,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,a!ism    ,by      
,,dr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,,brooks     ,,free?\ght  
,,press ,,association   ,,new ,,york    
,copyright1 #aicc   ,,by ,,free?\ght    
,,press ,,association     ,d$icat$ to   
,,joseph ,,lewis ,,9 ,,am]ica  ,,&      
,,*apman ,,coh5 ,,9 ,,engl&  ,,( ,,:om  
,,x ,,may ,,be ,,said3  ,h[ (t5 x has   
happ5$ t "o man1 /&+ at ! "r po9t (     
view1 has descri$ ! tru?1 &1 aft] hav+  
be5 d5\nc$ & p]secut$ by all o!rs1 !y h 
ev5tually be5 con/ra9$ to adopt 8       
decl>ations6--7,,drap]47  ,= ! old ,gods
 came to an end long ago4 ,& v]ily x 0 a
 good & joyful end ( ,gods6  ,!y did n  
die l+]+ 9 ! twilight--al?\gh t lie is  
told6 ,on ! contr>y1 !y once ^u a "t    
laugh$ !mselves to dea?6  ,t came to    
pass :51 by a ,god himself1 ! mo/       
ungodly ^w 0 utt]$1 ! ^w3 ,!re is b "o  
,god6 ,?\ %alt h no o!r ,gods be=e me4  
,an old grim be>d ( a ,god1 a jeal\s "o1
 =got himself ?us4  ,& !n all ,gods     
laugh$ & %ook on _! *airs & cri$3 ,is   
,godl9ess n j t !re are ,gods1 b no     

,god8  ,:oev] ha? e>s let him he>4      
,?us ,spake ,z>a?ru/ra--,,fri$ri*       
,,nietzs*e     ,,cont5ts                
,,page    ,,preface                     
ix        ,i4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,(       
,,religi\s ,,beliefs                    
#ba       ,,ii4 ,,! ,,koran1 ,,! ,,old  
,,& ,,new ,,te/am5ts                    
#ca      ,,iii4 ,,! ,,prophets          
,,mohamm$1 ,,jesus1          ,,& ,,moses
 ,,*>latans ,,or ,,victims          ,,( 
,,m5tal ,,& ,,physical ,,disease        
#fe       ,,iv4 ,,s\ndness ,,( ,a       
,,f\ndation ,,= ,a          ,,belief ,,9
 ,a ,,deity                             
#id        ,v4 ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,(       
,,religion                              
#aae       ,,vi4 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce
                                        
#abj      ,,vii4 ,,religion ,,& ,,m$ic9e
                                        
#abf     ,,viii4 ,,religion ,,&         
,,a/ronomy                              
#adh       ,,ix4 ,,religion ,,&         
,,geography                             

#aea        ,x4 ,,religion ,,& ,,*emi/ry
 ,,& ,,physics                          
#aed       ,,xi4 ,,religion ,,&         
,,geology1 ,,philology1          ,,&    
,,evolution                             
#aeg      ,,xii4 ,,religion ,,&         
,,wit*craft                             
#afc     ,,xiii4 ,,religion ,,&         
,,morality                              
#aic      ,,xiv4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,w>  
#baa       ,,xv4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,&       
,,slav]y                                
#bad      ,,xvi4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,&       
,,labor                                 
#bbd     ,,xvii4 ,,religion ,,& ,,woman 
#bdb    ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,,&  
,,! ,,great          ,,illusion         
#bea      ,,xix4 ,,! ,,doom ,,(         
,,religion2 ,,! ,,necessity          ,,(
 ,,a!ism                                
#bfi       ,,xx4 ,,contempor>y ,,op9ion 
#cji     ,,preface   ,pla9 speak+ is    
necess>y 9 any discussion ( religion1 = 
if ! free?9k] attacks ! religi\s dogmas 
) hesitation1 ! or?odox believ] assumes 

t x is ) regret t ! free?9k] w\ld remove
 ! crut* t supports ! or?odox4 ,& all   
religi\s beliefs are crut*es h9d]+ !    
free locomotive ef=ts ( an advanc+      
humanity4 ,!re are no problems relat$ to
 human progress & happ9ess 9 ?is age :i*
 any !ology c solve1 & :i* ! tea*+s (   
free?\ght _c d bett] & )\t ! aid (      
encumbrances4  ,havelock ,ellis has /at$
 t1 ,! man :o has nev] wre/l$ ) 8 e>ly  
fai?1 ! fai? t he 0 br\ght up ) & t yet 
is n truly 8 own--= no fai? is our own t
 we h n ardu\sly won--has miss$ n only a
 moral b an intellectual discipl9e4 ,!  
abs5ce ( t discipl9e may m>k a man =    
life & r5d] all 8 "w ineffective4 ,he   
has miss$ a tra9+ 9 criticism1 9        
analysis1 9 op5-m9d$ness1 9 ! resolutely
 imp]sonal treatm5t ( p]sonal problems1 
:i* no o!r tra9+ c comp5sate4 ,he is1 = 
! mo/ "p1 condemn$ to live 9 a m5tal    
jungle :]e 8 arm w soon be too feeble to
 cle> away ! gr[?s t enclose him1 & 8   
eyes too weak to f9d ! light4 ,! man :o 
has all[$ 8 m5tal capacities to cle> 8  

way ?r\gh ! d5se und]bru% ( religi\s    
dogma f9ds t he has em]g$ into a pur] & 
heal?i] atmosph]e4 ,9 ! bright light (  
?is m5tal emancipation a man p]ceives ! 
falsities ( all religions 9 _! hi/oric1 
sci5tific1 & metaphysical aspects4 ,!   
heal?i] m5tal viewpo9t holds up to scorn
 & disc>ds ! reaction>y religi\s        
philosophy ( morals1 & ! sum total ( 8  
conclusions mu/ be t religion is doom$2 
& doom$ 9 ?is mod]n day by its absolute 
irrelevance to ! ne$s & int]e/s ( mod]n 
life4 ,& ?is n only by ! /eadily        
increas+ army ( free?9k]s1 b by !       
indiff]5ce & neglect ( ^? :o /ill cl+ to
 ! fa/ slipp+ folds ( religi\s cre$s--- 
! future free?9k]s4  ,x 0 ,sp9oza :o    
rem>k$ t1 ,! prop] /udy ( a wise man is 
n h[ to die b h[ to live4 ,religi\s     
cre$s c b tea* h[ man %\ld live1 s t :5 
he dies1 he may be assur$ ( salvation2 &
 ! important ?+ is n :at he does to help
 8 fell[ m5 :ile he is liv+1 b h[       
closely he lives 9 con=mity to a        
reaction>y code ( dogmas4 ,religion has 

always aim$ to smoo? ! suff]]'s passage 
to ! next _w1 n to save him = ?is _w4   
,free?\ght has de?ron$ ! gods f !       
p$e/al1 & has replac$1 n an empty idol1 
b an ideal1 ! ideal ( a man :o is 8 own 
god4  ,x has become increas+ly app>5t t 
:at m5 h hi!rto attribut$ to ! gods are 
no?+ b ! ideals !y value & grope = 9    
!mselves4 ,! ideal ( ! free?9k]1 !      
conception t places ! supreme wor? (    
human life 9 ! exp&+ horizon ( man's    
usefulness to man1 is =ev] m5ac$ by !   
sup]naturalism ( ! !i/ :i* manife/s     
itself 9 ! multif>i\s religi\s sects t  
are ! mo/ active & con/ant m5ace to     
civilization & to mank9d today4 ,t      
religion 9 ! pa/ has produc$ suff]+     
incalculable & has be5 ! greate/ ob/acle
 9 ! advance ( secul> k is a fact too   
well atte/$ to by hi/ory to be d5i$ by  
any s9c]e & unbias$ intellig5t man4 ,t  
today x con/itutes a cultural lag1 an   
active m5ace to ! be/ int]e/s ( humanity
 & ! la/ refuge ( human savag]y1 is !   
cont5tion ( ! free?9k]4  ,! conception (

 ! ,god-idea z held by society 9 g5]al  
/&s 9 ! same position z ! v]mi=m app5dix
 does to ! anatomy ( man4 ,x may h be5  
useful 9 "s way ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 b     
today x con/itutes a detrim5t to !      
well-be+ ( ! individual )\t (f]+ any    
comp5satory usefulness4 ,agree or       
disagree ) ?is cont5tion y may1 b only  
:5 y are made aw>e ( ! facts t c be     
br\ght to ! aid ( ?is conviction4 ,j z !
 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ju/ice is outrag$
 :5 a man or an in/itution is condemn$  
by juri/ or popul> op9ion :5 an         
opportunity is n giv5 to pres5t ! facts 
on bo? aspects ( ! case1 j s is no man  
ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ a decision betwe5 !ism & 
a!ism until he becomes acqua9t$ ) bo?   
sides ( ! controv]sy4 ,free?\ght b asks 
a he>+ & ! ex]cise ( ! unbias$ reason ( 
! man :o has n hi!rto be5 made aw>e (   
its cont5tions4  ,9 ! religi\s          
revolution ( ?is tw5tie? c5tury1 !      
battle gr\nd is squ>ely se5 to be betwe5
 sup]naturalism & secul>ism4 ,al?\gh !  
sup]naturali/s are well entr5*$ &       

=tifi$1 x is well to rememb] t x is !   
man ) vision :o f9ally prevails4 ,! "t  
has pass$ :5 ! free?9k] c\ld be held up 
to ! community z an example ( a base &  
degrad$ individual4 ,no mann] ( pulpit  
drivel c delude ev5 ! un?9k+ masses to  
?is misconception4 ,! free?9k] is today 
! "o :o beholds ! vision1 & ?is vision  
does n transc5d ! natural4 ,x is a      
vision t is e>?-b\nd2 a vision x may be 
call$1 s9ce x leaps ! b\nd>y ( ! pres5t 
& inf]s = him :at ! future ( a secul>   
organization ( ! entire con/itu5cy (    
humanity w br+ =?4 ,?is vision is b a   
product ( 8 sci5tific armam5t>ium & is !
 means by :i* he is assur$ ( victory ov]
 ! well-entr5*$ & =tifi$ position ( !   
sup]naturali/s :o are /ill cre$-b\nd to 
use antiquat$ & useless weapons4 ,!     
sup]naturali/'s armam5t>ium ( ,god1     
,bible1 ,heav51 ,hell1 ,s\l1            
,immortality1 ,s91 ,! ,fall & ,r$emption
 ( ,man1 ,pray]1 ,cre$1 & ,dogma1 leave 
z mu* impression on ! m9d ( intellig5t  
man z w\ld an arr[ aga9/ a battle%ip4 ,&

 ! comp>ison is apt1 ! sup]naturali/s h 
made full use ( =ce1 be x 9 physical    
w>f>e or 9 m5tal co]cion4 ,! free?9k]   
has z mu* use = physical =ce & w> z he  
has = m5tal co]cion2 bo? are abhorr5t to
 him4  ,sup]naturalism vs4              
,secul>ism--t1 & t alone is ! field (   
argum5t4 ,! sup]naturali/1 be he !      
fundam5tali/ ( :atev] d5om9ation1 or ! m
 advanc$ mod]ni/1 is z t5aci\sly cl++ to
 ! transc5d5tal1 to revelation1 to !    
infallibility ( ! ,bible1 if n 9 all    
respects at lea/ 9 "s 7al?\gh ?is is a  
contradiction p] se71 to !              
int]disposition ( a deity 9 ! affairs ( 
mank9d1 z 7 8 ance/ors ( five hundr$    
ye>s ago4 ,9 ^! aspects z well z 9 !    
armam5t>ium enum]at$ above1 !           
sup]naturali/s are agre$ & are mak+ _!  
la/ /&4  ,! secul>i/s1 ! op9ion ( ! !i/s
 to ! contr>y1 are also agre$4 ,x matt]s
 n :at a man calls 8 m5tal process2 be  
he infidel1 sceptic1 rationali/1        
agno/ic1 or a!i/2 he is firm 9 !        
conviction t religions ( all v>ieties   

are rapidly s9k+ into ! limbo ( all o!r 
anci5t sup]/itions4 ,to him x is b a    
matt] ( "t = ! inevitable crumbl+ &     
disappe>ance ( ^! sup]/itions1 & ! "t   
involv$ is directly proportional to !   
ease & rapidity ) :i* sci5tific k is    
dissem9at$ to m5 :o h ! m5tal capacity  
to und]/& ! value ( ?is k & its utt]    
de/ruction ( all =ms ( sup]naturalism4  
,:5 man becomes fully cognizant ( ! fact
 t all ! k acquir$ by ! human race has  
be5 ! result ( human inquiry1 ! result (
 reason+ processes1 & ! ex]cise ( m9d   
alone1 !n secul>ism w h ov]come ! long  
night ( sup]naturalism4 ,& x is ?is     
m5tal attitude ( secul>ism t proce$s )  
an ev] accel]at$ rapidity to ov]come !  
problems t confront humanity by         
sub/itut+ human inquiry = div9e         
revelation4 ,?us ?is attitude ( man to  
proce$ ?r\gh life dep5d5t only on 8 own 
res\rces w exp& & /r5g!n 8 m5tality by  
do+ away ) ! inf]iority complex ( !     
,god-idea4 ,?is vision ( man1 ! ma/] ( 8
 own de/9ies1 ! se>*] = tru? & ! %ap] ( 

a bett] life = ! only exi/5ce t he kn[s 
any?+ ab\t1 ?is reliance ( man ^u man1 &
 )\t ! suppos$ int]f]5ce ( any god1     
con/itutes a!ism 9 its broade/ & true   
s5se4  ,sci5ce & reason1 ! con/itu5ts ( 
secul>ism1 are ! mortal enemies (       
sup]naturalism4 ,secul>ism1 h[ev]1 is at
 a disadvantage at ?is /age ( our m5tal 
developm5t1 s9ce x is approa*$ only by !
 calm light ( ! intellect4 ,& intellect 
c b make an appeal to reason4 ,if ! se$s
 ( ^! appeals fall on ! f]tile m9ds (   
m5tally advanc$ humanity1 !y w fl\ri%2  
if !y fall on ! b>r5 gr\nd ( cre$-b\nd  
m9ds1 !y take no root4 ,recognition (   
facts & hone/ d$uctions are n natural to
 ! human m9d4 ,z f> z religi\s matt]s   
are conc]n$1 ! va/ majority ( m5 h n    
rea*$ a m5tal maturity2 !y are /ill 9 ! 
infantile /ate :]e !y h n z yet le>n$ t 
! sequ5ces ( ev5ts are n to be int]rupt$
 by _! desires4 ,! easi] pa? lies 9 !   
giv+ way to ! un/able emotions4 ,!      
primitive in/9cts are = emotion & =     
loose imag9+s1 & ^! are ! prov9ces (    

sup]naturalism4  ,sup]naturalism ar\ses 
! /upid int]e/s & ! bruti% passions1 & f
 ^! are born ! bitt] fruits ( ignorance 
& hatr$4 ,! secul>i/ is "o 9 :om !      
intellect is passionate1 & ! passions   
cold4 ,! sup]naturali/ on ! o!r h&      
rev]ses ! ord]1 & 9 him ! passions are  
active & ! intellect in]t4 ,9 ea* man   
!re dwells a tyrant :o creates = him a  
deity mat]ializ$ out ( ^! factors (     
ignorance & fe>4 ,x is sci5ce & reason  
:i* mu/ de/roy = him ?is mon/r\s        
app>ition4 ,b1 z yet1 !re is no         
indication t our m5tal developm5t 9     
relation to social progress has made !  
great /rides t our purely mat]ial       
progress has made4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury man
 utilizes & enjoys ! mat]ial b5efits ( 8
 c5tury1 b 8 m5tal progress lies b\nd & 
drugg$ by ! viewpo9ts ( #bjjj ye>s ago4 
,sir ,leslie ,/eph5 has decl>$1 ,h[ mu* 
intellect & zeal runs to wa/e 9 !       
spasmodic ef=ts ( good m5 to cl+ to !   
la/ fragm5t ( decay+ sy/ems1 to         
galvanize dead =mul into "s dim         

semblance ( life6 ,society w n improve z
 x might :5 ^? :o %\ld be lead]s (      
progress are /agg]+ backw>d & =w>d ) _! 
eyes passionately rev]t$ to ! pa/4 ,nay1
 we %all nev] be duly s5sitive to !     
mis]ies & cruelties :i* make ! _w a     
place ( torture = s _m1 s long z m5 are 
enc\rag$ 9 ! "n ( religion to look = a  
rem$y1 n 9 fight+ aga9/ surr\nd+ evils1 
b 9 cultivat+ aimless contemplations (  
an imag9>y ideal4 ,mu* ( our popul>     
religion seems to be expressly direct$  
to dead5 our sympa?ies ) our fell[ m5 by
 enc\rag+ an indol5t optimism2 our      
?\ghts ( ! o!r _w are us$ 9 _m =ms z an 
opiate to drug our m9ds ) indiff]5ce to 
! evils ( ?is2 & ! la/ ^w ( half ( our  
prea*]s is1 'dream r ?an "w4'  ,!re is  
always a great deal ( discrepancy betwe5
 t :i* is be/ = ! gods & t :i* is be/ = 
! individual & = society 9 g5]al4 ,"o _c
 s]ve man p]fectly & ! traditional gods 
z well4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! cont5tion (     
free?9k]s t if man _h giv5 to ! s]vice (
 man all t he _h giv5 to ! gods 9 ! pa/1

 our pres5t /age ( civilization w\ld be 
mu* 9 advance ( :]e x is today4  ,if !re
 is any?+ 9 ! discussion to foll[ t may 
seem irrev]5t to ! read]1 ! au?or wi%es 
to call att5tion t he has b pres5t$ well
 sub/antiat$ facts4 ,x is n only 8      
op9ion t he is voic+1 b x is ! facts z  
he has f\nd !m record$ 9 ! rese>*es (   
num]\s s9c]e m54 ,f9ally1 x is !        
conviction ( all free?9k]s t1 z         
,pr(essor ,james ,h4 ,leuba has /at$1 ,x
 is1 fur!rmore1 ess5tial to intellectual
 & moral advances t ! beliefs t come    
into exi/5ce %\ld h free play4          
,antagoni/ic beliefs mu/ h ! *ance (    
prov+ _! wor? 9 op5 conte/4 ,x is ?is   
way sci5tific !ories are te/$1 & 9 ?is  
way also1 religi\s & e?ical conceptions 
%\ld be tri$4 ,b a fair /ruggle _c take 
place :5 p are dissuad$ f seek+ k1 or :5
 k is hidd54  ,! cultivation ( !        
intellect is a duty t is impos$ on all  
m54 ,ev5 ^? :o /ill cl+ to ! dy+ beliefs
 mu/ admit ! =ce ( :at ,w9wood ,reade   
said1 ,to cultivate ! intellect is !re=e

 a religi\s duty2 & :5 ?is tru? is      
fairly recogniz$ by m51 ! religion :i*  
tea*es t ! intellect %\ld be di/ru/$ & t
 x %\ld be subs]vi5t to fai?1 w         
inevitably fall4  ,:5 ! pr9ciples (     
free?\ght %all h dispell$ ! intellectual
 cl\d ( ! ,god-idea & ! vani%+ dream ( a
 heav5 :i* has too long drawn m5's eyes 
away f ?is e>?1 !n1 & !n only1 w ^!     
words ( ,cic]o h widespread mean+3  ,m5 
7 born = ! sake ( m51 t ea* %\ld assi/ !
 o!rs4     ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,a!ism  
,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,evolution ,,(         
,,religi\s ,,beliefs      ,to e>ly man1 
! gods 7 real 9 ! same s5se t !         
m\nta9s1 =e/s1 or wat]falls :i* 7 ?\ght 
to be _!     homes 7 real4 ,= a long "t 
! spirits t liv$ 9 drugs or     w9es &  
made !m pot5t 7 believ$ to be ( ! same  
ord] (     fact z ! pot5cy itself4 ,b ! 
human creature is curi\s &     curiosity
 is bold4 ,h5ce1 ! discov]y t a report$ 
god may be a     my?4      ,,max ,,c>l  
,,otto4   ,! geologi/s e/imate t ! age (
 ! e>? is some:]e betwe5 #hj & #hjj     

millions ( ye>s2 t ! ,ne&]?al race exi/$
 = m ?an #bjj1jjj ye>s2 t betwe5 #dj1jjj
 & #be1jjj ye>s ago1 z ! ,f\r? ,glacial 
,p]iod s(t5$ t[>ds m temp]ate           
conditions1 a diff]5t human type came ^u
 ! sc5e & ext]m9at$ ,homo ,ne&]?al5sis4 
,^! fir/ true m5 desc5d$ f "s m ape-l   
prog5itors & are class$ by e?nologi/s ) 
! same species z ourselves1 & ) all     
human races subsequ5t to !m "u "o       
common1 specific t]m1 ,homo ,sapi5s4  ,!
 age ( cultivation began ) ! neoli?ic   
phase ( human affairs ab\t #aj1jjj or   
#ab1jjj ye>s ago2 ab\t #fjjj or #gjjj   
ye>s ago m5 began to ga!r into ! fir/   
t[ns & to develop some?+ m ?an !        
loose-knit tribes :i* _h hi!rto be5 _!  
highe/ political organization4          
,altoge!r1 !re mu/ h elaps$ ab\t        
#ejj1jjj ye>s f ! e>lie/ ape-l human    
/age ( life on ?is planet to ! pres5t   
"t4  ,x necess>ily foll[s t ! age ( our 
pres5t civilization is by no means t :i*
 ! ,bible /ipulates1 b is m]ely an atom 
9 ! va/ space-"t ( ?is e>?4 ,! reason = 

?is disp>ity is t ) ! developm5t ( ! m9d
 ( man ?r\gh\t ! ages !re 0 conceiv$    
also 8 self-made religi\s sy/ems1 bas$  
on a subjective int]pretation ( !       
univ]se1 & n on an objective "o1 devoid 
( emotional bias4  ,primitive man did n 
und]/& ! natural cause ( %ad[s1 e*oes1 !
 bir? & dea? ( vegetable & animal       
organisms4 ,( ?is ignorance religion 0  
born1 & !ology 0 evolv$ z its art (     
expression4 7,drap]47  ,our /ory takes u
 back "s twelve ?\s& ye>s to neoli?ic   
man4 ,squatt+ 9 8 rude hovel or gloomy  
cave1 he li/5s to ! s\nds ( a /orm )\t4 
,! h[l+ ( ! w9d1 ! fla%es ( lightn+1 &  
cra%+ ( ?und] give rise to t elem5tal   
emotion--fe>4 ,fe> 0 always ) him1 z he 
?\ght ( ! huge /ones t fell & cru%$ him1
 & ! bea/s :i* 7 s eag] to dev\r him4   
,all ?+s ab\t him seem$ to conspire = 8 
dea?3 ! w9d1 lightn+1 ?und]1 ra9 & /orm1
 z well z ! bea/s & fall+ trees2 = 9 8  
m9d he did n diff]5tiate animate f      
inanimate objects4 ,sl[ly1 ?r\gh 8 grop+
 m9d !re evolv$ ! ?\ght1 due to pa/     

exp]i5ce1 t he c\ld n cont5d ) ^! ?+s by
 physical =ce1 b mu/ subdue !m ) magic2 
8 magic consi/$ ( ! beat+ ( crude drum-l
 in/rum5ts1 dances1 & ! mumbl+ ( words4 
,^u fall+ asleep he dreams1 & awak5+1 he
 f9ds t he is /ill 9 ! same place :]e he
 _h la9 ! night be=e4 ,yet1 he is c]ta9 
t dur+ ! night he _h travel$ to 8       
favorite wood & kill$ an animal ^: t5d] 
fle% he 0 /ill savor+4 ,s9ce !          
conception ( a dream 0 z yet =eign to   
him1 ! logical conclusion he arriv$ at 0
 t he _h bo? a body & a _s4 ,if he      
possess$ a body & a _s1 !n all ?+s ab\t 
him1 he reason$1 mu/ likewise possess a 
simil> _s4 ,"s spirits1 he felt1 7      
fri5dly2 "s1 ho/ile to him4 ,! ho/ile   
spirits 7 to be fe>$2 b t p[]ful factor1
 hope1 _h at la/ ent]$ into 8 m9d1 & he 
hop$ to be able to w9 !m ov] to ! camp (
 fri5dly spirits4  ,9 ?is mann]1 man    
pass$ f ! /age ( cont5d+ aga9/ ! spirits
 to "o ( placat+ !m4 ,x 0 believ$ t     
c]ta9 m5 c>ri$ m favor ) ! spirits ?an  
o!rs1 & ^! became ! orig9al prie/s1     

call$ ! ,%amans4  ,ano!r exp$i5t = w>d+ 
(f evil spirits 0 by means ( ! feti%4 ,!
 primitive feti% 0 an object conta9+ an 
active fri5dly _s1 :i*1 if worn by !    
individual1 protect$ him f ! evil       
spirits4 ,9 a %ort :ile ! manufacture ( 
feti%es became a sacr$ pr(ession1 & ! m5
 :o 7 ?\ght to fa%ion ! be/ ones became 
! pr(essional holy m5 ( ! p]iod1 !      
prie/s4  ,at fir/1 idols 7 us$ to drive 
away ! evil spirits1 & !n1 ! conception 
*ang$ to "o ( attract+ ! good spirits to
 man4 ,f ! individual feti% man pass$ to
 tribal ones1 :i* 9 _! fir/ =m 7 huge   
b\ld]s & trees4  ,z ! primitive m9d ga9$
 cunn+1 x slyly sme>$ ! surface ( ! idol
 ) oily sub/ances1 hop+ t ! _s1 l "s    
wild bea/1 w\ld come & lick1 be         
gratifi$1 & rema9 9 ! idol4 ,:5 "s      
favorable signs d5ot$ t a good _s _h    
ent]$ into ! idol1 x 0 regul>ly sme>$ ) 
oils & !n blood1 9 ! hope t ! _s w\ld be
 pleas$ suffici5tly to rema9 !re        
p]man5tly4 ,z "t w5t on1 x became a     
cu/om1 a rite1 & ! _s hav+ p]=m$ to !   

satisfaction ( ! tribe1 ways 7 inv5t$ to
 manife/ _! gratitude4 ,in/ead ( sme>+ !
 idol ) blood1 x 0 ?\ght m fitt+ t an   
animal be kill$ & (f]$ to ! good _s     
conta9$ )9 ! idol4 ,9 ?is mann] arose ! 
beg9n+ ( sacrifice4 ,x 0 at ?is "t1 :5  
man began to p]suade ! idols or spirits 
to d ?+s = 8 b5efit t religion began4   
,sl[ly1 sl[ly1 d[n ?r\gh ! ages1 z ! m9d
 ( man progress$1 8 self-made religi\s  
conceptions advanc$4 ,he n[ wor%ip$     
idols1 & ^! idols 7 8 gods4 ,! ,celts1 !
 ,babylonians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 all
 _h _! idols4 ,all 7 c]ta9 t _! gods 7 !
 true ones1 & t ! o!rs 7 all inf]ior &  
ev5 false gods4 ,b1 is ! mod]n wor%ipp] 
:o is contemptu\s ( ! anci5ts v diff]5t 
f !m8  ,! c5turies pass by1 & 9 _! wake 
is man's self-conceiv$ religion4 ,n[1 "s
 m5 take ! pr]ogative 9 ! manufacture ( 
religion1 & !re evolve ,brahmanism1     
,ja9ism1 ,buddhism1 ,h9duism1           
,confucianism1 ,taoism1 &               
,zoroa/rianism1 all inspir$1 all        
sup]natural1 & ) _! myriads ( foll[]s :o

 believ$ & /ill believe t !irs is ! only
 true cre$4  ,v rec5tly1 9 ! "t-scale ( 
our developm5t1 man adopt$ ! me?ods (   
,big ,bus9ess1 & ! religion ( _m gods & 
idols1 poly!ism1 has giv5 way to "o     
,supreme ,god1 mono!ism4 ,man f\nd t x  
made = simplicity & sav$ 8 valuable "t  
if he wor%ip$ "o god1 in/ead ( obey+ !  
hi!rto _m4 ,! ,*os5 ,p took x ^u        
!mselves to br+ ! next div9ely concoct$ 
conception ( a ,supreme ,god1 & !y      
manufactur$ ! cre$ ( ,judaism4  ,aft] _m
 ye>s1 a rift arose among ! ,jews1 & !  
sect>ians 7 defeat$ & expell$4 ,foil$ 9 
_! fir/ object1 !y ca/ aside ! laws (   
,moses & (f]$ ! ,hebrew religion )\t !  
,hebrew c]emonies to ! ,greek & ,roman  
_w4 ,jesus 0 ! man :o prep>$ ! way = ?is
 rem>kable ev5t4  ,:5 ,mohamm$ conceiv$ 
! div9e conception t he w\ld foll[ 9 !  
foot/eps ( 8 bro!r-prophets1 ,moses &   
,jesus1 ! late/ ( ! major religions 0   
reveal$4  ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,hebrews & 
,*ri/ians1 al?\gh wor%ip+ ! same        
,jehovah1 are disput+ ) ea* o!r1 &      

inde$1 among/ !mselves1 ) reg>d to !    
v>i\s attributes1 amor\s pursuits1 &    
l9eal desc5dants ( ! ,godhead4 ,jehovah 
himself appe>s to be on ! decl9e & 8    
unity is /eadily dis9tegrat+ into a     
p>adoxical tr9ity4 ,b we are progress+1 
= 9 #acjj ye>s no new prophet has aris51
 & no new div9e revelation is p]turb+   
our race2 ! old ones1 h[ev]1 are caus+ q
 en\gh di/urbance4  ,x w\ld be ( value =
 ! mod]n religioni/ :o believes t !     
wor%ip ( a deity 9 our own age is f>    
remov$ f ! wor%ip ( an idol by our      
savage ance/ors1 to retrace 8 /eps &    
comp>e ! savage m9d wor%ip+ 8 p>ticul>  
idol & a s-call$ civiliz$ m9d ( today   
wor%ip+ 8 deity4  ,! savage pray$ to 8  
idol1 t is1 he begg$4 ,he begg$ ! idol  
to wat* ov] 8 flock or 8 fields4 ,!     
mod]n prays1 t is he begs ( 8 idol1 8   
deity1 to prosp] 8 bus9ess1 to gu>d 8   
life1 &1 z "o ( my sup]-dev\t           
acqua9tances rec5tly in=m$ me1 on ! eve 
( an important golf mat*1 = ! ,deity to 
give him endurance2 9 o!r words1 to cut 

d[n 8 golf score4  ,! savage voic$ 8    
incantations2 ! mod]n s+s hymns1 t is he
 flatt]s4 ,!re is /ill a great deal ( ! 
*>latanry ( ! magician 9 ! con/ruction (
 ! h\ses ( pray]1 ) ! sunlight %ut out &
 only filt]+ ?r\gh ! lead$ &            
multi-color$ panes1 ! semid>kness1 !    
solemnity1 ! rise & swell ( ! organ2 all
 ?+s comb9$ to ov]come ! s5ses1 to play 
^u ! emotions1 & to subdue ! reason4  ,!
 savage made sacrifices to 8 idols1 t   
is1 he paid tribute1 *iefly out ( fe>1 b
 p>tly 9 ! hope ( gett+ some?+ bett] 9  
return4 ,! mod]n does n (f] human or    
animal sacrifice1 x is true2 b x mu/ be 
borne 9 m9d t ! weal? ( ! savage consi/$
 ( 8 %eep1 ox51 oils1 & w9es1 n money4  
,today1 ! dev\t (f] a sacrifice ( money 
to ! ,deity4 ,we are all famili> ) !    
reque/s ( religi\s in/itutions = gifts1 
:i* ne>ly always f9i% ) ! phrase1 ,& !  
,"l w repay y _m fold4 ,9 o!r words1    
sacrifice "p ( y\r worldly goods to !   
idol1 & he w repay ) high int]e/4 ,he w 
give 9 return long life & mu* ri*es4 ,! 

savage 0 afraid to utt] ! real "n ( 8   
god1 x 0 taboo4 ,! mod]n says1 ,take n !
 "n ( ! ,"l 9 va94 ,ev5 today1 ! foll[]s
 ( ,moses consid] x taboo to utt] ! "n (
 ,jehovah except 9 pray]4  ,! pres5t-day
 me?ods ( wor%ip are no diff]5t f ^? ( !
 savage2 ! me?od ( supplication has     
*ang$ ) ! advance ( ! ye>s1 b !         
fundam5tal ideas at ! base ( all wor%ip 
are j z crude today z !y 7 #djjj ye>s   
ago4 ,primitive man 0 no m a feti%i/ ?an
 is ! mod]n ,ca?olic4 ,! latt] /ill we>s
 m$als & images susp5d$ f ! neck & p9n$ 
to ! inn] clo?+4  ,moreov]1 a survey ( !
 v>i\s religions extant indicates t !   
religi\s factor is no less preval5t     
today ?an x 0 9 primitive societies4  ,9
 ,gre5l&1 "o f9ds1 t ?r\gh ne>ly all (  
its va/ area religion has no place1 b t 
is *iefly ! result ( its be+ l>gely     
un9habit$4 ,9 ,alaska1 ! population is =
 ! mo/ "p ,ca?olic1 al?\gh ! natives are
 animi/s4 ,9 ,canada1 #cc p] c5t are    
,ca?olic1 ! re/ are ma9ly ,prote/ant4 ,9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bj p] c5t are        

,ca?olic1 #c4e p] c5t are ,jewi%1 & !   
rema9d] are ,prote/ants4 ,mexico1       
,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 are almo/       
entirely ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,9 ,europe1   
,russia 0 until rec5tly dom9antly ,greek
 ,or?odox2 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 !      
,engli% ,isles1 & ,c5tral ,europe are   
dom9antly ,prote/ant1 :ile ,france1     
,portugal1 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ! re/ ( !   
c\ntries bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea are 
,ca?olic4 ,! re/ ( ! cont95t is divid$  
betwe5 ,jews & ,mohamm$ans4 ,9 ,asia1 ! 
entire va/ area ( ,sib]ia is only       
sp>sely settl$ & its religions include  
,animism1 ,taoism1 & ,*ri/ianity4 ,9    
,*9a1 we f9d ! l& ( ?ree tru?s1         
,confucianism1 ,taoism1 & ,buddhism4    
,india1 ,tibet1 & ,burma are dom9at$ by 
,h9duism & ,buddhism2 ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 &
 ! re/ ( ! cont95t are ,mohamm$an4 ,9   
,japan1 !re are ! ,%9toi/s4 ,! ,ea/     
,indies1 :]e ! population is native1 are
 ,animi/ic4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ! dom9ant     
religion is ,prote/antism4 ,9 ,nor?     
,africa1 ! we/ coa/ inhabitants are     

,mohamm$ans1 :ile ! ,abyss9ians are     
,*ri/ians4 ,!re are "s ,coptic          
,*ri/ians1 9 ,egypt1 :ile 9 ! ,congo &  
,s\? ,african c\ntries d[n to ! ,cape   
,settlem5ts1 ! natives are ,animi/s4 ,! 
,cape ,settlem5ts !mselves are          
,prote/ants4  ,m concretely1 x is       
e/imat$ t #aj4g ( ! inhabitants ( !     
globe are ,prote/ants2 #af4b are        
,ca?olics2 #g4a are ,greek ,or?odox2 #aj
 are ,animi/s2 #a4d are ,%9toi/s2 #ah4b 
are ,confucians & ,taoi/s2 #ab4h are    
,h9dus2 #h4d are ,buddhi/s2 #ac4d are   
,moslems2 & #a4h are ,hebrews &         
unclassifi$ sects4 ,truly1 a religi\s   
babel6 & #aj ( all ! inhabitants ( !    
globe1 ab\t ! same numb] ( p :o pr(ess  
to ,prote/antism1 are ,animi/s4 ,?is is 
! l[e/ /age ( primitive religion1 &     
millions ( humans are /ill quagmir$ 9 ! 
slo? ( a primitive fai? :i* once mu/ h  
be5 ! fai? ( all human be+s4  ,!        
,mohamm$an1 ! ,jew1 ! ,*ri/ian1 w       
readily agree t ! animism1 ! feti%ism1 &
 idolatry ( ! savage 7 man-made fooli%  

beliefs4 ,!y c readily p]ceive t !re 0  
no?+ sup]natural1 no?+ reveal$1 9 su*   
beliefs2 b !y d n realize t to him1 9 8 
infantile developm5t1 ! feti% & ! idol 7
 j z sup]natural & sup]ior z ! mod]n    
conception ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 ea* age
 man creates 8 god1 9 8 own image1 & )9 
! conf9es ( 8 own m5tal developm5t4 ,!  
m9d ( man has exp&$ s t x has conqu]$ m 
& m ( 8 environm5t2 x has gr[n & wre/$ f
 nature ^? secrets :i* con/itute 8      
civilization4 ,along ) ?is has progress$
 ! conception ( a deity1 b only to a    
c]ta9 ext5t4 ,! m9d has embelli%$ !     
outw>d appe>ance ( its gods1 consolidat$
 !m1 & built ^u !m intricate sy/ems (   
!ology1 ^u :i* fe$ va/ hordes ( cl]gy2 b
 ! basic conception1 ! fundam5tal       
pr9ciple1 t !re mu/ be some?+           
sup]natural to expla9 some?+ :i* we _c  
expla9 at ! pres5t mom5t1 t conception  
/ill drugs ! m9d ( man4 ,primitive man  
did n und]/& ! mean+ ( lightn+1 ?und]1  
%ad[s1 e*oes1 etc41 & he plac$ ^! among 
! sup]natural ph5om5a4 ,! mod]n m9d     

expla9s ^! ph5om5a1 und]/&s ! laws      
gov]n+ _! production4 ,yet1 x is ?is    
same mod]n m9d :i* p]si/s 9 go+ back to 
our savage ance/ors & _! m5tal slo?1 by 
attribut+ ! myriads ( ph5om5a :i* /ill  
elude its pres5t /age ( m5tal           
developm5t1 to a p>ticul> idol1 ?is "t1 
a ,supreme ,be+4 ,brahmanism1 ,ja9ism1  
,buddhism1 ,h9duism1 ,confucianism1     
,taoism1 ,zoroa/rianism1 ,hebrewism1    
,mohamm$anism1 ,*ri/ianity--:i* is !    
true religion8  ,let u suppose = a mom5t
 t an inhabitant ( ,m>s1 if !re be su*1 
7 by a miracle to be transport$ to ?is  
e>? & end[$ ) ! m5tal capacity ( !      
av]age inhabitant ( ! e>? 7a ?+ :i*     
p]haps w\ld n be s flatt]+ to our gue/71
 7 to be approa*$ by a zealot ( ea* "o (
 ^! fai?s1 :o hop$ to conv]t ?is /rang] 
to its ranks4 ,s9ce ! factor ( co]cion  
by =ce ( environm5t to :i* ea* ( ^!     
e>?l+s 0 subject w\ld naturally be      
abs5t1 ! ,m>tian w\ld be 9 a position to
 make a fair *oice4 ,h[ mu* w\ld !      
visitor be impress$ by ! /atem5ts ( !   

,*ri/ian1 ,mohamm$an1 or ,jew1 :5 advis$
 t unless he embrac$ _! p>ticul> cre$1  
he w\ld be damn$ to et]nal torture 9 _! 
p>ticul> ,hell8  ,if a ,*ri/ian 7 to    
acco/ him & endeavor to put ! fe> ( ,god
 into him1 & if our visitor1 be+ f ,m>s1
 already knew t ( ! _w's population1    
only ab\t #bg p] c5t are ,*ri/ians1 & ! 
o!r #gc p] c5t are ,non-,*ri/ians1 is x 
logical to suppose t he w\ld ev] be     
conv9c$ t an omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1      
b5evol5t1 ,supreme ,be+ w\ld select only
 "o qu>t] ( 8 *ildr5 :om he _h creat$ = 
r$emption1 ) ! infallible k t ne>ly     
?ree-qu>t]s ( !m w\ld be conf9$ to ,hell
 = n believ+ :at ,he c\ld h made !m     
believe if ,he 7 truly omnipot5t1       
omnisci5t1 & b5evol5t8 ,w\ld he n r     
reply t on 8 planet su* a ,fa!r :o w\ld 
select "s ( 8 *ildr5 = rew>ds1 &        
malici\sly torture 8 o!r *ildr51 w\ld n 
be designat$ z a ,god b a ,devil8 ,7 !  
,m>tian to be fur!r in=m$ t ea* "o (    
,god's *ildr5 0 repres5t$ 9 actual      
figures by hundr$s ( millions & t ^! h  

be5 liv+ on ! planet ,e>? = hundr$s (   
?\s&s ( ye>s1 & 7 ! visitor to          
contemplate ! va/ incompreh5sible numb] 
( s\ls t h be5 conf9$ to ,hell by su* a 
fa!r1 might he n cut 8 visit %ort8 ,he  
w\ld be apt to repeat ) ,james ,mill1   
,?9k ( a be+ :o w\ld make a ,hell1 :o   
w\ld create ! human race ) ! infallible 
=ekn[l$ge & !re=e ) ! int5tion t ! great
 majority ( !m %\ld be consign$ to      
horrible & ev]la/+ torm5t4 ,i believe t 
our gue/ w\ld ass]t t if su* a ,be+     
actually exi/$ & dem&$ wor%ip1 he w\ld  
c]ta9ly h reveal$ 8 true belief to !    
fir/ man ,adam1 & !re=e sav$ 8 *ildr5 an
 ine/imable am\nt ( suff]+4  ,7 !       
visitor to be fur!r press$ by ! zealot )
 ! vision ( et]nal hell1 ,i believe he  
w\ld retort t !re is no reason = ,god to
 puni% ^? :o d\bt or d5y fai? 9 ,8      
exi/5ce1 s9ce x is ,8 own do+2 & if ,he 
desir$ ea* "o ( ,8 *ildr5 to wor%ip ,him
 accord+ to ! precepts ( a c]ta9 cre$1  
,he surely w\ld h in/ill$ t cre$ into   
man's make-up toge!r ) ! re/ ( 8        

*>act]i/ics4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,he w\ld n     
e/eem any cre$ :i* damn$ ! human        
intellect by curs+ ! d\bts :i* are !    
necess>y consequ5ce ( its ex]cise1 or ! 
cre$ :i* curs$ ! moral faculty by ass]t+
 ! guilt ( hone/ error4  ,if our visitor
 w\ld b glance at ! hi/ory1 ! evolution1
 ( religi\s beliefs1 he w\ld realize &  
s\ndly ass]t t all religions are human 9
 _! orig9s1 errone\s 9 _! !ories1 &     
ridicul\s 9 _! ?reats & rew>ds4         
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,! ,,koran ,,& ,,! ,,old 
,,& ,,new ,,te/am5ts      ,! ,jews em]ge
 into hi/ory1 n a nation ( ke5 spiritual
     aspirations & altrui/ic e?ics1 b t 
pagan p1     wor%ipp+ rocks1 %eep &     
cattle1 & spirits ( caves & wells1     (
 :om ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t5d+ t[>ds its    
high] ideal1 gives     fragm5t>y b      
conv9c+ evid5ce4      ,,james ,t4       
,,%otwell4      ,consid] ,jahveh4 ,cruel
 god ( a horde ( nomadic invad]s settl+ 
9 a l& ( f>m]s1 he _h 8 images1 rang+ 9 
elaboration f     an uncut mazzebah or  
a%]ah1 to a gold5 bull4 ,he 0 plural by 

place & tribe & function4 ,:at did !    
prophetic movem5t d     ) 8 sacr$ p[]s8 
,x id5tifi$ 8 taboos ) a writt5         
con/itution4      ,,horace ,m4 ,,kall54 
,! m5tal attitude ( ^! prie/-dom9at$    
ance/ors ( ours is     amaz+4 ,!y 7 l   
*ildr5 9 ! h&s ( unscrupul\s     tea*]s4
 ,9 read+ ^! old *ronicles x is         
impossible n to be     %ock$ by !       
incongruity ev] aris+ out ( !           
juxtaposition (     !ory & practice4    
,,llewelyn ,,p[ys4   ,our ,m>tian       
visitor1 hav+ )/ood ! bla/s ( ! ,zealot1
 is approa*$ by a ,mohamm$an :o places 9
 8 h&s ! ,koran & tells him t x is a    
div9ely inspir$ revelation1 z reveal$ by
 ,allah ?r\gh 8 prophet1 ,mohamm$4 ,hav+
 already _h "s exp]i5ce ) e>?ly         
religioni/s1 ! ,m>tian is dispos$ to    
avail himself ( ! hi/orical evid5ce     
reg>d+ ! life ( ,mohamm$4  ,he f9ds t   
,mohamm$1 f all acc\nts1 0 a demagogue1 
a *>latan1 & a victim ( m5tal disease4  
,x /rikes him /rangely t su* an         
individual %\ld be *os5 by ,allah z 8   

disciple on e>? to make kn[n 8 comm&s4  
,he notes ,mohamm$'s appe>ance on e>? 9 
#fjj ,a4,d4 & wond]s :y ! ,creator %\ld 
h procra/9at$ = su* a long "t2 b decides
 to read ! revelations anyh[4  ,he      
discov]s t f ! lit]>y po9t ( view1 !    
,koran has little m]it4 ,declamation1   
repetition1 pu]ility1 a lack ( logic1 & 
incoh]5ce /rike him at e turn4 ,he f9ds 
x humiliat+ to ! human intellect to ?9k 
t ?is m$iocre lit]ature has be5 !       
subject ( innum]able comm5t>ies & t     
millions ( m5 are /ill wa/+ "t 9 absorb+
 x4  ,a ,hebrew next takes 8 turn at ?is
 ob/9ate gue/ & sets be=e him ! ,old    
,te/am5t4 ,aga91 ! ,m>tian is in=m$ t x 
is an inspir$ book actuat$ by ,god4  ,9 
8 attempt to f9d ! hi/orical evid5ce    
corroborat+ ?is book1 ! ,m>tian f9ds t  
au!ntic hi/ory beg9s = ! ,israelites ) !
 con/itution ( ,saul's mon>*y ab\t #aajj
 ,b4,c4 ,all t prec$es ?is--! deluge1 ! 
disp]sal ( mank9d1 ,abraham1 ,jacob1    
,joseph1 ! captivity 9 ,egypt1 ,moses1  
,jo%ua1 & ! conque/ ( ,canaan1 is m or  

less my?ical4  ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 our  
,m>tian reads ! fir/ *apt]1 glances at !
 *ronology1 & is imm$iately bewild]$    
s9ce he has a fair k ( our sci5tific    
advances4 ,z he reads on1 he becomes    
aw>e ( a ho/ ( errors1 contradictions1 &
 manife/ absurdities4 ,:5 he que/ions ! 
zeal\s ,hebrew1 he comes 9 contact ) :at
 he is in=m$ is ,concordism1 :i* he     
p]ceives is a false sci5ce t consi/s 9  
det]m9+1 at any co/1 a p]fect h>mony    
betwe5 mod]n sci5ce & ! k possess$ by   
,god's p4 ,he is ?us told t ! days (    
creation 7 n days at all1 b p]iods2     
al?\gh ! ,bible m5tions ! morn+ & ev5+ (
 ea* day4 ,delv+ fur!r 9 ?is mo/ holy ( 
revelations1 he le>ns t ,god is         
repres5t$ 9 a mann] mo/ unwor?y ( :at   
su* a be+ %\ld be repres5t$4 ,he f9ds ! 
,"l walk+ 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+1 %[+ 8 h9d  
qu>t]s to ,moses1 ord]+ abom9able       
massacres1 & puni%+ *iefs :o _h n kill$ 
en\gh p4 ,on fur!r p]usal1 !re is       
reveal$1 ,a great deal ( ,ori5tal       
bomba/1 incoh]5ce & absurdity1 t !      

m>vels rec\nt$ are (t5 ludicr\s or      
grotesque4  ,9 a *ance mom5t1 :5 !      
,hebrew _h relax$ 8 hold = a second1 a  
vile h]etic po9ts out to ! visitor      
7,exodus ,,xxii1 #ah73 ,?\ %alt n suff] 
a wit* to live6 & expla9s ! wit*craft   
delusion to him4  ,f a comp>ison betwe5 
,exodus ,,xxxiv & ,exodus ,,xx1 he is at
 a loss to deciph] :i* are ! true       
comm&m5ts t ! ,"l gave to ,moses4 ,!    
fir/ five books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 he f9ds1 
are attribut$ to ,moses1 al?\gh !y      
conta9 ! acc\nt ( ! latt]'s dea?4 ,on   
inquiry1 he le>ns t ?is is /ill ma9ta9$ 
by ! synagogue4 ,8 ,m>tian intellect is 
unable to compreh5d ! logic ( a ,god :o 
w\ld dem& human & animal sacrifice1 & ! 
/ory ( ,abraham ab\t to sacrifice 8 son 
,isaac fills him ) disgu/4 ,8 e/imate ( 
! m5tality ( ,jehovah receives a sev]e  
jolt :5 he reads 9 ,leviticus ,,xvi1    
,h]e) %all ,a>on come unto ! holy place 
) a "y bullock = a s9 (f]+ & a ram = a  
burnt (f]+4 ,he %all put on ! holy l95  
coat1 & he %all h ! l95 bree*es ^u 8    

fle%1 & he %all be gird$ ) ! l95 girdle1
 & ) ! l95 mitre %all he be attir$2 !y  
are ! holy g>m5ts2 & he %all ba! 8 fle% 
9 wat] & put !m on4 ,& he %all take ( ! 
congregation ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel two   
he-goats = a s9 (f]+1 & "o ram = a burnt
 (f]+4 ,& ,a>on %all pres5t ! bullock ( 
! s9 (f]+1 :i* is = himself1 & he %all  
make atonem5t = himself & = 8 h\ses4 ,& 
he %all take ! two goats & set !m be=e !
 ,"l at ! door ( ! t5t ( ! meet+4  ,our 
visitor reads on to ,leviticus ,,xviii1 
aft] :i* he mu/ /op to "q ! ,hebrew1 =  
"h he f9ds1 ,none ( y %all approa* to   
any t is ne> ( k9 to him1 to uncov] _!  
nak$ness2 ,i am ! ,"l4 ,! nak$ness ( ?y 
fa!r1 ev5 ! nak$ness ( ?y "m1 %alt ?\ n 
uncov]2 %e is ?y "m2 ?\ %alt n uncov] h]
 nak$ness4 ,! nak$ness ( ?y fa!r's wife 
%alt ?\ n uncov]2 x is ?y fa!r's        
nak$ness4 ,! nak$ness ( ?y si/]1 !      
daught] ( ?y fa!r1 or daught] ( ?y "m1  
:e!r %e be born at home1 or abroad1 ev5 
_! nak$ness ?\ %alt n uncov]4 ,!        
nak$ness ( ?y son's wife--! nak$ness ( !

 wife ( ?y fa!r--! nak$ness ( ?y fa!r's 
si/]1 ?y "m's si/]1 ! nak$ness ( ?y     
daught]-9-law1 ?y bro!r's wife1 !       
nak$ness ( a woman & h] daught]1 ?\ %alt
 n uncov]4 ,& unto a woman sep>at$ by h]
 uncleanl9ess ?\ %alt n approa* to      
uncov] h] nak$ness4 ,?\ %alt n be       
c>nally ) ?y neighbor's wife1 to defile 
?yself ) h]4 ,?\ %alt n be ) mank9d z ) 
womank9d4 ,& ?\ %alt n be ) any bea/ to 
defile ?yself !reto2 nei!r %all any     
woman /& be=e a bea/ to lie d[n !reto2 x
 is confusion4  ,! ,m>tian1 totally     
agha/1 is con/ra9$ to exclaim t he _c   
believe t a ,deity %\ld f9d x necess>y  
to place ?is 9 a div9e revelation4 ,!   
,hebrew ,zealot rel5ts some:at to expla9
 t p]haps ?is 0 n reveal$1 b f\nd its   
way into ! div9e text z a moral lesson  
to ! primitive tribes = :i* x 0 writt54 
,to ?is1 our gue/ c\nt]s ) ! rem>k t if 
?is be a p>able ( mann]s & morals1 !n1 f
 :at he obs]ves on ! e>?1 we1 ,e>?l+s1 h
 c]ta9ly outgr[n ! ne$ = su* co>se &    
obsc5e /atem5ts made "s #bjjj ye>s ago2 

& t on ,m>s1 al?\gh ! inhabitants are n 
bless$ ) su* div9e revelations1 common  
s5se & reason h taught _! mo/ primitive 
m5 ! same lessons 9 morality :ile !y 7  
yet 9 _! infancy4  ,reflect+ on ?is maze
 ( contradictions1 ! ,m>tian det]m9es to
 analyze ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,hebrew    
religion 9 ! same mann] t he w\ld       
inve/igate any o!r problem pres5t$ to   
him4  ,?irty-five hundr$ ye>s ago1 !    
,hebrews 7 a pa/oral1 primitive p       
inhabit+ ! wild]ness kn[n today z !     
,arabian ,des]t4 ,_! religion 0 t ( all 
o!r primitive peoples--,animism1 an     
illusion :i* made primitive man         
recognize ev]y:]e spirits simil> to 8   
own _s4 ,!y wor%ip$ ! spirits ( ! sun & 
! moon1 ! m\nta9s & rocks1 z well z !   
spirits ( ! dead4  ,x appe>s c]ta9 t !  
b>r5ness ( ?is des]t l& necessitat$ ^!  
w&]+ tribes to migrate to adjac5t areas 
( great] f]tility4 ,to ! nor? lay !     
f]tile valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates 
& ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 to ! we/
 lay ! l& ( ! ,egyptians4 ,"t & "t aga91

 ^! ,b$\9 tribes hurl$ !mselves aga9/ ! 
inhabitants ( ! nor!rn f]tile valleys4  
,babylonia1 to ! nor!a/1 0 ! fir/ c\ntry
 to be invad$1 & lat] ,canaan to !      
nor?we/4 ,successful at times 9 e/abli%+
 !mselves 9 ,babylonia & ,canaan1 !y 7  
at o!r times driv5 back into ! des]t :5 
! native inhabitants 9 turn attack$ !   
invad]s4 ,migrat+ into ,egypt 9 se>* (  
food1 !y 7 made a captive nation &      
escap$ aga9 into ! des]t :5 ! ,egyptians
 7 engag$ 9 fight+ ! savage invad]s f   
,libya4  ,! lead] ( ?is flight f ,egypt 
0 ! prophet ,moses4 ,! ,m>tian decides  
to inve/igate ! "* & de$s ( ?is         
influ5tial figure at ano!r "t4 ,x is    
probable t ! exodus gave ! prop] /imulus
 = ! beg9n+s ( a di/9ctive ,hebrew      
religion1 & 0 ! reason = _! f9ally      
e/abli%+ !mselves 9 ,canaan1 ) ,jehovah 
z _! *ief deity4 ,x has (t5 be5         
proclaim$ t ! value ( ,judaism has be5 9
 fir/ e/abli%+ a religion ( mono!ism2 b 
x mu/ n be =gott5 t c5turies be=e !     
,hebrews escap$ into ! des]t1 !         

,egyptians 7 t5d+ to mono!ism4 ,x is    
kn[n t "o god 0 exalt$ ov] all ! re/ 9  
,egypt1 & t z f> back z #acge ,b4,c4 ,k+
 ,ikhnaton made ! religion ( ,egypt an  
absolute mono!ism4 ,! ,hebrews1 9       
proclaim+ _! ,yahveh z ! "o & supreme   
deity1 7 b foll[+ :at !y _h assimilat$ f
 ! ,egyptians4 ,! fai? ( ^! des]t       
m>aud]s1 at ! "t ( _! entrance into     
,canaan1 0 z crude & savage z ! ,hebrews
 !mselves4 ,br\ght into contact ) ! gods
 ( ! ,pho5icians & ,babylonians1 _!     
,yahveh und]w5t a *ange1 z h all o!r    
cre$s s9ce t "t :5 br\ght into contact )
 ano!r cre$4 ,! f9al idea ( ,yahveh     
accept$ by ! ,hebrews 0 n ! product ( a 
sudd5 revelation b ( a gradual          
evolution4  ,! ,hebrews1 ab\t ! twelf?  
c5tury ,b4,c41 ga9$ access into ,canaan1
 & at fir/ 7 successful 9 w>f>e1 s t "u 
,k+ ,david !y pres5t$ ! aspect ( a unit$
 nation4 ,h[ev]1 foll[+ ! extravagant   
reign ( ,k+ ,solomon1 ! nation 0        
embroil$ 9 a revolution1 & ! l& 0 divid$
 into two k+doms--,israel 9 ! nor?1     

,judah 9 ! s\?4 ,^! two t9y k+doms 7    
habitually at w> ) ea* o!r &1 f9ally1 9 
#gbb ,b4,c4 ,israel 0 conqu]$1 :ile 9   
#ehf ,b4,c41 ,judah 0 defeat$ & its     
population ei!r scatt]$ or tak5 into    
captivity4  ,9 #ech ,b4,c41 ,cyrus (    
,p]sia conqu]$ ,babylonia & set ! exiles
 free4 ,return+ to _! own l&1 ! exiles  
took back ) !m ! law code :i* ! prie/s  
_h manufactur$ = !m4 ,!n began a p]iod (
 prie/ly dom9ation & corruption1 a p]iod
 ( subjugation to ,rome1 ( insurrection 
aga9/ ,rome1 & ! capture & de/ruction ( 
,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4 ,) ! capture (   
,j]usalem1 ! ,hebrew nation 0 f9ally    
disp]s$4  ,j z ! ,m>tian 0 able to trace
 ! evolution ( ! ,hebrews f ! /age ( !  
m>aud+ tribes ( ! ,arabian des]t :o w&]$
 into ,egypt1 ,canaan1 & ,babylonia1 &  
f9ally e/abli%$ a k+dom = !mselves :i* 0
 disp]s$ by ,rome2 j s c\ld he trace !  
evolution ( _! religi\s beliefs f _!    
incipi5t crudities to _! n too great    
ref9em5t at #gj ,a4,d4 ,?is evolution ( 
! ,hebrew religion is be/ exemplifi$ by 

an analysis ( ! ,old ,te/am5t itself4   
,!re are sev]al canons1 or (ficial      
collection ( books :i* comprise ! ,old  
,te/am5t4 ,! ,jews & ,prote/ants accept 
few] books ?an ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,!   
,jewi% ,canon consi/s ( ^? s-call$ sacr$
 books ( :i* ! ,synagogue possess$      
,hebrew texts ab\t a c5tury be=e !      
,*ri/ian era4 ,ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 ! sacr$ 
books ( ! ,jews 7 translat$ into ,greek 
= ! use ( ^? ,egyptian ,jews :o c\ld n  
read ,hebrew4 ,?is translation is call$ 
! ,septuag9t1 f a tradition t sev5ty or 
sev5ty-two translators _h work$ ^u x4   
7,salomon ,re9a*1 ,orpheus47 ,! e>lie/  
manuscripts ( ! ,hebrew ,bible date only
 f ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d41 b !re are v mu* 
old] manuscripts ( ! ,greek & ,lat9     
translations 9 exi/5ce4 ,at ! "t (      
,jesus ,*ri/1 ?ree divisions ( ! ,old   
,te/am5t 7 recogniz$4 ,^! 71 ! ,law1 !  
,prophets1 & ! o!r ,scriptures4 ,! fir/ 
five books1 ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,numb]s1  
,leviticus1 & ,deut]onomy1 are kn[n z ! 
,p5tateu*1 & are attribut$ to ,moses    

himself2 al?\gh1 z has be5 not$1 !y     
conta9 ! acc\nt ( 8 dea?4 ,?is          
conception ( ! ,mosaic orig9 ( !        
,p5tateu* 0 accept$ by ! ,israelites z  
e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 & has be5   
ma9ta9$ by ! ,synagogue s9ce t "t4      
,foll[+ ! example ( ! ,hebrews1 !       
,*ri/ian ,*ur*es accept$ ?is v]sion z to
 orig91 & ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* /ill  
upholds ?is view4 ,! ,jewi% ,synagogue &
 ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es fur!r hold t !
 ,old ,te/am5t is a collection ( works  
inspir$ or dictat$ by ,god4 ,ev5 z late 
z #ahfa1 ! fam\s ,dean ,burgon1 9 a     
s]mon prea*$ at ,ox=d ,univ]sity1       
decl>$1 ,! ,bible is none o!r ?an !     
voice ( ,him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone4 ,e    
book ( x1 e *apt] ( x1 e v]se ( x1 e    
syllable ( x1 e lett] ( x1 is ! direct  
utt]ance ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! ,bible is   
none o!r ?an ! ,^w ( ,god1 n "s "p ( x  
m1 "s "p ( x less1 b all alike !        
utt]ance ( ,him :o sitte? ^u ! ?rone1   
faultless1 un]r+1 supreme4 ,! ,m>tian   
comp>$ ?is /atem5t ) ! words ( ! s*ol>  

,loisy1 ,if ,god himself wrote ! ,bible1
 we mu/ believe ,him to be ei!r ignorant
 or untru?ful4  ,z he delves fur!r into 
! intricacies ( ! con/ruction ( !       
,bible1 our visitor p]ceives t ! ,old   
,te/am5t gradually evolv$ f ! t5? c5tury
 to ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & 9 its     
pres5t =m is ma9ly a fif? c5tury        
compilation1 s di/ort+ ! facts t x has  
tak5 s*ol>s "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s to   
get !m /raight4 ,x may rightly be said t
 !re is n a s+le book 9 ! ,bible :i* is 
orig9al 9 ! s5se ( hav+ be5 writt5 by "o
 man1 = all ! books are made up ( old]  
docum5ts or pre-exi/+ s\rces :i* 7      
comb9$ ) lat] mat]ials1 und]go+1 9 ?is  
way1 sev]al revisions & editions at !   
h&s ( diff]5t scribes or compil]s4 ,deep
 traces h !re=e be5 left ^u ! text ( !  
,bible by ^! sev]al /ages ( expansions1 
additions1 modifications1 revisions1 &  
incorporations--!y appe> to ! s*ol> (   
biblical lit]ature mu* l ! /riations    
groov$ 9 ! rocks by l>ge glaci]s to !   
/ud5t ( ,geology4 7,trattn]1 ,unravell+ 

! ,book ( ,books47  ,! ,m>tian asc]ta9s 
t to mo/ ?9k+ m5 x has become v obvi\s t
 ! ,bible is ! "w ( man1 & n !          
inspiration ( a god2 t an increas+ numb]
 ( lib]al !ologians are disc>d+ ! !ory (
 ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,he    
likewise cle>ly p]ceives t !re are z yet
 _m m5 t h giv5 ?is matt] b little      
?\ght2 ) ! ,div9e inspiration loom+ up z
 a corn] /one 9 ! ,hebrew fai? he       
realizes t x behooves him to c>ry 8     
inve/igations fur!r4  ,! ,*ri/ians1     
accept+ ! ,old ,te/am5t z a book dictat$
 by ,god1 _h fix$ ! age ( ! e>? z #djjd 
,b4,c4 ,! h>m done by ! ,*ri/ian        
ecclesia/ics 9 attempt+ to =ce sci5ce to
 con=m to ! ridicul\s concept ( !       
con/ruction ( ! univ]se z conta9$ 9 !   
,bible1 & z int]pret$ by ! ,*ur*1 !     
,m>tian consid]s 9 a fur!r *apt]4       
,sci5ti/s incl9e to ! view t ! e>? has  
exi/$ z a sep>ate planet = some?+ l two 
?\s& million ye>s 7#b1jjj1jjj1jjj74 ,!  
rocks give a hi/ory ( #af1jjj1jjj1jjj4  
,j z 9 ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( primitive     

beliefs1 "o f9ds t man made 8 gods &    
inv5t$ all t !y are report$ to h said1 s
 a /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t reveals t !   
anci5t ,hebrew inv5t$ 8 ,god1 &         
manufactur$ ! va/ mass ( my? & fable t  
are record$ z ! words & de$s ( ,god4    
,?r\gh\t ! ages1 ! words ( ^! anci5t    
,hebrews h be5 tak5 z ! words ( a god4  
,ev]y?+ goes to %[ t ! ,hebrew lit]ature
 0 produc$ l o!r lit]atures4 ,hebrews 7 
n ! fir/ to tell tales4 ,:5 !y did come 
to write '= our le>n+' !y borr[$ f o!r  
p4 ,! only reason :y any?+ m ?an a      
lit]>y att5tion is paid to ^! old ,jewi%
 writ+s is t ,jesus 0 a ,jew4 ,:5       
,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$--a difficult date to
 fix--!re 0 no su* ?+ z a ,bible4 ,! old
 ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s _h ,holy         
,scriptures2 ! ,egyptians _h a ,book ( !
 ,dead1 & ! ,say+s ( ,khu5at52 !        
,p]sians _h ! ,z5d-,ave/a2 ! ,*9ese _h  
sacr$ books4 ,!y 7 all z sacr$ z !      
,jewi% books4 ,prie/s made !m sacr$4    
,prie/s g5]ally rewrote & edit$ !m1 ev5 
if !y _h n orig9ally imag9$ !m4 ,!re is 

no?+ to guide ! man ( common s5se save k
 & reason4 ,e prie/ swe>s 8 religion & 8
 scriptures are true4 ,b !y _c all be   
true4 ,if ! fir/ are true1 !n ! ,jews   
are pa/ fur!r consid]ation1 = !y 7 n !  
fir/ 9 ! field ) sacr$ writ+s4444 ,holy 
scriptures are m]ely ,jewi% classics4   
,we h _h to accept ^! old writ+s ( !    
,hebrews z holy & inspir$ because !     
prie/s said s1 & = no o!r reason        
:atsoev]4 ,!re is no o!r reason4 ,assum+
 ! exi/5ce ( a deity1 a man ex]cis+ 8   
common s5se w\ld be compell$ to d5y t ! 
,old ,te/am5t is inspir$ ( ,god1 because
 x ab\nds 9 /upidities & errors su* z no
 god c\ld inspire4 ,b because ! ,jews   
accumulat$ ^! writ+s1 ! subsequ5t       
adopt]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 realiz+ t ,jesus 
0 a ,jew1 & _h be5 a pr(ess+ ,jew1      
promptly annex$ ^! tales ( fancy & (    
fe>1 ( muddl$1 s5sual1 silly ?+s & said 
!y mu/ be accept$ ) ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4  
,& 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 p _h to believe ^!   
old ,jewi% writ+s 7 ! ,^w ( ,god4 7,w4  
,h4 ,williamson1 ,?9k] or ,believ]47  ,!

 ,hebrews _h z "o ( _! gods1 ,yahveh1   
:om !y end[$ ) _! qualities2 qualities  
inh]5t 9 a primitive p3 jeal\sy & might1
 trick]y & fickl5ess4 ,!y evolv$ a      
wor%ip t conta9$ 9 a modifi$ =m _m ( !  
c]emonials t !y witness$ :5 !y came into
 contact ) ! ,babylonians & ,pho5icians4
 ,_! ,bible !y ma9ta9$ to be a          
collection ( books :i* appe>$ at        
int]vals1 ) div9e inspiration1 dur+ a   
?\s& ye>s ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,simil>ly1 !y
 insi/$ t ,moses wrote ! ,p5tateu*1 t   
,judges1 ,k+s1 & ,*ronicles g back to ! 
times !y describe1 t ! prophecies 7 add$
 f ! n9? c5tury onw>d1 & s on4  ,!      
,m>tian f\nd t n a s+le book ( ! ,old   
,te/am5t is old] ?an ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4
 & t 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 all ! old]  
books & fragm5ts 7 comb9$ toge!r into ! 
,old ,te/am5t z we h x1 & 7 dra/ically  
alt]$ s z to yield a v]sion ( e>ly      
,jewi% hi/ory :i* is n true4 ,!         
manipulation ( ! ,hebrew writ+s by !    
,jewi% prie/s _h = its object to        
repres5t ! ,jewi% prie/hood1 & its      

rights & cu/oms1 z hav+ be5 e/abli%$ 9 !
 days ( ,moses4 ,deut]onomy & ,leviticus
 h be5 class$ z prie/ly =g]ies4 ,ne>ly e
 occurr5ce1 f ! creation ( ! _w to !    
dea? ( ,moses1 is relat$ twice &1 9 "s  
cases1 ?ree times2 & z ! ,p5tateu* is   
suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,moses "o mu/
 assume t ,moses _h d\ble & triple      
vision4  ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah 
are impud5t =g]ies ( ! f\r? c5tury1 giv+
 a totally false v]sion ( ! ev5ts4 ,!   
,m>tian f9ds t ! t]ms us$ = ^!          
fabrications are r$action or rec5sion1  
b1 9 8 und]/&+1 he f9ds ! ^w mo/        
descriptive ( ! process to be =g]y4 ,!  
ma9 po9t is t practically all ! exp]ts  
assure y t 9 scores ( mat]ial po9ts !   
,old ,te/am5t hi/ory has be5 discr$it$1 
& has only be5 confirm$ 9 a few         
unimportant incid5tal /atem5ts2 & t !   
books are a tissue ( inv5tions1         
expansions1 conflations1 or rec5sions   
dat+ c5turies aft] ! ev5t4  ,! ,m>tian 9
 8 analysis becomes aw>e ( in/ances     
relat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t on 8 planet  

w\ld h to be t]m$ =g]ies1--delib]ate    
falsifications or fabrications (        
docum5ts or ( ! signature to !m4 ,n[ !  
f> great] "p ( ! m le>n$ cl]ical        
au?orities on ! ,bible say t _m books ( 
! ,old ,te/am5t pret5d to be writt5 by  
m5 :o did n write !m2 t _m books 7      
delib]ately writt5 z hi/ory :5 ! writ]s 
knew t !y 7 n hi/ory2 & t ! ,old        
,te/am5t z a :ole1 z we h x1 is a       
delib]ate attempt to convey an hi/orical
 belief :i* ! writ]s knew to be false4  
,b ^! le>n$ au?orities d n l ! ^w =g]y4 
,x is crude4 7,joseph ,mc,cabe1 ,! ,=g]y
 ( ,! ,old ,te/am5t47 ,!y veil ! mean+ (
 ?is ^w 9 ! elegance1 ! subtlety1 !     
res\rces1 ( diplomatic language4 ,!y    
talk ( c]ta9 books 9 t]ms ( _! leg5d>y  
"*1 _! con=mity to a s*eme1 & _!        
didactic purpose4 ,to ! ,m>tian ^! are b
 an extremely polite description ( :at  
he w\ld call a =g]y4  ,a !ologian 9     
speak+ ( ,david /ates t ,ke5 criticism  
is necess>y to arrive at ! k]nel ( fact1
 &1 ! imag9ative elem5t 9 ! /ory (      

,david is b ! ve/ure :i* half conceals1 
half discloses c]ta9 facts treasur$ 9   
popul> tradition4 ,! ,m>tian ?9ks ?is is
 polite language1 b ! ^w =g]y is mu* m  
concise & to ! po9t1 & he f9ds an       
excell5t example ( ?is describ$ by      
,joseph ,mc,cabe 9 ,! ,=g]y ( ! ,old    
,te/am5t4 ,he /ates1 ,"s "t ago we      
recov]$ tablets ( ! great ,p]sian k+1   
,cyrus1 & ,pr(essor ,sayre gives u a    
translation ( !m1 & he comp>es !m1 z y  
may1 ) ! words ( ,daniel1 ',9 t night 0 
,bel%azz>1 ! k+ ( ! ,*aldeans1 sla91 &  
,d>ius ! ,m$ian took ! k+dom4' ,!       
tablets ( ,cyrus describe ! tak+ (      
,babylon1 & are beyond ! slighte/       
suspicion4 ,! ,p]sians _h adopt$ !      
,babylonian cu/om ( writ+ on clay1 !n   
bak+ ! brick or tablet1 & su* docum5ts  
la/ =ev]4 ,& ^! & o!r au!ntic &         
contempor>y docum5ts ( ! age :i*        
',daniel' describes %[3       #a4 ,t    
,bel%azz> 0 n ! k+ ( ,babylon4       #b4
 ,t ! "n ( ! la/ k+ 0 ,nabonidos4       
#c4 ,t ! city 0 tak5 peacefully1 by     

guile1 n by blood%$4       #d4 ,t x 0   
,cyrus1 n ,d>ius ! ,m$ian1 :o took x4   
#e4 ,t ,d>ius1 :o is said 7,,xi1 #a7 by 
,daniel to h be5 ! son      ( ,ahasu]us 
7,x]xes71 0 really 8 fa!r4       #f4 ,t 
all ! ,babylonian names 9 ,daniel are   
absurdly misspelt      & q /range to !  
writ]4       #g4 ,t ! writ] describ$ !  
,*aldeans 9 a way t no writ]      c\ld h
 done be=e ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great4  ,x 
is n[ beyond "q t ! man :o wrote        
,daniel1 & pret5d$ to be alive 9 #eci   
,b4,c4 7:5 ,babylon fell71 did n live   
until ?ree or f\r c5turies lat]4 ,! book
 is a tissue ( errors1 z we f9d by      
au!ntic docum5ts & by read+ ! real      
,babylonian names on ! tablets4  ,!     
,m>tian discov]s gl>+ in/ances ( =g]y 9 
! book ( ,isaiah & ! ,psalms ( ,david1  
:i*1 :ile !y pret5d to h be5 writt5 by  
,isaiah & ,david1 are really            
compilations by v>i\s writ]s4 ,simil>ly1
 he f9ds t ! ,book ( ,e/h] has be5      
pron\nc$ by s*ol>s z a clumsy =g]y ( !  
second c5tury1 & t ! /ory ( ! slay+ (   

,golia? by ,david is n consi/5t ) !     
unleg5d>y tradition t ! slay] ( ,golia? 
0 ,elhanan1 & ! p]iod ( ?is adv5ture n 9
 ,saul's b 9 ,david's reign4 ,! ,book ( 
,psalms1 al?\gh attribut$ to ,k+ ,david1
 0 n writt5 by ,k+ ,david2 & ! ,book (  
,prov]bs1 al?\gh attribut$ to ,solomon1 
0 n writt5 by ,k+ ,solomon4  ,! ,book ( 
,g5esis relates ! my?ical traditions ( !
 ,hebrews f ! creation ( ! _w to ! dea? 
( ,joseph4 ,a ,fr5* physician ( !       
eighte5? c5tury1 ,a/ruc1 0 ! fir/ s*ol> 
to po9t out t ! two pr9cipal            
designations ( ,god 9 ,g5esis1 ,elohim &
 ,jahveh1 are n us$ arbitr>ily4 ,if we  
place side by side ! passages 9 :i* ,god
 is call$ ,elohim1 & ^? 9 :i* he is     
call$ by ! o!r "n1 we get two p]fectly  
di/9ct n>ratives1 :i* ! au?or ( !       
,p5tateu*1 z we possess x1 has juxtapos$
 r ?an fus$4 ,?is "o discov]y suffices  
to discr$it ! attribution ( ^! books to 
,moses1 :o c\ld n h be5 an un9tellig5t  
compil]1 & also discr$its ! !ory ( !    
div9e inspiration ( ! ,bible text4 ,a   

comp>ison ( ! two n>ratives %[s t all   
:i* relates to ! creation ( ,eve1 !     
,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & ,adam's transgression1  
exi/s only 9 ! ,jehovi/ text4 ,?us x is 
evid5t t two v]sions ( ! ,creation are  
giv5 9 ,g5esis4 ,b !re are traces 9 !   
,old ,te/am5t ( a ?ird leg5d1 ak9 to t (
 ! ,babylonians1 9 :i* ,m>duk creates ! 
_w by virtue ( a victory ov] ! wat]s (  
*aos 7,tiamat74 ,?is conception ( a     
conflict betwe5 ! creator & ho/ile =ces 
0 contr>y to ! mono!i/ic !sis1 & has    
disappe>$ f our two v]sions ( ,g5esis2 b
 ! suppression suffici5tly proves t x 0 
v anci5t & _h long be5 accept$4  ,!     
,m>tian f9ds t !ologians h attempt$ to  
crawl out ( desp]ate situations 9 _!    
int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by a    
me?od ( read+ into a passage or extract+
 out ( x ideas altoge!r =eign to its    
orig9al int5t4 ,?is me?od !y call       
,allegory4 ,by means ( ?is process !y h 
be5 able to extract any mean+ :i* suits 
_! purposes1 & by ?is me?od ( juggl+    
c\ld prove any?+4 ,a classic example is 

t lic5ti\s piece ( lit]ature call$ !    
,song ( ,solomon1 9 :i* x is claim$ t a 
woman's brea/s1 ?ighs1 & belly are !    
symbols ( ! union ( ,jahveh & !         
,synagogue4  ,cont9u+ 8 rese>*es1 !     
,m>tian notices a numb] ( passages 9 !  
,old ,te/am5t t lead him to ! conclusion
 t ! ,hebrews 7 orig9ally poly!i/s4 ,!  
"n ,elohim1 he f9ds1 is plural 7s+ul>1  
,eloah71 mean+ ! gods4 ,aga91 9 ano!r   
passage ( ,g5esis1 ,god is describ$ z   
say+1 ,let u make man 9 our image 7,i1  
#bf71 & fur!r on1 ,! man is become z "o 
( u4 ,x becomes evid5t to him t !       
,hebrews1 l _! neighbors1 wor%ip$ baalim
 or ! gods ( ! hea!ns4 ,! t]aphim1 !    
etymology ( :i* is unkn[n1 7 little     
portable idols :i* seem to h be5 ! ,l>es
 ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,david own$ "s 7,i
 ,samuel ,,xix1 #ac-af71 & ! prophet    
,hosea1 9 ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1    
seems /ill to h consid]$ ! t]aphim z    
indisp5sable 9 wor%ip 7,hos4 ,,iii1 #d74
 ,^! evid5ces ( poly!ism & feti*ism 9 ! 
p ( ,israel de/roy1 9 ! m9d ( ! ,m>tian1

 ! claim ( ^! p to h be5 fai?ful f _!   
e>lie/ orig9 to a spiritual mono!ism4 ,r
 does he f9d t !y took ! religions ( o!r
 peoples ) :om !y came 9 contact4  ,!   
,old ,te/am5t conta9s num]\s in/ances ( 
! practice ( magic4 ,moses & ,a>on 7    
magicians :o rivall$ ,ph>aoh's magicians
 7,ex4 ,,vii1 #aa-bj72 & ,balaam 0 a    
magician :o pron\nc$ incantations aga9/ 
,israel & aft]w>ds pass$ ov] to ! s]vice
 ( ,jehovah4 ,jacob resort$ to a k9d (  
sympa!tic magic to procure ! bir? ( a   
speckl$ %eep 7,g54 ,,xxx1 #ci74 ,?\ %alt
 n suff] a wit* to live1 is writt5 9    
,exodus ,,xxii1 #ah1 & ?is phrase (f]$  
an affirmation ( ! reality ( wit*craft  
dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,wit*craft ,delusion4  
,! ,m>tian notes t ! s5t5ce1 ,?\ %alt n 
suff] a wit* to live1 has caus$ m       
suff]+1 torture1 & dea? ?an probably any
 o!r s5t5ce ev] fram$4 ,8 m9d revolts at
 ! /upidity & ! slavi% adh]5ce to       
s-call$ au?ority ( ! human m9d1 :i* is  
manife/$ 9 ?is example ( :at occurr$ 9 !
 p]iod ( ! ,wit*craft ,delusion1 :5 !   

words ( an ignorant & b>b>ic ,hebrew 7  
tak5 by ,*ri/ian foll[]s to be ! words (
 a god4 ,& yet our ,m>tian gue/         
recognizes t 9 ?is day all m5 are aw>e (
 ! fallacy ( ?is utt]ance 9 a book :i*  
is /ill claim$ to be infallible4  ,!    
,m>tian !n consid]s ! _m anci5t ,hebrew 
rites & religi\s taboos t h come d[n    
?r\gh ! ages1 & are /ill practic$ 9 a   
modifi$ =m by ! mod]n ,hebrew4 ,?us1 9 !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 !re are num]\s in/ances 
record$ ( ! practices ( slaught]+ (     
innoc5t animals :o 7 (f]$ z peace (f]+s 
to ,yahveh4 ,z "t pass$1 ! practice (   
slaught]+ & !n burn+ ! sacrificial      
animal gave way to ! practice ( only    
giv+ ! blood ( ! animal z an (f]+4 ,?is 
cu/om has come d[n to ! pres5t day 9 !  
mod]n wor%ip ( ,jehovah2 ! blood (      
animals is /ill =bidd5 to ! mod]n       
,hebrew4 ,!re=e1 ! or?odox ,jew has !   
neck ( ! *ick5 slit by a ,%o*et :o all[s
 ! blood to drip to ! gr\nd--a mod]n    
blood (f]+ to ! ,gods4 ,! explanations  
giv5 by ! rabbis ( our day are spuri\s4 

,simil>ly1 ! or?odox ,jew ( our "t /ill 
p]si/s 9 salt+ ! meat be=e cook+1 a     
process :i* is int5d$ to remove ! blood1
 :i* is ! portion ( ! ,gods4  ,! reason 
t ! pi\s ,jew ab/a9s f pork leads to !  
consid]ation ( ,totemism z f\nd 9 ! ,old
 ,te/am5t4 ,totemism is a k9d ( wor%ip  
r5d]$ to animals & vegetables consid]$ z
 alli$ & relat$ to man4 ,! wor%ip (     
animals & plants is f\nd z a survival 9 
all anci5t societies & is ! orig9 ( !   
belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4       
,totemism seems to h be5 z widespread z 
! animism f :i* x is d]iv$1 & has be5   
closely int]tw9$ 9 ! developm5t (       
religi\s beliefs4 ,totemism 9 a modifi$ 
=m is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e animals
 speak on occasion1 z ! s]p5t 9 ,g5esis1
 or ,balaam's ass4 ,9 ! mo/ remote      
p]iods x is probable t e clan _h at lea/
 "o totem animal :i* might no m be kill$
 or eat5 ?an ! human individuals ( !    
clan4 ,! totem 0 protect$ by taboo4 ,!  
totem 0 sacr$ & 9 ?is capacity x 0 look$
 ^u z a s\rce ( /r5g? & hol9ess1 & to   

live beside x & "u its protection 0     
consid]$ z a righte\s cu/om4 ,9 c]ta9   
communities ! idea t x 0 necess>y to    
ab/a9 f eat+ c]ta9 totems surviv$ !     
progress ( mat]ial civilization4 ,! c[  
is taboo to ! ,h9dus1 ! pig is taboo to 
! ,mohamm$ans & to ! ,jews4 ,! pi\s ,jew
 ab/a9s f pork because 8 remote         
ance/ors1 five or six ?\s& ye>s be=e our
 era1 _h ! wild bo> z _! totem4 ,?is is 
! orig9 ( ?is alim5t>y taboo2 among !   
anci5t ,hebrews x arose1 & only         
comp>atively rec5tly has x be5 sugge/$ t
 ! fle% ( ^! taboo animals 0 un:olesome4
 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 philosoph]s      
propagat$ ! errone\s notion t if c]ta9  
religi\s legislators _h =bidd5 v>i\s    
alim5ts1 x 0 = hygi5ic motives4 ,ev5    
,r5an believ$ t dread ( tri*9osis &     
leprosy _h caus$ ! ,hebrews to =bid !   
use ( pork4 ,to %[ ! irrational nature (
 ?is explanation1 x w be en\gh to po9t  
out t 9 ! :ole ( ! ,bible !re is n a    
s+le in/ance ( an epidemic or a malady  
attribut$ to ! eat+ ( unclean meats2 !  

idea ( hygi5e awoke v late 9 ! ,greek   
_w4 ,to ! ,biblical writ]s1 z to        
contempor>y savages1 illness is         
sup]natural2 x is an effect ( ! wra? (  
spirits4  ,primitive man ascrib$ all    
diseases ei!r to ! wra? ( ,god1 or !    
malice ( an evil be+4 ,! cur+ ( disease 
by ! ca/+ out ( devils & by pray]s 7 !  
means ( relief f sickness recogniz$ &   
comm&$ by ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! hygi5ic   
explanation ( an alim5t>y prohibition z 
/ill insi/$ ^u by ! rabbis is entirely  
errone\s & m>ks ! exp\nd] ( su* an      
explanation z "o :o is entirely ignorant
 ( ! evolution ( religi\s beliefs4 ,!   
entire matt] is well /at$ 9 "o s5t5ce by
 ,re9a*1 ,no?+ c be m absurd1 g5]ally   
speak+1 ?an to expla9 ! religi\s laws & 
practices ( ! remote pa/ by             
consid]ations bas$ on mod]n sci5ce4  ,! 
,m>tian is able to trace "s curi\s      
cu/oms t 7 exhibit$ by ! anci5t ,hebrews
 z well z mo/ o!r anci5t peoples1 & :i* 
h p]si/$ to ?is day4 ,! cu/oms rema9 !  
same1 ! mean+s h become lo/ 9 ! bl9d    

adh]5ce to cu/om4 ,x is kn[n t ! old    
,jewi% m\rn+ cu/oms orig9at$ ) ! desire 
= protection f ! lib]at$ _s ( ! deceas$4
 ,! l\d cries utt]$ by ! m\rn]s 7 ?\ght 
to fright5 away ! spirits4 ,! *ange (   
dress1 ! cov]+ ( ! head ) a%es1 & ! %av+
 ( ! hair ( ! m\rn]s 7 done ) ! purpose 
( mak+ !mselves unrecognizable to !     
spirits4 ,h5ce1 ! cu/om /ill prevails ( 
we>+ ! m\rn+ veil4 ,! cov]+ ( mirrors :5
 dea? occurs 9 ! h\sehold may well be an
 attempt to prev5t ! _s f l+]+ 9 !      
vic9ity4 ,simil>ly1 ev5 today1 ! or?odox
 ,jew1 9 case ( grave illness 9 8       
family1 *anges ! giv5 "n ( ! suff]]4 ,to
 confuse ! evil _s caus+ ! disease8     
,fur!r survivals ( totemism z f\nd 9 !  
,old ,te/am5t are illu/rat$ by ! wor%ip 
( ! bull & ! s]p5t4 ,portable gild$     
images ( bulls 7 consecrat$ & ,hosea    
prote/$ aga9/ ! wor%ip ( ! bull 9 !     
k+dom ( ,israel 7,hos4 ,,viii1 #e2 ,x1  
#e74 ,! fam\s gold5 calf ( !            
,israelites1 :i* 0 ! object ( ,moses'   
ang]1 0 a totemic idol4 ,! wor%ip ( !   

s]p5t 0 practic$ by ,moses himself      
7,num4 ,,xxi1 #i74 ,a braz5 s]p5t 0     
wor%ip$ 9 ! temple ( ,j]usalem1 & 0 only
 de/roy$ by ,hezekiah ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4  
7#b ,k+s ,,xviii1 #d74  ,! anci5t       
,hebrews1 z well z _! neighbors1 7      
phallic wor%ip]s4 ,to primitive p x is b
 a natural phase to h ! phallus become !
 expon5t ( creative p[]1 & z su* to be  
wor%ip$4 ,to ^! primitive m9ds !re 0    
no?+ immoral 9 g5u9e phallic wor%ip4    
,signs ( phallicism among ! anci5t      
,hebrews c be cle>ly po9t$ out2 ! s]p5t 
0 a phallic symbol4 ,t ! s]p5t 0 !      
phallus is prov$ by ! ,bible itself4 ,! 
,hebrew ^w us$ = s]p5t is ',na*a%1' :i* 
is ev]y:]e else translat$ 9 ! ,bible 9 a
 phallic s5se1 z 9 ,ezekiel ,,xvi1 #cf1 
:]e x is r5d]$ 'fil?9ess' 9 ! s5se (    
exposure1 l ! 'hav+ ?y ,bose? nak$' (   
,micah4 7,j4 ,b4 ,hannay1 ,*ri/ianity1 !
 ,s\rces ( its ,tea*+ & ,symbolism47 ,! 
ark itself 0 a fem99e symbol1 &         
phallicism w\ld expla9 :y ,moses made an
 ark & put 9 x a rod & two /ones4 ,!    

