,transcriber's ,notes ,here are the definitions of some unfamiliar 7to me7 words4 ,aloin ,intensely bitter1 crystalline1 water-soluble powder obtained from aloe1 used chiefly as a purgative4 ,anise ,annual1 aromatic ,mediterranean herb 7,pimpinella anisum7 cultivated for its fruit and the oil obtained from it2 used to flavor foods1 liqueurs1 and candies4 ,arecoline ,toxic alkaloid obtained from the seeds of the areca1 used in veterinary medicine to kill and expel intestinal worms4 ,asafoetida 7,asafetida7 ,fetid gum resin of various ,asian plants of the genus ,ferula 7especially ,f4 assafoetida1 ,f4 foetida1 or ,f4 narthex7 occurring in the form of tears and dark-colored masses1 having a strong odor and taste4 ,formerly used in medicine as an antispasmodic and a general prophylactic against disease4 ,bismuth ,subnitrate ,white bismuth-containing powder ,bi#e,o7,,oh7#i7,,no#c7d used in treating gastrointestinal disorders4 ,bistoury ,long1 narrow-bladed knife used to open abscesses or to slit sinuses and fistulas4 ,boracic ,acid ,also called boric acid or orthoboric acid4 ,h#c;,,bo#c4 ,used in medicine in aqueous water solution as a mild antiseptic4 ,caeca ,large blind pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine4 ,calomel ,mercurous chloride1 ,hg#b;,cl#b4 ,white1 tasteless powder1 used as a purgative and fungicide4 ,cantharides ,also called ,spanish fly4 ,preparation of powdered blister beetles 7the ,spanish fly71 used medicinally as a counterirritant1 diuretic1 and aphrodisiac4 ,camphor ,whitish1 translucent1 crystalline1 pleasant-odored terpene ketone1 ,c#aj;,h#af,o1 obtained from the camphor tree4 ,used in medicine as a counter-irritant for infections and to treat pain and itching4 ,carbolic ,acid ,called phenol1 hydroxybenzene1 oxybenzene1 phenylic acid4 ,white1 crystalline1 water-soluble1 poisonous mass1 ,c#f;,h#e,,oh ,used chiefly as a disinfectant and antiseptic4 ,cascara ,sagrada ,bark of the cascara buckthorn 7,rhamnus purshiana7 native to northwest ,north ,america1 used as a cathartic or laxative4 ,catechu ,several astringent substances obtained from tropical plants1 including ,acacia catechu and ,a4 suma2 used in medicine1 dyeing1 tanning1 etc4 ,chloral ,hydrate ,colorless crystalline compound1 ,c,cl#c;,,ch7,,oh7#b1 used as a sedative4 ,cloaca ,common cavity into which the intestinal1 urinary1 and generative canals open in birds1 reptiles1 amphibians and many fishes4 ,creosote ,colorless to yellowish oily liquid containing phenols and creosols1 obtained by the destructive distillation of wood tar1 especially from the wood of a beech1 and formerly used as an expectorant in treating chronic bronchitis4 ,crepitating ,crackling or popping sound4 ,drench ,administer medicine to an animal by force4 ,dropsical ,edematous2 swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid4 ,extravasation ,to force the flow of 7blood or lymph7 from a vessel out into surrounding tissue4 ,fenugreek ,trigonella foenum-graecum2 ,plant of the legume family1 cultivated for forage and for its mucilaginous seeds used in medicine4 ,fomenting ,application of warm liquid1 ointments1 etc41 to the surface of the body4 ,fowler's ,solution ,aqueous solution of potassium arsenite used in medicine to treat some diseases of the blood or skin4 ,frog ,triangular mass of elastic1 horny substance in the middle of the sole of the foot of a horse4 ,gentian ,rhizome root-like subterranean stem and roots of a yellow-flowered gentian 7,gentiana lutea7 of southern ,europe used as a tonic and stomachic beneficial to the stomach4 ,glauber's salt1 ,sodium sulfate decahydrate1 ,na#b,,so#d4aj;,h#b,o2 also called mirabilite2 used in medicine as a mild laxative4 ,iodoform ,triiodomethane4 ,yellowish1 crystalline1 water-insoluble solid1 ,,chi#c4 ,analogous to chloroform1 used as an antiseptic4 ,methylene blue ,heterocyclic 7ring structure with atoms besides carbon1 such as sulfur1 oxygen1 nitrogen17 aromatic chemical compound with the molecular formula3 ,c#af;,h#ah;,cl,n#c,s4 ,middlings ,coarsely ground wheat mixed with bran4 ,nitrate of ,potash ,potassium nitrate1 a mineral source of nitrogen4 ,,kno#c4 ,also called saltpetre4 ,nux ,vomica ,orangelike fruit of an ,east ,indian tree1 ,strychnos nux-vomica1 of the logania family1 containing strychnine1 used in medicine4 ,origanum ,aromatic plants1 including the sweet marjoram 7,o4 ,marjorana7 and the wild marjoram 7,o4 vulgare74 ,pastern ,part of the foot of a horse1 cow1 etc41 between the fetlock and the hoof4 ,petechial ,small purplish spot on a body surface1 such as the skin or a mucous membrane1 caused by a minute hemorrhage4 ,physic ,medicine that purges2 cathartic2 laxative4 ,poultice ,soft1 moist mass of cloth1 bread1 meal1 herbs1 etc41 applied hot as a medicament to the body4 ,probang ,long1 slender1 elastic rod with a sponge at the end1 to be introduced into the esophagus or larynx to remove foreign bodies or introduce medication4 ,quassia ,shrub or small tree1 ,quassia amara1 of tropical ,america1 having wood with a bitter taste4 ,also called bitterwood4 ,a prepared form of the heartwood of these trees1 used as an insecticide and in medicine as a tonic to dispel intestinal worms4 ,santonin ,colorless crystalline compound1 ,c#ae;,h#ah,o#c1 from wormwood1 especially santonica2 used to destroy or eliminate parasitic worms4 ,shoat 7shote7 ,young pig just after weaning4 ,singletree ,crossbar1 pivoted at the middle1 to which the traces of a harness are fastened for pulling a cart1 carriage1 plow1 etc4 ,sugar of ,lead 7lead acetate7 ,white1 crystalline1 water-soluble1 poisonous solid1 ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4c;,h#b,o2 formerly used in medicine as an astringent4 ,sweet ,oil ,vegetable oil used as food2 especially olive or rape 7,brassica napus7 oil4 ,tannic ,acid ,lustrous1 yellow-brown1 amorphous tannin1 having the chemical composition ,c#gf;,h#eb,o#df4 ,derived from the bark and fruit of many plants2 used as an astringent contracts the tissues or canals of the body4 ,thrifty ,thriving physically2 growing vigorously4 ,tincture ,solution of alcohol or of alcohol and water4 ,vent ,anal or excretory opening of birds and reptiles4 ,end ,transcriber's ,notes ,the ,veterinarian ,chas4 ,j4 ,korinek1 ,v4,s4 ,compliments of ,central ,lumber ,co4 ,lumber and ,building ,material ,of ,every ,description ,general ,office1 #hdf ,mc,knight ,building ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,,state ,,of ,,oregon ,,to ,,all ,,to ,,whom ,,these ,,presents ,,shall ,,come--,,greetings ,know ,ye1 ,that reposing special trust and confidence in the capacity1 and fidelity of ,charles ,j4 ,korinek1 of ,salem1 ,oregon1 we1 ,geo4 ,e4 ,chamberline1 ,governor1 ,f4 ,w4 ,benson1 ,secretary of ,state1 and ,w4 ,h4 ,downing1 ,president of the ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 the ,oregon ,domestic ,animal ,commission1 in the name and by the authority of the statute of the ,state of ,oregon1 do by these presence ,,appoint ,,and ,,commission him1 the said ,c4 ,j4 ,korinek ,veterinary ,surgeon for the ,state of ,oregon for ,term ,ending ,july #a1 #aiji4 ,in ,testimony ,whereof1 we have caused the ,great ,seal of the ,state to be affixed at the ,city of ,salem1 ,oregon1 this #bnd day of ,july in the year of our ,lord one thousand nine hundred and seven4 ,signed ,geo4 ,e4 ,chamberline1 ,governor4 ,signed ,f4 ,w4 ,benson1 ,secretary1 of ,state4 ,signed ,w4 ,h4 ,downing1 ,state ,treasurer ,seal of the ,state of ,oregon ,,the ,,veterinarian ,,dr4 ,,chas4 ,j4 ,,korinek ,graduate of ,ontario ,veterinary ,college of ,university of ,toronto4 ,ex-,state ,veterinarian of ,oregon1 ,ex-,president ,oregon ,state ,veterinary ,medical ,board ,hon4 ,member ,ontario ,veterinary ,medical ,association ,,fourth ,,edition ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,gerlach-,,barklow ,,co4 ,,joliet1 ,,illinois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 and ,toronto1 ,canada #aiag ,,copyrighted #aiae ,,by ,,chas4 ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4 ,s4 ,,british ,,copyrights ,,secured ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,foreword ,this treatise on the diseases of domestic animals has been written with the primary purpose of placing in the hands of stock owners1 a book of practical worth2 hence1 all technical language or terms1 as used by the professional veterinarian1 have been eliminated and only such language used as all may read and understand4 ,the treatment suggested in each case is one ,i have used and found efficient in my many years of practice4 ,if my readers will study and follow these directions carefully1 they will save themselves much unnecessary loss4 ,my confidence in this accomplishment is my reward for my labor in behalf of our dumb friends--the domestic animals4 ,,the ,,author ,,contents ,,chapter ,i ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,horse ,,chapter ,,ii ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle ,,chapter ,,iii ,,diseases ,,of ,,swine ,,chapter ,,iv ,,diseases ,,of ,,sheep ,,and ,,goats ,,chapter ,v ,,diseases ,,of ,,poultry ,,chapter ,,vi ,,miscellaneous ,,illustrations ,,points ,,of ,,horse ,,hackney ,,stallion ,,clydesdale ,,stallion ,,arabian ,,horses ,,belgian ,,stallion ,,saddle ,,stallion ,,percheron ,,stallions ,,points ,,of ,,dairy ,,cow ,,dairy ,,herd ,,galloway ,,bull ,,jersey ,,cow ,,hereford ,,bull ,,guernsey ,,cow ,,shorthorn ,,bull ,,ayrshire ,,cows ,,holstein ,,cow ,,points ,,of ,,hog ,,chester ,,whites ,,duroc ,,boar ,,poland ,,china ,,boar ,,berkshire ,,boar ,,points ,,of ,,sheep ,,delaine ,,merino ,,ram ,,and ,,ewes ,,shropshire ,,ram ,,cotswold ,,ewes ,,white ,,plymouth ,,rocks ,,buff ,,orpington ,,hen ,,plymouth ,,rock ,,cock ,,white ,,leghorn ,,hen ,,columbian ,,wyandotte ,,cock ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,horse ,causes1 ,symptoms and ,treatments ,illustration3 ,photograph of horse with numbers referring to the parts named below4 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,horse #a4 ,mouth #b4 ,nostrils #c4 ,nose #d4 ,face #e4 ,eyes #f4 ,forehead #g4 ,ears #h4 ,poll #i4 ,throat latch #aj4 ,jaw #aa4 ,chin #ab4 ,windpipe #ac4 ,neck #ad4 ,crest #ae4 ,withers #af4 ,shoulder bed #ag4 ,chest #ah4 ,shoulders #ai4 ,forearm #bj4 ,knees #ba4 ,cannon #bb4 ,fetlocks #bc4 ,pasterns #bd4 ,feet #be4 ,feather #be-a_/b4 ,elbow #bf4 ,flank #bg4 ,heart ,girth #bh4 ,back #bi4 ,loin #cj4 ,hip bone #ca4 ,coupling #cb4 ,ribs #cc4 ,belly #cd4 ,rear ,flank #ce4 ,stifle #cf4 ,thigh #cg4 ,buttocks #ch4 ,croup #ci4 ,tail #dj4 ,quarters #da4 ,gaskin or ,lower ,thigh #db4 ,hocks ,,chapter ,i ,,abortion ,,in ,,mares ,,cause3 ,quality and quantity of food1 poorly lighted1 ventilated or drained stables1 mare falling or slipping1 sprains1 kicks1 hard1 fast work or eating poisonous vegetation4 ,,symptoms3 ,mare will show signs of colic1 the outer portion of the womb will be swollen1 and if the colicky symptoms continue there will be a watery discharge and the membranes covering the foetus or foal will become noticeable4 ,the animal strains when lying down or getting up4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in comfortable quarters and blanket if chilly4 ,when colicky pains are present treat the same as for spasmodic colic4 ,to stop the straining and labor pains1 give ,tincture ,opii one ounce1 placing in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every two hours4 ,one to two doses1 however1 are generally sufficient as the mare will either abort or the dangerous period will have passed4 ,keep the animal quiet and feed good nutritious food and pure water with chill taken off in small quantities but often4 ,disinfect the mare's quarters thoroughly4 ,a good general tonic should be used in this condition1 one that will strengthen and assist nature to throw off impurities from the blood1 such as ,sodium ,hyposulphite1 eight ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce4 ,make into eight powders and give one powder two or three times a day in drinking water4 ,,abscess ,,cause3 ,bruises and injuries4 ,abscesses are also seen in complications with various diseases1 perhaps the most common being distemper1 laryngitis1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,symptoms will vary1 of course1 according to the development of the disease4 ,it may not be noticed at first1 but upon careful examination small tortuous lines will be observed running from the point of irritation4 ,in many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot1 painful and throbbing and enlarges rapidly4 ,in two or three days the soreness and heat gradually subside1 but the abscess continues to grow4 ,the hair falls from the affected parts and in a short time the abscess discharges1 and the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation4 ,,treatment3 ,in all cases hasten the repairing process as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot bran1 flaxseed or vegetable poultices4 ,it is common with veterinarians to lance an abscess as soon as possible1 but this requires skill and practice4 ,i could not advise stockowners to perform this operation1 as it requires exact knowledge of anatomy4 ,it will usually be found a safe plan to encourage the full ripening of an abscess and allow it to open of its own accord1 as it will heal much better and quicker and you take no chances of infection with an instrument4 ,when opened do not squeeze the abscess to any extent1 but press gently with clean hands or cloth1 to remove the clot1 and after this simply keep open by washing the abscess with a three per cent ,carbolic ,acid solution or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one part to one thousand parts of water4 ,when an animal has abscesses it is well to give the following blood purifiers or internal antiseptics3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 eight ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce4 ,mix well and make into eight powders and give one powder twice daily in drinking water1 or place in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,this prescription will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the blood4 ,,anemia ,,cause3 ,insufficient quality and quantity of food1 insanitary surroundings1 overwork1 lack of exercise1 drains on the system from acute or chronic diseases1 worms2 and can also be brought about by excessive heat1 cold or pressure and lessening of the calibre of the arteries1 poisons in the blood1 suppurating wounds1 repeated purging or bleedings4 ,,symptoms3 ,the visible mucous membranes of the nose1 eyes and mouth are pale and sometimes have a yellow appearance4 ,there is weakness1 temperature of the body is lower than normal2 pulse weak1 legs cold to the feet1 cold sweats are often present1 breathing is quickened1 especially in its last stages1 animals tire easily1 appetite and digestion become poor1 swelling of the legs and the under surface of the abdomen1 sheath and udder2 the skin becomes rough and dry4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause if possible in its first stages1 or when first noticed4 ,give a physic of ,calomel1 two scruples2 ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,gentian1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give at one dose with capsule gun4 ,also1 administer the following3 ,arsenious ,acid1 one dram2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 three ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian1 three ounces2 ,pulv4 ,fenugreek ,seed1 three ounces1 and ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 three ounces4 ,mix well and make into twenty powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in feed1 or place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,endeavor to build up the condition of the animal by the proper quantity and quality of food4 ,give pure water to drink1 also provide sanitary conditions1 as pure air1 sunlight if possible4 ,turn out to grass when the weather is favorable4 ,this treatment should be continued until the animal shows sign of improvement4 ,however1 the administration of physics should be given with great care so as not to produce superpurgation of the bowels 7scours71 as physics in this condition would tend to weaken the animal4 ,it is to be borne in mind that pure water and nourishing food play a very important part in the treatment of ,anemia4 ,,aphthae 7,sore mouth and tongue--,pustular ,stomatitis7 ,,cause3 ,superficial eruptions of the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue4 ,frequently seen during convalescence of intermittent fever4 ,this condition may also follow diseases of the digestive system1 as ,indigestion1 etc41 due to the blood absorbing toxic materials which break out in the form of pustules about the mouth and the whole alimentary canal 7stomach and intestines74 ,,symptoms3 ,the appetite is impaired1 the mouth hot1 the pulse not much affected as a rule1 the temperature is slightly elevated1 the animal is unable to masticate1 and small vesicles appear and eventually terminate into pustules and burst and discharge a small amount of pus at the parts where the sores are the deepest4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause if possible4 ,feed clean1 soft food that is easily digested1 as hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats1 vegetables1 etc4 ,for a mouth-wash dissolve the following3 ,one dram of ,copper ,sulphate1 one dram of ,chlorate of ,potash1 one dram of ,boracic ,acid in clean hot water1 and syringe out the mouth two or three times a day4 ,to the drinking water add one ounce of ,hyposulphite of ,soda twice a day4 ,where the appetite is impaired1 administer the following3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 ,pulv4 ,iron1 ,pulv4 ,nitrate of ,potash each two ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times a day with capsule gun4 ,,azoturia ,,cause3 ,this disease is usually due to work after a period of idleness1 during which the animal has been liberally fed4 ,it is found principally among highly-fed draft horses1 and never in animals which are regularly worked4 ,light breeds of horses are also susceptible to this disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,attack is sudden and usually appears when the horse has traveled a short distance after having been stabled for a few days4 ,the characteristic symptoms of this disease in an animal are3 ,excitability without apparent cause2 actions seem to indicate injury of the hind quarters or loins4 ,animal has a peculiar goose-rumped look1 owing to the muscles over the quarters being violently contracted1 and are hard on pressure4 ,one hind limb is generally advanced in front of the other1 and on attempting to put weight on it1 the hind quarters will drop until at times the hocks almost touch the ground4 ,sometimes a front leg is affected4 ,the breathing is hurried4 ,animal is bathed in sweat1 and is in such agony that it will seize almost anything with its teeth4 ,although the pulse is hard and frequent1 the internal temperature1 even in severe cases1 seldom rises to any marked extent4 ,the urine is dark-red to dirty-brown color4 ,owing to the stoppage of the worm-like movement of the bowels1 there is generally constipation and retention of the urine4 ,sometimes the symptoms are milder than here described4 ,in other cases the animal soon falls to the ground and continues to struggle in a delirious1 half-paralyzed state until he dies4 ,sometimes this disease is mistaken for colic or acute indigestion1 but it can be readily distinguished by the color of the urine4 ,,treatment3 ,at the first symptom1 stop and blanket the animal and let stand from one to three hours4 ,then move to the nearest shelter1 keeping the animal as quiet and comfortable1 as possible1 as excitement aggravates the disease4 ,give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams2 in capsule1 and administer with capsule gun4 ,also1 give the following prescription3 ,potassi ,nitrate1 eight ounces2 ,sodii ,bicarbonate1 eight ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one and one-half ounces4 ,mix well and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder in drinking water every four hours1 or in capsule1 and give with capsule gun4 ,injections of soap and warm water per rectum are beneficial4 ,immerse a blanket in hot water and place over loins1 then covering with a dry blanket1 or1 if this is impossible1 apply the following liniment3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces1 and rub in like a shampoo over the loins4 ,it may be necessary to draw off the urine1 which is sometimes retained1 and it is best to secure the services of a skilled veterinarian if1 such is the case4 ,allow the animal to drink often1 though in small quantities1 of pure water with the chill taken off4 ,if he is unable to stand on his feet it is well to turn him from side to side every six hours4 ,it is also advisable to fill bags with hay and place against his shoulders to prevent him from lying flat on his side1 as this may cause congestion of the lungs4 ,avoid drenching--it is dangerous4 ,should the animal show signs of uneasiness1 give one ounce of ,potassi ,bromide in the drinking water every four hours until the excitement has subsided4 ,,barrenness 7,failure to ,breed7 ,,cause3 ,contraction of the neck of the womb1 growths on or in the ovaries1 ,whites or ,leucorrhea4 ,the first is the only form of barrenness which responds readily to treatment4 ,,symptoms3 ,a mare may come in heat normally1 or stay in heat continually1 or not come in heat at all4 ,,treatment3 ,wash the hands in some antiseptic solution1 such as ,carbolic ,acid or ,bichloride of ,mercury and see that the finger-nails are smooth4 ,grease the hand and arm with vaseline and proceed to dilate the neck of the womb4 ,it may be difficult at first to insert the finger1 but the opening will gradually enlarge4 ,work slowly and carefully until three fingers may be inserted4 ,breeding should follow about three hours after the womb has been dilated4 ,,bleeding ,,after ,,castration ,if bleeding is from the little artery in the back portion of cord1 it will generally stop of its own accord1 but if it should continue to bleed for thirty minutes1 ,i throw clean1 cold water against the part4 ,when bleeding is from the large artery in front of the cord1 it is considered dangerous4 ,the artery should be tied with a silk thread if possible1 or twisted with a pair of forceps4 ,occasionally the artery cannot be found1 in which case the hole in the scrotum should be plugged with a clean cloth saturated with ,tincture of ,iron1 which will clot the blood and thus close the artery4 ,,blood ,,poisoning 7,septicaemia or ,pyemia7 ,,cause3 ,by the popular term1 ,blood ,poison1 is meant a state of constitutional disturbance brought on by the entrance of putrid products--usually from a wound--into the blood4 ,as a rule some pressure or inoculation is necessary for the introduction of poison into the circulation2 hence1 the necessity of free drainage and thorough disinfection of the wound1 and the only hopeful cases are those in which by this means the supply of poison may be cut short4 ,,symptoms3 ,it is introduced through any wound or abrasion1 whether due to injury1 disease or by an operation4 ,signs of septic poison are heat1 pain and swelling4 ,,treatment3 ,it is necessary to see that the wound has good drainage1 and wash with ,carbolic ,acid1 one tablespoonful to one pint of distilled water or ,bichloride of ,mercury perhaps is the best in an infected wound4 ,apply one part to one thousand parts water4 ,also1 give internally1 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce2 ,sodii ,hyposulphite1 eight ounces4 ,make into eight powders and give one powder two or three times a day in their drinking water or in capsule1 and give with capsule gun4 ,this is an intestinal antiseptic which is very valuable in the treatment of ,blood ,poisoning4 ,feed soft1 laxative food and green grass1 if possible4 ,,bone ,,spavin ,,cause3 ,sprains of the hock from falling1 slipping1 jumping1 pulling1 traveling on uneven roads1 falling through bridges1 etc4 ,since ,spavin is due to causes which come into existence after birth1 it cannot be regarded as an hereditary disease4 ,hereditary predisposition1 however1 is largely accountable for its appearance4 ,in the first place1 the process of evolution in the horse1 which is a single-toed animal1 descended from a five-toed ancestor1 predisposes him to suffer from union of the bones of the hock1 just as it predisposes him to splints4 ,the weaker the bones of the hock in comparison to the weight of the body the more inclined will the animal naturally be to contract ,spavin4 ,,symptoms3 ,spasmodic catching up of the spavined limb1 the moment the heel of the foot touches the ground1 something after the manner of string-halt4 ,at times the stiffness can be observed only when the animal is pushed from one side of the stall to the other4 ,spavin may often be detected when riding a horse down a steep hill from the fact that he drags the toe4 ,the time of all others when a spavined horse will be apt to show his lameness will be the day following a hard day's work1 and when he makes his first move from the stable in the morning is the proper moment for examination4 ,therefore1 you should be prepared to form judgment quickly in these cases1 for the longer the animal is trotted up and down the less lame will he generally become4 ,we may have a visible sign of ,spavin1 swelling and hardness of the part1 without lameness4 ,if there be heat and tenderness on pressure1 lameness will almost always be present4 ,a careful comparison should be made of the hocks4 ,,treatment3 ,an important factor in treating ,spavin is keeping the animal quiet4 ,this can be accomplished by placing the animal in a very narrow stall1 carrying his feed and drinking water for a month or six weeks1 and apply the following ointment3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulverized ,cantharides1 three drams2 ,turpentine1 thirty minims2 ,pine ,tar1 two drams2 lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and rub in well for twenty minutes every forty-eight hours until three applications have been applied4 ,repeat this treatment again in two weeks1 and grease well with lard4 ,to cure a bone spavin it is necessary to unite two or more bones of the hock1 and a fractured bone cannot unite if moved frequently4 ,the same thing exists in bone spavin as in a fractured bone1 only we have no ragged edges like that of a fractured bone to unite2 therefore1 keep the animal quiet4 ,the younger the animal the easier the spavin is to treat1 because the bones hardened with age contain more mineral matter and less flexible animal matter4 ,while treating the animal1 feed food that is easily digested4 ,,bog ,,spavin ,,cause3 ,faulty conformation1 slipping1 falling through a bridge or culvert2 large loosely built draft horses are prone to this blemish4 ,bog ,spavin is hereditary1 and you should1 therefore1 select a good type of animal for breeding purposes4 ,,symptoms3 ,a puffy swelling located in front and on the inside of the hock1 varying from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist4 ,it very seldom causes lameness1 but is a serious disfigurement and blemish4 ,,treatment3 ,treatment is not satisfactory unless taken in its first stages and when the animal is young4 ,if there is heat1 pain and swelling1 apply cold water or ice packs until the inflammation has left the parts4 ,then use the following prescription3 ,tincture of ,iodine1 two ounces2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces2 ,gasolene1 one pint4 ,mix and shake well before applying with a nail or tooth brush twice a week4 ,i may add that ,i have derived some wonderful results in treatment of ,bog ,spavin with the above mentioned prescription in both young and old animals1 and perhaps it will be well to use it on both young and old animals in both acute and chronic forms of ,bog ,spavin4 ,,bots 7,gastrophilis7 ,effect of ,bots on the ,health of ,horses ,although the presence of bots inside of a horse can be of no possible advantage to him1 their presence1 when in small numbers1 as a rule produce very little or no ill effect in the horse1 but if their number be large they cannot help being a source of debility and irritation4 ,in practically all cases they produce indigestion1 especially among young horses1 also loss of condition1 colic and even death4 ,,cause3 ,by the bot flies1 which lay their eggs during the autumn on the skin and hair of the horses4 ,these eggs on becoming hatched 7in from #bj to #be days7 produce small worms which irritate the skin by their movements and thus cause the horse to lick them off and to take them into his mouth1 with the result that they gain access to various parts of the intestinal canal4 ,the bot having selected its place of residence1 attaches itself to the membranes lining the stomach and intestines1 and derives its sustenance during its stay from the wound made by its hooks4 ,in the summer the larva1 after living inside the horse for about ten months1 quits its hold and is expelled with the feces4 ,having concealed itself near the surface of the ground it becomes changed into a chrysalis from which the gadfly issues after an inactive existence of from thirty to forty days4 ,the female fly becomes impregnated1 lays her eggs on those parts of the horse from which they can be most easily licked off1 and thus completes her cycle of existence4 ,,symptoms3 ,membranes about the eyes and mouth are very pale1 as though the animal had lost a large quantity of blood2 they will also be subject to colicky attacks1 hair faded1 dull1 rough appearance1 appetite poor and manifests a pot belly4 ,,prevention3 ,the best means of prevention are spraying your horses with the following fly repellant3 ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 #aj2 ,oil of ,tar1 #be2 ,crude ,oil1 #fe4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,this prevents the gadfly from depositing her eggs on the animals4 ,,treatment3 ,withhold all food for twenty-four hours1 then administer ,oil of ,turpentine1 one ounce2 place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,follow this in six hours with a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,repeat the above treatment in a week or ten days to insure the expulsion of ,bots that might have escaped the first treatment4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of horse4 ,,hackney ,,stallion ,,bagthorp ,,sultan1 ,,first ,,international ,,show4 ,owned by ,henry ,fairfax of ,virginia4 ,,bronchitis ,,cause3 ,it may be the result of debility1 constitutional diseases1 inhalation of impure air1 smoke1 or gases4 ,sometimes brought on by drenching by the escape of liquid into the windpipe2 remember1 a horse cannot breathe through his mouth4 ,it may also be caused by sudden chill1 foreign bodies in windpipe1 micro organisms1 or it may be associated with influenza1 glanders1 lung fever1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,sore throat1 loss of appetite1 thirst1 animal appears dull1 membranes of the mouth1 eyes and nose are reddened2 urine is scanty and highly colored2 cough dry and husky4 ,after two or three days the cough becomes looser and1 a frothy1 sticky mucus of a yellowish color is present4 ,this gradually becomes pus-like1 after which the animal seems somewhat relieved4 ,in the first stages the pulse is soft and weak1 but frequently the temperature is high1 ranging from #aje to #ajf degrees ,f42 the breathing is quick and more or less difficult4 ,,treatment3 ,place the horse in a clean1 comfortable1 well ventilated stall1 exclude drafts1 blanket if the weather is chilly4 ,also1 hand rub the legs and bandage them4 ,inhalations from steam of hot water and ,turpentine are beneficial4 ,also administer ,chlorate of ,potassi1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce4 ,mix this with a pint of black-strap molasses and give about one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every six hours4 ,in severe attacks of ,bronchitis it is well to apply a liniment consisting of ,turpentine1 ,aqua-,ammonia ,fort41 and raw ,linseed ,oil1 each four ounces2 mix well and apply to the throat and down the windpipe once or twice a day4 ,the animal should be fed on soft food1 such as hot bran mashes1 grass1 carrots1 kale1 apples or steamed rolled oats4 ,after the acute symptoms of the disease disappear1 give ,pulverized ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 three ounces2 ,pulverized ,fenugreek ,seed1 six ounces4 ,mix and give one tablespoonful three times a day in the feed or in a gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun4 ,,capped ,,knee ,,cause3 ,bruises from pawing or striking objects with the knee1 falling on the ground1 etc41 are perhaps the most common causes4 ,,symptoms3 ,it may be a simple bruise1 or it may be a severe wound4 ,there is always swelling1 heat and pain present4 ,the joint becomes stiff and interferes with the movement of the leg4 ,under careful treatment the swelling and enlargement disappear4 ,,treatment3 ,relieve the inflammation and clean the wound by fomenting with hot water1 to which add a few drops of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,if the wound is very large1 trim off the ragged edges with a pair of scissors and apply the following3 ,boracic ,acid1 two ounces2 ,iodoform1 one ounce2 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce4 ,powder finely1 mix and apply two or three times a day4 ,if the skin is not broken1 apply cold water or ice packs until the inflammation has subsided2 then use the following3 ,tincture of ,iodine1 one ounce2 ,camphor1 two ounces1 and ,gasolene1 eight ounces4 ,apply with nail or toothbrush every thirty-six hours until the enlargement has disappeared4 ,,capped ,,hock ,,cause3 ,some horses have the habit of rubbing or striking their hocks against the partition of their stalls4 ,may also be produced by kicks from other horses1 or hocks may be bruised by the singletree4 ,,symptoms3 ,an enlargement at the point of the hock1 which may run up along the tendons and muscles of the leg4 ,repeated injuries cause the hock to enlarge and become flabby1 and in some cases it contains a bloody serum or pus4 ,,treatment3 ,do not attempt to lance the puffy swelling on the point of the hock1 as you may produce an open joint1 which is very difficult to treat1 and chances are that you would lose the animal4 ,the treatment that ,i would recommend is to find out the true cause and remove it4 ,when the puffy swelling is swollen1 hot and painful1 apply cold water or ice packs4 ,when the heat and pain have subsided apply the following3 ,tincture of ,iodine1 two ounces2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces1 dissolved in one pint of ,gasolene4 ,shake the contents of the bottle before using each time and apply with a nail or toothbrush every forty-eight hours4 ,this is very penetrating and will remove the enlargement or absorb fluids that might have accumulated from the result of the bruise4 ,,choking ,this term applies to obstruction of the gullet as well as that of the windpipe4 ,,cause3 ,too rapid eating1 by which pieces of carrots or other roots1 or a quantity of dry food become lodged in the gullet4 ,although obstructions of the windpipe caused while drenching1 or food entering the lungs1 will kill an animal in a very short time1 obstructions in the gullet may not prove fatal for several days4 ,,treatment3 ,no time should be lost in attempting to remove the obstruction from the gullet4 ,it may be dislodged by gently manipulating the gullet4 ,if unsuccessful in dislodging the obstruction in this manner1 secure the services of a competent veterinarian4 ,he will use a probang1 an instrument made for this purpose1 or inject ,sweet or ,olive ,oil into the gullet with a hypodermic syringe1 or give hypodermic injections of ,arecoline4 ,in administering drenches with the object of dislodging obstructions in the gullet1 you must remember that the liquids used are apt to go the wrong way1 that is to say1 enter the lungs1 and give rise to lung complications1 as lung fever1 bronchitis1 etc4 ,obstructions of solid substance in the windpipe generally cause death very shortly4 ,when liquids enter the lungs1 death is not so apt to occur1 as the animal may live several days1 and sometimes even get well4 ,they should be treated the same as for lung fever4 ,,cracked ,,heels ,,cause3 ,there is little doubt in my mind that ammonia1 which is so plentifully found in ill-kept stables1 is the chief cause of cracked heels4 ,the action of ammonia on the skin renders it soft and pulpy1 and diminishes its strength by separating the layers of which it is composed4 ,,symptoms3 ,when inflammation is set up in the part1 the secretion of natural oil is interfered with and cracks usually occur in the place where the skin becomes wrinkled when the pastern joint is bent4 ,the discharge from cracked heels has an offensive smell4 ,in early stages there is extreme heat and swelling1 there is pain and lameness1 which usually disappear as the case becomes chronic4 ,,treatment3 ,keep the affected parts clean as possible1 if there is extreme inflammation present4 ,apply hot poultice made from bran or flaxseed meal4 ,when the inflammation subsides1 apply ,zinc ,ointment twice daily4 ,before applying each application of ointment1 wash with ,warm ,water and ,castile ,soap4 ,feed carrots1 green grass1 if possible1 also hot bran mashes or steam rolled oats each morning4 ,sometimes it is well to give a physic1 and ,i would recommend ,aloin1 one and one-half drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,a physic has very good effect in reducing the swelling of the legs4 ,,coffin-,,joint ,,lameness 7,navicular ,disease7 ,,cause3 ,driving young animals on hard roads4 ,always found in the front feet1 owing no doubt to the fact the front feet support largely the weight of the body4 ,,symptoms3 ,the symptoms are very hard to detect4 ,as a rule the animal will point the affected foot when at rest even before there is any lameness present4 ,while at work he apparently goes sound1 but when placed in the stable1 or when stopped on hard ground1 one foot will be set out in front of the other and resting on the toe4 ,it will be noticed that the animal takes a few lame steps and then goes well again4 ,again he may be lame for a day1 or he may leave the stable in the morning apparently well and sound and go lame during the day4 ,in the course of time he will develop a severe case of lameness1 which may last for five or six days4 ,these spells are intermittent and finally he becomes permanently lame1 and the more he is driven the greater the lameness1 and he steps short1 wears the toe of the shoe1 stumbles1 falls on his knees when the road is rough4 ,sometimes both front feet are affected and the shoulders will be stiff4 ,when put to work he sweats from pain2 there will be extreme heat about the foot1 and he will flinch from pressure4 ,comparatively few recoveries are made from this disease4 ,,treatment3 ,first remove the shoe4 ,if the foot is inflamed1 poultice with hot bran or flaxseed meal4 ,after the inflammation disappears1 clean the foot well1 clip the hair from around the top of the hoof and use the following3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulverized ,cantharides1 four drams2 ,turpentine1 thirty drops2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and apply every forty-eight hours1 rubbing in well for twenty minutes each time4 ,after three or four applications have been applied1 turn the animal out to pasture4 ,repeat this treatment again in a month or so4 ,animals affected with this disease should be put to slow and easy work on soft ground1 and carefully shod4 ,this disease is unsatisfactorily treated and only a few cases recover when the best care is taken4 ,,corns ,,cause3 ,dry feet1 increased pressure from ill fitting shoes1 or high heeled shoes1 which tend to contract the heels and produce corns4 ,wide flat feet are predisposed to bruises which terminate in corns4 ,,symptoms3 ,lameness1 or as the old saying goes1 ,the animal will go tenderfooted4 ,when standing the animal is generally very restless1 they paw their bedding behind them at night4 ,tapping or pressure on the foot will assist in locating a corn4 ,,treatment3 ,discover the true cause of the corn and remove it if possible4 ,take away all pressure from over the corn and turn the animal out in some damp pasture4 ,if this cannot be done1 put on a flat bar shoe1 packing the sole of the foot with ,pine ,tar and ,oakum2 then place a leather between the foot and shoe4 ,repeat this application every two weeks1 as this will keep the sole soft and flexible1 and with proper shoeing your animal will be relieved of corns4 ,frequently coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease is mistaken for corns4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of horse4 ,,clydesdale ,,stallion ,,sir ,,everard 7#ecec74 ,sire of ,famous ,baron's ,pride 7#iabb71 who earned #cjj1jjj4jj in the ,stud1 who ,sired ,baron ,o',buchlyvie1 who was sold for #de1jjj4jj1 the ,highest ,price ever paid for a ,draft ,stallion4 ,,constipation ,,cause3 ,indigestible foods1 irregular feeding1 lack of1 or too much1 exercise1 insufficient secretion of digestive materials1 strictures1 ruptures1 paralysis1 worms1 folding and twisting of the intestines1 which frequently occurs in old age4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal cannot expel the contents of the intestines1 which frequently causes colicky pains4 ,death from this form of constipation is generally due to rupture of the intestines1 when due to indigestible foods or irregular feeding4 ,lack of1 or too much1 exercise seldom produces death1 although the animal may not pass any fecal matter for a week4 ,,treatment3 ,give a capsule containing ,aloin1 two drams1 and ,pulverized ,ginger1 two drams1 every eighteen hours until the animal has a movement of the bowels4 ,then give the following tonic3 ,pulverized ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulverized ,gentian ,root1 two ounces2 ,pulverized ,fenugreek ,seed1 four ounces4 ,mix well and give one tablespoonful in feed three times a day4 ,if the animal refuses to eat it in the feed1 place one tablespoonful in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,this will stimulate the worm-like movement of the bowels and strengthen the heart action4 ,give the animal all the water it will drink4 ,if the water is cold1 take the chill off by warming or adding warm water4 ,if the animal will eat1 feed food that is easily digested1 such as grass1 carrots1 turnips1 potatoes and apples1 but do not feed too large a quantity at one time4 ,hot bran mashes or steamed rolled oats are very nourishing and easily digested4 ,rectal injections of ,soap and ,turpentine in small quantities1 added to warm water1 are very beneficial1 and ,i would recommend their use4 ,it is advisable to elevate the animal's hind parts when giving rectal injections1 as compelling the animal to stand with its head lower than its hind parts will cause the animal to retain the injection much longer1 consequently it does its intended work much better4 ,if due to worms1 fast the animal for twenty-four hours and give ,barbadoes ,aloes1 three drams2 ,calomel1 one dram2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two drams2 ,antimony ,tartrate1 two drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun1 ,this dose should be repeated in ten days to insure the expulsion of newly hatched worms4 ,,cold 7,nasal ,catarrh7 ,,cause3 ,atmospheric changes common in the spring and fall2 animal allowed to chill when standing in a draft1 or driven when the system is in a poor condition4 ,it is also produced by inhaling irritating gases1 smoke1 drenching through the nose1 dusty hay or grain that contains infectious matter4 ,,symptoms3 ,animal is stupid1 does not take food very freely1 hair stands and looks dusty1 throat becomes sore1 pulse is not greatly affected4 ,there may be a slight rise of temperature1 say #aja to #ajc degrees ,f4 ,after a day or two there will be a discharge of mucus from the nostrils which may be offensive to the smell4 ,there is generally an increased flow of urine4 ,the breathing is not much affected4 ,,treatment3 ,make the animal as comfortable as possible by placing in a clean stall with pure air1 but avoid drafts4 ,blanket if the weather is chilly and give the following prescription3 ,chloride of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces4 ,mix these well in a pint of ,pine ,tar and place about one tablespoonful of the mixture as far back on the tongue as possible every six hours4 ,relief is very certain if this treatment is given in the first stages4 ,if not it will become chronic and terminate into nasal gleet1 or lung complications4 ,,cough 7,acute and ,chronic7 ,as a cough is a symptom of various diseases1 these in addition to the cough should be treated4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,cough3 ,many writers give several different varieties1 but for sake of convenience ,i will divide them into two forms1 namely3 ,acute and ,chronic4 ,,cause3 ,acute ,coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold1 drafts and are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing4 ,chronic ,coughs are associated with1 and often a result of1 sore throat1 lung fever1 pleurisy1 bronchitis1 broken wind1 influenza1 nasal gleet1 catarrh1 glanders1 heaves and distemper4 ,,treatment3 ,under each disease of which a cough is a symptom1 ,i have also prescribed to include its suppression4 ,the following prescription is reasonable in price1 yet very effective in all forms of cough3 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,potassi ,chlorate1 four ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces4 ,powder well and mix with ,black ,strap ,molasses1 one pint2 placing container retaining the above in hot water assists in dissolving4 ,when this is thoroughly mixed add ,pine ,tar one pint1 and place one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every three or four hours1 according to the severity of the cough4 ,sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a good effect1 and ,i would recommend the following on account of its penetrating qualities3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply twice daily1 shaking the contents of the bottle well before using4 ,,colt ,,constipation ,,cause3 ,improper digestion of its mother's milk1 especially when overheated or not allowed to nurse enough4 ,,symptoms3 ,the colt appears stupid2 does not care to move about1 but lies flat on either side and shows signs of great pain4 ,,treatment3 ,give two tablespoonfuls of ,cascara ,sagrada4 ,great care must be exercised in administering the medicine to place it well back on the tongue2 do not hold the nose high or some of the liquid may enter the lungs2 it is much better to waste some of the medicine4 ,one of the most important factors in the treatment of ,colt ,constipation is rectal injections2 they relieve temperature1 gases1 and pain1 promoting the worm-like action of the bowels and liquefying their contents4 ,,colt ,,diarrhoea ,,cause3 ,specific infection1 the action of which is favored by insanitary conditions1 irregular feeding1 or permitting the colt to nurse when the mother is overheated or out of condition4 ,,symptoms3 ,frequent watery discharges1 sometimes tinged with blood1 and as the disease progresses the colt shows signs of great pain4 ,if not treated promptly1 the disease will terminate fatally in the course of six or ten days4 ,,treatment3 ,determine the exact cause1 if possible1 and remove it4 ,if the colt has not been weaned1 attention should at once be given the mare1 and if anything is wrong with her1 it may be best to take the little patient away from its mother and feed it on cow's milk sweetened with sugar4 ,give two tablespoonfuls of ,castor ,oil on the tongue2 this will remove the irritant within the bowels4 ,the following prescription is a very reliable remedy3 ,protan1 three ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 four drams2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 four grains4 ,mix and make into twelve powders2 give one powder on the tongue every four hours1 effecting a cure within a few days4 ,do not pull the tongue1 or hold the head too high4 ,permit the animal to swallow slowly4 ,remember that sanitary surroundings are essential in the treatment of all diseases4 ,,curb ,,cause3 ,faulty conformation of the hind legs2 that is to say1 if an animal has crooked legs1 a slight sprain from slipping or jumping will produce ,curb4 ,in cases where an animal has well proportioned limbs1 and is afflicted with ,curb1 it is caused by a rupture of the small ligament or cord situated just back of the hock4 ,,symptoms3 ,a swelling will be noticed on the back part of the hock4 ,at first the animal is lame and the enlargement is hot and painful4 ,after a few days' rest the inflammation will partially subside and the enlargement can be plainly seen4 ,when the animal is walked about he may be very lame at the start1 but this will disappear as he is moved4 ,,treatment3 ,when the ,curb is hot and painful1 it is well to apply ice packs or cold water to the part4 ,when the inflammation subsides1 apply ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix and rub in well for twenty minutes2 repeat every forty-eight hours until three applications are applied4 ,if the ,curb is of long standing it is more difficult to treat1 in which case the above treatment should be repeated again in two or three months4 ,do not use the animal in drawing heavy loads1 or drive on slippery roads1 for six months4 ,give the blister time to strengthen the ruptured tendons4 ,a high-heeled shoe is often valuable in relieving tendons of their tension4 ,illustration3 ,photographs of two horses4 ,the ,famous ,team of ,arabian ,horses4 ,owned by ,dr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,korinek4 ,,diarrhoea ,,cause3 ,sudden change of food1 frozen food1 soft food1 unwholesome food1 stagnant water1 or drinking large quantities of water at one time1 purgative medicines1 or it may be associated with blood diseases1 lung and intestinal affections1 or produced by micro-organisms4 ,many horses1 particularly slack loined1 slight1 washy animals1 purge if worked or excited1 as may be observed among race horses when taken to a race course4 ,diarrhoea may also be due to worms1 or it may be merely an effort on the part of nature to expel some irritant matter from the bowels or from the blood1 in which case it should on no account be prematurely checked4 ,,symptoms3 ,frequent loose evacuations of the intestines1 with or without pronounced abdominal pain2 generally1 loss of appetite1 animal looks gaunt and the hair rough4 ,,treatment3 ,keep the animal quiet1 comfortably stabled and warmly blanketed4 ,give pure water to drink1 often1 but in small quantities4 ,if the animal will eat1 feed moderately