file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bjbbj-;h4htm or #bjbbj-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_ /b_/b_/bjbbj_/bjbbj-;h_/#bjbbj-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_ /b_/b_/bjbbj_/bjbbj-;h4zip7 ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,its ,,education by ,,george ,,h]b]t ,,betts1 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 9 ,cornell ,college ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition ,new ,york ,d4 ,appleton ,& ,company ,copyright1 #aijf1 #aiaf1 by ,d4 ,appleton & ,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,revis$ ,,edition ,au?ors1 no d\bt1 are always gratifi$ :5 _! works f9d favorable acceptance4 ,! writ] ( ?is text has be5 d\bly gratifi$1 h[ev]1 at ! cordial reception & widespread use accord$ to ! pres5t volume4 ,?is feel+ does n arise f any n>r[ p]sonal pride or selfi% int]e/1 b r f ! fact t ! w>m approval ( ! educational public has prov$ an important po9t2 namely1 t ! fundam5tal tru?s ( psy*ology1 :5 put simply & concretely1 c be made ( int]e/ & value to /ud5ts ( all ages f high s*ool juniors up1 & to ! g5]al public z well4 ,m enc\rag+ /ill1 x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! tea*+s ( psy*ology c become imm$iately helpful1 n only 9 /udy or tea*+1 b also 9 bus9ess or pr(ession1 9 ! control & guidance ( ! p]sonal life1 & 9 ! problems met 9 ! r\t9e ( ! day's "w or its play4 ,9 effect+ ! pres5t revision1 ! sali5t features ( ! orig9al edition h be5 kept4 ,! tru?s pres5t$ are ! mo/ fundam5tal & important 9 ! field ( psy*ology4 ,disput$ !ories & unsettl$ op9ions are exclud$4 ,! subject matt] is made concrete & practical by ! use ( _m illu/rations & ?r\gh application to real problems4 ,! /yle has be5 kept easy & famili> to facilitate ! read+4 ,9 %ort1 !re has be51 :ile seek+ to improve ! volume1 a consci\s purpose to omit none ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* secur$ acceptance = ! =m] edition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 *anges & additions h be5 made :i*1 x is believ$1 w add to ! /r5g? ( ! "w4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! lat] psy*ological /udies & inve/igations h be5 drawn ^u to insure t ! matt] %all at all po9ts be abrea/ ( ! times 9 sci5tific accuracy4 ,because ( ! wide use ( ! text 9 ! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 a m specific educational application to s*oolroom problems has be5 made 9 v>i\s *apt]s4 ,ex]cises = ! guidance ( obs]vation "w & p]sonal introspection are freely us$4 ,! *apt] on ,s5sation & ,p]ception has be5 sep>at$ into two *apt]s1 & ea* subject giv5 m ext5sive treatm5t4 ,a new *apt] has be5 add$ on ,association4 ,! v>i\s *apt]s h be5 subdivid$ into numb]$ sections1 & cut-9 p>agraph topics h be5 us$ to facilitate ! /udy & tea*+ ( ! text4 ,m9or *anges & additions occur ?r\gh\t ! volume1 ?us add+ "s =ty pages to ! numb] 9 ! orig9al edition4 ,_m ( ! modifications made 9 ! revision are due to valuable sugge/ions & k9dly criticisms receiv$ f _m tea*]s ( ! text 9 v>i\s types ( s*ools4 ,to all :o h ?us help$ s g5]\sly by freely giv+ ! au?or ! fruits ( _! judgm5t & exp]i5ce he gladly r5d]s grateful ?anks4 ,,cornell ,,college1 ,,i[a4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m9d1 ,,or ,,consci\sness ,,page #a4 ,h[ ! m9d is to be kn[n3 ,p]sonal "* ( consci\sness--,introspection ! only means ( discov]+ nature ( consci\sness--,h[ we introspect--,/udy+ m5tal /ates ( o!rs ?r\gh expression--,le>n+ to int]pret expression4 #b4 ,! nature ( consci\sness3 ,inn] nature ( ! m9d n reveal$ by introspection --,consci\sness z a process or /ream--,consci\sness lik5$ to a field--,! pil+ up ( consci\sness is att5tion4 #c4 ,cont5t ( ! m5tal /ream3 ,:y we ne$ m9ds--,cont5t ( consci\sness det]m9$ by function--,?ree fundam5tal phases ( consci\sness4 #d4 ,:]e consci\sness resides3 ,consci\sness works ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em4 #e4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,att5tion #a4 ,nature ( att5tion3 ,! nature ( att5tion--,normal consci\sness always 9 a /ate ( att5tion4 #b4 ,! effects ( att5tion3 ,att5tion makes its object cle> & def9ite--,att5tion measures m5tal effici5cy4 #c4 ,h[ we att5d3 ,att5tion a relat+ activity--,! rhy?ms ( att5tion4 #d4 ,po9ts ( failure 9 att5tion3 ,lack ( conc5tration--,m5tal w&]+4 #e4 ,types ( att5tion3 ,! ?ree types ( att5tion--,int]e/ & nonvolunt>y att5tion--,! w & volunt>y att5tion--,n really diff]5t k9ds ( att5tion--,mak+ diff]5t k9ds ( att5tion re5=ce ea* o!r--,! habit ( att5tion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em #a4 ,! relations ( m9d & bra93 ,int]action ( m9d & bra9--,! bra9 z ! m9d's ma*9e4 #b4 ,! m9d's dep5d5ce on ! ext]nal _w3 ,! m9d at bir?--,! "w ( ! s5ses4 #c4 ,/ructural elem5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em3 ,! neurone--,neurone fib]s--,neuroglia--,complexity ( ! bra9--,gray & :ite matt]4 #d4 ,gross /ructure ( ! n]v\s sy/em3 ,divisions ( ! n]v\s sy/em--,! c5tral sy/em--,! c]ebellum--,! c]ebrum--,! cortex--,! sp9al cord4 #e4 ,localization ( function 9 ! n]v\s sy/em3 ,division ( labor--,division ( labor 9 ! cortex4 #f4 ,=ms ( s5sory /imuli3 ,! end-organs & _! response to /imuli--,dep5d5ce ( ! m9d on ! s5ses 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,m5tal ,,developm5t ,,& ,,motor ,,tra9+ #a4 ,factors det]m9+ ! effici5cy ( ! n]v\s sy/em3 ,developm5t & nutrition--,undevelop$ cells--,developm5t ( n]ve fib]s4 #b4 ,developm5t ( n]v\s sy/em ?r\gh use3 ,importance ( /imulus & response--,effect ( s5sory /imuli--,necessity = motor activity--,developm5t ( ! association c5t]s--,! factors involv$ 9 a simple action4 #c4 ,education & ! tra9+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em3 ,education to supply opportunities = /imulus & response--,ord] ( developm5t 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 #d4 ,importance ( heal? & vigor ( ! n]v\s sy/em3 ,! influ5ce ( fatigue--,! effects ( worry--,! factors 9 good nutrition4 #e4 ,problems = introspection & obs]vation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ej ,,*apt] ,v ,,habit #a4 ,! nature ( habit3 ,! physical basis ( habit--,all liv+ tissue pla/ic--,habit a modification ( bra9 tissue--,we mu/ =m habits4 #b4 ,! place ( habit 9 ! economy ( our lives3 ,habit increases skill & effici5cy--,habit saves ef=t & fatigue--,habit economizes moral ef=t--,! habit ( att5tion--,habit enables u to meet ! disagreeable--,habit ! f\ndation ( p]sonality--,habit saves worry & rebellion4 #c4 ,! tyranny ( habit3 ,ev5 good habits ne$ to be modifi$--,! t5d5cy ( ruts4 #d4 ,habit-=m+ a "p ( education3 ,y\? ! "t = habit-=m+--,! habit ( a*ievem5t4 #e4 ,rules = habit-=m+3 ,james's ?ree maxims = habit-=m+--,! prepond]ance ( good habits ov] bad 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ff ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,s5sation #a4 ,h[ we come to "k ! ext]nal _w3 ,k ?r\gh ! s5ses--,! unity ( s5sory exp]i5ce--,! s5sory processes to be expla9$--,! qualities ( objects exi/ 9 ! m9d--,! ?ree sets ( factors4 #b4 ,! nature ( s5sation3 ,s5sation gives u our _w ( qualities--,! attributes ( s5sation4 #c4 ,s5sory qualities & _! end-organs3 ,sight--,he>+--,ta/e--,smell--,v>i\s s5sations f ! sk9--,! k9ae/hetic s5ses--,! organic s5ses4 #d4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & retrospection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hd ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,p]ception #a4 ,! function ( p]ception3 ,ne$ ( kn[+ ! mat]ial _w--,! problem :i* confronts ! *ild4 #b4 ,! nature ( p]ception3 ,h[ a p]cept is =m$--,! p]cept involves all relations ( ! object--,! cont5t ( ! p]cept--,! accuracy ( p]cepts dep5ds on exp]i5ce--,n def9itions1 b fir/-h& contact4 #c4 ,! p]ception ( space3 ,! p]ceiv+ ( di/ance--,! p]ceiv+ ( direction4 #d4 ,! p]ception ( "t3 ,nature ( ! "t s5se--,no p]ception ( empty "t4 #e4 ,! tra9+ ( p]ception3 ,p]ception ne$s to be tra9$--,s*ool tra9+ 9 p]ception4 #f4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ih ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,m5tal ,,images ,,& ,,ideas #a4 ,! "p play$ by pa/ exp]i5ce3 ,pres5t ?9k+ dep5ds on pa/ exp]i5ce--,! pres5t int]pret$ by ! pa/--,! future also dep5ds on ! pa/--,rank det]m9$ by ability to utilize pa/ exp]i5ce4 #b4 ,h[ pa/ exp]i5ce is cons]v$3 ,pa/ exp]i5ce cons]v$ 9 bo? m5tal & physical t]ms--,! image & ! idea--,all our pa/ exp]i5ce pot5tially at our comm&4 #c4 ,individual diff]5ces 9 imag]y3 ,images to be view$ by introspection--,! v>i$ imag]y sugge/$ by "o's d9+ table--,p[] ( imag]y v>ies 9 diff]5t p--,imag]y types4 #d4 ,! function ( images3 ,images supply mat]ial = imag9ation & memory--,imag]y 9 ! ?\ght processes--,! use ( imag]y 9 lit]ature--,po9ts :]e images are ( greate/ s]vice4 #e4 ,! cultivation ( imag]y3 ,images dep5d on s5sory /imuli--,! influ5ce ( frequ5t recall--,! recon/ruction ( our images4 #f4 ,problems 9 introspection & obs]vation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aaa ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,imag9ation #a4 ,! place ( imag9ation 9 m5tal economy3 ,practical nature ( imag9ation--,imag9ation 9 ! int]pretation ( hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & art--,imag9ation & sci5ce--,ev]yday uses ( imag9ation--,! build+ ( ideals & plans--,imag9ation & conduct--,imag9ation & ?9k+4 #b4 ,! mat]ial us$ by imag9ation3 ,images ! /uff ( imag9ation--,! two factors 9 imag9ation--,imag9ation limit$ by /ock ( images--,limit$ also by our con/ructive ability--,! ne$ ( a purpose4 #c4 ,types ( imag9ation3 ,reproductive imag9ation--,creative imag9ation4 #d4 ,tra9+ ! imag9ation3 ,ga!r+ ( mat]ial = imag9ation--,we mu/ n fail to build--,we %\ld c>ry our ideals into action4 #e4 ,problems = obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abg ,,*apt] ,x ,,association #a4 ,! nature ( association3 ,! neural basis ( association--,association ! basis ( memory--,factors det]m9+ direction ( recall--,association 9 ?9k+--,association & action4 #b4 ,! types ( association3 ,fundam5tal law ( association--,association by contiguity--,at ! m]cy ( our associations--,association by simil>ity & contra/--,p>tial1 or selective1 association--,! rem$y4 #c4 ,tra9+ 9 association3 ,! pleasure-pa9 motive 9 association--,int]e/ z a basis = association--,association & me?ods ( le>n+4 #d4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 #add ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,memory #a4 ,! nature ( memory3 ,:at is reta9$--,! physical basis ( memory--,h[ we rememb]--,dep5d5ce ( memory on bra9 quality4 #b4 ,! f\r factors involv$ 9 memory3 ,regi/ration--,ret5tion--,recall--,recog nition4 #c4 ,! /uff ( memory3 ,images z ! mat]ial ( memory--,images v>y z to type--,o!r memory mat]ial4 #d4 ,laws und]ly+ memory3 ,! law ( association--,! law ( repetition--,! law ( rec5cy--,! law ( vividness4 #e4 ,rules = us+ ! memory3 ,:oles v]sus p>ts--,rate ( =gett+--,divid$ practice--,=c+ ! memory to act--,n a memory1 b memories4 #f4 ,:at con/itutes a good memory3 ,a good memory selects its mat]ial--,a good memory requires good ?9k+--,memory mu/ be specializ$4 #g4 ,memory devices3 ,! effects ( cramm+--,rememb]+ isolat$ facts--,mnemonic devices4 #h4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afj ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,?9k+ #a4 ,diff]5t types ( ?9k+3 ,*ance1 or idle ?9k+--,uncritical belief--,assimilative ?9k+--,delib]ative ?9k+4 #b4 ,! function ( ?9k+3 ,mean+ dep5ds on relations--,! function ( ?9k+ is to discov] relations--,ne> & remote relations--,*ild & adult ?9k+4 #c4 ,! me*anism ( ?9k+3 ,s5sations & p]cepts z elem5ts 9 ?9k+4 #d4 ,! concept3 ,! concepts s]ve to gr\p & classify--,gr[? ( a concept--,def9ition ( concept--,language & ! concept--,! necessity = gr[+ concepts4 #e4 ,judgm5t3 ,nature ( judgm5t--,judgm5t us$ 9 p]cepts & concepts--,judgm5t leads to g5]al tru?s--,! validity ( judgm5ts4 #f4 ,reason+3 ,nature ( reason+--,h[ judgm5ts function 9 reason+--,d$uction & ! syllogism--,induction--,! necessity = broad induction--,! int]relation ( induction & d$uction4 #g4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agi ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,in/9ct #a4 ,! nature ( in/9ct3 ,! babe's dep5d5ce on in/9ct--,def9ition ( in/9ct--,unmodifi$ in/9ct is bl9d4 #b4 ,law ( ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( in/9cts3 ,in/9cts appe> 9 succession z requir$--,_m in/9cts are transitory--,seem+ly useless in/9cts--,in/9cts to be utiliz$ :5 !y appe>--,in/9cts z />t+ po9ts--,! m important human in/9cts4 #c4 ,! in/9ct ( imitation3 ,nature ( imitation--,individuality 9 imitation--,consci\s & unconsci\s imitation--,influ5ce ( environm5t--,! influ5ce ( p]sonality4 #d4 ,! in/9ct ( play3 ,! necessity = play--,play 9 developm5t & education--,"w & play are complem5ts4 #e4 ,o!r useful in/9cts3 ,curiosity--,manipulation--,! collect+ in/9ct--,! dramatic in/9ct--,! impulse to =m gangs & clubs4 #f4 ,fe>3 ,fe> h]$ity--,fe> ( ! d>k--,fe> ( be+ left alone4 #g4 ,o!r undesirable in/9cts3 ,selfi%ness--,pugnacity1 or ! fight+ impulse4 #h4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bja ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,feel+ ,,& ,,its ,,functions #a4 ,! nature ( feel+3 ,! diff]5t feel+ qualities--,feel+ always pres5t 9 m5tal cont5t--,! seem+ neutral feel+ zone4 #b4 ,mood & disposition3 ,h[ mood is produc$--,mood colors all our ?9k+--,mood influ5ces our judgm5ts & decisions--,mood influ5ces ef=t--,disposition a resultant ( moods--,temp]am5t4 #c4 ,p]man5t feel+ attitudes1 or s5tim5ts3 ,h[ s5tim5ts develop--,! effect ( exp]i5ce--,! influ5ce ( s5tim5t--,s5tim5ts z motives4 #d4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bbf ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,emotions #a4 ,! produc+ & express+ ( emotion3 ,physiological explanation ( emotion--,orig9 ( *>act]i/ic emotional reactions--,! duration ( an emotion--,emotions accompany+ crises 9 exp]i5ce4 #b4 ,! control ( emotions3 ,dep5d5ce on expression--,relief ?r\gh expression--,relief does n foll[ if image is held be=e ! m9d--,gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d emotional control--,! emotions & enjoym5t--,h[ emotions develop--,! emotional factor 9 our environm5t--,lit]ature & ! cultivation ( ! emotions--,h>m 9 emotional ov]excitem5t4 #d4 ,emotions z motives3 ,h[ our emotions compel u--,emotional habits4 #e4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bci ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,int]e/ #a4 ,! nature ( int]e/3 ,int]e/ a selective ag5t--,int]e/ supplies a subjective scale ( values--,int]e/ dynamic--,habit antagoni/ic to int]e/4 #b4 ,direct & indirect int]e/3 ,int]e/ 9 ! end v]sus int]e/ 9 ! activity--,indirect int]e/ z a motive--,indirect int]e/ alone insuffici5t4 #c4 ,transitor9ess ( c]ta9 int]e/s3 ,int]e/s mu/ be utiliz$ :5 !y appe>--,! value ( a /rong int]e/4 #d4 ,selection among our int]e/s3 ,! mi/ake ( foll[+ too _m int]e/s--,int]e/s may be too n>r[--,specialization %\ld n come too e>ly--,a prop] balance to be s\ght4 #e4 ,int]e/ fundam5tal 9 education3 ,int]e/ n antagoni/ic to ef=t--,int]e/ & "*4 #f4 ,ord] ( developm5t ( our int]e/s3 ,! int]e/s ( e>ly *ildhood--,! int]e/s ( lat] *ildhood--,! int]e/s ( adolesc5ce4 #g4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bed ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,w #a4 ,! nature ( ! w3 ,! cont5t ( ! w--,! function ( ! w--,h[ ! w ex]ts its compulsion4 #b4 ,! ext5t ( volunt>y control ov] our acts3 ,simple reflex acts--,in/9ctive acts--,automatic1 or spontane\s acts--,! cycle f volitional to automatic--,volitional action--,volition acts 9 ! mak+ ( decisions--,types ( decision--,! reasonable type--,accid5tal type3 ,ext]nal motives--,accid5tal type3 ,subjective motives--,decision "u ef=t4 #c4 ,/rong & weak wills3 ,n a w1 b wills--,objective te/s a false measure ( w p[]4 #d4 ,volitional types3 ,! impulsive type--,! ob/ruct$ w--,! normal w4 #e4 ,tra9+ ! w3 ,w to be tra9$ 9 common r\nd ( duties--,s*ool "w & w-tra9+4 #f4 ,fre$om ( ! w1 or ! ext5t ( its control3 ,limitations ( ! w--,^! limitations & conditions ( fre$om4 #g4 ,problems 9 obs]vation & introspection4 4 #bga ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,self-,,expression ,,& ,,developm5t #a4 ,int]relation ( impression & expression3 ,! _m s\rces ( impressions--,all impressions lead t[>d expression--,limitations ( expression4 #b4 ,! place ( expression 9 developm5t3 ,intellectual value ( expression--,moral value ( expression--,religi\s value ( expression--,social value ( expression4 #c4 ,educational use ( expression3 ,easi] to provide = ! impression side ( education--,! s*ool to take up ! h&icrafts--,expression & "*--,two l9es ( developm5t4 #d4 ,problems 9 introspection & obs]vation 4 4 4 4 4 #bid ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cjg ,,! ,,m9d ,,& ,,its ,,education ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,m9d1 ,,or ,,consci\sness ,we are to /udy ! m9d & its education2 b h[8 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ we may inve/igate ! great _w ( mat]ial ?+s ab\t u2 = we c see x1 t\* x1 weigh x1 or measure x4 ,b h[ are we to discov] ! nature ( ! m9d1 or come to "k ! processes by :i* consci\sness works8 ,= m9d is intangible2 we _c see x1 feel x1 ta/e x1 or h&le x4 ,m9d belongs n to ! realm ( matt] :i* is kn[n to ! s5ses1 b to ! realm ( _s1 :i* ! s5ses c nev] grasp4 ,& yet ! m9d c be kn[n & /udi$ z truly & z sci5tifically z c ! _w ( matt]4 ,let u fir/ ( all see h[ ?is c be done4 #a4 ,,h[ ,,m9d ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,kn[n ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,"* ,,( ,,consci\sness4--,m9d c be obs]v$ & kn[n4 ,b ea* "o c "k directly only 8 own m9d1 & n ano!r's4 ,y & ,i may look into ea* o!r's face & !re guess ! mean+ t lies back ( ! smile or fr[n or fla% ( ! eye1 & s read some?+ ( ! m9d's activity4 ,b nei!r directly meets ! o!r's m9d4 ,i may le>n to recognize y\r features1 "k y\r voice1 respond to ! clasp ( y\r h&2 b ! m9d1 ! consci\sness1 :i* does y\r ?9k+ & feels y\r joys & sorr[s1 ,i c nev] "k completely4 ,inde$ ,i c nev] "k y\r m9d at all except ?r\gh y\r bodily acts & expressions4 ,nor is !re any way 9 :i* y c reveal y\r m9d1 y\r spiritual self1 to me except ?r\gh ^! means4 ,x foll[s !re=e t only y c ev] "k y & only ,i c ev] "k ,i 9 any fir/-h& & imm$iate way4 ,betwe5 y\r consci\sness & m9e !re exi/s a wide gap t _c be bridg$4 ,ea* ( u lives ap>t4 ,we are l %ips t pass & hail ea* o!r 9 pass+ b d n t\*4 ,we may "w toge!r1 live toge!r1 come to love or hate ea* o!r1 & yet our inmo/ selves =ev] /& alone4 ,!y mu/ live _! own lives1 ?9k _! own ?\ghts1 & arrive at _! own de/9y4 ,,introspection ,,! ,,only ,,means ,,( ,,discov]+ ,,nature ,,( ,,consci\sness4--,:at1 !n1 is m9d8 ,:at is ! ?+ t we call consci\sness8 ,no m]e def9ition c ev] make x cle>] ?an x is at ?is mom5t to ea* ( u4 ,! only way to "k :at m9d is1 is to look 9 ^u our own consci\sness & obs]ve :at is transpir+ !re4 ,9 ! language ( ! psy*ologi/1 we mu/ introspect4 ,= "o c nev] come to und]/& ! nature ( m9d & its laws ( work+ by li/5+ to lectures or read+ text books alone4 ,!re is no psy*ology 9 ! text1 b only 9 y\r liv+1 fl[+ /ream ( ?\ght & m9e4 ,true1 ! lecture & ! book may tell u :at to look = :5 we introspect1 & h[ to und]/& :at we f9d4 ,b ! /atem5ts & descriptions ab\t our m9ds mu/ be v]ifi$ by our own obs]vation & exp]i5ce be=e !y become vital tru? to u4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,introspect4--,introspection is some?+ ( an art2 x has to be le>n$4 ,"s ma/] x easily1 "s ) m difficulty1 & "s1 x is to be fe>$1 nev] become skill$ 9 its use4 ,9 ord] to introspect "o mu/ cat* himself unaw>es1 s to speak1 9 ! v act ( ?9k+1 rememb]+1 decid+1 lov+1 hat+1 & all ! re/4 ,^! fleet+ phases ( consci\sness are ev] on ! w+2 !y nev] pause 9 _! re/less flight & we mu/ cat* !m z !y g4 ,?is is n s easy z x appe>s2 = ! mom5t we turn to look 9 ^u ! m9d1 t mom5t consci\sness *anges4 ,! ?+ we meant to exam9e is gone1 & some?+ else has tak5 its place4 ,all t is left u !n is to view ! m5tal object :ile x is /ill fre% 9 ! memory1 or to cat* x aga9 :5 x returns4 ,,/udy+ ,,m5tal ,,/ates ,,( ,,o!rs ,,?r\gh ,,expression4--,al?\gh ,i c meet only my own m9d face to face1 ,i am1 nev]!less1 "u ! necessity ( judg+ y\r m5tal /ates & kn[+ :at is tak+ place 9 y\r consci\sness4 ,= 9 ord] to "w successfully ) y1 9 ord] to tea* y1 und]/& y1 control y or obey y1 be y\r fri5d or enemy1 or associate ) y 9 any o!r way1 ,i mu/ "k y4 ,b ! real y t ,i mu/ "k is hidd5 beh9d ! physical mask t we call ! body4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 be able to und]/& y\r /ates ( consci\sness z !y are reflect$ 9 y\r bodily expressions4 ,y\r face1 =m1 ge/ure1 spee*1 ! tone ( voice1 laught] & te>s1 ! poise ( att5tion1 ! droop ( grief1 ! t5s5ess ( ang] & />t ( fe>1--all ^! tell ! /ory ( ! m5tal /ate t lies beh9d ! s5ses4 ,^! v>i\s expressions are ! pictures on ! scre5 by :i* y\r m9d reveals itself to o!rs2 !y are ! language by :i* ! inn] self speaks to ! _w )\t4 ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,int]pret ,,expression4--,if ,i w\ld und]/& ! work+s ( y\r m9d ,i mu/ !re=e le>n to read ! language ( physical expression4 ,i mu/ /udy human nature & le>n to obs]ve o!rs4 ,i mu/ apply ! in=mation f\nd 9 ! texts to an int]pretation ( ^? ab\t me4 ,?is /udy ( o!rs may be uncritical1 z 9 ! m]e intellig5t obs]vation ( ^? ,i meet2 or x may be sci5tific1 z :5 ,i conduct c>efully plann$ psy*ological exp]im5ts4 ,b 9 ei!r case x consi/s 9 judg+ ! inn] /ates ( consci\sness by _! physical manife/ations4 ,! ?ree me?ods by :i* m9d may be /udi$ are1 !n3 7#a7 text-book description & explanation2 7#b7 introspection ( my own consci\s processes2 & 7#c7 obs]vation ( o!rs1 ei!r uncritical or sci5tific4 #b4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,consci\sness ,,inn] ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,n ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,introspection4--,we are n to be too greatly disc\rag$ if1 ev5 by introspection1 we _c discov] exactly :at ! m9d is4 ,no "o kn[s :at electricity is1 ?\gh ne>ly ev]yone uses x 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,we /udy ! dynamo1 ! motor1 & ! conductors ?r\gh :i* electricity manife/s itself4 ,we obs]ve its effects 9 light1 heat1 & me*anical p[]1 & s le>n ! laws :i* gov]n its op]ations4 ,b we are almo/ z f> f und]/&+ its true nature z 7 ! anci5ts :o knew no?+ ( its uses4 ,! dynamo does n create ! electricity1 b only furni%es ! conditions :i* make x possible = electricity to manife/ itself 9 do+ ! _w's "w4 ,likewise ! bra9 or n]v\s sy/em does n create ! m9d1 b x furni%es ! ma*9e ?r\gh :i* ! m9d works4 ,we may /udy ! n]v\s sy/em & le>n some?+ ( ! conditions & limitations "u :i* ! m9d op]ates1 b ?is is n /udy+ ! m9d itself4 ,z 9 ! case ( electricity1 :at we "k ab\t ! m9d we mu/ le>n ?r\gh ! activities 9 :i* x manife/s itself--^! we c "k1 = !y are 9 ! exp]i5ce ( all4 ,x is1 !n1 only by /udy+ ^! processes ( consci\sness t we come to "k ! laws :i* gov]n ! m9d & its developm5t4 ,:at x is t ?9ks & feels & wills 9 u is too h>d a problem = u "h--inde$1 has be5 too h>d a problem = ! philosoph]s ?r\gh ! ages4 ,b ! ?9k+ & feel+ & will+ we c wat* z !y occur1 & h5ce come to "k4 ,,consci\sness ,,z ,a ,,process ,,or ,,/ream4--,9 look+ 9 ^u ! m9d we mu/ expect to discov]1 !n1 n a ?+1 b a process4 ,! ?+ =ev] eludes u1 b ! process is always pres5t4 ,consci\sness is l a /ream1 :i*1 s f> z we are conc]n$ ) x 9 a psy*ological discussion1 has its rise at ! cradle & its end at ! grave4 ,x beg9s ) ! babe's fir/ fa9t grop+s aft] light 9 8 new _w z he ent]s x1 & ends ) ! man's la/ bl9d grop+s aft] light 9 8 old _w z he leaves x4 ,! /ream is v n>r[ at fir/1 only z wide z ! few s5sations :i* come to ! babe :5 x sees ! light or he>s ! s\nd2 x gr[s wid] z ! m9d develops1 & is at la/ measur$ by ! gr& sum total ( life's exp]i5ce4 ,?is m5tal /ream is irresi/ible4 ,no p[] outside ( u c /op x :ile life la/s4 ,we _c /op x ourselves4 ,:5 we try to /op ?9k+1 ! /ream b *anges its direction & fl[s on4 ,:ile we wake & :ile we sleep1 :ile we are unconsci\s "u an anae/hetic1 ev51 "s sort ( m5tal process cont9ues4 ,sometimes ! /ream fl[s sl[ly1 & our ?\ghts lag--we feel sl[2 aga9 ! /ream fl[s fa/]1 & we are lively & our ?\ghts come ) a ru%2 or a fev] seizes u & delirium comes on2 !n ! /ream runs wildly onw>d1 defy+ our control1 & a mad j>gon ( ?\ghts takes ! place ( our usual ord]ly array4 ,9 diff]5t p]sons1 also1 ! m5tal /ream moves at diff]5t rates1 "s m9ds be+ naturally sl[-mov+ & "s naturally quick 9 _! op]ations4 ,consci\sness resembles a /ream also 9 o!r p>ticul>s4 ,a /ream is an unbrok5 :ole f its s\rce to its m\?1 & an obs]v] /ation$ at "o po9t _c see all ( x at once4 ,he sees b ! "o little section :i* happ5s to be pass+ 8 /ation po9t at ! "t4 ,! curr5t may look mu* ! same f mom5t to mom5t1 b ! compon5t p>ticles :i* con/itute ! /ream are con/antly *ang+4 ,s x is ) our ?\ght4 ,its /ream is cont9u\s f bir? till dea?1 b we _c see any consid]able portion ( x at "o "t4 ,:5 we turn ab\t quickly & look 9 ^u our m9ds1 we see b ! little pres5t mom5t4 ,t ( a few seconds ago is gone & w nev] return4 ,! ?\ght :i* occupi$ u a mom5t s9ce c no m be recall$1 j z x 01 ?an c ! p>ticles compos+ a /ream be re-collect$ & made to pass a giv5 po9t 9 its c\rse 9 precisely ! same ord] & relation to "o ano!r z be=e4 ,?is means1 !n1 t we c nev] h precisely ! same m5tal /ate twice2 t ! ?\ght ( ! mom5t _c h ! same associates t x _h ! fir/ "t2 t ! ?\ght ( ?is mom5t w nev] be ours aga92 t all we c "k ( our m9ds at any "o "t is ! "p ( ! process pres5t 9 consci\sness at t mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,! ,,wave ,,9 ,,! ,,/ream ,,( ,,consci\sness4--,! surface ( our m5tal /ream is n level1 b is brok5 by a wave :i* /&s above ! re/2 :i* is b ano!r way ( say+ t "s "o ?+ is always m prom95t 9 our ?\ght ?an ! re/4 ,only :5 we are 9 a sleepy rev]ie1 or n ?9k+ ab\t mu* ( any?+1 does ! /ream approximate a level4 ,at all o!r times "s "o object occupies ! highe/ po9t 9 our ?\ght1 to ! m or less complete exclusion ( o!r ?+s :i* we might ?9k ab\t4 ,a ?\s& & "o objects are possible to our ?\ght at any mom5t1 b all except "o ?+ occupy a second>y place1 or are n pres5t to our consci\sness at all4 ,!y exi/ on ! m>g91 or else are cle> (f ! edge ( consci\sness1 :ile ! "o ?+ occupies ! c5t]4 ,we may be read+ a fasc9at+ book late at night 9 a cold room4 ,! *>m ( ! writ]1 ! beauty ( ! h]o9e1 or ! brav]y ( ! h]o s occupies ! m9d t ! we>y eyes & *att]+ tee? are unnotic$4 ,consci\sness has pil$ up 9 a high wave on ! po9ts ( int]e/ 9 ! book1 & ! bodily s5sations are = ! mom5t on a mu* l[] level4 ,b let ! book gr[ dull = a mom5t1 & ! make-up ( ! /ream *anges 9 a fla%4 ,h]o1 h]o9e1 or lit]>y /yle no long] occupies ! wave4 ,!y =feit _! place1 ! wave is tak5 by ! bodily s5sations1 & we are consci\s ( ! sm>t+ eyes & %iv]+ body1 :ile ^! 9 turn give way to ! next object :i* occupies ! wave4 ,figs4 #a-c illu/rate ^! *anges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,,consci\sness ,,lik5$ ,,to ,a ,,field4--,! consci\sness ( any mom5t has be5 less happily lik5$ to a field1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* !re is an elevation high] ?an ! surr\nd+ level4 ,?is c5t] is :]e consci\sness is pil$ up on ! object :i* is = ! mom5t =emo/ 9 our ?\ght4 ,! o!r objects ( our consci\sness are on ! m>g9 ( ! field = ! "t be+1 b any ( !m may ! next mom5t claim ! c5t] & drive ! =m] object to ! m>g91 or x may drop entirely out ( consci\sness4 ,?is mom5t a noble resolve may occupy ! c5t] ( ! field1 :ile a tr\blesome too? begets s5sations ( discom=t :i* l+] dimly on ! outskirts ( our consci\sness2 b a %oot+ pa9 f ! too? or a r&om ?\ght cross+ ! m9d1 & lo6 ! too? holds sway1 & ! resolve dimly fades to ! m>g9 ( our consci\sness & is gone4 ,,! ,,pil+ ,,up ,,( ,,consci\sness ,,is ,,att5tion4--,?is figure is n s true z ! "o :i* lik5s our m9d to a /ream ) its ev] onw>d curr5t answ]+ to ! fl[ ( our ?\ght2 b :i*ev] figure we employ1 ! tru? rema9s ! same4 ,our m5tal en]gy is always pil$ up high] at "o po9t ?an at o!rs4 ,ei!r because our int]e/ leads u1 or because ! w dictates1 ! m9d is )drawn f ! ?\s& & "o ?+s we might ?9k ab\t1 & direct$ to ?is "o ?+1 :i* = ! "t occupies *ief place4 ,9 o!r words1 we att5d2 = ?is pil+ up ( consci\sness is no?+1 aft] all1 b att5tion4 #c4 ,,cont5t ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,/ream ,we h se5 t our m5tal life may be lik5$ to a /ream fl[+ n[ fa/]1 n[ sl[]1 ev] %ift+1 nev] ceas+4 ,we h yet to inquire :at con/itutes ! mat]ial ( ! /ream1 or :at is ! /uff t makes up ! curr5t ( our ?\ght--:at is ! cont5t ( consci\sness8 ,! "q _c be fully answ]$ at ?is po9t1 b a g5]al notion c be ga9$ :i* w be ( s]vice4 ,,:y ,,we ,,ne$ ,,m9ds4--,let u fir/ ( all ask :at m9d is =1 :y d animals1 includ+ m51 h m9ds8 ,! biologi/ w\ld say1 9 ord] t !y may adapt !mselves to _! environm5t4 ,ea* individual f mollusc to man ne$s ! am\nt & type ( m9d t s]ves to fit its possessor into its p>ticul> _w ( activity4 ,too little m9d leaves ! animal helpless 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& a m9d f> above its possessor's /ation w\ld prove useless if n a h&icap2 a mollusc c\ld n use ! m9d ( a man4 ,,cont5t ,,( ,,consci\sness ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,function4--,h[ mu* m9d does man ne$8 ,:at range & type ( consci\sness w be/ s]ve to adju/ u to our _w ( opportunity & responsibility8 ,fir/ ( all we mu/ "k our _w1 h5ce1 our m9d mu/ be capable ( ga!r+ k4 ,second1 we mu/ be able to feel its values & respond to ! great motives = action aris+ f ! emotions4 ,?ird1 we mu/ h ! p[] to ex]t self-compulsion1 :i* is to say t we possess a w to control our acts4 ,^! ?ree sets ( processes1 kn[+1 feel+1 & will+1 we %all1 !re=e1 expect to f9d mak+ up ! cont5t ( our m5tal /ream4 ,let u proce$ at once to te/ our conclusion by introspection4 ,if we are sitt+ at our /udy table puzzl+ ov] a difficult problem 9 geometry1 reason+ =ms ! wave 9 ! /ream ( consci\sness--! c5t] ( ! field4 ,x is ! *ief ?+ 9 our ?9k+4 ,! fr+e ( our consci\sness is made up ( v>i\s s5sations ( ! light f ! lamp1 ! contact ( our clo?+1 ! s\nds go+ on 9 ! next room1 "s bit ( memory seek+ recognition1 a tramp ?\ght :i* comes along1 & a doz5 o!r exp]i5ces n /rong en\gh to occupy ! c5t] ( ! field4 ,b in/ead ( ! /udy table & ! problem1 give u a bright fireside1 an easy-*air1 & no?+ to d4 ,if we are ag$1 memories--images f out ! pa/--w probably come ?rong+ 9 & occupy ! field to su* ext5t t ! fire burns l[ & ! room gr[s cold1 b /ill ! =ms f ! pa/ hold sway4 ,if we are "y1 visions ( ! future may cr[d ev]y?+ else to ! m>g9 ( ! field1 :ile ! ca/les 9 ,spa9 occupy ! c5t]4 ,our memories may also be accompani$ by emotions--sorr[1 love1 ang]1 hate1 envy1 joy4 ,&1 inde$1 ^! emotions may s completely occupy ! field t ! images !mselves are = ! "t driv5 to ! m>g91 & ! m9d is occupi$ ) its sorr[1 its love1 or its joy4 ,once m1 in/ead ( ! problem or ! memories or ! ca/les 9 ,spa91 give u ! necessity ( mak+ "s decision1 great or small1 :]e cont5d+ motives are pull+ u n[ 9 ?is direction1 n[ 9 t1 s t ! "q f9ally has to be settl$ by a supreme ef=t summ$ up 9 ! words1 ,i w4 ,?is is ! /ruggle ( ! w :i* ea* "o kn[s = himself2 = :o has n _h a rag+ battle ( motives occupy ! c5t] ( ! field :ile all else1 ev5 ! s5se ( "t1 place & exi/5ce1 gave way 9 ! face ( ?is conflict6 ,?is /ruggle cont9ues until ! decision is made1 :5 sudd5ly all ! /ress & /ra9 drop out & o!r objects may aga9 h place 9 consci\sness4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,fundam5tal ,,phases ,,( ,,consci\sness4--,?us we see t if we c\ld cut ! /ream ( consci\sness across z we might cut a /ream ( wat] f bank to bank ) a huge knife1 & !n look at ! cut-(f section1 we %\ld f9d v diff]5t con/itu5ts 9 ! /ream at diff]5t times4 ,we %\ld at "o "t f9d ! m9d manife/+ itself 9 p]ceiv+1 rememb]+1 imag9+1 discrim9at+1 comp>+1 judg+1 reason+1 or ! acts by :i* we ga9 our k2 at ano!r 9 fe>+1 lov+1 hat+1 sorr[+1 enjoy+1 or ! acts ( feel+2 at /ill ano!r 9 *oos+1 or ! act ( ! w4 ,^! processes w\ld make up ! /ream1 or1 9 o!r words1 ^! are ! acts :i* ! m9d p]=ms 9 do+ its "w4 ,we %\ld nev] f9d a "t :5 ! /ream consi/s ( b "o ( ! processes1 or :5 all ^! modes ( m5tal activity are n repres5t$4 ,!y w be f\nd 9 v>y+ proportions1 n[ m ( kn[+1 n[ ( feel+1 & n[ ( will+1 b "s ( ea* is always pres5t 9 our consci\sness4 ,! nature ( ^! diff]5t elem5ts 9 our m5tal /ream1 _! relation to ea* o!r1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y all "w toge!r 9 amaz+ p]plexity yet 9 p]fect h>mony to produce ! wond]ful m9d1 w con/itute ! subject-matt] we %all consid] toge!r 9 ! pages :i* foll[4 #d4 ,,:]e ,,consci\sness ,,resides ,i--! consci\s self--dwell some:]e 9 ?is body1 b :]e8 ,:5 my f+] tips t\* ! object ,i wi% to exam9e1 ,i seem to be 9 !m4 ,:5 ! bra9 gr[s we>y f ov]/udy1 ,i seem to be 9 x4 ,:5 ! he>t ?robs1 ! brea? comes quick1 & ! muscles gr[ t5se f noble resolve or /rong emotion1 ,i seem to be 9 !m all4 ,:51 fill$ ) ! buoyant life ( vigor\s y\?1 e fib] & n]ve is a-t+le ) heal? & en?usiasm1 ,i live 9 e "p ( my m>vel\s body4 ,small wond] t ! anci5ts locat$ ! s\l at "o "t 9 ! he>t1 at ano!r 9 ! p9eal gl& ( ! bra91 & at ano!r made x coext5sive ) ! body6 ,,consci\sness ,,works ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4--,lat] sci5ce has taught t ! m9d resides 9 & works ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* has its c5tral (fice 9 ! bra94 ,& ! reason :y ,i seem to be 9 e "p ( my body is because ! n]v\s sy/em ext5ds to e "p1 c>ry+ messages ( sight or s\nd or t\* to ! bra91 & be>+ 9 return ord]s = movem5ts1 :i* set ! feet a-danc+ or ! f+]s a-t+l+4 ,b m ( ?is lat]4 ,?is p>tn]%ip betwe5 m9d & body is v close4 ,j h[ x happ5s t _s may inhabit matt] we may n "k4 ,b c]ta9 x is t !y int]act on ea* o!r4 ,:at w h9d] ! gr[? ( "o w h&icap ! o!r1 & :at favors ! developm5t ( ei!r w help bo?4 ,! me?ods ( _! cooep]ation & ! laws t gov]n _! relation%ip w develop z our /udy goes on4 #e4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection ,"o %\ld always keep 9 m9d t psy*ology is ess5tially a laboratory sci5ce1 & n a text-book subject4 ,! laboratory mat]ial is to be f\nd 9 ourselves & 9 ^? ab\t u4 ,:ile ! text %\ld be ?or\ghly ma/]$1 its /atem5ts %\ld always be v]ifi$ by ref]5ce to "o's own exp]i5ce1 & obs]vation ( o!rs4 ,especially %\ld prospective tea*]s con/antly correlate ! lessons ( ! book ) ! obs]vation ( *ildr5 at "w 9 ! s*ool4 ,! problems sugge/$ = obs]vation & introspection w1 if ma/]$1 d mu* to r5d] practical & helpful ! tru?s ( psy*ology4 #a4 ,?9k ( y\r home z y la/ left x4 ,c y see vividly j h[ x look$1 ! color ( ! pa9t on ! outside1 ) ! famili> =m ( ! ro( & all2 c y recall ! p]fume 9 "s old draw]1 ! ta/e ( a favorite di%1 ! s\nd ( a famili> voice 9 f>ewell8 #b4 ,:at illu/rations h y obs]v$ :]e ! m5tal cont5t ( ! mom5t seem$ *iefly ?9k+ 7k process72 *iefly emotion 7feel+ process72 *iefly *oos+1 or self-compulsion 7will+ process78 #c4 ,:5 y say t y rememb] a circum/ance t occurr$ ye/]day1 h[ d y rememb] x8 ,t is1 d y see 9 y\r m9d ?+s j z !y 71 & he> aga9 s\nds :i* occurr$1 or feel aga9 movem5ts :i* y p]=m$8 ,d y exp]i5ce once m ! emotions y !n felt8 #d4 ,:at =ms ( expression mo/ commonly reveal ?\ght2 :at reveal emotions8 7i4e41 c y tell :at a *ild is ?9k+ ab\t by ! expression on 8 face8 ,c y tell :e!r he is angry1 fright5$1 sorry1 by 8 face8 ,is spee* z necess>y 9 express+ feel+ z 9 express+ ?\ght87 #e4 ,try occasionally dur+ ! next tw5ty-f\r h\rs to turn quickly ab\t m5tally & see :e!r y c obs]ve y\r ?9k+1 feel+1 or will+ 9 ! v act ( tak+ place4 #f4 ,:at becomes ( our m9d or consci\sness :ile we are asleep8 ,h[ are we able to wake up at a c]ta9 h\r previ\sly det]m9$8 ,c a p]son h absolutely no?+ 9 8 m9d8 #g4 ,h y notic$ any *ildr5 especially adept 9 expression8 ,h y notic$ any v backw>d8 ,if s1 9 :at =m ( expression 9 ea* case8 #h4 ,h y obs]v$ any in/ances ( expression :i* y 7 at a loss to int]pret 7rememb] t expression includes e =m ( physical action1 voice1 spee*1 face1 =m1 h&1 etc478 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,att5tion ,h[ d y rank 9 m5tal ability1 & h[ effective are y\r m9d's grasp & p[]8 ,! answ] t mu/ be giv5 to ^! que/ions w dep5d n m on y\r native end[m5t ?an on y\r skill 9 us+ att5tion4 #a4 ,,nature ,,( ,,att5tion ,x is by att5tion t we ga!r & mass our m5tal en]gy ^u ! critical & important po9ts 9 our ?9k+4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we saw t consci\sness is n di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole field1 b pil$ up1 n[ on ?is object ( ?\ght1 n[ on t1 9 ob$i5ce to int]e/ or necessity4 ,! conc5tration ( ! m9d's en]gy on "o object ( ?\ght is att5tion4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,att5tion4--,ev]yone kn[s :at x is to att5d4 ,! /ory s fasc9at+ t we _c leave x1 ! critical po9ts 9 a game1 ! int]e/+ s]mon or lecture1 ! sp>kl+ conv]sation--all ^! compel our att5tion4 ,s completely is our m9d's en]gy c5t]$ on !m & )drawn f o!r ?+s t we are sc>cely aw>e ( :at is go+ on ab\t u4 ,we are also famili> ) ano!r k9d ( att5tion4 ,= we all h read ! dull /ory1 wat*$ ! sl[ game1 li/5$ to ! lecture or s]mon t drags1 & tak5 "p 9 conv]sation t 0 a bore4 ,we gave ^! ?+s our att5tion1 b only ) ef=t4 ,our m9d's en]gy seem$ to c5t] on any?+ r ?an ! matt] 9 h&4 ,a ?\s& objects f outside entic$ u away1 & x requir$ ! frequ5t m5tal j]k to br+ u to ! subject 9 h&4 ,& :5 br\ght back to our ?\ght problem we felt ! con/ant tug ( m9d to be free aga94 ,,normal ,,consci\sness ,,always ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,att5tion4--,b ?is v ef=t ( ! m9d to free itself f "o object ( ?\ght t x may busy itself ) ano!r is because att5tion is solicit$ by ?is o!r4 ,"s object 9 our field ( consci\sness is always ex]t+ an appeal = att5tion2 & to att5d to "o ?+ is always to att5d away f a multitude ( o!r ?+s ^u :i* ! ?\ght might re/4 ,we may !re=e say t att5tion is con/antly select+ 9 our /ream ( ?