,transcriber's ,note3 #a4 ,some examples does not make much sense in this text version 7e4g41 anything to do with small capitals74 ,there is also an ,,html version where the examples are formatted to follow the typesetting of the original4 #b4 ,italicized text is rendered as text1 bold text is rendered as text4 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices--,,part ,,vi1 ,,no4 #cd ,,capitals ,a ,,primer of ,,information ,,about ,,capitalization ,,with ,,some ,,practical ,,typographic ,,hints ,,as ,,to ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,capitals ,,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,educational ,,director ,,united ,,typothet ,,of ,,america ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,use ,,of ,,full ,,capitals #d ,,small ,,capitals #ag ,,suggestions ,,as ,,to ,,typographic ,,use ,,of ,,capitals #bb ,,capitals ,,introduction ,a capital letter is a letter of formal shape4 ,capitals were originally derived from the stiff and angular letters used in formal inscriptions4 ,originally all writing was done in capitals4 ,later the scribes devised less formal shapes for the letters1 making use of lines more easily made by brush or pen on papyrus1 parchment1 or paper4 ,the capitals were retained for certain uses but the less formal shapes were employed to do the greater part of the work4 ,these less formal letters have been known by several names4 ,they will be referred to here by that under which they are known to modern printers1 lower-case4 ,a further modification of the letter came with the introduction of the sloping1 or italic letter4 ,this received its name from its place of origin1 ,italy4 ,it was introduced by ,nicholas ,jenson1 a printer of ,venice1 and was an imitation of the handwriting of the ,italian poet ,petrarch4 ,originally it was used only for the lower-case and was combined with the older form of capital letters1 called roman1 also from the place of its origin4 ,later the italic characteristics were given to capitals as well as lower-case letters4 ,an ordinary font of book type contains five series of letters3 full capitals1 small capitals1 italic capitals 7full size71 roman lower-case1 and italic lower-case4 ,the full capital1 roman or italic1 is larger than the other letters of the font1 every letter being as high as the lower-case ascenders4 ,the small capital is only as high as the lower-case round letters4 ,larger capitals still are sometimes used as chapter initials and the like4 ,it will be observed that the distinction between capital and lower-case letters is one of form1 not of size4 ,the full capitals being much more used than the small capitals and being larger than the other letters in the font1 the impression is common that the size is the distinguishing mark4 ,this erroneous impression has even crept into dictionary definitions4 ,the full capital1 which will hereafter be called in this book simply the capital1 is used in combination with lower-case letters or with small capitals in the same word4 ,the small capital is not used in combination with lower-case in the same word4 ,we may print ,,george ,,washington1 ,,george ,,washington1 ,,george ,,washington1 or ,george ,washington1 but not ,george ,washington4 ,in manuscript capitals are indicated by three lines under a word or letter1 ,symbol3 triple line and small capitals by two lines ,symbol3 double line4 ,a single line ,symbol3 single underline indicates that italics are to be used4 ,originally the writers of manuscripts used capitals for ornament and variety in the text4 ,they followed no rules but each writer was guided by his own judgment and sense of beauty4 ,as the use of capitals gradually became systematized and reduced to rules1 different systems were adopted in different countries4 ,the use of capitals varies greatly in different languages4 ,attention will be mainly confined in this book to the usages followed in the printing of ,english4 ,attempts to point out the various differences to be found in ,german1 ,french1 etc4 would only confuse the young apprentice4 ,these rules grow out of a fundamental principle4 ,the purpose of capitals is to emphasize the words in which they are employed4 ,with the exception of the cases of the words ,i and ,o1 which are capitalized for typographical reasons1 this idea of calling special attention to a word1 or words1 for one reason or another will be found to be at the bottom of the variations in usage in different printing offices and by different writers4 ,the same tendency is observable here which is so evident in style and in punctuation4 ,direct statements1 simple sentences as free from involution and complication as possible1 are more and more taking the place of the involved1 complicated1 and obscure sentences of old times4 ,the ideal style of to-day consists of simple words simply arranged4 ,such a style needs little pointing4 ,the reader is quite able to find his way through the paragraph without constant direction4 ,punctuation marks are directions at the crossroads of thought4 ,consequently the punctuation mark is now much more sparingly used than formerly4 ,just as we have found out that well chosen words can tell their story with very few marks of interpretation so we have found out that they can tell their story with very few marks of emphasis4 ,the use of capitals has decreased greatly during the last two centuries and is constantly decreasing1 and this tendency is likely to go still further4 ,the great ,de,vinne whose books on ,the ,practice of ,typography1 written ten to fifteen years ago1 are still of the highest authority was thoroughly up-to-date in his methods and was remarkable for the restrained and refined good taste which characterized all his recommendations1 but in some points restraint in the use of capitals has gone even beyond his precepts4 ,it is worth while to remember that the real implement of ,english speech is the word1 not the point nor the letter form4 ,just to the extent that we rely on marks of punctuation and emphasis to convey our meaning we betray our ignorance of the really significant elements of the language4 ,the schoolgirl says she had a perfectly splendid time at the dance1 when she tells about it in her letter to her dearest friend4 ,if perfectly splendid were a proper term to use in such a connection1 which it is not1 the words themselves would carry all the emphasis possible4 ,nothing could really be added to them by any typographical device4 ,in the same way the common use of profanity among ignorant people probably arises mainly from a feeling that the ordinary words with which they are familiar are colorless and do not express their thoughts with sufficient emphasis4 ,just as emphasis in style is difficult when one habitually uses the strongest words and emphasis in voice is difficult when one habitually shouts1 so emphasis in print is difficult when one habitually uses large capitals1 display type1 and italics4 ,loud printing is as objectionable as loud talking4 ,,use ,,of ,,full ,,capitals ,general uses3 #a4 ,use a capital letter to begin every sentence and every word or group of words punctuated as a sentence4 ,welcome6 ,we are glad to see you4 ,this rule does not apply to literal reproductions of matter not originally conforming to it4 #b4 ,use a capital letter to begin every line of poetry4 ,the ,lord hates a quitter1 ,but he doesn't hate him1 son1 ,when the quitter's quitting something ,he shouldn't have begun4 that ,this rule does not apply to turned over lines like the third line in the stanza just preceding4 #c4 ,use a capital letter to begin every quotation consisting of a complete sentence4 ,ben ,franklin says1 ,honesty is the best policy4 ,the campaign was a punitive expedition for the suppression of brigandage4 ,capitalize3 #a4 ,names of the ,deity1 of the members of the ,trinity1 of the ,virgin ,mary1 and of the ,devil1 when a personal devil is referred to4 ,when the word devil is used as a general term or as an expletive the capital is not used4 #b4 ,nouns and adjectives used to designate the ,deity or any member of the ,trinity3 the ,almighty1 the ,ruler of the ,universe1 the ,supreme ,architect of the ,universe1 the ,creator1 ,providence 7personified71 ,heaven 7personified1 e4 g41 ,heaven forbid671 ,father1 ,son1 ,holy ,ghost1 ,spirit1 ,messiah1 and the like4 ,the following list of words of this sort to be capitalized1 taken from ,mr4 ,william ,dana ,orcutt's ,the ,writer's ,desk ,book 7,frederick ,a4 ,stokes1 ,new ,york7 will be found useful3 ,almighty ,authorized ,version ,common ,version ,creator ,deity ,father ,god ,holy ,bible ,holy ,spirit ,holy ,writ ,jehovah ,jesus ,christ ,king ,logos ,lord ,messiah ,passover ,pentecost ,redeemer ,revised ,version ,sabbath ,saviour ,scriptures ,son of ,man ,son ,spirit ,the ,trinity ,the ,virgin ,mary ,word ,care needs to be taken with words of this class4 ,particular attention should be paid