing1 #adi4 ,blue garments1 #bcb4 mark1 #ge1 #hg4 ,book1 ,devil's1 #gi1 #adh1 #agj1 #aif1 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,boots and shoes1 #cg4 ,borrowstowness3-- ,ale1 #ci1 #aad1 #adb4 ,change of shape1 #fg1 #ahc4 ,cross1 #aag4 ,devil as a dog1 #fh1 #ahc4 a man1 #ci1 #fg1 #ahc4 ,drinking1 #ci1 #aad1 #adb4 ,feast1 #adb4 ,mark1 #ij4 ,piper1 #aag4 ,right hand1 #ij4 ,bothwell1 ,earl of1 #ed-i4 ,brampton 7see ,suffolk74 ,breast1 ,supernumerary1 #ij-a1 #id4 ,brcy3-- ,black candles1 #adf4 ,devil as a black dog1 #fg4 ,sermon1 #fg4 ,walking to ,sabbath1 #ih4 ,brescia1 #bd1 #ace4 ,brewham 7see ,somerset74 ,bridle1 ,enchanted1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,broomstick1 #aj1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #afd4 ,brown garments1 #cc1 #cf1 #dc4 ,bull1 ,devil as a1 #fe-f1 #gj1 #abi1 #ahc4 ,bulls1 ,elf1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,papal1 #ai1 #bd1 #afi4 ,burning the ,god1 #aei-fb4 ,burroughs1 ,rev4 ,george1 #di1 #aea4 ,burton ,agnes 7see ,yorkshire74 ,bute3-- ,aqua vitae1 #hc4 ,baptism1 #hc1 #aef4 ,blasting with the fairy1 #bde4 ,cock sacrifice1 #aef4 ,devil as a man1 #hc4 ,elf arrow1 #bde4 ,hen sacrifice1 #aef4 ,klareanough1 #hd4 ,left leg1 #hi4 ,local anaesthesia1 #hi4 ,mark1 #hc1 #hi4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bec4 ,renunciation1 #aef4 ,result of elf-shots1 #bde4 ,right foot and leg1 #hc4 hand1 #hc4 shoulder1 #hi4 ,shooting and blasting1 #bde4 ,two chiefs1 #hc4 ,use of words ,god and ,devil1 #ca4 ,byrehill3-- ,devil as instructor1 #aie4 ,fairies1 #dd1 #adj1 #aie1 #bja4 ,green garments1 #aac1 #adj1 #bda4 ,identification of the ,devil1 #ce1 #dh4 ,piping1 #aac1 #adj1 #bda4 ,queen of ,elfhame1 #dd1 #bda4 ,threats against a traitor1 #bja4 ,william ,simpson1 ,mr41 #ce1 #dh1 #aie4 ,wine puncheons1 #aac1 #adj1 #bda4 ,calder1 #aeg4 ,calf1 ,devil as a1 #fe4 ,cambridgeshire3-- ,blood sacrifice1 #bbj4 ,cat familiar1 #bbj4 ,use of familiar1 #bbj4 ,candlemas1 #ac1 #aji1 #aaj1 #abj1 #adb1 #add4 ,candles1 #cf1 #ed1 #fh1 #abe1 #abg1 #abh1 #add-g1 #adh1 #aei1 #ahj4 ,cannibalism1 #adc1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,canons1 ,ecclesiastical1 of ,king ,edgar1 #bb4 ,capital punishment1 #bja-d4 ,cat1 ,devil as a1 #ff1 #abg1 #abh1 #ahb1 #bjh1 #bbj1 #bbh4 familiar1 #bji-ad1 #baf-ba1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bda4 sacrifice1 #aed1 #aee1 #afh1 #bjh4 ,cats1 conjuring of1 #eb1 #ed1 #aae1 #afg1 #afh1 #bjh4 ,change of familiar1 #baj4 of name1 #df1 #hc-e4 of shape1 #da1 #dg1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fi1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,chaplain to the ,devil1 #ahh1 #bja4 ,chelmsford 7see ,essex74 ,chicken sacrifice1 #aed1 #aee1 #baj4 ,child sacrifice1 #di1 #aej1 #aef-i4 witches1 #ci1 #dj1 #fb1 #fe1 #ga-d1 #hj1 #ii1 #abc1 #age1 #agf1 #ahd1 #bdb1 #bdh4 ,children by the ,devil1 #ahb4 by the ,queen of ,elphen1 #dd1 #bdb4 ,christening of animals1 #he1 #aae1 #aee1 #afg1 #afh4 ,christian clergy1 #abi1 #acc1 #acg1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea1 #ahh-i1 #bja4 festivals1 #aaa4 ,christians and the ,witch-cult1 #ah1 #di4 ,christmas1 #di1 #aaa4 ,eve1 #aab4 ,christsonday 7see ,aberdeen74 ,churchyard dance1 #ed1 #aac1 #acf1 #adf4 ,cittern1 #acf4 ,classical authors1 #ba4 ,clay images1 #adg4 ,cloven feet1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #cg1 #ch1 #aaf4 ,cnut1 ,invasion of1 #bj4 ,laws of1 #bc1 #ajg4 ,cock1 sacrifice1 #aed-f1 #bab4 ,signal given by1 #aab4 ,cold food1 #add4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #fb1 #fc-e1 #abh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahe4 ,collupp ,munday1 #ajc4 ,como1 #ace4 ,compigne3-- ,artificial intercourse1 #ahb4 ,black garments1 #dj1 #age4 ,child witch1 #dj1 #age4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #ahb4 ,devil as a man1 #dj1 #age4 ,devil's horse1 #dj1 #age4 ,renunciation1 #age4 ,sexual rites1 #age4 ,coney familiar1 #bai4 ,confessionale of ,ecgberht1 #bb4 ,congregational ,churches1 #ac4 ,conjuration1 #aej1 #aga4 ,conjuring of cats1 #eb1 #ed1 #aae1 #aef1 #afc1 #afg1 #afh4 ,connecticut3-- ,christmas1 #aaa4 ,devil as a boy1 #db4 a deer1 #gj4 a man1 #db1 #dc4 ,headgear1 #dc4 ,human familiars1 #bcj4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bec4 ,control of the ,phairie1 #bdc4 ,conversion of ,england1 #bj4 ,cordova3-- ,child witch1 #hj1 #age4 ,contract for term of years1 #hj4 ,council of ,ancyra1 ,decree of1 #bb1 #ajb4 ,court of ,elphen1 #dd1 #bdj4 ,covenant1 #gi-hb4 ,covens1 #aij-d1 #bdi-ed4 ,coventry1 ,bishop of1 #bc1 #abg4 ,crebas1 #da4 ,crighton3-- ,chaplain to the devil1 #ahh1 #bja4 ,coldness of the devil1 #fe4 ,minister1 ,christian1 #acc1 #ahh-i1 #bja4 ,pace of dance1 #acc1 #ahi1 #bja4 ,punishment1 #acc1 #ahi1 #bja4 ,sermon1 #cj1 #ahi4 ,crook of ,devon3-- ,black garments1 #ch1 #dc4 ,change of name1 #he4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #fd4 ,date of meetings1 #aaa4 ,devil as a boy1 #ch1 #dc4 a man1 #ch1 #dc4 ,dun-coloured garments1 #ch4 ,feast1 #ada4 ,flying1 #aja4 ,fulyairt garments1 #ch4 ,grey garments1 #ch1 #dc4 ,headgear1 #ch1 #dc4 ,methods of destruction1 #aah1 #agb4 ,music1 #acg4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bec4 ,number in ,coven1 #aic4 ,piper1 #acg4 ,place of meeting1 #abj4 ,riding ,devil1 #ch4 ,st4 ,andrew's ,day1 #aaa4 ,two chiefs1 #ch4 ,voluntary converts1 #gi4 ,walking to the ,sabbath1 #ih4 ,yule1 #abj4 ,cross1 #fh1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aag1 #aca1 #bcc4 ,cross-roads1 #fh1 #ajg1 #aah1 #acb1 #add1 #bjc4 ,crow familiar1 #bjh4 ,cursing1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbd-e1 #bbg4 ,dalkeith3-- ,admission ceremony1 #gh4 ,bale fire night1 #aaa4 ,capital punishment1 #bjd4 ,change of shape1 #fg1 #ahc4 ,devil as a boy1 #cg1 #fg1 #ahc4 a dog1 #fg4 ,green garments1 #cg1 #dc1 #fg1 #ahc4 ,hanging with a lace1 #bjd4 ,headgear1 #cg1 #dc4 ,magical words1 #afe4 ,mark1 #ahc4 ,officer1 #dg4 ,queen of ,farie1 #dg1 #bde4 ,renunciation1 #bdd4 ,dance as reward1 #bjj4 ,back to back1 #abh1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #bcb1 #bdg4 called ,gillatrypes1 #acc4 ,children's1 #ace4 ,churchyard1 #ed1 #aac1 #acc1 #acf1 #adf4 ,complicated1 #acj1 #acb4 ,fairy1 #acb1 #bdb1 #bdd4 ,fertility1 #bc1 #acj4 ,follow-my-leader1 #ee1 #acj1 #acc1 #acd1 #acf4 ,jumping1 #acj1 #acb1 #acd1 #acg4 ,la volta1 #ace4 led by ,devil1 #abg1 #acc1 #acd1 #acf4 priest1 #bc4 ,modern1 #acj1 #acc1 #ace1 #ahc note4 ,pace of1 #acj1 #acc1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,ring1 #acj-c4 round stones1 #dj1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #abh1 #aca4 round the devil1 #dj1 #ajg1 #abh1 #ade4 round trees1 #bci1 #bdj4 to instrumental music1 #acc1 #acf1 #ach4 ,torchlight1 #adf4 to vocal music1 #acd1 #acg1 #ach1 #adf4 ,tree-riding1 #acd4 under trees1 #da4 ,widdershins1 #ace4 ,daniel the ,prophet1 #cd4 ,dates