public doma9 works f ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,digital ,libr>ies47 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 #a4 ,sev]al mispr9ts 7includ+ ,greek7 7 correct$4 ,a full li/ ( corrections c be f\nd at ! end ( ! text4 ,misspell+ & inconsi/5cies 9 ! ,fr5* quotations1 unless o!rwise not$1 h be5 pres]v$4 #b4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ to ! end ( *apt]s4 #c4 ,footnote #ach _h no footnote m>k] )9 ! text2 ! ref]5ce 0 add$ 9 a possible place4 #d4 ,symbol ( a h& po9t+ "r has be5 replac$ ) a "r arr[3 4 ,,mod]n ,,a!ism ,,"u ,,its ,,=ms ,,( ,,pan!ism1 ,,mat]ialism1 ,,secul>ism1 ,,developm5t1 ,,& ,,natural ,,laws4 ,,by ,,james ,,bu*anan1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,div9ity ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,college1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,& ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,(fice ,,& ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,_s1 ,,etc4 ,,bo/on3 ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,%eldon1 ,,blakeman ,,co41 ,,c9c9nati3 ,,george ,s4 ,,blan*>d4 #aheg4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahef1 by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,electro-,/]eotyp$ by ,g4 ,j4 ,,/iles ,,company1 #bc ,congress ,/reet1 ,bo/on4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is volume orig9ally con/itut$ ab\t "o half ( a "w1 entitl$ ,fai? 9 ,god & ,mod]n ,a!ism comp>$1 9 _! ,ess5tial ,nature1 ,!oretic ,gr\nds1 & ,practical ,influ5ce4 ,simultane\sly ) ! fir/ issue ( t "w 9 ,scotl&1 ! five pr9cipal *apt]s 9 ?is volume 7 publi%$ sep>ately1 accompani$ ) ! ann\ncem5t t ea* 0 complete 9 itself4 ,! h9t ?us giv5 by ! au?or1 has be5 act$ ^u by ! pres5t publi%]s4 ,on exam9+ ! :ole "w1 x 0 f\nd to be divid$ into f\r ,sections4 ,( ^!1 ! ?ird 0 devot$ exclusively to ,mod]n ,a!ism4 ,x embrac$ ! five *apt]s already allud$ to1 toge!r ) a g5]al introduction & f\r %ort] *apt]s4 ,x appe>$1 9 fact1 to be a complete treatise by itself2 & x is n[ pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican public 9 ! conviction t su* a "w is peculi>ly dem&$ by ! pres5t /ate ( religi\s op9ion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! au?or is "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ div9es ( ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,9 #ahde1 he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,apologetic ,!ology 9 ! ,new ,college1 ,ed9burgh2 &1 on ! dea? ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 9 #ahdg1 he 0 translat$ to ! ,*air ( ,sy/ematic ,!ology ?us made vacant4 ,9 ! =m] position1 x became 8 duty to prep>e a complete c\rse ( ,lectures on ,natural ,religion4 ,8 "w on ,fai? 9 ,god1 c41 conta9s1 9 an alt]$ =m1 adapt$ to g5]al read]s1 ! sub/ance ( ^? ,lectures4 ,respect+ ?is "w1 ! ,briti% press g5]ally has spok5 9 ! highe/ t]ms4 ,! di/+ui%$ geologi/1 ,hugh ,mill]1 says1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,witness3 ,x is "o (1 at once1 ! mo/ readable & solid :i* we h ev] p]us$2 & ! ,news ( ! ,*ur*es1 ! organ ( ! ,free ,*ur*1 describes x z a "w ( :i* no?+ less c be said ?an t1 bo? 9 _s & sub/ance1 /yle & argum5t1 x fixes irrev]sibly ! "n ( its au?or z a lead+ classic 9 ! ,*ri/ian lit]ature ( ,brita94 ,an ,am]ican critic says3 ,8 succ9ct analysis ( ! doctr9es held by ! v>i\s s*ools ( mod]n a!ism are admirable1 & 8 criticisms on _! doctr9es orig9al & pr(\nd2 :ile 8 argum5ts 9 def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? aga9/ philosophical objectors are unsurpass$ by ^? ( any mod]n writ]4 ,cle>1 vigor\s1 logical1 le>n$1 & /rong z a ,titan1 he fairly vanqui%es all antagoni/s by pure m5tal sup]iority2 nev] und]/at+ _! views or evad+ _! argum5ts1 b meet+ !m 9 all _! =ce & cru%+ !m4 ,ano!r critic says3 ,x is a great argum5t = ,!ism & aga9/ ,a!ism1 magnific5t 9 its /r5g?1 ord]1 & beauty4444 ,! /yle is lucid1 grave1 h>moni\s1 & e way comm5surate ) ! dignity & importance ( ! subject4444 ,! *apt] on ,pan!ism is admirable4 ,reg>d+ x z '! mo/ =midable rival ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism at ! pres5t day1' ,dr4 ,bu*anan seems to h specially address$ himself to ! task ( expos+ & refut+ ?is error4 ,8 /atem5t ( ,sp9oza's sy/em is beautifully cle>4 ,! read] w f9d t !re is no exagg]ation 9 ^! encomiums4 ,hugh ,mill]1 always felicit\s 9 8 *oice ( words1 has exactly describ$ ! two lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ,mod]n ,a!ism1 by ! phrase readable & solid4 ,e "o :o beg9s ! book w f9d himself drawn /rongly onw>d to ! end2 & no "o c rise f its p]usal )\t a conviction t x conta9s a weight ( argum5t aga9/ all ! =ms ( ,a!ism su* z nev] be=e has be5 comb9$ 9 "o book4 ,%\ld ! reception ( ?is volume by ! public furni% suffici5t enc\ragem5t1 x is ! int5tion ( ! publi%]s to issue ! rema9d] ( ! "w 7,fai? 9 ,god1 c471 9 uni=m /yle4 ,,bo/on1 ,decemb]1 #ahef4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction1 #i ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,mod]n ,,a!ism1 #ae ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,developm5t1 #de ,,section ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,cosmical ,,developm5t1--,,! ,,ve/iges1 #dg ,,section ,,ii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,physiological ,,developm5t1--,,telliam$1 --,,physio-,,philosophy1 #fa ,,section ,,iii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,social ,,developm5t1--,,augu/e ,,comte1 #hd ,,section ,,iv4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,developm5t1--,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 #aaf ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,pan!ism1 #abi ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,sp9oza1 #adb ,,section ,,ii4 ,,mat]ial ,,pan!ism1 #afa ,,section ,,iii4 ,,ideal ,,pan!ism1 #afg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,mat]ialism1 #ahi ,,section ,i4 ,,di/9ct ,,=ms ,,( ,,mat]ialism1 #aib ,,section ,,ii4 ,,propositions ,,on ,,mat]ialism1 #bjg ,,section ,,iii4 ,,relations ,,( ,,mat]ialism ,,to ,,!ology1 #bce ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,natural ,,laws1--,,volney1--,,combe1 #bdi ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,natural ,,laws ,,& ,,second ,,causes1 #beb ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,god1 #bed ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,efficacy ,,( ,,pray]1 #bhc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,*ance ,,& ,,fate1 #cjc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,religi\s ,,lib]alism1 #cbc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,c]titude ,,& ,,skepticism1 #ccc ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,secul>ism1 #cfa ,,introduction4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,be+ & ,p]fections ( ,god1 z ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 c sc>cely be adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( mod]n society1 unless x be fram$ ) express ref]5ce to ! exi/+ =ms ( unbelief1 & ! prevail+ t5d5cies bo? ( philosophical ?\ght & ( popul> op9ion4 ,x is q possible1 inde$1 to con/ruct a s*eme ( evid5ce on ?is subject out ( ! ample mat]ials :i* ! /oreh\se ( nature af=ds1 )\t ent]+ into any discussion ( ! que/ions1 :e!r ,physical or ,metaphysical1 :i* h be5 rais$ respect+ x4 ,b ?is me?od1 al?\gh x might be suffici5t = _m1 p]haps = mo/1 ( our read]s--= all1 inde$1 :o come to ! /udy ( ! subject ) reflective b unsophi/icat$ m9ds--c\ld sc>cely be expect$ to meet ! case or to satisfy ! wants ( ^? :o /& mo/ 9 ne$ ( in/ruction2 ! m51 & especially ! "y m51 9 all educat$ communities1 :o1 imbu$ ) ! _s ( philosophical speculation1 & in/ruct$1 m or less fully1 9 ! pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce1 h be5 l$1 "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 celebrat$ names1 to adopt op9ions :i* prev5t !m f s]i\sly consid]+ any !ological "q1 & to reg>d ! :ole subject ( religion ) indiff]5ce or contempt1 z "o t lies beyond ! possible range ( sci5ce1--! only legitimate doma9 ( human ?\ght4 ,9 su* cases 7& !y are nei!r few nor unimportant71 x may be useful & ev5 necess>y to neutralize ^? adv]se presumptions or prejudicate op9ions1 :i* prev5t !m f consid]+ ! evid5ce to :i* ,!ism appeals1 & to review ! v>i\s !ories f :i* !y spr+1 s z to %[ t !y af=d no valid reason = disc>d+ ! subject1 & no gr\nd = alleg+ t x is n fit to g to pro(4 ,x is true t we mu/ ultimately rely1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( our ma9 positions1 on t body ( natural & hi/orical evid5ce1 :i* dep5ds little1 if at all1 on any ( ! ,!ories ( ,philosophical ,speculation1 or ev5 on any ( ! discov]ies ( ,physical ,sci5ce2 b x is equally true t ! evid5ce1 h[ev] conclusive 9 itself1 _c be expect$ to produce conviction unless x be c&idly exam9$ & weigh$2 & if !re be any?+ 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( public op9ion :i* leads m5 to reg>d ! :ole subject ) indiff]5ce or suspicion1 to conceive ( x z a problem insoluble by ! human faculties1 & to treat ,!ology z a fond fancy or a wak+ dream1 x 7 surely well to exam9e ! gr\nds ( su* op9ions1 to expose _! fallacy s z to c\nt]act _! influ5ce1 & to refute ^? !ories :i* prev5t m5 f judg+ ( ! evid5ce z !y w\ld on any o!r topic ( ,inductive ,inquiry4 ,9 adopt+ ?is c\rse1 we are only foll[+ ! foot/eps ( ! pr(\nd au?or ( ! ,analogy1 :o f9d+ x1 he knew n h[1 to be tak5 = grant$1 by _m p]sons1 t ,*ri/ianity is n s mu* z a subject ( inquiry1 set himself1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to prove t x is n1 h[ev]1 s cle> a case t !re is no?+ 9 x2--?is prelim9>y pro( be+ design$ to neutralize objections1 & to disburd5 ! subject ( all adv]se presumptions1 s z to be judg$ on its own prop] & indep5d5t m]its4 ,we are imitat+1 too1 ! example ( ano!r sagaci\s writ] on a k9dr$ !me1 :o ?\ght t ,apologi/s _h paid too little att5tion to ! prejudices ( _! oppon5ts1 & _h be5 too confid5t ( accompli%+ _! object at once1 by an ov]p[]+ /atem5t ( ! direct evid5ce1 =gett+ t ! influ5ce ( prejudice r5d]s ! human m9d v ne>ly inaccessible to bo? evid5ce & argum5t4#a ,if ?is me?od 0 ev] necess>y or exp$i5t1 x is peculi>ly s 9 ! pres5t age4 ,op9ions are afloat 9 society1 & are ev5 av[$ by m5 ( high philosophical repute1 :i* =mally exclude ,!ology f ! doma9 ( human ?\ght1 & repres5t x z utt]ly inaccessible to ! human faculties4 ,!y am\nt to a d5ial1 n m]ely ( its tru?1 b ( its v possibility4 ,!y place x among ! dreams ( ! pa/--) ! fables ( ! ,g5ii1 or ! follies ( ,al*emy1 or ! phantoms ( ,a/rology4 ,!y intimate1 9 no ambigu\s t]ms1 n only t ,ca?olicism is effete1 & ,*ri/ianity itself dead or dy+1 b t ,!ology ( e k9d1 ev5 ! simple/ & pure/ =m ( ,!ism1 mu/ spe$ily vani% f ! e>?4 ,admitt+ t ! religi\s elem5t 0 necess>ily develop$ 9 ! infancy ( ! species1 & t its influ5ce 0 alike inevitable & salut>y dur+ ! _w's m9ority1 :5 x 0 plac$ provisionally "u tutors & gov]nors1 !y proclaim t mank9d h outgr[n ! ve/m5ts :i* suit$ !m 9 e>li] times1 & t n[ !y mu/ put away *ildi% ?+s4 ,t su* s5tim5ts h be5 publicly av[$1 t !y h be5 proclaim$ z ! sci5tific results ( speculative ?\ght1 & t !y h be5 widely circulat$ 9 ! vehicles bo? ( philosophic discussion & ( popul> lit]ature1 w be prov$ by evid5ce1 equally sad & conclusive1 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s2 9 ! meantime we ref] to !m m]ely = ! purpose ( %[+ t1 9 s f> z _! influ5ce prevails1 !y mu/ necess>ily t5d1 unless !y be c\nt]act$ by "s effective antidote1 to g5]ate su* a prejudice aga9/ ! :ole s*eme ( ,!ology1 :e!r ,natural or ,reveal$1 z may be expect$1 especially 9 ! case ( "y1 inexp]i5c$1 & ard5t m9ds1 to prev5t !m f ent]ta9+ ! subject at all1 or exam9+1 ) s]i\s & c&id int]e/1 any k9d or am\nt ( evid5ce t might be adduc$ 9 reg>d to x4 ,= ?is reason1 we propose to review ! v>i\s ,!ories or ,sy/ems :i* may be said to embody & exhibit ^! prevail+ t5d5cies1 to meet our oppon5ts on _! own *os5 gr\nd1 & to subject _! favorite speculations to a rigor\s & sift+ scrut9y2 & ?is1 n = ! purpose ( prov+ our fundam5tal position1 = t mu/ re/ on its prop] & indep5d5t evid5ce1 b simply ) ! view ( neutraliz+ ! adv]se presumptions :i* prev5t _m f consid]+ its claims1 & prov+ t x is a subject t dem&s & des]ves _! s]i\s & su/a9$ att5tion4 ,tak+ a compreh5sive view ( ,european ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 we may disc]n ! great curr5ts1 or *ief t5d5cies1 ( speculative ?\ght1 9 s f> z x be>s on ! evid5ces & doctr9es ( ,religion1 9 sev]al di/9ct b closely relat$ sy/ems ( op9ion1 :i*1 :e!r consid]$ sev]ally or collectively1 mu/ ex]t1 9 proportion to _! preval5ce1 a p[]ful influ5ce on ! side ( ,a!ism4 ,^! sy/ems may be divid$ g5]ally into two great classes1 accord+ z !y relate to ! sub/ance or to ! evid5ce ( ,!ism1 to ! tru?s :i* x involves1 or ! pro(s to :i* x appeals4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,fr5* ,revolutions may be reg>d$ z ! season dur+ :i* ! !ories to :i* we ref] 7 progressively develop$1 & ultimately consolidat$ 9 _! exi/+ =ms4 ,! g]m ( ea* ( !m may h exi/$ be=e1 & traces ( !m may be detect$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! anci5t _w1 & ev5 9 ! writ+s ( m$ival times2 nay1 x might n be too mu* to affirm t 9 ! sy/ems ( ,ori5tal ,sup]/ition1 & 9 ! ,s*ools ( ,grecian ,skepticism1 sev]al ( !m 7 m fully taught 9 e>ly times ?an !y h yet be5 9 ,mod]n ,europe1 & t ! rec5t attempts to recon/ruct & reproduce !m 9 a %ape adapt$ to ! pres5t /age ( civilization1 h be5 poor & meagre 9 comp>ison ) ^? m anci5t ef=ts ( un5light5$ reason4 ,:at mod]n sy/em ( ,skepticism c rival t ( ,sextus ,empiricus8 ,:at code ( ,pan!ism1 ,fr5* or ,g]man1 c be said to equal ! my/ic dreams ( ! ,v$anta ,s*ool8 ,:at godless !ory ( ,natural ,law c compete ) ! ,epicurean philosophy1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! poetry ( ,lucretius8 ,! errors ( ^! anci5t sy/ems h be5 reviv$ ev5 amid/ ! light ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & prevail to an ext5t t may seem to ju/ify ! appreh5sion1 frequ5tly express$ on ! ,cont95t ( late ye>s1 ( ! re/oration ( a sort ( ,semi-,paganism 9 ,mod]n ,europe2 & x is /ill necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! def5ce ( a pure ,!ism1 to rexam9e ^? anci5t =ms ( error :i* h reppe>$ on ! sc5e aft] x might h be5 suppos$ t !y _h vani%$ = ev]4 ,= ! v t5acity ) :i* !y cleave to ! human m9d1 & _! p]petual recurr5ce at int]vals along ! :ole c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory1 %[ t !re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! wants1 or at lea/ 9 ! weaknesses ( our nature1 :i* induces m5 to tol]ate & ev5 to embrace !m4 ,b ! *ief dang]1 z we conceive1 lies 9 ^? new1 or at lea/ newly organiz$1 !ories t h only rec5tly receiv$ _! full developm5t 9 ! ,inductive & ,sci5tific pursuits :i* con/itute ! peculi> glory ( mod]n times2 & :i*1 comm5c+ ) ! era ( ,bacon & ,desc>tes1 & gradually matur$ by ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 & _! successors1 h at l5g? issu$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a solid fabric ( ,sci5ce4 ,to ,!ism !re is no dang] 9 ,sci5ce1 9 s f> z x is true1 = all tru? is self-consi/5t & h>moni\s2 b !re may be mu* dang] 9 ! use t is made ( x1 or 9 ! _s 9 :i* x is appli$4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,bacon1 & ,newton1 & ,boyle1 ! doctr9e ( ,natural ,laws 0 treat$ z an ally1 n z an antagoni/1 to ,!ology2 9 ! h&s ( ,comte x becomes a plea = ,a!ism2 & ev5 9 ! h&s ( ,combe an argum5t aga9/ a special ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,"h ! dang] is ! great] j by reason ( ! ackn[l$g$ tru? & practical value ( ! ,inductive ,philosophy2 = its c]ta9ty is s well asc]ta9$1 & its manifold uses s g5]ally appreciat$1 t if x %all come to be reg>d$ z incompatible ) ! recognition ( ,god & ,religion1 ,society w soon f9d itself on ! v]ge ( univ]sal ,a!ism4 ,& ?is is ! fe>ful issue to :i* ! m rec5t s*ools ( speculation are manife/ly t5d+4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution 0 br\ght ab\t by ! labors ( m5 :o f\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 at lea/ o/5sibly1 "u ! bann] ( ,deism or ,natural ,religion2 ! second ,revolution 0 consummat$ "u ! auspices1 n ( a ,dei/ic1 b ( an ,a!i/ic philosophy4 ,! s*ool ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau has giv5 place to ! s*ool ( ,comte & ,l]\x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two indicates a rapid & al>m+ advance4 ,x may n be app>5t at fir/ sight1 or on a sup]ficial survey2 b x w become evid5t to any "o :o comp>es ! two ,fr5* ,encyclopdias1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! expon5ts ( ! reign+ philosophy ( ! two great revolution>y eras4 ,! fir/1 ! ,encyclop$ie ( ,d',alemb]t1 ,voltaire1 & ,did]ot1 s\ght to malign & extirpate ,*ri/ianity1 :ile x did frequ5t homage to ,natural ,!ology2 ! second1 ! ,n\velle ,encyclop$ie ( ,pi]re ,l]\x & 8 coadjutors1 proclaims ! deification ( ,humanity1 & ! de?ronem5t ( ,god6 ,,footnotes3 #a ,,bi%op ,,butl]1 ,analogy1 ,preface1 p4 ,,ii4 ,,dr4 ,,+lis1 ,v9dication ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 p4 ,,vi4 ,,mod]n ,,a!ism4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,a!ism4 ,be=e ent]+ on a detail$ discussion ( ! !ories to :i* x appeals1 x may be useful to (f] "s g5]al reflections on ,,a!ism itself1 its g5]ic nature & specific v>ieties1 its causes & spr+s1 :e!r p]man5t or occasional1 & its moral & social influ5ce1 z illu/rat$ alike by individual exp]i5ce & by public hi/ory4 ,by ,a!ism we mean any sy/em ( op9ion :i* leads m5 ei!r to d\bt or to d5y ! ,exi/5ce1 ,provid5ce1 & ,gov]nm5t ( a liv+1 p]sonal1 & holy ,god1 z ! ,creator & ,"l ( ! _w4 ,9 its practical aspect1 x is t /ate ( m9d :i* leads !m to =get1 dis[n1 or disobey ,him4 ,we are met1 h[ev]1 at ! outset1 by a previ\s "q1 ,:e!r ,a!ism be a real or ev5 a possible ?+8 a "q :i* 0 wont to be discuss$ by div9es "u ! head1 an d5tur ,a!i8#b & :i* has rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ! /rong prote/ations ( "s philosophic writ]s1 :o d5y n only ! exi/5ce1 b ! v possibility ( ,a!ism4 ,on ?is po9t ! policy :i* infidels h pursu$ has be5 widely diff]5t at diff]5t times4 ,on "s occasions1 !y h s\ght to exagg]ate ! numb] ( ,a!i/s1 claim+ z _! own adh]5ts or allies a l>ge majority ( ! intellectual classes1 z well z :ole tribes or nations ( b>b>ians1 9 ord] to impress ! public m9d ) ! conviction t belief 9 ,god is nei!r natural nor univ]sal2 at o!r times1 !y h s\ght to allay ! prejudice :i* av[$ ,a!ism seldom fails to awak51 by disclaim+ mu* t _h be5 imput$ to !m1 by pr(ess+ a sort ( my/ic rev]5ce = ! ,_s ( ,nature1 & by d5y+ t _! speculations involve a disbelief 9 ,god4 ,9 foll[+ ^! opposite c\rses at diff]5t times1 !y h be5 actuat$ by a politic reg>d to ! exig5cies ( _! wret*$ cause1 & h alt]nately adopt$ ! "o or ! o!r1 j z x might seem1 9 exi/+ circum/ances1 to be m exp$i5t ei!r to brave or to conciliate public op9ion4 ,x is incumb5t1 !re=e1 on e enlight5$ advocate ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism to ex]cise a prud5t discretion 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is topic1 & to gu>d equally aga9/ ! dang] ei!r ( be+ l$ to exagg]ate ! ext5t1 or ( be+ bl9d$ to ! exi/5ce ( ! evil4 ,nor is x difficult to discov] a safe middle pa? betwe5 ! opposite extremes3 x is only necess>y to def9e1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :at we mean :5 we speak ( ,!ism or ,a!ism respectively1 & !n to asc]ta91 9 ! second place1 :e!r any1 & :at1 p>ties h av[$ pr9ciples :i* %\ld fairly s]ve to connect !m ) ! "o sy/em or ) ! o!r4 ,a cle> conception ( ! radical pr9ciple or ess5tial nature ( ,a!ism is indisp5sable2 = )\t ?is1 we %all be liable1 on ! "o h&1 to ! risk ( imput+ ,a!ism to _m :o are n ju/ly *>geable ) x--a fault :i* %\ld be mo/ c>efully avoid$2#c & equally liable1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! dang] ( ov]look+ ! wide gulf :i* sep>ates ,religion f ,irreligion1 & ,!ism f ,a!ism4 ,!re is mu* room = ! ex]cise bo? ( ,*ri/ian c&or & ( critical discrim9ation1 9 =m+ our e/imate ( ! *>act]s ( m5 f ! op9ions :i* !y hold1 :5 ^! op9ions relate n to ! vital tru?s ( religion1 b to collat]al topics1 m or less directly connect$ ) !m4 ,x is em95tly necess>y1 9 treat+ ?is subject1 to discrim9ate aright betwe5 sy/ems :i* are ess5tially & av[$ly a!i/ic1 & ^? p>ticul> op9ions on cognate topics :i* h sometimes be5 appli$ 9 support ( ,a!ism1 b :i* may1 nev]!less1 be held by "s salv fide1 & )\t consci\s1 /ill less av[$1 ,infidelity4 ,& h5ce ,buddu & o!r div9es h c>efully di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! radical pr9ciples or gr\nds ( ,a!ism1 & ^? op9ions :i* are (t51 b n inv>iably1 associat$ ) x4#d ,b x is equally or /ill m dang]\s1 on ! o!r h&1 to admit a m]e nom9al recognition ( ,god z a suffici5t dispro( ( ,a!ism1 )\t inquir+ :at conception is ent]ta9$ ( ,8 nature & p]fections2 :e!r ,he be conceiv$ ( z diff]5t f1 or id5tical )1 ,nature2 z a liv+1 p]sonal1 & intellig5t ,be+1 di/9ct f ! univ]se1 or z ! m]e sum ( exi/+ ?+s2 z a free ,creator & ,moral ,gov]nor1 or z a bl9d ,de/9y & inexorable ,fate4 ,^! are vital que/ions1 & !y _c be evad$ )\t s]i\s detrim5t to ! cause ( religion4 ,a few examples w suffice to prove our ass]tion4 ,m4 ,c\s9 cont5ds t ,a!ism is impossible1 & assigns no o!r reason = 8 conviction ?an ?is1--t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is necess>ily impli$ 9 e affirmation1 & may be logically d$uc$ f ! premises on :i* t affirmation dep5ds4#e ,8 reason+ may possibly be q conclusive 9 po9t ( logic1 9 s f> z x is an attempt to %[ t ! exi/5ce ( ,god ought to be d$uc$ f ! consci\sness ( ?\ght2 b x _c be held conclusive z to ! matt] ( fact1 t !re is no ,a!ism 9 ! _w1 unless x c be fur!r %[n t all m5 "k & ackn[l$ge ,8 exi/5ce z a tru? involv$ 91 & d$ucible f1 _! consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,yet he does n hesitate to affirm t e ?\ght implies a spontane\s fai? 9 ,god2 nay1 he advances fur!r1 & adds t ev5 :5 ! sage d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 /ill 8 words imply ! idea ( ,god1 & t belief 9 ,god rema9s unconsci\sly at ! bottom ( 8 he>t4 ,surely ! d5ial or ! d\bt ( ,god's exi/5ce am\nts to ,a!ism1 h[ev] inconsi/5t t ,a!ism may be ) ! natural laws ( ?\ght1 or ! legitimate ex]cise ( spee*4 ,yet ! bold p>adox ( ,,c\s9 0 nei!r an orig9al discov]y nor an unprec$5t$ delusion4 ,x 0 taught1 9 a diff]5t =m1 b ) equal confid5ce1 by sev]al writ]s belong+ to ! era ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,?us ,,helvetius1 9 8 "w on ,,man1 says expressly3 ,!re is no man ( und]/&+ :o does n ackn[l$ge an active p[] 9 ,nature2 !re is1 !re=e1 no ,a!i/4 ,he is n an ,a!i/ :o says t motion is ,god2 because1 9 fact1 motion is incompreh5sible1 z we h no cle> idea ( x1 s9ce x does n manife/ itself b by its effects1 & because by x all ?+s are p]=m$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,he is n an ,a!i/ :o says1 on ! contr>y1 t motion is n ,god1 because motion is n a be+1 b a mode ( be+4 ,!y are n ,a!i/s :o ma9ta9 t motion is ess5tial to matt]1 & reg>d x z ! invisible & mov+ =ce t spreads itself ?r\gh all its p>ts1 z ! univ]sal s\l ( matt]1 & ! div9ity t alone p5etrates its sub/ance4 ,are ! philosoph]s ( ?is la/ op9ion ,a!i/s8 ,no2 !y equally ackn[l$ge an unkn[n =ce 9 ! univ]se4 ,are ev5 ^? :o h no ideas ( ,god ,a!i/s8 ,no2 because !n all m5 w\ld be s1 because no "o has a cle> idea ( ! ,div9ity4#f ,a m rec5t writ]1 ! ,,abb ,,lam5nais1 is equally explicit1 & v mu* = ! same reasons3 ,! ,a!i/ himself has 8 own notion ( ,god1 only he transf]s x f ! ,creator to ! creation2 he ascribes to f9ite1 relative1 & cont+5t be+ ! prop]ties ( ! necess>y ,be+2 he conf\nds ! "w ) ! workman4 ,matt] be+1 accord+ to him1 et]nal1 is end[$ ) c]ta9 primitive1 un*angeable prop]ties1 :i*1 hav+ _! own reason 9 !mselves1 are !mselves ! reasons ( all successive ph5om5a2 & x matt]s little :e!r he rejects ! "n ( ,god or n1 or :e!r he has1 or has n1 an explicit k ( ,him2 he _c b ackn[l$ge an et]nal ,fir/ ,cause4#g ,& s a :ole ho/ ( ,pan!i/ic ,spirituali/s w indignantly disclaim ! imputation ( ,a!ism1 & ev5 attempt to v9dicate ,sp9oza himself f ! odi\s *>ge4#h ,nay1 "s ( ! grosse/ ,mat]iali/s1 su* z ,atk9son & ,m>t9eau1 :ile !y explicitly d5y ! exi/5ce ( a liv+ p]sonal ,god1 w affirm t ,pan!ism is n ,a!ism4#i ,n[1 unque/ionably1 if by ,!ism we mean no?+ m ?an ! recognition ( an active p[] 9 nature1--su* a p[] z may or may n be id5tifi$ ) motion1 & z may be designat$ indiff]5tly z ! ,div9ity1 or z ! ,s\l ( ! _w1--! possibility ( ,a!ism may be effectually exclud$2 b ?is only s]ves to %[ ! indisp5sable necessity ( a correct def9ition ( ! t]ms :i* are employ$ 9 ?is discussion1 s9ce x is p]fectly manife/ t !y are n us$ 9 ! same s5se by ! cont5d+ p>ties1 & t consequ5tly ! disputants are n argu+ ab\t ! same ?+4 ,= ,pan!ism1 :atev] =m x may assume1 & :atev] language x may adopt1 c be reg>d$ 9 no o!r light ?an z a sy/em ( ,a!ism1 by all :o h any def9ite conception ( :at is meant :5 we ei!r affirm or d5y ! exi/5ce & gov]nm5t ( a liv+1 intellig5t1 p]sonal ,god4 ,z ,a!ism has appe>$ 9 sev]al di/9ct =ms1 x is necess>y to consid] bo? its g5]ic nature & its specific v>ieties4 ,x may be def9$1 g5]ally1 z t /ate ( m9d :i* involves ei!r ! d5ial or ! d\bt ( ! exi/5ce & gov]nm5t ( ,god z an all-p]fect ,be+1 di/9ct f ! creat$ univ]se2 or :i* leads to ! habitual =getfulness & wilful neglect ( ,8 claims z our ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 & ,"l4 ,?is /ate ( m9d1 :e!r ev9c$ by words or by actions1 conta9s 9 x ! ess5ce ( ,a!ism1 & x is recogniz$ 9 ,scripture1 9 ea* ( its two aspects1 z an evil alike natural & preval5t4 ,! words ( ! ,psalmi/1 ,! fool ha? said 9 8 he>t1 ,no ,god1#aj :e!r !y be int]pret$ z ! expression ( an op9ion or ( a wi%1 indicate 9 ei!r case ! exi/5ce ( t /ate ( m9d :i* has j be5 describ$1 & :i* may issue ei!r 9 practical or speculative ,a!ism1 accord+ to ! temp]am5t ( individual m9ds1 & ! influ5ces :i* are br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,! same inspir$ writ] has said1#aa t ,! wick$ ?r\gh ! pride ( 8 c\nt5ance w n seek aft] ,god2 ,god is n 9 all 8 ?\ghts2--,he ha? said 9 8 he>t1 ,god ha? =gott52 ,he hide? 8 face2 ,he w nev] see x4--,:]e=e do? ! wick$ contemn ,god8 he ha? said 9 8 he>t1 ,?\ wilt n require x2 ,& ^! words exhibit a graphic del9eation1 ( t /ate ( m9d 9 :i* occasional ?\ghts ( ,god are neutraliz$ by habitual unbelief1 & ! w>n+s ( consci5ce sil5c$ by ! d5ial ( a supreme moral gov]nm5t4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! apo/le tells ! ,ephesian conv]ts t at "o "t !y 7 )\t ,god 9 ! _w1#ab & ! ,galatians1 t :5 !y knew n ,god1 !y did s]vice unto !m :i* by nature are no gods2 :5 he fur!r speaks ( "s z lov]s ( pleasures m ?an lov]s ( ,god1 z hav+ a =m ( godl9ess1 b d5y+ ! p[] !re(1 z pr(ess+ t !y "k ,god1 b 9 works d5y+ ,him2#ac--;9 all ^! /atem5ts we see ! g5]ic nature ( t ungodl9ess :i* cleaves z an invet]ate disease to our fall5 nature1 & :i*1 :e!r x appe>s only 9 ! =m ( practical unbelief & habitual =getfulness1 or assumes ! m d>+ aspect ( av[$ infidelity1 conta9s 9 x ! ess5ce ( ,a!ism4 ,:ile su* is its g5]ic nature1 we mu/ fur!r discrim9ate betwe5 its specific v>ieties2 = x does n always we> ! same aspect1 or re/ on ! same gr\nds4 ,x may be divid$1 fir/ ( all1 into speculative & practical ,a!ism3 ! =m] imply+ a d5ial1 or a d\bt ( ! exi/5ce & gov]nm5t ( ,god1 ei!r op5ly av[$ or secretly *]i%$2 :ile ! latt] is p]fectly compatible ) a nom9al religi\s pr(ession1 & consi/s 9 ! habitual =getfulness ( ,god & ( ! duties :i* arise out ( ,8 relation to u z ,8 creatures & subjects4 ,speculative ,a!ism is comp>atively r>e2 ,practical ,a!ism is widely preval5t1 & may be ju/ly reg>d$ z ! gr& p>5t s91 ! univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( fall5 humanity4#ad ,x is n ,a!ism 9 pr(ession1 x is ,a!ism 9 practice4 ,^? :o are *>geable ) x may pr(ess t !y "k ,god1 b 9 works !y d5y ,him4 ,z di/+ui%$ f !oretical or speculative ,a!ism1 x is fitly t]m$ ungodl9ess4 ,x does n necess>ily imply ei!r ! d5ial or ! d\bt ( ! exi/5ce or gov]nm5t ( ,god1 b consi/s ma9ly 9 ! =getfulness ( ,8 "* & claims4 ,speculative ,a!ism always implies habitual ungodl9ess2 b ! latt] may exi/ :]e ! =m] has nev] be5 embrac$1 & has ev5 be5 op5ly & s9c]ely disclaim$4 ,yet su* is ! connection betwe5 ! two1 t ,speculative ,a!ism inv>iably presupposes & p]petuates practical ungodl9ess2 & t ! latt] has also a t5d5cy to produce ! =m]1 s9ce ! habitual disreg>d ( ,god 9 ! practical conduct ( life indicates a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* m5 are peculi>ly expos$ to ! s$uctions ( infidelity & prone to yield to !m1 especially 9 seasons ( revolution>y excitem5t or ( prevail+ epidemic unbelief4 ,x w\ld be wrong to rank e ungodly man among pr(ess$ or ev5 consci\s ,a!i/s1 = he may nev] h d5i$ or ev5 d\bt$ ! exi/5ce & gov]nm5t ( ,god2 yet x 7 equally wrong to repres5t or treat him z a true believ]1 s9ce he %[s t1 practically1 ,god is n 9 all 8 ?\ghts2 & h5ce ! necessity ( our fir/ di/9ction betwe5 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,orig9al _h beetwe5 !oretical or speculative1 & practical or habitual ,a!ism4 ,speculative ,a!ism1 aga91 is ei!r dogmatic or skeptical4 ,x is dogmatic1 :5 x am\nts to an affirmation1 ei!r t !re is no ,god1 or t ! "q ( 8 exi/5ce is necess>ily insoluble by ! human faculties4 ,a!ism has be5 di/+ui%$ f ,anti-!ism2 & ! =m] has be5 suppos$ to imply m]ely ! non-recognition ( ,god1 :ile ! latt] ass]ts ,8 non-exi/5ce4 ,?is di/9ction is f\nd$ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 unbelief & disbelief2#ae & its validity is admitt$ 9 s f> z x discrim9ates m]ely betwe5 dogmatic & skeptical ,a!ism4 ,b ,anti-!ism is ma9ta9$1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! t]m1 :]e x is affirm$ ei!r t !re is no ,god1 or t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+ _c 9 any circum/ances become an object ( human k4 ,9 ea* ( ^! =ms1 ,a!ism is dogmatic2 x d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or x d5ies ! possibility ( ,8 be+ kn[n4 ,b !re is also a skeptical ,a!ism1 :i* does n affirm absolutely ei!r t !re is no ,god1 or t ! k ( ,god is necess>ily exclud$ by ! limitations ( human reason1 b cont5ts itself ) say+1 non-liquet1--i4e41 ) d5y+ ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ce4 ,x answ]s e appeal to t evid5ce by say+ t1 h[ev] satisfactory x may be to ! m9ds ( "s1 x does n c>ry conviction to ! m9ds ( all1 & t = ?is reason x may be ju/ly reg>d$ z d\btful or inconclusive4 ,^! two =ms ( ,a!ism--! ,dogmatic & ! ,skeptical--are widely diff]5t f ea* o!r2 !y re/ on di/9ct gr\nds1 & !y require1 !re=e1 to be discuss$ sep>ately1 ea* on its own peculi> & indep5d5t m]its4 ,! ,dogmatic ,a!i/ feels no =ce 9 ! argum5ts :i* are direct$ m]ely aga9/ 8 skeptical ally2 =1 /rong 9 8 own position & confid5t 9 8 ability to ma9ta9 x1 he is consci\s ( no speculative d\bt1 & affirms boldly :at he unhesitat+ly believes4 ,! ,skeptical ,a!i/1 aga91 feels no =ce 9 ! argum5ts :i* are direct$ aga9/ a ,dogmatic ,sy/em su* z he utt]ly disclaims2 he is equally unwill+ to affirm ei!r t !re is1 or t !re is n1 a ,god3 he takes refuge 9 d\bt1 & refuses alike to affirm or to d5y2 8 only plea is1 ! want or ! weakness ( evid5ce on ei!r side4 ,f ?is radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms ( ,speculative ,a!ism1 !re arises a necessity = discuss+ ea* ( !m on its own m]its2 & yet1 al?\gh !oretically !y may be easily di/+ui%$1 x w be f\nd t practically !y are (t5 conjo9$1 s9ce ! same m9d w (t5 fluctuate betwe5 ! two1 & %ift its gr\nd by betak+ itself alt]nately to ! "o or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! argum5t4 ,assail ! ,dogmatic ,a!i/ ) ! unansw]able /atem5t ( ,john ,fo/]1 t x w\ld require no?+ less ?an ,omnisci5ce to w>rant ! d5ial ( a ,god1 & he w probably def] to x s f> z to admit t he _c prove 8 negative conclusion1 b w add t he is n b\nd to d s1 & t all t c be reasonably requir$ ( him is to %[ t ! evid5ce adduc$ on ! opposite side is insuffici5t to e/abli% ! ,div9e exi/5ce1 or t ! ph5om5a :i* supply t evid5ce may be z well1 or m satisfactorily1 expla9$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,assail1 9 l mann]1 ! ,skeptical ,a!i/ ) ! self-evid5t tru? t1 ev5 on 8 own pr9ciples1 he is n entitl$ to assume or to act ^u ! assumption1 t !re is no ,god1 s9ce ! result ( 8 reason+s is d\bt m]ely1 & su* d\bt z implies t !re may be a ,creator1 ,gov]nor1 & ,judge1 he w probably def] to x s f> z to admit t ?is is ! only logical result ( 8 sy/em1 b w add t1 :]e !re is no conclusive evid5ce on ei!r side1 !re c be no moral obligation to a religi\s life1 & no guilt 9 liv+ )\t ,god 9 ! _w4 ,x w be f\nd1 too1 t1 di/9ct z ^! two =ms ( ,speculative ,a!ism may appe> to be1 yet !y h (t5 be5 made to re/ on a common gr\nd1 & ! self-same argum5ts h be5 adduc$ 9 support ( bo?4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism1 ! !ory ( ,developm5t1 & ! sy/em ( ,natural ,laws1 h all be5 appli$ by ! ,dogmatic ,a!i/ to ju/ify 8 d5ial ( ! exi/5ce & gov]nm5t ( ,god1 on ! gr\nd t all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature may be acc\nt$ = )\t ! supposition ( a ,supreme ,m9d2 :ile ! v same doctr9es or !ories h be5 also appli$ by ! ,skeptical ,a!i/ to ju/ify1 n 8 d5ial1 b 8 d\bt1 & to v9dicate 8 v]dict ( non-liquet on ! evid5ce adduc$4 ,& z ! same argum5ts are (t5 employ$ by bo? p>ties 9 support ( _! respective views1 s !y make use1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! same objections 9 assail+ ! cause ( ,!ism2 insomu* t x w\ld be impossible1 & ev5 7 x possible x w\ld be sup]flu\s1 to attempt a =mal refutation ( ei!r1 )\t discuss+ ^? m g5]al pr9ciples :i* are applicable to bo?4 ,= ?is reason1 we propose to exam9e 9 ! sequel ! v>i\s !ories :i* h be5 appli$ 9 support alike ( ,dogmatic & ( ,skeptical ,a!ism1 s z to illu/rate ! gr\nds t are common to bo?1 :ile we consid] also ! di/9ctive peculi>ities ( ! two sy/ems1 & m p>ticul>ly ! gr\nds ( ,religi\s ,skepticism4 ,besides ! radical di/9ction betwe5 ,dogmatic & ,skeptical ,a!ism1 we mu/ consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! f\r great lead+ sy/ems :i* h be5 appli$ to acc\nt = ! exi/+ ord] ( ,nature1 )\t ! recognition ( a liv+1 intellig5t1 p]sonal ,god4 ,!re are _m specific v>ieties ( ,a!ism2 b1 ultimately1 !y may be r$uc$ to f\r classes4 ,! fir/ sy/em assumes & ass]ts ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,,! ,,cosmos2 t is1 ( ! pres5t ord] ( ,nature1 ) all its laws & processes1 its tribes & races1 :e!r ( vegetable or animal life2 & affirms t ! _w1 z n[ con/itut$1 nev] _h a beg9n+1 & t x w nev] h an end4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! ,ari/otelian ,hypo!sis1 because ,ari/otle1 :ile he spoke ( a ,supreme ,m9d or ,reason1 ma9ta9$ n only ! et]nity ( matt]1 b also ! et]nity ( sub/antial =ms & qualities4 ,! second sy/em affirms1 n ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,,! ,,cosmos1--= ! comm5cem5t ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ,nature is admitt$ to be comp>atively rec5t1--b ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ,matt] & ,motion2 & attempts to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! _w & ( ! races by :i* x is peopl$1 ei!r by ascrib+ x1 ) ,epicurus1 to a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 or1 ) m mod]n ,speculati/s1 to a law ( progressive developm5t4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! ,epicurean ,hypo!sis1 because ,epicurus1 :ile nom9ally admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 d5i$ ! creation ( ! _w1 & ascrib$ its orig9 to atoms suppos$ to h be5 endu$ ) motion or c]ta9 inh]5t prop]ties & p[]s1 & to h be5 self-exi/5t & et]nal4 ,! ?ird sy/em affirms ! coxi/5ce & cot]nity ( ,god & ! ,_w2 &1 :ile x admits a di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 repres5ts !m z s closely & necess>ily conjo9$1 t ,god c be reg>d$ only z ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w1--sup]ior to matt]1 z s\l is to body1 b nei!r ant]ior to x1 nor indep5d5t ( x1 & subject1 z matt] itself is1 to ! laws ( necessity & fate4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! ,/oical ,sy/em2 s9ce ! ,/oics1 not)/&+ all _! sublime moral speculations & _! frequ5t recognition ( ,god1 taught t ,god su/a9s ! same relation to ! ,_w z ! s\l ( man does to 8 body4 ,! f\r? sy/em d5ies ! di/9ction betwe5 ,god & ! ,_w1 & affirms t all is ,god1 & ,god is all2 t !re exi/s only "o sub/ance 9 ! ,univ]se1 ( :i* all exi/+ be+s are only s _m modes or manife/ations2 t ^! be+s proce$ f t "o sub/ance1 n by creation1 b by emanation2 t :5 !y disappe>1 !y are n de/roy$1 b rebsorb$2 & t ?us1 ?r\gh endless cycles ( *ange1 ( reproduction & decay1 x is "o & ! same et]nal be+ t is cont9ually modifi$ & manife/$4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! ,pan!i/ic ,hypo!sis1 & x is exemplifi$1 on a l>ge scale1 9 ! speculations ( ! ,brahm9s 9 ,india1 &1 9 ,europe1 9 ^? ( ,sp9oza & 8 num]\s foll[]s4 ,if ?is be a correct analysis ( ,speculative ,a!ism1 9 s f> z x assumes a positive or dogmatic %ape1 we h only to conjo9 ) x ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( t :i* is m]ely ,skeptical1 & we %all obta9 a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole subject1 :i* may s]ve z a useful guide 9 ! selection & treatm5t ( ! topics :i* dem& our *ief att5tion 9 ! prosecution ( ?is inquiry4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 discuss+ ?is subject1 to be> 9 m9d t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,sy/ems ( ,a!ism1 su* z we h briefly describ$1 & c]ta9 doctr9es :i* h sometimes be5 associat$ ) x1 or ev5 appli$ 9 its support or v9dication4 ,^! doctr9es may h be5 connect$1 hi/orically1 ) ! promulgation & def5ce ( a!i/ic views2 !y may ev5 seem to h a t5d5cy adv]se to ! evid5ce or tru?s ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism2 b !y mu/ n on t acc\nt be summ>ily *>act]iz$ z a!i/ic1 nor mu/ ^? :o h at any "t ma9ta9$ !m be =?) class$ among av[$ infidels4#af ,! doctr9e ( ,philosophical ,necessity1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,jona?an ,edw>ds 0 appli$1 :e!r consi/5tly or o!rwise1 9 illu/ration & def5ce ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 became 9 ! h&s ( ,coll9s & ,godw9 an associate & ally ( anti-,*ri/ian error2 ! doctr9e ( ! natural ,mortality ( ! ,s\l1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,dodwell 0 appli$1 :e!r consi/5tly or o!rwise1 to v9dicate ! peculi> privileges ( ! ,*ri/ian ,cov5ant1 has (t5 be5 appli$ by infidels z a weapon ( assault aga9/ ! fundam5tal articles ( ,natural ,religion itself2 ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,prie/ly 0 ma9ta9$1 :e!r consi/5tly or o!rwise1 9 connection ) an av[$ belief 9 ,god z ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 became 9 ! h&s ( ,b>on ,d',holba* & 8 associates ! corn]-/one ( ! a!i/ic ,sy/em ( ,nature2 ! doctr9e ( ,natural ,laws1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ,bi%op ,butl] is s p[]fully appli$ 9 pro( ( a sy/em ( ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 has become 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,combe a plausible pretext = d5y+ a special ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( pray]2 & ! m]e fact t ^! doctr9es h be5 appli$ to su* diff]5t & ev5 opposite uses1 is a suffici5t pro( ( itself t !y are n 9 _! own nature ess5tially a!i/ic1 & t !y %\ld be c>efully discrim9at$ f ! sy/ems ) :i* !y h be5 occasionally associat$4 ,we are n entitl$ to id5tify !m ) ,a!ism1 9 ! case ( ^? by :om ,a!ism is explicitly disclaim$2 & yet !re may be su* an app>5t connection betwe5 ! two1 & su* a t5d5cy 9 ! human m9d to pass f ! "o to ! o!r1 z may af=d a suffici5t reason = exam9+ ^! cognate doctr9es1 ea* on its prop] m]its1 = def9+ ! s5se 9 :i* !y %\ld be sev]ally und]/ood1 = e/imat+ ! evid5ce :i* may be adduc$ = or aga9/ !m individually1 & = %[+ 9 :at way1 & to :at ext5t1 !y may h a legitimate be>+ on ! gr\nds ( our ,!i/ic belief4 ,= ?is reason1 we %all br+ "u review1 n only sev]al sy/ems ( av[$ ,a!ism1 b also v>i\s !ories1 n necess>ily a!i/ic1 :i* h be5 appli$ to ! support & def5ce ( ,a!ism1 & :i* h a t5d5cy1 z ?us appli$1 to induce an irreligi\s frame ( m9d4 ,! causes & spr+s ( ,a!ism may easily be di/+ui%$ f ! reasons on :i* x is f\nd$4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( human nature1 !re is a p]man5t cause :i* is abundantly suffici5t to acc\nt = ?is species ( unbelief1 not)/&+ all ! evid5ce :i* ,nature af=ds ( ! be+1 p]fections1 & provid5ce ( ,god4 ,our ,"l expla9$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce ! :ole ,philosophy ( ,unbelief1 :5 he said t m5 lov$ ! d>kness r ?an ! light1 because _! de$s are evil2 = :oso doe? evil hate? ! light1 nei!r come? to ! light1 le/ 8 de$s %\ld be reprov$4 ,no ?\ghtful man c s]i\sly reflect on 8 own consci\s exp]i5ce1 )\t discov]+1 9 ! disord]$ /ate ( 8 moral nature1 a reason :i* suffici5tly expla9s 8 natural av]sion f ,god2 he f9ds !re an evid5ce1 :i* he c nei!r ov]look nor d5y1 ( 8 own p]sonal turpitude & guilt2 he is self-conv9c$ & self-condemn$ at ! b> ( 8 own consci5ce2 he rememb]s ) remorse & %ame _m cases ( actual transgression 9 :i* he resi/$ ! dictates ( reason1 & resign$ himself to ! dom9ion ( evil passions2 & :51 ) ^! convictions & feel+s1 he is ask$ to conceive ( ,god z a liv+1 p]sonal ,be+1 ev]y:]e pres5t1 behold+ ! evil & ! good1 ^: eyes are z a flame ( fire1 & c disc]n ! v ?\ghts & int5ts ( ! he>t2 :5 he conceives ( su* a ,be+ z 8 ,lawgiv]1 ,gov]nor1 & ,judge1 z "o :o dem&s ! homage ( ! he>t & ! ob$i5ce ( ! life1 & :o has p[] to en=ce ,8 rightful claims by ! sanctions ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 he w be s5sible1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( an in/9ctive disposition to recoil f ! contemplation ( 8 "*1 & a /rong desire to d5y1 or at lea/ to =get1 ,8 claims2 & j 9 proportion z ! idea ( ,god becomes m vivid1 or is m frequ5tly pres5t$ to 8 m9d1 x w become ! m intol]able1 insomu* t he w be tempt$ ei!r to bani% ! subject altoge!r f 8 ?\ghts1 or1 if he _c succe$ 9 ?is1 to alt] & modify 8 view ( ! ,div9e "* s z to br+ x into accordance ) 8 own wi%es1 & to obta9 "s relief f ! fe>s & =ebod+s :i* x w\ld o!rwise awak5 9 8 m9d4 ,if he %\ld succe$ 9 ?is attempt1 he w fall into "o or o!r ( two opposite /ates ( m9d1 :i*1 h[ev] app>5tly diff]5t1 d nev]!less spr+ f ! same lat5t s\rce1--a /ate ( security1 or a /ate ( s]vitude4 ,9 ! =m]1 he ei!r =gets ,god altoge!r1--,god is n 9 all 8 ?\ghts2 or he conceives ( ,him z "o l unto himself1 indulg5t to s91 & nei!r /rict to m>k nor j to puni% x3 9 ! latt]1 he ei!r rememb]s ,god & is tr\bl$1 or1 if he w\ld allay ! remorse & =ebod+s ( an uneasy consci5ce1 he has rec\rse to p5ance & mortification1 to pa9ful sacrifices & ritual obs]vances1 9 ! hope1 t by ^! he may propitiate an (f5d$ ,deity4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! conflict ends 9 practical ,a!ism1 9 ! o!r1 9 abject ,sup]/ition4 ,& ^! two1 ,a!ism & ,sup]/ition1 h[ev] diff]5t & ev5 opposite !y may seem to be1 are really (f%oots f ! same corrupt root1--! evil he>t ( unbelief :i* dep>te? f ! liv+ ,god4 ,9 ! case ( ! great majority ( mank9d1 :o are little addict$ to speculative inquiry1 or to s]i\s ?\ght ( any k9d1 x may be safely affirm$ t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,revelation1 !y w inevitably fall into "o or o!r ( ^! two extremes1 or r1 t !y w oscillate alt]nately betwe5 ! two1--9 seasons ( ease & prosp]ity liv+ )\t ,god 9 ! _w1 & 9 seasons ( di/ress or dang] betak+ !mselves = relief to ! rites ( a sup]/iti\s wor%ip4 ,! apo/le describes at once ! secret cause & ! successive /eps ( ?is sad deg5]acy1 :51 speak+ ( ! ,g5tiles1 he says t :5 !y knew ,god1 !y glorifi$ him n z ,god1 nei!r 7 ?ankful1 b became va9 9 _! imag9ations1 & _! fooli% he>t 0 d>k5$2 pr(ess+ !mselves wise1 !y became fools1 & *ang$ ! glory ( ! incorruptible ,god into an image made l to corruptible man4--,& ev5 z !y did n l to reta9 ,god 9 _! k1 ,god gave !m ov] to a reprobate m9d4#ag ,! secret cause ( all ^! evils 0 a lat5t enmity aga9/ ,god1--!y did n l to reta9 ,god 9 _! k4 ,f ?is proce$$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a practical habit ( ,a!ism1--!y glorifi$ him n z ,god1 nei!r 7 ?ankful2 & f h5ce proce$$1 9 ! second in/ance1 ! gross sup]/ition ( ,poly!i/ic belief & wor%ip1--!y *ang$ ! glory ( ! incorruptible ,god into an image made l to corruptible man1--!y *ang$ ! tru? ( ,god into a lie1 & wor%ipp$ & s]v$ ! creature m ?an ! ,creator1 :o is bless$ =ev]4 ,b1 :ile practical ,a!ism & bl9d ,sup]/ition are ! two extremes :i* divide among !m ! great majority ( mank9d1 !re h always be5 "s m ?\ghtful & inquir+ spirits1 :o h s\ght to p5etrate ! my/]ies ( _! be+1 & to acc\nt = ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,!y h ask$1 & h attempt$ to answ]1 su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:at are we8 :at 0 our orig98 :at is our de/9ation8 ,:5ce came ?is /up5d\s fabric ( ,nature8 ,is x self-exi/5t & et]nal8 or did x come into be+ at "s def9ite "t8 ,if n et]nal1 h[ 0 x produc$8 by *ance or by design8 by inevitable fate or by spontane\s w8 ,:5ce ! ord] :i* p]vades x1 & ! beauty by :i* x is adorn$8 ,:5ce1 above all1 ! evil1 moral & physical1 by :i* x is disfigur$ & curs$8 ,&1 9 reply to ^! ?\ghtful que/ion+s1 v>i\s !ories h be5 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 :ile n a few ( ! mo/ d>+ ?9k]s h ab&on$ ! subject 9 despair1 &1 hold+ x to be an insoluble problem1 h resign$ !mselves to ! *e]less gloom ( ,skepticism4 ,9 review+ all ^! speculations & !ories1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t _! au?ors & advocates1 al?\gh m ?\ghtful & inquisitive ?an ! great majority ( mank9d1 7 equally subject to ! same corrupt+ influ5ce1--! evil he>t ( unbelief1--& t ! same cause :i* produc$ practical ,a!ism 9 "s1 & abject ,sup]/ition 9 o!rs1 may also h op]at$1 b m insidi\sly1 9 produc+ ,speculative ,infidelity 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o are m addict$ to ab/ruse philosophical inquiries4 ,we mu/ seek to get d[n to ! root ( ! evil1 if we w\ld sugge/ or apply an effectual rem$y2 we mu/ n deal ) ! symptoms m]ely1 b se>* = & probe ! seat ( ! disease2 & if t be ! disord]$ /ate ( our moral nature1 :i* gives rise to fe>s & =ebod+s z (t5 z we ?9k ( ,god1 no rem$y w be effectual :i* does n remove our di/ru/1 suspicion1 & jeal\sy2 & no argum5t1 h[ev] conclusive1 w h any practical p[] :i* does n pres5t su* views ( ,god z to make him an object ( confid5ce1 & tru/1 & love4 ,x is ( va/ importance t ?is fundam5tal tru? %\ld be kept /eadily 9 view2 =1 z ! disord]$ /ate ( our moral nature is ! rudim5tal s\rce bo? ( practical ,a!ism & ( popul> ,sup]/ition1 s x is also ! prolific p>5t ( ,speculative ,infidelity 9 e v>iety ( =m3 & z long z ! rem$y is n appli$ to ! root ( ! disease1 ! ,a!i/1 if =c$ to rel9qui% "o !ory1 w only betake himself to ano!r1 & aft] hav+ gone ! r\nd ( !m all1 w r ?r[ himself into ! vortex ( utt] & hopeless skepticism1 ?an ackn[l$ge a ,god :om he _c love1 a ,judge :om he _c b dread4 ,*ri/ianity alone c supply an effectual rem$y1 & x is su* a rem$y z is fitt$ to cure alike ! habitual ungodl9ess1 ! abject sup]/ition1 & ! speculative infidelity1 :i* h all sprung f ! same prolific s\rce4 ,x exhibits su* a view ( ! "* & w ( ,god z may relieve u f ! fe>s & =ebod+s ( guilt1 &1 by reveal+ a div9e me?od ( reconciliation1 may place u 9 a position ! mo/ favorable = a calm & dispassionate consid]ation ( ! natural evid5ce 9 favor ( ,8 ,be+1 ,p]fections1 & ,moral ,gov]nm5t4 ,b1 :ile ! gr& p>5t cause ( all ,a!ism--:e!r practical or speculative1 dogmatic or skeptical--is to be f\nd 9 ! disord]$ /ate ( our own moral nature1 !re are o!r subord9ate causes 9 op]ation1 :i* may be reg>d$ ei!r z incid5tal occasions1 or z plausible pretexts1 = ?is =m ( unbelief4 ,! int]nal causes are ! prim>y & mo/ p[]ful2 b !re are ext]nal influ5ces :i* cop]ate ) ^!1 & s]ve to /imulate & /r5g!n !m4 ,among ! incid5tal occasions ( ,a!ism1 we might m5tion a defective1 because irreligi\s1 education 9 e>ly life1 ! influ5ce ( ungodly example & pr(ane conv]se1 & ! au?ority ( a few great names 9 lit]ature or sci5ce :i* h become associat$ ) ! cause ( ,infidelity2 & among ! plausible pretexts = ,a!ism we might m5tion ! inconsi/5cies ( pr(ess$ believ]s & especially ( ! cl]gy1 ! divid$ /ate ( ! religi\s _w1 z indicat$ by ! multiplicity ( sects1 ! bitt]ness ( religi\s controv]sy1 ! suppos$ opposition ( ! ,*ur* to ! progress ( sci5ce & ! ext5sion ( civil & religi\s lib]ty1 & ! gross sup]/itions :i* h be5 incorporat$ ) ,*ri/ianity itself 9 "s ( ! olde/ & mo/ p[]ful /ates ( ,europe4 ,^! & simil> topics may be ju/ly said to be ! loci communes ( ,a!ism1 & !y are (t5 employ$ 9 eloqu5t declamation or indignant invective1 s z to make a mu* deep] impression1 especially on "y & ard5t m9ds1 ?an _! intr9sic weight or real argum5tative value c ei!r ju/ify or expla94 ,infidel writ]s h n be5 sl[ to avail !mselves ( ^! pretexts = unbelief1 9 reg>d alike to ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion2 & h artfully id5tifi$ ,religion ) ,sup]/ition1 & ,*ri/ianity ) ,pop]y1 z if !re 7 no consi/5t or t5able m$ium betwe5 ! two4 ,&1 p]haps1 ( all ! incid5tal occasions or ext]nal inducem5ts to ,a!ism1 none has ex]t$ s mu* influ5ce ov] reflect+ m9ds z ! wide-spread preval5ce ( ,sup]/ition2 = nev] 0 ,a!ism m g5]al among ! cultivat$ classes 9 anci5t times ?an 9 ! ,/ates ( ,greece1 ^: hospitable ,pan!on enclos$ ! gods ( all nations1 & ^: inhabitants 7 exce$+ly giv5 to idolatry2 & n[h]e1 9 mod]n times1 has ,a!ism be5 m explicitly av[$ or m zeal\sly propagat$ ?an 9 ^? c\ntries ( ,europe :i* are mo/ ?or\ghly subjugat$ to ! sup]/itions ( ! ,papacy4 ,9 ! graphic words ( ,rob]t ,hall1 ,infidelity 0 br$ 9 ! /agnant m>%es ( corrupt$ ,*ri/ianity4#ah ,hav+ describ$ ! nature1 ev9c$ ! reality1 & ref]r$ to ! p]man5t & occasional causes ( ,a!ism1 we may briefly adv]t to its moral & social influ5ce4 ,on ?is po9t ?ree di/9ct que/ions h be5 rais$3 ,fir/1 :e!r ,a!ism be conducive to p]sonal happ9ess8 ,secondly1 :e!r x be compatible ) pure morality & virtue8 &1 ?irdly1 :e!r x be consi/5t ) social well-be+1 ) ! au?ority ( ! laws1 & ! safety or com=t ( ! community8 ,9 consid]+ ^! que/ions1 x is necess>y to rememb] t 9 no age1 & 9 no region ( ! _w1 has ,speculative ,a!ism be5 univ]sal1 or ev5 s preval5t z to exhibit on a l>ge scale a full developm5t ( its legitimate results4 ,x has always be5 9 a m9ority1 & has be5 cont9ually *eck$1 modifi$ & controll$1 by ! prevail+ beliefs ( society2 &1 :e!r ^! beliefs 7 purely religi\s or grossly sup]/iti\s1 !y h ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce 9 c\nt]act+ ! native t5d5cies ( a!i/ic speculation4 ,! effects ( ,a!ism1 z ,mr4 ,e/l9 ju/ly obs]ves1 we h n yet 9 any great degree exp]i5c$1 z ! m5tal habits ( ^? :o hold x 9 speculation 7 9 g5]al =m$1 be=e !y _h adopt$ _! pres5t pr9ciples1 by ! imp]ceptible influ5ce ( t religion :i* !y n[ traduce4#ai ,p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to a /ate ( prevail+ ,a!ism :i* has ev] be5 exhibit$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 is to be f\nd 9 ,france at ! era ( ! fir/ ,revolution1 :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 publicly abjur$1 & ! goddess ( ,reason sub/itut$ = ! ,god ( ! ,bible4 ,b t ev5 ?is fe>ful outbur/ ( impiety did n proce$ f ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ,speculative ,a!ism among ! great body ( ! p2 t !re /ill exi/$ 9 ! he>t ( society "s g]ms ( religi\s feel+1 & c]ta9 in/9ctive or tradition>y beliefs :i* op]at$ z a re/ra9t & *eck ev5 dur+ t season ( revolution>y fr5zy1 is suffici5tly ev9c$ by ! reaction :i* spe$ily occurr$ 9 ! public m9d1 & :i* re/or$ ,ca?olicism itself1 z if by magic1 to its wont$ supremacy2 :ile ! anti-social t5d5cy ( ,a!ism1 9 s f> z x did prevail1 0 /rik+ly atte/$ by ! fact1 t ! lead+ actors 9 t fe>ful drama f\nd !mselves compell$ to provide = ! public safety by re/or+ at lea/ ! =ms ( religi\s wor%ip1 & to ackn[l$ge t if !re 7 no ,god1 x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t "o4--,! true light1 says ! eloqu5t ,rob]t ,hall1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* ,revolution ought to be contemplat$ is t ( a gr& exp]im5t on human nature4 ,god p]mitt$ ! trial to be made4 ,9 "o c\ntry1 & t ! c5tre ( ,*ri/5dom1 ,revelation und]w5t a total eclipse1 :ile ,a!ism1 p]=m+ on a d>k5$ !atre its /range & fe>ful trag$y1 conf\nd$ ! fir/ elem5ts ( society1 bl5d$ e age1 rank1 & sex1 9 indiscrim9ate proscription & massacre1 & convuls$ all ,europe to its c5tre1 t ! imp]i%able memorial ( ^! ev5ts might tea* ! la/ g5]ations ( mank9d to consid] ,religion z ! pill> ( society1 ! safegu>d ( nations1 ! p>5t ( social ord]1 :i* alone has p[] to curb ! fury ( ! passions1 & secure to e "o 8 rights2 to ! labori\s ! rew>d ( _! indu/ry1 to ! ri* ! enjoym5t ( _! weal?1 to nobles ! pres]vation ( _! honors1 & to pr9ces ! /ability ( _! ?rones4#bj ,9 ! case ( individuals hold+ a!i/ic op9ions1 b liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( ,*ri/ian society1 ! full influ5ce ( ^! op9ions _c be felt1 nor _! effects fully develop$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? re/ra9ts & *ecks :i* are impos$ by ! religi\s beliefs & obs]vances ( o!rs4 ,we _c e/imate _! influ5ce ei!r on ! p]sonal happ9ess1 or ! moral "*1 or ! social welf>e ( m51 )\t tak+ ?is circum/ance into acc\nt4 ,to arrive at ev5 a tol]able approximation to a correct judgm5t1 we mu/ endeavor to conceive ( ,a!ism z prevail+ univ]sally 9 ! community1 z emancipat$ f all re/ra9t1 & free to develop itself )\t let or h9drance ( any k9d1 z tol]at$ by law1 & sanction$ by public op9ion1 & unoppos$ by any rema9+ =ms ei!r ( dome/ic piety or ( public wor%ip1 z reign+ supreme 9 e he>t1 & z =m+ ! cre$ ( e h\sehold2 & ?us conceiv+ ( x z an invet]ate1 univ]sal epidemic1 we are !n to inquire :e!r1 & on :at conditions1 society w\ld 9 su* a case be possible1 & h[ f> ! preval5ce ( ,a!ism might be expect$ to affect ! morals & welf>e ( mank9d4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r ,a!ism might n be m conducive ?an religion to ! p]sonal happ9ess ( individuals2 & "s1 :o h conf\nd$ ,religion ) ,sup]/ition1 h n hesitat$ to answ] t "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,! conviction t !re is no ,god1 & no moral gov]nm5t1 & no /ate ( future retribution1 c\ld x only be /eadfa/ly & inv>iably ma9ta9$1 might s]ve1 x has be5 ?\ght1 to relieve ! m9d ( _m =ebod+s & fe>s :i* di/urb its peace1 &1 if x c\ld n ensure p]fect happ9ess1 might act at lea/ z an opiate or s$ative to a re/less & uneasy consci5ce4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,epicurus & ,lucretius1 tranquillity ( m9d 0 ! gr& practical b5efit ( t unbelief :i* !y s\ght to inculcate respect+ ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce & ,immortality4 ,!y frequ5tly affirm$ t fe> g5]at$ sup]/ition1 & t sup]/ition1 9 its turn1 deep5$ & p]petuat$ ! fe> f :i* x sprung2 t ! m9ds ( m5 mu/ necess>ily be ov]ca/ ) anxiety & gloom z long z !y cont9u$ to believe 9 a moral gov]nm5t & a future /ate2 & t ! only sov]eign & effectual antidote to sup]/iti\s t]ror is ! _s ( philosophical unbelief4 ,simil> views are p]petually repeat$ 9 ! eloqu5t b declamatory pages ( ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,b ! rem$y propos$ seems to be subject to grave suspicion1 z "o t may be utt]ly p[]less1 or at ! be/1 exce$+ly prec>i\s2 =1 fir/ ( all1 ! fe>s :i* are suppos$ to h g5]at$ ,religion mu/ h be5 ant]ior to x1 & mu/ h aris5 f "s natural cause1 :i* w cont9ue to op]ate ev5 aft] ,religion has be5 dis[n$4 ,!y spr+1 9 fact1 necess>ily out ( our pres5t condition z dep5d5t1 responsible1 & dy+ creatures2 & !y c nei!r be prev5t$ nor cur$ by ! m]e negations ( ,a!ism2 we c only be rais$ above _! depress+ influ5ce by a rational belief & well-gr\nd$ tru/ 9 ! be+ & "* ( ,god4 ,aga91 if ! d5ial ( a ,provid5ce & ( a future /ate might s]ve1 7 x associat$ ) a full assurance ( c]ta9ty1 to relieve u f ! fe> ( retribution h]eaft]1 x mu/ equally de/roy all hope ( immortality1 & r$uce u to ! dre>y prospect ( annihilation at dea?1--a prospect f :i* ! s\l ( man in/9ctively recoils1 & by :i* 8 :ole life w\ld be embitt]$ j 9 proportion z he became m ?\ghtful & reflective4 ,unbelief c op]ate z a s$ative to fe> only 9 s f> z x is habitual1 uni=m1 undi/urb$ by any inw>d misgiv+s or app>5t unc]ta9ty2 b1 9 ! case ( m5 n utt]ly ?\ghtless or ins5sible1 x is r>ely1 if ev]1 f\nd to possess ?is "*4 ,x is (t5 %ak51 & always liable to be disquiet$1 by occasional convictions1 :i* no am\nt ( vigilance c w>d (f1 & no /r5g? ( resolution repress4 ,x is ma9ta9$ only by a pa9ful & su/a9$ conflict1 :i* is b ill-conceal$ by ! vehem5ce ( its prote/ations1 & (t5 significantly indicat$ by ! v extravagance ( its zeal4 ,add to ?is1 t ,a!ism itself af=ds no gu>antee aga9/ future suff]+4 ,x may d5y a ,provid5ce "h & a judgm5t h]eaft]1 x may ev5 d5y a future /ate ( consci\s exi/5ce1 & take refuge 9 ! hope ( annihilation t x may escape f ! dread prospect ( retribution2 b x _c affirm ! impossibility1 x c only d\bt ! c]ta9ty ( ^! ?+s2 & 9 _! b>e possibility !re is en\gh at once to impose an obligation to s]i\s inquiry1 & to occasion ! deepe/ anxiety1 especially 9 seasons ( affliction or dang]1 :i* awak5 reflective ?\ght4 ,a!ism1 said ! acute b skeptical ,bayle1 does n %elt] u f ! fe> ( et]nal suff]+4 ,b1 ev5 if x did1 :at influ5ce w\ld x ex]t on our pres5t happ9ess8 ,w\ld x n limit our enjoym5ts1 by conf9+ our views )9 ! n>r[ range ( ?+s se5 & temporal8 ,w\ld x n deprive u ( ! l(tie/ hopes8 ,w\ld x n repress our highe/ aspirations1 by int]dict+ ! contemplation ( ! noble/ ,object ( ?\ght1 ! ,ideal ,/&>d ( tru? & excell5ce1 ! ,moral ,glory ( ! ,univ]se8 ,w\ld x n dim9i% ! pleasure :i* we d]ive ev5 f e>?ly objects1 & aggravate ! bitt]ness ( e trial8 ,h[ wret*$ mu/ be ! condition ( ^? :o are pr\d ( be+ ! (fspr+ ( *ance1 9 love ) univ]sal disord]1 ^: happ9ess is involv$ 9 ! belief ( !re be+ no witness to _! designs1 & :o are at ease only because !y suppose !mselves inhabitants ( a =sak5 & fa!rless _w6#ba ,no "o 9 creation1 said ,jean ,paul1 is s alone z ! d5i] ( ,god3 he m\rns1 ) an orphan$ he>t t has lo/ its great ,fa!r1 by ! corpse ( ,nature :i* no ,_w-,_s moves & holds toge!r1 & :i* gr[s 9 its grave2 & he m\rns by t corpse till he himself crumble (f f x4 ,! :ole _w lies be=e him1 l ! ,egyptian ,sphynx ( /one1 half-buri$ 9 ! s&2 & ! ,all is ! cold iron mask ( a =mless ,et]nity4#bb ,b ! malign influ5ce ( ,a!ism on p]sonal happ9ess w become m app>5t1 if we consid] its t5d5cy to affect ! moral spr+s ( action1 on :i* happ9ess ma9ly dep5ds4 ,! "q :e!r ,a!ism be compatible ) moral virtue1 or :e!r an ,a!i/ may be a virtu\s man1 is "o ( ^? t c only be answ]$ by discrim9at+ aright betwe5 ! diff]5t s5ses ( ! same t]m4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( virtue1 :i* compreh5ds ! duties ( bo? tables ( ! ,law1 & includes ! love ( ,god z well z ( man1 x is cle> t ! ,a!i/ _c be reput$ virtu\s1 s9ce he wants t :i* is decl>$ to be ! radical pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce1 ! v _s & sub/ance ( true morality4 ,b1 9 ! worldly s5se ( ! t]m1 z d5ot+ ! dec5t obs]vance ( relative duty1 x is possible t he may be s f> influ5c$ by consid]ations ( prud5ce or policy1 or ev5 by c]ta9 natural in/9cts & affections1 z to be j 9 8 deal+s1 fai?ful to 8 ^w1 c\rte\s 9 8 mann]s1 & ob$i5t to ! laws4 ,b ?is secul>1 prud5tial morality1 is z prec>i\s 9 its practical influ5ce z x is defective 9 its radical pr9ciple4 ,a!ism saps & und]m9es ! v f\ndation ( ,e?ics4 ,! only law :i* x c recognize 7if t c be call$ a law 9 any s5se :i* is n conceiv$ ( z ! expression ( a ,supreme ,w7 is1 ei!r ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! individual1 or ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]2 b1 :e!r x assumes ! =m ( ,felicit>ian or ( ,utilit>ian calculation1 x deg5]ates into a process ( ari?metic1 & is no long] a code ( morals4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ,,duty is awant+1 & c only be suppli$ f a s\rce :i* ! ,a!i/ ignores4 ,by d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 he robs ! univ]se ( its highe/ glory1 oblit]ates ! idea ( p]fect wisdom & goodness1 & leaves no?+ bett] & holi] z an object ( ?\ght ?an ! qualities & relations ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,he degrades human nature1 by do+ :at he c to sev] ! tie :i* b9ds man to 8 ,mak]1 & :i* connects ! e>? ) ,heav54 ,he circumscribes 8 prospects )9 ! n>r[ range ( ?+s se5 & temporal1 & ?us removes e /imulus to dignity ( s5tim5t1 & e inc5tive to elevation ( "*4 ,8 wret*$ cre$ 7if a s]ies ( cold negations may be call$ a cre$7 mu/ be fatal to e dis9t]e/$ & h]oic virtue2 let x prevail1 & ! _s ( self-sacrifice w give place to ,epicurean indulg5ce1 & ! age ( m>tyrdom w return no m4 ,sub/itute ,nature1 or ev5 ,humanity1 = ,god1 & ! et]nal /&>d ( tru? & hol9ess & goodness be+ sup]s$$1 e moral s5tim5t w be blight$ & obscur$4 ,consci5ce has a relation to ,god simil> to t :i* a *ronomet] be>s to ! sun4 ,blot ! sun f ! sky1 & ! *ronomet] is useless2 d5y ,god1 & consci5ce is p[]less4 ,& ! vices :i*1 if n subdu$1 7 yet curb$ & re/ra9$ by ! ov]aw+ s5se ( an unse5 omnipres5t ,p[]1 w bur/ =? ) deva/at+ fury1 snapp+ asund] ! feebl] fett]s ( human law1 & ov]leap+ ! b>ri]s ( selfi% prud5ce itself2 vanity & pride1 ambition & covet\sness1 s5sual indulg5ce & f]oci\s cruelty1 w rise into ! asc5dancy1 & e/abli% _! d>k ?rone on ! ru9s ( ,religion4 ,if su* be ! natural & legitimate effect ( ,a!ism on ! p]sonal happ9ess & moral "* ( individuals1 we c be at no loss to discov] :at mu/ be its influ5ce on society at l>ge4 ,= society is compos$ ( individuals1 & its "* & welf>e dep5d on ! aggregate s5tim5ts ( its con/itu5t memb]s4 ,! "q :e!r ,a!ism might n be consi/5t ) social well-be+1 ) ! cont9u$ au?ority ( ! laws1 & ! g5]al com=t ( ! community1 is answ]$ hi/orically by ! fact1 t 9 mod]n ,france ! ,reign ( ,a!ism 0 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 & t 9 anci5t ,rome its preval5ce 0 foll[$ by su* sc5es ( proscription1 confiscation1 & blood1 z 7 !n unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! tru? is t1 :]ev] ,a!ism prevails1 ,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,law mu/ give place to ,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,=ce2 = law ne$s "s auxili>y sanction2 & if x be depriv$ ( ! sanction ( ,religion1 x mu/ h rec\rse1 = its own pres]vation1 & ! prev5tion ( utt] an>*y1 to ! brute p[] ( ! temporal sword4 ,x is worse ?an useless to discuss1 9 ?is connection1 ! "q1 reviv$ by ,bayle1#bc :e!r ,a!ism or ,sup]/ition %\ld be reg>d$ z ! wor/ enemy to ! ,commonweal?1 = x has no relevancy to our pres5t inquiry2 we are n cont5d+ = ei!r1 we are object+ to bo?2 & we are "u no necessity ( *oos+ ! lea/ ( two evils1 :5 we h ! option ( pure & undef9$ ,religion4 ,b we may obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t1 hi/orically x has be5 f\nd possible to keep society toge!r1 & to ma9ta9 ! au?ority ( law ) a great] or less measure ( civil lib]ty1 :]e ,sup]/ition has be5 g5]ally preval5t2 :]eas !re is no in/ance on record ( any?+ approa*+ to national ,a!ism1 9 :i* gov]nm5t by law 0 n spe$ily sup]s$$ by an>*y & despotism4 ,& ! reason ( ?is diff]5ce may be t 9 e sy/em ( ,sup]/ition1 :e!r x be a corruption ( ,natural or ( ,reveal$ ,religion1 "s fa9t emb]s ( sacr$ tru? rema9 unext+ui%$1 "s convictions :i* /ill connect man ) ! spiritual & ! et]nal1 & :i* are suffici5t1 if n to enlight5 & pacify ! consci5ce1 yet to keep alive a s5se ( responsibility & a fe> ( retribution2 c]ta9 sp>ks1 z ,hook] calls !m1 ( ! light ( tru? int]m+l$ ) ! d>kness ( error1 :i* may h s]v$ a good purpose 9 ma9ta9+ civil virtue & social ord]1 al?\gh ^! w\ld h be5 f> bett] secur$ by ! preval5ce ( a pur] fai?4 ,!re are "s circum/ances1 ( a novel & unprec$5t$ nature1 :i* imp>t a solemn int]e/ to our pres5t inquiry4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,rob]t ,hall1 ref]r+ to ! unbelief :i* prec$$ & accompani$ ! fir/ outbur/ ( ! ,revolution 9 ,france1 m5tion$ ?ree circum/ances :i* appe>$ to him to be equally new & al>m+4 ,he reg>d$ x z ! fir/ attempt :i* _h ev] be5 witness$ on an ext5sive scale to e/abli% ! pr9ciples ( ,a!ism1 z ! fir/ attempt to popul>ize ^! pr9ciples by means ( a lit]ature address$ & adapt$ to ! common p1 & z ! fir/ sy/ematic attempt to und]m9e ! f\ndations1 & to innovate on ! v sub/ance ( ,morals4#bd ,b if we comp>e ! fir/ ) ! new ,encyclop$ie1--! =m] concoct$ by ,voltaire1 ,d',alemb]t & ,did]ot1 ! latt] by ,pi]re ,l]\x & 8 associates1--we %all f9d t ,infidelity has assum$ great] h>dihood1 & has appe>$ "u less re/ra9t 9 rec5t ?an 9 =m] times2 :ile ! speculations ( ,comte & ,cr\sse are z ?or\ghly a!i/ic z ^? ( ,d',holba* himself4 ,=1 h[ev] irreligi\s & pr(ane ,voltaire & 8 associates might be1 & h[ev] devot$ to _! av[$ object ( cru%+ ,*ri/ & 8 cause1 s significantly indicat$ by _! motto & wat*word1 ,ecrasez l',infame2#be yet !y cont9u$1 z a p>ty1 to advocate ,deism1 & seem$ at lea/ to oppose ! bold] speculations ( ! au?or ( ! ,sy/eme de la ,nature4 ,bo? ,voltaire & ,fr$]ick ! ,great wrote 9 reply to its a!i/ic t5ets4#bf ,b n[1 9 ,france1 ^! t5ets are op5ly av[$ & zeal\sly propagat$4 ,nor is ?is fatal moral epidemic conf9$ to our cont95tal neighbors3 !re is too mu* reason to fe> t x has infect$1 to "s ext5t1 ! artisans ( our own manufactur+ t[ns1 & ev51 9 "s qu>t]s1 ! inhabitants ( our rural di/ricts4 ,! ,communi/s ( ,france h _! analogues 9 ! ,sociali/s ( ,brita92 & ! p]iodical press1 al?\gh = ! mo/ "p s\nd1 or at lea/ innocu\s1 has l5t its aid to ! dissem9ation ( ! grosse/ infidelity :i* ! ,cont95t has produc$4 ,! ,lead] gives =? ,lewes's v]sion ( ,comte's ,philosophy2 & ! ,glasg[ ,me*anics' ,j\rnal1 a dige/ ( 8 ,law ( ,human ,progress1 :i* is ess5tially a!i/ic4#bg ,nor is indig5\s ,a!ism want+4 ,mr4 ,mackay 9 8 ,progress ( ! ,intellect1 ,atk9son & ,m>t9eau 9 _! ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,nature & ,developm5t1 & ,mr4 ,g4 ,holyoake 9 ,! ,reason]1 h suffici5tly prov$ t if ,a!ism be an exotic1 x is capable ( tak+ root & gr[+ up 9 ! l& ( ,bacon1 ,newton1 & ,boyle4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,,budd,i1 ,!ses ,!ologic de ,a!ismo et ,sup]/itione1 cap4 ,i4 #c ,j4 ,c4 ,,wolfius1 ,de ,a!ismi falso ,suspectis4 #d ,,budd,i1 ,!ses ,!ologic1 cap4 ,,iii41 ,de dogmatibus qu cum ,a!ismo conjuncta sunt1 aut ad eum ducunt1 p4 #bdj4 #e ,,c\s91 ,introduction ,g5]ale a l',hi/oire de la ,philosophie1 ,i4 #afi3--,que t\te p5se implique une foi spontane ,dieu1 et qu'il n'y a pas d',a!isme naturel4 ,croit-il qu'il exi/e1 p> exemple8 ,s'il croit ela1 ela me suffit1--il a donc foi au pr9cipe de la p5se2--or la e/ ,dieu1--,selon moi1 t\te p>ole prononce avec confiance1 n'e/ pas mo9s qu'une pr(ession de la foi a la p5se1--a la raison en soi1--c'e/ a dire a ,dieu4 #f ,m4 ,,helvetius1 ,treatise on ,man1 8 ,intellectual ,faculties & ,education3 translat$ by ,w4 ,hoop]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,i4 #bdg4 #g ,m4 ,,lam5nais1 ,esquisse d'une ,philosophie1 ,i4 #ie4 #h ,sp9oza is a ,god-intoxicat$ man4--,,novalis1 quot$ 9 ,t4 ,c>lyle's ,essays1 ,,ii4 #dc4 #i ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,nature & ,developm5t1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,,atk9son & ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau1 p4 #bda4 #aj ,psalm #ad3 #a2 #ec3 #a4 #aa ,psalm #aj3 #d1 #aa1 #ac4 #ab ,eph4 #b3 #ab1 ,greek3 ,a!oi en t kosm4 #ac ,gal4 #d3 #h2 #b ,tim4 #c3 #d2 ,titus #a3 #af4 #ad ,,e/l91 ,disc\rse on ,a!ism1 pp4 #h1 #ai1 #bh4 ,,dr4 ,,*alm]s1 ,in/itutes1 ,i4 #cge4 #ae ,,dr4 ,,*alm]s1 ,works1 ,natural ,!ology1 ,i4 #eh4 ,! ,reason]1 edit$ by ,,holyoake1 ,,xi4 #ae1 #bcb4 #af ,,rob]t ,,hall',s ,works1 ,i4 #eh4 #ag ,romans #a3 #ba1 #bh4 #ah ,,hall',s ,works1 ,i4 #abh4 #ai ,,e/l9',s ,disc\rse1 p4 #eg4 #bj ,,rob]t ,,hall1 ,mod]n ,infidelity ,consid]$1 ,i4 #ch1 #fg4 #ba ,,rob]t ,,hall on ,mod]n ,infidelity1 ,i4 #gj4 #bb ,t4 ,,c>lyle1 ,essays1 ,,ii4 #adb4 #bc ,p4 ,,bayle1 ,p5ses div]ses ,ecrites un ,docteur de ,sorbonne a l',occasion de la ,comte1 #d vols4 ,also 8 ,reponse aux ,que/ions d'un ,prov9cial1 ,,ii4 #fhh1 ,,iv4 #aja1 #aab4 #bd ,,hall on ,mod]n ,infidelity1 ,i4 #ei1 #fd4 #be ,,abb ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,,orig9al ,,_h ,,abbe ,,b>ruel1 ,memoires p\r s]vir a l',hi/oire du ,jacob9isme1 ,i4 #ca1 #aca1 #ace1 #ahd1 #ceg4 #bf ,,abb ,,b>ruel1 ,memoires p\r s]vir a l',hi/oire du ,jacob9isme1 ,i4 #bb1 ,,ii4 #aij1 #aic4 #bg ,! ,lead]2 a s]ies ( articles on ,comte's ,philosophy1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,,lewes1 ,april #g1 #aj1 #ag1 etc41 etc41 #aheb4--,! ,glasg[ ,me*anics' ,j\rnal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,developm5t4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s applications ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ,developm5t1 by means ( :i* an attempt has be5 made to expla9 ! orig9 ( all ?+s by ,natural ,laws1 s z to exclude ! necessity ( any ,div9e int]position1 ei!r = ! creation ( ! _w1 or = ! introduction & e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,x has be5 appli$1 fir/1 to expla9 ! orig9 ( worlds & planet>y sy/ems1 by %[+ t1 c]ta9 specifi$ conditions be+ presuppos$1 !re are fix$ me*anical laws :i* might suffici5tly acc\nt = ! production ( ! e>? & ( ! o!r planets & satellites ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 )\t any special int]position ( ,div9e p[] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,x has be5 appli$1 secondly1 to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s tribes or races ( vegetable & animal life1 & especially ! production ( ! human race1 by %[+ t ! exi/+ types may h sprung1 by a process ( gradual developm5t1 f inf]ior races previ\sly exi/+1 & t ^! aga9 may h be5 produc$ by ! action ( *emical ag5ts 9 c]ta9 favorable conditions4 ,x has be5 appli$1 ?irdly1 to expla9 all ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( ,human ,hi/ory1 & to illu/rate ! law :i* is suppos$ to det]m9e & regulate ! progressive c\rse ( civilization1 s z to acc\nt1 on natural pr9ciples1 = ! orig9 & preval5ce ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ,religion1 & ev5 = ! introduction1 9 its appo9t$ season1 ( ,*ri/ianity itself1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any?+ s utt]ly unphilosophical z ! idea ( a ,div9e ,revelation1 or ! supposition ( sup]natural ag5cy4 ,& x has be5 appli$1 f\r?ly1 to expla9 ! ord]1 & to v9dicate ! use1 ( ^? additions bo? to ! doctr9es & rites ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 :i* ,prote/ants h d5\nc$ z corruptions1 b :i* ,popi% & ,tract>ian writ]s def5d z developm5ts1 ( ! sy/em t 0 orig9ally deposit$1 l a prolific g]m or se$1 9 ! bosom ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,x is ! m necess>y to exam9e ! v>i\s =ms ( ?is !ory1 because unque/ionably x c appeal to n a few natural analogies1 :i* may s]ve1 on a sup]ficial view1 to give x ! aspect ( v]isimilitude4 ,= _m ( ! mo/ signal works ( ,god h be5 manife/ly fram$ on ! pr9ciple ( gradual gr[?1 & matur$ by a process ( progressive developm5t4 ,we see 9 ! natural _w a small se$ deposit$ 9 ! e>?1 :i*1 "u ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 suitable influ5ces1 g]m9ates & spr+s up1 produc+ fir/ a t5d] %oot1 !n a /em1 & bran*es1 & leaves1 & blossoms1 & fruit2 & e h]b or tree1 hav+ se$ 9 itself1 makes provision = ! repetition ( ! same process1 & ! p]petuation & indef9ite increase ( its k9d4 ,! same law is obs]v$ 9 ! animal k+dom1 :]e a cont9u\s race is produc$ f a s+le pair4 ,& ev5 9 ! sup]natural s*eme ( ,revelation itself1 ! tru? 0 gradually unfold$ 9 a s]ies ( successive disp5sations2 ! ,fir/ ,promise be+ ! g]m1 :i* exp&$ z ! ,*ur* advanc$1 until x rea*$ its full developm5t 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,^! & simil> in/ances may suffice to %[ t1 bo? 9 ! natural & sup]natural ,provid5ce ( ,god1 ,he has be5 pleas$ to act on ! pr9ciple ( gradual & progressive1 z contradi/+ui%$ f t ( in/ant & p]fect production2 & !y may seem1 at fir/ sight1 to af=d "s natural analogies 9 favor ( ! radical idea on :i* ! v>i\s mod]n ,!ories ( ,developm5t are bas$4 ,9 su* circum/ances x w\ld be an unwise & dang]\s c\rse ei!r to ov]look ! palpable facts :i* ,nature & ,revelation equally atte/1 or to d5y t !y may af=d signal manife/ations ( ! manifold wisdom ( ,god4 ,nor is x necess>y = any enlight5$ advocate ( ,!ism to betake himself to ^! exp$i5ts2 he may freely admit ! exi/5ce ( su* cases ( gradual developm5t1 he may ev5 appeal to !m z illu/rative ( ! ord] ( ,nature1 & ! design :i* t ord] displays2 & ! only "q :i* he is at all conc]n$ to discuss am\nts 9 sub/ance to ?is3 ,:e!r ! me?od ( production :i* is pursu$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature c acc\nt = ! orig9al comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s8 ,b ! /ate ( ! "q1 & ! "r application ( ! argum5t1 may be be/ illu/rat$ by consid]+ ea* ( ! f\r =ms ( ! !ory sep>ately & 9 succession4 ,,section ,i4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,cosmical ,,developm5t1 ,,or ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,worlds ,,& ,,planet>y ,,sy/ems ,,by ,,natural ,,law4--,,! ,,ve/iges4 ,! doctr9e ( a ,nebul> ,cosmogony 0 fir/ sugge/$ by "s obs]vations ( ! eld] ,h]s*ell on ^? cl\d-l appe>ances :i* may be disc]n$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! heav5s by ! aid ( ! telescope1 or ev51 9 "s cases1 by ! nak$ eye4 ,x assum$ a m def9ite =m 9 ! h&s ( ,la ,place1 al?\gh ev5 by him x 0 (f]$1 n z an asc]ta9$ discov]y ( sci5ce1 b simply z a hypo!tical explanation ( ! way 9 :i* ! production ( ! planets & _! satellites might possibly be acc\nt$ = by ! op]ation ( ! kn[n laws ( ,nature4 ,! explanation ( ! :ole !ory may be be/ und]/ood by divid+ x into two p>ts3 ! fir/ be+ t :i* attempts to acc\nt = ! =mation ( planets & satellites1 on ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral sun1 & ( c]ta9 o!r specifi$ conditions2 ! second be+ t :i* und]takes to acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! sun itself1 on ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a diffus$ nebul\s matt] 9 space1 or1 z x has be5 aptly call$1 a univ]sal ,fire-,mi/4#bh ,:5 ! !ory is limit$ to ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! planets & _! satellites1 ! orig9al condition ( our sol> sy/em is assum$ to h be5 widely diff]5t f :at x n[ is2 ! sun is suppos$ to h exi/$ = a "t alone1 to h revolv$ ^u 8 axis1 & to h be5 surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e exp&$ by int5se heat1 & ext5d+ f> beyond ! limits ( our sy/em z x n[ exi/s4 ,?is sol> atmosph]e revolv$1 l ! sun itself1 ar\nd its axis2 b its heat1 con/antly radiat$ into sid]eal space1 gradually dim9i%$1 & ! atmosph]e be+ contract$ 9 proportion z x cool$1 ! rapidity ( its rotation 0 accel]at$1 until x rea*$ ! po9t at :i* ! c5tral attraction 0 ov]come by ! c5trifugal =ce1 & !n a zone ( vapor w\ld be deta*$ or ?r[n (f1 :i* might ei!r reta9 its =m z a nebul\s r+1 l ! r+ ( ,saturn1 or fir/ break+ into fragm5ts1 f "s want ( cont9uity 9 its /ructure1 & aft]w>ds coalesc+ into "o mass1 might be cond5s$ into a planet z ! vapor cont9u$ to cool4 ,^! r+s or planets1 ?us deta*$ f ! c5tral atmosph]ic mass1 w\ld cont9ue to revolve1 9 virtue ( ! =ce orig9ally impress$ ^u !m1 & _! motion w\ld be ne>ly circul>1 9 ! same plane & 9 ! same direction ) t ( ! sun4 ,! fir/ planet1 s =m$1 mu/ h be5 t at ! extreme limit ( our sol> sy/em2 ! second ! next 9 po9t ( remot5ess f ! c5tre1 & s on2 ea* result+ f ! op]ation ( ! same natural laws1 & em]g+ into di/9ct exi/5ce at t precise po9t 9 ! gradual cool+ & contraction ( ! atmosph]e at :i* ! c5trifugal became /rong] ?an ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,b ea* planet might also be subject$ to ! same process ( cool+ & contract+1 & might !re=e ?r[ (f1 "u ! op]ation ( ! same me*anical laws1 zones ( vapor m or less d5se1 :i* might consolidate into moons or satellites1 & :i* %\ld also revolve1 l ! planets1 r\nd _! prim>y4 ,?us1 ,uranus has six satellites1 & ,saturn sev52 :ile ! latt] has also ?r[n (f two zones s p]fectly uni=m 9 _! int]nal /ructure t !y rema9 unbrok51 & con/itute a d\ble r+ ar\nd ! planet4 ,9 ?is fir/ =m ( ! !ory1 :i* assumes ! exi/5ce ( ! sun & its atmosph]e1 & ! rotation ( bo? r\nd an axis1 ,la ,place s\ght to give a sci5tific =m to ! speculations ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*ell on ! cond5sation ( ,nebul1 by prov+ simply ! dynamical possibility ( ! =mation ( a planet>y sy/em by su* means1 accord+ to ! kn[n laws ( matt] & motion2 b he did n affirm ! sci5tific c]ta9ty ( 8 conjecture1 & f> less ! actual production ( ! sol> sy/em 9 ?is way4 ,he has be5 foll[$ by ,m4 ,comte1 :o has attempt$ to furni%1 if n a complete demon/ration1 at lea/ a plausible ma!matical v]ification1 ( ! hypo!sis4#bi ,utt]ly exclud+ all sup]natural ag5cy 9 ! "w ( creation1 he equally excludes f ! problem :i* he attempts to solve1 ! orig9 ( ! sun & its atmosph]e2 & conf9+ himself to ! task ( acc\nt+1 9 ! way n ( demon/rative c]ta9ty1 b m]ely ( plausible hypo!sis1 = ! =mation ( ! planets & satellites ( our sol> sy/em1 he conceives ! !ory ( ,la ,place to be susceptible ( su* a num]ical v]ification z is suffici5t to give x a high degree ( v]isimilitude4 ,assum+ t ! p]iodic "t ( ea* planet mu/ be equal to t ( ! portion ( ! sol> atmosph]e ( :i* x 0 =m$ at ! era :5 x 0 ?r[n (f1 & comb9+ ! !orems ( ,huyg5s on ! measure ( c5trifugal =ces ) ,newton's law ( gravitation1 he e/abli%es a simple equation betwe5 ! "t ( ! rotation ( ea* zone or section ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 & ! di/ance ( ! correspond+ planets4 ,on apply+ ?is equation to ! v>i\s bodies ( our sy/em1 he f\nd t ! p]iodic "t ( ! moon agrees1 at lea/ )9 ! t5? ( a day1 ) ! duration ( ! e>?'s revolution1 :5 h] atmosph]e is suppos$ to h ext5d$ to ! moon2 & t ! p]iodic times ( ! planets ma9ta9 a simil> correspond5ce ) :at mu/ h be5 ! duration ( ! sol> revolution :5 !y 7 sev]ally ?r[n (f f its atmosph]e4 ,x is ! less necess>y1 h[ev]1 to ent] on a detail$ exposition ( 8 argum5t1 because he admits t x c af=d at ! utmo/ only a probable pro( ( an hypo!sis2 & fur!r1 because x is expressly limit$ to ! production ( ! planets & _! satellites1 :ile n only is ! exi/5ce ( ! sol> atmosph]e presuppos$1 b also its exi/5ce 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 & ) sev]al det]m9ate conditions2 :ile no acc\nt :atev] is giv5 ( ! orig9 ei!r ( ! sun or its atmosph]e1 & none ( ! laws or conditions on :i* ! :ole process ( developm5t is confess$ly dep5d5t4 ,b ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges takes a mu* wid] range1 & attempts a m ardu\s task4 ,he seeks to acc\nt = ! orig9 bo? ( suns & ( sol> sy/ems by ! ag5cy ( natural laws4 ,n cont5t ) ! m limit$ =m ( ! !ory1 :i* ,m4 ,comte holds to be ! only legitimate or practical object ( sci5tific treatm5t1 he holds t ! orig9 ( ! sun itself1 & ! =ms1 ! positions1 ! relations1 & ! motions1 ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 may be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ a previ\s /ate ( matt]1 fluid or gasi=m1 subject only to ! law ( gravitation4 ,! ,nebul> ,cosmogony1 :i* is well *>act]iz$ by himself z 8 v]sion ( ! romance ( ,nature1 is bas$ on ! assumption t ! nebul\s matt] ( space1 previ\sly to ! =mation ( /ell> & planet>y bodies1 mu/ h be5 a univ]sal ,,fire-,,mi/1#cj 9 o!r words1 a diffus$ lum9\s vapor1 int5sely hot1 :i* might be gradually cond5s$ into a fluid1 & !n into a solid /ate1 by los+ less or m ( its heat4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a lum9\s matt] be+ assum$1 & x be+ fur!r suppos$ t x 0 n entirely uni=m or homog5e\s1 b t x exi/$ 9 v>i\s /ates ( cond5sation1 & t x _h c]ta9 nuclei e/abli%$ 9 x :i* might become c5tres ( aggregation = ! neighbor+ diffus$ matt]1--! au?or attempts to %[ t on su* c5tres a rotatory motion w\ld be e/abli%$ :]ev]1 z 0 ! mo/ likely case1 !re 0 any obliquity 9 ! l9es ( direction 9 :i* ! oppos+ curr5ts met ea* o!r2 t ?is motion w\ld increase z ! agglom]ation proce$$2 t at c]ta9 int]vals ! c5trifugal =ce1 act+ on ! remot] "p ( ! rotat+ mass1 w\ld ov]come ! agglom]at+ =ce2 & t a s]ies ( r+s w\ld ?us be left ap>t1 ea* possess+ ! motion prop] to itself at ! crisis ( sep>ation4 ,^!1 aga91 w\ld only cont9ue 9 _! annul> =m1 if !y 7 entirely uni=m 9 _! int]nal /ructure4 ,!re be+ _m *ances aga9/ ?is1 !y w\ld probably break up 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & be !reaft] agglom]at$ into "o or sev]al masses1 :i* w\ld become repres5tatives ( ! prim>y mass1 & p]haps give rise to a prog5y ( inf]ior masses4 ,9 support ( ?is !ory1 ref]5ce is made to ! exi/5ce1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 ( c]ta9 cl\d-l nebul1 or masses ( diffus$ lum9\s matt]1 exhibit+ a v>iety ( appe>ances1 z if !y 7 9 v>i\s degrees ( cond5sation1 & :i* are describ$ z sol> sy/ems 9 ! process ( be+ =m$ out ( a previ\s condition ( matt]4 ,& ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,plateau1 ( ,gh5t1 are adduc$ z af=d+ an exp]im5tal v]ification ( "s p>ts ( ! !ory1 &1 especially1 z s]v+ to expla9 ! sph]ical =m ( ! planets1 ! flatt5+ at ! poles1 & ! swell+ out at ! equator4 ,x does n belong to our prop] prov9ce1 nor is x necess>y = our pres5t purpose1 to discuss ! m]its ( ?is !ory1 consid]$ z a "q ( sci5ce4 ,?is has be5 already done1 ) v>i\s degrees ( ability1 b ) unwont$ unanimity1 by "s ( ! able/ m5 ( ! age1--by ,:ewell1 ,s$gwick & ,mason1 9 ,engl&1 by ,sir ,david ,brew/] & ,mr4 ,mill]1 9 ,scotl&1 & by ,pr(essor ,dod & ,presid5t ,hit*cock1 9 ,am]ica4#ca ,b1 view+ x simply 9 its relation to ! ,!i/ic argum5t1 we conceive t ! adv]se presumption :i* x may possibly g5]ate 9 "s m9ds aga9/ ! evid5ce ( ,natural ,!ology1 w be effectually neutraliz$ by e/abli%+ ! foll[+ positions3 ,t x is a m]e hypo!sis1 & "o :i*1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 is incapable ( be+ prov$ by su* evid5ce z is necess>y to e/abli% a matt] ( fact4 ,t ! progress ( sci5tific discov]y1 s f> f t5d+ to v]ify & confirm1 has s]v$ r to disprove & invalidate ! fundam5tal assumption on :i* x re/s4 ,t ev5 7 x admitt$1 ei!r z a possible1 or probable1 or c]ta9 explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! pres5t planet>y sy/ems1 x w\ld n necess>ily de/roy ! evid5ce ( ,!ology1 nor e/abli% on its ru9s ! cause ( ,a!ism4 ,ea* ( ^! positions may be conclusively e/abli%$1 & ! ?ree comb9$ con/itute a complete answ] to ! !ory ( ,developm5t1 9 s f> z x has be5 appli$ 9 ! support or def5ce ( ,a!ism4 #a4 ,t x is a m]e hypo!sis or conjecture1 design$1 n to e/abli% ! hi/orical fact1 b to expla9 m]ely ! dynamical possibility ( ! production ( ! planet>y bodies by ! op]ation ( kn[n natural laws1 mu/ be admitt$1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 by its mo/ en?usia/ic admir]s4 ,x might h seem$1 inde$1 to h some?+ l a basis ( fact to re/ ^u1 _h ! conception ( ! eld] ,h]s*ell be5 v]ifi$1 :5 he ann\nc$ ! exi/5ce ( a nebul\s fluid1 capable ( be+ di/+ui%$1 by c]ta9 well-def9$ m>ks1 f unresolv$ clu/]s ( />s2 b ev5 !n x presuppos$ s _m po/ulates1 :i* c\ld 9 no way be e/abli%$ by exp]im5tal or hi/orical evid5ce1 t x c\ld sc>cely be reg>d$ 9 any o!r light ?an z an +5i\s speculation or a spl5did conjecture4 ,=1 let x be consid]$1 fir/ ( all1 t ! !ory proce$s on ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce & wide diffusion ( a nebul\s fluid ( ^: reality !re is no actual pro(2 secondly1 t x necess>ily requires1 also1 ! suppos$ exi/5ce ( c]ta9 favorable conditions2 &1 ?irdly1 ! op]ation ( c]ta9 inv>iable laws2 & x w be manife/ at once t x is purely hypo!tical ?r\gh\t1 & t x includes a v>iety ( topics :i* nev] h be51 & nev] c be made ! subjects ( exp]im5tal v]ification4 ,= x po/ulates1 9 ! words ( an acute writ]1 ! e/abli%m5t ( nuclei 9 ! body ( ! elem5tal mass1 z well z ! action ( heat on its sub/ance1 & !n seeks to expla9 ! conc5tration ( ! nebul\s p>ticles into ^! nuclei by ! =ce ( gravitation1 ! rotation ( ! bodies s produc$ by ! conflu5ce ( ! nebul\s fluid1 ! sep>ation ( a portion ( ! out] surface ( ^! revolv+ masses 9 ! =m ( r+s1 ! disruption ( ^! r+s1 & ! subsequ5t recomposition ( _! fragm5ts into sep>ate sph]es1 answ]+ to ! planets & satellites ( our sy/em4#cb ,b ev5 7 ! exi/5ce ( a nebul\s fluid admitt$1 we h no access to "k :at 0 its int]nal /ructure2 we _c det]m9e :e!r x 0 uni=m & homog5e\s ?r\gh\t1 or :e!r x conta9$ nuclei :i* might become c5tres ( aggregation2 we h no means ( e/imat+ ! int5sity ( ! heat :i* belong$ to x1 or ( calculat+ ! process by :i* x 0 disp]s$1 s z to occasion ! cond5sation ( successive portions ( ! mass4 ,no eye ev] saw ! sep>ation ( any "p ( x 9 ! =m ( a r+1 or ! disruption ( t r+1 or ! subsequ5t recomposition ( its fragm5ts into a solid sph]e4 ,& ev5 _h all ?is be5 matt]1 n ( m]e conjecture1 b ( actual obs]vation1 x w\ld /ill h left mu* to be expla9$ :i* c only be acc\nt$ = by ascrib+ x to a design+ ,intellig5t ,cause4 #b4 ,! progress ( sci5tific discov]y1 s f> f t5d+ to v]ify1 has s]v$ r to invalidate ! fundam5tal assumption on :i* ! :ole !ory dep5ds4 ,t assumption 0 ! exi/5ce ( a ,nebul\s ,fluid or ,fire-,mi/1 capable ( be+ di/+ui%$1 by c]ta9 *>act]i/ic m>ks1 f unresolv$ nebul or clu/]s ( />s4 ,! exi/5ce ( any su* fluid has become m & m d\btful1 9 proportion z a/ronom]s h be5 enabl$1 ) ! aid ( l>g] & bett] con/ruct$ telescopes1 to resolve sev]al nebul :i* _h previ\sly defi$ ! p[] ( less p]fect in/rum5ts4 ,we d n affirm t e clu/] has be5 already resolv$1 nor is x necess>y = ! purposes ( our argum5t to suppose t1 at any future "t1 ?is /up5d\s a*ievem5t is likely to be effect$2 = x is a v obvi\s consid]ation1 t j 9 proportion z our telescopic p[]s are enl>g$ s z to enable u to resolve _m ( ! ne>] nebul1 !y mu/ also br+ )9 ! range ( our ext5d$ vision o!rs m remote & hi!rto unp]ceiv$1 :i* may cont9ue to exhibit ! same cl\d-l appe>ance z ! =m]1 until1 by a new improvem5t ( ! telescope1 we may succe$ 9 sep>at+ !m into di/9ct />s2 & ev5 !n ! m>* ( discov]y is n end$1--we may reasonably expect t ) e fre% increase ( telescopic vision1 new clu/]s w be br\ght into view1 & new cl\ds appe> 9 ! utmo/ v]ge ( ! horizon4 ,b1 unque/ionably1 ! progress :i* has already be5 made 9 ?is direction af=ds a /rong presumption 9 favor ( ! idea1 t ! app>5t nebulosity ( ^? masses :i* /ill appe>1 ev5 to our be/ telescopes1 z cl\d-l vapors1 is to be ascrib$ r to ! imp]fection ( our in/rum5ts ?an to any diff]5ce betwe5 !m & su* z h be5 already resolv$4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell1 a high au?ority 9 su* a case1 tells u t we h e reason to believe1 at lea/ 9 ! g5]ality ( cases1 t a nebula is no?+ m ?an a clu/] ( />s4#cc ,sir ,david ,brew/] is equally explicit3 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a ra% g5]alization to ma9ta9 t nebul diff]$ ess5tially f clu/]s ( />s1 because exi/+ telescopes c\ld n resolve !m4 ,! v fir/ application ( ,"l ,rosse's telescopes to ! heav5s ov]turn$ ! hypo!sis2 & ) su* unequivocal facts z t in/rum5t has br\ght to light1 we reg>d x z a mo/ unw>rantable assumption to suppose t !re are 9 ! heav5ly spaces any masses ( matt] diff]5t f solid bodies1 compos+ planet>y sy/ems4#cd ,& ,pr(essor ,ni*ol1 :ile he gracefully ackn[l$ges t he has some:at alt]$ ! views :i* he =m]ly gave to ! public1 z ! highe/ !n kn[n & g5]ally ent]ta9$1 reg>d+ ! /ructure ( ! heav5s1 /ates1 z ! result ( m mature reflection1 t ! suppos$ di/ribution ( a self-lum9\s fluid1 9 sep>ate pat*es1 ?r\gh ! heav5s1 has1 beyond all d\bt1 be5 prov$ fallaci\s by t mo/ rem>kable ( telescopic a*ievem5ts1--! resolution ( ! great nebula 9 ,orion into a sup]b clu/] ( />s2 & t ?is discov]y necessitates important *anges 9 previ\s speculations on ,cosmogony4#ce ,9 %ort1 ,"l ,rosse's obs]vations at ,p>son/[n h conclusively prov$ t :at appe>$ to be a nebula 0 9 reality a clu/] ( />s2 & :ile !y /ill leave _m nebul unresolv$1 !y af=d a /rong w>rant = believ+ t discov]ies 9 ! same direction might be indef9itely ext5d$ 9 proportion to ! increase ( telescopic p[]4 #c4 ,b ev5 7 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis admitt$1 & 7 ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t by ,natural ,laws conceiv$ to af=d a satisfactory explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/ems1 x w\ld n foll[1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t ! peculi> evid5ce ( ,!ism--t on :i* x ma9ly dep5ds1 & to :i* x makes its mo/ confid5t appeal--w\ld be !reby de/roy$1 or ev5 dim9i%$4 ,! only legitimate result ( su* a doctr9e w\ld seem to be1 t we mu/ di/+ui% aright betwe5 a "w ( ,m$iate1 & a "w ( ,imm$iate ,creation4 ,9 ! ,bible ea* ( ^! is di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,we h a specim5 ( ! "o 9 ! creation ( ! fir/ man by ! direct ag5cy ( ,div9e p[]2 we h a specim5 ( ! o!r 9 ! creation1 less direct b equally real1 ( all 8 natural po/]ity1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ord9>y g5]ation4 ,m5 d n cease to be ! creatures ( ,god because !y are born ( _! p>5ts1 9 virtue ( t creative ^w1 ,be fruitful1 & multiply1 & repl5i% ! e>?2 & h5ce *ildr5 are admoni%$ to rememb] _! ,creator 9 ! days ( _! y\?4#cf ,! "w ( creation is equally real & equally ,div9e1 :e!r x be effect$ m$iately or imm$iately1 ) or )\t ! int]v5tion ( means1 by ! direct & in/antane\s ex]tion ( ,almighty p[]1 or by ! gradual & successive op]ation ( second causes act+ accord+ to e/abli%$ laws4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,provid5ce1 ! me?od ( m$iate production1 gradual gr[?1 & progressive developm5t1 may be obs]v$ 9 innum]able in/ances2 b x c nev] be ju/ly held to exclude1 or ev5 to obscure1 ! evid5ce ( a presid+ ,intellig5ce & a sup]natural ,p[]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may s]ve r to enhance t evid5ce2 s9ce ! v arrangem5ts & provisions :i* h be5 made ) a view to ! reproduction ( e ?+ aft] its k9d1 may be> on !m ! legible impress ( a design+ ,m9d & an orda9+ ,w4 ,?us1 ye> by ye> cont9ually1 ! :ole inhabitants ( ! _w are support$ by ! fruits ( h>ve/1 :i* are produc$ & matur$ "u ! action ( natural laws2 yet e intellig5t ,!i/ ascribes ! result ultimately to ! goodness1 wisdom1 & p[] ( ,god1 & sees 9 ! v processes by :i* x is br\ght to pass "s ( ! mo/ signal pro(s ( ^! ,div9e p]fections4 ,n[1 z ?is me?od is foll[$ 9 ! "w ( ,provid5ce1 :i* may be1 & (t5 has be51 describ$ z a cont9u\s creation1 & yet has no t5d5cy to de/roy1 or ev5 to dim9i%1 ! evid5ce ( a presid+ ,intellig5ce 9 ,nature1 s no good reason c be assign$ :y x might n also h be5 adopt$ 9 ! production ( planets & a/ral sy/ems1 if s x _h seem$ good to ,supreme ,wisdom4 ,if ?is me?od 0 adopt$ = ! propagation ( plants & animals1 no reason c be giv5 :y x might n also h be5 adopt$ = ! production ( planets & moons2 nor w\ld x 9 ! latt] case1 any m ?an 9 ! =m]1 impair ! evid5ce ( ,god's creative wisdom & p[]4 ,=1 suppose x be possible t1 by a m>vell\s process ( self-evolution1 ! mat]ial elem5ts ( ,nature might assume new =ms1 s z to orig9ate a succession ( new worlds & new planet>y sy/ems1 )\t ! imm$iate or direct int]position ( a ,sup]natural ,w2 suppose t ! e>? & ! o!r bodies n[ belong+ to our own sy/em1 7 g5]at$ out ( a prior condition ( matt]1 exi/+ 9 a gasi=m /ate & diffus$ ?r\gh space z a ,fire-,mi/1 subject to ! ord9>y action ( heat & gravitation2 suppose1 9 %ort1 t !re 7 ,,laws ,,= ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,worlds 9 ! l>g] cycles ( "t1 j z !re ,,are ,,laws ,,= ,,! ,,g5]ation ,,( ,,animals 9 ! %ort ages ( t]re/rial life2--w\ld a provision = su* a succession ( m>vell\s developm5ts necess>ily de/roy1 or ev5 impair1 ! evid5ce = ! be+ & p]fections ( ,god8 ,does ! g5]ation ( ! animat$ tribes dim9i% ! evid5ce ( design 9 ! actual con/itution ( ! _w8 ,& :y %\ld a simil> provision1 if any su* 7 f\nd to exi/1 = ! g5]ation ( />s & sy/ems1 be reg>d$ 9 any o!r light ?an z an exhibition1 on a /ill l>g] scale1 ( ! manifold wisdom ( ,god8 ,let x ev] be rememb]$ t ! ,!i/ic argum5t dep5ds1 n on ! mode ( production1 b on ! "* ( ! result+ product4 ,! _w may h be5 produc$ m$iately or imm$iately1 ) or )\t ! op]ation ( natural laws2 b if x exhibit su* an arrangem5t ( p>ts1 su* an adaptation ( means to ends1 or su* a comb9ation ( collocations & adju/m5ts1 z enables u at once to disc]n ! di/9ctive m>ks ( intellig5t design1 ! evid5ce _c be dim9i%$1 x may ev5 be possibly enhanc$1 by ! me?od ( production4 ,provision is made1 d\btless1 = ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! eye1 ! e>1 & ! h&1 9 ! human foetus1 & ! process by :i* !y are gradually =m$ is regulat$ by natural laws4 ,b ! result+ products are s exquisitely con/ruct$1 s admirably adapt$ to ! elem5ts ( nature1 & s evid5tly design$ = ! uses ( life1 t !y irresi/ibly sugge/ ! idea ( wise & b5evol5t contrivances2 & ?is idea is z /rong & cle> z x c\ld h be5 _h !y be5 produc$ in/antane\sly by ! direct act ( creative p[]4 ,& s ( ! planets & a/ral sy/ems3 !y may h be5 g5]at$1 t is1 produc$1 9 a way ( natural developm5t2 yet ! result+ products are su* z to ev9ce ! supreme wisdom & b5efic5ce :i* presid$ ov] _! =mation4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,let u suppose1 fur!r1 t ,philosophy may yet rea* its extreme1 &1 z we humbly conceive1 unatta9able limit2 let u suppose t x may succe$ 9 decompos+ all ! *emical elem5ts n[ kn[n1 by resolv+ !m into ,,"o prim>y basis2 let u ev5 suppose t x may succe$ 9 r$uc+ all ! subord9ate laws ( ,nature into ,,"o supreme & univ]sal law2 /ill ! developm5t ( su* a sy/em z we see ar\nd u out ( su* mat]ials1 & by su* means1 w\ld n be necess>ily exclusive ( ! idea ( ,god1 b might af=d evid5ce ( a ,supreme ,m9d1 creat+1 comb9+1 & controll+ all ?