,edu?1 ! ,%e*9a1 ! ,tsur1 & ! ,yahveh 7 
id5tical2 simply diff]5t names = ! same 
?+1 ! phallus4 ,!y occupi$ ! female ark 
) :i* !y =m$ ! d\ble sex$ life symbol4  
,! ,hebrew religion _h ?us a purely     
phallic basis1 z 0 to be expect$ f a    
ritual & symbolism d]iv$ f two extremely
 phallic nations1 ,babylon & ,egypt4    
7,j4 ,b4 ,hannay1 ,ibid47 ,an intellig5t
 read+ ( ,exodus ,,xxxiv1 #ac1 & #a ,k+s
 ,,xiv1 #bc & #bd1 w prove ! above      
cont5tion4  ,once m our ,m>tian gue/ is 
besieg$ by ! ,hebrew ,zealot to exam9e !
 div9e revelation ( 8 religion4 ,?is "t 
! ,m>tian notes1 ,i1 ,yahveh1 ?y ,god1  
am a jeal\s ,god1 visit+ ! iniquity ( ! 
fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & f\r?    
g5]ations 7,deut471 :i* seems to him to 
savor ( a cruel & mon/r\s be+4 ,he _c   
p]ceive ( a j be+ favor+ slav]y 7,ex4   
,,xi71 or ( a m]ciful fa!r ord]+ human  
sacrifice 7,ex4 ,,xiii71 7,lev4 ,,xxvii1
 #bi71 7,num4 ,,xiii1 #c74 ,he is       
dumbf\nd$ to f9d ref]5ces to cannibalism
 7,lev4 ,,xxvi1 #ad-af-bh2 ,deut4       

,,xxviii1 #ec-eh2 ,j]4 ,,xix1 #i2 ,ezek4
 ,v1 #aj2 ,k+s ,,vi1 #bf-bi-cc74 ,a     
,b5evol5t ,be+1 he reasons1 w\ld n      
sanction w> & de/ruction ( ! captur$    
enemy1 yet !re are in/ances ( ?is       
7,deut4 ,,xxi1 #aj-ad2 ,deut4 ,,xx1     
#ac-ad2 ,deut4 ,,vii1 #a-b-af74 ,! read+
 ( ,numb]s ,v1 #aa-bi1 & ,deut]onomy    
,,xxii nauseat$ him4 ,! ,hebrew ,zealot1
 obs]v+ ! utt] disgu/ ) :i* ! read] 0   
reg>d+ 8 revelation1 is oblig$ to expla9
 to ! bewild]$ b>b>ian unbeliev] t !    
,old ,te/am5t is ! f\ndation = all ( our
 morals & t )\t x we w\ld h develop$    
into a v %ock+ & immoral race4  ,s9ce ! 
visitor wi%es to rema9 c\rte\s he       
proce$s1 b ) a great deal ( hesitation1 
to fur!r exam9e ! revelation ( ,god4 ,at
 ?is po9t he is assur$ t ?is "w is read 
9 mo/ s*ools & taught to small *ildr54  
,h[ev]1 our gue/ is aga9 disillusion$2 =
 no soon] does he arrive at ,g5esis1    
,,xii1 #aa-bj1 ?an he f9ds t ,abraham1  
good ,abraham1 ! pure1 ! fa!r ( all     
,hebrews1 makes ( ! sacr$ relation%ip ( 

m>riage a means ( p]sonal ga9 & safety  
by betray+ 8 own wife4 ,n[ x is !       
,m>tian's turn to inquire ( ! ,hebrew   
:e!r ! latt] _h ev] read ?is /ory to 8  
own daught]8 ,or1 ! /ory ( ,abraham's   
affair ) ,hag>1 8 h&maid58 ,0 !         
,hebrew's "y daught] aw>e t ,isaac1 son 
( ,abraham1 0 z ready & will+ to        
pro/itute 8 wife = protection = himself 
z 0 8 fa!r ,abraham8  ,! ,m>tian is     
puzzl$ by ! ^w sport+ 9 ,g5esis1 ,,xxvi1
 #h-aa1 & is in=m$ ( its mean+4 ,a few  
mom5ts aft] read+ ,g5esis ,,xix1 #a-g1  
he in=ms 8 w\ld-be conv]t] t if ,lot _h 
liv$ 9 ,m>s & _h (f]$ 8 daught]s to     
appease ! mob1 ! acc\nt ( t incid5t w\ld
 nev] h f\nd its way into any "w on     
morals4 ,moreov]1 he fail$ utt]ly to see
 h[ ! acc\nt ( ,lot's daught]s gett+ him
 into a drunk5 /ate1 foll[$ by a /atem5t
 su* z1 ,?us 7 bo? ! daught]s ( ,lot )  
*ild by _! fa!r1 c\ld ev] h any moral   
value4  ,! /ory ( ,jacob1 ,leah1 &      
,ra*el does n appeal to ?is infidel     
,m>tian1 s9ce he /ill believes t        

integrity & fai?fulness are virtues4    
,yet1 9 8 endeavor to respect ! c\rtesy 
due to 8 ho/1 he rea*es = p5cil & pad1 &
 notes ! v>i\s moral lessons he _h d]iv$
 ?us f> f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he wrote    
lu/1 ince/1 infidelity1 & pro/itution2  
arriv+ at ! /ory ( ,d9ah1 ,g5esis       
,,xxxiv1 #a-b1 he wrote t 9 addition to 
^? vices already li/$1 rape %\ld be giv5
 a prom95t place4 ,! /ories ( ,joseph & 
,potiph>'s wife1 ,judah & ,tam>1 ,k+    
,david & 8 wives1 ! rape ( ,tam> by h]  
bro!r ,ammon1 did n impress ! ,m>tian z 
/ories = ! delectation ( *ildr51 s9ce he
 0 crude en\gh to hold t any?+ :i* w\ld 
%ock ! m9d ( a *ild1 c\ld n h any moral 
value & w\ld ?us be automatically       
exclud$ f any religion4 ,he1 !re=e1     
return$ ! volume to ! ,hebrew ) ! rem>k 
t z an adult he f\nd ! /ories ( ,de     
,maupassant & ,balzac m int]e/+1 ev5    
?\gh !y belong$ to ! same g5re4  ,our   
gue/ n[ repair$ to "o ( our golf c\rses 
:]e1 dur+ ! int]val ( a few h\rs1 ! fre%
 air1 ! sun%9e1 & ex]cise dispell$ !    

m5tal nausea :i* ! read+ ( ! ,old       
,te/am5t _h occasion$ 9 him4 ,return+ to
 8 qu>t]s1 he is approa*$ by "o ( !     
,*ri/ian ,bre?r5 & ! ,new ,te/am5t is   
plac$ 9 8 h&s ) ^! rem>ks1 ,! ,*ri/ian  
recognizes t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! ,jews h
 giv5 to ! ,*ri/ian _w its greate/      
h]itage4 ,! fact t 9 ex*ange = ?is      
priceless h]itage1 ! ,*ri/ians h giv5 to
 ! ,jews a s]ies ( p]secutions unequal$ 
9 ! annals ( human w>f>e is expla9$ by !
 quality ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,man t        
naturally manife/s itself aft] a        
complete conv]sion to ! ,bible's        
precepts4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s !    
fir/ revelations ( ,god2 ! ,new         
,te/am5t1 ! la/ revelations4 ,our       
,*ri/ian ,bro!r =gets to rem9d ! visitor
 t ! diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ^! two    
,te/am5ts ( ,god has caus$ m sorr[1     
blood%$1 h>m1 devilm5t1 mis]y1 &        
deva/ation ?an any o!r s+le item 9 !    
life & hi/ory ( ! human race4  ,!       
,m>tian is h>d press$ to reconcile !    
fact t ,mohamm$anism six hundr$ ye>s    

aft] ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/ianity triumph$ 
ov] ,*ri/ianity 9 a great portion ( !   
e>?'s surface2 yet he is in=m$ t        
,*ri/ianity is ! religion ( ,god1 t     
,allah made ! ,mohamm$ans1 ,jehovah !   
,jews1 ! ,tr9ity ! ,*ri/ians1 & ! re/ ( 
! believ]s 7 illegitimate *ildr5 ( !    
above gods1 0 ! only conclusion he c\ld 
rea*4 ,9 a few mom5ts ! my? ( ,*ri/     
beg9s to unfold itself be=e 8 eyes 9 !  
,gospels ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1
 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,apocalypse4 
,he f9ds1 ,! s-call$ ,messianic texts   
:i* are suppos$ to prefigure ,jesus 9 ! 
,old ,te/am5t h all be5 ei!r misund]/ood
 or delib]ately mis9t]pret$4 ,! mo/     
celebrat$ is t 9 ,isaiah ,,vii1 #ad1 :i*
 pr$icts t a virg9 %all be> a son1      
,emmanuel1 b ! ^w1 ,al-mah1 :i* !       
,septuag9t r5d]$ virg9 means 9 ,hebrew a
 "y woman1 & ?is passage m]ely deals ) !
 approa*+ bir? ( a son to ! k+ or !     
prophet himself4 ,?is error ( !         
,septuag9t is "o ( ! s\rces ( ! leg5d   
relat+ to ! virg9al bir? ( ,jesus4 ,z   

e>ly z ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ! ,jews   
p]ceiv$ x & po9t$ x out to ! ,greeks1 b 
! ,*ur* kn[+ly p]si/$ 9 ! false read+1 &
 = ov] fifte5 c5turies %e has clung to  
h] error4  ,8 att5tive read+ conv9ces   
him t n "o ( ! ,gospels is ! "w ( an    
eyewitness to ! sc5es record$2 a little 
side inve/igation reveals t !re 7 a     
great _m writ+s call$ ,gospels1 f :i* ! 
,*ur* f9ally adopt$ f\r1 gu>antee+ _!   
inspiration & absolute v]acity1 no d\bt 
because !y 7 9 favor 9 f\r v influ5tial 
*ur*es1 ,mat!w at ,j]usalem1 ,m>k at    
,rome or at ,alex&ria1 ,luke at ,antio*1
 & ,john at ,ephesus4 ,moreov]1 :at !   
,gospels tell him1 he p]ceives is :at   
diff]5t ,*ri/ian communities believ$    
conc]n+ ,jesus betwe5 ! ye>s #gj & #ajj 
,a4,d4 ,9 ,mat!w ,,xxvi1 #ci1 ,m>k      
,,xiv1 #ce1 & ,luke ,,xxii1 #db1 !re are
 words su* z ^? ,jesus is suppos$ to h  
utt]$ dur+ ! slumb] ( ^! v same         
,apo/les4 ,?is occurr5ce enlight5s him z
 to :at ,/4 ,augu/9e meant :5 he wrote1 
,i %\ld n believe 9 ! ,gospel if ,i _h n

 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* = s do+4 ,if !    
docum5ts are /uff$ ) ! au?ority ( !     
,*ur*1 ^! ,gospels _c be utiliz$ = a    
hi/ory ( ! real life ( ,jesus4  ,a /udy 
( ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul reveals t ,/4  
,paul taught t s9 & dea? came into ! _w 
by ,adam's fall4 ,9 spite ( a dilig5t   
se>* ! ,m>tian f\nd no m5tion ( ?is 9 ! 
words ascrib$ to ,jesus4 ,f ,/4 ,paul's 
utt]ances he le>ns t ,*ri/ came to r$eem
 mank9d by 8 volunt>y oblation (        
himself4 ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god6 ,paul1 n  
kn[+ t 9 ! future a special =m (        
conception w\ld be sup]impos$ on ,jesus1
 /ates t he 0 ( human bir?4 ,! ,m>tian  
det]m9$ to asc]ta9 :at effect ! tea*+s (
 ,/4 ,paul h _h on ,*ri/ianity4 ,he     
le>ns t1 ,ev] s9ce ,/4 ,paul1 ! rul+    
idea ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 t ( !        
r$emption ( man1 guilty ( a prehi/oric  
fault1 by ! volunt>y sacrifice ( a      
sup]man4 ,?is doctr9e is f\nd$ ^u t (   
expiation2 a guilty p]son mu/ suff] to  
atone = 8 fault2 & t ( ! sub/itution (  
victims1 ! efficaci\s suff]+ ( an       

innoc5t p]son = a guilty "o4 ,bo? are at
 once pagan & ,jewi% ideas2 !y belong to
 ! old fundam5tal errors ( humanity4    
,yet1 ,plato knew t ! puni%m5t inflict$ 
on a guilty p]son is n1 nor %\ld x be1 a
 v5geance2 x is a pa9ful rem$y impos$ on
 him = 8 own b5efit & t ( society4 ,at  
ab\t ! same p]iod ,a!nian law laid d[n !
 pr9ciple t puni%m5t %\ld be z p]sonal z
 ! fault1 ?us ,/4 ,paul f\nd$ ,*ri/ian  
,!ology on two ar*aic ideas :i* _h      
already be5 condemn$ by enlight5$       
,a!nians ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era1  
ideas :i* no "o w\ld dream ( uphold+ 9  
^! days1 ?\gh ! /ructure built ^u !m    
/ill subsi/s4  ,9 *apt] ,v ( ! fir/     
,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 ^! words /rike !   
visitor1 ,!re are ?ree t be> witness 9  
heav51 ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,^w1 & ! ,holy      
,gho/1 & ^! ?ree are ,"o4 ,if ^! two    
v]ses are au!ntic1 !y w\ld be an        
affirmation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1    
dat+ f ! fir/ c5tury1 at a "t :5 !      
,gospels1 ! ,acts1 & ,/4 ,paul ignore x4
 ,x 0 fir/ po9t$ out 9 #ahjf t ^! v]ses 

7 an int]polation1 = !y d n appe> 9 !   
be/ manuscripts1 notably all ! ,greek   
manuscripts d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! 
,roman ,*ur* refus$ to b[ to evid5ce4 ,!
 ,congregation ( ! ,index1 on ,janu>y   
#ac1 #ahig1 ) ! approbation ( ,leo      
,,xiii1 =bade any "q z to ! au!nticity (
 ! text relat+ to ! ?ree heav5ly        
witnesses4 ,x appe>$ /range to ! ,m>tian
 t a god %\ld ne$ ! lies ( 8 disciples  
to be incorporat$ 9 a div9e revelation4 
,b 8 confusion 0 ev5 great] :5 he read1 
,we wor%ip "o ,god 9 ,tr9ity1 & ,tr9ity 
9 ,unity1 nei!r conf\nd+ ! ,p]sons nor  
divid+ ! sub/ance--& yet1 !y are n ?ree 
,et]nals1 b ,"o ,et]nal1 n ?ree         
,almighties1 b ,"o ,almighty4 ,s1 !     
,fa!r is ,god1 ! ,son ,god1 & ! ,holy   
,gho/ ,god1 & yet !y are n ?ree ,gods1 b
 ,"o ,god4444 ,! ,fa!r is made ( none1  
nei!r creat$ nor begott54 ,! ,son is ( !
 ,fa!r alone1 n made1 nor creat$1 b     
begott54 ,! ,holy ,gho/ is ( ! ,fa!r & (
 ! ,son1 nei!r made nor creat$1 nor     
begott51 b proce$+4444 ,& 9 ?is ,tr9ity1

 none is a=e or aft] ! o!r2 none is     
great] or less ?an ano!r2 b ! :ole ?ree 
,p]sons are coet]nal toge!r & coequal4  
,he ?\ght ?is w\ld make a great puzzle1 
truly an insoluble conundrum1 to take   
back to bewild] 8 ,m>tian fri5ds4       
,h[ev]1 he 0 able to compreh5d ! rem>ks 
( ,vigilantius1 :o return$ f a j\rney 9 
,italy & ! ,holy ,l& disgu/$ ) (ficial  
,*ri/ianity4 ,he prote/$ vehem5tly aga9/
 ! idolatr\s wor%ip ( images1 ! legacy (
 ,paganism to ! ,*ur*1 a practice       
directly oppos$ to t ( ! ,mosaic law :i*
 ,jesus came1 n to de/roy1 b to fulfill4
 ,x 0 idle to reply t ^! images 7 !     
,scriptures ( ! illit]ate1 t !y 7 n !   
object (1 b ! /imulus to1 wor%ip4       
,exp]i5ce %[$ t ! majority ( ! fai?ful  
conf\nd$ 7z inde$ !y /ill d7 ! sign ) ! 
?+ signifi$4 7,salomon ,re9a*1          
,orpheus47  ,! result ( ! critical      
exam9ation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t by !       
,m>tian is t j z mo/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  
books are n only anonym\s b highly      
composite productions1 t z c]ta9 writ+s 

traditionally ascrib$ to ,moses1 ,david1
 ,solomon1 ,daniel1 & o!rs are utt]ly   
lack+ 9 ! necess>y evid5ces 9 support ( 
au?or%ip1 b be> unmi/akable evid5ce (   
hav+ gone ?r\gh a long compilatory      
process2 s does ea* gospel1 despite its 
seem+ unity1 give evid5ce ( be+ a       
composite lit]>y product4 ,s*ol>s h     
agre$ t ,m>k fir/ set =? ! do+s ( ,jesus
 & x 0 out ( ,m>k t bo? ,mat!w & ,luke  
took ! framework ( _! own writ+s1       
clev]ly fitt+ into its arrangem5t _! own
 di/9ctive mat]ial & color+ ! :ole by _!
 own individual treatm5t4 7,trattn]1    
,unravell+ ! ,book ( ,books47 ,x is     
e/imat$ t ,m>k 0 writt5 %ortly be=e !   
,romans de/roy$ ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4  
,?is means t a *asm ( #cj or #dj ye>s   
sep>ates ,m>k's writt5 docum5t f !      
m9i/ry ( ,jesus--a long en\gh "t to     
create a pla/ic body ( oral tea*+s & a  
highly color$ tradition embelli%$ )     
fanciful /ories4  ,luke 0 a ,greek      
physician liv+ some:]e on ! %ores ( !   
gean ,sea4 ,he _h be5 a fri5d ( ,paul1 j

 z ,m>k _h be5 ) ,pet]4 ,luke _h no     
p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,jesus & _h to get
 8 in=mation f :at o!rs said1 or f :at !
 fri5ds ( eye-witnesses _h se54  ,!     
,gospel ( ,mat!w is an anonym\s         
composition :i*1 on analysis1 has be5   
f\nd to incorporate ne>ly fifty p] c5t (
 :at is f\nd 9 ,m>k4 ,x is n[ believ$ by
 _m s*ol>s to h be5 writt5 betwe5 ! ye>s
 #ge & #hj ,a4,d4 at ,antio* n1 ( c\rse1
 by ! ,apo/le ,mat!w1 b by "s unkn[n    
editor4  ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! ,gospel (  
,john1 is va/ly diff]5t 9 /yle1         
arrangem5t1 & 9 ! description ( ! words1
 actions1 & g5]al spiritual "* ( ,jesus4
 ,_m s*ol>s believe t x 0 writt5 9 !    
city ( ,ephesus1 some:]e ar\nd ! ye>    
#ajj ,a4,d4 ,*ur* tradition ascrib$ x to
 ! ,apo/le ,john1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 "o ( 
! fi%]m5 :om ,jesus call$ to be a       
disciple4 ,ye>s ago ?is view 0 easily   
ent]ta9$1 b !re n[ exi/s too mu*        
refractory evid5ce aga9/ assign+ ?is    
,greek ,gospel to an ,aramaic-speak+    
,galilean4 ,t an untutor$ fi%]man c\ld h

 writt5 s elaborate & s highly          
philosophical an acc\nt ( ,jesus has    
always pres5t$ a ?orny problem4 ,& s to 
mo/ s*ol>s ,john's au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r?   
,gospel is un?9kable4  ,n "o ( !        
,gospels is ! "w ( an eyewitness1 & !   
f\r ,gospels d n complete ea* o!r2 !y   
contradict ea* o!r2 & :5 !y d n         
contradict1 !y repeat ea* o!r4 ,! ,*ri/ 
( ,john is a totally diff]5t p]son f !  
,*ri/ ( ,m>k1 ,mat!w1 & ,luke4 ,loisy1 9
 8 ,quelques ,lettres1 /ates1 ,if !re is
 "o ?+ above o!rs t is obvi\s1 b z to   
:i* ! mo/ p[]ful ( !ological int]e/s h  
caus$ a delib]ate or unconsci\s         
bl9dness1 x is ! pr(\nd1 ! irr$ucible   
incompatibility ( ! ,synoptical         
,gospels1 & ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,if ,jesus 
spoke & act$ z he is said to h spok5 &  
act$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 he did n   
speak & act z he is report$ to h done 9 
! f\r?4  ,! ,m>tian is =c$ to !         
conclusion t ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ) its     
v]sion ( ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 ,elizabe?1 !   
c\s9 ( ,m>y1 ,za*>ias & ! ,angel        

,gabriel1 ,jesus & ! ,s9n]1 are on p> ) 
! eroticism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!       
int]polations1 ! my?1 & fable also      
comp>e ) ! fir/ revelation1 &1 9 8      
op9ion1 he pref]s ,&]s5's ,fairy ,tales1
 or sop's ,fables4  ,mean:ile1 a        
,prote/ant ,bro!r m5tions ! "n ( ,lu!r1 
& ! conclusions he draws are t ! excit+ 
cause ( ! ,re=mation 0 an extravagant   
sale ( indulg5ces conc$$ to ! ,g]man    
,dom9icans4 ,! ,augu/9ians grew jeal\s (
 ! ,dom9icans1 & an ,augu/9ian ,monk1   
,m>t9 ,lu!r1 affix$ to ! door (         
,witt5b]g ,ca!dral n9ety-five articles  
aga9/ ! abuse ( indulg5ces4 ,?is />t$ ! 
fray 9 ,g]many ) ,lu!r at ! head ( ?is  
h]esy4 ,! grave/ diff]5ce ( op9ion _h to
 d ) ! ,communion4 ,lu!r reta9$ "o-half 
( ! my/]y1 & reject$ ! o!r half4 ,he    
confesses t ! body ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is 9 !
 consecrat$ elem5t1 b x is1 he says1 z  
fire is 9 ! r$-hot iron4 ,! fire & !    
iron subsi/ toge!r4 ,?is is :at !y call$
 impanation1 inv9ation1                 
consub/antiation4 ,?us1 :ile ^? !y call$

 ,papi/s ate ,god )\t bread1 ! ,lu!rans 
ate ,god & bread2 soon aft]w>ds came !  
,calv9i/s1 :o ate bread & did n eat     
,god4 ,9 %ort1 ,lu!r 0 9 h>mony ) !     
,roman ,*ur* 9 no?+ b ! doctr9es ( !    
,tr9ity1 ,baptism1 ! ,inc>nation1 & !   
,resurrection4 ,lu!r ?\ght x 0 "t to    
aboli% private mass4 ,he pret5d$ ! devil
 _h appe>$ to him & reproa*$ him = say+ 
mass & consecrat+ ! elem5ts4 ,! devil _h
 prov$ to him1 he said1 t x 0 idolatry4 
,lu!r decl>$ t ! devil 0 "r & mu/ be    
believ$4 ,! mass 0 aboli%$ 9 ,witt5b]g1 
& soon aft]w>ds ?r\gh\t ,saxony2 !      
images 7 ?r[n d[n1 monks & nuns left _! 
cloi/]s1 &1 a few ye>s lat]1 ,lu!r m>ri$
 a nun call$ ,ca?>9e von ,bora4 ,?is    
tale did n greatly impress our gue/4  ,a
 ,ca?olic ,bro!r1 n to be outdone1      
extols ! glories ( 8 ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 & 
! ,m>tian aga9 sets out to inve/igate4  
,?is "t he f9ds3  ,! quotations 9 ! ,new
 ,te/am5t :i* ! ,ca?olic cre$ int]prets 
z giv+ div9e au?ority to its            
repres5tatives on e>? is a late         

int]polation2 ! ,tr9ity z /at$ above is 
a p>adox :i* no rational be+ c und]/&1 &
 its dogmas & idolatry are consi/5t ) a 
civilization ( #djjj ye>s ago4  ,a /udy 
( ! lives ( its popes put to %ame !     
/atem5t t !y c\ld possibly be ! e>?ly   
repres5tatives ( a ,b5evol5t ,be+4 ,9 ! 
n9? & t5? c5turies ! papacy pass$ ?r\gh 
a p]iod ( %ameful disord]4 ,! ,rome (   
,john ,x 0 a cloaca 9 :i* ! ,popes set !
 example ( ! wor/ misconduct4 7,= a good
 %ort acc\nt ( ! lives ( ! popes1 see   
,drap]'s1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual     
,developm5t ( ,europe47  ,dur+ !        
complete control by ! ,*ur* (           
civilization 9 ,europe1 x has ret>d$ !  
progress ( humanity = at lea/ #bjjj     
ye>s1 & its precepts & fundam5tal       
pr9ciples are today detrim5tal to !     
advance ( mank9d4 ,x has to its cr$it a 
long s]ies ( judicial murd]s = diff]5ces
 ( op9ion4 ,! ,crusades1 in/igat$ by !  
popes & second$ by ! monks1 co/ millions
 ( lives & exhau/$ ! res\rces ( ,*ri/ian
 ,europe2 !y aggravat$ fanaticism1      

exagg]at$ ! wor%ip ( sa9ts & relics to !
 po9t ( mania1 & enc\rag$ ! abuse ( &   
traffic 9 indulg5ces4 ,!re _h nev] be5 a
 s+le op9ion p]secut$ by ! ,*ur* 9 !    
,middle ,ages ! adoption ( :i* w\ld n h 
br\ght ab\t a dim9ution ( h] rev5ues2 ! 
,*ur* has always prim>ily consid]$ h]   
f9ances4 ,! papacy 0 responsible = !    
,inquisition1 & x actively enc\rag$ &   
excit$ its f]ocity4 ,x gave bir? to !   
,wit*craft ,mania4 ,! fir/ ,gr&         
,inquisitor1 ,torquemada1 receiv$ !     
congratulations ( ! ,pope4 ,x           
diabolically applaud$ ! ,/4 ,b>?olomew  
,massacre1 & in/igat$ ! num]\s religi\s 
w>s t tore ,europe asund]1 & 0 ! cause (
 ! loss ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( lives &     
incalculable suff]+4 ,) su* savage      
alacrity did x c>ry out its object (    
protect+ ! int]e/s ( religion t betwe5  
#adha & #ahjh x _h puni%$ ?ree hundr$ & 
=ty ?\s& p]sons1 & ( ^!1 ne>ly #cb1jjj  
_h be5 burnt4  ,x is p]fectly c]ta9 t ! 
,ca?olic ,*ur* has taught1 & /ill tea*es
 t intellectual lib]ty is dang]\s1 t x  

%\ld be =bidd54 ,x 0 driv5 to take ?is  
position because x _h tak5 ano!r4 ,x    
taught1 & /ill tea*es1 t a c]ta9 belief 
is necess>y to salvation4 ,x has always 
kn[n t inve/igation & inquiry l$1 or    
might lead1 to d\bt2 t d\bt leads1 or   
may lead1 to h]esy1 & t h]esy leads to  
,hell4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*   
has some?+ m important ?an ?is _w1 m    
important ?an ! well-be+ ( man "h4 ,x   
reg>ds ?is life z an opportunity = jo9+ 
t ,*ur*1 = accept+ t cre$1 & = ! sav+ ( 
y\r s\l4 ,if ! hi/ory ( ! _w proves     
any?+1 if proves t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 = 
_m c5turies ! mo/ m]ciless in/itution t 
ev] exi/$ among m54 ,we1 too1 "k t !    
,ca?olic ,*ur* 01 dur+ all ! ye>s ( its 
p[]1 ! enemy ( e sci5ce4 ,x pref]r$     
magic to m$ic9e1 relics to rem$ies1     
prie/s to physicians4 ,x hat$ geologi/s1
 p]secut$ ! *emi/s1 & imprison$ !       
naturali/s1 & oppos$ e discov]y ( sci5ce
 calculat$ to improve ! condition (     
mank9d4 ,!re is no crime t ! ,ca?olic   
,*ur* did n commit1 no cruelty t x did n

 rew>d1 & no virtue t x did n p]secute4 
,x 0 ! greate/ & mo/ p[]ful enemy (     
human rights4 ,9 "o h&1 x c>ri$ an alms 
di%1 & 9 ! o!r1 a dagg]4 ,x argu$ ) !   
sword1 p]secut$ ) poison1 & convict$ )  
faggot4 ,r4 ,g4 ,+]soll1 ,rome or       
,reason4  ,f ! "t ( ,newton to our own  
day1 ! div]g5ce ( sci5ce f ! dogmas ( ! 
,*ur* has /eadily increas$4 ,! ,*ur*    
decl>$ t ! e>? is ! c5tral & mo/        
important body 9 ! ,univ]se1 t ! sun &  
moon & />s are tribut>y to x4 ,on ^!    
po9ts %e 0 wor/$ by a/ronomy4 ,%e       
affirm$ t a univ]sal deluge _h cov]$ !  
e>?2 t ! only surviv+ animals 7 su* z _h
 be5 sav$ 9 ! ,ark4 ,9 ?is1 h] error 0  
e/abli%$ by geology4 ,%e taught t !re 0 
a fir/ man :o1 "s #fjjj or #hjjj ye>s   
ago1 0 sudd5ly creat$ or call$ into     
exi/5ce 9 a condition ( physical & moral
 p]fection1 & f t condition he fell4 ,b 
an?ropology has %[n t human be+s exi/$  
f> back 9 geological "t1 & 9 a savage   
/ate b little bett] ?an t ( ! brute4444 
,convict$ ( s _m errors1 ! papacy makes 

no attempt at explanation4 ,x ignores ! 
:ole matt]4 ,nay1 m1 rely+ on ! efficacy
 ( audacity1 al?\gh confront$ by ^!     
facts1 x lays claim to infallibility4   
,! p]secutions ( ,bruno1 ,galileo1 &    
,cop]nicus1 toge!r ) ! facts hi!rto     
/at$1 did n impress ! ,m>tian ) !       
infallibility ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! only great  
spiritual p[] t c\ld h int]pos$ to      
prev5t ! outbreak ( ! ,_w ,w> 0 !       
papacy4 ,pope ,pius ,x _h 8 ,nuncio     
admoni% ! ,au/rian emp]or1 b he fail$   
ev5 to get an audition f t old imbecile4
 ,! next ,pope1 ,b5$ict ,,xv1 0 "u !    
influ5ce ( a majority ( pro-,g]man      
c>d9als4 ,he /rove to rema9 neutral4 ,he
 attempt$ to solace ! ,belgians ) words1
 b he did n reprove ! murd]\s invad]s4  
,he prote/$ aga9/ ! new & devili% me?ods
 ( w>f>e b he did n condemn1 he did n   
excommunicate ^? t us$ !m4 ,_h ! papacy 
lo/ its mu*-us$ p[] ( comm&+ k+s &      
nations1 & _h x lo/ its greate/ ?reat1 a
 ?reat :i* hi!rto c\ld h ?r[n ! masses (
 its adh]5ts into a panic1 ! ?reat (    

excommunication8 ,no1 ! papacy /ill     
bless$ ! bann]s ( ! armies1 j z x did   
dur+ ! middle ages1 & s5t its adh]5ts   
out to slaught]2 b fir/ took great c>e t
 ! m9ds ( ! dev\t be completely drugg$ )
 ! poison ( its cre$4 ,a cre$ t told its
 foll[]s t d :at y might1 no matt] h[   
da/>dly t act might be1 s long z y rep5t
 & confess y\r s9s1 life ev]la/+ w be ! 
rew>d4 ,:at is ! value ( a *ur* t has   
claim$ ! moral lead]%ip ( ! _w :5 su*   
?+s c happ58  ,n[ t ! ,m>tian has become
 acqua9t$ ) ! ?ree major religions :i*  
dom9ate ! _w1 ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 &  
,mohamm$anism1 & has be5 amaz$ & %ock$  
at ! significance ( _! tea*+s 9 ! hi/ory
 ( civilization1 8 curiosity is fur!r   
ar\s$1 & he decides to obta9 "s         
in=mation ( ! respective p]sonalities   
responsible = ! amass+ ( devotees to ^! 
cre$s1 all infallible1 & all detrim5tal 
to progress4 ,?is "t 8 int]e/ leads him 
to anci5t & contempor>y s\rces1 ( a     
lit]al r ?an v]bal nature2 s\rces deal+ 
) ! ?ree mo/ influ5tial prophets 9 !    

hi/ory ( mank9d1 ,jesus1 ,moses1 &      
,mohamm$4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,!        
,,prophets ,,mohamm$1 ,,jesus1 ,,&      
,,moses ,,*>latans ,,or ,,victims ,,(   
,,m5tal ,,& ,,physical ,,disease      ,!
 prophet or se] is a man ( /rong        
imag9ative p[]s1 :i*     h n be5 calm$  
by education4 ,! ideas :i* occur to 8   
m9d     (t5 pres5t !mselves to 8 eyes & 
e>s 9 correspond+     sights & s\nds4444
 ,prophets h exi/$ 9 all c\ntries & at  
all times2 b ! gift becomes r>e 9 ! same
 proportion z     p le>n to read &      
write4      ,,w9wood ,,reade4           
,religi\s apologi/s are =ev] rem9d+ u t 
we mu/ int]pret bo? ! lives & ! works ( 
_! prophets & record]s 9 ! _s & mean+ ( 
! ages 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,to ?is ,i agree2 
b ! apologi/s h s mutilat$ ! mean+ ( !  
words ( ! se]s & built ab\t !m su* a    
mass ( nons5se1 my?1 & fable t x becomes
 ne>ly impossible aft] ! lapse (        
c5turies to diff]5tiate ! actual man f !
 fabl$ man4 ,b !re are c]ta9 facts t d  
come d[n to u record$ by dis9t]e/$      

obs]v]s f :i* c be d]iv$ f9ally "s      
conception ( _! mode ( life1 & ! cont5t 
& significance ( _! tea*+s4  ,al?\gh "t 
causes great *anges 9 cu/oms & mann]s1 x
 only effects a negligible v>iation 9 ! 
va/ majority ( diseases :i* affect !    
body & m9d ( man4 ,we "k f ! exam9ation 
( ! skeletal rema9s ( prehi/oric man t !
 diseases ( ! bone ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 7 
simil> 9 _! manife/ations to ^? same    
diseases ( bone ( today4 ,f ! writ+s ( !
 e>ly ,egyptian1 ,greek1 & ,roman       
physicians we id5tify diseases by _!    
symptoms1 & recognize t ! symptoms ( ^! 
diseases h n *ang$ ?r\gh\t ! ages4      
,!re=e1 ) ! k ( ! signs & symptoms (    
v>i\s diseases :i* we h today1 we c     
safely ass]t t if an anci5t compla9$ ( !
 same gr\p ( signs & symptoms 7:i* is n[
 t]m$ a disease complex71 he 0 suff]+ f 
! same disease :i* we c id5tify 9 mod]n 
man4  ,:at applies to physical disease  
is j z applicable to m5tal disease4 ,9  
speak+ ( m5tal disease1 x is important =
 ! layman to keep 9 m9d a few fundam5tal

 pr9ciples held by ! physician4 ,!      
physician 9 speak+ ( m5tal disease means
 a m or less p]man5t dep>ture f ! normal
 or usual way ( ?9k+1 act+1 or feel+4 ,9
 ! exam9ation ( a pati5t ) m5tal disease
 ! physician looks = delusions1         
illusions1 & halluc9ations4  ,a delusion
 is a false belief1 conc]n+ :i* !       
individual :o holds x is unable to admit
 evid5ce su* z w\ld be admitt$ by ord9>y
 individuals4  ,an illusion is a        
deception ( ! s5ses1 a mis9t]pretation (
 s5sory impressions2 ! normal p]son c be
 conv9c$ ( ?is deception4 ,! mirage1 =  
example1 is an optical illusion :i* has 
a />t+ po9t 9 an ext]nal /imulus4  ,a   
halluc9ation is a deception ( any ( !   
five s5ses1 9 :i* !re is no />t+ po9t b 
x is fabricat$ 9 a disord]$ m9d4        
,illu/rations ( halluc9ations are ! he>+
 ( voices :5 none are pres5t1 smell+ (  
odors1 ! see+ ( visions 9 a vacuum4  ,) 
! elem5t>y und]/&+ ( fundam5tal symptoms
 ( m5tal diseases z a po9t ( dep>ture1  
let u consid] ! cases ( ,mohamm$1       

,jesus1 & ,moses1 ?ree ( ! mo/          
influ5tial prophets 9 ! hi/ory (        
civilization4   ,,mohamm$  ,( ! ?ree1   
,mohamm$ %\ld be consid]$ be=e ! o!rs = 
sev]al reasons4 ,fir/1 !re is no "q     
reg>d+ ! actual exi/5ce ( ,mohamm$4 ,we 
"k t he 0 born at ,mecca ab\t #ega      
,a4,d4 & di$ at ,m$9a on ,june #h?1 #fcb
 ,a4,d4 ,f ! facts ( 8 life & ! religion
 :i* he f\nd$ we are able to see ! mann]
 9 :i* leg5d & sup]/ition 7 sup]impos$  
on its orig9al simple =m4 ,! hi/orical  
records ( 8 life & tea*+s are easi] (   
access s9ce he is ne>] our "t ?an ! o!r 
two prophets1 & we c get a bett] und]/&+
 ( 8 "*4  ,x 0 ,gibbon :o said1 ,x may  
be expect$ t ,i %\ld balance 8 faults & 
8 virtues1 t ,i %\ld decide :e!r ! title
 ( en?usia/ or impo/or m prop]ly belongs
 to t extraord9>y man4444 ,at ! di/ance 
( twelve c5turies1 ,i d>kly contemplate 
8 %ade ?r\gh a cl\d ( inc5se4  ,9       
attempt+ to pe] ?r\gh ?is cl\d (        
religi\s inc5se we f9d ! foll[+ facts3  
,9 ! city ( ,mecca1 probably 9 ,augu/1 9

 ! ye> #ega1 ,mohamm$1 ! ,prophet (     
,allah1 0 born4 ,!re seems little d\bt t
 he 0 desc5d$ f ^? l(ty ,korei%1 ^:     
opposition1 :i* at fir/ ne>ly succe$$ 9 
hold+ 8 "n 9 p]petual oblivion1         
ev5tually caus$ him to em]ge into !     
light ( dea?less fame4  ,8 bir? 0       
surr\nd$ by all mann] ( signs & om5s1 we
 are told4 ,! labor ( 8 "m1 ,am9a1 0    
entirely pa9less1 e>?quakes loos$ !     
bases ( m\nta9s & caus$ great bodies (  
wat]1 ^: names 7 un=tunately n specifi$1
 to )] away or ov]fl[2 ! sacr$ fire (   
,zoroa/] :i*1 "u ! jeal\s c>e ( ! ,magi1
 _h sp\t$ ceaseless flames = ne>ly a    
?\s& ye>s1 0 ext+ui%$4 ,all ! idols 9 ! 
_w except ! ,kaaba tumbl$ to e>?4       
,imm$iately aft] ! babe 0 born an e!real
 light dazzl$ ! surr\nd+ t]ritory1 &1 on
 ! v mom5t :5 8 eyes 7 fir/ op5$1 he    
lift$ !m to heav5 & exclaim$3 ,god is   
great6 ,!re is no ,god b ,allah & ,i am 
8 ,prophet6 ,all ^! poetic fancies h be5
 appropriately d5\nc$ by ,*ri/ian       
scribes1 :o h claim$ t nature w\ld nev] 

h dignifi$ ! bir? ( a pagan l ,mohamm$ )
 su* m>vel\s prodigies z und\bt$ly      
att5d$ ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4  ,h[ev]1        
,mohamm$ 0 born %ortly aft] ! dea? ( 8  
fa!r4 ,at ! age ( six 8 "m di$ also1 &  
he sp5t ! fir/ t5 ye>s among ! ,b$\9s "u
 ! c>e ( a fo/]-"m nam$ ,halima4 ,at !  
age ( f\r x 0 notic$ t ! *ild _h signs (
 convulsive seizures :i* lat]           
comm5tators ?\ght 7 ( an epileptic      
nature4 ,he 0 br\ght up "u ! c>e ( 8    
uncle ,abu ,talib1 & 8 e>ly manhood 0   
sp5t 9 c>+ = ! flock & 9 att5d+ c>avan  
exp$itions4  ,:5 ! prophet 0 tw5ty-five 
ye>s old1 8 uncle secur$ = him a        
position ) a c>avan own$ by a weal?y    
wid[1 ,khadija4 ,?anks to ,mohamm$'s ke5
 bus9ess s5se ! c>avan 0 highly         
successful1 & he 0 induc$ to p]sonally  
report 8 success to ,khadija4 ,t lady1 a
 weal?y wid[ ( =ty ye>s1 & ! "m ( ?ree  
*ildr51 0 highly pleas$ at ,mohamm$'s   
/ory4 ,z %e li/5$ to ! pro( ( 8 bus9ess 
ability & fondly scann$ 8 l>ge1 nobly   
=m$ head1 8 curl+ coal-black hair1 8    

pi]c+ eyes1 & 8 comely =m1 x naturally  
occurr$ to h] t ?is vigor\s & h&some "y 
fell[ w\ld make an excell5t successor to
 h] deceas$ husb&4 ,%e _h h] way & !y 7 
m>ri$4 ,dur+ ! next fifte5 ye>s ,mohamm$
 l$ a tranquil life4 ,8 future 0 provid$
 = & he _h pl5ty ( leisure to occupy    
himself z he *ose4 ,9 ^! ye>s ,mohamm$ &
 8 wife cont9u$ to be conv5tional       
wor%ip]s ( idols1 :o nightly p]=m$ rites
 9 honor ( v>i\s gods & goddesses1 among
 :om 7 ,allah & 8 female consol]        
,al-,lat4 ,& s1 by ! ye> #faj1 ,mohamm$1
 at ! age ( =ty1 0 no?+ m ?an a         
respectable b unkn[n tradesman :o _h    
exp]i5c$ no extraord9>y crises1 ^: few  
exi/+ utt]ances 7 dull & insipid1 & ^:  
life seem$ de/9$ to rema9 z             
insignificant & unsung z any o!r        
,arab's4  ,at ?is "t1 he began to retire
 = days at a "t to a cave 9 ! foo?ills (
 ,m\nt ,hira1 a hill sev]al miles nor? (
 ,mecca4 ,mean:ile 8 bus9ess langui%$4  
,z ! mon?s pass$1 he /ill cont9u$ to act
 9 ! same incompreh5sible mann]2 x 0    

notic$ t little by little c]ta9 memb]s (
 8 imm$iate family att5d$ him to 8      
refuge or ga!r$ ) him 9 "s "o ( _!      
h\ses4 ,?is cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s until 
x 0 rumor$ t ,mohamm$1 ! camel driv]1 0 
confid5tly claim+ ! honor ( hav+ made a 
great discov]y2 namely1 t ,!re is no    
,god b ,allah1 & ,mohamm$ is ,8         
,prophet4  ,by :at process ( ?\ght _h   
,mohamm$ come to exalt ,allah n m]ely   
above all ,arabian gods1 b above ! gods 
( all times8 ,fur!rmore1 :y 0 he s c]ta9
 ( 8 own intimate association ) ,allah8 
,we c und]/& ?is if we consid] ,mohamm$ 
9 ! light ( a victim ( m5tal disease4   
,"o acc\nt in=ms u t z ,mohamm$ 0 w&]+  
ne> ! cave at ,m\nt ,hira1 an angel f ! 
sky cri$ to him1 ',o ,mohamm$1 ,i am    
,gabriel6' ,he 0 t]rifi$ & hurri$ home  
to imp>t 8 exp]i5ce to 8 wife4  ,i see a
 light1 he said to 8 wife1 & ,i he> a   
s\nd4 ,i fe> t ,i am possess$4 ,?is idea
 0 mo/ di/ress+ to a pi\s man4 ,he      
became pale1 hagg>d2 he w&]$ ab\t on !  
hill ne> ,mecca cry+ = help to ,god4 ,m 

?an once he drew ne> ! edge ( ! cliff & 
0 tempt$ to hurl himself d[n1 & s put an
 end to 8 mis]y at once4 ,he liv$ mu* 9 
! op5 air1 gaz+ on ! />s1 wat*+ ! dry   
gr\nd gr[ gre5 b5ea? ! g5tle ra94 ,he   
pond]$ also on ! religi\s leg5ds ( !    
,jews1 :i* he _h he>d relat$ on 8       
j\rneys2 & z he look$ & ?\ght1 ! d>kness
 0 dispell$1 ! cl\ds disappe>$1 & !     
vision ( ,god 9 solit>y gr&eur rose )9 8
 m9d1 & !re came ^u him an impulse to   
speak ( ,god4 ,!re came ^u him a belief 
t he 0 a mess5g] ( ,god s5t on e>? to   
re/ore ! religion ( ,abraham1 :i* !     
pagan ,arabs _h pollut$ ) idolatry1 !   
,jews 9 corrupt+ _! holy books4 ,at !   
same "t he he>d a ,voice1 & sometimes he
 felt a noise 9 8 e>s l ! t9kl+ ( bells 
or a l[ deep hum1 z if bees 7 sw>m+ r\nd
 8 head4  ,at ?is p]iod ( 8 life !      
*apt]s ( ! ,koran 7 deliv]$ 9 ?roes (   
pa94 ,! p>oxysms 7 prec$$ by depression 
( _s1 8 face became cl\d$1 8 extremities
 turn$ cold1 he %ook l a man 9 an ague1 
& he call$ = cov]+s4 ,8 face assum$ an  

expression horrible to see1 ! ve9 betwe5
 8 eyebr[s became di/5d$1 8 eyes 7 fix$1
 8 head mov$ to & fro1 z if he 0        
conv]s+1 & !n he gave =? ! oracle or    
,sura4  ,! hi!rto m5tally & emotionally 
normal trad]1 husb&1 & fa!r 0 ?us       
sudd5ly swept (f 8 feet & c>ri$         
irresi/ibly away on a mighty tide4 ,8   
p]turb$ _s n[ so>$ to ! heights (       
,heav51 n[ plung$ into ! *asms ( hell4  
,mom5ts ( e!real bliss w\ld be foll[$ by
 p]iods ( pr(\nde/ melan*oly4  ,x is    
relat$ t ! ,angel ,gabriel1 :o ?us f> _h
 labor$ only 9 ! field ( ,*ri/ian       
endeavor1 0 *os5 by ,allah z be>] ( !   
div9e revelation to ,mohamm$4 ,"o day1  
:ile ! trad]-poet 0 wre/l+ ) 8 d\bts    
among ! foo?ills ( ,m\nt ,hira1 he saw a
 wondr\s app>ition float+ d[nw>d on     
cele/ial w+s4 ',?\ art ,god's ,prophet1 
& ,i am ,gabriel1' ann\nc$ ! awe-inspir+
 gue/ be=e he dep>t$ to receive ! bless+
 ( ,allah = hav+ s successfully execut$ 
! heav5ly comm&4 ,gabriel 0 a v valuable
 ambassador1 = ?r\gh ! to-&-fro j\rney+ 

( ?is indefatigable mess5g] ,allah 0    
able to rema9 at ease 9 heav51 ?us keep+
 up ! appe>ance ( intangible1 maje/ic   
remot5ess s necess>y = dignifi$ gods4 ,&
 ?us ,mohamm$ came into 8 own4 ,f t     
mom5t ,mohamm$ look$ ^u himself z       
,allah's vice reg5t1 ?r\gh :om ,allah's 
inconte/able decrees 7 to be giv5 to    
man4 7,mohamm$--,r4 ,f4 ,dibble47       
,mohamm$'s e d\bt _h n[ vani%$1 8 s\l 0 
completely at ease1 & f 8 lips !re bur/ 
! wildly exultant *ant1 ,!re is no ,god 
b ,allah & ,mohamm$ is ,8 ,prophet4  ,! 
oblig+ ,gabriel1 he said1 _h borne him  
on a w+$ /e$ ov] ,m$9a to ! ,temple (   
,j]usalem1 & f !re he cont9u$ 8 cele/ial
 j\rney until he 0 c>ri$ completely out 
( ?is _w to ^? e!real realms ( bliss :]e
 ! ,sev5 ,heav5s are4 ,up & up he flew1 
:ile he c>efully not$ ! ord] ( prec$5ce 
( ^? prophets ^: model he _h proclaim$  
himself to be4 ,jesus & ,john 7 9 !     
second or ?ird--he 0 n q sure           
:i*--,moses 0 9 ! six?1 :ile ,abraham   
alone _h ! supreme di/9ction ( resid+ 9 

! ,sev5? ,heav54 ,!re1 at ! apex (      
indescribable glory1 ,mohamm$ _h ent]$ !
 awful pres5ce ( 8 ,mak]1 ,:o1 aft] "s  
*it-*at1 *>g$ him to see t all ,moslems 
%\ld h]eaft] pro/rate !mselves 9 pray]  
t[>d ! ,temple ( ,solomon five times a  
day4 ,! tru? ( ?is n>rative re/s ^u two 
solid facts3 f t day to ?is1 all dev\t  
,moslems h cont9u$ to b[ !mselves five  
times daily 9 pray]1 & sceptics may /ill
 see1 ^u ! rock :]e /&s ! ,mosque ( ,om>
 9 ,j]usalem1 ! id5tical pr9t ( !       
,prophet's foot :]e he leap$ ^u !       
,heav5ly ,*>g]4  ,8 ?\ghts1 :e!r        
conceiv$ 9 a :ite heat ( fr5zy1 or )    
delib]ate coolness & sly calculations = 
! ma9 *ance1 7 probably n writt5 d[n 9  
any def9ite mann] dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,x is
 n ev5 c]ta9 :e!r he c\ld read or write4
 ,he delight$ 9 ! appellation1 ,!       
,illit]ate ,prophet1 possibly on acc\nt 
( 8 humility & possibly because he knew 
t inspir$ ignorance _h be5 !            
indisputable pr]ogative ( all successful
 prophets 9 ! pa/4 ,inde$1 ! v fact t he

 0 unle>n$ 0 rightly suppos$ to increase
 ! miracul\s nature ( 8 revelations4 ,z 
he toss$ ! div9e emanations f 8 lips1 !y
 7 sometimes record$ by hirel+ scribes  
^u palm leaves1 lea!r1 /ones1 ! %\ld]   
blades or ribs ( camels & goats4 ,b (t5 
!y 7 n imm$iately writt5 d[n at all2 !  
,prophet w\ld g ar\nd sp\t+ =? 8        
utt]ances to 8 foll[]s1 :o1 tra9$ f     
infancy to memorize v]ses & songs ( e   
sort ) infallible precision1 w\ld pi\sly
 commit !m to memory4 ,su* is ! ,koran1 
& ?r\gh its in/rum5tality1 ,allah !     
,wise1 ,! ,only ,wise1 reveal$ 8        
immutable decrees3 to ! good1 ! rew>ds (
 a ,p>adise t utt]ly begg>$ ! ,*ri/ian  
,heav52 to ! bad1 ! puni%m5ts ( a ,hell 
t conta9$ an inf9ity ( su* ref9$        
tortures ( heat1 & ev5 ( cold z nei!r ! 
mo/ imag9atively gift$ ,jew or ,*ri/ian 
_h yet conceiv$4  ,re9a* aptly /ates1 ,x
 is humiliat+ to ! human intellect to   
?9k t ?is m$iocre lit]ature has be5 !   
subject ( innum]able comm5t>ies & t     
millions ( m5 are /ill wa/+ "t 9 absorb+

 x4 ,ov] "o hundr$ & sixty million are  
adh]5ts ( ! ,koran4  ,9 an objective    
analysis1 exclud+ ! emotional factors ( 
religi\s bias1 ,mohamm$ w\ld z          
unque/ionably be consid]$ a victim (    
m5tal di/urbances z an individual liv+ 9
 our own day & manife/+ ! same symptoms4
  ,mohamm$ 0 ! subject ( illusions1     
halluc9ations1 & delusions4 ,he _h      
suicidal t5d5cies1 & he _h alt]nat+     
p]iods ( exhil>ation & depression4 ,to  
simply ass]t t he 0 an epileptic does n 
expla9 ^! symptoms4 ,= epileptics _c ?r[
 a fit at w4 ,h[ev]1 we "k t t5 p] c5t (
 epileptics develop m5tal diseases1 no  
p>ticul> psy*osis b a loss ( m5tal &    
moral s5se4  ,!re are two types (       
individuals :o c produce seizures su* z 
,mohamm$ 0 wont to evoke at w4 ,"o type 
is ! hy/]ical1 & ! o!r is t degrad$     
individual :o = ! sake ( collect+ alms w
 place a piece ( soap 9 8 m\?1 ent] a   
cr[d$ /reet1 fall to ! gr\nd1 & proce$  
to foam at ! m\? & twi/ & contort       
himself z an epileptic does4 ,t is !    

*>latan1 ! fak]1 & t br+s u to ! second 
aspect ( 8 7,mohamm$'s7 "*4  ,outside ( 
,arabia1 ,paganism 0 9 g5]al disrepute4 
,! dissolute & decl9+ ,romans 7 crack+  
lewd jokes 9 ! v faces ( _! gods1 !     
myriad foll[]s ( ,confucius1 ,buddha &  
,zoroa/] 7 ei!r too remote or too       
helpless to matt] 9 "o way or ano!r4    
,talmudic ,judaism & ,ori5tal           
,*ri/ianity despis$ idolatry & wor%ipp$ 
! same ,jehovah1 ev5 ?\gh !y disput$ )  
ea* o!r1 & inde$1 among !mselves1       
conc]n+ ! v>i\s attributes1 amor\s      
pursuits1 & l9eal desc5dants ( !        
,godhead4 ,n[1 to "o :o *ose to reg>d   
himself z a prophet1 ,mono!ism _h di/9ct
 advantages ov] ,poly!ism4              
7,mohamm$--,r4 ,f4 ,dibble47  ,9 ! fir/ 
place1 x 0 r confus+ to attempt to obey 
! behe/s ( conflict+ deities2 9 ! second
 place1 ! diff]5t prophets ( ,jehovah 9 
,judaism & ,*ri/5dom _h1 s f> z ,mohamm$
 knew1 be5 uni=mly successful1 = he 0   
famili> ) ! glori\s hi/ory ( ,abraham1  
,moses1 & ,david1 & he always held to ! 

p]v]se conception t ,jesus 0 n crucifi$4
 ,h[ev] deep 9 ! dumps prophets may h   
be5 on occasion1 !y h inv>iably believ$ 
"o ?+3 victory = _! p>ticul> cause w\ld 
inevitably come4 ,nei!r an unbrok5 s]ies
 ( worldly failures nor ! *a/isem5t ( 8 
god h ev] %ak5 ! fai? ( a fir/-class    
prophet 9 himself or1 z he w\ld d\btless
 pref] to say1 9 8 ,div9ity4 ,arabia1   
brok51 unorganiz$1 +lori\s1 idoli/ic    
,arabia1 obvi\sly lack$ "o ,supreme ,be+
 ^: pr]ogative 0 great] ?an all o!r     
,supreme ,be+s1 & t ,be+1 9 turn1 ne$$ a
 mess5g] to exploit ,8 supremacy4 ,!    
mess5g]s :o _h s]v$ ,jehovah _h c]ta9ly 
prosp]$ well2 b ,jehovah ,himself appe>$
 to be on ! decl9e4 ,8 ,unity 0 /eadily 
dis9tegrat+ into a p>adoxical ,tr9ity4  
,:y1 !re=e1 n give ,allah1 ! lead+ icon 
9 ,arabia1 an opportunity8 ,su*         
consid]ations q probably nev] ent]$ !   
head ( ,mohamm$ ) any def9it5ess2 yet 8 
behavior = ! re/ ( 8 days seems to      
indicate t ^!1 or simil> conceptions1 7 
subconsci\sly egg+ him on4  ,( c]ta9    

facts1 moreov]1 he 0 def9itely aw>e4 ,he
 may h _h little or no =mal education1 b
 8 memory 0 ret5tive & capaci\s1 & 8    
c>avan j\rneys1 toge!r ) ! scores (     
conv]sations he _h held at ! ye>ly      
fairs1 z well z at ,mecca1 ) _m         
cultivat$ /rang]s1 _h pack$ 8 m9d ) a   
mass ( highly valuable matt]4 ,9 ^! ways
 he _h le>n$ bo? ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( 
! ,jews & ,*ri/ians2 _! fanatical       
en?usiasm & despairs2 _! spasmodic      
attempts to proselytize z well z !      
widespread defection f _! fai?s4 ,s9ce 8
 conception ( religion 0 l>gely p]sonal1
 = he look$ ^u ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ! re/ (
 ! prophets z m]ely capable m5 :o _h    
f\nd$ & promulgat$ religions2 & s9ce    
,arabia _h no pre-em95t rul]1 :y %\ld he
 n seize ! re9s ( p[] & c>ry on ! great 
tradition ( prophe?ood8 ,:at a          
magnific5t opportunity beckon$1 & h[    
=tunate t he _h be5 ! fir/ to recognize 
! call6 ,by keep+ only :at 0 be/ ( !    
,arabic fai?1 ! ,kaaba & ! ,black ,/one1
 & by a judici\s selection ( ! mo/      

feasible ideas :i* lay imb$d$ 9 ,jewi% &
 ,*ri/ian precepts1 he might e/abli% a  
code t w\ld sup]s$e all o!rs1 & !n might
 dictate to all ,arabs alike4 ,:at      
prophets _h done1 he w\ld also d & d    
bett]4 7,mohamm$--,r4 ,f4 ,dibble47     
,su* are ! ?\ghts ( a *>latan & a       
demagogue4 ,if ,mohamm$ actually _h su* 
ideas1 we c nev] "k2 b a /udy ( 8 fur!r 
actions & conque/s surely %[s t he mu/ h
 _h some?+ ( ! same tr5d ( ?\ght 9 m9d4 
,8 fits be=e ! oncom+ ( a new ,sura h   
be5 m5tion$4 ,ev5tually1 he s p]fect$ 8 
te*nique t he c\ld ?r[ a cataleptic fit 
& produce a message )\t any previ\s     
prep>ation4 ,he w\ld drum up a cr[d ) 8 
ludicr\s snort+s & puff+s until !       
res\nd+ cry1 ,inspiration ha? desc5d$ on
 ! ,prophet6 assur$ him t he _h a       
suffici5tly l>ge audi5ce to w>rant !    
out-spurt+ ( a new ,sura4 ,:ile 9 a room
 t 0 obvi\sly empty1 he decl>$ t all    
seats 7 occupi$ by angels2 he cultivat$ 
suave & b5ign expression2 he flatt]$ &  
a/\nd$ 8 foll[]s by tell+ !m facts :i*  

he _h presumably acquir$ ?r\gh private  
in=mation2 he took ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e ( 8
 p]son1 pa9t+ 8 eyes & p]fum+ 8 entire  
body daily1 & we>+ 8 hair long4 ,aye%a1 
"o ( ! ,prophet's wives1 rem>k$ t !     
,prophet lov$ ?ree ?+s3 wom51 sc5t &    
food1 & t he _h 8 he>t's cont5t ( ! fir/
 two1 b n ( ! la/4 ,9 fact1 ,mohamm$1   
himself1 argu$ t ^! two innocu\s        
div]sions int5sifi$ ! ec/asy ( 8 pray]s4
 ,9 ! ,koran's description ( heav5 s mu*
 emphasis 0 put on food t a jolly ,jew  
object$ on ! gr\nds t su* cont9ual fea/+
 mu/ ( necessity be foll[$ by a         
purgation4 ,! ,prophet1 h[ev]1 swore t x
 w\ld n ev5 be necess>y to bl[ ! nose 9 
,p>adise1 s9ce all bodily impurities    
w\ld be c>ri$ (f by a p]spiration z     
odorif]\s z musk4  ,:5 8 wife ,khadija 0
 dy+ he com=t$ h] ) ! assurance t %e1   
toge!r ) ?ree o!r well-kn[n wom51 !     
,virg9 ,m>y1 ,potiph>'s wife1 & ,kul?um1
 ,moses' si/]1 w\ld occupy 8 *amb] 9    
,p>adise4  ,on ,mohamm$'s escape to     
,m$9a1 a long s]ies ( holy w>s began    

:i*1 l all holy w>s1 7 *>act]iz$ by     
extreme brutality4 ,! ,koran ( ! p]iod  
conta9s su* pacific doctr9es z ^!3 ,!   
sword is ! key ( ,heav5 & ,hell2 a drop 
( blood %$ 9 ! cause ( ,god1 a night    
sp5t 9 arms is ( m avail ?an two mon?s (
 fa/+ or pray]2 :osoev] falls 9 battle1 
8 s9s are =giv54 ,at ! day ( ,judgm5t 8 
w\nds %all be respl5d5t z v]milion1 &   
odorif]\s z musk2 & ! loss ( limbs %all 
be suppli$ by ! w+s ( angels & *]ubim   
444 ,god love? n ! ,transgressors2 kill 
!m :]esoev] ye f9d !m4  ,mohamm$1 no    
less ?an _m o!r religi\sly-m9d$ emp]ors 
& ts>s1 appe>s to h conduct$ himself 9  
battle accord+ to ! wise pr9ciple t a   
head )\t a halo is inf9itely m desirable
 ?an a halo )\t a head4 ,yet he 0       
pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! ultimate victory ( 
,islam dep5d$ ^u ! sword4 ,! ,koran (   
?is p]iod brea!s defiance aga9/ !       
enemies ( ,islam on almo/ e page4 ,its  
pr(use mal$ictions1 once conf9$ to !    
evildo]s ( ,mecca1 n[ include all       
unbeliev]s ev]y:]e4 ,:5 ,mohamm$ once _h

 captur$ a =tress inhabit$ by a tribe ( 
,jews1 8 judgm5t 01 ,! m5 %all be put to
 dea?1 ! wom5 & *ildr5 sold into slav]y1
 & ! spoil divid$ among/ ! army4 ,!n1   
tr5*es 7 dug1 "s sev5 hundr$ m5 7 m>*$  
out1 =c$ to seat !mselves 9 r[s along ! 
top ( ! tr5*es1 behead$1 & !n tumbl$    
into a long gap+ grave4 ,mean:ile1 !    
,prophet look$ on until1 tir+ ( !       
monoton\s spectacle1 he dep>t$ to amuse 
himself ) a ,jewess ^: husb& _h j p]i%$4
  ,he cont9u$ ^! conque/s until1 at 8   
dea?1 9 #fcb1 he 0 ! ma/] ( ne>ly all   
,arabia & rev]$ almo/ z a god4 ,yet1 :5 
,om>1 8 fir/ lieut5ant1 captur$         
,j]usalem 9 #fcf1 he ensur$ ! conqu]$   
,jews & ,*ri/ians free ex]cise ( _!     
religion1 & ! security ( _! p]sons & _! 
goods4 ,b :5 ! ,crusad]s took ,j]usalem 
9 #ajii1 !y massacr$ all ! ,mohamm$ans1 
& burnt ! ,jews alive4 ,x is e/imat$ t  
#gj1jjj p]sons 7 put to dea? 9 less ?an 
a week to atte/ ! sup]ior morality ( !  
,*ri/ian fai?4  ,! successors (         
,mohamm$1 ! ,caliphs1 9 less ?an a      

c5tury conqu]$ ,syria1 ,egypt1          
,babylonia1 ,p]sia1 ,turke/an1 ,spa91   
,nor!rn ,africa1 ,sicily1 & ,s\!rn      
,france4 ,today1 #afj1jjj1jjj are       
foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1--a man :o began z a 
humble religi\s lead]1 & end$ z an      
adroit politician & p[]ful g5]al2 a man 
:o hid dur+ battles1 :o (t5 broke fai? )
 fri5d & foe alike1 a *>latan &         
demagogue ( g5]al intellectual          
incompet5cy1 & a victim ( m5tal disease4
   ,,jesus  ,:5 we come to consid] !    
life ( ,jesus1 a f> diff]5t & m         
intricate problem is met )4 ,none b !   
mo/ illogical & purposely ignorant (    
religi\s apologi/s w admit t ! life (   
,jesus has be5 misrepres5t$ by 8 foll[]s
 to suit _! p>ticul> aims4 ,_h ! foll[]s
 ( ! morali/ ,epictetus or ! ,rabbi     
,hillel writt5 lives ( ^! two tea*]s !y 
w\ld be q simil> to ! reput$ life (     
,jesus4 ,! moral s5tim5ts attribut$ to  
,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels 7 borr[$ f ! ,jewi%  
rabbis & ! num]\s cults t fl\ri%$ 9 t   
age4 ,! bir?1 dea?1 & resurrection (    

,*ri/ is q simil> to ! my?s ( t "t      
conc]n+ ! savior gods ,adonis1 ,isis1   
,osiris1 ,attis1 ,mi?ra1 & a multitude (
 o!rs4 7,= a full exposition ( !        
subject1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,e4       
,c>p5t]1 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ,cre$s47  ,! 
evid5ce = ! po9t ( view t ,jesus 0      
actually a hi/oric "* is s slight t su* 
s*ol>s z ,j4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 ,pr(4 ,w4   
,b4 ,smi?1 ,pr(essor ,drews1 ,dr4 ,p4   
,l4 ,c\*\d1 & _m o!rs d5y ! hi/oric     
reality ( ,*ri/ on ! gr\nd t ! ,gospels 
are totally unreliable z hi/ory1 t ,paul
 be>s no witness to a human ,jesus1 & t 
! pagan & ,jewi% writ]s are /rangely    
sil5t ab\t ! ,messiah ,jesus4  ,!re are 
9 exi/5ce only tw5ty-f\r l9es f ,jewi% &
 ,pagan writ]s ref]r+ to ,jesus4 ,^!    
include a ref]5ce 9 ,tacitus' ,annals1 &
 brief ref]5ces by ,suetonius & ,pl9y ! 
,y\ng]4 ,^! ?ree ref]5ces are consid]$  
spuri\s by _m s*ol>s1 & ev5 if !y 7 all 
to be accept$ x w\ld mean t ! total     
pagan te/imony z to ! hi/oricity (      
,jesus is conf9$ to ?ree v vague & brief

 ref]5ces writt5 a c5tury aft] ! reput$ 
"t ( ,jesus4 ,! longe/ ref]5ce to ,jesus
 is 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian1     
,josephus4 ,! passage ref]r+ to ,jesus 9
 8 ,jewi% ,antiquities has be5 consid]$ 
z spuri\s ev5 by cons]vative s*ol>s4 ,a 
gr\p ( s*ol>s has always deem$ x v      
probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is spuri\s ref]5ce  
may h replac$ an unfavorable ref]5ce to 
,jesus 9 ! orig9al4 ,work+ on ?is !ory1 
,dr4 ,eisl] has purg$ ( int]polations   
?is "w by a pa9/ak+ & s*ol>ly           
inve/igation4  ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be po9t$   
out t ) reg>d to ,jesus' actual exi/5ce1
 :at divid$ ! ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians 
0 n ! "q :e!r or n ,jesus exi/$2 b !    
va/ly m p]t95t & ess5tially diff]5t "q  
:e!r or n ! obscure ,galilean c>p5t]1   
execut$ by a ,roman gov]nor z k+ ( !    
,jews1 0 really a sup]human be+ :o _h   
ov]come dea?1 ! long$-=-savior ( mank9d1
 =etold by ! ,prophets1 ! only-begott5  
,son ( ,god ,himself4  ,to ! ,jews1     
,jesus 0 inde$ a h]etic & an agitator ( 
! l[] ord]s2 to ! pagans1 he 0 a        

magician :o ?r\gh %am miracles & )      
subv]sive words _h incit$ ! p to        
rebellion1 & z a lead] ( a gang (       
desp]ate m5 _h attempt$ to seize ! royal
 cr[n ( ,juda1 z o!rs _h done be=e &    
aft] him4 ,! non-,*ri/ian writ]s ref]r$ 
to ,jesus z a wiz>d1 a demagogue1 & a   
rebel4  ,we are =tunate1 at ?is date1 to
 h br\ght to our att5tion a ma/]ful "w  
by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,eisl]1 a "w :i* w be z  
revolution>y to ! /udy ( ,*ri/ianity z 0
 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ! ,species 9 ! realms 
( sci5ce2 &1 simil>ly1 ! =m] "w w be !  
basis ^u :i* mu* progress w be made 9 a 
great field4 ,dr4 ,eisl] unfolds a great
 mass ( hi!rto unkn[n in=mation conc]n+ 
! life1 ! actual appe>ance1 & ! do+s (  
,jesus4 ,he def9itely e/abli%es ! pro( (
 ,jesus' actual exi/5ce1 & makes cle> _m
 hi!rto obscure utt]ances & de$s ( ?is  
,prophet4  ,! descriptions :i* foll[ are
 bas$ on ! mat]ial 9 ?is "w ( ,dr4      
,eisl]1 ,! ,messiah ,jesus4  ,9 !       
complete /atem5t ( ,josephus on         
,pilate's gov]nor%ip1 we f9d1 ,at t "t  

!re appe>$ a c]ta9 man ( magical p[]1 if
 x is p]missible to call him a man1 :om 
c]ta9 ,greeks call a ,son ( ,god1 b 8   
disciples1 ! ,true ,prophet1 said to    
raise ! dead1 & heal all diseases4 ,8   
nature & 8 =m 7 human2 a man ( simple   
appe>ance1 mature age1 small 9 /ature1  
?ree cubits high1 hun*back$1 ) a long   
face1 long nose1 & meet+ eyebr[s1 s t !y
 :o see him might be affright$1 ) scanty
 hair b ) a p>t+ 9 ! middle ( 8 head1   
aft] ! mann] ( ! ,naz>ites1 & ) an      
undevelop$ be>d4 ,only 9 semblance 0 he 
sup]human = he gave "s a/oni%+ &        
spectacul> exhibitions4 ,b aga91 if ,i  
look at 8 commonplace physique1 ,i1 =   
"o1 _c call him an angel4 ,& ev]y?+     
:atsoev] he wr\ght ?r\gh "s invisible   
p[]1 he wr\ght ?r\gh "s ^w & a comm&4   
,"s said ( him1 ',our fir/ law giv] is  
ris5 aga91 & displays _m heal+s & magic 
arts4 ,o!rs said1 ',he is s5t f ,god4'  
,h[beit 9 _m ?+s he disobey$ ! law &    
kept n ! ,sabba? accord+ to our fa!rs'  
cu/om4  ,& _m ( ! multitude foll[$ aft] 

him & accept$ 8 tea*+s1 & _m s\ls 7     
excit$1 ?9k+ t !reby ! ,jewi% tribes    
might be fre$ f ,roman h&s4 ,b x 0 8    
cu/om mo/ ( ! "t to abide ov] aga9/ !   
city on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 & !re1 too1  
he be/[$ 8 heal+s ^u ! p4 ,& !re        
assembl$ unto him ( help]s "o hundr$ &  
fifty1 & a multitude ( ! mob4  ,n[1 :5  
!y saw 8 p[]1 h[ he accompli%$ :atsoev] 
he w\ld by a magic ^w1 & :5 !y _h made  
kn[n to him _! w1 t he %\ld ent] into ! 
city1 cut d[n ! ,roman troops1 & ,pilate
 & rule ov] u1 he disda9$ u n4 ,& hav+  
all flock$ into ,j]usalem1 !y rais$ an  
upro> aga9/ ,pilate1 utt]+ blasphemies  
alike aga9/ ,god & aga9/ ,cs>4  ,& :5 k 
( x came to ! ,jewi% lead]s1 !y assembl$
 toge!r1 ) ! high prie/s & spake1 ',we  
are p[]less & too weak to )/& ! ,romans4
 ,b see+ t ! 'b[ is b5t1' we w g & imp>t
 to ,pilate :at we h he>d1 & we %all be 
safe1 le/ he he> ( x f o!rs & we be     
robb$ ( our sub/ance & ourselves        
slaught]$1 & ! *ildr5 ( ,israel disp]s$4
  ,& !y w5t & imp>t$ ! matt] to ,pilate1

 & he s5t & _h _m ( ! multitude sla94 ,&
 he _h t wond]-work] br\ght up1 & aft]  
in/itut+ an inquiry conc]n+ him1 he     
pass$ ?is s5t5ce ^u him1 ',he is a      
malefactor1 a rebel1 a robb] ?ir/+ = !  
cr[n4' ,& !y took him & crucifi$ him    
accord+ to ! cu/om ( _! fa!rs4  ,su* is 
! hi/ory ( ,jesus z contra/$ ) ! my? (  
,jesus 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is          
description ( ! actual appe>ance (      
,jesus = ! fir/ "t gives u a clue to !  
m5tal & physical *>act]i/ics ( ?is      
,prophet4  ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t at ! 
"t t ,jesus a*iev$ manhood1 8 p & 8     
nation 7 "u ! complete dom9ation (      
,rome1 & oppress$ by a race :om ! ,jews 
look$ ^u z curs$ b>b>ians & idolat]s4 ,!
 c\ntry 0 ov]run ) religi\s zealots :o  
/orm$ ov] ! cities & villages prea*+ !  
imm$iate de/ruction ( ! _w & ! proximity
 ( ! long-await$ com+ ( ! ,messiah4  ,! 
fact t ,jesus _h to be> ! h>d fate ( a  
de=m$ body may g f> 9 help+ to expla9   
?is rem>kable "*4 ,x is common k h[     
frequ5tly weak & de=m$ *ildr5 h to suff]

 f ! cruelty & neglect ( environm5t1 a  
factor :i* _c b produce a peculi>       
reaction on ! *ildi% m9d :i* has a      
f>-rea*+ effect 9 lat] life4 ,?is       
acc\nts = ,jesus' indiff]5ce t[>ds 8 "m 
& bro!rs2 ( a delicate con/itution1 he  
mu/ h suff]$ f insults a great deal m   
?an ! o!rs1 :i* ?r[s "s light on ! sev]e
 puni%m5t dem&$ by ,jesus = comp>atively
 h>mless insults4 ,"u su* circum/ances x
 is easy to expla9 h[ e neighbor1 &     
next-(-k91 al?\gh to ! weak naturally an
 enemy1 came to be includ$ 9 ! sph]e ( t
 all-embrac+ love :i* is ! nucleus (    
,jesus' tea*+4 ,= ! cripple has to face 
! dilemma ei!r ( w>p+ ev]y?+ into a     
p[]ful1 misan?ropic hatr$1 or else to   
ov]come ?is feel+ ( rev5ge = ! high     
moral sup]iority ( a ,plato1            
,m5delssohn1 or a ,kant4 ,jesus *ose !  
latt] ( ! two c\rses1 & we may well     
imag9e t x 0 n at ,golgo?a t he _h !    
fir/ occasion to cry out1 ,fa!r1 =give  
!m = !y "k n :at !y d6  ,9 ! case (     
,jesus1 ! :ole p>adoxical ?\ght ( 8 be+ 

! vic>i\s s9-(f]+ & _w r$eem] c be/ be  
und]/ood z ! solution1 propos$ 9 !      
,deut]o-,isaiah1 ( ! "q :i* _h occupi$  
,job--to wit3 ,:y mu/ ! innoc5t suff]8  
,if ! maim$ 9 body refuse to consid]    
himself z =sak5 by 8 ,god1 z a s9n]     
puni%$ = "s guilt ( :i* he is           
unconsci\s1 he _c b assume t !re is su* 
a ?+ z a vocation to suff]+1 & believe 9
 ! inscrutable plan ( salvation 9 :i* 8 
own life & suff]+s are call$ ^u to play 
"s "p4 ,no?+ b ?is conviction ( be+ ?us 
elect$ c af=d him ! desir$ comp5sation =
 8 depress$ & hamp]$ ego4  ,a repress$  
nature ( ?is type w1 9 seek+ su* a      
comp5sation1 escape f ! h>% reality into
 ! realm ( dreams4 ,?is is ! basis ( :at
 ! physician recognizes 9 hy/]ia1 & 9 ! 
m5tal disease t]m$ ,dem5tia ,prcox4 ,!  
glori\s daydreams ( ! mill5nium1 ! "t ( 
bliss :5 all /rife & all hate w disappe>
 f ! e>?1 :5 all ! crook$ w be made     
/raight1 f9d _! be/ explanation 9 ?is   
peculi>ity4 ,!y console ! suff]+ &      
heavy-lad5 = ! bitt] reality :i*1 9 !   

light ( ! old messianic prophecies1     
appe>s only z a nightm>e1 promptly to be
 *as$ away by ! dawn ( a new day1 a new1
 a p]fect era4 ,! ,davidic ,jesus1 9    
spite or r because ( 8 s]vile =m1 feels 
t he is himself ! secret incognito k+ ( 
t wond]ful realm1 ! mon>* :om ,god "s "t
 9 ! future1 nay1 "r "h & be=e ! pass+ (
 ! pres5t g5]ation1 w trans=m :ile at ! 
same "t reveal+ 8 k+dom4  ,x is b       
natural t 9 ! m5tal developm5t ( su*    
individuals !y %\ld seek to be great1   
glori\s1 & to a*ieve ! sup]natural1 s9ce
 !y1 !mselves1 are d5i$ ! ord9>y        
satisfactions4 ,if1 9 addition1 su*     
individuals believe t !y h _h a div9e   
call1 if ! disability ( ! body s preys  
on ! m9d t ! s5sitive /ructure gives way
 to delusions1 !n !re results an        
ab]ration f ! normal & usual processes (
 ?\ght1--to be sure n ! rabid1 viol5t =m
 ( m5tal disease1 b yet a deviation f ! 
normal mann] ( ?9k+4 ,su* 0 ! case ) !  
,prophet ,jesus4  ,afflict$ 9 body b    
end[$ ) a s5sitive m9d1 expos$ to an    

unusual environm5t ( see?+ unre/ &      
political f]m5t1 & firmly conv9c$ 9 !   
curr5t fancies reg>d+ ! approa*+        
de/ruction ( ! _w1 ! conque/ ( ! ,evil  
,p[]1 & ! ,reign ( ,god1 ,jesus became !
 subject ( a delusion t he 0 ! only true
 ,messiah :o _h be5 presag$ by !        
prophets ( old4  ,! greate/ difficulty  
enc\nt]$ 9 e attempt to pres5t ! life & 
"w ( ,jesus accord+ to ! evid5ce ( 8 own
 words pres]v$ 9 ! s\rces is ! %>p1     
irreconcilable contradiction betwe5 !   
s-call$ fire & sword say+s on ! "o side1
 & ! beatitudes on ! peacemak]s & !     
meek1 ! prohibition to kill1 to be      
angry1 to resi/ wrong1 & ! comm& to love
 "o's enemy1 conta9$ 9 ! ,s]mon on !    
,m\nt1 on ! o!r4  ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( 8   
messianic c>e]1 ! p]iod ( ! ,s]mon on ! 
,m\nt1 ,jesus 0 a ?or\gh quieti/4 ,b if 
we realize t ! delusion t he 0 ,!       
,messiah _h ent]$ 8 m9d s vehem5tly t he
 firmly believ$ t ! end ( ! _w 0 imm95t1
 & t x 0 8 duty to save z _m z possible1
 we c und]/& 8 acquiesc5ce to ! viol5ce 

:i* foll[$4  ,moreov]1 he 0 cle>ly =c$  
to ! fatal road by ! idea t he mu/ set  
on foot a movem5t ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 !  
picture ( ! exodus f ,egypt ) ! fanta/ic
 figures giv5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!     
,messianic ris+ he 0 to initiate c\ld n 
be reg>d$ z realiz$ if he left ! c\ntry 
) a b& ( "s hundr$ elect4 ,if he wi%$1  
h[ev]1 to put at lea/ two-fif?s ( !     
population 9 motion1 ! me?od ( s5d+ out 
mess5g]s _h prov$ altoge!r              
unsatisfactory4 ,he mu/ try ! effect ( 8
 own words 9 a place :]e1 & at a "t :51 
he 0 sure to rea* ! greate/ multitude ( 
8 p4 ,t c\ld only be 9 ,j]usalem1 at !  
"t ( ! great pilgrimage at ! fea/ ( !   
,passov]4 ,moreov]1 ! desir$ result c\ld
 only be obta9$ ( c\rse if he op5ly     
proclaim$ himself to be ! ,messiah4  ,!n
 x 0 t ! ,prophet ( quiet rev]s$ 8 words
 & arm$ 8 disciples4 ,jesus 0 fully aw>e
 ( ! illegality ( ?is arm+ ( 8 disciples
 & ( 8 own direction to pur*ase a       
weapon2 none ! less1 he saw no escape f 
?is bitt] necessity4 ,! pr$iction ( !   

prophet mu/ be fulfill$1 accord+ to :i* 
! righte\s s]vant ( ! ,"l mu/ be numb]$ 
among ! lawless transgressors4 ,true x  
is t he did n lead ! revolt himself1 b  
t>ri$ ) 8 disciples at ! ,la/ ,supp] at 
a h\se ne> by ! fight+4 ,:5 he becomes  
aw>e t 8 secret hid+ place on ! ,m\nt ( 
,olives has be5 betray$1 ,jesus hopes = 
a miracle f ,god up to ! la/4 ,captur$1 
he is l$ away to ! palace ( ! high      
prie/'s family on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1    
:]e1 :ile ,jesus is que/ion$ by ! high  
prie/1 ,pet]1 unrecogniz$1 w>ms himself 
at ! fire 9 ! c\rty>d & ?rice d5ies 8   
ma/]4 ,he 0 !n tak5 to ! ,roman         
gov]nor's c\rt-m>tial1 :]e s5t5ce 0     
pass$ & he 0 l$ (f to ! place (         
execution & !re des]t$ by all 8 foll[]s 
except a few ,galilean wom54 ,!n 0 he>d 
! la/ despair+ cry ( ! desolate1 dy+    
m>tyr1 ,my ,god1 ,my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\    
=sak5 me8  ,?us end$ ! c>e] ( ?is de=m$ 
,prophet ) ! s5sitive delud$ m9d2 a     
m>tyr :o attempt$ only to effect re=ms  
among/ 8 own p1 9 8 own small locality4 