of chief festivals1 #ab1 #ac4 conversion of ,england1 #bj4 meetings1 #aji-aa1 #aai1 #aba-c4 ,dead men's bones1 #aae1 #afh1 #afi4 ,death by fire1 #afb4 ,decadence of the cult in ,england1 #e1 #ace4 ,decree of ,council of ,ancyra1 #bb4 ,dedication1 #gh4 ,deer1 ,devil as a1 #gj1 #abi1 #ahc4 ,definition of a witch1 #ah1 #ea4 ,description of ,blockula1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aai4 elves1 #bdb4 ,destructive acts1 #aah1 #agb4 ,devil1 ,children by1 #ahb1 #ahe1 #bdb4 ,coldness of1 #fb-e1 #abh1 #aha4 ,identification of1 #ce1 #ch1 #dh1 #di1 #ee-i4 ,instruction from1 #abd1 #abe1 #aie1 #aif4 ,marriage with1 #ahd-e4 ,money from1 #cg1 #di4 ,places dedicated to1 #ajh4 ,sacrifice of1 #aei-fb4 ,substitute for1 #afj-b1 #bgj-i4 the same as fairy1 #bdc4 ,devil as ape1 #dg1 #fi4 bear1 #gj4 boy1 #cc1 #cg1 #ch1 #db1 #dc1 #fd1 #fg1 #ahc4 bull1 #fe-f1 #gj1 #abi1 #ahc4 calf1 #fe4 cat1 #ff1 #abg1 #aeb1 #aed1 #ahb1 #bbh4 cow1 #fe4 deer1 #gj1 #abi1 #ahc4 dog1 #ff-h1 #gj1 #abi1 #acc1 #acf1 #aee1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bjh1 #bbg4 fowl1 #ahb4 frog1 #bbf4 goat1 #fc1 #fe1 #fh-i1 #gj1 #add-f1 #aei1 #afj1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bcc1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,god1 #bh-ca1 #ade1 #bbg1 #bdg4 hen1 #ahb1 #bjg4 horse1 #dg1 #fi1 #gj1 #ahc1 #bjg1 #bjh4 lamb1 #bbg4 ,devil as lion1 #ff4 man1 #ca-dc1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #fc1 #fe1 #fh1 #fi1 #gc1 #gg1 #gi1 #hc1 #hh1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #abf-g1 #acd1 #acf1 #adj1 #ade1 #aec1 #afc1 #afd1 #age1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #aie1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bag1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bdf4 mediciner1 #cf1 #aie4 minister1 #da1 #adi1 #aea4 physician1 #cf4 priest1 #aej1 #aeg4 sheep1 #gj1 #abg1 #ahb1 #bcc1 #bdg4 stag1 #de1 #gj1 #bjg1 #bdb4 woman1 #dd-g1 #bdb4 ,devil's change of shape1 #dg1 #fc1 #fe1 #ahb4 chaplain1 #ahh1 #bja4 disguise1 #ce1 #fb4 duties1 #aif4 garments1 #cc-h1 #dj-c4 head-gear1 #db-c4 horse1 #bi1 #dj1 #de1 #fi1 #ajc1 #age1 #bjh1 #bcf4 phallus1 #agi-ha4 place at feast1 #bi1 #adj1 #adb4 powers1 #bcf4 voice1 #fa-c4 ,devonshire3-- ,black garments1 #cd4 ,devil as a lion1 #ff4 a man1 #cd4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ie4 ,toad familiar1 #ie4 ,diabloton1 #acg4 ,diana1 #ab1 #bb1 #ajb4 ,dianic cult1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #bgb1 #bgd4 ,dirlton1 #cf4 ,disbelievers in witchcraft1 #aj-aa4 ,disguise1 #ce1 #dg1 #fj-e1 #abi4 ,removal of1 #ahb4 ,distribution of ashes1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #bgf4 ,divination1 #afc1 #bje-h1 #bba1 #bdh4 ,divining familiar1 #afc1 #bje-h4 ,dog1 ,devil as a1 #ff-h1 #gj1 #abi1 #acc1 #acf1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bjh1 #bbf4 familiar1 #afc1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bab-ae1 #bah1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbc-e1 #bbg1 #bbi4 sacrifice1 #aed1 #aee1 #afc4 ,dorset3-- ,bird familiar1 #bjf4 ,blood sacrifice1 #aec4 ,cat sacrifice1 #aee4 ,chicken sacrifice1 #aee4 ,cloven feet1 #cc4 ,devil as a man1 #cc1 #bjf4 ,dog familiar1 #bjf4 sacrifice1 #aee4 ,fairies1 #bdj4 ,gift of familiar1 #bbd4 ,human familiar1 #cc1 #bjf4 ,periodical sacrifices1 #aee4 ,dreams1 #ae4 ,drinking1 #ci1 #ih1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #adj-c4 the ,devil's health1 #aid4 ,ducking of witches1 #ag4 ,dumfries-shire1 #aeg4 ,dun-coloured garments1 #ch1 #bbi4 ,dunfermline3-- ,capital punishment1 #bjc4 ,burial of ,lady ,pittadro1 #afb4 ,fate of a traitor1 #bjc4 ,rebuke to ,presbytery1 #afb4 ,dunstable1 #dh4 ,dunwich 7see ,suffolk74 ,duties of the ,devil1 #aif4 ,easter1 #bc1 #aaa4 ,ecclesiastical canons of ,king ,edgar1 #bb4 ,ecgberht1 ,archbishop of ,york1 #bb4 ,edinburgh3-- ,black garments1 #cg4 ,cat sacrifice1 #aee4 ,devil as a dog1 #fg4 a man1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #aaf4 a woman1 #df4 ,dog sacrifice1 #aee4 ,drinking1 #ci1 #aac4 ,fertility powers1 #agj1 #agd4 ,gift of money1 #cg1 #di4 ,green garments1 #cg4 ,grey garments1 #aaf4 ,identification1 #cg1 #ch1 #dh1 #ej4 ,magical powers1 #agj1 #agd4 ,mark1 #df4 ,marriage with the ,devil1 #ahe4 ,number in ,coven1 #aic4 ,renunciation1 #ci1 #df4 ,standing stones1 #cg4 ,weir1 ,major1 #ej1 #afa4 ,edmonton3-- ,cursing1 #bbg4 ,dog familiar1 #bac4 ,name of familiar1 #bac4 ,prayer1 #cj4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ib4 ,edward and ,guthrum1 ,laws of1 #bb4 ,elf arrows1 #bde4 boys1 #bde4 bulls1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,elfin1 ,court of1 #bdj4 ,queen or ,fairy ,queen1 #ad1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #abh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,elva1 #afc1 #bjf4 ,elves1 ,description of1 #bdb4 ,enchanted bridle1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #bcf4 ,england 7see ,cambridgeshire1 ,chelmsford1 ,coventry1 ,devonshire1 ,dorset1 ,dunstable1 ,edmonton1 ,essex1 ,faversham1 ,fenny ,drayton1 ,fewstone1 ,huntingdonshire1 ,ipswich1 ,kidderminster1 ,lancashire1 ,leaven ,heath1 ,leicester1 ,lenham1 ,maidstone1 ,northampton1 ,northumberland1 ,st4 ,albans1 ,st4 ,osyth1 ,salisbury1 ,somerset1 ,stapenhill1 ,suffolk1 ,windsor1 ,yarmouth1 ,yorkshire74 ,esbat1 #ig1 #aac-bc4 ,essex3-- ,bird familiar1 #bag1 #bah4 ,blood sacrifice1 #hi1 #aeb1 #aed1 #baj1 #bbe4 ,cat familiar1 #bji-ab1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,change of familiar1 #baj4 ,chicken sacrifice1 #aed1 #baj4 ,child witch1 #gc4 ,cock sacrifice1 #aee1 #bab4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #fd1 #ahe4 ,devil as a cat1 #aeb1 #aed4 a dog1 #fg1 #aee1 #bbg4 a man1 #cc1 #hh1 #bag1 #bbc4 ,dog familiar1 #bab1 #bad1 #bae1 #bbc1 #bbg4 ,feeding of familiar1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae-ag1 #bbd4 ,ferret familiar1 #bab4 ,frog familiar1 #bah4 ,gift of familiar1 #bji1 #baj1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,inherited familiar1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbd-f4 ,kiss1 #fd1 #ahe1 #bae4 ,kitten familiar1 #bae1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,lamb familiar1 #baa4 ,left hand1 #hi4 ,marriage1 #ahe4 ,mole familiar1 #bag1 #bbc4 ,mouse familiar1 #baf-ah4 ,names of familiars1 #bji1 #baa1 #bab1 #bad-ah1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,paternoster as a charm1 #baj4 ,prayers1 #ca1 #bae4 ,promise of secrecy1 #bae4 ,renunciation of ,christianity1 #ahe1 #bji1 #bbe4 ,robin1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbe4 ,st4 ,osyth ,coven1 #bej4 ,sathan1 #aeb1 #baj1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ib-c1 #ie1 #bad-ag4 ,thirteen in ,coven1 #aia4 ,threats against a traitor1 #bjb4 ,toad familiar1 #baj-ab1 #bbe4 ,use of familiars1 #bad-ah1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,weasel familiar1 #bab4 ,ethelred1 ,laws of1 #bc4 ,eve of ,st4 ,john1 #aaa4 ,evidence1 ,sources of1 #aa4 ,execution1 ,methods of1 #ag1 #afb1 #bja4 ,eymouth1 #cf4 ,fairies3-- ,arrows1 #bja1 #bde4 ,boy in green1 #cg1 #bdd4 ,boys1 #bde4 ,children by ,queen of ,elphen1 #dd1 #bdb4 ,colour of clothes1 #cg1 #adj1 #bdj-b1 #bdd4 ,connexion between witches and fairies1 #ad4 ,controlled with the ,phairie1 #bdc4 ,court of ,elfin1 #bdj1 #bda4 ,dances1 #acb1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bdd4 ,description of elves1 #bdb4 ,dress of ,queen1 #bdd4 ,elf bulls1 #bdd-e4 ,fairies and witches1 #bch-df4 ,familiar1 #df1 #bbi1 #bdc4 ,folk1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,foster child1 #bdb4 ,hill1 #cf1 #bdc1 #bde4 ,hours for consultation1 #bdj4 ,human sacrifice1 #bch1 #bdf4 ,instruction by1 #aie1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdc-d4 ,kane-bairn1 #bdf4 ,king1 #bdd4 ,king-making1 #bdb4 ,man in green1 #adj1 #bda4 ,men1 #aie1 #bdj-c1 #bde4 ,money1 #aee1 #bda1 #bde4 ,plaids1 #bdj1 #bdb4 ,puck1 #bch4 ,puckrels1 #bda4 ,queen1 #ad1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #abh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bdj-b1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,rings1 #acb1 #bdd4 ,robin1 #abg1 #aed1 #afc1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bch1 #bde4 ,sickness cast by1 #bda1 #bde4 ,squint-,ey'd ,elf1 #bdf4 ,thomas a ,fearie1 #bcj4 ,threats against traitor1 #bja4 ,tree1 #bch-i4 ,white hackneys1 #bdb4 ,women1 #bch-dj1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdf4 ,familiars1 #ic-e1 #ahd1 #bje-cg4 as gods1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,feeding of1 #bji1 #bab1 #baf1 #bag1 #bbd4 ,fate of traitors1 #bja-d4 ,faversham3-- ,devil's place at table1 #adj4 ,feast indoors1 #adj4 ,term of years1 #ha4 ,feast1 #df1 #aad1 #ach-dd4 ,feeding of familiars1 #bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae-ag1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bdh4 ,feet1 ,cloven1 #bi1 #cc1 #cd1 #cg1 #aaf4 of griffon1 #ce4 ,female familiars1 #df1 #bbi1 #bdc4 ,fenny ,drayton1 #dh4 ,ferret familiar1 #bab4 ,fertility charms1 #adi note1 #afj1 #agj1 #aga1 #agc4 dances1 #bc1 #acj-e4 powers1 #bh1 #agj1 #agd4 ,fewstone3-- ,bird familiar1 #bac4 ,cat familiar1 #bac4 ,names of familiars1 #bac4 ,fines1 #bdg4 ,fir1 ,baton of1 #afc1 #bjg4 torches1 #adg4 ,fire1 #adf4 ,fish ,cross1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aca1 #bcc4 ,fixed number of witches1 #aij4 ,flint arrows1 #bja1 #bde4 ,flute1 #acg1 #ach4 ,flying1 #ih1 #ajj-f1 #afd4 ointment1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #afd1 #bgi-hj4 ,follow-my-leader dance1 #acj1 #acb-d4 ,food at feasts1 #aci-dd4 ,forfar3-- ,ale1 #ada4 ,all ,hallow ,eve1 #aaj4 ,aqua vitae1 #ada4 ,black plaid1 #cg4 ,candlemas1 #aaj4 ,cannibalism1 #aei4 ,change of shape1 #ahc1 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,child witch1 #gc1 #agf4 ,churchyard dance1 #aac1 #adf4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #fd4 ,dance in churchyard1 #aac1 #adf4 ,dates of meetings1 #aai4 ,devil as a horse1 #fi1 #ahc4 a man1 #cg1 #fi1 #ahc4 a woman1 #df4 ,devil's horse1 #ajc1 #bcf4 ,drinking1 #ih4 ,feast1 #adj-a4 ,grey clothes1 #fd4 ,kiss1 #hi1 #aad1 #ada4 ,lammas1 #aaj4 ,mark1 #hi4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #beb4 ,number in ,coven1 #abj1 #acf1 #aic4 ,officer1 #ahg4 ,pipes1 #aad1 #acf4 ,place of meeting1 #aai1 #abj4 ,devil at table1 #ada4 ,puberty1 ,girl under1 #agf4 ,quarterly ,festival1 #aaj4 ,renunciation1 #dg1 #gi4 ,roodmass1 #aaj4 ,sieve and shears1 #aad4 ,singing1 #aad1 #ach4 ,sinking ships1 #fi1 #aaf1 #ahc4 ,torchlight1 #aac1 #adf4 ,transformation1 #bcg4 ,voluntary convert1 #gi4 ,walking to ,sabbath1 #ih4 ,wrecking a bridge1 #aag-ah1 #aif4 ,forked shoes1 #cb note4 ,formula of renunciation1 #fg1 #gd1 #gf1 #gh4 ,foul thief1 #afc1 #bjg4 ,france 7see also ,aix1 ,alost1 ,angers1 ,arras1 ,basses-,pyrnes1 ,brcy1 ,compigne1 ,gilles de ,rais1 ,joan of ,arc1 ,lille1 ,lorraine1 ,lyons1 ,machecoul1 ,orleans1 ,paris1 ,poitiers1 ,puy-de-,dme1 ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye74 ,ashes1 ,distribution of1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #bgf4 ,back-to-back dance1 #bcb4 ,candles1 #adf4 ,change of shape1 #da1 #ff1 #ahb4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #ahj4 ,date of ,sabbath1 #abc4 ,devil as a cat1 #da1 #ff1 #ahb4 a cow1 #fe4 a man1 #da1 #ff1 #aef1 #ahb4 ,fixed number of witches1 #aij4 ,flying ointment1 #aja4 ,garter as sign of rank1 #aia4 ,god in human form1 #dj4 ,hen sacrifice1 #aef4 ,mask1 #adf1 #bcc4 ,modern admission ceremony1 #hb4 organization1 #aij4 ,phallus1 #ahj4 ,punishment1 #aii4 ,red garments1 #da1 #ff1 #ahc4 ,reine du ,sabbat1 #aij4 ,renunciation1 #fe4 ,sacrifice of the ,god1 #afj4 a fowl1 #aef4 ,singing1 #ach1 #adf4 ,term of years1 #hb4 ,voluntary converts1 #gj4 ,written contract1 #hj4 ,frog1 ,devil as a1 #bbf4 familiar1 #bah4 ,fulyairt garments1 #ch4 ,garter as sign of rank1 #aia4 ,geographical range of domestic familiar1 #ag1 #bji4 ,gift of familiars1 #bji1 #baj1 #bad1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bdi4 of money1 #cg1 #di4 ,gillatrypes1 #acc4 ,gilles de ,rais1 #afa1 #bgf-i4 ,girls under puberty1 #age-f4 ,goat1 ,devil as a1 #fh-i1 #abi1 #add-f1 #aei1 #afj1 #ahj1 #ahc4 ,god incarnate1 #ab1 #bh1 #ee1 #afa1 #bgf1 #bgh4 in human form1 #dj4 ,good ,friday1 #aaa4 ,grace before meat1 #aci1 #adj1 #adb1 #adc1 #afg1 #bdg4 ,green garments1 #cf1 #cg1 #dc1 #fg1 #aac1 #adj1 #ahc1 #bbi1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd4 ,grey-bearded man1 #cb1 #ce1 #cf1 #db1 #aie4 ,grey garments1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #da-c1 #fd1 #aaf4 ,groton3-- ,devil as an old man1 #db4 ,term of years1 #ha4 ,guernsey3-- ,broomstick1 #ajd1 #afd4 ,devil as a cat1 #ff1 #abg4 a dog1 #fg4 ,flying1 #ajd1 #afd4 ,horns1 #fg4 ,hou1 #afe4 ,kiss1 #ff1 #abg4 ,kneeling to ,devil1 #ff4 ,lucifer1 #afd4 ,magic words1 #ajd1 #afd1 #afe4 ,name of early ,god1 #afe4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bea4 ,number in ,coven1 #aib4 ,renunciation1 #fg4 ,site of ,sabbath1 #ajh4 ,transformation1 #bcc4 ,guthrum1 invasion of1 #bj4 ,guthrum1 ,laws of ,edward and1 #bb4 ,hair sacrifice1 #aee4 ,hanged with a lace1 #bjb-d1 #bgh4 ,hare familiar1 #bbg4 ,hartford 7see ,connecticut74 ,hautboy1 #ach4 ,headgear1 #ce-g1 #ch1 #db-c1 #fi1 #abg1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg4 ,heathen invasions1 #bj4 ,hedgehog familiar1 #bba4 ,helen ,mcbrune1 #de4 ,hell1 ,queen of1 #dg4 ,hen1 ,devil as a1 #ahb4 familiar1 #bjg1 #bjh4 sacrifice1 #aed1 #aef4 ,heresy1 ,witchcraft as1 #bc4 ,herodias1 #ajb4 ,hillswick 7see ,orkney74 ,homage1 #bc1 #fb1 #fh1 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #ade4 ,horns1 #da1 #dc1 #fg1 #fi1 #adf4 ,horse1 ,devil as a1 #dg1 #fi1 #ahc1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,devil's1 #bi1 #dj1 #de1 #fi1 #ajc1 #bjh4 ,horse-flesh1 #adc1 #bdg4 ,hou1 #afe4 ,hour of ,sabbath1 #aab4 ,human familiars1 #cc1 #dj1 #df1 #ahc1 #aic1 #bjf1 #bba1 #bbh-cj1 #bdc4 ,huntingdonshire3-- ,bear familiar1 #bai4 ,black garments1 #cc1 #cd1 #fc4 ,blood sacrifice1 #bai4 ,cat familiar1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbe4 ,cloven feet1 #cc4 ,coney familiar1 #bai4 ,cursing1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbd-e1 #bbg4 ,devil as a man1 #cc1 #fc1 #bah1 #bbc4 ,dog familiar1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,familiars as gods1 #bai1 #bbj4 ,gift of familiar1 #bah1 #bbd-e4 ,light1 #adf4 ,mouse familiar1 #bbj4 ,names of familiars1 #bah-bj1 #bbc4 ,rat familiar1 #bbj4 ,renunciation1 #bah-ai1 #bbe4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ic1 #bai-bj4 ,term of years1 #ha4 ,use of familiars1 #bah-bj4 ,voice of ,devil1 #fc4 ,yielding the soul1 #bbj4 ,hymns1 #acg4 ,hysteria1 supposed1 #i1 #agg1 #bca4 ,identification1 #ce1 #cg1 #ch1 #dg-ej1 #ee-i4 ,image1 ,clay and wax1 #aaf1 #aag1 #adg4 ,sacred1 #abe1 #ade4 ,imitative magic1 #agg4 ,impenitent witches1 #bf4 ,imps called puckrels1 #bda4 ,incarnate ,god1 #ab1 #bh1 #ee1 #afa1 #bgf1 #bgh4 ,incubus1 #ahc4 ,inherited familiars1 #bad1 #bag1 #bbd-f4 ,innerkip3-- ,cloven feet1 #ch1 #aaf4 ,devil as a dog1 #fg4 a man1 #ch1 #aaf4 ,drinking1 #aad1 #ada4 ,kiss1 #aad4 ,magical ceremony1 #aaf-ag4 ,mark1 #hi4 ,name of ,devil1 #afc4 ,night assemblies1 #abc4 ,raising the ,devil1 #afc4 ,right side1 #hi4 ,serpent1 #afc4 ,singing1 #ch1 #aad1 #ach4 ,storm raising1 #fg1 #aaf4 ,transformation1 #aaf1 #bcd4 ,yule1 #abc4 ,innocent ,,viii1 ,bull of1 #bd1 #afi4 ,instruction by the ,devil1 #abd1 #abe1 #aie1 #aif1 #bjh4 by fairies1 #bda1 #bdd4 ,introduction1 ,letter of1 #fj4 of new members1 #ci1 #gf1 #gg4 ,inverary3-- ,corresponding with the ,devil1 #bde4 ,fairies1 #bde4 ,trumps1 #bde4 ,inverkeithing1 ,priest of1 #bc4 ,ipswich1 #di4 ,ireland 7see ,kyteler1 ,dame ,alice74 ,iron rods1 ,beating with1 #aig1 #bjc4 ,irregular dates of esbats1 #abb4 ,irrevocability of vows1 #gh4 ,irvine3-- ,capital punishment1 #bjb4 ,devil as a man1 #gi4 ,hanged with a lace1 #bjb4 ,left leg1 #hh4 ,mark1 #hh4 ,voluntary convert1 #gi4 ,italy1 #bd1 #ajj1 #ace4 ,iupin1 #fe4 ,janicot1 #afe1 #bdi4 ,janus1 #ab1 #fb4 ,jean le ,blanc1 #bdg4 ,jew's harp1 #acf4 ,joan of ,arc1 #bd1 #dj1 #afa1 #bch-dj1 #bgj-f1 #bgi4 ,jumping dance1 #acj1 #acb1 #acg4 ,jus primae noctis1 #agi1 #aha4 ,kane-bairn1 #bdf4 ,kent 7see ,faversham1 ,lenham1 ,maidstone74 ,kidderminster1 #id4 ,king-making1 #de1 #bdb4 ,king of ,faery1 #bdd4 ,kinross-shire 7see ,crook of ,devon74 ,kiss3-- ,devil kisses witches1 #hi1 #aad1 #ada1 #afe1 #ahe1 #bdg4 ,familiars kiss witches1 #bae4 ,witches kiss the ,devil1 #de1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #gb1 #abf-cj1 #ade1 #adf1 #adh1 #aei1 #afj1 #bjj1 #bdb1 #bdg4 ,witches kiss an image1 #abe1 #ade4 ,queen of ,elphen1 #abh1 #bdb4 ,kitten familiar1 #id1 #baj1 #bae1 #baf1 #bba1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,klareanough1 #hd4 ,kneeling to the ,devil1 #bh1 #bi1 #ff1 #ga1 #gb1 #abf1 #abh-i4 ,knives not used1 #adc4 ,kyteler1 ,dame ,alice3-- ,cock sacrifice1 #aed4 ,devil as a man1 #dj1 #bbh4 ,flying ointment1 #ajd4 ,human familiar1 #dj1 #bbh4 ,name of ,devil1 #aed4 ,robin1 son of ,artis1 #dj1 #aed4 ,sacramental bread1 #adh4 ,stick-riding1 #ajd4 ,trial1 #bc4 ,lamb familiar1 #baa1 #bbg4 ,lammas1 #ac1 #eb1 #ed1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,lancashire3-- ,all ,saints' ,day1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aaf4 ,black garments1 #cc4 ,blood sacrifice1 #aec1 #bac4 ,cat familiar1 #bac4 ,child witch1 #gc4 ,day of ,sabbath1 #aaa4 ,devil as a bear1 #gj4 a boy1 #cc4 ,god1 #bi4 a man1 #cc1 #gg4 ,dog familiar1 #bac4 ,familiars1 male and female1 #df1 #ahd1 #bbi4 ,method of obtaining1 #bbg4 ,number of1 #bbi4 ,feast1 #df1 #aci4 ,female familiar1 #df1 #bbi4 ,flying1 #ajb4 ,good ,friday1 #aaa4 ,introduction of new member1 #gg4 ,light1 #df4 ,mamillion1 #bi4 ,method of marking1 #hh1 #aec4 ,name of ,god1 #bi4 of familiars1 #df4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bea4 ,naming a familiar1 #aae4 ,number in ,coven1 #aib4 ,officer1 #ahg4 ,pricking1 #hh1 #aec4 ,purpose of meeting1 #aae1 #aaf4 ,riding1 #ii1 #aaf4 ,sacramental bread1 #bbg4 ,sexual rites1 #ahd4 ,standing stone1 #ajh4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #bac4 ,yielding the soul1 #cc1 #gg4 ,lane de ,bouc1 #ajg1 #aah1 #abb4 ,lang ,niddry3-- ,cat sacrifice1 #aee4 ,christening a cat1 #aae1 #aee1 #afh4 ,drinking1 #aae4 ,walking to the meeting1 #ih4 ,lapland1 #ff1 #fh1 #bbb1 #bbf4 ,lauder3-- ,devil as a man1 #cf4 ,identification1 #dh4 ,officer1 #ahg4 ,laws of ,athelstan1 #ag1 #bb4 ,cnut1 #bc1 #ajg4 ,edward and ,guthrum1 #bb4 ,ethelred1 #bc4 ,lorraine1 #ajb4 ,northumbrian priests1 #bb4 ,wihtraed1 #bb4 ,leather money1 #aee1 #bda4 ,leaven ,heath1 #ha4 ,left eye1 #if4 hand1 #de1 #hh1 #hi1 #adh1 #aij4 leg1 #hh1 #hi4 shoulder1 #hg1 #hh1 #if4 side1 #de1 #hh1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #adh4 ,legal aspect of covenant1 #gd4 familiars1 #bjh4 mark1 #hf-g4 ,leicester3-- ,fairy1 #df1 #bdc4 ,human familiar1 #df1 #bbi1 #bdc4 ,method of obtaining familiars1 #df1 #bdc4 ,name of familiar1 #df1 #bbi1 #bdc4 ,yielding the soul1 #df1 #bbi4 ,lenham1 #id4 ,letter of introduction1 #fj4 ,liber ,poenitentialis1 #ba1 #fj4 ,light1 #df1 #adf1 #adg4 ,lille3-- ,ashes1 #afj4 ,child witches1 #gb1 #ii1 #ahd4 ,dedication1 #gh4 ,devil as an animal1 #fe1 #afj4 ,god1 #bi4 ,mark1 #gb1 #ha1 #hi4 ,opinions of witches1 #bf1 #ahd4 ,power over fertility1 #agd4 ,punishment1 #agd1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,renewal of vows1 #ha4 ,renunciation1 #gb4 ,riding1 #ajb4 ,sacrifice of the ,god1 #afj4 ,sexual rites1 #ahd4 ,yielding the soul1 #gb4 ,limited range of transformation1 #bca4 ,lion1 ,devil as a1 #ff4 ,list of suspected persons1 #dg4 ,llanddewi ,brefi1 #bbf4 ,local anaesthesia1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #id4 ,logan1 ,rev4 ,allan1 #di4 ,lorraine3-- ,back-to-back dance1 #ace4 ,bird sacrifice1 #aee1 #bda4 ,devil as a bear1 #gj4 a goat1 #fh4 ,hair sacrifice1 #aee4 ,homage1 #abf4 ,kneeling to the devil1 #abf4 ,laws1 #ajb4 ,leather money1 #aee1 #bda4 ,magical charm1 #aae4 ,marriage1 #ahd4 ,masks1 #bcb4 ,night assemblies1 #aab1 #abb4 ,oath of secrecy1 #bja4 ,offerings1 #aee4 ,opinions of witches1 #be4 ,phallus1 #agi4 ,punishment1 #aih4 ,ring dance1 #ace4 ,voice1 #fa4 ,widdershins1 #ace4 ,lothian3-- ,baton of fir1 #afc1 #bjg4 ,cat sacrifice1 #aee1 #bjh4 ,devil as a man1 #cf1 #aaf4 ,divining familiars1 #afc1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,dog sacrifice1 #aee4 ,foul thief1 #afc1 #bjg4 ,instruction by the ,devil1 #aie1 #bjh4 ,magical words1 #afc1 #bjg4 ,mediciner1 #cf1 #aie4 ,minister1 #adi4 ,punishment1 #aih4 ,sacrament1 #adi-ej4 ,sermon1 #adi-ej4 ,lowdon ,hill3-- ,devil as a