,transcrib]'s ,note3  #a4 ,"s examples  
does n make mu* s5se 9 ?is text v]sion  
7e4g41 any?+ to d ) small capitals74    
,!re is also an ,,html v]sion :]e !     
examples are =matt$ to foll[ ! typesett+
 ( ! orig9al4  #b4 ,italiciz$ text is   
r5d]$ z text1 bold text is r5d]$ z text4
     ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies   
,,= ,,appr5tices--,,"p ,,vi1 ,,no4 #cd  
,,capitals   ,a ,,prim] ( ,,in=mation   
,,ab\t ,,capitalization ,,) ,,"s        
,,practical ,,typographic ,,h9ts ,,z    
,,to ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,capitals   ,,by    
,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4,d4      
,,educational ,,director ,,unit$        
,,typo!t ,,( ,,am]ica     ,,publi%$ ,,by
 ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,education       
,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica #aiah   
,,copyright1 #aiah ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae   
,,( ,,am]ica ,,*icago1 ,,ill4           
,,cont5ts                               
,,page ,,introduction                   
#a  ,,use ,,( ,,full ,,capitals         
#d  ,,small ,,capitals                  
#ag  ,,sugge/ions ,,z ,,to ,,typographic

 ,,use ,,( ,,capitals      #bb          
,,capitals     ,,introduction   ,a      
capital lett] is a lett] ( =mal %ape4   
,capitals 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f ! /iff &  
angul> lett]s us$ 9 =mal inscriptions4  
,orig9ally all writ+ 0 done 9 capitals4 
,lat] ! scribes devis$ less =mal %apes =
 ! lett]s1 mak+ use ( l9es m easily made
 by bru% or p5 on papyrus1 p>*m5t1 or   
pap]4 ,! capitals 7 reta9$ = c]ta9 uses 
b ! less =mal %apes 7 employ$ to d !    
great] "p ( ! "w4 ,^! less =mal lett]s h
 be5 kn[n by sev]al names4 ,!y w be     
ref]r$ to "h by t "u :i* !y are kn[n to 
mod]n pr9t]s1 l[]-case4  ,a fur!r       
modification ( ! lett] came ) !         
introduction ( ! slop+1 or italic lett]4
 ,?is receiv$ its "n f its place (      
orig91 ,italy4 ,x 0 introduc$ by        
,ni*olas ,j5son1 a pr9t] ( ,v5ice1 & 0  
an imitation ( ! h&writ+ ( ! ,italian   
poet ,petr>*4 ,orig9ally x 0 us$ only = 
! l[]-case & 0 comb9$ ) ! old] =m (     
capital lett]s1 call$ roman1 also f !   
place ( its orig94 ,lat] ! italic       

*>act]i/ics 7 giv5 to capitals z well z 
l[]-case lett]s4  ,an ord9>y font ( book
 type conta9s five s]ies ( lett]s3 full 
capitals1 small capitals1 italic        
capitals 7full size71 roman l[]-case1 & 
italic l[]-case4 ,! full capital1 roman 
or italic1 is l>g] ?an ! o!r lett]s ( ! 
font1 e lett] be+ z high z ! l[]-case   
asc5d]s4 ,! small capital is only z high
 z ! l[]-case r\nd lett]s4 ,l>g]        
capitals /ill are sometimes us$ z *apt] 
initials & ! l4  ,x w be obs]v$ t !     
di/9ction betwe5 capital & l[]-case     
lett]s is "o ( =m1 n ( size4 ,! full    
capitals be+ mu* m us$ ?an ! small      
capitals & be+ l>g] ?an ! o!r lett]s 9 !
 font1 ! impression is common t ! size  
is ! di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,?is errone\s        
impression has ev5 crept into diction>y 
def9itions4  ,! full capital1 :i* w     
h]eaft] be call$ 9 ?is book simply !    
capital1 is us$ 9 comb9ation ) l[]-case 
lett]s or ) small capitals 9 ! same ^w4 
,! small capital is n us$ 9 comb9ation )
 l[]-case 9 ! same ^w4 ,we may pr9t     

,,george ,,wa%+ton1 ,,george ,,wa%+ton1 
,,george ,,wa%+ton1 or ,george ,wa%+ton1
 b n ,george ,wa%+ton4  ,9 manuscript   
capitals are indicat$ by ?ree l9es "u a 
^w or lett]1 ,symbol3 triple l9e & small
 capitals by two l9es ,symbol3 d\ble    
l9e4 ,a s+le l9e ,symbol3 s+le und]l9e  
indicates t italics are to be us$4      
,orig9ally ! writ]s ( manuscripts us$   
capitals = ornam5t & v>iety 9 ! text4   
,!y foll[$ no rules b ea* writ] 0 guid$ 
by 8 own judgm5t & s5se ( beauty4 ,z !  
use ( capitals gradually became         
sy/ematiz$ & r$uc$ to rules1 diff]5t    
sy/ems 7 adopt$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,!  
use ( capitals v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t  
languages4 ,att5tion w be ma9ly conf9$ 9
 ?is book to ! usages foll[$ 9 ! pr9t+ (
 ,engli%4 ,attempts to po9t out ! v>i\s 
diff]5ces to be f\nd 9 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1   
etc4 w\ld only confuse ! "y appr5tice4  
,^! rules gr[ out ( a fundam5tal        
pr9ciple4  ,! purpose ( capitals is to  
emphasize ! words 9 :i* !y are employ$4 
,) ! exception ( ! cases ( ! words ,i & 

,o1 :i* are capitaliz$ = typographical  
reasons1 ?is idea ( call+ special       
att5tion to a ^w1 or words1 = "o reason 
or ano!r w be f\nd to be at ! bottom ( !
 v>iations 9 usage 9 diff]5t pr9t+      
(fices & by diff]5t writ]s4 ,! same     
t5d5cy is obs]vable "h :i* is s evid5t 9
 /yle & 9 punctuation4 ,direct /atem5ts1
 simple s5t5ces z free f involution &   
complication z possible1 are m & m tak+ 
! place ( ! involv$1 complicat$1 &      
obscure s5t5ces ( old times4 ,! ideal   
/yle ( to-day consi/s ( simple words    
simply arrang$4 ,su* a /yle ne$s little 
po9t+4 ,! read] is q able to f9d 8 way  
?r\gh ! p>agraph )\t con/ant direction4 
,punctuation m>ks are directions at !   
crossroads ( ?\ght4 ,consequ5tly !      
punctuation m>k is n[ mu* m sp>+ly us$  
?an =m]ly4  ,j z we h f\nd out t well   
*os5 words c tell _! /ory ) v few m>ks (
 int]pretation s we h f\nd out t !y c   
tell _! /ory ) v few m>ks ( emphasis4 ,!
 use ( capitals has decreas$ greatly    
dur+ ! la/ two c5turies & is con/antly  

decreas+1 & ?is t5d5cy is likely to g   
/ill fur!r4 ,! great ,de,vinne ^: books 
on ,! ,practice ( ,typography1 writt5 t5
 to fifte5 ye>s ago1 are /ill ( ! highe/
 au?ority 0 ?or\ghly up-to-date 9 8     
me?ods & 0 rem>kable = ! re/ra9$ & ref9$
 good ta/e :i* *>act]iz$ all 8          
recomm5dations1 b 9 "s po9ts re/ra9t 9 !
 use ( capitals has gone ev5 beyond 8   
precepts4  ,x is wor? :ile to rememb] t 
! real implem5t ( ,engli% spee* is ! ^w1
 n ! po9t nor ! lett] =m4 ,j to ! ext5t 
t we rely on m>ks ( punctuation &       
emphasis to convey our mean+ we betray  
our ignorance ( ! really significant    
elem5ts ( ! language4 ,! s*oolgirl says 
%e _h a p]fectly spl5did "t at ! dance1 
:5 %e tells ab\t x 9 h] lett] to h]     
de>e/ fri5d4 ,if p]fectly spl5did 7 a   
prop] t]m to use 9 su* a connection1 :i*
 x is n1 ! words !mselves w\ld c>ry all 
! emphasis possible4 ,no?+ c\ld really  
be add$ to !m by any typographical      
device4 ,9 ! same way ! common use (    
pr(anity among ignorant p probably      

arises ma9ly f a feel+ t ! ord9>y words 
) :i* !y are famili> are colorless & d n
 express _! ?\ghts ) suffici5t emphasis4
  ,j z emphasis 9 /yle is difficult :5  
"o habitually uses ! /ronge/ words &    
emphasis 9 voice is difficult :5 "o     
habitually %\ts1 s emphasis 9 pr9t is   
difficult :5 "o habitually uses l>ge    
capitals1 display type1 & italics4 ,l\d 
pr9t+ is z objectionable z l\d talk+4   
,,use ,,( ,,full ,,capitals   ,g5]al    
uses3  #a4 ,use a capital lett] to beg9 
e s5t5ce & e ^w or gr\p ( words         
punctuat$ z a s5t5ce4      ,welcome6 ,we
 are glad to see y4  ,?is rule does n   
apply to lit]al reproductions ( matt] n 
orig9ally con=m+ to x4  #b4 ,use a      
capital lett] to beg9 e l9e ( poetry4   
,! ,"l hates a quitt]1     ,b he doesn't
 hate him1 son1     ,:5 ! quitt]'s      
quitt+ some?+     ,he %\ldn't h begun4  
t  ,?is rule does n apply to turn$ ov]  
l9es l ! ?ird l9e 9 ! /anza j prec$+4   
#c4 ,use a capital lett] to beg9 e      
quotation consi/+ ( a complete s5t5ce4  

,b5 ,frankl9 says1 ,hone/y is ! be/     
policy4     ,! campaign 0 a punitive    
exp$ition = ! suppression (             
brig&age4   ,capitalize3  #a4 ,names ( !
 ,deity1 ( ! memb]s ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( !    
,virg9 ,m>y1 & ( ! ,devil1 :5 a p]sonal 
devil is ref]r$ to4  ,:5 ! ^w devil is  
us$ z a g5]al t]m or z an expletive !   
capital is n us$4  #b4 ,n\ns &          
adjectives us$ to designate ! ,deity or 
any memb] ( ! ,tr9ity3      ! ,almighty1
 ! ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se1 ! ,supreme       
,ar*itect     ( ! ,univ]se1 ! ,creator1 
,provid5ce 7p]sonifi$71     ,heav5      
7p]sonifi$1 e4 g41 ,heav5 =bid671 ,fa!r1
 ,son1     ,holy ,gho/1 ,_s1 ,messiah1 &
 ! l4  ,! foll[+ li/ ( words ( ?is sort 
to be capitaliz$1 tak5 f ,mr4 ,william  
,dana ,orcutt's ,! ,writ]'s ,desk ,book 
7,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes1 ,new ,york7 w be  
f\nd useful3      ,almighty             
,au?oriz$ ,v]sion     ,common ,v]sion   
,creator     ,deity     ,fa!r     ,god  
,holy ,bible     ,holy ,_s     ,holy    
,writ     ,jehovah     ,jesus ,*ri/     