on clean food1 as rolled oats and dry bran4 ,also1 give the following prescription3 ,protan1 three ounces2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 ten grains2 ,creosote1 one dram2 ,powdered ,ginger1 two ounces2 ,powdered ,gum ,catechu1 six drams2 ,powdered ,gum ,camphor1 one-half dram4 ,mix and make eight powders4 ,place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun1 or the same sized dose dissolved in a pint of water and used as a drench4 ,however1 be very careful when drenching an animal4 ,it is dangerous4 ,this prescription will not only check the diarrhoea1 but will tone the muscular fibres of the intestines which aid in throwing off these irritant matters from the system4 ,if the horse shows colicky pains1 administer the same treatment as that recommended for colic4 ,it is well to give the following treatment in the convalescing stages of diarrhoea3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,fenugreek ,seed1 eight ounces4 ,mix and give one heaping tablespoonful three times daily in feed4 ,this facilitates digestion by stimulating the flow of gastric juices4 ,,distemper ,,cause3 ,distemper is placed among the germ diseases1 and is produced by the ,streptococcus of ,schutz4 ,it is contagious and a number of animals in the same stable may become affected at the same time4 ,it is supposed to attack an animal but once1 but it may be contracted a second time4 ,may occur at any time of the year4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal will first appear dull1 and show loss of appetite2 and the hair will look dull and rough4 ,there will be a watery discharge from the nose1 and in a day or so a lump will appear between the jaws2 the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position2 saliva runs from its mouth2 the pulse will be a little faster than normal4 ,the breathing will become more rapid and the lump between the jaws will get larger4 ,this lump1 or tumor1 may form in other parts of the body1 on the shoulder1 in the groin1 lungs or intestines4 ,it usually causes death if it cannot be absorbed4 ,this is called irregular distemper4 ,a determined effort should be made to draw the lump1 or tumor1 to a head as soon as possible4 ,,treatment3 ,place the horse in a clean1 well-ventilated and lighted stall1 excluding all drafts1 blanket the animal1 hand rub the legs and bandage them2 give inhalations of steam from ,hot ,water and ,turpentine4 ,a good method for heating water for this purpose is to place hot stones or bricks in the water and ,turpentine4 ,this will relieve the hard breathing4 ,remember a horse cannot breathe through his mouth1 therefore1 liquid drenches are dangerous4 ,a paste made from ,potassi ,chlorate1 two ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 two ounces1 dissolved in a pint of warm molasses and given well back on the tongue in tablespoonful doses every two or three hours is very beneficial4 ,a liniment made from equal parts of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 ,turpentine and ,sweet ,oil should be applied1 every morning over the enlargement that appears in the region of the throat4 ,if the enlargement fails to come to a head1 secure the services of an accomplished veterinarian1 who will use a clean instrument for lancing purposes4 ,after an attack of distemper your horse is generally run down in condition4 ,give the following3 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 eight ounces4 ,make into thirty-two powders and give one powder three times daily in feed4 ,,dropsy 7,of the ,belly1 ,chest1 ,sheath1 ,udder and ,legs7 ,,cause3 ,poor circulation2 kidneys not working properly2 lack of exercise2 diseases of the lungs1 liver1 heart1 womb or sheath4 ,mares heavy with foal often have dropsical swellings4 ,,symptoms3 ,swelling seldom contains fluid1 although sometimes a sticky serum oozes through the skin2 fingers pressed against the swollen parts leave impressions4 ,,treatment3 ,avoid giving physics in this condition when possible1 especially to mares with foal4 ,feed laxative food1 as hot bran mashes1 green grass1 carrots1 potatoes1 etc42 also the following mixture3 ,potassi ,iodide1 two ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,chloride of ,potash1 two ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,place one powder in their drinking water three times a day4 ,exercise the animal as much as possible and you will derive good results from this treatment within a week or so4 ,i may add that in the above affection it is a bad practice to apply hot applications1 as the chances are it would produce a sloughing of the skin4 ,,eczema ,,cause3 ,anything that interferes with the healthy action of the skin1 as checked sweating1 irritation from dirty blankets or harness1 or from accumulation of dirt on the skin through want of grooming1 errors in feeding1 overheat1 or by infection4 ,in some cases the cause seems to be constitutional2 in others1 local4 ,though the disease is not parasitic in character1 it is probable that when once contracted the diseased parts may be become infected4 ,,symptoms3 ,slight dryness and eruptions that may affect the head1 ears1 neck1 shoulders1 flanks1 inside of thighs and root of the tail1 followed by vesicles or pimples which burst and discharge1 or the contents may be absorbed4 ,the animal will rub against the stall1 manger1 or any other object he can reach1 until the parts are very sore1 or if worked1 he will rub himself violently when unharnessed4 ,,treatment3 ,give ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic1 one tablespoonful morning and night on their feed2 also give a physic consisting of two drams of ,aloin and two drams of ,pulverized ,ginger in gelatin capsule4 ,give at one dose4 ,one physic is all that is necessary to cool out the blood1 which will assist materially in treating ,eczema4 ,also1 apply ,zinc ,ointment twice daily over the vesicles or pimples which will appear on the skin4 ,also1 feed easily digested food if possible1 such as carrots1 apples1 grass1 hot bran mashes and steamed rolled oats1 and keep the animal clean and groom carefully with clean combs and brushes4 ,,eye ,,diseases ,,conjunctivitis1 or ,inflammation of the superficial structure of the eye4 ,,cause3 ,direct or indirect injury to the eye1 as a blow from a whip1 dust1 sand or chaff in the eye1 or it may be due to extreme cold1 heat1 or foul air4 ,inflammation of the ,membrane of ,nictitans ,the membrane of nictation is an accessory eyelid common to all domestic animals1 the purpose of which is to remove foreign substances from the eye in much the same manner as we use the hand4 ,,symptoms3 ,conjunctivitis and inflammation of the membranes of nictitans are very much the same4 ,a partial or complete closure of the eye1 and a watery discharge due to overstimulation of the lachrymal glands1 the fluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impossible for the tear duct to carry it away2 hence1 there will be a continuous overflow of tears down the horse's face4 ,the formation of a film or scum over the eye need not cause alarm if the eye shows no sign of puncture4 ,,treatment3 ,examine the eye carefully and remove any foreign body with clean cloth or feather and apply the following3 ,yellow ,oxide of ,mercury1 three grains2 ,lanolin1 one ounce4 ,mix well together and apply to the eye three or four times daily4 ,avoid the use of liquid medicines1 as they are hard to apply1 and the animal throws them out by shaking the head4 ,,fistulous ,,withers ,,cause3 ,fistulous ,withers are seen mostly in horses that have a thick neck as well as those that are very high in the withers1 or among saddle horses1 those that are very low on the withers1 the saddle here riding forward and bruising the parts4 ,they are often caused by ill-fitting collars or saddles1 by direct injury from blows1 and from the horse rolling upon rough1 sharp stones4 ,in this location1 the ulcer of the skin or a simple abscess1 if not properly and punctually treated1 may terminate into ,fistula4 ,the pus burrows and finds lodgment deep down between the muscles1 and escapes only when the sinuses become surcharged when1 during motion of the muscles1 the pus is forced to the surface4 ,,symptoms3 ,these of course will vary according to the progress made by the ,fistula4 ,following an injury we may often notice soreness or stiffness of the front legs1 and upon careful examination of the withers we will see small tortuous lines running from the point of irritation downwards and backwards over the region of the shoulder4 ,the stiffness of the limbs may disappear at this time1 and heat and soreness of the parts may become less noticeable1 but the swelling of the shoulders continues to enlarge4 ,the swelling may often have the form of a running ulcer1 or its contents may dry up and leave a tumor1 which gradually develops the common characteristic of a fistulous tumor4 ,when the enlargement has an opening1 we should carefully examine the pus cavity1 as upon this condition will wholly depend our treatment4 ,,treatment3 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible1 as any movements of the limbs cause the pus to spread between the lines of the muscles and form larger abscesses or tumors4 ,when the bone becomes diseased1 it is very difficult to effect a cure1 especially where the pus burrows back of the ,scapula 7,shoulder ,blade74 ,in case the abscess is newly formed1 and close to the surface1 syringing out with a solution made from ,bichloride of ,mercury1 five grains to one ounce of water1 generally causes the white fibrous tissue to slough away and the parts to heal rapidly4 ,if the abscess is deep1 and the bones become diseased1 the pus will have a very offensive odor1 and ,i would recommend the services of a competent ,veterinarian to remove all diseased portions of bone or muscle4 ,,filariae 7,thread-like ,worm7 ,,cause3 ,drinking stagnant water1 or eating hay gathered from swamps or marshy land4 ,when full grown1 the worm measures from two to six inches in length2 the tail is more or less curved4 ,they are found in the lung cavity1 the heart sac1 and the intestinal cavity1 from which they sometimes descend into the sac containing the testicles4 ,animals said to have a snake in the eye have been exhibited as curiosities2 in all cases the simulated snake was nothing more than the ,filariae4 ,,symptoms3 ,colicky spells2 poor appetite1 indigestion1 pot-belly1 rough coat2 swelling of the sheath1 legs1 and the lower surface of the belly4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention is the only treatment1 for when the worms once enter the digestive canal1 it is impossible to remove them4 ,,founder ,,cause3 ,overeating or drinking--in fact1 any irritation of the stomach or intestines is liable to be followed by ,founder1 owing to the similarity in the sensitive structure of the foot1 skin1 and mucous membranes4 ,horses with weak feet are predisposed to ,founder1 but it may also occur in strong-footed animals4 ,founder is also produced by driving an animal on a hot summer day and then placing in the stable where the sweat is suddenly checked by drafts1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,the horse is stiff1 and moves with great difficulty2 he will generally1 though not always1 remain standing4 ,throws weight upon the heel of the foot to relieve the toe1 and if an effort is made to back him he will drag his feet4 ,excessive heat is present at the top of the hoof1 and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt4 ,when the fore feet only are affected1 the horse will relieve them of as much weight as possible when walking by placing the hind feet well under the body1 which results in a peculiar jumping motion4 ,founder may occur in all four feet1 but the fore feet are more often affected than the hind ones4 ,mares sometimes founder after giving birth to a colt1 due to inflammation of the womb2 symptoms correspond to those of common ,founder4 ,founder may be mistaken for disease of the lungs or kidneys1 owing to the standing position and arched back4 ,veterinarians have been known to mistake it for lung fever2 the services of such men are dangerous and should be avoided4 ,,treatment3 ,in all cases of ,founder1 administer ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce2 ,soda ,bicarbonate1 four ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces4 ,mix and give one tablespoonful in drinking water every six hours4 ,if the animal will not take it in its water1 place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,find out the true cause of the disease1 if possible1 and perhaps a physic will be indicated1 containing ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams2 place it in a capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,if desired results are not obtained in eighteen hours1 repeat the dose until there is an action of the bowels4 ,founder following excessive irritation of the stomach and intestines1 or mares heavy with foal1 should not receive physics4 ,feed food that is easily digested1 as carrots1 kale1 apples1 potatoes1 hot bran mashes1 or steamed rolled oats1 etc4 ,it is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal injections of ,warm ,water and ,glycerine4 ,stand in mud or water1 or apply bags containing mud1 bran or ice2 in fact1 anything that will have a cool1 moist effect on the feet4 ,after the inflammation of the feet has subsided1 and the animal walks fairly well1 you should apply a blister containing ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,lard1 two ounces1 around the top of the hoofs1 and rub in well twice forty-eight hours apart4 ,in some cases of ,founder it is recommended to bleed the animal in the foot4 ,if this is attempted1 good disinfectants should be used1 as lock-jaw might follow4 ,,galls ,,cause3 ,injuries from ill-fitting collars1 saddles1 harness1 hobbles and scalping-boots4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause4 ,never wash a ,gall with water1 as this prevents its healing1 nor use oils or salves1 as they accumulate dirt1 dust and germs1 which may cause infection4 ,the following application makes a very valuable dressing for ,galls3 ,boracic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,corn ,starch1 one ounce2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,iodoform1 one dram4 ,powder finely and place in sifter-top can4 ,dust on ,gall before going to work and on retiring4 ,this heals and refreshes the ,galls and wounds by forming a smooth surface over the part1 which permits it to heal while the horse works4 ,,grease ,,heel ,,cause3 ,parasitic fungi invading cracked heels4 ,,symptoms3 ,offensive discharge from the glands under the skin1 and if not properly treated1 red spots will appear1 and the yellow discharge will form a hard crust sticking to the roots of the hair4 ,,treatment3 ,cleanliness is one of the most important measures4 ,also1 good nourishing food4 ,if the skin is swollen and tender1 poultice with hot ,flaxseed ,meal or bran4 ,after the swelling and tenderness have abated1 wash well with good ,castile ,soap and ,warm ,water4 ,dry with clean cloth and apply the following mixture3 ,calomel1 one dram2 ,iodoform1 one dram2 ,boracic ,acid1 one ounce4 ,mix well and apply two to three times a day4 ,feed green grass1 carrots1 kale1 apples1 or potatoes if possible1 also feed hot bran mashes4 ,in all cases of ,grease ,heel give the following physic3 ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in a capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,a physic has a very good effect on the blood1 which assists materially in healing the cracks and nodules that appear in ,grease ,heel4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of horse4 ,,belgian ,,stallion ,,belvedere1 ,,first ,,prize ,,winner4 ,owned by ,crawford ,griffin1 ,newton1 ,iowa4 ,,glanders ,,or ,,farcy ,,cause3 ,due to a specific germ called the ,bacillus ,malleii1 or ,bacillus of ,glanders4 ,glanders1 or ,farcy1 is very contagious1 and is transmissible to man as well as animals4 ,cattle and sheep alone are immune4 ,the disease may be contracted at watering troughs1 stables1 horseshoeing shops1 in boats1 trains and by harness1 bits1 curry combs1 bedding1 pails1 etc41 as well as by direct contact with a diseased animal4 ,,symptoms3 ,animal does not thrive although the appetite is good at times2 loss of flesh1 and is subject to sweats1 the hair looks rough1 the temperature increasing slightly1 perhaps two degrees1 a cough is generally present4 ,legs and abdomen are swollen2 discharge from the nose1 sometimes tinged with blood and very sticky1 the membranes of the nose look dusty1 and ulcers or spots are visible if closely examined4 ,the glands under the back of the ears and between the jaws are hard1 lumpy and swollen4 ,in addition to the above symptoms1 ,farcy affects the skin by producing swellings1 or nodules1 varying from the size of a pea to that of a hickory nut 7called ,farcy buds1 or ,farcy buttons71 which are found inside of the hind legs under the abdomen1 on the side of the chest2 shoulder and neck1 also around the nose1 lips and face4 ,generally there is a discharge of greenish-yellow pus1 which is very sticky4 ,glanders1 or ,farcy1 may be mistaken for nasal catarrh1 nasal gleet1 ulcerated teeth1 nettle rash1 lymphangitis1 distemper1 etc4 ,fortunately1 this dreaded disease is not very prevalent in this country1 as every precaution has been taken to stamp it out4 ,,no ,,treatment3 ,if at any time you have reason to think one of your animals has the disease1 or even a neighbor's1 or a transient horse1 exhibits the symptoms1 it is your duty to report the fact to the ,state ,veterinarian at once4 ,you will do this if you have your own welfare and that of your neighborhood at heart4 ,,heaves 7,emphysema of the ,lungs7 ,,cause3 ,fast or heavy work4 ,it may follow ,lung ,fever or ,pleurisy1 or the animal may inherit weakness in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs4 ,a very common cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay1 or bulky food4 ,horses that are accustomed to eating ravenously are often victims of ,heaves4 ,,symptoms3 ,disease may develop slowly or rapidly4 ,when the animal is at rest1 the air is taken into the lungs in a more or less normal manner1 but is expelled by two distinct efforts1 the abdominal muscles aiding the lungs in expiration1 as may be seen by the heaving of the flank2 the movement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely noticeable in a heavy horse4 ,a healthy animal1 when at rest1 will throw the air from the lungs in a single effort4 ,the difficulty in breathing is constant and increases in proportion to the amount of food in the stomach and intestines4 ,at the beginning of the attack there is a spasmodic cough1 which is more or less intermittent2 this develops later into a short1 weak1 suppressed cough1 as if the animal lacked strength in his chest to expel a full breath1 often accompanied by expulsion of wind from the anus1 which is somewhat protruded4 ,,treatment3 ,feed good1 nourishing food1 but nothing that is of a bulky nature4 ,feed more grain and less hay1 which should be dampened with water if dusty4 ,do not feed dusty1 musty or bulky food1 but give plenty of potatoes1 apples1 kale and green grass4 ,have your druggist make you up one quart of ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic1 omitting the ,tincture of ,lavender4 ,this is soothing to the organs of breathing1 and should be given two tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed4 ,after a week or ten days you might increase the dose slightly4 ,although this will make the horse work much better1 do not give it with the hope of effecting a complete cure1 as very few cases recover fully from this disease4 ,,horse ,,dentistry ,this is a very important branch of ,veterinary ,science1 although1 if ,i were to go into detail on the subject1 it would require the writing of an individual volume4 ,this science requires considerable practice4 ,the price of special costly instruments would prohibit the average stockman from doing his own dentistry4 ,my advice is to secure nothing but the services of a qualified ,veterinarian1 who has had privileges of a thorough knowledge of ,veterinary ,science4 ,the art of animal dentistry has been abused by the owners of stock allowing the services of irresponsible men in the veterinary profession1 who do not look to the betterment of the animal's condition4 ,the owner of the animal1 not being able to see the condition of the animal's teeth for himself1 is persuaded into having the animal's teeth worked on regardless of whether it is needed or not4 ,the quack or transient ,veterinarian will pull and crack healthy1 sound teeth1 and also lacerate the poor animal's mouth4 ,be sure the ,veterinarian employed for this purpose is competent4 ,,influenza 7,pink ,eye-,epizootic ,catarrh7 ,,cause3 ,influenza is a specific and infectious fever1 which shows a marked tendency to rapidly spread over a large area of country4 ,it generally appears suddenly1 without1 preliminary symptoms1 and may become fully developed in twenty-four hours4 ,,symptoms3 ,the usual symptoms are those of ,catarrh1 although the bowels1 lungs and brain complications may be present1 either singly or combined4 ,it always gives rise to great weakness4 ,the distinguishing characteristics of ,influenza from ,distemper1 ,sore ,throat1 and other diseases affecting the organs of breathing1 are the suddenness of the attack1 rise of temperature1 varying from #ajc to #ajf degrees ,f41 pulse feeble and fast1 and a pinkish1 swollen appearance of the inside of the eyelids4 ,the animal is dull1 in some cases almost unconscious4 ,sometimes the legs are very stiff and swollen1 and there is great difficulty in moving about4 ,,treatment3 ,place the affected animal in a clean1 well ventilated stall1 avoid drafts1 give pure water to drink with chill taken off1 in small quantities but often4 ,blanket if the weather is chilly1 hand rub the legs and bandage1 give ,quinine1 two drams1 in a gelatin capsule with capsule gun every four hours4 ,in addition to the above1 administer the treatment recommended for ,acute and ,chronic ,coughs4 ,feed good1 nutritious food that has a laxative effect on the bowels1 as it is dangerous to give horses physic with this disease4 ,hot bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables are very beneficial4 ,,lampas ,,cause3 ,in young horses it is commonly caused by cutting teeth4 ,in older animals it is usually due to indigestion4 ,,symptoms3 ,a puffy swelling and redness of the gums4 ,the animal may have difficulty in eating4 ,,treatment3 ,in young animals1 when cutting teeth1 let nature take its course1 but when an animal is five years or over1 place two drams of ,aloin1 and two drams of ,pulv4 ,ginger1 in a gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,then tone up the digestive organs by mixing one ounce of ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce of ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces of ,bicarbonate of ,soda4 ,make into eight powders and give one powder in feed twice daily1 or place in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,,leeches 7,haemopis7 ,the leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be divided into two classes1 the external parasites which attach themselves to the skin of the legs and adjacent parts of the horse1 and the ,haemopis ,sanguisuga1 and others of this class1 which1 not being able to penetrate the skin1 endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the horse when he is drinking or grazing in wet and leech-infected pastures4 ,they sometimes cling to the mucous membrane of the eyes4 ,the horse leech1 which lives in the water1 usually gains access to the mouth and nostrils of the animal1 when young and not more than one-tenth of an inch long4 ,they rarely go beyond the air and food passages1 generally fastening themselves to the walls of the windpipe and gullet1 where they cling till the animal dies from loss of blood or suffocation4 ,they often cause bleeding from the mouth and nostrils1 and may be seen by close examination4 ,,treatment3 ,endeavor to build up the condition of the animal with suitable food4 ,also feed liberal quantities of stock salt4 ,where the leeches cling tightly to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils1 it is well to cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot water containing turpentine4 ,,lock-,,jaw 7,tetanus7 ,,cause3 ,the bacilli of ,tetanus are widely distributed and can be found in practically every part of the globe4 ,their favorite place of production1 however1 is in barn yards and marshy ground4 ,they are frequently swallowed by stock along with forage1 and can often be found in recently expelled feces4 ,the most favorable temperature for their development is about #gj degrees ,f4 ,they act by means of extremely virulent poisons which they produce1 and which causes the terrible symptoms that are characteristic of the disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,the muscles of expression are usually the first brought under the continual spasm of tetanus1 and when thus affected give the face of the animal a pinched and drawn-in appearance4 ,the other muscles of the head and those of the neck are next attacked4 ,the mouth is closed1 the nose poked out1 the head elevated4 ,the muscles of breathing1 and those of the limbs1 become contracted so that the neck is hollowed1 and the tail is raised1 the horse stands with outstretched limbs4 ,the animal shows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted movements4 ,the eyes are sunken1 and when startled or excited1 the breathing is quickened and the flanks have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance4 ,death may quickly occur from continuous spasms of the muscles of the throat4 ,another sign is the flying up of the accessory eyelid when the animal is excited4 ,,treatment3 ,if noticed in its first stages1 and if the animal is able to eat1 secure the services of an accomplished ,veterinarian and insist on the use of fresh vaccine4 ,this disease is almost impossible to cure1 and about ninety per cent die4 ,,lung ,,fever 7,pneumonia7 ,,cause3 ,predisposition is largely accountable for this disease1 which is more common to young horses than old2 also1 changes of temperature1 introduction of foreign bodies or liquids into the trachea 7windpipe7 and the bronchial tubes1 inhalation of smoke or irritating gases1 excitement1 exposure to cold after clipping1 turning out to pasture from a warm stable1 or injury to chest or ribs from being struck with a pole1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,dullness in spirit2 animal usually shivers or trembles2 when this ceases the temperature rises to perhaps #ajc to #ajf degrees ,f41 pulse increases to sixty or ninety per minute1 full and bounding2 breathing short and labored and abnormally quick1 increasing to perhaps fifty inspirations per minute1 whereas in health it does not exceed twelve or thirteen per minute4 ,a cough is also likely to be present1 and the animals remain standing until they are on the road to recovery1 or until death takes place4 ,other symptoms are constipation1 feces covered with mucus or slime2 urination frequent1 scanty and dark in color2 appetite poor1 but thirst great2 the eyes look glassy and the membranes have an inflamed appearance4 ,it is a good sign if the animal looks about freely4 ,when the critical stage is past the temperature and pulse gradually fall1 the appetite returns and the urine becomes more abundant1 and takes on its natural color1 the cough loosens1 and the discharge from the lungs is profuse1 and of a yellowish color1 and the breathing becomes normal4 ,,treatment3 ,good care is of the utmost importance4 ,place the horse in a comfortable1 well ventilated stall1 being careful to exclude drafts4 ,hand rub and bandage the legs with woolen cloth4 ,blanket the animal1 give plenty of bedding and keep pure water before him at all times4 ,internally administer ,quinine1 two ounces2 ,iodide of ,ammonia1 two ounces2 ,ammonia ,bicarbonate1 two ounces4 ,mix well and make into sixteen powders4 ,place powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every four hours4 ,it is quite necessary that the above remedy should be placed in capsule1 as drugs of this nature tend to irritate the throat4 ,do not give physics1 as it is much safer to give laxative food1 as hot bran mashes1 steam rolled oats or some vegetables1 in fact anything the animal will eat1 i4e41 that has food values4 ,it is advisable to apply over the chest the following liniment2 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and shake well before applying each time over the chest cavity4 ,in case the animal is constipated1 give rectal injections of soap and warm water containing a few drops of ,turpentine4 ,,mange 7,scabies7 ,,cause3 ,mange is a contagious disease1 produced by the presence of a small parasite that varies in length from a fiftieth to a hundredth of an inch1 according to the species1 of which there are three3 ,sarcoptes1 which generally affects the withers2 ,symbiotes ,communis1 affecting the legs1 and the ,psoroptes ,communis1 which affects horses about the root of the tail and mane4 ,the latter is the one most commonly found affecting horses4 ,they multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy horses by their bodies coming in contact with one another1 or by corrals1 stables1 railroad cars1 etc41 recently occupied by mangy horses4 ,,symptoms3 ,the mange mite attacks the skin and produces a thickness of its outer surface1 covering it with crusts and scabs1 with a consequent loss of hair4 ,intense itching accompanies the disease1 and affected horses continually bite and rub themselves4 ,psoroptic ,mange commences at the root of the tail1 or at the roots of the mane on the neck or withers1 and gradually spreads over the back1 up to the head1 over the sides1 and finally affects the entire body4 ,in cases of long standing the skin becomes ulcerated1 the animal becomes greatly weakened1 emaciated and finally dies4 ,,treatment3 ,when a large number of horses are affected 7in one locality7 it is best to prepare a vat and dip them1 under the supervision of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,when just a few horses become affected1 the following has proven very effective3 ,sulphur1 eight ounces2 ,oil of ,tar1 eight ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 two quarts4 ,mix and apply liberally to the parts affected4 ,a few applications are generally sufficient to eradicate the disease4 ,,monday ,,morning ,,disease 7,lymphangitis7 ,,cause3 ,this ailment is common with hard working horses1 and is caused by confining them in the stable and allowing their usual amount of food4 ,more nutriment is consumed than can be taken up by the system1 which causes an irritation4 ,it is frequently found in certain stables on ,monday morning1 hence its name--,monday ,morning ,disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,swelling and lameness1 most usually affecting the hind leg inside of the thigh and extending down the leg in a hard ridge4 ,it will pit on pressure1 and cause intense pain2 the horse will have difficulty in extending the limb forward1 the swelling may surround the leg entirely4 ,pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute1 temperature #ajb to #ajd degrees ,f41 breathing will be faster than normal4 ,the animal has great thirst1 but the appetite is very poor2 usually remains standing2 if he lies down will have great difficulty in getting up4 ,,treatment3 ,in this particular disease apply hot fomentations to the affected limb or limbs1 for one hour1 then rub dry and apply ,camphorated ,liniment4 ,give ,nitrate ,potassi1 ,chlorate of ,potassi1 ,iodide ,potassi1 each four ounces4 ,mix and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in drinking water or in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,in most cases it is advisable to give a physic3 ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one dram2 ,ginger1 one dram4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,mud ,,fever ,,cause3 ,horses driven over muddy roads during the day and exposed to freezing weather at night1 or driving them over muddy roads1 then washing the limbs and not drying them properly1 often produces a superficial inflammation of the legs4 ,,symptoms3 ,the legs are swollen1 extremely hot and tender1 the horse is stiff1 the hair comes off the legs easily and if the cause is not removed severe complication may follow1 as the secretions of the skin become greatly affected4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention4 ,horses that are driven over muddy1 wet roads should have their legs rubbed dry when stabling them for any length of time4 ,when the legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm water and ,castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth4 ,then apply ,zinc ,oxide ,ointment or a lotion made from ,acetate of ,lead1 one ounce2 ,zinc ,sulphate1 one-half ounce4 ,place in a quart of clean water and apply twice daily4 ,either application is very beneficial in the treatment of ,mud ,fever4 ,feed the animal wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 vegetables1 etc41 as they have a very good effect on the system which aids in relieving the inflammation of the skin4 ,,nasal ,,gleet 7,chronic ,catarrh7 ,,cause3 ,exposure to cold followed by neglect1 and lack of nourishing food2 bruise or fracture of the frontal bones of the head2 injury of the blood-vessels inside the bones1 or an ulcerated tooth4 ,may also be caused by tumor1 or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavities4 ,sometimes dried pus in the nostrils1 resulting from a cold1 will cause nasal gleet4 ,,symptoms3 ,a white or yellowish discharge from one or both of the nostrils1 the quantity varying with the severity of the attack and the length of time the disease has been established4 ,if1 when tapping over the nose below the eye1 a dull sound is produced1 it is safe to conclude that the cavities are filled with pus2 to make certain1 compare the sick animal with a healthy one2 in some cases you will notice that even the bones of the nose below the eye are slightly elevated4 ,the lining of the nose may be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots1 as in ,glanders4 ,the animal may continue in pretty good spirits and work well for a time but as the case develops he becomes lean in flesh and what is termed hide-bound4 ,always examine the teeth4 ,in a case of long standing1 the discharge has a fetid smell1 differing in this respect also from ,glanders4 ,,treatment3 ,if not due to fractured bones of the head or ulcerated teeth1 the animal will1 in most cases1 recover with proper medical treatment4 ,when due to injury to the bones of the head1 tumors1 ulcerated teeth or dried pus in the nasal cavities1 it is best to secure the services of a skillful ,veterinarian1 one whose professional knowledge renders him thoroughly competent4 ,in the mild forms of nasal-gleet or chronic catarrh1 administer the following3 ,ferri ,sulphate1 ,potassi ,iodide1 ,nux ,vomica1 each four ounces4 ,mix well and make into thirty-two capsules4 ,give one capsule three times daily and feed food that is nourishing and easily digested4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of a horse4 ,,saddle ,,stallion ,,astral ,,king1 ,,champion ,,saddle ,,stallion4 ,owned by ,james ,houchin1 ,jefferson ,city1 ,mo4 ,,navel ,,string ,,infection 7,umbilical ,pyemia7 ,,cause ,,and ,,nature3 ,while the unborn foal 7foetus7 is in the womb of its mother1 it is surrounded by enveloping membranes which constitute the after-birth on delivery4 ,these membranes are attached to the wall of the womb and are connected to the foetus by means of the navel-string 7umbilical cord7 which is provided with two arteries and a vein for the nourishment of the young creature and for the removal of its waste products4 ,it also has a narrow canal 7the urachus7 which serves to remove the urine of the foetus2 in fact the subsequently formed bladder takes its origin from a dilation of the urachus4 ,under normal conditions when the foal is born1 respiration takes place1 the umbilical arteries and veins become quickly blocked up1 urine is discharged through the urethra 7which communicates with the penis or vagina1 as the case may be71 the foal enjoys a separate existence and the wound caused by the division of the umbilical cord leaves a scar which is known as the navel4 ,it is usually supposed that the germ of navel-string infection gains admittance into the body through the exposed surface before the wound is closed4 ,however1 ,i am of the opinion that the mother is the bearer of the infection in a great many cases for in the uterine secretions of mares whose foals fell with navel-string infection1 the same characteristic germs were found as were present in the joints of the affected foals4 ,the infectious material is1 by the act of covering1 conveyed from mare to mare1 so that the mucous membranes of the womb becomes the habitat of the specific germ4 ,by inoculation of these germs into the blood stream of foals an illness is produced which in the smallest particular cannot be distinguished from that arising in naturally affected foals4 ,it is a strange fact that when the infected germs are transmitted by the mother1 their presence does not produce any disturbance in her4 ,this is a very common malady in most places4 ,i have known several instances on particular farms where they were unable to raise either foals or calves1 but if the mother were removed to another farm immediately after or before foaling1 the foal or calf lived and was reared without difficulty1 and although constitutional debility plays an important part1 the presence of specific germs constituting an infected area is1 ,i believe1 the most important factor in producing this disease4 ,according to my observation1 about seventy-five per cent of the cases die within the first three weeks after birth4 ,this high rate of mortality would be considerably diminished if proper treatment was adopted4 ,,symptoms3 ,the attack usually comes on during the second or third week after birth and almost always before the closure of the navel opening1 which1 in affected animals1 will be found to be in a wet and suppurating condition4 ,occasionally foals two or three months old which have the urachus closed and are in an apparently healthy condition contract this disease in a form of painful swelling of the joints4 ,the first symptoms are generally dullness2 more or less fever2 lameness which is often attributed to rheumatism or to injury caused by the mare treading on the foal2 the disinclination to move or even to stand4 ,upon examination the patient will be found to have a soft1 gelatinous swelling of one or more of the joints of which the hock1 elbow1 fetlock1 stifle and hip usually manifest the enlargement most clearly4 ,these swellings are hot and painful to the touch2 they tend to suppurate and frequently cause intense lameness4 ,in very rare cases open urachus may exist without any joint inflammation4 ,in this disease1 inflammation of the joints and open urachus are almost always co-existent4 ,animals that recover from a bad attack are seldom worth the trouble of rearing1 because as a rule their constitution becomes permanently impaired and one or more of their joints becomes stiffened by the attack4 ,,treatment3 ,in the treatment of this disease1 we have to attend to constitutional disturbances1 inflamed joints1 open urachus and complications such as constipation and diarrhoea4 ,the comfort of our little patient must be studied under all circumstances4 ,if the weather be at all cold it should be covered by a warm sheet4 ,should the foal have any difficulty in rising from the recumbent position1 an attendant should assist it to rise and see that it is regularly fed4 ,it is only in extreme cases that the animal refuses to suck its dam4 ,during warm weather1 and especially if the ground is dry1 such a patient is always better off for a little sunshine1 but on no account must it be left out during extreme heat1 as in this state it is very liable to sunstroke4 ,the best food for the mare is grass1 which1 during the day1 she can generally have4 ,the inflamed joints of the foal should be rubbed lightly with the following1 after being thoroughly mixed3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,vaseline1 two ounces1 every forty-eight hours1 which1 when applied to the skin1 appears to have a well-marked antiseptic action on the underlying tissues4 ,an inflamed joint should on no account be bathed with warm water1 fomented or poulticed because the application of moist heat would be the best possible means for promoting the development of the infective germs which are the cause of the local and general disturbance4 ,the open navel-string should not be ligatured because that operation is generally followed by an increased inflammation of the part1 and by an aggravation of the other symptoms apparently on account of this outlet for deleterious products becoming blocked up4 ,if the navel-string has been ligatured and is in an inflamed state1 the ligature should be removed without delay4 ,if the foal is constipated give two to three ounces of ,castor ,oil2 also1 administer the following3 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one-half dram2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder well back on the tongue every four hours4 ,as a supplement to the food1 we may give brown sugar or treacle1 both of which are easily digested and are very nourishing4 ,four or five eggs daily will also aid in keeping up the strength4 ,,navel ,,rupture 7,umbilical ,hernia7 ,,cause3 ,hereditary predisposition is well marked in this complaint4 ,it may exist at birth1 but so-called congenital rupture may very probably be the result of the pulling which the navel-string underwent at the time of foaling4 ,however1 umbilical hernia usually occurs during the first two or three months after birth2 that is to say1 while the opening at the navel is becoming obliterated and the tissues at that place are becoming consolidated4 ,they can1 however1 appear later and may result from more or less violent strains sustained when the foals are jumping or playing4 ,at other times these strains are induced by intestinal irritation accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation with straining4 ,but1 however the strain may take place1 the abdominal muscles contract and push the intestines towards the wall of the belly4 ,then if they find an opening or even a weak spot1 like the ring of the navel while it is undergoing the process of becoming blocked up1 they select it and a rupture is produced4 ,,symptoms3 ,this rupture1 the situation of which clearly shows its character1 may vary in size from that of a hen's egg to that of an ostrich's egg4 ,if pressed upon with the hand1 especially if the animal is placed on its back1 the rupture will disappear1 to return1 however1 when the pressure is removed4 ,if it be composed of intestines it will be soft and elastic when the bowels are empty1 but when they are full of semi-solid food they will be doughy4 ,in any event1 the tumor will feel elastic when composed of intestines1 but when formed of its connecting membranes1 will naturally not vary in consistence4 ,if intestines be present1 movements and abdominal rumblings may be detected in it4 ,this rupture rarely gives rise to serious consequences because its contents are composed of large intestines and omentum1 either of which is1 in this position1 not liable to become strangulated4 ,it may1 however1 become engorged and inflamed from injury4 ,its existence naturally depreciates the value of an animal suffering from it4 ,,treatment3 ,in the majority of cases1 they will disappear with their own accord in two or three months4 ,in case the rupture shows no signs of diminishing in size it is well to apply a bandage around the abdomen or secure the services of a competent veterinarian and he will prescribe a treatment or operate1 which will apply directly to your colt's or horse's particular case4 ,,open ,,joint ,,cause3 ,injuries such as a kick from a sharp shoe1 wire cuts1 punctures from snags1 or from probing a wound near a joint4 ,open joint is one of the most serious accidents that may happen to a horse1 for the sufferer is apt to die from the ensuing constitutional disturbance1 and even if he recovers the joint will1 in all probability1 be permanently stiff4 ,,symptoms3 ,if the joint is opened or severely injured the wound will have an ordinary appearance except that there may be a flow of joint oil from the injured oil sack4 ,however1 the discharge gradually becomes more unhealthy until finally it is mixed with pus and blood and assumes a fetid odor4 ,after two or three days the joint swells and becomes very painful and a high fever sets in4 ,in unfavorable cases the animal dies from exhaustion very shortly1 or at best recovers with a permanently stiff joint4 ,,treatment3 ,never probe a wound near a joint4 ,if the injury is small and noticed immediately1 apply ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,vaseline1 two ounces4 ,mix and rub in well over the wound4 ,this will set up sufficient inflammation to close the opening and kill any infection that may be present1 as it possesses powerful antiseptic properties4 ,if the wound is large1 wash with ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one part to one thousand parts distilled water4 ,the wound should be washed twice a day with this solution4 ,then dust the wound with ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,iodoform1 one ounce2 ,boracic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,calomel1 one dram4 ,mix and place in sifter top can and apply this after washing each time4 ,then bandage the wound by first placing clean absorbent cotton over the wound4 ,do not attempt to syringe a solution into an opening or some of the solution may gain entrance into the joint4 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed laxative food4 ,,palesade ,,worm 7,strongulus ,armatus7 ,this parasite thrives on marshy ground and is commonly found in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,the body of the worm is gray in color1 more or less stiff and straight and thicker in the front than in the hind part2 it varies in length1 the male measuring from three-fourths of an inch to one inch and the female from one to two inches4 ,it may occur in an adult or an immature state4 ,in the former it implants itself on the mucous membrane of the large intestines by means of its armed mouth1 while in the latter it lives in cysts underneath the mucous membrane of the intestines and is sometimes found in the brain1 testicles and liver4 ,the immature worms which do not issue directly from the cysts get into the arteries and are carried by the force of the blood to all parts of the body4 ,,symptoms3 ,same as in ,red ,worm with the exception of colicky pains caused by the worms blocking the arteries which carry blood to the intestines1 thus interfering with the process of digestion4 ,where the worms enter the arteries of the limbs it results in lameness4 ,it is a good plan to examine your animals once or twice a year to insure them against this pest4 ,,treatment3 ,same as for ,red ,worm4 ,,pleurisy ,,cause3 ,exposed to a sudden change of temperature1 confinement in ill-ventilated1 damp stables1 wounds penetrating the chest1 fractured ribs1 heart diseases4 ,it also occurs in conjunction with ,bronchitis1 ,influenza1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,generally only one side of the lungs is affected and that being the right1 although it may affect both sides at the same time4 ,first you will notice the animal distressed1 uneasy1 shivering1 the affected side is painful to pressure of the hand4 ,the breathing is short and quick1 and the flanks heave--which shows that the animal tries to breathe as much as possible1 by the action of the muscles of the abdomen and not by the movement of the ribs4 ,the nostrils are dilated4 ,there is usually a short1 dry1 painful cough present1 which is repressed by the animal as much as possible1 so as not to shake the inflamed parts4 ,often when expelling air from the lungs the horse gives a painful grunt especially when made to move4 ,the pulse is generally hard and faster than usual4 ,the temperature in early stages may rise from #ajd to #ajf degrees ,f4 ,if the ear is applied to the affected side a dry crackling or friction sound can be heard2 a groove along the lower portion of the ribs will extend back to the flank4 ,within two or three days the pulse will be softer and weaker1 temperature will fall to #aja or #ajb degrees ,f4 and there will be fluids form and the painful short breathing will disappear4 ,the liquids may now undergo absorption if properly treated1 and the case terminate favorably in a week or ten days4 ,frequently large quantities of fluid accumulate in the chest cavity that cannot be absorbed1 the breathing becomes more difficult1 short and quick1 pulse becomes weak and rapid and the animal dies from exhaustion4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in a comfortable1 roomy stall2 blanket if the weather is chilly1 permit fresh air1 but no drafts1 as this is very important4 ,apply a paste made from ,mustard and cold water over the chest cavity4 ,internally1 administer ,ammonium ,iodide1 ,chlorate of ,potash1 ,nitrate of ,potash1 each four ounces4 ,make into thirty-two powders and give one powder every two or three hours in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,the diet is a proper means of keeping up the animal and is very important4 ,coax the animal to eat grass or vegetables1 hot bran mashes or steam rolled oats4 ,if there is a cough present1 give the same treatment as recommended for ,acute and ,chronic ,coughs4 ,,pin ,,worm1 ,,thread ,,or ,,maw ,,worm 7,oxyuris ,curvilis7 ,this worm when full grown is about one and three-quarter inches in length2 its tail is thin and whip-like and head thick and terminating in a curve somewhat resembling the crook of a stick4 ,the presence of these parasites may be detected by a light-yellow substance 7the eggs of the worms7 which adheres to the skin below the anus4 ,pin ,worms like ,round ,worms frequently come away with the feces4 ,,treatment3 ,dissolve four tablespoonfuls ,common ,salt in one gallon of warm water and inject it into the rectum4 ,when this has been expelled1 follow with an injection per rectum of ,turpentine1 four ounces1 to one-half gallon ,linseed ,oil4 ,elevate the horse's hind quarters so as to retain the injection longer4 ,this will expel the worms and their eggs that cling to the walls of the rectum4 ,the worms sometimes make their way so far forward that it is impossible to reach them with an injection4 ,in this case treat same as for ,round worms4 ,where there is irritation produced about the tail