woman1 #de4 ,hallow-even1 #de1 #aaa4 ,helen ,mcbrune1 #de4 ,name of ,devil1 #de4 ,lucifer1 #bh1 #de1 #abe1 #abi1 #ach1 #add1 #adh1 #adi1 #afd4 ,lyne3-- ,court of ,elphen1 #bdj4 ,devil as a man1 #ce1 #db4 ,grey beard1 #ce1 #db4 garments1 #ce1 #db4 ,headgear1 #ce1 #db4 ,instruction by the ,devil1 #aie4 ,number in ,coven1 #aia1 #bdj4 ,queen of ,elphen1 #dd1 #bda4 ,thorn ,reid1 #ce1 #db1 #dd1 #aia1 #aie4 ,white wand1 #ce4 ,lyons3-- ,ashes1 #aei1 #ahc4 ,back-to-back dance1 #aca1 #bcb4 ,beelzebub1 #adc4 ,black garments1 #dj1 #aja4 ,broomstick1 #aje4 ,candles1 #abe1 #ade4 ,christmas1 #di1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,cold food1 #add4 ,coldness of ,devil1 #agi1 #aha4 ,day of meeting1 #abb4 ,devil as a cat1 #ff1 #abh1 #ahb4 a dog1 #ahb4 a fowl1 #ahb4 a goat1 #fh1 #ade1 #aei1 #ahb1 #bcc4 a man1 #dj1 #aja1 #ade1 #ahb4 a sheep1 #gj1 #ahb1 #bcc4 ,drinking1 #adc4 ,easter1 #aaa4 ,fairy dances1 #acb1 #bdb4 ,feasts1 #adc4 ,flute1 #ach4 ,flying1 #aja1 #ajb4 ointment1 #aje4 ,grace before meat1 #adc4 ,hautboys1 #ach4 ,hour of meeting1 #aab4 ,human familiars1 #ahc1 #bbh4 ,image1 ,sacred1 #abe1 #ade4 ,jumping ,dance1 #acb4 ,kiss1 #abe1 #abh1 #abi-cj1 #ade4 ,mark1 #hg-h4 ,mask1 #bcb4 ,method of going to ,sabbath1 #ig1 #ii4 ,midday1 #dj4 ,musical instruments1 #ach4 ,night assemblies1 #aab4 ,phallus1 #agi4 ,place of meeting1 #aai1 #aba4 ,power over fertility1 #agd4 ,prayer1 #cj4 ,punishment1 #aih4 ,religious service1 #adh4 ,renewal of vows1 #abe4 ,renunciation1 #abe4 ,reports1 #abe1 #aih4 ,riding to meetings1 #ii4 ,right side1 #hh4 ,ring dance1 #aca4 ,rye1 ,wafer of1 #adh4 ,sacrifice of the ,god1 #aei1 #ahc4 ,sexual rites1 #abe1 #agi-hb4 ,singing1 #ach4 ,stick riding1 #aje4 ,straw1 ,burning1 #ade4 ,taboo on salt1 #adc4 ,urine1 #adh4 ,voice1 #fb4 ,walking to meeting1 #ig-h4 ,machecoul ,coven1 #bdi4 ,magical ceremonies1 #cj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aga1 #bjg4 ointment1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #bgi-hj4 powers1 #agj1 #agd4 words1 #de1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #abh1 #adi1 #afb-h1 #bjf-h1 #bcd-e1 #bdb1 #bdd4 ,maiden of ,coven1 #acc1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aic4 ,maidstone3-- ,child by the ,devil1 #ahb4 ,reason for burning a witch1 #afb4 ,sexual rites1 #ahb4 ,matre ,jean ,mullin1 #bch4 ,leonard1 #bch4 ,malleus ,maleficarum1 #agb4 ,mamillion1 #bi4 ,manningtree 7see ,essex74 ,mark1 #df1 #gb1 #ge1 #gf1 #ha1 #hc1 #hf-if1 #adf1 #ahc1 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,market ,cross1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aca4 ,marriage1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,masks1 #ee1 #fb1 #fd1 #fh1 #aaj1 #abi1 #acc1 #adf1 #ahh1 #bca-c1 #bdf4 ,may ,day1 #aab4 ,eve1 #ab1 #aji4 ,may-,november year1 #ab1 #aji4 ,mediciner1 ,devil as1 #cf1 #aie4 ,methods of destruction1 #aag1 #aah4 execution1 #ag1 #afb1 #bja4 going to meetings1 #ig-ajf4 marking1 #hg1 #hh1 #aec4 obtaining familiars1 #df1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bdc4 transformation1 #bcj-a4 ,midday1 #dj1 #aja1 #abb4 ,midwives1 #ej1 #agj1 #aga1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,minister1 ,christian1 #acc1 #acg1 #aea1 #ahh4 ,devil as a1 #da1 #adi4 ,minor devils1 #acg1 #bbh4 ,modern dance1 #acj1 #acb1 #ace note1 #ahc note4 magical ceremonies1 #hb1 #bbf4 organization1 #aij4 ,mole familiar1 #bag1 #bbc4 ,monsieur1 #dj1 #abh4 ,mound dwellings1 #aj4 ,mouse familiar1 #baf-ah1 #bbj1 #bda4 ,muffling 7see ,mask74 ,music1 #acg4 ,musical instruments1 #ee1 #aaj1 #aca1 #acc1 #acf-h4 ,name given on admission1 #he4 of early ,god1 #afe4 ,names of the ,devil3-- ,abiron1 #afc4 ,antecessor1 #afd4 ,aspic1 #bdh4 ,barrebon1 #da4 ,black ,john1 #aii4 ,blackman1 #cc1 #bai1 #bbc4 ,christsunday1 #cf1 #dd1 #de1 #fi1 #gj1 #hg1 #abh1 #aee1 #bdb4 ,crebas1 #da4 ,daniel the ,prophet1 #cd4 ,foul thief1 #afc1 #bjg4 ,helen ,mcbrune1 #de4 ,hou1 #afe4 ,iupin1 #fe4 ,janicot1 #afe1 #bdi4 ,klareanough1 #hd4 ,matre ,jean ,mullin1 #bbh4 ,leonard1 #bbh4 ,mamillion1 #bi4 ,monsieur1 #dj1 #abh4 ,orthon1 #da1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,quillet1 #afd4 ,robin1 #afc1 #bjh1 #bde4 son of ,artis1 #dj1 #aed4 ,sathan1 #aeb1 #baj4 ,serpent1 #afc4 ,simon1 #ahe4 ,thom ,reid1 #ce1 #db1 #dd1 #aia1 #aie1 #bdj4 ,traisnesac1 #da1 #bdg4 ,tramesabot1 #da note1 #bdh4 ,walliman1 #cj-a1 #aie4 ,william ,simpson1 #ce1 #dh1 #aie4 ,names of familiars3-- ,amie1 #bah4 ,besse1 #bag4 ,christ1 #baf4 ,collyn1 #baf4 ,dainty1 #baf4 ,elimanzer1 #bae4 ,elva1 #afc1 #bjf4 ,fancie1 #df4 ,fillie1 #bac4 ,frog1 #bah4 ,george1 #bba1 #bbi4 ,gibbe1 #bac4 ,gille1 #baj4 ,ginnie1 #baj4 ,greedigut1 #bai1 #bbc4 ,grissell1 #bai1 #bbc4 ,hendrie ,laing1 #bcj4 ,hoult1 #bad4 ,inges1 #bac4 ,jacke1 #baa1 #bah4 ,james1 #bah4 ,jarmara1 #bad4 ,jeso1 #baf4 ,jesus1 #baf4 ,jezebell1 #bba1 #bbi4 ,jockey1 #baf4 ,jone1 #bbj4 ,laing1 #bbi4 ,lierd1 #bab4 ,lightfoot1 #bab1 #bbd4 ,lilly1 #bah4 ,littleman1 #baf4 ,lunch1 #bab4 ,makeshift1 #bab4 ,mak ,hector1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,margaret1 #afh1 #bah4 ,minny1 #bbe4 ,mounsier1 #baf4 ,mrit4 ,elizabeth1 #baf4 ,panu1 #baf4 ,philip1 #baa4 ,pigine1 #baa4 ,pretty1 #df1 #bah1 #bbi1 #bdc4 ,pretty-man1 #baf4 ,prickeare1 #bah4 ,priscill1 #bah4 ,red ,reiver1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,roaring ,lion1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,robert the ,jackis1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,robert the ,rule1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,robin1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbe4 ,rorie1 #bbi4 ,rug1 #bag4 ,sack and ,sugar1 #bad4 ,sanders1 #bcj4 ,sandy1 #baf4 ,sathan1 #bji1 #baj1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,sparrow1 #bah4 ,suckin1 #bab4 ,susan1 #bag1 #bah4 ,swein1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,tewhit1 #bac4 ,thief of ,hell1 wait upon herself1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,thomas a ,fearie1 #bcj4 ,tib1 #bbj4 ,tibbe1 #df4 ,tissy1 #bai4 ,tom1 #baa1 #bac1 #bbe4 ,tomboy1 #baf4 ,tyffin1 #baa4 ,tyttey1 #baa4 ,vinegar ,tom1 #bad4 ,wynowe1 #baf4 ,names of members of ,covens1 #aic-d1 #bdi-ed4 of tunes1 #acf1 #acg4 ,naming of animals1 #he1 #aee1 #afh4 a familiar1 #aae4 ,netherbury 7see ,dorset74 ,newburgh1 #aie4 ,new ,england 7see ,connecticut1 ,groton1 ,salem74 ,nicknames1 #he1 #acc1 #ahg4 ,nider's ,formicarius1 #bc4 ,night assemblies1 #aab1 #abb1 #abc4 ,nipple1 ,supernumerary1 #ij-f1 #bji1 #bba4 ,northampton3-- ,death by fire1 #afb4 ,devil as a man1 #cd4 ,opinions1 #bf-g4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ie4 ,north ,berwick3-- ,allhallow ,eve1 #ed1 #aaj4 ,black garments1 #ce1 #db1 #ed1 #eg1 #ade4 ,bothwell1 ,earl of1 #ed-i4 ,candles1 #ed1 #ade4 ,cat sacrifice1 #afh4 ,christening a cat1 #afh4 ,churchyard dance1 #ed1 #aaj1 #acc1 #acf4 ,coldness of the ,devil1 #fb1 #fd1 #abh4 ,conjuring of