to the wording of rule #b1 just given4 ,the same words in other senses or other connections are not capitalized4 ,heaven and hell and derived adjectives are not capitalized in their ordinary uses3 ,adjectives and other derivatives from these words are not capitalized4 ,we write ,messiah1 but messianic and messiahship2 ,christology but christological1 fatherhood1 sonship1 and the like4 ,such words as deity1 god1 and the like are not capitalized where any but the ,god of the ,bible is referred to4 #c4 ,pronouns referring to ,god1 ,christ1 or the ,holy ,spirit in direct address or where there might otherwise be ambiguity4 ,these pronouns are not capitalized in the ,bible4 ,they are generally capitalized in hymn books and books of devotion4 ,these pronouns were formerly all capitalized as a mark of respect to ,god whenever there was any mention of him1 even indirect4 ,the tendency is more and more to eliminate them except in the second person 7direct address74 ,in view of the change now going on it is best to follow copy if the author appears to have decided preferences4 #d4 ,books1 divisions1 and versions of the ,bible4 ,book of ,job1 ,twenty-third ,psalm1 ,new ,testament1 ,revised ,version4 #e4 ,general biblical terms and titles of parables4 ,the ,law1 ,the ,prophets1 ,major and ,minor ,prophets 7referring to the collections of prophetic books71 ,lord's ,prayer1 ,lord's ,supper1 ,parable of the ,prodigal ,son1 the ,beatitudes1 the ,priestly ,code and many other such terms4 ,use lower-case for biblical and scriptural4 #f4 ,capitalize ,holy in ,holy place and ,holy of holies4 ,say ,gospel of ,john1 but speak of the gospel message4 #g4 ,the names of religious bodies and their followers4 ,catholic1 ,protestant1 ,unitarian1 ,methodist1 ,buddhists1 ,taoists1 ,lamas4 #h4 ,the names of monastic orders and their followers4 ,jesuits1 ,brothers of the ,common ,life1 ,recollets1 ,crutched ,friars1 ,cowley ,fathers4 #i4 ,the word ,church when it stands for the ,church universal or is a part of the name of some particular denomination or organization4 ,for salvation he sought the ,church4 ,the ,church of ,rome4 ,the ,first ,presbyterian ,church4 ,i was on my way to church4 ,he is a student of church history4 7,note use of lower-case in this sentence47 #aj4 ,the names of creeds and professions of faith4 ,apostle's ,creed1 ,thirty-nine ,articles1 ,nicene ,creed4 ,note that the adjective ante-,nicene is printed as it here appears4 #aa4 ,the word father when used in direct reference to the fathers of the church1 and to the ,pilgrim leaders of ,new ,england1 and the word reformers when used of the leaders of the ,reformation4 ,the ante-,nicene ,fathers4 ,luther1 ,calvin and the other ,reformers4 ,the word father is not capitalized when the reference is general1 as in the first sentence of this section4 ,the capitalization of reformer is intended to distinguish persons connected with a certain definite historical movement from persons interested in reform4 ,many persons might consider that the ,reformers were not reformers4 #ab4 ,names of persons4 ,john ,smith1 ,george ,v4 ,but write ,john o' ,groat1 ,tam o' ,shanter1 and the like where o' is an abbreviation of of and not the ,glic ,o' as ,o',neil1 etc4 ,in writing foreign names which contain particles1 capitalize the particles when not preceded by a ,christian name or title4 ,alfred de ,musset but ,de ,musset1 le ,due de ,morny but ,de ,morny1 ,prince von ,bismarck but ,von ,bismarck4 ,by exception the ,dutch particle van is always capitalized4 ,van ,hoorn1 ,stephen ,van ,rensselr4 #ac4 ,epithets appended to proper names or substituted for them4 ,frederick the ,great ,peter the ,hermit ,william ,red ,head 7,rufus7 the ,conqueror4 #ad4 ,names of races of men4 ,aryan1 ,caucasian1 etc41 but generally negro and gypsy1 by exception4 #ae4 ,names of places4 a4 ,cities1 rivers1 oceans1 lakes1 mountains1 etc4 ,chicago ,mississippi ,river ,atlantic ,ocean ,lake ,superior ,pike's ,peak ,strawberry ,hill4 ,note that the generic terms ocean1 lake1 mountain and the like are capitalized only when they are an actual part of the name itself4 ,we would say ,the ,atlantic ,ocean lies east of the ,united ,states1 but we would say ,the states which form the ,north ,american republic look out on two great oceans1 the ,atlantic and the ,pacific4 ,the following tables are taken from ,a ,manual for ,writers by ,john ,matthews ,manley and ,john ,arthur ,powell 7,university of ,chicago ,press1 ,chicago74 ,subject to the rule just stated1 they will be found very useful4 ,capitalize1 in singular form only1 when immediately following the name ,archipelago ,borough ,branch 7stream7 ,butte ,canyon ,county ,crater ,creek ,delta ,forest ,fork ,gap ,glacier ,gulch ,harbor ,head ,hollow ,mesa ,narrows ,ocean ,parish 7,la47 ,park ,plateau ,range ,reservation ,ridge ,river ,run ,capitalize in singular or plural form when immediately following the name ,hill ,island ,mountain ,spring ,capitalize1 in singular form1 either before or after the name2 and in plural form before the name ,bay ,bayou ,camp 7military7 ,cape ,dalles ,desert ,falls ,fort ,isle ,lake ,mount ,oasis ,pass ,peak ,point ,port ,sea ,strait ,valley ,volcano b4 ,names of streets1 squares1 parks1 buildings1 etc4 ,amsterdam ,avenue ,van ,buren ,street ,independence ,square ,lincoln ,park ,transportation ,building4 ,the same rule as to capitalization of the generic name holds here as in the preceding section4 ,the usual tendency to drop capitals is at work here and newspapers now write ,washington street and ,federal building4 ,it is very probable that the capitals will finally be dropped from the generic terms wherever used4 ,printers should keep a careful watch on the usage of the best offices so as to keep advised as to the progress of these changes4 c4 ,nouns1 and adjectives derived from them designating recognized geographical divisions of a country or of the world4 ,east1 ,west1 ,north1 ,south1 ,westerner1 ,oriental4 ,when these words are used in their ordinary significance of mere direction or location they are not capitalized except that in writing of ,biblical history we speak of the ,northern ,kingdom and the ,southern ,kingdom into which ,solomon's territory was split after his death4 #af4 ,generic terms for political divisions4 a4 ,when the term is part of the name and directly follows it4 ,holy ,roman ,empire ,british ,empire ,northwest ,territory ,queen's ,county4 b4 ,when it is used with the preposition of in such phrases as ,borough of the ,bronx1 ,department of the ,gulf4 c4 ,when part of a nickname1 ,the ,crescent ,city1 the ,buckeye ,state1 the ,city of ,brotherly ,love4 ,be careful not to capitalize such words when they are not an actual part of the name4 ,french ,republic is the name of the county1 exactly translating ,republique ,francaise1 but ,american republic is not such a name4 ,you would write ,state of ,new ,york in a legal document in which the state would be considered as a corporate person1 but in ordinary references it would be state of ,new ,york4 #ag4 ,the days of the week and the months of the year1 but not the seasons unless personified4 ,monday the fifth of ,august4 ,april is the first month of spring4 ,spring1 beautiful ,spring4 ,but write ten o'clock1 nine a4m41 ten p4m4 #ah4 ,festivals and historic or famous days4 ,easter ,day ,fast ,day ,independence ,day ,black ,friday4 #ai4 ,stars1 planets1 constellations1 and the like1 except sun1 moon1 stars1 earth4 ,mars1 the ,milky ,way1 the ,pleiades4 #bj4 ,ordinal numbers used to designate numbered political divisions1 sessions of ,congress1 names of regiments1 ,egyptian dynasties1 and the like4 ,second ,congressional ,district1 ,first ,ward1 ,ninth ,precinct1 ,forty-third ,congress1 ,sixth ,massachusetts ,regiment1 ,fifth ,dynasty4 #ba4 ,names of genera but not of species3 except that in botanical and zological copy the species may be capitalized if derived from a proper name4 ,agaricus campestris ,parkinsonia ,torreyana ,pterygomatopus schmidti1 7,medical74 ,the ,english derivatives from these scientific words are not capitalized4 ,we write of the agarics1 the felids1 the carnivores1 etc4 #bb4 ,father1 mother1 and other words denoting relationship when used with a proper name or without a personal pronoun4 ,i saw ,aunt ,lucy and ,cousin ,charles4 ,i saw my aunt ,lucy and my cousin ,charles4 ,i have received a letter from my mother4 ,i have received a letter from ,mother4 #bc4 ,names of political parties and of philosophical1 literary1 and artistic schools1 and their adherents4 ,republican1 ,national ,liberal1 ,social ,democrats1 ,stoics 7but neo-,platonism1 pseudo-,christianity1 etc47 the ,lake school1 the ,romantic movement1 the ,symbolic school of painters4 #bd4 ,political and historical designations which have been much used and have come to have special significances such as names of leagues1 parties1 classes1 movements1 and the like4 ,holy ,alliance1 ,dreibund1 ,roundheads1 ,independents1 ,reformation1 ,dissenter4 #be4 ,names of well-known historic epochs1 periods in the history of language1 and geological ages and strata4 ,the word age is not capitalized except when necessary to avoid ambiguity4 ,stone age1 ,middle ,ages1 ,age of ,elizabeth1 ,crusades1 ,commune 7of ,paris71 ,middle ,english1 ,neolithic4 #bf4 ,names of important events4 ,hundred ,years ,war1 ,battle of ,trenton1 ,louisiana ,purchase1 ,norman ,conquest4 #bg4 ,names of specific treaties1 important laws1 and the like4 ,peace of ,amiens1 ,edict of ,nantes1 ,concordat1 ,emancipation ,proclamation1 ,fourteenth ,amendment4 #bh4 ,names of governmental bodies and departments and their branches when specifically designated4 ,congress1 the ,senate1 the ,board of ,aldermen1 the ,house of ,commons1 the ,committee on ,education4 ,care must be taken to distinguish between these specific references and general uses of the same word4 ,the state legislature of ,massachusetts is officially termed the ,general ,court4 ,the matter was referred to the ,war ,department but was sent back on the ground that it belonged to another department4 #bi4 ,the official titles of corporations1 organizations1 and institutions1 social1 religious1 educational1 political1 business1 and the like4 ,knights ,templars1 ,knights of ,columbus1 ,associated ,charities1 ,cook ,county ,normal ,school1 ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals1 ,chicago1 ,rock ,island and ,pacific ,railroad4 ,in long titles1 like the last example given1 the important words are capitalized as in book titles 7see ,sec4 #ca74 ,use capitals when referring to such organizations by initials1 ,c4,r4,i4 ,p4,r4,r4 ,here again it must be remembered that the capitals are used in specific references only4 ,the ,young ,people's ,society of ,christian ,endeavor of the ,third ,congregational ,church4 ,the young people's societies connected with the ,congregational churches do great good4 #cj4 ,the names of conventions1 congresses1 expositions1 etc4 ,parliament of ,religions1 ,international ,peace ,congress1 ,panama-,pacific ,exposition4 #ca4 ,the first words1 principal words1 and last word in ,english tides of books and other publications2 of their divisions 7parts1 chapters1 cantos1 etc472 of the topics of speeches1 sermons1 toasts1 and the like2 of pictures2 of plays2 of musical compositions1 etc4 ,in long titles nouns and pronouns are capitalized always2 verbs1 participles1 and adverbs usually2 articles1 prepositions and conjunctions never4 ,standard ,thesaurus of ,english ,words and ,phrases1 ,science and ,health with ,key to the ,scriptures1 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,address1 ,paradise ,lost1 ,measure for ,measure1 ,a ,new ,way to ,pay ,old ,debts1 ,the ,coronation of ,charles ,,vii at ,rheims1 the ,moonlight ,sonata4 ,the word the is capitalized when it forms an actual part of the title of a book but not otherwise4 ,the ,printer's ,dictionary4 ,the ,life and ,times of ,charles ,v4 the ,review of ,reviews1 the ,laacoon1 the ,fifth ,symphony4 #cb4 ,dedications2 headings of parts and chapters2 headings of many important minor parts of a book4 ,to ,all ,who ,love ,good ,printing4 ,chapter ,twenty-,seven4 ,part ,three4 ,the ,invention of ,movable ,types4 ,the ,practical ,value of ,gutenberg's ,invention4 7,these last as sections of a book on the origin of printing74 #cc4 ,in foreign languages the usage is somewhat different4 ,the following rules will be found useful3 a4 ,always capitalize the first word4 b4 ,in ,latin capitalize only proper nouns and adjectives derived therefrom4 ,commentarii ,csaris de bello ,gallico4 c4 ,in ,french1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,swedish1 and ,norwegian1 capitalize proper names but not adjectives derived therefrom4 ,la vie de ,ronsard2 ,histoire de la litterature francaise1 ,novelle e racconti popolari italiani1 ,antologia de poetas liricos castellanos4 d4 ,in ,german capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from the names of persons but not those derived from other proper nouns4 ,geschichte des deutsches ,reich ,die ,homerische ,frage4 e4 ,in ,danish capitalize all nouns4 f4 ,in ,dutch capitalize all nouns and all adjectives derived from proper nouns4 #cd4 ,titles of ancient manuscripts4 ,codex ,alexandrinus4 #ce4 ,in titles of books1 etc4 all nouns forming parts of hyphenated compounds should be capitalized4 #cf4 ,in side heads capitalize the first word and proper nouns only4 #cg4 ,personal titles as follows3 a4 ,titles preceding a name and so forming part of it4 ,king ,george ,v4 ,pope ,benedict ,,xv4 ,duke ,william of ,aquitaine4 ,but not otherwise4 ,woodrow ,wilson1 president of the ,united ,states1 the emperor of ,germany1 the present king of ,spain is ,alfonso ,,xiii4 b4 ,titles used in place of the name with reference to a particular person or to the present holder of an office4 ,i hope when in ,rome to see the ,pope4 ,he hoped some day to become pope4 c4 ,familiar names applied to a particular person4 the ,father of his ,country4 ,unser ,fritz4 the ,little ,corporal4 d4 ,orders of knighthood and titles attached to them4 ,knight of the ,garter1 ,knight ,commander of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george4 e4 ,titles used in direct address4 ,good morning1 ,mr4 ,president4 f4 ,academic degrees in abbreviated form following a name4 ,david ,starr ,jordan1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,so also letters following a name indicating membership of certain scientific and artistic organizations4 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 7,fellow of the ,royal ,geographic ,society74 ,r4,a4 7,member of the ,royal ,academy74 ,so also in the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain1 ,m4,c4 7,member of ,congress7 and ,m4,p4 7,member of ,parliament74 ,where a person has many titles the following of this rule involves certain difficulties4 ,such a name as ,john ,smith1 ,a4,m41 ,d4,d41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,l4,h4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 is by no means impossible4 ,in such a case the titles become much more prominent than the name and the page is disfigured by the spotty appearance of the text4 ,small capitals may sometimes be used with good effect in such a case but this should not be done without obtaining proper permission4 ,the difficulty of handling these long and numerous titles in the composition of title pages is sometimes considerable4 ,three methods of dealing with the difficulty are open4 a4 ,the honorary titles may be put in capitals regardless of the unsightly appearance of the line4 b4 ,the honorary titles may be put in a small size of the same face and justified in the line4 ,this lessens the undue prominence of the titles1 but puts the line out of balance4 c4 ,the honorary titles may be put in a separate line1 or lines1 below the name1 set in small type1 and spelled out in full4 ,it is not necessary to capitalize jr4 and sr4 in lower-case text matter unless so desired by the author4 ,in compound titles capitalize each word if it would be capitalized separately4 ,major ,general ,leonard ,wood1 ,chief ,justice ,taney1 ,commander-in-,chief ,field ,marshal ,sir ,john ,french4 #ch4 ,names of things personified4 ,nature1 ,vice1 ,thrift1 and the like4 #ci4 ,adjectives derived from proper nouns4 ,the ,elizabethan age4 ,roman law4 ,such adjectives and even proper nouns themselves lose the capital when they are applied as trade or scientific names to articles of common use or reference4 roman type1 india ink1 chinese white1 volt1 watt1 boycott1 platonic1 bohemian4 #dj4 ,the first word of a direct quotation4 ,as he turned to go he said3 ,farewell1 we shall never meet again4 #da4 ,the first word after ,whereas and ,resolved in resolutions4 ,,whereas4 ,it has pleased ,god4444 therefore be it ,,resolved1 ,that4444 #db4 ,the first word after a colon when the colon introduces a logically complete phrase not very closely connected with what precedes4 ,my conclusion is3 ,a policy of consistent neutrality is the only proper one for the country4 ,as the proverb well says3 ,beware the anger of a patient man4 #dc4 ,o interjection1 but not oh unless it begins a sentence4 ,in ,latin sentences of exclamation1 denunciation or appeal the lower-case o is used4 ,o tempora1 o mores temporum4 #dd4 ,the first personal pronoun ,i wherever it occurs4 #de4 ,emphasized words4 ,we stand for ,liberty and ,union4 ,this use should be avoided except for advertising display1 or job work4 ,we call attention to our ,stock of ,boots1 ,shoes1 and ,furnishings4 ,,small ,,capitals ,the use of small capitals presents its own peculiar problems to the printer4 ,the small capital has the form of the large capital but without its size and conspicuousness4 ,the small capitals are ordinarily no taller than the round letters of the lower-case4 ,they are usually on a smaller set1 with a lighter face and obscured by more connecting lines4 ,in many fonts of type they are really the weakest and least distinguished of all the five series4 ,wide enough to cover the body of the type fairly thoroughly in most letters and thus to reduce the apparent space between letters1 without ascenders and without descenders1 they are very monotonous and singularly ineffective when used in any considerable quantity4 ,when used in masses it is at times even difficult to read them4 ,the use of small capitals is quite different from that of large ones4 ,for the reasons just given they are not suited to display4 ,for this purpose they are no better than italics1 if as good4 ,owing to their lack of striking appearance and commanding quality they are not used for emphasis4 ,display and emphasis it will be remembered are the two principal uses of the full capital4 ,small capitals are used more for variety than for display4 ,they are commonly used for3 ,side heads ,running titles ,catch lines of title pages when particular display is not desired4 ,they are sometimes used for the first word after a blank line1 especially for the first word of a new chapter4 ,long quotations of poetry are often printed with the first word in small capitals4 ,in this1 as in the preceding case1 the whole word is printed in small capitals except the first letter which is a full capital4 ,proper names standing at the beginning of a chapter1 occasionally even of a paragraph1 are sometimes spelled in capitals or small capitals4 ,if small capitals are used the initials of the name are put in full capitals4 ,until within a comparatively short time tables of contents were often set in small capitals4 ,at the same time it was customary to give a fairly full synopsis of the contents of each chapter under the chapter head4 ,the result was a very monotonous page1 dull1 dense1 hard to read4 ,it is much better and now more common to use small caps for the chapter heads and ordinary text type for abstracts1 using dashes or dots to separate the phrases in the synopsis and beginning each phrase with a capital4 ,the following reproduction of a part of a page from the table of contents of ,de,vinne's ,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition shows this method of treatment4 ,,contents ,chapter ,page ,i ,,equipment #a ,types444,stands444,cases444,case-racks4 ,,ii ,,equipment #ci ,galleys and galley-racks444,compositors' implements ,brass rules and cases for labor-saving rule and leads ,dashes and braces444,leads444,furniture of wood and of metal444,furniture-racks444,quotations and electrotype guards4 ,,iii ,,composition #ge ,time-work and piece-work444,customary routine on book-work444,justification444,spacing and leading ,distribution444,composition by hand and machine ,proper methods of hand work444,recent mannerisms4 ,,iv ,,composition ,,of ,,books #aaa ,title-page444,preface matter444,chapter headings and synopsis444,subheadings444,extracts444,n otes and il- lustrations444,running titles and paging at head or at foot ,poetry444,appendix and index444,initials444,headbands1 etc4 ,where chapter synopses are not given1 ordinary text type may be used for the table of contents4 ,the following reproduction of the table of contents of ,de,vinne's ,correct ,composition shows this method of treatment4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,preface vii ,i ,spelling #e ,,ii ,abbreviations #cc ,,iii ,compound ,words #fa ,,iv ,figures and ,numerals #gf ,v ,italic #id ,,vi ,capital ,letters #ajh ,,vii ,division of ,words #abh ,,viii ,small ,capitals #ade ,,ix ,extracts and ,letters #aeg ,x ,notes #aga ,,xi ,indention #ahb ,,xii ,spacing #aih ,,xiii ,quotation-marks #bji ,,xiv ,subheadings #bcj ,,xv ,punctuation #bda ,,xvi ,proof-reading #bid ,,xvii ,about ,copy #cbg ,,xviii ,errors of the ,press #cde ,appendix #cei ,index #ddg ,small capitals are best for subheads when of not more than two lines4 ,if the subheads are longer it is best to use lower-case4 ,signatures and credits are often put in small capitals4 ,it is usually1 however1 better to use italics for the purpose4 ,there is no need of a dash to connect the name with the quotation4 ,when two or more quotations from the same author are used as mottoes1 with reference to the works from which they are taken or the occasion on which they were said1 the name of the author may be put in small capitals in a separate line1 the name of the book or speech in italics1 and the occasion in smaller roman type4 ,numerous signatures to a document or petition1 such as the ,mayflower ,compact or the ,declaration of ,independence1 are often set in columns using capitals for the initials and small capitals for the rest of the name4 ,full capitals are too large for the purpose4 ,we therefore1 the ,commissioners for the ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 and ,new ,haven1 do also1 for our several governments1 subscribe unto these4 ,,john ,,winthrop1 ,governor of the ,massachusetts ,,thomas ,,dudley ,,theophilus ,,eaton ,,george ,,fenwick ,,edward ,,hopkins ,,thomas ,,gregson ,dedications of books are commonly set in small capitals4 ,as these dedicatory formulas are ordinarily brief there should be wide leading1 good display1 and care as to margins4 ,the author will often give very definite specifications as to the arrangement of his copy in lines1 and this will sometimes cause difficulty1 occasionally compelling the use of too small type4 ,the author's specifications must be followed if he adheres to them4 ,small capitals are much favored for running titles of pages4 ,full capitals are much more effective and are to be preferred where the words are few4 ,small capitals of #ab or #ad point body are distinct but smaller sizes are crowded and hard to read4 ,this difficulty can sometimes be remedied by hair spacing4 ,over spacing of such lines is objectionable though it has sometimes prevailed as a temporary fashion4 ,small capitals used in running titles are exposed to heavy wear and their shallow counters are liable to get choked up with ink4 ,capitals of the monotint or of a light-faced antique are sometimes selected for books frequently reprinted where the wear on the exposed running titles is very severe4 ,in reprinting letters it is common to use small capitals for the name of the place from which the letter was written1 for the name of the addressee1 and for the signature4 ,in job and advertising work the name of the month and day and date are generally put in lower-case of the text letter4 ,this rule is not followed1 however1 in books4 ,when the heading of the letter is very long lower-case letters are preferable to small capitals under the general rules of taste which govern the use of types4 ,the salutation1 ,dear ,sir1 ,gentlemen1 or the like1 does not need small capitals4 ,it is better printed in italic lower-case with a colon 7not followed by a dash7 at the end4 ,if the matter is double leaded the salutation may go in a line by itself1 otherwise conforming to the rules just given4 ,reprints of formal inscriptions on tablets and the like are often made in small capitals surrounded by a border4 ,there should be a good relief of white space between the type and the border4 ,in the ,bible and in hymn books the words ,,lord and ,,god are usually set with full capital initial and the rest of the word in small capitals4 ,this is1 of course1 a method of showing veneration and at one time it was customary to print all names of spiritual or temporal dignitaries and magnates or even ordinary names in small capitals4 ,this practice still lingers in a few newspapers which print the names of persons1 even those of small consequence1 in small capitals1 especially on the editorial page4 ,the tendency is steady toward the discriminating use of capitals1 small capitals1 and italics4 ,more and more we restrict the use of marks of emphasis to the really necessary places leaving the words to tell their story without outside aid4 ,,suggestions ,,as ,,to ,,typographic ,,use ,,of ,,capitals ,capitals are too strong to be used with ,arabic numerals4 ,this fault of proportion is increased by the custom of casting ,arabic numerals on an en body for table work1 making them only half as thick as the type4 ,full capitals may be used with full figures the width of an ordinary letter4 ,condensed capitals may be used with en body numerals4 ,if old-style capitals and figures are required in the same line use figures about one-half larger in body than the capitals and justify them to the line4 ,it is this difficulty in combining capitals and ,arabic numerals in the same line that causes the extensive use of ,roman numerals in chapter numbers1 numbers of other headings1 dates on title pages1 and the like4 ,when a large initial three or four lines high is used for the first letter of a new chapter1 large capitals are sometimes used1 although