the horse continually rubs and it is well to apply ,mercurial ,ointment to both tail and the anus4 ,,poll ,,evil ,poll ,evil is so-called because it occurs in the region of the poll4 ,it is not a constitutional disease1 but comes1 no doubt1 from well marked causes1 as from inflammation set up and involving the bones and muscles in the region of the poll1 and perhaps of the larger ligament4 ,owing to the low vitality of the parts and the action of the head in taking food1 etc41 the pus is apt to burrow deep into the muscles4 ,,cause3 ,direct or indirect injury4 ,a common cause is striking the head against a low doorway or an ill-fitting halter or bridle4 ,,symptoms3 ,swelling just back of the ears on one or both sides of the head4 ,the animal stands with the nose out2 slight heat in the parts1 pain on pressure4 ,in the first stages1 it is merely inflammatory action4 ,the second stage is suppuration1 or there may be great swelling in some cases when there is but little pus formed4 ,in other cases there is profuse suppuration and the pus makes its way out and discharges to the surface and sinuses are formed1 which extend in various directions4 ,any abscess in this region is called ,poll ,evil4 ,,treatment3 ,when the enlargement is first noticed in the region of the poll1 ,i would advise the following3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 four drams2 ,lard1 four ounces1 rub in well over the enlargement and perhaps this will prevent sinuses from forming1 but when the cases are long standing and so-called pipes are formed1 ,i would advise that you secure the services of an accomplished ,veterinarian4 ,,petechial ,,fever 7,purpura ,haemorrhagica7 ,,cause3 ,constitutional weakness following some debilitating disease such as ,distemper1 ,pink ,eye1 ,catarrh and even following operations1 when an animal becomes weak and from want of exercise1 in which case it generally appears during his recovery4 ,it is not infectious and cannot be transmitted by inoculations4 ,,symptoms3 ,there is a slight swelling of the limbs1 more likely to be about the hocks4 ,the swelling may disappear by exercising1 but will soon return4 ,the swellings present a very abrupt appearance1 nearly the same as if a string were tied around the limbs and swell very quickly1 and symptomatic of ,purpura4 ,exudations take place in which1 if on white limbs1 you will see little red spots1 from which a liquid is oozing4 ,the swelling is very painful and the entire limb may be swollen4 ,small vesicles appear on the limbs and also in the mucous membranes1 and it is well to look at the mucous membranes before giving your opinion1 as you will1 no doubt1 detect these spots1 which may extend into the lungs4 ,these spots increase and may run into each other4 ,the mucous membranes of the nose may become a mass of corrupt matter4 ,the upper lip may hang pendulous1 which is due to the want of nervous stimulus4 ,if the nostrils are swollen very badly1 there is difficulty in breathing and if the animal is not able to take food1 the symptoms are considered very bad4 ,the pulse varies much in some cases2 although the swelling is very great1 the pulse may not be more than forty or fifty per minute4 ,the temperature is elevated one to three degrees above normal1 there may be a coughing and a brownish colored discharge from the nostrils4 ,the mouth and eyes become affected and1 together with the discharge from the nose1 the horse is a loathsome looking object4 ,in milder cases the appetite is retained1 or the animal may take food one day and the next refuse it4 ,the bowels are constipated as a general thing in the first stages of the disease and the urine may be of a dark color1 may even contain blood4 ,there may be a peculiar dropsical swelling of these petechial spots or it may show itself in connection with the eyes and there may be blood extravasation without outer symptoms4 ,this disease may affect the bowels1 liver1 lungs1 etc4 ,the animal usually stands1 perhaps from the difficulty in moving the limbs4 ,it is necessary to watch the case closely for flies will attack him and he will be filled with maggots4 ,sloughing may take place2 the entire sheath or patches upon the body may slough off and there may be paralysis of the penis4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in a clean1 light1 comfortable stall4 ,if the weather is cold1 blanket4 ,the following medicine is recommended because of its particular effect on the blood in this disease3 ,chlorate of ,potash1 eight ounces2 ,iodide of ,potash1 eight ounces2 ,quinine ,sulphate1 eight ounces4 ,make into thirty-two capsules and give one capsule every six hours4 ,also administer one ounce capsules filled with ,spirits of ,turpentine three or four times a day4 ,moisten the capsules with ,sweet ,oil and give with capsule gun4 ,feed hot bran mashes containing two or three ounces of pure ,flaxseed meal4 ,also1 feed vegetables1 green grass1 if possible4 ,,quittor 7,fistula of the ,foot7 ,,cause3 ,injuries4 ,horses working on rough stony roads are subject to punctures1 pricks1 bruises1 corns1 treads1 etc41 which end in pus formation which does not get a pendant opening and destroys the tissues with which it comes in contact4 ,finally it bursts1 forms sinuses and pipes1 as commonly called1 at the top of the hoof4 ,,symptoms3 ,extreme lameness1 heat1 pain and swelling will show themselves about the top of the hoof4 ,as a rule a ,quittor develops slowly and is more or less painful during the first stages4 ,after the sinus is formed and the pus discharges1 the inflammation generally subsides4 ,its healing process is often delayed due to the diseased portion of the cartilages inside the horny hoof4 ,,treatment3 ,apply ,flaxseed or hot ,bran poultices to relieve the inflammation and hasten the formation of sinuses or pipes4 ,then with an ordinary syringe inject the following3 ,silver ,nitrate1 ten grains2 ,water1 one ounce4 ,inject fifteen to twenty drops twice daily4 ,keep the food clean and the animal as quiet as possible4 ,it is very disagreeable1 as stated before1 and the healing is very slow1 but this must be naturally expected1 as we are unable to provide the sinuses with good drainage4 ,,red ,,worm 7,strongylus ,tetracanthus7 ,the ,red ,worm varies in length from one-third to three and one-quarter inches1 and is sometimes white though it usually appears to be red because of the blood it contains4 ,this parasite is found in all parts of the world4 ,its favorite haunt is marshy land4 ,,symptoms3 ,paleness of all visible membranes1 eyes watery and inflamed1 swelling of the sheath1 legs1 and lower surface of the belly2 fetid diarrhoea1 dullness1 debility1 emaciation1 rough coat1 and the presence of worms in the feces4 ,the worms when first passed are bright red in color but after being exposed to the air they turn dark and may easily escape the notice of the casual observer4 ,,treatment3 ,withhold all food for twenty-four hours1 then place the following drugs in a gelatin capsule3 ,calomel1 two drams1 ,barbadoes ,aloes1 three drams2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two drams4 ,give with capsule gun4 ,also place the following tonic in their feed3 ,pulv4 ,quassia1 one ounce2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 two ounces4 ,mix and make sixteen powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day in the feed4 ,,rheumatism ,,cause3 ,exposure to cold rains1 drafts1 lying on damp ground when the blood is in poor condition4 ,also due to over-stimulating food4 ,,symptoms3 ,lameness1 swelling or soreness which may shift from one place to another1 then finally locate in or near one of the joints of the limbs4 ,,treatment3 ,take away all grains and feed laxative foods such as potatoes1 carrots1 apples1 kale and good hay4 ,if the weather is warm turn out to pasture1 but confine in warm stable at night4 ,it is advisable to give a physic1 as ,aloin1 two drams2 ,gentian1 one dram2 ,ginger1 one dram4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give at one dose with capsule gun1 as its action on the blood has a very good effect4 ,when the swellings are painful1 apply ,camphorated ,liniment once or twice daily4 ,also1 administer the following tonic3 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,chlorate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 four ounces4 ,mix well and make into twenty powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in bran or place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,ring ,,bone ,,cause3 ,faulty conformation--as a narrow or straight pastern joint is considered faulty4 ,be very careful in selecting a sire when breeding1 as faulty conformation is hereditary4 ,ringbone may also result when young animals are put to work on hard roads or running in stony pastures sometimes produces ,ringbone before the bones have become properly hardened4 ,other causes are injury to tendons or ligaments1 bruised joints1 blows1 calking1 or picking up a nail4 ,,symptoms3 ,lameness will manifest itself when the horse first starts out in the morning2 this may become less noticeable or even disappear temporarily as the animal works4 ,they gradually grow lamer and examination will disclose an enlargement at or around the top of the hoof4 ,this may appear in one or more feet1 but the front feet are more often affected4 ,,treatment3 ,if the ,ringbone is very much inflamed1 reduce the heat by applying cold water or ice packs to the part4 ,clip off all hair from around the top of the hoof and rub in well for twenty minutes the following3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,cantharides1 two drams2 ,turpentine1 one dram2 ,pine ,tar1 two drams1 and mix in two ounces of ,lard4 ,this applied every two days for a week and repeat same treatment in two weeks4 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible as it assists in producing a recovery4 ,if the animal is comparatively young1 recovery is certain1 although the enlargement may never disappear4 ,,round ,,worm 7,ascaris ,megalcephala7 ,resembles the ,earth ,worm somewhat in shape1 yellowish-white in color1 stiff and elastic4 ,when full grown1 it varies in length from six to sixteen inches4 ,these worms are usually found in the small intestines1 although they sometimes invade the stomach1 and when numerous seriously disturb the animal's health4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal's general health is affected as is evident from the morbid state of his appetite1 rough coat1 pot-belly1 liability to colic and slight diarrhoea4 ,some of these worms are often expelled with the feces4 ,as they increase in number1 they block up the small intestines1 giving rise to colic1 and may in time kill the horse4 ,they sometimes cause perforation of the bowels4 ,,treatment3 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours1 then administer the following3 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two drams2 ,antimony ,tartrate1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,quassia1 two drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,follow this from six to eight hours with ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams1 and give as above directed4 ,it is a good plan to repeat the above treatment in ten days to insure the removal of any worms which may have survived the first treatment4 ,,scrotal ,,rupture 7,inguinal ,hernia7 ,,cause3 ,abnormal size of the upper ring through which a part of the intestines or its connecting membrane descends into and through the canal leading from the abdomen to the scrotal cavity4 ,there is little danger of strangulation from this form of rupture which may occur at birth and disappear with age4 ,a careful examination should therefore be made of the scrotum before castration4 ,,symptoms3 ,in most cases1 this condition is easily detected4 ,the scrotum will be somewhat enlarged4 ,sometimes the intestines will become strangulated and colicky symptoms appear4 ,when a young male colt shows signs of colic1 examine him for ,scrotal ,rupture4 ,,treatment3 ,the trouble usually disappears with age although in some cases it is well to operate4 ,where colicky symptoms are present1 roll the colt on its back1 manipulating the scrotum4 ,diet carefully4 ,,shoe ,,boil 7,capped ,elbow7 ,,cause3 ,injuries1 bruises or pressure when lying on a rough floor4 ,sharp heeled shoes and kicks also have a tendency to produce it4 ,,symptoms3 ,a hot painful swelling of the ,elbow joint when first noticed4 ,when neglected1 it takes on a white fibrous or callous growth4 ,,treatment3 ,first remove the cause4 ,do not lance the enlargement2 let it come to a head of its own accord1 by applying ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,cantharides1 three drams2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well together and apply twice a week4 ,when the swelling is hot and painful it is well to apply cold water or ice packs before applying the above mentioned prescription4 ,,splints ,,cause3 ,this disease is chiefly produced by trotting or running on hard ground1 etc4 ,it is evident that horses with high knee action and heavy bodies are more liable to this disease4 ,jumping is also a common cause of splints1 but the more accustomed a horse is to jumping the less liable he is to throw splints1 because practice teaches the animal to regulate his movements so as to more or less diminish the disagreeable if not actually painful effect of concussion4 ,,symptoms3 ,a splint is detected by grasping the horse's leg with the fingers upon one side and the thumb upon the other1 and tracing the inner and outer splint bones from their heads downward to their tapering extremities4 ,any actual enlargement will at once arrest the hand2 any rising or irregularity will create suspicion and lead to close examination4 ,horses1 especially young ones which have lately been put to work1 not infrequently develop splints before any swelling appears4 ,for this reason1 in examining a case of obscure lameness1 particularly if the animal is young1 do not fail to look for the sign of splint lameness1 namely3 that the lameness is abnormally greater at a trot than at a walk and that the animal usually fails to bend the knees freely and grows worse with exercise4 ,the last mentioned condition is also present with corns1 but an examination of the foot will determine the question of their existence4 ,in young horses splints are sometimes mistaken for coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease4 ,to avoid this error1 it should be remembered that1 when brought on by navicular disease1 the action of the limb improves with exercise2 also that horses of five years of age or less very rarely suffer from coffin-joint disease4 ,some horses1 owing to unusual development of the inner splint bones of the fore legs may appear to have splints1 although careful examination may prove both limbs to be free from any bony deposit4 ,when deciding such a point1 note if the two inner splint bones are of the same size4 ,any swelling perceptible in a limb recently affected with splint-lameness is usually attended by heat and pain4 ,,treatment3 ,if there is heat present1 foment with hot or cold water2 when heat has subsided1 apply the following ointment3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,turpentine1 twenty drops1 and mix4 ,apply every forty-eight hours until three applications have been applied4 ,rub in for twenty minutes each time4 ,during this treatment use the horse for slow work on soft roads1 etc4 ,as a rule the splints will not disappear at once1 but will gradually4 ,i may add that common splints are not considered an unsoundness4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of four horses4 ,,prize ,,winning ,,percheron ,,stallions ,,lycee #ajeicd 7#ajbgdf72 ,,kapon #igehi 7#ijgje72 ,,micmac #ajfjhc 7#ajebjh71 ,,and ,,martelet #ajfaii 7#ajfaii74 ,owned by ,oaklawn ,farm1 ,wayne1 ,ill4 7,dunhams7 ,,spasmodic ,,colic ,,cause3 ,horses seem to be predisposed to this form of colic on account of the great length of their intestines which are apt to be telescoped1 twisted or their circular muscular fibers spasmodically contracted4 ,perhaps the principal cause is a change of food1 sudden change of temperature1 constipation1 drinking cold or too large a quantity of water1 especially if the animal is warm2 overloading the stomach with frozen or mouldy food4 ,worms frequently produce colic4 ,,symptoms3 ,if the animal is tied it will become uneasy1 paw1 point its nose to the flank1 twitch the tail1 lie down and get up frequently4 ,if the animal is loose it will walk around1 paw1 kick at its belly with the hind feet1 make attempts to lie down1 roll on its back and remain in that position for a while4 ,the pulse increases with the pain1 temperature rises from one-half to one degree1 breathing labored and fast1 the animal sweats in spots1 there may be diarrhoea present1 but this does not frequently occur4 ,unfavorable symptoms of spasmodic colic are cold legs to the feet1 point of the ears cold1 trembling of the muscles1 cold sweats1 mucous membranes of the nose1 mouth and eyes have a dark color due to the congestion4 ,,treatment3 ,in all cases of spasmodic colic1 except where there is diarrhoea present or mares heavily in foal1 give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,it is advisable to give rectal injection of ,warm ,water and ,glycerine4 ,they are soothing and cooling to the intestinal canal4 ,also give the following prescription3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,carbonate of ,ammonia1 four ounces2 ,asafoetida1 four ounces4 ,make into six powders2 place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every two hours until relieved4 ,the former prescription removes the cause as it is a physic4 ,the latter contains medicines blended so as to counteract the spasmodic contractions of the bowels4 ,it is also a heart stimulant1 just what is needed in colic to keep up the animal's vitality4 ,beware of colic remedies that are given in drop doses4 ,they contain drugs to only relieve the pain and not remove the cause4 ,when their effects are worn off1 the disease has progressed2 the animal's heart action has been weakened and chances are that the animal will die4 ,if drenching is resorted to1 it must be done with great precaution4 ,remember a horse cannot breathe through his mouth4 ,,side ,,bones ,,cause3 ,the chief causes of ,side ,bones are3 ,deprivation of frog pressure1 injuries1 high heeled shoes1 the use of which is almost entirely confined to draft horses4 ,a high-heeled shoe prevents the frog from resting on the ground which is its natural support4 ,,symptoms3 ,enlargement just above the hoof1 usually affecting the front feet1 or may affect only one side of one of the feet4 ,the pain which produces the lameness is due to pressure on the soft tissues between the newly formed side bone and the hoof4 ,sometimes the enlargement has a tendency to spread the hoof4 ,in such a case the lameness is not so severe4 ,,treatment3 ,clip the hair from over the ,side ,bone and rasp the foot below the enlargement1 so that the hoof will be flexible on pressure from the fingers4 ,then apply the following to both the enlargement and the rasped surface on the hoof3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,cantharides1 four drams4 ,mix well in two ounces of ,lard and apply every forty-eight hours until three applications have been applied4 ,if you must work the animal1 put it to some easy work where it has soft ground to walk upon4 ,,staggers 7,forage ,poisoning--,inflammation of the ,brain7 7,cerebral ,meningitis7 ,,cause3 ,certain plants or stagnant water are most commonly instrumental in producing staggers2 frequently seen in the early autumn months when the grass in the pastures becomes dry and certain forage remains green which contains toxic principles4 ,these plants are ravenously eaten by horses on account of being green and tender4 ,this is one of the common causes of the disease1 although mouldy1 indigestible or highly nitrogenous foods are frequently producers of staggers4 ,this form of staggers is not contagious1 although what produces staggers in one horse will also produce it in another4 ,in this way several horses may become affected with staggers at the same time4 ,inflammation of the brain may occur as a complication of some infectious or digestive disease4 ,other causes are blows to the head1 tumors in or on the brain1 which cause the animal to naturally stagger1 as the brain controls the horse's organs of locomotion4 ,,symptoms3 ,vary to a certain extent1 but a careful observer will detect some trouble connected with the nervous system1 as the animal walking unsteadily1 stepping high and keeping the legs spread apart1 bracing itself to keep from falling4 ,there is also great depression1 as dullness and sleepiness with little or no inclination to move about4 ,the head may be placed against a wall or fence and the legs kept moving as if the horse were trying to walk4 ,as the disease progresses and no attempts are made to relieve it1 they will become fractious1 nervous1 easily excited1 pawing and eventually fall1 keeping the feet moving as if walking1 throwing their heads about in a delirious manner and eventually death follows4 ,the horse as a rule eats and drinks ravenously when the first signs of staggers are noticed1 but in its latter stages the tongue and gullet become paralyzed and although the animal attempts to eat and drink he cannot swallow4 ,the pulse varies4 ,it is strong1 but subnormal when the first symptoms of staggers are noticed1 that is to say1 it is as slow as twenty to twenty-five beats per minute4 ,as the disease progresses1 however1 it becomes weaker and faster4 ,constipation frequently accompanies this disease1 also paleness tinged with yellow about the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes4 ,in many instances ,i believe that the poisonous forage eaten by horses depresses the heart action to such an extent that it results in the brain not receiving the proper blood supply1 causing dizziness or staggers4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in a clean1 dark stall1 keeping the surroundings as quiet as possible4 ,in its first stages it is easily treated1 but as the horse becomes easily excited and his swallowing becomes difficult1 treatment becomes more difficult4 ,when the first signs are noticed1 administer a physic as3 ,aloin1 two or three drams2 ,ginger1 two or three drams1 according to the size of the animal4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,this physic removes the irritant from the intestines and prevents its absorption into the blood4 ,also administer the following3 ,bromide of ,potassium1 twelve ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces2 ,iodide of ,potash1 three ounces4 ,make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every four hours4 ,my method of administering medicine to animals places me in a position to treat them and compel them to take the medicine even though paralysis may exist4 ,when animals will eat1 feed food that is easily digested1 as hot wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables and give small quantities1 but often1 of clean fresh water4 ,it is necessary to give stimulants and tonics as soon as they are on the road to recovery1 as ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,sulphate of ,iron1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times daily4 ,,stifle ,,joint ,,lameness 7,dislocation of the ,patella7 ,although dislocations are infrequent1 this is the most common form which occurs in the horse4 ,,cause3 ,young loose jointed horses are predisposed to dislocation of the stifle on account of the comparative want of strength of their ligaments4 ,they are much more liable to this accident than older horses1 especially if they are in poor health or in rough hilly pastures2 the nature of which would naturally make them susceptible to this injury1 which1 however1 may take place as a result of accident at any age4 ,young horses that suffer1 off and on from dislocation1 often lose their liability with increasing strength and age4 ,this dislocation may be partial or complete4 ,in the former instance and the most common is where the patella1 or the little stifle bone that glides in the groove composed of the lower hip and upper thigh bones1 has become partially dislocated or removed from its natural position4 ,,symptoms3 ,when the dislocation is complete the affected limb is drawn forward1 while the foot from the pastern down is drawn backward1 and the animal may throw weight on it when made to move1 which is accomplished with great difficulty4 ,when the dislocation is partial1 the symptoms are about the same as mentioned1 only the limb is less rigid4 ,if the horse is moved1 the stifle makes a klick sound4 ,in this form1 you may have both limbs affected4 ,,treatment3 ,in partial dislocation1 the stifle bone may be replaced by drawing the leg forward1 and with the hand pressing in on the stifle4 ,in complete dislocation1 tie a rope around the pastern of the affected leg1 then draw the rope through a collar placed around the horse's neck and draw forward as far as possible and tie4 ,then press with both hands inward4 ,after the stifle is placed back into position use the following liniment3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply well over the stifle joint once or twice a day for two or three days4 ,feed nourishing food and put the animal to slow1 easy work or turn out to good pasture4 ,in old chronic cases of ,stifle ,joint ,lameness1 treatment is of no value1 therefore1 care for the animal as soon as the catch in the walk or lameness appears4 ,,string-,,halt ,,cause3 ,several theories have been put forth as to the cause of ,string-,halt which is generally supposed to be a nervous disease2 a condition opposite to paralysis4 ,the exact cause of this disease is hard to determine1 but it is likely to occur in highly nervous horses4 ,it sometimes follows an injury which may have irritated the nerves in some way4 ,i believe that castration causes it in many instances1 due to the severe struggle when being thrown1 or pulling down severely on the spermatic cord when removing the testicle4 ,,symptoms3 ,spasmodic contraction of one or both limbs4 ,this sign varies1 as sometimes it is very violent1 while in others it may be so slight that it is hard to detect when stepping the horse forward1 but on backing or turning the horse around the signs are easily noticed4 ,all symptoms are better marked in the winter than in the summer1 as some show it in the winter that do not show it in the summer at all4 ,,treatment3 ,very unsuccessful1 although an operation proves beneficial in some cases1 but if this is attempted1 the services of a competent ,veterinarian should be secured4 ,the feeding of laxative foods that are easily digested relieves ,string-,halt in many instances4 ,,sore ,,throat 7,pharyngitis--,laryngitis7 ,,cause3 ,exposure to cold weather or rain when the animal is not accustomed to it2 drenching with irritating medicines or inhaling irritating smoke or gases4 ,,symptoms3 ,at first the animal generally chills1 the legs and ears are cold1 but eventually they become very warm as the temperature increases1 coughing1 grinding of the teeth1 saliva oozing from the mouth2 the animal will hold its head in a stiff straight position1 moving it as little as possible4 ,there will be great difficulty in masticating and swallowing1 as the food will come from the mouth in the form of wads1 and as this soreness of the throat progresses food will also come from the nostrils4 ,this is a bad sign1 as extensive inflammation is no doubt present4 ,water1 also1 runs through the nostrils freely when the animal attempts to drink1 due to the swollen condition of the throat4 ,the animal forces the water back into the mouth1 but is unable to swallow and hence the water gushes out through the nostrils4 ,the animal evinces great pain when pressure is applied from the outside and he breathes with great difficulty4 ,although the pulse is not much affected at this stage1 the temperature is elevated from one to two degrees above normal4 ,the urine becomes scanty and highly colored1 the eyes bloodshot and discharging4 ,eventually the throat becomes greatly swollen and abscesses may form and discharge4 ,as a rule constipation is associated with this disease4 ,,treatment3 ,mild attacks of sore throat are easily treated1 but when serious cases develop1 it is unsuccessful4 ,place the animal in a clean1 comfortable stall2 permit as much fresh air as possible1 but avoid all drafts4 ,if the weather is chilly1 blanket the animal1 hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths or bandage4 ,administer a mixture made from ,chlorate of ,potash1 three ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 three ounces2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,molasses1 one-half pint2 ,pine ,tar1 one-half pint4 ,mix well and place about one tablespoonful on the tongue every two hours in severe cases2 in mild attacks1 give less frequently4 ,when they will eat1 feed food that is easily digested1 as hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats containing two or three ounces of pure ground flaxseed4 ,it is always necessary to apply strong liniments to the throat1 as they relieve inflammation and stimulate the formation of an abscess4 ,the following liniment will be found very beneficial3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 six ounces2 shake well and apply two or three times daily4 ,if the swelling is extreme between the jaws1 so as to interfere with the animal's breathing1 it is well to lance the abscess if a soft spot can be found4 ,just cut through the skin with a knife2 then use a clean blunt instrument to locate the pus cavity4 ,otherwise1 severe hemorrhage may be produced4 ,,surfeit 7,nettle-,rash--,urtecaria7 ,,cause3 ,the usual cause of ,surfeit is supposed to be due to a character of food consumed which upsets the animal's digestive organs1 the skin being continuous with the mucous membranes lining the intestinal canal4 ,a disturbance of the one structure is readily communicated to the other4 ,apparently1 owing to the extreme dry nature of the forage during the greater part of the year1 horses in the ,united ,states frequently suffer from ,surfeit4 ,,symptoms3 ,surfeit is a term applied to an eruption of small irregular lumps or boils which are more or less painful to the touch and which break out suddenly as a rule on the horse's body and neck1 and in rare cases on the legs4 ,a favorite seat of ,surfeit is the parts covered with the harness or saddle and along the neck and withers4 ,surfeit is very troublesome and annoys both the horse and driver1 especially when the horse perspires1 as he will rub violently when coming in contact with any object4 ,,treatment3 ,give two to four ounces of ,epsom ,salts in hot wheat bran mashes every morning4 ,feed as much sloppy food as possible1 vegetables1 etc4 ,avoid feeding dry woody hay1 as it irritates the intestines and aggravates the disease4 ,,sweeney 7,atrophy7 ,,cause3 ,an ill fitting collar1 one tug longer than the other1 striking an object when pulling1 like a stone or a corner of a building1 slipping1 kicks1 or the animal may have a splint1 sprain1 ringbone1 side bone1 coffin-joint lameness1 curb1 corns1 stifle lameness1 in fact anything that tends to make an animal favor the use of certain muscles4 ,it is not a disease1 just a lack in the development of the muscles1 which waste away or shrink when not used as nature provided4 ,for instance1 perhaps you have had or have seen persons that had a fractured leg or arm and on account of not being able to use the leg or arm the muscles wasted away 7,atrophy71 until they were used normally for sometime1 when the muscles again came back to their normal size4 ,,symptoms3 ,first locate the cause4 ,the animal may be very lame although ,i have seen ,sweeneys where lameness was very hard to detect1 being those which were usually due to ill fitting collars4 ,remember you can have a ,sweeney of the hip as well as the shoulder1 and keep in mind the above mentioned causes4 ,,treatment3 ,when you have an animal affected with ,sweeney1 find the true cause and remove it if possible4 ,unless the ,sweeney is an old chronic one1 it is successfully treated with ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply well over wasted muscles once a day4 ,if the application is too irritating1 as some horses have thinner skins than others1 it is advisable to add more ,sweet ,oil than above mentioned4 ,,tapeworm 7,taenia7 ,these worms have been found in the horse1 but so rarely that they need not be considered4 ,,thoroughpin ,,cause3 ,generally due to some irritation of the hock joint such as severe sprains from animal jumping1 slipping1 kick or falling through a culvert or bridge or it is frequently hereditary2 so be very careful in choosing a sire when breeding4 ,,symptoms3 ,sometimes there is lameness when the ,thoroughpin is first noticed1 but it will gradually disappear as soon as the inflammation ceases4 ,there will be a puffy1 soft enlargement which occurs at the upper and back part of the hock1 beneath the great tendons4 ,generally both sides are enlarged and puffy1 but occasionally it happens that one side is only involved4 ,thoroughpin is also a forerunner of ,bog ,spavin as they generally are connected1 as you are aware that the hock contains joint oil as all other joints do1 retained in place by a thin1 white fibrous membrane4 ,irritation of the hock joint tends to develop an extra large quantity of joint oil1 and the hock is less protected by tendons where a ,thoroughpin or ,bog ,spavin occurs--hence those puffy swellings are filled with joint oil and are connected4 ,if you press on one side of a ,thoroughpin1 you will see the other side bulge out4 ,if you press on a ,bog ,spavin and there is a ,thoroughpin present1 you will see it bulge on either side of the ,thoroughpin--or vice versa4 ,,treatment3 ,if on an old horse and the ,thoroughpin is of long standing1 treatment is unsatisfactory1 but on the other hand if the animal is young it can be successfully treated with ,tincture of ,iodine1 one ounce2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces2 ,gasolene1 one pint4 ,mix well and rub in with nail or tooth brush twice a week4 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible as the results will be accomplished much sooner4 ,never attempt to open or lance a puffy swelling about a joint as it contains joint oil4 ,the result would be an open joint4 ,,thrush ,,cause3 ,the two main causes of ,thrush are lack of pressure on the frog and the decomposing effect of filth and fermentation of organic matter which accumulates in the cleft of the frog4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal in some cases is lame2 there will be a swelling accompanied by a very fetid discharge2 in some cases the frog has practically rotted away2 there will be more or less inflammation in the foot4 ,the legs may even swell4 ,thrush is more frequently found in the hind feet because of the manure and filth with which they must come in contact4 ,,treatment3 ,cut away all loose pieces of horn from over the frog and apply a ,flaxseed meal poultice and leave it on for twenty-four hours1 after which wash well with ,soap and warm water4 ,then apply ,calomel to the groove in the frog4 ,keep the foot clean4 ,do not allow the animal to stand in filth4 ,,wind ,,colic 7,flatulent ,colic7 ,,cause3 ,this dangerous form of ,colic is a distension of the bowels with gas1 resulting generally from the decomposition of undigested food in the bowels4 ,it sometimes follows ,spasmodic ,colic1 in which there is first spasms due to the irritations set up by the presence of undigested matter1 and subsequently this food decomposes and forms gas4 ,i may conclude that ,flatulent or ,wind ,colic is usually caused by errors in feeding and watering horses4 ,perhaps the animal has been given large quantities of rank grass1 watery roots1 which on account of its moist nature is quickly swallowed without being properly masticated4 ,,symptoms3 ,the signs resemble those of ,spasmodic ,colic1 except that they are less violent4 ,in most cases there is general accumulation of gas1 the abdomen distended to a considerable size before the animal shows signs of uneasiness4 ,in cases where the animal swells on the right side1 it is the large intestines filled with gas4 ,in other cases where both sides are equally swollen1 the stomach and small intestines contain gas4 ,the horse's back will have an arched appearance1 passing of gas from the anus frequently1 the horse will make attempts to vomit4 ,in some cases actual vomiting takes place4 ,this is a bad sign1 as rupture of the stomach usually occurs at this stage4 ,,treatment3 ,give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams1 in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,however1 this is a physic and should not be given to mares heavily in foal4 ,also apply to the abdominal cavity1 liniment consisting of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and rub in well over the abdomen4 ,to mares heavy with foal1 apply the above liniment and give rectal injections of ,glycerine and warm water frequently4 ,the following remedy should be administered to all cases of ,colic1 including mares heavy with foal3 ,aromatic ,spirits of ,ammonia1 six ounces2 ,turpentine1 six ounces4 ,mix well together and place one ounce in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every hour4 ,puncturing the intestines is advisable in some cases to relieve them of gas4 ,this requires a special instrument for the purpose and no one should attempt to perform the operation unless they know the anatomy of the part1 as the arteries of the intestines may be penetrated and produce internal hemorrhage or infection of the intestines1 or abscesses may follow4 ,,wind ,,galls ,,cause3 ,by concussions from fast work on hard roads and from sprains from slipping4 ,,symptoms3 ,when concussions alone are responsible1 the suspensory ligament and the back tendons will at first be in a normal condition1 and the swelling will probably be confined to both the inside and outside of the leg1 and may be felt in the form of a puffy swelling on each side of the fetlock by placing the fore finger and the thumb on the joint4 ,in more serious cases resulting from sprains1 the vacant space between the back tendons and the suspensory ligament may also become filled with fluids4 ,in other words1 a ,wind ,gall has formed4 ,in some cases the animal may be lame4 ,,treatment3 ,when there is heat present apply cold1 wet packs until the heat disappears4 ,then apply ,tincture of ,iodine1 one ounce2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces2 to one pint of ,gasolene4 ,apply every three days with nail or tooth brush4 ,shake contents of the bottle well each time before applying4 ,i may add that this is a very difficult blemish to treat and is not always successful1 so do not be discouraged if the enlargements do not disappear1 but the above prescription has proven the most successful of any treatment ,i have personally used in my private practice4 ,,wolf ,,or ,,supernumerary ,,teeth ,wolf ,teeth are comparatively small in size and have only one root and are found just in front of the upper molar teeth4 ,sometimes they do harm1 but that is an exception and not the rule4 ,they can be easily removed with a pair of small forceps or they may be punched out in some instances4 ,i think they interfere with the eyes1 causing them to become watery and inflamed due to the tooth exerting some influence upon the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve4 ,supernumerary ,teeth3 ,tooth substance may develop in almost any part of the body4 ,these are called ,supernumerary ,teeth and are most commonly found in the testicles1 ovaries and sinuses of the head1 etc4 ,,wounds ,wounds caused by external injuries have a general resemblance1 and whether clean-cut1 punctured1 lacerated1 poisonous1 gunshot1 etc41 require practically the same treatment4 ,,treatment3 ,wash with a ,carbolic solution1 one tablespoonful to one pint of distilled water4 ,,sewing ,,of ,,wounds3 ,i cannot say that ,i am in favor of sewing wounds unless they are gaping or wide open4 ,after the wound is washed1 dust with ,iodoform1 ,boracic ,acid and ,tannic ,acid1 each one ounce4 ,powder finely and place in a sifter top can and apply twice daily4 ,cord or heavy thread may be used for sewing the wound after being saturated in a ,carbolic ,acid solution1 using a large darning needle4 ,if the animal is vicious1 place a twitch on his nose or it may be necessary to throw him4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle ,causes1 ,symptoms and ,treatments ,illustration3 ,photograph of cow with numbers referring to the parts named below4 #a4 ,mouth #b4 ,nostrils #c4 ,muzzle #d4 ,face #e4 ,eyes #f4 ,forehead #g4 ,ears #f4 ,poll #i4 ,horns #aj4 ,jaws #aa4 ,dewlap #ab4 ,brisket #ac4 ,neck #ad4 ,withers #ae4 ,crops #af4 ,shoulders #ag4 ,heart ,girth #ah4 ,fore flank #ai4 ,legs #bj4 ,feet #ba4 ,dew claws #bb4 ,belly #bc4 ,milk wells #bd4 ,milk veins #be4 ,fore udder #bf4 ,teats #bg4 ,barrel or ribs #bh4 ,back #bi4 ,coupling #cj4 ,rear ,flanks #ca4 ,hook points #cb4 ,tail-head #cc4 ,pin bones or thurls #cd4 ,rump #ce4 ,esoutcheon #cf4 ,tail #cg4 ,thighs #ch4 ,rear ,udder #ci4 ,switch ,,chapter ,,ii ,,abscesses ,,cause3 ,bruises and injuries4 ,they are also seen in complication with various other diseases1 as ,laryngitis1 ,pharyngitis1 ,tuberculosis1 ,lump ,jaw1 ,blood ,poison or ,pyemia and ,septicemia4 ,,symptoms3 ,symptoms will vary according to the nature of the disease or injury4 ,it may not be noticed at first1 but upon careful examination swollen lines will be observed running from the point of swelling4 ,in many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot1 painful and throbbing1 which enlarges rapidly in two or three days4 ,the swelling and heat gradually disappear but the ,abscess continues to grow4 ,the hair falls from the point of swelling and in a short time breaks and discharges pus4 ,the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation4 ,,treatment3 ,in all cases1 hasten the ripening process as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot bran1 flaxseed or vegetable poultices4 ,it is common with ,veterinarians to lance an ,abscess as soon as possible1 but this requires considerable skill and practice and ,i would advise stock owners to be very cautious when performing this operation1 as there is great danger of cutting arteries which would cause excessive bleeding4 ,a very good plan is to encourage the full ripening of an ,abscess1 as above stated4 ,when opened1 do not squeeze the ,abscess to any extent1 but press gently with clean hands or cloth to remove the core or clot4 ,after this1 just simply keep the ,abscess open by washing with a three per cent ,carbolic ,acid solution1 or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one in one thousand solution4 ,hyposulphite of ,soda in ounce doses should be given two or three times a day in their drinking water4 ,this will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the blood circulation4 ,,abortion 7,non-,contagious7 ,,cause3 ,injuries from slipping or falling on icy roads1 in box cars1 and deep gutters2 receiving blows on the body1 keeping the animal in insanitary stables1 eating poor food that may be irritating or poisonous1 etc4 ,in such cases1 the cow's vitality is low so that the foetus dies and is expelled as a result4 ,losing large quantities of blood also produces ,abortion1 or a cow heavy with calf1 on being placed in the same quarters with the cows that retain their afterbirth1 is liable to abort4 ,intestinal worms1 lung worms1 liver flukes1 causing an excessive drain upon the system or producing irritation of the digestive organs1 in consequence of which cow gets very poor and emaciated4 ,the above mentioned are perhaps the most common causes of ,non-,contagious ,abortion4 ,,symptoms3 ,the cow is uneasy1 becomes separated from the herd1 the bag and vagina may be slightly inflamed and perhaps the latter discharging4 ,if a cow heavy with calf craves the chewing and eating of dirt1 rags1 nails1 etc41 this is a sign of a lack of iron or phosphorus in her system and food containing these elements should be provided4 ,,preventive ,,treatment3 ,provide clean1 warm1 comfortable quarters1 good food1 pure water to drink1 do not subject her to any injuries1 do not permit her coming in contact with cows retaining their afterbirth4 ,the above mentioned is very important1 especially if the cows are valuable and a large yield of milk is expected4 ,if they have worms1 treat the same as under their special heading4 ,if they have a loss of blood or a lack of mineral matter in their system1 the following is very efficient3 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,fenugreek ,seed1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day in feed or place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,amaurosis ,,of ,,the ,,eye ,,cause3 ,paralysis of the optic nerve4 ,,symptoms3 ,pupil fully dilated and of a glassy appearance4 ,this condition is sometimes called ,glass ,eye4 ,the cow carries the head high and steps high4 ,this condition is very uncommon in cattle4 ,,treatment3 ,nothing can be done for a cow if she is blind1 but this condition may be prevented if detected in its early stages of development by the proper feeding of nourishing food1 good clean surroundings and the administration of nerve tonics1 as ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,potassium ,iodide1 three ounces4 ,make into twenty-four powders and place one powder in feed two or three times daily2 or make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun4 ,,anthrax ,anthrax is a very contagious disease and is communicable to all warm blooded animals and man4 ,,cause3 ,due to the presence of a germ called the ,bacillus of ,anthrax and is one of the oldest diseases attributed to germs4 ,these ,bacilli thrive in warm climates1 although found in cold countries4 ,the infection is carried to various parts of the world by box-cars1 ships1 hides1 hoofs1 horns1 wool and hair taken from sick or dead animals affected with ,anthrax4 ,this1 perhaps1 is the most common method of spreading the disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,loss of appetite1 grinding of the teeth indicating great pain1 trembling of the muscles1 temperature elevated to #ajd or #ajf degrees ,f41 breathing very rapid1 pulse fast and weak1 hair rough4 ,there are some cases where the animals are seized quickly with the disease and die very suddenly4 ,this form resembles apoplexy4 ,carbuncles or ,abscesses are seen on the surface of the body in nearly all cases1 also a bloody discharge from the mouth and nose4 ,the animal may stamp the ground1 rear in the air1 run and finally go into convulsions and die4 ,this is termed the furious form of ,anthrax4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention is the most important4 ,fields or pastures that are infected with this disease should be burned every summer if possible1 to destroy the germs4 ,the animals that succumb to the disease should be buried deeply and quicklime thrown upon them1 also any blood stains upon the ground should have a strong disinfectant thrown upon them4 ,the hide of such an animal should not be used as the person removing it is likely to contract the same disease1 especially if an abrasion is present on the hand1 or such a hide or any portion thereof is likely to spread the infection after reaching the tannery1 etc4 ,,medical ,,treatment ,,or ,,serum ,,treatment3 ,this is the only thorough method of eradicating the disease1 and when this disease once becomes prevalent in a locality the services of a competent ,veterinarian should be secured and all the animals inoculated4 ,,barrenness 7,failure to ,breed7 ,,cause3 ,wasting or ,atrophy1 chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the organs of generation1 ,whites1 absence or excessive secretions of the organs of generation1 contraction or displacement of the womb1 horns being telescoped or twisted1 cysts or growths of the ovaries1 in-breeding or being a twin1 are the predisposing causes of ,barrenness4 ,,treatment3 ,unsuccessful as a rule4 ,unless the cow is very valuable1 treatment is not advisable4 ,a careful examination1 however1 is recommended4 ,if due to contraction of the neck of the womb it can be readily dilated by the use of the hand1 after being greased with ,carbolated ,sweet ,oil before attempting to perform the operation4 ,,black ,,leg 7,symptomatic ,anthrax--,black ,quarter7 ,,cause3 ,due to germs4 ,the ,bacillus of ,black ,leg perhaps gains entrance to the blood by wounds of the skin or the mucous membranes lining the mouth and the intestines4 ,this disease principally affects cattle1 although sheep and goats may become affected with the same disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,this disease affects cattle that are in good condition between the ages of six months and two years4 ,in most cases death is very sudden1 and perhaps the animal is found dead4 ,the first symptoms are high temperatures from #ajd to #ajh degrees ,f41 loss of appetite1 the animal stops chewing the cud1 breathing considerably hurried1 the joints of the limbs become swollen1 also the chest and shoulders4 ,all the swellings are painful on pressure and spread very rapidly over the body4 ,the affected animals move with great difficulty and lie down frequently4 ,if the hand is passed over the body1 there is a peculiar crackling sound due to the gas developing under the skin4 ,at the most distended portions of the swellings1 the skin becomes dry and the animal apparently has no sense of feeling4 ,if the skin is punctured at this place1 there will be a dark-red1 frothy discharge which has a very disagreeable odor4 ,there will be a shivering of the muscles and the animal dies from convulsions4 ,,treatment3 ,remove non-affected animals to non-infected pastures1 and confine affected animals to as small a territory as possible4 ,the carcasses of the dead animals should be buried deep and covered with lime or burned1 being very careful that all blood stains on the ground where the animals have been skinned are thoroughly disinfected4 ,inoculation is necessary1 and is the best form of treatment in localities where ,black ,leg exists4 ,inoculate or vaccinate the calves when six months old or over1 although after the animal reaches the age of two years or over they generally become immune from this disease4 ,,bleeding 7,hemorrhage7 ,,cause3 ,sometimes bleeding follows dehorning1 castration1 and wounds due to various other causes4 ,,treatment3 ,when bleeding from a large artery1 it should be tied with a clean silk or linen thread or twisted with a pair of forceps or cauterized with a hot iron4 ,sometimes compression by the use of tightly bound bandages proves effective1 although the former