cats1 #eb1 #ed1 #afc1 #afg1 #afh4 ,dates of meetings1 #aaj4 ,dead men's bones1 #aae1 #afh1 #afi4 ,devil as a man1 #ce1 #db1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee4 ,devil's disguise1 #ce1 #fb4 ,divining by animals1 #bjf-g4 ,dog familiar1 #afc1 #bjf4 ,elva1 #afc1 #bjf4 ,headgear1 #ce1 #db1 #ade4 ,homage1 #fb1 #ach1 #ade4 ,hour of meeting1 #aab4 ,identification1 #ee-i4 ,instruction by ,devil1 #aie4 ,kiss1 #fb1 #fc1 #abh1 #bjj4 ,lammas1 #eb1 #ed1 #aaj4 ,magical words1 #afc1 #afh1 #bjf4 ,mask1 #ee1 #aaj1 #acc1 #ahh1 #bcb4 ,midwife1 #ej1 #bjf4 ,muffling 7see ,mask74 ,name of familiar1 #afc1 #bjf4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bej4 ,nicknames1 #he1 #ahg4 ,number in ,covens1 #ec1 #aia4 ,officers1 #ahg4 ,punishment1 #ed1 #bjj4 ,raising the ,devil1 #afc1 #bjf4 ,riding to the ,sabbath1 #ii4 ,ringleader1 #ee1 #aaj1 #acc1 #ahh1 #bcb4 ,sermon1 #db1 #ed1 #ade4 ,sieves1 #afg4 ,sinking ships1 #ea1 #eb1 #aae1 #afg1 #afh4 ,storm raising1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed1 #afc1 #afg1 #afh4 ,toad poison1 #ec4 ,trial1 #ej-i4 ,trump1 #ee1 #aaj1 #acc1 #acf4 ,voice1 #fb4 ,wax image1 #ea1 #ec-e4 ,white garments1 #ce4 wand1 #eg4 ,yielding the soul1 #ei4 ,northumberland3-- ,black garments1 #acd1 #bjj4 ,collupp ,monday1 #ajc4 ,dance as reward1 #bjj4 ,devil as ,god1 #bi4 a man1 #cd1 #acd4 ,enchanted bridle1 #ajc-d1 #bcf4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #aic-d4 ,number in ,coven1 #aic-d4 ,punishment1 #bjj4 ,rewards1 #acd1 #bjj4 ,riding1 #ajc1 #bcf4 devil1 #cd4 ,sacred stone1 #ajh note4 ,term of years1 #hb4 ,threats to traitor1 #bi4 ,transformation1 #bcd1 #bcf4 ,november ,eve1 #ab4 ,nudity rites1 #acd note1 #aej1 #agc4 ,numbers in ,covens1 #ec1 #abj1 #acf1 #aia-d1 #bdj4 ,oath of secrecy1 #bja4 ,objections to the evidence1 #ae1 #af4 ,offerings1 #aee4 ,officer1 #dg1 #aja1 #aea1 #aga1 #ahf-ij1 #aic4 ,ointment1 ,flying1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aje1 #bgi-hj4 ,operative witchcraft1 #aa4 ,opinions of witches1 #ae1 #be-g1 #bh1 #afa1 #ahd4 ,ordeal by water1 #ag4 ,organization1 #ac1 #ahf-bjd4 ,orkney3-- ,black garments1 #bdb4 ,child witch1 #bdb4 ,controlled with the ,phairie1 #bdc4 ,devil as a man1 #cf4 the same as fairy1 #bdc4 ,fairy folk1 #bdb4 men1 #aie1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,gray beard1 #cf1 #aie4 ,green tartan plaid1 #bdb4 ,identification1 #dh4 ,instruction from the ,devil1 #aie4 ,name of ,devil1 #cj1 #ca4 ,prayer1 #ca4 ,walliman1 #cj1 #ca1 #aie4 ,white garments1 #cf1 #aie4 ,orleans3-- ,back-to-back dance1 #bdg4 ,baptism1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,book1 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,child witch1 #bdh4 ,devil as a goat1 #fi1 #gj1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,god1 #bi1 #bdg4 man1 #da1 #fc1 #bdf4 sheep1 #gj1 #bdg4 ,disguise1 #fc4 ,divination1 #bba1 #bdh4 ,feeding of familiars1 #bba1 #bdh4 ,fines1 #bdg4 ,gift of familiar1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bdi4 ,janicot1 #bdi4 ,jean le ,blanc1 #bdg4 ,kiss1 #bdg4 ,mark1 #bdh4 ,mask1 #bdf4 ,names of ,devil1 #da1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,orthon1 #da1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,phallus1 #bdg4 ,place of meeting1 #bdf4 ,punishment1 #bdg4 ,religious service1 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,rewards1 #bdg4 ,salt taboo1 #bdi4 ,sermon1 #fc1 #bdg4 ,sexual rites1 #bdi4 ,shaving1 #bdf4 ,singing1 #bdg4 ,toad familiar1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,traisnesac1 #da4 ,tramesabot1 #da note4 ,trial of ,gentien le ,clerc1 #bdh-i4 ,silvain ,nevillon1 #bdf-h4 ,two chiefs1 #fc4 ,two-faced god1 #fi1 #bdg4 ,urine1 #bdh4 ,voice1 #fc1 #bdg4 ,walking to the ,sabbath1 #bdg4 ,orthon1 #da1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,ould ,birtles1 #dg4 ,our ,lady1 #de1 #ahi4 ,pace of dance1 #aca1 #acc1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,paction with the ,devil1 #gd4 ,paisley3-- ,black garments1 #ch1 #fc4 ,candles1 #adg4 ,child witch1 #gc4 ,clay image1 #aag1 #adg4 ,cloven feet1 #ch4 ,date of meeting1 #abc4 ,devil as a man1 #ch1 #ahh4 ,drinking the ,devil's health1 #aid4 ,mark1 #hi4 ,officer1 #ahh4 ,thirteen1 #aid4 ,voice1 #fc4 ,papal bulls1 #ai1 #bd1 #afi4 ,paris3-- ,child sacrifice1 #di1 #aej1 #aef1 #aeg4 witch1 #gb4 ,conjuration1 #aej1 #aga4 ,devil as a priest1 #aej1 #aeg1 #aga4 ,fertility charm1 #aga4 ,identification1 #di4 ,midwife1 #aga4 ,nudity rite1 #aej4 ,term of years1 #ha4 ,witch mass1 #aej4 ,written contract1 #ha4 ,paternoster used as charm1 #baj4 ,pembrokeshire1 #cbf4 ,pentland ,hills3-- ,candle1 #adf4 ,devil as a dog1 #fg1 #acc1 #acf4 ,name of tune1 #acg4 ,pipes1 #fg1 #acc1 #acf4 ,periodical sacrifices1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,personal attendant1 ,devil's1 #ahf1 #ahi4 ,perth3-- ,devil as a man1 #cf1 #aie4 ,fairy hill1 #cf4 ,greybeard1 #cf1 #aie4 ,instruction from the ,devil1 #aie4 ,phallus1 #agi-hj1 #bdg4 ,physician1 #cf4 ,pierronne1 follower of ,joan of ,arc1 #dj4 ,piper1 #acf1 #acg1 #ahi4 ,pipes1 #fg1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #acc1 #acf1 #adj1 #bda4 ,pitch1 ,candles of1 #adf1 #adg4 ,pittadro1 ,lady1 #afb1 #bjc4 ,pittenweem3-- ,black garments1 #dc4 ,devil as a man1 #ci1 #dc4 ,headgear1 #dc4 ,mark1 #ij4 ,place of ,devil at table1 #adj1 #ada-c1 #add4 meeting1 #ajh1 #aai-ba1 #bdf4 ,places dedicated to the ,devil1 #ajh4 ,ploughing ceremony1 #aae1 #aga4 ,poison1 #aeh1 #bgi-hj4 ,poisoning by toads1 #ec4 ,poitiers3-- ,ashes of the sacrifice1 #aei4 ,candle1 #ade1 #aei4 ,cross1 #fh1 #ajg4 ,cross-roads1 #fh1 #ajg1 #add4 ,devil as a goat1 #fh1 #abh1 #add1 #aei4 ,kiss1 #abh1 #ade1 #aei4 ,ring dance1 #fh1 #abh1 #ade1 #aei4 ,sacrifice of the ,god1 #aei4 ,polymastia1 #ij4 ,polythelia1 #ij-f4 ,position of ,devil's marks1 #if4 ,power from the ,devil1 #bi4 ,prayers1 #cj1 #ca1 #bae1 #bah1 #bbh4 ,pre-agricultural religion1 #ab-ac1 #aji4 ,pricking1 #hh1 #aec4 ,priests1 ,christian1 #hd1 #abh1 #acg1 #aej1 #aga4 ,promise of secrecy1 #bae4 ,puberty1 ,girls under1 #age1 #agf4 ,puck1 ,derivation of1 #bcj4 ,puckrels1 #bda4 ,punishments and rewards1 #ed1 #aca1 #acc1 #agd1 #ahh-i1 #aig-bjd1 #bdg4 ,purpose of meeting1 #aae1 #aaf4 ,puy-de-,dme3-- ,back-to-back dance1 #abh1 #aca4 ,candles1 #fh1 #abh1 #ade1 #ahj4 ,christian festival1 #aaa4 ,dates of meeting1 #aai1 #abc4 ,devil as a goat1 #fh1 #ade1 #ahj4 ,kiss1 #abh4 ,place of meeting1 #aai4 ,prayer1 #abh4 ,ring dance1 #abh1 #aca4 ,sexual rites1 #ahj4 ,st4 ,john's ,eve1 #ade4 ,quarterly festivals1 #ab-ac1 #aji-aa4 ,queen of ,elfin and ,faery1 #ad1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #abh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,queen of ,hell1 #dg4 ,queen of ,sabbath1 #de1 #ga1 #abi1 #adh1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,queensferry3-- ,names of members of ,coven1 #beb4 ,number in ,coven1 #aib4 ,quillet1 #afd4 ,ragwort1 ,riding on1 #bdf4 ,rain-making1 #agb-c4 ,raising storms1 #eb1 #ed4 the ,devil1 #de1 #aee1 #afc1 #bjf1 #bdb4 ,rank among witches1 #abi1 #aia4 ,rat familiar1 #baa1 #bbj4 ,reason for burning witches1 #afb4 ,rebuke to ,presbytery1 #afb4 ,red ,book of ,appin1 #agj1 #aif4 garments1 #da1 #ff1 #ahc4 ,redwald1 ,king of ,east ,saxons1 #ba4 ,reine du ,sabbat1 #de1 #ga1 #abi1 #adh1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,religious service1 #ad1 #ach1 #adh1 #afd1 #bdf1 #bdh4 ,renewal of vows1 #hj1 #ha1 #abe1 #abh4 ,renfrewshire3-- ,capital punishment1 #bjc4 ,child witches1 #ci1 #fe1 #gc4 ,coldness of ,devil1 #fe4 ,devil as a man1 #ci1 #fe1 #gc4 ,fairies1 #bdf4 ,hanging with a lace1 #bjc-d4 ,mark1 #ij1 #bdf4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bed4 ,squint-,ey'd ,elf1 #bdf4 ,threats to traitor1 #bjc4 ,renunciation of previous religion1 #ci1 #df1 #dg1 #fe1 #fg1 #gb1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #hd1 #abd1 #abe1 #abh1 #aef1 #age1 #ahe1 #bji1 #bah-ai1 #bbe1 #bdd4 ,report of work done1 #abe1 #aid1 #aih4 ,result of elf shots1 #bde4 ,rewards and punishments1 #acd1 #aig-bjd1 #bdg4 ,riding ,devil1 #cd1 #ch1 #fi1 #bjh1 #bdb4 on sticks1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #acd4 to meetings1 #ii-ajf1 #aaf1 #bcf4 ,right hand1 #hc1 #hg1 #hi1 #ij1 #if4 leg1 #hc4 shoulder1 #hi1 #ia4 side1 #hh1 #hi1 #if4 ,ring dance1 #dj1 #fh1 #ajg1 #abh1 #aca-b1 #ace1 #ade1 #aei4 leader1 #ee1 #aaj1 #acc1 #acf1 #ahh1 #bjj1 #bcb4 ,ritual transformation1 #bcc4 witchcraft1 #aa-ab4 ,robin1 #abg1 #aed1 #afc1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bch1 #bde4 ,robin1 son of ,artis1 #dj1 #aed4 ,roodmas1 #de1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aab1 #acd1 #bdb4 ,round dance1 #ace4 ,rowing1 #adg4 ,rules for sexual rites1 #age-f4 ,rye1 ,wafer made of1 #adh4 ,sabbath1 #ig-aab4 ,derivation of1 #ig4 ,opinions regarding1 #be4 ,sacrament1 #adh-ea4 ,sacramental bread1 #adh1 #aii1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bdg4 ,sacred image1 #abe1 #ade4 marriage1 #agg4 stone1 #ajh note4 ,sacrifice1 ,animal1 #aec-f4 ,blood1 #aeb-c4 ,child1 #aef-i1 #bdf4 ,god1 #aei-fb1 #ahc4 ,periodical1 #aee1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,st4 ,albans3-- ,dog familiar1 #bba1 #bbi4 ,human familiar1 #bba1 #bbi4 ,names of familiars1 #bba1 #bbi4 of members of ,coven1 #beb4 ,supernumerary breast1 #id4 nipple1 #ic1 #bba4 ,st4 ,andrew's ,day1 #aaa4 ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye3-- ,broomstick1 #ajd4 ,devil as a sheep1 #gj1 #abg4 ,homage1 #abg4 ,kiss1 #abg4 ,written contract1 #hj4 ,st4 ,john's ,eve1 #aa1 #ade4 ,st4 ,osyth ,cove1 #bej4 ,salem3-- ,baptism1 #hd4 ,burroughs1 ,rev4 ,george1 #di1 #aag1 #aea4 ,child witch1 #gd4 ,devil as a cat1 #bbh4 ,god1 #cj4 a horse1 #gj4 a man1 #db4 a minister1 #aea4 ,feast1 #adb4 ,headgear1 #db4 ,identification1 #di4 ,images1 #aag4 ,iron rods1 #bjc4 ,officer1 #aea1 #ahh1 #aij4 ,place of meeting1 #ajh1 #aba4 ,prayer1 #bbh4 ,punishment1 #bjc4 ,queen of ,hell1 #dg4 ,renunciation1 #hd4 ,riding on a pole1 #ajf4 ,sacrament1 #aea4 ,sermon1 #aea1 #aij4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ie4 ,term of years1 #hb4 ,yielding the soul1 #hd4 ,salisbury3-- ,blood ceremony1 #fd4 ,coldness of ,devil1 #fd4 ,devil as a boy1 #fd4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #id4 ,two chiefs1 #fd4 ,written contract1 #fd4 ,salt1 #aci1 #adc1 #bdi4 ,salutation1 #bi1 #abf1 #abg4 ,scarlet cap1 #dj4 ,sceptics1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ae1 #agg4 ,scotland 7see ,aberdeen1 ,alloa1 ,auldearne1 ,borrowstowness1 ,bute1 ,byrehill1 ,crighton1 ,crook of ,devon1 ,dalkeith1 ,dirlton1 ,dumfries-shire1 ,dumfermline1 ,edinburgh1 ,eymouth1 ,forfar1 ,innerkip1 ,inverary1 ,inverkeithing1 ,irvine1 ,lang ,niddry1 ,lander1 ,lothian1 ,lowdon ,hill1 ,lyne1 ,newburgh1 ,north ,berwick1 ,orkney1 ,paisley1 ,pentland ,hills1 ,perth1 ,pittenweem1 ,queensferry1 ,renfrewshire1 ,seaton1 ,strathdown1 ,thurso1 ,torryburn1 ,tranent74 ,seaton1 #ih1 #afh4 ,second in command1 #cb4 ,secrecy1 ,promise of1 #bae4 ,sermon1 #cj1 #db1 #ed1 #fc1 #fg1 #ade1 #adh-ea1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bdg4 ,serpent1 #afc4 ,sexual rites1 #ad1 #abe1 #abf1 #adi1 #agc-he1 #bdb1 #bdi4 ,shaving1 #bdf4 ,sheep1 ,devil as a1 #gj1 #abg1 #ahb1 #bdg4 ,shellie 7see ,suffolk74 ,sieve1 #adg1 #afg4 ,sieve and shears1 #aad4 ,silken habiliment1 #cf1 #ade4 ,silvain ,nevillon1 ,trial of1 #bdf-i4 ,simon1 #ahe4 ,singing1 #ch1 #aad1 #ach1 #adf1 #bdg4 ,sinking ships1 #ea1 #eb1 #ee1 #fi1 #aae-ag1 #afg1 #afh1 #ahc4 ,site of meetings1 #ajf-i1 #aah-ba4 ,somerset 7,wincanton1 ,brewham73-- ,baptism1 #aag4 ,black garments1 #cd1 #abg4 ,broomsticks1 #ajf4 ,candles1 #adg4 ,cat familiar1 #bba4 ,cittern1 #acf4 ,covenant1 #gi4 ,date of meetings1 #abc4 ,devil as a man1 #cd1 #dc1 #fc1 #ajf1 #abf-g1 #acf1 #adj1 #afc1 #bjh4 ,dog familiar1 #bjh4 ,feast1 #adj4 ,flying1 #aja4 ointment1 #aja4 ,grace before meat1 #adj4 ,headgear1 #dc1 #abg4 ,hedgehog familiar1 #bba4 ,images1 wax and clay1 #aag4 ,magical words1 #aja1 #afc1 #afd1 #afg1 #bjh4 ,mark1 #hi4 ,names of members of ,coven1 #bed4 ,number in ,coven1 #aic4 ,officer1 #aja1 #ahh4 ,pipes1 #acf4 ,place of ,devil at feast1 #adj4 meeting1 #abj1 #aba4 ,right hand1 #hi4 ,robin1 #abg1 #afc1 #bjh1 #bde4 ,salutation1 #abf1 #abg4 ,term of years1 #ha4 ,voice of ,devil1 #dc1 #fc1 #abg4 ,written contract1 #ha4 ,soul1 ,yielding of1 #cc1 #df1 #ei1 #gb1 #ge-h1 #ha1 #hd1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bdc4 ,spirits1 #aic1 #bbi4 ,squint-,ey'd ,elf1 #bdf4 ,stag1 ,devil as a1 #de1 #gj1 #bjg1 #bdb4 ,standing stones1 #cg1 #dj1 #fh1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #abh1 #aca4 ,stapenhill3-- ,capital punishment1 #bja4 ,devil as ,god1 #cj4 ,dog familiar1 #bjg1 #bbe4 ,gift of familiar1 #bbe4 ,magical ceremony1 #cj4 ,name of familiar1 #bbe4 ,prayer1 #cj4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ia-b4 ,stick-riding1 #ajd-f4 ,storm-raising1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed1 #fg1 #aaf1 #afc1 #afg1 #afh4 ,strathdown3-- ,devil as a dog1 #fh4 ,homage1 #fh4 ,rowing1 #adg4 ,sieves1 #adg4 ,torches1 #adg4 ,walking to the ,sabbath1 #ii4 ,straw1 ,burning1 #ade4 ,substitute for the ,god1 #afj-a4 ,succubus1 #ahc4 ,suffolk3-- ,blood ceremony1 #aec4 ,coldness of ,devil1 #aha4 ,daniel the ,prophet1 #cd4 ,devil as a man1 #cd1 #fc1 #id1 #aec1 #bba4 ,dog familiar1 #bbc4 ,gift of familiar1 #bbc4 ,kitten familiar1 #id1 #bba4 ,mole familiar1 #bbc4 ,prayer1 #ca4 ,sexual rites1 #aha4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #id1 #ie1 #bba4 ,voice of the ,devil1 #fc4 ,supernumerary breast1 #ij1 #id4 nipple1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib-f1 #bji1 #bac-ag1 #bai-ba4 ,sweden3-- ,antecessor1 #afd4 ,baptism1 #hd4 ,capital punishment1 #bjc4 ,child witches1 #gd1 #abc4 ,christian priests1 #hd4 ,cross-roads1 #acb1 #bjc4 ,dates