,,ladies999999 file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #bjcja-;h4htm or #bjcja-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ j_/c_/j_/bjcja_/bjcja-;h_/#bjcja-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ j_/c_/j_/bjcja_/bjcja-;h4zip7 ,transcriber's ,notes3 99 ,this #aeth edition of ,a ,,museum ,,for ,,young ,,gentlemen ,,and ,,ladies was published ca4 #agii4 99 ,there is an ,,html version of this text1 with the original illustrations4 ,certain characters that do not appear in the text can also be found there4 99 ,each page repeats the first word of the next page at the bottom right--this has not been reproduced in this text version4 99 ,the book uses the long 's' in non-final positions--this is not in the character set used for this version of the text file 7see utf-#h text file or html version71 and the modern lower case 's' has been substituted in the ,,ascii and iso-#hhei-a 7,latin#a7 versions in order to make the text moreeasily searchable4 ,a non-final double 's' is sometimes written with two long 's's1 and sometimes with a long 's' followed by a short 7or final7 's' 7somewhat like the of ,german74 99 'st' and 'ct' are usually written with a ligature--this has not been preserved in the text2 'ae' but not 'oe' ligatures have been preserved1 however1 in the ,latin#a version but not the ,,ascii version4 99 ,colons1 semicolons1 question marks1 and brackets are usually surrounded by spaces--in this text1 the modern convention has been followed4 99 ,the book consistently uses 'c4' where we today use 'etc4'-- this has been preserved4 99 ,the dimensions of the book are approx4 #ac-a_/b cm4 by #i cm41 so each line contains #h-i words on average4 ,this means that the layout of the following text does not usually match that of the book4 99 ,compound words like every body are often written with a space in the middle--this has been preserved where it appears4 99 ,page numbers have been omitted4 99 'sic' has been inserted at many places in the text to let the reader know that the preceding word or phrase appeared as such in the original4 ,these appear in blue in the ,,html version4 99 ,a number of names are spelled differently from present-day usage1 e4g4 ,anna ,bullen 7,anne ,boleyn7--in most cases1 these have not been marked4 99 ,on one page1 a letter is corrupted1 and on the following line letters appear to be missing--these have been marked with a comment in square brackets4 99 ,certain characters in the book1 e4g4 signs of the zodiac1 will not appear in this text1 as they are not available in all type fonts--these will be indicated at the appropriate places in the text4 ,the proper character can be found in the ,,html version4 99 ,one major point of confusion should be mentioned3 ,in the section on the ,seven ,wonders of the ,world1 what is usually described as the ,lighthouse of ,pharos appears to have been merged with the so-called ,egyptian ,labyrinth 7described by ,herodotus7--see the title and the description in the text4 ,in the next section 7the ,pyramids of ,egypt71 there is a reference to a black marble head on the third pyramid--perhaps this represents some confusion with the ,sphynx4 ,illustration3 ,title page ,illustration3 ,obverse of title page4 ,it contains this line only3 ,printed by ,b4,c4 ,,collins1 ,canal1 ,salisbury4 ,illustration3 ,owner's handwriting ,a ,,museum ,,for ,,young ,,gentlemen ,,and ,,ladies ,,or ,a ,private ,tutor ,,for ,,little ,,masters ,,and ,,misses4 ,containing a ,variety of useful ,subjects2 ,,and1 ,,in ,,particular1 ,i4 ,directions for ,reading with ,v4 ,table of ,weights and ,elegance and ,propriety4 ,measures4 ,,ii4 ,the ancient and present ,state of ,,vi4 ,the ,seven ,wonders of ,great ,britain2 with a compendious the ,world4 history of ,england4 ,,iii4 ,an ,account of the ,solar ,system4 ,,vii4 ,prospect and ,description of the burning ,mountains4 ,,iv4 ,historical and ,geographical ,,viii4 ,dying ,words and ,behaviour ,description of the several of great ,men1 when just ,countries in the ,world2 with the quitting the ,stage of ,manners1 ,customs and ,habits of the ,life2 with many useful ,people4 ,particulars1 all in a plain familiar way for ,youth of both ,sexes4 ,with ,letters1 ,tales and ,fables1 for amusement and ,instruction4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,cuts4 ,,the ,,fifteenth ,,edition1 ,,with ,,considerable ,,additions ,,and ,,alterations4 ,london3 ,printed for ,,darton and ,,harvey1 ,gracechurch-street1 ,,crosby and ,,letterman1 ,stationers-,court1 and ,e4 ,,newbery1 ,st4 ,paul's ,church-yard2 and ,b4,c4 ,,collins1 ,salisbury4 ,price ,one ,shilling4 ,,the ,,introduction4 ,i ,,am very much concerned when ,i see young gentlemen of fortune and quality so wholly set upon pleasure and diversions1 that they neglect all those improvements in wisdom and knowledge which may make them easy to themselves and useful to the world4 ,the greatest part of our ,british youth lose their figure1 and grow out of fashion1 by that time they are five and twenty4 ,as soon as the natural gaiety and amiableness of the young man wears off1 they have nothing left to recommend them1 but lie by the rest of their lives among the lumber and refuse of the species4 ,it sometimes happens1 indeed1 that for want of applying themselves in due time to the pursuit of knowledge1 they take up a book in their declining years1 and grow very hopeful scholars by the time they are threescore4 ,i must therefore earnestly press my readers1 who are in the flower of their youth1 to labour at those accomplishments which may set off their persons when their bloom is gone1 and to lay in timely provisions for manhood and old age4 ,in short1 ,i would advise the youth of fifteen to be dressing up every day the man of fifty1 or to consider how to make himself venerable at threescore4 ,young men1 who are naturally ambitious1 would do well to observe how the greatest men of antiquity made it their ambition to excel all their contemporaries in knowledge4 ,julius ,csar and ,alexander1 the most celebrated instances of human greatness1 took a particular care to distinguish themselves by their skill in the arts and sciences4 ,we have still extant several remains of the former1 which justify the character given of him by the learned men of his own age4 ,as for the latter1 it is a known saying of his1 that he was more obliged to ,aristotle1 who had instructed him1 than to ,philip1 who had given him life and empire4 ,there is a letter of his recorded by ,plutarch and ,aulus ,gellius1 which he wrote to ,aristotle upon hearing that he had published those lectures he had given him in private4 ,this letter was written in the following words1 at a time when he was in the height of his ,persian conquest3 ,,alexander to ,,aristotle1 greeting4 ,you have not done well to publish your books of select knowledge2 for what is there now1 in which ,i can surpass others1 if those things which ,i have been instructed in are communicated to every body8 ,for my own part1 ,i declare to you1 ,i would rather excel others in knowledge than in power4 ,farewel4 ,we see by this letter1 that the love of conquest was but a second ambition in ,alexander's soul4 ,knowledge is indeed that1 which1 next to virtue1 truly and essentially raises one man above another4 ,it furnishes one half of the human soul4 ,it makes life pleasant to us1 fills the mind with entertaining views1 and administers to it a perpetual series of gratifications4 ,it gives ease to solitude1 and gracefulness to retirement4 ,it fills a public station with suitable abilities1 and adds a lustre to those who are in possession of them4 ,learning1 by which ,i mean all useful knowledge1 whether speculative or practical1 is in popular and mixt governments the natural source of wealth and honour4 ,if we look into most of the reigns from the conquest1 we shall find that the favourites of each reign have been those who have raised themselves4 ,the greatest men are generally the growth of that particular age in which they flourish4 ,a superior capacity for business1 and a more extensive knowledge1 are the steps by which a new man often mounts to favour1 and outshines the rest of his contemporaries4 ,but when men are actually born to titles1 it is almost impossible that they should fail of receiving additional greatness1 if they take care to accomplish themselves for it4 ,the story of ,solomon's choice does not only instruct us in that point of history1 but furnishes out a very fine moral to us1 namely1 that he who applies his heart to wisdom1 does1 at the same time1 take the most proper method for gaining long life1 riches1 and reputation1 which are very often not only the reward1 but the effects of wisdom4 ,,museum ,,for ,,young ,,gentlemen ,,and ,,ladies4 ,,notes ,,and ,,points ,,used ,,in ,writing and ,printing4 ,before ,i begin to lay down rules for reading1 it will be necessary to take notice of the several points or marks used in printing or writing1 for resting or stopping the voice1 which are four in number1 called #a4 ,the ,comma 717 #c4 ,colon 737 #b4 ,semicolon 727 #d4 ,period 747 ,these points are to give a proper time for breathing when you read1 and to prevent confusion of sense in joining words together in a sentence4 ,the ,comma stops the reader's voice till he can tell one1 and divides the lesser parts of a sentence4 ,the ,semicolon divides the greater parts of a sentence1 and requires the reader to pause while he can count two4 ,the ,colon is used where the sense is complete1 and not the sentence1 and rests the voice of the reader till he can count three4 ,the ,period is put when the sentence is ended1 and requires a pause while he can tell four4 ,but we must here remark1 that the ,colon and ,semicolon are frequently used promiscuously1 especially in our bibles4 ,there are two other points1 which may be called marks of affection2 the one of which is termed an ,interrogation1 which signifies a question being asked1 and expressed thus 7872 the other called an ,admiration or ,exclamation1 and marked thus 7674 ,these two points require a pause as long as a period4 ,we have twelve other marks to be met with in reading1 namely1 #a4 ,apostrophe 7'7 #g4 ,section 7,sec4 7 #b4 ,hyphen 7-7 #h4 ,ellipsis 7--7 #c4 ,parenthesis 7 7 #i4 ,index 7 index 7 hand pointing rightwards #d4 ,brackets #aj4 ,asterisk 7997 #e4 ,paragraph 7 7 #aa4 ,obelisk 7dagger7 #f4 ,quotation 77 #ab4 ,caret 77 ,apostrophe is set over a word where some letter is wanting1 as in lov'd4 ,hyphen joins syllables and words together1 as in pan-cake4 ,parenthesis includes something not necessary to the sense1 as1 ,i know that in me 7that is in my flesh7 liveth1 c4 ,brackets include a word or words mentioned as a matter of discourse1 as1 ,the little word man makes a great noise1 c4 ,they are also used to enclose a cited sentence1 or what is to be explained1 and sometimes the explanation itself4 ,brackets and ,parenthesis are often used for each other without distinction4 ,paragraph is chiefly used in the bible1 and denotes the beginning of a new subject4 ,quotation is used to distinguish what is taken from an author in his own words4 ,section shews the division of a chapter4 ,ellipsis is used when part of a word or sentence is omitted1 as p--ce4 ,index denotes some remarkable passage4 ,asterisk refers to some note in the margin1 or remarks at the bottom of the page2 and when many stand together1 thus 9999991 they imply that something is wanting1 or not fit to be read1 in the author4 ,the ,obelisk or ,dagger1 and also parallel lines marked thus 771 refer to something in the margin4 ,the ,caret1 marked thus 771 is made use of in writing1 when any line or word is left out1 and wrote over where it is to come in1 as thus1 had ,a certain man two sons3 ,here the word had was left out1 wrote over1 and marked by the ,caret where to come in4 ,it may also in this place be proper to mention the crooked lines or ,braces1 which couple two or three words or lines together that tend to the same thing2 for instance1 _/ a long ,the vowel a has a short ,sound a broad _/ ,this is often used in poetry1 where three lines have the same rhyme4 ,the other marks relate to single words1 as ,dialysis or ,diaeresis1 placed over vowels to shew they must be pronounced in distinct syllables1 as ,raphael4 ,the ,circumflex is set over a vowel to carry a long sound1 as ,euphrates4 ,an ,accent is marked thus 7a71 to shew where the emphasis must be placed1 as neglect2 or to shew that the consonant following must be pronounced double1 as homage4 ,to these may be added the long 7-7 and short 7breve7 marks1 which denote the quantity of syllables1 as water4 ,,rules ,,for ,,reading4 ,when you have gained a perfect knowledge of the sounds of the letters1 never guess at a word on sight1 lest you get a habit of reading falsely4 ,pronounce every word distinctly4 ,let the tone of your voice be the same in reading as in speaking4 ,never read in a hurry1 lest you learn to stammer4 ,read no louder than to be heard by those about you4 ,observe to make your pauses regular1 and make not any where the sense will admit of none4 ,suit your voice to the subject4 ,be attentive to those who read well1 and remember to imitate their pronunciation4 ,read often before good judges1 and thank them for correcting you4 ,consider well the place of emphasis1 and pronounce it accordingly3 ,for the stress of voice is the same with regard to sentences as in words4 ,the emphasis or force of voice is for the most part laid upon the accented syllable2 but if there is a particular opposition between two words in a sentence1 one whereof differs from the other in parts1 the accent must be removed from its place3 for instance1 ,the sun shines upon the just and upon the unjust4 ,here the emphasis is laid upon the first syllable in unjust1 because it is opposed to just in the same sentence1 without which opposition it would lie in its proper place1 that is1 on the last syllable1 as we must not imitate the unjust practices of others4 ,the general rule for knowing which is the emphatical word in a sentence1 is1 to consider the design of the whole2 for particular directions cannot be easily given1 excepting only where words evidently oppose one another in a sentence1 and those are always emphatical4 ,so frequently is the word that asks a question1 as1 who1 what1 when1 c4 but not always4 ,nor must the emphasis be always laid upon the same words in the same sentence1 but varied according to the principal meaning of the speaker4 ,thus1 suppose ,i enquire1 ,did my father walk abroad yesterday8 ,if ,i lay the emphasis on the word father1 it is evident ,i want to know whether it was he1 or somebody else4 ,if ,i lay it upon walk1 the person ,i speak to will know1 that ,i want to be informed whether he went on foot or rode on horseback4 ,if ,i put the emphasis upon yesterday1 it denotes1 that ,i am satisfied that my father went abroad1 and on foot1 though ,i want to be informed whether it was yesterday1 or some time before4 ,,rules ,,to ,,read ,,verse4 ,there are two ways of writing on a subject1 namely1 in prose and verse4 ,prose is the common way of writing1 without being confined to a certain number of syllables1 or having the trouble of disposing of the words in any particular form4 ,verse requires words to be ranged so1 as the accents may naturally fall on particular syllables1 and make a sort of harmony to the ear3 ,this is termed metre or measure1 to which rhyme is generally added1 that is1 to make two or more verses1 near to each other1 and with the same sound2 but this practice is not absolutely necessary2 for that which has no rhyme is called blank verse4 ,in metre the words must be so disposed1 as that the accent may fall on every second1 fourth1 and sixth syllable1 and also on the eighth1 tenth1 and twelfth1 if the lines run to that length4 ,the following verse of ten syllables may serve for an example3 ,the monarch spoke1 and strait a murmur rose4 ,but ,english poetry allows of frequent variations from this rule1 especially in the first and second syllables in the line1 as in the verse which rhymes with the former1 where the accent is laid upon the first syllable4 ,loud as the surges1 when the tempest blows4 ,but there are two sorts of metre1 which vary from this rule2 one of which is when the verse contains but seven syllables1 and the accent lies upon the first1 third1 fifth1 and seventh1 as below3 ,could we1 which we never can1 ,stretch our lives beyond their span2 ,beauty like a shadow flies1 ,and our youth before us dies4 ,the other sort has a hasty sound1 and requires an accent upon every third syllable2 as1 ',tis the voice of the sluggard1 ,i hear him complain1 ,you have wak'd me too soon1 ,i must slumber again4 ,you must always observe to pronounce a verse as you do prose1 giving each word and syllable its natural accent1 with these two restrictions3 ,first1 ,if there is no point at the end of the line1 make a short pause before you begin the next4 ,secondly1 ,if any word in a line has two sounds1 give it that which agrees best with the rhyme and metre2 for example the word glittering must sometimes be pronounced as of three syllables1 and sometimes glitt'ring1 as of two4 ,the ,,use of ,,capitals1 and the different ,,letters used in ,,printing4 ,the names of the letters made use of in printed books are distinguished thus3 ,the round1 full1 and upright1 are called ,roman2 the long1 leaning1 narrow letters are called ,italic2 and the ancient black character is called ,english4 ,you have a specimen as follows1 viz4 ,illustration3 the word ,angel in ,roman1 ,italic1 and ,fraktur 7which they call ,old ,english7 ,the ,old ,english is seldom used but in acts of parliament1 proclamations1 c4 ,the ,roman is chiefly in vogue for books and pamphlets1 intermixed with ,italic1 to distinguish proper names1 chapters1 arguments1 words in any foreign language1 texts of scripture1 citations from authors1 speeches or sayings of any person1 emphatical words1 and whatever is strongly significant4 ,the use of capitals1 or great letters1 is to begin every name of the ,supreme ,being1 as ,god1 ,lord1 ,almighty1 ,father1 ,son1 c4 ,all proper names of men and things1 titles of distinction1 as ,king1 ,duke1 ,lord1 ,knight1 c4 must also begin with a capital4 ,so ought every book1 chapter1 verse1 paragraph1 and sentence after a period4 ,a saying1 or quotation from any author1 should begin with a capital2 as ought every line in a poem4 ,i and ,o1 when they stand single1 must always be capitals2 any words1 particularly names or substantives1 may begin with a capital2 but the common way of beginning every substantive with a capital is not commendable1 and is now much disused4 ,capitals are likewise often used for ornament1 as in the title of books2 and also to express numbers1 and abbreviations4 ,illustration3 ,woodcut of ,ancient ,britons ,a ,,concise ,,account ,,of ,,ancient ,,britain4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,,england and ,scotland1 though but one island1 are two kingdoms1 viz4 the kingdom of ,england and the kingdom of ,scotland2 which two kingdoms being united1 were in the reign of ,james ,i4 called ,great-,britain4 ,the shape of it is triangular1 as thus triangle1 and 'tis surrounded by the seas4 ,its utmost extent or length is #hab miles1 its breadth is #cbj1 and its circumference #ahcf2 and it is reckoned one of the finest islands in ,europe4 ,the whole island was anciently called ,albion1 which seems to have been softened from ,alpion2 because the word alp1 in some of the original western languages1 generally signifies very high lands1 or hills2 as this isle appears to those who approach it from the ,continent4 ,it was likewise called ,olbion1 which in the ,greek signifies happy2 but of those times there is no certainty in history1 more than that it had the denomination1 and was very little known by the rest of the world4 ,the people that first lived in this island1 according to the best historians1 were the ,gauls1 and afterwards the ,britons4 ,these ,britons were tall1 well made1 and yellow haired1 and lived frequently a hundred and twenty years1 owing to their sobriety and temperance1 and the wholesomeness of the air4 ,the use of clothes was scarce known among them4 ,some of them that inhabited the southern parts covered their nakedness with the skins of wild beasts carelessly thrown over them1 not so much to defend themselves against the cold as to avoid giving offence to strangers that came to traffic among them4 ,by way of ornament they used to cut the shape of flowers1 and trees1 and animals1 on their skin1 and afterwards painted it of a sky colour1 with the juice of woad1 that never wore out4 ,they lived in woods1 in huts covered with skins1 boughs1 or turfs4 ,their towns and villages were a confused parcel of huts1 placed at a little distance from each other1 without any order or distinction of streets4 ,they were generally in the middle of a wood1 defended with ramparts1 or mounds of earth thrown up4 ,ten or a dozen of them1 friends and brothers1 lived together1 and had their wives in common4 ,their food was milk and flesh got by hunting1 their woods and plains being well stocked with game4 ,fish and tame fowls1 which they kept for pleasure1 they were forbid by their religion to eat4 ,the chief commerce was with the the ,phoenician merchants1 who1 after the discovery of the island1 exported every year great quantities of tin1 with which they drove a very gainful trade with distant nations4 ,in this situation were the ,ancient ,britons when ,julius ,caesar1 the first ,emperor of ,rome1 and a great conqueror1 formed a design of invading their island1 which the ,britons hearing of1 they endeavoured to divert him from his purpose by sending ambassadors with offers of obedience to him1 which he refused1 and in the #eeth year before the coming of our ,saviour upon earth1 he embarked in ,gaul 7that is ,france7 a great many soldiers on board eighty ships4 ,at his arrival on the coast of ,britain he saw the hills and cliffs that ran out into the sea covered with troops1 that could easily prevent his landing1 on which he sailed two leagues farther to a plain and open shore1 which the ,britons perceiving sent their chariots and horse that way1 whilst the rest of their army advanced to support them4 ,the largeness of ,caesar's vessels hindered them from coming near the shore1 so that the ,roman soldiers saw themselves under a necessity of leaping into the sea1 armed as they were1 in order to attack their enemies1 who stood ready to receive them on the dry ground4 ,caesar perceiving that his soldiers did not exert their usual bravery1 ordered some small ships to get as near the shore as possible1 which they did1 and with their slings1 engines1 and arrows so pelted the ,britons1 that their courage began to abate4 ,but the ,romans were unwilling to throw themselves into the water1 till one of the standard-bearers leaped in first with his colours in his hand1 crying out aloud1 ,follow me1 fellow soldiers1 unless you will betray the ,roman ,eagle into the hands of the enemy4 ,for my part ,i am resolved to discharge my duty to ,caesar and the ,commonwealth4 ,whereupon all the soldiers followed him1 and began to fight4 ,but their resolution was not able to compel the ,britons to give ground2 nay1 it was feared they would have been repelled1 had not ,caesar caused armed boats to supply them with recruits1 which made the enemy fall back a little4 ,the ,romans improving this advantage advanced1 and getting firm footing on land1 pressed the ,britons so vigorously that they put them to the rout4 ,the ,britons1 astonished at the ,roman valour1 and fearing a more obstinate resistance would but expose them to greater mischiefs1 sent to sue for peace and offer hostages1 which ,caesar accepted1 and a peace was concluded four days after their landing4 ,thus having given an account of ,ancient ,britain1 and ,caesar's invasion1 we shall proceed to the ,history of ,england1 and the several ,kings by whom it has been governed4 ,a ,,compendious ,,history ,,of ,,england4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,,as ,england was long governed by ,kings who were natives of the country1 so it may not be improper to distinguish that tract of time by the name of the ,british ,period4 ,those ,kings were afterwards subdued by the ,romans1 and the time that warlike people retained their conquest we shall call the ,roman ,period4 ,when the ,saxons brought this country under their subjection1 we shall denominate the time of their sway the ,saxon ,period4 ,lastly1 when the ,danes invaded ,england1 and conquered it1 we shall term the series of years they possessed it the ,danish ,period4 ,this country was originally called ,albion2 but one ,brutus1 a ,grecian hero1 having landed here about #aajj years before ,christ1 changed the ancient name to ,britannia2 from which time1 to the arrival of ,julius ,caesar here1 there had reigned sixty-nine ,kings1 all natives of ,england4 ,in respect to the ,roman ,period we may observe1 that ,julius ,caesar first landed in ,britain from ,gallia1 and made it tributary to the ,romans2 but soon after the birth of ,christ the ,emperor ,claudius brought this country entirely under his subjection1 and the ,emperor ,adrian built the long wall between ,england and ,scotland4 ,in the beginning of the second century the ,christian religion was planted in ,england2 and in the fifth century the ,britons1 finding themselves overpowered by the ,scots1 called over the ,saxons to their assistance1 who were so charmed with the country that they determined to continue here1 and subdue it4 ,the most remarkable occurrences in the ,saxon ,period are1 that such of them who embarked for ,england had been particularly distinguished by the name of ,angles1 and from them the name of ,britannia was changed to that of ,anglia4 ,the ,saxons also divided the country among themselves into seven kingdoms1 known by the name of the ,saxon ,heptarchy1 viz4 #a4 ,kent1 #b4 ,essex1 #c4 ,sussex1 #d4 ,wessex1 #e4 ,east ,anglia1 #f4 ,mercia1 #g4 ,northumberland4 ,but at length ,wessex over-powering the rest1 formed them all into one monarchy4 ,one of those ,west-,saxon ,kings1 called ,ina1 made many good laws1 some of which are still extant3 he also was the first that granted ,peter's pence to the ,pope4 ,in regard to the ,danish ,period we shall only remark1 that the ,danes had for a long time acted as pirates or sea robbers upon the ,english coasts1 and made several incursions into the country1 when their ,king ,canute possessed himself of the crown of ,england2 however their government did not continue long4 ,canute reigned eighteen years1 and left three sons1 ,harold1 ,canute1 and ,sueno2 to the first he gave ,england1 to the second ,denmark1 and to the third ,norway4 ,harold reigned five years1 and was succeeded by his half-brother ,hardi-,canute1 who died two years after1 and with him ended the tyrannical government of the ,danes in ,england4 ,,the ,,intermediate ,,history ,,of ,,england4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,,we shall divide this part of our history into four periods2 #a4 ,the ,kings of the ,norman ,line2 #b4 ,those of the ,house of ,anjou2 #c4 ,of the ,house of ,lancaster2 #d4 ,of the ,house of ,york4 ,the ,,norman ,,kings4 ,,william ,i4 sirnamed sic the ,conqueror1 gained a signal victory over ,king ,harold1 by which means he procured the crown of ,england4 ,this ,prince was the son of ,robert1 ,duke of ,normandy1 by one of his mistresses called ,harlotte1 from whom some think the word harlot is derived2 however1 as this amour seems odd1 we shall entertain the reader with an account of it4 ,the ,duke riding one day to take the air passed by a company of country girls1 who were dancing1 and was so taken with the graceful carriage of one of them1 named ,harlotte1 a skinner's daughter1 that he prevailed on her to cohabit with him1 and she was ten months after delivered of ,william1 who1 having reigned #ba years1 died at ,rouen1 in ,september1 #ajhg4 ,,william ,,ii4 sirnamed ,rufus1 succeeded his father2 he built ,westminster-hall1 rebuilt ,london-bridge1 and made a new wall round the ,tower of ,london4 ,in his time the sea overflowed a great part of the estate belonging to ,earl ,goodwin1 in ,kent1 which is at this day called the ,goodwin ,sands4 ,the ,king was killed accidentally by an arrow in the ,new ,forest1 and left no issue4 ,he reigned fourteen years1 and was buried in ,winchester ,cathedral4 ,,henry ,i4 youngest son of ,william the ,conqueror1 succeeded his brother ,william ,,ii4 in #aajj4 ,he reduced ,normandy1 and made his son ,duke thereof4 ,this ,prince died in ,normandy of a surfeit1 by eating lampreys after hunting1 having reigned #ce years4 ,,stephen1 sirnamed of ,blois1 succeeded his uncle ,henry ,i4 in #aace2 but being continually harassed by the ,scotch and ,welsh1 and having reigned #ai years in an uninterrupted series of troubles1 he died at ,dover in #aaed1 and was buried in the ,abbey at ,feversham1 which he had erected for the burial place of himself and family4 ,,henry ,,ii4 son of ,geoffrey ,plantagenet1 ,earl of ,anjou1 succeeded ,stephen in #aaed4 ,in him the ,norman and ,saxon blood was united1 and with him began the race of the ,plantagenets1 which ended with ,richard ,,iii4 ,in this ,king's reign ,thomas a ,becket1 son to a tradesman in ,london1 being made ,lord ,high ,chancellor1 and afterwards ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 affected on all occasions to oppose and to be independent of the court4 ,the ,king hearing of his misbehaviour1 complained that he had not one to revenge him on a wretched priest for the many insults he had put upon him4 ,hereupon four of his domestics1 in hopes to gain favour1 set out immediately for ,canterbury1 and beat out ,thomas's brains with clubs1 as he was saying vespers in his own cathedral1 in so cruel a manner1 that the altar was covered with blood4 ,king ,henry subdued ,ireland1 and died there in #aahi1 in the #cdth year of his reign4 ,,richard ,i4 succeeded his father ,henry ,,ii4 and was no sooner crowned than he took upon him the cross1 and went with ,philip1 ,king of ,france1 to the ,holy ,land in #aaib4 ,on his return he was detained by the ,emperor ,henry ,,vi4 and was obliged to pay #ajj1jjj marks for his ransom4 ,in a war which succeeded between ,england and ,france1 ,richard fought personally in the field1 and gained a complete victory over the enemy1 but was afterwards shot by an arrow at the siege of the ,castle of ,chalus1 and died of the wound ,april #f1 #aaii4 ,,john1 the fourth son of ,henry ,,ii4 took possession of the crown on ,richard's decease1 though his nephew ,arthur of ,bretagne1 son of his elder brother ,geoffrey ,plantagenet1 had an undoubted title to it4 ,his encroachments on the privileges of his people called forth the opposition of the spirited and potent ,barons of that day3 ,john was reduced to great straits2 and ,pope ,innocent ,,iii4 with the usual policy of the ,holy ,fathers1 sided with ,john's disaffected subjects1 and fulminated the thunders of the church against him1 till he had brought him to his own terms3 the ,king surrendered his crown at the feet of the ,pope's ,legate1 who returned it to him on his acknowledging that he held it as the vassal of the ,holy ,see1 and binding himself and successors to pay an annual tribute thereto4 ,the ,barons and their cause were to be sacrificed to the ,pope's interest1 and the ,legate commanded them to lay down their arms2 they were however bold enough to make head against this powerful league1 and by their steady opposition to the ,king1 and their moderate demands when their efforts were crowned with success1 immortalized their names3 ,john was obliged to sign out two famous charters--the first called ,magna ,charta1 or the ,charter of ,liberties2 the second the ,charter of ,forests2 which two charters have since been the foundation of the liberties of this nation4 ,some time after1 having thrown himself into a fever by eating peaches1 he died at ,newark ,october #bh1 #abaf4 ,,henry ,,iii4 succeeded his father ,john in #abaf1 being but nine years old4 ,he reigned #ef years1 during the greatest part of which he was embroiled in a civil war4 ,he founded the house of converts1 and an hospital1 in ,oxford1 and died at ,st4 ,edmundsbury in #abgb4 ,,edward ,i4 though in the ,holy ,land when his father died1 yet succeeded him1 and proved a warlike and successful ,prince4 ,he made ,france fear him1 and forced the ,king of ,scotland to pay him homage4 ,he created his eldest son ,prince of ,wales1 which title has been enjoyed by the eldest son of all the ,kings of ,england ever since4 ,in his last moments he exhorted his son to continue the war with ,scotland1 and added1 ,let my bones be carried before you1 for ,i am sure the rebels will never dare to stand the sight of them4 ,he died of a bloody flux at ,burgh on the sands sic1 a small town in ,cumberland1 ,july #g1 #accg1 having reigned #cd years1 and lived #fh4 ,,edward ,,ii4 succeeded his father1 but proved an unfortunate ,prince1 being hated by his nobles1 and slighted by the commons3 he was first debauched by ,gaveston his favourite1 and afterwards by the two ,spencers1 father and son1 whose oppressions he countenanced to the hazard of his crown4 ,but the ,barons taking up arms against the ,king1 ,gaveston was beheaded1 the two ,spencers hanged1 and he himself forced to to resign the crown to ,prince ,edward his son4 ,soon after which he was barbarously murdered at ,berkeley ,castle1 by means of ,mortimer1 the ,queen's favourite4 ,he reigned twenty years1 and was buried at ,gloucester4 ,,edward ,,iii4 who succeeded his father on his resignation1 claimed the crown of ,france1 and backed his claim by embarking a powerful army for that country1 where he made rapid conquests3 the ,scots favouring the ,french1 invaded ,cumberland1 but were defeated by ,edward's ,queen ,philippa1 who took ,david ,bruce1 their ,king1 prisoner4 ,edward's eldest son1 sirnamed the ,black ,prince1 gained two surprizing sic victories1 one at ,cressi1 the other at ,poitiers1 in which he took ,king ,john1 with his youngest son ,philip1 prisoners4 ,thus ,england had the glory to make two ,kings prisoners in one year4 ,this reign is also memorable for the institution of the most noble ,order of the ,garter1 and for the title of ,duke of ,cornwall being first conferred upon the ,black ,prince1 and continued as a birthright to the ,prince ,royal of ,england4 ,in this reign lived ,john ,wickliff1 who strenuously opposed the errors of the ,romish ,church4 ,peter's ,pence were now also denied to the church of ,rome2 and the manufacture of cloth was first brought into ,england4 ,edward the ,black ,prince died in #accf1 and his untimely end hastened that of his father1 who died soon after at ,shene1 in ,surry1 having reigned thirty years1 and was buried at ,westminster4 ,,richard ,,ii4 son to ,edward the ,black ,prince1 succeeded his grandfather2 but he had neither his wisdom nor good fortune4 ,he was born at ,bourdeaux in ,france3 his conduct in ,england made his reign very uneasy to his subjects1 and at last deprived him of his crown4 ,he raised a tax of #e;d4 per head1 which caused an insurrection by the influence of ,wat ,tyler1 who being stabbed by ,william ,walworth1 ,mayor of ,london1 the storm was quelled4 ,the smothering of the ,duke of ,gloucester1 and the unjust seizure of the ,duke of ,lancaster's effects1 with an intent to banish his son1 were the two circumstances which completed the ,king's ruin4 ,for after this tyranny and cruelty1 being forced to resign the crown1 he was confined in ,pomfret ,castle1 in ,yorkshire1 where being barbarously murdered1 he was buried at ,langley1 having reigned twenty-two years4 ,in his time lived ,chaucer1 the famous poet4 ,the ,house of ,lancaster1 called the ,,red ,,rose4 ,,henry ,,iv4 who succeeded his cousin ,richard on his resignation in #acii1 was the son of ,john of ,gaunt1 ,duke of ,lancaster1 who was fourth son of ,edward ,,iii4 ,in his turbulent reign1 which lasted thirteen years and a half1 we find little remarkable1 except the act then passed for burning the ,lollards or ,wickliffites1 who separated from the church of ,rome4 ,,henry ,v4 succeeded his father1 and1 though a loose ,prince in his youth1 proved a wise1 virtuous and magnificent ,king4 ,he banished all his lewd companions from court1 and claimed the ,english title to the crown of ,france in so heroic and effectual a manner1 that with #ad1jjj men he beat the ,french at ,agincourt1 though #adj1jjj strong4 ,hereupon ,queen ,katherine prevailed upon her husband ,charles ,,vi4 then ,king of ,france1 to disinherit the ,dauphin1 and to give ,katherine his daughter to ,henry1 so that he was declared heir to the crown of ,france1 and regent during the ,king's life1 which measures were ratified and confirmed by the states of that kingdom1 though he did not live to sit on the throne4 ,he reigned but ten years1 died at ,vincennes1 a royal palace near ,paris1 and was buried at ,westminster1 in #adbb1 in the #cith year of his age4 ,,henry ,,vi4 when only eight years old1 succeeded his father1 but was no less unfortunate at home than abroad2 and though he was crowned at ,paris ,king of ,france1 in the year #adbc1 yet he lost all that his predecessors had acquired in that kingdom1 ,calais only excepted4 ,the crown of ,england was disputed between him and the house of ,york2 which occasioned such civil wars in ,england as made her bleed for #hd years1 when all the ,princes of ,york and ,lancaster were either killed in battle or beheaded4 ,the ,french laying hold of this favourable opportunity1 shook off the ,english yoke1 and recovering their liberty in five years1 placed the young ,dauphin upon the throne1 who was then ,charles ,,vii4 ,the crown of ,england was now settled by ,parliament upon the ,house of ,york and their heirs1 after the death of ,king ,henry1 whose heirs were excluded for ever4 ,this ,prince passed through various changes of life1 and was at last stabbed to the heart by ,richard ,duke of ,gloucester1 who had before murdered ,edward1 the only son of this unfortunate ,king4 ,the ,house of ,york1 called the ,,white ,,rose4 ,,edward ,,iv4 who had dispossessed ,henry ,,vi4 in #adfj1 was the first ,king of the line of ,york1 and nobly maintained his right to the crown by mere dint of arms2 till at last subduing the party which opposed him1 he was crowned at ,westminster ,june #bh1 #adfa4 ,in this ,king's reign the ,,art ,,of ,,printing was first brought into ,england4 ,at this time also the ,king of ,spain was presented with some ,cotswold sheep1 from whose breed1 'tis said1 came the fine ,spanish wool1 to the prejudice of ,england4 ,edward reigned #bb years1 and was buried at ,windsor in #adhc4 ,,edward ,v4 eldest son of ,edward ,,iv4 succeeded his father when only twelve years old2 but his bloody uncle1 ,richard ,duke of ,gloucester1 caused both him and his brother to be smothered in their beds in the ,tower of ,london1 in the second month of his reign1 and before his coronation4 ,,richard ,,iii4 having dispatched his two nephews1 succeeded to the crown1 and was the last ,king of the ,house of ,york4 ,he was an usurper1 and his cruelty had incensed the ,duke of ,buckingham1 his favourite1 to such a degree1 that he contrived his ruin1 and offered the crown to ,henry ,earl of ,richmond1 the only surviving ,prince of the ,house of ,lancaster1 then at the court of ,france1 on condition that he would marry ,elizabeth1 the eldest daughter of ,edward ,,iv4 in order to unite the ,houses of ,york and ,lancaster -- ,richard being informed of the affair1 ordered the ,duke to be instantly beheaded without a trial4 ,however1 this did not discourage ,henry1 who had accepted the offer4 ,he came over with a small force1 and landed in ,wales1 where he was born1 his army increasing as he advanced4 ,at length having collected a body of #ejjj men1 he attacked ,king ,richard in ,bosworth field1 in ,leicestershire1 in #adhe4 ,richard fought bravely till he was killed in the engagement1 which made way for ,henry to the crown of ,england4 ,,the ,,modern ,,history ,,of ,,england4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,we shall divide this branch of ,english history into four periods1 namely3 #a4 ,the ,kings of the ,house of ,tudor4 #b4 ,the ,kings of the ,stuart family4 #c4 ,king ,william of the ,house of ,orange1 and ,queen ,anne4 #d4 ,the ,kings of the ,house of ,hanover4 ,the ,house of ,,tudor4 ,,henry ,,vii4 succeeded ,richard ,,iii4 in #adhe3 he obtained the crown by force of arms1 tho' he pretended a tight to it by birth2 being of the ,house of ,lancaster4 ,the name of his father was ,edmund ,tudor1 ,earl of ,richmond2 and he married ,elizabeth1 the daughter of ,king ,edward ,,iv4 by which marriage the ,houses of ,york and ,lancaster were united4 ,this ,prince had great sagacity1 but was very cruel and unjust4 ,edward ,plantagenet1 ,earl of ,warwick1 and the last ,prince of the ,house of ,york1 was beheaded by him for attempting his escape1 after being imprisoned from nine years old2 for which cruel act ,henry's name will be hated for ever4 ,as he grew old1 he grew covetous1 and to increase his treasure1 he caused all penal laws to be put in execution4 ,his chief instruments herein were ,empsom and ,dudley1 who afterwards paid dear for their extortion4 ,he built the chapel at ,westminster which is at this day called ,henry the ,seventh's4 ,the #dh gentlemen of the privy chamber1 and the band of gentlemen pensioners1 were first settled in his reign4 ,he died at the palace of ,richmond1 which he built1 and left in ready money to his successor #a1hjj1jjjl4 having reigned #bd years4 ,,henry ,,viii4 born at ,greenwich1 in #adia1 the only surviving son of ,henry ,,vii4 came to the crown in the #ahth year of his age1 and in #aeji4 ,he reigned for some years with great applause2 but being vitiated by ,cardinal ,woolsey1 luxury and cruelty obscured his virtues1 and stained his former glory4 ,he had six wives1 of whom he divorced two1 and caused two to be publicly beheaded4 ,in his reign began the reformation2 and the ,king was by act of parliament1 declared supreme head of the church of ,england4 ,before he fell off from the ,pope1 he wrote a book against ,luther4 ,on this account ,pope ,leo honoured him with the title of defender of the faith2 which the parliament made hereditary to all succeeding ,kings of ,england4 ,his government was more arbitrary and severe than that of any of his predecessors since ,william the ,conqueror4 ,he reigned about #ch years1 died ,jan4 #bh1 #aedg1 and was buried in ,windsor chapel4 ,,edward ,,vi4 only son of ,henry ,,viii4 succeeded his father at ten years old2 and in the six years during which he reigned1 he1 by the indefatigable zeal of ,archbishop ,cranmer1 made a great progress in the reformation4 ,this good ,prince founded our two famous hospitals1 called ,christchurch and ,st4 ,thomas1 one in the city of ,london1 the other in the suburbs4 ,this reign is memorable for the discovery of the north-east passage to ,archangel1 made by ,richard ,chalinour1 till then unknown1 and since become the common passage from ,asia into ,europe4 ,edward reigned but six years1 and was buried at ,westminster4 ,,mary1 eldest daughter of ,henry ,,viii4 by his first wife1 succeeded her half brother ,edward ,,vi4 ,she restored the ,roman ,catholic ,bishops1 and commenced a hot persecution against the protestants2 in which ,archbishop ,cranmer1 and six other ,bishops1 were burnt alive4 ,in her reign1 ,calais was taken by the ,french1 after it had been in our possession #bjj years2 and the same year1 which was #aeeh1 she died of grief for the loss of that city4 ,with her life ended a reign1 begun1 continued1 finished in blood1 and happy in nothing but its short duration4 ,she was buried at ,westminster4 ,,elizabeth1 daughter of ,henry ,,viii4 by ,anna ,bullen1 his second wife1 succeeded her half-sister ,mary4 ,she proved an excellent ,queen1 the glory of her sex1 and admiration of the age she lived in4 ,she was crowned at ,westminster1 ,jan4 #ae1 #aeeh4 ,in her time the protestant religion was again restored4 ,she humbled the pride of ,spain1 both in ,europe and ,america4 ,memorable is the year #aehh1 for the ,spanish invasion attempted by ,king ,philip1 with his invincible armada2 the greatest part of which was destroyed by the ,english fireships and a providential storm4 ,the very names of our chief commanders1 ,howard1 ,norris1 ,essex1 ,drake1 and ,raleigh1 struck a terror in her enemies4 ,they took and burnt several places in ,spain1 particularly ,cadiz and the ,groyne2 intercepted their plate fleets1 and reduced that haughty monarch so low1 that he has never since recovered it4 ,this ,queen quelled the two rebellions of ,o',neal and ,tir-,owen in ,ireland4 ,she protected the new republic of ,holland1 and the protestants of ,france4 ,she commanded the ocean1 which spread her fame around the globe1 and made her name respected every where4 ,with much reluctance she signed the dead warrant sic for the execution of ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 charged with high treason4 ,she grieved much for the death of the ,earl of ,essex1 whose fall was owing to her favour1 and survived him only two years4 ,in her reign the two ,english inquisitions were erected1 ,i mean the ,star-,chamber1 and the ,high ,commission ,court1 which grew oppressive1 and the judges so arbitrary1 that they were suppressed by an act of ,charles ,i4 ,she had a peculiar taste for learning1 which flourished in her reign4 ,she spoke five or six different languages1 translated several books from the ,greek and ,french1 and took great pleasure in the study of mathematics1 geography1 and history4 ,she died in #afjc1 in the #deth year of her reign1 and the #gjth year of her age1 leaving her kinsman ,james ,,vi4 of ,scotland1 her successor4 ,the ,,stuart ,,family4 ,,james ,i4 of ,england1 arrived at ,london ,may #g1 #afjc1 and the feast of ,st4 ,james following was fixed for his coronation4 ,in #afjd1 ,nov4 #e1 the powder plot was discovered1 the memory whereof has been hitherto religiously observed4 ,among the remarkable things of this reign1 may be reckoned the two visits his ,majesty received from ,christian ,,iv4 ,king of ,denmark1 whose sister ,ann was ,king ,james's consort3 the creation of a new order called ,baronets1 next to a ,baron1 and made hereditary3 the fall of ,lord ,chancellor ,bacon1 and of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 at the instigation of the ,spanish ,ambassador3 the office of the master of the ceremonies was first established4 ,as to the character of this ,prince1 it must be confessed1 that he was too much of a scholar1 and too little of the soldier4 ,though he was brought up in the ,scotch presbytery1 he thought episcopacy so necessary for the support of his crown1 that he often used to say1 ,no ,bishop1 ,no ,king4 ,he died at ,theobalds1 ,march #bg1 #afbe1 in the #bcrd year of his reign1 and #eith year of his age4 ,thus ended a peaceable but inglorious1 a plentiful but luxurious reign1 to make room for another more turbulent and tragical4 ,,charles ,i4 the only son of ,king ,james1 succeeded next3 he was born at ,dumferling1 in ,scotland1 #afjj1 and crowned at ,westminster1 #afbe4 ,his crown may be called a crown of thorns1 as his reign ended in blood4 ,he married ,henrietta1 daughter to ,henry ,,iv4 ,king of ,france1 who was bigotted to the catholic religion1 and gained the ascendancy over him4 ,his wonderful compliance with the ,queen caused him to act in many respects contrary to the laws of the kingdom1 and his unbounded favour to the ,duke of ,buckingham1 incensed the people to that degree1 that this favourite was afterwards stabbed by ,felton1 merely for the public good4 ,these1 and such like weaknesses1 made him continually at variance with the parliament1 which at last broke out into a civil war4 ,several battles were fought between the royalists and republicans or rumps4 ,the ,king was taken prisoner by the ,scots1 who sold him to the parliament for #bjj1jjjl4 ,hereupon the parliament erected a high court of justice1 and gave them power to try the ,king2 and though the generality of the people were against such arbitrary proceedings1 yet they arraigned him of high-treason4 ,the ,king maintained his dignity1 and refusing to acknowledge the authority of these pretended judges1 had sentence of death passed upon him1 and was accordingly beheaded on a scaffold erected for that purpose1 before the palace1 ,jan4 #cj1 #afdh4 ,in this reign two great ministers1 viz4 ,archbishop ,laud1 and the ,earl of ,strafford1 were beheaded4 ,,cromwell1 one of the most considerable members of the high court who condemned ,king ,charles1 was now sent to subdue ,ireland4 ,after which he marched against the ,scots1 who had taken up arms in favour of the late ,king4 ,the ,dutch also1 who had sent a fleet to assist the ,king1 having met with many losses and disappointments1 sued for peace1 which ,cromwell sold them at an exorbitant price4 ,now ,cromwell was made ,lord ,protector to the ,british dominions1 and acted with the same authority as if he had been ,king4 ,he was a terror both to ,france and ,spain1 and died ,sept4 #c1 #afeh4 ,his son indeed succeeded to that high station1 which his father filled with universal applause2 but having neither an equal share of ambition1 nor a head turned for government1 modestly resigned to the right heir ,,charles ,,ii4 son of ,charles ,i4 succeeded his father1 but was kept from the crown above eleven years1 during which time ,england was reduced to a commonwealth4 ,the ,king was at the ,hague when his father was beheaded4 ,but on his yielding to some conditions imposed on him by the kirk of ,scotland1 he was received by the ,scots1 and being crowned at ,scoon1 they sent an army with him into ,england to recover that kingdom2 which being totally defeated at ,worcester1 he wandered about for six weeks1 and made his escape to ,france1 then to ,spain1 but without any hopes of restoration1 till the death of ,oliver ,cromwell3 when a free parliament1 having met in ,april #affj1 voted the return of ,king ,charles ,,ii4 as lawful heir to the crown4 ,the power of the ,rump ,parliament1 by the conduct and courage of ,general ,monk1 had been on the decline for some time1 and the ,king's interest greatly increased1 especially in the city of ,london1 where he was proclaimed ,may #h4 ,he landed at ,dover1 and made a most magnificent entry1 ,may #bi1 #affj1 being his birthday2 and the #bc;d sic of ,april following1 being ,st4 ,george's day1 he was crowned at ,westminster with great state and solemnity4 ,among the remarkable things of this reign1 we may reckon the parting with ,dunkirk to ,france for a paltry sum2 the blowing up ,tangier in the ,streights1 after immense sums had been expended to repair and keep it2 the shutting up the ,exchequer when full of loans1 to the ruin of numerous families2 the two ,dutch wars1 which ended with no advantage on either side1 but served only to promote the ,french interest2 the great plague with which this nation was visited during the first ,dutch war2 the fire of ,london that happened soon after2 and the ,popish plot1 for which many suffered death4 ,on the #b;d of ,feb4 #afhd1 the ,king fell sick of an apoplexy2 he died four days after1 in the #cgth year of his reign1 and was privately buried at ,westminster4 ,,james ,,ii4 succeeded his brother ,charles1 but proved very unfortunate to himself and his people1 on account of his zeal for the ,romish religion4 ,he invaded the rights of the universities1 and made ,magdalen ,college in ,oxford a prey to his violence4 ,he sent seven bishops as criminals to the tower1 who upon trial were honourably acquitted4 ,father ,peters1 a ,jesuit1 and several ,popish ,lords1 sat in the ,privy ,council1 and some ,popish ,judges on the bench4 ,the ,pope sent a ,nuncio from ,rome1 who was suffered to make his public entry in defiance of our constitution4 ,these barefaced practices made the ,protestant party think it high time to check the growth of popery4 ,hereupon the ,prince of ,orange was requested to vindicate his consort's right1 and that of the three nations4 ,in the beginning of this reign the ,duke of ,monmouth was proclaimed ,king in the ,west1 in opposition to ,king ,james2 but his party being defeated1 he was beheaded ,july #ae1 #afhe4 ,judge ,jeffries was afterwards sent by the ,king to try those who had assisted the ,duke1 of whom he hanged no less than #fjj1 glorying in his cruelty1 and affirming1 that he had hanged more than all the ,judges since ,william the ,conqueror4 ,the ,chevalier ,st4 ,george was born ,july #aj1 #afhh1 two days after the bishops were imprisoned4 ,the ,prince of ,orange landed at ,torbay ,nov4 #e1 and ,king ,james abdicated the crown1 and went over to ,france1 ,dec4 #bc4 ,hereupon an interregnum ensued till the #acth of ,february1 #afhh-i1 when ,william and ,mary1 ,prince and ,princess of ,orange1 were offered the ,crown1 and accepted it4 ,the ,house of ,,orange4 ,,william ,,iii4 and ,,mary ,,ii4 succeeded ,james ,,ii4 upon the vote of the ,convention4 ,the day after their arrival in ,london1 which was ,feb4 #ac1 #afhh-i1 they were seated under a canopy of state in the ,banqueting-house1 and both ,houses of ,convocation waited upon them1 proffering them the crown in the names of the ,lords ,spiritual and ,temporal1 and the ,commons1 assembled at ,westminster3 ,accordingly they were proclaimed ,king and ,queen of ,great-,britain the following day1 and solemnly crowned at the ,abbey on the #bast of ,april4 ,several plots were formed against the ,king1 but all of them proved abortive4 ,he carried out a war with ,france1 and with ,king ,james's party in ,ireland1 for nine years successively1 till at last ,france was obliged to acknowledge him lawful ,king of ,great-,britain1 in the peace of ,ryswic1 #afig4 ,he died ,march #h1 #agja1 aged #ea1 after he had survived his consort ,mary ,stuart1 daughter to ,james ,,ii4 five years1 who died ,dec4 #ba1 #afif1 and whose funeral was performed with great elegance and solemnity4 ,july #b1 #agjj1 ,william ,duke of ,gloucester1 the only surviving issue of ,princess ,anne of ,denmark1 departed this life at ,windsor1 aged twelve years4 ,and ,king ,james died at ,st4 ,germains in ,sept4 #agba4 ,,anne1 second daughter to ,james ,,ii4 succeeded ,king ,william1 whose death was joy to ,france1 but a great misfortune to ,england4 ,anne was born ,feb4 #f1 #affd1 and married ,george ,prince of ,denmark1 who was ,high ,admiral of ,england1 and a happy assistant to her in steering the ship of state4 ,she was crowned ,queen of ,great-,britain ,april #bc1 #agjb4 ,on the #dth of ,may following war was proclaimed at ,london1 ,vienna1 and the ,hague1 against ,france and ,spain4 ,the success of this war is worthy admiration sic1 and almost incredible4 ,the conquest of the ,spanish ,guelderland1 the ,electorate of ,cologn sic1 and the ,bishopric of ,liege2 the prodigious victory over the ,french and ,bavarians at ,blenheim1 under the surprising conduct of the ,duke of ,marlborough2 the retaking of ,landau2 the conquering all the estates of the ,duke of ,bavaria in ,germany2 the forcing the ,french and ,bavarians out of their lines in ,brabant1 which was deemed a thing impracticable2 the battle of ,ramillies2 the victory at ,oudenard2 the taking of ,lisle and ,tournay2 the defeat of the ,french army at ,blarenies2 the reducing of ,mons1 c4 c4 are such events as will render her ,majesty's reign famous to all posterity4 ,if we look towards ,spain1 how bold and successful was our attempt upon ,vigo1 where we took and destroyed their whole plate fleet1 both men of war and others1 to the amount of #ch sail1 of which not one escaped3 ,did we not also take ,gibraltar with a small force in one morning1 and keep possession of it against the joint strength of ,france and ,spain8 ,barcelona likewise being taken by the ,english and ,dutch1 under the conduct of the ,earl of ,peterborough1 was soon after besieged by ,king ,philip with a great army1 which was soon forced to a shameful retreat into ,france4 ,hereupon ,catalonia1 ,arragon1 ,valencia1 and other provinces1 submitted to ,charles ,,iii4 by the influence of her ,majesty's arms4 ,who could have expected the dismal turn of the affairs of ,france and ,italy1 which happened in #agjg1 by the powerful interest of ,england8 ,a numerous army of ,french and ,spaniards were destroyed before the walls of ,turin1 by the ,duke of ,savoy and ,prince ,eugene4 ,thus ,piedmont was abandoned1 the ,mantuan1 the ,milanese1 the ,modenese1 ,parmasan1 and ,montferrat1 yielded up4 ,this ,queen also brought about the strict union between ,england and ,scotland1 after sundry fruitless attempts of the same kind for a century past4 ,in short1 the successes of her reign justly denominate her one of the most triumphant ,monarchs of former ages1 and her piety and virtue will ever be acknowledged by the ,british nation4 ,the four last years of ,queen ,anne's reign were attended with much perplexity1 which was owing to her ,ministers1 who prevailed upon her to consent to the peace of ,utrecht2 and1 'tis said1 her death was