,transcrib]'s notes3 ,"s m9or           
typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! 
au?or's spell+ has be5 reta9$4          
,a ,,treatise                           
,,on                          ,,/aff    
,,mak+                              ,,& 
,,pivot+              ,,conta9+         
,,complete ,,directions ,,= ,,mak+      
,,& ,,fitt+ ,,new ,,/affs ,,f           
,,! ,,raw ,,mat]ial                     
,,eug5e ,e4 ,,hall                      
,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations             
,,*icago3                  ,,hazlitt    
,,walk]1 ,,publi%]s                     
#aiaj                                   
,,cont5ts4                              
,,*apt] ,i4  ,! raw mat]ial4 ,! grav]s4 
,! r\gh+ out4 ,! h>d5+ & temp]+         
#e                            ,,*apt]   
,,ii4  ,k9ds ( pivots4 ,_! %ape4        
,capill>ity4 ,! requirem5ts ( a good    
pivot                                   
#ac                            ,,*apt]  
,,iii4  ,! prop] measurem5ts & h[ obta9$
                         #ai            

,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,! gaug+ ( holes4 ,! side
 %ake4 ,! position ( ! grav] #bc        
,,*apt] ,v4  ,! gr9d+ & poli%+4 ,!      
rev]sal ( ! "w4 ,! wax *uck             
#bi                            ,,*apt]  
,,vi4  ,ano!r wax *uck4 ,! c5t]+ ( ! "w 
#ce                            ,,*apt]  
,,vii4  ,! f9i%+ ( ! /aff4 ,pivot+4     
,mak+ pivot drills4 ,h>d5+ drills4 ,!   
drill+ & fitt+ ( new pivots             
#ci     ,,/aff ,,mak+ ,,& ,,pivot+4     
,,*apt] ,i4   ,to produce a good balance
 /aff requires m skill ?an to produce   
any o!r turn$ portion ( a wat*1 & y\r   
success w dep5d n alone on y\r k ( its  
prop] %ape & measurem5ts1 nor ! tools at
 y\r comm&1 b r ^u y\r skill ) ! grav] &
 y\r success 9 h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,!re are 
_m po9ts wor?y ( consid]ation 9 ! mak+ (
 a balance /aff t are too (t5 neglect$4 
,i h se5 /affs t 7 models z reg>ds      
execution & f9i%1 t 7 ne>ly wor?less f a
 practical /&po9t1 simply because ! mak]
 _h devot$ all 8 "t & en]gy to !        
execution ( a beautiful piece ( la! "w1 

& _h giv5 no ?\ght or /udy to ! =m &    
size ( ! pivots4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o (t5   
sees /affs ^: pivots are faultless 9    
%ape1 b ! execution & f9i% s bungl+ z to
 (fset all ! good qualities z reg>ds    
%ape4 ,to h good tools & ! "r ideas is  
"o ?+1 & to use ^! tools prop]ly & make 
a practical demon/ration ( y\r !ory is  
ano!r4  ,i %all endeavor to take up e   
po9t 9 connection ) ! balance /aff1 f ! 
/eel to ! jewels1 & _! relation to !    
pivots1 & ,i believe ?is w !n convey to 
! read] all ! necess>y po9ts1 n only z  
reg>ds /affs1 b pivots also1 :e!r appli$
 to a balance or a p9ion /aff4  ,x may  
be argu$1 & we (t5 d he> mat]ial deal]s 
advance ! !ory1 t to-day1 ) our         
int]*angeable p>ts & ! *eapness ( all   
mat]ial1 x is a wa/e ( "t to make a     
balance /aff4 ,to ! read] :o takes ?is  
view ( ! situation ,i simply want to    
say1 k9dly foll[ me to ! end ( ?is      
p>agraph1 & if y are /ill ( ! same      
op9ion1 !n y are wa/+ y\r "t 9 foll[+ me
 f>!r4 ,= a mat]ial deal] to advance ?is

 !ory ,i c f9d "s excuse2 he is an      
int]e/$ p>ty1 & ! sell+ ( mat]ial is 8  
bread & butt]2 b ! o!r fell[1 well ,i   
nev] c\ld und]/& him & possibly nev]    
%all4 ,:5 we s]i\sly consid] ! v>i\s    
/yles & s]ies 9 old model & new model1 (
 only "o ( ! lead+ manufactur]s ( wat*es
 9 ?is c\ntry1 to say no?+ ( ! legion ( 
small & l>ge conc]ns :o are manufactur+ 
or h manufactur$ 9 ! pa/1 & !n ?9k (    
c>ry+ ^! /affs 9 /ock1 all ready = use1 
we !n beg9 to realize h[ utt]ly absurd !
 idea is1 to say no?+ ( h[ exp5sive6 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 if y reside 9 a l>ge city &  
propose to rely on ! /ock ( y\r mat]ial 
deal]1 y w f9d y\rself 9 an emb>ras+    
situation v (t51 = z likely z n !       
movem5t requir+ a new /aff 0 made by a  
company t w5t out ( bus9ess back 9 !    
'#hjs1 or x is a new movem5t1 ! mat]ial 
= :i* has n yet be5 plac$ on ! m>ket4   
,?is /ate ( affairs leads to make%ifts1 
& !y 9 turn lead to bot* "w4 ,! wat*mak]
 :o does n possess ! exp]i5ce or        
necess>y qualifications to make a new   

balance /aff & make x 9 a neat &        
workmanlike mann]1 is nev] c]ta9 ( hav+ 
exactly :at is ne$$1 & _c hope to long  
reta9 ! confid5ce ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,9 fact1 
he is n a wat*mak] at all1 b simply an  
appr5tice or /ud5t1 ev5 ?\gh he be work+
 = a sal>y or be 8 own ma/]4 ,!re are   
und\bt$ly _m wor?y memb]s ( ! trade1 :o 
are n famili> ) ! mak+ ( a balance /aff1
 :o w take exceptions to ?is /atem5t2 b 
x is nev]!less true4 ,!y may be good    
workm5 z f> z !y g2 !y may be pa9/ak+2 b
 !y _c be class$ z wat*mak]s4  ,?is     
article is int5d$ = ! b5efit ( t l>ge   
class ^: opportunities = obta9+         
in/ruction are limit$1 & :o are ready & 
will+ to le>n1 & = t /ill l>g] class (  
practical workm5 :o c make a new /aff 9 
a cr$itable mann]1 b :o are always glad 
to read o!rs p's ideas on any subject   
connect$ ) ! trade & :o are n yet too   
old to le>n new tricks %\ld !y f9d any  
su*4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  ,good    
tools1 9 good condition1 are ! mo/      
ess5tial requisites 9 mak+ a new /aff4  

,i w\ld n advise any p>ticul> make (    
la!1 z ! mo/ exp5sive la! 9 ! _w w n    
produce a true /aff if ! workman _c c5t]
 8 "w accurately & does n "k h[ to h&le 
8 grav]1 :ile on ! o!r h& f9e "w c be   
done on ! simple/ & *eape/ la! by a     
workman possess+ ! requisite skill4 ,i w
 take x = grant$ t y use an             
,am]ican-made la! ( "s k9d1 or a        
=eign-made la! manufactur$ on ,am]ican  
l9es4 ,x is advisable1 ?\gh n absolutely
 necess>y1 to h ?ree grav]s simil> to ^?
 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,a be+ us$ =     
turn+ ! /aff d[n 9 ! r\gh2 ,b = !       
conical pivots & squ>e %\ld]s & ,c = !  
"u-cutt+4 ,! o!r tools & atta*m5ts ne$$ 
w be describ$ z ,i come to !m 9 use4  ,!
 balance /aff %\ld be made ( ! be/ /eel1
 temp]$ to su* a degree z to give !     
longe/ s]vice & yet n s h>d z to endang]
 ! breakage ( ! pivots4 ,select a piece 
( ,/ubb's /eel wire1 say ,no4 #df1 or a 
little l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ "p ( ! f9i%$    
/aff is to be1 & c5t] x 9 a split *uck (
 y\r la!4 ,be c>eful 9 select+ y\r *uck 