\ght ^? aspects t are to receive emphasis & consid]ation4 ,f mom5t to mom5t x det]m9es ! po9ts at :i* our m5tal en]gy %all be c5t]$4 #b4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,att5tion ,,att5tion ,,makes ,,its ,,object ,,cle> ,,& ,,def9ite4--,:atev] att5tion c5t]s ^u /&s out %>p & cle> 9 consci\sness4 ,:e!r x be a bit ( memory1 an air-ca/le1 a s5sation f an a*+ too?1 ! reason+ on an algebraic =mula1 a *oice :i* we are mak+1 ! sett+ ( an emotion--:atev] be ! object to :i* we are att5d+1 t object is illum9$ & made to /& out f its fell[s z ! "o prom95t ?+ 9 ! m9d's eye :ile ! att5tion re/s on x4 ,x is l ! "o build+ :i* ! se>*light picks out among a city full ( build+s & lights up1 :ile ! rema9d] are left 9 ! semilight or 9 d>kness4 ,,att5tion ,,measures ,,m5tal ,,effici5cy4--,9 a /ate ( att5tion ! m9d may be lik5$ to ! rays ( ! sun :i* h be5 pass$ ?r\gh a burn+ glass4 ,y may let all ! rays :i* c pass ?r\gh y\r w9d[ pane fall h\r aft] h\r ^u ! pap] ly+ on y\r desk1 & no m>k$ effects foll[4 ,b let ! same am\nt ( sunlight be pass$ ?r\gh a l5s & conv]g$ to a po9t ! size ( y\r p5cil po9t1 & ! pap] w at once bur/ into flame4 ,:at ! diffus$ rays c\ld n d 9 h\rs or 9 ages is n[ accompli%$ 9 seconds4 ,likewise ! m9d1 all[$ to scatt] ov] _m objects1 c accompli% b little4 ,we may sit & dream away an h\r or a day ov] a page or a problem )\t secur+ results4 ,b let u call 9 our wits f _! wool-ga!r+ & buckle d[n to x ) all our might1 )draw+ our ?\ghts f ev]y?+ else b ?is "o ?+1 & conc5trat+ our m9d on x4 ,m c n[ be accompli%$ 9 m9utes ?an be=e 9 h\rs4 ,nay1 ?+s :i* c\ld n be accompli%$ at all be=e n[ become possible4 ,aga91 ! m9d may be comp>$ to a /eam eng9e :i* is con/ruct$ to run at a c]ta9 pressure ( /eam1 say "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in* ( boil] surface4 ,once ,i ran su* an eng9e2 & well ,i rememb] a morn+ dur+ my e>ly appr5tice%ip :5 ! =eman call$ = p[] to run "s ( ! light] ma*9]y1 :ile my /eam gauge regi/]$ b sev5ty-five p\nds4 ,surely1 ,i ?\ght1 if "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds w run all ?is ma*9]y1 sev5ty-five p\nds %\ld run half ( x1 s ,i op5$ ! valve4 ,b ! p[]ful eng9e c\ld d b little m ?an turn its own :eels1 & refus$ to d ! requir$ "w4 ,n until ! pressure _h ris5 above "o hundr$ p\nds c\ld ! eng9e p]=m half ! "w :i* x c\ld at "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,& s ) our m9d4 ,if x is meant to d its be/ "w "u a c]ta9 degree ( conc5tration1 x _c 9 a giv5 "t d half ! "w ) half ! att5tion4 ,fur!r1 !re w be mu* :i* x _c d at all unless work+ "u full pressure4 ,we %all n be ov]/at+ ! case if we say t z att5tion increases 9 ari?metical ratio1 m5tal effici5cy increases 9 geometrical ratio4 ,x is 9 l>ge measure a diff]5ce 9 ! p[] ( att5tion :i* makes "o man a ma/] 9 ?\ght & a*ievem5t & ano!r 8 humble foll[]4 ,"o (t5 he>s x said t g5ius is b ! p[] ( su/a9$ att5tion1 & ?is /atem5t possesses a l>ge elem5t ( tru?4 #c4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,att5d ,someone has said t if our att5tion is prop]ly tra9$ we %\ld be able to look at ! po9t ( a cambric ne$le = half an h\r )\t w9k+4 ,b ?is is a false idea ( att5tion4 ,! ability to look at ! po9t ( a cambric ne$le = half an h\r might indicate a v laudable p[] ( conc5tration2 b ! process1 in/ead ( enlight5+ u conc]n+ ! po9t ( ! ne$le1 w\ld result 9 our pass+ into a hypnotic /ate4 ,volunt>y att5tion to any "o object c be su/a9$ = b a brief "t--a few seconds at be/4 ,x is ess5tial t ! object *ange1 t we turn x ov] & ov] incessantly1 & consid] its v>i\s aspects & relations4 ,su/a9$ volunt>y att5tion is ?us a repetition ( successive ef=ts to br+ back ! object to ! m9d4 ,!n ! subject gr[s & develops--x is liv+1 n dead4 ,,att5tion ,a ,,relat+ ,,activity4--,:5 we are att5d+ /rongly to "o object ( ?\ght x does n mean t consci\sness sits />+ vacantly at ?is "o object1 b r t x uses x z a c5tral core ( ?\ght1 & ?9ks into relation ) ?is object ! ?+s :i* belong ) x4 ,9 work+ out "s ma!matical solution ! c5tral core is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! solution is bas$1 & conc5tration 9 ?is case consi/s 9 ?9k+ ! v>i\s conditions ( ! problem 9 relation to ?is und]ly+ pr9ciple4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #d7 let ,a be ! c5tral core ( "s object ( ?\ght1 say a pat* ( cl\d 9 a picture1 & let a1 b1 c1 d1 etc41 be ! relat$ facts1 or ! %ape1 size1 color1 etc41 ( ! cl\d4 ,! arr[s indicate ! pass+ ( our ?\ght f cl\d to relat$ fact1 or f relat$ fact to cl\d1 & f relat$ fact to relat$ fact4 ,z long z ^! relat$ facts lead back to ! cl\d ea* "t1 t long we are att5d+ to ! cl\d & ?9k+ ab\t x4 ,x is :5 our ?\ght fails to g back t we w&] 9 our att5tion4 ,!n we leave a1 b1 c1 d1 etc41 :i* are relat$ to ! cl\d1 &1 fly+ (f to x1 y1 & z1 f9ally br+ up heav5 kn[s :]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,,! ,,rhy?ms ,,( ,,att5tion4--,att5tion works 9 rhy?ms4 ,?is is to say t x nev] ma9ta9s a con/ant level ( conc5tration = any consid]able l5g? ( "t1 b regul>ly ebbs & fl[s4 ,! explanation ( ?is rhy?mic action w\ld take u too f> afield at ?is po9t4 ,:5 we rememb]1 h[ev]1 t our entire organism works )9 a great sy/em ( rhy?ms--hung]1 ?ir/1 sleep1 fatigue1 & _m o!rs--x is easy to see t ! same law may apply to att5tion4 ,! rhy?ms ( att5tion v>y greatly1 ! fluctuations (t5 be+ only a few seconds ap>t = c]ta9 simple s5sations1 & probably a mu* great] di/ance ap>t = ! m complex process ( ?9k+4 ,! seem+ v>iation 9 ! s\nd ( a di/ant wat]fall1 n[ l\d & n[ fa9t1 is caus$ by ! rhy?m ( att5tion & easily all[s u to measure ! rhy?m = ?is p>ticul> s5sation4 #d4 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,failure ,,9 ,,att5tion ,,lack ,,( ,,conc5tration4--,!re are two *ief types ( inatt5tion ^: dang] ?reat5s e p]son4 ,fir/1 we may be ?9k+ ab\t ! "r ?+s1 b n ?9k+ h>d en\gh4 ,we lack m5tal pressure4 ,outside ?\ghts :i* h no relation to ! subject 9 h& may n tr\ble u mu*1 b we d n attack our problem ) vim4 ,! curr5t 9 our /ream ( consci\sness is mov+ too sl[ly4 ,we d n ga!r up all our m5tal =ces & mass !m on ! subject be=e u 9 a way t means victory4 ,our ?\ghts may be suffici5tly focus$1 b !y fail to set fire4 ,x is l focus+ ! sun's rays :ile an eclipse is on4 ,!y lack en]gy4 ,!y w n k9dle ! pap] aft] !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! l5s4 ,?is k9d ( att5tion means m5tal dawdl+4 ,x means ineffici5cy4 ,= ! individual x means defeat 9 life's battles2 = ! nation x means m$iocrity & /agnation4 ,a college pr(essor said to 8 fai?ful b poorly prep>$ class1 ,judg+ f y\r worn & tir$ appe>ance1 "y p1 y are putt+ 9 twice too _m h\rs on /udy4 ,at ?is comm5dation ! class bright5$ up visibly4 ,b1 he cont9u$1 judg+ f y\r prep>ation1 y d n /udy q half h>d en\gh4 ,happy is ! /ud5t :o1 />t+ 9 on 8 lesson re/$ & fre%1 c /udy ) su* conc5tration t an h\r ( /eady application w leave him m5tally exhau/$ & limp4 ,t is "o h\r ( triumph = him1 no matt] :at else he may h accompli%$ or fail$ to accompli% dur+ ! "t4 ,he c af=d an occasional pause = re/1 = difficulties w melt rapidly away be=e him4 ,he possesses "o key to successful a*ievem5t4 ,,m5tal ,,w&]+4--,second1 we may h good m5tal p[] & be able to ?9k h>d & effici5tly on any "o po9t1 b lack ! p[] to ?9k 9 a /raight l9e4 ,e /ray ?\ght t comes along is a w-o'-!-wisp to lead u away f ! subject 9 h& & into l9es ( ?\ght n relat+ to x4 ,:o has n />t$ 9 to ?9k on "s problem1 &1 aft] a few mom5ts1 be5 surpris$ to f9d himself miles away f ! topic ^u :i* he />t$6 ,or :o has n read d[n a page &1 turn+ to ! next1 f\nd t he did n "k a ^w on ! prec$+ page1 8 ?\ghts hav+ w&]$ away1 8 eyes only go+ ?r\gh ! process ( read+6 ,in/ead ( /ick+ to ! a1 b1 c1 d1 etc41 ( our topic & relat+ !m all up to ,a1 !reby rea*+ a solution ( ! problem1 we (t5 jump at once to x1 y1 z1 & f9d ourselves f> afield ) all possibility ( a solution gone4 ,we may h brilliant ?\ghts ab\t x1 y1 z1 b !y are n relat$ to any?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & s !y pass f u & are gone--lo/ 9 oblivion because !y are n atta*$ to some?+ p]man5t4 ,su* a ?9k] is at ! m]cy ( circum/ances1 foll[+ bl9dly ! lead+s ( tra9s ( ?\ght :i* are 8 ma/] in/ead ( 8 s]vant1 & :i* lead him any:]e or n[h]e )\t let or h9drance f him4 ,8 consci\sness moves rapidly en\gh & ) en\gh =ce1 b x is l a %ip )\t a helm4 ,/>t+ = ! intellectual port ,a by way ( a1 b1 c1 d1 he is m5tally %ipwreck$ at la/ on ! rocks x1 y1 z1 & nev] rea*es h>bor4 ,=tunate is he :o c %ut out intrud+ ?\ghts & ?9k 9 a /raight l9e4 ,ev5 ) m$iocre ability he may accompli% m by 8 ?9k+ ?an ! brilliant ?9k] :o is con/antly hav+ 8 m5tal tra9 wreck$ by /ray ?\ghts :i* slip 9 on 8 "r ( way4 #e4 ,,types ,,( ,,att5tion ,,! ,,?ree ,,types ,,( ,,att5tion4--,att5tion may be secur$ 9 ?ree ways3 7#a7 ,x is dem&$ by "s sudd5 or int5se s5sory /imulus or insi/5t idea1 or 7#b7 x foll[s int]e/1 or 7#c7 x is compell$ by ! w4 ,if x comes 9 ! fir/ way1 z f a ?und]clap or a fla% ( light1 or f ! p]si/5t attempt ( "s uns\ght idea to secure entrance into ! m9d1 x is call$ involunt>y att5tion4 ,?is =m ( att5tion is ( s little importance1 comp>atively1 9 our m5tal life t we %all n discuss x fur!r4 ,if att5tion comes 9 ! second way1 foll[+ int]e/1 x is call$ nonvolunt>y or spontane\s att5tion2 if 9 ! ?ird1 compell$ by ! w1 volunt>y or active att5tion4 ,nonvolunt>y att5tion has its motive 9 "s object ext]nal to consci\sness1 or else foll[s a m or less uncontroll$ curr5t ( ?\ght :i* int]e/s u2 volunt>y att5tion is controll$ f )9--we decide :at we %all att5d to in/ead ( lett+ int]e/+ objects ( ?\ght det]m9e x = u4 ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,nonvolunt>y ,,att5tion4--,9 nonvolunt>y att5tion ! environm5t l>gely det]m9es :at we %all att5d to4 ,all t we h to d ) direct+ ?is k9d ( att5tion is 9 develop+ c]ta9 l9es ( int]e/1 & !n ! int]e/+ ?+s attract att5tion4 ,! ?+s we see & he> & t\* & ta/e & smell1 ! ?+s we l1 ! ?+s we d & hope to d--^! are ! det]m9+ factors 9 our m5tal life s long z we are giv+ nonvolunt>y att5tion4 ,our att5tion foll[s ! beckon+ ( ^! ?+s z ! ne$le ! magnet4 ,x is no ef=t to att5d to !m1 b r ! ef=t w\ld be to keep f att5d+ to !m4 ,:o does n rememb] read+ a /ory1 p]haps a =bidd5 "o1 s int]e/+ t :5 "m call$ up ! /airs = u to come d[n to att5d to "s duty1 we repli$1 ,yes1 9 a m9ute1 & !n w5t on read+6 ,we simply c\ld n /op at t place4 ,! m9ute l5g!ns into t51 & ano!r call />tles u4 ,yes1 ,i'm com+2 we turn j "o m leaf1 & are lo/ aga94 ,at la/ comes a ?ird call 9 tones s imp]ative t x _c be long] ignor$1 & we lay ! book d[n1 b op5 to ! place :]e we left (f1 & :]e we hope soon to beg9 fur!r to unravel ! delightful my/]y4 ,0 x an ef=t to att5d to ! read+8 ,ah1 no6 x took ! comb9$ =ce ( our w & ( "m's au?ority to drag ! att5tion away4 ,?is is nonvolunt>y att5tion4 ,left to itself1 !n1 att5tion simply obeys natural laws & foll[s ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( our att5tion is ( ?is type4 ,?\ght (t5 runs on h\r aft] h\r :5 we are n consci\s ( ef=t or /ruggle to compel u to cease ?9k+ ab\t ?is ?+ & beg9 ?9k+ ab\t t4 ,inde$1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is is n ! case ) "s p]sons = days at a "t1 in/ead ( h\rs4 ,! ?+s t pres5t !mselves to ! m9d are ! ?+s :i* occupy x2 ! "* ( ! ?\ght is det]m9$ by ! "* ( our int]e/s4 ,x is ?is fact :i* makes x vitally necess>y t our int]e/s %all be broad & pure if our ?\ghts are to be ( ?is type4 ,x is n en\gh t we h ! /r5g? to drive f our m9ds a wrong or impure ?\ght :i* seeks entrance4 ,to /& gu>d z a policeman ov] our ?\ghts to see t no unwor?y "o ent]s1 requires too mu* "t & en]gy4 ,our int]e/s mu/ be ( su* a nature z to lead u away f ! field ( unwor?y ?\ghts if we are to be free f _! tyranny4 ,,! ,,w ,,& ,,volunt>y ,,att5tion4--,9 volunt>y att5tion !re is a conflict ei!r betwe5 ! w & int]e/ or betwe5 ! w & ! m5tal in]tia or laz9ess1 :i* has to be ov]come be=e we c ?9k ) any degree ( conc5tration4 ,int]e/ says1 ,foll[ ?is l9e1 :i* is easy & attractive1 or :i* requires b little ef=t--foll[ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,w says1 ,quit t l9e ( dalliance & ease1 & take ?is h>d] way :i* ,i direct--cease ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance & take ! "o ( greate/ resi/ance4 ,:5 day dreams & ca/les 9 ,spa9 attempt to lure y f y\r lessons1 refuse to foll[2 %ut out ^! vagabond ?\ghts & /ick to y\r task4 ,:5 intellectual in]tia dead5s y\r ?\ght & clogs y\r m5tal /ream1 ?r[ x (f & c\rt =ceful ef=t4 ,if wrong or impure ?\ghts seek entrance to y\r m9d1 close & lock y\r m5tal doors to !m4 ,if ?\ghts ( desire try to drive out ?\ghts ( duty1 be h]oic & insi/ t ?\ghts ( duty %all h "r ( way4 ,9 %ort1 see t y are ! ma/] ( y\r ?9k+1 & d n let x always be direct$ )\t y\r cons5t by influ5ces outside ( y\rself4 ,x is j at ?is po9t t ! /rong w w9s victory & ! weak w breaks d[n4 ,betwe5 ! ability to control "o's ?\ghts & ! inability to control !m lies all ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r actions & wrong actions2 betwe5 )/&+ temptation & yield+ to x2 betwe5 an ineffici5t purposeless life & a life ( purpose & endeavor2 betwe5 success & failure4 ,= we act 9 accordance ) ^? ?+s :i* our ?\ght re/s ^u4 ,suppose two l9es ( ?\ght repres5t$ by ,a & ,b1 respectively1 lie be=e y2 t ,a leads to a c\rse ( action difficult or unpleasant1 b necess>y to success or duty1 & t ,b leads to a c\rse ( action easy or pleasant1 b fatal to success or duty4 ,:i* c\rse w y foll[--! rugg$ pa? ( duty or ! easi] "o ( pleasure8 ,! answ] dep5ds almo/ :olly1 if n entirely1 on y\r p[] ( att5tion4 ,if y\r w is /rong en\gh to pull y\r ?\ghts away f ! fatal b attractive ,b & hold !m resolutely on ! less attractive ,a1 !n ,a w dictate y\r c\rse ( action1 & y w respond to ! call = endeavor1 self-d5ial1 & duty2 b if y\r ?\ghts break away f ! dom9ation ( y\r w & all[ ! beckon+ ( y\r int]e/s alone1 !n ,b w dictate y\r c\rse ( action1 & y w foll[ ! lead+ ( ease & pleasure4 ,= our actions are f9ally & irrevocably dictat$ by ! ?+s we ?9k ab\t4 ,,n ,,really ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,att5tion4--,x is n to be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 f :at has be5 said1 t !re are really diff]5t k9ds ( att5tion4 ,all att5tion d5otes an active or dynamic phase ( consci\sness4 ,! diff]5ce is r 9 ! way we secure att5tion2 :e!r x is dem&$ by sudd5 /imulus1 coax$ f u by int]e/+ objects ( ?\ght )\t ef=t on our "p1 or compell$ by =ce ( w to des]t ! m int]e/+ & take ! direction :i* we dictate4 #f4 ,,improv+ ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,att5tion ,:ile att5tion is no d\bt p>tly a natural gift1 yet !re is probably no p[] ( ! m9d m susceptible to tra9+ ?an is att5tion4 ,& ) att5tion1 z ) e o!r p[] ( body & m9d1 ! secret ( its developm5t lies 9 its use4 ,/at$ briefly1 ! only way to tra9 att5tion is by att5d+4 ,no am\nt ( !oriz+ or resolv+ c take ! place ( practice 9 ! actual process ( att5d+4 ,,mak+ ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,att5tion ,,re5=ce ,,ea* ,,o!r4--,a v close relation%ip & int]dep5d5ce exi/s betwe5 nonvolunt>y & volunt>y att5tion4 ,x w\ld be impossible to hold our att5tion by %e] =ce ( w on objects :i* 7 =ev] devoid ( int]e/2 likewise ! bl9d foll[+ ( our int]e/s & desires w\ld f9ally lead to %ipwreck 9 all our lives4 ,ea* k9d ( att5tion mu/ support & re5=ce ! o!r4 ,! lessons1 ! s]mons1 ! lectures1 & ! books 9 :i* we are mo/ int]e/$1 & h5ce to :i* we att5d nonvolunt>ily & ) ! lea/ ef=t & fatigue1 are ! ones out ( :i*1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 we get ! mo/ & rememb] ! be/ & longe/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are sometimes lessons & lectures & books1 & _m ?+s besides1 :i* are n int5sely int]e/+1 b :i* %\ld be att5d$ to nev]!less4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! w mu/ /ep 9 & take comm&4 ,if x has n ! /r5g? to d ?is1 x is 9 s f> a weak w1 & /eps %\ld be tak5 to develop x4 ,we are to keep ! faculty ( ef=t alive 9 u by a little gratuit\s ex]cise e day4 ,we are to be sy/ematically h]oic 9 ! little po9ts ( ev]yday life & exp]i5ce4 ,we are n to %r9k f tasks because !y are difficult or unpleasant4 ,!n1 :5 ! te/ comes1 we %all n f9d ourselves unn]v$ & untra9$1 b %all be able to /& 9 ! evil day4 ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,att5tion4--,f9ally1 "o ( ! *ief ?+s 9 tra9+ ! att5tion is to =m ! habit ( att5d+4 ,?is habit is to be =m$ only by att5d+ :5ev] & :]ev] ! prop] ?+ to d is to att5d1 :e!r 9 "w1 9 play1 9 mak+ fi%+ flies1 9 prep>+ = an exam9ation1 9 c\rt+ a swee!>t1 9 read+ a book4 ,! lesson1 or ! s]mon1 or ! lecture1 may n be v int]e/+2 b if !y are to be att5d$ to at all1 our rule %\ld be to att5d to !m completely & absolutely4 ,n by fits & />ts1 n[ drift+ away & n[ j]k+ ourselves back1 b all ! "t4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 ! "o :o w delib]ately d ?is w (t5 f9d ! dull & un9t]e/+ task become m int]e/+2 b if x nev] becomes int]e/+1 he is at lea/ =m+ a habit :i* w be invaluable to him ?r\gh life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "o :o fails to att5d except :5 8 int]e/ is captur$1 :o nev] ex]ts ef=t to compel att5tion1 is =m+ a habit :i* w be ! bane ( 8 ?9k+ until 8 /ream ( ?\ght %all end4 #g4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,:i* fatigues y m1 to give att5tion ( ! nonvolunt>y type1 or ! volunt>y8 ,:i* c y ma9ta9 long]8 ,:i* is ! m pleasant & agreeable to give8 ,"u :i* c y accompli% m8 ,:at be>+ h ^! facts on tea*+8 #b4 ,try to foll[ = "o or two m9utes ! wave 9 y\r consci\sness1 & !n describe ! c\rse tak5 by y\r att5tion4 #c4 ,h y obs]v$ "o class al]t 9 att5tion1 & ano!r lifeless & inatt5tive8 ,c y expla9 ! causes ly+ back ( ?is diff]5ce8 ,e/imate ! relative am\nt ( "w accompli%$ "u ! two conditions4 #d4 ,:at di/ractions h y obs]v$ 9 ! s*oolroom t5d+ to break up att5tion8 #e4 ,h y se5 pupils inatt5tive f lack ( 7#a7 *ange1 7#b7 pure air1 7#c7 en?usiasm on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 7#d7 fatigue1 7#e7 ill heal?8 #f4 ,h y notic$ a diff]5ce 9 ! habit ( att5tion 9 diff]5t pupils8 ,h y notic$ ! same ?+ = :ole s*ools or rooms8 #g4 ,d y "k ( *ildr5 too mu* giv5 to daydream+8 ,are y8 #h4 ,h y se5 a tea*] rap ! desk = att5tion8 ,:at type ( att5tion 0 secur$8 ,does x pay8 #i4 ,h y obs]v$ any in/ance 9 :i* pupils' lack ( att5tion %\ld be blam$ on ! tea*]8 ,if s1 :at 0 ! fault8 ,! rem$y8 #aj4 ,visit a s*ool room or a recitation1 & !n write an acc\nt ( ! types & degrees ( att5tion y obs]v$4 ,try to expla9 ! factors responsible = any failures 9 att5tion1 & also ^? responsible = ! good att5tion %[n4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,a f9e bra91 or a good m9d4 ,^! t]ms are (t5 us$ int]*angeably1 z if !y /ood = ! same ?+4 ,yet ! bra9 is mat]ial sub/ance--s _m cells & fib]s1 a pulpy protoplasmic mass weigh+ "s ?ree p\nds & %ut away f ! outside _w 9 a casket ( bone4 ,! m9d is a spiritual ?+--! sum ( ! processes by :i* we ?9k & feel & w1 ma/]+ our _w & accompli%+ our de/9y4 #a4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,m9d ,,& ,,bra9 ,,int]action ,,( ,,m9d ,,& ,,bra94--,h[1 !n1 come ^! two widely diff]5t facts1 m9d & bra91 to be s relat$ 9 our spee*8 ,:y are ! t]ms s commonly int]*ang$8--,x is because m9d & bra9 are s vitally relat$ 9 _! processes & s insep>ably connect$ 9 _! "w4 ,no movem5t ( our ?\ght1 no bit ( s5sation1 no memory1 no feel+1 no act ( decision b is accompani$ by its own p>ticul> activity 9 ! cells ( ! bra94 ,x is ?is t ! psy*ologi/ has 9 m9d :5 he says1 no psy*osis )\t its correspond+ neurosis4 ,s f> z our pres5t exi/5ce is conc]n$1 !n1 no m9d ev] works except ?r\gh "s bra91 & a bra9 )\t a m9d becomes b a mass ( dead matt]1 s mu* clay4 ,m9d & bra9 are p]fectly adapt$ to ea* o!r4 ,nor is ?is m]e accid5t4 ,= ?r\gh ! ages ( man's pa/ hi/ory ea* has gr[n up & develop$ into its pres5t /ate ( effici5cy by work+ 9 conjunction ) ! o!r4 ,ea* has help$ =m ! o!r & det]m9e its qualities4 ,n only is ?is true = ! race 9 its evolution1 b = e individual z he passes f infancy to maturity4 ,,! ,,bra9 ,,z ,,! ,,m9d',s ,,ma*9e4--,9 ! fir/ *apt] we saw t ! bra9 does n create ! m9d1 b t ! m9d works ?r\gh ! bra94 ,no "o c believe t ! bra9 secretes m9d z ! liv] secretes bile1 or t x gr9ds x out z a mill does fl\r4 ,inde$1 j :at _! exact relation is has n yet be5 settl$4 ,yet x is easy to see t if ! m9d mu/ use ! bra9 z a ma*9e & "w ?r\gh x1 !n ! m9d mu/ be subject to ! limitations ( its ma*9e1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! m9d _c be bett] ?an ! bra9 ?r\gh :i* x op]ates4 ,a bra9 & n]v\s sy/em t are poorly develop$ or insuffici5tly n\ri%$ mean l[ grade ( effici5cy 9 our m5tal processes1 j z a poorly con/ruct$ or wrongly adju/$ motor means loss ( p[] 9 apply+ ! electric curr5t to its "w4 ,we w1 !n1 look ^u ! m9d & ! bra9 z c\nt]p>ts ( ea* o!r1 ea* p]=m+ activities :i* correspond to activities 9 ! o!r1 bo? inextricably b\nd toge!r at lea/ s f> z ?is life is conc]n$1 & ea* gett+ its significance by its union ) ! o!r4 ,?is view w l5d int]e/ to a brief /udy ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em4 #b4 ,,! ,,m9d',s ,,dep5d5ce ,,on ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,_w ,b c we fir/ see h[ 9 a g5]al way ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em are prim>ily relat$ to our ?9k+8 ,let u g back to ! beg9n+ & consid] ! babe :5 x fir/ op5s its eyes on ! sc5es ( its new exi/5ce4 ,:at is 9 its m9d8 ,:at does x ?9k ab\t8 ,no?+4 ,imag9e1 if y c1 a p]son born bl9d & deaf1 & )\t ! s5se ( t\*1 ta/e1 or smell4 ,let su* a p]son live on = a ye>1 = five ye>s1 = a lifetime4 ,:at w\ld he "k8 ,:at ray ( intellig5ce w\ld ent] 8 m9d8 ,:at w\ld he ?9k ab\t8 ,all w\ld be d>k to 8 eyes1 all sil5t to 8 e>s1 all ta/eless to 8 m\?1 all odorless to 8 no/rils1 all t\*less to 8 sk94 ,8 m9d w\ld be a blank4 ,he w\ld h no m9d4 ,he c\ld n get />t$ to ?9k4 ,he c\ld n get />t$ to act4 ,he w\ld belong to a l[] scale ( life ?an ! t9y animal t floats ) ! waves & ! tide 9 ! ocean )\t p[] to direct its own c\rse4 ,he w\ld be b an in]t mass ( fle% )\t s5se or intellig5ce4 ,,! ,,m9d ,,at ,,bir?4--,yet ?is is ! condition ( ! babe at bir?4 ,x is born practically bl9d & deaf1 )\t def9ite s5se ( ta/e or smell4 ,born )\t any?+ to ?9k ab\t1 & no way to get any?+ to ?9k ab\t until ! s5ses wake up & furni% "s mat]ial f ! outside _w4 ,born ) all ! me*anism ( muscle & n]ve ready to p]=m ! c\ntless complex movem5ts ( arms & legs & body :i* *>act]ize e *ild1 he c\ld n successfully />t ^! activities )\t a message f ! s5ses to set !m go+4 ,at bir? ! *ild probably has only ! s5ses ( contact & temp]ature pres5t ) any degree ( cle>ness2 ta/e soon foll[s2 vision ( an imp]fect sort 9 a few days2 he>+ ab\t ! same "t1 & smell a little lat]4 ,! s5ses are wak+ up & beg9n+ _! acqua9tance ) ! outside _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,a ,,neurone ,,f ,a ,,human ,,sp9al ,,cord4 ,! c5tral portion repres5ts ! cell body4 ,n1 ! nucleus2 ,p1 a pigm5t$ or color$ spot2 ,d1 a d5drite1 or relatively %ort fib]1--:i* bran*es freely2 ,a1 an axon or long fib]1 :i* bran*es b little4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses4--,& :at a problem ! s5ses h to solve6 ,on ! "o h& ! great univ]se ( sights & s\nds1 ( ta/es & smells1 ( contacts & temp]atures1 & :atev] else may belong to ! mat]ial _w 9 :i* we live2 & on ! o!r h& ! little %apeless mass ( gray & :ite pulpy matt] call$ ! bra91 incapable ( su/a9+ its own %ape1 %ut away 9 ! d>kness ( a bony case ) no possibility ( contact ) ! outside _w1 & possess+ no means ( communicat+ ) x except ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,& yet ?is univ]se ( ext]nal ?+s mu/ be br\ght into communication ) ! seem+ly insignificant b really wond]ful bra91 else ! m9d c\ld nev] be4 ,"h we discov]1 !n1 ! two great factors :i* fir/ require our /udy if we w\ld und]/& ! gr[? ( ! m9d--! mat]ial _w )\t1 & ! bra9 )94 ,= x is ! action & int]action ( ^! :i* lie at ! bottom ( ! m9d's developm5t4 ,let u fir/ look a little m closely at ! bra9 & ! accompany+ n]v\s sy/em4 #c4 ,,/ructural ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,x w help 9 und]/&+ bo? ! /ructure & ! work+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em to keep 9 m9d t x conta9s b "o fundam5tal unit ( /ructure4 ,?is is ! neurone4 ,j z ! h\se is built up by add+ brick ^u brick1 s bra91 cord1 n]ves & organs ( s5se are =m$ by ! union ( numb]less neurones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,neurones 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 f a to e4 ,9 a1 ! elem5t>y cell body alone is pres5t2 9 c1 a d5drite is %[n project+ upw>d & an axon d[nw>d4--,aft] ,,donaldson4 ,,! ,,neurone4--,:at1 !n1 is a neurone8 ,:at is its /ructure1 its function1 h[ does x act8 ,a neurone is a protoplasmic cell1 ) its outgr[+ fib]s4 ,! cell "p ( ! neurone is ( a v>iety ( %apes1 triangul>1 pyramidal1 cyl9drical1 & irregul>4 ,! cells v>y 9 size f #a_/bej to #a_/cejj ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 g5]al ! function ( ! cell is ?\ght to be to g5]ate ! n]v\s en]gy responsible = our consci\sness--s5sation1 memory1 reason+1 feel+ & all ! re/1 & = our movem5ts4 ,! cell also provides = ! nutrition ( ! fib]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,longitud9al 7a7 & ,transv]se 7b7 section ( n]ve fib]4 ,! heavy bord] repres5ts ! m$ull>y1 or envelop+ %ea?1 :i* becomes ?ick] 9 ! l>g] fib]s4--,aft] ,,donaldson4 ,,neurone ,,fib]s4--,! neurone fib]s are ( two k9ds1 d5drites & axons4 ,! d5drites are comp>atively l>ge 9 diamet]1 bran* freely1 l ! bran*es ( a tree1 & ext5d b a relatively %ort di/ance f ! p>5t cell4 ,axons are sl5d]1 & bran* b little1 & !n approximately at "r angles4 ,!y rea* a mu* great] di/ance f ! cell body ?an ! d5drites4 ,neurones v>y greatly 9 l5g?4 ,"s ( ^? f\nd 9 ! sp9al cord & bra9 are n m ?an #a_/ab ( an in* long1 :ile o!rs :i* rea* f ! extremities to ! cord1 measure sev]al feet4 ,bo? d5drites & axons are ( diamet] s small z to be invisible except "u ! microscope4 ,,neuroglia4--,out ( ?is simple /ructural elem5t1 ! neurone1 ! entire n]v\s sy/em is built4 ,true1 ! neurones are held 9 place1 & p]haps insulat$1 by a k9d ( s(t cem5t call$ neuroglia4 ,b ?is seems to possess no /rictly n]v\s function4 ,! numb] ( ! microscopic neurones requir$ to make up ! mass ( ! bra91 cord & p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em is f> beyond our m5tal grasp4 ,x is comput$ t ! bra9 & cord conta9 "s #c1jjj millions ( !m4 ,,complexity ,,( ,,! ,,bra94--,some?+ ( ! complexity ( ! bra9 /ructure c be/ be und]/ood by an illu/ration4 ,pr(essor ,/ratton e/imates t if we 7 to make a model ( ! human bra91 us+ = ! neurone fib]s wires s small z to be b>ely visible to ! eye1 9 ord] to f9d room = all ! wires ! model w\ld ne$ to be ! size ( a city block on ! base & correspond+ly high4 ,imag9e a telephone sy/em ( ?is complexity op]at+ f "o swit*-bo>d6 ,,gray ,,& ,,:ite ,,matt]4--,! gray matt] ( ! bra9 & cord is made up ( n]ve cells & _! d5drites1 & ! t]m9ations ( axons1 :i* ent] f ! adjo9+ :ite matt]4 ,a "p ( ! mass ( gray matt] also consi/s ( ! neuroglia :i* surr\nds ! n]ve cells & fib]s1 & a network ( blood vessels4 ,! :ite matt] ( ! c5tral sy/em consi/s *iefly ( axons ) _! envelop+ or m$ull>y1 %ea? & neuroglia4 ,! :ite matt] conta9s no n]ve cells or d5drites4 ,! diff]5ce 9 color ( ! gray & ! :ite matt] is caus$ *iefly by ! fact t 9 ! gray masses ! m$ull>y %ea?1 :i* is :ite1 is lack+1 ?us reveal+ ! a%5 gray ( ! n]ve ?reads4 ,9 ! :ite masses ! m$ull>y %ea? is pres5t4 #d4 ,,gross ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4--,! n]v\s sy/em may be consid]$ 9 two divisions3 7#a7 ,! c5tral sy/em1 :i* consi/s ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 & 7#b7 ! p]iph]al sy/em1 :i* comprises ! s5sory & motor neurones connect+ ! p]iph]y & ! int]nal organs ) ! c5tral sy/em & ! specializ$ end-organs ( ! s5ses4 ,! sympa!tic sy/em1 :i* is f\nd z a d\ble *a9 ( n]ve connections jo9+ ! roots ( s5sory & motor n]ves j outside ! sp9al column1 does n seem to be directly relat$ to consci\sness & s w n be discuss$ "h4 ,a brief description ( ! n]v\s sy/em w help u bett] to und]/& h[ its p>ts all "w toge!r 9 s wond]ful a way to accompli% _! great result4 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,sy/em4--,9 ! bra9 we easily di/+ui% ?ree major divisions--! c]ebrum1 ! c]ebellum & ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,! m$ulla is b ! enl>g$ upp] "p ( ! cord :]e x connects ) ! bra94 ,x is ab\t an in* & a qu>t] long1 & is compos$ ( bo? m$ullat$ & unm$ullat$ fib]s--t is ( bo? :ite & gray matt]4 ,9 ! m$ulla1 ! unm$ullat$ neurones :i* comprise ! c5t] ( ! cord are pass+ to ! outside1 & ! m$ullat$ to ! inside1 ?us tak+ ! positions !y occupy 9 ! c]ebrum4 ,"h also ! neurones are cross+1 or *ang+ sides1 s t ^? :i* pass up ! "r side ( ! cord f9ally connect ) ! left side ( ! bra91 & vice v]sa4 ,,! ,,c]ebellum4--,ly+ j back ( ! m$ulla & at ! re> "p ( ! base ( ! c]ebrum is ! c]ebellum1 or little bra91 approximately z l>ge z ! fi/1 & compos$ ( a complex arrangem5t ( :ite & gray matt]4 ,fib]s f ! sp9al cord ent] ?is mass1 & o!rs em]ge & pass on into ! c]ebrum1 :ile its two halves also are connect$ ) ea* o!r by means ( cross fib]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,view ( ! "u side ( ! bra94 ,b1 basis ( ! crura2 ,p1 pons2 ,mo1 m$ulla oblongata2 ,ce1 c]ebellum2 ,sc1 sp9al cord4 ,,! ,,c]ebrum4--,! c]ebrum occupies all ! upp] "p ( ! skull f ! front to ! re>4 ,x is divid$ symmetrically into two hemisph]es1 ! "r & ! left4 ,^! hemisph]es are connect$ ) ea* o!r by a small bridge ( fib]s call$ ! corpus callosum4 ,ea* hemisph]e is furr[$ & ridg$ ) convolutions1 an arrangem5t :i* all[s great] surface = ! di/ribution ( ! gray cellul> matt] ov] x4 ,besides ^! irregul>ities ( surface1 ea* hemisph]e is m>k$ also by two deep clefts or fissures--! fissure ( ,rol&o1 ext5d+ f ! middle upp] "p ( ! hemisph]e d[nw>d & =w>d1 pass+ a little 9 front ( ! e> & /opp+ on a level ) ! upp] "p ( x2 & ! fissure ( ,sylvius1 beg9n+ at ! base ( ! bra9 some:at 9 front ( ! e> & ext5d+ upw>d & backw>d at an acute angle ) ! base ( ! hemisph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,diagrammatic side view ( bra91 %[+ c]ebellum 7,,cb7 & m$ulla oblongata 7,,mo74 ,f' ,f'' ,f''' are plac$ on ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird frontal convolutions1 respectively2 ,,af1 on ! asc5d+ frontal2 ,,ap1 on ! asc5d+ p>ietal2 ,m1 on ! m>g9al2 ,a1 on ! angul>4 ,t' ,t'' ,t''' are plac$ on ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird temporal convolutions4 ,r-,r m>ks ! fissure ( ,rol&o2 ,s-,s1 ! fissure ( ,sylvius2 ,,po1 ! p>ieto-occipital fissure4 ,! surface ( ea* hemisph]e may be ?\ght ( z mapp$ out into f\r lobes3 ,! frontal lobe1 :i* includes ! front "p ( ! hemisph]e & ext5ds back to ! fissure ( ,rol&o & d[n to ! fissure ( ,sylvius2 ! p>ietal lobe1 :i* lies back ( ! fissure ( ,rol&o & above t ( ,sylvius & ext5ds back to ! occipital lobe2 ! occipital lobe1 :i* includes ! extreme re> portion ( ! hemisph]e2 & ! temporal lobe1 :i* lies bel[ ! fissure ( ,sylvius & ext5ds back to ! occipital lobe4 ,,! ,,cortex4--,! gray matt] ( ! hemisph]es1 unlike t ( ! cord1 lies on ! surface4 ,?is gray ext]ior portion ( ! c]ebrum is call$ ! cortex1 & v>ies f "o-twelf? to "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! cortex is ! seat ( all consci\sness & ( ! control ( volunt>y movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,diff]5t aspects ( sections ( ! sp9al cord & ( ! roots ( ! sp9al n]ves f ! c]vical region3 #a1 diff]5t views ( ant]ior m$ian fissure2 #b1 po/]ior fissure2 #c1 ant]ior lat]al depression = ant]ior roots2 #d1 po/]ior lat]al depression = po/]ior roots2 #e & #f1 ant]ior & po/]ior roots1 respectively2 #g1 complete sp9al n]ve1 =m$ by ! union ( ! ant]ior & po/]ior roots4 ,,! ,,sp9al ,,cord4--,! sp9al cord proce$s f ! base ( ! bra9 d[nw>d ab\t eighte5 in*es ?r\gh a canal provid$ = x 9 ! v]tebrae ( ! sp9al column4 ,x is compos$ ( :ite matt] on ! outside1 & gray matt] )94 ,a deep fissure on ! ant]ior side & ano!r on ! po/]ior cleave ! cord ne>ly 9 twa91 resembl+ ! bra9 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! gray matt] on ! int]ior is 9 ! =m ( two cresc5ts connect$ by a n>r[ b>4 ,! p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em consi/s ( ?irty-"o pairs ( n]ves1 ) _! end-organs1 bran*+ (f f ! cord1 & twelve pairs t h _! roots 9 ! bra94 ,bran*es ( ^! =ty-?ree pairs ( n]ves rea* to e "p ( ! p]iph]y ( ! body & to all ! int]nal organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,! projection fib]s ( ! bra94 ,i-,,ix1 ! fir/ n9e pairs ( cranial n]ves4 ,x w help 9 und]/&+ ! p]iph]al sy/em to rememb] t a n]ve consi/s ( a bundle ( neurone fib]s ea* wrapp$ 9 its m$ull>y %ea? & %ea? ( ,s*wann4 ,ar\nd ?is bundle ( neurones1 t is ar\nd ! n]ve1 is /ill ano!r wrapp+1 silv]y-:ite1 call$ ! neurilemma4 ,! numb] ( fib]s go+ to make up a n]ve v>ies f ab\t #e1jjj to #ajj1jjj4 ,n]ves c easily be id5tifi$ 9 a piece ( lean beef1 or ev5 at ! edge ( a s]i\s ga% 9 "o's own fle%6 ,bundles ( s5sory fib]s con/itut+ a s5sory n]ve root ent] ! sp9al cord on ! po/]ior side ?r\gh holes 9 ! v]tebrae4 ,simil> bundles ( motor fib]s 9 ! =m ( a motor n]ve root em]ge f ! cord at ! same level4 ,soon aft] _! em]g5ce f ! cord1 ^! two n]ves are wrapp$ toge!r 9 ! same %ea? & proce$ 9 ?is way to ! p]iph]y ( ! body1 :]e ! s5sory n]ve usually ends 9 a specializ$ end-organ fitt$ to respond to "s c]ta9 /imulus f ! outside _w4 ,! motor n]ve ends 9 m9ute filam5ts 9 ! muscul> organ :i* x gov]ns4 ,bo? s5sory & motor n]ves connect ) fib]s ( l k9d 9 ! cord & ^! 9 turn ) ! cortex1 ?us giv+ e "p ( ! p]iph]y direct connection ) ! cortex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,s*ematic diagram %[+ association fib]s connect+ cortical c5t]s ) ea* o!r4--,aft] ,,james & ,,/>r4 ,! end-organs ( ! s5sory n]ves are n]ve masses1 "s ( !m1 z ! ta/e buds ( ! tongue1 relatively simple2 & o!rs1 z ! eye or e>1 v complex4 ,!y are all alike 9 "o p>ticul>2 namely1 t ea* is fitt$ = its own p>ticul> "w & c d no o!r4 ,?us ! eye is ! end-organ ( sight1 & is a wond]fully complex arrangem5t ( n]ve /ructure comb9$ ) refract+ m$ia1 & arrang$ to respond to ! rapid e!r waves ( light4 ,! e> has = its ess5tial "p ! specializ$ end+s ( ! auditory n]ve1 & is fitt$ to respond to ! waves c>ri$ to x 9 ! air1 giv+ ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,! end-organs ( t\*1 f\nd 9 greate/ p]fection 9 ! f+] tips1 are ( sev]al k9ds1 all v complicat$ 9 /ructure4 ,& s on ) ea* ( ! s5ses4 ,ea* p>ticul> s5se has "s =m ( end-organ specially adapt$ to respond to ! k9d ( /imulus ^u :i* its s5sation dep5ds1 & ea* is ins5sible to ! /imuli ( ! o!rs1 mu* z ! receiv] ( a telephone w respond to ! tones ( our voice1 b n to ! t\* ( our f+]s z w ! telegraph in/rum5t1 & vice v]sa4 ,?us ! eye is n affect$ by s\nds1 nor t\* by light4 ,yet by means ( all ! s5ses toge!r we are able to come 9 contact ) ! mat]ial _w 9 a v>iety ( ways4 #e4 ,,localization ,,( ,,function ,,9 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,,division ,,( ,,labor4--,division ( labor is ! law 9 ! organic _w z 9 ! indu/rial4 ,animals ( ! l[e/ type1 su* z ! amoeba1 d n h sep>ate organs = respiration1 dige/ion1 assimilation1 elim9ation1 etc41 ! "o tissue p]=m+ all ( ^! functions4 ,b 9 ! high] =ms ea* organ n only has its own specific "w1 b ev5 )9 ! same organ ea* "p has its own p>ticul> function assign$4 ,?us we h se5 t ! two p>ts ( ! neurone probably p]=m diff]5t functions1 ! cells g5]at+ en]gy & ! fib]s transmitt+ x4 ,x w n seem /range1 !n1 t !re is also a division ( labor 9 ! cellul> matt] itself 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,= example1 ! little masses ( ganglia :i* are di/ribut$ at int]vals along ! n]ves are probably = ! purpose ( re5=c+ ! n]ve curr5t1 mu* z ! batt]y cells 9 ! local telegraph (fice re5=ce ! curr5t f ! c5tral (fice4 ,! cellul> matt] 9 ! sp9al cord & l[] p>ts ( ! bra9 has a v important "w to p]=m 9 receiv+ messages f ! s5ses & respond+ to !m 9 direct+ ! simpl] reflex acts & movem5ts :i* we le>n to execute )\t our consci\sness be+ call$ ^u1 ?us leav+ ! m9d free f ^! petty ?+s to busy itself 9 high] ways4 ,! cellul> matt] ( ! cortex p]=ms ! highe/ functions ( all1 = ?r\gh its activity we h consci\sness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,side view ( left hemisph]e ( human bra91 %[+ ! pr9cipal localiz$ areas4 ,! gray matt] ( ! c]ebellum1 ! m$ulla1 & ! cord may receive impressions f ! s5ses & respond to !m ) movem5ts1 b _! response is 9 all cases :olly automatic & unconsci\s4 ,a p]son ^: hemisph]es _h be5 injur$ 9 su* a way z to int]f]e ) ! activity ( ! cortex might /ill cont9ue to p]=m mo/ if n all ( ! habitual movem5ts ( 8 life1 b !y w\ld be me*anical & n intellig5t4 ,he w\ld lack all high] consci\sness4 ,x is ?r\gh ! activity ( ?is ?9 cov]+ ( cellul> matt] ( ! c]ebrum1 ! cortex1 t our m9ds op]ate2 "h are receiv$ /imuli f ! diff]5t s5ses1 & "h s5sations are exp]i5c$4 ,"h all our movem5ts :i* are consci\sly direct$ h _! orig94 ,& "h all our ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+ are done4 ,,division ,,( ,,labor ,,9 ,,! ,,cortex4--,nor does ! division ( labor 9 ! n]v\s sy/em end ) ?is assignm5t ( "w4 ,! cortex itself probably works ess5tially z a unit1 yet x is ?r\gh a %ift+ ( t5sions f "o area to ano!r t x acts1 n[ giv+ u a s5sation1 n[ direct+ a movem5t1 & n[ ?9k+ a ?\ght or feel+ an emotion4 ,localization ( function is ! rule "h also4 ,c]ta9 areas ( ! cortex are devot$ *iefly to s5sations1 o!rs to motor impulses1 & o!rs to high] ?\ght activities1 yet 9 su* a way t all "w toge!r 9 p]fect h>mony1 ea* re5=c+ ! o!r & mak+ its "w significant4 ,?us ! front portion ( ! cortex seems to be devot$ to ! high] ?\ght activities2 ! region on bo? sides ( ! fissure ( ,rol&o1 to motor activities2 & ! re> & l[] p>ts to s5sory activities2 & all are b\nd toge!r & made to "w toge!r by ! association fib]s ( ! bra94 ,9 ! case ( ! high] ?