+s = ! manife/ation ( ,8 adorable p]fections4 ,we h ?us se5 t ! ,!ory ( ,cosmical ,developm5t is a m]e hypo!sis1 incapable ( exp]im5tal or hi/orical pro(2 t ! rec5t progress ( sci5tific discov]y has t5d$ to disprove ! fundam5tal assumption on :i* x re/s2 & t1 ev5 7 x admitt$ z a possible1 or1 /ill m1 z a plausible explanation ( ! orig9 ( planets & a/ral sy/ems1 x w\ld n s]ve to de/roy1 & sc>cely1 if at all1 to dim9i% ! evid5ce ( ,!ism4 ,! la/ ( ^! positions1 if well e/abli%$1 might seem to sup]s$e ! necessity ( discuss+ ! hypo!sis at all 9 connection ) our pres5t !me4 ,b su* a discussion ( x z has be5 (f]$ may be useful to ^?--& !y are n a few--:o1 sup]ficially acqua9t$ ) ,sci5ce 9 its m popul> =m1 are expos$ to ! dang] ( be+ s$uc$ by ! au?ority ( a few di/+ui%$ names :i* h un=tunately become id5tifi$ ) ! cause ( ,a!ism4 ,=1 :ile ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges repudiates ! a!i/ic conclusions :i* "s h d$uc$ f 8 hypo!sis1 ,m4 ,,comte boldly av[s 8 cre$ 9 ! foll[+ revolt+ t]ms3 ,to m9ds unacqua9t$ ) ! /udy ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ,a/ronomy has /ill ! reputation ( be+ a sci5ce em95tly religi\s1 z if ! fam\s v]se1 ',coeli en>rant gloriam ,dei' 7',! heav5s decl>e ! glory ,,( ,,god'71 _h pres]v$ all its =ce4 ,&1 he adds1 9 a note1 ,at pres5t1 to m9ds t h be5 e>ly famili>iz$ ) ! true a/ronomical philosophy1 ! heav5s decl>e no o!r glory ?an t ( ,hipp>*us1 ,kepl]1 ,newton1 & all ^? :o h contribut$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( _! laws6 ,! read] ( ^! laws may become illu/ri\s1 b ! ,mak] ( !m mu/ be utt]ly ignor$6 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,physiological ,,developm5t2 ,,or ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal ,,races ,,by ,,natural ,,law4--,,telliam$4--,,physio-,,philosop hy4 ,! ,!ory ( ,developm5t has be5 appli$ n only to expla9 ! orig9 ( worlds & ( a/ral sy/ems 9 ! sky1 b also to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s tribes ( vegetable & animal life :i* exi/ on ! e>? itself4 ,!re is no?+1 inde$1 9 any ( ! k+doms ( ,nature t may n be includ$ 9 x1 s9ce ! =mation ( all mat]ial bodies1 organic or inorganic1 is suppos$ to be suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! sole action ( ,*emical or ,me*anical laws4 ,! wide range ( ?is !ory is /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! words ( "o ^: p[]s ( obs]vation h add$ "s int]e/+ discov]ies to ,natural ,hi/ory1 b ^: speculations on ! orig9 ( ,nature resemble ! di/emp]$ rav+s ( lunacy1 r ?an ! mature results ( philosophic ?\ght ,physio-philosophy has to %[1 says ,dr4 ,ok51 h[1 & 9 accordance inde$ ) :at laws1 ! ,mat]ial took its orig91 &1 !re=e1 h[ some?+ took its exi/5ce f no?+4 ,x has to portray ! fir/ p]iods ( ! _w's developm5t f no?+2 h[ ! elem5ts & heav5ly bodies orig9at$2 9 :at me?od1 by self-evolution into high] & manifold =ms1 !y sep>at$ into m9]als1 became f9ally organic1 &1 9 man1 atta9$ self-consci\sness4444 ,physio-philosophy is1 !re=e1 ! g5]ative hi/ory ( ! _w2 or1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! hi/ory ( ,creation1 a "n "u :i* x 0 taught by ! mo/ anci5t philosoph]s1 namely1 z ,cosmogony4 ,f its embrac+ ! ,univ]se1 x is pla9ly ! ,g5esis ( ,moses6#cg ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is /range speculation goes f> beyond ! comp>atively mode/ conjecture ( ,la ,place4 ,x po/ulates no?+1 & und]takes to acc\nt = ev]y?+4 ,9 flagrant opposition to ! old a!i/ic maxim1 ,ex nihilo1 nihil1 x boldly affirms1 ,ex nihilo1 omnia4 ,x speaks1 inde$1 ( laws 9 accordance ) :i* ! _w took its orig92 b ^! laws mu/ be z ab/ract z ^? ( ,ma!matics1 s9ce !y exi/$ be=e matt] itself2 nay1 m ab/ract1 or1 r1 m inconceivable /ill1 s9ce !y exi/$1 x w\ld seem1 ev5 be=e ,m9d6 ,dr4 ,ok5 attempts to expla9 ! production ( ! _w f no?+ by comp>+ x to ! evolution ( ,ari?metical & ,ma!matical ,sci5ce1 out ( ! fundam5tal conception ( z]o6 ,b1 waiv+ ?is1 we %all direct our att5tion to ! only po9ts 9 ?is !ory :i*1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( speculative ?\ght1 c be held to h any practical int]e/ 9 connection ) our great !me4 ,t !ory attempts to acc\nt = ! production bo? ( ! ,,flora & ! ,,fauna ( ! natural _w by ! process ( ,developm5t r ?an by ! miracle ( ,creation4 ,x proce$s on ! assumption1 ak9 to t ( ,epicurus1 t atoms or monads alone exi/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 & t f ^! 7 d]iv$1 "u ! action ( natural law & by a process ( gradual developm5t1 all exi/+ sub/ances & be+s1 :e!r organic or inorganic1 m9]al1 vegetable1 or animal4 ,no organism has be5 creat$1 says ,dr4 ,ok51 ( l>g] size ?an an infusorial po9t4 ,no organism is1 nor ev] has "o be5 creat$1 :i* is n microscopic4 ,:atev] is l>g] has n be5 creat$1 b develop$4 ,man has n be5 creat$1 b develop$4 ,on ?is fundam5tal assumption ! :ole !ory is bas$4 ,b we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,atomic ,!ory & ! application :i* is "h made ( x4 ,! rec5t discov]ies ( ,*emi/ry1 by :i* all mat]ial comp\nds h be5 decompos$ into _! con/itu5t elem5ts1 am\nt+ to little m ?an fifty sub/ances1 :i* are ei!r ! prim>y or ! proximate bases ( all exi/+ bodies1 & ! m>vell\s trans=mations :i* ^! elem5t>y pr9ciples und]go1 9 respect alike ( =m1 ( d5sity1 ( solidity1 & ( magnitude1 "u ! action ( natural laws1--may s]ve to make x cr$ible t !re is no a priori impossibility 9 ! assumption on :i* ! ,atomic ,!ory dep5ds4 ,_h x be5 ! w ( ,god to call into be+ ! v>i\s vegetable & animal races 9 ! way ( gradual evolution out ( ^! prim>y monads1 no enlight5$ ,!i/ w presume to say t x 0 ei!r impossible1 or inconsi/5t ) ,8 wisdom to d s4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! natural analogies :i* h sometimes be5 appeal$ to 9 support ( ?is hypo!sis1 labor "u a griev\s defect :5 !y are appli$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! exi/+ races1 & t !y are ext5d$ f> beyond _! legitimate limits :5 !y are suppos$ to prove t ^! races might beg9 to be )\t any direct int]position ( creative p[]4 ,=1 :ile ! oak may spr+ f an acorn1 & ! l>ge/ animal f a microscopic monad1 yet )9 ! :ole range ( our exp]i5ce bo? 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 ! se$ is produc$ by ! organism1 & necess>ily presupposes x2 :5ce x foll[s1 ei!r t !re mu/ h be5 an et]nal succession ( organisms produc+ se$1 & !reby p]petuat+ ! race1 or if ?is be inconceivable1 /ill m if x c be disprov$ by geological or hi/orical evid5ce1 !n t ! analogy ( our pres5t exp]i5ce leads u up1 n to an infusorial po9t or microscopic monad1 b to a prim>y liv+ organism z ! comm5cem5t ( ea* exi/+ tribe4 ,9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,b>clay1 ,x w n be easy1 on any pr9ciples exclusive ( ! vital1 to answ] ^! que/ions1 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ egg1 or :at 0 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ bird8 ,= :]e is ! egg t comes n f a bird1 & :]e is ! bird t comes n f an egg8 ,to ! m]e mat]iali/s1 :o exclude e species ( vitality b t f organism1 ?is problem is ne>ly z emb>rass+ z ! orig9 ( ! ,univ]se itself4#ch ,if ^! views be correct1 all ! natural analogies w\ld lead u to acquiesce1 z ,dr4 ,b>clay did1 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative z ! mo/ philosophical acc\nt ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,x traces up e race to a prim>y organism1 end[$ ) reproductive p[]s2 = x tells u1 9 reg>d to ! ,,flora1 t ,god said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? grass1 ! h]b yield+ se$1 & ! fruit-tree yield+ fruit aft] 8 k9d1 ^: se$ is 9 itself1 ^u ! e>?2 & x 0 s4 ,& x tells u1 ) reg>d to ! ,,fauna1 t ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? abundantly ! mov+ creature t ha? life1 & f[l t may fly above ! e>? 9 ! op5 firmam5t ( heav54 ,& ,god creat$ great :ales1 & e liv+ creature t move?1 :i* ! wat]s br\ght =? abundantly1 aft] _! k9d1 & e w+$ f[l aft] 8 k9d4 ,& ,god bless$ !m1 say+1 ,be fruitful1 & multiply1 & fill ! wat]s 9 ! seas1 & let f[l multiply 9 ! e>?4 ,"h ! di/9ction betwe5 diff]5t g5]a & species1 & ! provision t 0 made = ! p]petuation ( diff]5t races1 are prom95tly pres5t$2 :ile ! production1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 n ( an infusorial po9t or microscopic monad1 b ( a liv+ organism capable ( multiply+ its k9d1 is expressly decl>$2 & e race is trac$ up to t prim>y organism1 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ! only law1 :e!r ( vegetable or animal reproduction1 :i* is kn[n to be 9 op]ation at ! pres5t day4 ,& ?is law ( reproduction1 s f> f be+ exclusive ( a prim>y act ( ,creation1 seems to presuppose & require x2 = !re mu/ be a liv+ organism be=e !re c be vital transmission4 ,b ! !ory ( ,physiological ,developm5t proce$s on a totally diff]5t supposition1--a supposition = ! tru? ( :i* we h n only no hi/orical evid5ce1 b n ev5 ! slighte/ analogical presumption1 s9ce we h no in/ance ( developm5t any:]e except f a g]m or se$1 produc$ by an organism prexi/+ 9 a /ate ( maturity4 ,b ! exig5cies ( t !ory dem& a wide dep>ture f all ! famili> lessons ( exp]i5ce2 & h5ce rec\rse has be5 _h to a s]ies ( ! wilde/ & mo/ extravagant conjectures1 su* z may well ju/ify ! op9ion ( ^? :o h held t ! cre$ ( c]ta9 philosoph]s makes a mu* l>g] dem& on human cr$ulity ?an t ( almo/ any section ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,=1 accord+ to t !ory1 ! orig9 ( ! ,,flora is fir/ acc\nt$ = by ! action ( "s elem5t--probably electricity--on a c]ta9 mucus1 :i* is suppos$ to be g5]at$ at ^? po9ts :]e ! ocean comes into contact ) ! e>? & air2 t is1 on ! %ore ( ! sea at l[ wat] m>k4 ,,maillet _h broa*$ ! idea ( ! m>9e orig9 ( all our pres5t h]bs1 plants1 roots1 & gra9s1#ci at a p]iod :5 ! ,univ]sal ,ocean1 ( :i* ,leibnitz said s mu*1 0 /ill ! cre$ ( "s speculative m9ds2 b x has be5 m rec5tly reviv$1 & exhibit$ 9 great] detail1 ?\gh n ) /rong] evid5ce1 by "s writ]s ( our own age4 ,?us ,dr4 ,ok5 tells u t all life is f ! sea2 t :5 ! sea organism1 by self-elevation1 succe$s 9 atta9+ into =m1 !re issues =? f x a high] organism2 & t ! fir/ organic =ms1 :e!r plants or animals1 em]g$ f ! %all[ p>ts ( ! sea4 ,& s ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges attempts to %[ t new races1 bo? ( plants & animals1 m>9e & t]re/rial1 may be acc\nt$ =1 )\t any act ( imm$iate creation1 by a *ange or transmutation ( species result+ f ! ag5cy ( natural causes4 ,!re is1 z he tells u1 ano!r set ( ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ! c\rse ( our hi/ory2 ! com+ into exi/5ce1 namely1 ( a long suite ( liv+ ?+s1 vegetable & animal1 t]m9at+ 9 ! families :i* we /ill see occupy+ ! surface4 ,! "q arises1--,9 :at mann] has ?is set ( ph5om5a orig9at$8 ,c we t\* at1 & re/ = a mom5t on1 ! possibility ( plants & animals hav+ likewise be5 produc$ 9 ! way ( ,natural ,law1 ?us assign+ b "o class ( causes = ev]y?+ reveal$ to our s5sual obs]vation8 ,or are we at once to reject ?is idea1 & rema9 cont5t ei!r to suppose t creative p[] "h act$ 9 a diff]5t way1 or to believe1 unexam9+ly1 t ! inquiry is "o beyond our p[]s8#dj ,9 reply to ^! que/ions1 he proce$s to %[ t !re is a balance ( probability f actual evid5ce 9 favor ( an organic creation by law1 & t 9 trac+ ! actual hi/ory ( organic be+s ^u ! e>?1 z reveal$ by ,geology1 we f9d t ^! came n at once1 z !y might h be5 expect$ to d if produc$ by "s special act1 or ev5 "s special int]position ( w1 on ! "p ( ! ,deity2 !y came 9 a long-cont9u$ succession1 9 ! ord]1 z we %all aft]w>ds see m conv9c+ly1 ( progressive organization1 grade foll[+ grade1 till1 f an humble />t+-po9t 9 bo? k+doms1 ! highe/ =ms 7 realiz$4 ,su* is 8 g5]al pr9ciple2 &1 )\t ent]+ into ! details1 we may sum up 8 g5]al argum5t by say+1 9 ! words ( ano!r1#da t1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 dulse & h5-w>e became1 ?r\gh a v wond]ful metamorphosis1 cabbage & sp9a*2 t kelp-we$ & tangle b\rgeon$ into oaks & will[s2 & t slack1 rope-we$1 & gre5-raw1 %ot up into mangel-wurzel1 rye-grass1 & clov]4 ,s mu* = ! ,,flora2 & n[ = ! ,fauna1 & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,8 views are ?us exhibit$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]3 ,! electric sp>k1 escap+ f ! wild elem5ts ar\nd x1 /ruck life into an elem5t>y & reproductive g]m1 & sea-plants1 ! food ( animals1 fir/ deck$ ! rude pavem5t ( ! ocean4 ,! li*5 & ! moss re>$ _! t9y fronds on ! fir/ rocks t em]g$ f ! deep2 l&-plants1 evolv+ ! v>i\s =ms ( fruit & fl[]1 next arose1--! ,upas & ! bread-fruit tree1 ! gn>l$ oak & ! l(ty c$>4 ,animal life appe>$ :5 ! gran>y ( nature 0 ready ) its supplies4 ,a globule1 hav+ a new globule =m+ )9 itself1 :i* is ! fundam5tal =m ( organic be+1 may be produc$ 9 album5 by electricity2 & z su* globules may be id5tical ) liv+ & reproductive cells1 we h ! e>lie/ g]m ( organic life1 ! fir/ cause ( all ! species ( animat$ nature :i* p ! e>?1 ! ocean1 & ! air4 ,born ( electricity & album51 ! simple monad is ! fir/ liv+ atom2 ! microscopic animalcules1 ! snail1 ! worm1 ! reptile1 ! fi%1 ! bird1 & ! quadrup$1 all spr+ f its invisible lo9s4 ,! human similitude at la/ appe>s 9 ! "* ( ! monkey2 ! monkey rises into ! baboon1 ! baboon is exalt$ to ! ourang-outang1 & ! *impanzee1 ) a m human toe & %ort] arms1 gives bir? to man4#db ,! rem>ks :i* 7 (f]$1 9 ! previ\s section1 on ,cosmical ,developm5t1 are equally applicable1 mutatis mut&is1 to ?is o!r =m ( ! doctr9e ( ,creation by ,natural ,law4 ,x might be %[n1 ) ref]5ce to ! suppos$ g5]ation ( plants & animals1 j z x 0 !n %[n ) ref]5ce to ! g5]ation ( planets & a/ral sy/ems1 fir/1 t ! !ory re/s ^u a m]e hypo!sis1 :i* is utt]ly unsupport$ by exp]im5tal evid5ce2 secondly1 t ! progress ( sci5ce has hi!rto af=d$ no gr\nd to believe t ! transmutation ( species is provid$ = "u ! e/abli%$ con/itution ( nature2 &1 ?irdly1 t ev5 7 ! !ory admitt$1 x w\ld n de/roy ! evid5ce ( ,!ism1 any m ?an ! propagation ( plants & animals "u ! exi/+ sy/em1 :i*1 s f> f exclud+ or impair+1 s]ves r to enhance & illu/rate ! pro( ( creative wisdom & p[]4 ,9 support ( ?is la/ position1 we might adduce ! te/imony ( ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges himself2 =1 ref]r+ to ! idea t to presume a creation ( liv+ be+s by ! int]v5tion ( law is equival5t to sup]s$+ ! :ole doctr9e ( ! ,div9e au?or%ip ( organic nature1 he takes occasion to say1 ,7 ?is true1 x w\ld =m a mo/ important objection to ! ,law !ory2 b ,i ?9k x is n only n true1 b ! rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,z =m]ly /at$1 ! :ole idea ( law relates only to ! mode 9 :i* ! ,deity is pleas$ to manife/ ,8 p[] 9 ! natural _w4 ,x leaves ! absolute fact ( ,8 au?or%ip ( & supremacy ov] ,nature precisely :]e x 04 ,he adds1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,buckl&1 ,su* an aborig9al con/itution1 s f> f sup]s$+ an ,intellig5t ,ag5t1 w\ld only exalt our conceptions ( ! consummate skill & p[] t c\ld compreh5d su* an inf9ity ( future uses "u future sy/ems1 9 ! orig9al gr\ndwork ( ,8 ,creation4#dc ,b1 )\t enl>g+ on ^? g5]al consid]ations :i* 7 =m]ly /at$1 & :i* admit ( an easy & obvi\s application to ?is second =m ( ! !ory1 we %all (f] a few rem>ks be>+ directly on its di/9ctive peculi>ities1 & direct$ to ! exposure ( its radical defects4 ,! !ory re/s on two v prec>i\s f\ndations3 ! assumption ( spontane\s g5]ation1 on ! "o h&1 & ! assumption ( a transmutation ( species on ! o!r4 ,ea* ( ^! assumptions is necess>ily involv$ 9 any attempt to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! vegetable & animal races by natural law1 )\t direct ,div9e int]position4 ,= if1 aft] ! fir/ organism 0 br\ght into be+1 ! production ( e subsequ5t type may be acc\nt$ = simply by a transmutation ( species1 yet ! production ( ! orig9al organism itself1 or ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( life 9 any =m1 mu/ necess>ily be ascrib$ ei!r to a creative act or to spontane\s g5]ation4 ,a new product is suppos$ to h come into be+1 diff]+ f any t ev] exi/$ be=e x1 9 ! possession ( vital & reproductive p[]s2 & ?is product c only be ascrib$1 if ,creation be d5i$1 to ! spontane\s action ( "s elem5t1 su* z ,electricity1 on mucus or album54 ,9 ?is s5se ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation seems to be necess>ily involv$ 9 ! fir/ /ep ( ! process ( ,developm5t1 & is1 inde$1 indisp5sable1 if any acc\nt is to be giv5 ( ! orig9 ( vegetable & animal life2 b 9 ! subsequ5t /eps ( ! same process x is sup]s$$ by a suppos$ transmutation ( species1 :]eby a l[] =m ( life is said to rise into a high]1 & an inf]ior passes into a m p]fect organism4 ,b we h no exp]i5ce ei!r ( spontane\s g5]ation on ! "o h&1 or ( a transmutation ( species on ! o!r4 ,obs]vation has n discov]$1 nor has hi/ory record$1 an au!ntic example ( ei!r4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/1 ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges anticipates ?is objection1 & attempts to answ] x4 ,! objection is1 t a transition f ! inorganic to ! organic1 su* z we mu/ suppose to h tak5 place 9 ! e>ly geological ages1 is no ord9>y cognizable fact ( ! pres5t "t ^u e>?2 /ructure1 =m1 life1 are nev] se5 to be imp>t$ to ! ins5sate elem5ts2 ! production ( ! humble/ plant or animalcule1 o!rwise ?an z a repetition ( "s p>5tal =m1 is n "o ( ! possibilities ( sci5ce4#dd ,su* is ! objection2 & h[ does he attempt to answ] x8 ,he endeavors to %[1 fir/1 t ! "w ( creation hav+ be5 = ! mo/ "p accompli%$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 we h no reason to expect t ! orig9ation ( life & species %\ld be conspicu\sly exemplifi$ 9 ! pres5t day2 secondly1 t ! comp>ative infrequ5cy1 or ev5 ! entire abs5ce1 ( su* ph5om5a n[ w\ld be no valid reason = believ+ t !y h nev] be5 exhibit$ h]et(ore1 if1 on o!r gr\nds1 ! doctr9e ( 'natural creation' or 'life-creat+ laws' c be r5d]$ probable2 &1 ?irdly1 t ev5 9 our own times !re ,,are facts :i* seem to indicate ! reality1 or at lea/ ! possibility1 ( ! primitive imp>t+ ( life & =m to inorganic elem5ts4#de ,n[1 to ?is elaborate argum5t 9 favor ( spontane\s g5]ation1 or ! production ( life by natural law1 we answ]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! m]e fact ( its be+ adduc$ 9 connection ) ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t af=ds a conclusive pro( t x is indisp5sable to ! ma9t5ance ( t !ory1 t ! hypo!sis w\ld be incomplete )\t x1 & t no acc\nt c be giv5 ( creation by ! m]e doctr9e ( a transmutation ( species4 ,x is ! m necess>y to make ?is rem>k1 because n a few :o embrace ! latt] doctr9e affect to dis[n ! =m]1 & seek to keep x out ( view4 ,b ! "o is z necess>y z ! o!r to a complete !ory ( ,natural ,developm5t4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges felt ?is1 & virtually ackn[l$ges x :5 he und]takes ! task ( v9dicat+ ! cr$ibility ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,b we answ]1 9 ! second place1 t ! me?od 9 :i* he p]=ms 8 self-impos$ task is s+ul>ly curi\s1 & n a little in/ructive4 ,he _h1 x mu/ be own$1 a difficult game to play4 ,! g5]al !ory ( ,! ,ve/iges is f\nd$ on ! fact t1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature1 ! races ( plants & animals are p]petuat$ by propagation1 accord+ to e/abli%$ ,natural ,laws1--a fact :i* might seem to af=d a /rong analogical argum5t 9 favor ( ! supposition t ! same ord] ( ,nature is ma9ta9$ also 9 ! few app>5tly exceptional cases 9 :i*1 f our defective k1 we are unable to trace ! connection betwe5 ! p>5t & ! product4 ,& yet ! au?or ev9ces no little anxiety to make out a case 9 favor ( a non-g5]ative orig9 ( life ev5 at ! pres5t day2 & he appeals to a class ( facts1 confess$ly obscure1 :i* h n be51 z he ?9ks1 satisfactorily acc\nt$ = by ! law :i* usually regulates ! production ( organic be+s4 ,he ref]s u to ! speculations ( ,dr4 ,all5 ,?omson on ! primitive production ( ,infusoria1#df to ! facts :i* mod]n sci5ce1 aid$ by ! microscope1 has discov]$ respect+ ! ,entozoa1 or ! creatures :i* live )9 ! bodies ( o!rs1 &1 above all1 to ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,crosse & ,mr4 ,weekes1 :i* seem$ to result 9 ! production ( a small species ( insect 7,ac>us ,crossii7 f ! action ( a voltaic batt]y on a saturat$ solution ( ! silicate ( pota%1 or ! nitrate ( copp]1 or ! f]rocyanate ( potassium4 ,! reason ( 8 anxiety to avail himself ( ^! cases is evid5t4 ,! exig5cies ( 8 !ory dem&$ a me?od ( acc\nt+ = ! prim>y orig9 ( life diff]5t f any t c be f\nd 9 ! common process ( propagation4 ,he saw cle>ly en\gh t 8 ma9 argum5t1 f\nd$1 z x 01 on ! law ( h]$it>y transmission1 c\ld n acc\nt = ! production ( ! fir/ organism2 & t1 if he w\ld avoid ei!r ! doctr9e ( ,imm$iate ,creation1 :i* is s (f5sive to him1 or ! idea ( ,et]nal ,g5]ation1 :i* is utt]ly exclud$ by ! cle>e/ lessons ( ,fossil ,geology1 he mu/ h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( ,spontane\s ,g5]ation4 ,h5ce he attempts to acc\nt = ! comm5cem5t ( new species bo? ( plants & animals1 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w's hi/ory1 by a transmutation ( species2 :ile1 = ! orig9 ( ! fir/ species1 he has rec\rse to ! same law ( ,developm5t1 b act+ 9 widely diff]5t circum/ances1 & giv+ rise to :at he calls aborig9al g5]ation1 :]eby ! inorganic passes into ! organic1 & life1 =m1 & /ructure1 are imp>t$ to hi!rto in]t mat]ials by ! action ( ,electricity on mucus or album54 ,to accompli% ?is tw(old purpose1 he felt x necess>y to insi/1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! ord9>y law ( g5]ation z ! e/abli%$ ord] ( m$iate creation2 :ile he f\nd x equally necess>y1 9 ! second place1 to insi/ on ^? app>5tly exceptional cases 9 :i* ! connection betwe5 ! g]m & ! product has hi!rto elud$ philosophical rese>*1--& ?is = ! purpose ( %[+ t ! orig9al production ( plants & animals 0 n simil> to ! ord9>y me?od ( _! propagation 9 any o!r respect ?an ?is1 t 9 bo? cases ! result is br\ght ab\t by ,natural ,laws1 )\t ! direct int]position ( any sup]natural cause4 ,n[1 9 s f> z 8 argum5t is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( analogy1--& x is on ?is pr9ciple t x proce$s ?r\gh\t1--we submit t x is radically vici\s1 & utt]ly inconclusive4 ,= ! va/ majority ( cases 9 :i* ! comm5cem5t ( life & organization falls "u our notice be+ confess$ly ^?1 n ( prim>y production1 b ( m$iate reproduction1 x is reasonable to believe t ! same law gov]ns all cases alike1 :e!r we h be5 able or n to trace ! orig9 ( life to ! pr9ciple ( propagation1 ! few app>5t exceptions be+ suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by our imp]fect k ( ! causes & conditions on :i* !y dep5d4 ,besides1 ! argum5t f analogy 9 favor ( a prim>y production ( life by natural causes1 9 s f> z x is f\nd$ on ! pres5t law ( h]$it>y transmission1 is radically defective1 s9ce ! two cases are widely diff]5t2 ! "o presuppos+ a prim>y organism ( ! same k9d1 f :i* o!rs are evolv$ by a law ( natural succession1 ! o!r exhibit+ life z a new product1 result+ n f any prior organism1 b f ! action ( causes ( a totally diff]5t k9d1 :i* are n kn[n to be capable ( giv+ bir? ei!r to vegetable or animal organisms "u ! actual con/itution ( ,nature4 ,b suppose1 ev51 t ! ,ac>us ,crossii 7 admitt$ to be a real product ( ,galvanic action on ! silicate ( pota%1 & an und5iable in/ance ( a non-g5]ative orig9 ( life1 h[ w\ld ! illu/rative example accord ) ! au?or's g5]al !ory8 ,x might af=d a specim5 ( aborig9al production2 b h[ w\ld x fit 9 ) 8 favorite doctr9e ( a gradual & progressive advancem5t f ! l[] to ! high] =ms ( organization8 ,! ,ac>us1 at fir/ suppos$ to be a new & hi!rto unkn[n creature1 is n[ ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( a v famili> species1--a species :i* may h deposit$ its ova1 & propagat$ its k9d1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 & ^: eggs might v well resi/ ! action ev5 ( nitrate ( copp]1 s9ce ! creature itself c\ld live 9 t poison\s mixture4 ,moreov]1 x belongs1 9 po9t ( organization1 to "o ( ! highe/ ord]s ( organisms2 n to ! radiata1 n to ! mollusca1 b to ! highe/ type ( ! articulata1 ! ne>e/ to ! v]tebrata4 ,_h x be5 a monad1--a m]e liv+ cell1--:i* ,galvanism evolv$ f ! solution1 & _h ?is prim>y product develop$ itself aft]w>ds 9 v>i\s =ms1 accord+ to ! asc5d+ scale ( a progressively improv+ organization1 x might h accord$ admirably ) ! tw(old doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation & transmutation ( species2 b1 un=tunately1 ! fir/ process is s p]fect1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 z to leave little room = ! second1 & we are almo/ tempt$ to hope t p]haps ! clumsy & tr\blesome exp$i5t ( a transmutation ( species may yet be sup]s$$ by ! discov]y ( "s me?od1--we "k n :at1--:]eby n only ! articulata1 b ! v]tebrata1 & ev5 ,man himself1 may be imm$iately produc$ by "s new comb9ation ( ,nature's elem5tal laws6#dg ,we h giv5 prom95ce1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! doctr9e ( spontane\s or aborig9al production1 because x con/itutes an indisp5sable "p ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 & because we believe t1 7 ?is cle>ly und]/ood1 t !ory w\ld soon s9k into g5]al discr$it or total oblivion1 l ! k9dr$ speculations ( ,anaxim&] & ,anaxagoras1 ( ! old ,ionic ,s*ool4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,ehr5b]g1 in/itut$ ) ! view ( te/+ ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 may be said to h decid$ ! :ole "q4 ,!y did n succe$1 inde$1 9 expla9+ e app>5tly exceptional case1 = "s ( ! facts are /ill obscure1 & w probably cont9ue to be s1 not)/&+ e ext5sion ( microscopic p[]1 j z1 9 ! analog\s case ( ! ,nebul1 ! increase ( telescopic p[] has enabl$ u to resolve n a few ( !m into clu/]s ( />s1 :ile x has s]v$ to br+ o!rs yet unresolv$ )9 ! range ( our vision4 ,b !y 7 suffici5t1 at lea/1 to %[ t1 z f> z our cle> k ext5ds1 ! "o uni=m law1 ,omne vivum ex ovo1 univ]sally prevails1 & t ! :ole analogy ( ,nature1 9 s f> z its con/itution has be5 asc]ta9$1 is adv]se to ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,ehr5b]g detect$ ! m9ute g]ms ( vegetable m\ld1 & ! ova ( "s ( ! smalle/ animalcules2 & :5 x is consid]$ t ^! g]ms & ova are s t5aci\s ( vitality t c]ta9 prolific se$s h come d[n to u f ! age ( ! ,ph>aohs 9 ! wrapp+s ( ! ,egyptian mummies1--t !y are widely diffus$ 9 ! air & ! wat]s1 insomu* t no soon] does a coral reef appe> above ! level ( ! sea ?an x is =?) cov]$ ) h]bage by means ( se$s waft$ by ! w9ds or deposit$ by ! waves1--& t x is almo/ impossible to exclude !m by any artificial exp$i5t1 s9ce !y are capable ( resi/+ ! action ( boil+ wat] & ev5 ( alcohol itself1--x _c1 we ?9k1 be d5i$ t ! few cases :i* /ill rema9 obscure or unexpla9$ may be1 at lea/1 probably acc\nt$ = 9 accordance ) ! same natural law :i* is f\nd to be inv>iably e/abli%$ 9 e dep>tm5t to :i* our cle> k ext5ds4 ,9 reg>d1 aga91 to ! suppos$ transmutation ( species1 we are equally w>rant$ 9 affirm+ t x is de/itute ( all exp]im5tal evid5ce1 & unsupport$ ev5 by any natural analogy4 ,z ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation /&s oppos$ to ! maxim t organic life c be produc$ only by organic life1 s ! doctr9e ( a transmutation ( species /&s oppos$ to ! equally c]ta9 maxim t l produces l1 bo? 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ,cuvi] has demon/rat$1 ) ref]5ce to ! birds & reptiles pres]v$ 9 ,egypt1 an entire fixity & uni=mity ( species1 9 e1 ev5 ! lea/1 p>ticul>1 = at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s4#dh ,9 ! actual c\rse ( ,nature we see no t5d5cy to *ange2 nay1 a b>ri] seems to h be5 erect$ 9 ! con/itution ( ,nature itself to prev5t ! possible confusion ( races by promiscu\s int]c\rse1 ?r\gh t provision :i* r5d]s ! mule incapable ( reproduction4 ,no plant has ev] be5 f\nd 9 a /ate ( transition f a l[] to a high] =m2 no in/ance has ev] be5 produc$ ( "o ( ! alg be+ transmut$ into ! l[e/ =m ( t]re/rial vegetation2 nor ( a small gelat9\s body develop+ itself into a fi%1 a bird1 or a bea/2 nor ( an ourang-outang ris+ into a man4#di ,x is true1 inde$1 t !re is a capacity 9 all species to accommodate !mselves1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to a *ange ( ext]nal circum/ances1 ?is ext5t v>y+ greatly accord+ to ! species4 ,!re may ?us arise *anges ( appe>ance or /ructure1 & "s ( ^! *anges are transmissible to ! (fspr+2 b ! mutations ?us sup]9duc$ are gov]n$ by con/ant laws & conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,indef9ite div]g5ce f ! orig9al type is n possible1 & ! extreme limit ( possible v>iation may usually be rea*$ 9 a %ort p]iod ( "t2 9 %ort1 species h a real exi/5ce 9 ,nature1 & a trans=mation f "o to ano!r does n exi/4#ej ,! :ole sci5ce ( ,natural ,hi/ory is bas$ on ! exi/5ce ( di/9ct species1 capable ( be+ discrim9at$ f ea* o!r by c]ta9 *>act]i/ic m>ks2 & ! :ole art ( ! agriculturi/ & ! /ockbre$] proce$s on ! assumption ( a law1 inv>iable 9 its op]ation1 :]eby l produces l 9 ! vegetable & animal worlds4 ,! in/ances to :i* ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges ref]s 9 support ( 8 !ory are utt]ly frivol\s :5 oppos$ to ! copi\s inductions to :i* !y are oppos$2 & !y may all be expla9$ consi/5tly ) ! law ( v>iation )9 def9ite limits1 z /at$ by ,dr4 ,:ewell1 or by our ignorance ( all ! conditions involv$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,nor is 8 argum5t f\nd$ on ! limit$ range ( our obs]vation1 ev5 ) its s+ul> illu/ration d]iv$ f ,mr4 ,babbage's calculat+ eng9e1 fitt$ to dim9i%1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 our confid5ce 9 ! g5]al results ( ^! inductions2 =1 n to m5tion t x am\nts to no?+ m ?an an appeal f :at we d "k to :at we d n "k1 f k to ignorance1 f ! c]ta9ties ( sci5ce to ! m]e possibilities ( conjecture1 x has be5 well %[n by ,mr4 ,mill]1 t our range ( obs]vation is n s limit$ z ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges w\ld h u to believe1 s9ce ext5t ( space is1 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d1 equival5t to duration ( "t4 ,=1 al?\gh no man has liv$ five hundr$ ye>s1 s z to obs]ve ! gradual developm5t ( ! oak f ! acorn 9 its v>i\s /ages ( progress1 yet e man :o c survey five hundr$ y>ds ( an ,engli% =e/1 c see ! oak 9 e /age ( its gr[?1 & ne$ h no d\bt z to ! law ( its progressive developm5t4 ,& s1 _h !re really be5 su* a transmutation ( species z is cont5d$ =1 we might expect to f9d1 some:]e on ! va/ly ext5d$ sea coa/s ( our isl&s & cont95ts1 "s specim5s ( plants or animals 9 a /ate ( transition f ! l[] to ! high] =ms4 ,we are told1 inde$1 9 answ] to ?is argum5t1 t ,mr4 ,babbage's eng9e produces numb]s accord+ to a c]ta9 law up to a p>ticul> po9t1 & !n1 mo/ unexpect$ly1 p]haps ev5 unacc\ntably1 ! law ( ! s]ies is *ang$1 & ! next t]m exhibits a /rik+ dep>ture f ! ord] previ\sly foll[$2 & s1 x is argu$1 x may be 9 nature4 ,ea* organism may propagate aft] its k9d = imm5se p]iods1 s z to give ! impression ( ?is be+ an inv>iable law2 b at a c]ta9 /age ! ord] may *ange1 & ! next t]m 9 ! s]ies may diff] f all t w5t be=e x4 ,! argum5t--if x c be call$ an argum5t--am\nts to ?is3 ,mr4 ,babbage's ma*9e produces a s]ies ( numb]s1 & ( numb]s only1 b accord+ to diff]5t laws ( succession2 ergo1 ,nature may produce 9 ! same way1 & ) simil> v>iations1 diff]5t races ( plants & animals4 ,! argum5t w\ld h be5 p]fect if ! eng9e _h produc$ some?+ else ?an numb]s2 if1 z ,pr(essor ,dod supposes1 :ile wat*+ ,mr4 ,babbage's ma*9e1 pres5t+ to u successive numb]s by ! revolution ( its plates1 we %\ld sudd5ly see "o ( ^? plates resolv+ itself into types1 & ^! types arrang+ !mselves 9 ! ord] ( a page ( ',p>adise ,lo/1' or ev5 ( ',! ,ve/iges ( ,creation2'--9 su* a case1 !re might h be5 some?+ 9 ! argum5t2 b ev5 !n1 ! )]+ "q rema9s1 ,is !re any man 9 8 s5ses :o w\ld n imm$iately conclude t "s new cause 0 n[ at "w8 ,9 %ort1 9 s f> z ! facts ( ! case are conc]n$1 !re is n only no kn[n in/ance ei!r ( spontane\s g5]ation or ( transmutation ( species1 b !re is n ev5 any natural analogy t c give ! !ory ! slighte/ aspect ( v]isimilitude4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges ?9ks t a presumption 9 its favor may be d]iv$ f ! analogy ( ! inorganic _w1--9 o!r words1 f ! suppos$ conv]sion ( nebul into planets & a/ral sy/ems by ! op]ation ( natural causes2 b ?is analogy has be5 conclusively set aside by disprov+ ! hypo!sis on :i* x dep5ds4 ,he fur!r ?9ks t a favorable presumption may be d]iv$ f ! analogy ( ! organic _w1--9 o!r words1 f ! process ( propagation by :i* ! races ( plants & animals are p]petuat$2 b ! presumption !nce d]iv$1 s f> f be+ favorable1 is directly oppos$ to 8 !ory1 s9ce all ! facts :i* come "u our cognizance 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,nature s]ve only to e/abli% ! two great maxims ( ,natural ,hi/ory1--t organic life c spr+ only f organic life1 & t l produces l1 bo? 9 ! vegetable & animal _w4 ,if we h succe$$ 9 dispos+ ( ! facts ( ! case1 we %all h little difficulty 9 expos+ ! fallacy ( ! pr9ciples :i* are involv$ 9 ! au?or's speculations on ?is subject4 ,x is ( fundam5tal importance1 9 ?is inquiry1 to =m a cle> & correct conception ( ! precise po9t at issue1 & ( ! two alt]natives betwe5 :i* we are call$ to make our *oice4 ,x has be5 well said t ! great antagoni/ po9ts 9 ! array ( ! opposite l9es are simply ! ,,law ( ,developm5t v]sus ! ,,miracle ( ,creation4#ea ,& ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges virtually ackn[l$ges ?is to be ! real /ate ( ! "q1 :5 he says t if we c see no natural orig9 = species1 a miracul\s "o mu/ be admitt$4#eb ,n[1 ! gr& alt]native be+ ,creation by ,miracle or ,creation by ,law1 t is1 ,creation by a ,natural or by a ,sup]natural cause1 we affirm t x is utt]ly presumptu\s & unphilosophical to repres5t ! "o z less wor?y ( ,god1 or m d]ogatory to ,8 inf9ite p]fections1 ?an ! o!r4 ,yet ! au?or does n hesitate to say t ! natural ought to be pref]r$ to ! miracul\s me?od ( acc\nt+ = ! orig9 bo? ( planets & ( _! inhabitants1 = ?is among o!r reasons1 t ! latt] w\ld be d]ogatory to ! wisdom & p[] ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,8 words are rem>kable3 ,! ,et]nal ,sov]eign arranges a sol> or an a/ral sy/em by dispositions imp>t$ primordially to matt]2 ,he causes1 by ! same maje/ic means1 va/ oceans to =m & cont95ts to rise1 & all ! gr& meteoric ag5cies to proce$ 9 ceaseless alt]nation1 s z to fit ! e>? = a resid5ce ( organic be+s4 ,b :51 9 ! c\rse ( ^! op]ations1 fuci & corals are to be = ! fir/ "t plac$ 9 ^? oceans1 a p>ticul> int]f]5ce ( ! ,div9e p[] is requir$2 & ?is special att5tion is ne$$ :5ev] a new family ( organisms is to be introduc$1--a new fiat = fi%es1 ano!r = reptiles1 a ?ird = birds2 nay1 tak+ up ! pres5t views ( ,geologi/s z to species1 su* an ev5t z ! comm5cem5t ( a c]ta9 cephalopod1 "o ) a few new nodulosites & corrugations ^u its %ell1 w\ld1 on ?is !ory1 require ! p>ticul> c>e ( t same ,almighty :o will$ at once ! :ole means by :i* inf9ity 0 repl5i%$ ) its worlds8 444 ,is x conceivable1 z a fitt+ mode ( ex]cise = ,creative ,intellig5ce1 t x %\ld be con/antly pay+ a special att5tion to ! creation ( species1 z !y may be requir$ 9 ea* situation ?r\gh\t ^? worlds at p>ticul> times8 ,is su* an idea accordant ) our g5]al conception ( ! dignity1 n to speak ( ! p[]1 ( ! ,great ,au?or8 444 ,x w\ld be di/ress+ to be compell$ to picture ! p[] ( ,god z put =? 9 any o!r mann] ?an 9 ^? sl[1 my/]i\s1 univ]sal laws :i* h s pla9ly an et]nity to "w 94#ec ,su* is ! au?or's presumptu\s decision on a matt] :i* is f> too high = him4 ,we (f] ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u x3 ,fir/ ( all1 let x be obs]v$ t1 unless on ! pr9ciple ( absolute ,a!ism1 :i* he pr(esses to repudiate1 he _c b ackn[l$ge t once1 at lea/1 ! p[] ( ,god mu/ h be5 put =? 9 ano!r mann] ?an 9 ^? sl[1 my/]i\s1 univ]sal laws ( :i* he speaks2 & t1 ev5 if he c\ld succe$ 9 disprov+ repeat$ int]f]5ces ( creative p[]1 he c\ld 9 n[ise disp5se ) a primitive act ( direct1 imm$iate1 sup]natural creation1 s9ce he does n pr(ess to believe 9 ! et]nal exi/5ce ( matt] & its laws4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 t ev5 9 ! subsequ5t acts ( a cont9u\s1 b m$iate creation1 he is compell$ to ackn[l$ge a sup]natural p[] z act+1 9 ea* individual case1 accord+ to e/abli%$ natural laws2 = he says expressly1 ,!re _c be an inh]5t intellig5ce 9 ^! laws2 ! intellig5ce appe>s ext]nal to ! laws1 some?+ ( :i* ! laws are b z ! expression ( ! w & p[]4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 ! laws _c be reg>d$ z prim>y or indep5d5t causes ( ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w4 ,we come1 9 %ort1 to a be+ beyond ,nature1--its ,au?or1 its ,god4 444 ,:5 we speak ( ,natural ,law1 we only speak ( ! mode 9 :i* ! ,div9e p[] is ex]cis$2 x is b ano!r phrase = ! action ( ! ev]-pres5t & su/a9+ ,god4#ed ,x is admitt$1 !n1 fir/1 t !re mu/ h be5 a prim>y act ( creation1 9 ! highe/ & /ricte/ s5se1 by a direct & imm$iate int]position ( ,div9e p[]1 at ! comm5cem5t ( creat$ exi/5ce2 &1 secondly1 t1 ev5 9 ! cont9u\s "w ( creation1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 subsequ5tly c>ri$ on aft] ! me?od ( developm5t by e/abli%$ natural laws1 ,div9e ag5cy is /ill equally real1 al?\gh x is diff]5tly manife/$1 & is indisp5sably necess>y to acc\nt = ! result+ products4 ,n[1 c x be reasonably ass]t$ t ! direct & imm$iate creation ( su* a be+ z ,man w\ld be m d]ogatory to ! wisdom & p[] ( ,god ?an ! primordial production ( a univ]sal ,fire-,mi/1 or ev5 ( electricity & album58 or1 w x be pret5d$ t imm$iate creation ( molluscs z molluscs1 ( fi%es z fi%es1 ( reptiles z reptiles1 w\ld be less wor?y ( ! great ,au?or ( ,nature ?an ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em :i* mu/ 9 due "t give !m bir?1 & t1 too1 n )\t ! concurr5ce & cop]ation ( ! ,div9e w2 = natural law is b ano!r phrase = ! action ( ! ev]-pres5t & su/a9+ ,god8 ,b1 :ile we hold t !re is no good gr\nd = an affirmative answ] to ^! que/ions1 we w\ld c>efully gu>d aga9/ ru%+ to ! opposite extreme1 & affirm+1 ei!r t ! production ( new races by ! me?od ( natural law 01 on a priori gr\nds1 impossible1 or t ,god might n h adopt$ t me?od1 _h ,he s pleas$1 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ! manife/ation ( ,8 wisdom & p[]4 ,we see t ,he has done s1 "u ! actual con/itution ( ,nature1 s f> z ! production ( individuals is conc]n$2 we see n :y a simil> provision might n h be5 made = ! production ( g5]a & species4 ,9 ei!r way ,8 p[] & ,8 wisdom might h be5 display$4 ,b1 :5 we are told t ! "o is d]ogatory to ! ,div9e ,maje/y1 & ! o!r alone consi/5t ) ! l(tie/ views ( ,8 p]fections1 we d5\nce ! :ole speculation z "o t is alike presumptu\s & unphilosophical1 on ! simple b conclusive gr\nd t we are 9 no degree compet5t judges ( ! be/ me?od ei!r ( creat+ or ( gov]n+ ! _w4 ,_h we be5 ask$ to say :e!r x 0 likely t1 "u ! rule ( inf9ite wisdom & almighty p[]1 c]ta9 insects1 reptiles1 & fi%es1 t are unattractive to ! eye1 & loa?some to ! fa/idi\s ta/e ( _m1 c\ld f9d a place at all among ! works ( ,god1 we might h ?\ght x improbable t !y %\ld be creat$2 b !y exi/ not)/&+1 & ! fact ( _! exi/5ce is en\gh to sil5ce all our presumptive reason+s4 ,& surely x is n less--x is mu* m--presumptu\s to affirm t1 exi/+ z !y d1 !y c\ld n h be5 br\ght into be+1 )\t disp>agem5t to ,div9e wisdom1 o!rwise ?an by ! action ( e/abli%$ laws1 or by a process ( natural developm5t2 z if x 7 unwor?y ( ,god to produce t = ^: production ,he confess$ly did make provision4 ,b1 fur!r1 we see "h v /rik+ly exemplifi$ ! t5d5cy ( su* speculations to exclude ,god f all real1 active1 & direct connection ) ,8 works4 ,! dom9ion ( ,natural ,law1 :i*1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 is held by ,m4 ,comte & ,mr4 ,combe to exclude ! doctr9e ( a special ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( pray]1 is "h ext5d$1 by ! au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges1 s z to be exclusive also ( any direct ,div9e int]position 9 ! "w ( ,creation itself1 o!r ?an :at may h be5 impli$ 9 ! aborig9al production ( matt] & its laws1 or 9 ! subsequ5t concurr5ce ( ,8 w ) ! action ( ^! laws 9 ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ,nature4 ,we h said t ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 z exp\nd$ 9 ,! ,ve/iges1 is n necess>ily a!i/ic1 p>tly because ! au?or pr(ess$ly disclaims ,a!ism1 & p>tly also because1 9 /rict logic1 x might /ill be possible1 ev5 on ! basis ( t !ory1 consid]$ simply 9 itself & ap>t f ! speculations ) :i* x has be5 associat$1 to con/ruct1 f ! actual ph5om5a ( ,nature1 a valid pro( = ! be+ & attributes ( ,god4 ,& yet we h ?\ght x necess>y to adv]t to x z "o ( ! rec5t speculations ( sci5ce1 because1 :atev] may be its pr(ess$ aim1 its practical t5d5cy is unque/ionably ho/ile to ! influ5ce ( religi\s tru?4 ,x w be f\nd1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 & especially 9 ! case ( ard5t y\?ful m9ds1 t ?is !ory1 :5 x is embrac$ z an article ( _! philosophic cre$1 is1 to all practical purposes1 tantam\nt to ,a!ism4 ,= n to insi/ on ! consid]ation1 s =cibly /at$ by o!rs1#ee t ! natural argum5t = ! ,immortality ( ,man1 or = ! doctr9e ( a ,future ,life1 z imply+ di/9ct individuality & cont9u$ self-consci\sness1 mu/ be mat]ially weak5$1 if n entirely neutraliz$1 by a !ory ( developm5t :i* traces ! human l9eage up ?r\gh ! monkeys & fi%es to album5 impregnat$ by electricity1 or1 fur!r /ill1 to a diffus$ ,nebula or univ]sal ,fire-,mi/1--we ?9k t ! ,s5sational & ,mat]iali/ic speculations ) :i* ! "w ab\nds h a t5d5cy to weak5 ! evid5ce = a liv+1 p]sonal1 spiritual ,god1 z ! ,creator & ,moral ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 & to dim9i% t rev]5ce1 confid5ce1 & love1 :i* ^! aspects ( ,8 "* alone c inspire4 ,! sy/em ( ,epicurus1 al?\gh x conta9$ a =mal recognition ( a ,fir/ ,cause1 has always be5 held to be practically a!i/ic1 simply because x remov$ ,god f ! active sup]9t5d5ce ( ! affairs ( ! _w1 & exclud$ ! doctr9e ( a special provid5ce & ( a moral gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 held1 9 ! words ( ,cic]o1 ,epicurum v]bis reliquisse ,deos1--re su/ulisse4#ef ,& s1 9 ,! ,ve/iges1 ,natural ,law is sub/itut$ = ,sup]natural ,int]position1 n only 9 ! common c\rse ( ,provid5ce1 b 9 ! /up5d\s "w ( ,creation itself4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,social ,,or ,,hi/orical ,,developm5t4--,,augu/e ,,comte4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t ! pr9ciple ( ,developm5t _h exhau/$ its p[]s1 & a*iev$ its highe/ triumphs1 :5 x _h be5 appli$ successively to acc\nt1 fir/1 = ! creation ( planets & a/ral sy/ems1 &1 secondly1 = ! production ( vegetable & animal life2 & t little c\ld rema9 = x to d aft] x _h succe$$ 9 trac+ ! g5ealogy ( ,,man back1 9 a direct l9e ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 to ! nebul\s matt] or lum9\s ,fire-,mi/ :i* 0 diffus$ at ! beg9n+ ( "t ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se4 ,b1 on a m c>eful /udy ( its la/ & highe/ product1--,,man1 ) 8 intellectual & moral nature1 8 religi\s beliefs1 8 social hi/ory1 & 8 immortal hopes1--x seem$ z if !re 7 /ill "s ph5om5a :i* rema9$ to be acc\nt$ =1 "s facts ( palpable reality & great magnitude :i* _h n yet be5 adequately expla9$4 ,! m5tal faculties & _! op]ations1 ! moral laws t are univ]sally recogniz$ & appeal$ to1 ! social in/itutions :i* h be5 e/abli%$1 ! religi\s beliefs & feel+s :i* h g5]ally prevail$1 & ! rites ( wor%ip :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 all ages & climes1 7 s widely diff]5t f ! ph5om5a ( m]e vegetable or animal life1 t !y seem$ to dem& a di/9ct acc\nt ( _! orig92 & x might n be app>5t1 at fir/ sight1 h[ !y c\ld be r$uc$ "u ! same all-p]vad+ law by :i* ! planets 7 =m$1 s z to exclude all idea ( ,div9e sup]natural int]position4 ,?is ,h]culean task 0 fe>lessly und]tak51 h[ev]1 by ,m4 ,,augu/e ,,comte1 & x has be5 elaborat$ ) s+ul> ability 9 8 pond]\s "w1 ! ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive4 ,m4 ,comte's ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy began to be deliv]$ at ,p>is 9 ! w9t] ( #ahbi-cj1 & 0 complet$ 9 its publi%$ =m 9 #ahdb-dc4 ,x compreh5ds a g5]al outl9e ( all ! bran*es ( ,inductive ,sci5ce1 & ( ! relations :i* !y be> to ea* o!r2 & !y are exp\nd$ 9 a /yle s+ul>ly copi\s1 cle>1 & =cible4 ,he has acquir$1 9 consequ5ce1 a high reputation z a philosophical ?9k]1 & has already f\nd1 9 our own c\ntry1 "s able allies1 & n a few en?usia/ic admir]s4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,logic1 by ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 & ,! ,biographical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 are av[$ly indebt$ to 8 speculations = "s ( _! mo/ *>act]i/ic cont5ts2 :ile ! outl9e ( 8 !ory has be5 pres5t$ to ! m popul> class ( read]s 9 ,engl& ?r\gh ! columns ( ,! ,lead]1 & 9 ,scotl& ?r\gh ^? ( ,! ,glasg[ ,me*anics' ,j\rnal4 ,x is n my int5tion1 nor is x necess>y = my pres5t purpose1 to (f] any rem>ks on ! /rictly sci5tific portion ( 8 volum9\s "w4 ,i %all conf9e myself exclusively to ^? speculations :i* be>1 m or less directly1 on ! great cause ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 select+ !m f all ! v>i\s p>ts ( 8 "w1 & exhibit+ !m1 9 "o compreh5sive view1 z a compact !ory ( absolute & av[$ ,a!ism4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( 8 sy/em is a suppos$ law ( ! developm5t ( human ?\ght1 :i* regulates & det]m9es ! :ole progress ( ! species 9 ! acquisition ( k4 ,?is law is ann\nc$ ) ! air ( a man :o has made a great discov]y1 & :o is entitl$1 9 consequ5ce1 to be reg>d$ bo? z an orig9al ?9k]1 & z a b5efactor to ! _w4 ,i believe1 he says1 t ,i h discov]$ a gr& fundam5tal law1--! fundam5tal law ( ! developm5t ( ! human m9d2 444 ! gr& law :i* ,i h indicat$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( my sy/em ( ,positive ,politics1 444 :]e ,i h divulg$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! discov]y ( ?is law4#eg ,n[1 :at1 x may be ask$1 is ?is m>vell\s discov]y1 :i* bids s fair bo? to immortalize its au?or & to enlight5 ! _w8 ,x is /at$ briefly 9 ! fir/1 & illu/rat$ at great] l5g? 9 ! f\r? & foll[+ volumes ( 8 "w4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( 8 !ory is ?us sket*$3 ,t law consi/s 9 ?is1--t ea* "o ( our lead+ conceptions1 e bran* ( our k1 passes successively ?r\gh ?ree diff]5t !oretic /ates3 ! /ate !ological or fictiti\s1 ! /ate metaphysical or ab/ract1 & ! /ate sci5tific or positive4 ,9 o!r words1 ! human m9d1 by its nature1 employs successively1 9 ea* ( its rese>*es1 ?ree me?ods ( philosophiz+1 ^: "* is ess5tially diff]5t1 & ev5 radically oppos$3 fir/1 ! ,!ological me?od2 !n1 ! ,metaphysical2 &1 la/ ( all1 ! ,positive4 ,h5ce ?ree sy/ems ( ,philosophies1 :i* mutually exclude ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ is ! necess>y />t+-po9t ( ! human m9d2 ! ?ird is its fix$1 ultimate /ate2 ! second is purely provisional1 & de/9$ m]ely to s]ve z an int]m$iate /age4#eh ,^! are ! ?ree great /ages ?r\gh :i* ! collective m9d ( ,humanity mu/ necess>ily pass 9 its progressive advancem5t t[>ds a p]fect k ( tru?2 b ( ^! ?ree1 ! fir/1 or ! ,!ological ,epo*1 is aga9 subdivid$1 & exhibit$ z comm5c+ ) ,feti%ism1 !n advanc+ to ,poly!ism1 & f9ally consummat$ 9 ,mono!ism4 ,,feti%ism is suppos$ to h be5 ! fir/ =m ( ! ,!ological ,philosophy2 & x is describ$ z consi/+ 9 ! ascription ( a life & intellig5ce ess5tially analog\s to our own to e exi/+ object1 ( :atev] k9d1 :e!r organic or inorganic1 natural or artificial4 ,x is trac$ to a primitive t5d5cy1 suppos$ to exi/ equally 9 man & 9 ! l[] animals1 to conceive ( all ext]nal objects z animat$1 & to ascribe to !m ! same1 or simil>1 p[]s & feel+s ) ^? :i* belong to ! liv+ tribes !mselves4#ei ,let an infant1 = example1 or a savage1 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a dog or a monkey1 behold a wat* = ! fir/ "t1 !re w d\btless be no imm$iate pr(\nd diff]5ce1 unless 9 respect to ! mann] ( repres5t+ x1 betwe5 ! spontane\s conception :i* w repres5t to ! "o & ! o!r t admirable product ( human indu/ry z a sort ( v]itable animal1 hav+ its own peculi> ta/es & incl9ations2 :5ce results1 consequ5tially1 9 ?is respect1 a ,feti%ism fundam5tally common to bo?1 ! =m] only hav+ ! exclusive privilege ( be+ able ultimately to get out ( x4 ,?is in/9ctive & spontane\s belief--! natural1 &1 inde$1 ! necess>y result ( a t5d5cy inh]5t 9 liv+ be+s--is conceiv$ to h be5 an indisp5sable & a mo/ useful provision = ! primeval /ate ( man1 & to h ex]t$ a highly salut>y influ5ce on ! progressive developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,x is contra/$ ) ! subsequ5t b m advanc$ /age ( ,poly!ism2#fj & ! latt] is held to d5ote a spontane\s belief 9 sup]natural be+s1 di/9ct f & ev5 indep5d5t ( matt]1 s9ce x is passively subject to _! w2 :ile ! =m] consid]s matt] itself z animat$1 & has no idea ( any high] or m spiritual =m ( be+4 ,x is fur!r suppos$ t idolatry1 prop]ly s call$1 belongs to ,feti%ism only1 & n at all to ,poly!ism1 = ?is s+ul>1 b n v conclusive reason1 among o!rs1 t if ,poly!ism be ju/ly *>geable ) idolatry because x recognizes _m wills sup]ior to ,nature & hav+ p[] ov] x1 ,ca?olicism w\ld be equally liable to ! same *>ge 9 respect ( ! homage :i* x r5d]s to sa9ts & angels6#fa ,b ,feti%ism is only ! initial /ep 9 ! process ( our intellectual developm5t2 & x passes into ,poly!ism1 n sudd5ly & p] salium1 b sl[ly & gradually1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( ,a/rolatrie1 or ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! m9d is imp]ceptibly dive/$ ( ! idea t ev]y?+ ar\nd x is animat$1 &1 by a process ( real1 b z yet imp]fect g5]alization1 x rises f ,feti%ism to ,poly!ism2 9 :i* latt] sy/em ( belief an ord] ( p[]s sup]ior to ,nature is recogniz$1 :ile z yet !re is no conception ( a supreme & all-p]fect ,m9d4 ,! ,poly!i/ic sy/em1 :i* prevail$ s univ]sally 9 ! anci5t _w1 & :i* /ill prevails among ,hea!n nations1 is suppos$ to h be51 n a decl5sion f a pur] & bett] /ate1 n a corruption ei!r ( natural or reveal$ religion1 b a /ep 9 advance ( ! prim>y fai? ( mank9d1 a result ( gr[+ intellig5ce1 a va/ & mo/ b5eficial *ange 9 ! "r direction4 ,x 0 ! fir/ great product ( ! metaphysical _s1 ! result ( an e>ly b imp]fect g5]alization2 x con/itut$ ! pr9cipal era ( ! !ological hi/ory ( mank9d2 x 0 admirably adapt$1 &1 inde$1 indisp5sably necess>y1 to ! exig5cies ( society at ! "t :5 x prevail$2 x 0 m int5sely religi\s ?an ,mono!ism itself1 s9ce x br\ght man habitually into contact ) a multitude ( gods1 ^: symbols 7 always pres5t & visible to ! eye1 :ile x ex]t$ a :olesome influ5ce on ,sci5ce1 on ,poetry1 on ,indu/ry1 on ,morals1 &1 inde$1 on ! :ole process ( man's m5tal & social developm5t4#fb ,b ,poly!ism1 al?\gh indisp5sable & salut>y z a provisional belief1 0 n de/9$ to be p]man5t2 x 0 to be sup]s$$ 9 due "t1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! lite ( humanity1 by ! high] & /ill m ab/ract sy/em ( ,mono!ism1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! natural & inevitable product ( human intellig5ce1 indep5d5tly ( all sup]natural tea*+1 at a c]ta9 /age ( its developm5t4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 ! *ange is n effect$ sudd5ly2 ! human m9d advances gradually f ,poly!ism to ,mono!ism1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /age ( ! idea ( ,immutability or ,de/9y1--an idea sugge/$ p>tly by ! /udy ( ! inv>iable ord] ( ,nature1 & p>tly by ! irresi/ible dom9ation ( "o great temporal p[]1 su* z ! iron empire ( ,rome4#fc ,hi/orically1 inde$1 ,mono!ism is said to h spread 9 ,europe ?r\gh ! ,jews1 :o d]iv$ x f ,egypt2 b x is add$ t1 _h !re be5 no ,jews1 o!rs w\ld h giv5 bir? to a sy/em s necess>y = ! developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,! preval5ce ( ,mono!ism1 = a limit$ "t1 0 useful1 & ev5 necess>y1 z ! natural result ( ! great law ( human progress1 & ! indisp5sable precursor ( a new & bright] era2 b x 0 tempor>y & provisional m]ely1--a /age 9 ! onw>d m>* ( developm5t1 n ! ultimate l&+-place ( human ?\ght4 ,x is conceiv$ to be radically incompatible ) ! recognition ( inv>iable natural laws1 & ev5 ) ! ex]cise ( ! indu/rial arts4#fd ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! la/ & highe/ =m ( ! ,!ological ,philosophy2 &1 hav+ rea*$ ?is /age1 ! human m9d necess>ily advances beyond x1 until x arrives at a po9t :]e all !ology disappe>s1 & :]e x is entirely & =ev] emancipat$ f all ! beliefs1 ! hopes1 & ! fe>s :i* h any ref]5ce to an invisible spiritual _w4 ,! ultimate goal ( speculative ?\ght is ! ,positive ,philosophy1 :i* treats only ( ! ,facts ( ,nature1 & ( _! cord9ation "u g5]al laws1 to ! utt] exclusion ( all sup]natural p[]s1 & ( all k ( causes1 :e!r effici5t or f9al4 ,b ?is goal _c be rea*$1 x seems1 by a sudd5 or abrupt transition f ! ,!ological to ! ,a!i/ic cre$4 ,!re mu/ be an int]m$iate /age1--! era1 9 %ort1 ( ,metaphysics1--dur+ :i* ! process ( ,criticism w op]ate z a solv5t on all previ\s beliefs1 & by produc+ ,skepticism1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 9 reg>d to all o!r sy/ems1 w t5d at l5g? to conc5trate ! att5tion ( mank9d exclusively on ! tru?s ( ,inductive ,sci5ce4 ,! ,metaphysical ,philosophy is held to be ! necess>y1 b tempor>y /age ( transition f ! !ological to ! positive me?od 9 sci5ce4 ,x is de/9$ to sup]s$e ! "o1 & to introduce ! o!r4 ,x is conceiv$ to be equally at v>iance ) bo?2 & ! era ( its asc5d5cy is describ$ z a critical1 de/ructive1 revolution>y age1 useful only z x deliv]s mank9d f ! %ackles ( =m] beliefs1 & prep>es !m = ! adoption ( a new & purely natural sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,dur+ ?is era ( decomposition !re w comm5ce ! recon/ruction ( human op9ion on new & m solid f\ndations2 & ! transition f ,mono!ism to ,positive ,sci5ce w be ! greate/ a*ievem5t ( ! race1 great] f> ?an ! advancem5t f ,feti%ism to ,poly!ism1 or ev5 f ,poly!ism to ,mono!ism itself4 ,! culm9at+ po9t ( human progress is absolute & univ]sal ,a!ism4#fe ,surely su* a prospect may well arre/ ! mo/ ?\ghtless1 & prompt !m to inquire1 ) "s measure ( moral e>ne/ness1 ,:at is ?is ,positive ,philosophy1 ?is ultimate l&+-place ( human ?\ght1 ?is f9al goal ( human progress8 ,is x no?+ else ?an ! ,inductive ,sci5ce ( ,bacon1 b "u a new & less attractive "n8 or is x a philosophy radically diff]5t f x1 & entitl$1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z an orig9al me?od8 ,! au?or tells u t he might h call$ x ,natural ,sci5ce1 or ! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 s9ce x treats ( ,facts & _! ,laws2 b t he _h be5 induc$ to pref] ! di/9ctive title ( positive1 z "o bett] fitt$ to m>k ! contra/ betwe5 x & ! negative "* ( ^? metaphysical & !ological sy/ems :i* x is de/9$ to sup]s$e4 ,& yet x w be f\nd t1 9 s f> z x diff]s at all f ! ,inductive ,sci5ce ( ,bacon1 x is purely negative1 s9ce its *ief *>act]i/ic is ! negation ( all ,!ology1 & ! entire exclusion f ! doma9 ( human k1 ( ,causes1 :e!r effici5t or f9al4 ,x adds no?+ to ! sum ( human ?\ght :i* might n be rea*$ by ,bacon's me?od2 x only subtracts :atev] has ref]5ce to ! ,div9e & ,sup]natural1 & especially ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! !ory ( ,causation4 ,x makes no new contribution to ! g5]al /ock1 unless1 inde$1 x be ! hi!rto unkn[n law ( developm5t :i* is suppos$ to regulate & det]m9e ! progress ( humanity f primeval ,feti%ism to ultimate ,a!ism2 & x takes away ,!ology1 ) all its ennobl+ beliefs & bless$ hopes1 n by grappl+ ) & solv+1 b by m]ely disc>d+ ! problem bo? ( ! orig9 & end ( ! _w4 ,t ?is is a correct acc\nt ( ! new !ory is evid5t f 8 own words3 ,! fundam5tal "* ( ! ,positive ,philosophy is1 to reg>d all ph5om5a z subject$ to inv>iable natural laws1 ! precise discov]y ( :i*1 & _! r$uction to ! lea/ possible numb]1 is ! end ( all our ef=ts2 :ile we reg>d ! inve/igation ( :at are call$ causes1 :e!r fir/ or f9al1 z absolutely inaccessible & void ( s5se = u4 444 ,we h no pret5sion to exp\nd ! produc+ causes ( ! ph5om5a1 = 9 t we c nev] d m ?an pu% back ! difficulty2 we seek only to analyze ) exactitude ! circum/ances ( _! production1 & to connect !m ) "o ano!r by ! normal relations ( succession & similitude4--,9 ! positive /ate ( sci5ce1 ! human m9d1 ackn[l$g+ ! impossibility ( obta9+ absolute k1 ab&ons ! se>* aft] ! orig9 & de/9ation ( ! univ]se1 & ! k ( ! secret causes ( ph5om5a4#ff ,x is ?us pla9ly ann\nc$ t ! ,positive ,philosophy is ! sci5ce ( facts & _! laws1 exclusive ( all ref]5ce to causes1 effici5t or f9al2 & x is ev5 admitt$ t ,!ology c\ld n be exclud$1 7 x deem$ legitimate or possible = ! human m9d to inve/igate ! causes ( ph5om5a4 ,view+ ! !ory 9 ?is light1 we submit ! foll[+ rem>ks z a suffici5t antidote to ?is d>+ b impot5t attempt to exclude ,!ology f ! doma9 ( human k4 #a4 ,x is wor?y ( notice h[ completely ! ,infidel p>ty h %ift$ _! gr\nd & *ang$ _! tactics s9ce ! era ( ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution2 & h[ utt]ly inconsi/5t are ! argum5ts ( ,m4 ,comte & ! ,positive ,s*ool ) ^? ( ,voltaire & ! ,encyclop$i/s4 ,=m]ly1 ,religion 0 wont to be ascrib$ to prie/craft2 x 0 suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ by fraud1 support$ by falsehood1 & pr(ess$ 9 hypocrisy2 & ! ,*ur*1 b especially ! hi]>*y ( ,rome1 0 ! object ( incessant ridicule or malignant abuse4 ,b n[1 ,religion is discov]$ to be ! natural1 necess>y1 & salut>y result ( ! legitimate action ( ! human faculties 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t1 ! initial impell5t ( social progress1 ! indisp5sable condition ( advanc+ civilization2 &1 on ! broad1 g5]al pr9ciple t s9c]ity ( conviction is ess5tial to wide-spread success1 ! !ory :i* ascribes its orig9 to ! fraud or ! policy1 :e!r ( k+s1 or prie/s1 or fanatics1 is sc\t$ z a m]e delirium ( ,voltaire1 or z "o ( ^? revolution>y prejudices ( 8 disa/r\s era :i* 7 alike irrational & injuri\s4 ,& ! ,*ur*1 s f> f be+ ridicul$ or malign$1 is laud$ above measure z ! highe/ extant product ( human wisdom2 ,ca?olicism is ev5 pref]r$ to ,*ri/ianity itself1 z a manife/ improvem5t on ! m primitive =m ( fai? & wor%ip2 x is decl>$ to be ! indisp5sable basis ( ! future reorganization ( society1 :i*1 :5 x %all h be5 fre$ f all !ological influ5ce1 its only po9t ( weakness1 w /ill survive1 ) its sep>ate speculative class1 its impos+ public =ms1 & its spl5did hi]>*y1--an ,a!i/ic society1 b /ill ,ca?olic & ,"o4#fg ,! *ange1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 ! op9ions :i* prevail$1 respectively1 at ! era ( ! fir/ & t ( ! second ,revolution1 is at once /rik+ & in/ructive4 ,x %[s h[ v>iable & vacillat+ is ! wret*$ cre$ ( ,infidelity1 & h[ ! firm ma9t5ance ( tru? w ev5tually compel ! homage1 ev5 :]e x may n succe$ 9 c>ry+ ! convictions1 ( speculative m9ds4 ,t ,religion 9 all its successive =ms1 f ! rude/ ,feti%ism up to ! sublime/ ,*ri/ian ,mono!ism1 has be5 ! natural & g5u9e product ( human intellig5ce1 work+ ev] onw>d & upw>d to a /ill high] /age ( developm5t1--t its exi/5ce 0 inevitable1 & its influ5ce1 on ! :ole1 highly b5eficial1--& t1 ev5 :5 x %all h pass$ away1 society w /ill be l>gely indebt$ to x = ! impulse1 yet unsp5t1 :i* x has imp>t$ to ! cause ( civilization & progress1--all ?is is admitt$ & ev5 ma9ta9$ by ,m4 ,comte1 9 direct & (t5 d]isive opposition to ! !ori/s :o once ascrib$ its orig9 to fraud1 & its preval5ce to prie/craft2 nay1 he elevates x to ! rank ( a primordial & indisp5sable elem5t ( human progress1 a necess>y & legitimate result ( ! great law ( human developm5t4 ,we "k ( no p>allel in/ance ( a *ange ( op9ion s great & sudd51 unless x be ! m>vell\s transition ( c]ta9 mod]n ,rationali/s :o 7 wont to ridicule ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity z absurd & incompreh5sible1 b :o h n[ arriv$ at ! conclusion t x is ! fundam5tal law ( human ?\ght6#fh ,/ill1 ) all ?is outw>d homage to ,religion1 consid]$ z a m]e matt] ( hi/ory1 ! !ory ( ,m4 ,comte is ess5tially & ev5 av[$ly ,a!i/ic4 ,x is ma9ly design$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( all ,religion1 :e!r ,natural or ,reveal$1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! supposition ei!r ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or ( 8 int]position at any "t 9 ! affairs ( m54 ,he seems to h propos$ to himself a tw(old object3 fir/1 to acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( ! v>i\s =ms ( natural religion & sup]/ition1 )\t recogniz+ any valid evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( sup]natural p[]s2 &1 secondly1 to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 or1 z he calls x1 ( ,mono!ism1 )\t recogniz+ ! reality ( any ,div9e ,revelation4 ,& he attempts to accompli% bo? objects by means ( ! same law--a law ( developm5t :i*1 9 primitive times1 produc$ ,feti%ism--:i* !n produc$ ,poly!ism2 !n ,mono!ism2 !n ! ,metaphysical transition era1 dur+ :i* all ,!ology is und]go+ a process ( dis9tegration & decay2 &1 la/ ( all 7! noble/1 because ! late/1 bir? ( "t71 ! ,positive ,philosophy1 "u ^: pr$ict$ asc5dancy all ,!ology mu/ die & be buri$ 9 ev]la/+ oblivion4 ,8 !ory is n m]ely ,anti-,prote/ant1 al?\gh x is bitt]ly s2#fi nor m]ely ,anti-,*ri/ian1 z oppos$ to all ,revelation2 b x is ,anti-,!ological1 z oppos$ to all ,religion4 ,x proposes to elim9ate ,!ology f ! s*eme ( our k1 by %[+ t x is utt]ly inaccessible to our faculties1 & nei!r necess>y to society nor useful to morals4#gj ,x anticipates ! "t1 z be+ ne> at h&1 :5 x %all h no exi/5ce1 save on ! hi/oric page4 #b4 ,?is ,a!i/ic !ory re/s entirely on a suppos$ discov]y ( ,m4 ,comte1--! discov]y ( a law ( human developm5t1 :i* s]ves at once to acc\nt = ! orig9 & preval5ce ( ,!ological beliefs 9 ! pa/1 & to insure _! utt] disappe>ance 9 ! future2 a law :i*1 l ! magician's w&1 c raise ! app>ition1 & !n lay x aga96 ,n[1 ( ?is law we affirm & und]take to prove t x is utt]ly gr\ndless2 t x has no solid basis ( evid5ce on :i* x c be e/abli%$2 t x is contradict$ by ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & oppos$ to our own exp]i5ce at ! pres5t day4 ,x c sc>cely be imag9$ t a man accu/om$1 z ,m4 ,comte has be51 to ! sev]e pursuits ( ,sci5ce1 c\ld give publicity to a law ( ?is k9d1 & claim ! cr$it ( a great orig9al discov]y1 )\t hav+ "s plausible reasons to plead = x2 & he does assign c]ta9 reasons = 8 belief1 :i* are1 x may be safely affirm$1 z frivol\s & inconclusive z any t h ev] be5 (f]$ 9 support ( ! mo/ baseless rev]y4 ,!y may be r$uc$ to ,,?ree2 ! fir/1 d]iv$ f our c]ebral organization2 ! second1 f ! hi/ory ( a c]ta9 portion ( our species2 ! ?ird1 f ! analogy ( our individual exp]i5ce4#ga ,he f\nds1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on our c]ebral organization4 ,he is an ard5t admir] ( ,drs4 ,gall & ,spurzheim1 & has no scruple 9 av[+ himself a decid$ ,mat]iali/4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to ent] on a discussion ( ,mat]ialism1 or ev5 ( ,phr5ology1--t w be done h]eaft]2 9 ! mean "t x is en\gh m]ely to indicate ! fact t ! !ory proce$s on t gr\nd1 & !n to inquire h[ ! fundam5tal law ( ,developm5t is d$uc$ f x4 ,h[ does ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 or ev5 ( ,phr5ology1 7 x assum$ on ! "o side & admitt$ on ! o!r1 contribute to ! e/abli%m5t or v]ification ( t law8 ,suppose x to be conc$$ t e m5tal faculty or prop5sity has a di/9ct c]ebral organ1 or1 m g5]ally1 t ! bra9 may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 repres5t+1 respectively1 ! animal prop5sities1 ! m elevat$ s5tim5ts1 & ! intellectual faculties2 c\ld x be rationally inf]r$ f ?is concession t human nature mu/ necess>ily develop itself aft] a c]ta9 ord] or me?od1 & especially 9 ! precise way t is indicat$ 9 ,m4 ,comte's law8 ,w\ld x prove t ,man mu/ ne$s pass1 9 ! process ( 8 m5tal & social developm5t1 ?r\gh ?ree di/9ct & successive /ages1--! prep>atory ,!ological /ate1 ! transitory ,metaphysical /ate1 & ! f9al ,positive /ate8 ,w\ld x prove t ,religion mu/ fir/ exi/ z ,feti%ism1 !n z ,poly!ism1 !n z ,mono!ism1 & !reaft] disappe> f ! e>? altoge!r on ! adv5t ( ,m4 ,comte8 ,he seems to ?9k t !re is a real connection betwe5 ! c]ebral !ory & 8 great fundam5tal law2 b x is n easy = a common read] to disc]n or to expla9 x4 ,consid]+ ! cranium1 accord+ to :at he conceives to be ! true anatomical !ory1 z simply a prolongation ( ! v]tebral column1--! primitive c5tre ( ! :ole n]v\s sy/em1--he argues t ! functions1 intellectual & emotional1 :i* are prop] to ! upp] & ant]ior p>ts ( x1 are less en]getic ?an ! animal prop5sities1 ^: organs lie 9 ! l[] & po/]ior region1 j 9 proportion z !y are fur!r remov$ f ! sp9e2 & t1 = ?is reason1 ! latt] mu/ fir/ come into action1 !n ! int]m$iate organs ( s5tim5t1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! intellectual p[]s4 ,& ?is doctr9e he applies to ! v]ification bo? ( 8 o!rwise admirable classification ( ! ,sci5ces1 & ( 8 f> m d\btful law ( human developm5t4 ,we conceive t if x 7 applicable at all to ! problem ( human progress1 x might possibly be appli$ to indicate ! probable developm5t ( an individual m9d1 9 ! successive /ages ( infancy1 y\?1 & manhood2 b t x does n admit ( ! same application to ! hi/ory ( ! race1 o!rwise ?an by ! aid ( a v fanciful analogy4 ,we h no fai? 9 ! a priori me?ods ( con/ruct+ ! *>t ( human hi/ory1 & trac+ ! necess>y c\rse ( social progress1 :i* h rec5tly become s popul> 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,we _c1 ) ,m4 ,comte1 und]take to solve ! problem1--,giv5 ?ree lobes ( ! bra91 repres5t+ ! prop5sities1 affections1 & intellectual p[]s1 b diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 size & situation1 :at w be ! future hi/ory ( ! race1--religi\s1 /hetic1 indu/rial1 metaphysical1 social8 ,we _c1 ) ,m4 ,c\s91 und]take to solve ! problem1--,giv5 ?ree t]ms1 ! f9ite1 ! inf9ite1 & ! relation betwe5 ! two1 :at w be ! developm5t ( human ?\ght1 fir/1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( individuals1 &1 secondly1 9 ! hi/ory ( society8#gb ,all su* problems are too high = u4 ,! hi/ory ( ! human race mu/ be asc]ta9$ f ! au!ntic records & extant monum5ts ( ! pa/1 n con/ruct$ by !ories1 or div9$ by a priori speculations4 ,b ,m4 ,comte does appeal1 9 ! second in/ance1 to hi/ory 9 confirmation ( 8 views4 ,he is f> f affirm+1 h[ev]1 t ! progress ( ! race1 "u ! op]ation ( 8 great law ( developm5t1 has be5 ei!r uni=m or inv>iable2 on ! contr>y1 he admits1 ) reg>d to ,india1 ,*9a1 & o!r nations1 compris+ probably ! majority ( mank9d1 ^: /ate1 intellectually & socially1 has be5 /ation>y = ages1 t !y af=d little or no evid5ce 9 support ( 8 !ory2 & = ?is1 among o!r reasons1 he conf9es himself to ! hi/ory ( :at he calls ! lite1 or advanc$ gu>d ( humanity1 & 9 ?is way makes x a v ab/ract hi/ory inde$6#gc ,beg9n+ ) ,greece1 z ! repres5tative ( anci5t civilization1 & survey+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman empire1 & ( its successors 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 he endeavors to %[ t ! actual progress ( humanity has be51 on ! :ole1 9 con=mity ) 8 g5]al law4 ,he gives no hi/orical evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! preval5ce ( ,feti%ism 9 primitive times2 t is an inf]5ce m]ely1 dep5d+ p>tly on 8 !ory ( c]ebral organization1 & p>tly on ! assumption t 9 ! savage /ate1 :i* is gratuit\sly suppos$ to h be5 ! primitive condition ( man1 !re mu/ h be5 a t5d5cy to reg>d e object1 natural or artificial1 z end[$ ) life & intellig5ce4 ,poly!ism1 aga91 he conceives to h be5 a /ep 9 advance1 an improvem5t on ! prexi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 in/ead ( be+1 z x really 01 a decl5sion f a pur] & bett] fai?1 an ab]ration f ! light ( ,nature1 n less ?an f ! lessons ( ,revelation4 ,he conceives ,mono!ism1 :e!r z taught1 to ! ,jews by ,moses1 or to ! _w at l>ge by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 to h be5 ! natural product ( man's unaid$ intellig5ce2 & he assumes ?is1 )\t mak+ a s+le ref]5ce to ! sup]natural ev5ts by :i* its publication1 9 ei!r in/ance1 is said to h be5 accompani$1 or to ! sacr$ books 9 :i* !y are record$2 nay1 he does n ev5 "n ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 o!rwise ?an by describ+ him z ! f\nd]1 real or imag9>y1 ( ?is great religi\s sy/em4#gd ,9 treat+1 aga91 ( ! ,critical or de/ructive sy/em ( ,metaphysics1 & ( ! ,positive or recon/ructive sy/em ( ! ,new ,philosophy1 he adduces no evid5ce to %[ t ! same elem5t is negativ$ by ! "o & re/or$ by ! o!r2 on ! contr>y1 7 8 /atem5t true 9 all respects1 x w\ld only s]ve to prove t ! ,!ological elem5t1 :i* is sl[ly dissipat$ by ,metaphysics1 is =mally & f9ally abjur$ by ,positivism4 ,he assumes & ass]ts1 on v insuffici5t gr\nds1 t !re is a real1 radical1 & necess>y contr>iety betwe5 ! facts & laws ( ,sci5ce & ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,!ology1 :e!r natural or reveal$2 & he anticipates1 !re=e1 t 9 proportion z ,sci5ce advances1 ,!ology mu/ rec$e1 & ultimately quit ! field4 ,he ought to h kn[n t !re are m9ds 9 e "p ( ,europe z ?or\ghly sci5tific z 8 own1 & z deeply imbu$ ) ! _s ( mod]n ,inductive ,philosophy1 :o1 s f> f see+ any discordance betwe5 ! results ( sci5tific inquiry & ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,!ology1 are 9 ! habit ( appeal+ to ! =m] 9 pro( or illu/ration ( ! latt]2 & :o1 ! fur!r !y advance 9 ! /udy ( ! works ( ,nature1 are only ! m confirm$ 9 _! belief ( a ,creative ,intellig5ce & a ,gov]n+ ,p[]4 ,x may be t1 9 8 own imm$iate circle at ,p>is1 !re is a t5d5cy t[>ds ,a!ism2 b1 assur$ly1 no su* t5d5cy exi/s 9 ! highe/ & mo/ sci5tific m9ds ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! fai? ( ,bacon1 ,newton1 & ,boyle1 ( ,desc>tes1 ,leibnitz1 & ,pascal1 9 reg>d to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,!ology1 is /ill ! prevail+ cre$ ( ! ,s$gwicks1 ! ,:ewells1 ! ,h]s*ells1 & ! ,brew/]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,! only plausible "p ( 8 ,hi/orical ,survey1 & t :i*1 9 our appreh5sion1 is ! mo/ likely to make "s transi5t impression on ! popul> m9d1 is 8 elaborate attempt to %[1 ) reg>d to ea* bran* ( ,sci5ce1 9 detail1 t x 0 envelop$ dur+ its infancy 9 a cl\d ( sup]/ition2 & t j 9 proportion z ! light %one m cle>ly1 or 0 m di/9ctly disc]n$1 ! cl\d 0 gradually dissipat$ & disp]s$1 until1 "o aft] ano!r1 !y 7 all emancipat$ f _! suppos$ connection ) sup]natural causes1 & r$uc$ "u fix$ natural laws4 ,conf\nd+ ,!ology ) ,sup]/ition1 or fail+1 at lea/1 to discrim9ate duly betwe5 ! two1 ,m4 ,comte draws a vivid picture ( ! successive inroads :i* ,sci5ce has made on ! consecrat$ doma9 ( ,religion1 & repres5ts ! "o z rec$+ j 9 proportion z ! o!r advances4 ,= z ! d>kness disappe>s be=e ! ris+ sun1 ^: e>lie/ rays gild only ! l(ti] m\nta9 peaks1 b ^: gr[+ brightness spreads ov] ! l[ly valleys & p5etrates ! deepe/ recesses ( nature1 s ,!ology gradually retires be=e ! advance ( ,sci5ce1 :i* fir/ conqu]s & br+s "u ! rule ( natural law ! simple/ & lea/ complicat$ bran*es1 su* z ,me*anics & ,a/ronomy2 !n attacks ! m complex1 su* z ,*emi/ry & ,physiology2 &1 la/ ( all1 advances to ! assault ( ! mo/ difficult1 su* z ,e?ics & ,sociology2 until1 hav+ emancipat$ ea* ( !m successively f _! previ\s connection ) sup]natural beliefs1 x effects ! entire elim9ation ( ,!ology1 fir/ f ! philosophic1 & aft]w>ds f ! popul> cre$ ( mank9d4 ,m4 ,comte conceives t ! religi\s _s has be5 /eadily decreas+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( human developm5t1 f ! "t :5 x 0 univ]sal1 9 ! =m ( ,feti%ism1 till x rea*$ its mo/ ab/ract1 b lea/ influ5tial =m 9 ,mono!ism2 & t n[ ! p]iod ( its decl9e & fall has arriv$1 :5 x is subject$ to ! p[]ful solv5t ( a ,metaphysical & ,skeptical ,philosophy1 & :5 its ultimate ext9ction is c]ta9 "u ! action ( ,positive ,sci5ce4 ,we deem ?is by f> ! mo/ dang]\s1 because x is ! mo/ plausible "p ( 8 speculations2 s plausible t1 ev5 :]e 8 reason+s 9 support ( x may fail to c>ry ! full conviction ( ! und]/&+1 !y may yet leave beh9d !m a c]ta9 impression unfavorable to fai? 9 ,div9e ?+s1 s9ce !y appeal to _m palpable facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 too well atte/$ to be d\bt$1 & too important to be ov]look$4 ,! !ory itself--:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! peculi> =m :i* x has assum$ 9 ! h&s ( ,m4 ,comte--_c be reg>d$1 9 its ma9 & ess5tial features1 z "o ( 8 orig9al discov]ies2 = ! g5]al idea on :i* x re/s _h be5 ann\nc$ ) equal brevity & precision by ! celebrat$ ,,la ,,place3 ,let u survey ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( ! human m9d & ( its errors2 we %all !re see f9al causes con/antly pu%$ back to ! b\nd>ies ( its k4 ,^! causes1 :i* ,newton pu%$ back to ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em1 71 ev5 9 8 "t1 plac$ 9 ! atmosph]e to expla9 meteoric appe>ances4 ,!y are no?+ else1 !re=e1 9 ! eyes ( a philosoph]1 ?an ! expression ( our ignorance ( ! true causes4 ,suppos+ ?is to be a correct acc\nt ( ! fact1 ! inf]5ce :i* ,m4 ,comte d$uces f x might seem to foll[ v mu* z a matt] ( c\rse1--! inf]5ce1 viz41 t 9 proportion z ,sci5ce advances & succe$s 9 subject+ "o dep>tm5t ( ,nature aft] ano!r to fix$ & inv>iable laws1 ,!ology1 or ! doctr9e ( ,f9al ,causes1 mu/ necess>ily rec$e be=e x1 &1 at l5g?1 disappe> altoge!r1 :5 human k has rea*$ its highe/ ultimate p]fection4 ,b is x a correct acc\nt ( ! fact8 ,is x true t ! doctr9e ( ,f9al ,causes is less g5]ally admitt$1 or m dubi\sly ma9ta9$1 9 reg>d to ^? sci5ces :i* h already rea*$ _! maturity1 ?an 9 reg>d to ^? o!r sci5ces :i* are /ill comp>atively 9 _! infancy8 ,or is x true t x has lo/ in/ead ( ga9+ gr\nd by ! progress ( sci5tific discov]y1 s z to occupy a n>r[] space & to hold a m prec>i\s foot+1 n[1 ?an x did 9 ! e>li] ages ( ignorance & sup]/ition8 ,did ,f9al ,causes disappe> f ! view ( ,newton :5 he discov]$ ! law :i* regulates ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies8 ,did ,gal5 or did ,paley disc>d !m :5 !y survey$ ! human frame 9 ! light ( sci5tific anatomy8 or ,h>vey1 :51 impell$ & guid$ by ?is doctr9e z 8 gov]n+ pr9ciple1 he discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood8 ,9 :at dep>tm5ts ( ,nature1 & 9 :at bran*es ( ,sci5ce1 does ! ,!i/ic philosoph] or ! ,*ri/ian div9e f9d ! cle>e/ & /ronge/ pro(s ( ord]1 adaptation1 & adju/m5t8 ,is x n 9 ^? v dep>tm5ts ( ,nature ^: laws h be5 mo/ fully asc]ta9$8 9 ^? v bran*es ( ,sci5ce :i* h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly matur$8 ,did we believe ,comte & ,la ,place1 we %\ld expect to f9d t ! doctr9e ( ,f9al ,causes & ! sci5ce ( ,!ology c\ld n[ f9d no foot+ 9 ! doma9 ( ,a/ronomy1 ( ,physics1 or ( ,*emi/ry1 s9ce 9 ^! dep>tm5ts ! ph5om5a h be5 r$uc$1 by _m successive discov]ies1 to rigor\s g5]al laws2 & t !y c\ld only survive = a brief "t by tak+ refuge 9 ! yet unconqu]$ t]ritory ( ,meteorology1 ,biology1 & ,social ,sci5ce4 ,b is x s8 ,exam9e ! ,s]ies ( ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 or any o!r rec5t philosophical exposition ( ! ,evid5ce ( ,natural ,!ology1 & x w be app>5t1 on ! mo/ cursory review1 t 9 po9t ( fact ! argum5ts & illu/rations are d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ! m advanc$ sci5ces2 & t1 s f> f rec$+ or ?reat5+ to disappe>1 ,f9al ,causes h only become m prom95t & m /rik+ 9 proportion z inquir+ m5 h succe$$ 9 remov+ ! vail f any dep>tm5t ( ,nature4 ,x 7 easy1 inde$1 to cull f ! records ( ! pa/ _m facts :i* might seem to give a plausible aspect to ! !ory ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,we might be told ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 :5 ! a/rolog] gaz$ ^u ! heav5s ) a sup]/iti\s eye1 & spoke ( ! my/ic influ5ce ( ! planets1 & con/ruct$ ! horoscope = ! calculation ( nativities & ! pr$iction ( future ev5ts4 ,we might be told ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,anatomy1 :51 f ! entrails ( birds & animals1 ! h>uspex progno/icat$ ! fate ( empires & ! =tunes ( battle4 ,we might be told ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 :5 al*emi/s s\ght 9 _! concoctions a panacea = all human evils1 & 9 _! crucibles an alkale/ or univ]sal m5/ruum4 ,we might be told ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,zology1 :5 ! augur wat*$ ! flight1 ! s++1 ! fe$+ ( birds1 & appli$ !m to ! purposes ( div9ation4 ,we might be told ( ,aromancy z ! e>lie/ =m ( ,meteorology1 & ( ,geomancy z ! e>lie/ =m ( ,geology4#ge ,& we might be told ( ! popul> sup]/itions :i* l+]$1 till a v rec5t p]iod1 among ! peasantry ( our own c\ntry1 & :i* are n[ gradually disappe>+ 9 proportion z ! light ( ,religion & ,sci5ce is diffus$4#gf ,^! facts1 :i* appe> on ! surface ( human hi/ory1 d unque/ionably prove t !re has be5 a process ( gradual advancem5t1 by :i* ea* ( ! sci5ces has be51 9 succession1 purg$ ( its e>li] errors1 & plac$ on a m solid & endur+ basis4 ,b !y prove no?+ m ?an ?is3 !y d n prove t ^! sci5ces mu/ ultimately sup]s$e ,!ology1 or t !y h a necess>y t5d5cy t[>ds ,a!ism4 ,on ! contr>y1 we hold t !y af=d a valid presumption f analogy on ! o!r side4 ,= suppose1 ev51 t ,religion1 foll[+ ! same law ( developm5t :i* det]m9es ! progress ( e o!r bran* ( human k1 _h become incorporat$1 9 its e>li] /ages1 ) _m fond & fooli% sup]/itions1 ! analogy ( ! o!r sci5ces w\ld lead u to conclude t1 j z ! rev]ies ( ,a/rology _h pass$ away & giv5 place to a solid sy/em ( ,a/ronomy1--& z ! va9 speculations ( ,al*emy _h be5 sup]s$$ by ! useful discov]ies ( ,*emi/ry1--& z ! arts ( ,augury & ,div9ation _h f9ally issu$ 9 ! inductive sci5ce ( true ,natural ,hi/ory1--s ,!ology might also purge itself f ! fond conceits :i* _h be5 = a "t incorporat$ ) x1 & /ill survive1 aft] all sup]/ition _h pass$ away1 z a s\nd & fruitful bran* ( ! tree ( k4 ,?is is n ! precise light1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ,m4 ,comte reg>ds ,!ology1 ,he does n speak ( x z a di/9ct & indep5d5t sci5ce1 b r z a me?od ( ,philosophy1 :i* has be5 appli$ to ! explanation ( all ! dep>tm5ts ( ,nature2 &1 view$ 9 ?is light1 he objects to x on ! gr\nd t ,positive ,sci5ce p]emptorily dem&s ! elim9ation ( all causes1 effici5t & f9al1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! exclusion ( all ref]5ce to ,god1 or to any sup]natural p[]1 9 connection ) ! laws ei!r ( ! mat]ial or moral _w4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal basis ( 8 !ory4 ,x is assum$ t ! recognition ( natural laws is incompatible ) ! belief 9 sup]natural p[]s1 & t ^! laws mu/ be inv>iable & indep5d5t ( any sup]ior w4 ,h5ce ! suppos$ antagonism betwe5 ,!ology & ,physical ,sci5ce1 :i* is /rongly affirm$ by ,m4 ,comte#gg2 z if ! laws ( ,nature c\ld n exi/ unless !y 7 indep5d5t ( ! ,div9e w1 or z if ! arts ( indu/ry c\ld n be pursu$1 on ! supposition ( a ,provid5ce1 )\t sacrilegi\s presumption4 ,! laws = :i* he cont5ds mu/ h _h no au?or to e/abli%1 & c h no sup]ior w to control !m2 !y _h no beg9n+1 & c h no end2 !y _c be rev]s$1 susp5d$1 or int]f]$ )2 !y are necess>y1 immutable1 & et]nal1 n subord9ate to ,god1 b indep5d5t ( ,him2 !y are1 9 %ort1 no?+ less ?an ,de/9y or ,fate1 ! same t ,cudwor? describes z ! ,democritic1 ,physiological1 or ,a!i/ic ,fate1 :i* consi/s 9 ! mat]ial necessity ( all ?+s )\t a ,god4#gh ,n[1 we h no jeal\sy ( natural laws4 ,we believe 9 _! exi/5ce2 we believe1 also1 9 _! regul> op]ation 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature2 b we d5y t !y mu/ ne$s be indep5d5t ( a supreme w1 & affirm t1 be+ subord9ate to t w1 !y are n necess>ily inv>iable4 ,!y are expressly recogniz$ & cordially ma9ta9$ by div9es1 n less ?an by m5 ( sci5ce2 b 9 su* a s5se z to be p]fectly compatible bo? ) ! doctr9e ( a primitive creation1 & also ) ! possibility ( a subsequ5t miracul\s int]position4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,div9es explicitly decl>e t ,god1 ! ,fir/ ,cause1 by ,8 provid5ce1 ord]e? all ?+s to fall out accord+ to ! nature ( second causes1 ei!r necess>ily1 freely1 or cont+5tly2 & t 9 ,8 ord9>y provid5ce1 ,he make? use ( means1 b is free to act )\t1 above1 & aga9/ !m at ,8 pleasure4#gi ,b ,m4 ,comte w h no laws1 h[ev] regul>1 unless !y be also inv>iable1 & indep5d5t ( any sup]ior w4 ,&1 d\btless1 if ?is 7 ! s5se 9 :i* ,sci5ce has e/abli%$ ! doctr9e ( natural laws1 x w\ld be at direct v>iance ) ,!ology1 bo? ,natural & ,reveal$2 & ! antagonism betwe5 ! two might af=d "s gr\nd = ! belief t1 soon] or lat]1 ,!ology mu/ quit ! field4 ,b x is n ! exi/5ce ( ^! natural laws1 nor ev5 _! regul> op]ation 9 ! common c\rse ( ,provid5ce1 t is ho/ile to our religi\s beliefs1--x is only ! supposition t !y are unorig9at$1 indep5d5t1 & inv>iable2 & to assume ?is )\t pro(1 z if x 7 a self-evid5t or axiomatic tru?1 or to apply x 9 a process ( hi/orical d$uction respect+ ei!r ! pa/ developm5t or ! future prospects ( ! race1 is su* a %ameless begg+ ( ! :ole "q1--t we "k ( no p>allel to x except 9 ! k9dr$ speculations ( ,/rauss1 :o assumes ! same radical pr9ciple1 & gravely tells u t :atev] is sup]natural mu/ ne$s be unhi/orical4#hj ,!re is absolutely no evid5ce1 prop]ly hi/orical1 t !re is any necess>y t5d5cy 9 ! recognition ( e/abli%$ natural laws to sup]s$e ,!ology1 or to introduce an era ( univ]sal ,a!ism4 ,"s su* t5d5cy might exi/ 7 ^! laws conceiv$ ( z necess>y1 indep5d5t1 & inv>iable4 ,b ?is hypo!sis1 equally unphilosophical & irreligi\s1 is n & nev] has be5 ma9ta9$ by ! great body ( ,inductive inquir]s1 :o see no contradiction ei!r betwe5 ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ,nature & ! supposition ( its ,div9e orig91 or betwe5 ! op]ation ( natural laws & ! recognition ( a supreme1 sup]9t5d+ ,provid5ce4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott51 9 ?is connection1 t ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ,!ism dep5ds n s mu* on ! m]e laws z on ! dispositions & adju/m5ts t are obs]vable 9 ,nature4#ha ,!re is1 !re=e1 no hi/orical pro( to e/abli% ! suppos$ law ( human developm5t1 & no rational gr\nd to expect t ! progress ( ,inductive ,sci5ce w ev] supplant or sup]s$e ,!ology4 ,x is true t ,!ology1 al?\gh a di/9ct & indep5d5t sci5ce1 is s compreh5sive 9 its range t x ga!rs its pro(s & illu/rations f e dep>tm5t ( ,nature1 & t1 7 x exclud$ f any "o ( ^!1 x might1 = ! same reason1 be exclud$ f all ! re/2 b x is n true t !re is any real or necess>y antagonism betwe5 ! laws ( ,nature & ! pr]ogatives ( ,god4 ,on ! contr>y1 let our k advance until all ! ph5om5a bo? ( ! ,mat]ial & ,moral worlds %all be r$uc$ "u s _m g5]al laws1 ev5 !n ,sup]/ition might disappe>1 b ,!ology w\ld rema91 & w\ld only receive fre% accessions ( evid5ce & /r5g?1 9 proportion z ! wise ord] ( ,nature is m fully unfold$1 & its mo/ hidd5 my/]ies disclos$4 ,we sc>cely "k :e!r x is ne$ful to adv]t at all to ! argum5t 9 favor ( 8 !ory :i* ,m4 ,comte f\nds on ! analogy ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,x is a transp>5t fallacy4 ,he tells u t ! race is1 l an individual man1 ,religi\s 9 infancy1 ,metaphysical 9 y\?1 & ,positive--t is1 ,sci5tific1 )\t be+ ,religi\s--9 mature manhood4#hb ,n[1 ?is analogical argum5t1 to h any legitimate weight1 mu/ proce$ on ! assumption ( two facts4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! law ( individual developm5t comm5ces1 9 ! case1 at lea/1 ( all :o belong to ! lite ( humanity1 ) ,!ology1 & t]m9ates 9 ,a!ism2 & ! second is1 t ! individual is1 9 ?is respect1 ! type or patt]n ( 8 race1 & t ! exp]i5ce ( ! "o is only an outl9e 9 m9iature ( ! hi/ory ( ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 we ?9k1 to e/abli% ! tru? ( ei!r ( ^! positions by evid5ce t c\ld be satisfactory to any reflect+ m9d4 ,we _c d\bt1 inde$1 = exp]i5ce amply atte/s1 t ! religi\s s5sibilities ( *ildhood h (t5 be5 sadly impair$ 9 ! progress f y\? to manhood1 & t1 aft] ! tumultu\s excitem5ts1 :e!r ( speculation or ( passion1 n a few h s\ght a refuge f _! fe>s 9 ! cold negations ( ,a!ism4 ,b is ?is ! law ( developm5t & progress8 ,is x a law t is uni=m & inv>iable 9 its op]ation8 ,are !re no in/ances ( an opposite k9d8 ,are !re no in/ances ( m5 ^: e>ly religi\s culture _h be5 neglect$1 & :o pass$ ?r\gh y\? )\t "o s]i\s ?\ght ( ,god & _! relation to ,him1 b :o1 z !y advanc$ 9 ye>s1 began to reflect & inquire1 & ultimately atta9$ to a firm religi\s fai?8 ,if su* div]sities ( individual exp]i5ce are kn[n to exi/1 !n cle>ly ! result is n det]m9$ by any necess>y or inv>iable law ( intellectual developm5t2 b mu/ be ascrib$ to o!r causes1 *iefly ( a moral & practical k9d1 :i* ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce1 = good or evil1 on e human m9d4 ,montaigne speaks ( an error ma9ta9$ by ,plato1 t *ildr5 & old p 7 mo/ susceptible ( ,religion1 z if x sprung & d]iv$ its cr$it f our weakness4#hc ,& we f9d ,m4 ,comte himself compla9+1 some:at bitt]ly1 t 8 quondam fri5d1 ! celebrat$ ,/4 ,simon1 _h exhibit$1 z he advanc$ 9 ye>s 7cette t5dance banale v]s une vague religiosit71 a t5d5cy t[>ds some?+ l ,religion4#hd ,cases ( ?is k9d are utt]ly fatal to 8 suppos$ law ( individual developm5t1 & !y mu/ be equally fatal to 8 !ory ( ! progress ( ! human race4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ m]ely ! reasons :i* ,m4 ,comte urges 9 support ( 8 !ory1 & h endeavor$ to %[ t !y are utt]ly incapable ( e/abli%+ x z a valid sci5tific doctr9e4 ,x may be useful1 h[ev]1 to adv]t1 9 conclusion1 to "s consid]ations :i* af=d decisive objections aga9/ x1 aris+ f ! te/imony ( au!ntic hi/ory & ! pla9e/ pr9ciples ( reason4 ,9 s f> z ! te/imony ( hi/ory & tradition is conc]n$1 no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t ! progress ( ! race has foll[$ a v diff]5t c\rse f t :i* ,m4 ,comte has trac$ out = x by 8 gr& fundam5tal law4 ,! !ory ( a primitive /ate ( ignorance & b>b>ism1 9 :i* a rude ,!ology exi/$1 9 ! =m ( ,feti%ism1 is oppos$ n m to ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 ! e>lie/ record ( our race1 ?an to ! unanim\s voice ( antiquity1 :i* atte/s ! g5]al belief ( mank9d 9 a primeval /ate ( light & innoc5ce4 ,!re is a sad b /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! views :i* are g5]ally held by ! ,*ri/ian ,!i/1 & ^? :i* are av[$ by ,m4 ,comte on ?is subject4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,!i/ admits ! doctr9e ( a primeval ,revelation & a pri/9e /ate ( purity & peace2 ,m4 ,comte ma9ta9s ! doctr9e ( a primitive b>b>ism & a natural aborig9al ,sup]/ition4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,!i/ believes 9 a fall subsequ5t to ! creation ( man1 & ascribes ! ignorance & error1 ! sup]/ition & idolatry :i* ensu$1 to ! p]v]sion & abuse ( 8 intellectual & moral p[]s2 ,m4 ,comte affirms t man did n fall1 t he did actually rise by a process ( sl[ b progressive self-elevation1 & t1 9 advanc+ f ,feti%ism to ,poly!ism1 & f ,poly!ism to ,mono!ism1 & f ,mono!ism to ,a!ism1 he has all along be5 det]m9$ by ! law ( 8 normal developm5t4 ,9 ! view ( ! ,*ri/ian ,!i/1 ,revelation 0 ! sun :i* %$ its *e]+ rays on ! fir/ fa!rs ( mank9d1 & :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 obscur$1 = a "t1 by ! cl\ds & d>kness ( ,sup]/ition1 %9es out aga91 cle> & /rong1 "u ! disp5sation ( ! ,gospel2 9 ! view ( ,m4 ,comte1 ,sci5ce is ! only sun t is de/9$ to enlight5 ! _w1--a sun :i* has n yet fully ris51 b :i* has s5t be=e1 z ! h>b+]s ( its spe$y adv5t1 a few scatt]$ rays to gild ! l(ty m\nta9 peaks1 :ile all b5ea? is /ill buri$ 9 ,cimm]ian d>kness4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,!i/ anticipates ! "t :5 ! true light :i* n[ %9e? %all cov] ! :ole e>?2 ,m4 ,comte pr$icts its utt] & f9al ext9ction1 :5 ,positive ,sci5ce %all h ris5 into ! asc5dant4 ,8 !ory is contradict$ by ! hi/ory ( ! pa/2 let u hope t ! ev5ts ( ! future w equally belie 8 pr$iction4 ,= ,*ri/ianity is ! only hope ( ! _w4 ,! prospects ( man w\ld be d>k inde$ on ! supposition ( its be+ aboli%$4 ,!re might rema9 among a few ( ! m enlight5$ "s occasional glimpses ( religi\s tru?1 z we f9d to h be5 ! case 9 ! ,pagan _w2 b ! degradation ( ! great mass ( ! p to t ignorance1 & idolatry1 & sup]/ition1 out ( :i* ! ,gospel _h emancipat$ !m1 w\ld be c]ta9 & complete4 ,?is retrograde movem5t might be ret>d$ by ! advantages :i* we h d]iv$ f t sy/em1 ^: influ5ce we %\ld cont9ue to feel long aft] we _h ceas$ to ackn[l$ge ! div9ity ( its s\rce4 ,b ^! advantages w\ld by degrees lose _! efficacy1 ev5 z m]e matt]s ( speculation1 & give place to ! work+s ( fancy1 & cr$ulity1 & corruption4 ,a radiance might /ill gl[ on ! high places ( ! e>? aft] ! sun ( ,revelation _h gone d[n2 & ! bright] & ! long] x _h %one1 ! m gradual w\ld be ! decay ( t light & w>m? :i* x _h left beh9d x4 ,b e :]e !re w\ld be ! sad tok5s ( a dep>t$ glory & ( a com+ night4 ,twilight might be protract$ ?r\gh ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations1 & /ill our unhappy race might be able to read1 ?\gh dimly1 _m ( ! wond]s ( ! et]nal ,godhead1 & to w9d a dubi\s way ?r\gh ! p]ils ( ! wild]ness4 ,b x w\ld be twilight /ill2 %ade w\ld ?ick5 aft] %ade2 e succe$+ age w\ld come wrapp$ 9 a deep] & a deep] gloom2 till1 at la/1 t flood ( glory :i* ! ,gospel is n[ p\r+ ^u ! _w w\ld be lo/ & buri$ 9 imp5etrable d>kness4#he ,m4 ,comte's !ory is liable to ano!r objection1 ! =ce ( :i* he seems1 9 "s measure1 al?\gh inadequately1 to h felt & ackn[l$g$4 ,! ?ree /ates or /ages1 :i* he describes z necess>ily successive1 are1 9 po9t ( fact1 simultane\s4 ,!y d n m>k s _m diff]5t eras 9 ! c\rse ( human progress1--!y d5ote ! natural products ( man's intellig5ce1 ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( 8 k 9 all /ates ( society4 ,! ,!ological1 ! ,metaphysical1 & ! ,sci5tific elem5ts h always coxi/$4 ,div]se z !y may be 9 o!r respects1 !y resemble ea* o!r 9 ?is1--!y are all ! natural & spontane\s products ( man's intellig5t activity4 ,t !y 71 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 simultane\s at fir/1 & t !y are simultane\s /ill1 is actually admitt$ by ,m4 ,comte1 :ile he conceives1 nev]!less1 t !y are radically incompatible ) ea* o!r2#hf & _! coexi/5ce hi!rto is felt by him to be a s]i\s objection to 8 fundam5tal law1 :i* repres5ts !m n only z necess>ily successive1 b also z mutually exclusive4 ,! fact is admitt$1 & t fact is fatal to 8 :ole !ory4 ,= if ! ?ree me?ods h coexi/$ hi!rto1 :y may !y n equally coexi/ h]eaft]8 ,& :at gr\nd is left = ! reckless pr$iction t ,!ology is doom$1 & mu/ fall be=e ! onw>d m>* ( ,positive ,sci5ce8 ,if man 0 able f ! beg9n+ to obs]ve1 to comp>e1 to ab/ract1 & to g5]alize1 & if ! fundam5tal laws ( human ?\ght h be5 ev] ! same1 x foll[s t !re mu/ h be5 a t5d5cy1 coeval ) ! orig9 ( ! race1 t[>ds ,!ological1 ,metaphysical1 & ,inductive ,speculation1 & t ! same t5d5cy mu/ cont9ue z long z 8 p[]s rema9 un*ang$4 ,x c only1 !re=e1 be a prepond]ance1 m or less complete1 ( "o ( ! ?ree me?ods ov] ! o!r two1 t we %\ld be w>rant$ 9 expect+1 ev5 "u ! op]ation ( ,m4 ,comte's favorite law2 & yet he boldly proclaims ! utt] exclusion ( ,metaphysics1 & ! entire & ev]la/+ elim9ation ( ,!ology1 z bran*es ( human k6 ,m4 ,comte's !ory is /ill m vuln]able at ano!r po9t4 ,! fundam5tal assumption on :i* x is bas$ is utt]ly gr\ndless4 ,x am\nts to ?is1 t all k ( causes1 :e!r effici5t or f9al1 is int]dict$ to man1 & incapable ( be+ rea*$ by any ex]tion ( 8 faculties4#hg ,he tells u t ,!ology is impossible1 = ?is reason1 t1 9 ! view ( ! ,positive ,philosophy1 all k ( causes is absolutely exclud$2 nay1 he admits t ,!ology is inevitable if we inquire into causes at all4 ,we "k ( no simpl] or m effectual me?od ( deal+ ) 8 speci\s sophi/ry on ?is subject1 ?an by %[+ t1 if 8 g5]al pr9ciple be conclusive aga9/ ! k ( ,god1 x is equally conclusive aga9/ ! k ( any o!r be+ or cause2 j z ,sir ,james ,mack9to% dealt ) ! skeptical philosophy ( ,hume1 :51 ) admirable practical sagacity1 he said3 ,z ^? dictates ( exp]i5ce :i* regulate conduct mu/ be ! objects ( belief1 all objections :i* attack !m1 9 common ) ! pr9ciples ( reason+1 mu/ be utt]ly ineffectual4 ,:atev] attacks e pr9ciple ( belief1 c de/roy none4 ,z long z ! f\ndations ( k are all[$ to rema9 on ! same level ) ! maxims ( life1 ! :ole sy/em ( human conviction mu/ cont9ue undi/urb$4444 ,skepticism has practical consequ5ces ( a v mis*iev\s nature4 ,?is is because its univ]sality is n /eadily kept 9 view & con/antly borne 9 m9d4 ,if x 71 ! above %ort & pla9 rem>k w\ld be an effectual antidote to ! poison4 ,b1 9 practice1 x is an armory f :i* weapons are tak5 to be employ$ aga9/ "s op9ions1 :ile x is hidd5 f notice t ! same weapons w\ld equally cut d[n e o!r conviction4 ,x is ?us t ,mr4 ,hume's !ory ( causation is us$ z an answ] to argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,deity1 )\t w>n+ ! read] t x w\ld equally lead him to expect--t ! sun w n rise to-morr[4#hh ,! exclusion ( all k ( causes is s indisp5sable to ,m4 ,comte's !ory t he admits ! inevitable t5d5cy ( our intellig5ce t[>ds a philosophy radically ,!ological1 z (t5 z we seek to p5etrate1 on :atev] pretext1 into ! intimate nature ( ! ph5om5a4#hi ,! exclusion ( su* k w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be fatal to ,!ology1 s9ce1 )\t tak+ "s acc\nt ( causes1 effici5t & f9al1 we _c rise to ,god z ! au?or ( ! univ]se4 ,b did x nev] occur to ,m4 ,comte t ! self-same pr9ciple may possibly be de/ructive ( 8 pres5t1 or1 at lea/1 ( 8 po/hum\s fame1 z ! au?or ( ! ,positive ,philosophy8 ,=1 if we c "k no?+ ( effici5t causes1 9 :at s5se1 or on :at gr\nd1 %all any "o presume to ascribe ! au?or%ip ( ?is sy/em to ,m4 ,comte8 ,true1 x may be said1--,"h is an effect :i* exhibits manife/ signs ( intellig5ce1 ord]1 & sci5tific skill2 its p>ts are regul>ly adju/$ & all direct$ to a common end2 &1 reason+ aft] ! teleological me?od1 we mu/ inf] t x proce$$ f a v clev]1 b some:at ecc5tric m9d2 b1 un=tunately1 f9al causes are z expressly int]dict$ z effici5t ones2 &1 on ! pr9ciples ( 8 own !ory1 ! ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy c nev] be w>rantably ascrib$ to ! au?or%ip ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,a /ill m s]i\s objection to ,m4 ,comte's !ory respect+ ! law ( human developm5t arises f ! false view :i* x exhibits ( ! nature & hi/ory ( ,tru?1 consid]$ z ! object ( human k4 ,x is a favorite op9ion ) him1 t man c h no absolute k2 t tru? is n fix$1 b fluctuat+2 t :at 0 believ$ 9 "o age1 & believ$ necess>ily1 accord+ to ! fundam5tal laws ( ?