,an ,e?ical ,problem ,by ! ,same ,au?or ,,rambles ,,9 ,,japan ,,)\t ,a ,,guide4 ,london1 #ahib ,,illegitimacy1 & ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,seasons ,,^u ,,conduct4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahic ,,vivisection ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,new ,york1 #ahie ,,! ,,vivisection ,,"q4 ,new ,york1 #aija ,,! ,,morality ,,( ,,london4 ,london1 #aijh ,,! ,,vivisection ,,controv]sy4 ,london1 #aijh ,,am]ican ,,meat4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiaj ,,an ,,e?ical ,,problem ,,or ,,sidelights ,,^u ,,sci5tific ,,exp]im5tation ,,on ,,man ,,& ,,animals ,,by ,,alb]t ,,leff+well1 ,m4,d4 ,,late ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,humane ,,association ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,vivisection ,,"q1 ,,etc4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,london ,g4 ,,bell ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,,new ,,york ,c4,p4 ,,f>rel1 #aag ,,ea/ #ba/ ,,/reet #aiaf ,,preface ,! position tak5 by ! writ] ( ?is volume %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,x is n ! view kn[n z antivivisection1 s f> z ?is means ! condemnation )\t exception ( all phases ( biological inve/igation4 ,!re are me?ods ( rese>* :i* involve no animal suff]+1 & :i* are ( sci5tific utility4 ,)9 c]ta9 c>eful limitations1 ^! w\ld seem ju/ifiable4 ,= ne>ly =ty ye>s1 ! writ] has occupi$ ! position :i* half a c5tury ago 0 g5]ally held by a majority ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ,engl&1 & possibly 9 ,am]ica1 a position ma9ta9$ 9 rec5t ye>s by su* m5 z ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d ,ri*>dson ( ,engl&1 by ,pr(essor ,william ,james & ,dr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[ ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,) ! pres5t ideals ( ! mod]n physiological laboratory1 s f> z !y fav\r ! practice ( vivisection 9 secrecy & )\t legal regulation1 ! writ] has no sympa?y :atsoev]4 ,an e?ical problem exi/s4 ,x conc]ns n ! prev5tion ( all exp]im5tation ^u animals1 b r ! abolition ( its cruelty1 its secrecy1 its abuse4 ,writt5 at v>i\s times dur+ a p]iod ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 a critic w und\bt$ly discov] in/ances ( repetition & re-/atem5t4 ,n[ & !n1 x has seem$ advisable to include matt] f e>li] writ+s1 long out ( pr9t2 & new light has be5 ?r[n ^u "s phases ( a p]plex+ problem4 ,w x t5d to induce conviction ( ! ne$ = re=m8 ,assur$ly1 ?is is n to be expect$ :]e !re is disagreem5t reg>d+ c]ta9 basic pr9ciples4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re mu/ be "s common gr\nd4 ,no agreem5t reg>d+ vivisection c be anticipat$ or desir$ ) any man :o holds t "s vague & unc]ta9 addition to ! sum total ( k w\ld ju/ify exp]im5ts made ^u dy+ *ildr5 9 a hospital1 )\t reg>d to _! p]sonal b5efit1 or sanction ! infliction ( any degree ( agony ^u animals 9 a laboratory4 ,a lik+ = ! use ( italics z a means ( direct+ att5tion to c]ta9 /atem5ts is confess$4 ,b :]ev] su* italiciz$ phrases appe> 9 quotations1 ! read] %\ld ascribe ! emphasis to ! writ]1 & n to ! orig9al au?ority4 ,! inculcation ( scepticism reg>d+ mu* t is put =? 9 ju/ification ( unlimit$ rese>* is admitt$4 ,x seems to ! writ] t anyone :o has become int]e/$ 9 ! "q w\ld m wisely approa* x ) a t5d5cy t[>d d\bt ?an t[>d implicit belief2 to d\bt1 h[ev]1 t leads "o directly to inve/igation4 ,we ne$ to rememb]1 h[ev]1 t inaccuracy by no means connotes inv]acity4 ,!re is "h no imputation aga9/ ! hone/y ( any writ]1 ev5 :5 c>elessness1 exagg]ation & inaccuracy are n only alleg$1 b demon/rat$ to exi/4 ,a4 ,l4 ,aurora1 ,n4,y41 #aiad --------- ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,ano!r edition ( ?is "w be+ call$ =1 ! opportunity = "o or two em5dations is af=d$4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! pres5t "w1 ref]5ce is made to ! antivivisection societies ( ,engl&1 &1 rely+ ^u evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission 9 #aijf1 "o ( !m is m5tion$ z ! pr9cipal organization4 ,! relative /&+ or /r5g? ( ! diff]5t societies at ! pres5t "t w\ld appe> n to be det]m9$ or easily det]m9able1 &1 ( c\rse1 :at 0 fact 9 #aijf may n be at all true t5 ye>s lat]4 ,! matt] w\ld seem to be ( little importance z comp>$ ) ! great] que/ions p]ta9+ to re=m2 b 9 ! int]e/ ( accuracy ! au?or w\ld n[ pref] to make no pron\ncem5t conc]n+ ! relative rank ( ! ,engli% societies1 leav+ decision z to prec$5ce to ^? :o give !m f9ancial support4 ,?\gh ! fir/ edition ( ! pres5t "w 0 q l>ge1 yet no *all5ge ( ! accuracy ( any ( its /atem5ts conc]n+ exp]im5tation ^u human be+s or animals has yet appe>$4 ,to hope = absolute accuracy 9 a "w ( ?is "* may be impossible2 yet t ideal has be5 con/antly be=e ! writ]4 ,%\ld any errors ( ! k9d be discov]$ to exi/ 9 ! pres5t edition1 _! indication is s9c]ely desir$4 ,9 ! *apt] ,unfair ,me?ods ( ,controv]sy "s illu/rative cases 7 giv5 )\t m5tion1 n[ & !n1 ( ! p]sons criticiz$4 ,x seem$ to ! writ] t 9 c]ta9 in/ances x %\ld be q suffici5t to po9t out & to condemn inaccuracies & errors )\t br++ ^u ! record e individual "n4 ,no misund]/&+ c\ld possibly exi/1 s9ce ! ref]5ces 7 ample 9 e case4 ,b s9ce ?is retic5ce1 9 at lea/ "o in/ance1 has be5 criticiz$ by an unfri5dly review]1 x is p]haps bett] to /ate t ! repeat$ allusions to ,"l ,li/]'s j\rney+s to ,france1 & ! article 9 ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly = ,april1 #aiji1 7 f ! p5 ( ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation--a "w :i* is review$ 9 ! ,app5dix to ! pres5t edition4 ,to 8 advanc$ age--n[ f> beyond ! allott$ span--we may ascribe ! inaccuracies :i*1 at an e>li] p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 w\ld d\btless h be5 recogniz$4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction - - - - - xi ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,vivisection8 - - - - #a ,,ii4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,mi/akes ,,( ,,sci5ti/s - - #ab ,,iii4 ,,an ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,vivisector - - - #bb ,,iv4 ,,mag5die ,,& ,,8 ,,contempor>ies - - - #bi ,v4 ,a ,,vivisector',s ,,remorse - - - - #dg ,,vi4 ,,is ,,torture ,,ju/ifi$ ,,by ,,utility8 - - #eg ,,vii4 ,,! ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,agitation - - - #ff ,,viii4 ,,atta9m5t ,,( ,,regulation ,,9 ,,engl& - - #hh ,,ix4 ,a ,,great ,,prote/ant - - - - #aac ,x4 ,,! ,,vivisection ,,report ,,( #aiab - - - #abg ,,xi4 ,,! ,,anae/hetic ,,delusion - - - #adi ,,xii4 ,,! ,,vivisection ,,( ,,to-,,day - - - #afb ,,xiii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,vivisection ,,re=m8 - - - #aif ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,re=m ,,societies - - - #baf ,,xv4 ,,unfair ,,me?ods ,,( ,,controv]sy - - - #bbh ,,xvi4 ,,rese>* ,,)\t ,,vivisection - - - #bed ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,vivisection - - - #bgf ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,phase3 ,,exp]im5tation ,,on ,,man - #bhi ,,xix4 ,,conclusion - - - - - #cbf ,,app5dixes - - - - #ccc-cfd;,c ,,index - - - - #cfe-cfi ,,press ,,notices - - - - #cga-cgd ,,introduction ,x is n[ some:at ov] a ?ird ( a c5tury s9ce my att5tion 0 specially direct$ to ! abuses ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahhj1 a p>agraph appe>$ 9 a morn+ pap] ( ,new ,york ref]r+ to ! late ,h5ry ,b]gh4 ,) 8 approval a ,bill _h come be=e ! legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york provid+ = ! abolition ( all exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals--:e!r 9 m$ical colleges or else:]e--on ! gr\nd t !y 7 )\t b5efit to anybody1 & demoraliz+ alike to ! tea*] & /ud5t4 ,z ,i dropp$ ! pap]1 x occurr$ to me t ! *ances ( success w\ld h be5 f> great] if less _h be5 ask$4 ,t c]ta9 vivisections 7 atroci\s 0 und\bt$ly true2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 "s exp]im5ts t 7 absolutely pa9less4 ,w\ld x n be wis] to make "s di/9ctions8 ,! attempt 0 made4 ,an article on ! subject 0 at once begun1 & 9 ,july ( ! same ye> x 0 publi%$ 9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 ! pr$ecessor ( ! ,c5tury4 ,s f> z kn[n1 x 0 ! fir/ argum5t t ev] f\nd expression 9 ! pages ( any ,am]ican p]iodical fav\r+ n ! entire abolition ( vivisection1 b ! re=m ( its abuse4 ,my k ( vivisection _h its beg9n+ 9 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,ne>ly =ty ye>s ago1 :ile tea*+ ! elem5ts ( physiology at ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ( ,brooklyn1 x occurr$ to me to illu/rate ! /atem5ts ( textbooks by a repetition ( su* simple exp]im5ts z _h come be=e my own eyes4 ,mo/ ( my demon/rations 7 illu/rative ( commonplace physiological ph5om5a3 *lor(orm 0 freely us$ to secure unconsci\sness ( ! animal1 & ) ! exception ( "o or two demon/rations1 ! avoidance ( pa9 or di/ress 0 almo/ c]ta9ly accompli%$4 ,b :at especially impress$ me at ! "t 0 ! extraord9>y int]e/ :i* ^! exp]im5ts seem$ to excite4 ,/ud5ts f advanc$ classes 9 ! in/itute 7 (t5 spectators & volunt>y assi/ants4 ,( ! utility ( su* demon/rations z a means ( fix+ facts 9 memory1 ,i c\ld n h ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,nor z reg>ds ! rightfulness ( vivisection z a me?od ei!r ( /udy or demon/ration1 0 !re at t p]iod any "q 9 my m9d4 ,:atev] ,sci5ce desir$1 x seem$ to me only prop] t ,sci5ce %\ld h4 ,! fact t c]ta9 demon/rations or exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals _h already be5 condemn$ z unju/ifiable cruelty by ! lead+ m5 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 & by "s ( ! pr9cipal m$ical j\rnals ( ,engl&1 0 !n z utt]ly unkn[n to me z ! same facts are to-day unkn[n to ! av]age graduate ( e m$ical s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 n long until aft] ?is e>ly exp]i5ce1 & foll[+ acqua9tance ) ! practice 9 ,europe z well z at home1 t d\bts arose reg>d+ ! ju/ice ( ,,caus+ ,,pa9 ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,facts ,,already ,,kn[n4 ,^! d\bts became convictions1 & 7 /at$ 9 my fir/ contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 ! pap] 9 ,scribn]'s4 ,x is n ! position ( :at is call$ antivivisection1 = t implies condemnation ( e phase ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,9 ! ?ird ( a c5tury t has elaps$ s9ce ?is prote/ 0 made1 ! practice ( vivisection has tak5 va/ /rides3 x appe>s 9 new %apes & unanticipat$ environm5t4 ,b ! old abuses h n disappe>$1 & "s ( !m1 m urg5tly ?an ev] be=e1 dem& ! att5tion ( ?9k+ m5 & wom54 ,( p]sonal contributions to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 dur+ ! pa/ ?ird ( a c5tury1 ne>ly ev]y?+ has be5 m or less polemical1 call$ =? by ei!r exagg]ation ( utility1 inaccuracy ( ass]tion1 or mis/atem5t ( fact4 ,n[ x has be5 prote/ aga9/ ! brilliant correspond5t ( a ,new ,york newspap]1 :o telegraph$ f ,london an acc\nt ( a visit to a well-kn[n physiological laboratory1 :]e he f\nd animals all fat1 *e]ful1 & jolly1 yet q unaffect$ by ! removal ( a sp9al cord--z s5sible a /atem5t z if he _h ref]r$ to _! jolly condition aft] removal ( _! heads4 ,n[ x has be5 ! manife/o ( pr(essors 9 a m$ical s*ool decl>+ t 9 ! in/itution to :i* !y belong$ no pa9ful exp]im5ts _h be5 p]=m$--an ass]tion abundantly contradict$ by _! own publications4 ,n[ x is a ,surgeon-,g5]al ( ! ,army1 def5d+ "o ( ! mo/ cruel ( vivisections 9 :i* he 0 n 9 any way conc]n$1 by an exposition ( ignorance reg>d+ ! elem5ts ( physiology2 &1 aga91 x has be5 a ,presid5t ( a m$ical association1 mak+ a spee*1 :]e9 h>dly a s5t5ce 0 n /amp$ ) inaccuracy & ignorance4 ,to "s natures controv]sy is exhil>at+2 to myself x is beyond expression di/a/eful4 ,yet1 :5 confront$ by false affirmations1 :at is "o's duty8 ,to say no?+8 ,to p]mit ! untru? to m>* triumphantly on its way8 ,or1 9 ! int]e/ ( ,sci5ce h]self1 %\ld n "o attempt ! exposure ( inaccuracy1 & ! demon/ration ( ! tru?8 ,approa*+ ! end ( a long pilgrimage1 x has seem$ to me wor? :ile to make a f9al survey ( ! great "q ( our "t4 ,h[ 0 ! cruelty ( vivisection once reg>d$ by ! lead+ memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession8 ,%all we say to-day t ! utility ( torm5t1 9 ! vivisection ( animals1 con/itutes p]fect ju/ification & def5ce8 ,h[ f> did ,civilization once g 9 ! approval ( torture because ( its imag9$ det]r5t effects8 ,:at has be5 accompli%$ by ! agitation conc]n+ vivisection :i* has p]si/$ = ! la/ =ty ye>s8 ,has ! battlefield be5 well select$8 ,h dem&s ( re=m]s be5 wisely =mulat$8 ,is public op9ion to-day incl9$ to be any m fav\rable to ! legal abolition ( all sci5tific exp]im5tation ^u animals ?an x 0 a ?ird ( a c5tury ago8 ,:at has be5 ! result ( vivisection 9 ,am]ica1 unre/rict$ & unre/ra9$8 ,has x accompli%$ any?+ = ! human race t might n h be5 accompli%$ "u conditions :]eby cruelty %\ld be impossible except z a crime8 ,has ! dea?-rate be5 r$uc$ by new discov]ies made 9 ,am]ican laboratories8 ,is x possible t utility is p]si/5tly exagg]at$ by ^? :o are n unwill+ to use exagg]ation z a means ( def5ce8 ,& ( ! ,future1 :at are ! probabilities = :i* we may hope8 ,:at is be+ done 9 our c5tury 9 ! way ( submitt+ animals to unlimit$ torture8 ,to ?r[ some:at ( light on ^! que/ions is ! object ( ?is volume4 ,i wi% x _h be5 9 my p[] to write a m ext5d$ & complete exposition ( ! problem1 b limitations ( /r5g?1 due to advanc+ age1 h made t hope impracticable4 ,b z "o man drops ! tor*1 ano!r h& w grasp x2 & :]e n[ is d>kness & secrecy1 !re w "o day be k & light4 ,,an ,,e?ical ,,problem ,,*apt] ,i ,,:at ,,is ,,vivisection8 ,^u no e?ical problem ( our g5]ation is ! public s5tim5t ( to-day m unc]ta9 & confus$ ?an 9 its attitude t[>d vivisection4 ,:y ?is unc]ta9ty exi/s x is n v difficult to disc]n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no def9ition ( ! ^w itself has be5 sugge/$ & adopt$ suffici5tly concise & yet s compreh5sive z to include e phase ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,x is a secret practice4 ,=m]ly m or less public1 x is n[ c>ri$ on 9 clos$ laboratories1 ) e possible precaution aga9/ ! disclosure ( any?+ liable to criticism4 ,q ap>t f any que/ions ( usefulness1 x is a pursuit involv+ problems ( ! utmo/ fasc9ation = ! inve/igat+ m9d--que/ions p]ta9+ to ,life & ,dea?--! deepe/ my/]ies :i* c engage ! intellect ( mank9d4 ,we f9d x made especially attractive to "y m5 at t p]iod ( life :5 _! enc\rag$ & cultivat$ en?usiasm = exp]im5tation is n liable to be adequately controll$ by any deep consid]ation = ! mat]ial ^u :i* !y "w4 ,sometimes animal exp]im5tation is pa9less1 & sometimes x involves suff]+ :i* may v>y 9 degree f di/ress :i* is slight to torm5ts :i* a great surgeon has comp>$ to burn+ alive1 ! utmo/ degree ( prolong$ & excruciat+ agony4 ,by "s1 its utility to humanity is con/antly ass]t$1 & by o!rs z e>ne/ly & emphatically & categorically d5i$4 ,confront$ by contradictory ass]tions ( antagoni/s & def5d]s1 h[ is ! av]age man to make up 8 m9d8 ,bo? op9ions1 he reasons1 _c possibly be true1 & he g5]ally ranges himself "u ! bann] ( ! ,laboratory or ( its enemies1 accord+ to 8 degree ( confid5ce 9 _! ass]tions1 or 8 pref]5ce = ! ideals :i* !y repres5t4 ,n[1 ! object ( all controv]sy %\ld be to enable u to see facts z !y are--to get at ! tru?4 ,t diff]5ce ( op9ion w exi/ may be inevitable2 = op9ions l>gely dep5d ^u our ideals1 & ^! ( no two individuals are precisely ! same4 ,b s f> z facts are conc]n$1 we %\ld be able to make "s approa* to agreem5t1 & especially z reg>ds ! e?ical supremacy ( c]ta9 ideals4 ,b fir/ ( all we ne$ to def9e ,vivisection4 ,:at is x8 ,orig9ally imply+ m]ely ! cutt+ ( a liv+ animal 9 way ( exp]im5t1 x has come by g5]al cons5t to include all sci5tific inve/igations ^u animals :atsoev]1 ev5 :5 su* rese>*es or demon/rations involve no cutt+ op]ation ( any k9d4 ,x has be5 au?oritatively def9$ z exp]im5ts ^u animals calculat$ to cause pa94 ,b ?is w\ld seem to exclude all exp]im5tation ( a k9d :i* is n calculat$ to cause pa92 exp]im5ts reg>d+ :i* all ! calculation is to avoid pa92 z1 = example1 an exp]im5t made to det]m9e ! exact quantity ( *lor(orm necess>y to produce dea? )\t return ( consci\sness4 ,! ,briti% ,royal ,commission ( #ahge def9$ x z ! practice ( subject+ live animals to exp]im5ts = sci5tific purposes1 avoid+ any ref]5ce to ! infliction ( pa92 yet1 s f> z p]ta9s to ! ju/ification ( vivisection1 ! :ole controv]sy may turn on t4 ,any complete def9ition %\ld at lea/ conta9 ref]5ce to ^? inve/igations to :i* little or no objection w\ld be rais$1 7 !y n "p ( ! sy/em4 ,x %\ld n omit ref]5ce1 also1 to ^? ref9em5ts ( pa9-infliction = inadequate purposes--also a "p ( a sy/em1 & :i*1 to v di/+ui%$ lead]s 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 h seem$ to be inexcusable & wrong4 ,suppose1 !n1 we attempt a def9ition t %all be inclusive ( all phases ( ! practice4 ,vivisection is ! exploitation ( liv+ animals = exp]im5ts conc]n+ ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,su* exp]im5ts are made1 ,,fir/1 = ! demon/ration1 be=e /ud5ts1 ( facts already kn[n & e/abli%$2 or1 ,,second1 z a me?od ( inve/igation ( "s !ory or problem1 :i* may be ) or )\t relation to ! treatm5t ( human ailm5ts4 ,su* exp]im5ts may range f proc$ures :i* are practically pa9less1 to ^? involv+ di/ress1 exhau/ion1 />vation1 bak+1 burn+1 suffocation1 poison+1 inoculation ) disease1 e k9d ( mutilation1 & long-protract$ agony & dea?4 ,a def9ition ( ?is k9d w cov] #ii p] c5t4 ( all exp]im5ts4 ,! extreme pro-vivisectioni/ may prote/ t ! def9ition br+s into prom95ce ! m pa9ful op]ations2 yet = ! majority ( u ! only gr\nd = *all5g+ ! practice at all is ! pa91 am\nt+ to torm5t 9 "s cases1 :i* vivisection may involve4 ,!y are r>e1 "s "o says4 ,b h[ d we "k8 ,! doors ( ! laboratory are clos$4 ,( practices secretly c>ri$ on1 :at c we "k8 ,t e =m ( imag9able torm5t has at "s "t be5 practis$ 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce1 we may le>n f ! reports ( exp]im5t]s !mselves1 & f ! writ+s ( m5 :o h d5\nc$ !m4 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ! mo/ em95t surgeon ( 8 day1 :o decl>$ t vivisection sometimes meant ! infliction ( ! sev]e/ conceivable pa91 ( indef9ite duration1 & t x 0 a torture ( helpless animals1 m t]rible1 by reason ( its ref9em5t1 ?an burn+ at ! /ake4 ,is ! above def9ition ( vivisection /rong] ?an is impli$ by ?is ass]tion ( ,dr4 ,bigel[8 ,we ne$ con/antly to rememb] t vivisection is by no means a simple act4 ,x may indicate inve/igations t require no cutt+ op]ation ( any k9d1 & ! infliction ( no pa92 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x may d5ote op]ations t involve complicat$ & sev]e mutilations1 & torm5ts z prolong$ & exquisite z human imag9ation c conceive4 ,exp]im5ts may be made1 9 c\rse ( rese>*es1 ( v great int]e/ & importance to m$ical sci5ce2 &1 on ! contr>y1 !y may be p]=m$ m]ely to demon/rate ph5om5a ab\t :i* !re is no d\bt1 or to impress on ! memory ( a /ud5t "s well-kn[n fact4 ,!y may be p]=m$ by m5 l ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 :o hesitat$ to confirm "o ( ! greate/ physiological discov]ies ( ! la/ c5tury1 m]ely because x w\ld imply a repetition ( pa9ful exp]im5ts2 & !y may be done by m5 l ,mag5die1 :o decl>$ ( 8 mutilat$ & torm5t$ victims1 t x 0 ,,droll to see !m skip & jump ab\t4 ,x is because ( all ^! diff]5ces t ! majority ( m5 h an indef9ite conception ( :at !y approve or condemn4 ,! advocate ( unre/rict$ vivisection sometimes tells u t exp]im5tation implies no m pa9 ?an ! prick ( a p91 & t its results are ( great utility to ! human race2 ! antivivisectioni/1 on ! o!r h&1 may insi/ t su* exp]im5tation means inconceivable torm5t )\t ! slighte/ conceivable b5efit to mank9d4 ,bo? are "r 9 ! occasional significance ( ! ^w4 ,bo? are wrong if "o mean+ is to answ] = all v>ieties ( exp]im5tation ^u liv+ ?+s4 ,"s ye>s ago ! attempt 0 made to obta9 ! view ( animal exp]im5tation held by c]ta9 classes ( intellig5t m5 & wom54 ,"o view ( ! practice is t :i* reg>ds x m]ely z a me?od ( sci5tific rese>*1 ) :i* morality has no m to d ?an x w\ld h 9 det]m9+ 9 :at direction a telescope %\ld be po9t$ by an a/ronom]1 or :at rocks a geologi/ %\ld n v5ture to t\*4 ,a /atem5t embody+ ! views ( ^? :o fav\r unre/rict$ vivisection includ$ affirmations l ^!3 ,vivisection1 or exp]im5tation ^u liv+ creatures1 mu/ be look$ at simply z a me?od ( /udy+ ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,) x1 morality has no?+ to d4 ,x %\ld be subject nei!r to criticism1 sup]vision1 nor re/rictions ( any k9d4 ,x may be us$ to any ext5t desir$ by any exp]im5t]--no matt] :at degree ( extreme or prolong$ pa9 x may involve--= demon/ration be=e /ud5ts ( ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 _! textbooks1 z an aid to memory14444or = any conceivable purpose ( inve/igation into vital ph5om5a4444 ,:ile we claim _m discov]ies ( value14444yet ev5 ^! we reg>d z ( second>y importance to ! fre$om ( unlimit$ rese>*4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( free & unre/rict$ vivisection4 ,its pla9ness ( spee* did n det] v di/+ui%$ physiologi/s & o!rs f sign+ x z ! expression ( _! views4 ,"o c h>dly d\bt t x repres5ts ! view ( ! physiological laboratory at ! pres5t day4 ,sixty ye>s ago ?is view ( vivisection w\ld h f\nd b few adh]5ts 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica2 to-day x is probably ! tacit op9ion ( a majority ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ei!r l&4 ,"o may "q :e!r any simil> *ange ( s5tim5t 9 a direction contr>y to re=m has ev] appe>$ s9ce ,civilization began4 ,we %all endeavor to %[1 h]eaft]1 to :at t *ange is due4 ,absolutely oppos$ to ?is s5tim5t are ! pr9ciples ( :at is kn[n z antivivisection4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 all vivisection is an immoral infr+em5t ^u ! rights ( animals4 ,! cruelties t accompany rese>* w always accompany x1 until all sci5tific exp]im5tation ^u animals is made a crim9al (f5ce4 ,f a /atem5t ( op9ion giv+ expression to ?is view1 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are tak53 ,all exp]im5tation ^u liv+ animals we consid] unnecess>y1 unju/ifiable1 & morally wrong4444 ,ev5 if utility c\ld be prov$1 man has no "r to attempt to b5efit himself at ! co/ ( injury1 pa91 or disease to ! l[] animals4 ,! injury :i* ! practice ( vivisection causes to ! moral s5se ( ! individual & to humanity f> outweighs any possible b5efit t c\ld be d]iv$ f x4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 decl>$ t vivisection dead5s ! humanity ( ! /ud5ts4' ,no?+ :i* ?us l[]s morality c be a necessity to progress4444 ,pa9less or pa9ful1 useless or useful1 h[ev] sev]e or h[ev] slight1 vivisection is a practice s l9k$ ) cruelty & s p]nici\s 9 t5d5cy1 ,,t ,,any ,,re=m ,,is ,,impossible1 & x %\ld be absolutely prohibit$ by law = any purpose4 ,?is is antivivisection4 ,x is a view ( ! practice :i* has seem$ reasonable to l>ge numb]s ( e>ne/ m5 & wom5 ^: lives 9 v>i\s directions h be5 devot$ to ! prev5tion ( all k9ds ( cruelty1 & to ! promotion ( ! be/ int]e/s ( ! race4 ,:5 ?is view is ma9ta9$ by m5 & wom5 :o oppose ! kill+ ( animals = purposes ( food or raim5t or adornm5t1 or _! exploitation 9 any way :i* dem&s ext9ction ( life1 x is entirely consi/5t ) high ideals4 ,x is aga9/ ?is view t ! argum5ts ( ^? :o cont5d = vivisection1 )\t re/riction or re/ra9t1 are always direct$4 ,b ev5 among antivivisectioni/s !re are1 naturally1 diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,national ,antivivisection ,society1 ! pr9cipal organization ( ,engl&1 desires to see vivisection totally aboli%$ by law2 b1 mean:ile1 x w /rive = & accept any measures t h = _! object ! amelioration ( ! condition ( vivisect$ animals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,briti% ,union = ! ,total ,abolition ( ,vivisection w accept no?+ less ?an ! legal condemnation ( e phase ( su* exp]im5ts4 ,vivisection1 ! secret>y ( ?is society writes1 is a sy/em1 & n a numb] ( isolat$ acts to be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,ow+ to its intricate & int]dep5d5t "* & ! int]national competition involv$1 ,,use ,,_c ,,be ,,sep>at$ ,,f ,,abuse4 ,9 o!r words1 e conceivable phase ( sci5tific exp]im5tation ^u liv+ creatures1 ev5 if absolutely pa9less1 %\ld be made a legal (f5ce4 ,b we are n driv5 to accept "o or ! o!r ( ^! def9itions ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,a ?ird view ( vivisection exi/s1 :i* diff]s widely f ei!r ( ^! oppos+ ideals4 ,in/ead ( tak+ ! position ( ! antivivisectioni/ t ,,all sci5tific inve/igations involv+ ! use ( animals1 %\ld be legally prohibit$1 x ma9ta9s t di/9ctions may1 & %\ld1 be drawn1 & t only ! abuses ( vivisection %\ld be condemn$ by law4 ,x asks society nei!r to approve ( ev]y?+1 nor to condemn ev]y?+1 b to draw a l9e betwe5 exp]im5ts t1 by reason ( utility & pa9lessness1 are entirely p]missible1 & o!rs :i* ought assur$ly to be condemn$4 ,x makes no prote/ aga9/ exp]im5tation involv+ ! dea? ( an animal :]e x is c]ta9 t consci\sness ( pa9 has be5 aboli%$ by anae/hetics2 b x condemns absolutely ! exhibition ( agony z an easy me?od ( tea*+ well-kn[n facts4 ,! utility ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts x does n "q2 b ev5 increase ( k may sometimes be pur*as$ at too high a price4 ,f a /atem5t ( ?is position reg>d+ vivisection1 drawn "s ye>s s9ce1 ! foll[+ s5t5ces may be ( int]e/3 ,vivisection is a practice ( su* v>iety & complexity1 t1 l w>f>e betwe5 nations1 "o c nei!r condemn x nor approve x1 unless "s c>eful di/9ctions be fir/ laid d[n4444 ,)9 c]ta9 limitations1 we reg>d vivisection to be s ju/ifi$ by utility z to be legitimate1 exp$i5t1 & "r4 ,beyond ^! b\nd>ies1 x is cruel1 mon/r\s1 & wrong4444 ,we believe1 !re=e1 t ! common int]e/s ( humanity & sci5ce dem& t vivisection1 l ! /udy ( human anatomy 9 ! dissect+-room1 %\ld be br\ght "u ! direct sup]vision & control ( ! ,/ate4 ,! practice1 :e!r 9 public or 9 private1 %\ld be re/rict$ by law to c]ta9 def9ite objects1 & surr\nd$ by e possible safegu>d aga9/ lic5se or abuse4 ,?is is a /atem5t ( :at is meant by vivisection re=m4 ,e unprejudic$ m9d c see at once t x is n ! same z antivivisection4 ,is x ! enemy ( sci5ce8 ,! lead+ "n affix$ to ?is decl>ation ( pr9ciples 0 t ( ! late ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ! *ief apo/le ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,is x aga9/ ! int]e/s ( education8 ,x 0 sign$ by elev5 presid5ts ( ,am]ican univ]sities & colleges1 & by a l>ge numb] ( m5 closely connect$ ) in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,is x antagoni/ic to m$ical sci5ce & art8 ,! /atem5t receiv$ ! endorsem5t ( twice z _m physicians & surgeons z 7 fav\rable to exp]im5tation ^u animals )\t any re/riction or re/ra9t2 & among ^! physicians fav\rable to re=m 7 m5 ( national reputation4 ,no "o %\ld expect t m5 ^: sole pr(ession is exp]im5tation ( ?is "* w\ld approve ( any limitations to _! activity 9 any direction2 b !y con/itute only a small fraction ( human society4 ,outside _! ranks we may be confid5t t !re are v few1 at all acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 :o w n conc$e t 9 ! pa/ _m ?+s h be5 done 9 ?is exploitation ( animal life :i* are greatly to be deplor$4 ,is !re1 !n1 no me?od ( prev5tion8 ,are we simply to fold our h&s & tru/ t ! human] in/9cts ( ! pres5t-day vivisector1 work+ 9 ! seclusion ( 8 private laboratory1 w keep him free f all t we regret 9 ! vivisection ( ! pa/8 ,or mu/ we1 on ! o!r h&1 ask = ! total condemnation ( e exp]im5t1 because "s are cruel & atroci\s8 ,?is is ! plat=m ( ! ,re/rictioni/4 ,x _c--except by p]v]sion ( tru?--be reg>d$ z antivivisection1 = !re is n a s+le society 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica1 devot$ to ! int]e/s ( t cause1 :i* w\ld ackn[l$ge ^! views z 9 any way repres5tative ( its ideals2 b x is ! expression ( s5tim5ts :i* =m]ly 7 almo/ univ]sally held by ! m$ical pr(ession ( ,engl&4 ,yet ! advocates ( unre/rict$ vivisection h nev] be5 will+ to consid] ?is position1 &1 9 controv]sy1 inv>iable fall back ^u argum5ts applicable only to ! views ( ^? :o w\ld aboli% vivisection altoge!r4 ,!re is yet ano!r position to be tak52 x is ! attitude ( unconc]n4 ,f va/ numb]s no?+ bett] c be expect$4 ,! man :o is utt]ly indiff]5t to ! unnecess>y agony accompany+ ! slaught] ( animals = food1 or to ! cruelties ( sport1 or ! woman ^: vanity dem&s sacrifices ( animals at ! co/ ( incalculable suff]+1 w take little or no int]e/ 9 ! "q ( vivisections2 nor is complicity ) o!r phases ( torm5t & cruelty alone responsible = ! indiff]5ce :i* s g5]ally exi/s4 ,9 e age1 f ! twilight ( e>lie/ savag]y d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! va/ majority ( human be+s h be5 incl9$1 n to d\bt1 b to believe1 & especially to believe ^? :o claim$ sup]ior k 9 matt]s ( ,life & ,dea?4 ,?is t5d5cy to unque/ion+ fai? has be5 ! support ( e phase ( inju/ice1 ( cruelty1 & ( wrong4 ,x has l$ to innum]able m5 & wom5 ( education & ref9em5t to remit all que/ions ( animal exp]im5tation to ! vivisector & 8 fri5ds1 precisely z !y w\ld h done _h !y liv$ ?ree c5turies ago1 & _h x be5 !irs to decide on ! morality ( burn+ a wit*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! alliance betwe5 ! laboratory & ! m$ical pr(ession1 _! mutual endeav\r to /ifle criticism & to induce approval ( all vivisection :atev]1 has giv5 rise to a new _s ( inquiry4 ,a moral "q is nev] absolutely decid$ until x is decid$ aright4 ,if ! problem ( vivisection is ev] settl$1 x w be due1 n to ! influ5ce ( ^? :o advocate unque/ion+ fai? 9 ! human5ess ( ! av]age exp]im5t]1 :o decl9e inquiry1 & :o re/ satisfi$ ) _! ignorance1 b r to ^? :o1 hav+ inve/igat$ ! "q = !mselves1 h giv5 all _! influ5ce = "s measure ( re=m4 ,9 que/ions ( humanity1 ev5 ! unwisdom ( en?usiasm t t5ds t[>d re=m is f> bett] ?an indiff]5ce & unconc]n4 ,! ignorance ( hi/ory1 %[n (t5 by ! advocates ( unlimit$ vivisection1 is a s+ul> ph5om5on4 ,! beg9n+s ( ?is controv]sy are n )\t int]e/4 ,let u glance at !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,mi/akes ,,( ,,sci5ti/s ,e reflect+ /ud5t ( hi/ory is /ruck by ! div]g5ce ( op9ions manife/ among educat$ m5 9 reg>d to ! great problems ( life4 ,:y is x t s few ( u are able to /ate ! facts & argum5ts :i* fav\r conclusions to :i* we are utt]ly oppos$8 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! great "q ( religi\s belief4 ,c "o ref] to any ,prote/ant writ] ( our "t :o has plac$ be=e 8 read]s ! argum5ts :i* incl9$ m5 l ,newman or ,mann+ to ! ,ca?olic fai?8 ,has any ,ca?olic writ] ( our "t be5 able to pres5t fairly ! argum5ts :i* seem s ov]:elm+ly conv9c+ to ,prote/ant ?9k]s8 ,9 ei!r case1 is !re n some?+ ( di/ortion or exagg]ation8 ,c]ta9ly x _c be due to int5tional & p]v]se obliquity ( m5tal vision4 ,z a rule reasonable m5 endeav\r to be j & fair4 ,n[ & !n1 9 ! heat ( controv]sy1 a t5d5cy to ov]/atem5t or exagg]ation may be evid5t1 especially :]e great issues appe> to be involv$2 b ! purpose c be reconcil$ ) hone/y4 ,is x n m ?an probable t ! pr9cipal reason = div]g5t views on ! "p ( hone/ oppon5ts is ,,ignorance ,,( ,,facts8 ,take1 = example1 ! op9ion held to-day by ! great majority ( "y physicians conc]n+ animal exp]im5tation4 ,z a rule !y reg>d all criticism ( vivisection ) inf9ite contempt4 ,dur+ _! m$ical /udies !y 7 cont9ually imbu$ ) ! idea t ! opposition to laboratory fre$om ( exp]im5tation 0 an agitation ( comp>atively rec5t date1 & conf9$ to a small class ( un?9k+ s5tim5tali/s4 ,( t /rong prote/ aga9/ cruel exp]im5ts :i* made itself he>d m dur+ m ?an a c5tury1 & ( ! atrocities :i* l$ to t prote/1 ! av]age physician ( to-day kn[s no?+ :atev]4 ,plung$ into ! practice ( a pr(ession :i* may absorb e mom5t ( "t1 he has p]haps nei!r leisure to inve/igate nor disposition to d\bt :atev] he has be5 told4 ,n[1 if ! av]age /ud5t ( m$ic9e is ?us ignorant ( hi/ory1 is x n because ^? :o h taught him 7 equally devoid ( k ( ! facts8 ,( ! hi/ory ( ! vivisection controv]sy previ\s to #ahge1 "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 9 ! m$ical pr(ession h prov$ !mselves pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,illu/rations ( ?is lack ( in=mation might be almo/ indef9itely adduc$1 b ,i propose to br+ =w>d only a few in/ances typical ( _! k9d4 ,on ,june #aj1 #ahif1 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,p4 ,b[dit*1 !n pr(essor ( physiology 9 ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 deliv]$ an address on vivisection be=e ! ,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society4 ,! "* ( 8 audi5ce1 & ! pr(ession ( ! speak]1 might be presum$ to give assurance ( absolute accuracy conc]n+ any "q ( hi/oric fact4 ,a qu>t] c5tury be=e1 ,dr4 ,b[dit* _h /udi$ physiology 9 ,g]man laboratories ,return+ to ,am]ica 9 #ahga1 he _h be5 giv5 ! opportunity ( reorganiz+ ! tea*+ ( physiology at ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 s z to br+ x into con=mity ) ,cont95tal me?ods4 ,x is q probable t to him1 m ?an to any o!r p]son1 is due ! introduction ( ,cont95tal me?ods ( physiological in/ruction 9 ! m$ical colleges ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,b[dit*1 ! criticism ( vivisection 9 ,engl& began 9 #ahfd4 ,to 8 audi5ce ( physicians he made ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! fir/ s]i\s attack ^u biological rese>* 9 ,engl& seems to h be5 made 9 an essay entitl$ ,vivisection3 is x ,necess>y or ,ju/ifiable8' publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahfd1 by ,george ,flem+1 a ,briti% vet]9>y surgeon4 ,?is essay is an important "o1 = al?\gh *>act]iz$ at ! "t by a review] 9 ! ,london ,a!naeum z ignorant1 fallaci\s1 & altoge!r unwor?y ( acceptance1' its blood-curdl+ /ories1 appli$ to all sorts ( in/itutions1 h =m$ a l>ge "p ( ! /ock-9-trade ( subsequ5t vivisection writ]s4 ,! sne]+ ref]5ce to blood-curdl+ /ories is ( itself extremely significant4 ,x indicates unmi/akably ! utt] contempt :i* ne>ly e physiologi/ feels = ! s5tim5t ( human5ess :i* und]lies prote/ aga9/ exp]im5tal cruelty4 ,! speak] omitt$ to tell 8 audi5ce t ?is essay ( ,dr4 ,flem+ receiv$ ! fir/ prize (f]$ by ! ,royal ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals1 & t ! ,committee :i* decid$ ! m]its ( ! essay includ$ "s ( ! mo/ em95t sci5tific m5 ( ,engl&1 among !m ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 & ,pr(essor ,c>p5t]--! latt] "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,engli% physiologi/s ( 8 "t4 ,he =got to add t if ! examples ( atroci\s vivisection giv5 9 ?is essay 7 horrible--z !y 7--yet e in/ance 0 sub/antiat$ by ref]5ce to ! orig9al au?orities1 & t _! accurate quotation c\ld n be impugn$4 ,especially curi\s is ! fact t ,pr(essor ,b[dit* plac$ ! beg9n+ ( criticism at #ahfd4 ,( ! arraignm5t ( cruel vivisections by ,engli% physicians & ,engli% m$ical j\rnals be=e t "t1 ,dr4 ,b[dit* app>5tly nev] he>d1 & all ! infam\s atrocities :i* !y condemn$ he dismiss$ ) a sne] z blood-curdl+ /ories4 ,yet1 9 8 day1 ! speak] 0 "o ( ! lead+ physiologi/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we _c believe t ! suppression ( mat]ial facts 0 int5tional2 x 0 due r to complete ignorance ( ! hi/ory ( t prote/ aga9/ physiological cruelty :i* ,engl& witness$ dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ( :i* "s acc\nt %all foll[4 ,take ano!r in/ance4 ,9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics = ,april1 #aijd1 !re appe>$ an article 9 def5ce ( animal exp]im5tation by ,pr(essor ,*>les ,s4 ,my]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,( any abuses ( ! practice1 ,dr4 ,my]s gave 8 read]s no reason = believ+ t he _h ev] he>d2 & z an indication1 p]haps1 ( an animal's eag]ness to be vivisect$1 he tells u t aga9 & aga9 dogs h be5 obs]v$ to wag ! tail & lick ! h&s ( ! op]ator ev5 imm$iately be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,comm5t+ ^u ! s+ul> conclusion :i* ?is fact seem$ to sugge/ to ,dr4 ,my]s1 ! pres5t writ] quot$ a s5t5ce or two f an editorial :i* once appe>$ 9 ! columns ( ! ,london ,lancet4#a ,x w\ld app>5tly seem t ,dr4 ,my]s br\ght ! quotation to ! att5tion ( someone 9 ! editorial (fice ( ! ,lancet1 on ^: judgm5t he ?\ght he might safely rely2 =1 9 a reply1 he ref]s to x z a quotation attribut$ to ! editor ( ! ,lancet1 :i*1 ,,aft] ,,special ,,inquiry1 ,i ,,h ,,reason ,,= ,,d\bt+4 ,conc]n+ a ref]5ce to "s ( ,dr4 ,sydney ,r+]'s exp]im5ts ^u pati5ts 9 a ,london hospital1 he is ev5 m confid5t t !y c\ld nev] h occurr$1 & indignantly rejo9s1 ,i unhesitat+ly decl>e ,,su* ,,abom9able ,,accusations ,,to ,,be ,,false4 #a ,see p4 #gc = ?is ,lancet editorial4 ,n[1 all ?is indignant scepticism 0 r cr$itable to ! writ]'s he>t4 ,t an ,engli% m$ical j\rnal l ! ,lancet %\ld d5\nce vivisection cruelties1 or t a reputable ,london physician %\ld exp]im5t on 8 pati5ts ) v>i\s poisons1 seem$ to ,dr4 ,my]s beyond ! b\nds ( belief4 ,b x is always a s]i\s ?+ positively to d5y any hi/orical ref]5ce simply because ( p]sonal ignorance ( its tru?4 ,x 0 q easy to ref] ! sceptic n only to ! editorial :i* he ?\ght he ,,_h ,,reason ,,= ,,d\bt+1 b also to ! exp]im5ts on human be+s conc]n+ :i* 8 indignation rose s high4 ,to be ignorant ( ,dr4 ,r+]'s exp]im5ts on 8 pati5ts is to be ignorant ( ! hi/ory ( mod]n m$ic9e4 ,! ,m$ical ,times 7,london7 9 its issue ( ,novemb] #aj1 #ahhc1 ?us editorially comm5t$ ^u c]ta9 ( ^! exp]im5ts3 444,9 publi%+1 &1 inde$1 9 in/itut+ _! reckless exp]im5ts on ! effect ( nitrite ( sodium on ! human subject1 ,pr(essor ,r+] & ,dr4 ,murrill h made a deplorably false move4444 ,x is impossible to read ! pap] 9 la/ week's ,lancet )\t di/ress4 ,( ! ,,eighte5 adults to :om ,drs ,r+] & ,murrill adm9i/]$ ! drug 9 #aj-;gra9 doses1 all b "o av]r$ t !y w\ld expect to drop d[n dead if !y ev] took ano!r dose4444 ,:atev] cr$it may be giv5 to ,drs4 ,r+] & ,murrill = sci5tific en?usiasm1 x is impossible to acquit !m ( grave indiscretion4 ,!re w be a h[l ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry ,,if ,,x ,,comes ,,out ,,t ,,! ,,(fic]s ,,( ,a ,,public ,,*>ity ,,are ,,9 ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,try+ ,,su* ,,useless ,,& ,,cruel ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,pati5ts ,,committ$ ,,to ,,_! ,,c>e4#a #a ,9 all quotations1 "h & else:]e ?r\gh\t ?is volume1 ! italics h be5 suppli$4 ,:at b ignorance ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s c\ld lead any "o to d5y ! occurr5ce ( exp]im5ts1 ! pro(s ( :i* re/ on /atem5ts 9 m$ical j\rnals1 & 9 ! publi%$ works ( ! exp]im5t]s !mselves8 ,"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> /atem5ts conc]n+ vivisection t ev] appe>$ 9 pr9t 0 giv5 out n _m ye>s ago by "o ( ! pr(essors ( physiology 9 ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool4#b ,! accuracy ( ?is manife/o--:i* purport$ to be a pla9 /atem5t ( ! :ole tru?--receiv$ ! endorsem5t ( five ( ! lead+ tea*]s ( sci5ce 9 ! same in/itution1 m5 ^: sci5tific reputation w\ld naturally give great weight to _! affirmations reg>d+ any "q ( fact4 ,s impress$ 0 ! editor ( ! ,bo/on ,transcript ) ! app>5t weight ( ?is te/imony1 t he decl>$ 9 its columns t ! "* & /&+ ( ! m5 ^: names are giv5 z responsible = ?is explanation to ! ,bo/on public1 ,,=bid ,,any ,,que/ion+ ,,( ,,its ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,facts4 ,:at is ! value ( au?ority 9 matt]s ( sci5ce1 if ass]tions s =tifi$ by illu/ri\s names are to be receiv$ ) d\bt8 #b ,see ,! ,vivisection ,"q1 pp4 #aad-acc & #bec4 ,! inaccuracy :i* *>act]iz$ ?is /atem5t ( ! :ole tru? 0 demon/rat$ at ! "t x appe>$2 b to "o p>agraph att5tion may be recall$4 ,! manife/o t\*es ! "q ( pa/ cruelties 9 animal exp]im5tation1 n m]ely )\t ! slighte/ criticism or condemnation1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ) :at w\ld seem to be a def9ite d5ial t any?+ repreh5sible _h ev] occurr$4 ,x contemptu\sly ref]r$ to evid5ce ( abuses1 z ^! reit]at$ *>ges ( cruelty1 ,,^! ,,long ,,li/s ,,( ,,atrocities ,,t ,,nev] ,,exi/$4 ,:at o!r mean+ c\ld ! av]age read] obta9 ?an ! sugge/ion t ! cruelties ( ,spallanzani1 ( ,mag5die1 ( ,mantegazza1 ( ,br[n-,se'qu>d1 ( ,bra*et1 & a ho/ ( o!rs1 exi/$ only 9 ! imag9ation1 ,,& ,,_h ,,no ,,basis ,,( ,,fact8 ,= ?is a/\nd+ sugge/ion1 :at explanation is possible8 ,t !re 0 a delib]ate purpose to mislead ! public by an affirmation t cruel & unju/ifiable exp]im5ts 7 a my?1 ! creation ( imag9ation1 is an hypo!sis we mu/ reject4 ,b !re mu/ h be5 a /up5d\s ignorance conc]n+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,simply because ( _! utt] lack ( k reg>d+ hi/ory1 di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s became responsible = sugge/+ to ! public t ! /ory ( ! pa/ cruelty ( vivisection 0 a my?1 & unwor?y ( belief4 ,:ile illu/rations ( ?is s+ul> ignorance ( ! pa/ might be almo/ indef9itely multipli$1 ano!r example mu/ = ! pres5t suffice4 ,x is af=d$ by ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission ( ,vivisection 9 #aijf1 by ,sir ,william ,osl]1 ,m4,d41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 exam9ation1 ! foll[+ dialogue occurr$3#a ,are y famili> ) ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,leff+well8 ,yes4 ,i ?9k he po9ts out t x 0 ?r\gh ! /rong attacks t appe>$ 9 ! ,lancet & ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal t ! ,vivisection ,act 0 pass$8 ,,t ,,is ,,news ,,to ,,me4 ,y d n "k t8 ,,no4 #a ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce1 ,que/ions #af1ghj-af1ghb4 ,p]haps ! "q ask$ may h impli$ some:at m ( influ5ce on ! "p ( ! m$ical j\rnals nam$ ?an actually belong$ to !m2 b ^! p]iodicals c]ta9ly initiat$ t exposure & condemnation ( cruelty 9 vivisection--:i* 9 ,engl& l$ to an agitation = re=m4 ,sir ,william ,osl]'s replies1 h[ev]1 sugge/ some?+ m ?an m]e ^w-f5c+2 he 0 evid5tly surpris$ to he> x intimat$ t m$ical j\rnals l ^! c\ld ev] h be5 f\nd attack+ vivisection 9 any way4 ,( ! /rong attacks :i* appe>$ 9 ^! organs ( m$ical op9ion less ?an =ty ye>s be=e1 he _h app>5tly nev] he>d4 ,n[1 :5 m5 l ^!1 lead]s 9 ! =mation ( public op9ion on m$ical matt]s1 are ?us ignorant ( hi/ory1 ought "o really to wond] at ! lack ( k on ! same subject betray$ by ! new g5]ation ( physicians 9 active practice to-day--m5 n only ( less] influ5ce1 b ( m re/rict$ opportunities = ga9+ in=mation8 ,n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ ( ! physicians engag$ 9 m$ical in/ruction 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica probably w\ld h repli$ to ! que/ions ask$ ,sir ,william ,osl] to ! same effect--,x is news to me4 ,sitt+ at _! feet1 h[ c pupils be expect$ to d o!rwise ?an to absorb bo? _! prejudices & _! le>n+8 ,h[ c any m$ical /ud5t di/+ui% betwe5 !m8 ,we are all incl9$ to give implicit fai? to m5 ^: abilities 9 any direction we admire & rev]5ce4 ,x is only ) ! advance ( ye>s & ! te/ ( exp]i5ce t m5 come to le>n ! di/ru/ ( au?ority1 ! wisdom ( d\bt1 & ! value ( p]sonal inquiry conc]n+ e great problem ( life4 ,suppose1 !n1 t we look into ?is "q4 ,0 ,pr(essor ,b[dit* correct 9 assign+ ! beg9n+s ( criticism conc]n+ vivisection to ,dr4 ,flem+'s essay publi%$ 9 #ahfd8 ,or 0 its orig9 long be=e8 ,7 ! pr(essors ( ! ,m$ical ,s*ool accurate ( /atem5t :5 !y practically d5i$ t cruelty 9 vivisection 0 a hi/oric fact1 & endors$ a ref]5ce to au!nticat$ in/ances z long li/s ( atrocities ,,t ,,nev] ,,occurr$8 ,is x a fact--al?\gh ,dr4 ,my]s ( ,cambridge & ,sir ,william ,osl] ( ,ox=d app>5tly nev] he>d ( x--t x 0 ! ,,m$ical j\rnals ( ,engl& ^: indignant condemnation ( vivisection cruelties l$ up to its attempt$ regulation by law8 ,! public assumes t au?orities l ^! are n likely to err conc]n+ me?ods ( m$ical in/ruction or rese>*4 ,9 ! m9d ( ! av]age man1 e prepossession is 9 _! fav\r2 he _c easily br+ himself to believe t if cruelty ev] exi/$1 ,,!y %\ld be s completely ignorant ( x4 ,x may1 inde$1 be que/ion$ :e!r 9 ! lit]ature ( controv]sy on ! subject !re has be5 a s+le def5d] ( unre/rict$ fre$om 9 vivisection1 :o has intellig5tly ref]r$ to ! horrible exp]im5ts ( pa/ vivisectors except ei!r to sne] or to condone4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,paget1 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,exp]im5ts ^u ,animals1 nev] once condemn$ ! cruelty t b a g5]ation ago excit$ indignation ?r\gh\t ! m$ical pr(ession ( ,great ,brita94 ,! tru? ( ?is matt] is n to be atta9$ by unque/ion+ acceptance ( au?ority1 b by a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 except 9 a volume1 to write a complete hi/ory ( t prote/ aga9/ ! unju/ifiable cruelties ( animal exp]im5tation1 :i* gradually l$ to a dem& = _! legal suppression4 ,all t may "h be attempt$ is a demon/ration t ! s5tim5t is n ( rec5t orig92 t m ?an a c5tury ago ! cruelties1 :i* to-day are s c>efully ignor$1 7 unque/ion$ z facts1 & t to m$ical j\rnals ( ,engl& is pr9cipally due t weighty condemnation ( cruel vivisection1 :i* probably m ?an any o!r influ5ce 0 ! f\ndation ( ! agitation = vivisection re=m4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,an ,,eighte5?-,,c5tury ,,vivisector ,engli% lit]ature dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury pres5ts no m di/+ui%$ "n ?an t ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson1 ! lexicograph] & essayi/4 ,8 le>n+ 0 imm5se2 8 judgm5ts & criticisms 7 ev]y:]e reg>d$ ) respect2 &1 above o!r great m5 ( 8 "t1 he 0 =tunate 9 hav+ z fri5d & companion "o :o produc$ ! be/ biography t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,dr4 ,johnson's views ( vivisection & vivisectors appe>$ z a contribution to ! ,idl]1 on ,augu/ #e1 #agfa1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! date giv5 by ,pr(essor ,b[dit* z t ( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,s]i\s ,,attack ,,^u ,,biological ,,rese>* ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,x may1 nev]!less1 be d\bt$ :e!r any attack m s]i\s or prote/ m weighty 0 ev] made ?an 0 writt5 by ! mo/ em95t lit]>y man ( 8 "t1 a c5tury & a half ago4 ,among ! inf]ior pr(essors ( m$ical k is a race ( wret*es ^: lives are only v>i$ by v>ieties ( cruelty2 ^: fav\rite amusem5t is to nail dogs to tables & op5 !m alive2 to try h[ long life may be cont9u$ 9 v>i\s degrees ( mutilation1 or ) ! excision or lac]ation ( vital p>ts2 to exam9e :e!r burn+ irons are felt m acutely by ! bone or t5don2 & :e!r ! m la/+ agonies are produc$ by poison =c$ into ! m\? or inject$ into ! ve9s4 ,x is n )\t reluctance t ,i (f5d ! s5sibility ( ! t5d] m9d ) images l ^!4 ,if su* cruelties 7 n practis$1 x 7 to be desir$ t !y %\ld n be conceiv$2 b s9ce !y are publi%$ e day ) o/5tation1 let me be all[$ once to m5tion !m1 s9ce ,i m5tion !m ) abhorr5ce4444 ,! anatomical novice te>s out ! liv+ b[els ( an animal1 & /yles himself a physician'2 prep>es himself by famili> cruelty = t pr(ession :i* he is to ex]cise ^u ! t5d] & helpless1 ^u feeble bodies & brok5 m9ds1 & by :i* he has opportunities to ext5d 8 arts & tortures1 & cont9ue ^? exp]im5ts ^u ,infancy & ,age :i* he has hi!rto tri$ ^u cats & dogs4 ,:at is alleg$ 9 def5ce ( ^! hateful practices1 ev]yone kn[s2 b ! tru? is t by knives & fire k is n always s\ght1 & is v seldom atta9$4 ,i "k n t by liv+ dissections any discov]y has be5 made by :i* a s+le malady is m easily cur$4 ,& if ! k ( physiology has be5 some:at increas$1 he surely buys k de> :o le>ns ! use ( ! lacteals at ! exp5se ( 8 own humanity4 ,,x ,,is ,,"t ,,t ,a ,,univ]sal ,,res5tm5t ,,aga9/ ,,^! ,,horrid ,,op]ations ,,%\ld ,,arise1 :i* t5d to h>d5 ! he>t1 & make ! physician m dreadful ?an ! g\t or ! /one4 ,a m vigor\s d5unciation ( ! cruelty ( vivisection nev] appe>$ ?an ^! words ( ! fir/ s*ol> ( ! ,engli%- speak+ _w4 ,( c\rse ! plea w be put =? t 9 ,dr4 ,johnson's "t ! use ( anae/hetics 0 unkn[n4 ,are we1 !n1 to conclude t ! pres5t-day def5d]s ( absolute fre$om 9 animal rese>* w\ld jo9 him 9 condemn+ ! p]petrators ( ,,all ,,exp]im5ts ,,caus+ ,,di/ress ,,9 ,,:i* ,,anae/hetics ,,_c ,,be ,,employ$8 ,= ! m]it ( ,dr4 ,johnson's plea lies 9 ?is1 ,,t ,,he ,,makes ,,e?ical ,,consid]ations ,,( ,,high] ,,importance ,,?an ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,physiological ,,facts4 ,if ! k ( physiology has be5 some:at increas$1 he surely buys k de> :o le>ns ! use ( ! lacteals at ! exp5se ( 8 own humanity4 ,is !re a physiological def5d]s ( vivisection-fre$om liv+ to-day :o w\ld accept ,dr4 ,johnson's conclusion1 t "o %\ld =be> rese>* :i* is possible only by ! infliction ( animal torm5t8 ,h[ unfair x is1 !re=e1 to sugge/ t ! =ce ( ,dr4 ,johnson's argum5t is invalidat$ because anae/hetics 7 unkn[n--:5 ! disagreem5t is inf9itely deep]6 ,to :at physiologi/s ( 8 "t did ,dr4 ,johnson allude8 ,app>5tly 8 d5unciation 0 sweep+2 he ref]r$ to a race ( wret*es r ?an to any p>ticul> individual1 & to exp]im5ts !n c>ri$ on & publi%$ e day ) o/5tation4 ,:o 7 ! m5 ?us /igmatiz$8 ,we d n "k4 ,! record ( _! useless torm5t+ has sunk into ! oblivion t hides _! names2 !re are b "o or two ^: id5tity may p]haps be guess$4 ,x is possible t "o ( !m 0 ,john ,hunt]2 yet ,hunt] did n g up to ,london until #agfd1 & ,dr4 ,johnson's condemnation _h appe>$ ?ree ye>s e>li]4 ,/ill1 ?is does n preclude ! possibility t ,dr4 ,johnson _h ,hunt] 9 8 m9d4 ,9 "s ways ,john ,hunt] 0 a rem>kable man4 ,he made an anatomical collection1 :i* is /ill 9 exi/5ce & :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,at ,e>l's ,c\rt1 !n a suburb ( ,london1 he e/abli%$ a sort ( zoological ,inf]no1 t rem9ds "o ( ! ,isl& ( ,dr4 ,moreau4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s1 ,ottley1 tells u t ,hung] ,,took ,,supreme ,,delight 9 8 physiological exp]im5ts2 & inasmu* z he sugge/$ 9 a lett] to a fri5d ! p]=mance ( ! mo/ agoniz+ exp]im5ts z likely to amuse him1 ! /atem5t 0 und\bt$ly true4 ,a man's occupation g5]ally has an influ5ce ^u 8 "*1 & ,hunt]'s biograph] r hesitat+ly admits t he 0 n always v nice 9 8 *oice ( associates1 & t among 8 companions 7 c]ta9 abom9able wret*es kn[n z resurrection m51 :o robb$ gravey>ds = ! b5efit ( /ud5ts ( anatomy4 ,"u all circum/ances1 we c h>dly be surpris$ t 8 m>ri$ life 0 any?+ b s]5e4 ,9 ! infliction ( pa9 he seems to h be5 )\t any idea ( pity4 ,to a fri5d :o ask$ = 8 exp]i5ce 9 a c]ta9 matt]1 he wrote3 ,i ?ank y = y\r exp]im5t on ! h$gehog2 b ,,:y ,,d ,,y ,,ask ,,me ,a ,,"q1 by ! way ( solv+ x8 ,i ?9k y\r solution is j1 b :y--,,:y ,,n ,,try ,,! ,,exp]im5t8 ,repeat all ! exp]im5ts ^u a h$gehog z soon z y receive ?is1 & !y w give y ! solution4 ,,try ,,! ,,heat4 ,,cut ,,(f ,a ,,leg444& let me "k ! result ( ! :ole4 ,ev] y\rs1 ,,john ,,hunt]4 ,ev5 8 own ^w1 or ! result ( 8 own obs]vations1 he did n wi% to h accept$1 :51 m]ely at ! co/ ( ano!r tortur$ animal1 8 fri5d c\ld f9d ! answ] = himself4 ,is n ?is ! physiological ideal ( to-day8 ,aga9 he writes to 8 sci5tific fri5d3 ,if y c\ld make "s exp]im5ts on ! increas$ heat ( inflammation1 ,i %\ld be oblig$ to y4444 ,i op5$ ! ?orax ( a dog betwe5 two ribs1 & introduc$ ! !rmomet]4 ,!n ,i put "s l9t into ! w\nd to keep x f heal+ by ! fir/ int5tion1 ,,t ,,! ,,?orax ,,might ,,inflame2 b be=e ,i _h "t to try x aga91 my dog di$ on ! f\r? day4 ,a deep w\nd might be made into ! ?ick ( a dog's ?igh1 !n put 9 ! !rmomet] & "s extrane\s matt]4444 ,,if ,,^! ,,exp]im5ts ,,w ,,amuse ,,y1 ,i %\ld be glad !y 7 made2 b take c>e y d n break y\r !rmomet] 9 ! dog's *e/4#a #a ,b>ron's ,life ( ,j5n]1 i4 #dd4 ,,if ,,^! ,,exp]im5ts ,,w ,,amuse ,,y--:at a sugge/ive confirmation ( ,dr4 ,johnson's *>ge t ! torture ( vivisection 0 !n reg>d$ z an amusem5t6 ,a c5tury aft]1 an ,italian physiologi/1 ,mantegazza1 devot$ a ye> to ! infliction ( extreme torm5t ^u animals1 & confess$ t 8 tortures 7 inflict$1 n ) hesitation or repugnance1 b ,,con ,,multo ,,amore1 ) extreme delight4#b #b ,fisiolgia del ,dolore di ,paulo ,mantegazza1 pp4 #aja-ajg4 ,hunt] does n seem to h reg>d$ 8 own exp]im5ts o!r ?an z an intellectual pa/ime4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,paget1 9 8 "w on ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 ref]s to "o great exp]im5t444t puts him ,hunt] on a l9e ) ,h>vey--an exp]im5t ^u a de] 9 ,ri*mond ,p>k4 ,!re is no reason = d\bt+ t su* an exp]im5t may h be5 made2 b ! curi\s ?+ is1 t x re/s only on v]bal tradition1 = 9 8 surgical lectures treat+ ( aneurism ,hunt] has n a ^w to say ( ! exp]im5t :i* n[1 we are told1 l9ks 8 "n ) t ( ,h>vey1 :o made kn[n ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,8 biograph]1 ,ottley1 ref]r+ to 8 surgical op]ation = aneurism1 tell u t he 0 l$ to propose ! improv$ me?od1 9 consequ5ce ( ! frequ5t failure ( ! op]ation by ! old mode4 ,no ref]5ce :atev] is made to ! leg5d>y exp]im5t on ! /ag 9 ,ri*mond ,p>k4#a #a ,ottley's ,life ( ,hunt]1 p4 #ig4 ,( o!r exp]im5ts by ,hunt] we "k m4 ,sometimes 8 obs]vations 7 ( a "* t illu/rates 8 environm5t4 ,9 8 ,obs]vations ,hunt] tells u t at "o "t1 on go+ to b$ at night1 he obs]v$ bugs1 m>*+ d[n ! curta9s & head ( ! b$2 ( ^? kill$1 ,,none _h blood 9 !m4 ,9 ! morn+ ,i h obs]v$ !m m>*+ back1 & all su* 7 f\nd ,,full ,,( ,,blood6#b ,a wond]ful discov]y = a philosoph] to record1 leav+ unm5tion$ ! "o exp]im5t & obs]vation by :i* 8 fame is to be l9k$ ) t ( ,h>vey6 #b ,lett] to ,ottley1 ,life1 p4 #hi4 ,hunt] _h errone\s views on v>i\s matt]s ( sci5ce4 ,he believ$ t !re 0 no su* ?+ z a prim>y col\r1 e col\r be+ a mixture ( two1 mak+ a ?ird4 ,he tells u t he once =m$ a !ory t if a human be+ 7 completely froz51 life might be prolong$ a ?\s& ye>s1 he might le>n :at _h happ5$ dur+ 8 froz5 condition4#c ,8 biograph]1 ,ottley1 alludes to ?is !ory ( ,hunt]'s z a project :i*1 if realiz$1 he expect$ w\ld make 8 =tune4#d ,) ?is n altoge!r admirable object 9 view1 8 exp]im5ts ^u freez+ animals 7 d\btless made4 ,a dorm\se1 conf9$ 9 a cold mixture1 he tells u1 %[$ signs ( great uneas9ess2 sometimes x w\ld curl itself into r\nd =m to pres]ve its extremities & conf9e ! heat1 & f9d+ t ineffectual1 w\ld !n endeavor to escape4 ,its feet 7 at la/ froz51 b ,hunt] c\ld n freeze ! entire animal because ( ! protection af=d$ by ! hair4 ,h[ %\ld ! sci5ti/ ov]come ?is difficulty8 ,he pond]$ ov] ! problem2 !n made a dorm\se completely wet ov]1 & plac$ x 9 ! freez+-mixture4 ,! wret*$ animal made repeat$ attempts to escape1 b )\t avail1 & f9ally became quote /iff4 ,alas1 = ! gr& =tune6 ,hunt] tells u t on be+ ?aw$1 x 0 f\nd q dead6#a #c ,lectures1 i4 #bhd4 #d ,ottley's ,life ( ,hunt]1 p4 #eg4 #a ,hunt]'s ,works1 vol4 iv41 p4 #acc4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hunt] ^u ,engli% biology 0 und\bt$ly v great4 ,9 a mean & sordid society1 he 0 an en?usia/ = ! acquisition ( k1 & :ile 8 passion = physiology induc$--z x s (t5 does--an indiff]5ce reg>d+ ! infliction ( pa91 8 pitiless vivisections 7 n m cruel ?an exp]im5ts made 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury1 & "s ( !m by m5 ( national reputation4 ,he 0 ! type ( ! class ( exp]im5t]s :om ,dr4 ,johnson _h 9 8 m9d1 m5 ^: long practice 9 ! infliction ( torm5t creates an indiff]5ce to ! ord9>y emotions ( humanity1 s t ev5 9 ! causation ( agony !y f9d some?+ to amuse1 & 9 ! p]=mance ( ! mo/ pa9ful vivisection an occasion = supreme delight4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mag5die ,,& ,,8 ,,contempor>ies ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r any physiologi/ has ev] liv$ ^: cruelty to animals exce$$ t :i*1 = a long p]iod1 0 ex]cis$ by ,franc1ois ,mag5die4 ,born at ,bordeaux1 ,france1 9 #aghc1 j be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 he /udi$ m$ic9e1 receiv+ 8 m$ical degree 9 ! ye> #ahjh4 ,ent]+ ) "s ze/ ^u ! /udy ( physiology1 he publi%$ sev]al pamphlets reg>d+ 8 inve/igations1 & rapidly e>n$ t notoriety--:i* = "s natures is ! equival5t ( fame--= ! peculi> & ref9$ torm5ts :i*1 9 public demon/rations1 he took frequ5t occasion to inflict4 ,9 #ahba he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,in/itute2 9 #ahca he _h become a pr(essor 9 ! ,college de ,france1 a position he held = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,he di$ 9 #ahee4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ exposures ( ,mag5die's infam\s vivisections 0 made 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,on ,febru>y #bd1 #ahbe1 ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,m>t9 ( ,galway1 an ,iri% ,memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 mov$ to br+ 9 a ,bill = ! repression ( be>-bait+ & o!r =ms ( cruelty to animals4 ,8 "n is wor? rememb]+1 = to ?is ,ri*>d ,m>t9 belongs ! hon\r ( be+ "o ( ! fir/ m5 9 any l& :o attempt$ to secure "s repression ( cruelty to animals ?r\gh ! condemnation ( ! law4 ,dur+ 8 spee* on ?is occasion ,mr4 ,m>t9 said3 ,x 0 n m]ely be>-bait+ & sports ( a simil> "* t he wi%$ to aboli%2 !re 7 o!r practices1 equally cruel1 ) :i* he ?\ght ! legislature ought to int]f]e4 ,!re 0 a ,fr5*man by ! "n ( ,mag5die1 :om he consid]$ a disgrace to ,society4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ye> ?is man1 at "o ( 8 anatomical !atres1 exhibit$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts s atroci\s z almo/ to %ock belief4 ,?is ,m4 ,mag5die got a lady's greyh\nd4 ,fir/ ( all he nail$ its front1 & !n its h9d1 paws ) ! blunte/ spikes t he c\ld f9d1 giv+ z reason t ! poor bea/1 9 its agony1 might te> away f ! spikes if !y 7 at all %>p or cutt+4 ,he !n d\bl$ up its long e>s1 & nail$ !m d[n ) simil> spikes4 7,cries ( ,%ame6'7 ,he !n made a ga% d[n ! middle ( ! face1 & proce$$ to dissect all ! n]ves on "o side ( x4444 ,aft] he _h f9i%$ ^! op]ations1 ?is surgical but*] !n turn$ to ! spectators1 & said3 ,i h n[ f9i%$ my op]ations on "o side ( ?is dog's head1 & ,i %all res]ve ! o!r side till to-morr[4 ,if ! s]vant takes c>e ( him = ! night1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ,i %all be able to cont9ue my op]ations ^u him to-morr[ ) z mu* satisfaction to u all z ,i h done to-day2 b if n1 ,,al?\gh ,,he ,,may ,,h ,,lo/ ,,! ,,vivacity ,,he ,,has ,,%[n ,,to-,,day1 ,i %all h ! opportunity ( cutt+ him up alive1 & %[+ y ! motion ( ! he>t4' ,mr4 ,m>t9 add$ t he held 9 8 h&s ! writt5 decl>ations ( ,mr4 ,ab]ne?y1 ( ,sir ,ev]>d ,home 7& ( o!r di/+ui%$ m$ical m571 all unit+ 9 condemnation ( su* excessive & protract$ cruelty z _h be5 practis$ by ?is ,fr5*man4#a #a ,hans>d's ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahbe4 ,)9 ! pa/ =ty ye>s has ! cruelty ( ,mag5die be5 condemn$ by any ,engli% or ,am]ican physiologi/8 ,i h nev] se5 x4 ,! objection is sometimes rais$ t evid5ce l ?is ( ,mag5die's cruelty is only he>say4 ,is n ?is g5]ally ! case :]e inhumanity is conc]n$8 ,:5 ,wilb]=ce describ$ ! atrocities ( ! ,african slave trade1 or ,%aftesbury ! conditions p]ta9+ to *ildr5 9 coal-m9es & cotton mills1 _! /atem5ts 7 equally que/ion$2 yet1 :5 re=m _h be5 accompli%$1 nobody d\bt$ t1 al?\gh !y _h n p]sonally witness$ ! cruelties1 !y _h report$ only ! facts4 ,n[1 "o peculi>ity ( ,mag5die's vivisections ,,0 ,,_! ,,publicity4 ,!re 0 no attempt at concealm5t1 su* z gov]ns ! practice 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica to-day4 ,mag5die's exp]im5ts 7 publicly made1 seem+ly ) a desire to p>ade 8 contempt = any s5tim5t ( compassion t[>ds animals4 ,! evid5ce ( ,mag5die's cruelty is support$ by an ov]:elm+ am\nt ( evid5ce1 & to ,mr4 ,m>t9's acc\nt ( 8 vivisections1 none ( ,mag5die's ,engli% fri5ds or apologi/s ev] v5tur$ to reply 9 ! public j\rnals ( ! day4 ,an ,engli% physician1 ,dr4 ,john ,an?ony1 a pupil ( ,sir ,*>les ,bell & a /rong advocate ( vivisection1 has giv5 u a little acc\nt ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 #ahch1 :ile a /ud5t ( m$ic9e 9 ,p>is4 ,! ,engli% memb]s ( 8 class1 he says1 7 indignant at ! ,,cruelties :i* we saw manife/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,liv+ ,,creatures4444 ,:at ,i saw 9 ,p>is po9t$ to ?is3 t v frequ5tly m5 :o are 9 ! habit ( mak+ ^! exp]im5ts are v c>eless ( :at becomes ( ! animal :5 x has s]v$ its purpose2 444 ! animal is ?r[n 7aside7 to creep into a corn] & die4444 ,i h c>efully avoid$ see+ exp]im5ts 9 vivisection aft] ! awful dose :i* ,i _h ( x 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahch4 ,,! ,,m5 ,,!re ,,seem$ ,,to ,,c>e ,,no ,,m ,,= ,,! ,,pa9 ,,( ,,! ,,creature ,,be+ ,,op]at$ ,,^u ,,?an ,,if ,,x ,,7 ,,s ,,mu* ,,inorganic ,,matt]4#a #a ,vivisection ,report1 #ahgf1 ,que/ions #b1cdg1 #b1ddg1 #b1ehb4 ,ano!r witness ( ,mag5die's cruelty 0 ,dr4 ,william ,%>pey1 ,,ll4,d41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & = m ?an ?irty ye>s ! pr(essor ( physiology 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ,h&book ( ! ,physiological ,laboratory1 :i*1 :5 publi%$ 9 #ahga1 increas$ ! agitation aga9/ vivisection1 0 d$icat$ to ,pr(essor ,%>pey4 ,be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection1 9 #ahgf1 he gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce3 ,:5 ,i 0 a v "y man1 /udy+ 9 ,p>is1 ,i w5t to ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( lectures :i* ,mag5die gave ^u exp]im5tal physiology2 & ,i 0 s utt]ly repell$ by :at ,i witness$ t ,i nev] w5t aga94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y 7 pa9ful 79 ^? days !re 7 no anae/hetics71 & sometimes !y 7 sev]e2 & !n ,,!y ,,7 ,,)\t ,,suffici5t ,,object4 ,= example1 ,mag5die made incisions into ! sk9 ( rabbits & o!r creatures ,,to ,,%[ ,,t ,,! ,,sk9 ,,is ,,s5sitive6 ,surely all ! _w kn[s ! sk9 is s5sitive2 no exp]im5t is want$ to prove t4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts he made 7 ( a simil> "*1 ,,& ,,he ,,put ,,! ,,animals ,,to ,,dea?1 ,,f9ally1 ,,9 ,a ,,v ,,pa9ful ,,way4444 ,"s ( 8 exp]im5ts excit$ a /rong feel+ ( abhorr5ce1 n 9 ! public m]ely1 b among physiologi/s4 ,!re 0 8--,i 0 go+ to say fam\s' exp]im5t2 x might r h be5 call$ ,,infam\s' exp]im5t ^u vomit+ 4444 ,besides its atrocity1 x 0 really purposeless4#b #b ,evid5ce be=e ,royal ,commission1 #ahge1 ,que/ions #ddd1 #dgd4 ,( ,mag5die's cruelty we h ?us ! evid5ce ( ! be/-kn[n ,engli% physiologi/ ( 8 day4 ,ev5 by 8 own c\ntrym5 ,mag5die's pitilessness 0 d5\nc$4 ,dr4 ,lat\r1 ! f\nd] & editor ( ! lead+ m$ical j\rnal ( ,france--,l',union ,me'dicale-- has giv5 u an incid5t :i* occurr$ 9 8 pres5ce1 translations ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! editorial columns ( ! ,london ,lancet & ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfc4 ,i recall to m9d a poor dog1 ! roots ( ^: v]tebral n]ves ,mag5die desir$ to lay b>e to demon/rate ,bell's !ory1 :i* he claim$ z 8 own4 ,! dog1 already mutilat$ & ble$+1 twice escap$ f "u ! implacable knife1 & ?rew 8 =epaws ar\nd ,mag5die's neck1 lick+1 z if to s(t5 8 murd]] & ask = m]cy6 ,vivisectors may laugh1 b ,i confess ,i 0 unable to endure t he>tr5d+ spectacle4#a #a ,! ,london ,lancet1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfc4 ,! pro( ( ,mag5die's f]oci\s cruelty to 8 victims seems ov]:elm+4 ,9 ,france1 says ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 "s ( ! mo/ em95t physiologi/s h ga9$ an un5viable notoriety z ,,pitiless ,,tortur]s1 444 exp]im5t]s :o w\ld n take ! tr\ble to put out ( pa9 ! wret*$ dogs on :i* !y exp]im5t$1 ev5 aft] !y _h s]v$ _! purpose1 b left !m to p]i% ( l+]+ torture 4444 ,x is pleas+ to contra/ ! m]ciless horrors enact$ by ,mag5die--) ! reluctance manife/$ by ,sir ,*>les ,bell4#b ,dr4 ,elliotson1 9 8 "w on ,human ,physiology1 /ates t ,mag5die cut liv+ animals "h & !re1 ) no def9ite object ,,b ,,to ,,see ,,:at ,,w\ld ,,happ54#c ,9 a s]mon on cruelty to animals1 prea*$ at ,ed9burgh1 ,m>* #e1 #ahbf1 by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ! speak] especially alludes to ,,! ,,atrocities ,,( ,a ,,mag5die1 !n rec5tly made kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,sir ,james ,paget1 once te/ifi$ t ,mag5die disgu/$ p v mu* ,,by ,,%[+ ,,contempt ,,= ,,! ,,pa9 ,,( ,,animals4#a ,! great sci5ti/1 ,*>les ,d>w91 9 a lett] to ! ,london ,times1 made ref]5ce to ,mag5die z a physiologi/ ,,notori\s1 half a c5tury ago1 ,,= ,,8 ,,cruel ,,exp]im5ts4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t inhumanity may be f\nd 9 p]sons ( v high position z physiologi/s4 ,,we ,,h ,,se5 ,,t ,,x ,,0 ,,s ,,9 ,,mag5die4 ,?is is ! language ( ! f9al report ( ! ,commission1 to :i* 0 affix$ ! "n ( ,pr(essor ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley1 ! mo/ brilliant sci5tific writ] ( ! la/ c5tury4 #b ,wilson's ,life ( ,reid1 p4 #afe4 #c ,human ,physiology1 p4 #dbh4 #a ,evid5ce be=e ,royal ,commission1 #ahge1 ,"q #cga4 ,mag5die left u a s+ul>ly tru?ful e/imate ( 8 own "* & ( 8 sci5tific accompli%m5ts :5 he decl>$ himself to be simply a /reet scav5g] 7un *iffoni]7 ( sci5ce4 ,) my hook 9 my h& & my basket on my back1 ,i ramble ab\t ! /reets ( sci5ce & ga!r up :atev] ,i c f9d4 ,! comp>ison 0 s+ul>1 b x 0 apt2 he 01 inde$1 ! ragpick] ( physiology4 ,) a scav5g]'s s5se ( hon\r he endeavor$ to rob ,sir ,*>les ,bell ( ! cr$it = 8 discov]y conc]n+ ! functions ( ! sp9al n]ves1 by a prodigality ( torm5t1 f :i* ! nobl] nature ( ! ,engli% sci5ti/ in/9ctively recoil$4 ,:5 !re came to him an opportunity ( exp]im5t+ on man1 he embrac$ x ) avidity1 & aga9 & aga91 :ile op]at+ = cat>act1 plung$ 8 ne$le to ! bottom ( ! pati5t's eye1 t he might le>n ! effect ( me*anical irritation ( ! delicate organ ( sight4#a ,"s rags & tatt]s ( physiology he b\ght--at ! price ( immeasurable torm5t--& held !m up = ! admiration ( 8 contempor>ies2 b 9 ! great conflict ) disease & dea? x may be que/ion$ :e!r he add$ a s+le fact t has increas$ ! pot5cy ( m$ical art1 ! l5g? ( human life1 or ! sum ( human happ9ess4 #a ,mag5die naturally _h no hesitancy 9 tell+ ( ^! exp]im5ts made ^u 8 pati5ts at ! cl9ique ( my hospital4 ,see 8 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,physiology 7translat$ by ,dr4 ,john ,rev]e74 ,new ,york1 #ahdd1 p4 #fd4 ,su* 0 ,franc1ois ,mag5die1 physiologi/ & tortur]1 judg$ by sci5tific m5 & physiologi/s ( a high] race1 to :om compassion 0 n unkn[n4 ,= undisguis$ contempt ( pity1 = delight 9 cruelty1 = ! infliction ( ref9$ & +5i\s torm5t1 he may h be5 equally by "s :o foll[$ & imitat$ him1 b c]ta9ly he 0 nev] surpass$4 ,ano!r di/+ui%$ ,fr5* *iffoni] 9 ! slum-di/ricts ( sci5tific exploration 0 ,dr4 ,l4 ,j4 ,bra*et1 a contempor>y ( ,mag5die4 ,9 8 day he 0 a man ( ext5d$ reputation z a vivisector ( animals4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$3 ,re*]*es ,expe'rim5tales de ,sy/eme ,n]veux444p> ,j4 ,l4 ,bra*et1 ,membre de l',acade'mie ,royale de ,me'dec9e & memb] ( simil> academies at ,b]l91 ,cop5hag51 & else:]e2 memb] ( v>i\s m$ical societies ( ,p>is1 ,lyons1 ,bordeaux1 & ,m>seilles--! title-page ( 8 book records 8 fame4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to /udy ! "* ( ! exp]im5tation1 record$ by himself1 ^u :i* re/s 8 em95ce z a sci5tific man4 ,8 fir/ great discov]y un=tunately has n yet be5 accord$ sci5tific acceptance4 ,x is little1 he says1 to h prov5 ! exi/5ce ( s5sibility 9 animals2 ,i h prov5 t s5sation p]ta9s n m]ely to animals1 b t x also is ! prop]ty ( vegetables--9 a ^w1 ,,( ,,ev]y?+ ,,t ,,lives4 ,ev]y:]e x acts 9 ! same mann]1 ?r\gh ! n]ves4 ,! entire vegetable k+dom possesses ! s5se ( feel+ 7t\s les vegetaux poss$5t la faculte de s5ti]74#a #a ,re*]*es1 etc41 p4 #ac4 ,_h ,bra*et conf9$ himself solely to exp]im5ts on ! s5sibility ( plants1 we %\ld h little to criticize4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 8 sci5tific ta/es l$ him 9 ano!r direction4 ,he belong$ to a class ( m5 :o _c p]mit ! mo/ app>5t fact to be tak5 = grant$1 :51 at ! co/ ( torm5t1 x may be demon/rat$--m5 l ,mag5die1 :o insi/$ on prov+ to 8 /ud5ts t an animal c\ld really feel pa9 by /abb+ x ) 8 knife be=e comm5c+ 8 exp]im5t4 ,bra*et's problem 0 a simple "o4 ,we all "k1 = in/ance1 t an animal--a dog--may feel an int5se dislike to "s p>ticul> p]son4 ,:y8 ,because ( impressions convey$ to ! bra9 ( ! animal by ! s5ses ( sight & he>+4 ,outside an asylum = idiots1 x is probable t no "o ev] que/ion$ ! fact4 ,bra*et1 h[ev]1 w\ld n p]mit 8 read]s to accept any /atem5t m]ely ^u ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 :5 x might be prov5 sci5tifically1 & he has describ$ 9 8 book ! exp]im5ts by :i* he claims to h demon/rat$ 8 !ory4 ,,exp]im5t #afb4--;,i inspir$ a dog ) ! /ronge/ possible hatr$ = me by teas+ x & inflict+ ^u x "s pa9 e "t ,i saw x4 ,:5 ?is feel+ _h rea*$ its height1 s t ! animal became furi\s :5ev] x saw or he>d me1 ,i put out its eyes je lui fis crev] les yeux4 ,i c\ld !n appe> be=e x )\t its manife/+ any av]sion4 ,i spoke1 & imm$iately its b>k+s & furi\s movem5ts p]mitt$ no d\bt ( ! rage :i* animat$ x4 ,i !n de/roy$ ! drum ( ! e>s1 & disorganiz$ z mu* z ,i c\ld ( ! inn] e>4 ,:5 ! int5se inflammation ?us excit$ _h r5d]$ x almo/ deaf1 ,i fill$ its e>s ) wax1 & x c\ld he> me no long]4 ,!n ,i c\ld /& by its side1 speak to x 9 a l\d voice1 & ev5 c>ess x1 )\t awak5+ its ang]2 inde$1 x appe>$ s5sible ( my c>esses6 ,!re is no ne$ to describe ano!r exp]im5t ( ! same k9d1 made ^u ano!r dog1 s9ce ! results 7 ! same4 ,by ?is great exp]im5t1 :at valuable k 0 convey$8 ,simply t a dog1 depriv$ ( sight & he>+1 w n manife/ antipa?y to a man x c nei!r see nor he>6 ,a true vivisector is nev] at a loss to inv5t excuse or occasion = an exp]im5t4 ,dr4 ,bra*et _h made x cle> t a dog w n manife/ antipa?y t[>d an enemy ^: pres5ce x _c p]ceive2 b suppose su* a mutilat$ creature1 9 its d>kness & sil5ce1 7 subject$ to "s %>p & cont9u\s physical pa91 :at !n w\ld happ58 ,he proce$$ to asc]ta93 ,,exp]im5t #afc4--;,i began ! exp]im5t on ano!r dog by putt+ out its eyes p> crev] les yeux1 & break+ up ! int]nal e>s4 ,t5 days lat]1 ,,! ,,suff]+ ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,hav+ ,,app>5tly ,,ceas$1 aft] assur+ myself t x c\ld no long] see nor he>1 ,i made a sore 9 ! middle ( its back4 ,,e ,,mom5t ,i ,,irritat$ ,,?is ,,w\ld ,,by ,,pick+ ,,x ,,) ,a ,,ne$le a *aque in/ant j'irritai sa plaie en la piquant avec un aiguillon4 ,at fir/ ! dog did no?+ b yelp & try to escape1 b ! impossibility ( ?is ,,=c$ ,,him ,,unceas+ly ,,to ,,receive ,,excruciat+ ,,pa92 & f9ally ! dog pass$ into a /ate ( fr5zy s viol5t1 t at la/ x c\ld be induc$ by t\*+ any "p ( its body4444 ,! dog _h no reason ( hatr$ aga9/ any individual2 444 bo? sight & he>+ _h be5 de/roy$2 & _m p]sons ! animal _h nev] se51 provok$ its rage by irritat+ ! w\nd4 ,( su* an abom9able exp]im5t1 h[ev] sci5tific x may appe>1 x is difficult to speak ) re/ra9t4 ,to ! av]age man or woman x w probably seem t no?+ m fi5di% or cruel c be f\nd any:]e 9 ! d>k records ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,dr4 ,bra*et 0 no obscure or unexp]i5c$ vivisector4 ,at "o "t he 0 ! pr(essor ( physiology 9 a m$ical s*ool2 he 0 a memb] ( _m le>n$ societies at home & abroad4 ,b ?9k ( an educat$ man procur+ a little dog & delib]ately putt+ out its eyes2 !n break+ up ! int]nal e>1 s t = _m days ! animal mu/ h endur$ excruciat+ angui% f ! inflammation ?us induc$2 next1 :5 ! pa9 _h some:at subsid$1 creat+ a sore on ! back by removal ( ! sk92 & !n1 aft] com=tably seat+ himself 9 8 physiological laboratory by ! side ( 8 victim1 sci5tifically pick+1 & pi]c+1 & prick+ ! w\nd1 )\t respite-- con/antly1 )\t ceas+--until ! bl9d$ & deaf5$ & tortur$ creature is driv5 into fr5zy by torm5ts :i* x felt cont9ually1 :i* x c\ld n compreh5d1 & f :i*1 by no ex]tion1 x 0 able to def5d itself6 ,?9k ( ! sci5ti/ ask+ _m o!r le>n$ m5 to jo9 him f "t to "t 9 ! exp]im5t1 & to take "p 9 pick+ at ! w\nd1 9 torm5t+ ! mutilat$ & bl9d$ victim1 & 9 driv+ x aga9 & aga9 to ! madness ( despair6 ,does anyone say t su* an exp]im5t c\ld n be made to-day8 ,9 "o ( ! l>ge/ laboratories ( ,am]ica1 & )9 t5 ye>s1 an exp]im5t equally cruel1 equally useless1 has be5 p]=m$4 ,! mod]n def5d] ( unre/rict$ vivisection di/9ctly insi/s t no legal imp$im5t %\ld h9d] ! p]=mance ( any inve/igation desir$ by any exp]im5t]4 ,x 0 ! editor ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal :o once decl>$ t :oev] has n se5 an animal "u exp]im5t ,,_c ,,=m ,,an ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,habitual ,,practices ,,( ,,! ,,vivisectors4#a ,?is accords ) ! /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[1 = =ty ye>s connect$ ) ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 t1 aside f motives1 pa9ful vivisection diff]$ ma9ly f o!r phases ( cruelty 9 be+ practis$ by an educat$ class1 :o1 hav+ once become call\s to its objectionable features1 f9d ! pursuit an int]e/+ occupation1 "u ! "n ( ,sci5ce4 #a ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,septemb] #ai1 #ahfc 7lead+ editorial7 ,& ?is 0 ! case ( ,bra*et4 ,,he ,,_h ,,become ,,call\s4 ,he f\nd torm5t an int]e/+ occupation1 "u ! "n ( ,sci5ce4 ,may !re n be o!rs 9 our day to :om ! same criticism is only too applicable8 ,"o ( ! ,engli% critics ( ! abuses ( vivisection a c5tury ago 0 ,dr4 ,john ,ab]ne?y ( ,london1 a ,lectur] on ,physiology at ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ! f\nd] ( ! m$ical s*ool atta*$ to ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ surgeon 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,ab]ne?y 0 by no means an antivivisectioni/2 he insi/$ ^u ! utility ( c]ta9 demon/rations1 b he 0 pr(\ndly oppos$ to ^? cruelties ( rese>* :i*1 9 our day1 by ! mod]n s*ool ( physiologi/s1 are ei!r =gott5 or condon$4 curi\sly en\gh1 "o ( 8 /ronge/ utt]ances aga9/ su* cruelty 0 made 9 "o ( 8 lectures on physiology4 ,!re9 he said3 ,!re is "o po9t ,i feel x a duty to adv]t to4 ,mr4 ,hunt]1 :om ,i %\ld n h believ$ to h be5 v scrupul\s ab\t inflict+ suff]+ ^u animals1 nev]!less c5sures ,spallanzani = ! unmean+ repetition ( simil> exp]im5ts4 ,hav+ resolv$ publicly to express my own op9ions ) reg>d to ! subject1 ,i *oose ! pres5t opportunity1 ,,because ,i ,,believe ,,spallanzani ,,to ,,h ,,be5 ,,"o ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,h ,,tortur$ ,,& ,,de/roy$ ,,animals ,,9 ,,va94 ,i d n p]ceive t 9 ! two pr9cipal subjects :i* he has s\ght to elucidate he has add$ any important fact to our /ock ( k2 &1 besides1 "s ( 8 exp]im5ts are ( a nature t a good man w\ld blu% to ?9k (1 & a wise man w\ld h be5 a%am$ to publi%4#a #a ,physiological ,lectures1 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #afd4 ,?is is a unique expression4 ,"o may be absolutely c]ta9 t no pr(essor ( physiology dur+ ! pa/ =ty ye>s has ?us op5ly condemn$ 9 a physiology lecture any ( 8 contempor>ies = ! cruelty ( _! exp]im5ts4 ,9 8 ,life ( ,ab]ne?y1 8 biograph]1 ,dr4 ,macilwa91 ref]s to exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals1 ,,:i* ,,are ,,s ,,revolt+ ,,f ,,_! ,,cruelty1 t ! m9d recoils f ! contemplation ( !m4 ,?is1 too1 is a notewor?y utt]ance1 com+ f "o :o 0 a di/+ui%$ ,london surgeon & a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,9 a subsequ5t "w entitl$ ,rem>ks on ,vivisection1 publi%$ "s sev5te5 ye>s be=e ! date ascrib$ by ,pr(essor ,b[dit* z t m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( criticism1 he ref]s aga9 to ! views ( ,ab]ne?y3 ,z = exp]im5ts on liv+ animals involv+ suff]+1 ,mr4 ,ab]ne?y disapprov$ ( !m1 & seldom allud$ to !m b 9 t]ms ( di/ru/1 d]ision1 or disgu/4 ,t ! criticism ( exp]im5tal cruelty did n beg9 9 #ahfd1 z imag9$ by ,pr(essor ,b[dit*1 ! quotations "h giv5 suffici5tly demon/rate4 ,beyond ?is demon/ration1 does ! hi/ory ( ^! savage torm5tors h any lesson = u to-day8 ,!y belong$ to ano!r c5tury4 ,%\ld !y n be =giv51 & _! exp]im5ts condon$8 ,:y n conf9e att5tion solely to ! laboratory ( to-day8 ,:y blame ,bra*et & ,mag5die & ,spallanzani1 to :om anae/hesia 0 unkn[n8 ,!re is a false sugge/ion 9 ?is prote/1 :i*1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 we he> (t5 to-day4 ,x is ! gratuit\s assumption put =? 9 def5ce1 t if anae/hetics _h only be5 kn[n to physiologi/s be=e #ahdf1 !y w\ld inv>iably h be5 us$4 ,any su* sugge/ion is manife/ly false4 ,if ^! exp]im5ts ( ,bra*et & ( o!rs to be m5tion$ 7 to be made at all1 x 0 necess>y t ! animal %\ld be consci\s ( ! agony x exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! mo/ complete laboratory = vivisection ( ! pres5t "t--9 ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 = example--no sci5ti/ c\ld drive a dog ,,into ,a ,,fr5zy :ile x lies absolutely unconsci\s "u ! influ5ce ( *lor(orm6 ,we may say ?is ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,mag5die on ! n]v\s sy/em1 = aside f ! prelim9>y cutt+ op]ation1 su* exp]im5ts dem&$ ! consci\sness ( ! victim4 ,t :i* humanity has a "r to c5sure 9 ^! physiologi/s is ! _s ( absolute indiff]5ce to animal suff]+1 ! will+ness to subject a liv+ creature to agony )\t adequate reason = ! infliction ( pa94 ,! discov]y ( *lor(orm or e!r made no *ange 9 human nature4 ,"s ( ! wor/ ( vivisections h be5 made1 n m]ely s9ce anae/hetics 7 discov]$1 b )9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,ov] tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! prop]ties ( e!r _h be5 discov]$1 ! mo/ prom95t vivisector 9 ,engl& told ! ,royal ,commission t1 except = tea*+ purposes1 ,i nev] use anae/hetics :]e x is n necess>y = conv5i5ce1 & t an exp]im5t] ,,_h ,,no ,,"t1 ,,s ,,to ,,speak1 ,,= ,,?9k+ ,,:at ,,! ,,animal ,,w ,,feel ,,or ,,suff]4#a #a ,evid5ce be=e ,royal ,commission1 #ahge1 ,que/ions #c1ech1 #cedj4 ,unre/rict$ vivisection is ! same to-day z a c5tury ago4 ,9 _m cases its op]ations involve little or no pa92 9 _m cases !re seems to be ! same absolute indiff]5ce to ! agony inflict$ t 0 manife/$ by ! vivisectors ( a hundr$ ye>s s9ce4 ,:]e ! law does n int]f]e1 ,,ev]y?+ ,,is ,,possible4 ,:e!r !re is cruelty or consid]ation dep5ds on ! _s ( ! vivisector4 ,x 0 no ignorant layman1 b ! presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 :o1 9 8 annual address1 decl>$ t !re 7 ,am]ican vivisectors :o seem1 seek+ useless k1 to be bl9d to ! wri?