occasioned by her ill conduct1 which she laid too much to heart4 ,she died ,aug4 #a1 #agad2 and in her the succession of the ,stuart line ended4 ,the ,house of ,,hanover4 ,,george ,i4 who was heir-apparent to the crown of ,great-,britain on the death of ,queen ,anne1 and which had been confirmed to him some years before by various ,acts of ,parliament1 and by a special article in the peace of ,utrecht1 was born #afff1 and proclaimed ,king the very day ,queen ,anne expired4 ,he landed at ,greenwich ,sept4 #ah1 #agad1 and was crowned ,oct4 #bj4 ,a thorough change in the ministry was made on his accession1 wherein he distinguished his friends from his enemies4 ,among the latter the chief were the ,duke of ,ormond1 the ,earl of ,oxford1 and the ,viscount ,bolingbroke1 who were deemed to be firmly attached to the interest of the ,pretender4 ,in #agae a plot was supposed to be brooding in the ,west1 where several gentlemen were suspected of having a design to bring in the ,pretender1 and to place him on the throne of his ancestors4 ,he had already been proclaimed ,king of ,scotland1 by the ,earl of ,mar1 against whom the ,duke of ,argyle marched4 ,on the #acth of ,november they came to a decisive battle near ,dumblain1 where the rebels were defeated1 and put to flight4 ,at the same time a body of #ejjj rebels assembled at ,preston in ,lancashire1 headed by the ,earl of ,derwentwater1 of whom ,general ,wills1 who commanded some of his ,majesty's troops on the borders of ,scotland1 being informed1 he marched directly against them1 and obliged them to surrender prisoners of war4 ,they were afterwards sent up to ,london1 and many of the ringleaders tried and condemned4 ,among these were the ,earls of ,derwentwater and ,kenmure1 who were beheaded on ,tower-,hill2 several others were executed at ,tyburn1 and the remainder pardoned4 ,some other conspiracies were formed against the ,king's person2 but1 by timely discovery1 prevented from being carried into execution4 ,aug4 #b1 #agah1 the quadruple alliance was signed between their ,imperial1 ,christian1 and ,britannic ,majesties2 and the ,spanish fleet was destroyed in the ,mediterranean by the ,english4 ,in #agbj ,spain acceded to the quadruple alliance1 and a fleet was sent into the ,baltic in favour of ,sweden4 ,this year was also remarkable for the ,south-,sea scheme1 by which many families were deluded and entirely ruined2 and the government was obliged to interpose1 to prevent the ill consequences of the people's despair4 ,on enquiry into the affair it appeared1 that besides stock-jobbers and directors some persons of distinction were concerned in it4 ,this fatal stroke to the ,british trade was in some measure remedied by the assiento contract1 concluded at ,madrid in #agbb4 ,in the same year1 the funeral of the ,duke of ,marlborough1 who1 since the accession of ,king ,george1 had been restored to the honours he so justly deserved1 was solemnized with great pomp4 ,in #agbc1 a conspiracy for raising an insurrection was discovered2 hereupon the ,duke of ,norfolk1 ,lord ,north and ,grey1 the ,bishop of ,rochester1 and ,counsellor ,layer1 were taken into custody2 after a long trial the ,bishop was banished1 and ,layer was hanged4 ,in #agbd1 the ,ostend ,east-,india ,company was established4 ,in #agbe the ,hanover treaty was agreed to1 between ,france1 ,great-,britain1 and ,prussia4 ,june #aa1 #agbg1 ,george ,i4 died at ,osnaburgh1 in the very chamber where he was born1 in the #fgth year of his age1 and the #acth year of his reign4 ,,george ,,ii4 was proclaimed as soon as as the news of his father's death came to ,london1 and his coronation was solemnized in ,october following4 ,the new ,parliament met on the #b;d of ,january1 and chose for their ,speaker ,arthur ,onslow1 ,esq4 and loyal and affectionate addresses were presented to the ,king by both houses4 ,the land forces were fixed at #bb1iej men1 and the number of seamen at #ae1jjj4 ,an enquiry was made into the state of the public gaols1 and from this it appeared that great cruelties and oppressions had been exercised on the prisoners1 particularly on ,sir ,william ,rich1 ,baronet1 who was found in the fleet prison loaded with irons1 by order of the ,warden4 ,for these and the like barbarities1 ,thomas ,bambridge1 the ,warden1 and several of his accomplices1 were committed to ,newgate4 ,in ,may1 #agbi1 his ,majesty declared his intentions of visiting his ,german dominions1 and leaving the ,queen as ,regent4 ,his design in going to ,germany was to compromise some differences that had lately arisen between the ,regency of ,hanover and the ,king of ,prussia2 and about this time the ,duke of ,mecklenburgh was deposed by the ,emperor1 for his cruelty1 tyranny1 and oppression4 ,by the fall of ,emperors and ,kings it is that we learn the ,omnipotence of the ,almighty1 whose arm strengthens and supports the crown of the righteous and takes away the kingdom from unjust ,princes4 ,about this time great licentiousness prevailed among all ranks of people1 particularly among those of the lower class1 who indulged themselves in every kind of wickedness2 and among other methods of injuring their fellow subjects1 circulated incendiary letters1 demanding sums of money of certain individuals1 on pain of reducing their houses to ashes2 this species of villainy had never been known before in ,england4 ,in the course of the summer seven ,indian ,chiefs were brought over to ,england4 ,in #agca a duel was fought in the ,green ,park1 between ,sir ,william ,pulteney and ,lord ,hervey1 on account of a remarkable political pamphlet4 ,lord ,hervey was wounded1 and narrowly escaped with his life4 ,the ,latin tongue was abolished in all law proceedings1 which were ordered for the future to be in ,english4 ,rich4 ,norton1 ,esq4 of ,southwick1 in ,hampshire1 left his estate of #fjjl4 per annum1 and a personal estate of #fj1jjjl4 to be disposed of in charitable uses by the ,parliament4 ,one ,smith1 a book-binder1 and his wife1 being reduced to extreme poverty1 hanged themselves at the same time1 and by common consent1 after having made away with their only child4 ,on the #bgth of ,april1 #agcf1 his ,royal ,highness ,frederic1 ,prince of ,wales1 espoused ,augusta1 sister to the ,duke of ,saxe ,gotha4 ,in the course of this year a remarkable riot happened at ,edinburgh1 occasioned by the execution of one ,wilson1 a smuggler4 ,porteus1 captain of the city guard1 a man of a brutal disposition1 and abandoned morals1 being provoked by the insults of the mob1 commanded his soldiers to fire upon the crowd1 by which precipitate orders several innocent persons were killed2 ,porteus was tried and condemned to die1 but obtained a reprieve from the ,queen1 who was then ,regent4 ,the mob1 however1 were sic determined to execute the sentence2 they accordingly rose in a tumultuous manner1 forced open the prison doors1 dragged forth ,porteus1 and hanged him on a dyer's pole2 after which they quietly dispersed4 ,on the #bdth of ,may1 #agch1 the ,princess of ,wales was delivered of a ,prince1 who was christened by the name of ,george1 now our most gracious ,sovereign4 ,one ,buchanan1 a sailor1 who had been condemned for murder1 was cut down from the gallows by his companions1 who actually brought him to life1 and carried him off in triumph4 ,war was declared in form against ,spain1 at ,london and ,westminster1 ,oct4 #bc1 #agci4 ,the same year ,admiral ,vernon destroyed ,porto ,bello1 and the ,march following demolished ,fort ,chagre4 ,in #agdj there was a severe and lasting frost1 which extended all over ,europe1 and occasioned a fair to be kept on the ,river ,thames4 ,in #agda ,admiral ,vernon1 with a strong fleet1 joined with ,general ,wentworth1 who had a considerable number of forces under his command1 made an unsuccessful attempt on ,carthagena sic2 the greater part of the land forces being either killed or cut off by an epidemical distemper4 ,in #agdb1 ,captain ,middleton made a fruitless attempt to discover the ,north ,west passage into the ,south ,seas4 ,the year following the battle of ,dettingen was fought4 ,there was also this year a bloody engagement before ,toulon1 between the ,english fleet and that of the ,french and ,spaniards2 when that brave commander ,captain ,cornwall was killed in the ,marlborough1 after a most resolute and surprising resistance4 ,commodore ,anson returned to ,england1 having made a voyage round the globe2 and war was mutually declared between ,england and ,france4 ,in #agde the battle of ,fontenoy was fought1 in which the ,french had the advantage1 which was followed by the taking of ,tournay4 ,a rebellion broke out in ,scotland2 the rebels defeated ,sir ,john ,cope1 at ,preston ,pans1 came forward into ,england1 took ,carlisle1 and marched to ,derby1 from whence they were obliged to make a precipitate retreat1 being closely pursued by the ,duke of ,cumberland1 who retook ,carlisle4 ,when the rebels were returned into ,scotland1 they defeated the ,king's forces under ,general ,hawley1 near ,falkirk1 and laid siege to ,stirling1 but raised it on the ,duke's approach4 ,this year ,cape-,breton was taken by ,admiral ,warren4 ,in #agdf the memorable battle of ,culloden1 in ,scotland1 was fought1 wherein the rebels were totally destroyed3 ,the ,earls of ,balmerino and ,kilmarnock1 with ,mr4 ,ratcliff1 brother to the late ,earl of ,derwentwater1 were taken prisoners1 and beheaded on ,tower-,hill2 as was ,lord ,lovat in the year following4 ,now also the ,french took all ,dutch ,flanders1 and there was a battle between them and part of the allied army1 after which the latter retreated under the cannon of ,maestricht4 ,admirals ,anson and ,warren1 after a hot engagement1 took several ,french men of war in the ,mediterranean1 among which was the ship in which their ,admiral sailed4 ,in #agdh a ,congress was held at ,aix-la-,chapelle for a general pacification1 and the articles of peace therein agreed to were signed in ,april4 ,a ,bill was passed for the encouragement of the ,british herring fishery2 and a proclamation issued for inciting disbanded soldiers and sailors to settle in ,nova ,scotia4 ,mr4 ,pelham now lowered the interest of money in the funds1 first to three and a half per cent4 afterwards to three4 ,the importation of iron from ,america was allowed2 and the ,african trade laid open4 ,in the year #ageb1 the ,french spirited up the ,indians against our colonies of ,nova ,scotia1 and built a chain of forts on the back of our ,american settlements4 ,this occasioned a new war1 carried on with great cruelty in those parts4 ,monckton drove the ,french from their encroachments in ,nova ,scotia2 and ,general ,johnson gave them a defeat2 but ,braddock1 through his own rashness1 was defeated and slain4 ,the ,english took many ships from the enemy1 without declaring war4 ,in #agef1 the ,hessians and ,hanoverians were brought over1 to the number of ten thousand4 ,presently after ,minorca was taken by the ,french2 and ,admiral ,byng was shot at ,portsmouth for not having relieved it4 ,on the #agth of ,may1 war was declared in form1 and the ,king entered into a treaty with the ,empress of ,russia for the security of ,hanover2 and afterwards into an alliance with ,prussia4 ,this was followed by an unnatural sic treaty between ,france and the ,queen of ,hungary1 to which the ,empress of ,russia acceded4 ,and a war was kindled by the intrigues of ,france between ,prussia and ,sweden2 while the ,elector of ,saxony favoured the ,austrians4 ,the ,king of ,prussia therefore entered ,saxony1 and obliged the ,saxon troops at ,pirna to surrender prisoners of war4 ,he invaded ,bohemia1 defeated the ,austrian ,general1 and gained another victory near ,prague4 ,but attacking the ,austrians at a disadvantage near ,kolin1 he was defeated1 and obliged to raise the siege of ,prague4 ,the ,french now passed the ,weser1 and drove the ,hanoverians before them4 ,they made a stand however at ,hastenbeck1 under the ,duke of ,cumberland1 where they were attacked1 and forced to retreat towards ,stade1 and laid down their arms in consequence of the treaty of ,closterseven4 ,in the ,east-,indies we were also successful2 for1 by ,colonel ,clive's vigilance and courage1 the province of ,arcot was cleared of the enemy1 the ,french general taken prisoner1 and the favourite ,nabob1 whom we supported1 was reinstated in his government4 ,but some months after1 the ,viceroy of ,bengal declared against the ,english1 and took ,calcutta by assault4 ,here one hundred and forty-six persons were crowded into a narrow prison1 called the ,black-,hole1 where they were suffocated for want of air1 only twenty-three surviving2 several of whom died by putrid fevers1 after they were set free4 ,the ,dutch at ,batavia now dispatched seven armed ships to ,bengal1 having eleven hundred land forces1 with orders strongly to fortify their settlement at ,chincura1 and secure the salt-petre trade to themselves4 ,but the ships were all taken by three ,english ,east-,india ships1 which were in the river1 and their troops were totally defeated at land by ,colonel ,ford4 ,colonel ,coote also took the city of ,wandewash1 reduced the fortress of ,carangoly1 and defeated ,lally4 ,this was followed by the surrender of the city of ,arcot4 ,pondicherry now sustained a siege in turn1 and the ,french therein were reduced to feed on dogs and cats4 ,eight crowns were given for the flesh of a dog4 ,at length the ,english took possession of the place4 ,and this conquest terminated the power of ,france in ,india4 ,mr4 ,pitt was at the head of the ,english ,ministry1 when ,louisbourg in ,cape ,breton was besieged by ,general ,amherst1 and surrendered by capitulation4 ,the ,french lost a fine navy in the harbour4 ,fort ,du ,quesne also was taken4 ,but the operations against ,crown ,point and ,ticonderoga miscarried4 ,the year #agei was remarkable for the conquest of ,canada4 ,the ,french deserted ,crown ,point and ,ticonderoga1 which were possessed by ,general ,amherst4 ,sir ,william ,johnson defeated them1 and became master of the ,fort of ,niagara4 ,and the ,admirals ,saunders1 ,holmes1 and ,durel1 sailed for ,quebec1 attended by a land army1 under ,general ,wolfe4 ,in the battle which ensued1 both ,wolfe and ,montcalm1 the chief commanders on each side1 were slain1 and ,quebec surrendered4 ,in #agfj the ,french forces endeavoured to recover ,quebec1 but the place was relieved by an ,english fleet under ,lord ,colvill4 ,montreal submitted to ,general ,amherst1 and that extensive country fell totally under the power of ,great ,britain2 a larger territory than ever was subject to the ,roman empire4 ,the prodigious march of ,amherst1 on this occasion1 can be compared only to that of ,jenghiz ,can1 or ,tamerlane1 who over-ran all ,asia with their ,tartars4 ,in ,europe the operations of war were astonishing1 and the great efforts of the ,king of ,prussia secured his safety beyond all human expectation4 ,almost the whole power of the ,continent was united against him4 ,the ,king of ,great ,britain1 his only ally1 seemed inclined to forsake him4 ,in this terrible situation he relied on his natural subjects1 and still adhered to his fortitude4 ,yet he expostulated warmly1 and his expostulations at last succeeded4 ,the ,french forces1 and those of the ,imperialists1 had made a successful campaign in the summer2 yet seemed determined that the rigour of the winter should not interrupt their proceedings4 ,in the depth of it1 they laid siege to ,leipsic1 and were confident of carrying that important city4 ,this greatly alarmed his ,prussian ,majesty4 ,he contrived his measures so artfully1 as to appear before the place when he was least expected4 ,vanquished as he was1 the terror of his arms raised the siege4 ,the ,french army1 though greatly superior in number1 rose and retreated with precipitation4 ,his ,prussian ,majesty1 not satisfied with having raised the siege of ,leipsic1 followed the ,french army1 whose fears1 he imagined1 would befriend him4 ,he came up with them near a little village1 called ,rosbach4 ,an action came on1 and he obtained one of the most signal victories recorded in history4 ,had not the night saved them1 their whole army had been devoted to destruction4 ,in another part of the empire the ,austrians were again victorious1 and took the ,prince of ,bevern1 the ,king of ,prussia's ,generalissimo1 prisoner4 ,the ,king himself1 in the depth of winter1 made a march of two hundred miles1 and engaged the enemy in the neighbourhood of ,breslau1 the capital of ,silesia4 ,he was much inferior in strength1 but his forces were disposed with such admirable judgment sic1 that he gained a compleat sic victory1 in which he took fifteen thousand prisoners4 ,breslau itself1 after the battle1 surrendered to the ,conqueror1 tho' it had a garrison of ten thousand men4 ,these successes disheartened his enemies1 and raised the spirit of his friends4 ,the magnanimous ,king of ,prussia now began to fight with his enemies upon more equal terms4 ,he attacked them every where1 was attended for the most part with remarkable success1 and rarely met with any considerable disadvantage4 ,he carried on the campaign throughout the winter1 escaped many dangers1 was exhausted by no fatigues1 nor terrified by any numbers4 ,england is so happily situated1 that she has little need to concern herself with the disturbances on the ,continent4 ,yet the people in general at this time seemed in a disposition to encourage and assist the ,german subjects of their ,king4 ,at the meeting of the ,parliament1 the reasonableness of engaging in a war upon the ,continent was taken into consideration1 and admitted4 ,liberal supplies were granted1 to enable the army1 now collected in the ,king's ,hanoverian dominions1 to act with vigour1 in conjunction with the ,king of ,prussia4 ,supplies were also granted to his ,prussian ,majesty4 ,a spirit of enterprise now seemed to animate all ranks of people4 ,a body of ,british forces was sent into ,germany1 under the command of the ,duke of ,marlborough1 to assist ,prince ,ferdinand of ,brunswick and the ,hanoverians2 and who afterwards behaved with great bravery4 ,the ,english fleet in the mean time invaded ,france1 and burnt the ,french shipping at ,st4 ,malo's4 ,it then moved towards ,cherburgh1 but was obliged by the weather to return home4 ,on the #ast of ,august1 #ageh1 the fleet under ,commodore ,howe1 with the transports1 again set sail for ,cherburgh4 ,they landed with little opposition from the ,french1 and entered the town4 ,immense sums had been there laid out upon the fortifications1 and the harbour was one of the strongest in ,europe4 ,the work of all this labour and expence sic was now totally destroyed by the ,english1 who found more difficulty in demolishing than in conquering the place4 ,all the ships in the harbour were burnt1 and a contribution raised upon the town4 ,on the #afth of ,august1 the ,british fleet and army having remained in ,france unmolested for ten days1 set sail for ,cherburgh1 and carried off all the brass cannon and mortars taken there4 ,the ,english troops landed again in the ,bay of ,st4 ,lunar1 in the neighbourhood of ,st4 ,malo1 but found it impracticable to make any impression upon the place4 ,while the troops were ashore the ,commodore found himself obliged1 from the danger of the coast1 to move up to the ,bay of ,st4 ,cas1 about three leagues to the westward2 while the army marched over land to the same place1 where they all embarked1 except the last division1 consisting of the grenadiers of the army1 and the first regiment of guards4 ,these were attacked by the ,duke d',aiguillon1 ,governor of ,brittany1 at the head of twelve battalions1 and six squadrons of regulars1 besides two regiments of militia1 against whom1 though they made a most gallant resistance1 about six hundred of them were killed1 and four hundred taken prisoners1 not being able to reach the boats4 ,the ,english had already made themselves masters of ,senegal and ,goree1 in ,africa2 and though they had now lost ,minorca1 yet they remained victorious in the ,mediterranean1 and continued to ruin the ,french marine4 ,towards the end of the year1 a squadron of nine ships of the line1 with sixty transports1 containing six regiments of foot1 was fitting out for the conquest of ,martinico4 ,but tho' a conquest of that island was judged1 after a slight attempt1 to be impracticable1 they achieved the more important reduction of ,guadaloupe4 ,on the #bhth of ,july1 the ,hereditary ,prince was detached with six thousand men to cut off the enemy's communication with ,paderborn4 ,and on the #bith1 ,prince ,ferdinand advanced from his camp on the ,weser1 leaving a body of troops under ,wangenheim1 on the borders of that river4 ,the next day was fought the battle of ,minden1 as glorious to the ,english1 as those of ,cressy and ,agincourt had been to their ancestors4 ,the centre of the ,french was entirely composed of horse1 who attacked six ,english regiments1 supported by two battalions of ,hanoverian guards4 ,these sustained the whole shock of the battle1 and1 to the amazement of the ,german ,general himself1 obtained a compleat victory4 ,the ,french lost seven thousand men1 and the ,english twelve hundred4 ,the ,french were greatly disappointed in their views by sea this year4 ,thurot1 a marine freebooter1 with three ships and a considerable body of land forces1 landed in ,ireland1 and alarmed the people of ,carrickfergus4 ,putting to sea again1 he was met by three ,british frigates1 of a force inferior to his own1 and after a severe encounter he was killed1 and his ships led in triumph by the ,english commanders to the ,isle of ,man4 ,a grand fleet was intended to invade ,england1 under ,marshal ,conflans and the ,duke d',aiguillon2 but this fleet was ruined by ,admiral ,hawke on the #bjth of ,november4 ,in the year #agfj1 ,lord ,george ,sackville was tried by a court-martial for his conduct in the battle of ,minden1 and declared incapable of serving his ,majesty for the future in any military capacity whatever2 he was however afterwards raised to the highest civil employments1 being secretary of state to ,george ,,iii4 and having a considerable share in those unfortunate councils1 which severed for ever thirteen provinces from the crown of ,england4 ,on the #eth of ,may1 ,lawrence ,shirley1 ,earl ,ferrers1 was hanged at ,tyburn for the murder of ,mr4 ,johnson1 his steward4 ,on the #beth of ,october1 between seven and eight o'clock in the morning1 died ,king ,george ,,ii4 in the #ggth year of his age1 and the #cdth of his reign4 ,he had risen at his usual hour1 called his page1 drunk his chocolate1 and inquired about the wind1 as if anxious for the arrival of foreign mails2 soon after which he fell speechless on the ground1 and being laid on his bed1 expired in a few minutes4 ,,george ,,iii4 grandson of ,george ,,ii4 and eldest son of the late ,frederick ,prince of ,wales1 succeeded to the throne1 and was proclaimed ,king on the day after the death of his grand father4 ,he was married on the #hth of ,september1 #agfa1 to his ,queen1 ,charlotte1 ,princess of ,mecklenburgh ,strelitz1 and they were solemnly crowned together on the #bb;d of the same month4 ,the war was still carried on betwixt ,france and ,england1 in ,germany1 when ,augsburgh was pitched upon by both parties as a proper place to negociate sic a peace in2 and1 with respect to the disputes in ,america1 ,mr4 ,bussey was named by the ,french ,court to repair to ,london1 as ,mr4 ,stanley was by the ,english to treat at ,paris4 ,the former of these offers a memorial to the ,british minister1 importing that the ,king of ,spain apprehended a new war1 unless the ,british court would make satisfaction to ,spain for ships taken under ,spanish colours2 permit the claim of ,spain to a share in the ,newfoundland fishery2 and destroy the ,english fortifications in the bay of ,honduras4 ,this put an end to the negociation4 ,the ,french and ,spanish courts now entered into a ,family ,compact1 in which the two ,sicilies were included2 the most extraordinary treaty which this age can produce2 it being a consolidation of the rights and interests of the two crowns and their subjects in all respects1 but those relating to the ,spanish ,american commerce4 ,mr4 ,pitt1 the ,british minster1 gained intelligence of the family compact1 and made strong remonstrances at the council-board for an immediate declaration of war against ,spain1 which were not relished4 ,on this ,mr4 ,pitt resigned4 ,the flota arrived in the bay of ,cadiz1 and the ,spaniards resolved on a war with ,england4 ,january #b1 #agfb1 his ,britannic ,majesty's proclamation of war against ,spain was published in ,london4 ,and the ,king of ,spain proclaimed war against ,england on the #afth of the same month4 ,the ,french and ,spaniards insisted upon the ,king of ,portugal's taking part in the war against ,england4 ,he declined the invitation1 and vindicated his alliance with ,england4 ,the ,spanish army marched towards the frontiers of ,portugal1 and all commerce between the two kingdoms was prohibited4 ,and war was declared by the ,king of ,spain against that kingdom on the #aeth of ,june4 ,many ,english officers repaired to the assistance of the ,king of ,portugal1 and were followed by large supplies of troops1 artillery1 arms1 provisions1 and money4 ,a small army of ,english and ,portuguese take the field4 ,count ,la ,lippe is sent over to command them4 ,brigadier ,burgoyne surprizes sic ,valenca d',alcantara in ,spain1 and destroys one of their best regiments there4 ,a sejeant sic and six men only engage a ,spanish subaltern with twenty-five dragoons1 unbroken1 kill six of their men1 and bring in the rest prisoners1 with every horse of the party4 ,soon after ,brigadier ,burgoyne and ,colonel ,lee surprize the ,spanish camp at ,villa ,vehla2 and the ,spaniards are obliged to leave ,portugal1 and to make winter quarters in their own country4 ,on the #abth of ,august1 his ,royal ,highness ,george ,augustus-,frederick1 ,prince of ,wales1 was born4 ,the ,english take ,martinico and ,granada from the ,french1 and the city of ,havannah1 in the island of ,cuba1 from the ,spaniards4 ,this induces both powers to think of peace1 for which a negociation was set on foot2 and the negociators on all sides having adjusted the points in dispute between ,great ,britain and ,portugal on the one side1 and ,france and ,spain on the other1 a definitive treaty was signed at ,paris on the #ajth of ,feb4 #agfc2 by which peace was once more restored to ,europe4 ,by this glorious war1 ,england acquired the large and extensive province of ,canada1 ,east and ,west ,florida1 in ,america1 together with several large and valuable islands in the ,west ,indies2 among which is the island of ,granada1 one of the most extensive and important colonies belonging to the empire4 ,this island1 which produces pine-apples1 oranges1 citrons1 and all the most delicious tropical fruits1 is beautifully interspersed with an infinite variety of rivers1 which1 with the warmth and salubrity of the climate1 render it the most pleasing situation between the tropics2 it is the residence of a number of rich planters and merchants1 who have acquired large fortunes therein1 and live in the greatest splendour and hospitality4 ,it is not improperly called the ,princess of the isles of the ,western world4 ,from the year #agfc to #aggd1 ,england felt all the blessings of peace2 agriculture and commerce were improved and extended2 the polite arts1 such as painting and sculpture1 were patronized by his ,majesty1 and a royal academy instituted for the purpose1 in the year #agfh4 ,we might call this the ,augustine age2 and ,great-,britain promised to its posterity universal empire4 ,but the colonies of ,north ,america revolted from their allegiance to ,great-,britain in the year #agge1 and formed a congress1 under the title ,the ,congress of the ,thirteen ,united ,provinces1 which assumed all the powers of government2 in the following year it declared the ,states of ,america independent of the crown and parliament of ,great-,britain4 ,the government of ,france assisted them against the forces of this nation both by sea and land2 and ,spain also declared war against this country1 as a diversion to its arms in favour of ,america4 ,holland also became a party in the cause1 to humble a nation which had arrived to such a pitch of greatness2 and the general struggle at last terminated in the peace of #aghc1 in which the government of ,great-,britain acknowledged the ,americans to be independent2 in consequence1 the provinces of ,canada and ,nova ,scotia only remain to us1 of all our immense possessions