,,moses  ,) reg>d to ! life1 ! de$s1 & !
 words ( ! ,prophet ,moses we h no      
hi/ory2 only my? & leg5d4 ,! exi/5ce (  
,moses is n demon/rat$ by ! ,biblical   
books :i* are falsely ascrib$ to him1   
yet we _c be c]ta9 t su* a "* did n     
exi/4 ,9 any ev5t1 we mu/ judge 8 "* f !
 writ+s ascrib$ to him4  ,! leg5d ( !   
*ild ca/ ^u ! wat]s is to be f\nd 9 !   
folklore ( all nations4 ,?is leg5d1     
conc]n+ ,moses1 relates t "o day        
,ph>aoh's daught]1 :ile ba?+ ) h] maids 
9 ! ,nile1 f\nd a ,hebrew *ild expos$ on
 ! wat]s 9 ob$i5ce to a new decree4 ,%e 
adopt$ ! boy1 gave him an ,egyptian "n1 
& br\ght him up 9 h] palace z a pr9ce4  
,%e _h him educat$ & ! fair inf]5ce is t
 he 0 s*ool$ 9 ! culture ( ! ,egyptians4
 ,! royal lady made ( ! ,hebrew         
slave-*ild an ,egyptian g5tleman4  ,yet1
 al?\gh 8 face 0 %av$1 & outw>dly he    
appe>$ to be an ,egyptian1 at he>t he   
rema9$ a ,hebrew4 ,"o day1 :5 he 0 gr[n1
 ,moses w5t slumm+ among 8 own p to look
 at _! burd5s1 & he spi$ an ,egyptian   

smit+ a ,hebrew4 ,he 0 s ov]come by     
passion at ?is sc5e t he kill$ ! man on 
! spot4 ,! crime became kn[n1 !re 0 a   
hue & cry rais$1 & ! k+ _h a se>* made =
 ,moses ) ! int5tion ( slay+ him4 ,) all
 hope ( a c>e] 9 ,egypt end$1 ,moses    
escap$ to ! ,p59sula ( ,s9ai1 & ent]$ ! 
family ( an ,arab %eik4  ,! ,p59sula (  
,s9ai lies clasp$ betwe5 two arms ( !   
,r$ ,sea4 ,x is a wild]ness ( m\nta9s   
cov]$ ) a ?91 almo/ transp>5t coat+ (   
vegetation :i* s]ves z pa/ure to ! ,b$\9
 flocks4 ,among ! hills t cr[n ! high   
plateau !re is "o :i* at ! "t ( ,moses 0
 call$ ! ,m\nt ( ,god4 ,x 0 holy gr\nd  
to ! ,egyptians1 & also to ! ,arabs1 :o 
asc5d$ z pilgrims & drew (f _! s&als :5 
!y rea*$ ! top4 ,n[ is x /range t ,s9ai 
%\ld h excit$ rev]5ce & dread8 ,x is    
inde$ a weird l&4 ,va/ & /]n /& !       
m\nta9s1 ) _! five granite peaks po9t+  
to ! sky4 ,avalan*es l ^? ( ! ,alps1 b (
 s&1 n ( sn[1 ru% d[n _! nak$ sides ) a 
cle> t9kl+ s\nd4 ,a peculi> prop]ty     
resides 9 ! air1 ! human voice c be he>d

 at a surpris+ di/ance & swells out into
 a rev]b]at+ ro>1 & sometimes !re rises 
f among ! hills a dull boom+ s\nd l !   
di/ant fir+ ( heavy guns4  ,let u       
attempt to realize :at ,moses mu/ h felt
 :5 he 0 driv5 out ( ,egypt into su* a  
h>% & rugg$ l&4 ,imag9e ?is man1 !      
adopt$ son ( a royal p]sonage1 :o 0     
accu/om$ to all ! spl5dor ( ! ,egyptian 
c\rt1 to ! busy turmoil ( ! /reets ( !  
metropolis1 to recl9+ 9 a c>pet$ gondola
 or /ay+ ) a noble at 8 c\ntry h\se4 ,9 
a mom5t all is *ang$4 ,he dwells 9 a    
t5t1 alone on ! m\nta9 side1 a %eph]d ) 
a crook 9 8 h&4 ,he is m>ri$ to !       
daught] ( a b>b>ian2 8 c>e] is at an    
end4  ,he realizes t nev] aga9 w he ent]
 t palace :]e once he 0 receiv$ ) honor1
 :]e n[ 8 "n is utt]$ only ) contempt4  
,nev] aga9 w he disc\rse ) grave & le>n$
 m5 9 8 favorite haunts1 & nev] aga9 w  
he see ! p ( 8 tribe :om he loves & =   
:om he endures ?is mis]able fate4 ,!y w 
suff] b he w n help !m2 !y w m\rn1 b he 
w n he> !m4 ,9 8 dreams he he>s & sees  

!m4 ,he he>s ! :i/l+ ( ! la% & !        
convulsive sobs & groans4 ,he sees !    
poor slaves toil+ 9 ! fields & sees !   
daught]s ( ,israel c>ri$ (f to ! h>em ) 
/ruggl+ arms & /ream+ hair4 ,he sees !  
*amb] ( ! woman 9 labor1 ! seat$1       
%udd]+1 wri?+ =m1 ! "m /ruggl+ aga9/    
mat]nity1 dread+ h] release1 = ! k+'s   
(fic] is /&+ by ! door1 ready1 z soon z 
a male *ild is born1 to put x to dea?4  
,! ,arabs :o gave him %elt] 7 also      
*ildr5 ( ,abraham1 & !y relat$ to him   
leg5ds ( ! anci5t days4 ,!y told him ( !
 patri>*s :o lay buri$ 9 ,canaan ) _!   
wives2 !y spoke ( ! ,god :om 8 fa!rs _h 
wor%ip$4 ,!n1 z "o :o returns to a long 
lo/ home1 ! ,egyptian return$ to ! fai? 
( ! des]t1 to ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1
 & ,jacob4 ,z he w&]$ on ! m\nta9       
heights1 he look$ to ! we/ & saw a      
des]t2 beyond x lay ,canaan1 ! home ( 8 
ance/ors1 a l& ( peace & soon to be a l&
 ( hope4 ,= n[1 new ideas rose          
tumultu\sly )9 him4 ,he began to see    
visions & to dream dreams4 ,he he>d     

voices & beheld no =m2 he saw trees :i* 
blaz$ ) fire & yet 7 n consum$4 ,he     
became a prophet & ent]$ into ! ec/atic 
/age4 ,t is1 he began to h illusions &  
halluc9ations4  ,dwell+ on ! mis]y &    
suff]+ ( 8 p1 8 m9d becomes delud$ ) !  
idea t he has be5 *os5 by 8 new-f\nd    
,god to lib]ate 8 p f ! tyranny ( _!    
oppressors4  ,mean:ile ! k+ _h di$1 & a 
new ,ph>aoh _h asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,moses   
returns to ,egypt to c>ry out ! great   
designs :i* he _h =m$4 ,he ann\nces to !
 eld]s ( 8 p1 to ! heads ( ! h\ses1 & ! 
%eiks ( ! tribes t ! ,god ( ,abraham _h 
appe>$ to him 9 ,s9ai & _h reveal$ 8    
true "n4 ,x 0 ,jehovah4 ,he _h be5 s5t  
by ,jehovah to ,egypt to br+ away 8 p1  
to lead !m to ,canaan4  ,9 company ) 8  
bro!r1 ,a>on1 ,moses ask$ ,ph>aoh to    
lib]ate ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 b aft]      
sev]al va9 attempts to dazzle ,ph>aoh ) 
8 skill z a magician1 he 0 met ) an     
ob/9ate refusal4 ,moses be=e ,ph>aoh    
desc5ds to ! level ( a vulg> sorc]]1    
arm$ ) a magic w&1 ^: p]=mances only    

draw our smiles4 ,?is *>latanry hav+ be5
 unsuccessful1 ! wiz>d connives ) 8     
accomplice ,jehovah to h inflict$ ^u !  
,egyptians ! t5 plagues4 ,!n ! lov+ &   
k9d ,fa!r1 hav+ kill$ innum]able        
,egyptians1 z ! /ory relates1 s         
t]rorizes ! m9ds ( 8 o!r *ildr5 9       
,egypt1 t ,ph>aoh is f9ally conv9c$ t he
 mu/ all[ ! ,*os5 ,p to leave 8 doma94  
,! ,israelites quitt$ ,egypt c>ry+ away 
) !m ! gold & silv] ( _! oppressors4 ,!y
 !n ent]$ ! des]t4  ,! magic art (      
,moses enabl$ !m to pass dry-foot$ ?r\gh
 ! ,r$ ,sea1 :]eas ! ,ph>aoh :o 0 pursu+
 !m 0 engulf$ ) 8 :ole army4 ,aga9 !    
,*os5 ,p are lib]at$ by means ( ! dea? (
 multitudes ( ,egyptians4 ,truly1       
,jehovah at t "t mu/ h lov$ !m well1 or 
did "s o!r ,deity =m ! ,egyptians8 ,x   
matt]s n t ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea & !    
dr[n+ ( ,ph>aoh are romantic incid5ts1 n
 only unkn[n to ! ,egyptian texts1 b ev5
 to ! e>lie/ ( ,hebrew prophets4 ,x     
matt]s n1 = ! /ory is ! important ?+1   
ev5 ?\gh x is an inspir$ /ory1 inspir$  

by ! ,jehovah :o tortur$ & kill$ !      
,egyptians to %[ h[ well he lov$ 8 p4   
,?is ,wild ,we/ /ory1 ) its multitudes (
 slaught]s1 proce$s to ! wild]ness (    
,s9ai2 & !re aga91 ! ,prophet ,moses    
goes into a secret seance & f9ally      
ann\nces t ,god _h deliv]$ laws to him1 
:i* _h be5 issu$ f ! cl\ds4  ,:at a     
great %[man 0 ?is ,prophet6 ,b>num mu/ h
 be5 a devot$ admir] ( ,moses1 = ,moses 
0 ! fir/ to create ! two-r+ circus2 = ^!
 laws giv5 by ,jehovah are describ$ 9   
two places1 & ! circus v>ies 9 bo?      
places4 ,exodus ,,xx & ,exodus ,,xxxiv  
are ! two texts :i* diff] consid]ably4  
,to fur!r conv9ce ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel1  
,moses tells !m ! /ory ( h[ he _h cajol$
 ,jehovah into all[+ him to see :at no  
man _h hi!rto se51 ! =m ( ,jehovah1 = x 
appe>s t ,jehovah 0 s pleas$ ) ?is      
murd]]1 *>latan1 & wiz>d t he all[$ him 
to glimpse ,8 h9d qu>t]s4 ,at lea/1     
,jehovah _h a s5se ( humor6  ,:at a bag 
( tricks ?is ,prophet _h at 8 comm&6 ,! 
,prophet waves 8 arms & tugs at 8 g[n1 &

 lo & behold6 ,! ,"l has spok56 ,!      
foll[+ is a specim5 ( ! revelations :i* 
! ,"l is suppos$ to h dictat$ to ,moses4
 7,leviticus ,,xiv1 #be47  ,! prie/ %all
 take "s ( ! blood ( ! trespass (f]+ &  
put x ^u ! tip ( ! "r e> ( him :o is to 
be cleans$ & ^u ! ?umb ( 8 "r h&1 & ^u !
 great toe ( 8 "r foot1 & ! prie/ %all  
p\r ( ! oil into ! palm ( 8 own left h& 
& %all spr9kle ) 8 "r f+] "s ( ! oil t  
is 9 8 left h& sev5 times be=e ! ,"l4   
,surely1 x mu/ h be5 a ,god ) a sup]ior 
m5tality :o dictat$ ?is1 = x surpasses  
our feeble compreh5sion4 ,& we c well   
imag9e ,jehovah's wra? :5 ! prie/       
confuses 8 "r & left4  ,twirl+ 8 arms   
aga91 ,moses gives =? ?is oracle        
7,numb]s ,,xv1 #cg-da73 ,& ! ,"l spake  
unto ,moses1 say+1 ',speak unto !       
,*ildr5 ( ,israel1 & bid !m t !y make !m
 a fr+e ^u ! corn] ( _! g>m5ts ?r\gh\t  
_! g5]ations1 & t !y put ^u ! fr+e ( ea*
 corn] a cord ( blue1 etc41 etc4        
,jehovah *ooses ,blue z ! div9e color4  
,royal ,purple4 ,div9e ,blue4 ,!n !re is

 ! famili> my? ( ! ,prophet's tapp+ ( ! 
rock to br+ =? wat] 9 ! des]t2 ! /ory ( 
! manna2 ! tale ( ! doves4  ,?us c !    
fabl$ life ( ,moses be divid$ into two  
/ages1 ! e>ly p]iod ( illusions1        
halluc9ations1 & delusions1 & ! lat]    
/age ( wiz>dry1 *>latanry1 & demagogu]y4
 ,nei!r mu/ we ?9k t we mod]ns are !    
fir/ to pe] ?r\gh ?is %am1 = :at !      
,israelites ?\ght ( ^! laws appe>s f !  
bitt] criticism ( ,moses & ,a>on1 :i* ! 
,haggadah put into ! m\? ( ! rebel      
,korah4  ,:5 we 7 giv5 ! t5 comm&m5ts1  
ea* ( u le>nt !m directly f ,m\nt ,s9ai2
 !re 7 only ! t5 comm&m5ts & we he>d no 
ord]s ab\t '(f]+ cake' or 'gifts to     
prie/s' or 'tassels4' ,x 0 only 9 ord]  
to usurp ! dom9ion = himself & to imp>t 
honor to 8 bro!r ,a>on1 t ,moses add$   
all ?is4  ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$--^!
 prophets ^: adh]5ts numb] hundr$s (    
millions1 ab\t :om !re has be5 built up 
^? va/ sy/ems ( !ology1--:at is !re ( ! 
div9e 9 _! *>act]s8 ,:at sup]natural 9  
_! de$s8 ,:at wisdom p\r$ =? f _! lips  

:i* did n come f o!r philosoph]s8 ,:at  
imm5se /ructures h be5 f\nd$ on ^! %ift+
 s&s1 on ?is morass ( ignorance & *ildi%
 fable8 ,h[ long c ^! /ructures endure1 
aid$ by ! bol/]+ up ( ! !ologi/s1 & h[  
long mu/ x be be=e ! light ( reason w   
pi]ce ^! f\ndations ( bl9dness & =ce !m 
to topple ov]8 ,h[ mu* long] be=e       
humanity c beg9 to build on a s\nd      
f\ndation8  ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,mohamm$2 
revolutioni/s ?ree4 ,moses at ! head ( a
 weak1 squabbl+1 & disgruntl$ gr\p (    
,hebrew des]t m>aud]s4 ,jesus sanction+ 
! insurrection aga9/ ,rome4 ,mohamm$ at 
! head ( 8 ,arabian m>aud]s4  ,if !     
free?9k]s firmly believe t 9 !m dwell ! 
hope = a bett] humanity1 = an exhil>at$ 
progress1 = univ]sal fre$om & lib]ty =  
all mank9d1 & emancipation f fe> &      
sup]/ition1 !n !y1 too1 mu/ de/roy4 ,!y 
mu/ fir/ undo ! wrong be=e !y c proce$  
to build on a "r f\ndation4  ,!y mu/    
build on ! corn] /one t all religion is 
human 9 its orig91 errone\s 9 its       
!ories1 & ridicul\s 9 its ?reats &      

rew>ds4 ,religion is ! greate/ imp$im5t 
to ! progress ( human happ9ess4         
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,s\ndness ,,( ,a         
,,f\ndation ,,= ,a ,,belief ,,9 ,a      
,,deity      ,x is bett] to bury a      
delusion & =get x ?an to insult its     
memory by reta9+ ! "n :5 ! ?+ has p]i%$4
      ,f4 ,h4 ,,bradley4      ,a ?\s&   
miracul\s happ5+s h be5 hon\r$ by !     
te/imony ( ! anci5ts1 :i* 9 lat] times  
"u a m     exact+ & sceptical scrut9y c 
no long] be believ$4 ,inh]5t     9 man's
 nature is 8 disposition to be gull$4444
 ,emotion is     enc\rag$ to supplant   
cool reason1 fanaticism to supplant     
tol]ance4 ,n by su* means c our race be 
sav$4      ,,llewelyn ,,p[ys4   ,our    
int]planet>y visitor is firmly conv9c$ t
 all religion1 no matt] :at its         
antiquity or its mod]nity may be1 is an 
inv5tion ( our grop+ e>?ly m9ds4 ,x     
occurs to him t x w\ld be int]e/+ &     
prop] to lay aside all !ology1 all cre$1
 all ! sup]ficial trapp+s plac$ by man  
ab\t 8 conceptions ( a deity1 & consid] 

only ! basic ,god-idea4 ,! lit]ature on 
! subject reveal$ to him t ev5 on ?is   
broad & basic pr9ciple n all religioni/s
 7 agre$4 ,he f\nd a ?reefold           
classification3  7#a7 ,^? :o held to !  
belief 9 an an?ropomorphic p]sonal ,god 
:o 0 b5evol5t1 omnisci5t1 & omnipot5t4  
7#b7 ,^? :o saw 9 ! con/itution ( our   
univ]se an imp]sonal ,supreme ,p[]1 :o  
_h creat$ ! univ]se1 b :o _h n giv5 u   
any revelation1 & ?us has no ne$ =      
wor%ip by pray] & sacrifice4  7#c7 ,^?  
:o v rec5tly conceiv$ ( ! deity z a     
cosmic =ce1 an ultimate1 or z a         
ma!matical or physical law4 ,su* are !  
hypo!ses ( ,jeans & ,edd+ton4 ,! ,m>tian
 set ab\t1 !re=e1 ) ! pr9ciple t1 ,god  
is a hypo!sis1 & z su*1 /&s 9 ne$ (     
pro(4  7#a7 ,! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god3 
,! ,m>tian1 z our gue/1 _h by ?is "t _h 
ample opportunity to survey our         
civilization1 & to acqua9t himself ) !  
?+s ) :i* ,god 9 ,8 goodness _h end[$ ,8
 e>?ly *ildr54 ,a propon5t ( a p]sonal  
,god in=ms him t 8 deity is an inf9ite  

p]sonal be+ ( consci\sness1 intellig5ce1
 w1 good1 unity1 & ,beauty2 ! ,supreme1 
! inf9ite p]sonality1 :o 0 lov+1        
b5evol5t1 omnipot5t1 & omnisci5t4 ,l !  
,am]ican f ,miss\ri1 ! visitor ha/5$ to 
see = himself ! m>vel\s work+s ( su* an 
exalt$ be+1 = surely su* a be+1 ) su*   
attributes z he 0 cr$it$ )1 w\ld c]ta9ly
 be 9 an excell5t position to be/[ great
 gifts ^u 8 e>?ly *ildr54  ,! ,m>tian is
 in=m$ t ! va/ majority ( our           
inhabitants1 no matt] :at _!            
geographical di/ribution may be1 are    
suff]+ f a f9ancial depression br\ght on
 by ! la/ ,_w ,w>4 ,w> & cruelty are    
synonym\s 9 ! m9d ( our seek] = ,god2 & 
imm$iately1 !re arises a conflict betwe5
 ! conception ( an omnipot5t1 all-wise &
 lov+ ,god & "o :o w\ld p]mit w> &      
cruelty4 ,fe>+ t he has n compreh5d$ !  
mean+ ( an omnipot5t be+1 he turns to ! 
lexicon = v]ification1 only to le>n t x 
means an all-p[]ful be+4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld  
an omnipot5t be+ p]mit :olesale &       
private murd]8 ,is ,he n r a demon ?an a

 ,god8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ?is be+ is n    
omnipot5t1 !n ,he is a useless god1 &   
!re is no ne$ = all ! fe>s :i* religion 
bre$s1 no ne$ = cre$ & wor%ip4 ,e w>1   
p>ticul>ly ?is la/ "o1 is an indictm5t (
 ,god4 ,god's 9 ,8 ,heav51 all's "r ) ! 
_w1 is seemly only to m9ds drugg$ ) an  
irrational cre$4  ,if !re is a ,god1 he 
is q c>eless ( human well-be+ or human  
suff]+4 ,! dea?s ( a hundr$ ?\s& m5 mean
 no m to him ?an ! dea?s ( a hundr$ ?\s&
 ants4 ,a c\ple ( million m5 lock$ 9 a  
dea? /ruggle on ! battlefield is only a 
replica ( ! /ruggle t has be5 go+ on 9 !
 animal _w ?r\gh\t "t4 ,if !re be a     
,god1 he made1 he design$ all ?is4 ,he  
fa%ion$ ! hooks = ! slaught]1 ! tee? = !
 te>+1 ! talons = de/ruction1 & man ) 8 
multipli$ weapons ( de/ruction has b    
imitat$ 8 example4 ,a _w )\t ,god1 & 9  
:i* humanity is gradually le>n+ ! way to
 bett] ?+s1 is an inspiration to r5ew$  
ef=t aft] ! "r4 ,a _w su* z ?is1 ) ,god1
 is en\gh to drive insane all )         
intellig5ce en\gh to appreciate !       

situation4 7,*apman ,coh53 ,w>1         
,civilization & ! ,*ur*es47  ,:5 !      
,m>tian inve/igat$ ! annals ( ! ,_w ,w> 
he f\nd1 despite ! opportunities        
,provid5ce _h _h ( %[+ its b5evol5ce1 ! 
affair ( ! s9k+ ( ! ,lusitania1 !       
torp$o+ ( hospital %ips1 vessels t 7 n  
engag$ 9 fight+ b 9 br++ home w\nd$ m5  
:o _h f\ght 9 ,god's ,cause4 ,he f\nd   
descriptions ( ! slaught] ( m5 & wom5 & 
*ildr5 9 air raids1 & he naturally      
concludes t ! provid5ce ( ,god is an    
insult to ! e>?ly intellig5ce4  ,greatly
 di/urb$1 he picks up "o ( our newspap]s
 & ! /ories ( hate & racial antagonism  
re> _! ugly heads4 ,^!1 toge!r ) jeal\sy
 & fe>1 seem to him to be ! out/&+      
features ( our attitudes4 ,a b5evol5t1  
lov+1 omnipot5t fa!r1 guid+ our de/9ies1
 yet all[+ su* mon/rosities to exi/6 ,! 
conundrum gr[s deep] z he proce$s4  ,x  
is a bright day1 & ! ,m>tian is aw>e ( a
 head-a*e br\ght on by ! ef=t to und]/& 
! ways ( e>?l+s1 & !re=e decides to     
drive ?r\gh ! city /reets4 ,yet ?is     

drive af=ds him no relaxation1 = on e   
side two diametrically oppos$ sights    
meet 8 ke5 eyes--luxury & pov]ty4       
,pov]ty & />vation1 yet ! ,"l's ,pray]3 
,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 ,heav51 give u ?is 
day our daily bread6 ,no ,m>tian fa!r   
w\ld all[ 8 *ildr5 to />ve2 if he did1 !
 law w\ld f9e him & imprison him4 ,s9ce 
^! e>?l+s are neglect$ by _! ,heav5ly   
,fa!r1 & are p[]less to indict him1 !   
lea/ !y c\ld d w\ld be to /op pay+      
tribute to him4 ,if ! ,god ( ^! e>?l+s  
bo!rs n ab\t !m1 :y %\ld !y tr\ble ab\t 
,god8 ,! ,son ( ,god :o c\ld once create
 a miracul\s bat* ( fi% to satisfy a few
 fi%]m51 c d no?+ to help ^! />v+       
millions6 ,al\d he muses1 ,is !re no    
place on ,e>? :i* is free f ?is         
contradiction8  ,8 automobile happ5s to 
/op 9 front ( an imm5se edifice m>k$    
,hospital1 & 8 curiosity is suffici5tly 
ar\s$ to cause him to alight & ent]4 ,! 
physician 9 *>ge c\rte\sly asks 8       
di/+ui%$ visitor to inspect ?is refuge =
 ^? suff]+ ) pa94 ,he rememb]s t a      

religioni/ _h told him t disease is a   
visitation ( ! ,"l = our s9s1 9 ! same  
brea? ) :i* he _h add$ t ! ,"l 0 lov+ & 
compassionate4 ,if t 7 s1 !n ?is 0 !    
ideal place to witness ! inf9ite        
goodness & compassion ( ! ,creator ( all
 e>?l+s4 ,b1 ! fir/ sc5e to meet 8 gaze 
0 t ( a woman 9 *ildbir?4 ,! torture1 ! 
excruciat+ pa91 & ! m5tal angui% ( !    
human female be=e 8 eyes1 defi$ 8       
,m>tian p[] ( expression4 ,?is process (
 bir?1 x 0 expla9$ to him1 0 n a        
pa?ological "o1 nor a disease1 b a      
physiological function4 ,to ?is1 !      
,m>tian c\ld n refra9 f reply+1 ,f y\r  
own words1 ,doctor1 x is readily        
und]/ood t y\r wom5 exp]i5ce a torture m
 acute1 m n]ve-wrack+1 & ( long]        
duration ?an y\r ,jesus exp]i5c$ dur+ 8 
crucifixion4 ,& y\r _w commis]ates & %$s
 oceans ( te>s :5 !y contemplate !      
angui% ( ,jesus on ! cross2 b no m5tion 
is made ( ! agony :i* is ! fate ( e     
woman :o br+s ano!r human be+ into ?is  
'be/ ( worlds4'  ,b1 my de> ,m>tian1    

exclaims ! physician1 ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r  
has orda9$ t 9 angui% %all woman br+ =? 
h] "y4 ,! o!r delib]at$ on ! compassion 
( ! ,b5evol5t ,fa!r 9 sil5ce1 & cont9u$ 
on 8 r\nds ?r\gh ! hospital4  ,ne>by 0 !
 crib conta9+ a baby ( a few days1      
suff]+ ) a cong5ital he>t disease4 ,!   
infant's lips 7 blue1 s 0 ! body blue1 &
 ! gasp+ = brea? & heav+ ( ! small *e/ 7
 pitiful to behold4  ,?is infant1       
non*alantly rem>k$ ! physician1 0 born )
 a greatly defective he>t4 ,x w live = a
 few days1 x w ?ir/ = air1 x w h int5se 
air-hung]1 ! lungs w fill ) fluid & !n x
 w dr[n 9 its own secretions4  ,!       
,m>tian recall$ ! "t he _h plung$ "u !  
wat] & rema9$ !re too long2 vividly1 he 
rememb]$ ! ?ir/ = air1 ! seem+ bur/+ ( !
 lungs1 ! compression & vise-l grip ( ! 
muscles ( ! ?roat & *e/1 & he c\ld n    
help exclaim+1 ,b5evol5t1 ,compassionate
 ,be+6  ,! physician cont9u$1 ,?is *ild1
 po9t+ to a beautiful1 robu/ boy ( t5   
ye>s1 0 9 p]fect heal?1 until he fell 9 
! /reet & receiv$ a m9or cut :i* ! p>5ts

 treat$ ) home rem$ies1 b :i* 9 a few   
days 0 diagnos$ z ,tetanus4 ,& ! doctor 
w5t on to expla9 t ! compassion ( ! ,"l 
is great :5 ?is occurs1 = ! *ild gets   
convulsions1 ! jaws become lock$1 &     
beads ( cold sweat /& out on ! *ild's   
=ehead 9 8 angui%2 ! convulsions        
increase 9 sev]ity & 9 duration s t     
f9ally !y are cont9u\s & ! *ild lies ) !
 heels & back ( ! head only t\*+ ! b$1 !
 re/ ( ! body is ar*$4 ,! convulsions !n
 become s sev]e t ! body is s b5t       
backw>ds at times t ! head & trunk t\* !
 heels4 ,! mis]y ( su* a *ild is        
suffici5t to cause a physician to lose 8
 reason4 ,aga9 ! ,m>tian murmurs1       
,v]ily1 ! compassion ( ! ,"l is beyond  
und]/&+4  ,! *ild 9 ! next b$ _h j      
become p>alyz$ by an attack (           
poliomyelitis 7infantile p>alysis74 ,!  
,m>tian obs]ves h[ ! ,"l 9 ,8 compassion
 sav$ a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! *ildr5 ^u :om  
he v5ts ,8 ang] = _! s9s1 by inflict+ ^u
 !m ?is hide\s disease4 ,he saves _!    
lives1 b to s]ve z an ev]la/+ rem9d]1 z 

a cov5ant betwe5 !m & _! ,"l1 ,he       
p>alyzes _! limbs4 ,! spectacle ( ^!    
*ildr5 attempt+ to move1 mak+ int5se    
ef=t to move p>alyz$ limbs1 0 ! mo/     
revolt+ & he>t-break+ sight t he _h ev] 
witness$4 ,?is "t1 too1 ! ,m>tian       
rem>k$1 ,v]ily1 ! ,"l 9 ,8 inf9ite      
wisdom & goodness /range tasks does     
p]=m4  ,! physician !n in=m$ him ( ! _m 
m5 & wom5 :o h di$ ( canc]4 ,a l>ge     
numb] ( ^! individuals _h rea*$ a p]iod 
9 life :]e !y c\ld j af=d to relax f _! 
/ruggles = m]e su/5ance2 m5 & wom5 :o _h
 rea*$ a calm lake aft] j\rney+ ?r\gh   
tr\bl$ & tortu\s wat]s2 :o _h f\ght !   
good fight1 & _h won ! j rew>d ( re/+   
aft] _! labors4 ,b no1 ! ,"l mu/ tr\ble 
!m = _! s9s4  ,a gr\p ( ^! suff]]s is   
%[n to ! ,m>tian1 & ! normal c\rse ( ?is
 disease is expla9$4 ,?is "t all he c d 
is to prote/ t he firmly ass]ts t n "o (
 our savage *iefs1 ev5 7 he ( ! mo/     
primitive tribe1 ( ! cruele/ imag9ation1
 ( ! mo/ base & insane nature1 w\ld nor 
c\ld conceive ( su* torture z ! ,lov+   

,fa!r conceiv$ :5 he decid$ ^u canc] z a
 visitation = our s9s4 ,! roa/+ ( a wit*
 alive is b a m]e trifle comp>$ to !    
long-drawn-out agony1 ! sl[ wa/+1 !     
angui% ( a canc] pati5t wat*+ himself   
s9k to dea?4 ,& :5 dea? m]cifully       
releases ?is suff]] f 8 helli% torture !
 prea*] murmurs1 ,"l1 ?y w be done4  ,! 
,m>tian talks = a few mom5ts ) a suff]] 
f ?is disease & asc]ta9s t ! latt] is a 
dev\t & true religioni/1 t he has be5 a 
good1 moral *ur*-go]1 & has liv$ /rictly
 accord+ to ! t5ets ( 8 cre$1 t he      
firmly & passionately believes t he has 
liv$ s t he w m]it ! rew>d ( heav51 an  
ev]la/+ soj\rn 9 a l& :]e !re is no pa9 
& suff]+4 ,& yet1 ?is dev\t religioni/1 
:5 he 0 in=m$ t he _h an incurable      
canc]1 travel$ ! l5g? & bread? ( 8 l&1 f
 "o surgeon to ano!r1 all[+ himself to  
be cut to pieces1 9 ord] t he might     
rema9 on ?is e>? b a mom5t long]4 ,to   
/ay & suff] ! tortures ( ! damn$ :5 he  
might g to heav5 & get 8 rew>d 9 ! l&   
:]e !re is no pa96  ,i wond]1 mus$ !    

,m>tian1 did ! grim spectre ( dea?      
f9ally in/ill a gra9 ( scepticism into 8
 m9d8  ,lat]1 9 ! quiet ( 8 *amb]s1 he  
reviews ! day's impressions--cruelty1   
hate1 fe>1 jeal\sy1 racial antagonism1  
pov]ty1 luxury1 disease1 pa91           
sup]/ition1 *ur*1 religion1 &           
intol]ance4  ,if we suppose t ! univ]se 
is ! creation ( an ,omnipot5t &         
,b5evol5t ,god1 x becomes necess>y to   
ask h[ pa9 & evil arise4 ,pa9 & evil are
 ei!r real or unreal4 ,if !y are real !n
 ,god1 :o1 be+ omnipot5t1 0 b\nd by no  
limitations & con/ra9$ by no            
necessities1 willfully creat$ !m4 ,b !  
be+ :o willfully creates pa9 & evil _c  
be b5evol5t4 ,if !y are unreal1 !n !    
error :i* we make :5 we ?9k !m real is a
 real error4 ,!re is no d\bt t we       
believe we suff]4 ,if ! belief is       
errone\s1 !n x foll[s t ,god willfully  
call$ falsehood into exi/5ce &          
delib]ately involv$ u 9 unnecess>y      
error4 ,x foll[s once aga9 t ,god _c be 
b5evol5t4  ,if we reg>d pa9 & evil z due

 to ! wick$ness ( man & n z ! creation (
 ,god1 we are con/ra9$ to rememb] t man 
himself is "o ( ,god's creations 7,god  
be+ conceiv$ z all creative71 & receiv$ 
8 wick$ness1 or 8 capacity = x1 f :om8  
,if we say t man _h no wick$ness to beg9
 ) b willfully g5]at$ wick$ness =       
himself1 we h to face ! d\ble difficulty
 ( acc\nt+ =3 7a7 ,h[ man1 :o is an     
emanation f ,god1 c w ) a w ( 8 own :i* 
is n also a piece ( ,god's w2 & 7b7 h[ a
 b5evol5t ,god c\ld1 assum+ pa9 & evil  
to be a purely human creation1          
delib]ately all[ !m to be introduc$ into
 a _w t knew !m n1 :5 x 0 op5 to ,him to
 prev5t su* introductions4 7,c4 ,e4 ,m4 
,joad1 ,m9d & ,matt]47  ,he _h se5 t    
crime & immorality exi/ n[1 j z !y _h   
exi/$ be=e ! belief 9 "o p]sonal ,god1 &
 j z !y promise to exi/ beyond our "t4  
,he _h scrut9iz$ evid5ce reveal+ !      
inconte/able fact t mo/ crim9als 7      
religi\s1 & absolutely &                
proportionately1 a small] numb] (       
crim9als 7 non-believ]s 9 a p]sonal     

deity4 ,judg+ by ^! alone1 a belief 9 a 
b5evol5t1 lov+1 omnisci5t1 omnipot5t1 & 
compassionate ,be+ c\ld n be su/a9$4    
,fur!rmore1 if su* a ,god ev] exi/$1 he 
c]ta9ly w\ld h reveal$ 8 true religion  
to ! fir/ man1 ,adam4 ,if he requir$    
pray] to satisfy 8 vanity1 he surely    
w\ld h told ,adam h[1 :51 :y1 & :]e to  
pray4 ,!n aga91 once hav+ neglect$ to   
in=m 8 fir/ model ab\t all ?is1 s9ce ,he
 is omnipot5t1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h in/ill$
 into ! m9ds ( m5 ! true cre$ s t no    
d\bt c\ld h ev] ent]$ into any "o's m9d4
 ,:at a univ]se ( suff]+ ,he w\ld h     
sav$6  ,! ,m>tian is aw>e t a great     
numb] ( e>?l+s hold t e ev5t mu/ h a    
cause1 !re=e ! ,univ]se mu/ h _h a      
cause1 :i* cause 0 ,god4 ,ev]y?+ z x n[ 
exi/s 9 ! univ]se is ! result ( an      
inf9ite s]ies ( causes & effects4       
,ev]y?+ t happ5s is ! result ( some?+   
else t happ5$ previ\sly & s on backw>ds 
to all et]nity4 ,apply+ ?is reason+ t   
ev]y?+ is ! effect ( "s cause1 & t a    
cause is ! effect ( "s o!r causes1 !    

!i/s "w back f effect to cause & f cause
 to effect until !y rea* a ,fir/ ,cause4
 ,by pr$icat+ a ,fir/ ,cause1 h[ev]1 !  
!i/ removes ! my/]y a /age fur!r back4  
,?is ,fir/ ,cause !y assume to be a     
cause t 0 n caus$ & ?is ,fir/ ,cause is 
,god4 ,su* a belief is a logical        
absurdity1 & is an example ( ! anci5t   
cu/om ( creat+ a my/]y to expla9 a      
my/]y4 ,if ev]y?+ mu/ h a cause1 !n !   
,fir/ ,cause mu/ be caus$ & !re=e3 ,:o  
made ,god8 ,to say t ?is ,fir/ ,cause   
always exi/$ is to d5y ! basic          
assumption ( ?is ,!ory4 ,moreov]1 if x  
is reasonable to assume a ,fir/ ,cause z
 hav+ always exi/$1 :y is x unreasonable
 to assume t ! mat]ials ( ! univ]se     
always exi/$8 ,to expla9 ! unkn[n by !  
kn[n is a logical proc$ure2 to expla9 ! 
kn[n by ! unkn[n is a =m ( !ological    
lunacy4  ,! effect not$ 9 any p>ticul>  
case is n ( necessity relat$ to a s+le  
cause1 & sci5ce gives no assurance t    
causes & effects c be trac$ backw>d to a
 simple ,fir/ ,cause4 ,a man is s       

un=tunate z to contract pneumonia4 ,:at 
is ! cause8 ,an infection ( !           
respiratory tract by ! pneumococcus4 ,x 
is n q s simple z to ultimate causation4
 ,! p]son afflict$ 0 h>bor+ ^! g]ms 9 8 
nose & ?roat1 & 8 resi/ance 0 weak5$ by 
wett+ 8 feet4 ,! day 0 cold & 8 %oes 7  
?94 ,! humidity & temp]ature 7 su* t ra9
 fell4 ,! temp]ature & humidity 7 caus$ 
by air curr5ts hundr$s ( miles di/ant f 
! sc5e1 & s ad inf9itum4 ,9 ?is s]ies ( 
complications :]e may we disc]n a fir/  
cause8 ,:5 appli$ to ! mu* m difficult  
problem ( physical ph5om5a1 we c        
conceive ( an endless cycle ( causes1 b 
we _c conceive ( a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,cause 
& effect are n two sep>ate ?+s1 !y are !
 same ?+ view$ "u two sep>ate           
aspects4444 ,if cause & effect are !    
expressions ( a relation1 & if !y are n 
two ?+s1 b only "o1 "u two aspects1     
'cause' be+ ! "n = ! relat$ p[]s ( !    
factors1 & 'effect' ! "n = _!           
assemblage1 to talk1 z does ! !i/1 (    
work+ back along ! *a9 ( causes until we

 rea* ,god1 is nons5se4 7,*apman ,coh53 
,!ism or ,a!ism47  ,a great _m !i/s     
attempt to d$uce ! exi/5ce ( an         
invisible creator & rul] ( ! univ]se f !
 visible features ( nature su* z !      
design1 regul>ity ( movem5t & /ructure1 
& ! v>i\s aspects ( beauty :i* "o may   
f9d 9 /udy+ natural objects4 ,?is       
argum5t f design 9 nature has be5       
ov]rul$ by a /udy ( ! evolution>y       
processes4 ,paley bas$ 8 argum5t on !   
ass]tion ( a m9d beh9d ph5om5a1 ! work+s
 ( :i* c\ld be se5 9 ! =ms ( animal     
life4 ,! !i/s no long] use ,paley's     
orig9al argum5ts1 b a great deal ( !    
!i/ic argum5ts are /ill bas$ on 8       
assumptions4 ,f ! humani/ic po9t ( view1
 & ! !i/ bases 8 entire argum5ts f      
design 9 nature f ! humani/ic view1 an  
und]/&+ ( ! m]ciless "* ( organic       
evolution %[s cle>ly t ! =ces at "w 9   
nature are full ( wa/e1 !re are num]\s  
plans t are futile1 !re is an unrel5t+  
prey+ ( "o =m ( life ^u ! o!r1 & x is n 
always ! high] =m t is victor2 !re are  

myriads ( liv+ organisms com+ to life   
only to p]i% be=e rea*+ an age at :i* !y
 c play _! "p 9 ! p]petuation ( !       
species2 & !re is a univ]se ( pa9 &     
mis]y t s]ves no useful purpose4 ,!     
imp>tial eye ( sci5ce obs]ves ugl9ess z 
well z beauty1 disord] z well z ord]1 9 
nature4 ,if !re is evid5ce ( design 9 a 
rose1 !re is at lea/ z mu* evid5ce (    
design 9 ! tub]cle bacillus1 & ! tetanus
 bacillus4 ,:atev] 9 nature produc$ !   
peacock produc$ ! it*-mite2 :atev]      
produc$ man produc$ ! spiro*ete (       
syphilis4 ,if ?is e>? is evolv+ = !     
bett]1 ! pa/ is /ill vivid 9 all its    
cruelty4 ,! old & famili> argum5t f     
design & beauty 9 nature is s inconsi/5t
 ) ! facts at h&1 t mo/ !i/s h ab&on$   
?is attitude1 & ! retreat f ?is position
 has be5 turn$ into a v]itable r\t by ! 
/eady advance ( sci5tific k4 ,god c\ld  
by ex]cis+ ,8 omnipot5ce reveal ,8      
exi/5ce ) ov]p[]+ conviction at any     
mom5t2 yet1 m5 h be5 se>*+ = c5turies = 
j ! slighte/ evid5ce ( ,8 pres5ce4  ,!  

,m>tian1 moreov]1 holds t ! entire      
argum5t is irrelevant1 = ev5 if he      
grants t !re is a sup]natural be+ t     
fa%ions t :i* we behold at "w 9 !       
univ]se1 h[ c we say t he design$ all   
?is )\t fir/ kn[+ :at 8 int5tion 08     
,only by kn[+ ! int5tion 9 ! m9d ( a    
sup]natural be+ be=e ! act1 c we inf] t 
some?+ 0 design$4 ,:5 ! !i/ f9ds        
int5tion & design 9 nature he is b read+
 8 own feel+ & desires into nature4     
,consid]+ ! univ]se z a :ole1 ! ,m>tian 
fails to f9d any?+ t sugge/s a consci\s 
& purposive god1 & c]ta9ly no?+ to      
sugge/ a be+ t consid]s ! welf>e ( man4 
,! individual is n mu* int]e/$ 9 ,god z 
manife/$ 9 nature1 :at he is va9ly seek+
 is ,god z ,provid5ce2 he is seek+ an   
intellig5ce t 8 cl]gy tell him is devot$
 to 8 welf>e1 an intellig5ce t w guide 8
 /umbl+ ef=ts1 t w relieve him f w> &   
mis]y1 t w %ield ! innoc5t f pa9 &      
pov]ty4 ,he f9ds t 8 cl]gy _c po9t to "o
 cle> trace ( ! action ( ,god 9 human   
affairs4 ,9 ! :ole long record ( man's  

c>e] ! f+] ( ,god _c be f\nd po9t+ to "o
 well-sub/antiat$ fact4  ,! ,m>tian     
consid]s ! !i/ic argum5t t x w\ld be    
impossible to h an ord]ly univ]se m]ely 
result+ f ! inh]5t prop]ties ( natural  
=ces1 & t directivity is necess>y to    
keep ! univ]se on its pres5t track4     
,keep+ 9 m9d ! sci5tific conception ( ! 
univ]se & ! k at h& conc]n+ ! atoms & _!
 prop]ties1 x is inconceivable t any o!r
 arrangem5t ?an ! pres5t "o %\ld h      
result$4 ,! ,m>tian _c m>vel z mo/      
e>?l+s d t ! pres5t ord] exi/s z x does2
 ! m>vel to him w\ld be if any o!r ord] 
%\ld be or t any radical alt]ation 9 x  
%\ld occur4 ,he p]ceives t ! /ate ( !   
univ]se at any mom5t is ! result ( all !
 conditions !n prevail+1 & t ! natural  
=ces possess ! capacity to produce !    
univ]se z we see x4 ,x matt]s n :at !   
ultimate nature ( ^! =ces may be1       
electrons1 protons1 electricity1 or wave
 en]gy2 ^! mat]ial =ces possess !       
capacity to produce ! univ]se z we see  
x4 ,if ^! =ces d n possess ?is capacity 

x is inde$ difficult = ! ,m>tian to     
conceive 9 :at way ev5 a direct+ &      
supreme ma!matician an ultimate1 or any 
sup]natural p[] h[ev] designat$ c\ld    
produce ?is capacity4 ,unless ! capacity
 = produc+ ! univ]se z we see x exi/$ 9 
! atoms !mselves1 no am\nt ( direction  
c\ld h produc$ x4 ,! prop]ty ( ! atom & 
its comb9ations to produce ! mat]ial    
univ]se is !re=e inh]5t 9 ! atoms       
!mselves & does n necessitate ! op]ation
 ( a deity4 ,! ord] manife/ 9 ! univ]se 
is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( 
=ce4 ,if a sup]natural1 intellig5t =ce  
exi/$1 ! ,m>tian believes t ! claims ( !
 !i/ c\ld 9 no way be bett] sub/antiat$ 
?an if ?is controll+ =ce w\ld 9 "s way  
manife/ an inhibitive influ5ce & prev5t 
c]ta9 ?+s occurr+ :i* w\ld h transpir$ b
 = 8 int]f]5ce4 ,su* manife/ations h n  
occurr$4 ,x is impossible = ! !i/ to %[ 
any in/ance 9 :i* ! normal consequ5ces (
 kn[n =ces did n transpire 9 :i* !      
ab]ration c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by !      
op]ation ( o!r kn[n =ces4  ,a law (     

nature is n a /atute drawn up by a      
legislator2 x is ! int]pretation & !    
summation :i* we give to ! obs]v$ facts4
 ,! ph5om5a :i* we obs]ve d n act 9 a   
p>ticul> mann] because !re is a law2 b  
we /ate ! law because !y act 9 t        
p>ticul> mann]4 ,x _c be said t ! laws (
 nature are ! result ( a lawmak]2 x _c  
be affirm$ t a supreme intellig5ce told 
?+s 9 nature to act j t way & no o!r4   
,if ! !i/ claims t a supreme intellig5ce
 issu$ laws = 8 own pleasure & )\t any  
reason1 !n he mu/ admit t !re is some?+ 
:i* is n subject to law & ! tra9 (      
natural law is int]rupt$4 ,if x is      
claim$ t a supreme intellig5ce _h a     
reason = ! laws :i* he gave1 ! reason   
be+ to create ! be/ possible univ]se1 !n
 x foll[s t ,god himself 0 subject to   
law & !re is no advantage 9 introduc+   
,god z an int]m$i>y4 ,?is cont5tion w\ld
 make x appe> t !re is a law outside &  
ant]ior to ! div9e edicts1 & ,god does n
 s]ve ! purpose ( ! !i/ s9ce he is n !  
ultimate lawgiv]4  ,! an?ropomorphic    

conception ( ,god1 our ,m>tian f9ds1 is 
n[ d5i$ by mo/ cultur$ !i/s2 nev]!less1 
!y /ill ma9ta9 a belief 9 a deity end[$ 
) consci\sness4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,n4       
,wieman /ates t1 ,god is sup]human1 b n 
sup]natural4 ,he is a pres5t1 pot5t1    
op]ative1 obs]vable reality4444 ,he is m
 wor?y ( love ?an any o!r belov$ 444 ,he
 is "o to :om m5 c pray & d pray1 & :o  
answ]s pray]4 ,?is c be und]/ood to be n
 greatly remov$ f ! fundam5tali/s'      
conception ( ,god1 b :5 he cont9ues to  
say1 ,god is t int]action betwe5        
individuals1 gr\ps1 & ages :i* g5]ates &
 promotes ! greate/ possible mutuality (
 good1 & x responds to pray] & is       
precisely :at answ]s pray]1 :5 pray] is 
answ]$1 ! p]sonal ,he has sudd5ly *ang$ 
to ! unp]sonal ,x4 ,emotions &          
intellig5ce are connect$ ) n]ve         
/ructures 9 all s5ti5t be+s t we h      
exp]i5ce & k (4 ,h[ c we attribute ^!   
qualities to a be+ :o is describ$ to u z
 devoid ( any n]ve /ructure8  ,9 =m]    
ages ! !i/ saw ,god 9 ! color &         

con/ruction ( a fl[]1 9 ! />ry heav5s1 &
 9 a sunset or sunrise4 ,! biologi/s h  
driv5 ! !i/s f ?is misconception1 !     
physici/s h expla9$ ! ph5om5a ( sunset &
 sunrise1 & ) ! advance ( a/ronomy !    
heav5s no long] proclaim ! glory ( ,god1
 & ! !i/ic argum5ts h %ift$ f worlds to 
atoms4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t ! vision (    
,god has n>r[$ d[n to a p]ception ( !   
div9e intellig5ce not$ 9 ! design ( !   
atom4 ,a/ronomy1 physics1 geology1      
*emi/ry1 m$ic9e1 psy*ology1 e?ics1      
ae/hetics1 & ! social sci5ces h left no 
room = a !i/ic explanation ( ! univ]se4 
,! my/ics :o proclaim ,god 9 _!         
intuitive trances are be+ cr[d$ out into
 ! light ( reason by ! rese>*es (       
psy*ologi/s4 ,!re are /ill _m gaps 9 our
 k1 & if ! !i/ p]si/s 9 f9d+ !          
manife/ation ( a supreme be+ 9 ^! vague 
zones ( our pres5t ignorance1 he is at !
 m]cy ( ! sci5ce ( ! future4 ,sci5ce is 
conc]n$ ) m9d z mu* z x is ) ! mat]ial  
aspects ( atoms & />s1 h5ce ! sci5ces ( 
psy*ology1 e?ics1 & ae/hetics4 ,! entire

 univ]se is ! prov9ce ( sci5ce & x is   
rapidly provid+ a sci5tific             
int]pretation ( all ! cont5ts ( !       
univ]se4 ,x may well be a few m c5turies
 be=e ! sci5tific explanation is        
p>tially complete1 b x mu/ be kept 9 m9d
 t sci5ce z we conceive ! t]m is less   
?an #bejj ye>s old1 & out ( ?is         
infantile p]iod1 at lea/ #ajjj ye>s mu/ 
be d$uct$ = ! intellectual /agnation ( !
 d>k ages4  ,9 trac+ ! retreat ( ! cl]gy
 f ! argum5ts f ! ,fir/ ,cause1 !       
argum5ts f design1 causation1 &         
directivity1 ! ,m>tian recalls ! words (
 ,vivian ,phelips1 ,h[ is x t ,god all[$
 e>ne/ & le>n$ div9es to commit !mselves
 to argum5ts 9 pro( ( ,8 exi/5ce1 !     
subsequ5t ov]?r[ ( :i* has be5 a pot5t  
cause = unbelief8  ,! f9ite m9d _c      
expect to und]/& ! ,inf9ite1 retorts a  
!i/ to our ,m>tian4 ,:at mann] ( reason+
 is ?is1 asks our ,m>tian1 t d5ies my   
f9ite m9d ! "r to "q ! 'pro(s' ( !      
exi/5ce ( an ,inf9ite1 :5 ^! same       
'pro(s' are d]iv$ by f9ite m9ds8 ,! !i/ 

_c inf] ,god f ! cosmic process until he
 c discov] "s feature ( x :i* is        
un9telligible )\t him4  7#b7 ,! belief 9
 a deity1 b ! rejection ( revelations1  
!ology1 prie/craft1 & *ur*4  ,to !      
,m>tian ! op9ion held by ^! individuals 
pres5t$ two difficulties4 ,fir/1 if !   
adh]5ts ( ?is hypo!sis consid]$ _! deity
 z a provid5ce :i* took an active "p 9 !
 life ( ?is _w1 !n ! objections h]et(ore
 /at$ aga9/ belief 9 a p]sonal god are  
/ill valid4 ,secondly1 if !y consid]$   
?is be+ z only a creator1 :o !n leaves  
?is _w to its own res\rces1 !y are only 
assum+ a philosophical exi/5ce beh9d    
ph5om5a4 ,su* a be+1 !y believe1 !y     
d$uce intellectually4 ,b actually :o    
creat$ ?is creator8 ,!y assume a god :o 
rema9s always hidd5 beh9d ph5om5a1 b su*
 a god has no connection ) ! ,god t !   
religi\s man wor%ips & to :om he prays =
 guidance & = bless+s1 = actual         
int]f]5ce 9 ! life ( ?is _w4 ,su* !ories
 impress our visitor z b a feeble       
attempt at new concepts ( ! same        

hypo!tical deity1 & x seem$ to him t we 
already _h suffici5t ideas ( ,god to    
tr\ble our e>?ly m9ds4  7#c7 ,! god ( ! 
,physici/s4  ,x 0 br\ght to ! ,m>tian's 
att5tion t two sci5ti/s1 ,sir ,ar?ur    
,edd+ton1 a ,briti% a/ronom]1 & ,sir    
,james ,jeans1 a ma!matical physici/1 _h
 /ill ano!r concept ( ,god4  ,accord+ to
 ,edd+ton1 ,ph5om5a all boil d[n to a   
s*eme ( symbols1 ( ma!matical equations4
 ,he admits t ?is ma!matics ( nature    
does n expla9 any?+4 ,!y d n def9e      
reality1 !y only def9e ! relations t    
exi/ betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( reality4 ,s f>  
does he g1 & !n 8 limit$ m9d1 our       
,m>tian p]ceives1 meets an ob/acle t he 
_c expla94 ,he1 !re=e1 ab&ons ! =mula & 
returns to ! human m9d :i* has conceiv$ 
?is =mula4 ,f ! spiritual ess5ce (      
,man's nature1 he assumes ! spiritual   
nature ( ! cosmos itself1 :i* he f9ds 9 
:at religion has kn[n = c5turies z ,god4
 ,to him1 x is impossible to expla9 !   
univ]se except 9 t]ms ( _s4  ,pr(essor  
,jeans insi/s t 9 ! equations :i* reveal

 ! relations betwe5 ph5om5a1 !re may    
reside also ! revelation ( ! ultimate   
:i* ^! ph5om5a express4 ,he believes t  
!re may exi/ a great ar*itect ( !       
univ]se :o is a pure ma!matician4       
,h[ev]1 ! ,m>tian argues1 ,is x n a fact
 t 9 y\r e>?ly exp]i5ce1 y h creat$ y\r 
gods 9 y\r own image8 ,y\r savages      
creat$ ,god 9 ! only fa%ion _! m5tal    
capacities c\ld supply1 9 ! %ape ( an   
idol2 n[ ! mod]n physici/ creates 8 god 
9 ! light ( 8 own intimate vision1 :i*  
is t ( a ma!matician6 ,?is is j ano!r   
attempt to =mulate an hypo!tical exi/5ce
 ( a sup]natural be+4  ,! !ologians1 by 
?is "t ?or\ghly ar\s$1 lay d[n a v]bal  
b>rage1 & le>n$ ,jesuits place be=e !   
visitor a rec5t publication entitl$1 ,! 
,"q & ,answ] by ,hilaire ,belloc4 ,!    
au?or1 act+ z ! m\?piece ( ! ,roman     
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 attempts to prove two   
?+s3 namely1 :e!r ,god is1 & t ! witness
 to ,revelation is ! ,roman ,ca?olic    
,*ur*4 ,7 x n = ! fact t ! "w 0 publi%$ 
by p]mission ( ! ,*ur*1 "o c\ld         

logically suppose f its argum5ts t !    
au?or 0 attempt+ to give ! answ]1 ,no1  
to ! "q prop\nd$1 z to :e!r ,god is4    
,!re is "o s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 to :i* !      
,m>tian agrees3 ?is "o1 ,b religions1   
?\gh n v num]\s1 consid]+ ! va/ spaces (
 "t ov] :i* we c /udy !m1 & ! va/ numb] 
( millions to :i* !y apply1 diff] &     
contradict ea* o!r2 on :i* acc\nt1 any  
"o approa*+ ?is problem = ! fir/ "t1 &  
be+ made acqua9t$ at ! outset ) ! v>iety
 ( religions1 w\ld naturally conclude t 
e religion is man-made1 & e religion an 
illusion4  ,on read+ ! op5+ rem>ks1 !   
,m>tian exclaims1 ,?is e>?l+ pla9ly     
tells u at ! beg9n+ t he w make 8 !ories
 fit 9 ) 8 conclusion6 ,he in=ms u t he 
does n seek ! tru?1 no matt] :]e x may  
lead1 b he only deems x necess>y to fit 
ideas1 no matt] h[ di/ort$1 9 ord] t !  
f9al conclusion w simulate :at he       
delib]ately sets out to prove4  ,mr4    
,belloc's /atem5t1 ,h[ _m m5 w agree t  
wanton cruelty1 treason to family or !  
/ate1 falsehood = private ga91 brea* (  

fai?1 are admirable8 /rikes ! ,m>tian z 
absurd :5 view$ 9 ! light ( ! hi/orical 
annals ( ! ,*ur* itself4 ,mr4 ,belloc's 
cre$ mu/ h consid]$ ^! v vices z        
virtues1 judg+ f ! actions ( 8 ,*ur*4   
,9 call+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* !      
witness to revelation1 ! au?or cont9ues 
)1 ,yet1 t x %\ld suff] f m5's hatr$ &  
p]secution4 ,if ,god has div9ely orda9$ 
?is in/itution z ,8 ,*ur* on e>?1 & 9 ,8
 omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce all[s ?is ,*ur*
 to be hat$1 !n h[ d ! religioni/s      
assume t _! god is a god ( love8 ,!     
au?or tells u t ,he is a god ( hate1 su*
 a god z 0 conceiv$ ( by ! b>b>ians & ! 
,hebrews--cruel1 v5geful1 & mon/r\s4    
,does n ?is apologi/ confuse 8 god ) 8  
devil8 ,!n aga91 has x n occurr$ to ?is 
apologi/ t he is 9 all futility attempt+
 to prove some?+ :i* is a contradiction 
)9 itself8 ,if ,god is1 & is b5evol5t1  
is x n logical to assume 7s9ce !        
!ologians assume all sorts ( attributes 
to ?is deity7 t he w\ld n h con/ruct$ ! 
m9ds ( m5 :5 ,he creat$ !m s z to desire

 to d\bt ,8 be+2 w\ld n h tortur$ ! m9ds
 ( m5 ) cruel d\bt z to ,8 exi/5ce8  ,if
 ,he is omnipot5t1 x w\ld h be5 j z easy
 to in/ill into ! m9ds ( m5 only !      
/ronge/ desire to believe 9 ,8 reality2 
& ev5 t w\ld n be necess>y _h ,he s     
arrang$ matt]s t by ,8 ev]la/+ pres5ce  
,he w\ld reveal ,himself or ,8 de$s to  
man 9 su* a conclusive mann] t ev5 !    
feeble/ ( intellects c\ld n d\bt ,8     
exi/5ce4  ,if ,he is omnisci5t1 z !     
p>able ass]ts1 t n a hair falls f ! head
 ( man1 n a sp>r[ dies )\t ,8 k1 x mu/  
!re=e be app>5t t ,he creat$ man ) !    
=ekn[l$ge t man w\ld d\bt ,8 exi/5ce4   
,?is is a contradiction 9 itself4  ,!   
,m>tian notes t 9 ! entire l5g? ( ! "w n
 a ref]5ce is made to ! "t-worn         
!ological def5se1 ! revelation :i* !    
,*ur* has always claim$ = its           
scriptures4  ,app5d$ z an aft]?\ght1 z  
an apology1 z x 71 = ! philosophical    
def5se & n ! !ological1 ! ,jesuit fa!r  
rem9ds ! read] ( its messiah1 ,jesus & !
 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ,jesuit /ates1 ,!    

,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 consid]$ m]ely z  
tru/wor?y hi/orical docum5ts1 in=m u t--
 b at ?is po9t ! ,m>tian int]rupt$ !    
speak]1 = ! audacity ( any le>n$ man    
t]m+ ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s hi/orical 0 
beyond 8 compreh5sion4 ,x br\ght =cibly 
to 8 att5tion ! great *ange :i* !       
apologies = ! ,*ur* _h und]gone1 & ! new
 me?ods :i* !y assum$4 ,! old !ological 
def5se ( ! deity 0 gone2 n ev5          
philosophy 0 deem$ /rong en\gh support =
 ! pres5t day4 ,h[ ! ,*ur* _h fall56 ,! 
,*ur* :i* _h p]secut$1 ana!matiz$1      
burn$1 & tortur$ ! sci5ti/1 ! geologi/1 
! a/ronom]1 ! geograph]1 ! biologi/1 !  
*emi/1 & ! physician2 ?is same ,*ur* 9  
its la/ extremus1 ca/s aside !ology z   
its weapon & its appeal to ! m9ds ( !   
sceptics :om !y aim to conv]t4 ,! ,*ur* 
ca/s aside its own !ology1 hav+ le>n$ by
 bitt] exp]i5ce & recant+ ( op9ions1    
bulls1 & infallible /atem5ts by         
infallible popes1 & n[ succumbs to !    
op9ions x has =m]ly ana!matiz$4 ,9 !    
pres5t age ! ,*ur* calls sci5ce to its  

aid1 & utt]ly disreg>ds its obsolete    
!ology :i* x /ill practices1 & attempts1
 by means ( ! mis9t]pretation (         
sci5tific facts & /atem5ts ( a few m5   
su* z ,edd+ton & ,jeans1 to =ce sci5ce  
into "s illogical & unsci5tific         
concordance ) ! conception ( a supreme  
be+4  ,ironically x occurs to ! ,m>tian 
t ! %ades ( ,hypatia1 ,bruno1 ,galileo1 
,cop]nicus1 ,van9i1 ,d>w91 & ! va/      
numb]s ( ,wald5ses1 ,albig5ses1         
,hugu5ots1 ,jews1 & ! victims ( !       
,inquisition & ! ,wit* ,hunt1 mu/1 z !y 
contemplate ! pres5t tactics ( t ,holy  
,in/itution1 ! ,*ur*1 f9d "s consolation
 9 ! dep?s ( t hell to :i* ! ,*ur*      
consign$ !m4 ,! ,m>tian logically d$uces
 t by employ+ sci5ce = its def5se1 !    
,*ur* admits ! impot5ce ( div9e         
revelation1 9 ?is age1 to conv9ce ev5   
its own adh]5ts ( ! problematical       
exi/5ce ( a div9e be+4 ,!ology is no    
long] recogniz$ z au?oritative ev5 by   
!ologians6  ,w ! !ologians n[ disc>d _! 
!ology bas$ on ! sup]natural1 & build a 

sy/em ( !ology bas$ on sci5ce8 ,is ?is  
all t is left to ! !ologian3 t he mu/   
use ! pitiful ,!ology ( ,gaps8 ,t is1   
:]ev] !re are gaps 9 sci5tific k1 !     
!ologians ins]t _! idea ( ,god6 ,?is is 
b ! replac+ ( ! "q m>k ) a mean+less    
label4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,p]si/5ce   
,,( ,,religion      ,we believe :at we  
believe1 n because we h be5 conv9c$ by  
su* & su* argum5ts1 b because we are (  
su* & su* a     disposition4      ,c4   
,e4 ,m4 ,,joad4       ,! m9d ( ! ord9>y 
man is 9 s imp]fect a condition t x     
requires a cre$2 t is to say1 a !ory    
conc]n+ ! unkn[n     & ! unkn[able 9 :i*
 x may place its delud$ fai? & be at    
re/4      ,,w9wood ,,reade4             
,g5]ations foll[$ & :at _h be5 (f]$ z   
hypo!tical     !ological suppositions 7 
?r\gh cu/om & tradition tak5 =          
grant$ z unque/ion$ tru?4               
,,llewelyn ,,p[ys4   ,! ,m>tian has _h 8
 att5tion drawn to ! /atem5t t religion 
9 "s =m or o!r has exi/$ f mo/ primitive
 times d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,! !ologians

 po9t to ?is z a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( a   
supreme be+4 ,an inve/igation ( ?is     
ass]tion leads ! ,m>tian to ! conclusion
 t religions h cont9u$ to exi/ ma9ly    
because ( ! p[] :i* inh]it$ sup]/itions 
wield ov] mank9d4 ,m5 are born ) a m>k$ 
t5d5cy t[>ds sup]/itions4  ,c]ta9       
isolat$ families ( m5 are born ) an     
inh]it$ t5d5cy t[>ds tub]culosis4 ,mo/ (
 ^! are born1 n ) an active tub]culosis1
 b "s z yet imp]fectly und]/ood t5d5cy1 
a defect 9 _! protoplasmic make-up t    
r5d]s !m an easy prey to ! tub]cle      
bacillus if !y are expos$ to x4         
,simil>ly1 g5]ations ( m5 h be5 born ) a
 weak5$ m5tal vitality t[>ds sup]/ition2
 a weak5$ m5tal capacity t r5d]s _! m9ds
 an easy prey to t fe> :i* manife/s     
itself 9 sup]/ition1 cre$1 religion--!  
,god-idea4 ,x 0 ,k>l ,m>x :o rem>k$ t1  
,! tradition ( all ! g5]ations ( ! pa/  
weighs d[n l an ,alp ^u ! bra9 ( ! liv+4
  ,s9ce ! days ( our racial *ildhood1   
our beliefs h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to 
g5]ation1 & !y h p]si/$ s9ce 9 all ages 

x 0 =bidd5 to "q _! exi/5ce4 ,man has   
p]suad$ himself t x is s j because he   
has said x = s long & s (t54 ,! =ce (   
repetition is great2 x is1 9 fact1 tak5 
by a va/ majority ( m5 z ! equival5t (  
pro(4  ,mo/ m5 h to accept _! religions 
ready made4 ,_! daily tasks leave !m no 
"t or opportunity = a p]sonal se>*4 ,!  
toil = bread is incessant1 !re is n     
suffici5t leisure to v]ify ! s\rces ( _!
 religi\s beliefs4 ,moreov]1 !          
ecclesia/ic's answ]s to ! riddles ( life
 are easi]1 by f>1 to grasp ?an ! answ]s
 ( sci5ce4 ,^! two factors1 ( innate    
m5tal in]tia & =ce ( repetition1 are    
well manife/$ by ! pres5t tactics (     
adv]tis+4 ,! manufactur] ( any product  
well kn[s t con/ant repetition & !      
dangl+ ( 8 product be=e ! eyes ( !      
public w lead to a widespread acceptance
 ( ! adv]tis+ slogans prop\nd$ = 8      
article4  ,! =ce ( s-call$ au?ority has 
aggravat$ ?is m5tal in]tia4 ,x takes a  
trem5d\s am\nt ( w p[] & m5tal c\rage = 
any individual to ass]t an op9ion t runs

 c\nt] to ! accept$ mode ( ?9k+4 ,x is  
mu* easi] & mu* m pleasant to give      
oneself passively to t delusion (       
gr&eur1 t delusion t pleasantly drugs ! 
m9d ) ! assumption t !re is a supreme   
be+ :o is p]sonally int]e/$ 9 our       
well-be+2 a provid5ce :o1 l a s*ool     
ma/]1 at 8 pleasure disp5ses rew>ds &   
puni%m5ts2 z immortality1 ,heav5 &      
,hell4 ,s firmly has ?is become entr5*$ 
9 ! m9ds ( m5 t ! irrationalities :i*   
manife/ !mselves aga9/ su* a conception 
make no impression4 ,s*op5hau] well     
/ates1 ,no?+ is m provok+1 :5 we are    
argu+ aga9/ a man ) reasons &           
explanations1 & tak+ all pa9s to conv9ce
 him1 ?an to discov] at la/ t he w n    
und]/&1 t we h to d ) 8 w4  ,! ,m>tian1 
kn[+ ! widespread ext5t ( religi\s      
beliefs & _! suppos$ influ5ce 9 our     
daily lives1 is prep>$ to f9d 9 our     
annals a va/ lit]ature t w\ld atte/ to !
 ov]:elm+ b5efits t mank9d _h d]iv$ f 8 
religi\s beliefs4  ,he is amaz$ to f9d t
 ! little good :i* religion _h          

accompli%$1 _h occurr$ at ! "t :5 our   
race 0 9 its infancy4 ,j z fe> is       
in/ill$ into ! m9d ( ! *ild to protect x
 f ! dang]s ( its environm5t be=e ! *ild
 has rea*$ ! age :5 x c use its reason =
 protection1 j s _h religion1 by its    
implantation ( fe>1 s]v$ its purpose 9 !
 days ( our racial *ildhood4 ,! *ild1   
h[ev]1 z soon z x le>ns to reason1      
replaces ^? fe>s by a logical           
compreh5sion ( ! laws gov]n+ 8          
environm5t4 ,b 9 religi\s matt]s ?is fe>
 has clung to man t5aci\sly2 & :ile at  
fir/ s]v+ a protective function1 at !   
pres5t /age ( civilization con/itutes an
 embryonic imp$im5t4 ,! ass]tion (      
ecclesia/ics t )\t ! aid ( religi\s     
le>n+ & influ5ce our civilization w\ld h
 be5 ret>d$ is a /atem5t t a /udy ( !   
developm5t ( man %[s to be directly     
oppos$ to ! facts2 t religion has be5 ! 
greate/ imp$im5t 9 ! road to progress4  
,?is w be %[n 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,!  
(t-repeat$ ass]tion t1 dur+ ! ,middle   
,ages1 ecclesia/ic influ5ce 0 ! sav+    

grace is well refut$ by ,dr4 ,william   
,j4 ,rob9son3  ,we are told by ! ,*ur*  
apologi/s t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !      
prie/s & monks kept up ! tor* ( le>n+1  
t1 be+ ! only lit]ate p1 !y br\ght back 
! /udy ( ! classics4 ,hi/orically       
speak+1 ?is is ab\t ! mo/ impud5t       
/atem5t t "o c\ld imag9e4 ,x 0 ! ,*ur* t
 ret>d$ human progress at lea/ "o ?\s&  
ye>s1 x is ! ,*ur* t put a ?ick1        
imp5etrable pall ov] ! sun ( le>n+ &    
sci5ce1 s t humanity 0 envelop$ 9 utt]  
d>kness1 & if ! prie/s & monks lat]     
le>n$ to read & write 7f ! ,arabs1      
,jews1 & ,greeks exil$ f ,con/ant9ople  
aft] #adec71 x is because !y want$ to   
keep ! p[] 9 _! h&s2 ! p !y did n p]mit 
to le>n ei!r to read or write4 ,ev5 !   
read+ ( ! ,bible1 be> 9 m9d1 0 consid]$ 
a crime4 ,we are told t ! prie/s & monks
 built hospitals & gave alms to ! poor4 
,hav+ gott5 enorm\s tracts ( ! be/ l&   
into _! h&s1 s t ! p 7 />v+1 !y 7 will+ 
to ?r[ a bone occasionally to ! latt]4  
,x co/ !m no?+ & x gave !m a reputation 

= *>ity4 ,!y built enorm\s mona/]ies )  
well fill$ cell>s1 & liv$ on ! fat ( !  
l&1 :ile ! p liv$ 9 wret*$ hovels1 work+
 _! lives away = a cru/ ( bread4 ,!     
bea/s1 ! dome/ic animals liv$ a m       
com=table life ?an did ! m51 wom51 &    
*ildr5 ( ! p4 ,& ! ,*ur* nev]1 nev]     
rais$ a f+] to ameliorate _! condition4 
,x kept !m 9 sup]/iti\s d>kness & help$ 
! temporal lords--= a long p]iod !      
spiritual 7 also ! temporal lords--to   
keep !m 9 fe>1 subjection & slav]y4  ,! 
,m>tian be+ an imp>tial obs]v] exam9$   
:at _h be5 done by ,*ri/ianity = !      
intellectual & mat]ial advancem5t (     
humanity dur+ h] long reign1 & :at _h   
be5 done by sci5ce & purely secul> k 9  
its brief p]iod ( activity1 ! p]iod :5  
sci5ce & secul> k _h p>tially lib]at$   
!mselves f ecclesia/ical dom9ation4 ,he 
came to ! conclusion t 9 in/itut+ a     
comp>ison he _h e/abli%$ a contra/4     
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce   
,sci5ce1 !n1 comm&s our respect1 n on ! 
basis t its     pres5t assumptions &    

d$uctions are absolutely & = all "t     
true1 b on ! gr\nd t its me?od is = all 
"t true--!     me?od ( discov]y1 ! me?od
 ( obs]vation1 rese>*1                  
exp]im5tation1 comp>ison1 exam9ation1   
te/+1 analysis &     syn!sis4           
,,mayn>d ,,%ipley1 ,! ,w> on ,mod]n     
,sci5ce4      ,9 ! b>e ?ree & "o-half   
c5turies s9ce mod]n sci5ce     began1 ! 
*ur*es _h conduct$ an unremitt+ crusade 
aga9/ x4     ,t mu* ( ?is crusade _h    
turn$ into a re>-gu>d action 0     due  
less to ! weakness ( ! def5d]s ( ! fai? 
?an to !     invuln]ability ( _!        
non-resi/ant victim4      ,,horace ,m4  
,,kall51 ,:y ,religion8   ,"s sixty ye>s
 ago 9 ! ,dogmatic ,con/itution ( !     
,ca?olic ,fai?1 ! ,*ur* /at$1 ,b nev] c 
reason be r5d]$ capable ( ?or\ghly      
und]/&+ my/]ies z x does ^? tru?s :i* =m
 its prop] subject4 ,we1 !re=e1 pron\nce
 false e ass]tion :i* is contr>y to !   
enlight5$ tru? ( fai?4444 ,h5ce1 all !  
,*ri/ian fai?ful are n only =bidd5 to   
def5d z legitimate conclusions ( sci5ce 

^? op9ions :i* are kn[n to be contr>y to
 ! doctr9e ( fai?1 especially :5        
condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 b are r absolutely 
b\nd to hold !m = errors we>+ !         
deceitful appe>ance ( tru?4 ,let him be 
ana!ma4444  ,:o %all say t human sci5ces
 ought to be pursu$ 9 su* a _s ( fre$om 
t "o may be all[$ to hold true _!       
ass]tions ev5 :5 oppos$ to reveal$      
doctr9e4  ,c any?+ /rong] be said to    
disc\rage rese>*1 inve/igation1         
exp]im5t1 & ret>d progress8 ,& only     
sixty ye>s ago6 ,x is b ! re/atem5t (   
:at ! ,*ur* has utt]$ s _m times & = s  
long--t all k1 mat]ial z well z         
spiritual1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible z   
int]pret$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ?is my? :i*  
_h /ultifi$ ! m9d ( man = #aejj ye>s    
7dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 dom9ant72 
x 0 ?is t _h kill$ ! urge to se>* & seek
 = ! tru?1 :i* is ! goal ( all sci5ce1 !
 means by :i* humanity is set on ! road 
to progress4 ,?is 0 ! damnable precept  
foi/$ on ! m9ds ( m5 :i* enslav$ !m     
?r\gh\t ! ages1 & f :i* we are j em]g+4 

,?is 0 ! precept t plung$ ! _w into !   
,d>k ,ages1 & ret>d$ ! advance ( mank9d 
= c5turies4  ,?is is ! reason t x is    
utt]ly impossible = ! intellectually    
hone/ sci5ti/1 & = t matt] any          
individual1 to reconcile sci5ce )       
religion4 ,on ! "o h&1 t ( religion1 we 
h ! =ces ( intol]ance1 sup]/ition1 & !  
endeavor to besmir*1 repress1 & ridicule
 e advance favorable to mank9d2 to cloak
 ) mean+less words obsolete rites1 to /&
 9 ! way ( human progress1 because x    
does n p]mit m5 to ?9k boldly &         
logically4 ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 does n 
hesitate to te> d[n old conceptions1 &  
has only "o motive1 ! ultimate tru?4    
,religion has ! purpose ( keep+ ! masses
 9 ! n>r[ & false pa? ( only accept$    
doctr9es4 ,! true sci5ti/ is ! man ) !  
op5 m9d1 "o :o w disc>d ! wor?less &    
accept only ! prov5 good4 ,! religioni/ 
closes 8 m9d to all facts :i* he is     
unwill+ to believe1 ev]y?+ :i* w endang]
 8 cre$4 ,religion tea*es ! individual  
to place all hope1 all desire1 9 a      

problematical h]eaft]4 ,! /ay on e>? is 
s %ort comp>$ to ! ev]la/+ life to come1
 t ( :at int]e/ is ?is life2 all ?+s are
 va94 ,! mis]y1 ! suff]+1 ( 8 fell[ m5  
leave him cold2 he c only ?9k ( liv+ 9 !
 light ( 8 n>r[ cre$ s t he may ga9 8   
future rew>d4 ,h[ well ?is philosophy   
has fitt$ 9 ) ! s*emes ( ! select few = 
! control ( ! _m6  ,tru? to ! sci5tific 
m9d is some?+ provisional1 a hypo!sis t 
= ! pres5t mom5t be/ con=ms to !        
recogniz$ te/s4 ,x is an evolv+         
conception 9 a con/antly *ang+ univ]se4 
,x is n t sci5ce has atta9$ true        
conclusions2 n t ! evid5ce at h& mu/    
rema9 immutable2 b t ! sci5tific me?od (
 analyz+ & =mulat+ assumptions on !     
basis ( discov]y1 on asc]ta9$ facts1 is 
a sup]ior me?od to ! clos$ infallible   
me?od ( revelation4 ,^! assumptions1    
bas$ ^u ! kn[n facts1 lead to a work+   
hypo!sis :i* 9 turn develops into a     
!ory4 ,if ! !ory is adopt$ x mu/ acc\nt 
= ! facts kn[n4 ,b ! !ory is n held z   
f9al1 x is always *ang$ or ab&on$ if    

necess>y to con=m to ! new discov]$     
data4 ,sci5ce welcomes ! critical       
attitude t leads to ! ref9em5t ( its    
!ories4 ,!re may be today v>i\s !ories  
held by sci5ti/s 9 :i* !y are mi/ak51 b 
! "q ( ! me?od by :i* !y arrive at      
conclusions c no long] be "u            
consid]ation ) reg>d to its validity4   
,to ! sci5tific m9d1 k is some?+ to be  
arriv$ at by /udy & rese>*4 ,to !       
religioni/1 k is some?+ t is conta9$ 9  
an infallible & sup]natural /atem5t or  
insight4 ,religion exalts !             
transc5d5tal2 sci5ce manipulates only ! 
mat]ial4 ,to ! consi/5t religioni/1 8   
belief1 z su*1 det]m9e ! fact2 to !     
sci5ti/ x is ! evid5ce t e/abli%es !    
fact4 ,to ! religioni/ tru? is some?+ t 
is un*ang+1 t is fix$1 f9al1 & h]etical 
to "q4 ,confront$ ) a con/antly *ang+   
univ]se1 he w\ld delude himself t 8 inn]
 convictions give him a f9ality conc]n+ 
8 evolv+ environm5t4 ,x is !re=e n s mu*
 ,sci5ce t ! religioni/ is fight+1 b !  
sci5tific me?od4 ,?is sci5tific me?od ( 

approa*1 he rightly p]ceives1 has s     
p]vad$ our mode ( ?9k+ t x is ! subtle &
 mo/ dis9tegrat+ =ce t is %att]+ !      
religi\s f\ndations4  ,dr4 ,james ,t4   
,%otwell1 speak+ ( ! sci5tific me?od1   
concludes1 ,b :atev] /rictures          
philosophy may pass ^u ! conclusions (  
sci5ce1 z m]ely relative & provisional1 
!re is no cle>] fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1
 t its attitudes & me?ods h be5 at      
opposite poles f ^? ( religion4 ,x does 
no good to bl9k ! fact1 e/abli%$ z x is 
by ! mo/ positive pro(s ( hi/ory &      
psy*ology4 ,sci5ce has made headway by  
attempt+ to elim9ate my/]y s f> z x c4  
,religion1 on ! o!r h&1 has /ress$ my/]y
 & accept$ x 9 its own t]ms4 ,sci5ce is 
! product ( bold adv5ture1 pu%+ into !  
realm ( ! my/]i\s to int]pret its       
ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( ! inve/igator2 religion
 ent]s ?is same realm to give itself up 
to ! emotional reactions4 ,sci5ce is !  
embodim5t ( ! s5se ( control1 religion  
yields ! control to t p[] :i* moves 9 ! 
%ad[ ( ! woods by night1 & ! glory ( !  

morn+ hills4444  ,sci5ce does n ju/ify  
by fai?1 b by works4 ,x is ! liv+ d5ial 
( t age-long acceptance :i* we accord to
 ! my/]y--z su*4 ,x r5\nces au?ority1   
cuts a?w>t cu/om1 violates ! sacr$1     
rejects ! my?s4 ,x adju/s itself to !   
process ( *ange ^: creative impulse x   
itself supplies4 ,n semp] idem b semp]  
alt]um is ! keynote ( sci5ce4 ,ea*      
discov]y ( some?+ new involves ! disc>d+
 ( some?+ old4 ,above all1 x progresses 
by d\bt+ r ?an by believ+4 7,james ,t4  
,%otwell3 ,! ,religi\s ,revolution (    
,to-day47  ,!re has nev] be5 an advance 
9 sci5ce ( widespread importance :i* 9  
"s mann] or o!r endang]$ "s m\ldy       
religi\s concept1 t ! ,*ur* has n       
bitt]ly oppos$2 an advance :i* 9 "t has 
prov5 ( ine/imable b5efit = all mank9d4 
,a glance at ! hi/ory ( human progress w
 reveal scores ( su* in/ances4  ,! two  
rival divisions ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1     
,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 h always be5 9   
accord on "o po9t1 t is1 to tol]ate no  
sci5ce except su* z !y consid]$ to be   

agreeable to ! ,scriptures4 ,x 0 !      
decree ( ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil ( #aeae t    
ord]$ t no books %\ld be pr9t$ b su* z  
_h be5 inspect$ by ! ecclesia/ical      
c5sors1 "u pa9 ( excommunication & f9e4 
,x is easily und]/ood t hav+ decl>$ !   
,bible to conta9 all k bo? sci5tific &  
spiritual1 & !n pass+ a decree ord]+ no 
books to be pr9t$ :i* did n agree on all
 po9ts ) ! ,*ur*'s int]pretation ( !    
,bible1 ! ,*ur* 0 9 absolute control (  
all ?\ght1 bo? writt5 & spok54  ,x 0 to 
no advantage = ! s*ol> to inve/igate any
 new fields1 = all k :i* 0 possible = ! 
m9d to discov] _h already be5 reveal$ 9 
! ,scriptures4 ,?us decl>$ ! ,*ur*4 ,we 
und]/& :y x 0 t ,cop]nicus did n p]mit 8
 book to be publi%$ until he 0 dy+4 ,we 
und]/& also t :5 ,galileo & ,bruno _h ! 
c\rage ( _! convictions1 & gave voice to
 _! beliefs1 !y 7 p]secut$4 ,galileo 0  
made to recant a discov]y t ! y\nge/ (  
*ildr5 n[ takes = grant$4 ,bruno 0 burnt
 at ! /ake4  ,we "k t a/ronomy 0 at a   
/&/ill "u ,*ur* dom9ation1 *emi/ry 0    

=bidd51 & ! /udy ( natural philosophy 0 
contradict$2 :ile an?ropology1 :i* %[$  
on :at my?ical f\ndations ! /ory ( !    
fall ( man re/s1 0 squel*$4 ,! attitude 
( ! ,*ur* on geography 0 ho/ile to !    
tru?1 z witness ! p]secutions ( ^? :o   
d>$ to v5ture t ! e>? 0 r\nd4 ,botany1  
ma!matics1 & geometry1 z well z !       
natural sci5ces1 slumb]$4 ,geology1 :i* 
prov$ t ! e>? 0 m ?an #fjjj ye>s old1 0 
ana!matiz$2 ar*eologi/s _h ! greate/    
difficulty to exp\nd ! tru? conc]n+ !   
antiquity ( ! human race4 ,9 purely     
civil matt]s1 ! cl]gy oppos$ fire & m>9e
 insurance on ! gr\nd t x 0 a tempt+ (  
,provid5ce4 ,life insurance 0 reg>d$ z  
an act ( int]f]5ce ) ! consequ5ce (     
,god's w4 ,m$ic9e met ! mo/ /r5u\s (    
opposition4  ,x is impossible 9 ?is %ort
 /udy to analyze ! specific =ms (       
ret>dation :i* ! ,*ur* exhibit$ to all (
 ^! bran*es ( le>n+1 ^: only endeavor x 
0 to se>* = ! tru?1 to /ate ! facts1 &  
to alleviate & make m be>able man's     
soj\rn on ?is e>?4 ,h[ev]1 a few ( ! _m 

in/ances ( ret>dation on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* 
w be po9t$ out4     ,,*apt] ,,vii       
,,religion ,,& ,,m$ic9e      ,n[1 :5    
physiologi/s /udy ! liv+ bra9 ( an ape1 
!y h     no gr\nds = suppos+ t !y are   
deal+ ) a dual     /ructure4 ,! bra9 is 
n a t5em5t inhabit$ by a _s or     s\l4 
,! _s or s\l is b a "n = ! manife/ations
 ( !     liv+ bra94 ,! lead+ neurologi/s
 ( ! _w are agre$ t     ! same is true (
 ! human bra94 ,x 0 only :5 !y ab&on$   
! dual conception--an inh]itance f ! d>k
 ages (     m$ic9e--t !y began to und]/&
 ! disord]s ( man's m9d     & h[ to     
treat !m4      ,mod]n m$ic9e ?us /rikes 
at ! v root ( ,*ri/ian     doctr9e4 ,=1 
if man is truly mortal1 if dea? ends    
all1 if !     human s\l is b !          
manife/ation ( ! liv+ bra91 z light     
& heat are ! manife/ations ( a gl[+ b> (
 /eel1 !n     !re c be no resurrection (
 ! dead4 ,man has ! se$s (              
immortality 9 him1 b ! gift is = ! race1
 n = !     individual4      ,,sir       
,,ar?ur ,,kei?4   ,m$ic9e & religion h  

be5 closely associat$ f ! mo/ pri/9e "t4
 ,primitive m$ic9e _h its orig9 9       
conjunction ) ! mo/ primitive ( religi\s
 conceptions1 namely1 animism2 an       
illusion t made primitive man recognize 
9 all ?+s1 & ev]y:]e1 spirits su* z 8   
suppos$ _s2 a belief t ! _w sw>ms )     
invisible spirits :i* are ! cause (     
disease & dea?4 ,& ?us primitive m$ic9e 
is insep>able f primitive modes (       
religi\s belief4 ,all ^! ph5om5a :i* we 
consid] today natural--! ru/l+ ( leaves 
9 a =e/1 ! cra% ( ?und]1 ! fla% (       
lightn+1 w9ds1 cl\ds1 /orms1 &          
e>?quakes--7 to primitive man ! outw>d &
 visible signs ( angry gods1 demons1 &  
spirits4 ,simil> spirits caus$ disease &
 dea?1 & ^! evil spirits t produc$      
disease & dea? 7 to be placat$ & cajol$ 
by man1 j z he did 8 o!r deities1 by    
magic1 by burnt (f]+s1 & sacrifice4  ,! 
fir/ holy man1 ! fir/ prie/1 0 ! %aman1 
& x 0 8 duty n only to placate & cajole 
! spirits t 7 ?\ght to control !        
physical well-be+ ( ! individual memb]s 