t y pick "o t fits ! wire fairly close4 
,! *uck holds ! "w true/ t comes ! ne>e/
 to fitt+ x4 ,if y try to use a *uck t  
is too l>ge or too small = ! "w1 y w    
only ru9 ! *uck = tru?4 ,turn ! wire to 
! =m ( a r\gh /aff1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1   
leav+ on a small "p ( ! orig9al wire1 z 
%[n at ,a4 ,aft] ! wire is r\gh$ out to 
?is g5]al =m1 remove f ! *uck & get     
ready to h>d5 & temp] x4 ,! h>d5+ &     
temp]+ may be effect$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & ,i
 am sc>cely prep>$ to say :i* me?od is !
 be/1 z !re are sev]al :i* give ab\t !  
same g5]al results4 ,"o me?od ( h>d5+ is
 to sme> ! blank ) common yell[ soap1   
heat x to a *]ry r$1 & drop endwise into
 l9se$ oil4 ,petroleum is pref]r$ by "s 
to l9se$ oil1 b1 to tell ! tru?1 ,i c   
see no diff]5ce 9 ! action ( l9se$1     
petroleum or olive oil4 ,be sure & h    
en\gh oil to ?or\ghly cool ! blank1 & a 
deep vessel1 su* z a l>ge-m\!d vial1 is 
pref]able to a sauc]4 ,! blank w n[ be  
f\nd too h>d to "w easily ) ! grav]1 &  
we mu/ !re=e draw ! temp] d[n to t ( f9e

 spr+ /eel4 ,be=e do+ ?is ! blank %\ld  
be bright5$1 9 ord] t we may see to j   
:at color we are draw+ x4 ,! ma9 object 
9 us+ ! soap 9 h>d5+ is t x may =m a    
scale ^u ! blank1 & if ! heat+ is       
effect$ gradually ! soap w melt & =m a  
practically air-tight case ar\nd !      
blank4 ,?is scale1 if ! h>d5+ is        
c>efully & prop]ly done1 w g5]ally *ip &
 fall (f :5 ! blank is plung$ 9 ! oil1  
p>ticul>ly if ! oil is cool1 & if x does
 n fall (f ( its own accord1 x c easily 
be remov$ by roll+ ! blank ^u ! b5*4 ,if
 x does n come out clean1 or if soap is 
n us$1 x may be bright5$ by aga9 ins]t+ 
9 ! la! & br++ x 9 contact ) a piece (  
f9e em]y pap] or clo?4  ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #b4  ,i draw ! temp] 9 ! foll[+   
mann]3 ,place "s f9e brass fil+s 9 a    
boil+-out cup or blu+ pan & lay ! blank 
^u ^! fil+s1 hold+ ! pan ov] ! flame (  
an alcohol lamp until ! blank assumes a 
d>k purple color1 :i* x w rea* :5 ! heat
 gets to ab\t #ejj ,f4 ,?is ,i consid] !
 "r h>dness = a balance /aff1 z x is n  

too h>d to "w well "u ! grav] nor too   
s(t = ! pivots4 ,at ?is degree ( h>dness
 /eel w assume an exquisite poli% if    
prop]ly treat$4 ,ano!r me?od ( temp]+ is
 to place ! /aff on a piece ( %eet iron 
or copp] 7say #a in* wide by #d long71  
hav+ previ\sly b5t x into a small angle1
 = ! reception ( ! /aff1 z %[n 9 ,fig4  
#c4 ,?is piece ( metal1 :5 nicely fitt$ 
into a file h&le1 w answ] all ! purposes
 ( ! blu+ pan & pres5ts q a neat        
appe>ance4 ,hav+ plac$ ! blank 9 !      
angle1 lay on x a piece ( yell[ wax ab\t
 ! size ( a bean1 & heat x ov] y\r lamp 
until ! wax takes fire & burns4 ,bl[ out
 ! flame & all[ ! /aff to cool1 & x w be
 f\nd to be ( ab\t ! "r h>dness4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4  ,we h n[ arriv$
 at an important /ation 9 /aff mak+1 a  
junction1 we may t]m x1 :]e _m l9es     
bran* (f f ! ma9 road4 ,at ?is p>ticul> 
spot is :]e au?orities diff]4 ,i h no   
hesitation 9 say+ t at ?is p>ticul> po9t
 ! split *uck %\ld be remov$ f ! la!    
head & c>efully plac$ 9 ! *uck box & !  

cem5t *uck put 9 its place4 ,i believe t
 all ( ! rema9+ "w ^u a /aff %\ld be    
execut$ :ile x is held 9 a cem5t *uck4  
,on ! o!r h& ,i h se5 good workm5 :o    
turn$ & f9i%$ all ! l[] "p ( a /aff :ile
 9 a split *uck1 cut x (f & turn$ &     
f9i%$ ! upp] "p 9 a cem5t *uck4 ,all ,i 
h got to say is t !y _h m confid5ce 9 ! 
tru? ( _! *ucks ?an ,i h 9 m9e4 ,i h ev5
 read ( wat*mak]s :o made ! entire /aff 
9 a split *uck1 b ,i mu/ confess ,i am  
some:at curi\s to exam9e a /aff made 9 t
 way1 & mu/ h ! privilege ( exam9+ x    
be=e ,i w admit t a true /aff c be s    
made4  ,we w suppose t ! workman has a  
mod]ately true *uck1 & t he pref]s to   
turn & f9i% all ! l[] portions 9 ?is    
way4 ,( c\rse ! directions = us+ a cem5t
 *uck on ! upp] "p ( a /aff are equally 
applicable to ! l[]4 ,be=e go+ fur!r ,i 
?9k x advisable to consid] ! requirem5ts
 ( a pivot1 b w res]ve ?is = ano!r      
*apt]4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,! *ief      
requirem5ts ( a pivot are t x %all be   
r\nd & well poli%$4 ,avoid ! burni% file

 at all haz>ds2 x w n leave ! pivot     
r\nd1 = ! pressure is unequal at v>i\s  
po9ts 9 ! revolution4 ,a pivot t 0 n    
p]fectly r\nd might act fairly well 9 a 
jewel hole t 0 r\nd1 b un=tunately !    
great] proportion ( jewel holes are n z 
!y %\ld be1 & we mu/ !re=e take e       
precaution to gu>d aga9/ untrue pivots4 
,let u exam9e j :at ! effect w be if an 
imp]fect pivot is fitt$ into an unr\nd  
hole jewel1 & to demon/rate its action m
 cle>ly let u exagg]ate ! defects4      
,suppose we pick a p]fectly r\nd jewel &
 ins]t into ! op5+ a ?ree-corn]$ piece (
 /eel wire1 9 %ape some:at resembl+ !   
tap] ( a triangul> file4 ,we f9d t ?is  
triangul> piece ( /eel w turn 9 ! jewel 
) ! same ease t ! mo/ p]fect cyl9drical 
pivot w4 ,n[ suppose we *ange ! jewel = 
"o t is out ( r\nd & repeat ! exp]im5t4 
,we n[ f9d t ! triangul> /eel soon f9ds 
! holl[ spots 9 ! jewel hole & comes to 
a /&-/ill z x is ins]t$ 9 ! hole4 ,!    
action ( a pivot t is n true1 :5 9      
contact ) a jewel ^: hole is out ( r\nd1

 is v simil>1 ?\gh 9 a less m>k$ degree4
 ,if ! pivot incl9es t[>d ! elliptical &
 ! jewel hole has a l fail+1 :i* is (t5 
! case1 x is v evid5t t ?is want ( tru? 
9 bo? ! pivot & hole is v detrim5tal to 
! good go+ ( a wat*4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #d4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4  ,!re
 are two k9ds ( pivots1 kn[n            
respectively z /raight & conical pivots1
 b = ! balance /aff !re is b "o k9d & t 
is ! conical1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4  
#d4 ,! conical pivot has at lea/ "o     
advantage ov] ! /raight "o1 i4 e41 x c  
be made mu* small] ?an a /raight pivot1 
z x is mu* /rong] 9 proportion1 ow+ to  
its %ape4 ,all pivots h a t5d5cy to draw
 ! oil away f ! jewels1 & p>ticul>ly !  
conically =m$ v>iety1 :i* develops a    
/rong capill>y attraction4 ,to prev5t   
?is capill>y attraction ( ! oil1 !      
back-slope is =m$ next to ! %\ld]1      
al?\gh _m p]sons seem to ?9k t ?is      
back-slope is m]ely add$ by way (       
ornam5t1 to make ! pivot m graceful 9   
appe>ance4 ,x is v ess5tial1 h[ev]1 = if

 too mu* oil is appli$ ! /aff w\ld      
c]ta9ly draw x away if its ?ickness 7 n 
r$uc$1 by means ( ! back-slope4 ,be=e   
leav+ ! subject ( capill>ity let u      
exam9e ! enl>g$ jewel 9 ,fig4 #e2 c is  
an enl>g$ pivot1 b is ! hole jewel & a  
is ! end /one4 ,we obs]ve t ! hole jewel
 on ! side t[>ds ! end /one is convex4  
,x is s made t ?r\gh capill>ity ! oil is
 reta9$ at ! end ( ! pivot :]e x is mo/ 
want$4 ,x is1 9 my op9ion1 v necess>y t 
! "y wat*mak] %\ld h at lea/ a fair     
und]/&+ ( capill>ity1 & %\ld und]/& :y !
 end /one is made convex & ! pivot ) a  
back slope4 ,= ?is reason ,i w try &    
make cle> ?is po9t be=e proce$+ fur!r4  
,we all "k t x is ess5tial to apply oil 
to all surfaces com+ 9 contact1 9 ord]  
to r$uce ! friction z mu* z possible1 & 
if ! application ( oil is necess>y to   
any "p ( ! me*anism ( a wat*1 t "p is ! 
pivot4 ,sauni] v aptly puts x ?us3 ,a   
liquid is subject to ! action ( ?ree    
=ces3 gravity1 adhesion 7! mutual       
attraction betwe5 ! liquid & ! sub/ance 