\ght1 is z necess>ily disbeliev$ 9 ! next2 & t !re is no /&>d ( tru? at any "t bett] or sur] ?an ! public op9ion1 or g5]al cons5t1 ( ! mo/ advanc$ classes ( society4#ij ,?is !ory ( ,tru?1 z necess>ily mobile & fluctuat+1 has a t5d5cy1 we ?9k1 to eng5d] univ]sal skepticism1 ev5 :5 x is /at$1 ) v>i\s important modifications1 by su* writ]s z ,lam5nais & ,morell2 b1 9 ! h&s ( ,m4 ,comte1 x becomes m dang]\s /ill1 s9ce x repres5ts ! human race z hav+ be5 f ! beg9n+1 ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ages1 subject to a law ( developm5t :i* n only p]mitt$1 b actually compell$ !m to believe a lie2 & ?us ca/s a d>k %ade ( suspicion bo? on ! con/itution ( man & on ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,su* a !ory w\ld seem also to preclude all rational calculations respect+ ! future progress & prospects ( ! race4 ,= :at gr\nd c exi/ = any progno/ication 9 reg>d to ! ult]ior advancem5t or ultimate de/9y ( man1 if x be true t1 9 8 pa/ hi/ory1 ,feti%ism has pass$ into ,poly!ism1 & ,poly!ism into ,mono!ism1 )\t any extrane\s in/ruction1 & by ! m]e action ( ^? inh]5t laws to :i* humanity is subject8 ,&1 /ill m1 if x be fur!r true t ev5 n[ ! human m9d is 9 a /ate ( transition1 pass+ ?r\gh ! crisis ( ,metaphysical d\bt t[>ds ! goal ( ,positive ,a!ism1 :o %all assure u t ?is w be its la/ & f9al metamorphosis8 ,x does appe> to u to be "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & p]plex+ anomalies ( 8 elaborate sy/em1 t he c dogmatize s confid5tly on ! t]m9us ad quem ( human progress1 :5 f ! t]m9us a quo !re has be51 accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 a s]ies ( v>iations s wond]ful1 & a succession ( /ates s div]se & opposite1 z ^? :i* he describes4 ,& yet he pron\nces oracul>ly t ,positive ,sci5ce is ! ultimate l&+-place ( human ?\ght1 & t univ]sal ,a!ism is ! f9al b>ri] :i* mu/ ne$s close & t]m9ate ! long s]ies ( developm5ts4 ,we h spok5 /]nly ( 8 sy/em2 we h no wi% to speak h>%ly ( ! man4 ,_h we any disposition to d s1 !re is m ?an en\gh 9 ! p]sonal explanation1 prefix$ to ! clos+ volume ( 8 "w1 effectually to dis>m u4 ,we h too mu* sympa?y ) ! trials ( a vigor\s b ecc5tric m9d1 /ruggl+ 9 unt[>d circum/ances1 & aga9/ an adv]se tide1 to ma9ta9 a position ( honorable indep5d5ce1 to say a ^w t c\ld w\nd ! feel+s or injure ! prospects ( a man ( sci5ce4 ,b x is n unk9d to add t 8 life might h be5 a m prosp]\s "o _h he devot$ himself to ! pursuits ( ,sci5ce1 )\t assail+ ! tru?s ( ,religion2 & t 8 fame w\ld h be5 at once m ext5sive & m endur+ _h x be5 left to repose on 8 ,classification or ,hi]>*y ( ! ,sci5ces1 )\t be+ associat$ ) ! m d\btful m]its ( 8 fundam5tal law ( ,man's ,developm5t4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,ecclesia/ical ,,developm5t4--,j4 ,h4 ,,newman4 ,?is p>ticul> phase ( ! g5]al !ory be>s less directly on ! subject ( our pres5t inquiry ?an ei!r ( ! ?ree :i* h already pass$ "u review1 & yet x has rec5tly be5 appli$ 9 su* a way z may entitle x to a pass+ notice4 ,= :ile ! !ory ( ,ecclesia/ical ,developm5t has a direct relation only to ! "q 9 reg>d to ! ,rule ( ,fai?1 x has also an indirect or collat]al relation to ! tru?s ( ,natural z well z ( ,reveal$ ,religion2 & ?is relation dem&s = x1 especially 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( !ological speculation1 ! e>ne/ att5tion ( all :o are conc]n$ = ! ma9t5ance ev5 ( ! simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y articles ( ,div9e tru?4 ,! mo/ elaborate & sy/ematic exposition ( ?is !ory is exhibit$ 9 ! ,essay on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 by ,,john ,,h5ry ,,newman2 an ,essay prim>ily direct$ to ! discussion ( ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,popi% & ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 b :i* w be f\nd to h an important be>+1 also1 on "s doctr9es :i* are common to bo?1 & especially on ! fundam5tal articles ( ,natural ,religion itself4 ,x is ?us /at$ by ,mr4 ,newman3#ia ,t ! increase & expansion ( ! ,*ri/ian ,cre$ & ,ritual1 & ! v>iations :i* h att5d$ ! process 9 ! case ( individual writ]s & *ur*es1 are ! necess>y att5dants on any philosophy or polity :i* takes possession ( ! intellect & he>t1 & has _h any wide or ext5d$ dom9ion2 t1 f ! nature ( ! human m9d1 "t is necess>y = ! full compreh5sion & p]fection ( great ideas2 & t ! highe/ & mo/ wond]ful tru?s1 ?\gh communicat$ to ! _w once = all by inspir$ tea*]s1 c\ld n be compreh5d$ all at once by ! recipi5ts1 b1 z receiv$ & transmitt$ by m9ds n inspir$1 & ?r\gh m$ia :i* 7 human1 h requir$ only ! long] "t & deep] ?\ght = _! full elucidation4 ,?is may be call$ ! ,!ory ( ,developm5ts4 ,x is fur!r illu/rat$ z foll[s3 ,x is sometimes said t ! /ream is cle>e/ ne> ! spr+4 ,:atev] use may fairly be made ( ?is image1 x does n apply to ! hi/ory ( a philosophy or sect1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is m equable1 & pur]1 & /rong]1 :5 its b$ has become deep1 & broad1 & full4 ,x necess>ily rises out ( an exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 &1 = a "t1 savors ( ! soil4 ,its vital elem5t ne$s dis5gag+ f :at is =eign & tempor>y1 & is employ$ 9 ef=ts aft] fre$om1 m vigor\s & hopeful z its ye>s increase4 ,its beg9n+s are no measures ( its capabilities1 nor ( its scope4 ,at fir/1 no "o kn[s :at x is1 or :at x is wor?4 ,x rema9s1 p]haps1 = a "t1 quiesc5t2 x tries1 z x 71 its limbs1 & proves ! gr\nd "u x1 & feels its way4 ,f "t to "t x makes essays :i* fail1 & are1 9 consequ5ce1 ab&on$4 ,x seems 9 susp5se :i* way to g2 x wav]s1 &1 at l5g?1 /rikes out 9 "o def9ite direction4 ,9 "t x ent]s ^u /range t]ritory2 po9ts ( controv]sy alt] _! be>+2 p>ties rise & fall ab\t x2 dang]s & hopes appe> 9 new relations1 & old pr9ciples reappe> "u new =ms2 x *anges ) !m1 9 ord] to rema9 ! same4 ,9 a high] _w x is o!rwise2 b "h bel[ to live is to *ange1 & to be p]fect is to h *ang$ (t54#ib ,9 answ] to ! objection1 t inspir$ docum5ts1 su* z ! ,holy ,scriptures1 at once det]m9e ! doctr9es :i* we %\ld believe1 x is repli$1 t !y 7 int5d$ to create an idea1 & t idea is n 9 ! sacr$ text1 b 9 ! m9d ( ! read]2 & ! "q is1 :e!r t idea is communicat$ to him1 9 its complet5ess & m9ute accuracy1 on its fir/ appreh5sion1 or exp&s 9 8 he>t & intellect1 & comes to p]fection 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,nor c\ld x be ma9ta9$ )\t extravagance t ! lett] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ( any assignable numb] ( books1 comprises a del9eation ( all possible =ms :i* a ,div9e message w assume :5 submitt$ to a multitude ( m9ds4#ic ,:at relation1 x may be ask$1 c ?is !ory respect+ ! developm5t ( reveal$ or ,*ri/ian tru? be> to ! "q ( ! be+ & p]fections ( ,god8 ,we answ]1 t x is f\nd$ on a g5]al philosophical pr9ciple :i* may affect ! tru?s ( natural z well z ^? ( reveal$ ,religion2 & t x is appli$ 9 su* a way z to %[ t1 z x has already l$ to ! wor%ip ( angels & sa9ts1 s x may h]eaft] issue 9 ! deification ( ,nature1 :i* is ,pan!ism1 or 9 ! sep>ate wor%ip ( its compon5t p>ts1 :i* is ,poly!ism2 &1 9 ei!r case1 ! p]sonality & supremacy ( ! "o only1 ! liv+ & ! true ,god1 w\ld be effectually sup]s$$1 if n explicitly d5i$4 ,b1 is !re any real dang] ( su* a disa/r\s consummation8 ,we answ]1 t ! m]e coexi/5ce ( ! !ory ( ,ecclesia/ical ,developm5t ) ! infidel speculations on ! doctr9e ( ,human ,progress is ( itself an om9\s symptom2 &1 fur!r1 t ! mutual int]*ange ( complim5t>y ackn[l$gm5ts betwe5 ! ,infidel & ,popi% p>ties is ano!r1 especially :5 bo? are f\nd to co9cide 9 "s ( ! ma9 gr\nds ( _! opposition to ,scripture z ! supreme rule ( fai?1 & :5 ! homage :i* ! advocates ( ,developm5t r5d] to ! !ory ( progress is respond$ to by gl[+ eulogiums f ! infidel camp on ! g5ius ( ,ca?olicism z ! ma/]piece ( human policy4 ,b !re are o!r gr\nds ( appreh5sion1 aris+ m directly out ( ! v nature ( ! !ory ( ,developm5t itself4 ,t !ory has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,br[nson--himself a conv]t to ,ca?olicism--z ! product ( a s*ool =m$1 at fir/1 outside ( ! ,*ur*1 b n[ br\ght )9 h] communion1 & comp>$1 9 reg>d to its dang]\sness1 ) ! speculations ( ,h]mes & ,lam5nais4#id ,& a /ill m compet5t judge--,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 ( ,cambridge#ie--;has *>act]iz$ x z a mon/r\s comp\nd ( ,pop]y & ,pan!ism1 accord+ to :i* ! ,ca?olic fai? is n a religion reveal$ to u 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books we call canonical1 & 9 ! works ( ! ,fa!rs :i* are suppos$ to conta9 ! oral traditions ( ! ,apo/les & _! foll[]s2 b a new ,pan!i/ic elem5t is to be fa/5$ on ! fai? ( m51--a pr9ciple ( ,developm5t :i* may ov]%ad[ bo? ! v]bum ,dei scriptum & ! v]bum ,dei non scriptum ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 & *ange bo? ! =m & sub/ance ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is only ju/ice to ,mr4 ,newman to say t he appe>s to h be5 aw>e ( ?is possible objection to 8 !ory1 & t he makes an attempt to obviate x4 ,speak+ ( ! difficulty :i* ! ,*ur* exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ,paganism out ( h] pale1 he adv]ts to ! haz>d :i* att5d$ on ! developm5t ( ! ,ca?olic ritual1--su* z ! honors publicly assign$ to sa9ts & m>tyrs1 ! =mal v5]ation ( _! relics1 & ! usages & obs]vances :i* foll[$4 ,& he asks3 ,:at 0 to h9d] ! rise ( a sort ( ref9$ ,pan!ism1 & ! ov]?r[ ( ,dogmatism p>i passu ) ! multiplication ( heav5ly int]cessors & patrons8 ,if :at is call$ 9 reproa* ',sa9t-wor%ip' resembl$ ! ,poly!ism :i* x supplant$1 or 0 a corruption1 h[ did ,dogmatism survive8 ,dogmatism is a religi\s pr(ession ( its own reality z contra/$ ) o!r sy/ems2 b ,poly!i/s are lib]als1 & hold t "o religion is z good z ano!r4 ,yet ! !ological sy/em 0 develop+ & /r5g!n+1 z well z ! mona/ic rule1 all ! :ile ! ritual 0 assimilat+ itself1 z ,prote/ants say1 to ! ,paganism ( =m] ages4#if ,x seems to be admitt$ 9 ^! words1 t1 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 ! developm5t ( ! ,ca?olic ritual 0 att5d$ ) "s dang] ( infection f ,paganism or ,pan!ism2 & !re may be equal reason to fe> t1 9 ! future hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 /ill work+ on ! pr9ciple ( developm5t1 t dang] may be v consid]ably aggravat$ by ! g5]al preval5ce ( !ories utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! fai? ( primitive times4 ,:at ! ,*ur* has already done 9 ! ex]cise ( h] develop+ p[] may be only a specim5 ( :at %e may h]eaft] accompli%4 ,%e has already develop$ ,*ri/ianity into a sy/em :i* be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ,poly!ism2 %e may yet develop x m fully1 s z to br+ x into accordance ) philosophical ,pan!ism2 or1 reta9+ bo? =ms1--= !y are n necess>ily exclusive ( ea* o!r1--%e may use ! fir/ 9 deal+ ) ! ignorant1 & res]ve ! second z a sort ( esot]ic doctr9e = m9ds ( high] culture4 ,nor let x be said t we are ei!r unju/ or un*>itable t[>ds ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 9 sugge/+ ! possibility ( "s su* developm5t2 = :at %e has already done1 & :at %e /ill claims ! p[] ( do+1 af=d v suffici5t gr\nd = our rem>ks4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,cony]s ,middleton publi%$ 8 celebrat$ ,lett] f ,rome1 %[+ an exact con=mity betwe5 ,pop]y & ,paganism1 & t ! religion ( ! pres5t ,romans is d]iv$ f t ( _! ,hea!n ance/ors1 _m lib]al ,ca?olics res5t$ ! imputation z an insult to _! fai?2 b n[ ,mr4 ,newman n only admits ! fact t ! ,*ur* did assimilate its ritual to ! ,paganism ( =m] ages1 b v9dicates h] "r to d s1 & ascribes to h] a p[] ( assimilation to :i* x seems impossible to assign any limits4 ,!re is1 9 tru?1 says ?is writ]1 a c]ta9 virtue or grace 9 ! ,gospel1 :i* *anges ! quality ( doctr9es1 op9ions1 usages1 actions1 & p]sonal *>act]s1 :i* become incorporat$ ) x1 & makes !m "r & acceptable to its ,div9e ,au?or1 :5 be=e !y 7 ei!r contr>y to tru?1 or1 at be/1 b %ad[s ( x4--,confid+1 !n1 9 ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity to resi/ ! infection ( evil1 & to transmute ! v in/rum5ts & app5dages ( demon wor%ip to an ,evangelical use1 444 ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur* f e>ly times 7 prep>$1 %\ld ! occasion arise1 to adopt1 or imitate1 or sanction ! exi/+ rites & cu/oms ( ! populace1 z well z ! philosophy ( ! educat$ class4--,! ,*ur* c extract good f evil1 or1 at lea/1 gets no h>m f x4 ,%e inh]its ! promise made to ! disciples1 t !y %\ld take up s]p5ts1 &1 if !y drank any deadly ?+1 x %\ld n hurt !m4--,x has borne1 & c be>1 pr9ciples or doctr9es :i*1 9 o!r sy/ems ( religion1 quickly deg5]ate into fanaticism or infidelity4 ,?is m>vell\s p[] ( assimilation1 :i* made ^? obs]vances pi\s 9 ,*ri/ianity t 7 sup]/itions 9 ,paganism1 advanc$1 rapidly 9 its "w1 & successively introduc$ ! deification ( man1 ! cultus ( angels & sa9ts1 & ! beatification ( ,m>y z ,que5 ( heav5 & e>?4 ,! sanctification1 or r ! deification ( ! nature ( ,man1 is "o ( ^! developm5ts4 ,*ri/ is 9 !m1 because ,he is 9 human nature2 & ,he communicates to !m t nature1 deifi$ by becom+ ,81 t x may deify !m4 ,! wor%ip ( sa9ts is ano!r ( ^! developm5ts3 ,^? :o are kn[n to be ,god's adopt$ sons 9 ,*ri/ are fit objects ( wor%ip on acc\nt ( ,him :o is 9 !m4444 ,wor%ip is ! necess>y correlative ( glory2 &1 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* creat$ nature c %>e 9 ! ,creator's incommunicable glory1 d !y also %>e 9 t wor%ip :i* is ,8 prop]ty alone4 ,b a new sph]e 0 yet to be discov]$ 9 ! realms ( light1 to :i* ! ,*ur* _h n yet assign$ its inhabitant4 ,!re 0 'a wond] 9 heav52' a ?rone 0 se51 f> above all creat$ p[]s1 m$iatorial1 int]cessory2 a title ar*etypal2 a cr[n bright z ! morn+ />2 a glory issu+ f ! ,et]nal ,?rone2 robes pure z ! heav5s2 & a sceptre ov] all4 ,& :o 0 ! pr$e/9$ heir ( t ,maje/y8 ,:o 0 t ,wisdom1 & :at 0 h] "n8--'! ,"m ( fair love1 & fe>1 & holy hope1' exalt$ l a palm-tree 9 ,engaddi & a rose-plant 9 ,j]i*o1 creat$ f ! beg9n+ be=e ! _w 9 ,god's c\nsels1 & '9 ,j]usalem 0 h] p[]4' ,! vision is f\nd 9 ! ,apocalypse1 a ,woman clo!d ) ! ,sun1 & ! ,moon "u h] feet1 & ^u h] head a cr[n ( twelve />s4 ,! ,,deification ( ,m>y is decre$4 ,! doctr9e ( h] ,immaculate ,conception is a fur!r developm5t at ! pres5t mom5t1 & :o c tell :at o!r developm5ts may be 9 /ore = ! future8 ,we adv]t to ?is =m ( ! !ory only 9 s f> z x /&s relat$ to our great !me1--! exi/5ce1 p]fections1 & pr]ogatives ( ! "o only1 ! liv+ & ! true ,god2 & x c sc>cely be que/ion$1 we ?9k1 t x has already introduc$ doctr9es & practices into ! ,*ur* :i* h a manife/ t5d5cy to obscure ! lu/re & impair ! evid5ce ( "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal articles ( ,natural ,religion4 ,let x /ill advance 9 ! same direction1 & :o %all assure u t x may n develop into /ill gross] idolatry1 or ev5 into ,pan!ism8 ,:y %\ld x n develop1 = example1 into ,sun wor%ip8 ,on ! new sy/em1 says ,pr(essor ,butl]1 a mod]n gr[? ( ,*ri/ian ,guebres might make out no feeble case2 ! public religi\s recognition ( ?is great visible type ( ! ,true ,light is b a fair developm5t ( '! typical pr9ciple2' ! ju/ifiable imitation ( ! guilt ( hea!ns 9 its adoration is b an in/ance ( ! trans=m+ p[]s ( '! sacram5tal pr9ciple2' :ile x requires b ! mo/ mod]ate use ( ! great in/rum5t ( or?odoxy1 'my/ical int]pretation1' to f9d ! duty h9t$ 7cle>ly en\gh = wat*ful fai?1 ?\gh obscurely to ! bl9d$ or undev\t7 9 ^? passages t speak ( a 'tab]nacle = ! ,sun1' or ,deity itself be+ 'a ,sun1' or ! ris+ ( '! ,sun ( righte\sness4'444 ,inde$1 ! :ole body ( ! righte\s are promis$ to '%9e z ! ,sun' 9 ! heav5ly k+dom1--an expression :i*1 ?\gh x appe> sup]ficially to ref] to a p]iod n yet arriv$1 ! ,*ur* has correctively develop$ into an assurance ( _! pres5t beatification1 & consequ5t "r to wor%ip2 :ile x mu/ be at once manife/ t1 if any repres5tative emblem ( ! ,deity may dem& religi\s pro/ration 9 our ,*ur*es1 ! analog\s emblem ( ! 'deifi$1' 9 ! great temple ( ! ,mat]ial ,univ]se1 may fairly expect a p>ticipation 9 t honor4 ,x is true !re is an express comm&1 ',take he$ le/1 :5 ?\ see/ ! ,sun1 444 ?\ %\ld/ be driv5 to wor%ip !m2' b s !re is a comm&1 at lea/ z di/9ct & imp]ative1 aga9/ ! wor%ip ( ,images1 :i*1 ,mr4 ,newman in/ructs u1 has be5 repeal$ "u ! ,gospel1 & 0 nev] m ?an a m]e ,judaic prohibition1 'int5d$ = m]e tempor>y obs]vance 9 ! lett]4'#ig ,if x be said t1 9 ! case ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 !re is n only a process ( developm5t1 b an infallible develop+ p[]1 & t ?is af=ds a gu>anty1 /rong z ! ,div9e promise itself1 aga9/ t risk ( error :i* is att5dant on ! ord9>y me?ods ( human tea*+1--we answ]1 t ?is is a m]e assumption1 :i* requires to be prov$1 & t x _c be prov$ 9 ! face ( ! facts :i* atte/ ! hi/orical v>iations ( ! ,romi% ,cre$1 z ^! are admitt$ & def5d$ by ,mr4 ,newman himself4 ,= "s ( ^! v>iations are n consi/5t developm5ts ( ! primitive articles ( fai?1 b involve ei!r a corruption or a contradiction ( ^! v pr9ciples2 & if h] infallibility has n pres]v$ h] f ! deification ( sa9ts1 :at security h we t x w pres]ve h] f ! deification ( ,nature8 ,if x has already introduc$ a ,*ri/ian ,poly!ism1 :y may x n issue 9 a ,*ri/ian ,pan!ism8 ,admit ! pr9ciple ( developm5t1 & x may lead to ! deification ( man1 z well z to ! wor%ip ( ,m>y2 to a sacr$ ,cal5d> ( ,h]oes1 z well z ( ,sa9ts4#ih ,x may t]m9ate ei!r 9 ,infidelity or 9 ,sup]/ition1 accord+ to ! m5tal temp]am5t ( ! individual by :om x is adopt$ & appli$4 ,an organ ( inve/igation be+ introduc$1 :i* may be employ$ = any purpose indiff]5tly1 ! t5d5cy ( su* a !ory ( religi\s inquiry w j tell accord+ to ! _s 9 :i* x acts4 ,a skeptic w develop ! pr9ciple into ,infidelity1 a believ] into ,sup]/ition2 b ! pr9ciple itself rema9s accurately ! same 9 bo?4#ii ,! connection betwe5 ! !ory ( ,ecclesia/ical ,developm5t & ! infidel !ory ( ,progress has n escap$ ! notice ( _m acute & pr(\nd ?9k]s 9 rec5t times1 nor ! dang] result+ f x to ! mo/ fundam5tal articles ( fai?4 ,mod]n ,spirituali/s tell u t ,*ri/ianity is a developm5t1 z ! ,papi/s also ass]t1 & ! ,new ,te/am5t is its fir/ & rudim5t>y product2 only1 unhappily1 z ! developm5t1 x seems1 may be ?+s s diff]5t z ,pop]y & ,infidelity1 we are z f> z ev] f any crit]ium z to :i*1 out ( ! t5 ?\s& possible developm5ts1 is ! true2 b x is a matt] ( ! less consequ5ce1 s9ce x w1 on su* reason+1 be always some?+ future4#ajj ,"o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s t5ets ( ! ,neologi/s beyond ! ,rh9e is ?us express$ by !mselves3 ,*ri/ianity r5ews itself 9 ! human he>t1 & foll[s ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 & inve/s itself ) new =ms ( ?\ght & language1 & adopts new sy/ems ( ,*ur* organization1 to :i* x gives expression & life4 444 ,b are ^! tea*]s ! only de/roy]s ( ,fai? & ,morals8 ,are n !y also *>geable ) precisely ! same (f5ce :o comm& u to submit implicitly to ! s-call$ div9ely-inspir$ ,_s ( '"o liv+ ,infallible ,judge' or ',develop+ ,p[]'8 ,c we h fix$ articles ( fai? & morals 9 ?is sy/em1 any m ?an 9 ! o!r8 ,no4 ',unus utrisque error1 s$ v>iis illudet p>tibus4' ,!re is ! same evil 9 bo?1 b x op]ates 9 diff]5t ways2 9 ! =m]1 e "o develops = himself2 9 ! latt]1 ! ,pope develops = e "o4 ,y look ) fe> on ! progress ( ,rationalism2 & :at hope c any man d]ive f t ( ,romanism8#aja 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h exam9$1 ea* on its own peculi> m]its1 ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t :i* h be5 prop\nd$ 9 mod]n times1 & appli$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( planets & a/ral sy/ems1 ( vegetable & animal races1 & ( ! diff]5t successive sy/ems ( human op9ion & belief4 ,we h f\nd t1 impos+ z x may seem to be1 & high z its pret5sions are1 t !ory has no claim to ! "* ( a sci5tific doctr9e2 t x is a m]e hypo!sis1 & no?+ m2 a speculative figm5t1 :i* may be injuri\s to ^? :o ?\ghtlessly dally ) x1 b :i* c h no p[] to hurt any "o :o w resolutely lay hold ( x1 & exam9e its claims4 ,g5tly1 s(tly1 t\* a nettle1 ,& x /+s y = y\r pa9s2 ,grasp x1 l a man ( mettle1 ,& x s(t z silk rema9s4 ,x is only necess>y to add1 t ! same g5]al pr9ciple seems to be involv$ 9 all ! =ms ( ?is !ory1--! pr9ciple1 namely1 t we are b\nd to acc\nt = ! pa/ only by causes kn[n to be 9 actual op]ation at ! pres5t day4 ,m4 ,comte lays x d[n 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,our conjectures on ! orig91 or =mation ( our _w %\ld evid5tly be subject$ to ?is indisp5sable condition1--n to all[ ( ! int]position ( any o!r natural ag5ts ?an ^? ^: influ5ce we cle>ly disc]n 9 our ord9>y ph5om5a1 & ^: op]ations1 !n1 w\ld only be on a great] scale4 ,)\t ?is rule1 our "w c h no truly sci5tific "*1 & we %all fall into ! inconv5i5ce1 s ju/ly made a gr\nd ( reproa* to ! great] numb] ( geological hypo!ses1--t ( introduc+1 = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! anci5t revolutions ( ! globe1 ag5cies :i* d n exi/ at ! pres5t day1 & ^: influ5ce x is impossible1 = t v reason1 to v]ify or ev5 to compreh5d4 ,! same pr9ciple is /rongly /at$1 b ) due limitation1 by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o insi/s on ! explanation ( all t]re/rial *anges by means ( causes & accord+ to laws kn[n to be 9 op]ation at ! pres5t day3 ,dur+ ! progress ( ,geology1 !re h be5 great fluctuations ( op9ion respect+ ! nature ( ! causes to :i* all =m] *anges 9 ! e>?'s surface are ref]able4 ,! fir/ obs]v]s conceiv$ t ! monum5ts :i* ! ,geologi/ endeavors to deciph] relate to a p]iod :5 ! physical con/itution ( ! e>? diff]$ entirely f ! pres5t1 & t1 ev5 aft] ! creation ( liv+ be+s1 !re h be5 causes 9 action di/9ct 9 k9d or degree f ^! n[ =m+ "p ( ! economy ( nature4 ,^! views h be5 gradually modifi$1 & "s ( !m entirely ab&on$4#ajb ,! g5]al pr9ciple :i* is involv$ 9 ^! & simil> /atem5ts may be p]fectly s\nd1 :5 x is appli$ m]ely to natural ev5ts1 occurr+ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 & accord+ to ! e/abli%$ con/itution ( ! mat]ial & moral _w2 b x is manife/ly inapplicable to sup]natural ev5ts1 su* z ! creation ( ! _w1 or ! revelation ( ,div9e tru?1 s9ce ^! ev5ts _c be acc\nt$ = by any kn[n natural cause1 & mu/ be ascrib$ to ! imm$iate ag5cy ( a ,high] ,p[]4 ,)\t "s su* limitation1 ! g5]al pr9ciple _c be admitt$1 s9ce x w\ld involve an egregi\s fallacy4 ,we mu/ n limit ,omnipot5ce by circumscrib+ ! range ( its possible ex]cise )9 ! n>r[ b\nds ( ! exi/+ economy1 or ( our actual exp]i5ce4 ,we are n w>rant$ to assume t ! orig9 ( ! _w1 on ! "o h&1 or ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity on ! o!r1 may be acc\nt$ = by natural causes /ill kn[n to be 9 actual op]ation4 ,9 reg>d to natural ev5ts ! pr9ciple is s\nd1 & x is rigor\sly adh]$ to by ! exp\nd] ( ,natural ,!ology2 9 reg>d to sup]natural ev5ts x c h no legitimate application1 except 9 s f> z x is comb9$ ) ! doctr9e ( effici5t & f9al causes1 :i* leads u up to ! recognition ( a ,high] ,p[]4 ,x might be safe & legitimate en\gh1 :5 we f9d a fossil organism imb$d$ 9 ! e>?1 to ascribe its production to ! ord9>y law ( g5]ation1 ev5 al?\gh we _h n witness$ ! fact ( its bir?1 provid$ ! same species is kn[n to h exi/$ previ\sly2 b :5 we f9d new races com+ into be+1 = :i* ! ord9>y law ( d]ivation _c acc\nt1 we are n at lib]ty to apply ! same rule to a case s ess5tially diff]5t1 & /ill less to po/ulate a spontane\s g5]ation1 or a transmutation ( species1 = :i* we h no exp]i5ce at all4 ,9 su* a case1 we c only reason on ! pr9ciple t l effects mu/ h l causes1 t m>ks ( design imply a design+ cause1 & t ev5ts :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by natural causes mu/ be ascrib$ to a ,p[] di/9ct f nature1 & sup]ior to x4 ,x is manife/ly unreasonable to assume t no?+ c be br\ght to pass 9 ! ,univ]se o!rwise ?an by ! op]ation ( ! same natural laws :i* are n[ 9 action2 or t1 9 ! c\rse ( our limit$ & p>tial exp]i5ce1 we mu/ necess>ily "k all ! ag5cies t may h be5 at "w dur+ ! long fl[ ( "t4 ,&1 9 accordance ) ^! views1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell expressly limits ! g5]al pr9ciple to natural ev5ts1 & %[s t ,geology diff]s z widely f ,cosmogony z speculations conc]n+ ! ,creation ( ,man diff] f 8 ,hi/ory4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 p4 #ag4 #bi ,,augu/e ,,comte1 ,c\rs de ,philosophic ,positive1 ,,ii4 #cfc1 #cgf4 ,! m]its ( ?is attempt are v diff]5tly e/imat$ by two compet5t au?orities2 by ,,pr(essor ,,s$gwick 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #hb1 p4 #bb2 & by ,,sir ,,david ,,brew/] 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #dgf4 #cj ,ve/iges1 p4 #aa1 #bc4 #ca ,,:ewell1 ,indications ( a ,creator4 ,,s$gwick',s ,disc\rse1 #e? edition4 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #hb4 ,,sir ,d4 ,,brew/]1 ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #c4 ,,pr(essor ,,dod1 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,essays1 second s]ies4 ,h4 ,,mill]1 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator4 ,t4 ,,monck ,,mason1 ,creation by ! ,imm$iate ,ag5cy ( ,god4 #cb ,,?omas ,,monck ,,mason1 ,creation by ! ,imm$iate ,ag5cy ( ,god1 z oppos$ to ,creation by ,natural ,law2 be+ a ,refutation ( ',! ,ve/iges1' c41 p4 #cd4 #cc ,,sir ,,john ,,h]s*ell1 ,memoir on ,nebul & ,clu/]s ( ,/>s1 ,london ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahcc4 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,no4 #hb1 p4 #ai4 #cd ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #dgg4 #ce ,,pr(essor ,,ni*ol1 ,! ,sy/em ( ! ,_w1 ,preface1 ,,vi41 & #ajh4 #cf ,ecclesia/es #ab3 #a4 #cg ,,lor5z ,,ok51 ,m4 ,d41 ,elem5ts ( ,physio-philosophy1--repr9t$ 7un=tunately7 "u ! auspices ( ! ,ray ,society1 ,london1 #ahdg4 #ch ,,dr4 ,,john ,,b>clay1 ,inquiry conc]n+ ,life & ,organization1 pp4 #cc1 #cf4 ,see also pp4 #agg1 #bce1 #dac1 #ebf4 #ci ,telliam$2 ou1 ,entreti5s d'un ,philosophe ,indi5 avec un ,missionaire ,franois1 sur la ,dim9ution de la ,m]1 la ,=mation de la ,t]re1 l',orig9e de l',homme1 #b vols41 #agdh4 #dj ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 #f? edition1 p4 #ij4 #da ,,mr4 ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 p4 #bbf4 #db ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 #ahde1 p4 #dhc4 #dc ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 p4 #ib4 #dd ,! ,ve/iges1 p4 #ajd4 #de ,ibid4 #df ,,todd1 ,cyclopdia ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 article1 ,g5]ation4 #dg ,,mr4 ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 p4 #bcc4 ,t4 ,,monck ,,mason1 ,creation by ! ,imm$iate ,ag5cy ( ,god4 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,essays1 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #dbb4 #dh ,,cuvi]1 ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 p4 #fa4 #di ,,mr4 ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,footpr9ts1 p4 #bed4 #ej ,,dr4 ,,:ewell',s ,indications1 p4 #ed4 #ea ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 p4 #ai4 #eb ,! ,ve/iges1 p4 #aje4 #ec ,! ,ve/iges1 pp4 #ia1 #if4 #ed ,! ,ve/iges1 p4 #i4 #ee ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,footpr9ts1 pp4 #ac1 #ae4 ,,pr(essor ,,dod1 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,essays1 ,,ii4 #dcb4 #ef ,,cic]o1 ,de ,natur ,deorum1 ,l4 ,,ii4 #eg ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive1 ,i4 #c1 #f1 #ad2 ,,iv4 viii41 #fec1 #fef1 #gjh1 #gaa1 #gbc2 ,v4 #a1 #i4 #eh ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs de la ,philosophie ,positive1 ,i4 #c4 #ei ,ibid41 ,v4 #cj1 #db1 #ej1 #if1 #ih1 #aja4 #fj ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #cg1 #ge1 #ia1 #aja4 #fa ,ibid41 ,v4 #eh1 #hg1 #id1 #aje1 #abe1 #bgh4 #fb ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #ajg1 #aae1 #aai1 #abd1 #acf1 #adh1 #afb1 #afg1 #bjg1 #bbd1 #bbi4 #fc ,ibid41 ,v4 #abh1 #afd1 #bfh1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bij4 #fd ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #big1 #cbe1 #dfa1 #dgj2 ,,vi4 #bca4 #fe ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #dgi1 #dhg1 #dif1 #eje2 ,,vi4 #b4 #ff ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #d1 #aj2 ,,iv4 #ffd1 #ffi1 #fgf1 #gjb4 #fg ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #bii1 #cbf1 #cde2 ,,vi4 #fb1 #gb1 #aeg1 #bcd1 #ejc1 #hfd4 #fh ,,abb ,,m>et1 ,!odice ,*reti5ne1 p4 #bah4 #fi ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #cbg1 #cdd1 #cfi1 #ech1 #ehb1 #fhd2 ,,vi4 #acg4 #gj ,ibid41 ,v4 #dbh1 #eig1 #fhd1 #hcf2 ,,vi4 #dai1 #eba1 #hfj4 #ga ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #dd1 #ada2 ,,iv4 #fgc2 ,v4 #de1 #cjc4 #gb ,,victor ,,c\s91 ,introduction a l',hi/oire de la ,philosophie1 ,i4 #aba4 ,ibid41 ,c\rs de la ,philosophie1 ,,iii4 #b1 #dfd4 #gc ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #c1 #e1 #bb2 ,,vi4 #cb1 #dha4 #gd ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,v4 #chb1 ,premi] fondateur1 rel ou ideal1 de ce gr& sy/me religieux4 #ge ,encyc4 ,britan41 articles ,augury & ,div9ation4 ,,dr4 ,,?omson',s ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry4 #gf ,,mr4 ,h4 ,,mill]',s ,sc5es & ,leg5ds ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&4 #gg ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #ac2 ,v4 #dfa1 #dgj2 ,,vi4 #hf1 #abf1 #adh4 #gh ,,dr4 ,,cudwor?1 ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ,i4 #cc4 #gi ,we/m9/] ,confession ( ,fai?1 *ap4 ,v4 #b1 #c4 #hj ,,/rauss1 ,life ( ,jesus1 ,i4 #hh4 ,,h5ry ,,rog]s1 ,reason & ,fai?1 ,app5dix1 p4 #if4 #ha ,,dr4 ,,*alm]s' ,works1 ,i4 ,natural ,!ology4 #hb ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #g4 #hc ,,montaigne1 ,apology = ,raimond de ,sebonde1 ,essays1 ,,ii4 #adh4 #hd ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,,vi41 ,preface1 ,,ix4 #he ,,dr4 ,,&rew ,,?omson1 ,s]mons on ,infidelity1 p4 #fb4 #hf ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,,iv4 #gji3 ,je puis affirm] n'avoir jamais tr\v d'argum5tation srieuse en opposition cette loi1 depuis dix-sept ans que j'ai eu le bonheur de la dec\vrir1 si ce n'e/ celle que l'on fondait sur la consid]ation de la simultaneit jusq'ici necessairem5t trs commune1 des trois philosophies *ez les mmes intellig5ces4 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #bg1 #ej1 #aj3 ,l'emploi simultan des trois philosophies radicalem5t incompatibles1--la coxi/5ce de ces trois philosophies opposes4 ,see also ,,iv4 #fhc1 #fid2 ,v4 #bh1 #ci1 #da1 #eg1 #aga2 ,,vi4 #bf1 #ca1 #cd1 #aee4 #hg ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #ad3 ,en consid]ant comme absolum5t inaccessible et vide de s5s p\r n\s la re*]*e de ce qu'on appelle les causes1 soit premires1 soit f9ales4 #hh ,,sir ,,james ,,mack9to%1 ,encyc41 ,britan41 ,prelim9>y ,diss]tation1 p4 #ced4 #hi ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,,iv4 #ffd4 #ij ,ibid41 ,,vi4 #gbh1 #gcj1 #gfj1 #hbf1 #hce1 #hff4 #ia ,,newman',s ,essay on ,developm5t1 p4 #bg4 #ib ,,newman',s ,essay on ,developm5t1 p4 #ch4 #ic ,ibid41 p4 #ie4 #id ,,br[nson',s ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #dc4 #ie ,,s$gwick',s ,disc\rse1 ,f\r? ,edition4 ,preface1 ,,cccxciii4 #if ,,newman',s ,essay1 p4 #ddg4 #ig ,lett]s ( ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,,butl] on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 p4 #aaf4 #ih ,,pi]re ,,l]\x1 ,sur l',humanite4 ,,augu/us ,,comte1 ,positive ,cal5d>4 ,! au?or gave "s acc\nt ( ?is 9 an article contribut$ to ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review1 ,may1 #ahea4 #ii ,,pr(essor ,,butl]',s ,lett]s1 p4 #hg4 #ajj ,eclipse ( ,fai?1 p4 #ac4 #aja ,,dr4 ,,wordswor?1 ,lett]s to ,m4 ,gondon1 p4 #aec4 #ajb ,,lyell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ,i4 #ge4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,pan!ism4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ,pan!ism might h be5 ju/ly reg>d$ & safely treat$ z an obsolete & explod$ error1--an error :i* /ill prevail$1 inde$1 9 ! ,ea/ z "o ( ! h]$it>y beliefs ( ,indian sup]/ition1 b :i*1 :5 transplant$ to ,we/]n ,europe by ! d>+ g5ius ( ,sp9oza1 0 f\nd to be an exotic too sickly to take root & gr[ amid/ ! fre% & brac+ air ( mod]n civilization4 ,b no "o :o has m>k$ ! rec5t t5d5cies ( speculative ?\ght1 & :o is acqua9t$1 h[ev] slightly1 ) ! "* ( mod]n lit]ature1 c h fail$ to disc]n a rem>kable *ange 9 ?is respect )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,g]man philosophy1 always prolific1 & (t5 productive ( mon/r\s bir?s1 has giv5 to ! _w _m elaborate sy/ems1 physical & metaphysical1 ^: mo/ prom95t feature is ! deification ( ,nature or ( ,man4 ,france1 always al]t & lively1 has appropriat$ ! ideas ( h] m pond]\s neighbors1 & has giv5 !m curr5cy ?r\gh educat$ ,europe on ! w+s ( h] light] lit]ature4 ,& ev5 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica !re are n want+ "s significant tok5s ( a disposition to *]i% a k9d ( speculation :i*1 if x be n =mally & av[$ly ,pan!i/ic1 has mu* ( ! same dreamy & my/ic "*1 & little1 if any1 h>mony ) def9ite views ( ,god1 or ( ! relations :i* ,he be>s to man4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant symptoms ( a reaction 9 favor ( ,pan!ism may be se5 9 ! num]\s republications & v]sions ( ! writ+s ( ,sp9oza :i* h rec5tly appe>$1 9 ! public homage :i* has be5 paid to 8 "* & g5ius1 & 9 ! m ?an philosophic tol]ance--! k9dly indulg5ce--:i* has be5 %[n to 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic pr9ciples4 ,he is n[ recogniz$ by _m z ! real f\nd] bo? ( ! ,philosophic & ( ! ,exegetic ,rationalism1 :i* has be5 appli$1 ) su* disa/r\s effect1 to ! int]pretation alike ( ! volume ( ,nature & ( ! records ( ,revelation4 ,9 ,g]many 8 works h be5 edit$ by ,paulus 7#ahjc7 & by ,gfrr] 7#ahcj72 9 ,france !y h be5 translat$ by ,emile ,saisset1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,royal ,college2 :ile a copi\s acc\nt ( 8 life & writ+s has be5 publi%$ by ,am& ,sa9tes1 ! hi/orian ( ,rationalism 9 ,g]many4#ajc ,all ?is might be acc\nt$ = by ascrib+ x simply to ! admiration ( philosophical ?9k]s = ! extraord9>y tal5ts ( ! man2 & x might be said t 8 writ+s h be5 repr9t$1 j z ^? ( ,hobbes h be5 rec5tly reproduc$ 9 ,engl&1 m z a hi/orical monum5t ( ! pa/ ?an z a mirror t reflects ! s5tim5ts ( ! pres5t age4 ,b x is m difficult to expla9 ! eulogiums ) :i* ! reappe>ance ( ,sp9oza has be5 greet$1 & ! cordiality ) :i* 8 d>+ speculations h be5 receiv$4 ,he has n only be5 exculpat$ f ! *>ge ( ,a!ism1 b ev5 panegyriz$ z a sa9t & m>tyr6 ,t holy & yet outca/ man1 exclaim$ ,s*lei]ma*]1--he :o 0 fully p5etrat$ by ! univ]sal ,_s1--= :om ! ,inf9ite 0 ! beg9n+ & ! end1 & ! ,univ]se 8 only & ev]la/+ love1--he :o1 9 holy innoc5ce & pr(\nd peace1 delight$ to contemplate himself 9 ! mirror ( an et]nal _w1 :]e1 d\btless1 he saw himself reflect$ z its mo/ lovely image1--he :o 0 full ( ! s5tim5t ( religion1 because he 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,_s6 ,in/ead ( accus+ ,sp9oza ( ,a!ism1 says ,m4 ,c\s91 he %\ld r be subject$ to ! opposite reproa*4#ajd ,he has be5 l\dly accus$1 says ,pr(essor ,saisset1 ( ,a!ism & impiety4444 ,! tru? is t nev] did a man believe 9 ,god ) a fai? m pr(\nd1 ) a s\l m s9c]e1 ?an ,sp9oza4 ,take ,god f him1 & y take f him 8 sy/em1 8 ?\ght1 8 life4 ,sp9oza1 al?\gh a ,jew1 says ! ,abb ,sabati]1 a memb] ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 always liv$ z a ,*ri/ian1 & 0 z well v]s$ 9 our div9e ,te/am5t z 9 ! books ( ! anci5t ,law4 ,if he end$1 z we _c d\bt he did1 9 embrac+ ,*ri/ianity1 he ought to be enroll$ 9 ! rank ( sa9ts1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ at ! head ( ! enemies ( ,god4 ,contra/ ! language 9 :i* ,sp9oza is n[ comp>$ to ,?omas ,kempis1 & propos$ z a fit subject = canonization itself1 ) ! t]ms 9 :i* he 0 wont to be spok5 ( by m5 ( =m] times2 & ! />tl+ diff]5ce w suffici5tly indicate a great *ange 9 ! curr5t ( ,european ?\ght4 ,& if we add to ?is ! contemporane\s reappe>ance ( su* writ]s z ,bruno & ,van9i1 ^: works h be5 repr9t$ by ! active philosophical press ( ,p>is1 we may be well assur$ t x is n by ov]look+ or despis+ su* speculations1 b by boldly confront+ & closely grappl+ ) !m1 t we %all be/ protect ! m9d ( ! ?9k+ community f _! insidi\s & pe/il5t influ5ce4 ,b we are n left to inf] ! exi/5ce1 9 _m qu>t]s1 ( a prevail+ t5d5cy t[>ds ,pan!ism1 f su* facts z h be5 /at$1 significant z !y are2 we h explicit te/imonies on ! po9t1 9 a multitude ( writ+s1 philosophical & popul>1 :i* h rec5tly issu$ f ! ,cont95tal press4 ,9 a report pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,m4 ,franck1 a memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 repres5ts ,pan!ism z ! la/ & greate/ ( all ! ,metaphysical sy/ems :i* h come into collision ) ,revelation2 & describes x z a !ory1 accord+ to :i* _s & matt]1 ?\ght & ext5sion1 ! ph5om5a ( ! s\l & ( ! body1 are all equally relat$1 ei!r z attributes or modes1 to ! same sub/ance or be+1 at once "o & _m1 f9ite & inf9ite1--,humanity1 ,nature1 ,god4 ,conceiv+ t ! old] =ms ( error--,dualism & ,mat]ialism--h all b disappe>$2 & t ,a!ism1 9 its gross me*anical =m1 _c n[1 z ,br\ssais himself said1 f9d entrance into a well-made head :i* has s]i\sly m$itat$ on nature1 ,m4 ,franck concludes t ,pan!ism alone1 su* z has be5 conceiv$ & develop$ 9 ,g]many1 is likely to h ! p[] ( s$uc+ s]i\s m9ds1 & t x may = a season ex]t consid]able influ5ce z an antagoni/ to ,*ri/ianity4#aje ,m4 ,jav>i gives a simil> te/imony4 ,he tells u t t great lie1 :i* is call$ ,pan!ism 7ce gr& m5songe qu'on appelle le ,pan!isme71 has dragg$ ,g]man philosophy into an abyss2 t x is fasc9at+ a l>ge numb] ( m9ds among 8 own c\ntrym52 & t x is ?is doctr9e1 r ?an any o!r1 :i* w soon ga!r ar\nd x all ^? :o d n "k or :o reject ! tru?4#ajf ,! ,biograph] ( ,sp9oza1 ref]r+ to ! rec5t progress & prospective preval5ce ( ^! views1 affirms t ! t5d5cy ( ! age1 9 matt]s ( ,philosophy1 ,morals1 & ,religion1 seems to incl9e t[>ds ,pan!ism2 t ! "t is come :5 e "o :o w n frankly embrace ! pure & simple ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,gospel w be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge ,sp9oza z 8 *ief1 unless he be will+ to expose himself to ridicule2 t ,g]many is already saturat$ ) 8 pr9ciples2 t 8 philosophy dom9e]s ov] all ! contempor>y sy/ems1 & w cont9ue to gov]n !m until m5 are br\ght to believe t ^w1 ',no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t1 b ,he :o 0 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r ha? reveal$ ,him2' t x is ?is ,pan!i/ic philosophy1 boldly av[$1 t[>ds :i* ! majority ( ^? writ]s :o h ! tal5t ( comm&+ public int]e/ are gravitat+ at ! pres5t day2 & t ! ultimate /ruggle w be1 n betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,philosophy1 b betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,sp9ozism1 its /ronge/ & mo/ invet]ate antagoni/4#ajg ,& ! critical review] ( ,pan!ism1 ^: ,essay is said to h be5 ! fir/ effective *eck to its progress 9 ! philosophical s*ools ( ,p>is1 gives a simil> te/imony4 ,he tells u t x 0 8 ma9 object to po9t out ! ,pan!i/ic t5d5cies ( ! age2 to %[ t ,g]many & ,france are deeply imbu$ ) its _s2 t bo? ,philosophy & ,poetry h be5 infect$ by x2 t ?is is ! v]itable h]esy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & t1 :5 ! mo/ curr5t beliefs are analyz$1 !y resolve !mselves into ,pan!ism1 av[$ or disguis$4#ajh ,a few specim5s ( ?is mode ( ?9k+ may be add$ 9 confirmation ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,less+1 z report$ by ,jacobi1 express$ 8 satisfaction ) ! poem ,prome!us1 say+3 ,?is poet's po9t ( view is my own2 ! or?odox ideas on ! ,div9ity no long] suit me2 ,i d]ive no pr(it f !m3 ,greek3 h5 kai pan1--7un et t\t1 ! "o & ! all71--,i "k no o!r4 ,s*ell+1 9 8 e>li] writ+s1 :ile he 0 ,pr(essor at ,j5a1 & be=e ! *ange ( s5tim5t :i* he av[$ at ,b]l91 repres5t$ ,god z ! "o only true & really absolute exi/5ce2 z no?+ m or less ?an ,be+1 fill+ ! :ole sph]e ( reality2 z ! inf9ite ,be+ 7,seyn7 :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! ,univ]se1 & evolves all ?+s f itself by self-developm5t4 ,hegel seeks unity 9 e ?+ & e :]e4 ,?is unity he discov]s 9 ! id5tity ( exi/5ce & ?\ght1 9 ! "o sub/ance :i* exi/s & ?9ks1 9 ,god :o manife/s & develops himself 9 _m =ms4 ,! ,absolute produces all & absorbs all2 x is ! ess5ce ( all ?+s4 ,! life ( ! ,absolute is nev] consummat$ or complete4 ,god does n prop]ly exi/1 b comes into be+3 ',gott i/ 9 w]d54'--,deus e/ 9 fi]i4 ,) him ,god is n a ,p]son1 b ,p]sonality1 :i* realizes itself 9 e human consci\sness z s _m ?\ghts ( "o et]nal ,m9d4444 ,ap>t f1 & out ( ! _w1 !re=e1 !re is no ,god2 & s1 also1 ap>t f ! univ]sal consci\sness ( man1 !re is no ,div9e consci\sness or p]sonality4 ,god is ) him ! :ole process ( ?\ght1 comb9+ 9 itself ! objective movem5t1 z se5 9 ,nature1 ) ! subjective1 z se5 9 ,logic2 & fully realiz+ itself only 9--! univ]sal _s ( ,humanity4#aji ,we select only two specim5s f ! rec5t lit]ature ( ,france2 !y might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,pi]re ,l]\x1 ! editor ( ! ,encyclop$ie ,n\velle1 says1 9 8 ,essay on ,humanity1 d$icat$ to ! poet ,b]ang]3--,x is ! ,god imman5t 9 ! ,univ]se1 9 ,humanity1 9 ea* ,man1 t ,i adore4--,! wor%ip ( ,humanity 0 ! wor%ip ( ,voltaire4--,:at1 is ,humanity consid]$ z compreh5d+ all m58 ,is x some?+1 or is x no?+ b an ab/raction ( our m9d8 ,is ,humanity a collective be+1 or is x no?+ b a s]ies ( individual m58--,be+1 or ! s\l1 is et]nal by its nature4 ,be+1 or ! s\l1 is inf9ite by its nature4 ,be+1 or ! s\l1 is p]man5t & un*angeable by its nature4 ,be+1 or ! s\l1 is "o by its nature4 ,be+1 or ! s\l1 is ,god by its nature4--,socrates has prov$ our et]nity & ! div9ity ( our nature4#aaj ,! next specim5 is a s+ul> b v in/ructive "o4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! treatise ( ,m4 ,cr\sse1 :o holds t intellig5ce is a prop]ty or an effect ( matt]2 t ! _w is a great body1 :i* has s5se1 _s1 & reason2 t matt]1 9 appe>ance ! mo/ cold & ins5sible1 is 9 reality animat$1 & capable ( eng5d]+ ?\ght4 ,x might be amus+1 7 x n melan*oly1 to ref] to "o ( 8 pro(s ( ?is position3 ,une horologe mesure le temps2 c]tes1 c'e/ l un effet intellectuel produit p> une cause physique6#aaa ,8 gr& pr9ciple is ! doctr9e ( :at he calls ,unisub/ancisme1 & x is appli$ equally to ! nature ( ,god & ! s\l ( man4 ,god is admitt$1 b x is ! ,god ( ,pan!ism1--,nature1 includ+ matt] & m9d1 b exclud+ any high] p[]4 ,god is ! self-exi/5t ,be+1 :i* includes all1 & beyond :i* no o!r c be imag9$4 ,! ,inf9ite is id5tical ) ! ,univ]se4--,god is & c only be ! :ole ( t :i* exi/s4 ,let u proclaim x al\d1 t ! e*oes may repeat x1 ,god1 ! ,great ,be+1 is ! ,all1 & ! ,all is ,"o4 ,god is e ?+ t exi/s2 ! ,univ]se1 t is ! supreme ,be+4 ,9 x are life et]nal1 p[]1 wisdom1 k1 p]fect organization1 all ! qualities1 9 a ^w1 t are insep>able f ! ,div9ity4 ,beyond ! univ]se1 or ap>t f x1 !re is no?+ 7neant72 above ! visible _w & its laws !re is = man--nullit4 ,x is deeply humbl+ to ?9k t1 9 ! light ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & 9 ! v c5tre ( ,european civilization1 speculations su* z ^! %\ld h f\nd au?ors to publi%1 & read]s to pur*ase !m4 ,ne$ we wond] t sev]al ,ca?olic writ]s on ! cont95t1 conv]sant ) ! works :i* are daily issu+ f ! press1 & famili> ) ! /ate ( society 9 :i* !y live1 h publicly express$ _! appreh5sion t1 unless "s seasonable & effective *eck c be giv5 to ! progress ( ?is fe>ful sy/em1 we may yet witness ! re/oration ( ,poly!i/ic wor%ip & ! revival ( ,paganism 9 ,europe8#aab ,! mo/ cursory review ( ! hi/ory ( ,pan!ism#aac w s]ve to conv9ce e reflect+ read] t x mu/ h its orig9 9 "s natural b /rangely p]v]t$ pr9ciple ( ! human m9d2 & t its rec5t reappe>ance 9 ,europe af=ds an additional & v unexpect$ pro( t1 l ! we$s :i* spr+ up1 ye> aft] ye>1 9 ! be/ cultivat$ field1 x mu/ h its roots or se$s deep 9 ! soil4 ,9 ! annals ( our race1 we f9d x exhibit$ 9 two di/9ct =ms2 fir/1 z a ,religi\s doctr9e1 &1 secondly1 z a ,philosophical sy/em4 ,x _h its bir?place 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ! gorge\s magnific5ce ( ,nature 0 fitt$ to arre/ ! att5tion & to /imulate ! imag9ation ( a subtle1 dreamy1 & speculative p4 ,! primitive doctr9e ( ,creation 0 soon supplant$ by ! pagan !ory ( ,emanation4 ,! ,indian ,brahm is ! fir/ & only ,sub/ance1 inf9ite1 absolute1 indet]m9ate ,be+1 f :i* all is evolv$1 manife/$1 develop$1 & to :i* all returns & is reabsorb$4 ,! ,v$anta philosophy is bas$ on ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & x has be5 well describ$ z ! mo/ rigor\s sy/em ( ,pan!ism :i* has ev] appe>$4 ,we le>n f ! writ+s ( ,greece t a simil> sy/em prevail$ 9 ,egypt1 diff]5t1 inde$1 9 =m1 & express$ 9 o!r t]ms1 b re/+ on ! same ultimate gr\nd2 & we "k t ,*ri/ianity f\nd "o ( its e>lie/ & mo/ =midable antagoni/s 9 ! philosophical s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 deeply imbu$ ) a ,pan!i/ic _s1 & :i*1 p]haps = t reason1 has rec5tly become an object ( mu* int]e/ to speculative m9ds 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! ,gno/ic & ! ,neoplatonic sects ma9ta9$1 & ! writ+s ( ,plot9us & ,proclus /ill exhibit1 _m pr9ciples ! same 9 sub/ance ) ^? :i* h be5 rec5tly reviv$ 9 ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,9 ! e>li] z well z ! lat] lit]ature ( ,greece we f9d traces ( ,pan!ism1 :ile ! ,poly!i/ic wor%ip1 :i* univ]sally prevail$1 0 its natural product & appropriate manife/ation4 ,! anci5t ,orphic doctr9es1 :i* 7 taught 9 ! ,my/]ies1 seem to h be5 bas$ on ! ori5tal idea ( ,emanation4 ,ev5 9 ! mascul9e lit]ature ( ,rome we f9d num]\s passages :i* are /ill quot$1 ) gl[+ admiration1 by ! ,pan!i/s ( mod]n times4#aad ,!re is1 inde$1 b too mu* reason to believe t ! num]\s ref]5ces :i* occur 9 ! ,classics to ! exi/5ce ( "o absolute & supreme ,be+1 & :i* ,dr4 ,cudwor? has s zeal\sly collect$1 ) ! view ( prov+ ! naturality ( ! idea ( ,god1 mu/ be int]pret$1 at lea/ 9 _m in/ances1 9 a ,pan!i/ic s5se1 & t !y imply no?+ m ?an ! recognition ( "o p>5t ,sub/ance1 f :i* all o!r be+s h be5 successively develop$4 ,we f9d "s l+]+ rema9s ( ,pan!ism 9 ! writ+s ( ! middle age4 ,scot ,erig5a1 9 8 "w1 ,de ,divisione ,natur1 sums up 8 !ory by say+3 ,all is ,god1 & ,god is all4 ,amaury de ,*>tres made use ( simil> language4 ,& x mu/ h be5 m widely diffus$ 9 ^! times ?an _m may be ready to believe1 if x be true1 z ! ,abb ,m>et affirms1 & z ,m4 de ,hamm] (f]s to prove1 t ! ,knights ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,temple 7 affiliat$ to secret societies 9 :i* ! doctr9es ( ,gno/icism & ! _s ( ,pan!ism 7 ma9ta9$ & *]i%$4#aae ,x reappe>$ 9 ! philosophical s*ools ( ,italy be=e ! dawn1 & dur+ ! e>ly progress1 ( ! revival ( lett]s & ! ,re=mation ( ,religion2#aaf & ev5 n[1 aft] ?ree c5turies ( sci5tific progress & social advancem5t1 x is once m ris+ into =midable /r5g?1 & aspir+ to univ]sal asc5dancy4 ,f ?is rapid survey ( ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 x is cle> t ,pan!ism is "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ invet]ate =ms ( error2 t 9 its tw(old "*1 z at once a philosophy & a fai?1 x possesses peculi> attractions = t class ( m9ds :i* delight to luxuriate 9 my/ic speculation2 & t1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( society1 x may be reasonably reg>d$ z ! mo/ =midable rival to ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,we are f> f ?9k+1 inde$1 t ! old me*anical & mat]iali/ic ,a!ism is s completely worn out or s utt]ly explod$ z "s rec5t writ]s w\ld h u to believe2#aag = ,m4 ,comte & 8 s*ool /ill av[ t wret*$ cre$1 :ile !y pr(ess to despise ,pan!ism1 z a sy/em ( empty ab/ractions4 ,we d ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! gr& ultimate /ruggle betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,a!ism w resolve itself into a conte/ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,pan!ism4 ,=1 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se1 ,pan!ism is itself ,a!i/ic1 s9ce x d5ies ! ,div9e p]sonality1 & ascribes to ! univ]se ^? attributes :i* belong only to ! liv+ ,god2 b !n x is a di/9ct & v peculi> =m ( ,a!ism1 mu* m plausible 9 its pret5sions1 m fasc9at+ to ! imag9ation1 & less revolt+ to ! reason1 ?an ^? cold] & co>s] !ories :i* ascrib$ ! orig9 ( ! _w to a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 or to ! m]e me*anical laws ( matt] & motion4 ,x admits mu* :i* ! ,a!ism ( a =m] age w\ld h d5i$2 x recognizes ! pr9ciple ( causality1 & gives a reason1 su* z x is1 = ! exi/+ ord] ( ,nature2 x adopts ! v language ( ,!ism1 & speaks ( ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,un*angeable ,"o2 x may ev5 g5]ate a c]ta9 my/ic piety1 9 :i* elevation ( ?\ght may be bl5d$ ) s5sibility ( emotion1 spr++ f a w>m admiration ( ,nature2 & x admits ( be+ embelli%$ ) ! *>ms ( a s$uctive eloqu5ce1 & ! graces ( a s5tim5tal poetry4 ,x may be reg>d$1 !re=e1 n inde$ z ! only1 b z ! mo/ =midable rival ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism at ! pres5t day4 ,we h sometimes ?\ght t ! rec5t discov]ies ( ,*emical ,sci5ce might h a t5d5cy1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( sup]ficial m9ds1 to create a prepossession 9 favor ( ,pan!ism2 = :at does mod]n ,*emi/ry exhibit1 b ! spectacle ( ,nature pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( successive transmutations8--! same sub/ance appe>+ 9 diff]5t =ms1 & assum+ 9 e *ange diff]5t prop]ties1 b nev] annihilat$1 nev] de/roy$2 n[ exi/+ 9 ! =m ( solid matt]1 aga9 9 ! =m ( a yield+ fluid1 aga9 9 ! =m ( an ela/ic gas2 n[ n\ri%+ a plant1 & ent]+ into its v sub/ance2 n[ incorporat$ ) an animal1 & =m+ its s9ews or its bones2 n[ r$uc$ aga9 to du/ & a%es1 b only to appe> anew1 & ent] once m into o!r comb9ations4 ,! facts are c]ta91 & !y are suffici5tly /rik+ to sugge/ ! "q1 ,may n ,nature itself be ! "o ,be+ ^: endless trans=mations con/itute ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se8 ,?is "q may be naturally sugge/$1 & x may ev5 be lawfully ent]ta9$2 b x _c be satisfactorily det]m9$ by any !ory :i* leaves ! evid5t m>ks ( ,intellig5ce & ,design 9 ! :ole con/itution & c\rse ( ,nature unacc\nt$ = or unexpla9$4 ,influ5c$ by ^! & simil> consid]ations1 _m ?\ghtful m5 h rec5tly av[$ _! belief t ! two gr& alt]natives 9 mod]n times are1 ,*ri/ianity & ,pan!ism4 ,! ,abb ,m>et & ,am& ,sa9tes diff] only 9 ?is3 t by ,*ri/ianity ! =m] means ,ca?olicism1 ! latt] means ! ,gospel1 or ! religion ( ! primitive *ur*2 b bo? agree t ,pan!ism is ! only o!r alt]native4 ,s*legel contra/s ! same alt]natives 9 ! foll[+ impressive t]ms3 ,"h is ! decisive po9t2 two di/9ct1 opposite1 or div]g+ pa?s lie be=e u1 & man mu/ *oose betwe5 !m4 ,! cle>-see+ _s1 :i*1 9 its s5tim5ts1 ?\ghts1 & views ( life1 w\ld be 9 accordance ) itself1 & w\ld act consi/5tly ) !m1 mu/1 9 any case1 take "o or ! o!r4 ,ei!r !re is a liv+ ,god1 full ( love1 ev5 su* a ,"o z love seeks & ye>ns aft]1 to :om fai? cl+s1 & 9 :om all our hopes are c5tr$ 7& su* is ! p]sonal ,god ( ,revelation71--& on ?is hypo!sis ! _w is n ,god1 b is di/9ct f ,him1 hav+ _h a beg9n+1 & be+ creat$ out ( no?+1--or !re is only "o supreme =m ( exi/5ce1 & ! _w is et]nal1 & n di/9ct f ,god2 !re is absolutely b ,"o1 & ?is et]nal ,"o compreh5ds all1 & is itself all 9 all2 s t !re is no :]e any real & ess5tial di/9ction1 & ev5 t :i* is alleg$ to exi/ betwe5 evil & good is only a delusion ( a n>r[-m9d$ sy/em ( ,e?ics4444 ,n[1 ! necessity ( ?is *oice & det]m9ation presses urg5tly ^u our own "t1 :i* /&s midway betwe5 two worlds4 ,g5]ally1 x is betwe5 ^! two pa?s alone t ! decision is to be made4#aah ,we h made ! prec$+ rem>ks on purpose to %[ t ! di/9ctive doctr9es ( ,pan!ism1 z a sy/em diff]5t1 9 "s respects1 f ! cold] =ms ( ,a!ism1 dem& ! c>eful /udy ( ! ,div9es & ! ,philosoph]s ( ! pres5t age2 & t any /atem5t ( ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ! be+ & p]fections ( ,god1 :i* ov]looks ! preval5ce ( ^! doctr9es1 or makes only a cursory ref]5ce to !m1 mu/ be alike defective 9 itself1 & ill adapt$ to ! real exig5cies ( ,european society4 ,let ?is be our apology = attempt+1 z we n[ propose1 to exhibit an outl9e ( ! ,pan!i/ic sy/em1 to resolve x into its con/itu5t elem5ts & ultimate gr\nds1 to exam9e ! validity ( ! reasons on :i* x re/s1 & to contra/ x ) ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism1 :i* speaks ( a liv+1 p]sonal ,god1 & ( a di/9ct b dep5d5t ,creation1 ! product ( ,8 supreme wisdom & almighty p[]4 ,! task is "o ( consid]able difficulty1--difficulty aris+ n s mu* f ! nature ( ! subject1 z f ! metaphysical & ab/ruse mann] 9 :i* x has be5 treat$4 ,we mu/ foll[ ,sp9oza ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( 8 ,!ological ,politics & 8 ,geometrical ,e?ics2 we mu/ foll[ ,s*ell+ & ,hegel into ! /ill d>k] recesses ( _! ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy2 = a philosophy ( "o k9d c only be met & neutraliz$ by a high] & a bett]1 & ! fir/ firm /ep t[>ds ! refutation ( error is a ?or\gh compreh5sion ( x4 ,b hav+ an assur$ fai? 9 ^? /able laws ( ?\ght :i* are inwov5 ) ! v texture ( ! human m9d1 & 9 ! validity & =ce ( t natural evid5ce to :i* ,!ology appeals1 we h no fe> ( ! pr(\nde/ ,metaphysics t c be br\ght to be> on ! "q at issue1 provid$ only !y be n altoge!r un9telligible4 ,pan!ism has appe>$ 9 sev]al diff]5t =ms2 & x may conduce bo? to ! fullness & ! cle>ness ( our exposition if we (f]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a compreh5sive outl9e ( ! !ory ( ,sp9oza1 ) a brief criticism on its lead+ pr9ciples1 & !reaft] advance to ! consid]ation ( ! tw(old developm5t ( ,pan!ism 9 ! h&s ( ,mat]iali/s & ,ideali/s1 respectively4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,sp9oza4 ,! ,pan!i/ic speculations :i* h be5 reviv$ 9 mod]n times c sc>cely be und]/ood1 & /ill less acc\nt$ = or answ]$1 )\t ref]5ce to ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza4 ,t sy/em met ) little favor f any1 & ) vigor\s opposition f n a few1 ( ! div9es & philosoph]s ( ! times imm$iately subsequ5t to its publication4 ,x 0 d5\nc$ & refut$ by ,musu1 a judici\s & le>n$ pr(essor ( div9ity at ,j5a2 by ,mansvelt1 a "y b promis+ pr(essor ( philosophy at ,utre*t2 by ,cuyp] ( ,rott]dam2 by ,witti*ius ( ,leyd52 by ,pi]re ,poiret ( ,re9sburg2 by ,f5elon1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cambray2 by ,huet1 ,bi%op ( ,avran*es2 by ,john ,h[e1 & ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 z well z by _m o!rs1#aai ^: writ+s s]v$ = a "t to pres]ve ! ,*ur* f ! infection ( 8 mo/ dang]\s errors4 ,b gradually ^! views became an object ( speculative int]e/ to ,metaphysical inquir]s1 & f\nd favor ev5 ) a gr[+ class ( ,philosophical ,div9es2#abj p>tly by reason ( ! /rong intellectual en]gy ) :i* !y 7 conceiv$ & ann\nc$1 & p>tly1 also1 !re is reason to fe>1 on acc\nt ( a prevail+ t5d5cy to l[] ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 & to exalt ! pr]ogatives ( reason1 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 z develop$ 9 8 ,tractatus ,!ologico-politicus1 &1 /ill m1 9 8 ,e?ica1--a po/hum\s publication1--may be said to conta9 ! g]ms ( ! :ole sy/em bo? ( ,!ological & ,philosophical ,rationalism :i* 0 subsequ5tly unfold$1--9 ! ,*ur*1 by ,paulus1 ,wegs*eid]1 & ,/rauss1--&1 9 ! ,s*ools1 by ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel4 ,!ological ,rationalism consi/s 9 mak+ ,reason ! sole arbit] & ! supreme judge 9 matt]s ( fai?2 9 sett+ aside or und]m9+ ! au?ority ( ,revelation1 p>tly by d5y+ or que/ion+ ! pl5>y inspiration ( ,scripture1 p>tly by expla9+ or acc\nt+ = miracles on natural pr9ciples1 p>tly by assum+1 z ,/rauss assumes1 t :atev] is sup]natural mu/ necess>ily be unhi/orical2 9 r$uc+ e article ( ! cre$1 by a new me?od ( critical exegesis1 to a m]e /atem5t ( "s natural fact or "s moral doctr9e1 embelli%$1 9 ! "o case1 by my?ical leg5ds1 & accommodat$1 9 ! o!r1 to local & tempor>y prejudices1 b am\nt+ sub/antially to no?+ m ?an a natural developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,! prolific g]ms ( ?is ,neologian me?od ( ! int]pretation ( ,scripture are to be f\nd e :]e 9 ! writ+s ( ,sp9oza4 ,philosophical ,rationalism1 aga91 al?\gh (t51 or r g5]ally1 bl5d$ ) ! ,!ological1 is yet1 9 "s respects1 di/9ct f x4 ,! "o has be5 develop$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! o!r 9 ! ,s*ools4 ,! =m]1 cultivat$ by div9es :o ackn[l$g$ m or less explicitly ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 has direct$ its ef=ts ma9ly to ! e/abli%m5t ( a new me?od ( ,biblical exegesis & criticism1 by :i* all t is peculi> to ,revelation1 z a sup]natural s*eme1 might be en]vat$ or expla9$ away4 ,! latt] cultivat$ by ,philosophic speculators :o 7 n b\nd by any au?ority1 nor fett]$ by any subscription to articles ( fai?1 has s\ght1 )\t ref]5ce to ,revelation1 to solve ! great problems relat+ to ,god1 ,man1 & ! ,univ]se1 on purely natural pr9ciples2 &1 aft] _m fruitless ef=ts1 has tak5 refuge1 at la/1 9 ! ,fai? ( ,pan!ism & ! ,philosophy ( ! ,absolute4 ,! prolific g]ms ( ?is me?od ( ! int]pretation ( ,nature are also to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,sp9oza4 ,! circum/ance1 inde$1 :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 seems to h comm5d$ 8 sy/em to "s ( ! mo/ inquisitive m9ds 9 ,europe1 is its app>5t complet5ess4 ,x is n a m]e !ory ( ,pan!ism1 nor a m]e me?od ( ,exegesis1 nor a m]e code ( ,e?ics1 nor a m]e s*eme ( ,politics1 al?\gh all ^! are compreh5d$ "u x2 b x is a sy/em f\nd$ on a few radical pr9ciples1 :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! %ape ( axioms & def9itions1 & unfold$1 by rigor\s logical d$uction1 9 a s]ies ( propositions1 ) occasional s*olia & coroll>ies1 aft] ! me?od ( ,geometry2 a sy/em :i* und]takes to expla9 ! rationale ( e "p ( human k1 to int]pret alike ! ,book ( ,nature & ! ,book ( ,revelation1 to det]m9e ! "* ( prophetic inspiration1 & to acc\nt = app>5t miracles on natural pr9ciples1 to e/abli% ! real f\ndations ( moral duty1 & ! ultimate gr\nds ( /ate policy2 & all ?is on ! /r5g? ( a few simple def9itions1 & a s]ies ( necess>y d$uctions f !m4 ,x is important to m>k ?is *>act]i/ic feature ( 8 sy/em2 = :ile we h directly no?+ to d ) by f> ! l>g] "p ( 8 speculations1 :i* relate to que/ions =eign to our pres5t inquiry1 yet ! fact t 8 e?ical & political conclusions are d$uc$ f ! same pr9ciples on :i* 8 ,pan!i/ic !ory is f\nd$1 s]ves at once to acc\nt = ! ext5sive influ5ce :i* 8 writ+s h ex]t$ on e dep>tm5t ( mod]n speculation1 & also to %[ t1 9 oppos+ t sy/em1 we are entitl$ to f\nd on ! conclusions :i* he has himself d$uc$ f x1 = ! purpose ( disprov+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* x re/s4 ,= if1 on ! "o h&1 ! pr9ciples :i* he assumes 9 8 def9itions & axioms d necess>ily involve ! conclusions :i* are prop\nd$ 9 8 ,e?ics & ,politics2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! conclusions are f\nd to be at v>iance ) ! highe/ views ( ,morality & ,gov]nm5t1 !n ! m logical ! process by :i* !y h be5 d$uc$1 ! m c]ta9 w x be t !re is "s fundam5tal flaw 9 ! basis on :i* ! :ole sup]/ructure is re>$4 ,9 o!r cases1 x might be d\btful h[ f> ! consequ5ces t may seem to be d$ucible f a !ory c\ld be legitimately urg$ 9 argum5t1 especially :5 ^! consequ5ces are disav[$ by ! au?or ( x2 b1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! consequ5ces are explicitly decl>$1 n less ?an ! pr9ciples1--!y are ev5 exhibit$ z coroll>ies rigor\sly d$uc$ f !m2 & ?us ! v compreh5siv5ess ( ! sy/em1 :i* gives x s mu* ( ! aspect ( complet5ess1 & :i* has fasc9at$ ! m9ds ( speculative m51 always fond ( bold & sweep+ g5]alizations1 may be f\nd to af=d ! mo/ conclusive pro( ( its inh]5t weakness1 & to %[ t x comes into fatal collision1 at all po9ts1 n only ) ! doctr9es ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 b also ) ! practical duties & political rights ( mank9d4 ,we may pres5t1 9 brief compass1 a compreh5sive summ>y ( ! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 :ole !ory is conta9$ 9 ! assumption ) :i* he sets out1--t ! entire sy/em ( ,be+ consi/s only ( ?ree elem5ts1 ,sub/ance1 ,attributes1 & ,modes1 & 9 ! def9itions :i* are giv5 ( ^! t]ms respectively4 ,) him1 ,sub/ance is ,be+2 n ?is or t p>ticul> be+1 nor ev5 be+ 9 g5]al1 consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 b absolute ,be+1--,be+ 9 its pl5titude1 :i* compreh5ds all exi/5ces t c be conceiv$ )\t requir+ ! concept ( any o!r ?+1 & )\t :i* no o!r ?+ c ei!r exi/ or be conceiv$4#aba ,by an ,attribute he means1 n sub/ance1 b a manife/ation ( sub/ance1 yet su* a manife/ation z belongs to its v ess5ce2 &1 by a ,mode1 he means an affection ( sub/ance1 or t :i* exi/s 9 ano!r ?+1 & is conceiv$ by means ( t ?+4 ,^! are ! ?ree fundam5tal ideas ( 8 sy/em4#abb ,! ,sub/ance ( :i* he speaks is ,god1 ! inf9ite1 self-exi/5t1 et]nal ,be+1 ^: ess5tial nature is def9$ 9 t]ms :i* might seem to be expressive ( a great tru?1 = he says3 ,i und]/& by ,god an absolutely inf9ite ,be+1 t is to say1 a ,sub/ance con/itut$ by an inf9ity ( ,attributes1 ea* ( :i* expresses an et]nal & inf9ite ess5ce4 ,b1 on clos] inspection1 we f9d t ! ,god ( :om he speaks is n ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 n a liv+1 p]sonal ,be+1 di/9ct f ,nature & sup]ior to x1 n ! ,holy ,"o & ! ,j1 possess+ inf9ite moral p]fections1 & ex]cis+ a supreme dom9ion ov] ,8 works2 b1 simply1 absolute ,be+1 ! necess>y self-exi/5t ,sub/ance1 ^: kn[n ,attributes are ext5sion & ?\ght1 & ^: affections1 or ,modes1 compreh5d all ! v>ieties ( f9ite exi/5ce2 9 %ort1 x is ,nature t is ,god1 = e possible exi/5ce may be includ$ "u ! tw(old expression ( ,natura naturans & ,natura naturata4 ,accord+ly1 ! pr9ciple ( ,unisub/ancisme is broadly av[$1 & ! v possibility ( creation d5i$4 ,he affirms1 &1 inde$1 accord+ to 8 def9ition1 he is entitl$ to affirm1 t !re is n & _c be m ?an "o sub/ance2 = by ,sub/ance he means a self-exi/5t1 necess>y1 & et]nal ,be+4 ,&1 on ! same gr\nd1 he affirms t ! creation ( su* a sub/ance is impossible2 =1 hav+ exclud$ e f9ite ?+--ev]y?+ t does n exi/ ( itself--f 8 def9ition ( ,sub/ance1 he is w>rant$ 9 say+ t any?+ call$ into be+ by a creative act ( ,div9e p[] c\ld n be a sub/ance1 9 8 s5se ( t t]m4 ,he sets himself to prove1 by a s]ies ( propositions ^: logical correctness1 z d$uctions f 8 fundam5tal assumption1 may be freely & mo/ safely admitt$1 t ! production ( a sub/ance is absolutely impossible2 t betwe5 two sub/ances1 hav+ diff]5t attributes1 !re is no?+ 9 common2 t :]e two ?+s h no?+ 9 common1 ! "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r2 t two or m di/9ct ?+s c only be discrim9at$ f ea* o!r by ! diff]5ce ( ! attributes or affections ( _! sub/ance2 & t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 !re _c be two or m sub/ances ( ! same k9d1 or possess+ ! same attributes4 ,he holds1 ( c\rse1 t ,nature is z necess>y z ,god1 or1 r1 t ,god & ,nature are "o2 !re be+ b "o ,sub/ance1 appe>+ only 9 diff]5t aspects1 z cause & effect1 z sub/ance & mode1 z inf9ite & yet f9ite1 z "o & yet _m1 z ev] ! same & yet inf9itely v>iable4 ,x is only necess>y to add1 t ! sole attributes ( ?is ,sub/ance :i* are capable ( be+ kn[n by our limit$ intellig5ce1 & :i* are disc]n$ by an imm$iate intuition ( reason1 are two1 namely1 ext5sion & ?\ght4 ,we "k no?+1 & c "k no?+1 ( ,god beyond ?is3 ,he has no w1 or 8 w is m]e intellig5ce or ?\ght2 ,he has no law1 or ,8 law is m]ely ,8 ?\ght embodi$ 9 ! arrangem5ts ( nature2 ,he has no moral prop]ties t are cognizable by ! human faculties4 ,x foll[s t ,god is n ! creator ( ! _w1 = creation implies an act ( w1 & ,god has no w2 t ,he is n ! ,lawgiv] or ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 = !re is no law emanat+ f a sup]ior1 b su* only z is creat$ by human compact or agreem5t1 & !re is no natural obligation to obey ,god1 no inv>iable /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,! pr9ciples :i* are ?us assum$ 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ,god are aft]w>ds appli$ to _m important que/ions1 relat+1 fir/1 to ! s\l ( man2 secondly1 to ! sci5ce ( ,e?ics2 ?irdly1 to ! doctr9e ( political "r & lib]ty2 &1 f\r?ly1 to ! suppos$ claims ( ,revelation4 ,& !y are c>ri$ out1 ) inexorable logic1 into all _! mo/ revolt+ results4 ,su* is a concise1 b1 z we believe1 a correct outl9e ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza4 ,we %all n[ (f] a few rem>ks ^u x1 direct$ to ! object ( %[+ :]e9 consi/s ! radical fallacy on :i* x re/s1 & :at are ! consid]ations by :i* ?\ghtful m5 may be mo/ effectually secur$ aga9/ its p]nici\s influ5ce4 ,x has be5 well said by ,pr(essor ,saisset1 t ! fallacy ( ?is sy/em does n lie 9 any "o proposition ( ! s]ies1 b t x is a vici\s circle ?r\gh\t2 t ! p>alogism is n 9 ?is or t "p ( ! ,e?ics1--x is ev]y:]e2 & t ! g]m ( ! :ole is conta9$ 9 ! def9itions1 :i* are assum$1 b n prov$4#abc ,our att5tion1 !re=e1 mu/ be giv51 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! fundam5tal assumptions on :i* ! :ole sup]/ructure is built4 #a4 ,x is assum$1 )\t pro(1 t ! entire sy/em ( ,be+ may be rank$ "u ! ?ree categories ( ,sub/ance1 ,attributes1 & ,modes4 ,x is assum$1 equally )\t pro(1 t !re c be no sub/ance :i* is n self-exi/5t1 necess>y1 & et]nal1 & t e be+ :i* does n possess ^! prop]ties mu/ be only a mode or affection ( ano!r be+ to :om !y belong4 ,x is fur!r assum$1 also )\t pro(1 t ext5sion & ?\ght are necess>y attributes ( ! "o self-exi/5t sub/ance1 ea* ( ! two exhibit+ only a diff]5t aspect ( 8 et]nal ess5ce1 :ile bo? are equally ess5tial & equally inf9ite4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is assum$1 /ill )\t pro(1 t ,nature compreh5ds a tw(old s]ies ( exi/5ces1 di/9ct f ea* o!r1 b develop$1 z x 71 9 p>allel l9es1--,corporeal & ,intellectual be+s1 :i* correspond respectively to ! ,div9e attributes ( ext5sion & ?\ght1--:i* p>take ( ! ess5tial nature ( ^! attributes1 b exhibit !m 9 f9ite & transi5t =ms1 z m]e modes or manife/ations ( ! "o inf9ite sub/ance4 ,^! are "s ( ! fundam5tal assumptions on :i* he proce$s2 !y are n prov$1 nor ev5 attempt$ to be prov$2 =1 al?\gh sev]al are /at$ 9 ! =m ( di/9ct propositions1 & accompani$ ) a =mal demon/ration1 ! mo/ cursory inspection ( ! pret5d$ pro( is suffici5t to %[ t x consi/s entirely 9 a s]ies ( d$uctions f pr9ciples previ\sly assum$1 & t its validity mu/ ultimately re/ on ! def9itions 9 :i* ^! pr9ciples are embodi$4 ,n[1 let any "o exam9e ^! def9itions1 & he w f9d t !y are :olly arbitr>y1 & t he is n b\nd by any law ( 8 intellectual nature to admit !m1 /ill less entitl$1 on any gr\nd ( exp]i5ce1 to assume & f\nd ^u !m1 z if !y 7 self-evid5t or axiomatic tru?s4 ,x is possible1 & x may ev5 be legitimate & useful = ! purposes ( philosophical speculation1 to classify ! v>i\s objects ( human k by rang+ !m "u ! categories ( ,sub/ance1 ,attributes1 & ,modes4 ,b is x a self-evid5t tru?1 t !re c be no sub/ance 9 nature except+ su* z is self-exi/5t & et]nal8 ,is x a self-evid5t tru? t man1 ) 8 di/9ct p]sonality & individual consci\sness1 is a m]e mode or affection ( ano!r be+8 ,is x a self-evid5t tru? t ! ape1 ! liz>d1 & ! worm are equally modes ( ! same sub/ance ) ! angel & ! s]aph8 ,is x a self-evid5t tru? t ext5sion & ?\ght are equally expressive ( ! uncreat$ ,ess5ce & necess>y attributes ( ! ,et]nal8 ,is x a self-evid5t tru? t no be+ c exi/ 9 nature o!rwise ?an by developm5t out ( ! ,div9e sub/ance1 & t ! creation ( a di/9ct b dep5d5t be+ is impossible8 ,9 reg>d to que/ions su* z ^!1 ! appeal mu/ lie to t common s5se1 or ^? laws ( ?\ght1 :i* are ! h]itage ( e ?9k+ m9d1 & :i* _c be cramp$ or fett]$ by ! arbitr>y def9itions ( any philosophical sy/em :atev]4 ,^! def9itions mu/ comm5d !mselves z true1 ei!r by _! own self-evid5c+ light1 or by _! manife/ con=mity ) exp]i5ce1 be=e !y c be assum$ & f\nd$ on 9 any process ( reason+2 & we are v sure t ^? :i* h be5 specifi$ _c be c&idly exam9$ )\t appe>+ to be1 z !y really are1 ! grosse/ in/ances ( a petitio pr9cipii t h ev] be5 (f]$ to ! _w4 ,= ^! def9itions con/itute ! f\ndation ( ! :ole sup]/ructure2 !y conta9 ! g]m1 :i* is subsequ5tly exp&$ & develop$ 9 a long s]ies ( propositions2 &1 z !y are assum$ )\t pro(1 :ile !y are f> f be+ self-evid5t1 no am\nt ( logical p[] & no ef=t ( dialectic skill c possibly extract f !m any doctr9al results1 :e!r !ological1 e?ical1 or political1 possess+ great] evid5ce ?an :at belongs to !mselves4 ,?is is our fir/ objection4 #b4 ,! philosophical me?od ( ,sp9oza1 z appli$ to our special subject1 is radically vici\s4 ,x is n ! inductive or exp]im5tal me?od2 x is an argum5t a priori1 a d$uctive process ( reason+4 ,n[1 ?is me?od1 suitable z x is to a c]ta9 class ( subjects1 su* z ^? ( ,geometry1 9 :i* cle> & precise def9itions are atta9able1 is ei!r utt]ly inapplicable to ano!r class ( subjects1 su* z mo/ ( ^? ( :i* ,sp9oza treats1 or x is peculi>ly dang]\s1 especially 9 ! h&s ( a d>+ speculator1 s9ce1 9 ! abs5ce ( adequate def9itions1 he may be tempt$ to h rec\rse to su* z are purely arbitr>y4 ,all ! possible prop]ties ( a circle may be d$uc$ f ! simple def9ition ( x2 b x w n foll[ t all ! possible =ms ( be+ 9 nature may be d$uc$ f ! def9ition ( sub/ance4 ,! reason is cle>2 we _c h su* a def9ition ( sub/ance z we may h ( a circle4 ,we d n object m]ely to ! geometrical =m ( 8 reason+1--t is a m]e accessory1 & "o :i* r5d]s ! ,e?ica mu* m dry & less attractive ?an ! ,tractatus1 9 :i* he gives free scope to 8 subtle intellect1 unfett]$ by any su* artificial plan1--b we object to ! ess5tial nature ( 8 sy/em1 to ! a priori & d$uctive me?od by :i* he attempts to solve "s ( ! highe/ problems ( philosophy respect+ ,god1 ,nature1 & ,man4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 is a field ( inquiry :i* dem&s = its due cultivation an enl>g$ exp]i5ce & a pati5t _s ( induction4 ,yet1 ) him1 ! />t+-po9t ( philosophy is ! highe/ object ( human ?\ght4 ,he beg9s ) ! idea ( self-exi/5t ,be+1 )\t :i*1 z he imag9es1 no?+ else c be conceiv$2 & !n1 foll[+ ! l9e ( a desc5d+ s]ies1 he attempts to d$uce f x ! philosophy ( ! :ole sy/em ( ! univ]se6#abd ,8 ,metaphysics mu/ borr[ no?+ f exp]i5ce2 8 v ,psy*ology mu/ be purely d$uctive4 ,f ! intuitive idea ( sub/ance he d$uces ! nature & exi/5ce ( ,god2 f ! nature ( ,god1 ! necessity ( a ,div9e developm5t2 f ! necessity ( a ,div9e developm5t1 ! exi/5ce ( a univ]se compris+ s\ls & bodies2 & n[h]e does he condesc5d to take notice ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 except 9 two ( 8 axioms1 9 :i* he assumes t man ?9ks1 & t he feels 8 body to be affect$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,8 :ole philosophy resolves itself ultimately into an intellectual intuition1 ^: object is ,sub/ance or ,be+1 ) its inf9ite attributes ( ext5sion & ?\ght1--an intuition :i* disc]ns its object directly & imm$iately1 9 ! light ( its own self-evid5ce1 )\t ! aid ( any int]m$iate sign1 & :i* is z sup]ior1 9 a philosophical po9t ( view1 to ! intimations ( s5se1 z its objects are sup]ior to ! fleet+ ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,n[1 we submit t ?is me?od ( con/ruct+ a philosophy ( ,nature is radically vici\s1 & diametrically oppos$ to ! only legitimate1 ! only possible way ( atta9+ to s\nd k4 ,he is n cont5t to tell u :at is ! ord] ( ?+s2 he aspires1 =soo?1 to %[ :at ! ord] ( ?+s mu/ be4 ,we h no wi% to disp>age ,metaphysical ,sci5ce2 x has a natural root 9 human reason1 & a legitimate doma9 9 ! ample t]ritory ( human ?\ght2 b we prote/ aga9/ any attempt to ext5d x beyond its prop] b\nd>ies1 or to apply x to subjects :i* belong to ! prov9ce ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,! s*emes :i* h be5 rec5tly broa*$ 9 ,g]many1 & imitat$ 9 ,france1 = con/ruct+1 at "o "t1 a d$uctive ,psy*ology1 at ano!r a d$uctive ,physics1 at a ?ird a d$uctive ,e?ics1 at a f\r? a d$uctive ,!ory ( ,progress1 at a fif? a d$uctive ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 af=d m ?an suffici5t evid5ce t hi!rto ! _s ( ! ,baconian philosophy has be5 little und]/ood1 & /ill less appreciat$1 by our cont95tal neighbors2 & t ! ef=ts ( ! highe/ g5ius h be5 sadly fru/rat$1 9 attempt+ ! impracticable task ( extract+ f m]e reason t k :i* c only be acquir$ 9 ! s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is is our second objection4 #c4 ,! sy/em ( ,sp9oza is vici\s1 because x applies a m]e ab/raction ( ! human m9d to acc\nt = :atev] is real & concrete 9 ! univ]se4 ,we h no sympa?y ) ^? :o rail at all ab/ract ideas1 z if !y 7 imag9>y ess5ces or m]e illusions2 we recognize ! faculty ( ab/raction z "o ( ! wise/ provisions ( ,nature1 & "o ( ! mo/ useful p[]s belong+ to ! m9d ( man1--a p[] :i* comes into action ) ! fir/ dawn ( infant intellig5ce1 & is only matur$ z reason rises into manhood1 till x becomes ! int]nal spr+ ( all ,philosophy & ,sci5ce4 ,nor d we hold t an ab/ract idea is necess>ily an unreality1 or a m]e negation2 =1 )\t reviv+ ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s1 or pron\nc+ any decision on ! intricate que/ions :i* t controv]sy involv$1 we may say1 9 g5]al t]ms1 t ! idea ( a circle1 ( a squ>e1 or ( a triangle1 is nei!r unreal nor negative1 b a v positive1 &1 )al1 intelligible ?+4 ,x is ! idea ( t :i* is ess5tial to ! nature ( ea* ( ^! figures respectively1 & common to all possible figures ( ! same class1 :atev] may be _! accid5tal v>ieties1 :e!r 9 po9t ( dim5sion or =m4 ,& s ! idea ( ,be+ or ,sub/ance1 al?\gh x be highly ab/ract1 is n necess>ily unreal or negative2 x is ! idea ( exi/5ce1 or ( t :i* is common to ev]y?+ t is1 ab/raction be+ made ( e div]sity by :i* "o be+ is di/+ui%$ f ano!r4 ,consci\s t we ourselves exi/1 & obs]v+ t o!r be+s exi/ ar\nd u1 we /rike (f ! peculi>ities :i* belong to individuals1 & =m ! g5]al idea :i* includes no?+ b :at is common to all1 & yet conta9s a positive elem5t1 :i* is ! object ( "o ( ! /ronge/ convictions ( ! human m9d4#abe ,! conception ( ,inf9ite ,be+ conta9s ! positive elem5t ( be+1 ab/raction be+ made ( all limitation or b\nds4 ,t ?is is a real1 legitimate1 & useful conception1 we h no disposition to d5y2 we _c dive/ ourselves ( x2 x spr+s up spontane\sly f ! inn]mo/ f\nta9 ( ?\ght4 ,b we _c accept ! acc\nt :i* ,sp9oza has giv5 ( its nature & orig91 & /ill less c we ass5t to ! application :i* he has made ( x4 ,he describes x z ! idea ( absolute1 necess>y1 self-exi/5t1 et]nal ,be+2 & he traces its orig91 n to ! comb9$ influ5ce ( exp]i5ce & ab/raction1 act+ "u ! great primitive law ( causality1 b to an imm$iate p]ception1 or direct intuition1 ( reason4 ,n[1 we submit t ! concept ( be+1 & ! concept ( absolute self-exi/5t be+1 are p]fectly di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & t !y spr+ f diff]5t laws ( ?\ght4 ,! concept ( be+ applies to ev]y?+ t exi/s1 )\t ref]5ce to ! cause or mann] ( its exi/5ce2 & ?is spr+s simply f exp]i5ce & ab/raction4 ,! concept ( self-exi/5t be+1 :i* is equally sugge/$ by ! laws ( our m5tal con/itution1 does n apply to ev]y?+ t exi/s1 b only to t ^: exi/5ce is n orig9at$ or det]m9$ by any o!r be+2 & ?is concept spr+s also f exp]i5ce & ab/raction1 comb9$1 h[ev]1 ) ! law or pr9ciple ( causality1 :i* tea*es u t no *ange c occur 9 ,nature1 & t no?+ c ev] come into be+1 )\t a cause1 & prompts u to inf] f ! fact ( exi/5ce n[1 ! conclusion t some?+ mu/ h exi/$ f all et]nity4 ,! orig9 ( ea* ( ^! concepts may ?us be naturally acc\nt$ = by ! kn[n laws ( our m5tal con/itution1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any faculty ( intellectual intuition su* z ,sp9oza describes1--a faculty indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 & sup]ior to x1--a faculty :i* gazes direct on ,absolute ,be+1 & p5etrates1 )\t ! aid ( any int]m$iate sign or manife/ation1 into ! v ess5ce ( ,god4 ,sp9oza has n discrim9at$ aright betwe5 ^! two concepts1 9 respect ei!r ( _! nature or _! orig94 ,he has n ov]look$1 inde$1 ! di/9ction1 betwe5 ab/ract ideas & ! intellectual intuitions1 ( :i* he speaks2 b he conf\nds ! concept ( be+ ) ! concept ( self-exi/5t be+1 z if ! two 7 id5tical1 or z if be+ c\ld n be pr$icat$ ( any?+1 o!rwise ?an z x is a mode or affection ( ! "o only sub/ance4 ,a s\nd] ,psy*ology has taught u t our conception ( exi/5ce arises1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f our own consci\s exp]i5ce2 & t1 :5 ?is conception subsequ5tly exp&s into ! idea ( ,absolute ,be+1 & results 9 ! belief ( a necess>y1 self-exi/5t1 & et]nal ,cause1 ! new elem5t :i* is ?us add$ to x may be acc\nt$ = by ! pr9ciple ( causality1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! fundam5tal laws ( human ?\ght1 & :i*1 if x may be said to resemble intuition 9 ! rapidity & cle>ness ) :i* x enables u to disc]n ! tru?1 diff]s ess5tially f t imm$iate intuition ( :i* ,sp9oza speaks1 s9ce x is dep5d5t on exp]i5ce1 &1 in/ead ( gaz+ direct on ,absolute ,be+1 makes use ( int]m$iate signs & manife/ations1 by :i* x rises to ! k ( ! unse5 & et]nal4 ,we submit1 fur!r1 t a sy/em :i* re/s on ! m]e idea ( ,be+ z its sole support1 _c af=d any satisfactory explanation ( real & concrete exi/5ces4 ,! idea ( ,be+ is "o ( our mo/ ab/ract conceptions2 x is associat$1 inde$1 ) an inv9cible belief 9 ! reality ( ,be+1--a belief :i* spr+s up spontane\sly1 along ) ! idea itself1 f our own consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is ev5 associat$ ) an inv9cible belief 9 necess>y1 self-exi/5t1 & et]nal ,be+1--a belief :i* spr+s f ! pr9ciple ( causality1 or t law ( ?\ght :]eby1 f ! fact t some?+ exi/s n[1 we in/9ctively conclude t some?+ mu/ h exi/$ f all et]nity4 ,b nei!r ! simple concept ( ,be+1 :i* is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce & fram$ by ab/raction1 nor ! additional concept ( self-exi/5t ,be+1 :i* spr+s f ! action ( our rational faculties on ! data furni%$ by exp]i5ce1 c af=d any explanation ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! real1 concrete exi/5ces 9 ! univ]se4 ,^! mu/ be /udi$ 9 ! light ( _! own appropriate evid5ce2 !y mu/ be int]pret$1 & n div9$2 !y _c be inf]r$ d$uctively f any1 ev5 ! highe/ & mo/ ab/ract1 conception ( ! human m9d4 ,yet ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza attempts to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se by ! idea ( ,absolute ,be+2 x acc\nts = ! concrete by ! ab/ract2 x repres5ts all individual be+s z m]e modes or affections ( "o univ]sal sub/ance2 9 o!r words1 x realises ! ab/ract idea ( ?\ght & ext5sion1 b d5ies ! exi/5ce ( bodies & s\ls1 o!rwise ?an z manife/ations ( ^! et]nal ess5ces4 #d4 ,! sy/em ( ,sp9oza is vici\s1 because 8 :ole reason+ on ! subject ( ,creation is p]vad$ by a transp>5t fallacy4 ,he affirms ! impossibility ( ,creation1 & attempts to demon/rate 8 position4 ,b h[8 ,by prov+ t a sub/ance _c be produc$4 ,& :y may n a sub/ance be produc$8 ,because1 by ! def9ition1 a sub/ance is t :i* is self-exi/5t4 ,9 o!r words1 a self-exi/5t sub/ance _c be creat$1--a truism :i* sc>cely requir$ ! app>atus ( a geometrical pro( by means ( propositions1 s*olia1 & coroll>ies1 or1 z ,pr(essor ,saisset says1 ) laconic navet1 ce qui a pe9e beso9 d'tre demontr4 ,b1 :ile ! only pro( t is (f]$ ext5ds no fur!r ?an to self-exi/5t or uncreat$ sub/ance1 x is aft]w>ds appli$ to ev]y?+ t exi/s1 s z to exclude ! creation ev5 ( t :i* is n self-exi/5t2 & ?is on ! conv5i5t assumption t :atev] exi/s mu/ be ei!r a sub/ance1 or an attribute1 or a mode4 ,& ?us1 p>tly by an ambiguity ( language1 p>tly by an arbitr>y & gratuit\s assumption1 he excludes ! possibility ( ,creation altoge!r4 ,surely x might h occurr$ to him t by prov+ ! necess>y exi/5ce ( an uncreat$ ,be+--a doctr9e held by e ,*ri/ian ,!i/--he did n advance "o /ep t[>ds ! dispro( ( ! possibility ( creation1 nor ev5 t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 favorite !ory ( unisub/ancisme2 =1 grant t !re is an uncreat$ & self-exi/5t ,be+2 grant1 ev51 t !re c be no m ?an "o1--w\ld x foll[ t !re c be no creat$ & dep5d5t be+s1 or t !y c only exi/ z modes or affections ( t absolute ,ess5ce8 ,might !y n exi/ z creatures1 z products1 z effects1 )\t p>tak+ ( ! nature ( _! cause8#abf ,yet1 if !re be "o idea m ?an ano!r :i* ,sp9oza is anxi\s to extirpate1 x is t ( creation1 & he summons ! :ole /r5g?1 bo? ( 8 logic & s>casm1 :5 he has to deal ) ! argum5t f f9al causes4 ,& no m>vel2 = ! doctr9e ( a creation w\ld cut up 8 sy/em by ! roots4 ,! radical diff]5ce1 9 fact1 betwe5 ,!ism & ,pan!ism ma9ly consi/s 9 ?is3 t ! =m] reg>ds creation z di/9ct f ! ,creator1 z ! product ( ,8 omnipot5t & free w1 z ! object ( ,8 con/ant provid5tial c>e1 z ! subject ( ,8 supreme control & gov]nm5t2 :]eas ! latt] repres5ts x z a necess>y emanation f ! ,div9e sub/ance1 z an et]nal developm5t ( ! uncreat$ ,ess5ce2 ! f9ite1 9 all its =ms1 be+ a mode ( ! inf9ite1 & ! tempor>y phases ( nature s _m transi5t b ev]-r5ew$ manife/ations ( ! un*angeable & et]nal4 ,^! two conceptions are diametrically oppos$2 !y _c admit ( conciliation or compromise2 & h5ce ! d>+ attempt ( ,sp9oza to prove ! impossibility ( creation1 ev5 :5 he admits ! exi/5ce ( an ,inf9ite & ,et]nal ,be+4 #e4 ,! sy/em ( ,sp9oza is vici\s1 because x involves errone\s conclusions respect+ bo? ! body & ! s\l4 ,he d5ies t !y are sub/ances4 ,& :y8 ,because1 by ! def9ition1 a sub/ance is t :i* is self-exi/5t1 & may be conceiv$ )\t ref]5ce to any o!r be+4 ,be x s4 ,:at does ?is argum5t am\nt to8 ,:y1 simply to ?is1 t !y are n gods4 ,:at1 !n1 are !y8 ,creat$ be+s8 ,no4 ,& :y8 ,because creation is impossible1 &1 also1 because :atev] exi/s mu/ be ei!r a sub/ance1 or an attribute1 or a mode4 ,:at !n8 ,cle>ly n an attribute1 = ! only attributes kn[n to u are ext5sion & ?\ght1 & ^! attributes are z inf9ite z ! sub/ance to :i* !y belong2 !y mu/ !re=e be modes or affections ( t sub/ance4 ,b 9 :at s5se8 ,9 ! s5se ( be+ creat$1 & !re=e dep5d5t1 exi/5ces1 ^: nature & orig9 _c be conceiv$ ( or acc\nt$ = )\t ref]5ce to ! ,be+ :o produc$ !m at fir/1 & /ill cont9ues to ma9ta9 !m8 ,no2 = 9 t s5se all ,!i/s admit ! d]ivation & dep5d5ce ( e f9ite be+2 b !y mu/ be modes or affections ( ! "o uncreat$ ess5ce1 m]e ph5om5al manife/ations ( x4 ,! s\l1 ^: ess5ce is ?\ght1 is a m]e succession ( ideas4 ,! body is a m]e mode ( ! ,div9e attribute ( ext5sion2 & nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c be describ$ z a di/9ct be+4 ,!y are affections1 & no?+ m1 ( ! "o inf9ite sub/ance4 ,x is important to rem>k t1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! di/9ct p]sonality ( man is exclud$1 n less ?an ! di/9ct p]sonality ( ,god4 ,x is n easy1 inde$1 to expla9 ?is "p ( ,sp9oza's !ory2 = he has a subtle disquisition on ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 by means ( :i* he attempts to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( self-consci\sness1 & to %[ t individual p]sonality is n necess>ily inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e :i* repres5ts man z a m]e mode ( ! ,div9e sub/ance4 ,b "o ?+ is cle>3 !re is no room 9 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza = ! di/9ct p]sonality ( man1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( t expression4 ,! unity1 especially ( ! human s\l1 its individuality1 its self-consci\sness1 its id5tity1 z a be+1 dep5d5t1 inde$1 on ,god1 b really di/9ct f ,him1 mu/ be sacrific$1 if ! sy/em is to be sav$2 & no o!r be+ c be recogniz$ b ! absolute sub/ance1 ) its inf9ite attributes & its f9ite modes4 ,?is consid]ation appe>s to u to be fatal to ! :ole !ory4 ,= x %[s t ! ,pan!i/ic speculations1 :i* are direct$ aga9/ ! p]sonality ( ,god1 are equally conclusive1 if !y be conclusive at all1 aga9/ ! p]sonality ( ,man2 t !y run c\nt] to ! intuitive k ( ! human m9d2 & t !y _c be embrac$ )\t do+ viol5ce to "s ( our cle>e/ & sure/ convictions4 ,= :at cle>] or sur] conviction c !re be ?an t ( my own p]sonal exi/5ce1 z a di/9ct1 self-consci\s1 intellig5t1 active1 & responsible be+8 ,& yet ! exi/5ce ( our own bodies & s\ls is d5i$1 except 9 s f> z !y are m]e modes or affections ( ! "o uncreat$ sub/ance1 :i* is kn[n1 n by exp]i5ce or obs]vation1 b by a transc5d5tal faculty ( intuition4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza is vici\s1 because ! exposition ( x is replete ) ! mo/ manife/ & gl>+ self-contradictions4 ,8 logical p[] has be5 s mu* admir$1 & 8 rigor\s geometrical me?od s highly extoll$1 t 8 ,philosophy has acquir$ a c]ta9 pre/ige1 :i* comm5ds x to _m ard5t1 speculative m9ds4 ,yet !re are few philosophical writ]s :o h made a l>g] numb] ( gratuit\s assumptions1 or :o h ab\nd$ m 9 contradictory /atem5ts4 ,! ,ant9omies ( ,sp9oza might make ! subject ( an amus+1 & ev5 in/ructive1 diss]tation4 ,?us1 by way ( specim51 take ! foll[+3 ,god is ext5d$2 b1 nev]!less1 incorporeal4 ,god ?9ks2 b1 nev]!less1 has no intellig5ce4 ,god is active2 b1 nev]!less1 has no w4 ,! s\l is a mode ( ! ,div9e ?\ght2 b1 nev]!less1 !re is no analogy betwe5 ,god's ?\ght & man's ?\ght4 ,! love ( ,god is ! supreme law ( man2 b1 nev]!less1 x is equally lawful = man to live accord+ to appetite or to reason4 ,! w ( man1 is1 9 no s5se1 free2 b1 nev]!less1 !re is a sci5ce ( human e?ics4 ,man is "u no natural obligation to obey ,god2 b1 nev]!less1 ,god is 8 highe/ good4 ,god is nei!r a ,lawgiv] nor a ,gov]nor2 b1 nev]!less1 a future /ate is necess>y1 t e man may h 8 due4 ,might is ,"r1 & ,gov]nm5t has p[] to re/ra9 ! lib]ty ( ,prophesy+2 b1 nev]!less1 has no p[] to re/ra9 ! lib]ty ( ,philosophiz+4 ,^! are only a few specim5s ( ! gratuit\s assumptions & flagrant contradictions ) :i* 8 writ+s ab\nd2 b !y af=d a suffici5t pro( ( ! reckless "* ( 8 g5ius1 & ( ! utt] fallacy ( ! sy/em :i* he promulgat$ z a rival1 or z a sub/itute1 = ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,on a review ( :at has be5 advanc$1 x mu/ be manife/ t ! ,pan!i/ic sy/em ( ,sp9oza is f\nd$ on pr9ciples assum$ )\t pro(1 & embodi$ 9 8 def9itions2 t x is con/ruct$ accord+ to a philosophical me?od :i* is radically vici\s2 t x ab\nds 9 self-contradictory /atem5ts2 & t x is oppos$1 at _m po9ts1 to "s ( ! cle>e/ lessons ( exp]i5ce1 & to "s ( ! sure/ convictions ( reason4 ,x is a sy/em :i* is n demon/rat$1 b m]ely develop$4 ,! g]m ( x exi/s 9 ! def9itions2 d5y ^!1 & y de/roy 8 :ole philosophy4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be held suffici5t to =eclose ! "q respect+ ! exi/5ce ( a liv+1 p]sonal ,god1 di/9ct f ,nature & indep5d5t ( x2 nor c ,pan!ism1 9 ?is =m1 become ! successful rival ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism1 until ! human m9d has lo/ ! p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ! diff]5t k9ds ( evid5ce to :i* !y respectively appeal4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,mat]ial ,,or ,,hylozoic ,,pan!ism4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 ! two attributes ( ext5sion & ?\ght & ! correspond+ modes ( body & s\l1 7 equally recogniz$1 & 7 employ$ jo9tly1 9 connection ) 8 favorite doctr9e ( ,unisub/ancisme4 ,!y con/itut$ ! opposite poles ( 8 !ory1 b 7 bo? ess5tial to its complet5ess4 ,b mo/ ( 8 foll[]s1 influ5c$ by an excessive desire = simplification1 h attempt$ to bl5d ! two into "o2 & h ei!r m]g$ ! spiritual 9 ! corporeal1 or virtually annihilat$ ! mat]ial by resolv+ x into ! m5tal4 ,h5ce two di/9ct1 & ev5 opposite =ms ( ,pan!ism1--! mat]ial or hylozoic1 & ! ideal or spiritual4 ,! =m] 0 ! fir/ 9 ! ord] ( hi/orical developm5t1 s f> z mod]n ,europe is conc]n$4 ,x 0 mo/ 9 accordance ) ! ,s5sational ,philosophy :i* prevail$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,condillac1#abg & :i* cont9u$ to ma9ta9 its asc5dancy until x 0 assail$ by ! reviv+ _s ( ,idealism4 ,x 0 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,a!ism ( ! la/ c5tury1 & 0 fully exhibit$ 9 ! ,sy/me de la ,nature4 ,! rec5t revival ( ,idealism has done mu* to *eck its progress1 b x has n effect$ its de/ruction2 on ! contr>y1 ! !ory ( ,mat]ial or ,hylozoic ,pan!ism is an error z invet]ate z x is anci5t1 & x is cont9ually reappe>+ ev5 9 ! light ( ! intellectual & spiritual ,psy*ology ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is !ory1 al?\gh x has be5 prop\nd$ z a religi\s cre$1 re/s ma9ly on a philosophical dogma4 ,x is bas$ ultimately on ! supposition t no?+ exi/s 9 ! univ]se except matt] & its laws2 t m9d is ! product ( mat]ial organization2 & t all ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 ( feel+1 ( consci5ce1 & ev5 ( religion1 may be acc\nt$ = by ascrib+ !m to c]ta9 p[]s inh]5t 9 matt]1 & evolv$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities ( c]ebral /ructure4 ,?is fundam5tal assumption1 on :i* ! :ole !ory ( ,hylozoic ,pan!ism ultimately re/s1 w be subject$ to exam9ation 9 ! sequel4 ,we ?9k t x may be be/ discuss$ sep>ately & ap>t1 = ?is among o!r reasons1 t x /&s equally relat$ to ! old me*anical ,a!ism & ! new mat]ial ,pan!ism1 & t1 9 po9t ( fact1 x has be5 appli$ indiff]5tly to ! support ( bo?4 ,our rem>ks at pres5t1 !re=e1 w be direct$1 n to ! refutation ( ,mat]ialism1 b to ! exposition & exposure ( ! ,pan!ism :i* has be5 f\nd$ ^u x4 ,x is n easy--p]haps x might be f\nd1 on trial1 to be impossible--to %[ t !re is any real diff]5ce1 except 9 "n1 betwe5 me*anical ,a!ism & mat]ial ,pan!ism4 ,bo? equally affirm ! self-exi/5ce & et]nity ( ! ,univ]se2 bo? equally d5y ! fact ( creation1 & ! doctr9e ( a liv+1 p]sonal ,god1 di/9ct f nature1 & sup]ior to x4 ,! only app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! two consi/s 9 ?is1--t ! =m] speaks m ( ! rude mat]ials1 & ! cold1 h>d1 unb5d+ laws1 :i* exi/ 9 ,nature2 ! latt] speaks m ( ! vital p[]s1 ! subtle & e!real =ces1 :i* are at "w 9 h] bosom1 & :i* may seem to imp>t w>m? & animation to a sy/em t w\ld o!rwise be felt to be cold1 in]t1 & dea?like4 ,b ! me*anical ,a!i/ nev] d5i$ ! vital p[]s ( ,nature1 he only attempt$ to acc\nt = !m )\t an intellig5t fir/ ,cause2 & ! mat]ial ,pan!i/ has little1 if any1 advantage ov] him1 except 9 ?is1 t he has comb9$ ,*emi/ry ) ,me*anics 9 attempt+ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & has drawn 8 analogies f ! laboratory & ! crucible1 ! process ( vegetation1 & ! laws ( reproduction & gr[?1 n less ?an f ! =mul ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,! !ory ( ,mat]ial ,pan!ism runs ins5sibly into "o or o!r ( ! =ms ( nak$ ,a!ism to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( m9d1 or ( any spiritual ,p[] di/9ct f ,nature & sup]ior to x1 x mu/ necess>ily hold ! et]nal exi/5ce ( matt]2 &1 9 ?is respect1 x co9cides entirely ) ! ,a!i/ic hypo!sis4 ,x may1 or x may n1 hold also ! et]nal exi/5ce ( ! pres5t ord] ( ,nature1 includ+ all ! v>ieties ( vegetable & animal life4 ,9 ! "o case1 x h>monizes ) ! anci5t !ory ( ,a!ism1 z ma9ta9$ by ,ocellus ,lucanus2 9 ! o!r1 x mu/ run into ! mod]n !ory ( ,developm5t1 if x makes any attempt to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( new races1 z made kn[n by ! rese>*es ( ,geologi/s4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is equival5t to ,a!ism1 & dep5d5t on "o or o!r ( ! v>i\s !ories :i* h be5 appli$ to ! def5ce ( ! ,a!i/'s cre$4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 9 ?is connection1 h[ frequ5tly ^? :o are ! mo/ d>+ & decid$ advocates ( ,a!ism or ,pan!ism d nev]!less ascribe to ,nature _m ( ! attributes :i* belong to ,god only4 ,?is fact is admirably illu/rat$ by ! di/+ui%$ f\nd] ( ! ,boyle ,lecture%ip2#abh & x is abundantly confirm$ by examples :i* h be5 furni%$ by m rec5t times4 ,! au?or ( ! ,sy/em ( ,nature1 :i* appe>$ be=e ! fir/ ,fr5* ,revolution1 0 an av[$ & mo/ reckless ,a!i/2#abi yet he ascribes to ,nature mo/ ( ! attributes :i* are usually suppos$ to belong to ,god1 su* z self-exi/5ce1 et]nity1 immutability1 inf9itude1 & unity2 & if ! intellectual & moral attributes may seem to be omitt$1 z !y mu/ be1 to "s ext5t1 9 any sy/em ( ,a!ism1 yet ?\ght1 design1 & w1 are expressly ascrib$ to ,nature4#acj ,& ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,!i/ & ! ,a!i/ is said to be1 t ! latt] ascribes all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature to mat]ial1 natural1 s5sible1 & kn[n causes1 :ile ! =m] ascribes !m to spiritual1 sup]natural1 un9telligible1 & unkn[n causes2 or1 9 o!r words1 to an occult cause4#aca ,x is manife/ly a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ?is me?od ( acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5a ( ,nature be call$ ,a!ism or ,pan!ism2 9 ei!r aspect x is ess5tially ! same4 ,! m rec5t advocates ( ,a!ism or ,pan!ism h (t5 made use ( simil> language4 ,m4 ,cr\sse affirms t all nature is animat$ by an int]nal =ce :i* moves x2 t ?is is ! true spontaneity1 ! causality1 :i* is ! orig9 ( all s5sible manife/ations1 = m5s agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet2 t matt]1 ! mo/ cold & indiff]5t1 is full ( life1 capable ( eng5d]+ ?\ght1 & conta9+ m9d 9 x1 at lea/ pot5tially2 & t1 to e man :o has true insight1 ! _w feels1 moves1 speaks1 & ?9ks4#acb ,! au?or ( ,! ,purpose ( ,exi/5ce makes x 8 gr& object to %[ t ! evolvem5t ( m9d out ( matt] is ! prim>y law & f9al cause ( ! univ]se2 t ?is process comm5ces ) vegetation1 extract+ f matt] ! _s ( vitality2 t ?is _s is pres]v$ amid ! decay ( vegetables1 & transfus$ into animals1 ?us e/abli%+ ! great work+-pr9ciple ( ,nature1 t _s is extract$ f matt] by organiz$ bodies1 & survives _! dissolution4#acc ,( c\rse1 if matt] h ! p[] ( evolv+ intellig5t & ev5 immortal m9ds by its own inh]5t prop]ties & e/abli%$ laws1 x w n be difficult to f9d 9 ,nature a suffici5t sub/itute = ,god4 ,b ! mo/ revolt+ specim5 ( t mat]ial ,pan!ism1 :i* is only ano!r "n = absolute ,a!ism1 t has rec5tly appe>$1 occurs 9 ! ,lett]s ( ,atk9son & ,m>t9eau3 ,we require no sup]natural causes1 :5 we c recognize adequate natural causes1 inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( ,nature2 nor are m causes to be admitt$ ?an are suffici5t to produce any p>ticul> *ange or effect4--,man has 8 place 9 ,natural ,hi/ory2 8 nature does n ess5tially diff] f t ( ! l[] animals2 he is b a full] developm5t1 & v>i$ condition1 ( ! same fundam5tal nature or cause1--( t :i* we contemplate z matt]1 & its *anges1 relations1 & prop]ties4 ,m9d is ! consequ5ce or product ( ! mat]ial man1 its exi/5ce dep5d+ on ! action ( ! bra94--,its highe/ object seems to be1 a s5se ( ! inf9ite & ab/ract p[]1--! inh]5t =ce & pr9ciple ( ,nature4#acd ,f ^! specim5s x mu/ be evid5t t :atev] nom9al di/9ction may exi/ betwe5 ,mat]ial ,pan!ism & av[$ ,a!ism1 !y are radically id5tical1 & t1 = all practical purposes1 !y may be treat$ z "o & ! same4 ,f ! same specim5s we may d]ive "s useful h9ts respect+ ! ess5tial conditions & ! "r conduct ( ! ,!i/ic argum5t4 ,x is n en\gh to %[ t !re mu/ be a self-exi/5t1 et]nal1 & inf9ite ,fir/ ,cause1 = ?is is admitt$ by ! advocate ( ,mat]ial ,pan!ism1 :o sub/itutes ,nature = ,god4 ,x is fur!r necess>y to %[ t ! actual ph5om5a ( ! ,univ]se _c be acc\nt$ = by means ( any prop]ties or p[]s inh]5t 9 itself2 & t !y mu/ be ascrib$ to a liv+1 intellig5t1 & p[]ful ,be+1 di/9ct f ,nature & sup]ior to x4 ,! !ory ( ,mat]ialism mu/ be discuss$ on its own prop] & peculi> m]its1 & if we f9d good cause to reject x1 ! ma9 pill> ( ,mat]ial ,pan!ism w fall to ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! mean "t we %all only fur!r obs]ve1 t ?is =m ( ,pan!ism _c be ma9ta9$ )\t ! help ei!r ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,et]nity ( ,matt] or ( ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t1 or1 r1 )\t ! aid ( bo?2 & t1 if x c\ld be e/abli%$1 ,poly!ism w\ld be its natural product1 if n its inevitable result4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,ideal ,,pan!ism4 ,we h already se5 t ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza equally recogniz$ ! two attributes ( ext5sion & ?