( ! tribe2 b x 0 8 duty also1 by !      
ex]cise ( 8 magic1 to alleviate & cure  
illness by exorcism4 ,! %aman 0 !re=e ! 
fir/ m$ic9e man1 ! fir/ wit* doctor1 !  
fir/ physician4 ,he reli$ *iefly ^u     
psy*o!rapy z does ! mod]n wit* doctor ( 
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4  ,m$ic9e c\ld n beg9  
to be m$ic9e until x 0 disassociat$ f   
magic1 religion1 & !ology4 ,?is /ruggle 
has be5 go+ on f ! "t ( ! %aman to !    
pres5t mom5t4 ,primitive m$ic9e /&s     
midway betwe5 magic & religion1 z an    
attempt to safegu>d heal? by control (  
s-call$ sup]natural processes1 & ! w>d+ 
(f ( evil influ5ces by appeal to ! gods4
  ,9 all primitive societies1 prie/1    
magician1 & m$ic9e man 7 "o & ! same2 & 
m$ic9e rema9$ /ation>y until x c\ld     
divorce itself completely f religion4   
,primitive m$ic9e1 !n1 spr+s f folklore1
 leg5ds1 cr$ulity1 & sup]/itions2 ! same
 =ces t give rise to all =ms ( religi\s 
beliefs4  ,huxley has /at$1 ,sci5ce     
commits suicide :5 x adopts a cre$1 & f 
! e>lie/ ( times ^? m5 :o _h a sci5tific

 tr5d ( m9d realiz$ ?is1 h[ev] vaguely1 
& h attempt$ to divorce sci5ce f        
religion4 ,! sci5ce ( m$ic9e has be5    
divorc$ f sup]/ition1 b its tw9 bro!r   
religion lies z firmly bogg$ 9 ! mire ( 
sup]/ition today z x did 9 ! days ( !   
incantations ( ! fir/ !ologi/1 ! %aman4 
,& x is due to ?is close association (  
religion & m$ic9e t ideas ( ! greate/   
sci5tific mom5t h be5 ?rottl$ at bir? or
 ve]$ into a bl9d alley ?r\gh "s curr5t 
!ological lunacy4 ,m$ic9e has advanc$   
?r\gh its disassociation )              
sup]naturalism1 :ile religion /ill      
rema9s ! la/ refuge ( human savag]y4  ,&
 s x _h be5 t ?r\gh\t ^? long1 /]ile1 & 
b>b>\s ages primitive man ascrib$ all   
diseases ei!r to ! wra? ( ,god1 or !    
malice ( an ,evil ,be+4 ,) ! rise ( !   
,greek philosoph]s1 ! human m9d = ! fir/
 "t began to ?r[ (f ! fogs ( sup]/ition4
 ,9 ,greece1 #ejj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1      
,hippocrates develop$ sci5tific ?\ght & 
laid ! f\ndations ( m$ical sci5ce ^u    
obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 & reason4 ,"u 8   

guidance1 m$ic9e = ! fir/ "t 0 sep>at$ f
 religion4 ,he reliev$ ! gods ( !       
responsibility = disease & plac$ x      
squ>ely ^u ! %\ld]s ( man4 ,8 f9d+s 7   
pass$ on to ! ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 & !re 
m$ical sci5ce 0 fur!r develop$4 ,at ?is 
/age ( hi/ory all advances /opp$1 & = ! 
foll[+ reason3  ,) ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity 
?is sci5ce1 z well z all o!rs1 0        
/ultifi$4 ,a retrogression took place to
 ! ideation ( ! mo/ primitive ( m51     
namely1 ! conception ( physical disease 
z ! result ( ! wra? ( ,god1 or ! malice 
( ,satan1 or by a comb9ation ( bo?4 ,!  
,old ,te/am5t attributes su* diseases z 
! leprosy ( ,miriam & ,uzziah1 ! boils (
 ,job1 ! dys5t]y ( ,jehoram1 ! )]$ h& ( 
,j]oboam1 ! fatal illness ( ,asa1 & _m  
o!r ills1 to ! wra? ( ,god1 or ! malice 
( ,satan4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t furni%es su* 
examples z ! woman b\nd by ,satan1 !    
rebuke ( ! fev]1 ! ca/+ out ( ! devil   
:i* 0 dumb1 ! heal+ ( p]sons :om ! devil
 (times ca/e? into ! fire1 & v>i\s o!r  
episodes4 ,*ri/ian !ology !n evolv$     

!ories ( miracul\s me?ods ( cure1 bas$  
^u modes ( appeas+ ! div9e ang]1 or (   
?w>t+ satanic malice4 ,! cur+ ( disease 
by ! ca/+ out ( devils1 by pray]s1 7 !  
means ( relief f sickness recogniz$ &   
comm&$ by ! ,bible4 ,?us ,*ri/ianity    
p]v]t$ ! beg9n+ ( a sci5ce ( m$ic9e to a
 sy/em ( attempt$ cure ( disease by     
fraud4  ,! treatm5t ( disease desc5d$ to
 ! cures f\nd 9 holy & heal+ wells1     
pools1 & /reams2 9 miracles & ! efficacy
 t 0 to be f\nd 9 ! relics ( sa9ts4     
,in/ead ( reliance ^u obs]vation1       
exp]i5ce1 & ?\ght1 att5tion 0 direct$   
t[>d sup]natural ag5cies4 ,9 contra/ to 
! ,greek physicians :o 7 attempt+ to lay
 a sci5tific f\ndation1 we h ! ,*ri/ian 
idea prevail+ t ! wat] 9 :i* a s+le hair
 ( a sa9t _h be5 dipp$ 0 to be us$ z a  
purgative2 wat] 9 :i* ,/4 ,remy's r+ _h 
be5 dipp$ cur$ lunacy2 oil ( a lamp     
burn+ be=e ! tomb ( ,/4 ,gall cur$      
tumors2 w9e 9 :i* ! bones ( a sa9t _h   
be5 dipp$ cur$ fev]s2 ,/4 ,val5t9e cur$ 
epilepsy2 ,/4 ,*ri/oph] cur$ ?roat      

disease2 ,/4 ,eutropius1 dropsy2 ,/4    
,ovid1 deafness2 ,/4 ,vitus1 ,/4        
,an?ony1 & a multitude ( o!r sa9ts1 !   
maladies :i* be> _! names4  ,9 ! ye>    
#aehe1 9 ! t[n ( ,embrun1 ,france1 !    
male g5]ative organ ( ,/4 ,f\t9 0       
greatly rev]$4 ,a j> 0 plac$ b5ea? 8    
emblem to cat* ! w9e ) :i* x 0 g5]ally  
ano9t$2 ! w9e 0 left to s\r1 & !n x 0   
kn[n z ! ',holy ,v9eg>4' ,! wom5 drank x
 9 ord] to be bless$ ) *ildr54 7,joseph 
,lewis1 ,voltaire47  ,enorm\s rev5ues   
fl[$ into v>i\s mona/]ies & *ur*es 9 all
 p>ts ( ,europe f relics not$ = _! heal+
 p[]s4 ,! ecclesia/ics p]ceiv$ t !      
physician w\ld int]f]e ) ^! rev5ues &   
gifts ( ! %r9es1 & deem$ x ! w ( ,god to
 p]secute & condemn physicians4 ,/4     
,ambrose decl>$1 ,! precepts ( m$ic9e   
are contr>y to cele/ial sci5ce1 wat*+ & 
pray]4 ,/4 ,augu/9e decl>$1 ,all        
diseases ( ,*ri/ians are to be ascrib$  
to ^! demons1 *iefly d !y torm5t fre%   
baptiz$ ,*ri/ians1 yea1 ev5 ! guiltless1
 new-born babe4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus   

decl>$ t bodily pa9s are provok$ by     
demons1 & t m$ic9es are useless1 b t !y 
are (t5 cur$ by ! lay+ on ( consecrat$  
h&s4 ,/4 ,niles & ,/4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs  
gave examples to %[ ! s9fulness (       
resort+ to m$ic9e in/ead ( tru/+ to !   
int]cession ( sa9ts4  ,ev5 z late z     
#aeag1 ,pope ,leo ,x1 = a consid]ation1 
issu$ tickets be>+ a cross & ! foll[+   
inscription1 ,?is cross measur$ =ty     
times makes ! height ( ,*ri/ 9 ,8       
humanity4 ,he :o kisses x is pres]v$ =  
sev5 days f fall+ sickness1 apoplexy1 & 
sudd5 dea?4  ,! ,c\ncil ( ,le ,mons1 9  
#abdh1 =bade monks to engage 9 surg]y4  
,at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 !       
,c\ncil ( ,rheims =bade monks to /udy   
m$ic9e2 & %ortly aft] ! middle ( !      
twelf? c5tury1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii =bade
 monks to /udy or practice m$ic9e4 ,9 ! 
?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,dom9ican ,ord] =bade 
all ecclesia/ics to h any connection )  
m$ic9e2 & :5 we rememb] t ! policy ( !  
,*ur* _h made x impossible = any le>n$  
man to ent] any o!r pr(ession1 ! only   

res\rce left = a s*ol> 0 ! ,*ur*2 s     
effectively did ! ,*ur* kill all        
sci5tific endeavors4  ,! ,re=mation made
 no sudd5 *ange 9 ! sacr$ !ory ( m$ic9e4
 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& accept$ ! doctr9e (  
royal t\*1 & 9 a pray] book ( t p]iod is
 f\nd a s]vice provid$ = t occasion :i* 
/ates t ,!y 7! k+s71 %all lay _! h&s on 
! sick1 & !y %all recov]4  ,pe/il5ces 7 
taught to be puni%m5ts inflict$ by ,god 
on society = its %ortcom+s4 ,mod]n man  
has no conception ( ! ravages (         
infections & epidemics t swept ov]      
,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & to a less] 
ext5t1 until less ?an fifty ye>s ago4   
,tacitus describ$ ! plague 9 ,rome ?us3 
,h\ses 7 fill$ ) dead bodies1 & ! /reets
 ) fun]als4444 ,alike1 slaves &         
plebeians 7 sudd5ly tak5 (f amid/       
lam5tations ( _! wives & *ildr51 :o1    
:ile !y m\rn$ ! dead1 7 !mselves seiz$ )
 ! disease1 &1 p]i%+1 7 burn$ on ! same 
fun]al pyre4  ,9 #hj ,a4,d4 an epidemic 
swept ,rome caus+ #aj1jjj dea?s daily4  
,dur+ ! ages until ! pres5t c5tury1 wave

 aft] wave ( pe/il5ce swept ov] ,europe4
 ,! plague 9 #achd ,a4,d4 took no less  
?an #fj million lives4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t   
tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! population ( ! !n
 kn[n _w p]i%$ 9 t "o epidemic4 ,betwe5 
#afja & #afjc1 #abg1jjj di$ ( ! plague 9
 ,mosc[4 ,! epidemic ( #afcj took       
#ejj1jjj lives 9 ! ,v5etian republic2   
,milan alone lo/ #hh1jjj4 ,9 #afje1     
,london lo/ #fi1jjj2 #gj1jjj di$ 9      
,vi5na 9 #afgi2 ! foll[+ ye> ,prague lo/
 #hc1jjj1 all f ?is disease4 ,! horrors 
( su* visitations are beyond            
description1 & c sc>cely be imag9$4 ,= a
 "t1 attempts 7 made to collect & bury !
 dead4 ,wagons w\ld pass ?r\gh ! /reets 
at night collect+ ! victims4 ,! driv]s1 
b5umb$ ) dr9k1 frequ5tly fail$ to       
asc]ta9 :e!r dea? _h occurr$4 ,liv+     
pati5ts1 desp]ately ill1 7 pil$ into !  
wagons ) corpses b5ea?1 ab\t1 & on !m4  
,^! gruesome loads 7 dump$ pell-mell    
into huge pits ha/ily dug = ! purpose4  
,9 "s in/ances1 liv+ victims crawl$ out 
( ^! pits & surviv$ to tell ! tale4 ,z !

 epidemics progress$1 attempts to       
dispose ( ! dead 7 ab&on$4 ,putrefy+    
bodies 7 ev]y:]e4 ,:ole cities 7 left   
desolate1 ! few survivors hav+ fl$4  ,x 
is n to be wond]$ at t su* epidemics    
swept ov] ,europe :5 x 0 taught t ^! 7 !
 v5geance ( ,god4 ,h[ c\ld x be discov]$
 t ! real causes 7 ! cr[d$ conditions & 
bad sanitation ( ! cities1 ! squalor1 ! 
misrule1 & gross immorality occasion$ by
 ! ,holy ,w>s1 :5 hordes ( soldi]-b&its 
plagu$ ! c\ntryside8 ,! dev\t cont9u$ to
 live 9 _! squalor1 to tru/ 9 ! ,"l1 &  
to die by ! millions4  ,9 all pe/il5ces 
d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! ,*ur* au?orities1 
in/ead ( aid+ & devis+ sanit>y measures1
 h prea*$ ! necessity ( imm$iate        
atonem5t = (f5ses aga9/ ! ,almighty4 ,! 
*ief cause ( ! imm5se sacrifice ( lives 
9 ^! plagues 0 ( c\rse ! lack ( hygi5ic 
precautions4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is be discov]$ 
:51 = ages1 liv+ 9 fil? 0 reg>d$ by     
great numb]s ( holy m5 z an evid5ce (   
sanctity6  ,/4 ,hil>ion liv$ 8 :ole life
 long 9 utt] physical uncleanl9ess4 ,/4 

,a?anasius glorifies ,/4 ,an?ony because
 he _h nev] wa%$ 8 feet4 ,/4 ,abraham's 
mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( hol9ess 0 t = fifty 
ye>s he wa%$ nei!r 8 h&s nor 8 feet2 ,/4
 ,sylvia nev] wa%$ any "p ( h] body save
 h] f+]s2 ,/4 ,euphraxia belong$ to a   
conv5t 9 :i* ! nuns religi\sly ab/a9$ f 
ba?+2 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt 0 em95t =       
fil?9ess2 ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites 0 9 ?is  
respect unspeakable--! lea/ t c be said 
is t he liv$ 9 ordure & /5* intol]able  
to 8 visitors4 ,= c5tury aft] c5tury !  
idea prevail$ t fil?9ess 0 ak9 to       
hol9ess4  ,ano!r /umbl+block h9d]+ !    
beg9n+s ( mod]n m$ic9e & surg]y1 0 !    
!ory reg>d+ ! unlawfulness ( m$dl+ ) !  
bodies ( ! dead4 ,! dissection ( ! human
 body 0 prohibit$ s9ce ! injury to !    
body w\ld prev5t its resurrection on !  
,la/ ,day4 ,&reas ,vesalius 0 ! pione] 9
 ! movem5t = increas$ k ( anatomy1 & 9  
#aedc1 :5 8 "w appe>$1 he 0 condemn$ to 
dea? by ! ,inquisition z a magician4 ,he
 escap$ ?is fate by und]tak+ a          
pilgrimage to ,j]usalem only to be      

%ipwreck$ on ! ,isl& ( ,zante :5 he     
attempt$ to return1 & !re di$ 9 mis]y & 
de/itution4  ,9 ! ye> #ahec1 *ol]a1 aft]
 hav+ committ$ s]i\s ravages 9 _m p>ts (
 ,europe1 visit$ ,scotl&4 ,x 0 evid5t to
 mo/ ?9k+ p t1 due to ! extreme pov]ty &
 squalor ( mo/ ( ! ,scotti% t[ns at t   
"t1 a great numb] ( p w\ld necess>ily   
succumb to ?is disease unless /r+5t     
sanit>y measures 7 in/itut$ imm$iately4 
,in/ead1 ! ,scot* cl]gy propos$ to      
combat ?is sc\rge ) pray] & fa/+1 :i*   
w\ld h l[]$ ! resi/ance to ?is disease  
by produc+ physical exhau/ion & m5tal   
depression4 ,!y propos$ ! ord]+ ( a     
national fa/ day 9 :i* ! p 7 to sit !   
:ole day )\t n\ri%m5t 9 _! *ur*es &     
retire to _! b$s at night weep+ & />v$4 
,!n x 0 hop$ t ! ,deity w\ld be         
propitiat$1 & ! plague /ay$4 ,to give   
great] effect to ?is fa/ day1 !y call$  
^u ,engl& to help !m1 & ! ,presbyt]y (  
,ed9burgh dispat*$ a lett] to ! ,engli% 
m9i/]1 reque/+ in=mation z to :e!r !    
que5 w\ld appo9t a national fa/ day4 ,! 

,engli% m9i/]1 to 8 cr$it1 advis$ !     
,presbyt]y ( ,ed9burgh t x 0 bett] to   
cleanse ?an to fa/1 & cleanse !y mu/    
swiftly or else1 9 spite ( all pray]s & 
fa/+s ( a unit$ b inactive nation1 !    
*ol]a w\ld deva/ate !m4  ,!re are today1
 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury1 two pe/il5ces :i*
 c\ld be wip$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,!re are
 two pe/il5ces :i* ?us un=tunately      
involve moral conceptions4 ,!y are !    
plagues ( ,syphilis & ,gonorrhea4 ,aga9/
 !m m$ic9e has develop$ me?ods (        
control4 ,!y c\ld be eradicat$1 b z yet 
civilization has n advanc$ entirely     
beyond ! anci5t idea t disease is impos$
 by ,god z a measure ( v5geance = our   
s9s4 ,x /ill rejects protection1 :5 )\t 
x ^! plagues w cont9ue to exact dea? &  
suff]+ on a scale :i* probably exce$s t 
( any "o ( ! m$ieval plagues4 ,^? :o    
today look ^u ,syphilis & ,gonorrhea z  
puni%m5t = s9 h n progress$ beyond !    
ideas ( m$ieval ,europe4  ,ignorance &  
bigotry are ! tw9 allies ( ! plagues (  
,syphilis & ,gonorrhea4 ,m$ic9e &       

civilization advance & regress toge!r4  
,! conditions ess5tial to advance are   
intellectual c\rage & a true love =     
humanity4 ,x is z true today z always 9 
! pa/ t fur!r advances or ev5 ! hold+ ( 
:at has already be5 won1 dep5d ^u !     
ext5t to :i* intellectual c\rage &      
humanity prevail aga9/ bigotry &        
obscurantism4 7,hagg>d1 ,devils1        
,doctors1 & ,drugs47  ,z a result ( !   
lack ( control ( ^! plagues !re are 9 ! 
_w at ! pres5t mom5t ?\s&s ( *ildr5     
suff]+ f cong5ital syphilis :o w\ld nev]
 h be5 born b = ! desire ( ,*ri/ians to 
see s9n]s puni%$4 ,) reg>d to ! spread (
 sex k1 ! cl]gy's attitude is dang]\s to
 human welf>e4 ,! artificial ignorance (
 sex subjects :i* or?odox ,*ri/ians     
attempt to en=ce ^u ! "y is extremely   
dang]\s to m5tal & physical heal?4 ,! "y
 are mu* less likely to act wisely :5 !y
 are ignorant1 ?an :5 !y are in/ruct$4  
,^! two v5]eal diseases are no m        
controll$ "u ! moral /&>ds ( today ?an  
!y 7 two c5turies ago1 & yet m$ical     

sci5ce (f]s = ^! diseases :at x c (f] = 
few o!rs2 bo? a prev5tion & a cure4 ,& x
 is due to ! ignorance & ! bigotry ( !  
!i/s t ! spread ( sex k is hamp]$ s t a 
sane conception ( sex & ! prev5tion (   
v5]eal disease does n eradicate ^!      
diseases4 ,! !i/s h1 !re=e1 )\t s5se or 
ju/ice1 f\nd$ _! morality on disease2   
neglect+ ! fact t all disease is immoral
 9 ! wide/ s5se1 s9ce x is detrim5tal to
 ! happ9ess ( man1 & t no "o disease is 
m s ?an ano!r4 ,! morality ( ! body is  
heal?--n disease4 ,s mu* = ! actual     
facts & reality4 ,9 pass+ to !          
!oretical1 we aga9 see ! tru? ( !       
/atem5t t religion is ! la/ resort (    
human savag]y4  ,to po/ulate t a supreme
 be+ is omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 &         
all-lov+1 & !n to assume t he inflicts  
disease on 8 *ildr5 z puni%m5t = s9 is a
 sadi/ic m5tal ab]ration4 ,9 8          
omnisci5ce he full well kn[s be=eh& :at 
ea* ( 8 *ildr5 w d4 ,he =eorda9s _! s9s 
& !n puni%es 8 *ildr5 = s9s t he wills  
!m to commit4 ,x is j z if a syphilitic 

fa!r %\ld puni% 8 syphilitic *ild       
because ! *ild has t cong5ital disease =
 :i* ! fa!r is responsible4 ,if ! !i/   
insi/s t 8 deity is all t he claims him 
to be1 !n x is only logical t in/ead (  
man ask+ 8 god = =giv5ess1 :at actually 
%\ld be is t ,god %\ld ask ! =giv5ess ( 
man = 8 bungl+ & error4  ,*ri/ianity has
 attempt$ f its inception to eradicate !
 sexual in/9ct & 9 s do+ has antagoniz$ 
an in/9ct t is z fundam5tal z t (       
self-pres]vation4 ,all x has accompli%$ 
is a di/ortion4 ,! *ur*1 by claim+ t x  
alone 0 privileg$ to regulate sexual    
desires1 has done "o ( two ?+s to ea* ( 
its adh]5ts4 ,x has ei!r made him a     
hypocrite or driv5 him insane4 ,mu* ( ! 
insanity 9 ?is c\ntry c\ld be ov]come 7 
religion & sex p]man5tly divorc$2 & an  
imm$iate am\nt ( ine/imable good c\ld be
 accompli%$ :5 "o consid]s t fifte5 p]  
c5t ( all m5tal disease is caus$ by     
syphilis4  ,physical disease hav+ be5   
consid]$ z a malici\s trick ( ,satan1 x 
0 b natural t ! disease ( ! m9d 0 also  

attribut$ to satanic int]v5tion4 ,!     
conception t insanity 0 a bra9 disease1 
& t g5tl5ess & k9dness 7 necess>y = its 
treatm5t1 0 ?rottl$ by ,*ri/ian !ology =
 fifte5 c5turies4 ,in/ead ! ecclesia/ic 
burd5$ humanity ) a belief t madness 0  
l>gely possession by ! ,devil4 ,hundr$s 
( ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 7 inflict$ )        
tortures bo? physical & m5tal4 ,x 0 n   
until #agib t ! great ,fr5* physician   
,p5el1 & ,william ,tuke 9 ,engl&1 plac$ 
! treatm5t ( m5tal disease on a rational
 & sci5tific basis4 ,& ?is1 9 spite (   
su* ecclesia/ical attacks z 7 se5 9 !   
,ed9burgh ,review ( t p]iod4 ,^! two m51
 ,p5el & ,tuke1 7 ! fir/ ackn[l$g$      
victors 9 a /ruggle ( sci5ce = humanity 
:i* la/$ ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4  ,! cl]gy 
resi/$ ,j5n] :5 he introduc$ vacc9ation1
 & yet ! application ( ?is measure (    
def5se aga9/ disease has probably sav$ m
 lives ?an ! total ( all ! lives lo/ 9  
all w>s4 ,! cl]gy ma9ta9$ t ,smallpox is
 a visitation f ,god1 & orig9ates 9 man1
 b ,c[pox is produc$ by presumpti\s1    

impi\s m54 ,! =m]1 heav5 orda9$1 ! latt]
 is p]haps a d>+ & pr(ane violation (   
our holy ord]4  ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! 
,jesuit mission>ies 9 ,s\? ,am]ica le>n$
 f ! natives ! value ( ! s-call$        
,p]uvian ,b>k 9 ! treatm5t ( ague4 ,9   
#afch1 qu99e1 d]iv$ f ?is b>k1 0        
introduc$ into ,europe z a cure =       
mal>ia4 ,x 0 /igmatiz$ z an inv5tion ( !
 ,devil4 ,! ecclesia/ical opposition to 
?is drug 0 s /rong t x 0 n introduc$    
into ,engl& until #afec4  ,! m$ieval    
,*ri/ians saw 9 *ildbir? ! result ( a   
c>nal s9 to be expiat$ 9 pa9 z def9$ 9  
,g5esis4 ,accord+ly ! treatm5t giv5 !   
*ild-be>+ woman 0 va/ly worse ?an ! m]e 
neglect among ! primitive peoples4 ,h]  
suff]+s 7 augm5t$ by ! fact t %e 0 no   
long] a primitive woman & *ild-be>+ _h  
become m difficult4 ,9 ^! ,ages ( ,fai? 
:i* c\ld be bett] call$ ! ,ages ( ,fil?1
 no?+ 0 done to ov]come ! enorm\s       
mortality ( ! "m & *ild at bir?4        
,attempts1 h[ev]1 7 made to =m          
intra-ut]9e baptismal tubes by :i* !    

*ild1 :5 x 0 lock$ by "s ill *ance 9 its
 "m's womb1 c\ld be baptiz$ & its s\l   
sav$ be=e ! "m & *ild 7 left to die     
toge!r4 ,b no?+ 0 done to save _! lives4
 ,no great] crimes 7 ev] committ$ 9 ! "n
 ( civilization1 religi\s fai?1 & smug  
ignorance ?an ! sacrifice ( ! lives (   
c\ntless mo!rs & *ildr5 9 ! fir/ fifte5 
c5turies aft] ,*ri/ among civiliz$      
mank9d4  ,approa*+ our own "t1 we h !   
example ( ,dr4 ,james ,y4 ,simpson1     
pr(essor ( ob/etrics at ! ,univ]sity (  
,glasg[ ab\t #ahej1 fir/ adm9i/]+ an    
ane/hetic to alleviate ! pa9 ( *ildbir?4
 ,he 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ! cl]gy on !   
gr\nd t x 0 impi\s to attempt to escape 
f ! curse pron\nc$ aga9/ all wom5 9     
,g5esis4 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,simpson :o1 9 def5d+
 ?is humanit>ian practice1 ass]t$ t     
opposition1 p>ticul>ly on !ological     
gr\nds1 _h be5 pres5t$ aga9/ e humane   
innovation 9 ! pa/4  ,:5 ,paul ,ehrli*1 
9 #aiaj1 ann\nc$ 8 discov]y ( salv>san =
 ! treatm5t ( syphilis1 ! cl]gy aga9 7  
horror-/ruck t man %\ld int]f]e ) a     

visitation ( ! ,"l4  ,! resi/ance to !  
spread ( in=mation conc]n+              
contraception1 commonly kn[n z bir?     
control1 is an example ( ! ,*ur*'s      
dom9ance ( gov]nm5t today2 & yet ?is    
in=mation is z vital to ! welf>e (      
humanity z is ! control ( canc]4  ,9    
#aibf1 our newspap]s c>ri$ conspicu\s   
headl9es1 ,episcopal ,*ur* ,jo9s        
,ca?olic to ,gag ,bir? ,control2 f\r    
ye>s lat]1 #cbj bi%ops ( ! ,episcopal   
,*ur* met 9 ,london1 & by a majority (  
#c to #a vot$ 9 favor ( contraception :5
 !re is morally s\nd reason = avoid+    
complete ab/95ce4 ,! bi%ops _h by ?is "t
 become well aw>e ( ! insi/5ce ( secul> 
op9ion t[>ds ?is movem5t1 & hav+ done _!
 be/ to prev5t ?is progressive movem5t =
 ! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 !y f9ally accept$
 defeat1 prov+ once aga9 t religion has 
nev] accept$ any?+ t sci5ce has %[n to  
be a fact or ( b5efit to humanity until 
x 0 compell$ to d s to save its face4 ,!
 infallible ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 /ill p]si/s 9 
its opposition & 9 ! ,encyclical ( ,pope

 ,pius ,,xi1 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aica1 x
 is said1 ,! conjugal act is de/9$      
prim>ily by nature = ! begett+ ( *ildr54
 ,^? :o1 9 ex]cis+ x1 delib]ately       
fru/rate its natural p[]1 & purpose1 are
 aga9/ nature & commit a de$ :i* is     
%ameful & intr9sically vici\s4 ,s speaks
 ! infallible ,pope1 b ! great majority 
( physicians hold t !re are few ?+s m   
p]il\s to m5tal heal?1 intellectual     
effici5cy1 moral equanimity1 & physical 
well-be+ ?an prolong$ d5ial ( ! sex urge
 = ! av]age1 normal human be+4 ,e       
physician c furni% num]\s case hi/ories 
to sub/antiate ! /atem5t t cont9ual     
sexual ab/95ce is prejudicial to ! heal?
 & happ9ess ( ! man & woman1 & is !     
causation ( hundr$s ( semid]elicts &    
psy*oneurotics4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ris+ tide 
( insanity 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be /emm$ 7 
religion & sex p]man5tly divorc$4       
,today ! mod]n cl]gy /ill endeavor to   
expla9 natural ph5om5a by sup]natural   
!ories1 & :ile !y d n assign            
pret]natural p[]s to wit*es & demons1 !y

 yet p]si/ 9 attempt+ to p]v]t facts (  
sci5ce1 & delude !mselves ) fai? 9 "s   
sup]natural =ce4 ,! cl]gy /ate t !      
physician cures disease ?r\gh ! m$iation
 ( ,god1 ! physician m]ely play+ ! "p ( 
! ag5t ( ,god1 ?r\gh :om ! real cure is 
effect$4 ,is any?+ m ridicul\s & at !   
same "t m contradictory1 ?an to suppose 
t an all-p[]ful god %\ld h to appo9t an 
int]m$i>y to p]=m 8 "w8 ,& if x is only 
by ,god's w & aid t a cure takes place1 
!n x foll[s t ,god mu/ be will+ = !     
individual to be cur$2 :y 9 ! "n (      
reason1 did ,he n prev5t ! initial /ep1 
! contract+ ( ! disease8 ,:at a mass (  
suff]+1 ( m5tal angui% might ?us h be5  
sp>$ u6 ,?us1 ?is omnipot5t be+ ei!r did
 n desire to sp>e u ?is mis]y & suff]+1 
9 :i* case he mu/ surely be a mon/]     
inc>nate2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 he is p[]less
 to halt x1 & ?us _c be omnipot5t4      
,:ile ! cl]gy ma9ta9 t a cure is only   
effect$ by ,god's w1 ! physician kn[s   
o!rwise4 ,! physician accompli%es 8     
cures alone1 & def9itely cures & saves !

 lives ( human be+s by 8 own skill1     
intellig5ce1 & application ( me?ods :i* 
h be5 develop$ by ! ex]cise ( secul> k1 
n !ological nons5se4 ,:5 man is s       
un=tunate z to contract an infection ( !
 app5dix1 & t inflammation succe$s to   
pus-=mation s t ?is diseas$ &           
non-ess5tial "p ( ! human anatomy is on 
! po9t ( ruptur+ & caus+ a fatal        
p]itonitis1 x is n by ,god's w &        
int]v5tion t a cure is effect$1 b by !  
int]v5tion ( ! surgeon :o removes !     
diseas$ "p4 ,if man dep5d$ ^u ,god's w  
to save him1 z he did 9 ! pa/1 ! app5dix
 w\ld rupture1 p]itonitis w\ld set 91 & 
despite pray]s & sacrificial (f]+s1 !   
,deity w\ld exact 8 life4  ,:5 an       
innoc5t infant1 9 ! fir/ few weeks (    
life1 develops an intussusception 7an   
infold+ ( ! b[el :i* causes an acute    
ob/ruction71 ! pray]s & supplication ( !
 p>5ts avail n a p>ticle2 if ! surgeon  
did n save ! infant's life by op]at+ &  
remov+ ! ob/ruction1 ! b5evol5t be+ w\ld
 all[ ! *ild to die4  ,! adult :o       

develops a h]nia1 :i* is due to a defect
 9 ! con/ruction ( ! human body1 :i* is 
assign$ to an omnisci5t be+ :o /ill     
p]si/s 9 =m+ bodies t are defective1 &  
?is h]nia becomes /rangulat$ 7twi/$71 ! 
deity sits calmly by 9 omnipot5t        
inaction1 :ile ! prompt int]f]5ce ( !   
surgeon saves ! individual's life4  ,:5 
! surgeon obs]ves a sup]ficial canc]\s  
gr[?1 or an int]nal gr[? :i* c be remov$
 9 its entirety1 does he tru/ to ! ,"l  
to halt ?is p]nici\s developm5t8 ,no1 ! 
surgeon does n consult ,god1 b resorts  
to 8 own k & skill to save a human life4
  ,! diph!ritic *ild :o is /rangl+ to   
dea? ) a diph!ritic membrane 9 its ?roat
 is n p]mitt$ by ! physician to be left 
to ! b5evol5t be+'s w1 nor to ! pray]s (
 ! p>5ts4 ,! physician's pray] is !     
diph!ria antitox91 :i* 9 8 h&s is !     
life-sav+ device4  ,:5 ! physician      
adm9i/]s qu99e = mal>ia1 or salv>san =  
syphilis1 he effects cures = ^! diseases
 by us+ ag5ts to :i* ! cl]gy /r5u\sly   
object$ :5 !y 7 fir/ introduc$4 ,& :5 ! 

ecclesia/ic attributes to ! ,deity      
:atev] laws man has be5 able to evolve  
out ( 8 own exp]i5ce & wisdom1 he       
e/abli%es1 fallaci\sly1 ! coroll>y t if 
,god is responsible = ! cures1 ,he is   
also responsible = ! non-cures4 ,!n :at 
( ! c\ntless numb] t di$ ( disease be=e 
man evolv$ ^? cures1 & :at ( ! :olesale 
murd] ( ,8 *ildr5 9 ! pa/ ages8  ,d     
c]ta9 diseases /ill baffle ! physician8 
,surely x is less (t5 ?an ! pe/il5ces ( 
old :i* baffl$ sacrifice & pray]4 ,!    
cruele/ laws ev] devis$ by man h m      
equity & b5evol5ce 9 !m ?an ! appall+ & 
irrational jurisprud5ce ( ! ,deity4  ,d 
c]ta9 diseases z yet rema9 to plague    
man8 ,!n x is only because religion has 
= ! pa/ #bjjj ye>s be5 ! greate/ ob/acle
 9 ! developm5t ( cures = ^! diseases4  
,e s+le individual1 9 ! pa/ #bjjj ye>s1 
:o has succumb$ to a disease = :i*      
m$ical sci5ce has no cure1 has di$      
directly at ! h&s ( religion4 ,!        
ob/ruction :i* religion has plac$ on !  
developm5t ( m$ical sci5ce has laid at  

its feet ! responsibility = ! dea?s (   
c\ntless millions ?r\gh\t ! ages4  ,!   
religioni/ replies t man's m9d _c fa?om 
! w ( ,god4 ,:i* is an irrational       
/atem5t = x is a well e/abli%$ fact1 &  
inde$1 a crit]ion ( insanity1 t :5 !    
d]ang$ are confront$ ) facts :i* are    
conclusive & ) creations ( ! imag9ation1
 !y _c diff]5tiate fact f fancy1 &      
ma9ta91 in/ead1 t fancy is ! real fact4 
,! religioni/s are guilty ( ! same brea*
 ( reason4 ,!y suff] ) :at may be t]m$1 
dem5tia religiosa4 ,! rem>kable feature 
( ! latt] disease is its wide preval5ce4
  ,dr4 ,hagg>d 9 8 book1 ,devils1       
,drugs1 & ,doctors1 decl>es1 ,! e>ly &  
,m$ieval ,*ri/ians accept$ ! doctr9e ( !
 p[] ( demons 9 ! lives ( m52 !y saw ?is
 p[] p>ticul>ly 9 ! demoniac production 
( diseases4 ,!y believ$ 9 miracles &    
especially 9 ! miracul\s heal+ (        
diseases4 ,! demonological belief ( !   
,*ri/ians 0 inh]it$ f ! doctr9e ( !     
,jews1 :o 7 believ]s 9 demons & !       
'possession by ! devil4' ,jesus himself 

cur$ by ca/+ out ( devils4 ,foll[+ 8    
example1 ,*ri/ians ev]y:]e became       
exorci/s4 ,jewi% demonology 0 cont9u$   
among ,*ri/ian conv]ts1 & ! belief 9    
sup]natural int]positions 9 human       
affairs 0 widely accept$4 ,no?+ has     
ret>d$ ! gr[? ( sci5tific m$ic9e dur+ ! 
pa/ #bjjj ye>s s mu* z ! iron grip (    
!ology 9 ma9ta9+ practices bas$ on      
belief 9 ?is sup]natural orig9 (        
disease4 ,! fabl$ cur+ ( disease by ca/+
 out devils1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t record+s 
( ,jesus's conviction t disease 0 caus$ 
by evil spirits1 h _h an ine/imable     
detrim5tal result on ! developm5t (     
m$ical sci5ce4 ,! fact t ,jesus believ$ 
9 ! demoniacal production ( diseases &  
cur$ !m by exorcism 0 deem$ s important 
by ! au?or ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k t
 he has actually record$ ! ,aramaic     
words ,jesus 0 report$ to h us$ 9       
address+ 8 pati5ts4 ,9 ,m>k ,v3#da1     
,jesus is report$ to h giv5 ! comm&     
,tali?a cumi to a little ,jewi% girl :om
 h] p>5ts believ$ dead4 ,9 ,m>k         

,,vii3#cd1 ,jesus is report$ z utt]+ !  
magical ^w ,ephpha?a1 z he put 8 f+]s   
into 8 e>s1 & he spit1 & t\*$ 8 tongue 9
 behalf ( "o t 0 deaf1 & _h an imp$im5t 
9 8 spee*4  ,an excell5t & timely       
illu/ration ( :at occurs :5 secul> k has
 n yet replac$ ecclesia/ical ignorance &
 bigotry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! field ( m$ic9e1
 is furni%$ by an article f "o (        
,philadelphia's lead+ newspap]s1 ,!     
,ev5+ ,bullet91 ( ,decemb] #bc1 #aicb4  
,we quote x v]batim3  ,fai? ,heal]s     
,arre/$2 ,two ,*>g$ ) ,*ok+ to ,dea?    
#e-,ye>-,old ,girl1 ,l9d51 ,texas1 ,dec4
 #bc1 #aicb4 ,despite a purport$        
confession1 (fic]s to-day cont9u$ an    
inve/igation ( ! dea? ( a five-ye>-old  
girl1 alleg$ly at ! h&s ( two it9]ant   
prea*]s :o s\ght to 'drive out ! devil' 
!y believ$ responsible = h] p>tial      
p>alysis4 ,murd] *>ges 7 fil$ aga9/     
,paul ,oaks & 8 bro!r1 ,coy ,oaks1 &    
precautions tak5 to prev5t possible mob 
v5geance4 ,%]iff ,nat ,curtright said ! 
accus$ m5 admitt$ !y _h *ok$ ! *ild to  

dea? 9 an attempt to cure h]4 ,(fic]s   
said ! prea*]s _h be5 conduct+ meet+s 9 
rural communities & _h prea*$ on !      
subject ( fai? heal+4 ,george ,wilson1 a
 neighbor1 (fic]s said1 f\nd ! two m5   
kneel+ ov] ! pro/rate =m ( ! *ild4 ,!y  
ord]$ him to leave1 decl>+ he 0 a       
'devil4' ,he said ! *ild's fa!r 0 9 !   
room4  ,m$ieval exorcism /ill practis$ 9
 "o ( ! lead+ nations ( ! _w6 ,9        
,am]ica1 :i* prides itself on its       
sci5tific advances1 t[>ds :om ! re/ ( ! 
_w looks = guidance 9 sci5tific         
discov]ies & practices6  ,to h ret>d$ ! 
gr[? ( m$ic9e = ! pa/ #bjjj ye>s6 ,?9k (
 ! /rides made 9 m$ic9e 9 ! pa/ hundr$  
ye>s1 & dwell on ! com=t humanity d]ives
 f x1 9 contra/ to ! fil?1 mis]y1 &     
pe/il5ces ( ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 &       
sixte5? c5turies4 ,w\ld s mu* progress h
 be5 possible _h man /ill p]si/$ 9 !    
belief t disease 0 due to demoniac      
int]v5tion1 & t ! sum total ( all k     
humanly possible 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,bible8  
,x is no long] necess>y = *ildr5 to *oke

 to dea? ) diph!ria4 ,yell[ fev]1 &     
small pox 9 civiliz$ c\ntries are1 or   
c\ld be1 wip$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,mal>ia 
is controll$2 tub]culosis w %ortly be a 
r>ity2 typhoid fev] & *ol]a h be5       
eradicat$ :]ev] !re is sanitation2      
erysipelas c be controll$2 hydrophobia  
prev5t$2 *ildbir? fev] has lo/ its      
trem5d\s mortality2 tetanus c be *eck$2 
syphilis & gonorrhea c be controll$2    
diabetes & p]nici\s anemia c be         
controll$2 surg]y is reclaim+ va/       
multitudes & re/or+ to useful & happy   
lives ?\s&s :o w\ld h hi!rto di$4 ,s mu*
 has be5 done2 b x is especially true t 
!re is z mu*1 at lea/1 yet to be done4  
,b all ?is has be5 a*iev$ s rec5tly4    
,:at might n h be5 won _h n ! m9ds ( m5 
be5 pollut$ f infancy1 w>p$ by ! fir/   
pr(essional holy m51 ! religioni/s1 !   
prie/s8 ,_h ! idea ( a sup]natural =ce  
be5 all[$ to die 9 ! ,d>k ,ages1 z x    
surely w\ld h1 z man's m9d exp&$ &      
develop$1 humanity w\ld today f9d itself
 m advanc$ on ! road to progress4 ,b z x

 01 ! my? ( religion 0 foi/$ on !       
sup]/iti\s bra91 & man resign$ himself  
to 8 fate1 & liv$ 9 su* a mann] z to    
please ?is hypo!tical sup]natural be+4  
,! inevitable result 0 ! abject mis]y1  
bo? mat]ial & spiritual1 ( ,europe dur+ 
! p]iod :5 ! ,*ur* 0 9 absolute control4
  ,if ?is my? & my/ification _h di$ ) ! 
dead ages1 z x %\ld h done1 :at a fitt] 
place to live 9 ?is _w w\ld be today6   
,consid] ! ne$less mis]y & ! agony ( ^? 
:o di$ ( ! v>i\s plagues2 & ?9k ( !     
advanc$ /age ( m$ic9e ( ,alex&ria1 ?ree 
hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 :]e !  
physicians 7 welcom$ to ! fam\s libr>y  
by ! emp]ors4 ,! /ate gave !m _!        
livelihood & _! duties 7 to advance     
m$ic9e by /udy & rese>*4 ,anatomy 0     
/udi$ & dissection 0 all[$4 ,) ! com+ ( 
,*ri/ianity1 ! remnants ( ?is libr>y 7  
de/roy$1 & ) !m w5t all progress 9 t    
field4 ,if su* _h be5 ! enlight5$ /ate 9
 ,egypt ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e           
,*ri/ianity appe>$1 !n :y _h n sci5ce   
made ! same progress !n z x does n[8    

,because1 to ! k /or$ 9 ! libr>y at     
,alex&ria _h n be5 add$ a progression ( 
le>n+1 a cont9u$ process ( rese>*2 if   
?is _h n be5 halt$ by ,*ri/ianity1 h[   
mu* va/] w\ld our a*ievem5ts be today8  
,x 0 n necess>y = all ( ^? millions to h
 be5 ! victims ( plagues1 (             
inquisitions1 ( wit*craft burn+s1 (     
religi\s p]secutions & w>s4 ,! sorr[ &  
pa9 br\ght to untold numb]s ?r\gh\t !   
c5turies c\ld h be5 prev5t$2 & w\ld h   
be5 if man _h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! welf>e ( 8
 fell[m5 in/ead ( ! glorification ( an  
almighty be+4 ,future g5]ations may well
 decl>e religion to h be5 ! curse (     
humanity4 ,! ,*ur* _h curs$ ! human     
intellect by curs+ ! d\bts :i* are !    
necess>y consequ5ce ( its ex]cise4 ,%e  
_h curs$ ev5 ! moral faculty by ass]t+ !
 guilt ( hone/ error4  ,m$ic9e :i* has =
 its sole objects ! alleviation ( man's 
suff]+s1 to cure !m :5 possible1 to     
relieve m (t5 ! pa9s & ills :i* make ?is
 life a liv+ hell1 :at might x n h      
accompli%$ ages ago _h religion n       

int]f]$ ) its progress8 ,:atev] cures   
are kn[n1 & prev5tions t are practic$   
n[1 c\ld h be5 common k c5turies ago4 ,&
 :at ( ! multitudes t p]i%$ :o might h  
be5 sav$1 & :at ( ! mis]y :i* might h   
be5 prev5t$1 _h n ?is curse fall5 ^u    
man8  ,s9ce #aijf1 !re h be5 only five  
dea?s f yell[ fev] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   
,outbreaks ( *ol]a & plague are unkn[n4 
,9 =m] ye>s1 pu]p]al fev] took ! lives (
 f five to fifty ( ea* "o hundr$        
p>turi5t mo!rs4 ,at pres5t1 an av]age ( 
"o out ( #abej mo!rs dies ( ?is         
infection foll[+ *ildbir?4 ,dea?s f _m  
diseases are less ?an "o-t5? ( _! =m]   
numb]4 ,^! include w\nd infections1     
diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 mal>ia1 dys5t]y1 
typhoid1 small pox1 & _m diet>y &       
metabolic diseases4 ,s9ce #ahhj1 !      
m$ical sci5ces h accompli%$ a total net 
sav+ ( human life f all diseases :i*1 if
 equally di/ribut$ among ! population1  
w\ld add sixte5 ye>s to ! life span (   
ea* p]son4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! av]age duration (
 human life1 t is1 ! av]age age at :i*  

dea? occurr$1 0 #da4gh ye>s4 ,9 #aibe1 !
 av]age duration ( life 0 #eh4bi ye>s4  
,9 o!r words1 ^? born at ?is "t live on 
! av]age #af4e ye>s long] ?an ^? born at
 any "t prior to #ahhj4 ,9 a population 
( #abj1jjj1jjj ?is w\ld mean a total (  
#a1ibj1jjj1jjj additional ye>s ( life4  
,su* a figure is z difficult to conceive
 ( z are ! int]/ell> spaces4 ,?is is "o 
contribution1 num]ically express$1 :i*  
m$ical sci5ce & its (fspr+1 prev5tive   
m$ic9e1 h made to humanity 9 ! %ort     
space ( fifty ye>s4  ,inde$ if1 z !     
religioni/s believe1 !re is a god1 he   
c\ld n h puni%$ 8 subjects m ?an by     
in/ill+ 9 !m ! dem5tia religiosa4 ,if ! 
,*ur* _h n taught t ! sum total ( all k 
0 conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 & prohibit$1 on   
pa9 ( dea? & confiscation ( prop]ty1 !  
promulgation ( any discov]ies1 m5 w\ld h
 reason$ z !y are accu/om$ to at !      
pres5t day1 & we w\ld n be #bjjj ye>s   
beh9d 9 all bran*es ( le>n+4  ,b !re has
 nev] be5 an advance 9 sci5ce (         
widespread importance1 :i* 9 "s mann]   

endang]$ "s m\ldy religi\s concept1 t ! 
,*ur* has n bitt]ly oppos$2 an advance  
:i* 9 "t has prov5 ( ine/imable good =  
all mank9d4 7,a glance at ! hi/ory (    
human progress w reveal scores ( su*    
in/ances47 ,! opposition to m$ic9e1 z   
previ\sly not$1 is only "o ( _m examples
 :i* might h be5 *os54 ,9 proportion1 z 
! grasp ( !ology ^u education tight5$1  
m$ic9e decl9$1 & 9 proportion1 z ! grip 
relax$1 m$ic9e develop$4     ,,*apt]    
,,viii  ,,religion ,,& ,,a/ronomy   ,9 !
 e>ly ,*ur*1 a/ronomy1 l o!r bran*es (  
sci5ce1 0 look$ ^u z futile1 s9ce ! ,new
 ,te/am5t taught t ! e>? 0 soon to be   
de/roy$ & new heav5s creat$4  ,! heav5ly
 bodies 7 look$ ^u by ! !ologians z ei!r
 liv+ be+s possess+ s\ls1 or z !        
habitation ( ! angels4 ,h[ev]1 z "t     
pass$1 ! geoc5tric doctr9e1 ! doctr9e t 
! e>? is ! c5t] ( ! univ]se & t ! sun & 
planets revolve ab\t x1 0 ! !ory t held 
! highe/ respect4  ,cop]nicus1 9 #aedc1 
0 fir/ to br+ cle>ly be=e ! _w ! !n     
a/\nd+ !ory t ! e>? & planets revolve   

ab\t ! sun4 ,b n until he 0 on 8 dea?b$ 
did he d>e to publi% x1 = he well knew !
 opposition ) :i* x w\ld be met4 ,ev5 !n
 he publi%$ x ) an apologetic lie by a  
fri5d ,osi&]1 t ,cop]nicus _h prop\nd$ !
 doctr9e ( ! e>?'s movem5t n z a fact1 b
 z a hypo!sis4  ,?us 0 ! greate/ & mo/  
ennobl+1 p]haps1 ( sci5tific tru?s--a   
tru? n less ennobl+ to religion ?an to  
sci5ce--=c$ 9 com+ be=e ! _w1 to sneak &
 crawl4 7,:ite3 ,hi/ory ( ,w>f>e (      
,sci5ce ) ,!ology47  ,dur+ ! next sev5ty
 ye>s ! matt] slumb]$1 until ,galileo   
upheld ! ,cop]nican doctr9e z ! tru?1 & 
prov$ x to be ! tru? by 8 telescope4    
,imm$iately ! ,*ur* condemn$ ! /atem5ts 
( ,cop]nicus & =bade ,galileo to tea* or
 discuss !m4 ,all books :i* affirm$ !   
motion ( ! e>? 7 =bidd51 & to read ! "w 
( ,cop]nicus 0 decl>$ to risk damnation4
 ,all bran*es ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1     
,lu!ran1 ,calv9i/1 ,anglican1 vi$ ) ea* 
o!r 9 d5\nc+ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e4  ,"o 
man1 ,giordano ,bruno d>$ to ass]t !    
tru? 9 ! he>+ ( ! ,papacy4 ,= ?is h]esy 

he 0 hunt$ f l& to l&1 f9ally trapp$ 9  
,v5ice1 imprison$ at ,rome1 burn$ alive1
 & 8 a%es scatt]$ to ! w9ds6  ,aga9/    
,galileo1 ! w> aga9/ ! ,cop]nican !ory 0
 conc5trat$4 ,8 discov]ies 7 decl>$ to  
be deceptions1 & 8 ann\ncem5ts blasphemy
 :51 9 #afaj1 he ann\nc$ t 8 telescope  
_h reveal$ ! moons ( ! planet ,jupit]4  
,9 #afae1 ,galileo 0 summon$ be=e !     
,inquisition at ,rome1 & =c$ to promise 
t he w\ld rel9qui% altoge!r ! op9ion t !
 sun is ! c5t] ( ! _w1 & immovable1 & t 
! e>? moves1 nor h5ce=? to hold1 tea*1  
or def5d x 9 any way :atsoev] v]bally or
 9 writ+4  ,pope ,paul ,v solemnly r5d]$
 ! decree t ! doctr9e ( ! d\ble motion (
 ! e>? ab\t its axis & ab\t ! sun is    
false & entirely contr>y to ,holy       
,scripture4  ,! climax ( ?is in/ance ( !
 infallibility ( ! ,*ur* occurr$ :5 9 8 
sev5tie? ye> ,galileo 0 aga9 br\ght be=e
 ! ,inquisition2 he 0 =c$ to abjure "u  
?reats ( torture & imprisonm5t by comm& 
( ,pope ,urban a tru? :i*1 9 ?is day1 is
 tak5 = grant$ by ! y\nge/ ( *ildr54    

,galileo 0 !n kept 9 exile = ! re/ ( 8  
days1 di$1 & 0 buri$ ignobly1 ap>t f 8  
family1 )\t fitt+ c]emony1 )\t monum5t  
or epitaph4  ,z late z #ahgc !re 0      
publi%$1 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 a "w by a presid5t
 ( a ,lu!ran tea*]s' sem9>y 9 :i* he    
/at$ t ! e>? is ! pr9cipal body ( !     
univ]se1 t x /&s fix$1 & t ! sun & moon 
only s]ve to light x4  ,a/ronomy br+s =?
 a noble array ( m5 :o h1 by _! int5se  
desire = ! tru?1 p]sev]$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 
& 9 spite ( ! vile/ opposition ( t      
,*ur*1 br\ght to ! att5tion ( man laws t
 h giv5 a mean+ & ord] to our univ]se4  
,cop]nicus escap+ p]secution only by    
dea?2 ,bruno burn$ alive2 ,galileo      
imprison$2 ,kepl] revil$1 & ,newton     
bitt]ly attack$4 ,9 ?is mann] has       
religion aid$ a/ronomy6     ,,*apt] ,,ix
  ,,religion ,,& ,,geography   ,! anci5t
 ,greeks1 especially ! ,py?agoreans1    
,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 _h evolv$ !ories ( 
! e>?'s sph]icity1 :i*1 :ile vague1 7   
basic = subsequ5t accurate ideas t      
develop$ lat]4  ,:5 ,*ri/ianity sprang  

into exi/5ce ,eusebius1 ,/4 ,john       
,*ryso/om1 & ,cosmos evolv$ a complete  
description ( ! e>?4 ,!y consid]$ ! e>? 
z a p>allelogram1 flat1 & surr\nd$ by   
f\r seas1 z a k9d ( h\se1 ) heav5 z its 
upp] /ory & ! e>? z its gr\nd floor4 ,to
 ! nor? ( ! e>? 0 a great m\nta92 at    
night ! sun 0 pu%$ into a pit & pull$   
out aga9 9 ! morn+1 ) heav5 z a l(t &   
hell z a cell>4 ,9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1  
at "s unkn[n di/ance f ,europe1 0 "o ( !
 op5+s into hell1 into :i* a %ip sail+  
to ?is po9t1 w\ld tumble4 ,! t]ror ( ?is
 conception 0 "o ( ! *ief ob/acles ( !  
great voyage ( ,columbus4 ,lu!r1        
,melan*?on1 ,calv91 & ,zw+li held to !  
op9ion t a great firmam5t1 or floor1    
sep>at$ ! heav5s f ! e>?2 t above x 7 ! 
wat]s & angels1 & bel[ x1 ! e>? & man4  
,dur+ ! "t t ! sph]icity ( ! e>? 0 /ill 
undecid$1 ano!r "q arose t 0 consid]$ ( 
f> great] importance1 namely1 !         
conception ( ! antipodes & ! problem (  
decid+ :e!r human be+s exi/$ on ! e>?'s 
opposite side4 ,x 0 ,lactantius :o ask$1

 ,is !re any "o s s5seless z to believe 
t !re are m5 ^: foot/eps are high] ?an  
_! heads8 ,t ! crops & trees gr[ d[nw>d8
 ,t ! ra9s & sn[ & hail fall upw>ds t[>d
 ! e>?8 ,i am at a loss z to :at to say 
( ^?1 :o1 :5 !y h once err$1 /eadily    
p]sev]e 9 _! folly1 & def5d "o va9 ?+ by
 ano!r4  ,/4 ,augu/9e insi/$ t m5 c\ld n
 be all[$ by ! ,almighty to live !re1   
s9ce1 if !y did1 !y c\ld n see ,*ri/ at 
,8 second com+1 desc5d+ ?r\gh ! air4  ,9
 ! eigh? c5tury1 a ,bi%op ,virgil (     
,salzburg d>$ to ass]t t !re 7 m5 liv+ 9
 ! antipodes4 ,he 0 /rongly attack$ by  
,/4 ,boniface ( ,g]many1 :o appeal$ to  
,pope ,za*>y = a decision4 ,! ,pope1 z !
 infallible tea*] ( ,*ri/5dom1 made !   
foll[+ response3 ,he decl>$ x1 ,p]v]se1 
iniquit\s1 & aga9/ ,virgil's s\l4 ,&    
aga9 ano!r infallible /atem5t by !      
infallible ,pope ,za*>y became a doctr9e
 ( ! ,*ur*4  ,9 ,italy1 9 #acaf1 ,pet] (
 ,abano1 fam\s z a physician1 promulgat$
 ! opposite view to t ( ! ,*ur*1 = :i*  
he 0 p]secut$ by ! ,inquisition1 & b>ely

 escap$ ) 8 life4 ,9 #acbg1 ,cecco      
d',ascoli1 an a/ronom]1 0 burn$ alive at
 ,flor5ce = d>+ to ass]t t m5 liv$ 9 !  
antipodes4  ,! difficulties t beset     
,columbus are well kn[n4 ,h[ he 0 h\nd$ 
bo? 9 ,portugal & 9 ,spa9 by ! cl]gy2 & 
ev5 aft] 8 discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! ,papacy
 /ill ma9ta9$ its !ory ( ! flatness ( ! 
e>? & ! nons5se ( ! antipodes4 ,pope    
,alex&] ,,vi & ,pope ,julius ,,ii       
attempt$ to settle ! disputes betwe5    
,spa9 & ,portugal by draw+ "s rem>kable 
maps t may /ill be f\nd2 b no "o d>es to
 di/urb ! quiet ( ! ridicul\s bulls t ! 
popes issu$ on ?is dispute4  ,9 #aeai   
,magellan made 8 fam\s voyage & prov$ ! 
e>? to be r\nd & t m5 actually liv$ 9 ! 
antipodes4 ,b ! =ce ( ecclesia/ical     
/ultification 0 s great1 z x is today1 t
 m5 /ill believ$ ! opposite view = two  
hundr$ ye>s aft] ! voyage ( ,magellan4  
,,*apt] ,x  ,,religion ,,& ,,*emi/ry ,,&
 ,,physics   ,! e/abli%m5t (            
,*ri/ianity1 beg9n+ a new evolution (   
!ology1 arre/$ ! normal developm5t ( !  

physical sci5ces = m ?an #aejj ye>s4 ,! 
"w begun by ,ari/otle & c>ri$ on to su* 
a high /ate ( relative p]fection by     
,ar*im$es1 0 /ifl$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 
,an atmosph]e 0 !n creat$ 9 :i* physical
 sci5ce c\ld n gr[4 ,! g5]al belief     
d]iv$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 t ! end ( ! _w
 0 at h&1 & ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs p\r$    
contempt ^u all inve/igators ( ! sci5ce 
( nature4  ,!n1 too1 = sci5ce !re 0     
e/abli%$ an insurm\ntable b>ri]1 9 t !  
mo/ c>eful inductions ( sci5ce f        
asc]ta9$ facts mu/ con=m to ! view (    
nature giv5 9 ! my? & leg5ds ( ! ,bible4
 ,= #aejj ye>s sci5ce 0 =c$ to conf9e   
itself to a sy/em ( d$uc+ sci5tific tru?
 f scriptural texts4 ,x 0 ! accept$ ^w (
 ! cl]gy t sci5ce 0 futile & dang]\s :i*
 l$ to ! discr$it+ ( ,rog] ,bacon's     
works4  ,9 #aafc ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii    
=bade ! /udy ( physics to all           
ecclesia/ics1 :i* ( c\rse1 9 t age1     
meant prohibition ( all su* sci5tific   
/udies to ! only p]sons likely to foll[ 
!m4  ,rog] ,bacon 0 fir/ to practice    

ext5sively ! exp]im5tal me?od ( sci5ce4 
,?r\gh 8 rese>*es ! inv5tions ( clocks1 
l5ses1 & ! =mula = extract+ phosphorus1 
manganese1 & bismu? 7 br\ght to light4  
,bitt]ly attack$ by ! cl]gy1 he attempt$
 to def5d himself by /at+ t mu* :i* 0   
ascrib$ to demons result$ f natural     
means4 ,?is /atem5t b add$ fuel to !    
flame4 ,= 9 #abgh ! au?orities ( !      
,franciscan ,ord] assembl$ at ,p>is1    
solemnly condemn$ ,bacon's tea*+s1 & !  
g5]al ( ! ,franciscans1 ,j]ome (        
,ascoli1 aft]w>ds ,pope1 ?rew him into  
prison1 :]e he rema9$ = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,at
 ! age ( eighty1 he 0 releas$ f prison  
decl>+1 ,w\ld t ,i _h n giv5 myself s   
mu* tr\ble = ! love ( sci5ce4  ,sad is x
 to ?9k ( :at ?is great man might h giv5
 to ! _w _h ecclesia/icism all[$ ! gift4
 ,he held ! key to treasures :i* w\ld h 
fre$ mank9d f ages ( error & mis]y4 ,) 8
 discov]ies z a basis1 ) 8 me?od z a    
guide1 :at might n ! _w h ga9$6 ,nor 0 !
 wrong done to t age alone2 x 0 done to 
?is age also4444 ,?\s&s ( preci\s lives 

%all be lo/1 t5s ( ?\s&s %all suff]     
discom=t1 privations1 sickness1 pov]ty1 
ignorance1 = lack ( discov]ies & me?ods 
:i*1 b = ?is mi/ak5 deal+ ) ,rog] ,bacon
 & 8 compe]s1 w\ld n[ be bless+ ! e>?4  
7,:ite3 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce47  ,c5turies   
aft]w>ds1 = /at+ ! same claim1 namely1 t
 mu* :i* 0 attribut$ to demons1 result$ 
f natural causes1 ,cornelius ,agrippa1  
,wey]1 ,flade1 ,loos1 ,bekk]1 & a       
multitude ( o!r inve/igators & ?9k]s1   
suff]$ confiscation ( prop]ty1 loss (   
position1 & ev5 torture & dea?4  ,9 !   
latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,john    
,bapti/ ,porta1 :o 0 ! fir/ to %[ h[ to 
r$uce ! metallic oxides & ?us laid !    
f\ndation ( sev]al important indu/ries1 
0 summon$ to ,rome by ,pope ,paul ,,ii1 
& =bidd5 to cont9ue 8 rese>*es4  ,bo? 9 
,prote/ant & ,ca?olic c\ntries          
in/ruction 9 *emi/ry & physics 0        
disc\rag$ by ,*ur* au?orities1 & 9      
,engl& ! !ologians /r5u\sly oppos$ !    
,royal ,society & ! ,association = !    
,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4  ,francis ,bacon 

& ,boyle 7 d5\nc$ by ! cl]gy1 &         
,lavoisi] 0 s5t to ! scaffold by !      
,p>isian mob4 ,prie/ley _h 8 home1 8    
libr>y1 in/rum5ts1 & pap]s conta9+ !    
results ( long ye>s ( sci5tific rese>*  
burn$ by a ,birm+ham mob t _h be5       
in/igat$ by ,anglican cl]gym54 ,he 0    
driv5 into exile1 & ! mob w\ld h murd]$ 
him if !y c\ld h laid _! h&s ^u him4    
,yet1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( ! cl]gy1 
an opposition ( su* =ce t "o may well   
wond] h[ ^! t5d] embryonic sci5ces c\ld 
h )/ood ! t]rific ecclesia/ical         
onslaughts1 ! tru?s ( *emi/ry & physics 
cont9u$ to diffuse !mselves among !     
intellig5t obs]v]s4 ,! value to humanity
 ( ^! two sci5ces is n[ e/abli%$ z      
ine/imable4     ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,religion
 ,,& ,,geology1 ,,philology ,,&         
,,evolution  ,! human race has suff]$   
?ree grave humiliations3 :5 ,cop]nicus  
%[$ t ! e>? 0 n ! c5t] ( ! univ]se2 :5  
,d>w9 prov$ t man's orig9 0 n ! result (
 direct creation2 :5 ,freud expla9$ t   
man 0 n ! ma/] ( 8 own ?\ghts or        

actions4    ,,llewelyn ,,p[ys4   ,9 !   
writ+s ( ! ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s  
are f\nd ! g]m9al concepts ( geological 
tru?s4 ,b z ,*ri/ianity took control ( !
 _w in/ead ( a /eady progression ( k 9  
?is field !re 0 a di/9ct retrogression4 
,accord+ to ! prevail+ belief ! e>? 0   
soon to be de/roy$ & ! collect+ ( k 0   
futile & any /udy ( its nature 0 va94   
,/4 ,j]ome /at$ t ! brok5 & twi/$ cru/ (
 ! e>? exhibit$ ! wra? ( ,god aga9/ s94 
,t]tullian ass]t$ t fossils result$ f ! 
flood ( ,noah4 ,a sci5tific explanation 
( fossil rema9s 0 attempt$ by ,de       
,clave1 ,bitaud1 & ,de ,villon 9 !      
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! !ological faculty ( 
,p>is prote/$ aga9/ ! sci5tific doctr9e 
z unscriptural1 de/roy$ _! treatises1 & 
bani%$ _! au?ors f ,p>is4  ,9 ! middle (
 ! eighte5? c5tury ,buffon1 9 ,france1  
produc$ a !sis attempt+ to /ate simple  
geological tru?s4 ,! !ological faculty (
 ! ,sorbonne dismiss$ him f 8 high      
position & =c$ him to pr9t a recantation
 /at+1 ,i decl>e t ,i _h no int5tion to 

contradict ! text ( ! ,scripture2 t ,i  
believe mo/ firmly all !re9 relat$ ab\t 
! creation1 bo? z to ord] ( "t & matt] (
 fact4 ,i ab&on ev]y?+ 9 my book        
respect+ ! =mation ( ! e>? & g5]ally all
 :i* may be contr>y to ! n>rative (     
,moses6  ,! doctr9e :i* ,buffon ab&on$  
is n[ z firmly e/abli%$ z t ( ! e>?'s   
rotation ^u its axis4 ,yet1 9 8 day1 x 0
 heat$ly ass]t$ by ecclesia/ics t !     
sci5tific doctr9e t fossils repres5t    
animals :i* di$ be=e ,adam contradicts !
 !ological doctr9e ( ,adam's fall1 & !  
/atem5t t dea? ent]$ ! _w by s9--& ?is  
objection 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ :5 !          
ecclesia/ics became cognizant t geology 
_h prov$ t ! e>? 0 va/ly old] ?an !     
#fjjj ye>s det]m9$ by ,ar*bi%op ,us%]'s 
int]pretation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,ab\t 
#aehj1 !re 0 publi%$ by au?ority ( ,pope
 ,gregory ,,xiii1 ! ,roman ,m>tyrology1 
revis$ 9 #afdj "u ,pope ,urban ,,viii1  
:i* decl>$ t ! creation ( man took place
 #eaii ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 #afej1       
,ar*bi%op ,us%] ann\nc$ aft] c>eful /udy

 t man 0 creat$ #djjd ye>s be=e !       
,*ri/ian era4 ,b1 ?is prov+ too vague1  
,dr4 ,john ,lightfoot1 vice-*ancellor ( 
! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 assur$ ! _w  
t1 ,heav5 & e>?1 c5tre & circumf]5ce1 7 
creat$ toge!r1 9 ! same in/ant1 & cl\ds 
full ( wat] 444 & ?is "w took place &   
man 0 creat$ by ! ,tr9ity on ! #bc;d (  
,octob]1 #djjd ,b4,c4 at n9e o'clock 9 !
 morn+4  ,:5 ! ,egyptologi/s1           
,assyriologi/s1 ar*eologi/s1 &          
an?ropologi/s %[$ t man _h rea*$ a f>   
advanc$ /age ( civilization long be=e ! 
#fjjj ye>s giv5 z ! age ( ! e>?1 _!     
ef=ts 7 ridicul$ by ! cl]gy1 & ^!       
sci5ti/s 7 =c$ to br+ _! f9d+s be=e ! _w
 9 ! face ( ! well kn[n me?ods (        
ecclesia/ical opposition4  ,at a v e>ly 
p]iod 9 ! evolution ( civilization m5   
began to ask que/ions reg>d+ language1 &
 ! answ]s to ^! que/ions 7 naturally    
embodi$ 9 ! my?s1 leg5ds1 & *ronicles ( 
_! sacr$ books4 ,language 0 consid]$    
,god-giv5 & complete4 ,! div]sity (     
language 0 firmly held to be expla9$ by 

! /ory ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel2 & s9ce !      
writ]s ( ! ,bible 7 m]ely p5s 9 ! h& (  
,god ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t n only !    
s5se1 b ! words1 lett]s1 & ev5 !        
punctuation proce$$ f ! ,holy ,_s4  ,at 
! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !            
ecclesia/ical cont5tion t ! ,hebrew     
punctuation 0 div9ely inspir$ seem$ to  
be g5]ally disprov54 ,! great or?odox   
body ( religiosa dem5tia fell back ^u ! 
rema9d] ( ! !ory t ! ,hebrew language 0 
! fir/ ( all languages :i* 0 spok5 by ! 
,almighty1 giv5 by ,him to ,adam1       
transmitt$ ?r\gh ,noah to ! _w aft] !   
deluge1 & t ! confusion ( tongues 0 !   
orig9 ( all o!r tongues4  ,x has only   
be5 9 comp>atively rec5t "t1 & 9 spite (
 ! opposition ( ! cl]gy1 t language has 
be5 accept$ z ! result ( evolution>y    
processes 9 ob$i5ce to laws m or less   
cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,babel ?us takes its   
place quietly among ! o!r my?s ( !      
,bible4  ,9 a purely civil matt]1 !     
infallible ,*ur* f its inception _h     
display$ a m>k$ ho/ility to loans at    

int]e/4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod ! :ole weight 
( ! ,*ur* 0 br\ght to be> aga9/ ! tak+ (
 int]e/ = money4 ,pope ,leo ! ,great    
solemnly adjudg$ x a s9 wor?y ( sev]e   
puni%m5t4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,pope    
,gregory ,,ix dealt an especially sev]e 
bl[ at comm]ce by 8 decl>ation t ev5 to 
advance on int]e/ ! money necess>y 9    
m>itime trade 0 damnable usury4 ,! :ole 
evolution ( ,european civilization 0    
greatly h9d]$ by ?is policy4            
,,religion ,,& ,,evolution  ,d>w9ism1   
:i* at fir/ 0 decl>$ by ! cl]gy to be   
brutal1 degrad+1 a!i/ic1 &              
anti-,*ri/ian1 is n[ includ$ z "p ( !   
,bible tea*+4  ,9 a simil> mann]1 !     
,cop]nican !ory1 ! !ory ( gravitation1 !
 nebul> hypo!sis1 ! !ory ( uni=mity 9   
geology1 & e sci5tific advance has be5  
oppos$ on ! same gr\nds2 t is1 t ^! are 
aga9/ ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,& h[
 _m ,galileos1 ,brunos1 & ,d>w9s1 & o!r 
w\ld-be b5efactors to ! human race h di$
 mute because ( ?is opposition & fe> (  
p]secution by ! ,*ur*8  ,9 #ahgg1 an    

em95t ,fr5* ,ca?olic physician1 ,dr4    
,con/ant9 ,james1 publi%$ an elaborate  
answ] to ,d>w9's book4 ,he call$ x1 ,on 
,d>w9ism1 or ! ,ape ,man4 ,a copy 0 s5t 
to ,pope ,pius ,,ix1 :o 0 s pleas$ ) x t
 he s5t ! au?or a reply 9 :i* he /at$ t 
x refutes s well ! ab]rations (         
,d>w9ism1 a sy/em :i* is repugnant at   
once to hi/ory1 to ! traditions ( all   
peoples1 to exact sci5ce1 to obs]v$     
facts1 & ev5 to reason itself1 w\ld seem
 to ne$ no refutation did n ali5ation f 
,god & ! lean+ t[>d mat]ialism1 due to  
depravity1 eag]ly seek support 9 all ?is
 tissue ( fables4  ,! ,prote/ant cl]gy 7
 no less vigor\s 9 _! opposition4 ,9 our
 own c\ntry x 0 oppos$ by ,dr4 ,noah    
,port]1 presid5t ( ,yale ,college1 & mo/
 bitt]ly by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hodge & !     
,rev4 ,dr4 ,duffield1 bo? lead+         
au?orities at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4     
,fundam5talism 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates furni%$
 ! spectacle ( ! trial1 9 #aibe1 ( a    
s*ool tea*] nam$ ,scopes1 = tea*+ ! !ory
 ( evolution4 ,dayton1 ,t5nessee1 became

 ! laugh+/ock ( ! educat$ _w1 & !       
d]ision ) :i* ?is ef=t to ob/ruct k at  
?is late date 0 met ) by ! comm5ts ( !  
press 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad is at lea/  
enc\rag+4 ,b x is an excell5t example ( 
:at effect religi\s obscurantism may    
ex]t 9 backw>d sections ( our c\ntry4   
,dr4 ,max ,c>l ,otto1 consid]+ !        
implications ( evolution1 calls att5tion
 to ! foll[+3 ,take ! evolution ( liv+  
=ms4 ,! m we le>n ab\t biological hi/ory
 ! cle>] x becomes t ! process has be51 
f ! human po9t ( view1 incr$ibly bungl+ 
& wa/eful4 ,!re h be5 futile exp]im5ts  
)\t numb]2 highly successful a*ievem5ts 
h be5 ?r[n aside2 "o type ( life aft]   
ano!r has aris5 & has pu%$ up a bl9d    
alley to ext9ction4 ,if !re is a ,god ^:
 me?od has be5 ,evolution1 !n seem+ly 8 
slogan 0 ',we'll fight x out along ?is  
l9e if x takes a bill5nium' b1 unlike   
,grant1 he has always surr5d]$4 ,9 ?is  
mael/rom1 ! human species1 z ,?omas     
,huxley said--'pla%$ & fl\nd]$ amid !   
g5]al /ream ( evolution1 keep+ its head 

above wat] z be/ x might1 & ?9k+ nei!r (
 :5ce nor :i!r4' ,_m volumes h be5      
writt5 to give a purposive int]pretation
 ( ! rise & evolution>y ramifications ( 
liv+ =ms4 ,! c\rse ( evolution itself is
 _! refutation4  ,:5 ! ,*ur*es c\ld no  
long] ignore ! ris+ tide ( secul>       
op9ion1 !y resort$ to compromise & call$
 to _! aid a c]ta9 numb] (              
intellectually di%one/ sci5ti/s4 ,!     
attempt to h>monize ,*ri/ianity &       
,evolution c only be acc\nt$ = 9 t]ms ( 
ei!r di%one/y or /upidity4  ,& t is true
 ( ! :ole range ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is1 9 
fact1 a!i/ic or no?+4 ,x kn[s no?+ (    
,god1 x does n bo!r ab\t ,god1 its      
triumphs are a*iev$ by leav+ ,god out ( 
acc\nt4 7,c4 ,coh547  ,:at has h]et(ore 
be5 m5tion$ is b a m]e trifle :5 "o     
consid]s ! va/ numb] ( simil> incid5ts 9
 :i* religion has play$ ! rle ( b>ri] to
 progress4 ,^! examples1 ?\gh few1 are  
suffici5t to impress ! m9d ( any        
cle>-m9d$1 intellig5t individual ) !    
conviction1 9 spite ( all ! sophi/ry &  

casui/ry ( ! ecclesia/ical apologies1 t 
progress 9 ?is _w has tak5 place 9      
direct proportion to ! degree t ! m9d ( 
man has lib]at$ itself f ! control (    
!ology & ! my? ( religion4     ,,*apt]  
,,xii  ,,religion ,,& ,,wit*craft       
,bett] t a man's body %\ld be de/roy$   
?an 8 s\l4 ,!     wor/ dea? ( ! s\l is  
fre$om to err4      ,,/4 ,,augu/9e4     
,x w\ld be h>d to calculate ! p]il\s    
import ( s trea*]\s     an utt]ance1 an 
utt]ance ! lat5t s5tim5t ( :i* has be5  
responsible = ,i "k n h[ mu* human      
agony4 ,m5ac+ inde$ to     human        
happ9ess 0 su* a claim1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t
 :5 !     corporate body ( ! *ur* became
 all-p[]ful 9 ,*ri/5dom1 x     put into 
tyrannical practice :at _h be5 b a      
!ological     !ory4      ,,llewelyn     
,,p[ys4   ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to
 trace ! orig9 ( wit*es1 wiz>ds1 &      
devils1 ! widespread belief 9 !m at ! "t
 ( pagan ,rome1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ^! 7    
incorporat$ into ,*ri/ian !ology4  ,) ! 
rise ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ga9 ( political  

p[] by its adh]5ts1 ! p]v]t$ pagan idea 
( wit*craft became ! s\rce ( ! mo/      
t]rible p]secutions 9 ! bloody hi/ory ( 
religion4 ,! num]\s ref]5ces to wit*es &
 devils 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts   
e/abli%$ ! au?ority = ! organiz$        
religi\s mania t sc\rg$ bo? ,roman      
,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,europe1 & ext5d$ 
its t5tacles into ! ,new ,engl&         
colonies4  ,in/igat$ by ecclesia/ics1 & 
c>ri$ into effect by ! intellectual     
s]fs1 _! adh]5ts1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s (     
wit*es 7 tortur$ & burn$ dur+ ! sway ( !
 ,wit*craft ,delusion4 ,) ! ,bible z an 
inspiration1 ! cl]gy inflam$ !          
sup]/iti\s m9ds ( ! masses ( t "t ) !   
conception ( a ceaseless /rife betwe5 ! 
,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,k+dom ( ,satan =     
possession ( _! s\ls & _! bodies4  ,we (
 ! pres5t age may readily wond] h[ su* a
 belief c\ld h _h s firm a grasp on !   
m9ds ( our ance/ors4 ,p]haps we w be    
tempt$ to attribute x to ! ignorance ( t
 "t1 p>ticul>ly to ! ignorance ( !      
untutor$ masses4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is does

 n approximate ! actual situation4      
,hi/ory reveals t ! greate/ m9ds ( t    
age1 m5 em95t 9 law1 lett]s1 &          
philosophy1 n only def5d$ ?is conception
 /r5u\sly1 b ev5 engag$ 9 ! ext]m9ation 
( wit*es4  ,t m5 ( su* sup]ior intellect
 c\ld def5d su* a b>b>ic in/itution1 :i*
 today is revolt+ to our s5ses1         
necessitates ! conclusion =mulat$ at !  
end ( ?is *apt]4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,! anci5t ,greeks 
& ,romans believ$ t x 0 possible by     
sup]natural means to inflict evil on _! 
fell[m51 & all ! sects ( philosoph]s    
admitt$ ?is1 ) ! exception ( !          
,epicureans1 :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( evil   
spirits4 ,! magicians1 9 ,greece &      
,rome1 7 at times puni%$ because !y     
injur$ m5 & n because !y (f5d$ ! gods4  
,dur+ ! latt] p]iod ( pagan ,rome1 "s ( 
! emp]ors pass$ laws aga9/ ! magicians1 
if x 0 prov5 t by ca/+ ! horoscope !    
magicians _h asc]ta9$ :at 01 accord+ to 
_! belief1 ! mo/ auspici\s "t to />t a  
rebellion aga9/ _! rule4 ,! emp]ors1    

h[ev]1 notably ,m>cus ,aurelius &       
,julian1 7 ! patrons ( magicians :o     
=etold com+ ev5ts to !m4 ,! public      
me?ods ( =etell+ ! future1 su* z !      
oracle ( ! gods1 =m$ "p ( _! religion4  
,:5 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians came into ,rome &  
spread ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! empire1 !y 
7 inspir$ by an int5se religi\s         
en?usiasm4 ,!y ?\ght mu* less ( ! civil 
?an ( ! religi\s consequ5ce ( magic1 &  
sacrilege seem$ mu* m t]rible 9 _! eyes 
?an an>*y4  ,! ,*ri/ians f\nd 9 ,rome a 
va/ poly!i/ic religion 9 contra/ to _!  
own 9 :i* ! entire _w 0 divid$ into !   
,k+dom ( ,god & ! ,k+dom ( ,satan4 ,= !m
 ! _w seem$ to be teem+ ) malignant     
demons1 :o _h 9 all ages p]secut$ &     
delud$ mank9d4 ,accord+ to ^! ,*ri/ians1
 ! imm$iate objects ( ! devotions ( !   
pagan _w 7 subsidi>y spirits ( f9ite p[]
 & imp]fect morality2 angels1 or1 z !y 7
 !n call$1 demons1 :o act$ ! "p (       
m$iators1 & :o1 by p]mission ( !        
,supreme & ,inaccessible ,deity1        
regulat$ ! religi\s gov]nm5t ( mank9d4  

,! ,*ri/ians _h adopt$ ?is conception ( 
subsidi>y spirits1 b !y ma9ta9$ !m to be
 n ! will+ ag5ts1 b ! adv]s>ies ( !     
,deity2 & ! ^w demon1 :i* among !       
pagans1 signifi$ only a _s bel[ ! level 
( a ,div9ity1 among ! ,*ri/ians signifi$
 a devil4 7,lecky47  ,?is notion seems  
to h exi/$ 9 ! v e>lie/ p]iod (         
,*ri/ianity2 & 9 ! second c5tury1 we f9d
 x elaborat$ ) ! mo/ m9ute & detail$    
c>e4 ,t]tullian1 :o wrote 9 t c5tury1   
assures u t ! _w 0 full ( ^! evil       
spirits1 ^: influ5ce might be descri$ 9 
e portion ( ! pagan cre$4 ,if a ,*ri/ian
 9 any respect deviat$ f ! pa? ( duty1 a
 visible manife/ation ( ! devil         
sometimes appe>$ to t]rify him4 ,! t]ror
 :i* su* a doctr9e mu/ h spread among ! 
e>ly ,*ri/ians may be easily conceiv$4  
,!y seem$ to brea! an atmosph]e (       
miracles4 ,:]ev] !y turn$ !y 7 surr\nd$ 
& beleagu]$ by malici\s spirits1 :o 7   
p]petually manife/+ _! pres5ce by       
sup]natural arts4 ,wat*ful fi5ds /ood   
beside e alt>1 !y m+l$ ) e avocation (  

life1 & ! ,*ri/ians 7 ! special objects 
( _! hatr$4 ,all ?is 0 univ]sally       
believ$1 & 0 realiz$ ) an int5sity :i*1 
9 ?is secul> age1 we c sc>cely conceive4
 ,! be>+ ( ?is view ^u ! conception (   
magic is v obvi\s4 ,among ! m civiliz$  
pagans1 magic 0 ma9ly a civil1 & 9 ! la/
 days ( ! empire1 a political crime4 ,9 
! e>ly *ur*1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 e/eem$ !  
mo/ horrible =m ( sacrilege effect$ by !
 direct ag5cy ( evil spirits4 ,x includ$
 ! :ole sy/em ( paganism1 expla9$ all   
its prodigies1 & gave a fe>ful          
significance to all its leg5ds4 ,:5 !   
,*ur* obta9$ ! direction ( ! civil p[]1 
%e soon modifi$ or ab&on$ ! tol]ant     
maxims %e _h =m]ly inculcat$2 & 9 !     
c\rse ( a few ye>s1 re/rictive laws 7   
enact$1 bo? aga9/ ,jews & h]etics4      
7,lecky47  ,con/ant9e1 aft] 8 conv]sion 
to ,*ri/ianity1 enact$ laws aga9/ !     
magicians4 ,^! 7 made m rigid "u        
,con/antius1 8 son1 b susp5d$ "u        
,julian4 ,^! p]secutions 7 r5ew$ by     
,val5t9ian1 spasmodically c>ri$ on to a 

slight ext5t1 & !n laps$4 ,dur+ ! p]iod 
t elaps$ betwe5 ! six? & ?irte5?        
c5turies ! executions = sorc]y 7        
comp>atively r>e4  ,x is to be borne 9  
m9d1 !n1 t magic z exi/+ 9 pagan ,rome 0
 "p ( ! religi\s conceptions ( !        
,romans4 ,! oracle z well z ! v>i\s     
demons1 :i* to !m signifi$ :at ! ^w     
angel signifies to u n[1 =m$ an         
elaborate sy/em ( my?ology & idolatry4  
,! e>ly ,*ri/ians com+ into contact ) ^!
 conceptions1 at fir/ f\nd an           
insurm\ntable difficulty 9 spread+ _!   
beliefs among ! rural inhabitants ( !   
,roman empire4 ,poly!ism 0 dom9ant :ile 
_! mono!ism 0 z yet a p]secut$ belief4  
,! road ( lea/ resi/ance 0 compromise1 &
 s ?is va/ sy/em ( poly!ism 0 p]v]t$1   
:ile seem+ly accept$ into _! beliefs1 by
 mak+ ^! angels1 demons1 z we n[ und]/& 
! ^w4 ,s9ce ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 dom9at$  
by a belief 9 con/ant ,satanic pres5ce1 
^! demons 7 said to be ! ,ho/s ( ,satan4
 ,x 0 firmly believ$ t ! ar*-fi5d       
7,satan7 0 =ev] hov]+ ab\t ! ,*ri/ians1 

b x 0 also believ$ t ! sign ( ! cross1  
or a few drops ( holy wat]1 or ! "n (   
,m>y1 c\ld put him to an imm$iate &     
ignom9i\s flight4  ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1  
h[ev]1 ! subject pass$ into an entirely 
new phase4 ,! conception ( a wit*1 z we 
n[ conceive x1 t is to say ( a woman :o 
_h ent]$ into a delib]ate compact )     
,satan1 :o 0 end[$ ) ! p[] ( work+      
miracles :5ev] %e pleas$1 & :o 0        
cont9ually transport$ ?r\gh ! air to !  
,sabba?1 :]e %e paid h] homage to !     
,evil ,"o--fir/ appe>$4 ,! panic creat$ 
by ! belief at fir/ advanc$ sl[ly1 b    
aft] a "t ) a fe>fully accel]at$        
rapidity4 ,?\s&s ( victims 7 sometimes  
burnt alive 9 a few ye>s4 ,e c\ntry 9   
,europe 0 /rick5 ) ! wilde/ fev]4       
,hundr$s ( ! able/ judges 7 select$ = ! 
extirpation ( ?is crime4 ,a va/         
lit]ature 0 creat$ on ! subject1 & x 0 n
 until a consid]able portion ( !        
eighte5? c5tury _h pass$ away t !       
executions f9ally ceas$4 ,! va/ majority
 ( ^? accus$ ( wit*craft 7 wom51 & aga9 

! ,bible furni%$ ! au?ority = ! belief t
 wom5 7 inh]5tly wick$4 ,t ! ,fa!rs ( ! 
,*ur* believ$ ?is is exemplifi$ by !    
/atem5t ( ,*ryso/om 9 :i* he said t wom5
 7 a 'necess>y evil1 a natural          
temptation1 a desirable calamity1 a     
dome/ic p]il1 a deadly fasc9ation1 & a  
pa9t$ ill4' 7,lecky47  ,at ?is p]iod !  
conception ( a wit* is radically diff]5t
 f t :i* 0 preval5t 9 ! era prior to ?is
 "o4 ,! popul> belief ( ! wit*craft     
ages1 a belief sanction$ by mo/ ( !     
le>n$ m5 ( ! "t1 0 t ! e>? sw>m$ )      
millions ^u millions ( demons4 ,!y      
multipli$ by reproduction 9 ! usual way1
 by ! accession ( ! s\ls ( wick$ m51 (  
wom5 dy+ 9 *ildbir?1 ( *ildr5 /ill-born1
 ( m5 kill$ 9 duels4 ,! air 0 fill$ )   
!m1 & "o 0 always 9 dang] ( inspir+ !m )
 ! air1 ( swall[+ !m 9 food & dr9k4 ,mo/
 ,*ri/ian writ]s & leg5di/s said t !re 7
 s _m ( !m !y c\ld n be c\nt$1 b ,wi]us 
took a c5sus ( !m & report$ t !re 7 only
 #g1eje1ibf divid$ into sev5ty-two      
companies1 ea* comm&$ by a capta9 or    

pr9ce4 ,!y c\ld make !mselves hide\s1 or
 beautiful1 z suit$ _! purposes1 &      
assume any %ape4 ,:ile capable ( appe>+ 
at any "t1 !y pref]r$ ! night betwe5    
,friday & ,saturday4 ,any human be+ :o  
gave up to !m 8 immortal s\l c\ld comm& 
_! s]vices = a c]ta9 "t4 ,occasionally  
g5]al conf]5ces took place1 at !        
pleasure ( ,satan1 :i* 7 att5d$ by all !
 demons & all ! wit*es4  ,^! 'sabba?s' 7
 held on ! ,brock5 or o!r high m\nta94  
,^u ! spot :]e !y met1 no?+ w\ld ev] gr[
 aft]w>ds1 z _! hot feet burnt all !    
fecundity out ( ! soil4 ,9 ,france1     
,engl&1 & ! ,am]ican ,colonies1 x 0     
suppos$ t wit*es made _! trips on       
broom/icks2 9 ,spa9 & ,italy x 0 believ$
 t !y twirl$ on ! back ( ! ,devil       
himself1 :o1 = ! occasion1 trans=m$     
himself into male goat4 ,on no acc\nt   
w\ld a wit*1 :5 />t+ = a sabba?1 g out  
?r\gh ! op5 door or w9d[2 %e w\ld pass  
?r\gh ! keyhole or up ! *imney4 ,:ile !y
 7 gone1 inf]ior demons assum$ _! %ape1 
& lay 9 _! b$s1 feign+ illness4         

,assembl$ on ! ,brock51 ! ,devil1 z a   
d\ble-head$ goat1 took 8 seat on !      
?rone4 ,8 subjects paid _! respects to  
him1 kiss+ 8 po/]ior face4 ,) a ma/] (  
c]emonies appo9t$ = ! occasion1 he made 
a p]sonal exam9ation ( all ! wiz>ds &   
wit*es1 to see if !y _h ! secret m>k    
ab\t !m by :i* !y 7 /amp$ z ! ,devil's  
own4 ,?is m>k 0 always ins5sible to pa91
 & x 0 ! sure pro( ( wit*]y :5 f\nd by !
 inquisitor4 ,any wit*es f\nd by !      
,devil n s m>k$ receiv$ ! m>k f him !n &
 !re1 also a nickname4 ,!n !y all sang &
 danc$ furi\sly4 ,if a /rang] came to be
 admitt$1 sil5ce reign$ :ile he d5i$ 8  
salvation1 spat ^u ! ,bible1 kiss$ !    
,devil1 & swore absolute ob$i5ce to him4
 ,s++ & danc+ 0 resum$1 a my?ical =mula 
be+ us$ 9 ! s++4 ,:5 tir$1 !y sat d[n & 
told ( _! evil de$s2 ^? :o _h n be5 bad 
en\gh 7 sc\rg$ by ,satan himself ) ?orns
 & scorpions until !y c\ld nei!r sit nor
 /&4 ,!n came a dance by ?\s&s ( toads  
:o 7 conjur$ out ( ! gr\nd & /&+ on _!  
h9d legs kept "t to ! music ,satan evok$

 f bagpipes or a trumpet4 ,!y c\ld all  
talk1 & ask$ ! wit*es to give !m ! fle% 
( unbaptiz$ babes = food4 ,! wit*es     
promis$ to d s4 ,! ,devil told !m to    
rememb] & keep _! ^w & !n /amp$ 8 foot1 
& ! frogs disappe>$ in/antly into ! e>?4
 ,next came a mo/ disgu/+ banquet1      
except = a few ( ! mo/ wick$ wit*es1 to 
:om 7 giv5 ri* vi&s on gold5 plates &   
exp5sive w9es 9 cry/al goblets4 ,!n came
 m danc+2 ^? :o did n c>e = t amus$     
!mselves by mock+ ! sacram5t ( baptism4 
,= ?is purpose ! toads 7 aga9 call$ up &
 spr9kl$ ) fil?y wat]1 ! ,devil mak+ !  
sign ( ! cross1 :ile ! wit*es repeat$ a 
=mula z absurd z t us$ 9 ord9>y         
baptisms4 ,sometimes ! ,devil made !    
wit*es take (f _! clo!s & dance be=e    
him1 ea* ) a cat ti$ ar\nd h] neck1 &   
ano!r dangl+ beh9d z a tail4 ,sometimes1
 aga91 !re 7 lascivi\s orgies4 ,at      
cock-cr[1 all disappe>$2 ! sabba? 0 ov]4
 7,! ,/ory ( ! ,inquisition--,free?\ght 
,press ,association47  ,?is conception (
 a wit* cont9u$ f ! twelf? c5tury to !  