+ agony & deaf to ! cry ( pa9 ( _! victims1 ,,& ,,:o ,,h ,,be5 ,,guilty ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,damnable ,,cruelties1 )\t ! d5unciation ( ! public & ! pr(ession t _! wick$ness des]ves4#a ,& t vivisector ( to-day1 :o sugge/s t if anae/hetics _h be5 kn[n to ,mag5die or ,bra*et1 !y w\ld inv>iably h be5 us$1 is ei!r ignorant or ins9c]e4 ,surely he mu/ "k t ! v nature ( _! exp]im5ts preclud$ ! use ( e!r1 & t 9 _! "t1 z to-day1 if ! exp]im5t 7 to be tri$ at all1 x 0 necess>y t ! pa9 be felt4 #a ,address be=e ,am]ican ,academy ( ,m$ic9e at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,may #d1 #ahia1 by ,!ophilus ,p>v91 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 pr(essor 9 ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,!re are o!r reasons :y we %\ld n p]mit ! pa/ to be =gott54 ,we are confront$ by ! *all5ge ( ! laboratory4 ,beh9d ! lock$ & b>r$ doors ( ! vivisection *amb]1 to :i* no man c ga9 admission unless kn[n to be fri5dly to its practices1 ! vivisector ( to-day *all5ges society to prove ! exi/5ce ( cruelty or abuse4 ,! vivisector dem&s absolute fre$om ( action1 he dem&s ! mo/ complete privacy1 he dem&s total indep5d5ce ( all legal sup]vision--& !n *all5ges ! production ( pro( t any criticism is ju/ifi$6 ,)9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ! laboratory a ,bra*et1 a ,mag5die1 a ,claude ,be'rn>d may be exp]im5t+ to-day ) a pr(usion ( victims1 protect$ by _! seclusion f e possibility ( compla9t4 ,= 9 :at respect does ! _s t animates rese>* to-day diff] f t manife/$ by exp]im5t]s ( ! pa/8 ,9 all ! lit]ature ( advocacy = unre/rict$ vivisection c "o po9t out a ^w ( criticism ( ,mag5die or ,bra*et or ,be'rn>d1 or any?+ b expressions ( exculpation1 ( admiration1 & ( praise8 ,an ,engli% writ] on animal exp]im5tation1 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,paget1 _h occasion1 9 a rec5t "w1 to ref] to ! exp]im5tation ( bo? ,mag5die & ,sir ,*>les ,bell4 ,does he criticize or condemn ,mag5die's cruelty8 ,no4 ,he tells u1 incid5tally1 t ,bell always _h a great dislike to ! s*ool ( ,mag5die1 add+1 ) indiff]5ce1 ,,let ,,all ,,t ,,pass4 ,^! words aptly express ! s5tim5t & ! wi%4 ,gladly1 inde$1 w\ld ! physiological laboratory hide ! pa/ f ! memory ( mank9d2 ,i d n believe 9 acc$+ to t desire4 ,:5 ! lead+ physiologi/ ( 8 day1 address+ an audi5ce ( physicians1 ref]s to an e>ly criticism ( physiological cruelty z a collection ( blood-curdl+ /ories1 !re is desire n to inve/igate1 b to ridicule & discr$it hi/oric facts4 ,:5 m5 ( sci5ce put =? :at !y claim to be1 a pla9 /atem5t ( ! :ole tru?1 )\t "o ^w ( ref]5ce to ! abuses ( ! pa/1 !y practically ?r[ du/ 9 ! air to hide ! tru? f ! public eye4 ,t x may h be5 done ignorantly & )\t any wi% to deceive is n suffici5t to e>n exculpation1 = 9 ei!r case ! evil is accompli%$4 ,( "o ,engli% physiologi/ ( t p]iod1 ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 x is impossible to speak except 9 t]ms ( admiration & e/eem4 ,born 9 #aggd1 8 long & useful life t]m9at$ 9 #ahdb1 f\r ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( anae/hesia4 ,no "o c read 8 correspond5ce ) 8 bro!r1 publi%$ _m ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 )\t recogniz+ ! innate beauty & nobility ( 8 "*4 ,:5 news ( ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo rea*$ ,engl&1 he--! lead+ surgeon ( 8 day--/>t$ = ! battlefield4 ,! /ory ( 8 exp]i5ce is "o ( ! mo/ graphic pictures ( ! effects ( w> to be f\nd 9 mod]n lit]ature4 ,x 0 ,sir ,*>les ,bell :o made to physiology ! greate/ contribution :i* _h come to x s9ce ! discov]y by ,h>vey ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 & yet ?is discov]y 0 made by reason+ ^u ! facts ( anatomy r ?an by exp]im5t+ ^u animals4 ,an ,engli% physiologi/1 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 admits ?is3 ,to ,*>les ,bell is due ! m]it ( hav+ made ! fundam5tal discov]y ( ! di/9ction betwe5 motor & s5sory fibres4 ,l$ to ?is view by reflect+ on ! di/ribution ( ! n]ves1 he exp]im5tally v]ifi$ 8 conclusions4444 ,9 8 lectures on ! n]v\s sy/em ,bell himself /ates t 8 discov]ies1 s f> f be+ ! result ( vivisections1 71 on ! contr>y1 d$uctions f anatomy2 & ,i h _h rec\rse to exp]im5ts1 n to =m my own op9ions1 b to impress !m ^u o!rs4 ,t :i* det]m9es ! judgm5t ( ! _w ^u human actions is ! _s t animates !m4 ,sir ,*>les ,bell 0 n an antivivisectioni/4 ,:5 exp]im5ts on animals seem$ to him absolutely indisp5sable1 he _h rec\rse to !m1 b always ) repugnance1 & ) desire to avoid giv+ ( pa94 ,9 8 lectures on ! n]v\s sy/em he speaks ?us ( "s ( 8 "w3 ,aft] delay+ long on acc\nt ( ! unpleasant nature ( ! op]ation1 ,i op5$ ! sp9al canal4444 ,i 0 det]r$ f repeat+ ! exp]im5t by ! protract$ cruelty ( ! dissection4 ,i reflect$ t ! exp]im5t w\ld be satisfactory if done on an animal rec5tly knock$ d[n & ins5sible4 ,& on ano!r occasion1 writ+ to 8 bro!r1 he says3 ,i %\ld be writ+ a ?ird pap] on ! n]ves2 b ,i _c proce$ )\t mak+ "s exp]im5ts1 :i* are s unpleasant to make t ,i def] !m4 ,y may ?9k me silly1 b ,i _c p]fectly conv9ce myself t ,i am au?oriz$ 9 ,nature or ,religion to d ^! cruelties 4444 ,& yet :at are my exp]im5ts 9 comp>ison ) ^? :i* are daily done1 & are done daily = no?+8 ,su* extreme s5sibility1 su* sympa!tic hesitancy to inflict great suff]+ 9 an attempt to discov] "s fact1 w\ld be ridicul$ at ! pres5t day 9 e laboratory 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,x is typical1 h[ev]1 ( a s5tim5t t once prevail$4 ,are we any bett] because x has s l>gely disappe>$8 ,= great cruelty 0 !re ev] great remorse8 ,! cases are n _m2 be=e ! self-condemnation ( a dy+ man & ! f9al sc5e1 fri5d%ip may feel x be/ to draw ! veil4 ,yet "o case ( ?is poignant regret is wor?y consid]ation1 & %all h relation4 ,,*apt] ,v ,a ,,vivisector',s ,,remorse ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury !re di$ 9 ,scotl& 9 ! prime ( life a physiologi/1 n[ almo/ =gott51 ^: fate excit$ at ! "t an unusual degree ( compassionate int]e/4 ,born 9 #ahji1 ,john ,reid receiv$ 8 m$ical degree :5 b tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,a "p ( ! two ye>s foll[+ he sp5t 9 ,p>is1 :]e ,mag5die 0 at ! height ( 8 notoriety = ! ru?less cruelty ( 8 vivisections4 ,:at attract$ ! "y man we d n "k1 b ,reid seems to h become greatly int]e/$ 9 physiological problems4 ,return+ to ,scotl&1 he pursu$ 8 inve/igations ) all ! zeal ( y\?1 & app>5tly ) little or no reg>d = ! animal suff]+ he caus$4 ,= in/ance1 ( exp]im5ts :i* he made to prove a c]ta9 !ory1 he tells u3 ,i h expos$ ! trunk ( ! p> vagum 9 ! neck ( at lea/ ?irty animals1 & 9 all ( ^! ! p9*+1 cutt+1 & ev5 /ret*+ ( ! n]ve ,,7 ,,att5d$ ,,by ,,indications ,,( ,,sev]e ,,suff]+4 ,x 0 frequ5tly difficult to sep>ate ! n]ve f ! art]y ,,on ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,viol5t ,,/ruggles ,,( ,,! ,,animal4#a #a ,physiological ,rese>*es1 by ,john ,reid1 p4 #ib4 7,9 all quotations ! italics are ! compil]'s47 ,reg>d+ ! pa9 inflict$ by him 9 c]ta9 o!r vivisections1 ,reid is equally frank 9 8 admissions3 ,9 repeat$ exp]im5ts ^u ! l>yngeal n]ves1 we f\nd 9 all animals op]at$ ^u 7except two dogs1 :i* appe>$ ,,consid]ably ,,exhau/$ ,,by ,,great ,,previ\s ,,suff]+7 ample gr\nd = diss5t+ f ! /atem5ts ( ,dr4 ,alcock4444 ,) ! exceptions m5tion$1 ,,v ,,sev]e ,,indications ,,( ,,suff]+ 444 ,,att5d$ ,,! ,,p9*+ ,,& ,,cutt+ ,,( ,,! ,,n]ve4#a #a ,physiological ,rese>*es1 p4 #gc4 ,"s physiological obs]v]s h rem>k$ t among ! m highly organiz$ species ( animals ! creature /ruggles aga9/ ! ligatures previ\s to a second op]ation m ?an x did at its fir/ exp]i5ce4 ,x is evid5t t 9 su* cases1 9 animals z well z among human be+s1 ! memory ( agony endur$ creates a m5tal condition ( t]ror & fe>4 ,b :at effect w\ld ! emotion ( t]ror h ^u ! he>t's action if c]ta9 n]ves 7 fir/ sev]$8 ,bra*et relates an exp]im5t :]e9 he tortur$ a dog 9 e conceivable way1 yet ! he>t's action 0 n notably quick5$ if su* n]ves 7 fir/ divid$4 ,reid det]m9$1 !re=e1 to exp]im5t = himself ^u ?is emotion ( ,,t]ror induc$ by memory ( previ\s pa91 & six dogs 7 select$ = 8 purpose4 ,! n]ves 7 fir/ cut 9 ! middle ( ! neck1 & a portion ( ea* remov$4 ,he !n tells u ! results3 ,aft] ! op]ation1 ! pulsations ( ! he>t 7 reckon$ :5 ! animal 0 ly+ or /&+ on ! gr\nd1 & ,,aft] ,,x ,,_h ,,be5 ,,c>ess$ ,,= ,,"s ,,"t ,,to ,,calm ,,its ,,fe>s4 ,x 0 !n lift$ up on ! table1 on :i* x _h be5 ti$1 & op]at$ ^u2 & aft] hav+ be5 spok5 to ,,h>%ly1 ! pulsations 7 aga9 reckon$4 ,9 e case ,reid not$ t ! he>t's action increas$ f #bj to #dj beats p] m9ute on lift+ ! animal to ! vivisection table1 :]eon x _h previ\sly suff]$ torm5t4 ,he adds3 ,9 ^? exp]im5ts x 0 p>ticul>ly obs]v$ t ! animals made no /ruggles 9 c>ry+ !m to & f ! table1 & consequ5tly ! increas$ excitation ( ! he>t ,,mu/ ,,h ,,aris5 ,,f ,,! ,,m5tal ,,emotion ,,( ,,t]ror4 ,9 a sev5? dog ?is 0 conjo9$ ) viol5t /ruggles4 ,! pulsations1 eight h\rs aft] ! op]ation1 7 #acj2 ,,:5 ,,plac$ ,,on ,,! ,,table ,,& ,,made ,,to ,,/ruggle1 ! pulsations 7 ab\t #bbj2 :5 he _h be5 ,,subject$ ,,to ,,pa91 & /ruggl$ m viol5tly1 !y became s frequ5t t !y c\ld n be accurately reckon$4 ,^! exp]im5ts444prove t aft] ! section ( ! vagi ! pulsations ( ! he>t may n only be quick5$ by muscul> ex]tion1 b also by ,,m5tal ,,emotions4#a #a ,reid1 ,physiological ,rese>*es1 pp4 #afh-aga4 ,objection is (t5 made to ! citation ( vivisections :i* occurr$ be=e ! discov]y ( e!r or *lor(orm4 ,b 9 ^! exp]im5ts ( ,reid--z 9 ^? ( ,bra*et--! use ( anae/hetics1 ev5 _h !y be5 kn[n to him1 w\ld h be5 a h9drance4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,anyone ,,exp]im5t ,,on ,,! ,,m5tal ,,emotions ,,( ,,an ,,animal ,,:ile ,,x ,,is ,,pr(\ndly ,,ins5sible ,,to ,,all ,,ext]nal ,,influ5ces8 ,! idea is an absurdity4 ,! biography ( ,reid ?us ref]s to ?is v po9t3 ,allusion has be5 made to ! infliction ( suff]+ on liv+ animals4444 ,?is suff]+ 0 n m]ely incid5tal to dissections1 b 9 _m ( ! exp]im5ts record$ ,,0 ,,delib]ately ,,inflict$4 ,9 _m ( ! exp]im5ts1 ,,ev5 ,,if ,,anae/hetics ,,_h ,,be5 ,,kn[n at ! p]iod ( 8 obs]vations1 ,,!y ,,c\ld ,,n ,,h ,,be5 ,,employ$4444 ,x 0 ess5tial to ! settlem5t ( ! "q t ! animal %\ld be left ,,to ,,exhibit ,,all ,,! ,,pa9 ,,x ,,felt1 ,,& ,,%\ld ,,be ,,expressly ,,subject$ ,,to ,,torture4#b #b ,life ( ,john ,reid1 by ,geo4 ,wilson1 ,m4,d41 #aheb1 p4 #aec4 ,& precisely ! same apology is put =w>d to-day4 ,m ?an once1 by high sci5tific au?ority1 ! public has be5 com=tably assur$ t n[adays anae/hetics are always employ$1 9 sev]ely pa9ful exp]im5ts1 ,,except 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i* ,,! ,,anae/hetic ,,w\ld ,,int]f]e ,,) ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,! ,,exp]im5t4 ,truly x is a broad exception4 ,= all we "k1 x is ! laboratory's excuse1 ev5 = ! pres5t-day repetition ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,mag5die1 ,bra*et1 & ,reid4 ,! anae/hetic w\ld int]f]e4 ,b :at 0 ! value ( all ?is exp]im5tation ^u m9d & body1 ?is m5tal emotion ( t]ror 9 a dog1 & ?is calm+ ( its fe> by c>esses1 foll[$ by ! torm5t ( ! op]ation8 ,!re 0 no value s f> z ! treatm5t ( human ailm5ts is conc]n$4 ,reid's exp]im5ts l$ to no *ange :atev] 9 m$ical practice4 ,read+ ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 "o is con/antly rem9d$ ( ! old peasant's reply to 8 gr&*ild1 :o _h f\nd a skull on :at once 0 a battlefield4 ,hold+ x 9 8 h&1 ! old man told ! /ory ( ! ,battle ( ,bl5heim1 & ! awful suff]+ x _h caus$3 ,b :at good came ( x at la/8' ,said little ,pet]k92 ,:y1 t ,i _c tell1' quo? he1 ,,b ,,twas ,a ,,fam\s ,,victory6' ,at ! e>ly age ( ?irty-eight ! physiologi/ seem$ to see be=e him ! bright prospect ( a long & happy life4 ,he possess$ unusual physical /r5g?1 robu/ heal?1 & a resolute & c\rage\s _s4 ,8 home 0 happy4 ,no "o consid]$ him a cruel man2 inde$1 we are told1 he 0 r fond ( animals4 ,9 8 own h\se he always _h pet dogs & cats ab\t him1 & he 0 z ready z ,sir ,walt] ,scott to rise f any occupation to hum\r _! :ims4 ,9 8 pr(ession he _h made some:at ( a reputation1 yet high] hon\rs & wid] r5[n & increas$ f9ancial prosp]ity seem$ almo/ c]ta9 to await him 9 ! n di/ant future4 ,b "o day1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahdg1 he not$ 9 himself ! symptom ( a disease t gave cause = al>m4 ,! pa9 at fir/ 0 d\btless insignificant1 b ! symptom occasion$ anxiety because x w\ld n disappe>4 ,"s ( 8 fri5ds 7 ! be/ surgeons ( ,scotl&1 & he ask$ _! advice4 ,!y 7 c>eful n to add to 8 disc\ragem5t1 & !y sugge/$ ! old1 old =mula--re/ & a *ange ( sc5e4 ,a ye> pass$4 ,! disease made con/ant progress1 & !re came a "t :5 ( its malignant "* !re c\ld be no possible d\bt4 ,f9ally1 ! vivisector recogniz$ t x 0 n m]ely dea? :i* confront$ him1 b dea? by ! mo/ my/]i\s & agoniz+ ( human ailm5ts4 ,9 ,june1 #ahdh1 he wrote to a fri5d3 ,i h a /rong conviction t my e>?ly c>e] w soon come to a close1 & t ,i %all nev] lecture aga94 ,& !n1 gradually1 to ! ev]-increas+ agony ( ! body1 came ! angui% ( ,,remorse4 ,he rememb]$ ! trembl+ little creatures :i* aga9 & aga9 he _h lift$ to _! b$ ( torm5t1 & made to /ruggle1 t he might obs]ve h[ ! he>t-beats ( a mutilat$ animal 7 quick5$ f ! emotion ( t]ror2 & n[1 9 ! gloom ( horrible imag9+s1 ,,t]ror held ,,him ) a grasp t w\ld nev] loos5 or less5 :ile 8 consci\sness rema9$4 ,he rememb]$ ! ! evid5ce ( sev]e suff]+ he _h s (t5 evok$ by ! p9*+ & cutt+ & /ret*+ ( n]ves2 ! creatures he _h fir/ c>ess$ to calm _! fe>s--& !n vivisect$2 ! eyes t s (t5 _h appeal$ = respite f agony--& appeal$ 9 va92 & n[1 ,,natura ,,maligna1 to :om pity is unkn[n1 0 sl[ly tortur+ him to dea?4 ,he po9t$ to ! seat ( 8 suff]+ z be+ ,,! ,,same ,,n]ves on :i* he _h made s _m exp]im5ts1 & add$3 ,,?is ,,is ,a ,,judgm5t ,,^u ,,me ,,= ,,! ,,suff]+ ,i ,,h ,,inflict$ ,,on ,,animals'#a #a ,life ( ,john ,reid1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,wilson1 p4 #bgc4 ,m ?an once dur+ ! la/ mon?s ( 8 life he recurr$ to ! same subject4 ,8 biograph] says3 ,he c\ld n dive/ 8 m9d ( ! feel+ t !re 0 a special ,provid5ce 9 ! way 9 :i* he _h be5 afflict$4 ,he _h devot$ peculi> att5tion to ! functions ( c]ta9 n]ves1 & _h inflict$ suff]+ on _m dumb creatures t he might discov] ! (fice ( ^? n]ves2 & ,,he ,,c\ld ,,n ,,b ,,reg>d ,,! ,,canc] ,,:i* ,,prey$ ,,^u ,,!m--,,9 ,,8 ,,own ,,body--,,z ,a ,,significant ,,message ,,f ,,god4#b #b ,ibid41 p4 #bej4 ,aga9 & aga9 he repeat$ ! conviction to :i* 8 m9d cont9ually rev]t$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 torm5t4 ,to him consci5ce br\ght no message ( ,div9e approbation1 b only a s5t5ce ( condemnation ^u 8 pa/ pursuits4 ,nor 0 ,reid alone 9 ?is feel+ ( appreh5sion & que/ion+4 ,we are told by 8 m$ical fri5d & biograph] t _m ( 8 bro!r physicians 7 />tl$ by le>n+ t ,dr4 ,reid is doom$ to die by a disease ,,:i* ,,repeats ,,^u ,,8 ,,own ,,body ,,n ,,9 ,,"o1 ,,b ,,9 ,,_m ,,ways1 ! pa9s :i* he _h impos$ ^u ! l[] animals4#a #a ,reid's ,life1 p4 #beb4 ,und\bt$ly1 fri5ds ( ! torm5t$ vivisector attempt$ to com=t him ) ! assurance--s (t5 repeat$ 9 our day--t 8 exp]im5ts on liv+ animals _h be5 c>ri$ on = ! b5efit ( sick & suff]+ humanity4 ,b ,reid 0 too hone/ a man to p]mit himself to be ?us delud$ :ile "u ! v %ad[ ( dea?4 ,= him ! "t _h come :5 ! speci\s apologies = ! infliction ( torture--s curr5t 9 our day--c\ld be ( no avail 9 less5+ ! poignant feel+ ( ,remorse4 ,9 ! dy+ h\r m5 speak ! tru? ab\t _! actions4 ,x 0 s ) ,reid4 ,he confess$ to hav+ ?\ght mu* ( ,sci5tific ,,fame 9 8 lab\rs1 & ,,x ,,w\ld ,,be ,,untrue ,,to ,,say ,,t ,,! ,,alleviation ,,( ,,human ,,suff]+ 0 ! motive always be=e him :5 he inflict$ pa9 on ! l[] animals4#b #b ,ibid41 p4 #fe4 ,an op]ation seem$ to hold out hope ( relief f 8 t]rible agony4 ,x 0 deem$ be/ to p]=m x--z ,reid _h exp]im5t$-- )\t anae/hetics1 t ! suff]]1 ) e s5sation & faculty alive1 might lit]ally become an op]ator ^u himself4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a second op]ation1 ,dr4 ,wilson tells u3 ,,! ,,same ,,n]ves & bloodvessels :i* _h be5 ! subject ( ,dr4 ,reid's mo/ important inquiries ,,7 ,,laid ,,b>e ,,9 ,,himself1 ,,by ,,! ,,surgeon',s ,,knife4 ,b all rem$ial measures 7 9 va94 ,! two ye>s ( appreh5sion1 susp5se1 recognition1 despair1 ( sl[ly increas+ physical torm5t & ! agony ( remorse1 came at la/ to an end4 ,9 ,july1 #ahdi1 he f\nd ! long-wi%$-= peace4 ,sev5ty ye>s ago ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ,scotl& easily fav\r$ t doctr9e ( ,div9e displeasure :i* seem$ probable to ,reid & 8 fri5ds4 ,9 our day1 h[ev]1 we are less c]ta9 ( be+ able to int]pret ! judgm5ts ( ,god2 & if we reg>d x z a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 x is z f> z we may safely g4 ,co9cid5ces ( "s k9d are a univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,t notori\s vivisector1 ,dr4 ,br[n-,se'qu>d1 devot$ _m ye>s ( 8 life to exp]im5ts on ! seat ( all t is conc5trat$ & exquisite 9 agony--! sp9al cord4 ,x 0 a curi\s co9cid5ce c]ta9ly1 t 9 8 la/ days ! vivisector 0 affect$ by a disease ( ! sp9al cord1 :i* at "o "t compell$ him to g on all-f\rs l a bea/4 ,ev5 ! remorse ( ,reid f9ds a p>allel1 = t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 ,hall]1 "o ( ! greate/ physiologi/s t ev] liv$1 is said to h express$ 9 lett]s deep regret = ! suff]+ he _h inflict$ ^u liv+ animals4 ,we _c d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! exp]i5ce ( excruciat+ agony affect+ ! v n]ves ^u :i* he _h s (t5 exp]im5t$ mu/ h br\ght to ! dy+ man a deep] realization ( ! pa9 he _h caus$ ?an he c\ld o!rwise h kn[n4 ,a not$ surgeon1 ^: f+] 0 ! seat ( a felon1 ask$ 8 hospital assi/ant to lance x1 at ! same "t caution+ him to be p>ticul>ly c>eful to cause z little pa9 z possible4 ,:y1 ,i've (t5 he>d y tell pati5ts com+ to ! hospital n to m9d ! lanc+--t ! pa9 to be felt 0 really no?+ at all1 repli$ ! assi/ant4 ,ah1 yes1 rejo9$ ! surgical suff]]1 b !n1 rememb]1 ,i 0 ,,at ,,! ,,o!r ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,knife6 ,9 wat*+ ! ph5om5a elicit$ by exp]im5ts ^u animals1 !re h be5 vivisectors :o =get :at 0 felt at ! o!r end ( ! knife1 & s became utt]ly oblivi\s to ! suff]+ !y caus$4 ,a lead+ physiologi/ ( ,engl& once decl>$ t he ,,_h ,,no ,,reg>d ,,at ,,all = ! pa9 ( an animal vivisect$1 & t he _h no "t1 s to speak1 = ?9k+ :at ! animal w\ld feel or suff]2 t he nev] us$ anae/hetics1 except = conv5i5ce' sake4 ,c su* a man realize ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,,pa98 ,)\t %>p p]sonal exp]i5ce1 c anyone1 adequately compreh5d :at x signifies8 ,remorse may be evid5ce1 n s mu* ( exceptional del9qu5cy z ( exceptional s5sitiv5ess to e?ical consid]ations4 ,by ! bas] & m degrad$ s\ls x is r>ely exp]i5c$4 ,! greate/ crim9als usually meet _! doom1 unt\*$ by any feel+ ( remorse4 ,p]haps x does n greatly matt] h[ ?is inf9ite regret is occasion$4 ,sometimes-- 444 pa9 9 man ,has ! high purpose ( ! flail & fan4 ,x sep>ates & purifies4 ,to "o ^: great suff]+ f disease is long cont9u$1 !re mu/ come a cle>] vision ( ! inf9ite littl5ess ( all transitory ambitions4 ,su* supreme regret z t :i* came to ,reid has great value4 ,! poor s\l once s long$ = fame--:i* means only a little wid] recognition to-day1 & a little m endur+ remembrance by po/]ity ?an t :i* is ga9$ by ! g5]ality ( mank9d4 ,( t horde ( tortur]s1 avid also = fame1 ^: causation ( unreckonable angui% br+s into _! ignoble natures no ?\ght ( pity1 no emotion ( regret1 ev]yone comes at la/ to re/ 9 t deep =getfulness :i* he des]ves4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 is ! /ory ( "o ^: p5it5ce gives reason = long] remembrance1 :o greatly err$ & greatly suff]$1 ^: contrition aton$1 ^: example admoni%es--,,john ,,reid1 physiologi/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,is ,,torture ,,ju/ifi$ ,,by ,,utility8 ,at e po9t 9 ! discussion ( vivisection we are confront$ by ! plea ( utility4 ,if1 to "s ext5t1 we may admit ! reasonabl5ess ( ! argum5t1 yet su* admission mu/ be ) c]ta9 def9ite res]vations4 ,! infliction ( extreme pa9 ei!r ^u human be+s or on animals = objects o!r ?an _! own b5efit--h[ f> is x to be ju/ifi$ if "s useful end is !reby a*iev$8 ,! subject is wor? ( /udy4 ,! utility ( judicial torture z a me?od ( secur+ ! confession ( crim9als does n seem to h be5 que/ion$ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! ,romans (t5 put all _! slaves to torture z soon z any crime occurr$1 ( :i* "s ( _! s]vants c\ld h be5 aw>e4 ,t sometimes ! innoc5t suff]$ beyond endurance & falsely confess$ seem$ to our =efa!rs no reason :atev] = *ang+ an anci5t cu/om1 s (t5 productive ( useful ends4 ,my/]i\s crimes1 :i* "u our mod]n me?ods ( inve/igation escape detection1 7 frequ5tly br\ght to light 9 e>li] times simply by ! ?reat ( torm5t & ! sight ( ! execution]4 ,!re c be no "q t 9 innum]able cases ! torture ( accus$ crim9als ^: guilt 0 almo/ c]ta91 yet n absolutely prov51 s]v$ to fur!r ! ends ( ,ju/ice4 ,if mod]n civilization condemns ! torture ( suspect$ lawbreak]s1 x is ^u o!r gr\nds ?an t ,ju/ice f9ds x useless 9 e case4 ,! public puni%m5t ( great (f5ces aga9/ ! /ate--puni%m5t accompani$ ) ignom9y & extreme torm5t--seem$ to our ance/ors equally ju/ifi$ by utility4 ,if an old woman 7 convict$ ( wit*craft--& nobody que/ion$ ! actuality ( ! (f5ce two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago--h] puni%m5t by burn+ at ! /ake c]ta9ly might be expect$ to det] o!rs f ent]+ into compacts ) ! ,evil ,"o4 ,if h]esy & unbelief lead n only ! sceptic himself1 b all :o foll[ 8 tea*+1 into et]nal d>kness1 !re seem$ to our =efa!rs no sur] me?od ( *eck+ ! fir/ t5d5cies t[>d intellectual revolt1 & sav+ innum]able s\ls1 ?an by deliv]+ ! h]etic to ! flames1 & accompany+ 8 execution by ev]y?+ calculat$ to excite popul> d]ision & execration4 ,! public puni%m5t ( treason1 & p>ticul>ly ( attempt$ or a*iev$ assass9ation ( ! sov]eign or head ( ! ,/ate1 0 made z excruciat+ & t]rible z possible1 9 ord] ,,t ,,! ,,example ,,might ,,det]4 ,we speak some:at vaguely to-day ( su* tortures & _! atroci\sly horrible accompanim5ts4 ,x may be wor? :ile to see j :at !y 74 two or ?ree c5turies ago civiliz$ nations consid]$ t ,,if ,,torm5t ,,0 ,,useful ,,x ,,0 ,,ju/ifiable4 ,!re are ?ree cases :i* /& out 9 hi/ory ) especial di/9ctness1 ! details ( :i* are little kn[n1 & ,i propose to cite !m simply z evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* judicial torm5t 0 c>ri$1 b a little :ile ago1 among "s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & progressive nations ( mod]n times4 ,if ev] ! assass9ation ( a ,pr9ce des]v$ ! sev]e/ puni%m5t1 x 0 ! murd] 9 ,july1 #aehd1 ( ,william ! ,sil5t1 ! lead] ( ! ,prote/ants ( ,holl& 9 _! /ruggle = indep5d5ce f ,spani% dom9ion4 ,! s5t5ce pron\nc$ ^u ! murd]]1 ,bal?az> ,g]>d1 a m]e hir$ assass91 0 c>ri$ out )9 t5 days aft] commission ( ! crime4 ,a contempor>y writ]1 app>5tly an eyewitness ( 8 execution1 speaks ( ,g]>d z "o ^: dea? 0 n ( a suffici5t %>pness = su* a caitiff1 & yet too sore = any ,*ri/ian4 ,8 description ( ! murd]]' execution is z foll[s3 ,! ord] ( ! torm5t 0 f\r days4 ,he _h ! fir/ day ! /rappado op5ly1 9 ! m>ket2 ! second day1 :ipp$ & salt$1 & 8 "r h& cut (f2 ! ?ird day1 8 brea/s cut out1 & salt ?r[n 91 & !n 8 left h& cut (f4 ,! la/ day ( 8 torm5t1 :i* 0 ! #aj? ( ,july1 he 0 b\nd to two /akes1 /&+ upright1 9 su* ord] t he c\ld n %r9k d[n nor /ir any way4 ,?us /&+1 nak$1 !re 0 a great fire plac$ "s small di/ance f him :]e9 heat$ p9c]s ( iron1 ) :i* p9c]s two m5 did p9* & pull 8 fle% 9 small pieces f 8 bones ?r\gh\t mo/ p>ts ( 8 body4 ,!n 0 he unb\nd f ! /akes & laid ^u ! e>?1 & aga9 fa/5$ to f\r po/s2 !n !y ripp$ him up1 at :i* "t he _h life & ,,p]fect ,,memory4#a #a ,h>l4 ,misc41 vol4 iii41 p4 #bjj4 ,pr9t$ at ,middlebor\gh1 ,anno #aehd4 ,! above acc\nt is tak5 f a r>e publication1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y4 ,motley's acc\nt ( ,g]>d's torm5t includes elem5ts ( horror n m5tion$ by ?is writ]4 ,?us did ,holl&1 a lead+ civiliz$ nation1 attempt to det] assass9s f assault+ h] rul]s4 ,?ree c5turies ago 9 ,may1 #afaj1 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,k+ ( ,france1 0 /ruck d[n by ! dagg] ( ,francis ,ravilliac2 & ,france1 ! lead+ civiliz$ nation ( ,europe1 det]m9$ t ! puni%m5t ( ! crime %\ld be s horrible t x might be expect$ = ev] to det] o!rs f imitat+ 8 (f5ce4 ,/&+ 9 a tumbril1 nak$ 9 8 %irt1 ) ! knife :]e) he _h /abb$ ! ,k+ *a9$ to 8 "r h&1 ,ravilliac 0 c>ri$ to ! doors ( ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame1 :]e he 0 made to desc5d1 & to d p5ance = 8 crime4 ,aft] ?is 0 he c>ri$ to ! ,greve1 :]e 0 build$ a v sub/antial scaffold ( /rong timb]1 :]eupon he 0 to be torm5t$ to dea?4 ,by ! execution]s1 he 0 b\nd to an eng9e ( wood & iron1 made l to a ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross2 & !n ! h&1 ) ! knife *a9$ to x1 :]e) he slew ! k+1 & half ! arm1 0 put into an artificial furnace1 !n flam+ ) fire & brim/one444yet no?+ at all w\ld he confess1 b yell$ out ) su* horrible cries1 ev5 z x _h be5 a ,divill or "s torm5t$ s\l 9 hell444& ?\gh he des]v$ t5 times m1 yet humane nature might in=ce u to pity 8 di/ress4 ,aft] ?is ) tongs & iron p9c]s made extreme hot 9 ! same furnace1 ! execution]s p9*$ & se>$ 8 brea/s1 8 arms1 & ?ighs & o!r fle%y p>ts ( 8 body1 cutt+ out collops ( fle% & burn$ !m be=e 8 face2 aft]w>d into ! same w\nds ?us made1 !y p\r$ scald+ oil1 ros51 pit* & brim/one444yet he w\ld reveal no?+ b t he did x ( himself444because ! ,k+ tol]at$ two religions 9 8 k+dom444b cri$ out ) mo/ horrible ro>s1 ev5 l ! dy+ man torm5t$ 9 ! braz5 bull ( ,phil>is4 ,f9ally1 8 body 0 torn to pieces by f\r /rong horses1 ! rema9s ga!r$ & burnt1 & ! a%es scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,god 9 ,8 ju/ice1 pi\sly obs]ves ! n>rator1 w1 ,i hope1 9 l mann] rew>d all su* z desp]ately attempt to lift _! h&s aga9/ ! ,"l's ,ano9t$4#a #a ,h>l4 ,misc41 vol4 vi41 p4 #fjg4 ,! ,t]rible & des]v$ dea? ( ,francis ,ravilliac1 %[+ ! mann] ( 8 /range torm5ts at 8 execution1 ! #be? ( ,may la/ pa/1 = ! mur!r ( ! late ,fr5* ,k+1 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,almo/ a c5tury & a half pass$ be=e ! ,place de ,greve1 9 ,p>is1 aga9 witness$ ! torm5t ( a fanatic = an attack ^u ! sacr$ p]son ( a ,k+4 ,on ,janu>y #e1 #ageg1 ,l\is ,,xv4 0 slightly w\nd$ by a "y ,fr5*man1 ,rob]t ,franc1ois ,dami5s4 ,! injury 0 n sev]e1 & ! ,k+'s recov]y 0 soon complete4 ,su* an attack1 h[ev]1 0 a capital (f5ce1 & x 0 det]m9$ t ! crim9al %\ld n only lose 8 life1 b t he %\ld be made to und]go e possible addition ( torm5t & agony4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,m>* #bh1 #ageg1 ,dami5s 0 subject$ to torture1 9 ord] to induce him to reveal ! names ( any accomplices4 ,9 ! extremity ( 8 agony he appe>$ at "o "t to lose consci\sness2 b ! surgeon & ! physician--qui font t\j\rs pre's5t a la torture--decl>$ him /ill consci\s1 & ! torm5t cont9u$1 accompani$ by t]rible cries4 ,:5 he _h be5 = two h\rs & a qu>t] 9 ! h&s ( ! torm5tors1 ! physician & surgeon gave x z _! op9ion t to cont9ue might lead to an accid5t1 & ! doom$ wret* 0 tak5 to 8 dungeon1 9 ord] to recup]ate4 ,t[>d ?ree o'clock ( ! aft]noon ! same day1 ,dami5s 0 notifi$ t ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess = 8 execution4 ,clo!d 9 b a s+le g>m5t1 he 0 made to m\nt a tumbril1 & 0 c>ri$ to ! doors ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,notre ,dame4 ,desc5d+ f ! c>t1 hold+ a light$ c&le 9 8 h&s1 he knelt & made l'am5de honorable1 aft] ! =m prescrib$41 ,x is b a %ort di/ance f ! ,*ur* ( ,notre ,dame to ! ,place de ,greve4 ,"h a va/ cr[d _h ga!r$ 9 ord] to witness ! extreme/ agony ( a dy+ man4 ,memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ari/ocracy 7 pres5t2 ladies ( quality paid va/ sums = ! occupancy ( w9d[s ov]look+ ! squ>e1 & play$ c>ds to pass ! "t until ! spectacle ( torm5t %\ld beg94 ,a scaffold ab\t #i feet squ>e receiv$ ! execution]s & _! victim4 ,! tortures 7 ( ! same "* z ^? inflict$ 9 ! same place ^u ! assass9 ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,!re 0 ! burn+ ( ! "r h&1 ! mutilation ( ! body & limbs1 ! p\r+ ( melt$ lead & o!r sub/ances into ble$+ w\nds4 ,t]rible cries1 he>d at a great di/ance1 7 induc$2 !re 7 %rieks = pity2 !re 7 pray]s to ,god = /r5g? to endure3 ,mon ,dieu1 la =ce6 la =ce6 ,seigneur mon ,dieu1 ayez pitie de moi6 ,seigneur mon ,dieu1 donnez-moi la pati5ce6 ,pray]s = pati5ce1 = /r5g? to suff] & endure--^! 8 only petitions 9 ! supreme agony4 ,at la/ came ! f9al act ( ! trag$y4 ,f\r "y & vigor\s horses 7 atta*$1 ea* to a se>$ & lac]at$ limb1 & ! attempt 0 made to r5d asund] ! /ill liv+ body4 ,! horrible spectacle la/$ = m ?an an h\r4 ,f9ally ! surgeon & ! physician 9 att5dance gave x z _! op9ion t complete dismemb]m5t c\ld n be effect$ except af] a p>tial sev]ance ( ! limbs4 ,! op]ation 0 p]=m$1 ! horses 7 aga9 atta*$1 & ! fe>ful spectacle came to an end4 ,dami5s app>5tly pres]v$ consci\sness ev5 aft] bo? legs & an arm _h be5 torn f 8 body4 ,! rema9s 7 ga!r$ & burnt on ! place ( torm5t1 & ! noble lords & ladies :o _h gloat$ ov] ! sc5e return$ to _! homes4 ,x is n at all improbable t among ^? :o witness$ ! torm5ts ( ,dami5s 9 #ageg = an assault ^u a ,k+'s sacr$ p]son !re 7 "s :o liv$ to see ,l\is ,,xvi4 m\nt ! scaffold 9 #agic4a #a ,see ,pieces ,orig9ales des ,process fait a ,rob]t ,franc1ois ,dami5s1 ,p>is1 #ageg1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #cgi-dji2 & ,p]k9's ,france "u ,l\is ,,xv41 vol4 ii41 p4 #hg4 ,i h quot$ at l5g? ?ree cases ( judicial torture1 occurr+ among ,*ri/ian nations1 :i* 7 !n 9 ! front rank ( mod]n civilization4 ,9 ,turkey & 9 ,egypt1 9 ,india & 9 ,*9a1 among ! savage ,si\x & ,iroquois ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! trag$ies ( prolong$ torm5t 7 m frequ5t1 b n m horrible4 ,b 9 :at way d su* records ( torture conc]n ! abuses ( vivisection8 ,= two reasons !y are sugge/ive4 ,n infrequ5tly x is intimat$ t reports ( cruelty by physiologi/s _c be true3 !y are m]ely blood-curdl+ /ories2 _! horror makes ! *>ge beyond ! possibility ( belief4 ,a physiologi/ _c h be5 s cruel1 & yet h seem$ s g5tle1 s b5evol5t1 s mild4 ,"h are pres5t$ ! records ( torm5t inflict$ ^u human be+s2 torm5ts approv$ by ! highe/ legal au?orities2 torm5ts to ! sup]vision ( :i* ev5 m$ical sci5ce1 9 "o case at lea/1 l5t its repres5tatives to assi/ ! tortur]s1 & if ! facts 7 n s well atte/$1 !y1 too1 w\ld pass belief4 ,b we "k !y are n fictions2 !y 7 actualities4 ,to pu% !m out ( recollection into =getfulness is to unle>n "o ( ! *ief lessons t ,hi/ory c tea* u--! lesson ( w>n+4 ,! atrocities ( biological exp]im5tation c no m be dismiss$ ) a %rug ( incr$ulity ?an "o c sne] at ! agonies ( ,g]>d or ,dami5s because !y1 too1 sugge/ a he>tlessness 9 ! m5 ( t "t :i* our f9] civilization c h>dly conceive4 ,b ! *ief lesson ( ?is black *apt] ( hi/ory conc]ns ! great "q ( utility4 ,t ^! atroci\s torm5ts 7 inspir$ simply & solely by an int5se passion = rev5ge is an immeasurably di%on\r+ imputation4 ,= ! /atesm5 n only1 b ! religi\s lead]s ( t p]iod1 believ$--& ju/ly believ$--9 ! usefulness ( public torture2 !y believ$ t ! fe> ( an ignom9i\s & horrible dea? amid ! je]+ cries ( ! surr\nd+ populace w\ld t5d to h9d] o!rs f repeat+ ! (f5ce4 ,! utility ( ,t]ror z a det]r5t !y knew--z ,france knew x 9 '#ic1 z ! ,spani% ,inquisition knew x = ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 z e nation knew x 9 times ( popul> insurrection or =eign w>s4 ,:at ,civilization came at la/ to recognize 0 t ,,utility ,,( ,,torture1 ,,no ,,matt] ,,h[ ,,great1 ,,c\ld ,,n ,,ju/ify ,,its ,,use4 ,?is pr9ciple 9 its application to ! puni%m5t ( human be+s has be5 univ]sally recogniz$ by e civiliz$ nation 9 ! _w4 ,x only rema9s = ! future ,civilization to recognize x s f> z conc]ns be+s inf]ior to ourselves4 ,! repetition by /ud5ts 9 a laboratory ( an exp]im5t ^u ! n]v\s sy/em ( a dog1 simply to demon/rate well-kn[n facts1 t5ds1 p]haps1 to fix !m 9 memory2 b t degree ( utility does n ju/ify ! torture4 ,! "t w come1 said ,dr4 ,bigel[ ( ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 :5 ! _w w look back to mod]n vivisection 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce z x n[ does to burn+ at ! /ake 9 ! "n ( ,religion4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,agitation ,! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 attempt+ to trace ! agitation = re=m ( vivisection1 is e>ly confront$ by a curi\s fact4 ,x is ! ignorance :i* g5]ally prevails conc]n+ ! "p borne by ! m$ical pr(ession 9 excit+ public att5tion to ! cruelties ( exp]im5tation4 ,! pres5t g5]ation ( sci5tific tea*]s1 ( m$ical /ud5ts & physicians1 are z a rule pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! beg9n+ ( ! controv]sy1 & w\ld be z surpris$ z ,pr(essor ,osl] ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity seems to h be5 surpris$1 to he> t m$ical j\rnals fir/ made kn[n to ! _w ! abuses ( vivisection4 ,rememb]+ h[ vigor\sly ! physiological laboratory ( to-day resi/s & res5ts ei!r inve/igation or criticism1 "o is =c$ to confess t r>ely1 if ev]1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has a trans=mation ( ideals be5 m completely atta9$4 ,if ! foll[]s ( ,wilb]=ce & ,cl>kson1 to :om ! _w is indebt$ = ! great impulse aga9/ negro slav]y1 7 to-day organiz$ = ! exploitation ( ! negroes on ! ,congo1 or ! ,indians on ! ,amazon1 or = c>ry+ on ! slave-trade secretly1 )\t re/riction or sup]vision1 ! condition ( affairs c\ld h>dly be m s+ul> ?an ! dom9ance obta9$ by ! physiological laboratory ^u ! m$ical consci5ce ( to-day4 ,! facts con/itute a rem>kable *apt] ( human exp]i5ce2 & ?\gh once be=e !y h be5 /at$ by ! pres5t writ]1 x is evid5t1 by ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission1 t a va/ am\nt ( ignorance yet rema9s to be dispell$4 ,up to a p]iod consid]ably beyond ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! s5tim5t ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ,engl& 0 practically unanim\s 9 condemn+ ! me?ods ( vivisection :i* prevail$ on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahee ! sci5ce ( bact]iology 0 unkn[n4 ,x is possible t n m ?an half a doz5 ,engli% physiologi/s at t "t 7 mak+ exp]im5ts on liv+ animals4 ,x 0 n ev5 reg>d$ z an ess5tial 9 ! tea*+ ( m$ical s*ools4 ,9 #ahge "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ surgeons & physicians ( ,great ,brita9 te/ifi$ be=e ! ,royal ,commission t z m$ical /ud5ts !y _h nev] witness$ an exp]im5t on a liv+ animal4 ,t ! agitation aga9/ ! cruelties ( vivisectors :i* made itself evid5t dur+ ! la/ half ( ! previ\s c5tury _h no orig9 9 ignorance is easily demon/rat$4 ,x 0 ! m$ical j\rnals ( ,engl& :i* fir/ made kn[n to ! _w ! atrocities p]petrat$ 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce 9 ,cont95tal laboratories4 ,9 our own day1 :5 "s ( ! lead+ tea*]s 9 m$ical s*ools h only scorn = ^? :o d5\nce cruelty 9 ! laboratory1 x is wor? :ile to /udy ! s5tim5ts ( an e>li] g5]ation1 :5 sympa?y = animal suff]+ 0 n a subject = mock]y4 ,! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette ( ,london 0 "o ( ! e>li] ( m$ical j\rnals to d5\nce ! cruelties p]petrat$ by vivisection abroad4 ,9 its issue ( ,septemb] #d1 #aheh1 ! editor says3 ,9 ?is c\ntry we are glad to ?9k t exp]im5ts on animals are nev] p]=m$ n[adays except ^u "s reasonable excuse = ! pa9 ?us wilfully inflict$4 ,we are incl9$ to believe t ! "q w "s day be ask$1 :e!r any excuse c make !m ju/ifiable8 ,"o _c read )\t %udd]+ details l ! foll[+4 ,x w\ld appe> f ^! t ! practice ( su* brutality is ! ev]yday lesson taught 9 ! vet]9>y s*ools ( ,france4 ,a small c[1 v ?91 & :i* _h und]gone num]\s op]ations-- t is to say1 ,,:i* ,,_h ,,suff]$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,day ,,! ,,mo/ ,,extreme ,,torture--0 plac$ ^u ! table1 & kill$ by insufflation ( air into ! jugul> ve94#a ,?is fact is relat$ by ,m4 ,sanson1 ( ! vet]9>y s*ool ( ,t\l\se1 m]ely incid5tally1 :5 describ+ an exp]im5t ( 8 own ^u ! blood4 ,! wret*$ animal 0 actually cut to pieces by ! /ud5ts6 444 ,m4 ,sanson adds 7m]ely want+ to prove t ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! animals ^u :i* he op]at$ 0 prop]ly /irr$ up73 ,^? :o h se5 ^! wret*$ animals on _! b$ ( suff]+--lit de d\leur--"k ! degree ( torture to :i* !y are subject$2 torture1 9 fact1 "u :i* !y = ! mo/ "p succumb6' #a ,9 all extracts italics are ! compil]'s4 ,a little lat] ! same m$ical j\rnal aga9 t\*$ ! subject ( vivisection 9 its editorial columns4 ,9 its issue ( ,octob] #bj1 #ahfj1 ! editor is ev5 m emphatic 9 d5unciation3 ,two ye>s ago we call$ att5tion to ! brutality practis$ at ! vet]9>y s*ools 9 ,france1 & gave a specim5 ( ! k9d ( torture !re inflict$ ^u animals4 ,,we ,,are ,,v ,,glad ,,to ,,see ,,t ,,! ,,public ,,are ,,n[ ,,occupi$ ,,) ,,! ,,subject1 & we are sure t ! ,pr(ession at l>ge w fully agree ) u ,,9 ,,condemn+ ,,exp]im5ts ,,:i* ,,are ,,made ,,simply ,,to ,,demon/rate ,,physiological ,,or ,,o!r ,,facts ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,receiv$ ,,z ,,settl$ ,,po9ts ,,& ,,are ,,beyond ,,controv]sy4 ,we consid] ! "q involv$ z "o ( extreme int]e/ to ! ,pr(ession1 & we %all gladly ?r[ op5 our columns to any ( our bre?r5 :o may wi% to assi/ 9 fram+ "s code by :i* we may decide "u :at circum/ances exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals may be made ) propriety4 ,! words italiciz$ 9 ! =ego+ quotation are ( special significance to-day4 ,! editor is v glad to note ! int]e/ tak5 9 ! subject by ! g5]al public--a s5tim5t q =eign to t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,"o notes1 too1 ! gratify+ assurance t ! m$ical pr(ession ( ,engl& at t p]iod w\ld fully agree 9 condemn+ exp]im5ts1 :i* n[adays are made n only 9 m$ical s*ools b to "s ext5t 9 e college ( any /&+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& ?is condemnation on ! "p ( ! m$ical pr(ession 0 voic$ f\r ye>s be=e ! date assign$ by ,pr(essor ,b[dit* z t ( ! fir/ s]i\s attack ^u biological rese>* 9 ,engl&4 ,a few mon?s lat] ! same m$ical p]iodical outl9$ ! pr9ciples :i* x believ$ %\ld gov]n ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,9 ! issue ( ?is j\rnal = ,m>* #b1 #ahfa1 ! editor makes ! foll[+ pron\ncem5t3 ,,vivisection4--,we h be5 reque/$ to pron\nce a condemnation ( vivisection4444 ,we believe t if anyone compet5t to ! task desires to solve any "q affect+ human life or heal?1 or to acquire su* a k ( function z %all h]eaft] be available = ! pres]vation ( human life or heal?1 by ! mutilation ( a liv+ animal1 he is ju/ifi$ 9 s do+4 ,b we d n hesitate to condemn ! practice ( op]at+ on liv+ animals = ! m]e purpose ( acquir+ coolness & dext]ity1 & ,,we ,,?9k ,,t ,,! ,,repetition ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,be=e ,,/ud5ts1 ,,m]ely ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,exhibit ,,!m ,,z ,,exp]im5ts1 ,,%[+ ,,:at ,,is ,,already ,,kn[n1 ,,is ,,equally ,,to ,,be ,,condemn$4 ,aga91 on ,augu/ #af1 #ahfb1 ! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette gives an expression ( its views on ! subject4 ,x condemns ! cruelty ( ,mag5die1 conc]n+ :i* "o w seek va9ly to-day 9 m$ical p]iodicals = any simil> expression ( reprobation4 ,ref]r+ to ! subject1 ! editor says3 ,no p]son ^: moral nature is rais$ above t ( ! savage w\ld def5d ! practices :i* lately disgrac$ ! vet]9>y s*ools ( ,france1 or 9 pa/ ye>s ! !atre ( ,mag5die4#a ,pr(essor ,%>pey1 9 8 address to ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association1 has accurately drawn ! requir$ limits1 fully obta9$ & confirm$1 ,,its ,,repetition ,,is ,,indef5sible2 & z ! art ( op]at+ may be le>n$ equally on ! dead z on ! liv+ body1 op]ations on ! latt] = ! purpose ( surgical in/ruction are repreh5sible & unnecess>y4' #a ,! lecture-room 9 :i* vivisections 7 publicly p]=m$4 ,to ! ,london ,lancet ! cause ( human5ess to animals is also indebt$1 = its repeat$ condemnation ( ! cruelties ( vivisection4 ,z ! expon5t & repres5tative ( ,briti% surg]y1 its words und\bt$ly c>ri$ great weight among m$ical practition]s4 ,9 its issue ( ,augu/ #aa1 #ahfj1 aft] po9t+ out ! utility ( c]ta9 physiological inquiries1 ! ,lancet's editor ?us def9es :at x reg>ds z repreh5sible cruelty3 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 at any mom5t ! practice ov]passes ! rigor\s b\nds ( utility1 :5 its object is no long] ! pursuit ( new solutions ( sci5tific problems1 or ! exam9ation ( hypo!ses requir+ a te/2 :5 vivisection is elevat$ into an art1 & ?is art becomes a matt] ( public demon/ration--!n x is degrad$ by ! abs5ce ( a b5efic5t end1 & becomes a cruelty4 ,! ,,! ,,exhibitions ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,:i* ,,aim ,,only ,,at ,a ,,repetition ,,( ,,inquiries ,,already ,,satisfactorily ,,conclud$1 & ! ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,functions ,,already ,,und]/ood1 appe> to u to rank among ! excesses :i* mu/ be deplor$1 if n repress$4 ,! displays 9 ^! amphi!atres are ( ! mo/ pa9ful k9d1 & x is to be deeply regrett$ t curiosity %\ld sil5ce feel+1 & draw spectators to mortal suff]+4444 ,! ,commission 7( ! ,societies = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty7 asks = no?+ :i* ! mo/ zeal\s devotees ( sci5ce _c--& ought n--to grant4 ,x dem&s only ! cessation ( exp]im5ts :i* are ,,purely ,,repetitive ,,demon/rations ,,( ,,kn[n ,,facts4 ,?is is a rem>kable utt]ance4 ,x is q probable t x voic$ an almo/ unanim\s op9ion among ,engli% physicians & surgeons ( half a c5tury ago4 ,h[ f> h we /ray$ s9ce !n6 ,! ,lancet ( to-day w\ld d\btless e>ne/ly oppose any legal prohibition ( exp]im5ts :i* x once rank$ among ! excesses :i* mu/ be deplor$1 ,,if ,,n ,,repress$4 ,two or ?ree mon?s aft]w>d ! ,lancet aga9 express$ its condemnation ( exp]im5ts made = ! demon/ration ( kn[n facts4 ,9 its issue ( ,octob] #bj1 #ahfj1 ! ,lancet editor says3 ,! mom5t t x vivisection ov]passes ! b\nds ( necessity2 :5 x ceases to aim at ! solution ( problems 9 :i* humanity is int]e/$1 & becomes a new means ( public demon/ration1 hav+ no b5evol5t end--!n x is degrad$ to ! level ( ,a ,,purposeless ,,cruelty4 ,! repetitive demon/ration ( kn[n facts1 by public or private vivisections1 is an abuse t we deplore1 & h m ?an once condemn$4 ,on ,janu>y #ab1 #ahfa1 ! ,lancet op5s its columns to a correspond5t1 :o invites att5tion ( its read]s to ! views ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 aft]w>d ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ anatomi/ ( 8 "t3 ,pr(essor ,ow51 "o ( ! fir/ physiological au?orities ( ! pres5t day1 obs]ves3 ,t no tea*] ( physiology is ju/ifi$ 9 repeat+ any vivisectional exp]im5t1 m]ely to %[ its kn[n results to 8 class or to o!rs4 ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,vivisection1 9 place ( physiological induction1 pursu$ = ! same end1 ,,aga9/ ,,:i* ,,humanity1 ,,*ri/ianity1 ,,& ,,civilization ,,%\ld ,,alike ,,prote/4' ,x is probable t no /rong] d5unciation ( ! cruelty ( vivisection ev] appe>$ ?an t conta9$ 9 ! lead+ editorial ( ! ,london ,lancet ( ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfc4 ,! writ] 0 c]ta9ly n an oppon5t ( all exp]im5ts ^u animals2 he admits t if press$ = a categoric answ] :e!r su* a practice z vivisection 7 p]missible "u prop] re/rictions = ! purpose ( advanc+ sci5ce & less5+ human suff]+1 ! answ] w\ld be 9 ! affirmative4 ,b ! practice is evid5tly spread+4 ,x is ass]t$ t exp]im5ts ^u animals are a common mode ( lecture illu/ration1 & t su* inve/igations h spread f ! h& ( ! retir$ & sob] man ( matur$ sci5ce into ^? ( ev]yday lectur]s & _! pupils4 ,aga9/ su* ext5sion ( vivisection ! editor ( ! ,lancet ent]s an emphatic prote/3 ,if we 7 press$ simply = a categoric answ] to ! "q :e!r su* a practice z vivisection 7 p]missible "u prop] re/rictions & = ! purpose ( advanc+ sci5ce & less5+ human suff]+1 we ne$ h>dly say t ! answ] w\ld be 9 ! affirmative4 ,x is ass]t$1 h[ev]1 t ! practice ( vivisection & su* inve/igations z are impli$ by ?is t]m1 h spread f ! h&s ( ! retir$ & sob] man ( matur$ sci5ce into ^? ( ev]yday lectur]s & _! pupils1' & t su* exp]im5ts are a common mode ( lecture illu/ration4444' ,we w /ate our belief t !re is too mu* ( x ev]y:]e1 & t !re are daily occurr+ practices 9 ! s*ools ( ,france :i* cry al\d 9 ! "n bo? ( hon\r & humanity = _! imm$iate cessation4 ,ab\t two ye>s ago1 our ,royal ,society = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals became possess$ ( ! k t x 0 /ill ! practice 9 ! s*ools ( ,anatomy & ,physiology 9 ,france = lectur]s & demon/rators to tie d[n cats1 dogs1 rabbits1 etc41 be=e ! class2 to p]=m ^u !m op]ations ( great pa91 & to pursue inve/igations accompani$ by ! mo/ t]rible torture4 ,,?is1 ,,too1 ,,= ,,! ,,purpose ,,only ,,( ,,demon/rat+ ,,c]ta9 ,,facts ,,:i* ,,_h ,,be5 ,,= ,,long ,,unhesitat+ly ,,admitt$1 & = giv+ a sort ( m]etrici\s air to a popul> s]ies ( lectures4 ,x le>n$1 moreov]1 t at ! vet]9>y s*ools ( ,lyons & ,al=t1 live horses 7 p]iodically giv5 up to a gr\p ( /ud5ts = anatomical & surgical purposes1 (t5 ex]cis$ ) 444 extra ref9em5ts ( cruelty4444 ,x appe>$ t at ,p>is ! :ole neighborhood adjo9+ ! m$ical s*ool--includ+ pati5ts 9 a mat]nity hospital--7 con/antly di/urb$1 :5 ! c\rse ( physiology 0 proce$+ at ! s*ool1 by ! h[l+ & b>k+ ( ! dogs1 bo? night & day4 ,! dogs 7 sil5c$4 ,! fact 01 ! poor animals 7 n[ subject$ to ! pa9ful op]ation ( divid+ ! l>yngeal n]ves z prelim9>y to ! p]=mance ( o!r mutilations6 ,& :at 7 ^! dogs =8 ,simply = ! va9 repetition ( clap-trap exp]im5ts1 by way ( illu/rations ( lectures = fir/-ye> /ud5ts6 ,^! facts becom+ kn[n1 ! g5]al public has at l5g? int]f]$1 &1 we ?9k1 ) v great propriety4 ,,! ,,entire ,,picture ,,( ,,vivisectional ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,ord9>y ,,lectures ,,is ,,to ,,u ,,p]sonally ,,repulsive ,,9 ,,! ,,extreme4 ,look1 = example1 at ! animal be=e u1 /ol5 7to beg9 )7 f 8 ma/]2 ! poor creature hungry1 ti$ up = days & nights1 p9+ = 8 home1 is at l5g? br\ght into ! !atre4 ,z 8 cr\*+ & feeble =m is /rapp$ ^u ! table1 ,,he ,,licks ,,! ,,v ,,h& ,,t ,,ties ,,him6 ,he /ruggles1 b 9 va91 & uselessly expresses 8 fe> & suff]+ until a muzzle is buckl$ on 8 jaws to /ifle e s\nd4 ,! scalpel p5etrates 8 quiv]+ fle%4 ,"o ef=t only is n[ natural until 8 p[]s are exhau/$--a va91 in/9ctive resi/ance to ! cruel =m t /&s ov] him1 ! imp]sonation ( ,mag5die & 8 class4 ,i recall to m9d1' says ,dr4 ,lat\r1 a poor dog1 ! roots ( ^: v]tebral n]ves ,mag5die desir$ to lay b>e to demon/rate ,bell's !ory1 :i* he claim$ = 8 own4 ,! dog1 already mutilat$ & ble$+1 twice escap$ f "u ! implacable knife1 & ?rew 8 front paws ar\nd ,mag5die's neck1 lick+1 z if to s(t5 8 murd]]1 & ask = m]cy6 ,vivisectors may laugh1 b ,i confess ,i 0 unable to endure t he>tr5d+ spectacle4' ,b ! :ole ?+ is too horrible to dwell ^u4 ,heav5 =bid t any description ( /ud5ts 9 ?is c\ntry %\ld be witness to su* de$s z ^!6 ,we repudiate ! :ole ( ?is class ( proc$ure4 ,sci5ce w refuse to recognize x z its (fspr+1 & humanity %udd]s z x gazes on its face4 ,9 all ! lit]ature ( :at is kn[n z antivivisection is x possible to f9d a m emphatic condemnation ( sci5tific cruelty ?an ?is8 ,! decad5ce ( humane s5tim5t 9 ! laboratory c h>dly be m /rik+ly illu/rat$ ?an by a comp>ison ( ?is editorial utt]ance ( ! ,lancet ) "s ( ! pres5t-day expressions ( op9ion 9 m$ical j\rnals4 ,:5 a quotation f ?is editorial 0 br\ght to ! att5tion ( a pr(essor 9 ,cambridge ,univ]sity n long s9ce1 x seem$ to him s incr$ible t he made a special inquiry1 & !n felt safe 9 publi%+ a d\bt ( its au!nticity4 ,if1 z "o may p]haps imag9e )\t undue viol5ce to probability1 ?is special inquiry 0 made 9 ! editorial rooms ( ! j\rnal 9 "q1 ! incr$ulity :i* ev5 !re f\nd expression only illu/rates ! gulf t lies betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/4 ,x is a m>vel1 inde$1 t ! human s5tim5t ( t e>li] p]iod1 be=e ! dom9ance ( ,cont95tal ideals became an accompli%$ fact 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&1 c be s utt]ly =gott5 by ! m$ical j\rnals & m$ical tea*]s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,a week lat] ! ,lancet aga9 discusses ! subject always1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 z ! advocate ( vivisection1 provid$ ! practice be c>ri$ on "u humane re/rictions4 ,a few s5t5ces ( ! editorial ( ,augu/ #bi are specially significant3 444 ,z a g5]al rule1 nei!r our ,briti% /ud5ts nor tea*]s are wont to c>ry on exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals ev5 9 a private way4 ,! utmo/ t c be said is t p]haps "s two or ?ree-- at ! mo/ six--sci5tific m5 9 ,london are kn[n to be pursu+ c]ta9 l9es ( inve/igation :i* require !m occasionally dur+ ! ye> to employ liv+ animals4444 ,:il/ ! s*ools ( m$ic9e 9 ?is c\ntry are z a rule n liable to ! *>ge ( vivisectional abuses z reg>ds ! high] animals1 we _c altoge!r acquit !m f a r reckless exp5diture ( ! lives & feel+s ( cold-blood$ creatures4444 ,! reckless way 9 :i* we h sometimes se5 ?is poor creature ! frog cut1 ?r[n & kick$ ab\t1 has be5 sometimes sick5+4444 ,we _c help feel+ !re is bo? ,a ,,bad ,,moral ,,discipl9e ,,= ,,! ,,man1 z well z an am\nt ( probable pa9 to ! creature1 9 su* a practice4 ,h[ /range su* criticism z ?is appe>s to-day6 ,c "o imag9e a m$ical j\rnal 9 ,am]ica or ,engl& express+ 9 our "t any sympa?y = ! suff]+ ( frogs 9 a physiological laboratory8 ,c "o fancy on ! "p ( its editor a sugge/ion ( bad moral discipl9e :i* ! ru?less vivisection ( animals ( ! highe/ organization or grade ( intellig5ce might induce8 ,to-day su* criticism is un?9kable4 ,yet ! capacity ( animal suff]+ has n dim9i%$4 ,! numb] ( victims is va/ly l>g]4 ,:at *ange has occurr$ :i* makes x impossible to conceive on ! "p ( a m$ical j\rnal ( ! pres5t "t ! expression ( su* a s5tim5t ( pity = "o ( ! l[] =ms ( animal life8 ,! ,lancet 0 n alone 9 su* condemnations4 ,no p]iodical ( t day1 devot$ entirely to ! problems ( m$ic9e1 occupi$ a position ( influ5ce equal to t ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,"o ( its e>li] editorial utt]ances conc]n+ vivisection appe>$ 9 its issue ( ,may #aa1 #ahfa1 ?ree ye>s be=e ! date giv5 by ,dr4 ,b[dit* z t ( ! fir/ s]i\s attack4 ,! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5* has receiv$ a deputation f ! ,royal ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals4 ,we s9c]ely tru/ t ?is int]view may be ! means ( putt+ an end to ! unju/ifiable brutalities too (t5 inflict$ on ! l[] animals "u ! guise ( sci5tific exp]im5tation4 ,,x ,,has ,,nev] ,,appe>$ ,,cle> ,,to ,,u ,,t ,,we ,,are ,,ju/ifi$ ,,9 ,,de/roy+ ,,animals ,,= ,,m]e ,,exp]im5tal ,,rese>* ,,"u ,,any ,,circum/ances2 b n[ t we possess ! means ( remov+ s5sation dur+ exp]im5ts1 ! man :o puts an animal to torture ought1 9 our op9ion1 to be prosecut$4 ,ref]r+ to ! exp]im5t ^u a c[ m5tion$ 9 ,dr4 ,br[n-,se'qu>d's ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 & already describ$1 ! editor adds3 ,we are n dispos$1 9 a "q ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* "s ( ! highe/ consid]ations are conc]n$1 to all[ our op9ion to be sway$ by ! op9ions or ! proce$+s ( ev5 ! greate/ surgeons & ! greate/ physiologi/s4 ,t su* au?orities p]=m$ vivisection is a fact2 b x does n satisfy u t ! proce$+ is ju/ifiable4 ,"u any circum/ances1 ?is mu*1 we ?9k1 is evid5t en\gh3 t ,,if ,,vivisections ,,be ,,p]missible1 ,,!y ,,c ,,only ,,be ,,s ,,"u ,,c]ta9 ,,limit$ ,,& ,,def9$ ,,conditions4 ,we ne$ h>dly add t ^! conditions h n yet be5 laid d[n4 ,altoge!r1 ! subject is "o well wor?y ( s]i\s discussion1 & gladly w\ld we see ! int]e/s ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ! matt] prop]ly reconcil$ ) ! dictates ( ! moral s5se4 ,no?+ c\ld be m cle>ly /at$4 ,"o reads almo/ ) a feel+ ( amazem5t ! s5t5ces we h italiciz$ 9 ! =ego+ quotation4 ,"h1 9 ! editorial columns ( ! pr9cipal m$ical j\rnal 9 ! _w1 is express$ d\bt ( ! ju/ification ( any de/ruction ( animals :atev]1 = m]e exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,:at magnific5t indep5d5ce ( ! op9ions & exp]im5tation ( ev5 ! greate/ surgeons & ! greate/ physiologi/s is "h display$6 ,five mon?s lat] ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal 9 its editorial columns aga9 ref]s to ! peculi>ly atroci\s vivisection :i* x _h once be=e d5\nc$2 x is evid5t t ! j\rnal int5ds t su* actions %all n be =gott54 ,9 ! issue ( ,octob] #ai1 #ahfa1 x says3 ,! brutalities :i* h be5 s long inflict$ ^u horses1 etc41 9 ! vet]9>y s*ools ( ,france "u ! "n ( ,sci5ce are p]fectly horrible4 ,"s idea ( :at has be5 daily go+ on 9 ^? s*ools dur+ _m pa/ ye>s may be obta9$ f su* a /atem5t z ! foll[+1 tak5 f a pap] by ,m4 ,sanson1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,physiology edit$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,br[n-,se'qu>d4 ,m4 ,sanson is speak+ incid5tally ( ! condition ( animals ^u ^: blood he 0 himself exp]im5t+3 ,a small c[1' he writes1 v ?91 & :i* _h und]gone num]\s op]ations--t is to saw1 ,,:i* ,,_h ,,suff]$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,day ,,! ,,mo/ ,,extreme ,,torture--0 plac$ ^u ! table1' etc4 ,m4 ,sanson adds 444,^? :o h se5 ^! wret*$ animals on _! b$ ( suff]+--lit de d\leur--"k ! degree ( torture to :i* !y are subject$2 torture1 9 fact1 "u :i* !y = ! mo/ "p succumb6' ,,! ,,poor ,,brutes ,,are ,,actually ,,slic$ ,,& ,,*opp$1 ,,piecemeal1 ,,to ,,dea?1 9 ord] t ! e'leves 7/ud5ts7 may become skilful op]ators6 ,almo/ a ye> passes1 & on ,septemb] #f1 #ahfb1 we aga9 f9d ! editor ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal discuss+ ! e?ics ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,he admits t !re is useless vivisection & unnecess>y infliction ( pa94 ,significant1 inde$1 x w seem to ! physician ( to-day to f9d "o ( ! lead+ expon5ts ( m$ical op9ion condemn+ z unju/ifiable demon/rations ( well-kn[n facts1 :i* are n[ consid]$ z ess5tial to m$ical education4 ,aft] /at+ t "s re/rictions %\ld be impos$1 ! editor adds3 ,we w v5ture to sugge/ t ^! re/rictions %\ld be well & cle>ly def9$2 t "s high au?ority l ,dr4 ,%>pey himself %\ld lay d[n c]ta9 rules on ! subject1 & = ! purpose ( prev5t+1 if possible1 any ne$less suff]+ f be+ inflict$ exp]im5tally on ! l[] animals4 ,all ( u mu/ be well aw>e t _m ne$less exp]im5ts are actually p]=m$1 & until "s cle>ly def9$ rules on ?is head are laid d[n1 we v5ture to ?9k su* ne$less suff]+ w /ill cont9ue to be inflict$ on animals4 ,if1 = example1 x 7 publicly /at$ by au?orities 9 ! pr(ession t exp]im5ts ( ?is nature1 made = ! m]e purpose ( demon/rat+ admitt$ physiological facts1 are unju/ifiable1 a great /ep w\ld be ga9$1 & a great gr\nd ( compla9t cut f "u ! feet ( ! en?usia/ic antivivisection societies4 ,! v fact ( an au?oritative sanction to ! legitimate p]=mance ( su* exp]im5ts4444 ,! d5unciations ( cruel vivisection by ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal ext5d ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,occasionally ! ,j\rnal quotes ! op9ions ( "s ( its m$ical contempor>ies 9 ,p>is1 admitt+ ! ne$ = re=m4 ,= in/ance1 9 its issue ( ,may #b1 #ahfc1 9 its editorial columns1 ! ,j\rnal pres5ts u ) a quotation f ,l',union ,me'dicale ( ,p>is1 sugge/+ di/9ctions t %\ld be made 9 ! selection ( vivisection mat]ial3 ,vivisection is (t5 useful & sometimes necess>y1 & !re=e n to be absolutely proscrib$2 b ,i w\ld gladly petition ! ,s5ate to =bid its p]=mance on e animal :i* is useful to1 & a fri5d (1 man4 ,! mutilations & tortures inflict$ ^u dogs are horrible4 ,! ,k+ ( ,dahomey is less b>b>\s ?an ^! m]ciless vivisectors4 ,,he cuts 8 victims' ?roats1 b )\t tortur+ !m2 :ile ,,!y te> & cut to pieces ^! wret*$ dogs 9 _! mo/ s5sitive p>ts4 ,let !m op]ate on rats1 foxes1 %>ks1 vip]s1 & reptiles4 ,b no2 our vivisectors object to ! tee?1 ! claws1 ! beaks ( ^! repulsive animals2 !y mu/ h g5tle animals2 & s1 l c[>ds1 !y seize ^u ! dog--t c>ess+ animal1 :i* licks ! h&1 arm$ ) ! scalpel6 ,?9k ( a su* quotation 9 ! columns ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal--a p]iodical :i* to-day r>ely v5tures to criticize any phase ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,! foll[+ summ]1 on ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfc1 ! ,j\rnal f9d space 9 its editorial pages = yet o!r quotations f ,fr5* m$ical p]iodicals conc]n+ ! enorm\s abuses ( vivisection4 ,we are v glad to f9d t ! ,fr5* m$ical j\rnals are ent]+ prote/s aga9/ ! cruel abuse :i* is made ( vivisection 9 ,france4 ,l',abeille ,me'dicale says3 ,i am q ( y op9ion z to ! enorm\s abuses practis$ at ! pres5t day 9 ! matt] ( vivisection4444 ,9 ! laboratories ( ! ,college ( ,france1 9 ! ,e'cole de ,me'dec9e1 em95t pr(essors1 plac$ at ! head ( in/ruction1 are =c$ to ! pa9ful sacrifice ( de/roy+ animals 9 ord] to wid5 ! field ( sci5ce4 ,9 do+ s !y act legitimately1 & suff]+ humanity dem&s x ( !m4 ,^? exp]im5ts are p]=m$ 9 ! sil5ce ( private /udy1 & ! results obta9$ are !n expla9$ to ! pupils1 or treat$ ( 9 publications4444 ,b to repeat ! exp]im5ts be=e ! public1 to desc5d f ! pr(essional *air 9 ord] to practise ! "p ( a but*] or ( an execution]1 is pa9ful to ! feel+s & disgu/+ to ! s5tim5ts ( ! /ud5t4444 ,su* public exhibitions are ignoble1 & ( a k9d :i* p]v]t ! g5]\s s5tim5ts ( y\?4 ,an end %\ld be put to !m4 ,ought we to all[ ! e'lite ( our ,fr5* y\?s to fe$ _! eyes ) ! sight ( ! fl[+ blood ( liv+ animals1 & to h _! e>s /unn$ ) _! groans1 at ?is "t :5 society is call+ = ! do+ away ( public executions8 ,let no "o tell u t vivisections are necess>y = a k ( physiology4444 ,if ! pres5t ways1 habits1 & cu/oms are cont9u$1 ! future physician w become m>k$ by 8 cold & implacable ins5sibility4 ,let !re be no mi/ake ab\t x3 ,,! ,,man ,,:o ,,habituates ,,himself ,,to ,,! ,,%$d+ ,,( ,,blood1 ,,& ,,:o ,,is ,,ins5sible ,,to ,,! ,,suff]+s ,,( ,,animals1 ,,is ,,l$ ,,on ,,into ,,! ,,pa? ,,( ,,bas5ess4' ,s writes ,l',abeille ,me'dicale4 ,b "h ,l',union ,me'dicale takes up & comm5ts on ! tale3 ,?is is all excell5tly said2 b we mu/ correct a few errors4 ,mag5die1 alas6 p]=m$ exp]im5ts 9 public1 & sadly too (t5 at ! ,college de ,france4 ,i rememb] once1 among o!r in/ances1 ! case ( a poor dog1 ! roots ( ^: sp9al n]ves he 0 ab\t to expose4 ,twice did ! dog1 all bloody & mutilat$1 escape f 8 implacable knife1 & twice did ,i see him put 8 =epaws ar\nd ,mag5die's neck & lick 8 face6 ,i confess--laugh1 ,messieurs les ,vivisecteurs1 if y please--t ,i c\ld n be> ! sight4444 ,x is true t ,dr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,be'r>d1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 nev] p]=m$ a s+le vivisection 9 8 lectures1 :i* 7 brilliant1 elegant1 & animat$4 b ,be'r>d 0 an example ( a s+ul> psy*ological ph5om5on4 ,t[>d ! close ( 8 life1 s pa9ful to him 0 ! sight ( blood & ! exhibition ( pa91 t he gave up ! practice ( surg]y1 & w\ld nev] all[ 8 /ud5ts to witness a vivisection4 ,b ,be'r>d 0 attack$ by c]ebral haemorrhage1 & ! :ole tone ( 8 "* 0 !reby aft]w>d *ang$4 ,! b5evol5t man became aggressive2 ! tol]ant man1 irritable4444 ,he became an exp]im5t]1 & pass$ :ole days 9 practis+ vivisections1 ,,tak+ ,,pleasure ,,9 ,,! ,,cries1 ,,! ,,blood1 ,,& ,,! ,,tortures ,,( ,,! ,,poor ,,animals4' ,! foll[+ week ! ,j\rnal aga9 ref]s to ! subject1 ! ,,atrocities ,,( ,,vivisection4 ,x is a notewor?y phrase1 proce$+ f a m$ical j\rnal1 & %\ld n be =gott54 ,conc]n+ ! tru? ( ! *>ges1 ! absolute he>tlessness exhibit$1 !re c be no possible d\bt1 = ! evid5ce is cumulative4 ,has ! phrase atrocities ( vivisection appe>$ 9 ! editorial columns ( any m$ical j\rnal dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 unless 9 ! way ( ridicule or contempt8 ,x may be d\bt$4 ,! atrocities ( vivisection cont9ue to occupy ! att5tion ( ! ,p>is pap]s4 ,! ,op9ion ,nationale says3 ,! poor brutes' cries ( pa9 sadd5 ! w>ds ( ! cl9ic1 r5d]+ ! soj\rn !re insupportable bo? to pati5ts & nurses4 ,only imag9e t1 :5 a dog has n be5 kill$ at "o sitt+1 & t en\gh life rema9s 9 him to exp]im5t ^u him 9 ! foll[+ "o1 !y put him back 9 ! k5nel1 all ?robb+ & palpitat+6 ,!re ! unhappy creatures1 already torn by ! scalpel1 h[l until ! next day1 9 tones r5d]$ ho>se & fa9t by ano!r op]ation int5d$ to deprive !m ( voice4' ,aga91 only ?ree weeks lat]1 9 its issue ( ,septemb] #ai1 #ahfc1 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal pres5ts 9 an editorial an acc\nt ( ! debate on ,vivisection 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,m$ic9e4 ,x is ( int]e/1 n only z an indication ( ,engli% op9ion at t day1 b also z evid5ce ( :at 0 be+ done by vivisectors ov] fifte5 ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( *lor(orm4 ,our read]s are aw>e t ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,comm]ce submitt$ to ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e docum5ts suppli$ to him by a ,london society4444 ,a committee ( ! ,academy exam9$ ^! que/ions & issu$ a report1 b !y did n answ] ! simple que/ions put to x4 ,a discussion on ! report has naturally tak5 place 9 ! ,academy itself1 & has giv5 rise to "s v int]e/+ rem>ks4 ,m4 ,dubois 444 refus$ to draw up ! report because he diff]$ some:at 9 op9ion on ! subject ( vivisections f _m ( 8 associates4 ,he !re=e res]v$ ! lib]ty ( speak+ 8 m9d freely on ! subject be=e ! ,academy4 ,8 conclusions are well wor?y s]i\s att5tion4 ,!y seem to u to conta9 all t c be rightly said 9 fav\r ( vivisection1 & to put ! matt] on its true & prop] foot+4 ,! greate/ praise is due to ,m4 ,dubois = hav+ _h ! c\rage to express 8 op9ion s boldly & op5ly4444 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 spee*1 ,m4 ,dubois demoli%$ ! "w ( ! report1 %[+ t x did n answ] ! que/ions ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & left ?+s exactly 9 _! previ\s /ate4 ,he !n proce$$ to give 8 op9ion z to :at re=ms %\ld be made 9 ! practice ( vivisection4 ,! greate/ physiologi/s1 he rem>k$1 su* z ,h>vey1 ,asselli1 ,hall]1 7 p>simoni\s & discreet 9 _! use ( vivisection4 ,to-day we h be=e our eyes a v diff]5t spectacle4 ,"u pret5ce ( exp]im5tally demon/rat+ physiology1 ! pr(essor no long] asc5ds ! ro/rum2 he places himself be=e a vivisect+-table1 has live animals br\ght to him1 & exp]im5ts4 ,! habitual spectators at ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 ! ,college ( ,france1 & ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ces1 "k h[ exp]im5ts are made on ! liv+ fle%1 h[ muscles are divid$ & cut1 ! n]ves wr5*$ or dilac]at$1 ! bones brok5 or me?odically op5$ ) g\ge1 mallet1 saw1 & p9c]s4 ,among o!r tortures !re is t horrible "o ( ! op5+ ( ! v]tebral canal or ( ! sp9al column to lay b>e membranes & ! sub/ance ( ! m>r[2 ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,sublime ,,( ,,horror4 ,"o ne$s to h witness$ t sight ?or\ghly to compreh5d ! real s5se ( ! ^w vivisection4' ,:oev] has n se5 an animal "u exp]im5t ,,_c ,,=m ,,an ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,habitual ,,practices ,,( ,,! ,,vivisectors4 ,m4 ,dubois drew an eloqu5t picture ( ^! practices1 become usual 9 ! physiological amphi!atres 9 ! mid/ ( blood & ( h[ls ( pa91 & he %[$ t "u ! dom9ant influ5ce ( ! vivisectors1 physiological in/ruction has gone out ( its natural road4 ,himself an em95t pa?ologi/1 he treat$ )\t c]emony ! unju/ifiable pret5sions ( ^? innovators1 :o1 reg>dless at once ( ! pr9ciples ( physiology & ^? ( pa?ology1 try to transport cl9ical surg]y to ! table ( vivisection4 ,m4 ,dubois1 inde$1 0 s pung5t 9 8 c5sures t "s ( ! ,academicians left ! hall )\t await+ ! end ( 8 disc\rse4 ,! vet]9>y "p ( 8 audi5ce he>d him to ! end1 &1 x is to be hop$1 pr(it$ by ! picture he drew ( ! sight t met 8 eyes on 8 fir/ visit to ,al=t4 ,m4 ,r5ault1 ! director ( ! e/abli%m5t1 took ,m4 ,dubois into a va/ hall1 :]e five or six horses 7 ?r[n d[n1 ea* "o surr\nd$ by a gr\p ( pupils1 ei!r op]at+ or wait+ _! turn to d s4 ,ea* gr\p 0 ( eight /ud5ts1 & matt]s 7 s arrang$ t ea* /ud5t c\ld p]=m eight op]ations1 s well graduat$ t1 al?\gh ! sixty- f\r op]ations la/$ t5 h\rs1 a horse c\ld endure !m all be=e be+ put to dea?4 ,al?\gh unwill+ to hurt ! feel+s ( 8 ho/1 ,m4 ,dubois c\ld n help lett+ slip ! ^w ,,atrocity4' ,atrocities1 if y please1' repli$ ,m4 ,r5ault1 b !y are necess>y4' ,:at6' exclaim$ ,m4 ,dubois2 ,,sixty-,,f\r ,,op]ations1 ,,& ,,t5 ,,h\rs ,,( ,,suff]+8' ,m4 ,r5ault expla9$ to him t ?is 0 a "q ( f9ance2 t if m money 7 all[$1 ! horses might be kept only ?ree or f\r h\rs "u ! knife4 ,m4 ,dubois /at$ t x 0 true few] op]ations are n[ p]=m$1 & t horses are kept less "t "u ! h&s ( exp]im5t+ /ud5ts4 ,b1 he decl>$1 he %\ld nev] =get ! sight he witness$ at ,al=t4 ,"s ( ! horses 7 j begun ^u2 o!rs 7 already horribly mutilat$2 !y did n cry out1 b gave utt]ance to holl[ moans4 ,m4 ,dubois1 support$ by ! au?ority ( _m vet]9>y surgeons1 dem&s t ^! practices %\ld be discont9u$4 ,dr4 ,p>*appe1 :o spoke aft]w>d1 agre$ ) ,m4 ,dubois4 ,he said3 444 ,exp]im5ts on animals are 9 no way indisp5sable to completely efficaci\s in/ruction 9 physiology4' ,x c\ld h>dly be expect$ by anyone b ! mo/ sangu9e ( mortals t ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,m$ic9e w\ld agree to c5sure or condemn c]ta9 ( its own memb]s at ! in/ance ( ,engli% humanit>ians1 ev5 ?\gh support$ by m5 ( _! own nationality4 ,:5 ! matt] came to a vote1 ! oppon5ts ( *ange pass$ a resolution decl>+ t compla9ts _h no basis1 & t ! "q ( p]=m+ exp]im5ts or surgical op]ations 9 ! vet]9>y s*ools ,,%\ld ,,be ,,left ,,to ,,! ,,discretion ,,( ,,m51 ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,?is is precisely ! position tak5 to-day bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica by ^? :o cont5d t ! practice %\ld n be re/rict$ by law4 ,! ,j\rnal1 h[ev]1 adds3 ,ev]yone :o has foll[$ ?is debate mu/ be aw>e t ! resolution is 444 entirely oppos$ to ! facts elicit$ 9 ! discussion4 ,almo/ e speak]1 except ! vet]9>ies1 put 9 a prote/ m or less /rong aga9/ ! practice ( surgical op]ations 9 vet]9>y s*ools1 & aga9 & aga9 0 ! ^w ,,atroci\s appli$ to !m4 ,we le>n1 moreov]1 t ?is mode ( in/ruction 0 adopt$ 9 #agfa1 s t = m ?an a c5tury ^! atroci\s op]ations h be5 practic$ on animals 9 ,fr5* vet]9>y s*ools4 ,yet ! ,academy decides t compla9ts on ?is score are )\t f\ndation1 & t m5 ( sci5ce 9 ?is matt] ,,ne$ ,,no ,,int]f]5ce6 ,we may be sure t1 h[ev] mu* ! ,academicians may snub ! affair1 ! discussion _c fail to h b5eficial results4 ,two or ?ree weeks lat]1 on ,octob] #aj1 ! ,j\rnal aga9 t\*es ! subject ( physiological demon/rations1 & d5\nces !m--:5 conduct$ z 9 ,p>is--z a sc&al to humanity4 ,! ,j\rnal says3 ,m4 ,dubois has publi%$ a disc\rse 444 on ! subject ( vivisection 9 answ] to objections made to ! am5dm5ts propos$ by him4 ,x is a brilliant summ>y ( ! :ole subject1 & utt]ly condemnative ( ! am5dm5ts c>ri$ by ! ,academy4 ,m4 ,dubois %[$ to demon/ration t 444 physiological demon/rations on liv+ animals 9 ! public ,m$ical s*ools ,,are ,,utt]ly ,,unju/ifiable1 ,,& ,a ,,sc&al ,,to ,,humanity4 ,,9 ,,all ,,?is ,,we ,,mo/ ,,?or\ghly ,,agree ,,) ,,him4 ,he said3 ,if we are to c>ry out ! wi%es ( c]ta9 savants1 we %all make ev]yone ( our pr(essional *airs a sc5e ( blood4444 ,let u tell ! ,m9i/] t vivisections are necess>y = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 & t to suppress !m w\ld be to arre/ ! progress ( physiology2 b let u also say t ,,!y ,,are ,,unnecess>y ,,9 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,?is ,,sci5ce1 ,,& ,,t ,,rec\rse ,,ought ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,_h ,,to ,,!m1 ,,ei!r ,,9 ,,public ,,or ,,private ,,lecture4' ,"u :at re/rictions w\ld ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal ( t day p]mit animal exp]im5tation8 ,9 two editorial utt]ances ! ,j\rnal briefly def9es its position4 ,9 ! issue ( ,janu>y #af1 #ahfd1 we h ! foll[+ expression ( its views3 ,! conditions "u :i*--& "u :i* alone--vivisections may be ju/ifiably p]=m$ seem to u to be cle> & easily /at$4444 ,we w\ld say1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ^? exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 & ^? alone1 are ju/ifiable :i* are p]=m$ = ! purpose ( elucidat+ obscure or unkn[n que/ions 9 physiology or pa?ology2 t :5ev] any physiological or pa?ological fact has be5 di/9ctly & satisfactorily cle>$ up & settl$1 all fur!r repetition ( ! exp]im5ts :i* 7 orig9ally p]=m$ = its demon/ration are unju/ifiable2 t !y are ne$less torture inflict$ on animals1 be+1 9 fact1 p]=m$ n = ! purpose ( elicit+ unkn[n facts1 ,,b ,,to ,,satisfy ,,man',s ,,curi\sity4444 ,& 9 ! second place1 we w\ld say t only ^? p]sons are ju/ifi$ 9 exp]im5t+ ^u liv+ animals :o are capable exp]im5tali/s4444 ,all exp]im5ts made by inexp]i5c$ & incapable obs]v]s are unju/ifiable1 & = an obvi\s reason4 ,! pa9 9 su* case1 suff]$ by ! animal1 is suff]$ 9 va94444 ,pa9 s inflict$ is manife/ ,,cruelty4 ,if we comp>e ?is /atem5t ) any rec5t expression ( ! ,j\rnal's views1 we %all see h[ f> ?is organ ( m$ical op9ion has /ray$ 9 fifty ye>s f ! cons]vatism ( ,sir ,*>les ,bell t[>d ! unre/rict$ fre$om dem&$ by ! apologi/s ( ,mag5die & ,bra*et4 ,six mon?s lat]1 ano!r pron\ncem5t appe>s 9 its editorial columns4 ,9 ! issue ( ,june #aa1 #ahfd1 we read3 ,f> be x f u to patronize or palliate ! infam\s practices1 ! unju/ifiable practices1 committ$ 9 ,fr5* vet]9>y s*ools1 & 9 _m ,fr5* ,m$ical s*ools1 9 ! matt] ( vivisection4 ,we repudiate z brutal & cruel all surgical op]ations p]=m$ on liv+ animals4 ,,we ,,repudiate ,,! ,,repetition ,,( ,,all ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,,= ,,! ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,any ,,already ,,well-,,det]m9$ ,,physiological ,,"q4 ,we hold t no man except a skill$ anatomi/ & a well-in=m$ physiologi/ has a "r to p]=m exp]im5ts on animals4 ,x is unnecess>y to /ate t ^! exc]pts f ! editorial columns ( m$ical j\rnals are n quot$ by way ( criticism4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y seem 9 ! highe/ degree cr$itable to ! m$ical p]iodicals 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,!y voic$ a condemnation ( sci5tific cruelty :i* !n f\nd a univ]sal response4 ,9 ! awak5+ ( public appreh5sion reg>d+ ! gr[+ abuses incid5t to vivisection1 _! influ5ce _c be too highly e/eem$4 ,!re c be no "q t ^! exposures ( physiological me?ods1 ^! repeat$ & emphatic d5unciations ( cruelty1 proce$+ f ! lead+ m$ical j\rnals ( ,engl&1 contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to ar\se ! g5]al public to ! ackn[l$g$ exi/5ce ( abuse1 & to ! necessity ( "s legislation reg>d+ ! vivisection ( animals4 ,,& ,,yet ,,no ,,advocate ,,( ,,unre/rict$ ,,vivisection ,,9 ,,our ,,day ,,ev] ,,ref]s ,,to ,,!m4 ,sir ,william ,osl] tells ! ,royal ,commission t x is news to him4 ,pr(essor ,b[dit*1 ! lead+ physiologi/ ( ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 ref]s ) contempt to blood-curdl+ /ories 9 ! pamphlet ( ,dr4 ,flem+ z ! fir/ s]i\s attack ^u vivisection--)\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to all ?is e>li] criticism1 ?is exposure ( infam\s cruelty by ! lead+ j\rnals ( ! m$ical pr(ession6 ,b ! wor/ & mo/ regrettable result ( su* ignorance on ! "p ( ^? :o tea* is its effect ^u ^? :o1 z /ud5ts1 foll[ _! guidance1 accept _! prejudices1 &1 unconsci\s ( _! ignorance1 give to _! /atem5ts implicit tru/4 ,we %all p]haps be told t al?\gh ! facts are z /at$1 yet ^! m$ical condemnations ( cruelty are ! outgr[n op9ions ( ! ,pa/4 ,are ! f\ndations ( morals s un/able8 ,c lapse ( ye>s transmute cruelty into b5evol5ce & righte\sness8 ,are we n[ to be ask$ to approve ! conduct ( ,mag5die & ( ,mantegazza & ,be'rn>d1 & s5d to ! lumb] room ( pa/ op9ions ! expressions ( horror & repulsion :i* _! acts once excit$ ?r\gh\t ! ,engli%-speak+ _w8 ,! sci5ce ( ! mod]n s*ool ( physiologi/s gives t implication3 ,,let ,,all ,,t ,,pass1 is _! cry to-day4 ,) ?is we _c = a mom5t agree4 ,r let u believe t 9 ! :irl & conflict ( op9ions t m>ks ! social evolution ( ,humanity1 !re are "s pr9ciples :i* are /able & "s l&m>ks t _c be alt]$4 ,cruelty is a vice t %\ld nev] be condon$4 ,:at 0 reg>d$ z infam\s 9 ! laboratory ( fifty ye>s ago %\ld be consid]$ equally infam\s to-day4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,atta9m5t ,,( ,,legal ,,regulation ,! awak5+ ( a nation to ! exi/5ce ( a great evil is only accompli%$ aft] ye>s ( p]si/5t agitation4 ,we h se5 t "s ( ! /ronge/ d5unciations ( cruelty 9 biological exp]im5tation 7 due to t l>ge elem5t 9 ! m$ical pr(ession :i* refus$ to condone cruelty "u ! guise ( utility4 ,gradually public op9ion began to be ?or\ghly ar\s$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfd ! ,royal ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals (f]$ a prize = ! be/ essay on ^! que/ions3 ,is vivisection necess>y or ju/ifiable = purposes ( giv+ dext]ity to ! op]ator 7z 9 vet]9>y s*ools78 ,is x necess>y or ju/ifiable = ! g5]al purposes ( sci5ce1 &1 if s1 "u :at limitations8 ,! committee :i* decid$ ! m]its ( ! essays submitt$ includ$ "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s ( ,engl&1 among !m ,pr(essor ,ow5 7bett] kn[n z ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow571 & ,pr(essor ,c>p5t]1 physiologi/s ( em95ce & exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/ prize 0 accord$ to ,dr4 ,george ,flem+1 ! lead+ vet]9>y au?ority 9 ,great ,brita9 = _m ye>s1 & a second prize 0 giv5 to ,dr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,m>kham1 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 "o ( ! physicians to ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital ( ,london1 & =m]ly lectur] on ,physiology at ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,dr4 ,flem+'s essay 0 und\bt$ly ( great utility 9 call+ att5tion to ! abuses p]ta9+ to ,cont95tal physiological tea*+4 ,t :i* makes 8 essay ( *ief value is n s mu* ! pres5tation ( argum5ts1 z ! long array ( unque/ionable facts = :i* ! au?orities are giv54 ,!re is h>dly a physiological writ] ( di/9ction f ^: works he did n quote to illu/rate ! excesses he condemns4 ,x is ,dr4 ,m>kham's essay1 h[ev]1 :i* = u1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 has pr9cipal significance4 ,x is ! argum5t ( a pr(essional physiologi/1 def5d+ ! "r ( sci5tific rese>* )9 limits :i* !n seem$ j & "r to ! entire m$ical pr(ession ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,e physiologi/ or physician ^u t committee :i* exam9$ ! essays is said to h m>k$ ) approval ?is pres5tation ( _! views2 & ,pr(essor ,ow5-- probably !n ! mo/ di/+ui%$ man ( sci5ce 9 ,great ,brita9-- app5d$ a note significant ( 8 especial agreem5t4 ,& yet ,dr4 ,m>kham's essay is nev] quot$ at pres5t by any advocate ( free vivisection2 ev5 ,pr(essor ,b[dit* 9 t address to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made left unm5tion$ ! "w ( 8 pr(essional bro!r1 "o ( ! e>lie/ def5d]s ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,! read] ( ,dr4 ,m>kham's essay w n f9d x difficult to compreh5d ! cause ( ?is significant sil5ce4 ,al?\gh ! essay 0 9 no way sympa!tic ) antivivisection1 x repres5t$ ! ,anglo-,saxon ideal1 9 m>k$ di/9ction f ! doctr9es :i* !n prevail$ 9 ! laboratories ( ,cont95tal ,europe1 & :i* s9ce h become dom9ant ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,def5d+ ! practice ( vivisection z a sci5tific me?od1 ,dr4 ,m>kham freely admitt$ ! preval5ce ( abuses to :i* x 0 liable :5 c>ri$ on )\t regulation or re/ra9t4 ,"u prop] limitations x 0 at pres5t necess>y t "s vivisection %\ld be all[$2 b ) ! advance ( k1 he believ$ t ?is necessity w\ld decrease1 & ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation gradually t5d to disappe>4 ,"s quotations f ?is essay w be ( int]e/4 ,! prop] & only object ( all ju/ifiable exp]im5ts on animals is to det]m9e unkn[n facts 9 physiology1 pa?ology1 & !rapeutics1 :]eby m$ical sci5ce may be directly or indirectly advanc$4 ,:51 !re=e1 any fact ( ?is k9d has be5 once det]m9$ & positively acquir$ to sci5ce1 all repetition ( exp]im5ts = its fur!r demon/ration are unnecess>y1 & !re=e unju/ifiable4 ,all exp]im5ts1 !re=e1 p]=m$ be=e /ud5ts1 9 classes or o!rwise1 = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ kn[n facts 9 physiology or !rapeutics1 are unju/ifiable4 ,& !y are especially unju/ifiable because !y are p]=m$ be=e ^? :o1 be+ m]e /ud5ts1 are incapable ( fully compreh5d+ _! value & mean+4 ,,!y ,,are ,,ne$less ,,& ,,cruel3 ne$less1 because !y demon/rate :at is already acquir$ to sci5ce2 & especially cruel1 because if admitt$ z a recogniz$ "p ( /ud5ts' in/ruction1 ,,_! ,,con/ant ,,& ,,cont9u$ ,,repetition1 ,,?r\gh ,,all ,,"t1 ,,w\ld ,,be ,,requir$4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t c\rses ( exp]im5tal physiology are n[h]e giv5 9 ?is c\ntry1 & t ^! rem>ks apply only to ^? s*ools i ,france & else:]e :]e demon/rations ( ?is k9d are deliv]$4#a #a ,exp]im5ts & ,surgical ,op]ations on ,liv+ ,animals3 ,"o ( ,two ,prize ,essays4 ,london3 ,rob]t ,h>dwick1 #ahff4 ,,especially ,,cruel6 ,little c\ld ,dr4 ,m>kham h imag9$ t ?is especial cruelty :i* he ?us s emphatically d5\nc$ 9 #ahfd w\ld spread f ! ,cont95t ( ,europe & become1 )9 ! %ort space ( a s+le g5]ation1 ! accept$ me?od ( physiological in/ruction 9 e lead+ college or univ]sity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates6 ,dr4 ,m>kham evid5tly fanci$ t ) ! l>g] acquirem5t ( facts ! vivisection me?od w\ld gradually become obsolete4 ,he says3 ,a consid]ation ( ! conditions "h propos$ z requisite = ! rightful p]=mance ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals %[s t exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d mu/ ev] be v limit$1 because ^? p]sons :o are fitt$ = ! due p]=mance ( !m are ( necessity few 9 numb]2 & t 9 proportion z new facts are add$ by !m to our k1 ,,! ,,exp]im5ts ,,mu/ ,,dim9i% ,,9 ,,numb]4444 ,?us1 !n1 we h se5 t 9 ! case ( exp]im5ts legitimately p]=m$ on liv+ animals1 444 su* exp]im5ts mu/ always1 f _! nature1 be comp>atively few2 t !y mu/ gradually dim9i% ) ! advance ( sci5tific k1 s t ,a ,,"t ,,may ,,come ,,:5 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,liv+ ,,animals ,,w ,,cease ,,to ,,be ,,ju/ifiable4 444 ,v diff]5t1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! "* & objects ( physiological demon/rations p]=m$ 9 ,fr5* ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e4444 ,^! mo/ pa9ful practices are unju/ifiable because !y are unnecess>y4444 ,!y af=d no in/ruction to ! /ud5t :i* may n be equally well obta9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,! pa91 moreov]1 att5dant on su* proce$+s is unlimit$ & unceas+4 ,if !y are to be accept$ z a necess>y "p ( ! sy/emic in/ruction ( ! /ud5t1 !n mu/ e vet]9>y /ud5t practice ^! exp]im5tal surgical op]ations1 ,,& ,,e ,,m$ical ,,/ud5t ,,be ,,made ,a ,,witness ,,( ,,physiological ,,demon/rations ,,on ,,liv+ ,,animals4 ,9 all vet]9>y s*ools1 "u su* conditions1 an incalculable am\nt ( pa9 inflict$ on animals becomes a "p ( ! regul> in/ruction ( /ud5ts4 ,at su* a conclusion ,humanity revolts4 ,exp]im5ts p]=m$ on liv+ animals = ! demon/ration ( facts already positively acquir$ to sci5ce are unju/ifiable1 & especially unju/ifiable are su* exp]im5ts :5 made a "p ( a sy/emic c\rse ( in/ruction giv5 to /ud5ts4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a view ( vivisection pres5t$ less ?an =ty ye>s s9ce by a pr(essional tea*] ( physiology 9 a ,london m$ical s*ool4 ,t ! au?or 0 mi/ak5 9 8 outlook1 t ! practice ( vivisection in/ead ( dim9i%+ has a ?