( ! vessel conta9+ x71 & cohesion 7!    
attractive =ce exi/+ among ! molecules (
 ! liquid & oppos+ ! subdivision ( !    
mass47  ,we all "k t if we place a small
 drop ( oil ^u a piece ( flat glass or  
/eel & !n inv]t ! same ! oil w cl+ to ! 
glass1 ow+ to ! adhesion ( ! p>ticles2  
if we !n add a little m to ! drop & aga9
 inv]t1 x w /ill cl+1 al?\gh ! drop may 
be elongat$ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,?is is  
ow+ to ! cohesion ( ! molecules ( ! oil1
 :i* refuse to be sep>at$ f "o ano!r4   
,if1 h[ev]1 we aga9 add to ! drop ( oil 
& inv]t ! plate ! drop w elongate &     
f9ally "p1 "o portion dropp+ :ile ! o!r 
portion cl+s to ! ma9 body ( ! liquid4  
,! fall ( ! drop is occasion$ by gravity
 ov]com+ ! cohesion ( ! molecules4 ,n[  
take a p]fectly clean & poli%$ ne$le &  
place a drop ( oil ^u its po9t & we w   
see t ! oil v rapidly asc5ds t[>ds !    
?ick] portion ( ! ne$le4 ,n[ if we heat 
& hamm] out ! po9t ( ! ne$le into ! =m (
 a small drill & repeat ! op]ation we   
f9d t ! oil no long] asc5ds4 ,x rises f 

! po9t to ! extreme wid? ( ! drill      
portion1 b refuses to g beyond4 ,x cl+s 
to t portion ( ! ne$le :i* w\ld         
correspond to ! ridge j back ( ! slope 9
 a conical pivot4 ,wat]1 oil1 etc41 :5  
plac$ 9 a clean w9e glass1 d n exhibit a
 p]fectly level surface1 b raise at !   
edges z %[n at a 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,if a tube 
is n[ ins]t$1 we f9d t ! liquid n only  
rises ar\nd ! outside ( ! tube & ! edges
 ( ! vessel1 b also rises 9 ! tube f>   
beyond its mean level1 z %[n at b4 ,^!  
v>i\s effects are caus$ by "o ( ! =ces  
above describ$1 i4 e41 ! adhesion1 or   
mutual attraction exi/+ betwe5 ! liquid 
& ! sub/ance ( ! vessel & rod4 ,! ^w    
capill>ity is ( ,lat9 d]ivation1 &      
signifies hair-l sl5d]ness4 ,! small] ! 
tube1 or ! ne>] ! edges ( a vessel are  
br\ght toge!r1 ! high] 9 proportion w ! 
liquid rise above ! level4 ,an asc5t ( a
 liquid1 due to capill>ity1 also takes  
place1 :]e ! liquid is plac$ betwe5 two 
sep>ate bodies1 z oil plac$ betwe5 two  
pieces ( flat glass4 ,if ! plates are   

p>allel to "o ano!r & p]p5dicul> to !   
surface ( ! liquid x w asc5d to ! same  
height betwe5 ! plates1 z %[n at c 9    
,fig4 #f4 ,if ! plates 7 unit$ at ! back
 l a book & spread some:at at ! front1 !
 oil w\ld asc5d ! high] z ! two sides   
approa* "o ano!r1 z %[n at d1 ,fig4 #f4 
,if a drop is plac$ some:at away f !    
int]sect+ po9t1 ( ! glasses1 z %[n at m 
x w1 if n too f> away1 gradually "w its 
way to ! junction1 provid+ ! glasses are
 level4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! glasses are incl9$
 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! drop w rema9       
/ation>y1 s9ce x is drawn 9 "o direction
 by gravity & 9 ! o!r by capill>ity4 ,:5
 a drop ( oil is plac$ betwe5 two       
surfaces1 bo? ( :i* are convex1 or "o   
convex & ! o!r pla91 z %[n at g1 x w    
collect at ! po9t n1 at :i* ! surfaces  
ne>e/ approa* "o ano!r4 ,we n[ see v    
cle>ly :y ! hole jewel is made convex on
 ! side t[>ds ! end-/one & concave on ! 
side t[>ds ! pivot4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #f4  ,p>ticul> pa9s %\ld be tak5 to    
poli% ^? portions ( ! pivots :i*        

actually ent] ! jewel hole & to see t   
all m>ks ( ! grav] be ?or\ghly remov$1  
because if any grooves1 no matt] h[     
small1 are left1 !y act z m9ute capill>y
 tubes to convey ! oil4  ,if ! hole     
jewel be ( ! prop] %ape1 ! end-/one n   
too f> f ! hole jewel & too mu* oil is n
 appli$ at "o "t1 ! oil w n spread nor  
run d[n ! /aff1 b a small portion w be  
reta9$ at ! act+ surface ( pivot &      
jewel1 & ?is supply w be gradually f$ to
 ^! p>ts f ! res]voir betwe5 ! jewel &  
end-/one1 by ! action ( capill>ity4     
,hav+ exam9$ into ! requirem5ts ( !     
pivot & its jewel & hav+ ga9$ an insight
 into :at _! =ms %\ld be1 we are ! bett]
 able to p]=m t portion ( ! "w 9 an     
intellig5t mann]4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4    
,our wire has be5 r\gh$ out into ! =m ( 
a /aff1 has be5 h>d5$ & ! temp] drawn   
d[n to ! requisite h>dness & we are n[  
ready to proce$ ) our "w4 ,z ,i said    
be=e1 we h n[ arriv$ at a po9t :]e _m   
au?orities diff]1 i4 e41 z to :e!r !    
f9i%+ ( ! /aff prop]1 %\ld be p]=m$ :ile

 ! "w is held 9 ! *uck1 or :e!r a wax   
*uck be sub/itut$4 ,we w take x = grant$
 t y h a true *uck & t y pref] to f9i%  
all ! l[] portion ( ! /aff :ile held 9 !
 *uck4  ,be=e we proce$ ) our "w x w be 
necess>y = u to make "s accurate        
measurem5ts1 z we _c af=d to d any guess
 "w by measur+ by means ( ! old /aff4 ,i
 h us$ a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( calip]s 
& measur+ in/rum5ts = det]m9+ ! v>i\s   
measurem5ts = a balance /aff1 b h met ) 
m success ) a v simple little tool :i*  
,i made myself f draw+s & description   
publi%$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,,! ,,am]ican     
,,jewel]4 ,?is simple little tool is %[n
 9 ,fig4 #g1 & has be5 ( great s]vice to
 me4 ,x consi/s ( a brass sleeve ,a1 ) a
 projection at "o end z %[n at ,b4 ,?is 
sleeve is ?read$1 & into x is fitt$ !   
screw "p ,c1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a pivot ,d1 
:i* is small en\gh to ent] ! smalle/    
jewel4 ,! sleeve ,i made f a solid piece
 ( brass1 turn+ x d[n 9 my la! & f9i%+ !
 projection by means ( a file4 ,! hole 0
 !n drill$ & ?read$ ) a /&>d ?read4 ,!  