"t wit*-burn+ ceas$4 ,) ?is idea ( a    
wit* be+ con/antly in/ill$ into ! m9ds (
 _! li/5]s1 ! cl]gy set loose f]vidly   
religi\s mobs to sc\rge ! c\ntries (    
innoc5t wom54 ,) ! entire _w divid$ into
 ! ,ho/s ( ,heav5 & ! ,ho/s ( ,satan1 ) 
wit*es ab\nd+ 9 ! air1 9 ! wat]1 & 9 !  
food1 & ) _! immortal s\ls at /ake1 !   
fr5zi$ population f\nd evid5ces (       
wit*craft 9 all mann] ( happ5+s4  ,pope 
aft] pope set ! seal ( 8 infallibility  
^u ! bloody p]secutions4 ,at l5g? came  
,innoc5t ,,viii :o1 on ! #g? ( ,decemb]1
 #adhd1 s5t =? 8 bull ,summis           
,desid]antis4 ,( all docum5ts ev] issu$ 
f ,rome1 imp]ial & papal1 ?is1 d\btless1
 fir/ & la/1 caus$ ! greate/ %$d+ (     
innoc5t blood4 ,yet no docum5t 0 ev] m  
cle>ly dictat$ by consci5ce4 ,inspir$ by
 ! scriptural comm&1 ',?\ %alt n suff] a
 wit* to live1' ,pope ,innoc5t exhort$ !
 cl]gy ( ,g]many to leave no means      
untri$ to detect sorc]]s1 & especially1 
^? :o by evil practice de/roy v9ey>ds1  
g>d5s1 mead[s1 & gr[+ crops4 ,^!        

precepts 7 bas$ ^u v>i\s texts (        
scripture1 especially ^u ! fam\s /atem5t
 9 ! ,book ( ,job2 & to c>ry !m out1    
wit*-f9d+ inquisitors 7 au?oriz$ by !   
,pope to sc\r ,europe1 especially       
,g]many1 & a manual 0 prep>$ = _! use1 !
 ,wit*-,hamm]1 ,malleus ,malefic>um4    
7,:ite3 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce47  ,ano!r      
important & mu* discuss$ dep>tm5t 0 !   
connection betwe5 evil spirits &        
animals4 ,t ! ,devil c\ld assume ! =m ( 
any animal he pleas$1 seems to h be5    
g5]ally admitt$1 & x pres5t$ no         
difficulty to ^? :o rememb]$ t ! fir/   
appe>ance ( t p]sonage on e>? 0 z a     
s]p5t1 & t on "o occasion a legion (    
devils _h ent]$ into a h]d ( sw9e4 ,sa9t
 ,j]ome also assures u t 9 ! des]t ,/4  
,an?ony _h met a c5taur & a faun1 a     
little man ) horns gr[+ f 8 =ehead1 :o 7
 possibly devils1 & at all ev5ts1 at a  
lat] p]iod1 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts repres5t
 evil spirits 9 ! =m ( animals z n      
infrequ5t4 ,lycan?ropy1 h[ev]1 or !     
trans=mation ( wit*es into wolves1      

pres5t$ m difficulty4 ,! hi/ory (       
,nebu*adnezz> & ! conv]sion ( ,lot's    
wife 71 x is true1 eag]ly alleg$ 9      
support ( its possibility2 b x 0        
impossible to =get t ,/4 ,augu/9e appe>$
 to reg>d lycan?ropy z a fable1 & a     
canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,ancyra _h          
emphatically condemn$ ! belief4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 t belief has be5 v widely       
diffus$ among ! anci5ts4 ,x _h be5      
accept$ by _m ( ! greate/ & mo/ or?odox 
!ologians1 by ! inquisitors :o 7        
commission$ by ! popes1 & by ! law c\rts
 ( mo/ c\ntries4 ,! evid5ce on :i* x    
re/$ 0 v curi\s & def9ite4 ,if ! wit* 0 
w\nd$ 9 ! =m ( an animal1 %e reta9$ t   
w\nd 9 h] human =m1 & hundr$s ( su*     
cases 7 alleg$ be=e tribunals4          
,sometimes ! hunt]1 hav+ sev]$ ! paw ( 8
 assailant1 reta9$ x z a trophy2 b1 :5  
he op5$ 8 bag1 he discov]$ 9 x only a   
ble$+ h&1 :i* he recogniz$ z ! h& ( 8   
wife4  ,a ,fr5* judge nam$ ,boguet1 at !
 end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 devot$ himself 
especially to ! subject & burnt         

multitudes ( lycan?ropes4 ,he wrote a   
book ab\t !m & drew up a code 9 :i* he  
p]mitt$ ord9>y wit*es to be /rangl$ be=e
 !y 7 burnt1 b except$ lycan?ropes :o 7 
to be burnt alive4  ,n[ let u exam9e on 
:at au?ority ! popes & aft]w>ds ! re=m]s
 s rigor\sly p]secut$ ! wit*es4 ,bo? !  
,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts are riddl$ )    
ref]5ces to wit*es1 wiz>ds1 & devils4 ,=
 example1 ?is passage f ,exodus ,,xxii  
#ah1 ,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live4   
,f ,mat!w ,,viii #bh-cb1 ,!re met him   
two possess$ ) devils com+ out ( !      
tombs1 exce$+ fi]ce1 s t no man might   
pass by t way4 ,&1 behold1 !y cri$ out1 
say+1 ',:at h we to d ) !e1 ,jesus1 ,son
 ( ,god8 ,art ?\ come hi!r to torm5t u  
be=e ! "t8' ,& !re 0 a good way (f f !m 
a h]d ( _m sw9e fe$+4 ,s ! devils       
bes\ght him1 say+1 ',if ?\ ca/ u out1   
suff] u to g away into ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,& 
he said unto !m1 ',g6' ,& :5 !y 7 come  
out1 !y w5t into ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,&       
behold1 ! :ole h]d ( sw9e ran viol5tly  
d[n a /eep place into ! sea & p]i%$ 9 ! 

wat]s4  ,! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re=e1        
def9itely comm&s its adh]5ts to kill1 & 
! ,new ,te/am5t gives a brilliant       
example ( its *ief magician1 ,jesus1    
exorcis+ devils f m5 & driv+ !m into    
sw9e4 ,!re are num]\s passages ( !      
,bible :i* speak ( ! ,devil1 ! ,devil & 
8 angels1 _s ( an unclean devil1 dumb   
_s1 f\l _s1 unclean _s1 evil _s1 wit*1  
wit*craft1 wiz>ds1 necromanc]s1 satan1 !
 tempt]1 pr9ce ( ! p[] ( ! air1 pr9ce ( 
devils1 etc4  ,^! passages 9 ! ,bible 7 
at once ! *ief s\rce & sanction ( !     
t]rible atrocities :i* ext5d$ ov] sev]al
 c5turies & h come to be kn[n1 tak5     
collectively1 z ! ,wit*craft            
,p]secutions4 ,! ,devil1 ) 8 subord9ate 
demons & ! human be+s :o sold _! s\ls to
 him1 7 suppos$ to be bo? capable &     
guilty ( blight+ ! crops2 caus+ !       
lightn+2 br++ de/ructive /orms2 )hold+ !
 ra92 dry+ up c[s2 kill+ dome/ic & wild 
bea/s2 afflict+ ! nations ) pe/il5ce1   
fam9e1 & w>2 caus+ all mann] ( diseases2
 betwit*+ m51 wom51 & *ildr52 plant+    

d\bts 9 ! m9d & we$s 9 ! fields2 & 9    
brief1 do+ ab\t ev]y?+ t 0 disagreeable 
to man 9 g5]al1 or t (f5d$ ! prie/s z a 
ca/e4  ,?us buttress$ by ! ,bible1 & ) !
 ne>ly entire curr5t ( ,*ur* lit]ature  
sett+ 9 ! same direction1 x is no wond] 
t ! wit*craft delusion became "o ( ! mo/
 appall+1 if n ! mo/ appall+1 fact 9 !  
developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4  ,!re 
is extant no o!r record ( de/ruction &  
cruel slaught] gr[+ out ( su* beliefs 9 
sup]natural p]sons & p[]s t c ev] beg9  
to tell su* a /ory ( degradation &      
m]cilessness z ! record made by !       
,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!ologians laid /ress   
especially ^u ! fam\s utt]ances ( !     
,psalmi/ t ,all ! gods ( ! ,hea!ns are  
devils1 & ,/4 ,paul1 ,! ?+s :i* !       
,g5tiles sacrifice1 !y sacrifice to !   
devils4  ,^? suspect$ ( h]esy &         
wit*craft mu/ confess2 !y 7 to be       
tortur$ until !y did confess4 ,?is made 
suspicion equival5t to confession &     
conviction4 ,9 ! wit* trial ! victim mu/
 n only incrim9ate h]self b h]          

accomplices1 or all :om %e knew to be 9 
p>tn]%ip ) ! ,devil4 ,%e 0 b\nd to be   
tortur$ until %e _h giv5 ! names or     
describ$ ! p]sons ( ^? %e _h se5 at !   
wit*es' sabba?4 ,!n !y w\ld be put to ! 
torture & ! process repeat$4 ,x 0 n 9   
human nature long to be> ! awful pa92   
soon ! lead+ que/ions ( ! inquisitors   
w\ld be answ]$ z !y want$ !m answ]$4 ,x 
w\ld be incr$ible 7 x n atte/$ by su* a 
multitude ( witnesses1 t m5 c\ld hone/ly
 believe t te/imony s extort$ _h !      
slighte/ value4 ,b x is indisputable t  
hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( human be+s 7 s5t to a 
cruel dea? on ?is utt]ly wor?less       
evid5ce4  ,z few p realize ! degree 9   
:i* ^! sup]/itions 7 enc\rag$ by ! ,*ur*
 t claims infallibility1 ,i may m5tion t
 ! reality ( ?is p>ticul> crime 0 impli$
 & its p]petrators ana!matiz$ by !      
prov9cial c\ncils or synods ( ,troyes1  
,lyons1 ,milan1 ,t\rs1 ,b\rges1         
,n>bonne1 ,f]r>1 ,sa9t ,malo1 ,mont     
,cors91 ,orleans1 & ,gr5oble2 by !      
,rituals ( ,autun1 ,*>tres1 ,p]igueux1  

,evreux1 ,p>is1 ,*alons1 ,bologna1      
,troyes1 ,beauvais1 ,meaux1 ,rheims1    
etc41 & by ! decrees ( a long s]ies (   
bi%ops4  ,! infection 0                 
ev]y:]e--,g]many1 ,spa91 ,portugal1     
,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ev5 
,am]ica 0 sc\rg$4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t  
"o hundr$ ?\s& p]i%$ 9 ,g]many f !      
middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury to ! middle ( 
! sixte5? c5tury4  ,pope ,gregory ,,ix  
wrote a great mass ( nons5se to ! bi%op 
& o!r *iefs urg+ /r+5t me?ods aga9/ !   
,/$+]s1 ,friesl&]s1 inhabit+ ! c\ntry   
betwe5 ,wes] & ,zeid] ,zee4 ,he wrote1  
,! ,devil appe>s to !m 7! ,/$+]s7 9     
diff]5t %apes1 sometimes z a goose or   
duck1 & at o!r times 9 ! figure ( a     
pale1 black-ey$ y\?1 ) a melan*oly      
aspect1 ^: embrace fills _! he>ts )     
et]nal hatr$ aga9/ ! ,holy ,*ur* (      
,*ri/4 ,?is ,devil presides at _! sabba?
 :5 !y all kiss him & dance ar\nd him4  
,he !n envelops !m 9 total d>kness1 & !y
 all1 male & female1 give !mselves up to
 ! grosse/ & mo/ disgu/+ debau*]y4  ,!  

infallible pope ( ,rome6  ,! result 0 t 
! ,/$+]s1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 7 sla91 ! 
cottages & woods burn$1 ! cattle /ol5 & 
! l& laid wa/e4 ,! pope's lett] is a    
fair example ( ! !ological lit]ature ( !
 "t2 ! slaught] ( ! ,/$+]s an av]age    
illu/ration ( ! evangeli/ic me?ods ( !  
,*ur*4  ,millions ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7
 tortur$1 /rangl$1 dr[n$1 or burn$ on   
evid5ce t today w\ld be accept$ n[h]e   
unless by a c\rt & jury compos$ ( !     
inmates ( a lunatic asylum1 if ev5 by   
!m4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ! m sev]e 
! p]secution1 ! m widespread did        
wit*craft become4 ,e p]son tortur$      
accus$ o!rs & :ole communities w5t mad )
 grief & fe> & sup]/ition4 ,no am\nt (  
human evid5ce e/abli%+ ! actual :]eab\ts
 ( ! accus$ at ! "t !y 7 ass]t$ by !    
witness on ! rack to h be5 at ! sabba?  
w\ld avail4 ,! husb&s 7 told t !y _h se5
 or held only ! devil-creat$ semblance (
 _! wives4 ,! orig9als 7 ) ,satan "u !  
oak4 ,! confessions ( t5s ( ?\s&s (     
wit*es are to be f\nd 9 ,europe's       

judicial records ( ! p]iod ( !          
,inquisition4  ,! ,prote/ant ,re=m]s    
zeal\sly second$ ! ex]tions ( ,rome to  
extirpate wit*craft2 !y felt t !y mu/   
prove t !y 7 z or?odox z ! ,ca?olics1 & 
7 z loyal to ! ,bible4 ,no "o urg$ _!   
fundam5tal ideas m ?an did ,lu!r1       
,calv91 ,beza1 ! ,sw$i% ,lu!rans1       
,casaubon1 ,wesley1 ,ri*>d ,baxt]1 !    
,ma!rs1--all /ood loyally by ,rome4     
7,lecky47  ,at ,lisbon1 a horse ^: ma/] 
_h taught him _m tricks1 0 tri$ 9 #afja 
& f\nd guilty ( be+ possess$ by !       
,devil1 = :i* he 0 burn$4  ,! wit*craft 
mania prop] 9 ,engl& began 9 ! sixte5?  
c5tury & rea*$ its climax 9 ! e>ly "p ( 
! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale1 ! 
great juri/1 sanction$ ! delusions &    
pass$ s5t5ces ( dea? by burn+4  ,que5   
,elizabe? made wit*craft a capital (f5se
 9 ,engl&2 & ,k+ ,james ,i wrote a book 
on ! subject1 & l5t 8 p]sonal aid &     
royal support to ! p]secutions4  ,joan (
 ,arc1 ! noble/ ( all ! victims ( ?is   
belief1 p]i%$ by ,engli% h&s1 ?\gh on   

,fr5* soil1 & "u ! s5t5ce ( a ,fr5*     
bi%op4  ,9 ,scotl&1 dur+ ! sixte5?      
c5tury1 z well z ! sev5te5?1 7 se5 ! mo/
 horrible examples ( :at dom9ation (    
sup]/iti\s m9ds by ecclesia/ics c\ld d4 
,no?+ 0 natural1 all 0 sup]natural4 ,!  
entire c\rse ( affairs 0 gov]n$1 n by _!
 antec$5ts1 b by a s]ies ( miracles4    
,go+ /ill fur!r1 !y claim$ ! p[] 7!     
cl]gy7 n only ( =etell+ ! future /ate1 b
 also ( controll+ x2 & !y did n scruple 
to affirm t1 by _! c5sures1 !y c\ld op5 
& %ut ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,z if ?is 7 n  
en\gh1 !y also gave out t a ^w ( !irs   
c\ld ha/5 ! mom5t ( dea?1 & by cutt+ (f 
! s9n] 9 8 prime1 c\ld br+ him at once  
be=e ! ,judgm5t ,seat ( ,god4  ,! ,scot*
 cl]gy prea*$ t1 ',hell 0 creat$ be=e   
man came into ! _w4 ,! ,almighty1' !y   
did n scruple to say1 'hav+ sp5t 8      
previ\s leisure 9 prep>+ & complet+ ?is 
place ( torture1 s t1 :5 ! human race   
appe>$1 x might be ready = _!           
reception4'  ,( all ! means (           
intimidation employ$ by ! ,scot* cl]gy  

none 0 m efficaci\s ?an ! doctr9es !y   
prop\nd$ respect+ evil spirits & future 
puni%m5t4 ,on ^! subjects1 !y con/antly 
utt]$ ! mo/ appall+ ?reats4 ,! language 
:i* !y us$ 0 calculat$ to madd5 m5 ) fe>
 & to drive !m to ! dep?s ( despair4  ,x
 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! _w 0 ov]run by   
evil spirits :o w5t n only up & d[n !   
e>?1 b also liv$ 9 ! air1 & ^: bus9ess x
 0 to tempt & hurt mank9d4 ,_! numb] 0  
inf9ite1 & !y 7 to be f\nd at all places
 & 9 all seasons4  ,at _! head 0 ,satan 
himself1 ^: delight x 0 to appe> 9 p]son
 ensn>+ or t]rify+ e "o he met4 ,) ?is  
object1 he assum$ v>i\s =ms4 ,"o day he 
w\ld visit ! e>? z a black dog1 on ano!r
 day z a rav51 on /ill ano!r day he w\ld
 be he>d 9 ! di/ance ro>+ l a bull4 ,he 
appe>$ sometimes z a :ite man 9 black   
clo!s1 & sometimes he became a black man
 9 black clo!s1 :5 x 0 rem>k$ t 8 voice 
0 gha/ly1 t he wore no %oes1 & t "o ( 8 
feet 0 clov54 ,8 /ratagems 7 endless4   
,=1 9 ! op9ion ( div9es1 8 cunn+        
increas$ ) 8 age2 & hav+ be5 /udy+ = m  

?an #ejjj ye>s1 he _h n[ atta9$ to      
unexampl$ dext]ity4 ,he c\ld1 & he did1 
seize bo? m5 & wom5 & c>ry !m away ?r\gh
 ! air4 ,usually he wore ! g>b ( laym51 
b x 0 said t1 on m ?an "o occasion1 he  
_h impud5tly attir$ himself z a m9i/] ( 
! ,gospel4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 "o dress or 
o!r1 he frequ5tly appe>$ to ! cl]gy1 &  
tri$ to coax !m ov] to 8 side4 ,9 t1 (  
c\rse1 he fail$2 b out ( ! m9i/]s ?us   
tempt$1 few inde$ c\ld )/& him4 ,he c\ld
 raise /orms & tempe/s4 ,he c\ld "w1 n  
only on ! m9d1 b also on ! organs ( !   
body1 mak+ m5 he> & see :atev] he *ose4 
,( 8 victims1 "s he prompt$ to suicide1 
o!rs to commit murd]4 ,/ill1 =midable z 
he 01 no ,*ri/ian 0 consid]$ to h atta9$
 to a full religi\s exp]i5ce unless he  
_h lit]ally se5 him1 talk$ to him1 &    
f\ght ) him4  ,! cl]gy 7 con/antly      
prea*+ ab\t him1 & prep>+ _! audi5ces = 
an int]view ) _! great enemy4 ,!        
consequ5ce 0 t ! p became almo/ craz$ ) 
fe>4 ,:5ev] ! prea*] m5tion$ ,satan1 !  
con/]nation 0 s great t ! *ur* res\nd$ )

 sighs & groans4 ,!y believ$ t ! ,devil 
0 always & lit]ally at h&2 t he 0 haunt+
 !m1 speak+ to !m1 & tempt+ !m4 ,! cl]gy
 boa/$ t x 0 _! special mission to ?und]
 out ! wra? & curses ( ! ,"l4 ,9 _! eyes
 ! ,deity 0 n a ,b5efic5t ,be+1 b a     
cruel & remorseless tyrant4 ,!y decl>$ t
 all mank9d1 a v small portion only     
except+1 7 doom$ to et]nal mis]y4  ,!   
,scot* cl]gy taught _! he>]s t !        
,almighty 0 sangu9>y1 & s prone to ang] 
t he rag$ ev5 aga9/ walls & h\ses1 &    
s5seless creatures1 wreak+ 8 fury m ?an 
ev]1 & scatt]+ desolation on e side4  ,!
 p1 cr$ul\s & ignorant1 li/5$ & believ$4
  ,= 9 ,scotl& z else:]e1 directly !    
cl]gy succe$$ 9 occupy+ a m ?an ord9>y  
am\nt ( public att5tion1 !y avail$      
!mselves ( t circum/ance to propagate ^?
 ascetic doctr9es :i*1 :ile !y /rike at 
! root ( human happ9ess1 b5efit no "o   
except ! class :i* advocates !m2 t      
class1 inde$1 c h>dly fail to reap !    
advantages f a policy :i* by increas+ ! 
appreh5sions to :i* ! ignorance &       

timidity ( m5 make !m liable1 does also 
increase _! eag]ness to fly = support to
 _! spiritual advis]s2 & ! great] _!    
appreh5sion1 ! great] ! eag]ness4       
7,buckle3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,civilization 9  
,engl&47  ,james ,i ( ,engl& _h become  
imbu$ ) ! idea ( wit*craft :ile 9       
,scotl&1 & he believ$ t 8 /ormy passage 
on 8 return f ,d5m>k 0 due to wit*es4   
,?is /orm 0 ! orig9 ( "o ( ! mo/        
horrible ( ! _m horrible ,scot* trials  
on record4 ,"o ,dr4 ,fian 0 suspect$ (  
hav+ ar\s$ ! w9d & a confession 0 wrung 
f him by torture :i*1 h[ev]1 he almo/   
imm$iately retract$4 ,e =m ( torture 0 9
 va9 employ$ to vanqui% 8 obduracy2 !   
bones ( 8 legs 7 brok5 into small pieces
 9 ! boot4 ,all ! torm5ts t ,scotti% law
 knew ( 7 successively appli$4 ,at la/1 
! k+ 7:o p]sonally presid$ ov] !        
tortures7 sugge/$ a new & m horrible    
device4 ,! prison]1 :o _h be5 remov$    
dur+ ! delib]ation1 0 br\ght 9 & ,8     
nails ^u 8 f+]s 7 riv5 & pull$ (f ) an  
in/rum5t1 call$ 9 ,scotti% a 'turkas1'  

:i* 9 ,engl& we call a 'payre' or       
'p9c]s' & "u ev]ie nayle !re 0 ?ru/ 9   
two ne$les ov]1 ev5 up to ! heads4 ,s   
deeply _h ! devil ent]$ 8 he>t1 t he    
utt]ly d5i$ all t :i* he av\*$1 & he 0  
burnt unconfess$4  ,& ?is f a k+ (      
,engl&6  ,! me?ods ( obta9+ a confession
 7 z foll[s3 ,if ! wit* 0 obdurate1 !   
fir/1 & x 0 said1 ! mo/ effective me?od 
( obta9+ confession 0 by :at 0 t]m$ wak+
 h]4 ,an iron bridle or hoop 0 b\nd     
across h] face ) f\r prongs :i* 7 ?ru/  
into h] m\?4 ,x 0 fa/5$ beh9d to ! wall 
by a *a91 9 su* a mann] t ! victim 0    
unable to lie d[n1 & 9 ?is position %e 0
 sometimes kept = sev]al days1 :ile m5 7
 con/antly ) h] to prev5t h] f clos+ h] 
eyes = a mom5t 9 sleep4 ,p>tly 9 ord] to
 effect ?is object1 & p>tly to discov] !
 ins5sible m>k :i* 0 ! sure sign ( a    
wit*1 long p9s 7 ?ru/ into h] body4 ,at 
! same "t1 z x 0 a say+ 9 ,scotl& t a   
wit* w\ld nev] confess :ile %e c\ld     
dr9k1 excessive ?ir/ 0 add$ to h]       
torm5ts4 ,"s prison]s h be5 wak$ = five 

nights1 "o x is said1 ev5 = n9e4  ,!    
physical & m5tal suff]+ ( su* a process 
0 suffici5t to ov]come ! resolution (   
_m1 & to di/ract ! und]/&+ ( n a few4 ,b
 o!r & p]haps worse tortures 7 9 res]ve4
 ,! ?ree pr9cipal ones t 7 habitually   
appli$ 7 ! p5nyw9ks1 ! boot1 & !        
cas*ielawis4 ,! fir/ 0 a k9d (          
?umbscrew2 ! second 0 a frame 9 :i* !   
leg 0 ins]t$1 & 9 :i* x 0 brok5 by w$ges
 driv5 9 by a hamm]2 ! ?ird 0 also an   
iron frame = ! leg1 :i* 0 f "t to "t    
heat$ ov] a brazi]4 ,fire-mat*es 7      
sometimes appli$ to ! body ( ! victim4  
,we read 9 a contempor>y legal regi/]1 (
 "o man :o 0 kept = =ty-eight h\rs 9    
vehem5t torture 9 ! cas*ielawis2 & (    
ano!r :o rema9$ 9 ! same frightful ma*9e
 = elev5 days & nights1 ^: legs 7 brok5 
daily = f\rte5 days 9 ! boots1 & :o 0 s 
sc\rg$ t ! :ole sk9 0 torn f 8 body4    
,?is 01 x is true1 c5sur$ z an extreme  
case1 b x 0 only an excessive           
application ( ! common torture4  ,!     
wit*es 7 commonly /rangl$ be=e !y 7     

burnt1 b ?is m]ciful provision 0 v      
frequ5tly omitt$4 ,an ,e>l ( ,we> tells 
h[1 ) a pi]c+ yell1 "s wom5 once broke  
half-burnt f ! sl[ fire consum+ !m1     
/ruggl$ = a few mom5ts ) a despair+     
en]gy among ! spectators1 b soon )      
%rieks ( blasphemy & wild prote/ations (
 innoc5ce sank wri?+ 9 agony amid !     
flames4  ,b j picture ?is sc5e = a      
mom5t6 ,! horror ( su* a sc5e6 ,:at a   
crime = "o human to commit aga9/ ano!r6 
,a burnt (f]+ to ! gods6 ,h[ well pleas$
 ! ,almighty ,god mu/ h be5 ) ! /5* (   
burn+ human fle% ris+ to 8 no/rils4 ,&  
h[ well he mu/ h rew>d$ 8 fai?ful       
s]vants1 = 0 ?is n done 9 ,8 "n8 ,?\    
%alt n suff] a wit* to live4  ,z ,lecky 
po9ts out 9 8 fam\s "w on ! ,hi/ory (   
,european ,morals1 su* incid5ts are b   
illu/rations ( ! great tru? t :5 m5 h   
come to reg>d a c]ta9 class ( _! fell[  
creatures z doom$ by ! ,almighty to     
et]nal & excruciat+ agonies1 & :5 _!    
!ology directs _! m9ds ) int5se &       
realiz+ e>ne/ness to ! contemplation (  

su* agonies1 ! result w be an indiff]5ce
 to ! suff]+ ( ^? :om !y deem ! enemies 
( _! ,god1 z absolute z x is p]haps     
possible = human nature to atta94  ,x is
 a hi/orical fact t 9 #aeia1 a lady (   
rank1 ,eufame ,macalyane1 s\ght !       
assi/ance ( ,agnes ,sampson = ! relief (
 pa9 at ! "t ( bir? ( h] two sons4      
,agnes ,sampson 0 tri$ be=e ,k+ ,james =
 h] h]esy1 0 condemn$ z a wit*1 & 0     
burn$ alive on ! ,ca/le ,hill (         
,ed9burgh4  ,x is g5]ally said t ! la/  
execution 9 ,scotl& 0 9 #agbb1 b ,capta9
 ,burt1 :o visit$ ! c\ntry 9 #agcj1     
speaks ( a woman :o 0 burnt z late z    
#agbg4 ,z late z #agcf1 ! div9es ( !    
,associat$ ,presbyt]y pass$ a resolution
 declaim+ _! belief 9 wit*craft1 &      
deplor+ ! scepticism t 0 !n g5]al4  ,!  
,pilgrim ,fa!rs br\ght to our %ores !   
se$s ( ! ,wit*craft ,delusion at a "t :5
 x 0 rapidly fad+ 9 ,engl&1 & aga9      
hi/ory furni%es u ) an example ( a p )  
/rong religi\s in/9cts :o1 be+ fre$ f _!
 p]secutors1 became 9 turn ! mo/ viol5t 

p]secutors ( ^? t did n pr(ess _!       
p>ticul> cre$4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly due to ! 
prea*+ ( ,cotton ,ma!r t a panic ( fe> 0
 creat$ ?r\gh ! ,new ,engl& ,colonies4  
,mrs4 ,ann ,hibbons 0 tri$ be=e ! ,great
 & ,g5]al ,c\rt ( ,massa*usetts1 s5t5c$ 
& hang$ on ! #ai? ( ,june1 #afef4 ,goody
 ,oliv] 0 execut$ z a wit* on ,novemb]  
#af?1 #afhh4  ,!re 7 tw5ty murd]s 9     
#afib1 & ^! be=e a civil c\rt4 ,! trials
 took place be=e ! illegal ,c\rt ( ,oy] 
& ,t]m9]1 appo9t$ by ,gov]nor ,phipps1  
at ! in/igation ( ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor 
& ,*ief ,ju/ice ,/\ghton1 & ,joseph     
,dudley1 =m]ly gov]nor1 & ! ,*ief ,judge
 ( ! ,c\rt :i*1 9 #afhh1 _h s5t ,goody  
,oliv] to h] dea? at ! gall[s4  ,cotton 
,ma!r def5d$ ?is practice 9 8 book1 ,!  
,wond]s ( ,! ,invisible ,_w1 & ,increase
 ,ma!r1 ! fa!r ( ,cotton1 0 equally z   
/r5u\s 9 ! ,wit* ,hunt4 ,increase ,ma!r 
surviv$ ?is massacre ?irty ye>s1 & 8    
son1 five ye>s long]1 b !re is h>dly a  
^w ( regret or sympa?y to be f\nd       
any:]e1 ev5 9 _! private di>ies &       

correspond5ce4 ,^! executions 9         
,massa*usetts =m "o ( ! d>ke/ pages 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ,am]ica4  ,x is n surpris+ t ! 
cl]gy ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies   
support$ bo? 9 practice & !ory !        
,wit*craft ,delusion1 b :5 we f9d !     
able/ m9ds ( ! laity bur/+ into pr9t ) a
 vehem5t def5se ( ?is belief1 x is      
difficult = u1 9 ! pres5t day1 to       
conceive ( su* folly4 ,& yet1 today1 we 
h able m9ds def5d+ a precept ( :i* !    
,wit*craft ,delusion is b a "p4  ,!     
def5d]s ( ! belief 7,wit*craft71 :o 7 m5
 ( great & di/+ui%$ tal5t1 ma9ta9$ t !re
 0 no fact 9 all hi/ory m fully atte/$1 
& t to reject x w\ld be to /rike at !   
root ( all hi/orical evid5ce ( !        
miracul\s4 7,lecky47  ,! subject 0      
exam9$ 9 t5s ( ?\s&s ( cases1 9 almo/ e 
c\ntry 9 ,europe1 by tribunals :i*      
includ$ ! acute/ lawy]s & ecclesia/ics (
 ! ages1 on ! sc5e & at ! "t :5 ! alleg$
 acts _h tak5 place1 & ) ! assi/ance (  
innum]able sworn witnesses4 ,! judges _h
 no motive :atev] to desire !           

condemnation ( ! accus$1 & z conviction 
w\ld be foll[$ by fe>ful dea?1 !y _h !  
/ronge/ motives to ex]cise _! p[] )     
caution & delib]ation4 ,! :ole =ce (    
public op9ion 0 direct$ con/antly &     
e>ne/ly to ! "q = _m c5turies1 & al?\gh 
!re 0 "s controv]sy conc]n+ ! details ( 
wit*craft1 ! fact ( its exi/5ce 0 long  
consid]$ und\bt$4  ,= _m c5turies !     
able/ m5 7 n m]ely unwill+ to repudiate 
! sup]/ition1 b !y (t5 press$ =w>d      
e>ne/ly & ) ! utmo/ conviction to def5d 
x4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! p]iod :5 wit*craft 0  
mo/ preval5t !re 7 few writ]s ( real    
em95ce :o did n1 on "s occasion1 take   
especial pa9s to ?r[ ! weight ( _!      
au?ority into ! scales4  ,/4 ,?omas     
,aqu9as 0 probably ! able/ writ] ( !    
?irte5? c5tury1 & he assures u t        
diseases & tempe/s are (t5 ! direct act 
( ! ,devil2 & ! ,devil c trans=m m5 into
 any %ape & transport !m ?r\gh ! air4   
,g]son1 ! *ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity (    
,p>is1 &1 z _m ?9k1 ! au?or ( ,!        
,imitation1 is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( !    

ma/] m9ds ( 8 age2 he too1 wrote 9      
def5se ( ?is belief4 ,^! m51 he wrote1  
%\ld be treat$ ) scorn1 & inde$1 /]nly  
correct$1 :o ridicule !ologians :5ev] !y
 speak ( demons1 or attribute to demons 
any effects1 z if ^! ?+s 7 entirely     
fabul\s4 ,?is error has aris5 among "s  
le>n$ m51 p>tly ?r\gh want ( fai?1 &    
p>tly ?r\gh weakness & imp]fection (    
intellect4  ,bod9 0 unque/ionably ! mo/ 
orig9al political philosoph] :o _h aris5
 s9ce ,ma*iavelli1 & he devot$ all 8    
le>n+ & acut5ess to cru%+ ! ris+        
scepticism on ! subject ( wit*es4 ,!    
tru? is t 9 ^? ages ability 0 no        
gu>antee aga9/ error2 = ! s+le employm5t
 ( ! reason 0 to develop & exp& premises
 t 7 furni%$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,& ?is /atem5t 
is z valid today z x 0 ?ree hundr$ ye>s 
ago4  ,bod9 0 e/eem$1 by _m ( 8         
contempor>ies1 ! able/ man :o _h !n     
aris5 9 ,france1 & ! v]dict has be5 b   
little qualifi$ by lat] writ]s4 ,amid   
all ! di/ractions ( a dissipat$ & an    
intrigu+ c\rt1 & all ! labors ( a       

judicial position1 he _h amass$ an am\nt
 ( le>n+ s va/ & s v>i\s z to place him 
9 ! v fir/ rank ( ! s*ol>s ( 8 nation4  
,he has also ! great] m]it ( be+ "o ( ! 
*ief f\nd]s ( political philosophy &    
political hi/ory1 & ( hav+ anticipat$ on
 ^! subjects _m ( ! conclusions ( our   
own day4 ,9 8 judicial capacity he _h   
presid$ at "s trials ( wit*craft4 ,he _h
 br\ght all ! res\rces ( 8 s*ol>%ip to  
be> ^u ! subject1 & he _h writt5 a great
 "p ( 8 ,demonomanie des ,sorci]s be=e !
 appe>ance ( ! la/ "w ( ,wi]4  ,john    
,wi] 0 a physician ( ,cleves :o _h 9    
#aefc publi%$ a "w :i* he call$1 ,de    
,pr/igus ,dmonum4 ,he 0 q conv9c$ t ! _w
 0 peopl$ by cr[ds ( demons1 :o 7       
con/antly work+ miracles among mank9d2 &
 8 only object 0 to reconcile 8 s5se (  
_! ubiquity ) 8 p]suasion t "s ( !      
ph5om5a t 7 deem$ sup]natural arose f   
disease4  ,wi]1 said ,bod91 _h arm$     
himself aga9/ ,god4 ,8 book 0 a tissue (
 'horrible blasphemies4' ,= ! ^w ( ,god 
is v c]ta9 t he :o suff]s a man wor?y ( 

dea? to escape1 draws ! puni%m5t ^u     
himself1 z ! prophet said to ,k+ ,ahab1 
t he w\ld die = hav+ p>don$ a man wor?y 
( dea?4 ,= no "o _h ev] he>d ( p>don    
accord$ to sorc]]s4  ,su* 7 ! op9ions   
:i* 7 promulgat$ t[>ds ! close ( !      
sixte5? c5tury by "o ( ! mo/ advanc$    
intellects ( "o ( ! lead+ nations (     
,europe at t "t2 promulgat$1 too1 ) a   
tone ( confid5ce & ( triumph t %[s h[   
fully ! writ] c\ld c\nt ^u ! religi\s   
sympa?ies ( 8 read]s3 ! ,demonomanie des
 ,sorci]s appe>$ 9 #aeha4  ,) a man ( ! 
calib] ( ,bod9 writ+ ! above1 x is n to 
be wond]$ at t ! mobs 7 s active 9 !    
,wit* ,hunt4 ,= z ,lecky cites1 ,al?\gh 
! illit]ate _c foll[ ! m intricate      
speculations ( _! tea*]s1 !y c cat* !   
g5]al tone & "* ( ?\ght :i* ^!          
speculations produce1 & !y readily apply
 !m to _! own sph]e ( ?\ght4  ,9 #aehg1 
,montaigne publi%$ ! fir/ great         
sceptical "w 9 ! ,fr5* language4 ,! va/ 
mass ( au?ority :i* ^? writ]s lov$ to   
array1 & by :i* !y %ap$ ! :ole c\rse (  

_! reason+1 is calmly & unhesitat+ly    
disc>d$4 ,! passion = ! miracul\s1 !    
absorb+ s5se ( diabolical capacities1 h 
all vani%$ l a dream4 ,! old !ological  
measure ( probability has completely    
disappe>$1 & is replac$ by a %rewd      
secul> common s5se4 ,! /atem5ts ( !     
wit*es 7 pron\nc$ intr9sically          
incr$ible4 ,! dreams ( a disord]$       
imag9ation1 or ! t]rors ( ! rack1 w\ld  
acc\nt = _m ( !m2 b ev5 :5 x is         
impossible to expla9 ! evid5ce1 x is q  
unnecess>y to believe x4 ,aft] all1     
,montaigne said1 x is sett+ a high value
 ^u our op9ions to roa/ m5 alive on     
acc\nt ( !m4  ,x 0 ! m]it ( ,montaigne  
to rise1 by ! =ce ( 8 mascul9e g5ius1   
into ! cle> _w ( reality2 to judge !    
op9ions ( 8 age1 ) an intellect t 0     
invigorat$ b n enslav$ by k2 & to       
contemplate ! sy/ems ( ! pa/1 )\t be+   
dazzl$ by ! rev]5ce t _h surr\nd$ !m4   
,he 0 ! fir/ great repres5tative ( !    
mod]n secul> & rationali/ic _s4 ,! /rong
 pr$isposition ( ,montaigne 0 to reg>d  

wit*craft z ! result ( natural causes1 &
 !re=e1 ?\gh he did n attempt to expla9 
all ! /atem5ts :i* he _h he>d1 he 0     
conv9c$ t no conceivable improbability  
c\ld be z great z t :i* w\ld be involv$ 
9 _! reception4 7,lecky47  ,?irte5 ye>s 
aft] ,montaigne1 ,*>ron wrote 8 fam\s   
treatise on ,wisdom4 ,9 ?is "w he       
sy/ematiz$ _m ( ! op9ions ( ,montaigne4 
,voltaire treat$ ! :ole subject ) a     
scornful ridicule & obs]v$ t1 ,s9ce !re 
_h be5 philosoph]s 9 ,france1 wit*es _h 
become proportionately r>e4  ,9 #afha1  
,joseph ,glanvil1 a div9e :o 9 8 day 0 v
 fam\s1 took up ! def5se ( ! dy+ belief4
 ,! ,sadducismus ,triumphatus1 :i* he   
publi%$1 is probably ! able/ book ev]   
publi%$ 9 def5se ( ! sup]/ition1 &      
al?\gh m5 ( ! ability ( ,h5ry ,m1 !     
fam\s philosoph] ,casaubon1 ! le>n$     
,dean ( ,cant]bury1 ,boyle & ,cudwor?1  
came to 8 def5se1 ! delusion 0 fa/ los+ 
gr\nd4 ,lecky po9ts out t by ?is "t1 ,! 
s5se ( ! improbability ( wit*craft      
became cont9ually /rong]1 till any      

anecdote :i* involv$ ! int]v5tion ( !   
,devil 0 on t acc\nt g5]ally ridicul$4  
,?is _s 0 exhibit$ especially among ^?  
^: habits ( ?\ght 7 mo/ secul>1 & ^:    
m9ds 7 lea/ gov]n$ by au?ority4  ,b !   
belief did n become ext+ui%$ imm$iately4
 ,9 ,france1 9 #ahej1 ! ,civil ,tribunal
 ( ,*>tres tri$ a man & woman nam$      
,s\b]vie = hav+ caus$ ! dea? ( a woman  
call$ ,b$\ret4 ,!y believ$ %e 0 a wit*1 
& decl>$ t ! prie/ _h told !m %e 0 !    
cause ( an illness "u :i* ! woman       
,s\b]vie 0 suff]+4 ,!y accord+ly drew   
,b$\ret into a private room1 held h] d[n
 ^u "s burn+ /raw1 & plac$ a r$-hot iron
 across h] m\?4 ,! unhappy woman soon   
di$ 9 extreme agony4 ,! ,s\b]vies       
confess$1 & inde$1 exult$ 9 _! act4 ,at 
_! trials !y obta9$ ! highe/ possible   
*>act]s4 ,x 0 %[n t !y _h be5 actuat$   
solely by sup]/ition1 & x 0 urg$ t !y   
only foll[$ ! highe/ ecclesia/ical      
prec$5t4 ,! jury recomm5d$ !m to m]cy1 &
 !y 7 only s5t5c$ to pay tw5ty-five     
francs a ye> to ! husb& ( ! victim1 & to

 be imprison$ = f\r mon?s4 ,9 #ahej66   
,a great _m may rememb] ! ,hex murd]    
case ne> ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 9      
#aicj6 ,?is is sc>cely diff]5t f an     
incid5t :i* _h occurr$ 9 #ahib 9 ,wemd+1
 ,g]many3 ,an hy/]ical woman 0 exorcis$ 
by ! ,capu*9 ,fa!r ,aurelian1 :o accus$ 
a peasant woman ( bewit*+ him4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,! =ego+ has %[n t wit*craft is n an    
isolat$ incid5t 9 ! hi/ory (            
,*ri/ianity1 z ! ecclesia/ics w\ld h u  
believe1 b is a vital "p ( _! religion4 
,wit*craft be>s ! same relation to      
,*ri/ianity t an arm be>s to ! body2    
nei!r c be remov$ )\t de/roy+ !         
symmetrical aspect ( ! :ole4  ,wit*craft
 is an integral "p ( ! ,*ri/ian         
religion1 b its falsity has become s    
obvi\s t ev5 ! mo/ dev\t h _h to ab&on  
x4 ,yet ! o!r precepts are /ill ma9ta9$2
 & 9 ! ,bible :i* is claim$ to be       
infallible1 some?+ is =gott5 & disc>d$1 
some?+ is decl>$ to be ridicul\s4 ,& yet
 !y call ! ,bible infallible4 ,aga91 if 

wit*craft is giv5 up1 :y n ! *ief wit* (
 ! ,bible1 ! ,devil8 ,yet if ?is be     
yield$1 !n ! idea ( ,atonem5t1 ! c5tral 
doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 mu/ also g4 
,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live4 ,if ?is
 be ,god's ^w1 did ,god err :5 ,he said 
x8 ,if ,he err$1 ,he probably did s 9 _m
 o!r ?+s2 if ,he did n ,*ri/ians mu/    
ei!r /ill ma9ta9 ! ,wit*craft ,delusion 
or d5y ! ,bible ,delusion4  ,!          
,wit*craft ,delusion is d5i$ & =gott51 &
 no "o ?9ks ( quot+1 ,?\ %alt n suff] a 
wit* to live4 ,b ! ,bible ,delusion     
despite all mann] ( ecclesia/ical       
sophi/ry /ill ma9ta9s t man 0 creat$    
miracul\sly "s #fjjj ye>s ago f ! du/ ( 
! e>?1 t woman 0 made f a bone tak5 f ! 
side ( man1 t language came into exi/5ce
 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le night1 t ,god       
in/itut$ a horrible massacre ( ! p by   
dr[n+ because !y did n come up to 8     
expectations4 ,x ma9ta9s miracles1 virg9
 bir?s1 resurrections f ! dead1 & a     
lit]al heav5 & hell4  ,aga91 9 ! ,new   
,te/am5t1 ,mat!w tells h[ ! *ief        

magician ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,jesus1     
exorcis$ ! devils f m5 & drove !m into  
sw9e4 ,:at c\ld be m explicit8 ,if m5 7 
possess$ ( devils 9 ,jesus' "t1 :at has 
happ5$ to ^! devils n[8 ,surely1 ,jesus 
c\ld n mis9t]pret 8 own words or de$s1  
if ! religioni/s cont5d t we are n[     
mis9t]pret+ ! ,bible8 ,if !y /ate t 8   
record]s 7 9 error1 !n !y admit ! error 
( ! entire ,bible1 = x is illogical = "o
 "p to be true & ano!r to be false1 :5  
bo? are compon5ts ( an infallible       
/atem5t4  ,b !y :o ab&on belief 9       
malefic5t demons & 9 wit*es z also1 =   
?is foll[s1 9 b5efic5t ag5ts1 su* z     
angels1 f9d !mselves 9 a s]i\s dilemma4 
,= to ?is are su* committ$3 ,if ,jesus  
:o came t he might de/roy ! ,devil1 & :o
 is report$1 among o!r pro(s ( 8 div9e  
m9i/ry1 to h ca/ out demons f !         
'possess$ human be+s1' & 9 "o case1 to h
 p]mitt$ a cr[d ( inf]nal ag5ts to ent] 
into a h]d ( sw9e2 if he v]ily believ$ t
 he did ^! ?+s1 & if x be true t !      
belief is a sup]/ition limit$ to !      

ignorant or b>b>ic m9d1 !n :at value c  
be atta*$ to any /atem5t t ,jesus is    
report$ to h made ab\t ! spiritual _w8  
7,edw>d ,clodd3 ,pione]s ( ,evolution47 
,! old adage t a *a9 is j z /rong z its 
weake/ l9k is v apt 9 ?is case4 ,a      
belief 9 wit*es is "p ( ! ,bible2 & if !
 civiliz$ _w rejects t concept1 x mu/   
reject ! ,bible1 = x is no long]        
infallible1 s9ce x is 9 error4          
,disreg>d+ ! int]nal evid5ce :i* decl>es
 ! ,bible to be spuri\s1 & ! sci5tific  
advances :i* h prov5 ! ,bible to be a   
my? & a fable1 if man /ill insi/s on    
reveal$ religion he mu/ admit t sorc]y &
 wit*craft are an integral "p ( ! ,bible
 tea*+4 ,he mu/ /ill ei!r believe 9     
wit*craft or disbelieve all ( ! ,bible4 
,= aga91 "o "p _c be true & ano!r false 
( an infallible /atem5t4  ,i ?or\ghly & 
emphatically agree ) ,john ,wesley :o1 9
 #agfi1 wrote1 ,! ,engli% 9 g5]al1 &    
inde$ mo/ ( ! m5 ( le>n+ 9 ,europe1 h   
giv5 up all acc\nts ( wit*es &          
app>itions z m]e old wives' fables4 ,i  

am sorry = x1 & ,i will+ly take ?is     
opportunity ( ent]+ my solemn prote/    
aga9/ ?is viol5t complim5t :i* s _m t   
believe 9 ! ,bible pay to ^? :o d n     
believe x4 ,i owe !m no su* s]vice4 ,i  
take k t ^! are at ! bottom ( ! outcry  
:i* has be5 rais$1 & ) su* insol5ce     
spread ?r\gh ! l&1 9 direct opposition1 
n only to ! ,bible1 b to ! suffrage ( ! 
wise/ & be/ ( m5 9 all ages & nations4  
,!y well "k 7:e!r ,*ri/ians "k x or n7 t
 ! giv+ up ( wit*craft is 9 effect giv+ 
up ! ,bible4  ,lecky1 9 t ma/]ful "w1 ,!
 ,rise & ,influ5ce ( ,rationalism 9     
,europe1 f :i* ,i h s freely quot$1     
/ates1 ,a disbelief 9 gho/s & wit*es 0  
"o ( ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics (        
,scepticism 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,yet1 =
 m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s x 0 univ]sally
 believ$ t ! ,bible e/abli%$ 9 ! cle>e/ 
mann]1 ! validity ( ! crime1 & t an     
am\nt ( evid5ce1 s v>i$ & s ample z to  
preclude ! v possibility ( d\bt1 atte/$ 
its cont9uance & its preval5ce4444 ,9   
our own day1 x may be said ) confid5ce1 

t x w\ld be altoge!r impossible = su* an
 am\nt ( evid5ce to accumulate ar\nd a  
conception :i* has no sub/antial basis 9
 fact4  ,& yet today1 9 ! tw5tie?       
c5tury1 we d h an am\nt ( evid5ce       
accumulat$ ar\nd a conception :i* _h no 
sub/antial basis ( fact4 ,:at a p]fect  
analogy pres5ts itself betwe5 "o precept
 ( reveal$ religion & religion 9 its    
entirety4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1         
scepticism conf9$ itself to a disbelief 
9 wit*craft1 "o p>ticul> ( reveal$      
religion2 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 scepticism
 exp&s & reveals ! absurdity ( all      
reveal$ religion4 ,j z :5 we read !     
annals ( wit*craft today we sick5 ) !   
horror ( ?is insane conception1 s w     
po/]ity 9 ! none too di/ant future1     
p]haps ?ree m c5turies1 d = all religion
 :at ?ree c5turies did = wit*craft4 ,j s
 w !y reg>d reveal$ religion 9 its      
entirety z we look ^u ! "o factor1 !    
,wit*craft ,delusion4  ,m5 came         
gradually to disbelieve 9 wit*craft     
because !y le>n$ gradually to look ^u x 

z absurd4 ,?is new tone ( ?\ght appe>$  
fir/ ( all 9 ^? :o 7 lea/ subject to    
!ological influ5ces1 & soon spread ?r\gh
 ! educat$ laity1 & la/ ( all1 took     
possession ( ! cl]gy4 ,s %all x be ) all
 religions4  ,a belief t 0 held = #aejj 
ye>s1 9 ! comp>atively insignificant    
p]iod ( #ajj ye>s1 s9ks into oblivion2 =
 ! la/ judicial execution occurr$ 9     
,switz]l& 9 #aghb2 & ! la/ law on !     
subject1 ! ,iri% ,/atute1 0 repeal$ 9   
#ahba4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 too mu* ( a /ret*
 ( ! imag9ation to conceive :at !       
inhabitants ( ?is planet w ?9k ( all    
religion #cjj ye>s f n[4 ,we h ! /]l+   
example ( ! ,wit*craft ,delusion be=e u4
 ,yes1 despite ! o!rwise brilliant m5 ( 
today :o /ill ma9ta9 ! ,bible ,delusion1
 & ! ,h$g]s1 t gr\p ( religi\s apologi/s
 :o =m ^? v>i\s sects1 su* z !          
,unit>ians1 ! ,humani/s1 etc4 ,!y are b 
! middle gr\nd2 !y are b ! int]m$iate   
betwe5 ! delusioni/s & ^? t ma9ta9 !    
philosophy t ev5tually mu/ triumph1 !   
philosophy ( a!ism4 ,:5 we ?9k back to t

 gr\p ( capable m5 head$ by ,bod91      
,g]son1 & ,joseph ,glanvil1 :o turn$ _! 
ability & le>n+ to ! def5se ( !         
,wit*craft ,delusion1 we f9d ! answ] to 
t ev]-pres5t response :i* ! confus$ (   
?is age give :5 confront$ ) !           
incompatabilities 9 _! religion1 namely1
 ,oh1 well1 m brilliant m5 ?an ,i       
believe 9 ?is delusion4  ,bod91 ,g]son1 
& ,glanvil c\ld n bol/] up a dy+ belief2
 & ! ,bod9s1 ,g]sons1 & ,glanvils (     
today _c long bol/] up ! dy+ belief 9   
all religions 444 no matt] :at _!       
ability or capacities may be4 ,! h&writ+
 is on ! wall2 ! pa/ tea*es u :at !     
future may be1 b !re is /ill mu* "w to  
be done4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,religion 
,,& ,,morality      ,! curr5t religion  
is indirectly adv]se to morals1 because 
x is     adv]se to ! fre$om ( !         
intellect4 ,b x is also directly        
adv]se to morals by inv5t+ spuri\s &    
ba/>d virtues4      ,,w9wood ,,reade1   
,m>tyrdom ( ,man4   ,x _h be5 =m]ly     
ass]t$ by !ologians t our moral laws 7  

giv5 to man by a sup]natural intuitive  
process4 ,h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,a4      
,we/]m>ck's ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( !    
,moral ,ideas1 & simil> rese>*es1 give a
 compreh5sive survey ( ! moral ideas &  
practices ( all ! backw>d fragm5ts ( !  
human race & conclusively prove ! social
 nature ( moral law4 ,! moral laws h    
evolv$ mu* ! same z physical man has    
evolv$4 ,!re is no indication :atsoev] t
 ! moral laws came f any revelation s9ce
 ! s5se ( moral law 0 j z /rong among/  
civiliz$ peoples beyond ! range (       
,*ri/ianity1 or be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4    
,joseph ,mc,cabe1 comm5t+ on ,pr(essor  
,we/]m>ck's "w /ates1 ,all ! f9e !ories 
( ! philosoph]s break d[n be=e ?is va/  
collection ( facts4 ,!re is no intuition
 :atev] ( an augu/ & et]nal law1 & !    
less ,god is br\ght into connection ) ^!
 pitiful blund]s & (t5 mon/r\s p]v]sions
 ( ! moral s5se1 ! bett]4 ,:at we see is
 j man's m9d 9 possession ( ! idea t 8  
conduct mu/ be regulat$ by law1 &       
clumsily work+ out ! correct application

 ( t idea z 8 intellig5ce gr[s & 8      
social life becomes m complex4 ,x is n a
 "q ( ! m9d ( ! savage imp]fectly see+ !
 law4 ,x is a pla9 case ( ! ideas ( !   
savage reflect+ & *ang+ ) 8 environm5t &
 ! int]e/ ( 8 prie/s4  ,ju/ice is a     
fundam5tal & ess5tial moral law because 
x is a vital regulation ( social life & 
murd] is ! greate/ crime because x is ! 
greate/ social del9qu5cy2 & ^! are      
inh]5t 9 ! social nature ( moral law4   
,moral law sl[ly dawns 9 ! m9d ( ! human
 race z a regulation ( a man's relation 
) 8 fell[s 9 ! int]e/ ( social life4 ,x 
is q indep5d5t ( religion1 s9ce x has   
entirely diff]5t roots 9 human          
psy*ology4 7,joseph ,mc,cabe3 ,human    
,orig9 ( ,morals47  ,9 ! m9d ( primitive
 man !re is no connection betwe5        
morality & ! belief 9 a ,god4 ,society  
is ! s*ool 9 :i* m5 le>n to di/+ui%     
betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,! headma/] is cu/om 
& ! lessons are ! same = all4 ,! fir/   
moral judgm5ts 7 pron\nc$ by public     
op9ion2 public indignation & public     

approval are ! prototypes ( ! moral     
emotions4 7,edw>d ,we/]m>ck3 ,orig9 &   
,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas47  ,moral 
ideas & moral en]gy h _! s\rce 9 social 
life4 ,x is only 9 a m advanc$ society t
 moral qualities are assum$ = ! gods4 ,&
 inde$1 x is kn[n t 9 "s primitive      
tribes1 ! gods are n necess>ily conceiv$
 z good1 !y may h evil qualities also4  
,if !y are1 to 8 m9d1 good1 t is s mu* !
 bett]4 ,b :e!r !y are good or bad !y h 
to be fac$ z facts4 ,! ,gods1 9 %ort    
belong to ! region ( belief1 :ile       
morality belongs to t ( practice4 ,x is 
9 ! nature ( morality t x %\ld be       
implicit 9 practice long be=e x is      
explicit 9 !ory4 ,morality belongs to ! 
gr\p & is root$ 9 c]ta9 impulses t are a
 product ( ! ess5tial conditions ( gr\p 
life4 ,x is z reflection awak5s t m5 are
 l$ to speculate ^u ! nature & orig9 ( !
 moral feel+s4 ,morality1 :e!r 9        
practice or !ory1 is ?us bas$ ^u :at is4
 ,on ! o!r h&1 religion1 :e!r x be true 
or false1 is 9 ! nature ( a discov]y--"o

 _c conceive man actually ascrib+ e?ical
 qualities to 8 ,gods be=e he becomes   
suffici5tly develop$ to =mulate moral   
rules = 8 own guidance1 & to create     
moral laws = 8 fell[m54 ,! moralization 
( ! ,gods w foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4    
,man really modifies 8 ,gods 9 t]ms ( ! 
ideal human be+4 ,x is n ! ,gods :o     
moralize man1 x is man :o moralizes !   
,gods4 7,*apman ,coh53 ,!ism or ,a!ism47
  ,9 ! =mation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !     
moralization ( ,yahveh l$ to ! creation 
( a god :o co9cid$ m ) ! morality ( !   
lat] writ]s1 ! ,god ,elohim4  ,r mu/ we 
say t morality beg9s 9 human social     
relations & passes f !m to ! relations  
ma9ta9$ ) ! o!r life & ) ! ,gods4 ,or1  
if "o pref]s to consid] gho/s & gods z  
insep>able elem5ts ( ! prim>y organism1 
!n we %\ld say t morality is born 9 t   
all-embrac+ psy*ical atmosph]e4 ,b x    
does n foll[ f t fact t ! rise &        
developm5t ( morality are condition$ by 
belief 9 ,gods & 9 immortality4 ,m]ely  
human relations are suffici5t to !      

production ( e?ical appreciations4 ,!   
invisible gho/s & ,gods w\ld nev] h be5 
?\ght int]e/$ 9 ! morality ( ! tribe1 _h
 n ! lead]s realiz$ ! importance (      
c\rage1 ( loyalty1 ( respect =          
neighbors' possessions1 & ! o!r elem5t>y
 virtues4 ,x is :5 ! disa/r\s           
consequ5ces ( _! abs5ce became evid5t t 
! ,gods 7 made to sanction ^! virtues4  
,god or no ,god1 immortality or no      
immortality1 ! ess5tial morality ( man  
w\ld h be5 :at x is4 7,j4 ,h4 ,leuba3   
,belief 9 ,god & ,immortality47  ,! be/ 
t is 9 man is g5]at$ 9 ! exp]i5ces ( 8  
daily life4 ,! attribut+ ( moral        
qualities to ! gods 0 a mu* lat]        
developm5t 9 ! evolution ( ! moral      
ideas4 ,at ?is /age ( our developm5t man
 is =tifi$ by a s5se ( human fell[%ip1 &
 9 practice1 z well z 9 !ory1 has long  
s9ce giv5 up ! assumption t he ne$$     
sup]human beliefs4 ,he has fully        
recogniz$ ! indep5d5ce ( morality f     
sup]human beliefs4  ,james ,mill & ,j4  
,s4 ,mill taught ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! 

greate/ numb] z ! supreme object (      
action & ! basis ( morality4 ,& x 0 ?is 
conception t introduc$ ! new e?ical     
pr9ciples ( duty to po/]ity4 ,?is       
conception is a mu* nobl] "o ?an !      
religi\s int]pretation ( morality to    
consi/ 9 ma9ly def9+ :at man's duty to  
,god is2 a morality ^: *ief selfi%      
inspiration is n ! help+ ( "o's fell[m5 
b ! sav+ ( "o's own s\l4 ,a secul>      
morality tea*es t :at man ?9ks1 says1 & 
does lives aft] him & influ5ces = good  
or ill future g5]ations4 ,?is is a      
high]1 nobl]1 & great] inc5tive to      
righte\sness ?an any life ( p]sonal     
rew>d or fe> ( puni%m5t 9 a future life4
 ,!re are today a rapidly gr[+ numb] (  
em95t moral tea*]s :o condemn ! cl++ to 
! belief ( p]sonal exi/5ce aft] dea? z a
 h9drance to ! be/ life on e>?4         
,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,leuba1 9 8 "w1 ,!    
,belief 9 ,god & ,immortality1 concludes
 t1 ,^! facts & consid]ations indicate t
 ! reality ( ! belief 9 immortality to  
civiliz$ nations is mu* m limit$ ?an is 

commonly suppos$2 & t1 if we br+ into   
calculation all ! consequ5ces ( !       
belief1 & n m]ely its gratify+ effects1 
we may ev5 be br\ght to conclude t its  
disappe>ance f among ! mo/ civiliz$     
nations w\ld be1 on ! :ole1 a ga94  ,!re
 are few educat$ m5 n[adays :o w\ld     
claim t morality _c exi/ ap>t f         
religion4 ,!i/s are desp]ately attempt+ 
to h>monize a primitive !ory ( ?+s1 ) a 
l>g] k & a m develop$ moral s5se4       
,morality is fundam5tally ! expression (
 ^? conditions "u :i* associat$ life is 
f\nd possible & pr(itable1 & t s f> z   
any quality is decl>$ to be moral its   
ju/ification & mean+ mu/ be f\nd 9 t    
direction4 ,our alleg$ ess5tial dep5d5ce
 ^u transc5d5tal beliefs is beli$ by !  
mo/ common exp]i5ces ( daily life4 ,:o  
does n feel ! absurdity ( ! op9ion t !  
lavi% c>e = a sick *ild by a "m is giv5 
because ( a belief 9 ,god & immortality8
 ,are love ( fa!r & "m on ! "p ( *ildr51
 affection & s]viceabl5ess betwe5 bro!rs
 & si/]s1 /raight-=w>dness & tru?fulness

 betwe5 bus9ess m51 ess5tially dep5d5t  
^u ^! beliefs8 ,:at sort ( p]son w\ld be
 ! fa!r :o w\ld ann\nce div9e puni%m5t  
or rew>d 9 ord] to obta9 ! love &       
respect ( 8 *ildr58 ,& if !re are       
bus9ess m5 pres]v$ f unrighte\sness by !
 fe> ( future puni%m5t1 !y are f> m     
num]\s :o are det]r$ by ! ?reat ( human 
law4 ,mo/ ( !m w\ld take _! *ances )    
heav5 a hundr$ times be=e !y w\ld once )
 society1 or p]*ance ) ! imp]ative voice
 ( humanity he>d 9 ! consci5ce4         
7,leuba47  ,! prim>y motive ( moral     
/&>ds & practices is man's desire to    
seek happ9ess & avoid pa94 ,& s x is n  
/range t morality has become /rong] z ! 
p[] ( religion has weak5$4 ,"r ?r\gh    
hi/ory x has be5 ! social in/9cts t h   
act$ z a corrective to religi\s         
extravagances4 ,& x is wor? not+ t ) !  
exception ( a little ga9 f ! practice ( 
casui/ry1 religions h contribut$ no?+   
t[>ds ! build+ up ( a sci5ce ( e?ics4   
,on ! contr>y1 x has be5 a v pot5t cause
 ( confusion & ob/ruction4 ,fictiti\s   

vices & virtues h be5 creat$ & ! real   
moral problems lo/ sight (4 ,x gave ! _w
 ! morality ( ! prison cell1 in/ead ( ! 
tonic ( ! rational life4 ,& x 0 inde$   
=tunate = ! race t conduct 0 n          
ultimately dep5d5t ^u a mass ( tea*+s t 
_h _! orig9 9 ! bra9s ( savages1 & 7    
br\ght to maturity dur+ ! d>ke/ p]iod ( 
,european civilization4444 ,& we "k t ! 
p]iod dur+ :i* ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian    
!ism 0 /ronge/1 0 ! p]iod :5 !          
intellectual life ( civiliz$ man 0 at   
its l[e/1 morality at its weake/1 & !   
g5]al outlook hopeless4 ,religi\s       
control gave u h]esy hunts1 ,jew hunts1 
burn+ = wit*craft1 & magic 9 place (    
m$ic9e4 ,x gave u ! ,inquisition & !    
auto da fe1 ! fires ( ,smi?field1 & !   
night ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,x gave u ! w> (
 sects1 & x help$ p[]fully to e/abli% ! 
sect ( w>4 ,x gave u life )\t happ9ess1 
& dea? cloak$ ) t]ror4 ,! ,*ri/ian      
record is be=e u1 & x is su* t e ,*ur*  
blames ! o!rs = its exi/5ce4 ,q z       
c]ta9ly we _c po9t to a society t has   

be5 dom9at$ by ,free?9k+ ideals1 b we c 
po9t to _! exi/5ce 9 all ages1 & c %[ t 
all progress is due to _! pres5ce4 ,we c
 %[ t progressive ideals h orig9at$ ) ! 
lea/1 & h be5 oppos$ by ! mo/ religi\s  
sections ( society4 7,coh547  ,! pu]ile 
conception ( heav5 & ! savage conception
 ( hell are /ill1 9 modifi$ =m1 deem$   
necess>y = a religi\s morality4 ,:y x   
%\ld be necess>y = a supreme intellig5ce
 to make all ?+s /raight 9 ano!r _w1 t  
he c\ld m conv9c+ly rectify 9 ?is "o1 is
 a conception :i* has escap$ ! reason ( 
a free?9k]1 b has be5 v pr(itable to ^? 
on e>? t lead _! adh]5ts to believe t !y
 hold ! keys to our future abodes4      
,w9wood ,reade 9 8 ,m>tyrdom ( ,man1    
discuss+ ! moral value ( ! fe>s (       
hell-fire1 /ates1 a metaphysical !ory _c
 re/ra9 ! fury ( ! passions2 z well     
attempt to b9d a lion ) a cobweb4       
,prev5tion ( crime1 x is well kn[n1     
dep5ds n on ! sev]ity1 b on ! c]ta9ty ( 
retribution4 ,! supposition t ! t]rors (
 hell-fire are ess5tial or ev5 conducive

 to good morals is contradict$ by !     
facts ( hi/ory4 ,9 ! ,d>k ,ages !re 0 n 
a man or woman f ,scotl& to ,naples1 :o 
d\bt$ t s9n]s 7 s5t to hell4 ,! religion
 :i* !y _h 0 ! same z ours1 ) ?is       
exception1 t ev]yone believ$ 9 x4 ,!    
/ate ( ,europe 9 t pi\s epo* ne$ n be   
describ$4 ,society is n ma9ta9$ by !    
conjectures ( !ology1 b by ^? moral     
s5tim5ts1 ^? greg>i\s virtues :i*       
elevat$ m5 above ! animals1 :i* are n[  
in/9ctive 9 our natures & to :i*        
intellectual culture is propiti\s4 ,=1 z
 we become m & m cle>ly enlight5$1 we   
p]ceive m & m cle>ly t x 0 ) ! :ole     
human population z x 0 ) ! primeval     
clan2 ! welf>e ( e individual is dep5d5t
 on ! welf>e ( ! community1 & ! welf>e (
 ! community dep5ds on ! welf>e ( e     
individual4  ,! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity    
t[>ds m>riage furni%es a well kn[n      
example ( a reaction>y philosophy (     
morals4 ,! views ( ,/4 ,paul on m>riage 
are set =? 9 ,i ,cor9?ians ,,vii #a-i3  
#a4 ,n[ conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e( ye wrote unto

 me3 ,x is good = a man n to t\* a      
woman4  #b4 ,nev]!less1 to avoid        
=nication1 let e man h 8 own wife1 & let
 e woman h h] own husb&4  #c4 ,let !    
husb& r5d] unto ! wife due b5evol5ce2 & 
likewise also ! wife unto ! husb&4  #d4 
,! wife ha? n p[] ( h] own body1 b !    
husb&2 & likewise also ! husb& ha? n p[]
 ( 8 own body1 b ! wife4  #e4 ,defraud  
ye n "o ! o!r1 except x be ) cons5t = a 
"t1 t ye may give y\rselves to fa/+ &   
pray]2 & come toge!r aga91 t ,satan     
tempt y n = y\r incont95cy4  #f4 ,b ,i  
speak ?is by p]mission1 & n ( comm&m5t4 
#g4 ,= ,i w\ld t all m5 7 ev5 z ,i      
myself4 ,b e man has 8 prop] gift (     
,god1 "o aft] ?is mann]1 & ano!r aft] t4
  #h4 ,i say !re=e to ! unm>ri$ & wid[s1
 x is good = !m to abide ev5 z ,i4  #i4 
,b if !y _c conta91 let !m m>ry3 = x is 
bett] to m>ry ?an to burn4  ,^! precepts
 furni% an example ( ! h>m t c be done  
:5 man foll[s ! absurd & unsocial       
decrees ( an ascetic individual writt5 9
 a b>b>ic age & ma9ta9$ z law 9 a m     

advanc$ p]iod4 ,! enlight5$ physician   
holds t x is n good = a man n to t\* a  
woman2 & "o wond]s :at w\ld h become (  
our race if all wom5 _h c>ri$ ,/4       
,paul's tea*+1 ,x is good = !m if !y    
abide ev5 z ,i1 into practice4 ,b]tr&   
,russell1 9 8 ,m>riage & ,morals1 has   
gone to ! root ( ! matt] :5 he /ates1   
,he does n sugge/ = a mom5t t !re may be
 any positive good 9 m>riage1 or t      
affection betwe5 husb& & wife may be a  
beautiful & desirable ?+1 nor does he   
take ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 ! family2      
=nication holds ! c5t] ( ! /age 9 8     
?\ghts1 & ! :ole ( 8 sexual e?ics is    
arrang$ ) ref]5ce to x4 ,x is j z if "o 
7 to ma9ta9 t ! sole reason = bak+ bread
 is to prev5t p f /eal+ cake4 ,b !n x is
 too mu* to expect ( a man liv+ ne>ly   
two ?\s& ye>s ago to h kn[n ! psy*ology 
( ! emotions1 b we d "k ! great h>m t 8 
ascetic pr9ciples h done4 ,/4 ,paul took
 ! /&po9t t sexual int]c\rse1 ev5 9     
m>riage1 is regrettable4 ,?is view is   
utt]ly contr>y to biological facts1 &   

has caus$ 9 its adh]5ts a great deal (  
m5tal disord]4 ,/4 ,paul's views 7      
emphasiz$ & exagg]at$ by ! e>ly ,*ur* & 
celibacy 0 consid]$ holy4 ,m5 retir$    
into ! des]t to wre/le ) ,satan1 & :5 _!
 abnormal mann] ( liv+ fir$ _!          
imag9ation ) erotic visions1 mutilat$ _!
 bodies to cleanse _! s\ls4 ,!re is no  
place 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d ( a     
deep] or m pa9ful int]e/ ?an ?is ascetic
 epidemic4 ,a hide\s1 sordid1 & emaciat$
 maniac1 )\t k1 )\t patriotism1 )\t     
natural affections1 pass+ 8 life 9 a    
long r\t9e ( useless & atroci\s         
self-torture1 & quail+ be=e ! gha/ly    
phantoms ( 8 deliri\s bra91 _h become ! 
ideal ( ! nations :i* _h kn[n ! writ+s (
 ,plato & ,cic]o1 & ! lives ( ,socrates 
& ,cato4 7,lecky3 ,hi/ory ( ,european   
,morals47  ,?is concept t ! close/ (    
association betwe5 man & wife is an     
obnoxi\s de$1 has /rewn its evil        
influ5ce d[n ?r\gh ! ages to ! pres5t   
day4 ,! /eal? & obscurity plac$ ^u      
sexual matt]s has _h its roots s firmly 

fix$ 9 our mann] ( deal+ ) ?is purely   
normal function1 t at ?is late date     
m$ical sci5ce is j beg9n+ to eradicate !
 evils4 ,x is n[ well recogniz$ by      
educators & physicians & all cle>-?9k+  
individuals t x is extremely h>mful =   
m51 wom51 & *ildr5 to be kept 9         
artificial ignorance ( ! facts relat+ to
 sexual affairs4 ,! obscurantism plac$  
^u sexual matt]s has caus$ m physical & 
m5tal di/ress ?an mo/ ( our organic     
diseases4 ,! physician is con/antly     
correct+ ! abnormal conceptions t exi/4 
,! sex act _h become some?+ 9 ! nature (
 a crime :i* c\ld n be avoid$1 in/ead ( 
assum+ ! manife/ation ( ! consummation (
 ! greate/ love & t5d]ness t c exi/     
betwe5 two individuals ke5ly attun$ to !
 natural desires ( a natural act4 ,!    
love ( man & woman at its be/ is free & 
fe>less1 comp\nd$ ( body & m9d 9 equal  
proportions1 n dread+ to idealize       
because !re is a physical basis1 n      
dread+ ! physical basis le/ x %\ld      
int]f]e ) ! idealization4 ,to fe> love  

is to fe> life & ^? :o fe> life are     
already ?ree p>ts dead4 7,b]tr&         
,russell3 ,m>riage & ,morals47          
,religion has brutaliz$ ! m>ital        
relations1 & ,lecky1 deal+ ) ?is        
subject1 /ates1 ,! t5d] love :i* x      
elicits1 ! holy & beautiful dome/ic     
qualities t foll[ 9 its tra91 7 almo/   
absolutely omitt$ f consid]ation4 ,!    
object ( ! ascetic 0 to attract m5 to a 
life ( virg9ity1 & z a necess>y         
consequ5ce m>riage 0 treat$ z an inf]ior
 /ate4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z be+ necess>y1      
inde$1 & !re=e ju/ifiable1 = !          
propagation ( ! species1 & to free m5 f 
great evils2 b /ill z a condition (     
degradation f :i* all :o aspir$ to real 
sanctity c\ld fly4 ,to 'cut d[n by ! axe
 ( ,virg9ity ! wood ( ,m>riage' 01 9 !  
en]getic language ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! end ( 
! sa9t2 & if he cons5t$ to praise       
m>riage x 0 m]ely because x produc$     
virg9s4  ,inde$1 ! entire ascetic       
attitude 0 well summ$ up by ,/4 ,j]ome  
:5 exhort+ ,heliodorus to des]t 8 family

 & become a h]mit2 he expatiat$ ) f\l   
m9ut5ess on e =m ( natural affection he 
desir$ him to violate3 ,?\gh y\r little 
nephew tw9e 8 arms ar\nd y\r neck1 ?\gh 
y\r "m1 ) di%evell$ hair & te>+ h] robe 
asund]1 po9t to ! brea/ ) :i* %e suckl$ 
y1 ?\gh y\r fa!r fall d[n on ! ?re%old  
be=e y1 pass ov] y\r fa!r's body 444 ,y 
say t ,scripture ord]s y to obey p>5ts1 
b he :o loves !m m ?an ,*ri/ loses 8    
s\l4  ,x has only be5 ) ! advance (     
secul> lit]ature t ! degrad+ assumption 
( ,/4 ,paul t m>riage is to be reg>d$   
solely z a m or less legitimate outlet =
 lu/ has be5 disc>d$1 & ! act ( love z  
appli$ to m>riage has come to h any     
mean+4 ,& 9 ?is mod]n day ! conception (
 ! relation%ip ( ! sex act to m>riage is
 f> f be+ on ! high plane :]e x rightly 
belongs4 ,b]tr& ,russell comm5ts1       
,m>riage 9 ! or?odox ,*ri/ian doctr9e   
has two purposes3 "o1 t recogniz$ by ,/4
 ,paul1 ! o!r1 ! procreation ( *ildr54  
,! consequ5ce has be5 to make sexual    
morality ev5 m difficult ?an x 0 made by

 ,/4 ,paul4 ,n only is sexual int]c\rse 
only legitimate )9 m>riage1 b ev5 betwe5
 husb& & wife x becomes a s9 unless x is
 hop$ t x w lead to pregnancy4 ,! desire
 = legitimate (fspr+ is1 9 fact1 accord+
 to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! only motive :i* 
c ju/ify sexual int]c\rse4 ,b ?is motive
 always ju/ifies x1 no matt] :at cruelty
 may accompany x4 ,if ! wife hates      
sexual int]c\rse1 if %e is likely to die
 ( ano!r pregnancy1 if ! *ild is likely 
to be diseas$ or insane1 if !re is n    
en\gh money to prev5t ! utmo/ extreme ( 
mis]y1 t does n prev5t ! man f be+      
ju/ifi$ 9 insi/+ on 8 conjugal rights1  
provid$ only t he hopes to beget a *ild4
  ,:at effect has ,*ri/ianity _h ^u our 
moral life1 ^u crime1 drug-addiction1   
sexual immorality1 pro/itution1 &       
p]v]sion8 ,^! blights ^u our moral "*   
exi/$ long be=e ,*ri/ianity1 & aft]     
,*ri/ianity4 ,b :at effectual *eck has  
,*ri/ianity contribut$8  ,! agitation   
conc]n+ increas$ crime aft] ! rec5t _w  
conflict has br\ght ?is subject to ! =e1

 & ar\s$ a great deal ( discussion &    
consid]ation ( ?is problem4 ,9 its      
relation to religion1 we h b "o         
und5iable fact to br+ be=e ! ?9k+       
public4 ,an exam9ation ( ! /ati/ics (   
p5al in/itutions reveals t practically  
all crim9als are religi\s4 ,absolutely &
 proportionately small] numb]s (        
crim9als are free?9k]s4 ,al?\gh *ur*    
memb]s n[h]e con/itute ev5 half !       
population outside ! prisons1 !y        
con/itute f eighty to n9ety-five p] c5t 
( ! population inside ! prison4 ,?is c  
be v]ifi$ by ref]5ce to any c5sus ( any 
p5al in/itution4 ,z /rangely z ?is may  
/rike a great _m read]s1 j s /range did 
x appe> at "o "t to ! multitude t ! e>? 
0 r\nd4 7,x is #ejj ye>s s9ce ! e>? 0   
prov5 to be r\nd1 yet !re is a l>ge     
colony ( ,*ri/ians ne> ,*icago (ficially
 ma9ta9+ t ! e>? is z flat & f\r-corn]$ 
z ! ,bible /ates47 ,nei!r ,*ri/ianity   
nor any religi\s cre$ has prov$ an      
effectual *eck on civil crime4  ,!      
pro/itute has be5 h\nd$ & abus$ by      

ecclesia/ics s9ce ,biblical times1 yet1 
x is only true to say t ! religioni/ is 
n vitally int]e/$ 9 pro/itution4        
,outw>dly1 he may p\r =? a v]bal b>rage 
( condemnation1 b if he believes he c   
save h] immortal s\l1 ahunt+ he goes4   
,he does n attempt to ameliorate !      
social welf>e ( ?is poor1 degrad$       
individual1 z he ?9ks2 h] pitiful       
condition 9 ! ev]la/+ pres5t on ?is e>? 
int]e/s him n at all1 al?\gh x is ?is   
exi/5ce ab\t :i* he raves1 8 only int]e/
 is 9 r$eem+ h] s\l n h] body4 ,if :5 ! 
religioni/ tells ! pro/itute t only ^?  
:o believe 9 ,*ri/ z ,god1 9 ,8 ,virg9  
,bir?1 & 9 ,8 ,resurrection 9 ! ,body1 w
 g to heav51 & %e agrees & rep5ts--all  
is well2 ! religioni/ has sav$ a s\l1 & 
! pro/itute goes ab\t h] bus9ess (      
spread+ hide\s v5]eal disease to o!rs ^:
 s\ls are sav$ by believ+ 9 ,*ri/ z a   
,god4 ,h] s\l is sav$ & safe1 b ! s*ol>1
 ! poet1 ! sci5ti/1 ! b5efactor to      
mank9d1 all ^? :o make ?is life be>able 
& livable1 _! s\ls mu/ roa/ 9 hell =ev] 

if !y d n believe 9 ! cre$4 ,div9e      
,ju/ice8  ,! greate/ numb] ( pro/itutes 
are religi\s1 yet pro/itution cont9ues  
to fl\ri%4 ,! ecclesia/ic condemns !    
pro/itute z ! cause1 nev] /opp+ to ?9k t
 ! cause mu/ h an effect1 & t           
pro/itution is b ! effect4 ,! cause is  
our economic conditions4 ,pro/itution is
 purely a m$ico-social problem1 & ! m ! 
ecclesia/ic keeps 8 h&s (f ! problem !  
soon] w ! condition be rem$i$ to its    
be/4 ,attempts to repress pro/itution   
)\t *ang+ ! economic organization w     
always result 9 failure4 ,pro/itution   
has always exi/$ & w cont9ue to exi/    
until our economic sy/em has und]gone a 
radical *ange4 ,s long z girls h to     
fight ) />vation or ) begg>ly wages1 s  
long z m5 are det]r$ f e>ly m>riage by  
inability to support a family1 & s long 
z _m m>ri$ m5 rema9 polygam\s 9 _!      
ta/es1 j s long w pro/itution exi/4 ,b  
we h se5 t ! cl]gy is nev] anxi\s to    
int]f]e ) ! rights ( ! few to tyrannize 
! _m1 & s9ce pro/itution is an economic 

problem1 religion nev] has1 & nev] w be1
 ( any help 9 ?is case4 7,aside f ! fact
 t !re are _m in/ances ( a few c5turies 
ago :]e ! ,*ur* 9 a p]iod ( tempor>y    
f9ancial di/ress has own$ well pay+     
bro!ls47  ,:5 we ?9k ( morality we are  
apt to conc5trate m on sexual morality  
?an on ! m obtuse moral duties4         
,religion has f "t immemorial be5 held  
up to our m9ds z a great =ce 9 !        
production ( ?is morality4 ,t is ano!r  
my?4 ,9 our own c\ntry x is a trite     
phrase t a man has a ,puritan code (    
e?ics1 or z /raight lac$ z a ,puritan4  
,:5 ! ,puritan ,fa!rs l&$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 
!y began an exi/5ce t has reveal$ to !  
_w = all "t ! value ( a burn+ religi\s  
zeal4 ,9 a s5se !y %[$ ?is zeal 9 reg>d 
to ! ,wit*craft ,delusion4  ,com+ z !y  
did1 to avoid religi\s p]secution 9 _!  
own native c\ntry1 !y %\ld h e/abli%$ a 
colony :i* = meekness & b5efic5ce w\ld h
 %[n ! value ( a true religi\s f]vor4   
,in/ead1 ! p]secut$ imm$iately became ! 
p]secutors--aga9 prov+ ! wor? ( a m9d t 

is imbu$ ) a dom9at+ religi\s zeal4     
,secondly1 ! pr9cipal vocation &        
recreation ( ^! ,fa!rs 0 _! religion4 ,x
 is only reasonable to suppose t 9 su* a
 truly religi\s atmosph]e morality %\ld 
h rea*$ its z5i? ( p]fection4 ,:at      
actually happ5$ is well illu/rat$ 9 a v 
in=mative & case report+ "w by ,rup]t   
,hughes1 ! noveli/1 ,facts ,ab\t        
,puritan ,morals3  ,ev]ybody seems to   
take x = grant$ t ! behavior ( ! e>ly   
settl]s ( ,new ,engl& 0 f> above normal4
 ,nobody seems to take ! tr\ble to v]ify
 ?is assumption4 ,! facts are amaz+ly   
opposite4 ,! ,puritans admitt$          
incessantly t !y 7 exce$+ly bad4 ,!     
records su/a9 !m4444 ,! ,puritans wall[$
 9 e kn[n =m ( wick$ness to a disgu/+   
degree4 ,consid]+ ! extremely meagre    
population ( ! e>ly colonies1 !y 7      
appall+ly busy 9 evil4 ,i d n ref] to ! 
doctr9al crimes t !y artificially       
con/ru$ & dread$ & p]secut$ ) su*       
sev]ity t ,engl& _h to int]v5e3 ! crimes
 ( be+ a ,quak]1 a ,presbyt]ian1 :i* !y 

puni%$ ) la%1 ) ! gall[s1 & ) exile4 ,i 
d n ref] to _! inclusion ( lawy]s among 
keep]s ( disord]ly h\ses1 & p (         
ill-fame4 ,i ref] to :at e p1 savage or 
civiliz$1 has =bidd5 by law3 murd]1     
arson1 adult]y1 infanticide1 drunk5ness1
 !ft1 rape1 sodomy1 & be/iality4 ,! /&>d
 ( sexual morality among ! unm>ri$ y\? 0
 l[] 9 ,puritan ,engl& ?an x is today = 
bo? sexes4  ,x is important t ! tru? be 
kn[n4 ,is religion1 is *ur* memb]%ip1 a 
help to virtue8 ,! c>eless w answ] )\t  
hesitation1 ,yes6 ( c\rse4 ,! /ati/ics1 
:5 !y are n smo!r$1 cry ,no6  ,if       
*ur*-go+ keeps d[n s91 !n ! ,puritans   
%\ld h be5 s9less because !y compell$   
ev]ybody to g to *ur*4 ,!y actually     
reg>d$ abs5ce f *ur* z worse ?an adult]y
 or !ft4 ,!y dragg$ prison]s f jail "u  
gu>d to *ur*4 ,!y :ipp$ old m5 & wom5   
bloodily = /ay+ away4 ,!y f9$ !         
/ay-at-homes & confiscat$ _! goods & _! 
cattle to bankruptcy4 ,:5 all else fail$
 !y us$ exile4 ,disob$i5ce ( p>5ts 0    
vot$ a capital (f5se & s 0              

,sabba?-break+ ev5 to ! ext5t ( pick+ up
 /icks4  ,yet1 z a result ( all ?is     
religion1 ! sex life ( ! ,puritan 0     
abnormal4444 ,_! sex s9s 7 enorm\s4 ,_! 
=m ( spoon+ 0 'bundl+1' an a/oni%+ cu/om
 t p]mitt$ lov]s to lie d[n 9 b$ toge!r 
9 ! d>k1 "u cov]s4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to keep
 all _! clo!s on1 b !re mu/ h be5 "s    
mi/ake some:]e = ! numb] ( illegitimate 
*ildr5 & premature *ildr5 0 /upefy+4    
,dunton tells u t !re h>dly pass$ a c\rt
 day 9 ,massa*usetts )\t "s convictions 
= =nication1 & al?\gh ! p5alty 0 f9e &  
:ipp+1 ! crime 0 v frequ5t4  ,no?+1 ,i  
repeat1 w\ld h surpris$ ! ,puritans m   
?an to le>n t _! desc5dants accept$ !m z
 sa9ts4 ,!y wept1 wail$1 & refus$ to be 
com=t$4 ,!y 7 t]rifi$ & horrifi$ by _!  
own wick$ness4 ,! h>%1 granite ,puritan 
( our s]mons1 on /atues & frescoes1 0   
unkn[n 9 real life4 ,! real ,puritan    
,zealot sp5t an incr$ible am\nt ( 8 "t 9
 weep+ l a silly old woman4 ,fam\s      
,puritan prea*]s boa/ ( ly+ on a floor  
all night & dr5*+ ! c>pet ) _! te>s4 ,_!