appliances are more practical4 ,tincture ,chloride of ,iron applied to small arteries or veins causes the blood to clot in the arteries or veins and hence stops the ,hemorrhage4 ,it is very essential that all wounds should be treated antiseptically and ,i cannot say that ,i favor washing a wound with water only in cases where the wound is very filthy1 and ,i prefer powder applications in preference to any other antiseptics4 ,the following will be found very effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds3 ,boracic ,acid1 two ounces2 ,iodoform1 two drams2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,calomel1 one dram4 ,powder finely and mix well4 ,place in sifter top can and apply two or three times daily4 ,,bloating ,a very common disorder in cattle and characterized by a puffed up appearance of the left flank4 ,the cow has four stomachs of which the rumen is the largest1 its capacity being about fifty gallons in the average cow1 and it is this stomach which fills with gas when a cow bloats4 ,,cause3 ,eating green clover or alfalfa2 even when a cow is accustomed to this diet1 it may cause bloating if wet with dew or rain2 cured alfalfa1 moldy or frozen mangles will also produce bloating2 the above mentioned foods undergo a process of fermentation which causes excessive formation of gas1 and death may result very quickly and may be due to rupture of the stomach or the diaphragm 7muscle separating the abdominal and lung cavities71 but is more often due to suffocation caused by the distension of the stomach which becomes so large that it presses the diaphragm forward against the lungs in such a manner as to stop their movement and the animal smothers4 ,when the cow falls1 it indicates that one of these possibilities has occurred and death follows quickly4 ,,symptoms3 ,cattle usually bloat suddenly and without warning2 the left flank becomes abnormally swollen2 back is arched1 breathing labored2 sometimes the tongue hangs out and the animal bellows4 ,when rupture or suffocation occurs the animal reels1 staggers1 and falls1 after which nothing more can be done4 ,,treatment3 ,no time should be lost4 ,where the stomach is enormously distended with gas so as to cause the animals to stagger and breathe very rapidly1 they should be gagged4 ,this can be easily accomplished by taking a piece of wood about two inches in diameter1 and eight inches to one foot long1 placing it in their mouth and retaining it in that position by tying a string on each end and placing it back of the ears4 ,if this does not give relief immediately1 puncture the left flank about five inches downward and forward from the angle of hip bone4 ,however1 puncturing should not be resorted to only in cases where death threatens the animal1 as abscesses1 infection and severe hemorrhage may follow4 ,a very reliable medical treatment for this condition should be in the medicine chest of every stockman1 such as ,pulv4 ,asafetida1 ,oil of ,turpentine1 each one ounce4 ,place in gelatin capsules4 ,this is a very efficient remedy for the eradication of excessive fermentation of gases in the stomach or bloating4 ,,blood ,,poison 7,pyemia-,septicaemia7 ,,cause3 ,due to a septic infection taken into the blood1 frequently found in cows with retained afterbirths1 following inflammation of the womb or intestines1 wounds and bruises of the skin and frequently found in calves affected with ,joint ,ill4 ,,symptoms3 ,high temperature #ajc to #ajg degrees ,f41 pulse rapid and feeble1 breathing increased1 grinding of the teeth1 the animal refuses to eat in most cases and ceases to chew the cud1 although there may be great thirst present4 ,abscesses may form in various parts of the body1 the membranes of the eyes and mouth will be injected with blood1 giving them a dark-red appearance1 although in the latter stages of ,blood ,poison this may change to a yellowish tinge4 ,constipation or ,diarrhoea may be connected with the disease4 ,the animal dies by general emaciation from four to six days after the first symptoms are noticed4 ,,treatment3 ,unsuccessful1 as when the infection once becomes absorbed in the blood it is always certain that death will follow4 ,if due to injuries or wounds1 wash them with ,bichloride solution1 one part to one thousand parts of water1 but if due to retained afterbirth or inflammation of the womb1 inject one gallon of distilled water containing five per cent ,carbolic ,acid4 ,if in young calves1 treat the same as under the heading of ,joint ,ill4 ,if due to inflammation of the intestines1 give ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one dram1 two or three times a day in their drinking water4 ,when abscesses form1 lance them with a clean1 sharp knife4 ,if the animal is constipated place two drams of ,aloin1 two drams of ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root in a capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,if ,diarrhoea is present give ,gum ,catechu1 two drams2 ,protan1 three drams2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one grain4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,feed warm wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 vegetables and green grass1 if possible4 ,,bloody ,,flux 7,dysentery7 ,,cause3 ,chilling of the outer surface of the body4 ,improper feeding1 as contaminated food or water1 sometimes connected with parasitic diseases of the intestines4 ,,symptoms3 ,dysentery is a sign of some irritation of the intestines terminating into increased contractions of muscular fibers of the bowels4 ,the fecal matter1 if frequently expelled1 at first consists of a thick feces1 but as the disease progresses the fecal matter becomes very thin and watery and tinged with blood and very offensive4 ,when the first signs are noticed the animals show no constitutional disturbances1 but later they exhibit abdominal pain by looking around to the flank4 ,at this stage they are very weak1 throwing the feet well together1 giving the back an arched appearance1 and are very uneasy although they may lie down frequently4 ,temperature elevated from one to three degrees4 ,the animal becomes emaciated and eventually dies4 ,,treatment3 ,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,keep the animal quiet4 ,give pure water to drink in small quantities but often4 ,if the animal will eat1 feed steamed rolled oats1 etc4 ,flaxseed tea is very beneficial1 as it is soothing to the intestines and assists in removing the irritations4 ,pour one quart of boiling water on one-half pint of pure ,flaxseed1 allowing it to cool1 then compel the animal to drink it4 ,the following prescription will be found very effective in all forms of ,diarrhoea3 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,protan1 two ounces2 ,gum ,catechu1 two ounces2 ,beechwood ,creosote1 four scruples2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule every three or four hours with capsule gun4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of several cows with farm buildings in the background4 ,,dairy ,,herd ,,at ,,oaklawn ,,farm1 ,,wayne1 ,,ills4 7,,dunhams47 ,,bloody ,,milk ,,cause3 ,bloody ,milk may be the result of injury1 congestion1 inflammation of the udder4 ,feeding on rich milk-producing food suddenly may produce it4 ,bloody ,milk is also produced in a cow by excitement when in heat or from eating resinous plants or shrubs4 ,,treatment3 ,it is advisable in most cases to give a physic consisting of two drams of ,aloin and ,ginger two drams4 ,also administer ,potassium ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,potassium ,chlorate1 two ounces1 made into eight capsules and give one capsule twice daily with capsule gun4 ,if due to rich food1 reduce it4 ,if due to eating resinous plants1 remove them from the pasture containing such shrubbery4 ,where congestion or inflammation of the bag is thought to produce it1 apply ,hot ,water ,packs1 then dry and apply ,blue ,ointment and ,camphorated ,ointment1 equal parts1 two ounces4 ,mix well and rub on thoroughly two or three times a day4 ,,blue ,,milk ,,cause3 ,this condition is due to a germ 7the ,bacillus ,cyanogenes7 which may occur in rich milk or cream immediately after being drawn or the germ may find its way into the opening of the teat4 ,,treatment3 ,injections into the teat of a solution composed of the following3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two drams2 ,boracic ,acid1 one dram1 dissolved in one pint of boiling water4 ,permit to cool and inject a small quantity in each teat once or twice a day for three or four days4 ,this will destroy the ,blue ,milk producing germ without any injuries to the cow1 udder or teats4 ,,bronchitis ,,cause3 ,inhaling irritating gases or foreign bodies4 ,it is commonly seen after drenching from liquid escaping into the windpipe instead of going down the gullet4 ,animals exposed to cold1 wet weather when not accustomed to it frequently develop ,bronchitis4 ,,symptoms3 ,loss of appetite1 chilling1 temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal2 ears and legs cold1 nose hot and dry1 breathing short and labored1 painful coughing1 slight discharge from the nostrils and saliva oozing from the mouth4 ,if the ear is placed over the lower portion of the neck1 a crepitating sound can be heard4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in a clean1 comfortable stall where there is pure air and light but no drafts4 ,clothe the body if the weather is cold4 ,hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths4 ,give inhalations of steam from ,hot ,water and ,pine ,tar for twenty minutes two or three times a day4 ,also administer ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,ginger1 four ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four hours4 ,applications of the following liniment are of some value3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 three ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 three ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 six ounces4 ,apply over the region of the windpipe the full length of the neck4 ,,calf ,,scours 7,cholera--,white ,scours--,bloody ,flux7 ,,cause3 ,it is produced by a specific germ and is communicated by direct or indirect contact with the germ which may gain entrance into the blood by the umbilical cord at or shortly after birth or through the digestive canal by drinking milk or eating food contaminated with the disease-producing germ4 ,the more common means of spreading the disease is through pails1 drinking troughs1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,one of the most deadly forms of ,diarrhoea4 ,this usually appears a few days after birth1 although in some cases it takes several days for it to develop4 ,every sign of ,diarrhoea is present1 as frequent passages of feces of a yellowish-white color1 frothy and very offensive in odor4 ,the calf is very dull1 weak1 back arched1 hair rough1 eyes glassy and sunken back in their sockets1 belly retracted1 breathing short and fast4 ,the calf finally lies flat on the side1 head resting on the floor or ground with a temperature generally below normal4 ,the calf finally becomes unconscious and death follows4 ,,treatment3 ,give ,protan1 three ounces2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains2 ,gum ,catechu1 powdered1 two ounces2 ,ginger1 one ounce2 ,beechwood ,creosote1 one dram4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours until relieved4 ,when the calf will take its feed1 if not nursing its mother1 see that the milk is pure and the utensil containing it thoroughly scalded with hot water4 ,keep the animal in clean1 sanitary quarters1 as quiet as possible for a few days1 and if the disease is not too far advanced a good recovery will follow4 ,,calving ,signs of ,normal ,calving are firmness and enlargement of the udder1 extending well forward following the milk veins4 ,the teats as a rule discharge a thin milky fluid1 relaxation of the muscles on each side of the croup or the base of the tail4 ,the outer surface of the womb becomes swollen and inflamed1 discharging sticky1 stringy1 transparent mucus4 ,the cow becomes uneasy1 stops eating1 and if in a pasture becomes separated from the rest of the herd2 will lie down and get up alternately as if in great agony4 ,when birth pains start1 the back is arched1 and a severe straining follows the contraction of the abdominal muscles4 ,the membranes covering the foetus will be the first to make their appearance1 engorged with a fluid from the womb4 ,this is commonly known as the water bag1 which eventually bursts and the two fore feet can be seen1 and1 as the animal continues to strain1 the nose and head will be next to be seen4 ,when the calf's shoulders are exposed1 the cow as a rule rises suddenly to her feet and the entire calf is expelled1 also the membranes surrounding it1 but the membranes next to the womb1 as a general rule1 remain longer and sometimes require artificial assistance to remove them4 7,see ,retention of the ,afterbirth47 ,destroy the foetal membranes by burning or burying them deeply4 ,do not permit the cow to eat them4 ,wash the calf's navel with ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one part to one thousand parts water1 once or twice a day until the navel is thoroughly dry1 as an infection may follow1 producing ,joint ,ill or ,scours1 from which death may result4 ,,abnormal ,,calving3 ,this is a condition where the foetus is not normally presented1 as that just described4 ,their feet may be presented in a normal manner1 but the head and neck twisted back or to one side1 or the head and one fore foot may be presented normally1 while the other fore foot is doubled back1 or there may be a breech presentation as the rump of a foetus with both hind feet thrown close to its body4 ,this is a very difficult presentation1 especially if in a young animal4 ,a foetus abnormally presented requires good judgment and cleanliness1 also lubrication of the walls of the womb with unsalted ,lard1 ,cotton or ,sweet ,oil4 ,endeavor to place the foetus in as near a normal position as possible before any force is used in its delivery1 although where both hind feet are presented1 it is advisable to remove it in this position4 ,the hands and ropes should be clean and washed with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,it is not only dangerous to the animal1 but to the operator as well1 if proper antiseptic precautions are not practiced4 ,space does not permit me going into details on various foetal presentations nor does it permit me to explain the exact methods or operations ,i would use in each particular case4 ,nevertheless1 good judgment and cleanliness are important4 ,do not hurry4 ,take your time1 and you will be successful in most cases4 ,when the foetus is removed1 and the afterbirth does not come away within twelve or eighteen hours1 remove it4 7,see ,retention of ,afterbirth1 which will describe its means of attachment and its removal47 ,,casting ,,the ,,withers 7,eversion of the ,womb7 ,,cause3 ,failure of the womb to contract after ,calving4 ,if the womb contracts naturally and the afterbirth expelled1 the cavity of the womb is nearly closed and the neck of the womb becomes so narrow that the hand cannot be inserted4 ,when the womb fails to contract1 one or both horns of the womb become so relaxed that they fall into the cavity causing straining and contraction of the abdominal muscles1 forcing the womb out gradually until the organ is turned inside out4 ,the womb can be easily distinguished from the other membranes on account of the presence of sixty to eighty mushroom-like bodies 7cotyledons7 two to four inches in diameter attached to the walls of the womb by a narrow neck4 ,the womb when hanging out becomes engorged with blood and inflamed until it is as large as a grain sack1 very dark in color1 tears and bleeds with the slightest touch4 ,later it becomes lacerated and gangrenous4 ,,symptoms3 ,at first1 the general health is not very much interfered with1 but the inflammation which is marked by an elevation in temperature becomes very noticeable1 accompanied by severe straining and exhaustion4 ,the animal lies down1 but continues to strain until death1 unless relief is afforded the animal at once4 ,,treatment3 ,great care must be exercised4 ,the parts of the womb coming in contact with the cow's hips1 tail or floors must be thoroughly washed with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 using a soft cloth or sponge to remove dirt1 clots1 etc4 ,place the cow in a position so as to have her hind quarters much higher than the head1 and then endeavor to replace the womb4 ,after washing as stated above1 bandage the tail with a clean cloth2 have an assistant hold up the womb and the operator use gentle manipulation and pressure with clean hands2 this perhaps is the best method of replacing the womb4 ,then follow by flushing out the womb with a weak ,carbolic ,acid solution and luke warm water4 ,this has a tendency to straighten out the horns of the uterus and prevent infection4 ,if the cow continues to strain1 give ,potassium ,bromide in ounce doses every two or three hours in her drinking water1 or place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,sometimes stimulants and tonics are necessary and the following will be found very effective3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every six hours with capsule gun4 ,it is well to compel the animal to stand or lie with the hind parts elevated1 until the signs of straining have ceased4 ,,cataract ,,of ,,the ,,eye ,,cause3 ,is due to deep seated inflammation of the eye produced by an injury or weakened condition of the optic nerve4 ,,symptoms3 ,if the pupil of one of the eyes appears larger than the other it is well to make a careful examination1 as this is the first sign of ,cataract4 ,if such a condition is neglected1 partial or complete blindness will follow and a white1 pearly deposit can be seen on the lens of the eye4 ,,treatment3 ,very unsatisfactory unless treated carefully when the first signs are noticed4 ,place the animal in a darkened stable4 ,feed clean1 sloppy food and it may be necessary to give a physic consisting of two drams of ,aloin1 two drams of ,pulv4 ,ginger1 placed in a capsule and given with capsule gun4 ,the following ointment1 ,yellow ,oxide of ,mercury1 four grains2 ,lanolin1 one ounce1 should be mixed well and applied to the eye two or three times a day4 ,,catarrh ,,cause3 ,ill ventilated stables1 inhalations of irritating gases or sudden exposure to cold1 wet weather1 after being accustomed to warm stables4 ,most commonly seen in the ,spring or ,fall4 ,,symptoms3 ,chilling and temperature elevated one or two degrees1 pulse not much affected1 breathing hurried to some extent1 sneezing1 coughing1 dullness and the appetite is slightly impaired4 ,in the first stages the nostrils are very dry and considerably inflamed1 but in the course of a few days the fever subsides and a profuse discharge from the nose is observed4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in dry1 well ventilated stall1 blanket well and supply a good quality and quantity of bedding4 ,give inhalations from steam and hot water and ,pine ,tar4 ,if the animal is constipated1 give rectal injections of ,soap and ,warm ,water two or three times a day4 ,also administer ,potassium ,nitrate1 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 each four ounces2 ,capsicum1 two ounces1 and ,pulv4 ,ginger two ounces4 ,make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three or four times a day4 ,this should not be neglected1 as neglected ,catarrh is liable to be followed by ,laryngitis1 ,bronchitis1 ,pneumonia1 ,pleurisy or other diseases of the organs of breathing1 which are very serious and sometimes cause the death of the animal4 ,,chapped ,,teats ,,cause3 ,anything that tends to irritate them4 ,a sudden chilling of the teat in cold weather after the calf has just let it go1 or after the operation of milking with wet hands or from an animal wading through deep water or tall wet grass4 ,also filth or irritants coming in contact with teats when lying down4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause if possible and dry the teats well after each milking and apply ,zinc ,oxide ointment4 ,feed laxative food that is easily digested1 as it has a very good effect on the blood1 consequently it promotes the healing of wounds4 ,,choking 7,obstruction of the ,esophagus7 ,,cause3 ,an obstruction of the ,esophagus 7gullet7 produced by an animal attempting to swallow apples1 potatoes1 roots1 dry grain1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,a stringy discharge of saliva from the mouth1 violent coughing1 wrenching of the head and neck4 ,the animal will bloat very quickly if the ,esophagus or gullet is completely obstructed4 ,,treatment3 ,the obstruction as a rule is easily located1 and as quickly as possible withdraw the obstruction by inserting the hand and extracting the object4 ,do not attempt to push the object down into the stomach1 except as a last resort1 as there is a great deal of danger of rupturing the ,esophagus or gullet4 ,push the object upward by gentle manipulation from the outside4 ,if this fails1 a smooth piece of hose about eight or nine feet long1 well greased with ,lard1 ,butter or ,oil1 should be passed down the ,esophagus or gullet4 ,a block of wood about two inches in diameter with a hole bored through the center just a little larger than the hose1 placed in the mouth1 will prevent the animal from biting the hose1 and make the operation easier4 ,when the animal is bloated severely1 puncture with a knife about four or five inches from the point of the hip downward and forward4 ,,chronic ,,dysentery 7,bacterial ,dysentery--,jones ,disease7 ,,cause3 ,acid-fast ,bacillus resembling the ,tubercular ,bacillus that invade the intestines by the way of the animal drinking water or eating food containing the ,acid-fast ,bacteria4 ,,symptoms3 ,diarrhoea1 loss of flesh1 although the appetite is good1 hair becomes dry and harsh1 temperature remains about normal4 ,the ,diarrhoea becomes persistent and tinged with blood4 ,the animal becomes emaciated and anemic1 exhausted1 and death follows4 ,this disease may continue for a month or even a year before death takes place4 ,however this is very uncommon4 ,they generally die very shortly4 ,,treatment3 ,separate the affected cattle from the healthy ones4 ,all fecal matter should be deeply buried or burned1 the stalls1 barnyards1 also thoroughly disinfected4 ,administration of medicine thus far has been unsatisfactory1 although a treatment should be directed toward the intestines with internal antiseptics such as ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one and one-half grains2 ,protan1 three drams2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one dram2 ,bismuth ,subnitrate1 one dram4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,this dose should be repeated three or four times a day4 ,feed a good quality of food1 such as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats and see that the water supply is fresh and non-contaminated4 ,,colic ,,cause3 ,drinking large quantities of cold water when overheated4 ,however1 this disorder is very uncommon in cattle owing to the fact that they are not worked1 seldom overheated and drink water very slowly4 ,,symptoms3 ,kicking or raising of the feet to the belly4 ,lying down and getting up alternately4 ,distention of the stomach or paunch with gas4 ,the animal chills or shivers1 etc4 ,,treatment3 ,strong stimulants or tonics as the following will give immediate results if administered in its first stages3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,capsicum1 two ounces4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours until relieved4 ,give the capsules with capsule gun4 ,if severe bloating accompanies a case of ,colic in cattle place one ounce dose of ,oil of ,turpentine in ounce capsules and give with capsule gun4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of bull4 ,,champion ,,galloway ,,bull1 ,,standard ,,favorite1 ,,international #aiac4 ,owned by ,c4 ,s4 ,hetehncr1 ,chariton1 ,iowa4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,lungs ,,cause3 ,cattle permitted to stand in drafts when warm after being driven1 etc41 irritating drugs escaping into the lungs when drenching1 as it is very difficult for cattle to swallow when their heads are elevated4 ,,symptoms3 ,dullness4 ,the animal loses its spirits1 so to speak1 usually shivers or trembles4 ,when this ceases1 the temperature rises to perhaps #aje or #ajf degrees ,f4 ,the ears and legs grow cold1 the nose hot and dry1 pulse rapid but firm1 breathing short and labored1 a short hacking cough will be present4 ,such animals generally remain standing4 ,other symptoms are constipation1 the feces covered with mucus or a slime1 great thirst4 ,the eyes are inflamed and look glassy4 ,the secretions of milk are suppressed1 if these symptoms develop in milking cows4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in clean1 warm1 comfortable quarters permitting light and as much pure air as possible1 but avoid drafts and blanket the animal if chilly4 ,hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths4 ,administer ,pulv4 ,carbonate of ,ammonia1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 three ounces2 ,quinine1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,potassium ,iodide1 one ounce4 ,make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every four hours with capsule gun4 ,also apply a paste made from ,mustard and cold water over the lung cavities just back of the fore legs4 ,apply once a day and perhaps one or two applications will be sufficient4 ,if this disease is treated when the first symptoms develop1 a good recovery will follow4 ,feed easily digested food as hot wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats1 vegetables and green grass if possible4 ,,contagious ,,abortion 7,infectious ,abortion7 ,,cause3 ,due to a germ 7,bacillus ,abortus7 coming in direct contact with the genital organs of a bull or cow and can be indefinitely transmitted from one herd to another by infected bulls serving healthy cows1 or infected cows when served transmit the infection to healthy bulls4 ,healthy cows become infected by their genital organs coming in contact with litter on floors when lying down or rubbing against fences1 walls or posts previously soiled by aborting cows4 ,cattle licking one another is also a prolific cause4 ,,symptoms3 ,the signs of calving are not so well marked as in normal calving1 especially where the aborting animal is a heifer and the gestation period has not exceeded three or four weeks4 ,in cows1 especially where the gestation period has advanced to five or seven months1 the symptoms are easily detected as a rule by a swelling of the udder1 or what is commonly termed making bag1 the outer portions of the womb swollen and inflamed as in normal calving4 ,as the period of abortion approaches1 there will be a discharge of mucus and blood from the womb4 ,labor pains are not as severe as in normal calving1 owing to the absence of hair on the foetus and being smaller2 although the afterbirth 7foetal membranes71 may be retained the same as in normal calving4 ,,preventive ,,treatment3 ,this perhaps is the cheapest and best method of treating ,contagious ,abortion4 ,when purchasing bulls or cows1 ascertain whether the farm you purchased from has ,contagious ,abortion4 ,an investigation of this kind often saves labor1 time and money4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,when once ,contagious ,abortion makes its appearance1 separate infected from non-infected animals1 remove all litter1 manure1 etc41 from barns1 corrals1 and burn or bury deeply4 ,the conveyances used should be tight so as to prevent scattering4 ,scrub and disinfect floors1 fences1 walls of barns and rubbing posts with a solution made from three pounds of ,copper ,sulphate to ten gallons of water1 permitting it to thoroughly dissolve before using4 ,use an ordinary barrel and cover so as to prevent any cattle drinking same1 as it is very poisonous4 ,when a cow aborts1 remove the calf and afterbirth in a tight receptacle that will prevent any portion from being scattered1 and burn or bury deeply2 disinfect the floor and walls of stall where the abortion took place as long as the cow is discharging any fluids from the womb4 ,a gallon of distilled or boiled water containing about one per cent ,carbolic ,acid should be injected into the womb with an ordinary hose and funnel4 ,this should be repeated once a day for a week4 ,use a solution of the same strength for washing the tail and parts around the outer part of the womb1 or in fact any part that the discharge of an aborting cow may come in contact with4 ,internally1 give ,methylen ,blue in thirty grain doses1 every other day for two weeks4 ,this is an exceptionally disagreeable drug to administer as it stains everything it comes in contact with4 ,place it in a gelatin capsule or have your druggist prepare six or seven capsules containing thirty grains each4 ,then administer with capsule gun4 ,insist on pure ,methylen ,blue1 accept no substitute4 ,this treatment has proven very effective in many localities where strict aseptic precautions were carried out1 as washing out the womb or any parts that the discharge of an aborting cow may come in contact with and proper cleanliness and disinfection of stables1 etc4 ,cows should not be bred for several weeks following abortion or as long as there is a discharge present4 ,bulls should be treated in much the same way1 as administering ,methylen ,blue in same size doses for the same length of time as that of the cow4 ,but in addition to this1 use a one per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid for injecting into the bull's sheath1 holding the end of the sheath while the solution is being injected1 until it is well distended2 holding the opening of the sheath allowing the solution to remain as long as convenient4 ,also1 wash belly1 muzzle1 etc41 with a solution of the same strength4 ,,cough 7,acute and ,chronic7 ,as a cough is a symptom of various diseases1 these in addition to the cough should be treated4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,cough3 ,many writers give several different varieties1 but for the sake of convenience ,i will divide them into two forms1 namely3 ,acute and ,chronic4 ,,cause3 ,acute coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold1 drafts and are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing4 ,chronic ,coughs are associated with1 and are a result of sore throat1 lung fever1 pleurisy1 bronchitis1 catarrh and tuberculosis4 ,,treatment3 ,under each disease1 of which a cough is a symptom1 ,i have also prescribed to include its suppression4 ,the following prescription is reasonable in price1 yet very effective in all forms of cough3 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,potassi ,chlorate1 four ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces4 ,powder well and mix with ,black ,strap ,molasses1 one pint1 placing container retaining the above in hot water1 which assists in dissolving4 ,when this is thoroughly mixed1 add ,pine ,tar1 one pint1 and place one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every three or four hours1 according to the severity of the cough4 ,sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a good effect1 and ,i would recommend the following on account of its penetrating qualities3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply twice daily1 shaking the contents of the bottle well before using4 ,,cowpox 7,variola7 ,,cause3 ,investigations lead us to believe that it is due to a protozoa4 ,so far1 the true micro-organism has not been discovered4 ,this disease is very contagious and is transmitted by direct communication but not through the air4 ,perhaps the most common way of transmitting the disease is by the hands of the milker4 ,,symptoms3 ,a slight raise in the temperature1 especially that of the udder and teats4 ,they are red1 swollen and tender and after three or four days small pimples or pustules will appear on the teats about the size of a pea4 ,the pimples or pustules become larger and within a few days may attain the size of one-half inch in diameter4 ,at the end of the second week the pimples or pustules burst and discharge an amber colored fluid leaving raw sores1 which cause the animal to suffer intensely when being milked4 ,the supply of milk is also markedly decreased in this condition4 ,,prevention3 ,a person should not milk both healthy and diseased cows unless the hands are thoroughly washed in a ,carbolated ,solution2 the clothes that are likely to come in contact with the udder1 coat sleeves1 etc41 changed4 ,,treatment3 ,it is advisable to give a physic as it has a very good effect on the blood1 such as ,aloin1 two drams1 and ,ginger1 two drams1 which is easily prepared and administered by placing in capsule and giving with capsule gun4 ,also1 the application of ,zinc ,ointment two or three times a day affords immediate relief and causes the sores to heal rapidly4 ,good results are also obtained by feeding food that is easily digested1 as bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables4 ,,cud ,,chewing 7,physiology of ,rumination7 ,the cow when eating grass or hay merely moistens it with saliva and swallows1 then it passes into the rumen or paunch which acts as a storehouse or reservoir for food4 ,after the paunch or rumen is filled1 the cow finds a comfortable place to stand or lie down and she regurgitates it into the mouth by a contraction of the muscles of the walls of the esophagus in small quantities or pellets from the rumen or paunch back into the mouth and is there masticated4 ,when it is chewed finely she swallows and it passes into the second stomach and is there digested for assimilation4 ,,diarrhoea ,,cause3 ,giving rich succulent foods after being fed on stimulating diets for some time1 and such a case may be a benefit to the animal instead of an injury4 ,turnips1 carrots1 etc41 especially if frozen slightly1 are apt to produce it4 ,also impure and stagnant water which acts as a poison or some irritant in the food1 as sand1 clay1 etc41 or it may result from excitement1 as driving cattle or shipping cattle in cars when not accustomed to it4 ,or1 it may be the result of an overdose of irritating medicines4 ,diarrhoea as a rule is not fatal4 ,it is often an effort of nature to relieve some disease1 as poison in the blood4 ,the easiest way to get rid of it is by way of the bowels4 ,,symptoms3 ,it is easily detected4 ,an animal passes large amounts of feces which are of a liquid nature4 ,at first the pulse is but little affected1 but after a day or two it becomes weak and slightly increased4 ,if it continues for a few days the pulse increases1 the ears and legs get colder than normal1 there are slight gripping pains in some cases due to slight irritation or perhaps to slight spasm of the intestines4 ,these pains may increase and result in inflammation of the bowels1 especially if the cause is due to stagnant water or irritating drugs4 ,,treatment3 ,in many cases all you have to do is to change the food and clothe the body according to the temperature4 ,do not let the animal drink large quantities of water at one time4 ,give pure water in small quantities1 but often1 and it may be necessary to give medicines4 ,endeavor to find out the cause and if due to some irritant in the intestines1 prepare ,flaxseed tea by pouring a quart of boiling water on a half pint of pure ,flaxseed1 allowing it to cool4 ,compel the animal to drink it4 ,this is very soothing to the bowels when irritated and also beneficial in removing the irritant2 in cases where the ,diarrhoea continues for some time1 it is necessary to stop it by administering ,gum ,catechu1 two ounces2 ,protan1 two ounces2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains4 ,mix and make into eight capsules and give one capsule every four hours with capsule gun4 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed non-irritating food that is easily digested1 as steamed barley or oats4 ,,dehorning ,dehorning is not considered a cruelty as some people hold it1 as horns on cattle do not only add discomfort to themselves but add to the owner's risk4 ,it is much better1 safer and ,i think more humane to prevent the growth of horns on calves after they are three or four days old by rubbing the elevations where the horns make their appearance with a pencil of ,caustic ,potash after being moistened with cold water4 ,repeat this application two or three times1 which is generally sufficient4 ,when dehorning cattle with clippers or saw1 it is well to remove about one-half inch of the flesh of the horn4 ,this gives their head a much better appearance after the horns are removed and healed4 ,when a horn is freshly amputated1 apply ,oil of ,tar occasionally1 as it is an antiseptic and prevents infection and the annoyance of flies4 ,however1 this should be performed during the season when the flies are less numerous4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of cow4 ,,champion ,,jersey ,,cow ,,grey ,,portia4 ,owned by ,mrs4 ,nelle ,fabyan1 ,geneva1 ,ill4 ,,dropsy 7,ascities7 ,,cause3 ,usually seen in old animals or cattle fed on poor food where the blood becomes so poor1 so to speak1 that ,dropsy follows1 ,the presence of worms frequently stimulates excessive secretions of fluid1 producing ,dropsy4 ,,symptoms3 ,the abdomen is abnormally increased in size1 flanks are gaunt1 paleness of the membranes of the mouth and eyes and a general weakness4 ,pressure with the hand on the abdominal walls will produce a splashing1 watery sound4 ,,treatment3 ,the cause at first should be determined and the disease treated accordingly4 ,if due to worms1 withhold all food for twenty-four hours4 ,place two ounces of ,oil of ,turpentine in gelatin capsules and give with capsule gun4 ,follow this in six hours with two drams of ,aloin1 three drams of ,ginger in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,feed nourishing food as wheat bran mashes and one cup of ,flaxseed meal once a day4 ,in their drinking water place one dram of ,potassium ,iodide two or three times a day4 ,see that this water is drunk and give no other until this is consumed by the animal4 ,,eczema ,,cause3 ,insanitary surroundings1 as warm1 damp stables4 ,overfeeding1 swills1 decomposed vegetables4 ,applying irritating drugs to the skin4 ,,symptoms3 ,redness of the skin and the animal rubs itself2 is usually confined to a small area at first1 but eventually spreads4 ,considerable inflammation is present1 also eruptions of the skin which discharge white1 serous1 sticky fluid1 terminating in scabs and thickness of the skin4 ,sometimes suppuration or formation of pustules containing pus is present4 ,these symptoms do not always occur in regular succession2 in some cases the serums oozing from the skin will be more prominent than in others4 ,,treatment3 ,determine the cause and remove it4 ,if due to poor food1 improve the quality4 ,also feed laxative food1 as hot bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats4 ,if the bowels do not act freely1 administer ,aloin1 two drams1 and ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun1 ,an ointment made from the following is very effective as an application in this condition3 ,blue ,ointment1 one ounce2 ,zinc ,oxide1 three ounces4 ,mix well and apply two or three times a day4 ,a tonic usually has a very good effect in the treatment of this disease1 and ,i would recommend the use of the following3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,potassium ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun4 ,,ergot ,,poison 7,ergotism7 ,,cause3 ,ergotism is produced by cattle eating fungoid growths which attack kernels and seeds of rye and blue grass1 etc4 ,these kernels or seeds grow dark in color and become abnormally large and curved in shape4 ,the infected grass or hay when eaten by cattle contract the arteries1 especially those of the legs1 just above the feet1 although all the arteries in the body are contracted to a certain extent4 ,this disease is frequently seen in ,spring and ,summer4 ,,symptoms3 ,ergot is prescribed in cases of bleeding1 because of its contracting effect upon the arteries 7closing or stopping the flow of blood7 where the blood supply is the weakest1 as in the extremities4 ,it is cut off and this1 of course1 causes the skin just above the hoofs to break or crack as though it were cut with a knife4 ,this shuts off the entire supply of blood to the foot1 which mummifies1 and the lower portion becomes gangrenous and eventually sloughs off4 ,one of the first effects of ,ergot ,poison in pregnant cattle is abortion1 due to the blood supply to the womb being shut off by its contracting effect on the arteries4 ,cattle are particularly susceptible to ,ergotism4 ,,treatment3 ,when ,ergotism is so advanced as to produce sloughing of the feet it is best to destroy the animal4 ,if other animals are affected slightly1 find out the cause and remove it4 ,look to the hay or pasture as the producer4 ,administer one-half ounce of ,chloral ,hydrate1 two or three times a day in their drinking water or mix it with sufficient quantity of ,flaxseed meal to fill an ounce gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,if the skin is slightly broken above the foot1 wash with five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,where the feet have become gangrenous amputation of the foot or feet is necessary1 which is not advisable unless the animal is very valuable4 ,,fluke 7,liver and ,lungs7 ,,cause3 ,this disease is contracted by cattle grazing on marshy lands4 ,there are two different species of ,fluke that affect the liver and lungs of cattle4 ,they are both flat1 leaf-like worms4 ,the ,common ,liver ,fluke is about one-half inch long1 while the so-called ,american ,fluke is somewhat larger4 ,in their life history these ,flukes depend on snails as intermediate hosts4 ,at a certain stage of development the young ,flukes live on snails4 ,they become encysted on stalks and blades of grass which are finally swallowed by grazing cattle4 ,this disease is most frequently seen in young cattle4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal shows no marked signs at first1 but eventually the appetite diminishes1 rumination or chewing of the cud becomes irregular1 the animal becomes dull1 hide-bound1 hair standing1 the visible mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes become pale and bloodless1 the eyes discharge watery fluids oozing down the face1 temperature varying from two to three degrees above normal and milk supply1 if in aged cattle1 remarkably reduced4 ,in all cases there is great thirst and the animal becomes very much emaciated and refuses to eat4 ,swellings about the belly and breast1 etc4 ,diarrhoea at first1 alternating with constipation1 but finally becomes continuous4 ,the diseased animal succumbs to the malady in from two to six months4 ,,treatment3 ,medical treatment is unsatisfactory4 ,the disease will be prevented to a considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt and in the marshes containing pools of water introduce or plant carp1 frogs and toads into the infected tracts4 ,these will destroy the young parasites and feed upon the snails which serve as their intermediate hosts4 ,or1 prevent the cattle from grazing upon swampy marshes by fencing them out4 ,,foot ,,and ,,mouth ,,disease 7,infectious ,aphtha--,epizootica ,eczema7 ,,cause3 ,this disease is produced by a specific agent or germ1 the exact nature of which is not known4 ,it will pass through the ,berkfelt filter1 which is the most minute filter known to science1 and is therefore known as a filterable virus4 ,this is an eruptive fever and belongs to the class of ,exanthematous diseases such as smallpox1 measles1 scarlet fever1 etc4 ,every outbreak starts from some pre-existing infection4 ,the infection is distributed by manure1 pastures1 barnyards1 hay1 drinking troughs1 box-cars1 ships1 boats which have been previously occupied by animals affected with this disease1 travel over public highways or man may carry the infection of this disease on his clothing and transmit it to healthy cattle1 etc4 ,foot and ,mouth ,disease not only affects cattle but attacks a variety of animals1 as the horse1 sheep1 goat1 hog1 dog1 cat1 also wild animals as buffalo1 deer1 antelope1 and man himself is not immune from this disease4 ,children also suffer from ,foot and ,mouth ,disease1 resulting from drinking unboiled milk from infected cattle4 ,therefore1 when purchasing cattle be very careful1 as you may be buying an infections disease4 ,keep the newly purchased animals to themselves for two or three weeks1 if possible4 ,this will give ample time for the majority of infectious diseases to develop4 ,,symptoms3 ,the disease usually makes its first appearance in three to six days after being exposed1 by chilling1 rise of temperature1 and in a day or so pustules varying in size from that of a pin head to that of a pea appear4 ,they appear upon the inner surface of the lips1 gums and upper surface of the tongue4 ,the feet also become affected between the digits4 ,the udder usually becomes affected1 especially in milking cows4 ,as soon as this disease becomes well established the affected animal evinces great pain when attempting to eat4 ,the animal generally refuses food4 ,in many instances they shut and open the mouth with a smacking sound owing to the stringy saliva flowing from the mouth4 ,the ulcers in the mouth continue to enlarge until they attain the size of one-half to two inches in diameter4 ,the mucous membrane covering these ulcers breaks and a watery discharge escapes4 ,in a few days the surface of the ulcers takes on a whitish appearance4 ,the same changes take place in the feet and the animal becomes very lame and the udder very much swollen1 the ulcers discharge1 etc4 ,,prevention3 ,when any of the above mentioned symptoms are noticed1 non-affected animals should immediately be removed to non-affected quarters4 ,this disease is not communicated through the atmosphere but by the animal coming into direct contact with the infection or virus2 hence it is not necessary to move unaffected animals any great distance but merely to clean1 sanitary quarters which have not been subjected to any possible infection from the diseased animals4 ,it must be borne in mind that the attendant or helper cannot be too careful in the matter of his own actions and dress as the infection is easily carried through clothes1 fecal matter1 etc41 adhering to shoes or any matter or articles1 such as buckets1 brushes1 rubrags1 blankets1 etc4 ,the existence of this disease should at once be reported to your nearest ,veterinarian4 ,he will report to the ,state ,veterinarian of your ,state or to the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,treatment3 ,i cannot recommend any treatment as being satisfactory or a cure1 for although under some treatments the animal appears to make a good recovery1 in the majority of cases the feet are disfigured and crippled1 the udder permanently injured with growths1 animal unfit for milking purposes1 and the mouth1 tongue and teeth left impaired2 the mouth and tongue strictured from wounds and the teeth loosened from the gums4 ,furthermore1 should an animal make apparent recovery1 it is not immune from a recurrence of the disease4 ,in treating the disease1 there is not only danger of spreading the disease to other animals1 but to man4 ,the flesh or milk from animals apparently cured should never be used unless first examined by a qualified ,veterinarian4 ,without question1 all animals showing severe symptoms as above described should be at once slaughtered and buried six feet or deeper1 covering carcass with ,quicklime and then promptly filling grave1 according to the ,government regulations1 which should be followed explicitly4 ,be careful to disinfect scene of slaughter1 as bloodstains1 etc4 ,the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry regulates the disinfectants to be used and the strength thereof1 and as these are subject to change from time to time1 ,i must refer you in this matter to the proper ,government authorities4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,if permitted by ,government authorities1 ,i would suggest the following treatment as being beneficial3 ,in mild attacks of ,foot and ,mouth ,disease benefits may be derived by cleanliness and the applications of antiseptics as placing ,boracic ,acid1 one dram2 ,potassium ,chlorate1 two drams1 in a bucket of water1 compelling the animal to drink it4 ,repeat this dose two or three times a day4 ,also compel the animals to stand in tubs or troughs containing a one in one thousandth solution of ,bichloride of ,mercury for at least five minutes1 twice daily4 ,when other parts of the body become affected1 as the cow's udder1 apply ,carbolated ,vaseline twice daily4 ,this treatment should be continued until all ulcers have ceased to discharge4 ,always keep in mind that this disease is contagious and is transmitted to other animals1 as well as to man4 ,for disinfecting corrals1 barns1 clothing1 hands and anything which the diseased animal might come in contact with1 ,i would recommend ,coal ,tar products1 diluted one part to fifty parts warm water4 ,spray1 sprinkle or scrub4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of bull4 ,,hereford ,,bull4 ,owned by ,c4 ,a4 ,tow1 ,norway1 ,iowa4 ,,foot ,,rot 7,foul in ,foot7 ,,cause3 ,due to filth or from hard substances accumulating between the two digits1 producing irritation and inflammation and suppuration4 ,,symptoms3 ,lameness4 ,on examination the foot is swollen1 hot and painful to the touch4 ,when the case is of long standing1 suppuration occurs and pus will ooze from between the digits1 and is very offensive in smell4 ,this condition causes the digits to slough off1 if no attempt is made to relieve it4 ,,treatment3 ,cleanliness4 ,where there is considerable inflammation present1 apply ,hot ,bran or ,flaxseed poultices4 ,keep clean and treat as an ordinary wound4 ,the following prescription will be found very effective in ,foot ,rot3 ,oil of ,origanum1 four ounces2 ,oil of ,pisis1 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces4 ,saturate oakum or cotton with the above liniment placing between the digits and bandage4 ,feed laxative food1 as hot wheat bran mashes and vegetables4 ,,founder 7,laminitis7 ,inflammation of the internal1 sensitive structure of the foot4 ,,cause3 ,overfeeding1 overheating1 driving on rough1 stony soil4 ,cattle confined to stand on hard floors without exercise frequently suffer from ,founder4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animals lie down a great part of the time4 ,feet hot and tender and if made to walk they do so with great difficulty4 ,one or all four feet may become affected1 although it is more frequently found in the front feet4 ,the temperature is