\ght1 & ! two correspond+ modes ( body & s\l1 9 connection ) ! "o inf9ite & et]nal ,sub/ance4 ,we h also se5 t mo/ ( 8 foll[]s h tak5 a "o-sid$ view ( ! subject1 & h ei!r m]g$ ! spiritual into ! corporeal1 s z to educe a ,mat]ial or ,hylozoic ,pan!ism1 or h virtually annihilat$ ! mat]ial by resolv+ x into ! m5tal1 s z to educe a sy/em ( ,ideal or ,spiritual ,pan!ism4 ,9 ,sp9oza1 says ,mr4 ,morell1 we see ! model ^u :i* ! mod]n ,ideali/s ( ,g]many h r5ew$ _! se>* into ! absolute gr\nd ( all ph5om5a2 & !re c be no d\bt t 8 speculations conta9 ! g]m ( ,ideal z well z ( ,mat]ial ,pan!ism4 ,! hi/orical filiation ( mod]n ,pan!ism _c be satisfactorily expla9$1 9 ei!r ( its two =ms1 )\t ref]5ce to 8 writ+s2 & yet its precise "*1 z x is develop$ 9 m rec5t sy/ems1 dem&s = its full elucidation "s k ( ! c\rse & progress ( philosophical speculation 9 ! int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! dea? ( ,sp9oza & ! subsequ5t developm5ts ( 8 !ory4 ,we _c "h attempt to trace ! hi/ory ( ,g]man ,idealism1 f its s\rce 9 ! writ+s ( ,leibnitz1 ?r\gh ! logical s*ool ( ,wolfius & 8 successors1 till x rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! philosophy ( ,hegel3--we %all cont5t ourselves ) a brief ref]5ce to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,kant's sy/em1 :i* may be ju/ly said to h conta9$ ! prolific g]ms1 or1 at lea/1 to h det]m9$ ! prevail+ "*1 ( all ! subsequ5t speculations ( ! ,g]man s*ools4 ,= if mod]n ,pan!ism be indebt$ to ,sp9oza = its sub/ance1 x is equally indebt$ to ,kant = its =m2 & no intelligible acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! phases :i* x has successively assum$1 )\t ref]5ce to ! p[]ful influ5ce :i* 8 ,philosophy1 9 "o or o!r ( its con/itu5t elem5ts1 has ex]t$ on all 8 successors 9 ! same field ( inquiry4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,kant has a mo/ important be>+ on ! :ole "q z to ! validity ( ! natural evid5ce = ! be+ & p]fections ( ,god4 ,we %all conf9e our att5tion to ^? p>ts ( 8 sy/em :i* give rise to ! speculations t h issu$ 9 ! rec5t !ories ( ,ideal or ,spiritual ,pan!ism4 ,9 attempt+ to expla9 ! nature & orig9 ( ! :ole sy/em ( human k1 ,kant divides our intellectual be+ into ?ree di/9ct faculties1--s5sation1 und]/&+1 & reason4 ,he supposes t f s5sation we d]ive ! :ole matt] ( our k2 t f ! und]/&+ we d]ive its =m1 or ! mann] 9 :i* x is conceiv$ ( by u2 & t f reason we d]ive c]ta9 g5]al or ab/ract notions1 :i* are highly useful1 s9ce !y give a sy/ematic unity to human ?\ght1 b :i* h no objective validity1 t is1 ei!r no reality 9 nature t corresponds to !m1 or none1 at lea/1 t c be sci5tifically demon/rat$4 ,f ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 sy/em x foll[s1 t ! only "p ( our k :i* has any objective reality is t :i* is d]iv$ f our s5se-p]ceptions1 all else be+ purely =mal or subjective1 & aris+ solely f ! laws ( our own m5tal nature1 :i* det]m9e u to conceive ( ?+s 9 a p>ticul> way2 & t ev5 t "p ( our k :i* is d]iv$ f s5se-p]ception is purely ph5om5al1 s9ce we "k no?+ ( any object ar\nd u beyond ! b>e fact t x exi/s1 & t x appe>s to u to be z our s5ses repres5t x4 ,h5ce ! skeptical t5d5cy ( ,kant's speculations1 9 s f> z ! sci5tific c]ta9ty ( our k is conc]n$4 ,! practical utility ( t k is n disput$1 b its objective reality1 or ! possibility ( prov+ x1 is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 d5i$4 ,/ill he admits a primitive dualism1 & a radical di/9ction betwe5 ! subject & ! object1 betwe5 ! m9d :i* ?9ks & ! matt] ( its ?\ghts4 ,! matt] comes f )\t1 ! =m f )92 & ! s5ses are ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature are p\r$ into ! m\ld ( ! human m9d4 ,all k implies ?is comb9ation ( matt] ) =m1 & is possible only on ! supposition ( ! concurr5t action bo? ( ! object & subject2 n t ei!r ( ! two is kn[n to u 9 its ess5ce1 or t _! real exi/5ce c be sci5tifically demon/rat$1 = we "k ! subject only 9 its relation to ! object1 & ! object only 9 its relation to ! subject2 b t ?is relation necess>ily requires ! jo9t action ( bo?1 by :i* alone we c acquire ! only k ( :i* we are capable1 & :i* is suppos$ to be purely ph5om5al1 relative1 & subjective4 ,x is true t we are capable ( =m+ c]ta9 gr& ideas1 su* z t ( ,god1 ! univ]se1 & ! s\l2 b ^! are ! pure products ( ,reason1 ! m]e p]sonifications ( our own modes ( ?9k+1 & h no objective reality1 at lea/ none t c be sci5tifically demon/rat$4 ,b1 :ile ! ,speculative ,reason is held to be incompet5t to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! ,practical ,reason is appeal$ to2 & 9 ! consci\s lib]ty ( ! s\l1 & its s5se ( incumb5t moral duty1--! ,categorical ,imp]ative1--,kant f9ds mat]ials = recon/ruct+ ! basis & fabric ( a true ,!ology1 n sci5tifically p]fect1 b practically suffici5t = all ! purposes ( life4 ,x 0 sc>cely possible t ,philosophy c\ld f9d a p]man5t re/+-place 9 su* a !ory z ?is2 =1 :ile x recogniz$ bo? ! object & ! subject z equally indisp5sable1 ! "o = ! matt]1 ! o!r = ! =m1 ( human k1 x did n hold ! balance ev5 betwe5 ! two4 ,x assign$ s mu* to ! subject1 & s little to ! object1 & made s l>ge a "p ( our k m]ely =mal & subjective1 t x c\ld nei!r be reg>d$ z a self-consi/5t sy/em ( ,skepticism1 nor yet z a satisfactory basis = ,sci5tific ,belief4 ,x 0 almo/ inevitable t speculative m9ds1 />t+ f ?is po9t1 %\ld div]ge into "o or o!r ( ?ree c\rses2 ei!r foll[+ ! l9e ( ! subject exclusively1 & treat+ ! object z a sup]flu\s incumbrance1 s z to rea*1 z ,s*ulz & ,maimon did1 a pure ,subjective ,idealism1 ak9 to utt] ,skepticism2 or foll[+ ! l9e ( ! object1 & giv+ x great] prom95ce ?an x _h 9 ! sy/em ( ,kant1 s z to lay ! f\ndation1 z ,jacobi & ,h]b>t did1 ( a sy/em ( ,objective ,c]titude2 or keep+ bo? 9 view1 & attempt+1 z ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel did1 to bl5d ! two into "o1 s z to r$uce !m to sy/ematic unity4#ace ,9 ,kant's sy/em a dualism 0 admitt$1 a real di/9ction betwe5 ! subject & object ( ?\ght2 b he _h ascrib$ s mu* to ! subject1 & s little to ! object1 t ,fi*te conceiv$ ! idea ( disp5s+ ) ! latt] altoge!r1 & con/ruct+ 8 :ole philosophy on a purely subjective basis4 ,s9ce ,kant _h taught t all objects are conceiv$ ( ei!r accord+ to ! =ms ( our s5sational faculty1 or ! categories ( our und]/&+1 or ! ideas ( pure reason1 x seem$ to be unnecess>y to suppose ! exi/5ce ( any object di/9ct f ! m9d itself4 ,= if x be ! m9d :i* furni%es ! =m ( ,space1 & gives u ! idea ( ,sub/ance1 ( ,cause1 ( ,be+1 ! m9d alone might suffice to acc\nt = ! :ole sum ( human k4 ,fi*te 0 foll[$ by ,s*ell+1 & ,s*ell+ by ,hegel1 ea* diff]+ f 8 pr$ecessor1 b all concurr+ 9 ! attempt to id5tify ,seyn1 or absolute ,be+1 ) ,?\ght1 & to repres5t ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se z a m]e mode or manife/ation ( "o ,inf9ite ,ess5ce4 ,! id5tity ( ,exi/5ce & ,?\ght is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,hegel's doctr9e4 ,) him1 ,be+ & ! ,idea ( be+1 are ! same2 & ,be+ & ,?\ght are comb9$ 9 ! ,absolute1 :i* is at once ideal & real 7l'tre & l'ide74 ,) him1 ! idea ( ,god is t ( a logical process ( ?\ght1 ev] unfold+ itself1 b nev] unfold$1--a dialectic movem5t r ?an a ,div9e ,be+1 :i* realizes itself1 & rea*es a /ate ( self-consci\sness 9 man4 ,god1 nature1 & man1 are b "o process ( ?\ght1 consid]$ 9 diff]5t aspects2 all f9ite p]sonalities are only s _m ?\ghts ( "o et]nal m9d2 ,god is 9 man1 & man is 9 ,god1 & ! progress ( humanity1 9 all its /ages1 is a ,div9e developm5t4 ,?is b>e outl9e ( ^! sy/ems mu/ suffice = our pres5t purpose1 & we n[ proce$ to (f] a few rem>ks on ! doctr9e ( ,ideal z di/+ui%$ f ,mat]ial ,pan!ism4 #a4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ,idealism1 z prop\nd$ 9 ! ,g]man s*ools1 is utt]ly baseless1 & contradicts ! intuitive1 ! univ]sal convictions ( ! human m9d4 ,= :at is ,idealism8 ,r$uc$ to its utmo/ simplicity1 & express$ 9 ! briefe/ =mula1 x am\nts1 9 sub/ance1 to ?is3 t ! :ole univ]se is to u a m]e process ( ?\ght1 & t no?+ exi/s1 or1 at lea/1 c be kn[n by u1 beyond ! ideas ( our own m9ds4 ,& :at is ! gr\nd on :i* x re/s8 ,x re/s entirely on ! assumption1 t1 s9ce we c "k no?+ o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( our m5tal faculties1 ^! faculties mu/ be ! sole s\rces ( all our k1 & altoge!r indep5d5t ( any ext]nal object4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! m9d is n in=m$ or in/ruct$ by ! univ]se1 b ! univ]se is creat$ by ! m9d2 ! objective is develop$ f ! subjective2 & !re is no reality any:]e except 9 ! region ( consci\sness4 ,nature is se5 only z x is imag$ 9 ! mirror )92 & to u x is a m]e phantasmagoria1 a s]ies ( ph5om5a1 a succession ( ?\ghts4 ,! sum total1 says ,fi*te1 is ?is2 !re is absolutely no?+ p]man5t1 ei!r )\t me or )9 me1 b only an unceas+ *ange4 ,i "k absolutely no?+ ( any exi/5ce1 n ev5 ( my own4 ,i myself "k no?+1 & am no?+4 ,images !re are2 !y con/itute all t app>5tly exi/s2 & :at !y "k ( !mselves is aft] ! mann] ( images2 images t pass & vani% )\t !re be+ aught to witness _! transition2 t consi/1 9 fact1 ( ! images ( images1 )\t significance & )\t an aim4 ,i myself am "o ( ^! images2 nay1 ,i am n ev5 ?us mu*1 b only a confus$ image ( images4 ,all reality is conv]t$ into a m>vell\s dream1 )\t a life to dream (1 & )\t a m9d to dream1--into a dream made up only ( a dream itself4 ,p]ception is a dream2 ?\ght--! s\rce ( all exi/5ce1 & all ! reality :i* ,i imag9e to myself ( my exi/5ce1 ( my p[]1 ( my de/9ation--is ! dream ( t dream4#acf ,! t5d5cy ( su* speculations z ^! t[>ds univ]sal ,skepticism1 or ev5 absolute ,nihilism1 ) ! exception only ( c]ta9 fleet+ ph5om5a ( ,consci\sness1 is too app>5t to require any =mal pro(2 & x mu/ be equally evid5t t !y contradict "s ( ! mo/ univ]sal & deeply-root$ convictions ( ! human m9d4 ,! ultimate gr\nd ( e sy/em ( ,idealism :i* excludes ! k ( an ext]nal _w mu/ be "o or o!r ( ^! two assumptions1 or a comb9ation ( bo?3 ei!r1 t our k _c ext5d beyond ! range ( consci\sness1 :i* takes cognizance only ( ideas1 or ( subjective m5tal /ates2 or t any attempt to ext5d x beyond ^! limits1 s z to embrace ext]nal objects z really exi/+1 c only be successful on ?is condition1--t we prove1 by reason+ f ! subjective to ! objective1 t !re is a necess>y logical connection betwe5 ! /ate ( ! "o & ! reality ( ! o!r4 ,ea* ( ^! assumptions is equally gr\ndless4 ,x is true t consci\sness1 /rictly s call$1 takes cognizance only ( :at passes )92 x is n true t consci\sness1 9 ?is re/rict$ s5se1 is comm5surate ) our entire k4 ,x is true t we acquire our k only ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( our m5tal faculties2 x is n true t our m5tal faculties are ! only s\rces ( our k1 nor ev5 t1 )\t ! concurr5ce ( c]ta9 objects1 !y c\ld give u any k at all4 ,x is true t !re mu/ be a connection betwe5 ! subjective & ! objective2 x is n true t ?is connection mu/ be e/abli%$ by reason+1 or t we mu/ prove ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w di/9ct f ! ?9k+ m9d1 be=e we are entitl$ to believe 9 x4 ,= a great "p ( our k is pres5tative1 & we directly p]ceive ! objects ( ,nature n less ?an ! ph5om5a ( ,consci\sness4 ,:5 x is said1 9 ! j>gon ( ! mod]n ,g]man philosophy1 t ! ,ego has no imm$iate consci\sness ( ! ,non-,ego z exi/+1 b t ! ,non-,ego is only repres5t$ to u 9 a modification ( ! self-consci\s ,ego1 & is1 9 fact1 only a ph5om5on ( ! ,ego1--a pla91 practical ,engli%man1 little tol]ant ( ^! subtle di/9ctions1 might be ready1 if n det]r$ by ! m]e s\nd ( ! words1 to te/ !m by a p>ticul> example4 ,:at am ,i to ?9k1 he might say1 ( my own fa!r & "m8 ,!y are famili>ly kn[n to me4 ,i h se5 !m1 & talk$ )1 !m1 & lov$ !m z my own s\l4 ,i h hi!rto believ$ t !y exi/$1 & t !y 7 really a fa!r & "m to me4 ,b n[ ,i am taught t !y are--m]e modifications ( my own m9d2 t !y are no?+ m ?an simple ph5om5a ( ! self-consci\s ,ego2 & t1 s f> f be+ ! e>?ly au?ors ( my exi/5ce1 !y are !mselves--! creation & (fspr+ ( my own ?\ght4 ,& on :at gr\nd am ,i ask$ to receive ?is a/oni%+ discov]y8 ,:y1 simply because ,i c be sure ( no?+ b ! facts ( consci\sness4 ,b h[ are ^! facts prov$8 ,!y ne$ no pro(2 !y are self-evid5t2 !y are imm$iately & irresi/ibly believ$4 ,be x s4 ,i c j z little d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( my body1 ( ! di/9ct p]sonality ( my p>5ts1 & ! reality ( an ext]nal univ]se1 z ( any fact ( consci\sness4 ,may x n be1 :e!r we c expla9 x or n1 t ! "o set ( facts is z directly pres5t$1 & ne$s z little to be prov$1 z ! o!r8 #b4 ,! doctr9e ( ,id5tity con/itutes a prom95t & indisp5sable "p ( ! !ory ( ,idealism1 & is ! gr\nd-pr9ciple ( ,philosophical ,pan!ism4 ,x am\nts1 9 sub/ance1 to ! proposition1 t ,exi/5ce & ,?\ght are "o1 t ! subject & object ( k are "o4 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,id5tity means any?+1 x means t ,?\ght & ,be+ are ess5tially "o2 t ! process ( ?9k+ is virtually ! same z ! process ( creat+2 t 9 con/ruct+ ! univ]se by logical d$uction1 we d virtually ! same ?+ z ,deity accompli%es 9 develop+ himself 9 all ! =ms & regions ( creation2 t e man's reason1 !re=e1 is really ,god2 9 f9e1 t ,deity is ! :ole sum ( consci\sness imman5t 9 ! _w4#acg ,x is ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is doctr9e ( ,id5tity t ,idealism passes into ,pan!ism1--n1 inde$1 ! ,idealism ( ,b]keley1 :i* recogniz$1 consi/5tly or o!rwise1 ! exi/5ce ( ! human m9d & ( ! ,div9e ,_s1 :ile x d5i$ ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( matt]1--b ! ,idealism ( ,fi*te & o!rs1 :i* resolv$ m9d into a m]e process ( ?\ght1 a cont9u\s /ream or succession ( ideas4 ,to su* a !ory ! doctr9e ( ,id5tity 0 indisp5sable4 ,its advocates 7 b\nd to %[ t no?+ exi/$1 or c\ld be prov$ to exi/1 9 ! univ]se b ?\ght1 & t1 9 e case1 ! subject & object ( ?\ght might be id5tifi$ z "o4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t f ! e>lie/ ages d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! idea ( absolute unity1 or univ]sal id5tity1 has be5 frequ5tly exhibit$ 9 connection ) ! speculations ( philosophical ,ideali/s4 ,! disciples ( ! ,eleatic s*ool 9 anci5t ,greece1 n less ?an ^? ( ! mod]n s*ools ( ,g]many1 insi/$ on ! id5tity ( ?\ght & its object1 & reg>d$ ev]y?+ t might seem to be ext]nal to ! m9d z a m]e illusion4 ,x may be difficult = ! ,briti% m9d1 famili>iz$ f infancy ) ! philosophy ( common s5se1 to grasp ! idea :i* ?is doctr9e involves2 b1 on ! pr9ciples ( absolute ,idealism1 x may be easily expla9$1 & may ev5 seem to h "s f\ndation 9 facts t mu/ be ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,!re are two cases1 p>ticul>ly1 :i* may s]ve to illu/rate1 if !y _c suffice to prove1 x4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 conceiv$ z exi/+ be=e ! production ( a creat$ univ]se1 :5 ,he 0 himself ! sole subject & ! sole object ( ?\ght2 9 o!r words1 ! absolute ,subject-,object4 ,! second is t ( ! human consci\sness1 conceiv$ z occupi$ solely ) c]ta9 subjective m5tal /ates1 :5 ! m9d may be said to be at once ! subject & ! object ( its own ?\ght4 ,!re are cases1 !n1 9 :i* m9d may be reg>d$ z a subject-object2 ! case ( human consci\sness1 :5 ! m9d takes cognizance ( its own /ates or acts1 & ! case ( ! ,div9e consci\sness1 :ile z yet ! creat$ univ]se _h n be5 call$ into be+4 ,b ! "q is1 :e!r1 9 all cases1 ! subject & object ( ?\ght are ! same8 or1 :e!r exi/5ce & ?\ght are univ]sally id5tical8 ,an affirmative answ] to ?is "q w\ld imply1 t no?+ :atev] exi/s except only 9 ! m9d t p]ceives x2 t1 accord+ to ,bi%op ,b]keley1 ! exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s )\t any relation to _! be+ p]ceiv$ is an absurd or impossible supposition2 t _! esse is p]cipi1 t is1 t _! be+ consi/s 9 _! be+ p]ceiv$ or kn[n2 :5ce x w\ld foll[1 z ,b]keley himself admits1 t we h no reason to believe 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! desk at :i* we write1 aft] we h left ! room 9 :i* we see x1 except+ su* z may arise f ! supposition1 t if we return$ to t room we might /ill see x1 or t 9 our abs5ce x may /ill be p]ceiv$ by "s o!r m9d4 ,exi/5ce is id5tifi$ ) ?\ght1 & no?+ exi/s save only z x is ?\ght (4 ,:y8 ,simply because x c become kn[n to u only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( consci\sness1 & t1 too1 9 no o!r "* ?an z a ph5om5on ( our own m9ds4 ,t ?is doctr9e is at direct v>iance ) ! univ]sal convictions ( mank9d1 is too evid5t to require ! slighte/ pro(4 ,t x is unphilosophical1 z well z unpopul>1 may be made app>5t by two v simple consid]ations4 ,! fir/ is1 t x assumes )\t pro( ! only po9t 9 "q1 namely1 t ! objects ( our k are no?+ b ! ideas ( our own m9ds2 :]eas x is affirm$1 on ! o!r side1 & surely ) at lea/ an equal am\nt ( app>5t reason1 t we are s con/itut$ z to h a direct p]ception ( ext]nal objects z well z ( int]nal m5tal /ates4 ,! second is1 t ! v =mula ( ,idealism1 :i* repres5ts ! ,non-ego z a m]e modification ( ! consci\s ,ego1 seems to involve a palpable contradiction2 s9ce x recognizes1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ego & ! ,non-ego1 & yet1 9 ! same brea?1 annihilates t diff]5ce1 & proclaims _! id5tity4#ach ,fi*te admits1 inde$1 t we h ! idea ( some?+ :i* is n-self2 b in/ead ( ascrib+ x to an ext]nal object1 he acc\nts = x by a law ( our m5tal nature1 :i* con/ra9s u to create a limit1 s z to give a det]m9ate "* to our ?\ght4 ,! ?ree te*nical =mulas1 !re=e1 :i* are said#aci to express1 respectively1--! affirmation ( self1--! affirmation ( n-self1--& ! det]m9ation ( ! "o by ! o!r1--are all equally ! products ( our own m5tal laws1 & d n necess>ily require ! supposition ( any ext]nal object2 & h5ce x foll[s t ,self is ! "o only absolute pr9ciple1 & t ev]y?+ else t is conceiv$ ( is con/ruct$ out ( purely subjective mat]ials4 ,! "q :e!r ! object be ! g5]ative pr9ciple ( ! idea1 or vice v]s1 is ?us sup]s$$2 = !re is no long] any di/9ction betwe5 object & subject2 exi/5ce is id5tifi$ ) ?\ght2 ! ,ego & ! ,non-ego unite 9 "o absolute exi/5ce2 & ,self becomes ! sole ,subject-object1 ! p]cipi5t & ! p]ceiv$1 ! kn[+ & ! kn[n4 ,( c\rse1 on ?is !ory1 !re is no k ( ,god1 j z !re c be no k ( ,nature1 & no k ( our fell[-m51 z di/9ct objective realities2 x is a sy/em ( pure ,idealism1 :i*1 if consi/5tly foll[$ out1 mu/ t]m9ate 9 utt] skepticism 9 reg>d to _m ( ! mo/ famili> objects ( human k2 or1 r1 9 ! h&s ( a ?or\ghly consequ5t reason]1 x mu/ issue1 z ,jacobi endeavor$ to %[1 9 absolute ,nihilism2 s9ce we c h no bett] reason = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,self ?an we h = believ+ 9 ! reality ( an ext]nal _w1 & ! coexi/5ce ( our fell[-m54 ,ea* ( ^! beliefs is equally ! spontane\s product ( c]ta9 m5tal laws1 :i* are j z tru/wor?y1 & ne$ z little to be prov$1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,fi*te seems to h become aw>e ( ?is fundam5tal defect ( 8 sy/em2 &1 at a lat] p]iod1 he attempt$ to give x a firm] basis by repres5t+ self1 n z individual1 b z ,div9e1 t is1 z ! ,absolute manife/+ itself 9 ,man4 ,he n[ admitt$ :at1 if he _h n d5i$1 he _h ov]look$ be=e1 an ess5tial reality z ! sub/ratum bo? ( ! ,ego & ,non-ego2 a reality ( :i* all ?+s1 :e!r )9 or )\t1 are only s _m modes or manife/ations4 ,& x is at ?is po9t t 8 subjective ,idealism passes into ,pan!ism1 & t we m>k ! close aff9ity betwe5 8 speculations & ^? ( ,sp9oza4 ,!re is1 9 "s respects1 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! two2 ,sp9oza assum$1 ,fi*te d5i$1 ! exi/5ce ( matt]2 ! =m] affirm$ ,sub/ance to be ! absolute & inf9ite ,ess5ce2 ! latt] proclaim$ a spiritual univ]se1 ^: ess5ce 0 ! inf9ite reason1 or ! ,div9e idea3 b /ill1 ) ^! & o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce1 !re exi/$ a real1 radical aff9ity betwe5 ! two sy/ems1 t ( ,fi*te1 n less ?an t ( ,sp9oza1 be+ bas$ on ! id5tity ( exi/5ce & ?\ght2 & bo? sy/ems be+ direct$ to %[ t !re is b "o ,absolute ,be+1 ( :i* all ph5om5a1 :e!r mat]ial or m5tal1 are only s _m modes or manife/ations4 #c4 ,! philosophy ( ! absolute1 z appli$ 9 support ( ,g]man ,pan!ism1 dep5ds on ! doctr9e ( ,id5tity1 & mu/ /& or fall along ) x4#adj ,! absolute is describ$ z be+ at once ideal & real1 pure be+ & pure ?\ght1 & z develop+ itself 9 a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,! philosophy ( ! absolute is repres5t$ z ! only sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$3 x is assum$ t !re c be no sci5ce ( ! f9ite1 ! v>iable1 ! cont+5t1 ! relative1 b only ( ! absolute1 ! un*angeable1 & ! inf9ite4 ,to con/itute ?is sci5ce1 ! doctr9e ( id5tity is indisp5sable2 ! subject & ! object ( ?\ght1 k & be+1 mu/ be r$uc$ to sci5tific unity4 ,realism & ,idealism are ?us bl5d$ toge!r1 or r id5tifi$ 9 ! philosophy ( ! absolute4 ,! idea ( ! absolute1 9 :i* be+ & ?\ght are id5tical1 is ! only f\ndation ( sci5ce1 & ! ultimate gr\nd ( all c]titude4 ,& ,pan!ism is inf]r$ f ?is idea2 = ! absolute1 9 :i* be+ & ?\ght are id5tifi$1 is prop]ly ! sole exi/5ce1 :i* develops & manife/s itself 9 a great v>iety ( f9ite =ms4 ,we are n dispos$ to treat ! philosophy ( ! absolute ei!r ) levity or ) scorn4 ,we feel t x br+s u into contact ) "s ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & mo/ deeply my/]i\s problems ( human ?\ght4 ,f9ite z we are1 we are s con/itut$ t we _c avoid fram+ ! idea1 al?\gh we c nev] atta9 to a compreh5sion1 ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,!re are absolute tru?s1 & necess>y tru?s1 among ! elem5ts ( human k4 ,acc\nt = !m z we may1 _! reality _c be reasonably d5i$1 nor _! importance disp>ag$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy--& a mo/ useful "o--9 ! human m9d1 to seek unity 9 all ?+s1 to trace effects to causes1 to r$uce ph5om5a to laws1 to resolve ! complex into ! simple1 & to rise f ! cont+5t to ! absolute1 f ! f9ite to ! inf9ite4 ,!re are few m int]e/+ inquiries 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,psy*ology ?an t :i* seeks to inve/igate ! nature1 ! orig91 & ! validity ( ^? ideas :i* introduce u into ! region ( absolute1 et]nal1 & immutable ,tru?2 & x 7 a lam5table result ( ! erratic speculations ( ,g]many did !y s]ve to ca/ discr$it on ?is inquiry1 or ev5 to excite a prejudice aga9/ x1 9 ! m sob]1 b n less pr(\nd1 m9ds ( our own c\ntrym54 ,b !re ne$ be little appreh5sion on ?is score1 if x be cle>ly und]/ood & c>efully rememb]$1 t ! philosophy ( ! absolute1 z taught 9 ,g]many & appli$ 9 support ( ,pan!ism1 re/s ultimately on ! !ory ( ,idealism & ! doctr9e ( ,id5tity1 by :i* all is resolv$ into "o absolute subject-object1 & exi/5ce is id5tifi$ ) ?\ght4 ,?is sy/em may be disc>d$1 & yet !re may /ill rema9 a s\nd1 :olesome1 & innocu\s philosophy ( ! absolute2 a philosophy :i* does n seek to id5tify ?+s s g5]ically diff]5t z exi/5ce & ?\ght1 or to r$uce m9d & matt]1 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 to ! same category2 b :i*1 recogniz+ ! diff]5ces subsi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s objects ( ?\ght1 seeks m]ely to inve/igate ! nature & s\rces ( t "p ( human k :i* relates to absolute or necess>y tru?s4 ,! =m] ( ^! rival sy/ems may be favorable to ,pan!ism1 ! latt] w be f\nd to be 9 entire accordance ) ,*ri/ian ,!ism4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( philosophical ,pan!ism is ei!r ! unity ( sub/ance1 z taught by ,sp9oza1 or ! id5tity ( exi/5ce & ?\ght1 z taught1 ) "s important v>iations1 by ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel4 ,! ,absolute is conceiv$ (1 n z a liv+ ,be+ to :om a prop] p]sonality & c]ta9 intelligible attributes may be ascrib$1 b z a vague1 indet]m9ate some:at1 :i* has no di/9ctive "*1 & ( :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 or prior to its developm5t1 almo/ no?+ c be ei!r affirm$ or d5i$4 ,b ?is absolute exi/5ce1 by "s unkn[n1 inh]5t necessity1 develops1 det]m9es1 & limits itself3 x becomes be+1 & con/itutes all be+3 ! inf9ite passes into ! f9ite1 ! absolute into ! relative1 ! necess>y into ! cont+5t1 ! "o into ! _m2 all o!r exi/5ces are only s _m modes or =ms ( its manife/ation4 ,"h is a !ory :i*1 to say ! v lea/1 is nei!r m intelligible1 nor less my/]i\s1 ?an any article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,& :at are ! pro(s to :i* x appeals1 :at ! pr9ciples on :i* x re/s8 ,its two fundam5tal positions are ^!2 t f9ite ?+s h no di/9ct exi/5ce z realities 9 nature1 & t !re exi/s only "o ,absolute ,be+1 manife/+ itself 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,& h[ are !y demon/rat$8 ,simply by ! affirmation ( univ]sal ,id5tity4 ,b :at if ?is affirmation be d5i$8 ,:at if1 f\nd+ on ! cle>e/ data ( consci\sness1 we refuse to ackn[l$ge t exi/5ce is id5tical ) ?\ght8#ada ,:at if we cont9ue to believe t !re are objects ( ?\ght :i* are di/9ct f ?\ght itself1 & :i* mu/ be pres5t$ to ! m9d be=e !y c be repres5t$ by ! m9d8 ,:at if1 :ile we recognize ! idea bo? ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 ! relative & ! absolute1 ! cont+5t & ! necess>y1 we _c1 by ! utmo/ ef=t ( our reason1 oblit]ate ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 s z to r$uce !m to "o absolute ess5ce8 ,!n ! :ole sup]/ructure ( ,pan!ism falls along ) ! ,idealism on :i* x dep5ds2 & x is f\nd to be1 n a solid & endur+ sy/em ( tru?1 b a frail edifice1 +5i\sly con/ruct$ out ( ! m]e ab/ractions ( ! human m9d4 ,! advocates ( ?is sy/em assume t ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 be+s are ! same z ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 our ideas1 & inf] t logic is suffici5t to con/ruct a sy/em ( metaphysic4 ,b ,pr(essor ,nicolas has well said1 t :ile x is c]ta9 we _c "k ?+s b by ! notions :i* we h ( !m1 & a c]ta9 p>allelism may ?us be e/abli%$ betwe5 :at exi/s & :at we ?9k ( t :i* exi/s1 yet f ?is to ! id5tity ( be+ & ?\ght1 su* z ,pan!ism requires1 !re is a va/ di/ance1 & we h no gr\nd = believ+ t ! logical relations ( our ideas are id5tical ) ! real relations ( be+s4 ,speculative ,pan!ism is :olly built on ?is assumption4 ,x describes ! relations ( be+ accord+ to ! logical relations ( our ?\ght2 & x takes logic = a k9d ( metaphysic4 ,x conf\nds ! laws ( ?\ght ) ! laws ( be+4 ,x seeks to solve ! "q1 ,:at is ! fir/ ,be+1 & :at are its relations to o!r be+s8 ,t ,be+ mu/ necess>ily be ! condition ( all o!r be+s1 & mu/ virtually conta9 !m all2 nay1 x mu/ be capable ( becom+ all ?+s4 ,x mu/ !re=e be simple1 indet]m9ate1 indiff]5t1 possess+ no ess5tial "*1 resembl+ no?+ t we actually "k4 ,all ?is is true ( our ideas1 b n ( be+s4 ,! highe/ idea1--t :i* is ! logical condition ( all o!rs1 & also ! mo/ g5]al1 ! mo/ ab/ract1 ! mo/ indet]m9ate1--?is idea conta9s all o!rs1 & by receiv+ ?is or t det]m9ation1 x becomes ?is or t p>ticul> idea4 ,b :at is true ( ! idea is n true ( ! be+2 no su* vague1 indet]m9ate1 indiff]5t be+ exi/s2 & yet ,pan!ism conf\nds ! idea ) ! be+1 & re/s entirely on t confusion ( ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 br++ our review ( ,mod]n ,pan!ism to a close1 we may (f] a few rem>ks illu/rative ( its nature & t5d5cy1 :e!r consid]$ z a sy/em ( speculative ?\ght1 or z a sub/itute = religi\s belief4 ,9 ?is view1 x is important to obs]ve1 fir/ ( all1 t ! !ory ( ,idealism1 & ! doctr9e ( ,id5tity1 :i* con/itute ! gr\ndwork ( ! m spiritual =m ( ,pan!ism1 are n m adv]se to our belief 9 ! exi/5ce & p]sonality ( ,god1 ?an !y are to our belief 9 ! reality ( an ext]nal _w1 or 9 ! exi/5ce & p]sonality ( man himself4 ,!y /& equally relat$ to ea* ( ^! ?ree topics2 &1 if !y be accept$ at all1 !y mu/ be imp>tially appli$1 & consi/5tly c>ri$ out into all _! legitimate consequ5ces1 z ! only philosophical solution ( ! :ole "q ( ,ontology4 ,p]haps ?is is n und]/ood2 c]ta9ly x has n be5 duly consid]$ by ! m sup]ficial litt]ateurs1 :o h be5 slightly t9ctur$ ) ,pan!ism2 b x w be ackn[l$g$ at once by e consi/5t ,ideali/1 :o und]/&s 8 own philosophy1 & :o is hone/ or bold en\gh to c>ry x out into all its practical applications4 ,he kn[s v well1 &1 if suffici5tly c&id1 he w frankly confess1 t ! pr9ciples on :i* he f\nds1 if !y be conclusive aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a liv+1 p]sonal ,god1 are equally conclusive aga9/ ! reality ( an ext]nal _w1 & aga9/ ! doctr9e ( our own p]sonality or t ( our fell[-m54 ,) mo/ m9ds1 ?is consid]ation w\ld be ( itself a p[]ful c\nt]active to all t is mo/ dang]\s 9 ! !ory ( ,idealism1 7 x only cle>ly appreh5d$ & /eadily kept 9 view2 = an argum5t :i* proves too mu* is ju/ly held to prove no?+1 & t !ory :i* leaves u no "r to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,nature1 or 9 ! di/9ct p]sonality ( our fell[-m51 c sc>cely be held suffici5t to disprove ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x may be obs]v$1 fur!r1 t ,ideal ,pan!ism has a /rong t5d5cy to eng5d] a _s ei!r ( ,my/icism1 on ! "o h&1 or ( ,skepticism on ! o!r4 ,x t]m9ates 9 ,my/icism :51 seek+ to avoid ,skepticism1 x takes refuge 9 ! doctr9e ( an intellectual intuition1 su* z gives an imm$iate k ( ! ,absolute3 & x t]m9ates 9 ,skepticism :51 seek+ to avoid ,my/icism1 x rejects ! doctr9e ( intellectual intuition1 & discov]s t x has no o!r & no high] claims to our confid5ce ?an su* z are equally possess$ by any "o ( our common faculties1 ^: te/imony ! ,ideali/ has be5 taught to di/ru/ & d\bt4 ,x is fur!r wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! philosophy ( ! ,absolute1 z taught 9 ! ,g]man s*ools1 has be5 appli$ to ! :ole circle ( ! ,sci5ces1 n less ?an to ,!ology1 & t x has giv5 bir? to num]\s speculative sy/ems1 9 ,physics1 9 ,*emi/ry1 9 ,e?ics1 9 ,hi/ory1 & 9 ,politics1 all /rongly m>k$ by ! same *>act]i/ic feature--! sub/itution ( priori & d$uctive speculation = ! m sob] & legitimate me?od ( ,inductive inquiry4 ,! prov9ce ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 9 :i*1 if any:]e1 we %\ld be guid$ by ! light ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 has be5 rudely invad$ by ?is transc5d5tal philosophy1 :i* (f]s to con/ruct a !ory ( univ]sal k on ! basis ( a c]ta9 self-developm5t ( ! ,absolute4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,morell = a specim51#adb alike amus+ & in/ructive1 ( ,s*ell+'s speculations on ?is subject4 ,we %all n attempt to int]pret its mean+1 =1 9 soo?1 we d n pret5d to und]/& x3 b "o ?+ is cle>1 ! laws ( ,matt]1 ( ,dynamics1 ( ,organic /ructure & life1 ! laws ( ,k1 ( ,action1 & ( ,art1 are all exhibit$ z m]e d$uctions or coroll>ies f ! idea ( ! ,absolute2 & 9 ! "n ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 n less ?an on behalf ( ,!ology1 we prote/ aga9/ ?is vici\s me?od ( ,philosophy1 & d mo/ e>ne/ly deprecate ! sub/itution ( ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 9 ! place ( our own ,bacon1 & ,boyle1 & ,newton1 z models ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,! practical influ5ce ( ,pan!ism1 9 s f> z its peculi> t5d5cies are n re/ra9$ or c\nt]act$ by m salut>y beliefs1 mu/ be deeply injuri\s1 bo? to ! individual & social welf>e ( mank9d4 ,9 its ,ideal or ,spiritual =m x may be s$uctive to "s ard5t1 imag9ative m9ds2 b x is a wret*$ cre$ not)/&+2 & x w be f\nd1 :5 calmly exam9$1 to be fraught ) ! mo/ s]i\s evils4 ,x has be5 comm5d$1 inde$1 9 gl[+ t]ms1 z a cre$ alike beautiful & b5efic5t1--z a s\rce ( religi\s life nobl] & pur] ?an any t c ev] spr+ f ! m gloomy sy/em ( ,!ism3 =1 on ! !ory ( ,pan!ism1 ,god is manife/ to all1 ev]y:]e1 & at all times2 ,nature1 too1 is aggr&iz$ & glorifi$1 & ev]y?+ 9 ,nature is inve/$ ) a new dignity & int]e/2 above all1 ,man is conclusively fre$ f all fanta/ic hopes & sup]/iti\s fe>s1 s t 8 m9d c n[ repose1 ) tranquil satisfaction1 on ! bosom ( ! ,absolute1 unmov$ by ! vicissitudes ( life1 & unsc>$ ev5 by ! prospect ( dea?4 ,= :at is dea?8 ,! dissolution ( any liv+ organism is b "o /age 9 ! process ( its fur!r developm5t2 & :e!r x passes into a new =m ( self-consci\s life1 or is reabsorb$ into ! inf9ite1 x /ill =ms an inde/ructible elem5t 9 ! va/ sum ( ,be+4 ,we may1 !re=e1 or1 r1 we mu/1 leave our future /ate to be det]m9$ by ,nature's inexorable laws1 & we ne$1 at lea/1 fe> no ,be+ high] ?an ,nature1 to ^: ju/ice we are am5able1 or ^: fr[n we %\ld dread4#adc ,b1 ev5 z x is ?us exhibit$ by "s ( its w>me/ p>tisans1 x appe>s to u1 we own1 to be a dre>y & *e]less cre$1 :5 comp>$ ) t fai? :i* tea*es u to reg>d ,god z our ,fa!r 9 heav51 & t hope :i* is full ( immortality4 ,x is worse1 h[ev]1 ?an dre>y2 x is de/ructive ( all religion & ( all morality4 ,if x be an av[$ antagoni/ to ,*ri/ianity1 x is n less ho/ile to ,natural ,!ology & to ,e?ical ,sci5ce4 ,x consecrates error & vice1 z be+1 equally ) tru? & virtue1 necess>y & b5eficial manife/ations ( ! inf9ite4 ,x is a sy/em ( ,syncretism1 f\nd$ on ! idea t error is only an incomplete tru?1 & ma9ta9+ t tru? mu/ necess>ily be develop$ by error1 & virtue by vice4 ,accord+ to ?is fundam5tal law ( human progress1 ,a!ism itself may be provid5tial2 & ! axiom ( a ,fatali/ic ,optimism--,:atev] is1 is be/--mu/ be admitt$ equally 9 reg>d to tru? & error1 to virtue & vice4 ,x may be fur!r obs]v$1 t mod]n ,pan!ism1 :e!r 9 its ,mat]ial or ,ideal =m1 is no?+ else ?an ! revival ( "s ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ invet]ate ,pr9ciples ( ,paganism1--! same ,paganism :i* /ill fl\ri%es among ! !osophic dream]s ( ,india1 & :i* exhibits its practical fruits 9 ! horrors ( ,h9doo sup]/ition4 ,= ,pan!ism1 al?\gh repeat$ly reviv$ & exhibit$ 9 new =ms1 has made no real progress s9ce ! "t :5 x 0 fir/ taught 9 ! ,v$anta sy/em1 & sublim$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,alex&ria4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* enc\nt]$ & triumph$ ov] x 9 h] y\?1 c h no?+ to fe> f x 9 h] mature age1#add provid$ only t %e be fai?ful to h]self1 & spurn e (f]$ compromise4 ,b !re mu/ be no truce1 & no attempt at conciliation betwe5 ! two4 ,! ,pan!i/s ( ,g]many h made ! mo/ impud5t claims to ! virtual sanction ( ,*ri/ianity2 !y h ev5 d>$ to make use ( ,bible t]ms 9 a new s5se1 & h spok5 ( ,revelation1 ,inspiration1 ,inc>nation1 ,r$emption1 ,atonem5t1 & ,reg5]ation1 9 su* a way z to adapt !m to ! ,pan!i/ic hypo!sis4 ,common hone/y is outrag$1 & ! consci5ce ( univ]sal humanity (f5d$1 by ! conduct ( individuals--"s ( !m we>+ ! robes ( ! holy m9i/ry--:o h sub/itut$ ! dreams ( ,pan!ism = ! doctr9es ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & assail$1 bo? f ! pulpit & ! press1 ! sacr$ cause :i* !y _h solemnly v[$ to ma9ta94 ,b ev5 9 ,g]many itself a p[]ful reaction has comm5c$2 & ! le>n+ & labors ( su* m5 z ,ol%aus51 & ,?oluck1 & ,h5g/5b]g1 may be hail$ z ! dawn ( a bett] & bright] day4 ,x may be obs]v$1 f9ally1 t ,pan!ism /&s directly oppos$ to ,*ri/ian ,!ism 9 sev]al di/9ct respects4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal po9ts ( collision betwe5 ! two3 #a4 ,pan!ism d5ies1--,*ri/ian ,!ism affirms1 ! exi/5ce ( a liv+1 p]sonal ,god1 di/9ct f ,nature1 & sup]ior to x4 #b4 ,pan!ism sup]s$es1--,*ri/ian ,!ism reveals1 ! doctr9e ( a real creation4 #c4 ,pan!ism conte/s1--,*ri/ian ,!ism confirms1 ! doctr9e ( ! con/ant provid5ce & moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 #d4 ,pan!ism dis[ns1--,*ri/ian ,!ism decl>es1 ! doctr9e ( a consci\s1 p]sonal immortality4 #e4 ,pan!ism rejects1--,*ri/ian ,!ism receives1 ! :ole s*eme ( ,revelation1 consid]$ z a sup]natural code ( ,div9e tru?4 ,! "o acc\nts = its orig9 on ! pr9ciple ( natural developm5t1 ! o!r on t ( sup]natural int]position4 #f4 ,pan!ism has no liv+1 self-consci\s1 p]sonal ,god1 no lov+ ,fa!r1 no wat*ful ,provid5ce1 no ,he>] ( ,pray]1 no ,object ( confid+ tru/1 no ,r$eem]1 no ,sanctifi]1 no ,com=t]3 x leaves u ) no?+ high] ?an ,nature z our portion "h1 & no?+ beyond its et]nal vicissitudes z our prospect h]eaft]4 ,,footnotes3 #ajc ,,am& ,,sa9tes1 ,hi/oire de la ,vie et des ,ouvrages de ,sp9oza1 ,fondateur de l',exegse et de la ,philosophie ,mod]nes4 #ajd ,m4 ,,c\s91 ,c\rs de l',hi/oire de la ,philosophie1 ,i4 #djc4 ,see also ,fragm5s ,philosophiques1 ,preface1 second edition1 p4 ,,xxvii42 ,n\veaux ,fragm5ts1 pp4 #i1 #afj4 #aje ,m4 ,,ad4 ,,franck1 ,de la ,c]titude1 ,preface1 p4 ,,xxi4 #ajf ,m4 ,a4 ,,jav>i1 ,de la ,c]titude1 p4 #eji4 #ajg ,,am& ,,sa9tes1 ,hi/oire de la ,vie et des ,ouvrages de ,sp9oza1 pp4 #bjh1 #baj4 #ajh ,,abb ,,m>et1 ,essai sur le ,pan?isme dans les ,socits ,mod]nes1 pp4 #f1 #aa1 #ca4 ,ibid41 ,!odice ,*retinne1 pp4 #dcg1 #ddd1 #ddi4 #aji ,,mr4 ,,morell',s ,hi/orical & ,critical ,view1 ,,ii4 #ajd1 #aec4 #aaj ,,pi]re ,,l]\x1 ,de l',humanit1 ,i4 vi4 #c1 #bie4 #aaa ,l4 ,d4 ,,cr\sse1 ,des ,pr9cipes1 ou ,philosophie ,premire1 #b;d ,edition1 ,p>is1 #ahdf4 #aab ,,abb ,,m>et1 ,!odice ,*reti5ne1 p4 #id4 #aac ,,abb ,,gos*l]1 sur l',hi/oire du ,pan!isme4 ,,abb ,,m>et1 ,essai1 *ap4 ,,iv4 #aad ,,pi]re ,,l]\x1 ,de l',humanit1 ,i4 #bdi4 ,m4 ,,cr\sse1 ,des ,pr9cipes1 pp4 #aii1 #baa1 #bif4 ,,bayle1 ,p5ses1 ,,iii4 #fg4 ,! well-kn[n l9es ( ! six? neid1 ,pr9cipio coelum1 ac t]ras1 camposque liqu5tes1 c4 are ?us appli$4 #aae ,,abb ,,m>et1 ,essai1 pp4 #aeb1 #aef1 #bba4 #aaf ,,dr4 ,,m]le ,d',,aubign1 ,hi/ory ( ,re=mation1 ,v4 #hd4 #aag ,,abb ,,m>et1 ,essai1 p4 #hi2 ,!odice1 p4 #cfh4 #aah ,,fr$4 ,,von ,,s*legel1 ,philosophy ( ,life1 p4 #dag4 ,see1 also1 ,,dr4 ,,?oluck',s rem>ks on ! same po9t 9 ! ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,essays1 ,i4 #eee4 #aai ,,mus,,u1 ,tractatus ,!ologico-politicus ad v]itatis lum5 exam9atus1 #afgd4 ,,regn]i ,a ,,mansvelt1 ,adv]sus anonymum ,!ologico-politicum1 ,lib] s+ul>is1 #afgd4 ,,francois ,,cuyp]1 ,arcana ,a!ismi ,revelata1 #afgf4 ,,john ,,br$5b\rg1 ,en]vatio ,tractatus ,!ol4-polit4 ,,*ri/4 ,,witti*ii1 ,anti-,sp9oza1 sive ,exam51 #afij4 ,,pi]re ,,poiret1 ,fundam5ta ,a!ismi ,ev]sa1 sive ,specim5 ,absurditatis ,sp9ozian4 ,,f5elon1 ,de l',exi/5ce de ,dieu1 p4 ,,ii41 c4 ,,iii41 ,refutation du ,sp9ozisme4 ,,huet1 ,la ,con=mit de la ,raison avec la ,foi1 #afib4 ,,h[e1 ,liv+ ,temple1 ,i4 #bfb4 ,s4 ,,cl>ke1 ,disc\rse on ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god1 pp4 #be1 #dd1 #eh1 #hj4 #abj ,,jean ,,col]us1 ,vie de ,sp9oza1 repr9t$ by ,saisset1 p4 #d4 #aba ,,sp9oza1 ,e?ica1 ,def9itions ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v4 #abb ,il con/ruit le sy/me enti]e des tres avec ces trois seuls elem5ts2 la sub/ance1 l'attribut1 et le mode4--,voila l'ide m]e de la metaphysique de ,sp9oza4--,,saisset4 #abc ,,saisset1 ,introduction1 p4 ,,xxxix4 #abd ,,sp9oza1 ,de ,intellectus ,em5datione4 ,?is treatise conta9s ! exposition ( 8 me?od4 #abe ,m4 ,f4 ,,p]ron1 ,essai d'une ,n\velle ,!orie sur les ,ides ,fondam5tales1 #ahdc4 #abf ,ici1 a pr5dre les mots dans le s5s ord9aire1 il semble qu'il soit demontr qui la ,creation e/ impossible1 pr9cipe ju/em5t *] au ,pan!isme2 t&is qu'au fond1 t\t ce qui e/ demontr1 c'e/ que l',etre en soi e/ necessairem5t incr1--v]it inconte/able1 dont le ,pan!isme n'a ri5 a tir]4--,,pr(4 ,,saisset1 ,introduction1 p4 ,,xlii4 #abg ,m4 ,l',,abb ,,de ,,condillac1 ,trait des ,s5sations1 #b vols4 #abh ,! ,,hon4 ,,rob]t ,,boyle1 ,!ological ,works1 ,,ii4 #gi4--;,a ,free ,inquiry into ! ,receiv$ ,notion ( ,nature4 #abi ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ,,ii4 #ge1 #aaj1 #aae4 #acj ,t\t e/ t\j\rs dans l'ordre rlativem5t la ,nature1 o t\s les tres ne font que suivre les loix qui leur sont imposes4 ,il e/ entr dans son plans que de c]ta9es t]res produiroi5t des fruits delicieux1 t&is que d'autres ne f\rniroi5t que des p9es1 des vegetaux dang]eux4 ,elle a volu que quelques societs produise des sages1 c4--,vol4 ,i4 #bfe1 also #bfg4 #aca ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ,,ii4 #ajb4 #acb ,m4 ,,cr\sse1 ,des ,pr9cipes1 ,p>is1 #ahdf1 pp4 #ha1 #ic3 ,p\r qui sait voir1 le ,monde s5t1 se m5t1 p>le1 et p5se4 #acc ,! ,purpose ( ,exi/5ce1 pp4 #he1 #hi4 ,london1 #ahej4 #acd ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,nature & ,developm5t4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,atk9son & ,,h>riet ,,m>t9eau4 ,london1 #aheb4 #ace ,,mr4 ,,morell1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,,ii4 #ga4 #acf ,,sir ,,wm4 ,,hamilton',s ,edition ( ,,dr4 ,,reid',s ,works1 p4 #abi4 #acg ,,mr4 ,,morell1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,,ii4 #abg4 ,m4 ,,m>et1 ,essai sur le ,pan!isme1 pp4 #abi1 #acc1 #adc1 #aib1 #bgf4 ,ibid41 ,!odice1 pp4 #e1 #abc1 #aib1 #aii4 #ach ,,sir ,,william ,,hamilton',s edition ( ,,reid',s ,works1 p4 #bha4 ,sir ,william does n seem to admit t !re is a contradiction su* z ,i h not$4 #aci #a4 ,! ego or moi affirms itself4 #b4 ,! ego or moi affirms a non-ego or non-moi4 #c4 ,! ego or moi affirms itself to be det]m9$ by ! non-ego or non-moi4 #adj ,m4 ,,m>et1 ,essai1 pp4 #abi1 #adb1 #adf1 #age1 #aib1 #bbe1 #bgf4 ,ibid41 ,!odice1 pp4 #aic1 #cff1 #cgh1 #chf1 #cid4 ,,mr4 ,,morell1 ,hi/ory1 ,,ii4 #abg1 #ach4 #ada ,,pr(essor ,,nicolas1 ,quelques ,consid]ations sur le ,pan!isme1 pp4 #bj-ca4 #adb ,,mr4 ,,morell1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,,ii4 #abi4 #adc ,m4 ,,cr\sse1 ,des ,pr9cipes4 ,m4 ,,m>et1 ,essal1 pp4 #fi1 #hf1 #aej2 ,!odice pp4 #caa1 #cad4 ,,valrog]1 ,etudes ,critiques1 pp4 #ig1 #aja1 #aae1 #aea1 #dab4 #add ,m4 ,,m>et1 ,essai sur ,pan!isme1 p4 #ajg4 ,le ,*ri/ianisme saura va9cre dans son ge mr l'ennemi qu'il a t]rass en naissant4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,mat]ialism4 ,! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism /&s equally relat$ to ! me*anical =m ( ,a!ism1 & to ! hylozoic =m ( ,pan!ism4 ,x is subsum$ 9 bo?1 & is ! fundam5tal po/ulate on :i* !y respectively dep5d4 ,x has no natural aff9ity ) ! m ideal or spiritual =m ( ,pan!ism4 ,we mu/ n conclude1 h[ev]1 t x has no hi/orical connection ) x4 ,= x is in/ructive to m>k1 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( philosophic speculation1 t its c\rse resembles n s mu* ! uni=m curr5t ( a /ream1 z ! alt]nate fl[+ & ebb+ ( ! tide2 or1 if we may *ange ! figure1 t its movem5t may be lik5$ to ! oscillation ( a p5dulum1 :i* no soon] rea*es its highe/ elevation on ! "o side1 ?an x acquires a t5d5cy to ru% to ! opposite extreme on ! o!r4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! rec5t revival ( speculative ,idealism 0 ! result1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ( a /rong reaction aga9/ ! s5sational philosophy1 :i* _h deg5]at$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,prie/ley at home1 & 9 t ( ,condillac abroad1 into a sy/em ( gross & revolt+ ,mat]ialism4 ,= ! same reason1 we may n[1 ,i ?9k1 anticipate a spe$y reaction ! o!r way1--a reaction aga9/ ! extravagances ( ideali/ic & transc5d5tal speculation1 & a t5d5cy t[>ds a m practical & matt]-(-fact philosophy4 ,?is t5d5cy1 if guid$ by ! true _s ( ! ,baconian me?od1 may give a p[]ful impulse to ,inductive ,sci5ce 9 all its dep>tm5ts2 b1 if bias$ by p>tial & "o-sid$ views1 may issue ei!r 9 ! tempor>y asc5dancy ( ! ,positive ,s*ool1 or ! p>tial revival ( "s o!r =m ( ,mat]ialism4 ,"s su* t5d5cy might h be5 expect$ to arise z soon z ,idealism %\ld h rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t4 ,=1 on a compreh5sive view ( ! :ole hi/ory ( speculative ?\ght1 we f9d t !re are j f\r great sy/ems ( ,metaphysics1 :i* are p]petually recurr+1 z x 71 9 cycles4 ,! fir/ is ! sy/em ( ,dualism1--n ! ,dualism ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology1 :i* speaks ( ,god & nature1 ! ,creator & ! creature1--b ! ,dualism ( anci5t ,paganism1 :i* held ,matt] & ,_s to be equally uncreat$ & et]nal3 ! second is ,mat]ialism1 :i* resolves all into ,matt] & its laws3 ! ?ird is ,idealism1 :i* resolves all into ,m9d & its modifications3 & ! f\r? is ,pan!ism1 :i* id5tifies ,exi/5ce ) ,?\ght1 & resolves all into ! ,absolute4#ade ,9 ! pres5t age1 ,idealism is 9 ! asc5dant1 & has ris5 to ! height ( ,pan!ism2 b1 by a natural reaction1 _m are beg9n+ to desid]ate a m sub/antial & practical philosophy1 :ile ! rapid progress ( physical sci5ce is direct+ _! ?\ghts m & m to ! wond]s ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 !re may be a t5d5cy to relapse into ! ,mat]ialism ( ! la/ c5tury1 :i* attempt$ to expla9 ! :ole !ory ( ! univ]se by ! laws ( matt] & motion2 or at lea/ to embrace "s modification ( ! ,positive ,philosophy1 :i* excludes all causes1 :e!r effici5t or f9al1 f ! field ( human k1 & conf9es our inquiries to ! m]e ph5om5a & laws ( mat]ial nature4 ,!re are n want+ v>i\s significant indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is t5d5cy at ! pres5t day4 ,x is suffici5tly indicat$1 9 "s qu>t]s1 by ! m]e omission ( all ref]5ce to ,m9d or ,_s z di/9ct f ,matt]2 &1 9 o!rs1 by elaborate attempts to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( life & ?\ght by means ( physical ag5cies & organic laws4 ,! writ+s ( ,comte1 ,cr\sse1 ,cabanis1 & ,br\ssais1#adf af=d ample evid5ce ( its gr[+ preval5ce 9 ,france2 & al?\gh x has be5 said by a rec5t hi/orian ( ,philosophy t 9 ,engl& !re has be5 no =mal av[al1 or at lea/ no recogniz$ s*ool1 ( ,mat]ialism1 s9ce ! publication ( ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n's reply to ,d>w9's ,zonomia1 yet !re is too mu* reason to believe t x 0 all along *]i%$ by n a few private ?9k]s1 :o _h imbib$ ! _s ( ,hobbes & ,prie/ley2 & n[ x is beg9n+ to speak out1 9 t]ms too unambigu\s to be misund]/ood1 9 su* works z ,! ,purpose ( ,exi/5ce & ! ,lett]s ( ,atk9son & ,m>t9eau4 ,b ap>t f ! op9ions ( individual inquir]s1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re is a t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 /udies1 :5 exclusively pursu$1 to g5]ate a frame ( m9d :i* w tempt m5 ei!r to adopt ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 or at lea/ to atta* undue importance to physical ag5cies & organic laws4 ,?is t5d5cy may be obs]v$ 9 ! /udy ( ,physiology1 especially :5 x is comb9$ ) t ( ,phr5ology & ,animal ,magnetism2 n t !re is any necess>y or /rictly logical connection betwe5 ^! /udies & ,mat]ialism1 = "s ( _! able/ exp\nd]s1 includ+ ,cabanis1 ,gall1 & ,spurzheim1 h explicitly disav[$ t !ory2 b simply t1 9 prosecut+ su* inquiries1 ! m9d is ins5sibly l$ to be/[ an undue1 if n exclusive1 att5tion on ! ph5om5a & laws ( our mat]ial organization1 s z to become comp>atively unm9dful ( :at is m5tal1 moral1 & spiritual 9 ! con/itution ( man4 ,= ^! reasons1 & consid]+1 especially1 ! close connection ( ,mat]ialism bo? ) ! me*anical ,a!ism ( ! pa/1 & ! hylozoic ,pan!ism ( ! pres5t age1 we deem x necess>y to subject its claims to a rigor\s scrut9y1 9 connection ) ! subject ( our pres5t inquiry4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism8 ,:at are ! =ms 9 :i* x has appe>$1 & :at ! gr\nd on :i* x re/s8 ,h[ does x /& relat$ to ! "q conc]n+ ! nature & exi/5ce ( ,god1 or ! con/itution & de/9y ( ,man8 ,a brief answ] to ^! que/ions w be suffici5t to %[ t ?is !ory _c be safely disreg>d$ 9 any attempt to con/ruct a compreh5sive & conclusive argum5t on ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,natural ,!ology4 ,,section ,i4 ,,di/9ct ,,=ms ,,( ,,mat]ialism4 ,! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism has assum$ sev]al di/9ct phases or =ms 9 ! h&s ( its diff]5t advocates2 & ^! mu/ be c>efully discrim9at$ f ea* o!r1 if we w\ld ei!r e/imate aright _! respective m]its1 or d ju/ice to ! p>ties by :om !y h be5 sev]ally ma9ta9$4 ,! grosse/ & mo/ revolt+ =m ( ,mat]ialism is t :i* id5tifies m9d ) matt]1 & ?\ght ) motion4 ,x d5ies t !re is any real or radical diff]5ce betwe5 physical & moral ph5om5a1 & affirms t life & ?\ght are s entirely dep5d5t on mat]ial organization1 t ! dissolution ( ! body mu/ necess>ily be ! de/ruction ( consci\s exi/5ce1 & t dea? c only be an et]nal sleep4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism :i* 0 taught 9 a =m] age1 by ! au?or ( ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 & :i* has rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ,m4 ,comte 9 ,france1 & by ,atk9son & ,m>t9eau 9 ,engl&4 ,a few extracts w suffici5tly illu/rate its "* & t5d5cy4 ,m5 h evid5tly abus$ ! di/9ction1 says ,b>on ,d',holba*1 :i* is s (t5 made betwe5 man physical & man moral3 man moral is no?+ else ?an t physical be+ consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 t is1 ) ref]5ce to "s modes ( action :i* belong to 8 peculi> organization4--,! univ]se--t va/ assemblage ( ev]y?+ t exi/s--exhibits n[h]e any?+ else ?an matt] & motion4--,if we are ask$1 :at is man8 we reply1 t he is a mat]ial be+1 organiz$ or fram$ s z to feel1 to ?9k1 & to be affect$ 9 c]ta9 ways peculi> to himself1 accord+ to 8 organization4#adg ,m rec5tly1 ,m4 ,comte has affirm$ t ! subject ( all our rese>*es is "o1 & t all natural ph5om5a are ! necess>y results ei!r ( ! laws ( ext5sion or ( ! laws ( motion2 :ile ,m4 ,cr\sse is q cle> t intellig5ce is a prop]ty or effect ( matt]1 & t body & _s toge!r con/itute matt]4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ,atk9son & ,m>t9eau h n %runk f ! av[al ( ! same doctr9e1 or ! adoption ( ! mo/ revolt+ consequ5ces t c be d$uc$ f x4 ,in/9ct1 passion1 ?\ght1 are effects ( organiz$ sub/ances4--,m9d is ! consequ5ce or product ( ! mat]ial man2 x is n a ?+ hav+ a seat or home 9 ! bra91 b x is ! manife/ation or expression ( ! bra9 9 action1 z heat & light are ( fire1 & fragrance ( ! fl[]4#adh ,! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism1 z =m]ly taught by ,dr4 ,prie/ley & 8 foll[]s1 is 9 "s respects simil> to t :i* we h j notic$1 b 9 o!r respects diff]s f x1 if n 9 its ess5tial nature1 at lea/ 9 its collat]al adjuncts & its practical applications4 ,x resembles ! !ory ( ,d',holba* & ,comte1 9 s f> z x affirms ! doctr9e ( unisub/ancisme1 & rejects ! idea ( a dualism su* z is impli$ 9 ! common doctr9e ( ,matt] & ,_s4 ,b x diff]s f t !ory1 inasmu* z x is comb9$1 :e!r consi/5tly or o!rwise1 ) ! recognition ( a p]sonal ,god1 a resurrection f ! dead1 & a future /ate ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley seems to h fluctuat$ = a "t betwe5 two opposite extremes1--t ( spiritualiz+ ,matt]1 & t ( mat]ializ+ ,m9d2 =1 9 a v rem>kable passage1 we f9d him say+1 ,?is s*eme ( ! immat]iality ( ,matt]1 z x may be call$1 or r1 ! mutual p5etration ( ,matt]1 fir/ occurr$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,mit*ell on read+ ',baxt] on ! ,immat]iality ( ! ,s\l4'#adi ,b at l5g? he settl$ d[n 9 ! fix$ belief ( ,mat]ialism1 z he _h always held ! pr9ciple ( unisub/ancisme4 ,he held ?r\gh\t t ,man does n consi/ ( two pr9ciples s ess5tially diff]5t f ea* o!r z ,matt] & ,_s1 b ! :ole man is ( "o uni=m composition2 & t ei!r ! mat]ial or ! immat]ial "p ( ! univ]sal sy/em is sup]flu\s4#aej ,he attempts1 !re=e1 to %[1 t s5sation1 p]ception1 & ?\ght1--! common prop]ties ( m9d1--are n incompatible ) ext5sion1 attraction1 & repulsion1 :i* he conceives to be ! only ess5tial prop]ties ( matt]2 t bo? classes ( prop]ties may possibly belong to ! same subject2 & t h5ce no second sub/ance is necess>y to acc\nt = & expla9 any ( ! ph5om5a ( human nature4 ,9 ?is respect1 8 !ory is precisely ! same ) t :i* has be5 already notic$2 b ! peculi>ity by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! ,a!i/ic & ,anti*ri/ian speculations ( ,d',holba* & ,comte is tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :ile he ascribes to m]e matt] ! p[] ( s5sation1 ?\ght1 & volition1 he admits t ^! p[]s1 & all o!rs belong+ to matt]1 7 communicat$ to x at ! fir/1 & are /ill cont9u$1 by ! ,div9e w1 ?us recogniz+ ! doctr9e bo? ( ,creation & ,provid5ce2 & 9 ! second place1 :ile he d5ies ! natural immortality ( ! s\l1 & ev5 ! possibility ( its consci\s exi/5ce 9 a /ate ( sep>ation f ! body1 he does n d5y ! immortality ( man1 b receives x1 z well z ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 on ! au?ority ( t ,div9e ,revelation :i* speaks ( ! resurrection ( ! dead1 & ( a judgm5t to come4 ,9 ^! respects1 8 !ory is widely diff]5t f t ( ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 :ile ! two are sub/antially ! same 9 s f> z !y relate simply to ! con/itution ( human nature4 ,he is n an ,a!i/1 b a ,!i/1 & a ,!i/1 too1 :o1 believ+ 9 ,revelation1 admits ! immortality ( man1 & a future /ate ( retribution4 ,b x mu/ be evid5t t z 9 ^! respects he f\nds entirely on ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 s he may be confront$ ) ! same au?ority :5 he d5ies ! spirituality ( ! s\l2 & 9 t case ! "q w\ld resolve itself into "o ( ,biblical exegesis1 & w\ld fall to be decid$1 n by metaphysical reason+1 b by ,scriptural pro(s4 ,ano!r v>iety ( ! !ory is pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,good 9 8 ,life ( ,lucretius4 ,x agrees ) ! doctr9e ( ,prie/ley 9 repres5t+ ! s\l z mat]ial2 b diff]s f x 9 hold+ ! possible exi/5ce ( ! s\l 9 a sep>ate /ate1 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! dissolution & resurrection ( ! body4 ,x speaks ( ! body z be+ compos$ ( gross mat]ial p>ticles2 & ( ! s\l z consi/+ ( m subtle1 ref9$1 & e!real matt]4 ,?is modification ( ! !ory may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ extract3 ,p]ception1 consci\sness1 cognition1 we cont9ue to be told1 are qualities :i* _c app]ta9 to matt]2 !re mu/ h5ce be a ?9k+ & an immat]ial pr9ciple2 & man mu/ /ill be a comp\nd be+4 ,yet1 :y ?us degrade matt]1 ! pla/ic & prolific creature ( ! ,deity1 beyond :at we are au?oriz$ to d8 ,:y may x n p]ceive1 :y n ?9k1 :y n become consci\s8 ,:at et]nal & necess>y imp$im5t prev5ts8 or :at self-contradiction & absurdity is h]eby impli$8 ,let u exam9e ,nature z %e pres5ts h]self to u 9 h] mo/ simple & inorganiz$ =ms2 let u trace h] ?r\gh h] gradual & asc5d+ /ages ( p[] & p]fection4 ,9 its simple/ =m1 matt] ev9ces ! desire ( reciprocal union1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,increase its mass1 arrange x 9 o!r modifications1 & x imm$iately ev9ces o!r p[]s or attractions2 & ^! w be p]petually1 & almo/ inf9itely1 v>i$1 9 proportion z we v>y its comb9ations4 ,if arrang$1 !re=e1 9 "o mode1 x discloses ! p[] ( magnetism2 9 ano!r1 t ( electricity or galvanism2 9 a ?ird1 t ( *emical aff9ities2 9 a f\r?1 t ( m9]al assimilations4 ,pursue its modifications into classes ( a m complex1 or r1 p]haps1 ( a m gase\s or att5uate nature1 & x w ev9ce ! p[] ( vegetable or fibr\s irritability3 asc5d ?r\gh ! classes ( vegetables1 & y w at l5g? rea* ! /rong /imulative p]fection1 ! palpable vitality ( ! mimosa pudica1 or ! h$ys>um gyrans1 ! =m] ( :i* %r9ks f ! t\* ) ! mo/ ba%ful coyness1 :ile ! latt] p]petually dances b5ea? ! jocund rays ( ! sun4 ,& :5 we h ?us atta9$ ! summit ( vegetable p[]s & vegetable life1 x w require1 ,i ?9k1 no great /ret* ( ! imag9ation to conceive t ! fibr\s irritability ( animals1 z well z vegetables1 is ! m]e result ( a peculi> arrangem5t ( simple & unirritable mat]ial atoms4--,h5ce1 !n1 animal s5sation1 & h5ce1 necess>ily & consequ5tly1 ideas1 & a mat]ial s\l or _s1 rude & conf9$1 inde$1 9 its fir/ & simple/ mode ( exi/5ce1 b1 l e o!r production ( ,nature1 beautifully & progressively advanc+ f p[] to p[]1 f faculty to faculty1 f excell5ce to excell5ce1 till at l5g? x t]m9ate 9 ! p]fection ( ! human m9d4#aea ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! m9d is suppos$ to h a real exi/5ce1 z a sub/ance di/9ct f ! gross] =ms ( matt]1 & capable ev5 ( surviv+ its sep>ation f !m4 ,x is suppos$ to be a comb9ation ( ! mo/ volatile auras or gases1 diffus$ ov] ! :ole body1 ?\gh trac$ 9 a m conc5trate =m 9 "s organs ?an 9 o!rs2 & x is describ$ z ! v texture ( t sep>ate /ate ( exi/5ce :i* ! infallible page ( ,revelation cle>ly indicates w be ours4 ,a =m ( ! !ory v ne>ly resembl+ ?is has be5 rec5tly reproduc$4 ,x consi/s 9 repres5t+ ! ,m9d or ,_s ( man1 n z a m]e fleet+ ph5om5on ( ! bra91 or an evanesc5t effect ( its organization1 b z a di/9ct sub/antive product1 g5]at$1 inde$1 f matt]1 & p>tak+1 !re=e1 ( its nature1 b s exquisitely subtle & e!real t x has no resemblance to ! gross] mat]ials ( ! body1 & admits only ( be+ comp>$ ) ! ,dynamides--! impond]able elem5ts & =ces ( ,nature4 ,?is _s is g5]at$ 9 man by 8 peculi> organization1 & especially by ! action ( ! bra92 x is capable ( surviv+ ! dissolution ( ! body1 ( reta9+ its individual consci\sness aft] dea?1 ( pass+ into new sph]es ( be+1 & ( ris+ f l[] to high] /ates1 accord+ to a law ( et]nal progression4 ,su* is ! !ory ( ,davis1 ! ,p\ghkeepsie ,se]2 & su* also1 ) "s v>iations1 is t ( ! au?or ( ,! ,purpose ( ,exi/5ce4 ,matt] & ,_s1 says ,davis1 h h]et(ore be5 suppos$ to con/itute two di/9ct & indep5d5t sub/ances1 ! latt] n hav+ any mat]ial orig94 444 ,in/ead ( mak+ mat]ial & spiritual exi/5ce totally disconnect$1 ! object & int5tion ( ! =ego+ has be5 to prove1 by ackn[l$g$ laws & pr9ciples ( matt]1 ! production ( intellig5ce1 ! p]fection ( :i* is _s2 to %[ t ! ,organiz] uses ,nature & all ?+s !re9 z an effect1 to produce _s z an end & design$ ultimate4 ,! au?or ( ,! ,purpose ( ,exi/5ce adopts a simil> view4 ,he tells u1 inde$1 t ! fir/ simple =ms or /ates ( exi/5ce are admitt$ to be two1 _s & matt]1--! fir/ ! mov+ p[]1 ! second ! mov$ sub/ance2 t ( ! positive ess5ce ( ei!r we c arrive at no k2 & t :e!r _s be a ref9$1 e!realiz$ portion ( matt]1 or a di/9ct dynamic pr9ciple1 we _c asc]ta94 ,& yet1 "o ( ! lead+ objects ( 8 "w is to acc\nt = ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human m9d2 & ?is he does by ascrib+ x to a self-dynamic _s :i* is resid5t 9 matt]1 & :i* he d5om9ates ! _s ( vitality4 ,! _s exi/s 9 vegetables1 & is extract$ by means ( ! organs ( ! animals :i* fe$ ^u !m1 & !n1 by a delicate "w ( di/illation1 x is conv]t$ into _s6--,nature proclaims "o ( h] great work+ pr9ciples to be1 t _s is evolv$ out ( matt]1 & outlives ! body 9 :i* x is educat$4--,matt] is full ( _s4 ,?is _s is br\ght out ( matt] by vegetation4 ,by means ( vegetation1 x is convey$ into animal frames1 9 :i* its pure/ ess5ce c5tres 9 ! bra94444 ,?is is no idle !ory1 he adds1 no va9 hypo!sis1 = mak+ matt] ?9k4 ,x is a cle> proposition1 %[+ h[ matt] is employ$ by ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce = evolv+1 tra9+1 & educat+ _s4--,we conclude t ,progression is ! great law ( ! univ]se1 ! purpose = :i* its pres5t arrangem5t 0 orda9$2 & t ! object ( ?is progression is ! evolvem5t ( m9d out ( matt]4 ,?is is a new & v s+ul> phase ( ,mat]ialism4 ,x is widely diff]5t f ! doctr9e :i* 0 taught by ! infidel writ]s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!y _h rec\rse to ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism *iefly ) ! view ( exclud+ a _w ( spirits1 & ( und]m9+ ! doctr9e ( a future /ate3 "h x is appli$ to prove ! con/ant developm5t & inde/ructible exi/5ce ( m9ds g5]at$ f matt]1 b de/9$ to survive ! dissolution ( ! body2 nay1 e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se is suppos$ to be advanc+1 9 "o magnific5t progression1 t[>ds ! spiritual /ate4 ,! dang] n[ is1 n t ,religion may be und]m9$ by ,mat]ialism1 b t x may be supplant$ by a fond & fooli% sup]/ition1 9 :i* ! facts ( ,mesm]ism & ! fictions ( ,clairvoyance are bl5d$ into "o gho/ly sy/em1 fitt$ to ex]t a p[]ful b p]nici\s influ5ce on ov]-cr$ul\s m9ds4#aeb ,on a review ( ! v>i\s =ms :i* ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism has assum$1 x mu/ be evid5t t we %\ld be do+ great inju/ice to _! respective advocates1 did we place !m all on ! same level 9 relation to ,!ology1 or pron\nce ^u !m "o indiscrim9ate c5sure4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,d',holba* & ,comte1 x 0 associat$ ) ! av[al ( ,a!ism1 & ! d5ial ( a future /ate3 9 ! h&s ( ,prie/ley1 x 0 associat$ ) ! recognition ( a ,god1 & ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( a resurrection3 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,good1 x 0 comb9$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ,!ism1 & ev5 ) ! reveal$ doctr9e ( ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! s\l dur+ ! int]val betwe5 dea? & ! resurrection3 & 9 ! h&s ( ,davis & ! au?or ( ! ,purpose ( ,exi/5ce1 x is exhibit$ 9 connection ) a !ory ( ,progression1 widely diff]5t1 inde$1 f ! doctr9e ( ,scripture1 b equally diff]5t f ! infidel speculations ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,/ill1 ) all ^! %ades ( diff]5ce1 !re is t common to all ! =ms 9 :i* x c be pres5t$ :i* %[s t !y are radically "o & ! same3 !y all d5y ! exi/5ce ( any g5]ic diff]5ce betwe5 ,matt] & ,m9d4 ,conf9+ our att5tion to ?is common elem5t1 & omitt+ ! consid]ation ( m9or div]sities1 we may n[ inquire into ! gr\nds on :i* ! !ory re/s1 & ! mo/ plausible reasons :i* h be5 urg$ 9 support ( x4 ,to "s m9ds x has be5 recomm5d$ by its app>5t simplicity4 ,x speaks only ( "o sub/ance z exi/+ 9 ,nature "u v>i\s modifications4 ,x repres5ts ! univ]se1 s f> z creat$ be+ is conc]n$1 z entirely compos$ ( matt]1 m or less ref9$2 & ?us excludes ! complication :i* mu/ necess>ily arise f ! supposition ( two sub/ances1 g5]ically diff]5t1 yet intimately & indissolubly relat$4 ,! pr9ciple1 !re=e1 :i* prompts u to seek unity 9 div]sity1 & to r$uce1 by "s compreh5sive g5]alization1 a multitude ( ph5om5a "u "o g5]al law1 has l$ "s to adopt ! !ory ( unisub/ancisme 9 pref]5ce to ! opposite doctr9e ( dualism4 ,n cont5t ) ! g5]alization1 alike safe & legitimate1 :i* ranks bo? m9d & matt] "u ! g5]ic head ( sub/ance1 !y h s\ght to r$uce !m to ! same category1 & to give to matt] a monopoly ( ! univ]se1 at lea/ ( creat$ be+4 ,9 support ( _! views1 !y rem9d u ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( philosophy z laid d[n by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 t we are to admit no m causes ( ?+s ?an are suffici5t to expla9 appe>ances4#aec ,! pr9ciple is a s\nd "o2 & ! only "q is1 :e!r matt] alone is suffici5t to acc\nt = m5tal ph5om5a8 ,on ?is "q ! two p>ties are at irreconcilable v>iance2 & ! controv]sy _c be det]m9$1 brevi man1 by ! m]e assumption ( ! simplicity & uni=m composition ( ev]y?+ 9 ,nature2 x c be settl$ only by an appeal to ! facts z !y are kn[n to exi/4 ,x is ! aim ( sci5ce1 und\bt$ly1 to r$uce all comp\nd sub/ances to ! smalle/ possible numb] ( con/itu5t elem5ts1 & all complex ph5om5a to ! smalle/ possible numb] ( g5]al laws4 ,b we feel t1 desirable z ?is simplification may be1 we are n w>rant$ 9 id5tify+ light ) heat1 or ev5 electricity ) magnetism1 h[ev] closely connect$ ) ea* o!r1 simply because !re are c]ta9 obs]v$ diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 :i* c\ld n be expla9$1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 consi/5tly ) any su* !ory ( _! absolute id5tity3 & s1 !re are su* manife/ diff]5ces betwe5 ,m5tal & ,mat]ial ph5om5a1 t we _c yield to ! temptation ( ascrib+ !m to "o cause or orig91 until x has be5 satisfactorily prov$ t ! same cause is suffici5t to acc\nt = appe>ances s div]se4 ,x %\ld be consid]$1 too1 9 connection ) ?is pret5ce ( great] simplicity1 t ev5 if we c\ld succe$ 9 gett+ rid ( ! dualism ( ,m9d & ,matt] 9 ! con/itution ( man1 we nev] c get rid ( x ) ref]5ce to ! univ]se at l>ge1 o!rwise ?an by d5y+ ! spirituality ( ,god himself3 = ! gr&1 ! inde/ructible1 ! et]nal dualism w\ld /ill rema91--! di/9ction betwe5 ,god & ,8 works1--betwe5 ! ,creator & ! univ]se :i* ,he has call$ into be+1--betwe5 ! f9ite1 cont+5t1 & transitory1 & ! inf9ite1 necess>y1 & et]nal4 ,& ?is is a di/9ction t _c be oblit]at$1 al?\gh x may be obscur$1 by ! speculations ( ,pan!ism4 ,ano!r reason :i* has induc$ "s to adopt1 or at lea/ to reg>d ) favor1 ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 is--! difficulty ( conceiv+ ( ! union ( two sub/ances s incongru\s z ,m9d & ,matt] are suppos$ to be1--& /ill m ! difficulty ( expla9+ h[ !y c\ld h any mutual action on ea* o!r4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley l>gely insi/s on ?is1 z well z on ! =m] reason1 z "o ( ! ma9 inducem5ts :i* l$ him to ab&on ! commonly-receiv$ doctr9e4 ,_m d\bts occurr$ to me1 he says1 on ! subject ( ! intimate union ( two sub/ances s entirely het]og5e\s z ! s\l & body 7 repres5t$ to be4 ,& he 0 l$ to conclude1 t man does n consi/ ( two pr9ciples s ess5tially diff]5t f "o ano!r z matt] & _s1 :i* are always describ$ z hav+ no "o common prop]ty by means ( :i* !y c affect or act ^u ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ! same argum5t is (t5 urg$4 ,x is boldly & repeat$ly affirm$ t an immat]ial cause _c produce motion2 & ?is is appli$ equally to ! s\l & to ,god4 ,h[ c we =m an idea ( a sub/ance de/itute ( ext5sion1 & yet act+ on our s5ses1 t is1 on mat]ial organs :i* are ext5d$8 ,h[ c a be+ )\t ext5sion be capable ( motion1 & ( putt+ matt] into motion8--,x is z impossible t _s or ?\ght %\ld produce matt]1 z t matt] %\ld produce _s or ?\ght4#aed ,n[1 x is n d5i$ by any1--x is admitt$ on all h&s1--t ! union betwe5 ! s\l & ! body is a great my/]y1 & t we are n able1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to expla9 ei!r ! action ( matt] on m9d1 or ! action ( m9d on matt]4 ,! mode ( ! union betwe5 !m1 & ! nature ( ! influ5ce :i* !y mutually ex]cise1 are to u inscrutable3 b ! facts ( our mo/ famili> exp]i5ce are n ! less c]ta91 because !y dep5d on causes to u unkn[n1 or /& connect$ ) my/]ies :i* we _c solve4 ,besides1 ! !ory ( unisub/ancisme itself1 7 x adopt$1 w\ld /ill leave _m facts unexpla9$1 & ! inmo/ nature ( man w\ld cont9ue to be z inscrutable z be=e4 ,!re is no?+ inconceivable1 impossible1 or self-contradictory 9 ! supposition ( a non-mat]ial or spiritual sub/ance2 nor is !re any reason a priori to conclude t su* a sub/ance c\ld n be unit$ to a mat]ial frame1 al?\gh ! nature ( _! union1 & ! mode ( _! reciprocal action1 might be to u inexplicable4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason :i* is urg$ by "s1 d]iv$ f ! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d on ! body1 & its liability to be affect$1 b5eficially or injuri\sly1 by m]e physical influ5ces4 ,! faculty ( ?9k+1 says ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 9 g5]al rip5s & comes to maturity ) ! body2 x is also obs]v$ to decay ) x1--,if ! bra9 be affect$1 z by a bl[ on ! head1 by actual pressure )9 ! skull1 by sleep1 or by inflammation1 ! m5tal faculties are univ]sally affect$ 9 proportion4 ,likewise1 z ! m9d is affect$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! affections ( ! body & bra91 s ! body is liable to be reciprocally affect$ by ! affections ( ! m9d1 z is evid5t 9 ! visible effects ( all-/rong passions1--hope or fe>1 love or ang]1 joy or sorr[1 exultation or despair4 ,^! are c]ta9ly irrefragable argum5ts t x is prop]ly no o!r ?an "o & ! same ?+ t is subject to ^! affections4#aee ,mr4 ,atk9son urges ! same reason4 ,! pro( t m9d holds ! same relation to ! body t all o!r ph5om5a d to mat]ial conditions1 may be f\nd1 he tells u1 9 ! :ole circum/ances ( man's exi/5ce1 8 orig9 & gr[?2 ! faculties foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! body 9 man & o!r animals2 ! direction ( ! faculties be+ influ5c$ by surr\nd+ circum/ances2 ! desires1 ! w1 ! hopes1 ! fe>s1 ! habits1 & ! op9ions1 be+ effects traceable to causes1--to natural causes1--& becom+ ! facts ( ,hi/ory & ,/ati/ics4 ,we obs]ve ! influ5ce ( climate1 ( sun%9e & damp1 ( w9e & opium & poison1 ( heal? & disease4 444 ,:5 a glass ( w9e turns a wise man into a fool1 is x n cle> t ! result is ! consequ5ce ( a *ange 9 ! mat]ial conditions8#aef ,n[1 ^! facts are suffici5t to %[ t1 9 ! pres5t life1 !re is a v close & intimate union betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 & t !y ex]t a reciprocal & v p[]ful influ5ce4 ,?is is admitt$ by ! firme/ advocates ( ,spiritualism2 nay1 x is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! doctr9e :i* !y ma9ta91 relative to ! union ( two di/9ct1 b mutually dep5d5t1 pr9ciples 9 ! pres5t con/itution ( human nature4 ,b x is f>1 v f>1 f af=d+ any gr\nd or w>rant = ! idea1 t ,matt] may be id5tifi$ ) ,m9d1 or ,?\ght ) ,motion4 ,!re are c]ta9 ,!ological consid]ations :i*1 if !y h n be5 plead$ z reasons1 may yet h be5 felt z inducem5ts1 to ! adoption ( ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,n to speak ( ! difficulty :i* has be5 felt 9 expla9+ ! traduction or propagation ( human s\ls1 occasionally ref]r$ to 9 ?is controv]sy1 x is pla9 t _m ,dei/s 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & t n a few ,a!i/s /ill1 h be5 induc$ to embrace & av[ ,mat]ialism1 ) ! view ( und]m9+ ! doctr9e ( man's immortality1 & ( a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t ,dr4 ,prie/ley 0 influ5c$ by 8 peculi> views z a ,soc9ian2 = he tells u himself t ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism comm5d$ itself to 8 m9d z a sure & effectual means ( disprov+ ! prexi/5ce ( ,*ri/4 ,! consid]ation1 he says ) s+ul> c&or1 t biases me z a ,*ri/ian1 exclusive ( philosophical consid]ations1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( a sep>ate s\l1 is1 t x has be5 ! f\ndation ( :at appe>s to me to be ! v grosse/ corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ev5 ( t v ,anti*ri/ianism t began to "w 9 ! apo/les' times1 & :i* ext5d$ itself s amaz+ly & dreadfully aft]w>ds4 ,i mean ! ,ori5tal philosophy ( ! 'prexi/5ce ( s\ls1' :i* drew aft] x ! belief ( ! prexi/5ce & div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ & ( dead m51 & ! doctr9e ( ,purgatory1 ) all ! ,popi% doctr9es & practices t are connect$ ) !m1 & support$ by !m4--,?is doctr9e 7( ! prexi/5ce ( ,*ri/7 is ! po9t to :i* all t ,i h writt5 t5ds1 x be+ ! capital inf]5ce t ,i make f ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism4 ,!re is also abundant reason to believe t bo? ,a!i/s & ,pan!i/s h _h rec\rse to ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism ) ! view ( exclud+ ! doctr9e ( a liv+1 p]sonal ,god1 & expla9+ all ! ph5om5a ( ,nature by ! et]nal laws ( matt] & motion4 ,n[1 if ! "q /&s relat$ 9 any way to su* !mes z ^!1--! immortality ( man1 ! prexi/5ce & div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & ! p]sonality & spirituality ( ,god1--x mu/ be confess$ to h at lea/ a v high relative importance1 z x be>s on "s ( ! mo/ mom5t\s articles ( our religi\s fai?2 & ! "q naturally arises1 ,:at relation x be>s to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,!ism1 & h[ f> x comports ) "r views ( ,god1 z ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w8 ,we _c1 9 ! face ( direct evid5ce to ! contr>y1 br+ an indiscrim9ate *>ge ( ,a!ism1 or ev5 ( irreligion1 aga9/ all ! advocates ( ,mat]ialism4 ,x is true t x has (t51 p]haps mo/ g5]ally1 be5 associat$ ) infidel op9ions1 & t 9 ! h&s ( ,d',holba*1 ,comte1 & ,atk9son1 x has be5 appli$ 9 support ( ,a!ism2 b x is equally true1 t 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley & ,dr4 ,good1 x is comb9$ ) ! pr(ess$1 &1 z we believe1 ! s9c]e recognition ( a p]sonal ,god & ( a future /ate4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !n1 all ,mat]iali/s h n be5 ,a!i/s2 & ev5 7 we conv9c$ t ,mat]iali/s pr(ess+ religion 7 illogical or inconsequ5t reason]s1 we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to !m ^? consequ5ces ( _! sy/em :i* !y explicitly disclaim & disav[4 ,/ill x is compet5t1 & x may be highly useful1 to ent]ta9 ! "q1 ,:at are ! gr\nds on :i* ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism re/s8 ,& :e!r1 if ^! gr\nds be valid1 !y w\ld n lead1 9 /rict logic1 to conclusions at v>iance ) "s ( ! mo/ vital & fundam5tal articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?8 ,9 attempt+ to discuss ! m]its ( t !ory1 we propose to /ate1 confirm1 & illu/rate a few propositions :i* are suffici5t1 9 our op9ion1 to %[ t ! gr\nds on :i* x re/s1 & ! reasons to :i* x appeals1 are n su* z to w>rant or ju/ify any prejudice aga9/ ! articles ( ,natural or ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,propositions ,,on ,,mat]ialism4 ,i4 ,our fir/ proposition is1 t ! rec5t progress ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 great & rapid z x has be51 has n mat]ially alt]$ ! /ate ( ! "q respect+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]1 h[ev] mu* x may h ext5d$ our k respect+ ! prop]ties ( bo?1 & ( ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! two4 ,we place ?is proposition on ! =egr\nd1 because we h reason to believe t a v diff]5t impression prevails 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s1 associat$ 9 "s cases ) ! hope1 9 o!rs ) ! appreh5sion1 t ! advances :i* h be5 made 9 physical sci5ce may ultimately lead to ! oblit]ation ( ! old di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]4 ,?is impression has be5 deep5$ by e successive addition to ! doctr9es ( ,physiology2 & especially by ! rec5t speculations on ,phr5ology1 ,animal ,magnetism1 & ,clairvoyance4 ,n[1 we ?9k t ^! speculations1 ev5 if !y 7 admitt$ into ! rank ( true sci5ces1 w\ld n mat]ially alt] ! /ate ( ! "q respect+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]1 z t "q 0 discuss$ 9 =m] times4 ,take ! case ( ,phr5ology4 ,x _h always be5 admitt$ t ! m9d has c]ta9 ext]nal organs1 ?r\gh :i* x receives v>i\s impressions f )\t1 & holds communication ) ! s5sible univ]se4 ,! exi/5ce & use ( ^! organs 7 held to be p]fectly compatible ) ! doctr9e t ! s\l itself is immat]ial4 ,phr5ology appe>s1 & pr(esses to h discov]$ c]ta9 o!r organs1 c]ta9 c]ebral developm5ts1 :i* /& connect$ ) ! v>i\s functions ( ?\ght & feel+2 9 o!r words1 to ! five s5ses :i* are univ]sally recogniz$1 x adds ?irty or =ty organs 9 ! bra91 n hi!rto kn[n to exi/4 ,b h[ does ?is discov]y1 ev5 suppos+ x to be fully e/abli%$1 affect ! /ate ( ! "q respect+ ! radical di/9ction betwixt ,m9d & ,matt]8 ,a mat]ial organization1 9 ! case ( man1 0 always admitt$2 & ! only diff]5ce :i* t discov]y c\ld be suppos$ to make1 mu/ arise f ! addition ( c]ta9 organs to ^? :i* 7 previ\sly e/abli%$4 ,b :y %\ld ! spirituality ( ! s\l be m affect$ by ! "o set ( organs ?an x 0 by ! o!r8 ,! able/ advocates ( ,phr5ology h repudiat$ ,mat]ialism4 ,dr4 ,spurzheim expressly disclaims x4 ,i incessantly repeat1 says he1 t ! aim ( ,phr5ology is nev] to attempt po9t+ out :at ! m9d is 9 itself4 ,i d n say t ! organization produces ! affective & intellectual faculties ( man's m9d1 z a tree br+s =? fruit or an animal procreates its k9d2 ,i only say t organic conditions are necess>y to e manife/ation ( m9d4--,if ! manife/ation ( ! faculties ( ! m9d dep5d on organization1 ,mat]ialism1 x is said1 w be e/abli%$4444 ,:5 our antagoni/s1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t we are ,mat]iali/s1 !y ought to %[ :]e we tea* t !re is no?+ b matt]4 ,! entire falsehood ( ! accusation is made obvi\s by a review ( ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,! expression 'organ' designates an in/rum5t by means ( :i* "s faculty proclaims itself4 ,! muscles1 = example1 are ! organs ( volunt>y motion1 b !y are n ! mov+ p[]2 ! eyes are ! organ ( sight1 b !y are n ! faculty ( see+4 ,we sep>ate ! faculties ( ! s\l1 or ( ! m9d1 f ! organs2 & consid] ! c]ebral p>ts z ! in/rum5ts by means ( :i* !y manife/ !mselves4 ,n[1 ev5 ! adv]s>ies ( ,phr5ology mu/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 admit ! dep5d5ce ( ! s\l on ! body4444 ,we are1 !re=e1 no m ,mat]iali/s ?an our pr$ecessors1 :e!r anatomi/s1 physiologi/s1 or physicians1 or ! great numb] ( philosoph]s & morali/s1 :o h admitt$ ! dep5d5ce ( ! s\l on ! body4 ,= ! ,mat]ialism is ess5tially ! same1 :e!r ! faculties ( ! m9d be said to dep5d on ! :ole body1 on ! :ole bra91 or individual p[]s on p>ticul> p>ts ( ! bra92 ! faculties /ill dep5d on organization = _! exhibition4#aeg ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ,phr5ology1 ev5 suppos+ x to be fully e/abli%$1 c\ld n mat]ially affect ! /ate ( ! "q respect+ ! radical di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]4 ,simil> rem>ks apply to ! case ( ,mesm]ism or ,animal ,magnetism4 ,x _h always be5 kn[n & admitt$ t ! s\l is liable1 by reason ( its connection ) ! body 9 ! pres5t /ate1 to be affect$ by c]ta9 influ5ces1--f light1 f heat1 f electricity1 f ! atmosph]e1 & f o!r s\rces4 ,mesm]ism appe>s1 & pr(esses to h discov]$ ano!r influ5ce by :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is peculi>ly affect$2 9 o!r words1 x m]ely adds a new influ5ce to ! numb] ( ^? :i* 7 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ be=e1 x matt]s little :e!r x be ! ,magnetism ( ,mesm]1 or ! ,odyle ( ,rei*5ba*1 or ! ,dia-magnetism ( ,f>aday4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is discov]y1 ev5 suppos+ x to be fully e/abli%$1 affect ! /ate ( ! "q respect+ ! radical di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]8 ,if we 7 ,immat]iali/s be=e1 :ile we ackn[l$g$ ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 ( light1 ( heat1 & ( electricity1 may we n be ,immat]iali/s /ill1 not)/&+ ! addition ( ,odyle to ! class ( dynamides8 ,may we n admit ! /rang]1 ) ! /range "n1 if suitably atte/$1 )\t ! slighte/ appreh5sion ( !reby weak5+ ! gr\nds on :i* we hold ,m9d to be ess5tially diff]5t f ,matt]1 & incapable ( be+ id5tifi$ ) x8 ,x 7 a fooli% & dang]\s exp$i5t1 & "o to :i* no enlight5$ advocate ( ,immat]ialism w h rec\rse1 to d5\nce ! pr(ess$ discov]ies ei!r ( ,phr5ology or ( ,mesm]ism1 on ! gr\nd ( _! suppos$ t5d5cy to oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt]4 ,= ! fact1 t c]ta9 organs exi/1 by means ( :i* ! m9d acquires a l>ge portion ( its k1 & t c]ta9 influ5ces are kn[n to affect x f )\t1 is too well e/abli%$ to be call$ 9 "q2 & ! m]e ext5sion ( t fact by ! discov]y ( o!r organs & o!r influ5ces1 hi!rto unkn[n1 c\ld h no t5d5cy to %ut u up1 m ?an be=e1 to ! adoption ( ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,x is ! "p ( wisdom1 !n1 to leave ample scope & v]ge = ! progress ( ,physiological rese>* 9 ?is z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t1 & to re/ 9 ! confid5t p]suasion t :atev] discov]ies may yet be made 9 reg>d to ! connection betwe5 m9d & body1 !y c h no effect 9 disprov+ a radical di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,& ?is we deem a mu* saf] gr\nd ?an t :i* ,pr(essor ,gregory has adopt$1 :5 he fir/ ( all d5ies ! possibility ( def9+ ei!r matt] or _s1 & !n leaves ! exi/5ce ( a ?9k+ pr9ciple or s\l di/9ct f ! body to re/ m]ely on our in/9ctive consci\sness4#aeh ,we ?9k x1 9 e po9t ( view1 a saf] c\rse to meet all objections by say+1 t ! admission ( ! odylic or any o!r influ5ce ( a simil> k9d1 w\ld n 9 ! lea/ affect ! gr\nds ( our belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an immat]ial m9d4 ,we are dispos$ to pursue ! same l9e ( argum5t a /ep fur!r1 & to apply x to ! case ( ,hypnotism or ,clairvoyance4 ,x _h always be5 kn[n t ! m9d1 9 its pres5t /ate ( connection ) ! body1 is liable to be affect$ by sleep & by dreams2 & ! ph5om5a ( natural sleep & ( ord9>y dreams 7 nev] suppos$ to be incompatible ) ! di/9ction betwe5 m9d & body4 ,b ! ,hypnoti/ or ! ,clairvoyant appe>s1 & ann\nces a /ate ( magnetic sleep1 ) a new set ( ph5om5a dep5d5t on x1 resembl+ ! dreams & visions ( ! night4 ,! facts are /range & />tl+2 b1 aft] recov]+ f our fir/ surprise1 we may calmly ask1 :at effect ^! facts1 if e/abli%$1 %\ld h 9 modify+ our convictions respect+ ! ess5tial nature ( m9d & matt]2 & we %all f9d t !y af=d no suffici5t reason = rel9qui%+ ! doctr9e ( an immat]ial _s1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ^! v facts1 7 !y suffici5tly v]ifi$1 w\ld op5 up a new view ( ! p[]s & activities ( _s1 su* z might well fill u ) wond] & awe4 ,i h he>d1 times innum]able1 says ,pr(essor ,gregory1 religi\s p]sons decl>e1 on see+ ^! ph5om5a1 t no?+ c\ld m cle>ly demon/rate ! immat]iality1 & consequ5tly ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ',9 clairvoyance1' say ^! p]sons1 'we obs]ve ! m9d act+ sep>ate f ! body1 & entirely indep5d5t ( x4 ,h[ beautiful a pro( ( ! inf9ite diff]5ce betwe5 _s & matt]4' ,x is a pro( t we w\ld be sl[ to adduce1 = ! facts are d\btful z well z obscure2 b1 = our pres5t purpose1 x is n necess>y ei!r to admit or to d5y ! tru? ( ^! facts2 x is suffici5t to say t ! ph5om5a ( ,mesm]ic sleep & ! visions ( ,clairvoyance are n m inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( an immat]ial s\l ?an ! m famili>1 b sc>cely less my/]i\s1 ph5om5a ( natural sleep & common dreams4 ,x is1 inde$1 n a little rem>kable t ! pr(\nd & sagaci\s ,butl] express$ himself 9 ! foll[+ t]ms1 long be=e ! ph5om5a ( ,magnetism & ,clairvoyance 7 spok5 ( z subjects ( sci5tific /udy3 ,t we h no reason to ?9k our organs ( s5se p]cipi5ts 444 is confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( dreams1 by :i* we f9d we are at pres5t possess$ ( a lat5t1 & :at w\ld o!rwise be an unimag9$1 unkn[n p[] ( p]ceiv+ s5sible objects1 9 z /rong & lively a mann]1 )\t our ext]nal organs ( s5se z ) !m4#aei ,on ! :ole1 we ?9k x cle> t nei!r by ,phr5ology1 :i* adds m]ely to ! numb] ( our mat]ial organs1 nor by ,mesm]ism1 :i* adds "o to ! numb] ( ! influ5ces by :i* we are affect$1 nor by ,clairvoyance1 :i* adds ! ph5om5a ( magnetic to ^? ( natural sleep1 is ! /ate ( ! "q mat]ially alt]$ f :at x 0 be=e ^! additions 7 made to ,physiological speculation4 ,& h5ce ^? :o are well v]s$ 9 our old] writ]s on ! doctr9e ( _s & matt]1 w be suffici5tly furni%$ ) weapons = repell+ ! m rec5t assaults ( ,mat]ialism4 ,if any "o has read & dige/$ ! ,treatises ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 9 8 replies to ,dodwell1 ,coll9s1 & ,leibnitz2 ! ,free ,discussion betwe5 ,dr4 ,prie/ley & ,dr4 ,price2 ! ,exam5 du ,mat]ialisme by ,b]gi]1 9 reply to ! ,sy/me de la ,nature2 & ! writ+s ( ,&rew ,baxt]1 ,drew1 ,ditton1 & o!rs1 on ! same subject1 he w f9d little difficulty 9 grappl+ ) ! argum5ts ( ,comte1 ,atk9son1 & ,m>t9eau4 ,he w see at once t ! ma91 ! fundam5tal "q1 is n mat]ially affect$ by ! advances :i* h be5 made 9 ,physiological discov]y4 ,^! discov]ies may h ext5d$ our k respect+ ! relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! m9d & ! body2 !y h 9 no degree s]v$ to oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwixt ! two4 ,9 p]fect consi/5cy1 h[ev]1 ) ?is conviction1 we may frankly av[ our op9ion1 t "s ( ! old] oppon5ts ( ,mat]ialism adopt$ a me?od ( /at+ _! argum5t :i* appe>s to u to be liable to j exception1 & :i* ! progress ( ,physical1 & especially ( ,*emical sci5ce1 has t5d$ greatly to discr$it4 ,!y seem to h be5 appreh5sive t by ascrib+ any peculi> prop]ties or active p[]s to matt]1 !y might incur ! haz>d ( weak5+ ! gr\nds on :i* !y cont5d$ = ! spirituality ( man & ! supremacy ( ,god4 ,?us1 9 ! ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( ! ,human ,s\l1 by ,&rew ,baxt]1 ! exi/5ce ( any active prop]ty or p[] 9 matt] is explicitly d5i$1 & ! only prop]ty :i* is ascrib$ to x is a c]ta9 passive p[]1 or vis in]ti1 by :i* x is incapable ( *ang+ its /ate1 :e!r ( re/ or ( motion4 ,?is vis in]ti is n only suppos$ to be ! sole prop]ty ( matt]1 b is ev5 held to be inconsi/5t )1 & exclusive (1 any active p[] :atev]2 & all ! effects :i* are usually said to be produc$ by x are ascrib$ to ! p[] ( an immat]ial ,be+4 ,we are told t vis in]ti1 or a resi/ance to any *ange ( its pres5t /ate1 is ess5tial to matt]1 & inconsi/5t ) any active p[] 9 x2 t all gravity1 attraction1 ela/icity1 repulsion1 or :atev] o!r t5d5cies to motion are obs]v$ 9 matt] 7commonly call$ natural p[]s ( matt]71 are n p[]s implant$ 9 matt] or possible to be made inh]5t 9 x1 b impulse or =ce impress$ ^u x ab extra2 & t ! cause ( its motion mu/ be s\ght = 9 some?+ n matt]1 9 "s immat]ial cause or be+4--,gravity1 = in/ance1 is n ! action ( matt] ^u matt]1 b ! virtue or p[] ( an immat]ial cause or be+1 con/antly impress$ ^u x4 ,nor has ?is doctr9e be5 conf9$ to su* metaphysical reason]s z ,&rew ,baxt]4 ,pr(essor ,playfair tells u1 t :5 he 0 introduc$ to ,dr4 ,horsley1 ! ,bi%op express$ great respect = ,"l ,monboddo1 = 8 le>n+ & 8 acut5ess1 & 7:at 0 m surpris+7 = ! s\ndness ( 8 judgm5t4 ,he talk$ v s]i\sly ( ! notion ( m9d be+ unit$ to all ! p>ts ( matt] & be+ ! cause ( motion4 ,s f> z ,i c\ld ga!r1 ,dr4 ,horsley supposes t e atom ( matt] has a s\l1 :i* is ! cause ( its motion1 its gravitation1 c4 ,:at has made him adopt ?is /range unphilosophical notion ,i _c tell1 unless x be ! fe> t 8 /udy ( natural philosophy %\ld make him suspect$ ( ,a!ism1 or at lea/ ( ,mat]ialism4 ,= x is c]ta9 t !re is at pres5t a prejudice among ! ,engli% cl]gy t natural philosophy has a t5d5cy to make m5 ,a!i/s or ,mat]iali/s4 ,?is absurd prejudice 0 fir/ introduc$1 ,i ?9k1 by t illib]al1 ?\gh le>n$1 prelate1 ,dr4 ,w>burton4#afj ,a simil> op9ion has be5 rec5tly reproduc$ by ,dr4 ,burnett 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,spirits 9 relation to ,matt]1 9 :i* he attempts to %[ t ! =ces & laws ( ,nature _c be prov$ to be ! result ( any?+ inh]5t 9 matt] alone1 & t !y ought to be ascrib$ to "s sub/antive & di/9ct1 b immat]ial & dep5d5t spirits1 call$ ! _s ( life1 ! _s ( electricity1 ! _s ( heat4#afa4 ,all ^! /atem5ts are only s _m modifications ( ! same !ory1 & !y agree 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( any active p[]s 9 matt]1 :ile !y ascribe ! ph5om5a ( motion1 life1 & ?\ght to an immat]ial pr9ciple4 ,!re is1 z x seems to u1 a mixture ( tru? & error 9 ?is !ory4 ,x affirms a great tru?1 9 s f> z x decl>es ! impossibility ( acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5a ( motion1 life1 & ?\ght1 )\t ascrib+ !m ultimately to a spiritual1 intellig5t1 & volunt>y cause2 b x adopts a dang]\s1 &1 z we conceive1 a p]fectly gratuit\s assumption1 :5 x d5ies t matt] is capable ( possess+ any o!r prop]ties or p[]s ?an ^? ( ext5sion1 solidity1 & vis in]ti4 ,we "k little ( ! nature ( ^? fluids1 =ces1 or p[]s1 :i* h be5 d5om9at$ dynamides or impond]ables2 b1 unque/ionably1 !y possess prop]ties & produce ph5om5a v diff]5t f any t c be reasonably ascrib$ to m]e vis in]ti4 ,nor is _! possession ( ^! prop]ties incompatible ) t law1 :5 x is correctly und]/ood4 ,= :at is ! real import ( ! law ( vis in]ti8 ,x am\nts simply to ?is1 z /at$ by ,baxt] himself1 t a resi/ance to any *ange ( its pres5t /ate1--:e!r ( motion or re/1--is ess5tial to 'matt]1' he adds1 inde$1 & inconsi/5t ) any active p[] 9 x2 b ?is is an assumption :i* is true only 9 a s5se t w\ld make x inconclusive ) ref]5ce to ! po9t at issue4 ,x is true1 if x means m]ely t matt] is de/itute ( spontaneity & self-motion1 su* z belongs to liv+1 volunt>y ag5ts2 b x is n true1 if x means t matt] is de/itute ( all inh]5t prop]ties & p[]s4 ,inde$1 ! vis in]ti :i* is ascrib$ to matt] is itself a p[]1 & a v =midable "o2 x is describ$ by ,baxt] himself z a k9d ( positive or /ubborn inactivity1 z some?+ rec$+ fur!r f action ?an b>e inactivity1 = matt] is s p[]fully inactive a ?+6 ,n[1 if su* a p[] z ?is may be ascrib$ to matt]1 :y may x n be admitt$ ) equal safety t ,god has be/[$ on x c]ta9 o!r prop]ties & p[]s1 n inconsi/5t ) ?is1 b additional to x2 & t ,he has e/abli%$ su* relations & aff9ities betwe5 diff]5t sub/ances z t !y may act & react--me*anically or *emically--on "o ano!r8 ,! ph5om5a ( *emical aff9ity1 ! motions1 & o!r *anges1 produc$ by ! contact1 or ev5 ! juxtaposition1 ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 & ! v>iety ( ! result+ products1 d c]ta9ly ev9ce ! op]ation ( o!r p[]s besides t ( vis in]ti2 & we _c see :y ^! p[]s %\ld be ascrib$ to immat]ial spirits1 any m ?an t ( vis in]ti itself1 or :y x w\ld be a :it m dang]\s to ascribe !m to matt] ?an to creat$ spirits4 ,all t is requir$1 z x appe>s to u1 to e/abli% ! dep5d5ce ( ! creature on ! ,creator & to v9dicate ! tru? ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism1 is to ma9ta9 ^! two positions3 fir/1 t :atev] prop]ties or p[]s belong ei!r to matt] or to m9d1 7 orig9ally conf]r$ on !m1 respectively1 at ! "t ( _! creation by ! w ( ,god2 &1 secondly1 t by ! same w1 ^! prop]ties & p[]s are cont9ually su/a9$1 gov]n$1 & controll$4 ,^! two positions are held by all enlight5$ ,!i/s1 & are abundantly suffici5t1 if prov$1 to v9dicate _! doctr9e aga9/ e assault2 b we ?9k x unw>rantable & dang]\s to g fur!r1 & to ascribe1 on ! /r5g? ( m]e gratuit\s assumptions1 all ! activity1 motion1 & *ange :i* occur 9 ! univ]se to creat$ spirits or immat]ial causes4 ,^! assumptions are extremely diff]5t f ! common-s5se notions ( m51 & !y are utt]ly unnecess>y = ! support ( any doctr9e :i* we are conc]n$ to def5d4 ,on ! :ole1 we v5ture to conclude t ! radical di/9ction betwe5 ,m9d & ,matt] has n be5 mat]ially affect$ by ! rec5t progress ( ,physiological rese>*1 & t ! old argum5ts aga9/ ,mat]ialism are /ill available1 except 9 s f> z !y 7 f\nd$ on a too limit$ view ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 :i* ! advanc+ ,sci5ce ( ,*emi/ry has done s mu*1 to unfold & to illu/rate4 ,,ii4 ,our second proposition may be ?us /at$3 ,t 7 we r$uc$ to ! necessity ( embrac+ any =m ( ! !ory ( unisub/ancisme1 !re c\ld n be less1--!re might ev5 be great]1--reason = spiritualiz+ matt]1 ?an = mat]ializ+ m9d4 ,on ! supposition t "o or o!r ( ! two mu/ be disp5s$ )1 ! "q /ill rema9s1 :i* ( !m c be mo/ easily sp>$8 or1 :i* ( !m c be mo/ conclusively prov$8 ,mank9d h g5]ally ?\ght t !y _h equally good evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( bo?2 t 9 ! direct & irresi/ible evid5ce ( ,consci\sness1 !y _h pro( suffici5t ( a ?9k+1 volunt>y1 & active _s1 & 9 ! less direct1 b n less irresi/ible1 evid5ce ( ,p]ception1 pro( suffici5t ( ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w4 ,b ea* ( ^! convictions has be5 9 its turn assail$ by ! cavils ( skepticism2 & m5 h be5 ask$ to prove by reason+ :at ne$$1 &1 inde$1 admitt$ ( no su* pro(1--! exi/5ce ( ,matt] z di/9ct f ,m9d1 & ! exi/5ce ( ,m9d z di/9ct f ,matt]4 ,! latt] is d5i$ by ,mat]iali/s1 ! =m] is equally d5i$ by ,ideali/s2 & :at we affirm is1 t ea* ( ^! opposite !ories is "o-sid$ & p>tial1 & t1 on ! supposition ( our be+ r$uc$ to ! necessity ( adopt+ ! idea ( unisub/ancisme1 we %\ld /ill h great] reason to r$uce all to ! category ( _s1 ?an to r$uce all to ! category ( matt]4 ,_m seem to ?9k t x is m easy1 or1 p]haps1 t x is less necess>y1 to prove ! di/9ct exi/5ce ( matt]1 ?an to prove ! di/9ct exi/5ce ( m9d4 ,!y are s famili> ) matt]1 & s cont9ually surr\nd$ by x1 t !y _c conceive ( its non-exi/5ce z possible1 & sc>cely ?9k x necess>y to inquire aft] any evid5ce 9 ! case4 ,b c x be ju/ly said t !y are m famili> ) matt] & its movem5ts ?an !y are ) a liv+ _s )9 !m1 :i* feels1 & ?9ks1 & wills1 & by means ( :i* alone ! ph5om5a ( ext]nal nature itself c become kn[n to !m8 ,if !y receive ! te/imony ( ,p]ception z a suffici5t pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 :y %\ld !y n also receive ! /ill m direct & imm$iate te/imony ( ,consci\sness z a suffici5t pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,m9d8 ,or1 if !y refuse ! latt]1 & admit ! =m]1 are !y q sure t1 on _! own p>tial pr9ciples1 !y c\ld (f] any conclusive answ] to ! ,idealism ( ,b]keley8 ,t +5i\s & amiable prelate w tell !m t ! objects ( s5se _c exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ !m2 t _! esse is p]cipi1 nor is x possible t !y %\ld h any exi/5ce out ( ! m9ds1 or ?9k+ ?+s1 :i* p]ceive !m2 & t all ! *oir ( heav5 & ! furniture ( ! e>?1--9 a ^w1 all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w1 h n any subsi/5ce )\t a m9d4#afb ,nay1 o!rs :o are n ,ideali/s1 b :o believe equally 9 ! exi/5ce ( m9d & matt]1 w tell !m t ,b]keley's argum5ts are conclusive1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( %[+ t ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 z a ?+ ext]nal to u1 _c be prov$ )\t presuppos+ ! exi/5ce ( m9d4 ,= :at1 says ,"l ,br\gham1 is ?is matt]8 ,:5ce d we d]ive any k ( x8 ,h[ d we assure ourselves ( its exi/5ce8 ,:at evid5ce h we at all respect+ ei!r its be+ or its qualities8 ,we feel1 or ta/e1 or smell some?+2 t is1 we h c]ta9 s5sations1 :i* make u conclude t some?+ exi/s beyond ourselves4 444 ,b :at are our s5sations8 ,! feel+s or ?\ghts ( our own m9ds4 ,!n :at we d is ?is3 f c]ta9 ideas 9 our m9ds1 produc$ no d\bt by1 & connect$ )1 our bodily s5ses1 b indep5d5t ( & sep>ate f !m1 we draw c]ta9 conclusions by reason+2 & ^! conclusions are 9 favor ( ! exi/5ce ( some?+ o!r ?an our s5sations & our reason+s1 & o!r ?an t :i* exp]i5ces ! s5sations & makes ! reason+s1 passive 9 ! "o case1 active 9 ! o!r4 ,t some?+ is :at we call--,m9d4 ,b pla9ly1 :atev] x is1 we owe to x ! k t matt] exi/s2 = t k is ga9$ by means ( a s5sation or feel+1 foll[$ by a process ( reason+2 x is ga9$ by ! m9d hav+ fir/ suff]$ some?+1 & !n done some?+4 ,!re=e1 to say !re is no su* ?+ z matt] w\ld be a mu* less absurd inf]5ce ?an to say !re is no su* ?+ z m9d4 444 ,! tru? is1 t we believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( 'matt]1' because we _c help x4 ,! inf]5ces ( our reason f our s5sations impel u to ?is conclusion1 & ! /eps are few & %ort by :i* we rea* x4 ,b ! /eps are few]1 & %ort]1 & ( ! self-same nature1 :i* lead u to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,m9d1 = ( t we h ! evid5ce )9 ourselves4#afc ,x foll[s t 7 we r$uc$1 z we are n1 to ! necessity ( adopt+ ! !ory ( unisub/ancisme1 we might ) at lea/ z good reason disp5se ) ! exi/5ce ( matt] z ) ! exi/5ce ( m9d2 =1 9 ! words ( ,dugald ,/ew>t1 x w\ld no m be prop] to say ( 'm9d' t x is mat]ial1 ?an to say ( 'body' t x is spiritual4#afd ,,iii4 ,our ?ird proposition is1 ,t we are n r$uc$ to ! necessity ( adopt+ any !ory ( unisub/ancisme1 s9ce !re is no?+ inconceivable or self-contradictory 9 ! supposition ( two di/9ct sub/antive be+s1 possess+ div]se prop]ties1 su* z m9d & body1 or _s & matt]1 are usually held to be4 ,let any "o endeavor to assign a reason = ! sole1 exclusive exi/5ce ei!r ( matt] or ( _s1 or a di/9ct1 specific gr\nd = ! op9ion t !y are necess>ily incompatible ) ea* o!r1 & he w be compell$ to own t ! !ory ( unisub/ancisme1 h[ev] plausible by reason ( its app>5t simplicity1 is really no?