screw "p ,c1 ,i made ( /eel & poli%$    
c>efully4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4  ,to 
asc]ta9 ! prop] height = ! roll]1 place 
x ^u ! tool1 all[+ x to re/ ^u ! leg ,b1
 & set ! pivot ,d 9 ! foot jewel4 ,n[   
adju/1 by means ( ! screw ,c until !    
roll] is 9 its prop] position 9 relation
 to ! lev] =k4 ,?is may be und]/ood     
bett] by consult+ ,fig4 #h1 :]e ,a is ! 
gauge1 ,c is ! roll]1 ,e is ! lev]1 ,f  
is ! plate & ,g is ! potance4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4  ,n[ 9 ord] to  
locate ! prop] place to cut ! seat = !  
roll]1 remove x f ! foot ( ! gauge &    
apply ! gauge to ! "w z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 
,! foot ( ! gauge re/+ aga9/ ! end ( !  
pivot1 ! tap] end ( ! gauge w locate    
accurately ! position ( ! roll] seat4 ,9
 ord] to locate ! prop] position = !    
seat = ! balance1 proce$ ! same z = !   
roll]1 except t ! foot ( ! gauge is l[]$
 until x is br\ght suffici5tly bel[ !   
plate to all[ ( ! prop] cle>ance z      
indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es at ,h4 ,n[     
apply ! gauge to ! new /aff1 z %[n 9    

,fig4 #aj1 & ! tap] end w locate ! exact
 position = ! balance seat4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #aj4  ,z previ\sly /at$1 ,i h tak5
 x = grant$ t y pref]r$ to f9i% all !   
l[] portion ( ! /aff :ile ! "w 0 held 9 
! *uck4 ,i h assum$ t y pref] to "w 9   
?is way because ,i h not$ ! fact t n9e  
wat*mak]s out ( e t5 />t )1 & fir/ f9i% 
up1 ! l[] portion ( ! /aff4 ,:]e ?is    
me?od ( work+ orig9at$ ,i d n "k1 b x   
always has ! appe>ance to me ( plac+ !  
c>t be=e ! horse4 ,i d n pret5d to say t
 a true /aff _c be made 9 ?is way1 b x  
c]ta9ly is n ! mo/ conv5i5t nor         
advisable4 ,we all "k t ! heavie/ "p ( !
 /aff is f ! roll] seat to ! end ( ! top
 pivot4 ,n[ x seems to me t x is ! mo/  
natural ?+ 9 ! _w = a me*anic to desire 
to turn ! great] bulk ( 8 "w be=e rev]s+
 x4 ,n[ if ! workman has be5 educat$ to 
turn indiff]5tly ) "r or left h&1 x may 
make little diff]5ce1 z f> z ! actual   
turn+ is conc]n$1 :e!r he />ts to "w at 
! upp] or l[] end ( ! /aff1 b           

un=tunately !re are few among u :o are s
 skill$ z to use ! grav] ) equal        
facility ) ei!r h&1 & x is !re=e an     
advantage to />t ) ! upp] end1 z y c ?us
 f9i% a great] portion ( ! "w m readily4
 ,y c readily see t :5 y come to rev]se 
y\r /aff & use ! wax *uck1 t by />t+ at 
! top ( /aff y\r wax has a mu* l>g]     
surface ( metal to cl+ to1 & aga9 ! %ape
 ( ! balance seat is su* z to secure !  
"w firmly 9 ! wax1 :ile if ! rev]se     
me?od is employ$1 ! l>g] portion ( !    
balance seat is expos$ & ! /aff is m    
liable to loos5 f ! motion ( ! la! &    
pressure ( ! grav] & poli%]s4           
,,*apt] ,,iv4   ,by ! aid ( ! p9ion     
calip]s & ! old /aff1 ! diamet] ( !     
roll] seat & ! balance & hair-spr+      
collet seats may be readily tak51 b x is
 p]haps bett] to gauge ! holes1 z ! old 
/aff may n h be5 p]fect 9 ?is respect4  
,a r\nd broa* w answ] admirably = ?is   
purpose1 & ! size may be tak5 f ! broa* 
by means ( ! calip]s4 ,9 fitt+ our      
pivots1 we c n be too exact2 & z yet no 

in/rum5t has be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket = ?is 
purpose :i* is mod]ate 9 price & yet    
?or\ghly reliable4 ,! majority (        
wat*mak]s use :at is t]m$ ! pivot-gauge1
 a neat little in/rum5t :i* accompanies 
! ,jacot la!1 & :i* may be obta9$ f any 
mat]ial h\se4 ,?is tool1 :i* is %[n 9   
,fig4 #aa1 is1 h[ev]1 op5 to "o         
objection 9 ! measurem5t ( pivots1 & t  
is t x may be press$ d[n at "o "t )     
great] =ce ?an at ano!r1 & consequ5tly w
 %[ a v>iation 9 two measurem5ts ( !    
same pivot4 ,"s ( my read]s may ?9k t ,i
 am ov]-p>ticul> on ?is po9t1 & t !     
diff]5ce 9 measurem5t on two occasions  
is too trivial to be wor?y ( att5tion1 b
 ,i d n ?9k t too mu* c>e c be be/[$ ^u 
?is "p ( ! "w1 & neglect 9 ?is p>ticul> 
is1 ,i ?9k1 ! cause ( poor p]=mance 9 _m
 o!rwise good timepieces4 ,! ord9>ily   
accept$ rule among wat*mak]s is t a     
pivot %\ld be made #a_/bejj ( an in*    
small] ?an ! hole 9 ! jewel to all[ = ! 
prop] lubrication4 ,i am acqua9t$ )     
wat*mak]s1 & m5 :o are t]m$ good workm51

 too1 :o inv>iably all[ #a_/bejj ( an   
in* side %ake1 no matt] :e!r ! pivot is 
#ab_/bejj or #af_/bejj ( an in* 9       
diamet]4 ,n[ if #a_/bejj ( an in* is !  
prop] side %ake = a pivot measur+       
#ab_/bejj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 x is      
c]ta9ly n suffici5t = a pivot :i* is    
"o-?ird l>g]4 ,( c\rse x is und]/ood t  
side %akes d n increase 9 proportion    
accord+ z ! pivot increases 9 size1 = if
 !y did a six-in* %aft w\ld require at  
?is rate a side %ake ( #a_/b in*1 or    
#a_/d in* on ea* side1 :i* w\ld be      
ridicul\sly out ( all proportion1 z !   
#a_/fd ( an in* w\ld be ample "u any    
circum/ances4 ,nei!r c we arrive at !   
prop] end %ake = a pivot by r$uc+ 9     
proportion f ! end %ake all[$ on a      
six-in* %aft1 because if we foll[$ out !
 same c\rse ( reason+ we w\ld arrive at 
a po9t :]e a pivot measur+ #ab_/bejj (  
an in* w\ld require an end %ake s       
inf9itely small t x w\ld require six    
figures to express ! d5om9ator ( !      
fraction1 & ! mo/ m9ute measur+ in/rum5t

 yet inv5t$ w\ld be incapable ( record+ 
! measurem5t4 ,we mu/ leave suffici5t   
side %ake1 h[ev]1 on ! smalle/ pivot &  
jewel = ! globules ( ! oil to move      
freely1 & exp]im5ts h %[n conclusively t
 #a_/bejj ( an in* or #a_/ejjj on ea*   
side ( ! pivot1 is z little space z x is
 desirable to leave = t purpose1 z !    
globules ( ! be/ *ronomet] oil w refuse 
to ent] spaces t are v mu* m m9ute4 ,b  
to return to our pivot gauge4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #ab4  ,ea* division on ! gauge    
repres5ts #a_/bejj ( an in*1 :i* is all 
t we require4 ,! diamet] t ! pivot %\ld 
be1 c be asc]ta9$ by ins]t+ a r\nd pivot
 broa* into ! jewel & tak+ ! measurem5t 
) ! pivot gauge1 & !n mak+ ! necess>y   
d$uction = side %ake4 ,slip ! jewel on !
 broa* z f> z x w g1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 
& !n ) ! pivot gauge1 take ! size ( !   
broa*1 z close up to ! jewel z y c      
measure1 & ! tap] ( ! broa* w be ab\t "r
 = ! side %ake ( ! pivot4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y 
pref] to make ! measurem5t /ill m       

accurate1 y c d s by dipp+ ! broa* into 
r\ge be=e slipp+ on ! jewel & !n remove 
! jewel & ! place :i* is occupi$ on !   
broa* c be pla9ly disc]n$ & ! exact     
measurem5t tak5 & an all[ance ( #a_/bejj
 ( an in* made = ! side %ake4 ,ano!r    
me?od1 & "o :i* is p>ticul>ly applicable
 to ,swiss wat*es1 :]e ! jewel is       
burni%$ into ! cock or plate1 is to fir/
 slip on to ! broa* a small flat piece (
 cork & z ! broa* ent]s ! jewel ! cork  
is =c$ f>!r on to ! broa*1 & :5 ! jewel 
is remov$ x m>ks ! place on ! broa* :i* 
its inn] side occupi$1 & ! measurem5t c 
!n be tak5 ) ! gauge4 ,if c>e is us$ 9 !
 selection ( a broa*1 t x be z ne>ly    
p]fect 9 r\nd & tap] z possible1 by a   
little exp]im5t y c soon asc]ta9 j :at  
"p ( ! l5g? ( ! broa* corresponds to "o 
degree on ! gauge & by a repetition ( ! 
exp]im5t ! broa* c !n be divid$         
accurately1 by v m9ute r+s turn$ ) a    
f9e-po9t$ grav]1 into sections1 ea*     
repres5t+ "o degree1 or #a_/bejj ( an   
in*1 & ! measurem5t w ?us be simplifi$  