\s& times increas$1 & t op]ations !n reg>d$ z especially cruel h become ! preval5t me?ods ( in/ruction1 are matt]s evid5t to all4 ,peculi>ly significant is ! fact t a cre$1 once almo/ univ]sally held1 may be s ?or\ghly oblit]at$ by its antagoni/s )9 s brief a "t4 ,"o may safely ass]t t n a s+le rec5t graduate f any ,m$ical ,college 9 ,am]ica1 n a s+le /ud5t ( physiology 9 any in/itution ( le>n+ 9 our l& to-day1 has ev] be5 told t ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation 0 once ?us reg>d$ by a l>ge majority ( ! ,engli%-speak+ memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,s completely has ! ,cont95tal view ( ! moral irresponsibility ( sci5ce e/abli%$ itself 9 ,am]ican colleges t ! =m] prepond]ance ( o!r ideals has pass$ f ! memory ( ! pres5t g5]ation ( sci5tific m54 ,! subject ( vivisection does n aga9 appe> to h engag$ ! att5tion ( ! ,engli% m$ical ,press = sev]al ye>s4 ,! abuses & cruelties on ! ,cont95t1 aga9/ :i* x _h s vigor\sly prote/$1 cont9u$ z be=e4 ,9 a brief editorial1 ! ,london ,lancet1 on ,april #c1 #ahfi1 aga9 ref]r$ to ! subject3 ,,vivisection4--,! subject ( vivisection has be5 aga9 br\ght on ! tapis1 ow+ to "s rem>ks made by ,pr(essor 7,claude7 ,be'rn>d 444 at ! ,college de ,france4444 ,he admits on "o occasion hav+ op]at$ on an ape1 b nev] repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 ,,! ,,cries ,,& ,,ge/ures ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,too ,,closely ,,resembl+ ,,^? ,,( ,a ,,man4 ,z ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette rem>ks1 ,m4 7,claude7 ,be'rn>d expatiates on ! subject ) a complac5cy :i* rem9ds u ( ,pet] ! ,great1 :o1 wi%+1 :ile at ,/ockholm1 to see ! ,,:eel 9 action1 quietly (f]$ "o ( 8 suite z ! pati5t to be brok5 on x4444 ,we consid] t vivisection con/itutes a legitimate mode ( inquiry :5 x is adopt$ to obta9 a satisfactory solution ( a "q t has be5 fairly discuss$1 & c be solv$ by no o!r means4444 ,we hold t = m]e purposes ( curiosity1 ,,or ,,to ,,exhibit ,,to ,a ,,class :at may be r5d]$ equally--if n m--intelligible by diagrams or may be asc]ta9$ by anatomical inve/igation or induction1 ,,vivisection ,,is ,,:olly ,,indef5sible1 & ,,is ,,alike ,,ali5 ,,to ,,! ,,feel+s ,,& ,,humanity ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian1 ,,! ,,g5tleman1 ,,& ,,! ,,physician4 ,x is v probable t mu* ( ! criticism ( =eign vivisection1 :i* at ?is p]iod appe>$ 9 ! m$ical j\rnals ( ,engl&1 0 inspir$ by ! abhorr5ce felt reg>d+ ! cruelty ( c]ta9 ,fr5* physiologi/s4 ,we n[ "k t ! wor/ & mo/ cruel ( !m all 0 ,claude ,be'rn>d1 ,pr(essor ( ,exp]im5tal ,physiology at ! ,college de ,france1 & ! fit successor ( ,mag5die4 ,j z pirates & freeboot]s h add$ to geographical discov]ies1 s sci5ce admits t reg>d+ ! functions ( c]ta9 organs he add$ to accumulat$ facts4 ,b ! peculi> infamy ( ,be'rn>d 0 ! indiff]5ce display$ t[>d animal suff]+ long aft] ! discov]y ( *lor(orm & e!r1 & 8 practical contempt = any s5tim5t ( compassion = vivisect$ animals4 ,( ?is savag]y "o w look 9 va9 = criticism or condemnation 9 ! writ+s ( ! oppon5ts ( vivisection re=m at ! pres5t day4 ,two physicians1 h[ev]1 h told u :at !y witness$ 9 ! laboratory ( ,be'rn>d4 ,on ,febru>y #b1 #ahge1 !re appe>$ 9 ! ,morn+ ,po/ a lett] f a ,london physician1 describ+ 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! laboratory ( ?is physiologi/4 ,,sir1 ,if ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals int5ds to give effect to ! memorial pres5t$ to x on ,monday1 & d its utmo/ to put d[n ! mon/r\s abuses :i* h sprung up ( late ye>s 9 ! practice ( vivisection1 x w probably f9d t ! greate/ ob/acle to success lies ,,9 ,,! ,,secrecy ,,) ,,:i* ,,su* ,,exp]im5ts ,,are ,,conduct$1 ,,& ,,x ,,is ,,to ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,t ,,secrecy t its be/ ef=ts %\ld be direct$4 ,s long z ! pres5t privacy be ma9ta9$1 x w be f\nd impossible to convict1 = want ( evid5ce4 ,no /ud5t c be expect$ to come =w>d z a witness :5 he kn[s t he w\ld be hoot$ f among 8 fell[s = do+ s1 & any ris+ m$ical man w\ld only a*ieve pr(essional ru9 by foll[+ a simil> c\rse4 ,! result is t1 al?\gh hundr$s ( su* abuses are be+ con/antly p]petrat$ among u1 ! public kn[s no m ab\t !m ?an :at ! di/ant e*o reflect$ f "s h&book ( ! laboratory af=ds4 ,i v5ture to record a little ( my own exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]1 "p ( :i* 0 ga9$ z an assi/ant 9 ! laboratory ( "o ( ! greate/ liv+ exp]im5tal physiologi/s4 ,9 t laboratory we sacrific$ daily f "o to ?ree dogs1 besides rabbits & o!r animals1 & aft] f\r mon?s' exp]i5ce ,i am ( op9ion t n "o ( ^? exp]im5ts on animals 0 ju/ifi$ or necess>y4 ,! idea ( ! good ( ,humanity 0 simply out ( ! "q1 & w\ld h be5 laugh$ at2 ,,! ,,great ,,aim ,,be+ ,,to ,,keep ,,up ,,)1 ,,or ,,get ,,ahead ,,(1 ,,"o',s ,,contempor>ies ,,9 ,,sci5ce1 ev5 at ! price ( incalculable am\nt ( torture ne$lessly & iniquit\sly inflict$ on ! poor animals4 ,dur+ ?ree campaigns ,i h witness$ _m h>% sights1 b ,i ?9k ! sadde/ sight ,i ev] witness$ 0 :5 ! dogs 7 br\ght up f ! cell> to ! laboratory = sacrifice4 ,in/ead ( appe>+ pleas$ ) ! *ange f d>kness to light1 !y seem$ seiz$ ) horror z soon z !y smelt ! air ( ! place1 div9+1 app>5tly1 _! approa*+ fate4 ,!y w\ld make fri5dly advances to ea* ( ?ree or f\r p]sons pres5t1 & z f> z eyes1 e>s1 & tail c\ld make a mute appeal = m]cy eloqu5t1 !y tri$ x 9 va94 ,ev5 :5 r\ghly grasp$ & ?r[n on ! torture-tr\gh1 a l[ compla9+ :9e at su* treatm5t w\ld be all ! prote/ made1 & !y w\ld cont9ue to lick ! h& :i* b\nd !m1 till _! m\?s 7 fix$ 9 ! gag1 & !y c\ld only flap _! tails 9 ! tr\gh z ! la/ means ( excit+ compassion4 ,(t5 :5 convuls$ by ! pa9 ( _! torture ?is w\ld be r5ew$1 & !y w\ld be soo!d in/antly on receiv+ a few g5tle pats4 ,x 0 all ! aid & com=t ,i c\ld give !m1 & ,i gave x (t54 ,!y seem$ to take x z an e>ne/ ( fell[-feel+ t w\ld cause _! torture to come to an end--an end only br\ght by dea?4 ,7 ! feel+s ( exp]im5tal physiologi/s n blunt$1 !y c\ld n long cont9ue ! practice ( vivisection4 ,!y are always ready to repudiate any impli$ want ( t5d] feel+1 b ,i mu/ say t !y seldom %[ mu* pity2 on ! contr>y1 9 practice !y frequ5tly %[ ! rev]se4 ,hundr$s ( times ,i h se51 :5 an animal wri!d ) pa9 & !reby d]ang$ ! tissues dur+ a delicate dissection1 in/ead ( be+ soo!d1 x w\ld receive a slap & an angry ord] to be quiet & behave itself4 ,at o!r times1 :5 an animal _h endur$ great pa9 = h\rs )\t /ruggl+ or giv+ m ?an an occasional :9e1 in/ead ( lett+ ! poor mangl$ wret* loose to crawl ab\t ! place 9 res]ve = ano!r day's torture1 x w\ld receive pity s f> t x w\ld be said to h behav$ well en\gh to m]it dea?1 & z a rew>d w\ld be kill$ at once by break+ up ! m$ulla ) a ne$le1 or pi?+1' z ?is op]ation is call$4 ,i h (t5 he>d ! pr(essor say1 :5 "o side ( an animal _h be5 s mangl$ & ! tissues s obscur$ by clott$ blood t x 0 difficult to f9d ! "p se>*$ =1 ,:y don't y beg9 on ! o!r side8' or ,,:y ,,don',t ,,y ,,take ,,ano!r ,,dog8 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,be+ ,,s ,,economical8' ,"o ( ! mo/ revolt+ features 9 ! laboratory 0 ! cu/om ( giv+ an animal1 on :i* ! pr(essor _h complet$ 8 exp]im5t1 & :i* _h /ill "s life left1 to ! assi/ants to practise ! f9d+ ( art]ies1 n]ves1 etc41 9 ! liv+ animal1 or = p]=m+ :at are call$ fundam5tal exp]im5ts' ^u x--9 o!r words1 repeat+ ^? :i* are recomm5d$ 9 ! laboratory h&books4 ,i am incl9$ to look ^u anae/hetics z ! greate/ curse to vivisectible animals4 ,!y alt] too mu* ! normal conditions ( life to give accurate results1 & !y are !re=e little dep5d$ ^u4 ,,!y1 ,,inde$1 ,,prove ,,f> ,,m ,,efficaci\s ,,9 ,,lull+ ,,public ,,feel+ ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,vivisectors ,,?an ,,pa9 ,,9 ,,! ,,vivisect$4 ,connect$ ) ?is !re is a horrible proce$+ t ! public probably kn[s little ab\t4 ,an animal is sometimes kept quiet by ! adm9i/ration ( a poison call$ cur>e1' :i* p>alyzes volunt>y motion :ile x height5s s5sation1 ! animal be+ kept alive by means ( artificial respiration4 ,i hope t we %all soon h a ,gov]nm5t inquiry into ! subject1 9 :i* exp]im5tal physiologi/s %all be only witnesses1 n judges4 ,,let ,,all ,,private ,,vivisection ,,be ,,made ,,crim9al1 ,,& ,,all ,,exp]im5ts ,,be ,,plac$ ,,"u ,,gov]nm5t ,,inspection1 & we may h ! same cle>+ away ( abuses t ! ,anatomy ,act caus$ 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,i am1 sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,george ,hoggan1 ,m4,b4 & ,c4,m4 #ac1 ,granville ,place1 ,portman ,squ>e1 ,w4 ,"o ( ! olde/ memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ,massa*usetts has also writt5 ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 ,be'rn>d's laboratory1 & 8 acc\nt ( ! cruelty !re practis$ entirely accords ) t ( ! ,engli% physician3 ,:5 ,i 0 /udy+ m$ic9e 9 ,p>is1 x 0 ! cu/om ( a di/+ui%$ physiologi/ to illu/rate 8 lectures by op]ations on dogs4 ,"s ( 8 dissections 7 n v pa9ful1 b o!rs 7 att5d$ ) excruciat+1 long-cont9u$ agony2 & :5 ! pite\s cries ( ^! poor brutes w\ld int]rupt 8 rem>ks1 ) a look ( suppress$ indignation he w\ld arti/ically slit _! w9dpipes1 & ?us prev5t _! h[l+6 ,curi\sity prompt$ me to inquire ( ! janitor :e!r1 aft] ?is p]iod ( torm5t1 ^! creatures 7 m]cifully put out ( mis]y2 & ,i asc]ta9$ t su* animals z did n succumb to ! imm$iate effects ( _! mutilations 7 consign$ to a cell>1 to be kept1 unatt5d$ & unf$1 until want$ = ! foll[+ lectures1 :i* occurr$ on alt]nate days4 ,i nev] notic$ ! slighte/ demon/ration ( sympa?y on _! behalf1 except on ! "p ( a few ,am]ican /ud5ts4 ,^! dogs 7 subject$ to ne$less torture1 = ! m]e purpose ( illu/rat+ well-kn[n facts1 capable ( be+ taught satisfactorily by draw+s1 *>ts1 & models2 & h5ce ?is cruelty1 be+ unatt5d$ by any possible b5efit to ei!r /ud5ts or mank9d1 0 illegitimate & unju/ifiable4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ t ^! same exp]im5ts might h be5 conduct$ "u ! influ5ce ( an anae/hetic1 s z to m9imize1 if n remove1 ?is ne$less suff]+1 ?is cold-blood$1 he>tless torture c only be *>act]iz$ z contemptible & mon/r\s4 ,f detail$ acc\nts communicat$ to me by eye-witnesses ( ! incid5ts relat$1 ,i ent]ta9 no d\bt t b>b>\s cruelty 0 practis$ at t "t 9 all ! ,p>isian laboratories1 ?\gh x is probable t1 = novel & horrible exp]im5ts1 none c\ld rival ! inf]nal +5uity 9 ?is bus9ess ( t ma/]-demon1 ,claude ,be'rn>d4#a #a ,extracts f lett] to ,bo/on ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 ,april1 #ahie4 ,su* is ! memory :i* ,be'rn>d has left = po/]ity4 ,x 0 by useless cruelty t he impress$4 ,& no ,am]ican physiologi/1 s\nd+ ! praises ( free & unre/rict$ vivisection1 has ev] yet v5tur$ to criticize or to condemn ei!r ! man or 8 "w4 ,let u g back a little4 ,by ! ye> #ahga1 ! agitation _h gone s f> z to be deem$ wor?y ( consid]ation by ! lead+ sci5tific body 9 ,great ,brita94 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,liv]pool ( t ye>1 a committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! subject ( animal exp]im5tation1 & ! result ( _! delib]ations appe>s 9 ! annual report4 ,reg>d+ ! practice1 !y sugge/ f\r recomm5dations or rules3 #a4 ,no exp]im5t :i* c be done "u ! influ5ce ( an anae/hetic ought to be done )\t x4 #b4 ,no pa9ful exp]im5t is ju/ifiable = ! m]e purpose ( illu/rat+ a law or fact already det]m9$2 9 o!r words1 exp]im5tation )\t ! employm5t ( anae/hetics is n a fitt+ exhibition = tea*+ purposes4 ,a ?ird rule sugge/$ t pa9ful exp]im5ts %\ld only be made 9 laboratories "u prop] regulation2 & a f\r? rule condemn$ vet]9>y op]ations = ! purpose ( obta9+ manual dext]ity4 ,x 0 evid5tly an attempt to allay agitation--!re 7 no means ( en=c+ ! recomm5dations conc]n+ practices :i* ! law did n t\*4 ,"o ( ! sign]s 0 ,dr4 ,burdon ,s&]son1 a ,lectur] on ,physiology4 ,e>ly ! foll[+ ye> he began ! deliv]y ( a c\rse ( lectures 9 ! physiological laboratory ( ,univ]sity ,college 9 ,london1 illu/rat$ by vivisections4 ,dur+ "o ( ^! disc\rses1 ! lectur] made ! foll[+ /atem5t ( 8 views3 ,) respect to :at are call$ vivisections1' ,i assure y t ,i h z great a horror ( !m z any memb]s ( ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals4 ,! rules 9 respect to !m are ^!3 ,fir/1 no exp]im5t t c be done "u ! influ5ce ( an anae/hetic ought to be done )\t x4 ,secondly1 no ,,pa9ful exp]im5t is ju/ifiable = ! m]e purpose ( illu/rat+ a law or fact already demon/rat$4 ,?irdly1 :5ev] = ! inve/igation ( new tru?1 x is necess>y to make a pa9ful exp]im5t1 e ef=t %\ld be made to insure success1 9 ord] t ! suff]+ inflict$ may n be wa/$4 ,= ! "q ( cruelty dep5ds n on ! am\nt ( suff]+1 b on its relation to ! good to be atta9$ by x4#a #a ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,febru>y #be1 #ahga4 ,! lectur] cont5d$ t no exp]im5t %\ld be p]=m$ by an unskill$ p]son ) insuffici5t in/rum5ts1 & argu$1 !re=e1 9 fav\r ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,physiological ,laboratories1 equipp$ ) all mod]n devices & in/rum5ts = vivisection4 ,"s ( 8 demon/rations 7 d\btless unproductive ( pa91 b 9 view ( ! fact t 9 o!r exp]im5ts no anae/hetic 0 employ$1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r 8 second rule 0 always v /rictly obs]v$4 ,9 "o lecture he ref]r$ to 8 demon/ration z ! fir/ "t t we h appli$ electrical /imulus to a n]ve1 & expla9s t :5 ! exp]im5t is made on an animal p>alyz$ ) cur>e1 ! effect is m complicat$ :5 a s5sory n]ve is irritat$1 s9ce !n ! art]ies all ov] ! body contract1 because ! bra9 is 9 action4#a ,no pla9] confession ( ! exi/5ce ( s5sibility c\ld be made1 yet = obvi\s reasons ! lectur] c>efully avoids admitt+ ! pres5ce ( pa94 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> !re appe>$ articles describ+ ! tea*+ ( practical physiology 9 ! ,london s*ools4 ,at ,k+'s ,college 9 ,london1 = example1 demon/rations 7 made by ! lectur]1 b exp]im5ts on animals are nev] giv5 to ! ord9>y /ud5t to d2 ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d's exp]i5ce on ?is po9t is t su* attempts result only 9 total failure4#b ,on ! o!r h&1 at ,univ]sity ,college1 ! ,cont95tal me?od ( tea*+ 0 to be f\nd4 ,/ud5t p]=m exp]im5ts on animals4 ,frogs1 cur>iz$ or *lor(orm$1 are giv5 !m1 & ! exp]im5t :i* has be5 fully expla9$ & demon/rat$ by ! pr(essor1 is p]=m$ by !m z f> z practicable4#c ,"h1 !n1 we f9d introduc$ into ,engl& 7& p]haps !re exi/+ 9 secret = "s "t be=e71 t vivisection ( animals 9 illu/ration ( well-kn[n facts1 :i*1 b a few ye>s e>li]1 e lead+ m$ical j\rnal ( ,great ,brita9 _h s emphatically reprobat$ & d5\nc$4 #a ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,june #ag1 #ahga4 #b ,ibid41 ,july #bj1 #ahgb4 #c ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,july #bg1 #ahgb4 ,! ,cont95tal s*ool ( ,engli% physiologi/s seem$ confid5t ( victory4 ,b ! lead+ expon5ts ( ,engli% ideals 9 m$ic9e 7 n incl9$ to surr5d] at once2 n[ & !n we f9d !m vigor\sly ma9ta9+ _! gr\nd1 & dispos$ to contra/ ! sci5ce ga9$ 9 ! laboratory ) t ga!r$ by exp]i5ce & =tifi$ by reflection4 ,"s extracts f a lead+ editorial 9 ! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette are extremely sugge/ive ( ! conflict ( op9ions3 ,! relation ( physiology to practical m$ic9e is a subject :i* has be5 br\ght prom95tly into notice by ! address ( ,dr4 ,burdon ,s&]son 444 at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,t address may be consid]$ z ! fir/ au?oritative & public ann\ncem5t made 9 ?is c\ntry t ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,aim ,,& ,,int5tion ,,( ,,! ,,physiological ,,s*ool ,,( ,,?\ght & "w to sep>ate !mselves m & m f ! s*ool ( practical m$ic9e2 no long] to consid] !mselves auxili>y to x except z o!r sci5ces--= in/ance1 *emi/ry & botany--may be consid]$ auxili>y to x1 b to w9 a place 9 ! public e/imation = _! sci5ce z "o :i* %all be cultivat$ ,,= ,,its ,,own ,,sake444 ,! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce is m reliable ?an physiological !ories & op9ions4444 ,! hi/ory ( ! advance ( ! cure ( disease is 9 ! hi/ory ( empiricism1 9 ! be/ s5se ( t mu*-abus$ ^w4 ,! hi/ory ( retrogression 9 ! art ( cur+ disease is t ( ! s-call$ ,physiological ,s*ools ( ,m$ic9e444 ,physiological !ory1 bas$ on exp]im5ts on dogs1 wi%es u to believe t m]cury does n excite a fl[ ( bile2 b "h ! common s5se ( ! ,pr(ession1 educat$ by exp]i5ce1 has refus$ to be l$ by physiological !ory4444 ,mod]n physiological sci5ce has taught u little m ?an ! necessity ( pure air1 wat]1 & food1 good clo?+ & %elt]1 mod]ation 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 & regulation ( ! passions--?+s1 9 fact1 :i* are z old z ! ,p5tateu*4 ,we may safely ass]t t all ! exp]im5ts made on luckless animals s9ce ! "t ( ,mag5die to ! pres5t1 9 ,france1 ,am]ica1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 h n prolong$ "o ti! ( human life1 or dim9i%$ "o ti! ( ! human suff]+ t h be5 prolong$ & dim9i%$ by ! discov]y & use ( ,jesuits' b>k & cod-liv] oil4#a #a ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette 7,editorial71 ,septemb] #g1 #ahgb4 ,e>ly ! next ye> 7#ahgc7 0 publi%$ ! ,h&book ( ! ,physiological ,laboratory1 compil$ by lead+ m5 ( ! physiological p>ty1 among :om 7 ,pr(essors ,s&]son1 ,fo/]1 & ,kle94 ,describ+ ! me?od ( p]=m+ v>i\s exp]im5ts ^u animals1 x includ$ a p>ticul> acc\nt ( "s ( ! mo/ excruciat+ly pa9ful ( ! vivisections practis$ abroad4 ,s atroci\s 0 "o ( ! exp]im5ts ?us describ$ 9 ?is h&book = /ud5ts t ,pr(essor ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 :o wrote ! description1 aft]w>d confess$ t he _h nev] se5 or p]=m$ ! exp]im5t himself1 p>tly f horror ( ! pa94 ,review+ ! "w1 a m$ical j\rnal ju/ly decl>$ t ! publication ( ?is book m>ks an era 9 ! hi/ory ( physiology 9 ,engl&4444 ,x %[s ,,! ,,pr$om9ant ,,influ5ce ,,:i* ,,g]many ,,n[ ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,?is ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,sci5ce4#a ,a pr(essor ( physiology1 ,dr4 ,gamgee1 ab\t ! same "t1 ref]s to ! physiological laboratories ( ,ed9burgh1 ,cambridge1 & ,london1 & ! "p !y su/a9$ 9 :at ,i may call ! ,revival ( ! /udy ( exp]im5tal physiology 9 ,engl&4#b #a ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,london1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahgc4 #b ,ibid41 ,octob] #ah1 #ahgc4 ,embold5$ by cont9u+ success1 ! advocates ( ,cont95tal vivisection 9 ,engl& det]m9$ to advance yet ano!r /ep4 ,! annual meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association = #ahgd 0 to be held t ye> 9 ,augu/ 9 ! city ( ,norwi*4 ,a ,fr5* vivisector1 ,dr4 ,magnan1 0 invit$ to be pres5t1 & to p]=m 9 ! pres5ce ( ,engli% m$ical m5 c]ta9 exp]im5ts ^u dogs4 ,on ?is occasion1 h[ev]1 ! public demon/ration ( ,fr5* me?ods ( vivisection did n pass )\t prote/2 !re 0 a sc5e2 "s ( ! physicians pres5t--among !m ,dr4 ,tufnell1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons ( ,irel&1 & ,dr4 ,haughton ( ! m$ical s*ool 9 ,dubl91 d5\nc$ ! exp]im5ts at ! "t !y 7 made z unju/ifiably cruel4 ,public att5tion 0 beg9n+ to be ar\s$2 x 0 decid$ to te/ ! "q1 :e!r su* exhibitions 7 protect$ by ,engli% law1 & a prosecution 0 in/itut$ aga9/ "s :o _h assi/$ 9 p]=m+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,tufnell appe>$ to te/ify 9 reg>d to ! cruelty ( ! exhibition1 & ,sir ,william ,f]gusson1 surgeon to ! ,que51 :o _h only j retir$ f ! presid5cy ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association1 n only /igmatiz$ "o ( ! exp]im5ts z an act ( cruelty1 b decl>$ t su* exp]im5ts w\ld n be ( ! smalle/ possible b5efit4#a ,! magi/rates decid$ t :ile ! case 0 a v prop] "o to prosecute1 yet ! g5tlem5 nam$ z def5dants 7 n suffici5tly prov5 to h tak5 "p 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,! decision 0 n unju/2 ! real (f5d] 0 safe 9 8 native l&4 #a ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgd4 ,x is n my purpose to trace ! c\rse ( ! ,engli% agitation aga9/ vivisection1 except z x may be se5 9 ! m$ical lit]ature ( ! "t2 b "o _c ref] to ?is p]iod )\t m5tion ( ! "n ( ,frances ,p[] ,cobbe4 ,9 #ahfc1 :ile 9 ,italy1 %e _h prote/$1 & n 9 va91 aga9/ ! cruelties ( ,pr(essor ,s*iff 9 ,flor5ce4 ,tak+ up ! "q aga9 9 #ahgd1 %e devot$ ! rema9d] ( h] life to ! advancem5t ( h] ideals ( re=m4 ,x 0 to h] zeal t 9 #ahge 0 f\nd$ ! ,society = ! ,protection ( ,animals liable to ,vivisection4 ,at ?is p]iod1 !n1 ?ree phases ( op9ion oppos$ "o ano!r2 fir/1 ! antivivisectioni/s1 :o desir$ ! total suppression by law ( all animal exp]im5tation2 second1 ! physiological en?usia/s1 few 9 numb]1 b fav\rable to ! introduction ( ! ,cont95tal irresponsibility1 & eag] to free vivisection f e semblance ( re/ra9t2 &1 ?irdly1 ! great body ( ,engli%m5 & ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 ^: views we h se5 reflect$ 9 m$ical j\rnals ( ! day4 ,! popul> attack ^u all animal exp]im5tation became s press+ t = a "t ! entire m$ical pr(ession seem$ to unite 9 its def5ce2 & editorial space once fill$ ) d5unciation ( vivisection 9 ,france 0 n[ giv5 ov] to criticism ( ! antivivisectioni/s ( ,engl&4 ,yet1 ev5 at ?is p]iod1 !re appe>$ no repudiation ( ^? humane pr9ciples1 s long pr(ess$ by ,engli% m$ical m54 ,"o lead+ j\rnal1 ! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ?us sugge/s t v ov]sight ( vivisection :i* we are told is impossible3 ,j z ! law dem&s t a tea*] ( anatomy %\ld take out a lic5ce1 & be responsible = ! bodies entru/$ to him1 s a tea*] ( physiology might be requir$ to take out "s su* lic5ce z reg>ds ! tea*+ ( practical physiology4 ,we h nev] be5 ( ^? :o advocate ! :olesale p]=mance ( exp]im5ts by /ud5ts1 especially on ! high] animals1 if !y are ( su* a k9d z to require any degree ( skill = _! p]=mance4 ,:5 ! m$ical public seem$ bitt5 ) :at 0 call$ practical physiology1' _m 7 ready to advocate ! p]=mance ( all k9ds ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals by un9/ruct$ /ud5ts4 ,aga9/ ?is notion we 7 fir/ to prote/1 z be+ at once cruel & worse ?an useless2 = an exp]im5t p]=m$ by bungl+ f+]s is no exp]im5t at all1 b wanton cruelty4 ,aft] expla9+ 8 position 9 fav\r ( sci5tific rese>*1 ! editor ref]s to a rec5t discussion on vivisection 9 ,london3 ,dr4 ,walk] decl>$ t 8 desire 0 n to /op sci5tific rese>*1 b ! abuses :i* 7 connect$ ) x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he w\ld n all[ vivisection to be practis$ by incompet5t /ud5ts4 ,?is 0 no?+ b wanton & unrighte\s cruelty4 ,,!re=e ,,he ,,w\ld ,,oblige ,,ea* ,,vivisector ,,to ,,obta9 ,,legal ,,p]mission ,,f ,,compet5t ,,au?ority4 ,ano!r abuse relat$ to op]ations p]=m$ m]ely to demon/rate physiological ph5om5a already v]ifi$ & e/abli%$4 ,aga91 ! numb] ( animals vivisect$ 0 %amefully high4 ,p]sons unacqua9t$ ) physiological laboratories c\ld =m no idea ( ! lavi% way 9 :i* animals 7 made to suff] days & weeks ( angui% & acute pa94 ,if ! p knew ( ^! suff]+s1 !y w\ld insi/ t ! numb] ( animals annually vivisect$ %\ld be limit$1 & t no animal re>+ its "y %\ld be exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,nor %\ld x be all[able to op]ate on an animal m ?an once4444 ,la/ly1 e lic5s$ vivisector %\ld be oblig$ to s5d 9 an annual return1 %[+ ! numb] ( vivisections p]=m$1 & ! sci5tific results atta9$1 :i* w\ld prev5t repeat$ op]ations ) ! same object4 ,no?+ 9 any ( ^! proposals1 urg$ ,dr4 ,walk]1 w\ld int]f]e ) ! progress ( sci5ce2 !y w\ld simply /op ! abuses :i* exi/$4#a #a ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette 7,editorial71 ,june #bg1 #ahgd4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahge1 we f9d ! ,london ,lancet also sugge/+ legal sup]vision & re/riction3 ,we are utt]ly oppos$ to all repetition ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ e/abli%$ doctr9es4444 ,we believe an attempt might be made to in/itute some?+ 9 ! way ( regulation & sup]vision4 ,,x ,,w\ld ,,n ,,be ,,difficult1 ,,= ,,example1 ,,to ,,impose ,,su* ,,re/rictions ,,on ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,^! ,,exp]im5ts z w\ld effectually gu>d aga9/ _! be+ und]tak5 by any b skill$ p]sons1 = adequate sci5tific objects4#b #b ,! ,london ,lancet 7,editorial71 ,janu>y #b1 #ahge4 ,a mon? lat] ! ,lancet devotes its lead+ editorial to a discussion ( ! e?ics ( vivisection4 ,aft] criticiz+ ! position tak5 by ! antivivisectioni/s1 ! writ] says3 ,on ! o!r side1 ! discussion has be5 conduct$ z if x conc]n$ physiologi/s alone1 :o 7 to be a law unto !mselves1 & ea* to d :at might seem "r 9 8 own eyes2 t ! matt] 0 "o into :i* outsid]s _h no "r :atev] to intrude2 9 fact1 t ,,:atev] ,,is1 ,,is ,,"r1' & s unque/ionably "r z to /& 9 no ne$ ( inve/igation or re/riction4 ,we h1 f ! fir/1 /riv5 to take a middle c\rse1 n because x 0 safe1 b because x seem$ to u ! s\nd & true "o4 ,)\t disguis+ ! difficulties1 we h nev]!less express$ our conviction t ! subject 0 "o ab\t :i* x 0 impossible n to feel a s5se ( responsibility1 & a desire to asc]ta9 :e!r ! l9e betwe5 necess>y & unnecess>y c\ld be def9$2 & :e!r any attempt c\ld be made to in/itute some?+ 9 ! way ( regulation1 sup]vision1 or re/riction1 s z to secure t1 :ile ! ends ( sci5ce 7 n defeat$1 ! broad pr9ciples ( ,humanity & duty to ! l[] animals 7 obs]v$4 ,animals h _! rights e bit z mu* z man has 84444 ,admitt+ ! probable necessity ( "s repetition ( exp]im5ts 9 rese>*1 ! writ] cont9ues3 ,x is = ! purposes ( in/ruction1 h[ev]1 t x becomes que/ionable :e!r & to :at ext5t exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d %\ld be p]=m$4 ,a *emical lectur] tea*es well1 9 proportion to ! cle>ness ) :i* he c demon/rate ! correctness ( 8 /atem5ts by exp]im5t1 & !re is no d\bt x is ! same ) a ,lectur] on ,physiology4 ,"s p]sons seem to reg>d ! advance ( k z ! :ole duty ( man1 & !y w\ld p]haps consid] exp]im5tation z ju/ifiable 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,we _c s reg>d x1 = ! simple & suffici5t reason 7z x seems to u7 t ! elem5t ( ,life & ,s5sibility be+ pres5t 9 ! "o case & n 9 ! o!r1 c>ries a responsibility ) x4 ,we cont5d t 9 any case :]e c]ta9 ph5om5a are kn[n to foll[ a giv5 exp]im5t1 :5 ! fact has be5 e/abli%$ by ! sep>ate & indep5d5t obs]vation ( _m diff]5t p]sons1 a lectur] is n ju/ifi$ 9 resort+ to x ,,= ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,m]e ,,demon/ration ,,:]e ,,its ,,p]=mance ,,involves ,,suff]+ ,,to ,,! ,,animal4#a #a ,! ,london ,lancet1 ,febru>y #f1 #ahge4 ,x is an in/ructive & int]e/+ fact t "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>d ! legal regulation ( vivisection 9 ,engl& 0 tak5 by sci5tific m54 ,! ,lancet ( ,may #h1 #ahge1 conta9s ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,"s em95t naturali/s & physiologi/s1 includ+ ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ,dr4 ,%>pey1 & o!rs1 h be5 9 communication ) ,memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t to arrange t]ms ( a ,bill :i* w\ld prev5t any unnecess>y cruelty or abuse 9 exp]im5ts made on liv+ animals = purposes ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,x is und]/ood t ^! negotiations h be5 successful1 & t ! ,bill is likely to be tak5 *>ge ( by ,"l ,c>dwell 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & by ,dr4 ,lyon ,playfair 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,a week lat]1 ! ,lancet gives an outl9e ( ! propos$ ,act3 ,! ,bill introduc$ by ,dr4 ,lyon ,playfair1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,walpole1 & ,mr4 ,evelyn ,a%ley1 ,to ,prev5t ,abuse & ,cruelty 9 ,exp]im5ts on ,animals1 made = ! ,purpose ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y1' has be5 pr9t$4 ,x proposes to enact t pa9ful exp]im5ts on liv+ animals = sci5tific purposes %all be p]missible on ! foll[+ conditions3 ,t ! animal %all fir/ h be5 made ins5sible by ! adm9i/ration ( anae/hetics or o!rwise1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( su* exp]im5t2 & t if ! nature ( ! exp]im5t be su* z to s]i\sly injure ! animal1 s z to cause x aft]-suff]+1 ! animal %all be kill$ imm$iately on ! t]m9ation ( ! exp]im5t4 ,exp]im5ts )\t ! use ( anae/hetics are also to be p]missible provid$ ! foll[+ conditions are compli$ )3 ,t ! exp]im5t is made = ! purpose ( new sci5tific discov]y & = no o!r purpose2 & t ins5sibility _c be produc$ )\t necess>ily fru/rat+ ! object ( ! exp]im5t2 & t ! animal %\ld n be subject to any pa9 :i* is n necess>y = ! purpose ( ! exp]im5t2 & t ! exp]im5t be br\ght to an end z soon z practicable2 & t if ! nature ( ! exp]im5t be su* z to s]i\sly injure ! animal s z to cause x aft]-suff]+1 ! animal %all be kill$ imm$iately on ! t]m9ation ( ! exp]im5t4 ,t a regi/] ( all exp]im5ts made )\t ! use ( anae/hetics %all be duly kept1 & be return$ 9 su* =m & at su* times z "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's pr9cipal ,secret>ies ( ,/ate may direct4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate is to be emp[]$ to grant lic5ces to p]sons provid$ ) c]tificates sign$ by at lea/ "o ( ! foll[+ p]sons3 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons or ( ! ,college ( ,physicians 9 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 or ,dubl92 & also by a recogniz$ ,pr(essor ( ,physiology1 ,m$ic9e1 or ,anatomy4'#a #a ,lancet1 ,may #ae1 #ahge4 ,! ,bill1 ?\gh introduc$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 0 n press$4 ,ano!r & m /r+5t measure = ! regulation ( vivisection _h be5 introduc$ a few days e>li] ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,miss ,frances ,p[] ,cobbe & ! ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury4 ,9 ! conflict ( oppos+ /atem5ts & op9ions1 ! ,gov]nm5t wisely conclud$ t m light on ! subject 0 necess>y1 & a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate & report4 ,b if ! ,cont95tal p>ty 0 to conqu] 9 ,engl&1 its memb]s und\bt$ly felt t x mu/ be ?r\gh audacity q z mu* by sil5ce & secrecy4 ,at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association1 !re=e1 ,pr(essor ,william ,ru!r=d deliv]$ an address1 :]e9 = ! second "t an ,engli% physiologi/ op5ly advocat$ ! vivisection ( animals z a me?od ( tea*+ well- kn[n facts4 ,comm5t+ ^u ?is address1 ! editor ( ! ,lancet rem>ks3 ,we confess t we ?9k ,dr4 ,ru!r=d presses 8 pr9ciple too f> :5 he argues t1 tea*+ by demon/ration be+ ! mo/ successful me?od1 we are !reby always w>rant$ 9 hav+ rec\rse to x4 ,physiology & *emi/ry are bo? exp]im5tal sci5ces4 ,! *emical lectur] c h no hesitation 9 employ+ any numb] ( exp]im5ts1 or repeat+ !m indef9itely to illu/rate e /ep he takes2 b we may fairly assume t ! physiologi/ w\ld be re/ra9$ by ! ?\ght t ! mat]ials ) :i* he has to deal are n s mu* in]t1 lifeless matt]1 b s5ti5t1 liv+ ?+s4 ,we hold1 !re=e1 t x w\ld be bo? unnecess>y & cruel to demon/rate e physiological tru? by exp]im5t1 or to repeat indef9itely ! same exp]im5t1 simply because by su* demon/rations ! lectur] c\ld make 8 tea*+ m def9ite1 precise1 & valuable4#a #a ,! ,london ,lancet1 7,editorial7 ,augu/ #ba1 #ahge4 ,aga91 some:at lat] ! same j\rnal br+s into prom95ce "o ( ! greate/ difficulties att5d+ all discussion ( vivisection--! lack ( agreem5t ^u ! mean+ ( words3 ,x is extremely difficult to get at ! exact mean+ ( ! t]ms us$4 ,! physiologi/ w\ld be ready to decl>e 8 utt] abhorr5ce ( all cruelty1' ,,b ,,!n ,,he ,,w\ld ,,h ,,8 ,,own ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,^w4 ,we hope ,sir ,william ,?ompson 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t revolt+ cruelties are sometimes practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ! "n ( vivisection1 al?\gh we may concur ) him 9 repreh5d+ ! p]=mance ( exp]im5ts on animals 9 illu/ration ( tru?s already asc]ta9$4444 ,:5 ! ,c>d9al 7,mann+7 laid x d[n z ! expression ( a great moral obligation t we _h no "r to inflict ,,ne$less pa91 he begg$ ! :ole "q4 ,by all means lay d[n & en=ce any re/riction t w prev5t ! infliction ( ,,ne$less pa94#a #a ,! ,london ,lancet 7,editorial71 ,m>* #be1 #ahgf4 ,we see h[ valueless1 !re=e1 is ! ass]tion s frequ5tly made 9 ?is c\ntry t no ,,ne$less pa9 is ev] inflict$4 ,! physiologi/ has 8 own int]pretation ( ! ^w4 ,! te/imony giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission 0 ( utmo/ value4 ,lead+ memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 su* z ,sir ,?omas ,watson1 physician to ! ,que51 & ,sir ,william ,f]gusson1 surgeon to ! ,que51 gave evid5ce aga9/ ! unre/rict$ practice ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,physiologi/s aft] ! ,cont95tal s*ool /at$ _! side ( ! controv]sy1 usually ) significant caution2 b "o ( !m1 ,dr4 ,emanuel ,kle91 ) an hone/ frankness ( confession t a/\nd$ 8 fri5ds1 made himself = ev] fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! vivisection controv]sy4 ,x is h>dly accurate to say t no cruelty 0 uncov]$ by ! ,royal ,commission4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! mean+ ( words1 b ! evid5ce ( "o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ,engli% physiologi/s z to 8 own p]sonal practices 9 vivisection 0 q suffici5t to ju/ify ! legislation t ensu$4 ,h[ s]i\sly ?is evid5ce 0 reg>d$ at ! "t is cle>ly %[n 9 an extract f a confid5tial lett] ( ,pr(essor ,huxley to ,mr4 ,d>w91 dat$ ,octob] #cj1 #ahge3 ,?is ,commission is play+ ! deuce ) me4 ,i h felt x my duty to act z c\nsel = ,sci5ce1 & 0 well satisfi$ ) ! way ?+s are go+4 ,b on ,?ursday1 :5 ,i 0 abs5t1 --- 0 exam9$2 & if :at ,i he> is a correct acc\nt ( ! evid5ce he gave1 ,i might z well ?r[ up my brief4 ,i am told he op5ly pr(ess$ ! mo/ entire indiff]5ce to animal suff]+1 & he only gave anae/hetics to keep ! animals quiet6 ,i decl>e to y1 ,i did n believe ! man liv$ :o 0 su* an unmitigat$1 cynical brute z to pr(ess & act ^u su* pr9ciples1 & ,i w\ld will+ly agree to any law t w\ld s5d him to ! treadmill4 ,! impression 8 evid5ce made on ,c>dwell & ,fo/] is pr(\nd1 & ,i am p[]less 7ev5 if ,i desire1 :i* ,i h n7 to combat x4#a #a ,huxley's ,life & ,lett]s1 vol i41 p4 #dgc4 ,?is *>act]ization seems by no means fair1 & probably x w\ld h be5 s reg>d$ by ! writ] 9 calm] mom5ts4 ,is indignation *iefly direct$ to ! indiff]5ce to animal suff]+1 or to ! ,,op5 ,,pr(ession ( ! feel+8 ,= m51 p]fectly famili> ) ,cont95tal indiff]5ce1 to condemn ) holy horror a "y physiologi/ because he op5ly pr(esses ! g5]ally preval5t s5tim5t ( 8 class1 is v sugge/ive4 ,! result ( ! ,commission's report 0 ! introduction by ! ,gov]nm5t ( a ,bill plac+ animal exp]im5tation 9 ,greta ,brita9 "u legal sup]vision & control4 ,z fir/ drawn up1 x appe>s to h be5 reg>d$ by ! m$ical pr(ession z unduly /r+5t & unfair4 ,prote/s 7 made1 am5dm5ts ( c]ta9 ( its provisions 7 reque/$1 concessions 7 grant$1 & at ! close ( ! ,p>liam5t>y session1 ,augu/ #ae1 #ahgf1 ! practice ( vivisection1 l ! /udy ( human anatomy by dissection1 came "u ! sup]vision ( ,engli% law4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ ^? :o _h vehem5tly oppos$ ! ,act 7 able to approve x :5 once ! law 0 9 op]ation1 & criticism c\ld no long] s]ve any purpose ( delay4 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal ( ,augu/ #ai1 #ahgf1 ann\nc+ to its read]s ! passage ( ! ,bill1 says3 ,tak+ ! measure altoge!r1 we ?9k ! pr(ession may be congratulat$ on its hav+ pass$4444 ,s f>1 ! ,act facilitates ! prosecution ( sci5ce by compet5t p]sons1 :ile x protects animals f ! cruelty :i* might be inflict$ by ignorant & unskilful h&s4 ,,! ,,act ,,is ,a ,,great ,,/ep ,,9 ,,advance ,,t[>d ,,promot+ ,,k9dness ,,to ,,animals ,,g5]ally4444 ,! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette also rega9$ its equanimity1 & an editorial ref]r+ to ! ,act admits t ! pr(ession may reg>d x )\t mu* dissatisfaction4#a ,!re are ev5 advantages to be disc]n$3 ,x gives sci5tific inquir]s ! protection ( ! law2 x protects animals f cruelties :i* might be inflict$ by unsci5tific & unskill$ p]sons1 & x satisfies to a great ext5t a dem& made by a hyp]s5sitive 444 portion ( ! public4 #a ,decemb] #cj1 #ahgf4 ,nor did fur!r exp]i5ce ) ! work+ ( ! ,act appe> greatly to di/urb ?is fav\rable impression4 ,= in/ance1 aft] ! law _h be5 9 op]ation ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 ! ,london ,lancet 9 its issue ( ,july #ai1 #ahgi1 editorially rem>k$3 ,!re is no reason to regret ! ,act ( #ahgf :i* limits vivisection1 except on ! gr\nd t x places ! int]e/s ( sci5ce at ! arbitration ( a lay au?ority4444 ,,mean:ile1 ,,! ,,act ,,works ,,well1 ,,& ,,fulfills ,,its ,,purpose4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! law has always be5 reg>d$ ) m>k$ disfav\r by ! extreme vivisectioni/s ( ,great ,brita94 ,!y _h plann$1 z we c see1 to introduce 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ! fre$om ( vivisection :i* obta9$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,!y _h fail$1 & in/ead ( lib]ty to imitate ,be'rn>d1 ,mag5die1 & ,br[n-,se'qu>d1 !y saw betwe5 !m & ! absolute p[] !y _h crav$ & dream$ ( obta9+1 ! maje/y ( ,engli% law4 ,among ,am]ican repres5tatives ( ! same s*ool--! /r5u\s oppon5ts ( all legal sup]vision--x has be5 ! fa%ion on e possible occasion to ca/ discr$it ^u ?is ,act4 ,= obvi\s reasons !y h s\ght to repres5t x to ! ,am]ican public z hav+ prov5 a s]i\s detrim5t to m$ical sci5ce & an ob/ruction to m$ical advancem5t4 ,! idea is absurd4 ,engli% physicians & surgeons are z well educat$ & equipp$ 9 e respect z are ! graduates ( ,am]ican s*ools4 ,! complete refutation ( all su* mis/atem5ts reg>d+ ! effect ( ! ,engli% law w be f\nd else:]e4 ,! ,act is f> f be+ an ideal law--x is capable ( am5dm5t 9 _m respects--b x is an evid5ce ( ! acceptance by ! ,engli% p ( ! pr9ciple ( ,/ate regulation1 & ( _! wi% t betwe5 ! w ( ! vivisector & ! irresponsible & unlimit$ torm5t ( ! victim1 !re hall be "s p[] capable1 if x s desires1 ( mak+ effective int]v5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,great ,,prote/ant ,,aga9/ ,,vivisection ,,cruelty ,among ! critics ( unlimit$ vivisection "o ,am]ican "n ( ! pres5t c5tury /&s pre-em95tly above all o!rs1 n only = emphasis ( d5unciation1 = vig\r ( condemnation1 = cle> di/9ctions betwe5 "r & wrong1 b also = ! di/+ui%$ position :i* ! writ] held4 ,=ty ye>s ago 9 ! m$ical pr(ession ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates no "n /ood high] ?an t ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[1 ! pr(essor ( surg]y 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,to e/imate ! value ( 8 criticism x is necess>y to outl9e 8 c>e]4 ,he 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 ,m>* #aa1 #ahah1 8 fa!r be+ ,dr4 ,jacob ,bigel[1 "o ( ! lead+ physicians ( 8 day4 ,aft] complet+ 8 m$ical education 9 ,am]ica1 "y ,bigel[ w5t abroad1 & sp5t ne>ly ?ree ye>s /udy+ 9 ! great hospitals ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 at a p]iod :5 ! cruel vivisections ( ,mag5die & 8 contempor>ies _h become ! sc&al ( civilization1 & !re c be no d\bt t ,dr4 ,bigel[ witness$ e phase ( vivisection t 8 s5sibilities p]mitt$ him to obs]ve4 ,return+ to ,bo/on 9 #ahdd1 ! "y surgeon rapidly atta9$ a prom95t position4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahdf1 be=e he _h complet$ 8 tw5ty-eigh? ye>1 he 0 appo9t$ visit+ surgeon ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,"h on ,novemb] #g1 #ahdf1 !re occurr$ "o ( ! greate/ hi/oric ev5ts--! fir/ surgical op]ation 9 :i* ins5sibility to pa9 0 secur$ by ! inhalation ( e!r4 ,dr4 ,bigel['s en?usiasm = ! new discov]y 0 v great1 & x has be5 said t to him ! _w 0 indebt$ = ! introduction ( anae/hesia 9 surg]y at ! exact "t 9 :i* x occurr$4 ,dr4 ,bigel[ 0 surgeon to ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital f #ahdf to #ahhf--;a p]iod ( =ty ye>s4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( surg]y 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity f #ahdi to #ahhb1 or a ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,:5 he resign$ ! latt] position1 ,presid5t ,eliot 9 8 annual report ref]r$ to him z a discov]] & inv5tor ( _w-wide reputation1 a brilliant surgical op]ator1 a natural lead] ( m54 ,! faculty ( ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool also spoke ( him z "o :o _h done s mu* to r5d] ?is s*ool conspicu\s & to make ,am]ican surg]y illu/ri\s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?is is high praise4 ,let x be rememb]$ 9 read+ 8 op9ions conc]n+ vivisection4 ,an abhorr5ce ( pa9 0 a m>k$ trait 9 ,dr4 ,bigel['s "*4 ,ev5 to ! infliction ( necess>y suff]+ he _h an extreme dislike4 ,8 g5tl5ess to animals 0 ak9 to 8 t5d]ness = *ildr54 ,he _h a great respect = _! intellig5ce1 _! affection1 _! confid5ce 9 mank9d4 ,t[>d ! close ( life he _h among 8 pets a numb] ( ! little animals mo/ closely relat$ to human be+s1 & !re=e ! mo/-priz$ mat]ial ( ! vivisector4 ,b su* 0 ,dr4 ,bigel['s sympa?y ) 8 little fri5ds t he dislik$ to take visitors into _! pres5ce1 & :5 he did1 always caution$ !m to assume a smil+ face4 ,he 0 unwill+ to give 8 pets ev5 ! m5tal suff]+ ( anxiety or fe>4 ,he di$ ,octob] #cj1 #ahij1 at ! ripe age ( sev5ty-two4 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 himself illu/ri\s 9 sci5ce & 9 lit]ature1 :o ref]r$ to ! "n ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[ z "o ( ! brighte/ 9 ! annals ( ,am]ican surg]y1 n to claim = x ,a ,,/ill ,,high] ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,heal+ ,,art4 ,su* a tribute 0 well des]v$4 ,8 0 ! mo/ em95t "n 9 ! annals ( ,am]ican surg]y4 ,x 0 f ?is man1 occupy+ su* a position 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 t we h "o ( ! /ronge/ prote/s1 "o ( ! cle>e/1 mo/ discrim9at+1 & emphatic criticisms ( unregulat$ & unre/rict$ vivisection t ! _w has kn[n4 ,x is p>ticul>ly valuable1 because ,dr4 ,bigel[ 0 nev] an antivivisectioni/1 if by t t]m we mean "o :o is oppos$ to all exp]im5ts ^u animals4 ,b !re are ?+s done 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce :i* he utt]ly repudiat$ & condemn$ z cruelty1 & aga9/ :i* he made a prote/ t %\ld nev] be =gott5 until ! evil %all be condemn$ by ! univ]sal judgm5t ( mank9d4 ,x is probable t ,dr4 ,bigel['s fir/ prote/ aga9/ ! abuses ( vivisection 0 9 c\rse ( an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society 9 #ahga4 ,x is n difficult1 p]haps1 to detect ! reason = its utt]ance4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,b[dit*1 = v _m ye>s aft]w>d ! pr(essor ( physiology 9 ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 graduat$ 9 #ahfh f t in/itution1 & w5t abroad to /udy physiology 9 ,europe4 ,!re he rema9$ ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & on 8 return 9 #ahga he 0 giv5 ! opportunity ( introduc+ laboratory me?ods & all ! new] processes ( exp]im5tation into ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,n[1 ! address f :i* ! foll[+ extracts are tak5 0 deliv]$ on ,may #g1 #ahga4 ,p]haps ! inf]5ce is n an unreasonable "o t ,dr4 ,bigel[ 0 "h prote/+1 & prote/+ 9 va91 aga9/ ! introduction 9 ,am]ica ( ^? me?ods ( vivisection :i* he always reg>d$ ) abhorr5ce & dete/ation4 ,9 ?is address he says3 ,! tea*] ( ! art ( heal+ has no m "r to employ ! "t ( ! ignorant /ud5t disproportionately 9 ! pleasant & s$uctive pa?s ( laboratory exp]im5tation--because "s ( ^! may "o day lead to pa?ology or !rapeutics--?an a gu>dian has to inve/ ! money ( 8 w>d 9 /ocks or securities ( equally unc]ta9 prospective value to him4 ,h[ few facts ( imm$iate consid]able value to our race h ( late ye>s be5 extort$ f ! dreadful suff]+s ( dumb animals1 ! cold-blood$ cruelties n[ m & m practis$ "u ! au?ority ( sci5ce6 ,! horrors ( vivisection h supplant$ ! solemnity1 ! ?rill+ fasc9ation ( ! old une!riz$ op]ation ^u ! human suff]]4 ,_! record$ ph5om5a1 /or$ away by ! physiological inquisitor on du/y %elves1 are mo/ly ( z little pres5t value to man z ! k ( a new comet or ( a tung/ate ( zirconium1 p]haps to be confut$ ! next ye>1 p]haps to rema9 a fix$ tru? ( imm$iate value1-- 444 ,,contemptibly ,,small ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,price ,,paid ,,= ,,x ,,9 ,,agony ,,& ,,torture4 ,= e in* cut by "o ( ^! exp]im5t]s 9 ! quiv]+ tissues ( ! helpless dog or rabbit or gu9ea-pig1 let him ins]t a lancet "o-eigh? ( an in* into 8 own sk91 & = e in* m he cuts let him advance ! lancet ano!r "o-eight ( an in*2 & :5ev] he seizes1 ) ragg$ =ceps1 a n]ve or sp9al m>r[1 ! seat ( all t is conc5trat$ & exquisite 9 agony1 or lit]ally te>s out n]ves by _! roots1 let him cut only "o-eight ( an in* f>!r--& he may h "s fa9t sugge/ion ( ! atrocity he is p]petrat+ :5 ! gu9ea-pig %rieks1 ! poor dog yells1 ! noble horse groans & /ra9s--! he>tless vivisector p]haps res5t+ ! /ruggle :i* annoys him4 ,my he>t sick5s z ,i recall ! spectacle at ,al=t 9 =m] times1 ( a wret*$ horse--"o ( _m hundr$s1 brok5 ) age & disease result+ f life-long & hone/ devotion to man's s]vice--b\nd ^u ! floor1 8 sk9 scor$ ) a knife l a gridiron1 8 eyes & e>s cut out1 8 art]ies laid b>e1 8 n]ves expos$ & p9*$ & sev]$1 8 ho(s p>$ to ! quick1 & e conceivable & fi5di% torture inflict$ ^u him1 :ile he groan$ & gasp$1 8 life c>efully pres]v$ "u ?is cont9u$ & helli% torm5t f e>ly morn+ until aft]noon1 = ! purpose1 z 0 av[$1 ( famili>iz+ ! pupil ) ! fr5zi$ motions ( ! animal4 ,?is 0 surgical vivisection on a little l>g] scale1 ,,& ,,transc5d$ ,,b ,,little ,,! ,,sc5es ,,9 ,a ,,physiological ,,laboratory4 ,i h he>d x said t somebody mu/ d x4 ,i say x is ne$less4 ,,nobody ,,%\ld ,,d ,,x4 ,,wat* ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,at ,a ,,vivisection2 ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,blood ,,& ,,suff]+1 n ! sci5ce1 t rivet _! brea?less att5tion4 ,if hospital s]vice makes "y /ud5ts less t5d] ( suff]+1 vivisection dead5s _! humanity1 & begets indiff]5ce to x4 ,let u pause = a mom5t4 ,^! are words ( great import4 ,!y are z true to-day z :5 fir/ utt]$4 ,:o 0 ! speak]8 ,! mo/ em95t surgeon 9 ,am]ica 9 8 day4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( surg]y 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ! lead+ memb] ( its faculty4 ,he 0 ! surgeon ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,he _h se5 ! fir/ surgical op]ation "u complete anae/hesia t ! _w _h kn[n4 ,le>n$ societies 9 ,p>is1 9 ,london1 9 o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 7 pr\d to numb] him among _! memb]s4 ,he _h rea*$ ! age ( assur$ em95ce1 :]e all fe> ( oppos+ influ5ces t might disa/r\sly affect ! m$ical c>e] ( a y\ng] man1 _h no weight4 ,surely1 if any liv+ man c speak ) au?ority1 he speaks n[4 ,& be=e :om does he speak8 ,he is n address+ a g5]al audi5ce4 ,x is a meet+ ( ! ,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society1 an association ( ! physicians & surgeons ( t ,commonweal?4 ,"s ( !m _h also se5 vivisection z practis$ 9 ,p>is & ,leipsic4 ,"h 0 a man at ! head ( _! pr(ession prote/+ aga9/ ! introduction ( ! vivisection laboratory sy/em 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,he insi/s ov] & ov] aga9 t we _c tell ! degree ( agony inflict$ by exp]im5ts ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 nor measure its int5sity3 ,:o c say :e!r a gu9ea-pig1 ! p9*+ ( ^: c>efully s5sitiz$ neck ?r[s him into convulsions1 atta9s ?is bless$ mom5t>y respite ( ins5sibility by an unexpla9$ special ma*9]y ( ! n]v\s curr5ts1 ,,or ,a ,,s5sibility ,,too ,,exquisitely ,,acute ,,= ,,animal ,,endurance8 ,bett] t ,i or my fri5d %\ld die ?an protract exi/5ce ?r\gh accumulat$ ye>s ( torture ^u animals ^: exquisite suff]+ we _c fail to inf]1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h nei!r voice nor feature to express x4 ,x is n ! fact ( suff]+1 b ! useless wa/e ( suff]+ t *iefly repels him3 ,if a skilfully con/ruct$ hypo!sis c\ld be elaborat$ up to ! po9t ( exp]im5tal te/ by ! mo/ accompli%$ & successful philosoph]1 & if !n a s+le exp]im5t1 ?\gh cruel1 w\ld =ev] settle x1 we might reluctantly admit t x 0 ju/ifi$4 ,b ! in/9cts ( our common humanity indignantly remon/rate aga9/ ! te/+ ( clumsy or unimportant hypo!ses by prodigal exp]im5tation1 or ,,mak+ ,,! ,,torture ,,( ,,animals ,,an ,,exhibition ,,to ,,enl>ge ,a ,,m$ical ,,s*ool1 or = ! ent]ta9m5t ( /ud5ts--n "o 9 fifty ( :om c turn x to any pr(itable acc\nt4 ,! limit ( su* physiological exp]im5t1 9 its utmo/ latitude1 %\ld be to e/abli% tru? 9 ! h&s ( a skilful exp]im5t]1 & n to demon/rate x to ignorant classes & enc\rage !m to repeat x4 ,"o _c b rem>k ! cle> di/9ction ( views :i* ^! words indicate4 ,no antivivisectioni/ w\ld accept ! sugge/ion ( a s+le exp]im5t4 ,dr4 ,bigel[ is speak+ z a re/rictioni/ aga9/ ! free & unlimit$ vivisection :i* he rightly =esaw 0 ab\t to be introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 & :i* has become ! practice ( ! pres5t day4 ,he realizes t if once ! laboratory sy/em ga9s a foo?old 9 8 own college1 ! sy/em w spread ?r\gh\t ,am]ica3 ,! reaction :i* foll[s e excess w 9 "t be> indignantly ^u ?is4 ,until !n x is dreadful to ?9k h[ _m poor animals w be subject$ to excruciat+ agony z "o m$ical college aft] ano!r becomes p5etrat$ ) ! idea t vivisection is a "p ( mod]n tea*+1 & t1 to hold way ) o!r in/itutions1 !y1 too1 mu/ h _! vivisector1 _! mutilat$ dogs1 _! gu9ea- pigs1 _! rabbits1 _! *amb] ( torture & ( horrors1 to adv]tise z a laboratory4 ,nor ?is ! only expression ( ,dr4 ,bigel['s op9ions4 ,9 8 "w on ,surgical ,anae/hesia1 he left on record an ev5 /rong] condemnation ( ! abuses ( vivisection & ! cruelties :i* p]ta9 to x4 ,z he quotes f ,/anley's ,9 ,d>ke/ ,africa1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahij1 x is evid5t t x repres5ts 8 mature & settl$ judgm5t1 d[n to ! v close ( 8 long & di/+ui%$ c>e]4 ,9 ?is "w he says3 ,!re c be no "q t ! discussion ( vivisection ar\ses antagoni/ic human in/9cts4 ,x is no common subject :i* enli/s su* e>ne/ & opposite op9ions4 ,t !re is some?+ wrong ab\t x is evid5t f ! way 9 :i* ! reputation ( inflict+ its torture is disclaim$4 ,t = "s reason x is a fasc9at+ pursuit is equally evid5t f ! bitt] conte/ made = ! "r to practise x4 ,!re is little 9 ! lit]ature ( :at is call$ ! horrors ( vivisection' :i* is n well gr\nd$ on tru?4 ,= a description ( ! pa9 inflict$1 ,i ref] to t lit]ature1 only reit]at+ t :at x rec\nts is l>gely & simply fact1 select$1 x may be1 b r>ely exagg]at$4 ,vivisection is n an innoc5t /udy4 ,we may usefully popul>ize *emi/ry & electricity1 _! tea*+ & _! exp]im5tation1 ev5 if only z "o way ( cultivat+ human p[]s4 ,b n s ) pa9ful vivisection4 ,we may n move z freely 9 ?is direction1 = !re are di/9ct reasons aga9/ x4 ,x c be indiscrim9ately pursu$ only by tortur+ animals2 & ! ^w torture' is "h int5tionally us$ to convey ! idea ( v sev]e pa9--sometimes ! sev]e/ conceivable pa91 ( indef9ite duration1 (t5 t]m9at+1 =tunately = ! animal1 ) its life1 b z (t5 only aft] h\rs or days ( ref9$ infliction1 cont9u\sly or at int]vals4 ,x is "h t ,dr4 ,bigel[ diff]s radically f ! advocates ( free vivisection4 ,to !m !re appe>s no reason :y ! sci5ce ( physiology %\ld n move z freely 9 exp]im5tation z ! sci5ces p]ta9+ to any o!r subject4 ,! clos$ laboratory ev9ces ! desire & int5tion to move freely1 )\t criticism or re/ra9t4 ,no physician 9 ,am]ica ( ,dr4 ,bigel['s em95ce has ev] /at$ s di/9ctly ! fact ( torm5t 9 vivisection1 & ! reasons = its condemnation3 ,a man ab\t to be burn$ "u a railroad c> begs somebody to kill him2 ! ,h9doo suttee has be5 aboli%$ = its inhumanity2 & yet x is a /atem5t to be tak5 lit]ally t a brief dea? by burn+ w\ld be consid]$ a happy release by a human be+ und]go+ ! exp]i5ce ( "s ( ! animals :o sl[ly die 9 a laboratory4 ,sci5tific vivisection has all ! engross+ fasc9ation ( o!r physical sci5ces1 ,,b ,,! ,,transc5d5t ,,torture ,,sometimes ,,inflict$ ,,has ,,no ,,p>allel ,,9 ,,any ,,( ,,!m4 ,z to its ext5t1 we read t 9 c\rse ( t5 ye>s sev5te5 ?\s& dogs 7 dissect$ alive 9 "o laboratory4 ,:y1 !n1 does n a univ]sal prote/ arise aga9/ su* infam\s cruelty8 ,on ?is po9t ,dr4 ,bigel[ is v frank4 ,x is because ( ! confid5ce :i* ! g5]al public places 9 ! av]age sci5ti/4 ,is he des]v+ ( t implicit fai?8 ,dr4 ,bigel[ does n ?9k s4 ,he says3 ,! difficulty is t ! community1 = want ( "t or opportunity !mselves to inve/igate ! subject1 ,,are ,,will+ ,,to ,,rely ,,^u ,,! ,,discretion ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,m54 ,?is is an error4444 ,a rec5t di/+ui%$ writ]1 a good judge ( m51 makes ! foll[+ obs]vation3 ,:o c say :y ! vot>ies ( sci5ce1 ?\gh em95tly k9d 9 _! social relations1 are s angul> ( "*8 ,9 my analysis ( ! sci5tific nature1 ,i am con/ra9$ to associate ) x 7z comp>$ ) t ( m5 :o are m ,*ri/ians ?an sci5ti/s7 ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,h>dness1 ,,or ,,r ,,indelicacy ,,( ,,feel+4 ,!y /rike me z be+ 444 coolly indiff]5t to ! w>m] human feel+s4'#a #a ,sir ,h5ry ,m4 ,/anley1 ,9 ,d>ke/ ,africa4 ,x %\ld n = a mom5t be suppos$ t cultivation ( ! intellect leads a man to %r9k f inflict+ pa94 ,_m educat$ m5 are no m humane--are1 9 fact1 f> less s--?an _m comp>atively un$ucat$ p4444 ,! m em95t ! vivisectioni/1 ! m indiff]5t he usually is to inflict+ pa92 h[ev] cultivat$ 8 intellect1 he is sometimes absolutely indiff]5t to x4444 ,b 9 ord] to oppose vivisection to be/ advantage1 & especially le/ he %\ld place himself 9 a false position1 ! anti- vivisectioni/ %\ld be> cle>ly 9 m9d t :at he opposes is ,,pa9ful vivisection only4 ,= !re h be5 :olly pa9less exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals :i* h l$ to useful results4 ,"s ( ! greate/ discov]ies 9 m$ical sci5ce 7 made ) no pa9 :atev]4444 ,& yet !y h be5 (t5 & sophi/ically cit$ by ! vivisector z plausible argum5ts = inflict+ bo? excessive & useless pa94 ,! fact t a few able m5 h made discov]ies by c]ta9 pa9less exp]im5ts ^u animals is us$ to ju/ify ! demon/ration ( torture to m$ical /ud5ts 7to :om x is z pr(itless z any m$ical in=mation c be71 & its practice by !m4 ,! discov]y ( anae/hesia has be5 "t & aga9 quot$ 9 fav\r ( vivisection4 ,,?is ,,is ,,simply ,,prepo/]\s4 ,9 mak+ t discov]y1 ! exp]im5ts f ! beg9n+ 7 pa9less1 & 7 !re=e :olly unobjectionable--z ,i happ5 to "k1 hav+ se5 ! fir/ ( !m4 ,! same is true ( ,j5n]'s vacc9ation1 :i* 0 a :olly pa9less discov]y4 ,little pa9 0 involv$ 9 all t 0 ne$$ to discov] ! circulation ( ! blood1 :i* 0 inf]r$ f ! valvul> con/ruction ( ! ve9s1 & !n easily sub/antiat$4444 ,! greate/ prizes 9 ! lott]y ( physiological & pa?ological discov]y h involv$ little or no pa94 ,b ! usual & /aple "w ( a s-call$ laboratory ( vivisection1 physiology or pa?ology1' = ! education & practice ( m$ical /ud5ts 9 ! unre/rict$ cutt+ ( liv+ animals1 & = ! indiscrim9ate & endless repetition ( exp]im5ts already tri$1 :]e a live dog c be b\ght & its liv+ n]ves dissect$1 444 all ?is is a v diff]5t affair4 ,a di/+ui%$ vivisector once rem>k$3 ,to u1 pa9 is no?+4' ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ?is pa9 may be1 & sometimes int5tionally is1 ( ! mo/ excruciat+ nature possible = human sci5ce to inv5t1 & t 9 a l>ge majority ( in/ances x is to little or no purpose1 ! rem>k ( ?is vivisector cov]s ! objectionable gr\nd4 ,9 view ( ! =ego+ quotations1 x w\ld appe> almo/ impossible = ,dr4 ,bigel['s position to be misrepres5t$ or misund]/ood4 ,he _c be reg>d$ z an antivivisectioni/1 = he repeat$ly /ates t to pa9less exp]im5ts ^u animals no objection exi/s4 ,b ( ! reality ( ! torm5t1 & ( ! blunt$ s5sibility ( ! pr(essional torm5t]1 he seems to h no d\bt4 ,h[ may re=m be promot$8 ,by legal sup]vision & regulation4 ,a few fur!r extracts f ,dr4 ,bigel['s writ+s w br+ ^! po9ts into prom95ce3 ,!re c be no "q t ! practice ( vivisection ,,h>d5s ,,! ,,s5sibility ,,( ,,! ,,op]ator1 & begets indiff]5ce to ! infliction ( pa91 z well z great c>elessness 9 judg+ ( its sev]ity4 ,inde$1 vivisection w always be ! bett] = vigilant sup]vision1 & = :atev] outside pressure c be br\ght to be> aga9/ x4 ,su* pressure w nev] be too great1 nor w x ret>d progress a hair's-bread? 9 ! h&s ( t v limit$ class :o are likely mat]ially to advance k by its practice4 ,! gr\nd = public sup]vision is t vivisection1 immeasurably beyond any o!r pursuit1 involves ! infliction ( torture to little or no purpose4 ,motive ap>t1 pa9ful vivisection diff]s f t usual cruelty ( :i* ! law takes absolute cognizance ma9ly 9 be+ practis$ by an educat$ class1 :o hav+ once become call\s to its objectionable features1 f9d its pursuit an int]e/+ occupation "u ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh vivisection1 l slav]y1 may embrace )9 its practice :at is unobjectionable1 :at is useful1 :at is humane1 & ev5 :at is comm5dable1 x may also cov] :at is no?+ less ?an hide\s4 ,i use ?is ^w 9 no s5sational s5se1 & appeal to ^? :o are famili> ) "s ( ! "w 9 laboratories & out ( !m to endorse x z appropriate 9 ?is connection4444 ,b burn+ 0 useless1 :ile vivisection is pr(itable4' ,"h we rea* ! k]nel ( ! argum5t ( ! pa9-inflict+ vivisector4 ,! reply is t by f> ! l>g] "p ( vivisection is z useless z 0 an auto da fe'4 ,x does n lead to discov]y4 ,! "* ( ! m9ds ( mo/ ( ^? :o usually practise x makes ?is h>dly a possibility4 ,real discov]]s are ( a diff]5t texture ( m9d1 :i* y _c create by s*ools2 nor c y ret>d _! progress by re/rictions1 put on all y may4 ,b re/rictions w & %\ld cut (f ,,! ,,horde ,,( ,,dull ,,tortur]s ,,:o ,,foll[ ,,9 ,,! ,,wake ,,( ,,! ,,discov]]1 actuat$ by a doz5 diff]5t motives1 f a desire = rese>* d[n to ! wi% to gratify a tea*] or to comply ) a s*ool requisition4 ,h[ c>efully & h[ cle>ly ! writ] has phras$ 8 di/9ctions betwe5 :at 9 vivisection is "r & wrong6 ,9 all ! lit]ature ( advocacy = free & unre/rict$ vivisection c we f9d any?+ resembl+ x8 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i "k no writ] fav\rable to unlimit$ exp]im5tation :o has be5 equally fair4 ,"o surgical vivisectioni/ is fond ( divid+ ! class int]e/$ 9 discussion ( vivisection z ,fri5ds ( ,rese>*1 & ,foes ( ,rese>*1 ascrib+ to ! fir/ all ! virtues ( good s5se1 & to ! latt] all ! folly t belongs to ignorance4 ,9 :i* class1 we may well wond]1 w\ld he place ! fir/ ,am]ican surgeon ( 8 "t because he object$ only to cruelty & abuse8 ,to ,dr4 ,bigel[ ! legal sup]vision ( ! laboratory seem$ ! "o practical me?od by :i* cruelty might be some:at re/ra9$1 because 9 ?is way he believ$ ! public w\ld obta9 "s k ( ! practice :i* is n[ )held4 ,he says3 ,9 ord] t pa9ful vivisection may be z ne>ly z possible suppress$1 n only by public op9ion1 b by law1 ,,x ,,is ,,ess5tial ,,t ,,public ,,op9ion ,,%\ld ,,be ,,frequ5tly ,,in=m$ ,,( ,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,& ,,may ,,be4 ,"h lies ! "w ( ! antivivisectioni/4 ,fur!r1 e laboratory ought to be op5 to "s sup]vis+ legal au?ority compet5t to det]m9e t x is conduct$ f ro( to cell> on ! humane/ pr9ciples1 9 default ( :i* x %\ld be1 z slav]y has be51 uncompromis+ly prohibit$ :]ev] law c accompli% ?is result4 ,is ! cruelty ( unre/rict$ & unregulat$ vivisection a reality or a my?8 ,( 8 own views on ?is "q we c h no d\bt4 ,he says3 ,a ,,torture ,,( ,,helpless ,,animals--,,m ,,t]rible ,,by ,,reason ,,( ,,its ,,ref9em5t ,,& ,,! ,,ef=t ,,to ,,prolong ,,x ,,?an ,,burn+ ,,at ,,! ,,/ake1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,brief--,,is ,,n[ ,,be+ ,,c>ri$ ,,on ,,9 ,,all ,,civiliz$ ,,nations1 ,,n ,,9 ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,religion1 ,,b ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ------------------- ,! law %\ld int]f]e4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ?is relation !re exi/s a case ( cruelty to animals f> transc5d+ 9 its ref9em5t & 9 its horror any?+ t has be5 kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,nations4 ,!re w come a "t :5 ! _w w look back to mod]n vivisection 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce1 z !y d n[ to burn+ at ! /ake 9 ! "n ( ,religion4 ,conc]n+ vivisection1 !n1 ! views ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t surgeons t ,am]ica has produc$ may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,,fir/4 ,he is n fav\rable to antivivisection1 b to re/riction4 ,!re is no objection to vivisection except ! physical pa94 ,,second4 ,! cruelties :i* p]ta9 to c]ta9 vivisections & vivisectors are n my?1 b realities4 ,= a description ( ^! cruelties1 ,dr4 ,bigel[ expressly ref]s to ! lit]ature ( prote/4 ,,?ird4 ,9 def5ce ( vivisection or ( unre/rict$ exp]im5tation1 he says t ,,untru?ful ,,claims ,,( ,,utility h be5 made4 ,,f\r?4 ,! reasons = inflict+ prolong$ torm5t ^u animals are :olly inadequate = its ju/ification4 ,,fif?4 ,vivisection has a h>d5+ t5d5cy ^u its practition]s4 ,! m em95t ! vivisector1 ! m indiff]5t he may become to ! infliction ( torm5t4 ,,six?4 ,!re is ample reason = ! int]f]5ce ( ! law4 ,e laboratory %\ld be legally sup]vis$4 ,public op9ion %\ld be frequ5tly in=m$ conc]n+ vivisection1 its objects1 & its me?ods4 ,i h pres5t$ ^! op9ions at l5g? because !y repres5t exactly ! position :i* ,i h p]sonally ma9ta9$ = ov] ?irty ye>s4 ,& if ! "t %all come1 =ese5 by him1 :5 ! _w w look back to mod]n vivisection 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce1 z we n[ d to burn+ at ! /ake 9 ! "n ( ,religion1 !n1 surely1 x w be rememb]$ t ! fir/ /rong voice 9 ,am]ica rais$1 n 9 condemnation ( all exp]im5tation ^u animals1 b solely 9 prote/ aga9/ its cruelty & secrecy1 & 9 appeal = its re=m1 0 t ( ! lead+ ,am]ican surgeon ( 8 "t1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[ ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,commission ,,on ,,vivisection ,9 ! ye> #aijf1 a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ by ,k+ ,edw>d to inve/igate ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,?irty ye>s _h pass$ s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! e>li] inquiry1 ^u :i* 0 bas$ ! ,engli% law regulat+ ! practice ( su* exp]im5ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 x _h be5 d5\nc$ z af=d+ mo/ inadequate protection to animals liable to su* exploitation2 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x _h be5 condemn$ z a h9drance to sci5tific progress1 & a w>n+ aga9/ any simil> legislation4 ,a new ,commission 0 !re=e appo9t$ to inquire into ! practice1 to take evid5ce1 & to report :at *anges1 if any1 9 ! exi/+ /atute might seem advisable4 ,! composition ( ! new ,commission lean$ heavily t[>d ! laboratory4 ,x includ$ no oppon5t to all vivisection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?ree ( ! ,commission]s at "o "t or ano!r _h held a lic5ce to vivisect1 & "o ( !m seems to h held ?is p]mission = "s f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! ,commission also includ$ among its memb]s ! p]man5t ,"u-,secret>y to ! ,gov]nm5t--an (ficial ^: acts _h aga9 & aga9 be5 arraign$1 & 7 soon to be *all5g$ once m4 ,! unusual spectacle 0 !re=e to be pres5t$ ( m5 sitt+ 9 judgm5t ^u !mselves4 ,"o ( ! ,commission]s--,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 well kn[n = 8 "w reg>d+ ! public heal?--_h at v>i\s times que/ion$ ! conclusions ( c]ta9 exp]im5t]s1 b he 0 n oppos$ to all rese>* ^u animal life4 ,f a ,commission s con/itut$1 we might h expect$ z ! f9al result ( _! lab\rs a report fav\rable to ! int]e/s ( ! laboratory1 to m>k$ modifications ( ! exi/+ law by a less5$ /r+5cy ( inspection1 to relaxation ( re/rictions1 & to an endorsem5t ( e claim ( utility :i* ! exp]im5t]s %\ld put =?4 ,su* an outcome ( ! delib]ations ( ! ,royal ,commission mu/ h seem$ to ,am]ican vivisectors almo/ a c]ta9ty4 ,dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s1 repeat$ attempts h be5 made 9 ,new ,york1 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 & 9 ! city ( ,wa%+ton1 to obta9 "s legislation regulat+ ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation to ! ext5t :i* obta9s 9 ,engl&4 ,at he>+s be=e v>i\s legislative & ,s5ate ,committees1 all su* attempts h be5 vigor\sly combat$ by repres5tatives & def5d]s ( ! physiological laboratories1 & _! /ronge/ argum5t has always be5 ! exce$+ly detrim5tal effect ( ! ,engli% ,act ( #ahgf bo? ^u m$ical education & ^u ! progress ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,b[dit* once said3 ,! am\nt ( mis*ief :i* may be produc$ by ! ,engli% law dep5ds v mu* on ! good judgm5t ( ! ,home ,secret>y4444 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! sy/em ( lic5s+ & ,gov]nm5t inspection is ,,"u ,,! ,,mo/ ,,fav\rable ,,conditions a s\rce ( s]i\s annoyance to inve/igation4 ,we %all h reason h]eaft] to see ! inaccuracy ( ?is /atem5t1 s f> z may be ev9c$ by ! op9ions ( ,engli% physiologi/s & tea*]s4 ,^u ! secrecy n[ ma9ta9$ 9 ,engli% laboratories1 a vivid light is ?r[n by ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,commission4 ,q z /rong z 9 ,am]ica h be5 ! precautions tak5 9 ,engl& to prev5t any k ( ! me?ods ( vivisection f com+ be=e ! g5]al public except ?r\gh ! ass]tions ( ! exp]im5t]s !mselves4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e we h no legal limitations to exp]im5tation1 su* secrecy occasions no surprise2 b t 9 ,engl& ! laboratory _h secur$ s complete a degree ( security f criticism by concealm5t ( t :i* we are told ne$s no concealm5t gives reason = que/ion+s4 ,"o ( ! ,gov]nm5t inspectors--a ,dr4 ,?ane--insi/s t al?\gh a physiological laboratory is op5 to ! visits ( m$ical /ud5ts at any "t1 x w\ld h>dly be possible to p]mit a simil> privilege to physicians n 9 sympa?y ) exp]im5tation4 ,i see no way ( do+ x1 he decl>es4 ,he does n seem to be c]ta9 t "o ( ! ,royal ,commission]s be=e :om he 0 giv+ evid5ce c\ld be admitt$4 ,dr4 ,george ,wilson asks him ! "q 9 reg>d to see+ ! v>i\s op]ations :i* are op5 to m$ical /ud5ts4 ,i c g & see !m8 ,i suppose ,i w\ld h no difficulty8 ,dr4 ,?ane's reply 0 by no means assur+4 ,i d n see h[ x c\ld be done1 he repli$4 ,he c\ld n see h[ "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ physicians ( ,engl& c\ld secure ! legal "r ( admission to a physiological laboratory6 ,"s ( ! evid5ce giv5 reg>d+ ?is po9t seems a little sugge/ive ( a will+ness to mislead a ?\ghtless que/ion]4 ,0 !re any wi% to give an impression t ! secrecy ( ! laboratory did n exi/8 ,"o ( ! ,gov]nm5t inspectors--,sir ,james ,russell--in=m$ ! ,commission]s t ,,he nev] _h any difficulty 9 gett+ into laboratories4 ,i simply walk into !m1 & h always f\nd ! doors op51 z if t prov$ t !re 0 no?+ to be conceal$4 ,! pr(essor ( physiology at ,univ]sity ,college 0 p>ticul>ly exam9$ on ?is po9t4 ,w\ld !re be any difficulty 9 a doctor :o 0 v /rongly oppos$ on all gr\nds to exp]im5ts on animals pres5t+ 8 c>d & be+ pres5t8 ,none :atsoev]1 0 ! ,pr(essor's answ] to 8 que/ion]1 ! ,*airman ( ! ,commission4 ,i want to see1 add$ ,"l ,selby1 :at sort ( *eck !re is ^u ! neglect ( ! /atute2 444 :e!r any m$ical man :o disagre$ ) ! ,act & disagre$ ) vivisection altoge!r w\ld be able to att5d8 ,9 ^! advanc$ lectures !re is no means by :i* we c prev5t him f att5d+1 0 ! in/ant reply4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 are ,,any /eps tak5 ) a view ( prev5t+ x8 ,none :atev]1 0 ! reply4 ,!re is ,,no?+ to prev5t x8 p]si/$ ,"l ,selby2 & ! reply ( ! pr(essor 0 reit]at$3 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t ! att5dance ( any m$ical man at ^! advanc$ lectures4 ,! di/+ui%$ juri/ und\bt$ly believ$ t by ^! repeat$ int]rogations he _h rea*$ a complete d5ial ( ! secrecy ( exp]im5tation s f> z ! witness 0 conc]n$4 ,on ! day foll[+1 ! same pr(essor ( physiology cont9u$ 8 evid5ce1 & ano!r memb] ( ! ,commission--,a4 ,j4 ,ram1 ,esq4--"o ( our c\nsel le>n$ 9 ! law1 took "p 9 ! exam9ation4 ,"o he>s a good deal 9 lay pap]s & s =? ab\t exp]im5ts conduct$ ) clos$ doors4 ,,is ,,!re ,,any?+ ,,( ,,t ,,sort ,,at ,,all8 ,! v =m ( 8 inquiry w\ld seem to indicate 8 disbelief 9 ! practice ( secret vivisection4 ,8 "q1 h[ev]1 admitt$ ( two diff]5t replies4 ,! physiologi/ might ass]t ! necess>y seclusion ( physiological exp]im5tation1 or he might con/rue ! "q 9 a lit]al s5se z p]ta9+ m]ely to ! lock+ ( 8 inn] door4 ,he pref]r$ ! latt] c\rse4 ,i h ev] come across a laboratory :]e !re 7 any clos$ doors4 ,9 my laboratory any /ud5t want+ to speak to me walks /raight 94 ,! door ( my laboratory1 :]e ,i d ! *ief "p ( my "w1 ,,is ,,always ,,op5 ,,to ,,! ,,passage4 ,?is is v clev]4 ,! two lead+ lawy]s ( ! ,commission h s\ght to get at ! tru? conc]n+ ! secrecy ( vivisection1 & app>5tly are q satisfi$4 ,b "s h\rs lat] ano!r memb] ( ! ,commission1 a pla9 ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 )\t skill ( f5ce or exp]i5ce 9 ! exam9ation ( witnesses1 asks a "q or two4 ,y h told u1 said ,mr4 ,tomk9son1 t any m$ical man1 on pres5t+ 8 c>d1 c obta9 admission at once to a laboratory8 ,"h 0 an inquiry t c\ld be answ]$ b 9 "o way4 ,no1 repli$ ! physiologi/2 to ! advanc$ physiological lectures :i* are giv5 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,,n ,,to ,,witness ,,any ,,op]ation8 ,no2 only to witness ! demon/rations t are giv5 9 ^? lectures4 ,b might n ! public be m satisfi$ if a layman--a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 = example--_h ! "r ( entry on pres5t+ 8 c>d8 ,d y mean to ! advanc$ lectures or to ! laboratory8 ,i mean to an op]ation ,,9 ,,! ,,laboratory3 say a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t or anyone ^: position is assur$8 ,i %\ld be only too pleas$ to see any ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t or any layman :o _h any d\bt ab\t x if he pres5t$ 8 c>d1 b ,i ,,%\ld ,,h ,,to ,,be ,,satisfi$ ,,( ,,8 ,,bona ,,fides4 ,x is a pity t no "o ?\ght to ask ! physiologi/ h[ he expect$ a ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t to prove 8 good fai? be=e he c\ld ent] prec9cts op5 to e /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,sir ,william ,*ur* came to 8 assi/ance by sugge/+ t ! pr(essor w\ld admit anyone v\*$ = by a p]son :om y "k1 or ^: position y "k2 b ! curt monosyllabic reply 0 n indicative ( a welcome1 & x 0 q diff]5t f ! conditions :i* _h j be5 laid d[n4 ,! doors ( ! laboratory are op51 b only to ^? 9 ^: sil5ce & discretion ! vivisector may tru/4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( te/imony 0 devot$ to ! alleg$ pa9fulness ( vivisection4 ,x is ! great problem4 ,if ! abs5ce ( s5sation 7 a c]ta9ty 9 all op]ations ( ! k9d1 !re w\ld be no reasonable objection to !m1 no matt] to :at ext5t !y might be c>ri$4 ,! physiologi/s ( ! pres5t day occupy a some:at diff]5t attitude f ^? ( half a c5tury ago1 or ( yet lat] p]iods4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 "o ( ! lead+ exp]im5t]s 9 ,engl& decl>$ t he _h no reg>d at all = ! pa9 inflict$ ^u a vivisect$ animal2 t he nev] us$ anae/hetics except :5 necess>y = p]sonal conv5i5ce2 & t he _h no "t1 s to speak1 = ?9k+ :at ! animal w suff]4 ,we f9d no su* pr(ession ( indiff]5ce 9 ! te/imony ( mod]n physiologi/s4 ,:at seems to take its place is1 9 _m cases1 a d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( pa9 9 ! exp]im5tation ( ! pres5t day4 ,does any?+ "h turn ^u a def9ition ( words8 ,a pr(essor at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 giv+ 8 te/imony1 affirm$ t no /ud5t 9 ,engl& has ,,ev] ,,se5 ,,pa9 9 an animal exp]im5t--a /atem5t :i* 9 "o s5se ev]yone c accept1 = :o c say t he ev] ,,saw a pa9 any:]e8 ,pr(essor ,/>l+1 ( ! ,univ]sity ,college 9 ,london1 decl>$ t dur+ 8 sev5te5 ye>s ( exp]im5tation on no occasion ,,h ,i ,,ev] ,,se5 ,,pa9 inflict$ 9 any exp]im5t on dog1 cat1 or rabbit 9 a physiological laboratory 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! exp]im5t] is und\bt$ly correct4 ,nei!r he nor anyone else 9 or out ( a laboratory has ev] ,,se5 ,,pa94 ,"s ( ,dr4 ,/>l+'s te/imony on ! subject ( pa9 is v curi\s4 ,pa91 he tells ! ,commission]s1 w\ld spoil ! exp]im5t1 & ,a ,,physiological ,,exp]im5t ,,:i* ,,is ,,pa9ful ,,is ,,!reby ,a ,,bad ,,exp]im5t4 ,he is ask$ :e!r !re are any op]ations p]=m$ "u circum/ances 9 :i* ! animal is necess>ily & int5tionally s5sitive to "s pa98 ,)\t any app>5t hesitation he repli$3 ,,no1 ,,nev]4 ,surely ?is is a rem>kable ass]tion4 ,he is n speak+1 s f> z "o c see1 ( 8 own laboratory1 b ( all ! laboratories ( ! _w4 ,if1 s9ce ! discov]y ( anae/hesia ov] sixty ye>s ago1 !re has be5 pa9ful physiological exp]im5tation 9 ,engl&1 9 ,am]ica1 or on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 ,,x ,,has ,,be5 ,,bad ,,exp]im5tation4 ,,! ,,pa9 ,,inflict$ ,,has ,,spoil$ ,,_! ,,"w4 ,"o may n be incl9$ to dispute ?is op9ion1 & yet be q c]ta9 t "s v em95t vivisectors 9 ,europe & ,am]ica w\ld "q its accuracy s f> z _! own "w is conc]n$4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ^! ass]tions ) ! te/imony giv5 by ano!r physiologi/--,dr4 ,pembrey1 ! lectur] on physiology at ,guy's ,hospital 9 ,london4 ,he tells ! ,commission t a common- s5se view %\ld be tak5 ( ! "q1 & !n makes a def9ite admission t by no means be>s out ! cont5tion ( ! physiologi/ ( ,univ]sity ,college4 ,i ,,admit1 said ,dr4 ,pembrey1 ,,t ,i ,,h ,,done ,,pa9ful ,,exp]im5ts1 & ,i am n a%am$ ( admitt+ x4 ,he goes yet fur!r1 decl>+ t if y caus$ an animal to suff] extreme agony1 ! pa9 itself might be s sev]e z to r5d] ! creature unconsci\s4 ,x is probable t ! physiologi/ c\ld n h =ese5 ! results ( 8 c&id admissions4 ,:5 ! ,commission made _! f9al report1 !y express$ unanim\sly ! op9ion t to grant a lic5ce to any p]son hold+ su* views z ^? =m]ly express$ by ,dr4 ,kle9 & z ^? ent]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,pembrey is calculat$ to create s]i\s misgiv+ 9 ! m9d ( ! public4 ,closely alli$ to ?is "q is ! problem ( anae/hesia4 ,fifty ye>s ago e!r & *lor(orm 7 adm9i/]$ to animals v mu* z !y 7 giv5 to human be+s und]go+ op]ations 9 surg]y4 ,an animal return+ to consci\sness gave abundant evid5ce ( its s5sibility to suff]+ by its /ruggles & cries4 ,! exp]im5t] might try to believe t ! pa9 0 slight1 b he nev] disput$ its exi/5ce4 ,to-day1 all ?is is *ang$4 ,z mu* or z little ( ! anae/hetic may be giv5 z ! vivisector desires1 & yet he may decl>e t ,,anae/hetics ,,7 ,,us$1 no matt] h[ slight ! degree ( s5sibility ?us induc$4 ,x is a kn[n fact t a dog is v susceptible to ! action ( *lor(orm1 s t dur+ its adm9i/ration dea? frequ5tly occurs4 ,sir ,?ornley ,/ok]1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,irel&1 & = _m ye>s a tea*] ( sci5ce1 te/ifi$ be=e ! ,commission t a dog's he>t is v weak & irregul>1 & susceptible to ! poison\s influ5ce ( *lor(orm4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 he expresses ! d\bts t arise conc]n+ ! adm9i/ration ( *lor(orm4 ,i fe> t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( dogs1 ,,anae/hesia ,,is ,,n ,,always ,,pu%$ ,,to ,a ,,suffici5t ,,ext5t1 z ^! animals (t5 die f ! effects ( ! anae/hetic if giv5 to a full ext5t4444 ,i am nev] sure1 if ,i give a dog *lor(orm1 t ,i w n kill x4444 ,,! ,,anae/hesia ,,_c ,,be ,,complete if ! dog lives z long z is necess>y = "s ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,ev5 = "o h\r he believes x w\ld be g5]ally impossible to keep a dog alive "u full anae/hesia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,/>l+ decl>$ t !re is no difficulty 9 keep+ an animal alive z long z y l1 & ,sir ,victor ,horsley affirm$ t "o c\ld keep a dog "u *lor(orm ,,= ,a ,,week1 if y only take ! tr\ble4#a #a ,see ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce1 ,novemb] #ac1 #aijg1 ,q4 #ae1fdi4 ,! discrepancy "h w\ld seem insurm\ntable4 ,may x n be m 9 appe>ance ?an 9 reality8 ,"o man tells me t ars5ic is a poison1 v liable to cause dea?4 ,ano!r affirms t he has tak5 x = days 9 succession1 & has exp]i5c$ no unpleasant results4 ,bo? /atem5ts c be true1 = !y ne$ n ref] to ! same am\nt4 ,9 ! mod]n laboratory !re is little dang] t ! animals w succumb to ! effects ( anae/hetic4 ,assur$ly we may "q ! complet5ess ( t ins5sibility :i* ,sir ,victor ,horsley app>5tly decl>es may be ma9ta9$ = a week4 ,! use ( ! sub/ance kn[n z ,,cur>e1 ei!r alone or 9 connection ) anae/hetics or n>cotics1 0 naturally a subject ( pass+ inquiry4 ,s slight is ! k af=d$ by c]ta9 physiologi/s t x w\ld almo/ seem t !y 7 unit$ 9 a conspiracy ( sil5ce reg>d+ x2 9 nei!r ( ! la/ two editions ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica is !re m ?an a casual ref]5ce to ! poison1 & no ref]5ce to its orig94 ,:at is x8 ask$ "o ( ! ,commission]s4 ,is x an h]b8 ,a brief acc\nt ( ! poison1 9 view ( an ignorance s widespread1 is n out ( place4 ,cur>e is ! arr[-poison ( c]ta9 tribes ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght to ! k ( ,europeans by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh on 8 return f a voyage to ,guiana 9 #aeie1 ov] ?ree c5turies ago4 ,its actual composition1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 is unkn[n2 x is probable t diff]5t tribes ( savages h _! special me?ods ( prep>+ x4 ,"s travell]s claim t x consi/s only ( a decoction ( poison\s plants2 o!rs believe t ) su* sub/ances are mix$ ! fangs ( snakes1 & c]ta9 species ( poison\s ants1 ! :ole comp\nd be+ boil$ d[n to ! consi/5cy ( t>4 ,! action ( ! poison ?us made is exce$+ly rapid4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts by diff]5t obs]v]s h demon/rat$ t x swiftly de/roys ! functions ( ! motor n]ves ( ! body1 leav+ ! s5sory n]ves unaffect$ to any ext5t4 ,claude ,be'rn>d1 :o made _m exp]im5ts ) cur>e1 came to ! same conclusion2 x aboli%es ! p[] ( motion1 b has no effect ^u ! n]ves ( s5sation4 ,an ,am]ican physiologi/1 ,dr4 ,isaac ,ott1 tells u t x is able to r5d] animals immovable by a p>alysis ( motor n]ves 1,,leav+ ,,s5sory ,,n]ves ,,intact4 ,be'rn>d ass]ts z a result ( num]\s exp]im5ts t 9 an animal poison$ ) cur>e1 its intellig5ce1 s5sibility & w-p[] are n affect$1 b !y lose ! p[] ( mov+2 & t dea?1 app>5tly s calm1 is accompani$ by suff]+s ! mo/ atroci\s t ! human imag9ation c conceive4 ,al?