of meeting1 #abc4 ,description of ,blockula1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aai4 ,devil as a man1 #da1 #dc1 #afd4 a minister1 #da1 #adi4 ,feast1 #add4 ,grey garments1 #da1 #dc4 ,headgear1 #dc4 ,magical words1 #afd4 ,marriage1 #ahe4 ,method of going to meetings1 #ajc4 ,places at meals1 #add4 of meeting1 #aai4 ,powers of the ,devil1 #aah4 ,punishment1 #aii1 #bjc4 ,riding to the ,sabbath1 #ajj1 #ajc4 ,ring dance1 #acb4 ,sacrament1 #adi4 ,vow1 #gh4 ,yielding of the soul1 #gh4 ,sympathetic magic1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,taboo on salt1 #aci1 #adc1 #bdi4 ,tambourine1 #acg4 ,tattooing1 #hg4 ,term of years1 ,contract for1 #ge1 #hj-b4 ,theodore1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 #ba4 ,thirteen in ,coven1 #aia-d4 ,thorn ,reid1 #ce1 #db1 #dd1 #aia1 #aie1 #bdj4 ,threats against traitor1 #bi1 #bja-c4 ,thurso3-- ,devil as a man1 #dj1 #bjh4 ,divination by a cloud1 #bjh4 a hen1 #bjh4 a horse1 #bjh4 ,riding ,devil1 #bjh4 ,toad familiar1 #ga1 #baj-ab1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbe1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,toads1 ,poisoning by1 #ec4 ,torches1 #aac1 #adf1 #adg4 ,torryburn3-- ,coldness of ,devil1 #fe4 ,headgear1 #dc1 #adg4 ,light1 #adg4 ,tranent3-- ,names of tunes1 #acf4 ,piper1 #acf1 #ahi4 ,transference of labour pains1 #agj4 ,transformation1 #aj1 #aaf1 #aff1 #bcj-g4 ,tree-riding1 #acd4 ,trial of ,alice ,kyteler1 #bc4 ,north ,berwick witches1 #ej-i4 ,silvain ,nevillon1 #bdf-i4 ,trump1 #ee1 #aaj1 #acc1 #acf1 #bde4 ,trumpets1 #acg4 ,two chiefs1 #cb1 #ce1 #ch1 #fc1 #fd1 #hc1 #bbh4 ,two-faced ,god1 #aj1 #fb1 #fi1 #abi1 #bdg4 ,unbaptized children1 #aef4 ,urine1 #adh1 #bdh4 ,use of domestic familiars1 #bad-bj1 #bbc1 #bbd4 of words ,god and ,devil1 #ca4 ,violins1 #acg1 #ach4 ,voice of the ,devil1 #dc1 #fa-c1 #abg1 #bdg4 ,voluntary converts1 #gj1 #ga1 #gi4 ,vosges1 #aab4 ,vows1 #gh1 #abe4 ,wafer of rye1 #adh4 of sacramental bread1 #adh4 ,walking to the ,sabbath1 #ig-i1 #bdg4 ,walliman1 #cj1 #aie4 ,walloons1 #hb1 #ace4 ,walpurgis ,nacht1 #aji1 #acd4 ,water1 ,ordeal by1 #ag4 ,wax image1 #ea1 #ec-e1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,weasel familiar1 #bab1 #bda4 ,weir1 ,major1 #ej1 #afa4 ,white garments1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #de1 #aie4 hackneys1 #de1 #bdb4 wand1 #ce1 #eg4 ,widdershins1 #abd1 #ace4 ,william ,simpson1 #ce1 #dh1 #aie4 ,wincanton 7see ,somerset74 ,windsor3-- ,cat familiar1 #baj4 ,change of shape1 #dg1 #fi4 ,devil as an ape1 #dg1 #fi4 a horse1 #dg1 #fi4 ,feeding of familiars1 #baj1 #baa4 ,gille1 #baj4 ,ginnie1 #baj4 ,kitten familiar1 #baj4 ,officer1 #ahi4 ,philip1 #baa4 ,place of meeting1 #aai4 ,rat familiar1 #baa4 ,toad familiar1 #baj4 ,wine puncheons1 #aac1 #adj1 #bda4 representing blood1 #adi4 ,witch of ,endor1 #i4 mass1 #aej4 ,witches professing ,christianity1 #di4 ,wooden goblets1 #adc4 ,wooler 7see ,northumberland74 ,word of ,god1 #i4 ,worship1 #bi1 #fh4 ,wrecking a bridge1 #aag1 #aif4 ,written contracts1 #fd1 #gi-ha4 reports1 #ahf4 ,yarmouth3-- ,devil as a man1 #cc1 #hh4 ,mark1 #hh4 ,yellow bird1 #bac4 clothes1 #bbi1 #bcb4 ,yielding the soul1 #cc1 #df1 #ei1 #gb1 #ge-h1 #ha1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bdc4 ,yorkshire3-- ,bird familiar1 #bac4 ,cloven feet1 #bi1 #cd4 ,coloured wart1 #id4 ,devil as a man1 #bi1 #cd4 ,devil's horse1 #bi4 ,fairy hill1 #bdc4 ,queen1 #bdd4 ,instruction by fairies1 #bdd4 ,kneeling to the ,devil1 #bi4 ,local anaesthesia1 #id4 ,magical words1 #bdd4 ,supernumerary nipple1 #ic-d4 ,worship1 #bi4 ,yule1 #aji1 #aaa1 #abj1 #abc4 ,,printed ,,in ,,england ,,at ,,the ,,oxford ,,university ,,press ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,due to many different languages and the age of the texts that appear in the book1 the original varied spelling has been retained4 ,only obvious typographic errors were corrected and the changes have been noted in the list below4 ,the original image lacks the anchors for footnotes #feg and #hei4 ,since it was impossible to determine to which word or a sentence the footnotes in question belong1 a false anchor has been placed at the end of their respective pages4 ,,the ,,legend ,,for ,,non-,,unicode ,,characters 99q q with a macron and a straight line bisecting the descender q q with a tilde and a straight line bisecting the descender q q with a tilde 99p p with a macron and a straight line bisecting the descender p p with a macron p p with a straight line bisecting the descender m m with a tilde ,,fixed ,,issues p4 #jjh--spelling normalized3 changed ',l',incrdulit' to ',l',incredulit' p4 #jjh--typo fixed3 changed ',,transformation' to ',,transformations' p4 #jab--typo fixed3 changed 'aces' to 'faces' p4 #jbb--possibly vr p4 #jbc--possibly 'frith-splots' p4 #jed--possibly ',allhallow-ewin' p4 #jgj--spelling normalized3 changed ',the ,divell's ,delusions' to ',the ,divel's ,delusions' p4 #jhb--possibly ,mc,levine p4 #jhd--possibly bloodrite p4 #jhf--typo fixed3 changed 'indentification' to 'identification' p4 #jig--spelling normalized3 changed ',ian-guillaume' to ',ianguillaume' p4 #jih--spelling normalized3 changed ',berthlemy' to ',barthlemy' p4 #jii--typo fixed3 changed ',north-berwick' to ',north-,berwick' p4 #aab--typo fixed3 changed ',mitchell' to ',michell' p4 #aba--;inserted a missing single quote after d'autres p4 #aca--typo fixed3 changed ',kathrein' to ',kathren' p4 #acc--spelling normalized3 changed 'follow my-leader' to 'follow-my-leader' p4 #acf--spelling normalized3 changed ',all-hallow' to ',allhallow' p4 #ade--spelling normalized3 changed ',puy-de-dme' to ',puy-de-,dme' p4 #aej--;inserted a missing 3 after 'the first mass' p4 #aef--typo fixed3 changed 'followin' to 'following' p4 #afj--;inserted a missing single quote after 'autrex animaux' p4 #aff--no anchor for footnote #feg p4 #afh--typo fixed1 changed ',de,lancre' to ',de ,lancre' in footnote #dhh p4 #agi--;inserted a missing period after 'etc' p4 #ahj--removed an extra period after they ar4' p4 #ahf--reversed the order of page numbers in footnote #gbf p4 #aii--possibly gairne-toune p4 #bbb--no anchor for footnote #b--;footnote #hei p4 #bdf--typo fixed3 changed a comma into a period after ',oliuet' p4 #bgd--;inserted a missing period after 'or a cross' p4 #bha--typo fixed3 changed a comma to period after ',arnot1 ,hugo' p4 #bhb--possibly pidmie p4 #bia--spelling normalized3 changed 'headgear' to 'head-gear' p4 #bib--spelling normalized3 changed ',squint-ey'd' to ',squint-,ey'd' p4 #bic--spelling normalized3 changed ',brecy' to ',brcy' p4 #bih--spelling normalized3 changed ',prettyman' to ',pretty-man' p4 #cjj--spelling normalized3 changed ',rainmaking' to ',rain-making' p4 #cjj--spelling normalized3 changed ',squint-eyed' to ',squint-,ey'd' p4 #cja--;inserted a missing comma after ',salem3 ,officer' p4 #cjb--spelling normalized3 changed ',squint-eyed' to ',squint-,ey'd'