,k+     ,logos     ,"l     ,messiah     
,passov]     ,p5teco/     ,r$eem]       
,revis$ ,v]sion     ,sabba?     ,savi\r 
,scriptures     ,son ( ,man     ,son    
,_s     ,! ,tr9ity     ,! ,virg9 ,m>y   
,^w  ,c>e ne$s to be tak5 ) words ( ?is 
class4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid  
to ! word+ ( rule #b1 j giv54 ,! same   
words 9 o!r s5ses or o!r connections are
 n capitaliz$4 ,heav5 & hell & d]iv$    
adjectives are n capitaliz$ 9 _! ord9>y 
uses3  ,adjectives & o!r d]ivatives f ^!
 words are n capitaliz$4 ,we write      
,messiah1 b messianic & messiah%ip2     
,*ri/ology b *ri/ological1 fa!rhood1    
son%ip1 & ! l4  ,su* words z deity1 god1
 & ! l are n capitaliz$ :]e any b ! ,god
 ( ! ,bible is ref]r$ to4  #c4 ,pron\ns 
ref]r+ to ,god1 ,*ri/1 or ! ,holy ,_s 9 
direct address or :]e !re might o!rwise 
be ambiguity4  ,^! pron\ns are n        
capitaliz$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,!y are g5]ally  
capitaliz$ 9 hymn books & books (       
devotion4 ,^! pron\ns 7 =m]ly all       
capitaliz$ z a m>k ( respect to ,god    

:5ev] !re 0 any m5tion ( him1 ev5       
indirect4 ,! t5d5cy is m & m to elim9ate
 !m except 9 ! second p]son 7direct     
address74 ,9 view ( ! *ange n[ go+ on x 
is be/ to foll[ copy if ! au?or appe>s  
to h decid$ pref]5ces4  #d4 ,books1     
divisions1 & v]sions ( ! ,bible4        
,book ( ,job1 ,tw5ty-?ird ,psalm1       
,new ,te/am5t1 ,revis$ ,v]sion4  #e4    
,g5]al biblical t]ms & titles ( p>ables4
      ,! ,law1 ,! ,prophets1 ,major &   
,m9or ,prophets 7ref]r+ to     !        
collections ( prophetic books71 ,"l's   
,pray]1 ,"l's     ,supp]1 ,p>able ( !   
,prodigal ,son1 ! ,beatitudes1 !        
,prie/ly ,code & _m o!r su* t]ms4  ,use 
l[]-case = biblical & scriptural4  #f4  
,capitalize ,holy 9 ,holy place & ,holy 
( holies4 ,say ,gospel ( ,john1 b speak 
( ! gospel message4  #g4 ,! names (     
religi\s bodies & _! foll[]s4           
,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant1 ,unit>ian1        
,me?odi/1 ,buddhi/s1     ,taoi/s1       
,lamas4  #h4 ,! names ( mona/ic ord]s & 
_! foll[]s4      ,jesuits1 ,bro!rs ( !  

,common ,life1 ,recollets1 ,crut*$      
,fri>s1 ,c[ley ,fa!rs4  #i4 ,! ^w ,*ur* 
:5 x /&s = ! ,*ur* univ]sal or is a "p (
 ! "n ( "s p>ticul> d5om9ation or       
organization4      ,= salvation he s\ght
 ! ,*ur*4     ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome4     ,!  
,fir/ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4     ,i 0 on my
 way to *ur*4     ,he is a /ud5t ( *ur* 
hi/ory4 7,note use ( l[]-case 9     ?is 
s5t5ce47  #aj4 ,! names ( cre$s &       
pr(essions ( fai?4      ,apo/le's ,cre$1
 ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 ,nic5e ,cre$4    
,note t ! adjective ante-,nic5e is pr9t$
 z x "h appe>s4  #aa4 ,! ^w fa!r :5 us$ 
9 direct ref]5ce to ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 & 
to ! ,pilgrim lead]s ( ,new ,engl&1 & ! 
^w re=m]s :5 us$ ( ! lead]s ( !         
,re=mation4      ,! ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs4 
,lu!r1 ,calv9 & ! o!r ,re=m]s4  ,! ^w   
fa!r is n capitaliz$ :5 ! ref]5ce is    
g5]al1 z 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ?is section4 
,! capitalization ( re=m] is int5d$ to  
di/+ui% p]sons connect$ ) a c]ta9       
def9ite hi/orical movem5t f p]sons      
int]e/$ 9 re=m4 ,_m p]sons might consid]

 t ! ,re=m]s 7 n re=m]s4  #ab4 ,names ( 
p]sons4      ,john ,smi?1     ,george   
,v4  ,b write ,john o' ,groat1 ,tam o'  
,%ant]1 & ! l :]e o' is an abbreviation 
( ( & n ! ,glic ,o' z ,o',neil1 etc4  ,9
 writ+ =eign names :i* conta9 p>ticles1 
capitalize ! p>ticles :5 n prec$$ by a  
,*ri/ian "n or title4      ,alfr$ de    
,musset b ,de ,musset1     le ,due de   
,morny b ,de ,morny1     ,pr9ce von     
,bism>ck b ,von ,bism>ck4  ,by exception
 ! ,dut* p>ticle van is always          
capitaliz$4      ,van ,hoorn1 ,/eph5    
,van ,r5sselr4  #ac4 ,epi!ts app5d$ to  
prop] names or sub/itut$ = !m4          
,fr$]ick ! ,great     ,pet] ! ,h]mit    
,william ,r$ ,head 7,rufus7     !       
,conqu]or4  #ad4 ,names ( races ( m54   
,aryan1 ,caucasian1 etc41 b g5]ally     
negro & gypsy1 by     exception4  #ae4  
,names ( places4  a4 ,cities1 riv]s1    
oceans1 lakes1 m\nta9s1 etc4            
,*icago     ,mississippi ,riv]          
,atlantic ,ocean     ,lake ,sup]ior     
,pike's ,peak     ,/rawb]ry ,hill4      

,note t ! g5]ic t]ms ocean1 lake1 m\nta9
 & ! l are capitaliz$ only :5 !y are an 
actual "p ( ! "n itself4 ,we w\ld say ,!
 ,atlantic ,ocean lies ea/ ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 b we w\ld say ,! /ates :i* =m ! 
,nor? ,am]ican republic look out on two 
great oceans1 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific4 
,! foll[+ tables are tak5 f ,a ,manual =
 ,writ]s by ,john ,mat!ws ,manley &     
,john ,ar?ur ,p[ell 7,univ]sity (       
,*icago ,press1 ,*icago74  ,subject to !
 rule j /at$1 !y w be f\nd v useful4    
,capitalize1 9 s+ul> =m only1 :5        
imm$iately foll[+ ! "n      ,ar*ipelago 
,bor\gh     ,bran* 7/ream7     ,butte   
,canyon     ,c\nty     ,crat]     ,creek
     ,delta     ,=e/     ,=k     ,gap   
,glaci]     ,gul*     ,h>bor     ,head  
,holl[     ,mesa     ,n>r[s     ,ocean  
,p>i% 7,la47     ,p>k     ,plateau      
,range     ,res]vation     ,ridge       
,riv]     ,run  ,capitalize 9 s+ul> or  
plural =m :5 imm$iately foll[+ ! "n     
,hill     ,isl&     ,m\nta9     ,spr+   
,capitalize1 9 s+ul> =m1 ei!r be=e or   

aft] ! "n2 & 9 plural =m be=e ! "n      
,bay     ,bay\     ,camp 7milit>y7      
,cape     ,dalles     ,des]t     ,falls 
,=t     ,isle     ,lake     ,m\nt       
,oasis     ,pass     ,peak     ,po9t    
,port     ,sea     ,/rait     ,valley   
,volcano  b4 ,names ( /reets1 squ>es1   
p>ks1 build+s1 etc4      ,am/]dam ,av5ue
     ,van ,bur5 ,/reet     ,indep5d5ce  
,squ>e     ,l9coln ,p>k                 
,transportation ,build+4  ,! same rule z
 to capitalization ( ! g5]ic "n holds "h
 z 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,! usual t5d5cy  
to drop capitals is at "w "h & newspap]s
 n[ write ,wa%+ton /reet & ,f$]al       
build+4 ,x is v probable t ! capitals w 
f9ally be dropp$ f ! g5]ic t]ms :]ev]   
us$4  ,pr9t]s %\ld keep a c>eful wat* on
 ! usage ( ! be/ (fices s z to keep     
advis$ z to ! progress ( ^! *anges4  c4 
,n\ns1 & adjectives d]iv$ f !m designat+
 recogniz$ geographical divisions ( a   
c\ntry or ( ! _w4      ,ea/1 ,we/1      
,nor?1 ,s\?1     ,we/]n]1 ,ori5tal4  ,:5
 ^! words are us$ 9 _! ord9>y           

significance ( m]e direction or location
 !y are n capitaliz$ except t 9 writ+ ( 
,biblical hi/ory we speak ( ! ,nor!rn   
,k+dom & ! ,s\!rn ,k+dom into :i*       
,solomon's t]ritory 0 split aft] 8 dea?4
  #af4 ,g5]ic t]ms = political          
divisions4  a4 ,:5 ! t]m is "p ( ! "n & 
directly foll[s x4      ,holy ,roman    
,empire     ,briti% ,empire     ,nor?we/
 ,t]ritory     ,que5's ,c\nty4  b4 ,:5 x
 is us$ ) ! preposition ( 9 su* phrases 
z ,bor\gh ( ! ,bronx1 ,dep>tm5t ( !     
,gulf4  c4 ,:5 "p ( a nickname1 ,!      
,cresc5t ,city1 ! ,buckeye ,/ate1 !     
,city ( ,bro!rly ,love4  ,be c>eful n to
 capitalize su* words :5 !y are n an    
actual "p ( ! "n4 ,fr5* ,republic is !  
"n ( ! c\nty1 exactly translat+         
,republique ,francaise1 b ,am]ican      
republic is n su* a "n4 ,y w\ld write   
,/ate ( ,new ,york 9 a legal docum5t 9  
:i* ! /ate w\ld be consid]$ z a         
corporate p]son1 b 9 ord9>y ref]5ces x  
w\ld be /ate ( ,new ,york4  #ag4 ,! days
 ( ! week & ! mon?s ( ! ye>1 b n !      