\gh x may seem to be a corpse )\t movem5t1 & ) e appe>ance ( dea?1 s5sibility & intellig5ce exi/ 444 x he>s & compreh5ds :atev] goes on1 & feels :atev] pa9ful impressions we may inflict4 ,x is only )9 late ye>s1 & s9ce ! employm5t ( cur>e has be5 d5\nc$1 t anyone has sugge/$ any d\bt ( ^! physiological conclusions4 ,x has be5 f\nd by physiologi/s t if ! ?roat ( a dog be sev]$ & ! w9dpipe expos$ & artificial respiration kept up1 all ! functions ( life may be greatly prolong$2 & if cur>e be us$1 ! creature does n die1 al?\gh x feels4 ,suppos+ t morphia or *lor(orm be adm9i/]$ at ! same "t--is ! animal1 not)/&+1 consci\s ( pa98 ,pr(essor ,/>l+ admitt$ 9 8 evid5ce t if ! anae/hetic pass$ (f1 ! cur>iz$ animal w\ld be unable to move or to %[ any sign ( suff]+2 !re w\ld be no possibility ( a dog :9+ or moan+2 x c\ld n1 "u cur>e1 he frankly admits4 ,dr4 ,?ane1 "o ( ! ,gov]nm5t inspectors ( laboratories1 gave int]e/+ evid5ce on ?is po9t1 9 reply to que/ions ( "o ( ! ,commission]s4 ,:at is ! object ( giv+ cur>e :5 y are go+ to give an anae/hetic8 ,! object ( giv+ cur>e is to /op all reflex movem5ts4444 ,x w\ld /op all /ruggl+1 w\ld x n8 ,,x ,,w\ld ,,/op ,,all ,,/ruggl+4 ,t is to say1 x w\ld put an end to ! usual signs ( ! animal n be+ prop]ly "u anae/hesia8 ,t is s4 ,& 9 t case ! exp]im5t] has to dep5d solely1 n ^u ! att5dant1 b ^u ! accuracy ( 8 app>atus8 ,he _c tell f look+ at ! animal1 :i* is p]fectly /ill1 :e!r x is suff]+ or n8 ,if 8 app>atus breaks d[n1 ! animal w die ( suffocation2 x w n get air4 ,yes1 x may die2 b s long z x is alive1 ,,he c\ld n say1 ,,y c\ld n say1 ,i c\ld n say--if ,i 7 pres5t--t ! animal 0 prop]ly "u anae/hesia1 ,,if ,,!re ,,7 ,,no ,,signs ,,by ,,:i* ,,y ,,c ,,tell8 ,we c\ld say ! animal is respir+ air :i* is *>g$ ) anae/hetic 9 suffici5t quantity to keep x anae/hetiz$ be=e we gave x cur>e4 ,t is all y c\ld say8 ,t is all we c\ld say4#a #a ,evid5ce tak5 ,novemb] #ba1 #aijf4 ,& ?is pi\s op9ion ,dr4 ,?ane reit]ates to o!r que/ion]s4 ,x fails to satisfy except :]e fai? is /rong4 ,! curi\s ?+ to me1 said ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 is t y or anyone else c say positively t an animal :i* _c1 by mov+1 give any indication t x is n completely anae/hetiz$ dur+ all ?is "t t x is "u a t]ribly sev]e op]ation does n suff]4444 ,i _c und]/& su* a positive /atem5t4 ,& aft] ,dr4 ,/>l+ _h admitt$ ! impossibility ( a dog1 "u cur>e1 mak+ any cry1 ,dr4 ,wilson rejo9s3 ,,!n ,,h[ ,,c ,,y ,,tell ,,t ,,x ,,suff]s ,,no ,,pa98 ,y may hope & believe1 b h[ c y tell t dur+ a prolong$ & t]rible exp]im5t1 ! animal suff]s no pa98 ,! only reply t ! exp]im5t] c\ld give 0 a reit]ation ( fai? 9 ! work+ ( ! app>atus4 ,& "h1 = ! pres5t1 ! problem mu/ be left4 ,its only answ] is a guess4 ,yet x %\ld be capable ( a def9ite solution4 ,e ye>1 9 our great cities1 x becomes necess>y to put homeless dogs out ( exi/5ce 9 "s m]ciful way4 ,x %\ld be possible1 by use ( *lor(orm1 to det]m9e :i* !ory is true4 ,if1 "u prop] circum/ances1 a doz5 animals 7 made absolutely unconsci\s by ! use ( *lor(orm1 z ins5sible z human be+ are made be=e a capital op]ation1 s t ! corneal reflex is aboli%$1 c\ld ?is degree ( unconsci\sness be ma9ta9$ z long z any exp]im5t] desir$8 ,w\ld x ev5 be possible z a rule to keep !m alive a week1 yet completely anae/hetiz$8 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld su* animals be peculi>ly liable to sudd5 dea? f ! effects ( ! *lor(orm8 ,"o _c d\bt ! possibility ( laboratory anae/hesia be+ ma9ta9$ indef9itely2 b h[ is x ) complex & full surgical anae/hesia8 ,until su* appeal to sci5ce %all h be5 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :o d\bt1 & are able to judge1 ! "q _c be reg>d$ z settl$4 ,!re are ^? :o w believe t ! old] inve/igators 7 "r2 t ! p]fect ins5sibility to pa9 is n inv>iably atta9$ 9 ^! cases2 & t bo? 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican laboratories ! mo/ hide\s torm5ts are sometimes inflict$ ^u man's mo/ fai?ful s]vant & fri5d4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,?ane1 ! ,gov]nm5t inspector1 admitt$ t 9 mak+ reports ! inspector nev] c\ld det]m9e :i* exp]im5ts 7 pa9less & :i* 7 pa9ful4 ,! evid5ce giv5 by exp]im5t]s 0 frequ5tly v curi\s1 & sometimes sugge/ive4 ,pr(essor ,/>l+1 = example1 te/ifi$ t dogs exhibit$ no fright or fe> at ent]+ a vivisection *amb]2 !re are no signs t !y h ,,any ,,idea ,,( ,,:at ,,!y ,,are ,,go+ ,,to ,,suff]1 said ! physiologi/2 t is a great consolation 9 deal+ ) animals1 z comp>$ ) deal+ ) a man4#a ,,go+ ,,to ,,suff] is a some:at significant admission4 ,he is ask$ :e!r ! exp]im5tation ( to-day is m or less humanely conduct$ ?an x 0 be=e ! ,act ( #ahgf2 & in/ead ( reply+ he tells ! ,commission]s t !re 0 v little "w c>ri$ out be=e ! ,act2 ,,!re ,,7 ,,only ,,"o ,,or ,,two ,,physiologi/s4 ,^u su* ignorance ( hi/ory comm5t is h>dly necess>y4 ,we h he>d mu* conc]n+ a wond]ful discov]y ( a ,dr4 ,crile1 ! giv+ ( morphia be=e a surgical op]ation1 9 ord] to quiet ! appreh5sions ( ! pati5ts & s to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( %ock4 ,yet z long ago z #aijf1 ,dr4 ,?ane1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 te/ifi$1 ^u ! au?ority ( a di/+ui%$ sci5ti/1 t su* use ( morphia be=e adm9i/ration ( anae/hetics is (t5 done 9 surgical op]ations4 ,! att5tion ( ,sir ,victor ,horsley 0 call$ to ! exp]im5ts ( a ,dr4 ,watson 9 ,am]ica4 ,_h he he>d ( !m8 #a ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce1 ,q4 #c1hhe4 ,yes1 ,i "k ( ^? exp]im5ts1 0 ! reply4 ,7 !y1 9 y\r op9ion1 valuable exp]im5ts8 ,i _c1 at ! mom5t1 call to m9d :e!r !y reveal$ any new conditions4 ,i %\ld h to look !m up aga94 ,7 !y ju/ifiable1 9 y\r op9ion8 ,,c]ta9ly1 0 ,sir ,victor ,horsley's t]se reply4 ,yet1 :5 ! acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 fir/ publi%$1 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 9 its editorial columns1 ?us comm5t$ ^u !m3 ,! pres5t pamphlet calls = our /ronge/ reprobation z a record ( ! mo/ wanton & /upide/ cruelty we h ev] se5 *ronicl$ "u ! guise ( sci5tific exp]im5ts4444 ,ap>t f ! utt]ly useless nature ( ! obs]vations1 s f> z reg>ds human pa?ology1 !re is a call\s indiff]5ce %[n 9 ! description ( ! suff]+ ( ! poor brutes :i* is positively revolt+4444 ,,we ,,tru/ ,,t ,,no ,,"o1 ,,9 ,,! ,,pr(ession ,,or ,,out ,,( ,,x1 w be tempt$ by ! fancy t ^! or su*-l exp]im5ts are sci5tific or ju/ifiable4 ,x w be se5 t conc]n+ ,watson's mo/ cruel vivisections ,sir ,victor ,horsley 0 n 9 agreem5t ) ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ! (ficial organ ( ! ,association ( :i*1 be=e ! ,commission1 he appe>$ z ! repres5tative6 ,! f9al report ( ! ,royal ,commission occupies a volume4 ,! long p]iod ov] :i* ! inquiry ext5d$1 ! g5]ally app>5t desire to p]mit e phase ( op9ion to h a he>+1 all t5d$ t[>d views :i*1 if n unanim\s1 at any rate indicat$ a desire to be fair4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! evid5ce & ! f9al decisions ( ! ,commission con/itute an important contribution to ! lit]ature ( animal exp]im5tation :i* has appe>$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! conclusions ( ! ,commission are almo/1 yet n q1 unanim\s4 ,all ( ! eight memb]s sign$ ! f9al report1 ?ree ( !m1 h[ev]1 mak+ _! ass5t subject to a qualify+ memor&um t 9 c]ta9 respects indicat$ a consid]able div]g5ce ( op9ion4 ,! foll[+ are ! conclusions ( ! ,commission1 ! words 9 italics & p>5!ses be+ ! qualify+ additions ( "o ( _! numb]1 ,dr4 ,george ,wilson4 ,altoge!r1 ap>t f ! moral & e?ical que/ions involv$ 9 ! employm5t ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals = sci5tific purposes1 we are1 aft] full consid]ation1 incl9$ to ?9k-- #a4 ,t c]ta9 results1 claim$ f "t to "t h be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals1 & alleg$ to h be5 b5eficial 9 prev5t+ & cur+ disease1 h1 ^u fur!r inve/igation1 be5 f\nd to be fallaci\s or useless4 7,,inde$1 ,,! ,,fallacies ,,& ,,failures ,,are1 ,,9 ,,my ,,op9ion1 ,,f> ,,m ,,conspicu\s ,,?an ,,successful ,,results47 #b4 ,t not)/&+ su* failures1 valuable k has be5 acquir$ 9 reg>d to physiological processes & ! causation ( disease1 & t 7,,"s7 me?ods = ! prev5tion1 cure1 & treatm5t ( c]ta9 diseases 7,,o!r ,,?an ,,bact]ial71 h result$ f exp]im5tal inve/igations ^u liv+ animals4 #c4 ,t1 z f> z we c judge1 x is highly improbable t1 )\t exp]im5ts made ^u animals1 mank9d w\ld by n[ h be5 9 possession ( su* k4 #d4 ,t 9 s f> z disease has be5 successfully prev5t$1 or its mortality r$uc$1 suff]+ has be5 dim9i%$ 9 man & ! l[] animals4 #e4 ,t !re is gr\nd = believ+ t simil> me?ods ( inve/igation1 if pursu$ 9 ! future1 w be att5d$ ) simil> results4 7,,failures ,,pl5tiful ,,en\gh ,,/ill1 ,,b ,,successful ,,results ,,few] ,,& ,,few] ,,z ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,legitimate ,,rese>* ,,mu/ ,,become ,,gradually ,,m ,,& ,,m ,,re/rict$47 ,o!r conclusions appe> to be z foll[s3 ,we /rongly hold t limits %\ld be plac$ to animal suff]+ 9 ! se>* = physiological or pa?ological k4 ,h[ f> int]f]5ce ) exp]im5tation %\ld ext5d appe>s to h be5 a matt] ( div]g5t views4 ,five ( ! ,commission]s took ! foll[+ position3 ,an ,inspector %\ld h ! p[] to ord] ! pa9less de/ruction ( any animal :i*1 hav+ be5 ! subject ( any exp]im5t1 %[s signs ( obvi\s suff]+ or consid]able pa91 ev5 ?\gh ! object ( ! exp]im5t may n h be5 obta9$2 & ,t 9 all cases 9 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! exp]im5t]1 ! animal is suff]+ sev]e pa9 :i* is likely to endure1 x %all be 8 duty to cause pa9less dea?1 ev5 ?\gh ! object ( ! exp]im5t has n be5 atta9$4 ,?ree ( ! ,commission]s--,sir ,william ,j4 ,coll9s1 ,m4,d41 ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 & ,colonel ,lockwood--d n agree ) ?is clause4 ,!y _c approve ( a rule :i* leaves to ! discretion ( ! vivisector ! "r ( keep+ alive = an indef9ite p]iod1 a suff]+ creature4 ,!y recomm5d t all obs]vations1 likely to cause pa9 & suff]+ %all be conduct$ "u adequate anae/hetics1 skilfully & humanely adm9i/]$1 or if ! nature ( ! inve/igation r5d] ?is impracticable1 !n1 t on ! sup]v5tion ( real or obvi\s suff]+ ! animal %all be =?) pa9lessly kill$4 ,! ,commission recomm5d$ t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 imm$iate or special records or reports ( results %\ld be furni%$ by ! exp]im5t]4 ,! ?ree memb]s j nam$ agree ) ?is1 b w\ld h su* reports ! rule1 & n ! exception4 ,) ?is view ,i am p]sonally 9 emphatic accord4 ,e exp]im5t %\ld h its complete record1 available = publication if s desir$4 ,t "p ( ! f9al report :i* 9 c]ta9 respects is m valuable ?an all ! re/1 is ! res]vation memor&um ( ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 "o ( ! ,commission]s4 ,he is n an anti- vivisectioni/1 = he agrees ) ! unanim\s conclusion ( 8 associates t exp]im5ts ^u animals1 adequately safegu>d$ by laws fai?fully adm9i/]$1 are morally ju/ifiable4 ,reg>d+ ! practice z n[ c>ri$ on1 he ma9ta9s ! only sci5tific position1 t :i* m incl9es to d\bt ?an to cr$ulity4 ,! assurances ( witnesses1 t 9 c]ta9 exp]im5tal op]ations no pa9 0 inflict$1 ,dr4 ,wilson accepts z op9ions to :i* ! greate/ weight %\ld be atta*$1 & n z /atem5ts ( absolute fact1 s f> z specific in/ances are conc]n$4 ,t ins5sibility to pa9 is inv>iably ma9ta9$ is by no means sure2 h[ev] confid5t ! op]ator may be t he has aboli%$ all pa91 ,,vivisectional ,,anae/hesia1 ,,) ,,all ,,its ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,ag5ts ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,induction1 ,,c ,,nev] ,,be ,,dive/$ ,,( ,,an ,,elem5t ,,( ,,unc]ta9ty4 ,:at are we to say ( ! results1 ei!r to sci5ce or ! art ( heal+1 :i* mod]n vivisection has contribut$8 ,x is reg>d+ ?is po9t t ,dr4 ,wilson has br\ght toge!r a mass ( evid5ce ( unque/ionable value1 9 a field ( inquiry peculi>ly 8 own4 ,= m ?an ?irty ye>s he _h be5 a writ] ^u topics p]ta9+ to ! ,public ,heal?4 ,"o by "o1 9 8 memor&um1 ,dr4 ,wilson has exam9$ ! claims ( vivisection reg>d+ ! *ief =ms ( disease :i* h occupi$ ! att5tion ( exp]im5t]s--canc]1 :i* /ill ma9ta9s its advance 9 fatality2 tub]culosis1 :i* began to decl9e 9 ,engl& m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 be=e x 0 associat$ ) exp]im5tation2 hydrophobia1 diph!ria1 tetanus1 typhoid fev]1 snake-poison1 sleep+-sickness1 & c]ta9 animal ailm5ts ( an infecti\s "*4 ,:at is 8 conclusion reg>d+ all ! claims ( va/ly increas$ pot5cy ( mod]n m$ic9e ov] ^! p[]s ( d>kness & dea?8 ,t exp]im5ts h be5 utt]ly valueless8 ,no2 "s useful k has be5 acquir$1 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,b ,i /ill cont5d1 & h endeavor$ to prove1 t ! useful results :i* h be5 claim$1 or may /ill be claim$1 ,,h ,,be5 ,,enorm\sly ,,ov]-,,e/imat$4 ,& ! f9al conclusion ( ?is ke5 obs]v] & lifelong /ud5t ( m$ic9e is ?is3 ,t exp]im5ts on animals1 no matt] ) :at prospective ga9 to humanity1 are repellant to ! e?ical s5se2 & t ^? :o p]si/5tly advocate !m z b5eficial to human or animal life ,,mu/ ,,ju/ify ,,_! ,,claims ,,by ,,results4444 ,ev5 admitt+ t exp]im5ts on animals h contribut$ to ! relief ( human suff]+1 su* measure ( relief is inf9itesimal comp>$ ) ! pa9 :i* has be5 inflict$ to secure x4 ,:at *anges to ! exi/+ law ( ,engl& reg>d+ animal exp]im5tation1 or 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act1 did ?is ,commission recomm5d8 ,,fir/4 ,,an ,,increase ,,9 ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,inspectors4 ,! inspectors %\ld be suffici5tly num]\s & %\ld h at _! comm& ample "t to af=d to ! public reasonable assurance t ! law is fai?fully adm9i/]$4 ,,second4 ,,re/rictions ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,cur>e4 ,we are all agre$1 t if its use is to be p]mitt$ at all1 an inspector1 or "s p]son nom9at$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 %\ld be pres5t f ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 :o %\ld satisfy himself t ! animal is ?r\gh\t ! :ole exp]im5t & ,,until ,,its ,,dea? ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,complete ,,anae/hesia4 ,?is is a mo/ rem>kable recomm5dation4 ,c x imply any?+ else ?an di/ru/ ( ! exp]im5t]8 ,,?ird4 ,,/rict] ,,provisions ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,pi?+4 ,! op]ation mu/ be complete2 p]=m$ only "u an adequate anae/hetic2 & by a lic5s$ p]son :5 made on a w>m-blood$ animal4 ,,f\r?4 ,,additional ,,re/rictions ,,regulat+ ,,! ,,pa9less ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,animals :i* %[ signs ( suff]+ aft] ! exp]im5t4 ,to ?is recomm5dation & its sugge/$ am5dm5t by ?ree ( ! ,commission]s1 ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,,fif?4 ,a ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,select+ & 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,advisory body to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,,six?4 ,,special ,,records ,,by ,,exp]im5t]s ,,9 ,,c]ta9 ,,cases4 ,on ?is po9t we h se5 t ?ree ( ! ,commission]s w5t yet f>!r1 & believ$ t 9 ,,all cases ( pa9ful exp]im5t--&1 possibly1 9 all cases :atsoev]1 su* reports %\ld be made4 ,x is n[ upw>ds ( ?irty-five ye>s s9ce ! ,act regulat+ ! practice ( vivisection 9 ,engl& came into effect4 ,dur+ all t p]iod1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! law has nev] ceas$ to be an object ( misrepres5tation & attack4 ,be=e ,legislatures & ,s5ate ,committees1 on ! plat=m & 9 ! press1 by m5 ( good reputation b associat$ ) laboratory int]e/s1 ! ,engli% law has be5 d5\nc$ z a h9drance to sci5tific progress & a w>n+ aga9/ simil> legislation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& yet no?+ c be m evid5t t all ^! attacks 7 bas$ ^u ignorance & mis/atem5t4 ,we f9d a ,royal ,commission 9 ,engl&1 compos$ almo/ entirely ( sci5tific m51 ev]yone ( !m fav\rable to animal exp]im5tation1 devot+ ye>s to an inquiry conc]n+ n vivisection only1 b ! work+ ( ! law by :i* x is regulat$4 ,& ! conclusions rea*$ are 9 e respect oppos$ to ! /atem5ts made by ! laboratory int]e/s "h4 ,,!y ,,fully ,,endorse ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,/ate ,,regulation1 ,,:i* ,,ev]y:]e ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,is ,,s ,,/r5u\sly ,,oppos$4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,e recomm5dation made = modification ( ! ,act is 9 ! direction ( animal protection1 & t[>d an increas$ /r+5cy ( ! regulations relat+ to animal exp]im5tation4 ,9 n a s+le in/ance 0 !re recomm5dation t ! regulations %\ld be less /r+5t2 n an in/ance 9 :i* x 0 sugge/$ t privileges ( ! vivisector %\ld be enl>g$4 ,t ?is %\ld be ! result ( an inquiry 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury1 ext5d+ ov] five ye>s1 is rem>kable inde$4 ,p]haps !re is no reason = surprise t all ^! conclusions ( ! ,royal ,commission 7 nev] made kn[n to ! ,am]ican public by ! p]iodicals ( ! day4 ,is x possible = anyone to believe t su* conclusions w\ld ev] h be5 atta9$ if ! d5unciations ( ,/ate regulation ( vivisection1 proce$+ f ! ,am]ican laboratory1 _h be5 gr\nd$ 9 tru?8 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,great ,,anae/hetic ,,delusion ,a popul> delusion is (t5 ! basis ( a great abuse4 ,if at "o "t wit*es 7 burnt by c\ntless ?\s&s1 x 0 at a p]iod :5 implicit fai? 9 ! reality ( diabolic conspiracy 0 undi/urb$ by sceptical que/ion+s4 ,human slav]y exi/$ = c5turies1 n only because x 0 pr(itable1 b because x came to be reg>d$ z ! only conceivable p]man5t relation betwe5 ! negro & ! :ite man4 ,! ,spani% ,inquisition exi/$ = ages1 because ! pi\s ,spani>d c\ld n believe t ! good m5 :o upheld1 enc\rag$1 & promot$ its activity c\ld be liable to error1 or actuat$ by o!r ?an ! l(tie/ pr9ciples4 ,m5 f9d !mselves delud$ n m]ely because ( _! fai? 9 ! integrity ( _! fell[-m51 b because !y h also ext5d$ t fai? to ! accuracy ( _! op9ions4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! fact t public apa?y reg>d+ ! abuses ( vivisection z n[ c>ri$ on )\t limitations or re/rictions is gr\nd$ ^u ! great anae/hetic delusion4 ,?is mis9t]pretation ( facts1 ?is misund]/&+ ( sci5tific /atem5ts1 con/itutes ! mo/ s+ul> delusion ( ! pres5t "t4 ,:at is anae/hesia8 ,x has be5 def9$ z a /ate ( ins5sibility to ext]nal impressions1 sometimes introduc$ by disease1 b m g5]ally 9 mod]n surg]y by ! inhalation ( ! vap\rs ( e!r or *lor(orm4 ,! discov]y ( ! prop]ties ( ^! drugs con/itutes a v int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! /ory ( sci5tific a*ievem5t2 b 9 ?is connection ! *ief po9t ( int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t ! mo/ wond]ful ( all advances 9 m$ic9e 0 made )\t resort to ! vivisection ( animals4 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d ,ri*>dson1 an ,engli% sci5ti/ :o _h mu* to d ) its v>i\s me?ods1 tells u t ! in/auration ( g5]al anae/hesia came f exp]im5ts on man alone2 !re is no suspicion ( any exp]im5t on a l[] animal 9 connection ) x2 & ,pr(essor ,bigel[1 ( ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 z we h se51 makes ! same /atem5t4 ,! ext5t to :i* ins5sibility may be c>ri$ dep5ds entirely on ! am\nt ( ! vap\r inhal$4 ,suppose ! quantity to be v small4 ,!n ! result w be a dim9i%$ s5sibility1 )\t entire loss ( consci\sness4 ,let ! quantity inhal$ be consid]ably increase1 & we may produce a pr(\nd /upor ) muscul> relaxation1 ! eyes are fix$1 & ! eyelids d n respond :5 ! eyeball is t\*$4 ,!re is n[ deep anae/hesia1 & complete unconsci\sness to ! surgeon's knife4 ,! bord]l9e betwe5 life & dea? is n di/ant2 & if /ill m ( ! anae/hetic is adm9i/]$1 we may rea* a condition f :i* !re is no awak5+4 ,! skill ( ! anae/heti/ is n unlike t ( a pilot1 :o ne$s to "k j h[ f> ! %ip may be /e]$ 9 a difficult *annel )\t runn+ ^u ! rocks4 ,= a slight op]ation1 a v little ( ! drug w (t5 suffice4 ,9 "s hospitals abroad--& p]haps 9 ,am]ica--x is ! cu/om n to give anae/hetics to *>ity pati5ts :5 ! pa9 is n great] ?an ! extraction ( a too?4 ,betwe5 a light anae/hesia & ! deep ins5sibility requir$ = "s capital op]ation1 ,,!re ,,is ,,e ,,conceivable ,,degree4 ,we see ! same ?+ 9 ord9>y sleep4 ,! deep unconsci\sness ( a ?or\ghly exhau/$ man is va/ly diff]5t f ! light slumb] ( an anxi\s "m1 :o is ar\s$ by a ^w or t\*4 ,yet bo? conditions are :at we call sleep4 ,n[1 "o ( ! popul> delusions reg>d+ :at is call$ anae/hesia arises f ignorance ( its innum]able degrees4 ,we are told1 = in/ance1 anae/hetics 7 us$ 9 c]ta9 vivisections4 ,t ass]tion alone1 9 a majority ( cases1 w quiet any criticism4 ,if anae/hetics 7 us$1 !n ! av]age read] assumes t ( c\rse !re 0 no pa94 ,! exp]im5t] may "k bett]4 ,b if ignorance p]si/s 9 mis9t]pret+ /atem5ts ( fact1 x is possible t he may ?9k he is n oblig$ to make ! tru? pla91 to 8 positive disadvantage4 ,if su* me?od ( reason+ ev] obta9s1 x may expla9 v mu*4 ,& yet x w\ld seem t only v ignorant p c\ld be s bl9d$ by au?ority z n to p]ceive :]e ! fallacy lies4 ,a slight am\nt ( e!r or *lor(orm may mean to a vivisect$ animal no protection :atev] f extreme pa94 ,! fact has long be5 kn[n4 ,_m ye>s ago ,dr4 ,george ,hoggan decl>$ t complete & consci5ti\s anae/hesia is seldom ev5 attempt$1 ! animal gett+ at mo/ a slight :iff ( *lor(orm by way ( satisfy+ ! consci5ce ( ! op]ator1 ,,or ,,( ,,enabl+ ,,him ,,to ,,make ,,/atem5ts ,,( ,a ,,humane ,,"*4 ,9 o!r words1 x enables him to say1 ,anae/hetics are always us$4 ,%all we always be bl9d to ! insignificance ( t phrase8 ,t *lor(orm or e!r w suppress ! consci\sness ( pa9 dur+ a surgical op]ation1 e read] is aw>e4 ,b :5 we speak ( c]ta9 vivisections1 we are on diff]5t gr\nd4 ,! pa9s to be inflict$ are sometimes f> m excruciat+ ?an any surgical op]ation4 ,9 ! /imulation ( s5sory n]ves1 & 9 v>i\s op]ations ^u ^! n]ves1 !re may be excit$ agonies s great t !y break ?r\gh ! limit$ unconsci\sness induc$ by *lor(orm4 ,"o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ vivisectors 9 ,am]ica has giv5 8 te/imony on ?is po9t4 ,speak+ ( 8 exp]im5ts ^u "s ( ! mo/ exquisitely s5sitive n]ves1 ,dr4 ,fl9t says3 ,,:5 we h us$ anae/hetics--n ! significance ( ! phrase--,,we ,,c\ld ,,nev] ,,pu% ,,! ,,effects ,,suffici5tly ,,to ,,aboli% ,,! ,,s5sibility ,,( ,,! ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,n]ve4 ,if an animal1 br\ght s fully "u ! influ5ce ( e!r t ! conjunctiva _h become absolutely ins5sible 7! degree ( ins5sibility requir$ by ! surgeon71 ! in/ant ! in/rum5t t\*$ ! root ( ! n]ve 9 ! cranium1 ,,!re ,,7 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,acute ,,pa94#a ,( o!r exp]im5ts ^u ! same n]ves he tells u t 9 us+ anae/hetics1 we h nev] be5 able to br+ an animal "u _! influ5ce ,,s ,,completely ,,z ,,to ,,aboli% ,,! ,,s5sibility4444 ,9 cats t appe> to be ?or\ghly e!riz$1 z soon z ! in/rum5t t\*es ! n]ve1 !re is m or less /ruggl+4#b #a ,fl9t's ,physiology1 vol4 iv41 p4 #ig4 #b ,fl9t's ,physiology1 vol4 iv41 p4 #aic4 ,?is /atem5t ne$s to be rememb]$4 ,! agony may be s ke51 s exquisite1 s f> beyond ! pa9 ( a surgical op]ation1 t x makes itself felt4 ,pa91 !n1 conqu]s ! anae/hetic1 exactly z ! anae/hetic usually conqu]s ! pa94 ,:at1 !n1 is ! value ( ! phrase1 ,,anae/hetics ,,7 ,,us$8 ,dr4 ,hoggan has told u4 ,x has no value :atev]4 ,sir ,?ornley ,/ok]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,irel&1 & an inspector ( laboratories "u ! ,act1 0 que/ion$ ab\t ! pa9 endur$ by an animal 9 c\rse ( a prolong$ vivisection1 & he frankly admitt$ t a vivisector c\ld d no m ?an give an op9ion4 ,he c\ld h no ,,c]ta9ty z to ! entire abs5ce1 ! cont9u\s abs5ce1 ( pa94#b ,dr4 ,?ane1 a pr(essor at ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,college1 ,london1 & a ,gov]nm5t inspector1 be+ ask$ :e!r "o might n be able to di/+ui% betwe5 pa9ful & pa9less exp]im5ts1 repli$ t ! inspector nev] c\ld di/+ui% exactly :i* exp]im5ts 7 pa9less & :i* 7 pa9ful1 ,,& ,,! ,,exp]im5t]s ,,& ,,obs]v]s ,,!mselves _c di/+ui% ,,9 ,a ,,v ,,l>ge ,,numb] ,,( ,,cases4#c #b ,evid5ce be=e ,royal ,commission1 ,"q #a1jfd4 #c ,ibid41 ,"q #a1cce4 ,^! are ! op9ions ( exp]ts4 ,?is attitude ( unc]ta9ty is ! only gr\nd possible = a sci5tific man :o aims at /at+ ! :ole tru?4 ,:5 a pr(essional vivisector gives u assurance t no pa9 0 felt dur+ ! sev]e/ op]ations1 he is only putt+ =? an op9ion4 ,he is b mortal4 ,we are n oblig$ to assume 8 infallibility 9 a region :]e exp]ts are 9 d\bt1 & :]e !re may be a desire = concealm5t4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a "w 0 publi%$ describ+ 9 detail exp]im5ts ^u surgical %ock--s t]m$ to di/+ui% x f a simil> condition aris+ f ov]:elm+ emotions4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 almo/ exclusively made ^u dogs1 man's fai?ful fri5d & companion2 & _! numb] 0 s great & _! "* s horrible t _! publication at fir/ excit$ g5]al criticism & condemnation4 ,at "o ! sugge/ion 0 put =? t ! exp]im5ts 7 pa9less1 because anae/hetics 7 employ$4 ,! vivisector _h said3 ,9 all cases ! animals 7 anae/hetiz$1 usually by ! use ( e!r1 occasionally by *lor(orm1 ei!r alone or ) e!r4 ,9 a few cases ,,cur>e ,,& ,,morph9e ,,7 ,,us$4 ,9 a numb] ( succe$+ volumes1 ! same ass]tion has be5 put =?2 & z und]/ood by ! av]age read]1 x has t5d$ to dispel d\bts reg>d+ ! "* ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,x seems wor? :ile to exam9e ! acc\nt ( ^! inve/igations a little closely4 ,! "q = u is n :e!r anae/hetics 7 employ$1 b to :at ext5t we may f9d ourselves assur$ reg>d+ _! effici5cy 9 aboli%+ s5sibility 9 e case4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 "q 7 ( a peculi> k9d4 ,!y diff] 9 c]ta9 respects f any?+ to be f\nd 9 ! records ( ,am]ican vivisection4 ,! numb] ( dogs sacrific$--#adh--0 f> great] ?an seems necess>y to e/abli% any work+ hypo!sis4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! me?ods ( vivisection select$ 7 g5]ally design$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! /ronge/ possible impression1 &1 if consci\sness 0 pres5t1 ! %>pe/ pangs t human +5uity c\ld inv5t 7 repeat$ly inflict$4 ,! mo/ s5sitive p>ts ( ! body 7 cru%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! lungs 7 /abb$1 or %ot ?r\gh2 ! inte/9es 7 lift$ f ! body1 & burn$ or plac$ 9 boil+ wat]2 ! n]ves 7 expos$ & scrap$2 loops ( inte/9es 7 manipulat$ or cru%$2 ! e> 0 p5etrat$2 ! jaws 7 op5$ z f> z ! maximal normal sep>ation1 & !n by extraord9>y =ce sep>at$ /ill m2 ! paws 7 cru%$1 & sometimes burnt by ! application ( a ,buns5's flame2 ! /oma* 0 dilat$ by pump+ air & wat] into x till ! /oma* bur/2 "o animal 0 subject$ to all k9ds ( op]ations = a p]iod ( ?ree h\rs m1 includ+ ! cutt+ out ( kidneys & d\ble hip-jo9t amputations2 ano!r suff]$ ! op5+ ( ! abdom51 ! cru%+ ( ! kidneys1 sev]e manipulation ( ! eye1 sev]e manipulation ( ! tongue1 puncture1 cru%+1 etc41 & la/ly1 a /imulation ( ! sciatic n]ve2 9 "o case1 ! paw 0 plac$ 9 boil+ wat] = a consid]able "t2 9 ano!r1 boil+ wat] 0 p\r$ into ! abdom9al cavity2 9 yet ano!r1 flame 0 appli$ ov] ! he>t4 ,i am n quot+ all ?is f memory2 ! "w describ+ all ^! exp]im5ts lies op5 be=e me z ,i write4 ,no ,iroquois savage1 no ,spani% inquisitor1 no pr(essional torm5tor ( any age ev] devis$ m exquisite torm5ts1 m excruciat+ agonies1 m l5g!n$ tortures ?an ^! #adh vivisections imply--,,unless1 ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,entire ,,exp]im5t ,,! ,,complete ,,ins5sibility ,,( ,,! ,,victims ,,0 ,,secur$ ,,by ,,recogniz$ ,,anae/hetics1 ,,beyond ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,d\bt4 ,su* assurance z ?is x is n[ impossible = anyone to give ) sci5tific c]ta9ty4 ,! absolute ins5sibility ( ea* & e animal ?us vivisect$ _c be demon/rat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are reasons :i* compel belief t1 9 _m in/ances1 ^! vivisections impli$ ! mo/ horrible & prolong$ torm5ts t ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation has ev] be5 p]mitt$ to evoke4 ,:at are "s ( ^! reasons8 ,,fir/4 ,9 ! "w describ+ ^! exp]im5ts1 ! au?or has n[h]e ass]t$ t ,,ea* ,,animal ,,subject$ ,,to ,,exp]im5t ,,0 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,s ,,deeply ,,& ,,pr(\ndly ,,"u ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,e!r ,,or ,,*lor(orm ,,z ,,to ,,be ,,totally ,,unconsci\s ,,( ,,pa94 ,n[1 ! omission ( ?is /atem5t is peculi>ly significant4 ,if x _h be5 possible1 we may be q sure t su* a /atem5t w\ld h be5 made4 ,suppose1 = example1 t 9 place ( vague g5]alities ! exp]im5t] _h said3 ,be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ea* exp]im5t1 ! animal 0 deeply anae/hetiz$ by ! inhalation ( *lor(orm or e!r1 or bo?2 & ! ins5sibility ?us induc$ be=e ! exp]im5t began 0 ma9ta9$ until ! dea? ( ! animal4 ,cur>e 0 nev] us$4 ,9 no in/ance & at no "t dur+ any exp]im5t 0 ! anae/hesia o!rwise ?an pr(\nd2 ! corneal reflex 0 nev] to be obta9$1 nor 0 any o!r sign ( s5sibility to pa9 ev] to be not$4 ,a /atem5t l ?is w\ld h be5 def9ite4 ,b ) due reg>d = tru?1 x c\ld n h be5 made4 ,in/ead ( an explicit /atem5t1 we h m]ely ! ass]tion--s easily misund]/ood-- t 9 all cases ! animals 7 anae/hetiz$4 ,& ?is /atem5t may mean no?+ :atev]1 s f> z conc]ns ! pa9lessness ( ^! vivisections4 ,,second4 ,,great ,,c>e ,,0 ,,app>5tly ,,tak5 ,,9 ,,"s ,,cases ,,to ,,prev5t ,,deep ,,anae/hesia4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t dogs are peculi>ly susceptible to *lor(orm1 & v likely to die :ile "u its influ5ce4 ,! presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,irel&1 a tea*] ( sci5ce = _m ye>s1 ,sir ,?ornley ,/ok]1 /at$ 9 8 te/imony t a dog's he>t is v weak & irregul>4 ,i fe> t 9 ! case ( dogs1 anae/hesia is n always pu%$ to a suffici5t ext5t1 z ^! animals (t5 die f ! effects ( ! anae/hetic if giv5 to a full ext5t4444 ,,! ,,anae/hesia ,,_c ,,be ,,complete1 if ! dog lives z long z is necess>y = "s ( ^! exp]im5ts4#a #a ,te/imony be=e ,royal ,commission1 ,que/ions #gfa1 #hcf4 ,n[1 "o ( ^! exp]im5ts la/$ ov] ?ree h\rs1 & _m ( !m ov] an h\r4 ,h[ _m ( ! #adh animals di$ because ! anae/hesia 0 ,,too ,,deep8 ,on ?is po9t ! admissions ( ! exp]im5t] seem especially significant4 ,,ov]-,,anae/hesia r5d]$ ! animals subject to e>ly collapse1 & decid$ly less capable ( endur+ a protract$ exp]im5t4 ,dur+ c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 ,,consid]able ,,c>e 0 necess>y to prev5t excessive inhalation ( ! anae/hetic by ! animal4 ,& yet all t c\ld happ5 to ! un=tunate victim w\ld be a pa9less dea?2 to prev5t t w\ld require1 d\btless1 consid]able c>e4 ,if ! animals 7 all[$ ,,p>tially ,,to ,,recov] ,,f ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,anae/hetic1 c>e 0 necess>y 9 r$uc+ !m aga9 to surgical anae/hesia1 z an excess ( ! anae/hetic 0 liable to be inhal$4#a ,?is admission is evid5ce complete1 t ! ins5sibility 0 n always ma9ta9$ f beg9n+ to end2 ! creatures 7 9 "s cases--h[ _m we c nev] "k-- ,,all[$ ,,p>tially ,,to ,,recov]4 ,9 ! detail$ acc\nts ( ^! vivisections1 we f9d m ?an "o pro( ( ! s5sibility ( ! animals4 ,take ! foll[+3 ,,exp]im5t #abf4 ,! animal did n take ! anae/hetic well1 & "p ( ! exp]im5t 0 made "u ,,incomplete ,,anae/hesia4 ,!re 0 not$1 also1 contraction ( ! abdom9al muscles1 on acc\nt ( ,,incomplete ,,anae/hesia4 ,,exp]im5t #acc4 ,buns5's flame to ! "r paw4444 ,9 ! control exp]im5ts1 z well z ?is1 ,,! ,,dog ,,0 ,,n ,,"u ,,full ,,anae/hesia 444 ,,! ,,animal ,,/ruggl$ ,,on ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,flame4 ,,exp]im5t #e4 ,,"u ,,incomplete ,,anae/hesia1 cru%+ ( foot caus$ a v %>p rise1 foll[$ by an equally %>p decl9e ( pressure4 ,,?is ,,0 ,,repeat$ ,,sev]al ,,times4 ,"u full anae/hesia cru%+ ( paws caus$ rise aga94 ,,exp]im5t #d4 ,fir/1 cru%+ ( paw4444 ,second1 cru%$ foot ext5sively1 ,,j ,,be=e ,,corneal ,,reflex ,,0 ,,aboli%$4 ,to ! av]age read] ! la/ few words convey no def9ite mean+1 b _! significance is pla94 ,until ! corneal reflex is aboli%$1 ! surgeon does n beg9 to op]ate1 = s5sibility rema9s4 ,x is ne$less to quote fur!r2 ev5 a s+le in/ance ( incomplete anae/hesia1 admitt$ by ! vivisector himself1 suffices to ov]turn ! claim t ! ins5sibility 0 complete 9 e case4 ,words1 says ,bi%op ,butl]1 mean :at !y d mean1 & n o!r ?+s2 & no am\nt ( lit]>y juggl+ c prove t :e!r ! ins5sibility is complete or incomplete1 ! pa9 is precisely ! same4 ,,?ird4 ,,cur>e ,,& ,,morphia1 ,,nei!r ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,an ,,anae/hetic1 ,,7 ,,sometimes ,,us$ ,,9 ,,^! ,,exp]im5ts1 ,,app>5tly ,,to ,,prev5t ,,! ,,animals ,,und]go+ ,,vivisection ,,f ,,mak+ ,,any ,,movem5ts ,,:i* ,,might ,,di/urb ,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,employ$4 ,! use ( ,,cur>e re/s ^u ! admission ( ! vivisector himself4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! employm5t ( *lor(orm & e!r1 z be=e quot$1 he adds3 ,9 a few cases1 ,,cur>e & ,,morphia 7 us$4 ,n[1 ^! drugs are n anae/hetics1 & cur>e especially is only us$ :5 x is desir$ to keep ! vivisect$ creature incapable ( any movem5t--no matt] :at degree ( torm5t x may be suff]+4 ,9 8 textbook on physiology1 ,pr(essor ,holmgr5 calls cur>e ! mo/ cruel ( poisons1 because an animal "u its influ5ce x *anges in/antly into a liv+ corpse :i* he>s & sees1 & kn[s ev]y?+1 b is unable to move a s+le muscle2 & "u its influ5ce no creature c give ! fa9te/ indication ( its hopeless condition4 ,dr4 ,/>l+1 ! pr(essor ( physiology at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 /ates t :5 an animal has _h an anae/hetic adm9i/]$ & also a dose ( ,,cur>e1 if ! anae/hetic pass$ (f1 ! animal w\ld be unable to move1 or to %[ any sign ( suff]+4 ,nor is morphia an anae/hetic4 ,s f> f suppress+ s5sibility completely1 says ,claude ,be'rn>d 9 8 lectures1 morph9e sometimes seems to exagg]ate x4 ,an animal "u its influ5ce ,,feels ,,! ,,pa91 ,,b ,,has ,,lo/ ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,def5d+ ,,himself4 ,we %\ld h be5 v glad if ! au?or _h /at$ 9 8 book ! precise exp]im5ts 9 :i* cur>e & morphia 7 employ$4 ,we are told t ! numb] 0 few4 ,b 9 comp>ison ) ! total numb]--#adf--;h[ _m may t phrase signify8 ,7 !re tw5ty8 ,possibly4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 e case aft] ! prelim9>y adm9i/ration ( anae/hetics--! dog's ?roat 0 cut1 s t artificial respiration c\ld be easily ma9ta9$2 tra*eotomy 0 p]=m$1 to use ! sci5tific phraseology4 ,?is is done :5 cur>e is giv51 = !n n ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! tortur$ animal c di/urb ! delicate in/rum5ts :i* are atta*$ to x4 ,we may !re=e assume t e case :]e9 only cur>e & morphia 7 us$--h[ _m !re 7 we d n "k--impli$ torm5t = ! wret*$ victims4 ,human be+s are n submitt$ on ! surgeons' table to op]ations ( ?is "*1 prolong$ = h\rs4 ,if1 9 ! int]e/ ( ,sci5ce1 "s exp]im5t] w\ld place himself 9 l condition to t ( ! animals ^u :i* he work$2 if1 "u anae/hesia--complete or incomplete--he w\ld p]mit a h& to be cru%$1 a n]ve trunk /imulat$1 8 feet plac$ 9 boil+ wat] = a consid]able "t1 & a ,buns5's flame appli$ = two m9utes to "s "p ( 8 body--we might possibly le>n :e!r ! acute/ pa9s inflict$ c\ld be absolutely suppress$4 ,p]haps he w\ld survive to tell u2 b ! animal _c speak4 ,no assurances suffice to cle> our d\bts2 assurances prove no?+4 ,x may be1 to use ! words ( a great surgeon1 t 9 ?is relation1 !re exi/s a case ( cruelty to animals f> transc5d+ 9 its ref9em5t & 9 its horror1 any?+ t has be5 kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,su* are "s ( ! reasons :i* induce d\bt ( ! !ory t all ( ! exp]im5ts ( ^! vivisectors 7 conduct$ ^u animals :olly ins5sible to pa9ful impressions4 ,to become ! victim ( ! anae/hetic delusion reg>d+ !m is to ju/ify2 & to ju/ify is to %>e responsibility4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,!re w\ld seem to be o!r evid5ce ( ! mo/ conv9c+ "*1 t "s ( ! animals ?us subject$ = h\rs to ! /imulation ( n]ves & to ! mo/ frightful mutilations 7 n at all times 9 su* /ate ( unconsci\sness z to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( "o mo/ significant indication ( pa94 ,x is pro( to :i* ! att5tion ( ! public1 s f> z kn[n1 has nev] yet be5 direct$2 & ,i propose to illu/rate some:at at l5g? :at has be5 done 9 ! "n ( free & unlimit$ vivisection1 n only dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! pa/ c5tury1 b d[n almo/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,vivisection ,,( ,,to-,,day ,if ! re=m ( vivisection may only be hop$ =1 :5 ! secrecy conc]n+ x %all h be5 dispell$1 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury is n propiti\s ( any *anges4 ,aga9/ all intrusion ^u its rites1 ! physiological laboratory 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ma9ta9s z successful an opposition z ev] *>act]iz$ ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies ( ! pagan _w4 ,no laboratory--s f> z kn[n--d>es to invite inspection at any h\r1 ev5 f m5 ( ! highe/ p]sonal "*1 & leave !m free to reveal or to publicly criticize :atev] 9 ! exp]im5ts ^u animals !re conduct$ seems wor?y ( caution or repro(4 ,sil5ce & concealm5t1 s f> z ! out] _w is conc]n$--^! are yet ! /range ideals ( mod]n vivisection4 ,)9 ! realm ( sci5tific lit]ature1 h[ev]1 ?is retic5ce is n ma9ta9$4 ,exp]im5ts may be !re describ$ 9 t]ms s ab/ruse & te*nical1 t1 :ile cle> en\gh to ! pr(essional read]1 !y convey little or no mean+ to ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,!re w\ld seem to be a gr[+ t5d5cy to /ate c]ta9 facts 9 c>efully %r\d$ phraseology1 9 complete confid5ce t ! full mean+ w n be disc]n$4 ,)9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 !re=e1 a l>ge numb] ( vivisections h be5 describ$ 9 full-- vivisections :i* half a c5tury ago w\ld h ar\s$ ! horror & execration ( ! ,engli%-speak+ _w--)\t excit+ any v g5]al condemnation beyond ! circle ( ^? :o ask = re=m4 ,exp]im5tation ( ?is k9d1 exhibit+ ! practice z x is c>ri$ on to-day1 seems wor? ( a some:at c>eful exam9ation4 ,x w n be necess>y to g beyond ! "w ( a s+le vivisector :o has made 8 "n a h\sehold ^w :]ev] exp]im5ts ^u animals are discuss$ 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,! pr9cipal po9t t[>d :i* inquiry mu/ be direct$ is ! "q ( pa94 ,"o reason :y !y h be5 p>tly condon$ by ! public is n difficult to discov]4 ,9 language :i* seem$ to h no elem5t ( ambiguity1 ! exp]im5t] app>5tly affirm$ ! entire abs5ce ( s5sation on ! "p ( ! dogs :i* he & 8 assi/ants subject$ to op]ations ( v>i\s k9ds & ( an extreme "*4 ,x is true t1 z a g5]al rule1 ?is affirmation 0 n z explicit z might p]haps be desir$4 ,he 0 writ+ = pr(essional m5 only1 n = ! g5]al public1 & x is q unlikely t any physiologi/ or m$ical read] c\ld h be5 at any "t misl$ 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,if ! language us$ 0 capable ( m ?an "o int]pretation1 if possibilities ( ins5sibility 7 exagg]at$ into def9ite ass]tions1 no?+ ( ! k9d 0 app>5t to ! g5]al read]4 ,glanc+ at ! /atem5t t ! animals 7 completely anae/hetiz$1 8 d\bts 7 aboli%$4 ,indescribably disgu/+ & hide\s z 7 "s ( ! vivisections1 if !y 7 absolutely pa9less1 _! p]=mance 0 a matt] ( ta/e4 ,c we criticize ! human5ess ( "o :o1 at ! but*]'s b5*1 mutilates ! body f :i* life has gone8 ,complete & p]fect anae/hesia1 ma9ta9$ till dea?1 is practically only premature dea?4 ,depriv$ ( s5sibility--a deprivation t is nev] to cease--a liv+ creature is beyond ! infliction ( cruelty4 ,b is x c]ta9 t all ^! v>i\s exp]im5ts1 made ^u ne>ly five hundr$ dogs 7 )\t pa98 ,reasons = d\bt conc]n+ "s ( !m h be5 giv54 ,let u n[ look into ! "q s f> z conc]ns vivisection 9 its relation to ! pressure ( ! blood4 ,a little ov] two c5turies ago ! ,rev4 ,/eph5 ,hales1 ! rector ( an obscure c\ntry p>i% 9 ,engl&1 became int]e/$ 9 problems p]ta9+ to ! circulation ( sap 9 plants1 & blood 9 ! high] animals4 ,by v>i\s exp]im5ts he discov]$ t ! blood ( a liv+ animal is subject to a def9ite pressure1 & ) "s approa* to accuracy he succe$$ 9 measur+ x4 ,! subject seems to h attract$ b little att5tion = ov] a c5tury aft] ! discov]y ( ,hales2 x 0 !n aga9 inve/igat$ by physiologi/s1 & c]ta9 conclusions def9itely rea*$4 ,)\t go+ into ! subject at l5g?1 x suffices to /ate t ?is blood-pressure con/antly v>ies slightly1 be+ some:at influ5c$ by e di/urb+ condition1 & probably by e physiological act4 ,any injury t5d+ to l[] ! tone ( ! g5]al sy/em1 or to induce ! condition ( %ock1 t5ds to cause ! blood-pressure to fall4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! animal is s5sible to pa91 ! /imulation ( s5sory n]ves1 or any %>p or sudd5 pang1 ,,t5d ,,to ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,! ,,pressure ,,( ,,! ,,blood1 unless ! creature has become exhau/$ by ! exp]im5tation to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,^u ?is po9t ! att5tion ( ! read] %\ld be specially direct$4 ,:at au?orities support ?is conclusion8 ,only a few ne$ be nam$1 = !re w\ld appe> to be no diff]5ce ( op9ion among physiologi/s reg>d+ ! fact4 ,sir ,?omas ,laud] ,brunton1 "o ( ! lead+ m$ical writ]s 9 ,engl&1 9 a contribution to ! late/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 tells u3 ,,irritation ,,( ,,s5sory ,,n]ves t5ds to cause contraction ( ! bloodvessels1 ,,& ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure4#a #a ,enc4 ,brit41 ,art4 ,!rapeutics1 p4 #hjj4 ,dr4 ,isaac ,ott1 an ,am]ican physiologi/ ( di/9ction1 /ates 9 a description ( c]ta9 vivisections made by him3 ,,x ,,is ,a ,,well-,,kn[n ,,fact ,,t ,,irritation ,,( ,a ,,s5sory ,,n]ve causes an excitation ( ! vasomotor c5tre1 ,,:i* ,,is ,,index$ ,,by ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure4444 ,z indirect irritation ,,always ,,produces ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure1 ! s5sory n]ves & ! conductors ( _! impressions up to ! 7sp9al7 cord are n p>alyz$4#b #b ,ott1 ,on ,physiological ,action ( ,!ba91 pp4 #aa-ab4 ,dr4 ,leon>d ,hill1 9 an article contribut$ to ,s*af]'s ,textbook ( ,physiology ^u ! circulation ( ! blood1 says3 ,art]ial pressure is affect$ reflexly ,,by ,,/imulation ,,( ,,any ,,s5sory ,,n]ve ,,9 ,,! ,,body4444 ,! usual result ( /imulat+ a s5sory n]ve is ,a ,,reflex ,,rise ,,( ,,art]ial ,,pressure4#c #c ,s*af]'s ,textbook ( ,physiology1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #aff-afg4 ,! writ] goes on to expla9 t :5 ! tone ( ! sy/em 9 weak5$ aft] prolong$ exp]im5t ,,or ,,dur+ ,,! ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,*lor(orm ,,& ,,*loral1 !n a fall ( pressure may occur4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 kn[n to physiologi/s _m ye>s ago4 ,= in/ance1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,dalton1 pr(essor ( physiology at ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons1 9 8 well-kn[n textbook on physiology1 says t ! mo/ frequ5t in/ance ( reflex con/riction ( art]ies is t :i* foll[s irritation ( ! c5tral extremity ( a s5sitive n]ve4 ,?is effect has be5 obs]v$ by _m exp]im5t]s1 & is reg>d$ z ne>ly inv>iable4 ,galvanization ( ! c5tral extremity ( ! sciatic n]ve causes g5]al con/riction ( ! bloodvessels ?r\gh\t o!r p>ts ( ! body1 ,,indicat$ ,,by ,,increas$ ,,art]ial ,,pressure4 ,a simil> result is produc$ by ! irritation ( 444 o!r s5sitive n]ves1 or n]ve roots4#a #a ,dalton's ,physiology1 pp4 #ejg-ejh4 ,&1 ref]r+ to ano!r exp]im5t]1 ,dr4 ,crile1 puts ! case cle>ly3 ,,pa9 ,,increases 7,,blood7-,,pressure4 ,9 f\r cases ( trauma 7injury71 a rise ( #bj to #dj 0 not$ ^u pressure ^u a n]ve4 ,ev5 9 a heal?y p]son1 p9*+ ! integum5t 0 not$ increase ! pressure4#b #b ,crile ,on ,blood-,pressure1 p4 #cda4 ,x w\ld seem unnecess>y to accumulate evid5ce reg>d+ a physiological ph5om5on s long & s firmly e/abli%$4 ,we may !re=e take x = grant$ t 9 a liv+ animal or 9 a human be+1 z a g5]al rule1 ! irritation ( a s5sory n]ve w cause a rise ( blood-pressure4 ,let u n[ suppose t an animal de/9$ to be vivisect$ lies be=e u1 /ret*$ on ! vivisection dog-bo>d1 s securely fa/5$ t volunt>y movem5t is almo/ impossible4 ,an incision has be5 made 9 ! neck1 & 9 ! pr9cipal art]y has be5 ins]t$ a "p ( a delicate in/rum5t design$ to indicate ! fluctuations ( ! blood-pressure ( ! animal4 ,! sciatic n]ve has be5 laid b>e2 ! animal is suppos$ to be "u ! influ5ce ( an anaae/hetic cont9u\sly adm9i/]$1 & if our imag9ation is vivid & our fai? implicit1 we may believe t no suff]+ w be felt4 ,,b ,,h[ ,,may ,,we ,,be ,,c]ta98 ,?is "q came up m ?an once be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection4 ,h[ c "o tell t an animal may n be insuffici5tly anae/hetiz$ ,,if ,,x ,,c ,,make ,,no ,,sign1 ,,:5 ,,all ,,! ,,acts ,,by ,,:i* ,,x ,,might ,,ev9ce ,,its ,,suff]+ ,,are ,,c>efully ,,re/ra9$8 ,! animal :i* lies be=e u _c move2 e physical movem5t is z f> z possible totally suppress$4 ,x _c use its voice1 = ! tra*ea is cut & o!rwise us$4 ,,are ,,!re ,,no ,,means ,,:]eby ,,we ,,c ,,tell ,,:e!r ,,! ,,animal ,,is ,,suff]+ :at "o ( ! ,royal ,commission call$ a nightm>e ( suff]+8 ,! answ] to ?is "q has be5 giv5 by "s ( ! lead+ physiologi/s ( ,engl&4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,langley1 pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 gave explicit te/imony on ?is po9t4 ,8 exam9] 0 desir\s ( kn[+ ^u :at he w\ld dep5d1 o!r ?an ^u ! dose ( ! anae/hetic & wat*fulness1 if 9 ! animal he c\ld see no?+ t w\ld satisfy him4 ,!re is ! /ate ( ! blood-pressure1 :i* w\ld indicate to "s ext5t ! reflexes on ! vascul> sy/em1 ,pr(essor ,langley repli$4 ,,w\ld ,,pa9 ,,cause ,,an ,,increase ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure8 ,,x ,,w\ld ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure1 repli$ ! physiologi/4 ,( c\rse1 he insi/$ ^u ! suffici5cy ( ! anae/hesia1 b he _h made ! mo/ important admission :i* 8 evid5ce af=ds4 ,,if ,,pa9 ,,7 ,,felt1 ,,x ,,w\ld ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,dixon ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 repres5t+ "o ( ! sections ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,m$ic9e1 gave evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission on v>i\s matt]s p]ta9+ to anae/hesia4 ,dogs1 he ass]t$1 v easily die ( *lor(orm2 b if "o goes suffici5tly sl[ly !y nev] die4 7#ah1fgg7a #a ,figures 9 p>5!ses ref] to ! que/ions or replies 9 ! pr9t$ evid5ce4 ,suppos+ y 7 giv+ *lor(orm ) ,,cur>e1 !n x might be said y 7 n giv+ en\gh *lor(orm4 ,,b ,,y ,,c ,,see ,,:e!r ,,y ,,are ,,giv+ ,,en\gh ,,by ,,look+ ,,at ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure4 7#ah1fij7 ,pr(essor ,dixon tells u t "o ( ! gauges us$ = det]m9+ :e!r anae/hesia is pres5t or n ,,is ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,! blood-pressure goes ,,d[n ,,because ,,! ,,*lor(orm ,,is ,,giv54 ,! he>t beats m feebly2 !re=e ! blood-pressure goes d[n4 7#ah1gdb7 ,ano!r exp]t physiologi/1 ^: te/imony on ?is po9t is enlight5+1 0 ,dr4 ,eh4 ,h4 ,/>l+1 pr(essor ( physiology at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,are !re any means1 o!r ?an ! cries or /ruggles ( ! animal1 by :i* y c tell :e!r ! anae/hetic is pass+ (f8 ,,yes1 ,,y ,,c ,,tell ,,x ,,by ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure1 ,dr4 ,/>l+ repli$4 ,:5 "o is work+ )\t cur>e1 "o notices ,,t ,,! ,,pressure ,,goes ,,up1 & !n1 if "o does n att5d to x1 aft] t comes a little movem5t1 ,,& ,,y ,,give ,,m ,,anae/hetic4 7#d1jed7 ,we ne$ n foll[ ,pr(essor ,/>l+ 9 8 repeat$ assurances ( complete anae/hesia 9 8 vivisections2 all ?is is m]ely an expression ( fai? 9 ! accurate & p]fect work+ ( 8 in/rum5ts1 a fai? :i* "s ( ! ,commission]s did n %>e4 ,:at int]e/s u is ! /atem5t t ,,if ,,! ,,anae/hesia ,,is ,,imp]fect1 ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure ,,w ,,reveal ,,x4 ,! pressure goes up2 !re is "s slight motion on ! "p ( ! animal2 ,,x ,,feels1 & t return+ s5sibility to pa9ful impressions is indicat$ by an increase 9 ! pressure ( ! blood4#a #a ,sir ,victor ,horsley admitt$ t *anges 9 ! blood-pressure af=d an indication :e!r anae/hesia is p]fect or n 7,ques4 #af1jeg74 ,b h[ is ! measurem5t ( ! blood-pressure to be asc]ta9$8 ,"o ( ! in/rum5ts 9 use is ?us describ$3 ,! pressure ex]t$ ^u ! blood 9 ! art]ial sy/em may be measur$ by atta*+ ! c>otid art]y ( a liv+ animal to a res]voir ( m]cury1 provid$ ) an upright op5 tube or pressure- gauge4444 ,"u pressure ( ! blood1 ! m]cury rises 9 ?is tube1 & ! height ( ! m]curial column becomes an indication ( ! pressure to :i* ! blood itself is subject$ )9 ! art]y4 ,! art]ial pressure is f\nd to be equal to ! av]age ( a column ( m]cury #aej millimetres1 or #f in*es1 9 height4 ,in/rum5ts = asc]ta9+ ! blood-pressure 9 human be+s record x m]ely = a mom5t or two4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ^u a liv+ animal1 an incision is made 9 ! neck1 ! pr9cipal art]y expos$ & sev]$1 & connect$ ) ! record+ in/rum5t4 ,pa9 is a ^w :i* z a rule ! mod]n physiologi/ pref]s to exclude f 8 vocabul>y4 ,we "k absolutely no?+ ab\t pa9 except t :i* we ourselves h suff]$1 says a lead+ exp]im5t]4 ,we are unable nei!r to see1 he>1 smell1 ta/e1 or feel ! pa9 ( ano!r be+1 & al?\gh ! cries or /ruggles ( an animal :i* is be+ vivisect$ may sugge/ t x is exp]i5c+ int5se agony1 ! physiologi/ insi/s t 9 reality we "k no?+ ab\t x1 & we c only inf] t x is exp]i5c+ some?+ :i* our reason sugge/s t we %\ld feel 9 its place4 ,( c\rse we might say ! same ?+ reg>d+ agony und]gone by ano!r human be+4 ,:at ! physiologi/ does is note ! ph5om5a foll[+ ! /imulation ( n]ves1 & to regi/] x by appropriate in/rum5ts4 ,to /imulate a n]ve is to excite its activity 9 "s way4 ,:5 ! d5ti/ t\*es ) 8 in/rum5t ! expos$ n]ve ( a too?1 !re is imm$iate /imulation1 z _m ( u h _h reason to ass]t1 ev5 if ! d5ti/ c "k no?+ ( our s5sations1 & c only inf] !m by rememb]+ 8 own4 ,"o may /imulate ! n]ve ( a vivisect$ animal by me*anical means1 by p9*+ or scrap+ x :5 expos$2 & al?\gh ! movem5ts ( ! animal may indicate an exquisite s5sibility1 yet o!r me?ods are m effective = ! purposes ( ! exp]im5t]4 ,electricity1 ,pr(essor ,au/9 ,fl9t tells u1 is ! be/ means we h ( artificially excit+ ! n]ves4 ,us+ electricity1 we c regulate ) exquisite nicety ! degree ( /imulation4 ,,we ,,c ,,excite ,,! ,,n]ves ,,long ,,aft] ,,!y ,,h ,,ceas$ ,,to ,,respond ,,to ,,me*anical ,,irritation4 ,a ,fr5* vivisector1 ,m4 de ,s9e'ty1 remov$ ! brea/s ( a female gu9ea-pig1 nurs+ its "y1 & laid b>e ! mamm>y n]ve1 & he tells u t ! animal exhibits signs ( acute pa91 ,,especially ,,:5 ,,! ,,n]ve ,,is ,,/imulat$ ,,by ,,an ,,electric ,,curr5t4#a #a ,gazette ,me'dicale de ,p>is1 #ahgi1 p4 #eic4 ,9 #aijc !re 0 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica an acc\nt ( a l>ge numb] ( vivisections involv+ blood-pressure :i* a well-kn[n exp]im5t] _h made1 ei!r p]sonally or by 8 assi/ants4 ,! numb] ( dogs ?us sacrific$ 0 no less ?an #bdc2 ! exp]im5ts to :i* !y 7 subject$ am\nt$ to #bea4 ,e!r alone 0 us$ 9 #ajg exp]im5ts1 or ab\t #dc p] c5t4 ( ! :ole numb]2 e!r & morphia 7 employ$ 9 #hj exp]im5ts1 or #cb p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,*lor(orm comb9$ ) e!r 0 us$ b ,,once4 ,9 no less ?an #ae p] c5t4 ( ! exp]im5ts no anae/hetic :atev] is nam$1 & ,,cur>e 0 employ$ 9 ne>ly #aj p] c5t4 ( ! inve/igations4 ,:y 0 cur>e us$8 ,we h se5 t ! pr(essor ( physiology 9 ,upsaal ,univ]sity reg>ds x z ! mo/ cruel ( poisons4 ,an animal "u its influ5ce1 ,pr(essor ,holmgr5 tells u1 *anges in/antly into a liv+ corpse1 ,,:i* ,,he>s ,,& ,,sees ,,& ,,kn[s ,,ev]y?+1 b is unable to move a s+le muscle1 & "u its influ5ce no creature c give ! fa9te/ indication ( its hopeless condition4 ,! ,fr5* vivisector1 ,claude ,be'rn>d1 tells u frankly t dea? "u ! influ5ce ( ?is poison is accompani$ by suff]+s ! mo/ atroci\s t ! imag9ation ( man c conceive4 ,precisely ! reason :y ?is poison 0 employ$ 9 ! inve/igations be=e u we h no means ( kn[+ by any?+ ! vivisector has /at$ 9 8 report4 ,he tells u1 inde$1 t ! animals 7 all r$uc$ to full surgical anae/hesia be=e ! exp]im5ts began1 a nd 7 kill$ be=e recov]y f ! same4 ,we see no reason = d\bt+ :y ?is may n h be5 true4 ,x is q probably t z a rule ! prelim9>y cutt+ op]ations necess>y 7 made :ile ! animal 0 deeply ins5sible4 ,b 0 ?is deep ins5sibility ma9ta9$ = h\rs8 ,0 x s absolute t d\bt is impossible8 ,s9ce x is c]ta9 t ! irritation produces a rise 9 blood- pressure1 0 ?is ph5om5on nev] witness$ dur+ ! t]rible op]ations to :i* ^! dogs 7 subject$ = h\rs at a "t8 ,if1 z ,pr(essor ,langley ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge expla9$1 pa9 ,,w\ld ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure1 0 ?is sign ( agony ev] evok$ :5 ! b>e n]ve 0 subject$ to /imulation1 or ! paws sl[ly scor*$ "o aft] ano!r8 ,let u see4 ,we obs]ve t z a rule ea* vivisection consi/$ ( two proc$ures1 aside f ! prelim9>y op]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! normal pressure ( ! blood 0 r$uc$ by v>i\s me?ods1 calculat$ to depress ! vital p[]s ( ! animal1 & to induce a condition ( collapse1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by su* /imulation ( n]ves z w\ld t5d to cause ! blood-pressure to rise 9 an animal n p]fectly anae/hetiz$4 ,! means tak5 to depress ! vital p[]s 7 z v>i$ z ! +5uity ( ! vivisectors c\ld devise4 ,sometimes x 0 accompli%$ by sk9n+ ! animal alive1 a p> ( ! body at a "t1 & !n r\ghly spong+ ! d5ud$ surface4 ,sometimes x 0 secur$ by cru%+ ! dog's paws1 fir/ "o & !n ! o!r4 ,n[ & !n ! dog's feet 7 burnt1 or ! inte/9es expos$ & r\ghly manipulat$2 ! tail 0 cru%$1 ! limbs amputat$1 ! /oma* cut out4 ,!n came ! /imulation ( ! expos$ n]ve1 c>ri$ on & repeat$ sometimes until ,nature refus$ long] to respond1 & dea? came to ! creature's relief4 ,no torm5ts m exquisite 7 ev] p]petrat$ unless abs5ce ( feel+ 0 completely secur$4 ,0 x s secur$8 ,let ! exp]im5t]'s own report give u ! facts1 rememb]+ t if !re 0 pa91 ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure ,,w\ld ,,rise4 ,,exp]im5t #db4 ,! mat]ial us$ 0 a little dog1 weigh+ only #aa p\nds4 ,h[ x 0 r$uc$ to %ock--:e!r by sk9n+ or cru%+--we are n in=m$2 all we "k is t x 0 r$uc$ to %ock4 ,! sciatic n]ve 0 expos$1 ! art]y 9 ! neck laid b>e1 & ! in/rum5t = measur+ ! blood-pressure c>efully adju/$4 ,e!r1 we are told1 0 us$4 ,0 all s5sibility !reby :olly suppress$8 ,let u see :at is reveal$ by ! *anges ( ! blood-pressure4#a #a ,9 all exp]im5ts cit$ 9 ?is *apt] ! italics are n 9 ! orig9al descriptions4 #aj4cj a4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,sl[ ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 #aj4ce a4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 #aj4ea a4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 #aa4cj a4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure #ac ,,millimetres4 #aa4ei a4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure #e ,,millimetres4 ,noon has come4 ,x is ! h\r :5 exp]im5t]s ne$ _! accu/om$ refre%m5t1 & we note a long int]val dur+ :i* !re 7 no obs]vations4 ,! victim lies /ret*$ ^u ! rack4 ,aft] ne>ly two h\rs ! pa/ime began aga91 or1 we may say1 ! "y sci5ti/s resum$ _! ardu\s lab\rs4 #a4ee p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,abrupt ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure #ag millimetres4 #c4c p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,( #ad ,,millimetres4 #d4dd p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,( #b ,,millimetres4 ,! little animal is gr[+ weak]4 ,= m ?an six h\rs x has be5 on ! rack4 ,! play ^u its n]v\s sy/em is ab\t ov]4 ,at five o'clock ! dog di$4 ,! full details ( ?is exp]im5t d n "h conc]n u1 & are n giv54 ,:e!r useful or n is ano!r matt] ,pa91 said ,pr(essor ,langley1 ,,w\ld ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,did n ! blood-pressure rise :5 ?is creature's n]ve 0 /imulat$8 ,,exp]im5t #aad4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t f\r dogs 7 simultane\sly vivisect$4 ,"s ( !m la/$ b a %ort "t2 b "o--a "y dog--0 9 spl5did condition1 & subs]v$ ! object ( ! vivisection = _m h\rs4 ,! usual incisions 7 made 9 ! tra*ea & c>otid art]y1 & ! femoral ve9 & sciatic n]ve 0 expos$4 ,at #aj4ei a4m4 ! blood-pressure 0 f\nd to be #abe milli- metres2 at #aj4db x _h be5 r$uc$ to #ii millimetres--by :at means we are n in=m$4 ,fur!r details are z foll[s3 #aa4db a4m4 ,blood pressure #ii millimetres4 #aa4de a4m4 ,/imulat$ sciatic n]ve4 ,,pressure ,,rose ,,to #aae ,,millimetres4 #ab midday4 ,blood-pressure #ie4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$3 ,,blood-,,pressure #aae4 #ab4ai p4m4 ,blood-pressure #ib4 #a4bc p4m4 ,blood-pressure #ajh2 sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 #a4bf p4m4 ,blood-pressure #aaj2 ?ree m9utes lat]4 ,betwe5 #a4bi p4m4 & #b4ai p4m4 !re is no record ( any obs]vations4 ,p]haps we may v5ture ! hypo!sis t dur+ ?is p]iod ( ne>ly an h\r's duration1 ! "y exp]im5t]s w5t out to lun*eon4 ,! dog1 :ile /ret*$ ^u ! rack1 c\ld h _h no o!r refre%m5t ?an cessation f ! /imulation ( its n]ves4 ,b aft] ab\t an h\r's int]mission ! "y vivisectors w\ld seem aga9 to h begun _! obs]vations conc]n+ ! effect produc$ by /imulat+ ! sciatic n]ve4 ,:at 0 t effect8 ,x appe>s to h be5 v uni=m4 #b4bh p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,abrupt ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 #c4cb p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 #d4af p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,blood-,,pressure ,,rose ,,to #abj1 ,,fall+ ,,to #aje4 #d4cd p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,abrupt ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 #d4ec p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,! ,,usual ,,rise ,,& ,,fall ,,foll[$4 ,d we f9d 9 ! la/ obs]vation an indication ( a gr[+ di/a/e = su* "w8 ,"o _c tell4 ,betwe5 #e4di p4m4 & #f4cf p4m4 !re are no obs]vations record$4 ,p]haps ?is p]iod ( =ty-sev5 m9utes--?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r--7 devot$ by ! "y vivisectors to ! conviviality ( _! ev5+ repa/4 ,!n ! usual obs]vations 7 r5ew$4 ,b at #g4aj p4m41 :ile aga9 /imulat+ ! sciatic n]ve1 sudd5ly ! dog's he>t /opp$4 ,at #g4ab p4m4 ! dog di$4 ,dur+ a p]iod f elev5 o'clock 9 ! =5oon until aft] sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+--,,eight ,,h\rs ,,& ,,?irte5 ,,m9utes--! little animal _h be5 /ret*$ ^u ! rack4 ,its spl5did condition _h enabl$ x to survive ! tortures to :i* its ?ree less vigor\s companions 9 m>tyrdom _h long be=e succumb$1 & _h made x possible = _m h\rs to play ^u exquisite s5sibility4 ,,pa91 said ,pr(essor ,langley to ! ,royal ,commission]s1 3,,w\ld ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,,0 ,,!re ,,n ,,repeat$ly ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure ,,9 ,,?is ,,exp]im5t8 ,we call att5tion to no o!r details4 ,let u /udy ^! vivisections fur!r4 ,:5 animals 7 subject$ to injuries calculat$ to make ! /ronge/ impression uppon _! s5sibility1 0 n ! response ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure8 ,,exp]im5t #ch4 ,a small female spaniel1 weigh+ ab\t #ac p\nds4 ,e!r is said to h be5 us$ = anae/hesia4 #ab4ed p4m4 ,blood-pressure #ih millimetres4 #a4aa p4m4 ,,h9d-,,foot ,,burn$4 ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure ,,rose ,,rapidly ,,to #aah ,,millimetres4 ,a sl[ fall foll[$4 #a4db p4m4 ,,! ,,foot ,,0 ,,burn$4 ,a ,,%>p ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure ,,foll[$4 ,! dog di$ ( he>t failure1 aft] an exp]i5ce ( ne>ly five h\rs 9 ! h&s ( ! vivisectors4 ,,exp]im5t #gc4 ,a dog1 weigh+ ab\t #ae p\nds4 ,morphia & e!r said to h be5 us$4 ,did !y prev5t s5sation "u su* /imulation z foll[s3 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,buns5 ,,flame ,,to ,,! ,,foot ,,= ,,f\r ,,seconds ,,0 ,,foll[$ ,,by ,a ,,decid$ ,,rise ,,9 ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure4444 ,! blood- pressure 0 ma9ta9$ high] ,,by ,,repeat$ ,,burn+s4 ,^! are ! f9al words ( ! report ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,we d n "k :5 ! dog di$1 nor to h[ _m burn+s he 0 subject$4 ,! use ( fire z a me?od ( ,,/imulation ( n]ves seems to h be5 v attractive4 ,= example3 ,,exp]im5t #gd4 ,dog4 ,,gradual ,,burn+ ,,( ,,! ,,left ,,h9d-,,foot ,,produc$ ,a ,,v ,,m>k$ ,,rise 7( blood-pressure74 ,,! ,,rise ,,0 ,,ma9ta9$ ,,by ,,sl[ly ,,scor*+ ,,! ,,paws4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,effect ,,began ,,to ,,we> ,,out ,,9 ,,"o ,,paw1 ,,ano!r ,,0 ,,/imulat$ ,,9 ,a ,,simil> ,,mann]1 ,,s ,,t ,,! ,,blood- ,,pressure ,,0 ,,ma9ta9$ ,,= ,,tw5ty ,,m9utes4 ,( :at possible value 0 su* an exp]im5t8 ,does any "o believe t 9 a human be+ blood-pressure w ev] be ma9ta9$ by sl[ly scor*+ ! h&s & feet ( ! pati5t8 ,,exp]im5t #ge4 ,small dog1 weigh+ ab\t #ac p\nds4 ,morphia & e!r said to h be5 us$4 ,dur+ ?is exp]im5t ! inte/9es 7 expos$ & manipulat$1 & ! foot & tail ,,cru%$4 ,,! ,,left ,,h9d-,,foot ,,0 ,,burn$2 ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure ,,foll[$4 ,,exp]im5t #if4 ,dog4 ,,no ,,anae/hetic ,,m5tion$4 ,artificial respiration4 ,,burn+ ,,h9d-,,paw ,,produc$ ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,aft] adm9i/ration ( ,,cur>e1 !re 0 ano!r ,,burn+ ,,( ,,! ,,paw1 ! blood-pressure did n respond1 & %ortly aft]1 ! dog di$4 ,,exp]im5t #ie4 ,dog1 9 good condition4 ,,no ,,anae/hetic ,,m5tion$4 ,integum5t remov$ f ?ree-f\r?s ( ! body4 ,,burn+ ,,( ,,! ,,h9d-,,paw4 ,,abrupt ,,rise 7( blood-pressure71 #ee ,,millimetres1 !n an equal fall4 ,! d5ud$ surfaces 7 r\ghly spong$ = a consid]able "t4 ,!n ,,cur>e 0 giv51 & artificial respiration foll[$4 ,,exp]im5t #df4 ,mongrel2 good condition4 ,an excessive am\nt ( e!r giv5 at beg9n+2 artificial respiration became necess>y4 ,ext5sive op]ations 7 made1 su* z cru%+ ! paws1 break+ ! legs1 & manipulat+ ! n]ve trunks4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #ajd4 ,,no ,,anae/hetic ,,nam$4 ,dog4 #aa4bf a4m4 ,animal r$uc$ to surgical %ock by sk9n+ & me*anically irritat+ ! raw surface4 #aa4cf a4m4 ,,cur>e giv54 #aa4eh a4m4 ,electrical /imulation ( sciatic 7n]ve74 ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 #ab4dh p4m4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$4 ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 #a4ab p4m4 ,electrical /imulation ( sciatic n]ve cause ,a ,,rise 444 ,,9 ,,blood ,,pressure4 #b4dj p4m4 ,animal di$4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,francis ,got*1 ,f4,r4,s41 ! pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 0 exam9$ be=e ! late ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection1 he te/ifi$ t "u cur>e an animal c\ld n ev5 bl9k an eye1 s complete is ! immobility produc$ by ?is drug4 ,yet to ! eye ( ! exp]im5t] w\ld !re n be some?+ to tell him :e!r or n ! animal 0 feel+ pa98 ,i %\ld say s1 repli$ ! physiologi/--9 ! alt]nations ( blood-pressure4 ,,x ,,is ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure1 is x n8 inquir$ "o ( ! ,commission]s4 ,,yes1 0 ! physiologi/'s curt reply4 ,b x w\ld be dim9i%$ if ! animal 0 absolutely anae/hetiz$8 ,,yes1 0 ! reply ( ,dr4 ,got*4 ,is a *ange 9 blood-pressure ! only mode by :i* y c objectively det]m9e :e!r ! animal is consci\s1 or suff]+ pa91 if "u ! influ5ce ( cur>e8 some:at lat]1 he physiologi/ 0 ask$4 ,i sugge/ t ,,t ,,is ,,"o ,,obvi\s ,,way4 ,let u turn aga9 to ! exp]im5t j quot$4 ,no anae/hetic is m5tion$4 ,cur>e 0 adm9i/]$1 ! sole effect ( :i* is to r5d] ! liv+ animal z motionless z a corpse4 ,?ree times ! greta n]ve 0 electrically /imulat$1 & ea* "t !re 0 t ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure :i* we are told ^u ! highe/ au?ority 0 ! ,,"o ,,obvi\s ,,way ( det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( pa94 ,keep+ 9 m9d ?is te/imony ( ! pr(essors ( physiology at ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d1 ( ,cambridge1 & ( ,london1 t if pa9 7 pres5t dur+ a vivisection ,,x ,,w\ld ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,blood- ,,pressure1 let u n[ exam9e a little m c>efully "s ( ! exp]im5ts ref]r$ to 9 ! volume review$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,we h _h assurances ( _! pa9lessness4 ,b to ! sci5tific man assurances are ( little value z comp>$ ) ! te/imony ( ! in/rum5t4 ,7 any ( ^! exp]im5ts associat$ ) a ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure8 ,x is unnecess>y to /udy !m 9 _! relation to o!r ph5om5a4 ,9 ! e>ly /imulations ( a n]ve trunk1 a rise 9 blood-pressure 0 always produc$2 b aft] a numb] ( repetitions ! "t came :5 no effect 0 produc$1 or ! pressure fell2 ! po9t ( exhau/ion _h be5 rea*$4 ,b let u note :at ! in/rum5t record$4 ,! italics are ours4 ,,exp]im5t #e4 ,"u incomplete anae/hesia1 ,,cru%+ ,,( ,,foot ,,caus$ ,a ,,v ,,%>p ,,rise1 foll[$ by an equally %>p decl9e ( pressure4 ,?is 0 repeat$ sev]al times4 7,! au?or also tells u t "u full anae/hesia1 cru%+ ( ! paws caus$ a rise4 ,"o may "q ! complet5ess ( ! ins5sibility47 ,,exp]im5t #h4 ,fox t]ri]1 two ye>s old2 e!r4444 ,,cru%+ ,,( ,,! ,,paw ,,0 ,,att5d$ ,,by ,,imm$iate ,,rise44444 ,cru%+ ( ! =e-leg ,,0 ,,att5d$ ,,by ,a ,,rise4444 ,cru%+ ( ! foot1 ,,att5d$ ,,by ,a ,,rise4 ,cutt+ sk9 ( ?igh & leg 0 ,,att5d$ ,,by ,a ,,rise4 ,,exp]im5t #i4 ,,cru%+ ,,( ,,! ,,paw ,,0 ,,foll[$ ,,by ,a ,,rise1 & cont9ual cutt+ & cru%+ ( ! paw ,,by ,a ,,/ill ,,fur!r ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #ag4 ,sev]al loops ( inte/9es 7 )drawn & plac$ ,,9 ,,boil+ ,,wat]1 ,,att5d$ ,,by ,a ,,rapid ,,rise ( ! blood-pressure1 foll[$ soon by a fall4 ,,exp]im5t #bh4 ,hip-jo9t amputation made on bo? sides caus$ a rise 9 pressure4 ,,grasp+ ,,sciatic ,,n]ve ,,) ,,=ceps & ,,mak+ ,,traction 7pull+ ^u ! n]ve7 ,,caus$ ,a ,,rise4 ,,exp]im5t #cf4 ,small :ite dog4444 ,,hot ,,wat] introduc$ into abdom9al cavity ,,produc$ ,a ,,rise4 ,,exp]im5t #ei4 ,spaniel1 female2 weight only #ac p\nds4 ,x has be5 nurs+ its puppies1 & is v cross4 ,duration ( exp]im5t1 "o & a half h\rs4 ,manipulation ( ov>ies caus$ slight ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,,expreim5t #gf4 ,dog4 ,among o!r proc$ures1 ! vivisectors ,,appli$ ,a ,,l>ge ,,gas-,,flame to ! po/]ior extremities 9 ! region ( ! knee2 a slight rise4 ,repeat$ ! application = a long] "t2 slight rise4444 ,,application ,,( ,a ,,buns5 ,,flame ,,to ,,! ,,nose1 ,,produc+ ,a ,,slight ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #hb4 ,a small female dog2 weight oly #i p\nds4 ,"t ( exp]im5t1 "o h\r & fifty-five m9utes4 ,"o-?ird ( a gra9 ( ,,cur>e & "o-twelf? ( a gra9 ( morphia 7 inject$ into ! jugul> ve94 ,aft] v>i\s manipulations1 !re 0 ,,application ,,( ,,buns5',s ,,flame ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,h9d-,,foot1 caus+ ,,an ,,appreciable ,,rise ,,9 ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #hg4 ,dog4 ,"t ( exp]im5t1 two h\rs & =ty-five m9utes4 ,inject$ ,,cur>e & morph9e into ! jugul> ve92 artificial respiration ma9ta9$4444 ,! sciatic n]ve 0 expos$ & /imulat$ by a f>adic curr5t4 ,a ,,%>p ,,increase ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure dur+ ! p]iod ( /imulation 0 not$4#a #a ,conc]n+ ! rise ( blood-pressure z ! sign ( an animal's s5sibility to pa9ful impressions1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,,cur>e1 see te/imony ( ,pr(essor ,got* ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 quot$ on a prec$+ page4 ,,exp]im5t #id4 ,electrical /imulation ( sciatic n]ve produc$ ,,m>k$ ,,increase ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4444 ,application ( ,buns5's flame to ! foot2 ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4444 ,,repeat$ ,,application ,,( ,,buns5',s ,,flame ,,= ,a ,,p]iod ,,( ,,two ,,m9utes ,,produc$ ,,decid$ ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood- ,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #ie4 ,application ( ,buns5's flame to ! paw produc$ b slight rise4444 ,buns5's flame appli$ to ! foot1 ,,caus+ ,,rise ,,9 ,,bo? ,,pressures4444 ,application ( ,,buns5',s ,,flame ,,n[ ,,produc$ ,a ,,%>p ,,rise ,,9 ,,! ,,pressures4 ,!n ! blood-pressure fell1 & ?\gh ! vivisector appli$ flame to ! inte/9es1 x produc$ no effect s f> z ! blood-pressure 0 conc]n$4 ,,exp]im5t #ig4 ,application ( ,a ,,buns5',s ,,flame ,,produc$ ,,! ,,*>act]i/ic ,,increase ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4444 ,/imulation ( ! sciatic n]ve by ! f>adic curr5t produc$ an ,,increase ,,9 ,,blood- ,,pressure4444 ,repetition ( ! /imulus produc$ ,a ,,fur!r ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4444 ,,exp]im5t #aaj4 ,application ( ,buns5's flame ,,produc$ ,a ,,%>p ,,rise4444 ,,exp]im5t #aac4 ,buns5's flame appli$ to ! po/]ior & ant]ior extremities ,,produc$ ,a ,,m>k$ ,,rise ,,9 ,,pressure4444 ,,buns5',s ,,flame ,,ov] ,,region ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,produc$ ,a ,,gradual ,,rise4 ,,exp]im5t #aca4 ,buns5's flame to ! "r h9d-foot 0 foll[$ by ,a ,,r ,,m>k$ ,,rise ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #acb4 ,,buns5',s ,,flame ,,to ,,! ,,nose ,,caus$ ,a ,,g5]al ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj ! same vivisector publi%$ an acc\nt ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts on ! respiratory sy/em1 #ajb 9 all4 ,we h ! usual assurances ( anae/hesia1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c only be reg>d$ z ! op]ator's op9ion4 ,fire is an elem5t ( "s ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,we are told t a l>ge bl[-flame burn] us$ = glass-bl[+ suppli$ a flame t c\ld be adju/$ to a v great range ( int5sity4 ,( ?is /atemnet "o c h no d\bt ^u read+ "s ( ! exp]im5ts describ$4 ,^u a heal?y little poodle1 weigh+ only t5 p\nds1 ) a blood-pressure ( #abj millimetres1 ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 made3 ,! m\? 0 held wide op51 & ,,! ,,bl[-,,flame ,,direct$ ,,into ,,! ,,ph>ynx ,,& ,,respiratory ,,tract4 ,! imm$iate effect ^u ! blood- pressure 0 ,a ,,tempor>y ,,rise4 ,aga9 ! flame 0 appli$2 ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure ,,rose ,,to #bjd ,,millimetres1 ,,cont9u+ ,,at ,,?is ,,high ,,rate ,,= ,,"s ,,"t4 ,probably ?is little creature 0 ! pet ( "s *ild4 ,f ^: door1 "o day1 did x w&]1 to be snat*$ up by "s ?ief1 sold to a laboratory1 & s5t to a dea? l ?is8 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t a ,newf\ndl& dog ,,cont9u\sly ,,brea!d ,,! ,,flame ,,= ,,twelve ,,m9utes4 ,9 a simil> exp]im5t t foll[$1 ! results 7 practically id5tical4 ,9 ?is case ,,! ,,flame ,,0 ,,s ,,int5se ,,z ,,to ,,melt ,,! ,,adipose ,,tissue ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,tra*ea4 ,! animal 0 broil$ alive4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ! same writ] pres5t$ ! public an acc\nt ( an ,exp]im5tal & ,cl9ical ,rese>* into ,c]ta9 ,problems1 a "w conta9+ a consid]able numb] ( exp]im5ts ( a nature simil> to ^? be=e publi%$4 ,we are aga9 told t 9 all cases ! animals 7 anae/hetiz$1 usually by e!r1 occasionally by *lor(orm1 alone or comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances1 al?\gh1 9 a few cases1 ,,cur>e & morph9e 7 us$--nei!r ( :i* is an anae/hetic4 ,a curi\s /atem5t seems to imply a confession t all ^! exp]im5ts 7 n absolutely pa9less1 = ! writ] says3 ,e precaution 0 tak5 to inflict ,,z ,,little ,,pa9 ,,or ,,di/ress ,,z ,,possible4 ,is n ?is an admission t 9 "s exp]im5ts !re 0 pa98 ,h[ s5seless is su* /atem5t6 ,:5 ,ridley & ,latim] 7 burnt alive at ,ox=d1 ! execution] might h prote/$ ) equal assurance t e precaution 0 tak5 to burn ! condemn$ ) z little pa9 & di/ress z possible4 ,betwe5 ! exp]im5ts record$ 9 ?is volume & ^? :i* h be5 review$1 !re is no v great diff]5ce4 ,!re is a rise ( blood-pressure aft] any mutilation or /imulation calculat$ to cause pa91 except 9 ! few cases :]e a suffici5cy ( ! anae/hetic appe>s to h be5 giv52 to ^! att5tion w be call$4 ,a new proc$ure seems to h be5 ! use ( ! injection ( a hot salt solution into ! blood4 ,"s ( ! results ( exp]im5ts 7 z foll[s3 ,,exp]im5t #ab4 ,burn+ "r h9d-foot caus$ a slight ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood- ,,pressure4 ,t5 m9ims 7drops7 ( *lor(orm on inhal] produc$ a ,,decid$ ,,fall 9 blood-pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #ef4 ,dog4 ,h9d-foot burn$1 ,,foll[$ ,,by ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood- ,,pressure4444 ,burn+ ! nose caus$ ,a ,,v ,,m>k$ ,,rise 9 blood-pressure4 ,! animal1 aft] ! injection ( coca9e1 ,,0 ,,n ,,"u ,,full ,,e!r ,,anae/hesia1 ,,cunjunctival ,,reflex ,,be+ ,,pres5t4 ,,exp]im5t #bg4 ,dog4 ,e!r anae/hesia4 ,h9d-foot 0 burn$1 produc+ ,a ,,%>p ,,rise 9 ! blood-pressure4 ,"r paw aga9 burn$1 & ,,art]ial ,,pressure ,,rose4444 ,animal subject$ to ,,fur!r ,,burn+1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ,,additional ,,slight ,,rise ,,9 ,,pressure4 ,a consid]able numb] ( exp]im5ts involv$ ! add+ ( hot salt solution to ! blood4 ,,exp]im5t #cd4 ,dog1 9 good condition4 ,sal9e solution 9 jugul> ve94444 ,9 ?is & 9 prec$+ exp]im5ts ) ! hot sal9e1 ! animal1 ,,?