on the continent of ,america4 ,this country1 in the year #aghg1 began to arm in favour of the ,prince ,stadtholder of the ,seven ,united ,provinces1 who had been driven from his palace by a ,french party2 but that business was terminated by their submission to the ,duke of ,brunswick1 who entered ,holland1 and restored the former government4 ,the ,spaniards dispossessing our settlers at ,nootka ,sound1 in #agij1 was made the pretext for equipping a formidable armament2 and though the difference with the ,spaniards was speedily settled by negociation sic1 the jealousy entertained of the ,french ,anarchists occasioned our ,government to keep the country in armed preparation2 till the indignation universally excited by the decapitation of the unfortunate ,french ,king1 and the invasion of ,holland by the armies of the ,french ,republic1 caused us to enter into that war1 whose wide-extended fluence has deluged the continent of ,europe with blood1 tumbled the papal throne in ruins1 dethroned the ,kings of ,naples and ,sardinia1 the former of whom is however yet struggling for his rights1 annihilated the ancient ,republics of ,venice1 ,genoa1 c4 c4 extinguished the authority of the ,house of ,orange in ,holland1 endangered the very existence of the ,house of ,austria and the ,germanic ,empire1 and by the invasion of the ,egypt and ,syria1 has even alarmed the ,sultan of the ,turks for the safety of his capital1 whilst the hardy bands of ,russia have been called forth into action both to defend her former inveterate foes1 and to wrest the classic ground of ,italy from the gripe sic of the modern ,vandals1 the ,french6 ,yet amid all this carnage1 the horrors of the war1 if we except the enormous expenditure attending it1 have scarcely been felt in this country2 two attempts of invasion by the enemy have been frustrated2 the captured fleets of ,france1 ,spain1 and ,holland1 have been triumphantly brought into our harbours2 our own ,colonies and distant settlements have been secured1 many of the most important of those of the enemy have been taken2 and the ,india ,company has established its power1 by the complete conquest of the kingdom of ,mysore1 ,tippoo ,sultaun having fallen in defending hispalace at ,seringapatam4 ,but it is a remarkable feature in this war1 that after so sanguinary a contest for seven years1 ,peace appears1 at the close of the year #agii1 more distant than it did at its commencement4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,present ,,state ,,of ,,england4 ,its ,situation4 ,,south-,,britain1 that is1 properly speaking1 ,,england and ,,wales1 is situate in the ,atlantic ,ocean1 between two degrees east1 and six degrees odd minutes western longitude1 and between #di degrees #ee minutes1 and #ee degrees #ee minutes north latitude2 and being of a triangular figure1 is bounded by ,scotland on the north2 the ,german sea1 which separates it from ,germany and the ,netherlands1 on the east2 by the ,english ,channel1 which divides it from ,france1 on the south2 and by ,st4 ,george's ,channel1 which separates it from ,ireland1 on the west4 ,it is #ebe statute miles in length on its west side1 #cde on its east side1 and #cdj on its south side1 nearly in straight lines2 and about #ajj only across the north4 ,its ,air4 ,is much warmer here than in the ,netherlands and ,germany1 tho' under the same parallel2 and1 unless in the fens and marshy grounds1 it is for the most part very healthy4 ,there are very few mountains2 the highest hills1 however1 are in ,wales1 and in the west and north of ,england4 ,the rest of the country consists of moderate hills and vallies sic1 woodlands1 pasture and meadow grounds2 extensive corn fields1 and plains which feed numberless flocks of sheep1 horses1 and other cattle4 ,though the largest oxen1 horses1 and sheep1 are to be met with in ,lincolnshire and ,leicestershire2 yet the finest breed of horses for running and hunting are produced in ,yorkshire4 ,and besides there are a great number of royal forests1 chaces1 and parks1 which afford plenty of deer and other game4 ,its ,soil4 ,is either clay1 or gravel1 or sand2 the clays produce excellent wheat and beans2 the gravel and sand1 rye1 barley1 peas1 and oats2 and of late years the light lands have been improved1 and rendered as valuable as the clays1 by sowing them with turnips1 clover1 saintfoin1 c4 but more particularly in wet years2 a wet season1 however1 by no means agrees with the clay4 ,in such years1 for the most part1 there is a great scarcity of wheat2 but then1 to compensate for that deficiency1 there is a plenty of pasture and other grain4 ,its ,trees4 ,the timber that grows in ,england is oak1 ash1 elm1 beech1 and hornbeam4 ,the walnut-tree is particularly used in cabinets1 and other curiosities of the like nature4 ,but besides these1 there are a great number of other trees1 which1 though they do not fall1 indeed1 under the denomination of timber1 serve for shade1 ornament1 and inferior uses4 ,in ,kent there are extensive orchards1 the trees whereof produce abundance of cherries4 ,in ,devonshire and ,herefordshire likewise are vast quantities of apple-trees1 the produce whereof makes far better cider than any other county whatever can boast of4 ,its ,plantations4 ,in ,kent1 as well as ,worcestershire1 ,surrey1 c4 are large plantations of hops2 and in divers other counties1 of flax and hemp4 ,in ,essex and ,cambridgeshire are large plantations of saffron2 and in ,bedfordshire there are large fields of woad or wad1 for the use of dyers4 ,its ,rivers4 ,its principal rivers are1 #a4 ,the ,thames1 #b4 ,the ,medway4 #c4 ,the ,trent4 ,and1 #d4 ,the ,severn4 ,the ,thames1 on which the two cities of ,london and ,oxford stand1 runs generally from west to east4 ,this river is navigable for ships as high as ,london1 which is one of the largest ports in the world4 ,the ,medway unites with the ,thames near its mouth1 and receives the largest men of war as high as ,chatham2 where1 if we except our own arsenals at ,portsmouth and ,plymouth1 are the finest docks1 yards1 and magazines of naval stores1 in ,europe4 ,the ,trent runs from the south-west to the north-east across ,england1 and divides it into north and south4 ,when united with other streams near its mouth1 it is called the ,humber1 which discharges itself into the ,german ocean4 ,the ,severn rises from ,north ,wales1 and1 running for the most part south1 falls into the ,irish sea4 ,on this river stand the two cities of ,worcester and ,gloucester4 ,its ,contents4 ,in ,england and ,wales there are #eb counties1 #b archbishoprics1 #bd bishoprics1 #b universities1 #bi cities1 upwards of #hjj towns1 and near #aj1jjj parishes2 in which are about seven millions of people4 ,there are scarce any manufactures in ,europe which are not brought to great perfection in ,england4 ,its ,constitution4 ,england is a limited monarchy2 the power of making and altering laws1 and raising taxes1 being lodged in the ,king1 ,lords1 and ,commons4 ,its ,administration of ,justice4 ,this is the business of the courts in ,westminster-hall1 viz4 the ,court of ,chancery1 the ,courts of ,king's ,bench1 ,common ,pleas1 and ,exchequer2 the courts of the respective corporations1 the sheriffs1 and other inferior courts2 the last resort1 in all civil cases1 being to the ,house of ,peers4 ,its ,ecclesiastical ,government4 ,is in the archbishops and bishops1 who administer justice in their respective courts by their chancellors1 officials1 archdeacons1 and other officers4 ,of the ,convocation4 ,whenever a parliament is called1 the ,king always convokes a national synod of the clergy1 to consider of the state of the church4 ,the clergy of the province of ,canterbury1 of the generality1 assemble in ,st4 ,paul's cathedral1 in ,london1 and from thence adjourn to the chapter-house1 or ,westminster4 ,in this province there are two houses1 the upper and the lower2 the former consists of #bb bishops1 of whom the archbishop is president2 the latter consists of all the deans1 archdeacons1 the proctors of every chapter1 and two proctors for the clergy of each diocese2 in all #aff4 ,the archbishop of ,york may hold a convocation of his clergy at the same time2 but neither the one nor the other has been suffered to enter upon business for many years1 though they are always regularly summoned to meet with every parliament1 being looked upon as an essential part of the constitution4 ,of the ,parliament4 ,every parliament is summoned by the ,king's writs to meet forty-eight days before they assemble4 ,a writ is directed to every particular lord1 spiritual and temporal1 commanding him to appear at a certain time and place1 to treat and advise of certain weighty affairs relating both to church and state4 ,writs also are sent to the sheriff of every county to summon those who have a right to vote for representatives1 to elect two knights for each county1 two citizens for each city1 and one or two burgesses for each borough4 ,every candidate for a county ought to be possessed of an estate of #fjjl4 per annum2 and every candidate for a city1 or corporation1 of #cjjl4 per annum4 ,the ,lord ,chancellor1 or keeper for the time being1 is always ,speaker in the ,house of ,peers2 but the ,commons elect their ,speaker1 who must be approved by the ,king4 ,no ,roman ,catholic can sit in either house2 nor any member vote till he has taken the oaths to the government4 ,the ancient ,,state of ,,england4 ,having thus given our young readers a transient idea of the present state of ,south-,britain2 we shall now proceed to give a succinct account of the ancient state of ,england1 which1 in regard to its constitution1 was originally a monarchy1 under the primitive ,britons2 after that1 a province1 subordinate to the ,romans2 then an heptarchical government under the ,saxons2 then again a kingdom in subjection to the ,danes2 next after them1 under the power and dominion of the ,normans2 but at present1 7after all the before-mentioned revolutions17 a monarchy again under the ,english2 of all which we shall treat1 as briefly as possible1 in their proper order4 ,the whole island was anciently called ,albion1 which seems to have been softened from the word ,alpion2 because the word ,alp1 in some of the original western languages1 generally signifies high lands1 or hills1 as this isle appears to those who approach it from the ,continent4 ,it was likewise called ,olbion1 which1 in the ,greek language1 signifies happy2 but of those times there is no certainty in history1 more than that it had the denomination1 and was very little known by the rest of the world4 ,as the name of ,britain1 however1 excepting that of ,albion1 or ,olbion1 just before mentioned1 has been liable to as many derivations as the origin of the ,britons2 we shall content ourselves 7for brevity's sake7 with the following extract from ,camden1 who has given 7in our humble opinion at least7 the best and most natural derivation of the term4 ,the ancient ,britons 7says he7 painted their naked bodies and small shields with woad of an azure-blue colour1 which by them was called ,brith2 on this account the inhabitants received the common appellation from the strangers who came into the island to traffic from the coasts of ,gaul1 or ,germany2 to which the ,greeks1 by adding the word tania1 or country1 formed the word ,britannia1 or the country of the painted men1 and the ,romans afterwards called it ,britannia4 ,here it may be observed1 that the ,romans were extremely fond of giving their own terminations to many uncivilized countries1 and of forming easy and pleasant sounds out of the harshest and most offensive1 to such elegant tongues and ears as their own4 ,their ,,government4 ,their government1 like that of the ancient ,gauls1 consisted of several small nations1 under divers petty ,princes1 apparently the original governments of the world1 deduced from the natural force and right of paternal dominion2 such were the hords sic among the ,goths1 the clans in ,scotland1 and the septs in ,ireland3 but whether these small ,british principalities descended by succession1 or were elected according to merit1 is uncertain4 ,their language and customs were1 for the most part1 the same with those of the ,gauls before the ,roman conquests in that province2 but they were entirely governed in their religion and laws by their ,druids1 ,bards1 and ,eubates4 ,their ,druids were held in such high veneration by the people1 that their authority was almost absolute4 ,no public affairs were transacted without their approbation2 nor could any malefactor 7though his crimes were ever so heinous7 be put to death without their consent4 ,their ,bardi1 or ,bards1 were priests of an inferior order of their ,druids2 their principal business being to celebrate the praises of their heroes in verses and songs1 which were set to music and sung to their harps4 ,their ,eubates were a third sort of priests1 who applied themselves to the study of philosophy4 ,each order of these priests led very simple and innocent lives1 and resided either in woods1 caverns1 or hollow trees4 ,their food consisted of acorns1 berries1 or other mast2 and their drink was nothing but water4 ,by this abstemious course of life1 however1 they procured an universal esteem1 not only for their superior knowledge1 but their generous contempt of all those enjoyments of life which all others so highly valued1 and so industriously pursued4 ,the most remarkable ,,tenets of their ,,druids4 #a4 ,every thing derives its origin from heaven4 #b4 ,great care is to be taken in the education of children4 #c4 ,souls are immortal4 #d4 ,the souls of men after death go into other bodies4 #e4 ,if ever the world should happen to be destroyed1 it will be either by fire or water4 #f4 ,all commerce with strangers should be prohibited4 #g4 ,he who comes last to the ,assembly of the states ought to be punished with death4 #h4 ,children should be brought up apart from their parents1 till they are fourteen years of age4 #i4 ,there is another world2 and they who kill themselves to accompany their friends thither will live with them there4 #aj4 ,all masters of families are kings in their own houses2 and have a power of life and death over their wives1 children1 and slaves4 ,their ,,ancient ,,states4 ,,states4 ,,counties4 #a4 ,danmonii1 ,cornwall and ,devon4 #b4 ,durotriges1 ,dorset4 #c4 ,belgae1 ,somerset1 ,wilts1 and the north part of ,hants4 #d4 ,attrebatii1 ,berks4 #e4 ,regni1 ,surrey1 ,sussex1 and the south part of ,hants4 #f4 ,cantii1 ,kent4 #g4 ,trinobantes1 ,middlesex1 ,hertfordshire1 ,essex4 #h4 ,iceni1 ,suffolk1 ,norfolk1 ,cambridge1 and ,huntingdon4 #i4 ,catieuchlani1 ,bucks and ,bedford4 #aj4 ,dobuni1 ,gloucester and ,oxford4 #aa4 ,silures1 ,hereford1 ,monmouth1 ,radnor1 ,brecon1 ,glamorgan4 #ab4 ,dimetae1 ,carmarthen1 ,pembroke1 and ,cardigan4 #ac4 ,ordovices1 ,flint1 ,denbigh1 ,merioneth1 ,montgomery1 ,carnarvon4 #ad4 ,cornavii1 ,chester1 ,salop1 ,stafford1 ,warwick1 and ,worcester4 #ae4 ,coritani1 ,lincoln1 ,nottingham1 ,derby1 ,leicester1 ,rutland1 and ,northampton4 #af4 ,brigantes1 ,york1 ,lancaster1 ,westmoreland1 ,cumberland1 ,durham4 #ag4 ,ottadini1 ,northumberland4 ,their general ,,character4 ,they were a great and glorious people1 fond of liberty and property2 but peculiarly remarkable for their rigid virtue1 and their readiness to die with pleasure for the good of their country4 ,they long lived in a perfect state of peace and tranquility till the year of the world #ciej1 at which time its monarchy1 by the boundless envy and ambition of ,julius ,caesar1 7when ,rome was in the meridian of all her glory7 was totally subverted1 and ,britannia became a province subordinatte sic to the ,romans4 ,the ,,roman ,,government4 ,caesar1 at his first landing on the island1 found it not under a sole monarchy1 but divided into divers provinces1 or petty kingdoms4 ,soon after having defeated ,cassibelan1 and taken several ,british provinces1 he left the island1 and the ,romans entirely abandoned it for ninety years and upwards4 ,however1 in the year of our ,lord #db1 ,claudius ,caesar1 the #eth ,emperor of ,rome1 sent his ,general ,plautius1 with great force1 into ,britain1 and following him soon after in person1 subdued a great part of the island1 by which means he procured the title of ,britannicus4 ,in the year #ej1 ,london is supposed to have been built by the ,romans4 ,in this year ,ostorius1 the ,roman general1 defeated ,caractacus1 the chief of the ,british ,princes1 and having taken him prisoner1 carried him to ,rome4 ,the ,christian religion1 about this time1 was first planted in ,britain4 ,in the year #fa1 the ,britons1 under the conduct of ,boadicea1 a ,british ,queen1 destroyed #gj1jjj ,romans4 ,the next year ,suetonius1 the ,roman general1 defeated the ,britons1 and killed #hj1jjj of them upon the spot2 whereupon ,boadicea poisoned herself4 ,in the year #fc1 the gospel was first preached in ,britain by ,joseph of ,arimathea1 and eleven of ,st4 ,philip's disciples4 ,the ,,persecutions against the ,,christians consequent thereupon4 #a4 ,first persecution was begun by ,nero1 soon after he had burnt the city of ,rome1 which was in the year #fe4 #b4 ,the second1 by ,flavius ,domitian1 in the year #hc4 #c4 ,the third1 by ,ulpius ,trajan1 in the year #aaa4 #d4 ,in the year #afb1 the fourth was raised by ,marcus ,aurelius ,antoninus1 and his associate ,lucius ,verus4 #e4 ,the fifth was begun by ,septimus ,severus1 in the year #aic4 #f4 ,in #bce1 the sixth was raised by ,maximinus4 #g4 ,trajanus began the seventh in the year #bec4 #h4 ,in #bee1 the eighth was raised by ,valerianus4 #i4 ,valerianus ,aurelianus began the ninth in the year #bgb4 ,and #aj4 ,dioclesian sic and ,maximianus carried on the tenth with the utmost severity4 ,after the ,romans1 however1 had been in the possession of ,britain for near #ejj years1 they left it to its ancient inhabitants again1 who being at that time sunk into the lowest state of degeneracy1 were soon after invaded by the ,scots and the ,picts2 and trembling at the approaching storm1 they were prevailed on by ,vortigern1 their chief monarch1 about the year #ddg1 to send a deputation to the ,saxons1 who were the only persons 7as he insinuated7 capable of giving them that aid and assistance which the unhappy situation of their affairs immediately required4 ,this plausible pretence of that ,prince succeeded1 and one and all concurred in his opinion2 and by the resolution which they then took thereupon1 they brought on the total destruction of their country4 ,ambassadors from the ,britons were accordingly sent to ,witigisel1 the then ,saxon general1 who immediately summoned an assembly to hear what the ,britons had to propose4 ,the latter 7like men in absolute despair7 offered to submit to any terms that their said assembly should think proper1 provided they did but protect and stand by them so far in their pressing necessities1 as to enable them to drive their enemies out of their country4 ,the proposal was approved of1 and the negociation sic accordingly concluded4 ,the terms were1 that the ,saxons should send #ijjj men into ,britain1 who were to be put into possession of the ,isle of ,thanet1 and to be paid and maintained likewise at the expence sic of the ,britons4 ,hengist and ,horsa1 both sons of the ,saxon ,general ,witigisel1 who were brave and resolute men1 fit for1 and fond of such an expedition1 were appointed1 in the year #dej1 to command the ,saxon troops intended for the relief of ,britain4 ,tho' these two heroes arrived at ,ebbesfleet1 in the island of ,thanet1 with #aejj men only1 instead of #ijjj1 yet they were received with the utmost respect by ,vortigern1 who put them immediately1 according to promise1 in full possession of that island4 ,as the ,picts and ,scots1 at that time1 were advancing their forces against the ,britons1 ,hengist joined ,vortigern1 and inspiring the ,british troops with new courage1 a battle was fought near ,stamford1 in ,lincolnshire1 wherein the ,picts and ,scots were so absolutely defeated1 that they were obliged to abandon their conquests1 and retire into their own country4 ,hengist had a beautiful daughter1 named ,rowena1 with whom ,vortigern fell deeply in love1 and demanded her in marriage of her father1 who1 ever attentive to enlarge his dominions1 refused his consent1 unless the amorous ,briton would put him in possession of the whole county of ,kent4 ,the terms were readily accepted1 and the match concluded4 ,in short1 this love-sick passion1 this seemingly trivial circumstance1 occasioned the greatest revolution that had ever been felt in ,britain4 ,the ,,saxon ,,heptarchy4 ,we shall now take a transient view of the ,saxon ,heptarchy1 consequent thereupon4 ,i4 ,the ,kingdom of ,kent4 ,the first was the kingdom of ,kent1 founded by ,hengist1 in #dec1 and contained only that county2 being inhabited by the ,jutes4 ,it continued #cfh years1 and ended in #hbc1 having been governed by ten of its own ,kings1 and seven doubtful or foreign ,princes2 of whom four were ,pagans and three ,christians4 ,its principal places were ,canterbury1 ,dover1 ,rochester1 ,sandwich1 ,deal1 ,folkstone1 and ,reculver4 ,,ii4 ,the ,kingdom of the ,south ,saxons4 ,the second was the kingdom of the ,south ,saxons1 founded by ,ella in #dia1 and contained the counties of ,sussex and ,surrey1 whose principal city was ,chichester4 ,it continued about #aji years1 and ended about the year #fjj2 having only five monarchs1 of whom two were ,pagans1 and three ,christians3 it was mostly under the power of the ,kings of ,kent1 and the ,west ,saxons4 ,,iii4 ,the ,kingdom of the ,west ,saxons4 ,the third was the kingdom of the ,west ,saxons1 founded by ,cerdic in #dai2 and contained ,cornwall1 ,devonshire1 ,dorsetshire1 ,wiltshire1 ,somersetshire1 and ,hampshire1 with the ,isle of ,wight and ,berkshire1 though the remains of the ,britons likewise inhabited ,cornwall3 the principal places were ,winchester1 ,southampton1 ,portsmouth1 ,salisbury1 ,dorchester1 ,sherborne1 and ,exeter3 it continued till the ,norman ,conquest1 being #edg years1 and ended in #ajff1 having been governed by #ag monarchs1 during the heptarchy1 of whom five were ,pagans1 and #ab ,christians3 the last of whom was ,egbert1 who1 in #hbi1 became sole monarch of ,england4 ,,iv4 ,the ,kingdom of the ,east ,saxons4 ,the fourth was the kingdom of the ,east ,saxons1 and contained ,middlesex1 ,essex1 and part of ,hertforshire2 where the principal places were ,london and ,colchester3 it was founded in #ebg1 by ,erkenwin1 and continued #bbj years1 ending in #gdg2 having been governed by #ab monarchs1 of whom two were ,pagans1 and the rest ,christians4 ,v4 ,the ,kingdom of ,northumberland4 ,the fifth was the kingdom of ,northumberland1 founded by ,ina1 in #edg1 and contained ,lancashire1 ,yorkshire1 ,durham1 ,cumberland1 ,westmoreland1 ,northumberland1 and part of ,scotland1 as far as ,edinburgh ,frith3 the principal places being ,york1 ,durham1 ,carlisle1 ,hexham1 and ,lancaster3 it continued #bde years1 and ended in #gib2 having been governed by #bj ,princes1 of whom four were ,pagans1 and the rest ,christians1 whose subjects were ,angles1 and called the ,northumbrian ,angles4 ,,vi4 ,the ,kingdom of the ,east ,angles4 ,the sixth was the kingdom of the ,east ,angles1 which contained ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 and ,cambridgeshire1 with the ,isle of ,ely2 where the principal places were ,norwich1 ,thetford1 ,ely1 and ,cambridge4 ,it was founded by ,uffa in #ege1 and continued #bah years1 ending in #gib1 when it was united to the kingdom of the ,mercians4 ,,vii4 ,the ,kingdom of the ,mercians4 ,the seventh and last was the kingdom of the ,mercians1 or the ,middle ,angles1 founded by ,cridda in #ehb2 and contained ,gloucestershire1 ,herefordshire1 ,worcestershire1 ,warwickshire1 ,leicestershire1 ,rutlandshire1 ,northamptonshire1 ,lincolnshire1 ,huntingdonshire1 ,bedfordshire1 ,buckinghamshire1 part of ,berkshire1 ,oxfordshire1 ,staffordshire1 ,shropshire1 ,nottinghamshire1 and ,cheshire2 the principal places being ,lincoln1 ,nottingham1 ,warwick1 ,leicester1 ,coventry1 ,litchfield1 ,northampton1 ,worcester1 ,gloucester1 ,derby1 ,chester1 ,shrewsbury1 ,stafford1 ,oxford1 and ,bristol3 it continued #bib years1 and ended in #hgd2 having been governed by #ah monarchs1 of whom four were ,pagans1 and the rest ,christians4 ,egbert the ,great1 first ,king of ,england4 ,in the year #hbi1 ,egbert1 the #agth ,king of the ,west ,saxons1 became sole monarch of all the seven kingdoms1 and was crowned at ,winchester1 in ,hampshire1 by the unanimous consent both of the clergy and laity1 ,king of ,england2 and immediately afterwards a proclamation was published1 whereby it was ordered1 that no future distinctions should be kept up among the ,saxon kingdoms2 but that they should all pass under the common name of ,england4 ,though ,egbert was a wise and fortunate ,prince1 and though the ,english were a brave and numerous people1 after the expulsion of the ,picts and ,scots2 yet no sooner was he well established on the throne1 but this island was exposed to new invasions4 ,in #hcb1 the ,danes1 having made two descents before1 landed a third time with great force at the ,isle of ,sheppey1 in ,kent2 and in some few months afterwards at ,charmouth1 in ,dorsetshire1 with #ah1jjj men4 ,in #hce1 they landed again in ,cornwall2 but ,egbert was then prepared for them1 and gave them a total defeat4 ,they renewed their depredations1 however1 in #hcf1 but were again repulsed4 ,soon after which1 this ,prince having reigned ,king of the ,west ,saxons #cf years1 and sole monarch of ,england upwards of eight1 died as great as he lived1 and was buried at ,winchester1 where he was crowned4 ,he was the father1 in short1 of the ,english monarchy1 and therefore justly entitled to the name of ,egbert the ,great4 ,ethelwulf1 the ,second ,king of ,england4 ,ethelwulf1 the elder surviving son of ,egbert1 succeeded his father in #hcf4 ,till he became a ,king1 he had been only a priest1 or1 at most1 only bishop of ,winchester4 ,he obtained1 however1 a dispensation from ,pope ,gregory ,,iv4 and assumed a secular life4 ,in the first year of his reign1 the ,danes landed at ,southampton1 in ,hampshire1 but were routed with great slaughter4 ,in #hcg1 however1 they made a second descent upon ,portland1 in ,dorsetshire1 and succeeded in their attempt4 ,in #hch1 they made another descent about ,romney1 in ,kent1 with such success1 and great slaughter1 that they over-ran the country4 ,in short1 they made fresh visits for several years afterwards successively1 for the sake of plunder only1 without the least intention of making a settlement in the kingdom4 ,ethelwulf1 however1 in #heb1 assembled a numerous army1 with the assistance of his brother ,athelstan1 met them at ,okely1 in ,surry sic2 and there1 after a desperate engagement1 proved so victorious1 that the slaughter of their enemies was almost incredible4 ,in #hee1 ,ethelwulf went to ,rome1 in order to pay a visit to the ,pope in person2 and1 on receiving his benediction1 he not only gratified the vanity of the papal see by his devotion1 but satisfied likewise its most avaricious expectations by his royal bounty4 ,in #heg1 after having reigned one and twenty years1 he divided his kingdom between his two eldest sons1 ,ethelbald and ,ethelbert1 and soon after died1 and was buried at ,winchester4 ,,iii4 sic ,ethelbald and ,ethelbert1 joint ,kings of ,england4 ,ethelbald1 whose reign was but short1 and no ways remarkable1 died in #hjj1 and was buried at ,sherborne1 in ,dorsetshire4 ,ethelbert1 the fourth ,king of ,england4 ,though ,ethelbert bore an excellent character1 yet he was no favourite of fortune2 for from his coronation in #hfj1 to his death in #hff1 he had one continued conflict with the ,danes4 ,he was interred at ,sherborne1 near his brother4 ,ethelred1 the fifth ,king of ,england4 ,in #hff1 ,ethelred1 third son of ,ethelwulf1 succeeded to the crown3 in whose reign the ,danes committed great ravages through the kingdom4 ,notwithstanding1 in #hfh1 a great famine and plague happened in ,england1 yet those merciless and blood-thirsty ,pagans the ,danes1 in #hfi1 through their aversion to ,christianity1 set fire to the religious houses in the city of ,york1 murdered the monks1 ravished the nuns1 and made a sacrifice of ,edmund1 titular ,king of the ,east ,angles1 by first shooting his body full of arrows1 and afterwards cutting off his head4 ,he was soon after interred at ,st4 ,edmundsbury1 in the county of ,suffolk1 from whom it has ever since been distinguished by that name1 as the manner of that ,prince's death entitled him to the honour of martyrdom4 ,ethelred1 after having reigned six years1 was buried at ,winbourn1 in the county of ,dorset4 ,alfred the ,great1 sixth ,king of ,england4 ,in the year #hgb1 ,alfred the ,great 7the fourth son of ,ethelwulf7 succeeded his brother ,ethelred1 whose moral virtues endeared him so far to his subjects1 that they honoured him with the appellation of the ,father of the ,english ,constitution4 ,he was crowned at ,winchester4 ,in the year #hgh1 the ,danes settled themselves in divers parts of ,england1 with whom ,alfred fought many battles1 with various success2 but at length gave them a total overthrow at ,eddington1 in ,somersetshire1 and not only obliged their leader ,guthrun1 the chiefs of their army1 and the main body of their people1 to be baptized1 but afterwards to retire out of the kingdom4 ,this illustrious ,prince1 in #hhb1 rebuilt the city of ,london1 which had been burnt and destroyed by the ,danes in #hci4 ,as he was an excellent scholar himself1 he founded1 or at least greatly augmented1 the ,university of ,oxford4 ,in #hic1 the ,danes1 with #cjj ships1 under one ,hastings1 invaded ,england again1 but were defeated by ,alfred's army1 at ,farnham1 ,surry sic4 ,in #hig1 a plague happened1 and raged throughout the land for three years successively4 ,in the year #ijj1 ,alfred died of a contraction of the nerves1 after he had lived #ea years1 and reigned #bi4 ,edward the ,elder1 seventh ,king of ,england4 ,on his decease1 ,edward the ,elder 7so called to distinguish him from ,edward the ,martyr1 and ,edward the ,confessor7 succeeded his father1 and was crowned at ,kingston upon ,thames4 ,this ,prince was a brave warrior1 and tho' invaded by the ,danes1 in the year #ije1 he defeated them in ,kent4 ,in the year #iaa1 he improved the ,university of ,cambridge1 much after the same manner as ,alfred his father had augmented ,oxford4 ,in #iba1 he was in the height of his glory1 all the ,princes in ,britain either submitting to his allegiance1 or courting his favour4 ,he died in the #bdth year of his reign1 at ,farringdon1 in ,berkshire1 and was buried at ,winchester4 ,tho' he had three wives1 and several children1 yet ,ethelstan1 his son by one ,egwinna1 a shepherd's daughter1 succeeded to his kingdom4 ,ethelstan1 eighth ,king of ,england4 ,he was crowned in the #acth year of his age1 at ,kingston upon ,thames1 in the year #ibd4 ,in the year1 #ich1 he defeated both the ,danes and ,scots1 and made the ,princes of ,wales pay him a tribute of #bj pounds of gold1 #cjj pounds of silver1 and #be1jjj head of cattle4 ,the same year he caused the ,bible to be translated into the ,saxon1 which was then the mother tongue4 ,much about this time the renowned ,guy1 ,earl of ,warwick1 is said to have encountered ,colebrand1 the famous ,danish giant1 and1 after a sharp contest1 to have killed him on the spot at ,winchester4 ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,solar ,,system1 ,adapted to the ,capacities of ,children4 ,in the ,,html version1 the symbols for the planets can be seen next to their names1 except for ,georgium ,sidus1 whose name was later changed to ,uranus4 ,,the ,,sun1 which is the fountain of light and heat1 is placed in the centre of the universe2 and the several planets1 namely1 ,luna1 7the moon72 ,mercury2 ,venus2 the ,earth2 ,mars2 ,jupiter2 ,saturn2 and ,georgium ,sidus2 move around him in their several orbs1 and borrow from him their light and influence3 on the surface of the sun are seen certain dark spots1 but what they are is not known4 ,they often change their place1 number1 and magnitude2 and if they are really in the sun's body1 as to all appearance they are1 we must suppose that he moves around his axis in about twenty-five days and six hours2 otherwise those various changes and alterations cannot be accounted for on the principles of reason and philosophy4 ,the daily motion of the sun from east to west is not real2 for1 as ,i have observed before1 the sun is fixed in the centre1 and can have no motion but upon its own axis1 that is1 of turning round in the same space4 ,the apparent motion1 therefore1 from east to west1 must arise from the true and real motion of the earth on which we live1 as ,i shall prove by and by4 ,the body of the sun is so immensely large1 that his diameter or thickness is computed to be #hbb1ade ,english miles1 and a million of times larger than the globe of our earth2 stupendous and amazing magnitude6 which is supposed to be all fire1 and by whose beams of light the whole system of beings about it is made visible4 ,the fixed stars which enamel and bespangle the concave expanse1 or canopy of heaven1 by numbers and lustre1 make the night beauteous and delightful1 which would otherwise be dark and horrible4 ,the ,,universe has no determinate form or figure at all2 for it is every way infinite and unlimited1 and is called the ,,mundane ,,space1 in which all worlds have their place and being4 ,the ,,moon1 which is the next planet1 or body1 we are to consider1 is1 as to matter and form1 not unlike our earth2 for her body is uneven and spherical4 ,the bright portions we see in her are the more prominent and illuminated parts of the land1 as mountains1 islands1 promontories1 c4 to which we are obliged for the light that is reflected to us2 for the dark parts1 which are supposed to be seas1 lakes1 vales1 c4 are incapable of reflecting any light at all4 ,some of our philosopers sic assert1 that there is an atmosphere of air about her2 and1 if so1 then is she subject to the wind1 clouds1 rain1 thunder1 lightning1 and other meteors1 as well as the earth1 and of consequence may be inhabited by men and animals4 ,the diameter or thickness of the moon1 is about #bage ,english miles4 ,the moon revolves round the earth in about #bg days1 #g hours1 and #dc minutes4 ,according to the different position of the moon in her orb1 with respect to the sun and earth1 she puts on different aspects or phases1 as new1 horned1 full1 c4 ,and since1 at the same distance from the sun1 she never appears of a different face1 it is evident that she has a diurnal motion round her own axis1 which is completed in the same time as her periodical revolution is about the earth4 ,so that the ,lunarians1 or people of the moon1 7if there are such7 have their days and months perpetually of equal length4 ,the other planets1 i4e4 ,mercury1 ,venus1 the ,earth1 ,mars1 ,jupiter1 ,saturn1 and the ,georgium ,sidus199 all revolve in the same manner about the sun as the centre of the system2 and in the order from the sun as they are named in the following figure of the ,,universe4 99 ,the ,georgium ,sidus is a later discovery1 having two moons2 without the orb of ,saturn1 and not represented in the following scheme1 for want of room4 ,illustration3 woodcut of the ,universe1 as understood at that time ,the real motion of them all is from west to east1 though sometimes they appear to move from east to west2 and at other times seem not to move at all4 ,and hence they are said to be direct1 retrograde1 and stationary4 ,the ,earth1 ,jupiter1 and ,saturn1 are often eclipsed by the interposition of their respective moons1 or satellites1 between the sun and themselves2 and these eclipses are sometimes partial1 sometimes total1 and sometimes central4 ,the orbit of the earth 7or the circle which the sun seems to describe round the earth71 is called the ecliptic1 which is divided into twelve equal parts1 called signs1 and are distinguished by the following names and marks1 again1 the symbols for the signs can be seen in the ,,html version viz4 ,aries1 the ,ram2 ,taurus1 the ,bull2 ,gemini1 the ,twins2 ,cancer1 the ,crab2 ,leo1 the ,lion2 ,virgo1 the ,virgin2 ,libra1 the ,balance2 ,scorpio1 the ,scorpion2 ,sagittarius1 the ,archer2 ,capricornus1 the ,goat2 ,aquarius1 the ,water-bearer2 ,pisces1 the ,fishes4 ,there are many other things peculiar to the planets2 but as they are not within the compass of my design1 ,i shall pass them over1 in order to speak more particularly of the earth4 ,of the ,,earth1 considered as a ,,planet4 ,,the ,earth1 by its revolution about the sun in #cfe days1 #e hours1 and #di minutes1 makes that space of time which we call a year4 ,the line1 which the centre of the earth describes in its annual revolution about the sun1 is called the ,ecliptic4 ,the annual motion of the earth about the sun1 is in the order of the signs of the zodiac2 that is1 from west to east4 ,besides its annual revolution about the sun in the ecliptic1 the earth turns round also on its own axis in #bd hours4 ,the turning of the earth on its own axis every #bd hours1 whilst it moves round the sun in a year1 we may conceive by the rolling of a bowl on a bowling-green2 in which not only the centre of the bowl hath a progressive motion on the green1 but the bowl1 in going forward1 turns round about its own axis4 ,the turning of the earth on its own axis makes the differences of day and night2 it being day in those parts of the earth which are turned towards the sun2 and night in those parts which are in the shade1 or turned from the sun4 ,the annual revolution of the earth in the ecliptic is the cause of the different seasons1 and of the several lengths of days and nights1 in every part of the world1 in the course of the year4 ,if the diameter of the sun be to the diameter of the earth as #dh to #a1 7as by some it is computed71 the disk of the sun is above #bjjj times bigger than the disk of the earth2 and the globe of the sun is about #ajj1jjj times bigger than the globe of the earth4 ,the distance of the earth's orbit from the sun is above #bj1jjj semidiameters of the earth2 so that if a cannon ball should come from the sun with the same velocity it hath when discharged from the mouth of a cannon1 it would be #be years in coming to the earth4 ,we shall now consider the earth in another sense1 and speak of the several divisions made by geographers4 ,,of ,,the ,,circles1 ,which are used by ,,geographers to explain the ,properties of the ,,natural ,,globe4 ,you may suppose the following figure to be a globe or sphere1 representing the earth4 ,the outermost circle1 marked with the letters ,a1 ,d1 ,b1 ,c1 is called the meridian2 and on this circle the latitude is reckoned1 either from ,c towards ,a or ,b1 or else from ,d towards ,a and ,b4 ,the equator is the line ,c1 ,d1 which upon the globe is a circle1 and is sometimes called the equinoctial3 ,upon this circle the degrees of longitude are reckoned1 beginning at ,c1 and counting all round the globe till you come to ,c again2 and ,o is the middle of the world between ,a and ,b1 which are the two poles thereof3 ,a representing the ,north ,pole1 ,b the ,south ,pole4 ,the circles ,e ,f1 and ,g ,h1 are called the ,tropics1 beyond which the sun never moves4 ,illustration3 ,woodcut showing ,tropics1 ,ecliptic1 ,poles1 etc41 marked with the letters ,a-,i1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,o ,the line ,g ,f1 which upon the globe is a circle1 is termed the ,ecliptic1 in which the sun is perpetually moving from ,g to ,f1 and ,f to ,g again4 ,when the sun is in ,o1 he is then in the ,equinoctial1 and the days and nights are of equal length to all the world1 except under the ,poles4 ,when he is at ,f1 which is called the ,tropic of ,cancer1 days are at the longest to all those who dwell under the ,north side of the ,equator4 ,when the sun is at ,g1 which is called the ,tropic of ,capricorn1 days are at the longest to all those dwelling on the ,south side of the ,equator1 and at the shortest to those on the ,north side4 ,the circles ,,lm and ,i ,k are called the ,polar ,circles1 because to those inhabitants who dwell under these circles1 the longest day is #bd hours2 so that the sun sets not1 but moves quite round their horizon4 ,thus much may suffice for the circles of the sphere2 only note this1 that every circle1 whether great or small1 is divided into #cfj equal parts or degrees2 so that a degree is no certain measure1 but only the three hundred and sixtieth part of the circle2 and these degrees are again supposed to be divided into sixty equal parts1 which are called minutes4 ,now1 therefore1 if a circle which will reach round the earth be divided into #cfj parts1 then one of those parts is equal to a degree1 which was looked upon by the ancients to be equal to sixty miles1 and thus one mile was exactly equal to a minute4 ,of the ,,zones4 ,the ,zones are certain tracts of land1 whose boundaries are made by the circles before described1 and are five in number1 namely1 the ,torrid ,zone2 the ,northern ,temperate ,zone2 the ,southern ,temperate ,zone2 the ,northern ,frigid ,zone2 the ,southern ,frigid ,zone4 #a4 ,the ,torrid ,zone contains all that space of land which lies between the circles ,e ,f and ,g ,h2 for to those inhabitants who dwell betwixt the said limits1 the sun1 at some time of the year1 becomes vertical1 i4e4 right over their heads4 #b4 ,the ,northern ,temperate ,zone is all that space betwixt the circle ,e ,f1 named the ,tropic of ,cancer1 and the line ,l ,m1 called the ,northern ,polar ,circle2 and to all the inhabitants within this compass1 the sun1 when in their several meridians1 casteth their shadows directly north4 #c4 ,the ,southern ,temperate ,zone is that tract of land which lies between the circular line ,g ,h1 called the ,tropic of ,capricorn1 and the ,southern ,polar ,circle ,i ,k4 ,to all the inhabitants within this space1 the sun1 when in their meridian1 casteth their shadows full south4 #d4 ,the ,northern ,frigid ,zone1 is that part of the earth which lies between the ,northern ,polar ,circle ,l ,m1 and the ,north ,pole at ,a2 to all these inhabitants the sun1 at a certain season1 and when in the ,tropic of ,cancer1 does not set1 but moves in view quite round the horizon1 casting their shadows every way4 #e4 ,the ,southern ,frigid ,zone is that part of the earth which lies between the ,southern ,polar ,circle ,i ,k1 and the ,south ,pole at ,b4 ,to all the inhabitants within these limits1 the sun1 when in the ,tropic of ,capricorn1 sets not1 but moves in sight as before1 casting their shadows also every way4 ,of the ,,climates4 ,the ,climates are reckoned from the ,equator to the ,poles2 under the ,equator the day is always #ab hours long1 and under the ,polar ,circles the longest day is #bd hours4 ,geographers make #bd climates between the ,equator and each of the ,polar ,circles1 because there are #bd half hours difference between the length of day under the ,equator1 and the longest day under the ,polar ,circle2 so that any place where the longest day in that place is half an hour longer or shorter than that of another place1 is of a different climate4 ,the first climate begins at the ,equator2 the second where the longest day is #ab hours and a half2 the third where it is #ac hours1 and so on4 ,there are in all #dh climates of hours1 that is1 four sic from the ,equator to the ,polar ,circle1 either ,northward or ,southward4 ,besides the aforesaid #dh climates of hours1 there are #ab more1 called climates of months1 that is1 six from each of the ,polar ,circles to the ,poles4 ,they are called climates of months1 because the longest day in the end of the first climate is one whole month1 the longest day at the end of the second two whole months1 and so on4 ,of ,,land and ,,water4 ,the whole globe of the earth is called terraqueous1 consisting of two bodies1 namely1 ,land and ,water1 which may be divided in the following manner1 viz4 ,,land into ,continents1 ,islands1 ,peninsulas1 ,isthmuses1 ,promontories1 ,mountains4 #a4 ,a ,continent is a large tract of land1 comprehending divers countries1 kingdoms1 and states1 joining altogether1 without any separation of its parts by water1 of which we have four1 viz4 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america4 #b4 ,an ,island is a part of land encompassed round with water4 #c4 ,a ,peninsula1 called also ,chersonesus1 is a piece of dry land every where environed with water1 save only a narrow neck of land adjoining the same to the ,continent4 #d4 ,an ,isthmus is that narrow neck of land which joins the ,peninsula to the ,continent1 by which people go from one to the other4 #e4 ,a ,promontory is a high piece of land1 stretching out into the sea1 the extremity whereof is commonly called a ,cape4 #f4 ,a ,mountain is a rising part of dry land1 overtopping the adjacent country1 and appearing the first at a distance4 ,,water is divided into ,oceans1 ,seas1 ,gulfs1 ,straits1 ,lakes1 and ,rivers4 #g4 ,ocean is a vast collection of water1 environing a considerable part of the ,continent4 #h4 ,the ,sea is a smaller body of water1 intermixed with ,islands1 and for the most part environed with land4 #i4 ,a ,gulf is a part of the ,sea1 every where encompassed with land1 except only one passage1 whereby it communicates with the main ocean4 #aj4 ,a ,strait is a narrow passage1 either joining a ,gulf to the neighbouring ,sea or ,ocean1 or one part of the ,sea or ,ocean to another4 #aa4 ,a ,lake is a small collection of deep standing water1 surrounded by land1 and having no visible communication with the ,sea4 #ab4 ,a ,river is a considerable stream of fresh water1 rising out of one1 or various fountains1 continually gliding along in one or more currents1 till it empties itself into the sea or ocean4 ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,quarters ,,of ,,the ,,world1 ,,and ,,first ,,of ,,europe4 ,a ,swedish ,man and ,woman in their proper ,dresses4 ,illustration3 ,woodcut of ,swedish couple ,an ,historical and ,geographical ,account of ,,sweden1 ,,denmark1 and ,,norway4 ,,sweden is one of the ,northern ,kingdoms1 great and populous2 is bounded on the ,north by ,lapland1 ,norway1 and the ,frozen ,sea2 on the ,east by ,muscovy2 on the ,south by the ,baltic ,sea2 on the ,west by ,denmark and ,norway4 ,it is divided into six parts1 contains seventeen cities1 the capital is ,stockholm2 the air is cold1 but wholesome2 it abounds with all the necessaries of life2 the inhabitants are long-lived2 they trade in brass1 lead1 iron1 steel1 copper1 skins1 furs1 deals1 oak1 pitch1 and tar3 ,they are civil1 and so industrious that a beggar is not to be seen among them2 good soldiers1 strong and healthy4 ,it was formerly elective1 but now hereditary4 ,it is governed by a ,king and the ,states1 which consist of the nobility1 clergy1 and the merchants2 their religion is ,lutheranism1 and dialect ,teutonic and ,german4 ,an ,account of ,,denmark4 ,,denmark lies to the ,north of ,england1 is but a small kingdom1 ,copenhagen is the metropolis4 ,the ,king of ,denmark is also ,sovereign of ,norway1 ,greenland1 ,fero1 c4 ,the air is very cold1 the country fruitful2 there is store of deer1 elks1 horses1 cattle1 c4 also fish1 especially herrings2 their commodities are chiefly tallow1 timber1 hides1 and rigging for ships3 ,the crown is hereditary1 the government entirely in the power of the ,king1 and their religion the same as in ,sweden4 ,an ,account of ,,norway4 ,,norway is a kingdom on the ,north-,west shore of ,europe1 belongs to the ,king of ,denmark1 is separated from ,sweden by a ridge of mountains always covered with snow2 the chief town is ,drontheim4 ,it is mountainous1 barren1 and extremely cold1 therefore but thinly peopled2 they are a plain people1 of the same religion as those of ,denmark4 ,the produce of the country is good for timber1 oak1 pitch1 tar1 copper1 and iron2 and their seas abound with fish1 which the inhabitants dry upon the rocks without salt1 and sell them to most nations in ,europe1 to victual their ships in long voyages4 ,they have very little corn grown in the country2 and the inhabitants feed on the flesh of bears1 wolves1 and foxes2 and the poorer sort make bread of dried fish ground to powder1 while the better sort exchange the commodities above-mentioned for corn1 fruits1 wine1 and other necessaries4 ,their longest day in the northern parts is two months1 and shortest in the southern about eight hours4 ,a ,moscovite1 or ,russian ,man and ,woman in their proper ,dresses4 ,illustration3 ,woodcut of ,russian couple ,an account of ,,moscovy1 or ,,russia4 ,,moscovy is the largest country in ,europe1 and which comprehends all that vast country which obeys the ,czar1 or ,czarina4 ,it is bounded by the ,northern ,ocean on the ,north2 the rivers ,oby and ,tanais on the ,east2 the ,little ,tanais1 the rivers ,desna and ,sosa1 with ,lesser ,tartary1 on the ,south2 ,narva1 ,poland1 ,sweden1 and ,norway on the ,west3 ,it contains about forty provinces2 is a marshy country1 not well inhabited1 full of forests and rivers2 the winter is long1 and very cold2 they sow only rye before winter1 and the other corn in ,may1 though their harvest is in ,july and ,august4 ,they have plenty of fruit1 melons1 fowl1 and fish2 and their commodities are salt1 brimstone1 pitch1 tar1 hemp1 flax1 iron1 steel1 copper1 and ,russian leather1 much valued in ,england4 ,they wear long beards1 short hair1 and gowns down to their heels2 are a mistrustful and cruel people1 cunning in trading1 and deceive with impunity1 it being counted industry2 naturally lazy and drunken1 and lie on the ground or benches1 all excent sic the gentry4 ,until ,czar ,peter the ,great 7who polished the people1 as well as enriched and improved the country71 they were barbarous and savage2 but he setting up printing-houses and schools in his dominions1 banished ignorance1 and introduced the liberal arts4 ,their government is hereditary and absolute1 their religion is that of the ,greek church4 ,they have a number of clergy1 and divers monasteries for friars and nuns4 ,the ,emperor of ,moscovy is called the ,czar1 and ,empress the ,czarina4 ,a ,french ,man and ,woman in their proper ,dresses4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,french couple ,an ,historical and ,geographical ,account of ,,france4 ,,france is one of the finest and largest countries in ,europe1 lies in the middle of the ,temperate ,zone1 is washed by the ocean to the west1 by the ,mediterranean ,sea to the ,south1 joins to the ,low ,countries to the ,north1 ,germany and ,italy lie to the ,east1 and ,spain to the ,south4 ,its length and breadth is about #bbe leagues each4 ,its chief city is ,paris2 there are ten universities1 and many very stately palaces1 the chief of which is that at ,versailles1 about eleven miles from ,paris1 where their ,kings used to reside4 ,it abounds with all the necessaries of life1 which made the ,emperor ,maximilian say1 ,that if it were possible he himself were ,god1 his eldest son should succeed him1 and the second should be ,king of ,france4 ,the common people were reckoned industrious1 and the better sort very polite1 well bred1 extremely gay in dress1 and civil to strangers1 till their late wonderful revolution destroyed all distinctions1 and involved them in a contest with the rest of ,europe2 which seems to have reversed their manners1 and renders it impossible to say what will in future be the distinguishing traits of the national character1 when they shall again cultivate the arts of peace4 ,their commodities are brandy1 wine1 salt1 silks1 linen and woollen1 hemp1 canvas1 paper1 soap1 almonds1 olives1 c4 ,to take a view of the country1 their fields are long and open1 intermixed with corn and vines1 and every hedge so beset with choice fruits1 that eyes can hardly have fairer objects4 ',twas in this country that ,master ,tommy ,courtly and his sister1 who went over with their papa1 learnt all that good manners and genteel behaviour1 which made every body love and admire them so much at their return home2 which had such an effect on their brother ,jack1 7who was a rude1 ill-natured1 slovenly boy71 that he soon grew better2 and to prevent himself being utterly despised1 and turned out of doors1 by his papa and mamma1 for his undutiful behaviour1 he immediately mended his manners1 and in a very little time was beloved and admired1 almost equally with his brother ,tommy4 ,it has now1 however1 ceased to be the school of ,europe2 and as the late extraordinary events1 which brought their ,monarch to the block1 and occasioned the people to declare for a ,republican government1 have been attended with a total loss of trade1 and the destruction of the arts1 it must be many years before travellers can again visit this country with hope of similar advantages4 ,germans in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,german couple ,an ,account of ,,germany4 ,,germany is a large1 fruitful1 and pleasant country1 which has the title of an ,empire4 ,it is bounded on the ,north by the ,baltic ,sea1 ,denmark1 and the ,german ,ocean2 on the ,east by ,hungary1 ,prussia1 and ,poland2 on the ,south by the ,alps2 on the ,west by the ,netherlands1 ,lorrain1 and ,french ,compte4 ,it is divided into higher and lower2 its whole length is about #hdj ,italian miles1 and breadth about #gdj2 the soil is very fertile1 and furnishes every thing necessary2 the chief rivers are the ,danube1 the ,rhine1 ,elbe1 ,oder1 and ,weser4 ,tacitus1 speaking of the ,ancient ,germans1 says1 ,they sung sic when they marched to fight1 and judged of the success by the shouts and huzzas at the onset4 ,their wives1 as martial as themselves1 accompanied them to the war to dress their wounds1 and provide them with necessaries4 ,they esteemed nothing so infamous as to throw away or lose their shield4 ,they buried the bodies of their noblemen on a funeral pile1 with their arms and horse4 ,the ,germans of our age are laborious1 simple1 and brave1 but ready to serve for money1 constant in their religion1 true friends1 open enemies4 ,the inventions of printing1 gunpowder1 and fire-arms are attributed to them4 ,there are above three hundred different ,sovereignties in ,germany1 most of which are subject to the supreme head1 the ,emperor1 who is chosen by the nine ,electors1 viz4 the ,archbishops of ,mentz1 ,triers1 and ,cologn2 the ,king of ,bohemia2 the ,duke of ,bavaria2 the ,duke of ,saxony2 the ,marquis of ,brandenburgh1 7,king of ,prussia72 the ,prince ,palatine of the ,rhine2 and the ,elector of ,hanover1 7,king of ,england74 ,the ,electors are the principal members of the ,empire1 and absolute ,sovereigns in their own dominions4 ,their religion1 for the greatest part1 is ,popery2 but in several states and cities1 particularly ,prussia1 the ,protestant prevails4 ,the chief city is ,vienna1 in the ,dukedom of ,austria1 which is the seat of the ,emperor4 ,a ,dutch ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,dutch couple ,,holland and ,,flanders1 which are called the ,seven ,provinces1 and the ,netherlands1 are inhabited by the ,dutch4 ,this country is also in ,germany1 though mostly independent of the ,empire2 the greatest part belongs to the ,dutch1 part to the ,french1 and part to the ,emperor3 ,its capital city is ,amsterdam1 a place of vast trade and riches4 ,the air is moist and foggy2 the country1 lying low1 is naturally wet and fenny1 and employed chiefly in grazing of cattle2 little corn grows there1 but they import abundance from other countries2 the soil is fertile1 the natural produce is chiefly butter and cheese1 in which their trade has been great1 but that of herrings the most considerable2 and they had manufactures of various kinds1 carrying on a prodigious trade to most parts of the world4 ,they are a plain and frugal people1 and very laborious4 ,their form of government was very peculiar2 but their independence having been absorbed in the vortex of the ,french revolution1 it is uncertain what form it may assume in a short period4 ,their language is a dialect of the ,german4 ,the reformed religion1 according to the doctrines of ,calvin1 is the established one1 though all are tolerated4 ,a ,spanish ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,spanish couple ,an ,account of ,,spain4 ,,spain is separated from ,france by the ,pyrenean ,hills1 and on all other sides is surrounded by the ,mediterranean ,sea1 the ,straits of ,gibraltar1 and the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,the ,king has the most lands of any ,prince in the world1 on which account some of their predecessors have boasted1 ,that the sun never sets in their dominions1 as having possessions in all the four parts of the world4 ,he is stiled sic his ,catholic ,majesty4 ,his ,court is different from all others1 he gives audience but one day in a week1 and the rest he is shut up in his palace1 the courts of which are full of merchants' shops1 and resemble the cloisters of religious houses4 ,the air of ,spain is pure and dry1 but very hot2 the soil is sandy1 and mostly barren1 though where fertile not well cultivated1 through the pride and laziness of the people1 to which they are much addicted2 