+ m ?an a gratuit\s assumption4 ,x _c be admitt$ ) ref]5ce ev5 to nature & man )\t conf\nd+ ! simple/ elem5ts ( human k2 & ) ref]5ce to ,god & ! univ]se1 x is att5d$ ) /ill m fatal consequ5ces1 s9ce x mu/ lead1 if consi/5tly foll[$ out1 to undisguis$ ,pan!ism4 ,:y %\ld x be suppos$ t !re is1 or c only be1 "o sub/ance 9 ,nature8 "o sub/ance inve/$ ) all ^? prop]ties & p[]s :i* exi/1 9 su* manifold div]sity1 9 ! organic & inorganic k+doms8 ,! wond] might r seem to be t any two sub/ances %\ld be capable ( acc\nt+ = su* a v>iety ( ph5om5a z ! univ]se exhibits4 ,a dualism is unavoidable1 unless we are to mat]ialize ,god z well z man2 & :y may !re n be a dualism 9 ! case ( creat$ m9d & matt]1 z !re mu/ be1 on any supposition except t ( ,pan!ism1 9 ! case ( ! uncreat$ m9d & ! mat]ial univ]se8 ,we see v>iety & gradation 9 all ! works ( ,god2 we see ?\s&s ( sub/ances1 simple & comp\nd1 possess+ v>i\s prop]ties1 ev5 9 ! inorganic _w2 we see diff]5t =ms ( life1 vegetable & animal1 asc5d+ by /eps ( regul> gradation1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/2 we see1 9 ! animal k+dom1 v>i\s prop5sities1 in/9cts1 & p[]s1 :i* con/itute ! *>act]i/ics ( di/9ct species2 at l5g? we rise to ,man1 ) 8 rational1 responsible1 & immortal nature4 ,:y may n ,man be ! nexus betwe5 a _w ( matt] & a _w ( spirits1--,man1 :o is equally connect$ ) ! mat]ial _w by 8 body1 & ) ! spiritual by 8 s\l1--:o is1 z x 71 m9d inc>nate1 _s 9 fle%8 ,& :y may !re n be high] spirits /ill1 :e!r embodi$ 9 subtl] & m ref9$ vehicles1 or exi/+ ap>t f all mat]ial =ms1 9 ^? o!r worlds :i* ,a/ronomy has br\ght to light8 ,no reason c be assign$ = a negative answ] to ^! & simil> qu]ies1 unless x be t we _c conceive ( pure _s )\t bodily =m2 & ?is may be true1 if x be meant m]ely to affirm t we c f9d no s5sible image = x1 no?+ by :i* x c be repres5t$ to our sight1 or pictur$ 9 our imag9ation1 z visible ?+s may be2 b x is n true1 if x be meant to imply t we h no di/9ct notion ( m9d or _s1 = x is z cle>ly kn[n by its prop]ties1 ( ?\ght1 feel+1 volition1 & consci\sness1 z matt] itself c be2 & :o w v5ture to def9e1 or to depict1 or to =m any image ( ! sub/ance ( matt]1 ap>t f ! prop]ties :i* belong to x8 ,we are "u no necessity1 !n1 ( adopt+ ! !ory ( unisub/ancisme1 & we _c f\nd ^u x 9 argum5t )\t build+ on a m]e gratuit\s assumption4 ,,iv4 ,our f\r? proposition is1 ,t ! same reason :i* w>rants u 9 ascrib+ c]ta9 prop]ties & ph5om5a to a di/9ct sub/ance call$ matt]1 equally w>rants u 9 ascrib+ c]ta9 o!r prop]ties & ph5om5a to a di/9ct sub/ance call$ m9d2 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! respective prop]ties & ph5om5a is s great z to ju/ify ! belief t ! sub/ances are diff]5t & ought to be d5om9at$ by di/9ctive names4 ,:5 ,mat]iali/s affirm1 z !y d1 ! exi/5ce ( "o only sub/antive be+ 9 ,nature1 & repres5t all our m5tal ph5om5a z ! m]e results ( physical organization1 !y assume t matt]1 at lea/1 is a real entity2 t x is a sub/ance or sub/ratum 9 :i* c]ta9 p[]s or qualities inh]e2 & t its exi/5ce1 z su*1 is evid5t & und5iable4 ,we are entirely reliev$1 !re=e1 by _! own admission or assumption1 f ! necessity ( discuss+ ! m g5]al problem ( ,ontology2 ! problem1 :e!r we c prove ! exi/5ce ( any be+1 prop]ly s call$1 f a m]e s]ies ( ph5om5a1 a succession ( appe>ances4 ,!y virtually admit1 s9ce !y evid5tly assume1 t ! ph5om5a mu/ h a sub/ance "u !m1 ! qualities a sub/ratum 9 :i* !y inh]e4 ,n[1 ! v same reason :i* w>rants1 or r obliges !m to recognize matt] z a sub/ance & n z a %ad[1--z an entity :i* really exi/s & manife/s itself by its prop]ties & effects1--mu/ equally w>rant1 or r oblige !m to recognize m9d or _s also z a di/9ct sub/antive be+1 unless x c be %[n ei!r t its prop]ties are ! same ) ^? ( matt]1 or t !y may be acc\nt$ = by "s peculi> modification ( matt]1 "s law ( physical organization4 ,!re c be no reason = admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( matt] z a sub/ance1 :i* does n apply also to ! exi/5ce ( m9d z a di/9ct sub/ance1 if x %all be f\nd t _! prop]ties are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,we "k1 & c "k1 no?+ ( sub/ance o!rwise ?an by its prop]ties or p[]s3 we "k no?+ ( matt]1--x w\ld1 9 fact1 be to u non-exi/5t1 b = its ext5sion1 solidity1 & o!r prop]ties2 we "k no?+ ( m9d1--x w\ld equally be to u non-exi/5t1 b = its consci\sness1 its ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & desires2 & if x be "r to ascribe ! "o set ( prop]ties to a sub/antive be+1 call$ matt]1 x _c be wrong to ascribe ! o!r set ( prop]ties also to a sub/antive be+1 call$ m9d4 ,if x c\ld be %[n1 inde$1 t ! prop]ties ( ! "o sub/ance might ei!r be id5tifi$ )1 or acc\nt$ =1 by ^? ( ! o!r2 if animal feel+ c\ld be id5tifi$ ) or d]iv$ f1 m]e physical impulse2 if intellectual ?\ght c\ld be r$uc$ to mat]ial motion2 if desire & av]sion1 hope & fe> c\ld be expla9$ by ! natural laws ( attraction & repulsion1 !n we might bl5d ! two sub/ances into "o1 & speak ( m9d z a m]e modification ( matt]4 ,b z long z ! prop]ties or p[]s by :i* alone any sub/ance c be kn[n are se5 to be g5]ically diff]5t1 we _c conf\nd ! sub/ances !mselves1 or r$uce !m to "o category1 )\t violat+ ! pla9e/ rules ( philosophical inquiry4 ,& yet to ^! rules ,dr4 ,prie/ley ref]s1 z if !y w>rant$ ! conclusions at :i* he _h arriv$4 ,he desires 8 read]s to recur to ! univ]sally receiv$ rules ( philosophiz+1 su* z are laid d[n by ,sir ,isaac ,newton at ! beg9n+ ( 8 ?ird book ( ,pr9cipia4 ,! fir/ ( ^! rules1 z laid d[n by him1 is t we are to admit no m causes ?an are suffici5t to expla9 appe>ances2 & ! second is1 t to ! same effect we mu/1 z f> z possible1 assign ! same cause4 ,we *e]fully accept ^! canons ( philosophical inquiry2 & x is j because no "o sub/ance is suffici5t1 9 our e/imation1 to acc\nt = all ! appe>ances1 t we equally reject ! spiritualism ( ,b]keley1 :o w\ld resolve all ph5om5a into m9d1 & ! mat]ialism ( ,prie/ley1 :o w\ld resolve all ph5om5a into matt]4 ,matt] & ,m9d may1 inde$1 be said to resemble ea* o!r 9 "s respects1--9 _! be+ equally exi/5t1 equally creat$1 & equally dep5d5t2 b _! ess5tial prop]ties are g5]ically diff]5t1 = !re is no id5tity1 b a manife/ & und5iable div]sity1 betwe5 ?\ght1 feel+1 desire1 volition1 & consci5ce1 & ! v>i\s qualities or p[]s belong+ to matt]1 su* z ext5sion1 solidity1 & vis in]ti1 or ev5 ! p[]s ( attraction & repulsion4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ?is manife/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! prop]ties by :i* alone any sub/ance makes itself kn[n1 we hold ourselves w>rant$ to affirm t ! m9d is immat]ial1 & to ascribe m5tal ph5om5a to a di/9ct sub/antive be+1 n less ?an ! mat]ial ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,"s +5i\s ?9k]s1 on bo? sides ( ! "q1 h n be5 fully satisfi$ ) ?is me?od ( /at+ ! gr\nds ( our op9ion4 ,x has be5 said by our oppon5ts1 t if we f\nd m]ely on ! ackn[l$g$ diff]5ce betwe5 two sets ( prop]ties or ph5om5a1 :ile we admit t ! sub/ance or sub/ratum is 9 itself entirely unkn[n to u1 or kn[n only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! prop]ties to :i* we ref]1--!n ! dispute becomes a purely v]bal "o1 & c am\nt to no?+ m ?an ?is1 :e!r a sub/ance ( ^: ess5ce we are entirely ignorant %\ld be call$ by ! "n ( matt] or by ! "n ( _s4 ,b ! dispute is n a purely v]bal "o1 ev5 on ! suppositions :i* h be5 /at$4 ,= x is ess5tial to a "r philosophy ( nature1 t e sub/ance possess+ peculi> prop]ties %\ld h a di/9ctive "n4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ! mat]ial _w itself1 we di/+ui% sulphur f soda1 gold f granite1 & magnesia f electricity or odyle4 ,:y8 ,because1 :ile !y h "s prop]ties 9 common1 9 virtue ( :i* we rank !m 9 ! same category z mat]ial sub/ances1 !y h1 sev]ally1 c]ta9 di/9ctive or peculi> *>act]i/ics1 :i* =bid u to call ! "o by ! same "n z ! o!r4 ,& = precisely ! same reason1 :5 we f9d ano!r class ( prop]ties & p[]s exi/+ 9 c]ta9 be+s1 :i* are totally diff]5t f ^? belong+ to m]e mat]ial sub/ances1--incapable n only ( be+ id5tifi$ ) !m1 b also ( be+ acc\nt$ = by means ( !m1--we are equally w>rant$ 9 ascrib+ ^! prop]ties to a sub/ance1 & 9 affirm+ t ?is sub/ance1 ( :i* we "k no?+ except ?r\gh its prop]ties1 is radically diff]5t f matt]4 ,t !re is some?+ m ?an a m]e v]bal diff]5ce betwe5 u & our oppon5ts might seem to be admitt$ by !mselves1 :5 !y ev9ce s mu* zeal 9 assail+ our position & def5d+ _! own2 b x becomes /rik+ly app>5t z soon z we ext5d our inquiry s z to embrace ! gr& "q respect+ ! di/9ction1 if any1 betwe5 ,god & ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,"s1 aga91 :o are sub/antially1 at lea/ 9 all important respects1 on our side ( ! "q1 h n be5 satisfi$ ) %[+ t ! two sets ( prop]ties are g5]ically diff]5t1 & t ! same reason exi/s = ascrib+ ! "o to a di/9ct sub/antive be+ call$ m9d1 z = ascrib+ ! o!r to a sub/antive be+ call$ matt]4 ,!y h be5 anxi\s to advance a /ep fur!r2 & to %[ t ! two sets ( prop]ties are mutually exclusive1 & t !y c\ld n possibly coexi/ 9 ! same subject4 ,?is is ! decl>$ object ( ,baxt]'s ,"w on ! ,s\l1 :i* pr(esses to prove t ! only p[] belong+ to matt]1 namely1 its vis in]ti1 or resi/ance to any *ange 9 its pres5t /ate1 is inconsi/5t ) its possession ( any active p[]4 ,x is n held suffici5t to %[ t ! prop]ties are g5]ically diff]5t1 & t ! sub/ances 9 :i* ^! prop]ties inh]e may & %\ld be designat$ by di/9ct names1 z matt] & _s1 s\l & body2 b x mu/ be fur!r prov$ t !y are s het]og5e\s & inconsi/5t z to be mutually exclusive1 & incapable ( coexi/+ 9 ! same sub/ance4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 we ?9k ?is mode ( reason+ may be admitt$4 ,we d n conceive t vis in]ti is ! only prop]ty belong+ to matt]1 or t x is necess>ily exclusive ( attraction & repulsion1 & ! o!r p[]s :i* may belong to its specific v>ieties2 b we d conceive t ! vis in]ti ( m]e matt] is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) ! self-activity1 ! self-mov+ p[]1 :i* belongs to m9d3 & we are confirm$ 9 ?is conviction by ! anxiety :i* our oppon5ts h ev9c$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( m9d by purely me*anical laws1 & to e/abli% a sy/em1 n ( moral1 b ( mat]ial necessity1 9 opposition to ! doctr9e ( man's spontaneity & fre$om4 ,we are fur!r ( op9ion1 t ext5sion _c be pr$icat$ ( m9d1 )\t also be+ pr$icat$ ( ?\ght2 & t to ascribe x to ei!r w\ld lead to ridicul\s absurdities1 su* z h be5 not$1 & p]haps c>icatur$1 by ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n4 ,we ?9k1 too1 t ! unity & cont9uity ( consci\sness1 ) ! intimate s5se ( p]sonal id5tity1 t belongs to all rational & responsible be+s1 are utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! cont9ual flux & mutation t are incid5t to matt]1 & t !y _c be acc\nt$ = )\t ! supposition ( a di/9ct sub/ance1 exi/+ ! same ?r\gh\t all ! *anges t occur 9 ! mat]ial receptacle 9 :i* x dwells4 ,to ?is ext5t we ?9k t ! argum5t is alike legitimate & valid2 b :5 x goes beyond ?is1 & attempts ei!r to dive/ matt] ( all active prop]ties1 or to demon/rate t1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 s5sation & ?\ght c\ld n possibly be annex$ to a mat]ial sub/ance1 we ?9k t x advances beyond ! real exig5cies ( ! case1 & t x und]takes a task :i* is some:at too ardu\s = our pres5t p[]s1--a task :i* _m ( ! able/ advocates ( ,immat]ialism w\ld humbly1 b firmly1 decl9e4 ,9 ?is connection1 x may be useful to rem>k t x is only ) ref]5ce to ?is advanc$ & m ardu\s "p ( ! g5]al argum5t1 t su* writ]s z ,locke & ,bonnet1 ^: au?ority is (t5 plead$ 9 opposition to our views1 ev] felt ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,!y 7 bo? ,immat]iali/s1 because !y bo? disc]n$ ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 m5tal & mat]ial ph5om5a1 & because !y bo? admitt$ ! reasonabl5ess ( ascrib+ !m1 respectively1 to a di/9ct sub/ance4 ,b !y 7 n conv9c$ by ! m metaphysical argum5ts ( ^? :o pr(ess$ to %[ t none ( ! ph5om5a ( m9d c\ld possibly be exhibit$ by matt]1 or1 at lea/1 !y decl9$ to take t gr\nd4 ,t ,locke 0 an ,immat]iali/ is evid5t f _m passages 9 8 writ+s4 ,by putt+ toge!r1 he says1 ! ideas ( ?9k+1 p]ceiv+1 lib]ty & p[] ( mov+ !mselves & o!r ?+s1 we h z cle> a p]ception & notion ( immat]ial sub/ances z we h ( mat]ial4 ,= putt+ toge!r ! ideas ( ?9k+ & will+1 c41 jo9$ to sub/ance1 ( :i* we h no di/9ct idea1 we h ! idea ( an immat]ial _s2 & by putt+ toge!r ! ideas ( coh]5t solid p>ts & a p[] ( be+ mov$1 jo9$ ) sub/ance1 ( :i* likewise we h no positive idea1 we h ! idea ( matt]3 ! "o is z cle> & di/9ct an idea z ! o!r4#afe ,b not)/&+ ?is explicit /atem5t1 he demurr$ to ! doctr9e ( ^? :o ma9ta9$ t ! p[] ( ?9k+ c\ld n possibly be sup]add$ to matt]1 & ?is because he deem$ x presumptu\s to set limits to ! ,div9e omnipot5ce1 or to pron\nce any judgm5t on a "q ( t k9d4 ,we h ! ideas ( matt] & ?9k+1 b possibly %all nev] be able to "k :e!r any m]e mat]ial be+ ?9ks or no2 x be+ impossible = u1 by ! contemplation ( our own ideas1 )\t ,revelation1 to discov] :e!r ,omnipot5cy has n giv5 to "s sy/ems ( matt]1 fitly dispos$1 a p[] to p]ceive & ?9k4444 ,i see no contradiction 9 x t ! fir/ et]nal ?9k+ ,be+ %\ld1 if ,he pleas$1 give to c]ta9 sy/ems ( creat$ s5seless matt]1 put toge!r z ,he sees fit1 "s degrees ( s5se1 p]ception1 & ?\ght4#aff ,9 ^! & simil> passages1 ,locke did n mean1 we ?9k1 to retract or modify ! doctr9e :i* he _h taught respect+ ! radical di/9ction betwixt m9d & matt]2 he int5d$ m]ely to intimate t1 9 adopt+ t doctr9e1 he proce$$ on gr\nds diff]5t f ^? :i* _h be5 assum$ by "s o!r writ]s2 t 8 belief re/$ ma9ly on ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! prop]ties belong+ to ! two sub/ances1 & n on ! m]e metaphysical argum5ts by :i* "s _h attempt$ to prove t ,god himself c\ld n imp>t to matt] ! p[] ( ?9k+4 ,he %runk f pron\nc+ a positive decision on ?is "o po9t2 & yet 8 words h ev] s9ce be5 quot$ ) triumph by ! advocates ( ,mat]ialism z af=d+ a virtual sanction to ! possibility at lea/ ( t = :i* !y cont5d4 ,& on ! same acc\nt1 ,locke has be5 sev]ely blam$ by "s mod]n spirituali/s4 ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 speak+ ( ,h>tley's & ,d>w9's1 & all ! possible =ms ( ,mat]ialism1--! gr& ,idolatry1 z we may rightly call x1 by :i* at all times ! true wor%ip1 t ( ! invisible1 has be5 pollut$ & )/ood--adds ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic rem>ks3 ,locke1 himself a cle>1 humble-m9d$1 pati5t1 rev]5t1 nay religi\s man1 _h pav$ ! way = bani%+ religion f ! _w4 ,m9d1 by be+ modell$ 9 m5's imag9ations into a ,%ape1 a ,visibility1 & reason$ ( z if x _h be5 "s composite1 divisible1 & reunitable sub/ance1 "s f9] *emical salt1 or curi\s piece ( logical jo9]y1 began to lose its immat]ial1 my/]i\s1 div9e1 ?\gh invisible "*3 x 0 tacitly figur$ z some?+ t might1 7 our organs f9e en\gh1 be se54 ,yet :o _h ev] se5 x8 :o c\ld ev] see x8 ,?us1 by degrees1 x pass$ into a ,d\bt1 a ,relation1 "s fa9t ,possibility1 &1 at la/1 into a highly probably ,non5tity4 ,foll[+ ,locke's foot/eps1 ! ,fr5* _h discov]$ t 'z ! /oma* secretes *yle1 s does ! bra9 secrete ?\ght4'#afg ,! s5tim5ts ( ,bonnet ( ,g5eva1 z /at$ 9 8 ,pal+5esie1 are sub/antially 9 accordance ) ^? ( ,locke1 & h met ) simil> treatm5t4 ,he is n a ,mat]iali/2 he admits a real di/9ction1 z well z a close union1 betwe5 ! s\l & ! body2 he speaks ev5 ( ! possible exi/5ce ( disembodi$ s\ls or pure spirits2 he affirms ! immat]iality ( ! ?9k+ pr9ciple2 & expressly assigns 8 reasons = n be+ a ,mat]iali/4#afh ,b he appe>s to h ?\ght1 z ,locke did1 t possibly ! p[] ( ?9k+ might be sup]add$ to matt]1 by ! ,creator's omnipot5t w1 & t !re is no?+ 9 ?is supposition :i* c\ld s]i\sly affect ei!r ! doctr9e ( ,!ism or ! immortality ( man4 ,& h5ce he affirm$1 9 words :i* ,dr4 ,prie/ley select$ = ! motto ( 8 ,disquisitions1 t if any "o %\ld ev] demon/rate ! s\l to be mat]ial1 f> f be+ al>m$ at ?is1 we %\ld only admire ! p[] :i* c\ld give to matt] ! p[] ( ?9k+4 ,we conceive t ! language bo? ( ,locke & ,bonnet on ?is p>ticul> po9t am\nts to a dang]\s & v unnecess>y concession4 ,7 x meant m]ely to affirm t ,god c\ld s unite a ?9k+ spiritual be+ ) a mat]ial organism1 z to make ! two mutually dep5d5t & subs]vi5t1 ?is is no m ?an is admitt$ by all ! advocates ( ,immat]ialism1 & x is actually exhibit$ 9 ! con/itution ( human nature4 ,b if x 7 meant to admit t ! p[] ( ?9k+ & will+ might be sup]add$ z a prop]ty or quality to matt] itself1 )\t any sub/antive be+ o!r ?an matt] z a sub/ratum1 !n we conceive x to be at v>iance ) ! gr\nds on :i* ,locke & ,bonnet !mselves _h previ\sly decl>$ _! belief 9 ! di/9ct exi/5ce bo? ( matt] & _s4 ,we %all only add1 t ! prejudice aga9/ our doctr9e1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! union ( two sub/ances app>5tly s het]og5e\s z m9d & matt] 9 ! same p]son1 is1 to say ! lea/1 fully c\nt]balanc$ by ! difficulty1 incid5t to ! !ory1 ( demon/rat+ ! coexi/5ce ( two sets ( prop]ties1 app>5tly s div]se & disp>ate z ?\ght & ext5sion1 vis in]ti & spontaneity1 9 ! same sub/ance4 ,on ! :ole1 we conclude t ! same reason :i* w>rants u 9 ascrib+ c]ta9 prop]ties or ph5om5a to a di/9ct sub/ance call$ matt]1 equally w>rants u 9 ascrib+ c]ta9 o!r prop]ties or ph5om5a to a di/9ct sub/ance call$ m9d2 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! prop]ties & ph5om5a is s great z to ju/ify ! belief t ! sub/ances are diff]5t1 & ought to be d5om9at$ by di/9ctive names4 ,v4 ,our fif? proposition is1 ,t x is impossible to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 feel+1 desire1 volition1 & self-consci\sness1 by ascrib+ !m1 z ,mat]iali/s d1 ei!r to ! sub/ance ( matt]1 or to its =m2 t is1 ei!r to ! atomic p>ticles ( :i* x consi/s1 or to ! peculi> organization 9 :i* ^! p>ticles are arrang$4 ,x is too manife/ to admit ei!r ( d\bt or d5ial1 t ! p[] ( ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+1 does n belong to e =m ( matt]4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 "o ( its ess5tial prop]ties2 & if x belong to x at all1 x mu/ be ei!r a quality sup]add$ to ! ord9>y p[]s ( matt]1 or a product result+ f its configuration 9 an organiz$ =m4 ,if x be a quality sup]add$ m]ely to ! ord9>y p[]s ( matt]1 !n x mu/ exi/ equally 9 e "p ( ! mass to :i* x is atta*$2 e p>ticle ( ! matt] 9 :i* x inh]es mu/ be s5ti5t1 intellig5t1 volunt>y1 & active2 &1 on ?is supposition1 x w rema9 a difficult1 if n desp]ate problem1 to acc\nt = ! unity ( consci\sness by su* a div]sity ( p>ts1 & especially = ! cont9uity ( consci\sness1 :5 ! mat]ial elem5ts are confess$ly 9 a /ate ( con/ant flux & mutation4 ,x w\ld seem1 too1 t if ?\ght be ?us connect$ ) an ext5d$1 divisible1 & mutable sub/ance1 x mu/ be itself ext5d$1 &1 ( c\rse1 divisible2 &1 accord+ly1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley does n hesitate to affirm t our ideas1 z well z our m9ds1 possess ^! *>act]s4 ,:atev] ideas1 he says1 are 9 !mselves1 !y are evid5tly produc$ by ext]nal objects1 & mu/ !re=e correspond to !m2 & s9ce _m ( ! objects or ar*etypes ( ideas are divisible1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! ideas !mselves are divisible also4 444 ,if ! ar*etypes ( ideas h ext5sion1 ! ideas :i* are expressive ( !m1 & are actually produc$ by !m accord+ to c]ta9 me*anical laws1 mu/ h ext5sion likewise2 &1 !re=e1 ! m9d 9 :i* !y exi/1 :e!r x be mat]ial or immat]ial1 mu/ h ext5sion also4444 ,i am1 !re=e1 oblig$ to conclude t ! s5ti5t pr9ciple 9 man1 conta9+ ideas :i* c]ta9ly h p>ts1 & are divisible1 & consequ5tly mu/ h ext5sion1 _c be t simple1 indivisible1 & immat]ial sub/ance t "s h imag9$ x to be1 b some?+ t has real ext5sion1 & !re=e may h ! o!r prop]ties ( matt]4#afi ,he argues t ideas mu/ be ext5d$ & divisible because _! objects or ar*etypes are s2 &1 fur!r1 t ! m9d itself mu/ be mat]ial1 because ^! prop]ties belong to ! ideas :i* inh]e 9 x z _! subject or seat4 ,n[1 ?is argum5t is fairly met by ! reason+1 or ! ridicule1 call x :i* y w1 ( ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[n3 ,9 say+ ( m9d t x is matt]1 we mu/ mean1 if we mean any?+1 t ! pr9ciple :i* ?9ks is h>d & divisible2 & t x w be n m absurd to talk ( ! tw5tie? "p ( an affirmation1 or ! qu>t] ( a hope1 ( ! top ( a remembrance1 & ! nor? & ea/ corn]s ( a comp>ison1 ?an ( ! tw5tie? "p ( a p\nd1 or ( ! diff]5t po9ts ( ! compass1 9 ref]5ce to any "p ( ! globe4 ,! true answ] to ! /atem5t ( ! ,mat]iali/1--! answ] :i* we feel 9 our he>ts1 on ! v expression ( ! plurality & divisibility ( feel+1--is t x assumes :at1 f> f admitt+1 we _c ev5 und]/&1 & t1 ) e ef=t ( att5tion :i* we c give to our m5tal analysis1 we are z incapable ( =m+ any conception ( :at is meant by ! qu>t] ( a d\bt1 or ! half ( a belief1 z ( =m+ to ourselves an image ( a circle )\t a c5tral po9t1 or ( a squ>e )\t a s+le angle4#agj ,b ! !ory :i* supposes ! s\l to be ext5d$ & divisible1 & its ideas1 feel+s1 & volitions to be ext5d$ & divisible also1 has giv5 place to ano!r1 :i* does n repres5t ! m5tal qualities z inh]+ 9 e p>ticle ( ! matt] ) :i* !y are associat$1 b r z ! products ( organization1 ! results1 n ( ! atomic elem5ts1 b ( ! =m1 or figure1 into :i* !y are ca/4 ,x seems to h be5 felt t x w\ld be unsafe to ascribe ! p[] ( ?9k+ to e p>ticle ( ! bra91 & x is n[ repres5t$ z ! result or product ( ! bra9 9 action1 z light & heat are ( fire1 & fragrance ( ! fl[]4#aga ,?is idea is illu/rat$ by a great v>iety ( natural examples1 9 :i* c]ta9 effects are produc$ by ! arrangem5t ( matt]1 :i* c\ld n be produc$ by its individual p>ticles1 exi/+ sep>ate & ap>t1 or comb9$ 9 o!r =ms4 ,nor is ?is a new phase ( ! !ory1 or an orig9al discov]y ( ! pres5t age2 x 0 famili>ly kn[n & fully discuss$#agb 9 ! days ( ,cl>ke & ,coll9s1 & e similitude :i* is n[ employ$ to illu/rate x may be f\nd dissect$ 9 _! writ+s4 ,coll9s _h und]tak5 to prove t an individual p[] may reside 9 a mat]ial sy/em :i* consi/s ( sep>ate & di/9ct p>ts1--an individual p[] :i* is n 9 e "o1 nor 9 any "o1 ( ! p>ticles t compose x1 :5 tak5 ap>t & consid]$ s+ly3 & he _h adduc$ z an example ! v similitude :i* ,atk9son employs1 namely1 fragrance f ! fl[]2 = he adds1 a rose1 = example1 consi/s ( sev]al p>ticles1 :i*1 sep>ately & s+ly1 want a p[] to produce t agreeable s5sation we exp]i5ce 9 !m :5 unit$4 ,o!r in/ances are giv52 su* z ! p[] ( ! eye to contribute to ! act ( see+1 ! p[] ( a clock to %[ ! h\r ( ! day1 ! p[] ( a musical in/rum5t to produce 9 u h>moni\s s\nds2 ^!1 he says1 are p[]s n at all result+ f any p[]s ( ! same k9d inh]+ 9 ! p>ts ( ! sy/em2 & he inf]s t 9 ! same mann] ! p[] ( ?9k+1 )\t be+ an aggregate ( p[]s ( ! same k9d1 may yet inh]e 9 a sy/em ( matt]4 ,b ^! examples1 s f> f confirm+1 s]ve r to confute1 ! !ory 9 ^: support !y are adduc$4 ,c\ld x be %[n1 inde$1 t ! eye possesses 9 itself ! p[] ( vision1 & t sight results solely f its peculi> texture2 or1 t a clock is really an intellectual ma*9e1 & produces an intellectual effect2 or1 t a musical in/rum5t possesses 9 itself ! s\l ( melody1 & is consci\s ( its own sweet s\nds1--!n x might be possible to ent]ta9 ! supposition t1 9 l mann]1 an organiz$ bra9 may h ! p[] ( produc+ ?\ght1 & feel+1 & w4 ,b :at is ! matt] ( fact8 ,let ,dr4 ,cl>ke's answ] ) ref]5ce to ! case ( a timepiece suffice = all3 ,t :i* y call ! p[] ( a clock to %[ ! "t ( ! day is evid5tly no?+ 9 ! clock itself1 b ! figure & motion ( its p>ts1 &1 consequ5tly1 n any?+ ( a diff]5t sort or k9d f ! p[]s inh]5t 9 ! p>ts4 ,:]eas '?9k+1' if x 0 ! result ( ! p[]s ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma*9e ( ! body1 or ( ! bra9 9 p>ticul>1 w\ld be some?+ really inh]+ 9 ! ma*9e itself1 specifically diff]5t f all & e "o ( ! p[]s ( ! sev]al p>ts out ( :i* x result$2 :i* is an express contradiction1 a suppos+ ! effect to h m 9 x ?an ! cause4 444 ,t p>ticul> & det]m9ate degree ( velocity 9 a :eel1 :]eby x turns once r\nd precisely 9 twelve h\rs1 is t :i* y call ! p[] ( a clock to %[ ! "t ( ! day2 & because su* a det]m9ate velocity ( motion is made use ( by u = ! measure ( "t1 is x !re=e really a new quality or p[] di/9ct f ! motion itself8 ,! same answ] is equally applicable to all ! o!r examples1 & x may be /at$ g5]ally z am\nt+ to ?is1 t x is absolutely false 9 fact1 & impossible 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t any p[] :atsoev] %\ld inh]e or reside 9 any sy/em or composition ( matt]1 diff]5t f ! p[]s resid+ 9 ! s+le p>ts4#agc ,! two great difficulties :i* adh]e to ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 & :i* mu/ ev] prove insurm\ntable1 are ^!3 fir/1 to acc\nt = ! p[] ( ?9k+ by means ( mat]ial atoms1 :i* are individually de/itute ( x2 & secondly1 to acc\nt = ! unity & cont9uity ( human consci\sness by means ( mat]ial atoms :i* are con/antly und]go+ flux & mutation4 ,= ! fir/ end1 rec\rse has be5 _h to ! !ory :i* ascribes ! p[] ( ?9k+1 n to ! p>ticles ( matt]1 b to _! ord]1 arrangem5t1 or organization2 & = ! second1 ! cont9u\s s5se ( p]sonal id5tity is suppos$ to be suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t1 z ! p>ticles :i* compose ! bra9 are *ang$1 ! retir+ atoms leave _! %>e ( ! g5]al consci\sness z a legacy to _! successors4 ,& bo? ^! exp$i5ts = surm\nt+ ! difficulty are exquisitely c>icatur$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ,m>t9us ,scribl]us1 9 a *apt] :i* is ju/ly describ$ z an inimitable ridicule on ,coll9s' argum5t aga9/ ,cl>ke1 to prove ! s\l only a quality4 ,! ,society ( ,free?9k]s1 address+ ,m>t9us1 propose to s5d him an answ] to ! ill-gr\nd$ sophisms ( _! oppon5ts1 & likewise an easy me*anical explanation ( p]ception or ?9k+4--,"o ( _! *ief argum5ts1 say !y1 is t self-consci\sness _c inh]e 9 any sy/em ( matt]1 because all matt] is made up ( sev]al di/9ct be+s :i* nev] c make up "o individual ?9k+ be+4 ,?is is easily answ]$ by a famili> in/ance4 ,9 e jack !re is a meat-roa/+ quality1 :i* nei!r resides 9 ! fly1 nor 9 ! weight1 nor 9 any p>ticul> :eel1 ( ! jack1 b is ! result ( ! :ole composition4444 ,& z ! g5]al quality ( meat-roa/+1 ) its sev]al modifications1 does n inh]e 9 any "o "p ( ! jack1 s nei!r does consci\sness1 ) its sev]al modes ( s5sation1 intellection1 volition1 c41 inh]e 9 any "o1 b is ! result f ! me*anical composition ( ! :ole animal4 ,& !n1 9 reg>d to ! second difficulty3 ,! p>ts1 say !y1 ( an animal body are p]petually *ang$1 444 f :5ce x w foll[ t ! idea ( individual consci\sness mu/ be con/antly translat$ f "o p>ticle ( matt] to ano!r4444 ,we answ]1 ?is is only a fallacy ( ! imag9ation4 ,!y make a great noise ab\t ?is individuality1 h[ a man is consci\s to himself t he is ! same individual he 0 tw5ty ye>s ago1 not)/&+ ! flux /ate ( ! p>ticles ( matt] t compose 8 body4 ,we ?9k ?is is capable ( a v pla9 answ]1 & may be easily illu/rat$ by a famili> example4 ,sir ,john ,cutl] _h a pair ( black wor/$ /ock+s1 :i* 8 maid d>n$ s (t5 ) silk1 t !y became at la/ a pair ( silk /ock+s4 ,n[1 suppos+ ^? /ock+s ( ,sir ,john's endu$ ) "s degree ( consci\sness at e p>ticul> d>n+1 !y w\ld h be5 s5sible t !y 7 ! same individual pair ( /ock+s1 bo? be=e & aft] ! d>n+6 ,! subject is "h pres5t$ 9 a ludicr\s po9t ( view1 & "s may d\bt :e!r ?is is a legitimate me?od ( treat+ x4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t :ile ridicule is no safe te/ ( tru?1 x may be ! mo/ effective exposure ( nons5se & folly4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,mat]ialism ,,to ,,!ology4 ,x has be5 g5]ally felt & ackn[l$g$1 t ! doctr9e :i* pres]ves ! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & _s1 body & s\l1 is m 9 accordance ) ! tru?s ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 ?an ! opposite !ory :i* id5tifies !m2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 a pr(\nd & s]i\s /udy ( ^! tru?s has a t5d5cy to raise our ?\ghts above ! l[ level ( ,mat]ialism1 & to direct !m to ! contemplation ( a high] & nobl] _w1--! _w ( spirits4 ,!re are _m di/9ct po9ts at :i* ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism comes into contact & collision ) ! tru?s bo? ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,by a brief enum]ation ( ^!1 ! practical importance ( ! subject may be cle>ly ev9c$4 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l is s]i\sly affect$ by ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,t !re is "s connection betwe5 ! two is app>5t f ! v anxiety ) :i* infidels h labor$ to und]m9e ! doctr9e ( _s1 on purpose to get rid ( ! doctr9e ( immortality4 ,b 9 /at+ ! connection betwe5 !m1 we mu/ ex]cise ! utmo/ caution1 le/ we %\ld unw>ily place ! tru? on a prec>i\s or que/ionable basis4 ,9 argu+ = ! future life ( ! s\l1 z a doctr9e ( ,natural ,religion1 "s writ]s h spok5 z if !y suppos$ t no?+ m 0 ne$ful to demon/rate its immortality ?an ! b>e fact ( its be+ immat]ial1 & t1 by its v nature z _s1 x is inde/ructible by ,god ,himself4 ,n[1 we d n hold t ! m]e pro( ( its be+ an immat]ial sub/ance w\ld necess>ily inf] its be+ also immortal4 ,= ought we "k1 ! pr9ciple ( life1 s5sation1 memory1 & volition may belong to an immat]ial sub/ance ev5 9 ! l[] animals1 :o are n suppos$ to be immortal2 & ! only use :i* we w\ld make ( its immat]iality 9 connection ) its immortality1 is simply ?is1--t n be+ mat]ial1 its de/ruction is n necess>ily impli$ 9 ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,x is n 9 ! metaphysical doctr9e ( its immat]ial nature1 b 9 ! practical evid5ce ( its moral responsibilities & religi\s capacities1 t we f9d ! mo/ satisfactory natural pro( ( its immortality4 ,x is p]fectly possible to hold1 on ! "o h&1 t all immat]ial sub/ances are n necess>ily inde/ructible2 & yet to hold1 on ! o!r h&1 t su* an immat]ial sub/ance z ! s\l ( man is kn[n to be1--end[$ ) consci5ce1 ) intellig5ce1 ) affections & aspirations1 ) hopes & fe>s su* z c f9d no suitable object & no adequate range )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t life1--mu/ be de/9$ to an immortal exi/5ce4 ,! immortality1 = :i* alone we ought to cont5d1 is su* z implies nei!r a necessity ( exi/5ce 9 ! creature1 nor its indep5d5ce on ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,! p[] ( ,god to annihilate ! s\l is n call$ 9 "q1 b ! purpose ( ,god to make ! s\l immortal is inf]r$ f its nature & capacities1 its aspirations & hopes & fe>s4 ,& all t is necess>ily impli$ 9 ! doctr9e ( :at has be5 call$ ! natural immortality ( ! s\l is well /at$ by ,dr4 ,s4 ,cl>ke1 :5 he says t1 ! s\l may be su* a sub/ance z is able to cont9ue its own duration =ev]1 by ! p[]s giv5 to x at its fir/ production1 & ! cont9uance ( ^? g5]al influ5ces :i* are requisite = ! support ( creat$ be+s 9 g5]al4 ,mr4 ,baxt]1 acute & metaphysical z he 01 plac$ ! argum5t sub/antially on ! same gr\nd4 ,x appe>s1 he says1 t all sub/ance equally1 z well mat]ial z immat]ial1 _c cease to exi/ b by an effect ( inf9ite p[]4444 ,! human s\l1 hav+ no p>ts1 mu/ be indissoluble 9 its nature by any?+ t ha? n p[] to de/roy or annihilate x4 ,& s9ce x ha? n a natural t5d5cy to annihilation1 nor a p[] to annihilate itself1 nor c be annihilat$ by any be+ f9itely p[]ful only1 )\t an imm$iate act ( ! omnipot5t ,creator to annihilate x1 x mu/ endlessly abide an active p]ceptive sub/ance1 )\t ei!r fe> or hopes ( dy+ ?r\gh all et]nity1 :i* is1 9 o!r words1 to be immortal z to ! ag5cy ( all natural or second causes1 t is1 'naturally immortal4'#agd ,:5 ?us /at$ & limit$1 ! argum5t is at once safe & valid4 ,x is fir/ prov$ t ! ,m9d is a sub/ance1 liv+1 p]ceptive1 & active1 :i* is simple & indivisible1 & n capable1 l matt]1 ( be+ sep>at$ into p>ts possess+ ! same prop]ties or p[]s2 & !n ?is di/9ction betwixt m9d & matt] is appli$ to prove t x _c be de/roy$ by dissolution1 z ! body may be1 b t if x be de/roy$ at all1 x mu/ be by annihilation4 ,b no sub/ance1 mat]ial or immat]ial1 c be annihilat$ by any f9ite or second cause2 x c be annihilat$ only by ! w ( him :o creat$ x2 & ! "q respect+ ! s\l ( man rema9s1 ,:at are ! indications ( ,god's w conc]n+ x8 ,:5 ?is "q is s]i\sly ent]ta9$1 we c h>dly fail to see 9 ! /ructure ( its p[]s1 9 ! gr&eur ( its capacities1 9 ! moral & responsible consci\sness :i* belongs to x1 a /rong presumptive pro( ( its be+ ,8 purpose t x %\ld cont9ue to live aft] ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,! ,metaphysical argum5t is suffici5t to remove prelim9>y objections1 ! ,moral argum5t furni%es a presumptive pro(4 ,! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 z x assumes diff]5t =ms1 s x admits ( be+ associat$ ) diff]5t views respect+ ! future prospects ( ! s\l4 ,:5 x is held 9 its grosse/ =m1 x /&s 9 a relation ( direct antagonism to ! doctr9e ( immortality1 z is app>5t 9 ! speculations ( ,d',holba*1 ,comte1 & ,atk9son1 :o insi/ at l>ge on ! pro( ( ,mat]ialism on purpose to und]m9e & ov]?r[ ! doctr9e ( ,immortality4 ,! !ory ( ,mat]ialism has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley & o!rs1 9 conjunction ) a pr(ess$1 &1 z we believe1 s9c]e belief 9 a future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! sleep ( ! s\l dur+ ! int]val betwe5 dea? & ! resurrection1 & its ultimate awak5+ by an imm$iate & miracul\s int]position ( ,div9e p[]1 are equally held to be true1--! "o on ! gr\nd ( a natural evid5ce1 ! o!r on t ( ! au?ority ( ,revelation4 ,b ! natural evid5ce is defective1 s9ce x dep5ds entirely on ! assumption t ?\ght is produc$ by & dep5d5t on a c]ta9 mat]ial organization1 )\t :i* x c\ld n exi/2 & ! sup]natural au?ority is /ill less to be reli$ on1 s9ce x seems1 at lea/1 to recognize ! exi/5ce ( disembodi$ spirits1 & unequivocally decl>es t ! s\l _c be kill$ z ! body may4 ,if ! s\l be mat]ial1 z ,dr4 ,prie/ley says x is1 x mu/ be1 equally ) ! body1 affect$ by ! /roke ( dea?2 yet our ,"l says1--& ,8 au?ority _c be decl9$ :5 ! doctr9e ( a future resurrection is made to dep5d on ! m]e te/imony ( ,scripture1--,fe> n !m :i* kill ! body1 b are n able to kill ! s\l2 b r fe> ,him :i* is able to de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell4#age ,& ! s\l is repres5t$ z exi/+ 9 a /ate ( consci\s happ9ess or mis]y1 ev5 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 dea? & ! resurrection1 9 ! p>able ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us1 z well z 9 ! /atem5t ( ! apo/le t he 0 9 a /rait betwixt two1 hav+ a desire to dep>t & to be ) ,*ri/1 :i* is f> bett]4#agf ,9 its mo/ rec5t & ref9$ =m1 ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism repres5ts m9d z a subtle product1 evolv$ out ( matt]1 & de/9$ to an endless exi/5ce1--an ev]-asc5d+ progression2 & 9 ?is =m ( x1 ! doctr9e ( a di/9ct1 p]sonal immortality is1 no d\bt1 f> bett] pres]v$ ?an 9 its e>li] & gross] =ms1 :i* spoke ( ! utt] de/ruction ( individual consci\sness at ! h\r ( dea?1 & ( our mat]ial p>ticles pass+ m]ely into o!r k9ds ( organic or inorganic be+4 ,b !n1 x is plac$ on a v prec>i\s gr\nd1--! m]e supposition ( a mat]ial product1 :i* c nev] be e/abli%$ by pro(1 & :i*1 if !re 7 no o!r objection to x1 might well seem to be suffici5tly discr$it$ by ! m]e fact t x ascribes to ! effect prop]ties & p[]s1 ( a v high & peculi> ord]1 :i* d n exi/ 9 ! cause4 #b4 ,! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 or ( man's responsibility z a subject ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 is also mat]ially affect$ by ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 9 "s1 at lea/1 ( its =ms4 ,:5 x is connect$1 z x (t5 has be51 ) ! doctr9e ( ,me*anical ,necessity1 :i* repres5ts e ?\ght1 op9ion1 emotion1 desire1 & habit1 z ! unavoidable result ( m]e physical influ5ces act+ on ! bra91 & makes no acc\nt ( ! spontaneity or fre$om :i* belongs to man z an intellig5t1 moral1 & responsible ag5t1 x is manife/ly impossible to discov] any gr\nd = ! doctr9e ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,& accord+ly1 ,d',holba*1 ,comte1 & ,atk9son describe man z if he 7 ! m]e creature ( circum/ances1 & d5y t 8 "* c\ld possibly h be5 diff]5t f :at x is4 ,b ev5 :5 x is n associat$ ) fatalism1 ! !ory1 :i* d5ies ! di/9ct exi/5ce ( ! s\l z a sub/antive be+1 has a t5d5cy to %ake our belief 9 ! doctr9e ( a future retribution1 prop]ly s call$1 s9ce t doctr9e re/s on ! assumption ( our cont9u$ p]sonal id5tity1 or ! unity & cont9uity ( our consci\sness1 z dy+ yet immortal be+s2 :]eas1 if !re be no s\l1 or sub/antive spiritual be+1 & if ! body be 9 a /ate ( p]petual flux & mutation1 x is difficult to see h[ ! same be+ t s9n$ c suff]1 or h[ ! doctr9e ( retribution1 prop]ly s call$1 c be consi/5tly ma9ta9$4 #c4 ,! doctr9e ( ! spirituality ( ! ,div9e nature mu/ be s]i\sly affect$1 9 diff]5t ways1 by ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,x is said 9 ,scripture t ,god made man 9 ,8 own image1 & t ,he brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 & man became a liv+ s\l4 ,d5y ! exi/5ce ( _s or s\l1 z ,god's liv+ image on e>?1 & :at gr\nd ( evid5ce1 or :at help ( analogy1 rema9s = ei!r conceiv+ or prov+ aright ! exi/5ce ( ,him :o is a ,_s & ! ,fa!r ( ! spirits ( all fle%8 ,& if ! spirituality ( ! ,div9e nature be call$ 9 "q1 _m ( ! ,div9e attributes mu/ also suff]2 = x is only z a _s t ,god c be omnipres5t1 & 8 omnipres5ce is presuppos$ 9 8 omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce4 ,= ^! reasons1 we incur ! greate/ risk ( ent]ta9+ limit$ & false conceptions ( ,god1 by oblit]at+ ! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & _s4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 compet5t1 & x may ev5 be highly useful1 to ent]ta9 ! "q1 h[ f> ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism %\ld be held to affect ! gr\nds on :i* we believe 9 a liv+1 p]sonal1 spiritual ,god8 ,9 answ] to ?is "q1 we h no hesitation 9 av[+ our conviction t ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 h[ev] x may be modifi$1 has a t5d5cy to impair ! evid5ce ( t fundam5tal article ( fai?4 ,god is a ,_s1 & man 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god4 ,take away all spiritual ess5ces2 r$uce e kn[n object 9 nature to matt]1 gross or ref9$2 let m5tal & moral ph5om5a be bl5d$ ) ! physical1 & :at rema9s to con/itute ! gr\ndwork ( a spiritual sy/em1 or to conduct u to ! recognition ( a supreme1 immat]ial ,m9d8 ,if ! mat]ial body1 ) its peculi> organization1 be capable ( produc+ human ?\ght1 & suffici5t to acc\nt = ! intellig5ce ( man1 :y may n ! mat]ial univ]se1 ) its my/]i\s laws & manifold =ces1 be held suffici5t to expla9 :atev] m>ks ( a high] intellig5ce may appe> 9 ,nature8 & :y may we n at once embrace ,pan!ism1 & conceive ( ,god only z ! s\l ( ! _w8 ,dr4 ,prie/ley's reply to ?is "q appe>s to u to be a m]e evasion ( ! difficulty4 ,9 treat+ ( ! objection to ! sy/em ( ,mat]ialism d]iv$ f ! consid]ation ( ! ,div9e ess5ce1 he fir/ ( all premises t 9 fact we h no prop] idea ( any ess5ce :atev]2 t our ideas conc]n+ 'matt]' d n g beyond ! p[]s ( :i* x is possess$1 & mu* less c our ideas g beyond p[]s1 prop]ties1 or attributes ) respect to ! ,div9e ,be+2 & !n adds1 ,n[1 ! p[]s & prop]ties ( ! ,div9e m9d1 z cle>ly d$uc$ f ! works ( ,god1 are n only s inf9itely sup]ior to ^? ( ! human m9d1 :5 !re is "s analogy betwe5 !m1 b s ess5tially diff]5t f !m 9 o!r respects1 t :atev] t]m we make use ( to d5ote ! "o1 x mu/ be improp]ly appli$ to ! o!r4 ,he specifies sev]al po9ts ( ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! human & ! ,div9e m9d3 ! fir/ is1 ! limit$ intellig5ce ( ! "o z contra/$ ) ! all-compreh5sive omnisci5ce ( ! o!r2 ! second is1 ! omnipot5ce :i* belongs to ,god1 & 9 virtue ( :i* ,he c produce1 or annihilate1 any?+ at ,8 pleasure3 ! ?ird is1 t ! ,div9e ess5ce _c be ! object ( any ( our s5ses1 z ev]y?+ else t we call 'matt]' is4 ,& on ^! gr\nds he concludes t z ! ,div9e p[]s1 s ! ,div9e nature1 mu/ be ess5tially diff]5t f ours1 &1 consequ5tly1 no common t]m1 except su* compreh5sive t]ms z be+1 nature1 c41 c be prop]ly us$ to express bo?4 ,he fur!r argues t no pro( ( ! mat]iality ( man c be ext5d$1 by any j analogy1 to a pro( or evid5ce ( a simil> mat]iality ( ! ,div9e nature2 = ! prop]ties or p[]s be+ diff]5t1 ! 'sub/ance' or 'ess5ce' 7if x be any conv5i5ce to u to use su* t]ms at all7 mu/ be diff]5t also4#agg ,n[1 we conceive ?is to be a m]e evasion ( ! real difficulty3 fir/1 because ! same mode ( reason+1 if appli$ to ! case ( ! human m9d1 w\ld equally s]ve to prove t x %\ld be di/+ui%$ f matt]3 &1 secondly1 because ! alleg$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! human & ! ,div9e m9d1 great & real z we admit !m to be1 af=d no bett] reason = call+ ,god a _s1 ?an t :i* may be f\nd 9 ! resemblance or analogy betwe5 creat$ & uncreat$ intellig5ce4 ,x is z true ( ! human z x is ( ! ,div9e m9d1 t we "k no?+ ( its ess5ce1 except :at we le>n ?r\gh its prop]ties & p[]s1 t x _c be ! object ( any ( our s5ses1 z ev]y?+ t we call 'matt]' is1 & t if x be "r to give diff]5t & di/9ctive names to sub/ances1 expressive ( _! prop]ties 9 s f> z ^! are kn[n to u1 we are w>rant$ 9 call+ ! human s\l a _s & di/+ui%+ x f matt]1 until x c be %[n t ! prop]ties ( bo? are id5tical4 ,if ?is be d5i$1 we _c see on :at gr\nd ! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & _s c be ma9ta9$ ) ref]5ce to ,god ,himself4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley f\nds1 n on ! resemblance or analogy1 b on ! ess5tial diff]5ce1 betwe5 creat$ & uncreat$ intellig5ce2 b1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! diff]5ce1 great & real z x is1 has no be>+ on ! only "q at issue2 x is ! resemblance or analogy betwe5 all ?9k+ be+s & ! ,supreme ,m9d t sugge/s ! reason = class+ !m "u ! same category z spirits1 & t enables u to rise f ! spiritual nature ( man to ! spiritual nature ( ,god4 ,! p]sonality ( ,god1 z a liv+1 self-consci\s1 & active ,be+1 di/9ct f ! creat$ univ]se & sup]ior to x1 is dep5d5t on ! spirituality ( ,8 nature2 & 9 s f> z ! latt] is affect$ by ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 ! evid5ce ( ! =m] mu/ also be proportionally weak5$4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t _m ,mat]iali/s h exhibit$ a t5d5cy t[>ds a ,pan!i/ic !ory ( nature1 9 :i* ! mat]ial univ]se is conceiv$ ( z ! body1 ( :i* ,god is ! s\l4 ,"s ,mat]iali/s1 inde$1 h /opp$ %ort ( ,pan!ism2 b ?is may h aris5 f _! be+ less consequ5t reason]s1 or m timid ?9k]s1 ?an o!rs :o 7 prep>$ to foll[ out _! pr9ciples fe>lessly to all _! logical results2 =1 assur$ly1 if !re be no evid5ce suffici5t to %[ t ! m9d is di/9ct f ! body1 x w require a v high k9d ( evid5ce to make x c]ta9 t ,god is di/9ct f ,nature4 #d4 ,! !ory ( ,mat]ialism comes into direct collision1 at sev]al po9ts1 ) ! doctr9es ( ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,! doctr9e ( ,scripture 9 reg>d to ! human s\l is manife/ly at v>iance ) t !ory4 ,9 ! e>lie/ pages ( ,g5esis1 we h an acc\nt ( its creation1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r /atem5ts & =ms ( expression occurr+ else:]e1 seems v cle>ly to imply t ! s\l is a di/9ct sub/antive be+1 possess+ prop]ties & p[]s peculi> to itself1 &1 al?\gh n[ unit$ to ! body1 yet capable ( exi/+ ap>t f x1 & de/9$ to an immortal exi/5ce h]eaft]4#agh ,t x is a di/9ct sub/antive be+1 connect$ ) ! body1 b n dep5d5t on x1 at lea/ 9 ! s5se ( be+ incapable ( exi/+ ap>t f x1 appe>s f v>i\s te/imonies ( ! inspir$ ,^w4 ,god is !re pleas$ to call ,himself ! ,fa!r ( our spirits1 & t1 too1 9 contradi/9ction to ! fa!rs ( our fle%4 ,we h _h fa!rs ( our 'fle%' :i* correct$ u1 & we gave !m rev]5ce2 %all we n mu* r be 9 subjection unto ! ,fa!r ( 'spirits' & live8 ,he is call$ ! ,god ( ! 'spirits' ( all fle%1 & ! ,"l :o =me? ! '_s' ( man )9 him4 ,! hi/orical n>rative1 too1 ( man's creation1 :i* decl>es t he 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 & t 8 s\l 0 infus$ by an imm$iate ,div9e afflatus1 seems to imply t !re is ano!r & a high] relation subsi/+ betwe5 ,god & ! s\l ?an any t subsi/s betwe5 ,god & matt]4 ,9 o!r passages1 ! s\l is expressly repres5t$ z di/9ct & diff]5t f ! body3--,fe> n !m :i* c kill ! 'body1' b are n able to kill ! 's\l4' ,into ?y h&s ,i commit my '_s1' said our ,"l1 j z 8 proto-m>tyr ,/eph5 said1 ,"l ,jesus1 receive my '_s4' ,!re are o!r passages /ill :i* affirm ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( disembodi$ spirits3 ,!n %all ! du/ return to ! e>? z x 01 & '! _s1' %all return unto ,god :o gave x4 ,a _s ha? n fle% & bones z ye see me h4 ,nay1 spiritual life1 su* z cle>ly presupposes ! cont9uance ( consci\s exi/5ce1 )\t int]ruption & )\t end1 is said to be imp>t$ by ,*ri/ to 8 p3--,i am ! resurrection & ! life3 he t believe? 9 me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live aga91 & :osoev] live? & believe? 9 me %all nev] die4--,:oso believe? 9 me 444 is pass$ f dea? unto life4#agi ,life is said to be already imp>t$1 su* a life z %all survive dea?1 & cont9ue )\t int]ruption & )\t end2 & surely ?is is utt]ly inconsi/5t ) t !ory ( ,mat]ialism :i* affirms1 ei!r ! annihilation ( ! s\l at dea?1 or ev5 ! cessation ( its consci\s exi/5ce dur+ ! int]val betwe5 dea? & ! resurrection4 ,! reveal$ doctr9e ( angels1 or spiritual intellig5ces exi/+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 is also oppos$ to ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,accord+ to ! common belief1 ! s\l ( man is ! nexus betwe5 two worlds or /ates ( be+1--! _w ( matt] & ! _w ( m9d4 ,9 man ! elem5ts ( bo? worlds are unit$2 by 8 body he is connect$ ) ! _w ( matt]1 by 8 s\l ) ! _w ( m9d4 ,dea?1 :i* dissolves ! union betwe5 ! two1 consigns ! "o to ! du/1 & introduces ! o!r into ! _w ( spirits4 ,on ?is view1 !re is no difficulty 9 ris+ to ! conception ( high] spiritual intellig5ces2 & ! v>iety & gradation t are obs]vable 9 all ! works ( ,god on e>? may imp>t to t sublime conception su* a measure ( v]isimilitude z to make x easily cr$ible on ! au?ority ( ,revelation4 ,b ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 especially z advocat$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 pla9ly excludes ! exi/5ce ( any ord] ( spiritual be+s o!r ?an ! uncreat$ ,m9d2 = if t only is to be t]m$ _s :i* possesses omnisci5ce & ! p[] ( produc+ any?+ at pleasure1 x is cle> t ! highe/ angels & s]aphims are no m spirits ?an ! s\ls ( m54 ,su* be+ ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! !ory ( ,mat]ialism1 & "s ( ! mo/ important doctr9es ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 x is n wond]ful t a s]i\s consid]ation ( ! latt] %\ld lead reflective m5 to abjure ! =m]1 or t _! av]sion to x %\ld increase 9 proportion z _! views ( ,div9e tru? are ext5d$ & enl>g$4 ,n a few h yield$1 9 e>ly y\?1 to ! *>m ( speculative inquiry1 & fondly embrac$ ! idea ( unisub/ancisme1 :o h liv$ to ex*ange x = a m ,scriptural fai?4 ,= j 9 proportion z m5 are br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( s]i\s views ( ,god1 ( ! s\l1 & ( an et]nal _w1 9 ! same proportion w !y become ali5at$1 & ev5 av]se1 f a !ory :i* conf\nds _s ) matt]1 obscures _! conceptions ( ,god & ( ! _w ( spirits1 & degrades m5 to ! level ( ! bea/s t p]i%4 ,?is effect ( new1 or1 at lea/1 m vivid views ( ?+s unse5 & et]nal 0 in/ructively exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ! late ,rob]t ,hall4 ,l _m an ard5t speculati/1 he _h embrac$ 9 e>ly life ! sy/em ( ,mat]ialism2 & ev5 aft] he _h ent]$ on ! "w ( ! m9i/ry1 he c\ld write to a pr(ess$ly ,*ri/ian congregation 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,i am1 & h be5 = a long "t1 a ,mat]iali/1 ?\gh ,i h nev] drawn y\r att5tion to ?is subject 9 my prea*+1 because ,i h always consid]$ x myself1 & wi%$ y to consid] x1 z a m]e metaphysical speculation4 ,my op9ion1 h[ev]1 on ?is head1 is1 t ! nature ( man is simple & uni=m1 t ! ?9k+ p[]s & faculties are ! result ( a c]ta9 organization ( matt]1--& t aft] dea? he ceases to be consci\s until ! resurrection4#ahj ,b speculative inquiry 0 soon to give place to spiritual fai?4 ,! dea? ( 8 rev]$ & pi\s fa!r br\ght 8 m9d into realiz+ contact ) an unse5 & et]nal _w2 &1 9 ! words ( 8 biograph]1 di/+ui%$ alike = pr(\nd sci5ce & deep practical piety1 ,! dea? ( ,mr4 ,hall's fa!r t5d$ greatly to br+ 8 m9d to ! /ate ( s]i\s ?\ght ) :i* he ent]$ on ! pa/oral (fice4 ,m$itat+ ) ! deepe/ v5]ation ^u ! unusual excell5ces ( a p>5t n[ =ev] lo/ to him1 he 0 l$ to inve/igate1 ) r5ew$ e>ne/ness1 ! tru? z well z ! value ( ^? high & sacr$ pr9ciples f :i* 8 em95t piety & admirable consi/5cy s evid5tly fl[$4 ,he call$ to m9d1 too1 sev]al occasions on :i* 8 fa!r1 p>tly by ! =ce ( reason1 p>tly by t ( t5d] expo/ulation1 _h exhort$ him to ab&on ! vague & dang]\s speculations to :i* he 0 prone4 ,"s important *anges 9 ,mr4 ,hall's s5tim5ts result$ f an inquiry conduct$ "u su* solemn impressions1 & among ^! may be m5tion$ 8 r5unciation ( ,mat]ialism1 :i*1 he (t5 decl>$1 he buri$ 9 8 fa!r's grave4 ,,footnotes3 #ade ,m4 ,,ad4 ,,franck1 ,rapport a l',academie1 ,preface1 p4 ,,xxi4 #adf ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #dd1 #hi1 #ada2 ,,iv4 #fge2 ,v4 #de1 #cjc4 ,m4 ,,cr\sse1 ,des ,pr9cipes1 pp4 #af1 #bj1 #hd1 #hh4 ,m4 ,,cabanis1 ,rapports du ,phisique et du ,moral de l',homme1 #c vols4 ,m4 ,,br\ssais1 ,trait de ,physiologie applique a la ,pa?ologie1 #ahbh4 #adg ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ,i4 #b1 #aj1 #hf1 #aja1 & passim4 ,?is eloqu5t text-book ( ! ,a!ism ( ! la/ c5tury is dissect$ & refut$ by ,m4 ,,b]gi] 9 8 ,exam5 du ,mat]ialisme1 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #agga4 #adh ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,i4 #dd1 #ada4 ,m4 ,,cr\sse1 ,des ,pr9cipes1 pp4 #hd1 #hf4 ,,atkitson ,,& ,,m>t9eau1 ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,nature & ,developm5t4 #adi ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,discov]ies relat+ to ,vision1 ,light1 & ,colors4 ,,mr4 ,,dugald ,,/ew>t1 ,philosoph4 ,essays1 p4 #ahg4 #aej ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,disquisitions relat+ to ,matt] & ,_s2 ,free ,discussion ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism2 ,correspond5ce betwe5 ,dr4 ,prie/ley & ,dr4 ,price4 #aea ,,dr4 ,,john ,,mason ,,good1 ,life ( ,lucretius1 prefix$ to 8 poetical v]sion ( ,! ,nature ( ,?+s1 ,i4 ,,xxxviii4 #aeb ,! fictions ( ,clairvoyance may be /udi$ at l>ge 9 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,nature & h] ,div9e ,revelations1 by ,,&4 ,j4 ,,davis1 ! ,p\ghkeepsie ,se]1 #b vols42 & 9 ,! ,cele/ial ,telegraph1 by ,m4 ,,cahagnet4 ,an attempt has be5 made to popul>ize ! doctr9e by introduc+ x into ! light lit]ature ( ! ,cont95t4 ,see ,memoirs ( a ,physician1 ,joseph ,balsamo1 by ,,alex&] ,,dumas1 ,i4 #ae1 #ba1 #hb2 ,,ii4 #ej1 #fb1 #gj4 ,:e!r ! cases report$ by ,dr4 ,gregory des]ve to be rank$ z facts or fictions is a "q :i* we ne$ n wait to solve1 be=e we reject ! ,revelations ( ,davis4 #aec ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,disquisitions1 p4 #b4 #aed ,sy/me de la ,nature1 ,i4 #ig1 #ajh4 #aee ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,disquisitions1 pp4 #bg1 #ch1 #fj4 #aef ,,mr4 ,,atk9son1 ,laws ( ,man's ,nature1 p4 #ag4 #aeg ,,dr4 ,,spurzheim1 ,philosophical ,pr9ciples ( ,phr5ology1 pp4 ,,vi41 #hf1 #ajj4 ,,pr(essor ,,dod1 ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,essays1 ,,ii4 #cgf4 #aeh ,,dr4 ,,gregory1 ,lett]s on ,animal ,magnetism1 p4 #eg4 #aei ,,bi%op ,,butl]1 ,analogy1 p4 ,i4 c4 #a1 p4 #agj4 #afj ,,dr4 ,,john ,,playfair1 ,works1 ,i41 ,preface1 ,,xxix4 #afa ,c4 ,m4 ,,burnett1 ,m4 ,d41 ,philosophy1 c4 ,london1 #ahej4 #afb ,,bi%op ,,b]keley1 ,words1 ,i4 #hj4 #afc ,,"l ,,br\gham1 ,disc\rse ( ,natural ,!ology1 p4 #bch4 #afd ,,/ew>t1 ,elem5ts ( ,philosophy1 ,i4 #e4 #afe ,,locke',s ,essay1 b4 ,,ii4 c4 #bc1 #ae4 ,ibid41 b4 ,,iv4 c4 #c1 #f4 #aff ,,locke1 ,lett] to ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 ,works1 ,,iv4 #ca4 #afg ,,?omas ,,c>lyle1 ,essays1 ,i4 #gg1 #bad4 #afh ,c4 ,,bonnet1 ,pal+5esie ,philosophique1 #d vols41 ,i4 #g1 #dg1 #eb4 #afi ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,disquisitions1 pp4 #cg1 #ch4 #agj ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,br[n1 ,lectures1 ,no4 ,,xcvi4 #aga ,,atk9son1 ,lett]s1 p4 #ag4 #agb ,,dr4 ,,sam4 ,,cl>ke',s ,?ird ,def5ce1 9 reply to ,coll9s1 pp4 #e1 #h1 #ag4 #agc ,,dr4 ,,sam4 ,,cl>ke1 ,fir/ ,def5ce1 pp4 #aa1 #af2 ,second ,def5ce1 pp4 #d1 #aj4 #agd ,,dr4 ,,cl>ke',s ,lett] to ,mr4 ,dodwell1 pp4 #cd1 #fi1 #gb4 ,,&rew ,,baxt]1 ,on ! ,s\l1 ,i4 #bbg1 #bcc4 #age ,mat!w #aj3 #bh4 #agf ,luke #af3 #bb2 ,phil4 #a3 #bc4 #agg ,,dr4 ,,prie/ley1 ,disquisitions1 p4 #ajc2 ,free ,discussion1 pp4 #ff1 #bcg4 #agh ,,flavel1 ,pneumatologia2 or1 ,treatise ( ! ,s\l1 ,i4 #bij4 ,,sir ,m4 ,,hale1 ,primitive ,orig9ation ( ,mank9d1 p4 #cji4 #agi ,comp>e ,heb4 #ab3 #i2 ,num4 #af3 #bb2 #bg3 #af2 ,ze*4 #ab3 #a2 ,luke #bc3 #dc1 #df2 ,acts #g3 #ei2 ,eccles4 #ab3 #g2 #b ,cor4 #e3 #h2 ,james #b3 #bf2 ,luke #bd3 #ci2 ,john #aj3 #be2 ,john #e3 #bd4 #ahj ,,dr4 ,,ol9?us ,,gregory1 ,life ( ,hall1 ,works1 ,,vi4 #bf4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,natural ,,laws4--,,volney4--,,combe4 ,! !ory ( natural laws has be5 appli$ to disprove or sup]s$e ! doctr9e ( ,creation1 by means ( ! pr9ciple ( ,developm5t4 ,x has be5 fur!r appli$ to ! gov]nm5t1 z well z to ! creation1 ( ! _w2 & 9 ?is connection1 x has be5 urg$ z a reason = disbeliev+ ! doctr9e ( ,god's special ,,provid5ce1 & employ$ to discr$it ! efficacy ( ,,pray]4 ,:5 ?us appli$1 x is (t5 associat$ ) ! recognition ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce1 & _c1 !re=e1 be rank$ among sy/ems av[$ly ,a!i/ic4 ,b f ! e>lie/ times1 x has be5 ! belief ( s]i\sly reflect+ m51 t a sy/em :i* pr(ess$ly recognizes ! ,div9e ,be+ z ! ,creator ( ! _w1 b practically excludes ,him f ! gov]nm5t ( its affairs1 h[ev] !oretically diff]5t f ,a!ism1 is sub/antially ! same ) x4#aha ,x 0 aga9/ ?is ,epicurean ,a!ism t ,h[e cont5d$ 9 8 ,liv+ ,temple2 an ,a!ism :i* ackn[l$g$ gods1 b acc\nt$ t !y 7 su* z betwe5 :om & man !re c\ld be no conv]sation1--on _! "p by provid5ce1 on man's by religion4 ,& x 0 aga9/ ! same ,epicurean ,a!ism t ,cudwor? cont5d$ 9 8 ,intellectual ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se1 :5 he grappl$ ) ! objections :i* _h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce & ! practice ( pray]4#ahb ,x is n wond]ful t ei!r ,a!i/s or ,pan!i/s %\ld disc>d ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 or d5y ! efficacy ( ,pray]4 ,on _! pr9ciples1 !re is no room = ! recognition ( a supreme intellig5t ,p[] gov]n+ ! _w1 or ( a ,w capable ( controll+ ! c\rse ( human affairs4#ahc ,b :ile nei!r ,a!ism nor ,pan!ism c\ld be expect$ to recognize a presid+ ,provid5ce1 s9ce !y equally exclude a p]sonal ,god1 x may well seem /range t any sy/em ( ,!ism1 :e!r natural or reveal$1 %\ld omit or oppose ?is fundam5tal tru?4 ,= ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce may be e/abli%$1 inductively1 by ! v same k9d ( evid5ce to :i* e ,!i/ has rec\rse 9 prov+ ! exi/5ce & p]fections ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 &1 ,8 exi/5ce & p]fections be+ prov$1 ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce may be inf]r$1 d$uctively1 f ,8 "*1 & f ! relations :i* ,he su/a9s t[>ds ,8 creatures1 s9ce x _c be suppos$ t ,he :o br\ght !m into be+1 z ! products ( ,8 own wisdom1 goodness1 & p[]1 & end[$ !m ) all _! v>i\s prop]ties = "s great & noble end1 w ev] cease to c>e = !m1 or deem !m unwor?y ( ,8 reg>d4 ,yet1 /rong z is ! pro( aris+ f ^! & simil> s\rces1 !re h occasionally appe>$ 9 all ages1 & especially at a c]ta9 /age 9 ! progress ( philosophical speculation1 m5 :o admitt$1 & ev5 ma9ta9$1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 :ile !y d5i$1 nev]!less1 ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( ,pray]4 ,9 c]ta9 /ages ( philosophic inquiry1 !re is a natural t5d5cy1 we ?9k1 or at lea/ a /rong temptation1 to sub/itute ! laws ( ,nature 9 ! place ( ,god1 or to conceive ( him z someh[ remov$ to a great] di/ance f u by means ( ^! laws4 ,e "o mu/ be consci\s1 to "s ext5t1 ( ?is t5d5cy 9 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce2 he mu/ h felt t :5 he fir/ began to appreh5d any "o ( ! great laws ( ,nature1 & /ill m :5 he advanc$ f> en\gh to see t e dep>tm5t ( ! physical _w is subject to !m1 s z to exhibit a con/ant ord]1 an all-p]vad+ h>mony1 8 views ( ,god & ,provid5ce became less impressive 9 proportion z ! doma9 ( law 0 ext5d$1 & t he 0 9 imm95t dang] ( s9k+1 if n into !oretical1 at lea/ into practical ,a!ism4 ,x is a fact1 says ,dr4 ,*ann+1 t ,sci5ce has n made ,nature z expressive ( ,god 9 ! fir/ in/ance or1 to ! beg9n] 9 religion1 z x 0 9 e>li] times4 ,sci5ce reveals a rigid1 immutable ord]2 & ?is to common m9ds looks mu* l self-subsi/5ce1 & does n manife/ intellig5ce1 :i* is full ( life1 v>iety1 & progressive op]ation4 ,m5 9 ! days ( _! ignorance saw an imm$iate ,div9ity accompli%+ an imm$iate purpose1 or express+ an imm$iate feel+1 9 e sudd51 /rik+ *ange ( ,nature1 444 & ,nature1 ?us int]pret$1 became ! sign ( a pres5t1 deeply-int]e/$ ,deity4#ahd ,t ! sci5tific /udy ( ,nature1 & especially ( c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( physical inquiry1 has (t5 _h ! effect ( dead5+ our s5se ( a pres5t & presid+ ,deity1 ( obscur+ or p]plex+ our views ( ! connection ( ,god ) ,8 works1 & ( virtually remov+ ,him f all effici5t control ov] ! creatures ( ,8 h&s1 is atte/$1 n only by ! publi%$ speculations ( "s1 b also by ! inw>d consci\sness ( _m m1 :o h nev] av[$ infidel s5tim5ts to o!rs1 nor ev51 at lea/ articulately1 to !mselves4 ,x may be useful1 !re=e1 to inquire some:at p>ticul>ly1 :e!r1 & h[ f>1 ! exi/5ce ( natural laws & ! op]ation ( second causes %\ld affect our views ( ! ,provid5ce :i* ,god ex]cises ov] u1 or ( ! ,pray]s :i* we address to ,him4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,natural ,,laws ,,& ,,second ,,causes4 ,! exi/5ce ( natural laws1 & ! op]ation ( second causes1 are (t5 explicitly recogniz$1 & always obvi\sly impli$1 9 ,scripture4 ,revelation is n design$ to expla9 ! nature or ! action ( ei!r2 b x assumes ! reality ( bo?4#ahe ,x is pla9ly impli$ 9 ! v fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 t1 at ! era ( creation1 ,god gave a def9ite con/itution1 imply+ peculi> prop]ties & p[]s1 to all ! v>i\s classes ( objects :i* 7 !n call$ into be+4 ,he creat$ light1 ) its peculi> prop]ties2 ,he creat$ wat]1 ) its peculi> prop]ties4 ,he creat$ ev]y?+ aft] its k9d4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 "o creat$ ?+ & ano!r1 su* z light & wat]1 & ! di/9ction also betwe5 g5]a & species1 especially 9 ! case ( plants1 trees1 fi%1 f[l1 cattle1 & reptiles1 are v /rongly m>k$ 9 ! sacr$ n>rative3 & ?is di/9ction implies ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 prop]ties peculi> to ea* ( ^! objects or classes1--prop]ties n common to !m all1 b di/9ctive & *>act]i/ic1 :i* made !m to be1 sev]ally1 :at !y are1 & :i* am\nt to a di/9ct def9ite con/itution4 ,^! prop]ties1 acc\nt = !m z we may1 are ess5tial to _! exi/5ce z di/9ct objects 9 nature1 & _c be sep>at$ f !m z long z ! objects !mselves exi/4 ,light has c]ta9 prop]ties1 & s has wat]1 & s has e di/9ct ord] ( vegetable or animal life1 :i* make !m to be :at !y sev]ally are1 & :i* _c be sev]$ f !m o!rwise ?an by ! de/ruction ( _! v nature4 ,^! prop]ties are kn[n to u by _! effects2 & h5ce ! sub/ances or be+s to :i* !y respectively belong are reg>d$ by u z causes2 & _! op]ation z causes is regulat$ by c]ta9 laws1 impos$ ^u !m by ! same ,omnipot5t ,w :i* call$ !m into be+ & end[$ !m ) all _! peculi> prop]ties & p[]s4 ,! op]ation ( ^! natural causes1 & ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 e/abli%$ laws by :i* !y are regulat$1 are explicitly recogniz$ or obvi\sly assum$ 9 ,scripture4#ahf ,?\ ha/ e/abli%$ ! e>?1 & x abide?2 !y cont9ue ?is day accord+ to ?9e ord9ances1 = all are ?y s]vants4 ,! e/abli%$ con/itution & settl$ ord] ( ,nature1 z well z ! laws1 decrees1 or ord9ances by :i* x is regulat$1 are ?us explicitly recogniz$ 9 ,scripture itself2 & !re are sev]al reasons :y ?is fact %\ld be delib]ately consid]$4 ,fir/1 because x seems to h be5 assum$ by our oppon5ts1 t ! discov]y ( natural laws1 & ! admission ( second causes1 mu/ necess>ily be adv]se1 & may ultimately prove fatal1 to ! cause ( ,religion2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ,fai? mu/ rec$e j 9 proportion z ,sci5ce advances2 :]eas ! ,bible speaks bo? ( natural objects1 possess+ peculi> prop]ties & p[]s1 & also ( natural laws1 z ,god's ord9ances bo? 9 ! heav5s & ! e>?1 b speaks nev]!less ( a presid+ ,provid5ce or gov]n+ ,w1 )\t ev] suppos+ t ! two are incompatible or mutually exclusive4 ,secondly1 because "s ( ! less intellig5t memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community itself seem to be influ5c$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 by ! v same error :i* we ascribe to our oppon5ts2 & ev9ce a v gr\ndless jeal\sy ( ,sci5ce1 z if !y fe>$ t ! progress ( physical rese>* might h ! effect ( weak5+ ! gr\nds on :i* !y believe 9 ! c>e ( ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( ,pray]2 :]eas ! ,bible gives no c\nt5ance to any jeal\sies or fe>s ( ?is k9d1 b affirms ,god's provid5tial gov]nm5t & enc\rages man's believ+ pray]1 at ! v "t :5 x f\nds ^u & appeals to ! e/abli%$ con/itution & c\rse ( ,nature4#ahg ,& ?irdly1 because a "r appreh5sion ( ! prop]ties & p[]s belong+ to creat$ be+s1 & ( ! laws to :i* !y are sev]ally subject1 w be f\nd to conduce l>gely to a cle> & compreh5sive view ( ! relation :i* ,god su/a9s to ,8 works4 ,8 ,provid5ce1 z x is decl>$ & exemplifi$ 9 ,scripture1 has a necess>y ref]5ce to ! natural con/itution ( ?+s2 & h5ce ! ,we/m9/] ,confession1 9 ! _s ( ! highe/ philosophy1 & ) admirable discrim9ation & accuracy1 affirms t ,god1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 do? uphold1 direct1 dispose1 & gov]n1 all creatures1 actions1 & ?+s1 f ! greate/ ev5 to ! lea/1 by ,8 mo/ wise & holy ,provid5ce2 t by ! same ,provid5ce1 ,he ord]e? all ?+s to fall out accord+ to ! nature ( second causes1 ei!r necess>ily1 freely1 or cont+5tly2 & t ,god 9 ,8 ord9>y ,provid5ce make? use ( means1 yet is free to "w )\t1 above1 & aga9/ !m at ,8 pleasure4#ahh ,natural laws & second causes are ?us e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce1 & explicitly recogniz$ 9 ,scripture4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 especially ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 mod]n speculations1 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! two2 & to %[ t :ile !y are closely relat$ & equally legitimate objects ( philosophical inquiry1 !y are nev]!less radically diff]5t1 z well z easily di/+ui%able1 f ea* o!r4 ,x is ! favorite doctr9e ( ! ,positive s*ool 9 ,france t ! k ( causes is utt]ly int]dict$ to man1 & t ! only sci5ce to :i* he %\ld aspire consi/s exclusively 9 ! k ( ph5om5a1 & _! cord9ation "u g5]al laws4 ,m4 ,comte explicitly av[s ?is doctr9e1 & ,mr4 ,mill & ,mr4 ,lewes give x _! impli$ sanction4#ahi ,accord+ to _! !ory1 all ,sci5ce is limit$ to ! laws ( ! coexi/5ce & succession ( ph5om5a1 & causes are n only unkn[n1 b incapable ( be+ kn[n4 ,& to su* an ext5t is ?is doctr9e c>ri$ t ,m4 ,comte anticipates ! possible ultimate r$uction ( all ph5om5a to "o all-compreh5sive1 all-p]vad+ law1 z ! highe/ p]fection ( ,sci5ce & ! decisive ext9ction ( ,religion2 :ile ,mr4 ,mill1 d\btful ( ?is be+ possible1 ?9ks x conceivable1 at lea/1 t !re may be worlds1 diff]5t f our own1 9 :i* ev5ts occur )\t causes ( any k9d1 & ev5 )\t any fix$ law4 ,9 reg>d to ?is !ory x might well be ask$1 h[ x comes to pass t human language1 :i* is ! natural expon5t ( human ?\ght1 %\ld conta91 9 e "o ( its multif>i\s dialects1 s _m expressions :i* d5ote or imply causation1 if x be true t all k ( causes is utt]ly inaccessible to ! human faculties8 ,nay1 :y is x t ! axiom ( causation ne$s only to be ann\nc$ to comm& ! imm$iate ass5t ( ! :ole human race8 ,x w be f\nd1 we believe1 t ev5 9 ! case ( ^? :o cont5d = ?is !ory1 ! in/9ctive & spontane\s belief 9 causation is n ext+ui%$ nor ev5 impair$2 b t !y seek m]ely to sub/itute laws = causes1 or r to repres5t ! laws ( nature z ! only effici5t causes ( all natural ph5om5a4 ,!y ?us id5tify or conf\nd two ?+s :i* x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to discrim9ate & keep di/9ct4 ,!re is an ambiguity1 h[ev]1 9 ! common usage ( ! t]m law1 :i* may seem to give a plausible appe>ance to _! !ory1 or at lea/ to vail ov] & conceal its radical fallacy4 ,x d5otes sometimes ! m]e /atem5t ( a g5]al fact1 or ! result ( a compreh5sive g5]alization1 f\nd$ on ! obs]vation & comp>ison ( _m p>ticul> facts2 x d5otes at o!r times ! =ce or p[]1 :atev] t may be1 :i* produces any giv5 set ( ph5om5a4 ,! law ( gravitation1 = example1 is (t5 us$ to d5ote no?+ m ?an ! g5]al fact1 asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 t all bodies ne> ! surface ( ! e>? t5d to its c5tre ) a velocity proportion$ directly to _! mass1 & inv]sely to ! squ>e ( _! di/ance2 & :5 x is employ$ 9 ?is s5se1 x det]m9es no?+ z to ! cause :i* is 9 op]ation1--x affirms m]ely a fact1 or a fact r$uc$ to a =mula1 & confirm$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,b x is (t5 transf]r$1 at lea/ m5tally & almo/ p]haps unconsci\sly1 to d5ote "s p[] :i* is in/9ctively suppos$ to be 9 op]ation :5 any *ange is obs]v$1--a p[] :i* may be conceiv$ (1 ei!r z a prop]ty inh]5t 9 m9d or 9 matt]1 or z a =ce1 su* z ! ,div9e volition1 act+ ^u x ab extra2 & x is only 9 ! latt] ( ^! two s5ses1 z d5ot+ a cause1 prop]ly s call$1 & n a m]e fact or law1 t x c be appli$ to acc\nt = any ph5om5on4 ,9 l mann]1 ! laws ( motion are m]ely ! g5]aliz$ results ( our exp]i5ce & obs]vation relative to ! direction1 velocity1 & o!r ph5om5a ( mov+ bodies2 b motion1 al?\gh x is regulat$1 is n produc$1 by ^! laws2 x dep5ds on a cause1 :atev] t may be1 :i* is n only di/+ui%able1 b diff]5t f !m all4 ,yet :5 we speak ( ! laws ( motion1 we may imp]ceptibly include1 9 our conception ( !m1 t =ce or p[] :i* impels ! body1 z well z ! m]e law or rule :i* regulates its movem5ts4 ,x 7 a m]e unpr(itable dispute ab\t words1 did we ent]ta9 & discuss ! "q1 :e!r ! import ( ! t]m law might n be s ext5d$ z to include "u x p[]s1 prop]ties1 & causes1 z well z ! rules & conditions ( _! op]ation3 =1 ev5 7 ?is "q answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 !re w\ld /ill be room = a real di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 & !re c\ld be no reason = say+ t ! k ( causes1 z di/+ui%$ f laws1 is :olly inaccessible to ! human faculties4 ,!re is ?us a real & important di/9ction betwe5 laws consid]$ simply z g5]al facts1 & causes consid]$ z effici5t ag5ts2 & ! two _c be r$uc$ to ! same category1 o!rwise ?an by giv+ su* an ext5sion to ! t]m law z %all make x compreh5sive ( causation2 & ev5 !n1 ! di/9ction rema9s betwe5 ! m]e =mulas ( ,sci5ce & ! actual =ces ( ,nature4 ,! laws ( ,nature1 says ! sagaci\s ,dr4 ,reid1 are ! rules accord+ to :i* ! effects are produc$1 b !re mu/ be a cause :i* op]ates accord+ to ^! rules4 ,! rules ( navigation nev] navigat$ a %ip2 ! rules ( ar*itecture nev] built a h\se4#aij ,x might be %[n1 7 x ne$ful = our pres5t purpose1 t ! object ( ,sci5ce is ?reefold3 fir/1 to asc]ta9 p>ticul> facts2 secondly1 to r$uce ^! facts "u g5]al laws2 &1 ?irdly1 to inve/igate ! causes by :i* bo? facts & laws may be acc\nt$ =4 ,! exclusion ( any "o ( ! ?ree w\ld be fatal to ,philosophy z well z ,religion2 & x is prohibit$ by ! natural laws ( ! human m9d1 :i* has ! capacity n only ( obs]v+ p>ticul> facts1 b ( comp>+ & contra/+ !m s z to d$uce f !m a k ( g5]al laws1 & :i* is also imbu$ ) an in/9ctive & spontane\s t5d5cy to ascribe e *ange t is obs]v$ to "s p[] or cause capable ( produc+ su* an effect4 ,x might fur!r be %[n1 t 9 e in/ance a cause1 prop]ly s call$1 is a sub/ance or be+ possess+ c]ta9 prop]ties or p[]s1--prop]ties :i* may be call$1 if y w1 ! laws ( t sub/ance1 b :i* necess>ily include ! idea ( causation or effici5cy2 t 9 ! case ( m]e physical ag5cy1 !re mu/ be a plurality ( sub/ances s relat$ z t ! "o %all act on ! o!r 9 c]ta9 conditions :i* are indisp5sable to _! mutual action2 & t ^! requirem5ts leave ample room = ^? manifold adju/m5ts & adaptations on :i* ! argum5t f design1 9 favor ( ! ,p]fections & ,provid5ce ( ,god1 is f\nd$4 ,! m]e recognition ( g5]al laws1 consid]$ simply z ! cord9ation ( facts1 & especially z exclusive ( ! idea ( causation or effici5cy1 c nev] satisfy ! dem&s ( reason1 nor exhau/ ! legitimate functions ( ,sci5ce4 ,=1 9 ! expressive words ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell1 ,x is high "t t philosoph]s1 bo? physical & o!rs1 %\ld come to "s ne>] agreem5t ?an seems to prevail1 z to ! mean+ !y int5d to convey 9 speak+ ( causes & causation4 ,on ! "o h&1 we are told t ! gr& object ( physical inquiry is to expla9 ! nature ( ph5om5a by ref]r+ !m to _! causes2 on ! o!r1 t ! inquiry into 'causes' is altoge!r va9 & futile1 & t ,sci5ce has no conc]n b ) ! discov]y ( 'laws4' ,:i* ( ^! is ! tru?8 ,or are bo? views ( ! matt] true on a diff]5t int]pretation ( ! t]ms8 ,:i*ev] view we may take1 or :i*ev] int]pretation we may adopt1 !re is "o ?+ c]ta91--! extreme inconv5i5ce ( su* a /ate ( language4 ,?is c only be re=m$ by a c>eful analysis ( ! wide/ ( all human g5]alizations1 dis5tangl+ f "o ano!r ! innum]able %ades ( mean+ :i* h got conf\nd$ toge!r 9 its progress1 & e/abli%+ among !m a rational classification & nom5clature4444 ,a 'law' may be a rule ( action1 b x is n action4 ,! great ,fir/ ,ag5t may lay d[n a rule ( action = himself1 & t rule may become kn[n to man by obs]vation ( its uni=mity2 b1 con/itut$ z our m9ds are1 & hav+ t consci\s k ( causation :i* is =c$ ^u u by ! reality ( ! di/9ction betwe5 int5d+ a ?+1 & do+ x1 we c nev] sub/itute ! 'rule' = ! 'act4'#aia ,b :ile ! exi/5ce ( natural laws & ! op]ation ( second causes are equally admitt$1 & yet duly discrim9at$1 l>ge room is /ill left = div]sities ( op9ion or ( /atem5t 9 reg>d to ! precise relation :i* ,god su/a9s to ,8 works1 & especially 9 reg>d to ! nature & me?od ( ,8 ag5cy 9 connection ) ! use ( second causes4 ,h5ce h aris5 ! v>i\s !ories :i* h appe>$ successively 9 ! hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 & :i* h _h = _! av[$ object ! explanation ( ! connection betwe5 ,god & ,nature1 or ! conciliation ( ,!ology ) ,sci5ce4#aib ,h5ce1 fir/ ( all1 ! !ory ( occasional causes1 z taught by ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 ) ! laudable1 b1 z we ?9k1 mi/ak51 design ( v9dicat+ ! ,div9e ag5cy 9 ,provid5ce by virtually sup]s$+ e o!r p[] 9 ,nature2--a !ory :i* repres5ts physical ag5cies z ! m]e occasions1 & ,god z ! sole cause ( all *anges1 :i* tea*es t a heal?y eye1 ) ! pres5ce ( light1 is n ! cause ( vision1 b ! occasion only ( t ,div9e int]position by :i* alone we are enabl$ to see1 & t a man's desire or volition to walk is n ! cause ( 8 walk+1 b ! occasion m]ely ( t ,div9e int]position :i* alone puts ! prop] muscles 9 motion4 ,h5ce1 secondly1 ! !ory ( pre/abli%$ h>mony z taught by ,leibnitz2--a !ory :i* 0 ma9ly design$ to expla9 ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! s\l & ! body1 b :i* involves pr9ciples be>+ on ! g5]al doctr9e ( cause & effect1 & applicable to ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ,god & ,8 works4 ,?is !ory tea*es t m9d & body1 al?\gh closely unit$1 h no real influ5ce on ea* o!r1 t ea* ( !m acts by its own prop]ties & p[]s1 & t _! respective op]ations exactly correspond to ea* o!r by virtue ( a pre/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! two1 j z "o clock may be s adju/$ z to keep "t ) ano!r1 al?\gh ea* has its own mov+ p[]1 & nei!r receives any "p ( its motions f ! o!r4 ,?is !ory1 !re=e1 d5ies ev]y?+ l causal action betwe5 m9d & matt]2 & :5 x is ext5d$1 z x may legitimately be1 to ! relation betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 x w\ld seem to imply ! coequal exi/5ce & indep5d5ce ( bo?1 & ! impossibility ( any causal relation betwe5 ! two4 ,! manife/ defects ( ^! !ories h giv5 rise to a ?ird1 :i*1 9 "o ( its =ms1 has be5 g5]ally adopt$ by ,div9es1--! !ory ( in/rum5tal causes4 ,?is !ory has assum$ two di/9ct & v diff]5t =ms4 ,9 ! fir/1 all natural effects are ascrib$ to p[]s imp>t$ to creat$ be+s1 & inh]5t 9 !m2 t is1 to p[]s :i* are suppos$ to h be5 conf]r$ at ! era ( ,creation1 & to be /ill su/a9$ by ,god's w 9 ,provid5ce1 subject1 h[ev]1 to be susp5d$ or revok$ accord+ to ,8 pleasure4 ,9 ! second1 :i* resembles 9 "s respects ! doctr9e ( occasional causes1 all natural effects are ascrib$ to p[]s n imp>t$1 b impress$1 n belong+ to ! natural ag5t1 b communicat$ by impulse ab extra2 & ,god's w is repres5t$ z ! only effici5t cause 9 ,nature4 ,9 bo? =ms ( ! !ory1 ! ag5cy ( ,god & ! in/rum5tality ( natural means are1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ackn[l$g$2 b 9 ! =m]1 second causes are apt to be reg>d$ z if !y 7 self-exi/5t & indep5d5t ( ,god2 9 ! latt]1 second causes are apt to be virtually annull$1 & all ev5ts to be reg>d$ z ! imm$iate effects ( ,div9e volition4 ,bo? extremes are dang]\s4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! op]ation ( second causes _c be reg>d$ z necess>y & indep5d5t1 )\t sev]+ ! tie :i* connects ! creat$ univ]se ) ! w ( ! ,supreme2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! op]ation ( second causes _c be exclud$ or d5i$1 )\t virtually mak+ ,god's w ! only effici5t cause1 & !reby *>g+ directly & imm$iately on ,him1 n only all ! physical *anges :i* occur 9 ,nature1 b also all ! volitions & actions ( ,8 creatures4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ^! opposite & equally dang]\s extremes1 we mu/ hold ! real exi/5ce & actual op]ation ( second causes2 :ile we are c>eful1 at ! same "t1 to %[ bo? t :atev] p[]s belong to any creat$ be+ 7 orig9ally conf]r$ by ,god1 & also t !y are /ill pres]v$ & p]petuat$ by ,him1 subject to 8 control1 & liable to be susp5d$ or revok$1 accord+ to ! pleasure ( ,8 w4 ,we w\ld ?us h "o ,fir/1 & ,,_m ,,second ,,causes2 ! =m] supreme1 ! latt] subord9ate2 really di/9ct1 b n equally indep5d5t1 s9ce second causes are1 f _! v nature1 subject to ! dom9ion & control ( t ,omnisci5t ,m9d :i* call$ !m into be+1 & :i* kn[s h[ to ov]rule !m all = ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 great designs4 ,we are aw>e t "s are unwill+ to ackn[l$ge ! effici5cy ( any second causes1 & seek to resolve all ev5ts1 ev5 su* z are br\ght ab\t by ! volitions ( m51 into ! w ( ,god1 z ! only ,ag5t 9 ,nature4 ,o!rs1 aga91 admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( creat$ spirits1 & _! op]ation z real causes1 are unwill+ to ackn[l$ge any active p[]s 9 matt]1 & are anxi\s to %[ t m9d1 & m9d only1 c be an effici5t cause4 ,we see no reason = ?is extreme jeal\sy ( second causes ei!r 9 ! m5tal or ! mat]ial _w4 ,9 ! m5tal _w1 !y _c be d5i$1 z di/9ct1 al?\gh subord9ate & dep5d5t1 ag5cies1 )\t virtually mak+ ,god's w ! only cause 9 ,nature1 & !reby repres5t+ ,him z ! cause ( s91 if s91 inde$1 c\ld exi/ on t supposition1 or )\t de/roy+ ! di/9ct individuality & p]sonal responsibility ( man4 ,man mu/ be reg>d$ z a di/9ct1 ?\gh dep5d5t1 ag5t1 &1 z su*1 a real1 ?\gh subord9ate1 cause2 o!rwise e action1 :e!r good or evil1 mu/ be ascrib$ directly & imm$iately to ! effici5cy ( ! ,div9e w1 & to t alone4 ,& 9 ! mat]ial _w1 second causes c z little be disp5s$ )2 = e !ory1 ev5 ! mo/ meagre1 mu/ ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( "s p[] or prop]ty 9 matt]1 7 x only ! passive p[] or vis in]ti on :i* all ! laws ( motion dep5d4 ,& if ?is c be admitt$ z a p[] inh]5t 9 matt] & insep>able f x1 we _c see :y ! exi/5ce ( o!r p[]s1 n incompatible ) ?is1 %\ld be deem$ a :it m d]ogatory to ! dom9ion & provid5ce ( ,god4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 inde$1 ,god's w may be said to be ! ,fir/1 ! ,supreme ,cause ( all1 s9ce no?+ c happ5 )\t ,8 p]mission or appo9tm5t3 b1 9 ?is s5se1 ! exi/5ce ( natural laws & ! op]ation ( second causes are by no means exclud$2 !y are only held to h be5 orig9at$ at fir/1 & ev] aft]w>ds su/a9$ by ! ,div9e ,w1 ! latt] be+ supreme1 ! =m] subord9ate4 ,x may also be said1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 t ,m9d only is active3#aic = all ! prop]ties & p[]s ( matt] are ! results ( ! ,div9e volition1 & _! mode ( action is regulat$ & det]m9$ by laws :i* ,god has impos$2 b x 7 unphilosophical1 z well z unscriptural1 to inf] f ?is t ,he is ! only ,ag5t 9 ! ,univ]se2 x is en\gh to say t ,he creat$ ! sy/em ( ,nature1 & t ,he /ill upholds & gov]ns x by ,8 ,provid5ce4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ! speculations to :i* we h ref]r$ h a close connection ) ! argum5t1 f\nd$ on natural evid5ce1 = ! be+1 p]fections1 & provid5ce ( ,god4 ,t argum5t1 9 s f> z x dep5ds on ! mutual adaptations betwe5 natural objects & ! nice adju/m5ts ( natural laws1 might be s]i\sly impair$ by suppos+ t !re is really only "o cause 9 ,nature2 :]eas ! ascription ( c]ta9 prop]ties & p[]s to creat$ be+s1 :e!r m5tal or mat]ial1 c h no effect 9 dim9i%+ its =ce1 s9ce ! evid5ce dep5ds n s mu* on ! ph5om5a ( physical1 z on ^? ( moral causation4 ,on ! :ole1 we conclude t ! exi/5ce ( natural laws & ! op]ation ( second causes are recogniz$ alike by ! sacr$ writ]s & by s\nd philosophy2 & t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r ought to be reg>d$ z adv]se to any doctr9e :i*1 z ,*ri/ian ,!i/s1 we are conc]n$ to def5d4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,man ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,god4 ,! ,con/itution ( ,man consid]$ 9 ,relation to ,ext]nal ,objects1#aid--su* is ! title ( a popul>1 &1 9 "s respects1 in/ructive "w1 :i* has obta9$1 p>tly ?r\gh ! aid ( an end[m5t1 ext5sive circulation among ! read+ class ( artisans & tradesm54 ,writt5 9 a lucid /yle1 & illu/rat$ by num]\s facts 9 ,natural ,hi/ory & ,philosophy1 x is skilfully adapt$ to ! capacities & ta/es ( common read]s1 & x is n wond]ful t x %\ld h ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce on ! public m9d4 ,! "* ( t influ5ce1 & its t5d5cy to induce a religi\s or irreligi\s frame ( _s1 has be5 made a matt] ( controv]sial discussion4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,mr4 ,combe tells u t ',! ,con/itution ( ,man' n only admits ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b is ?r\gh\t devot$ to ! object ( exp\nd+ & prov+ t ,he ex]cises a real1 practical1 & intelligible gov]nm5t ( ?is _w1 rew>d+ virtue ) physical & moral well-be+1 & puni%+ vice ) want & suff]+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is manife/1 beyond ! possibility ( d\bt or d5ial1 t if 8 pr(ess$ ,!ism has subject$ him to ! *>ge ( be+ an inconsequ5t ?9k] 9 "s ( ! organs ( av[$ ,a!ism1#aie 8 favorite argum5ts 9 support ( gov]nm5t by natural law h be5 appli$ by himself1 & eag]ly welcom$ by o!rs1 z conclusive objections to ! doctr9e ( a special ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( ,pray]4 ,we d n object to ! limitation ( 8 inquiry to ! "o po9t ( ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! ,con/itution ( ,man & ,ext]nal ,objects1--t is a p]fectly legitimate1 & might be a highly in/ructive field ( inve/igation2 b we d object to 8 utt] =getfulness ( t limitation 9 ! progress ( 8 "w1 & to 8 attempt to introduce a v>iety ( o!r topics :i* are manife/ly ali5 f 8 pr(ess$ design4 ,if he meant to discuss m]ely ! relation betwe5 ! con/itution ( man & ext]nal objects1 he _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! f> high] & m compreh5sive doctr9e respect+ ! relation betwe5 ! con/itution ( man & ! gov]nm5t ( ,god1 &1 lea/ ( all1 ) ! reveal$ doctr9es ( a special ,provid5ce1 ( a fall into a /ate ( s91 ( dea? z its wages1 & ( spiritual influ5ces by :i* ! ru9 occasion$ by ! fall may be r$ress$2 & yet ^! topics1 =eign z !y are to ! pr(ess$ design ( 8 "w1 are all introduc$1 & treat$1 too1 9 a way t is fitt$1 if n design$1 to %ake ! confid5ce ( 8 read]s 9 :at h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z important articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,x has receiv$ ?is significant te/imony1 ',combe's ,con/itution ( ,man' w\ld be wor? a hundr$ ,new ,te/am5ts on ! banks ( ! ,ganges4#aif ,!re are two po9ts1 especially1 on :i* he comes m directly into collision ) our pres5t argum5t3 #a4 ,he speaks z if ,god gov]n$ ! univ]se only by natural laws1 s z to exclude any o!r disp5sation ( ,provid5ce4 #b4 ,he speaks z if ! physical & organic laws ( ,nature possess$ ! same au?ority & impos$ ! same obligation z ! moral laws ( ,consci5ce & ,revelation2 & z if ! brea* or neglect ( ! =m] 7 puni%able 9 ! same s5se1 & = ! same reason1 z ! transgression ( ! latt]4 ,next to ! omission ( all ref]5ce to a future /ate1 & ! total exclusion ( ! connection :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! temporal & ! et]nal "u ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 we hold ^! two to be ! capital defects ( 8 treatise2 & x may be useful1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( public op9ion1 to (f] a few rem>ks ^u ea* ( !m4 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/1 we ne$ n repeat :at we h already explicitly decl>$1 t ,god does gov]n ! _w 9 "p by means ( natural laws & second causes2 b1 n cont5t ) ?is concession1 ,mr4 ,combe speaks z if ,he gov]n$ ! _w only by ^! means1 to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ l a special ,provid5ce1 or ,div9e influ5ces4 ,x is n s mu* 9 8 dogmatic /atem5ts z 9 8 illu/rative examples t ! real t5d5cy ( 8 !ory becomes app>5t4 ,?us he speaks ( ! mo/ pi\s & b5evol5t mission>ies sail+ to civilize & ,*ri/ianize ! hea!n1 b1 emb>k+ 9 an uns\nd %ip1 !y are dr[n$ by _! disobey+ a physical law1 )\t _! de/ruction be+ av]t$ by _! morality2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! greate/ mon/]s ( iniquity emb>k+ 9 a /aun* & /rong %ip1 & escap+ dr[n+ 9 circum/ances exactly simil> to ^? :i* w\ld s5d ! mission>ies to ! bottom4 ,?us1 aga91 he speaks ( plague1 fev]1 & ague1 z result+ f ! neglect ( organic laws1 & z result+ f x s necess>ily t !y c\ld be av]t$ nei!r by ,provid5ce nor by ,pray]2 & he illu/rates 8 views by ! m5tal di/ress ( ! wife ( ,eb5ez] ,ersk9e1 & ! record$ exp]i5ce ( ,mrs4 ,hannah ,m4#aig ,x _c be d\bt$1 we ?9k1 t 9 all ^! cases he speaks z if ,god gov]n$ ! _w only by natural laws2 & t he does n recognize any special ,provid5ce or any answ] to ,pray]1 b resolves all ev5ts into ! op]ation ( ^! laws4 ,n[1 !re are evid5tly two suppositions t may be ent]ta9$ on ?is subject3 ei!r1 t ,god ord]s all ev5ts to fall out accord+ to natural laws & by means ( second causes2 or1 t :ile ,he g5]ally makes use ( means 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,8 ,provid5ce1 ,he res]ves ! lib]ty & ! p[] ( int]pos+ directly & imm$iately1 :5 ,he sees cause1 = ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 sov]eign w4 ,^! two suppositions seem to exhau/ ! only possible alt]natives 9 a "q ( ?is k9d2 &1 /range z x may at fir/ sight appe> to be1 x is nev]!less true t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is necess>ily adv]se to ! doctr9e = :i* we n[ cont5d4 ,ev5 on ! fir/ supposition1--t ,god ord]s all ev5ts to fall out accord+ to natural laws & by means ( second causes1--!re might /ill be room1 n1 inde$1 = miracul\s int]position1 b = ! ex]cise ( a special ,provid5ce & ev5 = an answ] to pray]2 = x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t1 among ! second causes creat$ & gov]n$ by ! ,supreme ,w1 !re are o!r ag5cies besides ^? t are purely physical1--!re are intellig5t be+s1 belong+ bo? to ! visible & invisible worlds1 :o may be employ$1 = ought we "k to ! contr>y1 z m9i/]s 9 fulfill+ ,8 w1 & ^: ag5cy may1 )\t any miracul\s int]f]5ce ) ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ,nature1 br+ ab\t important practical results1 j z man's own ag5cy is admitt$ to h ! p[] ( arrang+1 modify+1 & direct+ ! elem5ts ( ,nature1 :ile x has no p[] to susp5d or rev]se any natural law4 ,& if ,god is ord9>ily pleas$ to make use ( means1 :y %\ld x be ?\ght incr$ible t ,he may make use ( ! m9i/ry ( intellig5t be+s1 :e!r !y be m5 or angels1 = ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 designs8 ,b on ! second supposition1--t :ile ,he g5]ally makes use ( means 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,8 ,provid5ce1 ,he res]ves ! lib]ty & ! p[] ( int]pos+ directly & imm$iately :5 ,he sees cause1--! doctr9e ( a special ,provid5ce1 includ+ e int]position1 natural or sup]natural1 is at once e/abli%$2 & we _c see h[ ,mr4 ,combe1 z a pr(ess$ believ] 9 ,revelation1 :i* mu/ ( c\rse be reg>d$ z a sup]natural effect ( ,div9e influ5ce1 c consi/5tly d5y ,god's direct & imm$iate ag5cy 9 ,provid5ce1 s9ce he is compell$ to admit x at lea/ on two great occasions1 namely1 ! ,creation ( ! _w1 & ! promulgation ( ,8 reveal$ w4 ,9 reg>d1 aga91 to ! second capital defect or error ( 8 sy/em1 x may be conclusively %[n t he conf\nds1 or fails at lea/ duly to discrim9ate1 two ?+s :i* are radically diff]5t1 :5 he speaks z if ! physical & organic laws ( ,nature _h ! same au?ority1 & impos$ ! same obligations1 z ! moral laws ( ,consci5ce & ,revelation1 & z if ! brea* or neglect ( ! =m] 7 puni%able1 9 ! same s5se1 & = ! same reason1 z ! transgression ( ! latt]4 ,! decl>$ object ( 8 treatise is tw(old3 fir/1 to illu/rate ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! natural laws & ! con/itution ( man2 &1 secondly1 to prove ! indep5d5t op]ation ( ^! laws1 z a key to ! explanation ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,9 illu/rat+ ! relation betwe5 ! natural laws & ! con/itution ( man1 he attempts to %[ t ! natural laws require ob$i5ce n less ?an ! moral1 & t !y inflict puni%m5t on disob$i5ce3 ,! peculi>ity ( ! new doctr9e is t ^! 7! physical1 organic1 & moral laws7 op]ate indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r2 t ea* requires ob$i5ce to itself2 t ea*1 9 its own specific way1 rew>ds ob$i5ce & puni%es disob$i5ce2 & t human be+s are happy 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* !y place !mselves 9 accordance ) all ( ^! ,div9e in/itutions4 ,9 reg>d to ^! natural laws1--includ+ ! physical1 ! organic1 ! intellectual1 & ! moral1--f\r positions are laid d[n3 fir/1 t !y are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 secondly1 t ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce to ea* ( !m is foll[$ by rew>d or puni%m5t2 ?irdly1 t !y are univ]sal & inv>iable2 &1 f\r?ly1 t !y are 9 h>mony ) ! con/itution ( man4#aih ,n[1 9 ?is !ory ( natural laws1 especially z x is appli$ to ! doctr9es ( ,provid5ce & ,pray]1 !re seem to be ?ree radical defects3 #a4 ,mr4 ,combe speaks ( ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce to ! physical & organic laws1 z if !y c\ld be obey$ or disobey$ 9 ! same s5se & 9 ! same way z ! moral laws1 & z if !y impos$ an obligation on man :i* x w\ld be s9ful to disreg>d4 ,he has n duly consid]$ t ! moral law diff]s f ! physical & organic laws ( ,nature 9 two important respects3 fir/1 t :ile ! =m] may1 ! latt] _c1 be brok5 or violat$ by man2 & secondly1 t :ile ! =m] does impose an imp]ative obligation :i* is felt by e consci5ce1 ! latt] h ei!r no relation to ! consci5ce at all1 or1 if !y h1 x is collat]al & indirect only1 & arises n f ! m]e exi/5ce ( su* laws1 b f ! felt obligation ( a moral law belong+ to our own nature1 :i* prescribes prud5ce z a duty ) ref]5ce to our p]sonal conduct 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* we are plac$4 ,t ! physical & organic laws _c be brok5 or violat$ 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! moral law may be transgress$1 is evid5t f ! simple consid]ation t ! violation ( a natural law1 7 x possible1 w\ld be n a s91 b a miracle6 ,& t ^! laws impose no real obligation on ! consci5ce is fur!r manife/1 because we hold x to be p]fectly lawful to c\nt]act1 s f> z we c1 ! op]ation ( "o physical or organic law by employ+ ! ag5cy ( ano!r1 z 9 ! appliances ( ,me*anics1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,*emi/ry1 & ! art ( ,navigation4 ,:5 ! aronaut inflates 8 balloon ) a gas specifically light] ?an atmosph]ic air1 or ! %ip-build] con/ructs vessels ( wood or iron1 s t :5 fill$ ) air !y %all be light] ?an wat]1 & float ) _! c>go on its surface1 ea* is attempt+ to c\nt]act ! law ( gravitation by ! application ( c]ta9 o!r relat$ laws3 b no "o ev] dreams ( _! disobey+ ,god 9 ?us avail+ !mselves ( "o physical ag5t to c\nt]poise ano!r4 ,! moral law1 h[ev]1 _c be treat$ 9 ! same way1 & t simply because x is g5]ically diff]5t4 ,x is true1 t indirectly ! laws ( ,nature1 :5 kn[n1 may & ought to regulate our practical conduct2 n1 h[ev]1 by virtue ( any obligation impos$ by !m on our consci5ce1 b solely by virtue ( t law ( moral prud5ce :i* spr+s f consci5ce itself1 & :i* tea*es u t we ought s to act ) ref]5ce to outw>d objects z to secure1 s f> z we c1 our own safety & happ9ess1 & ! welf>e ( our fell[-m54 ,b !re c be no great] blund] ?an to conf\nd ! laws ( natural objects ) ! law ( human conduct2 & into ?is deplorable blund] ,mr4 ,combe has all[$ himself to fall4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( 8 /atem5ts respect+ ! natural laws1 !re are two ?+s includ$ "u "o "n1 :i* are p]fectly di/9ct & sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are ! laws :i* belong to ! con/itution ( natural objects1 & :i* regulate _! mutual action on "o ano!r3 9 ! second place1 !re are1 9 ! words ( a late sagaci\s layman1 rules :i* ! intellect ( man is able to d$uce = ! regulation ( 8 own conduct1 by means ( 8 k ( ^? laws :i* gov]n ! ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,^! la/ are p]fectly di/9ct f ! =m]2 & x is a mon/r\s confusion ( ideas to mix !m up toge!r4444 ,! true /ate ( ! case is ?is1--x is = our int]e/ to /udy ^! natural arrangem5ts1 & to accommodate our conduct to !m1 z f> z we "k !m2 & 9 do+ s1 we obey1 n ^? laws ( ,nature1 physical & organic1 b ! laws ( prud5ce & good s5se1 aris+ f a due use ( our moral & intellectual faculties4#aii ,ano!r acute writ]1#bjj :o /ates ! sub/ance ( ! argum5t 9 v few words1 has %[n t ! !ory ( natural laws1 z taught by ,mr4 ,combe1 is true 9 "o s5se & false 9 ano!r3 ,x is true1 fir/1 t ! ,creator has be/[$ con/itutions on physical objects2 9 o!r words1 ! con/itutions :i* physical objects possess 7 giv5 !m1 giv5 dur+ ,8 pleasure2 secondly1 t ! con/itutions ( physical objects are def9ite1--t is1 !y are di/9ct1 individual1 & incapable ( transmutation by natural causes2 ?irdly1 t no p[] b ! p[] ( ! ,creator c v>y _! con/itutions4 ,b x is n true1 fir/1 t any mode ( action ( a physical object is o!rwise inh]5t 9 x1 ?an z x is ! w ( ,god t t object %\ld n[ pres5t t mode ( action4 ,nor is x true1 secondly1 t x is beyond ! p[] ( ,god to v>y1 :5 ,he pleases1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 ! con/itution ( physical objects4 ,he fur!r %[s t1 on ,mr4 ,combe's pr9ciple ( natural laws be+ all equally ,div9e in/itutions :i* mu/ be obey$1 human ob$i5ce is a v complicat$ & p]plex+ affair1 s complicat$ & s p]plex+ z to involve positive contradictions2 t ! v same act is requir$ by "o law1 & =bidd5 by ano!r1 bo? laws be+ equally ,div9e2 & t we sometimes _c obey bo? ! 'organic' & ! 'moral' laws4 ,he concludes t physical laws ought n to be conf\nd$ ) laws ( human conduct2 t ^! we always mu/ obey1 & ^? we may (t51 )\t des]v+ blame1 boldly disreg>d2 & t by comm+l+ di/9ct classes ( 'natural laws1' ,mr4 ,combe introduces into 8 sy/em dang]\s error & gross absurdity4 #b4 ,ano!r radical defect 9 ?is !ory ( natural laws consi/s 9 its repres5t+ ! consequ5ces ( our ignorance or neglect ( !m z puni%m5ts 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* moral del9qu5cies are said to be foll[$ by p5al inflictions4 ,!re is some?+ "h :i* is totally at v>iance ) ! in/9ctive feel+s & moral convictions ( mank9d4 ,mr4 ,combe affirms t ea* ( ! ?ree great classes ( natural laws requires ob$i5ce to itself1 & t ea*1 9 its own specific way1 rew>ds ob$i5ce & puni%es disob$i5ce4 ,& he gives1 z "o example1 ! case ( ! mo/ pi\s & b5evol5t mission>ies sail+ to civilize & ,*ri/ianize ! hea!n1 b emb>k+ 9 an uns\nd %ip1 & be+ dr[n$ by disobey+ a natural law2 z ano!r1 ! case ( a *ild or an ag$ p]son1 /umbl+ into ! fire1 ?r\gh m]e lack ( physical /r5g? to keep out ( x2 z ano!r1 ! case ( an ignorant *ild1 grop+ ab\t = some?+ to eat & dr9k1 & /umbl+ on a phial ( laudanum1 dr9k+ x & dy+2 & z ano!r1 ! case ( a slat] slipp+ f ! ro( ( a high build+1 9 consequ5ce ( a /one ( ! ridge hav+ giv5 way z he walk$ upright along x4#bja ,9 all ^! cases1 ! accid5t or mis=tune :i* befalls ! individual is repres5t$ z ! puni%m5t connect$ ) ! neglect or transgression ( a natural law1 j z remorse1 %ame1 conviction1 & condemnation may be ! puni%m5t = a moral (f5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 a *ild :o ignorantly dr9ks laudanum is puni%$ ) dea?1 9 ! same s5se1 & = ! same reason1 t ! murd]] is puni%$ ) dea? = %$d+ ! blood ( a fell[-creature2 & ! poor slat] :o misses 8 foot1 & falls1 mo/ unwill+ly1 f a ro( or p>apet1 is puni%$ ) dea?1 j z a man w\ld be :o ?rew himself ov] ) ! int5tion ( committ+ suicide6 ,surely !re is "s grave error "h1--an error oppos$ to ! sure/ dictates ( our moral nature1 & "o t _c be gloss$ ov] by any apologue1 h[ev] +5i\sly con/ruct$1 to %[ ! evil effects :i* w\ld foll[ f a susp5sion ( ! g5]al laws ( ,nature4 ,=1 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,scott1 x is only :]e ! law is previ\sly kn[n--& n only s1 b :]e ! circum/ances :i* det]m9e ! effect might be =ese5--t ! pleasures or pa9s annex$ to actions c prop]ly be t]m$ rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 = ^! h ref]5ce to ! /ate ( m9d ( ! p>ty :o is to be rew>d$ or puni%$2 x is ! int5tion or disposition ( ! m9d1 & n ! m]e act ( ! body1 t is ev] consid]$ z ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce1 or ?\ght wor?y1 9 a moral s5se1 ( ei!r rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,& z ! !ory is ?us subv]sive ( all our ideas ( moral retribution1 s x dem&s ( man a k9d ( ob$i5ce :i* x is impossible = him to r5d]1 s9ce all ! laws ( ,nature1 & all ! /ates ( p>ticul> ?