seasons unless p]sonifi$4      ,monday !
 fif? ( ,augu/4     ,april is ! fir/    
mon? ( spr+4     ,spr+1 beautiful ,spr+4
  ,b write t5 o'clock1 n9e a4m41 t5 p4m4
  #ah4 ,fe/ivals & hi/oric or fam\s     
days4      ,ea/] ,day     ,fa/ ,day     
,indep5d5ce ,day     ,black ,friday4    
#ai4 ,/>s1 planets1 con/ellations1 & !  
l1 except sun1 moon1 />s1 e>?4          
,m>s1 ! ,milky ,way1 ! ,pleiades4  #bj4 
,ord9al numb]s us$ to designate numb]$  
political divisions1 sessions (         
,congress1 names ( regim5ts1 ,egyptian  
dyna/ies1 & ! l4      ,second           
,congressional ,di/rict1     ,fir/ ,w>d1
 ,n9? ,prec9ct1 ,=ty-?ird     ,congress1
 ,six? ,massa*usetts ,regim5t1     ,fif?
 ,dyna/y4  #ba4 ,names ( g5]a b n (     
species3 except t 9 botanical &         
zological copy ! species may be         
capitaliz$ if d]iv$ f a prop] "n4       
,ag>icus campe/ris     ,p>k9sonia       
,torreyana     ,pt]ygomatopus s*midti1  
7,m$ical74  ,! ,engli% d]ivatives f ^!  
sci5tific words are n capitaliz$4 ,we   

write ( ! ag>ics1 ! felids1 ! c>nivores1
 etc4  #bb4 ,fa!r1 "m1 & o!r words d5ot+
 relation%ip :5 us$ ) a prop] "n or )\t 
a p]sonal pron\n4      ,i saw ,aunt     
,lucy & ,c\s9 ,*>les4     ,i saw my aunt
 ,lucy & my c\s9 ,*>les4     ,i h       
receiv$ a lett] f my "m4     ,i h       
receiv$ a lett] f ,"m4  #bc4 ,names (   
political p>ties & ( philosophical1     
lit]>y1 & arti/ic s*ools1 & _! adh]5ts4 
,republican1 ,national ,lib]al1 ,social 
,democrats1 ,/oics 7b                   
neo-,platonism1 pseudo-,*ri/ianity1     
etc47 ! ,lake s*ool1     ! ,romantic    
movem5t1 ! ,symbolic s*ool ( pa9t]s4    
#bd4 ,political & hi/orical designations
 :i* h be5 mu* us$ & h come to h special
 significances su* z names ( leagues1   
p>ties1 classes1 movem5ts1 & ! l4       
,holy ,alliance1 ,dreibund1 ,r\ndheads1 
,indep5d5ts1     ,re=mation1 ,diss5t]4  
#be4 ,names ( well-kn[n hi/oric epo*s1  
p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( language1 &         
geological ages & /rata4 ,! ^w age is n 
capitaliz$ except :5 necess>y to avoid  

ambiguity4      ,/one age1 ,middle      
,ages1 ,age ( ,elizabe?1 ,crusades1     
,commune     7( ,p>is71 ,middle ,engli%1
 ,neoli?ic4  #bf4 ,names ( important    
ev5ts4      ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,w>1 ,battle (
 ,tr5ton1     ,l\isiana ,pur*ase1       
,norman ,conque/4  #bg4 ,names (        
specific treaties1 important laws1 & !  
l4      ,peace ( ,ami5s1 ,edict (       
,nantes1 ,concordat1 ,emancipation      
,proclamation1 ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t4  #bh4 
,names ( gov]nm5tal bodies & dep>tm5ts &
 _! bran*es :5 specifically designat$4  
,congress1 ! ,s5ate1 ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m51 
! ,h\se (     ,commons1 ! ,committee on 
,education4  ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to di/+ui%
 betwe5 ^! specific ref]5ces & g5]al    
uses ( ! same ^w4      ,! /ate          
legislature ( ,massa*usetts is (ficially
 t]m$ !     ,g5]al ,c\rt4     ,! matt] 0
 ref]r$ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t b 0 s5t back 
on     ! gr\nd t x belong$ to ano!r     
dep>tm5t4  #bi4 ,! (ficial titles (     
corporations1 organizations1 &          
in/itutions1 social1 religi\s1          

educational1 political1 bus9ess1 & ! l4 
,knights ,templ>s1 ,knights ( ,columbus1
 ,associat$ ,*>ities1     ,cook ,c\nty  
,normal ,s*ool1 ,society = ! ,prev5tion 
( ,cruelty     to ,animals1 ,*icago1    
,rock ,isl& & ,pacific ,railroad4  ,9   
long titles1 l ! la/ example giv51 !    
important words are capitaliz$ z 9 book 
titles 7see ,sec4 #ca74 ,use capitals :5
 ref]r+ to su* organizations by         
initials1 ,c4,r4,i4  ,p4,r4,r4 ,"h aga9 
x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! capitals are us$ 9
 specific ref]5ces only4      ,! ,"y    
,p's ,society ( ,*ri/ian ,endeavor ( !  
,?ird     ,congregational ,*ur*4     ,! 
"y p's societies connect$ ) !           
,congregational     *ur*es d great good4
  #cj4 ,! names ( conv5tions1           
congresses1 expositions1 etc4           
,p>liam5t ( ,religions1                 
,int]national ,peace ,congress1         
,panama-,pacific ,exposition4  #ca4 ,!  
fir/ words1 pr9cipal words1 & la/ ^w 9  
,engli% tides ( books & o!r             
publications2 ( _! divisions 7p>ts1     

*apt]s1 cantos1 etc472 ( ! topics (     
spee*es1 s]mons1 toa/s1 & ! l2 (        
pictures2 ( plays2 ( musical            
compositions1 etc4  ,9 long titles n\ns 
& pron\ns are capitaliz$ always2 v]bs1  
p>ticiples1 & adv]bs usually2 articles1 
prepositions & conjunctions nev]4       
,/&>d ,!saurus ( ,engli% ,words &       
,phrases1 ,sci5ce &     ,heal? ) ,key to
 ! ,scriptures1 ,l9coln's ,gettysburg   
,address1     ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,measure = 
,measure1 ,a ,new ,way to ,pay ,old     
,debts1 ,! ,coronation ( ,*>les ,,vii at
 ,rheims1 ! ,moonlight     ,sonata4  ,! 
^w ! is capitaliz$ :5 x =ms an actual "p
 ( ! title ( a book b n o!rwise4      ,!
 ,pr9t]'s ,diction>y4 ,! ,life & ,times 
( ,*>les ,v4 !     ,review ( ,reviews1 !
 ,laacoon1 ! ,fif? ,symphony4  #cb4     
,d$ications2 head+s ( p>ts & *apt]s2    
head+s ( _m important m9or p>ts ( a     
book4      ,to ,all ,:o ,love ,good     
,pr9t+4     ,*apt] ,tw5ty-,sev54     ,"p
 ,?ree4     ,! ,inv5tion ( ,movable     
,types4     ,! ,practical ,value (      

,gut5b]g's ,inv5tion4     7,^! la/ z    
sections ( a book on ! orig9 ( pr9t+74  
#cc4 ,9 =eign languages ! usage is      
some:at diff]5t4 ,! foll[+ rules w be   
f\nd useful3  a4 ,always capitalize !   
fir/ ^w4  b4 ,9 ,lat9 capitalize only   
prop] n\ns & adjectives d]iv$ !refrom4  
,comm5t>ii ,cs>is de bello ,gallico4  c4
 ,9 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,sw$i%1 & 
,norwegian1 capitalize prop] names b n  
adjectives d]iv$ !refrom4      ,la vie  
de ,rons>d2 ,hi/oire de la litt]ature   
francaise1     ,novelle e racconti      
popol>i italiani1 ,antologia de poetas  
liricos     ca/ellanos4  d4 ,9 ,g]man   
capitalize all n\ns & all adjectives    
d]iv$ f ! names ( p]sons b n ^? d]iv$ f 
o!r prop] n\ns4      ,ges*i*te des      
deuts*es ,rei*     ,die ,hom]is*e       
,frage4  e4 ,9 ,dani% capitalize all    
n\ns4  f4 ,9 ,dut* capitalize all n\ns &
 all adjectives d]iv$ f prop] n\ns4     
#cd4 ,titles ( anci5t manuscripts4      
,codex ,alex&r9us4  #ce4 ,9 titles (    
books1 etc4 all n\ns =m+ p>ts ( hyph5at$

 comp\nds %\ld be capitaliz$4  #cf4 ,9  
side heads capitalize ! fir/ ^w & prop] 
n\ns only4  #cg4 ,p]sonal titles z      
foll[s3  a4 ,titles prec$+ a "n & s =m+ 
"p ( x4      ,k+ ,george ,v4     ,pope  
,b5$ict ,,xv4     ,duke ,william (      
,aquita9e4  ,b n o!rwise4      ,woodr[  
,wilson1 presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !  
emp]or (     ,g]many1 ! pres5t k+ (     
,spa9 is ,alfonso ,,xiii4  b4 ,titles   
us$ 9 place ( ! "n ) ref]5ce to a       
p>ticul> p]son or to ! pres5t hold] ( an
 (fice4      ,i hope :5 9 ,rome to see !
 ,pope4     ,he hop$ "s day to become   
pope4  c4 ,famili> names appli$ to a    
p>ticul> p]son4      ! ,fa!r ( 8        
,c\ntry4     ,uns] ,fritz4     ! ,little
 ,corporal4  d4 ,ord]s ( knigh?ood &    
titles atta*$ to !m4      ,knight ( !   
,g>t]1     ,knight ,comm&] ( ,/4 ,mi*ael
 & ,/4 ,george4  e4 ,titles us$ 9 direct
 address4      ,good morn+1 ,mr4        
,presid5t4  f4 ,academic degrees 9      
abbreviat$ =m foll[+ a "n4      ,david  
,/>r ,jordan1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4,d4  ,s    

also lett]s foll[+ a "n indicat+        
memb]%ip ( c]ta9 sci5tific & arti/ic    
organizations4      ,f4,r4,g4,s4 7,fell[
 ( ! ,royal ,geographic ,society74      
,r4,a4 7,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy74  ,s
 also 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great        
,brita91 ,m4,c4 7,memb] ( ,congress7 &  
,m4,p4 7,memb] ( ,p>liam5t74  ,:]e a    
p]son has _m titles ! foll[+ ( ?is rule 
involves c]ta9 difficulties4 ,su* a "n z
      ,john ,smi?1 ,a4,m41 ,d4,d41 ,ph4 
,d41 ,l4,h4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 is  
by     no means impossible4  ,9 su* a   
case ! titles become mu* m prom95t ?an !
 "n & ! page is disfigur$ by ! spotty   
appe>ance ( ! text4 ,small capitals may 
sometimes be us$ ) good effect 9 su* a  
case b ?is %\ld n be done )\t obta9+    
prop] p]mission4  ,! difficulty ( h&l+  
^! long & num]\s titles 9 ! composition 
( title pages is sometimes consid]able4 
,?ree me?ods ( deal+ ) ! difficulty are 
op54  a4 ,! honor>y titles may be put 9 
capitals reg>dless ( ! unsightly        
appe>ance ( ! l9e4  b4 ,! honor>y titles

 may be put 9 a small size ( ! same face
 & ju/ifi$ 9 ! l9e4 ,?is less5s ! undue 
prom95ce ( ! titles1 b puts ! l9e out ( 
balance4  c4 ,! honor>y titles may be   
put 9 a sep>ate l9e1 or l9es1 bel[ ! "n1
 set 9 small type1 & spell$ out 9 full4 
,x is n necess>y to capitalize jr4 & sr4
 9 l[]-case text matt] unless s desir$  
by ! au?or4  ,9 comp\nd titles          
capitalize ea* ^w if x w\ld be          
capitaliz$ sep>ately4      ,major ,g5]al
 ,leon>d ,wood1     ,*ief ,ju/ice       
,taney1     ,comm&]-9-,*ief ,field      
,m>%al ,sir ,john ,fr5*4  #ch4 ,names ( 
?+s p]sonifi$4      ,nature1 ,vice1     
,?rift1 & ! l4  #ci4 ,adjectives d]iv$ f
 prop] n\ns4      ,! ,elizabe?an age4   
,roman law4  ,su* adjectives & ev5 prop]
 n\ns !mselves lose ! capital :5 !y are 
appli$ z trade or sci5tific names to    
articles ( common use or ref]5ce4       
roman type1 india ink1 *9ese :ite1 volt1
 watt1     boycott1 platonic1 bohemian4 
#dj4 ,! fir/ ^w ( a direct quotation4   
,z he turn$ to g he said3 ,f>ewell1 we  