greatly4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4  ,z  
be=e /at$1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! condition (  
y\r grav]s & ! mann] ( us+ !m4 ,x is ( !
 utmo/ importance t !y be kept %>p1 & z 
soon z !y beg9 to %[ ! slighte/ sign (  
los+ _! ke5ness1 y %\ld %>p5 !m4 ,!     
prop] %ape = balance pivots 0 %[n 9     
,fig4 #d4 ,n[ let u exam9e into ! be/   
positions = hold+ ! grav]s4 ,9 ,fig4 #ac
 two ways ( hold+ ! grav] are %[n1 ,a   
repres5t+ ! "r & ,b repres5t+ ! wrong   
way4 ,if ! grav] is appli$ to ! "w z %[n
 at ,a1 x w cut a clean %av+1 :ile if   
appli$ z %[n at ,b x w simply scrape !  
side ( ! pivot & ru9 ! po9t ( ! grav]   
)\t mat]ially =w>d+ ! "w4 ,aga91 ! hold+
 ( ! grav] z indicat$ at ,a has its     
advantages1 because ! =ce ( ! cut is    
t[>ds ! h& hold+ x1 & %\ld x cat* f any 
cause ! j> ( ! ob/ruction w be convey$  
imm$iately to ! h&1 & x w naturally give
 & no h>m w be done4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !
 grav] %\ld meet ) an ob/ruction :ile   
held 9 ! position indicat$ at ,b1 ! =ce 
( ! cut w be 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1    

d[nw>d & t[>d ! re/1 & ! re/ be+ unlike 
! h&1 or r be+ rigid1 x _c give1 & !    
result is t ! "w1 or grav]1 or bo?1 are 
ru9$4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad two o!r me?ods (     
hold+ ! grav] are %[n4 ,! g5]al r\gh+   
out ( a /aff %\ld be done ) ! grav] held
 ab\t z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ac2 b 9 f9i%+1
 ! grav] %\ld be held s t ! cut is made 
diagonally1 z indicat$ at ,a1 ,fig4 #ad4
 ,x is r dificult to expla9 9 pr9t j h[ 
! grav] %\ld be held1 b a little        
exp]im5t w suffice to tea* ! prop]      
position4 ,! be/ indication t a grav] is
 do+ its "w prop]ly1 is ! fact t ! *ips 
come away 9 long spiral coils4 ,aim to  
see h[ light a cut y c make r ?an h[    
heavy4 ,nev] use =ce 9 remov+ ! mat]ial1
 b dep5d entirely ^u ! ke5ness ( ! cutt+
 edges4 ,nev] use ! po9t ( ! grav]1     
except :]e y are compell$ to1 b r use ! 
"r or left h& cutt+ edges4 ,by foll[+   
out ?is rule y w f9d t y\r "w1 :5 left  
by ! grav]1 requires little or no f9i%+ 
up1 except at ! pivots4 ,at ,b1 ,fig4   
#ad1 is %[n ! correct mann] ( apply+ !  

grav] :5 turn+ a pivot4 ,hold ! grav]   
ne>ly on a l9e ) ! axis ( ! la! & cat*+ 
a *ip at ! extreme end ( ! pivot ) !    
back edge ( ! grav]1 pu% slightly =w>d &
 at ! same "t roll ! grav] t[>ds y & x w
 give ! pivot ! desir$ conical =m4 ,by  
keep+ ! grav] on a l9e ) ! l5g? ( !     
pivot1 all ! =ce appli$ is simply ex]t$ 
9 ! direction ( ! *uck1 & does n t5d to 
spr+ ! pivot1 z x w\ld 7 ! extreme po9t 
appli$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,:5 we come to   
su* places z ! %\ld] ( ! back slope1 !  
seat = ! roll]1 balance1 etc41 we mu/   
necess>ily use ! po9t ( ! grav]4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4     ,,*apt] ,v4
   ,9 *apt] ,,iv ,i call$ att5tion to ! 
"r & wrong way ( hold+ ! grav] :ile us+ 
! extreme po9t1 & also ! correct mann] (
 apply+ ! grav] 9 turn+ conical pivots4 
,i also call$ att5tion to ! fact t x 0  
well to only use ! po9t ( ! grav] :]e   
positively necess>y1 z 9 ! back slope ( 
! pivot1 etc4 ,9 turn+ ! seat = !       
balance1 z indicat$ at ,a1 ,fig4 #ae1 ! 
grav] ,a1 ,fig4 #a1 or a simil> "o z %[n

 at ,b1 ,fig4 #ae1 %\ld be us$4 ,! slope
 at ,c %\ld n[ be turn$4 ,9 turn+ !     
pivot & seat = ! roll]1 y %\ld leave !m 
slightly l>g] ?an requir$1 to all[ = !  
gr9d+ & poli%+ :i* is to foll[4 ,no     
def9ite am\nt c be left = ?is purpose1  
because ! am\nt left = poli%+ dep5ds    
entirely on h[ smoo?ly y\r turn+ has be5
 done4 ,if x has be5 done indiff]5tly1 y
 may h to all[ consid]able = gr9d+ &    
poli%+ be=e all ! grav] m>ks are remov$1
 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 if ! "w has be5    
p]=m$ ) c>e1 v little w h to be remov$4 
,avoid ! use ( ! pivot file by p]=m+ y\r
 "w prop]ly to />t )4  ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #ae4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4  ,=
 gr9d+1 bell-metal or s(t iron slips are
 desirable1 & ! gr9d+ is effect$ by     
means ( oil /one p[d] & oil4 ,two slips 
( metal simil> 9 %ape to ,a & ,b1 ,fig4 
#af1 are easily made1 & w be f\nd v     
useful4 ,a is = squ>e pivots1 etc41 :ile
 ,b is us$ = conical pivots4 ,^! slips  
%\ld be dress$ ) a dead smoo? file1 !   
fil+ to be done crosswise1 to hold ! oil

 /one p[d] & oil4 ,dur+ ! op]ation (    
gr9d+1 ! la! %\ld be run at a high spe$ 
& ! slips appli$ to ! "w lightly1       
squ>ely & c>efully4 ,! poli%+ is effect$
 by means ( diamant9e & alcohol4 ,aft] !
 "w is br\ght to a smoo? gray surface1  
slips ( boxwood ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #af
 %\ld be sub/itut$ = ! metal slips4 ,oil
 /one slips are sometimes us$ 9 lieu (  
metal ones1 b !y soon get out ( %ape &  
are tr\blesome to c>e = on ?is acc\nt4  
,all ?+s consid]$1 !re is no?+ bett] =  
poli%+ ?an a slip or file made ( agate1 
say "o in* long1 "o-qu>t] in* wide &    
"o-eigh? in* ?ick4 ,a slip ( ?is k9d c  
be obta9$ f any lapid>y1 & aft] gr9d+ ) 
em]y & wat] until ! surface has a v f9e 
gra91 x %\ld be m\nt$ by fa/5+ ) cem5t  
into a brass socket & ?is is !n ins]t$  
into a small wood5 h&le1 z %[n 9 ,fig4  
#ag4 ,! agate slip %\ld be gr\nd to ab\t
 ! %ape ( ,b1 ,fig4 #af1 s t "o side c  
be us$ = squ>e corn]s & ! o!r = conical 
pivots4 ,! f9al poli% c soon be imp>t$  
by means ( a small boxwood slip1 or     

flatt5$ peg-wood1 & diamant9e & alcohol4
 ,nev] try to br+ out ! f9al poli% until
 y are satisfi$ t all grav] m>ks h be5  
gr\nd out1 o!rwise y w simply h to g all
 ov] ! "w aga94  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#ag4  ,:5 ! /aff is f9i%$ f ! l[] pivot 
to ! seat ( ! balance1 ! upp] "p %\ld be
 r\gh$ out ne>ly to size & !n cut (f    
prep>atory to f9i%+ ! top "p4  ,att5tion
 0 previ\sly call$ to ! fact t !        
majority ( wat*mak]s pref] to f9i% all !
 l[] portion ( ! /aff fir/1 not)/&+ !   
fact t !re are num]\s advantages to be  
ga9$ by proce$+ to fir/ f9i% up ! upp]  
portion4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! wax
 *uck mu/ be us$1 & p]haps ^! advantages
 may be n[ m cle>ly def9$4 ,9 ord] t !  
two proc$ures may be m di/9ctly %[n1    
illu/rations ( bo? me?ods are "h giv54  
,fig4 #ah %[s ! popul> me?od1 ! l[]     
portion ( ! /aff be+ all complet$ &     
fa/5$ by means ( wax1 9 ! wax *uck4     
,fig4 #ai %[s ! opposite c\rse (        
proc$ure4 ,9 bo? illu/rations ! l9es    
indicate ! am\nt ( wax appli$ to hold ! 