\ght activities1 x is n probable t "o section ( ! frontal lobes ( ! cortex is set ap>t = ?9k+1 "o = feel+1 & "o = will+1 etc41 b r t ! :ole frontal "p ( ! cortex is conc]n$ 9 ea*4 ,9 ! motor & s5sory areas1 h[ev]1 ! case is diff]5t2 = "h a /ill fur!r division ( labor occurs4 ,= example1 9 ! motor region "o small area seems connect$ ) movem5ts ( ! head1 "o ) ! arm1 "o ) ! leg1 "o ) ! face1 & ano!r ) ! organs ( spee*2 likewise 9 ! s5sory region1 "o area is devot$ to vision1 "o to he>+1 "o to ta/e & smell1 & "o to t\*1 etc4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ^! regions are n mapp$ out z accurately z are ! b\nd>ies ( our /ates--t no "p ( ! bra9 is re/rict$ :olly to ei!r s5sory or motor n]ves1 & t no "p works by itself indep5d5tly ( ! re/ ( ! bra94 ,we "n a tract f ! pr$om9ance ( n]ves :i* end !re1 or f ! *ief functions :i* ! area p]=ms4 ,! motor localization seems to be ! mo/ p]fect4 ,inde$1 exp]im5tation on ! bra9s ( monkeys has be5 successful 9 mapp+ out motor areas s accurately t su* small c5t]s z ^? connect$ ) ! b5d+ ( "o p>ticul> leg or ! flex+ ( a ?umb h be5 locat$4 ,yet ea* area ( ! cortex is s connect$ ) e o!r area by ! millions ( association fib]s t ! :ole bra9 is capable ( work+ toge!r z a unit1 ?us unify+ & h>moniz+ our ?\ghts1 emotions1 & acts4 #f4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,s5sory ,,/imuli ,let u next inquire h[ ?is me*anism ( ! n]v\s sy/em is act$ ^u 9 su* a way z to give u s5sations4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ fir/ "k t all =ms ( matt] are compos$ ( m9ute atoms :i* are 9 con/ant motion1 & by imp>t+ ?is motion to ! air or ! e!r :i* surr\nds !m1 are con/antly radiat+ en]gy 9 ! =m ( m9ute waves ?r\gh\t space4 ,^! waves1 or radiations1 are incr$ibly rapid 9 "s in/ances & r sl[ 9 o!rs4 ,9 s5d+ out its en]gy 9 ! =m ( ^! waves1 ! physical _w is do+ its "p to p]mit u to =m its acqua9tance4 ,! end-organs ( ! s5sory n]ves mu/ meet ?is advance half-way1 & be s con/ruct$ z to be affect$ by ! diff]5t =ms ( en]gy :i* are con/antly beat+ ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,! prism's analysis ( a bundle ( light rays4 ,on ! "r are %[n ! relation ( vibration rates to temp]ature /imuli1 to light & to *emical /imuli4 ,! rates are giv5 9 billions p] second4--,aft] ,,witm]4 ,,! ,,end-,,organs ,,& ,,_! ,,response ,,to ,,/imuli4--,?us ! radiations ( e!r f ! sun1 our *ief s\rce ( light1 are s rapid t billions ( !m ent] ! eye 9 a second ( "t1 & ! ret9a is ( su* a nature t its n]ve cells are ?r[n into activity by ^! waves2 ! impulse is c>ri$ ov] ! optic n]ve to ! occipital lobe ( ! cortex1 & ! s5sation ( sight is ! result4 ,! diff]5t colors also1 f ! r$ ( ! spectrum to ! violet1 are ! result ( diff]5t vibration rates 9 ! waves ( e!r :i* /rike ! ret9a2 & 9 ord] to p]ceive color1 ! ret9a mu/ be able to respond to ! p>ticul> vibration rate :i* repres5ts ea* color4 ,likewise 9 ! s5se ( t\* ! end-organs are fitt$ to respond to v rapid vibrations1 & x is possible t ! diff]5t qualities ( t\* are produc$ by diff]5t vibration rates 9 ! atoms ( ! object we are t\*+4 ,:5 we rea* ! e>1 we h ! organ :i* responds to ! l[e/ vibration rate ( all1 = we c detect a s\nd made by an object :i* is vibrat+ f tw5ty to ?irty times a second4 ,! highe/ vibration rate :i* w affect ! e> is "s =ty ?\s& p] second4 ,?us x is se5 t !re are great gaps 9 ! diff]5t rates to :i* our s5ses are fitt$ to respond--a sudd5 drop f billions 9 ! case ( ! eye to millions 9 t\*1 & to ?\s&s or ev5 t5s 9 he>+4 ,?is makes "o wond] :e!r !re are n _m ?+s 9 nature :i* man has nev] discov]$ simply because he has n ! s5se me*anism enabl+ him to become consci\s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,!re are und\bt$ly m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are dreamt ( 9 our philosophy4 ,,dep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,on ,,! ,,s5ses4--,only z ! s5ses br+ 9 ! mat]ial1 has ! m9d any?+ ) :i* to build4 ,?us h ! s5ses to act z mess5g]s betwe5 ! great outside _w & ! bra92 to be ! s]vants :o %all /& at ! doorways ( ! body--! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! f+] tips--ea* ready to receive its p>ticul> k9d ( impulse f nature & s5d x along ! "r pa? to ! "p ( ! cortex :]e x belongs1 s t ! m9d c say1 ,a sight1 ,a s\nd1 or ,a t\*4 ,?us does ! m9d come to "k ! univ]se ( ! s5ses4 ,?us does x get ! mat]ial out ( :i* memory1 imag9ation1 & ?\ght beg94 ,?us & only ?us does ! m9d secure ! crude mat]ial f :i* ! f9i%$ sup]/ructure is f9ally built4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,m5tal ,,developm5t ,,& ,,motor ,,tra9+ ,education 0 long look$ ^u z affect+ ! m9d only2 ! body 0 ei!r left out ( acc\nt or neglect$4 ,lat] sci5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! m9d _c be tra9$ except z ! n]v\s sy/em is tra9$ & develop$4 ,= n s5sation & ! simpl] m5tal processes alone1 b memory1 imag9ation1 judgm5t1 reason+ & e o!r act ( ! m9d are dep5d5t on ! n]v\s sy/em f9ally = _! effici5cy4 ,! little *ild gets its fir/ m5tal exp]i5ces 9 connection ) c]ta9 movem5ts or acts set up reflexly by ! pre-organiz$ n]v\s sy/em4 ,f ?is "t on movem5t & idea are s inextricably b\nd toge!r t !y _c be sep>at$4 ,! m9d & ! bra9 are s vitally relat$ t x is impossible to educate "o )\t p]=m+ a l (fice = ! o!r2 & x is likewise impossible to neglect ! "o )\t caus+ ! o!r to suff] 9 its developm5t4 #a4 ,,factors ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,,developm5t ,,& ,,nutrition4--,ignor+ ! native diff]5ces 9 n]v\s sy/ems ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( h]$ity1 ! effici5cy ( a n]v\s sy/em is l>gely dep5d5t on two factors3 7#a7 ,! developm5t ( ! cells & fib]s ( :i* x is compos$1 & 7#b7 its g5]al tone ( heal? & vigor4 ,! actual numb] ( cells 9 ! n]v\s sy/em increases b little if at all aft] bir?4 ,inde$1 x is d\btful :e!r ,edison's bra9 & n]v\s sy/em has a great] numb] ( cells 9 x ?an y\rs or m9e4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! bra9 ( a g5ius & t ( an ord9>y man is n 9 ! numb] ( cells :i* x conta9s1 b r 9 ! developm5t ( ! cells & fib]s :i* are pres5t1 pot5tially1 at lea/1 9 e n]v\s sy/em4 ,! hi/ologi/ tells u t 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( e *ild !re are t5s ( ?\s&s ( cells :i* are s immature & undevelop$ t !y are useless2 inde$1 ?is is ! case to "s degree 9 e adult p]son's n]v\s sy/em z well4 ,?us ea* individual has inh]5t 9 8 n]v\s sy/em pot5tialities ( :i* he has nev] tak5 advantage1 ! utiliz+ ( :i* may make him a g5ius & ! neglect+ ( :i* w c]ta9ly leave him on ! plane ( m$iocrity4 ,! fir/ problem 9 education1 !n1 is to take ! unripe & ineffici5t n]v\s sy/em & s develop x 9 connection ) ! gr[+ m9d t ! possibilities :i* nature has /or$ 9 x %all become actualities4 ,,undevelop$ ,,cells4--,pr(essor ,donaldson tells u on ?is po9t t3 ,at bir?1 & = a long "t aft]1 _m n]v\s sy/ems conta9 cell elem5ts :i* are m or less immature1 n =m+ a functional "p ( ! tissue1 & yet "u "s conditions capable ( fur!r developm5t4444 ,= ! cells :i* are cont9ually appe>+ 9 ! develop+ cortex no o!r s\rce is kn[n ?an ! nuclei or granules f\nd !re 9 its e>lie/ /ages4 ,^! elem5ts are metamorphos$ neurobla/s--t is1 elem5t>y cells out ( :i* ! n]v\s matt] is develop$--:i* h %runk5 to a volume less ?an t :i* !y _h at fir/1 & :i* rema9 small until1 9 ! subsequ5t process ( enl>gem5t necess>y = _! full developm5t1 !y exp& into well-m>k$ cells4 ,elem5ts int]m$iate betwe5 ^! granules & ! fully develop$ cells are always f\nd1 ev5 9 mature bra9s1 & !re=e x is inf]r$ t ! latt] are d]iv$ f ! =m]4 ,! appe>ances !re also lead to ! conclusion t _m elem5ts :i* might possibly develop 9 any giv5 case are f> beyond ! numb] t actually does s4444 ,! possible numb] ( cells lat5t & functional 9 ! c5tral sy/em is e>ly fix$4 ,at any age ?is numb] is accord+ly repres5t$ by ! granules z well z by ! cells :i* h already und]gone fur!r developm5t4 ,dur+ gr[? ! proportion ( develop$ cells increases1 & sometimes1 ow+ to ! failure to recognize pot5tial n]ve cells 9 ! granules1 ! impression is c>ri$ away t ?is increase implies ! =mation ( new elem5ts4 ,z has be5 %[n1 su* is n ! case4#a ,,developm5t ,,( ,,n]ve ,,fib]s4--,! n]ve fib]s1 no less ?an ! cells1 mu/ g ?r\gh a process ( developm5t4 ,x has already be5 %[n t ! fib]s are ! result ( a bran*+ ( cells4 ,at bir? _m ( ! cells h n yet ?r[n out bran*es1 & h5ce ! fib]s are lack+2 :ile _m ( ^? :i* are already gr[n out are n suffici5tly develop$ to transmit impulses accurately4 ,?us x has be5 f\nd t mo/ *ildr5 at bir? are able to support ! weight ( ! body = sev]al seconds by clasp+ ! f+]s ar\nd a small rod1 b x takes ab\t a ye> = ! *ild to become able to /&4 ,x is evid5t t x requires m actual /r5g? to cl+ to a rod ?an to /&2 h5ce ! conclusion is t ! diff]5ce is 9 ! e>li] developm5t ( ! n]ve c5t]s :i* h to d ) clasp+ ?an ( ^? conc]n$ 9 /&+4 ,likewise ! *ild's fir/ attempts to fe$ himself or d any "o ( ! ?\s& little ?+s ab\t :i* he is s awkw>d1 are p>tial failures n s mu* because he has n _h practice z because 8 n]v\s ma*9]y connect$ ) ^? movem5ts is n yet develop$ suffici5tly to enable him to be accurate4 ,8 bra9 is 9 a condition :i* ,fle*sig calls unripe4 ,h[1 !n1 %all ! undevelop$ cells & sy/em rip58 ,h[ %all ! undevelop$ cells & fib]s gr[ to full maturity & effici5cy8 #b4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,,?r\gh ,,use ,,importance ,,( ,,/imulus ,,& ,,response4--,l all o!r tissues ( ! body1 ! n]ve cells & fib]s are develop$ by judici\s use4 ,! s5sory & association c5t]s require ! con/ant /imulus ( n]ve curr5ts runn+ 9 f ! v>i\s end-organs1 & ! motor c5t]s require ! con/ant /imulus ( curr5ts runn+ f !m out to ! muscles4 ,9 o!r words1 ! conditions ^u :i* bo? motor & s5sory developm5t dep5d are3 7#a7 ,a ri* environm5t ( sights & s\nds & ta/es & smells1 & ev]y?+ else :i* s]ves z prop] /imulus to ! s5se organs1 & to e =m ( intellectual & social int]e/2 & 7#b7 no less important1 an opportunity = ! free/ & mo/ complete =ms ( response & motor activity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,s*ematic transv]se section ( ! human bra9 %[+ ! projection ( ! motor fib]s1 _! cross+ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! m$ulla1 & _! t]m9ation 9 ! diff]5t areas ( localiz$ function 9 ! cortex4 ,s1 fissure ( ,sylvius2 ,m1 ! m$ulla2 ,,vii1 ! roots ( ! facial n]ves4 ,an illu/ration ( ! effects ( ! lack ( s5sory /imuli on ! cortex is well %[n 9 ! case ( ,laura ,bridgman1 ^: bra9 0 /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,donaldson aft] h] dea?4 ,laura ,bridgman 0 born a normal *ild1 & develop$ z o!r *ildr5 d up to ! age ( ne>ly ?ree ye>s4 ,at ?is "t1 ?r\gh an attack ( sc>let fev]1 %e lo/ h] he>+ completely & also ! sight ( h] left eye4 ,h] "r eye 0 s badly affect$ t %e c\ld see b little2 & x1 too1 became entirely bl9d :5 %e 0 eight4 ,%e liv$ 9 ?is condition until %e 0 sixty ye>s old1 :5 %e di$4 ,pr(essor ,donaldson submitt$ ! cortex ( h] bra9 to a mo/ c>eful exam9ation1 also comp>+ ! correspond+ areas on ! two hemisph]es ) ea* o!r4 ,he f\nd t z a :ole ! cortex 0 ?9n] ?an 9 ! case ( normal individuals4 ,he f\nd also t ! cortical area connect$ ) ! left eye--namely1 ! "r occipital region--0 mu* ?9n] ?an t = ! "r eye1 :i* _h reta9$ its sight long] ?an ! o!r4 ,he says3 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ^? p>ts ( ! cortex :i*1 accord+ to ! curr5t view1 7 associat$ ) ! defective s5se organs 7 also p>ticul>ly ?94 ,! cause ( ?is ?9ness 0 f\nd to be due1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! small size ( ! n]ve cells !re pres5t4 ,n only 7 ! l>ge & m$ium-siz$ cells small]1 b ! impression made on ! obs]v] 0 t !y 7 also less num]\s ?an 9 ! normal cortex4 ,,effect ,,( ,,s5sory ,,/imuli4--,no d\bt if we c\ld exam9e ! bra9 ( a p]son :o has gr[n up 9 an environm5t ri* 9 /imuli to ! eye1 :]e nature1 e>?1 & sky h pres5t$ a *ang+ panorama ( color & =m to attract ! eye2 :]e all ! s\nds ( nature1 f ! *irp ( ! insect to ! ro> ( ! waves & ! murmur ( ! breeze1 & f ! s(te/ tones ( ! voice to ! mightie/ sweep ( ! great or*e/ra1 h *all5g$ ! e>2 :]e _m & v>i$ odors & p]fumes h assail$ ! no/rils2 :]e a great range ( ta/es h tempt$ ! palate2 :]e _m v>ieties ( t\* & temp]ature s5sations h be5 exp]i5c$--no d\bt if we c\ld exam9e su* a bra9 we %\ld f9d ! s5sory areas ( ! cortex excell+ 9 ?ickness because its cells 7 well develop$ & full siz$ f ! curr5ts :i* _h be5 p\r+ into !m f ! outside _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we c\ld exam9e a cortex :i* _h lack$ any "o ( ^! /imuli1 we %\ld f9d "s area 9 x undevelop$ because ( ?is defici5cy4 ,its own] !re=e possesses b ! fraction ( a bra91 & w\ld 9 a correspond+ degree f9d 8 m9d incomplete4 ,,necessity ,,= ,,motor ,,activity4--,likewise 9 ! case ( ! motor areas4 ,pity ! boy or girl :o has be5 depriv$ ( ! opportunity to use e muscle to ! fulle/ ext5t 9 ! unre/rict$ plays & games ( *ildhood4 ,= :]e su* activities are n wide 9 _! scope1 !re "s areas ( ! cortex w rema9 undevelop$1 because unus$1 & ! p]son w be h&icapp$ lat] 9 8 life f lack ( skill 9 ! activities dep5d+ on ^! c5t]s4 ,halleck says 9 ?is connection3 ,if we c\ld exam9e ! develop+ motor region ) a microscope ( suffici5t magnify+ p[]1 x is conceivable t we might le>n :]e9 ! modification due to ex]cise consi/s4 ,we might also1 "u su* conditions1 be able to say1 ',?is is ! motor region ( a piano play]2 ! modifications "h correspond precisely to ^? necess>y = controll+ su* movem5ts ( ! h&4' ,or1 ',?is is ! motor tract ( a blacksmi?2 ?is1 ( an engrav]2 & ^! mu/ be ! cells :i* gov]n ! vocal organs ( an orator4' ,:e!r or n ! microscope w ev] reveal su* ?+s to u1 !re is no d\bt t ! conditions sugge/$ exi/1 & t back ( e ineffici5t & awkw>d attempt at physical control lies a motor area ) its cells undevelop$ by use4 ,no wond] t our processes ( le>n+ physical adju/m5t & control are sl[1 = !y are a gr[? 9 ! bra9 r ?an a simple le>n+ h[4 ,! tra9+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em consi/s f9ally1 !n1 9 ! developm5t & coo]d9ation ( ! neurones ( :i* x is compos$4 ,we h se5 t ! s5sory cells are to be develop$ by ! s5sory /imuli p\r+ 9 ^u !m1 & ! motor cells by ! motor impulses :i* !y s5d out to ! muscles4 ,! s5sory & ! motor fib]s likewise1 be+ an outgr[? ( _! respective cells1 f9d _! developm5t 9 c>ry+ ! impulses :i* result 9 s5sation & movem5t4 ,?us x is se5 t ! neurone is1 9 its developm5t z 9 its "w1 a unit4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,c5t]s4--,to ?is simpl] type ( s5sory & motor developm5t :i* we h be5 consid]+1 we mu/ add t :i* comes f ! m complex m5tal processes1 su* z memory1 ?\ght1 & imag9ation4 ,= x is 9 connection ) ^! t ! association fib]s are develop$1 & ! bra9 areas s connect$ t !y c "w toge!r z a unit4 ,a simple illu/ration w enable u to see m cle>ly h[ ! n]v\s me*anism acts to br+ ?is ab\t4 ,suppose t ,i am walk+ along a c\ntry road deeply engag$ 9 m$itation1 & t ,i come to a puddle ( wat] 9 my pa?way4 ,i may turn aside & avoid ! ob/ruction )\t my att5tion be+ call$ to x1 & )\t int]ruption ( my tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,! act has be5 automatic4 ,9 ?is case ! n]ve curr5t has pass$ f ! eye 7,s7 ov] an aff]5t fib] to a s5sory c5t] 7s7 9 ! n]v\s sy/em bel[ ! cortex2 f !re x has be5 =w>d$ to a motor c5t] 7m7 9 ! same region1 & on out ov] a motor fib] to ! prop] muscles 7,m71 :i* are to execute ! requir$ act4 ,! act hav+ be5 complet$1 ! s5sory n]ves connect$ ) ! muscles employ$ report ! fact back t ! "w is done1 ?us complet+ ! circuit4 ,?is ev5t may be tak5 z an illu/ration ( lit]ally ?\s&s ( acts :i* we p]=m daily )\t ! int]v5tion ( consci\sness1 & h5ce )\t involv+ ! hemisph]es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,diagram illu/rat+ ! pa?s ( association4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( avoid+ ! puddle unconsci\sly1 ,i d s f consid]ation ( ! dang] ( wet feet & ! disagreeabl5ess ( soil$ %oes & ! ridicul\s appe>ance ,i %all make1 !n ! curr5t _c take ! %ort circuit1 b mu/ pass on up to ! cortex4 ,"h x awak5s consci\sness to take notice ( ! ob/ruction1 & calls =? ! images :i* aid 9 direct+ ! necess>y movem5ts4 ,?is simple illu/ration may be greatly complicat$1 sub/itut+ = x "o ( ! m complex problems :i* are cont9ually pres5t+ !mselves to u = solution1 or ! associat$ tra9s ( ?\ght t are con/antly occupy+ our m9ds4 ,b ! tru? ( ! illu/ration /ill holds4 ,:e!r 9 ! simple or ! complex act1 !re is always a =w>d pass+ ( ! n]ve curr5t ?r\gh ! s5sory & ?\ght c5t]s1 & on out ?r\gh ! motor c5t]s to ! organs :i* are to be conc]n$ 9 ! motor response4 ,,! ,,factors ,,involv$ ,,9 ,a ,,simple ,,action4--,?us x w be se5 t 9 ! simple/ act :i* c be consid]$ !re are ! foll[+ factors3 7#a7 ,! /imulus :i* acts on ! end-organ2 7#b7 ! +o+ curr5t ov] an aff]5t n]ve2 7#c7 ! s5sory or int]pret+ cells2 7#d7 ! fib]s connect+ ! s5sory ) a motor c5t]2 7#e7 ! motor cells2 7#f7 ! eff]5t n]ve to c>ry ! direction = ! movem5t outw>d to ! muscle2 7#g7 ! motor response2 &1 f9ally1 7#h7 ! report back t ! act has be5 p]=m$4 ,) ?is 9 m9d x fairly bewild]s "o to ?9k ( ! m>vel\s complexity ( ! "w t is go+ on 9 our n]v\s me*anism e mom5t ( our life1 ev5 )\t consid]+ ! high] ?\ght processes at all4 ,h[1 ) ^! add$1 ! result+ complexity all works out into beautiful h>mony is inde$ beyond compreh5sion4 #c4 ,,education ,,& ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,=tunately1 _m ( ! be/ opportunities = s5sory & motor tra9+ d n dep5d on s*ools or c\rses ( /udy4 ,! _w is full ( /imuli to our s5ses & to our social natures2 & our common lives are made up ( ! responses we make to ^! /imuli1--! movem5ts1 acts & de$s by :i* we fit ourselves into our _w ( environm5t4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ rapid & vital progress we make 9 our developm5t is accompli%$ 9 ! ye>s be=e we h rea*$ ! age to g to s*ool4 ,yet x is ! bus9ess ( education to see t we d n lack any ess5tial opportunity1 to make sure t necess>y l9es ( /imuli or ( motor tra9+ h n be5 omitt$ f our developm5t4 ,,education ,,to ,,supply ,,opportunities ,,= ,,/imulus ,,& ,,response4--,! great problem ( education is1 on ! physical side1 x w\ld seem1 !n1 to provide = ourselves & ^? we seek to educate z ri* an environm5t ( s5sory & social /imuli z possible2 "o ^: impressions w be full ( sugge/ions to response 9 motor activity & ! high] ?\ght processes2 & !n to give opportunity = ?\ght & = expression 9 acts & de$s 9 ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( l9es4 ,& add$ to ?is mu/ be frequ5t & cle> s5sory & motor recall1 a liv+ ov] aga9 ( ! sights & s\nds & odors & ! motor activities we h once exp]i5c$4 ,!re mu/ also be ! opportunity = ! =m+ ( wor?y plans & ideals4 ,= 9 ?is way ! bra9 c5t]s :i* 7 conc]n$ 9 ! orig9al s5sation or ?\ght or movem5t are aga9 br\ght into ex]cise1 & _! developm5t cont9u$4 ,?r\gh recall & imag9ation we are able n only greatly to multiply ! effects ( ! imm$iate s5sory & motor /imuli :i* come to u1 b also to improve our p[] ( ?9k+ by gett+ a fund ( mat]ial ^u :i* ! m9d c draw4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4--,nature has set ! ord] 9 :i* ! p[]s ( ! n]v\s sy/em %all develop4 ,& we mu/ foll[ ?is ord] if we w\ld obta9 ! be/ results4 ,/at$ 9 te*nical t]ms1 ! ord] is f fundam5tal to accessory4 ,?is is to say t ! n]ve c5t]s controll+ ! l>g] & m g5]al movem5ts ( ! body rip5 fir/1 & ^? gov]n+ ! f9] motor adju/m5ts lat]4 ,= example1 ! l>g] body muscles ( ! *ild :i* are conc]n$ ) sitt+ up come "u control e>li] ?an ^? connect$ ) walk+4 ,! arm muscles develop control e>li] ?an ! f+] muscles1 & ! head & neck muscles e>li] ?an ! eye muscles4 ,s also ! m g5]al & less highly specializ$ p[]s ( ! m9d rip5 soon] ?an ! m highly specializ$4 ,p]ception & obs]vation prec$e p[]s ( critical judgm5t & association4 ,memory & imag9ation rip5 e>li] ?an reason+ & ! logical ability4 ,?is all means t our educational sy/em mu/ be plann$ to foll[ ! ord] ( nature4 ,*ildr5 ( ! prim>y grades %\ld n be requir$ to write ) f9e p5cils or p5s :i* dem& delicate f+] adju/m5ts1 s9ce ! bra9 c5t]s = ^! f9] coo]d9ations are n yet develop$4 ,"y *ildr5 %\ld n be set at "w necessitat+ difficult eye control1 su* z /it*+ ?r\gh p]=at$ c>dbo>d1 read+ f9e pr9t & ! l1 z _! eyes are n yet ready = su* tasks4 ,! m difficult analytical problems ( ari?metic & relations ( gramm> %\ld n be requir$ ( pupils at a "t :5 ! association areas ( ! bra9 are n yet ready = ?is type ( ?9k+4 ,= su* me?ods violate ! law ( nature1 & ! *ild is sure to suff] ! p5alty4 #d4 ,,importance ,,( ,,heal? ,,& ,,vigor ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,p>allel ) opportunities = prop] /imuli & response ! n]v\s sy/em mu/ possess good tonicity1 or vigor4 ,?is dep5ds 9 l>ge degree on g5]al heal? & nutrition1 ) fre$om f ov]fatigue4 ,no favorabl5ess ( environm5t nor excell5ce ( tra9+ c result 9 an effici5t bra9 if ! n]ve en]gy has run l[ f deplet$ heal?1 want ( prop] n\ri%m5t1 or exhau/ion4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,fatigue4--,hi/ologi/s f9d t ! nuclei ( n]ve cells are %runk z mu* z fifty p] c5t by extreme fatigue4 ,reasonable fatigue foll[$ by prop] recup]ation is n h>mful1 b ev5 necess>y if ! be/ developm5t is to be atta9$2 b fatigue )\t prop] n\ri%m5t & re/ is fatal to all m5tal op]ations1 & inde$ f9ally to ! n]v\s sy/em itself1 leav+ x p]man5tly 9 a condition ( l[ tone1 & incapable ( rally+ to /rong ef=t4 ,= rapid & complete recup]ation ! cells mu/ h n only ! be/ ( n\ri%m5t b opportunity = re/ z well4 ,extreme & long-cont9u$ fatigue is ho/ile to ! developm5t & welf>e ( any n]v\s sy/em1 & especially to t ( *ildr54 ,n only does ov]fatigue h9d] gr[?1 b x also results 9 ! =mation ( c]ta9 tox9s1 or poisons1 9 ! organism1 :i* are p>ticul>ly h>mful to n]v\s tissue4 ,x is ^! fatigue tox9s t acc\nt = _m ( ! n]v\s & m5tal disord]s :i* accompany breakd[ns f ov]work4 ,on ! :ole1 ! evil effects f m5tal ov]/ra9 are m to be fe>$ ?an f physical ov]/ra94 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,worry4--,!re is1 p]haps1 no great] foe to bra9 gr[? & effici5cy ?an ! n]v\s & worn-out condition :i* comes f loss ( sleep or f worry4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! psy*ological laboratories h %[n t n]ve cells %rivel up & lose _! vitality "u loss ( sleep4 ,let ?is g on = any consid]able l5g? ( "t1 & ! loss is irrep>able2 = ! cells c nev] recup]ate4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! case ( *ildr5 or "y p4 ,_m s*ool boys & girls1 inde$ _m college /ud5ts1 are mak+ sl[ progress 9 _! /udies n because !y are m5tally sl[ or ineffici5t1 n ev5 *iefly because !y lose "t t %\ld be put on _! lessons1 b because !y are incapacitat+ _! bra9s = good s]vice ?r\gh late h\rs & ! consequ5t loss ( sleep4 ,add to ?is condition t ( worry1 :i* (t5 accompanies x f ! fact ( failure 9 lessons1 & a naturally good & well-organiz$ n]v\s sy/em is sure to fail4 ,worry1 f :atev] cause1 %\ld be avoid$ z "o w\ld avoid poison1 if we w\ld br+ ourselves to ! highe/ degree ( effici5cy4 ,n only does worry tempor>ily unfit ! m9d = its be/ "w1 b its evil results are p]man5t1 s9ce ! m9d is left ) a poorly develop$ or undone n]v\s sy/em ?r\gh :i* to "w1 ev5 aft] ! cause = worry has be5 remov$ & ! worry itself has ceas$4 ,n only %\ld ea* individual seek to control ! causes ( worry 9 8 own life1 b ! home & ! s*ool %\ld =ce ^u *ildhood z few causes = worry z may be4 ,*ildr5's worry ov] fe>s ( ! d>k1 ov] sickness & dea?1 ov] prospective b delay$ puni%m5t1 ov] ! ?\s& & "o real or imag9>y tr\bles ( *ildhood1 %\ld be elim9at$ s f> z possible4 ,s*ool exam9ations t prey on ! peace ( m9d1 ?reats ( failure ( promotion1 all nagg+ & s>casm1 & :atev] else may cause cont9u$ pa9 or worry to s5sitive m9ds %\ld be b>r$ f our s*oolroom me?ods & practice4 ,! price we =ce ! *ild to pay = results ?r\gh _! use is too great = !m to be tol]at$4 ,we mu/ seek a bett] way4 ,,! ,,factors ,,9 ,,good ,,nutrition4--,= ! be/ nutrition !re is necessity fir/ ( all pl5ty ( n\ri%+ & heal?ful food4 ,sci5ce & exp]i5ce h bo? disprov$ ! supposition t /ud5ts %\ld be scantily f$4 ,o',%ea claims t _m bra9 work]s are f> %ort ( _! highe/ grade ( effici5cy because ( />v+ _! bra9s f poor diet4 ,& n only mu/ ! food be ( ! "r quality1 b ! body mu/ be 9 good heal?4 ,little good to eat ! be/ ( food unless x is be+ prop]ly dige/$ & assimilat$4 ,& little good if all ! re/ is z x %\ld be1 & ! "r am\nt ( oxidation does n g on 9 ! bra9 s z to remove ! worn-out cells & make place = new ones4 ,?is w>ns u t pure air & a /rong circulation are indisp5sable to ! be/ work+ ( our bra9s4 ,no d\bt _m /ud5ts :o f9d _! "w too h>d = !m might locate ! tr\ble 9 _! /oma*s or _! lungs or ! food !y eat1 r ?an 9 _! m9ds4 #e4 ,,problems ,,= ,,introspection ,,& ,,obs]vation #a4 ,e/imate ! m5tal progress made by ! *ild dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s & comp>e ) t made dur+ ! second five ye>s ( its life4 ,to d ?is make a li/1 s f> z y are able1 ( ! acquisitions ( ea* p]iod4 ,:at d y conclude z to ! importance ( play & fre$om 9 e>ly education8 ,:y n cont9ue ?is me?od in/ead ( s5d+ ! *ild to s*ool8 #b4 ,:i* has ! bett] opportunity = s5sory tra9+1 ! city *ild or ! c\ntry *ild8 ,= social tra9+8 ,= motor developm5t ?r\gh play8 ,x is said by speciali/s t c\ntry *ildr5 are n z good play]s z city *ildr54 ,:y %\ld ?is be ! case8 #c4 ,obs]ve c>efully "s gr\p ( *ildr5 = evid5ces ( lack ( s5sory tra9+ 7,int]e/ 9 s5sory objects1 skill 9 obs]vation1 etc474 ,= lack ( motor tra9+ 7,failure 9 motor control1 awkw>dness1 lack ( skill 9 play1 etc474 ,d y f9d t g5]al m5tal ability seems to be correlat$ ) s5sory & motor ability1 or n8 #d4 ,:at s5sory tra9+ c be _h f 7#a7 geography1 7#b7 agriculture1 7#c7 ari?metic1 7#d7 draw+8 ,:at l9es ( motor tra9+ ought ! s*ool to af=d1 7#a7 9 g5]al1 7#b7 = ! h&1 7#c7 9 ! grace & poise ( c>riage or be>+1 7#d7 9 any o!r l9e8 ,make obs]vation te/s ( ^! po9ts 9 "o or m s*ool rooms & report ! results4 #e4 ,describe :at y ?9k mu/ be ! type ( m5tal life ( ,hel5 ,kell]4 7,read ,! ,_w ,i ,live ,91 by ,hel5 ,kell]47 #f4 ,/udy gr\ps ( *ildr5 = signs ( defici5cy 9 bra9 p[] f lack ( nutrition4 ,f fatigue4 ,f worry4 ,f lack ( sleep4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,habit ,habit is our be/ fri5d or wor/ enemy4 ,we are walk+ bundles ( habits4 ,habit is ! fly-:eel ( society1 keep+ m5 pati5t & docile 9 ! h>d or disagreeable lot :i* "s mu/ fill4 ,habit is a cable :i* we _c break4 ,s say ! wise m54 ,let me "k y\r habits ( life & y h reveal$ y\r moral /&>ds & conduct4 ,let me discov] y\r intellectual habits1 & ,i und]/& y\r type ( m9d & me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,9 %ort1 our lives are l>gely a daily r\nd ( activities dictat$ by our habits 9 ?is l9e or t4 ,mo/ ( our movem5ts & acts are habitual2 we ?9k z we h =m$ ! habit ( ?9k+2 we decide z we are 9 ! habit ( decid+2 we sleep1 or eat1 or speak z we h gr[n into ! habit ( do+ ^! ?+s2 we may ev5 say our pray]s or p]=m o!r religi\s ex]cises z matt]s ( habit4 ,b :ile habit is ! v]ie/ tyrant1 yet its good (fices f> exce$ ! bad ev5 9 ! mo/ fruitless or deprav$ life4 #a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,habit ,_m p :5 !y speak or ?9k ( habit give ! t]m a v n>r[ or limit$ mean+4 ,!y h 9 m9d only c]ta9 moral or p]sonal t5d5cies usually spok5 ( z "o's habits4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& habit 9 any ?or\gh & complete way we mu/1 z sugge/$ by ! prec$+ p>agraph1 broad5 our concept to include e possible l9e ( physical & m5tal activity4 ,habit may be def9$ z ! t5d5cy ( ! n]v\s sy/em to repeat any act t has be5 p]=m$ once or _m times4 ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,habit4--,habit is to be expla9$ f ! /&po9t ( its physical basis4 ,habits are =m$ because ! tissues ( our bra9s are capable ( be+ modifi$ by use1 & ( s reta9+ ! effects ( ?is modification t ! same act is easi] ( p]=mance ea* succe$+ "t4 ,?is results 9 ! old act be+ repeat$ in/ead ( a new "o be+ select$1 & h5ce ! old act is p]petuat$4 ,ev5 dead & in]t matt] obeys ! same pr9ciples 9 ?is reg>d z does liv+ matt]4 ,says ,m4 ,leon ,dumont3 ,ev]yone kn[s h[ a g>m5t1 hav+ be5 worn a c]ta9 "t1 cl+s to ! %ape ( ! body bett] ?an :5 x 0 new2 !re has be5 a *ange 9 ! tissue1 & ?is *ange is a new habit ( cohesion2 a lock works bett] aft] hav+ be5 us$ "s "t2 at ! outset m =ce 0 requir$ to ov]come c]ta9 r\ghness 9 ! me*anism4 ,! ov]com+ ( ?is resi/ance is a ph5om5on ( habituation4 ,x co/s less tr\ble to fold a pap] :5 x has be5 fold$ already4 ,?is sav+ ( tr\ble is due to ! ess5tial nature ( habit1 :i* br+s x ab\t t1 to reproduce ! effect1 a less am\nt ( ! outw>d cause is requir$4 ,! s\nds ( a viol9 improve by use 9 ! h&s ( an able arti/1 because ! fib]s ( ! wood at la/ contract habits ( vibration con=m$ to h>monic relations4 ,?is is :at gives su* ine/imable value to in/rum5ts t h belong$ to great ma/]s4 ,wat]1 9 fl[+1 holl[s out = itself a *annel1 :i* gr[s broad] & deep]2 &1 aft] hav+ ceas$ to fl[1 x resumes :5 x fl[s aga9 ! pa? trac$ = itself be=e4 ,j s1 ! impressions ( out] objects fa%ion = !mselves 9 ! n]v\s sy/em m & m appropriate pa?s1 & ^! vital ph5om5a recur "u simil> excitem5ts f )\t1 :5 !y h be5 int]rupt$ = a c]ta9 "t4#b ,,all ,,liv+ ,,tissue ,,pla/ic4--,:at is true ( inanimate matt] is d\bly true ( liv+ tissue4 ,! tissues ( ! human body c be mold$ into almo/ any =m y *oose if tak5 9 "t4 ,a *ild may be plac$ on 8 feet at too e>ly an age1 & ! bones ( 8 legs =m ! habit ( rema9+ b5t4 ,! ,fla!ad ,indian b9ds a bo>d on ! skull ( 8 *ild1 & its head =ms ! habit ( rema9+ flat on ! top4 ,wrong bodily po/ures produce curvature ( ! sp9e1 & p]nici\s modes ( dress de=m ! bones ( ! *e/4 ,! muscles may be tra9$ into ! habit ( keep+ ! %\ld]s /raight or lett+ !m droop2 ^? ( ! back1 to keep ! body well up on ! hips1 or to let x sag2 ^? ( locomotion1 to give u a light1 spr+y /ep1 or to all[ a %uffl+ c>riage2 ^? ( spee*1 to give u a cle>-cut1 accurate articulation1 or a c>eless1 halt+ "o2 & ^? ( ! face1 to give u a *e]ful ca/ ( c\nt5ance1 or a glum & morose expression4 ,,habit ,a ,,modification ,,( ,,bra9 ,,tissue4--,b ! n]v\s tissue is ! mo/ s5sitive & easily mold$ ( all bodily tissues4 ,9 fact1 x is probable t ! real habit ( our *>act]i/ic walk1 ge/ure1 or spee* resides 9 ! bra91 r ?an 9 ! muscles :i* x controls4 ,s delicate is ! organization ( ! bra9 /ructure & s un/able its molecules1 t ev5 ! p]fume ( ! fl[]1 :i* assails ! nose ( a *ild1 ! song ( a bird1 :i* /rikes 8 e>1 or ! fleet+ dream1 :i* l+]s b = a second 9 8 sleep1 has s modifi$ 8 bra9 t x w nev] aga9 be z if ^! ?+s _h n be5 exp]i5c$4 ,e s5sory curr5t :i* runs 9 f ! outside _w2 e motor curr5t :i* runs out to comm& a muscle2 e ?\ght t we ?9k1 has s modifi$ ! n]ve /ructure ?r\gh :i* x acts1 t a t5d5cy rema9s = a l act to be repeat$4 ,our bra9 & n]v\s sy/em is daily be+ mold$ into fix$ habits ( act+ by our ?\ghts & de$s1 & ?us becomes ! automatic regi/] ( all we d4 ,! old ,*9ese fairy /ory hits ^u a fundam5tal & vital tru?4 ,^! cele/ials tell _! *ildr5 t ea* *ild is accompani$ by day & by night1 e mom5t ( 8 life1 by an invisible fairy1 :o is provid$ ) a p5cil & tablet4 ,x is ! duty ( ?is fairy to put d[n e de$ ( ! *ild1 bo? good & evil1 9 an indelible record :i* w "o day rise z a witness aga9/ him4 ,s x is 9 v tru? ) our bra9s4 ,! wrong act may h be5 p]=m$ 9 secret1 no liv+ be+ may ev] "k t we p]=m$ x1 & a m]ciful ,provid5ce may =give x2 b ! inexorable monitor ( our de$s 0 all ! "t beside u writ+ ! record1 & ! hi/ory ( t act is inscrib$ =ev] 9 ! tissues ( our bra94 ,x may be rep5t$ ( bitt]ly 9 sackclo? & a%es & be discont9u$1 b its effects c nev] be q effac$2 !y w rema9 ) u a h&icap till our dy+ day1 & 9 "s critical mom5t 9 a great em]g5cy we %all be 9 dang] ( defeat f t long pa/ & =gott5 act4 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,=m ,,habits4--,we mu/1 !n1 =m habits4 ,x is n at all 9 our p[] to say :e!r we w =m habits or n2 =1 once />t$1 !y g on =m+ !mselves by day & night1 /eadily & rel5tlessly4 ,habit is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! great factors to be reckon$ ) 9 our lives1 & ! "q becomes n1 ,%all we =m habits8 b ,:at habits we %all =m4 ,& we h ! det]m9+ ( ?is "q l>gely 9 our own p[]1 = habits d n j happ51 nor d !y come to u ready made4 ,we ourselves make !m f day to day ?r\gh ! acts we p]=m1 & 9 s f> z we h control ov] our acts1 9 t f> we c det]m9e our habits4 #b4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,habit ,,9 ,,! ,,economy ,,( ,,our ,,lives ,habit is "o ( nature's me?ods ( economiz+ "t & ef=t1 :ile at ! same "t secur+ great] skill & effici5cy4 ,?is is easily se5 :5 x is rememb]$ t habit t5ds t[>ds automatic action2 t is1 t[>ds action gov]n$ by ! l[] n]ve c5t]s & tak+ c>e ( itself1 s to speak1 )\t ! int]f]5ce ( consci\sness4 ,ev]yone has obs]v$ h[ mu* easi] 9 ! p]=mance & m skillful 9 its execution is ! act1 be x play+ a piano1 pa9t+ a picture1 or driv+ a nail1 :5 ! movem5ts involv$ h ceas$ to be consci\sly direct$ & become automatic4 ,,habit ,,increases ,,skill ,,& ,,effici5cy4--,practically all increase 9 skill1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 dep5ds on our ability to =m habits4 ,habit holds fa/ to ! skill already atta9$ :ile practice or intellig5ce makes ready = ! next /ep 9 advance4 ,c\ld we n =m habits we %\ld improve b little 9 our way ( do+ ?+s1 no matt] h[ _m times we did !m ov]4 ,we %\ld n[ be oblig$ to g ?r\gh ! same bungl+ process ( dress+ ourselves z :5 we fir/ le>n$ x z *ildr54 ,our writ+ w\ld proce$ z awkw>dly 9 ! high s*ool z ! prim>y1 our eat+ z adults w\ld be z messy & wide ( ! m>k z :5 we 7 infants1 & we %\ld miss 9 a ?\s& ways ! motor skill t n[ seems s easy & natural4 ,all highly skill$ occupations1 & ^? dem&+ great manual dext]ity1 likewise dep5d on our habit-=m+ p[] = ! accurate & automatic movem5ts requir$4 ,s ) m5tal skill4 ,a great portion ( ! fundam5tals ( our education mu/ be made automatic--mu/ become matt]s ( habit4 ,we set out to le>n ! symbols ( spee*4 ,we he> words & see !m on ! pr9t$ page2 associat$ ) ^! words are mean+s1 or ideas4 ,habit b9ds ! ^w & ! idea toge!r1 s t to ?9k ( ! "o is to call up ! o!r--& language is le>n$4 ,we mu/ le>n numb]s1 s we practice ! comb9ations1 & ) #dx#f1 or #cx#h we associate #bd4 ,habit secures ?is association 9 our m9ds1 & lo6 we soon "k our tables4 ,& s on ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( our le>n+4 ,we le>n c]ta9 symbols1 or facts1 or processes1 & habit takes hold & r5d]s ^! automatic s t we c use !m freely1 easily1 & ) skill1 leav+ our ?\ght free = matt]s t _c be made automatic4 ,"o ( our greate/ dang]s is t we %all n make suffici5tly automatic1 en\gh ( ! necess>y f\ndation mat]ial ( education4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 we %all at be/ be b blund]]s intellectually1 h&icapp$ because we fail$ to make prop] use ( habit 9 our developm5t4 ,=1 z we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt]1 !re is a limit to our m5tal en]gy & also to ! numb] ( objects to :i* we are able to att5d4 ,x is only :5 att5tion has be5 fre$ f ! _m ?+s t c always be ?\ght or done 9 ! same way1 t ! m9d c devote itself to ! real problems t require judgm5t1 imag9ation or reason+4 ,! writ] ^: spell+ & punctuation d n take c>e ( !mselves w h>dly make a success ( writ+4 ,! ma!matician ^: numb] comb9ations1 processes & =mulae are n automatic 9 8 m9d c nev] hope to make progress 9 ma!matical ?9k+4 ,! speak] :o1 :ile speak+1 has to ?9k ( 8 ge/ures1 8 voice or 8 enunciation w nev] sway audi5ces by 8 logic or 8 eloqu5ce4 ,,habit ,,saves ,,ef=t ,,& ,,fatigue4--,we d mo/ easily & ) lea/ fatigue t :i* we are accu/om$ to d4 ,x is ! new act or ! /range task t tires u4 ,! horse t is us$ to ! f>m we>ies if put on ! road1 :ile ! road/] tires easily :5 hit*$ to ! pl[4 ,! exp]i5c$ p5man works all day at 8 desk )\t undue fatigue1 :ile ! man m accu/om$ to ! pick & ! %ovel ?an to ! p51 is exhau/$ by a half h\r's writ+ at a lett]4 ,^? :o foll[ a s$5t>y & inactive occupation d n tire by mu* sitt+1 :ile *ildr5 or o!rs us$ to fre$om & action may f9d x a we>isome task m]ely to rema9 /ill = an h\r or two4 ,n only w\ld ! skill & spe$ dem&$ by mod]n indu/ry be impossible )\t ! aid ( habit1 b )\t its help none c\ld /& ! fatigue & /ra94 ,! new workman plac$ at a high-spe$ ma*9e is ready to fall f we>9ess at ! end ( 8 fir/ day4 ,b little by little he le>ns to omit ! unnecess>y movem5ts1 ! necess>y movem5ts become easi] & m automatic ?r\gh habit1 & he f9ds ! "w easi]4 ,we may conclude1 !n1 t n only d consci\sly direct$ movem5ts %[ less skill ?an ! same movem5ts made automatic by habit1 b !y also require m ef=t & produce great] fatigue4 ,,habit ,,economizes ,,moral ,,ef=t4--,to h to decide ea* "t ! "q comes up :e!r we w att5d to ?is lecture or s]mon or lesson2 :e!r we w p]sev]e & g ?r\gh ?is piece ( disagreeable "w :i* we h begun2 :e!r we w g to ! tr\ble ( be+ c\rte\s & k9d to ?is or t poor or unlovely or dirty fell[-mortal2 :e!r we w take ?is road because x looks easy1 or t "o because we "k x to be ! "o we ought to take2 :e!r we w be /rictly fair & hone/ :5 we might j z well be ! opposite2 :e!r we w resi/ ! temptation :i* d>es u2 :e!r we w d ?is duty1 h>d ?\gh x is1 :i* confronts u--to h to decide ea* ( ^! que/ions e "t x pres5ts itself is to put too l>ge a proportion ( our ?\ght & en]gy on ?+s :i* %\ld take c>e ( !mselves4 ,= all ^! ?+s %\ld e>ly become s ne>ly habitual t !y c be settl$ ) ! v m9imum ( exp5diture ( en]gy :5 !y arise4 ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,att5tion4--,x is a noble ?+ to be able to att5d by %e] =ce ( w :5 ! int]e/ lags1 or "s m attractive ?+ appe>s1 b f> bett] is x s to h =m$ ! habit ( att5tion t we naturally fall into t attitude :5 ?is is ! desirable ?+4 ,to und]/& :at ,i mean1 y only h to look ov] a class or an audi5ce & note ! diff]5t ways :i* p h ( f9ally settl+ d[n to li/5+4 ,"s ) an attitude :i* says1 ,n[ "h ,i am1 ready to li/5 to y if y w int]e/ me1 o!rwise n4 ,o!rs ) a mann] :i* says1 ,i did n really come "h expect+ to li/51 & y w h a l>ge task if y int]e/ me2 ,i nev] li/5 unless ,i am compell$ to1 & ! responsibility re/s on y4 ,o!rs pla9ly say1 ,i really mean to li/51 b ,i h h>d "w to control my ?