%all nev] meet aga94  #da4 ,! fir/ ^w   
aft] ,:]eas & ,resolv$ 9 resolutions4   
,,:]eas4 ,x has pleas$ ,god4444         
!re=e be x     ,,resolv$1 ,t4444  #db4  
,! fir/ ^w aft] a colon :5 ! colon      
introduces a logically complete phrase n
 v closely connect$ ) :at prec$es4      
,my conclusion is3 ,a policy ( consi/5t 
neutrality is ! only     prop] "o = !   
c\ntry4     ,z ! prov]b well says3      
,bew>e ! ang] ( a pati5t man4  #dc4 ,o  
int]jection1 b n oh unless x beg9s a    
s5t5ce4  ,9 ,lat9 s5t5ces ( exclamation1
 d5unciation or appeal ! l[]-case o is  
us$4      ,o tempora1 o mores temporum4 
#dd4 ,! fir/ p]sonal pron\n ,i :]ev] x  
occurs4  #de4 ,emphasiz$ words4      ,we
 /& = ,lib]ty & ,union4  ,?is use %\ld  
be avoid$ except = adv]tis+ display1 or 
job "w4      ,we call att5tion to our   
,/ock (     ,boots1 ,%oes1 & ,furni%+s4 
,,small ,,capitals   ,! use ( small     
capitals pres5ts its own peculi>        
problems to ! pr9t]4 ,! small capital   
has ! =m ( ! l>ge capital b )\t its size

 & conspicu\sness4 ,! small capitals are
 ord9>ily no tall] ?an ! r\nd lett]s ( !
 l[]-case4 ,!y are usually on a small]  
set1 ) a light] face & obscur$ by m     
connect+ l9es4 ,9 _m fonts ( type !y are
 really ! weake/ & lea/ di/+ui%$ ( all !
 five s]ies4 ,wide en\gh to cov] ! body 
( ! type fairly ?or\ghly 9 mo/ lett]s & 
?us to r$uce ! app>5t space betwe5      
lett]s1 )\t asc5d]s & )\t desc5d]s1 !y  
are v monoton\s & s+ul>ly ineffective :5
 us$ 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,:5 us$
 9 masses x is at times ev5 difficult to
 read !m4  ,! use ( small capitals is q 
diff]5t f t ( l>ge ones4 ,= ! reasons j 
giv5 !y are n suit$ to display4 ,= ?is  
purpose !y are no bett] ?an italics1 if 
z good4 ,ow+ to _! lack ( /rik+         
appe>ance & comm&+ quality !y are n us$ 
= emphasis4 ,display & emphasis x w be  
rememb]$ are ! two pr9cipal uses ( !    
full capital4  ,small capitals are us$ m
 = v>iety ?an = display4 ,!y are        
commonly us$ =3      ,side heads        
,runn+ titles      ,cat* l9es ( title   

pages :5 p>ticul> display is n desir$4  
,!y are sometimes us$ = ! fir/ ^w aft] a
 blank l9e1 especially = ! fir/ ^w ( a  
new *apt]4  ,long quotations ( poetry   
are (t5 pr9t$ ) ! fir/ ^w 9 small       
capitals4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! prec$+ case1 !  
:ole ^w is pr9t$ 9 small capitals except
 ! fir/ lett] :i* is a full capital4    
,prop] names /&+ at ! beg9n+ ( a *apt]1 
occasionally ev5 ( a p>agraph1 are      
sometimes spell$ 9 capitals or small    
capitals4 ,if small capitals are us$ !  
initials ( ! "n are put 9 full capitals4
  ,until )9 a comp>atively %ort "t      
tables ( cont5ts 7 (t5 set 9 small      
capitals4 ,at ! same "t x 0 cu/om>y to  
give a fairly full synopsis ( ! cont5ts 
( ea* *apt] "u ! *apt] head4 ,! result 0
 a v monoton\s page1 dull1 d5se1 h>d to 
read4 ,x is mu* bett] & n[ m common to  
use small caps = ! *apt] heads & ord9>y 
text type = ab/racts1 us+ da%es or dots 
to sep>ate ! phrases 9 ! synopsis &     
beg9n+ ea* phrase ) a capital4  ,!      
foll[+ reproduction ( a "p ( a page f ! 

table ( cont5ts ( ,de,vinne's ,mod]n    
,me?ods ( ,book ,composition %[s ?is    
me?od ( treatm5t4                       
,,cont5ts  ,*apt]                       
,page    ,i ,,equipm5t                  
#a                                      
,types444,/&s444,cases444,case-racks4   
,,ii ,,equipm5t                         
#ci      ,galleys &                     
galley-racks444,compositors' implem5ts  
,brass rules & cases = labor-sav+ rule &
 leads     ,da%es &                     
braces444,leads444,furniture ( wood &   
( metal444,furniture-racks444,quotations
 & electrotype     gu>ds4  ,,iii        
,,composition                           
#ge      ,"t-"w & piece-"w444,cu/om>y   
r\t9e     on                            
book-"w444,ju/ification444,spac+ & lead+
     ,di/ribution444,composition by h& &
 ma*9e     ,prop] me?ods ( h&           
"w444,rec5t mann]isms4   ,,iv           
,,composition ,,( ,,books               
#aaa      ,title-page444,preface        
matt]444,*apt] head+s &                 

synopsis444,subhead+s444,extracts444,not
es & il-     lu/rations444,runn+ titles 
& pag+ at head or at     foot           
,poetry444,app5dix &                    
index444,initials444,headb&s1     etc4  
,:]e *apt] synopses are n giv51 ord9>y  
text type may be us$ = ! table (        
cont5ts4  ,! foll[+ reproduction ( !    
table ( cont5ts ( ,de,vinne's ,correct  
,composition %[s ?is me?od ( treatm5t4  
,,cont5ts  ,,*apt]                      
,,page         ,preface                 
vii       ,i  ,spell+                   
#e      ,,ii  ,abbreviations            
#cc     ,,iii  ,comp\nd ,words          
#fa      ,,iv  ,figures & ,num]als      
#gf       ,v  ,italic                   
#id      ,,vi  ,capital ,lett]s         
#ajh     ,,vii  ,division ( ,words      
#abh    ,,viii  ,small ,capitals        
#ade      ,,ix  ,extracts & ,lett]s     
#aeg       ,x  ,notes                   
#aga      ,,xi  ,ind5tion               
#ahb     ,,xii  ,spac+                  
#aih    ,,xiii  ,quotation-m>ks         

#bji     ,,xiv  ,subhead+s              
#bcj      ,,xv  ,punctuation            
#bda     ,,xvi  ,pro(-read+             
#bid    ,,xvii  ,ab\t ,copy             
#cbg   ,,xviii  ,errors ( ! ,press      
#cde          ,app5dix                  
#cei          ,index                    
#ddg  ,small capitals are be/ = subheads
 :5 ( n m ?an two l9es4 ,if ! subheads  
are long] x is be/ to use l[]-case4     
,signatures & cr$its are (t5 put 9 small
 capitals4 ,x is usually1 h[ev]1 bett]  
to use italics = ! purpose4 ,!re is no  
ne$ ( a da% to connect ! "n ) !         
quotation4 ,:5 two or m quotations f !  
same au?or are us$ z mottoes1 ) ref]5ce 
to ! works f :i* !y are tak5 or !       
occasion on :i* !y 7 said1 ! "n ( !     
au?or may be put 9 small capitals 9 a   
sep>ate l9e1 ! "n ( ! book or spee* 9   
italics1 & ! occasion 9 small] roman    
type4  ,num]\s signatures to a docum5t  
or petition1 su* z ! ,mayfl[] ,compact  
or ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 are (t5 
set 9 columns us+ capitals = ! initials 

& small capitals = ! re/ ( ! "n4 ,full  
capitals are too l>ge = ! purpose4      
,we !re=e1 ! ,commission]s = !          
,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1     & ,new 
,hav51 d also1 = our sev]al gov]nm5ts1  
subscribe unto     ^!4      ,,john      
,,w9?rop1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,massa*usetts    
,,?omas ,,dudley           ,,!ophilus   
,,eaton     ,,george ,,f5wick           
,,edw>d ,,hopk9s                        
,,?omas ,,gregson  ,d$ications ( books  
are commonly set 9 small capitals4 ,z ^!
 d$icatory =mulas are ord9>ily brief !re
 %\ld be wide lead+1 good display1 & c>e
 z to m>g9s4 ,! au?or w (t5 give v      
def9ite specifications z to ! arrangem5t
 ( 8 copy 9 l9es1 & ?is w sometimes     
cause difficulty1 occasionally compell+ 
! use ( too small type4 ,! au?or's      
specifications mu/ be foll[$ if he      
adh]es to !m4  ,small capitals are mu*  
favor$ = runn+ titles ( pages4 ,full    
capitals are mu* m effective & are to be
 pref]r$ :]e ! words are few4 ,small    
capitals ( #ab or #ad po9t body are     

di/9ct b small] sizes are cr[d$ & h>d to
 read4 ,?is difficulty c sometimes be   
rem$i$ by hair spac+4 ,ov] spac+ ( su*  
l9es is objectionable ?\gh x has        
sometimes prevail$ z a tempor>y fa%ion4 
,small capitals us$ 9 runn+ titles are  
expos$ to heavy we> & _! %all[ c\nt]s   
are liable to get *ok$ up ) ink4        
,capitals ( ! monot9t or ( a light-fac$ 
antique are sometimes select$ = books   
frequ5tly repr9t$ :]e ! we> on ! expos$ 
runn+ titles is v sev]e4  ,9 repr9t+    
lett]s x is common to use small capitals
 = ! "n ( ! place f :i* ! lett] 0       
writt51 = ! "n ( ! addressee1 & = !     
signature4 ,9 job & adv]tis+ "w ! "n ( !
 mon? & day & date are g5]ally put 9    
l[]-case ( ! text lett]4 ,?is rule is n 
foll[$1 h[ev]1 9 books4 ,:5 ! head+ ( ! 
lett] is v long l[]-case lett]s are     
pref]able to small capitals "u ! g5]al  
rules ( ta/e :i* gov]n ! use ( types4 ,!
 salutation1 ,de> ,sir1 ,g5tlem51 or !  
l1 does n ne$ small capitals4 ,x is     
bett] pr9t$ 9 italic l[]-case ) a colon 