\gh ,,"u ,,surgical ,,anae/hesia1 ,,/ruggl$4 ,t %[s ! wor? ( ! surgical anae/hesia4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,/>l+ 0 ask$ h[ he might "k t ! anae/hesia 0 pass+ (f1 he told ! ,royal ,commission t x 0 by not+ ! ,,slight ,,movemnet ( ! ! animal1 ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood- ,,pressure4#a ,scald+ wat] 9 ! blood seems to h giv5 bo? ( ^! signs3 #a ,evid5ce be=e ,royal ,commission1 ,"q #d1jed4 ,,exp]im5t #aa4 ,at #c4ce sal9e at #fd degrees ,c4 7?is is #adg degrees ,f474 ,,! ,,dog ,,/ruggl$ ,,some:at4 ,! blood-pressure ,,rose ,,m>k$ly4 #c4de4 ,sal9e 9 jugul> ve94 ,slight fall1 !n a q ,,abrupt ,,rise 9 blood-pressure4444 ,,! ,,dog ,,aga9 ,,/ruggl$ ,,vigor\sly4 #c4dh4 ,sal9e at #fj degrees ,c4 7#adj degrees ,f474 ,slight ,,rise 9 blood-pressure4 ,,dog ,,/ruggl$ ,,some:at4 #c4ed4 ,sal9e at #fj degrees ,c4 ,an imm$iate ,,rise 9 blood-pressure4 #d4ab4 ,"o-half dra*m ( *lor(orm on inhal]4 #d4ac4 ,,m>k$ ,,fall 9 blood-pressure4 #d4ac4 ,,*lor(orm ,,tak5 ,,away4 ,,blood-,,pressure ,,imm$iately ,,arose to previ\s level4 ,,exp]im5t #cb4 ,a few drops ( *lor(orm 7 giv5 in/ead ( e!r1 ! ,,blood-,,pressure ,,fall+ imm$iately4444 ,aft] a few m9utes1 sev]al drops ( *lor(orm 7 aga9 adm9i/]$1 a m>k$ ,,fall 7( blood-pressure7 foll[+4 ,"o-half dra*m ( *lor(orm giv51 ,,produc+ ,a ,,gradual ,,fall ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,on remov+ ! *lor(orm1 ! blood-pressure recov]$4 ,at #e4cj1 sal9e /opp$4 ,eye reflex n gone4 ,at #e4cf ,,! ,,anae/hesia ,,remov$4 ,,slight ,,rise 9 blood-pressure4 ,,reflexes ,,n ,,aboli%$4 ,does all ?is seem obscure to ! read]8 ,at all ev5ts1 he c see t ! effect ( ev5 a few drops ( *lor(orm is a fall ( ! blood-pressure1 & t :5 ! anae/hesia is remov$ !re comes ! rise :i* is s con/antly associat$ ) s5sibility4 ,"s ( ! exp]im5ts relat$ to ! effect ( coca9e 9 block+ s5sation4 ,^! effects h long be5 kn[n2 ! necessity ( all ?is burn+ ( fle% is n app>5t4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 a l>ge dog 0 r$uc$ to surgicla anae/hesia1 & bo? sciatic n]ves expos$4 ,9 "o n]ve coca9e 0 inject1 9 ! o!r salt solution4 ,! coca9e paw 0 subject$ to burn+ by a ,buns5 flame1 ,,until ,,! ,,paw ,,0 ,,*>r$4 ,!re 0 no effect on ! blood-pressure4 ,b on apply+ ! ,buns5 flame to ! o!r paw1 ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,delib]ate ,,draw+ ,,up ,,( ,,! ,,leg1 ,,z ,,if ,,to ,,remove ,,! ,,paw ,,f ,,! ,,flame4 ,! writ] tells u else:]e t "u g5]al anae/hesia--no matt] h[ deep--if ! paw ( an animal is subject$ to ! flame ( a ,buns5's burn]1 aft] ! lapse ( a %ort "t1 ! leg is drawn up 444 9 a delib]ate b r =ceful mann]1 remov+ ! foot f ! flame4 ,:5 coca9 is inject$ into a n]ve trunk1 we are told t an effectual physiologic block is produc$4 ,! diff]5ce is manife/4 ,yet ! vivisector w\ld h u believe t 9 all cases ( 8 anae/hesia ! dog is unconsci\s4 ,may x n be r t !re are phases ( agony s great t ! anae/hesia ( ! laboratory does n suppress !m8 ,is ?is a matt] ( unc]ta9ty8 ,!n :y n p]mit ! vivisect$ dog to h ! b5efit ( ! d\bt8 ,"h is a mo/ significant exp]im5t3 ,,exp]im5t #ag4 444 ,! animal 0 all[$ to come out ( ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al anae/hesic suffici5t 7sic7 to make a slight /ruggle4444 ,,! ,,feet ,,7 ,,burn$ j previ\s to ! application ( coca9e1 & 444 ,,blood-,,pressure ,,0 ,,increas$4 ,m coca9e 0 !n appli$2 ,,! ,,animal ,,became ,,totally ,,anae/hetiz$1 ,,! ,,corneal ,,reflexes ,,7 ,,aboli%$1 & on apply+ a ,buns5 flame to ! paws1 ,,no ,,effect ,,0 ,,produc$4 ,"h we h an in/ance ( a dog all[$ to come out ( ! influ5ce ( ! anae/hetic & to /ruggle2 ! feet burn$2 & f9ally1 su* a degree ( total anae/hetization z to prev5t ! usual ph5om5a4 ,b :y are we told t ! animal became ,,totally ,,anae/hetiz$1 & t ! corneal reflexes 7 aboli%$8 ,is x a confession t 9 o!r exp]im5ts su* a /ate ( deep ins5sibility 0 n inv>iably produc$8 ,:at is ! necessity = all ?is burn+8 ,! smell ( scor*$ & *>r$ liv+ fle% may h hung z heavily 9 ! laboratory ( ! hospital z be=e ! alt>s ( ,baal2 x c\ld h>dly h be5 an attractive sav\r4 ,"h are o!r in/ances3 ,,exp]im5t #fb4 ,dog1 9 good condition2 fox-t]ri]4 ,z a control1 ,,! ,,"r ,,h9d-,,foot ,,0 ,,burn$ ,,be=e ,,! ,,conjunctival ,,reflex ,,0 ,,aboli%$4 ,!re 0 ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,"h1 !n1 0 s5sation2 ! eye respond$ to ! t\*4 ,,exp]im5t #gb4 ,dog2 weight #ab p\nds4 7,sp9al7 cord expos$4 #e4e4 ,burn+ foot 0 foll[$ ,,by ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure4 #e4aj4 ,,burn+ ,,foot4 ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,blood-,,pressure ,,foll[$4 ,coca9e 0 !n inject$1 & burn+ ( paws produc$ no effect4 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce 9 ! ph5om5a produc$4 ,9 ! ye> #aiji ! same vivisector publi%$ /ll ano!r volume record+ exp]im5ts ^u haemorrhage & ! transfusion ( blood4 ,to _m ( ^! exp]im5ts we %\ld take no exception on ! gr\nd ( inutility or excessive production ( pa94 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are to be criticiz$1 p>ticul>ly :5 /udi$ 9 connection ) ! claim put =? ( complete abs5ce ( animal s5sation4 ,9 8 introduction ! exp]im5t] seems to ass]t 9 ! mo/ di/9ct & emphatic way ! complete unconsci\sness ( ea* victim4 ,he says3 ,no exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ 9 :i* ! p>ticul> animal us$ 0 n r$uc$ to complete ins5sibility by means ( e!r1 or "s o!r equally effici5t anae/hetic4 ,if ! /atem5t is made t ! anae/hetic 0 /opp$ dur+ an exp]im5t1 x does n mean t ! animal c\ld suff] pa91 b t dea? 0 ?reat5$ f too mu* anae/hetic1 m be+ giv5 z soon z signs ( revival 7 %[n4 ,9 e exp]im5t 9 :i* necess>y mutilation 0 p]=m$1 ! animal 0 kill$ be=e com+ out ( ! anae/hetic2 !re=e absolutely no suff]+ 0 und]gone4 ,v few recov]y exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$1 no m ?an 7 necess>y to prove a giv5 fact4 ,:at is ! sci5tific value ( ?is assurance--t absolutely no suff]+ 0 und]gone8 ,x c h no value1 except z an op9ion on ! "p ( "o extremely int]e/$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a p>ticul> view4 ,s f> f be+ a s]ies ( pa9less exp]im5ts1 we d n hesitate to sugge/ t ,,if ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure ,,be ,a ,,sign ,,( ,,pa91 !n1 9 all probability _m ( !m invol$ torm5ts z exquisite z x is possible to imag9e4 ,take1 = example1 ! follo[+ vivisections3 ,,exp]im5t #aj4 ,! subject 0 a dog1 said to be 9 a good condition4 ,f "t to "t blood 0 ab/ract$ f ! body4 #d4bf4 ,,on ,,burn+ ,a ,,paw ,,"u ,,light ,,anae/hesia1 ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #af ,,millimetres4 #aj4af4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure4 #aa4ac4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ( #ac millimetres4 #a4db4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ( #ac millimetres4 ,,exp]im5t #cc4 ,,on ,,burn+ ,a ,,paw ,,"u ,,light ,,anae/hesia1 ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #ai ,,millimetres4 ,:at is ,,light anae/hesia8 ,x is a condition :i* a few drops ( *lor(orm w produce2 a /ate 9 :i* ! loss ( consci\sness is s slight t any pa9 may be z ke5ly felt z if no /upefy+ ag5t _h be5 giv54 ,:at are we to ?9k ( a /atemnet t 9 a condition ( su* light slumb] ! ke5e/ ( pa9s--,,! ,,burn+ ,,( ,,liv+ ,,fle%--,,involv$ ,,no ,,suff]+8 ,h[ c "o speak ) au?ority on a matt] l ?is aga9/ ! evid5ce ( ! "o obvi\s sign ( s5sibility8 ,:5 ! paws ( ! mis]able animal 7 burn$1 0 !re n ! rise ( blood-pressure :i* indicat$ suff]+8 ,pa9 w\ld cause a rise ( blood-pressure1 said ! pr(essor ( physiology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,%\ld we f9d ! significant rise ( ! blood-pressure 9 o!r exp]im5ts :]e fire 0 us$ = ! /imulation ( ! n]ves8 ,let u see4 ,,exp]im5t #b4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #aj millimetres4 ,/imulation ( sciatic n]ve result$ 9 ,a ,,rise ( sy/olic pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #d4 #aa4de4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure4 #a4bg4 ,sciatic n]ve /imulat$2 ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #f4 ,burn$ a paw4 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ( #d millimetres result$4 ,,exp]im5t #ab4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ( #af millimetres4 ,,exp]im5t #ad4 ,on burn+ a paw1 ,a ,,rise ,,( #ab ,,millimetres1 foll[$ by a tempor>y fall1 & !n a rise to a high] level4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure ,,( #b ,,millimetres4 ,,exp]im5t #ae4 #aa4ab4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #h ,,millimetres4 #aa4cf4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #ab ,,millimetres4 ,,exp]im5t #af4 ,dog4 ,condition good4 #aa4bb4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #bb ,,millimetres4 #aa4cc4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( #bi ,,millimetres4 #aa4dd4 ,contrl4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( #bd ,,millimetres4 #ab4bf4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #h ,,millimetres4 #ab4ce4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,/eady ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #bb4 ,dog4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,pressure ,,( #cf ,,millimetres4 ,,exp]im5t #bd4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure ,,( #ab ,,millimetres4 #ab4ai4 ,on burn+ a paw1 !re 0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure ,,( #ah ,,millimetres4 ,,exp]im5t #bi4 #b4ac4 ,blood-pressure #dc4 ,on burn+ a paw x rose #ab millimetres4 #b4cj4 ,on burn+ a paw1 ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood- ,,pressure4 #c4f4 ,on burn+ a paw1 ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood- ,,pressure4 ,,exp]im5t #ca4 #c4ce4 ,on burn+ a paw1 ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure4 #d4ad4 ,on burn+ a paw1 ,,!re ,,0 ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,pressure4 ,! =ego+ exp]im5ts are n quot$ 9 full2 9 _m ( !m1 at int]vals1 ! animals 7 bl$2 & ^! obs]vations ( ! effects ( burn+ a paw 7 incid5tal to o!rs4 ,,b ,,:y ,,all ,,?is ,,burn+ ,,& ,,/imulation ,,to ,,prove ,a ,,ph5om5on ,,s ,,uni=m8 ,"o exceptional exp]im5t mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,on "o occasion two dogs 7 vivisect$ at ! same "t4 ,at ! outset a paw ( ea* dog 0 burn$1 caus+ ,a ,,rise ( blood-pressure 9 ea* case4 ,a little lat] ! sciatic n]ve 0 /imulat$3 #aa4be4 ,on /imulat+ ! sciatic n]ves ( ea* dog1 ,dog ,a %[$ a ris+ & fall+ pressure1 & ,dog ,b 7,,m ,,e!r ,,0 ,,giv5 ,,j ,,!n7 %[$ an initial ,,fall1 & a rise1 ) a sudd5 second ,,fall & a rise4 #aa4cb4 ,,bo? ,,dogs ,,7 ,,deeply ,,anae/hetiz$4 ,dog ,a3 ,/imulation ,,produc$ ,,no ,,effect4 ,dog ,b3 ,on /imulat+ ! sciatic n]ve1 !re 0 ,a ,,fall ,,( 7,,blood7-,,pressure1 ,,) ,,sl[ ,,recov]y4 ,"h we h record$ by ! exp]im5t] himself ! diff]5ce 9 ! effect ( /imulation ( n]ves 9 an animal deeply anae/hetiz$ & ! results produc$ :5 ! anae/hesia 0 light4 ,x has seem$ necess>y to exam9e at "s l5g? ^! peculi> exp]im5ts4 ,! volumes describ+ !m are n easily to be se52 "s appe> to be out ( pr9t2 ev5 ,sir ,victor ,horsley2 9 ^: laboratory 9 ,london "s ( ! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$1 confess$ t he did n "k ab\t ! vivisections made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--:e!r or n !y diff]$ f ^? p]=m$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! va/ numb] ( ^! vivisections1 s f> beyond any?+ previ\sly report$ 9 our c\ntry by a s+le exp]im5t]s2 9 ! +5uity & v>iety ( ! mutilations to :i* ! victims 7 subject$--mutilations & /imulations calculat$ to cause ! extreme/ agony1 unless ! anae/hesia 0 p]fect2 9 ! seem+ affirmation ( absolute ins5sibility ( ! wret*$ animals1 al?\gh contradict$ by ! only sign ( suff]+ t 9 "s cases c\ld possibly be se52 9 ! app>5t uselessness ( exp]im5ts1 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 simply to elicit precisely ! same ph5om5a2 above all1 9 ! abs5ce f criticism :i* "s ( ^! inve/igations h manag$ to secure--all ?is con/itutes a claim = especial consid]ation4 ,!re c be little d\bt t !y m]ely illu/rate :at goes on to-day1 9 _m a laboratory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 secret--z ^! 7 made 9 secret--& unt\*$ by ! criticism ( ! out] _w4 ,( ! absolute uselessness ( ! va/ majority ( ^! exp]im5ts mu* might be said1 b x is aside f ?is inquiry4 ,! "q ( utility is n "h rais$4 ,! "o matt] ( inquiry is ! exi/5ce ( pa94 ,if a va/ numb] ( ! exp]im5ts record$ may h involv$ ! ke5e/ agony ( ! victims1 h[ are we to expla9 ! repeat$ ass]tions t s5sation 0 absolutely remov$8 ,among antivivisectioni/s !re are ^? :o belive t any human be+ :o c\ld ?us subject animals to torm5t w\ld n f9d x impossible to d5y ! fact4 ,su* explanation implies an inv]acity :i* x is n necess>y to impute4 ,mank9d is /ill liable to error2 ! false d$uctions ( hone/ m5 h m ?an once l$ to mi/ak5 affirmations ( facts2 & ! mo/ illu/ri\s sci5ti/ t ev] liv$ c h>dly claim infallibility 9 matt]s ( op9ion4 ,a di/+ui%$ philosoph] & vivisector ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,r5e ,desc>tes1 put =? ! !ory t animals1 be+ )\t s\ls1 _c suff] pa91 & t _! cries "u vivisection 7 simply z ! :irr+ ( :eels 9 an intricate piece ( ma*9]y4 ,we c easily imag9e a mod]n foll[] ( ,desc>tes decl>+1 z ! philosoph] w\ld h done1 t ,,no ,,suff]+ ,,0 ,,felt4 ,a pr(essor ( physiology 9 ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 9 c\rse ( an address be=e a ,/ate m$ical society1 laid d[n ! !ory t x is ,,entirely ,,impossible to draw conclusions ) reg>d to ! s5sations ( animals by an ef=t to imag9e :at our own w\ld be "u simil> circum/ances2 & :5 a vivisector has rea*$ ! /age :]e he c hold t belief1 he may def9e pa9 z some?+ p]ta9+ only to human be+s1 & feel himself ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ t ,,vivisection ,,( ,,animals ,,nev] ,,causes ,,pa91 accord+ to 8 def9ition ( ! ^w4 ,x is well = ! _w t ) ?is !ory ! va/ majority ( ?9k+ m5 & wom5 h no sympa?y :atev]4 ,! organiz$ ef=ts = ! protection ( animals f cruelty h no mean+ if animals are )\t capacity = t angui% :i* cruelty implies4 ,we believe1 on ! contr>y1 t _m1 if n all1 ( ! high] species ( animals1 especially ^? ne>e/ to man 9 /ructure & intellig5ce1 receive1 :5 subject$ to ! torm5t ( fire or /eel1 precisely ! same s5sations t1 "u a l infliction1 a human be+ w\ld suff]4 ,at any rate1 if d\bt be possible1 %\ld !y n h ! b5efit ( x8 ,if "o 7 ask$ :e!r he surely c\ld demon/rate ! emotions ( any animal made incapable ( movem5t1 fix$ immovably z 9 a vice1 & subject$ to ! /imulation ( fire1 he might confess t inf]5ce & n pro( 0 all he c\ld (f]4 ,b if "o goes f>!r1 & inquires :e!r 9 any ( ! exp]im5ts record$ 9 ?is *apt] !re 0 evok$ any sign ( s5sibility :i* delicate in/rum5ts c\ld detect & record1 !n1 assur$ly1 we are on safe gr\nd4 ,) />tl+ uni=mity we f9d record$ by ! exp]im5t]s !mselves ! fluctuations ( blood-pressure foll[+ ! /imulation ( expos$ n]ves1 ! cru%+ ( pawes1 ! burn+ ( ! feet1 ! scald+ ) boil+ wat]1 & o!r mutilations4 ,:at is _! significance8 ,if1 z ,sir ,laud] ,brunton tells u1 ! irritation ( s5sory n]ves t5ds to cause contraction ( blood- vessels ,,& ,,to ,,raise ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure2 if1 z ,/raus affirms1 ,,pa9 ,,increases ,,blood-,,pressure1 s t 9 a heal?y p]son ! pressure is increas$ ev5 by p9*+ ( ! sk92 if1 z ! physiologi/ ,dalton decl>es1 ! irritation ( any ( ! s5sitive n]ves induces a con/riction ( bloodvessels indicat$ by icreas$ art]ial pressure2 if ! pr(essor ( physiology at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 be+ ask$ if !re 7 any means1 o!r ?an ! cries or /ruggles ( an animal1 by :i* "o c\ld tell if ! anae/hesia ( an animal 0 pass+ (f1 answ]$ ) sci5tific accuracy :5 he repli$1 ,y,aou c tell by ! blood-pressure1 add+ t :5 s5sibility 0 return+ ,,! ,,pressure ,,goes ,,up2 if x be true1 z ,pr(essor ,dixon1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 told ! ,royal ,commission]s1 y c see :e!r y are giv+ en\gh 7( ! anae/hetic7 ,,by ,,look+ ,,at ,,! ,,blood-,,pressure2 if ! pr(essor ( physiology at ,ox=d 0 correct 9 /at+ t ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure w\ld tell an exp]im5t] :e!r or n an animal und]go+ vivisection 0 feel+ pa91 ev5 ?\gh cur>e _h r5d]$ x s helpless t x c\ld n ev5 w9k an eye1 & t ?is rise ( blood-pressure 0 ! ,,"o ,,obvi\s ,,way ( det]m9+ su* s5sibility2 if we may dep5d ^u ! evid5ce ( ! pr(essor ( physiology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 t ,,pa9 ,,w\ld ,,cause ,a ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure2 if ! agreem5t ( all ^! sci5tific au?orities conc]n+ ! rise ( blood-pressure z an indication ( pa9 or return+ s5sibility c be accept$ z sci5tific tru?--!n may we n be sure t all ( ! liv+ animals ^: vivisection we h "h review$1 9 ^: bodies1 by fire & /eel & e phase ( mutilation1 !re 0 s con/antly elicit$ ?is ,,rise ,,( ,,blood-,,pressure1 _c be said to h atta9$ a pa9less dea?8 ,a man ab\t to be burn$ "u a railway c> begs somebody to kill him1 yet iti s a /atemnet to be tak5 lit]ally1 t a brief dea? by burn+ w\ld be consid]$ a happy release by a human be+ und]go+ ! exp]i5ces ( "s ( ! animals t sl[ly die 9 a laboratory4 ,s wrote ,dr4 ,bigel[ ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ! mo/ em95t surgeon t ,new ,engl& has yet produc$2 & 7 he liv+ to-day1 x is n improbable t he w\ld po9t to "s ( ! exp]im5ts "h review$ z examples ( ! vivisections he int5d$ to condemn4 ,x may be t al?\gh ! pres5t g5]ation be indiff]5t1 po/]ity w n condone1 & t "o day x w hold up "s ( ! exp]im5ts ( ! tw5tie? c5tury z involv+ ! mo/ prolong$1 ! mo/ useless1 ! mo/ t]rible1 ! mo/ cruel torm5ts1 t ! annals ( animal vivisection h ev] suppli$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,:at ,,is ,,vivisection ,,re=m8 ,e reflect+ man mu/ recognize t ! settlem5t ( ! vivisection "q is a problem t mu/ f9d its solution at "s p]iod 9 future r ?an to-day4 ,b ! duty ( ! h\r rema9s ! same4 ,admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ! wrong1 :at c we d to promote re=m8 ,:at %\ld we ask ) ! hope t popul> judgm5t w gradually come to approve8 ,h[ may we be fai?ful to t ideal ( ju/ice t[>d our inf]ior bre?r51 :i* und]lies all humanit>ian ef=t1 & lack no?+ 9 fidelity to ,sci5ce to ^: a*ievem5ts we rev]5tly look = ! amelioration ( ! human race8 ,!re are ^? :o w\ld oppose ! slighte/ use ( animals = any sci5tific purpose :atev]4 ,!re are o!rs :o w\ld grant to ! vivisector ! secrecy & sil5ce1 ! complete irresponsibility & unb\nd$ fre$om :i* he dem&s z 8 "r4 ,!re are ^? to :om a middle c\rse seems ! only "o lead+ to ultimate re=m4 ,:at is ! mo/ reasonable attitude t[>d ! laboratory & its claims possible to an hone/ & cle>-m9d$ inve/igator :o is anxi\s to protect all liv+ creatures f cruel acts1 & equally conc]n$ 9 ! cons]vation ( e legitimate privilege :i* ,sci5ce c claim8 ,su* a man /&s1 let u say1 be=e "s great biological laboratory1 ri*ly end[$1 sl5didly equipp$1 & 9 ! pres5t enjoym5t ( fre$om t is )\t b\nds1 & 9 a secrecy t to-day is z complete z c be imag9$4 ,:at c he le>n ) c]ta9ty ( :at goes on )98 ,if he he>s claims ( sup]lative ga9s by ! exp]im5ts !re c>ri$ on1 h[ is he to weigh & decide _! value8 ,if !re is cruelty beh9d ^? b>r$ doors1 h[ is he to prev5t its con/ant recurr5ce8 ,:at1 9 %ort1 %\ld be ! reasonable attitude ( e intellig5t man or woman anxi\s to "k ! tru? & to promote re=m ( abuse8 ,= _m ye>s ,i h insi/$ ^u ! necessity = a c]ta9 degree ( scepticism reg>d+ e claim put =? by ! laboratory1 unsupport$ by conv9c+ pro(s4 ,we may judge ! future by ! pa/4 ,has !re n be5 ev9c$ a disposition to exagg]ate a*ievem5t1 to d5y secrecy1 to mislead reg>d+ ! infliction ( pa98 ,no intellig5t p]son1 x seems to me1 c /udy ! vid5ce c>efully1 ye> aft] ye>1 )\t rea*+ ?is attitude ( di/ru/ & d\bt 9 a great numb] ( in/ances4 ,?is by no means indicates t e claim ( utility is false4 ,a great _m /atem5ts are accurate4 ,"s claims w be p>tly true1 b magnifi$ by ! en?usiasm ( y\? f> beyond :at devotion to a /rict v]acity w\ld require4 ,& "s claims may be d\bt$ altoge!r4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r any reliabce :atev] c be plac$ ^u ! ass]tions or prote/+ d5ials ( any pr(ession vivisector n[ draw+ a l>ge income f ! vivisection ( animals1 ^: int]e/s w\ld possibly be affet$ by failure to produce />tl+ results1 or by removal ( ! secrecy t n[ en%r\ds ! laboratory4 ,! def5d]s ( absolute lic5ce h n told u ! tru? on e occasion x has be5 s\ght f !m1 & x mu/ be ga9$ f o!r s\rces & by o!r means4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ /ep t[>d re=m mu/ be ! creation ( a public s5tim5t1 eag]1 n s mu* to pass condemnation z to "k ! facts4 ,t ! laboratory1 ( its own accord & initiative1 w ev] op5 its doors & give to ! _w a complete k ( :at goes on )9 its sacr$ prec9cts1 is m ?an we c expect4 ,! doors w op5 only :5 public op9ion s dem&s4 ,! laboratory is p]fectly aw>e ( ?is4 ,) ev] y5]gy t su* consci\sness gives1 x w fight to keep ev]y?+ t x n[ hides f ! light ( day4 ,take1 = example1 ! "q ( vivisection 9 our in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,to :at ext5t is exp]im5tation c>ri$ on !re9 m]ely to demon/rate :at e /ud5t kn[s 9 advance8 ,x w\ld appe> t c]ta9 l9es ( exp]im5t are n[ p]mitt$ 9 su* in/itutions :i* h>dly m ?an a g5]ation ago 7 condemn$ z cruel by ! m$ical pr(ession ( ,great ,brita94 ,we ought to inquire :y x is t exp]im5ts :i* sc>cely ?irty ye>s ago 7 ?us condemn$1 are less abhorr5t to-day4 ,! removal ( secrecy is ! fir/ & mo/ important /ep t[>d any true re=m4 ,x is ! fa%ion ( c]ta9 apologi/s = vivisection )\t control to repres5t _! oppon5ts z guid$ by s5tim5t alone4 ,p]haps x w\ld be well to quote ! op9ions ( "o ^: "w = sci5ce %\ld absolve him f t imputation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s philosph]s :i* ,am]ica has produc$ 0 ,dr4 ,william ,james1 pr(essor ( psy*ology 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,9 t in/itution1 ?irty-five ye>s ago1 he 0 assi/ant-pr(essor ( physiology1 & knew exactly :at 0 done4 ,h>v>d made him a pr(essor ( philosophy1 & !n ( psy*ology2 ,pr9ceton & ,ox=d & ,h>v>d conf]r$ ^u him _! highe/ hon\rs4 ,he lectur$ bo? at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d & ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,he wa s a memb] ( v>i\s sci5fitic societies 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,d5m>k1 & ,engl&4 ,if any man 0 entitl$ by exp]i5ce & /udy to speak ) "s au?ority conc]n+ vivisection1 x 0 ,william ,james ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,he knew to :at ext5t ! practice ( vivisection 0 c>ri$ on4 ,call+ ^u me "o day 9 ,cambridge1 we comp>$ views1 & al?\gh he told me ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts he propos$ to make ! next day1 he 0 emphatic 9 8 d5unciation ( ! atrocities :i* ov] & ov] aga9 7 repeat$ 9 physiological laboratories ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,! m5 :o rais$ _! voices aga9/ all re=m 7--he said--nei!r c&id1 nor hone/1 nor s9c]e4 ,some:at lat]1 ) "s k ( 8 views1 he 0 ask$ to hold an honor>y relation to ! ,vivisection ,re=m ,society4 ,8 reply 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! man t x is "h giv53 ,de> ,sir1 ,i am made ( too unorganiz$ /uff to be a ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,vivisection ,re=m ,society1 &1 moreov]1 ,i make x a pr9ciple n to let my "n appe> any:]e :]e ,i am n do+ practical "w4 ,b ,i am glad to s5d y1 9 answ] to y\r reque/1 a /atem5t ( my views1 :i* y are at lib]ty to publi% if y see fit4 ,mu* ( ! talk aga9/ vivisection is1 9 my op9ion1 z idiotic z ! talk 9 def5ce ( x is unc&id2 b y\r ,society 7if ,i rightly und]/& its policy7 aims n at aboli%+ vivisection1 b at regulat+ x e?ically4 ,,aga9/ ,,any ,,regulation ,,:atev] ,i und]/& ! v>i\s m$ical & sci5tific def5d]s ( vivisection to prote/4 ,_! inv>iable cont5tion1 impli$ or express$1 is t x is no "o's bus9ess :at happ5s to an animal s long z ! individual :o is h&l+ x c plead t to increase ,sci5ce is 8 aim4 ,?is cont5tion seems to me to flatly contradict ! be/ consci5ce ( our "t4 ,! rights ( ! helpless--ev5 ?\gh !y be brutes-- mu/ be protect$ by ^? :o h sup]ior p[]4 ,! individual vivisector mu/ be held responsible to "s au?ority :i* he fe>s4 ,! m$ical & sci5tific m51 :o "t & "t aga9 h rais$ _! voices 9 opposition to all legal projects ( regulation1 ,,"k ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,anyone ,,else does ! unspeakable possibilities ( call\sness1 wantonness1 & meanness ( human nature1 & _! unanimity is ! be/ example ,i "k ( ! p[] ( club op9ion to quell indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,no well-organiz$ sect or corporation ( m5 c ev] be tru/$ to be tru?ful or moral :5 "u fire f ! outside4 ,9 ?is case1 ,,! ,,wat*word ,,is ,,to ,,d5y ,,e ,,alleg$ ,,fact ,,/\tly2 to conc$e no po9t ( pr9ciple1 & to /& firmly on ! "r ( ! individual exp]im5t]4 ,8 be+ sci5tific' mu/1 9 ! eye ( ! law1 be a suffici5t gu>antee t he c d no wrong4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r m s]i\s *>ges aga9/ ! laboratory h ev] be5 made ?an are conta9$ 9 ^! /atem5ts by an exp]t 9 vivisection4 ,! man ( ! _w wond]s at ! unanimity ( sci5itfic writ]s ( ! day 9 oppos+ e /ep t5d+ to re=m4 ,pr(essor ,james tells u x is due to ! p[] ( club op9ion to quell indep5d5ce ( m9d4 ,t ! pr(essional vivisectors z a body ,,_c ,,be ,,tru/$ ,,to ,,be ,,tru?ful ,,:5 ,,attack$1 t !y comb9e to d5y e alleg$ fact /\tly1 ^! are ! admissions ( an exp]t exp]im5t]1 ^: record z a man ( sci5ce is surely equal if n sup]ior to t ( any vivisector 9 ,am]ica4 ,pr(essor ,james believ$ t "s abuses _h be5 rectifi$4 ,he says3 ,t less wrong is done n[ ?an =m]ly is1 ,i hope1 true4 ,!re is probably a some:at height5$ s5se ( responsibility4 ,!re are1 p]haps1 few] lecture-room repetitions ( anci5t vivisections1 suppos$ to help out ! pr(essors' dulness ) _! brilliancy1 & to demon/rate' :at n six ( ! /ud5ts are ne> en\gh to see1 & :at all _h bett] take1 z 9 ! end !y h to1 ^u tru/4 ,! wa/e ( animal life is v likely less5$1 ! ?\ght = animal pa9 less %amefac$ 9 ! laboratories ?an x 04 ,^! b5efits we c]ta9ly owe to ! antivivisection agitation1 :i* 19 ! abs5ce ( produc+ actualy ,/ate regulation1 has gradually induc$ "s s5se ( public acc\ntability 9 physiologi/s1 & made !m regulate _! sev]al individual selves4 ,b h[ inf9itely m wisely & economically w\ld ^! results h come if ! physiologi/s z a body _h met public op9ion half- way long ago1 agre$ t ! situation 0 a g5u9ely e?ical "o1 & t _! corporate responsibility 0 involv$1 & _h giv5 up ! prepo/]\s claim t e sci5ti/ has an unlimit$ "r to vivisect1 = ! am\nt or mode ( :i* no man1 n ev5 a colleague1 c call him to acc\nt4#a ,! fe> ( ,/ate rules & inspectors on ! "p ( ! inve/igators is1 ,i ?9k1 well f\nd$2 !y w\ld probably mean ei!r /upid int]f]5ce or become a %am4 ,b ! public dem& = regulation re/s on a p]fectly s\nd e?ical pr9ciple1 ! d5ial ( :i* by ! sci5ti/s speaks ill = ei!r _! moral s5se or _! political ability4 ,s long z ! physiologi/s disclaim corporate responsibility1 =mulate no code ( vivisectional e?ics = laboratories to po/ up & en=ce1 appo9t no c5sors1 pass no votes ( condemnation or exclusion1 propose ( !mselves no law1 s long mu/ ! antivivisectioni/ agitation1 ) all its exp5siv5ess1 idiocy1 bad temp]1 untru?1 & vexati\sness1 cont9ue1 z ! only possible means ( br++ home to ! c>eless or call\s individual exp]im5t] ! fact t ! suff]+s ( ,,8 animals are somebody else's bus9ess z well z 8 own1 & t !re is a ,god 9 ,israel' to :om he owes acc\nt4 ,,william ,,james4 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,may #e 7#aiji74 #a ,unnecess>y & (f5sive 9 ! highe/ degree w\ld x be1 444 by legislation ( any k9d1 to attempt to dictate or control h[1 & by :om1 & = :at purposes1 & "u :at conditions & ^u :at animals 9 ! laboratories1 444 exp]im5ts %\ld be made4 ,! decision 9 ^! matt]s ,,%\ld ,,be ,,left ,,:olly ,,to ,,^? ,,9 ,,*>ge ,,( ,,^! ,,in/itutions4--,f a memorial ( ,dr4 ,simon ,flexn]1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,c\ncilman1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,ern/1 & o!r memb]s ( ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,physicians aga9/ ,s5ate ,bill regulat+ vivisection 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,may #d1 #ahif4 ,?is is a v /rong indictm5t4 ,if he misund]/ood ! antivivisectioni/s1 we mu/ rememb] t ,h5ry ,clay 9 #ahea c\ld see no?+ good 9 ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison & ! ,abolition p>ty4 ,b ,james knew precisely :at ! vivisection ( animals meant1 = he _h taught physiology1 & _h be5 engag$ 9 exp]im5tation = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,:5 he speaks ( ! p[] ( club op9ion to quell indep5d5ce ( m9d1 he expla9s a situation :i* o!rwise might rema9 obscure4 ,:5 he ass]ts t c]ta9 gr\ps _c be tru/$ to be tru?ful or moral1 we h ! explanation ( a philosoph] :o 0 n giv5 to ov]-/atem5t4 ,d we n f9d 9 ?is lett] an outl9e ( :at ,pr(essor ,james w\ld sugge/ z /eps t[>d vivisection re=m8 ,9 p]functory inspection ( laboratories or sup]vision by ,/ate inspectors1 he has no confid5ce2 su* inspection w\ld probably deg5]ate into a %am4 ,a well-kn[n exp]im5tor once said to ! rwit]3 ,y\r inspectors ( laboratories mu/ be ei!r well-educat$ & compet5t m51 or else (ficials ( ! grade ( ! av]age policem54 ,if ! belong to ! fir/ class1 d y ?9k !y w become detectives & spies8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y e>n ! sal>y ( ! av]age policeman1 w !y be intellig5t en\gh to discov] abuses1 & inv>iably ( su* rectitude t a t5-doll> bill w n induce (ficial bl9dness8 ,x w\ld seem t ?is objection to ,/ate inspection _c be lightly consid]$4 ,= ! prev5tion ( cruelty x may be "r to p]mit c]ta9 p]sons always to h ! "r to ent] any laboratory :atev] )\t previ\s notice2 ! fact t !y may come at any "t con/itutes ! safegu>d to a limit$ degree4 ,b su* m5 mu/ be p]sons unpaid by ! ,/ate1 ( intellig5ce suffici5t to compreh5d all peculi>ities ( exp]im5tation1 & ( a probity t no bribe c di/urb4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] to all[ ?+s to g on z !y are ?an to h cruelty protect$ by public confid5ce 9 a legal sup]vision t did n suffici5tly sup]vise & re/rian4 ,x appe>s to me1 z ,i h said else:]e1 t fir/ ( all public op9ion %\ld be ar\s$1 n s mu* to condemn all exp]im5tation ^u animals1 z to "k ) c]ta9ty ! facts ab\t x4 ,( ! vivisection ( animals 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica c>ri$ on 9 secret1 ! g5]al public1 ev5 ( ! m intellig5t class1 has no m accurate in=umation ?an two c5turies ago x _h ( ! me?ods ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition 9 ! dungeons ( ,madrid or ,seville4 ,h[ did x happ5 t an in/itution s execrat$ & s univ]sally condemn$ to-day1 manag$ = c5turies almo/ un*all5g$1 to exi/8 ,precisely z ! clos$ laboratory manges to exi/ among u1 because( ! secrecy 9 :i* x 0 surr\nd$1 & ! g5]al confid5ce :i* x claim$ z its due4 ,re=m canot make headway s long z ! dungeon is d>k & ! laboratory is lock$4 ,! /ronge/ l9e ( def5ce is ! ma9t5ance ( ignorance1 ev5 ?\gh we h ! curi\s anomaly1 exi/+ n[h]e else1 ( ,sci5ce cov]+ h]self ) d>kness & hid+ beh9d ignorance4 ,x 0 "o ( ! able/ advocates = vivisection t ,am]ica has produc$1 :o1 9 an address be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 condemn$ ! secrecy ( ! physiological laboratory z a grave & pr(\nd mi/ake1 add+ t if !re be necess>y secrecy1 !re is wrong4 ,no m significant condemntation ( pres5t-day me?ods has ev] be5 utt]$4 ,an em95t ,london physician1 ,dr4 ,greville ,macdonald1 wrote n long ago 9 fav\r ( t publicity ( vivisection1 or r ( t k ( its me?ods :i* %\ld prec$e any attempt at legislation4 ,! "q ( int]f]5ce is "o t ! ,/ate mu/ decide1 ?\gh ! dang]s & advantages ( vivisection c only be array$ 9 intelligible ord] by "o :o und]/&s ! subject4 ,b ! public1 ,,hav+ ,,he>d ,,! ,,evid5ce1 mu/ decide :e!r or no ! ,/ate %all m will+ly sanction cruelty 9 ! secret laboratory ?an 9 ! highway4444 ,i mo/ reluctantly admit1 x is almo/ impossible to get evid5ce ^u su* po9ts1 & = ! reason ,,t ,,! ,,?+s ,,:i* ,,we ,,fe> ,,are ,,practis$ ,,9 ,,secret ,,places4 ,nev]!less1 x is j because ( ?is secrecy t ! public h a "r to make tr\ble4 ,b = ,john ,h[>d's crusade aga9/ ! horrors ( ! prisons1 ! public _h nev] kn[n ! tru?1 _! infamies _h nev] be5 rem$i$2 & ! public h n[ z mu* "r to "q ! physiologi/'s repudiations z !y _h !n to d\bt ! d5ials ( ! gaol]s4 ,! evid5ce is suffici5t to ju/ify1 9 my own m9d1 a l>ge measure ( sympa?y ) ! antivivisectioni/s1 ?\gh ,i am n ( !m4 ,:at l9es ( proc$ure 9 ! direction ( re=m w\ld ,dr4 ,macdonald advocate8 ,he admits t to prohibit vivisection altoge!r w\ld be to invite its p]=mance 9 su* secrecy z no sy/em ( espionage c\ld une>?4 ,legislation c seldom d m ?an compromise1 because x _c essay ! impossible4 ,he admits t no ,act ( ,p>liam5t c eradicate ! _s t makes cruelty possible4 ,b !re are "s ?+s t may be done1 & ^u f\r po9ts ,dr4 ,macdonald believes legislation is desireable4 ,! fir/ is t vivisection ought to be prohibit$ = ! purposes ( tea*+1 because x is (t5 mislead+ & always demoraliz+4 ,! second is t ! inspection ( ! physiological laboratories %\ld be c>ri$ out m sy/ematically & always unexpect$ly1 & t ! inspectors %\ld l>gely be increas$ 9 numb]4 ,?irdly1 ,i w\ld prohibit all dissections1 ) or )\t anae/hetics1 ^u live horses & dogs4 ,f\r?ly1 ,i w\ld make ! adm9i/ration ( cur>e = purposes ( exp]im5ts a crim9al act4 ,"o me?od ( obta9+ in=mation conc]+ ! practice 9 ,am]ica is ?r\gh a ,legislative commission4 ,guid$ intellig5tly1 su* a ,commission %\ld be able to pres5t 9 its f9al report a l>ge accumulation ( important facts4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t if su* disclosures are likely to tell aga9/ pres5t me?ods ( rese>*1 ! appo9tm5t ( any su* ,commission w be /r5u\sly oppos$ by ev]yone connect$ ) ! laboratories4 ,! /range ?+ is t precisely ?is opposition has be5 ev9c$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 z else:]e %[n4 ,! p[]s t control pref] ! pres5t d>kness1 & = ! "t be+ h be5 able to secure x4 ,b ?is v opposition is s significant t no ef=t %\ld be relax$ to br+ e phase ( ! practice ( vivisection into ! light ( day4 ,t altoge!r too mu* reliance may be plac$ ^u ,gov]nm5t inspection ( laboratories seems unque/ionable4 ,if "o c\ld be sure t x w\ld always be conduct$ by intellig5t & educat$ m51 ) due appreciation ( sci5tific aims1 yet 9 ?or\gh sympa?y ) humane motives & objects1 x w\ld und\bt$ly be ( use4 ,b no su* reliance c be ours4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,engl& %\ld convey a lesson 9 ?is respect4 ,suppose1 !re=e1 t 9 place ( dem&+ ! ,/ate inspection ( laboratories1 or any pres5t int]f]5ce ) ! conduct ( ! vivisector1 we endeavor fir/ ( all to le>n ! facts ?r\gh ! exp]im5t]s !mselves4 ,( c\rse !y w n volunte] any in=mation t may seem to tell aga9/ ! practice2 we mu/ expect ! laboratory to put =w>d ev] ob/acle t might h9d] ! facts f becom+ public if !re is any?+ wrong to hide4 ,b unless ! claim be sob]ly put =?--& ,i am n sure t ?is may n be ! case--t ! vivisector has a "r to "w 9 complete secrecy1 & to hide 8 me?ods f ! _w1 he _c compla9 at be+ ! report] ( 8 own activities4 ,assum+ !n1 t our object be solely ! acquisition ( k )\t int]f]5ce until necessity be %[n1 :at c be done by legislation 9 ,am]ica to atta9 ! end desir$8 #a4 ,,! ,,regi/ration ,,( ,,laboratories4--,e place :]e exp]im5ts ^u animals are to be legally made %\ld be lic5s$ by ! ,/ate4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t su* regulation %\ld recognize ! occasional necessity = exp]im5ts ^u animals relat+ to ! transmission ( diseases at o!r places ?an laboratories1 z1 = example1 on f>ms4 ,a lib]al recognition ( all g5u9e exceptions might easily be made2 ! only object ( su* regulation is to insure t all exp]im5tation :atev] comes ^u ! record4 ,s long z ?is is accompli%$1 e exceptional case ( su* inve/igation outside a laboratory may easily be p]mitt$ )\t injury to ! pr9ciple involv$4 #b4 ,,regi/ration ,,( ,,exp]im5t]s4--,e man :o desires to p]=m exp]im5ts ^u animals %\ld be requir$ to obta9 a lic5ce f ! ,/ate grant+ su* privilege = a def9ite "t4 ,?is c\ld "w no injury to sci5ce 9 ,am]ica1 = 9 ,engl& x has be5 a rule 9 =ce = _m ye>s4 ,:5 "o rememb]s t a physician or surgeon1 ev5 ?\gh possess$ ( ! greate/ skill1 _c practise unless lic5s$ by ! ,/ate1 x is difficult to see :y a practice s liable to abuse & crulety %\ld be )\t ?is simple recognition ( ! exp]im5t]'s ability1 human5ess1 & skill4 #c4 ,,reports ,,( ,,exp]im5ts4--,we are sometimes told t if !re is any secrecy 9 vivisection1 x is only t :i* sci5tific m5 ev]y:]e dem& = sci5tific "w4 ,! dissect+-room has its en=c$ privacy2 ! *emi/ mu/ h 8 p]iod ( un9t]rupt$ att5tion1 & to ! obs]vatory ( ! a/ronom] x is n easy to obta9 admittance at any & all times4 ,suppose ,society to grant ! privacy = a "t1 ask+ 9 return f e regi/]$ laboratory & f e exp]im5t]1 ! complete/ reports ( all exp]im5ts ^u animals4 ,:at objection c be rais$ if !re is no?+ to conceal8 ,! ,sav+s ,bank1 ! ,insurance ,company1 ev5 ! ,national ,treasury1 are all requir$ to give at regul> int]vals in=mation conc]n+ ! disposition ( funds4 ,let u place ! creatures liable to vivisection & tak5 into a laboratory on a plane ( equal importance ) bags ( silv] co9 tak5 into a bank+-h\se4 ,f greta f9ancial in/itutions we require detail$ in=mation & reports atte/$ by oa? conc]n+ ! disposition made ( money tak5 into its treasury4 ,no ca%i] w\ld dream ( object+ to su* reports2 !y are ! tribute :i* consci\s integrity unhesitata+ly pays to secure public confid5ce & tru/4 ,n[1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce--:i* means always tru? demon/rat$1 n tru? conceal$--& 9 ! int]e/s ( humanity z well1 let u ask = ev] mat]ial fact p]ta9+ to ! creatures ent]+ a laboratory = vivisection1 :e!r x be ! dog1 /ol51 to beg9 ) 7to use ! phrase ( ! ,london ,lancet71 or animals m legitimately acquir$1 s long z _! lives are to be exploit$ 9 ! pr(ess$ int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,9 e regi/]$ laboratory1 !re=e1 ! law %\ld require t a regi/] be kept conc]n+ e animal ( ! high] species br\ght ^u ! premises = purposes ( exp]im5tation4 ,! species ( e su* animal1 its sex1 col\r1 condition1 & app>5t age2 f :om x 0 acquir$ & ! price paid = x2 & to :om = exp]im5tation x 0 f9ally deliv]$--all ^! facts %\ld be a "p ( ! p]man5t record ( e laboratory4 ,x ought n to be difficult to devise a regi/]1 :i* at ! outset w\ld probably meet ! sugge/$ requirem5ts4#a #a ,see ,app5dix1 pp4 #cdj-cdc4 ,"o advantage ( su* a regi/] z ?is w\ld be ! assi/ance x w\ld r5d] 9 all attempts to trace animals :i* are /ol5 or lo/1 & :i* f9d _! way to ! laboratory4 ,e animal :i* may possibly h be5 a pet %\ld be kept = r$emption = two to ?ree weeks1 & no animal %\ld be pur*as$ unless ! pur*as] is able to h a record ( ! address ( ! sell]4 ,anyone c di/+ui% betwe5 a homeless vagabond ( ! /reet & an animal :i* mu/ h be5 well treat$ 9 a good home1 & ,i believe t exp]im5tation ^u a pet animal "u any conditions %\ld be =bidd5 by law4 ,! ga9 aris+ f su* regi/ration is obvi\s4 ,x w\ld m>k ! entrance )9 ! laboratory ( e creature int5d$ = exp]im5tation ( any k9d4 ,x makes possible to an ext5t ! trac+ ( pet animals1 lo/ or /ol51 :i* n[ f9d !mselves devot$ to vivisection4 ,! inspection ( su* a regi/] %\ld be p]mitt$ to any p]son :atev] endeav\r+ to trace a lo/ or /ol5 pet4 ,a summ>y %\ld be regul>ly furni%$ = publication1 atte/$ by oa?1 precisely z ! ca%i] ( a national bank p]iodically atte/s ! accuracy ( 8 reports4 ,su* a report is b a promulgation ( facts :i* ought to be )9 ! rea* ( ! public4 ,by no /ret* ( ! imag9ation c "o hone/ly decl>e t su* k w con/itute an imp$im5t to ju/ifiable rese>*4 ,yet no "o acqua9t$ ) ?is subject c d\bt t e res\rce ( ! laboratory w be br\ght =w>d to resi/ to ! utt]mo/ ev5 ! giv+ ( s little in=mation z ?is4 ,b we mu/ g beyond ?is4 ,to trace animals to ! door ( ! laboratory1 & !re to drop !m1 leaves ! curta9 unlift$2 !y ent] ! d>kness1 & t d>kness mu/ be dispell$4 ,x mu/ be ! privilege ( ! public to "k z completely z possible ,,exactly ,,:at ,,is ,,done ,,aft] ,,!y ,,pass ,,! ,,door4 ,h[ is ?is to be accompli%$8 ,h[ may we "k :at is done to ! animals ?us trac$ to ! door ( e laboratory )\t be+ *>g$ ) imp$+ ! legitimate rese>*es ( sci5ce8 ,= reasons /at$1 inspection w n accompli% x4 ,z c>ri$ out 9 ,engl&1 x c]ta9ly has accompli%$ b little = ! protection ( animals4 ,! publi%$ reports ( exp]im5ts made 9 t c\ntry "u "o or ano!r c]tificate1 are practically ( no value :atev] except to %[ ! con/ant increase ( su* exp]im5ts e ye>4 ,! plummet mu/ s9k to deep] dep?s4 ,if ,society is to grant to ! physiological laboratory t isolation & fre$om f int]f]5ce :i* x craves1 ,,!n ,,society ,,has ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,ask ,,9 ,,return ,,! ,,complete/ ,,disclosure ,,t ,,c ,,be ,,giv5 ,,( ,,me?ods ,,& ,,results4 ,x has ! "r4 ,un=tunately x _c p]suade or compel4 ,t is ! prov9ce ( ,legislation4 ,vivisection1 we mu/ always rememb]1 is an exce$+ly complex practice4 ,x is a means ( demon/rat+ well-kn[n facts2 x is also a me?od ( orig9al rese>*4 ,h[ _m animals 9 any giv5 laboratory are us$ 9 ea* ( ^! phases ( exp]im5tation8 ,no "o c tell u4 ,if ! laboratory keeps no acc\nt1 x is unlikely t ! in=mation c\ld be giv5 by anybody else4 ,a /rong impression exi/s t orig9al rese>* = any object ( conceivable utility to mank9d is va/ly m infrequ5t ?an vivisection = ! repetition--pa9ful or o!rwise--( facts p]fectly well kn[n4 ,we ne$ to h ! "q settl$ ) an accuracy ^u :i* z mu* reliance may be plac$ z ^u ! oa? ( ! ca%i] ( a bank4 ,e laboratory1 said ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,guld1 9 an address be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 %\ld publi% an annual /atem5t sett+ =? pla9ly ! numb] & k9d ( exp]im5ts1 ! objects aim$ at1 &1 mo/ def9itely1 ! me?ods ( conduct+ !m4 ,?is wise sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 bore no fruit4 ,no su* annual /atemnet has ev] be5 issu$ by any ,am]ican laboratory1 s f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,ev5 if ?us issu$ x w\ld n g f> en\gh4 ,su* reports %\ld be atte/$ "u oa? by ea* individual exp]im5t]1 exactly z ! (fic]s ( a bank are requir$ by law to make reports reg>d+ its f9ancial /&+4 ,e exp]im5t] %\ld !re=e be requir$ to /ate :at he has done dur+ ! ?ree prec$+ mon?s2 to give ! numb] ( animals ( ea* species :i* h be5 deliv]$ to him1 ! object ( ea* exp]im5t1 & ! cases 9 :i* cur>e 0 employ$4 ,especially %\ld a c>eful di/9ction be drawn betwe5 orig9al inve/igations made 9 private & exp]im5ts made be=e /ud5ts or by /ud5ts !mselves1 solely = ! illu/ration ( well-kn[n facts4 ,an outl9e ( a report t w\ld cov] ^! facts w be f\nd 9 ! app5dix4 ,& yet ?is is h>dly en\gh4 ,x is n suffici5t to h ! results ( individual exp]i5ce2 we %\ld h a summ>y ( all exp]im5tal "w made ^u ! high] animals 9 ea* laboratory giv5 u by ! responsible head ( t in/itution4 ,an outl9e ( a report t w\ld give u ! in=mation desir$ is n difficult to devise4#a #a ,see ,app5dix4 ,!re is little d\bt b t viol5t objection w be made to any su* reports4 ,b 9 ! op9ion ( v _m p]sons ! tru? ab\t a vivisection laboratory is q z desirable z ! tru? ab\t a c\ntry bank4 ,v]ification 9 ei!r case implies ! same4 ,x w\ld mean t ! /atem5t 0 n made c>elessly1 b ) a due appreciation ( ! solemnity ( an oa?4 ,any gross mis/atem5t on ! "p ( a bank ca%i] w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly subject him to a rigid exam9ation1 & to ! p5alty ( dismissal4 ,x %\ld be ! same ) a laboratory4 ,if gross missatem5ts %\ld be made ) app>5t design to hide some?+ t %\ld h be5 made kn[n1 x seems to me t ^? :o ?us (f5d %\ld h _! lic5ces susp5d$ or revok$4 ,we _c =get t ,society is "h deal+ ) a peculi> in/itution1 :]e secrecy is reg>d$ z a virtue4 ,if "o c\ld imag9e a bank or an insurance company1 :]e e (ficial or employee1 f ! presid5t d[n to ! scrub-woman1 0 seek+ 9 e way to keep its affairs hidd5 f ! g5]al public1 we %\ld 9 "o respect h ! c\nt]p>t ( ! physiological laboratory ( to-day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! law asks = ! tru?1 :e!r x be ( a bank or a laboratory1 "u p5alties = concealm5t t _c be easily disreg>d$1 we may be v c]ta9 t 9 ! va/ majorty ( in/ances compliance w be accord$ to its dem&s4 ,in/ances ( attempt$ concealm5t w1 ( c\rse1 occur2 ! ca%i] :o has speculat$ ) ! funds ( ! bank w endeav\r to conceal 8 crime1 & ! vivisector :o has c>ri$ 8 private exp]im5ts or 8 demon/rations be=e /ud5ts to cruel & unw>rantable l5g?s w seek by all possible means to prev5t revelation ( 8 transgression4 ,9 bo? cases !re w be occasional success4 ,b z reg>ds vivisection1 x _c be que/ion$ t :5ev] 9 future ! law makes a dem& = su* reports z are "h outl9$1 a va/ am\nt ( in=mation1 n[ c>efully conceal$ f ! possibility ( public judgm5t1 w become kn[n4 ,we %all obta9 x1 too1 )ut cross+ ! ?re%old ( a s+le laboratory1 )\t h9d]+ 9 any way :atev] ! lea/ important inve/igation ( a s+le sci5tific inquir]4 ,ought we n to g beyond ?is & require reports to /ate ! facts reg>d+ anae/hetics8 ,ev5tually su* in=mation %\ld und\bt$ly be requir$4 ,s f> z ! imm$iate pres5t is conc]n$1 x w\ld seem p]haps ! wis] c\rse n to complicate ! inquiry 9 ?is way4 ,!re are vivisectors :o w\ld decl>e t anae/hetics are always us$ :5 e!r or *lor(orm has be5 giv5 9 quantity & 9 "t absolutely insuffici5t to secure = ! vivisect$ animal immunity f pa94 ,sometimes we %all ask h[ _m animals & ( :at species are subject$ to mutilations & obs]vations t la/ = days & weeks1 & h[ _m1 if any1 h _h n]ves torn out by ! roots1 z "o ,am]ican physiologi/ connect$ ) a m$ical s*ool tells u he has repeat$ly done4 ,into ! ?\s& & "o phases ( exp]im5tation ,society mu/ "o day make inquiry4 ,b may x n be be/ to wait till "s k ( ! lead+ facts are secur$8 ,a report reg>d+ anae/hesia might be utt]ly useless1 except to keep hidd5 ! v facts we wi% to "k4 ,:at "s ( ^! facts are may be indicat$ h]eaft]1 b x w\ld seem be/ n to include !m 9 any pres5t dem&4 ,:at may we conceive w be ! attitude ( ! laboratory int]e/s t[>d any attempt to secure in=mation conc]n+ ! practice1 n by ,/ate inspection1 b by & ?r\gh reports made by !mselves8 ,if ! popul> conceoption ( physiological inve/igation 7 true1 %\ld we n be sure ( ! he>ty approval ( all physiologi/s reg>d+ any measure s calculat$ to remove misund]/&+ & di/ru/8 ,"h w\ld be ! wi%$-= opportunity to demon/rate ! va/ importance ( ! problems pursu$1 & ! wond]ful results atta9$ comp>$ ) ! small co/ ( animal life1 ! humane & ev]-pres5t solicitude ( ! exp]im5t]1 ! immunity f suff]+4 ,"h1 too1 we %\ld h t organiz$1 sy/ematic1 & absolute frankness 9 reg>d to ! practice ( vivisection1 = :i* "o ( its greate/ ,am]ican def5d]s once appeal$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 suppose t ! laboratory 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica d>e n p]mit ! :ole tru? to be kn[n8 ,suppose t x w\ld n will+ly p]mit ! g5]al public to "k ev5 ! numb] ( animals :i* are n[ sacrific$ 9 ! demon/ration ( well-kn[n facts8 ,!n assur$ly ! laboratory int]e/s w unite to prev5t any legislation t c\ld t5d to de/roy ! secrecy t n[ exi/s1 or to br+ ! facts ( vivisection to ! light ( day4 ,:i* hypo!sis is ! true "o1 "s day w reveal4 ,we %all !n discov] :e!r ! laboratory w yield to a dem& = publicity1 or :e!r1 cont5d+ = cont9u$ secrecy1 fai?less to ,sci5ce1 x w resi/ e attempt to make kn[n ! :ole tru?1 & cl+ to ! ideals & traditions ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,re=m ,,societies ,x is necess>y to make a di/9ction betwe5 societies aim+ to de/roy animal exp]im5tation1 root & bran*1 & ^? :i* hope only to prev5t abuses & cruelties4 ,antivivisection societies h be5 organiz$ 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,( _! activities x is n necess>y "h to speak4 ,b ano!r k9d ( organization has made its appe>ance1 societies aim+ solely at ! prev5tion ( abuse & ! re/riction ( ! practice )9 limits compatible ) humane ideals4 ,! fir/ society 9 ,am]ica organiz$ = ! express purpose ( prev5tion ( cruelty 9 animal exp]im5tation appe>s to h be5 ! ,am]ican ,antivivisection ,society1 f\nd$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ahhc4 ,! object ( ! society1 z def9$ by its fir/ *>t]1 0 ! re/riction ( ! practice ( vivisection )9 prop] limits1 & ! prev5tion ( ! injudici\s & ne$less infliction ( suff]+ ^u animals "u ! pret5ce ( m$ical or sci5tific rese>*4 ,to ,mrs4 ,c>ol9e ,e>le ,:ite ( ,philadelphia1 m ?an to any o!r1 0 due ! cr$it ( br++ ?is fir/ society ( prote/ into be+ ov] ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x 0 believ$ by ! f\nd]s ( ?is society t ! m$ical pr(ession--s _m memb]s ( :i* _h recogniz$ ! reality ( ! abuses & ! necessity ( re=m--w\ld jo9 9 "s common endeavor to re/rict & to regulate ! practice4 ,b attempts 9 direction ( any legislation met ) decid$ opposition f ! pr9cipal laboratories 9 ! ,/ate1 & al?\gh a few physicians ( em95ce l5t _! influ5ce to ! promotion ( re=m1 ! great body ( m$ical practition]s /ood alo(4 ,& gradually ! f\nd]s ( ! society came to believe t _! position 0 wrong2 t ! policy ( concession & compromise ought to be ab&on$1 & t in/ead ( ask+ t any exp]im5tation be legaliz$1 ! society %\ld dem& ! total abolition ( all exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals4 ,at a meet+ held 9 #ahhg a resolution 0 br\ght =w>d fav\r+ ! *ange ( ! "n ( ! society & ! aim :i* hi!rto !y _h _h 9 view4 ,opposition m]ely to exp]im5ts ( a pa9ful "* 0 n suffici5t2 f t "t =w>d e phase ( exp]im5tation 0 equally to be condemn$4 ,! resolution 0 c>ri$4 ,& n[ = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ! society has /riv5 to influ5ce public s5tim5t 9 fav\r ( its ideal1 ! total suppression ( all sci5tific exp]im5t ^u liv+ animals1 :e!r pa9ful or o!rwise4 ,x is ne$less to say t !y h done ?is 9 ! face ( innum]able ob/acles1 & d\btless ) a recognition ( ! impossiblity ( pres5t success4 ,?ree times !y h introduc$ into ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania a ,bill = "s re/riction ( animal exp]im5tation1 & always )\t avail4 ,o!r antivivisection societies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 adopt+ ! same ideal1 7 organiz$ %ortly aft]w>d4 ,s f> z legislation is conc]n$1 _! ef=ts h met ) uni=m failure4 ,!y h succe$$1 h[ev]1 9 keep+ ! subject be=e ! _w 9 mak+ kn[n ! abuses ( ! practice & voic+ a condemnation ( its cruelties :]ev] disc]n$4 ,i h else:]e express$ ! op9ion t1 ev5 if _! ideals are beyond pres5t possibility ( atta9m5t1 ! con/ant1 p]si/5t1 & unwe>i$ prote/ ( ^! societies aga9/ ! cruelties & abuses ( vivisection h help$1 m ?an any?+ else1 to keep ! "q a liv+ issue4 ,9 #ahif 0 organiz$ ! fir/ society hav+ = its object solely ! repression ( abuse1 ! ,am]ican ,society = ! ,regulation ( ,vivisection4 ,its object 0 di/9ctly /at$ 9 its title1 & its "w 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! publication ( lit]ature4 ,9 #aijc ! ,vivisection ,re=m ,society1 organiz$ to advance ! same mod]ate views1 0 incorporat$ "u ,unit$ ,/ates laws1 & ! e>li] society became m]g$ !re94 ,! presid5t 0 ,dr4 ,david ,h4 ,co*ran ( ,brooklyn1 a di/+ui%$ educator1 & ! secret>y1 ^u ^: %\ld]s fell ne>ly all ! "w ( ! organization1 0 ,sydney ,ri*mond ,tab]1 ,esq41 a memb] ( ! legal pr(ession4 ,among its support]s 7 ,c>d9al ,gibbons1 ,pr(essor ,goldw9 ,smi?1 ,s5ator ,gall+]1 ,pr(essor ,john ,bascom1 ex-,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ,pr(essor ,william ,james ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & m5 ( /&+ & influ5ce 9 ! m$ical & legal pr(essions4 ,= sev]al ye>s its "w 0 c>ri$ on ) effici5cy & en?usiasm1 *iefly by ! propag&a ( ! press4 ,x has always seem$ to me t ! "n ( ! society 0 especially felicit\s1 = x express$ t]sely ! object ( ! organization1 n ! abolition ( all sci5tific utilization ( animal life1 b ! repression & elim9ation ( abuse4 ,a ye> or two lat] !re 0 incorporat$ at ,wa%+ton ! ,national ,society = ! ,humane ,regulation ( ,vivisection1 ! objects ( :i* 7 id5tical ) ^? ( ! e>li] societies4 ,= _m reasons x did n appe> exp$i5t to keep 9 activity two societies ) precisel ! same objects1 & into ! new organization ! ,vivisection ,re=m ,society 0 f9ally m]g$4 ,ano!r ,am]ican society :i* has done p>ticul>ly good "w is ! ,vivisection ,inve/igation ,league ( ,new ,york4 ,! object ( ?is association is fairly express$ by its "n2 x seeks to inve/igate ! practice1 s f> z inquiry is practicable1 & to make kn[n f ! writ+s ( exp]im5t]s !mselves exactly :at is done 9 ! "n ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,9 ?is direction ! ,league has already done "w ( exceptional value & int]e/4 ,an organization :i* m ?an any o!r has di/+ui%$ itself = p]si/5t1 unwe>i$1 & vigor\s attempts to secure re=m by legal enactm5t is ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,abuse 9 ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 organiz$ 9 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 9 #aijg4a ,f ! fir/ x repudiat$ ! sugge/ion t x 0 oppos$ to sci5tific exp]im5tation ^u animals "u all circum/ances2 x has nev] d5i$ t "s b5efits h accru$ ?r\gh animal exp]im5tation1 ev5 ?\gh su* b5efits h be5 exagg]at$1 b x has b5t all its en]gies t[>d secur+ su* legislation 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york z %\ld limit ! practice to compet5t m51 place x "u su* legal control1 r5d] its abuse a misdemean\r1 & all unnecess>y & wanton cruelty a legal (f5ce4 ,bills 7 !re=e introduc$ = ! appo9tm5t ( a ,commission ( inquiry reg>d+ ! ext5t & nature ( ! practice at ea* annual session ( ! ,legislature4 ,"s ( ^! ,bills 7 report$ out ( ! ,committee1 & "o rea*$ debate 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,b inve/igation ( ! practice 0 precisely :at ! support]s ( ! mod]n laboratory d n seem to desire4 ,!y 7 /rong en\gh to influ5ce ! ,legislature aga9/ su* inquiry1 & _! attempts to op5 ! laboratory h s f> fail$4 ,w x be possible = ev] to ma9ta9 ?is secrecy8 ,t is ! "q = ! future4 #a ,to ! discrim9at+ & en]getic "w ( ,fr$]ic ,p4 ,bellamy1 ,esq41 ! c\nsel ( ! society1 & ( ,mrs4 ,william ,vanamee1 ! secret>y1 ! success ( ?is society is p>ticul>ly indebt$4 ,9 ! public j\rnals1 on _m occasions1 !y h def9itely & compreh5sively outl9$ ! aims ( ! organization1 & 9 ?is respect !re has be5 no excuse :atev] = any misund]/&+ or mis/atem5t4 ,9 its e>ly ef=ts to secure inve/igation an attempt 0 made by ?is society to secure ! co-op]ation ( memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 & 9 union ) a l>ge numb] ( p]sons belong+ to v>i\s pr(essions ov] sev5 hundr$ physicians 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york sign$ a petition 9 #aijg-jh 9 fav\r ( a measure t w\ld h t5d$ to elicit ! facts4 ,z soon z ! ,m$ical ,society ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york became aw>e ( ?is endorsem5t1 x s5t out to ea* ( ^! physicians a reque/ t he w\ld )draw 8 "n4 ,:at ,dr4 ,william ,james call$ ! p[] ( club influ5ce to quell indep5d5ce ( m9d c\ld h>dly h be5 m significantly ex]cis$1 yet less ?an =ty sign]s 7 will+ to acc$e to su* dem&4 ,^u ! files ( ! society are n[ ! signatures ( ov] six hundr$ physicians 9 ! ,/ate :o h fav\r$ legislation re/rict+ ! practice ( vivisection to compet5t m51 & provid+ aga9/ cruelty & abuse4 ,9 ! fall ( #aiaa ! ,society circulat$ a petition ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,x ask$ ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to provide-- an imm$iate & imp>tial inve/igation by a non-p>tisan commission into ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation z conduct$ 9 ?is ,/ate4 ,9 view ( ! inh]5t possibility ( cruelty 9 ! practice1 & ! obvi\s inadequacy ( ! exi/+ laws to prev5t su* cruelty1 we deem ! exi/+ /atus ( vivisection 9 ?is ,/ate to be a m5ace to ! community1 :i* calls = legislative inve/igation4 ,to ?is petition m ?an twelve ?\s& signatures 7 obta9$4 ,aga9 ! influ5ce ( ! laboratory 0 effective 9 prev5t+ ! ,legislature f grant+ ! inve/igation desir$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ s*ol>ly editorials :i* h appe>$ 9 ! newspap] press 9 fav\r ( inquiry h be5 ^? ( ,hon4 ,/4 ,clair ,mc,kelway1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,bo>d ( ,reg5ts ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york & editor ( ! ,brooklyn ,eagle1 ! lead+ ev5+ newspap] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ref]r+ to "o ( ! ,bills introduc$ by ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,abuse 9 ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 ,dr4 ,mc,kelway said3 ,! ,bill ought to be pass$4 ,x w\ld secure an unpaid repres5tative ,commission to inve/igate animal vivisection1 protect+ x f abuses1 & all[+ x to be prop]ly pursu$ )9 safegu>ds ( necessity & m]cy4444 ,! regulation ( vivisection is n ! abolition ( x1 b ! civilization ( x4 ,su* ( ! m$ical pr(ession z are a ,trade ,union on a l>ge scale1 z afraid ( "o ano!r z !y are deaf to ! voices ( humanity & to public op9ion1 %\ld be =c$ by ! ,/ate to c\rses t %\ld long ago h be5 volunte]$ by !mselves4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! end ( lic5s$ cruelty has come4 ,! /ruggle may /ill take "t1 b ! "t w be well sp5t & ! result is z c]ta9 z ! triumph ( e o!r b5ign movem5t = ! ,k+dom ( ,god 9 ! he>ts ( m5 & 9 ! laws ( ! ,/ate4 ,( ano!r bill introduc$ by ?is society1 ,*ancellor ,mc,kelway wrote3 ,! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,abuse 9 ,animal ,exp]im5tation necess>ily has an awkw>dly long "n2 necess>ily1 to /ate j :at ! ,society is1 & to %[ j :at x is n4 ,x is n to prev5t animal exp]im5tation1 b only to prev5t ! abuse ( x4 ,x is n an antivivisection body1 ut x is a body to control ! "w ( vivisection )9 ! conf9es ( actual necessity1 & to br+ ! "w "u acc\ntability to law z affect$ by a relation to reason1 to humanity1 & to ! m]cy :i* is mightie/ 9 ! mighty1 & :i* becomes a ,/ate m ?an its sov]eignty1 & a mon>* m ?an 8 cr[n4 ,! ,legislature aga9 has be=e x a ,bill to br+ animal exp]im5tation1 or ! infliction ( pa9 on animals1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! treatm5t ( human be+s1 )9 law & "u responsibility to law4 ,n = ! fir/ "t is ?is ,bill br\ght4 ,x w be br\ght aga9 & aga9 until ! ,bill becomes law4 ,! in/9ct ( m]cy & ju/ice backs ?is measure & annually augm5ts its support]s4 ,t in/9ct w n become ext9ct until ,god abdicates or creation rev]ts to *aos4 ,! movem5t is on ! ga9+ h&4 ,d\bt ( its ev5tual & ne>+ success is un?9kable1 = 9 its fav\r are all ! =ces t ma9ta9 & advance ju/ice & m]cy 9 ! he>ts ( m5 & 9 ! action ( ,/ates4 ,/ate-regulat$ vivisection %\ld be diff]5tiat$ f antivivisection or f no vivisection1 j z civiliz$ & necess>y w> %\ld be f ! impossible abolition ( all w>4 ,betwe5 reulation & prohibition is a diff]5ce4 ,betwe5 responsibility & wantonness is a diff]5ce4 ,yet regulat$ vivisection has be5 conf\nd$ ) antivivisection by ! union ( zany cranks & trade-unioniz$ m5 ( m$ic9e1 :o h n refra9$ f ! co]cion ( pati5ts1 f ! deception ( ! public1 f ! inoculation ( legislators ) m5dacity1 capsul$ 9 sophi/ry1 & f ! direct or indirect corruption or intimidation ( n a few public j\rnals4 ,! discov]y ( ! ways & means & m5 is br++ ! evil to an end4 ,t discov]y co9cides ) ! ar\sal ( ! public consci5ce aga9/ political corruption1 p>ty corruption1 & int]p>ty z well z intrap>ty brib]y & tyranny4 ,!re is accord betwe5 all ! =ces = bett]m5t4 ,b>b>ism & cruelty t[>d ! brute creation are z c]ta9ly doom$ z polygamy & human slav]y 74 ,! ne$s ( surg]y w be pres]v$ f wanton slaught] 9 ! "n ( surg]y1 9 times pa/1 & n[ wr\ght by m5 call$ doctors & by cub-boys call$ /ud5ts4 ,! /atesm5 9 politics are realiz+ ?is4 ,! demagogues & opportuni/s 9 ,legislatures are1 too4 ,s are ! m5 ( m]cy1 consci5ce1 & vision 9 m$ic9e itself4 ,! impact ( b&$ pret5sion 9 trade-unioniz$ m$ical s*ools & societies is res5t$ & resi/$ by tea*]s & practition]s1 :o are becom+ a%am$ n to be free1 & :o are abett+ ^? :o w\ld free !m4 ,!re is a good "t com+ ar\nd ! :ole circle ( uplift4 ,! "t w n be long com+2 b :5 x %all come1 its duration w h no end1 & its progress w be p]petual4#a #a ,editorial1 ,brooklyn ,eagle1 ,april #d1 #aiaj4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! ,am]ican ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals1 f\nd$ by ,h5ry ,b]gh1 ! fir/ organization ( its k9d 9 ,am]ica1 jo9$ 9 ! dem& = fur!r inve/igation4 ,"u ! head+1 ,! ,facts ,dem&$1 ! editor ( its p]iodical makes kn[n its position reg>d+ vivisection3 ,! above caption def9es ! attitude ( ! ,society to-day t[>d ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation4' ,9 ! common phrase1 we want to "k1' & we are n to be det]r$ f :at we believe to be a duty by be+ told f s\rces m or less reputable t x is none ( our bus9ess4 ,= _m ye>s ?is ,society has be5 ! *ief repres5tative 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ?is city ( t l>ge class among our p :o feel & *]i% an int]e/ 9 & a s5se ( humanity = :at are call$ ! dumb animals4' ,"o great life--t ( ! f\nd]1 ,h5ry ,b]gh--0 sp5t 9 ?is s]vice1 & prematurely sacrific$ 9 8 devotion to ^! int]e/s4 ,) faults & failures to rea* 8 ideal1 ) /umbles & falls1 freely admitt$1 b ) a p]si/5t purpose to atta9 x 9 ! end1 ?is ,society has nev] falt]$ 9 its ef=t to foll[ ! pa? :]e he _h blaz$ ! way4 ,x has nev] be5 s]i\sly accus$ ( act+ f fe> or fav\r or f o!r ?an altrui/ic motives1 & by s do+ x has ga9$ & kept ! confid5ce & respect ( a great "p ( :at is be/ 9 our community4 ,x is f> too late 9 ! day = any newspap] or anay gr\p ( citiz5s1 no matt] h[ influ5tial 9 ! "o case or highly respect$ 9 ! o!r1 to say to ?is ,society3 ,y %all n d ! "w = :i* y 7 *>t]$1 & :i* = =ty-five ye>s y h p]=m$ 9 ?is community4' ,n[1 :at is t "w 9 ! pres5t in/ance8 ,express$ 9 its simple/ t]ms1 x is a dem& t ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation %all be inve/igat$ by ! ,/ate to det]m9e :at is actually be+ done1 & t !reaft] legislation %all be _h t %all place x "u su* sup]vision & re/riction z %all insure diff]5tiation betwe5 sci5tific inve/igation p]=m$ = wise & adequate ends & purposes on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r acts ( a pa9ful & brutal "* p]=m$ f unwor?y motives1 ) no adequate b5efit possible z a resultant1 & :i* cle>ly come )9 ! classification ( cruelty4 ,we submit t ?is is an em95tly fair proposal1 & "o t %\ld n be oppos$ by any fri5d ( sci5tific "w1 & lea/ ( all by ! physicians ( ?is city4 ,yet :at d we f9d8 ,! attitude ( t pr(ession is cle>ly %[n by ! lett] ( ,mr4 ,b]gh1 :i* we reproduce 9 our columns1 & :i* w unque/ionably receive cr$5ce f its frankness & f ! em95t "n atta*$ to x1 n[ borne by a wor?y & devot$ desc5dant ( our fir/ presid5t4 ,! attitude ( ! m$ical pr(ession on ?is subject is ?is3 ,we "k :at we are ab\t4' ,we practice vivisection = wise purposes4' ,we surr\nd x ) z humane conditions z ! object s\ght w p]mit4' ,we h made great & b5eficial discov]ies by its means4' ,we ass]t t we con trol x )9 ! above limits4' ,b we w n /ate :at we d1 or h[4' ,we w n p]mit our ass]tions to be v]ifi$ if we c help x4' ,we w oppose any movem5t 9 ! ,press or ! ,legislature look+ to ?is end4' ,& we w enc\rage ! ,press to defeat su* an ef=t1 n only by ridicule & irony b by a def9ite misrepres5tation ( ! motives & views ( ! ,society t seeks to "k4' ,we d n at ?is mom5t "q ! tru? ( ! ass]tions z to ! practice & control :i* we h put 7accurately1 we ?9k7 into ! m\?s ( ! m$ical pr(ession2 b x is />tl+ly evid5t t ^! ass]tions c only apply ,,to ,,t ,,"p ,,( ,,animal ,,exp]im5tation ,,:i* ,,!y ,,practice ,,or ,,control4 ,:at ( ! o!r "p8 ,w ^? :o *ampion unre/rict$1 un9ve/igat$1 unsup]9t5d$ vivisection ass]t t !y w gu>antee to ! p ( ?is city t no act ( cruelty or wantonness is or ev] %all be committ$ "h by a m$ical practition] "u ! guise ( sci5tific inve/igation8 ,w !y gu>antee t su* acts are n1 & nev] %all be1 committ$ 9 ?is ,/ate8 ,w !y gu>antee ! humanity & ! practice ( ! ?\s&s ( m$ical /ud5ts :o annually graduate f ! colleges8 ,w !y ent] into bonds to ! community = ! acts ( ^? :o1 f "t to "t1 !y expel1 = cause f ! m$ical societies8 ,w !y place _! own great reputations & highly e/eem$ *>act]s beh9d1 & z v\*]s =1 _m a practition] ) :om !y w\ld n meet 9 consultation1 & :om !y w\ld n all[ to practice or malpractice 9 ! h\se ( a fri5d or a pati5t8 ,we ?9k n--we ,,"k !y w\ld n1 = su* endorsem5ts & gu>antees w\ld be impossible ( fulfilm5t4 ,& if !y w n & _c1 !y w%\ld cease to /& betwe5 ! society t seeks to "k' & ! evils x seeks to expose & elim9ate4 ,g5tlem5 ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 und]/& once = all t ?is ,society does n seek to aboli% vivisection4 ,x recognizes ! good1 ! great good1 t has & t may come to ! human race f its c>eful1 humane1 & sci5tific use4 ,b x aims to aboli% its ,,abuses1 & 9 t aim x is entitl$ to y\r advice & co-op]ation4 ,en\gh has be5 giv5 to indicate ! purpose ( ! pres5t movem5t = vivisection re=m4 ,x is n ! same z antivivisection1 & al?\gh x has be5 p]si/5tly misrepres5t$ z su* by ! advocates ( unre/rict$ fre$om 9 ! physiological laboratory1 p]haps we h no reason to expect f t qu>t] any o!r c\rse4 ,yet 9 express+ appreciation bo? ( purpose & accompli%m5t1 x may p]haps be well to sugge/ a s+le caution4 ,! "t is probably com+ :5 ^? :o h mo/ p]si/5tly oppos$ all appeals = m light conc]n+ vivisection w ann\nce will+ness to acc$e to ! public demnad1 provid$ ! vivisector may himself appo9t ! inve/igators1 & def9e ! limitations ( ! inquiry4 ,x ne$s b little disc]nm5t to =esee t an inquiry s conduct$ may be no bett] ?an a f>ce1 & conduce to no real *ange 9 ! pres5t obscurity4 ,to be ( any value ! commission ( inquiry reg>d+ vivisection mu/ be s intellig5t reg>d+ all phases ( ! practice t x %all "k h[ to p5etrate to hidd5 recesses1 :]e ?+s n desir$ to be reveal$ %all be conceal$2 capable1 too1 ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! "w ( ! exp]t sci5ti/ & t ( ! ignorant & c>eless /ud5t1 unt\*$1 x may be1 by any s5se ( pity or compassion = ! creature 9 its p[]4 ,! greate/ cruelties may yet be f\nd1 n 9 ! laboratory ( ! inve/igator1 b 9 t ( ! demon/rator ( well-kn[n facts4 ,p]haps no inve/igation ( ! practice ( vivisection c be expect$ until public op9ion %all h be5 educat$ to dem& x1 & !n1 9 po9t ( ?or\ghness1 let u tru/ x may leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,meantime ! "w ( agitation = re=m mu/ cont9ue2 no matt] h[ slight ! accompli%m5t1 surely some?+ is done4 ,all "w1 said ,c>lyle1 is z se$ s[n2 x gr[ns & spreads1 ,,& ,,s[s ,,itself ,,anew1 & s 9 endless pal+5esia lives & works4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,unfair ,,me?ods ,,( ,,controv]sy ,"o phase ( ! vivisection controv]sy is ( s+ul> significance4 ,x is ! peculi> t5d5cy to unfairness :i* ! advocates ( unre/rict$ exp]im5tation seem to display 9 e discussion reg>d+ ! practice4 ,9 all controv]sy !re is some?+ to be said on bo? sides ( ! "q1 yet x w\ld seem to be impossible = anyone writ+ 9 advocacy ( unlimit$ & unre/rict$ vivisection to /ate fairly ! views to :i* he is oppos$4 ,/atem5ts1 ! inaccuracy ( :i* may easily be asc]ta9$1 are aga9 & aga9 repeat$1 until x w\ld almo/ seem t ^u reit]ation ( error & untru? a c]ta9 degree ( dep5d5ce has be5 plac$ = ! creation ( prejudice aga9/ re=m4 ,to demon/rate ! tru? ( su* a *>ge w\ld require a volume4 ,let x "h suffice to m5tion a few in/ances ( :at may at lea/ be t]m$ an unfairness 9 controv]sy4 ,p>tly1 ( c\rse1 x is ! result ( ignorance1 & ( imp]fect acqua9tance ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( vivisection2 p>tly x is due to t en?usiasm ( y\? :i* sometimes pref]s a seem+ victory to any close fidelity to tru?4 ,o!r in/ances _c be ?us expla9$4 ,"s ( !m are wor? consid]ation z problems = :i* no solution is easily to be f\nd4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiac1 a ,bill 0 introduc$ into ! ,new ,york ,legislature provid+ = an inquiry into ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,!re 0 no sugge/ion ( any re/riction ( vivisection2 x 0 simply an attempt to get at ! real facts conc]n+ ! practice z n[ c>ri$ on4 ,if x be assum$ t no objectionable practices exi/1 x w\ld seem difficult to oppose su* inquiry ^u any reasonable gr\nds4 ,x might possibly h be5 expect$ t ! ,laboratory w\ld welcome ! opportunity to demon/rate to ! g5]al public t no?+ des]v+ c5sure c\ld be f\nd to exi/4 ,= reasons n difficult to und]/&1 ! proposal to inve/igate ! laboratory & its me?ods has be5 resi/$ q z /rongly z if x _h be5 an attempt to prohibit exp]im5ts altoge!r4 ,to ju/ify rejection ( inquiry w\ld n appe> to be an easy task4 ,to create a s5tim5t ( approval ( ! policy ( secrecy x d\btless seem$ necess>y to make an appeal to ! g5]al public by editorial utt]ances1 9 j\rnals suppos$ to be imp>tial & ( high /&+ 9 o!r directions4 ,9 a ,new ,york daily pap] :i* claims to be conduct$ ) special reg>d = respectability & avoidance ( unseemly s5sationalism1 !re appe>$1 !re=e1 an editorial oppos+ all inquiry on ! "p ( ! legislature into ! me?ods ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,x is wor? :ile to see h[ matt]s ( hi/ory 7 plac$ be=e its read]s by "o ( ! mo/ reputable ( ,new ,york j\rnals3 444 ,an outcry 0 rais$ aga9/ ! ,engli% doctors 9 ! e>ly sev5ties1 & x 0 decid$ to inve/igate _! laboratories4 ,a ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahge by ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! ,commission took elaborate te/imony1 & f\nd no mat]ial abuse2 b ow+ to ! inflam$ /ate ( ! public m9d1 & ! attitude ( _m memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 :o at t e>ly date did n appreciate ! importance ( ! exp]im5tal me?od1 a re/rictive law 0 recomm5d$1 :i* result$ 9 ! calamit\s measure ( #ahgf4 ,f> f allay+ ! ,briti% agitation1 z 0 expect$1 ! inve/igation only s]v$ to /imulate x4444 ,a dem& 0 made 9 #aijf = a second full inve/igation ( laboratory me?ods4 ,aga9 a ,royal ,commission 0 creat$1 :i* took te/imony = a ye> & half4 ,its report1 submitt$ 9 ,m>* la/ ye>1 ov]:elm+ly disprov$ ! *>ges t ! m$ical exp]im5ts ^u animals are immoral & unju/ifiable4444 ,,! ,,doctors ,,( ,,engl& ,,h ,,= ,a ,,g5]ation ,,_h ,,to ,,flee ,,to ,,! ,,cont95t to prosecture _! necess>y lab\rs4 ,is ! exp]i5ce ( ,great ,brita9 to be repeat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! h&s ( p]sons :o h become delud$ into ins5sibiity to human suff]+8#a #a ,editorial 9 ,new ,york ,times1 ,janu>y #bh1 #aiac4 ,n[1 ?is editorial utt]ance is n exceptionally mislead+4 ,9 scores ( newspap]s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates j z ignorant & z prejudic$ /atem5ts f9d editorial expression e ye>4 ,x aims to ju/ify ! clos+ ( ! laboratory to all inve/igations :atev]1 & x attempts to d ?is by mis/atem5ts reg>d+ hi/orical facts4 ,x tells u ( an outcry rais$ aga9/ ! ,engli% doctors 9 ! e>ly sev5ties1 =gett+ to m5tion ! attacks made by ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ! ,lancet1 & o!r m$ical p]iodicals1 aga9/ ! t]rible cruelties ( ! practice long be=e ! e>ly sev5ties4 ,! ,royal ,commission ( #ahge1 we are told1 f\nd no mat]ial abuse4 ,:at is meant by ! qualify+ adjective mat]ial8 ,let u see h[ ! inquiry impress$ an imp>tial obs]v]1 ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,engl&4 ,is1 !n1 ! pres5t law reasonable8 ,x is ! result ( a mo/ c>eful inquiry1 conduct$ by em95t m5 9 #ahge1 m5 c]ta9ly nei!r weak s5tim5tali/s nor ignorant & prejudic$ humanit>ians1 m5 among :om are to be f\nd ,mr4 ,huxley & ,mr4 ,eri*s51 ,mr4 ,hutton1 & ,sir ,john ,k>slake4 ,!re m5 unanim\sly recomm5d$ legislation1 & legislation1 9 "s important respects1 m /r+5t ?an ,p>liam5t ?\ght fit to pass4 ,!y recomm5d x on a body ( evid5ce at once int]e/+ & t]rible4 ,int]e/+1 inde$1 x is f ! frank apa?y to ! suff]+ ( animals1 h[ev] awful1 av[$ by "s ( ! witnesses2 = ! noble humanity ( "s few2 = ! curi\s +5uity ) :i* o!rs avoid$ ! direct & v]bal approval ( horrbile cruelties :i* yet !y refus$ to condemn4444 ,t]rbile ! evid5ce is = ! details ( torture1 ( mutilation1 ( life sl[ly de/roy$ 9 torm5t1 or skilfully prolong$ = ! infliction ( ! same or div]sifi$ agonies1 = days1 = mon?s1 9 "s cases = m ?an a ye>4#a #a ,=tnightly ,review1 ,febru>y1 #ahhb4 ,?is 0 ! view ( ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,engl& ( t day2 & yet ! unkn[n scribe1 writ+ 9 a ,new ,york newspap]1 )\t adduc+ a p>ticle ( evid5ce1 w\ld h 8 read]s to believe t ! ,commission ( #ahge ,,f\nd ,,no ,,mat]ial ,,abuse4 ,equally unfair & inaccurate is ! editorial ref]5ce to ! report ( ! ,royal ,commission ( #aijf4 ,! conclusions set =? 9 ?is report _c possibly be /at$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce )\t leav+ ess5tial matt]s un/at$4 ,! six pr9cipal recomm5dations ( ! ,royal ,commission 7 all 9 ! direction ( re=m1 ,,& ,,( ,,re=m ,,t ,,impli$ ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,abuses t requi]d *ange4 ,! subject has be5 treat$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 & ne$ n occupy att5tion aga94 ,b ! wor/ mis/atem5t 9 ?is editorial int5d$ to incite prejudice aga9/ any inquiry 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 0 t :i* ref]r$ to ! effect ( ! ,engli% law gov]n+ ! regulation ( vivisection4 ,x is n[ ne>ly =ty ye>s s9ce ?is law came into =ce4 ,! editor speaks ( x z ! calamit\s measure ( #ahgf2 & aft] decl>+ t ! doctors ( ,engl& h = a g5]ation _h to flee to ! ,cont95t to prosecute _! necess>y lab\rs1 asks 8 read]s :e!r ! exp]i5ce ( ,great ,brita9 is to be repeeat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,if ?is ass]tion 7 true1 !n assur$ly ! law w\ld h be5 reg>d$ ) dete/ation & abhorr5ce by ! m$ical pr(ession ( ,engl&1 & by ! tea*]s ( m$ical sci5ce ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,n[1 x s happ5s t ! impression giv5 is :olly false4 ,x did n orig9ate ) ! editorial writ]2 = _m ye>s ! assum$ evil results ( ! ,engli% law h be5 held up = our w>n+ by ^? :o desire a free h& 9 vivisection 9 ,am]ica4 ,b is x true t ! law ( #ahgf is reg>d$ 9 ,engl& z a calamit\s measure1 :i* ,p>liam5t %\ld ha/5 to repeal8 ,on ! contr>y1 s f> f be+ ?us reg>d$1 a l>ge majority ( ! repres5tatives ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ,engl& are 9 fav\r ( ! law4 ,( c\rse1 e au?ority c sugge/ modifications = its bett]m5t1 b ! pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! measure1 ( inspection ( laboratories & ! re/riction ( vivisection1 !y d n condemn4 ,t x is a p]fect measure1 ! lead]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession d n ass]t1 b !y evid5tly consid] x z bett] ?an no law at all4 ,x c]ta9ly is n consid]$1 z ! ,am]ican editor calls x1 ! calamit\s measure ( #ahgf4 ,! pro(s ( ?is attitude ( ! ,engli% m$ical pr(ession may be f\nd 9 ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection1 ! f9al report ( :i* appe>$ 9 #aiab4 ,! misappreh5sion conc]n+ ! work+ ( ! ,engli% law is s widespread 9 ,am]ica & is s s$ul\sly cultivat$ by ^? :o oppose any re=m1 t x seems wor? :ile to %[ j h[ ! law is reg>d$ 9 ! l& to :i* x applies4 ,sir ,d\glas ,p[ell1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 ! physician to ! ,k+1 & ,s5ior ,physician to ,guy's ,hospital1 0 ask$ :e!r ! laws at pres5t gov]n+ vivisection h be5 9 any way noxi\s to ,sci5ce8 ,no1 ,i d n ?9k s1 0 8 reply4 ,i ?9k1 z adm9i/]$ at ! pres5t "t1 !y h n int]f]$ ) ! advance ( ,sci5ce4 ,sir ,h5ry ,morris1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 be+ ask$ sub/antially ! same "q1 repli$3 ,i ?9k ! pres5t ,act ( #ahgf1 "u :i* vivisectional exp]im5ts are done1 ,,0 ,,amply ,,protective ,,aga9/ ,,cruelty1 ,,& ,,suffici5tly ,,free ,,& ,,lib]al ,,= ,,! ,,due ,,prosecution ,,( ,,prop] ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,physiological ,,inquiry4 ,consid]+ _! s\rce1 are n ^! rem>kable te/imonies conc]n+ :at is ! fa%ion 9 ,am]ica to designate z ! calamit\s measure ( #ahgf8 ,:at is ! op9ion ( ! law held by m5 engag$ 9 tea*+ 9 ! m$ical s*ols ( ,engl&8 ,d !y dem& its repeal8 ,dr4 ,pembrey1 ! ,lectur] on ,physiology at ,guy's ,hospital1 ,london1 does n l _m ( ! re/rictions2 yet1 be+ ask$ if he advocat$ ! abolition ( ! ,vivisection ,act1 repli$3 ,no1 ,i w\ld n d t4444 ,i ?9k only p int]e/$ & p :o are compet5t %\ld be all[$ to make vivisection exp]im5ts4 ,! pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,langley1 told ! ,commission]s3 ,i ,,w\ld ,,mu* ,,r ,,h ,,! ,,act ,,?an ,,no ,,act4 ,i ?9k x w\ld n be fair to ! animals to all[ anyone to exp]im5t ^u !m )\t control4 ,dr4 ,francis ,got*1 pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 be+ ask$ :e!r ! law _h re/rict$ sci5tific rese>* 9 exp]im5ts ^u w>m-blood$ animals1 answ]$3 ,no1 ,i d n ?9k x re/ricts x4 ,i ,,?9k ,,x ,,has ,,op]at$ ,,well4 ,dr4 ,lorra9 ,smi?1 pr(essor ( pa?ology 9 ! ,univesity ( ,man*e/]1 :5 ask$ if he _h any objection to ! pres5t re/rictions plac$ by law ^u op]ations on liv+ animals1 answ]$1 ,no4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,/>l+1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & pr(essor ( physiology at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 decl>$ t at ! pres5t "t1 ! physiological s*ool 9 ,engl& occupi$ a v high place 9 ! _w1 n inf]ior to t ( any o!r nation--surely a /range fact = a c\ntry suff]+ f :at ! ,am]ican editor calls ! calamit\s measure ( #ahgf6 ,ev]y:]e we f9d sub/antially ! same te/imony4 ,sir ,james ,russell1 be+ ask$ :e!r ! law _h op]at$ 9 way ( prev5t+ legitimate rese>*1 repli$ 9 ! negative1 giv+ x z 8 op9ion t ! ,act has work$ ) sub/antial smoo?ness4 ,sir ,victor ,horsley1 widely kn[n z an exp]im5t] & z a surgeon1 criticiz$ _m ( ! details ( ! law1 yet :5 ask$ :e!r or n he 0 oppos$ to ! ,act altoge!r1 answ]$3 ,oh1 no4 ,i look ^u ! ,act z necess>y 9 view ( public op9ion4444 ,to ! purpose ( ! ,act1 t exp]im5ts %\ld only be done 9 regi/]$ places & only by p]sons :o hold a lic5ce f ! ,home ,secret>y1 !re c be no objection :atev]2 at lea/1 ,i _c see any4 ,sir ,john ,rose ,brad=d1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital 9 ,london1 be+ ask$ if x might n be bett] if ! ,act 7 aboli%$ altoge!r1 repli$3 ,no2 ,i ?9k exp]im5ts on animals %\ld be regulat$ by an ,act4 ,:e!r !re 7 any alt]ations t might be valuable1 0 a subject to :i* he _h giv5 no ?