\ghts1 & if ,i w&] ,i %all n blame y altoge!r2 x is j my way4 ,& /ill o!rs say1 ,:5 ,i am expect$ to li/51 ,i always li/5 :e!r !re is any?+ mu* to li/5 to or n4 ,i h =m$ t habit1 & s h no qu>rel ) myself ab\t x4 ,y c dep5d on me to be att5tive1 = ,i _c af=d to weak5 my habit ( att5tion :e!r y d well or n4 ,e speak] w clasp ^! la/ li/5]s to 8 he>t & fe$ !m on ! *oice/ ?\ghts ( 8 s\l2 !y are ! ones to :om he speaks & to :om 8 address w appeal4 ,,habit ,,enables ,,u ,,to ,,meet ,,! ,,disagreeable4--,to be able to p]sev]e 9 ! face ( difficulties & h>d%ips & c>ry ?r\gh ! disagreeable ?+ 9 spite ( ! prote/s ( our natures aga9/ ! sacrifice :i* x requires1 is a cr$itable ?+2 b x is m cr$itable to h s =m$ ! habit ( p]sev]ance t ! disagreeable duty %all be done )\t a /ruggle1 or prote/1 or "q4 ,horace ,mann te/ifies ( himself t :atev] success he 0 able to atta9 0 made possible ?r\gh ! e>ly habit :i* he =m$ ( nev] /opp+ to inquire :e!r he lik$ to d a ?+ :i* ne$$ do+1 b ( do+ ev]y?+ equally well & )\t "q1 bo? ! pleasant & ! unpleasant4 ,! y\? :o c fight out a moral battle & w9 aga9/ ! allurem5ts ( "s attractive temptation is wor?y ! highe/ honor & praise2 b s long z he has to fight ! same battle ov] & ov] aga91 he is on dang]\s gr\nd morally4 ,= good morals mu/ f9ally become habits1 s +ra9$ 9 u t ! "r decision comes l>gely )\t ef=t & )\t /ruggle4 ,o!rwise ! /ra9 is too great1 & defeat w occasionally come2 & defeat means weakness & at la/ disa/]1 aft] ! _s has tir$ ( ! con/ant conflict4 ,& s on 9 a hundr$ l9es4 ,good habits are m to be covet$ ?an individual victories 9 special cases1 mu* z ^! are to be desir$4 ,= good habits mean victories all along ! l9e4 ,,habit ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,p]sonality4--,! biologi/ tells u t x is ! con/ant & n ! occasional 9 ! environm5t t impresses itself on an organism4 ,s also x is ! habitual 9 our lives t builds itself into our "* & p]sonality4 ,9 a v real s5se we are :at we are 9 ! habit ( do+ & ?9k+4 ,)\t habit1 p]sonality c\ld n exi/2 = we c\ld nev] d a ?+ twice alike1 & h5ce w\ld be a new p]son ea* succe$+ mom5t4 ,! acts :i* give u our own peculi> individuality are our habitual acts--! little ?+s t d !mselves mom5t by mom5t )\t c>e or att5tion1 & are ! true/ & be/ expression ( our real selves4 ,probably no "o ( u c\ld be v sure :i* arm he puts into ! sleeve1 or :i* foot he puts into ! %oe1 fir/2 & yet ea* ( u c]ta9ly =m$ ! habit long ago ( do+ ^! ?+s 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,we might n be able to describe j h[ we hold knife & =k & spoon1 & yet ea* has 8 own *>act]i/ic & habitual way ( h&l+ !m4 ,we sit d[n & get up 9 "s *>act]i/ic way1 & ! v poise ( our heads & attitudes ( our bodies are ! result ( habit4 ,we get sleepy & wake up1 become hungry & ?ir/y at c]ta9 h\rs1 ?r\gh =ce ( habit4 ,we =m ! habit ( lik+ a c]ta9 *air1 or nook1 or corn]1 or pa?1 or desk1 & !n seek ?is to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,we habitually use a p>ticul> pit* ( voice & type ( enunciation 9 speak+1 & ?is becomes "o ( our *>act]i/ic m>ks2 or we =m ! habit ( us+ b>b>isms or solecisms ( language 9 y\?1 & ^! cl+ to u & become an insep>able "p ( u lat] 9 life4 ,on ! m5tal side ! case is no diff]5t4 ,our ?9k+ is z *>act]i/ic z our physical acts4 ,we may =m ! habit ( ?9k+ ?+s out logically1 or ( jump+ to conclusions2 ( ?9k+ critically & indep5d5tly1 or ( tak+ ?+s unque/ion+ly on ! au?ority ( o!rs4 ,we may =m ! habit ( c>efully read+ good1 s5sible books1 or ( skimm+ s5tim5tal & tra%y ones2 ( *oos+ elevat+1 ennobl+ companions1 or ! opposite2 ( be+ a good conv]sationali/ & do+ our "p 9 a social gr\p1 or ( be+ a drag on ! conv]sation1 & ne$+ to be ent]ta9$4 ,we may =m ! habit ( obs]v+ ! ?+s ab\t u & enjoy+ ! beautiful 9 our environm5t1 or ( fail+ to obs]ve or to enjoy4 ,we may =m ! habit ( obey+ ! voice ( consci5ce or ( weakly yield+ to temptation )\t a /ruggle2 ( tak+ a rev]5t attitude ( pray] 9 our devotions1 or ( m]ely say+ our pray]s4 ,,habit ,,saves ,,worry ,,& ,,rebellion4--,habit has be5 call$ ! balance :eel ( society4 ,?is is because m5 readily become habituat$ to ! h>d1 ! disagreeable1 or ! inevitable1 & cease to battle aga9/ x4 ,a lot t at fir/ seems un5durable aft] a "t causes less revolt4 ,a sorr[ t seems too poignant to be borne 9 ! c\rse ( "t loses "s ( its %>pness4 ,oppression or inju/ice t ar\ses ! fi]ce/ res5tm5t & hate may f9ally come to be accept$ ) resignation4 ,habit helps u le>n t :at _c be cur$ mu/ be endur$4 #c4 ,,! ,,tyranny ,,( ,,habit ,,ev5 ,,good ,,habits ,,ne$ ,,to ,,be ,,modifi$4--,b ev5 9 good habits !re is dang]4 ,habit is ! opposite ( att5tion4 ,habit relieves att5tion ( unnecess>y /ra94 ,e habitual act 0 at "o "t1 ei!r 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race or ( ! individual1 a volunt>y act2 t is1 x 0 p]=m$ "u active att5tion4 ,z ! habit grew1 att5tion 0 gradually r5d]$ unnecess>y1 until f9ally x dropp$ entirely out4 ,& h]e9 lies ! dang]4 ,habit once =m$ has no way ( be+ modifi$ unless 9 "s way att5tion is call$ to x1 = a habit left to itself becomes m & m firmly fix$4 ,! rut gr[s deep]4 ,9 v few1 if any1 ( our actions c we af=d to h ?is ! case4 ,our habits ne$ to be progressive1 !y ne$ to gr[1 to be modifi$1 to be improv$4 ,o!rwise !y w become an incru/+ %ell1 fix$ & unyield+1 :i* w limit our gr[?4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to keep our habitual acts "u "s surveillance ( att5tion1 to pass !m 9 review = inspection e n[ & !n1 t we may discov] possible modifications :i* w make !m m s]viceable4 ,we ne$ to be inv5tive1 con/antly to f9d out bett] ways ( do+ ?+s4 ,habit takes c>e ( our /&+1 walk+1 sitt+2 b h[ _m ( u c\ld n improve 8 poise & c>riage if he w\ld8 ,our spee* has become l>gely automatic1 b no d\bt all ( u might remove faults ( enunciation1 pronunciation or /ress f our speak+4 ,s also we might bett] our habits ( /udy & ?9k+1 our me?ods ( memoriz+1 or our mann] ( att5d+4 ,,! ,,t5d5cy ,,( ,,ruts4--,b ?is w require some?+ ( h]oism4 ,= to foll[ ! well-beat5 pa? ( cu/om is easy & pleasant1 :ile to break out ( ! rut ( habit & />t a new l9e ( action is difficult & di/urb+4 ,mo/ p pref] to keep do+ ?+s z !y always h done !m1 to cont9ue read+ & ?9k+ & believ+ z !y h long be5 9 ! habit ( do+1 n s mu* because !y feel t _! way is be/1 b because x is easi] ?an to *ange4 ,h5ce ! great mass ( u settle d[n on ! plane ( m$iocrity1 & become old fogy4 ,we le>n to d ?+s passably well1 cease to ?9k ab\t improv+ our ways ( do+ !m1 & s fall into a rut4 ,only ! few g on4 ,!y make use ( habit z ! re/ d1 b !y also cont9ue to att5d at critical po9ts ( action1 & s make habit an ally 9 place ( accept+ x z a tyrant4 #d4 ,,habit-,,=m+ ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,education ,x foll[s f ! importance ( habit 9 our lives t no small "p ( education %\ld be conc]n$ ) ! developm5t ( s]viceable habits4 ,says ,james1 ,c\ld ! "y b realize h[ soon !y w become m]e walk+ bundles ( habits1 !y w\ld give m he$ to _! conduct :ile 9 ! pla/ic /ate4 ,we are sp9n+ our own fates1 good or evil1 & nev] to be undone4 ,e smalle/ /roke ( virtue or ( vice leaves its nev]-s-little sc>4 ,any y\? :o is =m+ a l>ge numb] ( useful habits is receiv+ no mean education1 no matt] if 8 k ( books may be limit$2 on ! o!r h&1 no "o :o is =m+ a l>ge numb] ( bad habits is be+ well educat$1 no matt] h[ brilliant 8 k may be4 ,,y\? ,,! ,,"t ,,= ,,habit-,,=m+4--,*ildhood & y\? is ! great "t = habit-=m+4 ,!n ! bra9 is pla/ic & easily mold$1 & x reta9s its impressions m indelibly2 lat] x is h>d to modify1 & ! impressions made are less p]man5t4 ,x is h>d to tea* an old dog new tricks2 nor w\ld he rememb] !m if y c\ld tea* !m to him1 nor be able to p]=m !m well ev5 if he c\ld rememb] !m4 ,! "y *ild w1 )9 ! fir/ few weeks ( its life1 =m habits ( sleep+ & fe$+4 ,x may 9 a few days be l$ into ! habit ( sleep+ 9 ! d>k1 or requir+ a light2 ( go+ to sleep ly+ quietly1 or ( insi/+ ^u be+ rock$2 ( gett+ hungry by ! clock1 or ( want+ its food at all times :5 x f9ds no?+ else to d1 & s on4 ,x is :olly outside ! p[] ( ! "m or ! nurse to det]m9e :e!r ! *ild %all =m habits1 b l>gely )9 _! p[] to say :at habits %all be =m$1 s9ce !y control 8 acts4 ,z ! *ild gr[s old]1 ! range ( 8 habits increases2 & by ! "t he has rea*$ 8 middle te5s1 ! great] numb] ( 8 p]sonal habits are =m$4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r a boy :o has n =m$ habits ( punctuality be=e ! age ( fifte5 w ev] be entirely tru/wor?y 9 matt]s requir+ precision 9 ?is l9e4 ,! girl :o has n1 be=e ?is age1 =m$ habits ( neatness & ord] w h>dly make a tidy h\sekeep] lat] 9 h] life4 ,^? :o 9 y\? h no opportunity to habituate !mselves to ! usages ( society may /udy books on etiquette & employ private in/ructors 9 ! art ( polite behavior all !y please lat] 9 life1 b !y w nev] cease to be awkw>d & ill at ease4 ,none are at a great] disadvantage ?an ! sudd5ly-gr[n-ri* :o attempt late 9 life to surr\nd !mselves ) articles ( art & luxury1 ?\gh _! habits 7 all =m$ amid b>r5ness & want dur+ _! e>li] ye>s4 ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,a*ievem5t4--,:at y\? does n dream ( be+ great1 or noble1 or a celebrat$ s*ol>6 ,& h[ few !re are :o f9ally a*ieve _! ideals6 ,:]e does ! cause ( failure lie8 ,surely n 9 ! lack ( high ideals4 ,multitudes ( "y p h ,excelsior6 z _! motto1 & yet nev] get />t$ up ! m\nta9 slope1 let alone toil+ on to its top4 ,!y h put 9 h\rs dream+ ( ! glory f>!r up1 & h nev] begun to climb4 ,! difficulty comes 9 n realiz+ t ! only way to become :at we wi% or dream t we may become is to =m ! habit ( be+ t ?+4 ,to =m ! habit ( a*ievem5t1 ( ef=t1 ( self-sacrifice1 if ne$ be4 ,to =m ! habit ( de$s along ) dreams2 to =m ! habit ( do+4 ,:o ( u has n at ?is mom5t ly+ 9 wait = 8 conv5i5ce 9 ! dim future a numb] ( ?+s :i* he means to d j z soon z ?is t]m ( s*ool is f9i%$1 or ?is job ( "w is complet$1 or :5 he is n s busy z n[8 ,& h[ seldom does he ev] get at ^! ?+s at all6 ,d>w9 tells t 9 8 y\? he lov$ poetry1 art1 & music1 b 0 s busy ) 8 sci5tific "w t he c\ld ill sp>e ! "t to indulge ^! ta/es4 ,s he promis$ himself t he w\ld devote 8 "t to sci5tific "w & make 8 m>k 9 ?is4 ,!n he w\ld h "t = ! ?+s t he lov$1 & w\ld cultivate 8 ta/e = ! f9e arts4 ,he made 8 m>k 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 & !n turn$ aga9 to poetry1 to music1 to art4 ,b alas6 !y 7 all dead & dry bones to him1 )\t life or int]e/4 ,he _h pass$ ! "t :5 he c\ld ev] =m ! ta/e = !m4 ,he _h =m$ 8 habits 9 ano!r direction1 & n[ x 0 =ev] too late to =m new habits4 ,8 own conclusion is1 t if he _h 8 life to live ov] aga91 he w\ld ea* week li/5 to "s musical conc]t & visit "s art gall]y1 & t ea* day he w\ld read "s poetry1 & !reby keep alive & active ! love = !m4 ,s e s*ool & home %\ld be a species ( habit-factory--a place :]e *ildr5 develop habits ( neatness1 punctuality1 ob$i5ce1 polit5ess1 dep5dability & ! o!r graces ( "*4 #e4 ,,rules ,,= ,,habit-,,=m+ ,,james',s ,,?ree ,,maxims ,,= ,,habit-,,=m+4--,on ! =m+ ( new habits & ! leav+ (f ( old ones1 ,i "k ( no bett] /atem5t ?an t ( ,james1 bas$ on ,ba9's *apt] on ,moral ,habits4 ,i quote ?is /atem5t at "s l5g?3 ,9 ! acquisition ( a new habit1 or ! leav+ (f ( an old "o1 we mu/ take c>e to laun* ourselves ) z /rong & decid$ an initiative z possible4 ,accumulate all ! possible circum/ances :i* %all re5=ce "r motives2 put y\rself assidu\sly 9 conditions t enc\rage ! new way2 make engagem5ts incompatible ) ! old2 take a public pl$ge1 if ! case all[s2 9 %ort1 develop y\r resolution ) e aid y "k4 ,?is w give y\r new beg9n+ su* a mom5tum t ! temptation to break d[n w n occur z soon z x o!rwise might2 & e day dur+ :i* a breakd[n is po/pon$ adds to ! *ances ( its n occurr+ at all4 ,! second maxim is3 ,nev] suff] an exception to occur until ! new habit is securely root$ 9 y\r life4 ,ea* lapse is l lett+ fall a ball ( /r+ :i* "o is c>efully w9d+ up2 a s+le slip undoes m ?an a great _m turns w w9d aga94 ,cont9uity ( tra9+ is ! great means ( mak+ ! n]v\s sy/em act infallibly "r4444 ,! ne$ ( secur+ success n]ves "o to future vigor4 ,a ?ird maxim may be add$ to ! prec$+ pair3 ,seize ! v fir/ possible opportunity to act on e resolution y make1 & on e emotional prompt+ y may exp]i5ce 9 ! direction ( ! habits y aspire to ga94 ,x is n 9 ! mom5t ( _! =m+1 b 9 ! mom5t ( _! produc+ motor effects1 t resolves & aspirations communicate ! new 'set' to ! bra94#c ,,! ,,prepond]ance ,,( ,,good ,,habits ,,ov] ,,bad4--,& f9ally1 let no "o be di/urb$ or afraid because 9 a little "t y become a walk+ bundle ( habits4 ,= 9 s f> z y\r good actions pr$om9ate ov] y\r bad ones1 t mu* w y\r good habits outweigh y\r bad habits4 ,sil5tly1 mom5t by mom5t1 effici5cy is gr[+ out ( all wor?y acts well done4 ,e bit ( h]oic self-sacrifice1 e battle f\ght & won1 e good de$ p]=m$1 is be+ irradicably cr$it$ to y 9 y\r n]v\s sy/em1 & w f9ally add its mite t[>d a*iev+ ! success ( y\r ambitions4 #f4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,select "s act :i* y h rec5tly begun to p]=m & wat* x gr[ m & m habitual4 ,notice c>efully = a week & see :e!r y d n discov] "s habits :i* y did n "k y _h4 ,make a catalog ( y\r bad habits2 ( ! mo/ important ( y\r good ones4 #b4 ,set out to =m "s new habits :i* y desire to possess2 also to break "s undesirable habit1 wat*+ c>efully :at takes place 9 bo? cases1 & h[ long x requires4 #c4 ,try ! foll[+ exp]im5t & relate ! results to ! matt] ( automatic control br\ght ab\t by habit3 ,draw a /> on a %eet ( c>dbo>d4 ,place ?is on a table be=e y1 ) a h&-mirror s arrang$ t y c see ! /> 9 ! mirror4 ,n[ trace ! outl9e ( ! /> ) a p5cil1 look+ /eadily 9 ! mirror to guide y\r h&4 ,d n lift ! p5cil f ! pap] f ! "t y />t until y f9i%4 ,h o!rs try ?is exp]im5t4 #d4 ,/udy "s gr\p ( pupils = _! habits 7#a7 ( att5tion1 7#b7 ( spee*1 7#c7 ( /&+1 sitt+1 & walk+1 7#d7 ( /udy4 ,report on y\r obs]vations & sugge/ me?ods ( cur+ bad habits obs]v$4 #e4 ,make a li/ ( mann]isms y h obs]v$1 & sugge/ h[ !y may be cur$4 #f4 ,make a li/ ( f t5 to tw5ty habits :i* y ?9k ! s*ool & its "w %\ld especially cultivate4 ,:at ones ( ^! are ! s*ools y "k lea/ successful 9 cultivat+8 ,:]e does ! tr\ble lie8 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,s5sation ,we c be/ und]/& ! problems ( s5sation & p]ception if we fir/ ?9k ( ! exi/5ce ( two great worlds--! _w ( physical nature )\t & ! _w ( m9d )94 ,on ! "o h& is our mat]ial environm5t1 ! ?+s we see & he> & t\* & ta/e & h&le2 & on ! o!r h& our consci\sness1 ! means by :i* we come to "k ?is out] _w & adju/ ourselves to x4 ,^! two worlds seem 9 a s5se to belong to & require ea* o!r4 ,= :at w\ld be ! mean+ or use ( ! physical _w ) no m9d to "k or use x2 & :at w\ld be ! use ( a m9d ) no?+ to be kn[n or ?\ght ab\t8 #a4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,come ,,to ,,"k ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,_w ,!re is a m>vel ab\t our com+ to "k ! ext]nal _w :i* we %all nev] be able fully to und]/&4 ,we h come by ?is k s gradually & unconsci\sly t x n[ appe>s to u z commonplace1 & we take = grant$ _m ?+s t x w\ld puzzle u to expla94 ,,k ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,s5ses4--,= example1 we say1 ,( c\rse ,i see yond] gre5 tree3 x is ab\t t5 rods di/ant4 ,b :y ( c\rse8 ,:y %\ld objects at a di/ance f u & ) no evid5t connection betwe5 u & !m be kn[n to u at all m]ely by turn+ our eyes 9 _! direction :5 !re is light8 ,:y n r say ) ! bl9d son ( ,pr(essor ,puiseaux ( ,p>is1 :o1 :5 ask$ if he w\ld l to be re/or$ to sight1 answ]$3 ,if x 7 n = curiosity ,i w\ld r h long arms4 ,x seems to me t my h&s w\ld tea* me bett] :at is pass+ 9 ! moon ?an y\r eyes or telescopes4 ,we li/5 & !n say1 ,yes1 t is a c]ta9 bell r++ 9 ! neighbor+ village1 z if ?is 7 ! mo/ simple ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,b :y %\ld "o piece ( metal /rik+ aga9/ ano!r a mile or two away make u aw>e t !re is a bell !re at all1 let alone t x is a c]ta9 bell ^: tone we recognize8 ,or we pass our f+]s ov] a piece ( clo? & decide1 ,t is silk4 ,b :y1 m]ely by plac+ our sk9 9 contact ) a bit ( mat]ial1 %\ld we be able to "k its quality1 mu* less t x is clo? & t its ?reads 7 orig9ally spun by an insect8 ,or we take a sip ( liquid & say1 ,?is milk is s\r4 ,b :y %\ld we be able by tak+ ! liquid into ! m\? & br++ x into contact ) ! muc\s membrane to tell t x is milk1 & t x possesses ! quality :i* we call s\r8 ,or1 once m1 we get a :iff ( air ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ 9 ! spr+time & say1 ,!re is a lilac bu% 9 bloom on ! lawn4 ,yet :y1 f inhal+ air conta9+ p>ticles ( lilac1 %\ld we be able to "k t !re is any?+ outside1 mu* less t x is a fl[] & ( a p>ticul> v>iety :i* we call lilac8 ,or1 f9ally1 we hold a heat$ flatiron up ne> ! *eek & say1 ,?is is too hot6 x w burn ! clo?4 ,b :y by hold+ ?is object a foot away f ! face d we "k t x is !re1 let alone kn[+ its temp]ature8 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,s5sory ,,exp]i5ce4--,fur!r1 our s5ses come ?r\gh exp]i5ce to h ! p[] ( fus+1 or comb9+ _! k1 s to speak1 by :i* ea* expresses its k 9 t]ms ( ! o!rs4 ,?us we take a glance out ( ! w9d[ & say t ! day looks cold1 al?\gh we well "k t we _c see cold4 ,or we say t ! melon s\nds gre51 or ! bell s\nds crack$1 al?\gh a crack or gre5ness _c be he>d4 ,or we say t ! box feels empty1 al?\gh empt9ess _c be felt4 ,we h come to associate cold1 orig9ally exp]i5c$ ) days :i* look l ! "o we n[ see1 ) ?is p>ticul> appe>ance1 & s we say we see ! cold2 s\nds l ! "o com+ f ! bell we h come to associate ) crack$ bells1 & t com+ f ! melon ) gre5 melons1 until we say unhesitat+ly t ! bell s\nds crack$ & ! melon s\nds gre54 ,& s ) ! v>i\s s5ses4 ,ea* gleans f ! _w its own p>ticul> bit ( k1 b all are f9ally 9 a p>tn]%ip & :at is ea* "o's k belongs to e o!r "o 9 s f> z ! o!r c use x4 ,,! ,,s5sory ,,processes ,,to ,,be ,,expla9$4--,! explanation ( ! ultimate nature ( k1 & h[ we rea* x ?r\gh contact ) our mat]ial environm5t1 we w leave to ! philosoph]s4 ,& battles en\gh !y h ov] ! "q1 & /ill o!rs !y w h be=e ! matt] is settl$4 ,! easi] & m important problem = u is to describe ! processes by :i* ! m9d comes to "k its environm5t1 & to see h[ x uses ?is k 9 ?9k+4 ,?is mu* we %all be able to d1 = x is (t5 possible to describe a process & discov] its laws ev5 :5 we _c fully expla9 its nature & orig94 ,we "k ! process ( dige/ion & assimilation1 & ! laws :i* gov]n !m1 al?\gh we d n und]/& ! ultimate nature & orig9 ( life :i* makes ^! possible4 ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,objects ,,exi/ ,,9 ,,! ,,m9d4--,yet ev5 9 ! relatively simple description :i* we h propos$ _m puzzles confront u1 & "o ( !m appe>s at ! v outset4 ,?is is t ! qualities :i* we usually ascribe to objects really exi/ 9 our own m9ds & n 9 ! objects at all4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! common qualities ( light & color4 ,! physici/ tells u t :at we see z light is occasion$ by an incr$ibly rapid beat+ ( e!r waves on ! ret9a ( ! eye4 ,all space is fill$ ) ?is e!r2 & :5 x is light--t is1 :5 "s object l ! sun or o!r light-giv+ body is pres5t--! e!r is set 9 motion by ! vibrat+ molecules ( ! body :i* is ! s\rce ( light1 its waves /rike ! ret9a1 a curr5t is produc$ & c>ri$ to ! bra91 & we see light4 ,?is means1 !n1 t space1 ! m$ium 9 :i* we see objects1 is n fill$ ) light 7! s5sation71 b ) v rapid waves ( e!r1 & t ! light :i* we see really occurs 9 our own m9ds z ! m5tal response to ! physical /imulus ( e!r waves4 ,likewise ) color4 ,color is produc$ by e!r waves ( diff]5t l5g?s & degrees ( rapidity4 ,?us e!r waves at ! rate ( #dej billions a second give u ! s5sation ( r$2 ( #dgb billions a second1 orange2 ( #ebf billions a second1 yell[2 ( #ehi billions a second1 gre52 ( #fdj billions a second1 blue2 ( #gbb billions a second1 indigo2 ( #gij billions a second1 violet4 ,:at exi/s outside ( u1 !n1 is ^! e!r waves ( diff]5t rates1 & n ! colors 7z s5sations7 !mselves4 ,! beautiful yell[ & crimson ( a sunset1 ! v>iegat$ colors ( a l&scape1 ! delicate p9k 9 ! *eek ( a *ild1 ! blu% ( a rose1 ! %imm]+ gre5 ( ! lake--^! reside n 9 ! objects !mselves1 b 9 ! consci\sness ( ! "o :o sees !m4 ,! objects possess b ! quality ( reflect+ back to ! eye e!r waves ( ! p>ticul> rate correspond+ to ! color :i* we ascribe to !m4 ,?us r$ objects1 & no o!rs1 reflect back e!r waves ( a rate ( #dej billions a second3 :ite objects reflect all rates2 black objects reflect none4 ,! case is no diff]5t ) reg>d to s\nd4 ,:5 we speak ( a s\nd com+ f a bell1 :at we really mean is t ! vibrations ( ! bell h set up waves 9 ! air betwe5 x & our e>1 :i* h produc$ correspond+ vibrations 9 ! e>2 t a n]ve curr5t 0 !reby produc$2 & t a s\nd 0 he>d4 ,b ! s\nd 7i4e41 s5sation7 is a m5tal ?+1 & exi/s only 9 our own consci\sness4 ,:at pass$ betwe5 ! s\nd+ object & ourselves 0 waves 9 ! int]v5+ air1 ready to be translat$ ?r\gh ! ma*9]y ( n]ves & bra9 into ! beautiful tones & melodies & h>monies ( ! m9d4 ,& s ) all o!r s5sations4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,sets ,,( ,,factors4--,:at exi/s outside ( u !re=e is a /imulus1 "s =m ( physical en]gy1 ( a k9d suitable to excite to activity a c]ta9 end-organ ( ta/e1 or t\*1 or smell1 or sight1 or he>+2 :at exi/s )9 u is ! n]v\s ma*9]y capable ( conv]t+ ?is /imulus into a n]ve curr5t :i* %all produce an activity 9 ! cortex ( ! bra92 :at results is ! m5tal object :i* we call a s5sation ( ta/e1 smell1 t\*1 sight1 or he>+4 #b4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,s5sation ,,s5sation ,,gives ,,u ,,our ,,_w ,,( ,,qualities4--,9 actual exp]i5ce s5sations are nev] kn[n ap>t f ! objects to :i* !y belong4 ,?is is to say t :5 we see yell[ or r$ x is always 9 connection ) "s surface1 or object2 :5 we ta/e s\r1 ?is quality belongs to "s sub/ance1 & s on ) all ! s5ses4 ,yet by s5sation we mean only ! simple qualities ( objects kn[n 9 consci\sness z ! result ( appropriate /imuli appli$ to end-organs4 ,we %all lat] see h[ by p]ception ^! qualities fuse or comb9e to =m objects1 b 9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all be conc]n$ ) ! qualities only4 ,s5sations are1 !n1 ! simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y k we may get f ! physical _w1--! r$1 ! blue1 ! bitt]1 ! cold1 ! fragrant1 & :atev] o!r qualities may belong to ! ext]nal _w4 ,we %all n = ! pres5t be conc]n$ ) ! objects or s\rces f :i* ! qualities may come4 ,to quote ,james on ! mean+ ( s5sation3 ,all we c say on ?is po9t is t :at we mean by s5sations are fir/ ?+s 9 ! way ( consci\sness4 ,!y are ! imm$iate results ^u consci\sness ( n]ve curr5ts z !y ent] ! bra91 & be=e !y h awak5$ any sugge/ions or associations ) pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,b x is obvi\s t su* imm$iate s5sations c be realiz$ only 9 ! e>lie/ days ( life4 ,,! ,,attributes ,,( ,,s5sation4--,s5sations diff] f ea* o!r 9 at lea/ f\r respects2 namely1 quality1 int5sity1 ext5sity1 & duration4 ,x is a diff]5ce 9 quality t makes u say1 ,?is pap] is r$1 & t1 blue2 ?is liquid is sweet1 & t1 s\r4 ,diff]5ces 9 quality are !re=e fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 k9d4 ,besides ! quality-diff]5ces t exi/ )9 ! same g5]al field1 z ( ta/e or vision1 x is evid5t t !re is a /ill m fundam5tal diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! v>i\s fields4 ,"o c1 = example1 comp>e r$ ) blue or sweet ) s\r1 & tell :i* quality he pref]s4 ,b let him try to comp>e r$ ) sweet1 or blue ) s\r1 & ! quality-diff]5ce is s pr(\nd t !re seems to be no basis = comp>ison4 ,diff]5ces 9 int5sity ( s5sation are famili> to e p]son :o pref]s two lumps ( sug> r ?an "o lump 9 8 c(fee2 ! sweet is ( ! same quality 9 ei!r case1 b diff]s 9 int5sity4 ,9 e field ( s5sation1 ! int5sity may proce$ f ! smalle/ am\nt to ! greate/ am\nt disc]nible4 ,9 g5]al1 ! int5sity ( ! s5sation dep5ds on ! int5sity ( ! /imulus1 ?\gh ! condition ( ! s5se-organ z reg>ds fatigue or adaptation to ! /imulus has its effect4 ,x is obvi\s t a /imulus may be too weak to produce any s5sation2 z1 = example1 a few gra9s ( sug> 9 a cup ( c(fee or a few drops ( lemon 9 a qu>t ( wat] c\ld n be detect$4 ,x is also true t ! int5sity ( ! /imulus may be s great t an increase 9 int5sity produces no effect on ! s5sation2 z1 = example1 ! addition ( sug> to a solution ( sac*>9e w\ld n noticeably increase its sweetness4 ,! l[e/ & highe/ int5sity po9ts ( s5sation are call$ ! l[] & upp] lim51 or ?re%old1 respectively4 ,by ext5sity is meant ! space-diff]5ces ( s5sations4 ,! t\* ( ! po9t ( a too?pick on ! sk9 has a diff]5t space quality f ! t\* ( ! flat end ( a p5cil4 ,l[ tones seem to h m volume ?an high tones4 ,"s pa9s feel %>p & o!rs dull & diffuse4 ,! w>m? felt f spread+ ! palms ( ! h&s out to ! fire has a bigness n felt f heat+ "o solit>y f+]4 ,! ext5sity ( a s5sation dep5ds on ! numb] ( n]ve end+s /imulat$4 ,! duration ( a s5sation ref]s to ! "t x la/s4 ,?is mu/ n be confus$ ) ! duration ( ! /imulus1 :i* may be ei!r long] or %ort] ?an ! duration ( ! s5sation4 ,e s5sation mu/ exi/ = "s space ( "t1 long or %ort1 or x w\ld h no "p 9 consci\sness4 #c4 ,,s5sory ,,qualities ,,& ,,_! ,,end-,,organs ,all are famili> ) ! five s5ses ( our elem5t>y physiologies1 sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 smell1 & t\*4 ,a m complete /udy ( s5sation reveals ne>ly ?ree times ?is numb]1 h[ev]4 ,?is is to say t ! body is equipp$ ) m ?an a doz5 diff]5t k9ds ( end-organs1 ea* prep>$ to receive its own p>ticul> type ( /imulus4 ,x mu/ also be und]/ood t "s ( ! end-organs yield m ?an "o s5se4 ,! eye1 = example1 gives n only visual b muscul> s5sations2 ! e> n only auditory1 b tactual2 ! tongue n only gu/atory1 b tactual & cold & w>m? s5sations4 ,,sight4--,vision is a di/ance s5se2 we c see af> (f4 ,! /imulus is *emical 9 its action2 ?is means t ! e!r waves1 on /rik+ ! ret9a1 cause a *emical *ange :i* sets up ! n]ve curr5t responsible = ! s5sation4 ,! eye1 ^: g5]al /ructure is suffici5tly describ$ 9 all /&>d physiologies1 consi/s ( a visual app>atus design$ to br+ ! images ( objects to a cle> focus on ! ret9a at ! fovea1 or area ( cle>e/ vision1 ne> ! po9t ( entrance ( ! optic n]ve4 ,! s5sation ( sight com+ f ?is ret9al image unaid$ by o!r s5sations gives u b two qualities1 light & color4 ,! eye c di/+ui% _m diff]5t grades ( light f pure/ :ite on ?r\gh ! v>i\s grays to d5se/ black4 ,! range is great] /ill 9 color4 ,we speak ( ! sev5 colors ( ! spectrum1 violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 & r$4 ,b ?is is n a v s]viceable classification1 s9ce ! av]age eye c di/+ui% ab\t #ce1jjj color effects4 ,x is also some:at bewild]+ to f9d t all ^! colors seem to be produc$ f ! f\r fundam5tal hues1 r$1 gre51 yell[1 & blue1 plus ! v>i\s t9ts4 ,^! f\r1 comb9$ 9 v>y+ proportions & ) diff]5t degrees ( light 7i4e41 diff]5t %ades ( gray71 yield all ! color effects kn[n to ! human eye4 ,h]s*el e/imates t ! work]s on ! mosaics at ,rome mu/ h di/+ui%$ #cj1jjj diff]5t color tones4 ,! hue ( a color ref]s to its fundam5tal quality1 z r$ or yell[2 ! *roma1 to its saturation1 or ! /r5g? ( ! color2 & ! t9t1 to ! am\nt ( brightness 7i4e41 :ite7 x conta9s4 ,,he>+4--,he>+ is also a di/ance s5se4 ,! action ( its /imulus is me*anical1 :i* is to say t ! vibrations produc$ 9 ! air by ! s\nd+ body are f9ally transmitt$ by ! me*anism ( ! middle e> to ! inn] e>4 ,"h ! impulse is convey$ ?r\gh ! liquid ( ! int]nal e> to ! n]ve end+s z s _m t9y bl[s1 :i* produce ! n]ve curr5t c>ri$ to ! bra9 by ! auditory n]ve4 ,! s5sation ( he>+1 l t ( sight1 gives u two qualities3 namely1 tones ) _! accompany+ pit* & timbre1 & noises4 ,tones1 or musical s\nds1 are produc$ by iso*ron\s or equal-tim$ vibrations2 ?us ,c ( ! fir/ octave is produc$ by #bef vibrations a second1 & if ?is tone is prolong$ ! vibration rate w cont9ue uni=mly ! same4 ,noises1 on ! o!r h&1 are produc$ by vibrations :i* h no uni=mity ( vibration rate4 ,! e>'s s5sibility to pit* ext5ds ov] ab\t sev5 octaves4 ,! sev5-octave piano goes d[n to #bg-a_/b vibrations & rea*es up to #c1ejj vibrations4 ,notes ( ne>ly #ej1jjj vibrations c be he>d by an av]age e>1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ^! are too pa9fully %rill to be musical4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ?is upp] limit1 ! range ( ! e> is ab\t elev5 octaves4 ,! e>1 hav+ giv5 u l\dness ( tones1 :i* dep5ds on ! amplitude ( ! vibrations1 pit*1 :i* dep5ds on ! rapidity ( ! vibrations1 & timbre1 or quality1 :i* dep5ds on ! complexity ( ! vibrations1 has no fur!r qualities ( s\nd to reveal4 ,,ta/e4--,! s5se ( ta/e is locat$ *iefly 9 ! tongue1 ov] ! surface ( :i* are scatt]$ _m m9ute ta/e-bulbs4 ,^! c be se5 z small r$ specks1 mo/ pl5tifully di/ribut$ along ! edges & at ! tip ( ! tongue4 ,! sub/ance ta/$ mu/ be 9 solution1 & come 9 contact ) ! n]ve end+s4 ,! action ( ! /imulus is *emical4 ,! s5se ( ta/e recognizes ! f\r qualities ( s\r1 sweet1 salt1 & bitt]4 ,_m ( ! qualities :i* we improp]ly call ta/es are 9 reality a complex ( ta/e1 smell1 t\*1 & temp]ature4 ,smell contributes s l>gely to ! s5se ( ta/e t _m articles ( food become ta/eless :5 we h a cat>rh1 & _m nauseat+ doses ( m$ic9e c be tak5 )\t discom=t if ! nose is held4 ,probably none ( u1 if we are c>eful to exclude all odors by plugg+ ! no/rils ) cotton1 c by ta/e di/+ui% betwe5 scrap$ apple1 potato1 turnip1 or beet1 or c tell hot milk f tea or c(fee ( ! same temp]ature4 ,,smell4--,9 ! upp] "p ( ! nasal cavity lies a small br[ni% pat* ( muc\s membrane4 ,x is "h t ! olfactory n]ve end+s are locat$4 ,! sub/ance smell$ mu/ be volatile1 t is1 mu/ exi/ 9 gase\s =m1 & come 9 direct contact ) ! n]ve end+s4 ,*emical action results 9 a n]ve curr5t4 ,! s5sations ( smell h n be5 classifi$ s well z ^? ( ta/e1 & we h no di/9ct names = !m4 ,nei!r d we "k h[ _m olfactory qualities ! s5se ( smell is capable ( reveal+4 ,! only def9ite classification ( smell qualities is t bas$ on _! pleasantness or ! opposite4 ,we also borr[ a few t]ms & speak ( sweet or fragrant odors & fre% or close smells4 ,!re is "s evid5ce :5 we obs]ve animals1 or ev5 primitive m51 t ! human race has be5 evolv+ great] s5sibility to c]ta9 odors1 :ile at ! same "t !re has be5 a loss ( ke5ness ( :at we call sc5t4 ,,v>i\s ,,s5sations ,,f ,,! ,,sk94--,! sk91 besides be+ a protective & excretory organ1 af=ds a lodg+-place = ! end-organs giv+ u our s5se ( pressure1 pa91 cold1 w>m?1 tickle1 & it*4 ,pressure seems to h = its end-organ ! hair-bulbs ( ! sk92 on hairless regions small bulbs call$ ! corpuscles ( ,meissn] s]ve ?is purpose4 ,pa9 is ?\ght to be m$iat$ by free n]ve end+s4 ,cold dep5ds on end-organs call$ ! bulbs ( ,krause2 & w>m? on ! ,ruff9ian corpuscles4 ,cutane\s or sk9 s5sation may arise f ei!r me*anical /imulation1 su* z pressure1 a bl[1 or tickl+1 f !rmal /imulation f hot or cold objects1 f electrical /imulation1 or f ! action ( c]ta9 *emicals1 su* z acids & ! l4 ,/imulat$ me*anically1 ! sk9 gives u b two s5sation qualities1 pressure & pa94 ,_m ( ! qualities :i* we commonly ascribe to ! sk9 s5sations are really a complex ( cutane\s & muscul> s5sations4 ,contact is light pressure4 ,h>dness & s(tness dep5d on ! int5sity ( ! pressure4 ,r\ghness & smoo?ness arise f int]rupt$ & cont9u\s pressure1 respectively1 & require movem5t ov] ! r\gh or smoo? surface4 ,t\* dep5ds on pressure accompani$ by ! muscul> s5sations involv$ 9 ! movem5ts connect$ ) ! act4 ,pa9 is cle>ly a diff]5t s5sation f pressure2 b any ( ! cutane\s or muscul> s5sations may1 by excessive /imulation1 be made to pass ov] into pa94 ,all p>ts ( ! sk9 are s5sitive to pressure & pa92 b c]ta9 p>ts1 l ! f+] tips1 & ! tip ( ! tongue1 are m highly s5sitive ?an o!rs4 ,! sk9 v>ies also 9 its s5sitivity to heat & cold4 ,if we take a hot or a v cold p5cil po9t & pass x r lightly & sl[ly ov] ! sk91 x is easy to discov] c]ta9 spots f :i* a s5sation ( w>m? or ( cold fla%es out4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to locate ! end-organs ( temp]ature v accurately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,diagram %[+ di/ribution ( hot & cold spots on ! back ( ! h&4 ,c1 cold spots2 ,h1 hot spots4 ,,! ,,k9ae/hetic ,,s5ses4--,! muscles1 t5dons1 & jo9ts also give rise to p]fectly def9ite s5sations1 b !y h n be5 nam$ z h ! s5sations f mo/ ( ! o!r end-organs4 ,weight is ! mo/ cle>ly m>k$ ( ^! s5sations4 ,x is ?r\gh ! s5sations connect$ ) movem5ts ( muscles1 t5dons1 & jo9ts t we come to judge =m1 size1 & di/ance4 ,,! ,,organic ,,s5ses4--,f9ally1 to ! s5sations m5tion$ s f> mu/ be add$ ^? :i* come f ! int]nal organs ( ! body4 ,f ! alim5t>y canal we get ! s5sations ( hung]1 ?ir/1 & nausea2 f ! he>t1 lungs1 & organs ( sex come num]\s well-def9$ b unnam$ s5sations :i* play an important "p 9 mak+ up ! feel+-tone ( our daily lives4 ,?us we see t ! s5ses may be look$ ^u z ! s5tries ( ! body1 /&+ at ! outpo/s :]e nature & ourselves meet4 ,!y discov] ! qualities ( ! v>i\s objects ) :i* we come 9 contact & h& !m ov] to ! m9d 9 ! =m ( s5sations4 ,& ^! s5sations are ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* we beg9 to con/ruct our mat]ial environm5t4 ,only z we are equipp$ ) good organs ( s5se1 especially good eyes & e>s1 !re=e1 are we able to ent] fully into ! wond]ful _w ab\t u & receive ! /imuli necess>y to our ?\ght & action4 #d4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,obs]ve a s*oolroom ( *ildr5 at "w ) ! aim ( discov]+ any t %[ defects ( vision or he>+4 ,:at are ! symptoms8 ,:at is ! effect ( inability to he> or see well ^u int]e/ & att5tion8 #b4 ,talk ) y\r tea*] ab\t te/+ ! eyes & e>s ( ! *ildr5 ( "s s*ool4 ,! simpl] te/s = vision & he>+ are easily appli$1 & ! exp5se = mat]ial almo/ no?+4 ,:at te/s %\ld be us$8 ,does y\r s*ool h ! te/ c>d = vision8 #c4 ,use a rotator or color tops = mix+ discs ( :ite & black to produce diff]5t %ades ( gray4 ,fix 9 m9d ! gray made ( half :ite & half black2 ?ree-f\r?s :ite & "o-f\r? black2 "o-f\r?-:ite & ?ree-f\r?s black4 #d4 ,9 ! same way mix ! two complem5t>ies yell[ & blue to produce a gray2 mix r$ & gre5 9 ! same way4 ,try v>i\s comb9ations ( ! f\r fundam5tal colors1 & discov] h[ diff]5t colors are produc$4 ,seek = ^! same colors 9 nature--sky1 leaves1 fl[]s1 etc4 #e4 ,take a l>ge wire nail & pu% x ?r\gh a cork s t x c be h&l$ )\t t\*+ ! metal ) ! f+]s4 ,n[ cool x 9 ice or v cold wat]1 !n dry x & move ! po9t sl[ly across ! back ( ! h&4 ,d y feel occasional ?rills ( cold z ! po9t passes ov] a bulb ( ,krause8 ,heat ! nail ) a mat* flame or ov] a lamp1 & p]=m ! same exp]im5t4 ,d y feel ! ?rills ( heat f ! corpuscles ( ,ruff9i8 #f4 ,try /opp+ ! no/rils ) cotton & hav+ someone give y scrap$ apple1 potato1 onion1 etc41 & see :e!r1 by ta/e alone1 y c di/+ui% ! diff]5ce4 ,:y _c sulphur be ta/$8 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,p]ception ,no "y *ild at fir/ sees objects z we see !m1 or he>s s\nds z we he> !m4 ,?is p[]1 ! p[] ( p]ception1 is a gradual developm5t4 ,x gr[s day by day out ( ! le>n]'s exp]i5ce 9 8 _w ( sights & s\nds1 & :atev] o!r fields 8 s5ses respond to4 #a4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,p]ception ,,ne$ ,,( ,,kn[+ ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,_w4--,x is ! bus9ess ( p]ception to give u k ( our _w ( mat]ial objects & _! relations 9 space & "t4 ,! mat]ial _w :i* we ent] ?r\gh ! gateways ( ! s5ses is m m>vel\s by f> ?an any fairy _w creat$ by ! fancy ( /ory-tell]s2 = x conta9s ! elem5ts ( all !y h conceiv$ & mu* m besides4 ,x is m m>vel\s ?an any /ructure plann$ & execut$ by ! m9d ( man2 = all ! wond]s & beauties ( ! ,coliseum or ( ,/4 ,pet]'s exi/$ 9 nature be=e !y 7 discov]$ by ! ar*itect & ?r[n toge!r 9 ^? magnific5t /ructures4 ,! mat]ial advancem5t ( civilization has be5 b ! discov]y ( ! objects1 =ces1 & laws ( nature1 & _! use 9 inv5tions s]viceable to m54 ,& ^! =ces & laws ( nature 7 discov]$ only z !y 7 made manife/ ?r\gh objects 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,! problem ly+ be=e ea* individual :o w\ld ent] fully into ?is ri* _w ( environm5t1 !n1 is to discov] at fir/ h& j z l>ge a "p ( ! mat]ial _w ab\t him z possible4 ,9 ! mo/ humble environm5t ( ! mo/ unev5tful life is to be f\nd ! mat]ial = discov]ies & inv5tions yet undream$ (4 ,ly+ 9 ! %ade ( an apple tree "u ! op5 sky1 ,newton read f a fall+ apple ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! law ( gravitation :i* has revolutioniz$ sci5ce2 sitt+ at a humble tea table ,watt wat*$ ! gurgl+ ( ! /eam escap+ f ! kettle1 & evolv$ ! /eam eng9e !refrom2 ) 8 simple kite1 ,frankl9 drew d[n ! lightn+ f ! cl\ds1 & />t$ ! sci5ce ( electricity2 ?r\gh /udy+ a ball1 ! anci5t s*ol>s conceiv$ ! e>? to be a sph]e1 & ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,problem ,,:i* ,,confronts ,,! ,,*ild4--,well x is t ! *ild1 />t+ 8 life's j\rney1 _c see ! magnitude ( ! task be=e him4 ,ca/ amid a _w ( objects ( ^: v exi/5ce he is ignorant1 & ^: mean+ & uses h to be le>n$ by sl[ & (t5 pa9ful exp]i5ce1 he proce$s /ep by /ep ?r\gh ! s5ses 9 8 discov]y ( ! objects ab\t him4 ,yet1 consid]$ aga91 we ourselves are aft] all b a /ep 9 advance ( ! *ild4 ,?\gh we are some:at m famili> ) ! use ( our s5ses ?an he1 & "k a few m objects ab\t u1 yet ! k ( ! wise/ ( u is at be/ pitifully meag] comp>$ ) ! ri*ness ( nature4 ,s impossible is x = u to "k all our mat]ial environm5t1 t m5 h tak5 to becom+ speciali/s4 ,"o man w sp5d 8 life 9 ! /udy ( a c]ta9 v>iety ( plants1 :ile !re are hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( v>ieties all ab\t him2 ano!r w /udy a p>ticul> k9d ( animal life1 p]haps too m9ute to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 :ile ! _w is teem+ ) animal =ms :i* he has n "t 9 8 %ort day ( life to /op to exam9e2 ano!r w /udy ! l& =ms & read ! e>?'s hi/ory f ! rocks & geological /rata1 b "h aga9 nature's volume is s l>ge t he has "t to read b a small fraction ( ! :ole4 ,ano!r /udies ! human body & le>ns to read f its expressions ! signs ( heal? & sickness1 & to prescribe rem$ies = its ills2 b 9 ?is field also he has f\nd x necess>y to divide ! "w1 & s we h speciali/s = almo/ e organ ( ! body4 #b4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,p]ception ,,h[ ,a ,,p]cept ,,is ,,=m$4--,h[1 !n1 d we proce$ to ! discov]y ( ?is _w ( objects8 ,let u wat* ! *ild & le>n ! secret f him4 ,give ! babe a ball1 & he applies e s5se to x to discov] its qualities4 ,he />es at x1 he takes x 9 8 h&s & turns x ov] & ar\nd1 he lifts x1 he /rokes x1 he pun*es x & jabs x1 he puts x to 8 m\? & bites x1 he drops x1 he ?r[s x & creeps aft] x4 ,he leaves no /one unturn$ to f9d out :at t ?