such usage is not free from the reproach of looking too much like newspaper advertising4 ,when this initial is a two line letter it should be in alignment with the small capitals of the upper line and the base line of the text letter of the lower line4 ,illustration3 ,,among the earliest methods of communicating ideas to the absent pictures hold the largest place4 ,illustration3 ,,there comes a tide in the affairs of men which1 taken at the flood1 leads on to fortune4 ,care should be taken not to compact capitals4 ,use wider leading and broader spacing than for lower-case2 for example1 where you would use one lead between lower-case lines you should use two or three between lines of capitals4 ,capitals occupy more of the type-body than lower-case letters and consequently words or lines set entirely with capitals need wider spacing and leading than the lower-case to make composition readable4 ,when lines of roman capitals are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad will usually be enough space between words especially if the words are short2 but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double spaces 7two three-to-em7 will be needed4 ,a head-line of round1 open capitals may even need em-quad spaces4 ,wide letter words require wide spaces and words of thin or condensed letters require thin spaces4 ,illustration3 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,words which begin or end with ,a ,y ,l ,v ,w ,t may need spaces a little less than those with ,h ,i ,m1 etc4 ,in small types the inequalities in white space beside or between combinations like ,l ,y ,a ,t ,w and letters with regular shape like ,h ,i ,m ,n1 may not be readily noticed1 but in large sizes of capitals these differences are greatly increased and will often make unequal white spaces in a line with uniform metal spaces4 ,in some styles of types a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to space the words evenly4 7,marks indicate insertion of spaces47 ,illustration3 ,,ten ,,mail ,,trains ,this line has en-quads between the words1 but the forms of ,l and ,t make the white space greater than between the first and second words4 ,illustration3 ,,ten ,,mai',l ,,trai',n',s ,this line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em in the second1 with hair-spaces between some letters of the words4 ,so1 also1 it will often be necessary to insert pieces of paper1 card1 or thin leads between the letters of a word in large display1 in order to make them evenly spaced1 as shown in these examples3 7,marks indicate insertion of spaces47 ,illustration3 ,,plainly ,,plai',n',,ly ,,unevenly ,,spaced ,,eve',n',,ly ,s',,pa',c',e',d ,this differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be required in a line having abbreviations or initials4 ,the following line1 spaced with en-quads throughout1 has unnecessarily wide spaces between the initials3 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,endicott ,,lodge1 ,a4,o4,u4,w4 ,spaced with four-to-em in the last three places1 it is improved3 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,endicott ,,lodge1 ,a4,o4,u4,w4 ,capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations1 with the accompanying periods1 should be thin-spaced or set close together1 as shown in the second of these examples3 ,illustration3 ,,george ,,markham1 ,d4,d41 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,,george ,,markham1 ,d4,d41 ,,ph4,d4 ,,john ,,flint1 ,m4,d4,v41 ,,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,john ,,flint1 ,m4,d4,v41 ,,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,two or more lines of capitals of the same size should be spaced as nearly alike as possible4 ,these three lines are so disproportionately spaced that they are not pleasing3 ,illustration3 ,,north ,,end ,,union ,b ,o ,s ,t ,o ,n ,,massachusetts ,the squaring up is arbitrary and strained4 ,the lines are better like this3 ,illustration3 ,,north ,,end ,,union ,,boston ,,massachusetts ,but if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional words or letters can be inserted the short line may be filled with florets or other characters which should not be bolder than the type itself and should be of a style to harmonize with it as nearly as possible4 ,illustration3 ,,north ,,end ,,union 999999 ,,boston 999999 ,,massachusetts ,the extra wide spacing of words set in capitals1 as in head-lines and running-heads1 should be avoided by the young compositor2 there are places where it may be unobjectionable but it will require good judgment and some experience to prevent such lines making the page look freakish or amateurish4 ,in jobbing1 advertisement1 and display work1 capitals are used more freely than in plain reading matter4 ,in book work the practice is to use capitals more freely than in newspaper composition4 ,a study of the reading columns of daily newspapers will discover that capitals are used very sparingly and words are kept down in many cases which in more formal book and pamphlet work would be capitalized4 ,in advertisements1 announcements1 and circular letters1 words are often capitalized for distinction or emphasis1 as in these examples3 ,those who win a ,second or ,first ,prize through a monthly or special contest become ,honor ,members of the ,guild1 and receive the ,guild badge without charge4 ,you are cordially invited to attend the ,spring ,opening of ,suits and ,outside ,garments for ,women1 on ,wednesday and ,thursday1 ,april #bh and #bi1 in our new ,mason ,street ,annex4 ,precise rules for the use of capitals cannot be given for work of all kinds4 ,their insertion or omission will be governed greatly by the subject matter and the style of treatment desired by the proof-reader or the customer and the compositor's duty will not go further than to maintain some consistency in their use in each piece of work4 ,when he has copy in which capitals are used as in the following example he will be expected either to discard all capitals except at the beginning of the sentences or to capitalize the words as in the second example3 ,fifty styles of the ,smartest and nobbiest wheel specialties for ponies and ,small horses1 ,pony carts1 light horse novelties1 traps1 wagons1 ,harness1 ,saddles1 etc4 ,fifty ,styles of the ,smartest and ,nobbiest ,wheel ,specialties for ,ponies and ,small ,horses1 ,pony ,carts1 ,light ,horse ,novelties1 ,traps1 ,wagons1 ,harness1 ,saddles1 etc4 ,in lines of large display1 like head-lines1 set in capitals and lower-case1 all the important words should begin with capitals4 ,unimportant words1 such as of1 the1 by1 for1 but1 in1 etc41 except when they are at the beginning of the displayed phrase1 are not capitalized4 ,notice to the ,public ,the ,best is the ,cheapest ,a ,great ,bargain in ,hats ,by ,right of ,conquest ,for ,love and ,honor ,a line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other short word should have capitals throughout when possible1 as in the second form of these examples3 ,,john ,,smith1 ,jr4 ,,john ,,smith1 ,,jr4 ,,robinson ,co4 ,,robinson ,,co4 ,in advertisement display lines like the following are permissible3 ,the ,,golden ,,harvester ,,regal ,,shoes for ,,men ,combinations of different sizes and styles of types are also common and serve their purpose properly1 as in this style1 often used in billheads1 etc4 ,,to ,,thomas ,w4 ,,abbott1 ,,dr4 ,in account with ,,frank ,,abbott ,combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case like the following are1 however1 not approved3 ,,william ,,brown1 ,president ,the words in small capitals as well as the word in lower-case should begin with large capitals1 like this3 ,,william ,,brown1 ,president ,when lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets1 for headings and display1 they should be used consistently--that is1 all headings of a similar kind should be alike in any piece of work1 and not one heading in capitals and another in lower-case4 ,the composition of a title page is more pleasing when its chief lines are in one style of letters1 giving a harmonious effect4 ,when lines of capitals and lines of lower-case are interspersed in a page an appearance of confusion is liable to be the result4 ,,supplementary ,,reading ,a ,manual for ,writers4 ,by ,john ,matthews ,manley and ,john ,arthur ,powell4 ,the ,university of ,chicago ,press1 ,chicago4 ,the ,writer's ,desk ,book4 ,by ,william ,dana ,orcutt4 ,frederick ,stokes ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,correct ,composition4 ,by ,theodore ,l4 ,de,vinne4 ,the ,oswald ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,a ,handbook of ,composition4 ,by ,edwin ,d4 ,woolley4 ,d4,c4 ,heath1 ,boston4 ,punctuation4 ,with ,chapters on ,hyphenization1 ,capitalization and ,spelling4 ,by ,f4 ,horace ,teale4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,questions ,as the subject matter of this book is such that many of the questions will serve only