though what they want in corn is made up in a variety of excellent fruits and wines1 of which they have great plenty4 ,their chief commodities are wine1 oil1 fruits of various sorts1 wool1 lamb-skins1 honey1 cork1 c4 ,the people are grave and majestic1 faithful to their ,monarch1 delicate in point of honour1 jealous1 lascivious1 and tyrants over a vanquished enemy2 look upon husbandry and the mechanical arts with the greatest contempt4 ,their government is an absolute ,monarchy1 and their crown hereditary as well to females as to males4 ,their religion is ,roman ,catholic1 nor is any other tolerated4 ,madrid is their capital city1 which stands near the middle of the country1 on top of a hill1 by the little river ,manzanares4 ,a ,portuguese ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,portuguese couple ,an ,account of ,,portugal4 ,,portugal joins to ,spain1 and to the ,east is bounded by ,spanish provinces2 the capital city is ,lisbon1 a place of great trade and riches1 with an excellent harbour3 ,the soil of this country is poor1 and produces but little1 except wine and fruit4 ,the nobility and gentry are magnificent and hospitable1 but the common people much addicted to thieving4 ,it is governed by its own ,king1 who is by much the richest crowned head in ,europe4 ,his government is absolute1 and crown hereditary4 ,the established religion is ,popery1 though others are tolerated1 but are under a necessity of being very reserved and cautious1 for fear of the inquisition1 which is a court or tribunal for the examination and punishment of offenders1 whom they torture in the most cruel manner4 ,lisbon1 the capital city1 as before-mentioned1 is about six miles in length1 built on seven hills1 surrounded with a wall1 on which are #gg towers1 and #cf gates2 is reckoned to contain #cj1jjj houses1 and #aej1jjj inhabitants1 7whose foreign trade is equal to any city in ,europe1 except ,london and ,amsterdam47 ,there is a cathedral1 #cg parish churches1 #bc cloisters1 several handsome squares1 and sumptuous buildings1 the largest of which is the ,king's palace4 ,such was the state of this opulent city till the #ast of ,november1 #agee1 when the greatest part of it was reduced to a heap of ruins by a most tremendous earthquake1 which was followed by a terrible fire4 ,a gentleman who was present1 giving an account of the calamity to his friend in ,england1 says1 ,it is not to be expressed by human tongue1 how dreadful and awful it was to enter the city after the disaster2 in looking upwards one was struck with terror1 in beholding frightful ruined fronts of houses1 some leaning one way1 some another2 then1 on the contrary1 one was struck with horror in beholding dead bodies1 by six or seven in a heap1 crushed to death1 half buried1 half burnt2 and if one went through the broad squares1 nothing to be met with but people bewailing their misfortunes1 wringing their hands1 and crying the world was at an end3 ,in short1 'twas the most lamentable scene that eyes could behold4 ,the ,king1 in his letter on the melancholy occasion to the ,king of ,spain1 concludes thus3 ,i am without a house1 in a tent1 without servants1 without subjects1 without money1 and without bread4 ,an ,italian ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,italian couple ,an ,historical ,description of ,,italy4 ,,italy in the scriptures is called ,chittim1 and ,mesech4 ,pliny 7an ancient ,latin writer7 gives it this character3 ,italy is the nurse-mother of all nations1 elected by the ,gods to make the ,heavens more glorious1 and unite the dispersed governments of the world4 c4 ,the situation is very advantageous1 being towards the midst of the ,temperate ,zone4 ,it is bounded by the ,alps on the ,north1 which separates it from ,germany2 on the ,east by the ,adriatic ,sea2 on the ,south by ,mare ,inferum1 or the ,sea of ,tuscany2 and on the ,west by a part of the ,alps1 and the ,river ,var1 which are its bounds towards ,france and ,savoy4 ,the air of this country is temperate and healthful2 the soil so fruitful1 that there seems to be a continual spring3 ,it abounds with grain1 fruits1 and flowers1 and a variety of living creatures1 as well for pleasure as profit2 on which account ,italy is called the ,garden of ,europe4 ,the people are polite1 dexterous sic1 prudent1 and ingenious1 extremely revengeful1 jealous1 and great formalists2 their genius lies much for poetry1 music1 antiquities1 c4 and1 in short1 all the liberal arts4 ,their tongue is derived from the ancient ,latin4 ,the cities are fair1 well built1 and magnificent2 ,rome is looked on as the capital1 and is called the ,holy1 ,naples the ,noble1 ,florence the ,fair1 ,genoa the ,proud1 ,milan the ,great1 ,venice the ,rich1 ,padua the ,learned1 and ,bonia the ,fat4 ,there are #cjj bishoprics in it1 and many universities4 ,it was governed of old by ,kings1 then by ,consuls1 and last of all by ,emperors1 who raised it to the highest pitch of glory4 ,only the ,roman ,catholic religion is professed in ,italy2 neither are the ,protestants suffered there1 though the ,jews are permitted in some cities4 ,this country affords more entertainment to travellers than any other in the world1 in which may be seen many remains of the greatest1 wisest1 and bravest people that ever lived1 namely1 the old ,romans4 ,the present people are inured to slavery1 harassed with tyrannies and impositions of their priests4 ,the country is but badly cultivated2 its commodities are wine1 oil1 corn1 rice1 velvets1 silk1 glass1 c4 ,a ,turkish ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,turkish couple ,an ,account of ,,turkey4 ,,turkey1 or the ,empire of the ,turks1 comprehends many provinces in ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa2 so it is with reason the ,sultan is called ,grand ,signior4 ,the empire is divided into #be governments1 of which there are seven in ,europe1 seventeen in ,asia1 and ,egypt makes one of itself2 two of the governments have what they call ,beglerbergs at the head of them1 and the rest are governed by ,bashaws4 ,most of these countries are fruitful1 but neglected through the laziness of the ,turks1 and oppressions the ,christians lie under1 who chuse sic rather to let the land lie untilled1 than cultivate it for others4 ,it is thin of inhabitants1 occasioned by frequent plagues and continual wars1 which carry off great numbers4 ,they are very temperate1 robust1 and good soldiers4 ,their religion1 whereof ,mahomet was the author1 comprehends six general precepts1 viz4 circumcision1 prayer1 fasting1 alms1 pilgrimage1 and abstinence from wine4 ,friday is their most solemn day of the week1 which they distinguish only by being longer at prayer on that than other days4 ,they observe an extraordinary fast on the ninth month1 which whoever breaks is certainly punished with death3 ,they keep it so strict1 that labourers ready to faint with thirst dare not taste a drop of water4 ,they have a sort of monks called ,dervises sic1 who live a very austere life1 keeping a profound silence1 go barefoot1 with a leather girdle round their bodies1 full of sharp points to mortify the flesh1 and sometimes beat and burn themselves with hot irons3 they are very charitable1 and spare nothing for the maintenance of the poor4 ,the government is monarchial2 the ,grand ,signior1 or ,sultan1 is absolute master of the lives and fortunes of his subjects2 his orders are above the laws1 which are but few4 ,if his ministers grow rich1 they certainly suffer death1 right or wrong1 their wealth 7which goes to the ,sultan7 being esteemed a clear proof of their guilt4 ,the customs and ways of the ,turks are very different from ours3 the left is the upper hand with them2 they bury in the dark1 and carry the dead head-foremost2 their books are all manuscripts1 for they suffer no printing among them4 ,their commodities are chiefly raw silks1 oil1 leather1 cake-soap1 honey1 wax1 and various fruits and drugs4 ,constantinople1 which was formerly ,thrace1 by the ,turks called ,stamboul1 is their capital1 and seat of the ,ottoman or ,turkish ,emperor4 ,,asia4 ,a ,man and ,woman of ,tartary in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,tartary couple ,an ,account of ,,tartary4 ,,tartary1 which is the same country as the ancient ,scythia1 comprehends all the ,north of ,europe1 and almost a third part of ,asia4 ,at present the ,russians possess the ,north part and have given it the name of ,siberia4 ,it is a cold barren country1 generally covered with snow1 and very thinly inhabited4 ,their wealth consists in cattle1 and their employment in grazing4 ,they carry on neither manufacture nor trade1 except in slaves and horses1 and rove about in herds or clans4 ,the ,emperor of ,russia is supreme ,lord of the ,western as well as ,north part of ,tartary1 especially since the time of the late ,czar ,peter the ,great1 who extended his conquests even to the ,northern coast of the ,caspian ,sea4 ,the ,chinese are masters of the ,south and ,east parts of ,tartary4 ,the ,tartars are divided into four different nations1 namely1 the ,tartars properly so called1 the ,calmucks1 and the ,usbeck and ,moguls4 ,the ,calmuck ,tartars acknowledge themselves subjects of ,russia2 the ,usbeck ,tartars were once independent1 but since subdued by ,kouli ,khan1 the late ,sovereign of ,persia1 who took possession and plundered their capital city ,bochara1 which was extremely populous and wealthy4 ,this country of ,usbeck ,tartary is situate in a very happy climate and fruitful soil1 and carries on a very brisk trade to the ,east and ,west parts of ,asia3 it was the country of the victorious ,tamerlane1 who subdued most of the kingdoms of ,asia4 ,the ,tartars1 as to stature1 are generally thick and short1 having flat square faces1 little eyes1 little round short noses1 and an olive complexion4 ,they are reckoned the best archers in the world1 and eat all manner of flesh but hog's-flesh4 ,they are very hospitable1 and take a pleasure in entertaining strangers4 ,their religion is mostly ,paganism1 they worship the ,sun1 ,moon1 and ,stars1 and a variety of images1 but not in temples or churches1 for they worship in groves and on the tops of monntains sic2 but those that live near the ,mahometan countries are mostly ,mahometans4 ,the ,southern provinces lie in a temperate climate1 and would produce all manner of corn and vegetables2 but the inhabitants pay no regard to it1 and lead a rambling life1 driving great herds of cattle before them to such parts of the country where they can meet with the best pasture1 and here they pitch their tents1 but seldom remain long enough in a place to reap a crop of corn1 even if they were to plough the land and sow it4 ,a ,chinese ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,chinese couple ,an ,account of ,,china4 ,,the ,empire of ,china is a great and spacious country1 on the ,east of ,asia1 famed for its fruitfulness1 wealth1 beautifulness of towns1 and incredible number of inhabitants4 ,it is divided into seventeen kingdoms1 which contain #afj large cities1 #bdj lesser1 and #abjj towns2 the chief of all is ,pekin4 ,the air is pure and serene1 and the inhabitants live to a great age4 ,their riches consist in gold and silver mines1 pearls1 porcelain or ,china ware2 japanned or varnished works2 spices1 musk1 true ambergris1 camphire sic1 sugar1 ginger1 tea1 linen1 and silk2 of the latter there is such abundance1 that they are able to furnish all the world with it4 ,here are also mines of quicksilver1 vermillion1 azure-stone1 vitriol1 c4 ,so much for the wealth3 ,now as to the inhabitants1 they are so numerous1 that the great roads may be compared to a perpetual fair1 such numbers are continually passing1 which made a ,portuguese1 who went thither1 ask1 ,if the women had not nine or ten children at a birth8 ,every inhabitant is obliged to hang a writing over his door1 signifying the number and quality of the dwellers4 ,the inside of their houses is very magnificent4 ,the men are civil1 well-bred1 very ingenious1 polite1 and industrious1 but extremely covetous1 insomuch that they will not scruple to sell their very children1 or drown them1 when they think they have too many4 ,this desire of wealth lets them never be idle1 and makes them have a great aversion to strangers that come to settle among them4 ,the men go neatly dressed1 and carry a fan in their hand1 and when they salute each other 7for they are very courteous7 they never put off their hat1 but with their hands joined before their breast bow their bodies4 ,here is no ,nobility but what depends on learning1 without any regard to birth1 except the ,royal ,families2 and the more learned any one is1 the more he is advanced in honour and government4 ,the ,king1 who is called the ,tartar1 keeps a guard of forty thousand men4 ,when he dies his body is buried on a pile of paper1 and with him all his jewels1 and every thing else1 except living creatures1 that he made use of in his life-time4 ,his ,counsellor1 ,priest1 and ,concubines1 that devoted themselves wholly to his soul1 sacrifice their lives as soon as he dies2 but have the liberty to chuse what kind of death they please1 which is generally beheading4 ,in this country there is a stupendous wall1 built to prevent the incursions of the ,tartars1 which is at least #agjj miles long1 near #cj feet high1 and broad enough for several horsemen to travel on it abreast4 ,their established religion is what they call the ,religion of ,nature1 as explained by their celebrated ,philosopher ,confucius2 but the greatest part of them are ,idolaters1 and worship the ,idol ,fo4 ,the ,mahometans have been long since tolerated1 and the ,jews longer4 ,christianity had gained a considerable footing here by the labour of the ,jesuits1 till the year #agbf1 when the missionaries being suspected of a design against the ,government1 were quite expelled4 ,an ,indian ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,indian couple ,an ,account of ,,india4 ,,india1 one of the greatest regions of ,asia1 is bounded on the ,east by ,china1 on the ,west by ,persia1 ,north by ,great ,tartary1 and on the ,south by the ,indian ,sea4 ,it is divided into three parts1 viz4 ,indostan1 or the ,empire of the ,great ,mogul2 ,india on this side the ,ganges1 and ,india beyond2 the cities of ,deli sic and ,agra are the two chief1 and1 by turns1 the residence of the ,great ,mogul1 at each of which he has a very splendid palace4 ,the most noted city on the coast is ,surat1 a place of great trade1 where the ,english have a factory4 ,india on this side the ,ganges contains many petty kingdoms4 ,on the coast are ,goa1 belonging to the ,portuguese1 which is their staple for ,east-,india goods2 and ,bombay1 a little island and town belonging to the ,english4 ,on this coast are ,pondicherry1 ,fort ,st4 ,david1 and ,fort ,st4 ,george1 which belong to the ,english1 who in fact possess the supreme dominion of the country1 most of the native princes being either dependent on them1 or happy to enter into alliance with them4 ,india beyond the ,ganges1 is also divided into various kingdoms1 and contains a great number of large and populous cities1 of which we have no knowledge besides their names4 ,the people are for the most part tawny1 strong1 and big1 but very lazy4 ,they eat on beds1 or tapestry spread on the ground4 ,they burn most of their dead1 and their wives glory in being thrown into the funeral piles1 and there consumed to ashes4 ,the ,great ,mogul is a ,mahometan1 and esteemed the richest ,king in the world in jewels2 one of his thrones is said to have cost five millions sterling4 ,their commodities are silks1 cottons1 callicoes1 muslins1 sattins sic1 carpets1 gold1 silver1 diamonds1 pearls1 porcelain1 rice1 ginger1 rhubarb1 aloes1 amber1 indigo1 cinnamon1 cocoa1 c4 ,they are mostly ,pagans1 and worship idols of various shapes1 and the rest are ,mahometans1 except a few ,christians4 ,their monarch is absolute1 and so are all the petty ,kings2 who are so fond of titles that they often take them from their jewels1 furnitures1 equipage1 and elephants1 to make up a number4 ,this country is so exceeding rich1 that it is thought by many to be the ,land of ,ophir1 where ,solomon sent for gold4 ,of ,,turkey in ,,asia4 ,,this vast continent takes in ,natolia1 ,arabia1 ,phoenicia1 ,judea1 or ,palestine1 and the ,euphratian ,provinces4 ,the people are chiefly ,mahometans1 though there are many ,jews and ,christians in some places among them4 ,there are various governments1 but they are all subject to the ,grand ,signior1 who depopulates these fine countries1 and discourages industry2 so that the ,phoenicians1 formerly famous for commerce1 are at present a poor despicable people2 and ,judea1 the land which heretofore flowed with milk and honey1 is in general still fruitful1 abounding in corn1 wine1 and oil1 where cultivated1 and might supply the neighbouring countries with all these1 as they anciently did1 were the inhabitants equally industrious4 ,the parts above ,jerusalem1 its once famous capital1 are mostly mountainous and rocky2 but they feed numerous herds and flocks1 and yield plenty of honey1 wine1 and oil1 and the vallies sic abound with large crops of corn4 ,shaw's ,travels4 ,,africa4 ,an ,egyptian ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,egyptian couple ,an ,account of ,,egypt4 ,,egypt1 a country in ,africa1 is parted from ,asia by the ,red ,sea1 and bounded on the north by the ,mediterranean2 on the east by ,arabia ,petraea2 on the south by ,a,ethiopia and ,nubia2 and on the west by ,barbary4 ,the air of this country is very unhealthy1 occasioned by the heat of the climate4 ,the soil is made fruitful by the river ,nile1 which overflows the country annually1 from the middle of ,june to ,september1 and supplies the want of rain1 of which there is very seldom any4 ,it abounds with corn1 and does not want for rice1 sugar1 dates1 sena sic1 cassia1 balm1 leather1 flax and linen cloth1 which they export4 ,diodorus ,siculus relates1 that there had been formerly in ,egypt1 eighteen thousand great towns2 the most noted of which was ,alexandria4 ,in the eastern parts1 beyond the river ,nile1 is the famous country of ,thebais1 with its desarts sic1 where ,st4 ,anthony1 ,st4 ,paul1 and other anchorets1 had their cells4 ,beyond the ,red ,sea there is another desart1 where the children of ,israel lived forty years4 ,the modern inhabitants are fine swimmers1 handy1 pleasant1 and ingenious1 but lazy4 ,this kingdom was first governed by the ,pharaohs2 afterwards conquered by ,alexander the ,great2 and in the sixteenth century1 ,selim1 the ,turkish ,emperor1 conquered the ,mamulucks1 or ,saracens2 for in the year #aeaf1 defeating and killing ,camson1 ,soldan of ,egypt1 and ,tomumbey the next year after1 ,egypt was perfectly conquered by the ,ottomans or ,turks1 who have governed it ever since by their ,bashaws4 ,the old religion of this country was idolatry1 but now ,mahometanism prevails most1 through there are some few ,christians4 ,an ,account of ,,barbary4 ,,barbary is bounded by ,egypt on the east1 ,mount ,atlas on the south1 the ,atlantic ,ocean on the west1 and the ,mediterranean to the north4 ,though this country be under the ,torrid ,zone1 yet the mountains and sea coasts1 between the ,straits of ,gibraltar and ,egypt1 are more cold than hot4 ,the men of this country are allowed many wives though they seldom are married to more than one4 ,the women are always veiled in the presence of men2 so that a man knows no more of the beauty of the woman he marries1 than what he learns from her parents1 till they are actually married4 ,the people are of a good mild humour1 and such as live abroad under tents1 as the ,arabians or shepherds1 are laborious1 valiant1 and liberal2 but they who live in cities are proud1 covetous1 and revengeful2 and though they traffic much1 know but very little1 and have neither banks nor bills of exchange4 ,their commodities are beef1 hides1 linen1 and cotton2 raisins1 figs1 and dates4 ,it is a rich country1 and governed1 part of it1 as ,fez and ,morocco1 by ,kings2 and the other1 as ,algiers1 ,tunis1 and ,tripoli1 by ,bashaws from the ,grand ,seignior sic4 ,as for religion1 they have the ,christian1 ,jewish1 and ,mahometan1 and they who live in the mountains and fields with their flocke sic1 which are a great number1 have hardly any at all4 ,when any one dies1 his friends have women that cry and scratch their faces1 and take on seemingly with great grief for the deceased4 ,they live mostly on rice1 beef1 veal1 mutton2 but wine is forbidden by ,mahomet's law4 ,a ,description of ,,zaara1 or the ,great ,desarts of ,,africa4 ,,the air of this country is very hot1 so that the people are forced to keep in their little huts1 or seek refreshment in caverns1 the most part of the day2 these desarts have a great number of lions1 tigers1 and ostriches4 ,the inhabitants are unpolished1 savage1 and very bold1 for they will stand and meet the fiercest lion or tiger4 ,they are divided into families or clans1 each head of a family is sovereign in his own canton1 and the eldest is always head2 they follow the ,mahometan religion1 but are no strict observers of it4 ,the country is a mere desart1 as the name imports1 and so parched for want of water1 that the caravans from ,morocco to ,negroland are obliged to carry both water and provisions1 the province producing hardly any thing for the support of life4 ,a ,negroe ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,negro couple ,an ,account of the ,land of the ,,negroes4 ,,this country lies along the river ,niger1 on both sides of it1 between ,zaara and ,guinea4 ,it contains fourteen kingdoms4 ,the inhabitants of the sea coast are somewhat civilized by their commerce with the ,portuguese2 but those that dwell up higher in the country are savage and brutal4 ,they are continually at war with one another1 and all the prisoners they take in war they sell for slaves4 ,they sow neither wheat nor barley1 but only millet2 and their chief food is roots and nuts1 pease and beans4 ,the country is surrounded with woods1 and abounds with elephants4 ,they have no wine1 but a pleasant sort of liquor1 which they get from a certain sort of palm trees1 in this manner--they give three or four strokes with a hatchet on the trunk of a tree1 and set vessels to receive the distilling juice1 which is very sweet1 but in a few days grows strong1 yet will not keep long1 for in fifteen days it grows sour4 ,one tree will yield near a gallon in twenty-four hours4 ,the commodities of this country are gold1 ostrich feathers1 amber1 gums1 civit sic1 elephants teeth1 and red-wood4 ,an ,account of ,,aethiopia4 ,,aethiopia is about one-half of ,africa1 and divided into the ,upper and ,lower ,a,ethiopia4 ,this country is pretty full of mountains much higher than the ,alps or ,pyrenees1 but level1 spacious1 and well inhabited1 and fruitful on the top2 the soil near the ,nile is fruitful1 but at a distance chiefly sandy desarts4 ,the people comely and well shaped1 though black or swarthy4 ,their cattle are very large1 their horses and camels courageous and stout4 ,their kings sit at table alone4 ,their messes not being very neat or costly1 are served in black clay dishes1 covered with straw caps finely woven2 they use neither knives nor forks1 spoons nor napkins1 and think it beneath them to feed themselves1 and so have youths on purpose to put the meat in their mouths4 ,they have no towns1 but live in tents1 which are so very numerous where the ,king is1 that they resemble a great city2 and they have also their officers to prevent disorder1 and things are so well managed1 thatthey can remove speedily on all occasions without confusion4 ,their commodities are metals1 gems1 cattle1 corn1 sugar1 canes1 wine1 and flax4 ,they are a mixture of ,jews1 ,mahometans1 ,pagans1 and ,christians4 ,the government is subject to an ,emperor1 who is called ,prestor sic ,john4 ,in ,lower ,a,ethiopia the commodities are silver1 gold1 ivory1 pearls1 musk1 ambergris1 oil1 lemons1 citrons1 rice1 millet1 c4 ,the people have hitherto been esteemed barbarous and savage2 but if the relations of ,bruce1 the celebrated traveller1 are in the least to be depended on1 we have done them great injustice in this respect2 and we are well assured that they are not generally canibals sic1 as we have been accustomed to think them4 ,the ,hottentots inhabit part of the country1 who are the most odious of all the human species1 for they besmear their bodies with grease and all manner of filth1 and adorn themselves with hanging the guts of bears about their arms1 legs and necks4 ,an ,account of ,,guinea4 ,,guinea is a kingdom of ,africa2 the country is very extensive1 and the people of ,europe drive a great trade in it4 ,the ,french were the first who discovered it1 about the year #acdf4 ,the soil of this country is fertile1 but the heat insupportable by any but the natives1 who are counted the blackest of all the ,negroes1 and most of them go quite naked4 ,ignorance and stuperstition sic reign among them1 and it is said that they offer human sacrifices4 ,they look on ,god to be a good being1 and for that reason only are civil to him2 they worship the devil1 and pray earnestly he may do them no mischief4 ,their commodities are cotton1 rice1 sugar1 canes1 elephants1 peacocks1 apes1 and pearls4 ,several small ,princes and states in the inland country1 who are generally at war1 sell their prisoners for slaves to the ,europeans2 others traffic to different countries for purchasing slaves1 or steal them1 and bring them down to the coast2 and some will sell their children and nearest relations1 if they have an opportunity4 ,,america4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,american couple ,an ,american ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,,america1 the fourth and last quarter of the world1 is divided into ,north and ,south ,america4 ,north ,america contains ,mexico1 7or ,new ,spain17 ,new ,mexico1 and ,california1 ,florida1 ,canada1 7or ,new ,france17 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsilvania sic1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 and ,carolina4 ,south ,america contains ,terra ,firma1 the land of the ,amazons1 ,brazil1 ,peru1 ,chili sic1 ,paraguay1 and ,terra ,magellanica4 ,an ,account of ,,mexico1 or ,,new ,,spain4 ,,mexico is so called from its chief city2 and ,new ,spain since the ,spaniards settled there4 ,it has the sea of ,mexico on the east1 its gulph sic1 ,florida1 and ,new ,mexico on the north1 and the southern sea on the west and south4 ,the air is temperate and healthful1 and the soil fruitful1 producing wheat1 barley1 pulse1 and maize2 and variety of fruits1 as citrons1 lemons1 oranges1 pomegranates1 apples1 pears1 cherries1 cocoa nuts1 figs1 c4 with great plenty of roots1 plants1 and herbs4 ,there are some rich mines of gold and silver1 in which about #djjj ,spaniards continually work4 ,the people are civil1 and excel in painting and music3 they are subject to the ,king of ,spain3 their religion is a mixture of ,paganism and ,christianity4 ,an ,account of ,,new ,,mexico1 or ,,granada4 ,,this part of the world is not fully discovered by the ,europeans4 ,the soil is sandy and barren1 the air healthful and temperate1 but not a little subject to hurricanes1 thunder and lightning4 ,there are some silver mines1 turquoise1 emeralds1 crystal1 c4 ,the natives are naturally good and civil1 governed by a captain named ,casich1 whom they choose themselves4 ,they are given to idolatry1 and some adore the sun1 others believe in a ,god1 and some of them have no religion at all4 ,an ,account of ,,florida4 ,,florida is a large and fruitful country in ,north ,america1 bounded on the north-east by ,carolina1 on the south1 and some part of the west1 by ,new ,galicia and some countries not yet discovered4 ,the air is very temperate1 and soil extremely fertile1 and produces grain1 herbs1 and fruit in great abundance4 ,ferdinando ,soto1 after the conquest of ,peru1 entered this country ,may #be1 #aech1 and gave it the name ,florida1 because the flowers were then on the ground1 but died of grief1 for being disappointed of the treasures which he expected4 ,the native inhabitants were extirpated by the ,spaniards1 who disregarded every principle of humanity when the security of their acquisitions in the ,new ,world was in question2 but this fine country was conquered from them by the ,english1 to whom it was confirmed by the peace of ,paris2 its importance was however never sufficiently considered by them1 and to gratify the jealousy of ,spain it was restored to her at the peace of #aghc4 ,it was divided into ,east and ,west3 ,st4 ,augustine and ,pensacola are its chief towns2 and its commodities furs1 pearls1 and the most delicious fruits4 ,the ,spaniards regard it as forming a desirable frontier between them and the ,united ,states of ,america2 but as the soil and climate are inferior to none in the world1 it will doubtless one day emerge from its obscurity1 become populous1 and hold a high rank in the world4 ,an ,account of ,,canada4 ,,canada is the chief province now possessed by the ,english in ,america2 it is bounded by ,new ,britain and ,honduras ,bay on the ,north and ,east2 by ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,england1 and ,new ,york on the ,south2 and by some of the great lakes1 the new settlements of the ,united ,states1 and the yet remaining possessions of the native ,indians1 on the ,west4 ,the soil and climate are not very different from those of ,new ,england1 though it has a much severer winter2 but the air is very clear1 the summer hot and pleasant4 ,the meadow grounds are well watered1 yield excellent grass1 and breed vast numbers of cattle4 ,this country was originally settled by the ,french2 and in so doing ,louis ,,xiv4 seems to have formed the vast design of consolidating all ,north ,america under his dominion3 the ,english1 under ,wolf sic1 ,amherst1 and ,monkton sic1 conquered it in the years #agei and #agfj2 and it was confirmed to us at the peace of #agfc4 ,the inhabitants were guaranteed in all their privileges2 and the ,roman ,catholic religion is yet the most prevalent1 though all others are tolerated4 ,it has been lately divided into two provinces1 ,upper and ,lower ,canada1 each having its separate government and legislature4 ,its trade and population are annually and rapidly increasing4 ,quebec1 its capital1 is situated at the confluence of the rivers ,st4 ,laurence and ,st4 ,charles1 about #cbj miles from the sea1 and is very strong both by nature and art2 when taken by the immortal ,wolfe it was supposed to contain about #ae1jjj inhabitants1 independent of the garrison1 and has since had considerable additions4 ,the trade between ,canada and ,england1 the greater part of which centers here1 is supposed to employ eight sail of shipping1 and near #bjjj seamen4 ,an ,account of ,,terra ,,firma4 ,,terra ,,firma1 or the ,firm ,land1 is a large country of ,south ,america1 and contains eleven governments1 subject to the ,king of ,spain4 ,the air here is extremely hot1 though wholesome1 the soil very fertile1 when well manured4 ,the natives are tawney sic1 robust1 healthful1 long lived1 and go naked about the middle4 ,the commodities are gold1 silver1 and other metals2 balsam1 rosin1 gum1 long pepper1 emeralds1 sapphire1 jasper1 c4 ,here is one ,spanish archbishopric and four bishoprics2 but the natives are idolaters4 ,an ,account of ,,peru4 ,,peru is in ,south ,america1 a large country1 divided into six provinces4 ,the air in some parts is very hot1 in others sharp and piercing4 ,the soil is the richest of all the ,spanish plantations1 abounding with exceeding high mountains and large pleasant vallies4 ,the commodities are vast quantities of gold and silver1 valuable pearls1 medicinal drugs1 cochineal1 tobacco1 abundance of cotton1 c4 ,the natives are of a copper colour1 tall and well made2 but are so depressed by the ,spaniards1 it is impossible to form any judgment of their genius1 virtues1 or vices4 ,of the ,land of the ,,amazons4 ,,this country is very little known1 but as far as discovered the air is temperate1 and the soil fertile4 ,there are on the banks of the river ,amazon about fifty nations of fierce savage people1 said to eat human flesh4 ,the commodities are gold1 silver1 sugar1 ebony1 cocoa1 tobacco1 c4 ,their religion is ,paganism1 and language unknown4 ,an ,account of ,,brazil4 ,,brazil is in the east of ,south ,america1 bounded on the east by the ,atlantic ,ocean1 on the west by some undiscovered countries between it and the mountains called ,andes1 on the north by ,guiana1 and on the south by ,paraguay4 ,it was discovered by the ,portuguese in #aeja1 and is still in great part subject to them4 ,the air is very temperate and wholesome1 though under the torrid zone2 the soil fertile1 and the country produces red or ,brazil wood1 sugar1 amber1 rosin1 balm1 tobacco1 train oil1 confectionary1 c4 ,the natives are reckoned cruel1 but ingenious2 have faint notions of religion1 and speak several different languages1 though they cannot pronounce either of the three letters ,l1 ,f1 ,r4 ,they are all naked1 and neither sow nor reap1 but live by hunting and by the fruits which the land produces of its own accord4 ,an ,account of ,,chili4 ,,chili is also a great country of ,south ,america1 #djj leagues in length from north to south1 is divided into three governments1 and subject to the ,king of ,spain4 ,in summer the air of this country is very warm1 but in winter so extremely cold that it often kills man and beast4 ,the mountainous parts are generally dry and barren1 but the vallies exceedingly fertile in maize1 wheat1 and other grain4 ,the people are white1 tall1 courageous1 an warlike1 but very gross ,idolaters1 the chief object of their worship being the devil1 whom they call ,eponamon1 i4e4 powerful4 ,the country is enriched with several mines of gold1 and great quarries of jaspar sic4 ,the commodities are gold1 silver1 maize1 corn1 honey1 ostriches1 and metals4 ,most of them use the ,spanish tongue1 but some their ancient jargon4 ,a ,persian ,man and ,woman in their proper ,habits4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,persian couple ,an ,account of ,,persia4 ,,persia is a famous kingdom of ,asia1 called by the inhabitants ,farsistan1 and the ,empire of the ,sophy4 ,it is bounded by the ,caspian ,sea1 ,india1 ,persian ,gulph1 and ,arabia ,deserta4 ,the air of this country is temperate towards the north1 but very hot in the summer towards the south4 ,their grain is barley1 millet1 lentil1 pease1 beans1 and oats2 and all their provinces produce cotton1 which grows upon bushes2 their fruits are excellent1 and they have vines in abundance1 but in obedience to ,mahomet's commands drink no wine1 but sell it all to the ,arminians sic4 ,they are suffered to make a syrup of sweet wine1 to which they add an acid1 and it serves them for their common drink4 ,they have a great number of mulberry trees for silk worms1 silk being the principal manufacture in this country4 ,the people are of a middle stature1 well set and thick1 and of a tawny complexion2 are neat and sharp1 have good judgment1 are civil to strangers1 and very free of their compliments4 ,thus a ,persian that desires his friend to come to his house usually says1 ,i entreat you to honour my house with your presence3 ,i so devote myself to your desires1 that the apple of my eye shall be a path to your feet1 c4 ,they are just in their dealings2 and their commodities are rich silks1 carpets1 tissues1 gold1 silver1 seal skins1 goat skins1 alabaster1 metals1 myrrh1 fruits1 c4 ,their religion is ,mahometanism1 and their language has a great tincture of the ,arabic4 ,ispahan is the capital city4 ,the kingdom is hereditary1 and government so despotic1 that the ,sophy1 or ,king1 makes his will his law1 and disposes as he pleases both of the lives and estates of his subjects1 who are very obedient1 and never speak of their sovereign but with extraordinary respect4 ,an ,account of ,,days1 ,,weeks1 ,,months1 and ,,years4 ,,the day is either natural or artificial2 the natural day is the space of twenty-four hours1 7including both the dark and light part7 in which time the sun is carried by the first mover from the east into the west1 and so round the world into the east again4 ,the artificial day consists of twelve hours1 i4e4 from the sun's rising to its setting2 and the artificial night is from the sun's setting to its rising4 ,the day is accounted with us for payment of money between the sun's rising and setting2 but for indictment for murder the day is accounted from midnight to midnight1 and so likewise are fasting days4 ,the ,hebrews and ,chaldeans begin their days at sun rising1 and end at the next rising4 ,the ,jews and ,italians from sun-set to sun-set4 ,the ,romans at midnight4 ,the ,egyptians from noon to noon1 which account astronomers follow4 ,a week consists of seven mornings1 or seven days1 which the ,gentiles call by the names of the seven planets 7which they worshipped as ,gods72 the first day of the sun2 the second day of the moon1 c4 ,in a week ,god made the world1 i4e4 in six days1 and rested the seventh4 ,all civilized nations observe one day in seven1 as a stated time of worship2 the ,turks and ,mahometans keep the sixth day of the week1 or ,friday2 the ,jews the seventh1 or ,saturday2 the ,christians the first1 or ,sunday4 ,of months there are various kinds2 a solar month is the space of thirty days1 in which time the sun runneth through one sign of the zodiac4 ,a lunar month is that interval of time which the moon spendeth in wandering from the sun1 in her oval circuit1 through the twelve signs1 until she returns to him again1 7being sometimes nearer1 sometimes farther from the earth7 i4e4 from the first day of her appearing next after her change1 to the last day of her being visible1 before her next change1 which may be greater or lesser1 according to her motion4 ,the usual or common months are those set down in our almanacks1 containing some #cj1 some #ca1 and ,february but #bh days1 according to these verses3 ,thirty days hath ,september1 ,april1 ,june1 and ,november2 ,february twenty-eight alone1 ,all the rest have thirty-one2 ,but when leap-year comes1 that time ,has ,february twenty-nine4 ,a year is the space of time in which the sun runs through all the #ab signs of the zodiac3 containing #ab solar months1 #ac lunar months1 #eb weeks1 #cfe days1 and six hours1 which six hours1 in four years time1 being added together1 make one day1 which day on every fourth year is added to ,february1 making that month #bi days1 which at other times is but #bh1 and this year with the additional day is called leap-year4 ,to find the ,leap-,year4 ,divide the year of our ,lord by #d1 and if there be no remainder1 it is leap-year2 but if there remains #a1 #b1 or #c1 then that denotes the first1 second1 or third after leap-year4 ,,tables ,,of ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 ,troy ,weight4 ,char4 #bd ,grains --- #a ,pennyweight dwt4 #bj ,pennyweights #a ,ounce --- oz4 #ab ,ounces --- #a ,pound lb4 ,by this weight are weighed jewels1 gold1 silver1 corn1 and all liquors4 ,avoirdupois ,weight4 #af ,drams --- #a ,ounce --- oz4 #af ,ounces --- #a ,pound --- lb4 #bh ,pounds --- #a ,quar4 of a hun4 qr4 #bj ,hundreds -- #a ,ton --- ton4 ,by this weight1 which is now generally used in ,england1 are weighed butter1 cheese1 groceries1 c4 ,n4,b4 ,one pound avoirdupois is equal to #ad oz4 #aa dwts4 #ae-a_/b grains troy2 and one ounce troy is equal to #a oz4 #a dram1 and something above an half1 avoirdupois4 ,apothecaries' ,weight4 ,char4 ,in the ,,html version1 the following table shows symbols for the #d units #bj ,grains #a ,scruple --- scruple #c ,scruples --- #a ,dram --- dram #h ,drams ---- #a ,ounce --- ounce #ab ,ounces --- #a ,pound --- pound ,by this weight apothecaries compound their medicines2 but buy and sell their drugs by avoirdupois weight4 ,wine ,measure4 ,in short4 #b ,pints --- #a ,quart qrt4 #d ,quarts --- #a ,gallon --- gall4 #fc ,gallons --- #a ,hogshead --- hhd4 #b ,hogsheads --- #a ,pipe --- pipe4 #b ,pipes --- #a ,tun --- tun4 ,beer ,measure4 #b ,pints --- #a ,quart --- qrt4 #d ,quarts --- #a ,gallon --- gall4 #i ,gallons --- #a ,firkin --- firk4 #b ,firkins --- #a ,kilderkin --- kild4 #b ,kilderkins -- #a ,barrel --- bar4 #a-a_/b ,barrel --- #a ,hogshead -- hhd4 #c ,barrels1 or #b hhds4 #a ,butt --- butt4 ,n4,b4 ,eight gallons make a firkin of ale4 ,cloth ,measure4 ,in short4 #d ,nails --- #a ,quarter --- qr4 #d ,quarters -- #a ,yard --- yd4 ,note1 ,an ell ,english is #e quarters of a yard1 and an ell ,flemish is #c quarters4 ,time4 #fj ,seconds --- #a ,minute #fj ,minutes --- #a ,hour #bd ,hours --- #a ,natural ,day #g ,days #a ,week #d ,weeks #a ,month #ac ,months1 #a day1 and #f hours1 is _/ ,one #eb ,weeks1 #a day1 and #f hours1 is ,julian #cfe ,days1 and #f hours1 is ,year4 #hgff ,hours1 is ,note1 ,an exact solar year is equal to #cfe days1 #e hours1 #dh minutes1 #dh seconds1 #eg thirds3 and one lunar month is equal to #bi days1 #ab hours1 and #de minutes4 ,dry ,measure4 ,in short4 #h ,pints --- #a ,gallon --- gall4 #b ,gallons --- #a ,peck --- peck4 #d ,pecks --- #a ,bushel --- bush4 #d ,bushels --- #a ,coomb -- coomb4 #b ,coombs -- #a ,quarter -- qr4 #e ,quarters -- #a ,wey ---- wey4 #b ,weys --- #a ,last --- last4 ,land ,measure4 #dj ,square ,perches --- #a ,rood #d ,roods ---- #a ,acre ,note1 #e feet is a geometrical pace1 and #ajef geometrical paces #a ,english mile4 ,long ,measure4 #ab ,inches ---- #a ,foot #c ,feet --- #a ,yard #e ,yards and #a_/b --- #a ,pole or perch #dj ,poles --- --- #a ,furlong #h ,furlongs or #agfj yards #a ,english mile ,a ,,multiplication ,,table4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #b #d #f #h #aj #ab #ad #af #ah #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #d #h #ab #af #bj #bd #bh #cb #cf #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #ce #dj #de #f #ab #ah #bd #cj #cf #db #dh #ed #g #ad #ba #bh #ce #db #di #ef #fc #h #af #bd #cb #dj #dh #ef #fd #gb #i #ah #bg #cf #de #ed #fc #gb #ha ,,the use of this table is to find how many any one figure multiplied by another will make3 suppose ,i wanted to know1 how many seven times eight is1 ,i look into the table for #g in the first rank of figures on the left hand1 and for #h in the top line2 then carrying my finger strait from #g in the first rank of figures1 till ,i come to that which has the figure #h on the top of it1 ,i there find #ef1 which is the exact number of #g times #h1 or #h multiplied by #g4 ,so in all other instances look for the first figure in the left-hand rank or column1 and for the figure you want to multiply by in the first or top line1 and which ever square these two meet in1 there is the amount4 ,the ,,pence ,,table4 #bj ,pence is #a shilling and #h pence #cj --- #b ---- #f #dj --- #c ---- #d #ej --- #d ---- #b #fj --- #e ---- --- #gj --- #e ---- #aj #hj --- #f ---- #h #ij --- #g ---- #f #ajj --- #h ---- #d #aaj --- #i ---- #b #abj --- #aj ---- --- #acj --- #aj ---- #aj #adj --- #aa ---- #h #aej --- #ab ---- #f #afj --- #ac ---- #d #agj --- #ad ---- #b #ahj --- #ae ---- --- #aij --- #ae ---- #aj #bjj --- #af ---- #h #baj --- #ag ---- #f #bbj --- #ah ---- #d #bcj --- #ai ---- #b #bdj --- #bj ---- --- ,the above table shews how many shillings are contained in any number of pence from #bj to #bdj1 and likewise how many pence there are in any number of shillings from #a to #bj2 which will be found a great use in reckoning maletter corruptedll money1 and ought to be learned by heart1 os so as8 7letters apparently dropped7 to be ready on all occasions4 ,a ,,brief ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,seven ,,wonders ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,,tho' the ,pagans were grossly ignorant of the most important truths1 with respect to ,god and religion2 yet the virtuosi of this and preceding ages have been forced to acknowledge1 that their tastes were elegant1 sublime1 and well-formed1 with respect to works of sculpture1 statuary1 and architecture4 ,as a proof of this1 in behalf of the ancients1 'tis only requisite we should take a cursory view of those noble and magnificent productions of art1 commonly called ,,the ,,seven ,,wonders ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,the ,,temple of ,,ephesus4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,temple of ,ephesus ,,the first of these ,seven ,wonders was the ,temple of ,ephesus1 founded by ,ctesiphon1 consecrated to ,diana1 and1 7according to the conjectures of natural philosophers7 situated in a marshy soil1 for no other reason than that it might not be exposed to the violent shocks of earthquakes and volcanos4 ,this noble structure1 which was #dbe feet long1 and #bbj feet broad1 had not its bulk alone to raise it above the most stately monuments of art1 since it was adorned with #abg lofty and well proportioned pillars of ,parian marble1 each of which had an opulent monarch for its erector and finisher2 and so high did the spirit of emulation run in this point1 that each succeeding potentate endeavoured to outstrip his predecessor in the richness1 grandeur1 and magnificence of his respective pillar4 ,as it is impossible for a modern to form a just and adequate idea of such a stupendous piece of art1 'tis sufficient to inform him1 that the rearing of the ,temple of ,ephesus employed several thousands of the finest workmen of the times for #bjj years3 but as no building is proof against the shocks of time1 and the injuries of the weather1 so the ,temple of ,ephesus falling into decay1 was1 by the command of ,alexander the ,great1 rebuilt by ,dinocrates1 his own engineer1 the finest architect then alive4 ,the ,,walls of ,,babylon4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,walls of ,babylon ,,the works of the cruel1 though ingenious and enterprising ,semiramis1 next command our wonder and admiration4 ,these consisted of the walls erected about ,babylon1 and the pleasant gardens formed for her own delight4 ,this immense1 or rather inconceivable profusion of art and expence sic1 employed #cj1jjj men for many years successively1 so that we need not wonder when we are told by historians1 that these walls were #cjj or #cej stadia in circumference 7which amount to #bb ,english miles71 fifty cubits high1 and so broad that they could afford room for two or three coaches a-breast without any danger4 ,though ancient records give us no particular accounts of the gardens1 yet we may reasonably presume1 that if so much time and treasure were laid out upon the walls1 the gardens must not have remained without their peculiar beauties3 thus 'tis more than probable that the gardens of ,semiramis charmed the wondering eye with unbounded prospect1 consisting of regular vistas1 agreeable avenues1 fine parterres1 cool grottos and alcoves1 formed for the delicious purposes of love1 philosophy1 retirement1 or the gratification of any other passion1 to which great and good minds are subject4 ,the ,,tomb of ,,pharos4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,tomb of ,pharos ,,we shall next take a view of the splendid and sumptuous ,tomb of ,pharos1 commonly called the ,egyptian ,labyrinth sic4 ,this structure1 though designed for the interment of the dead1 had nevertheless the pomp of a palace designed for a monarch1 who thought he was to live for ever2 since it contained sixteen magnificent apartments1 corresponding to the sixteen provinces of ,egypt2 and it so struck the fancy of the celebrated ,dedalus1 that from it he took the model of that renowned labyrinth which he built in ,crete1 and which has eternized sic his name1 for one of the finest artists in the world4 ,of the ,,pyramids of ,,egypt4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,pyramid of ,egypt ,,if the amazing bulk1 the regular form1 and the almost inconceivable duration of public or monumental buildings call for surprize sic and astonishment1 we have certainly just reason to give the ,pyramids of ,egypt a place among the ,seven ,wonders4 ,these buildings remain almost as strong and beautiful as ever1 'till this very time4 ,there are three of them2 the largest of which was erected by ,chemnis1 one of the ,kings of ,egypt1 as a monument of his power when alive1 and for a receptacle of his body when dead4 ,it was situated about #af ,english miles from ,memphis1 now known by the name of ,grand ,cairo1 and was about #addj feet in height1 and about #adc feet long1 on each side of the square basis4 ,it was built of hard ,arabian stones1 each of which is about #cj feet long4 ,the building of it is said to have employed #fjj1jjj men for twenty years4 ,chemnis however was not interred in this lofty monument1 but was barbarously torn to pieces in a mutiny of his people4 ,cephas1 his brother1 succeeding him1 discovered an equally culpable vanity1 and erected another1 though a less magnificent pyramid4 ,the third was built by ,king ,mycernius according to some1 but1 according to others1 by the celebrated courtesan ,rhodope4 ,this structure is rendered still more surprising1 by having placed upon its top a head of black marble1 #ajb feet round the temples1 and about #fj feet from the chin to the crown of the head4 ,the ,,tomb of ,,mausolus4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,tomb of ,mausolus ,,the next is the celebrated monument of conjugal love1 known by the name of the ,mausoleum1 and erected by ,artemesia1 ,queen of ,caria1 in honour of her husband ,mausolus1 whom she loved so tenderly1 that1 after his death1 she ordered his body to be burnt1 and put his ashes in a cup of wine1 and drank it1 that she might lodge the remains of her husband as near to her heart as she possibly could4 ,this structure she enriched with such a profusion of art and expence1 that it was justly looked upon as one of the greatest wonders of the world1 and ever since magnificent funeral monuments are called ,mausoleums4 ,it stood in ,halicarnassus1 capital of the kingdom of ,caria1 between the ,king's ,palace and the ,temple of ,venus4 ,its breadth from ,n4 to ,s4 was #fc feet1 and in circumference #daa1 and about #abj feet high4 ,pyrrhus raised a pyramid on the top of it1 and placed thereon a marble chariot drawn by four horses4 ,the whole was admired by all that saw it1 except the philosopher ,anaxagoras1 who1 at the sight of it1 cried1 ,there is a great deal of money changed into stone4 ,the ,,colossus of the ,,sun4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,colossus of ,rhodes ,,the ,colossus of ,rhodes1 is justly accounted the sixth ,wonder2 a statue of so prodigious a bulk1 that it could not have been believed1 had it not been recorded by the best historians4 ,it was made of brass by one ,chares of ,asia ,minor1 who consumed twelve years in finishing it4 ,it was erected over the entry of the harbour of the city1 with the right foot on one side1 and the left on the other4 ,the largest ships could pass between the legs without lowering their masts4 ,it is said to have cost #dd1jjjl4 ,english money4 ,it was #hjj feet in height1 and all its members proportionable2 so that when it was thrown down by an earthquake1 after having stood #ej years1 few men were able to embrace its little finger4 ,when the ,saracens1 who in #fhd conquered the island1 had broken this immense statue to pieces1 they are said to have loaded above #ijj camels with the brass of it4 ,the ,,image of ,jupiter4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,image of ,jupiter ,,the last1 most elegant1 and curious of all these works1 known by the name of the ,seven ,wonders1 was the incomparable statue of ,jupiter ,olympus1 erected by the ,elians1 a people of ,greece1 and placed in a magnificent temple consecrated to ,jupiter4 ,this statue represented ,jupiter sitting in a chair1 with his upper part naked1 but covered down from the girdle1 in his right hand holding an eagle1 and in his left a sceptre4 ,this statue was made by the celebrated ,phidias1 and was #aej cubits high4 ,the body is said to have been of brass1 and the head of pure gold4 ,caligula endeavoured to get it transported to ,rome1 but the persons employed in that attempt were frightened from their purpose by some unlucky accident4 ,thus having given an ,account of the ,seven ,wonders of the ,world1 let us take a ,view of the ,burning ,mountains1 or ,volcanos1 called ,mount ,vesuvius and ,mount ,a,etna2 than which there is1 perhaps1 nothing in the whole ,course of ,nature more worthy our ,notice sic1 or so capable of raising our ,admiration2 and which1 when considered in a religious sense1 may1 with ,justice1 be said to be one of the wonderful ,works of ,,god4 ,,mount ,,vesuvius stands about six miles from the city of ,naples1 and on the side of the ,bay towards the ,east4 ,the plains round it form a beautiful prospect1 and on one side are seen fruitful trees of different kinds1 and vineyards that produce the most excellent wine2 but when one ascends higher1 on the side which looks to the ,south1 the face of things is entirely changed1 and one sees a tract of ground1 which presents only images of horror1 viz4 a desolate country covered with ashes1 pumice-stones1 and cinders2 together with rocks burned up with the fire1 and split into dreadful precipices4 ,it is reckoned four miles high1 and the top of it is a wide naked plain1 smoking with sulphur in many places2 in the midst of which plain stands another high hill1 in the shape of a sugar-loaf1 on the top of which is a vast mouth or cavity1 that goes shelving down on all sides about a hundred yards deep1 and about four hundred over2 from whence proceeds a continual smoke1 and sometimes those astonishing and dreadful eruptions of flame1 ashes1 and burning matter1 that fill the inhabitants around with consternation1 and bear down and destroy all before it4 ,among the many eruptions which it has had1 at different times1 we need instance only one1 which happened on the fifth of ,june1 #agag1 and is thus related by ,mr4 ,edward ,berkley1 who was present at the time1 in his letter to ,dr4 ,arbuthnot in ,england1 viz4 ,that he with much difficulty1 reached the top of ,vesuvius on the #agth of ,april1 #agag1 where says he1 ,i saw a vast aperture full of smoke1 and heard within that horrid gulph certain odd sounds1 as it were murmuring1 sighing1 throbbing1 churning1 dashing of waves2 and1 between while1 a noise like that of thunder or cannon1 attended constantly1 from the belly of the mountain1 with a clattering like that of tiles falling from the tops of houses into a street4 ,after an hour's stay1 the smoke being moved by the wind1 ,i could discern two furnaces1 almost contiguous2 one on the left1 which seemed to be about three yards diameter1 glowed with red flames1 and threw up red hot stones with a hideous noise1 which1 as they fell back1 caused the fore-mentioned clattering4 ,on ,may #h1 ascending to the top of ,vesuvius1 ,i had a full prospect of the crater1 which appeared to be about a mile in circumference1 and a hundred yards deep1 with a conical mount in the middle of the bottom1 made of stones thrown up and fallen back again into the crater3 ,and the left-hand furnace1 mentioned before1 threw up every three or four minutes1 with a dreadful bellowing1 a vast number of red hot stones1 sometimes more than a #ajjj1 but never less than #cjj feet higher than my head1 as ,i stood upon the brink1 which fell back perpendicularly into the crater1 there being no wind4 ,this furnace or mouth was in the vortex of the hill1 which it had formed round it4 ,the other mouth was lower1 in the side of the same new-formed hill1 and filled with such red hot liquid matter as we see in a glass-house furnace1 which raged and wrought as the waves in the sea1 causing a short abrupt noise1 like what may be imagined from a sea of quicksilver dashing among uneven rocks4 ,this stuff would sometimes spew over1 and run down the convex side of the conical hill1 and appearing at first red hot1 it changed colour1 and hardened as it cooled1 shewing the first rudiments of an eruption1 or an eruption in miniature3 ,all which ,i could exactly survey by the favour of the wind1 for the space of an hour and a half2 during which it was very observable1 that all the vollies sic of smoke1 flame1 and burning stone1 came only out of the hole to our left1 while the liquid stuff in the other mouth worked and overflowed4 ,on ,june #e1 after a horrid noise1 the mountain was seen1 at ,naples1 to spew a little out of the crater1 and so continued till about two hours before night on the #gth1 when it made hideous bellowing1 which continued all that night1 and the next day till noon1 causing all the windows1 and1 as some affirm1 the very houses in ,naples 7about six miles distant7 to shake4 ,from that time it spewed vast quantities of melted stuff to the ,south1 which streamed down the side of the mountain1 like a pot boiling over4 ,on the #ith1 at night1 a column of fire shot at intervals out of its summit4 ,on the #ajth1 the mountain grew very outrageous again1 roaring and groaning most dreadfully1 sounding like a noise made up of a raging tempest1 the murmur of a troubled sea1 and the roaring of thunder and artillery1 confused altogether4 ,this moved my curiosity to approach