+ really is4 ,by means ( ! qualities :i* come to him ?r\gh ! av5ues ( s5se1 he con/ructs ! object4 ,& n only does he come to "k ! ball z a mat]ial object1 b he comes to "k also its uses4 ,he is =m+ 8 own be/ def9ition ( a ball 9 t]ms ( ! s5sations :i* he gets f x & ! uses to :i* he puts x1 & all ?is ev5 be=e he c "n x or is able to recognize its "n :5 he he>s x4 ,h[ mu* bett] 8 me?od ?an ! "o he w h to foll[ a little lat] :5 he goes to s*ool & le>ns t ,a ball is a sph]ical body ( any sub/ance or size1 us$ to play )1 z by ?r[+1 kick+1 or knock+1 etc46 ,,! ,,p]cept ,,involves ,,all ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,object4--,nor is ! case 9 ! lea/ diff]5t ) ourselves4 ,:5 we wi% to le>n ab\t a new object or discov] new facts ab\t an old "o1 we d precisely z ! *ild does if we are wise4 ,we apply to x e s5se to :i* x w af=d a /imulus1 & f9ally arrive at ! object ?r\gh its v>i\s qualities4 ,& j 9 s f> z we h fail$ to use 9 connection ) x e s5se to :i* x c m9i/]1 j 9 t degree w we h an incomplete p]ception ( x4 ,inde$1 j s f> z we h fail$ f9ally to p]ceive x 9 t]ms ( its functions or uses1 9 t f> also h we fail$ to "k x completely4 ,tomatoes 7 = _m ye>s gr[n z ornam5tal g>d5 plants be=e x 0 discov]$ t ! tomatoes c\ld m9i/] to ! ta/e z well z to ! sight4 ,! clo?+ ( civiliz$ man gives ! same s5sation ( texture & color to ! savage t x does to its own]1 b he is s f> f p]ceiv+ x 9 ! same way t he packs x away & cont9ues to g nak$4 ,! ,ori5tals1 :o disda9 ! use ( *airs & pref] to sit cross-legg$ on ! floor1 c nev] p]ceive a *air j z we d :o use *airs daily1 & to :om *airs are s saturat$ ) social sugge/ions & associations4 ,,! ,,cont5t ,,( ,,! ,,p]cept4--,! p]cept1 !n1 always conta9s a basis ( s5sation4 ,! eye1 ! e>1 ! sk9 or "s o!r s5se organ mu/ turn 9 its supply ( s5sory mat]ial or !re c be no p]cept4 ,b ! p]cept conta9s m ?an j s5sations4 ,consid]1 = example1 y\r p]cept ( an automobile fla%+ pa/ y\r w9d[s4 ,y really see b v little ( x1 yet y p]ceive x z a v famili> vehicle4 ,all t y\r s5se organs furni% is a m or less blurr$ pat* ( black ( c]ta9 size & cont\r1 "o or m objects ( some:at diff]5t color :om y "k to be pass5g]s1 & v>i\s s\nds ( a :izz+1 *ugg+ or ro>+ nature4 ,y\r =m] exp]i5ce ) automobiles enables y to associate ) ^! meag] s5sory details ! uphol/]$ seats1 ! :irl+ :eels1 ! sway+ movem5t & :atev] else belongs to ! full mean+ ( a motor c>4 ,! p]cept t conta9$ only s5sory mat]ial1 & lack$ all memory elem5ts1 ideas & mean+s1 w\ld be no p]cept at all4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y a "y *ild _c see or he> l ourselves4 ,x lacks ! associative mat]ial to give significance & mean+ to ! s5sory elem5ts suppli$ by ! end-organs4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! p]cept on mat]ial f pa/ exp]i5ce is also illu/rat$ 9 ! common /atem5t t :at "o gets f an art exhibit or a conc]t dep5ds on :at he br+s to x4 ,he :o br+s no k1 no memory1 no images f o!r pictures or music w secure b relatively b>r5 p]cepts1 consi/+ ( little besides ! m]e s5sory elem5ts4 ,truly1 to him t ha? %all be giv5 9 ! realm ( p]ception4 ,,! ,,accuracy ,,( ,,p]cepts ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,exp]i5ce4--,we mu/ p]ceive objects ?r\gh our motor response to !m z well z 9 t]ms ( s5sations4 ,! boy :o has 8 k ( a t5nis racket f look+ at "o 9 a /ore w9d[1 or inde$ f h&l+ "o & look+ x ov] 9 8 room1 c nev] "k a t5nis racket z does ! boy :o plays ) x on ! c\rt4 ,objects get _! significance n alone f _! qualities1 b ev5 m f _! use z relat$ to our own activities4 ,l ! *ild1 we mu/ get our k ( objects1 if we are to get x well1 f ! objects !mselves at fir/ h&1 & n second h& ?r\gh descriptions ( !m by o!rs4 ,! fact t !re is s mu* ( ! mat]ial _w ab\t u t we c nev] hope to le>n x all1 has made x necess>y to put d[n 9 books _m ( ! ?+s :i* h be5 discov]$ conc]n+ nature4 ,?is necessity has1 ,i fe>1 l$ _m away f nature itself to books--away f ! liv+ reality ( ?+s to ! dead embalm+ cases ( words1 9 ^: empty =ms we see s little ( ! significance :i* resides 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,we are 9 dang] ( be+ satisfi$ ) ! =ms ( k )\t its sub/ance--) def9itions conta9$ 9 words in/ead ( 9 qualities & uses4 ,,n ,,def9itions1 ,,b ,,fir/-,,h& ,,contact4--,9 l mann] we come to "k di/ance1 =m & size4 ,if we h nev] become acqua9t$ ) a mile by actually walk+ a mile1 runn+ a mile1 rid+ a bicycle a mile1 driv+ a horse a mile1 or travel+ a mile on a tra91 we might li/5 = a long "t to someone tell h[ f> a mile is1 or /ate ! di/ance f ,*icago to ,d5v]1 )\t kn[+ mu* ab\t x 9 any way except ^w def9itions4 ,9 ord] to und]/& a mile1 we mu/ come to "k x 9 z _m ways z possible ?r\gh s5se activities ( our own4 ,al?\gh _m *ildr5 h le>n$ t x is #be1jjj miles ar\nd ! e>?1 probably no "o :o has n encircl$ ! globe has any reasonably accurate notion j h[ f> ?is is4 ,= words _c take ! place ( p]ceptions 9 giv+ u k4 ,9 ! case ( %ort] di/ances1 ! same rule holds4 ,! eye mu/ be assi/$ by exp]i5ce ( ! muscles & t5dons & jo9ts 9 actually cov]+ di/ance1 & le>n to associate ^! s5sations ) ^? ( ! eye be=e ! eye alone c be able to say1 ,t tree is t5 rods di/ant4 ,=m & size are to be le>n$ 9 ! same way4 ,! h&s mu/ actually t\* & h&le ! object1 exp]i5c+ its h>dness or smoo?ness1 ! way ?is curve & t angle feels1 ! am\nt ( muscul> en]gy x takes to pass ! h& ov] ?is surface & along t l9e1 ! eye tak+ note all ! :ile1 be=e ! eye c tell at a glance t yond] object is a sph]e & t ?is surface is two feet on ! edge4 #c4 ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,space ,_m h be5 ! philosophical controv]sies ov] ! nature ( space & our p]ception ( x4 ,! psy*ologi/s h ev5 qu>rel$ conc]n+ :e!r we possess an innate s5se ( space1 or :e!r x is a product ( exp]i5ce & tra9+4 ,=tunately1 = our pres5t purpose we %all n ne$ to conc]n ourselves ) ei!r ( ^! controv]sies4 ,= our discussion we may accept space = :at common s5se und]/&s x to be4 ,z to our s5se ( space1 :atev] ( ?is we may possess at bir?1 x c]ta9ly has to be develop$ by use & exp]i5ce to become ( practical value4 ,9 ! p]ception ( space we mu/ come to p]ceive di/ance1 direction1 size1 & =m4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 size is b s mu* di/ance1 & =m is b s mu* di/ance 9 ?is1 t1 or ! o!r direction4 ,,! ,,p]ceiv+ ,,( ,,di/ance4--,unque/ionably ! eye comes to be our *ief dep5d5ce 9 det]m9+ di/ance4 ,yet ! muscle & jo9t s5ses give u our e>lie/ k ( di/ance4 ,! babe rea*es = ! moon simply because ! eye does n tell x t ! moon is out ( rea*4 ,only z ! *ild rea*es = its play?+s1 creeps or walks aft] !m1 & 9 a ?\s& ways uses its muscles & jo9ts 9 measur+ di/ance1 does ! p]ception ( di/ance become dep5dable4 ,at ! same "t ! eye is sl[ly develop+ its p[] ( judg+ di/ance4 ,b n = sev]al ye>s does visual p]ception ( di/ance become 9 any degree accurate4 ,! eye's p]ception ( di/ance dep5ds 9 "p on ! s5sations aris+ f ! muscles controll+ ! eye1 probably 9 "p f ! adju/m5t ( ! l5s1 & 9 "p f ! ret9al image4 ,if "o tries to look at ! tip ( 8 nose he easily feels ! muscle /ra9 caus$ by ! requir$ angle ( adju/m5t4 ,we come unconsci\sly to associate di/ance ) ! muscle s5sations aris+ f ! diff]5t angles ( vision4 ,! "p play$ by ! ret9al image 9 judg+ di/ance is easily und]/ood 9 look+ at two trees1 "o ?irty feet & ! o!r ?ree hundr$ feet di/ant4 ,we note t ! ne>] tree %[s ! detail ( ! b>k & leaves1 :ile ! m di/ant "o lacks ?is detail4 ,! ne>] tree also reflects m light & color ?an ! "o f>!r away4 ,^! m9ute diff]5ces1 regi/]$ z !y are on ! ret9al image1 come to /& = s mu* ( di/ance4 ,! e> also le>ns to p]ceive di/ance ?r\gh diff]5ces 9 ! quality & ! int5sity ( s\nd4 ,auditory p]ception ( di/ance is1 h[ev]1 nev] v accurate4 ,,! ,,p]ceiv+ ,,( ,,direction4--,! motor s5ses probably give u our fir/ p]ception ( direction1 z !y d ( di/ance4 ,! *ild has to rea* ?is way or t way = 8 rattle2 turn ! eyes or head s f> 9 ord] to see an int]e/+ object2 twi/ ! body1 crawl or walk to "o side or ! o!r to secure 8 bottle4 ,9 ^! exp]i5ces he is ga9+ 8 fir/ k ( direction4 ,along ) ^! muscle-jo9t exp]i5ces1 ! eye is also be+ tra9$4 ,! position ( ! image on ! ret9a comes to /& = direction1 & ! eye f9ally develops s rem>kable a p[] ( p]ceiv+ direction t a picture hung a half in* out ( plumb is a s\rce ( annoyance4 ,! e> develops "s skill 9 ! p]ception ( direction1 b is less dep5dable ?an ! eye4 #d4 ,,! ,,p]ception ,,( ,,"t ,! philosoph]s & psy*ologi/s agree little bett] ab\t our s5se ( "t ?an !y d ab\t our s5se ( space4 ,( ?is mu*1 h[ev]1 we may be c]ta91 our p]ception ( "t is subject to developm5t & tra9+4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,s5se4--,h[ we p]ceive "t is n s well und]/ood z our p]ception ( space4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t our idea ( "t is simpl] ?an our idea ( space--x has less ( cont5t1 less t we c describe4 ,probably ! mo/ fundam5tal "p ( our idea ( "t is progression1 or *ange1 )\t :i* x is difficult to ?9k ( "t at all4 ,! "q !n becomes1 h[ d we p]ceive *ange1 or succession8 ,if "o looks 9 ^u 8 ?\ght /ream he f9ds t ! movem5t ( consci\sness is n uni=mly cont9u\s1 b t 8 ?\ght moves 9 pulses1 or %ort ru%es1 s to speak4 ,:5 we are seek+ = "s fact or conclusion1 !re is a mom5t ( expectancy1 or pois+1 & !n ! leap =w>d to ! desir$ po9t1 or conclusion1 f :i* an imm$iate />t is tak5 = ! next objective po9t ( our ?9k+4 ,x is probable t our s5se ( ! few seconds ( pass+ "t t we call ! imm$iate pres5t consi/s ( ! recognition ( ! succession ( ^! pulsations ( consci\sness1 toge!r ) c]ta9 organic rhy?ms1 su* z he>t beat & brea?+4 ,,no ,,p]ception ,,( ,,empty ,,"t4--,our p]ception does n !re=e act ^u empty "t4 ,"t mu/ be fill$ ) a procession ( ev5ts1 :e!r ^! be )9 our own consci\sness or 9 ! objective _w )\t4 ,all long] p]iods ( "t1 su* z h\rs1 days1 or ye>s1 are measur$ by ! ev5ts :i* !y conta94 ,"t fill$ ) happ5+s t int]e/ & attract u seems %ort :ile pass+1 b long] :5 look$ back ^u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "t relatively empty ( int]e/+ exp]i5ce hangs heavy on our h&s 9 pass+1 b1 view$ 9 retrospect1 seems %ort4 ,a =tnight ( travel passes m quickly ?an a =tnight ( illness1 b yields _m m ev5ts = ! memory to review z ! fill+ = "t4 ,probably no "o has any v accurate feel+ ( ! l5g?1 t is1 ! actual duration ( a ye>--or ev5 ( a mon?6 ,we !re=e divide "t into conv5i5t units1 z weeks1 mon?s1 ye>s & c5turies4 ,?is all[s u to ?9k ( "t 9 ma!matical t]ms :]e imm$iate p]ception fails 9 its grasp4 #e4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,p]ception ,9 ! physical _w z 9 ! spiritual !re are _m p :o1 hav+ eyes1 see n & e>s1 he> n4 ,= ! ability to p]ceive accurately & ri*ly 9 ! _w ( physical objects dep5ds n alone on good s5se organs1 b also on int]e/ & ! habit ( obs]vation4 ,x is easy if we are indiff]5t or untra9$ to look at a beautiful l&scape1 a picture or a ca!dral )\t see+ x2 x is easy if we lack int]e/ or skill to li/5 to an or*e/ra or ! myriad s\nds ( nature )\t he>+ !m4 ,,p]ception ,,ne$s ,,to ,,be ,,tra9$4--,tra9+ 9 p]ception does n dep5d entirely on ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,= ! _w ab\t u ex]ts a con/ant appeal to our s5ses4 ,a ?\s& sights1 s\nds1 contacts1 ta/es1 smells or o!r s5sations1 h\rly ?rong 9 ^u u1 & ! appeal is irresi/ible4 ,we mu/ 9 "s degree att5d4 ,we mu/ obs]ve4 ,yet x _c be d5i$ t mo/ ( u are relatively unskill$ 9 p]ception2 we d n "k h[1 or take ! tr\ble to obs]ve4 ,= example1 a /rang] 0 br\ght into ! classroom & introduc$ by ! in/ructor to a class ( fifty college /ud5ts 9 psy*ology4 ,! class ?\ght ! /rang] 0 to address !m1 & look$ at him ) mild curiosity4 ,b1 aft] /&+ be=e !m = a few mom5ts1 he sudd5ly )drew1 z _h be5 arrang$ by ! in/ructor4 ,! class 7 !n ask$ to write su* a description ( ! /rang] z w\ld enable a p]son :o _h nev] se5 him to id5tify him4 ,b s poor _h be5 ! obs]vation ( ! class t !y ascrib$ to him clo!s ( f\r diff]5t colors1 eyes & hair ea* ( ?ree diff]5t colors1 a tie ( _m diff]5t hues1 height rang+ f five feet & f\r in*es to ov] six feet1 age f tw5ty-eight to =ty-five ye>s1 & _m o!r details z wide ( ! m>k4 ,nor is x probable t ?is p>ticul> class 0 bel[ ! av]age 9 ! p[] ( p]ception4 ,,s*ool ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,p]ception4--,! s*ool c d mu* 9 tra9+ ! p]ception4 ,b to accompli% ?is1 ! *ild mu/ con/antly be br\ght into imm$iate contact ) ! physical _w ab\t him & taught to obs]ve4 ,books mu/ n be sub/itut$ = ?+s4 ,def9itions mu/ n take ! place ( exp]im5t or discov]y4 ,geography & nature /udy %\ld be taught l>gely out ( doors1 & ! lessons assign$ %\ld take ! *ild into ! op5 = obs]vation & inve/igation4 ,all ?+s t live & gr[1 ! sky & cl\ds1 ! sunset colors1 ! br[n ( upturn$ soil1 ! smell ( ! clov] field1 or ! new m[n hay1 ! s\nds ( a summ] night1 ! di/+ui%+ m>ks by :i* to id5tify ea* family ( common birds or bre$ ( cattle--^! & a ?\s& o!r ?+s t appeal to u f ! simple/ environm5t af=d a ri* opportunity = tra9+ ! p]ception4 ,& he :o has le>n$ to obs]ve1 & :o is al]t to ! appeal ( nature1 has no small "p ( 8 education already assur$4 #f4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,te/ y\r p[] ( obs]vation by walk+ rapidly pa/ a well-fill$ /ore w9d[ & !n see+ h[ _m ( ! objects y c "n4 #b4 ,suppose a tailor1 a bootblack1 a physician1 & a detective are /&+ on ! /reet corn] z y pass by4 ,:at w ea* "o be mo/ likely to obs]ve ab\t y8 ,:y8 #c4 ,obs]ve c>efully gre5 trees at a di/ance ( a few rods2 a qu>t] ( a mile2 a mile2 sev]al miles4 ,describe diff]5ces 7#a7 9 color1 7#b7 9 brightness1 or light1 & 7#c7 9 detail4 #d4 ,h[ _m common birds c y id5tify8 ,h[ _m k9ds ( trees8 ,( wild fl[]s8 ,( we$s8 #e4 ,obs]ve ! "w ( an elem5t>y s*ool = ! purpose ( det]m9+3 a4 ,:e!r ! in/ruction 9 geography1 nature /udy1 agriculture1 etc41 calls = ! use ( ! eyes1 e>s & f+]s4 b4 ,:e!r def9itions are us$ 9 place ( fir/-h& in=mation 9 any subjects4 c4 ,:e!r ! assignm5t ( lessons to pupils includes "w t w\ld require ! use ( ! s5ses1 especially out ( doors4 d4 ,:e!r ! "w (f]$ 9 ari?metic dem&s ! use ( ! s5ses z well z ! reason4 e4 ,:e!r ! language lessons make use ( ! p[] ( obs]vation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,m5tal ,,images ,,& ,,ideas ,z y sit ?9k+1 a company ( y toge!r1 y\r ?\ghts run 9 _m div]se l9es4 ,yet ) all ?is div]sity1 y\r m9ds possess ?is common *>act]i/ic3 ,?\gh y\r ?9k+ all takes place 9 :at we call ! pres5t mom5t1 x goes on l>gely 9 t]ms ( pa/ exp]i5ces4 #a4 ,,! ,,"p ,,play$ ,,by ,,pa/ ,,exp]i5ce ,,pres5t ,,?9k+ ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,pa/ ,,exp]i5ce4--,images or ideas ( ?+s y h se5 or he>d or felt2 ( ?+s y h ?\ght ( be=e & :i* n[ recur to y2 ( ?+s y rememb]1 su* z names1 dates1 places1 ev5ts2 ( ?+s t y d n rememb] z a "p ( y\r pa/ at all1 b t belong to x nev]!less--^! are ! ?+s :i* =m a l>ge "p ( y\r m5tal /ream1 & :i* give cont5t to y\r ?9k+4 ,y may ?9k ( a ?+ t is go+ on n[1 or ( "o t is to occur 9 ! future2 b1 aft] all1 y are dep5d5t on y\r pa/ exp]i5ce = ! mat]ial :i* y put into y\r ?9k+ ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,inde$1 no?+ c ent] y\r pres5t ?9k+ :i* does n l9k itself to some?+ 9 y\r pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,! savage ,indian 9 ! primeval =e/ nev] ?\ght ab\t kill+ a de] ) a rifle m]ely by pull+ a trigg]1 or ( turn+ a batt]y ( ma*9e guns on 8 enemies to annihilate !m--none ( ^! ?+s 7 relat$ to 8 pa/ exp]i5ce2 h5ce he c\ld n ?9k 9 su* t]ms4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,int]pret$ ,,by ,,! ,,pa/4--,n only c we n ?9k at all except 9 t]ms ( our pa/ exp]i5ce1 b ev5 if we c\ld1 ! pres5t w\ld be mean+less to u2 = ! pres5t is int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! pa/4 ,! s$ate man ( affairs :o decries a?letic sports1 & has nev] tak5 "p 9 !m1 _c und]/& ! wild en?usiasm :i* prevails betwe5 rival teams 9 a hotly conte/$ ev5t4 ,! f9e "w ( art is to ! "o :o has nev] exp]i5c$ ! appeal :i* comes ?r\gh beauty1 only s mu* ( canvas & v>iegat$ pat*es ( color4 ,paul says t ,jesus 0 unto ! ,greeks1 fooli%ness4 ,he 0 fooli%ness to !m because no?+ 9 _! exp]i5ce ) _! own gods _h be5 en\gh l ! "* ( ,jesus to enable !m to int]pret ,him4 ,,! ,,future ,,also ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,! ,,pa/4--,to ! m9d incapable ( us+ pa/ exp]i5ce1 ! future also w\ld be impossible2 = we c look =w>d into ! future only by plac+ 9 its exp]i5ces ! elem5ts ( :i* we h already kn[n4 ,! savage :o has nev] se5 ! %9+ yell[ metal does n dream ( a heav5 ^: /reets are pav$ ) gold1 b r ( a happy hunt+ gr\nd4 ,if y w analyze y\r own dreams ( ! future y w see 9 !m famili> pictures p]haps gr\p$ toge!r 9 new =ms1 b com+1 9 _! elem5ts1 f y\r pa/ exp]i5ce nev]!less4 ,all t w\ld rema9 to a m9d devoid ( a pa/ w\ld be ! little bridge ( "t :i* we call ! pres5t mom5t1 a s]ies ( unconnect$ n[s4 ,?\ght w\ld be impossible1 = ! m9d w\ld h no?+ to comp>e & relate4 ,p]sonality w\ld n exi/2 = p]sonality requires cont9uity ( exp]i5ce1 else we %\ld be a new p]son ea* succe$+ mom5t1 )\t memory & )\t plans4 ,su* a m9d w\ld be no m9d at all4 ,,rank ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,ability ,,to ,,utilize ,,pa/ ,,exp]i5ce4--,s important is pa/ exp]i5ce 9 det]m9+ our pres5t ?9k+ & guid+ our future actions1 t ! place ( an individual 9 ! scale ( creation is det]m9$ l>gely by ! ability to pr(it by pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,! sci5ti/ tells u ( _m species ( animals n[ ext9ct1 :i* lo/ _! lives & suff]$ _! race to die out because :51 long ago1 ! climate began to *ange & gr[ mu* cold]1 !y 7 unable to use ! exp]i5ce ( suff]+ 9 ! la/ cold season z an inc5tive to provide %elt]1 or move to a w>m] climate aga9/ ! com+ ( ! next & m rigor\s "o4 ,man 0 able to make ! adju/m5t2 &1 provid+ himself ) clo?+ & %elt] & food1 he surviv$1 :ile myriads ( ! l[] =ms p]i%$4 ,! s+$ mo? aga9 & aga9 d>es ! flame :i* tortures x1 & at la/ gives its life1 a sacrifice to its folly2 ! burn$ *ild fe>s ! fire1 & does n ! second "t seek ! exp]i5ce4 ,s also c ! effici5cy ( an individual or a nation1 z comp>$ ) o!r individuals or nations1 be det]m9$4 ,! ineffici5t are ^? :o repeat ! same error or useless act ov] & ov]1 or else fail to repeat a *ance useful act ^: repetition might lead to success4 ,!y are unable to le>n _! lesson & be guid$ by exp]i5ce4 ,_! pa/ does n suffici5tly m9i/] to _! pres5t1 & ?r\gh x direct _! future4 #b4 ,,h[ ,,pa/ ,,exp]i5ce ,,is ,,cons]v$ ,,pa/ ,,exp]i5ce ,,cons]v$ ,,9 ,,bo? ,,m5tal ,,& ,,physical ,,t]ms4--,if pa/ exp]i5ce plays s important a "p 9 our welf>e1 h[1 !n1 is x to be cons]v$ s t we may secure its b5efits8 ,"h1 z else:]e1 we f9d ! m9d & body work+ 9 p]fect unison & h>mony1 ea* do+ its "p to fur!r ! int]e/s ( bo?4 ,! results ( our pa/ exp]i5ce may be read 9 bo? our m5tal & our physical nature4 ,on ! physical side pa/ exp]i5ce is record$ 9 modifi$ /ructure ?r\gh ! law ( habit work+ on ! tissues ( ! body1 & p>ticul>ly on ! delicate tissues ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is is easily se5 9 its outw>d aspects4 ,! /oop$ %\ld]s & b5t =m ( ! workman tell a tale ( physical toil & exposure2 ! bloodless lips & pale face ( ! victim ( ! city sweat %op tell ( f\l air1 long h\rs1 & insuffici5t food2 ! rosy *eek & b\nd+ /ep ( *ildhood speak ( fre% air1 good food & happy play4 ,on ! m5tal side pa/ exp]i5ce is cons]v$ *iefly by means ( images1 ideas1 & concepts4 ,! nature & function ( concepts w be discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,x w n[ be our purpose to exam9e ! nature ( images & ideas1 & to note ! "p !y play 9 ! m9d's activities4 ,,! ,,image ,,& ,,! ,,idea4--,to und]/& ! nature ( ! image1 & !n ( ! idea1 we may be/ g back to ! p]cept4 ,y look at a wat* :i* ,i hold be=e y\r eyes & secure a p]cept ( x4 ,briefly1 ?is is :at happ5s3 ,! light reflect$ f ! yell[ object1 on /rik+ ! ret9a1 results 9 a n]ve curr5t :i* sets up a c]ta9 =m ( activity 9 ! cells ( ! visual bra9 area1 & lo6 a p]cept ( ! wat* fla%es 9 y\r m9d4 ,n[ ,i put ! wat* 9 my pocket1 s t ! /imulus is no long] pres5t to y\r eye4 ,!n ,i ask y to ?9k ( my wat* j z x appe>$ z y 7 look+ at x2 or y may y\rself *oose to ?9k ( x )\t my sugge/+ x to y4 ,9 ei!r case ! cellul> activity 9 ! visual area ( ! cortex is reproduc$ approximately z x occurr$ 9 connection ) ! p]cept1 & lo6 an image ( ! wat* fla%es 9 y\r m9d4 ,an image is ?us an approximate copy ( a =m] p]cept 7or sev]al p]cepts74 ,x is ar\s$ indirectly by means ( a n]ve curr5t com+ by way ( "s o!r bra9 c5t]1 in/ead ( directly by ! /imulation ( a s5se organ1 z 9 ! case ( a p]cept4 ,if1 in/ead ( seek+ a m or less exact m5tal picture ( my wat*1 y only ?9k ( its g5]al mean+ & relations1 ! fact t x is ( gold1 t x is = ! purpose ( keep+ "t1 t x 0 a pres5t to me1 t ,i we> x 9 my left pocket1 y !n h an idea ( ! wat*4 ,our idea ( an object is1 !re=e1 ! g5]al mean+ ( relations we ascribe to x4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! t]ms image & idea are employ$ r loosely1 & t !re is n yet g5]al uni=mity among writ]s 9 _! use4 ,,all ,,our ,,pa/ ,,exp]i5ce ,,pot5tially ,,at ,,our ,,comm&4--,images may 9 a c]ta9 s5se take ! place ( p]cepts1 & we c aga9 exp]i5ce sights1 s\nds1 ta/es1 & smells :i* we h kn[n be=e1 )\t hav+ ! /imuli actually pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,9 ?is way all our pa/ exp]i5ce is pot5tially available to ! pres5t4 ,all ! objects we h se51 x is pot5tially possible aga9 to see 9 ! m9d's eye )\t be+ oblig$ to h ! objects be=e u2 all ! s\nds we h he>d1 all ! ta/es & smells & temp]atures we h exp]i5c$1 we may aga9 h pres5t$ to our m9ds 9 ! =m ( m5tal images )\t ! v>i\s /imuli be+ pres5t to ! end-organs ( ! s5ses4 ,?r\gh images & ideas ! total numb] ( objects 9 our exp]i5ce is inf9itely multipli$2 = _m ( ! ?+s we h se51 or he>d1 or smell$1 or ta/$1 we _c aga9 h pres5t to ! s5ses1 & )\t ?is p[] we w\ld nev] get !m aga94 ,& besides ?is fact1 x w\ld be inconv5i5t to h to g & secure afre% ea* s5sation or p]cept e "t we ne$ to use x 9 our ?\ght4 ,:ile habit1 !n1 cons]ves our pa/ exp]i5ce on ! physical side1 ! image & ! idea d ! same ?+ on ! m5tal side4 #c4 ,,individual ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,imag]y ,,images ,,to ,,be ,,view$ ,,by ,,introspection4--,! rema9d] ( ! description ( images w be easi] to und]/&1 = ea* ( y c "k j :at is meant 9 e case by appeal+ to y\r own m9d4 ,i beg ( y n to ?9k t ,i am pres5t+ some?+ new & /range1 a curiosity connect$ ) our ?9k+ :i* has be5 discov]$ by s*ol>s :o h delv$ m deeply into ! matt] ?an we c hope to d4 ,e day--no1 m ?an t1 e h\r & e mom5t--^! images are flitt+ ?r\gh our m9ds1 =m+ a l>ge "p ( our /ream ( consci\sness4 ,let u see :e!r we c turn our att5tion )9 & discov] "s ( our images 9 _! flight4 ,let u introspect4 ,i "k ( no bett] way to proce$ ?an t adopt$ by ,francis ,galton ye>s ago1 :5 he ask$ ! ,engli% m5 ( lett]s & sci5ce to ?9k ( _! breakfa/ tables1 & !n describe ! images :i* appe>$4 ,i am ab\t to ask ea* "o ( y to d ! same ?+1 b ,i want to w>n y be=eh& t ! images w n be s vivid z ! s5sory exp]i5ces !mselves4 ,!y w be mu* fa9t] & m vague1 & less cle> & def9ite2 !y w be fleet+1 & mu/ be caught on ! w+4 ,(t5 ! image may fade entirely out1 & ! idea only be left4 ,,! ,,v>i$ ,,imag]y ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,"o',s ,,d9+ ,,table4--,let ea* "o n[ recall ! d9+ table z y la/ left x1 & !n answ] que/ions conc]n+ x l ! foll[+3 ,c ,i see cle>ly 9 my m9d's eye ! :ole table z x /ood spread be=e me8 ,c ,i see all p>ts ( x equally cle>ly8 ,d ,i get ! sn[y :ite & gloss ( ! l958 ,! delicate color+ ( ! *9a1 s t ,i c see :]e ! p9k %ades (f into ! :ite8 ,! graceful l9es & curves ( ! di%es8 ,! %e5 ( ! silv]8 ,! br[n ( ! toa/8 ,! yell[ ( ! cream8 ,! ri* r$ & d>k gre5 ( ! b\quet ( roses8 ,! sp>kle ( ! glassw>e8 ,c ,i aga9 he> ! rattle ( ! di%es8 ,! cl9k ( ! spoon aga9/ ! cup8 ,! mov+ up ( ! *airs8 ,! *att] ( ! voices1 ea* ) its own peculi> pit* & quality8 ,! twitt] ( a bird outside ! w9d[8 ,! t9kle ( a di/ant bell8 ,! *irp ( a neighborly cricket8 ,c ,i ta/e cle>ly ! milk8 ,! c(fee8 ,! eggs8 ,! bacon8 ,! rolls8 ,! butt]8 ,! jelly8 ,! fruit8 ,c ,i get ! appetiz+ odor ( ! c(fee8 ,( ! meat8 ,! oranges & bananas8 ,! p]fume ( ! lilac bu% outside ! door8 ,! p]fume f a h&k]*ief newly treat$ to a spray ( heliotrope8 ,c ,i recall ! t\* ( my f+]s on ! velvety pea*8 ,on ! smoo? sk9 ( an apple8 ,on ! frett$ glassw>e8 ,! feel ( ! fre% l958 ,! contact ( lea!r-cov]$ or cane-seat$ *air8 ,( ! fre%ly donn$ g>m5t8 ,c ,i get cle>ly ! temp]ature ( ! hot c(fee 9 ! m\?8 ,( ! hot di% on ! h&8 ,( ! ice wat]8 ,( ! grateful coolness ( ! breeze waft$ 9 ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[8 ,c ,i feel aga9 ! /ra9 ( muscle & jo9t 9 pass+ ! heavy di%8 ,c ,i feel ! movem5t ( ! jaws 9 *ew+ ! beef/eak8 ,( ! ?roat & lips 9 talk+8 ,( ! *e/ & diaphragm 9 laugh+8 ,( ! muscles 9 sitt+ & ris+8 ,9 h& & arm 9 us+ knife & =k & spoon8 ,c ,i get aga9 ! s5sation ( pa9 :i* accompani$ bit+ on a t5d] too?8 ,f ! %oot+ ( a drop ( acid f ! r9d ( ! orange into ! eye8 ,! *ance a*e 9 ! head8 ,! pleasant feel+ connect$ ) ! exhil>ation ( a beautiful morn+8 ,! feel+ ( p]fect heal?8 ,! pleasure connect$ ) p>tak+ ( a favorite food8 ,,p[] ,,( ,,imag]y ,,v>ies ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,p4--,x is m ?an probable t "s ( y _c get p]fectly cle> images 9 all ^! l9es1 c]ta9ly n ) equal facility2 = ! imag]y f any "o s5se v>ies greatly f p]son to p]son4 ,a celebrat$ pa9t] 0 able1 aft] plac+ 8 subject 9 a *air & look+ at him att5tively = a few m9utes1 to dismiss ! subject & pa9t a p]fect lik5ess ( him f ! visual image :i* recurr$ to ! arti/ e "t he turn$ 8 eyes to ! *air :]e ! sitt] _h be5 plac$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a "y lady1 a /ud5t 9 my psy*ology class1 tells me t %e is nev] able to recall ! looks ( h] "m :5 %e is abs5t1 ev5 if ! sep>ation has be5 only = a few mom5ts4 ,%e c get an image ( ! =m1 ) ! color & cut ( ! dress1 b nev] ! features4 ,"o p]son may be able to recall a l>ge "p ( a conc]t ?r\gh 8 auditory imag]y1 & ano!r almo/ none4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! p[]1 or at lea/ ! use1 ( imag]y decreases ) age4 ,! writ] has made a some:at ext5sive /udy ( ! imag]y ( c]ta9 high-s*ool /ud5ts1 college /ud5ts1 & speciali/s 9 psy*ology av]ag+ middle age4 ,almo/ )\t exception x 0 f\nd t cle> & vivid images play$ a small] "p 9 ! ?9k+ ( ! old] gr\p ?an ( ! y\ng]4 ,m or less ab/ract ideas & concepts seem$ to h tak5 ! place ( ! concrete imag]y ( e>li] ye>s4 ,,imag]y ,,types4--,al?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce 9 our ability to use imag]y ( diff]5t s5sory types1 probably !re is less v>iation "h ?an has be5 suppos$4 ,e>li] p$agogical works spoke ( ! visual type ( m9d1 or ! audile type1 or ! motor type1 z if ! possession ( "o k9d ( imag]y necess>ily r5d]$ a p]son %ort 9 o!r types4 ,lat] /udies h %[n ?is view incorrect1 h[ev]4 ,! p]son :o has good images ( "o type is likely to excel 9 all types1 :ile "o :o is lack+ 9 any "o ( ! m important types w probably be f\nd %ort 9 all4#d ,mo/ ( u probably make m use ( visual & auditory ?an ( o!r k9ds ( imag]y1 :ile olfactory & gu/atory images seem to play a m9or role4 #d4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,images ,b9et says t ! man :o has n e type ( imag]y almo/ equally well develop$ is only ! fraction ( a man4 ,:ile ?is no d\bt puts ! matt] too /rongly1 yet images d play an important "p 9 our ?9k+4 ,,images ,,supply ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,memory4--,imag]y supplies ! pictures f :i* imag9ation builds its /ructures4 ,giv5 a ri* supply ( images f ! v>i\s s5ses1 & imag9ation has ! mat]ial necess>y to con/ruct times & ev5ts long s9ce pa/1 or to fill ! future ) plans or exp]i5ces n yet rea*$4 ,lack+ images1 h[ev]1 imag9ation is h&icapp$1 & its meag] products reveal 9 _! b>r5ness & _! lack ( w>m? & reality ! pov]ty ( mat]ial4 ,mu* ( our memory also takes ! =m ( images4 ,! face ( a fri5d1 ! s\nd ( a voice1 or ! t\* ( a h& may be recall$1 n z a m]e fact1 b ) almo/ ! fre%ness & fidelity ( a p]cept4 ,t mu* ( our memory goes on 9 ! =m ( ideas in/ead ( images is true4 ,b memory is (t5 bo? aid$ 9 its accuracy & r5d]$ m vital & significant ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( abundant imag]y4 ,,imag]y ,,9 ,,! ,,?\ght ,,processes4--,s9ce logical ?9k+ deals m ) relations & mean+s ?an ) p>ticul> objects1 images naturally play a small] "p 9 reason+ ?an 9 memory & imag9ation4 ,yet !y h _! place "h z well4 ,/ud5ts ( geometry or trigonometry (t5 h difficulty 9 und]/&+ a !orem until !y succe$ 9 visualiz+ ! surface or solid involv$4 ,?9k+ 9 ! field ( a/ronomy1 me*anics1 & _m o!r sci5ces is assi/$ at c]ta9 po9ts by ! ability to =m cle> & accurate images4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,imag]y ,,9 ,,lit]ature4--,facility 9 ! use ( imag]y und\bt$ly adds mu* to our enjoym5t & appreciation ( c]ta9 =ms ( lit]ature4 ,! great writ]s commonly use all types ( images 9 _! description & n>ration4 ,if we are n able to employ ! images !y us$1 _m ( _! mo/ beautiful pictures are likely to be to u b s _m words sugge/+ prosaic ideas4 ,%akespe>e1 describ+ c]ta9 beautiful music1 appeals to ! s5se ( smell to make himself und]/ood3 444 x came o'er my e> l ! sweet s\nd ,t brea!s ^u a bank ( violets1 ,/eal+ & giv+ odor6 ,lady ,macbe? cries3 ,"h's ! smell ( ! blood /ill3 ,all ! p]fumes ( ,arabia w n sweet5 ?is little h&4 ,milton has ,eve say ( h] dream ( ! fatal apple3 444 ,! pleasant sav'ry smell ,s quick5$ appetite1 t ,i1 me?\ght1 ,c\ld n b ta/e4 ,likewise ) ! s5se ( t\*3 444 ,i take ?y h&1 ?is h& ,z s(t z dove's d[n1 & z :ite z x4 ,imag9e a p]son devoid ( delicate tactile imag]y1 ) s5seless f+] tips & lead5 foot/eps1 und]tak+ to int]pret ^! exquisite l9es3 ,?us ,i set my pr9tless feet ,o'er ! c[slip's velvet head1 ,t b5ds n z ,i tread4 ,%akespe>e ?us appeals to ! muscul> imag]y3 ,at la/1 a little %ak+ ( m9e arm ,& ?rice 8 head ?us wav+ up & d[n1 ,he rais$ a sigh s pite\s & pr(\nd ,z x did seem to %att] all 8 bulk ,& end 8 be+4 ,_m passages l ! foll[+ appeal to ! temp]ature images3 ,freeze1 freeze1 ?\ bitt] sky1 ,?\ do/ n bite s nigh ,z b5efits =got6 ,to "o ^: auditory imag]y is meag]1 ! foll[+ l9es w lose some?+ ( _! beauty3 ,h[ sweet ! moonlight sleeps ^u ?is bank6 ,"h we w sit & let ! s\nds ( music ,creep 9 our e>s2 s(t /illness & ! night ,become ! t\*es ( sweet h>mony4 ,note h[ mu* cle> images w add to ,br[n+'s words3 ,are !re n two mom5ts 9 ! adv5ture ( a div]--"o :5 a begg> he prep>es to plunge1 & "o1 :5 a pr9ce he rises ) 8 pe>l8 ,,po9ts ,,:]e ,,images ,,are ,,( ,,greate/ ,,s]vice4--,beyond "q1 _m images come flood+ into our m9ds :i* are irrelevant & ( no s]vice 9 our ?9k+4 ,no "o has fail$ to note _m su*4 ,fur!r1 we und\bt$ly d mu* ( our be/ ?9k+ ) few or no images pres5t4 ,yet we ne$ images4 ,:]e1 !n1 are !y mo/ ne$$8 ,images are ne$$ :]ev] ! p]cepts :i* !y repres5t w\ld be ( s]vice4 ,:atev] "o c\ld bett] und]/& or enjoy or appreciate by see+ x1 he>+ x1 or p]ceiv+ x ?r\gh "s o!r s5se1 he c bett] und]/&1 enjoy or appreciate ?r\gh images ?an by means ( ideas only4 #e4 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,imag]y ,,images ,,dep5d ,,on ,,s5sory ,,/imuli4--,! p[] ( imag+ c be cultivat$ ! same z any o!r ability4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may put d[n z an absolute requisite su* an environm5t ( s5sory /imuli z w tempt e s5se to be awake & at its be/1 t we may be l$ into a l>ge acqua9tance ) ! objects ( our mat]ial environm5t4 ,no "o's /ock ( s5sory images is great] ?an ! sum total ( 8 s5sory exp]i5ces4 ,no "o ev] has images ( sights1 or s\nds1 or ta/es1 or smells :i* he has nev] exp]i5c$4 ,likewise1 he mu/ h _h ! fulle/ & free/ possible lib]ty 9 motor activities4 ,= n only is ! motor act itself made possible ?r\gh ! (fice ( imag]y1 b ! motor act cl>ifies & makes useful ! images4 ,! boy :o has actually made a table1 or a desk1 or a box has ev] aft]w>d a diff]5t & a bett] image ( "o ( ^! objects ?an be=e2 s also :5 he has own$ & ridd5 a bicycle1 8 image ( ?is ma*9e w h a diff]5t significance f t ( ! image f\nd$ ^u ! visual p]ception alone ( ! :eel he long+ly look$ at ?r\gh ! /ore w9d[ or 9 ! o!r boy's doory>d4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,frequ5t ,,recall4--,b s5sory exp]i5ces & motor responses alone are n en\gh1 ?\gh !y are ! basis ( good imag]y4 ,!re mu/ be frequ5t recall4 ,! sunset may h be5 nev] s brilliant1 & ! music nev] s entranc+2 b if !y are nev] ?\ght ( & dwelt ^u aft] !y 7 fir/ exp]i5c$1 little w rema9 ( !m aft] a v %ort "t4 ,x is by repeat+ !m (t5 9 exp]i5ce ?r\gh imag]y t !y become fix$1 s t !y /& ready to d our bidd+ :5 we ne$ next to use !m4 ,,! ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,our ,,images4--,to ri*ness ( exp]i5ce & frequ5cy ( ! recall ( our images we mu/ add "o m factor2 namely1 t ( _! recon/ruction or work+ ov]4 ,few if any images are exact recalls ( =m] p]cepts ( objects4 ,inde$1 su* w\ld be nei!r possible nor desirable4 ,! images :i* we recall are recall$ = a purpose1 or 9 view ( "s future activity1 & h5ce mu/ be selective1 or made up ( ! elem5ts ( sev]al or _m =m] relat$ images4 ,?us ! boy :o wi%es to con/ruct a box )\t a patt]n to foll[ recalls ! images ( num]\s boxes he may h se51 & f !m all he has a new image made ov] f _m =m] p]cepts & images1 & ?is new image s]ves him z a work+ model4 ,9 ?is way he n only gets a copy :i* he c foll[ to make 8 box1 b he also secures a new product 9 ! =m ( an image diff]5t f any he ev] _h be=e1 & is !re=e by s mu* ! ri*]4 ,x is ?is work+ ov] ( our /ock ( old images into new & ri*] & m sugge/ive ones t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( con/ructive imag9ation4 ,! m types ( imag]y into :i* we c put our ?\ght1 ! m fully is x ours & ! bett] our images4 ,! spell+ lesson ne$s n only to be tak5 9 ?r\gh ! eye1 t we may reta9 a visual image ( ! words1 b also to be recit$ orally1 s t ! e> may furni% an auditory image1 & ! organs ( spee* a motor image ( ! correct =ms4 ,x ne$s also to be writt51 & ?us giv5 into ! keep+ ( ! h&1 :i* f9ally ne$s mo/ ( all to "k & reta9 x4 ,! read+ lesson %\ld be tak5 9 ?r\gh bo? ! eye & ! e>1 & !n express$ by means ( voice & ge/ure 9 z full & complete a way z possible1 t x may be associat$ ) motor images4 ,! geography lesson ne$s n only to be read1 b to be drawn1 or mold$1 or con/ruct$4 ,! hi/ory lesson %\ld be made to appeal to e possible =m ( imag]y4 ,! ari?metic lesson mu/ be n only comput$1 b measur$1 weigh$1 & press$ into actual s]vice4 ,?us we might c>ry ! illu/ration into e l9e ( education & exp]i5ce1 & ! same tru? holds4 ,:at we desire to compreh5d completely & reta9 well1 we mu/ appreh5d ?r\gh all available s5ses & cons]ve 9 e possible type ( image & =m ( expression4 #f4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,introspection ,,& ,,obs]vation #a4 ,obs]ve a read+ class & try to det]m9e :e!r ! pupils picture ! sc5es & ev5ts !y read ab\t4 ,h[ c y tell8 #b4 ,simil>ly obs]ve a hi/ory class4 ,d ! pupils realize ! ev5ts z actually happ5+1 & ! p]sonages z real1 liv+ p8 #c4 ,obs]ve 9 a simil> way a class 9 geography1 & draw conclusions4 ,a pupil 9 comput+ ! co/ ( pla/]+ a c]ta9 room bas$ ! figures on ! room fill$ full ( pla/]4 ,h[ might visual imag]y h sav$ ! error8 #d4 ,imag9e a ?ree-in* cube4 ,pa9t x4 ,!n saw x up into in* cubes1 leav+ !m all /&+ 9 ! orig9al =m4 ,h[ _m in* cubes h pa9t on ?ree faces8 ,h[ _m on two faces8 ,h[ _m on "o face8 ,h[ _m h no pa9t on !m8 ,answ] all ^! que/ions by ref]r+ to y\r imag]y alone4 #e4 ,try (t5 to recall images 9 ! v>i\s s5sory l9es2 det]m9e 9 :at classes ( images y are lea/ pr(ici5t & try to improve 9 ^! l9es4 #f4 ,h[ is ! s++ tea*] able1 aft] 8 class has sung ?r\gh sev]al scores1 to tell t !y are flatt+8 #g4 ,/udy y\r imag]y c>efully = a few days to see :e!r y c discov] y\r pr$om9at+ type ( imag]y4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,imag9ation ,ev]yone desires to h a good imag9ation1 yet n all w\ld agree z to :at con/itutes a good imag9ation4 ,if ,i 7 to ask a gr\p ( y :e!r y h good imag9ations1 _m ( y w\ld probably at once fall to consid]+ :e!r y are capable ( tak+ wild flights into impossible realms ( ?\ght & evolv+ unrealities out ( airy no?+s4 ,y w\ld comp>e y\rself ) great imag9ative writ]s1 su* z ,/ev5son1 ,poe1 ,de ,qu9cey1 & judge y\r p[] ( imag9ation by y\r ability to produce su* tales z made !m fam\s4 #a4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,imag9ation ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,economy ,b su* a measure = ! imag9ation z t j /at$ is f> too n>r[4 ,a good imag9ation1 l a good memory1 is ! "o :i* s]ves its own] be/4 ,if ,de,quincey & ,poe & ,/ev5son & ,bulw] f\nd ! type :i* l$ !m into su* dizzy flights ! be/ = _! p>ticul> purpose1 well & good2 b t is n say+ t _! type is ! be/ = y1 or t y may n rank z high 9 "s o!r field ( imag9ative p[] z !y 9 !irs4 ,:ile y may lack 9 _! p>ticul> type ( imag9ation1 !y may h be5 %ort 9 ! type :i* w "o day make y fam\s4 ,! artisan1 ! ar*itect1 ! m]*ant1 ! arti/1 ! f>m]1 ! tea*]1 ! pr(essional man--all ne$ imag9ation 9 _! vocations n less ?an ! writ]s ne$ x 9 !irs1 b ea* ne$s a specializ$ k9d adapt$ to ! p>ticul> "w :i* he has to d4 ,,practical ,,nature ,,( ,,imag9ation4--,imag9ation is n a process ( ?\ght :i* mu/ deal *iefly ) unrealities & impossibilities1 & :i* has = its *ief end our amusem5t :5 we h no?+ bett] to d ?an to foll[ its w&]+s4 ,x is1 r1 a commonplace1 necess>y process :i* illum9es ! way = our ev]yday ?9k+ & act+--a process )\t :i* we ?9k & act by haphaz>d *ance or bl9d imitation4 ,x is ! process by :i* ! images f our pa/ exp]i5ces are m>%al$1 & made to s]ve our pres5t4 ,imag9ation looks into ! future & con/ructs our patt]ns & lays our plans4 ,x sets up our ideals & pictures u 9 ! acts ( a*iev+ !m4 ,x enables u to live our joys & our sorr[s1 our victories & our defeats be=e we rea* !m4 ,x looks into ! pa/ & all[s u to live ) ! k+s & se]s ( old1 or x goes back to ! beg9n+ & we see ?