7n foll[$ by a da%7 at ! end4 ,if !     
matt] is d\ble lead$ ! salutation may g 
9 a l9e by itself1 o!rwise con=m+ to !  
rules j giv54  ,repr9ts ( =mal          
inscriptions on tablets & ! l are (t5   
made 9 small capitals surr\nd$ by a     
bord]4 ,!re %\ld be a good relief ( :ite
 space betwe5 ! type & ! bord]4  ,9 !   
,bible & 9 hymn books ! words ,,"l &    
,,god are usually set ) full capital    
initial & ! re/ ( ! ^w 9 small capitals4
  ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a me?od ( %[+       
v5]ation & at "o "t x 0 cu/om>y to pr9t 
all names ( spiritual or temporal       
dignit>ies & magnates or ev5 ord9>y     
names 9 small capitals4 ,?is practice   
/ill l+]s 9 a few newspap]s :i* pr9t !  
names ( p]sons1 ev5 ^? ( small          
consequ5ce1 9 small capitals1 especially
 on ! editorial page4  ,! t5d5cy is     
/eady t[>d ! discrim9at+ use ( capitals1
 small capitals1 & italics4 ,m & m we   
re/rict ! use ( m>ks ( emphasis to !    
really necess>y places leav+ ! words to 
tell _! /ory )\t outside aid4           

,,sugge/ions ,,z ,,to ,,typographic     
,,use ,,( ,,capitals   ,capitals are too
 /rong to be us$ ) ,arabic num]als4 ,?is
 fault ( proportion is increas$ by !    
cu/om ( ca/+ ,arabic num]als on an en   
body = table "w1 mak+ !m only half z    
?ick z ! type4 ,full capitals may be us$
 ) full figures ! wid? ( an ord9>y      
lett]4 ,cond5s$ capitals may be us$ ) en
 body num]als4  ,if old-/yle capitals & 
figures are requir$ 9 ! same l9e use    
figures ab\t "o-half l>g] 9 body ?an !  
capitals & ju/ify !m to ! l9e4  ,x is   
?is difficulty 9 comb9+ capitals &      
,arabic num]als 9 ! same l9e t causes ! 
ext5sive use ( ,roman num]als 9 *apt]   
numb]s1 numb]s ( o!r head+s1 dates on   
title pages1 & ! l4  ,:5 a l>ge initial 
?ree or f\r l9es high is us$ = ! fir/   
lett] ( a new *apt]1 l>ge capitals are  
sometimes us$1 al?\gh su* usage is n    
free f ! reproa* ( look+ too mu* l      
newspap] adv]tis+4 ,:5 ?is initial is a 
two l9e lett] x %\ld be 9 alignm5t ) !  
small capitals ( ! upp] l9e & ! base l9e

 ( ! text lett] ( ! l[] l9e4            
,illu/ration3 ,,among ! e>lie/ me?ods ( 
communicat+ ideas to ! abs5t pictures   
hold ! l>ge/ place4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!re
 comes a tide 9 ! affairs ( m5 :i*1 tak5
 at ! flood1 leads on to =tune4  ,c>e   
%\ld be tak5 n to compact capitals4 ,use
 wid] lead+ & broad] spac+ ?an =        
l[]-case2 = example1 :]e y w\ld use "o  
lead betwe5 l[]-case l9es y %\ld use two
 or ?ree betwe5 l9es ( capitals4        
,capitals occupy m ( ! type-body ?an    
l[]-case lett]s & consequ5tly words or  
l9es set entirely ) capitals ne$ wid]   
spac+ & lead+ ?an ! l[]-case to make    
composition readable4 ,:5 l9es ( roman  
capitals are set solid or s+le-lead$ !  
en-quad w usually be en\gh space betwe5 
words especially if ! words are %ort2 b 
= wide-lead$ l9es & head-l9es d\ble     
spaces 7two ?ree-to-em7 w be ne$$4 ,a   
head-l9e ( r\nd1 op5 capitals may ev5   
ne$ em-quad spaces4 ,wide lett] words   
require wide spaces & words ( ?9 or     
cond5s$ lett]s require ?9 spaces4       

,illu/ration3 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(    
,,am]ica  ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(        
,,am]ica  ,words :i* beg9 or end ) ,a ,y
 ,l ,v ,w ,t may ne$ spaces a little    
less ?an ^? ) ,h ,i ,m1 etc4 ,9 small   
types ! inequalities 9 :ite space beside
 or betwe5 comb9ations l ,l ,y ,a ,t ,w 
& lett]s ) regul> %ape l ,h ,i ,m ,n1   
may n be readily notic$1 b 9 l>ge sizes 
( capitals ^! diff]5ces are greatly     
increas$ & w (t5 make unequal :ite      
spaces 9 a l9e ) uni=m metal spaces4 ,9 
"s /yles ( types a l9e may ne$ unequal  
metal spaces 9 ord] to space ! words    
ev5ly4  7,m>ks indicate ins]tion (      
spaces47  ,illu/ration3 ,,t5 ,,mail     
,,tra9s      ,?is l9e has en-quads      
betwe5 ! words1 b ! =ms     ( ,l & ,t   
make ! :ite space great] ?an     betwe5 
! fir/ & second words4  ,illu/ration3   
,,t5 ,,mai',l ,,trai',n',s      ,?is l9e
 has an en-quad 9 fir/ space &          
?ree-to-em     9 ! second1 ) hair-spaces
 betwe5 "s     lett]s ( ! words4  ,s1   
also1 x w (t5 be necess>y to ins]t      

pieces ( pap]1 c>d1 or ?9 leads betwe5 !
 lett]s ( a ^w 9 l>ge display1 9 ord] to
 make !m ev5ly spac$1 z %[n 9 ^!        
examples3  7,m>ks indicate ins]tion (   
spaces47  ,illu/ration3 ,,pla9ly        
,,plai',n',,ly ,,unev5ly ,,spac$        
,,eve',n',,ly ,s',,pa',c',e',d  ,?is    
diff]5tial spac+ 9 a l9e ( capitals w   
also be requir$ 9 a l9e hav+            
abbreviations or initials4 ,! foll[+    
l9e1 spac$ ) en-quads ?r\gh\t1 has      
unnecess>ily wide spaces betwe5 !       
initials3  ,illu/ration3 ,,john         
,,endicott ,,lodge1 ,a4,o4,u4,w4  ,spac$
 ) f\r-to-em 9 ! la/ ?ree places1 x is  
improv$3  ,illu/ration3 ,,john          
,,endicott ,,lodge1 ,a4,o4,u4,w4        
,capitals us$ z initials ( titles & =   
o!r abbreviations1 ) ! accompany+       
p]iods1 %\ld be ?9-spac$ or set close   
toge!r1 z %[n 9 ! second ( ^! examples3 
,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,m>kham1 ,d4,d41
 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,,george ,,m>kham1 ,d4,d41   
,,ph4,d4 ,,john ,,fl9t1 ,m4,d4,v41      
,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,john ,,fl9t1       

,m4,d4,v41 ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4  ,two or m
 l9es ( capitals ( ! same size %\ld be  
spac$ z ne>ly alike z possible4 ,^! ?ree
 l9es are s disproportionately spac$ t  
!y are n pleas+3  ,illu/ration3 ,,nor?  
,,end ,,union ,b  ,o  ,s  ,t  ,o  ,n    
,,massa*usetts  ,! squ>+ up is arbitr>y 
& /ra9$4 ,! l9es are bett] l ?is3       
,illu/ration3 ,,nor? ,,end ,,union      
,,bo/on ,,massa*usetts  ,b if x is      
necess>y to squ>e up l9es & no          
additional words or lett]s c be ins]t$ !
 %ort l9e may be fill$ ) florets or o!r 
*>act]s :i* %\ld n be bold] ?an ! type  
itself & %\ld be ( a /yle to h>monize ) 
x z ne>ly z possible4  ,illu/ration3    
,,nor? ,,end ,,union 999999 ,,bo/on     
999999 ,,massa*usetts  ,! extra wide    
spac+ ( words set 9 capitals1 z 9       
head-l9es & runn+-heads1 %\ld be avoid$ 
by ! "y compositor2 !re are places :]e x
 may be unobjectionable b x w require   
good judgm5t & "s exp]i5ce to prev5t su*
 l9es mak+ ! page look freaki% or       
amateuri%4  ,9 jobb+1 adv]tisem5t1 &    

display "w1 capitals are us$ m freely   
?an 9 pla9 read+ matt]4 ,9 book "w !    
practice is to use capitals m freely ?an
 9 newspap] composition4 ,a /udy ( !    
read+ columns ( daily newspap]s w       
discov] t capitals are us$ v sp>+ly &   
words are kept d[n 9 _m cases :i* 9 m   
=mal book & pamphlet "w w\ld be         
capitaliz$4  ,9 adv]tisem5ts1           
ann\ncem5ts1 & circul> lett]s1 words are
 (t5 capitaliz$ = di/9ction or emphasis1
 z 9 ^! examples3      ,^? :o w9 a      
,second or ,fir/ ,prize ?r\gh a mon?ly  
or special     conte/ become ,honor     
,memb]s ( ! ,guild1 & receive ! ,guild  
badge )\t *>ge4      ,y are cordially   
invit$ to att5d ! ,spr+ ,op5+ ( ,suits &
     ,outside ,g>m5ts = ,wom51 on       
,w$nesday & ,?ursday1 ,april #bh &      
#bi1 9 our new ,mason ,/reet ,annex4    
,precise rules = ! use ( capitals _c be 
giv5 = "w ( all k9ds4 ,_! ins]tion or   
omission w be gov]n$ greatly by !       
subject matt] & ! /yle ( treatm5t desir$
 by ! pro(-read] or ! cu/om] & !        

compositor's duty w n g fur!r ?an to    
ma9ta9 "s consi/5cy 9 _! use 9 ea* piece
 ( "w4 ,:5 he has copy 9 :i* capitals   
are us$ z 9 ! foll[+ example he w be    
expect$ ei!r to disc>d all capitals     
except at ! beg9n+ ( ! s5t5ces or to    
capitalize ! words z 9 ! second example3
      ,fifty /yles ( ! ,sm>te/ & nobbie/
 :eel specialties =     ponies & ,small 
horses1 ,pony c>ts1 light horse         
novelties1 traps1     wagons1 ,h>ness1  
,saddles1 etc4      ,fifty ,/yles ( !   
,sm>te/ & ,nobbie/ ,:eel ,specialties = 
,ponies & ,small ,horses1 ,pony ,c>ts1  
,light ,horse ,novelties1 ,traps1       
,wagons1 ,h>ness1 ,saddles1 etc4  ,9    
l9es ( l>ge display1 l head-l9es1 set 9 
capitals & l[]-case1 all ! important    
words %\ld beg9 ) capitals4 ,unimportant
 words1 su* z (1 !1 by1 =1 b1 91 etc41  
except :5 !y are at ! beg9n+ ( !        
display$ phrase1 are n capitaliz$4      
,notice to ! ,public     ,! ,be/ is !   
,*eape/     ,a ,great ,b>ga9 9 ,hats    
,by ,"r ( ,conque/     ,= ,love & ,honor