+s at a giv5 "t1 _c possibly be kn[n by ! ignorant _m1 nor ev5 by ! philosophic few4 ,! philosoph]1 n less ?an ! peasant1 may p]i% ?r\gh ! explosion ( a /eam eng9e1 or ! uns\ndness ( a %ip1 or ! casual ignition ( 8 dwell+2 & t1 too1 )\t blame or puni%m5t be+ involv$ 9 ei!r case4 ,on ,mr4 ,combe's !ory1 x w\ld seem to be necess>y t e "o %\ld be a man ( sci5ce1 if he w\ld avoid s9 & puni%m5t2 & yet1 un=tunately1 ! able/ man ( sci5ce is n exempt1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( 8 k1 f ! same calamities :i* befall 8 less enlight5$1 b n less virtu\s1 neighbors4 ,^! views are /rik+ly confirm$ by ! rem>ks ( a writ] 9 ,! ,reason]1 :o blames ,mr4 ,combe = complicat+ 8 argum5t unnecess>ily & uselessly ) "s ( ! tru?s ( ,!ism1 & :o ?9ks t ! doctr9e ( natural laws c only be consi/5tly ma9ta9$ on ! gr\nd ( ,a!ism4 ,if ! sy/em ( ,nature1 he says1 be view$ by itself1 )\t any ref]5ce to a ,div9e ,au?or or all-p]fect ,creator1--m]ely z an isolat$ sy/em ( facts1--no comp>ison c\ld be made1 no reconciliation w\ld be necess>y1 & ! sy/em ( ,nature w\ld be reg>d$ z ! result ( "s unkn[n cause1 a comb9ation ( good & evil1 & no m to be c5sur$ or wond]$ at = be+ :at x is1 ?an any s+le sub/ance or fact 9 ,nature excites c5sure or surprise on acc\nt ( its peculi> con/itution4444 ,! assumption ( a ,sup]natural ,be+ z ! au?or & director ( ! laws ( ,nature appe>s to me to be att5d$ ) sev]al mis*iev\s results4 ,fir/1 y make e infr+em5t ( ! laws ( ,nature an (f5ce aga9/ ! suppos$ ,div9e ,legislator1 :i*1 to a pi\s & consci5ti\s m9d1 mu/ give rise to di/ress+ remorse4444 ,aga91 "u ?is view1 ! p5alties incurr$ w (t5 be v unju/1 oppressive1 & cruel2 z :]e p]sons are plac$ 9 circum/ances t compel !m to violate ! laws ( ,nature1 z :5 !y are oblig$ to pursue "s un:olesome employm5t :i* injures _! heal? & %ort5s _! lives2 or :]e ! p5alty is incurr$ by an accid5t1 z :5 a p]son breaks a leg or an arm1 or is kill$ by a fall2 or :]e a p]son is mat]ially or fatally injur$ 9 endeavor+ to save ano!r p]son f injury or dea?4 ,9 su* cases z ^!1 to repres5t ! unavoidable pa9 or dea? incurr$ or und]gone = an act ( b5efic5ce1 z a puni%m5t inflict$ = a transgression ( ! laws ( ,god ! ,div9e ,legislator1 is to violate all our notions ( ju/ice & "r1 to say no?+ ( goodness or m]cy1 & to repres5t ! ,div9e ,be+ z grossly unju/ & cruelly v9dictive4444 ,aga91 if all suff]+1 h[ev] unavoidably incurr$1 is to be reg>d$ z a puni%m5t f ! ,div9e ,legislator1 to attempt to alleviate or remove ! suff]+ ?us incurr$ w\ld be to fly 9 ! face ( ! ,div9e au?ority1 by endeavor+ to set aside ! puni%m5t x _h inflict$2 j z x w\ld be an opposition to ! au?ority ( human laws to rescue a prison] f cu/ody1 or deliv] a culprit f puni%m5t4#bjb #c4 ,we deem x ano!r radical defect 9 ,mr4 ,combe's !ory ( natural laws1 t he repres5ts ! di/9ct exi/5ce & indep5d5t action ( ^! laws z ! key to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 z ! "o pr9ciple :i* expla9s all app>5t irregul>ities1 & acc\nts satisfactorily = ! casualties & calamities ( human life4 ,we _c d\bt1 inde$1 ei!r ! wisdom or ! b5evol5ce ( t con/itution ( ?+s "u :i* we live1 nor dispute ! value & importance ( ^? laws accord+ to :i* ! _w is ord9>ily gov]n$4 ,we admit t ! susp5sion ( any "o ( ^! laws1 except p]haps on "s signal occasion ( miracul\s int]position1 w\ld g f> to unsettle & d]ange ! exi/+ economy4 ,b natural laws--:e!r view$ individually or collectively1 & :e!r consid]$ z act+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 or z mutually relat$ & int]dep5d5t--_c af=d ( !mselves any key to ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 or any solution ( ! difficulties ( ,provid5ce4 ,we mu/ rise to a f> high] plat=m if we w\ld survey ! :ole s*eme ( ! ,div9e adm9i/ration3 we mu/ consid]1 n m]ely ! indep5d5t op]ation ( ! sev]al classes ( natural laws1 b also _! mutual relations1 z di/9ct b connect$ p>ts ( "o va/ sy/em1 9 :i* ! physical & organic laws are made subord9ate & subs]vi5t to ! moral1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( t ,supreme ,intellig5ce :i* makes ! ?+s t are se5 & temporal to m9i/] to ^? ?+s :i* are unse5 & et]nal2 we mu/ c>efully discrim9ate1 z ,bi%op ,butl] has done1 betwe5 ! m]e natural gov]nm5t :i* is common to man ) ! inf]ior & irresponsible creation1 & ! high] moral gov]nm5t :i* is peculi> to intellig5t & acc\ntable ag5ts2 & we mu/ seek to "k h[ f>--! reality ( bo? be+ admitt$--! =m] is auxili>y or subs]vi5t to ! latt]1 & :e!r1 on ! :ole1 ! sy/em is fitt$ to g5]ate t frame ( m9d1 & to inculcate ^? lessons ( tru?1 :i* are appropriate to ! condition ( man1 z a subject ( moral discipl9e 9 a /ate ( probation & trial4 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is w suffice = ! explanation ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 or = ! satisfaction ( ! human m9d4 ,x is felt to be a m]e insult to ! und]/&+s1 & a bitt] mock]y to ! feel+s1 ( m51 to talk only ( natural laws1 or ev5 ( _! indep5d5t action 9 su* a case1 to tell a weep+ "m t h] *ild di$1 & di$ too z ! transgressor ( a wise & salut>y natural law :i* e/abli%es a c]ta9 relation betwe5 opium & ! n]v\s sy/em3 =1 grant t ! law is wise & salut>y1 grant t evil w\ld result f its abolition1 grant ev5 t x acts indep5d5tly ( any o!r law1 physical or moral1 /ill ! pr(\nd] "q rema9s1 :e!r su* an ev5t z ! dea? ( a t5d] *ild1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( a law ( :i* t *ild 0 necess>ily ignorant1 c prop]ly be reg>d$ z a puni%m5t inflict$ by ,div9e ju/ice8 & :e!r a !ory ( ?is k9d c af=d a key to ! gov]nm5t ( ,god8 ,su* are "s ( ! radical & incurable defects ( ,mr4 ,combe's !ory ( natural laws4 ,we ascribe x to him simply because he has be5 ! mo/ rec5t & ! mo/ popul> exp\nd] ( x4 ,b x is n orig9al1 nor 9 any s5se peculi> to him alone4 ,he ackn[l$ges 8 obligations 9 ?is respect to a manuscript "w ( ,dr4 ,spurzheim1 entitl$1 ,a ,sket* ( ! ,natural ,laws ( ,man2 & he ref]s1 some:at incid5tally1 to ,volney's ,law ( ,nature1 publi%$ orig9ally z a ,cate*ism1 & aft]w>ds repr9t$ "u ! title1 ,la ,loi ,naturelle2 ou1 ,pr9cipes ,physiques de la ,morale4 ,! same !ory1 9 sub/ance1 _h be5 broa*$ 9 ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 & !re x 0 appli$ 9 support ( ! a!i/ic conclusions ( t rem>kable treatise4 ,b x may be said to h be5 me?odiz$ by ,volney2 & 9 8 treatise x is exhibit$ 9 a =m adapt$ to popul> in/ruction4#bjc ,!re is a /rik+ resemblance betwe5 8 speculations & ^? ( ,mr4 ,combe4 ,he1 too1 ackn[l$ges ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 b virtually sup]s$es ,8 ,provid5ce by ! sub/itution ( natural laws4 ,! law ( ,nature is def9$ z ! con/ant ord] by :i* ,god gov]ns ! _w1 & is repres5t$ z ! mo/ univ]sal rule ( action4 ,t law is suppos$ to be a comm& or a prohibition to act 9 c]ta9 cases1 accompani$ ) ! natural sanction ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,aft] giv+ sev]al examples ( natural laws1 :i* are all m]ely g5]al facts or ! g5]aliz$ results ( exp]i5ce1 he describes man's relation to ^! laws almo/ 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,combe4 ,s9ce all ^!1 & simil> facts1 he says1 are un*angeable1 con/ant1 & regul>1 !re result = man z _m true laws to :i* he mu/ con=m1 ) ! express clause ( a p5alty atta*$ to _! infraction1 or ( a b5efit atta*$ to _! obs]vance2 s t if a man %all pret5d to see well 9 ! d>k1 if he acts 9 opposition to ! c\rse ( ! seasons or ! action ( ! elem5ts1 if he pret5ds to live "u wat] )\t be+ dr[n$1 or to t\* fire )\t be+ burn$1 or to deprive himself ( air )\t be+ suffocat$1 or to dr9k poison )\t be+ de/roy$1 he receives = ea* ( ^! infractions ( ! 'natural laws' a corporeal puni%m5t1 & "o t is proportion$ to 8 (f5ce2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 if he obs]ves & obeys e "o ( ^! laws1 9 _! exact & regul> relations to him1 he w pres]ve 8 exi/5ce1 & make x z happy z x c be4 ,?is code ( natural laws is !n describ$ by ,volney z possess+ no few] ?an t5 peculi> *>act]i/ics1 :i* give x a decid$ prem95ce ov] e o!r moral sy/em1 :e!r human or ,div9e1--z be+ primitive1 imm$iate1 univ]sal1 inv>iable1 evid5t1 reasonable1 j1 peaceful1 b5eficial1 & alone suffici5t4 ,b x is s only :5 view$ 9 connection ) ! mis]ably l[ & meagre sy/em ( morals ) :i* x is av[$ly associat$4 ,= :5 morals are describ$ z a m]e physical sci5ce1 f\nd$ on man's organization1 8 int]e/s & passions1--:5 ! treatise1 accord+ to its second title1 is pr(ess$ly an attempt to exp\nd ! physical pr9ciples ( morals1--& :51 9 pursuance ( ?is plan1 all ! pr9ciples ( ,e?ics are rigor\sly r$uc$ to "o1 namely1 ! pr9ciple ( self-pres]vation1 :i* is en=c$1 z a duty1 by ! only sanctions ( pleasure & pa91--x is n wond]ful t1 = su* an end1 ! natural laws might be held suffici5t3 b x is wond]ful t any m9d capable ( a mom5t's reflection %\ld n h p]ceiv$ t1 9 su* a sy/em1 ! c>d9al idea ( ,deity is altoge!r omitt$1 or left unacc\nt$ =1 9 ! case ( ,man1 & t no attempt is made to expla9 or to acc\nt = any?+ t is prop]ly moral 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on a review ( ^! speculations1 x is important to be> 9 m9d t ! exi/5ce ( natural laws is n necess>ily exclusive ( a sup]9t5d+ ,provid5ce4 ,_! op]ation1 on ! contr>y1 may af=d "s ( ! /ronge/ pro(s ( its reality4 ,=1 :e!r consid]$ z a s*eme ( provision or z a sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ,div9e ,provid5ce re/s on a /rong body ( natural evid5ce4 ,9 ! "o aspect1 x upholds & pres]ves all ?+s2 9 ! o!r1 x controls & ov]rules all ?+s = ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,div9e w4 ,consid]$ z a s*eme ( gov]nm5t1 x is ei!r natural or moral4 ,to ! =m]1 all creat$ be+s )\t exception are subject2 to ! latt]1 only "s ord]s ( be+1--su*1 namely1 z are intellig5t1 volunt>y1 & responsible ag5ts4 ,9 ! case ( man1 con/itut$ z he is1 ! ,physical1 ,organic1 ,intellectual1 & ,moral laws are all comb9$2 & he is subject1 !re=e1 bo? to a natural gov]nm5t1 :i* is common to him ) all o!r mat]ial & organiz$ be+s1 & also to a moral gov]nm5t1 :i* is peculi> to himself z a free & acc\ntable ag5t4 ,! natural gov]nm5t ( ,god ext5ds to all 8 creatures1 & includes man consid]$ simply z "o ( !m2 & its reality is prov$1 fir/1 by ! laws to :i* all creat$ ?+s are subject1 & :i* !y h no p[] to alt] or resi/2 secondly1 by ! f9al causes or b5eficial ends :i* are obvi\sly contemplat$ 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ,nature1 & ! great purposes :i* are actually s]v$ by !m2 &1 ?irdly1 by ! necess>y dep5d5ce ( all creat$ ?+s on ! w ( ,him to :om !y owe alike ! comm5cem5t & ! cont9uance ( _! be+4 ,b ! natural gov]nm5t ( ,god1 :i* ext5ds to all ,8 creatures1 does n exhau/ or complete ! doctr9e ( ,8 ,provid5ce3 x includes also a s*eme ( moral gov]nm5t1 adapt$ to ! nature1 & design$ = ! regulation1 ( ,8 intellig5t1 volunt>y1 & responsible subjects4 ,& ! reality ( a moral gov]nm5t may be prov$1 fir/1 by ! moral faculty1 :i* is a con/itu5t "p ( human nature1 & :i* makes man a law to himself2 secondly1 by ! ess5tial nature ( virtu\s & vici\s dispositions1 z be+ inh]5tly pleasant or pa9ful2 ?irdly1 by ! natural consequ5ces ( our actions1 :i* indicate a sure connection betwe5 moral & physical evil2 &1 f\r?ly1 by ! moral atmosph]e 9 :i* we are plac$1 z be+ memb]s ( a community 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & appli$ 9 ! way ( approbation or c5sure4 ,by su* pro(s1 ! ,provid5ce ( ,god may be %[n to be a s*eme bo? ( natural & moral gov]nm5t1--two aspects ( ! same sy/em :i* are equally real1 yet widely diff]5t4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two1 al?\gh f\nd$ on a real & radical diff]5ce1 is n su* z to imply t !y h no relation to ea* o!r1 or no mutual influ5ce1 z di/9ct b connect$ p>ts ( ! same compreh5sive s*eme4 ,!y are n isolat$1 b int]p5etrat+2 !y come into contact at _m po9ts1 & ! natural is made subord9ate & subs]vi5t to ! moral4 ,= !re is a beautiful gradation 9 ! ord] ( ! e/abli%$ laws ( ,nature4 ,! physical laws are made subord9ate & subs]vi5t to ! organic2 bo? ! physical & organic are subs]vi5t to ! intellectual2 ! physical1 organic1 & intellectual are subs]vi5t to ! moral2 & ! intellectual & moral are subs]vi5t to our prep>ation = ! spiritual & et]nal4 ,9 ! words ( ,bi%op ,butl]1 ,! natural & moral con/itution & gov]nm5t ( ! _w are s connect$ z to make up toge!r b "o s*eme2 & x is highly probable t ! fir/ is =m$ & c>ri$ on m]ely 9 subs]vi5cy to ! latt]1 z ! vegetable _w is = ! animal1 & organiz$ bodies = m9ds4#bjd ,e in/ance ( pleasure or pa9 aris+ f ! volunt>y actions ( m51 is a pro( t a relation ( "s k9d has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 all ! di/9ct1 b indep5d5t1 prov9ces ( ,nature2 & ! inv>iable connection betwe5 moral & physical evil %[s h[ ! l[] are made subs]vi5t to ! high] dep>tm5ts ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 ,ap>t f a s*eme ( moral discipl9e1 !re is no reason disc]nible1 priori1 :y pa9 %\ld be ! accompanim5t or consequ5t ( "o mode ( action r ?an ano!r2 & ! relations :i* h be5 e/abli%$1 9 ! natural con/itution ( ?+s1 betwe5 s9 & mis]y1 af=ds a /rong pro( n only ( ! reality ( a moral gov]nm5t1 b ( ! subord9ation ( physical & organic ag5cies to its great designs4 ,?is relation betwe5 ! natural & ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god is admirably illu/rat$ by ,bi%op ,w>burton3 ,! application ( natural ev5ts to moral gov]nm5t1 9 ! common c\rse ( ,provid5ce1 connects ! "* ( ,"l & ,gov]nor ( ! intellectual _w ) t ( ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! mat]ial4444 ,! doctr9e ( ! pre/abli%$ h>mony1--! direction ( natural ev5ts to moral gov]nm5t1--obviates all irreligi\s suspicions1 & n only satisfies u t !re is b "o gov]nor ( bo? sy/ems1 b t bo? sy/ems are conduct$ by "o s*eme ( ,provid5ce4 ,to =m ! con/itution ( ,nature 9 su* a mann] t1 )\t controll+ or susp5d+ its laws1 x %\ld cont9ue1 ?r\gh\t a long succession ( ages1 to produce its physical revolutions z !y be/ contribute to ! pres]vation & ord] ( its own sy/em1 j at ^? precise p]iods ( "t :5 _! effects1 :e!r salut>y or hurtful to _m1 may s]ve z in/rum5ts = ! gov]nm5t ( ! moral _w3 = example1 t a =eign enemy1 amid/ our inte/9e broils1 %\ld desolate all ! fl\ri%+ works ( rural indu/ry1--t w>r+ elem5ts1 9 ! suit$ ord] ( natural gov]nm5t1 %\ld depopulate & te> 9 pieces a highly-vic$ city1 j 9 ^? v mom5ts :5 moral gov]nm5t requir$ a w>n+ & example to be held out to a c>eless _w1--is giv+ u ! noble/ z well z ! mo/ a/oni%+ idea ( ,god's goodness & ju/ice4444 ,:5 ,he made ! _w1 ! free det]m9ations ( ! human w1 & ! necess>y effects ( laws physical1 7 s fitt$ & accommodat$ to "o ano!r1 t a s9c]e rep5tance 9 ! moral _w %\ld be sure to av]t an imp5d+ desolation 9 ! natural1 n by any pres5t alt]ation or susp5sion ( its e/abli%$ laws1 b by orig9ally adju/+ all _! op]ations to all ! =ese5 circum/ances ( moral ag5cy4#bje ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! c\rse ( ,provid5ce is wond]fully adapt$ to ! con/itution ( human nature1 s9ce x af=ds z mu* c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to "s ?+s z is suffici5t to lay a f\ndation = =e?\ght1 prud5ce1 & dilig5ce 9 ! use ( means1 & yet leaves s mu* rema9+ unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to o!r ?+s z %\ld impress u ) a s5se ( con/ant dep5d5ce on ,him 9 :om we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,! con/itution ( ,nature & ! c\rse ( ,provid5ce 9 ! pres5t /ate seem ma9ly int5d$ to tea* ^! two lessons1--fir/1 ( dilig5ce 9 ! use ( means1 &1 secondly1 ( dep5d5ce on a ,high] ,p[]3 = !re is suffici5t regul>ity 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts to enc\rage human indu/ry 9 e dep>tm5t ( labor2 & yet !re is z mu* unc]ta9ty1 aris+ f ! endless complication ( causes & ! limit$ range ( human k1 z %\ld impress u ) a s5se ( our utt] helplessness4 ,! wisdom ( ,god 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w may be equally manife/$ 9 ! regul> ord] :i* ,he has e/abli%$1 & :i*1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 man may be able to asc]ta9 & reckon on z a gr\nd ( hopeful activity2 & 9 ! app>5t casualty & inscrutable my/]y ( _m ?+s :i* c nei!r be div9$ by human wisdom1 nor controll$ by human p[]4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! rema9+ unc]ta9ty is suppos$ to arise f "s classes ( ev5ts n be+ subject to regul> laws1 or f our ignorance ( ^! laws1 & ! v>iety ( _! manifold comb9ations4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is c]ta9 t1 9 our actual exp]i5ce1 &1 s f> z we c judge1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( e creature n possess$ ( omnisci5t k1 ^! two elem5ts are & mu/ be comb9$1--su* a measure ( c]ta9ty z %\ld enc\rage indu/ry 9 ! use ( means1 & su* a measure ( rema9+ unc]ta9ty z %\ld keep !m m9dful t !y are n1 & nev] c be1 indep5d5t ( ,god4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,efficacy ,,( ,,pray]4 ,! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce lays a firm f\ndation = ! duty ( ,pray]4 ,9 ! case ( all intellig5t1 moral1 & responsible be+s1 ! m]e exi/5ce ( a ,div9e gov]nm5t to :i* !y are subject1 w\ld seem to imply an obligation to own & ackn[l$ge x2 & ?is obligation is be/ fulfill$ by ! ex]cise ( pray]1 :i* is a practical te/imony alike to man's dep5d5ce & to ,god's dom9ion4 ,pray]1 9 its wide/ s5se1 includes ! :ole homage :i* man is capable ( r5d]+ to ,god z ! sole object ( religi\s wor%ip2 & x implies ! recognition ( all ,8 supreme p]fections & pr]ogatives z ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w4 ,x is usually describ$#bjf z consi/+1 fir/1 9 adoration1--9 :i* we express our s5se ( ,8 rightful supremacy & absolute p]fection1 & d homage to ,him = :at ,he is 9 himself2 secondly1 9 ?anksgiv+1--9 :i* we express our s5se ( gratitude = all ,8 k9dness & c>e1 & d homage to ,him = ! b5efits :i* ,he has be/[$2 ?irdly1 9 confession1--9 :i* we express our s5se ( s9 9 hav+ transgress$ ,8 law1 & d homage to ,him z our moral ,gov]nor & ,judge2 &1 f\r?ly1 9 petition1--9 :i* we express our s5se ( dep5d5ce alike on ,8 provid5ce & grace1 & d homage to ,him z ! ,fa!r ( lights1 f :om come? d[n e good & p]fect gift4 ,( ^!1 ! ?ree fir/ are s evid5tly reasonable & becom+1 s necess>ily involv$ 9 ! simple/ idea :i* we c =m ( our relations to ,god & ( ! obligations :i* result f !m1 t few1 if any1 ( ^? :o admit ! exi/5ce & provid5ce ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 w d5y t ! s5tim5ts !mselves are appropriate to our condition1 h[ev] !y may d\bt ! necessity or ! duty ( giv+ =mal utt]ance to !m 9 ! language ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,b 9 reg>d to ! f\r?1 :i*1 if x be n ! mo/ sublime or elevat$1 is yet ! mo/ urg5t motive to ! ex]cise ( devotion1 _m difficulties h be5 rais$ & _m objections urg$1 :i* d n apply1 at lea/ 9 ! same measure1 to ! o!r p>ts ( ,pray]1 & :i*1 9 s f> z !y prevail ) reflect+ m9ds1 w\ld soon lead to ! practical neglect ( all religi\s wor%ip4 ,! practice ( (f]+ up petitions ei!r = ourselves or o!rs1 ) ! view ( !reby obta9+ any b5efit1 :e!r ( a temporal or spiritual k9d1 has be5 d5\nc$1 & ev5 ridicul$1 z an unphilosophical attempt to alt] ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( ,nature1 or ! preorda9$ sequ5ces ( ev5ts4 ,! supposition ( its efficacy has be5 repres5t$ z a flagrant in/ance ( sup]/iti\s ignorance1 wor?y only ( ! d>k ages1 & ev5 z a presumptu\s blasphemy1 d]ogatory to ! un*angeable "* ( ! ,supreme4 ,"s h held1 inde$1 t :ile pray] c h no real efficacy ei!r 9 av]t+ evil or procur+ good1 x may nev]!less be bo? legitimate & useful1 by reason ( ! :olesome reflex influ5ce :i* x is fitt$ to ex]t on ! m9d ( ! wor%ipp]2 & !y h recomm5d$ ! cont9uance ( ! practice on ?is gr\nd1 z if m51 once conv9c$ ( its utt] inefficacy1 w\ld or c\ld cont9ue1 ) any f]v5cy1 to (f] up _! reque/s to ,god1 m]ely = ! sake ( impress+ _! own m9ds ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a sort ( consci\s hypocrisy6 ,we are told t ,david ,hume1 aft] he>+ a s]mon prea*$ by ,dr4 ,lee*man1 9 :i* he dwelt on ! p[] ( pray] to r5d] ! wi%es x express$ m ard5t & passionate1 rem>k$ ) great ju/ice1 t 'we c make use ( no expression1 or ev5 ?\ght1 9 pray]s & entreaties1 :i* does n imply t ^! pray]s h an influ5ce4' ,?is int]m$iate gr\nd1 !re=e1 is pla9ly unt5able1 & we are %ut up to "o or o!r ( two alt]natives3 ei!r !re is an efficacy 9 pray] z a means ( av]t+ evil & procur+ good1 su* z may w>rant1 & %\ld enc\rage1 u 9 (f]+ up our reque/s unto ,god2 or1 !re is no su* efficacy 9 x1 & no reason :y x %\ld be obs]v$ by any ( ,god's intellig5t creatures1 :e!r on e>? or 9 heav54 ,! pr9ciples :i* are applicable to ! decision ( ?is important "q may be be/ expla9$1 aft] adv]t+ briefly to "s ( ! p>ticul> objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! efficacy ( pray]4 ,sev]al ( ^! objections evid5tly proce$ on an errone\s view ( ! nature & object ( pray]4 ,:5 x is said1 = example1 t ,god1 be+ omnisci5t1 does n ne$ to be in=m$ ei!r ( ! wants or ! wi%es ( any ( ,8 creatures1 ! objection involves a great & important tru?1--a tru? :i* 0 explicitly recogniz$ by our ,"l :5 ,he said1 ,y\r heav5ly ,fa!r kn[e? :at ?+s ye h ne$ ( be=e ye ask ,him2 b t tru? is griev\sly misappli$ :5 x is direct$ to prove t pray] is ei!r sup]flu\s or ineffectual1 s9ce ! objection virtually assumes t ! object ( pray] is to in=m ,god ( :at ,he did n "k be=e1 & t ,8 omnisci5ce is ( itself suffici5t to %[ t pray] f m5 or angels mu/ ne$s be unavail+4 ,:5 x is said1 aga91 t ,god be+ immutable1 ,8 w _c be affect$ or alt]$ by ! petitions ( ,8 creatures1 ?is objection1 l ! =m] "o1 involves a great & important tru?1--a tru? :i* is also explicitly recogniz$ 9 ,scripture :5 x is said t ,he is )\t v>iabl5ess or ! lea/ %ad[ ( turn+2 b ?is tru?1 too1 is griev\sly misappli$ :5 x is direct$ to prove t !re c be no efficacy 9 pray]1 s9ce x might z well be said t ! ,div9e disp5sations mu/ be inv>iably ! same :atev] may be ! conduct ( ,8 creatures 9 o!r respects1 z t !y mu/ be ! same :e!r m5 d or d n pray2 or1 t ,8 proc$ure z a ,moral ,gov]nor has no ref]5ce :atev] ei!r to ! "* or conduct ( 8 subjects4 ,b1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,price1 ,god's un*angeabl5ess1 :5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! ex]tion ( ,8 attributes 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 consi/s1 n 9 always act+ 9 ! same mann] h[ev] cases & circum/ances alt]1 b 9 always do+ :at is "r1 & v>y+ ,8 conduct accord+ to ! v>i\s actions1 *>act]s & dispositions ( be+s4 ,if1 !n1 pray] makes an alt]ation 9 ! case ( ! suppliant1 z be+ ! dis*>ge ( an indisp5sable duty1 :at w\ld 9 tru? inf] *angeabl5ess 9 ,him w\ld be1 n ,8 reg>d+ & answ]+ x1 b ,8 n do+ ?is4#bjg ,:5 x is said1 aga91 t !re c be no efficacy 9 pray]1 because !re is an e/abli%$ con/itution & regul> c\rse ( ,nature1 by :i* all ev5ts1 :e!r prosp]\s or adv]se1 are inv>iably det]m9$1 & :i* _c be alt]$ or modifi$ )\t a miracle1 ?is objection1 l ea* ( ! two =m]1 involves an important tru?1--a tru? :i* is also explicitly recogniz$ 9 ,scripture :5 x speaks ( ! ord9ances ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & ( ! peculi> laws & prop]ties ( all creat$ ?+s2 b ?is tru? is also griev\sly misappli$ :5 x is direct$ to prove t ,god's w has no effici5t control ov] natural ev5ts1 or t ,he has no ag5cies at ,8 disposal by :i* he c accompli% ! desires ( !m t seek ,him4 ,9 all ^! objections !re is an app>5t tru?1 b !re is also a lat5t error2 & ! false conclusion is f\nd$ on an errone\s supposition 9 reg>d to ! nature & object ( pray]4 ,= ?is reason1 we %all endeavor to sep>ate ! tru? f ! error1 & to lay d[n a few positions :i* may be e/abli%$ bo? by reason & ,scripture1 & :i* w be suffici5t to %[ t ! doctr9e :i* affirms ! efficacy ( pray] is n only cr$ible1 b true4 #a4 ,pray]1 9 ! re/rict$ s5se 9 :i* we n[ speak ( x1 z d5ot+ petition or supplication1 consi/s 9 (f]+ up ! desires ( ! he>t to ,god = ?+s agreeable to ,8 w4 ,x is n a m]e =mal1 outw>d homage1 su* z might be r5d]$ by words1 or c]emonies2 x is a spiritual s]vice1 9 :i* ! m9d & he>t ( man come into imm$iate conv]se ) ,god ,himself4 ,x is (f]$ to ,him p]sonally1 z to ! invisible b ev]-pres5t ,se>*] ( he>ts1 :o he>s ! desire ( ! humble1 & ^: e> is att5tive to ! voice ( _! supplications4 ,?is implies ! recognition ( ,8 omnipres5ce & omnisci5ce1 b ^! p]fections ( ,8 nature d n sup]s$e ! expression ( our desires 9 pray]1 j because pray] is design$1 n to increase ,8 k1 b to decl>e our s5se ( dep5d5ce on ,8 w1 & to procure ,8 grace to help u 9 e "t ( ne$4 ,our petitions1 too1 are always b\nd$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 & subject to at lea/ "o indisp5sable condition2 !y are (f]$ only = ?+s agreeable to ,8 w2 & :5 our own w is ?us1 9 ! v act ( pray]1 expressly subord9at$ to t :i* is alone un]r+ & supreme1 we ackn[l$ge at once ,8 rightful sov]eignty & our dutiful subjection1 & we are n ju/ly *>geable ) ! presumption ( dictat+ to ,god ! c\rse ( proc$ure :i* ,he %\ld pursue t[>ds u4 ,we are protect$1 too1 aga9/ ! evils :i* our own errors 9 pray] might o!rwise entail on u1 = we "k n :at ?+s to pray = z we ought2 & we h an infallible security t1 9 ! be/ & highe/ s5se1--t :i* is mo/ 9 accordance ) our real welf>e1--our pray]s mu/ be answ]$1 s9ce our wills are resolv$ into ,8 w2 & ,8 w1 be+ omnipot5t1 _c be resi/$ or fru/rat$ 9 any ( its designs4 ,our assurance ( ! c]ta9 efficacy ( our pray]s is s mu* ! great]1 9 proportion z we h reason to believe t ! ?+s = :i* we pray are agreeable to ,8 w2 & h5ce we are m confid5t 9 ask+ spiritual ?an temporal gifts2 = ! =m] we "k to be always agreeable to ,8 w & conducive to our own welf>e1 :ile ! latt] may1 or may n1 be good = u 9 our pres5t circum/ances1 & mu/ be left at ! sov]eign disposal ( ,him :o kn[s :at is 9 man1 & :at is be/ = ea* ( ,8 *ildr54 #b4 ,consid]+ ! relation 9 :i* we /& to ,god z ,8 creatures & subjects1 x is natural1 fit1 & prop] t we %\ld make kn[n our reque/s to ,him1 & supplicate ! aids bo? ( ,8 provid5ce & grace2 & if x be our duty to pray1 x is reasonable to believe t ,god w h "s respect to our pray]s 9 ,8 me?ods ( deal+ ) u2 9 o!r words1 t1 z a righte\s moral gov]nor1 he w make a diff]5ce betwe5 ! godly & ! ungodly1 ! m5 :o d1 & ! m5 :o d n1 pray4 ,9 ?is position x is assum$ t !re are c]ta9 relations1 natural or reveal$1 subsi/+ betwixt u & ,god1 9 virtue ( :i* x is our duty to ackn[l$ge ,8 dom9ion & our dep5d5ce1 by supplicat+ ! aids ( ,8 provid5ce & grace4 ,t su* relations d subsi/ betwe5 ,god & man1 is ev9c$ alike by ! light ( ,nature & ( ,revelation2 & !y _c be disc]n$ or realiz$ )\t imm$iately sugge/+ ! idea ( c]ta9 correspond+ obligations & duties4 ,e "o ^: consci5ce has n be5 utt]ly se>$ mu/ in/9ctively feel ! =ce ( t appeal1 ,if ,i be a ,fa!r1 :]e is m9e honor8 & if ,i be a ,ma/]1 :]e is my fe>8 ,=1 consid]+ ,god 9 ! v simple/ aspect ( ,8 "* z ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 ,he /&s relat$ to u z ! ,au?or & ,pres]v] ( our be+1 z our rightful ,proprietor & con/ant ,b5efactor1 z our supreme ,lawgiv]1 ,gov]nor1 & ,judge2 & ^! natural relations1 ap>t altoge!r f ! sup]natural :i* are reveal$ 9 ,scripture1 are suffici5t to lay a solid gr\ndwork = ! duty ( pray] 9 ! case ( e intellig5t be+ :o is capable ( kn[+ ,god1 & ackn[l$g+ 8 dep5d5ce on ! ,div9e w4 ,9 su* a case1 pray] is felt to be a natural1 fit1 & becom+ expression ( :at is kn[n to be true1 & :at ought1 z a matt] ( duty1 to be practically av[$4 ,n[1 ?is is ! gr& design ( pray]2 & 9 its real design1 :5 t is rightly appreh5d$1 x f9ds its noble/ v9dication4 ,! object ( pray] is1 nei!r to in=m ,god1 z if he 7 n omnisci5t1 nor to alt] ,8 et]nal purposes1 z if ,he 7 n un*angeable1 nor to unsettle ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( ,nature1 z if ,he 7 n a ,god ( ord]2 b simply to ackn[l$ge ,8 dom9ion & our dep5d5ce1 & to obta9 f ,him1 9 ! way ( ,8 own appo9tm5t1 ! bless+s ( :i* we /& 9 ne$4 ,x is n unreasonable to believe t ,god1 z ! ,gov]nor ( ! _w1 w h "s reg>d to ! dispositions & actions ( ,8 responsible creatures1 z a reason = deal+ diff]5tly ) ^? :o own1 & ^? :o dis[n1 ,8 supremacy2 & t ,he may require ! use ( c]ta9 means1 su* z ! ex]cise ( pray]1 ) ! view ( our obta9+ f ,him1 9 a way ! mo/ b5eficial to ourselves1 ! bless+s1 :e!r temporal or spiritual1 ( :i* we /& 9 ne$4 ,= if we really be ! creatures ( ,god1 &1 z su*1 dep5d5t on ,8 provid5tial b\nty1 & subject to ,8 righte\s gov]nm5t1 x is self-evid5tly natural & "r t we %\ld1 z intellig5t & responsible be+s1 ackn[l$ge ,8 supreme dom9ion & our absolute dep5d5ce by supplicat+ ! aids bo? ( ,8 provid5ce & grace4 ,?is is our duty1 consid]+ ! relations :i* ,he su/a9s t[>ds u2 & if x be fit & prop] t we %\ld pray to ,god1 if x be1 9 our circum/ances1 a duty :i* we owe to ,him1 !n x is mo/ reasonable to believe t x is equally fit & prop] 9 ,god to h "s respect to our pray]s1 & to deal ) u diff]5tly accord+ z we ei!r obs]ve or neglect ?is religi\s duty4 ,pray] may be reg>d$ 9 "o or o!r ( two di/9ct aspects3 ei!r z a duty1 ! obs]vance or neglect ( :i* mu/ be foll[$1 "u a sy/em ( moral gov]nm5t1 ) diff]5t results2 or simply z a means1 ! use ( :i* is productive ( c]ta9 effects :i* are made to dep5d on ?is special in/rum5tality4 ,& 9 ei!r view1 its efficacy may be affirm$ on ! same gr\nds on :i* we are wont to v9dicate ! use ( all o!r means1 & to en=ce ! obs]vance ( all o!r duties1 9 connection ) ! sy/em ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t4 #c4 ,! efficacy ( pray]1 s f> f be+ inconsi/5t )1 is f\nd$ on1 ! immutability ( ! ,div9e purposes & ! fai?fulness ( ! ,div9e promises4 ,god's purposes are ju/ly held1 9 all o!r cases1 to include ! means z well z ! ends2 & !y are (t5 fulfill$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( second causes4 ,8 purpose to provide = ! wants ( man & bea/ has ref]5ce n m]ely to ! h>ve/ :i* is ! result1 b also to ! agricultural labor by :i*1 in/rum5tally1 ! h>ve/ is prep>$4 ,may n pray] be also a means orda9$ by ,god 9 ! orig9al con/itution ( ! _w1 a means t[>ds c]ta9 ends :i* are made dep5d5t on its use8 ,if x be su* a means1 !n its efficacy is e/abli%$1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* we are conc]n$ to cont5d = x2 :ile x is %[n to be no m inconsi/5t ) ! immutability ( ! ,div9e purposes1 ?an any o!r sy/em ( means or in/rum5ts t may be employ$ z subord9ate ag5cies 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,?is important view is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 ,scripture4 ,= "s ( ! purposes ( ,god1 :i* might h be5 undiscov]able 9 ! m]e light ( ,nature1 are !re explicitly decl>$2 nay1 !y are ?r[n into ! =m ( express promises1 to :i* ! ,div9e fai?fulness is solemnly pl$g$2 & yet ! ex]cise ( pray]1 s f> f be+ sup]s$$ by ^! promises1 is r /imulat$ & enc\rag$ by !m2 & ! believ] pleads ) increas$ f]vor & confid5ce :5 he simply conv]ts ,god's promises into 8 own petitions4 ,he feels t 9 do+ s he is tak+ ,god at 8 ^w2 & t 8 own pray]1 9 s f> z x is w>rant$ by ,8 promise1 _c be ineffectual any m ?an ,god's fai?fulness c fail4 ,?us ,daniel und]/ood by books ! numb] ( ! ye>s :]e( ! ^w ( ! ,"l came to ,j]emiah ! prophet1 t ,he w\ld accompli% sev5ty ye>s 9 ! desolation ( ,j]usalem4 ,he knew ! ,"l's promise1 & t ! "t = its fulfilm5t 0 at h&2 yet s f> f reg>d+ ei!r ! immutability ( ! ,div9e purpose1 or ev5 ! infallible c]ta9ty ( ! ,div9e promise1 z a reason = neglect+ pray]1 z if t ex]cise 7 sup]flu\s or va91 he 0 /imulat$ & enc\rag$ to pray j because he knew ! ^w ( ! ,"l4--,& ,i set my face1 he says1 unto ! ,"l ,god1 to seek by pray] & supplications1 ) fa/+1 sackclo?1 & a%es2 & ,i pray$ unto ! ,"l my ,god1 & said1 ,o ,"l6 he>2 ,o ,"l6 =give2 ,o ,"l6 he>k5 & d2 def] n1 = ?9e own sake1 ,o my ,god6#bjh ,?us1 aga91 :5 ! ,"l gave c]ta9 great & preci\s promises to ,8 anci5t p1 assur+ !m t ,he w\ld spr9kle clean wat] ^u !m1 & give !m a new he>t & a "r _s1 x is add$1 ,i w yet = ?is be inquir$ ( by ! h\se ( ,israel to d x = !m4#bji ,?us1 aga91 :5 ! ,savi\r himself gave to ,8 disciples t promise1 :i* is emphatically call$ ! promise ( ! ,fa!r1 assur+ !m t !y %\ld be baptiz$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/ n _m days h5ce1 & direct+ !m to wait at ,j]usalem until !y %\ld be endu$ ) p[] f above1 ! apo/les1 s f> f reg>d+ t promise z sup]s$+ ! ex]cise ( pray]1 betook !mselves imm$iately to an upp] room1 & all cont9u$ ) "o accord 9 pray] & supplication2 &1 at ! appo9t$ "t1 ,god's promise 0 fulfill$1 & _! pray] answ]$1 :5 !y 7 all fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 & began to speak ) o!r tongues z ! ,_s gave !m utt]ance4 ,^! examples are abundantly suffici5t to %[ t pray]1 s f> f be+ inconsi/5t )1 is f\nd$ on1 ! immutability ( ! ,div9e purposes1 & ! fai?fulness ( ! ,div9e promises4 #d4 ,our next position is1 t ! me?od 9 :i* ,god answ]s ! pray]s ( ,8 p may be1 9 _m respects1 my/]i\s or ev5 inscrutable2 b no objection to ! efficacy ( pray]1 :i* is f\nd$ on our ignorance ( ,8 inf9ite res\rces1 c h any weight1 especially :5 !re are sev]al hypo!tical solutions1 any "o ( :i* is suffici5t to neutralize its =ce4 ,an omnipres5t1 omnisci5t1 & almighty ,be+1 presid+ ov] ! affairs ( ,8 own _w1 z ! au?or1 uphold]1 & gov]nor ( all ?+s1 may well be conceiv$ to h inf9ite res\rces at ,8 comm&1--su* z we c nev] fully e/imate1--by :i* he c give effect to pray] 9 ways t may be to u inscrutable4 ,b our ignorance ( ! mode is no reason = d\bt+ ! reality ( ,8 int]position 9 answ] to pray]2 & ev5 if we 7 unable to decide on ! comp>ative m]its ( ! v>i\s explanations ( x :i* h be5 propos$1 ! m]e fact t !re are sev]al solutions1 at once conceivable & cr$ible1 any "o ( :i* may be suffici5t1 z a hypo!tical explanation1 to neutralize e adv]se presumption1 %\ld be held tantam\nt to a pro( t no valid or conclusive objection c be urg$ aga9/ x4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s has frequ5tly illu/rat$ ! legitimate & important uses ( hypo!tical solutions 9 ,!ology2 & has conclusively %[n t ev5 :]e !y leave u at a loss to det]m9e :i* ( v>i\s me?ods ( solv+ a difficulty is ! true/ or ! be/1 !y yet s]ve a great purpose1 if !y m]ely neutralize an objection1 by %[+ t ! difficulty 9 "q might be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 7 our k m ext5sive or m precise4#baj ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! efficacy ( pray]1 !re are f\r di/9ct solutions1 or r f\r diff]5t me?ods ( dispos+ ( ! difficulty1 any "o ( :i* is suffici5t to v9dicate ! claims ( ! doctr9e on our fai?4 ,we %all n discuss ! respective m]its ( ^! v>i\s solutions 9 detail1 b %all m]ely /ate !m1 ) ! view ( %[+ t !re are sev]al me?ods ( acc\nt+ = ! efficacy ( pray] 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ,nature4 ,! fir/ is ! !ory ( ^? :o hold t !re is ! same relation betwe5 pray] & ! answ] to pray] z betwe5 cause & effect 9 any o!r sequ5ce ( ,nature4 ,pray] is suppos$ to be ! cause1 & ! answ] ! effect2 & ?is by an inv>iable law1 e/abli%$ 9 ! orig9al con/itution1 & manife/$ 9 ! uni=m c\rse1 ( ! _w4 ,to ?is solution ,dr4 ,*alm]s seems to ref] :5 he says1 t ! doctr9e ( ! efficacy ( pray] b introduces a new sequ5ce to ! notice ( ! m9d1 t x may add ano!r law ( ,nature to ^? :i* h be5 =m]ly obs]v$1 & t ! g5]al tru? may be pres]v$1 t ! same result always foll[s 9 ! same circum/ances1 al?\gh x %\ld be discov]$ t pray] is "o ( ^? influ5tial circum/ances by :i* ! result is liable to be modifi$4#baa ,n[1 if x be meant m]ely to affirm t1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ,8 provid5tial gov]nm5t1 ,god has respect to ! pray]s ( m5 z a consid]ation :i* affects _! relation to ,him & ,8 treatm5t ( !m1 & t ?is rule is z inv>iable z any o!r law ( ,nature1 ! pr9ciple t is involv$ 9 ?is solution may be admitt$ z s\nd & valid2 b if x be fur!r meant1 t pray] & ! answ] to pray] are 9 all respects simil> to any o!r in/ance ( cause & effect1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! answ] is n ! effect ( ! pray]1 at lea/ directly & imm$iately1 b ! effect ( ! ,div9e w2 & !n ! "q sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,m',co%--:e!r causality c prop]ly be ascrib$ to our pray]s ) ref]5ce to ! ,div9e w8--w\ld claim our s]i\s consid]ation4 ,b 9 ! =m] s5se1 z imply+ no?+ m ?an t1 9 ! orig9al con/itution & ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,provid5ce1 ! same effect is giv5 to our pray]s z to any o!r moral cause or condition1 x seems to be exempt f all reasonable objection1 & to af=d a suffici5t explanation ( ! difficulty4 ,! second hypo!tical solution is t ( ^? :o hold t :ile ,god1 9 answ]+ ! pray]s ( m51 does n ord9>ily di/urb ! kn[n or discov]able sequ5ces ( ! natural _w1 yet ,8 int]f]5ce may be alike real & efficaci\s ?\gh x %\ld take place at a po9t 9 ! s]ies ( natural causes f> remov$ beyond ! limits ( our exp]i5ce & obs]vation2 & ?us ! answ] to pray] may be effectually giv5 )\t any infr+em5t on ! kn[n regul>ities ( ,nature4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s adv]ts to ?is second solution 9 reply+ to an objection :i* might possibly be rais$ aga9/ ! fir/1 namely1 t we see no evid5ce ( ! con/ancy ( visible nature giv+ way to t invisible ag5cy1 ! int]position ( :i* x is ! express object ( pray] to obta92 & he sugge/s t1 9 ! va/ scale ( natural sequ5ces1 :i* con/itute "o connect$ *a91 ! responsive t\* f ! f+] ( ! ,almighty may be giv5 ei!r at a high] or a l[] place 9 ! progression1 & t if x be suppos$ to be giv5 f> en\gh back1 x might orig9ate a new sequ5ce1 b )\t do+ viol5ce to any asc]ta9$ law1 s9ce x occurs beyond ! rea* ( our exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,?is solution we hold to be n s mu* an effective argum5t 9 favor ( ! efficacy ( pray]1 z a conclusive answ] to a p>ticul> objection aga9/ x4 ,x is suffici5t to %[ t1 ) our v limit$ k1 we act presumptu\sly 9 decid+ aga9/ ! possibility ( an answ] to pray] su* z may leave ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( ,nature unalt]$2 b !re is no necessity1 & no reason1 = suppos+ t ! responsive t\* c only be giv5 at a po9t to :i* our k does n ext5d1 or t1 7 our k ext5d$1 we w\ld h less difficulty 9 admitt+ x !re1 ?an 9 hold+ x to be possible at any l[] t]m 9 ! scale ( sequ5ces4 ,! ?ird hypo!tical solution is t ( ^? :o hold t a ,div9e answ] to pray] may be convey$ ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( angels1 or ! ag5cy ( intellig5t1 volunt>y1 & active be+s1 employ$ by ,god1 9 subord9ation to ,8 ,provid5ce1 = ! accompli%m5t ( ,8 great designs4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an ord]1 or r hi]>*y1 ( creat$ intellig5ces is cle>ly reveal$ 9 ,scripture2 & x is r5d]$ cr$ible1 or ev5 probable1 by ! analogy ( ,nature1 s9ce we obs]ve on e>? a regul> gradation ( animal life f ! insect up to man1 & we h no reason to suppose t ! gradation is sudd5ly arre/$ j at ! po9t :]e ! animal & ! spiritual are comb9$4 ,b n only _! exi/5ce1 _! active ag5cy also1 z m9i/]s fulfill+ ,8 w1 z m9i/]+ spirits s5t =? to m9i/] to !m :o %all be heirs ( salvation1 is explicitly & frequ5tly decl>$ z well z exemplifi$ 9 ,scripture2 & ?is1 too1 w\ld be1 on ! supposition ( _! exi/5ce1 9 /rict accordance ) ! analogy ( ,nature1 :i* %[s t ! l[] ord]s ( be+ are plac$ "u ! c>e & control ( ! high]4 ,mr4 ,boyle1 accord+ly1 makes frequ5t ref]5ce1 9 8 ,!ological treatises1 to ! m9i/ry ( angels1 z subord9ate ag5ts1 ?r\gh ^: in/rum5tality _m ( ! designs ( ,provid5ce may be c>ri$ into effect2 & ,presid5t ,edw>ds enl>ges on ! same !me4#bab ,! f\r? hypo!tical solution is t ( ^? :o hold t ,god has s arrang$ ,8 ,provid5ce f ! beg9n+ z to provide = p>ticul> ev5ts z well z = g5]al results1 & especially to provide an answ] to ! pray]s ( ,8 intellig5t creatures4 ,?is solution is m g5]al ?an any ( ! ?ree =m]1 & may ev5 be compreh5sive ( !m all4 ,x reg>ds pray] z an elem5t :i* 0 tak5 into acc\nt at ! orig9al con/itution ( ! _w1 & = :i* an answ] 0 provid$1 z ! result ( natural laws or ( angelic ag5cy1 employ$ = ?is express end by ! omnisci5t =ekn[l$ge & wisdom ( ,god4 ,x is ! solution t has obta9$ ! sanction ( "s ( ! highe/ names 9 ,sci5ce & ,!ology4 ,i beg91 says ,eul]1 ) consid]+ an objection :i* almo/ all ! ,philosophical ,sy/ems h />t$ aga9/ pray]4 ,religion prescribes ?is z our duty1 ) an assurance t ,god w he> & answ] our v[s & pray]s1 provid$ !y are con=mable to ! precepts :i* ,he ha? giv5 u4 ,philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ructs u t all ev5ts take place 9 /rict con=mity to ! c\rse ( ,nature1 e/abli%$ f ! beg9n+1 & t our pray]s c effect no *ange :atev]1 unless we pret5d to expect t ,god %\ld be cont9ually work+ miracles 9 compliance ) our pray]s4 ,?is objection has ! great] weight1 t ,religion itself tea*es ! doctr9e ( ,god's hav+ e/abli%$ ! c\rse ( all ev5ts1 & t no?+ c come to pass b :at ,god =esaw f all et]nity4 ,is x cr$ible1 say ! objectors1 t ,god %\ld ?9k ( alt]+ ?is settl$ c\rse1 9 compliance ) any pray]s :i* m5 might address to ,him8 ,b ,i rem>k1 fir/1 t :5 ,god e/abli%$ ! c\rse ( ! univ]se1 & arrang$ all ! ev5ts t mu/ come to pass 9 x1 ,he paid att5tion to all ! circum/ances :i* %\ld accompany ea* ev5t1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 to ! dispositions1 desires1 & pray]s ( e intellig5t be+2 & t ! arrangem5t ( all ev5ts 0 dispos$ 9 p]fect h>mony ) all ^! circum/ances4 ,:51 !re=e1 a man addresses to ,god a pray] wor?y to be he>d1 t pray] 0 already he>d f all et]nity1 & ! ,fa!r ( m]cies arrang$ ! _w expressly 9 favor ( t pray]1 s t ! accompli%m5t %\ld be a consequ5ce ( ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,x is ?us t ,god answ]s ! pray]s ( m5 )\t work+ a miracle4#bac ,x is n impossible1 says ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 t su* laws ( ,nature1 & su* a s]ies ( causes & effects1 may be orig9ally design$ t n only g5]al provisions may be made = ! sev]al species ( be+s1 b ev5 p>ticul> cases1 at lea/ _m ( !m1 may also be provid$ =1 )\t innovations or alt]ations 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature4 ,x is true ?is am\nts to a prodigi\s s*eme1 9 :i* all ?+s to come are1 z x 71 compreh5d$ "u "o view1 e/imat$ & laid toge!r3 b :5 ,i consid] :at a mass ( wond]s ! univ]se is 9 o!r reg>ds1 :at a ,be+ ,god is1 incompreh5sibly great & p]fect1 t ,he _c be ignorant ( any?+1 no n ( ! future wants & deportm5ts ( p>ticul> m51 & t all ?+s :i* d]ive f ,him1 z _! ,fir/ ,cause1 mu/ d ?is s z to be consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 & 9 su* a mann] z to make "o compact sy/em1 befitt+ s great an ,au?or2 :5 ,i consid] ?is1 ,i _c d5y su* an adju/m5t ( ?+s to be )9 ,8 p[]4 ,! ord] ( ev5ts1 proce$+ f ! settlem5t ( ,nature1 may be z compatible ) ! due & reasonable success ( my endeavors & pray]s 7z inconsid]able a "p ( ! _w z ,i am7 z ) any o!r ?+ or ph5om5a h[ great soev]4444 ,& ?us ! pray]s :i* good m5 (f] to ! all-kn[+ ,god1 & ! neglects ( o!rs1 may f9d fitt+ effects1 already =eca/$ 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature1 :i* possibly may be ext5d$ to ! labors ( m5 & _! behavior 9 g5]al4#bad ,if ev] !re 0 a future ev5t1 says ,dr4 ,gordon1 :i* might h be5 reckon$ on ) absolute c]ta9ty1 & "o1 !re=e1 9 ! accompli%m5t ( :i* x might appe> t pray] c\ld h no room or efficacy1 x 0 j ! re/oration ( ! ,jewi% captives to ! l& & city ( _! fa!rs4 ,& yet1 s f> f suppos+ t !re 0 no place = pray] to occupy1 among ! v>i\s means t 7 employ$ to br+ ab\t t ev5t1 x 0 j 8 firm belief 9 ! ne>ness & c]ta9ty ( x t set ,daniel ^u f]v5t & p]sev]+ supplications = its accompli%m5t4444 ,) reg>d to ! rank :i* ,daniel's pray] occupi$ among ! v>i\s means or ag5cies t 7 to be employ$ 9 br++ ab\t ! object ( x1 he _h good reason to believe t x 0 nei!r )\t a def9ite place1 nor 9 itself devoid ( efficacy4444 ,he _h be5 honor$ to v9dicate ! p[] & ass]t ! supremacy ( ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel2 by ! wisdom ( 8 c\nsels & ! weight ( 8 p]sonal "*1 he _h pav$ ! way = t decision 9 favor ( ! p ( ,god to :i* ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia 0 soon to be br\ght2 & ! :ole bus9ess ( 8 active & mo/ labori\s life 0 made to be> on ! int]e/s & ! lib]ation ( 8 afflict$ bre?r54 ,& if ,god _h ?us assign$ to ! outw>d actions ( ,8 s]vant an important place 9 c>ry+ into effect ,8 ?\ghts ( peace t[>ds 8 p5it5t p1 is x conceivable t ,he _h no place 9 t s*eme = ! holy & spiritual ef=ts ( ! same s]vant8 or t ! aspirations ( a sanctifi$ _s1 ! travail+ ( a s\l int5t ^u ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,div9e w & ! manife/ation ( ! ,div9e glory1 %\ld be less effici5t or less ess5tial 9 ! execution ( ! ,div9e c\nsels1 ?an ! outw>d & ord9>y ag5cy ( human actions8 ,! :ole t5or & ! mo/ explicit decl>ations ( ,scripture /& oppos$ to su* a supposition2 nor c ,i und]/& h[ a dev\t m9d %\ld h any difficulty 9 conceiv+ t x mu/ be s4 ,! ag5cy ( pray] is1 inde$1 a less obvi\s & palpable ?+ ?an t outw>d cop]ation :]eby mank9d are r5d]$ subs]vi5t to ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,div9e purposes4 ,b is x n an ag5cy ( an unspeakably l(ti] "*8 ,is x n ! cop]ation ( an immortal _s1 be>+ ! impress ( ! ,div9e image1 & at ! mom5t act+ 9 unison ) ! ,div9e w8 ,is x n befitt+ ! "* ( ,god to set ^u t cop]ation a special m>k ( ,8 holy approbation1 by assign+ to x a m elevat$ place among ! second>y causes :i* ,he is pleas$ to employ8 ,& mu/ !re n be provision made1 !re=e1 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,8 adm9i/ration1 = fulfill+ ! special promise ( ,8 ^w1 ',! ,"l is nigh to all t call ^u ,him1 to all t call ^u him 9 tru?4'#bae ,we %\ld blu%1 says ,bi%op ,w>burton1 to be ?\ght s un9/ruct$ 9 ! nature ( pray]1 z to fancy t x c "w any tempor>y *ange 9 ! dispositions ( ! ,deity1 :o is '! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]4' ,yet we are n a%am$ to ma9ta9 t ,god1 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* n only su/a9s ea* sy/em1 b connects !m all ) "o ano!r1 ha? s wond]fully contriv$1 t ! tempor>y endeavors ( pi\s m5 %all procure good & av]t evil1 by means ( t 'pre/abli%$ h>mony' :i* ,he ha? will$ to exi/ betwe5 moral actions & natural ev5ts4 ,b %\ld "s frigid skeptic1 !re=e1 d>e ,to d\bt ! all-prevail+ p[] ( pray]2 ,z if 'tw]e ours1 ) impi\s zeal1 to try ,to %ake ! purposes ( ,deity2 ,pause1 cold philosoph]1 nor snat* away ,! la/1 ! be/1 ! wret*$'s sure/ /ay4 ,look r\nd on life1 & trace its *eck]$ plan1 ,! griefs1 ! joys1 ! hopes1 ! fe>s ( man2 ,tell me1 if ea* deliv]ance1 ea* success1 ,ea* transi5t gold5 dream ( happ9ess1 ,ea* palm t g5ius 9 ! race acquires1 ,ea* ?rill+ rapture virtu\s pride inspires1 ,tell me1 if ea* & all 7 n comb9$ ,9 ! great purpose ( ! ,et]nal ,m9d8 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us :ile we humbly own ! va/ decree1 ,=m$ 9 ! bosom ( ,et]nity1 ,& "k all second>y causes t5d ,ea* to contribute to "o mighty end2 ,yet :ile ^! causes firmly fix$ rema9-- ,l9ks q unbrok5 9 ! endless *a91 ,s t c\ld "o be snapp$1 ! :ole mu/ fail1 ,& wide confusion o'er ! _w prevail2 ,:y may n our petitions1 :i* arise ,9 humble adoration to ! skies1 ,be =eorda9$ ! causes1 :5ce %all fl[ ,our pure/ pleasures 9 ?is vale ( woe8 ,n t !y move ! purpose t ha? /ood ,by "t un*ang$1 immeasurably good1 ,b t ! ev5t & pray] alike may be ,unit$ objects ( ! same decree4#baf ,on ! :ole1 we feel ourselves w>rant$1 & ev5 con/ra9$1 to conclude t ! !ory ( gov]nm5t by natural law is defective 9 s f> z x excludes ! sup]9t5d5ce & control ( ,god ov] all ! ev5ts ( human life1 & t nei!r ! exi/5ce ( second causes nor ! op]ation ( physical laws %\ld dim9i% our confid5ce 9 ! c>e ( ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( ,pray]4 ,,footnotes3 #aha ,,cic]o1 ,de ,natur ,deorum1 lib4 ,i4 c4 #dd4 #ahb ,,h[e1 ,works1 ,i4 #ajd4 ,,cudwor?1 ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ,i4 #abj1 #add4 #ahc ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,,vi4 #adi1 #bdg1 #bie4 ,,sp9oza1 ,tractatus ,!ol4-politicus1 pp4 #eg1 #ajb1 #abb1 #add1 #aej1 #cai4 #ahd ,,dr4 ,,*ann+1 ,memoirs1 ,,ii4 #dci4 ,,robt4 ,,boyle1 ,free ,inquiry into ! ,notion ( ,nature1 p4 #g4 #ahe ,,pr(essor ,,s$gwick1 ,disc\rse1 fif? edition1 p4 ,,cliii4 ,,mr4 ,,combe1 ,con/itution ( ,man1 p4 #dag4 #ahf ,prov]bs #f3 #bg2 ,psalm #fh3 #b2 #hc3 #ad2 ,james #c3 #ab2 ,mat!w #g3 #af2 ,prov]bs #h3 #bi2 ,job #ch3 #aa1 #cc2 ,psalm #aai3 #ij2 ,j]emiah #ca3 #ce2 #cc3 #be4 #ahg ,,dr4 ,m',,co%1 ,on ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #abf1 #abi1 #adi4 #ahh ,we/m9/] ,confession1 c4 v41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 #ahi ,m4 ,,comte1 ,c\rs1 ,,iv4 #ffc1 #ffi2 ,v4 #bei1 #bgg2 ,,vi4 #gjb1 #ghj4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mill1 ,logic1 ,i4 #cig1 #dag1 #dbb2 ,,ii4 #aji1 #dga4 ,,lewes1 ,biographical ,hi/ory1 ,i4 #ad2 ,,iii4 #ee2 ,,iv4 #i1 #db4 #aij ,,dr4 ,,reid1 ,essays1 ,,iii4 #dd4 ,,dr4 ,m',,co%1 ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1 #hh1 #ia1 #aaa1 #aad4 #aia ,,sir ,,john ,,h]s*ell1 ,address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahde4 #aib ,,dr4 ,,?os4 ,,br[n1 ,essay on ,cause & ,effect1 p4 #hf4 ,,dr4 ,,?os4 ,,reid1 ,essays1 ,i4 #acf4 ,,pi]re ,,poiret1 ,de ,deo1 ,anima1 et ,malo4 #aic ,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,br[n1 ,essay on ,cause & ,effect1 pp4 #gd1 #hc1 #ic1 #ajh1 #aia4 #aid ,,george ,,combe1 ,,esq4 #aie ,reason]1 ,,xii4 #ba1 #bc4 #aif ,,holyoake1 ,grant & ,holyoake's ,discussion1 p4 #dj4 #aig ,,george ,,combe1 ,con/itution ( ,man1 pp4 #aej1 #aee1 #afc1 #afe1 #bcd1 #cdc1 #ceh4 #aih ,,mr4 ,,combe1 ,con/itution ( ,man1 ,,vi41 ,,ix41 #be1 #ci1 #da4 #aii ,,mr4 ,,scott1 ,h>mony ( ,phr5ology ) ,scripture1 pp4 #hb1 #ig4 #bjj ,,citiz5 ,,k5n$y1 ,nature & ,revelation ,h>moni\s1 pp4 #gj1 #abb1 #abd1 #aca4 #bja ,,mr4 ,,combe1 ,con/itution ( ,man1 pp4 #be1 #ec1 #cjf1 #cfd4 #bjb ,f4 ,b4 ,,b>ton1 ,! ,reason]1 ,,xi4 #bd1 #cgc4 #bjc ,,volney1 ,la ,loi ,naturelle1 :i* has be5 translat$1 & is usually app5d$ to 8 ,ru9s ( ,empires4 #bjd ,,butl]',s ,analogy1 p4 #a4 c4 #g4 #bje ,,w>burton',s ,works1 ,x4 p4 #h4 #bjf ,,dr4 ,,price',s ,diss]tations1 p4 #aih4 #bjg ,,dr4 ,,price1 ,diss]tations1 pp4 #bjh1 #bai4 #bjh ,daniel #i3 #b1 #ai4 #bji ,ezekiel #cf3 #cg4 #baj ,,dr4 ,,*alm]s1 ,works1 ,,ii4 #bhf4 #baa ,ibid41 #cbe4 #bab ,,hon4 ,,rob4 ,,boyle1 ,!olog4 ,works1 ,,ii4 #if1 ,,iii4 #bcj4 ,,presid5t ,,edw>ds1 ,works1 ,x4 #a4 #bac ,,eul]1 ,lett]s to a ,g]man ,pr9cess1 ,i4 #bga4 #bad ,,dr4 ,,wolla/on1 ,religion ( ,nature1 p4 #ajc4 #bae ,,dr4 ,,robt4 ,,gordon1 ,s]mons1 p4 #cfi4 #baf ,x is ) melan*oly pleasure t ! au?or recalls & reproduces1 aft] an int]val ( ?irty ye>s1 ! l9es ( 8 e>ly college companion1--,,william ,,fri5d ,,durant1--a "y man ( high promise1 remov$1 l 8 di/+ui%$ fell[-/ud5t1 ,,rob]t ,,pollock1 by :at might seem a premature dea?1 b = ! prospect ( immortality4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,*ance ,,& ,,fate4 ,:5 we survey ! actual c\rse ( ,god's ,provid5ce1 by :i* ! et]nal purposes ( ! ,div9e ,m9d are c>ri$ into effect1 we disc]n imm$iately a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 two great classes ( ev5ts4 ,! "o compreh5ds a multitude ( ev5ts :i* are s regul>1 /able1 & con/ant1 t we feel ourselves w>rant$ 9 reckon+ on _! inv>iable recurr5ce1 9 ! same circum/ances 9 :i* !y h be5 obs]v$2 !y seem to be gov]n$ by an un*angeable1 or at lea/ an e/abli%$ law4 ,! o!r compreh5ds a diff]5t set ( ev5ts1 :i* are s irregul> & v>iable t !y occur q unexpect$ly1 & _c be r$uc$ to any rule ( rational computation2 !y appe>1--p]haps f our ignorance1--to be purely accid5tal or =tuit\s4 ,9 exact accordance ) ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two great classes ( ,provid5tial ev5ts1 !re is a simil> diff]5ce 9 our int]nal views or s5tim5ts 9 reg>d to !m4 ,we are consci\s ( two totally dissimil> feel+s 9 contemplat+ !m respectively4 ,we h a feel+ ( c]ta9ty1 confid5ce1 or assurance 9 reg>d to ! "o2 & a feel+ ( unc]ta9ty1 anxiety1 & helplessness 9 reg>d to ! o!r2 :ile = an int]m$iate class ( ev5ts1 !re is also an int]m$iate /ate ( m9d1 equally remov$ f entire c]ta9ty & absolute d\bt1 aris+ f ! v>i\s degrees ( probability t may seem to belong to !m4 ,^! are at once natural & legitimate s5tim5ts 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* we are plac$2 = unque/ionably !re is mu* 9 ^! circum/ances t is fitt$ to produce & *]i% !m all2 & :5 !y are comb9$1--especially :5 !y are duly proportion$1 9 ! case ( any individual1 !y induce a habit or frame ( m9d mo/ favorable to ! recognition ( ,god's ,provid5ce1 & mo/ conducive to our welf>e1 by impress+ u ) a s5se bo? ( our dep5d5ce on ,8 supreme w1 & ( our duty to be dilig5t 9 ! use ( all appo9t$ means4 ,b :5 ei!r ( ! two classes ( ev5ts is exclusively consid]$1 or ! s5tim5ts appropriate to !m inord9ately *]i%$1 !re w be a t5d5cy1 9 ! abs5ce ( an enlight5$ belief 9 ,provid5ce1 t[>ds "o or o!r ( two opposite extremes3--! extreme1 on ! "o h&1 ( resolv+ all ev5ts into results ( physical ag5cies & me*anical laws1 act+ ) ! bl9d =ce ( de/9y1 & leav+ no room = ! int]position ( an intellig5t ,moral ,rul]2 & ! extreme1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ascrib+ all ev5ts to accid5tal or =tuit\s influ5ces1 equally exempt f ,8 control4 ,! =m] is ! !ory ( ,fate1 ! latt] is ! !ory ( ,*ance2 & bo? are equally oppos$ to ! doctr9e :i* affirms ! et]nal purpose & ! actual provid5ce ( an omnisci5t & all-controll+ ,m9d4 ,x matt]s little1 ) ref]5ce to our pres5t purpose1 :e!r or n e dep>tm5t ( ,nature be suppos$ to be equally subject to natural laws2 = ev5 7 x s1 /ill if ^! laws 7 ei!r 9 "p unkn[n & undiscov]able by u1 or s relat$ to ea* o!r t ! results ( _! manifold possible comb9ations c\ld n be calculat$ or reckon$ on by human wisdom or =esight1 ample room w\ld be left = ! ex]cise ( dilig5ce )9 ! limits ( our asc]ta9$ k1 & yet = a s5se ( dep5d5ce on a p[] :i* we feel ourselves unable ei!r to compreh5d or control4 ,on ! gr\nd ( analogy1 we ?9k x highly probable t e dep>tm5t ( ,nature is subject to regul> & /able laws2 & on ! same gr\nd we may anticipate t1 9 ! progressive advance ( human k1 _m new fields w yet be conqu]$1 & add$ to ! doma9 ( ,sci5ce4 ,b suppose e law 7 discov]$1--suppose1 ev51 t e individual ev5t %\ld be %[n to dep5d on "s natural cause1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 at lea/ two consid]ations :i* %\ld rem9d u ( our dep5d5ce4 ,! fir/ is our ignorance ( ! :ole comb9ation ( causes :i* may at any "t be br\ght into action1 & ( ! results :i* may fl[ f !m 9 circum/ances su* z we c nei!r =esee nor provide aga9/4 ,! second is our ignorance1 equally unavoidable & pr(\nd1 ( ! intellig5t & volunt>y ag5cies :i* may be at "w1 modify+1 dispos+1 & direct+ t comb9ation ( causes1 s z to accompli% ! purposes ( ! ,omnisci5t ,m9d4 ,our want ( k 9 ei!r case is a reason = unc]ta9ty2 & our unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ev5ts 9 :i* we may be deeply conc]n$ is fitt$ to tea* u our dep5d5ce on a high] ,p[]4 ,let x n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t our argum5t = ,god's ,provid5ce is drawn m]ely f man's ignorance1 or t its /r5g? mu/ dim9i% 9 proportion z 8 k ( ,nature is ext5d$2 on ! contr>y1 x re/s on ! assumption t man kn[s en\gh to be aw>e t he _c "k all1 & t z long z he is n omnisci5t1 he mu/ be dep5d5t on ,him :o alone kn[s ! end f ! beg9n+1 & :o rule? among ! armies ( heav5 z well z among ! inhabitants ( ?is e>?4 ,x is 9 ! inv>iable comb9ation & m>vell\s mutual adju/m5t ( ^! two elem5ts1--! regul> & ! v>iable1 ! con/ant & ! casual1 ! c]ta9 & ! unc]ta91--t we be/ disc]n ! wisdom ( t va/ s*eme ( ,provid5ce1 :i* is design$ at once to secure our dilig5ce 9 ! use ( means1 & to impress u ) a s5se ( our dep5d5ce on a high] ,p[]4 ,& ! same rem>k may be equally applicable1 mutatis mut&is1 to ! reveal$ con/itution ( ?+s1 s9ce ,scripture itself exhibits c]ta9 def9ite tru?s surr\nd$ ) a m>g9 ( my/]y l lights %9+ 9 a d>k place2 & :ile x prescribes & enc\rages dilig5ce 9 ! use ( means1 tea*es u at ! same "t our dep5d5ce on ! ,div9e bless+ :i* alone c r5d] our ef=ts effectual4 ,bo? elem5ts1 !re=e1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt & kept /eadily 9 view1 if we w\ld =m a compreh5sive conception ( ! me?od ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 or a correct e/imate ( ! wisdom ) :i* x is adapt$ to ! case ( creat$ & dep5d5t1 b intellig5t1 active1 & responsible be+s4 ,b :5 ! "o is ei!r dissev]$ f ! o!r1 or view$ ap>t & exclusively by itself1 :5 ! m9d dwells on ei!r1 to ! neglect ( :at is equally a "p ( ! same compreh5sive s*eme1 !n we are 9 dang] ( adopt+ a p>tial & "o-sid$ view ( ,provid5ce1 & ( laps+ into "o or o!r ( ! opposite extremes1--! !ory ( ,*ance or ! !ory ( ,fate4 ,a few rem>ks on ea* ( ^! !ories may be nei!r unseasonable nor useless1 if !y s]ve to illu/rate ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,a!ism :i* h sprung f !m1 & to place 9 a cle> & /rong light ! radical diff]5ce :i* subsi/s betwe5 bo?1 & ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 z x is taught & exemplifi$ 9 ,scripture4 #a4 ,! !ory ( ,*ance1 :i* 0 once ! /ronghold ( ,a!ism1 is n[ all b ab&on$ by speculative ?9k]s1 & exi/s only1 if at all1 9 ! vague beliefs ( un$ucat$ & unreflect+ m54 ,?is result has be5 br\ght ab\t1 n s mu* by ! ,metaphysical or ev5 ! ,!ological consid]ations :i* 7 urg$ aga9/ ! !ory1 z by ! /eady advance ( ,sci5ce1 & ! sl[ b progressive gr[? ( a belief 9 law & ord] z exi/+ 9 e dep>tm5t ( ,nature4 ,x has be5 und5iably ! effect ( sci5tific inquiry to bani% ! idea ( ,*ance1 at lea/ f z mu* ( ! doma9 z has be5 successfully explor$1 & to af=d a /rong presumption t ! same result w\ld foll[ 7 our rese>*es ext5d$ beyond ! limits )9 :i* !y are yet conf9$4 ,to ?is ext5t !re is tru? 9 ! reason+s ( ,m4 ,comte z appli$ to ,*ance1 :ile !y h no validity or value z appli$ to ,provid5ce2 & we deem x a noble tribute to ,sci5ce :5 x c be said ( h] ) tru?1 t %e has be5 an effective auxili>y to ,religion 9 ov]?r[+ ! once vaunt$ empire ( t bl9d p[]4 ,at "o "t "s ascrib$ all ! works bo? ( ,creation & ,provid5ce to ,*ance1 & spoke ( a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms 9 ! "o case1 & ( a =tuit\s concurr5ce ( ev5ts 9 ! o!r4 ,! ,atomic !ory1 :i*1 z a m]e physiological hypo!sis1 is f> f be+ necess>ily ,a!i/ic1 & :i* has be5 adopt$ & def5d$ by su* writ]s z ,gass5dus & ,dr4 ,goode1#bag 0 appli$ by ,epicurus & ,lucretius to acc\nt = ! =tuit\s orig9 ( exi/+ be+s1 & also = ! =tuit\s c\rse ( human affairs4 ,no "o n[1 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( sci5ce1 w\ld s]i\sly propose to acc\nt ei!r = ! creation ( ! _w1 or = ! ev5ts ( ! _w's hi/ory1 by ascrib+ !m to ! op]ation ( ,*ance2 ! curr5t is fl[+ 9 ano!r direction2 x has set 91 l a return+ tide1 t[>ds ! univ]sal recognition ( g5]al laws & natural causes1 su* z1 f _! inv>iable regul>ity & uni=mity1 are utt]ly exclusive ( ev]y?+ l *ance or accid5t 9 any dep>tm5t ( ,nature4 ,in/ead ( ascrib+ ! creation ( ! _w to a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 mod]n speculation w\ld ref] x to a law ( developm5t su* z is able ( itself to insure ! production ( a/ral sy/ems 9 ! firmam5t1 & also ( vegetable & animal races on ! e>?1 )\t any direct or imm$iate int]position ( a high] p[]2 & in/ead ( ascrib+ ! ev5ts ( hi/ory & ! progress ( humanity to a =tuit\s or accid5tal orig91 mod]n speculation w\ld ref] !m to a law ( social or hi/orical developm5t1 su* z makes e succe$+ /ate ! natural1 &1 inde$1 necess>y product ( a prior "o1 & places ! :ole ord] ( sequ5ces--:e!r physical1 moral1 political1 or religi\s--"u ! gov]nm5t ( natural law1 z contradi/+ui%$ f t ( a sup]natural w4 ,!re is ?us a manife/ t5d5cy to resile f ! old !ory ( ,*ance1 & to take refuge 9 ! new asylum ( ,law1 ,ord]1 or ,de/9y4 ,!re is1 app>5tly1 a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! two contra/$ sy/ems2 & yet ! diff]5ce may be1 aft] all1 m seem+ ?an real3 = bo? ! old doctr9e ( *ance & ! new !ory ( developm5t are compell$ to assume c]ta9 conditions or qualities z belong+ to ! primordial elem5ts ( matt]1 )\t :i* x is felt t nei!r ,*ance nor ,fate c af=d a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! works ei!r ( ,creation or ,provid5ce4 ,! "o p>ty spoke m ( ,*ance1 ! o!r speaks m ( ,law2 b bo? 7 compell$ to feel t nei!r ,*ance nor ,law c\ld ( !mselves acc\nt = ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ,nature1 )\t presuppos+ c]ta9 conditions1 adju/m5ts1 & dispositions ( matt]1 su* z c\ld only be satisfactorily expla9$ by ascrib+ !m to a wise1 =esee+1 & design+ ,m9d4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( philosophical speculation1 :i* ev9ces s /rong a t5d5cy to r$uce ev]y?+ to ! dom9ion ( ,law1 x may seem unnecess>y to ref] to ! doctr9e ( ,*ance at all2 b believ+ z we d t !re are1 & ev] mu/ be1 c]ta9 ev5ts 9 ! c\rse ( life1 & c]ta9 facts 9 ! complex exp]i5ce ( man1 :i* w irresi/ibly sugge/ ! idea ( x1 ev5 :]e ! doctr9e is !oretically dis[n$1 we ?9k x "r to lay d[n a di/9ct & def9ite position on ?is subject1 su* z may s]ve1 if duly e/abli%$1 at once to neutralize :atev] is false & noxi\s 9 ! doctr9e ( ,*ance1 & at ! same "t to pres]ve :atev] is true & :olesome 9 x1 z hav+ a t5d5cy to illu/rate ! actual s*eme ( ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,& ! position :i* we are dispos$ to /ate & prep>$ to e/abli% is ?is3 ,t1 ) ref]5ce to ,god1 z an omnisci5t ,be+1 !re is1 & !re c be1 no su* ?+ z ,*ance2 :ile1 ) ref]5ce alike to m5 & angels1 _m ev5ts may be =tuit\s or accid5tal1 n z be+ indep5d5t ( causes1 b z dep5d+ on causes unkn[n1 or on comb9ations ( causes ^: jo9t op]ation may result 9 effects absolutely undiscov]able by our limit$ intellig5ce4 ,?is position consi/s ( two p>ts4 ,x affirms t ) ref]5ce to ,god & ,8 omnisci5t k1 !re c be no?+ t is =tuit\s1 accid5tal1 or unexpect$4 ,x affirms1 ) ref]5ce to man & all creat$ intellig5ces1 t !re may1 or ev5 mu/1 be mu* unc]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! products ( natural causes1 especially :5 !y act 9 comb9ation1 & come into play 9 circum/ances :i* we _c =esee or control4 ,_m ev5ts may ?us be casual1 accid5tal1 or unexpect$ to m51 :i* are n s to ! supreme gov]n+ ,intellig5ce4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! position is prov$ by ! g5]al evid5ce :i* w>rants u 9 ascrib+ omnisci5ce1 & especially an un]r+ presci5ce1 to ! ,div9e ,m9d2 & x _c be d5i$1 )\t virtually ascrib+ ignorance to ,god4 ,! second "p ( ! position is e/abli%$ by "s ( ! mo/ famili> facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,we "k & feel t h[ev] c]ta9 all ev5ts are to ! omnisci5t k ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 _m ( !m are entirely beyond ! rea* ( our limit$ =esight2 & ?is because !y are ei!r dep5d5t on individual causes :i* are unkn[n to u1 or on a comb9ation ( v>i\s causes1 too complex to admit ( any rational computation 9 reg>d to _! results4 ,! calculation ( *ances has be5 r$uc$ to some?+ l sci5tific accuracy2#bah & x has be5 appli$1 ) b5eficial effect1 to ! insurance ( life & prop]ty on l& & at sea4 ,ev5 ! casual ev5ts ( human hi/ory may be said1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 to be gov]n$ by fix$ laws4 ,! aggregate result 9 su* cases may be tol]ably c]ta91 :ile ! individual cases are v mu* ! rev]se2 & h5ce human wisdom1 proce$+ on a well-asc]ta9$ body ( /ati/ics1 may con/ruct a s*eme = secur+ "s aga9/ ! evils to :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h be5 liable1 by means ( ! sacrifices ( o!rs1 :o w\ld n h be5 9 fact1 al?\gh !y might h be51 = ought !y "k1 liable to ! same4 ,b :at is ?is1 if x be n a practical ackn[l$gem5t ( ! unc]ta9ty 9 :i* all are plac$ 9 reg>d to "s ( ! mo/ important int]e/s ( ! pres5t life8 or h[ c x be said t *ance or accid5t is altoge!r1 & 9 e s5se1 explod$1 :5 l>ge bodies ( m5 are f\nd to comb9e1 & t1 too1 at a consid]able p]sonal sacrifice1 = ! express purpose ( protect+ !mselves1 s f> z !y c1 f ! haz>ds to :i* !y are individually expos$8 ,9 ! s5se above expla9$1 we _c cons5t to disc>d ,*ance altoge!r1 ei!r at ! bidd+ ( ^? :o resolve ev]y?+ into natural laws1 or ev5 9 def]5ce to ! au?ority ( o!rs :o ascribe all ev5ts to ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,x may be true t all ev5ts1 h[ev] app>5tly casual or =tuit\s1 are gov]n$ by natural laws2 x may be equally true t all ev5ts are det]m9$1 direct$1 or controll$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce3 b z long z "s ev5ts dep5d on causes :i* are c]ta9ly kn[n1 & o!r ev5ts on causes :i* are n kn[n1 or on a comb9ation ( causes ^: results _c be =ese51 s long w !re be room = ! di/9ction betwe5 ! regul> & ! accid5tal ph5om5a ( human exp]i5ce4 ,?is di/9ction1 inde$1 is explicitly recogniz$ 9 ,scripture itself2 = :ile x speaks ( all ev5ts z be+ infallibly kn[n to ,god1 x speaks ( "s ev5ts t are accid5tal ) ref]5ce to man4#bai ,! unkn[n1 un=ese51 & unexpect$ incid5ts ( life1 :i* con/itute all t is app>5tly casual or accid5tal1 may be1 & we believe !y are1 really subject bo? to natural laws & to ,god's provid5tial w2 b !y are remov$ f> beyond our compreh5sion or control2 & be+ s1 !y are admirably fitt$1 z a "p ( ! complex s*eme ( ,8 natural & moral gov]nm5t1 to s]ve "o ( ! mo/ important practical ends = :i* x is design$1 by impress+ u ) a s5se ( con/ant dep5d5ce on a high] ,p[]1 & ( dutiful subjection to a sup]ior ,w4 ,b :ile1 9 ?is s5se & to ?is ext5t1 ! doctr9e ( ,*ance is reta9$1 x mu/ be utt]ly reject$ z a means ( acc\nt+ ei!r = ! creation or gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,=1 on ! supposition ( a ,supreme ,be+1 !re c be no *ance ) ref]5ce to ,him2 & )\t su* a supposition1 we _c acc\nt = ! regul>ity :i* prevails 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature1 & :i* indicates a presid+ ,intellig5ce & a controll+ ,w4 4 #b4 ,b ?is v regul>ity ( ,nature1 :5 view$ ap>t f ! cross accid5ts ( life1 is apt to eng5d] ! opposite idea ( ,fate or ,de/9y1 z if all ev5ts 7 det]m9$ by laws alike necess>y & inv>iable1 inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( ,nature1 & indep5d5t ( ! concurr5ce or ! control ( ! ,div9e w4 ,we are n sure1 inde$1 t ! idea ( ,fate or ,de/9y is sugge/$ solely1 or ev5 ma9ly1 by ! regul> sequ5ces ( ! natural _w2 we r ?9k t x is m frequ5tly d]iv$ f ^? unexpect$ & cru%+ calamities :i* occur 9 spite ( e precaution ( human =esight & prud5ce1 & t ?us x may be id5tifi$1 9 a great measure1 ) ! doctr9e ( ,*ance1 or1 at lea/1 ! "o may run into & bl5d ) ! o!r4 ,b if any attempt 7 made to e/abli% x by pro(1 rec\rse w\ld be _h to ! e/abli%$ ord] & regul> sequ5ces ( ,nature1 z af=d+ its mo/ plausible v]ification1 al?\gh !y af=d no real sanction to x1 9 s f> z x diff]s f ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,provid5ce4 ,dr4 ,cudwor? discusses ?is subject at great l5g?1 & makes m5tion ( ?ree di/9ct =ms ( ,fatalism4 ,! fir/1 :i* is v>i\sly designat$ z ! ,democritic1 ! ,physiological1 or ! ,a!i/ic ,fate1 is t :i* tea*es ! mat]ial or physical necessity ( all ?+s1 & ascribes all natural ph5om5a to ! me*anical laws ( matt] & motion4 ,! second1 :i* is describ$ z a species ( ,div9e or ,!i/ic ,fate1 is t :i* admits ! exi/5ce & ag5cy ( ,god1 b tea*es t ,he bo? decrees & does1 purposes & p]=ms all ?+s1 :e!r good or evil1 z if ,he 7 ! only real ag5t 9 ! univ]se1 or z if ,he _h no moral "*1 & 71 z ,cudwor? graphically expresses x1 m]e arbitr>y w omnipot5t3 ?is he describes z a ,div9e ,fate immoral & viol5t4 ,! ?ird1 :i* is also designat$ z a species ( ,div9e or ,!i/ic ,fate1 is t :i* recognizes bo? ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ! ag5cy ( o!r be+s 9 ,nature1 toge!r ) ! radical di/9ction betwe5 moral good & evil1 b tea*es t m5 are s f> "u necessity z to be incapable ( moral & responsible action1 & unfit subjects ( praise or blame1 ( rew>d or puni%m5t3 ?is he describes z ,div9e ,fate moral & natural4 ,^! ?ree are all ju/ly held to be errone\s or defective views ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 &1 z su*1 !y are /r5u\sly & successfully oppos$4#bbj ,b !re is room = a f\r? doctr9e1 :i* may be designat$ z ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 & :i* comb9es 9 itself all ! great fundam5tal tru?s = :i* ,dr4 ,cudwor? cont5ds1 :ile x leaves op51 or1 at lea/1 does n necess>ily det]m9e1 "s ( ! collat]al que/ions on :i* he might h diff]$ f _m ( its def5d]s4 ,?is doctr9e affirms1 fir/1 ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ,god1 z a holy & righte\s ,moral ,gov]nor2 secondly1 ! real exi/5ce & actual op]ation ( second causes1 di/9ct f1 b n indep5d5t (1 ! ,fir/ ,cause2 ?irdly1 ! op]ation ( ^! causes accord+ to _! sev]al natures1 s t1 "u ,god's ,provid5ce1 ev5ts fall out ei!r necess>ily1 freely1 or cont+5tly1 accord+ to ! k9d ( int]m$iate ag5cy by :i* !y are br\ght to pass2 &1 f\r?ly1 t 9 ! case ( intellig5t & moral ag5ts1 ample room is left = responsible action1 & = ! consequ5t s5t5ce ( praise or blame1 rew>d or puni%m5t1 not)/&+ ! et]nal decree ( ,god1 & ! con/ant control :i* ,he ex]cises ov] all ,8 creatures & all _! actions4 ,^! f\r positions may be all h>moni\sly comb9$ 9 "o self-consi/5t & compreh5sive /atem5t2 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 !y are all includ$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 z t has be5 usually expla9$ & def5d$ by ! v>i\s sections ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,n "o ( !m is omitt$ or d5i$4#bba ,!y seem fairly to meet1 or r fully to exhau/1 ! dem&s ( ,dr4 ,cudwor? himself1 :5 he says3 ,^! ?ree ?+s are1 z we conceive1 ! fundam5tals or ess5tials ( true religion1 fir/1 t all ?+s 9 ! _w d n float )\t a head or gov]nor1 b t !re is a ,god1 an omnipot5t und]/&+ ,be+1 presid+ ov] all2 secondly1 t ?is ,god be+ ess5tially good & j1 !re is some?+ 9 its own nature immutably & et]nally j & unju/1 & n by arbitr>y w1 law1 & comm& only2 & la/ly1 t !re is some?+ ,greek3 eph' hm91 or t we are s f> =? pr9cipals or ma/]s ( our own actions z to be acc\ntable to ju/ice = !m1 or to make u guilty or blamewor?y = :at we d amiss1 & to des]ve puni%m5t accord+ly4 ,all ^! fundam5tals ( true religion are explicitly recogniz$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 :i* /&s out1 !re=e1 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! ,a!i/ic1 & ev5 ,!i/ic1 !ories ( ,fate :i* he condemns2 & !y are z zeal\sly ma9ta9$ 7:e!r ) ! same consi/5cy is a diff]5t "q7 by ,edw>ds1 ,*alm]s1 & ,woods1 on ! "o side1 z !y ev] 7 by ,cudwor?1 ,cl>ke1 & ,tappan1 on ! o!r4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 especially :5 taught 9 connection ) t ( ,pr$e/9ation1 does unavoidably imply "s k9d ( necessity1 incompatible ) free moral ag5cy1 & t1 to all practical int5ts1 x am\nts sub/antially to ,fate or ,de/9y4 ,b we are prep>$ to %[ t !re is nei!r ! same k9d ( necessity 9 ! "o s*eme :i* is impli$ 9 ! o!r1 nor ! same reason = d5y+ moral & responsible ag5cy 9 ! case ( intellig5t be+s4 ,9 do+ s1 we mu/ c>efully discrim9ate1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 betwe5 ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* ! t]m necessity is us$4 ,dr4 ,wat]l& has giv5 a compreh5sive division ( necessity into f\r k9ds1 d5om9at$ respectively1 ! ,logical1 ! ,moral1 ! ,physical1 & ! ,metaphysical4 ,logical necessity exi/s :]ev] ! contr>y ( :at is affirm$ w\ld imply a contradiction2 & 9 ?is s5se we call x a necess>y tru? t two & two make f\r1 t a :ole is great] ?an any ( its p>ts1 & t a circle nei!r is nor c be a squ>e4 ,x am\nts to no?+ m ?an ! affirmation1 t ! same idea or ?+ is :at x is2 & x relates solely to ! connection betwe5 "o idea & ano!r1 or betwe5 "o proposition & ano!r1 or betwe5 subject & pr$icate4 ,?is is logical necessity2 we _c1 ) our pres5t laws ( ?\ght1 conceive ! ?+ to be o!rwise )\t imply+ a contradiction4 ,moral necessity1 aga91 d5otes a connection1 n betwe5 "o idea & ano!r1 or betwe5 ! subject & pr$icate ( a proposition1 b betwe5 means & ends4 ,x is n necess>y absolutely t any man %\ld cont9ue to live2 b x is necess>y morally t1 if he w\ld cont9ue to live1 he %\ld eat & sleep1 food & re/ be+1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ con/itution ( ,nature1 a necess>y condition or indisp5sable means = ! support ( life4 ,!re is 9 l mann] a moral necessity t we %\ld be virtu\s & ob$i5t1 if we w\ld be truly happy1 virtue & ob$i5ce be+1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ con/itution ( ,nature1 an indisp5sable means ( true & p]man5t happ9ess4 ,?is is moral necessity :i* has ref]5ce solely to ! connection betwe5 means & ends1 b t connection1 be+ orda9$1 is immutable & inv>iable4 ,physical necessity1 aga91 exi/s :]ev] !re is ei!r a causal connection betwe5 antec$5ts & consequ5ts 9 ! mat]ial _w1 or ev5 a coactive & compulsory con/ra9t 9 ! moral _w4 ,x is physically necess>y t fire %\ld burn sub/ances t are combu/ible1 t wat] & o!r fluids %\ld fl[ d[n a declivity1 & rise aga9 b only to a c]ta9 level2 & !re is ! l k9d ( necessity1 :]ev] a moral ag5t is =c$ to act "u irresi/ible compulsion1--z :5 ! assass9 seizes hold ( ano!r's arm1 & ?ru/+ a deadly weapon into 8 h&1 directs x1 by 8 own ov]ma/]+ w1 to ! bra9 or he>t ( 8 victim4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! unwill+ in/rum5t ( 8 rev5ge or malice is n held to be ! guilty p>ty1 b ! m p[]ful ag5t by :om t in/rum5t 0 employ$4 ,?is is physical necessity1 :i* relates solely to ! connection betwe5 cause & effect 9 ! mat]ial _w1 &1 9 ! moral1 to ! compulsory action ( "o ag5t on ano!r4 ,metaphysical necessity1 aga91 c be pr$icat$ ( ,god only1 & d5otes ! peculi> prop]ty or pr]ogative ( ,8 be+1 z exi/+ necess>ily1 immutably1 & et]nally1 or1 to use a s*ola/ic phrase1 ! necess>y connection 9 ,8 case betwe5 ess5ce & exi/5ce4 ,omitt+ ! la/1 :i* does n fall prop]ly )9 ! limits ( our pres5t inquiry1 we may say ) reg>d to ! ?ree fir/1 t ea* ( !m may exi/1 & t ea* ( !m does really op]ate1 9 ! pres5t con/itution ( ,nature4 ,we are subject1 unque/ionably1 to c]ta9 laws ( ?\ght1 :i* we c nei!r repeal nor resi/1 & :i* impose ^u u a logical necessity to conceive1 to reason1 & to inf]1 n accord+ to our own :im or caprice1 b accord+ to e/abli%$ rules4 ,we are equally subject to c]ta9 conditions ( exi/5ce1--aris+ p>tly f our own con/itution1 p>tly f ! con/itution ( ext]nal objects & ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! two1--:i* lay u "u a moral necessity ( us+ suitable means = ! accompli%m5t ( our purposes & plans4 ,& we are /ill fur!r subject to physical necessity1 9 s f> z our mat]ial frame is liable to be affect$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 & ev5 our muscul> p[]s may be ov]ma/]$ & subord9at$ by a m vigor\s or resolute w ?an our own4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( necessity exi/2 !y are all con/itu5t p>ts ( t va/ s*eme ( gov]nm5t "u :i* we are plac$2 & ! "q arises1 ,:e!r1 :5 ! exi/5ce ( ^! necess>y laws is admitt$1 we c /ill ma9ta9 ! doctr9e :i* affirms ! provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ,god & ! moral ag5cy ( man2 or :e!r we mu/ n resolve ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts1 bo? 9 ! natural & moral worlds1 into ! bl9d & inexorable dom9ion ( ,de/9y or ,fate8 ,we answ]1 fir/1 t !re is no?+ 9 any "o ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( necessity1 nor 9 all ( !m comb9$1 :i*1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 %\ld ei!r exclude ! idea ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 or impair our s5se ( moral & responsible ag5cy4 ,we may n be s free1 nor s totally exempt f ! op]ation ( e/abli%$ laws1 z "s ( ! advocates ( human lib]ty h suppos$3 b we may be free en\gh1 not)/&+1 to be reg>d$ & treat$ z moral & acc\ntable be+s4 ,we may be subject to c]ta9 laws ( ?\ght1 & yet may be responsible = our op9ions & beliefs1 9 s f> z ^! dep5d on our volunt>y acts1 on our att5tion or inatt5tion to ! tru? & its evid5ce1 on our use or neglect ( ! appropriate means1 on our love or our hatr$ to ! light4 ,& s we may be subject to c]ta9 o!r laws1 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( our complex exp]i5ce1 )\t be+ ei!r re/ra9$ or impell$ by su* ext]nal coaction z alone c exempt creatures1 con/itut$ z we "k & feel ourselves to be1 f ! righte\s retributions ( ,god4 ,we answ]1 secondly1 t ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 ev5 :5 x is comb9$ ) t ( ,pr$e/9ation1 repres5ts all ev5ts z fall+ out accord+ to ! nature ( second causes1 necess>ily1 cont+5tly1 or freely2 nay1 z fall+ out s t no viol5ce is (f]$ to ! w ( ! creature1 nor is ! lib]ty or cont+5cy ( second causes tak5 away1 b r e/abli%$4 ,x foll[s t if !re be ei!r on e>? or 9 heav5 any free cause1 or any moral & responsible ag5t1 8 nature is n *ang$1 nor is ! "* ( 8 ag5cy alt]$1 by t provid5tial gov]nm5t :i* ,god ex]cises ov] all ,8 creatures & all _! actions2 he /ill cont9ues to develop1 )9 c]ta9 limits impos$ by unalt]able laws1 8 own prop] individuality1 or 8 p]sonal "*1 9 its relation to ! law & gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,we answ]1 ?irdly1 t ! moral & responsible ag5cy ( man _c be ju/ly held to be incompatible ) ! ,provid5ce & ,supremacy ( ,god1 unless x c be %[n t1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! latt]1 ,god acts 9 ! way ( physical coaction or irresi/ible con/ra9t1 & fur!r1 t man is n only controll$ & gov]n$ 9 8 actions1 b compell$ to act 9 opposition to 8 own w4 ,b no enlight5$ advocate ei!r ( ,provid5ce or ,pr$e/9ation w affirm t !re is any physical necessity1 impos$ by ! ,div9e w1 :i* con/ra9s m5 to commit s91 or t ,god is ! au?or ( s94 ,let no man say :5 he is tempt$1 ,i am tempt$ ( ,god3 = ,god _c be tempt$ ( evil1 nei!r tempte? ,he any man4 ,b e man is tempt$1 :5 he is drawn away ( 8 own lu/s & entic$4#bbb ,we answ]1 f\r?ly1 t :5 a moral necessity or moral inability is spok5 ( by div9es z mak+ s9 c]ta9 & inevitable 9 ! case ( man1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! con/itution & ! /ate ( human nature1--its con/itution z x 0 orig9ally creat$1 & its /ate z x at pres5t exi/s4 ,!re might be no?+ 9 ! orig9al con/itution ( human nature :i* c\ld int]f]e 9 any way ) ! fre$om ( man z an intellig5t1 moral1 & responsible be+2 & yet1 9 consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( s91 8 /ate may n[ be s f> *ang$ z to h become a /ate ( moral bondage4 ,b ! con/itution ( 8 nature1 9 virtue ( :i* he 0 at ! fir/1 & mu/ ev] cont9ue to be1 a moral & acc\ntable be+1 rema9s unrev]s$2 f be+ holy1 he has become deprav$1 b he has n ceas$ to be a subject ( moral gov]nm5t1 & ! evils t are incid5t to 8 pres5t position mu/ be ascrib$1 n to ,god's creative w1 b1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to man's volunt>y disob$i5ce1 &1 9 ! second1 to a ,div9e judicial s5t5ce foll[+ !reupon4 ,& f9ally1 we answ] t ! !ory :i* ascribes all ev5ts1 bo? 9 ! natural & moral worlds1 to ! bl9d & inexorable dom9ion ( ,de/9y or ,fate1 leaves altoge!r unexpla9$ _m ( ! mo/ c]ta9 & famili> facts ( human exp]i5ce4 ,!re are two l>ge classes ( facts :i* no !ory ( ,fate c possibly expla94 ,! fir/ comprises all ^? manife/ indications ( provid5t =e?\ght1 intellig5t design1 & moral purpose1 :i* appe> 9 ! c\rse ( ,nature1 & :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by a bl9d1 un9tellig5t1 undesign+ cause4 ,! second comprises all ^? facts ( consci\sness :i* be> witness to ! moral nature & responsible ag5cy ( man1 z ! subject ( a gov]nm5t :i* rew>ds & puni%es 8 actions1 9 "s measure1 ev5 "h1 & :i* irresi/ibly sugge/s ! idea ( a future reckon+ & retribution4 ,^! two classes ( facts mu/ ei!r be ignor$1 or left z insoluble1 by any !ory :i* advocates bl9d ,fate or ,de/9y1 9 opposition to ! ov]rul+ ,provid5ce & moral gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,^! answ]s are suffici5t1 if n to remove all my/]y f ! me?ods ( ! ,div9e adm9i/ration 7= :o w\ld und]take to fa?om ! c\nsels ( ,him ^: judgm5ts are unse>*able & ,8 ways pa/ f9d+ out871 yet to %[ at lea/ t a ,div9e ,provid5ce is m cr$ible 9 itself1 & bett] support$ by evid5ce1 ?an any !ory ( ,de/9y or ,fate2 t ! facts to :i* ! latt] appeals may be expla9$ consi/5tly ) ! =m]1 :ile ! facts on :i* ! =m] is f\nd$ mu/ ei!r be left altoge!r out ( view1 or at lea/ left unexpla9$1 if ! doctr9e ( ,fate be sub/itut$ = t ( ,provid5ce4 ,we h ?us f> comp>$ ! two !ories ( ,*ance & ,fate1 by :i* "s h attempt$ to expla9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 & h contra/$ bo? ) ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,provid5ce4 ,on a review ( ! :ole discussion1 we ?9k x mu/ be evid5t t ! latt] comb9es :atev] is true & valuable 9 ea* ( ^! opposite !ories1 :ile x elim9ates & rejects :atev] is uns\nd or noxi\s 9 ei!r4 ,x may seem /range t we %\ld speak z if any?+1 ei!r true or valuable1 c\ld be involv$ 9 ! !ories ( ,*ance & ,de/9y2 &1 unque/ionably1 consid]$ z !ories design$ to expla9 ! sy/em ( ! _w1 & to sup]s$e ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce1 !y are1 9 all _! di/9ctive peculi>ities1 utt]ly false & wor?less4 ,b x seldom1 if ev]1 happ5s t any !ory obta9s a wide-spread & p]man5t influ5ce1 :i* does n /& connect$ ) "s p>tial tru?1 or :i* _c appeal to "s app>5t natural evid5ce4 ,we h already se5 t !re are two di/9ct classes ( ev5ts 9 ,nature1 & two correspond+ classes ( s5tim5ts & feel+s 9 ! human m9d2 t ! latt] po9t1 respectively1 to ! con/ant & ! v>iable1 ! c]ta9 & ! d\btful1 ! causal & ! casual2 & t 7 ei!r ( ! two to acquire an absolute asc5dancy ov] u1 x w\ld naturally lead to "o or o!r ( two opposite extremes--! !ory ( ,*ance1 or ! !ory ( ,fate4 ,n[1 ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce takes acc\nt ( bo? ^! classes ( ph5om5a & feel+s1 s z to comb9e :atev] is true & useful 9 ea* ( ! two rival !ories1 :ile x /rikes out & rejects :atev] is false 9 ei!r1 by plac+ all ?+s "u ! gov]nm5t & control ( a liv+1 intellig5t1 p]sonal ,god4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t ! views & s5tim5ts :i* ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,provid5ce inspires are widely diff]5t f ^? :i* mu/ be g5]at$ by a belief ei!r 9 ,*ance or 9 ,fate1 z ! supreme arbit] ( our de/9y4 ,! doctr9e :i* tea*es u to look up & to say1 ) *ildlike confid5ce1 ,our ,,fa!r :i* art 9 heav51 is wor? m ?an all ! philosophy 9 ! _w6 ,c\ld we only realize x z a tru?1 & h habitual rec\rse to x 9 all our anxieties & /raits1 we %\ld feel t1 if x be a deeply s]i\s & solemn fact t ! ,"l reigne?1 x is also1 to all 8 tru/+ & ob$i5t *ildr51 alike *e]+ & consolatory2 & he :o c reli% ! sweetness ( our ,"l's words :5 he spake ( ! birds ( ! air & ! fl[]s ( ! field1 w see at once t ,/oicism is immeasurably inf]ior1 bo? z a philosophy & a fai?1 to ,*ri/ian ,!ism4#bbc ,,footnotes3 #bag ,,dr4 ,,cudwor?1 ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ,i4 #ge1 #hb1 #ajf1 #aea2 ,,ii4 #gg1 #ccd4 ,,gass5di1 ,syntagma4 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,goode1 ,lucretius1 ,preface4 #bah ,,la ,,place1 ,des ,probabilities4 #bai ,eccles4 #i3 #aa2 ,luke #aj3 #ca2 ,deut4 #ai3 #e #bbj ,,dr4 ,,cudwor?1 ,intellectual ,sy/em1 ,i4 #cc4 ,am]ican ,edition4 #bba ,,dr4 ,,john ,,coll+es1 ,on ,provid5ce4 ,dr4 ,price1 ,diss]tations4 ,,samuel ,,ru!r=d1 ,de ,provid5tia ,dei4 ,,dr4 ,,*>nock1 ,on ,provid5ce4 #bbb ,james #a3 #ac1 #ad4 ,see ,m',,laur9',s pr(\nd disc\rse on ?is text4 #bbc ,,mi*elet has pres5t$ a graphic portrait ( a ,/oic3--,l'individu s\s la =me du ,/oicisme1--ramass soi1--appuy sur soi1--ne dem&ant ri5 aux dieux1--ne les accusant po9t1--ne daignant pas mme les ni]4--,introduction l',hi/orie ,univ]selle4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,religi\s ,,lib]alism4 ,! ,eclectic me?od ( ,philosophy1 :i* 0 fir/ exemplifi$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 & :i* has be5 rec5tly reviv$ "u ! auspices ( ,m4 ,c\s9 9 ! ,s*ools ( ,p>is1 may be reg>d$1 9 "o ( its aspects1 z ! mo/ legitimate1 &1 inde$1 z ! only practicable c\rse ( successful intellectual rese>*4 ,if by eclecticism we 7 to und]/& ! habit ( cull+ f e sy/em t portion or fragm5t ( tru? :i* may be conta9$ 9 x1 & ( reject+ ! error ) :i* x may h be5 associat$ or alloy$1--9 o!r words1 ! art ( sift+ ! :eat f ! *aff1 s z to pres]ve ! =m]1 :ile ! latt] is dissipat$ & disp]s$1--!re c\ld be no valid objection to x :i* w\ld n equally apply to e me?od ( ,inductive ,inquiry4 ,b ?is is n ! s5se 9 :i* eclecticism has be5 adopt$ & eulogiz$ by ! ,p>isian ,s*ool4 ,=1 n cont5t ) affirm+ t ! same sy/em may conta9 bo? tru? & error1 & t x is our duty to sep>ate ! "o f ! o!r1--:i* is ! only rational eclecticism1--,m4 ,c\s9 ma9ta9s t error itself is only a p>tial or incomplete tru?2 t if x be an evil1 x is a necess>y evil1 & an ev5tual good1 s9ce x is a means1 accord+ to a fundam5tal law ( human developm5t1 ( evolv+ tru? & advanc+ philosophy2 & t ?us ! grosse/ errors may ex]t a salut>y influ5ce1 insomu* t ,a!ism itself may be reg>d$ z provid5tial4#bbd ,9 ?is =m1 ,eclecticism becomes a huge & het]og5e\s sy/em ( ,,syncretism1 includ+ all v>ieties ( op9ion1 :e!r true or false2 & x has a natural & inevitable t5d5cy to issue 9 a _s ( ,,indiff]5ce to ! claims ( tru?1 :i* may assume ! =m ei!r ( ,philosophical ,skepticism or ( ,religi\s ,lib]alism1 accord+ to ! ta/e & temp]am5t ( ! individual :o embraces x4 ,9 ! =m ( ,religi\s ,lib]alism1 x has (t5 be5 exemplifi$ 9 our own c\ntry by ^? :o1 av]se f def9ite articles ( fai?1 & prone to latitud9>ian lic5se1 h /udi\sly set !mselves to disp>age ! importance ( ! peculi> doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ev5 to oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 ! v>i\s =ms ( ,religion1 natural & reveal$1 by repres5t+ !m all z s _m v>ieties ( ! same religi\s s5tim5t1 s _m div]se1 b n antagoni/ic1 embodim5ts ( ! same radical pr9ciple4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,pope1 sev]al expressions occur :i* are easily susceptible ( ?is con/ruction1 & :i* h (t5 be5 quot$ & appli$ 9 def5ce ( ,religi\s ,lib]alism1 not)/&+ 8 explicit disav[al ( x 9 8 lett] to ! y\ng] ,rac9e1 prefix$ to ! collect$ edition ( 8 works4 ,b on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 ,syncretism has be5 mu* m fully develop$1 & fe>lessly appli$ to e dep>tm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,pu%$ to its ultimate consequ5ces1 x oblit]ates ! di/9ction n only betwe5 tru? & error1 b also betwe5 virtue & vice1 nay ev5 betwe5 ,religion & ,a!ism2 & repres5ts !m all z con/itu5t p>ts ( a s*eme1 :i* is develop$ "u a law ( fatal necessity1 b :i* is describ$ also z a s*eme ( optimism4 ,its range is suppos$ to be unlimit$3 = x has be5 appli$ to ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 by ,c\s91 to ! !ory ( ! ,passions1 by ,f\ri]1 to ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ,qu9et & ,mi*elet1 & to ! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 by ,b5jam9 ,con/ant4 ,! practical result ( su* speculations is a gr[+ skepticism or indiff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! di/9ction betwe5 tru? & error1 & a v fa9t impression ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil4#bbe ,! speculations ( ,pi]re ,l]\x1 ! head1 if n ! f\nd]1 ( ! ,humanit>ian ,s*ool1 are /rongly t+$ ) ?is _s3 !y am\nt to a ju/ification ( evil1 an apo!osis ( man4#bbf ,we d n class ^! speculations among ! =mal sy/ems ( ,a!ism1 al?\gh !y h (t5 be5 associat$ ) x2 b we adv]t to !m z specim5s ( t /yle ( ?9k+ :i* has a natural t5d5cy to induce an a!i/ic frame ( m9d4#bbg ,! pr(ession ( su* s5tim5ts is a symptom r ( incipi5t dang]1 ?an ( confirm$ disease4 ,b t dang] is f> f be+ ei!r d\btful or insignificant4 ,= %\ld ! di/9ction betwe5 tru? & error be oblit]at$ or ev5 feebly disc]n$1 %\ld x come to be reg>d$ z a matt] ( comp>ative indiff]5ce :e!r our beliefs be true or false1 %\ld x1 above all1 become our prevail+ habit to call good evil1 & evil good1 we c sc>cely fail1 9 su* circum/ances1 to fall into a c\rse ( practical ,a!ism2 & ?is1 z all exp]i5ce te/ifies1 w leave u an easy prey1 especially 9 seasons ( peculi> temptation & trial1 to any =m ( speculative ,infidelity t may happ5 to acquire a tempor>y asc5dancy4 ,if !re be no dogmatic ,a!ism involv$ 9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 !re is at lea/ ! g]m ( skepticism1 :i* may soon gr[ & rip5 into ! op5 & av[$ d5ial ( religi\s tru?4 ,at ! v lea/1 x w issue 9 t he>tless indiff]5ce to all cre$s & all def9ite articles ( fai?1 :i*1 "u ! plausible b surreptiti\s disguise ( free?9k+ & lib]alism1 is ! ne>e/ practical approximation to utt] ,infidelity4#bbh ,! sy/em :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( ,religi\s ,lib]alism or ,indiff]5ce has be5 rec5tly av[$ 9 our own c\ntry ) a frankness & boldness :i* c leave no room = d\bt 9 reg>d to its ultimate t5d5cy4 ,! late ,blanco ,:ite av[$ x z 8 mature conviction1 t to decl>e any "o unwor?y ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ian because he does n agree ) y\r belief1 is to fall into ! intol]ance ( ! articl$ ,*ur*es2 t ! mom5t ! "n ,*ri/ian is made necess>ily to conta9 9 its signification belief 9 c]ta9 hi/orical or metaphysical propositions1 t mom5t ! "n itself becomes a cre$1--! l5g? ( t cre$ is ( little consequ5ce4#bbi ,?is is ! extreme on "o side1 & x pla9ly implies t no "o article ( fai? is necess>y1 & t a man may be a ,*ri/ian :o nei!r ackn[l$ges an hi/orical ,*ri/1 nor believes a s+le doctr9e :i* ,he taught6 ,b !re is an extreme also on ! o!r side1 :i* is exemplifi$ 9 ! s+ul>ly eloqu5t1 b equally unsatisfactory1 treatise ( ! ,abb ,lam5nais1#bcj 9 :i*1 z !n an ard5t & some:at arrogant advocate ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 he attempts to fa/5 ! *>ge ( ,indiff]5ce or ,lib]alism on ! ,prote/ant sy/em1 & to prove t !re c be no true fai?1 & ( c\rse no salvation1 beyond ! ,ca?olic pale4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( 8 treatise dep5ds on 8 peculi> !ory ( c]titude1 to :i* we %all h occasion to adv]t 9 ! sequel2 9 ! meantime1 we may notice briefly ! griev\s error into :i* he has fall5 9 treat+ ( ! fai? :i* is necess>y to salvation4 ,he ov]/ates ! case z mu*1 at lea/1 z x has be5 und]/at$ by ! abettors ( ,lib]alism4 ,! latt] d5y ! necessity ( any articles ( fai?2 ! =m] dem&s ! implicit reception ( e doctr9e prop\nd$ by ! ,romi% ,*ur*4 ,he repudiates ! di/9ction betwe5 fundam5tals & non-fundam5tals 9 ,religion1 & insi/s t1 z e tru? is decl>$ by ! same infallible au?ority1 s e tru? mu/ be receiv$ ) ! same unque/ion+ fai?4 ,he =gets t :ile all ! tru?s ( ,scripture ought to be believ$ by reason ( ! ,div9e au?ority on :i* !y re/1 yet "s tru?s are m directly connect$ ) our salvation ?an o!rs1 z well z m cle>ly & explicitly reveal$4 ,nor are we ju/ly liable to ! *>ge ( ,indiff]5ce or ,lib]alism :5 we tol]ate a diff]5ce ( op9ion1 on "s po9ts1 among m5 :o are1 9 all important respects1 sub/antially agre$3 = true tol]ation is ! fruit1 n ( unbelief or indiff]5ce1 b ( *>ity & c&or2 & x is sanction$ 9 ,scripture1 :i* enjo9s t we %\ld receive ^? :o are weak 9 ! fai?1 b n to d\btful disputations1 & t e man %\ld be fully p]suad$ 9 8 own m9d4#bca ,b x is n s mu* 9 its relation to ! articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 z 9 its be>+ on ! diff]5t =ms ( true & false religion1 t ! !ory ( ,lib]alism comes into collision ) ! cause ( ,!ism1 & ev9ces its infidel t5d5cies4 ,if any "o c reg>d ) ! same complac5cy1 or ) ! same apa!tic indiff]5ce1 all ! v>ieties ( religi\s or sup]/iti\s belief & wor%ip2 if he c disc]n no radical or important diff]5ce betwe5 ,mono!ism & ,poly!ism1 or betwe5 ! ,prote/ant & ,popi% sy/ems2 if he be dispos$ to treat ea* ( ^! z equally true or equally false1 z alike b5eficial or injuri\s 9 _! practical influ5ce1 !n ?is may be reg>d$ z a suffici5t pro( t he is ignorant ( ! evid5ce1 & bl9d to ! claims1 ( tru?1--a m]e skeptical dream]1 if n a speculative ,a!i/4 ,an attempt has rec5tly be5 made to place ! !ory ( ,religi\s ,lib]alism on a philosophical basis1 by repres5t+ religion z a m]e s5tim5t1 :i* may be equally elicit$ & exemplifi$ 9 v>i\s =ms ( belief & wor%ip4 ,sev]al writ]s1 foll[+ 9 ! wake ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o gave su* a p[]ful impulse to ! m9d ( ,g]many1 h made ,religion to consi/ ei!r 9 a s5se ( dep5d5ce1 or 9 a consci\sness ( ! inf9ite2 & ?is s5tim5t1 z well z ! spontane\s intuitions ( reason ) :i* x is associat$1 is said to be alike natural1 univ]sal1 & inv>iable1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( all ,religion1 ! root :5ce h sprung all ! v>i\s =ms ( belief & wor%ip4 ,^! v>ieties are suppos$ to be m or less rational & salut>y1 accord+ to ! conception :i* !y respectively exhibit ( ! nature & "* ( ,god1--a conception :i* may be endlessly div]sifi$ by ! intellect1 or ! imag9ation1 or ! passions ( diff]5t m52 :ile all ! =ms ( belief are radically id5tical1 s9ce !y all spr+ f ! same gr\nd-pr9ciple1 & are only s _m di/9ct manife/ations ( x4 ,?us ,mr4 ,p>k] tells u t1 /ripp+ ! religi\s s5tim5t 9 man ( all accid5tal circum/ances peculi> to ! age1 nation1 sect1 or individual1 & pursu+ a %>p & f9al analysis till ! subject & pr$icate c no long] be sep>at$1 we f9d z ! ultimate fact1 t ! religi\s s5tim5t is ?is1--'a s5se ( dep5d5ce4' ,?is s5tim5t does n itself disclose ! "*1 & /ill less ! nature & ess5ce1 ( ! object on :i* x dep5ds1 no m ?an ! s5ses decl>e ! nature ( _! objects4 ,l !m x acts spontane\sly & unconsci\sly1 z soon z ! outw>d occasion (f]s1 ) no ef=t ( w1 =e?\ght1 or mak+ up ! m9d4 ,b ! religi\s s5tim5t implies its object2 444 & !re is b "o religion1 ?\gh _m !ologies4#bcb ,!re is1 z x appe>s to u1 a mixture ( "s tru? ) mu* grave & dang]\s error1 9 ^! & simil> speculations4 ,x is an important tru?1 & "o :i* has be5 too (t5 ov]look$ 9 treat+ ! evid5ces ( ,natural ,!ology1 t ! s5tim5ts ( ! human m9d1 n less ?an its intuitive p]ceptions or logical processes1 h a close relation to ! subject ( inquiry2 b x is an error to suppose t all ! s5tim5ts hav+ a religi\s t5d5cy c be r$uc$ to "o1 :e!r x be call$ a s5se ( dep5d5ce or a consci\sness ( ! inf9ite1 = !re are o!r s5tim5ts besides ^! :i* are equally subs]vi5t to ! uses ( ,religion1 su* z ! s5se ( moral obligation1 ( ! true1 ( ! ideal1 ( ! sublime1 & ( ! beautiful4 ,x is also an important tru?1 t !re are spontane\s intuitions ( reason1 or fundam5tal & inv>iable laws ( ?\ght1 :i* come into action at ! fir/ dawn ( exp]i5ce1 & :i* h a close connection ) ! pro( ( ! be+ & p]fections ( ,god2 b x is an error to suppose t ! pro( dep5ds exclusively on ^!1 or t x c\ld be made out irrespective ( ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! works ( ,creation & ,provid5ce4 ,x is fur!r an important tru?1 t ! religi\s s5tim5t1 or religi\s t5d5cy1 is natural to man1 & t x may appe> ei!r 9 ! =m ( ,religion or ,sup]/ition3 b x is an error to suppose t !re is b "o religion1 al?