+s 9 ! process ( ! mak+4 ,x comes into our pres5t & plays a "p 9 e act f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex4 ,x is to ! m5tal /ream :at ! light is to ! travel] :o c>ries x z he passes ?r\gh ! d>kness1 :ile x ca/s its beams 9 all directions ar\nd him1 light+ up :at o!rwise w\ld be intol]able gloom4 ,,imag9ation ,,9 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,hi/ory1 ,,lit]ature1 ,,& ,,art4--,let u see "s ( ! mo/ common uses ( ! imag9ation4 ,suppose ,i describe to y ! battle ( ! ,m>ne4 ,unless y c take ! images :i* my words sugge/ & build !m into /ruggl+1 %\t+1 ble$+ soldi]s2 into =ts & entanglem5ts & brea/works2 into ro>+ cannon & :i/l+ bullet & scream+ %ell--unless y c take all ^! sep>ate images & out ( !m get "o great unifi$ complex1 !n my description w be to y only s _m words l>gely )\t cont5t1 & y w lack ! p[] to compreh5d ! hi/orical ev5t 9 any complete way4 ,unless y c read ! poem1 & out ( ! images sugge/$ by ! words recon/ruct ! picture :i* 0 9 ! m9d ( ! au?or z he wrote ,! ,village ,blacksmi? or ,sn[b\nd1 ! significance w h dropp$ out1 & ! ?robb+ sc5es ( life & action become only s _m dead words1 l ! %ell ( ! *rysalis aft] ! butt]fly has left its %r\d4 ,)\t ! p[] ( imag9ation1 ! hi/ory ( ,wa%+ton's w9t] at ,valley ,=ge becomes a m]e =mal recital1 & y c nev] get a view ( ! sn[-cov]$ t5ts1 ! w9d-swept l&scape1 ! tracks 9 ! sn[ m>k$ by ! telltale drops ( blood1 or ! =m ( ! he>tbrok5 comm&] z he kneels 9 ! sil5t wood to pray = 8 army4 ,)\t ! p[] to con/ruct ?is picture z y read1 y may commit ! words1 & be able to recite !m1 & to pass exam9ation ^u !m1 b ! liv+ reality ( x w =ev] escape y4 ,y\r p[] ( imag9ation det]m9es y\r ability to int]pret lit]ature ( all k9ds2 = ! int]pretation ( lit]ature is no?+1 aft] all1 b ! recon/ruction on our "p ( ! pictures ) _! mean+s :i* 7 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] z he p5n$ ! words1 & ! exp]i5c+ ( ! emotions :i* mov$ him z he wrote4 ,small use inde$ to read ! hi/ory ( ! c5turies unless we c see 9 x liv+1 act+ p1 & real ev5ts occurr+ 9 actual environm5ts4 ,small use to read ! _w's great books unless _! *>act]s are to u real m5 & wom5--our bro!rs & si/]s1 int]pret$ to u by ! ma/] m9ds ( ! ages4 ,any?+ less ?an ?is1 & we are no long] deal+ ) lit]ature1 b ) words--l musical s\nds :i* deal ) no !me1 or l picture frames 9 :i* no picture has be5 set4 ,nor is ! case diff]5t 9 li/5+ to a speak]4 ,8 words are to y only s _m s5sations ( s\nds ( su* & su* pit*es & int5sities & quality1 unless y\r m9d keeps pace ) 8 & cont9ually builds ! pictures :i* fill 8 ?\ght z he speaks4 ,lack+ imag9ation1 ! sculptures ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ! pictures ( ,raphael are to y s _m pieces ( curi\sly %ap$ m>ble & +5i\sly color$ canvas4 ,:at ! sculptor & ! pa9t] h plac$ be=e y mu/ sugge/ to y images & ?\ghts f y\r own exp]i5ce1 to fill out & make alive ! m>ble & ! canvas1 else to y !y are dead4 ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,sci5ce4--,nor is imag9ation less necess>y 9 o!r l9es ( /udy4 ,)\t ?is p[] ( build+ liv+1 mov+ pictures out ( images1 !re is small use to /udy sci5ce beyond :at is imm$iately pres5t to our s5ses2 = "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal laws ( sci5ce re/ ^u conceptions :i* c be grasp$ only z we h ! p[] ( imag9ation4 ,! /ud5t :o _c get a picture ( ! molecules ( matt]1 inf9itely close to ea* o!r & yet nev] t\*+1 all 9 vibratory motion1 yet ea* )9 its own orbit1 ea* a complete unit 9 itself1 yet capable ( /ill fur!r division into small] p>ticles1--! /ud5t :o _c see all ?is 9 a cle> visual image c nev] at be/ h m ?an a mo/ hazy notion ( ! !ory ( matt]4 ,& ?is means1 f9ally1 t ! explanations ( light & heat & s\nd1 & mu* besides1 w be to him l>gely a jumble ( words :i* l+] 9 8 memory1 p]*ance1 b :i* nev] vitally become a possession ( 8 m9d4 ,s ) ! _w ( ! telescope4 ,y may h at y\r disposal all ! magnific5t l5ses & ! accurate ma*9]y own$ by mod]n obs]vatories2 b if y h n )9 y\rself ! p[] to build :at ^! reveal to y1 & :at ! books tell y1 into ! sol> sy/em & /ill l>g] sy/ems1 y c nev] /udy a/ronomy except 9 a bl9d & piecemeal sort ( way1 & all ! planets & satellites & suns w nev] = y =m !mselves into a sy/em1 no matt] :at ! books may say ab\t x4 ,,ev]yday ,,uses ,,( ,,imag9ation4--,b we may consid] a /ill m practical phase ( imag9ation1 or at lea/ "o :i* has m to d ) ! humdrum daily life ( mo/ ( u4 ,suppose y g to y\r mill9] & tell h] h[ y want y\r spr+ hat %ap$ & trimm$4 ,& suppose y h nev] be5 able to see ?is hat 9 toto 9 y\r m9d1 s z to get an idea ( h[ x w look :5 complet$1 b h only a g5]al notion1 because y l r$ velvet1 :ite plumes1 & a turn$-up rim1 t ?is comb9ation w look well toge!r4 ,suppose y h nev] be5 able to see h[ y w\ld look 9 ?is p>ticul> hat ) y\r hair done 9 ?is or t way4 ,if y are 9 ?is helpless /ate %all y n h to dep5d f9ally on ! ta/e ( ! mill9]1 or accept ! model1 & s fail to reveal any ta/e or individuality on y\r own "p8 ,h[ _m times h y be5 disappo9t$ 9 "s article ( dress1 because :5 y plann$ x y 7 unable to see x all at once s z to get ! full effect2 or else y c\ld n see y\rself 9 x1 & s be able to judge :e!r x suit$ y6 ,h[ _m homes h 9 !m drap]ies & rugs & wall pap] & furniture :i* are 9 con/ant qu>rel because someone c\ld n see be=e !y 7 assembl$ t !y 7 nev] int5d$ to keep company6 ,h[ _m p :o plan _! own h\ses1 w\ld build !m j ! same aga9 aft] see+ !m complet$8 ,! man :o c see a build+ complete be=e a brick has be5 laid or a timb] put 9 place1 :o c see x n only 9 its details "o by "o z he runs !m ov] 9 8 m9d1 b c see ! build+ 9 its entirety1 is ! only "o :o is safe to plan ! /ructure4 ,& ?is is ! man :o is draw+ a l>ge sal>y z an ar*itect1 = imag9ations ( ?is k9d are 9 dem&4 ,only ! "o :o c see 9 8 m9d's eye1 be=e x is begun1 ! ?+ he w\ld create1 is capable to plan its con/ruction4 ,& :o w say t ability to "w ) images ( ^! k9ds is n ( j z high a type z t :i* results 9 ! con/ruction ( plots ^u :i* /ories are built6 ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,ideals ,,& ,,plans4--,nor is ! "p ( imag9ation less m>k$ 9 ! =mation ( our life's ideals & plans4 ,ev]yone :o is n liv+ bl9dly & aimlessly mu/ h "s ideal1 "s patt]n1 by :i* to squ>e 8 life & guide 8 actions4 ,at "s "t 9 our life ,i am sure t ea* ( u has select$ ! p]son :o fill$ mo/ ne>ly our notion ( :at we %\ld l to become1 & measur$ ourselves by ?is patt]n4 ,b !re comes a "t :5 we mu/ idealize ev5 ! mo/ p]fect individual2 :5 we inve/ ! "* ) attributes :i* we h select$ f "s o!r p]son1 & ?us wor%ip at a %r9e :i* is p>tly real & p>tly ideal4 ,z "t goes on1 we drop out m & m ( ! /rictly individual elem5t1 add+ correspond+ly m ( ! ideal1 until our patt]n is l>gely a con/ruction ( our own imag9ation1 hav+ 9 x ! be/ we h be5 able to glean f ! _m *>act]s we h kn[n4 ,h[ l>ge a "p ^! ev]-*ang+ ideals play 9 our lives we %all nev] "k1 b c]ta9ly ! "p is n an insignificant "o4 ,& happy ! y\? :o is able to look into ! future & see himself approximat+ "s wor?y ideal4 ,he has caught a vision :i* w nev] all[ him to lag or falt] 9 ! pursuit ( ! fly+ goal :i* po9ts ! direction ( 8 ef=ts4 ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,conduct4--,ano!r great field = imag9ation is ) ref]5ce to conduct & our relations ) o!rs4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 ! ?\ghtless p]son has to say1 ,i am sorry2 ,i did n ?9k4 ,! did n ?9k simply means t he fail$ to realize ?r\gh 8 imag9ation :at w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( 8 ra% or unk9d words4 ,he w\ld n be unk9d1 b he did n imag9e h[ ! o!r w\ld feel2 he did n put himself 9 ! o!r's place4 ,likewise ) ref]5ce to ! effects ( our conduct on ourselves4 ,:at y\?1 tak+ 8 fir/ dr9k ( liquor1 w\ld cont9ue if he c\ld see a cle> picture ( himself 9 ! gutt] ) bloat$ face & blood%ot eyes a decade h5ce8 ,or :at boy1 slyly smok+ "o ( 8 e>ly cig>ettes1 w\ld proce$ if he c\ld see 8 hagg>d face & n]veless h& a few ye>s f>!r along8 ,:at sp5d?rift w\ld ?r[ away 8 money on vanities c\ld he vividly see himself 9 p5ury & want 9 old age8 ,:at prodigal any:]e :o1 if he c\ld take a good look at himself s9-/a9$ & brok5 z he returns to 8 fa!r's h\se aft] ! ye>s ( debau*]y 9 ! f> c\ntry w\ld n hesitate long be=e he ent]$ ^u 8 d[nw>d c>e]8 ,,imag9ation ,,& ,,?9k+4--,we h already consid]$ ! use ( imag9ation 9 int]pret+ ! ?\ghts1 feel+s & h&iwork ( o!rs4 ,let u n[ look a little m closely into ! "p x plays 9 our own ?9k+4 ,suppose t1 in/ead ( read+ a poem1 we are writ+ "o2 in/ead ( li/5+ to a description ( a battle1 we are describ+ x2 in/ead ( look+ at ! picture1 we are pa9t+ x4 ,!n our object is to make o!rs :o may read our language1 or li/5 to our words1 or view our h&iwork1 con/ruct ! m5tal images ( ! situation :i* furni%$ ! mat]ial = our ?\ght4 ,our words & o!r modes ( expression are b ! description ( ! fl[ ( images 9 our m9ds1 & our problem is to make a simil> /ream fl[ ?r\gh ! m9d ( ! li/5]2 b /range inde$ w\ld x be to make o!rs see a situation :i* we ourselves _c see2 /range if we c\ld draw a picture )\t be+ able to foll[ its outl9es z we draw4 ,or suppose we are tea*+ sci5ce1 & our object is to expla9 ! composition ( matt] to someone1 & make him und]/& h[ light1 heat1 etc41 dep5d on ! !ory ( matt]2 /range if ! li/5] %\ld get a picture if we ourselves are unable to get x4 ,or1 once m1 suppose we are to describe "s incid5t1 & our aim is to make its e detail /& out s cle>ly t no "o c miss a s+le "o4 ,is x n evid5t t we c nev] make any ( ^! images m cle> to ^? :o li/5 to u or read our words ?an !y are to ourselves8 #b4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,us$ ,,by ,,imag9ation ,:at is ! mat]ial1 ! m5tal cont5t1 out ( :i* imag9ation builds its /ructures8 ,,images ,,! ,,/uff ,,( ,,imag9ation4--,no?+ c ent] ! imag9ation ! elem5ts ( :i* h n be5 9 our pa/ exp]i5ce & !n be5 cons]v$ 9 ! =m ( images4 ,! ,indians nev] dream$ ( a heav5 ^: /reets are pav$ ) gold1 & 9 ^: c5t] /&s a great :ite ?rone4 ,_! exp]i5ce _h giv5 !m no k ( ^! ?+s2 & s1 p]=ce1 !y mu/ build _! heav5 out ( ! images :i* !y _h at comm&1 namely1 ^? connect$ ) ! *ase & ! =e/4 ,s _! heav5 0 ! happy hunt+ gr\nd1 inhabit$ by game & enemies ov] :om ! bless$ =ev] triumph$4 ,likewise ! valiant soldi]s ^: deadly arr[s & ke5-edg$ swords & battle-axes won on ! bloody field ( ,ha/+s1 did n picture a f>-(f day :5 ! oppos+ l9es %\ld kill ea* o!r ) mighty eng9es hurl+ dea? f beh9d p>apets a doz5 miles away4 ,fire>ms & ! explosive p[d] 7 yet unkn[n1 h5ce !re 7 no images out ( :i* to build su* a picture4 ,i d n mean t y\r imag9ation _c con/ruct an object :i* has nev] be=e be5 9 y\r exp]i5ce z a :ole1 = ! "w ( ! imag9ation is to d precisely ?is ?+4 ,x takes ! v>i\s images at its disposal & builds !m into :oles :i* may nev] h exi/$ be=e1 & :i* may exi/ n[ only z a creation ( ! m9d4 ,& yet we h put into ?is new product n a s+le elem5t :i* 0 n famili> to u 9 ! =m ( an image ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,x is ! =m :i* is new2 ! mat]ial is old4 ,?is is exemplifi$ e "t an inv5tor takes ! two fundam5tal p>ts ( a ma*9e1 ! lev] & ! incl9$ plane1 & puts !m toge!r 9 relations new to ea* o!r & s evolves a ma*9e ^: complexity fairly bewild]s u4 ,& ) o!r l9es ( ?9k+1 z 9 me*anics1 inv5tive p[] consi/s 9 be+ able to see ! old 9 new relations1 & s con/antly build new con/ructions out ( old mat]ial4 ,x is ?is p[] :i* gives u ! d>+ & orig9al ?9k]1 ! ,newton ^: fall+ apple sugge/$ to him ! planets fall+ t[>d ! sun 9 _! orbits2 ! ,d>w9 :o out ( ! ?igh bone ( an animal 0 able to con/ruct 9 8 imag9ation ! :ole animal & ! environm5t 9 :i* x mu/ h liv$1 & s add ano!r page to ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,,! ,,two ,,factors ,,9 ,,imag9ation4--,f ! simple facts :i* we h j be5 consid]+1 ! conclusion is pla9 t our p[] ( imag9ation dep5ds on two factors2 namely1 7#a7 ! mat]ials available 9 ! =m ( usable images capable ( recall1 & 7#b7 our con/ructive ability1 or ! p[] to gr\p ^! images into new :oles1 ! process be+ guid$ by "s purpose or end4 ,)\t ?is la/ provision1 ! products ( our imag9ation are daydreams ) _! ca/les 9 ,spa91 :i* may be pleas+ & prop] en\gh on occasions1 b :i* z an habitual mode ( ?\ght are extremely dang]\s4 ,,imag9ation ,,limit$ ,,by ,,/ock ,,( ,,images4--,t ! m9d is limit$ 9 its imag9ation by its /ock ( images may be se5 f a simple illu/ration3 ,suppose t y own a build+ made ( brick1 b t y f9d ! old "o no long] adequate = y\r ne$s1 & s purpose to build a new "o2 & suppose1 fur!r1 t y h no mat]ial = y\r new build+ except t conta9$ 9 ! old /ructure4 ,x is evid5t t y w be limit$ 9 con/ruct+ y\r new build+ by ! mat]ial :i* 0 9 ! old4 ,y may be able to build ! new /ructure 9 any "o ( a multitude ( diff]5t =ms or /yles ( ar*itecture1 s f> z ! mat]ial at h& w l5d itself to t /yle ( build+1 & provid+1 fur!r1 t y are able to make ! plans4 ,b y w always be limit$ f9ally by ! "* & am\nt ( mat]ial obta9able f ! old /ructure4 ,s ) ! m9d4 ,! old build+ is y\r pa/ exp]i5ce1 & ! sep>ate bricks are ! images out ( :i* y mu/ build y\r new /ructure ?r\gh ! imag9ation4 ,"h1 z be=e1 no?+ c ent] :i* 0 n already on h&4 ,no?+ goes into ! new /ructure s f> z its con/ructive mat]ial is conc]n$ except images1 & !re is n[h]e to get images b f ! results ( our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,,limit$ ,,also ,,by ,,our ,,con/ructive ,,ability4--,b n only is our imag9ative output limit$ by ! am\nt ( mat]ial 9 ! way ( images :i* we h at our comm&1 b also & p]haps n less by our con/ructive ability4 ,_m p]sons might own ! old pile ( bricks fully adequate = ! new /ructure1 & !n fail to get ! new because !y 7 unable to con/ruct x4 ,s1 _m :o h _h a ri* & v>i$ exp]i5ce 9 _m l9es are yet unable to mu/] _! images ( ^! exp]i5ces 9 su* a way t new products are obta9able f !m4 ,^! h ! heavy1 draft-horse k9d ( intellect :i* goes plodd+ on1 v possibly do+ good s]vice 9 its own circumscrib$ range1 b de/9$ aft] all to s]vice 9 ! n>r[ field ) its l[1 droop+ horizon4 ,!y are nev] able to take a da% at a two-m9ute clip among equally swift competitors1 or ev5 sw+ at a good r\nd pace along ! pleasant highways ( an exp]i5ce ly+ beyond ! conf9es ( ! n>r[ "h & n[4 ,^! are ! m9ds :i* _c discov] relations2 :i* _c ?9k4 ,m9ds ( ?is type c nev] be ar*itects ( _! own fate1 or ev5 build]s1 b mu/ cont5t !mselves to be hod c>ri]s4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,a ,,purpose4--,nor are we to =get t we _c intellig5tly erect our build+ until we "k ! purpose = :i* x is to be us$4 ,no matt] h[ mu* build+ mat]ial we may h on h&1 nor h[ skillful an ar*itect we may be1 unless our plans are guid$ by "s def9ite aim1 we %all be likely to end ) a /ructure t is fanciful & useless4 ,likewise ) our ?\ght /ructure4 ,unless our imag9ation is guid$ by "s aim or purpose1 we are 9 dang] ( drift+ into m]e daydreams :i* n only are useless 9 furni%+ ideals = ! guidance ( our lives1 b (t5 become positively h>mful :5 gr[n into a habit4 ,! habit ( daydream+ is h>d to break1 &1 cont9u+1 holds our ?\ght 9 ?rall & makes x unwill+ to deal ) ! pla91 homely ?+s ( ev]yday life4 ,:o has n _h ! exp]i5ce ( an h\r or a day sp5t 9 a fairyl& ( dreams1 & awak5$ at ! end to f9d himself r dissatisfi$ ) ! prosaic r\nd ( duties :i* confront$ him6 ,i d n mean to say t we %\ld nev] dream2 b ,i "k ( no m p]nici\s m5tal habit ?an t ( daydream+ c>ri$ to excess1 = x ends 9 our foll[+ e w-o'-!-wisp ( fancy1 & places u at ! m]cy ( e *ance sugge/ion4 #c4 ,,types ,,( ,,imag9ation ,al?\gh imag9ation ent]s e field ( human exp]i5ce1 & busies itself ) e l9e ( human int]e/1 yet all its activities c be class$ "u two diff]5t types4 ,^! are 7#a7 reproductive1 & 7#b7 creative imag9ation4 ,,reproductive ,,imag9ation4--,reproductive imag9ation is ! type we use :5 we seek to reproduce 9 our m9ds ! pictures describ$ by o!rs1 or pictures f our own pa/ exp]i5ce :i* lack ! complet5ess & fidelity to make !m true memory4 ,! n>ration or description ( ! /ory book1 ! hi/ory or geography text2 ! tale ( adv5ture rec\nt$ by travel] or hunt]2 ! acc\nt ( a new ma*9e or o!r inv5tion2 fairy tales & my?s--^! or any o!r matt] t may be put into words capable ( sugge/+ images to u are ! field = reproductive imag9ation4 ,9 ?is use ( ! imag9ation our bus9ess is to foll[ & n lead1 to copy & n create4 ,,creative ,,imag9ation4--,b we mu/ h lead]s1 orig9ators--else we %\ld b imitate ea* o!r & ! _w w\ld be at a /&/ill4 ,inde$1 e p]son1 no matt] h[ humble 8 /ation or h[ humdrum 8 life1 %\ld be 9 "s degree capable ( initiative & orig9ality4 ,su* ability dep5ds 9 no small measure on ! p[] to use creative imag9ation4 ,creative imag9ation takes ! images f our own pa/ exp]i5ce or ^? glean$ f ! "w ( o!rs & puts !m toge!r 9 new & orig9al =ms4 ,! inv5tor1 ! writ]1 ! me*anic or ! arti/ :o possesses ! _s ( creation is n satisfi$ ) m]e reproduction1 b seeks to modify1 to improve1 to orig9ate4 ,true1 _m important inv5tions & discov]ies h come by seem+ accid5t1 by be+ /umbl$ ^u4 ,yet x holds t ! p]son :o ?us /umbles ^u ! discov]y or inv5tion is usually "o ^: creative imag9ation is actively at "w seek+ to create or discov] 9 8 field4 ,! _w's progress z a :ole does n come by accid5t1 b by creative plann+4 ,creative imag9ation is always f\nd at ! van ( progress1 :e!r 9 ! life ( an individual or a nation4 #d4 ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,imag9ation ,imag9ation is highly susceptible ( cultivation1 & its tra9+ %\ld con/itute "o ( ! mo/ important aims ( education4 ,e s*ool subject1 b especially su* subjects z deal ) description & n>ration--hi/ory1 lit]ature1 geography1 nature /udy & sci5ce--is ri* 9 opportunities = ! use ( imag9ation4 ,skillful tea*+ w n only f9d 9 ^! subjects a means ( tra9+ ! imag9ation1 b w s employ imag9ation 9 _! /udy z to make !m liv+ matt]1 ?robb+ ) life & action1 r ?an s _m dead words or un9t]e/+ facts4 ,,ga!r+ ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,imag9ation4--,!oretically1 !n1 x is n h>d to see :at we mu/ d to cultivate our imag9ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ take c>e to secure a l>ge & usable /ock ( images f all fields ( p]ception4 ,x is n en\gh to h visual images alone or *iefly1 = _m a "t %all we ne$ to build /ructures involv+ all ! o!r s5ses & ! motor activities z well4 ,?is means t we mu/ h a fir/-h& contact ) j z l>ge an environm5t z possible--l>ge 9 ! _w ( ,nature ) all h] v>i$ =ms suit$ to appeal to e av5ue ( s5se2 l>ge 9 our contact ) p 9 all phases ( exp]i5ce1 laugh+ ) ^? :o laugh & weep+ ) ^? :o weep2 l>ge 9 contact ) books1 ! int]pret]s ( ! m5 & ev5ts ( ! pa/4 ,we mu/ n only let all ^! k9ds ( environm5t drift 9 ^u u z !y may *ance to d1 b we mu/ delib]ately seek to increase our /ock ( exp]i5ce2 =1 aft] all1 exp]i5ce lies at ! bottom ( imag9ation z ( e o!r m5tal process4 ,& n only mu/ we ?us put ourselves 9 ! way ( acquir+ new exp]i5ce1 b we mu/ by recall & recon/ruction1 z we saw 9 an e>li] discussion1 keep our imag]y fre% & usable4 ,= :atev] s]ves to improve our images1 at ! same "t is bett]+ ! v f\ndation ( imag9ation4 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,n ,,fail ,,to ,,build4--,9 ! second place1 we mu/ n fail to build4 ,= x is futile to ga!r a l>ge supply ( images if we let ! mat]ial lie unus$4 ,h[ _m p !re are :o put 9 all _! "t ga!r+ mat]ial = _! /ructure1 & nev] take "t to d ! build+6 ,!y look & li/5 & read1 & are s fully occupi$ 9 absorb+ ! imm$iately pres5t t !y h no "t to see ! wid] significance ( ! ?+s ) :i* !y deal4 ,!y are l ! /ud5ts :o are too busy /udy+ to h "t to ?9k4 ,!y are s tak5 up ) receiv+ t !y nev] p]=m ! high] act ( comb9+4 ,!y are ! plodd+ fact ga!r]s1 _m ( !m do+ good s]vice1 collect+ mat]ial :i* ! se] & ! philosoph]1 ) _! con/ructive p[]1 build toge!r into ! great] :oles :i* make our sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,!y are ! ones :o fondly ?9k t1 by read+ books full ( wild tales & impossible plots1 !y are tra9+ _! imag9ation4 ,= !m1 sob] hi/ory1 no matt] h[ h]oic or tragic 9 its quiet movem5ts1 is too tame4 ,!y h n ! pati5ce to read solid & ?\ghtful lit]ature1 & works ( sci5ce & philosophy are a bore4 ,^! are ! p]sons :o put 9 all _! "t 9 look+ at & admir+ o!r p's h\ses1 & nev] get "t to d any build+ = !mselves4 ,,we ,,%\ld ,,c>ry ,,our ,,ideals ,,into ,,action4--,! be/ tra9+ = ! imag9ation :i* ,i "k any?+ ab\t is t to be obta9$ by tak+ our own mat]ial & f x build+ our own /ructure4 ,x is true t x w help to look ?r\gh o!r p's h\ses en\gh to discov] _! /yle ( build+3 we %\ld read4 ,b j z x is n necess>y = u to put 9 all ! "t we devote to look+ at h\ses1 9 inspect+ doll h\ses & ,*9ese pagodas1 s x is n be/ = u to get all our notions ( imag9ative /ructures f ! m>vel\s & ! unreal2 we get good tra9+ = ! imag9ation f read+ ,hiawa?a1 b s c we f read+ ! hi/ory ( ! primitive ,indian tribes4 ,! pictures 9 ,sn[b\nd are full ( sugge/ion = ! imag9ation3 b s is ! hi/ory ( ! ,puritans 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,b ev5 ) ! be/ ( models be=e u1 x is n en\gh to foll[ o!rs' build+4 ,we mu/ con/ruct /ories = ourselves1 mu/ "w out plots = our own /ories2 we mu/ h "t to m$itate & plan & build1 n idly 9 ! daydream1 b purposefully1 & !n make our images real by c>ry+ !m out 9 activity1 if !y are ( su* a "* t ?is is possible2 we mu/ build our ideals & "w to !m 9 ! common c\rse ( our ev]yday life2 we mu/ ?9k = ourselves in/ead ( =ev] foll[+ ! ?9k+ ( o!rs2 we mu/ initiate z well z imitate4 #e4 ,,problems ,,= ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,expla9 ! cause & ! rem$y 9 ! case ( su* errors z ! foll[+3 ,*ildr5 :o def9$ m\nta9 z l& #a1jjj or m feet 9 height said t ! factory smoke/ack 0 high] ?an ! m\nta9 because x w5t /raight up & ! m\nta9 did n4 ,*ildr5 (t5 ?9k ( ! horizon z fa/5$ to ! e>?4 ,isl&s are ?\ght ( z float+ on ! wat]4 #b4 ,h[ w\ld y /imulate ! imag9ation ( a *ild :o does n seem to picture or make real ! descriptions 9 read+1 geography1 etc48 ,is x possible t su* inability may come f an insuffici5t basis 9 obs]vation1 & h5ce 9 images8 #c4 ,classify ! s*ool subjects1 includ+ dome/ic sci5ce & manual tra9+1 z to _! ability to tra9 7#a7 reproductive & 7#b7 creative imag9ation4 #d4 ,d y ev] skip ! descriptive p>ts ( a book & read ! n>rative8 ,z y read ! description ( a bit ( natural sc5]y1 does x rise be=e y8 ,z y /udy ! description ( a battle1 c y see ! movem5ts ( ! troops8 #e4 ,h y ev] plann$ a h\se z y ?9k y w\ld l x8 ,c y see x f all sides8 ,c y see all ! rooms 9 _! v>i\s f9i%+s & furni%+s8 #f4 ,:at plans & ideals h y =m$1 & :at ones are y at pres5t foll[+8 ,c y describe ! process by :i* y\r plans or ideals *ange8 ,d y ev] try to put y\rself 9 ! o!r p]son's place8 #g4 ,take "s fanciful unreality :i* y\r imag9ation has con/ruct$ & see :e!r y c select f x famili> elem5ts f actual exp]i5ces4 #h4 ,:at use d y make ( imag9ation 9 ! common r\nd ( duties 9 y\r daily life8 ,:at are y do+ to improve y\r imag9ation8 ,,*apt] ,x ,,association ,:5ce came ! ?\ght t occupies y ?is mom5t1 & :at det]m9es ! next t is to foll[8 ,introspection reveals no m int]e/+ fact conc]n+ our m9ds ?an t our ?\ghts move 9 a connect$ & ord]ly array & n 9 a hit-&-miss fa%ion4 ,our m5tal /ates d n ?rong ! /ream ( consci\sness l s _m pieces ( wood foll[+ ea* o!r at r&om d[n a ru%+ curr5t1 n[ ?is "o ahead1 n[ t4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ?\ghts come1 "o aft] ! o!r1 z !y are beckon$ or caus$4 ,! ?\ght n[ 9 ! focal po9t ( y\r consci\sness appe>$ because x spr\t$ out ( ! "o j prec$+ x2 & ! pres5t ?\ght1 be=e x dep>ts1 w det]m9e its successor & lead x ^u ! sc5e4 ,?is is to say t our ?\ght /ream possesses n only a cont9uity1 b also a unity2 x has coh]5ce & sy/em4 ,?is coh]5ce & sy/em1 :i* op]ates 9 accordance ) def9ite laws1 is br\ght ab\t by :at ! psy*ologi/ calls association4 #a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,association ,we may def9e association1 !n1 z ! t5d5cy among our ?\ghts to =m su* a sy/em ( bonds ) ea* o!r t ! objects ( consci\sness are vitally connect$ bo? 7#a7 z !y exi/ at any giv5 mom5t1 & 7#b7 z !y occur 9 succession 9 ! m5tal /ream4 ,,! ,,neural ,,basis ,,( ,,association4--,! association ( ?\ghts--ideas1 images1 memory--or ( a situation ) its response1 re/s prim>ily on a neural basis4 ,association is ! result ( habit work+ 9 neurone gr\ps4 ,its fundam5tal law is /at$ by ,james z foll[s3 ,:5 two elem5t>y bra9-processes h be5 active toge!r or 9 imm$iate succession1 "o ( !m1 on recurr+1 t5ds to propagate its excitem5t into ! o!r4 ,?is is b a te*nical /atem5t ( ! simple fact t n]ve curr5ts fl[ mo/ easily ov] ! neurone connections t !y h already us$4 ,x is h>d to tea* an old dog new tricks1 because ! old tricks employ famili>1 mu*-us$ neural pa?s1 :ile new tricks require ! connect+ up ( gr\ps ( neurones n 9 ! habit ( work+ toge!r2 & ! fl[ ( n]ve en]gy is m easily accompli%$ 9 ! neurones accu/om$ to work+ toge!r4 ,"o :o le>ns to speak a =eign language late 9 life nev] atta9s ! facility & ease t might h be5 rea*$ at an e>li] age4 ,?is is because ! neural pa?s = spee* are already set = 8 "m-tongue1 &1 ) ! less5$ pla/icity ( age1 ! new pa?s are h>d to e/abli%4 ,! connections betwe5 ! v>i\s bra9 areas1 or gr\ps ( neurones1 are1 z we h se5 9 an e>li] *apt]1 accompli%$ by means ( association fib]s4 ,?is function requires millions ( neurones1 :i* unite e "p ( ! cortex ) e o!r "p1 ?us mak+ x possible = a neural activity go+ on 9 any p>ticul> c5t] to ext5d to any o!r c5t] :atsoev]4 ,9 ! relatively unripe bra9 ( ! *ild1 ! association fib]s h n yet set up mo/ ( _! connections4 ,! age at :i* memory beg9s is det]m9$ *iefly by ! developm5t ( a suffici5t numb] ( association fib]s to br+ ab\t recall4 ,! m complex reason+1 :i* requires _m diff]5t associative connections1 is impossible prior to ! exi/5ce ( adequate neural developm5t4 ,x is ?is fact t makes x futile to attempt to tea* "y *ildr5 ! m complicat$ processes ( ari?metic1 gramm>1 or o!r subjects4 ,!y are n yet equipp$ ) ! requisite bra9 ma*9]y to grasp ! necess>y associations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,diagrammatic s*eme ( association1 9 :i* ,v /&s = ! visual1 ,a = ! auditory1 ,g = ! gu/atory1 ,m = ! motor1 & ,t = ! ?\ght & feel+ c5t]s ( ! cortex4 ,,association ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,memory4--,)\t ! ma*9]y & processes ( association we c\ld h no memory4 ,let u see 9 a simple illu/ration h[ association works 9 recall4 ,suppose y are pass+ an or*>d & see a tree load$ ) tempt+ apples4 ,y hesitate1 !n climb ! f5ce1 pick an apple & eat x1 he>+ ! own]'s dog b>k z y leave ! place4 ,! accompany+ diagram w illu/rate r\ghly ! c5t]s ( ! cortex :i* 7 involv$ 9 ! act1 & ! association fib]s :i* connect !m4 7,see ,fig4 #ah47 ,n[ let u see h[ y may aft]w>d rememb] ! circum/ance ?r\gh association4 ,let u suppose t a week lat] y are seat$ at y\r d9+ table1 & t y beg9 to eat an apple ^: flavor rem9ds y ( ! "o :i* y pluck$ f ! tree4 ,f ?is />t h[ may ! entire circum/ance be recall$8 ,rememb] t ! cortical c5t]s connect$ ) ! sight ( ! apple tree1 ) our ?\ghts ab\t x1 ) our movem5ts 9 gett+ ! apple1 & ) he>+ ! dog b>k1 7 all active toge!r ) ! ta/e c5t]1 & h5ce t5d to be ?r[n into activity aga9 f its activity4 ,x is easy to see t we may 7#a7 get a visual image ( ! apple tree & its fruit f a curr5t ov] ! gu/atory-visual association fib]s2 7#b7 ! ?\ghts1 emotions1 or delib]ations :i* we _h on ! =m] occasion may aga9 recur to u f a curr5t ov] ! gu/atory-?\ght neurones2 7#c7 we may get an image ( our movem5ts 9 climb+ ! f5ce & pick+ ! apple f a curr5t ov] ! gu/atory-motor fib]s2 or 7#d7 we may get an auditory image ( ! b>k+ ( ! dog f a curr5t ov] ! gu/atory-auditory fib]s4 ,inde$1 we are sure to get "s "o or m ( ^! unless ! pa?s are block$ 9 "s way1 or our att5tion leads (f 9 "s o!r direction4 ,,factors ,,det]m9+ ,,direction ,,( ,,recall4--,:i* ( ^! we get fir/1 :i* ( ! images ! ta/e p]cept calls to take its place z x drops out ( consci\sness1 w dep5d1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 on :i* c5t] 0 mo/ ke5ly active 9 ! orig9al situation1 & is at ! mom5t mo/ p]meable4 ,if1 at ! "t we 7 eat+ ! /ol5 fruit1 our ?\ghts 7 ke5ly self-accus+ = tak+ ! apples )\t p]mission1 !n ! curr5t w probably dis*>ge ?r\gh ! pa? gu/atory-?\ght1 & we %all recall ^! ?\ghts & _! accompany+ feel+s4 ,b if x *ances t ! b>k+ ( ! dog fright5$ u badly1 !n m likely ! dis*>ge f ! ta/e c5t] w be along ! pa? gu/atory-auditory1 & we %all get ! auditory image ( ! dog's b>k+1 :i* 9 turn may call up a visual image ( 8 savage appe>ance ov] ! auditory-visual fib]s4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t1 giv5 any "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! entire situation back1 ! re/ are pot5tially possible to u1 & any "o may s]ve z a cue to call up all ! re/4 ,:e!r1 giv5 ! />t+ po9t1 we get !m all1 dep5ds solely on :e!r ! pa?s are suffici5tly op5 betwe5 !m = ! curr5t to dis*>ge betwe5 !m1 grant+ t ! fir/ exp]i5ce made suffici5t impression to be reta9$4 ,s9ce ?is simple illu/ration may be made inf9itely complex by means ( ! millions ( fib]s :i* connect e c5t] 9 ! cortex ) e o!r c5t]1 & s9ce1 9 pass+ f "o exp]i5ce to ano!r 9 ! r\nd ( our daily activities1 ^! v>i\s areas are all involv$ 9 an endless *a9 ( activities s intimately relat$ t ea* "o c f9ally lead to all ! o!rs1 we h "h ! ma*9]y bo? ( ret5tion & ( recall--! me*anism by :i* our pa/ may be made to s]ve ! pres5t ?r\gh be+ reproduc$ 9 ! =m ( memory images or ideas4 ,?r\gh ?is ma*9]y we are unable to escape our pa/1 :e!r x be good or bad2 = bo? ! good & ! bad alike are br\ght back to u ?r\gh its op]ations4 ,:5 ! repetition ( a s]ies ( acts has r5d]$ habit secure1 ! association is relatively c]ta94 ,if ,i recite to y ,a-,b-,c-,d1 y\r ?\ght at once runs on to ,e1 ,f1 ,g4 ,if ,i repeat1 ,tell me n 9 m\rnful numb]s1 association leads y to foll[ ) ,life is b an empty dream4 ,y\r neurone gr\ps are accu/om$ to act 9 ?is way1 s ! sequ5ce foll[s4 ,memoriz+ any?+ f ! multiplication table to ! mo/ beautiful gems ( poetic f]vor consi/s1 !re=e1 9 ! sett+ up ( ! "r associative connections 9 ! bra94 ,,association ,,9 ,,?9k+4--,all ?9k+ proce$s by ! discov]y or recognition ( relations betwe5 ! t]ms or objects ( our ?\ght4 ,! sci5ce ( ma!matics re/s on ! relations f\nd to exi/ betwe5 numb]s & quantities4 ,! pr9ciples & laws ( natural sci5ce are bas$ on ! relations e/abli%$ among ! diff]5t =ms ( matt] & ! en]gy t op]ates 9 ?is field4 ,s also 9 ! realm ( hi/ory1 art1 e?ics1 or any o!r field ( human exp]i5ce4 ,ea* fact or ev5t mu/ be l9k$ to o!r facts or ev5ts be=e x possesses significance4 ,association !re=e lies at ! f\ndation ( all ?9k+1 :e!r t ( ! orig9al ?9k] :o is creat+ our sci5ces1 plann+ & execut+ ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 evolv+ a sy/em ( e?ics1 or :e!r "o is only le>n+ ^! fields z !y already exi/ by means ( /udy4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 he is ! be/ ?9k] :o has 8 k relat$ "p to "p s t ! :ole =ms a unifi$ & usable sy/em4 ,,association ,,& ,,action4--,association plays an equally important "p 9 all our motor responses1 ! acts by :i* we c>ry on our daily lives1 d our "w & our play1 or :atev] else may be necess>y 9 meet+ & adapt+ ourselves to our environm5t4 ,"s s5sations are (t5 repeat$1 & dem& practically ! same response ea* "t4 ,9 su* cases ! associations soon become fix$1 & ! response c]ta9 & automatic4 ,= example1 we sit at ! table1 & ! response ( eat+ foll[s1 ) all its complex acts1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,we lie d[n 9 b$1 & ! response ( sleep comes4 ,we take our place at ! piano1 & our f+]s produce ! accu/om$ music4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s t ! influ5ce ( association ext5ds to moral action z well4 ,9 g5]al1 our conduct foll[s ! tr5d ( e/abli%$ associations4 ,we are likely to d 9 great moral crises ab\t z we are 9 ! habit ( do+ 9 small ones4 #b4 ,,! ,,types ,,( ,,association ,,fundam5tal ,,law ,,( ,,association4--,/at$ on ! physiological side1 ! law ( habit z set =? 9 ! def9ition ( association 9 ! prec$+ section includes all ! laws ( association4 ,9 diff]5t phras+ we may say3 7#a7 ,neurone gr\ps accu/om$ to act+ toge!r h ! t5d5cy to "w 9 unison4 7#b7 ,! m frequ5tly su* gr\ps act toge!r ! /rong] w be ! t5d5cy = "o to ?r[ ! o!r into action4 ,also1 7#c7 ! m int5se ! excitem5t or t5sion "u :i* !y act toge!r ! /rong] w be ! t5d5cy = activity 9 "o to br+ ab\t activity 9 ! o!r4 ,! correspond+ facts may be express$ 9 psy*ological t]ms z foll[s3 7#a7 ,facts accu/om$ to be+ associat$ toge!r 9 ! m9d h a t5d5cy to reappe> toge!r4 7#b7 ,! m frequ5tly ^! facts appe> toge!r ! /rong] ! t5d5cy = ! pres5ce ( "o to insure ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 7#c7 ,! great] ! t5sion1 excitem5t or conc5tration :5 ^! facts appe> 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r1 ! m c]ta9 ! pres5ce ( "o is to cause ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,sev]al diff]5t types ( association h be5 diff]5tiat$ by psy*ologi/s f ,ari/otle d[n4 ,x is to be kept 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t all association types g back to ! elem5t>y law ( habit-connections among ! neurones = _! explanation4 ,,association ,,by ,,contiguity4--,! recurr5ce 9 our m9ds ( _m ( ! elem5ts f our pa/ exp]i5ce is due to ! fact t at "s "t1 possibly at _m times1 ! recurr+ facts 7 contigu\s 9 consci\sness ) "s o!r elem5t or fact :i* happ5s n[ to be aga9 pres5t4 ,all h _h ! exp]i5ce ( meet+ "s p]son :om we _h n se5 = sev]al mon?s or ye>s1 & hav+ a :ole s]ies ( suppos$ly =gott5 incid5ts or ev5ts connect$ ) our =m] associations flood into ! m9d4 ,?+s we did1 topics we discuss$1 trips we took1 games we play$1 n[ recur at ! r5ewal ( our acqua9tance4 ,= ^! are ! ?+s t 7 contigu\s 9 our consci\sness ) our s5se ( ! p]sonality & appe>ance ( our fri5d4 ,& :o has n 9 simil> fa%ion _h a :iff ( p]fume or ! /ra9s ( a song recall to him 8 *ildhood days6 ,contiguity is aga9 ! explanation4 ,,at ,,! ,,m]cy ,,( ,,our ,,associations4--,?r\gh ! law ?us op]at+ we are 9 a s5se at ! m]cy ( our associations1 :i* may be bad z well z good4 ,we may =m c]ta9 l9es ( int]e/ to guide our ?\ght1 & att5tion may 9 "s degree direct x1 b "o's m5tal make-up is1 aft] all1 l>gely dep5d5t on ! "* ( 8 associations4 ,evil ?\ghts1 evil memories1 evil imag9ations--^! all come ab\t ?r\gh ! association ( unwor?y or impure images along ) ! good 9 our /ream ( ?\ght4 ,we may try to =get ! base de$ & bani% x =ev] f our ?9k+1 b lo6 9 an ungu>d$ mom5t ! n]ve curr5t %oots into ! old pa?1 & ! impure ?\ght fla%es into ! m9d1 uns\ght & unwelcom$4 ,e "y man :o ?9ks he mu/ indulge 9 a little s[+ ( wild oats be=e he settles d[n to a correct life1 & s deals 9 unwor?y ?\ghts & de$s1 is putt+ a mortgage on 8 future2 = he w f9d ! inexorable ma*9]y ( 8 n]v\s sy/em gr9d+ ! hat$ images ( su* ?+s back into 8 m9d z surely z ! mill returns to ! sack ( ! mill] :at he fe$s into ! hopp]4 ,he may refuse to h>bor ^! ?\ghts1 b he c no m h9d] _! seek+ admission to 8 m9d ?an he c prev5t ! tramp f knock+ at 8 door4 ,he may drive su* images f 8 m9d ! mom5t !y are discov]$1 & inde$ is guilty if he does n2 b n tak+ (f5se at ?is rebuff1 ! unwelcome ?\ght aga9 seeks admission4 ,! only protection aga9/ ! return ( ! undesirable associations is to *oose l9es ( ?\ght z little relat$ to !m z possible4 ,b ev5 !n1 d ! be/ we may1 an occasional connection w be set up1 we "k n h[1 & ! unwelcome image /&s />+ u 9 ! face1 z ! corpse ( ,eug5e ,aram's victim confront$ him at e turn1 ?\gh he ?\ght x safely buri$4 ,a m9i/] ( my acqua9tance tells me t 9 ! holie/ mom5ts ( 8 mo/ exalt$ ?\ght1 images rise 9 8 m9d :i* he loa!s1 & f :i* he recoils 9 horror4 ,n only does he drive !m away at once1 b he seeks to lock & b> ! door aga9/ !m by firmly resolv+ t he w nev] ?9k ( !m aga94 ,b alas6 t is beyond 8 control4 ,! t>es h be5 s[n among ! :eat1 & w p]si/ along ) x until ! end4 ,9 8 boyhood ^! images 7 giv5 into ! keep+ ( 8 bra9 cells1 & !y are only be+ fai?ful to _! tru/4 ,,association ,,by ,,simil>ity ,,& ,,contra/4--,all are famili> ) ! fact t l t5ds to sugge/ l4 ,"o fri5d rem9ds u ( ano!r fri5d :5 he manife/s simil> traits ( "*1 %[s ! same tricks ( mann]1 or has ! same peculi>ities ( spee* or ge/ure4 ,! tell+ ( a gho/ or burgl> /ory 9 a company w at once sugge/ a simil> /ory to e p]son ( ! gr\p1 & be=e we "k x ! conv]sation has settl$ d[n to gho/s or burgl>s4 ,"o boa/ful boy is en\gh to />t ! gang to rec\nt+ _! real or imag9>y exploits4 ,good & beautiful ?\ghts t5d to call up o!r good & beautiful ?\ghts1 :ile evil ?\ghts are likely to produce aft] _! own k9d2 l produces l4 ,ano!r =m ( relation%ip is1 h[ev]1 q z common z simil>s 9 our ?9k+4 ,9 c]ta9 directions we naturally ?9k 9 opposites4 ,black sugge/s :ite1 good sugge/s bad1 fat sugge/s lean1 weal? sugge/s pov]ty1 happ9ess sugge/s sorr[1 & s on4 ,! t5d5cy ( our ?\ght ?us to gr\p 9 simil>s & opposites is cle> :5 we g back to ! fundam5tal law ( association4 ,! fact is t we m frequ5tly assemble our ?