  ,a l9e ( capitals conta9+ an          
abbreviation or o!r %ort ^w %\ld h      
capitals ?r\gh\t :5 possible1 z 9 !     
second =m ( ^! examples3      ,,john    
,,smi?1 ,jr4              ,,john ,,smi?1
 ,,jr4     ,,rob9son  ,co4              
,,rob9son  ,,co4  ,9 adv]tisem5t display
 l9es l ! foll[+ are p]missible3      ,!
 ,,gold5 ,,h>ve/]     ,,regal ,,%oes =  
,,m5  ,comb9ations ( diff]5t sizes &    
/yles ( types are also common & s]ve _! 
purpose prop]ly1 z 9 ?is /yle1 (t5 us$ 9
 billheads1 etc4      ,,to ,,?omas ,w4  
,,abbott1 ,,dr4     ,9 acc\nt ) ,,frank 
,,abbott  ,comb9ations ( l>ge & small   
capitals & l[]-case l ! foll[+ are1     
h[ev]1 n approv$3      ,,william ,,br[n1
 ,presid5t  ,! words 9 small capitals z 
well z ! ^w 9 l[]-case %\ld beg9 ) l>ge 
capitals1 l ?is3      ,,william ,,br[n1 
,presid5t  ,:5 l9es ( capitals are us$ 9
 books & pamphlets1 = head+s & display1 
!y %\ld be us$ consi/5tly--t is1 all    
head+s ( a simil> k9d %\ld be alike 9   
any piece ( "w1 & n "o head+ 9 capitals 

& ano!r 9 l[]-case4 ,! composition ( a  
title page is m pleas+ :5 its *ief l9es 
are 9 "o /yle ( lett]s1 giv+ a h>moni\s 
effect4 ,:5 l9es ( capitals & l9es (    
l[]-case are int]sp]s$ 9 a page an      
appe>ance ( confusion is liable to be ! 
result4     ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+   ,a  
,manual = ,writ]s4 ,by ,john ,mat!ws    
,manley & ,john ,ar?ur ,p[ell4 ,!       
,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 ,*icago4   
,! ,writ]'s ,desk ,book4 ,by ,william   
,dana ,orcutt4 ,fr$]ick ,/okes ,company1
 ,new ,york4  ,correct ,composition4 ,by
 ,!odore ,l4 ,de,vinne4 ,! ,oswald      
,publi%+ ,company1 ,new ,york4  ,a      
,h&book ( ,composition4 ,by ,edw9 ,d4   
,woolley4 ,d4,c4 ,hea?1 ,bo/on4         
,punctuation4 ,) ,*apt]s on             
,hyph5ization1 ,capitalization &        
,spell+4 ,by ,f4 ,horace ,teale4        
,appleton  ,co41 ,new ,york4            
,,que/ions   ,z ! subject matt] ( ?is   
book is su* t _m ( ! que/ions w s]ve    
only to br+ out ! accuracy ( ! pupil's  
memory ( rules x is v desirable t c>e   

%\ld be tak5 to insure intellig5t use & 
application ( ! rules4 ,to be able to   
repeat a rule is ( v little importance  
comp>$ ) ! ability to apply x           
intellig5tly4  ,! in/ructor %\ld give ! 
pupils con/ant practice 9 ! application 
( ^! rules4 ,?is %\ld consi/ (2--  7a7  
,/udy ( passages tak5 f all k9ds ( pr9t$
 matt]4  7b7 ,rewrit+ ( passages giv5   
out )\t capitalization4  ,9 ! fir/ case 
a wide range ( mat]ial %\ld be us$ f !  
mo/ c>efully pr9t$ books to ! mo/       
c>elessly pr9t$ matt] t c be f\nd1      
includ+ newspap]s ( v>y+ excell5ce &    
pure adv]tis+ matt]4 ,! capitalization  
f\nd %\ld be /udi$ & expla9$ by ! rules 
& ! criticisms or *anges sugge/$ ju/ifi$
 9 ! same way4  ,9 l mann] 9 ! second   
case e capital us$ 9 ! rewritt5 text    
%\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! prop] rule4  ,)\t  
su* ex]cises z ^!1 ! book w h           
comp>atively little value4  #a4 ,:at is 
a capital lett]8  #b4 ,h[ _m s]ies (    
lett]s does an ord9>y font ( type       
conta98  #c4 ,"n !m1 & tell :at y "k    

ab\t ea* "o4  #d4 ,9 :at does !         
di/9ction betwe5 capital & l[]-case     
lett] consi/8  #e4 ,:at comb9ations (   
capitals & l[]-case are p]missible8  #f4
 ,9 manuscript h[ d y indicate capitals8
 ,italics8  #g4 ,:at are capitals us$ =8
  #h4 ,:at t5d5cies are obs]vable 9     
/yle8  #i4 ,:at is ! real implem5t (    
,engli% spee*8  #aj4 ,:at are ! g5]al   
rules = ! use ( capitals8  #aa4         
,capitalize1 m5 pray to god1 to *ri/ &  
to ! virg9 m>y t !y may be def5d$ by !  
holy gho/ f ^? assaults ( ! devil :i*   
w\ld make devils ( !m4 ,give ! rule = s 
do+4  #ab4 ,capitalize1 ! supreme       
ar*itect ( ! univ]se1 sometimes call$   
provid5ce1 has 8 own ways ( br++ m5 to  
heav54 ,give ! rule = s do+4  #ac4 ,le>n
 ! li/ ( words "u rule #b4  #ad4 ,are ^!
 words capitaliz$ 9 all cases8  #ae4    
,are adjectives d]iv$ f ^! words        
capitaliz$8  #af4 ,:5 d y n capitalize  
,god & its synonyms8  #ag4 ,:at is !    
usage z to pron\ns ref]r+ to ,god & !   
o!r p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity8  #ah4 ,:at is ! 

rule reg>d+ ! ,bible & matt] relat$ to  
x8  #ai4 ,:at is ! rule reg>d+ biblical 
t]ms8  #bj4 ,capitalize1 ! holy man     
ent]$ ! holy place at ! appo9t$ "t4 ,!  
message ( ! gospel is f\nd 9 ! mo/      
spiritual =m 9 ! gospel ( ,john4 ,give !
 rule4  #ba4 ,:at is ! rule ab\t        
religi\s bodies & _! memb]s8  #bb4 ,:at 
is ! rule ab\t mona/ic ord]s8  #bc4 ,:at
 is ! rule ab\t *ur*8 ,give examples ( !
 diff]5t uses4  #bd4 ,:at is ! rule ab\t
 names ( cre$s8  #be4 ,give diff]5t uses
 ( fa!r & re=m] & expla9 !m4  #bf4 ,h[ d
 y use capitals 9 writ+ names ( p]sons 9
 ,engli% & 9 o!r languages8  #bg4 ,:at  
is ! usage ) reg>d to epi!ts & ! l8     
#bh4 ,:at is ! usage ) reg>d to races ( 
m58  #bi4 ,give ! rule = names ( places1
 & examples ( ea* usage4  #cj4 ,le>n !  
tables "u rule #ae4  #ca4 ,:5 d y       
capitalize g5]ic t]ms = political       
divisions & :5 d y n8  #cb4 ,:at is !   
rule ab\t words d5ot+ "t8  #cc4 ,:at is 
! rule ab\t fe/ivals1 etc48  #cd4 ,:at  
is ! rule ab\t a/ronomical t]ms8  #ce4  

,:5 are ord9al numb]s capitaliz$8  #cf4 
,h[ are capitals us$ 9 sci5tific names8 
#cg4 ,:at is ! usage 9 su* words z fa!r1
 "m1 & o!r t]ms d5ot+ relation%ip8  #ch4
 ,:at is ! rule reg>d+ names ( p>ties1  
political1 lit]>y1 etc48  #ci4 ,:at is !
 rule z to hi/oric p>ties1 leagues1     
etc48  #dj4 ,:at is ! usage 9 writ+ (   
p]iods1 hi/oric1 geological1 etc48  #da4
 ,:at is ! usage reg>d+ important ev5ts8
  #db4 ,h[ are treaties1 laws1 etc41    
treat$8  #dc4 ,:5 are ! names (         
gov]nm5tal bodies1 dep>tm5ts1 etc41     
capitaliz$8  #dd4 ,h[ are (ficial titles
 ( corporations & o!r bodies treat$8    
#de4 ,h[ are names ( conv5tions1        
expositions1 & ! l treat$8  #df4 ,h[ are
 capitals us$ 9 book titles & simil>    
copy1 includ+ ! use ( !8  #dg4 ,h[ are  
capitals us$ 9 d$ications & head+s8     
#dh4 ,give ! rules = ! use ( capitals 9 
=eign book titles4  #di4 ,give ! rules =
 ! use ( capitals 9 p]sonal titles4     
#ej4 ,:at c y d :5 a "n is foll[$ by !  
initials ( a numb] ( titles8  #ea4 ,:at 

d y d 9 case ( comp\nd titles8  #eb4 ,h[
 d y write ! names ( ?+s p]sonifi$8     
#ec4 ,h[ are adjectives d]iv$ f prop]   
n\ns treat$8  #ed4 ,h[ are capitals us$ 
9 direct quotations8  #ee4 ,h[ are      
capitals us$ 9 resolutions8  #ef4 ,are  
capitals us$ aft] colons8  #eg4 ,h[ d we
 write ! int]jections ,o & oh8  #eh4 ,h[
 d we write ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n8  #ei4
 ,:5 & :]e are capitals us$ = emphasis8 
#fj4 ,describe ! peculi>ities ( small   
capitals4  #fa4 ,are !y us$ 9 ! same way
 z full capitals8 ,:y8  #fb4 ,:at is !  
pr9cipal use ( small capitals8  #fc4    
,give "s ( ! places :]e small capitals  
are commonly us$4  #fd4 ,h[ are small   
capitals n[ us$ 9 tables ( cont5ts1 & h[
 7 !y =m]ly us$8  #fe4 ,:at type w\ld y 
use = a table ( cont5ts :5 *apt]        
synopses are n giv58  #ff4 ,h[ are      
subheads treat$8  #fg4 ,h[ are          
signatures & cr$its treat$8  #fh4 ,h[   
are d$ications ( books treat$8  #fi4 ,h[
 are runn+ titles treat$8  #gj4 ,:at is 
good usage 9 repr9t+ lett]s8  #ga4 ,:at 

is a good way to set repr9ts ( =mal     
inscriptions8  #gb4 ,:at is ! usage )   
reg>d to ! names ( p]sons treat$ )      
v5]ation8  #gc4 ,:at is ! t5d5cy 9 ! use
 ( capitals & o!r devices = emphasis8   
#gd4 ,h[ w\ld y h&le comb9ations (      
capitals & num]als1 & :y8  #ge4 ,h[ w\ld
 y treat l>ge initials8  #gf4 ,h[ %\ld y
 space & lead capitals z comp>$ )       
l[]-case8  #gg4 ,h[ %\ld l9es ( capitals
 be spac$1 & :y8  #gh4 ,w\ld capitals   
set ) ev5 spac+ or )\t spac+ appe> to be
 ev5ly spac$8  #gi4 ,:at is ! reason = !
 appe>ance j not$8  #hj4 ,:at w\ld y d  
ab\t x8  #ha4 ,h[ %\ld y space capitals 
us$ z initials ( titles ) accompany+    
p]iods8  #hb4 ,h[ %\ld y space two or m 
l9es ( capitals ( ! same size8  #hc4 ,if
 squ>+ up is necess>y1 h[ %\ld x be     
done8  #hd4 ,:at c y say ab\t wide spac+
 ( words set 9 capitals8  #he4 ,:at c y 
say ( ! use ( capitals 9 diff]5t sorts (
 matt]8  #hf4 ,h[ is ! compositor guid$ 
9 ^! cases8  #hg4 ,h[ are capitals us$ 9
 l9es ( l>ge display8  #hh4 ,h[ w\ld y  

set a l9e ( capitals conta9+ an         
abbreviation or o!r %ort ^w8  #hi4 ,h[  
may capitals be us$ 9 l9es ( adv]tis+   
display8  #ij4 ,"u :at circum/ances are 
comb9ations ( diff]5t sizes & /yles (   
type p]missible8  #ia4 ,are comb9ations 
( l>ge & small capitals & l[]-case      
advisable8  #ib4 ,:at rule %\ld be      
foll[$ :5 l9es ( capitals are us$ 9     
books & pamphlets = head+s & display8   
,,gloss>y   ,,=mal--,made 9 accordance )
 regul> & e/abli%$ =ms1 or ) dignity &  
impressiv5ess3 /iff4  ,,g5]a--,plural ( 
g5us1 a gr\p = purposes (               
classification1 embrac+ "o or m species4
  ,,g5]ic--,( or p]ta9+ to a g5us 7see  
g5]a7 z di/9ct f specific1 ( or p]ta9+  
to a species 7:i* see74  ,,ord9al--,t =m
 ( ! num]al t %[s ! ord] ( any?+ 9 a    
s]ies4  ,,species--,a gr\p = purposes ( 
classification subord9ate to a g5us &   
compos$ ( individuals hav+ only m9or    
diff]5ces4  ,,v]sions--7,( ! ,bible7    
,diff]5t translations ( ! orig9al into !
 same or diff]5t languages4             