\gh _m !ologies2 = ^! !ologies mu/ spr+ f fundam5tally diff]5t conceptions ( ,god1 & :at are ^! conceptions1 9 _! ultimate analysis1 b s _m beliefs1 doctr9es1 or dogmas1 :i*1 :e!r =mally def9$ or n 9 articles ( fai?1 h 9 !m ! self-same ess5ce :i* is suppos$ to belong only to ! bigotry ( articl$ *ur*es8 ,b ! fundam5tal1 ! fatal error ( all ^! speculations1 is ! d5ial ( any /able & p]man5t /&>d ( objective tru?4 ,tru? is made purely subjective1 &1 ( c\rse1 x mu/ also be progressive1 insomu* t ! tru? ( a =m] age may be an error 9 ! pres5t1 & ! suppos$ tru? ( ! pres5t age may become obsolete h]eaft]4 ,s t !re is really no?+ c]ta9 9 human k2 & tru? may be ju/ly describ$ z nev] exi/+1 b only becom+1 z nev] possess$1 ?\gh ev] pursu$2 x is a v]it mobile1 a tru? n 9 esse1 b 9 fi]i4 ,h5ce we read 9 rec5t speculations ( a new ,*ri/ianity1 ( a new ,gospel1 & ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,future1 z if !re c\ld be any o!r ,*ri/ianity ?an t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 any o!r ,gospel ?an t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 or any o!r ,*ur* ?an t ( apo/olic times4 ,i h adv]t$ to ?is !ory1 because1 :ile x is ( little value 9 a speculative po9t ( view1 x is (t5 f\nd to ex]t a p[]ful practical influ5ce1 especially on m5 ( affairs1 m5 :o h travell$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 or :o h be5 employ$ 9 ! arts ( diplomacy & gov]nm5t2 & :o1 f9d+ religi\s wor%ip ev]y:]e1 b clo!d 9 diff]5t =ms1 & m>k+ its subs]vi5cy to social & political int]e/s1 h be5 too prone to place all ! v>ieties ( belief 9 ! same category1 if n precisely on ! same level1 & to reg>d ) indiff]5ce1 p]haps ev5 ) indulg5ce1 ! grosse/ corruptions bo? ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,! _w is surely old en\gh1 & its hi/ory suffici5tly in/ructive1 to prove1 ev5 to ! mo/ indiff]5t /atesm51 t tru? is always salut>y1 & error noxi\s1 to ! commonweal?1 & t n[h]e is society m safe1 ord]ly1 or /able1 ?an 9 ^? c\ntries :i* are bless$ ) pure & undefil$ religion4 ,b let ! op9ion spread f ! pr9ce to ! peasant1 f ! ari/ocracy to ! artisans1 f ! philosoph] to ! public1 t !re is ei!r no diff]5ce1 or only a slight & trivial "o1 betwe5 tru? & error1 t x matt]s little :at a man believes1 or :e!r he believes at all3 let ! g5]al m9d ( ! community become indoctr9at$ ) su* lessons1 & x ne$s no prophetic =esight to pr$ict a crisis ( unprec$5t$ p]il1 an era ( reckless revolution4 ,a philosophic dream] may affect a calm indiff]5ce1 a bl& & b5ignant ,lib]alism2 b a nation1 a community1 _c be neutral or in]t 9 reg>d to matt]s ( fai?3 x mu/ & w be ei!r religi\s or irreligi\s1 x mu/ ei!r love ! tru? or hate x3 x is too %>p-sight$1 & too mu* guid$ by homely common s5se1 to believe t sy/ems s opposite z ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 or ,pop]y & ,prote/antism1 are h>moni\s manife/ations ( ! same religi\s pr9ciple1 or equally b5eficial to ! ,/ate4 ,,footnotes3 #bbd ,m4 ,,c\s91 ,introduction1 ,i4 #cah1 #cia1 #dje1 #dai2 ,,ii4 #acd4 ,ibid41 ,fragm5s ,philosophiques4 ,preface1 ,,vii4 #bbe ,,valrog]1 ,etudes ,critiques1 pp4 #aae1 #abf1 #aea1 #cjh1 #caf4 ,,m>et1 ,essai sur ,pan!isme1 p4 #bdi4 #bbf ,p4 ,,l]\x1 ,sur l',humanit1 #b vols4 #bbg ,,budd,,u1 ,de ,a!ismo et ,sup]/itione1 pp4 #ahd1 #bab4 #bbh ,,ri*>d ,,b5tley1 ,on ,free?9k+1 ,boyle ,lectures4 ,,villem&y1 ,scepticismus ,debellatus1 ,,iii4 ,8 words are rem>kable3--,passim haec1 aliaque g5]is ejusdem1 placita dissem9antur1--neque v]um neque bonum1 qualia sunt 9 seipsis1 posse dignosci2 h9c que adeo sect&am esse duntaxat cum v]i1 tum boni1 similitud9em3 qu si /5t ac valeant1--illud omne erit v]um1 illud omne quum1--illud omne pium et religiosum1--illud omne utile1 quod cuiquam tale videatur2 privatam cujusque consci5tiam supremam esse ag5dorum1 vel non ag5dorum1 normam4 #bbi ,,james ,,m>t9eau1 ,rationale ( ,religi\s ,inquiry1 p4 #ajh4 #bcj ,f4 ,,de ,,lam5nais1 ,essai sur l',indiff]5ce en mati]e de la ,religion1 #d vols4 ,p>is1 #ahdd4 #bca ,romans #ad3 #a1 #e4 #bcb ,,!odore ,,p>k]1 ,disc\rse ( ,matt]s p]ta9+ to ,religion1 pp4 #ad1 #ag4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,c]titude ,,& ,,skepticism4 ,we =m]ly adv]t$ to ! di/9ction betwe5 ,dogmatic & ,skeptical ,a!ism2 &1 believ+ t ! latt] is ! =m 9 :i* x is mo/ preval5t1 z well z mo/ insidi\s & plausible1 we n[ propose to review "s rec5t !ories bo? ( ,c]titude & ,skepticism1 :i* h sometimes be5 appli$ to ?r[ d\bt on ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,!ism4 ,! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces 9 ! ,fr5* ,in/itute ann\nc$ 9 #ahdc ! !ory ( ,c]titude z ! subject ( a ,prize ,essay1 & issu$ ! foll[+ programme z a guide to ! competitors 9 ! selection ( ! pr9cipal topics ( discussion3 #a4 ,to det]m9e ! "* ( ,c]titude1 & :at di/+ui%es x f ev]y?+ else4 ,= example1 ,is ,c]titude ! same ) ! highe/ probability8 #b4 ,:at is ! faculty1 or :at are ! faculties1 :i* give u ,c]titude8 ,if sev]al faculties ( k are suppos$ to exi/1 to /ate ) precision ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 #c4 ,( ,tru? & its f\ndations4 ,is tru? ! reality itself1--! nature ( ?+s fall+ "u ! k ( man8--or is x no?+ b an appe>ance1--a conception1 necess>y or arbitr>y1 ( ! human m9d8 #d4 ,to exp\nd & discuss ! mo/ celebrat$ op9ions1 anci5t & mod]n1 on ! problem ( ,c]titude1 & to foll[ !m out into _! !oretical & practical consequ5ces4 ,to subject to a critical & pr(\nd exam9ation ! great monum5ts ( ,skepticism1--! writ+s ( ,sextus1 ,huet1 ,hume1 & ,kant4 #e4 ,to inquire :at are1 9 spite ( ! assaults ( ,skepticism1 ! c]ta9 tru?s :i* ought to subsi/ 9 ! ,philosophy ( our times4 ,su* 0 ! compreh5sive programme ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute2 & _m circum/ances concurr$ at ! "t to imp>t a peculi> int]e/ to ! competition4 ,m4 ,franck's volume#bcc conta9s ! ,report ( ! ,section ( ,philosophy on ! pap]s :i* _h be5 prep>$1 & (f]s a c>eful analysis & critical e/imate ( _! cont5ts4 ,v>i\s o!r works#bcd n conc]n$ 9 ! competition appe>$ be=e & aft] x1 %[+ h[ mu* ! philosophical m9d ( ,france _h be5 occupi$ ) ?is great !me1 :ile 9 ,brita9 x 0 attract+ little or no att5tion4 ,?is is ! mo/ rec5t discussion1 on a great scale1 ( ! !ory ( ,c]titude4 ,b ! "q1 f> f be+ a new or mod]n speculation1 is z old z ,philosophy itself1 & has be5 p]petually reproduc$ 9 e age ( intellectual activity4 ,plato discusses x1 *iefly 9 ! ,!tetus1 ,sophi/1 & ,p>m5ides2 x 0 agitat$ by ,pyrrho1 ,enesidemus1 & ,sextus ,empiricus1 ) t peculi> subtlety :i* belong$ to ! m9d ( ,greece2 & 9 m rec5t times x has reappe>$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,montaigne & ,bayle1 ,huet & ,pascal1 ,glanville1 ,hume1 & ,kant4 ,ev5 dur+ ! middle age1 ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,nom9ali/s & ,reali/s _h an important be>+ on ?is subject3 s t f ! :ole hi/ory ( ,philosophy we d]ive ! impression ( its fundam5tal importance1 an impression :i* is deep5$ & confirm$ by ! transc5d5t int]e/ ( ! !mes to :i* x has be5 appli$4 ,9 our pres5t argum5t1 we are conc]n$ ) x only s f> z x /&s connect$ ) ! f\ndations ( ,!ology1 or z ! "r or wrong solution ( ! g5]al "q might affect ! evid5ce = ! ,be+ & ,p]fections ( ,god4 ,we d n propose1 !re=e1 to (f] a full exposition ( ! philosophy ( ,c]titude1 /ill less to in/itute a detail$ exam9ation ( ! v>i\s !ories :i* h be5 prop\nd$ respect+ x4 ,x w be suffici5t = our purpose if we m]ely sket* a compreh5sive outl9e ( ! subject1 & select "s ( ! m prom95t po9ts :i* h ! mo/ direct be>+ on ! gr\nds ( our religi\s belief4 ,?us mu* may be accompli%$ by consid]+1 fir/1 ! /atem5t ( ! problem1 &1 secondly1 ! solution ( x4 ,9 reg>d to ! /atem5t ( ! problem1 x is necess>y1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to asc]ta9 its precise import1 by det]m9+ ! mean+ ( ! t]m ,c]titude4 ,! programme ( ! ,academy v prop]ly places ?is "q on ! =egr\nd1 ,is ,c]titude ! same ) ! highe/ probability8 ,& x is ! m necess>y to give prec$5ce to ?is "p ( ! inquiry1 because x is notori\s t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! philosophical & ! popul> s5se ( ,c]titude1--a diff]5ce :i* has (t5 occasion$ mutual misund]/&+ betwe5 disputants1 & a pr(itless w>f>e ( words4 ,9 ! philosophical s5se ( ! t]m1 t only is said to be c]ta9 :i* is ei!r an axiomatic tru?1 intuitively disc]n$1 or a demon/rat$ tru?1 d]iv$ f ! =m] by rigor\s d$uction2 :ile all t "p ( our k :i* is ga!r$ f exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 h[ev] cr$ible 9 itself & h[ev] surely believ$1 is *>act]iz$ z probable only4 ,9 ! popul> s5se ( ! t]m1 ,c]titude belongs to all ^? tru?s1 ( :atev] k9d & 9 :atev] way acquir$1 9 reg>d to :i* we h no reason to be 9 d\bt or susp5se1 & :i* re/ on suffici5t & satisfactory evid5ce4 ,a philosoph] is c]ta91 9 8 s5se ( ! t]m1 only ( :at he intuitively p]ceives or c logically demon/rate2 a peasant is c]ta91 9 8 s5se ( ! t]m1 ( :atev] he di/9ctly sees1 or cle>ly rememb]s1 or receives on au!ntic te/imony4 ,!re is mu* reason1 we ?9k1 to regret ! exi/5ce ( su* a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! philosophical & ! popul> s5se ( an expression1 :i* mu/ occur s (t5 bo? 9 speculative discussion & 9 ! int]c\rse ( common life4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! metaphysician is entitl$ to borr[ ! language ( society1 & to engraft ^u x an arbitr>y def9ition ( 8 own1 diff]5t f & ev5 inconsi/5t ) t :i* x be>s 9 common usage4 ,nor c he plead necessity z a suffici5t excuse1 or ! accuracy ( 8 def9ition z an effectual safegu>d1 s9ce1 h[ev] ne$ful x may be to discrim9ate betwe5 diff]5t species ( ,c]titude1 by m>k+ _! peculi> *>act]i/ics & respective s\rces1 surely ?is might be done m safely & satisfactorily by designat+ "o k9d ( x z ,intuitive1 ano!r z ,demon/rative1 ano!r z ,moral1 or ,exp]im5tal1 or ,hi/orical1 ?an x c be by any arbitr>y re/riction ( ! g5]ic t]m to "o or two ( ! _m species :i* are compreh5d$ "u x4 ,no d\bt !re is a real di/9ction1 & "o ( great practical importance1 betwe5 c]titude & probability2 b ?is di/9ction is n ov]look$ 9 ! language ( common life2--x is only necess>y to det]m9e :at tru?s belong respectively to ea*3 :]eas :5 all ! tru?s ( ,exp]i5ce1 & ev51 9 "s cases1 ^? ( sci5tific ,induction1 are rank$ "u ! head ( probability m]ely1 is x n evid5t t ! language ( ,philosophy is 9 ?is respect at v>iance ) ! prevail+ s5se ( mank9d8 ,an attempt has sometimes be5 made to draw a di/9ction betwe5 popul> & philosophical ,c]titude1 or1 9 o!r words1 betwe5 ! unreflect+ belief ( ! _m & ! sci5tific belief ( ! few4 ,?us1 ,m4 ,franck di/+ui%es ,c]titude1 fir/ ( all1 f ! bl9d fai? :i* comm5ces ) ! e>lie/ dawn ( intellig5ce3 !n1 f ! d\bt :i* sup]v5es on ! initial process ( inquiry2 & !n1 f t half-k1 t middle t]m betwe5 d\bt & c]ta9ty1 :i* is call$ probability4 ,& ,m4 ,jav>i speaks ( ,c]titude z ! complete demon/ration1 acquir$ by reflection1 ( ! legitimacy ( any judgm5t1 or ( ! reality ( any object3 ?is is def9itive & sci5tific c]titude1 :i* is contra/$ ) t belief1 h[ev] /rong1 :i* spr+s1 n f ! reflective1 b ! direct & spontane\s ex]cise ( our faculties4#bce ,x mu/ be evid5t t1 accord+ to ?is def9ition ( ! t]m1 ,c]titude1 9 ! sci5tific s5se ( x1 z ! product ( philosophical reflection1 mu/ be ! privilege & pr]ogative ( ! few1 :o h be5 l$ by ta/e or education to cultivate ! /udy ( ,psy*ology2 :ile ! va/ majority ( m51 :o are nev]!less z c]ta9 ( ! tru?s :i* !y believe1 &1 to say ! v lea/1 z little liable to d\bt or skepticism1 z any class ( philosoph]s :atev]1 mu/ be held to h no ,c]titude1 j because !y h no ,sci5ce4 ,x seems to be assum$ t ,c]titude is ! creation ( ,sci5ce1 ! product ( reflective ?\ght2 :]eas x may be demon/rably %[n t )\t ,c]titude1 ,sci5ce w\ld be impossible1 & t reflection c give =? no?+ b :at x f9ds previ\sly exi/+ 9 ! /oreh\se ( human consci\sness4 ,x surveys ! /reams ( belief1 & may trace up ^! /reams to _! highe/ spr+s2 b x does n1 x _c1 create a new tru?1 or give bir? to a high] c]titude4 ,we h no disposition1 assur$ly1 to und]rate ! value ( philosophical reflection1 or to disp>age ! sci5ce ( ,psy*ology2 ! =m] may collect ! mat]ials & ! latt] may attempt ! con/ruction1 ( a goodly & solid fabric3 b we _c admit t ! c]ta9ty ( all our k dep5ds ^u ei!r ( !m1 or t x is conf9$ exclusively to ! metaphysical inquir]4 ,reflection adds no?+ to ! cont5ts ( human consci\sness3 x exam9es our fundam5tal beliefs1 b orig9ates none ( !m2 x disc]ns ! elem5ts & s\rces ( c]ta9ty1 b c nei!r produce nor alt] !m4 ,its sole prov9ce is to exam9e & report4 ,if ,c]titude1 9 ! philosophical s5se ( x1 belongs to ! reflex1 ,c]ta9ty1 9 ! popul> s5se1 belongs to ! direct & spontane\s1 op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,we see & believe1 we rememb] & believe1 we comp>e & believe1 we he> & believe1 & t1 too1 ) a feel+ ( confid5ce :i* ne$s no argum5t to confirm x1 & to :i* all ! philosophy 9 ! _w c\ld imp>t no additional /r5g?4 ,c]titude is n ! creation ( ,philosophy1 b ! object ( its /udy2 x exi/s indep5d5tly ( ,sci5ce1 & is only recogniz$ by x2 & x w\ld /ill exi/ z a con/itu5t & inde/ructible elem5t ( human consci\sness 7 ,metaphysics scatt]$ to ! w9d4 ,x appe>s1 aga91 to h be5 assum$ 9 "s rec5t treatises1 t ,c]titude belongs only to t portion ( tru? ! d5ial ( :i* w\ld imply a contradiction1 or am\nt to ! annihilation ( reason4 ,is x1 !n1 to be re/rict$ to necess>y & absolute1 z contra/$ ) cont+5t & relative tru?s8 ,am ,i n z c]ta9 t ,i see f\r objects be=e me1 z t two & two make f\r8 ,yet ! =m] is a cont+5t1 ! latt] a necess>y tru?4 ,is n my p]sonal consci\sness infallibly c]ta98 ,& yet c x be said to belong to ! head ( necess>y tru?8 ,surely ,c]titude is unduly re/rict$ :5 we exclude f x _m ( our sure/ & /ronge/ convictions1 :i* relate to tru?s atte/$ by exp]i5ce1 b ! d5ial ( :i* w\ld involve no contradiction4 ,! "q has be5 /ill fur!r complicat$ by extreme op9ions ( ano!r k9d4 ,x seems to h be5 assum$ t !re c be no ,c]titude1 unless we c expla9 ! rationale ( our k1 & ev5 acc\nt = ! objects ( our k by trac+ !m up to _! ,fir/ ,cause1 z ! gr\nd & reason ( _! exi/5ce4#bcf ,n[1 if ! "q 71 ,c y acc\nt = y\r own exi/5ce1 or = ! exi/5ce ( ! _w ar\nd y1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to a supreme ,fir/ ,cause8 we w\ld answ]1 ,no3 b if ! "q be1 ,c !re be any ,c]titude prior to ! idea ( ,god1 n d$uc$ f x1 & capable ( exi/+ )\t x8 we w\ld answ]1 ,yes3 ! little *ild is c]ta9 ( its "m's exi/5ce be=e x is capable ( kn[+ ,god1 & ! v]ie/ ,a!i/ is c]ta9 ( 8 own exi/5ce & t ( 8 fell[-m51 ev5 :5 he pr(esses to d\bt or to disbelieve ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x may be true t ! ess5tial nature & omnisci5t k ( ,god is ! ultimate & et]nal /&>d ( tru? & c]ta9ty1 or1 9 ! words ( ,f5elon1 t il n'y a qu'une seule v]it1 et qu'une seule manire de bi5 jug]1 qui e/1 de jug] comme ,dieu mme2#bcg & yet x may n be true t all our k is d]iv$ by d$uction f our idea ( ,god1 or t its entire c]ta9ty is dep5d5t on our religi\s belief4 ,surely we may be c]ta9ly assur$ ( ! facts ( consci\sness1 ( ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & ( _m tru?s1 bo? necess>y & cont+5t1 be=e we h made any attempt to expla9 ! rationale ( our k1 or to connect x ) ! idea ( ! great ,fir/ ,cause2 nay1 x may be1 & we believe x is1 by means ( ^! inf]ior & subord9ate tru?s t we rise to ! belief ( a supreme1 omnisci5t ,m9d4 ,"s writ]s seem to conf\nd ,c]titude ) ,infallibility1 or at lea/ to hold t !re c be no ,c]titude )\t x4 ,! imp]sonal reason ( ,c\s91 ! common s5se or g5]ic reason ( ,lam5nais1 & ! au?oritative tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 h all be5 sev]ally resort$ to1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ a gr\nd ( ,c]titude 9 ! matt]s bo? ( ,philosophy & ,fai?1 su* z is suppos$ to be unatta9able by ! ex]cise ( our own prop] faculties1 or by ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( evid5ce4 ,accord+ to ^! !ories1 ,c]titude belongs to our k1 only because t k is d]iv$ f a reason sup]ior to our own1--a reason n p]sonal1 b univ]sal2 n individual1 b g5]ic4 ,:5 !y are appli$1 z !y h be51 to und]m9e ! au?ority ( private judgm5t1 & to sup]s$e ! ex]cise ( free inquiry2 :5 !y are urg$ z a reason :y we %\ld def] to ! au?ority ( ! ,race 9 matt]s ( ,philosophy & to ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 matt]s ( ,fai?2 :5 we are told t ! c]ta9ty ( our own exi/5ce dep5ds on our k ( ,god1 & t our k ( ,god dep5ds on ! common cons5t or inv>iable traditions ( mank9d1--we d feel t ! gr\nds ( ,c]titude1 s f> f be+ /r5g!n$1 are sapp$ & weak5$ by su* speculations1 & t we h "h a new & mo/ unexpect$ application ( ! ,scotti% doctr9e ( ,common ,s5se1 su* z may be highly s]viceable to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,prote/ant writ]s1 inde$1 h sometimes appeal$ to common cons5t z a collat]al pro(1 auxili>y to t :i* is m direct & conclusive2 b !y h done s m]ely because !y reg>d$ x z a "p ( ! evid5ce1 well fitt$ to prove :at ,dr4 ,cudwor? calls ! naturality ( ! idea ( ,god1 & n because !y conf\nd$ x ) ! faculty by :i* alone t evid5ce c be disc]n$ & appreciat$4 ,!y nev] reg>d$ x z ! sole gr\nd ( c]ta9ty ei!r 9 matt]s ( ,philosophy or ,fai?4 ,nor c x be s consid]$ by any ?\ghtful m9d4 ,= h[ c ,i be m assur$ ( an imp]sonal reason ?an ( my own8 ,h[ c ,i be m c]ta9 ( ! exi/5ce & ! traditions ( o!r m51 ?an ( ! facts ( my own consci\sness1 & ! spontane\s convictions ( my own und]/&+8 or h[ c ,i be assur$ t1 9 pass+ f ! imp]sonal reason to ! individual m9d1 f ! g5]ic reason to ! p]sonal1 ! tru? may n contract "s ta9t ( weakness or impurity f ! vessel 9 :i* x is ultimately conta9$1--f ! f9ite faculties by :i* alone x is appreh5d$ & believ$8 ,! fact is t any attempt to prove ! tru? ( our faculties mu/ necess>ily fail4 ,did we set ourselves to ! task ( prov+ by argum5t or by au?ority t we are n wrong 9 believ+ 9 our own exi/5ce or t ( an ext]nal _w1 or did we attempt to e/abli% ! tru/wor?9ess ( our faculties by resolv+ x into ! v]acity ( ,god1 our ef=t mu/ ne$s be z abortive z x is sup]flu\s1 s9ce x involves ! necessity n only ( prov+ ! fact1 b ( prov+ ! pro( itself1 & t1 too1 by ! aid ( ! v faculties ^: tru/wor?9ess is 9 "q6 ,!re are c]ta9 ultimate facts beyond :i* x is impossible to pu% our speculative inquiries2 c]ta9 fir/ or fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,reason1 :i* are 9 !mselves indemon/rable1 b :i* con/itute ! gr\nd or condition ( all demon/ration2 c]ta9 intuitive p]ceptions1 :i* are widely diff]5t f rational d$uctions1 b :i* det]m9e & gov]n e process ( reason+ & e =m ( belief4 ,to d5y ! c]ta9ty ( our intuitive p]ceptions1 m]ely because we _c prove by argum5t ! tru? ( our m5tal faculties1 w\ld virtually am\nt to a rejection ( all evid5ce except su* z comes to u only ?r\gh "o *annel1 & t ! circuit\s "o ( a process ( reason+2 :ile1 by ! con/itution ( our nature1 we are qualifi$ & privileg$ to draw x fre%1 9 _m cases1 at its spr+ & f\nta9-head4 ,x may be z impossible = man to prove ! tru/wor?9ess ( 8 intellectual faculties z x is = ! bee to prove ! tru? ( its m>vell\s in/9ct2 b1 9 ei!r case1 ! reason may be t any su* pro( is unnecess>y1 t x is sup]s$$ by ! laws ( ,in/9ct 9 ! "o1 & by ! laws ( ,?\ght 9 ! o!r1 & t by ^! laws a bett] & sur] provision is made = our guidance ?an any t c\ld h be5 f\nd 9 a m]e logical faculty1--a natural & irresi/ible au?ority1 :i* ! ,skeptic may dispute1 b _c de/roy1 & :i*1 h[ev] dis[n$ 9 !ory1 mu/ be practically obey$4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ! v>i\s mean+s :i* h be5 atta*$ to ! t]m ,c]titude mu/ mat]ially affect bo? ! /atem5t & solution ( ! g5]al problem1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 t !y mu/ h an important be>+ on ! "q1 :e!r ! doctr9e :i* affirms ! ,be+1 ,p]fections1 & ,provid5ce ( ,god1 %\ld be rank$ "u ! head ( c]ta91 or only ( probable1 tru?4 ,if1 9 mak+ use ( ! t]m ,c]titude1 ,i mean to d5ote by x some?+ diff]5t f ! c]ta9ty :i* belongs to ! mo/ assur$ convictions ( ! human m9d1 some?+ t arises1 n f ! spontane\s & direct ex]cise ( its faculties1 b f a process ( reflective ?\ght or philosophical speculation1 some?+1 9 %ort1 t is peculi> to ! metaphysical inquir]1 & is n ! common h]itage ( ! race at l>ge2 !n1 unque/ionably1 ! problem1 z ?us und]/ood1 mu/ leave out ( view _m ( ! sure/ & mo/ univ]sal beliefs ( mank9d1--beliefs :i* may be illu/rat$ & confirm$ by ,philosophy1 b :i* are ant]ior to x 9 respect to _! orig91 & indep5d5t ( x 9 respect ( ! evid5ce on :i* !y sev]ally re/4 ,9 ! case ( ,c]titude1 j z 9 ! case ( e simil> t]m expressive ( a simple1 elem5t>y idea1 ! ultimate appeal mu/ be made to individual consci\sness4 ,no "o c convey to ano!r a conception ( ,c]titude by means ( words1 ap>t f an exp]im5tal s5se ( x 9 ! m9d ( ! latt]1 any m ?an he c\ld give ! idea ( color to ! bl9d or ( music to ! deaf4 ,x is because we h _h exp]i5ce ( x 9 our own brea/s t we recognize & respond to ! descriptions :i* o!rs give ( x4 ,e "o kn[s :at x is to be c]ta9 9 reg>d to _m ?+s1 j because1 con/itut$ z he is1 he _c d\bt or disbelieve !m4 ,he is c]ta9 ( 8 own exi/5ce1 ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r m51 ( ! facts ( 8 famili> consci\sness1 ( _m ev5ts long s9ce pa/ :i* are /ill cle>ly rememb]$1 ( c]ta9 ab/ract tru?s :i* are intuitively disc]n$ or logically demon/rat$4 ,^! v>i\s objects ( 8 ?\ght may diff] 9 o!r respects1 & may occasion a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! k9d ( ,c]titude :i* is conceiv$ to belong to !m2 b !y all possess ! same g5]ic "*1 & admit1 !re=e1 ( be+ classifi$ "u ! same compreh5sive category1 z objects ( our c]ta9 k4 ,9 ! curr5t use bo? ( philosophical & popul> language1 ,c]titude is spok5 ( 9 a tw(old s5se4 ,we speak ( a belief or conviction ( our own m9ds z possess+ ! "* ( ,c]titude1 :5 x is s /rong1 & s firmly root$ t x excludes all d\bt or hesitation2--we speak also ( an object or ev5t z possess+ ! same "*1 :5 x is s pres5t$ to our m9ds z to produce ! full assurance ( its reality4 ,h5ce ! di/9ction betwe5 subjective & objective ,c]titude4 ,! =m] is a fact ( consci\sness2 x is simply ! und\bt+ ass5t :i* we yield to c]ta9 judgm5ts1 :e!r ^! judgm5ts be true or false2 x exi/s 9 u1 & n 9 ! objects ( ?\ght2 x d5otes a condition ( our m9ds1 :i* may1 or may n1 be 9 accordance ) ! actual /ate ( ?+s4 ,! latt] is tru? or c]ta9ty consid]$ objectively1 z exi/+ 9 ! objects ( our k2 x is indep5d5t ( u & ( our conceptions2 x is z x is1 :e!r x be kn[n or unkn[n to u2 our belief _c add to its reality1 nor c our unbelief dim9i% or de/roy x4 ,c]titude1 consid]$ z a m5tal /ate1 d5otes simply ! /r5g? ( our conviction or belief1 z di/+ui%$ f d\bt or m]e op9ion2 b1 consid]$ z an objective reality1 x d5otes ! gr\nd or reason exi/+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s = ! convictions :i* we *]i%4 ,subjective c]titude is n always ! index or ! pro( ( objective tru?1 = m5 (t5 believe ) ! /ronge/ assurance :at !y f9d reason aft]w>ds to d\bt or to disbelieve2 & ! preval5ce ( _m false beliefs1 s9c]ely *]i%$ & zeal\sly ma9ta9$1 raises ! "q1 h[ we may be/ discrim9ate betwe5 tru? & error8 ,h5ce ! v>i\s !ories ( ,c]titude1 & h5ce also ! antagoni/ !ories ( ,skepticism4 ,! !ories ( ,c]titude may be r$uc$ to ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ places ! gr\nd ( ,c]titude 9 ,reason2 ! second 9 ,au?ority2 ! ?ird1 9 ,evid5ce1 includ+ "u t t]m bo? ! ext]nal manife/ations ( tru?1 & ! int]nal pr9ciples or laws ( ?\ght by :i* we are det]m9$ 9 =m+ our judgm5ts 9 reg>d to !m4 ,ea* ( ^! !ories1 h[ev]1 has appe>$ 9 v>i\s phases 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophical speculation4 ,! ,individual ,reason ( ,m>t9eau1 ! ,g5]ic ,reason ( ,lam5nais1 ! ,imp]sonal ,reason ( ,c\s91 ! ,au?ority ( ! ,race1 & ! ,infallibility ( ! ,*ur*1 are specim5s ( ^! v>ieties4 ,! !ory :i* places ! pr9ciple ( ,c]titude 9 ,,reason has assum$ at lea/ two di/9ct %apes4 ,9 ! "o x disc>ds all au?ority except t ( private judgm5t or individual reason2 9 ! o!r x appeals to a high] reason1 :i* is said to be imp]sonal & infallible1 & :i* is suppos$ to regulate & det]m9e ! convictions ( ! human m9d4 ,9 ! =m] %ape1 x appe>s 9 ! speculations ( ,m>t9eau2 9 ! latt]1 x is advocat$ by ,c\s92 & 9 "o or o!r ( ^! %apes x con/itutes ! gr\nd-pr9ciple ( ,,rationalism4 ,! !ory1 aga91 :i* places ! pr9ciple ( ,c]titude 9 ,,au?ority has also assum$ two di/9ct %apes4 ,9 ! "o x speaks ( a univ]sal cons5t or ,g5]ic ,reason1 ! reason n ( ! individual b ( ! race to :i* he belongs1 & exhibits a s+ul> comb9ation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,common ,s5se z taught by ,dr4 ,reid & ! ,scotti% ,s*ool1 ) ! pr9ciple ( ,au?oritative ,tradition z taught 9 ! ,popi% ,*ur*2 9 ! o!r1 x ref]s m specifically1 n to ! infallibility ( ! race at l>ge1 b to ! infallibility ( a select body1 regul>ly organiz$ & inve/$ ) peculi> p[]s1 into ^: h&s has be5 committ$ ! sacr$ deposit & ! sole gu>dian%ip ( tru?1 :e!r 9 matt]s ( philosophy or fai?4 ,9 bo? =ms x is pres5t$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,m4 ,g]bet & ,m4 ,lam5nais1 & 9 bo? x is necess>y = ! full ma9t5ance ( ! ,popi% sy/em ( doctr9e4 ,! !ory1 aga91 :i* places ! pr9ciple ( ,c]titude 9 ,,evid5ce1 admits ( be+ exhibit$ 9 two v di/9ct aspects4 ,9 ! "o1 x has be5 treat$ z if ,evid5ce 7 purely subjective1 z if x belong$ exclusively to ?\ght1 & n to ! object ( ?\ght1 or z if x dep5d$ solely on ! p]ceptions ( our m9ds1 & n at all on any objective reality :i* is indep5d5t ( !m1 & :i* is equally true :e!r x be p]ceiv$ by our m9ds or n4 ,9 ?is =m x is a !ory ( ,individualism1 & has a /rong t5d5cy t[>ds ,skepticism4 ,9 ! o!r aspect1 ,evid5ce is reg>d$ z ! sole & suffici5t gr\nd ( ,c]titude1 b x is view$ bo? objectively & subjectively2--objectively1 z hav+ its gr\nd & reason 9 a reality t is indep5d5t ( our p]ceptions1 & t may or may n be p]ceiv$ )\t be+ ! less true or ! less c]ta9 9 itself2--& yet subjectively also1 z be+ equally dep5d5t on c]ta9 pr9ciples ( reason or laws ( ?\ght1 )\t :i* no ext]nal manife/ation w\ld suffice to create ! ideas & beliefs ( ! human m9d1 s9ce ! evid5ce :i* is exhibit$ ext]nally mu/ n only exi/1 b mu/ be p]ceiv$1 disc]n$1 & appreciat$1 be=e x c g5]ate belief3 b :5 p]ceiv$1 x produces conviction1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t cases 9 degree1 & am\nt+ 9 "s to absolute c]ta9ty1 :i* leaves no room ei!r = d5ial or d\bt4 ,su* are ! ?ree gr& !ories ( ,c]titude1 & ! sev]al di/9ct =ms or phases 9 :i* !y h sev]ally appe>$4 ,we h no hesitation 9 decl>+ our decid$ pref]5ce = ! second =m ( ! ?ird !ory1--t :i* resolves ! pr9ciple or gr\nd ( ,c]titude into ,,evid5ce2 b ,,evid5ce consid]$ bo? objectively & subjectively1--objectively1 z t :i* exi/s :e!r x is p]ceiv$ or n1 & is indep5d5t ( ! caprices ( individual m9ds1 & subjectively1 z t :i* mu/ be disc]n$ be=e its prop] impression c be produc$1 :i* mu/ be judg$ ( accord+ to ! laws ( human ?\ght1 & :i*1 :5 s disc]n$ & judg$ (1 imp>ts a feel+ ( assurance :i* no sophi/ry c %ake & no philosophy /r5g!n4 ,accord+ to "s rec5t !ories1 ,c]titude belongs to our k1 only because t k is d]iv$ f a reason sup]ior to our own1--a reason n p]sonal1 b univ]sal1 n individual b g5]ic1 :i*1 al?\gh n belong+ to ourselves1 is suppos$ to hold communication ) our m9ds3 & if ?is 7 meant m]ely to rem9d u ( ! limitation ( our faculties1 & ( our consequ5t liability to error1 or ev5 to tea* u ! duty ( ackn[l$g+ our dep5d5ce on a high] p[]1 x might be alike unobjectionable & salut>y2 b :5 x is appli$ to und]m9e ! au?ority ( private judgm5t & to sup]s$e ! ex]cise ( free inquiry1 !y h a t5d5cy to excite suspicion & di/ru/ 9 e ?\ghtful m9d4 ,! capital error :i* p]vades all ^! speculations consi/s 9 n di/+ui%+ aright betwe5 ! evid5ce :i* con/itutes ! gr\nd ( our belief1 & ! faculty by :i* t evid5ce is disc]n$ & appreciat$4 ,! ,g5]ic ,reason ( ,lam5nais1 z well z ! uni=m ,tradition ( ! ,*ur*1 may con/itute1 :5 duly improv$1 a bran* ( ! objective evid5ce = ! tru?1 & z su* !y h be5 appli$ ev5 by ,prote/ant writ]s :5 !y h appeal$ to common cons5t z a collat]al pro(1 auxili>y to t :i* is m direct & conclusive2 b !y _c be reg>d$ z ! exclusive gr\nds ( ! c]ta9ty ( human k1 s9ce ?is arises f ! fundam5tal1 univ]sal1 & inv>iable laws ( human ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! t]m ,skepticism1 aga91 may d5ote ei!r a m]e /ate ( m9d1--a /ate ( susp5se or d\bt 9 reg>d to "s p>ticul> fact or op9ion2 or a sy/em ( speculative philosophy1 relat+ to ! pr9ciples ( human k or ! gr\nds ( human belief4 ,9 ! =m] s5se1 x implies no?+ m ?an ! want ( a sure & satisfactory conviction ( ! tru? on ! p>ticul> po9t 9 "q4 ,7 x express$ 9 words1 x w\ld simply am\nt to a v]dict ( non liquet4 ,9 ! latt] s5se1 x imports mu* m ?an ?is2 x is n m]ely a s5se ( d\bt respect+ any "o tru?1 b a sy/em ( d\bt 9 reg>d to ! gr\nds ( our belief 9 all tru?1 a subtle philosophy :i* seeks to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ,belief by resolv+ !m into _! ultimate pr9ciples1 & :i* (t5 t]m9ates--9 expla9+ !m away4 ,9 bo? =ms1 x has exi/$1 ei!r cont9u\sly or 9 ev]-recurr+ cycles1 f ! e>lie/ dawn ( speculative inquiry2 & :ile x has seem$ to ret>d or arre/ ! progress ( human k1 x has really be5 ov]rul$ z a means ( quick5+ ! intellectual p[]s1 & imp>t+ at once great] precision & compreh5siv5ess to ! matur$ results ( ,sci5ce4 ,!oretical ,skepticism may be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct bran*es3 ,fir/1 ,univ]sal or ,philosophical ,skepticism1 :i* pr(esses to d5y1 or r to d\bt ! c]ta9ty ( all human k2 secondly1 ,p>tial or ,religi\s ,skepticism1 :i* admits ! possible c]titude ( human k 9 o!r respects1 b holds t religi\s tru? is ei!r altoge!r inaccessible to our faculties1 or t x is n support$ by suffici5t evid5ce2 ?irdly1 a mongrel sy/em1 :i* comb9es ,philosophic ,d\bt ) ,ecclesia/ical ,dogmatism1 & :i* may be aptly *>act]iz$ z ! ,skeptico-,dogmatic !ory4#bch ,we agree ) ,dr4 ,reid 9 ?9k+ t ,univ]sal ,skepticism is unansw]able by argum5t1 & c only be effectively met by an appeal to consci\sness4#bci ,x might be %[n1 inde$1 t 9 s f> z x assumes1 h[ev] slightly1 ! aspect ( a positive or dogmatic sy/em1 x is self-contradictory & absurd2 x might also be %[n t d\bt itself implies ?\ght1 & ?\ght exi/5ce or reality3 b ! ultimate appeal mu/ be to ! facts ( human consci\sness1 & ! laws ( ?\ght :i* op]ate 9 e human brea/4 ,& :5 su* an appeal is made1 we c h no anxiety 9 reg>d to ! result1 nor any appreh5sion t philosophical skepticism c ev] become ! prevail+ cre$ ( ! popul> m9d4 ,!re is a risk1 h[ev]1 ( dang] aris+ f a diff]5t s\rce2 x may n be always rememb]$ t ! !ory ( ,skepticism mu/ be univ]sal to be ei!r consi/5t or consequ5t2 & h5ce x may be p>tially appli$ to "s tru?s1 :ile x is practically ab&on$ 9 reg>d to o!r tru?s1 :i* are nei!r m c]ta9 nor less liable to objection ?an ! =m]4 ,?us ! skeptical difficulties :i* h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ,ontology are ( su* a k9d t if !y h any validity or =ce1 !y be> z /rongly aga9/ ! reality ( an ext]nal _w & ! exi/5ce ( our fell[-m51 z aga9/ ! doctr9e :i* affirms ! be+ ( ,god3 yet _m w be f\nd urg+ !m aga9/ ! latt] doctr9e1 :o d n pr(ess to h any d\bt 9 reg>d to ! two =m]2 & x is ( p>am\nt importance to %[ t ?is is a p>tial & !re=e unfair application ( _! own pr9ciples1 & t !y _c consi/5tly admit ! "o )\t also admitt+ ! o!r4 ,a!ism1 9 its skeptical =m1 mu/ ei!r be a m]e s5se ( d\bt 9 reg>d to ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ! be+ & p]fections ( ,god2 or a speculative sy/em1 :i* attempts to ju/ify t d\bt by "s !ory ( philosophical skepticism1 ei!r p>tial or univ]sal4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x may be be/ dealt ) by %[+ t x affects ! c]ta9ty ( our common k1 n less ?an t ( our religi\s belief1 & t we _c consi/5tly reject ,!ology1 & yet reta9 our convictions on o!r cognate subjects ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x %\ld be treat$ z a case ( ignorance1 by illu/rat+ ! evid5ce1 & urg+ x on ! att5tion ( ^? :o h hi!rto be5 bl9d to its =ce2 rem9d+ !m t _! n see+ x is no pro( t x does n exi/1 & t d\bt itself on su* a "q1 s ne>ly affect+ _! duty & welf>e1 involves a solemn obligation to pati5t1 c&id1 & dispassionate inquiry4 ,a skeptic 9 religion1 says ,bi%op ,e>le1 is "o t hangs 9 ! balance ) all sorts ( op9ions1 :]e( n "o b /irs him1 & none sways him4 ,a man guilti] ( cr$ulity ?an he is tak5 to be2 = x is out ( 8 belief ( ev]y?+ t he fully believes no?+4 ,ea* religion sc>es him f its contr>y1 none p]suades him to itself4444 ,he f9ds reason 9 all op9ions1 tru? 9 none2 inde$1 ! lea/ reason p]plexes him1 & ! be/ w n satisfy him4444 ,he f9ds d\bts & scruples bett] ?an resolves !m1 & is always too h>d = himself4444 ,9 sum1 8 :ole life is a "q1 & 8 salvation a great]1 :i* dea? only concludes1 & !n he--is resolv$4#bdj ,?is second phase or =m ( ,skepticism1 :i* we h designat$ z ,p>tial or ,religi\s ,skepticism1 admits ! possible c]titude ( human k 9 o!r respects1 & especially 9 reg>d to secul> & sci5tific pursuits1 b holds t religi\s tru? is ei!r altoge!r inaccessible to man ) 8 pres5t faculties1 or t its c]ta9ty _c be ev9c$ by any legitimate process ( reason+4 ,^! two positions are 9 "s respects widely diff]5t1 al?\gh !y are (t5 comb9$1 & always conducive to ! same result1--! practical negation ( ,religion4 ,_m :o nev] dream ( d\bt+ ! c]ta9ty ( human k1 9 s f> z x relates to _! secul> or sci5tific pursuits1 are prone to *]i% a skeptical _s 9 reg>d to religi\s or spiritual tru?s2 & ?is1 n because !y h exam9$ & weigh$ ! evid5ce to :i* ,!ology appeals1 & f\nd x want+1 b r because !y h a lurk+ suspicion t m51 ) _! pres5t faculties1 are incapable ( ris+ to ! k ( sup]natural ?+s1 & t !y c\ld atta9 to no c]ta9ty1 :ile !y might expose !mselves to mu* delusion1 by ent]+ on ! inquiry at all4 ,?is is _! apology = ignor+ ,religion altoge!r1 & cont5t+ !mselves ) o!r bran*es ( k1 :i* are suppos$ to be m c]ta9 9 !mselves z well z m conducive to _! pres5t welf>e4 ,9 ?is respect1 x is deeply in/ructive to rem>k t ,infidelity has be5 s+ul>ly at v>iance ) itself4 ,at "o "t1 9 ! age ( ,h]b]t1 human reason 0 extoll$1 to ! disp>agem5t ( ,div9e ,revelation2 x 0 held to be s ?or\ghly compet5t to deal ) all ! tru?s ( ,!ology1 & to arrive1 on m]e natural gr\nds1 at su* an assur$ belief 9 !m1 t no sup]natural message 0 ne$$ ei!r to illu/rate1 or confirm1 or en=ce ! lessons ( ,nature3 b n[1 :5 ! lessons ( ,nature h]self are call$ 9 "q1 human reason is disp>ag$ z incompet5t to ! task ( deciph]+ h] d>k hi]oglyphics1 & :ile %e c trav]se ) firm /ep e dep>tm5t ( ! mat]ial _w1 & so> al(t1 z on eagle's w+s1 to survey ! suns & sy/ems ( a/ronomy1 %e is held to be incapable alike ( religi\s inquiry & ( div9e in/ruction6 ,!re is1 inde$1 a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! high pret5sions ( ,reason 9 matt]s ( philosophy1 & ! ba/>d humility :i* x sometimes assumes 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,b !re is ano!r1 & a /ill m subtle1 =m ( ,p>tial or ,religi\s ,skepticism4 ,x does n absolutely d5y ! possibility ( religi\s k1 nor does x dogmatically affirm t man1 ) 8 pres5t faculties1 c h no religi\s convictions2 x cont5ts itself ) say+1 & attempt+ to prove1 t ! c]titude ( religi\s tru? _c be ev9c$ by any legitimate process ( reason+4 ,x exam9es ! pro(1 & detects flaws 9 x4 ,x discusses1 ) a sev]e & critical logic1 ! argum5ts t h be5 employ$ to e/abli% ! fir/ & mo/ fundam5tal article ( ,!ology1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & disc>d+ !m "o by "o1 x rea*es ! conclusion t1 :e!r true or n1 x _c be prov$4 ,/range z x may appe>1 ^! s5tim5ts h be5 embrac$ & av[$ by m5 :o /ill cont9ue to pr(ess _! belief 9 ,god & ,religion4 ,"s h held t pro( by reason+ is impossible1 b only because x is sup]flu\s4 ,!y di/+ui% betwe5 reason & reason+2 & hold t :ile ! latt] is incompet5t to ! task ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! =m] spontane\sly sugge/s ! idea ( a ,supreme ,cause1 & imp>ts to x all ! c]ta9ty :i* belongs to a direct intellectual intuition4 ,o!rs di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,speculative & ! ,practical ,reason2 & hold t :ile ! =m] _c prove by an unexceptionable argum5t ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! latt] af=ds a suffici5t gr\ndwork = religi\s belief & wor%ip4 ,o!rs1 aga91 speak n s mu* ( reason or reason+1 z ( s5tim5t & in/9ct1 z ! s\rce ( our religi\s beliefs2 & in/ead ( address+ argum5ts to ! und]/&+1 !y w\ld make _! appeal to ! feel+s & affections ( ! he>t4 ,!re is /ill ano!r class ( writ]s :o resolve all human k1 :e!r relat+ to ?+s secul> or spiritual1 into :at !y call ! pr9ciple ( fai? 7foi71 & to ?is class belong two di/9ct p>ties :o are widely diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 almo/ ev]y?+ else4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to m>k ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 _! respective sy/ems1 s9ce x is apt to be conceal$ or disguis$ by ! ambigu\s use ( ! same phraseology by bo?4 ,! "o p>ty may be describ$ z ! disciples ( a ,fai?-,philosophy ( ,reason1 ! o!r ( a ,fai?-,philosophy ( ,revelation3 ! =m] resolv+ all our k into ! intuitive p]ceptions or fir/ pr9ciples ( ! human intellect1 consid]$ z a k9d ( div9e & infallible1 ?\gh natural inspiration2 ! latt] cont5d+ t 9 reg>d at lea/ to ! k ( !ological tru?1 human reason is utt]ly p[]less1 & c only arrive at c]ta9ty by fai? 9 ! div9e te/imony4 ,! two are widely diff]5t1 yet !re are po9ts ( resemblance & agreem5t betwixt !m1 & on ?is acc\nt !y h sometimes be5 class$ toge!r "u a wide & sweep+ g5]alization4 ,! =m ( ,p>tial ,skepticism to :i* ^! rem>ks apply is p]haps m common ?an x is g5]ally suppos$ to be4 ,on :at o!r pr9ciple1 inde$1 c we acc\nt1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( religi\s m51 = ! indiff]5ce & ev5 av]sion ) :i* !y turn away f any attempt to prove by natural evid5ce ! exi/5ce & provid5ce ( ,god8 ,! preval5ce ( su* feel+s ev5 )9 ! ,*ri/ian community has be5 admitt$ & deplor$ by "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd spiritual tea*]s ( mod]n times2#bda & x c only be expla9$1 :]e ,religion is *]i%$ & pr(ess$1 on ! supposition t !y reg>d pro( by argum5t z sup]flu\s1 ei!r because x is sup]s$$ by ! natural in/9cts & intuitions ( ! human m9d1 or by ! au?oritative tea*+ ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,b x ought to be s]i\sly consid]$1 on ! "o h&1 t ! in/9cts & intuitions ( human reason are n altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! natural evid5ce :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! con/itution & c\rse ( ,nature2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,revelation itself ref]s to t natural evid5ce1 & recomm5ds x to our c>eful & dev\t /udy4 ,besides ! !ories ( ,p>tial ,skepticism to :i* we h already ref]r$1 !re is a mongrel sy/em :i* seems to comb9e ! two opposite extremes ( ,d\bt & ,dogmatism1 & :i*1 = t reason1 may be n inaptly designat$ z ,skeptico-,dogmatic4#bdb ,ev] s9ce ! era ( ! ,re=mation1 :5 ! pr9ciple ( free inquiry1 & ! "r or r ! duty ( private judgm5t 9 matt]s ( ,religion1 7 s /r5u\sly affirm$ & s successfully ma9ta9$1 !re has be5 a /&+ controv]sy betwe5 ! ,popi% & ,prote/ant ,*ur*es respect+ ! rival claims ( ,reason & ,au?ority z ! ultimate arbit] on po9ts ( fai?4 ,extreme op9ions on ei!r side 7 advanc$4 ,"o p>ty1 repudiat+ all au?ority1 :e!r human or div9e1 reject$ alike ! te/imony ( ,scripture & ! decrees ( ! ,*ur*1 &1 receiv+ only :at 0 suppos$ to be 9 accordance ) ! dictates ( ,reason1 s\ght to e/abli% a s*eme ( ,rationalism 9 connection ) at lea/ a nom9al pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! opposite p>ty1 n sl[ to detect ! error into :i* extreme ,prote/ants _h fall51 & int5t seem+ly on fa/5+ t error on all :o _h sep>at$ !mselves f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 affirm$ & endeavor$ to prove t ,rationalism1 9 its mo/ obnoxi\s s5se1 is inh]5t 9 & insep>able f ! av[$ pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation1 & t ! recognition ( ! "r ( private judgm5t is necess>ily subv]sive ( all au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,!y did n see1 or if !y did see1 !y 7 unwill+ to ackn[l$ge t ,rationalism is a v diff]5t ?+ f ! legitimate use ( ,reason2 & t :ile ! =m] repudiates all au?ority1 :e!r human or div9e1 ! latt] may b[ ) pr(\nd rev]5ce to ! supreme au?ority ( ! ,inspir$ ,^w1 & ev5 li/5 ) docility to ! m9i/]ial au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 9 s f> z h] tea*+ is 9 accordance ) ! lessons ( ,scripture4 ,x may be safely affirm$ t ! ,confessions & ,articles ( all ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es 9 ,europe & ,am]ica d recognize ! au?ority bo? ( ,god & ! ,*ur*1 & are z mu* oppos$ to ,rationalism1 consid]$ z a sy/em :i* makes ,reason ! sole /&>d & judge1 z !y are to ! opposite extreme ( lordly dom9ation ov] ! fai? & consci5ces ( m54 ,b su* a controv]sy hav+ aris51 x 0 to be expect$ t :ile eag] p>tisans1 on ! "o side1 might unduly exalt & extol ! p[]s & pr]ogatives ( ,reason1 ! adh]5ts ( ,romanism1 :i* claims ! sanction ( infallibility = h] doctr9es & decrees1 w\ld be tempt$ to foll[ an opposite c\rse1 & w\ld seek to disp>age ! claims ( ,reason ) ! view ( exalt+ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce arose :at has be5 call$ ,,popi% ,,pyrrhonism1--a sy/em :i* attempts to comb9e ,d\bt ) ,dogmatism1 & to e/abli% ! c]titude ( religi\s k on ! sole basis ( au?ority1 :i* is someh[ suppos$ to be m secure & /able :5 x re/s on ! ru9s ( human reason4 ,n a few significant symptoms ( a t5d5cy 9 ?is direction h appe>$ f age to age4 ,x 0 app>5t 9 "s ( ! writ+s1 o!rwise valuable1 ( ,huet1 ,bi%op ( ,avran*es2 "s traces ( x are disc]nible 9 ! pr(\nd ,?\ghts ( ,pascal2 b x 0 res]v$ = ! pres5t age to elaborate ?is t5d5cy into a !ory1 & to give x ! =m ( a regul> sy/em4 ,?is task 0 fe>lessly und]tak5 by ! eloqu5t b v]satile ,lam5nais1 :ile z yet he held (fice 9 ! ,*ur*1 & 0 publicly honor$ z "o :o 0 wor?y to be call$ ! late/ ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,8 ,essay on ,indiff]5ce 9 ,matt]s ( ,fai?1 exhibits _m pro(s ( a pr(\nd & vigor\s intellect1 & conta9s _m passages ( p[]ful & impressive eloqu5ce4 ,we he>tily sympa?ize ) x 9 s f> z x is direct$ aga9/ t ,lib]alism :i* makes light ( all def9ite articles ( fai?2 b we deplore ! griev\s error into :i* he has be5 s$uc$ by 8 zeal = ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 he attempts to und]m9e ! f\ndations ( all belief 9 ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! human faculties4 ,9 opposition to ! claims ( private judgm5t1 he cont5ds = ! necessity ( a ,reason m elevat$ & m g5]al z ! only gr\nd ( ,c]titude1 ! supreme rule & /&>d ( belief4 ,?is normal ,reason he f9ds 9 ! doctr9e & decrees ( an ,infallible ,*ur*1 :]ev] ! ,*ur* is kn[n2 b :]e ! ,*ur* is yet unkn[n1 or :ile x 0 yet non-exi/5t 9 its pres5t organiz$ =m1 he seeks ?is m g5]al ,reason 9 ! common s5se or unanim\s cons5t ( ! race at l>ge1 & affirms t ?is is ! sole gr\nd ( ,c]titude1 & ! ultimate /&>d ( appeal 9 e "q respect+ ! tru? or falsity ( our individual op9ions4#bdc ,he holds t ! au?ority bo? ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! ,race is infallible2 & t its infallibility nei!r requires nor admits ( pro(4#bdd ,) ! view ( e/abli%+ ?is "o & exclusive crit]ion ( ,c]titude1 he assails ! evid5ce ( s5se1 ! evid5ce ( consci\sness1 ! evid5ce ( memory1 ! evid5ce ev5 ( axiomatic tru?s & fir/ pr9ciples1 & involves ev]y?+ except ecclesia/ical au?ority or g5]al reason 9 ! same abyss ( ,skepticism4#bde ,he v5tures ev5 to affirm t ,geometry itself1 ! mo/ exact ( all ! ,sci5ces1 re/s1 l e o!r1 on common cons5t6 ,no wond]1 !n1 t he %\ld also f\nd exclusively on au?ority our belief 9 ! exi/5ce & gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,an intellig5t memb] ( 8 own communion prop\nds a v diff]5t1 & mu* m reasonable1 op9ion3 ,il n'y a pas d'autorit morale qui n'ait beso9 de se pr\v] ellemme1 d'une mani]e quelconque1 et d'etablir sa legitimit4 ,en def9itive1 c'e/ a l'individu qu'elle s'addresse1 c> on ne croit pas p> masse1 on croit *acun p\r soi4 ,l'individu re/e donc t\j\rs juge1 et juge inevitable de l'autorit intellectuelle qu'il accepte1 ou de celle qui s'(fre a lui4 ,n\s n'avons pas a exam9] si cette disposition con/itutive de l'esprit huma9 e/ bonne ou mauvaise2 la seule "q que l'on en fait e/ va9e et /]ile4 ,n\s sommes necessairem5t amns p> l'obs]vation phys*ologique a con/at] qu'il faut que l'homme croie a la fidelit du temoignage de ses s5s individuels1 et la valeur de sa raison p]sonelle1 avant de faire un pas au-dela4#bdf ,we ?9k x unnecess>y to ent] into a detail$ discussion ( ?is /range & />tl+ !ory1 especially z ! alt]$ position ( ! writ] 9 8 relation to ! ,*ur* be=e 8 dea? may be held to indicate t to a l>ge ext5t x _h be5 ab&on$ by himself4 ,nor %\ld we h ?\ght x wor?y ev5 ( ?is transi5t notice1 _h we n disc]n$ symptoms ( an incipi5t t5d5cy 9 a simil> direction among "s writ]s 9 ! ,prote/ant ranks4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ by div9es ( e communion t ! rational faculties ( man & _! g5]al tru/wor?9ess are necess>ily presuppos$ 9 any ,revelation :i* may be address$ to !m2 & t 9 ,scripture itself frequ5t appeals are made to ! works ( ,creation & ,provid5ce1 z af=d+ at once a body ( natural evid5ce1 & a signal manife/ation ( ,8 adorable p]fections4 ,x 7 a va9 ?+ to hope t fai? 9 ,god may be /r5g!n$ by a _s ( ,skepticism 9 reg>d to ,reason1 :i* con/itutes "p ( ,8 own image on ! s\l ( man4 ,x is b common ju/ice to add t ! speculations ( ,lam5nais1 s f> f be+ sanction$1 7 op5ly c5sur$1 by "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( 8 fell[-ecclesia/ics4 ,su* writ]s z ,valrog]1 ,giob]ti1 & ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 gave =? _! public prote/ aga9/ !m1 & h !reby done mu* to v9dicate _! ,*ur* f ! imputation ( conniv+ at ! progress ( ,skepticism4 ,valrog]'s te/imony is /rong & decid$3 ,m4 de ,lam5nais pret5dait que la raison individuelle e/ incapable de n\s donn] la ,c]titude4 ,cette pret5tion e/1 suivant1 n\s absurde et fune/e4 ,n'e/ ce pas p> notre raison individuelle que la v]it-arriv a n\s et devi5t notre bi58 ,quel moy5 plus imm$iat p\rrons-n\s avoir de saisir la v]it8 ,quel pr9cipe de connaisance ou de ,c]titude p\rrait-on plac] entre n\s et notre raison8 ,et comm5t p\rrions-n\s l'employ]1 si ce ne'e/ avec notre raison8 ,n'e/ ce pas une contradiction flagrante de v\loir p]suad] quelque *ose des hommes que l'on a decl>s incapables de connaitre c]ta9em5t quoi que ce soit8 ,a quoi bon une me?ode1 une autorit infaillible1 un enseignem5t ,div91 si n\s n'avons que des facults trompeuses p\r us] de ces sec\rs8 ,n\s croyons1 n\s1 que la raison individuelle peut connaitre avec c]titude t\tes les v]its necessaires l'accomplissem5t de notre de/9e4 ,si n\s avons beso9 de la ,grace1 de la ,revelation1 de la ,tradition1 et de l',eglise p\r atte9dre le bt supreme de notre vie1--sur une f\le de que/ions subalt]nes1 n\s peuvons arriv] a une c]titude complete1 sans rec\rir aucune ext]ieure1 aucun sec\rs surnaturel4#bdg ,giob]ti is equally explicit3 ,m4 de ,lam5nais dans sa !orie sur la ,c]titude1 confond les deux me?odes1 ,ontologique et ,physiologique2 il les rejette t\tes les deux1 et leur sub/itue la seule me?ode d',autorit4 ,mais la me?ode d',autorit e/ impossible sans un fondem5t ,ontologique1 et c'e/ une manife/e petition de pr9cipe que d'etabl] l',ontologie sur l',autorit4#bdh ,& ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1--! same :o fell be=e ! b>ricades1 a m>tyr to ,*>ity if n to ,tru?1 & :o seems to h _h a wakeful eye on ! progress ( philosophic speculation1--took occasion1 9 a preface to ! ,abb ,m>et's ,!odice1 to decl>e t ,lam5nais' sy/em 0 obnoxi\s to ! ,*ur*1 because ( its opposition to ! doctr9e ( ,rational ,c]titude3 ,t\t le monde sait que le cl]g de ,france avait rep\ss le sy/eme de ,m4 de ,lam5nais precism5t cause de son opposition a la ,c]titude ,rationnelle con/anm5t pr(esse dans nos ecoles2 et t\t le monde peu savoir que les ,bossuet1 les ,f5elon1 les ,desc>tes out raisonn1 et que n\s aussi n\s raisonnons et discutons avec nos accusateurs1 444 preuve irrcusable que ,,le ,,rationalisme ,,et ,,la ,,raison ,,sont ,,deux ,,*oses ,,=t ,,diff]5tes4#bdi ,,p]rone has giv5 a simil> te/imony1 & we _c d\bt t ! m ?\ghtful adh]5ts ( ,romanism mu/ be s5sible ( ! dang] :i* is involv$ 9 any attempt to comb9e ,rational ,skepticism ) ,dogmatic ,au?ority4 ,x 7 well1 h[ev]1 if !y w\ld reconsid] _! position ) ref]5ce to ?is :ole "q1 9 its m g5]al be>+s 9 conection ) _! doctr9e z to ! rule ( fai?2 & weigh1 ) c&id imp>tiality1 ! argum5ts :i* h be5 adduc$ by ,prote/ant writ]s on ! subject4#bej ,,footnotes3 #bcc ,m4 ,a4 ,,franck1 ,rapport1 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,jav>y1 ,ouvrage ,c\ronn p> l',in/itut1 #ahdg4 #bcd ,m4 ,,ed4 ,,m]ci]1 ,de la ,c]titude1 dans ses ,rapports avec la ,sci5ce et la ,foi1 #ahdd4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,v]a1 ,problme de la ,c]titude1 #ahdc4 ,,abb ,,g]bet1 ,des ,doctr9es ,philosophiques sur la ,c]titude1 dans leur ,rapports avec les ,fondem5s de la ,!ologie4 ,,abb ,,de ,,lam5nais1 ,du ,fondem5t de la ,c]titude1 #ahbf4 ,vols4 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ( ! ,essai sur l',indiff]5ce en ,matire de la ,religion4 #d vols41 #ahdd4 #bce ,m4 ,,franck1 p4 #bcg4 ,m4 ,,jav>i1 p4 #bh4 #bcf ,,am& ,,sa9te1 ,vie de ,sp9oza1 p4 #bja4 ,,abb ,,lam5nais1 ,essai sur l',indiff]5ce1 ,,iv4 #bef4 #bcg ,,f5elon1 ,oeuvres ,spirituelles1 ,i4 #ach4 #bch ,,sextus ,,empiricus1 ,adv]sus ,ma!maticos1 t is1 ,dogmaticos--tea*]s ( ,greek3 ma?mata4 ,,glanville1 ,scepsis ,sci5tifica4 ,,hume1 & ,,montaigne1 ,essays4 ,h4 ,o',,connor1 ,connect$ ,essays & ,tracts4 ,,villem&y1 ,scepticismus ,debellatus2 seu1 ,human ,cognitionis ,ratio ab imis radicibus explicata2 ejusdem ,c]titudo adv]sus ,scepticos quosque vet]es ac novos invicte ass]ta4 ,,lam5nais1 ,essai sur l',indiff]5ce4 #bci ,,dr4 ,,reid1 ,essays1--,on ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,,ii4 #bdi-beb1 #bic1 #cjj4 ,,sir ,,wm4 ,,hamilton1 ,reid1 pp4 #ia1 #aja1 #aji4 #bdj ,,bi%op ,,e>le1 ,microcosmography1 p4 #abj4 #bda ,,dr4 ,,john ,,love1 ( ,glasg[1 ,disc\rses4 #bdb ,,c\s91 ,c\rs1 ,,ii4 #dbj1 #dbb4 ,,morell1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,i4 #bea2 ,,ii4 #bba1 #eje1 #ebb4 ,,sp9oza1 ,tractatus ,!olog4-,polit41 p4 #bfg4 ,,lam5nais1 ,essai sur l',indiff]5ce1 passim4 #bdc ,,lam5nais1 ,essai1 ,,ii4 #f1 #g1 #eb1 #fj1 #beh4 #bdd ,ibid41 ,,ii4 #i1 #ig1 #aaj4 #bde ,,lam5nais1 ,essai1 ,,ii4 #ei1 #gb1 #ge1 #gh1 #hj1 #hd1 #id2 ,,iv4 #bee4 #bdf ,,b\*itt1 ,hi/oire des ,preuves1 p4 #dgh4 #bdg ,,valrog]1 ,etudes ,critiques1 p4 #egd4 #bdh ,,giob]ti1 ,introduction a l',etude de la ,philosophie1 ,i4 #eib4 #bdi ,,m>et1 ,!odice1 ,preface1 p4 ,,viii4 #bej ,,la ,,placette1 ,de ,insanabill ,roman ,ecclesi ,scepticismo4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,secul>ism4--,g4 ,j4 ,,holyoake4 ,su* is ! new "n "u :i* ,a!ism has rec5tly appe>$ among n a few ( ! tradesm5 & artisans ( ! metropolis & prov9cial t[ns ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 lit]ature1 x is repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake1 ! au?or ( an answ] to ,paley1 ! editor ( ,! ,reason]1 & a popul> lectur] & controv]siali/1 ^: public discussions are duly report$ 9 t p]iodical1 & occasionally repr9t$ 9 a sep>ate =m4#bea ,! ext5sive circulation :i* ^! & simil> tracts h already obta9$1 ! numb] ( affiliat$ societies :i* h be5 =m$ 9 _m ( ! *ief c5tres ( manufactures & comm]ce1 ! zeal & boldness ( popul> it9]ant lectur]s1 & ! urg5t dem&s :i* h be5 incessantly made = ! ext5sion ( _! ma*9]y by means ( a propag&a fund1 are all indications ( a t5d5cy1 9 "s qu>t]s1 t[>ds a =m ( unbelief1 less speculative & m practical1 b only on t acc\nt m attractive to ! ,engli% m9d1 & nei!r less insidi\s nor less dang]\s ?an any ( ! philosophical !ories ( ,a!ism4 ,we h (t5 ?\ght1 inde$1 t %\ld ,a!ism ev] ?reat5 to become preval5t 9 ,engl&1 ?is is ! =m :i* x is mo/ likely to assume4 ,! ,engli% m9d is em95tly practical2 x has little sympa?y ) ! pr(undity ( ,g]man or ! subtlety ( ,fr5* speculation on su* subjects4 ,a few speculative spirits may be influ5c$ = a "t by ! reason+s ( ,comte1 or ! repres5tations ( ,! ,ve/iges2 b ! g5]al m9d ( ! community w desid]ate some?+ m solid & sub/antial2 n cont5t ) any sci5tific !ory1 h[ev] +5i\s1 x w dem& a practical sy/em4 ,& we are n sure t ,secul>ism may n be made to appe>1 9 ! view ( "s1 to be j su* a sy/em1 s9ce x dismisses or refuses to pron\nce on _m ( ! highe/ problems ( human ?\ght1 insi/s on ! necess>y limitation ( ! human faculties1 & seeks to conf9e bo? our aspirations & our ?\ghts to ! int]e/s & ! duties ( ! pres5t life4 ,9 e/imat+ ! probable influ5ce ( su* a sy/em on ! public m9d1 we mu/ n =get ! l>ge am\nt ( practical irreligion :i* exi/s ev5 9 ,engl&1 ! /rong temptation :i* is felt by _m to escape f _! occasional feel+s ( remorse & fe> by embrac+ "s plausible pretext = ! neglect ( pray] & o!r religi\s obs]vances1 & ! disposition1 natural & almo/ irresi/ible 9 su* circum/ances1 to l5d a will+ e> to any doctr9e :i* promises to relieve !m ( all responsibility ) relation to ,god & a future /ate4 ,! !ory ( ,secul>ism is adapt$ to ?is /ate ( m9d2 x *imes 9 ) ! in/9ctive t5d5cies ( e ungodly m9d2 & x is ! likelie/ m$ium ?r\gh :i* practical ,a!ism may pass into speculative ,infidelity4 ,mr4 ,holyoake1 x is true1 abjures ! "n bo? ( an ,a!i/ & ,infidel4 ,we admire ! prud5ce ( 8 policy1 b _c subscribe to ! correctness ( 8 reasons = do+ s4 ,mr4 ,s\?well1 he says1 has tak5 an objection to ! t]m ,a!ism4 ,we are glad he has4 ,we h disus$ x a long "t4444 ,we disuse x1 because ,a!i/ is a worn-out ^w4 ,bo? ! anci5ts & ! mod]ns h und]/ood by x "o )\t ,god1 & also )\t morality4 ,?us ! t]m connotes m ?an any well-in=m$ & e>ne/ p]son accept+ x ev] includ$ 9 x2 t is1 ! ^w c>ries ) x associations ( immorality1 :i* h be5 repudiat$ by ! ,a!i/ z s]i\sly z by ! ,*ri/ian4 ,non-!ism is a t]m less op5 to ! same misund]/&+1 z x implies ! simple non-acceptance ( ! ,!i/'s explanation ( ! orig9 & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4#beb ,b ,non-!ism 0 aft]w>ds ex*ang$ = ,secul>ism1 z a t]m less liable to miscon/ruction1 & m correctly descriptive ( ! real import ( ! !ory4 ,secul>i/s 01 p]haps1 ! prop] designation ( all :o diss5t$ extremely f ! religi\s op9ions ( ! day4--,free?9k+ is ! ,secul> sph]e2 draw+ its l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 "t & et]nity1 x works = ! welf>e ( man 9 ?is _w--,! ,secul>i/ is ! l>g] & m compreh5sive designation ( ! ,a!i/4#bec ,) all ?is coyness & fa/idi\sness ab\t names1 !re c be no d\bt t ! "* ( ! sy/em is ess5tially a!i/ic3 ,we refuse to employ ! t]m ,god1 n hav+ any def9ite idea ( x :i* we c expla9 to o!rs1--n kn[+ any !ory ( su* an exi/5ce z w enable u to def5d t dogma to o!rs4 ,we !re=e pref] ! hone/1 ?\gh unusual designation ( ,a!i/2 n us+ x 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is commonly employ$1 z signify+ "o )\t morality1 b 9 its /rict] s5se ( describ+ ^? )\t any det]m9ate k ( ,deity4#bed ,t ! ,a!i/ does consid] matt] to be et]nal is p]fectly correct2 & = ?is reason1 no ,a!i/ c\ld make use ( su* a t]m z t matt] orig9ally possess$1 or orig9ally 02 :atev] is et]nal has no orig91 beg9n+1 or end4444 ,organiz$ plants & animals--man also ) 8 noble intellect--are n n[ at lea/ produc$ by sup]natural causes2 & ! ,a!i/1 )\t positively ass]t+ t !re mu/ h be5 a beg9n+ to life 9 ?is e>?1 argues t if a plant1 an animal1 or a man1 c be produc$ at ?is "t )\t sup]natural int]f]5ce1 s also a fir/ plant1 a fir/ animal1 or a fir/ man1 may h be5 naturally produc$ 9 ?is e>? "u ! "r circum/ances1--circum/ances :i* probably _c occur 9 ! pres5t condition ( our globe4 ,our difficulties & our ignorance are n 9 ! lea/ dispell$1 b on ! contr>y complicat$ & increas$1 by ! adoption ( ! anci5t belief 9 a ,sup]natural ,contriv] & ,mak]1 :o1 aft] exi/+ f et]nity 9 absolute void & solitude1 sudd5ly proce$$ to create ! univ]se out ( no?+ or out ( himself4#bee ,! editor ?9ks ! c\rse to be tak5 is to use ! t]m ,secul>i/s z indicat+ g5]al views1 & accept ! t]m ,a!i/ at ! po9t at :i* ,e?ics decl9es alliance ) ,!ology2 always1 h[ev]1 expla9+ ! t]m ,a!i/ to mean 'n see+ ,god1' visually or inf]5tially2 nev] suff]+ x to be tak5 7z ,*alm]s1 ,fo/]1 & _m o!rs repres5t x7 = ,anti-!ism1 t is1 hat+ ,god1 d5y+ ,god1 z hat+ implies p]sonal k z ! gr\nd ( dislike1 & d5y+ implies inf9ite k z ! gr\nd ( dispro(4#bef ,^! extracts are suffici5t to illu/rate ! peculi> "* ( ?is popul> =m ( ,infidelity4 ,x is n a philosophical sy/em1 al?\gh philosophical t]ms are (t5 employ$ by its advocates2 x does n ev5 pr(ess to solve1 z ! !ory ( ,developm5t does1 any ( ! great problems ( ,nature4 ,we %all (f] a brief /atem5t ( its di/9ctive peculi>ities1 z x is develop$ by ,mr4 ,holyoake1 & sugge/ "s consid]ations :i* %\ld be s]i\sly pond]$ by ^? :o may be tempt$ to ex*ange ,*ri/ianity = ,secul>ism4 #a4 ,! !ory ( ,secul>ism is a =m1 n ( dogmatic1 b ( skeptical1 ,a!ism2 x is dogmatic only 9 d5y+ ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ce = ! be+ & p]fections ( ,god4 ,x does n d5y1 x only does n believe1 ,8 exi/5ce4 ,!re may be a ,god not)/&+2 !re may ev5 be suffici5t evid5ce ( ,8 be+1 al?\gh "s m5 _c1 or w n1 see x4 ,!y d n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b only ass]t t !y h n suffici5t pro( ( ,8 exi/5ce4#beg ,! ,non-!i/ takes ?is gr\nd4 ,he affirms t natural reason has n yet atta9$ to 7evid5ce (7 ,sup]natural ,be+4 ,he does n d5y t x may d s1 because ! capacity ( natural reason 9 ! pursuit ( evid5ce ( ,sup]natural ,be+ is n1 s f> z he is aw>e1 fix$4--,! p[] ( reason is yet a gr[?4 ,to d5y its p[] absolutely w\ld be haz>d\s2 & 9 ! case ( a speculative "q1 n to admit t ! opposite views may 9 "s s5se be t5able1 is to assume y\r own infallibility1--a piece ( arrogance ! public always puni% by disbeliev+ y :5 y are 9 ! "r4#beh ,accord+ly ! !sis :i* ,mr4 ,holyoake und]took to ma9ta9 9 public discussion 0 c\*$ 9 ^! t]ms3--,t we h n suffici5t evid5ce to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+ indep5d5t ( ,nature2#bei & s f> f v5tur+ to d5y ,8 exi/5ce1 he makes ! important admission1 t d5y+ implies inf9ite k z ! gr\nd ( dispro(4 ,x is admitt$1 !n1 by ! ,secul>i/ himself1--t !re may be a ,god1--t !re may be evid5ce ( ,8 exi/5ce1--t x may yet be discov]$ 9 ! progress ( natural reason1--& t to d5y any "o ( ^! possibilities w\ld be to assume infallibility1 or to arrogate inf9ite k z ! gr\nd ( dispro(4 ,n[1 we humbly conceive t !re is en\gh 9 ^! admissions1 if n to dis>m ! ,secul> polemic1 yet to %ut up e s]i\sly reflect+ man1 n1 p]haps1 to ! in/ant recognition ( a ,div9e ,be+1 b c]ta9ly to ! duty ( e>ne/1 pati5t1 & p]sev]+ inquiry4 ,x 0 ) ?is view t bo? ,*alm]s & ,fo/] p5n$ ^? p[]ful passages :i* seem to h left "s impression on ! m9d ev5 ( ,mr4 ,holyoake1 n = ! purpose1 z he seems to imag9e1 ( conf\nd+ ,a!ism ) ,anti-!ism1 b = ! v opposite purpose ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ! two1 s z to %[ t1 ! "o be+ impossible1 ! o!r c af=d no security aga9/ ! possible tru? ( ,religion4 ,& e ^w ( w>n+ :i* !y convey %\ld tell ) p[]ful effect on ,mr4 ,holyoake's consci5ce1 aft] ! admissions :i* he has delib]ately made1 especially :5 he is engag$ 9 ! *e]less task ( und]m9+ ! fai? ( multitudes 9 _! ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,dr4 ,*alm]s devotes a *apt] ( 8 ,natural ,!ology to illu/rate ! duty :i* is laid ^u m5 by ! possibility or ev5 ! imag9ation ( a ,god4 ,he does n ov]look1 on ! contr>y he f\nds ^u1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ,skeptical & ,dogmatic ,a!ism4 ,go+ back1 he says1 to ! v e>lie/ ( our m5tal conceptions on ?is subject1 we adv]t fir/ to ! di/9ction1 9 po9t ( real & logical import1 betwe5 unbelief & disbelief4 ,!re be+ no gr\nd = affirm+ t !re is a ,god1 is a diff]5t proposition f !re be+ gr\nd = affirm+ t !re is no ,god4444 ,! ,a!i/ does n labor to demon/rate t !re is no ,god2 b he labors to demon/rate t !re is no adequate pro( ( !re be+ "o4 ,he does n positively affirm ! position1 t ,god is n2 b he affirms ! lack ( evid5ce = ! position1 t ,god is4 ,judg+ f ! t5d5cy & effect ( 8 argum5ts1 an ,a!i/ does n appe> positively to refuse t a ,god may be2 b he insi/s t ,he has n discov]$ ,himself1 :e!r by ! utt]ance ( ,8 voice 9 audible revelation1 or by ! impress ( ,8 h& ^u visible nature4 ,8 v]dict on ! doctr9e ( a ,god is only t x is n prov52 x is n1 t x is disprov54 ,he is b an ,a!i/3 he is n an ,anti-!i/4 ,mr4 ,holyoake c sc>cely fail to recognize 9 ^! words a correct & graphic del9eation ( 8 own position & s5tim5ts4 ,n[1 says ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 !re is a c]ta9 dute\s movem5t :i* ! m9d ought to take1 on ! b>e sugge/ion t a ,god may be4444 ,! c]ta9ty ( an actual ,god b9ds ov] to c]ta9 di/9ct & mo/ und\bt$ proprieties4 ,b s also may ! imag9ation ( a possible ,god2 9 :i* case1 ! v idea ( a ,god1 ev5 9 its mo/ hypo!tical =m1 might lay a responsibility ev5 ^u ,a!i/s4444 ,! v idea ( a ,god w br+ along ) x an in/ant s5se & recognition ( ! moralities & duties t w\ld be ow+ to ,him4 ,%\ld an actual ,god be reveal$1 we cle>ly feel t !re is a some?+ :i* we ought to be & to d 9 reg>d to ,him4 ,b m ?an ?is3 %\ld a possible ,god be imag9$1 !re is a some?+ n only :i* we feel t we ought1 b !re is a some?+ :i* we actually ought to d or to be1 9 consequ5ce ( our be+ visit$ by su* an imag9ation4444 ,to ?is condition !re atta*es a mo/ cle> & incumb5t morality4 ,x is to g 9 que/ ( t unse5 ,b5efactor1 :o1 = aught ,i "k1 has u%]$ me into exi/5ce1 & spread s glori\s a panorama ar\nd me4 ,x is to probe ! secret ( my be+ & my bir?2 &1 if possible1 to make discov]y :e!r x 0 inde$ ! h& ( a ,b5efactor t br\ght me =? f non5tity1 & gave me place & ent]ta9m5t 9 t gl[+ t]ritory :i* is light$ up ) ! hopes & happ9ess ( liv+ m54 ,x is ?us t ! v conception ( a ,god ?r[s a solemn responsibility aft] x4#bfj ,x is a dang]\s mi/ake1 !n1 to imag9e ei!r t we c ev] "k t !re is no ,god1 or t we c get rid ( all responsibility by m]ely d\bt+ ,8 exi/5ce4 ,a!ism1 9 s f> z x is dogmatic1 mu/1 9 8 own language1 arrogate inf9ite k z ! gr\nd ( dispro(2 & 9 s f> z x is m]ely skeptical1 x c af=d no security aga9/ ! fe>s & =ebod+s :i* d\bt on su* a subject mu/ necess>ily awak5 9 e ?\ghtful m9d4 ,& ?is consid]ation w become only ! m solemn & impressive ! long] we reflect ^u x4 ,mr4 ,holyoake1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ consi/5t 9 8 v>i\s /atem5ts on ?is subject4 ,= n cont5t ) say+1 ,mo/ decid$ly ,i believe t ! pres5t ord] ( ,nature is insuffici5t to prove ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t ,creator1 he adds t no imag9able ord]1 t no contrivance1 h[ev] me*anical1 precise1 or cle>1 w\ld be suffici5t to prove x4#bfa ,at "o "t he tells u t an increas+ p>ty respectfully & def]5tially av[ _! inability to subscribe to ! argum5ts suppos$ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a ,be+ di/9ct f ,nature4 ,at ano!r1 ,we h always held t ! exi/5ce ( ,deity is 'pa/ f9d+ out1' & we h held t ! "t employ$ ^u ! inve/igation might m pr(itably be devot$ to ! /udy ( humanity4 ,aga91 ,t c5tral po9t 9 all religi\s belief--! exi/5ce ( ,god--has n yet be5 approa*$ 9 a frank _s4 ,! v t]ms ( ! ass]tion are z yet an enigma 9 language1 ! fact is yet a problem 9 philosophy2 ! _w possesses z yet no adequate logic = t prov9ce ( our speculation :i* lies beyond our imm$iate exp]i5ce4#bfb ,man mu/ die to solve ! problem ( ,deity's exi/5ce4#bfc ,! exi/5ce ( ,god is a problem to :i* ! ma!matics ( human intellig5ce seems to me to furni% no solution1#bfd a problem )\t a solution1 a hi]oglyphic )\t an int]pretation1 a gordian knot /ill unti$1 a "q unansw]$1 a ?read /ill unravell$1 a labyr9? untrod4#bfe ,t !re is "h a /rong expression ( ,skeptical ,a!ism is evid5t2 b is !re n some?+ m8 ,does n ,skeptical ,a!ism ins5sibly trans=m itself into ,dogmatic1 :5 d\bt respect+ ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ce is comb9$ ) a d5ial ( ! possibility ( any satisfactory pro(1 or ( ! capacity ( ! human m9d to rea* x1 "h or h]eaft]8 ,yet ! plea is ! want ( suffici5t evid5ce n[2 & ?is plea is urg$ 9 connection ) ! admission t ! p[] ( reason is yet a gr[?1 & t al?\gh x has n yet atta9$ to evid5ce ( ,sup]natural ,be+1 ! d5ial ( x w\ld imply inf9ite k z ! gr\nd ( dispro(4 ,mr4 ,holyoake does n d5y t !re may be a ,god1 di/9ct f ,nature & sup]ior to x2 b he d5ies1 fir/ ( all1 ! suffici5cy ( ! evid5ce to :i* we appeal1 embrac+ "h t =m ( ,a!ism :i* is m]ely skeptical2 & he d5ies1 secondly1 ! possibility ( any suffici5t pro(1 = no imag9able ord] w\ld be suffici5t1 & ! :ole subject exce$s human compreh5sion1 embrac+1 9 ?is in/ance1 t =m ( ,a!ism :i* is /rictly dogmatic1 if n 9 affirm+ t !re is no ,god1 yet 9 affirm+ t x is impossible ,he c ev] be kn[n to exi/4 ,:at !n becomes ( 8 cauti\s limitations1--,! fact is yet a problem 9 philosophy4--,! _w possesses z yet no adequate logic = t prov9ce ( speculation--,m5 mu/ die to solve ! problem ( ,deity's exi/5ce8 ,is x /ill a problem1 & "o1 too1 :i* may aft] all be solv$1 & solv$ ev5 9 ! affirmative8 ,if x be1 :y may x n be solv$ be=e dea?8 or :at o!r evid5ce w !re be aft] dea?8 ,& z to ! plea ( insuffici5t evid5ce1 :at is its precise mean+8 ,does x mean m]ely t x has hi!rto fail$ to conv9ce himself & 8 associates8 ,if s1 h[ c he tell t x may n yet fla% ^u him ) irresi/ible p[]1 & t he too1 l 8 =m] associate1 ,mr4 ,knight1 may be able to say1 ,by ! bless+ ( ,god1 ! ex]cise ( ^? m5tal p[]s :i* ,he has be/[$ ^u me has l$ me to ! conclusion t ,he exi/s4 ,!re is a ,god4#bff ,if x means m ?an ?is1 w he say t x is insuffici5t = o!rs z well z = him8 ,b :y1 if o!rs believe on ! gr\nd ( t evid5ce1 & if1 accord+ to 8 favorite !ory1 belief is ! inevitable result ( evid5ce8 ,is 8 belief1 or !irs1 ! measure ( tru?8 ,does he n "k t multitudes h pass$ ?r\gh ! same dre>y %ade ( unbelief 9 :i* he is /ill involv$1 & h aft]w>ds em]g$ into ! cle> light ( fai?1 discov]+ :at !y n[ wond] !y _h ov]look$ be=e1 & say+ ) he>tfelt humility & gratitude1 ,"o ?+ ,i "k1 t :]eas ,i 0 bl9d1 n[ ,i see8#bfg ,b :at has _! belief1 or 8 unbelief1 to d ) ! great1 ! mom5t\s fact8 ,! tru?1 :atev] x be1 is indep5d5t ( bo?3 & x is ! tru?1 & n our appreh5sions ( x1 x is ! evid5ce1 & n our belief or d\bt1 t is ! subject ( inquiry4 ,w x be affirm$1 !n1 ei!r t ! suppos$ exi/5ce ( ,god is intr9sically incr$ible1 & z su* incapable ( pro(1 or t ! evid5ce is insuffici5t1 9 ! s5se ( be+ illogical & inconclusive8 ,?is is ! ultimate gr\nd ( a!i/ic unbelief1 & "h ! ,skeptical unites & bl5ds ) ! ,dogmatic =m ( ,infidelity4 ,b :5 driv5 to ?is la/ resort1 & be=e tak+ up ! position :i* x is conc]n$ to def5d1 ,secul>ism puts =? c]ta9 prelim9>y pleas1 p>tly 9 ! way ( self-def5ce1 & p>tly ) ! view ( excit+ prejudice aga9/ ! cause ( ,!ism4#bfh ,i make no pret5ce1 says ,mr4 ,holyoake1 to acc\nt = ev]y?+4 ,i d n pret5d to acc\nt = :at ,i f9d 9 ,nature4 ,i d n feel call$ ^u to acc\nt = x4 ,i d n "k t ,i am requir$ to acc\nt = x4 444 ,a man w come to me & say1 ,c y acc\nt = ?is8 ,c y acc\nt = t8 ,n[ he expects me to tell him all ab\t ev]y?+1 j z ?\gh ,i 0 pres5t at ! beg9n+ ( ,nature1 & knew all its manife/ations4 ,if ,i _c d x1 he w n admit my plea ( ignorance2--he w n admit ! propriety ( my say+1 ,i d n "k4 ,he is n b\nd to expla9 ei!r ! pa/ or ! future3 ,:at w5t be=e & :at w foll[ me ,i reg>d z two black imp5etrable curta9s1 :i* hang d[n at ! two extremities ( human life1 & :i* no liv+ man has yet drawn aside4444 ,a deep sil5ce reigns beh9d ?is curta92 no "o once )9 w answ] ^? he has left )\t2 all y c he> is a holl[ e*o ( y\r "q1 z if y %\t$ into a *asm4#bfi ,& c a m9d t is capable ( writ+ ?us be cont5t to disc>d ,religion f 8 ?\ghts on ! sorry pretext t he is n b\nd to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ,nature8 ,"o w\ld expect at lea/ a ?\ghtful1 s]i\s1 & e>ne/ _s1 ev5 7 x a _s ( d\bt1 9 "o surr\nd$ ) su* solemn my/]ies1 gaz+ on ^! black imp5etrable curta9s1 li/5+ to ! holl[ e*o f t awful *asm3 nay1 t s]i\sness might be expect$ to deep5 into sadness1 too int5sely real to be soo!d by ! plea ( ignorance1 or assuag$ o!rwise ?an by ! light ( tru?4 ,b to say1 ,i d n pret5d to acc\nt = :at ,i f9d 9 ,nature1 :at is ?is b to disc>d ! :ole "q1 to give x up z "o insoluble1 at lea/ by him1 & to leave to o!rs ! problems :i* h ev] ex]cis$ ! noble/ & mo/ gift$ m9ds8 ,mr4 ,holyoake is n b\nd1 inde$1 to expla9 ev]y?+1 & he mi/akes if he supposes t any "o expects ?is at 8 h&4 ,!re are _m subjects on :i* ev5 a man ( sci5ce mu/ +5u\sly confess 8 ignorance1 & _m m s little connect$ ) ! int]e/s & duties ( life z to h only a v slight claim on 8 int]e/ & att5tion4 ,b ,religion is n "o ( ^!3 x is s closely relat$ to ! welf>e & ! duty ( m51 & has su* a direct be>+ on ! consci5ce1 t x dem&s & des]ves ! s]i\s att5tion ( all2 & no "o :o und]takes to in/ruct 8 fell[-m51 & especially :5 he attempts to ov]?r[ _! mo/ sacr$ convictions1 is entitl$ to turn r\nd & say1 ,i d n pret5d to acc\nt = :at ,i f9d 9 ,nature4 ,he is b\nd to give "s intelligible answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is ! cause ( ^! m>vell\s ph5om5a :i* ,i behold8 & :at is ! gr\nd ( t religi\s belief :i* has always prevail$ 9 ! _w8 ,b ,mr4 ,holyoake is det]r$ f any attempt to answ] su* que/ions by its amaz+ presumption3 ,! assumption is1--we may look ?r\gh ,nature up to ,nature's ,god4 ,t seems to me to imply a p[]1 a capacity1 an end[m5t1 :i* repels me at ! outset4 ,if we are to deal ) ! common s5se ( probability1 ,i say ,i am repell$ by ! amaz+ probability :i* is aga9/ me if ,i am to deal ) ! assumption ( di/9ctness1--t ,i c look f ,nature up to ,nature's ,god4 ,:y1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is %ad[y =m ( ?+s1 be=e :i* all m5 /& 9 awe & dread1 9 ! pres5ce ( s _m my/]ies & m>vels :i* art is unable to unravel1 :i* philosophy is unable to expla91 x seems to me an imm5se end[m5t :5 a man c say ) confid5ce1 ,i look ?r\gh ,nature1 & beyond ,nature1 up to ,nature's ,god4 ,i say ! presumption ( ! ?+ does repel me4--,let ! pr(\nd s5se ( our own littl5ess1 :i* "h creeps 9 ^u u1 *eck ! dogmatic _s & arre/ ! presumptu\s _w2 we /& 9 ! great pres5ce ( ,nature1 ^: inspiration %\ld be t ( mode/y1 humility1 & love4--,:5 my fri5d talks s mu* ab\t matt]1 444 8 reason+ proce$s ^u ?is v great hypo!sis1 namely1 t he kn[s all t matt] c d1 & all t x _c d4 ,if he does n "k t1 ,i wond] by :at "r he says s pla9ly t ! wond]s he obs]ves 9 ,nature are n ! "w ( ,nature1 b ( "s ,be+ above ,nature4 ,t :i* repels me f t aspect ( ! argum5t is its amaz+ presumption1 ! am\nt ( k x implies4#bgj ,fo/]'s argum5t aga9/ ,dogmatic ,a!ism seems to h made "s impression on ,mr4 ,holyoake1 s9ce he makes ! important admission t ! d5ial ( a ,god implies inf9ite k z ! gr\nd ( dispro(1 b x is "h retort$ aga9/ ,dogmatic ,!ism2 & ,unbelief1 at o!r times s arrogant 9 its pret5sions1 s confid5t 9 ! p[]s ( reason1 & s pr\d ( ! pr]ogatives ( man1 borr[s ! cloak ( mode/y f ! w>drobe ( true sci5ce1 & assumes an attitude ( deep humility4 ,at o!r times ,mr4 ,holyoake does n scruple to sit 9 judgm5t on :at ,god1--suppos+ su* a ,be+ to exi/1--c\ld or c\ld n d2 on :at ,he c\ld or c\ld n p]mit to be done2--,he c\ld n create a moral & responsible ag5t1 & leave him to fall2 ,he c\ld n require or receive any satisfaction = s92 ,he c\ld n he> or answ] ! pray]s ( 8 p2 ,he c\ld n inflict p5al suff]+1 or all[ x to be p]man5t4 ,!re is no presumption1 x w\ld seem1 9 det]m9+ :at ,god c\ld or c\ld n d2 b :5 we /& 9 ! great pres5ce ( ,nature1 h] inspiration %\ld be t ( mode/y & humility4 ,b presumption does n consi/ 9 look+ at :at we c see1 or aim+ to "k :at may be kn[n2 & x is a ba/>d humility1 n ! true mode/y ( sci5ce1 :i* w\ld turn away f ! contemplation ( any tru?1 h[ev] sublime1 t is exhibit$ 9 ! light ( its appropriate evid5ce4 ,we are n conc]n$ to d5y t x is a great end[m5t :i* enables m5 to disc]n 9 ,nature a manife/ation ( ,god2 x is a great end[m5t1 b n too great = ! m9d ( man1 if he 0 made 9 ! image & lik5ess ( ,god2 a small mirror may reflect ! sun4 ,is x presumptu\s 9 ! m9d ( man to scale ! heav5s1 & trace ! planets 9 _! c\rse1 & calculate _! di/ances1 _! orbits1 & _! motions 9 ! illimitable fields ( space8 ,& if ! sublime tru?s ( ,a/ronomy are n int]dict$ to our faculties1 simply because !re is a natural evid5ce 9 ! light ( :i* !y may be cle>ly disc]n$1 :y %\ld x be presumptu\s to look f ,nature up to ,nature's ,god1 if 9 ,nature we behold a mirror 9 :i* ,8 p]fections are display$8 ,if !re be presumption on ei!r side1 does x n lie r ) ^? :o virtually d5y ! p[] ( ,god to make ,himself kn[n1--,8 p[] to create a _w capable ( exhibit+ ,8 p]fections1 & a m9d adapt$ to t _w capable ( disc]n+ ! p]fections :i* are !re9 display$8 ,!re might be mode/y1 !re might be humility 9 ! +5u\s confession ( ignorance1 say+1 ,i d n "k2 b !re c be nei!r 9 ! confid5ce :i* affirms t no imag9able ord] w\ld be suffici5t to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 = :at is ?is b to say t he kn[s all t matt] c d1 & all t x _c d1 or be made to d8 #b4 ,secul>ism admits ! exi/5ce ( a self-exi/5t & et]nal ,be+1 & !reby recognizes ! fundam5tal law ( ,causality on :i* ! ,!i/ic pro( dep5ds1 :ile x =ces ^u u ! "q :e!r ^! attributes %\ld be ascrib$ to ,nature or to ,god4 ,i am driv51 says ,mr4 ,holyoake1 to ! conclusion t ! great aggregate ( matt] :i* we call 'nature' is et]nal1 because we are unable to conceive a /ate ( ?+s :5 no?+ 04 ,!re mu/ always h be5 some?+1 or !re c\ld be no?+ n[4 ,?is ! dulle/ feel4 ,h5ce we arrive at ! idea ( ! et]nity ( matt]4 ,& 9 ! et]nity ( matt] we are assur$ ( ! self-exi/5ce ( matt]1 & self-exi/5ce is ! mo/ maje/ic ( attributes1 & includes all o!rs4#bga ,if ,natural ,!ologians 7 cont5t to /op :]e !y prove a sup]ior some?+ to exi/1 ,a!i/s might be cont5t to /op !re too1 & all[ ,!ologians to dream 9 quiet ov] _! b>r5 f\ndl+4#bgb ,if ,i suppos$ t ! ,*ri/ian meant no m ?an t some?+ exi/s indep5d5tly ( ,nature1 t x may be b\ndless1 t x may be limit$1 t x may be "o1 t x may be _m be+s1 if ,i suppos$ no?+ m ?an t 0 meant1 !n surely ,i w\ld n occupy y\r "t or my own 9 discuss+ a "q s b>r5 ( practical consequ5ces4--,if we reason ab\t x1 unless we take refuge 9 ! idea ( a creation :i* we _c und]/&1 we mu/ come to ! conclusion t ,nature is self-exi/5t1 & t attribute is s maje/ic1--! p[] ( be+ indep5d5t ( any rul]1--! p[] ( be+ indep5d5t ( ! law ( o!r be+s1--seems s maje/ic z fairly to be suppos$ to include all o!rs2 = t :i* has p[] to be has p[] to act1 = ! p[] to be is ! mo/ maje/ic ( all =ms ( action4#bgc ,x is "h admitt$ t !re mu/ be a self-exi/5t1 indep5d5t1 & et]nal ,be+1 t self-exi/5ce is an attribute s maje/ic t x may be fairly said to include all o!rs1 t ! ,be+ to :om x belongs is exempt f ! conditions ( o!r be+s1 & t ! p[] to act is involv$ 9 ! p[] to be4 ,x is assum$1 inde$1 t ^! attributes may belong to ,nature1 & t ,nature is m]e matt]2 b1 res]v+ ?is po9t = ! pres5t1 are we n w>rant$ 9 say+ t 8 doctr9e1 z /at$ by himself1 involves ! same pr(\nd my/]ies1 & is emb>rass$ by ! same difficulties1 :i* are (t5 urg$ z objections to ! !ory ( ,religion1 & t x is1 at ! v lea/1 z incompreh5sible1 z ! doctr9e :i* affirms ! exi/5ce ( ,god8 ,suppose !re 7 simply an equality 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! ,!i/ic & ,a!i/ic hypo!sis1 t bo? 7 alike incompreh5sible & incapable ( an adequate explanation1 /ill ! =m] might be m cr$ible & m satisfactory to reason ?an ! latt]1 s9ce 9 ! "o we h an intellig5t & design+ ,cause1 su* z acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( o!r m9ds & ! manifold m>ks ( design 9 ,nature1 :]eas 9 ! o!r all ! ph5om5a ( ?\ght1 & feel+1 & volition1 z well z all ! in/ances ( skilful adju/m5t & adaptation1 mu/ be resolv$ into ! p[] ( self-exi/5t1 b un9tellig5t & unconsci\s matt]4 ,fur!r x is admitt$1 n only t we may1 b t we mu/1 proce$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,causality1 ! fundam5tal axiom ( ,!ology2 = !re mu/ always h be5 some?+1 or !re c\ld be no?+ n[4 ,?is pr9ciple or law ( human ?\ght leads him up to a region :i* f> transc5ds 8 pres5t s5sible exp]i5ce1 & guides him to ! /up5d\s height ( self-exi/5t & et]nal ,be+4 ,x is assum$ & appli$ to prove ! self-exi/5ce & et]nity ( matt]4 ,b if x be a valid pr9ciple ( reason1 its application may be equally legitimate :5 x is employ$1 9 conjunction ) ! manife/ evid5ce ( moral z di/9ct f physical causation1 to prove ! self-exi/5ce & et]nity ( a supreme intellig5t ,cause4 ,a pr9ciple su* z ?is _c1 f its v nature1 be limit$ )9 ! range ( our pres5t s5sible exp]i5ce4 ,we are told1 inde$1 t if we look ov] ! nature ( our own impressions1 we f9d we always %all beg9 ) ?+s :i* lie bel[ reason1 ) ?+s pla9] ?an reason1 ) ?+s :i* ne$ no demon/ration4 ,su* is ! nature ( ! human m9d1 t we all beg9 9 ?is sph]e ( equal k1 we beg9 "u ! dom9ion ( ! s5ses1 & :atev] comes )9 t wants no demon/ration1 wants no pro(1 wants no logic2 x is ! con/ant1 x is ! mo/ indubitable1 x is ! mo/ indisputable ( all our k4 ,& if ! "q ( ! be+ ( a ,god came )9 t sph]e1 if x 0 f\nd among/ ^? indisputable tru?s1 if x 0 f\nd to be a matt] ( s5se1 !n !re w\ld be no occasion = u to reason at all ab\t x3 x c\ld n be a matt] ( controv]sy1 because x nev] w\ld be a matt] ( dispute4#bgd ,c]ta9 fir/ pr9ciples ( reason are admitt$1 b only1 x w\ld seem1 ) ref]5ce to matt]s ( s5se2 b :y1 if !re be su* a pr9ciple ( reason z compels ! ,a!i/ himself to ackn[l$ge a ,self-exi/5t & ,et]nal ,be+8 ,is ?is a matt] ( s5se8 ,is x n a conclusion ( reason1--f\nd$1 no d\bt1 on pres5t s5sible exp]i5ce1 b f> transc5d+ x1--& yet self-evid5t & irresi/ible z intuition itself8 ,& if reason may ?us rise f ! cont+5t & v>iable to ! conception & belief ( ! self-exi/5t & et]nal1 :y may x n be equally valid z a pro( ( a supreme1 intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause8 ,speak+ ( ,nature z self-exi/5t & et]nal1 ,mr4 ,holyoake ascribes su* attributes to x z might seem to imply a lean+ t[>ds ,pan!ism1 r ?an ! cold] =m ( m]e mat]ial ,a!ism4 ,x seems to me1 he says1 t ,nature & ,god are "o2 9 o!r words1 t ! ,god :om we seek is ! ,nature :om we "k4 ,b he aft]w>ds /ates1 ) cle>ness & precision1 9 :at respects ,secul>ism accords )1 & diff]s f1 ,pan!ism3 ,! t]m1 ,god1 seems to me inapplicable to ,nature4 ,9 ! m\? ( ! ,!i/1 ,god signifies an entity1 spiritual & p]cipi5t1 di/9ct f matt]4 ,) ,pan!i/s1 ! t]m ,god signifies ! aggregate ( ,nature1--b ,nature z a be+1 intellig5t & consci\s4 ,x is my inability to subscribe to ei!r ( ^! views :i* con/itutes me an ,a!i/4 ,i _c rank myself ) ! ,!i/s1 because ,i c conceive ( no?+ beyond ,nature1 di/9ct f x1 & above x4444 ,! ,!i/1 !re=e1 ,i leave2 b :ile ,i g ) ! ,pan!i/ s f> z to accept ! fact ( ,nature 9 ! pl5itude ( its div]se1 illimitable1 & transc5d5t manife/ations1 ,i _c g fur!r & pr$icate ) ! ,pan!i/ ! unity ( its intellig5ce & consci\sness6#bge ,he holds1 !re=e1 t self-exi/5ce is an attribute ( ,nature1 t ?is attribute is s maje/ic t x may be fairly held to include all o!rs1 & t1 :ile intellig5ce & consci\sness exi/1 he _c affirm _! unity 9 ,nature1 or reg>d ,nature z a be+1 intellig5t & consci\s4 ,:5ce x foll[s t he c give no o!r acc\nt ( ! liv+1 intellig5t1 active1 & responsible be+s :i* inhabit ! _w1 ?an t !y came into exi/5ce1 he kn[s n h[1 & t !y h ! ultimate gr\nd ( _! exi/5ce 9 a necess>y1 und]iv$1 & et]nal be+1 :i* is nei!r intellig5t nor self-consci\s6 #c4 ,secul>ism seeks to invalidate ! pro( f m>ks ( design 9 ,nature by attempt+ to %[1 ei!r t x is m]ely analogical1 & c1 !re=e1 af=d no c]ta9ty1 or t1 if x 7 c]ta91 x c\ld prove no?+1 because1 by an ext5sion ( ! same pr9ciple1 x mu/ prove too mu*4 ,su* is ! pi? & sub/ance ( ,mr4 ,holyoake's argum5t 9 8 s+ul> pamphlet entitl$1 ,paley refut$ 9 8 own ,words4 ,he fir/ ( all endeavors to invalidate ! pro( f design by assum+ t x is a m]e argum5t f analogy1 & t at ! be/ analogy c af=d no gr\nd ( c]ta9ty1 al?\gh x may possibly sugge/ a probable conjecture3 ,x may be said t analogy fails to f9d out ,god1 & ?is mu/ be admitt$1 x be+ no m ?an 0 to be expect$4 ,! ,god ( ,!ology be+ inf9ite1 x is no subject = analogy4444 ,no conceivable analogy c prove a creation4 ,creation is )\t an analogy4444 ,no analogy c prove creation1 because no analogy c prove :at x does n conta91 namely1 an example ( creation4#bgf ,analogy1 ! speci\s precursor ( reason1 w\ld sugge/ ! p]sonality ( ! p[]s :i* aw$ & *e]$ man4 ,reason s5ds u to facts z ! only positive gr\nds ( positive conclusions2 b 9 ! *ildhood ( intellect & exp]i5ce1 likelihood is mi/ak5 = c]ta9ty1 & probability = fact4 ,9 ! di/urb$ reflection ( man's image on ! wall1 z x 71 ( ! univ]se1 arose ! idea ( ,god4 444 ,i say1 if t is all y mean by y\r argum5t1 t x is m]ely a matt] ( analogy1 if x is only a matt] ( p>tial resemblance1 ,i say y c get f x no complete pro(2 t if y m]ely f\nd x ^u p>tial resemblance1 !re is no demon/ration !re :atev]1 & y\r cause is no bett]1 no s\nd] ?an ,i h be=e describ$ x1--z be+ m]ely y\r conjecture ab\t a ,be+ indep5d5t ( ,nature2 x is m]ely a conjecture1 m]ely a sugge/ion1 j l my own conjecture1 j l my own sugge/ion ab\t ,nature be+ t "o great ,be+ ab\t :i* we are all conc]n$4#bgg ,b n cont5t ) assail+ analogy z incapable ( lead+ to any c]ta9 conclusion1 he *anges 8 tactics1 & seems at lea/ to d homage to x1 :ile he insi/s only on its ext5sion4 ,! argum5t ( design1 he says1 is unque/ionably ! mo/ popul> ev] develop$1 & ! mo/ s$uctive ev] display$4 ,x has ! r>e m]it ( mak+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :i* is ! mo/ subtle ( all problems1 appe> a m]e truism1--& ! pro(s ( su* exi/5ce1 :i* h puzzl$ ! wise/ ( human heads1 seem self-evid5t4 ,?is tribute1 h[ev]1 mu/ be read 9 ! light ( 8 *os5 motto1--,! exi/5ce ( a wat* proves ! exi/5ce ( a wat*-mak]2 a picture indicates a pa9t]2 a h\se ann\nces an ar*itect4 ,see "h are argum5ts ( t]rible =ce = *ildr54#bgh ,i took up1 he says1 ,dr4 ,paley's book1 444 & ,i agre$ ) myself to admit1 z ,i read1 :atev] appe>$ plausible4 ,i did s1 & my objection to my au?or 0 ?is3 ,^u ! gr\nds ( analogy & exp]i5ce ,i f\nd ,paley insi/$ t design implies a design]1 t ?is design] mu/ be a p]son1 & t ?is p]son is ,god3 b ! analogy :i* _h be5 ! guide to 8 feet1 & ! exp]i5ce :i* _h be5 a lamp to 8 pa?1 7 sudd5ly ab&on$1 & at ! v mom5t :5 _! assi/ance seem$ to promise curi\s revelations4--,two modes ( refutation are op52 to attack ! pr9ciple1 or pursue ! analogy4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire has tak5 "o c\rse4 ,i take ! o!r4 ,if1 9 ! inve/igation ( ?is "q1 x be legitimate to employ analogy 9 "o "p1 x mu/ be legitimate to employ x 9 l respects 9 ano!r4444 ,analogy 0 ,paley's alpha1 x mu/ be made also 8 omega4#bgi ,9 pursu+ ?is c\rse1 he makes l>ge concessions1 su* z might seem at fir/ sight to involve ! v pr9ciples on :i* ! ,!i/ic pro( dep5ds4 ,t design implies a design]1 ,i am dispos$ to all[2 & t ?is design] mu/ be a p]son1 ,i am q incl9$ to admit4 ,?us f> goes ,paley1 & ?us f> ,i g ) him4444 ,8 g5]al position1 t design proves a p]sonal design]1 is s natural1 s easy1 & s plausible1 t x invites "o to admit x1 to see :]e x w lead1 & :at x w prove4--,paley tells u t ,god is a p]son4 ,he insi/s ^u x z a legitimate inf]5ce f 8 premises1 nor w\ld x be easy to di/urb 8 conclusion4444 ,f ,paley's premises1 x is ! cle>e/ ( all inf]5ces4 ,design mu/ h a design]1 because :atev] we "k ( design]s has taught u t a design] is a p]son4 ,all analogy is 9 favor ( ?is inf]5ce4 ,?is is ,paley's reason+ ^u ! subject1 & x is too natural1 too rigid1 & too cog5t to be escap$ f4#bhj ,"h we h an app>5t admission ( ! pr9ciple on :i* ! argum5t ( design is bas$1 b x is app>5t only1 & is aft]w>ds )drawn4 ,x 0 us$ to s]ve a tempor>y purpose1 & z soon z t purpose 0 s]v$1 x 0 ?r[n aside1 al?\gh x _h be5 describ$ z s natural1 s easy1 & s plausible1 t x invites "o to admit x1 z too natural1 too rigid1 & too cog5t to be escap$ f4 ,:5 ,i made ! admission1 ,i 0 go+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,paley1 & adopt+ 8 own phraseology3 !n ,i came to ! conclusion to see :e!r x 0 "r1 & !n ,i gave x up2 :5 ,i f\nd x l$ me to a contr>y result1 !n ,i gave x up2 :at ,i suppos$ to be design 9 ! op5+ ( my argum5t is no long] design4 ,my rev]5d fri5d is wrong 9 suppos+ t ,i admit design1 & yet refuse to admit ! =ce ( ! design argum5t4#bha ,& :at is ! reason :i* n[ induces him to d5y ! exi/5ce ( design 9 ,nature1 & to )draw all ! admissions he _h previ\sly made8 ,:y1 simply because he conceives t1 by a legitimate ext5sion ( ! same analogy1 ! design argum5t may be pu%$ to a r$uctio ad absurdum1 s z to prove fir/ ! exi/5ce ( an organiz$ p]son1 an animal ,god1 &1 secondly1 an inf9ite s]ies ( su* organiz$ p]sons1 s9ce "o su* mu/ necess>ily presuppose ano!r1 & t aga9 ano!r1 & s on 9 inf9itum4 ,= !re are two /ages 9 8 ext5sion ( ! analogy4 ,9 ! fir/1 x is ext5d$ s f> z to %[ t ! p]son to :om design is ascrib$ mu/ necess>ily be an organiz$ ,be+3 9 ! second1 x is /ill fur!r ext5d$1 s z to %[ t1 be+ organiz$1 t p]son mu/ also h _h a design] or mak]1 s9ce organization is held to imply design1 & design to imply a design]4 ,& ?us ! analogy1 :5 ext5d$1 does n lead up to "o ,supreme ,m9d1 ! ,inf9ite & ,et]nal ,creator ( all ?+s1 b to an organiz$ be+1 himself exhibit+ m>ks ( design 9 8 organization1 & requir+ !re=e1 l e organism1 a prior cause1 &1 by p>ity ( reason1 an et]nal succession or inf9ite s]ies ( su* causes4 ,! foll[+ extracts w place ! progressive /eps ( 8 argum5t 9 a cle>1 if n conv9c+ light3 ,by reason+ f analogy1 ,paley inf]s t !re is a p]sonal1 intellig5t be+1 ! au?or ( all design1 :om he *ri/5s ,deity4 ,b :at k9d ( a p]son is a ,deity8 ,if a p]son1 is x organiz$ l a p]son8 ,:5ce came x8 ,h[ did x orig9ate8 ,0 x =m$1 z x is said to h =m$ u8444 ,i ask1 has ! p]son ( ,deity an organization8 because1 if x be unreasonable to suppose design )\t a design]1 x is surely z unreasonable to suppose a p]son )\t an organization1 to ! full contradiction ( all analogy & all exp]i5ce4 444 ,e p]son is organiz$4 ,no p]son 0 ev] kn[n )\t an organization4 ,! t]m p]son implies x4 ,all analogy1 all exp]i5ce are 9 favor ( ?is tru?4 ,?is is s pla9 z to be admitt$ almo/ be=e x is /at$4444 ,no p]son ev] knew ( consci\sness sep>ate f an organization 9 :i* x 0 produc$4 ,no man ev] knew ( ?\ght di/9ct f an organization 9 :i* x 0 g5]at$4444 ,%elley says t ',intellig5ce is only kn[n to u z a mode ( animal be+4' 444 ,we h great au?ority1--! au?ority ( univ]sal & uncontradict$ exp]i5ce1--= limit+ ! prop]ties ( m9d to organization4444 ,if intellig5ce is )\t an organization1 design may be )\t a design]2 because !re are ! same exp]i5ce & analogy to support ! organization1 z !re are to support ! design argum5t4#bhb ,b organization proves contrivance4444 ,if1 !n1 e kn[n organization is r$ol5t ) contrivance1 & teems ) m>ks ( design1 by :at analogy c we conclude t ,deity's organization is devoid ( ^! prop]ties8--,%elley ?us /ates ! case1--',f ! fitness ( ! univ]se to its end1 y inf] ! necessity ( an intellig5t ,creator4 ,b if ! fitness ( ! univ]se to produce c]ta9 effects be ?us conspicu\s & evid5t1 h[ mu* m exquisite fitness to ?is end mu/ exi/ 9 ! au?or ( ?is univ]se6444 h[ mu* m cle>ly mu/ we p]ceive ! necessity ( ?is v ,creator's creation1 ^: p]fections compreh5d an arrangem5t f> m accurate & j6 ,! belief ( an inf9ity ( creative & creat$ gods1 ea* m em95tly requir+ an intellig5t au?or ( 8 be+ ?an ! =ego+1 is a direct consequ5ce ( ! premises4'--,h5ce f design1 design]s1 & p]sons1 we h /epp$ to organization & contrivance1 & arrive at a contriv] aga94#bhc ,su* is ! outl9e ( 8 argum5t4 ,he seems to ?9k t if !re be any flaw 9 x1 ! only assailable po9t mu/ be 8 ext5sion ( ! analogy3 ,9 ! *a9 ( analogies :i* ,paley comm5c$1 & :i* ,i h cont9u$1 ,i believe !re is no defective l9k4 ,! pr9ciple ( assailm5t1 if any1 is ! ext5sion ( ! analogies beyond ! ,paley po9t4444 ,) ! ext5sion comm5ces my responsibility4 ,he :o proves an irrelevancy 9 x answ]s my book4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 a vuln]able po9t1 b we v5ture to ?9k t x is n ! only "o4 ,8 :ole reason+ seems to proce$ on an uns\nd view ( ! nature & conditions ( ! argum5t1 & is radically defective 9 at lea/ ?ree respects4 ,x is n correct to say t ! argum5t ( design1 is a m]e argum5t f analogy4 ,7 x s1 x might1 l _m ano!r process ( m]e analogical reason+1 yield no m ?an a probable conclusion or a plausible conjecture4 ,b 9 ! case be=e u1 ! conclusion is /rictly & prop]ly an inductive inf]5ce4 ,x may be sugge/$ by ! p]ception ( analogy1 b x is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,x is capable1 !re=e1 ( yield+1 n a m]e probability1 b an absolute c]ta9ty4 ,! fact t analogy is s f> conc]n$ 9 ! process _c weak5 a conclusion :i* re/s ultimately on a fundam5tal law ( reason1 ! gr\nd-pr9ciple ( all induction4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t 7 we de/itute ( ! consci\s possession ( intellig5ce1 w1 & design1 we %\ld be utt]ly incapable ( =m+ ^! conceptions1 or apply+ !m to ! int]pretation ( ,nature2 & 9 a loose s5se1 x may be said t we are guid$ by ! analogy ( our own exp]i5ce to ! belief 9 an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause2 b m]e analogy w\ld n produce t belief )\t ! great law ( causality1 :i* dem&s an adequate cause = e effect1 nor is ?is law depriv$ ( its necess>y & absolute c]ta9ty m]ely because x comes into action along )1 & is /imulat$ by1 ! p]ception ( obvi\s analogies4 ,is x n equally true1 t x is only by our own m5tal consci\sness t we are qualifi$ to conceive ( o!r m9ds1 & t we are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 guid$ by analogy to ! belief t our fell[-m5 are possess$1 l ourselves1 ( intellig5ce & design8 ,b :o w\ld say t ?is conclusion is no m ?an a probable conjecture1 or t1 dep5d+ z x does 9 "p on ! analogy ( our own exp]i5ce1 x _c yield absolute c]ta9ty8 ,9 s f> z x is m]ely analogical1 x might be only m or less probable2 b be+ f\nd$ also on ! law ( causality1 x is an inductive inf]5ce1 &1 z su*1 "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 convictions ( ! human m9d4 ,& s ! argum5t d]iv$ f m>ks ( design 9 ,nature may be /at$ 9 "o or o!r ( two ways3--x may be /at$ analogically or inductively4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 analogy & induction1 :i* is n always duly consid]$1 %\ld be c>efully m>k$4 ,analogy proce$s on p>tial1 induction on p]fect resemblance4 ,! =m] m>ks a resemblance or agreem5t 9 "s respects betwe5 ?+s :i* diff] 9 o!r respects3 ! latt] requires a /rict & entire simil>ity 9 ^? respects on :i* ! inductive inf]5ce dep5ds4 ,! "o by itself may only yield a probable conjecture1 b ! o!r1 :5 comb9$ ) x1 may produce a c]ta9 conviction4 ,accord+ly ! design argum5t may be ?r[n ei!r into ! analogical or ! inductive =m4 ,/at$ analogically1 x /&s ?us3 ,!re is an asc]ta9$ p>tial resemblance betwe5 organs se5 9 art & organs se5 9 nature2 z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! telescope & ! eye4 ,x is probable f analogy t !re is 9 "s fur!r respect a p>tial resemblance betwe5 organs se5 9 art & organs se5 9 nature3 9 art ! telescope has be5 produc$ by a contriv]1 analogy makes x probable t 9 nature ! eye also w h be5 produc$ by a contriv]4 ,b /at$ inductively1 x /&s ?us3 ,if !re be 9 nature ! manife/ation ( sup]natural contrivance1 !re mu/ exi/ a sup]natural contriv]4 ,!re is 9 nature ! manife/ation ( sup]natural contrivance4 ,!re=e a sup]natural contriv]1--,god1--mu/ exi/4#bhd ,comb9e ! p]fection ( analogy ) ! pr9ciple ( causality1 & y h n only ! v]isimilitude or likelihood :i* prep>es ! way = belief1 b also a positive pro( re/+ on a fundam5tal law ( reason4 ,! inf]5ce ( intellig5ce f m>ks ( design 9 nature is n "o ( analogy1 b ( /rict & prop] induction2 & accord+ly we mu/ ei!r d5y t !re are m>ks ( design 9 nature1 !reby disc>d+ ! analogy1 or d viol5ce to our own reason by resi/+ ! fundam5tal law ( causality1 !reby disc>d+ ! inductive inf]5ce4 ,& ( ^! two unavoidable alt]natives1 ,mr4 ,holyoake seems to pref] ! =m]3 he w v5ture to d5y ! exi/5ce ( design 9 nature1 r ?an admit ! exi/5ce ( design & resi/ ! inevitable inf]5ce ( a design+ cause2 = he is compell$ 9 ! long run to come r\nd to ?is desp]ate confession1 ,:at ,i suppos$ to be design 9 ! op5+ ( my argum5t is no long] design4 ,my rev]5d fri5d is wrong 9 suppos+ t ,i admit design1 & yet refuse to admit ! =ce ( ! design argum5t4 ,b if he mi/akes ! g5]al nature & conditions ( ! argum5t :5 he speaks ( x z if x 7 a m]e argum5t f analogy1 8 ext5sion ( ! analogy1 & ! reason+s f\nd$ on x1 are equally unju/ifiable & inconclusive4 ,he =gets t analogy proce$s on a p>tial resemblance 9 "s respects1 betwe5 ?+s :i* diff] 9 o!r respects1 & t ev5 induction itself requires a p]fect resemblance only 9 ^? respects on :i* ! inf]5ce dep5ds4 ,!re may be su* a resemblance betwe5 ! m>ks ( design 9 nature & 9 art z to w>rant ! inf]5ce ( a contriv] 9 bo?2 & yet 9 o!r respects !re may be a dissimil>ity :i* _c 9 ! lea/ affect ! validity or ! c]ta9ty ( t inf]5ce4 ,x is only :5 we ext5d ! analogy beyond ! inductive po9t1 t ! conclusion becomes1 9 "s cases1 m]ely probable1 9 o!rs altoge!r d\btful4 ,if we advance a /ep fur!r ?an we are w>rant$ to g by obvi\s & c]ta9 analogies1 our conclusions mu/ be purely conjectural1 & _c be accept$ z inductive inf]5ces4 ,f :at we "k ( ?is _w1 & ( ,god's design 9 x to make ,himself kn[n to ,8 intellig5t creatures1 we may inf]1 ) "s measure ( probability1 t o!r worlds may also be inhabit$ by be+s capable1 l ourselves1 ( admir+ ,8 works1 & ador+ ,8 inf9ite p]fections2 b if we g fur!r1 & inf] ei!r t all ^! worlds mu/ n[ be inhabit$1 or t ! inhabitants mu/ be 9 all respects con/itut$ z we are1 we pass f> beyond ! po9t to :i* our k ext5ds1 & ent] on ! region ( m]e conjecture4 ,& s :5 ,mr4 ,holyoake ext5ds ! analogy1 s z to include n only ! m>ks ( design1 on :i* ! inductive inf]5ce re/s1 b also ! =ms ( organization1 ) :i* 9 ! case ( man1 intellig5ce is at pres5t$ associat$1 al?