somewhat elevated1 varying from #ajd to #ajf degrees ,f41 breathing very rapid1 appetite fairly good and there will be great thirst4 ,founder in cows reduces the milk secretion1 owing to the great fever that is present4 ,,treatment3 ,apply cold packs to the feet1 ice packs preferred4 ,if the animal can be made to stand in a stream of water having a soft bottom1 it1 perhaps1 is the best method of cooling out the feet4 ,give a physic of ,aloin1 three drams2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,to their drinking water add two or three drams of ,potassi ,nitrate three or four times daily4 ,animals suffering with ,founder should be provided with soft ground to stand on1 as their feet will be tender and subject to the chronic form of the disease4 ,,garget 7,congestion of the ,udder7 ,,cause3 ,very common in heavy milkers before or just after calving when the bag is very much enlarged and very sensitive2 exposure to chilling or standing in drafts or even neglected for too long a time in milking4 ,injuries may also cause ,garget4 ,,symptoms3 ,the bag is very much enlarged1 showing signs of inflammation4 ,the swelling extends well forward following the milk veins4 ,the cow has great difficulty in walking due to sensitiveness of the bag4 ,when milked for two or three days the swelling disappears after the secretion is fully established1 but as a rule is tinged with blood4 ,sometimes small clots of milk or cheese-like particles are ejected with the milk4 ,,treatment3 ,give a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 sixteen ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potassi1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in drinking water or place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,also dissolve ,bichloride of ,mercury1 two grains2 ,boracic ,acid1 two drams1 in one quart of boiling hot water4 ,when this solution cools to about blood temperature1 after stripping all milk fluid or pus from the affected teat or teats1 inject with an ordinary bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed4 ,now1 place the end of the syringe retaining the teat tube in the affected teat1 the other end place in a bottle or vessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and inject about a pint of the solution in each affected quarter4 ,leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly4 ,repeat this treatment two or three times a day4 ,for an external application the following ointment has given remarkably good results3 ,blue ,ointment and ,zinc ,ointment1 equal parts4 ,mix well and apply two or three times daily4 ,,hard ,,milkers ,,cause3 ,a thickness or contraction of the mucous membranes lining the teat or growths inside the teat4 ,,treatment3 ,all antiseptic precautions should be carried out in this operation1 as boiling the instruments and then covering them with ,carbolated ,vaseline4 ,then with a hidden bistoury or a knife concealed in a tube1 force upward into the teat1 then press out the little blade and draw the instrument down the teat1 making about four incisions equal distance apart around the inner surface of the teat4 ,the use of self-retaining teat dilators prevents the contraction of the cut surface1 permitting them to remain in the teat for two weeks1 removing them only when the milk is being stripped from the teat4 ,always place them in boiling water and cover with ,carbolated ,vaseline before inserting4 ,,hollow ,,horn ,horns of the cattle tribe are normally hollow1 although a core extends well into the horn4 ,this1 however1 is merely a prolongation of a porous bone of the head which affords a point for the horns' attachment1 consequently when a cow is sick and the temperature is elevated1 the horns are naturally hot1 it being the symptom of a disease and not a disease of itself1 and which should be treated under its special heading4 ,the supposed disease ,hollow ,horn once upon a time was treated by boring a hole into the horn with a small gimlet and pouring ,turpentine into the opening4 ,this treatment is useless and harmful4 ,it produces inflammation of the frontal sinuses of the head and chances are death of the animal will follow as a result of the treatment and not of the disease4 ,,indigestion ,,cause3 ,animals with a voracious appetite will overload their stomachs with food that is hard to digest or is decomposed1 causing the organs of assimilation to become weakened1 sluggish and incapable of doing their proper work4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal ceases to ruminate 7chew its cud72 stands quietly1 hair rough1 nose dry1 temperature elevated one to two degrees1 breathing usually faster than normal with slight grunts at each expiration of air from the lungs4 ,the secretions of milk are suddenly diminished4 ,if the hand is placed against the left side and quickly removed1 a marked depression or pit will remain1 which shows that the paunch is full of undigested food4 ,bloating is also frequently accompanied by indigestion4 ,,treatment3 ,administer ,aloin1 three drams2 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,permit the animal to drink all the water possible4 ,if bloating is present give two-ounce capsules filled with ,turpentine with capsule gun4 ,a tonic is quite necessary in this condition1 and the following ,i am sure will be followed by good results if the case is not of too long a standing3 ,sodium ,bicarbonate1 eight ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 four ounces4 ,place two tablespoonfuls in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every six hours4 ,very good results are also obtained from rectal injections of soap and warm water4 ,feed good nourishing food sparingly1 compelling the animal to exercise1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of a cow4 ,,guernsey ,,cow ,,murne ,,cowan #aieig ,a4 ,r4 #aijf4 ,,sire ,,fantasia',s ,,jeweller #gbei2 ,,dam3 ,,janet ,,brown #abdjc4 7,years record #bdjjh4j lbs4 ,milk2 #ajih4ah lbs4 ,butter ,fat47 ,owned by ,o4 ,c4 ,barber1 ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bag 7,simple ,mammitis7 ,,cause3 ,injuries1 as blows1 kicks1 etc42 lying on cold1 rough ground or floor1 standing in drafts1 sudden change of weather4 ,derangement of the system is likely to affect the udder2 poorly milked or stripped cows are often victims of ,mammitis4 ,infections in the teat from inserting dirty instruments1 as using a bicycle pump for the treatment of ,milk ,fever4 ,cows with a retained afterbirth are likely to infect the udder by switching their tail4 ,this condition is very common in heavy milkers following calving4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal chills1 hair stands1 temperature elevated from one to three degrees above normal2 ears1 horns and legs cold1 which may suddenly become very hot2 pulse rapid1 breathing hurried1 bag hard and swollen and very tender on pressure4 ,when attempts are made to milk1 a watery substance comes away1 almost colorless at first1 but later becomes tinged with blood and pus and has a fetid odor4 ,the cow's muzzle is dry1 appetite poor1 but great thirst exists4 ,this condition may affect one or more quarters of the udder4 ,abscesses may form and the udder break and a thick yellowish pus oozes out or the milk glands may solidify and cause hard1 lumpy growths in the udder4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention4 ,if an animal is once slightly affected with inflammation of the bag1 it is likely to develop a bad case of ,mammitis from the slightest injury or exposure as stated above1 which depreciates a cow considerably as a milk producer1 especially on the market4 ,great care should be exercised when purchasing a cow for milking purposes4 ,see that the teats and udder are sound1 free from lumps1 etc4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 sixteen ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potassi1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in drinking water or place in a gelatin capsule and give with a capsule gun4 ,also1 dissolve ,bichloride of ,mercury1 two grains2 ,boracic ,acid1 two drams1 in one quart of boiling hot water4 ,when this solution cools to about blood temperature1 after stripping all milk fluid or pus from the affected teat or teats1 inject with an ordinary bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed4 ,now1 place this end of the syringe retaining the teat tube in the affected teat2 the other end place in a bottle or vessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and inject about a pint of the solution into each affected quarter4 ,leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly4 ,repeat this treatment two or three times a day4 ,for an external application1 the following ointment has given remarkably good results3 ,blue ,ointment1 two ounces2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and apply twice daily4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,eye 7,conjunctivitis7 ,,cause3 ,injuries2 irritating gases1 from an animal standing in dark and poorly ventilated stables or foreign bodies in the eye1 as chaff1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,a constant flow of tears from the eye running down the animal's face1 which are due to the inflammation of the lining membranes of the eye4 ,the eye is partially or completely closed4 ,,treatment3 ,if due to a foreign body1 remove it4 ,in order to accomplish this1 the animal must be placed in a stanchion1 the head twisted and the eyelid turned back4 ,do not use burned alum as this will only make the condition worse4 ,use ,boracic ,acid1 thirty grains2 distilled water1 one ounce4 ,apply to the eye three or four times daily1 using an ordinary eye-dropper4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,heart ,,sack 7,pericarditis7 ,,cause3 ,cattle being ruminants1 therefore1 not masticating their food finely before swallowing1 consequently foreign bodies1 such as nails1 wire1 etc41 are picked up with the food and taken into the rumen or paunch4 ,these sharp objects penetrate the walls of the paunch1 rumen or first stomach and pierce the membrane or sack surrounding the heart1 which produces an inflammation of the heart sack1 or ,pericarditis4 ,,symptoms3 ,symptoms develop very slowly or indications of indigestion will be present as the appetite is variable1 temperature elevated1 breathing labored1 the animal avoids walking down hill as it causes pain from the stomach and intestines pressing the lungs against the heart4 ,the symptoms1 however1 are so slight that they may easily escape the notice of a casual observer4 ,the animal eventually becomes poor1 emaciated and dies4 ,if you open the heart sack1 it will be found full of watery pus4 ,,treatment3 ,unsuccessful1 as this disease is seldom diagnosed correctly1 and if it is an operation is necessary and this does not prove successful in the majority of cases4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys ,,cause3 ,injuries in the region of the kidneys1 exposure to cold weather1 especially in cows soon after calving4 ,eating poisonous plants1 decomposed food or drinking stagnant water1 irritating medicines given ignorantly of their bad effects are frequently followed by inflammation of the kidneys4 ,,symptoms3 ,the attack will first be noticed by slight shivering or chilling followed by an increased temperature1 breathing increased4 ,the animal attempts to urinate frequently and the amount passed is small and of a dark amber color and may be flaked with blood4 ,there will be stiffness and straddling of the hind legs which is always present during urinary disorders4 ,there may be slight swelling and tenderness over the kidneys4 ,as the disease progresses the animal grows weak and finally dies if prompt relief is not afforded4 ,fortunately this disease is not common among cattle4 ,,treatment3 ,clothe the animal if the weather is cold4 ,mild physics are beneficial1 as ,aloin1 one and one-half drams2 ,ginger1 two drams2 ,nux ,vomica1 two drams1 placed in a gelatin capsule and given with capsule gun4 ,also1 the following1 which is very soothing to the urinary tract3 ,potassium ,acetate1 ,potassium ,bromide1 each four ounces1 made into sixteen powders4 ,give one powder every four hours in their drinking water4 ,feed nitrogenous food as hot wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 and see that the animal has pure water to drink4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,penis ,,cause3 ,injuries received from snags1 walking through the underbrush1 jumping fences1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,arched back1 swelling of the sheath and in some cases a discharge4 ,it may be serious enough to affect the appetite and cause fever4 ,,treatment3 ,wash out the sheath two or three times daily with a three per cent solution of ,boracic ,acid4 ,if the inflammation extends pretty well back in the sheath1 it is advisable to inject this solution with a syringe1 carefully1 as far back as possible4 ,withdraw the syringe1 holding the opening of the sheath so as to retain the solution for a few minutes before allowing it to escape4 ,feed laxative food and supply the animal with fresh water to drink4 ,if there is considerable fever1 administer ,potassium ,nitrate1 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 each two ounces4 ,make into eight capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day4 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,womb ,,cause3 ,injuries1 as bruises1 laceration1 sustained during calving1 especially where the cow is assisted with instruments or hands that are not thoroughly aseptic1 an animal retaining the afterbirth which undergoes putrefaction1 and consequently sets up an inflammation of the womb1 or perhaps the animal may become infected during the act of removing the afterbirth if the operator is neglectful about washing his hands or washing the womb out thoroughly4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal will chill1 the temperature elevated two or three degrees1 the back will be arched1 stiffness of the hind parts1 legs1 ears and horns cold1 nose hot and dry1 grinding of the teeth1 the cow usually remains standing1 ceases to chew her cud1 the secretions of milk will be markedly reduced and a day or so after the symptoms appear1 there will be a discharge from the womb of a reddish lumpy nature4 ,this becomes thick and yellow containing small particles of flesh1 showing that the inner lining of the womb is sloughing4 ,this discharge is very offensive in odor4 ,a cow in this condition requires the best of care or she will die as the decomposed substance in the womb may be absorbed into the circulation and produce ,pyemia or ,septicemia 7,blood ,poison74 ,,treatment3 ,give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 three drams1 place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,flush out the womb thoroughly with a tablespoonful of ,carbolic ,acid to one gallon of water two or three times a day4 ,a convenient instrument for flushing out the womb can be made from an ordinary funnel and a clean hose about four feet long4 ,this answers the purpose of an injection syringe very well4 ,in their drinking water add the following3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 sixteen ounces2 ,potassium ,iodide1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen powders and give one powder two or three times a day4 ,in addition to the above treatment it is necessary to give alteratives and bitter tonics to build up the condition of the animal as soon as possible4 ,the following will be found very effective3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders and give one powder three times a day4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun4 ,my reasons for giving animals medicine in capsules are3 #a4 ,there is no danger of liquids1 as in drenching1 escaping into the lungs4 #b4 ,any drug having any beneficial effects as a tonic is very bitter1 consequently the only way the animal will take it is by placing in capsule4 ,,joint ,,ill1 ,,navel ,,ill 7,umbilical ,pyemia and ,septicemia7 ,,cause3 ,this disease is produced by various germs entering the navel cord of newly born calves when dropped1 the navel being freshly severed and its coming in contact with filth and manure where germs are numerous1 consequently germs adhere and enter the blood stream4 ,calf ,scours as a rule is associated with this disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,swelling of the joints which are very hot and painful on pressure1 and when the calf is made to move it walks stiffly and slowly1 does not care to nurse its mother or take any food1 temperature elevated from #aje to #ajh degrees ,f41 breathing hurried1 pulse very weak and quick4 ,there will be an offensive discharge from the navel cord of a yellowish color and swollen joints finally break and also discharge a thick yellow pus4 ,the calf becomes emaciated and finally dies from exhaustion4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention4 ,provide clean surroundings for cows when calving1 and in addition to this have a one in one-thousandth solution of ,bichloride of ,mercury on hand4 ,wash the navel well in the solution once a day until the cord is thoroughly dried4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,unsuccessful4 ,sometimes the calf recovers1 but at best the calf is badly stunted and is very seldom worth keeping4 ,however1 the following method of treatment has been followed with fairly good results3 ,wash the navel cord well in a one-thousandth solution of ,bichloride of ,mercury two or three times a day and give ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one-fourth grain2 ,potassi ,iodide1 five grains1 in a little water or milk three or four times a day4 ,feed them three or four eggs a day1 molasses1 fresh milk4 ,this will keep up the strength and vitality and a good recovery may follow1 although it is an exception and not a rule4 ,,laceration ,,of ,,the ,,eyelid ,,cause3 ,an eyelid may be torn on the manger1 rubbing post or barb wire fence1 etc4 ,,treatment3 ,wash the lacerated portions of the eye thoroughly with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,it may be necessary to take a few stitches in the wound or the torn edges may be cut off with a pair of sharp scissors4 ,if stitches have been taken1 they should be removed after the parts have united and the eye kept clean4 ,a very convenient application for the eye in this condition is ,boracic ,acid1 one dram2 ,distilled ,water1 four ounces4 ,apply liberally to the eye4 ,,leeches 7,blood ,suckers7 ,leeches which suck blood of cattle are sometimes taken up by the animals when drinking water from ponds1 etc4 ,the leeches attach themselves to the inner surface of the mouth or nose1 and sometimes reach the upper part of windpipe or the gullet4 ,bleeding at the mouth or nose may be noticed1 the membranes where the leeches attach themselves become congested and swollen1 and as a result of the loss of blood anemic condition follows4 ,,treatment3 ,if the leeches can be reached1 they are easily destroyed by cutting them in two with a pair of scissors or they may be removed with a pair of forceps or with the fingers after wrapping a piece of cloth around them so as to prevent slipping4 ,steam from boiling hot water containing ,pine ,tar or ,oil of ,turpentine may cause leeches to release their hold if they cannot be removed by other means4 ,in ponds where leeches are numerous1 eels should be introduced as they feed upon blood suckers of this species4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of a bull4 ,,short-,,horn ,,bull ,,cumberland',s ,,type #chhacb4 ,winner of many ,grand ,championships4 ,owned by ,c4 ,a4 ,saunders1 ,manilla1 ,iowa4 ,,lumpy ,,jaw 7,wooden ,tongue1 ,big ,head1 ,actinomycosis7 ,,cause3 ,the ,ray ,fungus4 ,this organism which occurs in the tissues in the form of russets is directly transmitted from one animal to another4 ,it seems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues of the mouth by various food stuff through slight wounds of the mucous membranes of the mouth or an animal that has decayed teeth or during the shedding of milk teeth4 ,the ,ray ,fungus is found naturally vegetated or clinging on the awns of barley1 the spears of oats and on other grains4 ,quantities of fungi have been found between the vegetable fibers of barley which had penetrated the gums of cattle and on the awns of grain imbedded in their tongues4 ,lumpy ,jaw can also be transmitted by coming in contact with or eating food over which lumpy jawed cattle have slobbered4 ,a healthy animal eating such food with very slight bruises or abrasions of the mouth will contract the disease very readily4 ,this disease is misleading as other organs are affected with the ,ray ,fungi or the ,bacillus of ,actinomycosis1 as the lungs and even the digestive organs have been found to be affected with this disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,external symptoms or signs are the only means by which to ascertain the disease4 ,its exact location is on the lower jaw bone near its angle4 ,it may also affect the upper jaw1 but this is an exception and not a rule4 ,internally it may affect the tongue1 mouth1 throat or lungs1 but rarely the intestines4 ,this enlargement continues to grow until it reaches the size of that of a man's head1 breaks and discharges pus4 ,the animal becomes poor and emaciated1 the hair takes on a dull1 roughened appearance and in many cases it is very difficult for it to eat1 especially where the disease separates the gums and bone from the teeth and causes them to become very loose or to drop out4 ,the animal in the latter stages of this disease generally dies from starvation4 ,,treatment3 ,successful in its first stages4 ,soft1 nitrogenous food should be fed1 such as wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats or barley1 hay dampened with clean water1 so as to make it pliable4 ,hay containing woody matter as stems1 etc41 should not be fed to an animal affected with ,lumpy ,jaw as it tends to aggravate the disease4 ,internally in their drinking water give two drams of ,potassium ,iodide morning and night4 ,this treatment1 however1 should be omitted when the animal's skin becomes scaly or when an excessive watery discharge flows from the eyes4 ,on the outer surface over the enlargement apply the following ointment3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 four drams2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and rub in briskly for twenty minutes every five or six days for three weeks4 ,the cure can generally be ascertained by the animal gaining in flesh1 although the lump may remain4 ,where ,lumpy ,jaw is of long standing so as to impair the use of the animal's tongue or teeth1 it is best to destroy the animal1 as this lessens the possibilities of infecting healthy animals4 ,,lung ,,fever 7,pneumonia7 ,,cause3 ,generally follows congestion of the lungs4 ,it may be due to parasitic organisms or exposure to cold1 drafts when warm after being driven1 etc4 ,drenching perhaps is the most common cause as it is very difficult for a cow to swallow when the head is elevated2 inhaling smoke1 gases1 etc41 also tend to produce pneumonia4 ,,symptoms3 ,chilling or shivering1 temperature elevated to #aje or #ajf degrees ,f41 nose hot and dry1 horns and legs cold4 ,pulse rapid though strong1 breathing fast and the appetite very good in some cases4 ,the animal urinates small quantities of urine but often1 of a dark amber color4 ,a discharge from the nose follows1 also a cough4 ,if the ear is placed back of the fore leg1 a dry crackling sound can be heard something on the order of rubbing hair between the fingers4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in a dry1 well lighted and ventilated stable1 but avoid drafts4 ,give ,pulv4 ,iodide of ,ammonia1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,potassium ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,capsicum1 one ounce2 ,quinine1 one ounce4 ,mix well and make into thirty-two powders4 ,place one powder in gelatin capsule and administer every three or four hours with capsule gun4 ,supply the animal with fresh water at all times4 ,feed laxative food as hot wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats4 ,also feed vegetables1 such as potatoes1 apples1 carrots and kale4 ,it is also advisable to apply the following over the region of the lungs just back of the fore legs3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 six ounces4 ,mix and shake well and apply two or three times daily4 ,it is also advisable to hand rub the legs and bandage them with woolen cloths4 ,if the above treatment is properly carried out1 the animal will make a complete recovery in a week or ten days4 ,,loss ,,of ,,cud ,,cause3 ,this condition cannot always be traced to a definite cause1 as it is a symptom of all diseases where the process of rumination is interfered with4 ,the only method by which a cow will again chew her cud is to restore her back to health by the proper medical treatment4 ,artificial cuds are of no value and frequently are a detriment to the animal4 ,other symptoms aside from those of the animal not chewing cud will always make their appearance1 as constipation1 diarrhoea1 elevation of the temperature1 etc4 ,the animal should be thoroughly examined and the disease treated under its special heading4 ,,mange 7,scabies7 ,,cause3 ,there are four different parasites which produce ,mange or ,scabies in cattle4 ,however1 three of these parasites are rarely seen4 ,the ,symbotis ,communis is the parasite commonly seen in ,american cattle4 ,these parasites multiply very rapidly and are conveyed from diseased animals to healthy ones by their bodies coming in contact with one another and by healthy animals rubbing against fences1 walls1 posts1 etc41 where mangy cattle have previously rubbed4 ,,symptoms3 ,scabs1 loss of hair1 intense itching1 the animals are constantly rubbing or licking themselves4 ,the parts showing the first signs of ,mange are those about the croup1 or the root of the tail1 the neck and withers1 but as the disease progresses and no attempts are offered for its eradication1 it finally spreads and covers the entire body4 ,the scabs become ulcerated1 the animal becomes weakened1 emaciated and eventually dies4 ,,treatment3 ,dipping in wood or concrete vats is the most satisfactory method of treating ,mange4 ,the regular lime and sulphur dip as recommended by the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry is inexpensive and effective4 ,,measly ,,beef ,is produced by a larva of common tapeworm of man4 ,these small tapeworm cysts 7taenia saginata7 are about the size of a pea and found in the flesh of cattle1 which become infected by eating food or drinking water which has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring adult tapeworms4 ,then again1 the person becomes infected by eating raw or rare flesh of cattle infected with the larva stage of ,measly ,beef4 ,great care should be exercised to prevent cattle from becoming infected with this parasite4 ,persons' feces should not be placed where it will infect food or drinking water that is consumed by cattle4 ,,milk ,,fever 7,parturient ,apoplexy7 ,,cause3 ,certain conditions predispose cows to ,milk ,fever1 as being heavy milk producers1 cows having enormous digestive power and being heavily fed on nitrogenous food naturally are in a good condition1 consequently at the time of calving1 or shortly after1 they are likely to develop a case of ,milk ,fever1 ,it is more common during summer months1 although this condition may develop at any time of the year in the type of cow described above4 ,,symptoms3 ,at or a few days after calving1 the cow is noticed hanging back in the stall1 dull1 languid1 with an unsteady movement of the hind legs4 ,if the cow is made to walk1 she steps unsteadily or staggers1 pays no attention to her calf2 she finally becomes so paralyzed that she falls and is unable to rise4 ,the pupils of the eyes are dilated and the membranes reddened or congested with blood4 ,the cow may lie on her breast or flat on her side1 but most likely upon her breast and her head turned in the region of the flank4 ,she apparently is sound asleep4 ,if the eyeball is touched with the fingers she does not close the eye1 nor will she evince any pain when being pricked with a pin on any part of the body4 ,the nose is dry1 the temperature is below normal in most cases4 ,just how the name of this disease started by the name of ,milk ,fever ,i cannot understand4 ,,treatment3 ,when the above signs are noticed1 whether the cow is standing or lying down in a paralyzed condition1 obtain an ordinary bulb injection syringe2 insert a tube in the end from which the air escapes4 ,after washing both syringe and teat tube in a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 milk or strip out all the milk possible from the bag1 then insert the teat tube that is connected to the syringe in each teat1 filling them well with air1 and repeat this treatment every hour until the cow stops staggering1 or if lying down1 stands on her feet4 ,it is necessary to strip the milk from the bag before giving an injection of air4 ,if the cow is lying flat on her side1 prop her up by placing bags of hay or straw against her side1 also make her as comfortable as possible4 ,if lying in the hot sun1 provide shade by placing a canopy over her made from burlap2 if the weather is chilly1 blanket2 if flies annoy her1 use some fly repellant4 ,this disease is satisfactorily treated4 ,where ninety per cent of the cows died at one time1 ninety per cent can be saved by the above treatment4 ,it is a custom with some people to use an ordinary bicycle pump for treatment of ,milk ,fever4 ,this should not be practiced1 as there is great danger of infecting the bag and producing serious complications4 ,,medical ,,or ,,after ,,treatment3 ,never drench a cow4 ,give a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with a capsule gun4 ,also1 give tonics as ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,capsicum1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces4 ,mix and place into eight gelatin capsules4 ,give one capsule every eight hours4 ,this tonic is quite necessary1 as it stimulates their appetite1 braces up their nervous system and prevents any complications that might otherwise follow4 ,,paralysis 7,congestion of the ,brain or ,spinal ,cord7 ,,cause3 ,may be due to a morbid condition of the brain or spinal cord1 concussion of the spinal cord1 fractures of the bones of the spinal column1 or violent shocks or jars of the brain1 or pressure due to fractures of the skull1 or dilated or ruptured blood vessels4 ,paralysis also occurs in poorly fed1 weak cows when exposed to cold or wet weather during the latter stages of pregnancy4 ,sometimes the back portion of the bowels 7the rectum7 becomes paralyzed so as to interfere with the expulsion of the feces which becomes dry and more or less impacted4 ,this condition may also occur in connection with ,ergot1 ,forage or ,lead ,poisoning1 ,milk ,fever or ,parturient ,apoplexy4 ,,symptoms3 ,appear very suddenly4 ,the animal is unable to stand1 lies quietly and groans occasionally4 ,constipation generally accompanies this condition4 ,sometimes great pain is present1 especially if due to fracture or pressure1 as above mentioned4 ,,treatment3 ,if just due to weakness2 exposure to cold1 wet weather2 cows prior to calving2 slight injuries or mild effect of poisons1 it is successfully treated by placing the animal in a comfortable1 well lighted stall1 omitting drafts1 feeding nourishing food1 as warm wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats or barley and linseed meal2 tea to drink prepared as follows3 ,pour one quart of boiling water on one-half pint of ,pure ,flaxseed1 allowing it to cool1 and compel the animal to drink it4 ,repeat this once or twice daily1 especially if the animal is pregnant4 ,a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams2 prepared in capsule and given with a capsule gun is very effective1 but this1 however1 should not be administered to heavily pregnant cows4 ,endeavor to move their bowels by careful feeding of laxative food and rectal injections of soap and water4 ,nerve stimulants are necessary and ,i have derived good results from the following3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every four or six hours4 ,also apply powdered mustard1 moistened with a sufficient quantity of water to make a paste1 and rub over the full length of the spine about eight inches in width4 ,this should be covered with paper which will adhere readily to the mustard and water4 ,this application can be repeated every twenty-four hours until satisfactory results have been obtained4 ,,red ,,water 7,hematuria7 ,,cause3 ,marshy pastures1 water from rich decomposed soil4 ,vegetation also has a tendency to produce it as cattle eating green shoots from oak1 ash1 hellebore1 hazel and other resinous plants1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,bloody urine containing no blood clots4 ,this condition is not noticed as a general rule until the cow loses flesh and the production of milk is considerably decreased4 ,one particular symptom of this disease is the milk being exceptionally foamy and perhaps tinged with blood4 ,if the disease is left to run its course1 the cow will become emaciated and eventually dies4 ,,treatment3 ,find out the cause and remove it if possible4 ,see that the water supply is clean1 feed nitrogenous food1 as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats4 ,do not permit the animal to eat resinous plants as stated above4 ,administer ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun4 ,if the animal is constipated1 give two drams of ,aloin1 three drams of ,ginger4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,retained ,,afterbirth ,,cause3 ,retained afterbirth may follow normal or abnormal calving where there has been more or less inflammation of the womb prior to giving birth1 which causes the afterbirth to adhere firmly to its attachments4 ,cows in poor condition fed on poor food during cold weather are very susceptible to this accident2 also very common in aged cows4 ,,symptoms3 ,very easily detected by portions of the membranes 7afterbirth7 protruding from the ,womb or ,vulva1 which becomes decomposed very shortly and offensive in odor4 ,this accident is very serious when absorption is produced1 ill health1 drying up of the milk in addition to producing inflammation of the womb1 ,whites1 etc4 ,it may produce blood-poisoning and chances are you will lose your animal4 ,,prevention3 ,very important4 ,feed the cow on food that is easily digested and supply her with fresh water to drink that is not too cold4 ,flaxseed ,tea is very beneficial if given a day or so prior to calving and is prepared by pouring a quart of boiling hot water on one-half pint of ,flaxseed1 permitting it to cool of its own accord4 ,then compel the animal to drink it4 ,this appears to have a very good effect on separating the afterbirth from the mushroom-like bodies of the womb to which it is attached4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,the afterbirth should not be pulled away by force1 as it may tear1 leaving small portions unremoved that perhaps would result in ,inflammation of the ,womb or ,whites4 ,to remove the afterbirth insert the hand and carefully detach it from its attachments1 being very careful that the cotyledons are not torn off4 ,after this has been carefully removed1 wash out the womb with ,carbolic ,acid solution about two and one-half per cent4 ,an instrument can be made for this purpose very easily from a clean piece of hose about four feet long and an ordinary funnel4 ,sometimes it is necessary to give physics1 as ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,in addition to the above1 stimulants are also advisable such as powdered ,nux ,vomica1 powdered ,capsicum1 powdered ,ginger1 powdered ,nitrate of ,potash1 equal parts four ounces4 ,make twenty-four capsules and give one capsule three times a day4 ,,rheumatism ,,cause3 ,exposure1 especially when the animal is permitted to lie on cold damp soils or floors4 ,another common cause is an animal exposed to cold drafts after perspiring or weakened after severe physical exercise4 ,,symptoms3 ,stiffness when walking1 variable appetite1 constipation1 hair unthrifty looking4 ,passage of urine is scant and of an amber color1 usually slight elevation in temperature and the animal lies down a great part of the time4 ,there are two forms of rheumatism--muscular and articular4 ,the former affects the muscles of the body1 while the latter affects the joints4 ,there will be swellings that are tender on pressure1 which may shift to different parts of the body4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in warm dry quarters with a sufficient quantity of clean bedding4 ,feed foods that are easily digested1 as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats and vegetables4 ,keep pure1 cold water within the animal's reach at all times4 ,the following prescription has been found very effective in the treatment of this disease3 ,sodium ,salicylate1 six ounces2 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times daily with capsule gun4 ,if the bowels are constipated give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 three drams4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,when the joints or muscles become swollen and inflamed1 the following liniment will be found very effective in reducing the swellings3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 three ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 six ounces4 ,mix and apply by rubbing in well two or three times a day4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of two cows4 ,,ayrshire ,cows ,,lily ,,of ,,willowmoor4 #bb1ajf lbs1 ,milk2 #hhh4gj lbs4 ,fat2 #ajdf lbs4 ,butter1 #d4jb ,fat4 ,,gerranton ,,dora ,,ii4 #ba1jbc lbs4 ,milk2 #hjd4gi lbs4 ,fat2 #idg lbs4 ,butter1 #c4hc ,fat4 ,owned by ,j4 ,w4 ,clise1 ,redmond1 ,wash4 ,,ringworm ,,cause3 ,due to a vegetable parasite4 ,it affects the hair and the outer layer of skin and is highly contagious1 being transmitted from one animal to another4 ,,symptoms3 ,the disease usually appears in the form of circular patches of the skin1 which soon become denude of hair4 ,sometimes a white sticky discharge and the formation of scaly1 brittle crusts on the patches appear1 silvery gray in color4 ,they are generally confined to the head and neck4 ,it is a common disease among young cattle in the ,winter and ,spring4 ,this disease is attended with more or less itching and is communicable to man4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the scabs or crusts with soap and warm water4 ,however1 the surface of the body should be well dried after washing each time4 ,apply ,tincture of ,iodine with a camel-hair brush to the spots denuded of hair4 ,it is quite necessary that the barn and rubbing posts be disinfected by spraying or washing them with a twenty-five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,,round ,,worm ,,cause3 ,an animal swallowing the eggs of the parasite in food or water which has been contaminated with the feces of infected cattle4 ,there are two species1 the large ,roundworm measuring from five to fourteen inches in length1 the other small ,roundworm varying in size from one-quarter of an inch to two inches in length4 ,both the small and large ,roundworms infest the intestines of cattle and calves4 ,these worms1 especially small ,roundworms1 irritate the mucous lining of the intestines1 which may cause severe inflammation4 ,,symptoms3 ,anemia1 appetite variable1 diarrhoea1 general weakness1 dullness and excessive thirst2 also a paleness of the visible membranes of the mouth1 nose and eye4 ,worms frequently pass with the feces and can be readily seen by a close observer4 ,,preventive ,,treatment3 ,see prevention of ,twisted ,stomach ,worm4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours4 ,to calves1 two to eight months old1 give two teaspoonfuls of ,turpentine in a pint of milk2 to yearlings1 give one tablespoonful4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,to cattle one year old and over place one ounce in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,this treatment is to be repeated twice during the intervals of ten days or two weeks1 which insures the expulsion of the eggs of worms that escaped the first treatment4 ,also keep salt where cattle can lick it frequently4 ,,rupture 7,abdominal ,hernia7 ,,cause3 ,this disease occasionally occurs in calves by receiving blows from the cow's horns on the right flank4 ,after such an accident a swelling forms near the last ribs4 ,this swelling may be either hot and painful or soft to the touch4 ,it can be made to disappear by careful pressure when the sides of the rupture through which it has passed can be felt4 ,on removing the pressure the rupture soon regains its swollen appearance4 ,similar conditions may also occur in aged cattle1 usually due to injuries1 such as being kicked by a horse1 etc41 or due to a weakness of the muscles that are ruptured sometimes during difficult birth4 ,,treatment3 ,feed the animal on laxative food and feed sparingly on bulky food such as hay1 straw and grass4 ,round the edges of a block of wood a little smaller1 but the same shape as the rupture4 ,after wrapping with cloth nicely1 place it over the rupture1 then place around the body4 ,this permits the ruptured muscles to grow together1 providing the animal is properly dieted as stated above4 ,sometimes a rupture of long standing or a newly produced rupture may be treated by injecting strong solutions of ,common ,salt around the torn edges of the muscles4 ,this causes swelling and inflammation1 which respectively forces the protruded intestines back and closes the opening4 ,there is some danger attached to this method of treatment1 and if attempted ,i would advise the services of a competent ,veterinarian4 ,,scum ,,over ,,the ,,eye ,,cause3 ,see ,inflammation of the ,eye4 ,,symptoms3 ,the eye has a smoke-colored appearance4 ,,treatment3 ,silver ,nitrate1 two grains1 thoroughly dissolved in one ounce of ,distilled ,water1 ,apply with dropper two or three times a day4 ,feed the animal on food that is easily digested and confine the animal to a cool1 clean1 dark stall4 ,,sore ,,throat 7,laryngitis and ,pharyngitis7 ,,cause3 ,sudden cooling of the surface of the body1 as when cattle are exposed to cold weather or cold rain or the inhaling of irritating gases4 ,,symptoms3 ,the muzzle is dry1 temperature slightly elevated and saliva dribbles from the corners of the mouth4 ,the animal either does not swallow1 or swallows with great difficulty1 and holds its head in a stiff1 straight position1 moving it as little as possible4 ,the eyelids are half-closed and bloodshot1 and the animal occasionally grinds the teeth4 ,after masticating the food the animal drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the pain of swallowing1 and also evinces great pain when pressure is applied from the outside4 ,in acute attacks of sore throat1 the animal coughs with great difficulty and breathes very noisily4 ,the nostrils are dilated and nose extended4 ,,treatment3 ,place the animal in as comfortable a place as possible1 permitting as much fresh air as possible1 but avoiding drafts4 ,blanket the animal if the weather is chilly1 also hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths4 ,administer ,chlorate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,molasses1 eight ounces4 ,mix well and place one tablespoonful on the tongue every three or four hours4 ,feed soft food1 as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats1 or boiled vegetables4 ,give drinking water with the chill taken off4 ,it is always necessary to apply liniments to the throat1 and ,i would advise the application of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces1 and ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces4 ,apply and rub in well two or three times a day4 ,,stringy ,,milk ,,cause3 ,cows wading or standing in stagnant pools of water4 ,frequently stringy milk results from fungi entering the udder4 ,this takes on an infectious form1 and several cows may become affected at one time4 ,,symptoms3 ,although the milk appears perfectly normal when first milked1 it becomes stringy after being let stand for a few hours4 ,if a needle is inserted in the milk and slowly withdrawn1 the milk will adhere to the point and have a stringy appearance4 ,if the cow is examined carefully1 the temperature will be found to be elevated a degree or two1 the appetite poor and the nose dry4 ,,treatment3 ,feed laxative food and see that they have fresh water to drink4 ,also1 place two drams of ,soda ,bisulphite once or twice a day in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,do not permit the cow to come in contact with stagnant pools of water that carry this infection4 ,perhaps the best plan is to fence out all such stagnant pools of water4 ,,suppression ,,of ,,milk 7,absence of ,milk7 ,,cause3 ,unusually due to poor health1 debility1 emaciated1 chronic diseases of the bag1 or wasting of its glands from various diseases or impure food4 ,sometimes this condition is produced without any apparent cause4 ,,treatment3 ,determine the cause1 if possible1 and remove it4 ,feed warm wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats or barley4 ,administer ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 one-half ounce1 two or three times a day4 ,this has a very good effect in this particular condition4 ,also rub the bag and strip the teats often1 and apply ,oil of ,lavender4 ,the majority of cases respond to this treatment if not due to chronic disease of the bag4 ,,tapeworm ,,cause3 ,small portions of tapeworms1 consisting of one or more segments1 are occasionally seen in the droppings of infected cattle4 ,the infection is undoubtedly taken in with the food or water1 infection being spread by the eggs of the parasite1 and being expelled with the feces of an infected animal4 ,the eggs being swallowed by insects1 worms or snails1 which act as an intermediate host1 and which when swallowed accidentally by cattle while grazing or drinking carry with them into the animal's stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm4 ,aged cattle do not seem to suffer much from tapeworms1 but in calves these parasites cause scours and rapid emaciation4 ,,symptoms3 ,emaciation1 diarrhoea1 loss of flesh1 ravenous appetite1 paleness of the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes1 and the segments of the tapeworms can occasionally be seen in the droppings4 ,,treatment3 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours1 and to calves from two to eight months old give two teaspoonfuls of gasoline in a pint of milk4 ,to yearlings1 place one tablespoonful in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,to cattle one year and over1 place one ounce in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,repeat this treatment two or three times during intervals of a week or two4 ,,texas ,,fever ,,cause3 ,due to a micro organism 7,piropalasna ,bigenium7 which imbeds itself in the red blood corpuscles4 ,this disease is transmitted or scattered by means of a tick which drops from the affected animal4 ,the disease has various names1 according to the locality in which it appears4 ,among them are3 ,spanish ,fever1 ,red ,water1 ,black ,water1 ,red ,murrian1 ,australian ,cattle ,tick ,fever1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,loss of appetite4 ,the animal ceases to ruminate1 or does not chew the cud1 and every sign of unthriftiness is displayed2 a high temperature1 and when the animal is standing the back is arched1 but the animal1 however1 prefers to lie down most of the time and shows desire for solitude4 ,the urine is very dark in color1 hence the name ,red or ,black ,water4 ,the disease is usually fatal1 the animal dies within a few weeks4 ,,treatment3 ,my advice is1 when this disease once develops1 or an animal shows any of the particular signs that ,i have mentioned1 secure the services of a competent veterinarian1 who will immunize by the use of serums1 disinfectants1 etc4 ,,ticks ,ticks are very difficult to kill1 on account of their protected location1 as ear ticks are not affected by dipping1 and remedies strong enough for this purpose are liable to injure the animal1 but these parasites may be expelled by pouring into the ear ,carbolated ,sweet or ,cottonseed ,oil with favorable results4 ,,tuberculosis ,,cause3 ,the bacilli of ,tuberculosis thrive in animals1 especially those in a weakened condition1 or when exposed to atmospheric changes1 unwholesome food1 dark and poorly ventilated stables4 ,they gain entrance into the body through the lungs or the intestinal canal4 ,they lodge in various portions of the lungs or intestines1 and multiply very rapidly1 causing irritations and formations1 nodules1 cysts or abscesses4 ,they are the means of the bacillus entering the blood1 which carries the infection to other parts of the body1 as the spleen1 liver1 udder1 womb1 etc4 ,cows affected with generalized tuberculosis1 that is to say1 the infection is confined to not only a small portion of the lungs1 but also to any of the above mentioned organs1 etc41 may give birth to a calf having general tuberculosis at birth1 or shortly after1 due to the cow's blood circulating through the body of the calf before birth4 ,,symptoms3 ,this disease may pass a casual observer unnoticed1 although in some instances we notice a slight cough1 unthriftiness1 dullness4 ,the coughing is best marked after taking a drink of water in the morning and then being exercised4 ,some animals keep up in good condition and look perfectly healthy while some get emaciated1 have constipation1 variable appetite1 and sometimes growths or abscesses can be felt or seen in the udder or glands of the body and neck4 ,however1 cattle showing any weakness1 or the above symptoms1 should be tested for tuberculosis by a competent veterinarian who has had the privileges of a veterinary education and experience in the administration of tuberculin4 ,,treatment3 ,it is not advisable to treat tuberculosis4 ,thus far1 medicine has failed to relieve the affected animal1 or kill the bacillus of tuberculosis in a living animal4 ,the infected animals should be disposed of on account of tubercular cows giving birth to tubercular calves1 the milk being unfit for human consumption1 unless it is thoroughly pasteurized4 ,infected cattle should be separated from healthy ones1 as the disease spreads very rapidly4 ,drinking and feeding troughs are a means of spreading the infection1 therefore1 suspected cases of tuberculosis should be tested and if the animals react1 they should be slaughtered1 and if the disease is localized1 passed for human consumption4 ,the meat of animals suspected of having tuberculosis1 or reacting from tuberculin test1 should be well