 *ur* s]vices accord+ to _! own acc\nts1
 mu/ h be5 cyclones ( hy/]ia1 ) ! prea*]
 sobb+ & /ream+1 & ! congregation 9 a   
/ate ( ululant fr5zy1 ) m5 & wom5 fa9t+ 
on all sides4  ,! au?orities are ! be/  
possible1 n ! reports ( travel]s or !   
satires ( enemies1 b ! /atem5ts ( !     
,puritans !mselves1 gov]nors1 em95t     
cl]gym51 & ! (ficial records ( !        
colonies4 ,h]eaft]1 anybody :o ref]s to 
! ,puritans z p ( exempl>y life1 or     
morality above ! ord9>y1 is ei!r        
ignorant or a li>4 ,9 our own day1 !re  
is an enorm\s am\nt ( crime & vice among
 ! cl]gy4 ,mo/ horrible murd]s ab\nd1 by
 m9i/]s1 ( m9i/]s1 & = m9i/]s4 ,publi%$ 
& unpubli%$ adult]ies1 s$uctions1 rapes1
 elopem5ts1 embezzlem5ts1 homosexual    
entanglem5ts1 bigamies1 f9ancial        
turpitudes1 are f> m num]\s ?an !y %\ld 
be 9 proportion to ! cl]ical population4
  ,gov]nor ,brad=d breaks out 9 8       
he>t-brok5 bewild]m5t & unwitt+ly       
condemns ! :ole _s & pret5se (          
,puritanism4 ,! ,puritans fl$ f ! wick$ 

old _w = purity's sake1 !y 7 rel5tless 9
 pray]1 !y 7 absolutely "u ! control ( !
 *ur* & cl]gy1 & yet1 _! ,gov]nor says t
 s9 fl\ri%$ m 9 ,plym\? ,colony ?an 9   
vile ,london6  ,if our p are wick$      
n[adays because !y lack religion1 :at   
%all be said ( ! ,puritans :o 7 f> m    
wick$1 ?\gh !y liv$1 mov$1 & _h _! be+ 9
 an atmosph]e s sur*>g$ ) religion t    
*ildr5 & gr[n p]sons lay awake all      
night1 sobb+ & roll+ on ! floor 9 se>* (
 secret s9s t !y c\ld n rememb] well    
en\gh to rep5t8 ,x is well to rememb] t 
!re has p]haps nev] be5 9 hi/ory a      
community 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity _h s p]fect 
a laboratory 9 :i* to exp]im5t4  ,! v   
purpose ( ! ,colony 0 ann\nc$ z !       
propagation ( ! ,gospel4 ,! ,bible 0 !  
law book4 ,! ,colony lack$ all ! ?+s on 
:i* prea*]s lay ! blame = ungodl9ess2   
yet1 e infamy kn[n to hi/ory1 f fi5di%  
torture to luxuri\s deg5]acy fl\ri%$    
amaz+ly4 ,?is anci5t & impregnable fact 
has be5 ignor$4 ,! records h be5        
/udi\sly veil$ 9 a cl\d ( mi/y rev]5ce1 

& conceal$ "u e =m ( rhetoric kn[n to   
apologi/s4  ,we c only conclude t       
religion does n seem to act z an        
effectual *eck aga9/ sexual immorality4 
,fur!rmore1 high moral pr9ciples c be   
inculcat$ )\t any religi\s backgr\nd1 & 
h be5 9 spite ( religion4 ,a man :o is  
moral because ( 8 reason & 8            
s5sibilities1 & 8 compreh5sion ( !      
necess>y social /ructure ( ! _w is a f> 
bett] citiz5 ?an ! man :o feebly        
attempts a moral life because he expects
 a my?ical exi/5ce 9 a delusional heav5 
or wi%es to avoid hell-fire4 ,a secul>  
code ( morals bas$ ^u ! be/ exp]i5ces ( 
communal & national life w\ld place its 
highe/ obligation n to a deity b to !   
welf>e ( all fell[m54     ,,*apt] ,,xiv 
,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,w>   ,in/ead (       
dim9i%+ ! numb] ( w>s1 ecclesia/ical    
influ5ce has actually & v s]i\sly       
increas$ x2 we may look 9 va9 = any     
p]iod s9ce ,con/ant9e 9 :i* ! cl]gy z a 
body ex]t$ !mselves to repress ! milit>y
 _s1 or to prev5t or abridge a p>ticul> 

w> ) an en]gy at all comp>able to t :i* 
!y display$ 9 /imulat+ ! fanaticism ( ! 
,crusades1 9 produc+ ! atroci\s         
massacres ( ! ,albig5ses1 9 embitt]+ !  
religi\s conte/s t foll[$ ! ,re=mation4 
7,lecky47  ,any in/itution t c sanction 
w> is ! mo/ immoral in/itution t ! m9d (
 man c imag9e4 ,t an in/itution :i*     
claims to h "u its guidance ! moral     
activity ( ?is e>?1 has in/itut$ &      
condon$ w> is a kn[n hi/orical fact4 ,t 
! ,*ur* has bless$ ! bann]s ( oppos+    
factions1 & has glori$ 9 ! but*]+ (     
innoc5t h]etics1 no mann] ( pres5t      
disreg>d = ! facts & apology c refute & 
r$eem4 ,! religi\s & civil w>s1 !       
massacre ( ! ,albig5ses & o!r sects1 !  
,massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 are /ill    
alive 9 ! memories ( hi/orians & /ill   
rankle4 ,! ,crusades 7 a bloody blot 9 !
 none too peaceful times ( ! ,middle    
,ages4 ,*ri/ianity hurl$ itself at      
,mohamm$anism 9 exp$ition aft] exp$ition
 = ne>ly ?ree c5turies4 ,millions ( m5  
p]i%$ 9 battle1 hung]1 & disease1 & e   

atrocity ! imag9ation c conceive (      
disgrac$ ! w>riors ( ! cross4 ,:5 "o    
crusade fail$1 a papal bull in/igat$ !  
next4 ,taxes 7 impos$ to defray !       
exp5ses1 & ,europe 0 s dra9$ ( m5 &     
money t x 0 ?reat5$ ) social bankruptcy 
& annihilation4  ,! ,inquisition betwe5 
#adha & #ahjh _h puni%$ #cdj1jjj p]sons1
 & ( ^!1 ne>ly #cb1jjj _h be5 burnt4    
,?is 0 ! result ( ! decl>ation t ,!     
,inquisition is an urg5t necessity 9    
view ( ! unbelief ( ! pres5t age4 ,!    
,*ur* =got to m5tion ! va/ am\nt ( weal?
 t accru$ to h] by ^! means4 ,b we ne$ n
 turn to ! dead ages = mat]ial1 = !     
pres5t /ill firmly holds its w>         
memories4  ,arm5ians massacr$ by ,turks 
& ,kurds2 ,*ri/ians slaught]$ by        
,mohamm$ans is a horror z hide\s 9 ! "n 
( religion z 9 ! "n ( w>4 ,! p]secution 
( ,jews by ,*ri/ians 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ is  
diabolical4 ,! atrocities inflict$ on   
,*ri/ian ,belgium by ,*ri/ian ,g]many   
/a9s ! ,teuton's h& z r$ z ! ,turk's1 b 
) a diff]5ce4 ,! ,teuton outrag$ 8 own  

'holy wom51' despoil$ & murd]$ 8 own    
'si/]s 9 ,*ri/1' :ile ! ,mohamm$an      
hordes p]petrat$ _! nameless infamies on
 ^? :om !y believ$ to be ! imps (       
,satan4 ,m]cifully1 call ^! ?+s !       
logical crimes ( a /ate ( w>6 ,!n we mu/
 admit t savag]y /ill is m p[]ful ?an   
religion1 & we mu/ conc$e t no religion 
s f> has a*iev$ ! success t "o might    
reasonably expect ( a div9e in/itution4 
7,bell3 ,woman f ,bondage to ,fre$om47  
,! ,_w ,w> prov$ ! utt] wor?lessness (  
,*ri/ianity z a civiliz+ =ce4 ,! nations
 engag$ 7 n fight+ non-,*ri/ians2       
,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,russia1 ,engl&1      
,belgium1 ,s]via1 ,italy1 & ! ,unit$    
,/ates are all ,*ri/ian nations4 ,!y all
 wor%ip ! same ,god1 !y are all bro!rs 9
 ,*ri/1 b t did n prev5t _! cutt+ ea*   
o!r's ?roats on ! battlefield4 ,_!      
common religi\s belief did n r5d] ! w>  
less bitt] nor less blood?ir/y4  ,is x n
 a fact t if ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ! _w  
w\ld only live at peace toge!r1 w> w\ld 
be impossible8 ,nei!r ,mohamm$an nations

 nor ,japan c\ld ?reat54 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian 
speaks ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 he means a  
bro!rhood ( believ]s only4 ,:at k9d (   
bro!rhood did ,*ri/ians be/[ on ,jews or
 h]etics 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,0 x !      
bro!rhood ( man t ,*ri/ianity be/[$ on !
 conqu]$ ,mexican & ,p]uvian nations1 & 
on ! ,indians ( our own c\ntry8 ,if     
,*ri/ianity _h exp5d$ z mu* en]gy 9     
tea*+ its adh]5ts ! fundam5tals ( a sane
 social life1 z x did to prep>e mank9d =
 a my?ical life 9 ,heav51 civilization  
w\ld be today greatly 9 advance ( :]e x 
is4  ,does any "o believe t ,jew1       
,mohamm$an1 ,ca?olic1 & ,prote/ant c    
long live 9 peace toge!r8 ,common social
 ne$s br+ mank9d toge!r b religion      
drives !m ap>t4 ,!re c nev] be a la/+   
peace until ! my? ( ,god is dispell$    
=ev] f ! m9ds ( m54 ,!n & !n only1 c !  
adju/m5t betwe5 economic & political    
=ces lead to a p]man5t peace4           
,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,slav]y 
,no?+ dur+ ! ,am]ican /ruggle aga9/ !   
slave sy/em did     m to wean religi\s &

 ,god-fe>+ m5 & wom5 f ! old            
int]pretation ( ,scripture ?an ! use ( x
 to ju/ify slav]y4      ,,&rew ,,dickson
 ,,:ite4    ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has _h !  
audacity1 9 mod]n times1 to proclaim t x
 _h aboli%$ slav]y & ! slave trade4 ,x  
is difficult to und]/& h[ any righte\s  
man c\ld make t cont5tion rememb]+ t x 0
 n until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t  
slav]y became illegal 9 ,*ri/ian        
c\ntries1 ) "o exception1 ,abyss9ia1 !  
olde/ ( ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 :i* /ill   
ma9ta9s slav]y4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 a    
nation _h to be embroil$ 9 a civil w>   
be=e slav]y c\ld be aboli%$4 ,aboli%$ by
 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5     
,*ri/ianity has be5 dom9ant 9 mo/       
civiliz$ c\ntries s9ce ! ?ird c5tury1 & 
:5 ! traffic 9 human fle% fl\ri%$ "r    
?r\gh ^? c5turies 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0   
mo/ p[]ful6  ,a ref]5ce to ! facts %[ t 
?is claim is z spuri\s z _m o!rs :i* !  
ecclesia/ics h boldly affirm$ ?r\gh\t ! 
ages4 ,= n only is ?is contr>y to !     
tru?1 b x is an und5iable fact t x 0    

only by ! aid & sanction ( ! !ological  
=ces t slav]y 0 able to degrade our     
civilization z long z x did4  ,on ref]r+
 to t leg5d :i* has be5 ! s\rce ( mo/ ( 
our suff]+ & inhumanity1 ! ,bible1 a    
direct sanction = slav]y is giv5 9 !    
,old ,te/am5t4 ,leviticus ,,xxv gives   
explicit in/ructions z to :]e & f :om   
slaves %\ld be b\ght1 & sanctions !     
repulsive feature ( sep>ation ( ! slave 
f 8 family4 ,leviticus ,,xxvii gives !  
price ( human be+s4  ,! ,koran1 :i* !   
,*ri/ians look ^u z a ridicul\s smatt]+ 
( utt]ances ( a spuri\s prophet1 sets a 
sup]ior example to ! ,*ri/ian ,div9e    
,revelations4  ,god ha? orda9$ t y\r    
bro!rs %\ld be y\r slaves1 !re=e1 let   
him :om ,god ha? orda9$ to be ! slave ( 
8 bro!r1 8 bro!r mu/ give him ( ! clo!s 
:]e) he clo!? himself1 & n ord] him to d
 any?+ beyond 8 p[]4444 ,a man :o       
illtreats 8 slave w n ent] p>adise4444  
,:oev] is ! cause ( sep>ation betwe5 "m 
& *ild by sell+ & giv+1 ,god w sep>ate  
him f 8 fri5ds on ! day ( resurrection4 

,! ,new ,te/am5t foll[s ! ,old ,te/am5t1
 & !re is n[h]e to be f\nd 9 its cont5ts
 any?+ to sugge/ ! elim9ation ( ?is     
practice4 ,jesus did n condemn ?is      
practice1 b accept$ slav]y z he accept$ 
mo/ in/itutions ab\t him1 & all         
sup]/itions4 ,! tea*+s ( ,paul on ! "q (
 slav]y are cle> & explicit4 ,pope ,leo1
 9 8 lett] ( #ahhh to ! ,bi%op (        
,brazil1 rem>ks3  ,:5 amid ! slave      
multitude :om %e has numb]$ among h]    
*ildr51 "s l$ a/ray by "s hope ( lib]ty1
 h _h rec\rse to viol5ce & s$ition1 !   
,*ur* has always condemn$ ^! unlawful   
ef=ts1 & ?r\gh h] m9i/]s has appli$ !   
rem$y ( pati5ce4444  ,/4 ,pet] 0        
address+ himself especially to ! slaves 
:5 he wrote1 ,= ?is is ?ankwor?y1 if =  
consci5ce t[>ds ,god a man endures      
sorr[s1 suff]+ wrongfully4  ,! ,*ur*    
c]ta9ly saw no?+ wrong ) slav]y :5 %e   
prea*$ pati5ce to h] slaves4 ,x did n   
condemn slav]y1 b condemn$ ! slaves =   
revolt+4 ,?is 9 #ahhh6  ,9 !            
,encyclop$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics is    

f\nd3 ,!re is no explicit condemnation 9
 ! tea*+ ( our ,"l4444 ,x rema9s true t 
! abolitioni/ c\ld po9t to no "o text 9 
! ,gospels 9 def5se ( 8 position1 :ile  
^? :o def5d$ slav]y c\ld appeal at any  
rate to ! lett] ( ,scripture4  ,x is    
true t slav]y exi/$ "u ,pagan           
civilization1 b !re x repres5t$ a phase 
( social developm5t1 :ile ,*ri/ian      
slav]y /ood = a delib]ate retrogression 
9 social life4 ,x 0 ,s5eca :o said1     
,live g5tly & k9dly ) y\r slave1 & admit
 him to conv]sation ) y1 to c\ncil ) y1 
& to %>e 9 y\r meals4  ,?9k ( :at w\ld h
 occurr$ if "o ( our philosoph]s _h     
admoni%$ a slave-hold+ ,*ri/ian 9 !     
above mann]4  ,we are apt to ?9k ( !    
anci5t slave z be+ id5tical ) ! mis]able
 & degrad$ be+ t disgrac$ ,*ri/ian      
c\ntries less ?an a c5tury ago4 ,?is1   
h[ev]1 is f> f ! tru?4 ,! ,roman slave  
did n1 ( necessity1 lack education4     
,slaves 7 to be f\nd :o 7 doctors1      
writ]s1 poets1 philosoph]s1 & morali/s4 
,plautus1 ,phdrus1 ,t]5ce1 ,epictetus1 7

 slaves4 ,slaves 7 ! intimates ( m5 (   
all /ations ( life1 ev5 ! emp]or4       
,c]ta9ly1 x nev] dawn$ on ! ,roman m9d  
to prohibit education to ! slave4 ,t 0  
left = ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & almo/ )9 our own
 "t4 7,= a good acc\nt ( ! close        
association ( ,*ri/ianity ) slav]y see1 
,*ri/ianity1 ,slav]y1 & ,labor1 ,*apman 
,coh547  ,9 ,rome1 ! slave kept 8       
individuality1 & outw>dly !re 0 no      
di/9ction 9 color & clo?+2 !re 0 v      
little s\nd b>ri] betwe5 ! slave & !    
freeman4 ,! slave att5d$ ! same games z 
! freeman1 p>ticipat$ 9 ! affairs ( !   
municipality1 & att5d$ ! same college4  
,! anci5ts kept ! bodies ( _! slaves 9  
bondage1 b !y plac$ no re/ra9t ^u ! m9d 
& no *eck ^u 8 education4 ,x has ev5 be5
 said t ! slave class ( antiquity really
 correspond$ to our free labor+ class4  
,x is also well kn[n t a well-conduct$  
slave1 by 8 own e>n+s1 0 able to pur*ase
 8 fre$om 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4  ,!re 
c be no comp>ison1 !re=e1 betwe5 ,pagan 
& ,*ri/ian slav]y1 except to ! detrim5t 

( ! latt]4 ,! ,*ri/ian slave trade      
repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ frightful &        
sy/ematic brutalities ! _w has ev] kn[n4
 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ,pagan & ,*ri/ian  
slav]y is ev5 m m>k$ :5 ! dep5d5ce ( !  
,*ri/ian slave ^u ! good nature ( 8 ma/]
 is consid]$4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! decrees ( 
! ,roman emp]ors3  ,ma/]s 7 prohibit$   
s5d+ _! slaves into ! ar5a )\t a        
judicial s5t5ce4 ,claudius puni%$ z a   
murd]] any ma/] :o kill$ 8 slave4 ,n]o  
appo9t$ judges to he> ! compla9ts (     
slaves z to ill-treatm5t or insuffici5t 
fe$+4 ,domitian =bade ! mutilation (    
slaves2 ,hadrian =bade ! sell+ ( slaves 
to gladiators1 de/roy$ private prisons =
 !m1 & ord]$ t !y :o 7 prov$ to h       
ill-treat$ _! slaves be =c$ to sell !m4 
,c>acalla =bade ! sell+ ( *ildr5 into   
slav]y4  ,all t ne$ be add$ to ?is is t 
! lat] ,*ri/ian slav]y repres5t$ a      
di/9ct retrogression1 delib]ately reviv$
 f motives ( %e] cupidity1 & accompani$ 
by m revolt+ features ?an ! slav]y (    
anci5t times4 7,*apman ,coh547  ,9 !    

,hi/ory ( ,e?ics ,)9 ,organiz$          
,*ri/ianity is record$1 ,! ,*ur*1 z su*1
 nev] contemplat$ do+ away ) slav]y z   
su*1 ev5 ?\gh ,/oicism _h d5\nc$ x z    
',contra ,mundum4' ,n[h]e does ! e>ly   
,*ur* condemn slav]y z an in/itution4   
,k9dness to ! slave is frequ5tly        
recomm5d$1 b ?is 0 done q z =cibly1 & ^u
 a mu* broad] gr\nd by ! pagan writ]s4  
,x w\ld be inde$ ne>] ! tru? to say t ! 
,*ri/ians :o wrote 9 favor ( !          
mitigation ( ! lot ( ! slave 7 f> m     
indebt$ to pagans ?an to ,*ri/ian       
influ5ce4  ,! ,*ur* itself own$ _m      
slaves1 advis$ its adh]5ts to w _!      
slaves to h]1 & 0 ! la/ to lib]ate !    
slaves :i* %e own$4 ,yet1 ! apologi/s = 
! ,*ur* w\ld h u believe t %e 0         
in/rum5tal 9 ! de/ruction ( slav]y1 :5 x
 is a fact t !re is n[h]e a cle>        
condemnation ( slav]y on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*4
  ,h4 ,c4 ,lea 9 8 ,/udies ( ! ,*ur*    
,hi/ory says1 ,! ,*ur* held _m slaves1 &
 :ile _! treatm5t 0 9 g5]al suffici5tly 
humane to cause ! numb] to gr[ by       

volunt>y accretions1 yet x _h no scruple
 to ass]t vigor\sly _! claim to own]%ip4
 ,:5 ! ,papal ,*ur* grant$ a slave to a 
mona/]y1 ! dread ana!ma1 involv+ et]nal 
p]dition1 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ anyone d>+ to
 int]f]e ) ! gift2 & ^? :o 7 appo9t$ to 
take *>ge ( ! l&s & f>ms ( ! ,*ur*1 7   
especially in/ruct$ t x 0 "p ( _! duty  
to pursue & recapture fugitive bondsm54 
,x mu/ n be assum$ t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 
! only ecclesia/ical body to condone    
slav]y1 or t x 0 only ! traffic 9 black 
slaves t fl\ri%$ a few hundr$ ye>s ago4 
,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\s&s ( ,iri% m51 
wom5 & *ildr51 7 seiz$ by ! ord] or "u !
 lic5se ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 & sold z  
slaves = use 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 !     
,cal5d> ( ,/ate ,pap]s1 "u v>i\s dates1 
betwe5 #afec-afef1 ! foll[+ entries     
occur3 ',= a lic5se to ,sir ,john       
,clotwor?y to transport to ,am]ica #ejj 
natural ,iri%m54' ,a slave deal]1 nam$  
,s*lick1 is grant$ a lic5se to take #djj
 *ildr5 f ,irel& = ,new ,engl&1 &       
,virg9ia4 ,lat]1 #ajj ,iri% girls & a l 

numb] ( y\?s are sold to ! plant]s 9    
,jamaica4  ,_h ! ,*ur* be5 aga9/ slav]y 
x w\ld h br&$ x z a wrong1 & h set !    
example ( lib]at+ its own slaves4 ,x did
 nei!r4 ,nay1 ! ,*ur* n only held slaves
 itself1 n only protect$ o!rs :o held   
slaves1 b x ?und]$ aga9/ all :o %\ld    
despoil its prop]ty by sell+ or lib]at+ 
slaves belong+ to ! ,*ur*4 ,! :ole      
hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* %[s t x has   
nev] felt itself call$ ^u to fight any  
s\nd in/itution1 no matt] :at its "*1 s 
long z x favor$ ! ,*ur*4 ,slav]y &      
s]fdom1 w>1 piracy1 *ild labor1 h all   
be5 9 turn sanction$4 7,*apman ,coh53   
,*ri/ianity1 ,slav]y1 & ,labor47  ,9    
,abyss9ia1 ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity has 
be5 dom9ant = a long] p]iod ( "t ?an    
any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,! population (     
,abyss9ia is at lea/ t5 million1 & ( ?is
 population n less ?an "o-fif?1 probably
 m1 are slaves4 ,9 #aibi1 ,lady ,ka?le5 
,simon publi%$ h] book entitl$1 ,slav]y1
 deal+ ) ! slave trade ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is "w
 x is po9t$ out t slave-own+ is an      

integral "p ( ! religion ( ! c\ntry1 & t
 opposition to ! abolition ( slav]y     
comes pr9cipally f ! prie/hood :i*      
consid]s itself ! gu>dian ( ! ,mosaic   
law1 & reg>ds slav]y z an in/itution    
ord]$ by ,jehovah4  ,slave raids are    
con/ant 9 ?is c\ntry1 & are accompani$  
by ! greate/ brutality & cruelty4 ,va/  
areas are depopulat$ by ^! raids & ev5  
at ?is date1 gangs ( slaves may be se5  
by travel]s1 ) ! dead & dy+ bodies ( ^? 
t h fall5 /rewn along ! roadside4 ,!    
slave trade 9 ,abyss9ia is op51 its     
horrors are well kn[n1 & x is support$  
by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! c\ntry4 ,su* is 
slav]y 9 ! mo/ ,*ri/ian c\ntry 9 ! _w   
today1 ! c\ntry :i* has ! longe/        
,*ri/ian hi/ory ( any nation 9 ! _w4    
,its exi/5ce helps u to realize ! value 
( ! /atem5t t ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! _w
 de/roy$ ! slave trade4 ,slav]y fl\ri%es
 9 ! olde/ ( ,*ri/ian c\ntries 9 ! _w1  
back$ up by ! ,*ur*1 ! ,old ,bible1 & ! 
,new ,te/am5t4 ,x has all ! horrors1 all
 ! brutalities1 all ! degradations ( !  

slave trade at its wor/4 ,su* is        
,*ri/ian ,abyss9ia1 & su*1 b = ! sav+   
grace ( secul> civilization1 w\ld be !  
re/ ( ! _w4 7,*apman ,coh547  ,! slave  
sy/em t arose 9 ,*ri/ian times1 creat$  
by & cont9u$ by ,*ri/ians 9 ! mo/       
,*ri/ian ( c\ntries1 provides ! f9al &  
unansw]able indictm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian      
,*ur*4  ,slav]y 0 unkn[n to ! ,africans 
until x 0 introduc$ by ! ,*ri/ian       
,portuguese4 ,9 #aeag ! ,spani>ds began 
to %ip negro slaves to ,hispaniola1     
,cuba1 ,jamaica1 & ,porto ,rica4 ,john  
,hawk9s 0 ! fir/ ,engli%man ( note to   
engage 9 ! traffic1 & ,que5 ,elizabe?   
loan$ ?is virtu\s & pi\s g5tleman ! %ip 
,jesus4 ,engli% companies 7 lic5s$ to   
engage 9 ?is trade & dur+ ! reign (     
,william & ,m>y x 0 ?r[n op5 to all4    
,betwe5 #afhj & #agjj1 x has be5 said t 
#adj1jjj ,negroes 7 import$ by !        
,engli%-,african ,company1 & ab\t       
#afj1jjj m by private trad]s4 ,betwe5   
#agjj & #aghf1 z _m z #faj1jjj 7        
transport$ to ,jamaica alone4 ,9 !      

hundr$ ye>s end+ #aggf1 ! ,engli% c>ri$ 
into ! ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%        
,colonies ?ree million slaves4  ,!      
cruelty exp]i5c$ by ^! human c>goes on  
_! transportation defies description4 ,!
 *a9+1 ! br&+1 ! mutilation1 ! close    
qu>t]s1 ! dea?s by suffocation &        
disease1 are a /]l+ example ( man's     
inhumanity to man :5 8 consci5ce is     
reliev$ by f9d+ support ( 8 inhumane    
actions sanction$ 9 t mo/ holy ( holies1
 ! ,bible4 ,exclusive ( ! slaves :o di$ 
be=e leav+ ,africa1 n m ?an fifty out ( 
a hundr$ liv$ to "w on ! plantations4   
,+ram's ,hi/ory ( ,slav]y calculates t  
al?\gh betwe5 #afij & #ahbj no less ?an 
#hjj1jjj ,negroes _h be5 import$ to     
,jamaica1 yet1 at ! latt] date1 only    
#cdj1jjj 7 on ! isl&4  ,slav]y 9 ,am]ica
 receiv$ ! same sanction by !           
religioni/s :i* x receiv$ on ! cont95t4 
,george ,:itefield1 ! great ,me?odi/    
prea*]1 0 an e>ne/ support] ( slav]y4   
,:5 ! importation ( slaves f9ally ceas$ 
! /ates began ! new indu/ry ( bre$+     

slaves2 ! lead+ /ate = ?is bre$+1 & ! "o
 :i* conta9$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( /ud f>ms1 0
 ,virg9ia4 ,"l ,macaulay1 9 a spee*     
deliv]$ be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons on      
,febru>y #bf1 #ahde1 said3 ,! slave     
/ates ( ! ,union are ( two classes1 !   
bre$+ /ates1 :]e ! human bea/ ( burd5   
increases1 & multiplies1 & becomes /rong
 = labor2 & ! sug> & cotton /ates to :i*
 ^! bea/s ( burd5 are s5t to be work$ to
 dea?4 ,bad en\gh x is t civiliz$ man   
%\ld sail to an unciviliz$ qu>t] ( ! _w 
:]e slav]y exi/$1 %\ld buy wret*$       
b>b>ians1 & %\ld c>ry !m away to labor 9
 a di/ant l&2 bad en\gh6 ,b t a civiliz$
 man1 a baptiz$ man1 a man pr\d ( be+ a 
citiz5 ( a free /ate1 a man frequ5t+ a  
,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 %\ld bre$ slaves =      
exportation1 & if ! :ole horrible tru?  
mu/ be told1 %\ld ev5 beget slaves =    
exportation1 %\ld see *ildr51 sometimes 
8 own *ildr51 gamboll+ f infancy1 %\ld  
wat* _! gr[?1 %\ld become famili> ) _!  
faces1 & %\ld sell !m = #djj or #ejj a  
head1 & s5d !m to lead 9 a remote c\ntry

 a life :i* is a l+]+ dea?1 a life ab\t 
:i* ! be/ ?+ t c be said is t x is sure 
to be %ort2 ?is does1 ,i own1 excite a  
horror exce$+ ev5 ! horror excit$ by t  
slave trade :i* is ! curse ( ! ,african 
coa/4 ,& m>k1 ,i am speak+ ( a trade z  
regul> z ! trade 9 pigs betwe5 ,dubl9 & 
,liv]pool1 or z ! trade 9 coals betwe5 !
 ,tyne & ! ,?ames4  ,x has be5 e/imat$ t
 ! memb]s & m9i/]s ( ! ,or?odox *ur*es 9
 ! ,s\? own$ no less ?an #ffj1jjj       
slaves4  ,?omas ,pa9e1 9 #agge1 :5 he   
wrote 8 article on ,ju/ice & ,humanity1 
0 ! fir/ to dem& emancipation 9 a lucid 
mann]4 ,! campaign = lib]ation ( !      
slaves 0 !re=e inaugurat$ by a free?9k]1
 & triumphantly clos$ by ano!r free?9k]1
 ,abraham ,l9coln4 ,9 ?is mann] did !   
,*ur* aboli% slav]y4 ,) *>act]i/ic      
disreg>d = ! tru?1 ! religioni/s h laid 
claim to ,l9coln1 :i* claim has be5     
amply refut$2 b we are /ill await+ !    
,*ur*'s claim to ,pa9e z "o ( h]        
devotees4  ,&1 truly1 ! case aga9/      
,*ri/ianity is pla9 & damn+4 ,nev]1 dur+

 ! :ole ( its hi/ory has x spok5 9 a    
cle> voice aga9/ slav]y2 always1 z we h 
se51 its *ief support]s h be5 pron\nc$  
believ]s4 ,!y h cit$ religi\s tea*+ 9   
its def5ce1 !y h us$ all ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*
 = its ma9t5ance4 ,naturally1 9 a _w 9  
:i* ! va/ majority are pr(ess+          
,*ri/ians1 believ]s are to be f\nd on ! 
side ( humanity & ju/ice4 ,b to t !     
reply is pla94 ,m5 are human be=e !y are
 ,*ri/ians2 bo? hi/ory & exp]i5ce po9t  
to ! con/ant lesson ( ! _m cases 9 :i* !
 claims ( a develop+ humanity ov]ride ^?
 ( an inculcat$ religi\s tea*+4  ,b !   
damn+ fact aga9/ ,*ri/ianity is1 n t x  
f\nd slav]y "h :5 x arriv$1 & accept$ x 
z a settl$ in/itution1 n ev5 t x is     
pla9ly taught 9 its 'sacr$' books1 b1 t 
x delib]ately creat$ a new =m ( slav]y1 
& = hundr$s ( ye>s inve/$ x ) a         
brutality great] ?an t :i* exi/$        
c5turies be=e4 ,a religion :i* c\ld     
tol]ate ?is slav]y1 argue = x1 & fight =
 x1 _c by any /ret* ( reason+ be cr$it$ 
) an influ5ce 9 =w>d+ emancipation4     

,*ri/ianity no m aboli%$ slav]y ?an x   
aboli%$ wit*craft1 ! belief 9 demonism1 
or puni%m5t = h]esy4 ,x 0 ! gr[+ moral &
 social s5se ( mank9d t compell$        
,*ri/ians & ,*ri/ianity to give up ^! & 
o!r ?+s4 7,c4 ,coh53 ,*ri/ianity1       
,slav]y1 & ,labor47     ,,*apt] ,,xvi   
,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,labor      ,!        
mortgage :i* ! peasant has on heav5ly   
prop]ty gu>antees     ! mortgage ( !    
b\rgeois on ! f>ms4      ,,m>x4      ,! 
same ,*ri/1 ! same ,buddha1 ! same      
,isaiah1 c /& at     once = capitalism &
 communism1 = lib]ty & slav]y1 =        
peace & w>1 = :atev] oppos$ or cla%+    
ideals y w4 ,=     ! life & ! p[] ( a   
*ur* is 9 ! p]si/5t id5tity (     its   
symbols & prop]ties4 ,mean+s *ange      
anyh[1 b ?+s     endure4 ,! rock ^u :i* 
a *ur* is f\nd$ is n ! ^w (     ,god2 ! 
rock ^u :i* a *ur* is f\nd$ is ! weal? (
 m54      ,,horace ,m4 ,,kall51 ,:y     
,religion8    ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !   
heads ( ! ,*ur* ex]cis$ all ! rights ( a
 feudal "l1 & 7 ev5 m t5aci\s ( _!      

privileges4 ,! s]fs 7 prohibit$ f       
migrat+ f "o "p ( ! c\ntry to ano!r4 ,! 
daught] ( a s]f c\ld n m>ry )\t ! cons5t
 ( ! "l1 :o frequ5tly dem&$ paym5t =    
p]mission2 or1 worse /ill1 ! infam\s ,"r
 ( ! ,fir/ ,night4 ,! s]f 0 bond$ 9 a   
hundr$ diff]5t ways1 & x is significant 
( ! e/eem 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 held t 9 e    
peasant revolt :i* occurr$1 !re 0 always
 a direct attack on ! ,*ur*4  ,pr(essor 
,?orold ,rog]s1 writ+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1
 gives ! foll[+ picture ( ! poor]       
classes3  ,! h\ses ( ^! villag]s 7 mean 
& dirty4 ,brickmak+ 0 a lo/ art1 /one 0 
f\nd only 9 a few places4 ,! wood fire 0
 on a hob ( clay4 ,*imneys 7 unkn[n1    
except 9 ca/les & manor h\ses1 & ! smoke
 escap$ ?r\gh ! door or :atev] o!r      
ap]ture x c\ld rea*4 ,! floor ( !       
home/ead 0 fil?y en\gh1 b ! surr\nd+s 7 
fil?i] /ill4 ,close by ! door /ood !    
mix51 a collection ( e                  
abom9ation--/reams f :i*1 9 ra9y wea!r1 
f]tiliz$ ! l[] mead[s1 g5]ally ! "l's   
pa/ure1 & pollut$ ! /ream4 ,! h\se ( !  

peasant cottag] 0 poor] /ill4 ,mo/ ( !m 
7 probably built ( po/s wattl$ & pla/]$ 
) clay or mud1 ) an upp] /orey ( poles  
rea*$ by a ladd]4  ,:at ! "l took he    
held by "r ( =ce2 :at ! ,*ur* _h x held 
by =ce ( cunn+4 ,& z1 9 ! long run1 !   
cunn+ ( ! ,*ur* 0 m p[]ful ?an ! =ce ( !
 robb]-"l1 ! prie/hood grew 9 ri*es     
until its weal? became a ?reat to ! :ole
 ( ! community4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! ?irte5?  
c5tury1 ! cl]gy numb]$ "o 9 fifty-two ( 
! population1 & ! possessions ( ! ,*ur* 
includ$ a ?ird ( ! l& ( ,engl&4 ,no     
opportunity 0 lo/ by ! ,*ur* to dra9    
money f ! p :e!r !y 7 ri* or poor4 ,!   
trade done 9 c&les1 & sales ( indulg5ces
 br\ght 9 l>ge sums ( money1 & !re 7    
cont9u\s disputes betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! k+ 
& ! ,pope z to ! divisions ( ! spoil4 ,!
 picture ( ! ,*ur* wat*+ ov] ! poor1    
%elt]+ !m f wrong1 t5d+ !m 9 sickness1 &
 reliev+ !m 9 _! pov]ty w n d4 ,x is    
totally )\t hi/oric f\ndation4 ,:5 !    
poor revolt$1 & ap>t f ! great revolts1 
!re 7 _m small & local outbreaks1 ! ang]

 ( ! poor 0 direct$ z mu* aga9/ ! ,*ur* 
z x 0 aga9/ ! nobles4 7,c4 ,coh53       
,*ri/ianity1 ,slav]y1 & ,labor47  ,:5 ! 
d[ntrodd5 masses ( ,spa91 ,mexico1 &    
,russia revolt$ aga9/ ! tyranny :i* _h  
held !m 9 ! sl\gh ( m$ieval degradation1
 !y likewise1 9 rec5t times1 prov$ t !y 
realiz$ t _! submission 0 z mu* caus$ by
 ! ,*ur*1 alli$ z x is ) ! /ate1 z by ! 
gov]nm5t itself4  ,! ,*ur* did att5d !  
sick1 b its trade 0 9 ! miracle cures & 
pray]s1 & s !y v mu* resembl$ m5 hawk+  
_! own goods1 & att5d+ to _! own        
bus9ess4 ,& !re is ! pla91 hi/oric fact1
 t 9 def5se ( its miracle cures x did   
:at x c\ld to ob/ruct ! gr[? ( bo?      
m$ical & sanit>y sci5ce4 ,x did give    
alms b ^! con/itut$ b a small "p ( :at x
 _h previ\sly tak54  ,?r\gh all ! *anges
 ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5?      
c5turies1 x is impossible to detect     
anxiety on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*es1 ,roman     
,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 to bett] ! /atus
 (1 or improve ! condition (1 ! work+   
classes4 ,:atev] improvem5ts may h come 

ab\t1 & !y 7 few en\gh1 came indep5d5tly
 ( ,*ri/ianity1 organiz$ or unorganiz$4 
,controv]sies ab\t religi\s matt]s      
might1 & did1 gr[ m acute2 controv]sies 
ab\t bett]+ ! position ( ! work+ classes
 only began ) ! break+ d[n (            
,*ri/ianity4 ,& :51 z 9 ,g]many1 !re    
occurr$ a peasants' revolt1 & ! peasants
 appeal$ to ,lu!r = assi/ance1 he wrote1
 aft] exhort+ ! peasants to resignation1
 to ! nobles3  ,a rebel is outlaw$ (    
,god & ,kais]1 !re=e :o c & w fir/      
slaught] su* a man does "r well1 s9ce ^u
 su* a common rebel e man is alike !    
judge & execution]4 ,!re=e1 :o c %all   
op5ly or secretly smite1 slaught] & /ab1
 & hold t !re is no?+ m poison\s1 m     
h>mful1 m devili% ?an a rebelli\s man4  
,& 9 pre-revolution>y ,france1 ! ,*ur*  
saw unmov$ a /ate ( affairs almo/       
unimag9able1 s f> z ! masses ( ! p 7    
conc]n$1 9 _! mis]y & demoralization4 ,&
 ?is at a "t :5 half ! l& ( ,france1 9  
addition to palaces1 *ateaux1 & o!r =ms 
( weal? 7 possess$ by ! nobility &      

cl]gy1 & 7 practically free f taxation4 
,a contempor>y obs]v] writes1 ,c]ta9    
savage-look+ be+s1 male & female1 are   
se5 9 ! c\ntry1 black1 livid1 &         
sunburnt1 & belong+ to ! soil :i* !y dig
 & grub ) inv9cible /ubbornness4 ,!y /& 
erect1 !y display human l9eam5ts1 & seem
 capable ( articulation4 ,!y are1 9     
fact1 m54 ,!y retire at night into _!   
d5s1 :]e !y live on black bread1 wat] & 
roots4 ,!y sp>e o!r human be+s ! tr\ble 
( s[+4  ,9 pre-revolution>y ,france1 !  
cl]gy1 c\nt+ monks & nuns1 numb]$1 9    
#agfb1 ov] #djj1jjj1 ) total possessions
 e/imat$ at two ?\s& million p\nds1     
produc+ an annual rev5ue ( ab\t "o      
hundr$ & =ty millions4 ,! cl]gy 7 free f
 taxation & ! high] memb]s ( ! ord]     
possess$ all ! rights & privileges ( !  
feudal nobility4 ,to ! end ! ,*ur* 9    
,france1 z 9 our day1 9 pre-revolution>y
 ,russia1 rema9$ ! *ampion ( privilege &
 misgov]nm5t4  ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! latt]  
half ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! 
n9ete5? c5tury1 develop$ ! ,engli%      

manufactur+ sy/em4 ,woman-& *ild-labor 7
 common 9 bo? m9es & factories4 ,!      
regul> work+ h\rs 7 f #e ,a4,m4 to #h   
,p4,m41 ) six full days' labor p] week4 
,"o inve/igator rem>ks3 ,x is a v common
 practice ) ! great popul\s p>i%es 9    
,london to b9d *ildr5 9 l>ge numb]s to !
 proprietors ( cotton-mills 9 ,lanca%ire
 & ,york%ire1 at a di/ance ( #bjj miles4
 ,! *ildr5 are s5t (f by waggon loads at
 a "t1 & are z mu* lo/ = ev] to _! p>5ts
 z if !y 7 %ipp$ (f = ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!
 p>i%es t b9d !m1 by procur+ a settlem5t
 = ! *ildr5 at ! end ( =ty days1 get rid
 ( !m = ev]2 & ! poor *ildr5 h n a human
 be+ 9 ! _w to :om !y c look up = r$ress
 aga9/ ! wrongs !y may be expos$ to f ^!
 :olesale deal]s 9 !m1 ^: object x is to
 get ev]y?+ !y c possibly wr+ f _!      
excessive labor & fatigue4  ,9 ! m9es   
conditions 7 /ill worse1 & a report 9   
#ahdb /ates3 ,*ildr5 are tak5 at !      
e>lie/ ages1 if only to be us$ z liv+ & 
wav+ c&le/icks1 or to keep rats f a     
d9n]1 & x is 9 pits ( ! wor/ "*1 too1 9 

:i* mo/ female *ildr5 are employ$4 ,x   
w\ld appe> f ! practical returns obta9$ 
by ! commission]1 t ab\t "o-?ird ( !    
p]sons employ$ 9 coal m9es are "u       
eighte5 ye>s ( age1 & t mu* m ?an       
"o-?ird ( ?is proportion are "u ?irte5  
ye>s ( age4 ,9 c]ta9 m9es !re 0 no      
di/9ction ( sex s f> z und]gr\nd labor 0
 conc]n$4 ,! m5 work$ entirely nak$ & 7 
assi/$ by females ( all ages1 f girls ( 
six ye>s to wom5 ( tw5ty-"o1 :o 7 q nak$
 d[n to ! wai/4  ,b if oppression 0     
rife1 education at a l[ ebb1 & mis]y    
preval5t1 ! religion ( ! p 0 receiv+    
att5tion4 ,! p]iod 01 9 fact1 "o (      
revival 9 religion4 ,! ,wesleyan revival
 0 9 full sw+1 & ,evangelical           
,*ri/ianity 0 mak+ great advances4      
,betwe5 #agii & #ahjd !re 7 f\nd$1 ,!   
,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society1 ,!    
,london ,mission>y ,society1 & ,!       
,mission ,to ,! ,jews4  ,:5 ! ,education
 ,bill ( #ahai came be=e ! ,h\se (      
,lords1 out ( eighte5 ,bi%ops :o vot$ on
 ! measure1 fifte5 vot$ aga9/ x6 ,?us ! 

religioni/s 7 mo/ active dur+ ! p]iod :5
 a condition approximat+ :ite slav]y    
exi/$4 ,& :y %\ld ?is n h be5 s1 :5 !   
,*ur* is n int]e/$ 9 ! social & economic
 /atus ( its adh]5ts dur+ _! exi/5ce on 
?is planet1 b is av[$ly conc]n$ ) delud+
 its devotees into a my?ical belief 9 a 
life h]eaft]8 ,! greate/ numb] ( slaves 
& ! greate/ degradation ( work]s is to  
be f\nd 9 ^? times & places :]e religi\s
 sup]/ition is mo/ p[]ful4  ,9 our own  
c\ntry1 z well z 9 ,engl&1 ! labor      
movem5t has develop$ n m]ely outside !  
range ( organiz$ ,*ri/ianity1 b 9 ! tee?
 ( ! bitt]e/ opposition to x4           
,*ri/ianity1 s9ce x came into p[]1 has  
always prea*$ to ! poor 9 def5se ( !    
privileges & possessions ( ! ri*4  ,9 a 
rec5t publication by ,j]ome ,davis1 :i* 
is entitl$ ,labor ,speaks = ,itself on  
,religion1 ! au?or has compil$ ! op9ions
 ( labor lead]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1      
,canada1 ,great ,brita91 ,russia1       
,g]many1 ,cze*oslovakia1 ,mexico1 ,*9a1 
,au/ria1 ,au/ralia1 ,belgium1 & ,japan4 

,x is a t]rific indictm5t by labor aga9/
 organiz$ religion4 ,! au?or tells u1   
,"h is labor speak+ = itself1 & 9 ! by &
 l>ge x feels t ! ,*ur* has n und]/ood  
or help$ x to secure ju/ice4 ,! majority
 believe t ! ,*ur* has a capitali/ic    
bias4 ,x is a class in/itution = ! upp] 
& middle classes4 ,?is is putt+ ! matt] 
r mildly :5 "o consid]s _! grievances   
express$ 9 _! own words4 ,aga9 ,j]ome   
,davis asks1 ,is x possible t our ,*ur* 
lead]s are to "s ext5t bl9d$ by curr5t  
conv5tional /&>ds8 ,are !y s busy %>+ ! 
weal? ( ! prosp]\s ) o!rs 9 spiritual   
que/s t !y fail to see "s areas (       
desp]ate social ne$8 ,d !y to "s degree 
unconsci\sly ex*ange ! gift ( prophecy =
 ye>ly budgets & bus9ess bo>ds8  ,james 
,h4 ,maur]1 ! presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania 
,f$]ation ( ,labor1 speaks = labor & !  
title ( 8 subject is1 ,has ! ,*ur*      
,betray$ ,labor8 ,mr4 ,maur]'s op9ion   
foll[s3 ,a work] liv+ f h& to m\?1 &    
lucky if he is n hopelessly 9 debt      
besides1 work+ at trip-hamm] spe$ :5 he 

has "w1 ) no security aga9/ en=c$       
idl5ess1 sickness1 & old age1 c h>dly be
 expect$ to become deeply int]e/$ 91 or 
a v en?usia/ic li/5] to s]mons ab\t     
,lot's disob$i5t wife1 :o because %e    
look$ back 0 turn$ into a pill> ( salt4 
,he is f> m conc]n$ ab\t 8 own ov]work$ 
& p]haps und]f$ wife :o1 due to ! /ra9 (
 try+ to raise 8 family on a meag]      
income t p]mits ( no re/ or prop] m$ical
 c>e1 is sl[ly b surely turn+ into a    
corpse4 ,to g to a *ur* & li/5 to a     
s]mon ab\t ! sublim5ess ( be+ humble &  
meek1 t no matt] h[ desp]ate ! /ruggle  
to live may be "o %\ld be cont5t$ & n   
envy ! m =tunate1 because ,god 9 ,8     
inf9ite wisdom has orda9$ t !re %all be 
ri* & poor & t no matt] h[ heavy "o's   
burd5s on ?is e>?1 "o %\ld be> !m meekly
 & look = rew>d 9 ! _w to come & rememb]
 t ,god loves ! poor--su* s]mons        
naturally s\nd pleas+ to ! e>s ( !      
weal?y li/5]s1 & ! usual rew>d is a %[] 
( gold & he>ty congratulations by !     
sleek & well-f$ memb]s ( ! congregation4

 ,b to an intellig5t work] su* s]mons   
s\nd l capitali/ic propag&a1 ^u :i* he  
is con/antly be+ f$ by e labor-exploit+ 
conc]n 9 ! c\ntry1 & q naturally he     
tries to avoid gett+ an extra dose ( !  
same k9d ( buncombe on ,sunday4444  ,9  
,*ur*es1 m5 h li/5$ = ne>ly two ?\s&    
ye>s to lessons & s]mons ab\t '!        
bro!rhood ( man1' '! =g+ ( swords ( w>  
into pl[%>es ( peace1' 'man is 8 bro!r's
 help]1' 'peace on e>?1 good w t[>d m51'
 '?\ %alt n kill1' ,we are taught to say
 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & ask = heav5 on e>?1 &
 yet1 at e w> opportunity1 ) a v few    
noble exceptions1 ! ,*ur*1 at ! comm& ( 
! w> lords1 has scrapp$ its peace       
s5tim5ts & turn$ its back to ! ,pr9ce ( 
,peace & ,heav5 on ,e>? & has %\t$      
itself ho>se = hell on e>?4 ,& !n !     
spokesm5 ( ! *ur*es ( ea* nation at w> h
 _h ! impud5ce to pray to a j ,god & ask
 ,him to play favorites1 to use ,8      
inf9ite p[] on _! side & jo9 9 ! mad    
slaught] ( ,8 own belov$ *ildr54 ,& ^?  
slaught]$ are ! work]s1 & _! folks at   

home naturally wond] :y ! "o big        
int]national peace organization on e>?1 
! ,*ur*1 at ! crack ( ! w> demon's :ip1 
des]ts its pr9ciples ( ',?\ %alt n      
kill1' & ',peace on e>?1' & helps to    
/amp$e its foll[]s 9 ! v opposite       
direction4  ,mr4 ,maur] po9ts out t     
labor's /ruggle to h a ,f$]al ,*ild     
,labor am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ratifi$
 by ! v>i\s /ate legislatures1 & to h   
su* legislation enact$ z ! ,workm5's    
,comp5sation ,laws1 ,mo!rs' ,p5sions1 & 
,old ,age ,p5sions1 receiv$ no support f
 ! cl]gy4 ,he concludes by cit+ ?is     
occurr5ce3  ,= a good illu/ration ( :at 
! ,*ur* is sometimes guilty ( let u take
 a glimpse at :at happ5$ 9 ,detroit1    
dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #aibf1 :5 !      
,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,labor 0 hold+ its 
annual conv5tion !re4 ,ne>ly e *ur* 9   
,detroit s5t invitations to prom95t     
labor (ficials to speak 9 _! *ur*es be=e
 ,bible classes1 ,sunday s*ools1 & ,"y  
,m5's ,*ri/ian ,associations4 ,mo/ ( !  
invitations 7 accept$ by ! labor        

(ficials1 includ+ ,presid5t ,gre5 ( !   
,a4 ,f4 ( ,l4 ,z soon z ! big employ]s  
le>n$ ab\t ! program !y n only fr[n$ ^u 
! idea ( all[+ _! sacr$ temples to be   
contam9at$ ) repres5tatives ( ! work+   
class1 b put bo? feet d[n z h>d z !y    
c\ld on ! proposition4 ,did ! cl]gym5 /&
 firm :5 m5 ) doll>s talk$8 ,to _!      
ev]la/+ %ame !y did n4 ,n9ety-five p]c5t
 ( !m b[$ to ! w ( ,mammon & !          
repres5tatives ( labor 7 b>r$ f ! sacr$ 
temples erect$ 9 ! "n ( ,god & ! l[ly   
,naz>5e1 prov+ conclusively to ! m9ds ( 
! av]age citiz5 :o controls ! *ur*es &  
:om !y s]ve4 ,small wond] t _m work]s h 
a poor op9ion ( ! ,*ur*1 & t s _m pews  
are empty4  ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,h>dman1 !      
editor ( ,! ,advance1 ! (ficial j\rnal (
 ! ,amalgamat$ ,clo?+ ,work]s1 gives u 8
 op9ion reg>d+ ! religion ( labor4 ,x   
lulls ! social und]dog ) a %am          
consolation = ! oppression &            
exploitation :i* are 8 lot1 & furni%es !
 exploit] & oppressor ) graceful        
di/raction & absolution f 8 daily       

practice & meanness4 ,?is is ! actual   
basis ( ,*ur* activity to-day4 ,!       
religion ( labor is godless1 = x seeks  
to re/ore ! div9ity ( man4  ,james ,p4  
,?ompson1 ! national organiz] ( !       
,indu/rial ,work]s ( ! ,_w1 heads 8     
article = ,j]ome ,davis1 ,religion is ! 
,negation ( ! ,tru?1 & 9 8 militant     
mann] proclaims ,?is organization       
design$ to praise ,god & help him run ! 
univ]se is kn[n z ! ,*ur*4 ,! e/abli%$  
,*ur* has always be5 on ! side ( ! ri* &
 p[]ful4 ,its rob$ repres5tatives1      
pret5d+ to be ,godlike & favorites (    
,god1 hav+ special influ5ce ) ,him1 h   
ev] function$ z ! moral police ag5ts ( !
 rul+ classes4 ,at "o "t or ano!r1 !y h 
ask$ ,god to bless ne>ly ev]y?+1 f !    
slave driv]'s la% to murd]\s w>s4 ,?us  
!y /rive to ext5d ! bless+s ( ,god to ! 
infamies ( m54  ,to-day1 "u ,capitalism1
 !y tea* ! work+ class ! doctr9e (      
humility3 tell !m t if !y get a slap on 
"o *eek to turn ! o!r1 &1 'bless$ are ! 
poor4' ,!y tell u to be> ! cross & we> !

 cr[n1 t we w get back 9 ! next _w :at  
is /ol5 f u 9 ?is4 ,9 o!r words1 !y try 
to *lor(orm u ) /ories ( heav5 :ile !   
robb]s plund] ! _w4 ,= ?is support !    
rul+ classes donate lib]ally to ! ,*ur*4
 ,! organiz$ robb]s & organiz$ begg>s   
support ea* o!r4  ,james ,p4 ,noonan1   
vice-presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation (  
,labor1 asks a p]t95t "q1 ,labor obs]ves
 an increas+ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* to
 regulate :at man may eat1 dr9k1 or     
smoke1 :]e & h[ he %all sp5d 8 ,sundays1
 ! "* & k9d ( amusem5ts he may          
p>ticipate 91 & v>i\s o!r activities1 _m
 ( :i* seem m or less trivial2 all ( :i*
 leads ! av]age work] to pond] r s]i\sly
 j :y x is t ! ,*ur* c vigor\sly        
advocate & promote legislation seek+ to 
curtail 8 lib]ty to enjoy1 9 8 own way1 
! limit$ numb] ( leisure h\rs at 8      
disposal1 & yet turn a deaf e> to ! cry 
( tortur$ m51 wom51 & *ildr5 = relief f 
! curse ( l[ wages1 long h\rs1 & scores 
( o!r indu/rial conditions & abuses :i* 
inevitably pave ! way = numb]less cases 

( moral turpitude4  ,james ,s4          
,woodswor?1 a =m] m9i/]1 speak+ = !     
,canadian ,labor ,p>ty1 exclaims3 ,!    
,*ur*--a class in/itution--:at does !   
,*ur* d to help me & ^? l me8 ,! ,*ur*  
support$ by ! weal?y1 yes1 ',he :o pays 
! pip] calls ! tune4' ,! well-groom$    
p>son1 ) 8 s(t tones prophesy+ smoo?    
?+s1 well1 ,i'm glad ,i'm n 9 8 %oes6   
,james ,simpson1 secret>y ( ! ,canadian 
,labor ,p>ty1 makes ?is /atem5t3 ,i f\nd
 t ! conditions :i* call$ = radical     
*ange if ! social & economic security ( 
! p 0 go+ to be e/abli%$ did n conc]n ! 
,*ur*4 ,z an in/itution x 0 conc]n$ 9   
e/abli%+ an outlook ^u life t w\ld      
induce m5 to d ! "r1 b1 if ! "r 0 n     
done1 !re 0 v little di/9ction drawn    
betwe5 ! wrong-do] & ! "r-do]4 ,?is lack
 ( di/9ction did n apply s mu* to :at 7 
re-reg>d$ z moral indiscretions z x did 
to ! l>g] failures to recognize man's   
relation%ip to man 9 ! indu/rial &      
comm]cial activities ( life4 ,labor ?9ks
 ! ,*ur* is ins9c]e4 ,x is an           

exceptional case = a m9i/] to take a /& 
on ! side ( ! work]s1 ev5 :5 ! issue    
betwe5 ! employ]s & employees is a cle> 
case ( ! =m] try+ to en=ce conditions ^u
 ! latt] :i* are unfair & inhuman4  ,a4 
,f5n] ,brockway1 ! political secret>y ( 
! ,indep5d5t ,labor ,p>ty 9 ,engl&1     
writes 9 ?is mann]3 ,! hymns ( ! ,*ur*  
are obsolete2 ! s]mons are v r>ely wor? 
li/5+ to2 ! =ms ( wor%ip are unrelat$ to
 life2 & su* inspiration z comes f !    
devotion & beauty ( "s *ur* s]vices &   
build+s c be f\nd ev] m intimately &    
fully 9 ! sil5ces & beauty ( nature4    
,george ,lansbury is ano!r ,engli%man   
speak+ = ,briti% ,labor1 & he tells u t1
 ,ord9>y work+ p 9 ,brita9 ?9k v little 
ab\t ,*ur*es1 or ab\t religion4 ,ye>s   
ago ,i 0 ask$1 ',:y don't p accept      
religion8 ,:y don't ! masses g to       
,*ur*8' ,i said !n1 z ,i say n[1 ',!y1 !
 masses1 believe we ,*ri/ians d n       
believe :at we say we believe4  ,l591   
,trotzky1 ,luna*>sky1 & ,y>oslavsky1 are
 ! speak]s = ,russian ,labor 9 ,soviet  

,russia4 ,_! attitude t[>d ,*ur* &      
,religion is well kn[n4444  ,ar?ur      
,crispi51 presid5t ( ! ,g]man ,social   
,democratic ,p>ty1 gives u 8 op9ion4 ,m5
 %\ld n look ^u ?is e>? z a vale ( te>s 
& fly f rude realities to a _w (        
phantasms2 !y %\ld embrace ! beauties ( 
! _w1 & realize & fulfill _! social     
rights & duties4 ,our "w lies 9 ?is _w4 
,z to ! o!r1 ea* is at lib]ty to decide 
accord+ to 8 ne$s4  ,k>l ,m5nicke1 ano!r
 =m] m9i/]1 po9ts out ! attitude (      
,g]man ,labor4 ,= mod]n labor ! feel+ t 
human life is fir/ ( all a matt] (      
et]nal life1 & only second>ily a matt] (
 ?is _w1 has be5 entirely lo/4 ,!       
high-/rung es*atologic mood1 or         
expectation ( ,jesus1 has no s\nd+ bo>d 
9 ! masses ( ! prolet>iat ( to-day4 ,!  
,*ri/ian epo* 9 hi/ory is obvi\sly on   
its way to ext9ction4 ,! es*atological  
mood ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 a h&icap1 &  
/ill is1 = ! ,*ri/ian community has     
difficulty f9d+ an organic relation%ip  
to ! creative problems ( social life4   

,emanuel ,radl speaks ( labor & ! ,*ur* 
9 ,cze*oslovakia4 ,9 g5]al ! *ur*es play
 a f> less] "p 9 our public life ?an 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,p are accu/om$ to speak
 ( ! *ur*es z explod$ in/itutions t are 
factors only among ! un$ucat$ classes4  
,! *ur*es are n measur+ up 9 und]/&+ &  
help+ ! poor4  ,rob]t ,hab]man1         
repres5t+ ! ,mexican ,labor ,p>ty1 gives
 a cle>-cut summation ( ! tyranny t !   
cl]gy ( t c\ntry yok$ ^u ! masses & !   
ret>dation t x has produc$4 ,x furni%es 
/rik+ & conclusive evid5ce ( ! h>m t is 
done :5 ! ,*ur* & ,/ate are /ill        
integrally int]tw9$4 ,!re is no bett]   
example ( ! ef=ts ( a reaction>y cl]gy  
to keep ! masses 9 pov]ty & ignorance   
?an is ?is /udy ( ! *ur* 9 mod]n        
,mexico4 ,mr4 ,hab]man gives an acc\nt (
 ! *ur* activities 9 old ,mexico & com+ 
to ! pres5t1 ,by ! ye> #ahed1 ! ,*ur* _h
 ga9$ possession ( ab\t two-?irds ( all 
! l&s ( ,mexico1 almo/ e bank1 & e l>ge 
bus9ess4 ,! re/ ( ! c\ntry 0 mortgag$ to
 ! ,*ur*4 ,!n came ! revolution ( #ahed1

 l$ by ,b5ito ,ju>ez4 ,x culm9at$ 9 !   
,con/itution ( #aheg1 :i* secul>iz$ !   
s*ools & confiscat$ ,*ur* prop]ty4 ,all 
! *ur*es 7 nationaliz$1 _m ( !m 7 turn$ 
into s*ools1 hospitals1 & orphan        
asylums4 ,civil m>riages 7 made         
obligatory4 ,pope ,pius ,,ix imm$iately 
issu$ a m&ate aga9/ ! ,con/itution &    
call$ ^u all ,ca?olics ( ,mexico to     
disobey x4 ,ev] s9ce !n1 ! cl]gy has be5
 fight+ to rega9 its lo/ temporal p[] & 
weal?4 ,x has be5 responsible = civil   
w>s & = =eign int]v5tion4 ,"u ! rule (  
,diaz1 ! con/itution 0 disreg>d$ & !    
,*ur* 0 p]mitt$ to rega9 mo/ ( its lo/  
privileges4 ,! ,*ur* bells rang out at  
sunrise to call ! peons out1 ) no?+ m to
 eat ?an "s tortillas & *ili1 to "w all 
day long 9 ! burn+ fields1 until sunset 
:5 ! ,*ur* bells rang aga9 to s5d !m    
home to _! mud huts4 ,dur+ _! "w !y 7   
beat54 ,on ,sundays !y 7 la%$ & s5t     
ble$+ to ,mass4 ,aft] ,*ur* !y _h to d  
,fa5as 7free "w7 = ! ,*ur*1 9 ! "n ( "s 
sa9t or o!r--ei!r to build a new *ur* or

 d "s special "w = ! prie/s4 ,x is no   
wond] !n1 t aft] ! revolution aga9/     
,diaz1 9 _m places1 z soon z ! peons 7  
told !y 7 free1 _! fir/ act 0 to climb  
up ! *ur* /eeples & sma% ! bells4 ,aft] 
t1 !y ru%$ inside ! *ur*es & de/roy$ !  
/atues & pa9t+s ( ! sa9ts4 ,dur+ ! :ole 
p]iod ( havoc & exploitation1 n once 0 !
 voice ( ! ,*ur* he>d 9 behalf ( !      
d[ntrodd54 ,illit]acy am\nt$ to         
eighty-six p]c5t4 ,b ! ,*ur* help$ !    
fur!r enslavem5t ( ! work]s4 ,!re 0 n a 
*ur* c]emony1 bir?1 m>riage1 or dea?1 t 
did n co/ money4 ,! work] _h to borr[ = 
ea*2 & ! m he borr[$1 ! m closely he    
rivet$ ^u himself ! *a9s ( peonage4444  
,! pres5t conflict />t$ 9 ,febru>y1     
#aibf1 :5 ,ar*bi%op ,jose ,mora del     
,rio1 head ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,mexico1 issu$ a 
/atem5t 9 ! press decl>+ w> aga9/ !     
,con/itution4  ,gideon ,*51 speak+ =    
,*9ese ,labor ass]ts3 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 
9 ,*9a1 br\ght up 9 a ,we/]n gre5h\se1 )
 all its a*ievem5ts & %ortcom+s1 does n 
speak a language intelligible to ! labor

 _w4  ,k>l ,kautsky1 ! ,au/rian         
repres5tative ( labor1 takes ! attitude 
t1 ,! less ,labor z a :ole has to d )   
,*ur* que/ions & ! less x is int]e/$ 9 !
 *ur*es1 ! m successful w be its /rife =
 emancipation4  ,otto ,bau]1 ano!r      
repres5tative ( ,au/rian labor1 makes ! 
ass]tion3 ,capitalism =ces ! work] into 
! class /ruggle4 ,9 ?is class /ruggle he
 comes across ! cl]gy & f9ds x ! *ampion
 ( 8 class adv]s>y4 ,! work] transf]s 8 
hate f ! cl]gyman to religion itself1 9 
^: "n ?is cl]gyman is def5d+ ! social   
ord] ( ! middle classes4 ,9 ,au/ria !   
b\rgeois p>ties take advantage ( !      
belief ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( prolet>ians 9
 a ,"l 9 ,heav5 to keep !m 9 subjection 
to _! e>?ly ma/]s4  ,erne/ ,h4 ,b>k]1 ! 
g5]al secret>y ( ! ,au/ralian ,labor    
,p>ty1 holds =? 9 an article entitl$1 ,!
 ,*ur* is ,weigh$ & ,f\nd ,want+4 ,he is
 q emphatic 9 8 /atem5ts4 ,! attitude ( 
! ,labor ,movem5t 9 ,au/ralia to ! ,*ur*
 is "o ( supreme indiff]5ce4 ,!re is    
little or no po9t ( contact betwe5 ! two

 & app>5tly nei!r consid]s ! o!r 9 its  
activities & plan ( campaign4444 ,!     
,*ur* prea*es ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,:at   
bro!rhood c exi/ betwe5 ! weal?y receiv]
 ( int]e/1 pr(it1 & r5t & ! /ruggl+     
work] :o sees 8 wife dragg$ d[n by      
pov]ty & ov]work1 & 8 *ildr5 /unt$ &    
dw>f$ physically &                      
intellectually--betwe5 ! und]work$ &    
ov]f$ comm]cial or indu/rial magnate & !
 und]f$1 ov]work$ d5iz5 ( ! slums8 444  
,! ,*ur* is put on trial 9 ! m9ds ( m54 
,!y ask1 ',:at did ! ,*ur* d :5 we s\ght
 a liv+ wage1 %ort] h\rs ( "w1 saf]     
work+ conditions1 abolition ( ,sunday   
"w1 abolition ( *ild labor8' ,! answ] is
 an almo/ entirely negative "o4 ,! few  
in/ances :5 *ur* (ficials h help$ are s 
conspicu\s z to emphasize ! g5]al       
alo(ness4444 ,9 h[ _m ( ! advanc$ ideas 
( our "t has ! ,*ur* tak5 ! lead8 ,is x 
n r5[n$ = be+ a long way 9 ! re> r ?an 9
 ! vangu>d ( progressive ?\ght & action8
 ,x res5ts any *all5ge to its ideas1    
doctr9es1 or au?ority4  ,emile          

,v&]velde1 ! lead] ( ! ,belgian ,labor  
,p>ty1 discusses ! p]sonal religi\s     
convictions ( ! ,labor lead]s 9 ,france 
& ,belgium4 ,today z ye/]day ! imm5se   
majority are a!i/s1 old-fa%ion$         
mat]iali/s1 or at lea/ agno/ics1 to :om 
x w\ld nev] occur to pr(ess any cre$1 no
 matt] h[ lib]al x might be4  ,toyohiko 
,kogawa1 ! secret>y ( ! ,japan ,labor   
,f$]ation1 says3 ,labor consid]s ! ,*ur*
 too o!r-worldly4 ,x ?9ks x has no      
conc]n ) ! int]e/s ( labor2 & t ! ,*ur* 
has lo/ h] aim 9 ?is _w & is look+ up   
only into heav54 ,& labor =gets :]e to  
g1 loses its s5se ( direction4 ,s labor 
/ops ?9k+ ab\t religion1 & religion /ops
 ?9k+ ab\t indu/ry4 ,! ,*ur* has no     
pr9ciple ( economics1 & labor has no    
religi\s aspiration4  ,! op9ions ( ^! m5
 :o are daily 9 contact ) ! problem (   
social ju/ice ! _w ov] surely furni% a  
trem5d\s am\nt ( in=mation reg>d+ bo? ! 
unconc]n ( religion ^u ! fur!rance (    
social ju/ice & its actual negative &   
h>mful influ5ce4 ,! dev\t ,%]wood ,eddy1

 a s9c]e & noble expon5t ( social       
ju/ice1 is =c$ to exclaim2 ,b ,i saw t  
!re w\ld be mu* m opposition f pr(ess+  
,*ri/ians if ,i prea*$ a gospel ( social
 ju/ice1 ?an ev] !re _h be5 f s call$   
'hea!n' nations 9 call+ !m to turn f _! 
idols4 ,inde$1 ,mammon is a mu* m pot5t 
idol1 x is m cruel1 sme>$ ) m human     
blood1 ?an ,kali ( ,siva4 ,!y sacrifice 
goats to ,kali & we %udd]2 we sacrifice 
m5 to ,mammon & ju/ify our 'rights4' ,9 
simple fact1 ?\gh !y are n wor?y (      
m5tion1 ,i h met ) m opposition &       
misrepres5tation1 t5 times ov]1 9       
',*ri/ian' ,am]ica1 ?an ,i ev] met 9    
fifte5 ye>s 9 ,india1 or 9 repeat$      
visits to ,*9a1 ,turkey1 or ,russia4    
7,%]wood ,eddy3 ,religion & ,social     
,ju/ice47  ,religi\s philosophy is slave
 philosophy2 x tea*es ( a ,god :o is    
p]sonally int]e/$ 9 ! individual & :o w 
rew>d pres5t mis]y ) future bliss4 ,!   
demoraliz+ effect ( ?is infam\s fraud is
 app>5t ev]y:]e4 ,if a work] is         
con/antly assail$ ) ?is nons5se f !     

pulpit1 ! result is ! production 9 him (
 a m5tal z well z a physical slav]y2 x  
aggravates 8 m5tal in]tia1 & ! =ce (    
repetition a*iev+ its effects1 he soon  
resigns himself to 8 pres5t mis]able    
/ate drugg$ ) ! delusion ( a bett] life 
9 ! h]eaft]4 ,he believes t 8 de/9y is  
pr$et]m9$ by ,god & t he w be rew>d$ 9  
heav5 = 8 suff]+s on e>?4  ,:at a       
m>vel\s opiate ! ecclesia/ics h be5     
inject+ into ! m9ds ( ! masses6 ,x is n 
to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t capital has   
aid$ ?r\gh\t ! ages & has /ood by       
religion4 ,! irony ( ! situation lies 9 
! fact t ! slave w fight s valiantly = 8
 tyrannical ma/]1 t ! unscrupul\s few :o
 d]ive all ! b5efits1 c1 l a malignant  
p>asite1 suck ! life-blood ( its victims
 :ile _! /ill liv+ prey submits )\t a   
/ruggle6 ,! work]1 inebriat$ ) 8        
religi\s delusion1 calmly all[s 8 v     
sub/ance to be ! means ?r\gh :i* 8      
p>asitic employ] gr[s fat4  ,t 0 ! net  
result ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ! activity ( !
 ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 spread+ abroad a _s ( 

k9dl9ess1 humanity & bro!rhood6 ,!      
coquetry ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,labor )9 ! la/
 g5]ation or two is only :at "o w\ld    
expect4 ,b x is cle> t ! "o con/ant     
function ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 to       
enc\rage loyalty to exi/+ in/itutions1  
no matt] :at _! "* s long z !y 7 n      
unfri5dly to ! ,*ur*4 ,slav]y & !       
oppression ( labor cont9u$ :ile         
,*ri/ianity 0 at its /ronge/ & weal?ie/2
 its own weal? d]iv$ f ! oppression x   
enc\rag$4 ,slav]y di$ out :5 social &   
economic conditions r5d]$ its cont9uance
 m & m difficult4 ,& ! conditions (     
labor improv$ :5 m5 ceas$ to talk ( a   
',provid5tial ,ord]1' ( ',god's         
,decree1' & dismiss$ ! evangelical      
n>cotic s]v$ out by ! ,*ur*1 & began to 
realize t social conditions 7 ! products
 ( und]/&able & modifiable natural =ces4
 7,c4 ,coh53 ,*ri/ianity1 ,slav]y &     
,labor47     ,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,religion 
,,& ,,woman      ,%e 0 ! fir/ 9 !       
transgression !re=e keep h] 9           
subjection4         99       99       99

       99       99      ,fi]ce is !     
dragon & cunn+ ! asp2 b woman has !     
malice     ( bo?4      ,,/4 ,,gregory   
,,( ,,nazianzum4      ,?\ art ! devil's 
gate1 ! betray] ( ! tree1 ! fir/        
des]t] ( ! ,div9e ,law4                 
,,t]tullian4       ,:at does x matt]    
:e!r x be 9 ! p]son ( "m or     si/]2 we
 h to bew>e ,eve 9 e woman4      ,h[ mu*
 bett] two m5 c\ld live & conv]se toge!r
 ?an a man     & a woman4      ,,/4     
,,augu/9e4      ,no g[n worse becomes a 
woman ?an ! desire to be wise4          
,,lu!r4      ,! ,bible & ! ,*ur* h be5 !
 greate/ /umbl+ blocks 9     ! way (    
wom5's emancipation4      ,,elizabe?    
,,cady ,,/anton4   ,x is notic$ 9 mo/   
calculations ( *ur*go]s t wom5 h rema9$ 
atta*$ to ! *ur*es 9 a f> high]         
proportion ?an m54 ,! proportion ( wom5 
9 ! *ur*es is va/ly great] ?an _!       
proportion 9 ! g5]al population4 ,mo/ ( 
! m5 :o /ill passively att5d _! *ur*es d
 s "u ! pressure ( pr(essional int]e/ or
 social or dome/ic influ5ce4  ,! degree 