\ght dur+ rec5t yea>s4 ,dr4 ,dixon1 a pr(essor 9 ,k+'s ,college1 decl>$ t 9 8 op9ion ,,! ,,m$ical ,,pr(ession ,,w\ld ,,be ,,/rongly ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,act ,,be+ ,,repeal$ ,,n[4 ,dr4 ,?ane1 "o ( ! ,gov]nm5t inspectors1 admits t sci5ce has n suff]$ mat]ially by any re/rictions1 & has no recomm5dations to make4 ,& ,dr4 ,m>t91 a director ( ! ,li/] ,in/itute1 be+ ask$ if ,engli% sci5tific m5 are less advanc$ ?an _! bre?r5 on ! ,cont95t 9 consequ5ce ( ! regulation ( vivisection1 answ]$ v promptly1 ,no4 ,x is impossible "h to quote ! evid5ce 9 full2 to d t w\ld require a volume4 ,no "o ( ^! exp]ts claim$ t ! law 0 p]fect2 ea* repres5tative ( ,engli% sci5ce 0 d\btless able to indicate "s detail capable ( improvem5t & p]ta9+ to ! bett] work+ ( ! law4 ,b :5 x came to repeal+ ! law altoge!r1 n "o ( ! di/+ui%$ m5 "h quot$ 0 9 fav\r ( x4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,/ate regulation1 aga9/ ! adoption ( :i* 9 ,am]ica e art ( prev>ication has be5 employ$1 t pr9ciple is fully accept$ by ! ,engli% m$ical pr(ession to-day4 ,0 x fair = ! editor ( a lead+ j\rnal to mis/ate s obvi\s a fact8 ,c "o imag9e t ! lead+ repres5tatives ( m$ical sci5ce 9 ,engl&1 ! lead+ tea*]s & pr(essors 9 m$ical colleges & s*ools1 w\ld h giv5 ! evid5ce j quot$ if = ?irty ye>s ! doctors ( ,engl& _h be5 fly+ to ! ,cont95t to escape ! /r+5cy ( ! law ( #ahgf8 ,%\ld we n h f\nd "s witness be=e ! ,royal ,commission ( #aijf mak+ allusion to ?is flight ( ! doctors ( ,engl&8 ,x is q possible t :5 ! law w5t into op]ation1 ov] ?irty-five ye>s ago1 its work+ 0 less satisfactory ?an x is to-day4 ,0 x fair to make ^! e>ly criticisms annul ! evid5ce giv5 by a l>ge body ( repres5tative m5 be=e ?is ,commission ( ! tw5tie? c5tury 9 fav\r ( ! regulation ( vivisection by law8 ,( c\rse su* an editorial t5d$ to /r5g!n prejudice aga9/ legal regulation 9 ,am]ica4 ,x did its "w4 ,b c success s a*iev$ ev] be wor? ( admiration8#a #a ,! read] may ask :y correction ( s inaccurate a /atem5t conc]n+ ! ,engli% law 0 n s5t to ! j\rnal 9 "q4 ,?is 0 done4 ,a synopsis ( all ! m$ical op9ions "h giv5 & tak5 f ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission 0 s5t to ! editor ( ! p]iodical4 ,s fafr z se51 x did n appe>4 ,an editorial 9 a morn+ pap] w\ld h>dly seem wor? notic+4 ,^u ! op9ions ( its read]s x makes its impress1 & is quickly =gott54 ,b ! same untrue ass]tions w be made aga9 m ?an once 9 ord] to create prejudice aga9/ any legal regulation ( vivisection 9 ,am]ica4 ,x has seem$ wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to set =? ! evid5ce ( ! absolute untru? ( su* /atem5ts1 reg>d+ ! ,engli% law4#a #a ,9 demon/rat+ t ! ,engli% law = ! regulation ( vivisection is n !re reg>d$ ) ! disapprobation alleg$ by c]ta9 writ]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i mu/ n be tak5 z claim+ t ! law f a humane /&po9t is satisfactory4 ,until am5d$ z advis$ by ,dr4 ,wilson1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,commission1 x _c adequately protect animals liable to exp]im5tation f hte possibility ( abuse4 ,! ext5t to :i* an untru? conc]n+ vivisection may be work$ to create prejudice aga9/ re=m is af=d$ by a curi\s leg5d conc]n+ ! late ,"l ,li/]1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t m5 ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to discov]1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! /ory 0 9 an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,wom5's ,m$ical ,college1 & repr9t$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly ( ,may1 #ahhe1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x ?us appe>s3 ,li/] himself1 no tyro1 b ! great ma/]1 is /ill se>*+ = fur!r improvem5ts4 ,b :51 lately1 he desir$ to make "s exp]im5ts on animals1 /ill fur!r to p]fect our practice1 s _m ob/ructions 7 ?r[n 9 8 way 9 ,engl& t ,,he ,,0 ,,driv5 ,,to ,,t\l\se to pursue 8 humane rese>*es4 ,he 0 driv5 to ,t\l\se4 ,! phrase is wor? rememb]+4 ,fifte5 ye>s lat] ! au?or ( ?is /atem5t appe>$ be=e ! ,s5ate ,committee at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 to oppose a ,bill regulat+ ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,9 c\rse ( 8 address1 deliv]$ ,febru>y #ba1 #aijj1 he aga9 repeat$ ! /ory3 ,:5 ,"l ,li/]1 ^: "n is ! mo/ illu/ri\s 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y1 want$ to c>ry out "s fur!r exp]im5ts 9 ,great ,brita91 :]e1 z ,dr4 ,leff+well has express$ x1 ! v mod]ate re/riction ( ! law applies'--exp]im5ts = ! direct b5efit ( humanity--,,he ,,0 ,,oblig$ ,,to ,,g ,,to ,,france ,,to ,,c>ry ,,on ,,8 ,,exp]im5ts = ! b5efit ( ! human race ,,because ,,he ,,c\ld ,,n ,,d ,,x ,,9 ,,engl&6 ,c "o imag9e any argum5t aga9/ ! legal regulation ( vivisection m weighty ?an ?is ass]tion1 t ! mo/ illu/ri\s man 9 ,engli% m$ic9e 0 oblig$ to g to ,france because he c\ld n make 8 rese>*es on ,engli% soil8 ,c\ld d\bt ( ! /ory exi/ :5 x 0 relat$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association be=e a committee ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate8 ,?is /ory alone may h indus$ ! rejection ( ! propos$ legislation4 ,! leg5d aga9 f\nd expression ne>ly ?ree ye>s lat]1 9 a lett] writt5 by ! same p]son to ,s5ator ,gall+]1 & telegraph$ to ! newspap] press ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,philadelphia ,m$ical ,j\rnal ( ,decemb] #ac1 #aijb1 x appe>$ z foll[s3 ,if ! laws :i* y & y\r fri5ds advocate 7 9 =ce1 ! conditions = sci5tific inve/igation 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be q z deplorable z ^? 9 ,engl&4 ,= example1 :5 ,"l ,li/]1 :o has revolutioniz$ mod]n surg]y1 l>gely z a result ( su* exp]im5ts1 wi%$ to discov] possibly "s /ill bett] way ( op]at+ by fur!r exp]im5ts1 ,,he ,,0 ,,oblig$ ,,to ,,g ,,to ,,t\l\se ,,to ,,c>ry ,,!m ,,out1 z ! vexati\s re/rictions ( ! law 9 ,engl& practically made x impossible = him to cont9ue !re ^! em95tly humane exp]im5ts4 ,ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is /ory1 we meet x aga94 ,9 an article entitl$ ,rec5t ,surgical ,progress1 appe>+ 9 ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly = ,april1 #aiji1 we are told ! same tale3 ,to complete 8 b5efic5t "w1 ,,"l ,,li/] ,,0 ,,compell$ ,,to ,,g ,,to ,,france1 ,,by ,,reason ,,( ,,! ,,/r+5cy ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,antivivisection ,,laws4 ,! law ( #ahgf has n[ multipli$ into laws :i* ob/ruct & h9d] ev5 ! rese>*es ( a ,li/]4 ,& yet two ye>s be=e1 9 8 te/imony be=e ! ,royal ,commission1 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons 9 ,engl&--,sir ,h5ry ,morris--_h /at$3 ,i ?9k ! pres5t ,act ( #ahge1 "u :i* vivisectional exp]im5ts are done1 0 amply protective aga9/ cruelty to animals ,,& ,,suffici5tly ,,free ,,& ,,lib]al ,,= ,,! ,,due ,,prosecution ,,( ,,prop] ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,physiological ,,inquiry4#a ,b ( ! read]s ( ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly probably n "o 9 t5 ?\s& _h ev] se5 ?is evid5ce 9 ! ,vivisection ,report4 #a ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce1 ,"q #g1hje4 ,x w be se5 t no two ( ^! acc\nts are precisely ! same4 ,!y agree1 h[ev]1 9 /at+ t "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,engli% sci5ti/s 0 compell$ to leave ,engl& 9 ord] to d 8 "w2 he 0 driv5 to ,t\l\se4 ,x seem$ to me wor? :ile to inve/igate ! tru? ( ?is /ory2 & accord+ly ,i wrote to ,"l ,li/]1 ask+ him1 among o!r ?+s1 if x 0 true t he _h be5 oblig$ to g to ,france to c>ry out exp]im5ts look+ to ! improvem5t ( surgical me?ods1 because ! re/rictions ( ! ,engli% law _h made x impossible = him to c>ry out 8 inve/igations 9 ,engl&8 ,! reply to my inquiry 0 cle> & def9ite4 ,! italics are m9e4 #ab1 ,p>k ,cresc5t1 ,portl& ,place1 ,decemb] #bc1 #aiaj4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 ,x is n /rictly true t ,i 0 compell$ to g out ( ! c\ntry to p]=m ! exp]im5ts 9 "q4 ,i ,,c\ld1 ,,no ,,d\bt1 ,,h ,,obta9$ ,a ,,lic5ce ,,to ,,d ,,!m ,,"h4 ,b !y _h to be on l>ge animals2 & ! ,vet]9>y ,college1 9 :i*1 ,i d>e say1 ,i might h _h opportunity giv5 me = ! inve/igations1 is a long way f my resid5ce1 & x w\ld h be5 inconv5i5t to h work$ !re4 ,?us1 my go+ to ,t\l\se 0 a matt] ( conv5i5ce r ?an ( necessity4 ,! circum/ance 0 ( c\rse ( no int]e/ to anyone b myself1 ,,& ,i ,,h ,,giv5 ,,no ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,x ,,= ,,publication4444 ,i h answ]$ y\r "q frankly1 b ,i mu/ beg y to und]/& t x is n int5d$ = publication4 ,believe me1 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,,li/]4 ,f e man's correspond5ce ,dea? at la/ removes ! seal2 & ,li/]'s true /ory surely may n[ confront ! di/ort$ fiction :i* 9 ,am]ica = _m ye>s has be5 giv5 s wide a publicity4 ,! facts are inde$ diff]5t f ! leg5d :i* = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury has be5 repeat$ z a conv9c+ argum5t aga9/ re=m4 ,( ! malign influ5ce ( su* a tale ^u public op9ion 9 prev5t+ legislation 9 ,am]ica1 we c =m no adequate e/imate4 ,= any int5tional deception we may1 ( c\rse1 absolve ! di/+ui%$ pr(essional man :o has made himself responsible z transmitt] ( ! my?2 no man ) any conception ( hon\r w\ld /ate z facts :at he knew to be false4 ,b f ! *>ge ( c>elessness1 ( gross inaccuracy1 is "o z readily to be fre$8 ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury ! /atem5t has be5 9 circulation--t :5 ,li/] desir$ to make mo/ important rese>*es1 s _m ob/ructions 7 ?r[n 9 8 way 9 ,engl&1 t ,,he ,,0 ,,driv5 ,,to ,,t\l\se to pursue 8 humane rese>*es2 & n[ ,li/]'s lett] %[s u t he c\ld1 no d\bt1 h obta9$ a lic5ce to d !m "h--%[+ t he did n ev5 ask p]mission to exp]im5t4 ,9 #aijj ! public 0 in=m$ t ,li/] 0 oblig$ to g to ,france to c>ry on 8 exp]im5ts2 ! read]s ( ,h>p]'s are told t ,"l ,li/] 0 ,,compell$ ,,to ,,g ,,to ,,france by reason ( ! /r+5cy ( ! ,engli% antivivisection laws2 & n[ ,li/] writes t go+ to ,france 0 a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 & n ( necessity2 t at ! ,vet]9>y ,college ,i d>e say ,i might h _h ! opportunity giv5 me = ! inve/igation--%[+ t ! opportunity _h nev] be5 s\ght6 ,yet ! influ5ce ( ! untru? w cont9ue = _m a ye>4 ,( ,li/]'s extreme antipa?y to ! antivivisectioni/s & to ? ere/riction ( animal exp]im5tation !re c be no d\bt4 ,t he misappreh5d$ ! effect ( ! law ( #ahgf we "k2 he imag9$ t ev5 ! obs]vation ( ! circulation ( ! blood 9 a frog's foot "u ! microscope by an unau?oriz$ inve/igator w\ld r5d] ! /ud5t liable to a crim9al prosecution4 ,we c be v sure t if ?is 7 true1 ! ,act ( #ahgf w\ld nev] h escap$ ! condemnation ( ! sci5tific m5 ^: op9ions h be5 quot$ f evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission1 m5 :o f\nd 9 ?is ,act no imp$im5t to any reasonable inve/igation4 ,b :5 ! reports ( p]sonal exp]i5ce 7 br\ght to ,li/]'s notice1 he 0 will+ to correct _! gross exagg]ations2 yet--to avoid controv]sy1 p]haps--he desir$ t ! facts %\ld n be publi%$1 & dur+ 8 lifetime1 compliance 0 giv5 to 8 wi%4 ,! phase ( untru?fulness 9 ! def5ce ( unre/rict$ exp]im5tation des]ves f> m att5tion ?an c "h be accord$4 ,"o is lo? to reg>d z possible any int5t to deceive2 ! inaccuracy & exagg]ation are und\bt$ly due *iefly to ignorance on ! "p ( m5 :o ought to be well-in=m$1 because ! _w looks to !m = /atem5ts ( fact conc]n+ ! b5efits claim$ to be due to exp]im5tation4 ,take1 = in/ance1 an ass]tion made 9 te/imony giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission by ,sir ,victor ,horsley1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ! repres5tative ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association4 ,ref]r+ to pyaemia1 or blood- poison+1 he 0 n cont5t to affirm ! disappe>ance ( ^! =midable maladies f ! hospital to :i* he 0 atta*$1 b w5t on to decl>e _! disappe>ance altogeh]4 ,anybody1 said ,sir ,vitor ,horsley1 :o w\ld n[ be ask$ to write an article on pyaemia or blood-poison+ 9 a diction>y ( surg]y1 ,,c\ld ,,n ,,d ,,x2 ,,! ,,diseases ,,are ,,gone6#a #a ,evid5ce be=e ,royal ,commission1 ,"q #ae1ffi4 ,?is /atem5t is a mo/ rem>kable "o4 ,! witness 0 once widely kn[n z a ru?less exp]im5t] ^u liv+ animals1 & he 0 n[ def5d+ ! practice by an enum]ation ( its ga9s4 ,app>5tly1 no memb] ( ! ,commission que/ion$ 8 evid5ce2 ! repres5tative ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association solemnly affirm$ t z a result ( vivisection c]ta9 diseases _h s completely disappe>$ t pres5t obs]vation or description 0 impossible1 & ! ,royal ,commission accept$ 8 ^w4 ,! /atem5t t ^! septic diseases _h disappe>$ cross$ ! ,atlantic1 & ne>ly six ye>s aft]w>d1 9 ! columns ( a ,new ,york j\rnal1 x aga9 appe>$4#b ,yet ! /atem5t 0 untrue4 ,x is inde$ difficult to believe t any educat$ m$ical man 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica c\ld h read x )\t recognition ( its untru?4 ,let u glance at ! evid5ce4 #b ,new ,york ,times1 ,july #bh1 #aiab4 ,if x 7 true t ! septic diseases :i* relate to blood- poison+ _h really be5 s completely aboli%$ t description ( !m 7 n[ impossible--z ,sir ,victor ,horsley decl>$--x is evid5t t z causes ( any "p ( ,engli% mortality !y w\ld cease to appe>4 ,! report ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al ( ,engl& & ,wales tells a v diff]5t /ory4 ,sir ,victor ,horsley gave ?is te/imony 9 ,novemb]1 #aijg4 ,dur+ ! five ye>s prec$+1 & end+ ,decemb] #ca1 #aijg1 ,,no ,,less ,,?an #b1icc ,,p]sons ,,di$ ,,f ,,blood- ,,poison+ 7,,pyaemia ,,& ,,septicaemia7 ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijg1 ! ye> t te/imony 0 giv51 ! tribute ( #fjd lives 0 exact$ by ^! diseases :i* _h ,,gone6 ,ev5 dur+ ! ye> foll[+ 7#aijh71 ! record$ dea?s due to blood-poison+ 9 ,engl& & ,wales 7 #efj2 & yet ! disease _h be5 solemnly decl>$ to be non-exi/5t by ! lead+ def5d] ( ,engli% vivisection6 ,nor is ?is all4 ,9 proportion to ! total population ! dea?-rate f blood-poison+ ,,0 ,,high] ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye> ,,t ,,sir ,,victor ,,horsley ,,gave ,,?is ,,a/\nd+ ,,te/imony ,,?an ,,x ,,0 ,,ev5 ,,=ty ,,ye>s ,,be=e4 ,9 #ahfh1 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 to a million p]sons liv+1 ! dea?-rate f septic diseases1 or blood-poison+1 0 fifte52 ! ye> foll[+ x 0 sixte54 ,9 #ahgj x rose to eighte51 fall+1 h[ev]1 to sixte5 = ! next two ye>s4 ,ne>ly =ty ye>s g by1 & we f9d a lead+ ,engli% vivisector assur+ a ,royal ,commission t blood-poison+ _h s completely disappe>$ t a m$ical writ] c\ld n describe x2 & ! ,regi/rat-,g5]al *>g+ ?is ext9ct disease ) a dea?-rate ( n9ete5 9 #aijf & eighte5 9 #aijg1 ,a ,,high] ,,rate ,,( ,,mortality ,,?an ,a ,,g5]ation ,,be=e6#a #a ,= ^! /ati/ics see reports ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al ( ,engl& & ,wales1 #ed? ,report1 ,table #af1 & #gcrd ,report1 ,table #bb4 ,^! are (ficially /at$ facts4 ,at ! co/ ( half a cr[n ,sir ,victor ,horsley might h le>n$ t ! diseases he s glibly decl>$ _h gone 7 /ill responsible = a "p ( ,engli% mortality1 & a great] proportion ev5 ?an dur+ ?irty-five to =ty ye>s be=e4 ,x is ?is gross ignorance on ! "p ( ^? :o w\ld tea* u1 ?is will+ness 9 ! def5ce ( all phases ( vivisection1 to make ass]tions :i* are )\t f\ndation 9 fact1 t ju/ly t5ds to create di/ru/ ( e su* /atem5t1 unsupport$ by pro(4 ,we are n que/ion+ ! value ( asepsis1 :i* is only a le>n$ phrase to express absolute surgical cleanl9ess4 ,! "t may come :5 ^! septic =ms ( disease w entirely disappe>4 ,t day1 h[ev]1 has n yet arriv$4 ,:y decl>e t x is already "h8 ,:y proclaim t diseases _h ,,gone :i* /ill exi/$1 or t an enemy _h be5 utt]ly ext]m9at$ :i* /ill 0 responsible = hundr$s ( dea?s8 ,nor are ,engli% m$ical writ]s alone guilty ( blund]s & exagg]ations conc]n+ ! effect ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,9 ! numb] ( ,h>p]'s ,mon?ly = ,april1 #aiji1 to :i* we h ref]r$1 an ,am]ican writ] blund]s q z badly z 8 ,engli% confrere4 ,he tells u t ! fri5ds ( exp]im5tal rese>* h almo/ completely aboli%$ ! dang]s ( mat]nity1 r$uc+ its dea?-rate ,,f ,,t5 ,,or ,,m ,,mo!rs ,,out ,,( ,,e ,,hundr$1 to less ?an "o 9 e hundr$4 ,a m ignorant /atem5t 0 nev] put =? by an intellig5t writ]4 ,:]e are /ati/ics to be f\nd go+ to prove t among any p1 9 any l&1 at a ny "t1 #aj ,,p] ,,c5t4 ( all mo!rs giv+ bir? to (fspr+ p]i%$ f ! accid5ts or diseases incid5t to *ild-bir?8 ,no su* /ati/ics c be produce1 = ! simple reason !y d n exi/4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we h no (ficial /ati/ics ( mortality cov]+ ! entire c\ntry or report$ f ye> to ye>4 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 has record$ ! mortality ( its p = ov] half a c5tury4 ,:at support does x af=d to ! ass]tion t at any "t "o 9 e t5 mo!rs1 br++ *ildr5 into ! _w1 p]i%$ ei!r f accid5t or disease8 ,dur+ a p]iod ( sixty-two ye>s1 f #ahea d[n to ? epres5t "t1 !re 0 n a s+le ye> 9 :i* mortality ( ,engli%wom5 f septic diseases connect$ ) *ild-bir? ,,ev] ,,rea*$ ,,ev5 ,,"o ,,9 ,a ,,hundr$4 ,b ?is is ! figure = all ,engl&4 ,!n take ! =ty-f\r c\nties into :i* ,engl& is divid$1 & f ! d[ns ( ,devon to ! slums ( ,lanca%ire1 "o _c f9d a c\nty 9 all ,engl& 9 :i* ! mortality ( mo!rs f diseases p]ta9+ to *ild-bir? has rea*$ ev5 a qu>t] ( ! ratio /at$ by ?is m$ical writ]4 ,f all causes toge!r ,,n ,,f\r ,,dea?s ,,9 ,a ,,?\s& ,,bir?s & misc>riages happ5$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 sev5ty-five ye>s ago1 t (ficial /ati/ics 7 ga!r$2 x 0 a dea?-rate ( five 9 "o ?\s& ! foll[+ ye>4#a ,we are n que/ion+ ! value ( surgical cleanl9ess2 we dispute only ! ju/ice ( exagg]at$ & mislead+ /atem5ts conc]n+ any fact capable ( sci5tific demon/ration4 ,!re c be no d\bt t less ?an half a c5tury ago1 9 ! mat]nity w>ds ( c]ta9 hospitals & 9 ! exp]i5ce ( c]ta9 m51 !re 0 a dea?-rate f su* ailm5ts f> above ! av]age exp]i5ce ( ! c\ntry2 b x 0 solely due to ! ignorance1 ! crim9al bl9dness & ob/9acy ( c]ta9 m5 9 ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,b a little ov] sev5ty ye>s ago1 :5 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes po9t$ out t ?is sadde/ place ( mortality 0 due to want ( c>e on ! "p ( m$ical m51 x 0 two pr(essors 9 two ( ! l>ge/ m$ical s*ools ( ,am]ica :o oppos$ him2 x 0 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,meigs1 ( ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college 9 ,philadelphia1 :o laugh$ to scorn 8 w>n+s1 & held up to ! ridicule ( ! m$ical pr(ession ! !ories t are n[ accept$ z facts4 ,) su* m5 z tea*]s ( m$ical sci5ce1 :at wond] t = wom5 ab\t to become mo!rs c]ta9 hospitals ( t day 7 little bett] ?an slaught]-h\ses1 to ent] :i* 0 to leave hope beh9d8#b ,b ! exp]i5ce ( su* hospitals is n ! basis ^u :i* ,sci5ce re/s conclusions :5 !y may be asc]ta9$ by ref]5ce to ! /ati/ics ( a nation4 ,! murd]-rate ( ,philadelphia is n to be det]m9$ by t ( "o ( its slum di/ricts4 ,if1 a c5tury ago1 a slave-own] ( ,jamaica own+ t5 negroes1 :ipp$ "o ( !m s sev]ely t he di$1 %\ld we be ju/ifi$ 9 decl>+ t 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ! murd]-rate ( slaves 0 #aj p] c5t41 or t5 9 a hundr$8 ,its absurdity is manife/4 ,:51 !re=e1 a reputable writ] = a magaz9e l>gely read by wives & mo!rs puts =? ! /atem5t t by reason ( "s exp]im5ts ! dea?-rate ( diseases incid5t to mat]nity has be5 r$uc$ f t5 or m mo!rs out ( e hundr$1 leav+ x to be inf]r$ t su* rate ( mortality 0 once g5]al1 :at are we to inf] conc]n+ 8 ideals ( sci5tific accuracy8 #a ,m$ical ,essays ( ,dr4 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 ,bo/on1 #ahii1 p4 #aef4 #b ,polk told u t :5 he graduat$ 9 m$ic9e1 deliv]y 9 a ly+-9 hospital 0 f> m dang]\s ?an an engagem5t 9 ! bloodie/ battle1 = dur+ 8 int]n%ip at ,bellevue1 he saw ,,=ty- ,,five ,,wom5 ,,die ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,sixty ,,:o ,,_h ,,be5 ,,deliv]$ ,,dur+ ,a ,,s+le ,,mon?4--,williams2 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,m$4 ,association1 ,june #f1 #aiad4 ,equally mi/ak5 is ! implication convey$ by ! passage quot$ t "s va/ r$uction ( mortality has be5 accompli%$ 9 reg>d to ?is special =m ( disease4 ,?is belief is d\btless ent]ta9$ by a majority ( m$ical practition]s1 accu/om$ to accept /atem5ts ( lead]s )\t inve/igation or que/ion+4 ,b x is n true4 ,we ne$ to rememb]1 z ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes tells u1 h[ k9dly ,nature deals ) ! p>turi5t female1 :5 %e is n imm]s$ 9 ! virul5t atmosph]e ( an impure ly+-9 hospital4 ,to demon/rate ! exact facts1 ,i h tabulat$ all ! dea?s 9 ,engl& & ,wales f diseases incid5t to *ild-bir?1 z comp>$ ) ! numb] ( *ildr5 born1 = sixty ye>s f #ahea d[n to #aiaj4 ,x w probably surprise _m a m$ical practition] to "k t s f> f hav+ va/ly dim9i%$1 ! dea?-rate f diseases ( ?is "* 9 ,engl& & ,wales ,,0 ,,actually ,,less ,,half ,a ,,c5tury ,,ago ,,?an ,,x ,,0 ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,end+ #aiaj4 ,b ! facts are beyond "q2 !y n only re/ ^u ! (ficial reports ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al1 b !y %[ a uni=mity ye> aft] ye> :i* x is impossible to reg>d z due to *ance4 ,9 ,engl& & ,wales1 dur+ tw5ty ye>s 7#ahea-ahgj7 ! total numb] ( bir?s report$ by ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al 0 #ac1iga1gdf4 ,! total dea?s f pu]p]al fev] dur+ ! same p]iod 7 #ba1ice--;a mortality-rate p] #ajj1jjj bir?s ( #aeg4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod betwe5 =ty & sixty ye>s ago4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s betwe5 #aija & #aiaj1 ! bir?s 9 ,engl& & ,wales numb]$ #i1bjh1bji2 & ! dea?s f pu]p]al sepsis 7 #af1cda1 a mortality-rate p] #ajj1jjj bir?s ( #age--;,,great] ,,?an ,,t ,,( ,,half ,a ,,c5tury ,,ago6 ,! mortality- rate may n[ be go+ d[nw>d2 x 0 9 #aiaj b #adb p] #ajj1jjj bir?s1 b 9 #ahfj ! correspond+ dea?-rate 0 #adj1 & 9 #ahfa x 0 #acj--;consid]ably less ?an at ! pres5t day4#a #a ,^! figures h be5 compil$ f ! annual reports ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al ( ,bir?s1 ,dea?s1 & ,m>riages 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,ea* ,annual ,report furni%es ! numb] ( bir?s & ! numb] ( dea?s f pu]p]al sepsis4 ,nor is x true t recognition ( ! orig9 ( ?is t]rible disease 0 due to exp]im5ts ^u animals4 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 9 ,am]ica1 :o indicat$1 9 #ahdc1 ! di/a/eful tru? t ! m$ical att5dant 0 *iefly responsible = ! dea?s f ?is disease2 & ! great lights ( ! pr(ession 9 ,philadelphia made him & 8 !ory ! butt ( _! ridicule & scorn4 ,x 0 ,semmelweis1 a "y assi/ant 9 ! ,ly+-9 ,hospital ( ,vi5na1 :o 9 #ahdg po9t$ out ! same tru?1 drawn1 n f any exp]im5ts1 b f rational obs]vation 9 ! hospital w>ds2 & 8 discov]y 0 receiv$ ) contempt1 he 0 hat$ & despis$ 9 8 lifetime1 & he di$1 z an ,am]ican au?or has phras$ x1 ) no o!r rew>d ?an ! scorn ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,x 0 n by laboratory exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals t ! me?ods by :i* ?is t]rible disease is transmitt$ became kn[n to ,sci5ce2 x 0 common s5se 9 ! sick-*amb] t disc]n$ its clue4 ,! decreas$ & decreas+ mortality ( tub]culosis is n infrequ5tly claim$ z a triumph ( vivisection2 9 ! article 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 x is intimat$ t exp]im5tation has r$uc$ ! mortality ( tub]culosis f #cj to #ej p] c5t41 by treatm5t spr++ f ! discov]y ( ,ko*4 ,d facts support ?is ass]tion8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! decl9e 9 ! mortality due to ?is dread de/roy] ( ! human race ,,began ,,m ,,?an ,a ,,qu>t] ,,( ,a ,,c5tury ,,be=e ,,ko* ,,ann\nc$ ,,t ,,discov]y ,,( ,a ,,g]m :i* 0 ! cause ( ! disease4 ,9 8 report = #aijg1 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al ( ,engl& & ,wales tells u t ?r\gh\t ! la/ =ty ye>s !re has be5 a /eady decl9e 9 ! fatality ( tub]cul\s diseases2 & he illu/rates ! figures by a diagram1 %[+1 = bo? m5 & wom51 ! /eady fall 9 ! dea?-rate f ?is disease f a p]iod long be=e its bacillus 0 recogniz$4 ,"h are ! exact figures = ,engl& & ,wales3 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales3 ,,av]age ,,annual ,,dea?-,,rate ,,f ,,ph?isis ,,p] ,,million ,,p]sons ,,liv+1 ,,9 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,ye>s4 ,= five ye>s1 #ahej-ahed 44 44 44 #b1haa #ahee-aheia44 44 44 #b1fdg #ahfa-ahfe 44 44 44 #b1ebh #ahff-ahgj 44 44 44 #b1ddi #ahga-ahge 44 44 44 #b1bai #ahgf-ahhj 44 44 44 #b1jdb #ahha-ahhe 44 44 44 #a1hcj #ahhf-ahij 44 44 44 #a1fce #ahia-ahie 44 44 44 #a1dfb #ahif-aijj 44 44 44 #a1cbb #aija-aije 44 44 44 #a1bah #aijf-aiaj 44 44 44 #a1ajf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a ,= /ati/ics relat+ to p]iod1 #ahej-ahei1 see ,regi/r>- ,g5]al's #cd? ,report1 p4 #bdi4 ,= ye>s1 #ahfa-ahhj1 see #dh? ,report1 ,table #bg4 ,= lat] p]iod1 see #gcrd ,report1 p4 #ba4 ,?is table is v significant4 ,! dea?-rate ( consumption 9 ,engl& = ! ye> #ahec 0 #b1ihd p] #a1jjj1jjj population4 ,f t ye>1 d[n to ! five-ye> p]iod1 #ahha-ahhe1 !re 0 a /eady decl9e 9 ! mortality ( ?is disease1 am\nt+ to a fraction less ?an #ci p] c5t4 ,on ,m>* #bd1 #ahhb1 ,ko* ann\nc$ 8 discov]y4 ,! fall ( ! dea?-rate f #ahha-ahhe to #aijf-aiaj1 0 almo/ precisely ! same--a fraction ov] #ci p] c5t4 ,,n[ ,,:at ,,7 ,,! ,,causes ,,:i* ,,induc$ ,,! ,,con/antly ,,decreas+ ,,mortality ,,f ,,consumption ,,dur+ ,,t ,,e>li] ,,p]iod1 ,,:5 ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,ko* ,,0 ,,unkn[n8 ,is x conceivable t !y sudd5ly became inop]ative ?irty ye>s ago8 ,is x n m ?an probable t ! *ief reason :y ! great :ite plague has /eadily & almo/ uni=mly decreas$ dur+ sixty ye>s1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b probably 9 all civiliz$ l&s has be5 ! increas$ recognition ( ! value ( sanit>y laws & ( p]sonal hygi5e8 ,no "o que/ions ! importance ( ! discov]y ( ,ko*2 x has giv5 ,sci5ce ! k t a def9ite enemy exi/s1 ^: insidi\s invasion %e /rives to prev5t1 & ^: ultimate conque/ may "o day be accompli%$--m by prev5tion ?an by cure4 ,b :5 a m$ical writ] ascribes ! decrease 9 mortality ( ?is disease to ! discov]y ( ,ko* 9 #ahhb1 & makes no ref]5ce to ! /eady fall 9 ! dea?-rate :i* w5t on = a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e t discov]y 0 kn[n1 :at is to be said ( 8 fidelity to sci5tific tru?8 ,is ?is ! ideal ( fairness :i* ! laboratory ( to-day inculcates & def5ds8 ,:y does x seem wor? :ile to dwell ^u ^! exagg]ations & untru?s8 ,0 x necess>y to g ?r\gh ! mortality records ( a nation = m ?an half a c5tury m]ely to prove ! falsity ( a s+le laboratory claim8 ,i ?9k s4 ,^! are n ord9>y blund]s or trivial mi/akes4 ,!y are affirmations made 9 opposition to ! slighte/ /ep t[>d re=m ( great abuses1 by hon\r$ & di/+ui%$ writ]s2 by m5 :o are reg>d$ z absolutely reliable 9 all /atem5ts ( fact4 ,_! ass]tions ( ! va/ b5efits conf]r$ ^u ! human race by exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals are made 9 ! j\rnals ( ! day1 9 popul> magaz9es--9 p]iodicals :i* refuse opportunity ( rejo9d]1 & :i* !re=e l5d _! influ5ce to secur+ ! p]man5cy ( untru?4 ,!re are problems ( sci5ce conc]n+ :i* su* affirmations w\ld be ( comp>atively little consequ5ce2 if !y conc]n$1 = example ! weight ( an atom or ! di/ance ( a />1 ! controv]sy w\ld excite b a languid int]e/1 & ! correction ( inaccuracy might safely be left to "t4 ,b "h1 on ! contr>y1 we t\* "s ( ! mo/ vital problems ( life & dea?1 problems t conc]n e "o2 & 9 def5ce ( practices1 ! cruelty ( :i* has be5 *all5g$ z abhorr5t to ! consci5ce ( mank9d1 we h di/ort$ & exagg]at$ claims ( utility2 we h ass]tions t h no basis 9 fact2 we h cov]t appeals to woman's fe>s 9 h] greate/ em]g5cy1 & to t s5tim5t1 ! noble/ almo/ t man himself c ent]ta9--8 solicitude = ! "m ( 8 *ildr5 9 h] h\r ( p]il4 ,to ! malign influ5ce ( untrue sugge/ion no b\nds c be plac$2 9 ! creation ( a public s5tim5t1 its influ5ce ext5ds 9 ev]-wid5+ circles4 ,x is aga9/ ?is unfairness & exagg]ation t ^? :o take mod]ate gr\nd 9 ?is "q ( animal exp]im5tation h ! duty ( prote/ & compla9t4 ,we d n ascribe ! unfairness to int5tional m5dacity4 ,su* motive may be disc>d$ )\t hesitancy1 s f> z conc]ns any reputable writ]4 ,b surely !re has be5 a c>elessness reg>d+ ! tru? :i* ev5 ! plea ( ignorance ought n :olly to condone4 ,& ! lesson8 ,x is ! reasonabl5ess ( d\bt4 ,e /atem5t put =? by ! ,laboratory int]e/s 9 def5ce ( ! pres5t sy/em ( unre/rict$ & secret vivisection %\ld be reg>d$ ) scepticism unless accompani$ by absolute pro(s4 ,9 an exp]i5ce ( m ?an a ?ird ( a c5tury1 ,i h nev] read a def5ce ( vivisection )\t limitations1 :i* did n conta9 "s exagg]at$ claim1 "s mis/atem5t ( fact4 ,to d\bt is n to di%on\r2 x is ! highe/ tribute we may pay to ,sci5ce2 = )\t d\bt1 !re is no inquiry1 & )\t inquiry1 no k4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,rese>* ,,)\t ,,vivisection ,no phase ( mod]n sci5ce s closely t\*es ! welf>e ( humanity z ! /udies :i* conc]n ! prev5tion ( disease4 ,up to a v rec5t p]iod1 well )9 ! lifetime ( _m n[ liv+1 practically ! entire en]gy ( ! m$ical pr(ession 0 giv5 up to ! treatm5t ( human ailm5ts1 ) an almo/ complete disreg>d ( problems ( prev5tion or /udies ( orig94 ,to-day1 9 great measure1 all ?is has be5 *ang$1 & ! importance ( prev5t+ disease has come well to ! front4 ,x is p]missible to d\bt :e!r ! cure ( any ( ! pr9cipal infecti\s diseases is likely to be s ?or\ghly accompli%$ z to elim9ate x z a cause ( mortality1 & we may reg>d ) great] promise attempts to discov] ! my/]i\s causes ( our diseases1 & ! be/ me?ods by :i* _! spread may be prev5t$4 ,x is c]ta9ly a great ga9 t dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s mank9d has le>n$ t deliv]ance mu/ come ?r\gh human activity1 & has ceas$ to reg>d typhoid or consumption z a disp5sation ( ,provid5ce4 ,= ! conque/ ( "s ( ! pr9cipal maladies affect+ ! human race at ! pres5t "t ,i h long que/ion$ :e!r ! laboratory = exp]im5tation ^u animals (f]s ! opportunity = ! sure/ results4 ,! av]age man has 8 att5tion fix$ ^u my/]i\s rese>*es :i* are be+ c>ri$ on 9 ?is or t ,in/itute2 rum\rs ( imp5d+ discov]ies & almo/ c]ta9 cures are publi%$ f> & wide2 & gradually "o gets ! impression t not)/&+ abundant disappo9tm5ts1 x is only by yet m vivisection t ! my/]y w be solv$4 ,is ?is a valid conclusion8 ,9 _m cases1 might n sci5tific rese>* h a bett] *ance to discov] ! secret ( orig9 7 x direct$ into o!r *annels8 ,i propose to sugge/ "o me?od ( sci5tific rese>* ) :i* vivisection is 9 no way conc]n$--an inve/igation into ! cause ( "o ( ! mo/ t]rible & mo/ ?reat5+ ( human maladies--canc]1 or malignant disease4 ,! subject is a va/ "o4 ,)9 ! limits ( a few pages x _c be treat$ ) any approa* to ! complet5ess :i* its importance dem&s4 ,! utmo/ t c n[ be attempt$ is ! sugge/ion ( c]ta9 l9es ( rese>* indep5d5t ( animal exp]im5tation1 :i*1 if c>ri$ out ) complet5ess1 might lead to results ( incalculable b5efit to humank9d4 ,outside ! m$ical pr(ession !re are few :o h ! fa9te/ realization ( ! facts p]ta9+ to malignant disease4 ,"o reason = su* ignorance is ! lack ( any organiz$ sy/em1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = record+ ! annual mortality4 ,except among b>b>\s or semi-civiliz$ p1 no su* condition exi/s4 ,:51 dur+ ! autumn ( #aiab1 ,dr4 ,ba%=d1 ! ,director ( ! ,imp]ial ,canc] ,rese>* ,fund ( ,engl&1 0 invit$ to lecture 9 ,new ,york1 he confess$ t he _h tri$ 9 va9 to obta9 ,am]ican /ati/ics conc]n+ canc] :i* might be comp>$ to ^? ( o!r nations2 !y simply did n exi/4 ,!re are a few /ates & a few cities = :i* mortality records exi/1 b 9 "s ( ! pr9ciple /ates ( ,am]ica !re is no (ficial record %[+ ev5 ! total numb] ( dea?s f murd]1 f accid5t1 or disease4 ,once 9 t5 ye>s ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t res5ts u ! mortality report ( ! c5sus ye>1 b ev5 "h ! in=mation is n available until a consid]able p]iod aft] x is collat$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o nation ^: (ficial regi/]s = _m ye>s h record$ ! mortality f ea* cause ( disease1 = ei!r sex1 & = ea* t5-ye> p]iod ( life4 ,^! records h no equal else:]e1 & are only approa*$ by ! mortality records ( ! ,empire ( ,japan4 ,! figures conc]n+ canc] ^u :i* we may *iefly dep5d are ^? :i* p]ta9 to ! ,engli% p4 ,!re c be no d\bts b t ! mortality f canc] 9 ,am]ica exhibits ! same ph5om5a1 ?\gh ! rate may be high]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to impress ! /ud5t is ! imm5sity ( ! tribute ( mortality exact$ by ?is disease1 f ^? 9 ! maturity ( life1 & 9 l>ge measure at ! p]iod ( greate/ usefulness4 ,dur+ ?irty ye>s1 f #ahha to #aiaj inclusive1 !re p]i%$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales f canc] no less ?an #gjc1bci lives4 ,figures l ^!1 = ! av]age intellig5ce1 are practically incompreh5sible2 = ?is ?irty-ye> tribute to malignant disease 9 a signle c\ntry repres5ts m human be+ ?an all e/imat$ to h p]i%$ on ! battlefields ( ,europe = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,& if we 7 able to add ! mortality f ?is "o disease on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 x might repres5t a total ( sev]al millions4 ,ano!r significant circum/ance is ! uni=mity ( ! tribute exact$ by canc]1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,we c see t be/ by tak+ ! actual numb] ( dea?s f ?is cause1 9 a s+le c\ntry1 & obs]v+ ) :at sl[1 implacable1 & ev]-increas+ /eps ! great de/roy] advances4 ,,dea?s ,,f ,,canc] ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ---------------------------------------- ------- ,ye>4 ,males ,females ---------------------------------------- --- #aije 44 44 44 #ab1dgj #ag1gfa #aijf 44 44 44 #ac1beg #ah1daa #aijg 44 44 44 #ac1aii #ah1edf #aijh 44 44 44 #ac1ija #ah1haf #aiji 44 44 44 #ad1bfc #ai1gij #aiaj 44 44 44 #ad1hdc #ai1gfd #aiaa 44 44 44 #ae1ehi #bj1cac #aiab 44 44 44 #af1ahh #ba1ace ---------------------------------------- ------- ,! t]rible ?+ ab\t ^! figures is _! uni=mity f ye> to ye>4 ,) z great a degree ( c]ta9ty z ! f>m] =etells ! produce ( 8 fields & ! results ( 8 se$-s[+1 s ! /ati/ician c calculate ! tribute t canc] w exact f ! human race 9 future ye>s4 ,h[ _m p]sons 9 ,engl& & ,wales w die f "s f ( canc] dur+ ! ye> #aiag8 ,unless "s great cata/rophe %all va/ly less5 ! total population1 ! numb] ( victims de/9$ to p]i% f malignant disease dur+ t "o ye> w h>dly be less ?an #ch1ejj1 & 9 all probability w be m4 ,& we h no reason to d\bt t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! mortality f canc] w\ld be f\nd equally uni=m 7 x possible to "k ! facts4 ,nor does uni=mity p]ta9 to numb]s ( ei!r sex only4 ,ea* p]iod ( life has to furni% its special toll4 ,if we look at ! mortality among m5 or wom5 = a p]iod ( ye>s1 we %all see ?is ph5om5on v cle>ly4 ,9 ! foll[+ table we see ! dea?s ( m5 f canc]1 9 ,engl&1 at ea* t5-ye> age-p]iod4 ,,dea?s ,,f ,,canc] ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,age-,,p]iods 7,,engl&73 ,,age-,,p]iods ,,( ,,males ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,ye>,"u#be-ce4ce-de4de-ee4ee-fe4fe-ge4 ,above ,total4 #be4 #ge4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aijf #bej #cbb #ibg #b1ded #d1jhg #c1fea #a1eff #ac1beg #aijg #cje #bgg #iba #b1cib #d1jda #c1fge #a1ehh #ac1aii #aijh #bgd #cag #ibe #b1eid #d1adg #c1ieg #a1fhg #ac1ija #aiji #bfb #bif #iba #b1eha #d1cai #d1agd #a1gaj #ad1bfc #aiaj #bhc #ccg #a1jja #b1ggh #d1cgg #d1cae #a1geb #ad1hdc #aiaa #cji #cag #igh #b1ija #d1fbg #d1fjb #a1hee #ae1ehi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,precisely ! same ph5om5on is to be f\nd 9 ! canc]-mortality ( wom54 ,ea* t5-ye> p]iod ( life exacts its own proportion1 ) an increas+ dea?-rate out ( proportion to ! increase ( population4 ,ano!r fact1 atta9able only by ! /udy ( ,engli% /ati/ics1 is ! s+ul> regul>ity ) :i* malignant disease selects diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ye> aft] ye>4 ,if proclivity to ?is my/]i\s ailm5t 7 a matt] ( *ance1 or dep5d5t ^u ! irregul> action ( c]ta9 =ces1 we %\ld c]ta9ly fail to f9d su* uni=mity1 or su* approa* to uni=mity1 z exi/s4 ,"o ye>1 = in/ance1 !re w\ld be1 let u say1 a prepond]ance ( attacks ^u ! sk92 ano!r ye> ! dige/ive organs w\ld be ! pr9cipal suff]]s2 a ?ird ye> ! jo9ts & muscles w\ld be *iefly involv$4 ,! actual exp]i5ce proves t we are subject "h to =ces ( incalculable /ress1 :i* nev]!less press /eadily & uni=mly ^u humanity1 :]e ! habits & environm5t are ! same4 ,9 ! ye> #aija1 = example1 ( ! total numb] ( fatal cases among m51 ! seat ( ! disease 0 ! /oma* 9 a little ov] #ba p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( cases4 ,9 #aiaj ! proportion 0 also #ba p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s #aija-aiaj1 ( ! total mortality1 ! /oma* 0 ! organ involv$ 9 b a fraction ov] #ba ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,cases4 ,is canc] increas+8 ,?is is a "q ( va/ importance to ! human race4 ,t 9 proportion to total population m die f ! disease to-day ?an tw5ty or ?rity ye>s ago1 is a fact ab\t :i* !re c be no d\bt4 ,dr4 ,/ev5son1 9 ! ,report ( ! ,regi/r>- ,g5]al = ! ye> #aiaj1 tells u t 9 all c\ntries f :i* returns h be5 receiv$ ! mortality has %[n a g5]al t5d5cy to increase 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,speak+ on ! ,m5ace ( ,canc]1 ! /ati/ician ( ! ,prud5tial ,insurance ,company ( ,am]ica affirm$ t ! canc] dea?-rate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is increas+ at ! rate ( #b4e p] c5t4 p] annum1 & a correspond+ increase is tak+ place practically ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! canc]- rate among m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has increas$1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 #bi p] c5t4 dur+ ! la/ decade4 ,! /eady increase ( canc] ye> aft] ye> is /rik+ly %[n by a curve diagram1 bas$ ^u ! ,engli% mortality = sev]al ye>s4 ,a significant illu/ration ( ! /eady increase 9 ! mortality f canc] is %[n by its fatality among wom5 9 ,engl& betwe5 ! ages ( =ty-five & sixty-five4 ,9 ! ye> #ahge1 ( all dea?s ( wom5 at ?is p]iod ( life1 "o 9 t5 79 r\nd numb]s7 0 due to "s =m ( malignant disease4 ,9 #ahij ! tribute exact$ by ! disease _h become "o 9 eight4 ,t5 ye>s lat]--9 #aijj--( all wom5 dy+ 9 ,engl& dur+ ?is p]iod ( middle life1 ! toll ( canc] 0 "o 9 sev52 & 9 #aiaj ! correspond+ proportion 0 "o 9 five6 ,at ?is rate ( increase x w n be _m ye>s be=e a full ?ird ( all ! dea?s ( wom5 at ?is "t ( life w be due to malignant disease4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! same ph5om5on w\ld be f\nd to p]ta9 to ,am]ican exp]i5ce1 7 x possible to dis5tangle ! facts f ! obscurity 9 :i* !y are n[ p]mitt$ to lie4 ,x is a curi\s fact t 9 ,engl& until ! ye> #aijj--;&1 s f> z we "k1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s--! dea?-rate f consumption among wom5 0 consid]ably high] ?an t ( malignant disease2 t 9 #aijc1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! canc]-mortality ( wom5 exce$$ t ( ph?isis2 & t 9 #aiaj x _h s f> surpass$ x t !y are n likely ev] aga9 to be equal1 unless we %all discov] ! cause ( ! m fatal plague4 ,! !ory has be5 put =? by c]ta9 writ]s t ! increas$ dea?-rate f canc] is due1 n to any increas$ frequ5cy ( ! dissease1 b r to improv$ me?ods ( detection4 ,x is q c]ta9 t fifty ye>s ago1 = in/ance1 surgeons 7 less able & less will+ to pron\nce judgm5t reg>d+ obscure cases ( int]nal tum\rs4 ,b if ! bett] diagnosis ( to-day acc\nts = "s "p ( ?is increase s9ce #ahfj1 x does n seem probable t x c expla9 ! ris+ dea?-rate ( ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,! m$ical practition] ( #aijj 0 c]ta9ly z well qualifi$ to pron\nce ^u ! "* ( ! disease z ! surgeon or physician ( to-day4 ,nev]!less1 ! canc] dea?-rate ( ,engl& 9 #aiaj _h increas$ #af p] c5t4 above t ( t5 ye>s be=e1 & dur+ ! fifte5 ye>s #ahie-aijj x _h increas$ fully #bh p] c5t4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ^! la/ few ye>s !re has be5 no su* increas$ ability to detect ! disease z w\ld acc\nt = all ?is4 ,yet ano!r fact sugge/s d\bt ( ?is optimi/ic hypo!sis4 ,if ! increas$ canc] dea?-rate 7 due m]ely to ! increas$ ability ( ! physician or surgeon to recognize ! ailm5t1 we %\ld c]ta9ly f9d t ! increase ( canc] w\ld be se5 only 9 ^? p>ts ( ! sy/em1 su* z int]nal organs1 :]e "s degree ( d\bt might p]haps be ent]ta9$2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld be little or no increase disc]nible 9 ! mortality ( canc]s affect+ p>ts ( ! body :]e its nature c\ld n be mi/ak5 by any intellig5t physician or surgeon4 ,n[1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 p]haps ) ?is hypo!sis 9 view1 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al 9 ,engl& has tabulat$ all dea?s f canc] ( ei!r sex1 n only by diff]5t age-p]iods1 b also by ! "p ( ! body affect$ by ! fatal disease4 ,a /udy ( ! facts ?us made kn[n is extremely sugge/ive4 ,x is true t a m>k$ increase 9 ! dea?-rate has occurr$ 9 canc] affect+ int]nal organs1 z we %\ld naturally suppose2 b x is also true t malignant disease affect+ p>ts ( ! body :]e little or no d\bt ( ! "* ( ! ailm5t c\ld be ent]ta9$ by ! physician1 exhibit 9 "s in/ances z m>k$ an increase 9 ! dea?-rate z 9 "s o!r cases1 :]e d\bt ( malignancy might be ju/ifiable4 ,= example1 canc] ( ! tongue among m5 %[$ a dea?-rate ( #cb p] million population 9 #ahig2 x w5t up to #dg p] million 9 #aiaj-- an increase ( ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ,canc] ( ! female brea/ %[$ a dea?-rate ( ab\t #adb p] million population 9 #ahig2 x _h aris5 to a rate ( #aij p] million only ?irte5 ye>s lat]2 & "h1 assur$ly1 ! nature ( ! disease 9 fatal cases _c be mi/ak54#a ,canc] ( ! /oma* 9 its f9al /ages does n pres5t insup]able difficulties 9 way ( diagnosis1 b ! dea?-rate increas$ = m5 ab\t #dj p] c5t4 9 fifte5 ye>s2 & al?\gh "s ( ?is increase may be due to m c>eful discrim9ation betwe5 cases ( malignant disease affect+ ! liv]1 yet ?is explanation _c acc\nt = ! increase :5 bo? organs are consid]$ toge!r4 ,! subject is wor?y ( c>eful & ext5d$ inve/igation1 b ev5 a cursory exam9ation ( ! facts n[ available indicate a real increase 9 ! dea?-rate f canc] 9 ,engl&1 & probably 9 e o!r civiliz$ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 #a ,dur+ f\rte5 ye>s 444 ! mortality f mamm>y canc] has increas$ by ab\t #bi p] c5t41 ,,not)/&+ ,,lives ,,sav$ ,,by ,,improv$ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,op]ation4--,regi/r>-,g5]al's ,report = #aiaj1 p4 #fi4 ,b all ^! ph5om5a are ( second>y importance comp>$ ) ! great problem ( m$ical sci5ce--! yet undiscov]$ cause ( malignant disease4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! /udy ( canc] has be5 conduct$ ) sci5tific en?usiasm 9 _m laboratories4 ,va/ sums ( money h be5 giv51 9 ! hope t ^! /udies may "o day lead to ! discov]y ( a cure4 ,"o :om ,i knew 9 8 y\? became ! heir ( great weal?2 liv$ to see "o :om he lov$ p]i% f ! disease2 0 /ruck d[n himself1 & dy+1 left a =tune = ! purpose ( promot+ rese>* conc]n+ canc]4 ,& yet to-day ! problem1 z attack$ 9 ! v>i\s laboratories ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 is app>5tly z f> f solution z x 0 =ty ye>s ago4 ,sir ,h5ry ,butl91 ex-,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,engl&1 is said to h op]at$ on z _m cases ( canc] z any surgeon ( 8 day4 ,yet1 speak+ 9 ,octob]1 #aiaa1 he said3 ,i h be5 associat$ ) ! ,imp]ial ,canc] ,rese>* & 9 t\* ) its /aff f ! f\ndation ( ! ,rese>*1 & h be5 a memb] ( ! publication committee ( all its sci5tific reports4 ,,x ,,has ,,done ,,no?+ ,,on ,,! ,,l9es ,,9 ,,:i* ,,obs]vation ,,has ,,be5 ,,s ,,useful4 ,x has n unfold$ ! life-hi/ory ( a s+le v>iety ( canc]1 s t we c base our op]ations on ! in=mation4 ,x has n ev5 discov]$ :e!r spontane\s canc] ( a p>ticul> "p ( ! body 9 ! rat or m\se runs a simil> c\rse to spontane\s canc] ( ! same "p ( ! body 9 ! human subject4 ,^! problems are n suit$ = exp]im5tal inve/igation2 !y are det]m9$ by obs]vation4#a #a ,lancet1 ,london1 ,octob] #g1 #aiaa4 ,no s]um1 no drug1 no curative ag5cy ( any k9d1 has ?us f> be5 discov]$ ^u :i* ! slighte/ dep5d5ce may be plac$4 ,! only measure ( relieve :i* m$ical sci5ce c n[ sugge/ is e>ly & complete extirpation4 ,( :at proportion ( cases ev5 ?is insures immunity we _c tell4 ,)\t decry+ :at has be5 done 9 ! laboratory1 may x n be t we h gone 9 t direction z f> z !re is any hope = success1 & t all ef=t %\ld n[ be direct$ ,,to ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,malignant ,,disease ,,9 ,,human ,,be+s8 ,t great secret /ill eludes u1 b until we c p5etrate t my/]y1 x is difficult to p]ceive h[ we may hope to prev5t ! increas+ preval5ce ( ! great de/roy] 4 ,yet !re is "o me?od ( inve/igation :i* 7speak+ f a /udy ( canc] /ati/ics = m ?an tw5ty-five ye>s7 seems to me to (f]1 m ?an all o!rs1 a reasonable hope ( ultimate success4 ,x is indep5d5t ( all sacrifice ( animal life4 ,x involves1 h[ev]1 an exp5diture f> great] ?an is possible = any private inve/igator1 & probably only by ! co-op]ation ( ! ,gov]nm5t c x be und]tak5 ) any *ance ( success4 ,yet1 if ,society c once be ar\s$ to a recognition ( ! ne$ = ! complete/ possible inve/igation conc]n+ malignant disease1 & p>ticul>ly ! reasons = its diff]+ preval5ce among p ( diff]5t nationalities1 habits1 & g5]al environm5t1 t inquiry w take place1 ev5 ?\gh x co/ ! price ( a battle%ip4 ,! subject is s va/ & involv$ t x _c be discuss$ ) any approa* to complet5ess 9 a s+le essay4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t we glance at ! !ory :i* reg>ds canc] z due to a microbe :i* 9 "s my/]i\s ways ga9s admission into ! human body1 ly+ = a "t dormant1 b liable "u appropriate /imulation to be awak5$ into malignant activity4 ,we "k at ! outset t if any su* g]m ( disease exi/s1 x has ?us f> escap$ visual recognition4 ,no human eye c be said ) c]ta9ty to h se5 x1 ev5 :5 aid$ by ! mo/ p[]ful microscope2 b ?is may be due to ! fact t1 l ! g]m ( c]ta9 o!r diseases1 x is s m9ute t x lies beyond ! range ( human vision4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 facts p]ta9+ to ! disease :i* h significance4 ,we h already se5 t 9 a giv5 c\ntry !re is a k9d ( uni=mity 9 ! numb] ( ^? dy+ f ! disease f ye> to ye>2 b ano!r ph5om5on relates to ! unequal pressure 9 diff]5ce c\ntries ( ! causes ( ! disease4 #a4 ,,! ,,dea?-,,rate ,,f ,,canc] ,,appe>s ,,greatly ,,to ,,v>y ,,accord+ ,,to ,,race ,,& ,,environm5t4 ,,canc] ,,dea?-,,rate ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries ,,p] #ajj1jjj ,,population ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,five-,ye> ,p]iods4 ,switz]l&4 ,engl&4 ,italy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ahhf-ahij 44 44 #aad #fc #dc #ahia-ahie 44 44 #abb #ga #dd #ahif-aijj 44 44 #abg #hj #ea #aija-aije 44 44 #abh #hg #ee ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"h is ! record ( a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,^! diff]5ces ( proclivity to canc] are exce$+ly curi\s4 ,c ! read] p]ceive :y !y exi/8 ,! rate 9 ,engl& is q #ej p] c5t4 high] ?an t ( ,italy4 ,if we expla9 ?is by ! hypo!sis ( great] skill 9 detect+ ! disease1 :at are we to say ( ! canc]-rate 9 ,switz]l&1 :i* is #ej p] c5t4 high] ?an t ( ,engl&8 ,b "h is ano!r curi\s fact4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus ( #aijj p]mits a contra/ ( ! mortality ( canc] accord+ to ! bir?places ( mo!rs ( ^? attack$4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! dea?-rate f canc] & tum\r ( p]sons ( diff]5t nationality1 calculat$ 9 ?ree sections ( ! c\ntry--! rural di/ricts ( ! regi/ration area1 ! cities ( ! same section1 & ! cities outside ! regi/ration area4 ,,dea?-,,rates ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,f ,,canc] ,,& ,,tum\r ,,p] #ajj1jjj ,,:ite ,,population1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,bir?place ,,( ,,! ,,mo!rs ,,( ,,pati5ts ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,regi/ration ,area4 ,o!r ,,c\ntries4 ---------------------- ,cities4 ,rural ,cities4 ,di/ricts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,italy 44 44 44 #bj #bd #ci ,russia & ,pol& 44 #bf #cj #bf ,engl& & ,wales 44 #gi #gg #hj ,irel& 44 44 #ij #hb #hf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,h[ are ^! facts to be expla9$8 ,:at is !re ab\t ! habits1 ! environm5t1 ! dietetic peculi>ities ( ! ,italians 9 ,am]ica1 :i* t5ds to conf] ^u !m a great] immunity f canc] ?an is possess$ by ^? ^: mat]nal ance/ry goes to ,engl& or ,irel&8 ,assur$ly ?is immunity is n due to *ance4 ,x is gov]n$ by "s law1 ev5 ?\gh t law be unrecogniz$ to-day4 ,if ! l[ canc] mortality ( ,italy made itself manife/ only 9 t c\ntry1 we might suspect x indicat$ a lack ( skill$ diagnosis2 b "h we f9d x j z prom95t 9 ?ree diff]5t section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,n only t1 b ! diff]5ce is se5 9 comp>ison ( p>ts affect$ by canc]4 ,= p]sons ^: mo!rs 7 born 9 ,irel& ! dea?-rate 9 canc] ( ! /oma* p] million population 0 #ahd2 ! correspond+ rate = ,italians 0 #ef4 ,does ! pov]ty ( ! p h any?+ to d ) proclivity to canc]8 ,9 "o way ?is is a probability4 ,if we c\ld comp>e ! g5]al prosp]ity ( m5 & wom5 ^: p>5ts 7 born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! entire population ( :i* ! p>5ts 7 born 9 o!r c\ntries1 x seems to me t we %\ld f9d ! second class1 tak5 z a :ole1 to be f9ancially less prosp]\s ?an ! fir/4 ,n[1 9 #aijj1 ! c5sus reveals t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! class to suff] *iefly f malignant diseasewas t :i* includ$ ,,! ,,=eign-,,born ,,population1 alike 9 cities1 9 rural di/ricts1 )9 or )\t ! regi/ration area4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a fact ( trem5d\s import4 ,9 ,am]ica ! population is a bl5d ( e ,european nationality4 ,:y1 tak5 z a :ole1 %\ld ! native ,am]ican suff] f "o my/]i\s disease less ?an "s ( ^? :o h come m rec5tly to ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,9 ano!r "w ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ t if we are to discov] ! cause ( canc]1 we mu/ /udy ! habits & cu/oms ( ^? /ill liv+ :o h become ! victims ( "s =m ( ?is my/]i\s disease4 ,a !ory held by "s is t canc] is due to ! consumption ( meat4 ,if "o means t ! fle% ( p]fectly heal?y animals is liable to cause canc]1 ! hypo!sis is "o = :i* x seems to me t ! evid5ce is f> f be+ suffici5t to ju/ify belief4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is sugge/$ t malignant disease may be due to g]ms d]iv$ f animals :i* 7 suff]+ f som =m ( canc] :5 !y 7 kill$ = ! food ( human be+s1 !n mu* t is o!rwise obscure becomes pla94 ,we %\ld expect 9 su* cases to f9d canc] m preval5t among ! poor ?an among ! ri*1 & especially preval5t among ^? :o1 f c>elessness1 or ignorance1 or seem+ necessity1 consume ! *eap] k9ds ( meat4 ,& s9ce1 bo? 9 _! native l& & 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,italian population consumes less meat ?an peoples ( o!r nationalities1 we %\ld expect !m to be less liable to be infect$ by ! g]ms ( malignant disease4 ,a few ye>s ago a m$ical writ] :o has giv5 mu* att5tion to ?is disease publi%$ "s ( 8 inve/igations into ! canc] dea?-rate ( ,*icago4 ,tak+ ! figures = a s+le ye>1 he discov]$ t ! canc] dea?-rate among ! ,iri% & ,g]man resid5ts ( ,*icago is ! highe/ 9 ! _w1 be+ ne>ly #cjj p] c5t4 high] ?an 9 _! native c\ntries4#a ,( ea* #aj1jjj population ( ea* nationality liv+ at ! age ( =ty ye>s & ov]1 he f\nd t ! dea?s f canc] among ! ,g]mans 0 #gf1 among ! ,iri% #gj1 among ! ,sc&9avians #eb1 & among ! natives ( ,italy #bd4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 :ile ! /aple diet ( ,italians 9 ,*icago 0 mac>oni & spaghetti1 ! p ( o!r nationalities among :om ! canc]-rate 0 exce$+ly high1 consume l>ge quantities ( cann$ & pres]v$ meats & sausages1 ,,(t5 ,,eat5 ,,uncook$4 ,he discov]$ t a l>ge "p ( ! fre% meat prep>$ at ! e/abli%m5t ( a c]ta9 slaught]+ e/abli%m5t 9 ,*icago 0 d]iv$ f animals :i* _h be5 condemn$ on ! ante- mortem inspection1 b ! fle% ( :i* 0 p]imitt$ ,,to ,,be ,,sold ,,z ,,pure ,,food ,,aft] ,,! ,,diseas$ ,,p>ts ,,_h ,,be5 ,,remov$4 ,sold ?us at a *eap] price1 su* meat 0 *iefly consum$ by ! poor] classes ( ! =eign population4 ,& :ile ,dr4 ,adams does n adopt ! hypo!sis ( ! canc]-g]m1 he does n ?9k !re c be ! slighte/ "q b t ! increase 9 canc] among ! =eign- born ov] ! preval5ce ( t disease 9 _! native c\ntries is due to ! increas$ consumption ( animal foods1 ,,p>ticul>ly ,,^? ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,diseas$ ,,animals4 #a ,see article by ,dr4 ,g4 ,cooke ,adams 9 ,*icago ,cl9ic ( ,augu/1 #aijg1 pp4 #bdh-bea4 ,a /atem5t l ?is is calculat$ to induce s]i\s reflections4 ,! av]age read] f9ds x difficult to believe t1 accord+ to ! pres5t int]pretation ( ! law1 ! fle% ( animals f\nd to be suff]+ f canc] at ! "t ( _! slaught] w\ld be p]mitt$ to pass into ! _w's food-supply4 ,we are int ! pres5ce ( a great my/]y4 ,we d n "k h[ ! gret plague orig9ates4 ,b no reflect+ man or woman c be ins5sible to ! significance ( possibilities :5 he le>ns t canc] affects animals :i* are kill$ = food2 t 9 ! majority ( cases ! disease affects "s "p ( ! dige/ive tract2 t x *iefly prevails among ! v poore/ classes ( ! population1 except+ only ^? l ,italians1 :o use b little meat2 & t1 accord+ to ! (ficial regulations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 =ce to-day1 ,,! ,,fle% ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,canc]\s ,,animals ,,ne$ ,,n ,,always ,,be ,,de/roy$ ,,z ,,unfit ,,= ,,human ,,consumption4 ,! canc]\s tum\r1 ! affect$ p>ts1 mu/ inde$ be cut away1 & c>efully condemn$4 ,! disposition ( ! rema9d] ( ! meat is left to ! decision ( ! inspector6 ,! regulation s f> z x applies to meat ( ?is k9d1 is z foll[s3 ,,any ,,organ ,,or ,,"p ( a c>cass1 :i* is badly bruis$1 or :i* is affect$ by tum\rs1 ,,malignant or b5ign1 444 %all be condemn$2 b :5 ! lesions are s ext5sive z to affect ! :ole c>cass1 ! :ole c>cass %all be condemn$4#a #a ,regulations gov]n+ ,meat ,inspection1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,regulation ,no4 #ac1 section #bc4 ,see also ,app5dix ,,viii41 p4 #cfb4 ,! mean+ ( ?is regulation w\ld seem to be p]fectly cle>4 ,!re is no dem& by ! ,gov]nm5t t ! entire c>cass ( an animal affect$ by malignant disease %all be utt]ly de/roy$ = food purposes1 unless ! disease has involv$ ! entire body1--a condition z r>ely f\nd among domesetic animals1 z among human be+s4 ,o!rwise ?an ?is1 :at is !re 9 ! (ficial regulations ( ! bureau gov]n+ meat inspection to prev5t su* use ( ! fle% ( diseas$ animals z ! inspector may au?orize8 ,x seems to me t if sci5ce is ev] to discov] ! cause ( malignant disease1 !re %\ld be a c>eful /udy ( all ! conditions "u :i* ! disease n[ manife/s itself4 ,! mortality f canc] 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 9 #aiab1 am\nt$ to #h1bcd2 9 ,engl&1 ! numb] ( ^? :o p]i%$ f ! disease 9 #aiaa 0 ne>ly #cf1jjj4 ,by :at figure mu/ we multiply ?is mortality 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( p]sons liv+ :o h be5 affect$1 or :o n[ are suff]+ f canc]8 ,nobody kn[s4 ,:at has be5 ! success ( surg]y 9 secur+ immunity f a recurr5ce ( ! disease8 ,s f> z ! entire c\ntry is conc]n$1 we are entirely ignorant4 ,is x true t among ! class ( p 9 su* cities z ,*icago1 :]e canc]\s animals are us$ = food1 canc] is especially preval5t ye> aft] ye>8 ,if true1 x %\ld be fully kn[n4 ,su* facts mu/ be asc]ta9$1 if ev] we are to p5etrate ! secret ( ! dissease4 ,ev5 ! numb] ( victims ( ea* sex is n giv5 9 ! mortality reports ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york at ! pres5t day4 ,let u suppose t ! "t comes1 :5 ) a realization ( p]il p]ta9+ to ignorance1 public s5tim5t %all urge ! atta9m5t ( k conc]n+ canc] z x n[ affects ! g5]al population4 ,9 :at way is in=mation ( ?is "* to be secur$8 ,assur$ly n by any ( ! ord9>y c5sus me?ods1 imply+ publicity4 ,! only practicable enum]ation w\ld be "o conduct$ privately1 by memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,nor c x be done p>simoni\sly4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 !re may be1 to-day1 #ej1jjj cases ( malignant disease4 ,to h e case1 completely report$1 might co/ ! /ate half a million doll>s4 ,p]haps ev5 ! pati5t %\ld be comp5sat$4 ,c]ta9ly "s me?od c\ld be adopt$ :]eby ! reports %\ld be absolutely confid5tial1 ! pati5t be+ kn[n only by a numb]4 ,b all ?is is ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,:5 ! necessity ( ! inquiry is ev]y:]e recogniz$1 ! details p]ta9+ to accompli%m5t w be easily arrang$4 ,assum+ ! will+ness ( pati5ts & fri5ds to assi/ 9 mak+ a ,/ate-wide inquiry conc]n+ ! preval5ce ( malignant disease1 let u see 9 :at directions ! inve/igation w be conduct$4 ,,fir/4 ,aft] secur+ ! "n1 age1 & place ( bir? ( ea* individual suff]]1 & ! p>ticul>s :i* w\ld sugge/ !mselves to e physician or surgeon1 inquiry %\ld be made conc]n+ ! p>5ts2 ! names1 nationality1 religi\s fai?1 place & date & cause ( dea?4 ,especially %\ld inquiry be made :e!r !re h be5 o!r cases ( canc] 9 ! family1 & _! t]m9ation or pres5t /ate4 ,,second4 ,:at is ! location ( ! suspect$ ailm5t8 ,:5 7 ! fir/ symptoms manife/$8 ,to :at cause1 if any1 7 !y ascrib$8 ,has any surgical op]ation be5 p]=m$1 & if s1 :at are ! details ( "t & place8 ,has recurr5ce foll[$ op]ation8 ,= :at p]iod 0 !re fre$om f symptoms8 ,:atis ! social position ( ! pati5t8 ,does he belong to t class :i* is enabl$ always to select ! be/ food1 ! mo/ sanit>y dwell+s1 & all ! conv5i5ces ( well-ord]$ & com=table exi/5ce2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! extremely poor class1 :i* disreg>ds cleanl9ess1 indulges to excess 9 ! use ( /imulants1 & consumes ! poore/ & *eape/ k9ds ( meat8 ,i deem x ( great importance t ! complete/ possible in=mation be secur$ conc]n+ ! usual diet ( e suff]] f ?is disease4 ,is he a veget>ian8 ,are vi&s inv>iably well-cook$1 or eat5 sometimes r>e or raw8 ,is !re a lik+ = ! cann$ products ( ! pack+-h\se1 or = sausage t comes f ! same s\rce8#a ,:at is ! wat]-supply8 ,)9 ! k ( ! pati5t or fri5ds1 has !re be5 any o!r case ( malignant disease 9 ! same h\se8 ,is resid5ce ne> any fre%-wat] lake or /ream8 #a ,! relation betwe5 diseas$ meat & human ailm5ts is treat$ at l5g? 9 my "w on ,am]ican ,meat1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,^! are sugge/ions only4 ,!y con/itute m]ely an outl9e ( ! in=mation t is necess>y1 conc]n+ ! liv+ suff]]s1 9 :om ! disease has made its appe>ance4 ,d\btless ! av]age read] w disc]n no reason = all ^! inquiiries4 ,yet ea* "o has "s p]t95cy to ! possible discov]y ( ! great secret4 ,does inquiry conc]n+ family hi/ory seem useless8 ,x %\ld h a decid$ be>+ on any !ory ( h]$ity4 ,does ! occurr5ce ( ne>-by cases h no significance8 ,we are n yet 9 a position to /ate ?is z a fact4 ,does inquiry conc]n+ religion seem especially imp]t95t8 ,:at if "s future inve/igation %\ld prove t canc] ev]y:]e1 is m preval5t among ! ,*ri/ians ?an ! ,jews8 ,does ! social condition ( ! suff]] seem to h no relation to cause8 ,:at if we discov]1 t ev]y:]e1--& n among ! =eign population ( ,*icago only1--canc] f9ds an undue proportion ( its victims among ! poore/ & mo/ pov]ty-/rick5 elem5t ( e nationality8 ,does sugge/ion ( inquiry conc]n+ diet induce a smile8 ,x %\ld n1 z long z meat d]iv$ f canc]\s animals is p]mitt$ by ,gov]nm5t au?ority1 to pass inspection1 & to be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,& no inquiry conc]n+ canc] c be deem$ complete :i* has n fully inve/igat$ ! ext5t to :i* ?is atroci\s practice has be5 c>ri$ on = ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,b ?is ,/ate-wide inquiry is only a "p ( ! "w4 ,e ye>1 = a p]iod ( at lea/ t5 ye>s1 ! record mu/ be revis$1 ! result ( surgical op]ations record$1 ! dea?s enum]at$1 ! new cases add$4 ,! exp5se ( ea* annual revision w\ld be f> less ?an t ( ! orig9al inquiry2 b ! inquiry w be co/ly1 & %\ld be co/ly1 if x is to be accurate & complete4 ,"h1 inde$1 w\ld be ! opportunity = ! co-op]ation ( organizations devot$ to canc] rese>*1 & p>ticul>ly ( t new f\ndation1 ! income ( :i* = a s+le ye> is f> m ?an ! orig9al inve/igation w\ld co/4 ,& :5 ! inquiry is complet$2 :5 all atta9able in=mation conc]n+ ! occurr5ce ( malignant disease %all h be5 secur$ n = a s+le ye>1 b = a p]iod ( successive ye>s1 n = "o community1 b = an entire /ate1 & = ea* ( its con/itutu5t p>ts1 :at !n8 ,!n ,i believe a k ( ! cause ( canc] w soon be atta9$4 ,:5 we "k ! cause1 !n !re w be hope = prev5tion1 :i* is f> bett] ?an cure4 ,all ! v>i\s exp]im5ts ^u mice1 = example1 :atev] !y may tea* conc]n+ ! disease 9 ! l[] animals1 h n enlight5$ u conc]n+ ! cause ( ! malady 9 mank9d4 ,! greate/ & mo/ promis+ fields = sci5tific rese>*1 n[ almo/ untrodd51 awaits ! explor]s ( ! future4 ,9 a _w :]e n[ !re is comp>ative unconc]n1 !re may soon be fe>ful appreh5sions ( ! increas+ preval5ce ( an almo/ irrem$iable disease4 ,)9 ! com+ c5tury1 ! inve/igation ,i h "h outl9$1 w sometime be made2 &1 z a result1 ! cause ( canc] may be z well kn[n to m$ical sci5ce1 z ! causes ( typhoid fev] or mal>ia1--my/]ies t seem$ insoluble less ?an a c5tury ago4 ,& ,i v5ture ) assurance to pr$ict1 t "s "t )9 ! next fifty ye>s1 ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,engl& & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al>m$1 x may be1 by a cont9ually increas+ mortality f canc]1 w condemn "u sev]e/ p5alties1 ! sale = human food ( meat d]ive$ f animals affect$ by malignant disease1--no matt] h[ great may be ! pecuni>y loss to e slaught]+ e/abli%m5t & pack+-h\se 9 ei!r l&4 ,! public awak5+ to dang] t mu/ prec$e legislation _c yet be disc]n$2 & be=e ! national appreh5sion is ar\s$ & apa?y ceases1 probably m ?an a million lives w be sacrific$ to canc]1 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica alone4 ------------------------------ ,note4--,! dea?s ascrib$ to canc] or malignant disease 9 ,engl& & ,wales dur+ #aiab1 numb]$ #cg1cbc4 ,! mortality ( males 0 #iac p] million liv+1 z comp>$ ) #hia 9 #aiaa1 & t ( females1 #a1aag1 z comp>$ ) #a1jih4 ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,ea* ,,sex1 ,,^! ,,rates ,,are ,,! ,,highe/ ,,on ,,record4--,f #ge? ,report ( ,regi/r>-,g5]al1 #aiad1 p4 lxxxiii4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,vivisection#a #a ,address deliv]$ at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 be=e ! ,int]national ,humane ,congress1 ,decemb] #aj1 #aiac4 ,attempts to =eca/ ! future developm5t ( ,humanity 9 any direction h always possess$ = "s m9ds a peculi> fasc9ation4 ,plato & ,bacon _h _! visions ( a ,/ate sup]ior to t 9 :i* !y liv$2 ,burton =esaw improvem5ts 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & ! condition ( ! poor] classes1 :i* wait$ = two c5turies = "s measure ( realization2 ev5 ,defoe _h 8 li/ ( projects1 "s ( :i*1 laugh$ at 9 _! day1 are ! realities ( our "t4 ,no great re=m 9 any direction 0 ev] effect$ :i* _h n be5 ! unrealiz$ vision ( a dream]4 ,& su* dreams are ! romance ( hi/ory4 ,= any "o to h imag9$ two c5turies ago1 t ! ,african slave-trade & negro slav]y w\ld "s day be condemn$ by e civiliz$ nation1 n because !y 7 pecuni>ily unpr(itable1 b because !y contrav5$ ! consci5ce ( ,society & its s5se ( righte\sness1 requi]d a fai? 9 ! ultimate triumph ( ju/ice ov] gre$1 t n "o man 9 t5 ?\s& possess$4 ,= ,calv9 or ,torquemada to h imag9$ ! com+ ( a "t :5 ! burn+ ( an unbeliev] w\ld n be reg>d$ z pleas+ to ! ,deity1 dem&$ a sublim] vision ?an ei!r ( !m possess$4 ,cu/om & univ]sal acceptance w\ld sometimes seem to create impregnable b>ri]s aga9/ *ange4 ,b ) ! sl[ lapse ( ye>s1 ! v5]at$ cu/om is attack$ by d\bt2 ! sup]/ition is und]m9$1 & ! great evil gradually passes f ! sight4 ,no great wrong is s securely entr5*$1 z to be absolutely safe f ! ultimate condemnation ( mank9d4 ,:at is to be ! future ( vivisection1 z conduct$ 9 ,am]ica to- day8 ,is x to cont9ue1 )\t o!r limitations aga9/ cruelty ?an ^? :i* are self-impos$1 )\t legal re/riction or re/ra9t1 s long z civilization endures1 ev] wid5+ its scope1 ev] increas+ ! hecatombs ( its victims1 until unc\nt$ milions %all h be5 sacrific$8 ,is prote/ aga9/ excess to gr[ weak]1 until ! ideal ( human5ess 9 ! laboratory %all become a sc(f & a byword8 ,is approval ( any rese>* 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce to become /rong] until x %all cov] ! vivisection ( human be+s z well z ! exploitation ( animals8 ,or are we to expect1 z ! result ( agitation1 ! legal suppression ( all sci5tific rese>* requir+ animal life1 )9 ! limits ( ! next half-c5tury8 ,x is easi] to ask que/ions ?an to answ] !m4 ,yet1 z "o :o = ov] ?irty ye>s1 has tak5 "s "p 9 ! agitation = re=m1 y may be will+ to p]mit a =eca/ ( probabilities1 vague1 x may be1 z ! vision ( a sailor pe]+ ?r\gh ! d>kness t environs ! %ip1--b ! be/ he c d4 ,no e/imate ( ! future ( vivisection 9 ,am]ica c be ( value :i* does n recognize ! p[] ( ! laboratory at ! pres5t day4 ,half a c5tury ago1 ! vivisection ( animals 0 r>ely practis$2 to-day1 9 ! old] /ates1 !re are few in/itutions ( high] le>n+ :i* d n possess ample facilities = animal exp]im5tation4 ,millionaires1 _m times ov]1 h be5 induc$ to devote "s "p ( _! great weal? to ! f\ndation & support ( in/itutions = exsp]im5tation ^u liv+ ?+s4 ,f>ms h be5 e/abli%$ :]e animals de/9$ to sacrifice1 are born & br$4 ,x may safely be e/imat$ t 9 ,am]ica1 to-day1 !re are n less ?an five hundr$ times z _m exp]im5ts e ye>1 z took place half a c5tury ago4 ,"o mu/ recognize1 too1 ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! attitude ( a majority ( ! m$ical pr(ession t[>ds ?is re=m4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s1 ?\s&s ( "y m5 h ent]$ ! pr(ession1 :o h be5 c>efully educat$ to reg>d all criticism ( animal exp]im5tation z due to a s5tim5talism wor?y only ( contempt4 ,i greatly d\bt :e!r ev5 "o p] c5t4 ( ! physicians 9 ,am]ica1 "u fifty ye>s ( age1 h ev] he>d t half a c5tury ago1 ! feel+ ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w 0 almo/ unanim\s 9 disapproval & condemnation ( me?ods & ( exp]im5ts :i* n[ pass )\t notice1 & uncondemn$4 ,:5 m51 educat$ to come into ! close/ ( relations ) _! fell[-be+s1 are ?us prejudic$ & un9=m$1 %\ld we wond] t _! views are s widely accept$8 ,! wond] to me is r t s l>ge a m9ority are n to be conv9c$ t ev]y?+ 9 a laboratory mu/ be "r4 ,ano!r elem5t ( ! =ces t to-day are m>%all$ aga9/ re=m1 is ! ,press4 ,political j\rnals1 :i* ev5 tw5ty-five ye>s ago endeav\r$ to hold an attitude ( imp>tiality1 n[ pres5t editorials almo/ e week 9 ridicule ( any legal regulation ( vivisection1 or ( any opposition to laboratory fre$om4 ,! intimate k ( m$ical matt]s sometimes exhibit$ by ! writ]s1 w\ld seem to indicate a clos] relation betwe5 ! physiological laboratory ( to-day1 & ! editorial sanctum1 ?an exi/$ =ty ye>s ago4 ,!re are j\rnals1 s closely relat$1 app>5tly1 to laboratory int]e/s1 t !y d n p]mit correction ( editorial mis/atem5ts or mi/ake to appe> 9 _! columns1 ev5 :5 su* blund]s are po9t$ out4 ,! old imp>tial attitude ( ! ,press seems--except "h & !re--to h completely disappe>$4 ,any =eca/ ( ! future mu/ take into acc\nt ?is va/ & ev]- increas+ influ5ce4 ,yet ano!r imp$im5t to ! legal repression ( any cruelty p]ta9+ to animal exp]im5tation is "o :i* we all deplore1 ev5 ?\gh no rem$y appe>s 9 sight4 ,x is n ! opposition ( enemies1 b division among fri5ds t con/itutes1 9 my op9ion1 ! greate/ pres5t ob/acle to any re=m4 ,x is z ?\gh aga9/ "s /rong =tress1 diff]5t armies 7 engag+ 9 an attack1 ea* ) its sep>ate purpose1 its own plan ( campaign1 its own ultimate aim1 & n[ & !n cross+ & recross+ 9 ea* o!r's way1 to ! inf9ite delight ( ! enemy4 ,"s ( u make ! dem& t ,,all su* inquiry on ! "p ( ,sci5ce %all be made a crime2 & "s ( u take ! position ( ! ,engli%-speak+ m$ical pr(ession ( =ty ye>s ago1 t ,,abuses ,,& ,,cruelty ,,alone %\ld be ! object ( attack4 ,if opposition f ! fir/1 _h be5 solely direct$ aga9/ ,,abuses ( vivisection1 c\ld any re=m h be5 a*iev$8 ,x is n c]ta94 ,:5 ,mr4 ,rockefell] op5$ 8 purse on ! vivisection table1 he add$ immeasurably to ! /r5g? ( ! =ces t resi/ re=m4 ,& yet x is difficult to ov]-e/imate ! loss to any cause ( su* m5 z ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d ,ri*>dson1 z ,pr(essor ,william ,james & ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[ ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 or ( ,dr4 ,!ophilus ,p>v9 ( ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college1--to ref] only to ! dead4 ,_! criticisms ( cruelty 7 outspok51 b !y c\ld n jo9 9 univ]sal condemnation ( all su* inquiry into ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,might x n h be5 bett]--ev5 at ! co/ ( a less5$ dem&--to h kept on ! side ( re=m t l>ge elem5t 9 ! m$ical pr(ession :i* will+ly condemn$ abuse1 b decl9$ to d5\nce ! simple/ demon/ration1 or ! mo/ pa9less inve/igation8 ,( c\rse su* an inquiry w receive diff]5t replies4 ,x is ev] ! easi] task to make condemnation absolute4 ,! ?+ has be5 done2 ! pa/ is beyond recall4 ,b 9 look+ at ! future1 we _c b recognize ! *ang$ attitude ( a majority ( ! m$ical pr(ession f t ( half a c5tury ago4 ,! /ronge/ position ( ! mod]n physiological laboratory1 is its ,,secrecy4 ,x occupies 9 ! popul> m9d almo/ precisely ! place :i* 0 held = c5turies by ! ,inquisition 9 ,spa94 ,!re 7 m5 :o d\btless object$1 !n1 to ! secrecy ( ! dungeon4 ,tru/ u absolutely1 cri$ ! inquisitor4 ,ours is ! responsibility ( prev5t+ errors t lead to et]nal dea?4 ,c y n leave x to u to decide :at %all be done 9 ! torture- *amb]1 be+ assur$ t ,,no ,,m ,,pa9 ,,w ,,be ,,inflict$ ,,?an ,,is ,,absolutely ,,necess>y ,,= ,,! ,,end ,,9 ,,view8 ,tru/ u absolutely1 dem&s ! vivisector ( to-day4 ,c y d>e to "q ! purity ( our motives1 ! unselfi%ness ( our aims1 ! mild & humane me?ods ( our exp]im5tation8 ,:y %\ld any "o wi% to di/urb ! sil5ce & secrecy 9 :i* we c>ry on our "w8 ,_c ! public leave x solely to u to det]m9e :at pa9 may be inflict$ ^u animals1 be+ c]ta9 t no m suff]+ w be caus$ ?an we deem to be necess>y = success8 ,! p>allelism is complete4 ,x is a call = implicit confid5ce4 ,& t confid5ce has be5 giv5 by a too cr$ul\s public4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ! victims 7 m>*$ 9 long procession f dungeon to burn+-place1 !y 7 accompani$ by an approv+ mob1 eag] to inflict e indignity & to applaud e pang4 ,! m5 ab\t ! burn+-place 7 n int5tionally cruel4 ,!y _h simply giv5 ! control ( _! judgm5t to ! inquisitor4 ,is x s v diff]5t1 to-day1 9 ! matt] ( vivisection8 ,:y %\ld we hesitate to recognize t at ! pres5t "t1 a l>ge section ( ! g5]al public h made ! same act ( surr5d]1 ju/ify+ :atev] ! laboratory dem&s1 & def5d+ :atev] x def5ds8 ,x seems to me probable1 !re=e1 t = _m ye>s to come1 ! laboratory = vivisection1 ,,if ,,only ,,x ,,c ,,ma9ta9 ,,its ,,secrecy1 w cont9ue z s]5ely indiff]5t to criticsm1 z completely ma/] ( ! confid5ce ( mod]n society1 z supreme 9 p[] & position z 0 ! ,spani% ,inquisition ( ?ree c5turies ago4 ,new laboratories w be f\nd$ ^u ill-gott5 weal?2 new inquisitors1 ) sal>ies great] ?an ^? ( ,wa%+ton or ,l9coln w take ! places ( ^? t retire2 new !ories1 n[ unimag9$1 w dem& _! tribute ( victims to help prove or disprove "s useless hypo!sis2 ev5 new me?ods ( torm5t may be inv5t$1 & new excuses = _! necessity put =?4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,if ! laboratory ( ! pres5t day %all cont9ue to ma9ta9 its hold ^u ! intellig5ce ( mod]n society2 if x c keep unimpair$ t confid5ce 9 its b5evol5t purpose1 t belief 9 accompli%m5t1 t fai? 9 utility :i* n[ s l>gely obta9s2 & if1 moreov]1 x c secure = ! *>ity hospital t absolute p[] & secrecy :i* x has ga9$ = itself 9 animal exp]im5tation1 !n1 )9 ! lifetime ( m5 n[ liv+1 human be+s w take _! place z mat]ial = inve/igation ( human ailm5ts4 ,^u ! liv+ bodies ( ,am]ian soldi]s1 ^u lunatics 9 asylums & babes 9 in/itutions & pati5ts 9 *>ity hospitals1 exp]im5ts ( ?is "* h already tak5 place4 ,is utility to ,sci5ce to be consid]$ ! /&>d by :i* human actions are to be judg$8 ,!n1 ev5 )9 ! pres5t c5tury1 exp]im5tation ^u human be+s may be op5ly ackn[l$g$ z a def5sible me?od ( inve/igation4 ,n[ all ?is is n a cry ( despair1 a confession ( defeat4 ,x is meant only to be rational recognition ( exi/+ conditions1 & especially ( ! =ces t n[ prev5t re=m4 ,p]haps if ! armies 7 unit$1 a diff]5t =eca/ c\ld be made2 b t union is beyond hope4 ,! en?usiasm t w\ld expect to elim9ate a great evil on o!r t]ms1 & )9 ! space ( "t occupi$ by a s+le g5]ation does n seem to me to be ju/ifi$ by ! records ( hi/ory4 ,( ! ultimate triumph ( ! re=m ( vivisection1 !re c be no m "q ?an ( ! result ( ! agitation aga9/ human slav]y1 aga9/ ! torm5t ( crim9als1 aga9/ ! burn+ ( ! h]etic or ! wit*4 ,9 :at way may we anticipate its com+8 ,we may be c]ta9 t a p]iod w yet arrive1 :5 among ! m intellig5t classes ( society1 d\bts conc]n+ ! practical utility ( all t is done 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce w take ! place ( pres5t-day cr$ulity4 ,x is too soon to expect a g5]al _s ( inquiry to arise2 ! clos$ laboratory has n be5 s long 9 exi/5ce b t a reque/ = m "t to demon/rate possibility ( accompli%m5t may seem n unreasonable4 ,b "s "t 9 ! future1 long aft] we h all pass$ away1 ! intellectual _w may be mov$ by ! _s ( d\bt & unre/2 x w ask f ! laboratory a /atem5t ( acc\nt2 x w dem& t ! books be balanc$2 & t aga9/ ! co/ ( agony & dea?1 !re be made kn[n :atev] ga9s 9 way ( discov]ies ( cle>ly demon/rat$ value to humanity1 c be prov5 to exi/4 ,l ! s]vant 9 ! p>able1 ! mod]n laboratory has be5 giv5 its t5 tal5ts4 ,x enjoys a secrecy :i* is pr(\nd1 all t weal? c procure1 & unre/rict$ opportunity = ev] phase ( rese>*4 ,!re is no limitation to ! torm5ts :i* x may inflict1 )\t imp$im5t or fe> ( public criticism1 if pres5t secrecy c be ma9ta9$4 ,! consci5ce ( mod]n society--s f> z vivisection is conc]n$1--w\ld seem to h j\rney$ into a f> c\ntry4 ,b "s day x may return to its own1 & ask = an acc\nt+ ( its tru/4 ,& fifty ye>s h5ce1 if press$ = ! pro( ( great a*ievem5t1 ( gr& discov]ies1 :at evid5ce w !n be produc$ by ! vivisection laboratory8 ,h[ mu* ( weal? w h be5 devot$ to fruitless explorations 9 des]t regions8 ,:at va/ =tunes w h be5 paid out to pr(essional explor]s1 ^: "w w h be5 9 va98 ,:at pro(s w ! laboratory !n be able to adduce ( priceless discov]ies made )9 its walls1 pro(s re/+ n ^u ! heat$ en?usiasm ( ! exp]im5t]1 b demon/rat$ by /ati/ical evid5ce ( a decreas$ mortaility f ! sc\rges ( disease8 ,,t is ! te/ ( utility1 :i* may "o day be appli$ n m]ely to ,mr4 ,rockefell]'s creation1 b to e laboratory 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,!n1 p]haps1 x may n suffice to set =? discov]ies1 z useless to mank9d1 z w\ld be ! demosntration ( gold & silv] 9 ! moon4 ,be=e ! tribunal ( an intellig5t public op9ion1--n ( our day1 b ( "s di/ant epo*1 ! ju/ification ( secret vivisection w assur$ly be dem&$4 ,w x be giv58 ,aga9/ ! va/ co/ 9 money1 co/ 9 depravation ( ! in/9ct ( compassion1 co/ 9 ! less5$ s5sitiv5ess ( "y m5 & "y wom5 to ! infliction ( torm5t1 co/ 9 ! seem+ necessity ( def5d+ & ju/ify+ cruelty1 co/ 9 ! temptation to exagg]ate facts1 co/ 9 ! c\ntless hecatombs ( victims1 non-exi/5t to-day1 yet doom$ to p]i% 9 pa9 ( :i* no record & no use c be f\nd1--aga9/ all ?is1 :at pr(it w be adduc$8 ,some?+8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,,b ,,suffici5t ,,to ,,balance ,,! ,,co/8 ,:5 t acc\nt+ is made1 w ! enlight5$ consci5ce ( humanity !n grant condonation1 because ( great a*ievem5t1 ( all t w h be5 done 9 ! "n ( rese>*1 & ( demon/ration ( well-kn[n facts8 ,i _c imag9e x4 ,:at c we v5ture to =eca/ reg>d+ ! future ( m$ical s*ool vivisections1 made = ! "o purpose ( fix+ facts 9 memory8 ,no "o qualifi$ by any exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ c d\bt ! value ( c]ta9 demon/rations4 ,s f> z !y are p]=m$ ^u animals made absolutely unconsci\s to any s5/ation ( pa91 x is difficult to sugge/ a condemnation t does n equally apply to ! kill+ ( animals = food or raim5t4 ,b ! m$ical s*ool laboratory seems to %r9k f ! public scrut9y4 ,if !re 7 no ne$ = secrecy1 is x likely t e attempt to p5etrate ! seclusion ( ! laboratory w\ld be s /r5u\sly oppos$8 ,,( ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,laboratory ,,afraid8 ,if ! pres5t me?ods ( demon/ration or tea*+ ( physiology are su* z w\ld meet g5]al approval s f> z _! pa9lessness is conc]n$1 :y fe> to make !m kn[n8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if animals are subject$ to prolong$ & extreme torm5t = ! illu/ration ( well-kn[n & accept$ facts2 if /ud5ts n only witness1 b are sometimes requir$ to p]=m = !mselves exp]im5ts z agoniz+ & z useless z any t ev] disgrac$ ! torture-*amb]s ( ,mag5die1 we c well und]/& :y immunity f criticism c only be secur$ by concealm5t & secrecy4 ,opposition to publicity or to inve/igation by ! ,gov]nm5t is q conceivable1 if !re be some?+ :i* mu/ be hidd5 out ( sight4 ,9 ! long-run1 ! policy ( concealm5t mu/ fail1 & ! :ole tru? be kn[n4 ,!n1 inde$1 we may hope = ! beg9n+ ( re=m4 ,t fifty or a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 all utilization ( animals1 :e!r = food or raim5t or sci5tific ends w h absolutely ceas$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ,i am n able to believe4 ,b ,i am v sure t be=e ?is c5tury closes1 ! subjection ( animals to pa9 = ! demon/ration ( well-kn[n facts w h come to an end2 t agoniz+ exp]im5ts w h ceas$2 t e laboratory :]e9 animals are ev] us$ = exp]im5tal purposes w be op5 to inspection f cell> to g>ret1 z ,pr(essor ,bigel[ ( ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool said !y %\ld be2 & t except z a %ield = crime1 ! secrecy :i* n[ en%r\ds ! practice w = ev] h disappe>$4 ,we are liv+ to-day 9 a p]iod ( unre/ & *ange1 su* z ! _w has nev] kn[n be=e4 ,a new social consci\sness has awak5$ ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w1 a feel+ t = ^? :o are to come aft] u1 life %\ld be happi] & bett] ?an x is4 ,humanity is advanc+ t[>d its ideals by leaps & b\nds1 :]e once x sl[ly crept4 ,e social problem1 f ! prev5tion ( cruelty1 ! suppression ( vice1 ! rescue ( ! subm]g$1 to ! abolition ( pov]ty itself1 is to-day m 9 ! ?\ght ( humanity ?an ev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,we are b j beg9n+ to le>n our duties to human be+s ( o!r races2 may we n be assur$ t ! m s5sitive consci5ce ( ! future w def9e ) au?ority1 our duties to ! humbl] %>]s ( ?is my/]i\s gift ( life8 ,already1 ,sci5ce has told u1 t f> 9 ! pa/1 we _h ! same orig92 & surely1 :5 "s high] ideal ?an utility to ourselves1 %all dom9ate human conduct1 !re w be a new conception ( ,,ju/ice t[>d e s5ti5t be+4 ,x may mean ext9ction ( species2 b x w notmean _! torm5t4 ,y & ,i _c hope = life long en\gh to see ! realization ( t dream4 ,& yet1 sometimes ,i h wond]$ :e!r x be s f> di/ant z ,i h fe>$4 ,b a little :ile ago1 :o ( u c\ld h imag9$ t 9 our day1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld li/5 to ! cries ( little birds1 />v+ on _! ne/s 9 ! swamps ( ,florida1 & prohibit ! importation ( ! egret plumes8 ,h[ mu* ( hopefulness = ! f9al triumph ( ? epr9ciples ( human5ess lies 9 ! passage ( su* a law6 ,i fancy t "o day1 all noxi\s animals1 & especially ^? :i* pr]y ^u o!r creatures1 w l>gely1 if n entirely1 disappe>4 ,x is calculat$ t ev] gr[n lion 9 ,s\? ,africa kills = food1 e ye>1 betwe5 #bjj & #cjj h>mless animals1 & ea* "o ( :i* is z mu* entitl$ z ! lion to ! happ9ess ( exi/5ce4 ,9 great museums to-day1 we see ! rema9s ( creatures1 l ! sabre-too!d tig]1 t liv$ probably1 ov] a million ye>s ago4 ,9 a c5tury or two1 h5ce1 ! skeletons ( ! pan!r1 ! tig]1 ! leop>d & ! lion1 w be f\nd 9 ! same halls ( sci5ce1 ) ^? ( o!r ext9ct species1 t c\ld exi/ only at ! exp5se ( o!rs' lives4 ,"s day ! "q ( vivisection w be m]g$ 9 ! l>g] problem1 ! adju/m5t ( man's relations to animals on ! basis ( ,,ju/ice4 ,we :o are assembl$ "h to-day1 c]ta9ly are n =getful ( o!r cruelties ?an ^? :i* p]ta9 to animal exp]im5tation4 ,9 ! awful torm5t endur$ = days by animals caught 9 /eel traps 9 ord] t _! dea? may contribute to ! adornm5t ( wom5 & ! luxury ( m52 9 ! kill+ ( seals1 accompani$ by ! />vation ( _! "y2 9 ! great v>iety ( blood-sports2 9 ! slaught] ( animals1 de/9$ = human food1 9 all ^!1 z well z 9 ! cruelties t h p]ta9$ to physiological inquiries1 we see exemplifi$ man's pres5t indiff]5ce to ! highe/ e?ical ideals4 ,we d n oppose "o phase ( cruelty2 ,,we ,,oppose ,,!m ,,all4 ,& we may be assur$1 t :5 ! day dawns 9 :i* humanity %all seek to gov]n conduct by ! ideal ( univ]sal ju/ice1 !n 9 "s m bless$ age ?an ours1 ! evils ( vivisection n only1 b all phases ( cruelty & inju/ice w = ev] cease4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,f9al ,,phase3 ,,exp]im5tation ,,on ,,man ,!re is "o phase ( sci5tific rese>* :i* _c be pass$ 9 sil5ce4 ,x is exp]im5tation ^u human be+s4 ,t no exp]im5ts on animals are absolutely satisfactory unless confirm$ ^u man himself1 a well-kn[n vivisector has ass]t$2 & no "o acqua9t$ ) ! tr5d ( ev5ts1 c\ld d\bt ! com+ ( a "t :5 opportunity = su* confirmation w\ld be giv51 & :5 a m preci\s & a less co/ly mat]ial ?an dome/ic animals w\ld be us$ = inve/igations ( ?is k9d4 ,writ+ _m ye>s ago1 a di/+ui%$ juri/ decl>$ t to :omsoev] 9 ! cause ( ,sci5ce1 ! agony ( a dy+ rabbit is ( no consequ5ce1 x is likely t ! old or wor?less man w soon be a ?