the mountain4 ,three or four of us were carried in a boat1 and landed at ,torre del ,greco1 a town situate at the foot of ,vesuvius to the ,s4,w4 whence we rode between four and five miles before we came to the burning river1 which was about midnight2 and as we approached1 the roaring of the volcano grew exceeding loud and terrible4 ,i observed a mixture of colours in the cloud over the crater1 green1 yellow1 red1 and blue4 ,there was likewise a ruddy dismal light in the air1 over the tract of land where the burning river flowed2 ashes continually showering on us all the way from the sea-coast1 which horrid scene grew still more extraordinary1 as we came nearer the stream4 ,imagine a vast torrent of liquid fire rolling from the top down the side of the mountain1 and with irresistible fury bearing down and consuming vines1 olives1 fig-trees1 houses1 and1 in a word1 every thing that stood in its way4 ,death1 in a thousand forms1 destructive frown'd1 ,and ,woe1 ,despair1 and ,horror rag'd around4 ,a,eneid ,,ii4 by ,pitt4 ,the largest stream of fire seemed half a mile broad at least1 and five miles long4 ,during our return1 at about three o'clock in the morning1 we constantly heard the murmur and groaning of the mountain1 which sometimes burst out into louder peals1 throwing up huge spouts of fire1 and burning stones1 which1 falling down again1 resembled stars in our rockets4 ,sometimes ,i observed two1 and at others three distinct columns of flames1 and sometimes one vast one1 that seemed to fill the whole crater2 which burning columns1 and the fiery stones1 seemed to be shot #ajjj feet perpendicular above the summit of the volcano4 ,on the #aath1 at night1 ,i observed it from a terrace1 at ,naples1 to throw up incessantly a vast body of fire1 and great stones1 to a surprising height4 ,on the #abth1 in the morning1 it darkened the sun with smoke and ashes1 causing a sort of an eclipse4 ,horrid bellowings1 on this and the foregoing day1 were heard at ,naples1 whither part of the ashes also reached4 ,on the #acth we saw a pillar of black smoke shoot upright to a prodigious height4 ,on the #aeth1 in the morning1 the court and walls of our house in ,naples were covered with ashes4 ,in the evening a flame appeared in the mountain through the clouds4 ,on the #agth1 the smoke appeared much diminished1 fat1 and greasy4 ,and ,on the #ahth1 the whole appearance ended1 the mountain remaining perfectly quiet4 ,to this memorable account it cannot be amiss to add1 that the first notice we have of this volcano's casting out flames1 was in the reign of the ,emperor ,titus4 ,at which first eruption1 we are informed1 that it flowed with that vehemence1 that it entirely overwhelmed and destroyed the two great cities ,herculaneum and ,pompeia1 and very much damaged ,naples itself1 with its stones and ashes4 ,in #dga1 if we may credit tradition1 this mountain broke out again so furiously1 that its cinders and liquid fire were carried as far as ,constantinople2 which prodigy was thought1 by superstitious minds1 to presage the destruction of the empire1 that happened immediately after1 by that inundation of ,goths1 which spread itself all over ,europe4 ,there are several other eruptions recorded1 but not so considerable as the former1 until #afca1 when the earth shook so much as to endanger the total destruction of ,naples and ,benevento4 ,this did inestimable damage to the neighbouring places2 and it is computed near #aj1jjj lost their lives in the flames and ruins4 ,the air was infected with such noxious vapours that it caused a plague1 which lasted a long time1 and spread as far as the neighbourhood of ,rome4 ,since which time1 the most memorable are the eruptions in #agja1 7of which ,mr4 ,addison1 who saw it1 has left us a good description71 and in #agag1 as described above1 by a curious spectator4 ,there have been eight eruptions within the last #cj years2 of some of which ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton has favoured the world with very particular and interesting accounts4 ,what tongue the dreadful slaughter could disclose2 ,or1 oh6 what tears could answer half their woes8 ,explanation of the ,cut of ,mount ,vesuvius4 #a4 ,the ,southern ,summit1 out of which the fire proceeds4 #b4 ,the ,northern ,summit4 #c4 ,the ,rocks on the ,north4 #d4 ,the ,valley between the two ,summits4 #e4 ,the ,opening on the ,side where the fiery ,torrent broke out4 #f4 ,the first ,opening1 called the ,plain4 #g4 ,the ,course which the last fiery ,torrent took4 #h4 ,the ,chapel of ,st4 ,januarius4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,vesuvius ,,having been so particular in describing ,vesuvius1 we need say the less concerning ,,aetna1 which is the greatest mountain in ,sicily1 eight miles high1 and sixty in compass4 ,there are many of its furious eruptions recorded in history1 some of which have proved very fatal to the neighbourhood2 we shall instance only one1 that began the #aath of ,march1 #affi1 and is thus described in the ,philosophical ,transactions1 viz4 ,it broke out towards the evening1 on the south-east side of the mountain1 about twenty miles from the old mouth1 and ten from the city of ,catanea4 ,the bellowing noise of the eruption was heard a hundred miles off1 to which distance the ashes were also carried4 ,the matter thrown out was a stream of metal and minerals1 rendered liquid by the fierceness of the fire1 which boiled up at the mouth like water at the head of a great river2 and having run a little way1 the extremity thereof began to crust and cruddle1 turning into large porous stones1 resembling cakes of burning sea-coal4 ,these came rolling and tumbling one over another1 bearing down any common building by their weight1 and burning whatever was combustible4 ,at first the progress of this inundation was at the pace of three miles in #bd hours1 but afterwards scarcely a furlong in a day4 ,it thus continued for fifteen or sixteen days together1 running into the sea close by the walls of ,catanea1 and at length over the walls into the city1 where it did no considerable damage1 except to a convent1 which it almost destroyed4 ,in its course it overwhelmed fourteen towns and villages1 containing three or four thousand inhabitants2 and it is very remarkable1 that 7during the whole time of this eruption1 which was fifty-four days71 neither sun nor stars appeared4 ,but though ,catanea had at this time the good fortune to escape the threatened destruction1 it was almost totally ruined in #afib by an earthquake1 one of the most terrible in all history4 ,this was not only felt all over ,sicily1 but likewise in ,naples and ,malta4 ,the shock was so violent1 that the people could not stand on their legs1 and those that lay on the ground were tossed from side to side1 as if upon a rolling billow4 ,the earth opened in several places1 throwing up large quantities of water1 and great numbers perished in their houses by the fall of rocks1 rent from the mountains4 ,the sea was violently agitated1 and roared dreadfully4 ,mount ,a,etna threw up vast spires of flame1 and the shock was attended with a noise exceeding the loudest claps of thunder4 ,fifty-four cities and towns1 with an incredible number of villages1 were destroyed1 or greatly damaged2 and it was computed1 that near #fj1jjj people perished in different parts of the island1 very few escaping the general and sudden destruction4 ,there have been ten other eruptions1 one of which1 subsequent to the preceding in #agec1 was a very large one4 ,mr4 ,brydone1 in his tour of ,sicily and ,malta1 has given many ingenious particulars concerning it4 ,explanation of ,,numbers expressed by ,letters4 ,in what follows1 a ,d may also be expressed using an ,i followed by a backwards ,c2 and an ,m by a ,c1 followed by an ,i1 followed by a backwards ,c--these can be seen in the ,,html version ,c4 - - - ,one ,hundred - #ajj ,,cc4 - - - ,two ,hundred - #bjj ,,cccc4 - - - ,three ,hundred - #cjj ,,cccc4 - - - ,four ,hundred - #djj ,d4 - - - ,five ,hundred - #ejj ,,dc4 - - - ,six ,hundred - #fjj ,,dcc4 - - - ,seven ,hundred - #gjj ,,dccc4 - - - ,eight ,hundred - #hjj ,,dcccc4 - - - ,nine ,hundred - #ijj ,m4 - - - ,one ,thousand - #ajjj _/ ,one ,thousand ,,mdccxxxix4 - - ,seven ,hundred #agci and ,thirty-nine ,,mdccc4 - - - _/ ,one ,thousand - #ahjj ,eight ,hundred ,n4,b4 ,a less ,numerical ,letter1 set before a greater1 takes away from the greater so many as the letter stands for2 but being set after the greater1 adds so many to it as the letter stands for4 ,for example1 ,v stands for five alone1 but put ,i before it1 thus ,,iv1 and it stands for four2 and put ,i on the other side1 thus ,,vi1 and it stands for six4 ,so ,x alone stands for ten1 but put ,i before it1 thus ,,ix1 and it stands for nine2 and put ,i to it on the other side1 thus ,,xi1 and it becomes eleven4 ,so ,l stands for fifty2 put ,x before it1 thus ,,xl1 and it stands for forty1 but put the ,x on the other side1 thus ,,lx1 and it is sixty4 ,so ,c stands for one hundred1 place ,x before it1 thus ,,xc1 and it is but ninety2 again1 put the ,x on the other side1 thus ,,cx1 and it is one hundred and ten4 ,so in all other cases4 ,,letters1 ,,tales ,,and ,,fables1 ,,for ,,amusement ,,and ,,instruction4 ,a ,letter from ,master ,,jacky ,,curious1 in ,london1 to his ,mamma in the ,country1 giving a ,description of the ,tower1 ,monument1 and ,st4 ,paul's ,church4 ,honoured ,madam1 ,,at my departure1 ,i remember you ordered me to send you accounts of every thing ,i saw remarkable in ,london2 ,i will obey your commands as well as ,i can2 but pray excuse my defects1 and let my will plead for my inability1 to entertain my absent friends4 ,i am just now come from seeing the tower1 monument and ,st4 ,paul's cathedral1 7places which ,i remember to have heard much talk of in the country1 and which scarce any body that comes to ,london omits seeing74 ,the tower1 which stands by the ,thames1 is a large strong building1 surrounded with a high wall1 about a mile in compass1 and a broad ditch supplied with water out of the ,river ,thames4 ,round the outward wall are guns planted1 which on extraordinary occasions are fired4 ,at the entrance1 the first thing we saw was a collection of wild beasts1 viz4 lions1 panthers1 tygers sic1 c4 also eagles and vultures3 ,these are of no sort of use1 and kept only for curiosity and shew4 ,we next went to the mint1 7which is in the tower observe7 where we saw the manner of coining money1 which is past my art1 especially in the compass of a letter1 to describe4 ,from thence we went to the jewel room1 and saw the crown of ,england1 and other regalia1 which are well worth seeing1 and gave me a great deal of pleasure4 ,the next is the horse armory1 a grand sight indeed2 here are fifteen of our ,english monarchs on horseback1 all dressed in rich armour1 and attended by their guards2 but ,i think it not so beautiful as the next thing we saw1 which was the small armory3 ,this consists of pikes1 muskets1 swords1 halberts sic1 and pistols1 sufficient1 as they told us1 for three-score thousand men2 and are all placed in such different figures1 representing the sun1 star and garter1 half moons1 and such like1 that ,i was greatly delighted with it2 and they being all kept clean and scowered1 made a most brilliant appearance4 ,hence we went and saw the train of artillery1 in the grand storehouse1 as they call it1 which is filled with cannon and mortars1 all extremely fine3 ,here is also a diving-bell1 with other curiosities too tedious to mention2 which having examined1 we came away and went to the monument1 which was built in remembrance of the fire of ,london3 ,it is a curious lofty pillar1 #bjj feet high1 and on the top a gallery1 to which we went by tedious winding stairs in the inside3 from this gallery we had a survey of the whole city3 ,and here having feasted our eyes with the tops of houses1 ships1 and multitude of boats on the ,river ,thames1 we came down and went to ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 which is a most magnificent pile1 and stands on high ground1 near the centre of the city4 ,this noble building struck me with surprise1 and is admired by the whole world1 as well for its beautiful architecture as height and magnitude2 it has a grand awful choir1 chapel1 a dome finely painted by that masterly hand ,sir ,j4 ,thornhill1 a whispering gallery1 and other curiosities1 with which ,i conclude my first letter1 and am1 ,madam1 ,your very dutiful son1 ,,john ,,curious4 ,,letter ,,ii4 ,honoured ,madam1 ,i ,,now proceed to acquaint you with my next excursion1 in search of the curiosities of this famous city2 which was to ,westminster ,abbey4 ,this is really a magnificent ancient building2 but what most surprised me1 was the vast number of beautiful monuments and figures with which the inside is adorned4 ,among such as were pointed out to me1 as being remarkable either for their costliness or beauty1 ,i remember were those of the ,duke of ,newcastle1 a magnificent and expensive piece1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,general ,stanhope1 the ,earl of ,chatham1 ,general ,wolf1 and that exquisite statue of ,shakepeare1 which1 ,i am told1 is inimitable4 ,when ,i had for some time enjoyed the pleasure of gazing at these1 ,i was conducted into that part of the church where the ,royal monuments are placed4 ,these1 ,i thought1 were exceeding grand4 ,but nothing surprised and delighted me so much as ,king ,henry the ,seventh's chapel1 which1 for beauty and magnificence1 ,i am told1 far surpasses any thing of that kind in ,europe4 ,here too ,i saw the chair in which the ,kings of ,england are crowned1 which1 ,i believe1 is more regarded for its antiquity1 and the honourable use it is assigned to1 than for any great beauty it has1 at least that ,i could discover4 ,the next sight that entertained me1 was the effigies of ,king ,william and ,queen ,mary in wax1 as large as the life1 standing in their coronation robes2 they are said to be very well done1 and to bear a great resemblance to the life4 ,queen ,anne1 the ,duchess of ,richmond1 the ,duke of ,buckingham1 c4 all of the same composition1 and richly dressed1 are there also4 ,in short1 there are so many curiosities contained in this venerable repository1 that1 to describe one half of them would as far exceed the compass of a letter1 as of my abilities to do justice to them3 ,however1 ,i shall just mention some which appeared to me most worthy of notice4 ,but these must be the subject of a future letter1 from1 ,honoured ,madam1 ,your1 c4 ,,letter ,,iii4 ,honoured ,madam1 ,,as ,i have the pleasure to find that my letters1 however mean in themselves1 are agreeable to my dear parent1 ,i shall continue my account of some of those many curiosities which ,i saw in ,westminster-,abbey4 ,among the monuments of our ancient ,kings is that of ,henry ,v4 whose effigy has lost its head1 which being of silver1 ,i am told1 was stolen in the civil wars4 ,here are two coffins covered with velvet1 in which are said to be the bodies of two ,ambassadors1 detained here for debt2 but what were their names1 or what ,princes they served1 ,i could not learn4 ,our guide next showed us the body of ,king ,henry the ,fifth's ,queen1 ,catherine1 in an open coffin1 who is said to have been a very beautiful ,princess2 but whose shrivelled skin1 much resembling discoloured parchment1 may now serve as a powerful antidote to that vanity with which frail beauty is apt to inspire its possessors4 ,among the waxen effigies1 ,i had almost forgot to mention ,king ,charles ,,ii4 and his faithful servant ,general ,monk1 whose furious aspect has something terrible in it4 ,not far from these is the figure of a lady1 one of the ,maids of ,honour to ,queen ,elizabeth1 who is said to have bled to death by only pricking her finger with a needle4 ,i must now return to those monuments1 which are in the open part of the church1 and free to every one's sight2 for those ,i have been speaking of are inclosed sic1 and not to be seen without a small gratuity to the conductor4 ,among these1 then1 on the north side1 stands a magnificent monument erected to ,lady ,carteret1 for whose death some reports assign a cause something odd1 viz4 the late ,french ,king ,louis the ,,xiv4's saying1 ,that a lady 7whom one of his ,nobles compared to ,lady ,carteret7 was handsomer than she4 ,near this stands a grand monument of ,lord ,de ,courcy1 with an inscription1 signifying that one of his ancestors had obtained a privilege of wearing his hat before the ,king4 ,next these follow a groupe sic of ,statesmen1 ,warriors1 ,musicians1 c4 among whom is ,col4 ,bingfield1 who lost his head by a cannon ball1 as he was remounting the ,duke of ,marlborough1 whose horse had been shot under him4 ,the famous musicians ,purcell1 ,gibbons1 ,blow1 and ,crofts1 have here their respective monuments and inscriptions2 as has also that eminent painter ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller1 with an elegant epitaph by ,mr4 ,pope4 ,as you enter the west door of the church1 on the right hand stands a monument with a curious figure of ,secretary ,craggs1 on whom likewise ,mr4 ,pope has bestowed a beautiful epitaph4 ,on the south side is a costly monument1 erected by ,queen ,anne to the memory of that brave ,admiral ,sir ,cloudesley ,shovel1 who was shipwrecked on the rocks of ,scilly4 ,in the same aisle1 and nearly opposite to this1 is a beautiful monument of white marble1 to the memory of ,thomas ,thynne1 of ,long-,leat1 in the county of ,wilts1 ,esq4 who was shot in his coach1 on ,sunday the #abth of ,february1 #afhb3 ,in the front is cut the figure of him in his coach1 with those of the three assassins who murdered him4 ,at the end of this aisle1 and on one side of what is called the ,poets' ,row1 lies covered with a handsome monument1 and his effigy a large as the life1 the very famous ,dr4 ,busby1 ,master of ,westminster ,school1 whose strict discipline and severity are every where so much talked of4 ,i must now take notice of the ,poets1 whose monuments stand mostly contiguous4 ,here are the ancient monuments of ,chaucer and ,spencer1 with those of ,ben ,johnson1 ,drayton1 ,milton1 and ,butler2 also of the great ,dryden1 the ingenious ,phillips1 the divine ,cowley1 the harmonious ,prior1 and the inimitable ,shakespeare1 of whose curious effigy ,i have spoken before3 nor must ,i omit the gentle ,mr4 ,john ,gay1 to whose memory his ,grace the ,duke of ,queensberry has erected a noble monument1 which ,mr4 ,pope has adorned with a very elegant inscription in verse4 ,i must here end my remarks1 but cannot take leave of this venerable place1 without observing1 that it has many curious painted windows1 a noble choir1 a fine organ1 and a magnificent altar-piece4 ,i am1 ,honoured ,madam1 c4 ,a memorable ,saying of the ,duke de ,,orleans1 at the ,surrender of ,gravelling1 with a generous ,action of that ,prince4 ,,when ,gravelling was surrendered to the ,duke of ,orleans1 just as he entered into town he was heard to say these words3 ,let us endeavour1 by generous actions1 to win the hearts of all men2 so we may hope for a daily victory4 ,let the ,french learn from me this new way of conquest1 to subdue men by mercy and clemency4 ,with what a matchless virtue did this ,prince dismiss a gentleman that was hired to murder him6 ,this assassin was suffered to pass into the ,duke's bedchamber one morning early1 pretending business of grave moment from the ,queen4 ,as soon as the ,duke cast his eyes on him1 he spoke thus3 ,i know thy business1 friend3 thou art sent to take away my life4 ,what hurt have ,i done thee8 ,it is now in my power1 with a word1 to have thee cut in pieces before my face4 ,but ,i pardon thee2 go thy way1 and see my face no more4 ,the gentleman1 stung with his own guilt1 and astonished at the excellent nature of this ,prince1 fell on his knees1 confessed his design1 and who employed him2 and having promised eternal gratitude for his ,royal favour1 departed without any other notice taken of him2 and fearing to tarry in ,france1 entered himself into the service of the ,spanish ,king4 ,it was his fortune afterwards to encounter the ,duke of ,orleans in a battle in ,flanders4 ,the ,duke1 at that instant1 was oppressed with a crowd of ,germans1 who surrounded him2 and1 in the conflict1 he lost his sword2 which this gentleman perceiving1 nimbly stept to him1 and delivered one into the ,duke's hand1 saying withal1 ,now reap the fruit of thy former clemency4 ,thou gavest me my life1 now ,i put thee in a capacity to defend thy own4 ,the ,duke by this means at length escaped the danger he was in2 and that day the fortune of war was on his side4 ,the ,french had a considerable victory4 ,you see by this1 that heroic actions have something divine in them1 and attract the favours of ,heaven4 ,no man was a loser by good works2 for though he be not presently rewarded1 yet1 in length of time1 some happy emergency arises to convince him1 ,that virtuous men are the darlings of ,providence4 ,the remarkable ,story of ,,giotto1 an ,italian ,painter1 and his ,crucifix4 ,,it was a cruel and inhuman caprice of an ,italian ,painter 7,i think his name was ,giotto71 who designing to draw a crucifix to the life1 wheedled a poor man to suffer himself to be bound to the cross an hour1 at the end of which he should be released again1 and receive a considerable gratuity for his pains4 ,but instead of this1 as soon as he had him fast on the cross1 he stabbed him dead1 and then fell to drawing4 ,he was esteemed the greatest master in all ,italy at that time2 and having this advantage of a dead man hanging on a cross before him1 there is no question but he made a matchless piece of work on't4 ,as soon as he had finished his picture he carried it to the ,pope1 who was astonished1 as at a progidy sic of art1 highly extolling the exquisiteness of the features and limbs1 the languishing pale deadness of the face1 the unaffected sinking of the head3 ,in a word1 he had drawn to the life not only that privation of sense and motion which we call death1 but also the very want of the least vital symptom4 ,this is better understood than expressed4 ,every body knows that it is a master-piece to represent a passion or a thought well and natural4 ,much greater is it to describe the total absence of these interior facilities1 so as to dis tinguish the figure of a dead man from one that is only asleep4 ,yet all this1 and much more1 could the ,pope discern in the admirable draught which ,giotto presented him4 ,and he liked it so well1 that he resolved to place it over the altar of his own chapel4 ,giotto told him1 since he liked the copy so well he would shew him the original1 if he pleased4 ,what dost thou mean by the original1 said the ,pope8 ,wilt thou shew me ,jesus ,christ on the cross in his own person8 ,no1 replied ,giotto1 but ,i'll shew your ,holiness the original from whence ,i drew this1 if you will absolve me from all punishment4 ,the good old father suspecting something extraordinary from the painter's thus capitulating with him1 promised1 on his word1 to pardon him1 which ,giotto believing1 immediately told him where it was2 and attending him to the place1 as soon as they were entered1 he drew a curtain back which hung before the dead man on the cross1 and told the ,pope what he had done4 ,the ,holy ,father1 extremely troubled at so inhuman and barbarous an action1 repealed his promise1 and told the painter he should surely be put to an exemplary death4 ,giotto seemed resigned to the sentence pronounced upon him1 and only begged leave to finish the picture before he died1 which was granted him4 ,in the mean while a guard was set upon him to prevent his escape4 ,as soon as the ,pope had caused the picture to be delivered into his hands1 he takes a brush1 and dipping it into a sort of stuff he had ready for that purpose1 daubs the picture all over with it1 so that nothing now could be seen of the crucifix1 for it was quite effaced in all outward appearance4 ,this made the ,pope stark mad2 he stamped1 foamed1 and raved like one in a phrenzy3 he swore the painter should suffer the most cruel death that could be invented1 unless he drew another full as good as the former1 for if but the least grace was missing1 he would not pardon him2 but if he would produce an exact parallel he should not only give him life1 but an ample reward in money4 ,the painter1 as he had reason1 desired this under the ,pope's signet1 that he might not be in danger of a second repeal2 which was granted him2 and then he took a wet sponge1 and wiped off the varnish he had daubed on the picture1 and the crucifix appeared the same in all respects as it was before4 ,the ,pope1 who looked upon this as a great secret1 being ignorant of the arts which the painters use1 was ravished at the strange metamorphosis4 ,and to reward the painter's triple ingenuity1 he absolved him from all his sins1 and the punishment due them2 ordering moreover his steward to cover the picture with gold1 as a farther gratuity for the painter4 ,and1 they say1 this crucifix is the original1 by which the most famous crucifixes in ,europe are drawn4 ,,fable of the ,,hare and many ,,friends4 ,by ,mr4 ,,gay4 ,illustration3 woodcut of ,hare and friends ,,friendship1 like love1 is but a name1 ,unless to one you stint the flame1 ,the child whom many fathers share1 ,hath seldom known a father's care2 ',tis thus in friendship2 who depend ,on many1 rarely find a friend4 ,a hare1 who1 in a civil way1 ,complied with ev'ry thing1 like ,gay1 ,was known by all the bestial train ,who haunt the wood1 or graze the plain2 ,her care was1 never to offend1 ,and ev'ry creature was her friend4 ,as forth she went at early dawn1 ,to taste the dew-besprinkled lawn1 ,behind she hears the hunter's cries1 ,and from the deep-mouth'd thunder flies2 ,she starts1 she stops1 she pants for breath2 ,she hears the near advance of death2 ,she doubles to mislead the hound1 ,and measures back her mazy round2 ',till1 fainting in the public way1 ,half dead with fear she gasping lay4 ,what transports in her bosom grew1 ,when first the horse appear'd in view6 ,let me1 says she1 your back ascend1 ,and owe my safety to a friend2 ,you know my feet betray my flight1 ,to friendship every burden's light4 ,the horse replied1 poor honest puss1 ,it grieves my heart to see thee thus2 ,be comforted1 relief is near1 ,for all your friends are in the rear4 ,she next the stately bull implor'd1 ,and thus replied the mighty lord2 ,since every beast alive can tell ,that ,i sincerely wish you well1 ,i may1 without offence1 pretend ,to take the freedom of a friend2 ,love calls me hence2 a fav'rite cow ,expects me near yon barley mow2 ,and when a lady's in the case1 ,you know all other things give place4 ,to leave you thus might seem unkind1 ,but see1 the goat is just behind4 ,the goat remark'd her pulse was high1 ,her languid head1 her heavy eye2 ,my back1 says he1 may do you harm2 ,the sheep's at hand1 and wool is warm4 ,the sheep was feeble1 and complain'd ,his sides a load of wool sustain'd1 ,said he was slow1 confest his fears2 ,for hounds eat sheep as well as hares4 ,she now the trotting calf addrest1 ,to save from death a friend distrest4 ,shall ,i1 says he1 of tender age1 ,in this important care engage8 ,older and abler past you by2 ,how strong are those6 how weak am ,i6 ,should ,i presume to bear you hence1 ,those friends of mine may take offence3 ,excuse me then4 ,you know my heart1 ,but dearest friends1 alas1 must part6 ,how shall we all lament3 ,adieu6 ,for see the hounds are just in view4 ,the dying ,words and ,behaviour of three great ,men1 when just quitting the ,stage of ,life4 ,,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 towards the end of his life1 grew very melancholy1 and writ to the ,lord ,burleigh to this purpose3 ,we have lived long enough to our country1 to our fortunes1 and to our ,sovereign2 it is high time we begin to live to ourselves1 and to our ,god4 ,sir ,henry ,wotton1 who had gone on several embassies1 and was intimate with the greatest ,princes1 chose to retire from all1 saying1 ,the utmost happiness a man could attain to1 was to be at leisure to be1 and to do good2 never reflecting on his former years1 but with tears1 he would say1 ,how much time have ,i to repent of6 and how little to do it in6 ,philip ,,iii4 ,king of ,spain1 seriously reflecting upon the life he had led in the world1 cried out upon his death-bed1 ,how happy were ,i1 had ,i spent those twenty-three years that ,i have held my kingdom1 in a retirement6 saying to his confessor1 ,my concern is for my soul1 not my body4 ,,finis4 ,,salisbury3 ,printed by ,b4,c4 ,,collins4