cooked4 ,,twisted ,,stomach ,,worm ,,cause3 ,cattle become affected with this worm by grazing in pastures in which infested cattle have grazed and scattered their droppings4 ,the worms in the stomach produce a multitude of eggs of microscopic size1 which pass out of the body with the feces4 ,in warm weather1 these eggs hatch in a few hours2 if the temperature remains about freezing point1 they soon die4 ,the eggs are also destroyed1 by dryness1 but1 on the other hand1 moisture1 if the weather is warm1 favors their development4 ,the twisted worm measures one-half inch to one and one-half inches in length4 ,,symptoms3 ,general weakness1 loss of flesh1 anemia1 dullness1 capricious appetite1 excessive thirst1 paleness of the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes1 and dropsical swelling1 especially that of the lower jaw4 ,diarrhoea always accompanies this condition and if the feces is carefully examined the small worms may be seen wriggling about like little snakes1 or when an animal dies2 and the fourth stomach is opened1 these worms can be seen in large quantities4 ,,treatment3 ,preventive measures are important1 as damp1 marshy soil favors the development of the embryos4 ,high sloping ground is preferable for pasture4 ,if low ground is used it should be properly drained2 burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young worms on the grass and on the ground4 ,cattle should be supplied with water from flowing streams or wells and not stagnant ponds4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,withhold all food for twenty-four hours2 then administer ,oil of ,turpentine1 placing it in an ounce capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,follow in six hours with a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ginger1 two drams4 ,place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,when this worm develops in calves1 give as follows3 ,one dram of ,turpentine to a calf three months old1 four drams to a calf six months old1 six drams to a yearling4 ,to cattle two years and over1 give equivalent dose1 or an ounce4 ,the physic should be reduced in the same proportions as that of ,turpentine4 ,,verminous ,,bronchitis 7,lung ,worms7 ,,cause3 ,due to worm or parasite called ,strongylus ,micrurus1 a small thread-like worm two to four inches in length1 found in the bronchial tubes1 a portion of the lungs4 ,the life history of this parasite is not known1 but infection is apparently derived through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have grazed4 ,young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals1 especially common in low marshy pastures4 ,,symptoms3 ,this form of bronchitis usually affects the entire herd2 the animals become poor1 unthrifty1 hacking1 coughing1 especially at night1 and sometimes animals actually cough up worms4 ,,treatment3 ,various treatments have been recommended for ,verminous ,bronchitis1 or ,lung ,worm1 as injecting ,turpentine into the windpipe or fumigating animals by placing them in a closed shed or barn and burning sulphur1 compelling the affected animals to inhale the fumes4 ,this treatment perhaps is the safest and the most effective4 ,a person should remain in the enclosed shed and when the fumes become so strong that there is danger of suffocation1 open the doors and windows4 ,this treatment should be repeated every week until coughing ceases4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of cow4 ,,holstein ,,cow ,,finderne ,,pride ,,johana ,,rue #abajhc4 #bh1djc4g lbs4 ,milk2 #a1agf4dg lbs4 ,butter ,fat4 ,somerset ,holstein ,breeders ,co41 ,somerville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,world's ,record ,cow4 ,,warbles ,,or ,,grubs ,,cause3 ,by the heel-fly or warble-fly4 ,they deposit their eggs on the legs of cattle during the fall4 ,the animal1 licking the parts1 takes the eggs into its mouth4 ,these eggs gradually migrate into the gullet1 where they hatch and burrow through the tissues1 and in the early spring will be found in the region of the back in the form of small lumps under the skin4 ,,symptoms3 ,warbles are frequently seen under the skin in the region of the back and over the loins1 and are very tender to the touch4 ,when they are fully developed they work their way through the skin1 which usually occurs in the early part of the summer4 ,examine your cattle in the winter and spring for the presence of grubs4 ,they can be easily found by running the hand over the loins1 by abrupt swellings or bunches on the skin4 ,pressure on the swellings will perhaps cause the grubs to pop out4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the grubs by making a small incision with a clean1 sharp knife in the center of the swelling4 ,then press them out and into each cavity from which the grub has been extracted1 or squeezed out1 should be injected a five per cent solution of ,carbolized ,sweet ,oil to prevent any further development of flies or grubs4 ,cattle sprayed with fly repellants during the spring and summer are very seldom bothered with warbles or grubs4 ,however1 this is not practical in range cattle2 dipping instead should be resorted to1 and it is surprising what results will be derived from fly repellants in a year or two4 ,they will practically exterminate the pest1 and consequently the cattle are thrifty and look much better4 ,,warts ,,cause3 ,warts may appear on various parts of the body1 and are due to an abnormal growth of cells growing upon the outer surface of healthy skin1 or they may grow upon skin that is deprived of the proper blood supply4 ,,treatment3 ,if the wart is located where there is hair surrounding it1 cut away the hair1 then wash the wart and surrounding parts with a five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid and clip the wart off with a sharp pair of scissors or knife4 ,after the wart is removed1 cauterize the cut surface with a hot iron4 ,caustic ,potash or ,silver ,nitrate should be applied two or three times at the intervals of two or three days to insure the entire extermination of the wart4 ,this same treatment applies to all classes of warts located in various places4 ,,whites 7,leucorrhea7 ,,cause3 ,continual chronic inflammation of the womb1 or due to irritations from a retained afterbirth4 ,injuries or wounds inflicted by hands or instruments in difficult calving1 diseases of the ovaries1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,a glarish1 white discharge from the womb4 ,when cow is lying down it flows more abundantly1 soiling the tail1 etc4 ,the general health may not be much affected at first1 but if the discharge continues and is putrid1 the health fails1 the milk shrinks1 and there is a great loss of flesh4 ,in some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural1 but the animal rarely conceives when served1 and if she does1 is likely to abort4 ,,treatment3 ,feed nitrogenous food4 ,wash the womb out with a solution consisting of five grains of ,permanganate of ,potash to one quart of water4 ,this should be repeated once or twice a day4 ,if the animal is constipated1 give two drams of ,aloin1 three drams of ,ginger4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,also place ,potassium ,iodide one dram1 ,hyposulphite of ,soda one ounce in the drinking water two or three times a day4 ,this not only diminishes the discharge1 but has a good effect on the blood1 particularly where there is more or less decomposition of the flesh4 ,,wolf ,,in ,,the ,,tail ,this condition is imaginary1 although the muscles of the tail relax or soften1 especially those of its extremity1 due to ill health2 consequently the condition of the cow should be treated1 and not the tail4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause4 ,perhaps the animal has indigestion1 or a cold1 etc4 ,determine the malady by careful examination and treat the disease under its special heading4 ,it has been a custom among the so-called cow doctors to split the tail with a sharp knife1 then fill the wound with salt and pepper and bandage with a cloth4 ,this is a fallacy1 and should not be tolerated4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,swine ,causes1 ,symptoms and ,treatments ,illustration3 ,photograph of pig with numbers referring to the parts named below4 ,location of ,parts of ,swine #a4 ,mouth #b4 ,nostrils #c4 ,face #d4 ,eyes #e4 ,ears #f4 ,jaws #g4 ,jowl #h4 ,neck #i4 ,shoulder #aj4 ,fore flanks #aa4 ,chest ,floor #ab4 ,pasterns #ac4 ,dew ,claw #ad4 ,sheath #ae4 ,belly #af4 ,side or ribs #ag4 ,heart girth #ai4 ,loin #bj4 ,rump #ba4 ,coupling #bb4 ,rear flanks #bc4 ,tail #bd4 ,thighs #be4 ,hocks ,,chapter ,,iii ,,hog ,,regulator ,,and ,,tonic ,nux ,vomica1 one pound2 ,hardwood ,charcoal1 two pounds2 ,sulphur1 two pounds2 ,common ,salt1 three pounds2 ,sulphide of ,antimony1 one and one-half pounds2 ,glauber ,salts1 two pounds2 ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 four pounds2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 four pounds2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 one pound2 ,quassia1 one-half pound2 ,gentian ,root1 one pound2 ,iron ,sulphate1 one pound2 pulverize and mix well4 ,to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight1 give one tablespoonful in feed or swill once or twice daily4 ,for hogs weighing two hundred pounds1 the dose would be two tablespoonfuls2 for a hog weighing fifty pounds1 one-half tablespoonful4 ,hogs1 like other animals1 require tonics1 bowel regulators and worm expellers4 ,for these purposes1 ,i have prescribed under a number of the diseases of hogs1 which ,i cover in this chapter1 the above general tonic and regulator which ,i have used in my personal practice with marked success1 especially serving the purpose of aiding hogs in their convalescence from debilitating diseases and in their recovery from a general run-down condition4 ,aside from its general tonic and regulative effect1 this prescription contains nerve tonics1 intestinal antiseptics1 laxatives1 worm expellers1 and aids digestion1 etc4 ,if regularly given to hogs1 and sanitary conditions are maintained1 this tonic and regulator will largely fortify them against contagious diseases4 ,,abortion ,,cause3 ,sows may abort at any state of pregnancy by slipping1 falling1 receiving kicks1 or by being caught while crawling through or under fences4 ,sows may also abort when allowed to crawl into quarters where there are other hogs4 ,contagious diseases1 such as ,cholera and ,pleuropneumonia also produce abortion4 ,there is also a contagious form of abortion in sows1 but this is very uncommon1 as the disease spreads very slowly4 ,,symptoms3 ,there is no warning given1 as a rule2 the sows expel their pigs before any signs of abortion are noticed4 ,in other cases the sows refuse to eat1 become uneasy1 shivering and trembling of the muscles1 and straining or labor pains are noticed4 ,as a rule1 when a sow aborts1 she will not prepare a bed1 as she would normally4 ,,treatment3 ,preventive is the only safe and sure treatment1 although when the first sign of abortion appears1 and there are no signs of the membranes coming away1 remove the sow to quiet1 warm1 clean quarters by herself1 and if straining1 give one dram of ,chloral-,hydrate in her drinking water every two or three hours4 ,when a sow aborts1 burn the pigs and afterbirth1 and disinfect the pens with a ,coal ,tar disinfectant4 ,keep this up for several days1 and do not breed until all discharges from the vagina have ceased flowing4 ,,administration ,,of ,,medicine ,,to ,,hogs ,to administer medicine to hogs may seem easy1 but1 nevertheless1 it is a difficult task4 ,never lay a hog on his back to drench him1 as in so doing there is great danger of strangling4 ,the proper method is to stand or set him on end1 holding him up by the ears1 and by the use of a bottle with a piece of hose drawn over its neck1 give the medicine very slowly1 so as not to allow a large quantity to accumulate in the mouth or throat at one time4 ,there is always danger of some of the liquid escaping into the lungs and causing the hog to strangle1 and thus it may produce pneumonia4 ,however1 this is the best method of giving hogs medicine by force4 ,hogs will generally take medicine in their feed or drinking water1 unless they are very sick1 or the medicine is extremely disagreeable to the taste4 ,,bag ,,inflammation ,,cause3 ,injuries1 obstructed teats1 accumulation of milk in the sow's bag after the loss of part of or all of her litter4 ,difficult birth1 slight wounds in the bag permit invasion of germs1 which is frequently the common cause of bag inflammation4 ,,symptoms3 ,heat1 pain and swelling in one or more teats4 ,the general body temperature is elevated one or two degrees above normal4 ,the sow perhaps refuses her feed1 although she will drink water in large quantities4 ,,treatment3 ,feed soft1 sloppy food and vegetables4 ,give ,epsom ,salts1 two to four ounces1 in milk or feed4 ,it is also well to milk the sow by hand1 relieving her of the milk three or four times a day4 ,this is very necessary4 ,camphorated ,oil is very soothing1 and ,i would recommend its use freely only over affected teats4 ,,black ,,tooth ,,cause3 ,black ,tooth1 so called in swine1 is principally due to injuries to the teeth received by chewing hard matter1 such as bone1 etc41 which causes them to decay4 ,,symptoms3 ,toothache4 ,toothache in swine is similar to that exhibited by man1 in showing loss of appetite1 salivation1 or slobbering1 hanging the head mostly to the side which is affected1 loss of fear of man1 and offensive breath4 ,if the hogs are fed on strongly acid food for any length of time1 their teeth may become dark colored4 ,as the teeth are not materially injured2 so long as decayed tooth substance cannot be noticed1 and while the appetite and chewing facilities of the hog do not appear to be diminished1 no interference will be necessary4 ,it is customary with some people to examine the teeth of hogs1 and if one tooth is found darker colored than the others1 it is supposed to be the cause of the hog not doing well1 if he is in a poor condition1 and the tooth is hammered off flush with the jaw1 leaving the broken roots1 lacerated gums and nerves to increase the hog's suffering4 ,if the hog recovers1 it is often concluded that this was a case of ,black ,tooth4 ,my advice is1 if you are determined to have the tooth out1 extract it properly4 ,do not break it off4 ,when your hogs are not thriving1 give them the regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,,blood ,,poisoning 7,pyemia ,septicemia7 ,,cause3 ,due to the toxic substance produced by germs that invade wounds1 bruises1 abscesses1 or womb following farrowing1 if lacerated4 ,,symptoms3 ,the seat of injury becomes swollen1 pus may adhere to the hair1 temperature elevated1 appetite poor1 hog moves about very slowly1 becomes separated from the rest of the drove1 lies around in some cool1 quiet place1 eventually becomes very weak and poor and dies1 if good attention is not given4 ,,treatment3 ,separate from the other hogs and remove to a clean1 comfortable place and wash the seat of injury with some good disinfectant1 as a five per cent ,carbolic ,acid solution4 ,in case of abscess1 open it low so as to assure good drainage4 ,keep clean1 cool water before your hogs at all times4 ,give mashes made from wheat bran and hot water1 or any good1 substantial food that is easily digested containing regulator and tonic prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,,bronchitis ,,cause3 ,lung worms1 poorly ventilated sleeping quarters1 sleeping in straw stacks1 in manure heaps1 overheated1 filthy pens1 where the animals inhale irritating gases given off the bodies of other hogs1 and from filth4 ,smoke and dust are very common producers of bronchitis4 ,,symptoms3 ,breathing fast1 appetite poor1 slight rise in temperature and coughing4 ,the hog is dull and stupid1 refuses food1 but drinks water frequently4 ,,treatment3 ,preventive2 avoid the above named causes1 but when hogs become affected1 move them to clean1 well ventilated quarters1 avoiding dust and gases1 disinfect bedding and floors with some good disinfectant1 as ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 sprayed4 ,also give large doses of the hog regulator and tonic1 as prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,feed vegetables1 or any easily digested food1 and hot wheat bran mashes4 ,in case the disease is due to lung worms1 confine the animals in a closed shed and permit them to inhale the steam from ,turpentine and water for a few minutes1 by placing water and ,turpentine in a tin receptacle holding about two gallons1 and inserting heated bricks or stones into the solution4 ,,castration ,this is generally understood by every stockraiser1 yet there are some points many do not know4 ,for instance1 you should use in this operation an antiseptic solution1 as ,carbolic ,acid or ,bichloride of ,mercury4 ,wash thoroughly with antiseptic yours hands and knife1 also the seat of operation and make your incision as low as possible to permit the pus to drain out nicely4 ,if this is not practiced1 the pus will become absorbed into the blood1 producing blood poison1 which may produce death1 or at the best will cause the hog to become stunted1 whereas1 if the operation is performed properly1 the hog will thrive1 regardless of the shock from the operation4 ,i may add that it is much better to castrate pigs or hogs when their stomach and intestines are empty1 and it is always good practice to feed laxative and easily digested foods sparingly after this operation4 ,,choking ,,cause3 ,vegetables1 such as potatoes1 etc41 roots1 as carrots1 turnips and sometimes pieces of bone or glass1 lodge in the gullet4 ,paralysis of the muscular fibres of the gullet is a very common cause of choking in swine4 ,,symptoms3 ,the hog is unable to swallow1 producing frothing at the mouth and1 if the obstruction cannot be dislodged1 death occurs in a very short time4 ,sometimes the obstruction in the gullet may be felt from the outside with the hand4 ,,treatment3 ,the administration of small doses of ,raw ,linseed or ,olive ,oil1 or ,lard1 will assist in dislodging the obstruction4 ,also careful manipulation of the gullet from the outside with the hand assists in either forcing it into the stomach or bringing it out through hog's mouth4 ,if vomiting can be produced1 it will dislodge the obstruction4 ,if immediate results are not obtained from the above treatments1 ,i would recommend butchering the hog for meat immediately4 ,,cold ,,in ,,the ,,head 7,nasal ,catarrh7 ,,cause3 ,exposure to cold2 a very common condition in cold1 wet weather when hogs are allowed to sleep in manure heaps1 straw stacks1 or pile up together1 when they become overheated and later chill4 ,nasal ,catarrh may also be due to inhaling dust or irritating gases4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal is stupid and feverish1 coughing and sneezing frequently2 appetite is poor1 eyes watery and inflamed2 a discharge of mucus from the nose will terminate in yellow pus and the nose1 if examined1 is found to be inflamed and ulcerated4 ,,treatment3 ,the best and safest treatment is to provide clean sleeping quarters1 avoid overcrowding in dusty1 dirty sheds1 especially during cold weather4 ,pigs affected with cold in the head should be fed on laxative food1 such as boiled carrots1 potatoes1 apples1 hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,confine the affected hogs to a shed1 close windows and doors and any large cracks2 then compel them to inhale steam from the following mixture3 ,turpentine1 eight ounces2 ,pine ,tar1 one pint2 ,water1 two gallons4 ,place in tin receptacle in center of shed and heat the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixture occasionally4 ,compel the hogs to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes twice a day4 ,give ,chlorate of ,potash in twenty grain doses three times a day in feed or drinking water4 ,this treatment is very successful if the inflammation has not extended to the lungs4 ,,diarrhoea ,,in ,,young ,,pigs 7,scours7 ,,cause3 ,decomposed foods1 slops1 etc41 fed to the mothers1 causing them to give toxic milk4 ,poorly ventilated1 filthy1 cold and damp pens1 insufficient exercise1 lack of sunlight1 raising pigs by hand or with other sow4 ,,symptoms3 ,frequent movement of the bowels1 the passage being of a grayish-white color and the odor very disagreeable4 ,at this stage of the disease1 reliable remedies must be given or the pig will die very soon4 ,the discharge from the bowels becomes very thin1 the tail and legs become soiled1 loss of appetite1 the pigs become weak and dull1 hair rough and it is difficult for them to move about4 ,in very young pigs1 treatment is of little value4 ,,treatment3 ,as ,scours in pigs is a disease frequently caused by faulty food and insanitary surroundings1 a preventive treatment is of great importance1 and much better results are thus obtained than by the use of medical agents4 ,medical treatment consists in first cleaning away the irritant present in the bowels4 ,for this purpose give one to two tablespoonfuls of ,castor ,oil4 ,at the time of farrowing all sows should receive a light diet and be kept in clean1 dry quarters4 ,the pigs should be allowed pure air1 sunshine and exercise4 ,if the sow appears hot and feverish1 give one to three ounces of ,castor ,oil in milk or swill4 ,avoid feeding decomposed1 moldy food1 or sour milk4 ,to check the diarrhoea in pigs1 use the following after the irritant is removed or cleaned out as above stated3 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 thirty grains2 ,protan1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 two ounces4 ,make into sixty capsules or powders and give one1 three or four times a day4 ,the sow should receive a dose about eight times the size of that of the pigs4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of three pigs4 ,,chester ,,whites4 ,owned by ,c4 ,a4 ,slepieka1 ,tobias1 ,nebr4 ,,hog ,,cholera ,,cause3 ,by the ,bacillus ,sius2 contaminated food1 stagnant water1 filth1 etc41 all have a tendency to aid its progress4 ,i have seen farms1 although located in sections where ,cholera was prevalent1 not in the least troubled with the malady1 perhaps due to careful feeding of clean foods1 care in watering1 cleanliness about the pens and sheds and disinfecting occasionally1 but no doubt a better explanation is that those hogs received tonics1 containing worm expellers1 at least four times a year4 ,many a case of supposed ,hog ,cholera is due to worms irritating and producing inflammation of the intestines1 followed by diarrhoea4 ,a person not familiar with the disease calls this hog cholera4 ,in other cases1 hogs which are fed swills from restaurants1 hotels1 etc41 containing soap1 washing powders1 small particles of glass1 etc41 will die with symptoms leading a person to think they had ,hog ,cholera1 but if a thorough investigation is made the true cause of death can easily be discovered4 ,,symptoms3 ,in true ,hog ,cholera1 the temperature will be elevated two to four degrees above normal4 ,there will be a loss of appetite1 vomiting1 diarrhoea1 although there may be constipation when the hog is first affected4 ,the hog wanders off by itself to some cool1 quiet place and lies down4 ,when it walks it will stagger and show great stiffness in its hind parts1 due to soreness of the intestines4 ,the hair will have a roughened appearance1 the back arched1 the eyes inflamed and discharging pus1 red blotches will show themselves back of the ears1 inside the legs and on the abdomen4 ,at this stage the diarrhoea is watery1 dark and tinged with blood1 and very offensive in odor1 breath is very fast and labored4 ,the hog grows very weak and dies4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention must always be borne in mind4 ,do not feed filthy food4 ,always feed good1 wholesome food1 and give clean water to drink4 ,watch the condition of hog's bowels and regulate them by feeding4 ,burn manure and bedding and disinfect carefully4 ,do not permit your hogs to drink out of running streams of water1 especially if ,hog ,cholera is in your neighborhood4 ,when buying hogs1 it is well to keep them off by themselves for two or three weeks1 as they may be diseased4 ,do not permit neighbors1 their stock or dogs on your premises when ,hog ,cholera is raging1 as the infection of ,hog ,cholera can be spread very rapidly by matter from the affected hogs adhering to the shoes of man1 to the feet of stock and dogs1 etc4 ,i am positive that if this method were properly practiced by all hog raisers and feeders1 ,hog ,cholera would be a very rare disease4 ,,serum ,,treatment3 ,this is successful in some cases1 and in others unsuccessful4 ,the latter perhaps is due to poor serums1 or the disease being so far advanced in its progress that the hogs are beyond recovery4 ,serum treatment is very expensive and1 as it requires a strictly septic operation of injecting the serum1 the average hog raiser or grower is not qualified to administer the treatment properly4 ,an additional and necessary expense is the services of a ,veterinary ,surgeon4 ,therefore1 ,i strongly urge adoption of preventive measures as stated4 ,use some good disinfectant1 such as ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 which destroys the ,bacillus of ,hog ,cholera4 ,also administer hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,this will expel worms1 tone the system1 regulate the bowels and fortify your hogs against ,hog ,cholera4 ,,indigestion ,,cause3 ,worms are perhaps one of the most common causes4 ,unwholesome1 irritating food or swill containing soap or washing powder have a tendency to derange the process of digestion4 ,,symptoms3 ,abdominal pain1 vomiting1 back arched1 breathing rapid and temperature elevated from two to three degrees4 ,there may be diarrhoea or the animal may be constipated4 ,vomiting1 as a rule1 relieves acute attacks by expelling the irritant from the bowels4 ,when it takes a chronic form1 the hogs become stunted4 ,,treatment3 ,endeavor to find out the cause and remove it4 ,if constipated1 give ,calomel1 fifteen to twenty grains1 or1 if diarrhoea appears1 give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,feed with hot wheat bran mashes4 ,this will expel all worms and aid digestion4 ,,jaundice 7,yellows7 ,,cause3 ,liver flukes1 intestinal worms1 gall stones1 lack of exercise1 overfeeding1 or a stoppage of the bile duct4 ,,symptoms3 ,the white portions of the eyes take on a yellow color1 as do the membranes of the mouth1 back arched1 hair looks rough1 vomiting1 temperature elevated1 constipation1 although diarrhoea is sometimes noticed4 ,the urine is passed frequently1 and is of a dark amber color4 ,,treatment3 ,this disease requires careful feeding and plenty of exercise4 ,give ,calomel1 ten to twenty grains1 then follow with large doses of regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it is important in this disease1 especially if due to worms4 ,feed clean swill and vegetables4 ,give hogs all the pure water they will drink4 ,,kidney ,,congestion ,,cause3 ,hogs are subject to various injuries about the kidneys1 due to a large number of hogs piling up1 exposure to cold1 wet rains1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,small quantities of dark colored urine are passed frequently1 appetite poor1 no energy to move about4 ,hogs lie around a great deal2 at times they may be paralyzed and drag their hind quarters4 ,,treatment3 ,apply cloths or blankets wrung out of hot water over the loin2 also give ,potassium ,acetate in twenty grain doses four or five times a day in drinking water4 ,feed soft1 sloppy food1 containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,it contains nerve stimulants1 just what is required in paralysis4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of pig4 ,,grand ,,champion ,,duroc ,,boar4 ,economy ,stock ,farm1 ,shenandoah1 ,iowa4 ,,kidney ,,worm ,,cause3 ,damp1 filthy surroundings seem to favor the growth of embryos of this worm4 ,they are taken into the digestive canal with the food and eventually pass to the region of the kidneys1 where they find conditions favorable in which to multiply4 ,,symptoms3 ,may produce paralysis of the hind quarters1 in which case the animal would not exhibit such marked tenderness on being pressed over the loins with the fingers as it would if the weakness of the hind quarters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism of the loins4 ,occasionally hogs may suffer from the presence of one or more worms in the kidneys2 but the ailment is rarely fatal1 becoming so only after a long time of suffering resulting in a degeneration of one or both kidneys4 ,it is almost impossible to diagnose the presence of worms in the kidneys of hogs1 except by chance through a microscopic examination of the urine4 ,if worms are found in the kidneys of a hog that has died or been slaughtered for food it may then be reasonably supposed that other hogs of the same herd not acting normal are infected with worms of the same species4 ,,treatment3 ,teaspoonful doses of ,turpentine in milk three times a week is the only treatment ,i could recommend4 ,preventive measures is the only practical method of treating a disease of this nature4 ,give your hogs pure water and food4 ,disinfect pens occasionally and keep them clean4 ,,lice ,,on ,,hogs ,dip1 spray or scrub your hogs with some good ,coal ,tar disinfectant1 but whatever remedy is used it should be applied more than once which1 of course1 causes considerable work where there is a large number of hogs infested1 unless dipped1 which is more quickly done4 ,the reason for repeated applications being necessary is that although the lice which hogs pick up from the ground1 bedding and rubbing places1 may be killed by first application1 it often does not affect the nits1 which remain intact and hatch within a week or ten days4 ,a new crop of ,lice appears on the hog from this source4 ,remove all manure and bedding from pens and sheds and burn it4 ,disinfect floors and spray sides of shed1 pens and rubbing places with disinfectants1 one part to seventy-two parts of water1 once a month and you will be handsomely repaid for your labor4 ,,lung ,,fever 7,inflammation of the ,lungs7 ,,cause3 ,sudden changes1 exposure to storms1 piling up of hogs during cold nights1 or sleeping in manure heaps1 old straw stacks1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,pig or hog is taken with shivering spells1 is stupid1 his back is arched1 loss of appetite1 temperature elevated two to four degrees above normal1 short hurried breathing1 generally accompanied with cough1 which is deep and hoarse4 ,as a rule the hog is constipated4 ,,treatment3 ,place in good1 clean1 warm1 well ventilated quarters1 free from drafts4 ,keep water before them at all times1 adding ,saltpeter1 one teaspoonful to every gallon of water4 ,if constipated1 do not give physics2 give injections of soap and warm water2 also administer about one-half teaspoonful of ,pine ,tar on the tongue with a wooden paddle4 ,this adheres to the tongue and gradually dissolves and gives excellent results1 as it is very soothing to the organs of breathing4 ,during the convalescent stage1 give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,lung ,,worms ,,cause3 ,by threadlike worms varying in length from one-half to one and one-half inches and of a brownish-white color4 ,they are found in the windpipe and tubes leading into the lungs4 ,the adult worms in the lungs produce large quantities of eggs1 which are coughed up with mucus and become scattered over premises where other hogs are permitted to walk4 ,the hogs inhale the dust containing the eggs into their lungs1 where the eggs find moisture sufficient for their development4 ,,symptoms3 ,severe coughing spells4 ,large quantities of mucus will escape from the nose and mouth4 ,the hog becomes stunted1 although he may eat fairly well1 but if not relieved1 the worms collect in the ,bronchi and produce sudden death due to suffocation4 ,the worms may set up an inflammation of the lining membranes of the lungs1 which is sometimes taken for ,swine ,plague1 or ,cholera4 ,this disease is not uncommon1 especially in old1 filthy1 poorly drained hog houses and pastures4 ,,treatment3 ,confine the affected hogs to a shed2 close the windows and doors and any large cracks1 then compel the hogs to inhale steam from the following mixture3 ,turpentine1 eight ounces2 ,pine ,tar1 one pint2 ,water1 two gallons4 ,place in tin receptacle in center of the shed and heat the above solution by adding hot bricks or stones to the mixture occasionally4 ,compel them to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes twice a day4 ,feed wholesome food to which add hog tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,a strong1 vigorous hog may have worms1 but it retains its vitality so long as it is well fed4 ,,mange ,,cause3 ,by the ,sarcoptes ,scabei4 ,this parasite burrows under the outer surface of the skin4 ,,symptoms3 ,the parasite usually manifests itself on the skin under the armpits1 thighs and inside of the fore legs4 ,at first small red blotches or pimples appear1 and these gradually spread as the parasites multiply and burrow under the skin4 ,,treatment3 ,there is no other way of curing this disease1 or of preventing it1 than by killing the parasites and their eggs2 not only on the pigs themselves1 but also on the sides of the pens1 sheds1 rubbing-posts1 or anything that an affected hog rubs against4 ,when treating this disease1 the real aim must be to kill the parasite by the prompt and continuous use of external remedies1 such as washing or dipping1 which is better done with some good disinfectant1 one part to seventy parts water4 ,repeat this every ten days until cured4 ,two dippings are generally sufficient4 ,it is well to feed cooling foods1 such as clean slops and vegetables1 containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,navel ,,rupture 7,navel or ,umbilical7 ,,cause3 ,injuries4 ,pigs crowding through narrow doorways or openings in fences1 small pigs sleeping with large pigs1 and allowed to pile up1 or being thrown about feed troughs when feeding4 ,weakness and constipation also predisposes them to ,navel or ,umbilical ,rupture4 ,,symptoms3 ,a soft1 puffy swelling about the navel or umbilicus1 varying in size from a hazelnut to that of an ostrich egg4 ,when a pig is placed on its back the intestines will gravitate into the abdominal cavity1 providing the intestines have not adhered to the walls of the rupture4 ,,treatment3 ,this is more difficult than the ,scrotal or ,inguinal ,rupture operation1 as often times the intestines will adhere to the inner surface of the rupture and1 unless the operation is carefully performed1 there is great danger4 ,great care must be exercised in preparing the pig by fasting it for twenty-four hours4 ,after this is accomplished1 prepare an antiseptic solution1 ,carbolic ,acid1 five per cent1 or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one in one-thousandths2 also have a needle and absorbent silk or cat-gut ready4 ,place the pig on its back1 with its head downward4 ,now1 wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution4 ,then make an incision through the skin carefully2 as stated before1 intestines sometimes adhere to the inner surface of the rupture4 ,if such is the case1 wash the hands in the antiseptic solution and with the fingers carefully break the adhesions or separate the intestines from their adhesions4 ,after this is accomplished1 sew the inner lining of the abdominal cavity with absorbent silk or cat-gut4 ,then sew the outer skin with cotton or linen cord and your operation is complete4 ,feed the hog sparingly for a few days following the operation on easily digested1 laxative foods4 ,,nettle ,,rash 7,urticaria7 ,,cause3 ,irritations of the skin produced by sprinkling hogs with irritating solutions and powders1 or from irritating dips when treating for lice1 etc4 ,feeding highly nitrogenous food predisposes hogs to this disease2 also filth1 poorly drained sheds and pens2 is especially common in young pigs4 ,nettle ,rash is not contagious1 but what produces it in one hog may produce it in several at the same time4 ,,symptoms3 ,red1 swollen blotches appear on the skin very suddenly1 especially about the ears and the inside of the thighs1 perhaps due to the skin being thin and deprived of hair4 ,the hog rubs it on account of the intense itching1 and he will not thrive when in this condition4 ,in most cases there is a fluid oozing from the blotches1 causing dirt and filth to adhere to the hair4 ,however1 if the disease is properly treated1 a recovery is sure to follow in about two weeks4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention against this disease is most important1 and it consists in keeping shoats and pigs in clean1 well ventilated sheds and pens4 ,do not sprinkle them with irritating solutions or powders1 or irritating dips1 but when the disease once shows itself give each pig or hog affected a dose of ,epsom ,salts1 one ounce to every twenty-five pounds of hog weight1 in feed1 swill or drinking water4 ,if the weather is hot1 keep them in a clean1 cool place1 also purify their blood by feeding regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,apply some good ,coal ,tar disinfectant1 one part to one hundred parts of water4 ,this is non-irritating1 and will destroy hog lice1 and will heal the pustules of nettle rash4 ,apply twice ten days apart4 ,it also must be borne in mind that pens and sleeping quarters must be disinfected2 the old bedding and manure burned and replaced with good1 clean straw or hay4 ,feed easily digested food1 slops1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of pig4 ,,champion ,,poland ,,china ,,boar ,,king ,,hadley #eggbb4 ,owned by ,w4 ,j4 ,baker1 ,rich ,hill1 ,mo4 ,,paralysis ,,of ,,the ,,hind ,,quarters ,,cause3 ,there are a great many things that may produce paralysis of the hind quarters4 ,for instance1 shipping hogs in crates2 fractions of thigh bones2 ,rickets1 due to feeding food that is deficient in mineral matter2 hogs piling up2 kicks or injuries to the back2 frequently seen in sows nursing a litter of pigs and in a run-down condition4 ,constipation and indigestion also produce paralysis of the hind quarters4 ,some think it is caused by worms in the kidneys2 this is not always the case4 ,it is true that the presence of a parasite around the kidneys may cause irritation of the nerves of the spinal column and result in paralysis4 ,yet1 it is more often the result of weakness and loss of nervous power of the hind parts4 ,,symptoms3 ,regardless of the cause1 the symptoms in either case1 for they cannot be distinguished1 are weakness of the back1 wriggling of the hind parts1 and finally the hogs sit down on their haunches4 ,after some effort1 they get up and run in a straight line quite fast1 but swing to one side for a while and then go over to the other side1 and finally get down so that they cannot rise1 but drag themselves about4 ,the appetite is good until a day or two before they die4 ,,treatment3 ,place the hog in clean1 comfortable quarters1 with plenty of fresh water to drink4 ,give sour milk1 fruit or vegetables1 containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it contains nerve stimulants and blood purifiers4 ,if the hog is constipated1 add two to four ounces of ,epsom ,salts to its feed4 ,treatment of all such cases requires perseverance1 recovery being slow and not always certain4 ,,piles 7,prolapse of the ,anus7 ,,cause3 ,although the pig may look well1 he has a weakness of the circular fibres of the intestines1 due to irritating foods that either constipate or produce diarrhoea4 ,,symptoms3 ,very plain4 ,a protrusion of the rectum all the way from two to four inches4 ,the pig irritates the protrusion by rubbing it against the sides of pens1 etc42 it cracks1 bleeds and in warm weather will become fly-blown and maggots accumulate in large quantities4 ,,treatment3 ,in the first stages of this disease1 wash the protruded parts with an antiseptic solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 one teaspoonful to a pint of water4 ,give rectal injections of ,soap and ,warm ,water or ,sweet ,oil1 give about two ounces of ,castor ,oil internally and feed soft1 sloppy food4 ,in chronic cases of long standing1 remove the exposed portion of the intestine after washing nicely with the antiseptic solution4 ,remove the protrusion with a sharp knife and stitch the cut end of intestine edges to the anus4 ,feed easily digested food1 such as wheat bran1 mixed with flaxseed meal on which boiling hot water has been poured1 cooling before feeding4 ,also give regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,pin ,,worms ,,cause3 ,hogs consume the eggs that encapsule well matured embryonic worms with their food or drinking water4 ,these worms multiply very rapidly in the small intestines and are from one-half to one inch in length4 ,,symptoms3 ,no signs are noticed unless the worms are very abundant1 as they are small and difficult to see with the naked eye4 ,the principal point of attack is in the back part of the small intestines1 where considerable inflammation is set up1 especially when there are other worms1 such as the ,roundworm1 present4 ,,treatment3 ,is of little value1 as the worms in the intestines are very difficult to get at1 but as their presence causes very little disturbance1 it is hardly worth while treating2 however1 preventive measures should be applied by disinfecting1 burning manure and bedding4 ,the following has proven a very effective treatment for ,pinworms3 ,powdered ,quassia1 one pound2 ,sulphur1 two pounds2 ,glauber ,salts1 one pound2 ,powdered ,tobacco1 one-half pound2 ,sulphide of ,antimony1 one pound2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two pounds2 ,beechwood ,charcoal1 one pound2 ,common ,salt1 two pounds4 ,the above must be well powdered and thoroughly mixed4 ,give one heaping teaspoonful to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight4 ,to small pigs1 give doses in proportion to weight4 ,place it in their feed or slop twice a day4 ,in addition to being a vermifuge1 it is an alterative and tonic that should be given pigs and hogs which do not thrive properly4 ,best results are obtained in treatment of ,pinworm when the principal food consists of vegetables1 mashes and slops4 ,,pleurisy ,,cause3 ,exposure to cold1 damp1 chilly weather1 especially to drafts1 or by a large number of hogs being allowed to pile up during cold nights1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,chilling1 temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal2 breathing fast4 ,the hog will show great pain when pressed over the lungs by flinching1 squealing or grunting2 coughing suppressed1 ribs rigid2 breathing mostly with the muscles of the flanks2 appetite poor and eventually there will be fluids accumulate in the lung cavities4 ,at this stage1 the breathing is labored and difficult4 ,if the ear is pressed over the lungs1 the fluids can be heard1 and in the first stage the sound will be similar to that of rubbing hair between the finger and thumb4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause4 ,the treatment is satisfactory if applied in due time4 ,place in clean1 comfortable shed1 seeing that it is well ventilated1 omit drafts2 apply equal parts of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 ,turpentine and ,sweet ,oil over the lungs and give two or four ounces of ,castor ,oil in milk4 ,feed easily digested food1 such as hot wheat bran mashes1 containing hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it is also well to feed vegetables4 ,,rheumatism ,,cause3 ,exposure1 as in cold1 damp houses4 ,overfeeding also has a tendency to cause swellings of the joints and muscles4 ,,symptoms3 ,lameness of one or more limbs1 swelling of the joints about the legs and feet4 ,the hog does not care to move1 refusing its feed in most cases2 temperature slightly elevated2 breathing quick and short2 he will drink water frequently if offered4 ,,treatment3 ,i am of opinion that ,rheumatism in hogs would be a very rare disease if they were properly provided with clean1 dry quarters1 with a liberal quantity of bedding4 ,do not allow hogs to pile up1 as it is very injurious to them4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,consists of feeding sloppy food to which add one-half dram of ,sodium ,salicylate two or three times a day in their feed4 ,vegetables and green grass are very beneficial in this disease1 as they have a cooling effect on the blood4 ,the hog tonic and regulator recommended on first page of this chapter is very beneficial when given with food of a sloppy nature4 ,,rickets ,,cause3 ,food deficient in mineral matter or lime2 filth1 lack of exercise1 and crowded quarters1 all tend to produce a softening of the bones and swelling of the joints4 ,,symptoms3 ,the pigs affected generally appear in good condition and seem to be doing well1 but suddenly they become paralyzed in the hind quarters1 owing to the weakened condition of the bones1 which sometimes fracture without receiving injury or any additional weight to that of the pig itself4 ,the bones of the snout1 back1 limbs and feet bend and become deformed4 ,the pigs grow weak1 poor and stunted and perhaps the best treatment is to destroy them4 ,,preventive ,,treatment3 ,careful feeding of good1 wholesome food4 ,this disease is very seldom seen where hogs are frequently fed corn4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,when the first signs of ,rickets appear1 feed regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,it contains the mineral matter needed by the hog4 ,,round ,,worms ,,cause3 ,is undoubtedly due to filth or hogs eating food or drinking water contaminated with well developed eggs or embryos of roundworms1 thus taking them into their digestive canal1 where they multiply rapidly and set up considerable irritation4 ,this worm varies in length from three to thirteen inches1 and is of a reddish-brown color4 ,,symptoms3 ,the ,roundworm is generally passed with the feces1 and can be readily seen with the naked eye4 ,a hog infested with a large number of these worms is generally restless1 appetite varied4 ,when these worms develop in large numbers1 they obstruct the intestines4 ,in other cases they irritate and inflame the intestines causing inflammation and diarrhoea1 and death may be due to either obstruction or inflammation of the bowels4 ,,treatment3 ,treatment is very satisfactory4 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours4 ,then place in one pint of finely ground feed1 ,calomel and ,santonin1 each five grains to every one hundred pounds of hog weight4 ,for instance1 if the hog affected with round worms weighs two hundred pounds1 double the dose by giving ten grains of each of the above1 but if the hog only weighs fifty pounds1 give one-half the dose mentioned1 or two and one-half grains of each4 ,this treatment should be repeated in a week or ten days to assure the expulsion of worms that might have survived the first dose4 ,feed sparingly on laxative food1 as bran mashes and vegetables1 for a few days following each treatment4 ,,rupture 7,scrotal or ,inguinal7 ,,definition3 ,in the male the intestines pass through the wide ,inguinal ,canal1 through which the cord of the testicle passes4 ,it is not difficult to recognize this form of rupture1 as the scrotum that normally retains only the testicles is usually enlarged by the bowels entering it4 ,sometimes the scrotum almost reaches the ground1 and in this case1 both sides of the scrotum1 or the sack which contains the testicles1 also contains intestines4 ,if the pig is held up by the hind parts1 the intestines will gravitate back into the abdominal cavity1 but as soon as a pig lies down or stands they again return into the scrotum4 ,the testicles can be located at the bottom of the enlargement4 ,,cause3 ,hereditary tendencies predisposes them to rupture2 pigs having large ,inguinal ,canals through which the testicle passes2 by pigs being crowded1 injured1 squeezed at troughs1 or passing through narrow doorways4 ,weakness and severe straining from constipation also produce rupture4 ,,symptoms3 ,an enlargement of the sack containing the testicles4 ,sometimes there may be a strangulation of the intestines where they fold or twist4 ,they become inflamed and produce death4 ,the pig dies in great pain1 but fortunately1 strangulated ruptures in pigs are very rare1 as the scrotum and canal which the intestines occupy relax and become very roomy4 ,,treatment3 ,operation is the only method of relieving or curing ,inguinal or ,scrotal ,rupture4 ,my advice is to operate as soon as possible4 ,when the pigs are small1 there is less danger4 ,the pig to be operated on should be fasted for at least twenty-four hours1 as it is easier on both the operator and pig when the intestines are empty1 or nearly so4 ,the operation which ,i have found to be very successful is as follows3 ,have an assistant hold the pig up by its hind legs4 ,prepare an antiseptic solution of ,carbolic ,acid five per cent1 or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one in one-thousandths1 in a pan4 ,have a needle threaded with a medium sized absorbent silk or cat-gut suture4 ,prepare a clean1 sharp knife2 wash the seat of operation with either antiseptic solution4 ,now1 proceed to locate the testicle by having the hind parts elevated4 ,the intestines must be pressed back into the abdominal cavity4 ,the testicle will remain in the sack or scrotum2 now grasp the testicle between the fingers and make the incision through the scrotum and to the lower portion4 ,it may be necessary to insert two fingers to withdraw the testicle4 ,when the testicle is located1 withdraw it4 ,before cutting it off it is well to run a needle containing a thread through the last covering of the testicle so as to prevent the membrane from returning4 ,after this is securely done1 remove the testicle and sew the inner membranes that envelop the rupture and testicle with what is called a tobacco pouch suture4 ,draw it together firmly and tie and cut off suture about one-half inch from the knot4 ,your operation is now complete4 ,do not sew the outer incision in the scrotum1 as it would have a tendency to accumulate dirt and hold pus4 ,it should have a free drainage4 ,wash with one of the above mentioned antiseptics twice daily until thoroughly healed4 ,also feed laxative foods that are easily digested4 ,,sore ,,feet ,,cause3 ,filth2 especially common in large hogs when confined to hard floors or driven over rough1 hard roads1 or continually kept in filthy pens4 ,the tissues of the feet become softened1 especially those between the claws4 ,irritation is set up by germs entering the abrasions4 ,,symptoms3 ,the hogs will be noticed going very lame and if closely examined the above named conditions will be found4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the hogs to clean1 