,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,=    
,,appr5tices   ,! foll[+ li/ (          
publications1 compris+ ! ,,typographic  
,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices1 has
 be5 prep>$ "u ! sup]vision ( !         
,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$     
,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9 trade       
classes1 9 c\rse ( pr9t+ in/ruction1 &  
by individuals4  ,ea* publication has   
be5 compil$ by a compet5t au?or or gr\p 
( au?ors1 & c>efully edit$1 ! purpose   
be+ to provide ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates--employ]s1 j\rneym51 &           
appr5tices--) a compreh5sive s]ies ( h&y
 & inexp5sive comp5diums ( reliable1    
up-to-date in=mation ^u ! v>i\s bran*es 
& specialties ( ! pr9t+ craft1 all      
arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion = progressive   
/udy4  ,! publications ( ! s]ies are (  
uni=m size1 #eh in*es4 ,_! g5]al        
make-up1 9 typography1 illu/rations1    
etc41 has be51 z f> z practicable1 kept 
9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a brief synopsis ( ! 
p>ticul> cont5ts & o!r *ief features (  
ea* volume w be f\nd "u ea* title 9 !   

foll[+ li/4  ,ea* topic is treat$ 9 a   
concise mann]1 ! aim be+ to embody 9 ea*
 publication z completely z possible all
 ! rudim5t>y in=mation & ess5tial facts 
necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e
 has be5 tak5 to make all /atem5ts      
accurate & cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++     
ess5tial in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ (       
beg9n]s 9 ! diff]5t fields ( /udy4      
,:]ev] practicable1 simple & well-def9$ 
draw+s & illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/
 9 giv+ additional cle>ness to ! text4  
,9 ord] t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/
 possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool      
classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title  
is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review        
,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( !      
subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y (       
te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or   
dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( !  
books4  ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books (
 ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4  ,address
 all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee   
,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(
 ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1         

,u4,s4,a4   ,,"p ,i--,types1 ,tools1    
,ma*9es1 & ,mat]ials  #a4 ,type3 a      
,prim] ( ,in=mation                  ,by
 ,a4,a4 ,/ew>t       ,relat+ to !       
me*anical features ( pr9t+ types2 _!    
sizes1      font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief
 description ( _! manufacture4      #dd 
pp42 illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #b4 ,compositors' ,tools &    
,mat]ials               ,by ,a4,a4      
,/ew>t       ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t  
compos+ /icks1 galleys1 leads1          
brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+ ma*9es1 etc4 
#dg pp42      illu/rat$2 #ej review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #c4 ,type ,cases1   
,compos+ ,room ,furniture           ,by 
,a4,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t type cases1 "w /&s1 cab9ets1      
case racks1 galley racks1 /&+ galleys1  
etc4 #dc pp42      illu/rat$2 #cc review
 que/ions2 gloss>y4  #d4 ,impos+ ,tables
 & ,lock-up ,appliances         ,by     
,a4,a4 ,/ew>t       ,describ+ ! tools & 
mat]ials us$ 9 lock+ up =ms = !         
press1 includ+ "s mod]n utilities =     

special purposes4 #ei      pp42         
illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2 gloss>y4
  #e4 ,pro( ,presses                    
,by ,a4,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (      
in=mation ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es
      = tak+ pr9t]s' pro(s4 #dj pp42    
illu/rat$2 #da review      que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #f4 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses    
,by ,daniel ,bak]       ,a prim] (      
in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical   
con/ruction ( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f !  
orig9al h&      press to ! mod]n job    
press1 to :i* is add$ a *apt] on        
automatic presses ( small size4 #ea pp42
 illu/rat$2 #di review      que/ions2   
gloss>y4  #g4 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,presses   
,by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak]       ,be+ a /udy (
 ! me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal     
types      ( cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd   
pp42 illu/rat$2 #dg review              
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #h4 ,me*anical      
,fe$]s & ,fold]s           ,by ,william 
,e4 ,spurri]       ,! hi/ory & op]ation 
( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2      ) h9ts
 on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/rat$2     

review      que/ions2 gloss>y4  #i4 ,p[]
 = ,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\ses         ,by  
,c>l ,f4 ,scott       ,a treatise on !  
me?ods ( apply+ p[] to pr9t+ presses &  
alli$ ma*9]y ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to      
electric drive4 #ec      pp42 illu/rat$2
 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #aj4    
,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9es                    
,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4       ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1      
h&-lev]      cutt]s1 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r  
automatic ma*9es = cutt+      pap]1 #gj 
pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae review que/ions2   
gloss>y4  #aa4 ,pr9t]s' ,roll]s         
,by ,a4,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a prim] (      
in=mation ab\t ! composition1           
manufacture1 &      c>e ( ink+ roll]s4  
#df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa review que/ions2
      gloss>y4  #ab4 ,pr9t+ ,inks       
,by ,philip ,ruxton       ,_!           
composition1 prop]ties & manufacture    
7repr9t$ by      p]mission f ,circul>   
,no4 #ec1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau (       
,/&>ds72 toge!r ) "s helpful sugge/ions 
ab\t !      ev]yday use ( pr9t+ inks by 

,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review   
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ac4 ,h[ ,pap] is   
,made                  ,by ,william     
,bond ,:eelwright       ,a prim] (      
in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( 
manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh   
pp42 illu/rat$2      #fb review         
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ad4 ,relief        
,engrav+s                         ,by   
,joseph ,p4 ,donovan       ,brief hi/ory
 & non-te*nical description ( mod]n     
me?ods (      engrav+2 woodcut1 z9c     
plate1 halftone2 k9d ( copy =           
reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+   
engrav+s4      ,illu/rat$2 review       
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & 
,/]otyp+                                
,by ,h>ris ,b4 ,hat* & ,a4,a4 ,/ew>t    
,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! processes ( 
electrotyp+ &      /]eotyp+4 #id pp42   
illu/rat$2 #abi review que/ions2        
gloss>ies4   ,,"p ,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e    
,composition  #af4 ,typesett+           
,by ,a4,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a h&book =     
beg9n]s1 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1   

spac+1 correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to 
typesett+4      ,illu/rat$2 review      
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s
                              ,by ,a4,a4
 ,/ew>t       ,! me?ods by :i* !y are   
made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 )               
obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2   
review que/ions2      gloss>y4  #ah4    
,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,job ,composition         
,by ,camille ,de,vze       ,sugge/ions =
 ! appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/  
jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little
 ?+s :i* g to make      good display 9  
typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee      
review que/ions2      gloss>y4  #ai4    
,g5]al ,job ,composition       ,h[ ! job
 compositor h&les bus9ess /ation]y1     
programs &      miscellane\s "w4        
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4   
#bj4 ,book ,composition                 
,by ,j4,w4 ,bo?well       ,*apt]s f     
,de,vinne's ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book      
,composition1      revis$ & arrang$ =   
?is s]ies ( text-books by ,j4,w4        
,bo?well      ( ,! ,de,vinne ,press1    

,new ,york4 ,"p ,i3 ,composition (      
pages4 ,"p      ,,ii3 ,imposition (     
pages4 #bbi pp42 illu/rat$2 #ebe review 
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ba4 ,tabul>        
,composition                            
,by ,rob]t ,seav]       ,a /udy ( !     
elem5t>y =ms ( table composition1 )     
examples      ( m difficult composition4
 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review          
que/ions4  #bb4 ,appli$ ,ari?metic      
,by ,e4,e4 ,%eldon       ,elem5t>y      
ari?metic appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+  
trade1      calculation ( mat]ials1 pap]
 weights & sizes1 ) /&>d      tables &  
rules = computation1 ea* subject        
amplifi$ )      examples & ex]cises4    
#aei pp4  #bc4 ,typeca/+ & ,compos+     
,ma*9es        ,a4,w4 ,f9lay1 ,editor   
,section ,i--,! ,l9otype                
,by ,l4,a4 ,horn/e9      ,section       
,,ii--,! ,monotype                      
,by ,joseph ,hays      ,section         
,,iii--,! ,int]type                     
,by ,h5ry ,w4 ,cozz5s      ,section     
,,iv--,o!r ,typeca/+ & ,typesett+       

,ma*9es                                 
,by ,frank ,h4 ,smi?       ,a brief     
hi/ory ( typesett+ ma*9es1 )            
descriptions ( _!      me*anical        
pr9ciples & op]ations4 ,illu/rat$2      
review      que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p   
,,iii--,imposition & ,/onework  #bd4    
,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job ,press             
,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry       ,?+s !       
appr5tice %\ld "k ab\t lock+ up small   
=ms1 &      ab\t g5]al "w on ! /one4    
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2            
gloss>y4  #be4 ,prep>+ ,=ms = ! ,cyl9d] 
,press       ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry       
,pamphlet & catalog imposition2 m>g9s2  
fold m>ks1 etc4 ,me?ods      ( h&l+ type
 =ms & electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2     
review      que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p   
,,iv--,presswork  #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on  
,plat5 ,presses                 ,by     
,t4,g4 ,mc,grew       ,! ess5tial p>ts (
 a press & _! functions2 di/9ctive      
features ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ 
! tympan1      regulat+ ! impression1   
und]lay+ & ov]lay+1 sett+      gauges1 &

 o!r details expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review
 que/ions2      gloss>y4  #bg4 ,cyl9d]  
,presswork                              
,by ,t4,g4 ,mc,grew       ,prep>+ !     
press2 adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m       
roll]s1      ink f\nta91 gripp]s &      
deliv]y sy/ems4 ,und]lay+ &             
ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay me?ods4           
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2            
gloss>y4  #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps
                 ,by ,*>les ,l4 ,dunton 
,describ+ "s practical me?ods (         
pressroom "w1 )      directions & useful
 in=mation relat+ to a v>iety (         
pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf     
review que/ions4  #bi4 ,reproductive    
,processes ( ! ,graphic ,arts      ,by  
,a4,w4 ,elson       ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t ! di/9ctive features ( !          
relief1 ! intaglio1 & ! planographic    
processes ( pr9t+4      #hd pp42        
illu/rat$2 #ajj review que/ions2        
gloss>y4   ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet & ,book   
,b9d+  #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+             
,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9       ,a prim] 