\ghts 9 ^! ways ?an 9 haphaz>d relations4 ,we habitually gr\p simil>s toge!r1 or comp>e opposites 9 our ?9k+2 h5ce ^! are ! t]ms betwe5 :i* associative bonds are =m$4 ,,p>tial1 ,,or ,,selective1 ,,association4--,! pa/ is nev] :olly re9/at$ 9 pres5t consci\sness4 ,_m elem5ts1 because !y _h =m$ few] associations1 or because !y f9d "s ob/acle to recall1 are p]man5tly dropp$ out & =gott54 ,9 o!r words1 association is always selective1 favor+ n[ ?is item ( exp]i5ce1 n[ t1 above ! re/4 ,x is well t ?is is s2 = to be unable to escape f ! great mass ( m9utiae & unimportant detail 9 "o's pa/ w\ld be intol]able1 & w\ld s cumb] ! m9d ) useless rubbi% z to de/roy its usefulness4 ,we h surely all _h "s exp]i5ce ) ! type ( p]sons ^: associations are s complete & imp>tial t all _! conv]sation teems ) uness5tial & irrelevant details4 ,!y _c rec\nt ! simple/ incid5t 9 its ess5tial po9ts b1 slaves to lit]alness1 make !mselves insuff]able bores by ent]+ ^u e lane & by-pa? ( circum/ance t leads n[h]e & matt]s n ! lea/ 9 _! /ory4 ,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 ,george ,eliot1 ,%akespe>e1 & _m o!r writ]s h seiz$ ^u su* *>act]s & made use ( !m = _! comic effect4 ,james1 9 illu/rat+ ?is m5tal type1 has quot$ ! foll[+ f ,miss ,au/5's ,emma3 ',b :]e c\ld y he> x8' cri$ ,miss ,bates4 ',:]e c\ld y possibly he> x1 ,mr4 ,knightley8 ,= x is n five m9utes s9ce ,i receiv$ ,mrs4 ,cole's note--no1 x _c be m ?an five--or at lea/ t5--= ,i _h got my bonnet & sp5c] on1 j ready to come out--,i 0 only gone d[n to speak to ,patty aga9 ab\t ! pork--,jane 0 /&+ 9 ! passage--7 n y1 ,jane8--= my "m 0 s afraid t we _h n any salt+-pan l>ge en\gh4 ,s ,i said ,i w\ld g d[n & see1 & ,jane said3 ,%all ,i g d[n in/ead8 = ,i ?9k y h a little cold1 & ,patty has be5 wa%+ ! kit*54 ,oh1 my de>1 said ,i--well1 & j !n came ! note4' ,,! ,,rem$y4--,! rem$y = su* we>isome & fruitless me?ods ( association is1 z a matt] ( !ory1 simple & easy4 ,x is to emphasize1 int5sify1 & dwell ^u ! significant & ess5tial 9 our ?9k+4 ,! p]son :o li/5s to a /ory1 :o /udies a lesson1 or :o is a p>ticipant 9 any ev5t mu/ apply a s5se ( value1 recogniz+ & fix+ ! important & relegat+ ! trivial & unimportant to _! prop] level4 ,n to tra9 "o's self to ?9k 9 ?is discrim9at+ way is mu* l le>n+ to play a piano by /rik+ ea* key ) equal =ce6 #c4 ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,association ,s9ce association is at bottom no?+ b habit at "w 9 ! m5tal processes1 x foll[s t x1 l o!r =ms ( habit1 c be enc\rag$ or suppress$ by tra9+4 ,c]ta9ly1 no "p ( "o's education is ( great] importance ?an ! "* ( 8 associations4 ,= ^u ^! w l>gely dep5d n alone ! cont5t ( 8 m5tal /ream1 ! /uff ( 8 ?9k+1 b also its organization1 or ! use made ( ! ?\ght mat]ial at h&4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole sci5ce ( education re/s on ! laws & pr9ciples involv$ 9 sett+ up "r sy/ems ( associative connections 9 ! individual4 ,,! ,,pleasure-,,pa9 ,,motive ,,9 ,,association4--,a g5]al law seems to obta9 ?r\gh\t ! animal _w t associative responses accompani$ by pleasure t5d to p]si/ & gr[ /rong]1 :ile ^? accompani$ by pa9 t5d to weak5 & fall away4 ,! little *ild ( two ye>s may n und]/& ! gravity ( ! (f5se 9 te>+ ! leaves out ( books1 b if its h&s are %>ply spatt$ :5ev] !y te> a book1 ! association betwe5 ! sight ( books & te>+ !m w soon cease4 ,9 fact1 all puni%m5t %\ld h = its object ! use ( pa9 9 ! break+ ( associative bonds betwe5 c]ta9 situations & wrong responses to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dog t is be+ tra9$ to p]=m 8 tricks is rew>d$ ) a tidbit or a pat :5 ! "r response has be5 made4 ,9 ?is way ! bond = ?is p>ticul> act is /r5g!n$ ?r\gh ! use ( pleasure4 ,all matt] /udi$ & le>n$ "u ! /imulus ( good feel+1 en?usiasm1 or a pleasurable s5se ( victory & a*ievem5t n only t5ds to set up m p]man5t & valuable associations ?an if le>n$ "u opposite conditions1 b x also ex]ts a /rong] appeal to our int]e/ & appreciation4 ,! influ5ce ( m5tal attitude on ! matt] we /udy raises a "q z to ! wisdom ( assign+ ! committ+ ( poetry1 or ,bible v]ses1 or ! read+ ( s _m pages ( a lit]>y ma/]piece z a puni%m5t = "s (f5se4 ,h[ _m ( u h c>ri$ away associations ( dislike & bitt]ness t[>d "s gem ( v]se or prose or ,scripture because ( hav+ our le>n+ ( x l9k$ up ) ! ?\ght ( an impos$ task set z p5ance = wrong-do+6 ,"o p]son tells me t to ?is day %e hates ! sight ( ,t5nyson because ?is 0 ! volume f :i* %e 0 assign$ _m pages to commit 9 atonem5t = h] y\?ful del9qu5cies4 ,,int]e/ ,,z ,a ,,basis ,,= ,,association4--,associations e/abli%$ "u ! /imulus ( /rong int]e/ are relatively broad & p]man5t1 :ile ^? =m$ ) int]e/ flagg+ are m n>r[ & ( d\btful p]man5ce4 ,?is /atem5t is1 ( c\rse1 b a p>ticul> application ( ! law ( att5tion4 ,int]e/ br+s ! :ole self into action4 ,"u its urg+ ! m9d is active & al]t4 ,! new facts le>n$ are completely regi/]$1 & are assimilat$ to o!r facts to :i* !y are relat$4 ,_m associative connections are =m$1 h5ce ! new matt] is m c]ta9 ( recall1 & possesses m significance & mean+4 ,,association ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,le>n+4--,! numb] & quality ( our associations dep5ds 9 no small degree on our me?ods ( le>n+4 ,we may be satisfi$ m]ely to impress :at we le>n on our memory1 committ+ x uncritically z s _m facts to be /or$ away z a "p ( our education4 ,we may g a /ep beyond ?is & grasp ! simple/ & mo/ obvi\s mean+s1 b n seek = ! deep] & m fundam5tal relations4 ,we may le>n sep>ate sections or divisions ( a subject1 accept+ ea* z a m or less complete unit1 )\t connect+ ^! sections & divisions into a logical :ole4 ,b all su* me?ods are a mi/ake4 ,!y d n provide = ! associative bonds betwe5 ! v>i\s facts or gr\ps ( facts 9 our k1 )\t :i* our facts are 9 dang] ( becom+ b s mu* lumb] 9 ! m9d4 ,mean+s1 relations1 def9itely recogniz$ associations1 %\ld atta* to all t we le>n4 ,bett] f> a small] am\nt ( usable k ?an any quantity ( unorganiz$ & undige/$ in=mation1 ev5 if ! latt] sometimes all[s u to pass exam9ations & receive honor grades4 ,9 %ort1 real ma/]y dem&s t we ?9k1 t is relate & associate1 in/ead ( m]ely absorb+ z we le>n4 #d4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,te/ ! uncontroll$ associations ( a gr\p ( pupils by pron\nc+ to ! class "s ^w1 z blue1 & hav+ ! memb]s write d[n #bj words 9 succession z rapidly z !y c1 tak+ 9 ea* in/ance ! fir/ ^w t occurs to !m4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! scope1 or range1 ( associations1 c easily be /udi$ by apply+ ?is te/ to1 say1 a f\r? grade & an eigh? grade & !n comp>+ results4 #b4 ,h y ev] be5 puzzl$ by ! appe>ance 9 y\r m9d ( "s fact or incid5t n ?\ght ( be=e = ye>s8 ,7 y able to trace out ! associative connection t caus$ ! fact to appe>8 ,:y are we sometimes unable to recall1 :5 we ne$ !m1 facts t we p]fectly well "k8 #c4 ,y h obs]v$ t x is possible to be able to spell c]ta9 words :5 !y occur 9 a spell+ lesson1 b to miss !m :5 employ+ !m 9 composition4 ,x is possible to le>n a conjugation or a decl5sion 9 tabul> =m1 & !n n be able to use ! correct =ms ( words 9 spee* or writ+4 ,relate ^! facts to ! laws ( association1 & recomm5d a me?od ( in/ruction t w remove ! discrepancy4 #d4 ,to te/ ! quickness ( association 9 a class ( *ildr51 copy ! foll[+ words cle>ly 9 a v]tical column on a *>t2 h y\r class all ready at a giv5 signal2 !n display ! *>t be=e !m = sixty seconds1 ask+ !m to write d[n on pap] ! exact opposite ( z _m words z possible 9 "o m9ute4 ,be sure t all "k j :at !y are expect$ to d4 ,bad1 inside1 sl[1 %ort1 little1 s(t1 black1 d>k1 sad1 true1 dislike1 poor1 well1 sorry1 ?ick1 full1 peace1 few1 bel[1 enemy4 ,c\nt ! numb] ( correct opposites got by ea* pupil4 #e4 ,c y ?9k ( g>rul\s p]sons among y\r acqua9tance ! explanation ( ^: tiresom5ess is t _! association is ( ! complete in/ead ( ! selective type8 ,wat* = su* illu/rations 9 conv]sation & 9 lit]ature 7e4g41 ,juliet's nurse74 #f4 ,obs]ve *ildr5 9 ! s*oolroom = good & poor tra9+ 9 association4 ,h y ev] _h any?+ t y o!rwise presumably w\ld enjoy r5d]$ di/a/eful because ( unpleasant associations8 ,pass y\r own me?ods ( le>n+ 9 review1 & also inquire into ! me?ods us$ by *ildr5 9 /udy1 to det]m9e :e!r !y are result+ 9 ! be/ possible use ( association4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,memory ,e h\r ( our lives we call ^u memory to supply u ) "s fact or detail f out our pa/4 ,let memory :olly fail u1 & we f9d ourselves helpless & out ( jo9t 9 a _w we fail to und]/&4 ,a poor memory h&icaps "o 9 ! pursuit ( education1 hamp]s him 9 bus9ess or pr(essional success1 & puts him at a disadvantage 9 e relation ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a good memory is an asset on :i* ! own] realizes anew ea* succe$+ day4 #a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,memory ,n[ t y come to ?9k ( x1 y c recall p]fectly well t ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica 9 #adib2 t y\r h\se is pa9t$ :ite2 t x ra9$ a week ago today4 ,b :]e 7 ^! once-kn[n facts1 n[ rememb]$ s easily1 :ile !y 7 out ( y\r m9d8 ,:]e did !y /ay :ile y 7 n ?9k+ ( !m8 ,! common answ] is1 ,/or$ away 9 my memory4 ,yet no "o believes t ! memory is a w>eh\se ( facts :i* we pack away !re :5 we = a "t h no use = !m1 z we /ore away our old furniture4 ,,:at ,,is ,,reta9$4--,! tru? is t ! simple "q ,i ask$ y is by no means an easy "o1 & ,i w answ] x myself by ask+ y an easi] "o3 ,z we sit ) ! sunlight /ream+ into our room1 :]e is ! d>kness :i* fill$ x la/ night8 ,& :]e w all ?is light be at midnight tonight8 ,answ] ^! que/ions1 & ! ones ,i ask$ ab\t y\r rememb]$ facts w be answ]$4 ,:ile x is true t1 reg>dless ( ! conditions 9 our little room1 d>kness /ill exi/s :]ev] !re is no light1 & light /ill exi/s :]ev] !re is no d>kness1 yet = ?is p>ticul> room !re is no d>kness :5 ! sun %9es 91 & !re is no light :5 ! room is fill$ ) d>kness4 ,s 9 ! case ( a rememb]$ fact4 ,al?\gh ! fact t ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica "s f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 t y\r h\se is ( a :ite color1 t x ra9$ a week ago today1 exi/s z a fact reg>dless ( :e!r y\r m9ds ?9k ( ^! ?+s at all1 yet ! tru? rema9s z be=e3 = ! p>ticul> m9d :i* rememb]s ^! ?+s1 ! facts did n exi/ :ile !y 7 out ( ! m9d4 ,x is n ! rememb]$ fact :i* is reta9$1 ,,b ,,! ,,p[] ,,to ,,reproduce ,,! ,,fact ,,:5 ,,we ,,require ,,x4 ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,memory4--,! p[] to reproduce a once-kn[n fact dep5ds ultimately on ! bra94 ,?is is n h>d to und]/& if we g back a little & consid] t bra9 activity 0 conc]n$ 9 e p]ception we h ev] _h1 & 9 e fact we h ev] kn[n4 ,inde$1 x 0 ?r\gh a c]ta9 neural activity ( ! cortex t y 7 able orig9ally to "k t ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 t y\r h\se is :ite1 & t x ra9$ on a day 9 ! pa/4 ,)\t ?is cortical activity1 ^! facts w\ld h exi/$ j z truly1 b y w\ld nev] h kn[n !m4 ,)\t ?is neural activity 9 ! bra9 !re is no consci\sness1 & to x we mu/ look = ! recurr5ce 9 consci\sness ( rememb]$ facts1 z well z = ^? :i* appe> = ! fir/ "t4 ,,h[ ,,we ,,rememb]4--,n[1 if we are to h a once-kn[n fact repeat$ 9 consci\sness1 or 9 o!r words rememb]$1 :at we mu/ d on ! physiological side is to provide = a repetition ( ! neural activity :i* 0 at fir/ responsible = ! fact's appe>+ 9 consci\sness4 ,! m5tal accompanim5t ( ! repeat$ activity is ! memory4 ,?us1 z memory is ! approximate repetition ( once-exp]i5c$ m5tal /ates or facts1 toge!r ) ! recognition ( _! belong+ to our pa/1 s x is accompli%$ by an approximate repetition ( ! once-p]=m$ neural process 9 ! cortex :i* orig9ally accompani$ ^! /ates or facts4 ,! "p play$ by ! bra9 9 memory makes x easy to und]/& :y we f9d x s impossible to memorize or to recall :5 ! bra9 is fatigu$ f long h\rs ( "w or lack ( sleep4 ,x also expla9s ! d]angem5t 9 memory t (t5 comes f an injury to ! bra91 or f ! tox9s ( alcohol1 drugs or disease4 ,,dep5d5ce ,,( ,,memory ,,on ,,bra9 ,,quality4--,diff]5ces 9 memory ability1 :ile dep5d+ 9 "p on ! tra9+ memory receives1 re/ ultimately on ! memory-quality ( ! bra94 ,james tells u t f\r di/9ct types ( bra9s may be di/+ui%$1 & he describes !m z foll[s3 ,bra9s t are3 7#a7 ,l m>ble to receive & l m>ble to reta94 7#b7 ,l wax to receive & l wax to reta94 7#c7 ,l m>ble to receive & l wax to reta94 7#d7 ,l wax to receive & l m>ble to reta94 ,! fir/ type gives u ^? :o memorize sl[ly & ) mu* h]oic ef=t1 b :o keep well :at !y h committ$4 ,! second type repres5ts ! ones :o le>n 9 a fla%1 :o c cram up a lesson 9 a few m9utes1 b :o =get z easily & z quickly z !y le>n4 ,! ?ird type *>act]izes ! un=tunates :o mu/ labor h>d & long = :at !y memorize1 only to see x quickly slipp+ f _! grasp4 ,! f\r? type is a r>e boon to its possessor1 enabl+ him easily to /ock 8 memory ) valuable mat]ial1 :i* is readily available to him ^u dem&4 ,! p>ticul> type ( bra9 we possess is giv5 u ?r\gh h]$ity1 & we c d little or no?+ to *ange ! type4 ,:atev] our type ( bra91 h[ev]1 we c d mu* to improve our memory by obey+ ! laws ^u :i* all good memory dep5ds4 #b4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,factors ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,memory ,no?+ is m obvi\s ?an t memory _c return to u :at has nev] be5 giv5 into its keep+1 :at has n be5 reta9$1 or :at = any reason _c be recall$4 ,fur!r1 if ! facts giv5 back by memory are n recogniz$ z belong+ to our pa/1 memory w\ld be incomplete4 ,memory1 !re=e1 involves ! foll[+ f\r factors3 7#a7 regi/ration1 7#b7 ret5tion1 7#c7 recall1 7#d7 recognition4 ,,regi/ration4--,by regi/ration we mean ! le>n+ or committ+ ( ! matt] to be rememb]$4 ,on ! bra9 side ?is involves produc+ 9 ! appropriate neurones ! activities :i*1 :5 repeat$ aga9 lat]1 cause ! fact to be recall$4 ,x is ?is process t con/itutes :at we call impress+ ! facts ^u ! bra94 ,no?+ is m fatal to good memory ?an p>tial or faulty regi/ration4 ,a ?+ b half le>n$ is sure to be =gott54 ,we (t5 /op 9 ! ma/]y ( a lesson j %ort ( ! full impression ne$$ = p]man5t ret5tion & sure recall4 ,we sometimes say to our tea*]s1 ,i _c rememb]1 :51 z a matt] ( fact1 we h nev] le>n$ ! ?+ we seek to recall4 ,,ret5tion4--,ret5tion1 z we h already se51 resides prim>ily 9 ! bra94 ,x is accompli%$ ?r\gh ! law ( habit work+ 9 ! neurones ( ! cortex4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 habit makes an activity once p]=m$ m easy ( p]=mance ea* succe$+ "t4 ,?r\gh ?is law a neural activity once p]=m$ t5ds to be repeat$2 or1 9 o!r words1 a fact once kn[n 9 consci\sness t5ds to be rememb]$4 ,t s l>ge a "p ( our pa/ is lo/ 9 oblivion1 & out ( ! rea* ( our memory1 is probably mu* m l>gely due to a failure to recall ?an to reta94 ,we say t we h =gott5 a fact or a "n :i* we _c recall1 try z h>d z we may2 yet surely all h _h ! exp]i5ce ( a long-/riv5-= fact sudd5ly appe>+ 9 our memory :5 we _h giv5 x up & no long] _h use = x4 ,x 0 reta9$ all ! "t1 else x nev] c\ld h come back at all4 ,an ag$ man ( my acqua9tance lay on 8 dea?b$4 ,9 8 *ildhood he _h fir/ le>n$ to speak ,g]man2 b1 mov+ ) 8 family :5 he 0 eight or n9e ye>s ( age to an ,engli%-speak+ community1 he _h lo/ 8 ability to speak ,g]man1 & _h be5 unable = a ?ird ( a c5tury to c>ry on a conv]sation 9 8 "m tongue4 ,yet dur+ ! la/ days ( 8 sickness he lo/ almo/ :olly ! p[] to use ! ,engli% language1 & spoke flu5tly 9 ,g]man4 ,dur+ all ^! ye>s 8 bra9 pa?s _h reta9$ ! p[] to reproduce ! =gott5 words1 ev5 ?\gh = s long a "t ! words c\ld n be recall$4 ,james quotes a /ill m /rik+ case ( an ag$ woman :o 0 seiz$ ) a fev] &1 dur+ h] deliri\s rav+s1 0 he>d talk+ 9 ,lat91 ,hebrew & ,greek4 ,%e h]self c\ld nei!r read nor write1 & ! prie/s said %e 0 possess$ ( a devil4 ,b a physician unravel$ ! my/]y4 ,:5 ! girl 0 n9e ye>s ( age1 a pa/or1 :o 0 a not$ s*ol>1 _h tak5 h] into 8 home z a s]vant1 & %e _h rema9$ !re until 8 dea?4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e _h daily he>d him read al\d f 8 books 9 ^! languages4 ,h] bra9 _h indelibly reta9$ ! record made ^u x1 al?\gh = ye>s %e c\ld n h recall$ a s5t5ce1 if1 inde$1 %e _h ev] be5 able to d s4 ,,recall4--,recall dep5ds entirely on association4 ,!re is no way to arrive at a c]ta9 fact or "n t is elud+ u except by means ( "s o!r facts1 names1 or :at-n s relat$ to ! miss+ t]m z to be able to br+ x into ! fold4 ,memory arrives at any desir$ fact only ov] a bridge ( associations4 ,x !re=e foll[s t ! m associations set up betwe5 ! fact to be rememb]$ & relat$ facts already 9 ! m9d1 ! m c]ta9 ! recall4 ,hi/orical dates & ev5ts %\ld :5 le>n$ be associat$ ) important c5tral dates & ev5ts to :i* !y naturally atta*4 ,geographical names1 places or o!r in=mation %\ld be connect$ ) relat$ mat]ial already 9 ! m9d4 ,sci5tific k %\ld =m a coh]5t & relat$ :ole4 ,9 %ort1 ev]y?+ t is giv5 ov] to ! memory = its keep+ %\ld be l9k$ z closely z possible to mat]ial ( ! same sort4 ,?is is all to say t we %\ld n expect our memory to reta9 & reproduce isolat$1 unrelat$ facts1 b %\ld give x ! advantage ( z _m logical & well gr\nd$ associations z possible4 ,,recognition4--,a fact reproduc$ by memory b n recogniz$ z belong+ to our pa/ exp]i5ce w\ld impress u z a new fact4 ,?is w\ld mean t memory w\ld fail to l9k ! pres5t to ! pa/4 ,(t5 we are puzzl$ to "k :e!r we h be=e met a c]ta9 p]son1 or on a =m] occasion told a c]ta9 /ory1 or previ\sly exp]i5c$ a c]ta9 pres5t /ate ( m9d :i* seems half famili>4 ,su* baffl+ m5tal /ates are usually b in/ances ( p>tial & incomplete recognition4 ,recognition no long] applies to mu* ( our k2 = example1 we say we rememb] t f\r times six is tw5ty-f\r1 b probably none ( u c recall :5 & :]e we le>n$ ?is fact--we _c recognize x z belong+ to our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,s ) t5 ?\s& o!r ?+s1 :i* we "k r ?an rememb] 9 ! /rict s5se4 #c4 ,,! ,,/uff ,,( ,,memory ,:at are ! =ms 9 :i* memory pres5ts ! pa/ to u8 ,:at are ! elem5ts ) :i* x deals8 ,:at is ! /uff ( :i* x consi/s8 ,,images ,,z ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,memory4--,9 ! light ( our discussion ^u m5tal imag]y1 & ) ! aid ( a little introspection1 ! answ] is easy4 ,i ask y to rememb] y\r home1 & at once a visual image ( ! famili> h\se1 ) its well-kn[n rooms & _! *>act]i/ic furni%+s1 comes to y\r m9d4 ,i ask y to rememb] ! la/ conc]t y att5d$1 or ! *orus ( birds y he>d rec5tly 9 ! woods2 & !re comes a flood ( images1 p>tly visual1 b l>gely auditory1 f ! melodies y he>d4 ,or ,i ask y to rememb] ! fea/ ( :i* y p>took ye/]day1 & gu/atory & olfactory images are prom95t among ! o!rs :i* appe>4 ,& s ,i might keep on until ,i _h cov]$ ! :ole range ( y\r memory2 &1 :e!r ,i ask y = ! simple trivial exp]i5ces ( y\r pa/1 = ! tragic or crucial exp]i5ces1 or = ! mo/ ab/ruse & ab/ract facts :i* y "k & c recall1 ! case is ! same3 mu* ( :at memory pres5ts to y comes 9 ! =m ( images or ( ideas ( y\r pa/4 ,,images ,,v>y ,,z ,,to ,,type4--,we d n all rememb] :at we call ! same fact 9 l images or ideas4 ,:5 y rememb]$ t ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica 9 #adib1 "s ( y _h an image ( ,columbus ! m>9] /&+ on ! deck ( 8 %ip1 z ! old picture %[s him2 & accompany+ ?is image 0 an idea ( long agoness4 ,o!rs1 9 recall+ ! same fact1 _h an image ( ! coa/ on :i* he l&$1 & p]*ance felt ! rock+ ( ! boat & he>d x scrap+ on ! s& z x ne>$ ! %ore4 ,& /ill o!rs saw on ! pr9t$ page ! words /at+ t ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica 9 #adib4 ,& s 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( images or ideas we may rememb] :at we call ! same fact1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! fact is n really ! same fact to any two ( u1 nor to any "o ( u :5 x comes to u on diff]5t occasions 9 diff]5t images4 ,,o!r ,,memory ,,mat]ial4--,b s5sory images are n ! only mat]ial ) :i* memory has to deal4 ,we may also recall ! b>e fact t x ra9$ a week ago today )\t hav+ images ( ! ra94 ,we may recall t ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica 9 #adib )\t visual or o!r images ( ! ev5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact we d con/antly recall _m facts ( ab/ract nature1 su* z ma!matical or sci5tific =mulae ) no imag]y o!r ?an t ( ! words or symbols1 if inde$ ^! be pres5t4 ,memory may !re=e use z its /uff n only images1 b also a wide range ( facts1 ideas & mean+s ( all sorts4 #d4 ,,laws ,,und]ly+ ,,memory ,! developm5t ( a good memory dep5ds 9 no small degree on ! clos5ess ) :i* we foll[ c]ta9 well-demon/rat$ laws4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,association4--,! law ( association1 z we h already se51 is fundam5tal4 ,^u x ! :ole /ructure ( memory dep5ds4 ,/at+ ?is law 9 neural t]ms we may say3 ,bra9 areas :i* are active toge!r at ! same "t t5d to e/abli% associative pa?s1 s t :5 "o ( !m is aga9 active ! o!r is also br\ght into activity4 ,express+ ! same tru? 9 m5tal t]ms3 ,if two facts or exp]i5ces occur toge!r 9 consci\sness1 & "o ( !m is lat] recall$1 x t5ds to cause ! o!r to appe> also4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,repetition4--,! law ( repetition is b a re/atem5t ( ! law ( habit1 & may be =mulat$ z foll[s3 ,! m frequ5tly a c]ta9 cortical activity occurs1 ! m easily is its repetition br\ght ab\t4 ,/at+ ?is law 9 m5tal t]ms we may say3 ,! m (t5 a fact is recall$ 9 consci\sness ! easi] & m c]ta9 ! recall becomes4 ,x is ^u ! law ( repetition t reviews & drills to fix ?+s 9 ! memory are bas$4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,rec5cy4--,we may /ate ! law ( rec5cy 9 physiological t]ms z foll[s3 ,! m rec5tly bra9 c5t]s h be5 employ$ 9 a c]ta9 activity1 ! m easily are !y ?r[n into ! same activity4 ,?is1 on ! m5tal side1 means3 ,! m rec5tly any facts h be5 pres5t 9 consci\sness ! m easily are !y recall$4 ,x is 9 ob$i5ce to ?is law t we want to rehe>se a difficult lesson j be=e ! recitation h\r1 or cram imm$iately be=e an exam9ation4 ,! work+ ( ?is law also expla9s ! t5d5cy ( all memories to fade out z ! ye>s pass by4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,vividness4--,! law ( vividness is ( prim>y importance 9 memoriz+4 ,on ! physical side x may be express$ z foll[s3 ,! high] ! t5sion or ! m int5se ! activity ( neural c5t]s ! m easily ! activity is repeat$4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ?is law 9 m5tal t]ms is3 ,! high] ! degree ( att5tion or conc5tration :5 ! fact is regi/]$ ! m c]ta9 x is ( recall4 ,bett] f> "o impression ( a high degree ( vividness ?an sev]al repetitions ) ! att5tion w&]+ or ! bra9 too fatigu$ to respond4 ,n drill alone1 b drill ) conc5tration1 is necess>y to sure memory1--9 pro( ( :i* witness ! futile results on ! "p ( ! small boy :o /udies 8 spell+ lesson ov] fifte5 times1 ! :ile he is at ! same "t c\nt+ 8 m>bles4 #e4 ,,rules ,,= ,,us+ ,,! ,,memory ,mu* c>eful & fruitful exp]im5tation 9 ! field ( memory has tak5 place 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! sci5ti/s are n[ able to give u c]ta9 simple rules :i* we c employ 9 us+ our memories1 ev5 if we lack ! "t or opportunity to foll[ all _! te*nical discussions4 ,,:oles ,,v]sus ,,p>ts4--,probably mo/ p 9 sett+ to "w to commit to memory a poem1 oration1 or o!r su* mat]ial1 h a t5d5cy to le>n x fir/ by /anzas or sections & !n put ! p>ts toge!r to =m ! :ole4 ,_m te/s1 h[ev]1 h %[n ?is to be a less effective me?od ?an to g ov] ! :ole poem or oration "t aft] "t1 f9ally giv+ special att5tion to any p>ticul>ly difficult places4 ,! only exception to ?is rule w\ld seem to be 9 ! case ( v long productions1 :i* may be brok5 up into sections ( reasonable l5g?4 ,! me?od ( committ+ by :oles in/ead ( p>ts n only economizes "t & ef=t 9 ! le>n+1 b also gives a bett] s5se ( unity & mean+ to ! matt] memoriz$4 ,,rate ,,( ,,=gett+4--,! rate ( =gett+ is f\nd to be v mu* m rapid imm$iately foll[+ ! le>n+ ?an aft] a long] "t has elaps$4 ,?is is to say t ( :at "o is go+ to =get ( matt] committ$ to memory approximately "o-half w fall away )9 ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs & ?ree-f\r?s )9 ! fir/ ?ree days4 ,s9ce x is always economy to fix afre% matt] t is fad+ out be=e x has be5 :olly =gott51 x w manife/ly pay to review important memory mat]ial )9 ! fir/ day or two aft] x has once be5 memoriz$4 ,,divid$ ,,practice4--,if to commit a c]ta9 piece ( mat]ial we mu/ g ov] x1 say1 t5 diff]5t times1 ! results are f\nd to be mu* bett] :5 ! entire numb] ( repetitions are n _h 9 imm$iate succession1 b ) reasonable int]vals betwe54 ,?is is due1 no d\bt1 to ! well-kn[n fact t associations t5d to take =m & gr[ m secure ev5 aft] we h ceas$ to ?9k specifically ( ! matt] 9 h&4 ,! int]vals all[ "t = ! associations to =m _! connections4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,james says we le>n to swim dur+ ! w9t] & to skate dur+ ! summ]4 ,,=c+ ,,! ,,memory ,,to ,,act4--,9 committ+ matt] by read+ x1 ! memory %\ld be =c$ into activity j z fa/ z x is able to c>ry "p ( ! mat]ial4 ,if1 aft] read+ a poem ov] once1 p>ts ( x c be repeat$ )\t ref]5ce to ! text1 ! memory %\ld be compell$ to reproduce ^! p>ts4 ,s ) all o!r mat]ial4 ,re-read+ %\ld be appli$ only at su* po9ts z ! memory has n yet grasp$4 ,,n ,a ,,memory1 ,,b ,,memories4--,pr(essor ,james has emphasiz$ ! fact1 :i* has (t5 be5 demon/rat$ by exp]im5tal te/s1 t we d n possess a memory1 b a collection ( memories4 ,our memory may be v good 9 "o l9e & poor 9 ano!r4 ,nor c we tra9 our memory 9 ! s5se ( practic+ x 9 "o l9e & hav+ ! improvem5t ext5d equally to o!r l9es4 ,committ+ poetry may h little or no effect 9 /r5g!n+ ! memory = hi/orical or sci5tific data4 ,9 g5]al1 ! memory mu/ be tra9$ 9 ! specific l9es 9 :i* x is to excel4 ,g5]al tra9+ w n s]ve except z x may lead to bett] modes ( le>n+ :at is to be memoriz$4 #f4 ,,:at ,,con/itutes ,a ,,good ,,memory ,let u next inquire :at are ! qualities :i* ent] into :at we call a good memory4 ,! m]*ant or politician w say1 ,ability to rememb] well p's faces & names2 ! tea*] ( hi/ory1 ,! ability to recall readily dates & ev5ts2 ! tea*] ( ma!matics1 ,! p[] to recall ma!matical =mulae2 ! hotel wait]1 ,! ability to keep 9 m9d half-a-doz5 ord]s at a "t2 ! manag] ( a corporation1 ,! ability to recall all ! necess>y details connect$ ) ! runn+ ( ! conc]n4 ,:ile ^! answ]s are v div]g5t1 yet !y may all be true = ! p>ticul> p]son te/ify+2 = out ( !m all !re em]ges ?is common tru?1 t ! be/ memory is ! "o :i* be/ s]ves its possessor4 ,t is1 "o's memory n only mu/ be ready & exact1 b mu/ produce ! "r k9d ( mat]ial2 x mu/ br+ to u :at we ne$ 9 our ?9k+4 ,a v easy coroll>y at once gr[s out ( ?is fact2 namely1 t 9 ord] to h ! memory return to u ! "r k9d ( matt]1 we mu/ /ore x ) ! "r k9d ( images & ideas1 = ! memory _c give back to u any?+ :i* we h n fir/ giv5 into its keep+4 ,a ,,good ,,memory ,,selects ,,its ,,mat]ial4--,! be/ memory is n necess>ily ! "o :i* imp>tially repeats ! l>ge/ numb] ( facts ( pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,ev]yone has _m exp]i5ces :i* he nev] ne$s to h reproduc$ 9 memory2 useful en\gh !y may h be5 at ! "t1 b :olly useless & irrelevant lat]4 ,!y h s]v$ _! purpose1 & %\ld h5ce=? slumb] 9 oblivion4 ,!y w\ld be b s mu* rubbi% & lumb] if !y c\ld be recall$4 ,ev]yone has surely met t p>ticul> type ( bore ^: memory is s fai?ful to details t no incid5t 9 ! /ory he tells1 no matt] h[ev] trivial1 is ev] omitt$ 9 ! rec\nt+4 ,8 associations "w 9 su* a tireless r\nd ( m9ute succession1 )\t ev] be+ able to take a jump or a %ort cut1 t he is p[]less to sep>ate ! :eat f ! *aff2 s he dumps ! :ole indiscrim9ate mass into our long-suff]+ e>s4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] tells ( a memb] ( ,p>liam5t :o c\ld repeat long legal docum5ts & acts ( ,p>liam5t aft] "o read+4 ,:5 he 0 congratulat$ on 8 rem>kable gift1 he repli$ t1 in/ead ( be+ an advantage to him1 x 0 (t5 a s\rce ( great inconv5i5ce1 because :5 he wi%$ to recollect any?+ 9 a docum5t he _h read1 he c\ld d x only by repeat+ ! :ole f ! beg9n+ up to ! po9t :i* he wi%$ to recall4 ,maudsley says t ! k9d ( memory :i* enables a p]son to read a photographic copy ( =m] impressions ) 8 m9d's eye is n1 inde$1 commonly associat$ ) high intellectual p[]1 & gives z a reason t su* a m9d is h9d]$ by ! v weal? ( mat]ial furni%$ by ! memory f disc]n+ ! relations betwe5 sep>ate facts ^u :i* judgm5t & reason+ dep5d4 ,x is likewise a common s\rce ( surprise among tea*]s t _m ( ! pupils :o c\ld out/rip _! classmates 9 le>n+ & memory d n turn out to be able m54 ,b ?is1 says ,:ately1 is z reasonable z to wond] t a ci/]n if fill$ %\ld n be a p]petual f\nta94 ,x is possible = "o to be s lo/ 9 a tangle ( trees t he _c see ! woods4 ,a ,,good ,,memory ,,requires ,,good ,,?9k+4--,x is n1 !n1 m]e re-pres5tation ( facts t con/itutes a good memory4 ,! pupil :o c reproduce a hi/ory lesson by ! page has n necess>ily z good a memory z ! "o :o rememb]s few] facts1 b sees ! relations betwe5 ^? rememb]$1 & h5ce is able to *oose :at he w rememb]4 ,memory mu/ be discrim9ative4 ,x mu/ fa/5 on t :i* is important & keep t = u4 ,!re=e we c agree t ! art ( rememb]+ is ! art ( ?9k+4 ,discrim9ation mu/ select ! important out ( our m5tal /ream1 & ^! images mu/ be associat$ ) z _m o!rs z possible :i* are already well fix$ 9 memory1 & h5ce are sure ( recall :5 ne$$4 ,9 ?is way ! old w always s]ve z a cue to call up ! new4 ,,memory ,,mu/ ,,be ,,specializ$4--,& n only mu/ memory1 if x is to be a good memory1 omit ! g5]ally wor?less1 or trivial1 or irrelevant1 & supply ! g5]ally useful1 significant1 & relevant1 b x mu/ 9 "s degree be a specializ$ memory4 ,x mu/ m9i/] to ! p>ticul> ne$s & requirem5ts ( its own]4 ,small consolation to y if y are a ,lat9 tea*]1 & are able to call up ! b9omial !orem or ! date ( ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople :5 y are 9 dire ne$ ( a conjugation or a decl5sion :i* eludes y4 ,x is mu* bett] = ! m]*ant & politician to h a good memory = names & faces ?an to be able to repeat ! succession ( ,engli% mon>*s f ,alfr$ ! ,great to ,edw>d ,,vii & n be able to tell ,john ,smi? f ,tom ,br[n4 ,x is mu* m desirable = ! lawy] to be able to rememb] ! necess>y details ( 8 case ?an to be able to recall all ! v>i\s a?letic records ( ! ye>2 & s on4 ,9 ord] to be a good memory = u1 our memory mu/ be fai?ful 9 deal+ ) ! mat]ial :i* con/itutes ! ne$s ( our vocations4 ,our memory may1 & %\ld1 br+ to u _m ?+s outside ( our imm$iate vocations1 else our lives w be n>r[2 b its *ief conc]n & mo/ accurate "w mu/ be along ! pa? ( our ev]yday requirem5ts at its h&s4 ,& ?is works out well 9 connection ) ! physiological laws :i* 7 /at$ a little :ile s9ce1 provid+ t our vocations are along ! l9e ( our int]e/s4 ,= ! ?+s ) :i* we "w daily1 & 9 :i* we are int]e/$1 w be (t5 ?\ght ( toge!r1 & h5ce w become well associat$4 ,!y w be frequ5tly recall$1 & h5ce m easily rememb]$2 !y w be vividly exp]i5c$ z ! inevitable result ( int]e/1 & ?is goes f> to insure recall4 #g4 ,,memory ,,devices ,_m devices h be5 inv5t$ = tra9+ or us+ ! memory1 & n a few wor?less sy/ems h be5 impos$ by consci5celess fak]s ^u un9=m$ p4 ,all memoriz+ f9ally mu/ g back to ! fundam5tal laws ( bra9 activity & ! rules gr[+ out ( ^! laws4 ,!re is no royal road to a good memory4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,cramm+4--,n a few /ud5ts dep5d on cramm+ = mu* ( _! le>n+4 ,if ?is me?od ( /udy w\ld yield z valuable p]man5t results1 x w\ld be by f> ! mo/ s5sible & economical me?od to use2 = "u ! /ress ( necessity we (t5 are able to accompli% results mu* fa/] ?an :5 no pressure is re/+ ^u u4 ,! difficulty is1 h[ev]1 t ! results are n p]man5t2 ! facts le>n$ d n h "t to seek out & l9k !mselves to well-e/abli%$ associates2 le>n$ 9 an h\r1 _! ret5tion is z ephem]al z ! application :i* gave !m to u4 ,facts :i* are ne$$ b tempor>ily & :i* _c become a "p ( our body ( p]man5t k may pr(itably be le>n$ by cramm+4 ,! lawy] ne$s _m details = ! case he is try+1 :i* n only are valueless to him z soon z ! case is decid$1 b w\ld positively be 9 8 way4 ,he may pr(itably cram su* facts4 ,b ^? facts :i* are to become a p]man5t "p ( 8 m5tal equipm5t1 su* z ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( law1 he _c cram4 ,^! he mu/ h 9 a logical *a9 :i* w n leave _! recall dep5d5t ^u a *ance cue4 ,cramm$ facts may s]ve u dur+ a recitation or an exam9ation1 b !y nev] really become a "p ( u4 ,no?+ c take ! place ( ! logical plac+ ( facts if !y are to be rememb]$ ) facility1 & be usable 9 ?9k+ :5 recall$4 ,,rememb]+ ,,isolat$ ,,facts4--,b aft] all ?is is tak5 into consid]ation !re /ill rema9 a l>ge numb] ( facts :i* refuse to fit into any connect$ or logical sy/em4 ,or1 if !y d belong ) "s sy/em1 _! connection is n v close1 & we h m ne$ = ! few individual facts ?an = ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,h5ce we mu/ h "s means ( rememb]+ su* facts o!r ?an by connect+ !m ) _! logical associations4 ,su* facts z may be typifi$ by ! multiplication table1 c]ta9 dates1 ev5ts1 names1 numb]s1 err&s1 & engagem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds--all ^! ne$ to be rememb]$ accurately & quickly :5 ! occasion = !m arises4 ,we mu/ be able to recall !m ) facility1 s t ! occasion w n h pass$ by be=e we c secure !m & we h fail$ to d our "p because ( ! lapse4 ,) facts ( ?is type ! means ( secur+ a good memory are ! same z 9 ! case ( logical memory1 except t we mu/ ( necessity =ego ! l9k+ to naturally relat$ associates4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 take advantage ( ! ?ree laws :i* h be5 giv54 ,if ^! me?ods are us$ fai?fully1 !n we h done :at we c 9 ! way ( insur+ ! recall ( facts ( ?is type1 unless we associate !m ) "s artificial cue1 su* z ty+ a ?read ar\nd our f+] to rememb] an err&1 or le>n+ ! multiplication table by s++ x4 ,we are n to be too ready to excuse ourselves1 h[ev]1 if we h =gott5 to mail ! lett] or deliv] ! message2 = our att5tion may h be5 v lax :5 we record$ ! direction 9 ! fir/ place1 & we may nev] h tak5 ! tr\ble to ?9k ( ! matt] betwe5 ! "t x 0 giv5 into our keep+ & ! "t we 7 to p]=m ! err&4 ,,mnemonic ,,devices4--,_m +5i\s devices h be5 inv5t$ to assi/ ! memory4 ,no d\bt ea* "o ( y has "s way ( y\r own ( rememb]+ c]ta9 ?+s committ$ to y1 or "s mu*-ne$$ fact :i* has a t5d5cy to elude y4 ,y may n tie ! traditional /r+ ar\nd y\r f+] or place y\r wat* 9 ! wrong pocket2 b if n1 y h inv5t$ "s me?od :i* suits y\r conv5i5ce bett]4 ,:ile _m books h be5 writt51 & _m lectures giv5 exploit+ mnemonic sy/ems1 !y are1 h[ev]1 all f\nd$ ^u ! same g5]al pr9ciple3 namely1 t ( association ( ideas 9 ! m9d4 ,!y all make use ( ! same basis = memory t any ( u use e "t we rememb] any?+1 f ! commone/ ev5t :i* occurr$ la/ h\r to ! mo/ ab/ruse bit ( philosophy :i* we may h 9 our m9ds4 ,!y all tie ! fact to be rememb]$ to "s o!r fact :i* is sure ( recall1 & !n tru/ ! old fact to br+ ! new along ) x :5 x aga9 comes into ! m9d4 ,artificial devices may be p]missible 9 rememb]+ ! class ( facts :i* h no logical associates 9 :i* we c relate !m2 b ev5 !n ,i _c help feel+ t if we %\ld use ! same c>e & +5uity 9 c>efully record+ ! seem+ly unrelat$ facts t we d 9 work+ out ! device & mak+ ! association 9 x1 we %\ld discov] hidd5 relations = mo/ ( ! facts we wi% to rememb]1 & we %\ld be able to insure _! recall z c]ta9ly & 9 a bett] way ?an ?r\gh ! device4 ,!n1 also1 we %\ld n be 9 dang] ( h&+ ov] to ! device v>i\s facts = :i* we %\ld discov] relations1 ?us plac+ !m 9 ! logical body ( our usable k :]e !y belong4 #h4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,c>efully consid] y\r own p[]s ( memory & see :e!r y c decide :i* ( ! f\r types ( bra9 y h4 ,apply simil> te/s to y\r classmates or a gr\p ( s*ool *ildr5 :om y h a *ance to obs]ve4 ,be sure to take into acc\nt ! effects ( pa/ tra9+ or habits ( memory4 #b4 ,wat* 9 y\r own memoriz+ & also t ( s*ool *ildr5 = failures 9 recall caus$ by lack ( prop] associations4 ,:y is x p>ticul>ly h>d to commit :at "o does n und]/&8 #c4 ,obs]ve a class 9 a recitation or an exam9ation & seek to discov] :e!r any defects ( memory reveal$ are to be expla9$ by lack ( 7#a7 repetition1 7#b7 rec5cy1 7#c7 vividness 9 le>n+4 #d4 ,make a /udy ( y\r own class & also ( a gr\p ( *ildr5 9 s*ool to discov] _! me?ods ( memoriz+4 ,h 9 m9d ! rules = memoriz+ giv5 9 section #e ( ?is *apt]4 #e4 ,obs]ve by introspection y\r me?od ( recall ( hi/orical ev5ts y h /udi$1 & note :e!r images =m an important "p ( y\r memory mat]ial2 or does y\r recall consi/ *iefly ( b>e facts8 ,9 h[ f> does ?is dep5d on y\r me?od ( le>n+ ! facts 9 ! fir/ place8 #f4 ,c>efully consid] y\r exp]i5ce f cramm+ y\r lessons4 ,does ! mat]ial le>n$ 9 ?is way /ay ) y8 ,d y und]/& x & f9d y\rself able to use x z well z /uff le>n$ dur+ a long] int]val & ) m "t = associations to =m8 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,?9k+ ,no ^w is m con/antly on our lips ?an ! ^w ?9k4 ,a hundr$ times a day we tell :at we ?9k ab\t ?is ?+ or t4 ,any exceptional p[] ( ?\ght classes u among ! effici5t ( our g5]ation4 ,x is 9 _! ability to ?9k t m5 /& preem95tly above ! animals4 #a4 ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,?9k+ ,! t]m ?9k1 or ?9k+1 is employ$ 9 s _m diff]5t s5ses t x w be well fir/ ( all to come to an und]/&+ z to its v>i\s uses4 ,f\r diff]5t types ( ?9k+ :i* we %all note are3#e 7#a7 *ance1 or idle1 ?9k+2 7#b7 ?9k+ 9 ! =m ( uncritical belief2 7#c7 assimilative ?9k+2 & 7#d7 delib]ative ?9k+4 ,,*ance ,,or ,,idle ,,?9k+4--,our ?9k+ is ( ! *ance or idle k9d :5 we ?9k to no consci\s end4 ,no p>ticul> problem is up = solution1 & ! /ream ( ?\ght drifts along 9 idl5ess4 ,9 su* ?9k+1 imm$iate int]e/1 "s idle fancy1 ! impulse ( ! mom5t1 or ! sugge/ions f our environm5t det]m9e ! tra9 ( associations & give direction to our ?\ght4 ,9 a s5se1 we surr5d] our m5tal b>k to ! w9ds ( circum/ance to drive x :i!rsoev] !y w )\t let or h9drance f u4 ,s9ce no results are s\ght f our ?9k+1 none are obta9$4 ,! be/ ( u sp5d m "t 9 ^! idle tra9s ( ?\ght ?an we w\ld l to admit1 :ile inf]ior & untra9$ m9ds seldom rise above ?is b>r5 ?\ght level4 ,n infrequ5tly ev5 :5 we are /udy+ a lesson :i* dem&s our be/ ?\ght p[] we f9d t an idle *a9 ( associations has supplant$ ! m rigid type ( ?9k+ & appropriat$ ! field4 ,,uncritical ,,belief4--,we (t5 say t we ?9k a c]ta9 ?+ is true or false :5 we h1 z a matt] ( fact1 done little or no ?9k+ ab\t x4 ,we only believe1 or uncritically accept1 ! common po9t ( view z to ! tru? or untru? ( ! matt] conc]n$4 ,! anci5ts believ$ t ! e>? 0 flat1 & ! savages t eclipses 7 caus$ by animals eat+ up ! moon4 ,n a few p today believe t potatoes & o!r vegetables %\ld be plant$ at a c]ta9 phase ( ! moon1 t sickness is a visitation ( ,provid5ce1 & t v>i\s *>ms are pot5t to br+ good =tune or w>d (f disa/]4 ,probably n "o 9 a ?\s& ( ^? :o accept su* beliefs c\ld give1 or h ev] tri$ to give1 any rational reason = _! po9t ( view4 ,b we mu/ n be too h>% t[>d su* crude illu/rations ( uncritical ?9k+4 ,x is entirely possible t n all ( u :o pride ourselves on our tra9$ p[]s ( ?