dry pens containing plenty of clean bedding1 and wash the affected parts with some good disinfectant1 as five per cent solution of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,repeat this treatment at least once a day4 ,in case the feet are badly inflamed1 ,i would advise the application of hot ,flaxseed ,meal poultices to the feet4 ,feed easily digested food1 as it aids materially in the treatment of infectious wounds4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of a pig4 ,,champion ,,berkshire ,,boar ,,longfellow',s ,,successor4 ,hood ,farm1 ,lowell1 ,mass4 ,,sore ,,mouth ,,cause3 ,decomposed foods4 ,also slops or stagnant water1 washing powders1 broken glassware1 etc41 from the tables1 fed in slops1 barley or wheat beards1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,difficulty in eating1 or refusal to eat at all4 ,stringy secretions of saliva continually oozing from the mouth4 ,the mouth gives off very offensive odor4 ,,treatment3 ,in this form of sore mouth1 remove the cause4 ,feed soft1 wholesome food1 such as wheat bran mashes and vegetables4 ,in cases where it is due to the lodging of beards of wheat or barley1 gag the hog's mouth with a piece of wood and remove the beards with forceps4 ,keep clean1 cool water before them at all times and avoid feeding dry1 hard food4 ,,sows ,,eating ,,their ,,young ,,cause3 ,insufficient lime or mineral matter fed prior to farrowing2 constipation is also a fruitful cause4 ,,prevention3 ,careful feeding for a few days prior to farrowing of slops1 free from soap or washing powders2 cool food1 such as wheat bran mashes1 with hog tonic and regulator as prescribed on the first page of this chapter4 ,this is loosening to the bowels and also contains mineral matter and blood purifiers which are very valuable in the above mentioned condition4 ,,sun ,,or ,,heat ,,stroke ,,cause3 ,hogs that are very fat1 and driven1 hauled or shipped to market when the weather is warm1 are frequently stricken with heat or sun-stroke4 ,sometimes when hogs are overcrowded and not protected from the rays of the sun1 or from heat1 they may become victims of heat or sunstroke4 ,,symptoms3 ,first they stagger when walking1 then they become very weak and temperature elevates three or four degrees higher than normal4 ,prostration or extreme depression1 or sometimes involuntary spasms or contractions of muscles occur4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention4 ,do not drive1 haul or ship during the hottest part of the day1 hogs that are not accustomed to exercise or extreme heat4 ,do not crowd hogs in small pens or sheds during the hot months1 as their bodies give off considerable heat in addition to that of the sun4 ,see that they are protected from the sun4 ,when hauling or shipping hogs1 wet them occasionally with water4 ,it prevents heat stroke4 ,in case a hog is suffering from heat or sun-stroke1 place it in a cool1 shady place and apply ice or cold water to the head only4 ,also give ,saltpeter in teaspoonful doses every six hours diluted in one ounce of water4 ,also give ,alcohol1 one teaspoonful1 every three hours in one ounce of water4 ,good recovery is often obtained from the above treatment4 ,,thorn-,,headed ,,worms ,,cause3 ,a white grub that is found in old manure heaps1 straw stacks and hog lots carries eggs containing embryos of the ,thorn-headed ,worm4 ,the white grub is eaten by the hog4 ,the larvae of the ,thorn-headed ,worm is liberated by the process of digestion and becomes a parasite in the intestines of the hogs1 where it develops into a fully matured worm4 ,large numbers of hogs quickly become infested with this parasite1 as they multiply very rapidly4 ,these worms vary from two to twelve inches in length1 and have a whitish color4 ,,symptoms3 ,as a general rule1 a worm can be seen in the feces4 ,other signs are that the hog loses flesh1 appetite irregular1 constipation1 and then again there may be diarrhoea1 especially where there are large numbers of worms present4 ,,treatment3 ,first of all1 burn all manure or decomposed vegetation that the hogs are liable to come in contact with4 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours and give one teaspoonful of ,oil of ,turpentine to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight1 or if the hog weighs less than one hundred pounds1 doses should be given in proportion4 ,follow this treatment for three or four consecutive days4 ,turpentine is easily given to hogs1 as they will drink it in milk when well mixed4 ,perhaps it is advisable1 where a large number of hogs are affected1 to divide them into pens of five or ten hogs1 as they are thus less likely to get an overdose4 ,feed laxative food4 ,clean and disinfect troughs and feeding floors4 ,also give prescription on first page of this chapter4 ,,thumps ,,cause3 ,disorders of the digestive system from overloading the stomach and causing irritation of the nerves leading to the diaphragm1 which is the membrane that separates the lungs and heart from the intestines1 stomach1 liver and spleen4 ,it is a spasm of this membrane that causes a hog or pig to have ,thumps4 ,insufficient exercise2 a large number of pigs may become affected at the same time when closely confined4 ,,symptoms3 ,jerking of the flanks2 the pig or hog becomes very weak and stunted in a very short time4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause4 ,in pigs1 when first affected1 careful feeding and exercise will generally effect a cure4 ,in some cases1 where the pigs are very small1 it is well to take them away from the mother1 permitting them to nurse very little4 ,give them ,castor ,oil in teaspoonful doses1 and compel them to exercise4 ,it may be necessary to give them ,chloral ,hydrate ten to fifteen grains two or three times a day diluted in a teaspoonful of water4 ,where the pigs will not eat mashes or drink milk1 give them medicine by force with a teaspoon4 ,,after ,,treatment3 ,give hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter4 ,,whip ,,worm ,this worm is very uncommon1 but occasionally is found in the large intestines4 ,,cause3 ,the eggs become imbedded in the manure1 bedding1 etc41 and then mix with the feed and drinking water and are taken into the digestive canal where they develop into matured worms4 ,this worm is from one to three inches in length1 the hind extremity of which is very thin1 hence the name1 ,whipworm4 ,,symptoms3 ,they produce very little disturbance1 even though present in large quantities1 except when other worms assist in their irritating the lining membranes of the large intestines4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours1 then give one teaspoonful of ,gasolene thoroughly mixed with milk1 to everyone hundred pounds of hog weight4 ,small hogs1 reduce the dose in proportion to their weight4 ,it is advisable to follow this dose for two or three consecutive days4 ,feed food that is easily digested1 and see that they have fresh water to drink4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,sheep ,,and ,,goats ,causes1 ,symptoms and ,treatments ,illustration3 ,photograph of sheep with numbers referring to the parts named below4 #a4 ,mouth #b4 ,nostrils #c4 ,eyes #d4 ,forehead #e4 ,poll #f4 ,ears #g4 ,neck or ,scrag #h4 ,throat or ,throttle #i4 ,brisket or ,breast #aj4 ,shoulder vein #aa4 ,shoulder #ab4 ,legs #ac4 ,fore flank #ad4 ,heart girth #ae4 ,crops #af4 ,back #ag4 ,loin #ah4 ,rump #ai4 ,coupling #bj4 ,ribs #ba4 ,belly #bb4 ,sheath #bc4 ,scrotum #bd4 ,rear flanks #be4 ,leg of ,mutton #bf4 ,twist #bg4 ,tail or ,dock #bh4 ,rump ,,chapter ,,iv ,,abortion ,,cause3 ,is usually produced by injuries1 or by the ewes being poisoned from eating poisonous foods1 plants1 etc4 ,it has never occurred in infectious form in this country1 although sometimes an outbreak is thought infectious on account of several ewes aborting about the same time1 but all such outbreaks have been traced to some irritating poison which they had taken with their food or drinking water4 ,,preventive ,,treatment3 ,remove the aborted lambs or kids and afterbirth from the yards1 and also withdraw the ewe or nanny and place her in comfortable quarters4 ,she requires care and extra nursing1 or she will become very poor and lose a large portion of her fleece4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,if due to poisonous plants1 etc41 when the first symptoms of ,abortion or poisoning are noticed1 give six to ten ounces of ,castor ,oil4 ,warm the oil so it will run freely4 ,set the sheep or goat upon its haunches and pour very slowly4 ,great care must be exercised so as not to let any of the oil enter the lungs1 as it may produce fatal pneumonia4 ,feed food that is easily digested and supply them with pure water to drink4 ,when the general condition is weak or run down1 so to speak1 the following tonic is recommended3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,potassium ,nitrate1 one ounce2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 three ounces2 ,protan1 three ounces4 ,mix and make into twenty-four powders4 ,give one powder two or three times daily well back on the tongue4 ,,remember all tonics are bitter1 therefore beware of any so-called tonics that the animals eat readily as these possess no real tonic values4 ,,black ,,scours 7,verminous ,gastritis--,strongylosis7 ,,cause3 ,due to a worm 7,strongylus ,contortus7 measuring one-fourth to one inch in length1 inhabiting the intestines and the fourth stomach of sheep and goats4 ,this disease is frequently seen in low1 marshy pastures1 where animals infested with the worm pass the ova or egg with the feces1 the eggs developing into an embryotic worm which is again taken with the food or water by non-infected animals1 whereby this disease again attacks the intestines and fully matured worms develop4 ,,symptoms3 ,naturally1 the symptoms vary according to the violence of the attack4 ,in well developed cases1 the animal strains to defecate1 and passes shreds of intestinal mucous along with blood-stained feces4 ,finally a severe dysentery takes place1 the animal becomes correspondingly weak1 and death takes place in two or three days4 ,some cases become chronic1 in which death does not take place for a month or more4 ,however1 the latter is uncommon4 ,other signs are staggering gait1 trembling1 eyes fixed1 showing wild expression1 neck turned to one side4 ,then the animal appears as if in pain1 and looks around at the flank frequently4 ,there is a chopping of the jaws1 and a very free flow of stringy saliva dropping from the mouth4 ,when an animal dies from the symptoms just described1 it should be cut open and carefully examined for this particular parasite1 which can be easily seen with the naked eye4 ,,treatment3 ,very successfully treated when the first symptoms appear by administering one ounce of ,gasolene with a pint of ,milk4 ,to lambs or kids give half the dose4 ,every precaution should be taken so as to prevent the drench from entering the lungs4 ,perhaps the best method is to set the animal on its haunches and pour the liquid slowly and carefully2 if they cough1 let them down4 ,any drench entering the lungs produces fatal pneumonia4 ,feed good nourishing food1 and supply them with fresh water to drink4 ,,catarrh 7,cold in the ,head7 ,,cause3 ,atmospheric changes1 sudden exposure to cold1 wet weather after being accustomed to warm1 comfortable surroundings1 inhaling dust1 smoke and gases or1 in fact1 anything that will produce an irritation to the membranes lining the nose2 commonly seen in the spring and fall4 ,,symptoms3 ,chilling1 elevation of temperature1 nose dry1 breathing hurried1 sneezing1 coughing1 dullness1 appetite varied4 ,in the first stages of the malady1 the nostrils are considerably inflamed1 but in the course of a few days the temperature subsides and a yellowish-white discharge flows from the nose continuously4 ,,treatment3 ,keep the affected animals dry1 omit drafts1 feed good1 wholesome food1 and provide bedding for them to lie upon4 ,in the first stages of this malady1 it is advisable to confine the animals in a barn1 closing the windows and doors and compelling them to inhale steam from boiling hot water and ,pine ,tar4 ,the best method to accomplish this is by placing a tub about half full of water in the center of the barn and add about one gallon of ,pine ,tar4 ,then heat bricks or stones and place them into the tub4 ,in this way a large number can be treated at one time4 ,the sheep should be compelled to inhale this steam for thirty to forty minutes twice a day4 ,in addition to the above1 the following is very beneficial3 ,chlorate of ,potash1 one ounce2 ,nitrate of ,potassi1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen powders and give one powder to each sheep in its drinking water two or three times daily4 ,feed hot bran mashes and vegetables if possible4 ,,diarrhoea 7,dysentery7 ,,cause3 ,diarrhoea1 or ,dysentery1 is a sign of some irritation of the intestines resulting in increased secretions1 or increased muscular contraction1 or both4 ,the irritation is sometimes the result of chilling from exposure1 improper feeding1 as contaminated or frozen foods1 irritating foods1 drinking cold or stagnant water1 indigestion1 organic diseases of the intestines1 or parasitic diseases4 7,see ,strongylosis47 ,,symptoms3 ,movements from the bowels are frequent1 at first consisting of thin fecal matter1 but as this malady progresses it becomes watery and offensive in smell1 and streaked with blood4 ,at first the animal shows no constitutional disturbances1 but eventually it becomes weak and shows signs of abdominal pain by looking around to the flank1 throwing the feet together1 lying down1 or moving restlessly4 ,sometimes this disease is accompanied by fever1 great depression1 loss of strength1 rapid loss of flesh2 terminating in death4 ,,treatment3 ,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,when the disease is due to irritating properties of food which have been fed the animal1 it is well to give a physic of ,castor ,oil in two to six ounce doses1 according to the size of the animal4 ,when there is debility1 want of appetite1 and temperature normal1 but continuous water discharge from the bowels1 give ,protan1 two ounces2 ,gum ,catechu1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 one ounce2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 eight grains4 ,make into sixteen powders and give one powder on the tongue every three or four hours1 according to the severity of the attack4 ,feed food that is easily digested1 as wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 etc4 ,see that the drinking water is fresh and clean4 ,,foot ,,rot 7,foul in the ,foot7 ,,cause3 ,foot ,rot is produced by inflammation of the soft structures of the foot between the claws or toes4 ,it may be due to an overgrowth and inward pressure1 etc41 or from filth accumulating and hardening between the claws1 producing inflammation and softening or ulceration of the skin in the interdigital space 7between the claws74 ,under some conditions several sheep or goats in the same drove become affected at the same time1 leading many to think that the disease is contagious4 ,when ,foot ,rot appears in a very short time1 among sheep or goats1 this condition can almost always be traced to filth1 irritation1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,the animal is observed to limp when walking4 ,on careful examination of the foot we find it hot1 swollen above the claws and in the soft parts between them1 frequently spreading the claws apart to a considerable extent1 or the inflammation may have advanced to softening and sloughing of the soft structure between the claws4 ,if this condition is neglected at this stage1 deep abscesses form and the pus burrows under the horny wall1 and the joints within the hoof become inflamed and destroyed1 in which case the treatment is difficult and recovery will be very arduous4 ,,treatment3 ,in the early stages of the disease1 before the pus burrows beneath the horny structures of the foot1 any foreign substances impacted between the claws should be removed4 ,then place a trough about one foot wide1 six to eight inches high1 and twelve to sixteen feet long1 and fill with water and ,coal ,tar ,dip1 diluted in proportions of one part dip to fifty parts of water4 ,build a fence on each side of the trough1 just wide enough for one sheep to pass through1 and compel every sheep to walk through the solution slowly4 ,this treatment should be repeated once or twice a week until the lameness has disappeared4 ,in cases where deep sloughing has taken place under the horny structures1 saturate a piece of oakum or cotton in the following liniment3 ,oil of ,origanum1 ,oil of ,pisis1 ,oil of ,turpentine1 each four ounces4 ,place it between the claws and hold it there by means of a bandage4 ,repeat this application every other day4 ,the animals that do not show signs of improvement under this treatment in a few days invariably have the joints of the foot affected and should not be driven4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of four sheep4 ,,delaine ,,merino ,,ram ,,and ,,ewes4 ,,forage ,,poisoning ,,cause3 ,this condition is produced by animals eating various foliage 7,grass or ,shrubbery7 at a time when the peculiar poisonous principles are developed in it1 as appears to happen in certain seasons4 ,the disease is liable to affect a large proportion of animals which are under the same grazing conditions4 ,,symptoms3 ,generally takes two or three days to develop4 ,the animal gradually becomes more or less unconscious and paralyzed1 staggers when forced to walk1 and it may have great difficulty in keeping on its feet1 it is extremely averse to going down1 and leans for support against any convenient object4 ,it breathes in a snorting manner4 ,the mucous membranes are tinged with yellow1 and the bowels constipated4 ,in other cases severe diarrhoea follows1 and the animal becomes very weak and dies in convulsions or spasms4 ,recovery may be expected in cases that are not marked by severe symptoms4 ,,treatment3 ,endeavor to find out the true cause and remove it if possible4 ,change range or pasture for a short time2 this has successfully eradicated this malady4 ,the animal showing the above symptoms should receive four to eight ounces of ,castor ,oil regardless of whether there is diarrhoea or constipation4 ,in either case the irritation will be relieved by its laxative effect4 ,in cases where diarrhoea becomes chronic1 after administering the ,castor ,oil1 the following will be found very efficient in its control3 ,protan1 three ounces2 ,ginger1 one ounce2 ,gum ,catechu1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen powders and place one powder well back on the tongue every four or six hours4 ,feed clean1 wholesome food and supply clean1 fresh water to drink4 ,provide shelter for the animal if the weather is hot4 ,,garget 7,congestion and ,inflammation of the ,udder7 ,,cause3 ,as a rule1 in ,garget or ,congestion of the ,udder in heavy milking ewes1 just before and after lambing1 the glands of the udder enlarge1 become hot1 tense and tender and a slight pasty swelling extends forward from the glands on the lower surface of the abdomen4 ,this physiological condition is looked upon as a matter of course and disposed of in two or three days when the secretions of milk have been fully established4 ,general breaking up of the udder may be greatly hastened by the sucking of a hungry lamb and the kneading it gives the udder with its nose is beneficial4 ,the above mentioned congestion or ,garget may emerge into active inflammation resulting from continued exposure to cold weather1 standing in cold drafts or injury to the udder from stone1 clubs1 feet of other animals1 overfeeding or rich food1 like cotton seed or soy bean1 sore teats or a ewe losing her lamb in the period of full milking2 serious disturbances of the animal's health is liable to fall upon the udder4 ,,symptoms3 ,the symptoms and mode of attack vary in different cases4 ,following exposure to cold drafts or cold1 wet weather1 there is usually severe chilling with cold ears and limbs and general dryness and brittleness of the wool4 ,this is followed by a flush of heat1 the ears and limbs become unnaturally warm and the glands swell up and become firm and solid in one or both sides of the udder4 ,the muzzle is hot and dry1 temperature elevated two or three degrees above normal1 pulse firm and quick1 excited breathing1 appetite and rumination suspended1 bowels constipated1 urine scanty and the yield of milk may be entirely suppressed in the affected side4 ,,treatment3 ,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,move the affected animal to comfortable quarters1 supply liberal quantifies of bedding for the animal to lie upon4 ,give two to six ounces of ,glauber ,salts dissolved in a pint of hot water4 ,permit it to cool4 ,place the ewe on her haunches and drench carefully4 ,feed laxative foods as hot bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables1 supplying the animal with pure water to drink1 to which add two drams of ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 two or three times a day4 ,in some cases it is advisable to apply ,camphorated ,ointment to the udder once or twice a day4 ,,gid 7,sturdy7 ,,cause3 ,gid is produced by a bladder worm1 a larva or an egg of the tapeworm infesting the intestines of dogs1 wolves and coyotes4 ,the eggs of these tapeworms are scattered over the range or pastures in the droppings of infested dogs1 wolves or coyotes1 and these when swallowed in the food or water by the sheep1 hatch out and the embryos migrate to the brain1 spinal cord1 etc41 where they develop into cysts1 bladder worms or water bags1 etc4 ,when the organs of sheep1 thus infested1 are eaten by dogs1 wolves or coyotes1 the cyst worms are also likely to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms4 ,,symptoms3 ,in case a large number of embryos become lodged in the brain of sheep1 the first signs will be shown in about eight to twelve days4 ,bladder worms produce a congestion of the brain which causes dullness1 dizziness1 indicating an affection of the brain1 walking or turning in circles4 ,if the left side of the brain is affected they will turn to the left2 if the right side is affected1 they will turn to the right4 ,the head eventually droops1 the eyes become red and the vision is impaired1 the head very hot over the affected region1 the affected sheep become separated from the flock4 ,sometimes the sheep are partially or completely paralyzed4 ,,prevention3 ,prevention is the only method by which this disease can be eradicated4 ,prevent the sheep from becoming infected with these parasites4 ,stray dogs1 wolves or coyotes should be killed whenever found1 and dogs too valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworm4 ,meat should not be fed to dogs unless cooked or known to be free from tapeworm cysts4 ,,grubs ,,in ,,the ,,head 7,head ,maggot7 ,,cause3 ,grubs in the head of sheep are produced by the ,sheep ,gadfly which is yellowish-gray in color with five well divided rings around its body1 covered over with fine hair and the lower portion of the head white4 ,this fly is somewhat larger than the ordinary house fly4 ,it attacks sheep and goats during the ,summer and ,fall and deposits its larva about the sheep's and goat's nostrils4 ,this larva attaches itself to the mucous membrane of the nostrils with two hooklets by which it gradually works into the air cavities of the head1 remaining there for about ten months4 ,then it again passes from the nostrils1 burrows into the ground and becomes a fully matured ,gadfly in six or eight weeks1 which completes its life cycle1 the head of the sheep or goat being its intermediate host where the newly born ,gadfly again attaches its larva4 ,,symptoms3 ,when sheep or goats are attacked by this ,gadfly1 they run1 strike at the nose with their front feet1 rub the nose on the ground or against other sheep4 ,in case only three or four larvae gain entrance to the sinuses of the head1 they produce very little1 if any1 ill effects1 but where they become numerous1 they cause the animal to cough and sneeze continually1 discharge from the nose1 which is occasionally tinged with blood4 ,the appetite becomes impaired1 the animal shows signs of emaciation1 becomes very weak1 raises the nose in the air1 but eventually becomes so weak it reels when walking and finally lies down4 ,it becomes so weak it cannot toss the head or rise1 and dies4 ,,prevention ,,treatment3 ,very successful4 ,paint the sheep's or goat's nose with ,pine ,tar1 or better still1 place salt in a trough1 covering it with boards1 with holes bored in them just large enough for the animal to insert its nose4 ,smear ,pine ,tar about the holes once or twice a week4 ,this treatment has proven very efficient in localities where sheep ,gadflies are numerous4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,after the animal once becomes infected with these grubs1 bore holes 7trephine7 through the skull with a sharp instrument made for this purpose and remove the grubs4 ,this requires considerable amount of skill and should be attempted only by a competent ,veterinarian4 ,,hoven 7,bloating--,acute ,tynpanitis--,acute ,indigestion7 ,,cause3 ,hoven is caused by various kinds of food which produce indigestion or fermentation and resultant gases in the rumen or paunch4 ,when sheep are first turned into young clover1 they eat so greedily of it that bloating frequently results4 ,turnips1 potatoes and cabbage may also produce it4 ,middlings and corn meal also frequently give rise to it4 ,in this connection it may be stated that an excessive quantity of any food1 before mentioned1 may bring on this disorder1 or it may not be due to excessive eating but to eating too fast4 ,sometimes the quality of food is at fault4 ,grass1 clover or alfalfa1 when wet with dew or rain soaked1 frequently produce digestive disorders and bloating follows4 ,frozen roots or potatoes covered with white frost should be regarded as dangerous4 ,when food has been eaten too hastily or when it is cold and wet1 the digestive process is imperfectly performed and the food contained in the paunch ferments1 during which process large quantities of gas are formed4 ,this same result may follow when a sheep is choking1 as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the eructation or passing of gas from the stomach so that the gas continues to accumulate until severe bloating results4 ,,symptoms3 ,the swelling of the left flank is very characteristic1 as in well marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level of the backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits a drum-like sound4 ,the animal has an anxious expression1 moves uneasily and is evidently distressed4 ,if relief is not obtained in time the sheep breathes with difficulty1 reels in walking or standing and in a short time falls down and dies from suffocation4 ,the distention of the stomach or rumen may become so great that it pushes the diaphragm 7the membrane separating the lung and intestinal cavity7 forward against the lungs1 so as to squeeze and stop their movements1 thus preventing the animal from breathing and in some instances the case may be complicated by a rupture of the stomach4 ,,treatment3 ,do not waste any time4 ,puncture about three inches downward and forward from the point of the hip bone with a clean sharp knife1 or any instrument that is clean and sharp4 ,a special instrument made for this purpose1 the trocar1 is a very useful instrument on the farm4 ,sometimes bloating becomes chronic1 and if such is the case dissolve two teaspoonfuls of ,turpentine in one-half pint of milk and drench the animal very carefully1 as some of this drench may escape into the lungs and produce fatal pneumonia4 ,set a sheep upon its haunches to give the medicine2 if it coughs let it down quickly to prevent strangulation4 ,,indigestion 7,dyspepsia7 ,,cause3 ,irritant food1 damaged food1 overloaded paunch or sudden change of diet may produce this disease4 ,want of exercise predisposes an animal to it and it is caused by woody or indigestible food4 ,food which possesses astringent 7drying7 properties tends to check the digestive secretions and may also act as an exciting cause4 ,food in excessive quantity may lead to disorders of the digestion and to this disease4 ,it is very likely to appear towards the end of the protracted season of draught1 therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded as one of the conditions which favors its development4 ,,symptoms3 ,appetite diminished2 rumination1 or chewing the cud1 irregular2 tongue coated1 mouth slimy1 feces passed apparently not well digested and offensive in odor1 dullness and fullness of the flanks4 ,this disease may1 in some cases1 assume a chronic character1 for in addition to the above mentioned symptoms1 slight bloating of the left flank may be observed4 ,the animal breathes with great difficulty and grunts with each respiration4 ,the ears and legs alternately become hot and cold4 ,the rumination1 or cud chewing1 at this stage ceases and the usual rumbling sound in the stomach is not audible4 ,the passage of feces is entirely suspended and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally4 ,sometimes constipation and diarrhoea alternate2 there is a rise in temperature in many cases4 ,the disease continues for a few days or a week in this mild form1 while the severe form of the disease may last for several weeks4 ,in the severe form the emaciation and loss of strength may be very great4 ,there is no appetite1 no rumination or rumbling sound in the stomach or intestines4 ,the mouth is hot and sticky1 the eyes have retracted in their sockets and the milk secretion has ceased4 ,in such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable4 ,the affected animals fall away in flesh and become very weak1 which is shown by the fact that one finds the animal lying down4 ,on examination of sheep or goats which have died of this disease1 it is found that the lining membranes of the fourth stomach and intestines1 particularly the small intestines1 are red1 swollen1 streaked with deep red or blushed lines or spotted4 ,the lining of the third stomach is more or less softened and may be easily pealed off4 ,the third stomach contains dry1 hard food masses1 closely adhering to its walls4 ,in some cases the brain appears to become affected1 probably from the pain endured and weakness and absorption of poisons generated in the digestive canal4 ,in such cases there is weakness and a staggering gait2 the sheep or goats do not appear to see1 and will consequently run against obstacles4 ,after a time it falls down and gives up to a violent disordered struggle4 ,this delirious condition is succeeded by stupor and death4 ,,treatment3 ,successful2 if fed in its first stages on small quantities of roots1 sweet silage or select grasses or hay4 ,this should be offered several times daily4 ,very little food should be allowed if the animal is constipated1 in which case give two to four ounces of ,glauber ,salts dissolved in a pint of hot water4 ,when it cools1 set the animal on its haunches and pour slowly and carefully4 ,if they strangle or cough let them down1 as some of the drench may escape into the lungs and produce lung complications4 ,after the ,glauber ,salts have acted and if there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not chew the cud regularly1 the following tonic will be found beneficial3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 two ounces4 ,mix thoroughly and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day well back on the tongue4 ,the food must be rather laxative and of a digestible character4 ,after an attack of this form of indigestion1 ice cold water should be avoided4 ,food should be given in moderate quantities1 as any excess by overtaxing the digestive functions may bring on a relapse4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of sheep4 ,,champion ,,shropshire ,,ram4 ,owned by ,mc,kerrow ,son1 ,pewaukee1 ,wis4 ,,jaundice 7,liver ,congestion--,inflammation of the ,liver7 ,,cause3 ,jaundice or ,liver ,congestion is due to constipation where there is an inactive or torpid condition of the bowels and the bile which passes into the intestines is absorbed and produces a yellow staining of ,jaundice4 ,jaundice is merely a symptom of a disease and ought to direct attention to ascertain if possible the cause or causes which give rise to it4 ,inflammation of the liver usually occurs as a complication of infectious diseases4 ,it may also occur as a complication of intestinal catarrh1 or in hot weather from overheating1 eating decomposed or irritating food or from drinking stagnant water4 ,,symptoms3 ,the signs are sometimes obscure and their real significance is frequently overlooked4 ,the most prominent symptoms are the yellowness of the white of the eyes and of the mucous membranes lining the mouth1 appetite poor1 body presents an emaciated appearance1 the feces is light in color1 while the urine is likely to be unusually dark and there is great thirst present4 ,the gait is weak and the animal lies down more than usual and while doing so frequently has its head around resting on the side of its chest4 ,temperature is slightly elevated above normal and breathing is somewhat hurried4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the cause if possible4 ,give ,glauber ,salts in three to four ounce doses1 diluted in a pint of hot water permitted to cool and give at one dose4 ,when drenching be very careful1 as some of the liquid may escape into the lungs and produce severe complications4 ,feed green food or hot bran mashes and supply them with a liberal quantity of pure water to drink4 ,,liver ,,fluke ,,cause3 ,the parasite that produces ,liver ,fluke in sheep has an oblong1 flat1 leaf-like body1 brownish in color1 measuring from one-fourth to one-half inch in length4 ,sheep become infected with this ,liver ,fluke from grazing on low marshy pastures infected by the larvae of ,liver ,fluke4 ,,symptoms3 ,a sheep1 when first infected with ,liver ,fluke1 generally thrives as the parasites tend to stimulate the process of digestion1 being located as they are in the liver1 but eventually rumination becomes irregular1 the sheep becomes anemic1 weak and the visible mucous membranes of the mouth1 nose and eyes become pale1 bloodless1 taking on a yellowish color as the disease progresses4 ,swellings will also appear under the jaw along the neck and under the lung cavity4 ,the process of breathing becomes feeble and temperature irregular4 ,pregnant ewes will generally abort and nursing ewes' milk will become so deprived of its nourishing properties that the lambs become emaciated1 although not necessarily affected with the ,liver ,fluke4 ,,prevention3 ,move to non-infected pastures1 supply the animals grazing on low marshy pastures with a liberal amount of salt1 also introduce frogs1 toads1 carp1 etc41 into the marshy ponds1 as they destroy the parasite in its first stages of development1 feeding on their intermediate host1 the snail4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,this is of little value4 ,after an animal once becomes infected with the parasite1 it never makes a complete recovery1 although ,calomel administered in ten grain doses every two or three weeks appears to have a very good effect in some cases1 if fed freely on nitrogenous food and permitted to drink well of pure running water4 ,,lung ,,fever 7,pneumonia--,congestion of the ,lungs--,pulmonary ,apoplexy7 ,acute congestion and inflammation of the spongy tissues of the lungs is frequently seen in sheep1 the same as in other animals4 ,,cause3 ,sheep that are over driven are subject to ,lung ,congestion in acute or chronic form and sometimes ,pulmonary ,apoplexy1 and especially when in a plethoric condition are predisposed to inflammation of the lungs4 ,the exciting cause is very much the same as in different diseases of the air passage and it is not uncommon for the inflammation to extend from these parts of the lungs4 ,however1 there are a number of causes in addition to those already mentioned4 ,it frequently results when sheep are accustomed to warm1 comfortable quarters and are changed to cold1 drafty pens1 or shipping some distance in open stock cars during cold weather4 ,in fact1 any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause of lung disorders4 ,giving fat sheep too much exercise when they are not accustomed to it is a very frequent cause of ,congestion and ,inflammation of the ,lungs4 ,this may occur when they are chased by dogs1 etc41 or when driven to a distant market at too rapid a gait4 ,exercise during the hot summer months is apt to cause congestion of the lung substance1 as well as heat stroke4 ,dipping sheep during cold weather may chill the body and result in this disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,if due to severe exercise1 the animal appears greatly exhausted and the ,congestion of the ,lungs is marked4 ,death may occur in this stage of the disease4 ,inflammation of the ,lungs usually begins with a chill and is followed by a high fever4 ,the sheep stand most of the time and may eat nothing1 or very little4 ,the breathing is hurried at first1 but when the lungs become badly involved1 it is also labored4 ,the character of the pulse beats varies1 depending on the extent of the inflammation and the stage of the disease4 ,in most cases the pulse is full and quick during the early stages of the disease4 ,a very weak pulse is present in severe and fatal cases of ,pneumonia4 ,the visible mucous membranes have a red colored appearance and there may be a slight discharge from the nostrils4 ,the expression of the face is anxious and distressed in severe cases and rigors and chilling of the body occur4 ,the respiratory sounds are more or less normal4 ,the cough at first is deep and dry2 later it becomes loose and moist4 ,it may be accompanied by a hemorrhage during this stage of the disease4 ,other respiratory sounds are revealed by placing the ear to the side of the chest walls and listening to the sound of the lungs4 ,this cannot be practiced in long wooled sheep with satisfaction1 as the chest walls are so thick that the lung sounds are deadened1 or the noise made by the animal hides the respiratory murmurs in the very early stages of ,inflammation of the ,lungs4 ,a crepitating or crackling sound can be heard in the diseased parts and louder sounds than normal in the healthy areas4 ,later when the engorgement of the lung substance occurs and the air cells become filled with an inflammatory serum1 the respiratory sounds are deadened1 but on returning to the normal1 a rattling sound occurs4 ,these symptoms help greatly in determining the animal's condition and in watching the progress of the disease4 ,the chances for the recovery depend on the extent and the acuteness of the inflammation4 ,careless handling1 exercising1 etc41 lessen the chances for a favorable termination in the disease1 but good care helps more to bring about recovery than the medical treatment4 ,the recovery is more unfavorable in fat than in lean sheep1 as the inflammation is usually more severe in the former4 ,the course is from seven to twenty-one days and it may become chronic if the irritation is kept up4 ,in such cases1 unthriftiness is a prominent sign4 ,,treatment3 ,the preventive treatment in ,pneumonia must not be overlooked4 ,briefly1 it consists in avoiding such conditions as may predispose the animal to the disease or act in any way as an exciting cause4 ,careful nursing is a very important part of the treatment4 ,the sheep should be given a comfortable1 well ventilated shed and kept as quiet as possible4 ,if the bowels become constipated1 give two or three ounces of ,castor ,oil and feed sloppy food4 ,as one attack predisposes the sheep to a second1 it should be protected from severe cold1 or the other extreme1 heat1 for a month after making a complete recovery4 ,the following prescription will be found very beneficial3 ,iodide of ,ammonia1 one-half ounce2 ,chlorate of ,potassi1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 one ounce4 ,make into twenty-four powders and give one powder every four hours well back on the tongue4 ,continue this treatment until the animal has recovered4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of two sheep4 ,,champion ,,cotswold ,,ewes4 ,owned by ,f4 ,a4 ,koser1 ,rickreall1 ,ore4 ,,lung ,,worms1 ,,lamb ,,disease 7,verminous ,bronchitis7 ,,cause3 ,due to a white thread-like worm 7,strongylus ,filaria7 varying in length from one to three inches4 ,these worms affect and live in the trachea 7windpipe7 and bronchial tubes4 ,infected animals1 in coughing1 expel fertilized eggs which develop on the grass and stagnant water4 ,the larvae are again taken up either in the drinking water or in eating grass or hay gathered on low marshy soil4 ,warm wet weather favors their development4 ,,symptoms3 ,this worm is liable to attack a number of animals at the same time4 ,the weakest sheep and young lambs are the first to show signs by coughing forcibly1 distressing1 hacking and convulsive in character4 ,a stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spasm of coughing4 ,this mucus contains worms which can be detected1 or their ova observed under a magnifying glass4 ,in the latter stages of the disease1 they cough severely at night4 ,these attacks have a sub-acute character and prove very exhausting4 ,the parasite by becoming entwined in balls severely affects the animal's breathing which is always remarkably labored in the latter stages of the disease4 ,the animal refuses to eat1 becomes emaciated1 anemic1 mucous membranes of the eyes1 mouth and nose become very pale and the sheep die in convulsions from suffocation4 ,,preventive ,,treatment3 ,avoid grazing your sheep on low marshy soil1 especially during warm wet weather4 ,young lambs and weak ewes are especially susceptible to this disease4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,the writer has tried various treatments as fumigation with different substances and injection of remedies into the windpipe by the use of a hypodermic syringe1 etc41 but none have proven very successful1 from a practical standpoint4 ,i would recommend placing the affected animals in a tightly closed barn or shed1 in the center of which place a pan of red hot coals and cover with ,sulphur4 ,a person should remain in the barn or shed as long as he possibly can and after the fumes become so irritating that he cannot endure them any longer1 he should immediately make his exit4 ,the sheep should be compelled to stay a minute or two longer and then quickly open the doors and windows4 ,repeat this treatment once or twice a week4 ,feed affected animals well4 ,give them fresh water to drink and protect them from exposure4 ,this treatment1 as above described1 has given very good results1 providing the parasites were not too numerous4 ,,scab 7,mange7 ,,cause3 ,the mange mite 7,psoroptes ,communis74 ,this parasite is equipped with stylets which pierce the skin at the seat where the mange mite penetrates the skin1 and produces small red spots followed by a blister filled with serum1 which ruptures1 the serum drying and forming a small scab4 ,it is in this way that innumerable mange mites cause the piling up of scabs thus producing a very scaly condition4 ,as ,mange advances1 the scaly patches eventually pile up until they attain the thickness of one-half inch1 unless these scabs have been severely rubbed4 ,,symptoms3 ,very easily detected1 as a bunch of sheep that have been recently infected will be uneasy or restless1 rubbing1 against fences1 posts1 brush1 etc41 causing bunches of wool to loosen4 ,the itching seems to be more intense at night and during warm weather4 ,the affected animals will even make attempts to bite themselves1 due to the agony produced by the mange mite4 ,if the skin is examined by the aid of a magnifying glass1 the mange mite can be easily noticed1 or by scraping the skin with a knife and placing the scabs on a dark paper and exposed to the warmth of the sun1 the mange mite moving about can readily be seen with the naked eye4 ,mangy sheep become very poor and eventually die4 ,,prevention3 ,this is important1 for although the disease is treated with very good results1 the mange mite annoy the sheep until they become very weak and emaciated and the loss of wool is enormous due to the affected animal continually rubbing against fences1 brush1 etc4 ,,treatment3 ,consists of using various dips1 as ,lime and ,sulphur1 which is recommended by the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,this is very effective and inexpensive4 ,scabby sheep should be dipped a week or ten days after shearing2 two dippings are necessary at the interval of ten days4 ,after dipping1 move to non-infected range or pastures4 ,,tick 7,louse ,fly7 ,,cause3 ,the tick that infects sheep has a very small head sunken into its round body4 ,the head possesses a flexible trunk or snout that penetrates the skin4 ,through this trunk1 the ticks derive their nourishment by sucking the blood from the body of the sheep4 ,the tick is also provided with three pairs of legs4 ,the female lays her young in the form of a spun egg 7cocoon7 which is oblong in shape and brown in color4 ,this egg is cemented to the wool of sheep where young ticks are hatched in about four to six weeks4 ,,symptoms3 ,long wooled sheep are more susceptible to this tick as their wool provides shelter for both the tick and its eggs4 ,after shearing the sheep the ticks have a tendency to leave the body and to migrate to the legs or to unshorn lambs where their snouts or trunks pierce the skin which appears to become infected1 producing a swelling and inflammation4 ,the infected sheep run1 scratch and bite themselves4 ,when these ticks become developed in large quantities1 they produce a paleness of the mucous membranes of the eyes1 mouth and nose1 as the ticks suck large quantities of blood1 which produces an anemic condition4 ,the sheep become poor1 weak and unthrifty4 ,,treatment3 ,satisfactorily treated by dipping infected sheep in ,coal ,tar dips or ,emulsions of ,crude ,petroleum4 ,shearing the sheep has a good effect1 but care must be exercised as the ticks then rapidly migrate to the lambs4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,poultry ,causes1 ,symptoms and ,treatments ,illustration3 ,photograph of several chickens4 ,white ,plymouth ,rocks1 ,raycroft ,farm1 ,adrian1 ,mich4 ,,chapter ,v ,,air ,,sac ,,mite ,,cause3 ,produced by a parasite called ,cylodites ,nudus1 which bears a close resemblance to the parasite causing mange or scabies in the domesticated animal4 ,owing to the peculiar construction of their breathing organs fowls are more susceptible to parasites than animals4 ,in addition to affecting the lungs1 the ,air ,sac ,mite may extend its operations to the intestines1 kidneys1 liver and bones4 ,,symptoms3 ,unthriftiness is first noticed1 but after the parasites become numerous1 the fowl shows signs of difficult breathing1 perhaps terminating in bronchial pneumonia4 ,in some cases death occurs without apparent cause4 ,the bird will be inactive1 becomes separated from the rest of the flock1 comb pale1 head drawn close to the body1 wings hang pendulous1 lose flesh1 breathing becomes hard1 coughing1 sneezing and a rattling from the mucus in the windpipe is heard4 ,death is produced from suffocation4 ,,treatment3 ,separate the sick from the healthy fowls4 ,disinfect coops and runways of both sick and healthy birds with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,also fumigate the fowls in their coops with steam from hot water and ,pine ,tar4 ,this may be done by placing the water and ,tar in a pan and then inserting a hot stone or brick in the solution4 ,this perhaps is the simplest method of fumigation4 ,also mix ,sulphur in their feed regularly4 ,,apoplexy 7,hemorrhage of the ,brain7 ,due to the rupture of a blood vessel of the brain and pressure from the escaping blood4 ,,cause3 ,mechanical injuries1 straining when laying eggs 7hens are frequently found dead on the nest from this cause71 overfeeding1 stimulating food1 etc41 all tend to produce apoplexy4 ,,symptoms3 ,appear very suddenly1 bird is seen to walk unsteadily1 falls1 or perhaps is found dead4 ,,treatment3 ,in mild attacks1 apply cold water or ice to fowl's head until thoroughly cooled4 ,give one-half grain of ,calomel1 feed soft food1 compel the bird to exercise4 ,owing to the loss of blood a tonic will be necessary4 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 ,pulv4 ,saltpeter1 ,capsicum and ,ferri ,sulphate 7,pulv47 equal parts one ounce4 ,mix and place one teaspoonful in feed for every twenty-five fowls4 ,this tonic purifies and builds up the blood1 just what is needed in this particular condition4 ,,baldness 7,favus7 ,,cause3 ,due to fungi4 ,,symptoms3 ,the first noticeable sign is the whitish appearance of the comb due to gray spots about the size of a pin head4 ,as the disease progresses1 this condition spreads to other parts of the body2 the feathers look rough and dry and break easily4 ,the fowl grows weaker1 refuses to eat and if not properly treated1 dies4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the scabs by separating the feathers and using a brush4 ,apply ,sulphur ,ointment4 ,repeat this treatment after two or three days4 ,great care must be taken to prevent the fowl from chilling or taking cold4 ,,beak ,,and ,,throat ,,obstruction ,,cause3 ,lodgment in the beak or food canal of a foreign substance1 such as a kernel of corn1 sunflower seed1 bone1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,fowl jerks its head suddenly and frequently attempts to swallow4 ,if a close examination is made the foreign body can be felt from the outside4 ,,treatment3 ,for the removal of such obstructions1 no special treatment is needed further than to use care and avoid any injury to the beak or throat4 ,feed nutritious food1 as wheat bran mashes and vegetables and see that they have a liberal quantity of good pure water at all times4 ,,blackhead 7,infectious ,entero ,hepatitis of ,turkeys7 ,,cause3 ,due to a protozoa taken into the system with the food or drinking water4 ,this parasite enters the caeca which becomes inflamed and discolored and the liver is enlarged and studded with yellowish spots about the size of a pea4 ,,symptoms3 ,although this disease is termed ,blackhead1 the discoloration of the head is not necessarily present in all cases2 neither is this condition confined to this particular disease4 ,one of the first symptoms is loss of appetite1 followed in most cases by diarrhoea4 ,the fowl becomes weak and loses weight rapidly4 ,examination of the liver after death will determine whether or not death has been caused by ,infectious ,entero ,hepatitis4 ,the dead birds should be burned to prevent the spread of the disease4 ,,treatment3 ,prevention is one of the most important factors as this disease