( in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations      
employ$ 9      b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9
 ! b9d]y4 ,illu/rat$2      review       
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ca4 ,book ,b9d+    
,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg]       ,practical   
in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ 
books2      fold+2 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1
 =w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case      mak+ & cas$-9 
books4 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job &        
blank-book b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p ,,vi--,correct
 ,lit]>y ,composition  #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & 
,engli% ,gramm>               ,by ,f4,w4
 ,hamilton       ,a prim] ( in=mation   
ab\t words1 _! relations1 & _!          
uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review que/ions2     
gloss>y4  #cc4 ,punctuation             
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (   
in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _!
      use1 bo? grammatically &          
typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review    
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #cd4 ,capitals      
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (   
in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s     
practical      typographic h9ts z to !  

use ( capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ce4 ,division (    
,words                            ,by   
,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,rules = !       
division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 )    
rem>ks      on spell+1 syllabication &  
pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review      
que/ions4  #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words         
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a /udy ( !  
pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts (     
comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42   
#fb review que/ions4  #cg4              
,abbreviations & ,signs                 
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (   
in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) 
classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common use4   
#eh pp42 #cb review      que/ions4  #ch4
 ,! ,uses ( ,italic                     
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (   
in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic 
lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4   
#ci4 ,pro(read+                         
,by ,arnold ,levitas       ,! te*nical  
phases ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1 
revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s &     

copy4 ,illu/rat$ by      examples4 #ei  
pp42 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #dj4
 ,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy           
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,sugge/ions =
 au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9 
prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf pp42  
#fg review que/ions4  #da4 ,pr9t]s'     
,manual ( ,/yle       ,a ref]5ce        
compilation ( approv$ rules1 usages1 &  
sugge/ions      relat+ to uni=mity 9    
punctuation1 capitalization1            
abbreviations1 num]als1 & k9dr$ features
 ( composition4  #db4 ,! ,pr9t]'s       
,diction>y                      ,by     
,a4,a4 ,/ew>t       ,a h&book (         
def9itions & miscellane\s in=mation ab\t
      v>i\s processes ( pr9t+1          
alphabetically arrang$4 ,te*nical       
t]ms expla9$4 ,illu/rat$4   ,,"p        
,,vii--,design1 ,color1 & ,lett]+  #dc4 
,appli$ ,design = ,pr9t]s               
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,a h&book ( ! 
pr9ciples ( arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t  
on      ! p]iods ( design :i* h mo/     
influ5c$ pr9t+4 ,treats      ( h>mony1  

balance1 proportion1 & rhy?m2 motion2   
symmetry &      v>iety2 ornam5t1 e/hetic
 & symbolic4 #cg illu/rations2 #df      
review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 
#dd4 ,elem5ts ( ,typographic ,design    
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,applications 
( ! pr9ciples ( decorative design4      
,build+      mat]ial ( typography pap]1 
types1 ink1 decorations &               
illu/rations4 ,h&l+ ( %apes4 ,design (  
complete book1      treat+ ea* "p4      
,design ( comm]cial =ms & s+le units4   
,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2
 bibliography4  #de4 ,rudim5ts ( ,color 
9 ,pr9t+                ,by ,h>ry ,l4   
,gage       ,use ( color3 = decoration (
 black & :ite1 = broad po/]      effect1
 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m pr9t+s 
)      process engrav+s4 ,sci5tific     
nature ( color1 physical &      *emical4
 ,t]ms 9 :i* color may be discuss$3 hue1
 value1      int5sity4 ,diagrams 9      
color1 scales & comb9ations4 ,color !ory
      ( process engrav+4 ,exp]im5ts )   
color4 ,illu/rations 9 full      color1 

& on v>i\s pap]s4 ,review que/ions2     
gloss>y2      bibliography4  #df4       
,lett]+ 9 ,typography                   
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,pr9t]'s use (
 lett]+3 adaptability & decorative      
effect4      ,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+
 & lett]+ & its influ5ce on      type   
design4 ,classification ( g5]al =ms 9   
lett]+4      ,application ( design to   
lett]+4 ,draw+ = reproduction4 ,fully   
illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2    
bibliography4  #dg4 ,typographic ,design
 9 ,adv]tis+             ,by ,h>ry ,l4  
,gage       ,! pr9t]'s function 9       
adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i*      adv]tis+
 is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4   
,emphasis1      legibility1 att5tion1   
color4 ,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+          
typography4 ,illu/rations2 review       
que/ions2 gloss>y2      bibliography4   
#dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies & ,lay\ts           
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage       ,a lay\t3 !   
ar*itectural plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation
 ( a      propos$ f9al effect4 ,use (   
dummy 9 sales "w4 ,use ( lay\t4         

,function ( lay\t man4 ,b9d+ s*emes =   
dummies4 ,dummy      envelopes4         
,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2
 bibliography4   ,,"p ,,viii--,hi/ory ( 
,pr9t+  #di4 ,books ,be=e ,typography   
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (   
in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet &
 !      hi/ory ( bookmak+ up to !       
inv5tion ( movable types4 #fb pp42      
illu/rat$2 #fd review que/ions4  #ej4 ,!
 ,inv5tion ( ,typography                
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief     
sket* ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came  
ab\t4      #fd pp42 #fb review que/ions4
  #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,i         
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a prim] (   
in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 !     
developm5t ( ! book1 ! developm5t (     
pr9t]s' mat]ials1      & ! "w ( ! great 
pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee review que/ions4  
#eb4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,,ii         
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief     
sket* ( ! economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ 
indu/ry      f #adej to #aghi1 includ+  
gov]nm5t regulations1 c5sor%ip1         

int]nal conditions & indu/rial          
relations4 #id pp42 #abh review         
que/ions4  #ec4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl&         
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a %ort      
hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to !  
pres5t      "t4 #hi pp42 #fe review     
que/ions4  #ed4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica        
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a brief     
sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s 
notes      on publi%]s :o h especially  
contribut$ to pr9t+4 #ih pp42      #hd  
review que/ions4  #ee4 ,type & ,presses 
9 ,am]ica                  ,by ,f4,w4   
,hamilton       ,a brief hi/orical sket*
 ( ! developm5t ( type ca/+ &      press
 build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #eb pp42 #fa 
review que/ions4   ,,"p ,,ix--,co/ ,f9d+
 & ,acc\nt+  #ef4 ,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9     
,pr9t+                ,by ,h5ry ,p4     
,port]       ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & 
_! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld      %[4 ,h[ to   
utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review    
que/ions4      ,gloss>y4  #eg4 ,use ( a 
,co/ ,sy/em                        ,by  
,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! ,/&>d         

,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld 
%[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 
,review que/ions4      ,gloss>y4  #eh4  
,! ,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant                   
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! selection 
& pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4
      ,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial 
& ! sell+ price (      ! f9i%$ product4 
,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4  #ei4       
,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+       
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,! e/imator &
 8 "w2 =ms to use2 g5]al rules =        
e/imat+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4    
#fj4 ,e/imat+ & ,sell+                  
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,an insight  
into ! me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _! 
relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4    
,gloss>y4  #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s      
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,a brief     
outl9e ( an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2     
necess>y      books & accessory records4
 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4   ,,"p     
,x--,miscellane\s  #fb4 ,heal?1         
,sanitation1 & ,safety              ,by 
,h5ry ,p4 ,port]       ,hygi5e 9 ! pr9t+

 trade2 a /udy ( conditions old & new2  
practical sugge/ions = improvem5t2      
protective appliances &      rules =    
safety4  #fc4 ,topical ,index           
,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a book (    
ref]5ce cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 !       
,typographic      ,te*nical ,s]ies1     
alphabetically arrang$4  #fd4 ,c\rses ( 
,/udy                             ,by   
,f4,w4 ,hamilton       ,a guidebook =   
tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions =        
classroom & %op "w4     ,,ackn[l$gm5t   
,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is
 ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a   
l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 
9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4  ,!        
,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$     
,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices !   
books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges
 its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance    
r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs    
id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4  ,:ile due           
ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title &        
copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea*  

book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a   
gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be (    
int]e/4  ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z 
x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 !   
production ( a portion ( ! volumes1     
con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z !     
entire li/ ( books compris+ !           
,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5   
complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at
 an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 
ea* volume4  ,! ,committee also desires 
to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m    
subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly  
await$ its publication4  ,,committee    
,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(
 ,,am]ica4    ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,port]1       
,*airman1   ,e4 ,,lawr5ce ,,fell1       
,a4,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1   ,j4 ,,clyde      
,,oswald1   ,,toby ,,rubovits4          
,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education    
,director4     ,,contributors   ,=      
,composition & ,electrotypes  ,,isaac   
,h4 ,,blan*>d ,,company1 ,new ,york1    
,n4,y4 ,s4,h4 ,,burbank  ,,co41         
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4,s4 ,,cu%+       

,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,dev9ne    
,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,r4,r4      
,,donnelley  ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1     
,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,bo/on1 
,mass4 ,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 
,mi*4 ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,company1      
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4,h4 ,,gilson     
,,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,/eph5       
,,gre5e  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4     
,w4,f4 ,,hall ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1   
,ill4 ,j4,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41         
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla  ,,co4    
,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,!         
,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new    
,york ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 
,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4  
,,edw>d ,,/]n  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1    
,pa4 ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+  ,,mfg4 ,,co41  
,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4,d4 ,,traphag51       
,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 
,cambridge1 ,mass4  ,= ,composition     
,,bo/on ,,typo!tae ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 
,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell     
,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,kalkh(f
 ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4          

,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,toby    
,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4  ,=          
,electrotypes  ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs ,,co41
 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,fl[] ,,/eel           
,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 
,c4,j4 ,,pet]s  ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1    
,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41     
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4,c4 ,,:itcomb    
,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4  ,= ,engrav+s     
,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,,co41 ,bo/on1
 ,mass4 ,c4,b4 ,,cottrell  ,,sons ,,co41
 ,we/]ly1 ,r4,i4 ,,gold+ ,,manufactur+  
,,co41 ,frankl91 ,mass4 ,,h>v>d         
,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inl&  
,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,lan/on  
,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1           
,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype
 ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,geo4   
,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4   
,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1   
,n4,y4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,art1 ,cambridge1   
,mass4 ,b4,d4 ,,ris+ ,,pap] ,,company1  
,h\satonic1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,v&]cook        
,,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4  ,= ,book ,pap] 
,,am]ican ,,writ+ ,,pap] ,,co41         

,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,,pulp 
,,pap] ,,co41 ,me*anicville1 ,n4,y4