"w4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ,fig4 #ah ! hub ( !
 /aff is enclos$ 9 ! wax v mu* z a cork 
is fitt$ into a bottle1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #ai
 ! hub is rev]s$1 j z a cork w\ld appe> 
7 ! l>g] portion )9 ! bottle & ! small] 
portion protrud+ ?r\gh ! neck4 ,a /udy (
 ! diagram w readily %[ t 9 ,fig4 #ai ! 
/aff is held m rigidly 9 place & t a    
great] bulk ( ! "w is enclos$ 9 ! wax   
?an 9 ,fig4 #ah1 al?\gh !re is less wax 
us$ 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #ai4  ,be=e proce$+ to set ! /aff 
9 ! wax1 x is necess>y to make "s       
measurem5ts to det]m9e its full l5g?4   
,remove bo? cap jewels & screw ! balance
 cock 9 place4 ,exam9e ! cock & see if x
 has at any "t be5 b5t up or d[n or     
pun*$ to raise or l[] x4 ,if s1 rectify 
! error by /raight5+ x & !n put x 9     
place4 ,n[ ) a degree gauge1 or calip]s1
 proce$ to take ! di/ance betwe5 ! out] 
surfaces ( ! hole jewels & %ort5 ! /aff 
to ! requir$ l5g?4 ,d n remove too mu*1 
b leave ! /aff a little long r ?an cut x

 too %ort1 z ! l5g? c be %ort5$ lat]4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #ba4  ,a v h&y tool = ! purpose ( 
mak+ ^! l5g? measurem5ts c be con/ruct$ 
by add+ a /op screw to ! common d\ble   
calip]s z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! improvem5t
 consi/s 9 ! fact t !y c be op5$ to     
remove f ! "w & clos$ aga9 at exactly ! 
same place1 s t an accurate measurem5t c
 be made4 ,! all-important po9t 9 ! use 
( wax *ucks is to get a p]fect c5t]4 ,if
 y are n c>eful y are liable to leave a 
small projection 9 ! c5t] z %[n at ,a1  
,fig4 #ba4 ,! ord9>y wax *uck _c be     
unscrew$ f ! sp9dle & re/or$ to its     
prop] place aga9 ) any?+ l a c]ta9ty (  
its be+ exactly true1 & if y insi/ on   
do+ ?is !re is no rem$y left b f9d+ a   
new c5t] ea* "t4 ,x w be f\nd m         
satisfactory & economical 9 ! long run  
to h a p]man5t *uck = a wax *uck & y w  
!n h no necessity = remov+ ! brass *uck4
  ,! c5t]1 or cone = ! reception ( !    
pivot1 %\ld be turn$ out ) ! grav] at an
 angle ( ab\t #fj & su* a grav] z is %[n

 at ,b1 ,fig4 #a1 w answ] admirably =   
?is purpose4 ,aft] y h c>efully c5t]$   
y\r wax *uck1 place a small alcohol lamp
 "u ! *uck & heat x until ! wax w j     
become fluid & yet n be hot en\gh to    
burn ! wax4 ,revolve ! la! sl[ly & ins]t
 ! /aff s t ! pivot re/s squ>ely &      
firmly 9 ! c5t]4 ,n[ re-heat ! *uck     
c>efully 9 ord] t ! wax may adh]e firmly
 to ! /aff1 keep+ ! la! revolv+         
mean:ile1 b n s fa/ t ! wax w be drawn f
 ! c5t]1 & at ! same "t apply ! =ef+] to
 ! end ( ! /aff1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ah &   
#ai1 & g5tly press x squ>ely into place 
9 ! wax *uck4 ,! l9es 9 ,figs4 #ah & #ai
 designate ab\t ! "r am\nt ( wax aft] ! 
"w is ready1 b x is well to add a little
 m ?an is %[n 9 ^? figures1 & y %\ld be 
c>eful to keep ! wax ( equal bulk all   
ar\nd1 or :5 x cools x w h a t5d5cy to  
draw ! /aff to "o side4 ,n[ remove !    
lamp & keep ! la! revolv+ until ! wax is
 q cool1 :5 x %\ld be remov$1 by means (
 a grav]1 d[n to ! dim5sions designat$  
by ! l9es 9 ,figs4 #ah & #ai4 ,:5 ?is is

 accompli%$ re-heat a little1 b only    
en\gh to make x s(t1 b n liquid1 & plac+
 a %>p5$ peg-wood on ! tool re/ proce$  
to ! f9al tru+ up1 by re/+ ! po9t$ end  
aga9/ ! hub4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,i h   
describ$ above "o ( ! me?ods 9 vogue =  
hold+ a /aff by means ( wax4 ,x is !    
common me?od employ$ by mo/ wat*        
repair]s1 ! popul> me?od s to speak4 ,! 
me?od :i* ,i am n[ ab\t to describe may 
seem awkw>d at fir/ to ^? :o h n        
practic$ x1 b once y h fairly tri$ x1 y 
w nev] be cont5t$ to "w 9 any o!r way4  
,! fir/ requisite is a true tap] *uck2 &
 x is well to pur*ase an extra "o to be 
us$ solely = ?is purpose1 s t y w be    
prep>$ at all times = /aff "w4 ,select a
 good /eel tap]1 & hav+ plac$ y\r *uck 9
 ! la!1 see if y\r tap] fits well by    
ins]t+ x 9 ! *uck :ile runn+ sl[ly4 ,if 
x fits well1 x w be m>k$ almo/ ?r\gh\t  
its l5g?4 ,ins]t aga9 9 ! *uck1 & ) a   
few light taps ( ! hamm] set x firmly 9 
place1 s t y "k t !re is no dang] ( its 
work+ loose4 ,! tap] w !n project ab\t  

?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* f ! face ( ! *uck4 
,by means ( a %>p grav]1 make ! face ( !
 tap] smoo? & /raight1 & cut (f ! tap]  
end4 ,n[ m>k a po9t on ! tap] ab\t      
"o-f\r? ( an in* f ! end1 & proce$ to   
turn d[n ! diamet] f ?is po9t to ! end1 
leav+ t portion ( ! tap] ab\t two-?irds 
( its orig9al diamet]1 & f9i% ) a nice  
squ>e %\ld]4 ,n[ ) a long-po9t$ %>p     
grav] proce$ to cut a nice ,v-%ap$ c5t] 
) an angle ( ab\t #fj4 ,:5 y h proce$$  
?us f> y w f9d t y h an implem5t        
resembl+ t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4             
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4  ,c>e mu/ be   
tak5 t ! c5t] is q true1 & t no         
projection is left l t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4
 #ba1 no matt] h[ m9ute x may be4 ,n[   
exam9e ! c5t] by ! aid ( a /rong glass1 
& aft] y are satisfi$ ) its appe>ance   
proce$ to te/ x4 ,take a l>ge siz$ p9 ) 
a good po9t1 & plac+ ! po9t 9 ! c5t]1   
ma9ta9 x 9 position by press+ ^u ! head1
 & :ile revolv+ ! la! sl[ly proce$ to   
exam9e by means ( y\r glass4 ,if ! c5t] 
is a good "o !re w be no p]ceptible     