to bring out the accuracy of the pupil's memory of rules it is very desirable that care should be taken to insure intelligent use and application of the rules4 ,to be able to repeat a rule is of very little importance compared with the ability to apply it intelligently4 ,the instructor should give the pupils constant practice in the application of these rules4 ,this should consist of2-- 7a7 ,study of passages taken from all kinds of printed matter4 7b7 ,rewriting of passages given out without capitalization4 ,in the first case a wide range of material should be used from the most carefully printed books to the most carelessly printed matter that can be found1 including newspapers of varying excellence and pure advertising matter4 ,the capitalization found should be studied and explained by the rules and the criticisms or changes suggested justified in the same way4 ,in like manner in the second case every capital used in the rewritten text should be justified by the proper rule4 ,without such exercises as these1 the book will have comparatively little value4 #a4 ,what is a capital letter8 #b4 ,how many series of letters does an ordinary font of type contain8 #c4 ,name them1 and tell what you know about each one4 #d4 ,in what does the distinction between capital and lower-case letter consist8 #e4 ,what combinations of capitals and lower-case are permissible8 #f4 ,in manuscript how do you indicate capitals8 ,italics8 #g4 ,what are capitals used for8 #h4 ,what tendencies are observable in style8 #i4 ,what is the real implement of ,english speech8 #aj4 ,what are the general rules for the use of capitals8 #aa4 ,capitalize1 men pray to god1 to christ and to the virgin mary that they may be defended by the holy ghost from those assaults of the devil which would make devils of them4 ,give the rule for so doing4 #ab4 ,capitalize1 the supreme architect of the universe1 sometimes called providence1 has his own ways of bringing men to heaven4 ,give the rule for so doing4 #ac4 ,learn the list of words under rule #b4 #ad4 ,are these words capitalized in all cases8 #ae4 ,are adjectives derived from these words capitalized8 #af4 ,when do you not capitalize ,god and its synonyms8 #ag4 ,what is the usage as to pronouns referring to ,god and the other persons of the ,trinity8 #ah4 ,what is the rule regarding the ,bible and matter related to it8 #ai4 ,what is the rule regarding biblical terms8 #bj4 ,capitalize1 the holy man entered the holy place at the appointed time4 ,the message of the gospel is found in the most spiritual form in the gospel of ,john4 ,give the rule4 #ba4 ,what is the rule about religious bodies and their members8 #bb4 ,what is the rule about monastic orders8 #bc4 ,what is the rule about church8 ,give examples of the different uses4 #bd4 ,what is the rule about names of creeds8 #be4 ,give different uses of father and reformer and explain them4 #bf4 ,how do you use capitals in writing names of persons in ,english and in other languages8 #bg4 ,what is the usage with regard to epithets and the like8 #bh4 ,what is the usage with regard to races of men8 #bi4 ,give the rule for names of places1 and examples of each usage4 #cj4 ,learn the tables under rule #ae4 #ca4 ,when do you capitalize generic terms for political divisions and when do you not8 #cb4 ,what is the rule about words denoting time8 #cc4 ,what is the rule about festivals1 etc48 #cd4 ,what is the rule about astronomical terms8 #ce4 ,when are ordinal numbers capitalized8 #cf4 ,how are capitals used in scientific names8 #cg4 ,what is the usage in such words as father1 mother1 and other terms denoting relationship8 #ch4 ,what is the rule regarding names of parties1 political1 literary1 etc48 #ci4 ,what is the rule as to historic parties1 leagues1 etc48 #dj4 ,what is the usage in writing of periods1 historic1 geological1 etc48 #da4 ,what is the usage regarding important events8 #db4 ,how are treaties1 laws1 etc41 treated8 #dc4 ,when are the names of governmental bodies1 departments1 etc41 capitalized8 #dd4 ,how are official titles of corporations and other bodies treated8 #de4 ,how are names of conventions1 expositions1 and the like treated8 #df4 ,how are capitals used in book titles and similar copy1 including the use of the8 #dg4 ,how are capitals used in dedications and headings8 #dh4 ,give the rules for the use of capitals in foreign book titles4 #di4 ,give the rules for the use of capitals in personal titles4 #ej4 ,what can you do when a name is followed by the initials of a number of titles8 #ea4 ,what do you do in case of compound titles8 #eb4 ,how do you write the names of things personified8 #ec4 ,how are adjectives derived from proper nouns treated8 #ed4 ,how are capitals used in direct quotations8 #ee4 ,how are capitals used in resolutions8 #ef4 ,are capitals used after colons8 #eg4 ,how do we write the interjections ,o and oh8 #eh4 ,how do we write the first personal pronoun8 #ei4 ,when and where are capitals used for emphasis8 #fj4 ,describe the peculiarities of small capitals4 #fa4 ,are they used in the same way as full capitals8 ,why8 #fb4 ,what is the principal use of small capitals8 #fc4 ,give some of the places where small capitals are commonly used4 #fd4 ,how are small capitals now used in tables of contents1 and how were they formerly used8 #fe4 ,what type would you use for a table of contents when chapter synopses are not given8 #ff4 ,how are subheads treated8 #fg4 ,how are signatures and credits treated8 #fh4 ,how are dedications of books treated8 #fi4 ,how are running titles treated8 #gj4 ,what is good usage in reprinting letters8 #ga4 ,what is a good way to set reprints of formal inscriptions8 #gb4 ,what is the usage with regard to the names of persons treated with veneration8 #gc4 ,what is the tendency in the use of capitals and other devices for emphasis8 #gd4 ,how would you handle combinations of capitals and numerals1 and why8 #ge4 ,how would you treat large initials8 #gf4 ,how should you space and lead capitals as compared with lower-case8 #gg4 ,how should lines of capitals be spaced1 and why8 #gh4 ,would capitals set with even spacing or without spacing appear to be evenly spaced8 #gi4 ,what is the reason for the appearance just noted8 #hj4 ,what would you do about it8 #ha4 ,how should you space capitals used as initials of titles with accompanying periods8 #hb4 ,how should you space two or more lines of capitals of the same size8 #hc4 ,if squaring up is necessary1 how should it be done8 #hd4 ,what can you say about wide spacing of words set in capitals8 #he4 ,what can you say of the use of capitals in different sorts of matter8 #hf4 ,how is the compositor guided in these cases8 #hg4 ,how are capitals used in lines of large display8 #hh4 ,how would you set a line of capitals containing an abbreviation or other short word8 #hi4 ,how may capitals be used in lines of advertising display8 #ij4 ,under what circumstances are combinations of different sizes and styles of type permissible8 #ia4 ,are combinations of large and small capitals and lower-case advisable8 #ib4 ,what rule should be followed when lines of capitals are used in books and pamphlets for headings and display8 ,,glossary ,,formal--,made in accordance with regular and established forms1 or with dignity and impressiveness3 stiff4 ,,genera--,plural of genus1 a group for purposes of classification1 embracing one or more species4 ,,generic--,of or pertaining to a genus 7see genera7 as distinct from specific1 of or pertaining to a species 7which see74 ,,ordinal--,that form of the numeral that shows the order of anything in a series4 ,,species--,a group for purposes of classification subordinate to a genus and composed of individuals having only minor differences4 ,,versions--7,of the ,bible7 ,different translations of the original into the same or different languages4 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices ,the following list of publications1 comprising the ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under the supervision of the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america for use in trade classes1 in course of printing instruction1 and by individuals4 ,each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors1 and carefully edited1 the purpose being to provide the printers of the ,united ,states--employers1 journeymen1 and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable1 up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study4 ,the publications of the series are of uniform size1 #eh inches4 ,their general make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1 kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list4 ,each topic is treated in a concise manner1 the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject4 ,care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear1 with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text4 ,in