+ :i* 9 ! cause ( le>n+1 may well be sacrific$4 ,x is necess>y at ! outset1 h[ev]1 to draw a c>eful di/9ction betwe5 ^? phases ( exp]im5tation ^u man :i* seem to be legitimate & "r1 & ^? o!r pases ( inquiry :i* are cle>ly immoral4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be expect$ t c]ta9 exp]im5t]s ^u human be+ w endeav\r to conf\nd bo? phases ( inquiry 9 ! public e/imation2 & yet !re is no difficulty 9 draw+ cle> di/9ctions betwe5 !m4 ,let u see :at diff]5ces may be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! exp]im5tation ^u human be+s :i* is laudable & "r1 & ! o!r phase ( inquiry :i* ,society %\ld condemn4 ,i4 ,any intellig5tly devis$ exp]im5t ^u an adult human be+1 consci5ti\sly p]=m$ by a responsible physician or surgeon solely = ! p]sonal b5efit ( ! individual ^u :om x is made1 &1 if practicable1 ) 8 cons5t1 w\ld seem to be legitimate & "r4 ,9 ! practice ( m$ic9e1 !re mu/ always be a fir/ "t :5 a new me?od ( m$ical treatm5t is te/$1 a new op]ation p]=m$1 a new rem$y employ$4 ,:e!r ! proc$ure p]ta9 to m$ic9e or surg]y1 s long z ! amelioration ( ! pati5t is ! "o purpose kept 9 view1 ,,x ,,is ,,legitimate ,,treatm5t4 ,! motive det]m9es ! morality ( ! act4 ,,ii4 ,n[ human vivisection is some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x has be5 def9$ z ! practice ( subject+ to exp]im5tation human be+s--m51 wom51 or *ildr51 usually inmates ( public in/itutions--by me?ods liable to involve pa91 di/ress1 injury to heal?1 or ev5 dang] to life1 )\t any full1 intellig5t1 p]sonal cons5t1 ,,= ,,no ,,object ,,relat+ ,,to ,,_! ,,individual ,,b5efit1 ,,b ,,= ,,! ,,prosecution ,,( ,,"s ,,sci5tific ,,inquiry4 ,! di/9ction is a p]fectly cle> "o4 ,"u ! t]m human vivisection only ^? exp]im5ts are includ$ :i* h "s ( ^! *>act]i/ics3 #a4 ,,! ,,object ,,is ,,sci5tific ,,inve/igation1 ,,& ,,n ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,welf>e ,,or ,,amelioration ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,^u ,,:om ,,! ,,exp]im5t ,,is ,,made4 #b4 ,! exp]im5t is liable to cause "s degree ( pa91 discom=t1 di/ress1 or injury to ! heal?1 or dang] to ! life ( ! p]son ^u :om x is p]=m$4 ,! def5ce (t5 made t no real injury result$ f ! exp]im5t1 _c palliate ! (f5ce aga9/ p]sonal rights4 #c4 ,! exp]im5t is p]=m$ )\t ! intellig5t1 & full cons5t ( ! individual exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,su* legal cons5t ( c\rse is impossible to obta9 f *ildr51 f ! feeble-m9d$1 or f lunatics 9 public in/itutions4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to demon/ratte t su* exp]im5ts ^u human be+s h be5 p]=m$4 ,naturally1 x w be impossible to quote ! cases 9 full4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 w be giv5 to prove t ! *>ge ( human exp]im5tation is n ! exagg]ation ( ignorance or s5tim5tality2 t su* me?ods ( rese>* h be5 practis$ ^u ! sick1 ! fri5dless1 ! poor 9 public in/itutions1 )\t _! k or intellig5t cons5t2 t !y are 9 vogue ev5 9 our own "t2 & t hospitals & in/itutions1 f\nd$ 9 _m cases1 = *>itable purposes1 h l5t _! influ5ce & aid 9 furni%+ ei!r victims or exp]im5t]s4 ,comm5t+ ^u c]ta9 human vivisections 9 ,g]many1 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal decl>$ 9 its editorial columns3 ,gross abuses 9 any pr(ession %\ld n be hu%$ up1 b %\ld r bemade public z freely z possible1 s z to r\se public op9ion aga9/ !m & ?us r5d] _! repetition or spread impossible4 ,& !re=e we h reason to ?ank ! newspap] ,vorwarts = dragg+ into light ! exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,/rubell on pati5ts4444 ,! :ole m$ical pr(ession mu/ reprobate cruelties su* z ^! p]petrat$ 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce4#a #a ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,july #g1 #aijj1 p4 #fj4 ,x is ?is s5tim5t :i* ju/ifies pres5t publicity4 ,! cases to :i* att5tion w be direct$ are n _m2 b !y suffice to illu/rate ! practice1 & to enable ! read] to decide :e!r su* exp]im5ts %\ld meet approval or condemnation4 ,i4 ,! ,case ( ,m>y ,raff]ty ,an in/ance ( human vivisection :i* end$ by ! dea? ( ! victim1 occurr$ "s ye>s ago 9 ! ,good ,sam>itan ,hospital 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,x w\ld be difficult to sugge/ a "n = a hospital m sugge/ive ( k9dly consid]ation = ! sick & un=tunate3 & to ?is *>itable in/itution1 !re came "o day a poor ,iri% s]vant girl by ! "n ( ,m>y ,raff]ty4 ,%e 0 n /rong1 ei!r m5tally or physically4 ,"s ye>s be=e1 :5 a *ild1 %e _h fall5 into an op5 fire1 & 9 "s way _h sev]ely burn$ h] scalp4 ,9 ! sc> tissue an erod+ ulc]-- possibly ( ! nature ( canc]1--_h appe>$2 & x _h progress$ s f> t ! cov]+ ( ! bra9 sub/ance _h be5 laid b>e4 ,no cure c\ld be expect$2 b ) c>e & att5tion %e might possibly h liv$ = sev]al mon?s4 ,we are told t %e made no compla9 ( heada*e or dizz9ess2 t %e seem$ *e]ful 9 mann]1 & t %e smil$ easily & frequ5tly1--d\btless ) ! confid5ce ( a *ild :o )\t appreh5sion ( evil1 feels x is among fri5ds4 ,! accid5t1 h[ev]1 _h made h] good mat]ial2 %e (f]$ opportunity = exp]im5tation ( a k9d hi!rto made only ^u animals4 ,x is obvi\s1 says ! vivisector1 t x is exce$+ly desirable to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! results ( exp]im5ts on ! bra9 ( animals may be employ$ to elucidate ! functions ( ! human bra94#a #a ,?is case1 "u ! significant title1 ,exp]im5tal ,inve/igations into ! ,functions (f ! ,human ,bra91 is relat$ at l5g? 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 vol4 #ic 7,n4,s41 #fg74 ,at ! outset ! exp]im5ts seem to h be5 some:at cauti\sly made4 ,nobody knew exactly :at w\ld be ! result4 ,! exp]im5t] began by ins]t+ into ,m>y ,raff]ty's bra91 ?us expos$ by disease1 ne$le electrodes ( v>i\s l5g?s1 & connect+ !m ) a batt]y4 ,z a result1 h] arm 0 ?r[n out1 ! f+]s ext5d$1 b 9 ! bra9 sub/ance no pa9 0 felt4 ,pres5tly1 z ! exp]im5t] grew bold]1 o!r ph5om5a appe>$4 ,! vivisector %all tell ! /ory 9 8 own words3 ,! ne$le 0 n[ )drawn f ! left lobe1 & pass$ 9 ! same way into ! 7bra97 sub/ance ( ! "r4 444 ,:5 ! ne$le ent]$ ! bra9 sub/ance1 ,,%e ,,compla9$ ,,( ,,acute ,,pa9 ,,9 ,,! ,,neck4 ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,develop ,,m ,,decid$ ,,reactions1 ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t 0 increas$ by draw+ out ! wood5 cyl9d] "o in*4 ,:5 communication 0 made ) ! ne$les1 ,,h] ,,c\nt5ance ,,exhibit$ ,,great ,,di/ress1 & %e began to cry4 ,v soon1 ! left h& 0 ext5d$ z if 9 ! act ( tak+ hold ( "s object 9 front ( h]2 ! arm pres5tly 0 agitat$ ) clonic spasms2 h] eyes became fix$ ) pupils widely dilat$2 lips 7 blue1 & ,,%e ,,fro!d ,,at ,,! ,,m\?2 ,,h] ,,brea?+ ,,became ,,/]tor\s2 ,,%e ,,lo/ ,,consci\sness ,,& ,,0 ,,viol5tly ,,convuls$4 ,! convulsion la/$ five m9utes1 & 0 succe$$ by coma4 ,%e return$ to consci\sness 9 tw5ty m9utes f ! beg9n+ ( ! attack4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a success4 ,^u ! body ( ! poor s]vant girl1 ! di/+ui%$ vivisector _h produc$ ! viol5t epilepti=m convulsion :i* ,frits* & ,hitzig & ,f]ri] _h induc$ 9 animals1 by ! same me?od ( exp]im5tation4 ,!re are ^? :o feel t fur!r vivisect+ %\ld h !n ceas$1 & t ,m>y ,raff]ty %\ld h be5 all[$ to die 9 peace4 ,su* views1 h[ev]1 7 n p]mitt$ by ! exp]im5t] to int]f]e ) 8 zeal = sci5tific rese>*4 ,o!r obs]vations 7 made1 & ! ne$les 7 aga9 pass$ into ! bra91 evok+ almo/ ! same ph5om5a4 ,! f9al exp]im5ts 7 ?us describ$ by ! vivisector3#a ,two days subsequ5t to obs]vation ,no4 #d1 ,m>y 0 br\ght into ! electrical room ) ! int5tion to subject ! po/]ior lobes 7( ! bra97 to galvanic excitation4 ,! propos$ exp]im5t 0 ab&on$4 ,,%e ,,0 ,,pale ,,& ,,depress$2 ,,h] ,,lips ,,7 ,,blue1 ,,& ,,%e ,,_h ,,evid5t ,,difficulty ,,9 ,,locomotion4 ,%e compla9$ greatly ( numbness4444 ,on fur!r exam9ation1 !re 0 f\nd to be decid$ ,,p>esis & rigidity ( ! muscles ( ! "r side4444 ,%e became v pale2 h] eyes clos$2 & %e 0 ab\t to pass into unconsci\sness1 :5 we plac$ h] 9 ! recumb5t po/ure1 & ,dr4 ,s4 gave h]1 at my reque/1 *lor(orm by inhalation4 ,! day aft] obs]vation ,no4 #e1 ,,m>y ,,0 ,,decid$ly ,,worse4 ,%e rema9$ 9 b$1 0 /upid & incoh]5t4 ,9 ! ev5+ %e _h a convulsive seizure4444 ,,aft] ,,?is1 ,,%e ,,laps$ ,,into ,,pr(\nd ,,unconsci\sness1 ,,& ,,0 ,,f\nd ,,to ,,be ,,completely ,,p>alyz$ ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,side4444 ,! pupils 7 dilat$ & motionless4 #a ,italics n 9 orig9al4 ,:5 did dea? come to h] release8 ,we d n "k2 ! omission is significant2 x may h be5 )9 a few mom5ts4 ,! next s5t5ce 9 ! report is head$ by ! om9\s ^w1 ,,autopsy4 ,! bra9 0 tak5 out1 & ! track ( ! ne$les trac$ !re94 ,"o ne$le _h p5etrat$ an in* & a half4 ,!re 0 evid5ce ( ,,int5se ,,vascul> ,,conge/ion4 ,9 cases l ?is1 ! inve/igation ( a coron] app>5tly is n requir$4 ,! exp]im5t] himself 0 ! physician to ! hospital4 ,he tells u ( c\rse t ,m>y's dea? 0 due to an ext5sion ( ! disease1 = ! relief ( :i* %e _h be5 l$ to ! ,good ,sam>itan ,hospital4 ,( ! real cause ( dea?1 !re 0 app>5tly b little d\bt among sci5tific m54 ,an ,engli% vivisector1 ,dr4 ,david ,f]ri]1 ^: exp]im5ts ^u monkeys _h p]haps fir/ sugge/$ _! repitition on a liv+ human bra91 que/ion$ some:a? ! propriety ( ! ,am]ican exp]im5ts4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,london ,m$ical ,record1 he ref]r$ to ! dep? ( p5etration ( ! ne$les2 ! occurr5ce ( epilepti=m convulsions ,,f ,,! ,,g5]al ,,diffusion ,,( ,,! ,,irritation ,,:5 ,,! ,,curr5ts ,,7 ,,int5sifi$1 & decl>$ t ! ,,epileptic ,,convulsions ,,& ,,ultimate ,,p>alysis are cle>ly acc\nt$ = by ! inflammatory *anges ?us induc$4 ,t ! exp]im5ts _h be5 to "s ext5t injuri\s to 8 victim1 ! vivisector himself1 9 a lett] to ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 v cauti\sly admitt$4#a ,he regrett$1 he said1 t ! new facts :i* he _h hop$ w\ld fur!r ! progress ( ,sci5ce 7 obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ,,"s injury to ! pati5t4 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 ,,hopelessly ,,diseas$1--z if t fact t5d$ to ju/ify h] m>tyrdom6 ,,! ,,pati5t ,,cons5t$ ,,to ,,h ,,! ,,exp]im5ts ,,made4 ,is n ?is excuse ! v height ( hypocrisy8 ,twice1 he _h /at$ 9 8 report ( ! case1 t ! "y woman 0 ,,r ,,feeble- ,,m9d$2 he sugge/s t ?is poor1 ignorant1 feeble-m9d$ s]vant- girl 0 m5tally capable ( giv+ an intellig5t cons5t to repeat$ exp]im5ts ^u h] bra91 ! possible result ( :i* ev5 ,,he c\ld n =esee6 #a ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,may #cj1 #ahgd1 p4 #gbg4 ,:o made ^! exp]im5ts8 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,rob]ts ,b>?ol[1 at t "t ! physician ( ! ,good ,sam>itan ,hospital 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,8 biograph] says t he ga9$ no cr$it = 8 c&\r 9 report+ ! :ole affair1--a h9t1 ! significance ( :i* = future exp]im5t]s1 x is n v difficult ot p]ceive4 ,yet 8 treatm5t ( ,m>y ,raff]ty 0 no b> to 8 pr(essional advancem5t4 ,n long aft] 8 victim 0 9 h] grave1 "o ( ! olde/ m$ical s*ools 9 ! c\ntry1--,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college ( ,philadelphia--(f]$ him a pr(essor's *air2 & = sev]al ye>s he 0 ,dean ( ! m$ical faculty ( t in/itution4 ,x might seem impossible t any physician ( ! pres5t day w\ld c>e to come =w>d 9 def5ce ( ?is exp]im5t4 ,yet =ty ye>s aft] ! de$ 0 p]petrat$1 su* ju/ification 0 app>5tly attempt$ 9 an ,am]ican j\rnal1 & republi%$ 9 a pamphlet issu$ by ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association4#a ,x w\ld seem at ! outset t only by suppression ( ! wor/ facts relat+ to ! case1 c\ld any def5ce be essay$4 ,,0 ,,!re ,,any ,,su* ,,suppression ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,facts8 ,let u see4 #a ,! ,*>ge ( ,human ,vivisection1 by ,ri*>d ,m4 ,pe>ce1 ,m4,d41 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,febru>y #bh1 #aiad4 ,did any injury to ,m>y ,raff]ty result f ^! exp]im5ts ^u h] bra98 ,b>?ol[ himself admits "s injury2 he says t to repeat ! exp]im5ts w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree crim9al4 ,! mod]n apologi/1 h[ev] w h x o!rwise4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 %e smil$ z if amus$2 & ?is1 he tells u1 :[s t %e did n object1 t ! pa9 0 n sev]e1 ,,& ,,t ,,no ,,h>m ,,0 ,,done ,,h]4 ,is ?is a fair summ>y ( ! symptoms elicit$ dur+ ^! exp]im5ts ^u ! bra98 ,:y did ! apologi/ m5tion only ! smile1 & neglect altoge!r to m5tion ! o!r symptoms report$ by ,dr4 ,b>?ol[8 ,:y does he pass 9 sil5ce h] compla9 ( ,,acute ,,pa9 ,,9 ,,! ,,neck1 ! ,,great ,,di/ress ,,exhibit$1 ,,! ,,arm ,,agitat$ ,,) ,,clonic ,,spasms1 ,,! ,,fix$ ,,eyes1 ,,! ,,widely ,,dilat$ ,,pupils1 ,,! ,,blue ,,lips1 ,,! ,,fro?+ ,,at ,,! ,,m\?1 ,,! ,,/]tor\s ,,brea?+1 ,,! ,,viol5t ,,convulsion la/+ = five m9utes & ! succe$+ unconsci\sness la/+ = tw5ty m9utes8 ,:y does ! apologi/ leave unm5tion$ ! symptoms foll[+ ! subsequ5t exp]im5ts1--! pallor & depression1 ! blue lips1 ! difficulty 9 locomotion1 ! decid$ p>esis & rigidity ( muscles1 ! pr(\nd unconsci\sness1 ,,! ,,f9al ,,p>alysis8 ,d omissions l ^! sugge/ an ard5t desire to pres5t ! :ole tru? ( ! matt] = ! in=mation ( ! public8 ,! def5d] ( ! exp]im5ts tells u3 ,x is n an uncommon proc$ure 9 neurologic surg]y1 to /imulate aft] op]ation1 9 consci\s pati5ts1 c]ta9 areas ( ! bra94 ,?is proc$ure is a famili> "o to all neurologi/s1 & x is ,,!re=e ,,difficult to und]/& :y s mu* has be5 made ( ^! e>ly obs]vations 9 ,c9c9nati4#a #a ,italics n 9 orig9al4 ,aside f ! a/\nd+ confession conta9$ 9 ?is admission ( famili> proc$ure1 x is difficult to und]/& :at is meant by ?is p>agraph4 ,is x a sugge/ion t ^! exp]im5ts ^u ,m>y ,raff]ty 7 obs]vations foll[+ a rem$ial surgical op]ation8 ,x is surely impossible t ?is c be ! mean+2 = 9 ! orig9al acc\nt ( ! ,inve/igations into ! function ( ! human bra91 !re is n a l9e 9 support ( su* hypo!sis4 ,! read] may make 8 own int]pretation ( a p>agraph :i* seems exce$+ly obscure4 ,no apology = ^! exp]im5ts c\ld be complete1 :i* did n ref] to ! alleg$ cons5t4 ,x is ?us pres5t$3 ,if ! pati5t "u ^! circum/ances cons5t$ to ! obs]vations describ$1 x w\ld appe> to be a matt] betwe5 h]self & ! physician mak+ ! obs]vations4 ,?is is ! view ( ! matt] :i* ! apologi/ invites u to accept4 ,on ! "o side1 /&s a poor1 ignorant1 feeble-m9d$ ,iri% s]vant girl1 full ( fai? & implicit tru/ 9 ! b5evol5ce ( ^? ab\t h]2 on ! o!r a le>n$ sci5ti/1 eag]1 z he says1 to asc]ta9 h[ f> ! results ( exp]im5ts on ! bra9s ( animals may be employ$ to elucidate ! functions ( ! human bra92 & h] cons5t to proc$ures ! purpose & dang]s ( :i* %e kn[s no?+1--to exp]im5ts involv+ h] life1 are sugge/$ z a ju/ification ( :atev] 0 done1 & z a matt] ) :i* ,society ne$ h no conc]n6 ,^u su* me?ods ( v9dication e intellig5t read] may =m 8 own judgm5t4 ,he w d\btless rea* ! conclusion t su* vital omission ( ess5tial facts1--no matt] :e!r accid5tal or int5tional1--absolutely nullifies ! value ( ! entire apology4 ,let u hope t ! next def5d] ( ^! exp]im5ts1 writ+ n only = ! in/ruction ( ! m$ical pr(ession b also = ! g5]al public1 w proce$ along some:at diff]5t l9es2 t e symptom :i* ,b>?ol[ m5tions1 he w m5tion also2 t if he speaks ( ! ,,cons5t ( ! victim1 he w frankly tell u t x 0 cons5t ( "o :om ! exp]im5t] himself call$ r feeble-m9d$2 & t if he ?9ks o!r palliat+ circum/ances exi/1 he w at lea/ graci\sly furni% u ) ref]5ces to ! evid5ce pres5t$ by ! exp]im5t]1 ^u :i* he gr\nds 8 belief4 ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,poison4 ,( all exp]im5ts ^u pati5ts 9 hospitals1 probably "o ( ! bolde/ 0 ,dr4 ,sydney ,r+]1 physician to ! ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital 9 ,london4 ,8 position 9 ?is in/itution gave him a peculi>ly fav\rable opportunity = ! utilization ( ! human mat]ial "u 8 c>e4 ,! exp]im5ts ^u 8 pati5ts 7 frankly report$ by himself1 & 7 publi%$ 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ,!rapeutics4#a ,= ! mo/ "p ^! exp]im5ts 7 made ) poison\s drugs4 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 class+ !m z human vivisections8 ,if 9 any case1 ! drug c be %[n to h be5 adm9i/]$ = ! welf>e ( ! pati5t1 x 0 legitimate m$ical treatm5t1 to :i* criticism does n apply4 ,7 ! drugs s adm9i/]$8 ,! exp]im5t] %all describe 8 "w 9 8 own language4 #a ,h&book ( ,!rapeutics1 by ,sydney ,r+]1 ,m4,d4 ,eigh? edition1 ,william ,wood & ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,poison+ ) ,salic9e ,9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,bury1 ,i h made "s inve/igations conc]n+ ! action ( salic9e on ! human body1 ,,us+ ,,heal?y ,,*ildr5 ,,= ,,our ,,exp]im5ts1 to :om we gave doses suffici5t to produce toxic 7poison\s7 symptoms4 ,we te/$ ! effects ( salic9e 9 ?ree sets ( exp]im5ts ,,on ,,?ree ,,heal?y ,,lads4 ,to ! fir/ two1 we gave l>ge doses1 & produc$ decid$ symptoms4444 ,"u toxic 7poison\s7 b n dang]\s doses1 ! heada*e is (t5 v sev]e1 s t ! pati5t buries 8 head 9 ! pill[4 ,!re may be v m>k$ muscul> weakness & trem\r4444 ,ano!r set ( exp]im5ts 0 made on a boy t5 ye>s old1 :o _h be5 br\ght to ! hospital to be treat$ = belladonna poison+4 ,our obs]vations1 said ,dr4 ,rign]1 7 n commnc$ ,,till ,,"s ,,days ,,af] ,,8 ,,complete ,,recov]y4 ,among effects ( ! exp]im5t 0 a sev]e heada*e1--s sev]e t ! lad %ut 8 eyes & buri$ 8 head 9 8 arm444became dull & /upid1 ly+ ) 8 eyes clos$4444 ,o!r exp]im5ts 7 made ^u a boy only n9e ye>s old1 almo/ well f an attack ( pneumonia1 ! temp]ature hav+ become normal ov] a week be=e4 ,dr4 ,r+]'s exp]im5t w5t s f> z to give him app>5tly consid]able appreh5sion4 ,he speaks ( ! flu%$ face1 ! trembl+ h&1 & lips1 ! lab\r$ brea?+1 ! spasmodic movem5ts ( limbs4 ,^! symptoms 7 at _! height at midday1 & 7 s m>k$1 & ! pulse & respirations s quick1 t we mu/ confess we felt a little relief :5 ! toxic 7poison\s7 symptoms :i* became ,,f> ,,m ,,m>k$ ,,?an ,,we ,,expect$1 abat$2 n t at any "t ! boy 0 dang]\sly ill2 b z ! symptoms progress$1 aft] discont9u+ ! m$ic9e1 ,,we ,,did ,,n ,,"k ,,h[ ,,long ,,& ,,to ,,:at ,,degree ,,!y ,,might ,,increase4 767 ,:at %all be said ( exp]im5ts l ^!1 made ^u *ildr5 :o _h almo/ or q recov]$ f ailm5ts = :i* m$ical advice 0 s\ght8 ,poison+ ) ,e?yl-,atropium4 ,?is drug has no recogniz$ m$ical use4 ,9 ord] to make exp]im5ts ) x ^u pati5ts "u 8 c>e1 ,dr4 ,r+] 0 oblig$ to h x specially manufactur$4 ,he ref]s to our exp]im5ts ^u man1 & /ates t ! poison\s sub/ance produces decid$ b transi5t p>alysis1 ,,! ,,pati5t ,,be+ ,,unable ,,to ,,/& ,,or ,,walk1 & ! head dropp+ r t[>d ! %\ld] or *e/1 & ! upp] eyelids droop+4#a #a ,r+]'s ,!rapeutics1 p4 #ecd4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,t>t>-,emetic1 or ,antimony4 ,( ?is poison1 an ,am]ican au?ority tells u t ! fraction ( a gra9 may be foll[$ by a fatal result4 ,dr4 ,r+] /ates1 nev]!less1 t1 ,,to ,a ,,/rong ,,"y ,,man1 ,i gave t>t>-emetic 9 ! #a_/b-;gra9 doses e t5 m9utes = ne>ly sev5 h\rs1 ,,induc+ ,,great ,,nausea ,,& ,,vomit+ ) pr(use p]spiration4#b #b ,ibid41 p4 #bgc ,tw5ty-"o gra9s ( antimony adm9i/]$ to a /rong "y man1 ?\gh a fatal result may be induct$ by a fraction ( a s+le gra96 ,poison+ ) ,alcohol4 ,) ?is sub/ance1 ,dr4 ,r+] tells u he made a great _m obs]vations e qu>t] ( an h\r = sev]al h\rs ,,on ,,p]sons ,,( ,,all ,,ages4444 ,aft] poison\s doses1 ! depression 7( temp]ature7 9 "o in/ance rea*$ ne>ly ?ree degrees4 ,does ?is s9i/] confession mean t ev5 infants 7 ! objects ( 8 sci5tific zeal8 ,x is c]ta9 t "s *ildr5 7 subject$ to ?is exp]im5t1 = he says3 ,9 a boy ag$ t51 :o _h nev] 9 8 life be=e tak5 alcohol 9 any =m1 ,i f\nd ?r\gh ,a ,,l>ge ,,numb] ,,( ,,obs]vations1 a con/ant & decid$ r$uction ( temp]ature4 ,is !re any p>5t :o w\ld be will+ to h 8 t5-ye>-old boy subject$ to an exp]im5t l ?is8 ,poison+ ) ,nitrate ( ,sodium4 ,to eighte5 adults1 f\rte5 m5 & f\r wom51 we ord]$ #aj gra9s ( pure nitrate ( sodium 9 an ounce ( wat]1 & ( ^!1 sev5te5 decl>$ !y 7 unable to take x4444 ,"o man1 a burly /rong fell[1 suff]+ f a little rheumatism only1 said t aft] tak+ ! fir/ dose1 he felt giddy z if he w\ld g (f ins5sible4' ,8 lips1 face1 & h&s turn$ blue1 & he _h to lie d[n an h\r & a half be=e he d>$ mov$4 ,8 he>t flutt]$1 & he suff]$ f ?robb+ pa9s 9 ! head4 ,he 0 urg$ to try ano!r dose1 b decl9$ on ! gr\nd ,,t ,,he ,,_h ,a ,,wife ,,& ,,family4444#a #a ,! ,london ,lancet1 ,novemb] #c1 #ahhc1 p4 #gfg ,:5 ?is acc\nt ( hospital exp]im5tation fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,lancet1 ano!r m$ical j\rnal made ! foll[+ comm5t3 ,9 publi%+1 & inde$1 9 in/itut+ ^! reckless exp]im5ts on ! effect ( nitrate ( sodium on ! human subject1 ,pr(essor ,r+] & ,dr4 ,murrill h made a deplorably false move1 :i* ! ev] wat*ful oppon5ets ( vivisection w n be sl[ to pr(it by4444 ,x is impossible to read ! pap] 9 la/ week's ,lancet )\t di/ress4 ,( eighte5 adults to :om ,drs4 ,r+] & ,murrill adm9i/]$ ! drug 9 #aj-;gra9 doses--all b "o av[$ !y w\ld expect to drop d[n dead if !y ev] took ano!r dose4 ,"o woman fell to ! gr\nd1 & lay ) ?robb+ head & nausea = ?ree h\rs2 ano!r said x turn$ h] lips q black1 & upset h] s t %e 0 afraid t %e w\ld nev] get ov] x4444 ,"o girl vomit$ = two h\rs & ?\ght %e 0 dy+4 ,all ^! obs]vations are record$ ) an innoc5t naivete z ?\gh ! idea t anyone c\ld possibly take exception to !m 7 f> f ! writ]s' m9ds4 ,b :atev] cr$it may be giv5 to ,drs4 ,r+] & ,murrill = sci5tific en?usiasm1 x is impossible to acquit !m ( grave indiscretion4 ,,!re ,,w ,,be ,a ,,h[l ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,if ,,x ,,comes ,,out t (fic]s ( a public *>ity are 9 ! habit ( try+ ,,su* ,,useless ,,& ,,cruel ,,exp]im5ts on ! pati5ts committ$ to _! c>e4444#a #a ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 ,novemb] #aj1 #ahhc4 ,,cruel ,,& ,,useless ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,pati5ts--t 0 ! judgm5t ( a m$ical j\rnal ( ! day4 ,any /rong] condemnation n[ is h>dly necess>y4 ,:at is ! judgm5t ( ! read] ^u inve/igations ( ?is "*8 ,"h we h a physician mak+ use ( ! bodies ( 8 pati5ts = ! te/+ ( poison\s drugs1 app>5tly )\t ! slighte/ reg>d = ! poor & ignorant fell[-be+s :o _h confid5tly plac$ !mselves "u 8 c>e4 ,c su* exp]im5tation z ?is be t]m$ any?+ b human vivisection8 ,once we admit t pati5ts 9 hospitals h no rights sup]ior to sci5tific dem&s1 & !re is h>dly a limit to :i* su* exp]im5tation may n be c>ri$ on ! poor1 ! ignorant1 ! feeble-m9d$ & ! def5celess4 ,,iii4 ,exp]im5ts involv+ ! ,eye ,rec5t exp]im5ts ) tub]cul91 made ^u ! eyes ( *ildr5 & o!r pati5ts 9 public in/itutions1 seem 9 _m cases to h be5 c>ri$ to an ext5t n easily ju/ifi$ by ord9>y e?ical ideals4 ,x is impossible to quote all ! cases ( ?is phase ( human exp]im5tation2 b en\gh c be giv5 to af=d any read] ! opportunity ( judg+ ! morality ( ! practice4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 "q _h "o or m ( ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics1 di/+ui%+ !m f ord9>y m$ical treatm5t3 #a4 ,!y 7 made indiscrim9ately ^u l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 or adults1 :o 7 "u treatm5t = v>i\s ailm5ts4 #b4 ,!y appe> to h be5 purely exp]im5tal 9 "*1 & )\t purpose ( individual b5efit4 #c4 ,!y seem to h involv$ 9 "s cases consid]able discom=t or pa9 & ! risk ( irrep>able injury to ! sight4 #d4 ,dy+ *ildr5 app>5tly 7 n exempt f exp]im5tation4 ,a rec5t m$ical writ]1 defd+ ! exp]im5ts1 po9ts out t ! tub]cul9 te/ c\ld n convey ! infection4 ,! te/1 he says1 dep5ds on ! pr9ciple t if a fluid 9 :i* tub]cle bacilli h gr[n1 & :i* !re=e conta9s ! *emical products ( _! gr[? is inject$ into an animal or p]son suff]+ f tub]culosis1 a transi5t increase ( temp]ature occurs1 & con/itutes ! *ief sign ( a positive reaction4444 ,lat] x 0 f\nd t if ! dilut$ tub]cul9 0 plac$ on ! surface ( ! eye1 !re foll[$ 9 tub]cul\s p]sons1 a r$d5+ or conge/ion ( ! eye1 :i* might g on to ! /age ( mild conjunctivitis4#a #a ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,febru>y #bh1 #aiad4 ,is ?is a fair summ>y ( ! dang]s ( ! eye-te/8 ,let u see :at ! exp]im5t]s tell u4 ,9 ! ,ar*ives ( ,int]nal ,m$ic9e = ,decemb] #ae1 #aijh1 two exp]im5t]s describe _! "w4 ,:5 a drop ( turb]cul9 solution is in/ill$ into ! eye ( c]ta9 cases1 !re occurs1 !y say1 an infetion :i* v>ies 9 int5sity 9 diff]5t individuals1 usually att5d$ by la*rimation & mod]ate fibr9\s or fibro-purul5t exudation ,,:i* ,,may ,,g ,,on ,,to ,,pr(use ,,suppuration4 ,?is pr(use suppuration is some?+ r m sev]e ?an ! symptoms describ$ by ! apologi/ j quot$4 ,! exp]im5t]s say3 ,practically1 all our pati5ts 7 "u eight ye>s ( age1 & all b tw5ty-sex ( !m 7 inmates ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,home1 an in/itution ) a population ( ab\t f\r hundr$1 ,,compos$ ,,( ,,f\ndl+s1 ,,orphans1 ,,& ,,de/itute ,,*ildr54 ,! cases 9 ! ,home 7 te/$ 9 r\t9e by w>ds1 ,,irrespective ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,f ,,:i* ,,!y ,,7 ,,suff]+1 & 9 ! great majority ( in/ances )\t any k ( _! physical condition prior to1 or at ! "t t ! te/s 7 appli$4 ,we purposely def]r$ ! physical exam9ation ( ^! *ildr5 until aft] ! te/s _h be5 appli$4 ,w\ld any m$ical practition]1 call$ to ! h\se ( a weal?y man to exam9e 8 ail+ *ild1 purposely def] its physical exam9ation until aft] ?is eye-te/ _h be5 appli$8 ,_m ( ! *ildr5 7 suff]+ f v>i\s ailm5ts at ! "t ?is te/ 0 made4 ,"s _h rickets1 "s typhoid fev]1 "s :oop+-c\gh1 pleurisy1 pneumonia or he>t disease4 ,"s ( !m 7 already ne> _! end2 9 "o case we are told t ! te/s 7 appli$ )9 eight days ( dea?2 ^u ano!r emaciat$ infant1 ! te/ 0 appli$ ?ree days be=e dea?4 ,infancy e>n$ no immunity f exp]im5tation1 = ! eye-te/ 0 said to h be5 appli$ to sev5te5 infants1 rang+ 9 age f f\r weeks to five mon?s4 ,9 ?is gr\p ( cases1 "o infant 0 te/$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( its pitiful & pa9ful exi/5ce4 ,:at 7 ! possible consequ5ces ( ^! te/s ^u ! sight ( ! orphans & f\ndl+s ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,home8 ,! exp]im5t]s frankly confess t at ! outset !y did n "k4 ,be=e beg9n+ application ( ! conjunctival te/1 ,,we ,,_h ,,no ,,k ,,( ,,any ,,s]i\s ,,results ,,f ,,its ,,use4444 ,x has ! great disadvantage ( produc+ a decid$ly uncom=table lesion1 & x is n infrequ5tly foll[$ by s]i\s inflammations ( ! eye1 :i* n only produce great physical discom=t & require weeks ( active tratm5t1 ,,b ,,:i* ,,may ,,p]man5tly ,,affect ,,! ,,vision1 ,,& ,,ev5 ,,lead ,,to ,,its ,,complete ,,de/ruction4444 ,w ehave _h a numb] ( v]bal reports ( eye complications1 "s ( !m relat+ to v s]i\s conditions2 & we are sure !y are mu* common] ?an ! ref]5ces we h communicat$ w\ld indicate4444 ,9 fact we are /rongly ( ! op9ion t any diagno/ic proc$ure :i* w s frequ5tly result 9 s]i\s lesions ( ! eye has no ju/ification 9 m$ic9e4444 ,! conclusions conc]nng ! occasionally disa/r\s consequ5ces ( ?is eye-te/ 7 %ortly confirm$ by o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>1 two ,massa*usetts physicians report$ a /udy made 9 ! out-pati5t cl9ic ( ! ,c>ney ,hospital & ! ,massa*usetts ,*>tiable ,eye & ,e> ,infirm>y1 & !y add3 ,we are mo/ indebt$ to ! /aff ( ! latt] in/itution = all[+ u to make use ( _! mat]ial4444 ,we h disc>d$ ! conjunctival te/1 ,,z ,,be+ ,,occasionally ,,productive ,,( ,,disa/r\s ,,results4 ,9 ,may1 #aiji1 two ,baltimore physicians report$ _! trials ) two =ms ( ! tub]cul9 te/s1 ! result ( ov] a ye> ( exp]i5ce ) pati5ts com+ to ! ,phipps ,disp5s>y ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital4 ,a ye> lat] !y make an additional report4 ,9 ,may1 #aiji1 we report$ ! results ( ! conjunctival & cutane\s te/ 9 #ejj pati5ts4 ,! pres5t report deals ) #a1jjj additional pati5ts to :om ^! te/s 7 adm9i/]$1 & :o =m$ ,,! ,,unselect$ ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,an ,,ambulant ,,cl9ic1 ! ,phipps ,disp5s>y ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital4 ,!y1 too1 sugge/ ! necessity = caution 9 mak+ ?is exp]im5t4 ,if a drop ( ! tub]cul91 fir/ 9 "o eye & !n 9 ! o!r1 produc$ no reaction1 we refra9$ f fur!r in/illations1 fe>+ ! possible int5sity ( a reaction consequ5t ^u a second in/illation ( tub]cul9 into an eye4 ,our fe> is bas$ on evid5ce1 ga!r$ accid5tally1 t a second in/illation may give a positive & ev5 a sev]e reaction 9 a case 9 :i* a simil> te/ gave a negative result4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 "o ( ! pr(essors connect$ ) ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons1 ,new ,york1 publi%$ a ,report ^u "o ?\s& ,tub]cul9 te/s 9 "y *ildr54 ,he says3 ,! obs]vations includ$ 9 ! foll[+ report 7 all made at ! ,babies' ,hospital ^u w>d pati5ts4 ,v few ( ! *ildr5 7 ov] ?ree ye>s ( age1 ! majority be+ "u two ye>s4444 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye>1 unless "s positive contra-indication exi/$1 "s te/1 m frequ5tly ! eye-te/1 0 us$ z a r\t9e measure 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r & "u :at circum/ances reactions 7 obta9$ 9 ,,heal?y ,,*ildr51 or 9 ^? at lea/ ,,presumably ,,non-,,tub]cul>4#a #a ,ar*ives ( ,p$iatrics1 ,janu>y1 #aiji4 ,?is is p]fectly pla94 ,heal?y *ildr51 or *ildr5 presumably )\t any symptoms ( tub]culosis1 7 exp]im5t$ ^u 9 ord] to see :e!r a positive reaction c\ld be obta9$4 ,( #eee cases ( infants subject$ to ?is te/1 :o 7 presumably n tub]cul>1 only two gave a positive reaction1 al?\gh !re 7 sev5 cases 9 :i* ! reaction 0 d\btful4 ,we are told by ?is writ] t c>e 0 tak5 n to use tub]cul9 9 an eye :i* 0 ! seat ( any =m ( disease1 tub]cul\s or o!rwise1 & to ?is precaution1 he ascribes 8 fre$om f unpleasant results4 ,he insi/s t on acc\nt ( ! k9d ( obs]vation necess>y1 & ! possible dang]s connect$ ) ! eye-te/1 x is n wise to employ x indiscrim9ately1 z among ! out-pati5ts ( a hospital4 ,und\bt$ly ?is is true2 & he repeats ! advice3 ! oph?almic te/ ,,_c ,,well ,,be ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ambulatory ,,pati5ts4 ,yet we h j se5 t ! te/ ,,0 ?us us$ 9 ! l>ge numb] ( cases :o =m$ ! unselect$ mat]ial ( an ambulant cl9ic f ano!r well-kn[n hospital disp5s>y4 ,! f9al judgm5t ( ! exp]im5t] does n appe> to be entirely fav\rable to ! te/ involv+ ! eye1 ?\gh he insi/s t ) prop] precautions x is safe4 ,tak5 ap>t f ! physical signs & g5]al symptoms1 ! te/s may mislead4 ,"s failures & "s unexpla9$ reactions occurr$ ) all ! te/s4 ,ev5 ?\gh safe1 yet an int5se or prolong$ reaction sometimes occurs :i* is n pleasant to see2 besides1 9 pa?ological conditions ( ! eye1 ,,disa/r\s ,,results ,,may ,,foll[4 ,,! ,,eye ,,is ,,too ,,delicate ,,& ,,important ,,an ,,organ ,,to ,,be ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,te/ ,,:5 ,,any ,,o!r ,,w ,,answ] ,,q ,,z ,,well4 ,) ?is s5sible conclusion x is q impossible to disagree4 ,ano!r "q is ( importance4 ,= ^! exp]im5ts ^u ! eye1 ,,7 ,,dy+ ,,*ildr5 ,,ev] ,,us$ ,,z ,,mat]ial8 ,app>5tly1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! fact4 ,! exp]im5t] di/9ctly /ates t ,,dy+ ,,*ildr51 or ^? :o 7 extremely sick did n z a rule1 react to any ( ! te/s4 ,! ass]tion is repeat$3 ,9 no case 7 positive reactions obta9$ 9 ,,dy+ ,,*ildr54 ,9 "o ( ! tables1 !re is also a ref]5ce to dy+ *ildr54 ,we are told t ! h&s ( ! *ildr5 7 conf9$ dur+ ! fir/ twelve h\rs1 to prev5t any rubb+ ( ! eye4 ,c x be t dy+ *ildr5 7 ?us treat$8 ,we are n told to ! contr>y4 ,yet x w\ld seem t imp5d+ dea? might well h conf]r$ immunity1 n m]ely f su* re/ra9t b f ! entire exp]im5t4 ,! ?\ght ( a dy+ *ild ) fett]$ h&s1 is n a picture ^u :i* ! imag9ation w\ld will+ly dwell4 ,^u ^! exp]im5ts involv+ ! eye1 :at judgm5t is a pla9 man entitl$ to make8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he %\ld draw a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! exp]im5ts made ^u tub]cul\s pati5ts1 & ^? made ^u heal?y *ildr54 ,among ! l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts1 x is possible t "s 7 made ^u c>efully select$ cases = ! p]sonal b5efit ( ! individuals conc]n$4 ,reg>d+ ^!1 op9ions may diff] z to exp$i5cy2 b !y belong to ! rightful prov9ce ( m$ical tratm5t1--wise or o!rwise4 ,b if ^! te/s 7 appli$ )\t discrim9ation1 )\t previ\s inquiry into _! condition2 if !y 7 made only ^u ! eyes ( ! orphans & f\ndl+s1 & ! poor 9 hospital & disp5s>y1 & n ^u ! *ildr5 ( ! weal?i] classes2 if 9 l>ge numb]s1 m51 wom5 & *ildr5 7 made ! unselect$ mat]ial = te/s :]e9 _! individual welf>e 0 n s\ght1 9 exp]im5ts :i* n only produc$ great physical discom=t b 7 liable also to p]man5tly affect ! vision1 & ev5 lead to its entire de/ruction1 x w\ld seem impossible to reg>d !m ) admiration or approval4 ,w\ld any ( u c>e to h 8 own dy+ *ild1 sep>at$ f its "m1 & ) h&s conf9$1 made ! mat]ial = any su* exp]im5t8 ,%\ld we c>e to h anyone de> to u1 subject$ to ! risks :i* seem to h be5 s freely impos$ ^u ! un=tunate1 ! ignorant1 ! poor8 ,t is ! te/ by :i* ultimately ^! exp]im5ts w be judg$4 ,,iv4 ,! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 & ,exp]im5tation on ,human ,be+s ,9 public e/eem1 ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute und\bt$ly occupies an exceptionally hight position4 ,x w\ld seem to be g5]ally believ$1 t by reason ( exp]im5ts made )9 its walls ^u ! l[] animals1 discov]ies ( ! utmo/ value to ! human race are b+ add$ to ! res\rces ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,possibly1 a c>eful analysis ( its "w might disprove ?is belief1 b t is aside f pres5t inquiry4 ,a m important "q confronts u1--! ext5t to :i* "u ! au?ority ( ?is ,in/itution1 human be+s z well z animals h be5 us$ z mat]ial f rese>*es altoge!r unconnect$ ) _! p]sonal b5efit4 ,if su* exp]im5ts h 9 tru? be5 made "u ! au?ority ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 x w\ld seem to be ( ! utmo/ importance t ! exact tru? be made kn[n4 ,x is n always easy to /ate m$ical facts 9 popul> language1 b ! attempt %all be made4 --------------- ,:5 ,columbus return$ f 8 discov]y ( a new _w1 x is n[ g5]ally believ$ t he br\ght to ,europe ! g]m ( "o ( ! mo/ t]rible diseases :i* h ev] afflict$ ! human race4 ,! ext5t ( its malignancy has only be5 kn[n )9 ! pa/ c5tury4 ,! unborn infant may be t\*$ by x ) ! possibility ( great suff]+1 & ! probability ( an e>ly dea?4 ,!re is n an organ ( ! human body :i* may n become ! seat ( its ravages4 ,! majority ( o!r infecti\s diseases leave _! victim aft] a "t2 ?is makes its home )9 ! body & may manife/ its malignity aft] almo/ a lifetime ( quiesc5ce4 ,9 its contribution to ! sum total ( suff]+ :i* disease has occasion$ ! human race1 x is probably t ) "o exception1 syphilis /nds above e o!r human ailm5t4 ,on ,m>* #c1 #aije1 a "y ,g]man biologi/ by ! "n ( ,s*aud9n discov]$ "u ! microscope :at is n[ g5]ally believ$ to be ! g]m ( ?is t]rible disease4 ,x is a m9ute1 spiral-%ap$ organism1 ) six or eight curves1 & capable ( movem5t 9 space4 ,its place 9 ! s*eme ( exi/5ce is n :olly c]ta91 b ! probability seems t x is a protozoan1 belong+ to ! l[e/ =m ( animal life4 ,its v simplicity makes x appall+2 we d n und]/& h[ any?+ s innoc5t 9 appe>ance1 c occasion su* t]rible ravages4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( life h[ came x into be+8 ,we c only surmise4 ,b once hav+ ga9$ a foo?old 9 ! body ( a human be+1 ! m9ute organism beg9s to multiply3 & p5etrat+ to any "p ( ! body1 x induces ! ravages ( a de/roy] espite all ! oppos+ def5ces :i* ,nature may raise aga9/ x4 ,! discov]] fir/ call$ x ! ,spiro*aete pallidum1 b lat] inv5t$ a new "n--,treponema pallidum--by :i* x is at pres5t g5]ally kn[n4 ,x is almo/ c]at9 t 9 ?is m9ute organism1 invisible to ! nak$ eye1 we h ! causative ag5t ( "o ( ! great de/roy]s ( ! human race4 ,a ,japanese physician1 connect$ ) v>i\s phases ( rese>* "w 9 ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute 7,dr4 ,hideyo ,nogu*i71 believ$ x w\ld be possible to device a me?od = detect+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! g]ms ( syphilis 9 c]ta9 lat5t & obscure cases1 :]e ! disease 0 m]ely suspect$4 ,he _h no ?\gh ( inv5t+ a cure = ! disease2 x 0 a me?od ( detection only4 ,by +5i\s proc$ures :i* x is unnecess>y "h to describe1 ,dr4 ,nogu*i succe$$ 9 cultivat+ ^! g]ms ,,outside ,,! ,,human ,,body2 & aft] gr9d+ !m 9 a /]ile mort>1 & subject+ !m to heat ) o!r manipulations1 he f\nd himself f9ally 9 possession ( an extract or emulsion to :i* he gave ! "n ( luet94 ,x conta9s ! g]ms ( syphilis2 b !y are int5d$ to be ,,dead ,,g]ms4 ,! exp]im5t] himself says3 ,i h propos$ ! "n ,,luet9 = an emulsion or extract ( pure culture ( ,treponema pallidum1 :i* is design$ to be employ$ = obta9+ 9 suitable cases1 a specific cutane\s reaction t may become a valuable diagno/ic sign 9 c]ta9 /ages or =ms ( syphilitic infection4 ,n[1 if a drop ( ?is luet9 be introduc$ b5ea? ! sk9 ( a *ild :o has inh]it$ ! disease1 or ( a p]son :o has suff]$ f its obscur] symptoms1 !re may be produc$ a reaction4 ,?is may take ! =m ( a l>ge1 indurat$1 r$di% papule :i* 9 a pew days become ( a d>k1 blui%-r$ col\r2 or ! inflammation may be ( a sev]] type1 result+ 9 a pu/ule4 ,a positive result is m frequ5tly obta9$ :5 ! disease is ( long /&+1 or comp>atively inactive4 ,b may n ?is reaction occur 9 e case1 :e!r or n ! individual has ev] be5 affect$ by ! diseas8 ,anyone c see t if ?is reaction manife/s itself 9 ,,all cases1 ! luet9 te/ has no value :atev]4 ,& x 0 9 ! prosecution ( ?is phase ( rese>* t c]ta9 exp]im5ts ^u human be+s 7 made1 :i* h be5 criticiz$4 ,dr4 ,nogu*i & o!r physicians inject$ ?is luet9 emulsion conta9+ ! dead g]ms ( syphilis1 n only into p]sons presum$ once to h be5 affect$ by ! loa?some disease1 b also into ! bodies ( #adf o!r p]sons1 ,,includ+ ,,*ildr51 ,,entirely ,,free ,,f ,,! ,,disease4 ,x w\ld seem t he 0 advis$ by an ,am]ican physician to make 8 exp]im5ts on human be+s r ?an ^u animals4 ,he tells u3 444,9 #aiaj-aa1 ,i comm5c$ my exp]im5tal "w on rabbits4444 ,:ile ,i 0 /ill work+ ) ! animals1 ,,pr(essor ,,wel* ,,sugge/$ ,,t ,i ,,made ,,! ,,te/ ,,on ,,human ,,subjects4 ,?r\gh 8 enc\ragem5t1 ,i comm5c$ ! "w at once at diff]5t disp5s>ies & hospitals1 ) ! co-op]ation ( ! physicians 9 *>ge4 ,:atev] criticism may atta* to ^! exp]im5ts1 x ought n to fall ^u ! ,japanese inve/igator1 enc\rag$ & support$ z he 01 by bo? ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% physicians4 ,9 appreciation ( ! assi/ance af=d$ him at v>i\s *>itable in/itutions1 ,dr4 ,nogu*i says3 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy & collaboration (-- ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,coh5 44 ,h>lem ,hospital1 ,r&all's ,isl& ,asylum1 & ,new ,york ,oph?almic & ,aural ,in/itute2 ,dr4 ,h5d]son 44 ,/ate ,hospital1 ,w>d's ,isl&1 ,n4,y42 ,dr4 ,lap[ski 44 ,good ,sam>itan ,disp5s>y2 ,dr4 ,mc,donald 44 ,k+'s ,c\nty ,hospital2 ,dr4 ,orleman-,rob9son ,nor?-,we/]n ,cl9ic1 ,new ,york ,polycl9ic2 ,dr4 ,pollitz] 44 ,g]man ,hospital2 ,dr4 ,ros5(f 44 ,k+'s ,p>k ,/ate ,hospital2 ,dr4 ,sat5/e9 44 ,city ,hospital1 ,blackwell's ,isl&1 ,n4,y42 ,dr4 ,s*mitt] 44 ,capt41 ,u4,s4 ,army1 ,=t ,slocum2 ,dr4 ,s*radieck 44 ,k+'s ,c\nty ,hospital2 ,dr4 ,*>les ,s*w>tz ,cali=nia2 ,dr4 ,smi? 44 44 ,long ,isl& ,/ate ,hospital2 ,dr4 ,/rong 44 44 ,manhattan ,eye1 ,e> & ,?roat ,hospital2 ,dr4 ,sw9burn 44 ,good ,sam>itan ,disp5s>y2 ,dr4 ,w9dfield 44 ,k+'s ,c\nty ,hospital2 ,dr4 ,wiseman 44 ,k+'s ,p>k ,/ate ,hospital2 ,& ! ,hospital ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>*1 ,i 0 enabl$ to apply ! sk9 reaction to a numb] ( human cases444 ,! total numb] ( cases 0 #djj4a #a ,j\rnal ( ,exp]im5tal ,m$ic9e1 vol4xvi4 ,9 ! orig9al1 ! names ( ! hospitals are some:at obscur$ by be+ plac$ 9 brackets1 & ! p>agraph made cont9u\s2 !y are "h pr9t$ 9 capitals1 to af=d ! read] a bett] opportunity ( giv+ ^! *>itable in/itutions :atev] cr$it is due !m4 ,f\r hundr$ pati5ts 9 hospitals & disp5s>ies includ+ ! hospital atta*$ to ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>*1 7 us$ z mat]ial = det]m9+ ! value ( a te/ = lat5t syphilis4 ,( ^!1 #adf 7 heal?y individuals1 us$ z controls4 ,dr4 ,nogu*i /ates t ^! controls include #adf normal individuals1 *iefly *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( two & eighte5 ye>s2 & #ajj individuals suff]+ f v>i\s diseasess ( a non-syphilitic nature4444 ,9 none 0 a positive luet9 reaction obta9$4 ,o!r exp]im5t]s ^u human be+s h made reports ( _! inve/igations 9 ! same direction4 ,a physician ( ,/4 ,l\is 9 a m$ical j\rnal1 tells u ( =ty-f\r cases 9 :i* ! ,nogu*i luet9 0 appli$1 & he expresses 8 obligation to eight physicians ( t city 7nam+ !m71 = ! privilege ( us+ ,,_! ,,cases ,,= ,,! ,,"w4#a ,:e!r ^! ,,cases 7 ! private pati5ts ( ! accomodat+ physicians1 we are n in=m$4 ,?is exp]im5t] _h n complet$ 8 inve/igations & ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( try+ x out ?or\ghly 9 a c]ta9 ,/4 ,l\is hospital1 :i* he names4 #a ,new ,york ,m$ical ,record1 ,may #be1 #aiab4 ,! same exp]im5ts appe> to h be5 made 9 o!r in/itutions4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital = ,augu/1 #aiab1 !re appe>s an acc\nt ( ?is luet9 te/1 made ^u pati5ts suff]+ f su* ailm5ts z rheumatic fev]1 typhoid fev] & consumption4 ,we see t ! practice has ext5d$ to "s ( ! lead+ hospitals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! def5ce ( all hospital exp]im5tation ^u *ildr5 & adults1 o!r ?an proc$ures = _! own b5efit1 is usually gr\nd$ ^u 7#a7 ! abs5ce ( any sev]e injury1 & 7#b7 ! value ( ! results obta9$4 ,! def5d]s ( ! ,nogu*i exp]im5ts insi/ t ! disease 0 n transmitt$2 t !re 0 no sev]e pa9 or p]man5t injury2 & t ! inoclation ) dead g]ms ( syphilis c\ld n h caus$ an infection ) ! dread disease4 ,?is is probably true2 al?\gh ! excuse ( pa9lessness _c be fairly put =w>d reg>d+ ! tub]cul9 exp]im5ts ^u ! eye4 ,b %\ld we ov]look ! fact t ^! te/s1 at fir/ 7 purely exp]im5tal 9 "*8 ,no absolute assurance ( results c\ld h be5 decl>$ 9 advance2 if c]ta9ty exi/$ be=eh&1 :at w\ld be ! use ( exp]im5t+ ^u s _m human be+s8 ,are exp]im5ts ^u man only repreh5sible :5 injury foll[s8 ,d we apply ?is rule to ! eng9e] ( a pass5g]-tra91 :o aga9 & aga9 runs by a dang]-signal1 & yet escapes a trag$y8 ,! utility ( exp]im5tation is urg$4 ,only by exp]im5ts ^u human be+s1 x is said1 c\ld ! value ( ei!r ! tub]cul9 te/ or ! ,nogu*i emulsion be def9itely det]m9$4 ,b surely e ?9k+ man mu/ realize t utility _c exculpate1 or ju/ify ! use ( any me?od :i* is o!rwise wrong 9 itself4 ,a murd] is n reg>d$ z p>donable1 because !reby ! int]e/s ( religion are advanc$4 ,dr4 ,nogu*i = in/ance1 admits t al?\gh x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! g]ms :i* ,s*aud9n discov]$ & :i* he has isolat$ & gr[n outside ! human body1 are ! cause ( specific disease1 yet sci5tific c]ta9ty c only be acquir$ by produc+ ! ailm5t f ! artificially cultivat$ g]ms4 ,he says3 ,:ile !re are few1 to-day1 :o w\ld d5y t ! ,treponema pallidum is ! causitive ag5t ( syphilis1 ,,yet ,,! ,,f9al ,,pro( ,,c ,,only ,,be ,,br\ght ,,=? ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,reproduction ,,( ,,syphilitic ,,lesions ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,pure ,,cultures ,,( ,,! ,,micro-,,organism4#a #a ,/udies ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 vol4 xiv41 p4 #ajj4 ,a sci5tific exp]im5t ^u a human be+ ( great] int]e/ ?an ?is x is h>dly possible to imag9e4 ,) g]ms invisible to ! nak$ eye1 gr[n 9 a flask1 w "s future exp]im5t] be able to produce 9 a human be+ all ! t]rible symptoms ( ?is wor/ sc\rge ( ! human race8 ,t ! exp]im5t w be tri$1 !re c be no d\bt2 exp]im5ts involv+ ! inoculation ( ! same horrible disease1 h be5 made bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,europe4 ,b does anyone ?9k t ! utility ( ?is sugge/$ exp]im5t ( ,dr4 ,nogu*i w\ld ju/ify its be+ made ^u an unsuspici\s pati5t 9 a *>ity hospital8 ,w\ld x be likely to meet g5]al approbation1 ev5 9 our day1 if x 7 p]=m$ ^u an infant 9 a ,babies' ,hospital8 ,& yet :y %\ld x be criticiz$1 if utility to sci5ce is a suffici5t excuse8 ,x is a significant fact1 t e writ] :o attempts to def5d or to excuse ! exp]im5ts "h describ$ & o!rs ( ! same type1 always evades ! pr9cipal reason = _! condemnation4 ,! condemnation ( :at may be call$ human vivisection re/s *iefly ^u its incurable inju/ice4 ,,all ,,su* ,,exp]im5ts ,,violate ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,sacr$ ,,( ,,human ,,rights4 ,e man1 n a crim9al1 has ! inh]5t "r to ! inviolability ( 8 own body1 except = 8 own p]sonal b5efit4 ,apply ?is to ! exp]im5ts h]e9 describ$4 ,,!y ,,imply ,a ,,suppresion ,,( ,,! ,,tru?4 ,is x probably t any "m1 br++ to a hospital h] ail+ *ild1 w\ld leave x !re )\t appreh5sion if %e 7 di/9ctly in=m$ t :5 x _h p>tly recov]$1 x w\ld be us$ = exp]im5tation relat+ to a te/ = syphilis8 ,,!y ,,imply ,a ,,phase ,,( ,,deception1 s f> z a =mal cons5t is ev] obta9$ )\t a full & complete /atemnet ( possible dang]s4 ,c we imag9e ,m>y ,raff]ty to h cons5t$ to ,b>?ol['s exp]im5ts ^u h] bra91 if1 9 full possession ( h] intellectual faculties1 %e _h kn[n--z he knew1--:at risks !y involv$8 ,x is ! p]=mance ( exp]im5ts ^u dy+ *ildr51 ^u infants = no urpose ( individual b5efit1 ^u m5 & wom5 all unconsci\s ( ! "* ( ! inve/igation2 ! imposition ^u ! ignorant & confid+ ( unkn[n risks2 ! utilization = exp]im5tation "u cov] ( treatm5t = _! ailm5ts1 ( ! poor1 ! feeble- m9d$1 ! un=tunate1 )\t _! full1 intellig5t & adequate cons5t1 t makes ! practice abhorr5t to e conception ( morality1 & e ideal ( hon\r4 ,h[ su* exp]im5ts are com+ to be reg>d$1 we may see 9 a rec5t article f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,francis ,h4 ,r[ley1 presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals3 ,! use ( *ildr5 9 hospitals1 or any:]e else1 z mat]ial = exp]im5tation is n to be tol]at$ = a mom5t1 9 our judgm5t1 by any "r-m9d$ man or woman4 ,:atev] is consci5ti\sly done = ! b5efit ( ! *ild itself1 to save x f disease or to less5 its suff]+1 ?\gh x may cause x tempor>ily m or less pa91 is no?+ aga9/ :i* objection %\ld be made4 ,b to use ! *ild1 ev5 :5 no p]man5t h>m may result to x1 z a subject ^u :i* to try out c]ta9 !ories1 or to te/ ! efficacy ( c]ta9 drugs1 s long z ?is is n absolutely = ! good ( ! individual *ild treat$ r ?an = *ildr5 9 g5]al1 is abhorr5t to ! mo/ ( u4 ,to cause a helpless baby "o h\r's di/ress1 to say no?+ ( suff]+1 = ! sake ev5 ( o!r *ildr51 :5 t baby has be5 br\ght to ! hospital by its p>5ts or gu>dians solely = :at may be done = its b5efit1 we hold to be a brea* ( tru/ on ! "p ( hospital au?orities & physicians t hasn't ! slighte/ def5ce ei!r 9 morals or 9 law4 ,we write ^! words n because we believe t any physician is s f> fall5 bel[ ! l[e/ levels ( our common humanity z to inject into a def5celess *ild ! active g]ms ( a loa?some or possibly fatal disease1 b because our moral s5se is outrag$ at any treatm5t ( ! *ild su* z we %\ld refuse to p]mit 7 ! *ild our own4 ,we believe he univ]sal ass]tial ( p>5ts w\ld be t1 if hav+ tak5 _! *ild to a hospital = tratm5t1 !y le>n$ t x _h be5us$ = exp]im5tation1 ?\gh no la/+ h>m c\ld come to x f ! exp]im5t1 someone w\ld pay ! p5alty = ! unw>rant$ de$1 if money or influ5ce or1 ^! fail+1 muscle1 c\ld rea* f> en\gh to f9d ! (f5d]4 ,does su* condemnation ( exp]im5tation ^u ! hospital pati5t or *ildr5 t5d to block sci5tific advance8 ,n at all4 ,a rec5t writ] tells u t once x is evid5t t man himself mu/ be ! exp]im5tal animal1 ! sci5ti/ volunte] is always ready4 ,if ?is be s1 :y %\ld n ! human mat]ial be acquir$ always 9 a way to :i* ! *>ge ( unju/ proc$ure w\ld nev] be applicable8 ,if assurance c\ld h be5 giv5 t ! luet9 te/ impli$ no risk ( any k9d1 might n ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute h secur$ any numb] ( volunte]s by ! (f] ( a gratuity ( tw5ty or ?irty doll>s z a comp5sation = any discom=t t might be endur$8 ,( ! ?\s&s ( m$ical /ud5ts 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 are !re n hundr$s :o w\ld h (f]$ ) eag]ness to submit to a te/ devoid ( p]il1 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5tific rese>*8 ,& ev5 if an exp]im5t impli$ dang]1 might !re n be suffici5t comp5sation = all risks8 ,e ye> firem5 lose _! lives 9 ! flames1 & policem5 are murd]$4 ,! comp5sation !y receive induces !m to incur risks t might n o!rwise be assum$4 ,a great !ologian is said to h affirm$ t a man1 p]i%+ f />vation1 _h ! moral "r to take a loaf ( bread t did n belong to him1 if only ?us he c\ld pres]ve 8 life4 ,is ,sci5ce ev] 9 su* /raits ( necessity t 9 a s+le in/ance x is oblig$ to take f any man 8 supreme "r ( inviolability1 & to make its exp]im5ts )9 ! w>ds ( ! hospital1 ^u ! eyes ( ! dy+1 ^u ! bodies ( ! ignorant & ! poor8 ,!re is yet ano!r me?od by :i* p]haps we may te/ ! morality ( ! practice4 ,a great philosoph] ( ano!r c5tury seek+ to f9d "s crit]ion ( man's duty t[>d 8 fell[-m51 bas$ obligation ^u a univ]sal law4 ,act1 said ,kant1 z if ! motive ( ?y conduct 7 to become by ?y w a univ]sal law4 ,suppose we apply ?is maxim ( ,kant to ! use ( human be+s = rese>* purposes4 ,an exp]im5t] 9 a hospital makes dy+ *ildr5 8 mat]ial4 ,is he will+ t ! maxim ( 8 act %\ld be univ]sal1 & apply to exp]im5ts ^u 8 own *ild1 :5 x lies at ! po9t ( dea?8 ,he plunges ne$le-electrodes into ! bra9 ( a simple-m9d$ & p]haps fri5dless s]vant-girl4 ,c we imag9e him will+ t ! motive ( 8 de$ %\ld gov]n & ju/ify exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d made ^u 8 "m or 8 wife8 ,foll[+ ,r+]1 he te/s ! actions ( poisons ^u pati5ts 9 "s hospital "u 8 control4 ,w\ld he be will+ t ! law be univ]sal1 & t ! action ( su* drugs %\ld fir/ be te/$ ^u himself8 ,he sugge/s ! use ( heal?y *ildr5 z controls 9 te/s ) ! dead g]ms ( a horrible disease4 ,is !re anyone connect$ ) ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 = example1 :o w\ld be will+ t su* act %\ld e/abli% a univ]sal prec$5t1 & t 8 own *ildr5 %\ld be tak51 & )\t 8 k1 made ! mat]ial = su* rese>*8 ,admitt+ t "s exp]im5ts ^u human be+ may be e?ically p]missible1 & t o!r phases ( su* inve/igations are morally wrong1 h[ are we to di/+ui% betwe5 !m8 ,may x n be possible to indicate pr9ciples :i* w\ld be g5]ally accept$1 accord+ to :i* ! l9e may be drawn8 ,let u make ! attempt4 ,i4 ,ju/ifiable ,exp]im5tation ^u ,man #a4 ,all exp]im5ts made by intellig5t & consci5ti\s physicians or surgeons ^u _! pati5ts = "s def9ite purpose p]ta9+ to ! p]sonal b5efit ( ! pati5t himself1 & :5 practicable1 9 case ( risk1 ) 8 or h] cons5t4 7,?is rule is int5d$ to include e possible exp]im5t made by a m$ical practition] = ! b5efit ( ! pati5t1 ) a di/9ct ameliorative purpose 9 view47 #b4 ,all exp]im5ts made ) an intellig5t purpose by a sci5tific man or m$ical practition] ^u himself4 #c4 ,all exp]im5ts made ) _! cons5t ^u physicians1 surgeons1 pa?ologi/s1 m$ical /ud5ts or o!r sci5tific m51 :o1 aw>e ( ! nature ( ! inve/igation & ( possible results1 volunt>ily (f] !mselves z mat]ial4 #d4 ,all exp]im5ts made ^u m5 or wom5 ( ord9>y intellig5ce :o1 hav+ be5 fully in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! inve/igation & ( :atev] di/ress+ or dang]\s consequ5ces are obvi\sly liable to result1 ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( satisfactory comp5sation = all risks1 & give 9 writ+ _! full & free cons5t4 #e4 ,all psy*ological exp]im5ts or te/s :i* involve nei!r fe>1 fright1 nor m5tal di/ress ( any k9d4 ,,ii4 ,unju/ifiable ,exp]im5tation ^u ,human ,be+s4 ,exp]im5ts ^u human be+s :i* w\ld seem to be immoral1 because obvi\sly a violation ( human rights1 are z foll[s3 #a4 ,,all ,,exp]im5ts1 ,,te/s ,,or ,,obs]vations1 ,,liable ,,to ,,involve ,,any ,,degree ,,( ,,pa91 ,,discom=t1 ,,or ,,di/ress1 ,,made ,,^u ,,dy+ ,,*ildr51 ,,or ,,*ildr5 ,,app>5tly ,,ne> ,,dea?1 ,,= ,,any ,,purpose ,,o!r ,,?an ,,_! ,,pres5t ,,p]sonal ,,relief4 #b4 ,! use ( new-born babes z mat]ial = rese>*2 ! use z mat]ial = rese>* ( any o!r def5celess *ildr51 9 orphanages1 asylums1 or 9 _! own homes1 = any purpose :atev] o!r ?an ! direct p]sonal b5efit ( ! *ild ^u :om ! exp]im5t is made4 ,especially objectionable w\ld seem to be exp]im5ts ( ?is "* made 9 connection ) ! /udy ( syphilis1 :e!r or n any obvi\s injury is ! result4 #c4 ,all exp]im5ts liable to cause discom=t or di/ress1 made )\t purpose ( def9ite individual b5efit ^u ! insane1 ! feeble-m9d$1 ! ag$ & infirm or ^u o!r un=tunate human be+s1 :o1 = any reason1 are incapable ( giv+ an intellig5t cons5t or ( adequately compreh5d+ :at is done to !m4 #d4 ,all exp]im5ts ( any k91 ^u o!r adults1 :e!r pati5ts or inmates ( public in/itutions or o!rwise1 if made )\t direct ameliorative purpose & ! intellig5t p]sonal cons5t ( ! p]son :o is ! ,,mat]ial = ! rese>*4 #e4 ,! exp]im5tal exploitation )\t _! free cons5t1 ( m51 tempor>ily "u comm& or control ( an au?ority :i* !y h be5 l$ to suppose !y are n at lib]ty legally to disobey4 ,let u repeat4 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,objection ,,to ,,exp]im5ts ,,^u ,,human ,,be+s1 ,,:5 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,invasion ,,( ,,human ,,rights4 ,! m$ical /ud5t1 :o1 out ( zeal = ,sci5ce1 (f]s 8 body = any exp]im5tal te/2 ! pati5t 9 ! hosptial1 :o ) adeuqate comp5sation = :at he is ask$ to und]go1 grants cons5t to "s inve/igation :i* may help o!rs1 ?\gh n himself2 ! poor man :o is satisfactorily comp5sat$ = all risks1 & !re=e will+ to aid rese>*1--su* v>ieties ( human exp]im5tation d n necess>ily (f5d ! moral s5se4 ,x is ! incurable inju/ice ( exp]im5tation ^u infancy t c (f] no prote/ b a cry2 ( exp]im5tation ^u ! dy+ *ild1 ( exp]im5tation ^u ! poor1 ! ignorant1 ! feeble-m9d$1 ! def5celess1--x is exp]im5tation l ?is :i* surely des]ves ! condemnation ( mank9d4 ,:at is ! rem$y = human vivisection8 ,x lies 9 su* legislation z %all protect ^? :o1 because ( infancy1 or by reason ( ignorance _c effectively protect !mselves4 ,by p5alties s heavy t !y _c be safely ignor$1 ! ,/ate mu/ =bid ! iniquit\s exploitation ( man by man4 ,no su* law ne$ int]f]e 9 ! slighte/ degree ) ! rights ( ! true physician to aid 8 fell[-be+s2 nor c we d\bt t ! m$ical pr(ession w f9ally fav\r a re=m t w indicate ! broad l9e ( dem>cation sep>at+ ! unque/ion$ privilege f ! unju/ifiable abuse4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,conclusion ,9 ! prec$+ pages1 ! attempt has be5 made to ?r[ light "h & !re1 ^u a great & p]plex+ problem4 ,x has be5 se5 t conc]n+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( exp]im5tation ^u liv+ be+s1 mu* ignorance /ill exi/s2 t too implicit & unque/ion+ tru/ 9 ! /atem5ts ( ^? fav\rable to unlimit$ exp]im5tation has1 un=tunately1 n always conduc$ to ! atta9m5t ( tru?2 t mis/atem5ts t+$ ) inaccuracy h too frequ5tly f\nd acceptance2 & t gr[+ out ( ! unre/rict$ use ( animals 9 sci5tific inquiry1 ! ext5sion ( ! me?od1 by ! use ( human mat]ial1 9 c]ta9 hospitals has become an accept$ proc$ure4 ,x is1 inde$1 an e?ical problem1 t confronts society1 to-day4 ,x w\ld be no less a problem1 if e claim ( utility made 9 behalf ( human & animal exp]im5tation 7 prov5 beyond ! possibility ( a d\bt4 ,ev5 !n1 ! e?ical "q w\ld p]si/4 ,! ultimate decision reg>d+ x rema9s ! p]sonal duty ( e man4 ,att5tion has be5 call$1 9 ! prec$+ pages1 to _m /atem5ts1 :i* a close exam9ation w\ld seem to prove to be mislead+ & inaccurate4 ,b e disc]n+ read] %\ld recognize t inaccuracy or untru? does n imply ! moral obliquity t p]ta9s to int5tional falsehood4 ,an exp]im5t]1 = example1 makes an ass]tion reg>d+ ! absolute pa9lessness ( 8 vivisections4 ,su* /atem5t may be demon/rat$1 let u say1 to be exce$+ly d\btful1 if n q untrue4 ,t is z f> z legitimate criticism c easily g4 ,x is q impossible to demon/rate a consci\s int5t to deceive4 ,to int]pret motives1 to impute falsehood is to g beyond facts into regions :]e facts are n to be f\nd1 except 9 exce$+ly exceptional cases4 ,"o ( !t ,royal ,commission]s express$ ?is position v cle>ly4 ,:ile ,i feel b\nd1 wrote ,dr4 ,george ,wilson1 to accept ! assurances ( all ! exp]t witnesses :o appe>$ be=e u1 z assurances ( _! hone/ conviction t vivisectional or cutt+ exp]im5ts c be1 & are c>ri$ out )\t ! infliction ( pa9 f ! mom5t ! fir/ w\nd is made1 444 ,i c only accept !m ,,z ,,op9ions1 to :i* ! greate/ weight %\ld be atta*$1 ,,& ,,n ,,z ,,/atem5ts ,,( ,,absolute ,,fact s f> z specific in/ances are conc]n$4 ,?is is exactly ! attitude = any critic ( vivisection to take4 ,a di/+ui%$ physician1 te/ify+ be=e ! ,commission]s1 decl>$ t x 0 entirely possible to keep a dog 9 a /ate ( anae/hesia = a week1 if necess>y4 ,exp]im5tation 9 ?is direction1 9 all probability w\ld prove ! ass]tion to be untrue1 b al?\gh su* demon/ration w\ld be pro( ( inaccuracy & c>elessness1 x c\ld n ju/ify1 9 any way1 ! *>ge ( di%on\rable motives4 ,9 no in/ance1 !re=e1 9 ! illu/rations ( inaccuracy giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 is !re any imputation ( p]v]se & int5tional inv]acity4 ,i h made suffici5tly cle>1 ,i hope1 my disagreem5t ) ! views ( ! extreme antivivisection p>ty conc]n+ all phases ( biological exp]im5tation4 ,! weake/ po9t 9 ! antivivisection position has always seem$ to me ! condemnation ( e k9d ( exp]im5tation on animals1 h[ev] pa9less4 ,yet h[ is x possible to expect public agreem5t ) ?is position 9 e case8 ,a few weeks ago1 x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! public press1 t 9 "o ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 ,new ,york1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 be+ made to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! comp>ative food value ( two articles 9 g5]al use4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a c]ta9 numb] ( mice 7 f$ f day to day ^u pure butt]1 & an equal numb] ^u ! artificial product kn[n z oleo-m>g>9e1 w\ld !re be any p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 gr[? & g5]al condition1 &1 if s1 9 fav\r ( :i* gr\p8 ,?is is an exp]im5t ^u animals2 b x is "o aga9/ :i* x w\ld be difficult to br+ =w>d any objection :i* ! g5]al public w\ld v eag]ly endorse4 ,di/9ctions mu/ be made1 betwe5 t :i* is cruel & t :i* is humane4 ,,aga9/ ,,p]fectly ,,pa9less ,,exp]im5t1 said ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d ,ri*>dson1 c>ri$ out = purely exp]im5tal & great objects by m5 :o !mselves regret ! necessity or exp$i5cy1 & :o only act "u a /rict s5se ( duty1 no reasonable m9d c raise an objection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let me reit]ate ackn[l$gm5t ( ! va/ indebt$ness :i* ! cause ( human5ess owes to ! oppon5ts ( all vivisection4 ,always & ev]y:]e1 ! extremi/ helps 9 ! progress ( re=m4 ,b = a few hat$ & despis$ abolitioni/s1 negro slav]y might /ill be a recogniz$ ,am]ican in/itution2 x 0 n ,h5ry ,clay or ,daniel ,web/] :o did mo/ to ha/5 its d[nfall4 ,t antivivisectioni/s h made mi/akes1 p]haps _! mo/ ard5t advocate w\ld be will+ to conc$e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ great has be5 _! s]vice6 ,b = extremi/s su* z ,frances ,p[] ,cobb ( ,engl& & ,elizabe? ,/u>t ,phelps-,w>d ( ,am]ica & a ho/ ( o!rs ^: he>ts 7 aflame ) indignation at cruelty & at ! seem+ duplicity :i* d5i$ its exi/5ce1 ! :ole "q w\ld h sunk into ! abeyance 9 :i* 9 ,france or ,g]many1 x to-day exi/s4 ,!y kept x alive4 ,& :at h n ! antivivisectioni/s suff]$ by detraction1 by ridicule1 by misrepres5tation & p]sonal abuse6 ,! mo/ eloqu5t woman to :om ,i h ev] li/5$1 ,engli% only by adoption1 fac$ )\t fl9*+ "s ( ! mo/ skill$ vivisectors & controv]siali/s ( ,great ,brita91 :o endeav\r$ 9 va9 to weak5 ! =ce ( h] te/imony2 & ! exam9ation ( ,miss ,l9d-ap-,hageby by c]ta9 ( ! vivisect+ memb]s ( ! ,royal ,commission seems to me a m brilliant in/ance ( ! pres5tation ( ideals "u adv]se circum/ances ?an is af=d$ by any simil> exam9ation ( man or woman 9 mod]n times4 ,p]sonal disagreem5t ) univ]sal condemnation ( all vital exp]im5tation has be5 suffici5tly /at$2 b "o view ( ! antivivisectioni/s applies equally to ! prohibition ( pa9ful exp]im5ts4 ,i believe1 said ,miss ,l9d1 t ! abolution ( vivisection w be accompani$ by great *anges & great developm5ts 9 ! :ole sci5ce ( m$ic9e2 t new me?ods ( heal+ w come 91 & high] me?ods1 z we "k t ! co>s] m$ication & ! co>s] drugg+ are go+ out ( fa%ion4#a ,! same view 0 express$ by ,dr4 ,k5ealy1 ano!r witness1 reg>d+ ! prohibition ( all animal exp]im5tation4 ,i ?9k x w\ld give ! f9e/ possible impulse to m$ical sci5ce2 t we are surr\nd$ by all ^! problems ( disease & deg5]ation & suff]+ 9 human k9d2 & t if we 7 to devote our att5tion to man1 & to all ! valuable human mat]ial surr\nd+ u1 in/ead ( wa/+ valuable "t & tal5t on dogs & gu9ea-pigs1 we %\ld make rapid & imm5se advance 9 ! relief ( human suff]+4#b ,some:at ! same s5tim5t has be5 express$ by o!rs n oppos$ to animal exp]im5tation4 ,x may be admitt$1 said ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d ,ri*>dson1 ^: sci5tific zeal1 no "o c "q1 t :e!r pa9ful exp]im5tation be useful or useless1 x has _h "o indiff]5t effect2 x has div]t$ ! m9ds ( m5 too /rongly f me?ods ( rese>* t n only lie op5 to ! curi\s m9d1 b :i* lie tempt+ly op54 ,& speak+ ( m$ical treatm5t = disease1 he says3 ,treatm5t at ?is "t is a p]fect ,babel4444 ,two m5 sc>cely ev] write ! same prescription = ! same disease or ! same symptom4 ,i h wat*$ ! art ( prescrib+ = fifty ye>s1 & ,i am q sure t div]g5ce ( treatm5t is at ?is mom5t f> great] ?an x ev] 0 9 ! c\rse ( t long p]iod4 ,! multiplication ( rem$ies1 begott5 ( exp]im5t1 is ! *ief reason ( s mu* disagreem5t444 444 ,! mod]n /ud5t has be=e him a new duty4 ,! exp]im5t ( exp]im5t t lies be=e him !rapeutically1 is to le>n :at diseases w recov] by m]e att5tion to ext]nal conditions )\t any m$ic9es1 & :at w n4#c #a ,evid5ce be=e ,royal ,commission1 ,q4 #g1fbg #b ,ibid41 ,q4 #f1ggf #c ,biological ,exp]im5tation1 by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d ,ri*>dson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pp4 #gc1 #aji4 ,! unpleasant accompanim5t ( all criticism is misund]/&+4 ,a prote/1 a remon/rance ( any k9d c ga9 a he>+ only aft] x has be5 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 & ev5 !n x is q z liable z o!rwise to be :olly miscon/ru$4 ,x has be5 ) v great regret t = _m ye>s1 ,i h f\nd myself 9 disagreem5t ) s l>ge a numb] ( m$ical writ]s1 :o h left beh9d !m ! cons]vatism ( e>li] op9ions 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w1 to foll[ ! new] lights ( ,cont95tal fre$om & irresponsibility4 ,! regret is ! m poignant1 because1 speak+ f ! vantage ( sev5ty ye>s1 ,i believe t ! highe/ realization ( human hopes = ! welf>e ( our race1 mu/ come ?r\gh m$ical sci5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to prev5tive m$ic9e t ! _w mu/ le>n to look1 n to ! conque/ ( disease by new drugs or new s]ums4 ,!re are ailm5ts1 :i* e ye> 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica are responsible = ?\s&s ( prev5table dea?s4 ,t fifty ye>s h5ce1 ^! sc\rges ( humanity w be curable by ! adm9i/ration ( any rem$y1 to be h]eaft] discov]$ by exp]im5tation on animals1--9 ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 = in/ance1--,i h n ! slighte/ fai?4 ,x is n ?r\gh ! torm5t ( liv+ creatures1 n ?r\gh ! limitless sacrifice ( laboratory victims1 n ?r\gh ! utilization ( babes z mat]ial = rese>*1 t m$ical sci5ce w yet a*ieve = humanity its greate/ boon1--! prev5tion ( disease4 ,i v5ture ) confid5ce1 to make t =eca/ ( ! future1 leav+ recognition ( its tru? to ^? :o %all come aft] u1 :5 all n[ liv+ %all h pass$ away4 ,,app5dixes ,,second ,,edition -------- ,,app5dix ,i ,,animal ,,exp]im5tation ,,& ,,m$ical ,,progress--,a ,,review ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 two books relat+ to vivisection 7 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica at almo/ ! same "t4 ,"o1 "u ! above title1 0 a collection ( essays & contributions to v>i\s p]iodicals f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,william ,w4 ,ke51 :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s4 ,! o!r 0 ! fir/ edition ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! volume to :i* ! read]'s att5tion is call$ is *iefly an exposition ( ! au?or's views on ! sci5tific value ( biological exp]im5tation4 ,) "s ( 8 conclusions1 !re w be little or no dispute among memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,b 9 def5d+ ! moe?ods ( physiological exp]im5t1 has he be5 scrupul\sly accurate & uni=mly fair8 ,is !re to be disc]n$ any t5d5cy to exagg]ation1 to ov]-/atem5t or to suppression ( vital facts8 ,eag] z he is to *>ge inaccuracy ^u o!rs1 has he be5 always accurate himself8 ,has any au?ority cit$ be5 g>bl$1 s t quotation conveys an impression inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al t5or ( a writ]'s views8 ,:at cruelties ( pa/ exp]im5tation has ?is au?or emphatically condemn$8 ,:at exp]im5t]s ^u human k9d has he held up to ! reprobation ( ! public8 ,9 ! entire volume1 c "o f9d a s+le in/ance :]e9 a cruel exp]im5t has be5 c5sur$1 or a cruel exp]im5t] be5 condemn$ by "n8 ,except 9 a volume1 x w\ld be impossible to indicate all po9ts to :i* att5tion %\ld be giv52 x mu/ suffice "h1 to direct att5tion only to a few4 ,i4 ,a p]sonal criticism ( ! writ] by ,dr4 ,ke5 makes necess>y a record ( ! facts4 ,ref]r+ to a c]ta9 exp]im5t ( a ,g]man vivisector1 ,goltz1 ,dr4 ,ke5 says3 ,9 #aija ,pr(essor ,b[dit* call$ ,dr4 ,leff+well's att5tion to ! fact t no su* op]ation 0 ev] done4 ,9 ,dr4 ,leff+well's collect$ essays1 entitl$ ,! ,vivisection ,"q1 on p4 #afi ( ! second revis$ edition 7#aijg71 !re is1 9 a footnote a correction admitt+ t no su* op]ation 0 ev] done7671 b on p4 #fg ( ! same edition1 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,?is ,,same ,,op]ation /ill rema9s uncorrect$1 six ye>s aft] ,b[dit*'s lett] _h be5 receiv$ & ! mis/atem5t ackn[l$g$4#a #a ,ke5's ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 p4 #bga4 ,tru? & untru? are sadly int]m+l$ 9 ?is p>agraph4 ,let u attempt to dis5tangle !m4 ,on ,m>* #g1 #aija1 :ile ! collection ( essays1 kn[n z ,! ,vivisection ,"q 0 9 ! pr9t]'s h&s & on ! eve ( publication1 a note 0 receiv$ f ,pr(essor ,b[dit* ( ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool1 c\rte\sly ask+ ! au?ority = "o p>ticul> proc$ure 9 ! long acc\nt ( ! ,goltz exp]im5t--! ablation ( ! brea/4 ,9 reply to ,pr(essor ,b[dit*1 ! "n ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,b]doe ( ,london 0 giv5 z ! au?ority ^u :i* ! au?or ( ,! ,vivisection ,"q _h confid5tly reli$4 ,a lett] 0 at once s5t to ,dr4 ,b]doe--a well-kn[n ,engli% physician--tell+ him t "o proc$ure m5tion$ 9 ! description ( ! ,goltz exp]im5t _h be5 que/ion$1 & ask+ him = an imm$iate & c>eful /udy ( ! case4 ,dr4 ,b]doe's inve/igation made x evid5t t a mi/ake _h be5 made by ! translator ^u ^: accuracy he _h reli$2 & 9 ! next edition ( ,! ,vivisection ,"q at p4 #afi--7! only page to :i* ,dr4 ,b[dit* _h invit$ att5tion7-- an ackn[l$gm5t 0 ins]t$4 ,t x _h ev5 ! briefe/ ref]5ce else:]e1 0 n recall$ by ! au?or ( ! book1 = he _h n se5 x = ye>s4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,to ! ,london ,zoophili/ & to ! ,j\rnal ( ,zoophily 9 ?is c\ntry1 a communication 0 at once s5t4 ,9 ! latt] p]iodical1 ! foll[+ lett] appe>$ 9 its issue = ,july1 #aija3 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,zoophily ,,madam1--,a ,g]man vivisector1 ,dr4 ,goltz ( ,/rasburg1 report+ c]ta9 exp]im5ts he _h made ^u a dog1 decl>$ t x 0 m>vell\s & a/oni%+ to f9d mat]nal in/9ct manife/$ aft] v>i\s sev]e mutilations4 ,"o ( ^! op]ations 0 report$ to h be5 excision ( ! brea/s1 s t x c\ld no long] nurse its "y1 & to ?is phase ( ! exp]im5t ,i h ref]r$ 9 "s ( my writ+s4 ,rec5tly1 ,dr4 ,b[dit* ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity has call$ my att5tion to ?is p>ticul> mutlation1 que/ion+ its occurr5ce2 & on ref]r+ ! matt] ot ,dr4 ,b]doe ( ,london1 :o 0 my au?ority1 he f9ds1 aft] a mo/ pa9/ak+ & c>eful exam9ation at ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 t a mi/ake 9 compreh5d+ a phrase 0 actually made by ! translator1 ^u ^: accuracy & acqua9tance ) ! ,g]man language dep5d5ce seem$ secure4 ,all ! details ( ?is ,goltz exp]im5t are too horrible to quote2 ?is is n a case :]e a s+le exp]im5t has be5 magnifi$ into a great cruelty2 ! tru? itself is bad en\gh4#a ,x is a fact1 h[ev]1 t "o p>ticul> mutilation ascrib$ to ,goltz--! ablation ( ! brea/s--did n 9 ?is in/ance occur4 ,x has always seem$ to me ( ! utmo/ importance t 9 all criticism ( vivisection our facts %\ld be absolutely reliable1 & t :5ev] inaccuracies occur1 !y %\ld be correct$4 ,all t we want is ! tru?1 )\t concealm5t ( abuse on ! "o h&1 or mis/atem5t on ! o!r4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i am especially glad to make correction4 ,= _m ye>s ,i h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,b]doe1 & ,i h nev] f\nd !re9 ! slighte/ ov]/atem5t or exagg]ation ( any k9d4 ,9 ! tw5ty-"o ye>s ,i h writt5 9 advocacy ( "s measure ( re=m 9 reg>d to vivisection1 ?is1 too1 ,,is ,,! ,,fir/ ,,in/ance ,,9 ,,:i* ,,an ,,inaccuracy ,,( ,,any ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,m9e ,,reg>d+ ,,any ,,exp]im5t ,,has ,,be5 ,,po9t$ ,,out4 ,,alb]t ,,leff+well4 ,,brooklyn1 ,may #ca1 #aija4 #a ,no advocate ( unre/rict$ exp]im5tation1 s f> z kn[n1 has ev] d>$ to pr9t ! full details ( ?is ,goltz exp]im5t4 ,9 ! only essay to :i* ,pr(essor ,b[dit* has call$ att5tion1 ! /atem5t _h be5 correct$2 ! fact t an allusion ( five or six words 9 an e>li] essay gave an errone\s sugge/ion1 0 q ov]look$4 ,b ,dr4 ,ke5 w h x t !re 0 a ,,revis$ edition1 & t 9 ?is ,a ,,description ,,( ,,?is ,,same ,,op]ation 0 giv54 ,!re are "h two mis/atem5ts4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = call+ x a revis$ edition4 ,0 !re a description giv58 ,let u quote ! entire passage1 writt5 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 9 ord] to see :at ,dr4 ,ke5 v5tur$ to call a description ( ?is same op]ation4 ,we are almo/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,civilization is ab\t to ent] a new era1 ) new problems to solve1 new dang]s to confront1 new hopes to realize4 ,x is useless to d5y ! increas+ asc5dancy ( t _s1 :i* 9 reg>d to ! problems ( ! ,univ]se1 affirms no?+1 d5ies no?+1 b cont9ues its se>* = solution2 x is equally useless to %ut our eyes to ! influ5ce ( ?is _s ^u ^? beliefs :i* = _m ages h an*or$ human conduct to e?ical ideals4 ,regret w\ld be futile2 & "h1 p]haps is no occasion = regret4 ,to ! new _s1 :i* p]haps is to dom9ate ! future1 ?is long+ = tru?1 n = :at %e gives u 9 ! pr(it t ! l$g]s reckon1 b = :at %e is h]self--?is high ambition to solve ! my/]ies t p]plex & elude u1 ! _w may yet owe discov]ies t %all revolutionize exi/5ce1 & make ! com+ era inf9itely m glori\s 9 b5efic5t a*ievem5t ?an ! "o ^: f9al record ,hi/ory is s soon to end4 ,b all real progress 9 civilization dep5ds ^u man's e?ical ideals4444 ,:at %ape & t5d5cy are ^! hopes & ambitions to assume 9 com+ ye>s8 ,:at are ! ideals held up be=e ,am]ican /ud5ts 9 ,am]ican colleges8 ,:at are ! names ^: m5tion is to fire y\? ) en?usiasm1 ) long+ = l a*ievem5t & simil> success8 ,is x ,ri*et1 b5d+ ov] palpitat+ entrails1 surr\nd$ by groan+ creatures1' n1 z he tells u1 ) any ?\ght ( b5efit to mank9d1 b simply to seek out a new fact1 to v]ify a disput$ po9t8' ,is x ,mantegazza1 wat*+ day by day1 con multo amore e pati5ce moltissima1'--) mu* pati5ce & pleasure-- ! agonies ( 8 crucifi$ animals8 ,is x ,br[n-,sequ>d1 end+ a long life devot$ to ! torm5t ( liv+ ?+s ) ! inve/ion ( a no/rum t e>n$ him no?+ b contempt8 ,is x ,goltz ( ,/rasburg1 not+ ) wond] t "m love & ye>n+ solicitude c\ld be %[n ev5 by a dy+ animal1 ^: brea/s he _h cut (f1 & ^: sp9al cord he _h sev]$8 ,is x ,mag5die1 op]at+ = cat>act & plung+ ! ne$le to ! bottom ( ! pati5t's eye1 t by exp]im5t ^u a human be+ he might see ! effect ( irritat+ ! ret9a8 444 ,surely1 9 ^! names1 & su* z ^!1 !re c be no uplift or inspiration to "y m5 t[>d t unselfi% s]vice & e>ne/ "w :i* alone %all help t[>d ! amelioration ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is passage1 !re is an allusion ( ,,j ,,six ,,words to "o phase ( exp]im5tation :i* 0 subsequ5tly f\nd to be inaccurate1 & correct$1 z ,dr4 ,ke5 has %[n4 ,b 0 x 9 accord ) tru? to ref] to ?is pass+ ref]5ce z ,a ,,description ( ! same op]ation8 ,no read] ( ,dr4 ,ke5's pages w\ld be likely to inve/igate ! /atem5t4 ,0 x fair to p]mit 8 read]s to und]/& t a ,,description ,,exi/$1 ,,:]e ,,!re ,,0 ,,none8 ,!re is yet ano!r po9t to be not$4 ,ref]r+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,goltz1 ! impression seems to be giv5 t n only 0 ablation ( ! brea/ mi/ak5ly ascrib$ to ! ,/rasburg vivisector1 b t su* a vivisection 0 imag9>y3 ,,no ,,su* ,,op]ation ,,0 ,,ev] ,,done4 ,?is is also untrue4 ,exp]im5ts ( ! k9d h be5 done by o!r vivisectors1 & !y are record$ 9 _! own reports4 ,= example1 de ,s9ety ( ,p>is tells u 9 8 ,manuel ,pratique de ,gynecologie 7,p>is1 #ahgi1 p4 #ggh71 t ^u female gu9ea-pigs1 he _h practis$ l'ablation de ces gl&s p5dant la lactation4#a ,ano!r ,fr5* vivisector1 ,dr4 ,paul ,b]t1 /ates t he _h n only p]=m$ l'ablation des mamelles *ez une femelle de co*on d',inde1 b t he _h succe$$ 9 p]=m+ ! op]ation on a female goat4 ,! poor creature recov]$ f ! vivisection1 & lat]1 gave bir? to a kid1 :i* 0 plac$ ) ! "m4 ,:at w\ld happ5 to a new-born animal plac$ at ! side ( a "m ^: brea/s _h be5 cut (f8 ,le petit1 animal1 v\lant tet]1 et tr\vant pas de mamelles1 a donne de viol5t c\ps de tete dans le re'gion mammaire4444#b #a ,9 a ref]5ce to de ,s9ety's vivisections at page #aga1 9 ! pres5t volume1 !re is a slight mi/ake4 ,al?\gh de ,s9ety1 z %[n above1 _h practis$ ! ablation ( ! mamm>y gl&s dur+ lactation1 x w\ld seem t mutilation r ?an complete ablation prec$$ 8 exp]im5ts on ! inn]vation ( ! mamm>y n]ve4 ,! s5t5ce %\ld read cut into ! brea/s1 & n remov$ ! brea/s4 ,he tells u t he made a consid]able numb] ( exp]im5ts ( ! k9d ^u female gu9ea-pigs4 ,9 "o ( !m1 = example1 he laid b>e ! n]ve & isolat$ x ) a ?read1--le n]f mammaire d'un cote e/ mis a nu1 et isole1 & t :5 ! electric curr5t 0 us$1 extreme pa91--un d\leur tres vivre 0 excit$1 not)/&+ :i* ! excitation 0 cont9u$ = t5 m9utes4 7,gazette ,me'd4 de ,p>is1 = #ahgi1 p4 #eic74 #b ,comptes ,r5dus de la ,soc4 de ,biologie1 ,p>is1 #ahhc1 p4 #ggh4 ,!re is no ne$ ( complet+ ! description4 ,x 0 an exp]im5t absolutely useless & )\t ju/ification4 ,we may confess t we read ( su* useless cruelties ( exp]im5t only ) inf9ite disgu/4 ,no matt] h[ c>eful a writ] may be1 x is v r>e t he escapes1 f unfri5dly read]s1 ! imputation ( inaccuracy4 ,aga9/ writ]s ( hi/ory--m5 l ,fr\de1 ,macaulay1 or ,c>lyle--! same *>ge has be5 made4 ,b a critic ^: microscopic eye disc]ns inaccuracy 9 o!rs %\ld be v c>eful to make no simil> errors himself4 ,! mi/ake ^u :i* he has dwelt1 0 due to reliance ^u ! translation ( ano!r man4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to po9t out t 9 8 own writ+s ,dr4 ,ke5 has made a precisely simil> mi/ake2 & t al?\gh x 0 po9t$ out & its untru? confess$ _m ye>s ago1 yet ! false imputation appe>s aga9 9 ! pages ( 8 book1 )\t correction or intimation ( its utt] untru?1 on ! page :]e x firs tis giv5 to ! read] ( to-day4 ,9 a pamphlet publi%$ dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury by ! ,am]ican ,humane ,association1 !re appe>$ a /rong condemnation ( exp]im5ts made by a ,dr4 ,san>elli1 app>5tly ^u hospital pati5ts1 tempor>ily "u 8 c>e4 ,9 an ,italian p]iodical1 ! "y sci5ti/ describ$ 8 rese>*es ) rem>kable frankness4 ,he tells ( ! v>i\s symptoms ( yell[ fev]1 :i* by 8 s]um he _h caus$ 8 victims to suff]--! conge/ions1 ! haemorrhage1 ! delirium1 ! fatty deg5]ation1 ! collapse2 & all ^!1 he adds1 ,i h se5 unroll$ be=e my eyes1 ,,?anks ,,to ,,! ,,pot5t ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,yell[-,,fev] ,,poison ,,made ,,9 ,,my ,,laboratory4 ,s t]rible a confession ( human vivisection1 x 0 eem$ be/ by "s ,engli% translator to suppress2 & 9 v>i\s m$ical j\rnals1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ! s5t5ce "h italiciz$ did n appe>4 ,f9d+ x quot$ only by ! pamphlet t condemn$ human vivisection1 ,dr4 ,ke51 )\t consult+ ! orig9al1 made ! di%on\r+ imputation t p]haps x _h be5 ,,delib]ately ,,add$ by "s "o ( 8 oppon5ts1 & ?is1 too1 not)/&+ he _h ref]r$ to ! orig9al au?ority :]e ! words 7 to be f\nd4 ,un=tunately1 he expla9$ at a lat] p]iod1 ,i am n an ,italian s*ol>1 & h nev] ev5 se5 ,san>elli's orig9al article2 he _h plac$ dep5d5ce = 8 /atem5t ^u a fri5d4#a ,:o c\ld h be5 ?is fri5d :o pret5d$ t he _h read ! article ( ,san>elli 9 ! orig9al1 & deceiv$ him into mak+ a *>ge ( =g]y1 = ! tru? ( :i* !re 0 n a p>ticle ( f\ndation8 ,b ! ?