vibration ( ! p94  ,n[ procure a piece (
 small brass tub+ ) an int]nal diamet] a
 little less ?an t ( ! turn$ d[n portion
 ( y\r tap]4 ,if ! brass tub+ _c be     
procur$ readily1 y c sub/itute a piece (
 brass wire a little l>g] ?an ! tap]1 & 
by means ( a drill a little small] 9    
diamet] ?an ! turn$ d[n portion y c     
readily make a small tube ab\t "o-half  
in* long4 ,n[ by means ( a broa* proce$ 
to op5 ! tube to a po9t "o-qu>t] in* f  
"o end1 & c>efully fit x on ! turn$ d[n 
portion ( y\r tap]4 ,aft] fitt+ tightly 
to ! %\ld] ( ! tap]1 proce$ to turn out 
! o!r end until x w take 9 ! hub ( y\r  
/aff easily & leave a little room to    
sp>e4 ,n[ turn y\r tube d[n 9 l5g? until
 a little ( ! hub is expos$ ei!r way y  
put ! /aff 94 ,turn ! outside ( ! tube  
smoo? & to correspond ) ! outl9e ( !    
tap]1 s y w h a nice look+ job :5       
complet$4 ,j bel[ :]e ! hub w come drill
 a small hole 9 ! tube & remove all     
burr1 bo? inside & out1 t may h be5 made
 9 drill+1 s t ! %ellac or wax w n adh]e

 to x4 ,?is little hole acts z an outlet
 = ! air 9 ! tube2 & z ! hot %ellac     
ent]s at ! end ( ! tube ! air is expell$
 ?r\gh ?is v5t4 ,x also helps to hold ! 
cem5t firmly 9 place4 ,n[ try y\r /aff 9
 ! tube aga91 & be sure t x is q free1 &
 t y w be able to "w on ! portions ( x  
above & bel[ ! hub1 accord+ z "o end or 
! o!r is ins]t$4  ,y are n[ ready to    
ins]t y\r /aff & proce$ ) y\r "w4 ,hold 
y\r %ellac 9 ! flame ( y\r lamp a mom5t 
until x is q liquid1 & !n sme> bo? !    
inside & outside ( ! tube ) x4 ,heat !  
%ell or tube g5tly by means ( ! lamp1   
keep+ ! la! revolv+ sl[ly all ! :ile1 & 
tak+ ! /aff 9 y\r tweez]s proce$ to     
ins]t x c>efully into ! tube4 ,press    
firmly back1 mak+ sure t x has rea*$ !  
bottom ( ! ,v-%ap$ c5t]4 ,pack ! cem5t  
well 9 ar\nd ! /aff1 & :ile c5t]+ remove
 ! lamp & all[ ! :ole to cool1 keep+ !  
:ole revolv+ until q cool4 ,n[ remove ! 
sup]flu\s cem5t by means ( ! grav]1 &   
heat+ ! tube aga9 slightly1 proce$ to   
c5t] exactly by means ( a po9t$         

peg-wood1 re/+ on y\r ,t re/ to /eady x4
 ,turn sl[ly 9 ! la! & exam9e ) glass to
 see t x is q true4 ,y\r complet$       
in/rum5t w resemble ,fig4 #bc4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4  ,! advantage (
 ! device is t y\r c5t] is always ready1
 & all y h to d is to ins]t y\r *uck 9 !
 la!1 w>m x1 & y are ready to ins]t y\r 
/aff & proce$ to "w4 ,z ,i said 9 ! fir/
 place1 x is well to employ a tap] *uck 
exclusively = ?is "w1 & n attempt to use
 x = any o!r1 = if y try to remove y\r  
tap] & replace x aga91 y w surely f9d t 
y\r "w is out ( c5t]1 & y w be compell$ 
to remove ! brass %ell & f9d a new c5t] 
ea* "t y use x4 ,y c avoid all ?is      
tr\ble1 h[ev]1 by pur*as+ an extra *uck 
& devot+ x exclusively to wax "w4 ,(    
c\rse1 ! brass %ell c be remov$ & plac$ 
9 position aga9 )\t 9 any way affect+ ! 
tru? ( ! c5t]1 & any numb]1 %ape & size 
( %ells c be made to fit ! "o tap]1 & ^!
 %ells w be f\nd v useful = hold+ a     
v>iety ( "w1 aside f balance /affs4     
,,*apt] ,,vii4   ,! two popul> me?ods ( 

hold+ a balance /aff 9 wax h be5        
describ$ & illu/rat$2 ! read] may take 8
 *oice4 ,! turn+ & f9i%+ ( ! o!r end ( !
 /aff is p]=m$ z previ\sly describ$4 ,t 
portion on :i* ! hair-spr+ collet goes  
%\ld be turn$ to ne>ly ! prop] size1    
mak+ due all[ance = ! gr9d+ & poli%+ t  
is to come4 ,! balance seat %\ld be     
slightly und]cut1 s t ! balance c be    
driv5 on tightly & all rivet+ disp5s$ )4
 ,! size = ! pivot c be det]m9$ f its   
jewel1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,f9i% !    
ends ( ! pivots flat & r\nd ! corn]s (f 
slightly2 & "r "h comes a po9t wor?y (  
consid]ation 9 all wat* "w4 ,leave no   
absolutely squ>e corn]s 9 any ( y\r "w1 
b r\nd !m (f v slightly4 ,?is may seem a
 v little ?+1 b x is "o ( ! small ?+s t 
g to make up fir/-class "w4 ,y c judge  
pretty accurately ( a wat*mak] by !     
corn]s he leaves on 8 "w1 z well z by ! 
appe>ance ( 8 grav]s & screw-driv]s4    
,:5 y\r /aff is complet$ & nicely       
poli%$1 remove f ! wax & boil 9 alcohol 
to clean1 & :5 dri$ x is ready = !      

balance4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9    
remov+ ! balance f ! old /aff1          
especially if x be a comp5sation        
balance1 t y d n di/ort x any way4 ,if !
 balance has be5 rivet$ on extra c>e w h
 to be ex]cis$4 ,! rivet+ may be cut by 
means ( a grav]1 or a holl[ drill made f
 ,/ubb's /eel wire4 ,! recess 9 ! drill 
%\ld j fit ov] ! %\ld] left = !         
reception ( ! hair-spr+ collet4 ,! edge 
( ! holl[ drill has small tee? =m$ ^u x 
simil> to a f9e file1 & w cut q rapidly4
  ,aft] remov+ ! balance1 if x appe>s to
 be sprung 9 ! arms1 ! result ( removal 
or previ\s bad treatm5t1 proce$ to b5d  
!m /raight1 & !n to true up ! rim       
c>efully1 & /ake on ) a flat end pun*4  
,n[ put on y\r roll] & drive x d[n to ! 
hub & see t ! roll] is free f ! =k4 ,see
 t jewel p9 rea*es =k prop]ly & t ! gu>d
 p9 also rea*es ! roll]4 ,see t y\r     
balance is free f ! plate & ! bridge4   
,if ! balance is true & all "r1 y are   
ready to put on y\r hair-spr+4 ,see t x 
is 9 beat4 ,x is well to make a m>k on !

 balance be=e tak+ (f ! old /aff1 %[+   
positions ( hair-spr+ /ud & jewel p94   
,?ree-qu>t] plate ,engli% lev] & ,swiss 
lev] balance /affs diff] only 9 detail1 
except t !y are sprung "u balances4 ,!  
g5]al op]ations = mak+1 h[ev]1 are      
simil> to ^? describ$4  ,i h n describ$ 
! me?od ( pois+ ! balance = two reasons2
 fir/1 ! m]e pois+ ( a balance = a *eap 
movem5t is s simple t x ne$s no         
explanation2 & second1 to describe !    
pois+ ( ! balance ( a f9e wat* is a     
l5g?y task1 & c h>dly be includ$ "u !   
head+ ( /aff+ & pivot+4 ,! gr\nd has be5
 ?or\ghly & consci5ti\sly cov]$ by ,mr4 
,j4 ,l4 ,f9n1 9 a little volume entitl$ 
,pois+ ! ,balance1,a & ,i w\ld advise   
all wat*mak]s1 bo? "y & old1 to read :at
 he has to say4  ,good pivot+ is an art 
9 itself1 & al?\gh !re are _m :o        
und]take to d ?is "w1 !re are b few :o c
 pivot a /aff 9 su* a mann] t x w be>   
close inspection "u ! glass4 ,we (t5 he>
 wat*mak]s brag ( ! secrets !y possess =
 h>d5+ pivot drills1 b ,i fancy !y w\ld 

be some:at surpris$ if !y travel$ ar\nd 
a little1 to f9d h[ _m wat*mak]s h>d5 _!
 drills 9 exactly ! same way t !y d4 ,! 
great secret1 s-call$1 ( mak+ good      
drills1 is to fir/ secure good /eel1 &  
!n use c>e to see t y d n burn x 9 !    
subsequ5t op]ations4 ,! few] times !    
/eel is heat$ ! bett]4 ,my exp]i5ce     
tea*es me t y c d no bett] ?an to select
 "s nice pieces ( ,/ubb's /eel = y\r    
pivot drills4 ,_m wat*mak]s make _!     
drills f sew+ ne$les1 say ,no4 #c or #d1
 %>ps4 ,! /eel 9 ^! ne$les is usually ( 
good quality1 b ! great drawback is t a 
drill made f a ne$le w n resi/ any great
 pressure1 & is liable to break j at !  
"t t y h arriv$ at ! mo/ important po9t4
 ,if y\r drill is made f a piece (      
,/ubb's /eel wire1 or an old ,fr5* or   
,swiss grav]1 y n only "k t ! mat]ial 9 
x is fir/-class1 b y c leave ! base ( ! 
drill solid & sub/antial1 ) en\gh metal 
9 x to resi/ consid]able pressure4 ,! "p
 ( ! drill :i* actually ent]s ! pivot is
 v %ort1 & ! end c be turn$ d[n to !    