\gh n id5tifi$1 he goes beyond ! po9t at :i* analogy & induction comb9e to give a c]ta9 conclusion1 & introduces a conjectural elem5t1 :i* may well r5d] 8 own inf]5ces extremely d\btful1 b :i* c h no effect 9 weak5+ ! gr\nds ( our confid5ce 9 ! fundam5tal law1 :i* dem&s an adequate cause = ! m>ks ( design 9 nature4 ,mr4 ,f]ri] has %[n t ! s5ses are only cont+5t conditions ( k2 9 o!r words1 x is possible t intellig5ces diff]5t f ! human 7suppos+ t !re are su*7 %\ld appreh5d ?+s "u o!r laws1 or 9 o!r ways1 ?an ^? ( see+1 he>+1 t\*+1 ta/+1 & smell+2 or m %ortly1 our s5ses are n laws ( cognition or modes ( appreh5sion :i* are b9d+ on intellig5ce necess>ily & univ]sally4--,a cont+5t law ( k is def9$ z "o :i*1 al?\gh compli$ ) 9 c]ta9 cases 9 ! atta9m5t ( k1 is n en=c$ by reason z a condition :i* mu/ be compli$ ) :]ev] k is to take place4 ,k is ?us possible "u o!r conditions ?an ! cont+5t laws to :i* c]ta9 intellig5ces may be subject2 9 o!r words1 !re is no contradiction 9 affirm+ t an intellig5t be+ may h k ( "s k9d or o!r )\t hav+ su* s5ses z we h4#bhe ,! application ( analogy z a pr9ciple ( judgm5t is subject to c]ta9 well-kn[n limitations1 :i* _c be disreg>d$ )\t s]i\s risk ( error4 ,!y are well /at$ by ,dr4 ,hampd53 ,!re are two requisites 9 ord] to e analogical argum5t3--#a4 ,t ! two1 or sev]al p>ticul>s conc]n$ 9 ! argum5t %\ld be kn[n to agree 9 "s "o po9t2 = o!rwise !y c\ld n be ref]able to any "o class1 & !re w\ld consequ5tly be no basis to ! subsequ5t inf]5ce drawn 9 ! conclusion4 #b4 ,t ! conclusion mu/ be modifi$ by a ref]5ce to ! circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> to :i* we argue4 ,= h]e9 consi/s ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 an analogical & an inductive argum5t4 ,s9ce1 9 an inductive argum5t1 we draw a g5]al conclusion1 we h no conc]n ) ! circum/antial peculi>ity ( individual in/ances1 b simply ) _! ab/ract agreem5t4 ,:]eas1 on ! contr>y1 9 an analogical argum5t1 we draw a p>ticul> conclusion1 we mu/ ent] into a consid]ation ( ! circum/antial peculi>ity ( ! individual in/ance1 9 ord] to exhibit ! conclusion 9 t p>ticul> =m :i* we w\ld inf]4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t :il/ by induction we obta9 absolute conclusions1 by analogy we c only arrive at relative conclusions1 or su* z dep5d = _! absolute & entire validity on ! co9cid5ce ( all ! circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> inf]r$ ) ^? ( ! p>ticul> f :i* ! inf]5ce is drawn4 ,aga93 ,! circum/ances to :i* we reason may be consid]$ ( ?reefold "*4 ,!y are ei!r kn[n or unkn[n4 ,if !y are kn[n1 !y are ei!r 7#a47 ,su* z we h no reason to ?9k diff]5t1 9 any respect f ^? "u :i* our obs]vations h be5 made2 or 7#b47 ,su* z diff] 9 c]ta9 kn[n respects f ^! la/4 7#c47 ,!y are unkn[n1 :]e we reason conc]n+ tru?s ( :i*1 f ! /ate ( our pres5t k1 f ! nature ( our faculties1 or f ! accid5t ( our situation z soj\rn]s ^u e>?1 we are totally ignorant4#bhf ,) ^! necess>y limitations1 sugge/$ by ! diff]5t circum/ances 9 :i* analogy is appli$1 we %all h little difficulty 9 dispos+ ( ,mr4 ,holyoake's ext5sion ( ,dr4 ,paley's argum5t4 ,n cont5t ) resemblance 9 "s respects1 he requires a sam5ess 9 all4 ,he w\ld exclude all dissimil>ity1 =gett+ t analogy d5otes a c]ta9 relation betwe5 two or m ?+s :i* 9 o!r respects may be entirely diff]5t4 ,we may see a resemblance betwe5 ! m>ks ( design 9 nature & ! ord9>y effects ( design 9 art2 & t p]ception ( design gives rise to an intuitive conviction or inductive inf]5ce ( a design+ cause3 ?us f> we proce$ "u ! guidance ( analogy1 b on ! sure gr\nd ( induction4 ,if we g beyond ?is1 & insi/ t ! design+ cause mu/ be 9 all respects l ourselves1 t if we be organiz$1 ,he mu/ be organiz$1 t if we act by mat]ial organs ,he mu/ act by ! same1 we exce$ ! limits ( legitimate reason+1 & ent] on ! region ( pure conjecture4 ,b su* conjectures1 gr\ndless z !y are1 & revolt+ z e "o mu/ feel !m to be1 c h no effect 9 %ak+ our confid5ce 9 ! valid induction by :i* we inf] f m>ks ( design 9 nature ! exi/5ce ( a design+ ,cause4 ,x c sc>cely be necess>y to enl>ge on ! gratuit\s assumptions on :i* ?is ext5sion ( ! argum5t is made to re/2--su* z t e p]son is organiz$1 t all p[] is a m]e attribute ( matt]1 t no man ev] knew ( ?\ght di/9ct f an organization 9 :i* x 0 g5]at$4 ,! only fragm5t ( tru? t c be detect$ 9 ^! assumptions is ! fact t we h1 9 our pres5t /ate1 no exp]i5ce ( intellig5ce ap>t f ! organization ) :i* x is "h associat$3 b w ?is w>rant ! inf]5ce t intellig5ce _c exi/ ap>t f organization1 or t ! "o is ! m]e product ( ! o!r8 ,x may be a good & valid inf]5ce f ! m>ks ( design 9 nature1 t a design+ cause mu/ exi/2 = ?is inf]5ce1 al?\gh sugge/$ by analogy1 is f\nd$ on induction1 :i* requires a p]fect resemblance only 9 ^? respects on :i* ! inf]5ce dep5ds4 ,b to g beyond ?is1 & to insi/ t ! design+ cause mu/ be organiz$1 because we h no exp]i5ce ( intellig5ce ap>t f organization1 is to make our exp]i5ce ! measure ( possible be+1 & to exclude1 surely on v insuffici5t gr\nds1 all notion ( purely spiritual p]sonality4 ,9 ext5d+ ! analogy beyond ! ,paley po9t1 ,mr4 ,holyoake is argu+ f ! p>ticul> case ( man to ano!r case1 :i* resembles x 9 "s respects1 b may diff] f x 9 o!rs2 & simil> z !y are 9 ! "o po9t ( liv+1 design+ intellig5ce1 !y may1 = aught he kn[s1 diff] 9 _m o!r respects4 ,& ?is we hold to be a suffici5t answ] to 8 argum5t1 especially :5 x is comb9$ ) ! consid]ation t ! assumptions on :i* t argum5t is bas$ are purely gratuit\s1 namely1 t e p]son is organiz$1 & t !re is no ?\ght di/9ct f an organization 9 :i* x is g5]at$4 ,by ^! assumptions1 8 !ory connects itself ) ! grosse/ ,mat]ialism2 & t subject has be5 suffici5tly discuss$ 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,b 9 tru? we reg>d ! :ole discussion on organization z a huge & unnecess>y excresc5ce on 8 argum5t1 = he w\ld h come to 8 po9t q z effectually1 & mu* m directly1 _h he said no?+ at all ab\t an organiz$ be+1 & insi/$ m]ely on "o1 :e!r mat]ial or spiritual1 possess+ p[]s ( intellig5ce1 contrivance1 & design2 = x is evid5tly on ! exi/5ce ( su* a be+1 & n on ! arrangem5ts or adaptations ( 8 organic p>ts1 t 8 ma9 argum5t dep5ds1 namely1 t su* a be+ implies also a contriv]1 & t aga9 ano!r1 & s on 9 an endless s]ies4 ,:atev] =ce belongs to 8 argum5t lies "h3 x consi/s1 n 9 ! evid5ce ( design aris+ f mat]ial organization1 b 9 ! necessity ( a cause adequate to acc\nt = a be+ possess+ intellig5ce1 purpose1 & w4 ,! exi/5ce ( an endless s]ies ( su* be+s is impossible1 & ! supposition ( x is absurd2 & ,mr4 ,holyoake himself admits a self-exi/5t1 und]iv$1 & et]nal ,be+1--a be+ exempt1 !re=e1 f all ! conditions ( "t & causality to :i* o!rs are subject1--:ile he ascribes ! orig9 ( intellig5t1 self-consci\s be+s to ,nature1 :i* is nei!r intellig5t nor self-consci\s1 r ?an to ,god1 ! fa!r ( spirits1 ,himself a ,_s1 inf9ite1 omnisci5t1 & almighty4 ,he ascribes ! exi/5ce ( intellig5t1 self-consci\s1 p]sonal moral ag5ts to a p[] call$ ,nature1 :i* he _c v5ture to call a p]son1 nor ev5 an animal be+1 & ( :i* he _c pr$icate ) ! ,pan!i/ ! unity ( its intellig5ce & consci\sness4 ,8 !ory1 9 s f> z x is intelligible1 seems to h a /rong] aff9ity ) ,pan!ism ?an he appe>s to suppose4 ,7 he to def9e ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,nature1--a ^w s (t5 us$ 9 a vague1 indef9ite s5se1#bhg--;he w\ld f9d t 8 idea be>s a close resemblance to t ( ! ,g]man s*ool1#bhh :o speak ( ! fir/ be+ z ! ,indiff]5ce ( ! diff]5t1--a c]ta9 vague1 undet]m9$1 inexplicable entity1 possess+ no di/9ctive "* or peculi> attributes1 ^: exi/5ce is necess>y1 b n z a liv+1 self-consci\s1 & active be+1 :ile x is ! cause ( all life & intellig5ce & activity 9 ! univ]se2 9 %ort1 a m]e ab/raction ( ! human m9d4 ,to "s su* cause1 if x c be call$ a cause1 ,mr4 ,holyoake ascribes all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se2 or he leaves !m utt]ly unacc\nt$ =1 & takes refuge 9 an et]nal s]ies ( d]iv$ & dep5d5t be+s1 )\t attempt+ to assign any reason = _! exi/5ce4 ,he und]takes to acc\nt = no?+4 ,he leaves ! great problem unsolv$1 & disc>ds x z insoluble4 ,mr4 ,h>rison dem&$ ( me1 :]e ! fir/ man came f8 ,i said1 ,i did n "k2 ,i 0 n 9 ! secrets ( ,nature4 ,i _c accept1 says "o1 ! !ory ( progressive developm5t1 x is s intricate & unsatisfy+4 ,if some?+ mu/ be self-exi/5t & et]nal1 says ano!r1 :y may n matt] & all its prop]ties be t some?+8 ,! ,a!i/ holds t ! univ]se is an endless s]ies ( causes & effects ad inf9itum1 & !re=e ! idea ( a fir/ cause is an absurdity & a contradiction4#bhi ,9 %ort1 ! et]nity ( ! _w is assum$1 ! orig9 ( new races is left unexpla9$1 & no acc\nt :atev] is giv5 ( ! ord] :i* ev]y:]e exi/s 9 ,nature4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 he takes refuge 9 ! plea ( ignorance4 ,8 only answ] is1 ,i d n "k1 ,i am n 9 ! secrets ( ,nature4 ,b h[ does 8 ext5sion ( ,paley's argum5t ju/ify ! position :i* he n[ assumes8 ,or h[ c x invalidate ! admissions :i* he _h previ\sly made8 ,t ext5sion ( ! argum5t1 ev5 7 x suppos$ to be legitimate1 am\nts simply to ?is1 t a design] mu/ be an organiz$ be+1 &1 z su*1 mu/ h _h a cause4 ,b :at analogy sugge/s1 or :at law ( reason requires1 an inf9ite s]ies ( su* causes8 ,& :at is !re 9 ?is ext5sion ( ! argum5t t %\ld exclude ! idea ( a ,fir/ ,cause8 ,x is ?\ght1 inde$1 t by connect+ intellig5ce ) organization1 we may succe$ at lea/ 9 exclud+ ,8 inf9ity1 ,8 omnipres5ce1 & o!r attributes :i* are ascrib$ to ! ,mo/ ,high3 b ! ma9 /ress ( ! argum5t re/s n on ! fact ( organization1 b on ! suppos$ necessity ( an endless s]ies ( contriv]s to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( any "o intellig5t be+1 :e!r organiz$ or n is ( little mom5t4 ,n[1 ?is is a m]e assumption1 an assumption entirely de/itute ( pro(1 an assumption :i* is n necess>ily involv$ ev5 9 ! propos$ ext5sion ( ! analogy3 = all t ! analogy1 h[ev] ext5d$1 c possibly require is a cause adequate to ! production ( design+ m9ds1 & t cause may be a self-exi/5t1 und]iv$1 & et]nal ,be+4 ,let ! analogy be ext5d$ ev] s f>1 x mu/ rea* a po9t at :i* we are compell$1 by ! fundam5tal law ( causality1 to rise to a self-exi/5t ,be+1 exempt f all conditions ( "t1 space1 & causality4 ,mr4 ,holyoake admits ! v same tru? 9 reg>d to ,nature :i* we ma9ta9 9 reg>d to ,god3 ,i am driv5 to ! conclusion t ,nature is et]nal1 because we are unable to conceive a /ate ( ?+s :5 no?+ 04444 ,& 9 ! et]nity ( matt]1 we are assur$ ( ! self-exi/5ce ( matt]1 & self-exi/5ce is ! mo/ maje/ic ( all attributes1 & includes all o!rs2 x is ! p[] ( be+ indep5d5t ( ! law ( o!r be+s4 ,n[1 :at is !re 9 ! propos$ ext5sion ( ! analogy t %\ld exclude ! idea ( a self-exi/5t ,fir/ ,cause1 or %ut u up to ! admission ( an endless s]ies ( design+ causes8 ,& /ill fur!r1 :at is !re 9 ! propos$ ext5sion ( ! analogy :i* %\ld invalidate ! argum5t f design1 or induce ,mr4 ,holyoake to give x up1 & to )draw ! concessions :i* he _h previ\sly made 9 reg>d to x8 ,^! concessions mu/ be suppos$ to h be5 hone/ly made 9 def]5ce to ! claims ( tru?1 & !y are n 9 ! lea/ affect$ by ! ext5sion ( ! analogy4 ,x is /ill true1 if x ev] 01 t ord] prevails 9 ,nature2 & ?is is admitt$3 ,if by ,a!ism is meant ! belief t all t we see 9 ,nature is ! result ( *ance1 ( a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1 no?+ w\ld be s absurd z ,a!ism4 ,no?+ c be m evid5t ?an t law & ord] prevail 9 ,nature1 t e species ( matt]1 organic or inorganic1 is impress$ ) c]ta9 laws1 accord+ to :i* all its prop]ties & movem5ts are regulat$4444 ,9 d5y+1 !re=e1 ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal1 intellig5t ,deity1 we d n admit t !re is any *ance1 cont+5cy1 or disord] 9 ,nature3 we d n d5y1 b absolutely affirm1 ! con/ant & univ]sal op]ation ( law & ord]4 ,?is we d1 because x is a matt] ( fact ( obvi\s & daily exp]i5ce4#bij ,aga91 x is /ill true1 if x ev] 01 t design implies a design]2 & ?is1 says ,mr4 ,holyoake1 ,i am dispos$ to all[2 & t ?is design] mu/ be a p]son1 ,i am q incl9$ to admit4 ,?us f> goes ,paley1 &1 !re=e1 ?us f> ,i g ) him4 ,8 g5]al position1 t design proves a p]sonal design]1 is s natural1 s easy1 & s plausible1 t x invites "o to admit x4444 ,paley insi/s ^u x z a legitimate inf]5ce f 8 premises1 nor w\ld x be easy to di/urb 8 conclusion4444 ,?is is ,paley's reason+ ^u ! subject1 & x is too natural1 too rigid1 & too cog5t to be escap$ f4 ,n[1 :at is !re 9 ! propos$ ext5sion ( ! analogy t c invalidate ei!r ( ^! admissions1 or t %\ld induce u to set aside bo?8 ,ext5d ! analogy ev] s f>1 x is /ill true t law & ord] prevail 9 ,nature1 t design implies a design]1 & t a design] mu/ be a p]son4 ,& h[ does ,mr4 ,holyoake save 8 consi/5cy8 ,simply by /ret*+ ! analogy till x snaps asund]2 he beg9s by ext5d+1 & ends 9 de/roy+ x2 he admits x at fir/1 m]ely to see :]e x w lead & :at x w prove1 & f9d+ t x mu/ imply an organiz$ design]1 & an endless s]ies ( su* be+s1 he gives x up1 & d5ies ! exi/5ce ( design altoge!r4 ,!re is a hiatus1 x w\ld seem1--an impassable gulf1--betwe5 ! admission t law & ord] prevail 9 ,nature1 & ! conclusion t law & ord] are manife/ations ( design3 ,:at ,i suppos$ to be design 9 ! op5+ ( my argum5t is no long] design4 ,my rev]5d fri5d is wrong 9 suppos+ t ,i admit ,,design1 & yet refuse to admit ! =ce ( ! design argum5t1 ,on ! supposition1 !n1 t law & ord] are manife/ations ( design1 ! design argum5t might be valid & conclusive3 b no conceivable ord] c\ld prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 :y8 ,because no conceivable ord] c\ld be a manife/ation ( design4 ,b h[ is ?is prov$ by ! ext5sion ( ! analogy8 ,does x n am\nt to a d5ial ( ! analogy itself8 ,& is x n an in/ructive fact t 8 abortive attempt to disprove ! design argum5t1 results1 n 9 ! d5ial ( ! inductive inf]5ce1 b 9 ! exclusion ( ! v analogy :i* he propos$ to ext5d1 n 9 %ak+ ! validity ( ! pro(1 b 9 disput+ ! fact on :i* x is bas$8 ,! ext5sion ( ! analogy _c prove ei!r t law & ord] are n manife/ations ( design1 or t !re may be design )\t a p]sonal design]2 all t x c\ld prove1 ev5 7 x legitimate1 w\ld be ! exi/5ce ( an organiz$ in/ead ( a spiritual ,be+1 :i*1 on ! supposition ( its self-exi/5ce1--a supposition :i* is n exclud$ by ! argum5t1 s9ce t maje/ic attribute1 :i* may be fairly held to include all o!rs1 is expressly admitt$1--nei!r requires nor admits ( an inf9ite s]ies ( contriv]s4 #d4 ,secul>ism d5ies ! tru? ( a special ,provid5ce1 & also ! efficacy ( ,pray]1 :ile x ju/ly holds bo? to be indisp5sable = ! purposes ( practical religion4 ,! importance ( ^! doctr9es is /rongly decl>$1 & sometimes illu/rat$ ) mu* app>5t feel+1 by ,mr4 ,holyoake himself3 ,!re is m mix$ up ) ! "q ?an ! m]e fact z to :e!r "s ,be+ exi/s indep5d5tly ( ,nature2 = in/ance1 if any man w\ld debate :e!r !re exi/$ a ,div9e ,be+1 :e!r a ,provid5ce1 :o 0 ! ,fa!r ( ,8 creatures1 :om we c\ld propitiate by pray] 9 our dang]1 f :om we c\ld obta9 light 9 d>kness1 & help 9 di/ress1--if any man debat$ a proposition l ?is1 ,i %\ld say !re 0 mu* ( great practical utility ab\t x4444 ,if y tell me ,god exi/s1 t he is a p[]1 a pr9ciple1 or _s1 or light1 or life1 or love1 or intellig5ce1 or :at y w1--if ,he be n a ,fa!r to :om ,8 *ildr5 may appeal1 if ,he be n a ,provid5ce :om we may propitiate1 & f :om we c obta9 special help 9 ! h\r ( dang]1--,i say1 practically1 x does n matt] to u :e!r ,he exi/s or n4#bia ,! great practical "q is1 :e!r !re exi/s a ,deity to :om we c appeal1 :o is ! ,fa!r ( 8 *ildr51 :o is to be propitiat$ by pray]1 & :o w r5d] u help 9 ! h\r ( dang] & di/ress4 ,) ! _s ( ^! rem>ks e believ] w cordially sympa?ize4 ,he kn[s t !re c be no practical religion )\t fai? 9 ,provid5ce & confid5ce 9 pray]2 = he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is1 & t ,he is ! rew>d] ( !m t dilig5tly seek ,him4 ,mr4 ,holyoake does n err 9 suppos+ t ?is is ! g5]al belief ( ,*ri/ians1 or t x is explicitly sanction$ 9 ,scripture4 ,he may1 & we ?9k he does err 9 8 int]pretation ( ! ,bible doctr9e1 & ! inf]5ces :i* he d$uces f x2 b assur$ly ,*ri/ianity w\ld be robb$ ( its mo/ attractive & ende>+ attributes1 7 x repres5t$ z sil5t on ! pat]nal "* ( ,god & ,8 provid5tial c>e4 ,he is "r 9 say+ t ! ,provid5ce man ne$s1 ! ,provid5ce ! old !ologies gave him1 0 a p]sonal ,provid5ce1 an available help4444 ,i c>e only to add1 t !re is h>dly any feature 9 ! ,*ri/ian sy/em :i* is s s$uctive z ?is doctr9e ( a special ,provid5ce4444 ,d y n "k t 9 all y\r appeals y\r success dep5ds ^u y\r tell+ all ord]s ( p t !re is ,"o 9 heav5 :o c>es = !m1 t e pray] w be answ]$1 t e hair ( _! head is numb]$1 t n a sp>r[ falls to ! gr\nd )\t _! heav5ly ,fa!r's k1 & are n !y wor? m ?an _m sp>r[s8#bib ,he sees ! necessity1 & seems to feel ! attractiv5ess1 ( ! doctr9e2 yet he d5ies its tru?3 :y8 because x is contradict$1 z he conceives1 by exp]i5ce4 ,he adduces 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & !n appeals to ! exp]i5ce ( 8 fell[-m53 ,i once pray$ 9 all ! f]v5cy ( ?is same religion4 ,i believ$ once all ^! ?+s4 ,i put up pray]s to ,heav5 :i* ,i _c conceive h[ humanity c\ld h refus$ to respond to1--pray]s su* z if put up to me ,i mu/ h respond$ to4 ,i saw ^? ne> & de> to me p]i%+ ar\nd me2 & ,i le>n$ ! secret ,i c>e no long] to conceal1 t man's dep5d5ce is ^u 8 c\rage & 8 indu/ry1 & dep5d5ce ^u ,heav5 !re seems to be none4#bic ,su* 0 8 private exp]i5ce2 & facts ( public notoriety are appeal$ to 9 confirmation3 ,x has long seem$ to me ! mo/ s]i\s libel on ! "* ( ! ,deity to assume = "o mom5t t he int]f]es 9 human exig5cies4 ,a m\nta9 ( desolat+ facts rises up to %ame into sil5ce ! haz>d\s supposition8 ,0 n ! :ole l& a %ort "t ago convuls$ ) horror at ! fate ( ! ,amazon8 ,!re 0 n a wret* 9 ! :ole c\ntry ^: slumb]+ humanity w\ld n h be5 ar\s$ 9 ! pres5ce ( t dismal calamity4 444 ,h[ is x t lib]ty is 9 *a9s all ov] ,europe1 if ,god be /ill int]pos+ 9 human affairs8 ,if ! old] doctr9e 7 true1 if our bro!r's blood /ill cri$ to ,god f ! gr\nd1 ! patriot w\ld be releas$ f ! dungeon1 & ! tyrant w\ld desc5d f ! ?rone he has pollut$4--,sci5ce has %[n u t we are "u ! dom9ion ( g5]al laws1 & t !re is no special provid5ce1 & t pray]s are useless1 & t propitiation is va92 t :e!r !re be a ,deity indep5d5t ( ,nature1 or :e!r ,nature be ,god1 x is /ill ! ,god ( ! iron foot1 t passes on )\t he$+1 )\t feel+1 & )\t re/+2 t ,nature acts ) a fe>ful uni=mity1 /]n z fate1 absolute z tyranny1 m]ciless z dea?2 too va/ to praise1 too inexplicable to wor%ip1 too inexorable to propitiate1 x has no e> = pray]1 no he>t = sympa?y1 no arm to save4#bid ,9 ^! & simil> appeals to ! facts ( individual or common exp]i5ce1 ! scriptural doctr9e ( ,provid5ce & ,pray] is suppos$ to be v diff]5t f :at x really is1 & /at$ )\t any ( ! qualifications :i* are expressly decl>$ by ! sacr$ writ]s4 --,x is n[h]e decl>$ 9 ,scripture t e pray] mu/ receive an imm$iate answ]1 :atev] may be ! object = :i* x is pres5t$1 or ! _s 9 :i* x is (f]$4 ,on ! contr>y x is expressly writt51 ,if ,i reg>d iniquity 9 my he>t1 ! ,"l w n he> me4 ,b let him ask 9 fai?1 no?+ wav]+2 = he t wav]e? is l a wave ( ! sea driv5 ) ! w9d & toss$3 ,= let n t man ?9k t he %all receive any?+ ( ! ,"l4 ,ye ask1 & receive n1 because ye ask amiss1 t ye may consume x on y\r lu/s4#bie --,x is n[h]e decl>$ 9 ,scripture t man is to obta9 :atev] he asks1 irrespective ( t ,sov]eign ,w :i* is guid$ by un]r+ wisdom z well z inf9ite love4 ,on ! contr>y1 pray] is an expression ( dep5d5ce & subjection1 & mu/ ev] be qualifi$ by submission to ,8 sov]eignty3 ,nev]!less n my w1 b ,?9e be done4#bif --,x is n[h]e decl>$ 9 ,scripture t ,provid5ce w susp5d1 or t ,pray] w c\nt]act1 ! op]ation ( ! g5]al laws ( ,nature1 except+ only 9 ! case ( ^? to :om a promise ( miracul\s p[] 0 v\*saf$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! laws are decl>$ to be /able & p]man5t3 ,?\ ha/ e/abli%$ ! e>?1 & x abide?3 !y cont9ue ?is day accord+ to ?9e ord9ances3 = all are ?y s]vants2 & any wilful neglect or violation ( ^! laws is a s9ful tempt+ ( ,provid5ce1 ev5 :5 x may seem to be sanction$ by a p]v]se application ( ,scripture itself2 = ! ,savi\r himself 0 solicit$ on ?is wise1 ,if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god1 ca/ ?yself d[n2 = x is writt51 ,he %all give 8 angels *>ge conc]n+ !e1 & 9 _! h&s !y %all be> !e up1 le/ at any "t ?\ da% ?y foot aga9/ a /one2 b he answ]$1 ,x is writt5 aga91 ,?\ %alt n tempt ! ,"l ?y ,god4#big --,x is n[h]e decl>$ 9 ,scripture t ,provid5ce w secure1 or ,pray] obta91 exemption f ! afflictions & calamities ( life4 ,on ! contr>y x is writt51 ,_m are ! afflictions ( ! righte\s1 b ! ,"l deliv]e? him out ( !m all4 ,9 ! _w ye %all h tribulation3 b be ( good *e]1 ,i h ov]come ! _w4 ,if ye endure *a/5+1 ,god deale? ) y z ) sons2 = :at son is he :om ! fa!r *a/5e? n8 ,n[ no *a/5+ = ! pres5t seeme? to be joy\s1 b griev\s2 nev]!less aft]w>d x yielde? ! peaceable fruit ( righte\sness unto !m :i* are ex]cis$ !reby4 ,we glory 9 tribulations also2 kn[+ t tribulation worke? pati5ce1 & pati5ce exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce hope4 ,= our light affliction1 :i* is b = a mom5t1 worke? = u a f> m exce$+ & et]nal weight ( glory4 ,& we "k t all ?+s "w toge!r = good to !m t love ,god6444 ,:o %all sep>ate u f ! love ( ,*ri/8 ,%all tribulation1 or di/ress1 or p]secution1 or fam9e1 or nak$ness1 or p]il1 or sword8 ,nay1 9 all ^! ?+s we are m ?an conqu]ors ?r\gh him t lov$ u4#bih --,x is n[h]e decl>$ 9 ,scripture t ,provid5ce w aw>d1 or t ,pray] may hope to secure1 a regul> & equal di/ribution ( good & evil 9 ! pres5t life4 ,on ! contr>y ! pres5t /ate is describ$ z a sc5e ( probation1 trial1 & discipl9e1 :i* is prep>atory to a /ate ( retribution h]eaft]3 ,i saw "u ! sun ! place ( judgm5t1 t wick$ness 0 !re2 & ! place ( righte\sness1 t iniquity 0 !re4 ,i said 9 m9e he>t1 ,god %all judge ! righte\s & ! wick$2 = !re is a "t = e purpose & = e "w4 ,because s5t5ce aga9/ an evil "w is n execut$ spe$ily1 !re=e ! he>t ( ! sons ( m5 is fully set 9 !m to d evil4 ,?\gh a s9n] d evil a hundr$ times1 & 8 days be prolong$1 yet surely ,i "k t x %all be well ) ^? t fe> ,god1 :i* fe> be=e ,him3 b x %all n be well ) ! wick$1 nei!r %all he prolong 8 days1 :i* are z a %ad[2 because he fe>e? n be=e ,god4#bii ,?is is ! fai? & pati5ce ( ! sa9ts2 a fai? :i* is (t5 /agg]$1 a pati5ce :i* may be ready to fail1 9 ! view ( ! d>k] aspects ( ,provid5ce2 = _m a true believ] may say1 ,z = me1 my feet 7 almo/ gone1 my /eps _h well-nigh slipp$2 = ,i 0 envi\s at ! fooli%1 :5 ,i saw ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$2 & ev5 ! spirits ( j m5 made p]fect s+ ! song1 ,o ,"l6 h[ long8 --,x is n[h]e decl>$ 9 ,scripture t ,provid5ce excludes ! aid ( ,sci5ce1 or t ,pray] sup]s$es ! dilig5t use ( ord9>y means4 ,on ! contr>y x is writt51 ,:5 wisdom ent]e? into ?9e he>t1 & k is pleasant unto ?y s\l1 discretion %all pres]ve !e1 und]/&+ %all keep !e2 & believ]s are requir$ to be n slo?ful 9 bus9ess1 :ile !y are f]v5t 9 _s1 s]v+ ! ,"l4#cjj ,on all ^! po9ts1 s cle>ly involv$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,provid5ce & ,pray]1 ,mr4 ,holyoake's argum5t re/s on assumptions :i* are utt]ly gr\ndless1 & h5ce he imag9es t ! doctr9e is contradict$ by exp]i5ce1 :5 a m scriptural view ( x w\ld be suffici5t to obviate all 8 objections4 ,he reasons z if !re c\ld be no tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( a special ,provid5ce1 & no efficacy 9 ,pray]1 unless e petition 7 imm$iately he>d & answ]$2 unless ! cry ( nature 9 di/ress 7 suffici5t to w>d (f ! /roke ( disease & b]eavem5t1 & to av]t all ! calamities ( life2 unless ! op]ation ( ! g5]al laws ( ,nature 7 =?) susp5d$2 unless ! pres5t /ate ( trial & discipl9e 7 conv]t$ into "o ( /rict & imp>tial retribution2 & unless man's wisdom & man's ag5cy 7 to be sup]s$$ altoge!r by dep5d5ce on a high] p[]4 ,b n "o ( ^! suppositions has any place 9 ! doctr9e ( ,scripture on ! subject4 ,x speaks ( a special ,provid5ce1 b n su* z is incompatible ) ! con/ant op]ation ( natural laws2 x ascribes a c]ta9 efficacy to ,pray]1 b n su* z implies a miracul\s int]f]5ce ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature1 & /ill less an exemption f affliction1 or an equal di/ribution ( good & evil 9 ! pres5t life4 ,if x be said t su* be+ ! doctr9e ( ,scripture1 x c af=d little or no consolation1 s9ce x holds out no hope ( sure & in/ant relief 9 circum/ances ( di/ress & dang]1 may we n ask1 ,is !re no com=t 9 kn[+ t our affairs are "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a ,be+ ev]y:]e pres5t1 inf9itely wise & good1 ^: e> is ev] op5 to our cry1 :o is able to d = u exce$+ abundantly above all t we c ask1 & :o has promis$ to su/a9 u 9 all our trials1 to sanctify u by means ( !m1 & to make all ?+s "w toge!r = our good8 ,is !re no com=t 9 be+ able to say1 ,god is our refuge & /r5g?1 a v pres5t help 9 tr\ble1 !re=e w n we fe> ?\gh ! e>? be remov$1 & ?\gh ! m\nta9s be c>ri$ into ! mid/ ( ! sea4 ,! ,"l is my ,%eph]d1 ,i %all n want4 ,yea1 ?\gh ,i walk ?r\gh ! valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ,i w fe> no evil1 = ,?\ art ) me4 ,! ,"l %all deliv] me f e evil "w1 & w pres]ve me unto ,8 heav5ly k+dom8#cja ,is !re n en\gh = all ! purposes ( practical religion 9 ! assurance1 ,ask1 & x %all be giv5 y2 seek1 & ye %all f9d2 444 = if ye1 be+ evil1 "k h[ to give good gifts unto y\r *ildr51 h[ mu* m %all y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 give good ?+s to !m t ask ,him8 ,y\r heav5ly ,fa!r kn[e? t ye h ne$ ( all ^! ?+s4 ,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ,8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y8#cjb ,& :5 ! believ] is enabl$ 9 any measure to comply ) ! injunctions ( ,scripture1--,ca/ ?y burd5 on ! ,"l1 & ,he w su/a9 x1 ,commit ?y way unto ,him1 & ,he w br+ x to pass1 ,be c>eful = no?+1 b 9 ev]y?+ by pray] & supplication ) ?anksgiv+1 let y\r reque/s be made kn[n unto ,god1 & ! peace ( ,god1 :i* passe? all und]/&+1 %all keep y\r he>ts & m9ds ?r\gh ,*ri/ ,jesus1--does he n "k exp]im5tally t x is fai? 9 a liv+1 p]sonal ,god1--! ,god ( provid5ce1 & ! ,he>] ( pray]1 & n ! desolate doctr9e ( ,nature1--! ,god ( ! iron foot1 /]n z fate1 absolute z tyranny1 & m]ciless z dea?1--t c su/a9 him "u e trial1 & n]ve him ) fre% vigor = ! battle ( life8 ,mr4 ,holyoake ref]s to 8 own exp]i5ce1 & appeals to ! exp]i5ce ( 8 fell[-m51 9 confirmation ( 8 negative conclusion 9 reg>d to a special ,provid5ce & ! efficacy ( ,pray]4 ,b :at weight is due to 8 te/imony 9 su* a case8 ,is x suffici5t to c\nt]vail ! exp]i5ce ( all 9 e age--! great cl\d ( witnesses--:o h unanim\sly decl>$ t ! ,"l ha? n =sak5 !m t seek ,him1 & t ,he ha? n said to ! se$ ( ,jacob1 ,seek ye my face 9 va98 ,:i* is entitl$ to ! great] weight1 ! te/imony ( ,mr4 ,holyoake1 or t ( ! ,psalmi/1 ,i wait$ pati5tly = ! ,"l1 & ,he incl9$ unto me1 & he>d my cry2 or t ( ! prophet1 ,i cri$ by reason ( m9e affliction unto ! ,"l1 & ,he he>d me3 out ( ! belly ( hell cri$ ,i1 & ?\ he>de/ my voice3 ,:5 my s\l fa9t$ )9 me ,i rememb]$ ! ,"l1 & my pray] came 9 unto ,!e into ?9e holy temple2 or t ( ! apo/le1 ,= ?is ?+ ,i bes\ght ! ,"l ?rice1 t x might dep>t f me2 & ,he said unto me1 ,my grace is suffici5t = !e1 = my /r5g? is made p]fect 9 weakness8#cjc ,a cry = help may n be ! pray] ( fai?1 b ! utt]ance ( an unsubdu$ & rebelli\s w1 & c af=d no te/1 !re=e1 ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( ,scripture4 ,b ,sci5ce1 says ,mr4 ,holyoake1 is ! provid5ce ( life1 & spiritual dep5d5ce may be att5d$ ) mat]ial de/ruction4 ,he w\ld sub/itute1 !re=e1 ! ,sci5ce ( man = ! ,provid5ce ( ,god1 & secul> dilig5ce = spiritual dep5d5ce4 ,b is !re no room = bo?8 ,are !y necess>ily incompatible or mutually exclusive8 ,:y %\ld ! ,sci5ce ( man be oppos$ to ! ,provid5ce ( ,god1 or secul> indu/ry to religi\s fai?8 ,all ,*ri/ians comb9e ! two2 :y %\ld ,mr4 ,holyoake seek to divorce !m8 ,:at is ,sci5ce8 ,x is ! well-devis$ me?od ( us+ ,nature2 x is 9 ?is t ,sci5ce is ! provid5ce ( man4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ,sci5ce is a p]fect dep5d5ce2 on ! contr>y1 x is admitt$ to be n>r[ & b p>tially develop$2 b x is ! only special dep5d5ce t man has4#cjd ,& is ! wise use ( ,nature inconsi/5t ) ,religion8 is x ! exclusive monopoly ( ,a!ism8 ,or is spiritual dep5d5ce necess>ily incompatible ) indu/rial pursuits8 ,:o h be5 ! mo/ sci5tific & ! mo/ indu/ri\s memb]s ( ! community1 ! small b& ( ,a!i/s1 or ! great body ( ,*ri/ians8 ,to ! latt] belong all ! advantages :i* ,sci5ce1 or ! wise use ( ,nature1 c secure1 :ile !y h besides a ,provid5ce1 di/9ct f ,nature & sup]ior to x1 ^: wakeful eye nev] slumb]s1 & ^: e> is ev] op5 to _! cry4 #e4 ,secul>ism seeks to sup]s$e ,religion1 & to sub/itute morality 9 its /ead1--b a morality :i* leaves m5 irresponsible = _! belief1 _! passions1 & ev5 _! actions1 to any sup]ior ,p[]4 ,! hi/ories ( all ages1 says ,mr4 ,holyoake1 & ! bitt] exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 prove ! p]nici\s influ5ce ( piety4 ,x seems a m useful "w _c be p]=m$ ?an to sweep away ! assum$ f\ndations ( all religions4 ,i deem x inimical to human welf>e1 & %\ld no m proce$ to supply a new religion ?an ! p :o _h j int]r$ ! *ol]a w\ld ?9k ( rais+ a plague4444 ,religion is a di/raction ( social progress2 once remov$1 no wise man w desire its re/oration4 ,b "o "q rema9s to be answ]$1 ,if ,religion is n our prop] bus9ess1 :at is8 ,i answ]1 ,morality6444 ,by ,religion ,i und]/& a sy/em ( human duties1 comm5c+ f a ,god3 by ,morality a sy/em ( human duties1 comm5c+ f man4 ,religion asks b "o "q1 ,is an act pleas+ to ,deity8 ,morality makes ! wis] inquiry1 ,is an act useful to man8 ,! /&>d ( religion v>ies ) fickle cre$s2 ! /&>d ( morality is utility4#cje ,!re exi/ 7indep5d5tly ( ,scriptural ,religion7 gu>antees ( morality 9 human nature1 9 intellig5ce1 & utility4 ,morality1 t sy/em ( human duties comm5c+ f man1 we w keep di/9ct f ,religion1 t sy/em ( human duties assum$ to comm5ce f ,god4#cjf ,nature ref]s u to sci5ce = help1 & to humanity = sympa?y2 love to ! lovely is our only homage1 /udy our only praise1 quiet submission to ! inevitable our duty1 & "w is our only wor%ip4#cjg ,we1 by e/abli%+ morals indep5d5tly ( scriptural au?ority1 & bas+ !m on secul> consid]ations1--m imm$iate1 m demon/rative & univ]sal1--atta9 a signal b5efit2 = :5 ,inspiration is %ak51 or ,miracles fail y1 or ,prophecy eludes ! believ]1 he breaks away1 & probably falls into vice2 :ile we hold ! ?9k] by ! ?\s& relations ( ,natural ,affection1 ,utility1 & ,intellig5ce1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian di/ru/s4444 ,a man may d good because x is hone/1 because x is useful1 because x is comm&$ by human law1 because x is humane1 because x is polite1 because x is a noble pleasure4#cjh ,( c\rse1 :5 ,morality is ?us divorc$ f ,religion !re c be no responsibility to a high] ,p[]1 & man is n acc\ntable to any "o = 8 belief1 8 passions1 8 w1 8 "* or conduct1 except 9 s f> z 8 actions may tr5* on ! rights ( o!rs1 & r5d] him am5able to civil or crim9al law4 ,& ,mr4 ,holyoake1 at "o "t an associate & fell[-labor] ( ,rob]t ,ow51 /ill cleaves to ! doctr9e t 8 belief is entirely dep5d5t on evid5ce1 & t 8 "* is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 det]m9$ by ! circum/ances ( 8 condition4 ,an attempt is ?us made to e/abli% ! ,e?ics ( ,a!ism on ! ru9s ( ,religion4 ,b to "o :o calmly reflects on ! subject1 x mu/ be evid5t t a s*eme ( morals f\nd$ on ! negation ( all religi\s belief c h none ( t au?ority :i* belongs to ! expression ( a sup]ior w1 & mu/ be utt]ly de/itute ( all sanctions except+ su* z may be f\nd 9 ! natural consequ5ces ( our conduct4 ,its only /&>d is utility2 & utility mu/ be int]pret$ by e man = himself1 accord+ to 8 own ta/e & incl9ation4 ,! ^w duty is us$1 b !re is no?+ 9 ! sy/em to acc\nt = ! idea :i* t ^w is int5d$ to convey1 no?+ to expla9 or ju/ify ! mean+ ( ! phrase1 ,i ought4 ,= :y ought ,i to d ?is1 or refra9 f t8 ,because x is useful8 because x is conducive to happ9ess8 ,because x w be foll[$ by c]ta9 natural consequ5ces8 ,b if ,i love ! pleasures ( s91 if ,i pref] !m to e o!r k9d ( enjoym5t1 if ,i am will+ to accept ! consequ5ces & to say1 ,evil1 be ?\ my good1 :at is !re 9 ! sy/em ( secul> e?ics t %\ld oblige me to =ego my favorite indulg5ces1 or t c impress me ) ! conviction t ,i ought to d s8 ,true ,i may suff]1 & suff] mu*1 z ! drunk>d & ! lib]t9e d1 9 ! way ( natural consequ5ce1 & x may be prud5t to be temp]ate 9 ! indulg5ce ( my s5sual appetites2 !re may ev5 be a s5se ( inw>d degradation1 & a politic reg>d to ! op9ions ( my fell[-m51 :i* w op]ate to "s ext5t z a re/ra9+ influ5ce2 b if ,i be de/itute ( a s5se ( duty1 & will+ to brave all haz>ds & accept all consequ5ces1 ,secul>ism has no?+ to say to me1 & is utt]ly p[]less to gov]n or control me o!rwise ?an by physical co]cion or ! p[] ( brute =ce4 ,b admit ! idea ( ,god z a ,moral ,gov]nor1 & ( ,consci5ce z ,8 viceg]5t 9 my s\l1 view ! law ( my moral nature z ! au?oritative expression ( ,8 supreme w1 & in/antly ,i recognize a ,ma/] :om ,i ought to obey1 & a c\rse ( conduct :i* x is my duty to pursue1 irrespective alike ( my p]sonal prop5sities & ( all possible consequ5ces4 ,! categoric imp]ative )9 is felt to be a f> m solid gr\nd1 z well z a mu* /rong] sanction1 ( duty1 ?an any t c be f\nd 9 ! m]e consequ5ces ( my actions2 :ile x acc\nts = ! innate s5se ( "r & wrong1 & ! s5tim5ts ( remorse1 & %ame1 & fe> :i* consci\s guilt inspires4 ,b ,mr4 ,holyoake %ifts ! "q f ?is broad g5]al gr\nd1 :i* is common to all e>ne/ inquir]s aft] tru?1 & seeks to entangle u 9 a collat]al1 b subord9ate1 discussion respect+ ! relation betwe5 ,morality & ,scripture4 ,he proposes to %[ t !re exi/1 indep5d5tly ( ,scriptural ,religion1 gu>antees ( morality 9 human nature1 & t morals may be e/abli%$ indep5d5tly ( scriptural au?ority4 ,b ?is is n ! "q3 ! "q is a wid] & m compreh5sive "o1 namely1 :e!r a sy/em ( morals c be e/abli%$ ap>t f ! recognition ( ,god1 & indep5d5tly ( any expression1 natural or sup]natural1 ( ,8 supreme & au?oritative w8 ,mr4 ,holyoake is b\nd to return & def5d an affirmative to ?is "q1 & is n at lib]ty to take refuge 9 ! m]e d5ial ( ! absolute dep5d5ce ( morals on scriptural au?ority4 ,! idea ( duty may be involv$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,religion1 & ^! may be presuppos$ & assum$ 9 ,revelation2 b to make out 8 case1 he mu/ attempt to %[ t nei!r ,natural nor ,reveal$ ,religion is necess>y to e/abli% & sanction a code ( e?ics1 & t ! natural consequ5ces ( our actions are suffici5t ( !mselves1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! law ( a ,supreme ,w1 to awak5 & su/a9 a s5se ( moral obligation4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,*ri/ianity does n repres5t ! duties ( morality z dep5d5t on its own sole au?ority4 ,x sanctions ^! duties1 x illu/rates _! nature1 x en=ces _! obs]vance by new & p[]ful motives2 b x presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ,consci5ce1 z ,god's viceg]5t 9 ! he>t1 & appeals to a law by :i* e man is a law to himself4 ,! law reveal$ 9 ,scripture is b9d+ by reason ( ! au?ority ( ! ,lawgiv]2 b n m b9d+ ?an ! law writt5 on ! he>t1 )\t :i* we %\ld be incapable alike ( moral in/ruction & ( moral gov]nm5t4 ,! "q1 !n1 is n :e!r morality be entirely dep5d5t on ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 b :e!r x be s indep5d5t ( ,religion z to be equally au?oritative & b9d+ ) or )\t ! recognition ( ,god8 ,& if ?is be ! real "q at issue1 few w be bold en\gh to affirm ei!r t ! nature ( moral duty is 9 no wise affect$1 or t its f\ndation is 9 no degree weak5$1 by ! non-recognition ( ,god & ,8 supreme w4 ,! w ( ,god may n be ! ultimate gr\nd ( duty1 b x is ! expression ( ! ess5tial hol9ess ( ,8 nature1 :i* is ! un*angeable /&>d ( rectitude4 ,! supposition ( ,8 non-exi/5ce1 !re=e1 or ev5 ! skeptical ,a!ism :i* d\bts1 )\t v5tur+ to d5y1 ! reality ( ,8 be+1 deprives morality ( its only absolute support1 & leaves x to dep5d on ! fluctuat+ op9ions or ! caprici\s ta/es ( individual m9ds4 ,x affects bo? ! nature & ! ext5t ( moral duty1 by resolv+ x into a m]e reg>d to utility1 & exclud+ a l>ge class ( duties :i* ,religion sanctions1 :ile x deprives e o!r class ( _! sacr$ "* z acts ( ob$i5ce to ,god4 ,x %uts out "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful & impressive motives to virtu\s conduct1 by reliev+ m5 f a s5se ( responsibility to a high] ,p[]1 by exclud+ ! idea ( a future retribution1 & /ill m by keep+ out ( sight ! attributes1 alike augu/ & amiable1 ( a liv+ p]sonal ,god1 ev]y:]e pres5t1 behold+ ! evil & ! good1 an omnisci5t ,witness & an imp>tial ,judge4 ,*ri/ianity leaves all ! secul> motives to morality intact & entire1 & only sup]adds to ^! c]ta9 spiritual motives ( f> high] p[]4 ,x nei!r sup]s$es ! lessons ( exp]i5ce nor abjures all reg>d to utility2 b by reveal+ our relation to ,god1 x ext5ds1 & elevates1 & purifies our s5se ( duty4 ,9 va9 does ,mr4 ,holyoake pret5d t by bas+ morals on secul> consid]ations1 he atta9s a signal b5efit1 & t he holds ! ?9k] by ! ?\s& relations ( ,natural ,affection1 ,utility1 & ,intellig5ce1 :i* ! ,*ri/ian di/ru/s2 = n "o ( ^! relations is exclud$ by ! s*eme ( ,reveal$ ,religion1 n "o ( !m is d5i$ by ! ,*ri/ian2 & if he may be said to di/ru/ !m1 x is only because he holds !m to be insuffici5t1 )\t a belief 9 ,god1 to ma9ta9 a pure morality 9 ! _w4 ,b he c say1 ) at lea/ z mu* e>ne/ness z any ,secul>ism c feel1 ,:atsoev] ?+s are true1 :atsoev] ?+s are hone/1 :atsoev] ?+s are j1 :atsoev] ?+s are pure1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] ?+s are ( good report2 if !re be any virtue1 & if !re be any praise1 ?9k ( ^! ?+s2 & he feels t f> f weak5+1 he greatly enhances1 ! =ce ( t appeal1 :5 he adds1 & p]fect hol9ess 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 #f4 ,secul>ism pr(esses to be ! positive side ( ,a!ism1 & to be bett] ?an ,religion at lea/ = ?is _w1 because x pays a prem95t1 if n an exclusive1 reg>d to ! duties ( ! pres5t life4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ dang]\s aspect ( ! doctr9e4 ,x prescribes a c\rse ( sy/ematic ungodl9ess1 a practical disreg>d ( ! future1 & an engross+ att5tion to ?+s se5 & temporal1 z if ^! 7 virtues 9 :i* mank9d are greatly defici5t1 & z if _! g5]al preval5ce w\ld be a prelude to a secul> mill5nium1 or ! comm5cem5t ( an a!i/ic p>adise4 ,b ! purely negative "p ( ! sy/em1 h[ev] accordant ) ! natural t5d5cies ( m51 is felt to be 9 itself some:at unattractive2 x mu/ be associat$1 !re=e1 ) "s positive elem5t1 "s practical aims1 su* z may give x a hold on ! int]e/ & a claim on ! zeal\s support ( its adh]5ts4 ,"u ?is conviction1 says ,mr4 ,holyoake1 ! ,secul>i/ appli$ himself to ! re9spection ( ! g5]al field ( controv]sy1 & ! adoption ( ! foll[+ rules1 among o!rs1 has be5 ! consequ5ce3 #a4 ,to disuse ! t]m ,a!i/1 s9ce ! public und]/& by t ^w "o :o is )\t ,god & also )\t morality1 & :o wi%es to be )\t bo?4 #b4 ,to disuse ! t]m ,infidel1 s9ce ,*ri/ians und]/& by t t]m "o :o is unfai?ful or trea*]\s to ! tru?4444 #c4 ,to recognize1 n z a matt] ( policy m]ely1 b z a matt] ( fact1 ! s9c]ity ( ! cl]gy & ! good int5tions ( ,*ri/ians g5]ally4444 #d4 ,to seek ! maxims ( duty 9 ! relations ( man to society & nature1 &1 z ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator did u ! honor to admit1 'to prea* nature & sci5ce1 morality & art3 nature1 ! only subject ( k2 sci5ce1 ! provid5ce ( life2 morality1 ! h>mony ( action2 art1 ! culture ( ! individual & ( society4' ,we !re=e resolv$ to *oose a new "n 7,secul>ism71 :i* %\ld express ! practical & moral elem5t always conceal$ 9 ! ^w ,a!ism4444 ,secul>ism seeks ! p]sonal ,law ( duty1 ! ,sph]e ( duty1 & ! ,p[] by :i* duty may "w indep5d5tly4 ,! ,law is f\nd 9 natural1 utilit>ian1 & arti/ic morals4 ,! ,sph]e is ?is1 to "w ) our fir/ en]gies 9 ?is life1 = ?is life1--= its gr[?1 culture1 developm5t1 & progress4 ,! ,p[] is discov]$ 9 ,sci5ce1 ! provid5ce ( life1 & intellig5ce4#cji ,by ',secul>ism' is meant giv+ ! prec$5ce to ! duties ( ?is life ov] ^? :i* p]ta9 to ano!r life2--att5tion to temporal ?+s %\ld take prec$5ce ( consid]ations relat+ to a future exi/5ce4 ,! positive side ( our views is a m rec5t developm5t ( our own4 ,we seek ! cop]ation ( all :o c agree to promote pres5t human improvem5t by pres5t human means4#caj 444 ,if !re are o!r worlds to be inhabit$ aft] ?is life1 ^? p]sons w be/ be fitt$ = ! enjoym5t ( !m :o h made ! welf>e ( humanity _! bus9ess 9 ?is4 ,b if !re are n o!r worlds1 m5 are ess5tially los]s by neglect+ ! enjoym5t ( ?is4 ,h5ce ,ari/ippus 0 truly wise1 :o agre$ ) ,socrates 9 dismiss+1 z :olly unpr(itable1 all ^? speculations :i* h no connection ) ! bus9ess ( life4 ,?is life be+ ! fir/ 9 c]ta9ty1 we give x ! fir/ place 9 importance2 & by giv+ human duties 9 relation to m5 ! prec$5ce1 we secure t all int]pretations ( spiritual duty %all be 9 h>mony ) human progress4 ,secul>ism is ! philosophy ( ! ?+s ( "t4 ,a ,secul>i/ is "o :o gives prim>y att5tion to ^? subjects1 ! issues ( :i* c be te/$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ?is life4 ,! ,secul>i/ pr9ciple requires t prec$5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! duties ( ?is life ov] ^? :i* p]ta9 to ano!r _w4#caa ,secul>ism1 !n1 pr(esses to be ! positive or practical side ( ,a!ism1 & x claims to be bett] ?an ,religion at lea/ = ?is _w1 because x pays a prem95t1 if n exclusive1 reg>d to ! duties ( ! pres5t life4 ,we _c consid] ?is new developm5t ( an old sy/em1 9 connection ) its rec5t *ange ( "n1 & ! reasons t are assign$ = x1 )\t see+ t ! =ce ( public op9ion1 :e!r well or ill f\nd$1 has compell$ its advocates to alt] _! tactics at lea/ 9 two respects3 !y are anxi\s to )draw f (f5sive prom95ce ! negative articles ( _! cre$1 & to put =w>d ! positive elem5ts ( tru? :i* may /ill survive aft] ! ru9 ( ,religion2 & !y ev9ce a disposition1 some:at new1 to conciliate ! ,*ri/ian community1 by admitt+ ! s9c]ity ( ! cl]gy & ! good int5tions ( believ]s g5]ally1 & invit+ _! cop]ation 9 plans ( secul> improvem5t4 ,b ,a!ism /ill lurks "u ! disguise ( ,secul>ism2 & m5 ( e>ne/ religion are n likely to be tempt$ to any close alliance or active cop]ation ) ^? :o misrepres5t ! "* ( t ,god 9 :om !y believe1 & ( t ,savi\r 9 :om !y tru/4 ,!re may be "s nom9al ,*ri/ians1 h[ev]1 already z unconc]n$ ab\t ! future & devot$ to ! pres5t life1 z ,mr4 ,holyoake himself c\ld wi% !m to be1 :o w eag]ly grasp at ?is new developm5t1 z a plausible pretext = cont9u+ 9 _! pres5t c\rse2 = ) ! exception ( ^? :o compose ! real ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 ^: fai? is n a m]e "n & an un?9k+ ass5t to ,*ri/ianity1 b a real1 liv+1 con/ant p[] ov] _! life1 ! :ole _w is practically secul>i/1 & is liv+ solely by ! light ( ! pres5t1 & "u ! impulse ( ! motives :i* x supplies4#cab ,= ,secul>ism is only ! ,lat9 t]m = ! old ,saxon worldl9ess3 ,secul>ism has m elem5ts ( union ?an p]haps any o!r phase ( infidelity2 x has ! worldl9ess ( m]e nom9al ,*ri/ians1 z well z ( real infidels4#cac ,!y are really ,secul>i/s1 b z yet !y may n be at ease 9 _! ,secul>ism4 ,!re may be a secret monitor )91 :i* rem9ds !m occasionally ( dea?1 & judgm5t1 & et]nity2 & ! rapid flight ( "t1 or ! incipi5t s5se ( disease1 or ! ev]-recurr+ in/ances ( mortality1 may awak5 !m to transi5t ?\ghts ( ano!r life = :i* x 7 well to be bett] prep>$4 ,:at !y want is a !ory1--( plausible aspect & easy application1--:i* might s]ve to quell ^! ris+ ?\ghts1 & allay _! =ebod+ fe>s2 & j su* a !ory !y may seem to f9d 9 ! prov]bial maxim ( ,secul>ism1 ,"w 9 ?is life1 = ?is life4 ,we are n sure1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ) su* m5 ! zeal ( ! new propag&a w be altoge!r successful4 ,x may seem to "s to be out ( place1 & may ev5 excite a s5se ( ! ludicr\s4 ,j fancy = a mom5t1 says ! au?or already quot$1 "s mission>y ( ?is pr9ciple go+ into ! ,royal ,ex*ange at ,london1 or ! ,/ock ,ex*ange at ,le$s or ,brad=d1 or ! ,clo?-halls ( any ( our manufactur+ t[ns1 summon+ ar\nd him ! m]*ants & ! brok]s1 & !n beg9n+ ) mu* e>ne/ness & po9t to urge !m n to live = et]nity1 b to be v c>eful ab\t ! pres5t life3 insi/+ t x 0 v1 v d\btful if e>? 7 n all1--! pres5t exi/5ce ! :ole ( human exi/5ce2 & t !re=e until !re 0 m c]ta9ty !y _h bett] make ! mo/ ( ?is2 be indu/ri\s & prud5t1 & make !mselves z com=table z possible2 get z mu* money z !y c\ld hone/ly1 & by no means let any dread ( retribution h]eaft] fett] !m 9 any ( _! actions "h4 ,:y1 ^! m]*ants w\ld turn away laugh+ & say+1 ',ei!r ! man is mock+ u1 or he is mad3 t is j :at we are do+ ) all our might4' ,!y w\ld see at lea/ t ,mr4 ,holyoake's tea*+ is v diff]5t f t ( ,him :o said1 ',take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat1 or :at ye %all dr9k2 nor yet = y\r body1 :at ye %all put on4 ,is n ! life m ?an meat1 & ! body ?an raim5t8 ,b seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & ,8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4' ',= :at is a man pr(it$1 if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w1 & lose 8 s\l8 or :at %all a man give 9 ex*ange = 8 s\l8' ,& m>k+ t va/ diff]5ce1 !y w feel1 at lea/1 t no man is entitl$ to address !m z rational be+s 9 ! /yle ( ,secul>ism1 unless he c give !m an absolute assurance t !re is & c be no future /ate ( exi/5ce1--t ! pres5t is man's only life1 & t dea? is an et]nal sleep4 ,b does ,mr4 ,holyoake give1 or pret5d to give1 any su* assurance8 ,we d n say1 he tells u1 t e man ought to give an exclusive att5tion to ?is _w1 because t w\ld be to commit ! old s9 ( dogmatism1 & exclude ! possibility ( ano!r _w1 & ( walk+ by a diff]5t light f t by :i* alone we are able to walk4 ,b z our k is conf9$ to ?is life1 & te/imony1 & conjecture1 & probability are all t c be set =? ) respect to ano!r life1 we ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ prec$5ce to ! duties ( ?is /ate1 & ( atta*+ prim>y importance to ! morality ( man to man4 ,x is n c]ta91 !n1 t !re is no future life2 x is ev5 possible t !re may be "o2 ! supposition is n 9 itself incr$ible1 x may ev5 h te/imony1 conjecture1 & probability 9 its favor3--"s att5tion to x1 !re=e1 _c be =bidd5 )\t committ+ ! old s9 ( dogmatism1 & exclud+ ! possibility ( ano!r _w2 b its comp>ative unc]ta9ty is urg$ z a reason = giv+ prec$5ce to ! duties ( ?is /ate1 & atta*+ prim>y importance to ! morality ( man to man4 ,! "q w\ld seem to be1 n :e!r any att5tion %\ld be be/[$ on a future life1 b :e!r x %\ld be less or m ?an ! att5tion :i* we be/[ on ! pres5t _w4 ,x is a "q ( degree2 & ! settlem5t ( t "q is made to h+e entirely on ! comp>ative unc]ta9ty ( our prospect aft] dea?4 ,suppose x 7 m unc]ta91 might n ! magnitude ( ! int]e/s t mu/ be involv$ 9 a new & untri$ exi/5ce h]eaft]1 & :i* mu/ be measur$ on ! scale ( et]nity1 be m ?an suffici5t to c\nt]balance ! diff]5ce8 ,let u be only fully conv9c$ t our pres5t life is 7or may be7 ! beg9n+ ( an et]nal duration1 & h[ irresi/ibly are we urg$ to a mode ( conduct answ]able to t accession ( importance :i* our pres5t condition 9 ! _w d]ives f ! peculi> po9t ( view 9 :i* we !n contemplate x6#cad ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 c x be reasonably said t ! future ( our pres5t life is 9 any respect m c]ta9 ?an our prospects aft] dea?3 ,:at is our life8 is x n l a vapor1 :i* appe>e? = a little "t1 & !n vani%e? away8 ,& yet1 9 spite ( its prov]bial unc]ta9ty1 is x n a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,secul>ism t true life beg9s 9 r5unciation1 & t ! future mu/ rule ! pres5t8 ,ext5d ^! maxims1 :i* are ( unque/ionable au?ority ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t life1 to our prospects beyond ! grave1 :e!r !y be reg>d$ z c]ta91 or probable1 or possible only1 & !y w abundantly v9dicate ! position t our conduct n[ & "h %\ld be regulat$ to "s ext5t by a reg>d to :at may be be=e u4 ,9 bo? cases alike1 pres5t gratification mu/ give place to future safety1 & self-d5ial1 accord+ to ! %rewd rem>k ( ,frankl91 is nei!r m nor less 9 ! case ( a prud5t man ?an self-own+1 ! recognition ( 8 own dignity1 & ! pref]5ce ( a great] & m p]man5t to a small] & transitory good4 ,x might /ill1 !re=e1 be alike our int]e/ & our duty to h "s reg>d to a possible future 9 ! s*eme ( our pres5t life4 ,& aw>e ( ?is ,mr4 ,holyoake solaces himself1 & attempts to su/a9 ! spirits ( 8 fri5ds ) ! assurance1 ,:atev] is likely to secure y\r be/ int]e/s "h w procure = y ! same h]eaft]1--a /range inv]sion ( ! scriptural maxim1 = x practically am\nts to ?is1 ,seek fir/ ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 & ! k+dom ( heav5 %all be add$ unto y4 ,& he /ates ! gr\nd or reason ( 8 confid5ce 9 ?is respect3 ,if !re be o!r worlds to be inhabit$ aft] ?is life1 ^? p]sons w be/ be fitt$ = ! enjoym5t ( !m :o h made ! welf>e ( humanity _! bus9ess 9 ?is4 ,to make ! welf>e ( humanity _! bus9ess 9 ?is life1 is a duty :i* may be dis*>g$ by ! ,*ri/ian n less ?an ! ,secul>i/1 & p]haps ) all ! great] zeal 9 proportion to 8 e/imate ( m5 z responsible & immortal be+s1 all pass+ on1 l himself1 to an int]m9able future4 ,b if !re be ano!r /ate ( be+ aft] dea?1 w he be be/ prep>$ = x :o lives )\t ,god 9 ?is _w1 )\t s]i\s =e?\ght 9 reg>d to 8 et]nal prospects1 )\t any delib]ate prep>ation = 8 c]ta9 & solemn *ange8 ,or w x be a consolation to him !n to reflect t he disbeliev$ or d\bt$ n[1 & t he ex]t$ 8 tal5ts & sp5t 8 life on e>? 9 und]m9+ ! fai? ( 8 fell[-m51 & weak5+ _! impressions ( ?+s unse5 & et]nal8 ,mr4 ,holyoake seems to imag9e t :e!r !re be or be n a future /ate aft] dea?1 ,secul>ism is ! safe/ side1 & he puts ! alt]native ?us3 ,if !re are o!r worlds to be inhabit$ aft] ?is life1 ^? p]sons w be/ be fitt$ = ! enjoym5t ( !m :o h made ! welf>e ( humanity _! bus9ess 9 ?is4 ,b if !re are n o!r worlds1 m5 are ess5tially los]s by neglect+ ! enjoym5t ( ?is4 ,on ei!r supposition1 x w\ld seem1 ! ,secul>i/ has ! advantage ( ! ,*ri/ian3 on ! "o1 because he & n ! ,*ri/ian1 makes ! welf>e ( humanity 8 bus9ess2 on ! o!r1 because he1 & n ! ,*ri/ian1 has ! true enjoym5t ( ! pres5t life4 ,x might be difficult to prove ei!r ( ^! conv5i5t assumptions1 or to %[ t !re is any?+ 9 ,*ri/ianity to prev5t1 any?+ 9 ,a!ism to promote1 ! c>e ( humanity on ! "o h&1 or ! enjoym5t ( life on ! o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 all exp]i5ce te/ifies t ,religion is ! only sure spr+ ( philan?ropy1 & t1 on ! :ole1 none h a sweet] enjoym5t ( ! pres5t life ?an ^? :o c look abroad on ! works ( ,nature & say1 ,my ,fa!r made !m all1 & :o c look =w>d to dea? itself ) a hope full ( immortality4 ,x is true1 t ! s]i\s expectation ( a future /ate mu/ impose a c]ta9 re/ra9t on ! indulg5ce ( our appetites & passions2 b is x su* a re/ra9t z is injuri\s ev5 to our temporal welf>e8 is x n ! dictate ( enlight5$ prud5ce1 7 we to look no fur!r ?an to ! pres5t life8 ,mr4 ,holyoake himself repudiates ! language :i* ! apo/le puts into ! m\? ( ! unbeliev]1 ,let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die1--language :i* is expressive ( :at w\ld be ! natural t5d5cy ( m51 7 !y assur$ ( non-exi/5ce h]eaft]1 b :i* ,mr4 ,holyoake rejects1 ) some?+ l virtu\s indignation1 say+1 ,t is ! s5tim5t ( ! s5suali/3 x is n ! s5tim5t ( a man :o is at all consci\s t "r & wrong are inh]5t 9 human nature1 t !re are wide di/9ctions betwe5 virtue & vice4 ,?is is n ! s5tim5t ( ! man :o compreh5ds t if we d well1 x w be well ) u1 t if we d h>m1 ! evil influ5ce w foll[ u2 :o sees di/9ctly t our acts1 if good1 our angels are1 & if ill1 our fatal %ad[s t walk by u /ill4#cae ,x is n ! apo/le's s5tim5t nor ! s5tim5t ( any believ]2 x is1 z ,mr4 ,holyoake says1 ! s5tim5t ( ! s5suali/2 b x is repres5t$ z ! natural (fspr+ ( unbelief 9 reg>d to a future /ate1 j z s5sualism is naturally g5]at$ & fo/]$ by unbelief 9 reg>d to ^? moral pr9ciples :i* h respect to ! pres5t life2 & if ^! pr9ciples may & %\ld ex]t a controll+ influ5ce ov] our conduct1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( impos+ re/ra9t & self-d5ial ) a view to our welf>e 9 "t1 may !y n be expect$ to be all ! m p[]ful :5 we include also our welf>e 9 et]nity8 & may x n ?us become manife/ t godl9ess ha? ! promise ( ! life t n[ is1 z well z ( t :i* is to come8 ,x w\ld be difficult to say 9 :at respect believ]s neglect ! enjoym5t ( ?is life1 or are ess5tially los]s by _! religion4 ,!y w gratefully ascribe to x _! highe/ & pure/ happ9ess2 & r ?an "p ) x !y w *e]fully submit to ! loss ( all o!r ?+s1 & ev5 to p]secution & m>tyrdom itself4 ,b x is ask$1 ,if ,*ri/ianity be false1 is x no?+ t y are tr\bl$ ) a ?\s& anxieties & c>es ab\t :at %all become ( y aft] dea?8 ,if ,*ri/ianity be false1 is x no?+ t day aft] day y h ! fe> ( dea? be=e y\r eyes8 ,if ,*ri/ianity be false1 x makes y slaves :ile y live1 & c[>ds 9 dea?4#caf ,we might answ]1 ,if ,*ri/ianity be true1 :at !n8 b we pref] a diff]5t c\rse3 we say t ! reality ( a future /ate is 9 n[ise dep5d5t on ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev] mu* we may be indebt$ to ,*ri/ianity = our c]ta9 k ( x2 t ev5 on ! pr9ciples ( ,a!ism !re is no security aga9/ ! ev]la/+ cont9uance ( self-consci\sness1 any m ?an !re is aga9/ ! inevitable /roke ( dea?2 t ,*ri/ianity 9 ei!r case assumes ! fact1 & addresses m5 z dy+ yet immortal creatures1 :ile x reveals a way 9 :i* ^? :o ?r\gh fe> ( dea? 7 all _! lifetime subject to bondage may be deliv]$ f t fe>1 & rais$ to a hope full ( immortality4 ,z dea? is n creat$ or call$ into be+ by ,*ri/ianity1 s nei!r is ! awful future :i* lies beyond x3 ! ,secul>i/ n less ?an ! ,*ri/ian has to d ) x4 ,mr4 ,holyoake seems1 at lea/ occasionally1 to be s5sible ( ?is solemn tru?4 ,i am z mu* conc]n$1 he says1 z ?is rev]5d g5tleman c be1 z to :at %all be ! issue ( my own condition 9 ! future2 ,i am z mu* conc]n$ 9 ! solution ( ?is "q z he is himself2 & ,i believe t ! view ,i ent]ta91 or t any ( u may ent]ta91 consci5ti\sly1 w be our ju/ification 9 t issue1 if we %\ld come to want ju/ification4 ,:5 we pass ?r\gh ! inexorable gates ( ! future2 :5 we pass ?r\gh t ve/ibule :]e dea? /&s op5+ 8 ev]la/+ gates z widely to ! paup] z to ! k+2 :5 we pass out "h into ! dim my/]ies ( ! future1 to confront1 x may be1 ! int]rogations ( ! ,et]nal1--,i appreh5d e man's responsibility w g ) him1 & no second-h& op9ions w answ] = u4#cag ,is !re n some?+ "h t %\ld arre/ ! att5tion & awak5 ! anxiety ev5 ( ! ,secul>i/ himself8 ,he sees be=e him ! inevitable ev5t ( dea?1 & beyond x ! dim my/]ies ( ! future2 he may be call$ to confront ! int]rogations ( ! ,et]nal1 & !n e man's responsibility w g ) him4 ,surely !re is en\gh 9 ! b>e possibility ( su* a prospect to ju/ify m ?an all ! int]e/ :i* has ev] be5 exp5d$ ^u x ev5 by ! mo/ anxi\s inquir]4 ,b1 haunt$ by ^! solemn ?\ghts1 ,mr4 ,holyoake takes refuge 9 ! o!r alt]native ( 8 dilemma3 ,if !re are o!r worlds1 ^? w be/ be fitt$ = ! enjoym5t ( !m :o h made ! welf>e ( humanity _! bus9ess 9 ?is4 ,secul> philan?ropy is ! be/1 & only ne$ful1 prep>ation4 ,) ?is any belief 9 reg>d to ! future is unnecess>y1 )\t x no belief w be ( any avail3 = ! view :i* any ( u may ent]ta91 consci5ti\sly1 w be our ju/ification 9 t issue1 if we %\ld come to want ju/ification2 ,no second-h& op9ions w answ] = u4 ,no?+ c ju/ify u1 no?+ c give u confid5ce1 b ! consci5ti\s nature ( our own conclusions2 no?+ c give u c\rage b innoc5ce2 no?+ c s]ve our turn b hav+ believ$ accord+ to ! be/ ( our judgm5t1 & hav+ foll[$ ^? pr9ciples :i* seem to u to be ! tru?4 ,he takes refuge1 !n1 fir/ 9 8 good works1 & secondly 9 ! s9c]ity ( 8 convictions1 z ! sole gr\nds ( 8 confid5ce 9 ! prospect ( confront+ ! int]rogations ( ! ,et]nal6 ,is x wond]ful1--su* be+ 8 only hope 9 dea?1--t :5 *ol]a appe>$ 9 ,london1 & multitudes 7 sudd5ly remov$ by t appall+ visitation1 he %\ld h felt x necess>y to deliv] a s]ies ( ,lectures1--n[ repr9t$ z ,! ,logic ( ,dea?1--) a view to ! assurance ( 8 fri5ds8 ,might !re n be "s among !m :o w\ld %r9k f a future judgm5t on ! gr\nd ( _! innoc5ce or good works1 & _m m :o w\ld feel t !y 7 mak+ an awful v5ture 9 leav+ _! et]nity to dep5d on ! m]e s9c]ity ( _! convictions1 9 :atev] way ^! convictions may h be5 =m$1 & :e!r !y 7 true or false8 ,& c\ld !y be reassur$ or com=t$ by any o!r article ( ! ,secul> ,cre$8 ,!y might be told1 z ,mr4 ,holyoake tells !m1 ,i am n an unbeliev]1 if t implies ! rejection ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 s9ce all ,i reject is ,*ri/ian error3 ,i reject ! fall ( man1 ! atonem5t1 ! s9 ( unbelief1 ! doctr9e ( future puni%m5t2 a disbeliev] 9 all ^! doctr9es1 :y %\ld ,i fe> to die8 ,b ! m ?\ghtful among !m1 all :o 7 really 9 e>ne/1 might desid]ate some?+ m2 !y might see t disbelief1 h[ev] dogmatic1 does n am\nt to dispro(1 & t ! real gr\nd ( fe> is n 9 ! lea/ remov$ by x4 ,does 8 "q imply1 t if ^! doctr9es 7 true1 he w\ld h j reason to fe> dea?8 or does x mean m]ely1 t :e!r !y be true or false1 he c h no reason to fe> dea?1 simply because he disbelieves !m8 ,on ! =m] supposition1 h[ va/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,secul>i/ & ! ,*ri/ian8 ,! "o w\ld h reason to fe> because ^! doctr9es are or may be true2 ! o!r believes !m to be true1 & f9ds 9 t v belief a deliv]ance f ! fe> ( dea?1 & a firm gr\nd ( confid5ce & hope6 ,on ! latt] supposition1--:i* we believe to be ! correct "o1--:at an amaz+ confid5ce mu/ t man possess 9 ! s9c]ity ( 8 convictions1 ! consci5ti\sness ( 8 judgm5t1 & ! rigid imp>tiality ( 8 inquiries aft] tru?1 :o c p]il 8 et]nal prospects on ! m]e fact t he disbelieves ^! doctr9es1 :e!r !y be true or false6 ,suppose t disbelief may dim9i% ! int5sity ( 8 fe>s1 c x alt] ! real /ate ( ! case1 or remove ! only j gr\nd ( appreh5sion & anxiety 9 reg>d to ! future8 ,! tru? ( ^! doctr9es is n dep5d5t ei!r on our belief or disbelief2 & 9 ! way ( natural consequ5ce1 ev5 7 !re no additional p5al infliction1 !y may v9dicate !mselves h]eaft] 9 ! case ( ^? :o neglect or disbelieve !m "h1 by leav+ !m de/itute ( all ! advantages :i* fl[ only f ! cordial reception ( ! tru?4 ,?us mu* at lea/ w\ld be 9 entire accordance ) ! analogy ( our exp]i5ce ) ref]5ce to ! int]e/s ( ! pres5t life2 = we d suff]1 ev5 n[ & "h1 9 consequ5ce ( our ignorance1 or neglect1 or practical disbelief ( tru?1--& x may be s h]eaft]1 9 ! way simply ( inevitable natural consequ5ce1 b mu* m 9 ! way ( righte\s p5al retribution1 if !re be any tru? 9 t philosophy ( unbelief1 s true to nature & s solemnly proclaim$1 ,?is is ! condemnation1 t light is come into ! _w1 & m5 lov$ d>kness r ?an light1 because _! de$s 7 evil2 = e "o t doe? evil hate? ! light1 nei!r come? to ! light1 le/ 8 de$s %\ld be reprov$4#cah 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h endeavor$ to e/imate ! claims ( ,secul>ism1 & to exam9e ! f\ndations on :i* x re/s4 ,9 do+ s1 we h n d5i$ ei!r ! "r or ! duty ( any man to inquire & to decide = himself on 8 own solemn responsibility4 ,we admit z fully z ,mr4 ,holyoake himself1 t p]sonal responsibility implies ! "r1 or r ! duty1 ( inquiry4 ,he has our entire sympa?y :5 he says1 ,x is my bus9ess to take c>e1 if ,i walk f "t to et]nity1 t ,i walk by t light :i* satisfies my own und]/&+4 ,if x 7 true t any ( y w\ld take my place1 if we %\ld ev5tually f9d ourselves at ! b> ( ,god1 & ,i %\ld f9d myself to be made answ]able = ! op9ions :i* ,i ent]ta91 or = beliefs :i* ,i _h 9 "t1 if any ( y1 or all ( y1 w\ld take my place1 & answ] = me1 !n ,i might be cont5t to take y\r op9ions1 !n ,i might /& on ! side ( ! _w3 b :at does x matt] to me :at ,newton believ$1 :at ,locke believ$1 or :at ! _w believes1 unless ! _w w answ] = me if ,i believe z ! _w believes8 ,b :ile ! "r ( inquiry is frankly admitt$1 x c sc>cely be d5i$ t ! m9d may be bias$ by prejudice & involv$ 9 error2 & ! ultimate "q is1 n1 :at are y\r op9ions8 b1 :at are ! gr\nds on :i* !y re/8--n1 :at is y\r belief8 b1 :at is ! tru?8 ,mr4 ,holyoake is ! ,coryphu ( 8 p>ty4 ,z a popul> writ] & speak]1 8 tal5ts & zeal1 devot$ to a bett] cause1 might h fitt$ him = ext5sive usefulness1 & r5d]$ him a b5efactor to 8 c\ntry4 ,z x is1 no man 9 ,engl& re/s "u a heavi] load ( responsibility4 ,he has plac$ himself at ! head ( ! propag&a ( popul> infidelity4 ,is x yet too late = him to reconsid] 8 op9ions1 & retrace 8 /eps8 ,= 8 own sake1 = ! sake ( ^? :o are ne> & de> to him1 = ! sake ( ! multitudes :o mu/ be influ5c$1 = good or evil1 by 8 spee*es & writ+s1 let him lay to he>t ! solemn words ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy2--,i envy no quality ( m9d or intellect 9 o!rs1--n g5ius1 p[]1 wit1 or fancy3 b if ,i c\ld *oose :at w\ld be mo/ delightful1 & ,i believe mo/ useful to me1 ,i %\ld pref] a firm religi\s belief to e o!r bless+2 = x makes life a discipl9e ( goodness1 creates new hopes :5 all e>?ly hopes vani%1 & ?r[s ov] ! decay1 ! de/ruction ( exi/5ce1 ! mo/ gorge\s ( all lights1 call+ up ! mo/ delightful visions1 :]e ! s5suali/ & skeptic view only gloom1 decay1 & annihilation4 ,attempt h[ va91-- ,) ?+s ( e>?ly sort1 ) aught b ,god1 ,) aught b moral excell5ce1 tru?1 & love ,to satisfy & fill ! immortal s\l6 ,to satisfy ! ocean ) a drop2-- ,to m>ry immortality to dea?2 ,& ) ! unsub/antial ,%ade ( ,"t ,to fill ! embrace ( all ,et]nity4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #bea ,,george ,,jacob ,,holyoake1 ,paley ,refut$ 9 8 own ,words1 ,?ird ,edition4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,a ,public ,discussion on ! ,be+ ( a ,god1 ,?ird ,?\s&4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,*ri/ianity & ,secul>ism2 a ,public ,discussion held on six successive ,?ursday ev5+s1 ,sev5? ,?\s&4 ,london1 #ahec4 #beb ,! ,reason]1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 ,,viii4 #aae4 ,( ?is s]ial x is said 7,,xii4 #f1 #ha71 ,! ,reason]1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdf1 has come to be reg>d$ z ! accr$it$ organ ( ,free?9k+ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,inde$1 = a long "t1 x has be5 ! pr9cipal pr(ess$ expon5t ( ^! views1 address$ to ! work+ & ?9k+ classes4 #bec ,ibid41 ,,xi4 #ae1 #bbb2 ,,xii4 #d1 #f1 #di1 #ha4 #bed ,! ,reason]1 ,,xii4 #d1 #ej4 #bee ,ibid41 ,,xi4 #ah1 #bga4 #bef ,ibid41 ,,xi4 #ae1 #bcb4 #beg ,! ,reason]1 ,,xii4 #bd1 #cgf4 #beh ,ibid41 ,new ,s]ies1 pp4 #i1 #acj4 #bei ,ibid41 ,,xi4 #bd1 #cfh4 #bfj ,,dr4 ,,*alm]s' ,works1 ,i4 #fd4 #bfa ,paley ,refut$1 p4 #ab4 #bfb ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #e4 #h1 #bba4 #bfc ,! ,reason] ,reason$ )1 p4 #ac4 ,holyoake's ,reply to ,dr4 ,=bes ( ,glasg[4 #bfd ,! ,logic ( ',logic ( ,dea?1' p4 #aj4 #bfe ,paley ,refut$1 p4 #cg4 #bff ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 p4 #ac4 #bfg ,! ,conv]t$ ,a!i/'s ,te/imony4 #bfh ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 #bfi ,,holyoake1 ,logic ( ,dea?4 #bgj ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #bb1 #cg1 #ee4 #bga ,,holyoake1 ,logic ( ,dea?4 #bgb ,paley ,refut$1 p4 #ca4 #bgc ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #ag1 #bd4 #bgd ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 p4 #be4 #bge ,,holyoake1 ,logic ( ,dea?4 #bgf ,,holyoake1 ,paley ,refut$1 p4 #cg4 #bgg ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #bc1 #dg4 #bgh ,,de ,,grimm1 ,title page ( ,paley ,refut$4 #bgi ,,holyoake1 ,paley ,refut$1 pp4 #h1 #aa4 #bhj ,,holyoake1 ,paley ,refut$1 pp4 #ai1 #bc4 #bha ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 p4 #bg4 #bhb ,,holyoake1 ,paley ,refut$1 pp4 #ai1 #bd1 #be4 #bhc ,ibid41 pp4 #bf1 #cb1 #ci4 ,see also ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #bg1 #bi1 #cd1 #dc1 #de4 #bhd ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #g1 #dad4 #bhe ,,pr(4 ,,f]ri]1 ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysic1 ,epi/emology1 ,prop4 ,,xxii4 p4 #cgg1 also pp4 #cha1 #che1 #ejf4 #bhf ,,dr4 ,,hampd51 ,essay on ! ,philosophical ,evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #fj1 #fd4 #bhg ,,rob]t ,,boyle1 ,!ological ,works1 on ! t]m ,nature4 #bhh ,,pr(essor ,,nicolas1 ,quelques ,consid]ations sur le ,pan!isme1 pp4 #cj1 #cc1 #ce1 #ch4 #bhi ,! ,reason]1 ,,xi4 #h1 #aai1 #bc1 #cef4 ,new ,s]ies1 pp4 #i1 #ada4 #bij ,! ,reason]1 ,,xi4 #bc1 #ceg4 #bia ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #af1 #ei4 #bib ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #hj1 #ha4 #bic ,ibid41 pp4 #ff1 #hj4 #bid ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion4 p4 #eh4 #bie ,psalm #ff3 #ah2 ,james #a3 #f2 #d3 #c4 #bif ,matt4 #bf3 #ci4 #big ,psalm #aai3 #ij2 ,matt4 #d3 #f4 #bih ,psalm #cd3 #ai2 ,john #af3 #cc2 ,heb4 #ab3 #g1 #aa2 ,rom4 #e3 #c2 #b ,cor4 #d3 #ag2 ,rom4 #h3 #bh1 #ce1 #cg4 #bii ,eccles4 #c3 #af1 #ag2 #h3 #aa4 #cjj ,prov]bs #b3 #aj2 ,rom4 #ab3 #aa4 #cja ,psalm #df3 #a1 #b2 #bc3 #a1 #d2 #b ,tim4 #d3 #ah4 #cjb ,matt4 #g3 #g1 #aa2 #f3 #cb1 #cc4 #cjc ,psalm #dj3 #a2 ,jonah #b3 #b1 #g2 #b ,cor4 #ab3 #h4 #cjd ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,v4 #h1 #dj1 #ej1 #eg4 #cje ,paley ,refut$1 p4 #ch1 #dc4 #cjf ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 ,v4 #g4 #cjg ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 p4 #eh4 #cjh ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 p4 #bbc4 #cji ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #d1 #bba4 #caj ,ibid41 ,v41 ,,vi4 #g4 #caa ,,holyoake1 ,paley ,refut$1 p4 #dc4 ,,grant ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 pp4 #g1 #h4 #cab ,mod]n ,a!ism1 or ! ,pret5sions ( ,secul>ism ,exam9$1 p4 #ei4 #cac ,logic ( ,logic ( ,dea?1 p4 #d4 #cad ,,dr4 ,,hampd51 ,philosophical ,evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #bh4 #cae ,,holyoake ,,& ,,grant1 ,discussion1 p4 #abe4 #caf ,mod]n ,a!ism1 p4 #ad4 #cag ,,t[nley ,,& ,,holyoake1 ,discussion1 p4 #ah4 #cah ,john #c3 #bj1 #ba4 ,,important ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,works1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,annual ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y2 ,or1 ,ye> ,book ( ,facts 9 ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,by ,,david ,a4 ,,wells1 ,a4 ,m4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,?is "w1 comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #ahej1 & issu$ 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 annually1 embraces an enum]ation & description ( e important ,inv5tion1 ,discov]y1 or ,sci5tific ,!ory1 report$ dur+ ! ye>4 ,ea* volume is di/9ct 9 itself1 & conta9s ,,entirely ,,new ,,matt]1 ) a f9e portrait ( "s p]son di/+ui%$ = 8 atta9m5ts 9 sci5ce & art4 ,,lake ,,sup]ior2 ,its ,physical ,"*1 ,vegetation1 & ,animals4 ,by ,l4 ,,agassiz1 & o!rs4 ,"o volume1 octavo1 elegantly ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,,! ,,plurality ,,( ,,worlds4 ,new ,edition4 ,) a ,,supplem5t>y ,,dialogue1 9 :i* ! au?or's review]s are review$4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,?is ma/]ly production1 :i* has excit$ s mu* int]e/ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 w n[ h increas$ attraction 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 9 :i* ! au?or's review]s are triumphantly review$4 ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,k+dom4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,,?4 ,,von ,,siebold & ,h4 ,,/annius4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes1 ,additions1 c41 ,by ,,waldo ,j4 ,,burnett1 ,m4 ,d4 ,"o vol41 octavo1 clo?1 #c4jj4 ,?is is unque/ionably ! be/ & mo/ complete "w ( its class ev] yet publi%$4 ,,works ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,,! ,,footpr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator2 or1 ,! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,memoir ( ! ,au?or by ,,l\is ,,agassiz4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,my ,,s*ools & ,,s*oolma/]s2 or1 ,! ,/ory ( my ,education4 ,) & elegant ,lik5ess4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,?is is a p]sonal n>rative ( a deeply int]e/+ & in/ructive "*1 conc]n+ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 ( ! age4 ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one2 or1 ,new ,walks 9 an ,old ,field4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates & ,geological ,sections4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,fir/ ,,impressions ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,) a f9e ,engrav+ ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo1 cl41 #a4jj4 ,a ?rill+ly int]e/+1 & v in/ructive book ( travels2 pres5t+ ! mo/ p]fectly life-l views ( ,engl& & its p1 to be f\nd 9 ! language4 ,,dr4 ,,buckl& said1 ,he w\ld give 8 left h& to possess su* p[]s ( description z ?is man4 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,species4 ,its ,typical ,=ms & ,primeval ,di/ribution4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hamilton ,,smi?1 ,) an ,introduction1 conta9+ & ,ab/ract ( ! ,views ( ,blum5ba*1 ,pri*>d1 ,ba*man1 ,agassiz1 & o!r writ]s ( repute4 ,by ,,samuel ,,kneel&1 ,jr41 ,m4 ,d4 ,) elegant ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,x is a book ( le>n+1 & full ( int]e/1 & may be reg>d$ z among ! comp>atively few real contributions to sci5ce4--,*ri/ian ,witness4 ,,!saurus ,,( ,,engli% ,,words ,,& ,,phrases4 ,s classifi$ & arrang$ z to facilitate ! expression ( ideas1 & assi/ 9 lit]>y composition4 ,by ,,pet] ,,m>k ,,roget4 ,revis$ & ,edit$1 ) a ,li/ ( ,=eign ,words ,def9$ 9 ,engli%1 & o!r additions1 by ,,b>nas ,,se>s1 ,d4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,a ,new ,am]ican1 f ! late /]eotype ,london edition1 ) ,,additions ,,& ,,improvem5ts4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,?is edition conta9s important additions ( words & phrases ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,engli% ,,edition1 mak+ x 9 all respects ,,m ,,full ,,& ,,p]fect ,,?an ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,edition4 ,! "w has already become "o ( /&>d au?ority1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,geology4 ,adapt$ to ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,loomis1 ,lewisburg ,univ]sity1 ,pa4 #abmo1 clo?1 #ge cts4 ,x is surpass$ by no "w be=e ! ,am]ican public4 ,we hope t e tea*] among our read]s w exam9e ! "w & put ! ju/ness ( our rem>ks to ! te/ ( 8 judgm5t & exp]i5ce4--,m4 ,b4 ,,&]son1 ,,ll4 ,d4--,pres4 ( ,ro*e/] ,univ]sity1 ,n4 ,y4 ,?is is j su* a "w z is ne$$ = all our s*ools4 ,x %\ld take its place z a text-book 9 all ! s*ools ( ! l&4--,n4 ,y4 ,obs]v]4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,man4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,,arnold ,,guyot4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,^u ,,intellectual ,,education4 ,by ,,william ,,:ewell1 ,d4 ,d4 #afmo1 clo?1 #be c5ts4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,zo,,logy4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,by ,,l\is ,,agassiz & ,,augu/us ,a4 ,,g\ld4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4 ,?is "w places u 9 possession ( in=mation half a c5tury 9 advance ( all our elem5t>y works on ?is subject4--,,pr(4 ,,james ,,hall4 ,a "w emanat+ f s high a s\rce h>dly requires comm5dation to give x curr5cy4 ,simple & elem5t>y 9 its /yle1 full 9 its illu/rations1 compreh5sive 9 its range4--,silliman's ,j\rnal4 ,! be/ book ( ! k9d 9 our language4--,*ri/ian ,exam9]4 ,zoology is an int]e/+ sci5ce1 & is "h treat$ ) a ma/]ly h&4--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,! ,,l&+ ,,at ,,cape ,,anne2 ,or1 ,! ,*>t] ( ! ,fir/ ,p]man5t ,colony on ! ,t]ritory ( ! ,massa*usetts ,company4 ,n[ discov]$ & fir/ publi%$ f ! orig9al manuscript4 ,by ,,john ,,w+ate ,,?ornton4 ,octavo1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,geological ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,briti% ,,prov9ces4 ,) an ,explanatory ,text1 ,geological ,sections1 & ,plates ( ! ,fossils :i* *>act]ize ! ,=mations4 ,by ,,jules ,,m>c\4 ,two volumes4 ,octavo1 clo?1 #c4jj4 ,! ,map is elegantly color$1 & done up ) l95 clo? back1 & fold$ 9 octavo =m1 ) ?ick clo? cov]s4 ,,k ,,is ,,p[]4 ,a view ( ! ,productive ,=ces ( ,mod]n ,society1 & ! ,results ( ,labor1 ,capital & ,skill4 ,by ,,*>les ,,knight4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,am]ican edition4 ,revis$1 ) ,additions1 by ,,david ,a4 ,,wells1 editor ( ! ,annual ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,anecdotes ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,a *oice selection ( ,anecdotes ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ,lit]ature1 ( ! ,arts1 ( ,ar*itecture1 ,engrav+s1 ,music1 ,poetry1 ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture1 & ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ,lit]>y ,*>act]s & ,arti/s ( diff]5t ,c\ntries & ,ages1 c4 ,by ,,kazlitt ,,arv9e1 ,a4 ,m4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #gbe pages1 octavo1 clo?1 #h4jj4 ,?is is unque/ionably ! *oice/ collection ( ,,anecdotes ev] publi%$4 ,x conta9s ,,?ree ,,?\s& ,,& ,,=ty ,,anecdotes1 & m ?an ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,illu/rations4 ,x is admirably adapt$ to lit]>y & sci5tific m51 to arti/s1 me*anics1 & o!rs1 z a ,,diction>y ,,= ,,ref]5ce1 9 relation to facts on ! numb]less subjects & *>act]s introduc$4 ,,kitto',s ,,popul> ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,biblical ,,lit]ature4 ,cond5s$ f ! l>g] "w1 by ! au?or ,,john ,,kitto1 ,d4 ,d4 ,assi/$ by ,,james ,,taylor1 ,d4 ,d4 ,) ov] #ejj ,illu/rations4 ,octavo1 #hab pp41 clo?1 #h4jj4 ,?is "w answ]s ! purpose ( a comm5t>y1 :ile at ! same "t x furni%es a complete ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,bible1 embody+ ! products ( ! be/ & mo/ rec5t rese>*es 9 biblical lit]ature1 9 :i* ! s*ol>s ( ,europe & ,am]ica h be5 engag$4 ,x is n only int5d$ = m9i/]s & !ological /ud5ts1 b is also p>ticul>ly adapt$ to p>5ts1 ,sabba?-s*ool tea*]s1 & ! great body ( ! religi\s public4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pale/9e4 ,) ! ,geography & ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\ntry1 ! ,cu/oms & ,in/itutions ( ! ,hebrews1 etc4 ,by ,,john ,,kitto1 ,d4 ,d4 ,) upw>ds ( #bjj ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,beyond all dispute ?is is ! be/ hi/orical comp5dium ( ! ,holy ,l&1 f ! days ( ,abraham to ^? ( ! late ,pa%a ( ,egypt1 ,mehemet ,ali4--,ed9burgh ,review4 ,9 ! num]\s notices & reviews1 ! "w has be5 /rongly recomm5d$1 z n only admirably adapt$ to ! ,,family1 b also z a text-book = ,,sabba? & ,,week ,,day ,,s*ools4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 ,two l>ge imp]ial octavo volumes ( #adjj pages2 ) upw>ds ( #cjj elegant ,illu/rations4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,*amb]s4 ,emboss$ clo?1 #e4jj4 ,?is "w embraces ab\t ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,au?ors1 *ronologically arrang$ & class$ z ,poets1 ,hi/orians1 ,dramati/s1 ,philosoph]s1 ,metaphysicians1 ,div9es1 etc41 ) *oice selections f _! writ+s1 connect$ by a ,biographical1 ,hi/orical1 & ,critical ,n>rative2 ?us pres5t+ a complete view ( ,engli% lit]ature f ! e>lie/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,let ! read] op5 :]e he w1 he _c fail to f9d matt] = pr(it & delight4 ,! selections are gems--inf9ite ri*es 9 a little room2 9 ! language ( ano!r1 ,a ,,:ole ,,engli% ,,libr>y ,,fus$ ,,d[n ,,into ,,"o ,,*eap ,,book6 ,,*amb]s',s ,,miscellany ,,( ,,useful ,,& ,,ent]ta9+ ,,k4 ,by ,,william ,,*amb]s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,t5 vols41 #afmo1 clo?1 #g4jj4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,home ,,book ,,& ,,pocket ,,miscellany4 ,a *oice ,selection ( ,int]e/+ & ,in/ructive ,read+ = ! ,old & ! ,"y4 ,six vols4 #afmo1 clo?1 #c4jj4 ,?is "w is fully equal1 if n sup]ior1 to ei!r ( ! ,*amb]s's o!r works 9 int]e/1 conta9+ a va/ fund ( valuable in=mation1 furni%+ ample v>iety = e class ( read]s4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,repository ,,( ,,in/ructive ,,& ,,amus+ ,,pap]s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #afmo1 clo?1 b\nd1 #d vols4 9 two1 #a4ge2 & #d vols4 9 "o1 #a4ej4 ,,valuable ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet1 ,,bo/on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*ri/ian',s ,,daily ,,treasury4 ,a ,religi\s ,ex]cise = ,e ,day 9 ! ,ye>4 ,by ,e4 ,,temple4 ,a new & improv$ edition4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,a "w = e ,*ri/ian4 ,x is inde$ a ,treasury ( good ?+s4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,*ri/2 ,or1 ,*ri/ianity ,view$ 9 its ,lead+ ,aspects4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,l4 ,r4 ,,foote1 au?or ( ,incid5ts 9 ! ,life ( our ,savi\r1 etc4 #afmo1 clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,life1 ,social & ,individual4 ,by ,,pet] ,,bayne1 ,m4 ,a4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,! dem& = ?is extraord9>y "w1 comm5c+ be=e its publication1 is /ill eag] & con/ant4 ,!re is b "o voice respect+ x2 m5 ( all d5om9ations agree 9 pron\nc+ x "o ( ! mo/ admirable works ( ! age4 ,,god ,,reveal$ ,,9 ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,creation1 ,& by ! ,manife/ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,includ+ an ,exam9ation ( ! ,developm5t ,!ory conta9$ 9 ! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,by ,,james ,b4 ,,walk]1 au?or ( ,philosophy ( ! ,plan ( ,salvation4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,salvation4 ,by an ,,am]ican ,,citiz54 ,an ,introductory ,essay1 by ,,calv9 ,e4 ,,/[e1 ,d4 ,d4 ,new improv$ edition1 ) a ,,supplem5t>y ,,*apt]4 #abmo1 clo?1 #ge cts4 ,?is book is g5]ally admitt$ to be "o ( ! be/ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! "w has be5 translat$ into sev]al diff]5t languages 9 ,europe4 ,a capital book to circulate among "y m54 ,a ,,wrea? ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,cross2 ,or1 ,scripture ,tru?s ,illu/rat$4 ,by ,a4 ,,morton ,,br[n1 ,d4 ,d4 ,recomm5datory ,preface1 by ,,john ,,angell ,,james4 ,beautiful ,frontispiece4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,,! ,,bett] ,,l&2 ,or1 ,! ,believ]'s ,j\rney & ,future ,home4 ,by ,,rev4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,?ompson4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he c5ts4 ,a mo/ *>m+ & in/ructive book = all n[ j\rney+ to ! ,bett] ,l&1 & especially = ^? :o h fri5ds already ent]$ ^u its nev]-end+ joys4 ,,! ,,mission ,,( ,,! ,,com=t]4 ,) copi\s ,notes4 ,by ,,julius ,,*>les ,,h>e4 ,) ! ,notes translat$ = ! ,am]ican edition4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,dr4 ,,wayl&',s ,,univ]sity ,,s]mon ,deliv]$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,! ,,religions ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,& _! ,relations to ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,d5ison ,,maurice1 ,a4 ,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,div9ity1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fj cts4 ,,sacr$ ,,rhetoric2 ,or1 ,composition & ,deliv]y ( ,s]mons4 ,by ,,h5ry ,j4 ,,ripley1 ,pr(essor 9 ,newton ,!ological ,in/itution4 ,includ+ ,pr(essor ,w>e's ,h9ts on ,extemporane\s ,prea*+4 #abmo1 #ge cts4 ,,! ,,prea*] ,,& ,,! ,,k+2 ,or1 ,b\rdalone 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,an ,acc\nt ( t di/+ui%$ ,era1 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,l4 ,f4 ,,bung5]4 ,) an ,introduction by ! ,,rev4 ,,george ,,potts1 ,d4 ,d4 ,new edition1 ) a f9e ,lik5ess1 & a ,sket* ( ! ,au?or's ,life4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,x comb9es sub/antial hi/ory ) ! highe/ *>m ( romance4 ,its attractions are s v>i\s t x c h>dly fail to f9d read]s ( almo/ e description4--,puritan ,record]4 ,,! ,,prie/ ,,& ,,! ,,hugu5ot2 ,or1 ,p]secution 9 ! ,age ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,l4 ,f4 ,,bung5]4 #b vols41 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4be4 ,?is is truly a ma/]ly production1 full ( int]e/1 & may be set d[n z "o ( ! greate/ ,prote/ant works ( ! age4 ,,foot/eps ,,( ,,our ,,=efa!rs4 ,:at !y ,suff]$ & :at !y ,s\ght4 ,describ+ ,localities & portray+ ,p]sonages & ,ev5ts conspicu\s 9 ! ,/ruggles = ,religi\s ,lib]ty4 ,by ,,james ,g4 ,,miall4 ,?irty-six f9e ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 #a4jj4 ,an exce$+ly ent]ta9+ "w4 ,! read] soon becomes s deeply ent]ta9$ t he f9ds x difficult to lay aside ! book till f9i%$4--,*4 ,p>lor ,mag4 ,a "w absorb+ly int]e/+1 & v in/ructive4--,we/]n ,lit4 ,magaz9e4 ,,memorials ,,( ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ianity4 ,pres5t+1 9 a graphic1 compact1 & popul> =m1 ,memorable ,ev5ts ( ,e>ly ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 etc4 ,by ,,james ,g4 ,,miall4 ,) num]\s elegant ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,?is1 l ! ,foot/eps ( our ,=efa!rs1 w be f\nd a "w ( uncommon int]e/4 ,,works ,,by ,,john ,,h>ris1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,! ,,pre-,,adamite ,,e>?4 ,contributions to ,!ological ,sci5ce4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,man ,,primeval2 or1 ! ,con/itution & ,primitive ,condition ( ! ,human ,be+4 ,) a f9e ,portrait ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,patri>*y2 or1 ,,! ,,family4 ,its ,con/itution & ,probation2 be+ ! ?ird volume ( ,contributions to ,!ological ,sci5ce4 #a4be4 ,,! ,,great ,,tea*]2 or1 ,*>act]i/ics ( our ,"l's ,m9i/ry4 ,) an ,introductory ,essay4 ,by ,h4 ,,humphrey1 ,d4 ,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he cts4 ,,! ,,great ,,commission2 or1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* con/itut$ & *>g$ to convey ! ,gospel to ! ,_w4 ,introductory ,essay by ,w4 ,r4 ,,williams1 ,d4 ,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,,zebulon2 ,or1 ! ,moral ,claims ( ,seam54 #ahmo1 clo?1 #be cts4 ,,philip ,,doddridge4 ,8 ,life & ,labors4 ,by ,,john ,,/\ghton1 ,d4 ,d41 ) beautiful ,illum9at$ ,title-page & ,frontispiece4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fj c5ts4 ,,! ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 ,z exhibit$ 9 ! writ+s ( its apologi/s1 d[n to ,augu/9e4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,bolton1 ( ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 #abmo1 clo?1 #hj c5ts4 ,,works ,,by ,,dr4 ,,twe$ie4 ,,glad ,,tid+s2 or1 ,! ,gospel ( ,peace4 ,a s]ies ( ,daily ,m$itations = ,*ri/ian ,disciples4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,twe$ie1 ,d4 ,d4 ,) elegant ,illu/rat$ ,title-page4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fc cts4 ,,! ,,morn ,,( ,,life2 or1 ,examples ( ,female ,excell5ce4 ,a ,book = ,"y ,ladies4 #afmo1 clo?4 ,9 press4 ,a ,,lamp ,,to ,,! ,,pa?2 or1 ! ,bible 9 ! ,he>t1 ! ,home1 & ! ,m>ket ,place4 ,) an elegant ,illu/rat$ ,title-page4 #af mo1 clo?1 #fc cts4 ,,se$ ,,"t ,,& ,,h>ve/2 or1 ,s[ ,well & ,reap ,well4 ,a ,book = ! ,"y4 ,) an elegant ,illu/rat$ ,title-page4 #afmo1 clo?1 #fc cts4 ,! above works1 by ,dr4 ,twe$ie1 are ( uni=m size & /yle4 ,!y are mo/ *>m+1 pi\s1 & in/ructive works1 beautifully gott5 up1 & well adapt$ = gift-books4 ,,works ,,by ,,john ,,angell ,,james4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,memb]',s ,,guide2 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,o4 ,,*\les1 ,d4 ,d4 ,new edition4 ,) an ,introductory ,essay by ,rev4 ,,hubb>d ,,w9sl[4 ,clo?1 #cc;c4 ,,*ri/ian ,,progress4 ,a ,sequel to ! ,anxi\s ,inquir]4 #ahmo1 clo?1 #ca;c4 "o ( ! be/ & mo/ useful works ( ?is popul> au?or4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,e>ne/4 ,sev5? ?\s&4 #ahmo1 clo?1 #dj c5ts ,,mo!rs ,,( ,,! ,,wise ,,& ,,good4 ,by ,,jabez ,,burns1 ,d4 ,d4 #afmo1 clo?1 #ge c5ts4 ,we wi% x 7 9 e family1 & read by e "m 9 ! l&4--,lu!ran ,obs]v]4 ,,my ,,"m2 ,or1 ,recollections ( ,mat]ial ,influ5ce4 ,by a ,new ,engl& ,cl]gyman4 ,) a beautiful ,frontispiece4 #abmo1 clo?1 #ge c5ts4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ books t h issu$ f ! press = a long p]iod4 ,x is1 says a di/+ui%$ au?or1 "o ( ^? r>e pictures pa9t$ f life ) ! exquisite skill ( "o ( ! ',old ,ma/]s1' :i* s seldom pres5t !mselves to ! amateur4 ,,! ,,excell5t ,,woman4 ,) an ,introduction by ,rev4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,sprague1 ,d4 ,d4 ,conta9+ tw5ty-f\r spl5did ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj2 clo?1 gilt1 #a4ge2 extra ,turkey1 #b4ej4 ,?is elegant volume is an appropriate & valuable gift book = ! husb& to pres5t ! wife1 or ! *ild ! "m4 ,,memories ,,( ,a ,,gr&mo!r4 ,by a ,lady ( ,massa*usetts4 #afmo1 clo?1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,m>riage ,,r+2 ,or1 ,h[ to make ,home ,happy4 ,by ,,john ,,angell ,,james4 ,beautiful illu/rat$ edition4 #afmo1 clo?1 gilt1 #ge c5ts4 ,a beautiful volume1 & a v suitable pres5t to a newly-m>ri$ c\ple4--,n4 ,y4 ,*ri/ian ,intellig5c]4 ,,works ,,by ,,william ,r4 ,,williams1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,religi\s ,,progress2 ,disc\rses on ! ,developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,"*4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he cts4 ,?is "w is f ! p5 ( "o ( ! brighte/ lights ( ! ,am]ican pulpit4 ,we sc>cely "k ( any liv+ writ] :o has a f9] comm& ( p[]ful ?\ght & gl[+1 impressive language ?an he4--,,dr4 ,,sprague1 ,alb4 ,atl4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray] ,?ird edition4 #abmo1 clo?1 #he cts4 ,_! bread? ( view1 /r5g? ( logic1 & /irr+ eloqu5ce place !m among ! v be/ homilitical ef=ts ( ! age4 ,e page is full ( sugge/ions z well z eloqu5ce4--,*4 ,p>lor ,mag4 ,,miscellanies4 ,new improv$ edition4 ,price r$uc$4 #abmo1 #a4be4 ,,amos ,,lawr5ce4 ,,di>y ,,& ,,correspond5ce ,,( ,,! ,,late ,,amos ,,lawr5ce2 ) a brief acc\nt ( "s ,incid5ts 9 8 ,life4 ,edit$ by 8 son1 ,,william ,r4 ,,lawr5ce1 ,m4 ,d4 ,) f9e /eel ,portraits ( ,,amos & ,,abbott ,,lawr5ce1 an ,engrav+ ( _! ,bir?-place1 a ,fac-simile page ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's ,h&-writ+1 & a copi\s ,index4 ,octavo edition1 clo?1 #a4fj4 ,royal duodecimo edition1 #a4jj4 ,?is "w 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 an elegant octavo volume1 & sold at ! unusually l[ price ( #a4ej4 ,at ! solicitation ( num]\s b5evol5t individuals :o 7 desir\s ( circulat+ ! "w--s rem>kably adapt$ to d good1 especially to "y m5--gratuit\sly1 & ( giv+ ^? ( mod]ate means1 ( e class1 an opportunity ( possess+ x1 ! royal duodecimo1 or *eap edition1 0 issu$1 v>y+ f ! o!r edition1 only 9 a r$uction 9 ! size 7all[+ less m>g971 & ! ?ickness ( ! pap]4 ,)9 six mon?s aft] ! fir/ publication ( ?is "w1 tw5ty-two ?\s& copies _h be5 sold4 ,?is extraord9>y sale is to be acc\nt$ = by ! "* ( ! man & ! m]its ( ! book4 ,x is ! memoir ( a ,bo/on m]*ant1 :o became di/+ui%$ = 8 great weal?1 b m di/+ui%$ = ! mann] 9 :i* he us$ x4 ,x is ! memoir ( a man1 :o1 comm5c+ bus9ess ) only #bj1 gave away 9 public & private *>ities1 dur+ 8 lifetime m1 probably ?an any o!r p]son 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is sub/antially an autobiography1 conta9+ a full acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's c>e] z a m]*ant1 ( 8 v>i\s multipli$ *>ities1 & ( 8 dome/ic life4 ,we h by u ano!r "w1 ! ',life ( ,amos ,lawr5ce4' ,we he>d x once said 9 ! pulpit1 ',!re is no "w ( art l a noble life1' & = t reason he :o has a*iev$ "o1 takes rank ) ! great arti/s & becomes ! _w's prop]ty4 ,,we ,,are ,,pr\d ,,( ,,?is ,,book4 ,,we ,,are ,,will+ ,,to ,,let ,,x ,,g ,,=? ,,to ,,o!r ,,l&s ,,z ,a ,,specim5 ,,( ,,:at ,,am]ica ,,c ,,produce4 ,9 ! old _w1 review]s h call$ ,b>num ,,! *>act]i/ic ,am]ican man4 ,we are will+ en\gh to admit t he is a *>act]i/ic ,am]ican man3 he is ,,"o fruit ( our soil1 b ,amos ,lawr5ce is ano!r4 ,let our c\ntry h cr$it = him also4 ,,! ,,good ,,effect ,,:i* ,,?is ,,life ,,may ,,h ,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,"y ,,m5 ,,to ,,honor ,,& ,,virtue ,,is ,,incalculable4--,,mrs4 ,,/[e1 ,,9 ,n4 ,y4 ,,indep5d5t4 ,we are glad to "k t our l>ge bus9ess h\ses are pur*as+ copies ( ?is "w = ea* ( _! num]\s cl]ks4 ,its influ5ce on "y m5 _c be o!rwise ?an highly salutory4 ,z a bus9ess man1 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce 0 a patt]n = ! "y cl]k4--,,bo/on ,,travell]4 ,we are ?ankful = ! volume be=e u4 ,x c>ries u back to ! f>m-h\se ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's bir?1 & ! village /ore ( 8 fir/ appr5tice%ip4 ,x exhibits a *>ity noble & active1 :ile ! "y m]*ant 0 /ill poor4 ,& above all1 x reveals to u a beautiful clu/] ( si/] graces1 a ke5 s5se ( honor1 integrity :i* nev] knew ! %ad[ ( suspicion1 c&or 9 ! e/imate ( "*1 filial piety1 rigid fidelity 9 e dome/ic relation1 & all ^! connect$ ) & fl[+ f /eadfa/ religi\s pr9ciple1 pr(\nd s5tim5ts ( devotion1 & a vivid realization ( spiritual tru?4--,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,review4 ,we are glad t ,am]ican ,biography has be5 enri*$ by su* a contribution to its treasures4 ,9 all t composes ! c>e] ( '! good man1' & ! practical ,*ri/ian1 we h read few memoirs m full ( in/ruction1 or ri*] 9 lessons ( wisdom & virtue4 ,we cordially unite 9 ! op9ion t ! publication ( ?is memoir 0 a duty ow$ to society4--,,national ,,intellig5c]4 ,) ! int5tion ( plac+ x )9 ! rea* ( a l>ge numb]1 ! m]e co/ price is *>g$1 & a m beautifully pr9t$ volume1 or "o calculat$ to d m good1 has n be5 issu$ f ! press ( late ye>s4--,,ev5+ ,,gazette4 ,?is book1 besides be+ ( a diff]5t class f mo/ biographies1 has ano!r peculi> *>m4 ,x %[s ! inside life ( ! man4 ,y h1 z x 71 a peep beh9d ! curta91 & see ,mr4 ,lawr5ce z he w5t 9 & out among bus9ess m51 z he appe>$ on *ange1 z he receiv$ 8 fri5ds1 z he p\r$ out1 ') lib]al h& & g5]\s he>t1' 8 weal? = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 z he receiv$ ! greet+s & salutations ( *ildr51 & z he appe>$ 9 ! bosom ( 8 family at 8 own he>? /one4--,,brunswick ,,telegraph4 ,x is pr9t$ on new type1 ! be/ pap]1 & is illu/rat$ by f\r beautiful plates4 ,h[ x c be sold = ! price nam$ is a m>vel4--,,norfolk ,,co4 ,,j\rnal4 ,x 0 fir/ privately pr9t$1 & a limit$ numb] ( copies 7 di/ribut$ among ! relatives & ne> fri5ds ( ! deceas$4 ,?is volume 0 read ) ! deepe/ int]e/ by ^? :o 7 s favor$ z to obta9 a copy1 & x pass$ f fri5d to fri5d z rapidly z x c\ld be read4 ,dr4 ,lawr5ce has yield$ to ! g5]al wi%1 & made public ! volume4 ,x w n[ be widely circulat$1 w c]ta9ly prove a /&>d "w1 & be read ov] & ov] aga94--,,bo/on ,,daily ,,adv]tis]4 ,june #a/1 #ahef4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,works1 ,,rec5tly ,,publi%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,camel3 ,8 ,organization1 ,habits & ,uses1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to 8 ,introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,,george ,p4 ,,m>%1 late ,u4 ,s4 ,m9i/] at ,con/ant9ople4 #afmo1 clo?4 #ge c5ts4 ,?is book treats ( a subject ( great int]e/1 especially at ! pres5t "t4 ,x furni%es a m complete & reliable acc\nt ( ! ,camel ?an any o!r 9 ! language3 ,inde$1 x is believ$ t !re is no o!r4 ,x is ! result ( long /udy1 ext5sive rese>*1 & mu* p]sonal obs]vation on ! "p ! au?or2 & x has be5 prep>$ ) special ref]5ce to ! exp]im5t ( dome/icat+ ! ,camel 9 ?is c\ntry1 n[ go+ on "u ! auspices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t4 ,x is writt5 9 a /yle wor?y ( ! di/+ui%$ au?or's reputation = great le>n+ & f9e s*ol>%ip4 ,,dr4 ,,grant ,,& ,,! ,,m\nta9 ,,ne/orians4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,?omas ,,laurie4 ,) a ,portrait1 ,map ( ! ,c\ntry1 & ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?4 ,price #a4be4 ,?ird edition revis$4 ,?is edition has be5 ?or\ghly revis$ by ! au?or1 ) ! view ( mak+ ! "w scrupul\sly accurate4 ,! map is ! fir/ correct "o ( ! ,ne/orian c\ntry yet publi%$4 ,! "w itself is "o ( ! mo/ p]man5tly valuable ( its class1 :ile x pres5ts a full view ( ! life & labors ( ! h]oic mission>y ^: "n x be>s2 x also makes ! read] famili> ) ! /rik+ features ( a c\ntry :i*1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 has be5 memorable 9 hi/ory4 ,x embraces ! sc5e ( ,x5ophon's immortal ,anabasis1 ! site ( ,n9eveh1 t mighty seat ( anci5t civilization1 & ! cities ( ,k>s & ,erz]um1 s rec5tly ! sc5e ( deadly /rife betwe5 ! ,russians & ! ,allies4 ,,analytical ,,concordance ,,to ,,! ,,holy ,,scriptures2 ,or1 ,,! ,,bible ,,pres5t$ ,,"u ,,di/9ct ,,& ,,classifi$ ,,heads ,,or ,,topics4 ,,by ,,john ,,eadie1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,au?or ( ,biblical ,cyclop$ia1 ,ecclesia/ical ,cyclop$ia1 ,e>ly ,ori5tal ,hi/ory1 ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 etc4 etc4 ,"o volume4 ,octavo4 ,p4 #hhf4 7,,9 ,,press47 ,! subjects are arrang$ z foll[s1 viz43 ,agriculture1 ,animals1 ,ar*itecture1 ,army1 ,arms1 ,body1 ,canaan1 ,cov5ant1 ,diet & ,dress1 ,disease & ,dea?1 ,e>?1 ,family1 ,g5ealogy1 ,god1 ,heav51 ,idolatry1 ,idols1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,jews1 ,laws1 ,magi/rates1 ,man1 ,m>riage1 ,metals & ,m9]als1 ,m9i/]s ( ,religion1 ,miracles1 ,occupations1 ,ord9ances1 ,p>ables & ,emblems1 ,p]secution1 ,praise & ,pray]1 ,prophecy1 ,provid5ce1 ,r$emption1 ,sabba?s & ,holy ,days1 ,sacrifice1 ,scriptures1 ,spee*1 ,spirits1 ,tab]nacle & ,temple1 ,v9ey>d & ,or*>d1 ,visions & ,dreams1 ,w>1 ,wat]4 ,! object ( ?is ,concordance is to pres5t ! entire ,scriptures "u a c]ta9 classifi$ & exhau/ive heads4 ,x diff]s f & ord9>y ,concordance1 9 t its arrangem5t dep5ds no on words1 b on subjects1 & ! v]ses are pr9t$ 9 full4 ,its plan does n br+ x at all into competition ) su* limit$ works z ^? ( ,ga/on & ,w>d52 = !y select doctr9al topics pr9cipally1 & d n pr(ess to compreh5d1 z we d1 ! entire ,bible4 ,! "w also conta9s a ,synoptical ,table ( ,cont5ts ( ! :ole "w1 pres5t+ 9 brief a sy/em ( biblical antiquities & !ology1 ) a v copi\s & accurate index4 ,! value ( ?is "w to m9i/]s & ,sabba? s*ool tea*]s c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$2 & x ne$s b to be exam9$ to secure ! approval & patronage ( e ,bible /ud5t4 ,transcrib]'s ,li/ ( ,corrections ,,location ,,orig9al ,,correct$ ,*apt] ,i4 ,abbe ,lam5nais ,abb ,lam5nais ,a!oi en tkosm ,a!oi en t kosm di/9ction beetwe5 di/9ction betwe5 ,abbe ,b>ruel ,abb ,b>ruel ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,x x ,x is artifical artificial ,*ri/a9 ,*ri/ian ,*apt] ,,iii4 en kai pan h5 kai pan puelques quelques ,*apt] ,,viii4 puruits pursuits ,*apt] ,,ix4 endles endless