+ ( :i* 8 read]s h a "r to compla9 is n t 8 fri5d deceiv$ him1 = t may happ5 to anyone4 ,x is ?is3 t ! imputation ( =g]y1 ! untru? ( :i* 0 admitt$ long ago1 /ill rema9s 9 ! essay :]e x fir/ appe>$1 & )\t !re be+ ! slighte/ disclaim] ( ! false ins9uation4 ,let ! read] turn to p4 #abe ( ! "w "u review4 ,!re is ! sugge/ion t ,san>elli's allusion to ! poisons fabricat$ 9 8 laboratory may h be5 ,,delib]ately ,,add$--an imputation ( =g]y4 ,,:]e ,,on ,,?is ,,page1 ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,or ,,by ,,footnote1 ,,has ,,! ,,au?or ,,)drawn ,,t ,,ins9uation8 ,,x ,,_c ,,be ,,f\nd4 #a ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 pp4 #adc-add4 ,,ii4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s (f5ces aga9/ lit]acy accuracy :i* ?is writ] has app>5tly committ$ appe>s 9 ! g>bl+ ( ! op9ions ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[ ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 on ! subject ( vivisection4 ,! case is ( especial int]e/ n only because ! facts are s cle>1 b because !y br+ into relief c]ta9 me?ods ( controv]sy1 :i* by "s seem to be reg>d$ z entirely ju/ifiable4 ,a sket* ( ! life ( ,dr4 ,bigel[1 ) ext5d$ quotations f 8 writ+s1 w be f\nd 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! "w n[ 9 ! read]'s h&s4 ,! op9ions !re express$ reg>d+ vivisection are by no means extreme4 ,no pa/ writ] on ?is subject has left beh9d him m abundant evid5ce ( 8 position 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,x 0 n animal exp]im5tation t he condemn$1 b ! cruelty t sometimes accompanies x1 & to :i*1 if vivisection be unregulat$ by law1 x is s (t5 liable4 ,h[ may ! views ( su* a writ] be attack$ aft] he is 9 8 grave8 ,a physiological casui/ w\ld sugge/1 = in/ance1 t al?\gh = =ty ye>s connect$ ) a m$ical s*ool1 ,dr4 ,bigel[ really knew little or no?+ ab\t vivisection except :at he _h *anc$ to see 9 ,france1 al?\gh 8 writ+s ab\nd ) allusions indicative ( famili>ity ) laboratory sc5es4 ,x might be ass]t$1 inde$1 t 9 8 lat] life1 ! great advocate ( re=m _h *ang$ 8 views2 & z a fair exposition ( ! new attitude1 a brief w>n+ aga9/ conf\nd+ a pa9ful ) a pa9less exp]im5t w\ld be quot$1 aft] elim9at+ f ! p>agraph any?+ t ref]r$ to cruelty or abuse4 ,is n ?is exactly :at ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation has done 9 8 attempt to discr$it ! weight ( ,dr4 ,bigel['s prote/s8 ,he tells 8 read]s t ! oppon5ts ( rese>* quote ! ,h>v>d pr(essor's e>lie/ utt]ances bas$ on ! suff]+ he saw at ,al=t1 b t !y c>efully omit ?is expression ( 8 lat] op9ions3 ,! dissection ( an animal 9 a /ate ( ins5sibility is no m to be criticiz$ ?an is ! abrupt kill+ ( x1 to :i* no "o objects4 ,! conf\nd+ ( a pa9ful vivisection & an exp]im5t :i* does n cause pa9--ei!r because ! exp]im5t itself is pa9less1 l ^? p]ta9+ to ! action ( mo/ drugs1 or because x is a trivial "o & gives little suff]+--has done great damage to ! cause ( humanity & has plac$ ! oppon5t ( vivisection at a great disadvantage4444 ,a pa9less exp]im5t on an animal is unobjectionable4 ,?is is all true en\gh4 ,b c anyone call ?is p>agraph a fair /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,bigel['s lat] views on animal exp]im5tation8 ,x is m]ely a wise caution4 ,comp>e ?is brief quotation ) ! n9? *ap] ( ! book 9 ! read]'s h&s4 ,w anyone1 aft] read+ t *apt]1 ma9ta9 t ,,! ,,?ree ,,s5t5ces ,,j ,,cit$ ,,af=d ,a ,,fair ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,,surgeon',s ,,late/ ,,views8 ,! read] w note t 9 ! passage j quot$ f ,bigel[1 some?+ appe>s to h be5 omitt$ be=e ! f9al s5t5ce4 ,on turn+ to ,dr4 ,bigel['s "w1 we f9d ?is s5t5ce 0 elim9at$ f ! =ego+ quotation4 ,,if ,,all ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,physiology ,,7 ,,z ,,pa9less ,,z ,,^? ,,9 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,!re ,,w\ld ,,be ,,b ,,"o ,,side ,,to ,,! ,,"q4#a #a ,anae/hesia1 by ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[1 ,m4,d41 p4 #cgb4 ,precisely6 ,!n imm$iately foll[+ ! words quot$ by ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 ! read] w discov] ano!r mo/ significant passage :i* 0 suppress$ by ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation3 ,! extreme vivisector claims ! lib]ty to inflict at 8 discretion1 ,,protract$ ,,& ,,excruciat+ ,,pa9 ^u any numb] ( dogs1 horses1 rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs & o!r animals4 ,! int]e/ or hone/ en?usiasm he may happ5 to feel 9 "s subject ( physiology1 h[ev] important1 ju/ifies 9 8 m9d ,,! ,,exhibition ,,( ,,?is ,,excessive ,,pa9 ,,to ,,classes1 ,,& ,,its ,,repetition ,,by ,,m$ical ,,/ud5ts1 ,,practically ,,at ,,_! ,,option4 ,,?is ,,is ,,an ,,abuse4 ,inasmu* z ! re=m ( any abuse ne$s rem$ial measures1 su* measures h be5 inaugurat$ by p]man5tly organiz$ societies1 :i*1 ev5 ?\gh !y may n h be5 always & :olly "r & temp]ate 9 _! action1 ,,h ,,err$ ,,9 ,,! ,,"r ,,direction4 ,:at 0 ! reason = ^! suppressions8 ,:y ?is g>bl+ ( ,bigel['s lat] views8 ,d we f9d x impossible to compreh5d :y 8 comp>ison ( physiological exp]im5ts ) ! pa9less proc$ures ( *emi/ry %\ld h be5 cut f ! contecxt1 or :y ! ref]5ces to ,,protract$ ,,& ,,excruciat+ ,,pa9 & ! exhibition ( excessive pa9 to classes %\ld h be5 omitt$8 ,h[ c\ld a writ]1 s9c]ely desir\s ( pres5t+ 8 read]s ) a fair expression ( ,dr4 ,bigel['s op9ions1 h cut out e ref]5ce to ! abuses ( vivisection8 ,h[ c\ld he h omitt$ to quote su* passages z ! foll[+1 :i* appe> 9 essays writt5 dur+ ! la/ ye> ( 8 life3 ,9 %ort1 al?\gh vivisection1 l slav]y1 may embrace )9 its practice :at is unobjectionable1 :at is useful1 :at is humane1 & ev5 :at is comm5dable1 x may also cov]1 l slav]y1 :at is no?+ less ?an hide\s4 ,i use ?is ^w 9 no s5sational s5se1 & appeal to ^? :o are famili> ) "s ( ! "w1 9 laboratories & out ( !m1 to endorse x z appropriate 9 ?is connection4 7#cfh7a ,!re is no objection to vivisection except ! physical pa9 x inflicts4 7#cfh7 ,no society1 h[ev] extreme 9 its views or action1 c legitimately object to pa9less exp]im5tation1 provid$ x is really pa9less4 ,,b ,,anae/hesia ,,%\ld ,,be ,,real1 ,,& ,,n ,,m]ely ,,nom9al ,,or ,,=mal4 7#cgd7 ,vivisection w always be ! bett] = vigilant sup]vision4 7#cfh7 ,!re is little 9 ! lit]ature ( :at is call$ ! horrors ( vivisection1 :i* is n well gr\nd$ on tru?4 ,= a description ( ! pa9 inflict$1 ,i ref] to t lit]ature4 7#cfc7 ,! necessity = brevity ( quotation1 no "o c dispute4 ,b ! e?ics ( controv]sy are cle>4 ,"o or two deta*$ s5t5ces %\ld nev] be giv5 z a fair repres5tation ( an oppon5t's views1 if ! g5]al t5or ( 8 writ+s w\ld convey a contr>y impression4 ,?us to suppress & elim9ate1 :at is x b to g>ble8 ,9 any "y writ]1 w\ld n su* (f5ces aga9/ v]acity invite ! sev]e/ condemnation8 #a ,h5ry ,j4 ,bigel[1 ,m4,d41 ,anae/hesia4 ,figures foll[+ quotations indicate ! pages4 ,italics n 9 orig9al4 ,,iii4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! unreliability ( ! volume "u review may be f\nd 9 its ref]5ces to ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection4 ,we are told1 9 ! fir/ place--& ! untrue /atem5t is ?rice repeat$ ) slightly diff]5t phraseology--t on ! ,commission1 ! antivivisectioni/s 7 repres5t$1 & jo9$ 9 ?is unanim\s report4#b ,x w\ld be difficult to make an affirmation m notori\sly untrue4 ,9 #aijf1 :5 ! ,commission 0 fir/ nam$1 x 0 a matt] ( common k t ,,no ,,antivivisectioni/ ,,0 ,,repres5t$ ,,!reon4 ,?is %\dl be evid5t to anyong1 "o read+ ! foll[+ p>agraph ( ! ,commission's report3 ,aft] full consid]ation1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t exp]im5ts ^u animals1 ,,adequately ,,safegu>d$ ,,by ,,law ,,fai?fully ,,adm9i/]$1 ,,are ,,morally ,,ju/ifiable ,,& ,,%\ld ,,n ,,be ,,prohibit$ ,,by ,,legislation4#a #b ,ke51 ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 p4 #bid4 ,= repetitions ( ! errone\s /atem5t1 see pp4 xviii & #bda4 #a ,report ( ,commission1 p4 #eg1 p>4 #ig4 ,h[ c\ld ,dr4 ,ke5 h dream$ = a mom5t t any antivivisectioni/ w\ld h sign$ su* a recantation8 ,possibly ! words "h italiciz$ expla9 :y ?is p>agraph 0 n quot$ by ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation4 ,x ref]r$ to ! conditions ( p]missible exp]im5tation :i*1 z yet1 d n exi/ 9 any ,am]ican /ate4 ,( ?is important report1 b a s+le brief p>agraph ( two s5t5ces appe>s to h attract$ ! att5tion ( ,dr4 ,ke54 ,x impresses him s /rongly t he p>ades x no less ?an ?ree times 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 book3 ,we desire to /ate t ! h>r[+ descriptions & illu/rations ( op]ations inflict$ on animals :i* are freely circulat$ by po/1 adv]tisem5t1 or o!rwise1 are ,,9 ,,_m ,,cases calculat$ to mislead ! public1 s f> z !y sugge/ t ! animals 9 "q 7 n "u an anae/hetic4 ,to repres5t t animals subject$ to exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,?is ,,c\ntry are ,,wantonly ,,tortur$ w\ld1 9 our op9ion1 be absolutely false4 7,italics n 9 orig9al47 ,?is cle> /atem5t1 adds ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation to "o ( 8 ?ree quotations1 %\ld end ?is calumny 7p4 #bda47 ,to :at ,,calumny c he allude8 ,! ,commission]s are ref]r+ only to exp]im5tation 9 ,engl&1 :]e unau?oriz$ pa9ful exp]im5tation is contr>y to law--c]ta9ly n to ,am]ica1 :]e no ,gov]nm5t sup]vision ( any k9d is to be f\nd4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 ! words ,,9 ,,_m ,,cases limit ! application ( condemnation4 ,w\ld ! au?or h its read]s believe t pa9ful or unju/ifiable exp]im5ts are nev] p]=m$8 ,,on ,,! ,,v ,,page ,,( ,,! ,,report ,,to ,,:i* ,,he ,,ref]s ,,u1 9 a p>agraph imm$iately foll[+ t j quot$1 !re is ref]5ce to a ,london physiologi/ ( di/9ction1 :o _h te/ifi$ t he _h p]=m$ ,,pa9ful exp]im5ts ^u animals bo? 9 ,g]many & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,commission unanim\sly condemn$ 8 position z unt5able1 & 9 our op9ion1 ,,absolutely ,,repreh5sible4 ,w\ld ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation reg>d ?is prote/ aga9/ c]ta9 exp]im5ts made by ! m5 nam$ 9 t p>agraph1 z a calumny8 ,! unfairness ( giv+ out to ! _w m]ely two s5t5ces z repres5tative ( ! conclusions ( an important ,commission w become evid5t to anyone :o reads o!r ( ! unanim\s conclusions ( ?is report4 ,take ! foll[+3 ,,we ,,/rongly ,,hold ,,t ,,limits ,,%\ld ,,be ,,plac$ ,,to ,,animal ,,suff]+ 9 ! se>* = physiological or pa?ological k1 ?\gh "s h cont5d$ t su* consid]ations %\ld be :olly subord9at$ to ! claims ( sci5tific rese>*1 or ! pursuit ( "s mat]ial good = man4#a ,does ?is conclusion be> out ! cont5tion t animal suff]+ 9 ! laboratory is a ,,my?8 ,or take ! recomm5dations ( ! ,commission conc]n+ ,,cur>e1 a drug :i* is us$ 9 e laboratory1 b :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 f9ds no m5tion 9 ! index ( ,dr4 ,ke5's book4 ,! ,report says3 ,"s ( u are ( ! op9ion t ! use ( ,,cur>e %\ld be altoge!r prohibit$2 b we are all agre$ t if its use is to be p]mitt$ at all1 an ,inspector or "s p]son nom9at$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate %\ld be pres5t f ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 :o %\ld satisfy himself t ! animal is1 ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,:ole ,,exp]im5t ,,& ,,until ,,its ,,dea?1 ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,complete ,,anae/hesia4#b ,:y 0 ?is recomm5dation made1 if ! use ( ,,cur>e is nev] associat$ ) pa9ful exp]im5tation8 ,or read yet fur!r3 ,we are ( ! op9ion t ,,additional ,,safegu>ds ,,aga9/ ,,pa9 ,,might ,,be ,,provid$1 )\t int]f]+ ) legitimate rese>*4 ,^! recomm5dations are incorporat$ 9 ! f9al report ( ! ,commission]s1 n "o ( :om 0 an ,antivivisectioni/4 ,:y 7 !y n quot$ by ,dr4 ,ke54 #a ,report1 p4 #eg1 p>4 #if4 #b ,ibid41 p4 #fa1 p>4 #aad4 ,! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,vivisection1 toge!r ) ! evid5ce produc$ be=e x1 con/itutes ! mo/ important docum5t relat+ to ! subject :i* has appe>$ 9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation %\ld h giv5 8 read]s no idea :atsoev] ( ?is report1 except a w>n+ ( two s5t5ces1 t c\ld h be5 meant = ,engl& alone4 ,by omission ( all its o!r conclusions1 especially ^? relat+ to pa9ful exp]im5ts1 has ! au?or be5 fair to 8 read]s8 ,d su* significant omissions illu/rate an imp>tial reliability t comm&s our admiration8 ,does x d5ote an accuracy t %\ld inspire our tru/8 ,,iv4 ,:at judgm5t does ! au?or pass ^u sci5tific exp]im5tation ^u human be+s8 ,9 8 volume on animal vivisection1 he has repr9t$ v>i\s articles on ! subject writt5 by himself dur+ a controv]sy :i* rag$ q fi]cely at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury2 ( c\rse 9 8 book we f9d no?+ ( ! po9ts made aga9/ 8 argum5ts by 8 v>i\s oppon5ts ( t day4 ,! subject is an important "o1 & "s day w h a volume devot$ to its discussion4 ,9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( ! pres5t "w1 a c>eful di/9ction is drawn betwe5 ^? phases ( exp]im5tation ^u man :i* seem to be entirely prop]1 & ^? o!r phases :i* ought to be condemn$3 ,x is ( c\rse to be expect$1 t c]ta9 exp]im5t]s ^u human be+s w endeav\r to conf\nd bo? phases ( inquiry 9 ! public e/imation2 yet !re is no difficulty 9 draw+ cle> di/9ctions betwe5 !m4 ,i4 ,any intellig5tly devis$ exp]im5t ^u an adult human be+1 consci5ti\sly p]=m$ by a responsible physician or surgeon solely = ! p]sonal b5efit ( ! individual ^u :om x is made1 &1 if practicable1 ) 8 cons5t1 w\ld seem to be legitimate & "r4444 ,s long z ! amelioration ( ! pati5t is ! "o purpose kept 9 view1 x is legitimate treatm5t4 ,,ii4 ,human vivisection is some?+ diff]5t4 ,x has be5 def9$ z ! practice ( submitt+ to exp]im5tation human be+s1 usually inmates ( public in/itutions1 by me?ods liable to involve pa91 di/ress1 injury to heal? or ev5 dang] to life1 )\t any full1 intellig5t p]sonal cons5t1 = no object relat+ to _! individual b5efit1 b = ! prosecution ( "s sci5tific inquiry4444 ,,! ,,object ,,is ,,sci5tific ,,inve/igation1 ,,& ,,n ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,welf>e ,,or ,,amelioration ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,^u ,,:om ,,! ,,exp]im5t ,,is ,,made4#a #a ,pp4 #bhi-bij4 ,all di/9ctions ( ?is k9d ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation app>5tly sweeps aside4 ,a writ] sugge/$ t ^u natives ( ,india :o1 :5 bitt5 by poison\s s]p5ts1 almo/ inv>iably die1 !re w\ld be no objection to try+ e v>iety ( antidote t c be discov]$4 ,?is humane sugge/ion ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation holds up z ,,flat-,,foot$ ,,advocacy ,,( ,,human ,,vivisection6 ,! absurdity ( su* pron\ncem5t mu/ be evid5t to ev]yone ( common s5se4 ,we %\ld ?9k v little ( any surgeon confront$ ) ! case ( a native suff]+ f a snake-bit1 :o1 f9d+ ord9>y rem$ies ( no avail1 refus$ to try ,,e ,,v>iety ,,( ,,antidote ,,t ,,c ,,be ,,discov]$4 ,?is is n ! human vivisection to :i* objection is made2 = su* exp]im5tation is = ! p]sonal b5efit ( ! man himself4 ,take1 = illu/ration1 ! exp]im5ts made by ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation & o!r inve/igators "s ye>s s9ce1 ^u soldi]s 9 an ,army hospital4 ,! au?or ( ! pamphlet :i* fir/ br\ght ^! exp]im5ts on soldi]s be=e ! public1 /ates di/9ctly t j s f> z ! exp]im5ts 7 made ^u suff]+ m5 ,,9 ,,! ,,hope ,,( ,,giv+ ,,relief ,,f ,,pa91 & at ! same "t contribut+ to m$ical k1 ,,!re ,,c ,,be ,,no?+ ,,to ,,criticize ,,9 ,,any ,,way4#b ,surely ! exp]im5t]s %\ld ask no cle>] exculpation f all blame1 s f> z relates to p]missible exp]im5tation on man4 ,! critic1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ t 9 "s cases1 ! en?usia/ic exp]im5t]s w5t beyond ?is1 & quotes f ! orig9al article ! foll[+ descriptions ( _! "w3 ,we f9ally ent]$ ^u ,a ,,delib]ate ,,c\rse ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ) ! int5tion ( asc]ta9+ 9 :at respect 444 ! two drugs 9 "q 7 antagoni/ic4444 ,! exp]im5ts :i* we %all n[ relate 7 mo/ ( !m made ^u soldi]s1 :o 7 suff]+ f pa9ful neuralgic diseases1 or f "s cause ( entail+ pa94 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 ,,convalesc5t ,,m5 ,,7 ,,! ,,subjects ,,( ,,our ,,obs]vations1 b 9 no in/ance 7 !y all[$ to "k :at ag5ts we us$4444 ,,"s ,,7 ,,m5 ,,9 ,,v ,,fair ,,heal?1 suspect$ ( mal+]+4 ,! pati5t 0 kept recumb5t "s "t be=e & dur+ ! obs]vation4 #b ,tab]1 ,illu/rations ( ,human ,vivisection1 ,*icago1 #aijf1 pp4 #ac-ad4 ,x is unnecess>y to give ! full description ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,we are in=m$ ( s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ( two o!r sets ( exp]im5ts1 ( ! effect on ! eye or ! effect ( ! two drugs ^u ! c]ebral functions2 ! mat]ial 0 abundant4 ,! review] ( ?is exp]im5tation says3 ,h[ ^! exp]im5ts w be palliat$ & excus$ x is easy to =etell4 ,we %all und\bt$ly be told t all ?is happ5$ "s ye>s ago2 t ! ,am]ican soldi]s1 ?us us$ z mat]ial suff]$ no p]man5t injury f ! exp]im5ts to :i* !y 7 subject$2 t ! inve/igators 7 purely dis9t]e/$2 t ! sci5tific que/ions involv$ 7 ( great int]e/ & t results might possibly h be5 obta9$ :i* w\ld h prov$ ( great s]vice to m$ical sci5ce4 ,b ev5 if we grant all ?is1 & accord to ^! g5tlem5 ! pure/ ( p]sonal motives1 c we say t 9 su* def5ce !y t\* ! *ief po9t at issue 9 ?is matt] ( human vivisection8 ,"h 7 a numb] ( human be+s :o1 = a brief p]iod1 on acc\nt ( mis=tune1 7 tempor>ily 9 _! p[]4 ,,:at ,,moral ,,"r _h ^! m$ical g5tlem5 ?us to exp]im5t ^u ! eye1 ! pulse1 ! bra9 ( a s+le soldi] ( ! ,republic8 444 ,ev5 grant+ ! utility1 :o conf]s ^u anyone ! moral "r to te/ poisons on 8 fell[-m58 ,9 8 rec5t "w1 ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation ref]s to ^! inve/igations ( e>li] ye>s1 & insi/s t mo/ ( ! pati5ts ?us op]at$ on 7 sorely 9 ne$ ( relief4 ,:at1 he asks1 w\ld 8 critics h _h !m d8 ,sit idly by1 & let ^! poor fell[s suff] torm5ts1 because if we tri$ v>i\s drugs we 7 exp]im5t+' on human be+s8 ,is n ?is a little dis+5u\s1 9 view ( ! v c>eful di/9ctions made by 8 critic conc]n+ ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ = ! relief ( suff]+ m58 ,assur$ly1 !re 0 no objection to ^!2 x 0 reg>d+ ! delib]ate c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts made ^u ,,m5 ,,9 ,,v ,,fair ,,heal? t criticism 0 sugge/$4 ,7 all ^! exp]im5ts ^u soldi]s 9 ! ,army hospital made = ! relief ( _! pa9s8 ,if s1 !y und\bt$ly des]ve our w>me/ approval4 ,7 any ( a purely sci5tific "*1 hav+ no reg>d to ! necessities ( ! individual ^u :om !y 7 made8 ,if s1 we may leave ! "q ( condemnation or approval to ! read]'s judgm5t4 ,v4 ,:at is ! attitude ( ! au?or t[>d cruelty 9 animal exp]im5tation1 or to ! secrecy ( ! laboratory8 ,s f> z "o c see1 !re is no admission any:]e t vivisection ev] transc5ds ! limits ( :at is entirely p]missible4 ,except z reg>ds human be+s1 ! ^w cruelty is n f\nd 9 ! index ( 8 "w4 ,at "o place he tells 8 read]s t :5ev] an op]ation w\ld be pa9ful1 an anae/hetic is ,,always giv52#a on ano!r page1 we read t 9 mod]n rese>*es1 e!r or o!r anae/hetics are ,,almo/ always giv54#b two /atem5ts t are slightly incompatible4 ,we are in=m$ t c]ta9 ,am]ican societies h pass$ resolutions favorable to ! ,,unre/rict$ p]=mance ( vivisections by prop] p]sons2#c b ! writ] neglects to in=m 8 read]s t unre/rict$ & unregulat$ exp]im5tation ( ! k9d is n only contr>y to ! law 9 ,engl&1 b t x is condemn$ !re by ! lead]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,we f9d x app>5tly impli$--b )\t positive /atem5t--t !re is little or no secrecy 9 animal exp]im5tation1 & t anyone may f9d admittance to a laboratory at any "t4#d ,s f> z ,engl& is conc]n$1 ?is is untrue2 & we d n believe t 9 ,am]ica a /rang] w\ld be welcom$ at any physiological laboratory :5 exp]im5tation by /ud5ts 0 go+ on1 al?\gh ( c\rse !re are times :5 !re w\ld be no tr\ble 9 obta9+ admittance4 ,x w\ld app>5tly seem t 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,ke51 animal exp]im5tation is always practis$ )\t cruelty or abuse4 #a ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 p4 #bcb4 #b ,ibid41 p4 #bde4 #c ,ibid41 p4 xviii4 #d ,ibid41 pp4 viii-ix4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! volume "u review is devot$ to ! hi/ory ( m$ical progress4 ,7 x n = ! un=tunate t5d5cy ev]y:]e to magnify or exagg]ate1 ?is "p ( ! book w\ld h _h di/9ct value4 ,( ! advances made by mod]n surg]y1 = example1 !re c be no d\bt2 x is probable also1 t )\t to "s rese>*es ^u liv+ animals1 ! results w\ld n h be5 atta9$4 ,?is by no means ju/ifies ev]y?+ t has be5 done4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,commission--all ( !m fav\rable to vivisection--/ate ! case ) sci5tific re/ra94 ,aft] giv+ ! "q full consid]ation !y decide3 #a4 ,t c]ta9 results1 claim$ f "t to "t to h be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts ^u liv+ animals & alleg$ to h be5 b5eficial 9 prev5t+ or cur+ disease1 ,,h1 ,,on ,,fur!r ,,inve/igation ,,& ,,exp]i5ce1 ,,be5 ,,f\nd ,,to ,,be ,,fallaci\s ,,or ,,useless4 #b4 ,t not)/&+ su* failures1 valuable k ,,has ,,be5 ,,acquir$ 9 reg>d to physiological processes & ! causation ( disease1 & t useful me?ods = ! prev5tion1 cure & treatm5t ( c]ta9 diseases h result$ f exp]im5tal inve/igations ^u liv+ animals4 #c4 ,t1 z f> z we c judge1 x is highly improbable t )\t exp]im5ts made ^u animals1 mank9d w\ld1 at ! pres5t "t1 h be5 9 possession ( su* k4#a #a ,f9al ,report ( ,royal ,commision1 p4 #dg4 ,x is op51 ( c\rse1 to an antivivisectioni/ to d5y ! "r ( sci5ce to pr(it by ! exploitation ( animals1 b ?is is n ! position ( a l>ge numb] :o seek only to prev5t ! cruelty :i* has (t5 accompani$ x4 ,! greate/ defect ( ! volume1 aside f ! po9ts to :i* allusion has be5 made1 is ! exagg]at$ advocacy t *>act]izes ! "w ?r\gh\t4 ,"o c h>dly f9d a doz5 pages 9 :i* a c>eful read] w\ld n discov] "s inaccuracy or ov]-/atem5t4 ,if ! au?or _h only be5 cont5t to demon/rate utility )9 ! limits t sci5tific accuracy prescribes2 if ev]y:]e he _h be5 ready to conc$e--:at ?irty ye>s ago he s frankly admitt$--t vivisection 0 a ,,_m-,,sid$ ,,"q2#a if he _h admitt$ any:]e t 9 ! pa/ excesses h tak5 place1 & t ! practice has sometimes be5 c>ri$ to unju/ifiable extremes :i* %\ld be condemn$2 if he _h cont5t$ himself ) po9t+ out ! mi/akes ( ! critics ( animal exp]im5tation1 )\t impugn+ _! "*1 or sne]+ at _! ef=ts to less5 ! infliction ( pa92 if ev]y:]e he _h made fair di/9ctions betwe5 ! anti- vivisectioni/s :o oppose & condemn all exploitation ( animal life1 & re/rictioni/s l ,dr4 ,bigel[1 ,dr4 ,wilson1 ,dr4 ,william ,james1 & a ho/ ( o!rs :o %>e _! views2 if1 9 %ort1 ! con/ant aim ( ! au?or _h seem$ to be1 n to secure a polemical success1 b reliability z an au?ority t "t w\ld confirm--x is c]ta9 t 8 book w\ld h atta9$ "s degree ( des]v$ & la/+ repute4 ,= su* a result1 no reasonable expectation c n[ be ent]ta9$4 ,! unreliability ( ! volume z an au?ority w become m & m evid5t z "t goes on1 & 9 ! judgm5t ( ! _w x w gradually f9d its rightful place4 #a ,see fir/ page ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation4 ,9 br++ to a close ?is inadequate review ( ! book some?+ yet rema9s to be said4 ,x %\ld be unnecess>y to repeat t 9 po9t+ out lit]>y defects & mi/akes1 we d n t\* ! hon\r ( ! writ] 9 any way4 ,h[ c "o measure ! weight ( a life- long prejudice1 or det]m9e its influ5ce ^u conduct or op9ion8 ,t\t compr5de e/ t\t p>donn]4 ,)9 a few weeks1 ! au?or ( ,animal ,exp]im5tation1 if liv+1 w ent] ^u 8 eightie? ye>4 ,! errors ( judgm5t1 ! inaccuracies ( /atem5t1 ! t5d5cy to exagg]ate utility--^! & all o!r lit]>y defects ( ! volume be=e u mu/ be recogniz$ & deplor$1 b !y %\ld be ascrib$ only to causes :i* d n affect ! hon\r ( ! man4 ,we may be confid5t t aft] he has pass$ away1 ! _w w quickly =get ! too zeal\s def5d] ( unre/rict$ vivisection1 & rememb]1 f9ally1 only ! wise tea*]1 ! skill$ surgeon1 ! tru/$ fri5d4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,9 ! acquirem5t ( k conc]n+ vivisection1 & = ! prev5tion ( abuses1 x is ess5tial t 9 e in/itution :]e exp]im5ts are p]=m$ a regi/] ( all animals receiv$ be c>efully & accurately kept4 ,ea* "o %\ld h a s]ial numb]1 "u :i* all p>ticul>s %\ld be ent]$4 ,! book us$ = ?is purpose %\ld h pr9t$ 9 ! fir/ column ( ea* d\ble page ! requir$ details conc]n+ :i* a record is to be kept2 ! blanks %\ld be writt5 9 ink by someone responsible = its accuracy4 ,"s su* =m z ! foll[+ outl9e might p]haps be us$ = su* regi/]3 ,,regi/] ,,( ,,all ,,mammalian ,,animals ,,receiv$ ,,= ,,exp]im5tation ,,9 ,,! ,,c>negie ,,laboratory ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye> #aibj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,s]ial numb] 44 44 44 #hja #hjb #hjc ,date 44 44 44 44 ,feb4 #a1 #aibj ,feb4 #a1 #aibj;,feb #b1 #aibj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,species 44 44 44 44 ,dog ,dog --- ,v>iety 44 44 44 44 ,mongrel ,spaniel --- ,app>5t age 44 44 44 ,two ye>s ,v old --- ,sex 44 44 44 44 44 ,male ,female --- ,col\r 44 44 44 44 ,yell[ ,:ite --- ,condition 44 44 44 ,good ,poor --- ,f :om receiv$ 44 44 ,bradson ,burns --- ,address 44 44 44 44 #de1 ,canal ,/4 #bb1 ,mill ,/4 --- ,am\nt paid him 44 44 #ge c5ts #ej c5ts --- ,h[ acquir$ by him 44 ,f\nd ,f\nds --- ,kept by u = r$emption #ae days #ae days --- ,deliv]$ to 44 44 44 ,dr4 ,%>p ,dr4 ,ball --- ,r$eem$ or di$ 44 44 --- --- --- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f su* a regi/] z ! =ego+1 x w\ld n be difficult to compile a report at ! end ( ea* qu>t]-ye>1 some:at aft] ! foll[+ =m3 ,,report ,,( ,,animals 7,,mammals7 ,,receiv$ ,,= ,,exp]im5tation ,,at ,,! ,,c>negie ,,in/itute1 ,,dur+ ,,qu>t] ,,end+ ,,m>* #ca1 #aibj4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,o!r ,dogs4 ,cats4,monkeys4,mammals4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,on h&1 ,janu>y #a 44 #bj #d #b #ad #dj ,acquir$ 44 44 #ia #adb #aa #acb #cgf ----------------------------------- ,total 44 44 #aaa #adf #ac #adf #daf ,r$eem$ by own]s 44 #aa #j #j #j #aa ,di$ be=e use 44 #b #j #a #j #c ,us$ = exp]im5t 44 #hd #gf #aj #ih #bfh ,on h& at date 44 #ad #gj #b #dh #acd ----------------------------------- ,total #aaa #adf #ac #adf #daf ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 7,sign$7 ,a4 ,b41 ,,regi/r> ,,( ,,laboratory4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,ss4 ,on ?is #ca/ day ( ,m>*1 #aibj1 be=e me1 ! subscrib]1 p]sonally came ,a4 ,b41 kn[n to me1 & he1 be+ duly sworn1 decl>$ t ! =ego+ report sign$ by him is a full1 true1 & complete /atem5t ( all ! animals ( ! species nam$ !re91 :i* 7 ei!r on h& on ! fir/ day ( ! qu>t]1 or :i* h be5 receiv$ at ! ,laboratory ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute = exp]im5tal purposes1 & ! disposition !re(1 = ! qu>t]-ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aibj4 4444444444444444444 ,,not>y ,,public4 ,x is necess>y n only to "k :at animals are receiv$ at any laboratory2 we mu/ be able to foll[ !m to ! end4 ,ea* individual in/ructor1 pr(essor or assi/ant-pr(essor1 or o!r p]son :o p]=ms exp]im5ts ( any k9d %\ld be requir$ to /ate :at he has done4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e ( a report :i* might be made to ! ,director 9 *>ge ( ! laboratory4 -------------------- ,a ,,report ,,( ,,all ,,mammalian ,,animals ,,us$ ,,= ,,exp]im5tation1 ,,ei!r ,,by ,,myself ,,or ,,"u ,,my ,,p]sonal ,,sup]vision ,,9 44444444444 ,,laboratory1 ,,dur+ ,,qu>t] ,,end+ ,,m>* #ca1 #aibj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,mon- ,gu9ea- ,o!r ,dogs4 ,cats4 keys4 ,pigs4 ,animals4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,i4 ,numb] ( animals us$ solely = orig9al rese>* ,,ii4 ,numb] ( animals us$ = demon/ra- tion be=e /ud5ts1 ( physiological facts ,,iii4 ,numb] ( animals exp]im5t$ ^u by /ud5ts 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,total 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ,,iv4,numb] ( above ani- mals1 9 exp]im5- tation ^u :i* ,,cur>e 0 us$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 7,sign$7 444444444444444444444444 ,,assi/ant ,,9 ,,physiology4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,ss4 ,on ?is #ca/ day ( ,m>*1 #aibj1 be=e me1 ! subscrib]1 p]sonally came ,a4 ,b41 kn[n to me1 & he1 be+ duly sworn1 decl>$ t ! =ego+ report 0 sign$ by him1 & t x is a true1 full & complete /atem5t ( all mammalian animals us$ by him or "u 8 p]sonal sup]vision = exp]im5tal purposes 9 ! 44444444444 ,laboratory dur+ ! qu>t] end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aibj4 4444444444444444444444 ,,not>y ,,public4 ,sugge/$ =m ( report1 to be made qu>t]ly by ! responsible head ( ea* ,in/itution :]e9 animal exp]im5tation is au?oriz$4 -------------------- ,a ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,disposition ,,( ,,animals 7,,mammals7 ,,us$ ,,= ,,exp]im5tal ,,purposes ,,9 ,,all ,,laboratories ,,( ,,c>negie ,,in/itute ,,dur+ ,,qu>t] ,,end+ ,,m>* #ca1 #aibj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mon- ,o!r ,animals4 ,dogs4 ,cats4keys4,animals4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,i4 ,numb] us$ = orig9al rese>* only1 by3 ,dr4 ,x4 44 44 44 ,dr4 ,y4 44 44 44 ,,ii4 ,numb] us$ = demon/ra- tions be=e /ud5ts1 by3 ,dr4 ,a4 44 44 44 ,dr4 ,b4 44 44 44 ,,iii4 ,numb] us$ by /ud5ts = obs]vation ( physiolog- ical ph5om5a1 etc4 44 -------------------------------- ,total 44 44 44 -------------------------------- ,numb] ( above animals to :i* cur>e 0 giv51 9 c\rse ( exp]im5tation 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 7,sign$7 444444444444444444444 ,,director ,,( ,,laboratory4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,ss4 ,on ?is #a/ day ( ,april1 #aibj1 be=e me1 ! subscrib]1 p]sonally came ,c4 ,d41 kn[n to me1 :o1 be+ duly sworn1 decl>$ t ! =ego+ report sign$ by him1 is a full1 true & complete /atem5t ( ! disposition ( all animals exp]im5t$ ^u 9 ! laboratories ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute1 dur+ ! qu>t]-ye> end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aibj1 to ! be/ ( 8 k & belief4 444444444444444444444 ,,not>y ,,public4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,x is exce$+ly probably t no "y physician or m$ical /ud5t c\ld te/ify to cruelties witness$ 9 any physiological laboratory1 if !y involv$ 8 in/ructors or fell[-/ud5ts1 )\t injur+ & p]haps ru9+ altoge!r 8 pr(essional c>e]4 ,only 9 lat] ye>s1 :5 success & indep5d5ce h be5 atta9$1 c he v5ture to speak freely ( :at he has se54 ,"s m5 h ?us spok54 ,! te/imony ( two is "h giv53 ,rev4 ,fr$]ic ,r[l& ,m>v91 ,m4,d41 ,albany1 ,n4,y43 ,?\gh n[ a ,m9i/] ( ! ,gospel1 ,i 0 educat$ to ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e1 & 0 graduat$ f ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons 7,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ,columbia ,college7 ,new ,york1 9 #ahgj4 ,9 ! class-room ,i ,,saw ,,vivisections ,,s ,,unqualifi$ly ,,cruel ,,t ,,ev5 ,,n[ ,,!y ,,rema9 ,,9 ,,my ,,memory ,,z ,a ,,nightm>e4 7,f lett] to ,! ,am]ican ,humane ,association47 ,all m$ical /ud5ts 9 ,am]ica "k t simil> outrages are p]petrat$ 9 our m$ical colleges e w9t]4 ,i h witness$ vivisections ,,s ,,cruel ,,& ,,unnecess>y ,,t ,i ,,am ,,a%am$ ,,to ,,rememb] ,,t ,,!y ,,7 ,,"u ,,! ,,patronage ,,( ,,my ,,alma ,,mat]4 7,f s]mon prea*$ at ,portl&1 ,oregon47 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m4 ,field1 ,pr(essor ,em]ituss ( ,!rapeutics1 ,d>tm\? ,m$ical ,s*ool1 ,d>tm\? ,college1 writes3 ,i well rememb] my exp]i5ce z a /ud5t ( m$ic9e at ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,surgeons1 ,new ,york4444 ,i well rememb] ! poor dogs1 br\ght out f _! dungeon1 p]haps fami%$ & tortur$ ) ?ir/1 %\ld ! exp]im5t require su* condition2 _! appeal+ eyes & trembl+ limbs1 ,i %all nev] =get4444 ,inde$1 ,,"s ,,=m ,,( ,,torture ,,& ,,atrocity ,,0 ,,expect$ ,,at ,,e ,,lecture1 ,,& ,,sure ,,to ,,be ,,applaud$4444 ,! /ud5t :o f\nd ent]ta9m5t 9 ! unnecess>y torture ( animals1 le>n$ some?+ besides physiology2 8 humane nature 0 p]v]t$4444 7,f lett] to ! ,vivisection ,re=m ,society1 dat$ ,april #bh1 #aije47 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,a ,,lett] ,,( ,,dr4 ,,john ,,bascom1 ,,late ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wiscons94 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,spr+field ,republican4 ,,sir1--,9 ! complexity ( our _m social problems1 x does n q d to extemporize an op9ion4 ,9 a rec5t issue ! ,republican came v ne> fall+ into ?is fault4 ,tak+ z its text a /rik+ example ( locat+ a clot ( blood 9 ! bra91 & ref]r+ ! k by :i* ?is 0 done to vivisection1 x spoke lightly ( ! limitation :i* _m h s\ght to put ^u ?is practise4 ,x is noot ! ass]tion ( ! oppon5ts ( vivisection1 t itis always useless1 b t x has be5 c>ri$ mu* beyond ! dem&s ( any desirable & humane purpose4 ,ev5 ! example giv5 is n s /rik+ if we rememb] t x has long be5 kn[n t ea* half ( ! body is gov]n$ n by ! adjac5t1 b by ! opposite1 lobe ( ! bra94 ,consid]+ ! unc]ta9ty1 & ! co/ly nature1 ( ! k ga9$ by vivisection1 & ! great abuse ! practice has suff]$1 its oppon5ts dem& t animals %\ld n be subject$ to ?is suff]+ except 9 view ( "s def9ite & important "q to be answ]$2 t ! pa9 involv$ 9 su* an inve/igation %\ld be r$uc$ to its l[e/ possible t]ms2 t exp]im5ts once satisfactorily made %\ld n be indef9itely repeat$2 & t vivisection %\ld n be left 9 ! h&s ( e tyro acquir+ ! rudim5ts ( k4 ,^! claims are almo/ z mu* a dem& ( accuracy 9 k z ( humanity 9 temp]4 ,! pa9 involv$ 9 vivisection (t5 creates su* an abnormal /ate z to weak5 or invalidate ! conclusions drawn 9 connection ) x4 ,! c>eless /ud5t may easily confirm1 z he ?9ks by obs]vation1 op9ions n well gr\nd$4 ,vivisection has be5 object$ to n !oretically or s5tim5tally simply1 b on acc\nt ( ! mon/r\s abuses t h be5 associat$ ) x4 ,9 ,europe m5 ( di/+ui%+ ability h seem$ to revel 9 ?is =m ( inquiry & to h prosecut$ x )\t ! slighte/ ref]5ce to ! cruel & revolt+ features associat$ ) x4 ,!y h made ( x a s*ool ( ,n]o 9 :i* brutality became a passion ( ! m9d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ deadly s9s ( m5 has be5 cruelty1 cruelty to animals1 to *ildr51 to wom51 to m54 ,! base/ ( ^! =ms is 9 "s respects cruelty to animals1 s9ce animals are s ?or\ghly committ$ into our h&s4 ,x is n easy to devise a m h>d5+ process ?an c>eless vivisection2 & ! claim t x is done 9 ! "n ( k is1 unless x is pr(\ndly & deeply true1 an aggravation ( ! (f5ce4 ,inhumanity is ! wor/ possible temp] = ! m$ical pr(ession to ent]ta91 & ! wor/ possible suspicion to atta* to !m4 ,if ! physicians _c approa* all suff]+ ) an int5se desire to relieve x1 he is n true to 8 call+4 ,x is ) m or less fe> t ! def5celess human subject is committ$ to !m le/ !y %\ld make ( him an exp]im5t4 ,,john ,,bascom4 ,william/[n1 ,decemb] #ae1 #aijb4 ,,app5dix ,v ,among ,am]ican physicians1 probably ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m$ical writ] ( to-day is ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,g\ld1 au?or ( sev]al m$ical works1 & =m]ly editor ( v>i\s m$ical j\rnals4 ,8 opposition to antivivisection ideals has always be5 pron\nc$2 b x has n prev5t$ recognition ( ! abuses ( ! unlimit$ practice ( animal exp]im5tation4 ,"s extracts f an address deliv]$ by ,dr4 ,g\ld be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,m$ic9e are "h pres5t$4 ,! read] %\ld und]/& t !y are extracts only1 & t !y repres5t b "o aspect ( ! speak]'s views4 ,p]haps !y are ! m valuable 9 t !y are ! utt]ances ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ ,am]ican critic ( antivivisection ( ! pres5t "t4 ,,! ,,limitations ,,& ,,errors ,,( ,,! ,,vivisectioni/s ,! fir/ t /rikes "o is an exagg]ation ( ! importance & ext5t ( ! vivisection me?od4 ,z valuable an aid z x is1 x is n ! only1 & p]haps x is n ! *ief1 me?od ( asc]ta9+ m$ical tru?4 ,x has )\t d\bt (t5 be5 us$ :5 o!r me?ods w\ld h be5 productive ( m c]ta9 results4 ,?is has aris5 f :at a l>ge & broad culture ( ! human m9d p]ceives to fl[ f a rec5t & r silly hyp]trophy ( ! sci5tific me?od1 & a limitation ( t me?od to altoge!r too mat]ial or physical aspects ( ! problem4444 ,almo/ e po9t ov] :i* ! controv]sy has rag$ mo/ fi]cely has be5 9 relation to "o or all ( ! ?ree or f\r que/ions3 #a4 ,:at is a vivisection exp]im5t8 #b4 ,by :om %\ld x be p]=m$8 #c4 ,= :at purpose %\ld x be p]=m$8 #d4 ,by :at me?ods %\ld x be c>ri$ out8 ,9 ref]5ce to all ( ^! que/ions1 sci5tific m5 %\ld unite & e/abli% a common set ( pr9ciples or answ]s4 ,9 my judgm5t _! failure to d s at all1 & besides ?is1 _! frequ5t exagg]ation ( logical limits & j calims1 has be5 "o ( ! un=tunate causes ( useless & wa/eful wrangl+44444 7#b7 ,i believe sci5tific m5 h made a grave mi/ake 9 oppos+ ! limitations ( vivisection 7n mortisection7 exp]im5tation to ^? fitt$ by education & position to prop]ly *oose & prop]ly execute su* exp]im5tations4 ,no h>m c come1 & ,i believe mu* good w\ld come1 f our p]fect read9ess to acc$e to1 nay1 to advocate1 ! antivivisectioni/ desire to limit all exp]im5tations to *>t]$ in/itutions or to su* private inve/igators z might be select$ by a prop]ly *os5 au?ority4444 ,at pres5t ! greate/ h>m is done true sci5ce by m5 :o conduct exp]im5ts )\t prelim9>y k to *oose1 )\t judgem5t to c>ry out1 )\t\t true sci5tific tra9+ or me?od1 & only 9 ! int]e/ ( vanity4 ,x takes a deal ( true sci5ce & pati5ce to neutralize ) good & to wa% out ( ! memory ! sick5+1 goad+ s5se ( %ame t foll[s ! k t 9 ! "n ( sci5ce a man c\ld1 f a height ( #be feet1 drops #abe dogs ^u ! nates 7! sp9e =m+ a p]p5dicul> l9e to ?is po9t7 & = f =ty-"o to "o hundr$ days obs]ve ! results until sl[ dea? end$ ! animals' mis]y4 ,:ile we h su* ?+s to answ] =1 our )]s are surely n unwrung1 & 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 if n f o!r motives1 we h a "r to decide :o %all be privileg$ to d !m4 ,i h adduc$ ?is s+le ,am]ican exp]im5t1 b purposely refra9 f ev5 m5tion+ ! horrors ( ,european laboratories4 ,?is is n because ,i w\ld avoid putt+ blame :]e x belongs1 b because su* ?+s are peculi>ly prone to ar\se viol5t language & passion1 cl\d+ ! intellect & mak+ almo/ impossible a desirable judicial attitude ( m9d4 ,! ,teutonic race is to be congratulat$ t x is guilty ( at lea/ b few examples ( ! atrocities t h /a9$ ! hi/ory ( ,lat9 vivisection1 & be=e :i*1 z be=e ! records ( ,roman conque/ & slav]y1 or ( ! ,holy ,inquisition1 "o %udd]s at ! possibilities ( m5tal action 9 be+s t bore ! human =m & feature4444 ,to je] at & d]ide s5tim5tality :ile pret5d+ to be work+ = ! good ( humanity is hypocritic & flagrant self- contradiction4 ,?is attitude ( m9d on ! "p ( a few m5 does m to ar\se ! indignation ( oppon5ts ?an any cruelty itself4 ,sci5tific m5 %\ld root out ( _! ranks su* poor repres5tatives4 ,!y are enemies 9 ! sci5tific h\sehold4 ,dr4 ,kle91 a physiologi/1 be=e ! ,royal ,commission1 te/ifi$ t he _h no reg>d at all = ! suff]+s ( ! animals he us$1 & nev] us$ anae/hetics1 except = didactic purposes1 unless necess>y = 8 own conv5i5ce1 & t he _h no "t = ?9k+ :at ! animal w\ld feel or suff]4 ,x may be d5i$1 b ,i am c]ta9 a few ,am]ican exp]im5t]s feel ! same way1 & act 9 accordance ) _! feel+s4 ,b !y are n by any means ! majority1 & !y mu/ n only be sil5c$1 b _! useless & unsci5tific "w %\ld be /opp$4 ,!y are a disgrace bo? to sci5ce humanity4444 ,& ?is br+s me to :at ,i c b conceive z a grave & pr(\nd mi/ake on ! "p ( ! exp]im5tali/s--_! secrecy4 ,a truly sci5tific man is necess>ily a humane man1 & !re w be no?+ to conceal f ! public gaze ( any?+ t goes on 9 8 laboratory4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k our "w _c be> ! criticism ( su* enlight5$ public s5tim5t z exi/s "h & n[2 if !re is necess>y secrecy1 !re is wrong4 ,p g5]ally are n su* poor judges z all t4444 ,i w\ld g ev5 fur!r4 ,e laboratory %\ld publi% an annual /atem5t sett+ =? pla9ly ! numb] & k9d ( exp]im5ts1 ! objects aim$ at1 & mo/ def9itely ! me?ods ( conduct+ !m4 ,at pres5t ! public some:at ludicr\sly b s9c]ely en\gh grossly exagg]ates ! am\nt & ! "* ( ?is "w1 & by our fooli% secrecy we fe$ ! flame ( _! passionate error4 ,z organiz$1 sy/ematic1 & absolute frankness1 besides self-b5efit1 w\ld at once1 z x 71 take ! w9d out ( our oppon5ts' saiils4 ,d n let u h re=m =c$ ^u u f )\t 9 ?is cont5tion1 b by go+ m ?an half-way to meet !m1 by ! s9c]e/ publicity1 %[ t z wel z sci5ti/s & lov]s ( m5 we are also lov]s ( animals4 ,fai?1 hope1 & love--^! ?ree4 ,to fai? 9 k1 to hope ( less5+ human evil1 we add love--love ( m51 & ( ! beautiful liv+ me*anisms ( animal bodies plac$ 9 our c>e4 ,z x appe>s to me1 ?is mo/ un=tunate controv]sy1 fill$ ) bitt]ness1 misrepres5tation1 & exagg]ation1 is utt]ly unnecess>y4 ,bo? ( ! %>p-divid$1 hate-fill$ p>ties are at heat1 if !y b knew x1 agre$ ^u ess5tials & furi\sly w>r+ ov] non-ess5tials & errors4 ,i frankly confess t "o side is ab\t z mu* at fault z ! o!r1 & t ! :ole wret*$ bus9ess is a sad comm5t>y ^u ! pov]ty ( common *>ity & good s5se4444 ,,app5dix ,,vi ,,! ,,regulation ,,( ,,exp]im5tation ,,on ,,human ,,be+s ,a ,bill = ! regulation ( ! practice ( exp]im5tation ^u human be+s 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & else:]e has be5 drawn1 & w %ortly be introduc$ 9 ! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an outl9e ( ! propos$ ,bill is "h giv51 b 9 "s respects x may be enl>g$ or modifi$ be=e its f9al introduction4 ,x is believ$ t a law may be fram$ :i* %all prohibit only ^? acts :i* are contr>y to ju/ice1 & :i* %\ld be =bidd5 by common cons5t4 --------------------------- ,a ,bill = ! ,regulation ( ,sci5tific ,exp]im5tation ^u ,human ,be+s 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & 9 ! ,t]ritories & ,dep5d5cies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 9 ,congress assembl$3 ,,section #a4 ,t h]eaft] no p]son %all make ^u any human be+ any sci5tific1 m$ical or surgical exp]im5t or op]ation1 ,,except ,,= ,,! ,,b5efit ,,( ,,! ,,p]son ,,exp]im5t$ ,,^u1 unless ! intellig5t1 p]sonal cons5t ( su* latt] p]son %all previ\sly h be5 obta9$4 ,e su* cons5t1 to be valid1 mu/ be 9 writ+ & mu/ be prec$$ by a full & correct writt5 /atem5t sett+ =? to ! p]son ^: cons5t is s\ght :atev] pa9ful1 injuri\s or dang]\s consequ5ces are obvi\sly liable to result f ! propos$ exp]im5tation1 & su* /atem5t %all be sign$ bo? by ! exp]im5t] & ! p]son to be exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,,section #b4 ,t exp]im5ts or op]ation ( ?is nature %all be und]tak5 only by "o ( ! responsible head-physicians or surgeons ( "s hospital or public in/iution or by 8 special writt5 au?orization2 provid$ only t no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all apply to sci5tific inve/igations incapable ( caus+ injury1 made by direction ( au?orities 9 *>ge ( any in/itution ( le>n+1 ^u /ud5ts1 ) _! cons5t1 = ! purpose ( te/+ acut5ess ( m5tal action1 or = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ o!r m5tal or physical ph5om5a4 ,,section #c4 ,t no sci5tific1 m$ical or surgical exp]im5t ( any k9d1 liable to cause pa9 or di/ress or injury to heal? or dang] to life1 %all be p]missible "u any circum/ances ^u any new-born babe1 or ^u any infirm or ag$ or feeble-m9d$ p]son1 or ^u anyone ^: m5tal faculties are impair$1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 or ^u any woman dur+ pregnancy or )9 a ye> aft] h] conf9em5t1 or ^u any *ild "u fifte5 ye>s ( age1 unless x be und]tak5 = ! sole b5efit ( ! p]son to be exp]im5t$ ^u2 & ! cons5t ( any su* p]son to any su* exp]im5t or op]ation %all n con/itute su* legal cons5t z is requir$ by ?is act1 b %all be null & void4 ,,section #d4 ,t ! responsible head ( any hospital or public in/itution1 9 :i* any exp]im5t or op]ation ( any k9ds m5tion$ 9 ,section #a ( ?is ,act %all h be5 made1 %all on or be=e ! fir/ day ( ,febru>y 9 ea* ye> make a writt5 report1 atte/$ by oa?1 to ! ,commission]s ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia ( all su* exp]im5ts & op]ations t %all h be5 made 9 su* hospital or public in/itution dur+ ! cal5d> ye> next prec$+1 :i* report %all conta9 copies ( ! /atem5ts & ( ! cons5ts requir$ by said ,section #a1 toge!r ) detail$ acc\nts ( su* exp]im5ts & op]ations & ! results !re(2 & su* reports %all be pr9t$ annually4 ,,section #e4 ,t any p]son :o au?orizes1 p]=ms or assi/s 9 p]=m+ an exp]im5t or op]ation 9 violation ( any provision ( ?is ,act %all be liable1 ^u conviction1 to a f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s 7#a1jjj7 & %all !reaft] be incapable ( legally engag+ 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia or 9 any t]ritory "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( hold+ any (ficial position ( any k9d "u ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,,section #f4 ,t all sections ( ?is ,act %all be applicable to ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia & to all o!r t]ritory "u ! jurisdiction or milit>y control ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,app5dix ,,vii ,,sci5tific ,,op9ions ,a few ye>s ago1 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d ,ri*>dson1 ,m4,d41 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society & a di/+ui%$ sanit>ian1 0 ask$ to express 8 op9ion reg>d+ exp]im5ts ^u animals4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! m$ical pr(ession2 = "s ye>s he _h be5 a lectur] on physiology 9 a m$ical s*ool2 he _h be5 a practical exp]im5t]1 & 8 discov]ies ( new ag5ts & me?ods = ! pr\ction ( anae/hesia _h giv5 him a high place 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,8 reply to a s]ies ( que/ions 0 embodi$ 9 a volume entitl$3 ,biological ,exp]im5tation2 its ,function & ,limits4 ,c]ta9 extracts f ?is "w1--9 "s cases slightly abbreviat$1--are "h giv54 ,!y are ( special value1 z ! views ( an em95t physician1 a sci5tific discov]]1 & a practical physiologi/4 --------------------- ,if 9 creation !re 0 no pa91 if no pa9 c\ld be extort$ except by a physiologi/1 a physiologi/ inflict+ pa91 ev5 = ! cure ( disease w\ld be an accept$ crim9al by ! g5]al voice ( mank9d4 ,b ,nature is a laboratory ( pa9 on ! mo/ gigantic scale2 %e /&s at no?+ 9 ! way ( infliction1 sp>es no?+ t is s5ti5t4 ,%e inflicts pa9 = h] own purposes1 & %e keeps x go+4444 ,if man inflict$ su* pa9ful diseases z ,nature inflicts1 he w\ld be a mon/]4 ,man rebels aga9/ ^! inflictions4 ,%all he add to pa9 by 8 rebellion8 --------------------- ,9 ,sci5ce1 !re is no "o me?od t c be consid]$ indisp5sable4 ,attributes are indisp5sable2 obs]vation1 indu/ry1 accuracy are indisp5sable2 me?ods are n4 ,me?ods may be conv5i5t1 !y may be useful1 !y may be exp$i5t1 b no?+ m4 ,celsus tells u t ,erasi/ratus & ! s*ool he f\nd$ laid op5 ! bodies ( crim9als 9 ord] to /udy by direct obs]vation1 ! action ( ! inte/9al organs dur+ exi/5ce4 ,! act at t date ( civilization probably %ock$ no "o2 x 0 no d\bt 9 accord ) ! _s ( ! "t4 ,9 a day n v remote f our own1 a crim9al s5t5c$ to dea? = "s trivial crime1 0 giv5 ov] to ,william ,*eseld51 surgeon to ,george ! ,fir/1 = exp]im5t4 ,! crim9al 0 deaf & ! exp]im5t int5d$ 0 t ( mak+ a puncture ?r\gh ! drum ( ! e>1 9 ord] to discov] if an op5+ ?r\gh ! drum w\ld enable ! deaf to he>4 ,at ! la/ mom5t1 ,*eseld51 a man ( f9e feel+1 & brilliant z an op]at+ surgeon1 decl9$ ! exp]im5t1 on :i* ! crim9al1 ^: life _h be5 conditionally sp>$1 0 set free4 ,= 8 g5]osity ( m9d1 = %r9k+ f an exp]im5t on ano!r human be+1 ,*eseld5 lo/ ca/e at ,c\rt1 & 0 consid]$ pitiable by ^? :o liv$ on c\rtly fav\rs4 ,! argum5t is tak+ n[ ! same direction aga9/ exp]im5ts by man conduct$ on ! l[] animals = ! purposes ( discov]y2 & :5 f ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ we ga!r :at has be5 a*iev$ by su* exp]im5ts1 !re is b "o answ]--namely3 t su* exp]im5ts1 al?\gh !y may a*ieve :at 0 expect$ ( !m1 7 n indisp5sable4 ,!y may h exp$it$ discov]y2 !y may h l$ to discov]y2 b !y 7 n indisp5sable4 --------------------- ,9 ! discov]y ( anae/hesia1 g5]al & local1 pa9ful exp]im5t on animals has play$ no indisp5sable "p :atev]4 ,! l[] animals h be5 p]mitt$ to %>e1 m ?an equally ) man1 9 ! bless+ ( anae/hetic discov]y1 = by x1 _m ( !m h be5 sav$ ! agonies ( pa9ful dea?1 b !y h 7n7 be5 subject$ to pa9ful exp]im5t 9 ! c\rse ( discov]y4444 ,! in/auration ( g5]al anae/hesia came f exp]im5ts made on man alone4 ,!re is no suspicion ( any exp]im5t on a l[] animal 9 connection ) x4444 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a mo/ notable fact 9 relation to exp]im5ts "u *lor(orm made on l[] animals1 :i* sugge/s t if !y _h ev] be5 reli$ on1--*lor(orm w\ld nev] h be5 introduc$ into practice4 ,fl\r5s1 ! em95t ,fr5* physiologi/1 tri$ ! effect ( *lor(orm on inf]ior animals1 & 9 consequ5ce ( its p[]ful & fatal influ5ce on !m1 put x aside z an anae/hetic4 --------------------- ,!re are me?ods ( produc+ local ins5sibility to pa9 :i* h be5 tri$1 & :i* des]ve notice4 ,9 #ahfb1 ,i made an attempt to c>ry out local anae/hesia by exhau/ion ( blood f a "p4 ,i notic$ t :5 ?ree r\nd cupp+-glasses 7 appli$ to ! body v close to ea* o!r1 ! cle> triangul> space left free )9 ! rim ( ! m\?s ( ! glasses 0 r5d]$ :ite1 brawny-l & ins5sible1 :5 ! suction ( ! glasses 0 complete4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly due to ! local ab/raction ( blood f ! "p2 & ,i ?\ght1 consequ5tly1 t if ,i c\ld exhau/ ! blood f ! extremity ( a limb1 ! exhau/$ "p might be op]at$ ^u )\t pa94444 ,i tri$ ! process on myself1 & f9d+ x succe$1 ! op]ation ( remov+ ! nail ( ! greta toe1 0 tri$ on a pati5t1 q pa9lessly1 ! pati5t look+ on & feel+ no?+4 ,b ! proce$+ 0 too long & cumb]some to admit ( introduction into practice g5]ally1 ?\gh x indicat$ an important pr9ciple :i* may 9 "s future day be utiliz$4 ,9 ?is rese>*1 no exp]im5t on a l[] animal 0 resort$ to2 ,i 0 myself ! victim 9 all prelim9>y exp]im5ts4 --------------------- ,! mo/ num]\s & ext5sive ef=ts = local anae/hesia h be5 ^? 9 :i* extreme cold has be5 employ$ to produce ! b5umb+ effect4 ,! e>lie/ applications ( cold orig9at$ betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ! f5c+ s*ools ( ,naples4 ,a ,neapolitan pr(essor ( tra9+ plac$ cru%$ ice 9 a fla% ( ?9 glass1 & !n appli$ ! *ill$ glass to ! sk91 & held x !re until ! sk9 0 froz51 9 ord] t ! caut]y c\ld be employ$1 or o!r small op]ations p]=m$ )\t ! infliction ( pa94 ,! proce$+ mu/ h be5 mo/ successful1 & :y x became lo/ is "o ( ! my/]ies ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,x did rema9 lo/ until our own "t4444 ,i inv5t$ = ! same purpose ! e!r spray process1 9 :i* a b5umb+ cold 0 produc$ by project+ a volatile liquid l e!r or amyl5e1 or a /ream ( compress$ gas 444 on ! "p to be anae/hetiz$4 ,^! me?ods h be5 s widely adopt$ t ,i ne$ n ent] into any description ( !m4 ,i h m]ely to say t !y 7 made )\t any aid ( exp]im5ts ( a pa9ful k9d on ! l[] animals4444 ,! e>lie/ exp]im5t ) e!r spray 0 made on my own arm4 --------------------- ,x is =tunate = me t ,i h be5 an eye-witness ( ! progress made 9 ?is dep>tm5t f its practical in/auration4 ,i recall ! days :5 op]ations 7 p]=m$ )\t ! aid ei!r ( g5]al or local me?ods = aboli%+ pa94 ,i h myself introduc$ new me?ods ( anae/hesia1 g5]ally & locally2 ,i h br\ght to trial a l>ge numb] ( new anae/hetics4 ,by ! inv5tion ( ! le?al *amb] ,i h _h ! delightful privilege ( remov+ ! ta/e & pa9 ( dea? f probably a million ( ^? fri5ds ( man1 ! fai?ful dogs4 ,i write ?is n boa/fully b tru?fully4444 ,pa9ful exp]im5ts h play$ no indisp5sible "p 9 ! discov]y ( anae/hesia4 --------------------- ,x is a curi\s fact t e me?od ( rese>* :i* is mo/ endur+1 mo/ intellectual & mo/ free f moral evil is f>!/ away f any & e ?+ t %ocks ! consci5ce or raises a d\bt z to necessity1 9 s5sitive m9ds4 ,if ma!matics _h to be cultivat$ ?r\gh exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 x w\ld nev] h succe$$ 9 unfold+ ! magnific5t my/]ies ( ! univ]se4 ,! same applies to ! "w ( ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 ( botany1 & ( physics g5]ally4 ,9 my op9ion1 e man :o /udies natural ?+s by exp]im5ts on liv+ subjects ( any species1 feels ! tru? ( :at ,i am say+4 ,i "k 9 my own case1 t my m9d dur+ su* exp]im5ts has always be5 9 a diff]5t /ate accord+ to ! l9e ( exp]im5t4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t has be5 conduct$ on dead or inanimate matt]1 ! return obta9$ f ! lab\r dem&$ has always be5 n only satisfacdtory1 b pleasant to ! m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! exp]im5t has be5 conduct$ on liv+ or animate matt]1 ! lab\r1 :e!r affirmative or negative 9 its results has nev]1 at any po9t ( x be5 pleasant4 ,! results may1 & (t5 h excit$ curi\sity2 !y may h be5 important1 & !y may h op5$ ! way to new inquiry1 b !y h nev] be5 free ( anxiety nor ( a s5se t :atev] came f !m1 ,,!re ,,0 ,,some?+ ,,t ,,0 ,,n ,,"r4 ,i d n believe ,i am m s5tim5tal ?an any ( my colleagues2 yet ,i nev] proce$$ to any exp]im5t on a liv+ animal1 ?\gh to ! be/ ( my ability do+ ev]y?+ possible to save all pa91 )\t feel+--:at ,i ?9k is ! prop] expression1--,,compunction4 --------------------- ,9 ! h&s ( ! tea*]1 x 7vivisection7 may be rankly abus$2 ( sci5tific pursuits1 x is ! "o mo/ liable to error2 x sugge/s no end to itself1 b seems to gr[ by :at x fe$s on1 becom+ by repetition & conte/ m & m ext5d$ & multipli$2 x is ( all pursuits ! mo/ dislik$ by ! educat$ community2 x br+s its be/ & mo/ self-sacrific+ pr(essors into scorn2 & = all su* reasons1 ev5 if x be occasionally useful1 is calculat$ to lead to :at w\ld be esignat$ intellectual & moral evil4 ,at ! same "t1 let x be und]/ood t ,i d n include 9 ! criticisms exp]im5ts :i* be+ devoid ( pa91 may cause ! dea? ev5 = ! s]vice ( man4 ,above all1 ,i c\ld n = a mom5t object to exp]im5t by a truly compet5t man = ! purpose ( inquiry into "s great !ory t has be5 leisurely =m$1 & c be prov$ or disprov$ by no o!r means1 z = example1 :e!r an important surgical op]ation c or _c be p]=m$ = ! sav+ ( human suff]+ or human life4 --------------------- ,!re are "s simple & pa9less exp]im5ts :i* may be demon/rat$ to any set ( pupils1 al?\gh liv+ animals are ! subjects ( !m4 ,! demon/ration ( ! circulation ?r\gh ! web ( ! frog2 ! demon/ration ( ! diff]5t natural temp]atures ( ! bodies ( animals1 includ+ man2 ! influ5ce ( v>i\s anae/hetic vap\rs2 ! collection ( ! brea? ( v>i\s animals = ! purpose ( analysis1--^! are all free f objection4444 ,9 a ^w1 all exp]im5ts :i* are pa9less & h>mless1 are1 z ,i assume ! mo/ humane w\ld admit1 free f any *>ge ( error4 ,b :5 we come to consid] ! application ( exp]im5t ( a sev]e k9d z a means ( education ( pupils :o are mak+ a /udy ( physiological problems1 !re is a reason = hesitation4 ,9 my /ud5t days1 su* an exp]im5t 0 nev] dream$ (4 ,! pr(essor ( physiology w\ld relate ! facts d]iv$ f exp]im5t1 on :i* "s important !ories 7 f\nd$2 he w\ld1 = in/ance1 expla9 :at exp]im5ts 7 made by ,h>vey 9 ord] to describe ! circulation ( ! blood1 b he w\ld n attempt to repeat ^? exp]im5ts 9 ! lecture-room4 ,he w\ld describe1 9 8 rem>ks on ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! rese>*es ( ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 444 b he w\ld nev] ?9k ( repeat+ ,bell's exp]im5t ( division ( ! n]ves 9 ! column1 alleg+ =cibly ,bell's own objection to its repetition4 ,x 0 ! same on e po9t4 ,he w\ld relate ! !ory2 relate ! pros & cons2 relate possibly 8 own indep5d5t inquiries1 or :at he _h se5 exp]im5tally p]=m$ by o!r indep5d5t inve/igators2 b ) t explanation1 he w\ld be cont5t4 --------------------- ,:5 ,i 0 tea*+ physiology z ,i did tea* x 9 a m$ical s*ool = _m ye>s1 ,i ab/a9$ = a long p]iod f ! direct exp]im5tal me?od4 ,i f\nd no difficulty1 & my classes work$ satisfactorily4 ,! /ud5ts _h ! cr$it ( becom+ good physiologi/s1 & ,i am sure !re 0 no?+ %irk$4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( my "t1 ,i foll[$ occasionally ! plan ( mak+ a few exp]im5ts 9 ! way ( demon/ration2 & al?\gh ^! 7 r5d]$ pa9less1 ! innovation 0 n ! success t 0 expect$4444 ,intellectually1 ,i d n ?9k my classes 7 assi/$1 9 ! ma91 by ! exp]im5tal demon/ration4 ,i am sure x limit$ my sph]e ( usefulness1 by lead+ me1 9 ! limit$ "t at my comm&1 to omit "s p>ts ( physiology ( a simpl]1 less controv]sial1 & m useful k9d4 ,i am b\nd to say t1 morally1 ,i d n recall ! effect z produc+ all t c\ld be wi%$4444 ,i gave up exp]im5ts 9 my classes1 n f any s5tim5t1 b ,,because ,i ,,got ,,on ,,bett] ,,)\t ,,!m4 ,i did n omit ! facts d]iv$ f exp]im5t1 ,i did n omit ! report ( my own exp]im5tal endeav\rs2 b ,i omitt$ repeat+1 = ! m]e sake ( demon/rat+1 :at seem$ to h be5 prov$4444 ,7 ,i aga9 to deliv] a c\rse ( physiological lectures to qualifi$ he>]s1 ,i %\ld make ! exp]im5tal demon/rations on liv+ animals z few & f> betwe5 z 0 compatible ) duty4 ,!y w\ld be exceptional ( exceptional1 & pa9less f beg9n+ to end4 --------------------- ,i recomm5d1 z ! be/ me?od ( obta9+ ! great aims ( m$ic9e1--sanitation & ! prev5tion ( disease1--fir/1 to make m$ic9e ! gr& ma/] & tea*] ( univ]sal cleanl9ess1 & to make ev]yone ( ! community a disciple & foll[] ( ! same law4 ,! m9i/] ( m$ical art %\ld be prep>$ to devote 8 life to ?is simple duty4 ,he ne$s no high] call+1 no nobl] vocation1 & a _w t knew its own int]e/s %\ld su/a9 him 9 ! task4 ,at pres5t1 ! rage is = exp]im5tation1 al?\gh x seems lea/ want$1 = :i* rage ,,! ,,selfi% ,,& ,,ignorant ,,_w ,,is ,,mo/ ,,to ,,be ,,blam$4 ,! _w n[1 z 9 ! days ( ,naaman ! lep]1 wants to be heal$ & protect$ by elaborate processes1 :5 ? esimple/ & sure/ rem$y is 9 its own h&s4 ,f a long exp]i5ce z a tea*] ( physiology & ( public heal?1 ,i am conv9c$ t a s*ool or univ]sity ( prev5tive m$ic9e w\ld fill an important want4 ,x w\ld t5d to make e man & woman a sanit>ian1 & w\ld help to br+ ! pr9ciples ( heal? into e home4 ,x w\ld be ( direct & practical utility2 x w\ld in/il an exalt$ compreh5sion ( natural laws1 ( ! advantages ( foll[+ ^? laws1 & ( ! dang] & folly ( sett+ !m at ignorant defiance4444 ,! end w\ld be ! accompli%m5t ( ! great aim1 ! developm5t ( ! heal? ( ! p2 ! art ( prev5tive m$ic9e )\t inflict+ pa9 on any liv+ ?+4 ,,app5dix ,,viii ,s9ce ! prec$+ pages 7 9 type1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has adopt$ new regulations gov]n+ ! inspection ( meat4 ,! rules ord]$ to be applicable to meat d]iv$ f animals affect$ by canc] or malignant disease1 are z foll[s 7italics n 9 orig9al73 ,regulation ,,ii4 ,disposal ( ,diseas$ ,c>casses1 etc4 ,,section #g4--;,,any ,,individual ,,organ ,,or ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,c>cass ,,affect$ ,,) ,,c>c9oma ,,or ,,s>coma %all be condemn$4 ,9 case ! c>c9oma or s>coma involves any int]nal organ ,,to ,a ,,m>k$ ,,ext5t1 or affects ! muscles1 skeleton1 or body lymph gl&s ev5 prim>ily1 ! c>cass %all be condemn$4 ,9 case ( meta/asis to any o!r organ or "p ( a c>cass1 or if meta/asis has n occurr$1 b !re are pres5t second>y *anges 9 ! muscles 444 ! c>cass %all be condemn$4 ,,section #i4--;,all slight1 well-limit$ abrasions on ! tongue & inn] surface ( ! lips & m\?1 :5 )\t lymph-gl& involvem5t1 ,,%all ,,be ,,c>efully ,,excis$1 leav+ only s\nd1 normal tissue ,,:i* ,,may ,,be ,,pass$4 ,,any ,,organ ,,or ,,"p ( a c>cass :i* 444 is affect$ by a ,,tum\r1 an abscess1 or a suppurat+ sore %all be condemn$2 & :5 ! lesions are ( su* "* or ext5t z to affect ! :ole c>cass1 ! :ole c>cass %all be condemn$4 ,x w be se5 t ! criticism sugge/$ 7pp4 #bfi-bgj7 conc]n+ ! regulations 9 =ce = _m ye>s pa/ is n annull$ or obviat$ by ! new rules4 ,t :i* =m]ly 0 vague is n[ m cle>ly & di/9ctly set =?4 ,! new regulation mo/ c>efully condemns = food purposes ,,any ,,individual ,,organ ,,or ,,"p ( a c>cass affect$ ) c>c9oma or s>coma 7canc]71 & su* condemnation applies to ! c>cass1 if ! malignant disease has involv$ o!r p>ts to a m>k$ ext5t4 ,! fact t an animal is suff]+ f canc] does n ( itself compel its rejection = human food4 ,! entire rule w\ld seem to h be5 drawn s z to p]mit meat affect$ by canc] to pass inspection z s\nd1 heal?ful1 :olesome1 & fit = human food1 provid$ ! inspector 9 *>ge c decl>e t 9 8 judgm5t ! malignant disease _h n affect$ ! meat to a m>k$ ext5t4 ,9 view ( ! my/]y t /ill surr\nds ! causation ( canc]1 ?is regulation ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture %\ld be entirely *ang$4 ,its basis is reg>d = f9ancial consid]ations r ?an ! public welf>e4 ,no "p or portion ( any animal f\nd to be affect$ by malignant disease %\ld ev] be p]mitt$ to be sold = human food4 ,! regulation %\ld read3 ,section #g4--;,any animal or c>cass ( any animal f\nd ^u inspection to be affect$1 h[ev] slightly1 ) malignant disease 7c>c9oma or s>coma7 %all be :olly condemn$ z unfit = human food4 ,,app5dix ,,ix ,engl& & ,wales3 ,dea?s ( ,females f ,canc] at ,diff]5t ,age-,p]iods1 & ! ,ratio to ,population1 dur+ ,twelve ,ye>s ( ?is ,c5tury4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ye>4,"u #ce4ce-dd4de-fd4fe &,total4,rate p] ,million ov]4 ,population ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aija #fie #a1haa #h1bfc #e1hbgaf1eif #ihe #aijb #gja #a1hgb #h1bbi #e1igbaf1ggd #ihf #aijc #gjb #a1hif #h1dij #f1bjbag1bij #a1jjf #aijd #gjc #a1icd #h1eaa #f1ddhag1eif #a1jaj #aije #gai #a1ijd #h1fhc #f1ddeag1gea #a1jaa #aijf #gdj #a1iba #h1ide #f1hjeah1daa #a1jch #aijg #gca #a1ief #h1hda #g1jahah1edf #a1jce #aijh #feh #a1idc #i1jbf #g1ahiah1haf #a1jcf #aiji #gja #a1ieb #i1dff #g1fgaai1gij #a1jhb #aiaj #ghj #b1jcj #i1cgf #g1eghai1gfd #a1jgj #aiaa #gcj #b1jhj #i1dhe #h1jahbj1cac #a1jhh #aiab #fie #b1jji #i1ibf #h1ejeba1ace #a1aag ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! =ego+ table /rik+ly illu/rates ! increas+ preval5ce ( canc] 9 ,engl& dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,among wom5 x w be se5 t ! rate ( mortality has increas$ f #ihe to #a1aag p] million liv+ )9 almo/ a s+le decade4 ,! sl[ & yet regul> recurr5ce ye> aft] ye> ( a slightly increas$ mortality f canc] at ea* p]iod ( life aft] ! ?irty-fif? ye> is peculi>ly om9\s4 ,! connection betwe5 increase ( canc] & ! p]mitt$ utilization = food purposes ( animals suff]+ f canc]\s ailm5ts is a problem t awaits solution4 ,,app5dix ,x ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiae1 ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,abuse 9 ,animal ,exp]im5tation decid$ to asc]ta9 :e!r c]ta9 ( ! pr9cipal facts connect$ ) vivisection w\ld be freely giv5 if c\rte\sly ask$4 ,accord+ly1 to ! directors ( laboratories 9 ov] a hundr$ in/itutions ( high] le>n+ 9 ,am]ica1 ! foll[+ lett] 0 s5t by ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,bellamy1 ! c\nsel = ! ,society3 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,"o ( ! criticisms urg$ aga9/ ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation 9 ,am]ica at ! pres5t "t is ! laack ( any reliable in=mation conc]n+ its ext5t4 ,believ+ t ! rem$y ( ?is defect lies )9 ! p[] ( ! laboratories1 ,i v5ture to ask :e!r y w\ld be will+ to fill out ! accompany+ blank =m1 return+ x to me z soon z practicable8 ,if s1 ,i %\ld be glad if y w\ld /ate :e!r ! figures are bas$ ^u a regi/] giv+ exact numb]s or :e!r !y are simply ! be/ e/imate y are able to give4 ,if impossible to supply ! details ask$1 c y n give ! total numb] ( ea* species ( animals8 ,i may add t ?is ,society is n oppos$ to vivisection :5 ! practice is prop]ly safegu>d$ aga9/ any cruelty4 ,i enclose an address$ & /amp$ envelope = y\r reply2 & ?ank+ y = :atev] in=mation y c af=d1 ,i am1 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,,fr$]ick ,p4 ,,bellamy4 ,a few details conc]n+ ! result ( ?is exp]im5tal inquiry may be ( int]e/4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,physiology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota report$ t ! mat]ial us$ = ! demon/ration ( physiological & pa?ological ph5om5a be=e /ud5ts consi/$ ( #hh dogs1 #gd cats1 & #dbj o!r animals1 mak+ a total ( #ehb = ! ye> #aiad4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pa?ology & ,bact]iology ( ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,college ( ,philadelphia report$ us+ ab\t #abd rabbits & gu9ea- pigs1 *iefly = rese>* purposes4 ,no report1 h[ev]1 0 receiv$ f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,physiology4 ,! ,nor?-,we/]n ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,*icago s5t a c\rte\s reply1 /at+ t x w\ld be h>dly possible to make any report z to ! numb] ( animals us$ 9 exp]im5tal "w 9 our laboratories4 ,rese>* "w 0 c>ri$ on 9 at lea/ f\r laboratories ( ! ,m$ical ,s*ool1 & 9 ! "w dogs1 rabbits1 & gu9ea-pigs p>ticul>ly are us$4444 ,z ! "w ( rese>* v>ies mat]ially f "t to "t 9 ! sev]al laboratories1 we h no way ( mak+ ev5 an approximate e/imate :i* w\ld be ( value ( ! numb] ( animals us$4 ,probably ?is is ! case ) mo/ o!r l>ge laboratories 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,eclectic ,m$ical ,univ]sity report$ ! use ( b six small animals 9 its rese>* "w4 ,! director says3 ,our laboratories lead ! _w 9 canc] rese>*1 yet we h nev] us$ an animal = ?is purpose4 ,we are ! second laboratory 9 ! _w 9 rese>* ( pellagra1 & h us$ only f\r animals4444 ,we h a*iev$ ! above results because we believe 9 cl9ical & n 9 exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,f "s ?irte5 in/itutions1 *iefly belong+ to ! ,s\? or ,we/1 vague or imp]fect reports 7 receiv$4 ,"s ( !m disclaim$ ! use ( liv+ animals 9 tea*]1 or ! use ( animals high] 9 ! scale ?an turtles or frogs4 ,two in/itutions refus$ to give any in=mation :atev]4 ,an (ficial connect$ ) ,ru% ,m$ical ,college ( ,*icago wrote3 ,! /atem5t t y\r society is n oppos$ to vivisection may deceive ! un9itiat$4 ,ei!r vivisection is a good ?+ & h5ce %\ld n be int]f]$ )1 or x is a nef>i\s bus9ess & %\ld be /opp$4444 ,y & y\r society are ei!r hone/ly mis9=m$1 suff] f delusions1 or are ly+ bigots4 ,9 my op9ion1 ma9ly ! latt]4 ,y are my enemy1 & ! enemy ( e man ( intellig5ce int]e/$ 9 ! well f>e 7sic7 ( mank9d & animals4 ,i w give no in=mation to wilfull 7sic7 falsifi]s1 ! insane1 or ^? too lazy or /upid to in=m !mselves ( facts4 ,"s fur!r /udy ( a prim>y spell+-book might be recomm5d$ to ?is repres5tative ( an in/itution ( le>n+4 ,! in/itutions mak+ no reply ( any k9d numb]$ eighty-eight1 or ab\t #hc p] c5t4 ( ^? address$4 ,! inquiry result$ 9 confirm+ previ\s impressions4 ,x 0 n believ$ t in=mation conc]n+ ! numb] ( animals us$ w\ld be g5]ally giv54 ,! exp]im5t ( c\rte\s inquiry1 h[ev]1 0 deem$ wor?y ( a trial4 ,! result w\ld seem to demon/rate t ev5 ! simple/ facts conc]n+ ! practice ( animal exp]im5tation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _c be obta9$ except ?r\gh inquiry in/itut$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,,an ,,e?ical ,,problem ,,or ,,sidelights ,,^u ,,sci5tific ,,exp]im5tation ,,^u ,,man ,,& ,,animals --------------- ,,press ,,notices ,dr4 ,leff+well has probably done m ?an any o!r "o man = ! education ( ! public to a "r attitude on ! vivisection "q4--,dallas ,news4 ,! au?or has /udi$ ?is "q = =ty ye>s4 ,he %[s by ! mat]ial ga!r$ 9 ?is volume & ! int]e/+ conclusions rea*$1 ! c>eful consid]ation ( long ye>s ( /udy4--,detroit ,news ,tribune4 ,! au?or's mod]ation 9 discuss+ ?is burn+ "q w appeal to a mu* wid] circle ( sci5tific read]s ?an a policy t dem&s complete annihilation ( all animal exp]im5tation4--,! ,op5 ,door1 ,new ,york4 ,! volume deals ) vivisection1 & ! au?or holds t x is to prev5tive m$ic9e t ! _w mu/ le>n to look1 n to ! conque/ ( disease by new drugs or new s]ums4444 ,he ent]s deeply into ! "q1 & %[s ! result ( long & c>eful rese>* "w4--,norwi* ,bullet9 ,9 an elaborate discussion ( ! vex$ "q ( vivisection1 ,dr4 ,leff+well tries to take a m$iat+ position4 ,he is /rong 9 %[+ t !re has be5 a va/ am\nt ( ne$less & useless suff]+ to animals caus$ by vivisection4444 ,"s ( 8 quotations are amaz+ 9 %[+ ! indiff]5ce & ev5 cold-blood$ cruelty ( "s surgeons4--,new ,york ,wat*man4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh books on vivisection yet publi%$ is by ,dr4 ,alb]t ,leff+well1 entitl$ ,an ,e?ical ,problem4' ,x is n ! book ( an extremi/ or a crank4 ,dr4 ,leff+well admits ! necessity ( vivisection 9 c]ta9 circum/ances & = c]ta9 purposes4 ,8 endeav\r is n s mu* to get rid ( vivisection z to prove t ! problem connect$ ) x is an e?ical "o2 t ! practice %\ld be regulat$ & guid$ by public au?ority4 ,8 book is ?or\gh1 +5i\s1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 v temp]ate 9 expression4--,! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,mail4 ,read]s ( ,dr4 ,leff+well's e>li] books w expect to f9d ?is "o writt5 9 ! same quiet tone1 ) ! same c>e & accuracy1 & !y w n be disappo9t$4 ,! book beg9s ) a hi/ory ( vivisection 9 :i* ! read]'s *ief suprise w be 9 f9d+ t m$ical op9ion a g5]ation ago 0 mu* m humane ?an n[4 ,! humane prote/s ( ! la/ g5]ation seem incr$ible to-day1 :5 ! pr(ession almo/ to a man /&s = ! secvret & unlimit$ exploitation ( animals4--,s4 ,n4 ,cleghorn1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,zoophily4 ,?is book is devot$ to a /udy & discussion ( m$ical exp]im5tation ^u bo? man & animals4 ,! writ] is =c$ 9 8 lit]>y /yle1 & has long comm&$ special att5tion on ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,9 a skilful & s*ol>ly mann] he treats ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! agitation 9 fav\r ( re/rict$ & regulat$ exp]im5tation4 ,! book %\ld be read by e p]son int]e/$ 9 ! discussion1 :e!r 9 fav\r ( re/riction or n4444 ,all :o desire to be plac$ 9 t\* ) ! late/ ^w 9 reg>d to ?is important humanit>ian "q %\ld secure a copy ( ,dr4 ,leff+well's s*ol>ly book4--,national ,humane ,review4 ,dr4 ,leff+well analyzes ! results ( vivisection 9 ,am]ica 9 a ma/]ly way4 ,_m me?ods ( exp]im5tation he f9ds n only extremely cruel1 b valueless4 ,= in/ance1 ! rais+ ( ! blood-pressure ( a dog by scor*+ its paws1 "o aft] ! o!r1 s t ! blood-pressure might be ma9ta9$ = tw5ty m9utes4 ,( :at possible value 0 su* an exp]im5t8' he asks4 ,does anyone believe ?an 9 a human be+1 blood-pressure w ev] be ma9ta9$ by sl[ly scor*+ ! h&s & feet ( ! pati5t8' 444 ,! matt] is cle>ly pres5t$1 & is int]e/+ to ! layman z well z to ! /ud5t ( physiology4--,h>t=d ,po/4 ,! e?ical problem ( :i* ,dr4 ,leff+well writes 9 8 int]e/+ & in/ructive book1 is t :i* arises f ! prevail+ practice ( exp]im5tation = sci5tific purposes ^u animals & human be+s4444 ,! book discusses :at vivisection is1 & :at h be5 ! mi/akes & abuses done 9 its "n1 z well z ! pres5t unhappy conditions :i* surr\nd ! practice4 ,! au?or demon/rates t mu* ( all ?is vivisection "w is n only unnecess>y1 b absolutely valueless to sci5ce4 ,! book is to be comm5d$ to all :o w\ld "k some?+ ( :at vivisection is1 :at x does1 & :at is be+ done & %\ld /ill be done to prev5t its pres5t useless cruelty4--,! ,*ri/ian ,regi/]4 ,p]haps no o!r man 9 ,am]ica has s good a "r to speak on vivisection1 f ! /&po9t ( an exp]t1 z ,dr4 ,leff+well4 ,to our m9d1 he has "h ga!r$ 9 a =ceful way ! la/ sane ^w to be said on ?is s5sitive "q4 ,9 ^! n9ete5 *apt]s he has discuss$ almo/ e phase ( ! problem4 ,dr4 ,leff+well has occupi$ a difficult position1 /&+ z he does midway betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties4444 ,he discov]s ! law ( cruelty1 & applies x m]cilessly4 ,he also discov]s ! law ( sacrifice1 & w\ld apply x humanely4 ,9 %ort1 ?is book may well be tak5 z an encyclopa$ia on vivisection1 look$ at f ! /&po9t ( ! morali/ & ! physician4 ,!re are illm9at+ app5dices giv+ te*nical in=mation1 & ! *apt]s are *>act]iz$ by vigor\s ,engl&1 & a lively s5se ( a physician's obligations4 --,*icago ,unity ,if no?+ else 9 ! book 7 to be rememb]$1 x w\ld be valuable t all e>ne/ p %\ld consid] ! c>eful analysis ( ! v>i\s positions :i* h be5 tak5 9 reg>d to ?is position1 & ! critical def9ition ) :i* ,dr4 ,leff+well has /riv5 to replace ! v>i$ & unsatisfactory def9itions :i* h be5 giv5 = ! t]m vivisection4' 444 ,! /& tak5 by ,dr4 ,leff+well repres5ts ! be/-f\nd$ position ( ^? int]e/$ 9 protect+ animals f ne$less pa94 ,he cont5ds t vivisection %\ld be re/rict$ r ?an aboli%$4 ,!re %\ld be no ef=t made to prev5t ^? exp]im5ts :i* involve no suff]+ = animals1 & all animal exp]im5tation %\ld be br\ght "u ! direct sup]vision & control ( ! ,/ate4 ,! practice1 :e!r 9 public or private1 %\ld be re/rict$ by law to c]ta9 def9ite objects1 & surr\nd$ by e possible safegu>d aga9/ lic5se & abuse4' ,t ?is is n an aim impossible ( atta9m5t has be5 atte/$ by s fam\s a sci5ti/ z ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & by a l>ge numb] ( prom95t ,am]ican & ,engli% physicians & sci5ti/s4--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! g5]al public is n m intellig5t on ! subject ( vivisection4 ,x is *>g$ t to-day1 9 ,am]ican physiological laboratories & 9 m$ical s*ools z well1 helpless animals are subject$ to torture4444 ,! te/imony to ?is seems irrefutable2 & "o is m dispos$ to give x cr$5ce :5 he kn[s ( ! atrocities t h be5 p]petrat$ 9 o!r c\ntries1 & le>ns t ! practice ( vivisection is unregulat$ "h4444 ,x is =tunate t !re is available su* a book z t j issu$ by ,dr4 ,alb]t ,leff+well1 a vet]an advocate ( legal regulation1 n prohibition1 ( vivisection4 ,p]sons :o w\ld be conv]sant ) a "q t ought to receive mu* m g5]al consid]ation ?an x does %\ld read ,an ,e?ical ,problem4' ,"o ( ! mo/ %ock+ facts ) respect to unlimit$ vivisection--& t is ! k9d we h 9 ?is c\ntry--is t man's two mo/ intellig5t dumb fri5ds1 ! dog & ! horse1 h be5 subject$ to c\ntless h\rs ( inexpressible agony1 & (t5 n = ! sake ( inve/igation1 b simply t /ud5ts might become pr(ici5t 9 op]at+ on liv+ fle%1 or witness ! cruel demon/ration ( physiological facts already well e/abli%4444 ,! mat]ial pres5t$ 9 ! book quot$ makes ! read] feel t 9 "s respects sci5tific m5 h retrograd$ till !y /& ab\t on a level ) ! ,iroquois ,indian ( two c5turies ago4 --,ro*e/] ,democrat & ,*ronicle4 ,! volume is exce$+ly precise & well writt51 =tify+ itself ) abundant p>ticul>s4 ,x t\*es ! hide\s cruelties & devili% atrocities :i* are done ^u v>i\s animals1 & beh9d well-clos$ doors4 ,"o reads x ) int5se pa9 & a disgu/ :i* comb9es nausea ) indignation t[>d ! ru?less exp]im5t]s :o1 disclaim+ ! h9d]+ use ( anae/hetics1 exhibit all ! ph5om5a ( n]v\s torm5t4 ,mon/]s ( rese>* w\ld sne] aside all critics ( su* inf]nal physiological' laboratories4444 ,! book is a prote/ aga9/ ! c>eful & subt]ranean sil5ce & concealm5t :i* seem to conspire to resi/ all legal inspection4 ,to evade or baulk inve/igation :ile caus+ pa9 9 ord] to exploit x1 to je] at ! humane %udd] ( ! layman1 to utilize feeble-m9d$ paup]s & fri5dless "y *ildr51 to sophi/icate a too cr$ul\s public ) an au/]e =mula z to ! sacr$ secrecy ( ! laboratory--all ?is is an attempt$ ,,hypnosis ( critics :o really want to be fair1 b :o z citiz5s insi/s ^u ! "r to "k :at is do+4 ,! title ( ! book--,an ,e?ical ,problem'--is inde$ ju/ifi$ by its array ( evid5ce & argum5t4 ,p>ticul>ly is x %[n t on ?is "q ,am]ica is /ill 9 ! d>k ages4 ,re=m dem&s a frank exactitude z to ! practices :i*1 if ,dr4 ,leff+well is sub/antially accurate1 are a disgrace to humanity4 ,/ate control _c always be avoid$ by ridicul+ ! s5tim5tality' ( ^? :o insi/ ^u /rict regulation4 ,pa9less vivisection = inve/igation may h its legitimate place2 b to illu/rate :at is already well asc]ta9$ by exhibit+ animals 9 agony is bo? sup]flu\s & debas+1 repellant to e m9d n se>$ by a morbid curi\sity4--,hamilton ,college ,record ,an ,e?ical ,problem1' by ,alb]t ,leff+well1 ,m4,d41 is by f> ! mo/ judicial & unimpassion$ contribution to ! /udy ( ! "q t x has be5 our privilege to read4 ,dr4 ,leff+well has long be5 kn[n bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 z a writ] ^u ?is !me4 ,no "o1 s f> z we "k1 has br\ght to x at once s calm & balanc$ a judgm5t z he1 or a m exact k ( ! :ole field 9 :i* biological inve/igation plays s l>ge a "p4 ,?is late/ publication f 8 p5 is ! result ( ye>s ( /udy1 ( unremitt+ toil 9 ! great libr>ies ( ?is c\ntry & abroad :]e e facility 0 at h& to obta9 data & to v]ify facts4 ,x is a book writt5 )\t bitt]ness 444 :i* seeks to c>ry conviction1 n by ! =ce ( unv]ifi$ quotations1 or ! repetitions ( utt]ances (t5 made 9 ! heat ( controv]sy1 b by argum5ts bas$ ^u demon/rable fact1 & support$ by au?orities to :i* y are ref]r$1 *apt] & v]se4444 ,! "t mu/ come :5 physiologi/s z a body--z ,pr(essor ,james decl>es !y %\ld h done long ere ?is--w meet public op9ion half-way1 & admitt+ t ! situation is a g5u9ely e?ical "o 444 give up ! prepo/]\s claim t e sci5ti/ has an unlimit$ "r to vivisect1 = ! am\nt or mode ( :i* no man1 n ev5 a colleague1 c call him to acc\nt4' ,:5 t "t comes1 & we believe x is n f> di/ant1 "s legal regulation ( animal exp]im5tation w be _h4 ,= ?is end1 ! book we h review$ has be5 writt52 & :5 at la/ su* regulation is atta9$1 none w h a l>g] %>e 9 ! gratitude ( all :o w rejoice 9 x1 ?an ! au?or ^: notable book we h be5 consid]+4 --,dr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,r[ley1 9 ,our ,dumb ,animals4 --------------------- ,dr4 ,leff+well's ,e?ical ,problem' is vivisection1 ,,to ,,:i* ,,he ,,is ,,implacably ,,oppos$1 & :i* he describes z antivivisectioni/s g5]ally d4--,! ,syracuse ,po/-,/&>d4 ,probably ! be/-consid]$ treatise on ! subject n[ 9 pr9t4 ,! au?or does n take ! position t exp]im5tation ^u animals is always wrong4 ,he ma9ta9s1 h[ev]1 9 ! mo/ conv9c+ way1 t su* exp]im5ts %\ld be p]mitt$ only by g5u9e sci5ti/s4444 ,anyone int]e/$ 9 ?is vital "q w f9d mu* t is /imulat+1 sugge/ive1 & conv9c+ 9 ,dr4 ,leff+well's book4--,univ]sali/ ,lead]4