desir$ diamet]4 ,turn or r$uce y\r wire 
by means ( a pivot file s z to be smoo? 
& conical1 z %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #bd4 ,!   
conical =m is giv5 to ! drill = exactly 
! same reason t x is giv5 to ! balance  
pivots1 because x gives additional      
/r5g?4 ,heat to a v pale r$ = ab\t      
"o-half in* f ! end1 & !n spread ! po9t1
 z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #bd1 by a slight bl[
 ( ! hamm]4 ,we are n[ ready to temp]   
our drill1 & we mu/ ex]cise a little c>e
 t ! /eel is n burnt & t ! drill is n   
b5t or w>p$ :5 h>d5+4 ,! flame ( !      
alcohol lamp %\ld be r$uc$ z small z    
possible1 or o!rwise ! /eel may become  
ov]heat$ & lose all its good qualities4 
,if ne$les are us$ = mak+ drills !re is 
a great liability ( _! w>p+ :5 h>d5+1 b 
:5 a l>g] piece ( wire is us$ !re is n  
mu* dang]1 if c>e is ex]cis$ 9 introduc+
 ! drill t x goes into ! comp\nd /raight
 & po9t =emo/4 ,if a ne$le is us$1 x is 
well to con/ruct a %ield = x1 to be us$ 
:5 heat+ & h>d5+4 ,?is %ield c be made f
 a small piece ( metal tub+1 broa*$ out 

to fit loosely ov] ! %ank & po9t ( !    
drill4 ,! drill is introduc$ into ?is   
%ield z %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 & a little soap
 may be introduc$ into ! end a be=e     
plung+4 ,v>i\s h>d5+ devices are us$1 b 
9 my exp]i5ce beeswax or seal+ wax w be 
f\nd z good z any4 ,heat ! drill 7or if 
a ne$le1 ! drill & %ield bo?71 to a pale
 r$ & plunge /raight into ! wax4 ,9 !   
latt] case1 :]e ! %ield is us$1 ! %ield1
 on /rik+ ! wax1 w run up ! %ank ( !    
drill1 all[+ ! po9t to pi]ce ! wax4 ,"s 
wat*mak]s introduce ! extreme po9t ( !  
drill into m]cury fir/ & !n plunge into 
! wax4 ,?is h>d5s ! extreme po9t ( !    
drill v h>d1 s h>d1 9 fact1 t x w       
p5etrate ! h>de/ /eel1 b c>e mu/ be     
ex]cis$ ) su* a drill because ! m]cury  
makes x n only v h>d b v brittle4 ,c1   
,fig4 #bd1 %[s a drill aft] x has be5   
f9i%$ on ! ,arkansas /one4 ,?is %ape (  
drill w )/& ! pressure necess>y to drill
 into h>d /eel4 ,_m wat*mak]s r$uce !   
temp] ( e /aff be=e drill+4 ,?is1 ,i    
?9k1 is q unnecess>y4 ,!re are v few    

cases 9 :i* x is necess>y to r$uce !    
temp] ( ! /aff1 & ev5 !n x %\ld only be 
r$uc$ z f> z x is to be drill$1 & !n n 9
 excess ( a good spr+ temp]4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #be4  ,! c5t]+ ( a /aff 9 wax has 
be5 ?or\ghly describ$ & 9 pivot+ !      
proce$+ is ! same z 9 /aff+4 ,aft]      
accurately c5t]+ y\r "w1 make a small   
cut 9 ! c5t] = ! reception ( ! drill &  
make ?is m>k deep en\gh to take ! entire
 cutt+ head ( ! drill4 ,keep ! drill    
firmly press$ into ?is c5t] & kept wet  
con/antly ) turp5t9e4 ,d n revolve ! "w 
all "o way1 b give ! la! an alt]nat+    
motion4 ,at fir/ give b a ?ird or a half
 revolution ea* way1 until ! drill beg9s
 to bite into ! /aff1 :5 y c !n safely  
give x a full revolution ea* way4 ,c>e  
mu/ be ex]cis$1 h[ev]1 n to give ! "w   
too rapid a motion1 = if y d ! friction 
is apt to draw d[n ! temp] ( y\r drill4 
,_m wat*mak]s f9d t _! drills cut well =
 a c]ta9 di/ance & !n refuse to "w      
altoge!r1 & "o ( ! *ief reasons is t !y 

are 9 too great a hurry ) _! drill+4    
,if y f9d x absolutely necess>y to r$uce
 ! h>dness ( y\r /aff be=e drill+1 d s  
by drill+ a hole 9 ! end ( a small piece
 ( copp] wire t w j fit ov] ! "p to be  
s(t5$1 & apply ! heat to ?is copp] wire1
 say "o-f\r? ( an in* f ! /aff4 ,! heat 
w run d[n ! copp] wire & heat ! /aff j  
:]e y wi% to draw ! temp]4 ,be c>eful & 
d n draw ! temp] too mu*1 nor let x     
ext5d d[n ! /aff too f>4  ,! plug = !   
new pivot %\ld be c>efully made1        
p]fectly r\nd1 ) a v little tap]1 & %\ld
 be draw-fil$ be=e be+ driv5 94 ,"s     
workm5 dip ! plug 9 acid be=e driv+ 91 z
 !y decl>e t ! pivot is less liable to  
be loos5$ :ile turn+1 if s treat$4 ,!   
acid simply ru/s ! pivot & ! hole1 b ,i 
_c see t ?is w hold x any m firmly 9    
place :ile f9i%+4 ,if ! tap] is a       
gradual "o & ! pivot a good close fit1  
!re w be little dang] ( x loos5+ :ile   
dress+ to %ape4 ,if too great a tap] is 
giv5 to ! plug1 !re is dang] ( splitt+ !
 end ( ! /aff1 & ?is involves ! mak+ (  

an entire new /aff4  ,! turn+ up ( a new
 pivot does n diff] 9 any way f !       
in/ructions giv5 = turn+ pivots on a new
 /aff4 ,) a little c>e bo? 9 turn+ &    
f9i%+1 a new pivot c be put 9 s nicely t
 only ! initiat$ c tell x1 & !n only ) !
 aid ( a /rong glass4  ,9 pivot+ cyl9d]s
 !re is "s dang] ( break+ !m4 ,to avoid 
?is1 select a piece ( jo9t wire1 ! op5+ 
( :i* is slightly l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( !
 cyl9d] at ! l[] end1 & cut (f a piece !
 l5g? ( ! cyl9d] prop]1 leav+ ! pivot   
project+4 ,n[ fill ! cyl9d] ) la! wax1 &
 :ile ! wax is w>m1 slip on ! jo9t wire4
 ,y c n[ proce$ to true up ! pivot 9 !  
usual mann]1 & :5 ! wax is q cold1      
proce$ to turn & poli% ! pivot be=e     
remov+ f ! la!4 ,if ! jo9t wire is      
prop]ly cem5t$ on ! cyl9d]1 x is almo/  
impossible to break x4 ,aft] all ! "w is
 done1 ! wax c be dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,9
 pivot+ p9ions to cyl9d] escape-:eels & 
?ird :eels1 x is n necess>y to remove ! 
:eels1 b great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 h&l+4  
,9 ! latt] case use pl5ty ( wax4 ,d all 

y\r c5t]+ by ! outside ( ! p9ion4       
,p]fect c5t]+ & %>p tools are requisite 
to good pivot+4 ,d n try to ru% y\r "w1 
especially :ile drill+4 ,proce$         
delib]ately ) y\r "w & aim to re/ore !  
wat* to ! condition x 0 9 orig9ally1 & y
 w f9d /aff+ & pivot+ is n half z h>d z 
"s workm5 w\ld h y believe4  ,footnote  
,a3 ,,pois+ ,,! ,,balance1 by ,j4 ,l4   
,f9n1 ,geo4 ,k4 ,hazlitt  ,co41         
publi%]s1 ,*icago4