( religiosity has always be5 associat$ )
 ! free play ( ! emotions & woman be+ m 
imag9ative & emotional ?an man1 x seems 
cle> t ?is /rong emotional factor 9     
woman acc\nts1 at lea/ p>tly1 = ! great]
 proportion ( wom5 z *ur*go]s4 ,& ?is1  
be x not$1 lies n 9 any inh]5t          
inf]iority 9 ! m5tal make-up ( woman1 b 
r 9 ! environm5tal influ5ces t until v  
rec5tly %ap$ woman's education 9 su* a  
mann] t x 0 little adapt$ to /r5g!n+ h] 
reason1 b r calculat$ to enhance h]     
emotionalism4  ,ecclesia/ic hi/orians h 
a notori\s habit ( view+ pre-,*ri/ian   
times = ! s+le bias$ purpose ( only /at+
 ! aspects ( t civilization :i* !y deem$
 inf]ior to t ex]t$ by ,*ri/ianity4     
,rese>*es h e/abli%$ fairly well !      
position ( wom5 9 ! ,egyptian community 
( #djjj ye>s ago4 ,x is no exagg]ation  
to /ate t %e 0 free & m honor$ 9 ,egypt 
#djjj ye>s ago1 ?an %e 0 9 any c\ntry ( 
! e>? until only rec5tly4 ,s*ol>s assure
 u t1 at a p]iod :i* ! ,bible claims !  
,e>? 0 j com+ into be+1 ! ,egyptian     

matron 0 mi/ress ( h] home1 %e inh]it$  
equally ) h] bro!rs1 & _h full control (
 h] prop]ty4 ,%e c\ld g :]e %e lik$ &   
speak to :om %e pleas$4 ,%e c\ld br+    
actions 9 ! c\rts & ev5 plead 9 ! c\rts4
 ,! traditional advice to ! husb& 01    
,make glad h] he>t dur+ ! "t t ?\ ha/4  
,contra/ ?is position ( woman 9 !       
community & society 9 g5]al ) ! /atem5t 
giv5 9 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,cady ,/anton's ,hi/ory
 ( ,woman's ,suffrage1 9 :i* %e speaks (
 ! /atus ( ! female ( ! species 9 ,bo/on
 ab\t ! ye> #ahej4 ,wom5 c\ld n hold any
 prop]ty1 ei!r e>n$ or inh]it$4 ,if     
unm>ri$1 %e 0 oblig$ to place x 9 ! h&s 
( a tru/ee1 to ^: w %e 0 subject4 ,if %e
 contemplat$ m>riage1 & desir$ to call  
h] prop]ty h] own1 %e 0 =c$ by law to   
make a contract ) h] int5d$ husb& by :i*
 %e gave up all title or claim to x4 ,a 
woman1 ei!r m>ri$ or unm>ri$1 c\ld hold 
no (fice or tru/ or p[]4 ,%e 0 n a      
p]son4 ,%e 0 n recogniz$ z a citiz54 ,%e
 0 n a factor 9 ! human family4 ,%e 0 n 
a unit1 b a z]o 9 ! sum (               

civilization4444 ,! /atus ( a m>ri$     
woman 0 little bett] ?an t ( a dome/ic  
s]vant4 ,by ! ,engli% ,common ,law h]   
husb& 0 h] "l & ma/]4 ,he _h ! sole     
cu/ody ( h] p]son & ( h] m9or *ildr54   
,he c\ld puni% h] ') a /ick no bigg] ?an
 8 ?umb' & %e c\ld n compla9 aga9/      
him4444 ,! common law ( ! ,/ate         
,massa*usetts held man & wife to be "o  
p]son1 b t p]son 0 ! husb&4 ,he c\ld by 
w deprive h] ( e "p ( 8 prop]ty1 & also 
( :at _h be5 h] own be=e m>riage4 ,he 0 
! own] ( all h] real e/ate & e>n+s4 ,!  
wife c\ld make no contract & no w1 nor1 
)\t h] husb&'s cons5t1 dispose ( ! legal
 int]e/ ( h] real e/ate4444 ,%e did n   
own a rag ( h] clo?+4 ,%e _h no p]sonal 
rights & c\ld h>dly call h] s\l h] own4 
,h] husb& c\ld /eal h] *ildr51 rob h] ( 
h] clo?+1 neglect to support ! family3  
%e _h no legal r$ress4 ,if a wife e>n$  
money by h] own labor1 ! husb& c\ld     
claim ! pay z 8 %>e ( ! proce$s4 ,) su* 
a contra/ 9 m9d1 x is inde$ difficult to
 see :]e ! tru? ( ! ass]tion lies :5 x  

is /at$ t ! /atus ( woman 0 inde$       
pitiful until ,*ri/ianity ex]t$ its     
influ5ce = h] bett]m5t4 ,& x is aga9    
curi\s to note t aft] a p]iod ( ne>ly   
#bjjj ye>s ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce x 0 left 
= a sceptic su* z ,mrs4 ,/anton & h]    
sceptical co-work]s to br+ ab\t an      
amelioration ( ! degrad+ position (     
woman 9 ,*ri/ian society4  ,! degrad+   
picture ( womank9d z depict$ 9 ! ,old   
,te/am5t is well kn[n to anyone :o has  
glanc$ ?r\gh ?is /oreh\se ( my?ology4 ,x
 w\ld be well = ! multitude ( dev\t     
female adh]5ts ( all cre$s to take ! "t1
 j a little ( ! "t !y give to ! plight (
 ! poor1 b5ight$ hea!n & read "s ( !    
passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t deal+ ) _!   
lot4 ,! entire hi/ory ( woman "u !      
adm9i/ration ( ^! heav5-made laws is a  
record ( h] s]viture & humility4  ,9 !  
#bd? *apt] ( ,deut]onomy we f9d ! "r (  
divorce giv5 to ! husb&4 ,let him write 
h] a bill ( divorcem5t & give x 9 h] h& 
& s5d h] out ( 8 h\se4 ,! disc>d$ wife  
mu/ acquiesce to div9e ju/ice4 ,b if !  

wife is displeas$1 is !re any ju/ice8   
,"u no clause ( ! ,divorce ,law c\ld !  
wife h a divorce on h] "p4 ,none b !    
husb& c\ld put h] asund] f him4  ,9 !   
#bb;d *apt] ( ,deut]onomy is enact$ !   
law = ,te/ ( ,virg9ity1 :i* /ates t1 ,if
 any man take a wife1 & is disappo9t$ 9 
h]1 & reports1 ',i f\nd h] n a maid1'   
!n1 h] fa!r & "m %all br+ =? ! tok5s ( !
 damsel's virg9ity unto ! eld]s ( ! city
 9 ! gate4 ,! gynecological eld]s !n g  
into a peep+ ,tom's conf]5ce & ,if      
virg9ity be n f\nd = ! damsel3 ,!n !y   
%all br+ out ! damsel to ! door ( h]    
fa!r's h\se1 & ! m5 ( ! city %all /one  
h] ) /ones t %e die4 ,mo/ probably !    
male p>tn] 9 h] crime 0 ! fir/ to ca/ ! 
l>ge/ /one4  ,! law laid d[n 9 ! #ab?   
*apt] ( ,leviticus may h be5 int5d$ =   
hygi5ic purposes b x is cruel & degrad+ 
to wom5 because x assumes t ! p>turi5t  
woman :o has borne a female *ild is     
twice z impure z "o :o has borne a male 
*ild4  ,! law ( jeal\sies z describ$ 9 !
 #e? *apt] ( ,numb]s is a good example (

 ! m5tality ( ! writ]s ( ?is div9e      
revelation4 ,god 9 ,8 inf9ite wisdom _h 
caus$ to be writt5 = ,him1 t to te/ :e!r
 a woman has laid c>nally ) ano!r man1 !
 prie/ %all1 take holy wat] 9 an e>!n   
vessel1 & ( ! du/ t is on ! floor ( !   
tab]nacle ! prie/ %all take & put x 9 ! 
wat] 444 ! bitt] wat] t cause? ! curse1 
& %all cause ! woman to dr9k ! wat]4 ,! 
div9e revelation !n cont9ues )1 if %e be
 defil$1 h] belly %all swell & h] ?igh  
%all rot4  ,b aft] all1 ,god did n "k t 
9 ! du/ ( ! ,tab]nacle sprawl$ ! g]ms ( 
,dys5t]y1 ,*ol]a1 & ,tub]culosis1 & a   
few o!r su* mild infections4 ,or did !  
,div9e ,fa!r "k t ev5 a self-respect+   
g]m c\ld n inhabit ! fil?y floor ( !    
,tab]nacle8  ,consequ5tly1 x is n to be 
wond]$ at t 9 ! good old days ( !       
old-fa%ion$ woman1 ! acme ( hospitality 
0 ! giv+ ( wife or daught] to a visitor 
= ! night4 ,x 0 n religion t put an end 
to ?is b>b>\s cu/om2 x 0 ! advance (    
civilization2 n ! religi\s =ce1 b !     
place rational ?9k+ assum$ 9 ! life ( p4

  ,! foll[+ is a description ( a        
religi\s riot :i* took place 9 ,alex&ria
 dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! ,*ur*3 ,among ! _m
 victims ( ^! unhappy tumults 0         
,hypatia1 a maid5 n m di/+ui%$ = h]     
beauty ?an = h] le>n+ & h] virtues4 ,h] 
fa!r 0 ,!on1 ! illu/ri\s ma!matician :o 
_h e>ly initiat$ 8 daught] 9 ! my/]ies (
 philosophy4 ,! classic groves ( ,a!ns &
 ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria equally applaud$  
h] atta9m5ts & li/5$ to ! pure music (  
h] lips4 ,%e respectfully decl9$ ! t5d] 
att5tions ( lov]s1 b1 rais$ to ! *air ( 
,gamaliel1 suff]$ y\? & age1 )\t        
pref]5ce or favor1 to sit               
indiscrim9ately at h] feet4 ,h] fame &  
increas+ popul>ity ultimately excit$ !  
jeal\sy ( ,/4 ,cyril1 at t "t ! ,bi%op (
 ,alex&ria1 & h] fri5d%ip = 8 antagoni/1
 ,ore/es1 ! prefect ( ! city1 entail$ on
 h] devot$ head ! cru%+ weight ( 8      
enmity4 ,9 h] way ?r\gh ! city1 h] *>iot
 0 surr\nd$ by 8 creatures1 head$ by a  
crafty & savage fanatic nam$ ,pet] !    
,read]1 & ! "y & innoc5t woman 0 dragg$ 

to ! gr\nd1 /ripp$ ( h] g>m5ts1 p>ad$   
nak$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 & !n torn limb f   
limb on ! /eps ( ! ,ca!dral4 ,! /ill w>m
 fle% 0 scrap$ f h] bones ) oy/]-%ells1 
& ! ble$+ fragm5ts ?r[n into a furnace1 
s t n an atom ( ! beautiful virg9 %\ld  
escape de/ruction4 ,! cruelty ( man :5  
spurr$ on by ! mania ( religi\s zeal6   
,9 m hi/oric times !re are num]\s       
in/ances ( ! tyranny ex]cis$ ov] wom5 by
 ! feudal sy/em4 ,feudalism1 compos$ z x
 0 ( milit>y ideas & ecclesia/ical      
traditions1 ex]cis$ ! well kn[n rights (
 seigniory4 ,^! rights compris$ a       
jurisdiction :i* is n[ unpr9table1 & _h 
ev5 ! p[] to deprive woman ( life       
itself4  ,a hi/ory ( ! lic5ti\sness ( ! 
monks & ! e>ly popes w\ld fill a great  
numb] ( volumes2 & inde$1 _m are !      
volumes :i* h be5 devot$ to ?is subject4
 ,x w suffice to po9t out only a few    
repres5tative incid5ts4 ,9 #abei1       
,alex&] ,,iv tri$ to disrupt ! %ameful  
union betwe5 concub9es & ! cl]gy4 ,h5ry 
,,iii1 ,bi%op ( ,liege1 0 su* a fa!rly  

sort ( individual t he _h sixty-five    
natural *ildr56 ,william1 ,bi%op (      
,padreborn1 9 #adaj1 al?\gh successful 9
 r$uc+ su* p[]ful enemies z ! ,ar*bi%op 
( ,cologne1 & ! ,c\nt ( ,cloves by fire 
& sword1 0 p[]less aga9/ ! dissolute    
morals ( 8 own monks1 :o 7 *iefly engag$
 9 ! corruption ( wom54 ,inde$1 ! ,swiss
 cl]gy 9 #abcj1 frankly /at$ t !y 7 fle%
 & blood1 unequal to ! task ( liv+ l    
angels4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,cologne1 9 #acjg1 
tri$ 9 va9 to give ! nuns a *ance to    
live virtu\s lives2 to protect !m f     
prie/ly s$uction4 ,conrad1 ,bi%op (     
,wurzburg1 9 #aeba1 accus$ 8 prie/s (   
habitual gluttony1 drunk5ness1 gambl+1  
qu>rell+1 & lu/4 ,erasmus w>n$ 8 cl]gy  
aga9/ concub9age4 ,! ,abbot ( ,/4       
,pilazo de ,antealt>9 0 prov$ by        
compet5t witnesses to h no less ?an     
sev5ty concub9es4 ,! old & weal?y ,abbey
 ( ,/4 ,albans 0 little m ?an a d5 (    
pro/itutes1 ) :om ! monks liv$ op5ly &  
av[$ly4 ,! ,duke ( ,nuremburg1 9 #aebb1 
0 conc]n$ ) ! cl]ical immunity ( monks  

:o night & day prey$ ^u ! virtue ( !    
wives & daught]s ( ! laity4  ,! ,*ur*   
op5ly c>ri$ on a sale ( indulg5ces 9 lu/
 to ecclesia/ics :i* f9ally took ! =m ( 
a tax4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,utre*t 9 #acdg issu$
 an ord] prohibit+ ! admittance ( m5 to 
nunn]ies4 ,9 ,spa91 conditions became s 
intol]able t ! communities =c$ _! prie/s
 to select concub9es s t ! wives &      
daught]s w\ld be safe f ! ravages ( !   
cl]gy4  ,! torture1 ! maim+1 & ! murd] (
 ,elgira by ,dun/an illu/rates fur!r1   
among/ ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( simil> bloody    
de$s1 ! diabolical brutality (          
sup]/ition p]petuat$ 9 ! "n (           
,*ri/ianity ^u wom5 9 ! e>li] c5turies (
 our epo*4 ,inde$1 religi\s sup]/ition  
always has contriv$ to rob1 to pe/]1 to 
deceive1 & to degrade wom54 7,bell3     
,wom5 f ,bondage to ,fre$om47  ,dur+ !  
,middle ,ages1 ! ages 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 9 
complete dom9ation ( all =ms ( endeavor1
 ! /atus ( woman 0 no bett] ?an ! g5]al 
conditions ( ! "t4 ,?is ,age ( ,fai? is 
*>act]iz$ by ! viol5ce & knav]y t cov]$ 

! :ole c\ntry1 ! plagues & fam9es t     
decimat$ t[ns & villages e few ye>s1 !  
flood ( spuri\s & indec5t relics1 !     
degradation ( ! cl]gy & monks1 ! slav]y 
( ! s]fs1 ! daily brutalities ( ! ordeal
 & ! torture1 ! c\rse & bloody pa/imes1 
! insecurity ( life1 ! triumphant       
ravages ( disease1 ! *eck ( sci5tific   
inquiry & a hundr$ o!r features (       
m$ieval life4 7,joseph ,mc,cabe3        
,religion ( ,woman47  ,! ,*ur* 0 *iefly 
responsible = ! t]rible p]secutions     
inflict$ on wom5 on ! gr\nd ( wit*craft 
& ?is mu/ be tak5 into calculation :5 "o
 consid]s :at woman owes to religion4 ,!
 ,re=mation r$uc$ woman to ! position ( 
a m]e bre$] ( *ildr54 ,dur+ ! sway (    
,puritanism woman 0 a poor1 b5ight$ be+1
 a human toad "u ! h>r[ ( a pi\s        
imbecility4  ,! pione]s 9 ! ,mod]n      
,woman ,movem5t 9 ?is c\ntry 71 ( c\rse1
 ,mrs4 ,/anton1 ,mrs4 ,gage1 & ,miss    
,susan ,b4 ,an?ony4 ,9 _! ,hi/ory (     
,woman ,suffrage !y comm5t on ! vici\s  
opposition :i* ! e>ly work]s enc\nt]$ 9 

,new ,york4 ,?r\gh\t ?is protract$ &    
disgraceful assault on ,am]ican         
womanhood ! cl]gy baptis$ e new insult &
 act ( inju/ice 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ri/ian     
religion1 & uni=mly ask$ ,god's bless+  
on proce$+s t w\ld h put to %ame an     
assembly ( ,hott5tots4  ,& :ile ! cl]gy 
ei!r rema9$ sil5t or heap$ abuse on ?is 
e>ly movem5t1 su* free?9k]s z ,rob]t    
,ow51 ,j]emy ,b5?am1 ,george ,jacob     
,holyoake1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill 9 ,engl& 
ent]$ ! fray :olehe>t$ly 9 behalf ( !   
emancipation ( woman4 ,9 ,france x 0    
,mi*elet & ,george ,s& t came to _! aid4
 ,9 ,g]many x 0 ,max ,/]n]1 ,b*n]1 ,m>x1
 ,engels1 & ,liebkne*t4 ,9 ,sc&9avia x 0
 ,ibs5 & ,bjrnson4  ,! battle 0 begun by
 free?9k]s 9 defiance ( ! cl]gy & x 0   
only :5 ! inevitable conque/ ( ?is      
movem5t 0 manife/ t any consid]able     
numb] ( cl]gy came to ! aid ( ?is       
progressive movem5t4 ,! right+ ( !      
wrongs impos$ on womank9d !re=e _h be5  
/>t$ n only )\t ! aid ( ! *ur*es b 9    
face ( _! det]m9$ opposition4 ,x 0 n !  

cl]gy t discov]$ ! inju/ice t _h be5    
done to wom5 ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 & :5 x 
0 f9ally po9t$ out to !m by sceptics1 x 
0 ! r>e ecclesia/ic t c\ld see x s &    
attempt to "r ! wrong4  ,r4 ,h4 ,bell1 9
 trac+ ?is /ruggle ( woman 9 h]         
publication1 ,woman f ,bondage to       
,fre$om1 has ?is p]t95t rem>k to make4  
,if !re are any p]sonal rights 9 ?is _w 
ov] :i* ,*ur* & ,/ate %\ld h no control1
 x is ! sexual "r ( a woman to say1     
',yes' or ',no4' ,^! & simil> rights are
 s deeply imb$d$ 9 natural morality t no
 cle>-head$1 clean-he>t$ p]son w\ld wi% 
to controv]t !m4444 ,en=c$ mo!rhood1    
?r\gh m>riage or o!rwise1 is a mix$ =m (
 slav]y1 volunt>y mo!rhood is ! glory ( 
a free s\l4  ,9 ! age-long /ruggle =    
fre$om1 woman's mo/ rigor\s antagoni/   
has always be5 ! ,*ur*4     ,,*apt]     
,,xviii  ,,! ,,philosoph]s ,,& ,,!      
,,great ,,illusion      ,b ! p[]s ( man1
 s f> z exp]i5ce & analogy c guide      
u1 are unlimit$2 nor are we possess$ (  
any evid5ce :i*     au?orizes u to      

assign ev5 an imag9>y b\nd>y at :i* !   
human intellect w1 ( necessity1 be      
br\ght to a /&4      ,,buckle4   ,!re   
has be5 an ef=t made 9 c]ta9 religi\s   
publications to imply t !re is a de>? ( 
?\ght & ?9k]s beyond ! pale ( !ism4 ,!  
subsequ5t exam9ation ( ! !ological      
beliefs ( great m9ds w %[ t !re has nev]
 be5 a lack ( brilliant ?9k]s :o h n    
s\ght tru? ap>t f ! dom9ant fai? ( _!   
age4 ,x 0 ,socrates1 ,i believe1 :o fir/
 ask$ if x 0 n a base sup]/ition t m]e  
numb]s w give wisdom4 ,grant+ ?is tru?1 
x c]ta9ly _c be claim$ t ! philosoph]s (
 any "t con/itut$ a majority ( any      
population1 nor t ! philosoph]1 z su*1 0
 n greatly 9 advance ( ! m5tal /atus ( !
 populace ( 8 p>ticul> age4 ,x w\ld seem
 appropriate to briefly comm5t on !     
op9ions ( ! philosoph]s1 bo? anci5t &   
mod]n1 conc]n+ _! views on man's giant  
%ad[1 hail$ div9e4  ,9 =m] ages1        
philosophy 0 ! h&maid5 ( !ology4 ,f ! "t
 ( ,socrates & ,plato1 & ?r\gh\t !      
m$ieval ages1 ! =emo/ task ( !          

philosoph] seem$ to be to attempt ! pro(
 ( ! exi/5ce & nature ( ,god1 & !       
immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! lead+ ?9k]s ( ! 
sev5te5? c5tury1 ,hobbes1 ,desc>tes1    
,sp9oza1 ,leibnitz1 & ,malebran*e1      
lib]at$ philosophy f its bondage to     
!ology4 ,! criticism ( ,kant ( !        
philosophical f\ndations ( belief       
de/roy$ ! !ological pro(s1 & mod]n ?9k]s
 n[ sp5d little "t on ! "q ( ! exi/5ce &
 nature ( ,god & ! s\l4  ,mod]n         
philosophy has be5 completely secul>iz$1
 & x is a r>e occasion to f9d a         
philosoph] dwell+ on ! problems ( ,god &
 immortality4 ,?is "q 9 philosophy1 z 9 
all o!r bran*es ( ?\ght1 is utt]ly      
irrelevant & at pres5t !re is less      
insi/5ce on ,god & m on ! _w1 man1      
morals1 & ! conditions ( social life4   
,x _c be d5i$ t we are "u a heavy       
obligation intellectually to ! ,greek   
philosoph]s4 ,& x may be t ! fruitful   
ef=ts ( ^? m9ds 7 l>gely due to _!      
unhamp]$ intellectual fre$om4 ,!y _h no 
holy books & few au?orities to *eck _!  

free speculation & h5ce ^! ,greek ?9k]s 
furni% ! fir/ in/ance ( intellectual    
fre$om1 f :i* arose _! intellig5t       
criticism & speculation4 ,!y discov]$   
skepticism 9 ! high] & prop]            
significance ( ! ^w1 & ?is 0 _! supreme 
contribution to human ?\ght4 7,james    
,h>vey ,rob9son3 ,! ,m9d ,9 ,! ,mak+47  
,we "k ! tea*+s ( ,socrates only ?r\gh 8
 disciple ,plato1 z ,socrates wrote no?+
 himself4 ,f ?is s\rce we ga!r t        
,socrates firmly upheld ! "r & necessity
 ( free ?\ght4 ,he 0 ma9ly a morali/ &  
re=m]1 & attempt$ to prove ! exi/5ce (  
,god by f9d+ evid5ce ( design 9 nature4 
,he reject$ ! crude religi\s ideas ( 8  
nation1 0 oppos$ to an?ropomorphism1 b  
consid]$ x 8 duty to con=m publicly to  
?is belief4 ,9 8 old age1 he 0 *>g$ )   
reject+ ! gods ( ! /ate1 & 0 s5t5c$ to  
dea?4  ,! philosophy ( ,plato has giv5  
rise to div]se int]pretations & !re are 
^? :o1 on read+ ! ,dialogues1 believe t 
x is n amiss to /ate t 9 c]ta9 utt]ances
 !re is gr\nd to hold t ,plato argu$ = !

 pragmatic value ( a belief 9 ,god &    
p]sonal immortality2 t he does n /ress !
 tru? ( ! matt]1 b argues ma9ly = !     
b5efit :i* ! ,/ate d]ives f ! belief2 t 
su* !i/ic beliefs _c be demon/rat$1 &   
may well be b a crav+ & a hope1 yet x w 
be ( no h>m to believe4 ,he inf]r$ !    
exi/5ce ( ,god f :at he consid]$ !      
intellig5ce & design manife/$ 9 natural 
objects4 ,ma9ly1 h[ev]1 ,plato's !ism 0 
f\nd$ ^u 8 doctr9e ( a univ]se ( ideas1 
& z no "o today holds t ideas are       
self-exi/+ realities1 ! f\ndation ( 8   
!ism is de/roy$4 ,james ,h>vey ,rob9son1
 9 8 ,m9d 9 ,! ,mak+1 discusses !       
influ5ce ( ,plato1 & rem>ks1 ,plato made
 t]ms ) ! welt] ( ?+s1 b s\ght relief 9 
! conception ( sup]nal models1 et]nal 9 
! heav5s1 aft] :i* all ?+s 7 imp]fectly 
fa%ion$4 ,he confess$ t he c\ld n be> to
 accept a _w :i* 0 l a leaky pot or a   
man runn+ at ! nose4 ,9 %ort1 he ascrib$
 ! highe/ =m ( exi/5ce to ideals &      
ab/ractions4 ,?is 0 a new & sophi/icat$ 
republication ( savage animism4 ,x      

invit$ less] m9ds ?an 8 to indulge 9 all
 sorts ( noble vagu5ess & imp]t95t j>gon
 :i* cont9ue to curse our popul>        
discussions ( human affairs4 ,he        
consecrat$ "o ( ! *ief foibles ( ! human
 m9d1 & elevat$ x to a religion4  ,!    
philosophy ( ,ari/otle is commonly kn[n 
to be ! rev]se ( ,plato's4 ,plato />t$ )
 univ]sals1 ! v exi/5ce ( :i* 0 a matt] 
( fai?1 & f ^! he desc5d$ to p>ticul>s4 
,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 argu$ f         
p>ticul>s to univ]sals1 & ?is inductive 
me?od 0 ! true beg9n+ ( sci5ce4 ,!      
accumulat$ k ( 8 age did n furni% him   
facts en\gh ^u :i* to build & he _h to  
resort to speculation4 ,x does n detract
 f ! /up5d\s a*ievem5t ( ?is man t !    
cl]gy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 control ( !  
few isolat$ c5t]s ( le>n+1 look$ ^u !   
philosophy ( ,ari/otle z f9al & consid]$
 8 works z semi-sacr$1 & 9 _! imm]sion 9
 un-reason & unreality1 exalt$ z        
immutable & infallible ! absurdities 9 !
 speculations ( a m9d limit$ to ! k (   
c5turies be=e !irs4  ,9 ! attempt to    

expla9 plant & animal life1 ,ari/otle   
=mulat$ ! !ory t a special =m ( animat+ 
pr9ciple 0 involv$4 ,! lan vital (      
,b]gson & ! !ory ( ,joad are mod]n      
reit]ations ( ?is conception4 ,ari/otle 
is n q consi/5t :5 he attempts to give u
 8 !i/ic beliefs4 ,at times ,god is1 =  
him1 a my/]i\s _s t nev] does any?+ &   
has n any desire or w4 ,else:]e1 he     
conceives ,god z pure en]gy2 a prime    
mov] unmov$4 ,c]ta9 mod]n physici/s /ill
 cl+ to ?is ,ari/otelian god4 ,?is      
conception ( a deity 0 f> f ! beliefs ( 
8 age1 & x is n /range t ,ari/otle 0    
*>g$ ) impiety & ) hav+ taught t pray] &
 sacrifice 7 ( no avail4 ,he fl$ f ,a!ns
 & %ortly aft]w>ds di$ 9 exile4  ,^!    
?ree supreme ,greek ?9k]s1 ,socrates1   
,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 h n contribut$ a   
s+le argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a supreme be+
 :i* is n[ n discr$it$4 ,socrates reli$ 
on ! n[ outmod$ argum5t f design2 & only
 9 a greatly modifi$ =m are ! argum5ts (
 ,plato & ,ari/otle accept$ by mod]n    
!i/s4 ,hold+ su* h]etical views 9 an age

 :5 hi/ory 0 a frail fabric ( leg5ds1 & 
! sci5tific explanation ( nature 9 its  
extreme infancy1 :at w\ld _! views be   
today8  ,9 ! consid]ation ( ! ,greek    
?9k]s ( less] importance "o f9ds t !y 7 
cont9ually /orm+ aga9/ ! religi\s       
conceptions ( ! populace4 ,! philosoph]s
 7 ev] unpopul> ) ! cr$ul\s4 ,damon &   
,anaxagoras 7 bani%$2 ,aspasia 0 impea*$
 = blasphemy & ! te>s ( ,p]icles alone  
sav$ h]2 ,socrates 0 put to dea?2 ,plato
 0 oblig$ to res]ve pure reason = a *os5
 few1 & to adult]ate x ) revelation = ! 
g5]ality ( 8 disciples2 ,ari/otle fl$ f 
,a!ns = 8 life1 & became ! tutor (      
,alex&]4 7,w9wood ,reade3 ,! ,m>tyrdom (
 ,man47  ,anaxagoras1 ! fri5d & ma/] (  
,p]icles1 ,euripides1 & ,socrates1 0    
accus$ by ! sup]/iti\s ,a!nians ( a!ism 
& impiety to ! gods4 ,he 0 condemn$ to  
dea? & b>ely escap$ ?is fate ?r\gh !    
influ5ce ( ,p]icles2 :i* result$ 9 !    
accusation ( a!ism aga9/ ,p]icles4      
,euripides 0 accus$ ( h]esy1 & ,aes*ylus
 0 condemn$ to be /on$ to dea? =        

blasphemy & 0 sav$ f ?is fate by 8 bro!r
 ,am9ias4 ,! philosophy ( ,p>m5ides 0   
di/9ctly pan!i/ic1 & ,py?agoras1 :o     
attempt$ to purify ! religion ( !       
,greeks & free x f its absurdities &    
sup]/itions1 0 exil$ = 8 scepticism4    
,democritus1 a mat]iali/ & a!i/ ( #bejj 
ye>s ago1 =mulat$ a me*anical view (    
ph5om5a 9 accordance ) :i* ev]y?+ t     
happ5s is due to physical impacts4 ,su* 
a mat]ialism 0 a great lib]ation f      
sup]/ition2 & _h x surviv$ 9 its        
integrity1 ! pa? ( ,european wisdom w\ld
 h be5 va/ly diff]5t f :at x 04 ,:at !  
pa? w\ld h be51 we are beg9n+ to see    
to-day1 = s9ce ! n9ete5? c5tury we h be5
 tread+ x m or less consi/5tly b by no  
means s gallantly & c\rage\sly z        
,democritus4 7,g4 ,boas3 ,! ,adv5tures (
 ,human ,?\ght47  ,democritus & !       
,epicureans /rove to deliv] m5 f _! two 
*ief appreh5sions3 ! fe> ( ! gods1 & !  
fe> ( dea?2 & 9 s do+ reject$ ! religi\s
 beliefs & sub/itut$ a rational &       
sci5tific conception ( ! univ]se4  ,x 0 

,x5ophanes1 ! ,voltaire ( ,greece1 :o   
br\ght to ! att5tion ( 8 c\ntrym5 !     
discov]y t man creat$ ! gods 9 8 own    
image4 ,he attack$ ! conceptions ( !    
,greek deities ) ^! words1 ,mortals deem
 t ! gods are begott5 z !y are1 & h     
clo!s l !irs1 & voice & =m 444 ,yes1 &  
if ox5 & horses or lions _h h&s1 & c\ld 
pa9t ) _! h&s1 & produce works ( art z  
m5 d1 horses w\ld pa9t ! =ms ( ! gods l 
horses1 & ox5 l ox51 & make _! bodies 9 
! image ( _! sev]al k9ds4444 ,!         
,e?iopians make _! gods black &         
snub-nos$2 ! ,?racians say !irs h blue  
eyes & r$ hair4  ,consid]+ ,greek       
philosophy 9 its entirety1 we see t x 0 
naturali/ic r ?an sup]naturali/ic1 &    
rationali/ic r ?an my/ical4 ,^! gift$ m5
 saw no cle> indication = ! exi/5ce ( a 
supreme be+2 v few ( !m speak ( ! deity 
9 ! role ( ,provid5ce & few] /ill       
believ$ 9 p]sonal immortality4          
,pr(essor ,boas1 9 contra/+ ,asiatic    
my?ology ) ,greek philosophy1 rem>ks3 ,!
 ,asiatic my?s assum$ ! exi/5ce ( be+s  

beyond ! _w1 n subject to mundane laws1 
:o made & controll$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4    
,!re 0 no reason :y !y %\ld h made a _w4
 ,!y seem$ to be liv+ z div9e a life )\t
 x z ) x4 ,! "q 0 "o :i* p]si/$ 9       
,asiatic ?\ght1 & :5 ,*ri/ianity became 
dom9ant 9 ,europe1 mu* ( its !ologians' 
"t 0 sp5t 9 answ]+ x4 ,! only plausible 
answ] !n 0 t ,god made ! _w because ,he 
felt l x4 ,= no reason c\ld be giv5     
suffici5tly compell+ to sway ! w ( !    
,omnipot5t4 ,b su* an answ] 0           
unsatisfactory to ! ,greek4 ,9 8        
philosophy all ?is is *ang$4 ,no god    
/eps out ( ! ma*9e to initiate cosmic   
hi/ory4 ,! ,fir/ ,cause is a physical   
sub/ance1 "s mat]ial ?+1 :i* op]ates by 
! laws ( its own nature4 ,its e movem5t 
is !oretically op5 to ! scrut9y (       
reason4 ,& h5ce1 a sci5tific r ?an a    
religi\s answ] c be giv5 to e "q4  ,at !
 beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! cultur$     
,romans 7 /oics or epicureans4 ,! poet  
,lucretius 0 an epicurean :o reg>d$ !   
belief 9 ! gods z a product ( ! t]rors (

 primitive man & recomm5d$ t ! m9d %\ld 
be emancipat$ f ! fe> ( ! gods & argu$  
aga9/ ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,s5eca1    
,epictetus1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius 7 /oics4 
,cic]o ins9uates t ! gods are only      
poetical creations1 t ! popul> doctr9e (
 puni%m5t 9 a _w to come is only an idle
 fable1 & is unc]ta9 :e!r ! s\l is      
immortal4 ,s5eca wrote aga9/ ! religion 
( 8 c\ntry1 & ! philosophy ( cultur$    
,romans ( ! "t ( ! physician ,gal5 t5d$ 
t[>ds a!ism4  ,! prime factor ( ,greek  
philosophy 0 ! insi/5ce on intellig5ce &
 k1 & by ^! means x rea*$ its p9nacle ( 
reason+4 ,! blight t ext]m9at$ all      
sci5tific progress1 ) ! fall ( ! ,roman 
,empire1 c>ri$ ) x ! neglect ( ! ,greek 
?9k]s4 ,simil> to ! retrogression (     
sci5tific ?\ght1 trac$ 9 =m] *apt]s1 is 
! correspond+ retrogression 9           
philosophic ?\ght4 ,9 place ( ! free    
inquiry ( ! ,greeks we see aris+ !      
!ology ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig51   
,/4 ,augu/9e1 & f9ally t ( ,/4 ,?omas   
,aqu9as4 ,at ! "t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e mo/ ( !

 cultural ,greek writ+s _h disappe>$ 9  
we/]n ,europe4 ,! greate/ /ore ( ,greek 
?\ght 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,arab s*ol>s & l$ to
 a m>k$ scepticism1 z we see manife/$ 9 
! writ+s ( ! ,spani% ,moors4  ,x is     
significant t dur+ ! age ( fai? 9       
,europe no philosoph] ( m]it arose1 & ! 
only philosophy p]mitt$ 0 ! pu]ile      
,s*ola/ic-,ari/otelic4 ,?is s*ola/ic    
philosophy1 hemm$ 9 betwe5 metaphysics &
 !ology1 s\ght to reconcile ,plato1     
,plot9us1 & ,ari/otle ) ! ne$s (        
or?odoxy1 & split hairs ov] subtle      
ess5ces & entities4 ,francis ,bacon     
impea*es1 9 ?is mann]1 ! m$ieval        
philosoph]s3 ,hav+ %>p & /rong wits1 &  
abundance ( leisure1 & small v>iety (   
read+1 b _! wits be+ %ut up 9 ! cells ( 
a few au?ors1 z _! p]sons 7 %ut up 9 !  
cells ( mona/]ies & colleges1 & kn[+    
little hi/ory1 ei!r ( nature or "t1 did 
out ( no great quantity ( matt] &       
inf9ite agitation ( wit sp9 out unto u  
^? labori\s webs ( le>n+ :i* are extant 
9 _! books4  ,! sole preoccupation (    

m$ieval philosophy seem$ to be          
conjectures z to :at w\ld happ5 to man  
aft] dea?1 & ! entire sy/em ( ?\ght 0   
bas$ on au?ority4 ,! m$ieval philosoph] 
turn$ 9 disda9 f ! ardu\s pa? (         
inve/igation ( actual ph5om5a &         
confid5tly believ$ t he c\ld f9d tru? by
 easy reliance ^u revelation & !        
elaboration ( dogmas4 ,a few brave m9ds 
rebell$ aga9/ ?is unnatural imprisonm5t 
( ! intellect1 ) ! usual consequ5ces4   
,pet] ,abel>d 0 condemn$ = 8 scepticism 
at a c\ncil at ,s5s 9 #aadj2 !          
philosophy ( ,john ,scotus ,erig5a 0    
condemn$ = its pan!i/ic ideas by a      
c\ncil at ,s5s 9 #abbe2 & ! pan!i/ic    
views ( ,bruno _h mu* to d ) 8 m>tyrdom 
9 ! ye> #afjj4  ,montaigne1 ! pione] (  
mod]n scepticism1 gave voice to 8       
repugnance = dogmas 9 8 brilliant       
,essays1 9 :i* he /at$ t all religi\s   
op9ions are ! result ( cu/om2 & t he    
d\bt$ if1 out ( ! imm5se numb] (        
religi\s op9ions1 !re 7 any means (     
asc]ta9+ :i* 7 accurate4 ,bacon1        

,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,desc>tes 7 !        
inaugurators ( a s*ool ( ?\ght :i* is   
*>act]iz$ by its practical _s2 & :ile ^!
 m5 pr(ess$ !i/ic beliefs1 _! sy/ems (  
?\ght _h done mu*1 :5 appli$ & amplifi$ 
by _! foll[]s1 to und]m9e t belief4 ,^! 
m5 furni%$ ! s\rce ( a lat] agno/icism4 
,?omas ,hobbes agre$ ) ,bacon & ,galileo
 t all k />ts f exp]i5ce1 &1 c>ry+ out !
 inductive me?od ( ,bacon1 he produc$ 8 
,levia?an 9 #afea4 ,x 0 promptly attack$
 by ! cl]gy ( e c\ntry 9 ,europe4       
,hobbes says ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,x
 is a belief gr\nd$ ^u o!r m5's say+s t 
!y knew x sup]naturally2 or t !y knew ^?
 :o knew !m1 t knew o!rs t knew x       
sup]naturally4  ,locke conc]n$ himself )
 a philosophic inquiry into ! nature ( !
 m9d itself1 & 0 look$ ^u z a de/roy] ( 
! fai?4 ,desc>tes bas$ 8 philosophy on !
 rejection ( au?ority 9 favor ( human   
reason = :i* 8 works 7 honor$ by be+    
plac$ on ! ,index 9 #affc4 ,hume1 ) !   
publication ( ! highly h]etical         
,treatise on ,human ,nature1 ?rew       

con/]nation into ! ranks ( ! !i/s4 ,8   
!ory ( k play$ havoc ) ! old argum5ts = 
belief 9 ,god & immortality ( ! s\l4 ,8 
works 7 widely read & 7 in/rum5tal 9    
lead+ to ! philosophical agno/icism ( ! 
n9ete5? c5tury4  ,sp9oza's religi\s     
views seem$ 9 8 "t little %ort ( a!ism &
 br\ght him ! ho/ility ( bo? ,jews &    
,*ri/ians1 to :i* 0 add$ !              
excommunication f ! synagogue4 ,9 8     
philosophy ,god & nature are equival5t  
t]ms & x is pan!i/ic only 9 ! s5se t if 
man is to h a god at all1 nature mu/ be 
t god1 & :atev] man consid]s godlike mu/
 be f\nd 9 nature4 ,sp9oza recognizes no
 sup]natural realm & d5ies ! survival ( 
p]sonal memory4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,boas1 9 8
 ,adv5tures ( ,human ,?\ght1 discusses !
 attitude ( public op9ion ( ! "t (      
,sp9oza4 ,he 0 ! ar*-a!i/1 ! mat]iali/1 
! subv]t] ( all t 0 held mo/ de> by !   
reign+ p[]s4 ,x 0 only aft] ! ,fr5*     
,revolution t he came into 8 own :5     
c]ta9 ,g]mans1 captivat$ by             
,neo-,platonism1 emphasiz$ ! pan!i/ic   

elem5t 9 him4 ,b by !n ,*ri/ianity _h   
ceas$ to be a dom9ant intellectual =ce &
 _h become :at x is today1 a folk       
belief4 ,9 ! ,tractus                   
,!ologico-,politicus1 ,sp9oza /ates3 ,:5
 p decl>e1 z all are ready to d1 t !    
,bible is ! ,^w ( ,god tea*+ m5 true    
bless$ness & ! way ( salvation1 !y      
evid5tly d n mean :at !y say1 = ! masses
 take no pa9s at all to live accord+ to 
,scripture1 & we see mo/ p endeavor+ to 
hawk ab\t _! own comm5t>ies z ! ^w (    
,god1 & giv+ _! be/ ef=ts1 "u ! guise ( 
religion1 to compell+ o!rs to ?9k z !y  
d4 ,we g5]ally see1 ,i say1 !ologians   
anxi\s to le>n h[ to wr+ _! inv5tions & 
say+s out ( ! sacr$ text1 & to =tify !m 
) div9e au?ority4  ,9 ,france1 ,pi]re   
,bayle clev]ly satiriz$ ! absurdity (   
dogma1 & ,la ,mettrie1 an army          
physician1 0 exil$ = ! publication ( 8  
,man a ,ma*9e4 ,he insi/$ t if a!ism 7  
g5]ally accept$ society w\ld be happi]4 
,8 views 7 tak5 up & exp&$ by su* a!i/s 
z ,helvetius1 d',holba*1 d',alemb]t1 &  

,did]ot1 :o taught t morality %\ld be   
f\nd$ on sociology & n on !ology4 ,!    
publication ( _! ,encyclopdia incurr$ ! 
fi]ce opposition ( ! ,*ur*4 ,(          
,voltaire's anti-cl]icism little ne$ be 
said1 except to recall our debt to 8    
victory ov] ecclesia/icism & sup]/ition4
 ,8 ass]tion t a fanaticism compos$ (   
sup]/ition & ignorance has be5 !        
sickness ( all ! c5turies1 /ill holds   
too great an ext5t ( tru?4 ,8 d5ial (   
miracles1 ! sup]natural efficacy (      
pray]1 & ! immortality ( ! s\l e>n$ =   
him ! undy+ enmity ( ! cl]gy4           
,condorcet1 ano!r dei/1 0 ! successor ( 
,voltaire 9 ! ,encyclopdic w>f>e4  ,!   
,critique ( ,pure ,reason ( ,kant       
demoli%$ ! ontological & ! cosmological 
argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god & %[$ !     
weakness 9 ! teleological argum5t4 ,he  
demon/rat$ t all ! curr5t argum5ts =    
,god & immortality2 ! entire basis (    
rational pro( ( religi\s beliefs2 7     
invalid4 ,! !i/s prote/$ vehem5tly1 &   
%[$ _! sup]iority by call+ _! dogs      

,immanuel ,kant4 ,9 8 ,critique (       
,practical ,reason1 h[ev]1 he w5t on to 
re/ore ! cr$it ( religion ?r\gh ! moral 
s5se1 ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 &1 z   
c]ta9 comm5tators h /at$1 aft] hav+     
exclud$ ,god f ! cosmos1 he attempt$ to 
f9d ,him aga9 9 e?ics4 ,hold+ t ! moral 
s5se is innate & n d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 he 
r$uc$ ! tru? ( religion to moral fai?4  
,kant believ$ t he f\nd a div9e comm& 9 
8 own consci5ce2 b ! sci5ce ( e?ics n[  
gives a natural acc\nt ( moral laws &   
s5tim5ts4 ,! /udy ( ! evolution ( our   
moral ideas has1 today1 de/roy$ ,kant's 
!ory ( an innate & absolute moral s5se4 
,:5 ,frankl9 %[$ ! nature ( lightn+1 !  
voice ( ,god 0 displac$ f t ( ?und]4 ,! 
sci5ces ( e?ics & psy*ology1 l mod]n    
,frankl9s1 %[ pla9ly t consci5ce is no m
 ! voice ( ,god ?an is ?und]4           
,s*op5hau]1 comm5t+ on ,kantian !ology1 
(f]s ! sugge/ion t ,kant 0 really a     
sceptic1 b became fright5$ :5 he        
contemplat$ :at he ?\ght w\ld happ5 to  
public morals if belief 7 to be d5i$ to 

! masses4 ,nietzs*e speaks ( ,kant3 ,) !
 aid ( 8 concept ( ',practical ,reason1'
 he produc$ a special k9d ( reason1 =   
use on occasions :5 reason _c function3 
namely1 :5 ! sublime comm&1 ',?\ %alt1' 
res\nds4 ,9 8 old age ,kant became m    
bold1 & p]haps voic$ 8 true views1 = we 
f9d t 9 ,religion ,)9 ! ,limits ( ,pure 
,reason1 he is actively antagoni/ic to  
ecclesia/icism1 s mu* s t1 = publi%+ ?is
 "w1 he 0 c5sur$ by ! ,prussian k+1 :o  
wrote1 ,our highe/ p]son has be5 greatly
 displeas$ to obs]ve h[ y misuse y\r    
philosophy to und]m9e & de/roy _m ( !   
mo/ important & fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! 
,holy ,scriptures & ( ,*ri/ianity4      
,inde$1 _m a man approa*+ ,kant ) a firm
 !i/ic belief f9ds 8 belief some:at %ak5
 by ,kantian logic4  ,s*op5hau]'s ,w has
 no?+ 9 common ) ! ,god-idea z commonly 
held1 & he 0 bitt]ly anti-!i/ic4 ,9 a   
dialogue entitl$ ,religion1 he places ^!
 words 9 ! m\? ( 8 "* ,philale!s3 ,a    
c]ta9 am\nt ( g5]al ignorance is !      
condition ( all religions1 ! elem5t 9   

:i* alone !y c exi/4 ,& z soon z        
a/ronomy1 natural sci5ce1 geology1      
hi/ory1 ! k ( c\ntries & peoples1 h     
spread _! light broadca/1 & philosophy  
f9ally is p]mitt$ to say a ^w1 e fai?   
f\nd$ on miracles & revelation mu/      
disappe>2 & philosophy takes its place4 
,hegel's deification ( ?\ght or reason  
left no room = p]sonal immortality1 & 8 
qu]y1 ,d y expect a tip = hav+ nurs$ y\r
 ail+ "m1 & refra9$ f poison+ y\r bro!r8
 is well kn[n4 ,a vague conception ( a  
deity ^: exi/5ce c be prov$1 if x c be  
prov$ at all1 only by ! ab/ruse argum5ts
 ( a ,hegel is n a god ( practical      
s]vice to ! !i/s4  ,s*ell+ 0 pan!i/ic1 &
 ,feu]ba* play$ havoc ) ! philosophic   
evid5ce = ,god & immortality & treat$   
all religions z a dream & an illusion4  
,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,james ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4    
,mill1 & ,huxley popul>iz$ ! agno/ic    
/&po9t4 ,sp5c] 9 8 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples     
argues 9 ?is mann]3 ,^? :o _c conceive (
 a self-exi/5t ,univ]se1 & !re=e assume 
a creator z ! s\rce ( ! ,univ]se1 take =

 grant$ t !y c conceive a self-exi/5t   
creator4 ,! my/]y :i* !y recognize 9 ?is
 great fact surr\nd+ !m on e side1 !y   
transf] to an alleg$ s\rce ( ?is great  
fact1 & !n suppose t !y h solv$ ! my/]y4
 ,b !y delude !mselves4 ,self-exi/5ce is
 inconceivable2 & ?is holds true :atev] 
be ! nature ( ! object ( :i* x is       
pr$icat$4 ,:oev] agrees t ! a!i/ic      
hypo!sis is unt5able because x involves 
! impossible idea ( self-exi/5ce1 mu/   
p]=ce admit t ! !i/ic hypo!sis is       
unt5able if x conta9s ! same impossible 
idea4444 ,if religion & sci5ce are to be
 reconcil$1 ! basis ( reconciliation mu/
 be ?is deepe/1 wide/1 & mo/ c]ta9 ( all
 facts1 t ! ,p[] :i* ! ,univ]se manife/s
 to u is inscrutable4  ,nietzs*e1 !     
great lib]ator ( mod]n ?\ght1 vigor\sly 
oppos$ religi\s morality1 ! influ5ce (  
,*ri/ianity1 & all religi\s beliefs4 ,:5
 ! natural consequ5ces ( an action1 he  
wrote1 are no long] look$ ^u z natural1 
b are consid]$ to be produc$ by !       
phantasms ( sup]/ition1 by ',god1'      

',gho/s1' & ',s\ls1' & appe> z 'moral'  
consequ5ces1 z rew>ds1 puni%m5ts1       
guidance & revelation1 !n ! :ole basis (
 k is de/roy$2 & ! greate/ possible     
crime aga9/ humanity has be5 committ$4  
,william ,james1 claim$ z a support] (  
religion1 argues t our inn] exp]i5ce    
makes u cognizant ( a spiritual _w4 ,!  
advance ( psy*ological rese>* does n    
deal k9dly ) ?is cont5tion1 & su* works 
z ,leuba's ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s       
,my/icism give a rational explanation ( 
! my/ic /ate4 ,moreov]1 ,james did n    
give 8 support to mono!ism4 ,t va/      
lit]ature ( pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce1 he  
/at$1 drawn f ! ord] ( nature1 :i* a    
c5tury ago seem$ s ov]:elm+ly conv9c+1  
today does little m ?an ga!r du/ 9 !    
libr>ies1 = ! simple reason t our       
g5]ation has ceas$ to believe 9 ! k9d ( 
,god x argu$ =4 ,:atev] sort ( ,god may 
be1 we "k today t he is nev]more t m]e  
ext]nal inv5tor ( 'contrivances' int5d$ 
to make manife/ 8 'glory' 9 :i* our     
great-gr&fa!rs took su* satisfaction4   

,james claim$ to be a plurali/ 9 ! s5se 
t !re are sev]al or _m spiritual be+s   
above u1 & 8 writ+s lead "o to believe t
 he 0 n conv9c$ t man1 z a di/9ct       
p]sonality1 survives ! grave4  ,royce   
reject$ all ! curr5t argum5ts = ,god &  
immortality & argues = ! my/icism (     
int]nal exp]i5ce4 ,euck5 (f]s no support
 to !ologians2 & ,b]gson does n seem to 
express a cle> belief 9 a p]sonal god or
 p]sonal immortality4  ,com+ to ! m     
popul> ( contempor>y philosoph]s "o f9ds
 t1 j z ! ,greek philosoph]s reason$    
outside ! pale ( ! !n held beliefs :i* 7
 !i/ic1 s d ^! mod]n philosoph]s rea*   
conclusions t are outside ! pale (      
organiz$ religion ( today4 ,george      
,santayana is a mat]iali/ & sceptic :o1 
9 8 ,reason 9 ,religion1 reveals 8      
scepticism & fr[ns ^u p]sonal           
immortality4 ,x is pa!tic1 he comm5ts1  
to obs]ve h[ l[ly are ! motives t       
religion1 ev5 ! highe/1 attributes to ! 
deity1 & f :at a h>d-press$ & bitt]     
exi/5ce !y h be5 drawn4 ,to be giv5 !   

be/ morsel1 to be rememb]$1 to be       
prais$1 to be obey$ bl9dly &            
punctili\sly1 ^! h be5 ?\ght po9ts (    
honor ) ! gods1 = :i* !y w\ld disp5se   
favors & puni%m5ts on ! mo/ exhorbitant 
scale4444 ,! idea t religion conta9s a  
lit]al1 n a symbolic1 repres5tation (   
tru? & life is simply an impossible     
idea4 ,:oev] ent]ta9s x has n come )9 ! 
region ( pr(itable philosophiz+ on t    
subject4  ,b]tr& ,russell1 consid]$ by  
"s ! ke5e/ philosophical m9d ( ! pres5t 
age1 is an agno/ic :o ma9ta9s ,!        
objections to religion are ( two sorts1 
intellectual & moral4 ,! intellectual   
objection is t !re is no reason to      
suppose any religion true2 ! moral      
objection is t religi\s precepts date f 
a "t :5 m5 7 m cruel ?an !y are n[1 &   
!re=e t5d to p]petuate inhumanities :i* 
! moral consci5ce ( ! age w\ld o!rwise  
outgr[4  ,! ,italian philosoph] ,b5$etto
 ,croce is an a!i/ :o /ates t philosophy
 removes f religion all reason = exi/+4 
,c4 ,e4 ,m4 ,joad is a "y ,engli%       

philosoph] :o repeat$ly pr$icts !       
disappe>ance 9 ! ne> future ( ! pres5t  
=ms ( !i/ic beliefs4 ,m4 ,c4 ,otto holds
 to ,an affirmative fai? 9 ! non-exi/5ce
 ( ,god4 ,william ,p4 ,montague disc>ds 
all organiz$ religions = a ,prome!an    
,religion4 ,john ,dewey is a naturali/ic
 philosoph] :o w h no?+ to d )          
sup]natural causation & insi/s t all ?+s
 be expla9$ by _! place & function 9 !  
environm5t4 ,8 philosophy is p]meat$ ) !
 secul> ideal ( control ( ! ext]nal _w4 
,:at consolation does organiz$ religion 
receive f ! views ( su* mod]n           
philosoph]s z ,russell1 ,alex&]1 ,joad1 
,croce1 ,santayana1 ,dewey1 ,otto1      
,montague1 ,sell>s1 & ! ,r&alls8 ,!     
views ( an intellectual incompet5t1 su* 
z ,bryan 01 are spread wideca/1 b few "k
 ! ext5t ( ! scepticism ( ,edison1 ,lu!r
 ,burbank1 ,alb]t ,e9/e91 ,paul ,ehrli*1
 ,ern/ ,haeckel1 ,rob]t ,ko*1 ,fridj(   
,nans51 & ,swante ,arrh5ius4 ,:at       
consolation c ! !i/s d]ive f ! religi\s 
views ( ,%elley1 ,sw9burne1 ,m]$i?1     

,bu*anan1 ,keats1 ,george ,eliot1 ,?omas
 ,h>dy1 ,m>k ,twa91 & ,anatole ,france8 
,9 ! n f> di/ant pa/ deism & pan!ism    
s]v$ z a polite subt]fuge = a!ism4 ,!re 
is a gr[+ t5d5cy 9 ?is pres5t age to    
dress "o's a!i/ic belief 9 an ev5+ suit1
 & = ! sake ( social approbation call   
su* a belief religi\s humanism4 ,a      
quotation f ! ,associat$ ,press1 appe>+ 
rec5tly 9 "o ( our magaz9es1 /ates ! ne$
 = ?is new religion z be+ ! inadequacy (
 ! religi\s =ms & ideas ( our fa!rs1 & !
 new cre$ to be3  ,religi\s humani/s    
reg>d ! univ]se z self-exi/+ & n creat$4
  ,religion mu/ =mulate its hopes &     
plans 9 ! light ( ! sci5tific _s &      
me?od4  ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! sacr$ &   
secul> c no long] be ma9ta9$4  ,religi\s
 humanism consid]s ! complete           
realization ( human p]sonality to be !  
end ( a man's life1 & seeks its         
developm5t & fulfilm5t 9 ! "h & n[4  ,9 
place ( ! old attitudes involv$ 9 wor%ip
 & pray]1 ! humani/ f9ds 8 religi\s     
emotions expre/ 9 a height5$ s5se (     

p]sonal life & 9 a coop]ative ef=t to   
promote social well-be+4  ,!re w be no  
uniquely religi\s emotions & attitudes (
 ! k9d hi!rto associat$ ) belief 9 !    
sup]natural4 ,man w le>n to face !      
crises ( life 9 t]ms ( 8 k ( _!         
naturalness & probability4 ,reasonable &
 manly attitudes w be fo/]$ by education
 & support$ cu/om4  ,we assume t        
humanism w take ! pa? ( social & m5tal  
hygi5e1 & disc\rage s5tim5tal & unreal  
hopes & wi%ful ?9k+4  ,! goal ( humanism
 is a free & univ]sal society 9 :i* ! p 
volunt>ily & intellig5tly coop]ate = !  
common good4  ,! "t has come =          
widespread recognition ( ! radical      
*anges 9 religi\s ?\ghts ?r\gh\t ! mod]n
 _w4 ,sci5ce & economic *ange h disrupt$
 ! old beliefs4  ,religions ! _w ov] are
 "u ! necessity ( com+ to t]ms ) new    
conditions creat$ by a va/ly increas$ k 
& exp]i5ce4  ,pr(essors ,john ,dewey1   
,e4 ,a4 ,burtt1 & ,roy ,wood ,sell>s are
 among ! sign]s ( ?is /atem5t4 ,x is an 
excell5t & compreh5sive /atem5t1 b "o is

 left wond]+ :y ! "n religi\s humanism8 
,x is difficult to become en?usia/ic :5 
"o realizes t ^! m5 take to !mselves !  
?und] ( ! a!i/s ( ! pa/1 & "u ! misnom]1
 religi\s1 place be=e ! public :at all  
a!i/s ( ! pa/ ages h be5 prea*+4  ,x is 
mo/ gratify+ to p]ceive t su* di/+ui%$  
m5 z sign$ ?is /atem5t are frank en\gh  
to admit ! ext5t ( ! religi\s           
revolution1 & det]m9$ en\gh to take a h&
 9 ! cle>+ away ( ! dbris t clutt]s !   
crumbl+ ( all religi\s cre$s4 ,yet x is 
only fair to po9t out t ?is /atem5t     
conta9s no?+ t w\ld n be recogniz$ by ^?
 intrepid a!i/s ( ! pa/1 & little m ?an 
!y urg$ 9 _! "t4 ,i ref] to ^? brilliant
 ,fr5* a!i/s ,la ,mettrie1 ,helvetius1  
d',holba*1 d',alemb]t1 & ,did]ot4       
,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,! ,,doom ,,(           
,,religion2 ,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,a!ism 
,"o %\ld recall ! *>ge ( a!ism direct$  
aga9/ !      ke5e/ ?9k]s ( antiquity & !
 greate/ ( its moral      re=m]s4 ,b :at
 0 p]sonal & incid5tal 9 ! pa/1         
dep5d+ l>gely ^u ! g5ius & inspiration (

 se]s &      lead]s1 has n[ become a    
social movem5t1 z wide z sci5ce4        
,,james ,t4 ,,%otwell4       ,! drift f 
,god is a movem5t ( ev5ts1 a propulsion 
( vital      exp]i5ce1 n a p>ade ( words
 to be div]t$ by o!r words4       ,,max 
,,c>l ,,otto4   ,9 ! ,babylonian &      
,assyrian my?ologies we h ! *ief deities
 z ,i%t>1 ,tammuz1 ,baal1 & ,a/>te4 ,9 !
 ,phrygian religion we h ! ,goddess     
,cybele & h] husb& ,attis4 ,among !     
,greeks we h ! ,goddess ,aphrodite & !  
,god ,adonis4 ,! ,p]sians _h _! ,mi?ra4 
,adonis & ,attis fl\ri%$ 9 ,syria4 ,9 ! 
,egyptian religion 0 f\nd ! ,goddess    
,isis & ! ,god ,osiris4 ,! ,semites h _!
 ,jehovah1 ! ,mohamm$ans _! ,allah1 & ! 
,*ri/ians ! ,goddess ,m>y1 ! ,god !     
,fa!r1 & a son ,jesus4  ,*ri/ianity has 
divid$ itself into ,ca?olicism &        
,prote/antism2 & :5 ,prote/antism gave !
 "r ( int]pretation ( ! ,bible to ea*   
individual1 !re 7 evolv$ su* =ms (      
,prote/antism z ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 ,holy 
,roll]ism1 ,sev5? ,day ,adv5tism1       

,sw$5borgianism1 & ! cults ( !          
,d\khobors1 ! ,%ak]s1 ! ,m5nonites1 !   
,dunk>ds & ! ,salvation ,army4  ,9 !    
e>ly days ( ! ,*ur* 7 se5 ! wrangl+ (   
sects1 ! incompreh5sible j>gon (        
,arians1 ,ne/orians1 ,euty*ians1        
,mono!i/s1 ,monophysites1 ,m>iolatri/s1 
etc4 ,today we behold ! incompreh5sible 
j>gon ( ! fir/-m5tion$ sects4  ,*ri/1   
born ( an immaculate virg91 di$ =       
mank9d1 arose f ! dead1 & asc5d$ into   
,heav54  ,buddha1 :o liv$ ov] #ejj ye>s 
be=e ,jesus1 0 born ( ! ,virg9 ,maya1   
:i* is ! same z ,m>y4 ,maya conceiv$ by 
! ,holy ,gho/1 & ?us ,buddha 0 ( !      
nature ( ,god & man comb9$4 ,buddha 0   
born on ,decemb] #be1 8 bir? 0 ann\nc$ 9
 ! heav5s by a />1 & angels sang4 ,he   
/ood ^u 8 feet & spoke at ! mom5t ( 8   
bir?2 at five mon?s ( age he sat        
unsupport$ 9 ! air2 & at ! mom5t ( 8    
conv]sion he 0 attack$ by a legion (    
demons4 ,he 0 visit$ by wise m51 he 0   
baptiz$1 transfigur$1 p]=m$ miracles1   
rose f ! dead1 & on 8 asc5sion ?r\gh !  

air to heav51 he left 8 footpr9t on a   
m\nta9 9 ,ceylon4  ,! ,h9du ,savior1    
,kri%na1 0 born ( a virg9 #fjj ye>s be=e
 ,*ri/4 ,a /> %one at 8 bir? :i* took   
place 9 a cave4 ,he 0 ador$ by c[h]ds :o
 recogniz$ 8 greatness1 he p]=m$        
miracles1 0 crucifi$1 & is to come to   
judge ! e>?4  ,*ri/ di$ = mank9d1--s did
 ,buddha & ,kri%na4 ,adonis1 ,osiris1   
,horus1 & ,tammuz1 all virg9-born gods1 
7 saviors & suff]$ dea?4 ,*ri/ rose f ! 
dead1 s h ,kri%na & ,buddha aris5 f !   
dead & asc5d$ into ,heav54 ,s did ,lao  
,kium1 ,zoroa/]1 & ,mi?ra4  ,a /> %one 9
 ! sky at ! bir?s ( ,kri%na1 ,rama ,yu1 
,lao ,tsze1 ,moses1 ,quetzalcoatl1      
,ormuzd1 ,rama1 ,buddha1 & o!rs4 ,*ri/ 0
 born ( a virg91 s 0 ,kri%na & ,buddha4 
,lao ,tsze 0 also born ( a virg94 ,horus
 9 ,egypt 0 born ( ! ,virg9 ,isis4      
,isis1 ) ! *ild ,horus on h] knee1 0    
wor%ip$ c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & 
0 appeal$ to "u ! names ( ,our ,lady1   
,que5 ( ,heav51 ,/> ( ,heav51 ,/> ( !   
,sea1 ,"m ( ,god1 & s =?4 ,h]cules1     

,bac*us1 & ,p]seus 7 gods born by mortal
 mo!rs4 ,zeus1 fa!r ( ! gods1 visit$    
,semele 9 ! =m ( a ?und]/orm & %e gave  
bir?1 on ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 to ! great  
savior & deliv]]1 ,dionysis4  ,mi?ra 0  
born ( a virg91 9 a cave1 on ! #be? (   
,decemb]4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 a tomb f :i* he 
rose aga94 ,he 0 call$ savior & m$iator 
& sometimes figur$ z a lamb4 ,osiris 0  
also said to be born ab\t ! #be? (      
,decemb]2 he suff]$1 di$1 & 0           
resurrect$4 ,h]cules 0 miracul\sly      
conceiv$ f a div9e fa!r & 0 ev]y:]e     
invok$ z savior4 ,m9]va _h a m rem>kable
 bir? ?an ,eve2 %e sprang full-arm$ f ! 
br[ ( ,jupit]4 ,he did ?is rem>kable    
feat )\t ev5 los+ a rib4  ,! ,*9ese     
,ti51 ! holy "o1 di$ to save ! _w4 ,9   
,mexico1 ,quetzalcoatl1 ! savior1 0 !   
son ( ,*imalman1 ! ,virg9 ,que5 (       
,heav54 ,he 0 tempt$1 fa/$ =ty days1 0  
done to dea?1 & 8 second com+ 0 eag]ly  
look$ = by ! natives4 ,! ,teutonic      
,goddess ,h]?a1 0 a virg91 & ! sacr$    
groves ( ,g]many conta9$ h] image ) a   

*ild 9 h] arms4 ,! ,sc&9avian ,goddess  
,frigga 0 a virg9 :o bore a son1 ,bald]1
 heal] & savior ( mank9d4  ,:5 "o       
consid]s ! simil>ity ( ^! anci5t pagan  
leg5ds & beliefs ) ,*ri/ian traditions  
if "o believes ) ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 !n inde$ 
! ,devil mu/ h be5 a v busy p]son to h  
caus$ ^! pagans to imitate = su* long   
ages & 9 su* widespread localities !    
,*ri/ian my/]ies4 ,inde$1 ,edw>d ,c>p5t]
 comm5ts1 ,"o has only1 in/ead ( ! ^w   
',jesus' to read ,dionysis or ,kri%na or
 ,h]cules or ,osiris or ,attis1 & in/ead
 ( ',m>y' to ins]t ,semele or ,devaki or
 ,alcm5e or ,nei? or ,nona1 & = ,pontius
 ,pilate to use ! "n ( any t]re/rial    
tyrant :o comes into ! correspond+ /ory1
 & lo6 ! cre$ fits 9 all p>ticul>s into 
! rites & wor%ip ( a pagan ,god4  ,a    
leg5d /at$ t ,plato1 born ( ,p]ictione1 
a pure virg91 suff]$ an immaculate      
conception ?r\gh ! influ5ces ( ,apollo  
7,b4,c4 #dbf74 ,! ,god decl>$ to        
,ari/on1 to :om %e 0 ab\t to be m>ri$1 !
 p>5tage ( ! *ild4  ,/4 ,dom9ic1 born   

,a4,d4 #aagj1 0 said to be ! (fspr+ ( an
 immaculate conception4 ,he 0 free f    
orig9al s9 & 0 reg>d$ z ! adopt$ son ( !
 ,virg9 ,m>y4  ,/4 ,francis1 ! compe] ( 
,/4 ,dom9ic1 0 born ,a4,d4 #aahb4 ,a    
prophetess =etold 8 bir?2 he 0 born 9 a 
/able2 angels sang =? peace & good w    
into ! air1 & "o1 9 ! guise ( ,simeon1  
bore him to baptism4  ,! ,egyptian      
tr9ities are well kn[n3 ?us1 f ,amun by 
,maut proce$s ,khonso2 f ,osiris by     
,isis proce$s ,horus2 f ,neph by ,sat   
proce$s ,an\k4 ,! ,egyptians _h prop\nd$
 ! dogma t !re _h be5 div9e inc>nations1
 ! fall ( man1 & r$emption4  ,9 ,india1 
c5turies be=e ,*ri/ianity1 we f9d !     
,h9du tr9ity2 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva4 
,9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu1 a code ( civil 
law z well z religi\s law1 writt5 ab\t !
 n9? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 is f\nd a       
description ( creation1 ! nature ( ,god1
 & rules = ! duty ( man 9 e /ation (    
life f ! mom5t ( bir? to dea?4          
,pr(essor ,james ,t4 ,%otwell :5 speak+ 
( paganism rem9ds u1 ,:o ( u c          

appreciate antique paganism8 ,! ,gods ( 
,greece or ,rome are = u h>dly m ?an !  
mutilat$ /atues ( !m 9 our own museums2 
pitiable1 helpless objects be=e !       
scrut9y & comm5ts ( a pass+ cr[d4 ,v5us 
is an armless figure f ! ,l\vre2        
,dionysos does n mean to u div9e        
possession1 ! gift ( tongues1 or        
immortality2 ,attis br+s no salvation4  
,b to antiquity ! 'pagan' cults 7 no    
mock]y4 ,!y 7 z real z ,polynesian      
hea!nism or ,*ri/ianity to-day4 7,james 
,t4 ,%otwell3 ,! ,religi\s ,revolution (
 ,to-day47  ,x is se51 !re=e1 t f "t    
immemorial1 man does n discov] 8 gods1 b
 inv5ts !m4 ,he inv5ts !m 9 ! light ( 8 
exp]i5ce & end[s !m ) capacities t      
indicate ! /age ( man's m5tal           
developm5t4  ,religion is n ! product ( 
civiliz$ man4 ,man inh]its 8 god j z he 
inh]its 8 physical qualities4 ,! idea ( 
a sup]natural be+ creat+ & gov]n+ ?is   
e>? is a phantom born 9 ! m9d ( !       
savage4 ,if x _h n be5 born 9 ! e>ly    
/ages ( man's m5tal developm5t1 x surely

 w\ld n come into exi/5ce n[4 ,hi/ory   
proves t z ! m9d ( man exp&s1 x does n  
discov] new gods1 b t x disc>ds !m4 ,x  
is n /range1 !re=e1 t !re has n be5     
advanc$ a new major religi\s belief 9 ! 
la/ #acjj ye>s4 ,all mod]n religi\s     
conceptions1 no matt] h[ disguis$1 f9d  
_! orig9 9 ! fe>-/rick5 ignorance ( !   
primitive savage4  ,a ,*ri/ian w admit t
 ! gods ( o!rs are man-made1 & t _! cre$
 is simil> to ! wor%ip ( ! savage4 ,he  
looks at _! gods ) ! vision ( a civiliz$
 be+2 b :5 he looks at 8 own god1 he    
=gets 8 civilization1 he relapses       
c5turies ( "t1 & 8 m5tal viewpo9t is t (
 ! savage4  ,*ri/ianity1 ) its primitive
 concepts1 c make its adh]5ts firm 9 !  
belief ( great mon/rosities4 ,:5 its    
adh]5ts believ$ t ! ,bible sanction$ !  
de/ruction ( h]etics & wit*es1 !y 7     
c]ta9ly do+ ?+s f a ,*ri/ian /&po9t4 ,x 
0 ?is /&po9t t ju/ifi$ an embitt]$      
d5unciation ( evolution at "o "t & !n   
recant+1 adopt$ x z a "p ( ! ,bible     
tea*+4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds blott$ out an    

entire civilization 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :5  
,ca?olics but*]$ ,prote/ants1 or        
,prote/ants but*]$ ,ca?olics1 !y 7 all  
ju/ifi$ f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t4  ,man has  
be5 liv+ on ?is planet "s #ejj1jjj ye>s4
 ,jesus appe>$ less ?an #bjjj ye>s ago  
to save mank9d4 ,:at ( ^? c\ntless      
millions ( m5 t di$ be=e ,*ri/ came to  
save ! _w f damnation8 ,if ! ,*ri/ian   
cre$1 t except a man believes 9 ! ,"l   
,jesus ,*ri/ he _c be sav$1 is ma9ta9$1 
!n x mu/ be t ^? millions ( human be+s  
:o liv$ be=e ,*ri/ & _h no *ance to     
believe1 are 9 hell-fire4  ,x is        
probable t "o ( ! factors t turn$       
primitive man's att5tion away f 8 cruel 
& %ort1 e>?ly exi/5ce to ! ?\ght ( a m  
l5g?y & less cruel exi/5ce 9 a h]eaft]1 
0 ! extreme unc]ta9ty & %ort duration ( 
8 own life4 ,& ?is primitive tr5d (     
?\ght t turns man's m9d f ! "h & n[ to a
 contemplation ( a my?ical h]eaft]      
p]si/s to ?is day1 produces ! same      
slavi% resignation4 ,?is false release f
 ! actualities con/itute a m5tal        

ab]ration :i* we see 9 ! hy/]ical &     
weak-m9d$4 ,:5 su* an individual is     
confront$ by problems t tax 8 m5tal     
/r5g?1 if t individual has n /r5g? ( m9d
 to reason & to p]sev]e s t he ov]comes 
8 environm5tal difficulties1 he w seek  
an av5ue ( escape 9 a fanciful exi/5ce  
:i* ! physician recognizes 9 hy/]ia &   
c]ta9 =ms ( m5tal disease4 ,s1 ?r\gh\t !
 ages1 man has s\ght release f !        
realities ( 8 exi/5ce into a fanciful & 
pleasantly delusional flight into a     
h]eaft]4 ,!re is no salvation 9 t sickly
 obscurantism :i* attempts to evade     
realities by confus+ itself ab\t !m4    
,safety lies only 9 cl>ity & ! /ruggle =
 ! light4 ,no sublim9al nor fr+e (      
consci\sness c rank 9 ! intellectual    
life beside ! burn+ focal c5t] :]e !    
rays ( k conv]ge4 ,! hope mu/ be 9      
foll[+ reason1 n 9 ?w>t+ x4 ,to turn    
back f x is n my/icism1 x is sup]/ition4
 ,no2 we mu/ be prep>$ to see ! high]   
criticism de/roy ! hi/oricity ( ! mo/   
sacr$ texts ( ! ,bible1 psy*ology       

analyze ! ph5om5a ( conv]sion on ! basis
 ( adolesc5t passion1 an?ropology expla9
 ! g5esis ( ! v idea ( ,god4 ,an :]e we 
c und]/&1 x is a moral crime to *]i% !  
un-und]/ood4 7,james ,t4 ,%otwell3 ,!   
,religi\s ,revolution ( ,today47        
,religi\s beliefs are cle>ly m5tal      
ab]rations f :i* x is high "t t !       
progress ( k %\ld lead to a logical     
cure4 ,man is /eadily ov]com+ & conqu]+ 
8 environm5t2 ! unc]ta9ty ( life &      
cruelty are mu* dim9i%$ z comp>$ ) ! pa/
 ages1 b man has n z yet fully utiliz$ !
 means ( an emancipat+ measure f 8 m5tal
 enslavem5t & fe> ( 8 environm5t4       
,*apman ,coh51 9 8 ,!ism or ,a!ism1     
cle>ly /ates3 ,we "k t man does n       
discov] ,god1 he inv5ts him1 & an       
inv5tion is prop]ly disc>d$ :5 a bett]  
in/rum5t is =?com+4 ,to-day1 ! hypo!sis 
( ,god /&s 9 j ! same relation to !     
bett] life ( to-day z ! fire drill ( !  
savage does to ! mod]n me?od ( obta9+ a 
light4 ,! belief 9 ,god may cont9ue     
a:ile 9 virtue ( ! lack ( intellig5ce ( 

"s1 ( ! c>elessness ( o!rs1 & ( !       
cons]vative "* ( ! mass4 ,b no am\nt (  
apologiz+ c make up = ! abs5ce ( g5u9e  
k1 nor c ! fl[ ( ! f9e/ eloqu5ce d aught
 b clo! 9 regal raim5t ! body ( a       
corpse4  ,religion arose z a means (    
explanation ( natural ph5om5a at a "t :5
 no o!r explanation ( ! orig9 ( natural 
ph5om5a _h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,god is always 
:at ,sp9oza call$ x1 ! asylum (         
ignorance4 ,:5 causes are unkn[n1 ,god  
is br\ght =w>d2 :5 causes are kn[n1 ,god
 retires into ! backgr\nd4 ,9 an age (  
ignorance1 ,god is active2 9 an age (   
sci5ce1 he is impot5t4 ,hi/ory atte/s   
?is fact4  ,! s+le & out/&+ *>act]i/ic (
 ! conception ( ,god at all times1 & "u 
all conditions is t x is ! equival5t (  
ignorance4 ,9 primitive times x is      
ignorance ( ! "* ( ! natural =ces t     
leads to ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce (     
,gods1 & 9 ?is respect ! ,god idea has  
rema9$ true to itself ?r\gh\t4 ,ev5     
to-day1 :5ev] ! pr9ciple ( ,god is      
invok$1 a v slight exam9ation is en\gh  

to %[ t ! only reason = ?is be+ done is 
our ignorance ( ! subject be=e u4       
7,*apman ,coh547  ,! belief 9 ,god is   
lea/ que/ion$ :]e civilization is l[e/2 
x is call$ into ! mo/ s]i\s "q :]e      
civilization is mo/ advanc$4 ,x is cle> 
t _h primitive man kn[n :at we "k today 
ab\t nature1 ! gods w\ld nev] h be5     
born4  ,! suspici\s feature mu/ be po9t$
 out t ! belief 9 ,god owes its exi/5ce1
 n to ! tra9$ & educat$ obs]vation (    
civiliz$ times1 b to ! uncritical       
reflection ( ! primitive m9d4 ,x has its
 orig9 !re1 & x w\ld inde$ be rem>kable1
 if1 :ile 9 almo/ e o!r direction !     
primitive m9d %[$ itself to be          
hopelessly wrong1 9 its int]pretation ( 
! _w 9 ?is p>ticul> respect1 x has prov$
 itself to be altoge!r "r4 7,*apman     
,coh547  ,all intellig5t m5 admit t     
human welf>e dep5ds ^u our k & our      
ability to h>ness ! =ces ( nature4 ,i   
myself1 writes ,llewelyn ,p[ys1 d n d\bt
 t ! good =tune ( ! human race dep5ds m 
on sci5ce ?an on religion4 ,9 all       

directions ! bigotry ( ! *ur*es ob/ructs
 amelioration 444 z long z ! majority ( 
m5 rely ^u sup]natural int]f]5ce1       
sup]natural guidance1 f a human po9t (  
view all is likely to be confusion4444  
,tru/+ 9 ,god r ?an 9 man x is 9 !      
nature ( ^! bl9d wor%ipp]s to oppose e  
advance ( human k4 ,x 0 !y :o condemn$  
,galileo1 :o resi/$ ,d>w9 & :o to-day   
d]ide ! doctr9es ( ,freud4 ,sci5ce has  
giv5 u an acc\nt ( ! op]ation ( !       
univ]se sans ,god1 & inve/igation has   
also giv5 u a cle> conception ( !       
evolution ( all religi\s beliefs f !    
crude conceptions ( ! savage to ! b     
little alt]$ =m ( ! mod]n conception4   
,if we are to reg>d ! ,god idea z an    
evolution :i* began 9 ! ignorance (     
primitive man1 x w\ld seem cle> t no    
matt] h[ ref9$ or develop$ ! idea may   
become1 x c re/ on no o!r or s\nd] basis
 ?an :i* is pres5t$ to u 9 ! psy*ology (
 primitive man4 ,ea* /age ( !i/ic belief
 gr[s out ( ! proce$+ /age1 & if x c be 
%[n t ! beg9n+ ( ?is evolution arose 9 a

 huge blund]1 ,i q fail to see h[ any   
subsequ5t developm5t c conv]t ?is       
unmi/akable blund] into a demon/rable   
tru?4 7,*apman ,coh547  ,m5 ( today are 
try+ to =ce !mselves to believe t !re   
mu/ be some?+ true 9 t :i* _h be5       
believ$ by s _m great & pi\s m5 ( old4  
,b x is 9 va92 intellect has outgr[n    
fai?4 ,!y are aw>e ( ! fallacy ( _!     
op9ions1 yet angry t ano!r %\ld rem9d !m
 ( x4 ,& ^! m5 :o today are secretly    
sceptics1 are l\de/ 9 _! public         
d5unciation ( o!rs :o publicly ann\nce  
_! scepticism4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 :5 !  
philosoph]s came into prom95ce1 ,zeus 0 
sup]s$$ by ! air1 & ,poseidon by ! wat]2
 9 mod]n times1 all hi!rto sup]natural  
ev5ts are be+ expla9$ by physical laws4 
,plato reg>d$ x z a patriotic duty to   
accept ! public fai? al?\gh he full well
 knew ! absurdities ( t fai?4 ,today1   
!re are _m ,platos t hold to ! same     
conviction4 ,! free?9k]s hold to ! view 
( ,x5ophanes :o d5\nc$ ! public fai? z  
an anci5t blund] :i* _h be5 conv]t$ by  

"t into a national impo/ure4 ,all       
religion is a delusion :i* transf]s !   
motives & ?\ghts ( m5 to ^? :o are n m54
 ,no ecclesia/ic has z yet (f]$ a       
satisfactory answ] z to :y !re has be5 a
 m>vel\s disappe>ance ( ! work+ (       
miracles1 & :y human actions alone are  
n[ to be se5 9 ?is _w ( ours4  ,we are  
witness+ today :at happ5$ 9 ! ,roman    
empire dur+ ! decl9e ( poly!ism4 ,drap] 
/ates3 ,betwe5 t p]iod dur+ :i* a nation
 has be5 gov]n$ by its imag9ation1 & t 9
 :i* x submits to reason1 !re is a      
melan*oly int]val4 ,! con/itution ( man 
is su* t1 = a long "t aft] he has       
discov]$ ! incorrectness ( ! ideas      
prevail+ ar\nd him1 he %r9ks f op5ly    
emancipat+ himself f _! dom9ion1 &1     
con/ra9$ by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 he    
becomes a hypocrite1 publicly applaud+  
:at 8 private judgm5t condemns4 ,:]e a  
nation is mak+ ?is passage1 s univ]sal d
 ^! practices become t x may be truly   
said hypocrisy is organiz$4 ,x is       
possible t :ole communities might be    

f\nd liv+ 9 ?is deplorable /ate4  ,&1   
inde$1 9 our own c\ntry we are witness+ 
an example ( ?is v ?+4 ,religion has l$ 
to widespread hypocrisy4 ,our religi\s  
influ5ces h creat$ a race ( m5 m5tally  
docile & ob$i5t to ! dictates (         
tyrannical ecclesia/icism4 ,x has creat$
 a fe> ( tru?1 & our m9ds are /ill      
bruti% & pu]ile 9 our me?ods ( reason+4 
,cr$ulity has l$ to /ultification1 &    
/ultification ( ! m9d is ! bitt] fruit  
:i* we h be5 reap+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4  ,!re
 are probably hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 &    
wom5 9 ^! ,unit$ ,/ates t give          
lip-s]vice to _! cre$1 b deep 9 !       
recesses ( _! m9ds a small voice cries  
to !m & %ames !m1 = z soon z !y reason1 
!y become sceptics4 ,h[ c we "k ! actual
 numb] ( e>?l+s t are sceptics8 ,x is   
impossible 9 our pres5t /ate (          
developm5t4 ,religi\s p]secution today  
is j z active z x 0 dur+ ! ,middle      
,ages4 ,surely1 a man is n burn$ at !   
/ake = 8 scepticism 9 ?is age2 b is he n
 done to dea?8 ,if ! groc]1 ! but*]1 !  

doctor1 ! lawy]1 ! s*ol>1 ! bus9ess man1
 7 to boldly ann\nce 8 scepticism1 :at  
w\ld happ5 to him8 ,! answ] is well kn[n
 to all4 ,imm$iately1 ea* ( 8 religi\s  
cu/om]s w\ld take x ^u himself to act z 
a p]sonal inquisition4 ,! sceptic w\ld  
be %unn$ socially1 he w\ld be ignor$1 8 
w>es w\ld be s\ght aft] else:]e1 & he   
w\ld suff]4 ,8 wife1 8 family1 8 *ildr51
 w\ld suff] ) him1 = our economic s*eme 
makes ! w\ld-be sceptic dep5d5t ^u !    
:ims ( ! majority believ]s4 ,he is =c$  
to hold 8 tongue1 or else is tortur$4   
,are n ! wants ( 8 family1 ! hung]1 &   
o/racism torture8 ,?us ?\s&s are =c$    
into hypocrisy4 ,_m o!rs1 al?\gh !y h   
outgr[n all fe> ( ! god ( or?odoxy1 !   
fe> ( ! god ( social pressure rema9s4   
,!re are embodi$ 9 all cre$s ?ree human 
impulses3 fe>1 conceit1 & hatr$2 &      
religion has giv5 an air (              
respectability to ^! passions4 ,religion
 is a malignant disease born ( fe>1 a   
canc] :i* has be5 eat+ into ! vitals (  
ev]y?+ t is wor? :ile 9 our             

civilization2 & by its gr[? ob/ruct+ ^? 
advances :i* make = a m heal?ful life4  
,morally & intellectually1 socially &   
hi/orically1 religion has be5 %[n to be 
a p]nici\s influ5ce4 ,"s ( ^! influ5ces 
fall+ into ^! classifications h be5     
consid]$ 9 previ\s *apt]s4  ,! mod]n    
,*ri/ian1 9 8 amus+ ignorance1 ass]ts t 
,*ri/ianity is n[ mild & rationali/ic1  
ignor+ ! fact t all its s-call$ mildness
 & rationalism is due to ! tea*+ ( m5 :o
 9 _! own day 7 p]secut$ by all or?odox 
,*ri/ians4  ,hi/orically1 *ur*es h /ood 
on ! side ( ! p[]s t be4 ,!y h def5d$   
slav]y or h held _! tongues ab\t x4 ,!y 
h ma9ta9$ s]fdom & kept s]fs4 ,!y h     
oppos$ e movem5t und]tak5 = ! lib]ation 
( ! masses ( m52 ! ideals ( lib]ty1     
equality & frat]nity are ! creations ( !
 camps ( _! enemies1 ( ! rationali/s ( !
 eighte5? c5tury1 & ! lib]als &         
sociali/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y h     
def5d$ & condon$ ! indu/rial            
exploitation ( *ildr54 ,!y h f\ght      
bitt]ly ! enfran*isem5t ( wom54 ,!y h   

ju/ifi$ unju/ w>4 ,!y h f\ght ) book &  
bill & c&le & fagot e new great /ep 9 ! 
advancem5t ( sci5ce f gravitation to    
evolution4 ,w>d5s1 ev] s9ce ,con/ant9e  
gave ! s*ools ( antiquity into ! keep+ (
 ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops1 ( ! education ( ! p1
 !y h f\ght ) all _! p[] ! e/abli%m5t ( 
free public s*ools & ! spread ( lit]acy 
& k among ! p4 7,horace ,m4 ,kall53 ,:y 
,religion47  ,if ,*ri/ianity has made   
any progress 9 ! assimilation ( doctr9es
 t are less b>b>\s ?an h]et(ore1 !y h   
be5 effect$ 9 spite ( ! mo/ vigor\s     
resi/ance1 & solely z a result ( !      
onslaught ( free?9k]s4  ,?r\gh\t ! ages1
 :5 a ?9k+ man _h que/ion$ ! h[ & :y (  
any secul> problem1 s long z t problem  
_h no direct or indirect be>+ ^u        
religion1 or ^u any bran* ( k t 0 assum$
 to be infallibly =etold 9 ! ,bible1 t  
man 0 unmole/$4 ,! problems fall+ into !
 above classification 7 extremely small 
due to ! /rongly def5d$ !ological lunacy
 t ass]t$ itself 9 ! decl>ation t all k 
bo? spiritual & mat]ial 0 conta9$ 9 !   