order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction1 each title is accompanied by a list of ,review ,questions covering essential items of the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books4 ,these are the ,official ,text-books of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america4 ,address all orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,materials #a4 ,type3 a ,primer of ,information ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,relating to the mechanical features of printing types2 their sizes1 font schemes1 etc41 with a brief description of their manufacture4 #dd pp42 illustrated2 #gd review questions2 glossary4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools and ,materials ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about composing sticks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg pp42 illustrated2 #ej review questions2 glossary4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,composing ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about type cases1 work stands1 cabinets1 case racks1 galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illustrated2 #cc review questions2 glossary4 #d4 ,imposing ,tables and ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press1 including some modern utilities for special purposes4 #ei pp42 illustrated2 #gj review questions2 glossary4 #e4 ,proof ,presses ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review questions2 glossary4 #f4 ,platen ,printing ,presses ,by ,daniel ,baker ,a primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses1 from the original hand press to the modern job press1 to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size4 #ea pp42 illustrated2 #di review questions2 glossary4 #g4 ,cylinder ,printing ,presses ,by ,herbert ,l4 ,baker ,being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2 #dg review questions2 glossary4 #h4 ,mechanical ,feeders and ,folders ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier ,the history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines2 with hints on their care and adjustments4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #i4 ,power for ,machinery in ,printing ,houses ,by ,carl ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illustrated2 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #aj4 ,paper ,cutting ,machines ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a primer of information about paper and card trimmers1 hand-lever cutters1 power cutters1 and other automatic machines for cutting paper1 #gj pp42 illustrated2 #aae review questions2 glossary4 #aa4 ,printers' ,rollers ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the composition1 manufacture1 and care of inking rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa review questions2 glossary4 #ab4 ,printing ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,their composition1 properties and manufacture 7reprinted by permission from ,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards72 together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 #ac4 ,how ,paper is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,wheelwright ,a primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing4 #fh pp42 illustrated2 #fb review questions2 glossary4 #ad4 ,relief ,engravings ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving2 woodcut1 zinc plate1 halftone2 kind of copy for reproduction2 things to remember when ordering engravings4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ae4 ,electrotyping and ,sterotyping ,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping4 #id pp42 illustrated2 #abi review questions2 glossaries4 ,,part ,,ii--,hand and ,machine ,composition #af4 ,typesetting ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook for beginners1 giving information about justifying1 spacing1 correcting1 and other matters relating to typesetting4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ag4 ,printers' ,proofs ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,the methods by which they are made1 marked1 and corrected1 with observations on proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ah4 ,first ,steps in ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs1 especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2 glossary4 #ai4 ,general ,job ,composition ,how the job compositor handles business stationery1 programs and miscellaneous work4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4,w4 ,bothwell ,chapters from ,de,vinne's ,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition1 revised and arranged for this series of text-books by ,j4,w4 ,bothwell of ,the ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 ,composition of pages4 ,part ,,ii3 ,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42 illustrated2 #ebe review questions2 glossary4 #ba4 ,tabular ,composition ,by ,robert ,seaver ,a study of the elementary forms of table composition1 with examples of more difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review questions4 #bb4 ,applied ,arithmetic ,by ,e4,e4 ,sheldon ,elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade1 calculation of materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with standard tables and rules for computation1 each subject amplified with examples and exercises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typecasting and ,composing ,machines ,a4,w4 ,finlay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,the ,linotype ,by ,l4,a4 ,hornstein ,section ,,ii--,the ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,the ,intertype ,by ,henry ,w4 ,cozzens ,section ,,iv--,other ,typecasting and ,typesetting ,machines ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith ,a brief history of typesetting machines1 with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework #bd4 ,locking ,forms for the ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms1 and about general work on the stone4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #be4 ,preparing ,forms for the ,cylinder ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,pamphlet and catalog imposition2 margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,making ,ready on ,platen ,presses ,by ,t4,g4 ,mc,grew ,the essential parts of a press and their functions2 distinctive features of commonly used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1 regulating the impression1 underlaying and overlaying1 setting gauges1 and other details explained4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bg4 ,cylinder ,presswork ,by ,t4,g4 ,mc,grew ,preparing the press2 adjustment of bed and cylinder1 form rollers1 ink fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4 ,underlaying and overlaying2 modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,hints and ,helps ,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton ,describing some practical methods of pressroom work1 with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes of the ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4,w4 ,elson ,a primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief1 the intaglio1 and the planographic processes of printing4 #hd pp42 illustrated2 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and ,book ,binding #cj4 ,pamphlet ,binding ,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin ,a primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ca4 ,book ,binding ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger ,practical information about the usual operations in binding books2 folding2 gathering1 collating1 sewing1 forwarding1 finishing4 ,case making and cased-in books4 ,hand work and machine work4 ,job and blank-book binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,vi--,correct ,literary ,composition #cb4 ,word ,study and ,english ,grammar ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about words1 their relations1 and their uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review questions2 glossary4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use1 both grammatically and typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review questions2 glossary4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about capitalization1 with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review questions2 glossary4 #ce4 ,division of ,words ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,rules for the division of words at the ends of lines1 with remarks on spelling1 syllabication and pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review questions4 #cf4 ,compound ,words ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a study of the principles of compounding1 the components of compounds1 and the use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review questions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations and ,signs ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about abbreviations and signs1 with classified lists of those in most common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review questions4 #ch4 ,the ,uses of ,italic ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters4 #ca pp42 #cg review questions4 #ci4 ,proofreading ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,the technical phases of the proofreader's work2 reading1 marking1 revising1 etc42 methods of handling proofs and copy4 ,illustrated by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #dj4 ,preparation of ,printers' ,copy ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,suggestions for authors1 editors1 and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review questions4 #da4 ,printers' ,manual of ,style ,a reference compilation of approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred features of composition4 #db4 ,the ,printer's ,dictionary ,by ,a4,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing1 alphabetically arranged4 ,technical terms explained4 ,illustrated4 ,,part ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 and ,lettering #dc4 ,applied ,design for ,printers ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a handbook of the principles of arrangement1 with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing4 ,treats of harmony1 balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2 symmetry and variety2 ornament1 esthetic and symbolic4 #cg illustrations2 #df review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elements of ,typographic ,design ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,applications of the principles of decorative design4 ,building material of typography paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4 ,design of complete book1 treating each part4 ,design of commercial forms and single units4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudiments of ,color in ,printing ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,use of color3 for decoration of black and white1 for broad poster effect1 in combinations of two1 three1 or more printings with process engravings4 ,scientific nature of color1 physical and chemical4 ,terms in which color may be discussed3 hue1 value1 intensity4 ,diagrams in color1 scales and combinations4 ,color theory of process engraving4 ,experiments with color4 ,illustrations in full color1 and on various papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lettering in ,typography ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,printer's use of lettering3 adaptability and decorative effect4 ,development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design4 ,classification of general forms in lettering4 ,application of design to lettering4 ,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design in ,advertising ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,the printer's function in advertising4 ,precepts upon which advertising is based4 ,printer's analysis of his copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 attention1 color4 ,method of studying advertising typography4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,making ,dummies and ,layouts ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a layout3 the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the imitation of a proposed final effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4 ,use of layout4 ,function of layout man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 ,,part ,,viii--,history of ,printing #di4 ,books ,before ,typography ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types4 #fb pp42 illustrated2 #fd review questions4 #ej4 ,the ,invention of ,typography ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about4 #fd pp42 #fb review questions4 #ea4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,i ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the beginnings of printing1 the development of the book1 the development of printers' materials1 and the work of the great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review questions4 #eb4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,,ii ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from #adej to #aghi1 including government regulations1 censorship1 internal conditions and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review questions4 #ec4 ,printing in ,england ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a short history of printing in ,england from ,caxton to the present time4 #hi pp42 #fe review questions4 #ed4 ,printing in ,america ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the development of the newspaper1 and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing4 #ih pp42 #hd review questions4 #ee4 ,type and ,presses in ,america ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review questions4 ,,part ,,ix--,cost ,finding and ,accounting #ef4 ,elements of ,cost in ,printing ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eg4 ,use of a ,cost ,system ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eh4 ,the ,printer as a ,merchant ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing4 ,the relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #ei4 ,fundamental ,principles of ,estimating ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the estimator and his work2 forms to use2 general rules for estimating4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fj4 ,estimating and ,selling ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,an insight into the methods used in making estimates1 and their relation to selling4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fa4 ,accounting for ,printers ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a brief outline of an accounting system for printers2 necessary books and accessory records4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous #fb4 ,health1 ,sanitation1 and ,safety ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,hygiene in the printing trade2 a study of conditions old and new2 practical suggestions for improvement2 protective appliances and rules for safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a book of reference covering the topics treated in the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 alphabetically arranged4 #fd4 ,courses of ,study ,by ,f4,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook for teachers1 with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work4 ,,acknowledgment ,this series of ,typographic ,text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america1 under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published1 acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors1 printers1 and others identified with this work4 ,while due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book1 the ,committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest4 ,the following list is not complete1 as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes1 constituting the first printing4 ,as soon as the entire list of books comprising the ,typographic ,technical ,series has been completed 7which the ,committee hopes will be at an early date71 the full list will be printed in each volume4 ,the ,committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this ,series who have patiently awaited its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america4 ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1 ,chairman1 ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1 ,a4,m4 ,,glossbrenner1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,for ,composition and ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,s4,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4,s4 ,,cushing ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,devinne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,r4,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,stephen ,,greene ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,edward ,,stern ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4,d4 ,,traphagen1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,for ,composition ,,boston ,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,electrotypes ,,blomgren ,,brothers ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel ,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,c4,j4 ,,peters ,,son ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4,c4 ,,whitcomb ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,for ,engravings ,,american ,,type ,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1 ,r4,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4,d4 ,,rising ,,paper ,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,book ,paper ,,american ,,writing ,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,west ,,virginia ,,pulp ,,paper ,,co41 ,mechanicville1 ,n4,y4