is very contagious and the protozoa once implanted in the turkey runs is almost impossible to eradicate4 ,provide clean1 well ventilated coops and feed clean1 wholesome food and good fresh water to drink4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,give ,bismuth ,salicylate and ,quinine ,sulphate each one grain two to three times a day4 ,also mix ,hyposulphite of ,soda in the proportion of two to four grains to every fowl in their drinking water twice daily4 ,disinfect coops and runs with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,,body ,,lice ,,cause3 ,insanitary conditions4 ,communicated by direct contact4 ,,symptoms3 ,young chicks become emaciated and die quickly4 ,older birds withstand the parasite much longer1 but in time show signs of uneasiness by dusting themselves frequently4 ,the comb and wattles become pale and bloodless1 the feathers rough1 dry and brittle4 ,the birds grow weak1 poor1 and eventually die4 ,,treatment3 ,dust the birds with the following3 ,sulphur1 one part2 ,napthaline1 one part2 ,tobacco ,dust1 twenty-eight parts and seventy parts of middlings4 ,powder finely and mix well together and dust the birds once daily4 ,also sprinkle freely in the dust baths4 ,,bronchitis ,,cause3 ,exposure to dampness1 cold drafts of air1 inhaling irritating gases1 vapors or dust4 ,the fowls should be carefully examined1 as bronchitis is occasionally caused by the presence of gapeworms4 ,,symptoms3 ,loss of appetite1 the bird moves about slowly1 breathing with difficulty and making a sort of whistling sound accompanied by a cough4 ,as the disease progresses1 there will be a peculiar bubbling sound from breathing due to an excessive accumulation of mucus in the windpipe4 ,at this stage of the disease the bird becomes very weak and if not properly treated and cared for will rapidly lose strength1 the feathers will become rough1 head and wings droop1 and the bird dies4 ,,treatment3 ,this disease is most satisfactorily treated by placing the affected birds in warm1 dry1 well ventilated quarters1 admitting sunlight if possible1 but excluding all drafts of air4 ,feed stale bread1 middlings1 etc4 ,also place the fowls in a moderately air tight coop and compel them to inhale steam from hot water and ,turpentine4 ,this is readily done by placing the water and ,turpentine in a pan and then insert a hot stone or brick in the solution4 ,force them to inhale this steam from twenty to thirty minutes twice a day4 ,also add ,chlorate of ,potash to their drinking water1 one teaspoonful to every twenty-five aged fowls4 ,to chicks add one-fourth teaspoonful to every twenty-five4 ,if the weather is favorable and the above treatment is followed1 bronchitis yields very favorably4 ,,bumble ,,foot 7,corns-,deep ,bruises-,abscesses7 ,,cause3 ,sharp-edged or narrow perches which bruise the feet or where the perches are high1 heavy fowls often injure their feet by alighting on stones or other hard objects4 ,,symptoms3 ,the bird limps or hobbles about1 moving with great difficulty4 ,examination will show the foot to be hot and tender to the touch4 ,,treatment3 ,wash with clean1 warm water and in some cases it is advisable to apply ,hot ,flaxseed poultices4 ,when soft spots or abscesses develop1 lance them with a clean1 sharp knife4 ,after abscesses and bruises are opened1 treat them antiseptically by washing with a solution of ,carbolic ,acid1 one teaspoonful to a pint of water4 ,the foot should be bandaged to keep out dust and dirt4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of chicken4 ,,prize ,,winning ,,buff ,,orpington ,,cock4 ,,catarrh ,,cause3 ,exposure2 poorly constructed coops which admit rain or drafts4 ,weak birds are very susceptible to ,catarrh4 ,,symptoms3 ,the bird is dull1 moves about slowly1 coughing or sneezing2 appetite is poor1 the mucous membrane of the air passage becomes inflamed and the breathing difficult1 especially through the nose4 ,the discharge from the nostrils at first watery1 becomes mucus-like and thick and sticky1 closing the nose1 causing the bird to breathe wholly through the mouth with a wheezing sound4 ,,treatment3 ,the cause of ,catarrh shows the necessity of clean and comfortable quarters for the fowls4 ,keep the birds strong and vigorous by feeding clean1 nourishing food4 ,,medical ,,treatment3 ,to each fowl administer in their drinking water or feed3 ,chlorate of ,potash1 one grain1 twice daily4 ,,chicken ,,pox 7,sore ,head--,warts7 ,,cause3 ,these diseases are due to low forms of parasites or fungi and occur most frequently in wet weather especially if the coops are leaky and allow the rain to fall on the droppings1 causing mold or fungi4 ,poor ventilation and lack of light also promotes the growth of fungi4 ,,symptoms3 ,the disease is usually confined to the head and affects principally young chickens1 pigeons and turkeys1 but rarely ducks and geese4 ,the infection appears in the form of yellowish warts or nodules about the nose1 eyelids1 comb1 wattles1 under the wings1 or any unfeathered place4 ,the warts vary in size from that of a pin head to the size of a pea and they discharge a fluid which at first is thin and watery but as the disease progresses1 it becomes thick and sticky1 yellow in color and fetid in smell4 ,at this stage the appetite is poor1 the feathers appear rough1 and where the eyelids are affected1 as in most cases1 the bird cannot see1 fails to eat1 becomes emaciated1 loses weight and strength rapidly and if not properly treated1 dies4 ,,treatment3 ,this disease is very contagious1 therefore the coops and runs should be disinfected with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,in the drinking water add ,hyposulphite of ,soda in the proportion of one to two grains to each fowl 7one-half grain to chicks74 ,wash the nodules or warts about the head with ,carbolic ,acid solution1 one teaspoonful to a quart of water4 ,feed easily digested food1 such as vegetables or warm bran mashes4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,liver ,,cause3 ,lack of exercise1 overfeeding1 tainted or moldy food1 infection1 or impure blood4 ,,symptoms3 ,birds suffering from this disease seldom show signs of sickness and it is well to dissect the fowl after death to ascertain the exact cause4 ,if death is caused by ,congestion of the ,liver1 the organ will be greatly enlarged and easily torn4 ,,treatment3 ,if the fowls are fat and sluggish1 compel them to exercise by driving them about4 ,also give fifteen to twenty grains of ,epsom ,salts to each affected fowl4 ,feed laxative foods that are easily digested1 as vegetables and wheat bran mashes4 ,they are cooling and relieve congestion4 ,,congestion ,,of ,,the ,,lungs 7,pulmonary ,congestion7 ,,cause3 ,exposure2 the bird chills1 causing contraction of the blood vessels near the surface of the body1 thereby forcing a large quantity of blood to the internal organs2 the small blood vessels in the lungs become distended with blood and rupture4 ,,symptoms3 ,rapid and difficult breathing2 the bird appears stupid and sleepy and docs not care to move about2 appetite poor1 wings drooping1 plumage ruffled1 a thick mucus1 colored with blood1 escapes from the mouth1 comb and wattles show a dark-red color from lack of oxygen in the blood4 ,this disease is of very short duration1 the bird dying within a few hours4 ,it is very common among young chicks and turkeys that are permitted to run out in the early spring rains4 ,,treatment3 ,medical treatment is of no value1 as the disease progresses so rapidly that the bird dies shortly after the first symptoms appear4 ,sanitary surroundings1 good light1 pure air and exercise are essential4 ,do not allow the birds to stand out in the cold or rains1 especially during the molting season4 ,keep your poultry strong and vigorous by feeding clean1 nourishing food and give them pure water to drink4 ,,constipation 7,intestinal ,obstruction7 ,,cause3 ,irritation of the membranes lining the intestines1 caused by dry feed1 glass or gravel2 may also be due to parasitic worms4 ,obstruction may occur in any part of the intestines although the external opening is the part most frequently affected4 ,,symptoms3 ,bird appears dull and stupid1 walks with difficulty and attempts frequently to expel the obstructing material4 ,the appetite is poor and the feathers rough4 ,by examination and manipulation the obstruction may be located4 ,dried masses of excrement by adhering to the feathers sometimes block the outer opening of the intestines4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the waste matter clinging to the feathers with warm water or by clipping the feathers off4 ,if the ,cloaca is obstructed1 give injections of ,sweet ,oil or ,olive ,oil with a small bulb syringe4 ,also give one to two grains of ,calomel and feed clean food and soft mashes containing ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one grain to each fowl twice daily4 ,this stimulates the worm-like movement of the bowels and assists in expelling their contents4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of chicken4 ,,prize ,,winning ,,plymouth ,,rock ,,cock4 ,,crop ,,impaction 7,obstruction1 ,paralysis1 ,inflammation1 ,catarrh7 ,,cause3 ,errors in feeding2 birds that are not fed regularly are predisposed to any of the above conditions2 may also be due to swallowing large pieces of bone1 thread1 nails1 pins1 glass1 gravel1 etc4 ,,symptoms3 ,loss of appetite1 frequent attempts to swallow1 crop greatly distended and hard on pressure2 eventually the food decomposes and a liquid may escape from the mouth and nose4 ,the bird appears dull1 stupid and sleepy1 comb pale1 feathers rough1 beak open1 owing to pressure on the windpipe4 ,if caused by swallowing sharp objects1 they may penetrate the crop and skin1 causing a gangrenous condition4 ,grain in the crop will sometimes send out sprouts of considerable lengths4 ,,treatment3 ,if no sharp objects are present1 give two teaspoonfuls of ,sweet or ,olive ,oil4 ,this will lubricate the esophagus and crop4 ,manipulate the crop upward1 forcing the food gently through the mouth1 adding oil occasionally4 ,if1 however1 sharp objects penetrate the crop it is best to remove them through an artificial opening4 ,clip the feathers from around the intended seat of operation and wash the clipped surface with a ,carbolic ,solution1 one teaspoonful to a pint of water4 ,the incision should not be over one-half inch long and should be made as high as possible and in the center of the crop4 ,after removing the contents1 sew up with ordinary thread and needle and wash occasionally with the above antiseptic solution4 ,the operation is not difficult and will be successful if the parts are not too badly inflamed4 ,after-treatment consists of feeding very little food until the crop is fairly well healed4 ,feed soft bran mashes and vegetables4 ,to the drinking water add ,boracic ,acid1 one grain1 twice daily4 ,it relieves the catarrhal condition that is present1 such as irritations of the crop and intestines4 ,,diarrhoea 7,gastro-,intestinal ,catarrh--,enteritis7 ,,cause3 ,inflammation of the digestive organs can be traced in every instance to the quality or quantity of food and water consumed4 ,the food or water may contain parasites1 or large quantities of mustard1 pepper1 or may be moldy or tainted4 ,,symptoms3 ,loss of appetite1 the feathers appear rough1 the crop is sometimes paralyzed and distended with gas1 the bird moves slowly1 the droppings vary in color from a white to a yellow or a green and finally becomes tinged with blood2 at this stage there is a rise in temperature accompanied by great thirst and signs of pain4 ,mild cases of simple diarrhoea if not properly treated when first symptoms appear1 will develop the same severe conditions described above4 ,,treatment3 ,determine the cause and remove it if possible4 ,see that the food is clean and nutritious1 the coops well ventilated1 the runs well lighted4 ,sunlight is very beneficial4 ,avoid exposure1 drafts and dampness4 ,place oatmeal in their drinking water1 also give two grains of ,bismuth mixed with dough and make into a small pill4 ,give one every six hours4 ,when in addition to the above symptoms a bloody discharge is present1 give six drops of ,tincture of ,catechu every four hours4 ,warm mashes made of bran or oatmeal are very nourishing and soothing to the intestinal canal4 ,,diphtheritic ,,roup 7,diphtheria7 ,,cause3 ,due to a specific germ4 ,the disease is very contagious and is communicated by direct contact4 ,great care should be exercised1 therefore1 when showing or buying birds4 ,any new birds to be added to the flock should be kept in separate pens for a week or two to make sure they are in good condition4 ,,symptoms3 ,the first symptoms are similar to those of catarrh or cold4 ,a clear1 watery liquid escapes from the eyes and nostrils1 the head is drawn in toward the body1 the feathers appear rough1 the breathing fast1 the temperature rises from three to five degrees above normal4 ,the bird walks about as if blind1 sneezing1 swallowing with difficulty1 and showing signs of great weakness4 ,if the mouth is opened small white spots or elevations will be seen on the back of the tongue4 ,there may be diarrhoea of a green or yellow color4 ,as the disease progresses the discharge from the nose and eyes becomes thick and stringy1 obstructing the air passages and gathering in large quantities between the eyelids4 ,the mouth1 throat and tongue are very much inflamed and swollen and in most cases it is impossible for the bird to make a sound4 ,recovery is doubtful after the disease has reached this stage4 ,,treatment3 ,isolate the affected birds in some clean1 warm1 light1 well ventilated quarters1 excluding drafts4 ,dissolve thirty grains of ,chlorate of ,potash in one ounce of water and one ounce of ,glycerine1 and to the average sized fowl give one teaspoonful three or four times a day4 ,to chicks give one-fourth the dose4 ,when the scum loosens in the back part of the tongue1 remove the scum gently1 ,care should be taken so as to prevent bleeding4 ,feed soft1 nourishing food4 ,,double-,,yolk ,,eggs ,eggs are frequently found with two yolks4 ,this condition is produced by two ovary capsules bursting at about the same time and gaining entrance together into the oviduct where they are concealed in the same shell4 ,double-yolked eggs are larger than normal and may injure the oviduct when expelled4 ,when hatched1 they produce twins or abnormal chicks4 ,,dropsy 7,ascites7 ,,cause3 ,generally due to irritating1 indigestible food1 causing inflammation of the membranous lining of the intestinal cavity4 ,,symptoms3 ,the abdomen becomes enlarged1 is tender to the touch and contains a watery fluid1 the movement of which can be heard in most cases by pressure on the swollen parts4 ,the bird appears stupid1 the comb pale and the appetite poor4 ,,treatment3 ,unless the bird is very valuable1 treatment is not advisable4 ,in case the bird is valuable1 give one grain of ,potassium ,iodide twice daily in the feed or drinking water4 ,also feed nourishing food as beef-scraps1 vegetables1 wheat bran mashes1 etc4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of chicken4 ,,prize ,,winning ,,white ,,leghorn ,,hen4 ,,egg ,,bound 7,difficult ,laying2 ,obstruction of the ,oviduct7 ,,cause3 ,due to the eggs being too large1 the bird too fat1 or to the absence of the secretions lubricating the oviduct4 ,,symptoms3 ,the first signs are scarcely noticeable but soon the feathers appear rough1 the bird becomes dull and moves slowly1 making frequent efforts to expel the egg4 ,,treatment3 ,remove the egg by injecting ,sweet ,oil1 assisting the bird with gentle pressure4 ,in some cases it is well to puncture the egg and collapse the shell4 ,if the bird is very fat1 reduce by careful feeding4 ,if the bird is of normal size1 the trouble is probably due to the absence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct1 in which case the following tonic should be given3 ,pulv4 ,ferri ,sulphate1 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 each one dram4 ,mix and make into thirty powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day in their feed for a week or ten days4 ,,egg ,,eating ,,cause3 ,is usually due to lack of shell-building material in the food2 in such case the shell of the egg is thin and easily broken and the fowl craving the lime contained in the egg shell1 naturally contracts the habit4 ,,treatment3 ,supply ground bone and oyster shells4 ,feed green food such as cabbage1 kale1 potatoes1 carrots1 etc4 ,,eggs ,,without ,,shells 7,soft-,shelled ,eggs7 ,,cause3 ,deficiency of shell material2 or it is possible that fright sometimes causes premature expulsion of the eggs before the shell is formed4 ,,treatment3 ,feed ground bone1 oyster shells4 ,they contain egg shell producing material4 ,perhaps the best results are obtained when mixed with wheat bran4 ,also feed vegetables such as cabbage1 potatoes and carrots4 ,,feather ,,pulling 7,feather ,eating7 ,,cause3 ,irritation of the skin due to lice1 mites or to lack of exercise and improper food4 ,,treatment3 ,feed meat1 ground bones and vegetables4 ,place the food where the fowls are compelled to scratch and work to obtain it4 ,dust the fowls with ,powdered ,aloes4 ,if due to lice1 treat the same as recommended under the heading of ,lice4 ,,gapes 7,verminous ,tracheo ,bronchitis7 ,,cause3 ,a red1 parasitic worm1 the male measuring about one-fifth of an inch and the female one-half an inch in length4 ,fowls become infected by eating worms containing this parasite or its eggs1 and by coming in contact with other birds suffering from the disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,the most noticeable symptom is frequent gaping2 the ,gapeworms attach themselves by their months to the walls of the windpipe where they suck the blood which nourishes them2 they cause irritation and inflammation of the windpipe1 bronchial tubes and lungs2 breathing is difficult and the bird loses strength rapidly2 windpipe eventually becomes totally obstructed and the bird dies from suffocation and exhaustion4 ,young1 weak chickens are more susceptible to this disease than strong ones4 ,,treatment3 ,separate the sick birds from the healthy ones4 ,clean and disinfect the coops and runs4 ,burn all manure4 ,remove the worms from the windpipe by the use of a feather1 from which the fan has been stripped1 leaving only a small brush at the end4 ,dip the feather into ,oil of ,turpentine or ,coal ,oil1 removing the surplus liquid by drawing the feather between the fingers4 ,now insert the feather into the windpipe of the bird and by turning gently you will dislodge the worms from their attachments4 ,repeat this treatment once a day for two or three days4 ,disinfect coops and runs with undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid4 ,feed good nutritious food as wheat bran mashes1 etc4 ,,head ,,lice ,,cause3 ,result of insanitary conditions and lack of care4 ,communicated by direct contact with infected birds1 or by infected coops or brooders4 ,,symptoms3 ,the head soon becomes denuded of feathers1 and also sore by being constantly scratched with the feet4 ,if not properly treated the chicks weaken and die4 ,,treatment3 ,an ointment made of one part ,sulphur and four parts ,lard well mixed and applied two to three times will exterminate the lice4 ,if the fowl is run down in condition1 feed good nutritious food as wheat bran mashes4 ,,how ,,to ,,feed ,,young ,,poultry ,withhold all food for at least eighteen hours2 then feed stale bread moistened with boiled milk every three hours4 ,when they are three or four days old1 feed rolled oats1 ground corn moistened with pure water1 finely chopped meat and boiled vegetables4 ,feed them often and you will be well repaid by their rapid growth1 strength1 and the low death rate4 ,after they reach the age of one week or ten days1 watch them closely and regulate their feed to their apparent needs4 ,,incomplete ,,egg 7,abortion7 ,,cause3 ,irritation of the oviduct2 improper secretion of albumen or internal egg-producing material4 ,,treatment3 ,careful feeding will overcome this condition4 ,warm wheat bran mashes1 ground bone1 beef scraps1 all tend to allay the irritations of the oviduct and stimulate the secretions of albumen4 ,,jaundice ,,cause3 ,obstruction of the bile duct1 due to rich1 nitrogenous food and insufficient exercise4 ,,symptoms3 ,disease is not easily detected4 ,the yellow color of the wattles and comb is the first symptom2 the appetite is variable1 the feathers appear rough and dry1 the head is retracted1 and the bird finally dies owing to the absorption of bile in the blood4 ,,treatment3 ,change food4 ,feed upon a vegetable diet1 also give one grain of ,calomel1 which is particularly useful in a case of sluggish liver in poultry4 ,also give one grain of ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root and one grain of ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 twice daily in feed4 ,,mange 7,scabies of the ,body7 ,,cause3 ,due to a parasite that resembles the mite4 ,,symptoms3 ,when the affected bird is closely examined large quantities of scales or scabs are found in the soft feathers4 ,the appetite is poor2 the bird walks slowly about showing signs of uneasiness4 ,if the disease is allowed to run its course1 the bird grows weak and eventually dies4 ,the disease is easily transmitted from one bird to another and should be treated without delay4 ,,treatment3 ,disinfect roost1 coops and pens with undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid4 ,apply to the irritations that present themselves on the body of the birds3 ,sulphur ,ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing food as wheat bran mashes and vegetables4 ,,pip 7,inflammation of the ,mouth7 ,,cause3 ,irritations1 injuries1 or micro-organisms4 ,it is sometimes caused by nothing more than a dry condition of the mucous membrane due to the bird breathing through the mouth when suffering from respiratory diseases4 ,,symptoms3 ,dryness of the mucous membrane of the mouth2 especially the part covering the tongue1 which becomes hard and ragged1 forming rough edges along its sides4 ,these dried portions become loose and partially detached from the tongue1 interfering with its movements and causing more or less pain and annoyance4 ,,treatment3 ,do not forcibly detach these pieces1 but assist nature to remove them4 ,this can be accomplished by mixing ,glycerine and ,water1 equal parts1 and dropping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe or dropper4 ,it is advisable to add ,boracic ,acid1 one teaspoonful to every gallon of drinking water1 which will prevent the entrance of parasites into the blood4 ,,red ,,mite ,,cause3 ,these grow spontaneously in favorable surroundings1 as the interior of poultry houses and brooders containing numerous cracks and crevices4 ,,symptoms3 ,this mite is a blood-sucker2 irritates the skin and sometimes causes sores to form on the body of the chick4 ,the birds grow stupid and weak and die rapidly if not properly treated4 ,older fowls withstand the irritation of mites much longer1 but do not thrive1 or lay regularly1 and will finally die if the insects become too numerous4 ,the insect may be transmitted to horses1 cattle1 and even to man4 ,,treatment3 ,paint the roosts and spray the interior of the coops and runs with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted1 being very careful that the solution reaches the bottoms of the cracks and crevices4 ,also paint the interior of brooders with the same solution4 ,,rheumatism 7,leg ,weakness--,gout--,paralysis7 ,,cause3 ,damp coops and pens1 lack of ventilation and improper food4 ,,symptoms3 ,fowl refuses to stand or walk1 and on examination1 the legs are found to be swollen and painful1 especially about the joints4 ,in some cases suppuration of the joints takes place and they become open running sores4 ,the bone finally becomes diseased and the fowl dies4 ,,treatment3 ,preventive measures are first to be considered4 ,see that the coops and pens are clean and dry4 ,avoid drafts4 ,feed vegetables1 also wheat bran mashes4 ,give internally ,salicylic ,acid1 one-half grain1 twice daily4 ,when the legs are swollen and sore apply ,camphorated ,ointment once or twice daily4 ,illustration3 ,photograph of chicken4 ,,prize ,,winning ,,columbian ,,wyandotte ,,cock4 ,,scaly ,,leg 7,scabies7 ,,cause3 ,due to a mite that burrows under the scales of the leg4 ,,symptoms3 ,white1 scaly-looking scabs form about the upper part of the foot4 ,the feet and legs become swollen and painful as the disease progresses and if not checked will result in lameness1 inflammation of the joints1 and the toes may slough off4 ,great care is necessary as the disease is very easily transmitted from one bird to another4 ,,treatment3 ,use boiling water or ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted1 on the perches4 ,wash the feet and legs with warm water and soft soap4 ,dry well and apply ,carbolated ,ointment4 ,repeat the above treatment every other day for a week4 ,,sore ,,mouth 7,aphtha2 ,thrush7 ,,cause3 ,a vegetable parasite called ,oidium ,albicans4 ,,symptoms3 ,inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the mouth1 throat1 gullet and crop1 which finally terminates in white ulcerations4 ,other symptoms are swelling of the head1 poor appetite and a rapid loss in weight and strength4 ,,treatment3 ,isolate the sick from the healthy fowls4 ,give as much sunlight as possible1 feed nourishing food1 such as warm oatmeal mashes1 kale1 potatoes1 etc4 ,add one grain each of ,chlorate of ,potash and ,boracic ,acid to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times a day or oftener if they will drink it4 ,a good disinfectant must be used to prevent the disease from spreading and ,i would recommend the use of undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid about the coops and poultry runs4 ,,tuberculosis ,,cause3 ,this dreaded disease is caused by the ,bacillus of ,tuberculosis4 ,damp1 ill-ventilated1 and poorly lighted coops are favorable to the development of the disease4 ,,symptoms3 ,except in advanced stages1 this disease is not easily detected as it affects various organs1 and considerable experience in post-mortems and a skillful use of the microscope is required to successfully diagnose a case4 ,,treatment3 ,preventive measures should be practiced as the disease is incurable4 ,do not expose the fowls to cold wet weather4 ,see that the coops are well ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food4 ,,vent ,,gleet ,,cause3 ,constipation is perhaps the most common cause1 the hard droppings causing irritation of the vent which is followed by inflammation and suppuration of the lining membranes1 rectum and oviduct4 ,,symptoms3 ,frequent straining due to irritation4 ,as the disease progresses a pus-like discharge is noticed4 ,the disease may extend into the rectum or oviduct4 ,the bird appears stupid1 the plumage rough1 the comb pale1 and if not properly treated1 dies a lingering death4 ,,treatment3 ,preventive treatment is the best4 ,feed green food occasionally and warm bran mashes4 ,this prevents constipation4 ,when the bird strains frequently and a discharge is present the following solution should be injected3 ,sugar of ,lead1 two drams2 ,zinc ,sulphate1 one dram4 ,mix with two quarts of water4 ,inject about one ounce with a syringe twice daily until the discharge has ceased4 ,,white ,,diarrhoea 7,fowl ,cholera7 ,,cause3 ,germ 7,bacilli of ,fowl ,cholera7 gaining entrance to the body through the bowels1 lungs or wounds of the skin4 ,death results from toxic material produced while the germs are multiplying4 ,,symptoms3 ,all poultry1 cage or wild birds are subject to this disease4 ,the first symptoms are loss of appetite2 diarrhoea is present and the discharge is almost white in color and tinged with transparent mucus4 ,the affected bird becomes separated from the flock1 seems weak and stupid and appears to be asleep2 feathers are rough1 the wings droop and the head is drawn in toward the body2 crop is generally full1 owing to improper digestion4 ,the comb is pale and bloodless1 the temperature raised from three to five degrees above normal and the bird loses weight rapidly2 it may die with convulsions and cries1 or without a sound or struggle4 ,,treatment3 ,to grown fowls1 give ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates in one-half grain doses three times a day in their food or drinking water4 ,to chicks1 dissolve thirty grains of ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates in two quarts of water4 ,saturate feed1 as stale bread1 etc41 and give three times a day4 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates is an antiseptic especially prepared for septic conditions of the intestines1 and very useful in treatment of ,white ,diarrhoea and ,fowl ,cholera4 ,in severe cases of diarrhoea1 give ,bismuth ,salicylate1 one grain1 three times daily in feed or make into a pill with dough4 ,when the fowls will eat1 feed them clean1 nitrogenous food that they can digest easily1 as oatmeal mashes4 ,it is also necessary to give them pure water to drink at all times4 ,disinfection of the premises is another essential factor in the treatment of this disease1 and undiluted ,crude ,carbolic ,acid is a disinfectant that we can rely upon at all times4 ,i cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very difficult and expensive to produce and different breeds of birds require varying doses1 therefore1 vaccinating poultry for ,white ,diarrhoea or ,fowl ,cholera is not attended with any great degree of success4 ,,worms ,,cause3 ,few fowls are entirely free from worms4 ,the soil over which the chicks are permitted to run may be infected1 or the food may contain the eggs or embryos of worms4 ,,symptoms3 ,the presence of worms in fowls may not be at once detected1 since only a close observer would notice them in the droppings4 ,if the birds eat well but remain poor1 and the feathers appear rough and the comb and wattles pale1 there is reason to suspect the existence of worms4 ,,treatment3 ,preventive treatment is the best4 ,sprinkle the runs and coops regularly with ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 undiluted4 ,give two drops of ,turpentine in twice this quantity of ,sweet or ,olive ,oil4 ,this dose should be repeated in from six to eight days so as to insure the expulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may have survived the first treatment4 ,,miscellaneous ,some valuable facts and figures summed up for handy reference ,,valuable ,,drugs ,,and ,,their ,,doses ,,for ,,domestic ,,animals ,in the list of doses1 oz4 stands for ounce1 pt4 for pint1 lb4 for pound1 gr4 for grain1 dr4 for dram1 dp4 for drop4 ,,name ,,of ,,drug ,,cattle ,,sheep ,,horses ,,hogs ,,dogs ,alcohol #d oz4 #a-b oz4 #b-d oz4 #a-b oz4 #a-d dr4 ,alum #c-d dr4 #dj gr4 #b-d dr4 #dj gr4 #ae gr4 ,ammonia ,aromatic #b oz4 #a-b dr4 #a-b oz4 #a-b dr4 #bj-fj dp4 ,aniseed #a-e oz4 #a-b dr4 #a oz4 #a dr4 #ae gr4 ,arnica ,tincture #a oz4 #b dr 4#e-a oz4 #a dr4 #g-bj dp4 ,asafetida ,tincture #c oz4 4#e oz4 #b oz4 #b dr4 #a dr4 ,boracic ,acid #c dr4 #bj gr4 #a-c dr4 #ae gr4 #h gr4 ,brandy #d oz4 #a-b oz4 #b-d oz4 #a-b oz4 #a-b dr4 ,calcium ,phosphate #a oz4 #a-b dr4 #b-d dr4 #a-b dr4 #e-bj gr4 ,calomel #a-b dr4 #e-bj gr4 #a dr4 #e-bj gr4 #a gr4 ,camphor ,spirit #a oz4 #b dr4 #b-d dr4 #ae dp4 #aj dp4 ,carbolic ,acid #a-b dr4 #aj-bj dp4 4#e-b dr4 #e-ae dp4 #c-h dp4 ,castor ,oil #a pt4 #b-d oz4 #a pt4 #b-d oz4 #a-b dr4 ,chalk #b oz4 #a-b dr4 4#e-b oz4 #a dr4 4#e-a dr4 ,charcoal #a-b oz4 #b-d dr4 #a-b oz4 #b-d dr4 #bj-fj gr4 ,codliver ,oil #c-h oz4 #c-h dr4 #b-f oz4 #b-f dr4 #a-c dr4 ,copperas #b dr4 #bj gr4 #a dr4 #aj gr4 #d gr4 ,copper ,sulphate #b-d dr4 #bj-cj gr4 #b-d dr4 #bj-cj gr4 #a-b gr4 ,digitalis #aj-cj gr4 #e-ae gr4 #aj-ej gr #c-aj gr4 #b gr4 ,epsom ,salts #a lb4 #a-d oz4 4#e-a lb4 #a oz4 #a-d dr4 ,fowler's ,solution #e dr4 #e-bj dp4 #b-d dr4 #e-bj dp4 #a-e dp4 ,gentian #e-h dr4 #a-b dr4 #d-h dr4 #a-b dr4 #dj gr4 ,ginger #e-h dr4 #a-b dr4 #b-h dr4 #ae-fj gr4 #e-bj gr4 ,glauber ,salts #a-a4e lb4 #a-d dr4 4#e-a lb4 #a oz4 #a-d dr4 ,iodide of ,potash #a-b dr4 #aj-be gr4 4#e-b dr4 #e-bj gr4 #b-h gr4 ,iron ,sulphate #b dr4 #be gr4 #a-b dr4 #be gr4 #d gr4 ,jamaica ,ginger #b oz4 4#e oz4 #a oz4 4#e-a dr4 #a_/d-a_/b dr4 ,laudanum #b-e oz4 #a-d dr4 #a-d oz4 #a-b dr4 #bj dp4 ,lead ,acetate #a dr4 #be gr4 #a dr4 #bj gr4 #a-b gr4 ,lime ,water #d-f oz4 #b oz4 #d-f oz4 #b oz4 #a-h dr4 ,linseed ,oil #a-b pt4 #f-ab oz4 4#e-a pt4 #e-aj oz4 #a oz4 ,mustard #a oz4 #a-b dr4 4#e-a oz4 #a-b dr4 #bj gr4 ,nitre #c-h oz4 #a dr4 #a-b oz4 #a dr4 #e-bj gr4 ,nux ,vomica #b dr4 #cj-dj gr4 #a-b dr4 #aj-bj gr4 #a-b gr4 ,olive ,oil #a-b pt4 #c-h dr4 #a-b pt4 #b-f dr4 #b-d oz4 ,pepper #b-d dr4 #ae-be gr4 #a-c dr4 #aj-bj gr4 #d-aj gr4 ,peppermint ,oil #cj dp4 #e-h dp4 #ae-cj dp4 #c-g dp4 #a-e dp4 ,potassium ,bromide #b oz4 #b-d dr4 #a-b oz4 #b-d dr4 #e-ej gr4 ,quinine #a-b dr4 #e-aj gr4 #ej-fj gr4 #e-aj gr4 #a-b gr4 ,rhubarb #a-b oz4 #a dr4 #a-b oz4 #a dr4 #e-aj gr4 ,saltpeter #a-c dr4 4#e-a dr4 #b-d dr4 4#e-a dr4 #b-aj gr4 ,soda #b oz4 #b-d dr4 #a-a4e oz4 #a-c dr4 #bj-ej gr4 ,subnitrate of ,bismuth #b dr4 #aj-cj gr4 #a-b dr4 #e-bj gr4 #c-aj gr4 ,sulphur #c-d oz4 #a-b oz4 #b-d oz4 #a-b oz4 #a-d dr4 ,turpentine #b oz4 #a-d dr4 #a-b oz4 #a dr4 #bj-ej dp4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,respiration ,the number of respirations per minute varies with the different classes of animals2 as a rule1 the larger the animal1 the slower the respiration4 ,the ,horse #h to #aj ,cattle #ab to #ae ,sheep and ,goats #ab to #bj ,the ,dog #ae to #bj ,swine #aj to #ae ,the rate of breathing is increased from the processes of digestion immediately after eating1 or may increase from exercise4 ,,normal ,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,horse ,from #b to #e years old the temperature is #ajj4f degrees ,fahr4 ,from #e to #aj years old the temperature is #ajj4d degrees ,fahr4 ,from #aj to #ae years old the temperature is #ajj degrees ,fahr4 ,from #ae to #bj years old the temperature is #ih4d to #ajj4b degrees ,fahr4 ,sex appears to slightly influence temperature3 ,stallion #ajj degrees ,fahr4 ,mare #ajj4h degrees ,fahr4 ,gelding #ajj4d degrees ,fahr4 ,the time of day when temperature is taken is important1 the lowest body temperature being at #d a4m41 and the highest at #f p4m4 ,new born foals' temperature will run from #ajb to #ajd degrees ,fahr4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,cattle ,normal temperature is from #aja4h to #ajb degrees ,fahr4 ,compared with the horse1 the daily variations are small4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,sheep ,,and ,,goats ,in these animals the greatest variation in temperature occurs1 viz43 #ajj4i to #aje4h degrees ,fahr4 ,in the majority of cases the temperature probably will be between #ajc4f and #ajd4d degrees ,fahr4 ,the cause of this variation is unknown4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,swine ,the average temperature is #ajc4c degrees ,fahr41 varying from #ajj4i to #aje4d degrees ,fahr4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,dog ,the dog is subject to important variations depending on the external temperature2 it varies from #ii4e to #aja4g degrees ,fahr41 although in some localities it is as high as #ajj4i1 #aja4c and #aja4g degrees ,fahr4 ,feeding will increase the temperature1 and it is also higher toward evening4 ,,pulse ,,throbs ,,per ,,minute ,per ,minute ,the ,horse #cf to #dj ,cattle #de to #ej ,sheep and ,goats #gj to #hj ,the ,dog #gj to #hj ,swine #ij to #ajj ,the pulse in the young is much more rapid than in the adult animal2 that of a foal at birth beats #ajj to #ajb per minute1 while that of a calf will go to #acj per minute4 ,in old age the pulsation becomes reduced and the arteries much weaker4 ,the pulse rate in large animals is less than in smaller ones1 as for instance1 an elephant's pulse rate is from #be to #bh beats per minute4 ,the more rapid the pulse1 the greater the quantity of blood in circulation4 ,,average ,,periods ,,of ,,gestation ,,of ,,domestic ,,animals ,mare #aa months ,ass #ab months ,cow #i months ,sheep #e months ,goat #e months ,sow #c-a_/b months ,bitch #i weeks ,cat #h weeks ,,average ,,period ,,of ,,incubation ,chicken #bj to #bb days ,geese #bh to #cd days ,duck #bh to #cj days ,turkey #bg to #bi days ,pigeon #ah days ,guinea ,fowl #bh days ,pheasant #be days ,ostrich #dj to #db days ,canary ,bird #ad days ,,veterinary ,,facts ,,and ,,advice ,,to ,,remember #a4 ,cleanliness of body and surroundings is a necessity in the treatment of animals4 #b4 ,pure air1 avoiding drafts1 is equally essential4 #c4 ,light1 excepting in the treatment of eye diseases1 is greatly to be desired4 ,darkness1 while soothing to the eye1 tends to prolong germ life and disease4 #d4 ,keep dry--dampness breeds disease4 #e4 ,keep warm--in chilly weather1 blanket the sick animal1 hand rub limbs and bandage with woolen cloths4 #f4 ,exercise with care--excessive and insufficient exercise are both injurious4 #g4 ,feed with care--green grass1 in medium quantity1 and vegetables are cooling to the blood1 easily digested and exert a slight laxative effect4 ,grain feed is nutritious and strengthening1 but it is not required in any quantity by a horse not working4 ,be sure that all feed is fresh and clean4 #h4 ,drinking water must be pure--impure water carries many disease germs4 ,also avoid giving water in large quantities1 especially if water is very cold4 #i4 ,disinfection involves little time or expense1 but is invaluable4 ,coal tar products which emulsify in water 7#a part coal tar products to #ej-ge parts water7 should be freely and occasionally sprinkled about yards and buildings4 ,if only these few fundamental and common-sense principles were followed by stock raisers1 a very large percentage of the ills and diseases of domestic animals would be lastingly prevented4 ,,drenching ,do not drench an animal when you can administer the necessary medicine in any other way4 ,drench only when absolutely necessary4 ,a horse1 in contrast with all other domestic animals1 cannot breathe through its mouth4 ,therefore1 in treating horses1 drenching is especially dangerous4 ,while drenching any animal1 strangulation1 pneumonia1 bronchitis1 etc41 are liable to be caused by some of the drenching liquid escaping from the mouth into the lungs4 ,this is a frequent occurrence in which the drenching proves to be the immediate cause of the animal's death1 as in case of strangulation1 or the originating cause when drenched animals later succumb to pneumonia1 bronchitis1 etc4 ,,medicine ,,in ,,capsules ,in many of the treatments prescribed in the preceding pages1 the use of gelatine capsules has been advised in preference to giving the medicine in any other form4 ,capsules1 made of gelatine1 do not lie in the animal's stomach1 as commonly supposed1 but dissolve readily2 the gelatine itself being beneficial in many cases1 especially if the bowels or stomach be irritated4 ,the animal receives the intended dose fully4 ,it avoids any unpleasant taste4 ,with capsule gun1 or by hand1 medicine in capsules is more easily and quickly given than to attempt to hold animal's head up1 as is necessary when administering liquid drenches1 the danger of which has been explained4 ,,prevention ,,of ,,contagious ,,diseases ,newly purchased animals or poultry should be segregated for from ten days to two weeks to give opportunity for any infectious diseases with which they may be afflicted1 or have been exposed to1 to fully develop4 ,this precaution will often save the buyer from loss4 ,avoid exhibiting in fairs1 shows1 etc41 where the health of your animals might be jeopardized1 especially through the presence of contagiously affected animals4 ,if you cannot be sure proper precautions are to be taken1 better forego your pride and possible prize ribbons4 ,,hereditary ,,tendencies ,when breeding1 it is of utmost importance to select a good female as well as male1 for the least faulty conformation in either will in all probability be transferred to the offspring1 viz43 an animal with a crooked hind leg is subject to bone spavin1 curbs1 bog spavin1 thoroughpin1 ring bone1 etc41 and is liable to transmit any of these diseases1 especially if exposed to slight exertion4 ,a tubercular cow will invariably give birth to a tubercular calf1 or at any rate the calf will contract tuberculosis from the milk4 ,,evolution ,,of ,,stock ,during the transformation which our country has undergone1 and is undergoing1 no one industry has experienced such marked changes as the production and raising of livestock4 ,at the earliest time of which we have any record1 and even up to within comparatively recent years1 large herds of horses and cattle ranged over our plains in a wild state4 ,at first no attempts were made to capture or round up these herds1 and later but one or two attempts per year1 when the young were branded and grown animals shipped1 if possible1 or driven to available markets4 ,as the country became more thickly settled and populated these larger herds were broken up1 the ranges becoming divided and fenced4 ,with this segregation1 attention to breeding and care of animals began to be practiced1 gradually causing the animal's evolution from the wild to the domesticated state4 ,as this process of evolution progressed the animal became farther and farther removed from its natural condition of living1 becoming more dependent on man for food and shelter1 and with this change the animal's former vitality and power to resist disease decreased markedly4 ,with the advancement of agriculture1 and their resultant prosperity1 the farmers and settlers improved their stock by importing blooded or registered males and females1 particularly the former1 until today our country is second to none in the number of good conformated draft and speed horses2 beef and dairy cattle2 quick-maturing hogs2 large wool and mutton-producing sheep1 etc4 ,poultry has likewise been improved for both egg-laying and meat-producing qualities4 ,the poultry industry is yet in its infancy1 and offers large inducements to the practical raiser4 ,our importation of eggs is enormous4 ,the average stock raiser and poultryman has just begun to realize the value of proper care and treatment of his stock1 and how much unnecessary loss can be prevented by the expenditure of a little time and even less money if given at the proper time4 ,animals and poultry are subject1 just as humans1 to many diseases but1 unfortunately1 when they become ill are dependent on man to recognize the symptoms of disease and diagnose4 ,therefore1 it behooves all owners of stock to know and practice the fundamental necessities of their animals' health1 not only for the welfare of themselves1 but also as an act of humanity to dumb animals4 ,,index ,,diseases ,,of ,,horses ,abortion ,abscess ,acute cough ,anemia ,apthae ,ascaris megalcephala ,atrophy ,azoturia ,barrenness ,bleeding after castration ,blood poisoning ,bog spavin ,bone spavin ,bots ,bronchitis ,capped elbow ,capped hock ,capped knee ,cerebral meningitis ,choking ,chronic catarrh ,chronic cough ,coffin joint lameness ,cold ,colic1 flatulent ,colic1 spasmodic ,colic1 wind ,colt constipation ,colt diarrhoea ,conjunctivitis ,constipation ,constipation in colts ,corns ,cough ,cracked heels ,curb ,dentistry ,diarrhoea ,diarrhoea in colts ,dislocation of the patella ,distemper ,dropsy of belly ,dropsy of legs ,dropsy of sheath ,dropsy of udder ,eczema ,emphysema of the lungs ,epizootic catarrh ,eye diseases ,failure to breed ,farcy ,filariae ,fistula of foot ,fistulous withers ,flatulent colic ,forage poisoning ,founder ,galls ,gastrophilis ,glanders ,grease heels ,haemopis ,heaves ,hernia1 inguinal ,horse dentistry ,inflammation of the brain ,inflammation of the membrane of nictitans ,influenza ,inguinal hernia ,lampas ,laryngitis ,leeches ,lock jaw ,lung fever ,lymphangitis ,mange ,monday ,morning disease ,mud fever ,nasal catarrh ,nasal gleet ,navel rupture ,navel string infection ,navicular disease ,nettle rash ,open joint ,oxyuris curvilis ,palesade worm ,petchial fever ,pharyngitis ,pink eye ,pin worm ,pleurisy ,pneumonia ,poll evil ,purpura haemorrhagica ,quittor ,red worm ,rheumatism ,ring bone ,round worm ,rupture1 scrotal ,scabies ,scrotal rupture ,septicaemia ,shoe boil ,side bones ,sore throat ,spasmodic colic ,spavin1 bog ,spavin1 bone ,splints ,staggers ,stifle joint lameness ,string halt ,strongulus armatus ,strongulus tetracanthus ,supernumerary teeth ,surfeit ,sweeny ,tapeworm ,teeth1 supernumerary ,teeth1 wolf ,tenia ,tetanus ,thoroughpin ,thread-like worm ,thrush ,umbilical hernia ,umbilical pyemia ,urtecaria ,wind colic ,wind galls ,wolf teeth ,worm1 maw ,worm1 palesade ,worm1 pin ,worm1 red ,worm1 round ,worm1 tape ,worm1 thread ,worm1 thread-like ,wounds ,,diseases ,,of ,,cattle ,abdominal hernia ,abdominal rupture ,abnormal ,calving ,abortion1 contagious ,abortion1 non-contagious ,abscesses ,absence of milk ,actinomycosis ,acute cough ,afterbirth retention ,amaurosis of the eye ,anthrax ,apoplexy1 parturient ,ascities ,bacterial dysentery ,bag ,inflammation ,barrenness ,big head ,black leg ,black quarter ,bleeding ,bloating ,blood poison ,blood suckers ,bloody flux ,bloody flux in calves ,bloody milk ,blue milk ,brain congestion ,bronchitis ,bronchitis verminous ,calf cholera ,calf scours ,calving ,casting the withers ,cataract of the eye ,catarrh ,chapped teats ,choking ,chronic cough ,chronic dysentery ,colic ,congestion of the brain ,congestion of the lungs ,congestion of the spinal cord ,congestion of the udder ,conjunctivitis ,contagious abortion ,cough ,cow pox ,cud chewing ,dehorning ,diarrhoea ,dropsy ,dysentery ,eczema ,epizootica eczema ,ergot poisoning ,ergotism ,eversion of the womb ,eye inflammation ,eyelid laceration ,failure to breed ,fluke1 liver ,fluke1 lung ,foot and mouth disease ,foot rot ,foul in foot ,founder ,garget ,grub ,hard milkers ,hematuria ,hemorrhage ,hernia1 abdominal ,hollow horn ,indigestion ,infectious abortion ,infectious aphtha ,inflammation of the bag ,inflammation of the eye ,inflammation of the heart sack ,inflammation of the kidneys ,inflammation of the penis ,inflammation of the womb ,joint ill ,jones disease ,kidney inflammation ,laceration of the eyelid ,laminitis ,laryngitis ,leeches ,leucorrhea ,liver fluke ,loss of cud ,lumpy jaw ,lung congestion ,lung fever ,lung fluke ,mammitis1 simple ,mange ,measly beef ,milk fever ,navel ill ,non-contagious abortion ,obstruction of the esophagus ,paralysis ,parturient apoplexy ,penis ,inflammation ,pericarditis ,pharyngitis ,physiology of rumination ,pneumonia ,pyemia ,red ,water ,retained afterbirth ,rheumatism ,ring worm ,round worm ,rupture1 abdominal ,scabies ,scum over the eye ,septicaemia ,sore throat ,spinal cord congestion ,stringy milk ,suppression of milk ,tape worm ,teats chapped ,texas fever ,ticks ,tuberculosis ,twisted stomach worm ,udder congestion ,umbilical ,pyemia ,umbilical ,septicemia ,variola ,verminous bronchitis ,warts ,warbles ,whites ,white scours in calves ,wolf in the tail ,womb inflammation ,wooden tongue ,worm1 lung ,worm1 round ,worm1 stomach ,worm1 tape ,,diseases ,,of ,,swine ,abortion ,administration of medicine ,bag inflammation ,black tooth ,blood poisoning ,bronchitis ,castration ,catarrh ,choking ,cholera1 hog ,cold in the head ,congestion1 kidney ,diarrhoea in young pigs ,heat stroke ,hind quarter paralysis ,hog1 administration of medicine ,hog cholera ,hog lice ,hog regulator and tonic ,indigestion ,inflammation1 bag ,inflammation1 lung ,inguinal rupture ,jaundice ,kidney congestion ,kidney worms ,lice on hogs ,lung fever ,lung inflammation ,lung worm ,mange ,nasal catarrh ,navel rupture ,nettle rash ,paralysis of the hind quarters ,pig diarrhoea ,pig scours ,piles ,pin worm ,pleurisy ,prolapse of the anus ,pyemia ,regulator and tonic ,rheumatism ,rickets ,round worm ,rupture1 inguinal ,rupture1 navel ,rupture1 scrotal ,rupture1 umbilical ,septicemia ,scours in pigs ,scrotal rupture ,sore feet ,sore mouth ,sows eating their young ,sun stroke ,thorn headed worm ,thumps ,tonic and regulator ,urticaria ,worm1 kidney ,worm1 lung ,worm1 pin ,worm1 round ,worm1 thorn headed ,worm1 whip ,yellows ,,diseases ,,of ,,sheep ,,and ,,goats ,abortion ,acute indigestion ,acute typanitis ,apoplexy1 pulmonary ,black scours ,bloating ,bronchitis ,catarrh ,cold in the head ,congestion of the liver ,congestion of the lung ,congestion of the udder ,diarrhoea ,dysentery ,dyspepsia ,foot rot ,forage poisoning ,foul in foot ,garget ,gastritis1 verminous ,gid ,grub in the head ,head grubs ,head maggot ,hoven ,indigestion ,indigestion1 acute ,inflammation of the liver ,inflammation of the udder ,jaundice ,lamb disease ,liver congestion ,liver fluke ,liver inflammation ,louse fly ,lung congestion ,lung fever ,lung worm ,mange ,pneumonia ,poisoning1 forage ,pulmonary apoplexy ,scab ,scours1 black ,strongylosis ,sturdy ,tick ,typanitis1 acute ,udder1 congestion of ,udder1 inflammation of ,verminous bronchitis ,verminous gastritis ,worm1 lung ,,diseases ,,of ,,poultry ,abortion ,abscesses of the feet4 ,air sac mite ,apoplexy of the brain ,aptha ,ascites ,baldness ,beak and throat obstruction ,black head ,body lice ,body scabies ,brain apoplexy ,bronchitis ,bronchitis verminous ,bruises of the feet4 ,bumblefoot ,catarrh ,catarrh of the crop ,chicken pox ,cholera of the fowl ,congestion of the liver ,constipation ,corns ,crop impaction ,diarrhoea ,diarrhoea1 white ,difficult laying ,diphtheria ,diphtheritic roup ,double yolked eggs ,dropsy ,egg bound ,egg eating ,egg incomplete ,eggs with two yolks ,eggs without shells ,enteritis ,favus ,feather eating ,feather pulling ,feeding of young poultry ,fowl cholera ,gapes ,gastro intestinal catarrh ,gout ,head lice ,hemorrhage of the brain ,how to feed young poultry ,impaction of the crop ,incomplete egg ,infectious entero hepatitis of turkeys ,inflammation of the crop ,inflammation of the mouth ,intestinal obstruction ,jaundice ,leg weakness ,lice1 body ,lice1 head ,liver congestion ,mange ,mite1 red ,mouth inflammation ,obstruction of the beak and throat ,obstruction of the bile duct ,obstruction of the crop ,obstruction of the intestines ,obstruction of the oviduct ,paralysis of the crop ,paralysis of the legs ,pip ,pulmonary congestion ,red mite ,rheumatism ,roup1 diphtheritic ,scabies of the body ,scabies of the legs ,scaly leg ,soft shelled eggs ,sore head ,sore mouth ,throat and beak obstruction ,thrush ,tuberculosis ,vent gleet ,verminous tracheo bronchitis ,warts ,white diarrhoea ,worms ,,miscellaneous ,average ,period of ,gestation ,average ,period of ,incubation ,deposit or ,investment ,table ,drenching of ,animals ,evolution of ,stock ,hereditary ,tendencies ,medicine in ,capsules ,normal ,purse ,throbs ,normal ,respiration ,normal ,temperature ,prevention of ,contagious ,diseases ,six ,per ,cent ,interest ,table ,table of ,valuable ,drugs and their ,doses ,veterinary ,facts and ,advice to ,remember