,bible z int]pret$ by ! ,*ur*4  ,man1   
h[ev]1 :5 he broa*$ 8 religi\s d\bts1 0 
reg>d$ z ! mo/ s9ful ( be+s1 & x 0      
=bidd5 him to "q & yield to !           
conclusions t 8 m9d evolv$4  ,?9k ( !   
irony & trag$y ( ?is self-enslavem5t ( !
 human m9d6 ,!re is "o *>act]i/ic t man 
prides himself z hav+ ap>t f all l[]    
animals1 8 ability to reason & to ?9k4  
,is x 8 sup]ior musculature & brute     
/r5g? t has plac$ man ^u 8 pres5t       
p9nacle ( advanc$ civilization1 or is x 
8 m5tal developm5t1 8 m9d1 t has taught 
him to h>ness ! =ces ( nature8 ,has n 8 
m9d s co-99ord9at$ 8 movem5ts t he has  
enslav$ ^? =ces ( nature to be 8 aid8 ,&
 yet1 if m9d is "o ?+ t has enabl$ man  
to pull himself out ( ! morass ( brute  
life1 :y has x be5 t man himself has be5
 s p]si/5tly decry+ & degrad+ ! ef=ts ( 
t m9d8  ,! answ] is1 t religion has     
provid$ ! %ackles & securely & jeal\sly 
enslav$ ! m9d4 ,) ! aid ( 8 religi\s    
beliefs man has be5 ensn>$ into a m5tal 
prison 9 :i* he has be5 an all too will+

 captive4 ,surely x is easi] to believe 
?an to ?9k4  ,napoleon1 himself a       
sceptic1 0 cognizant ( ?is slave        
philosophy4 ,:at is x1 he is report$ to 
h ask$1 t makes ! poor man ?9k x is q   
natural t !re are fires 9 my ca/le :5 he
 is dy+ ( cold8 ,t ,i h t5 coats 9 my   
w>drobe :ile he goes nak$8 ,t at ea* (  
my meals en\gh is s]v$ to fe$ 8 family =
 a week8 ,x is simply religion1 :i*     
tells him t 9 ano!r life ,i %all be only
 8 equal1 & t he actually has m *ance ( 
be+ happy ?an ,i4 ,yes1 we mu/ see to x 
t ! doors ( ! *ur*es are op5 to all1 & t
 x does n co/ ! poor man mu* to h pray]s
 said on 8 tomb4  ,h[ well !            
ecclesia/ical psy*ologi/s h grasp$ ?is  
fact1 & h[ well !y h fa%ion$ a /rong *a9
 = ! m9d out ( ?is weakness ( human     
m9ds6  ,*ur* & gov]nm5t h be5 well aw>e 
( ?is psy*ology1 & h f\ght con/antly !  
spread ( ,free?\ght lit]ature to !      
masses4 ,pr(essor ,bury1 9 8 ,hi/ory (  
,fre$om ( ,?\ght1 speak+ ( ,engl&1 tells
 u1 ,if we take ! cases 9 :i* ! civil   

au?orities h int]v5$ to repress !       
publication ( unor?odox op9ions dur+ !  
la/ two c5turies1 we f9d t ! object has 
always be5 to prev5t ! spread ( free    
?\ght among ! masses4  ,?9k b a mom5t h[
 well ! above is borne out by ! attitude
 ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! /& t x took dur+ !       
,middle ,ages1 :5 %e prohibit$ ! read+ (
 ! ,bible by any p]son except h] cl]gy4 
,:5 %e prohibit$ ! pr9t+ ( all books    
except ^? t %e approv$ (2 books t       
m9utely agre$ 9 all details ) !         
phanta/ic fables ( h] ,bible 7 ! only   
ones all[$ to be pr9t$4  ,! ,*ur* also  
/r5u\sly object$ to ! pr9t+ ( ,bibles 9 
! languages ( ! masses4 ,t mo/ effici5t 
%ackle to ! m9d1 t precept t !re 0 no k1
 :e!r mat]ial or spiritual1 t 0 n       
conta9$ 9 ! ,bible1 h[ /r5u\sly ! ,*ur* 
upheld t doctr9e6  ,& 9 our own day1 !  
ridicul\s assumption t my/]ies 7a       
special =m ( ignorance7 are ! special   
prov9ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,consid]+ ^! few     
examples z well z all ecclesia/ical     
endeavor1 no rational m9d c escape !    

fact t t primeval curse1 religion1 has  
_h = its object1 d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies1 !
 sadi/ic desire to enslave & trample on 
! m9d ( man4 ,x has be5 a def5sive      
measure on ! "p ( ! ,*ur*1 = %e well    
recognizes t once ! m9d is free1 x w    
free itself ( ! %ackles ( religion also4
  ,nor is ?is all4 ,i execrate !        
enslavem5t ( ! m9d ( our "y *ildr5 by ! 
ecclesia/ics4 ,is any?+ s pitiful to    
behold z ! firm grasp t ! ,*ur* places  
on ! m9d ( ! y\nge/ ( *ildr58 ,*ildr5 at
 play1 *ildr5 ( f\r & five ye>s ( age1 w
 be he>d to m5tion ) fe>ful tones v>i\s 
religi\s rites1 su* z baptism &         
confirmation1 & to p]=m 9 _! mann] ^!   
rites ) _! dolls4 ,fe>6 ,fe>6 in/ill$   
into ! m9ds ( ! impressionable *ildr56  
,?9k ( ! degradation t ! ecclesia/ics   
practice :5 !y insi/ t f ! "t a *ild is 
out ( its infancy its in/ruction %all be
 plac$ 9 _! h&s4 ,!y take ! mo/ preci\s 
possession ( man1 8 m9d1 & m\ld x to _! 
desire4 ,! m9d ( a *ild is pla/ic1 x is 
l a moi/ piece ( clay & !y m\ld x & =m x

 to _! desire4 ,w>p$ & p\r$ into !      
ecclesia/ic m\ld ( fe>1 ! m9d ( ! *ild  
becomes set & fix$ ) ! ye>s4 ,!n x is   
too late = rational ?9k+1 z f> z        
religi\s matt]s g1 ! m9d ( ! adult is   
firmly set 9 ! =m t ! ecclesia/ic has   
fa%ion$ = him 9 8 y\?4 ,x is impossible 
= ! adult s taught to reason cle>ly &   
rationally conc]n+ 8 religion2 ! m\ld is
 too /rong1 ! clay has set1 reason _c   
p5etrate into t h>d5$ =m4 ,t is :y x is 
almo/ impossible = ! adult :o has be5   
expos$ to ?is m5tal m\ld+ f 8 infancy to
 break away f ! fe>s & sup]/itions le>n$
 on 8 "m's knee4  ,if ,*ri/ianity1      
,hebrewism1 ,mohamm$anism1 or any o!r   
cre$ is true1 its tru? mu/ be m app>5t  
at ! age ( tw5ty-five ?an x is at ! age 
( five4 ,:y does ! ecclesia/ic n leave  
(f 8 advances until ! *ild rea*es a     
mature age1 an age :5 he c reason8 ,!n1 
if !ism is true1 he c accept x ) a      
reason+ m9d1 n a bl9dly fai?ful m9d4 ,! 
!i/ realizes1 h[ev]1 t belief is at "o  
pole1 reason at ! o!r4 ,belief1 cre$1   

religion1 are ideations ( ! primitive   
m9d & ! m9d ( ! *ild2 reason is !       
product ( mature ?\ght4 ,s*op5hau]      
rem>k$ t1 ,! p[] ( religi\s dogma :5    
inculcat$ e>ly is su* z to /ifle        
consci5ce1 compassion1 & f9ally e feel+ 
( humanity4  ,x is an und5iable fact t  
if ! cl]gy w\ld b leave _! ta9t$ h&s (f 
! m9ds ( our *ildr5 until !y w\ld h     
rea*$ a mature age1 !re w\ld be no      
religi\s in/9ct4 ,religi\s in/9ct is a  
my?4 ,give me b two g5]ations ( m5 :o h 
n be5 subject$ to ?is religi\s influ5ce 
9 *ildhood1 & !re w be a race ( a!i/s4  
,! ecclesia/ic has f e>lie/ times tak5 !
 /&po9t t ! masses ( p are ( crude      
susceptibility & clumsy intellig5ce1    
sordid 9 _! pursuits & sunk 9 drudg]y2 &
 religion provides ! only means (       
proclaim+ & mak+ !m feel ! high import (
 life4 7,s*op5hau]47 ,?us ! !i/ is l$ to
 ! conclusion t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 
,!ism is a hypo!sis :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 
attempts an explanation ( ! univ]se4 ,! 
!i/ recognizes a creator :o creat$ !    

univ]se & is responsible = its op]ation4
 ,! a!i/ cle>ly p]ceives t ! assumption 
( a creator does n advance him 9 !      
slighte/ degree t[>ds ! solution ( !    
my/]i\s problem ( ! univ]se4 ,!         
(t-repeat$ "q /ill admits ( no answ]1   
,:o creat$ ! creator8  ,x is an absurd  
answ] to reply t ! creator creat$       
himself1 yet1 ev5 if ?is is grant$1 may 
n ! univ]se h creat$ itself8 ,if ! !i/  
puts =w>d ! /atem5t t ,god has always   
exi/$1 ! a!i/ may well reply t if ,god  
has always exi/$1 :y c he n say t !     
univ]se has always exi/$8 ,! a!i/ is n  
conc]n$ ) ! creation ( ! univ]se2 to him
 x pres5ts a problem :i* is beyond !    
compreh5sion ( 8 pres5t m5tal           
capacities4 ,he compreh5ds ! fact ( its 
be+1 & t is z f> z he or any rational   
m9d c g4 ,a!ism conf9es itself to a     
refutation ( !ism1 & avoids ! !i/ic     
fallacy ( assum+ )\t any pro(s or       
reasonable argum5ts to sub/antiate !    
assumption ( an intellig5t1 omnipot5t1  
omnisci5t1 an?ropomorphic1 &            

an?ropoc5tric creator4 ,! !i/ic         
assumption has b ret>d$ ! advance (     
practical k1 & prep>$ ! soil =          
sup]/ition & ! c\ntless t]rors (        
religi\s beliefs4  ,a!ism1 z f> z a     
rational explanation ( ! univ]se is     
cov]$1 al?\gh x does n (f] an           
explanation ( ! ultimate1 or ! riddle ( 
! univ]se1 does insi/ t any view held be
 "o t %all be bas$ on tru? & con=mity to
 reality4 ,x fur!r ma9ta9s t if a view  
be propagat$ x %\ld be held 9 ! same    
position t any sci5tific proposition is 
held4 ,x mu/ be op5 to v]ification2 if x
 be v]ifi$ z any sci5tific !ory is      
v]ifi$1 x w be accept$ 9 "p1 or 9 toto1 
& be prov5 to be true or displac$ by a  
clos] approximation to ! tru?4 ,to c]ta9
 types ( m5 !re may be a negative       
attitude express$ 9 ?is cr$o1 :i* leaves
 ! m9d unsatisfi$4 ,?is is b an         
emotional bias & has no?+ to d :atsoev] 
) ! atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,a delusion may be 
m com=t+ ?an ! tru?1 b t does n         
necessitate ! conclusion t a delusion   

may be ( m ultimate b5efit ?an a con/ant
 /riv+ = ! tru?4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t  
a!ism1 9 t negative aspect1 places a "q 
m>k ^u our problems4 ,h[ev]1 :ile a "q  
m>k may indicate a negative value1 x may
 also prove to be a m5tal provocative4  
,a p]iod plac$ at ! end ( a problem     
d5otes t x has be5 def9itely solv$4 ,9  
connection ) ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 no    
p]iod c be plac$ at ! end ( t problem1 &
 s9ce we are await+ ! solution1 x is mu*
 m to ! int]e/ ( fur!r advances to place
 ! "q m>k !re1 ?an to consid] ! matt]   
solv$4 ,surely1 suffici5t in/ances h be5
 enum]at$ 9 ?is discussion to %[ !      
/ultification & ret>dation t ensues :5  
an in/itution ma9ta9s an insi/5ce t a   
problem be held to con=m 9 any ( its    
explanatory aspects to a preconceiv$    
infallible /atem5t1 or consid]s a       
problem n to exi/1 or closes its eyes to
 ! inconsi/5cies 9 an explanation :i* is
 be+ ma9ta9$ by m5tal p]suasion & =ce4  
,:5 ! ,bible 0 consid]$ z conta9+ !     
answ] to all our problems we h se5 :at !

 result 04 ,if a!ism places a "q m>k ^u 
! problem ( ! univ]se1 x does s 9 a     
con/ructive mann]2 = t m>k po9ts to !   
direction 9 :i* a logical solution may  
be possible4 ,su* is ! m5tal attitude ( 
! sci5ti/4 ,he places an int]rogation   
po9t ^u 8 problems & t m>k is ! impetus1
 ! m5tal /imulus1 t leads him on to take
 inf9ite pa9s 9 8 labors &1 z "t passes1
 ea* "q m>k is replac$ by k2 x is k & k 
alone1 reason n fai?1 t furni%es !      
p]iod4  ,x 0 ,haeckel :o ass]t$ t1 ,!   
mo/ dang]\s ( ! ?ree great enemies (    
reason & k is n malice1 b ignorance1 or 
p]haps1 indol5ce4 ,! "q m>k z appli$ to 
a problem t is recognizably n solv$ is a
 signpo/ to ! k t "t mu/ br+4 ,! spuri\s
 p]iod plac$ at ! end ( a problem is !  
dea? w>rant = t problem & !re x mu/ lie 
devitaliz$ by ignorance & indol5ce4  ,x 
has (t5 be5 affirm$ t :at we see 9 ?is  
univ]se is ph5om5a1 & all explanations b
 int]pret ! manife/ations ( ^! ph5om5a4 
,:at is 9 back ( & beyond ^! ph5om5a may
 nev] be kn[n1 & if x be kn[n1 w\ld be (

 no fur!r use to u4 ,x is equally z true
 t if we b see ph5om5a & our m5tal      
capacities d5y u a conception ( !       
reality beyond ph5om5a1 yet1 we h a gr[+
 k ( ! laws t gov]n ^! ph5om5a4 ,& x is 
a compreh5sive k ( ^! inv>iable laws t  
gov]n ! univ]se t are ( univ]sal value4 
,^! laws h be5 asc]ta9$ by ! que/ion+   
m5tal attitude1 & n by a futile reliance
 on fai?4  ,human k has exp&$ imm5sely 9
 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 & ?is by ! purely    
sci5tific me?od1 ! mat]iali/ic me?od1 & 
! que/ion+ attitude4 ,! value ( ^! f9d+s
 :5 !y c be conv]t$ into practical      
applications 9 indu/ry are well kn[n to 
all4  ,we h add$ no?+ to our /ore ( k   
except by ! ex]cise ( our m5tality &    
reason4 ,! application ( ! sci5tific    
me?od to ! work+s ( ! m9d has made m    
progress 9 expla9+ ! m9d 9 ! brief p]iod
 ( fifty ye>s ?an philosophical         
d$uctions _h made 9 ! pa/ two ?\s& ye>s4
 ,e new fact t has be5 discov]$ has     
fitt$ into ! me*ani/ic s*eme ( !        
univ]se1 & n "o new fact has be5        

disclos$ t sugge/$ any?+ beyond nature4 
,! !i/ic int]pretation ( ! univ]se has  
be5 completely discr$it$ by ! sci5tific 
inve/igations4 ,sci5ce has br\ght to !  
conf9es ( inv>iable laws multitudes (   
problems t _h hi!rto be5 suppos$ to po9t
 to spiritual int]f]5ce4 ,!ology has be5
 driv5 out ( ! op5 spaces ( reason &    
/ill p]si/s 9 cl++ to ! twilight zone ( 
! pres5t unkn[n1 only to be driv5 f its 
prec>i\s position con/antly by our      
increas+ k & ) increas+ rapidity f %ad[ 
to %ad[4  ,!re has be5 an increas+      
t5d5cy %[n by physici/s to consid] t    
matt] & en]gy are int]*angeable1 & t !  
"o ultimate reality is en]gy4 ,if ?is be
 s1 we are /ill deal+ ) an ultimate t is
 a mat]ial reality4 ,! ,nobel prize 9   
m$ic9e = ! ye> #aicb 0 aw>d$ to two     
,briti% inve/igators1 ,sir ,*>les ,scott
 ,%]r+ton1 pr(essor ( physiology at     
,ox=d ,univ]sity1 & ,dr4 ,edg> ,d\glas  
,adrian1 pr(essor ( physiology at       
,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,_! rese>*es seem
 to h settl$ def9itely a problem t has  

long be5 a bone = cont5tion4 ,n]ve en]gy
 has be5 %[n conclusively to be ( an    
electric type ( en]gy4 ,! old "q ( :e!r 
m9d 0 "p ( ! mat]ial _w has be5 %[n by  
^! exp]im5ts to be answ]$ 9 !           
affirmative4 ,!re is no duality1 m9d &  
matt] are "o1 & m9d is b a special      
prop]ty ( highly specializ$ matt]4  ,x  
is ) a great deal ( regret t ! free?9k] 
contemplates ! attitude ( su* sci5ti/s z
 ,jeans1 ,edd+ton1 ,millikan1 & !       
philosoph] ,pr(essor ,:itehead4 ,_!     
hesitation to divorce !mselves          
completely f all conceptions ( a        
sup]natural =ce leads to a great deal ( 
confusion4 ,an acqua9tance ) ! writ+s ( 
,e9/e9 br+s "o ! c]ta9ty t he is z mu* 9
 accordance ) ! attitude ( free?\ght z  
is ! mo/ militant a!i/4 ,! cosmic s5se &
 totality ( exi/5ce ( ,e9/e9 is z f>    
remov$ f ! conception ( a ,yahveh z is !
 m5tality ( an ,au/ralian black man f t 
( ,e9/e9's m5tal grasp4 ,simil>ly ) !   
cosmic consci\sness express$ 9 ! writ+s 
( ,jeans1 ,edd+ton1 & ,:itehead4 ,)     

*>act]i/ic disreg>d = ! tru? c]ta9 mod]n
 !ologians h grasp$ ?is cr++ attitude ( 
! above-m5tion$ m5 & h /ress$ _!        
viewpo9ts by a di%one/ int]pretation t  
^! m5 actually give a sci5tific c]titude
 to _! own !ologic cre$s & dogmas4 ,no?+
 c be fur!r f ! tru?4 ,! free?9k] w\ld h
 ea* !ologian :o tells 8 adh]5ts t ^! m5
 l5d cr$5ce to _! beliefs to consid] !  
foll[+3 if ! above-nam$ m5 w\ld be ask$ 
if !y believ$ 9 a deity :o actively     
int]pos$ 8 w & influ5ce 9 ! lives ( m51 
z is commonly express$ 9 ! t]m          
,provid5ce1 if !y ascrib$ to ! belief 9 
p]sonal immorality1 if !y !mselves      
believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a s\l1 if !y      
ascrib$ to ! /atem5t t pray] influ5c$ ! 
op9ion ( an all-p[]ful be+ to int]c$e = 
!m 9 _! problems & grief1 if !y believ$ 
t ! ,bible 0 a book dictat$ by ,god1 or 
t a god caus$ to be writt5 = him 8      
revelations2 t heav5 & hell exi/ 9 !    
mean+ t !ologians assure _! adh]5ts t !y
 d2 t s9 & morality is :at !ologians    
/ill hold x to be2 t !re has be5 a fall 

& !re=e ! necessity = a r$emption ( man2
 & t cre$ & dogma are necess>y factors 9
 ! wor%ip ( a deity1--:at w\ld _! answ]s
 be8 ,edd+ton1 ,jeans1 ,e9/e91 &        
,:itehead w\ld answ] ^! que/ions exactly
 z w\ld ! mo/ militant a!i/s4  ,! m5tal 
attitude ( ^! m5 c be/ be expla9$ :5 "o 
consid]s c]ta9 simil>ities betwe5       
!ological asceticism & sci5tific        
asceticism4 ,& x is ! duty ( ! free?9k] 
cle>ly to po9t out :y ?is confusion has 
aris54 ,dur+ ! ages ( fai?1 ! _w beheld 
a sw>m ( m5 & wom5 :o retir$ f ! grim   
realities ( a _w :i* at t "t 0 made     
abhorr5t to all s5sitive m5 by ! mo/    
exact+ insi/5ce ( !ologians t fai? 0 !  
all necess>y +r$i5t ( life1 & t clos$   
its eyes completely to ! degrad+        
actualities ( life t ?is insi/5ce l$ to4
 ,multitudes ( m5 retir$ to ! des]t & to
 ! protective walls ( mona/]ies4 ,!re1  
by con/ant privations1 fa/+s1 cont9ual  
pray]1 flagellation1 & introspection1 !y
 sp5t _! lives4 ,^! ascetic individuals 
by ^! means 7 enabl$ to ent] :at may be 

call$ a !ologic trance & _! subsequ5t   
halluc9ations1 illusions1 & delusions   
gave to !m :at !y deem$ to be a         
transc5d5tal insight into ! con/ruction 
( ! univ]se & :at 0 expect$ betwe5 fall5
 & debas$ man & 8 omnipot5t creator4 ,^!
 m5 ke5ly appreh5d$ :at "s today1 9 a   
g5tl] age1 h call$ cosmic consci\sness4 
,i d n mean to imply t ^! be=e-m5tion$  
sci5ti/s h appli$ su* a rigor to _!     
lives4 ,:at is meant to be /at$ is t ^! 
m5 by _! rese>* & compreh5sion ( !      
va/ness ( ! univ]se /& 9 awe & fe> be=e 
?is bra9-b5umb+ aspect4 ,mod]n          
a/rophysics1 to "o :o attempts to       
compreh5d its va/ness1 imposes on ! m9d 
b a fa9t compreh5sion ( ! va/ness ( !   
univ]se 9 space1 "t1 & size2 b imposes a
 deep conviction ( ! inf9itesimal mean+ 
( our planet ,e>?1 bo? z to size & its  
relation to ! millions ( relat$ heav5ly 
bodies4 ,! evolution ( man on our planet
 9 ?is broad conception ( space & "t is 
mo/ inf9itesimal4 ,x has be5 j a few    
h\rs ago 9 ?is wid5$ conception ( "t t  

,halley's comet 0 excommunicat$ f !     
skies by ,pope ,calixitus ,,iii1 :o     
look$ ^u ?is comet z "o ( unhe>d-(      
magnitude & f ! tail ( :i* 0 flung d[n  
^u ! e>?1 disease1 pe/il5ce1 & w>4  ,mo/
 c]ta9ly ! m9ds ( ,jeans & ,edd+ton c>ry
 9 _! recesses a va/ am\nt ( k t 0 n    
common to m5 liv+ 9 #adef1 ! ye> 9 :i* !
 above-m5tion$ comet caus$ su*          
con/]nation4 ,mu* z "o admires !        
sup]iority ( ! m9ds ( ^! pres5t-day     
physici/s1 yet "o _c help b ?9k t if our
 pres5t rate ( progress meets no s]i\s  
ob/acle1 !n 9 ano!r five hundr$ ye>s1 ! 
attitude ( awe ( ,jeans & ,edd+ton t[>ds
 ! va/ness ( our univ]se w be held 9 "s 
simil> position to :i* ,jeans & ,edd+ton
 n[ hold ! misguid$ conception (        
,halley's comet 9 ! ye> #adef4 ,! m9d ( 
man is j beg9n+ to em]ge f its swaddl+  
clo!s & we _c assume to judge :at its   
broade/ capabilities may be4 ,c]ta9     
great mod]n m9ds1 !re=e1 :5 !y          
contemplate ?is va/ness ( a/rophysics   
are apt to dwell a bit too lit]ally on !

 music ( ! heav5ly sph]es1 & "u !       
influ5ce ( ^! cele/ial h>monies fall    
into ! trance ( sci5tific asceticism4   
,m5 :o c no long] s]i\sly hold to a     
belief 9 an an?ropomorphic god1 ! s\l & 
immortality are apt to all[ !mselves :5 
9 ?is mood to emotionalize _! k2 & ^!   
same m5 are ! ones :o w\ld 9 _!         
sci5tific endeavors be ! fir/ to        
elim9ate all emotions f _! reason+ ef=ts
 9 _! laboratories4 ,"o seems ju/ifi$1  
!re=e1 9 /at+ t ?is conception ( cosmic 
consci\sness is b ano!r in/ance ( ! m]e 
illusions ( a crav+ he>t4  ,discuss+ !  
"q z to :e!r sci5ce & religion conflict1
 ! physici/ ,pr(essor ,bazzoni1 ( !     
,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 a rec5t "w 
,en]gy & ,matt]1 makes ! foll[+ po9t$   
comm5t3 ,"s sci5ti/s resort to          
metaphysics & make contact ) a k9d (    
my/icism :i* may be tak5 = a religi\s   
belief at precisely t po9t :]e ignorance
 prev5ts fur!r progress along s\nd      
sci5tific l9es4 ,! primitive m$ic9e man 
appeal$ to ! gods to expla9 !           

precipitation ( ra9 & ! phase *anges ( !
 moon1 & "s mod]n sci5ti/s appeal to    
metaphysics & my/icism to expla9 !      
limits ( ! inf9ite & ! nature (         
electricity4  ,he fur!r cautions        
!ologians aga9/ plac+ undue emphasis on 
! op9ions ( sci5ti/s :5 !y express _!   
m9ds on religi\s topics1 & he rem>ks3   
,!y 7! laity7 %\ld realize t 9 !        
spiritual field ! op9ion ( an em95t     
sci5ti/ has exactly ! same weight z !   
op9ion ( any o!r cultivat$ & ?\ghtful   
individual4  ,:5 ! sci5ti/ exam9es ) !  
imp>tial m9d ( ! laboratory ! sci5ce ( !
 orig9 ( religi\s beliefs & delves into 
! complicat$ intricacies ( religi\s     
hi/ory1 he becomes z conv9c$ z any o!r  
?\ghtful individual t ! facts ( sci5ce &
 hi/ory are deadly to religion4         
,moreov]1 z man contemplates !          
con/ruction & =ces at "w 9 ! univ]se he 
/ill mu/ exclaim1 end1 beg9n+1 or       
purpose1 x kn[s n (4  ,! !ologians are  
devot+ a great deal ( _! "t to ! writ+s 
( physici/s :o v5ture into ! field (    

!ology4 ,x may be t 9 ?is mann] !y c    
div]t att5tion f ! dra/ic f9d+s conc]n+ 
all religi\s beliefs t ! an?ropologi/s &
 psy*ologi/s are pati5tly accumulat+4   
,_m physici/s & biologi/s l ,pup91      
,millikan1 ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,j4 ,ar?ur    
,?omson1 & ,h5ry ,fairfield ,osborn1 h  
rec5tly blossom$ =? z lib]al !ologians4 
,!y are /ill emotionally atta*$ to !    
old] religi\s fai?4 ,!y are aw>e t mod]n
 physics & biology h ab&on$ doctr9es t  
once 7 ho/ile to religi\s claims4 ,!y1  
!re=e1 proclaim t !re is no fur!r       
conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,9 s 
do+1 h[ev]1 !y %[ !mselves abysmally    
ignorant ( all t an?ropology & psy*ology
 h done to /udy religion & religi\s man 
sci5tifically4 ,!y %[ _! ignorance ( !  
philosophy t has built ^u su* data4 ,!y 
d n realize t ! pres5t-day conflict     
betwe5 religi\s fai? & sci5ce is no     
long] ) a sci5tific explanation ( ! _w1 
b ) a sci5tific explanation ( religion4 
7,j4 ,h4 ,r&all & ,j4 ,h4 ,r&all1 ,jr43 
,religion & ! ,mod]n ,_w47  ,! cultur$  

,greeks & ,romans _h _! omnipot5t gods &
 ^! h long ago di$ a dea? ( ridicule4   
,at a "t :5 beauty & sculpture 7 at _!  
height ! religion ( ^! anci5t arti/s 0  
absurd4 ,simil>ly1 ) "s ( our mod]n     
sci5ti/s1 _! religion has n kept pace ) 
_! intellect4 ,_! emotions h ov]balanc$ 
_! reason 9 ?is field4 ,pr(essor ,h4    
,levy1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 t]sely 
rem>ks3 ,! ass]tion ( contempor>y       
sci5ti/s1 :o /ate t ! univ]se is a      
fickle collection ( indet]m9ate happ5+s1
 & a great ?\ght 9 ! ,m9d ( its         
,ar*itect1 a ,pure ,ma!matician1 s]ves  
m]ely to div]t ! activity ( ! sci5tific 
bra9 f its conc5tration on !            
contradictions & confusions ( ! all too 
real outw>d _w to a /ate ( passive &    
unreal contemplation4 7,pr(essor ,h4    
,levy3 ,! ,univ]se ( ,sci5ce47  ,among !
 !ologians1 "s at lea/ h le>n$ !        
futility ( wax+ indignant at ea* new    
sci5tific hypo!sis t encroa*$1 z !y     
?\ght1 )9 _! doma94 ,a great _m lib]al  
!ologians h z yet n le>n$ ! extreme     

dang] to _! !ology 9 grasp+ at "s       
concept ( sci5ce t = ! pres5t mom5t does
 n appe> to be detrim5tal to _! !ology1 
or1 z !y ?9k1 seems to bol/] up _!      
p>ticul> cre$4 ,! en?usiasm ar\s$ 9     
c]ta9 !ological circles by rec5t        
developm5ts 9 ma!matical physics1 /ates 
,dr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,otto1 seems to me to      
indicate j "o ?+1 t ^! !ologians felt   
!mselves to be 9 s desp]ate a /ate t a  
float+ /raw assum$ ! appe>ance ( a      
v]dure-clad isl&4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t all
 p]sons :o w\ld "w = a m dec5t & happy  
exi/5ce = !mselves & = _! fell[s mu/    
turn _! backs ^u religion j to ! ext5t t
 religi\s lead]%ip seeks spiritual      
r5ewal 9 ^! halluc9ations ( despair4    
7,drs4 ,wieman1 ,mac9to%1 & ,otto3 ,is  
,!re a ,god87  ,x is only prop] to po9t 
out t :at c]ta9 emancipat$ m9ds are try+
 to recon/ruct z a basis ( religi\s     
belief is n :at is held by ! masses z _!
 conception ( religion4 ,9 a rec5t cle> 
& frank /atem5t ( ! religi\s revolution1
 ,john ,h]man ,r&all & ,john ,h]man     

,r&all1 ,jr41 /ate3 ,su* beliefs1 ev5 s 
fundam5tal a "o z belief 9 ,god1 mu/ /& 
_! *ances ) ! philosophic int]pretation 
m5 give _! exp]i5ce4444 ,! really       
revolution>y effect ( ! sci5tific fai?1 
s f> z religion is conc]n$1 has be5 n   
its new view ( ! _w1 b its new view (   
religion4 ,re9t]pretations ( religi\s   
belief h be5 unimportant comp>$ )       
re9t]pretations ( religion itself4 ,= ^?
 :o h come to %>e ! sci5tific _w-view1  
ev5 m = ^? :o h absorb$ ! _s ( sci5tific
 inquiry1 x has be5 impossible to view  
religion z a div9e revelation entru/$ to
 man4 ,x has ev5 be5 impossible to see x
 z a relation betwe5 man & a cosmic     
deity4 ,religion has r appe>$ a human   
ent]prise1 an organization ( human life1
 an exp]i5ce1 a social bond1 & an       
inspiration4 7,j4 ,h4 ,r&all & ,j4 ,h4  
,r&all1 ,jr43 ,religion & ! ,mod]n ,_w47
 ,to ! man :o lit]ally entreats 8 deity1
 ,our ,fa!r1 :o art 9 ,heav51 grant u   
our daily bread1 ! above re9t]pretation 
( :at is meant by religion c h no mean+4

 ,to ! cultivat$ m9d t compreh5ds :at is
 meant1 ! above int]pretation is :at he 
conceives ( z 8 social secul> activities
 = ! bett]m5t ( 8 fell[m54 ,a liv+      
philosophy ( life is a mu* bett] "n =   
?is attitude ?an is ! misnom] religion1 
& avoids a great deal ( confusion4  ,"s 
( our sci5ti/s on a holiday1 z !y h be5 
faceti\sly call$ :5 !y /epp$ into a     
field 9 :i* !y _h n become well acqua9t$
 ) ! gr\nd1 h proce$$ to l5d assurance t
 ,god is by subtract+ s dra/ically f :at
 is g5]ally attribut$ to ! conception ( 
,god1 t !re is no?+ mu* left to :at !y  
conceive z :at ,god means4 ,!y h /ripp$ 
! conception ( :at has be5 h]et(ore     
reg>d$ z fundam5tal1 namely1 !          
conception t ,god is a sup]human        
p]sonality or m9d4  ,9 ,mr4 ,:itehead's 
philosophy1 ,god is spok5 ( z1 ,god is n
 concrete1 b ,he is ! gr\nd = concrete  
actuality4 ,i believe su* confusion (   
language may h be5 9 ! m9d ( ,dr4 ,m4   
,c4 ,otto :5 he rem>k$3 ,"s p]sons      
endeavor m ?an ev] to make necess>y     

di/9ctions to keep mean+s z cle> z      
possible2 & to h an eye on ! t5d5cy (   
language to become its own object4 ,o!r 
p]sons repudiate ^! obligations4 ,!y act
 z if x 7 a virtue to love d>kness r ?an
 light if y\r int5tions are good4 ,"u _!
 manipulations conceptions are dimm$ or 
replac$ by vague intimations4 ,"o b\nd>y
 l9e aft] ano!r is oblit]at$ until !    
:ole sub/ance ( ?+s swims 9 mi/s4       
,hi/ory has illu/rat$ t ! greate/ s\rce 
( evil on ?is planet has aris5 f ! fact 
t physical ph5om5a = :i* our limit$     
m5tal capacities 7 n able to =mulate a  
logical solution1 7 ascrib$ to          
pret]natural causes4  ,f ?is orig9al /em
 arose religion & ! ,*ur*1 ! two greate/
 ob/acles :i* h be5 a burd5 to mank9d = 
#bjjj ye>s & a b>ri] to all progress :i*
 has made life endurable & desirable4   
,! l[] man is 9 ! scale ( civilization1 
! m does he call 9 ! sup]natural to     
expla9 all ! happ5+s & exp]i5ces ( 8    
life4 ,:5 he _h be5 beset by an         
intellectual failure he _h be5 ?r[n back

 to religion4 ,lack+ ! c\rage & m5tal   
capacity to proce$ fur!r aga9/ ob/acles 
he succumb$ to ! drug ( religi\s        
explanations4 ,! ne$ 0 n = a n>cotic1 b 
= a /imulant4  ,! m5tal /imulant 0      
provid$ = man 9 ! =m ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce  
is b organiz$ k1 & x is ?is k t has     
elevat$ man to ! position :]e he is n[1 
8 own god4 ,:5 difficulties confront him
 9 ?is age1 he blames !m ^u 8 own       
ignorance & incompet5ce4 ,&1 :5 he sets 
ab\t to ov]come ^! difficulties1 he does
 n rely on div9e revelation or          
sup]natural aid or on miracles2 he      
relies on 8 reason4 ,he kn[s t :5 a     
problem eludes 8 m5tal capacity1 x is n 
! sup]natural :i* eludes him b "s       
natural =ce1 "s law :i* he has n be5    
able to grasp z yet4 ,!re is no         
resignation 9 ?is attitude2 only        
resolute1 peaceful pati5ce4 ,! problem t
 he _c solve at pres5t w yield to 8     
reason ev5tually4 ,! ecclesia/ic is well
 aw>e t sci5ce is 8 natural & implacable
 enemy4 ,he kn[s t e "t ! b\nds ( exact 

k are wid5$1 ! doma9 ( religion is      
n>r[$4  ,man's k ( ! univ]se is /ill    
incomplete1 b x is c]ta9ly m complete   
?an x 0 fifty ye>s ago2 & :5 we consid] 
:at t k 0 a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 x is no  
brea* ( logic to /ate t all natural     
processes1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 w be br\ght  
into ! conf9es ( inv>iable laws4  ,sir  
,ar?ur ,kei? cle>ly /ates3 ,! anci5t    
seek]1 to expla9 ! k+dom ( life1 ) man z
 its ,reg5t1 _h to call 9 ! miracle (   
creation4 ,! mod]n seek] f9ds t al?\gh  
life has ! appe>ance ( ! miracul\s1 yet 
all its manife/ations c be /udi$ &      
measur$1 & t !re is a ma*9]y at "w 9 e  
liv+ ?+ :i* %apes1 evolves1 & creates4  
,8 inquiries h l$ him to replace !      
miracle ( creation by ! laws (          
evolution4  ,:i*ev] dep>tm5t ( ! realm (
 ,nature ! man ( sci5ce has *os5 =      
inve/igation1 ! result has always be5 ! 
same2 ! sup]natural has giv5 place to ! 
natural1 sup]/ition is succe$$ by       
reason4 ,! _w has nev] _h su* armies (  
tru? seek]s z x n[ has4 ,^? equipp$ )   

ladd]s ( sci5ce h s (t5 scal$ ! walls   
:i* surr\nd cities ( ignorance t !y m>* 
=w>d 9 ! sure fai? t none ( ,nature's   
battlem5ts are impregnable4  ,9 ! la/   
analysis1 if we rea* a po9t 9 ?9k+ :]e  
we _c proce$ fur!r1 a fa?omless l&m>k1  
mu/ we rev]t to ! !ological error (     
?9k+1 & assume x mu/ be ( sup]natural   
"*8 ,because ! unkn[n 9 ! pa/ has be5   
assign$ to ! sup]natural is no          
indication = u also1 9 ! pres5t age1 to 
relegate ! unkn[n to div9e cause4 ,x is 
unseemly t m9ds t h emancipat$ !mselves 
%\ld g j s f>--z f> z _! own reason c   
expla9 ! unkn[n--& :5 _! limit$ reason c
 g no fur!r to rev]t back to ! primitive
 /age :]e solution is consid]$          
impossible to man save x be reveal$ to  
him by ,god4 ,if man's m9d is free1 if  
no co]cion ( any k9d is plac$ on its    
ex]cise1 x w exp& & unravel :at at      
pres5t is /ill fa?omless4 ,give man     
endless c5turies & ample opportunities &
 he w unravel ! miracles ( developm5t & 
gr[? j z he has done o!r miracles :i* at

 fir/ seem$ impossible ( rational       
solution4  ,= h[ mu* long] w man be a   
slave to 8 inf]iority complex ) reg>d to
 8 own rational capacities8 ,if fai? is 
vital to man1 :y n relate x to t :i* at 
lea/ holds a promise ( solution8 ,man's 
m9d has n z yet arriv$ at ! po9t :i*    
might give ev5 ! slighte/ indication (  
its ultimate exhau/ion4 ,we _c assume ! 
k ( :at man's fulle/ capacities are4    
,all ?+s mu/ unravel !mselves ) !       
progress ( 8 m9d1 ^? ?+s t he _c expla9 
n[1 he mu/ n assign to a sup]human =ce2 
man mu/ use 8 reason+ faculties to      
inve/igate & se>* = ! tru? s t ^! unkn[n
 may become "p ( ! kn[n4  ,aga9 to quote
 ,sir ,ar?ur ,kei?3 ,only eighty ye>s h 
come & gone s9ce ! anatomi/ obta9$ 8    
fir/ glimpse ( ! /ructural complexity ( 
! human bra92 x w take him eight ?\s&   
ye>s & m to f9d out ! exact "p play$ by 
e dep>tm5tal unit ( ?is colossal sy/em (
 gov]nm5t :i* c>ries on ! m5tal life ( a
 human be+4 ,we h no reason to ?9k !re  
is any?+ sup]natural 9 its manife/ation4

 ,z our k ( ! bra9 accumulates1 ! names 
& t]ms we n[ use w give place to o!rs   
:i* h a m precise mean+4 ,9 our pres5t  
/ate ( ignorance we h to use famili> &  
loose t]ms to expla9 ! work+s ( !       
bra9--su* words z s\l1 _s1 he>t1        
sup]/ition1 & prejudice4 ,^!            
manife/ations ( ! m9d w be dissect$ &   
made und]/&able4  ,sci5ce has z yet n   
fully expla9$ ! orig9 ( life on e>?1 b  
!re is reason to believe t x w d s 9 !  
future4 ,! laws gov]n+ ! production (   
life itself are "u inve/igation 9 !     
laboratories & x is highly probable t   
?is law w be unravel$ at "s future date4
 ,x w be int]e/+ = our po/]ity to       
witness ! confusion ( ! ecclesia/ics &  
_! attempt$ confirmation ( ?is fact 9 ! 
,bible2 _! f9d+ ( "s obscure phrase t w 
be int]pret$ by !m z a pr$iction ( !    
fact 9 ! ,bible4  ,! !i/s h ma9ta9$1 z  
we h se51 _m false beliefs t h co/ !    
lives ( innum]able m5 & suff]+          
incalculable2 beliefs :i* !y !mselves h 
subsequ5tly recogniz$ z false b         

rel9qui%$ only by ! onslaught ( ris+    
secul> k4 ,x 0 ! ecclesia/ic :o po9t$ to
 ! ,god-dictat$ phrase1 ,?\ %alt n suff]
 a wit* to live1 & ! v>i\s precepts t h 
be5 enum]at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,surely 
suffici5t evid5ce has be5 not$ to       
conv9ce a ?9k+ be+ t reason is a bett]  
guide ?an !ism4 ,belief is ! anti!sis ( 
reason2 reason is rationality2 religi\s 
belief is cle>ly m5tal abnormality4  ,if
 a religioni/ is ask$ :at he ?9ks ( a   
secul> in/itution :i* vigor\sly condemns
 & p]secutes inquiry1 exp]im5t1 & tru?1 
he w reply ) ! logical answ]4 ,:5 x is  
po9t$ out to him t religion has done &  
/ill is do+ ?is1 he w hem & haw until he
 manufactures "s illogical answ]4 ,x has
 be5 /at$ t ! m we ?9k1 ! less we       
believe2 & t ! less we ?9k1 ! m we      
believe4 ,! ,*ri/ian w analyze ! cre$ ( 
! ,mohamm$an & f9d x ridicul\s2 !       
,mohamm$an analyzes ! cre$ ( ! ,*ri/ian 
& 9 turn f9ds x ridicul\s4 ,t is ?9k+4  
,b does ! ,mohamm$an or ! ,*ri/ian      
analyze z critically ea* 8 own belief8  

,w he endeavor to analyze x at all8 ,t  
is believ+4 ,! ecclesia/ic conc]ns      
himself n ) tru? or k2 x is cre$ :i* is 
8 %r9e4 ,he def9itely is at w> ) k & he 
wants to le>n only su* ?+s z fit 9 ) 8  
preconceiv$ notions & prejudices4 ,:5 ! 
m9ds ( m5 are f infancy p]v]t$ ) ^!     
ideals1 h[ c mank9d build a virile race8
  ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t ! alleg$           
univ]sality ( ! belief 9 ,god is an     
argum5t = its tru?4 ,b :at ( ! fact t m5
 _h ev]y:]e come to ! conclusion t ! e>?
 0 flat1 & yet a wid] & tru] k prov$ t  
univ]sal belief to be false6 ,9 !       
discussion ( wit*craft1 x has be5 %[n t 
a delusion may be z widespread z a tru?4
 ,dur+ ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 !       
,spani% ,moors _h recogniz$ ! sph]icity 
( ! e>? & 7 tea*+ geography f globes 9  
_! common s*ools4 ,rome1 dur+ ! same    
ages1 0 ass]t+ 9 all its absurdity !    
flatness ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 n until almo/    
five hundr$ ye>s lat] t ,rome 0 =c$ to  
see its absurdity & !n only :5 !        
enlight5$ _w mock$ at its error4  ,9 ?is

 tw5tie? c5tury1 c]ta9 enlight5$ m5 are 
tea*+ ! absurdity & h>mfulness ( a      
belief 9 a deity4 ,mu/ x take five      
hundr$ ye>s = all mank9d to come to a   
simil> conclusion8 ,may x n well be t 9 
a few c5turies our po/]ity w view belief
 9 a deity 9 ! same light t we 9 ?is age
 view ! ,*ur*'s insi/5ce t ! e>? 0 flat8
  ,! ,god idea has be5 "o ( ! mo/       
divisive & anti-social notions *]i%$ by 
mank9d4 ,9 fact x has be5 ass]t$ t !    
idea ( ,god has be5 ! enemy ( man4 ,x   
has driv5 multitudes ( m5 & wom5 into ! 
unnatural asceticisms & wa/$ lives ( !  
conv5t & abbey4 ,x has tax$ ! economic  
res\rces ( e nation4 ,e *ur*1 no matt] (
 :at cre$1 is a pa!tic monum5t (        
,god-ridd5 humanity :i* has be5 built by
 ! p5nies sweat$ by ! poor1 & wre/$ f !m
 by fraudul5t promises ( rew>d1 appeals 
to fe>1 & ! pa!tic human t5d5cy to      
sacrifice4  ,! !ologians h 9 _! argum5ts
 resort$ to philosophy4 ,! consequ5ce ( 
?is transf]5ce ( ! idea ( ,god to !     
sph]e ( philosophy is ! curi\s position 

t ! god 9 :i* p believe is n ! god ^:   
exi/5ce is made ! product ( an          
exp]im5tal argum5t1 & ! god ( ! argum5t 
is n ! god ( belief4  ,x is a nice "q1  
rem>ks ,walt] ,lippmann1 :e!r ! use (   
,god's "n is n mislead+ :5 x is appli$  
by mod]ni/s to ideas s remote f ! ,god  
m5 h wor%ipp$4 ,pla9ly ! mod]ni/ *ur*man
 does n believe 9 ! ,god ( ,g5esis :o   
walk$ 9 ! g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! ev5+ & call$
 = ,adam & 8 wife :o _h hidd5 !mselves  
beh9d a tree2 nor 9 ! ,god ( ,exodus :o 
appe>$ to ,moses & ,a>on & sev5ty ( !   
,eld]s ( ,israel1 /&+ ) 8 feet ^u a pav$
 walk z if x 7 a sapphire /one2 nor ev5 
9 ! ,god ( ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah 
:o 9 8 compassion = ! %eep :o _h gone   
a/ray1 hav+ turn$ ev]yone to 8 own way1 
laid on ! ,man ( ,sorr[s ! iniquity ( u 
all4 7,walt] ,lippmann3 ,a ,preface to  
,morals47  ,x is "o k9d ( god t is be+  
set up 9 argum5t1 & x is really ano!r   
god t is be+ dep5d$ ^u & believ$4 ,!    
philosophical conception ( a deity t may
 be 9 control ( ph5om5a is an imp]sonal 

physical law1 & has no?+ to d ) !       
conception ( a p]sonal deity to :om p   
pray = active int]v5tion 9 _! tr\bles4  
,religi\s belief is a mon/r\s app>ition2
 ! philosophy ( a!ism is a solid        
/ructure labori\sly f\nd$ on solid rock4
  ,! philosophy ( a!ism _h tempor>ily   
fail$ 9 previ\s ages1 s9ce ! k ( ^? ages
 did n furni% facts en\gh ^u :i* to     
build4 ,at ! pres5t1 al?\gh our k is f> 
f complete & ! surface has only be5     
scrat*$1 yet suffici5t facts h be5      
une>!d to reveal t !re is no sup]natural
 & ! greate/ hope ( advancem5t lies 9 ! 
philosophy ( a!ism4 ,a philosophy t     
builds ^u a f\ndation ( purely secul>   
?\ght1 t leaves ! idea ( ,god completely
 disc>d$ z a useless & false relic (    
bygone days1 is ! ess5ce ( a!ism4 ,a!ism
 is m ?an ! speculative philosophy ( a  
few1 t x is 9 sob] tru? ! logical       
outcome ( m5tal gr[?4 ,s f> z any phase 
( human life c be call$ inevitable1     
a!ism may lay claim to be+ inescapable4 
,all m5tal gr[? c be se5 lead+ to x1 j z

 we c see "o /age ( social developm5t   
giv+ a logical />t+ po9t = ano!r /age1 &
 :i* c\ld h be5 =etold _h our k ( all ! 
=ces 9 op]ation be5 precise en\gh4      
,a!ism is1 s to speak1 implicit 9 ! gr[?
 ( k1 its complete expression is !      
consummation ( a process t began ) !    
fir/ que/ion+s ( religion4 ,& !         
completion ( ! process means ! dea? (   
sup]naturalisms 9 all =ms4 ,circum/ances
 may ob/ruct its univ]sal acceptance z a
 reason$ m5tal attitude1 b t m]ely      
delays1 x does n de/roy ! c]ta9ty ( its 
f9al triumph4 7,c4 ,coh547  ,!          
philosophy ( a!ism leads man to a       
critical1 analytical1 & logical         
exam9ation ( 8 environm5t1 & x is ?is t 
has lead to all ( our advances4         
,religion creates a /unt$ /&>d (        
reason+4 ,! pa!tic cry ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1  
,b if ,i 0 %ap5 9 iniquity1 & 9 s9 did  
my "m conceive me1 :]e ,i pray !e1 ,o my
 ,god1 :]e1 ,"l1 or :5 0 ,i1 ?y s]vant  
innoc5t8 typifies ! major conc]n ( !    
n>r[1 egoti/ical my/ic4 ,f ! "t t !     

ideas ( ! lat] ,greek philosoph]s _h be5
 =gott5 until ! pres5t "t1 man has      
fl\nd]$ 9 a sea ( sup]naturalism4 ,x is 
high "t t man fac$ 8 realities ) =titude
 9 8 own m5tality1 & :5 he does ?is1 !re
 w be produc$ a race ( m5 :o w seek =   
tru?1 = tru?'s sake1 a race ( sup]m5 :o 
w lead ! _w intellectually4  ,x is to   
,russia t all eyes w turn 9 ! next few  
g5]ations4 ,at ! pres5t1 %e is go+ ?r\gh
 ! ?roes ( *ildbir?4 ,%e is immature1 & 
z a *ild %e /agg]s4 ,! abuse & ridicule 
heap$ ^u h] n[ is b ! repetition ( t    
giv5 by all fright5$ societies ( pa/    
ages1 :5 !y contemplat$ new ideas :i* _!
 immature m9ds c\ld n fa?om4 ,b ,russia 
w em]ge 9 ! n too di/ant future1 & !    
infant w %ortly rea* maturity2 & t      
maturity may set a /&>d = ^? timid &    
fright5$ societies t at pres5t look )   
dilat$ eyes ^u h] d>+4  ,! age is       
approa*+ :5 ! god idea 9 its entirety w 
be class$ ) ! gods ( ! ,egyptians &     
,babylonians1 :5 surplices & sacram5tal 
plate w be exhibit$ 9 museums2 :5 nurses

 w relate to *ildr5 ! leg5ds ( !        
,*ri/ian my?ology1 z !y n[ tell !m fairy
 tales4 ,! gods ( mono!ism w jo9 ! gods 
( poly!ism & ,yahveh & 8 associates w   
occupy 9 ! m9ds ( m5 ! position n[ held 
by ! gods ( ,olympus4 ,to our ance/ors  
,jupit] & ,yahveh w h ! same            
significance4 ,9 a little "t ! ca!drals 
& *ur*es w h tak5 ^u !mselves ! pr\d1   
poetical glam\r ( ab&on$ temples4 ,m5 & 
wom5 w ent] !m ) rev]5t indulg5ce z !y  
n[ 9 m$itative mood visit ! few rema9+  
pan!ons ( ! pagan wor%ip4 7,llewelyn    
,p[ys3 ,an ,h\r ,on ,*ri/ianity47  ,!   
age is approa*+ :5 ! curr5t idea ( !    
h]eaft] w be acc\nt$ a /range & selfi%  
idea1 j z we smile at ! savage *ief :o  
believes t 8 /ation w be cont9u$ 9 ! _w 
b5ea? ! gr\nd1 & t he w !re be att5d$ by
 8 concub9es & slaves4 ,! age is fa/    
approa*+ :5 love1 n fe>1 w unite ! human
 race4 ,9 t age1 ! ideal1 n ! idol1 w be
 tru?1 & ! "o fai?1 n religion1 b a     
s9c]e & l(ty conception ( ! dignity &   
res\rcefulness ( ! human m9d2 & an      

ov]:elm+ desire to aid 9 ! progress (   
all mank9d1 ! ext9ction ( disease1 !    
p]fection ( g5ius1 ! p]fection ( love1  
&1 !re=e1 ! abolition ( w>1 !           
exploration ( ! inf9ite1 & ! conque/ (  
creation4  ,su* an age c nev] come to be
 dur+ ! maljurisdiction ( a !i/ic       
philosophy4 ,x c only come into be+ :5 !
 va/ majority ( m5 are by ! =ce (       
advanc+ k made aw>e ( ! tru? ( ! a!i/ic 
philosophy4  ,an ,engli% obs]v]1 ,c4 ,e4
 ,m4 ,joad1 rem>ks3 ,! *ur*es1 no d\bt1 
w cont9ue to function = a "t1 b !y w be 
att5d$ increas+ly1 & 9 ! end            
exclusively1 by ignorant m51 wom51 &    
*ildr54 ,already1 a /rang] att5d+ an    
av]age *ur* ( ,engl& s]vice w\ld almo/  
be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! *ur*es1 l !atre 
mat9es1 7 kept up = ! b5efit ( wom5 &   
*ildr54 ,s f> z pres5t indications g1 x 
seems n unlikely t sci5ce w deliv] ! c\p
 de grace to organiz$ ,*ri/ianity )9 !  
next hundr$ ye>s4  ,we h caught a       
glimpse ( :at !ism has done1 & :at !    
philosophy ( a!ism might h done1 & w yet

 a*ieve4 ,has man pr(it$ by hav+ rema9$ 
9 8 m5tal infancy s long8 ,a!ism is an  
emancipat+ sy/em ( ?\ght t frees ! m9d f
 my?s1 fables1 & *ildi% fancies4 ,!re c 
be no inquisition1 no wit*craft         
delusion1 no religi\s w>s1 no           
p]secutions ( "o sect by ano!r1 no      
imp$im5t to sci5ce & progress1 no       
/ultification ( ! m9d1 z a result ( its 
tea*+s4  ,! philosophy ( a!ism tea*es   
man to /& on 8 own feet1 in/ills        
confid5ce 9 8 reason+ p[]s1 & =ces him  
to conqu] 8 environm5t4 ,x tea*es him n 
to subject himself & debase himself be=e
 my?ical sup]human p[]s1 = 8 reason is 8
 p[]4 ,! m>* f fai? to reason is ! m>*  
on :i* dwells ! future hope ( a really  
civiliz$ mank9d4  ,a!ism tea*es man to  
endeavor con/antly to bett] 8 own       
condition & t ( all ( 8 fell[m51 to make
 8 *ildr5 wis] & happi]2 x supplies !   
p[]ful urge to add some?+ new to ! k (  
mank9d4 ,& all ?is1 n 9 ! va9 hope ( be+
 rew>d$ 9 ano!r _w1 b f a pure s5se (   
duty z a citiz5 ( nature1 z a patriot ( 

! planet on :i* he dwells4 ,?is is no   
cold & *e]less philosophy2 x is an      
elevat+ & ennobl+ ideal :i* may console 
him 9 8 afflictions & tea* him h[ to    
live & h[ to die4 ,x is a self-reliant  
philosophy t makes a man intellectually 
free1 & ?is m5tal emancipation all[s him
 to face ! _w )\t fe> ( gho/s & gods4 ,x
 relates solely to facts1 :ile !ism     
resorts to op9ions t are gr\nd$ only ^u 
emotionalism4 ,joseph ,lewis has well   
not$ t1 ,a!ism does n believe t man's   
mission on e>? is to love & glorify     
,god1 b x does believe 9 liv+ ?is life s
 t :5 y pass on1 ! _w w be bett] = y\r  
hav+ liv$4  ,! hi/ory ( ! pa/ ages in=ms
 u :at ! _w 0 l ) ,god4 ,! progress (   
secul> k & sci5ce h giv5 u measures by  
:i* we c\ld produce a bett] society ?an 
has ev] exi/$ "u ! ob/ructionism ( !    
,gods4  ,! k exi/s by :i* univ]sal      
happ9ess c be secur$1 ! *ief ob/acle to 
its utilization = t purpose is ! tea*+ (
 religion4 ,religion prev5ts our *ildr5 
f hav+ a rational education2 religion   

prev5ts u f remov+ ! fundam5tal causes (
 w>2 religion prev5ts u f tea*+ ! e?ics 
( sci5tific coop]ation 9 place ( ! old  
fi]ce doctr9es ( s9 & puni%m5t4 ,x is   
possible t mank9d is on ! ?re%old ( a   
gold5 age1 b if s1 x w be necess>y to   
slay ! dragon t gu>ds ! door1 & ?is     
dragon is religion4 7,b]tr& ,russell47  
,x is int]e/+ to contemplate ! *anges t 
may occur 9 our civilization 9 ! next   
few c5turies4 ,on ! "o h& we h t long   
p]iod ( /]ile "t1 #ae1jjj ye>s1 = ! /age
 ( neoli?ic man1 & on ! o!r ! va/       
mat]ial progress ( ! pa/ ?ree hundr$    
ye>s4 ,we may n be able to disc]n )     
cl>ity 9 :at direction *anges w occur1 b
 9 "o aspect we c disc]n a well-m>k$    
t5d5cy4 ,t is ! inevitable conque/ ( !  
philosophy ( a!ism4 ,& ) ?is conque/ c  
be cle>ly se5 t x w\ld give to ?is e>? a
 mu* s\nd] f\ndation ^u :i* to build our
 progress1 & t long-delay$ fre$om1 !    
emancipation ( ! m9d f all my?s &       
fables4 ,! inevitabl5ess ( a!ism has be5
 well summ$ up by ,*apman ,coh53  ,look+

 at ! :ole c\rse ( ,human ,hi/ory1 &    
not+ h[ ! vile/ & mo/ ru9\s practices h 
be5 ev] associat$ ) religion1 & h ev]   
reli$ ^u religion = support1 ! cause =  
speculation is1 n :at w happ5 to ! _w :5
 religion dies out1 b h[ human society  
has manag$ to fl\ri% :ile ! belief 9 !  
,gods rul$4444  ,sub/antially1 we h by  
se>*+ f\nd out ,god4 ,we "k ! orig9 &   
hi/ory ( "o ( ! greate/ delusions t ev] 
possess$ ! human m9d4 ,god has be5 f\nd 
out2 analytically & syn!tically we      
und]/& ! ,god-idea z previ\s g5]ations  
c\ld n und]/& x4 ,x has be5 expla9$1 & !
 logical consequ5ce ( ! explanation is  
,a!ism4  ,man is fa/ atta9+ a ma/]y ( 8 
environm5t1 & 8 religi\s cre$s are      
becom+ z irrational to him z ! wit*craft
 delusion4 ,religion ) its burd5 ( fe>  
ties him to ! dead ages4 ,b k n only    
supplies him ) p[]1 b also furni%es him 
) c\rage1 & t c\rage w aid him 9 free+  
himself f t fe>--religion4 ,religion is 
doom$ to occupy ! same place 9 hi/ory z 
! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,lies & impo/ure1

 no matt] h[ p[]fully su/a9$1 c be      
dispell$ by k4 ,! ,*ur* w de/roy itself 
) its own poison4 ,k & c\rage spell !   
doom ( religion4     ,,*apt] ,,xx       
,,contempor>y ,,op9ion       ,! ,vangu>d
       ,let u make no mi/ake--great m9ds
 are skeptical4444 ,! /r5g?      & !    
fre$om :i* arise f exceptional p[] (    
?\ght      express !mselves 9           
skepticism4444 ,a m9d :i* aspires to    
great      ?+s & is det]m9$ to a*ieve !m
 is ( necessity      skeptical4         
,,nietzs*e4   ,,b]tr& ,,russell  ,my own
 view on religion is t ( ,lucretius4 ,i 
reg>d x z a disease born ( fe> & z a    
s\rce ( untold mis]y to ! human race4 ,i
 _c1 h[ev]1 d5y t x has made "s         
contributions to civilization4 ,x help$ 
9 e>ly days to fix ! cal5d>1 & x caus$  
,egyptian prie/s to *ronicle eclipses ) 
su* c>e t 9 "t !y became able to pr$ict 
!m4 ,^! two s]vices ,i am prep>$ to     
ackn[l$ge1 b ,i d n "k ( any o!rs4      
,,max ,,c>l ,,otto  ,x is my conviction 
t ! happie/ & noble/ life atta9able by  

m5 & wom5 is jeop>diz$ by reliance ^u a 
sup]human1 cosmic be+ = guidance & help4
 ,i "k1 ( c\rse1 t ,god has be5 def9$ 9 
v>i\s t]ms4 ,i d n *oose among !m4 ,= x 
seems to me indisputable t ^? :o turn to
 ,god1 h[ev] ,god be def9$1 d s because1
 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 !y seek !re
 ! satisfaction ( wants1 ! wor? ( liv+1 
& security = :at !y passionately prize1 
:i* !y h n f\nd & despair ( f9d+ 9 !    
human v5ture z !y "k x4 ,reliance ^u    
,god = :at life does n af=d1 has1 9 my  
op9ion1 h>mful consequ5ces4 ,x div]ts   
att5tion f ! specific conditions ^u :i* 
a bett] or a worse life dep5ds2 x leads 
m5 to reg>d !mselves z spectators ( a   
c\rse ( ev5ts :i* !y 9 reality help to  
det]m9e2 x makes ! highe/ human         
excell5ce consi/ 9 acquiesc5ce 9 !      
suppos$ w ( a be+ t is def9$ z n human1 
a be+ t is above ! driv+ =ce ( impulse1 
t does n exp]i5ce vacillat+ moods or    
conflict+ desires1 t is nev] h>ass$ by  
d\bts or misl$ by ignorance4444 ,!ism is
 9 ess5ce repressive1 prohibitory1      

ascetic4 ,! outcome ( its influ5ce is t 
exp]tness 9 practical liv+ & exp]tness 9
 evaluat+ life1 in/ead ( unit+ to take  
advantage ( a common opportunity1 are   
set aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! pr(\nd     
dualism :i* rema9s to be ma/]$4 ,x c be 
ma/]$ by ! conc5tration ^u human ne$s & 
p[]s4   ,,john ,,dewey  ,! me?od we t]m 
sci5tific =ms = ! mod]n man 7& a man is 
n mod]n m]ely because he lives 9 #aica7 
! sole1 dep5dable means ( disclos+ !    
realities ( exi/5ce4 ,x is ! sole       
au!ntic mode ( revelation4 ,?is         
possession ( a new me?od1 to ! use ( :i*
 no limits c be put1 signifies a new    
idea ( ! nature & possibilities (       
exp]i5ce4 ,x imports a new morale (     
confid5ce1 control1 & security4  ,c4 ,e4
 ,m4 ,,joad  ,all ?r\gh ! c5tury        
7n9ete5?71 :5ev] & :]ev] !re is a       
movem5t = *ange & bett]m5t1 ! cl]gy are 
f\nd oppos+ x4 ,9 ?is !y are m]ely c>ry+
 on ! tradition ( _! ord]4 ,:5 "o looks 
back ov] hi/ory1 "o realizes t !re is   
sc>cely any discov]y :i* sci5ce has made

 = human advancem5t & happ9ess :i*      
*ur*m5 & !ologians h n viol5tly oppos$4 
,n cont5t ) burn+ ea* o!r1 !y burnt ! m5
 :o discov]$ ! e>?'s motion1 burnt ! m5 
:o made ! fir/ t5tative beg9n+s (       
physics & *emi/ry1 burnt ! m5 :o laid ! 
f\ndations ( our m$ical k4444 ,bad z has
 be5 ! *ur*'s record 9 ! pa/1 x is n    
greatly improv$ 9 ! pres5t4444 ,= two   
?\s& ye>s tea*]s & prea*]s h /riv51 by  
inculcat+ ! pr9ciples & precepts (      
,*ri/ianity1 to m\ld m5's "* & to       
improve _! conduct2 yet we /ill h our   
prisons1 our judges1 & our w>s1 & x     
rema9s today1 z x has done = two ?\s&   
ye>s pa/1 an arguable "q :e!r m5 are    
bett] or worse ?an !y 7 be=e ,*ri/ianity
 0 introduc$4   ,,william ,,pepp]ell    
,,montague  ,if we w = a mom5t imag9e ! 
,bible to h come sudd5ly to our att5tion
 today1 un5cumb]$ by a tradition ( div9e
 au?ority1 & ) no m sacr$ness ?an a     
newly discov]$ writ+ ( anci5t ,*9a or   
,egypt1 we c see q readily t x w\ld     
occur to nobody :o took ! "w m]ely on   

its m]its ei!r to accept x z            
sci5tifically & hi/orically true1 or to 
twi/ its /atem5ts into a f>-fet*$       
allegory ( ! tru?4  ,religion w be      
outmod$2 & its tid+s ( escape to ano!r &
 bett] _w w r+ cold 9 ! e>s ( ^? :o love
 ?is4 ,! new worldl9ess t religion mu/  
face is bas$ on ! fai? t !re is n only  
no place = heav51 b no ne$ = x4         
,humanity1 adolesc5t at la/1 has ta/$ ! 
fir/ fruits ( ! victory ( secul>        
intellig5ce ov] nature1 & dreams gr&ly (
 f> great] victories to come4   ,,irw9  
,,edman  ,! hope ( ! _w c]ta9ly lies 9  
intellig5ce4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re is no hope   
any:]e else4 ,i _c look to any?+ s      
remotely def9able z ,god = aid1 nor d ,i
 ev] regret n be+ able to d s4   ,,walt]
 ,,lippmann  ,_m reasons h be5 adduc$ to
 expla9 :y p d n g to *ur* z mu* z !y   
once did4 ,surely ! mo/ important reason
 is t !y are n s c]ta9 t !y are go+ to  
meet ,god :5 !y g to *ur*4 ,if !y _h t  
c]ta9ty !y w\ld g4 ,if !y really believ$
 t !y 7 be+ wat*$ by a ,supreme ,be+ :o 

is m p[]ful ?an all ! k+s ( ! e>? put   
toge!r1 if !y really believ$ t n only _!
 actions b _! secret ?\ghts 7 kn[n &    
w\ld be rememb]$ by ! creator1 &        
ultimate judge ( ! univ]se1 !re w\ld be 
no compla9t :atev] ab\t *ur* att5dance4 
,! mo/ worldly w\ld be 9 ! front pews1 &
 prea*]s w\ld n h to resort s (t5 to _! 
r desp]ate exp$i5ts to attract an       
audi5ce4 ,if ! conviction 7 !re t ! cre$
 pr(ess$ 0 inv9cibly true1 ! mod]n      
congregation w\ld n come to *ur*1 z !y  
usually d today1 to he> ! prea*] & to   
li/5 to ! music4 ,!y w\ld come to wor%ip
 ,god4   ,h4 ,l4 ,,m5ck5  ,alone among !
 great nations ( hi/ory we h got rid (  
religion z a s]i\s sc\rge1 & by ! simple
 process ( r$uc+ x to a petty nuisance4 
,= m5 become civiliz$1 n 9 proportion to
 _! will+ness to believe1 b 9 proportion
 to _! read9ess to d\bt4 ,! m /upid !   
man1 ! l>g] 8 /ock ( adamant9e          
assurances1 ! heavi] 8 load ( fai?4 ,:5 
,cop]nicus prov$ t ! e>? revolv$ ar\nd !
 sun1 he did n simply prove t ! e>?     

revolv$ ar\nd ! sun1 he also prov$ t !  
s-call$ revelation ( ,god1 z conta9$ 9 !
 ,old ,te/am5t1 0 rubbi%4 ,! fir/ fact 0
 relatively trivial3 x made no diff]5ce 
to ! av]age man !n1 z x makes no        
diff]5ce to him today4 ,b1 ! second fact
 0 ( /up5d\s importance1 = x dispos$ at 
"o /roke ( a mass ( bogus facts t _h be5
 *ok+ ! intellig5ce & ret>d+ ! progress 
( humanity = a mill5nium & a half4444   
,i believe t religion1 g5]ally speak+1  
has be5 a curse to mank9d2 t its mode/ &
 greatly ov]e/imat$ s]vices on ! e?ical 
side h be5 m ?an ov]borne by ! damage x 
has done to cle> & hone/ ?9k+4          
,,horace ,m4 ,,kall5  ,x is a           
significant trait ( hi/ory t ! times &  
nations mo/ di/+ui%$ = piety are also   
mo/ di/+ui%$ = backw>dness4 ,cz>i/      
,russia1 & contempor>y ,spa9 are ne>    
examples1 b illu/rations may be drawn f 
any "p ( ! _w2 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 = in/ance4     
,ev]y:]e ! scope & int5sity ( belief 9 !
 sup]natural seem to be directly        

proportional to ! mis]y & weakness ( !  
believ] 7"o comp5sates = ! o!r74 ,fre$om
 ( spee* & ( press & discussion :i*     
means g5]ally re/ra9t ( all int]f]5ce 9 
! amicable ?re%+ out ( conflict+        
op9ions1 means1 ) respect to religi\s   
beliefs1 refra9+ f talk+1 writ+ or      
discuss+ c&idly at all4 ,9 e society    
belief 9 ! sup]natural is privileg$     
belief1 & !re accrue to x all !         
advantages & disadvantages (            
privilege4444 ,b my/ics & religioni/s   
are n sil5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y become1  
hav+ pass$ ?r\gh a religi\s exp]i5ce1   
voluble4   ,,alb]t ,,e9/e9  ,i d n      
believe we c h any fre$om at all 9 !    
philosophical s5se1 = we act n only "u  
ext]nal compulsion1 b also by inn]      
necessity4444 ,i _c imag9e a ,god :o    
rew>ds & puni%es ! objects ( 8 creation1
 ^: purposes are modell$ aft] our own1 a
 ,god1 9 %ort1 :o is b a reflection (   
human frailty4 ,nei!r c ,i believe t !  
individual survives ! dea? ( 8 body1    
al?\gh feeble s\ls h>bor su* ?\ghts     

?r\gh fe> or ridicul\s egotism4 ,x is   
en\gh = me to contemplate ! my/]y (     
consci\s life p]petuat+ itself ?r\gh all
 et]nity1 to reflect ^u ! m>vel\s       
/ructure ( ! univ]se :i* we c dimly     
p]ceive1 & to try humbly to compreh5d   
ev5 an inf9itesimal "p ( ! intellig5ce  
manife/$ 9 nature4   ,,lu!r ,,burbank   
,our lives z we live !m are pass$ on to 
o!rs1 :e!r 9 physical or m5tal =ms t++  
all future lives =ev]4 ,?is %\ld be     
en\gh = "o :o lives = tru? & s]vice to 8
 fell[ pass5g]s on ! way4 ,no av5g+     
,jewi% ,god1 no satanic devil1 no fi]y  
hell is ( any int]e/ to him4 ,! sci5ti/ 
is a lov] ( tru? = ! v love ( tru?      
itself1 :]ev] x may lead4 ,e normal     
human be+ has ideals1 "o or _m1 to look 
up to1 to rea* up to1 to gr[ up to4     
,religion ref]s to ! s5tim5ts & feel+s2 
sci5ce ref]s to ! demon/rat$ ev]yday    
laws ( nature4 ,feel+s are all "r1 if "o
 does n get drunk on !m4 ,pray] may be  
elevat+ if comb9$ ) works1 & !y :o labor
 ) head1 h&s1 or feet h fai? & are      

g5]ally q sure ( an imm$iate & favorable
 reply4  ,^? :o take refuge beh9d       
!ological b>b$ wire f5ces1 q (t5 wi% !y 
c\ld h m fre$om ( ?\ght1 b fe> ! *ange  
to ! great ocean ( sci5tific tru? z !y  
w\ld a cold ba? plunge4   ,,sir ,,ar?ur 
,,kei?  ,c]ta9ly ! creative p[] :i* is  
at "w be>s no resemblance to ! p]sonal  
,god po/ulat$ by ! ,hebrews1 & ! mod]n  
man ( sci5ce _c fit ,him into ! s*eme ( 
! _w z he kn[s x4 ,he has to try to     
reconceive ,god1 & :5 he has done s1    
no?+ b an unsatisfy+ ab/raction is left4
 ,x is unsatisfy+ because ev5 ! greate/ 
m5 ( sci5ce1 al?\gh !y possess !        
intellects ( giants1 h /ill ! he>ts (   
*ildr54 ,& *ildr5 cl+ to t :i* is end[$ 
) a human %ape & has be5 giv5 ! w>m? (  
liv+ fle%4   ,h4 ,,levy  ,a /ructure (  
absolute moral & religi\s beliefs erect$
 initially z beyond criticism1 impos$ ^u
 a *ang+ society f above r ?an em]g+ f  
bel[1 has no aff9ity ) sci5ce1 :atev]   
p]sonal solace & com=t x may provide1 = 
x assumes t ! facts ( life1 includ+ !   

mat]ial facts ( ! _w1 c be compass$ )9 a
 rigidly prescrib$ framework4 ,x has    
tak5 sev]al c5turies ( hi/ory = !       
sci5tific movem5t to be emancipat$ f j  
^! cramp+ human assumptions4 ,! writ+s (
 _m sci5ti/s %[1 alas1 t ! emancipation 
has n yet be5 complet$4   ,j4 ,b4 ,s4   
,,haldane  ,we "k v little ab\t :at may 
be call$ ! geography ( ! invisible _w4  
,! religions1 if ,i may cont9ue !       
metaphor1 h cov]$ ! vacant spaces ( its 
map ) imag9>y mon/]s2 ! philosophies h  
rul$ !m ) equally imag9>y p>allels (    
latitude4 ,b bo? h affirm$1 9 opposition
 to ! s-call$ practical man1 t ! mean+ (
 ! visible _w is to be f\nd 9 !         
invisible4 ,t has be5 ! secret ( _!     
success4 ,!y h fail$ :5 !y tri$ ei!r to 
describe ! details ( ! visible _w or to 
dictate ! details ( conduct 9 x4 ,!     
*ur*es are half empty today because _!  
cre$s are full ( obsolete sci5ce1 & _!  
e?ical codes are suit$ to a social      
organization f> simpl] ?an t ( today4   
,,h[>d ,w4 ,,hagg>d1 ,m4 ,d4  ,:5 9 !   

fif? c5tury ! ,roman ,empire fell at !  
h&s ( ! b>b>ians1 rational m$ic9e ceas$ 
altoge!r 9 ,europe4 ,al?\gh ! ,*ri/ian  
religion surviv$1 ! ,*ri/ian !ology ( t 
"t d5i$ lib]ty ( consci5ce & taught     
sup]/itions & dogma4 ,x 0 bitt]ly ho/ile
 to ! sci5tific _s4 ,all k necess>y to  
man's salvation1 physical z well z      
spiritual1 0 to be f\nd 9 ! ,bible z !  
,*ur* int]pret$ ! ,bible4 ,s9ce ! tea*+s
 ( ! ,*ur* 7 suppos$ to be suffici5t =  
all ne$s1 !re 0 no excuse = obs]vations 
& exp]im5tal inve/igations4 ,!          
inquisitive _s 0 :olly suppress$1 !     
rigor\s me?ods ( ,greek logic 7 = _m    
c5turies lo/ f ,european civilization1 &
 intellig5t ?\ght 0 replac$ by          
revelation1 speculation1 tradition1 &   
subs]vi5ce to ! writt5 ^w ( ! ,bible1 to
 ! writ+s ( sa9ts1 & lat]1 9 m$ical     
matt]s1 to ! "w ( ,gal54 ,! !ological   
beliefs ( ! "t became ! controll+       
influ5ce 9 ,we/]n civilization4   ,,h>ry
 ,,elm] ,,b>nes  ,!re has nev] be5 any  
religi\s crisis ( ?is k9d be=e1 & any   

attempt at exact comp>isons ) ! pa/ are 
"h b\nd to be mislead+ & di/ort+4 ,ev5 !
 extreme assailant ( pagan religions1 l 
,lucretius1 _h no basis = ! critical    
attitude z ! contempor>y sceptic4 ,!    
bitt] attack ( ,lucretius ^u sup]natural
 religion 0 bas$ ma9ly ^u assumptions & 
intuitions1 z incapable ( pro( at ! "t z
 7 ! mo/ extreme pieti/ic views ( 8 age4
 ,today ! situation has be5 pr(\ndly    
alt]$4 ,contempor>y sci5ce1 especially  
a/rophysics1 r5d]s ! :ole set (         
assumptions und]ly+ ! an?ropomorphic &  
geoc5tric sup]naturalism ( ! pa/        
absolutely ar*aic & prepo/]\s4 ,our     
sci5tific k has und]m9$ ! mo/ preci\s   
tales 9 ! holy books ( all peoples4 ,!  
developm5t ( biblical criticism has     
discr$it$ ! dogma ( direct revelation & 
unique nature ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4       
,textual s*ol>%ip has be5 equally       
deva/at+ to ! sacr$ scriptures :i* =m ! 
lit]>y basis ( ! o!r _w religions4 ,x   
avails "o no?+ to d5y ^! ?+s1 = !y are  
actually und5iable4 ,we mu/ face !      

impli$ intellectual revolution hone/ly &
 see :at is to be done ab\t x4          
,,george ,,jean ,,na?an  ,to be ?or\ghly
 religi\s1 "o mu/1 ,i believe1 be sorely
 disappo9t$4 ,"o's fai? 9 ,god increases
 z "o's fai? 9 ! _w decreases4 ,! happi]
 ! man1 ! f>!r he is f ,god4   ,,rup]t  
,,hughes  ,x is important t ! tru? be   
kn[n4 ,is religion1 is *ur* memb]%ip a  
help to virtue8 ,! c>eless w answ] )\t  
hesitation1 ,yes6 ,( c\rse4 ,! /ati/ics1
 :5 !y are n smo!r$1 cry1 ,no6   ,,hu   
,,%ih  ,on ! basis ( biological1        
sociological1 & hi/orical k1 we %\ld    
recognize t ! individual self is subject
 to dea? & decay1 b ! sum total (       
individual a*ievem5t1 = bett] or =      
worse1 lives on 9 ! immortality ( !     
,l>g] ,self2 t to live = ! sake ( !     
species & po/]ity is religion ( ! highe/
 k9d2 & t ^? religions :i* seek a future
 life ei!r 9 ,heav5 or 9 ! ,pure ,l&1   
are selfi% religions4   ,,dr4           
,,frankwood ,e4 ,,williams  ,9 ^!       
difficult times we are told t we %\ld g 

to ! temple1 t we %\ld get 9 t\* ) ,god4
 ,we d n ne$ ! temple4 ,we d n ne$ to   
get 9 t\* ) ,god4 ,we ne$ to get 9 t\* )
 ea* o!r4   ,,william ,,floyd  ,?is     
,bible be>s e evid5ce ( be+ a book l e  
o!r book1 conceiv$ by man1 writt5 by    
man1 alt]$ by man1 translat$ by man1    
pr9t$ by man1 b--& ?is is :]e x diff]s f
 e o!r book--! ,bible is swall[$ by man4
 ,& x has disagre$ ) him2 man has n     
dige/$ x prop]ly ?r\gh lack ( suffici5t 
dissection ( its p>ts4 ,x has be5 tak5 )
 a spiritual sauce t has disguis$ its   
real flavor4 ,any?+ 9 ! ,bible1 no matt]
 h[ raw1 is tak5 z ,god's food4 ,x is   
us$ to demon/rate problems ( diet :i* d 
n provide a balanc$ ration2 x is accept$
 by ! gullible ?\gh contradict$ by !    
revelations ( ,geology1 ,a/ronomy1      
,an?ropology1 ,zoology1 & ,biology4     
,tak5 z prescrib$ by ! doctors (        
div9ity1 ! ,bible is a poison\s book4   
,,llewelyn ,,p[ys  ,! idea ( an         
inc>nation ( ,god is absurd3 :y %\ld !  
human race ?9k itself s sup]ior to bees1

 ants1 & elephants z to be put 9 ?is    
unique relation to its mak]8 ,*ri/ians  
are l a c\ncil ( frogs 9 a m>% or a     
synod ( worms on a dung hill croak+ &   
squeak+1 ,= our sakes 0 ! _w creat$4    
,,!odore ,,dreis]  ,& :y aga91 compos$  
?\gh we may be ( ?is1 t1 & ! o!r proton1
 electron1 etc41 etc41 :y %\ld we n 9 "s
 way be able to s5se :y we are z we     
are--assembl$ z we are ( ! same ultimate
 atoms & do+ z we d8 ,:y8 ,good         
,god--surely 9 ! face ( all ?is s5se (  
aliv5ess & motion1 & ?is & t1 !re %\ld  
be "s intimation ( ,,:y8 ,b no--none4   
,,upton ,,s9clair  ,x is a fact1 !      
significance ( :i* _c be exagg]at$1 t ! 
measure ( ! civilization :i* any nation 
has atta9$ is ! ext5t to :i* x has      
curtail$ ! p[] ( in/itutionaliz$        
religion4 ,!re are a score ( great      
religions 9 ! _w1 ea* ) scores or       
hundr$s ( sects1 ea* ) its prie/ly      
ord]s1 its complicat$ cre$ & ritual1 its
 heav5s & hells4 ,ea* has its ?\s&s or  
millions or hundr$s ( millions ( true   

believ]s2 ea* damns all ! o!rs1 ) m or  
less he>t9ess1 & ea* is a mighty =tress 
( ,graft4         99       99       99  
99       99       ,! ,middle ,gu>d      
,x is t]rible to die ( ?ir/ at sea4 ,is 
x necess>y t y      %\ld salt y\r tru? t
 x w no long] qu5* ?ir/8                
,,nietzs*e4         99       99       99
       99       99   ,,alfr$ ,,nor?     
,,:itehead  ,inde$1 hi/ory1 d[n to !    
pres5t day1 is a melan*oly record ( !   
horrors :i* c att5d religion3 human     
sacrifice1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! slaught] (  
*ildr51 cannibalism1 s5sual orgies1     
abject sup]/ition1 hatr$ z betwe5 races1
 ! ma9t5ance ( degrad+ cu/oms1 hy/]ia1  
bigotry1 c all be laid at x's *>ge4     
,religion is ! la/ refuge ( human       
savag]y4   ,,rob]t ,,&rews ,,millikan   
,! an?ropomorphic ,god ( ! anci5t _w--! 
,god ( human passions1 frailties1       
caprices1 & :ims is gone1 & ) him ! old 
duty to propitiate him1 s t he might be 
induc$ to treat y bett] ?an y\r         
neighbor4 ,c anyone "q ! advance t has  

be5 made 9 dim9i%+ ! preval5ce ( ^!     
m$ieval1 ess5tially *ildi%1 & ess5tially
 selfi% ideas8 ,! new ,god is ! ,god (  
law & ord]2 ! new duty1 to "k t ord] &  
to get into h>mony ) x1 to le>n h[ to   
make ! _w a bett] place = mank9d to live
 91 n m]ely h[ to save y\r individual   
s\l4 ,h[ev]1 once de/roy our confid5ce 9
 ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity1 our belief 9 !  
rule ( law1 & our effectiv5ess          
imm$iately disappe>s1 our me?od ceases  
to be dep5dable1 & our laboratories     
become des]t$4   ,,alb]t ,c4 ,,dieff5ba*
  ,! pla9 tru? is1 ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( m5 &
 wom5 h gone out ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y take no 
/ock 9 its obsolete tea*+s to :i* !y    
once subscrib$ 9 ord] to become memb]s4 
,aft] great tribulation1 !y h made _!   
decl>ation ( religi\s indep5d5ce4 ,!y h 
tak5 ! "r turn = _! own salvation4 ,!   
*ur*es z a :ole d n "k t today !re is a 
viol5t intellectual revolution among all
 p :o ?9k4 ,! s-call$ !ism t is embalm$ 
9 ! old !ology & is /ill prea*$ is      
utt]ly defunct = _m p]sons ( ?is        

g5]ation4 ,l x or n1 t is a fact4       
,,dr4 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,eliot  ,! cre$s ( ! 
*ur*es conta9 conceptions ( ,god's      
nature & ( 8 action t[>d ! human race   
:i* are intol]able to ! e?ical m9d ( !  
tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! conception ( "o be+1 
human or div9e1 suff]+1 ?\gh innoc5t1 = 
! s9s ( o!rs1 is revolt+ to ! univ]sal  
s5se ( ju/ice & fair deal+4 ,no s*ool1  
no family1 no c\rt1 w\ld puni% ! innoc5t
 :5 ! guilty 7 kn[n4 ,?is conception (  
,god is hide\s1 cruel1 insane1 & no     
,*ri/ian *ur* :i* tol]ates x c be       
effici5t 9 ! promotion ( human welf>e & 
happ9ess4