\ght c\ld give good reasons discov]$ by our own ?9k+ :y we ?9k our political p>ty1 our *ur*1 or our social organization is bett] ?an "s o!r "o4 ,h[ few ( u1 aft] all1 really discov] our cre$1 jo9 a *ur*1 or *oose a political p>ty6 ,we adopt ! po9ts ( view ( our nation or our gr\p mu* z we adopt _! cu/oms & dress--n because we are conv9c$ by ?9k+ t !y are be/1 b because !y are less tr\ble4 ,,assimilative ,,?9k+4--,x is ?is type ( ?9k+ t occupies u :5 we seek to appropriate new facts or ideas & und]/& !m2 t is1 relate !m to k already on h&4 ,we ?9k aft] ?is fa%ion 9 mu* ( our /udy 9 s*ools & textbooks4 ,! problem = our ?\ght is n s mu* "o ( inv5tion or discov]y z ( grasp & assimilation4 ,our ?9k+ is to appreh5d mean+s & relations1 & s unify & give coh]5ce to our k4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is type ( ?9k+ "o may commit to memory _m facts t he does n und]/&1 ga!r mu* in=mation t conta9s little mean+ to him1 & ev5 a*ieve v cr$itable s*ola/ic grades t /& = a small am\nt ( education or developm5t4 ,= all in=mation1 to become vital & usable1 mu/ be ?\ght into relation to our pres5t active1 function+ body ( k2 !re=e assimilative ?9k+ is fundam5tal to true ma/]y & le>n+4 ,,delib]ative ,,?9k+4--,delib]ative ?9k+ con/itutes ! highe/ type ( ?\ght process4 ,9 ord] to d delib]ative ?9k+ !re is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 :at ,dewey calls a split-road situation4 ,a travel] go+ along a well-beat5 highway1 says ,dr4 ,dewey1 does n delib]ate2 he simply keeps on go+4 ,b let ! highway split into two roads at a =k1 only "o ( :i* leads to ! desir$ de/9ation1 & n[ a problem confronts him2 he mu/ take "o road or ! o!r1 b :i*8 ,! intellig5t travel] w at once g to seek+ = evid5ce z to :i* road he %\ld *oose4 ,he w balance ?is fact aga9/ t fact1 & ?is probability aga9/ t probability1 9 an ef=t to arrive at a solution ( 8 problem4 ,be=e we c engage 9 delib]ative ?9k+ we mu/ be confront$ by "s problem1 "s su* split-road situation 9 our m5tal /ream--we mu/ h some?+ to ?9k ab\t4 ,x is ?is fact t makes "o writ] say t ! great purpose ( "o's education is n to solve all 8 problems = him4 ,x is r to help him 7#a7 to discov] problems1 or split-road situations1 7#b7 to assi/ him 9 ga!r+ ! facts necess>y = _! solution1 & 7#c7 to tra9 him 9 ! weigh+ ( 8 facts or evid5ce1 t is1 9 delib]ative ?9k+4 ,only z we le>n to recognize ! true problems t confront u 9 our own lives & 9 society ab\t u c we become ?9k]s 9 ! be/ s5se4 ,our own plans & projects1 ! que/ions ( "r & wrong t are con/antly aris+1 ! social1 political & religi\s problems await+ solution1 all af=d ! opportunity & ! necessity = delib]ative ?9k+4 ,& unhappy is ! pupil ^: s*ool "w does n set ! problems & employ ! me?ods :i* w insure tra9+ 9 ?is z well z 9 ! assimilative type ( ?9k+4 ,e s*ool subject1 besides supply+ c]ta9 in=mation to be le>n$1 %\ld pres5t its problems requir+ true delib]ative ?9k+ )9 ! range ( developm5t & ability ( ! pupil1 & no subject--lit]ature1 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 language--is )\t _m su* problems4 #b4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,?9k+ ,all true ?9k+ is = ! purpose ( discov]+ relations betwe5 ! ?+s we ?9k ab\t4 ,imag9e a _w 9 :i* no?+ is relat$ to any?+ else2 9 :i* e object p]ceiv$1 rememb]$1 or imag9$1 /&s absolutely by itself1 indep5d5t & self-suffici5t6 ,:at a *aos x w\ld be6 ,we might p]ceive1 rememb]1 & imag9e all ! v>i\s objects we please1 b )\t ! p[] to ?9k !m toge!r1 !y w\ld all be totally unrelat$1 & h5ce h no mean+4 ,,mean+ ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,relations4--,to h a rational mean+ = u1 ?+s mu/ always be def9$ 9 t]ms ( o!r ?+s1 or 9 t]ms ( _! uses4 ,fuel is t :i* fe$s fire4 ,food is :at is eat5 = n\ri%m5t4 ,a locomotive is a ma*9e = draw+ a tra94 ,books are to read1 pianos to play1 balls to ?r[1 s*ools to in/ruct1 fri5ds to enjoy1 & s on ?r\gh ! :ole li/ ( objects :i* we "k or c def9e4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds = its mean+ on its relation to o!r ?+s2 & ! m ( ^! relations we c discov]1 ! m fully d we see ! mean+4 ,?us balls may h o!r uses ?an to ?r[1 s*ools o!r functions ?an to in/ruct1 & fri5ds mean mu* m to u ?an m]e enjoym5t4 ,& j 9 ! degree 9 :i* we h realiz$ ^! diff]5t relations1 h we def9$ ! object1 or1 9 o!r words1 h we se5 its mean+4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,?9k+ ,,is ,,to ,,discov] ,,relations4--,n[ x is by ?9k+ t ^! relations are discov]$4 ,?is is ! function ( ?9k+4 ,?9k+ takes ! v>i\s sep>ate items ( our exp]i5ce & discov]s to u ! relations exi/+ among !m1 & builds !m toge!r into a unifi$1 relat$1 & usable body ( k1 ?read+ ea* little bit on ! /r+ ( relation%ip :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 ?is ?\ght :i* ,t5nyson _h 9 m9d :5 he wrote3 ,fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall1 ,i pluck y out ( ! crannies1 ,i hold y "h1 root & all1 9 my h&1 ,little fl[]--b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is4 ,/>t+ 9 ) ev5 s simple a ?+ z a little fl[]1 if he c\ld discov] all ! relations :i* e "p be>s to e o!r "p & to all o!r ?+s besides1 he w\ld f9ally rea* ! mean+ ( ,god & man4 ,= ea* sep>ate ?+1 be x l>ge or small1 =ms a l9k 9 an unbrok5 *a9 ( relation%ips :i* b9ds ! univ]se into an ord]$ :ole4 ,,ne> ,,& ,,remote ,,relations4--,! relations discov]$ ?r\gh our ?9k+ may be v close & simple ones1 z :5 a *ild sees ! relation betwe5 8 bottle & 8 d9n]2 or !y may be v remote ones1 z :5 ,newton saw ! relation betwe5 ! fall+ ( an apple & ! motion ( ! planets 9 _! orbits4 ,b :e!r simple or remote1 ! see+ ( ! relation%ips is 9 bo? cases alike ?9k+2 = ?9k+ is no?+1 9 its la/ analysis1 b ! discov]+ ( ! relation%ips :i* exi/ betwe5 ! v>i\s objects 9 our m5tal /ream4 ,?9k+ passes ?r\gh all grades ( complexity1 f ! fir/ fa9t dawn+s 9 ! m9d ( ! babe :5 x sees ! relation betwe5 ! "m & its fe$+1 on to ! mighty grasp ( ! sage :o is able to ?9k ,god's ?\ghts aft] ,him4 ,b x all comes to ! same end f9ally--! br++ to light ( new mean+s ?r\gh ! discov]y ( new relations4 ,& :atev] does ?is is ?9k+4 ,,*ild ,,& ,,adult ,,?9k+4--,:at con/itutes ! diff]5ce 9 ! ?9k+ ( ! *ild & t ( ! sage8 ,let u see :e!r we c discov] ?is diff]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! relations se5 by ! *ild are imm$iate relations3 !y exi/ betwe5 simple p]cepts or images2 ! remote & ! g5]al are beyond 8 rea*4 ,he has n _h suffici5t exp]i5ce to enable him to discov] remote relations4 ,he _c ?9k ?+s :i* are abs5t f him1 or :i* he has nev] kn[n4 ,! *ild c\ld by no possibility h se5 9 ! fall+ apple :at ,newton saw2 = ! *ild knew no?+ ( ! planets 9 _! orbits1 & h5ce c\ld n see relations 9 :i* ^! =m$ "o ( ! t]ms4 ,! sage1 on ! o!r h&1 is n limit$ to 8 imm$iate p]cepts or _! images4 ,he c see remote relations4 ,he c g beyond individuals1 & ?9k 9 classes4 ,! fall+ apple is n a m]e fall+ apple to him1 b "o ( a class ( fall+ bodies4 ,besides a ri* exp]i5ce full ( valuable facts1 ! tra9$ ?9k] has acquir$ also ! habit ( look+ out = relations2 he has le>n$ t ?is is ! me?od p> excell5ce ( increas+ 8 /ore ( k & ( r5d]+ effective ! k he has4 ,he has le>n$ h[ to ?9k4 ,! *ief bus9ess ( ! *ild is ! collection ( ! mat]ials ( ?\ght1 see+ only ! m necess>y & obvi\s relations z he proce$s2 8 *ief bus9ess :5 old] gr[n is to seek out ! network ( relations :i* unites ?is mass ( mat]ial1 & ?r\gh ?is process to sy/ematize & give new mean+s to ! :ole4 #c4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,?9k+ ,x is evid5t f ! =ego+ discussion t we may include "u ! t]m ?9k+ all sorts ( m5tal processes by :i* relations are appreh5d$ betwe5 diff]5t objects ( ?\ght4 ,?us "y *ildr5 ?9k z soon z !y beg9 to und]/& some?+ ( ! mean+ ( ! objects ( _! environm5t4 ,ev5 animals ?9k by means ( simple & direct associations4 ,?9k+ may !re=e g on 9 t]ms ( ! simple/ & mo/ imm$iate1 or ! mo/ complex & di/ant relation%ips4 ,,s5sations ,,& ,,p]cepts ,,z ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,?9k+4--,relations se5 betwe5 s5sations w\ld mean some?+1 b n mu*2 relations se5 betwe5 objects imm$iately pres5t to ! s5ses w\ld mean mu* m2 b our ?9k+ mu/ g f> beyond ! pres5t1 & likewise f> beyond individual objects4 ,x mu/ be able to annihilate bo? "t & space1 & to deal ) millions ( individuals toge!r 9 "o gr\p or class4 ,only 9 ?is way c our ?9k+ g beyond t ( ! l[] animals2 = a wise rat1 ev51 may come to see ! relation betwe5 a trap & dang]1 or a horse ! relation betwe5 pull+ ) 8 tee? at ! piece ( /r+ on ! gate lat*1 & secur+ 8 lib]ty4 ,b x takes ! f>!r-rea*+ m9d ( man to inv5t ! trap & ! lat*4 ,p]ception alone does n g f> en\gh4 ,x is limit$ to imm$iately pres5t objects & _! mo/ obvi\s relations4 ,! p]ceptual image is likewise subject to simil> limitations4 ,:ile x enables u to disp5se ) ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! object1 yet x deals ) sep>ate individuals2 & ! _w is too full ( individual objects = u to deal ) !m sep>ately4 ,x is 9 conception1 judgm5t1 & reason+ t true ?9k+ takes place4 ,our next purpose w !re=e be to /udy ^! some:at m closely1 & see h[ !y comb9e 9 our ?9k+4 #d4 ,,! ,,concept ,=tunately = our ?9k+1 ! great ext]nal _w1 ) its millions ^u millions ( individual objects1 is s ord]$ t ^! objects c be gr\p$ into comp>atively few great classes2 & = _m purposes we c deal ) ! class z a :ole in/ead ( ) ! sep>ate individuals ( ! class4 ,?us !re are an inf9ite numb] ( individual objects 9 ! _w :i* are compos$ ( matt]4 ,yet all ^! myriads ( individuals may be class$ "u ! two great heads ( inanimate & animate4 ,tak+ "o ( ^! aga93 all animate =ms may be class$ z ei!r plants or animals4 ,& ^! classes may aga9 be subdivid$ indef9itely4 ,animals include mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 insects1 mollusks1 & _m o!r classes besides1 ea* class ( :i* may be /ill fur!r sep>at$ into its ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 species1 & individuals4 ,?is arrangem5t economizes our ?9k+ by all[+ u to ?9k 9 l>ge t]ms4 ,,! ,,concepts ,,s]ve ,,to ,,gr\p ,,& ,,classify4--,b ! some:at complicat$ =m ( classification j describ$ did n come to man ready-made4 ,someone _h to see ! relation%ip exi/+ among ! myriads ( animals ( a c]ta9 class1 & gr\p ^! toge!r "u ! g5]al t]m mammals4 ,likewise ) birds1 reptiles1 insects1 & all ! re/4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 _m individuals ( ea* class _h to be obs]v$1 ! qualities common to all memb]s ( ! class discrim9at$ f ^? n common1 & ! common qualities reta9$ z ! measure by :i* to te/ ! admission ( o!r individuals into ?is class4 ,! process ( classification is made possible by :at ! psy*ologi/ calls ! concept4 ,! concept enables u to ?9k birds z well z bluebirds1 rob9s1 & wr5s2 x enables u to ?9k m5 z well z ,tom1 ,dick1 & ,h>ry4 ,9 o!r words1 ! concept lies at ! bottom ( all ?9k+ :i* rises above ! see+ ( ! simple/ relations betwe5 imm$iately pres5t objects4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,a ,,concept4--,we c p]haps be/ und]/& ! nature ( ! concept if we wat* its gr[? 9 ! ?9k+ ( a *ild4 ,let u see h[ ! *ild =ms ! concept dog1 "u :i* he is able f9ally to class ! sev]al hundr$ or ! sev]al ?\s& diff]5t dogs ) :i* 8 ?9k+ requires him to deal4 ,! *ild's fir/ acqua9tance ) a dog is1 let u suppose1 ) a pet poodle1 :ite 9 color1 & nam$ ,gyp4 ,at ?is /age 9 ! *ild's exp]i5ce1 dog & ,gyp are entirely synonym\s1 includ+ ,gyp's color1 size1 & all o!r qualities :i* ! *ild has discov]$4 ,b n[ let him see ano!r pet poodle :i* is l ,gyp except t x is black 9 color4 ,"h comes ! fir/ cleavage betwe5 ,gyp & dog z synonyms3 dog no long] means :ite1 b may mean black4 ,next let ! *ild see a br[n spaniel4 ,n only w :ite & black n[ no long] answ] to dog1 b ! roly-poly poodle =m also has be5 lo/2 = ! spaniel is m sl5d]4 ,let ! *ild g on f ?is until he has se5 _m diff]5t dogs ( all v>ieties3 poodles1 bulldogs1 sett]s1 %eph]ds1 cock]s1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,:at has happ5$ to 8 dog1 :i* at ! beg9n+ meant ! "o p>ticul> little individual ) :i* he play$8 ,dog is no long] :ite or black or br[n or gray3 color is n an ess5tial quality1 s x has dropp$ out2 size is no long] ess5tial except )9 v broad limits2 %agg9ess or smoo?ness ( coat is a v incon/ant quality1 s ?is is dropp$2 =m v>ies s mu* f ! fat pug to ! sl5d] h\nd t x is disc>d$1 except )9 broad limits2 good nature1 playfulness1 fri5dl9ess1 & a doz5 o!r qualities are likewise f\nd n to belong 9 common to all dogs1 & s h _h to g2 & all t is left to 8 dog is f\r-foot$ness1 & a c]ta9 g5]al =m1 & a few o!r dog qualities ( habit ( life & disposition4 ,z ! t]m dog has be5 ga9+ 9 ext5t1 t is1 z m individuals h be5 obs]v$ & class$ "u x1 x has correspond+ly be5 los+ 9 cont5t1 or x has be5 los+ 9 ! specific qualities :i* belong to x4 ,yet x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! process is altoge!r "o ( elim9ation2 = new qualities :i* are pres5t 9 all ! individuals ( a class1 b at fir/ ov]look$1 are cont9ually be+ discov]$ z exp]i5ce gr[s1 & built into ! develop+ concept4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,concept4--,a concept1 !n1 is our g5]al idea or notion ( a class ( individual objects4 ,its function is to enable u to classify our k1 & ?us deal ) classes or univ]sals 9 our ?9k+4 ,(t5 ! basis ( a concept consi/s ( an image1 z :5 y get a hazy visual image ( a mass ( p :5 ,i sugge/ mank9d to y4 ,yet ! core1 or ! vital1 function+ "p ( a concept is its mean+4 ,:e!r ?is mean+ atta*es to an image or a ^w or /&s relatively or completely indep5d5t ( ei!r1 does n s mu* matt]2 b our mean+s mu/ be "r1 else all our ?9k+ is wrong4 ,,language ,,& ,,! ,,concept4--,we ?9k 9 words4 ,none has fail$ to wat* ! fl[ ( 8 ?\ght z x is c>ri$ along by words l s _m little boats mov+ along ! m5tal /ream1 ea* ) its freight ( mean+4 ,& no "o has escap$ ! tempor>y balk+ ( 8 ?\ght by failure to f9d a suitable ^w to convey ! int5d$ mean+4 ,:at ! gramm>ian calls ! common n\ns ( our language are ! words by :i* we "n our concepts & are able to speak ( !m to o!rs4 ,we def9e a common n\n z ! "n ( a class1 & we def9e a concept z ! mean+ or idea we h ( a class4 ,x is easy to see t :5 we h nam$ ^! class ideas we h our li/ ( common n\ns4 ,! /udy ( ! language ( a p may !re=e reveal mu* ( _! type ( ?\ght4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,gr[+ ,,concepts4--,! developm5t ( our concepts con/itutes a l>ge "p ( our education4 ,= x is evid5t t1 s9ce ?9k+ re/s s fundam5tally on concepts1 progress 9 our m5tal life mu/ dep5d on a con/ant gr[? 9 ! numb] & "* ( our concepts4 ,n only mu/ we keep on add+ new concepts1 b ! old mu/ n rema9 /atic4 ,:5 our concepts /op gr[+1 our m9ds h ceas$ to gr[--we no long] le>n4 ,?is arre/ ( developm5t is (t5 se5 9 p]sons :o h settl$ into a life ( n>r[ r\t9e1 :]e ! dem&s are few & ( a simple nature4 ,unless !y rise above _! r\t9e1 !y e>ly become old fogies4 ,_! concepts petrify f lack ( use & ! con/ant recon/ruction :i* gr[? necessitates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p]son :o has ^u him ! con/ant dem& to meet new situations or d bett] 9 old ones w keep on enri*+ 8 old concepts & =m+ new ones1 or else1 unable to d ?is1 he w fail 9 8 position4 ,& ! p]son :o keeps on /eadily enri*+ 8 concepts has discov]$ ! secret ( p]petual y\? s f> z 8 m5tal life is conc]n$4 ,= him !re is no old age2 8 ?\ght w be always fre%1 8 exp]i5ce always accumulat+1 & 8 k gr[+ m valuable & usable4 #e4 ,,judgm5t ,b 9 ! build+ up ( p]cepts & concepts1 z well z 9 mak+ use ( !m aft] !y are =m$1 ano!r process ( ?9k+ ent]s2 namely1 ! process ( judg+4 ,,nature ,,( ,,judgm5t4--,judg+ ent]s m or less into all our ?9k+1 f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex4 ,! babe lies />+ at 8 bottle1 & f9ally x dawns on 8 sluggi% m9d t ?is is ! object f :i* he gets 8 d9n]4 ,he has p]=m$ a judgm5t4 ,t is1 he has alt]nately direct$ 8 att5tion to ! object be=e him & to 8 image ( =m] nurs+1 discov]$ ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! two1 & affirm$ to himself1 ,?is is :at gives me my d9n]4 ,bottle & :at-gives-me-my-d9n] are ess5tially id5tical to ! *ild4 ,judgm5t is1 !n1 ! affirmation ( ! ess5tial id5tity ( mean+ ( two objects ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 if ! proposition 9 :i* we /ate our judgm5t has 9 x a negative1 ! def9ition w /ill hold1 = ! m5tal process is ! same 9 ei!r case4 ,x is z mu* a judgm5t if we say1 ,! day is n-cold1 z if we say1 ,! day is cold4 ,,judgm5t ,,us$ ,,9 ,,p]cepts ,,& ,,concepts4--,h[ judgm5t ent]s into ! =m+ ( our p]cepts may be se5 f ! illu/ration j giv54 ,! act by :i* ! *ild p]ceiv$ 8 bottle _h 9 x a l>ge elem5t ( judg+4 ,he _h to comp>e two objects ( ?\ght--! "o f pa/ exp]i5ce 9 ! =m ( images1 & ! o!r f ! pres5t object1 9 ! =m ( s5sations f ! bottle--& !n affirm _! ess5tial id5tity4 ,( c\rse x is n meant t :at ,i h describ$ consci\sly takes place 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild2 b "s su* process lies at ! bottom ( e p]ception1 :e!r ( ! *ild or anyone else4 ,likewise x may be se5 t ! =m+ ( concepts dep5ds on judgm5t4 ,e "t t we meet a new object :i* has to be assign$ its place 9 our classification1 judgm5t is requir$4 ,suppose ! *ild1 ) 8 immature concept dog1 sees = ! fir/ "t a greyh\nd4 ,he mu/ comp>e ?is new specim5 ) 8 concept dog1 & decide t ?is is or is n a dog4 ,if he discov]s ! id5tity ( mean+ 9 ! ess5tials ( ! two objects ( ?\ght1 8 judgm5t w be affirmative1 & 8 concept w be modifi$ 9 :atev] ext5t greyh\nd w affect x4 ,,judgm5t ,,leads ,,to ,,g5]al ,,tru?s4--,b judgm5t goes mu* f>!r ?an to assi/ 9 build+ p]cepts & concepts4 ,x takes our concepts aft] !y are =m$ & discov]s & affirms relations betwe5 !m1 ?us enabl+ u f9ally to relate classes z well z individuals4 ,x c>ries our ?9k+ ov] into ! realm ( ! univ]sal1 :]e we are n hamp]$ by p>ticul>s4 ,let u see h[ ?is is done4 ,suppose we h ! concept man & ! concept animal1 & t we ?9k ( ^! two concepts 9 _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,! m9d analyzes ea* into its elem5ts1 comp>es !m1 & f9ds ! ess5tial id5tity ( mean+ 9 a suffici5t numb] to w>rant ! judgm5t1 man is an animal4 ,?is judgm5t has giv5 a new bit ( k1 9 t x has discov]$ to u a new relation betwe5 two great classes1 & h5ce giv5 bo?1 9 s f>1 a new mean+ & a wid] def9ition4 ,& z ?is new relation does n p]ta9 to any p>ticul> man or any p>ticul> animal1 b includes all individuals 9 ea* class1 x has c>ri$ u ov] into univ]sals1 s t we h a g5]al tru? & w n h to te/ ea* individual man h5ce=? to see :e!r he fits into ?is relation4 ,judgm5ts also1 z we w see lat]1 con/itute ! mat]ial = our reason+4 ,h5ce ^u _! validity w dep5d ! validity ( our reason+4 ,,! ,,validity ,,( ,,judgm5ts4--,n[1 s9ce e judgm5t is made up ( an affirmation ( relation exi/+ betwe5 two t]ms1 x is evid5t t ! validity ( ! judgm5t w dep5d on ! ?or\ghness ( our k ( ! t]ms comp>$4 ,if we "k b few ( ! attributes ( ei!r t]m ( ! judgm5t1 ! judgm5t is cle>ly unsafe4 ,imp]fect concepts lie at ! basis ( _m ( our wrong judgm5ts4 ,a "y man compla9$ because 8 fri5d _h be5 expell$ f college = alleg$ misbehavior4 ,he said1 ,mr4 ,a---- 0 ! be/ boy 9 ! in/itution4 ,x is v evid5t t someone _h made a mi/ake 9 judgm5t4 ,surely no college w\ld want to expel ! be/ boy 9 ! in/itution4 ,ei!r my compla9ant or ! au?orities ( ! college _h fail$ to und]/& "o ( ! t]ms 9 ! judgm5t4 ,ei!r ,mr4 ,a---- or ! be/ boy 9 ! in/itution _h be5 wrongly int]pret$ by someone4 ,likewise1 "o p]son w say1 ,jones is a good man1 :ile ano!r w say1 ,jones is a rascal4 ,su* a discrepancy 9 judgm5t mu/ come f a lack ( acqua9tance ) ,jones or a lack ( k ( :at con/itutes a good man or a rascal4 ,no d\bt mo/ ( u are prone to make judgm5ts ) too little k ( ! t]ms we are comp>+1 & x is usually ^? :o h ! lea/ reason = confid5ce 9 _! judgm5ts :o are ! mo/ c]ta9 t !y _c be mi/ak54 ,! rem$y = faulty judgm5ts is1 ( c\rse1 9 mak+ ourselves m c]ta9 ( ! t]ms involv$1 & ?is 9 turn s5ds u back = a review ( our concepts or ! exp]i5ce ^u :i* ! t]ms dep5d4 ,x is evid5t t no two p]sons c h j ! same concepts1 = all h n _h ! same exp]i5ce out ( :i* _! concepts came4 ,! concepts may be nam$ ! same1 & may be ne>ly en\gh alike s t we c usually und]/& ea* o!r2 b1 aft] all1 ,i h m9e & y h y\rs1 & if we c\ld ea* see ! o!r's 9 _! true light1 no d\bt we %\ld save _m misund]/&+s & qu>rels4 #f4 ,,reason+ ,all ! m5tal processes :i* we h s f> describ$ f9d _! culm9ation & highe/ utility 9 reason+4 ,n t reason+ comes la/ 9 ! li/ ( m5tal activities1 & _c take place until all ! o!rs h be5 complet$1 = reason+ is 9 "s degree pres5t almo/ f ! dawn ( consci\sness4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reason+ ( ! *ild & t ( ! adult is l>gely "o ( degree--( rea*4 ,reason+ goes f>!r ?an any ( ! o!r processes ( cognition1 = x takes ! relations express$ 9 judgm5ts & out ( ^! relations evolves /ill o!r & m ultimate relations4 ,,nature ,,( ,,reason+4--,x is h>d to def9e reason+ s z to describe ! precise process :i* occurs2 = x is s int]m+l$ ) p]ception1 conception1 & judgm5t1 t "o c h>dly sep>ate !m ev5 = purposes ( analysis1 mu* less to sep>ate !m functionally4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 def9e reason+ provisionally z ?9k+ by means ( a s]ies ( judgm5ts ) ! purpose ( arriv+ at "s def9ite end or conclusion4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,pr(essor ,angell has /at$ ! matt] s cle>ly t ,i w quote 8 illu/ration ( ! case3 ,suppose t we are ab\t to make a long j\rney :i* necessitates ! *oice f among a numb] ( possible r\tes4 ,?is is a case ( ! g5u9ely problematic k9d4 ,x requires reflection1 a weigh+ ( ! pros & cons1 & giv+ ( ! f9al decision 9 favor ( "o or o!r ( sev]al alt]natives4 ,9 su* a case ! proc$ure ( mo/ ( u is aft] ?is ord]4 ,we ?9k ( "o r\te z be+ picturesque & :olly novel1 b also z be+ exp5sive4 ,we ?9k ( ano!r z less int]e/+1 b also z less exp5sive4 ,a ?ird is1 we discov]1 ! mo/ exp$i5t1 b also ! mo/ co/ly ( ! ?ree4 ,we f9d ourselves confront$1 !n1 ) ! necessity ( *oos+ ) reg>d to ! relative m]its ( *eapness1 beauty1 & spe$4 ,we proce$ to consid] ^! po9ts 9 ! light ( all our int]e/s1 & ! decision m or less makes itself4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 t we mu/1 "u ! circum/ances1 select ! *eape/ r\te4 ,,h[ ,,judgm5ts ,,function ,,9 ,,reason+4--,su* a l9e ( ?9k+ is v common to ev]yone1 & "o t we c>ry out 9 "o =m or ano!r a ?\s& times e day we live4 ,:5 we come to look closely at ! /eps involv$ 9 arriv+ at a conclusion1 we detect a s]ies ( judgm5ts--(t5 n v logically arrang$1 to be sure1 b yet s relat$ t ! result is safely rea*$ 9 ! end4 ,we comp>e our concept (1 say1 ! fir/ r\te & our concept ( picturesqu5ess1 decide !y agree1 & affirm ! judgm5t1 ,?is r\te is picturesque4 ,likewise we arrive at ! judgm5t1 ,?is r\te is also exp5sive1 x is int]e/+1 etc4 ,!n we take ! o!r r\tes & =m our judgm5ts conc]n+ !m4 ,^! judgm5ts are all relat$ to ea* o!r 9 "s way1 "s ( !m be+ m intimately relat$ ?an o!rs4 ,:i* judgm5ts rema9 z ! significant ones1 ! ones :i* are us$ to solve ! problem f9ally1 dep5ds on :i* concepts are ! mo/ vital = u ) ref]5ce to ! ultimate end 9 view4 ,if "t is ! *ief elem5t1 !n ! =m ( our reason+ w\ld be some?+ l ?is3 ,two ( ! r\tes require m ?an ?ree days3 h5ce ,i mu/ take ! ?ird r\te4 ,if economy is ! important end1 ! solution w\ld be z foll[s3 ,two r\tes co/ m ?an #a1jjj2 ,i _c af=d to pay m ?an #hjj2 ,i !re=e mu/ patronize ! ?ird r\te4 ,9 bo? cases x is evid5t t ! conclusion is rea*$ ?r\gh a comp>ison ( two or m judgm5ts4 ,?is is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 judgm5t & reason+4 ,:]eas judgm5t discov]s relations betwe5 concepts1 reason+ discov]s relations betwe5 judgm5ts1 & f ?is evolves a new judgm5t :i* is ! conclusion s\ght4 ,! example giv5 well illu/rates ! ord9>y me?od by :i* we reason to conclusions4 ,,d$uction ,,& ,,! ,,syllogism4--,logic may take ! conclusion1 ) ! two judgm5ts on :i* x is bas$1 & =m ! ?ree into :at is call$ a syllogism1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a classical type3 ,all m5 are mortal2 ,socrates is a man1 ,!re=e ,socrates is mortal4 ,! fir/ judgm5t is 9 ! =m ( a proposition :i* is call$ ! major premise1 because x is g5]al 9 its nature1 includ+ all m54 ,! second is ! m9or premise1 s9ce x deals ) a p>ticul> man4 ,! ?ird is ! conclusion1 9 :i* a new relation is discov]$ betwe5 ,socrates & mortality4 ,?is =m ( reason+ is d$uctive1 t is1 x proce$s f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>4 ,mu* ( our reason+ is an abbreviat$ =m ( ! syllogism1 & w readily exp& into x4 ,= in/ance1 we say1 ,x w ra9 tonight1 = !re is lightn+ 9 ! we/4 ,exp&$ into ! syllogism =m x w\ld be1 ,lightn+ 9 ! we/ is a sure sign ( ra92 !re is lightn+ 9 ! we/ ?is ev5+2 !re=e1 x w ra9 tonight4 ,:ile we d n commonly ?9k 9 complete syllogisms1 x is (t5 conv5i5t to ca/ our reason+ 9 ?is =m to te/ its validity4 ,= example1 a fallacy lurks 9 ! g5]alization1 ,lightn+ 9 ! we/ is a sure sign ( ra94 ,h5ce ! conclusion is ( d\btful validity4 ,,induction4--,d$uction is a valuable =m ( reason+1 b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t some?+ mu/ prec$e ! syllogism 9 our reason+4 ,! major premise mu/ be acc\nt$ =4 ,h[ are we able to say t all m5 are mortal1 & t lightn+ 9 ! we/ is a sure sign ( ra98 ,h[ 0 ?is g5]al tru? arriv$ at8 ,!re is only "o way1 namely1 ?r\gh ! obs]vation ( a l>ge numb] ( p>ticul> in/ances1 or ?r\gh induction4 ,induction is ! me?od ( proce$+ f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al4 ,_m m5 are obs]v$1 & x is f\nd t all :o h be5 obs]v$ h di$ "u a c]ta9 age4 ,x is true t n all m5 h be5 obs]v$ to die1 s9ce _m are n[ liv+1 & _m m w no d\bt come & live 9 ! _w :om we _c obs]ve1 s9ce mortality w h ov]tak5 u be=e _! adv5t4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$ t ! m5 n[ liv+ h n yet liv$ up to ! limit ( _! "t1 &1 besides1 !y h )9 !m ! causes work+ ^: inevitable effect has always be5 & always w be dea?2 likewise ) ! m5 yet unborn1 !y w possess ! same organism z we1 ^: v nature necessitates mortality4 ,9 ! case ( ! premonitions ( ra91 ! g5]alization is n s safe1 = !re h be5 exceptions4 ,lightn+ 9 ! we/ at night is n always foll[$ by ra91 nor c we f9d inh]5t causes z 9 ! o!r case :i* necessitates ra9 z an effect4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,broad ,,induction4--,?us x is se5 t our g5]alizations1 or major premises1 are ( all degrees ( validity4 ,9 ! case ( "s1 z ! mortality ( man1 millions ( cases h be5 obs]v$ & no exceptions f\nd1 b on ! contr>y1 causes discov]$ ^: op]ation r5d]s ! result inevitable4 ,9 o!rs1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! g5]alization once made1 ,all clov5-foot$ animals *ew _! cud1 n only _h ! exam9ation ( individual cases n be5 c>ri$ s f> z 9 ! =m] case :5 ! g5]alization 0 made1 b !re 7 f\nd no inh]5t causes resid+ 9 clov5-foot$ animals :i* make x necess>y = !m to *ew _! cud4 ,t is1 clov5 feet & cud-*ew+ d n ( necessity g toge!r1 & ! case ( ! pig disproves ! g5]alization4 ,9 practically no in/ance1 h[ev]1 is x possible = u to exam9e e case ^u :i* a g5]alization is bas$2 aft] exam9+ a suffici5t numb] ( cases1 & p>ticul>ly if !re are support+ causes1 we are w>rant$ 9 mak+ ! inductive leap1 or 9 proce$+ at once to /ate our g5]alization z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,( c\rse x is easy to see t if we h a wrong g5]alization1 if our major premise is invalid1 all t foll[s 9 our *a9 ( reason+ w be wor?less4 ,?is fact %\ld r5d] u c>eful 9 mak+ g5]alizations on too n>r[ a basis ( induction4 ,we may h obs]v$ t c]ta9 r$-hair$ p ( our acqua9tance are quick-temp]$1 b we are n ju/ifi$ f ?is 9 mak+ ! g5]al /atem5t t all r$-hair$ p are quick-temp]$4 ,n only h we n exam9$ a suffici5t numb] ( cases to w>rant su* a conclusion1 b we h f\nd 9 ! r$ hair n ev5 a cause ( quick temp]1 b only an occasional concomitant4 ,,! ,,int]relation ,,( ,,induction ,,& ,,d$uction4--,induction & d$uction mu/ g h& 9 h& 9 build+ up our _w ( k4 ,induction gives u ! p>ticul> facts out ( :i* our sy/em ( k is built1 furni%es u ) ! data out ( :i* g5]al tru?s are =m$2 d$uction all[s u to />t ) ! g5]alization furni%$ u by induction1 & f ?is vantage gr\nd to organize & sy/ematize our k &1 ?r\gh ! discov]y ( its relations1 to unify x & make x usable4 ,d$uction />ts ) a g5]al tru? & asks ! "q1 ,:at new relations are made necess>y among p>ticul> facts by ?is tru?8 ,induction />ts ) p>ticul>s1 & asks ! "q1 ,to :at g5]al tru? d ^! sep>ate facts lead8 ,ea* me?od ( reason+ ne$s ! o!r4 ,d$uction mu/ h induction to furni% ! facts = its premises2 induction mu/ h d$uction to organize ^! sep>ate facts into a unifi$ body ( k4 ,he only sees well :o sees ! :ole 9 ! p>ts1 & ! p>ts 9 ! :ole4 #g4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,wat* y\r own ?9k+ = examples ( ea* ( ! f\r types describ$4 ,obs]ve a class ( *ildr5 9 a recitation or at /udy & try to decide :i* type is be+ employ$ by ea* *ild4 ,:at proportion ( ! "t suppos$ly giv5 to /udy is giv5 ov] to *ance or idle ?9k+8 ,to assimilative ?9k+8 ,to delib]ative ?9k+8 #b4 ,obs]ve *ildr5 at "w 9 s*ool ) ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r !y are be+ taught to ?9k1 or only to memorize c]ta9 facts4 ,d y f9d t def9itions ^: mean+ is n cle> are (t5 requir$ ( *ildr58 ,:i* %\ld come fir/1 ! def9ition or ! mean+ & application ( x8 #c4 ,x is ( c\rse evid5t f ! relation ( induction & d$uction t ! *ild's natural mode ( le>n+ a subject is by induction4 ,obs]ve ! tea*+ ( *ildr5 to det]m9e :e!r inductive me?ods are commonly us$4 ,outl9e an inductive lesson 9 ari?metic1 physiology1 geography1 civics1 etc4 #d4 ,:at concepts h y n[ :i* y are aw>e are v meag]8 ,:at is y\r concept ( m\nta98 ,h[ _m h y se58 ,h y any concepts :i* y are work+ v h>d to enri*8 #e4 ,recall "s judgm5t :i* y h made & :i* prov$ to be false1 & see :e!r y c n[ discov] :at 0 wrong ) x4 ,d y f9d ! tr\ble to be an inadequate concept8 ,:at con/itutes good judgm5t8 poor judgm5t8 ,did y ev] make a mi/ake 9 an example 91 say1 p]c5tage1 by say+ ,?is is ! base1 :5 x prov$ n to be8 ,:at 0 ! cause ( ! error8 #f4 ,c y recall any in/ance 9 :i* y made too ha/y a g5]alization :5 y _h obs]v$ b few cases ^u :i* to base y\r premise8 ,:at ( y\r reason+ :i* foll[$8 #g4 ,see :e!r y c %[ t validity ( reason+ re/s ultimately on correct p]ceptions4 ,:at are y do+ at pres5t to increase y\r p[] ( ?9k+8 #h4 ,h[ ought ?is *apt] to help "o 9 mak+ a bett] tea*]8 ,a bett] /ud5t8 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,in/9ct ,no?+ is m wond]ful ?an nature's me?od ( end[+ ea* individual at ! beg9n+ ) all ! impulses1 t5d5cies & capacities t are to control & det]m9e ! outcome ( ! life4 ,! acorn has ! p]fect oak tree 9 its he>t2 ! complete butt]fly exi/s 9 ! grub2 & man at 8 highe/ p[]s is pres5t 9 ! babe at bir?4 ,education adds no?+ to :at h]$ity supplies1 b only develops :at is pres5t f ! fir/4 ,we are a "p ( a great unbrok5 procession ( life1 :i* began at ! beg9n+ & w g on till ! end4 ,ea* g5]ation receives1 ?r\gh h]$ity1 ! products ( ! long exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* ! race has pass$4 ,! g5]ation receiv+ ! gift today lives its own brief life1 makes its own little contribution to ! sum total & !n passes on z millions h done be=e4 ,?r\gh h]$ity1 ! a*ievem5ts1 ! passions1 ! fe>s1 & ! trag$ies ( g5]ations long s9ce mold]$ to du/ /ir our blood & tone our n]ves = ! conflict ( today4 #a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,in/9ct ,e *ild born into ! _w has re/+ ^u him an unse5 h& rea*+ out f ! pa/1 pu%+ him out to meet 8 environm5t1 & guid+ him 9 ! />t ^u 8 j\rney4 ,?is impell+ & guid+ p[] f ! pa/ we call in/9ct4 ,9 ! words ( ,mosso3 ,in/9ct is ! voice ( pa/ g5]ations rev]b]at+ l a di/ant e*o 9 ! cells ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,we feel ! brea?1 ! advice1 ! exp]i5ce ( all m51 f ^? :o liv$ on acorns & /ruggl$ l wild bea/s1 dy+ nak$ 9 ! =e/s1 d[n to ! virtue & toil ( our fa!r1 ! fe> & love ( our "m4 ,,! ,,babe',s ,,dep5d5ce ,,on ,,in/9ct4--,! *ild is born ignorant & helpless4 ,x has no memory1 no reason1 no imag9ation4 ,x has nev] p]=m$ a consci\s act1 & does n "k h[ to beg94 ,x mu/ get />t$1 b h[8 ,x has no exp]i5ce to direct x1 & is unable to und]/& or imitate o!rs ( its k9d4 ,x is at ?is po9t t in/9ct comes to ! rescue4 ,! race has n giv5 ! *ild a m9d ready made--t mu/ develop2 b x has giv5 him a ready-made n]v\s sy/em1 ready to respond ) ! prop] movem5ts :5 x receives ! t\* ( its environm5t ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,& ?is n]v\s sy/em has be5 s tra9$ dur+ a limitless pa/ t its responses are ! ones :i* are necess>y = ! welf>e ( its own]4 ,x c d a hundr$ ?+s )\t hav+ to wait to le>n !m4 ,burdette says ( ! new-born *ild1 ,nobody told him :at to d4 ,nobody taught him4 ,he knew4 ,plac$ sudd5ly on ! gue/ li/ ( ?is old c>avans>y1 he knew 8 way at once to two places 9 x--8 b$room & ! d9+-room4 ,a ?\s& g5]ations ( babies _h done ! same ?+ 9 ! same way1 & ea* _h made x a little easi] = ?is p>ticul> baby to d 8 "p )\t le>n+ h[4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,in/9ct4--,in/9cts are ! t5d5cy to act 9 c]ta9 def9ite ways1 )\t previ\s education & )\t a consci\s end 9 view4 ,!y are a t5d5cy to act2 = "s movem5t1 or motor adju/m5t1 is ! response to an in/9ct4 ,!y d n require previ\s education1 = none is possible ) _m in/9ctive acts3 ! duck does n h to be taught to swim or ! baby to suck4 ,!y h no consci\s end 9 view1 ?\gh ! result may be highly desirable4 ,says ,james3 ,! cat runs aft] ! m\se1 runs or %[s fight be=e ! dog1 avoids fall+ f walls & trees1 %uns fire & wat]1 etc41 n because he has any notion ei!r ( life or dea?1 or ( self1 or ( pres]vation4 ,he has probably atta9$ to no "o ( ^! conceptions 9 su* a way z to react def9itely ^u x4 ,he acts 9 ea* case sep>ately1 & simply because he _c help x2 be+ s fram$ t :5 t p>ticul> runn+ ?+ call$ a m\se appe>s 9 8 field ( vision he mu/ pursue2 t :5 t p>ticul> b>k+ & ob/rep]\s ?+ call$ a dog appe>s he mu/ retire1 if at a di/ance1 & scrat* if close by2 t he mu/ )draw 8 feet f wat] & 8 face f flame1 etc4 ,8 n]v\s sy/em is to a great ext5t a pre-organiz$ bundle ( su* reactions4 ,!y are z fatal z sneez+1 & exactly correlat$ to _! special excitants z x to its own4#f ,y ask1 ,:y does ! l>k rise on ! fla% ( a sunbeam f 8 mead[ to ! morn+ sky1 leav+ a trail ( melody to m>k 8 flight8 ,:y does ! beav] build 8 dam1 & ! oriole hang h] ne/8 ,:y are myriads ( animal =ms on ! e>? today do+ :at !y 7 c\ntless g5]ations ago8 ,:y does ! lov] seek ! maid1 & ! "m *]i% h] "y8 ,because ! voice ( ! pa/ speaks to ! pres5t1 & ! pres5t has no *oice b to obey4 ,,in/9cts ,,are ,,racial ,,habits4--,in/9cts are ! habits ( ! race :i* x bequea?s to ! individual2 ! individual takes ^! = 8 />t1 & !n modifies !m ?r\gh education1 & ?us adapts himself to 8 environm5t4 ,?r\gh 8 in/9cts1 ! individual is enabl$ to %ort-cut racial exp]i5ce1 & beg9 at once on life activities :i* ! race has be5 ages 9 acquir+4 ,in/9ct pres]ves to u :at ! race has a*iev$ 9 exp]i5ce1 & s />ts u out :]e ! race left (f4 ,,unmodifi$ ,,in/9ct ,,is ,,bl9d4--,_m ( ! l[] animal =ms act on in/9ct bl9dly1 unable to use pa/ exp]i5ce to guide _! acts1 incapable ( education4 ,"s ( !m c>ry out seem+ly m>vel\s activities1 yet _! acts are z automatic z ^? ( a ma*9e & z devoid ( =esight4 ,a species ( mud wasp c>efully selects clay ( j ! "r consi/5cy1 f9ds a some:at %elt]$ nook "u ! eaves1 & builds its ne/1 leav+ "o op5 door4 ,!n x seeks a c]ta9 k9d ( spid]1 & hav+ /ung x s z to b5umb )\t kill+1 c>ries x into ! new-made ne/1 lays its eggs on ! body ( ! spid] s t ! "y wasps may h food imm$iately ^u hat*+ out1 !n goes out & pla/]s ! door ov] c>efully to exclude all intrud]s4 ,wond]ful intellig5ce8 ,n intellig5ce at all4 ,its acts 7 dictat$ n by plans = ! future1 b by pressure f ! pa/4 ,let ! supply ( clay fail1 or ! race ( spid]s become ext9ct1 & ! wasp is helpless & its species w p]i%4 ,likewise ! race ( bees & ants h done wond]ful ?+s1 b individual bees & ants are v /upid & helpless :5 confront$ by any novel conditions to :i* _! race has n be5 accu/om$4 ,man />ts 9 z bl9dly z ! l[] animals2 b1 ?anks to 8 high] m5tal p[]s1 ?is bl9dness soon gives way to =esight1 & he is able to =mulate purposeful ends & adapt 8 activities to _! accompli%m5t4 ,possess+ a l>g] numb] ( in/9cts ?an ! l[] animals h1 man f9ds possible a great] numb] ( responses to a m complex environm5t ?an d !y4 ,?is advantage1 c\pl$ ) 8 ability to recon/ruct 8 exp]i5ce 9 su* a way t he secures con/antly increas+ control ov] 8 environm5t1 easily makes man ! sup]ior ( all ! animals1 & enables him to exploit !m = 8 own fur!r advancem5t4 #b4 ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,& ,,disappe>ance ,,( ,,in/9cts ,no *ild is born ) all its in/9cts ripe & ready = action4 ,yet ea* individual conta9s )9 8 own inn] nature ! law :i* det]m9es ! ord] & "t ( _! developm5t4 ,,in/9cts ,,appe> ,,9 ,,succession ,,z ,,requir$4--,x is n well t we %\ld be />t$ on too _m diff]5t l9es ( activity at once1 h5ce our in/9cts d n all appe> at ! same "t4 ,only z fa/ z we ne$ additional activities d !y rip54 ,our v e>lie/ activities are conc]n$ *iefly ) fe$+1 h5ce we fir/ h ! in/9cts :i* prompt u to take our food & to cry = x :5 we are hungry4 ,also we f9d useful su* abbreviat$ in/9cts1 call$ reflexes1 z sneez+1 snuffl+1 gagg+1 vomit+1 />t+1 etc42 h5ce we h ! in/9cts enabl+ u to d ^! ?+s4 ,soon comes ! "t = tee?+1 &1 to help ! matt] along1 ! in/9ct ( bit+ ent]s1 & ! rubb] r+ is 9 dem&4 ,! "t approa*es :5 we are to fe$ ourselves1 s ! in/9ct arises to c>ry ev]y?+ to ! m\?4 ,n[ we h gr[n /rong & mu/ assume an erect attitude1 h5ce ! in/9ct to sit up & !n to /&4 ,locomotion comes next1 & ) x ! in/9ct to creep & walk4 ,also a language mu/ be le>n$1 & we mu/ take "p 9 ! busy life ab\t u & d z o!r p d2 s ! in/9ct to imitate arises t we may le>n ?+s quickly & easily4 ,we ne$ a spur to keep u up to our be/ ef=t1 s ! in/9ct ( emulation em]ges4 ,we mu/ def5d ourselves1 s ! in/9ct ( pugnacity is born4 ,we ne$ to be cauti\s1 h5ce ! in/9ct ( fe>4 ,we ne$ to be inve/igative1 h5ce ! in/9ct ( curiosity4 ,mu* self-direct$ activity is necess>y = our developm5t1 h5ce ! play in/9ct4 ,x is be/ t we %\ld come to "k & s]ve o!rs1 s ! in/9cts ( sociability & sympa?y arise4 ,we ne$ to select a mate & c>e = (fspr+1 h5ce ! in/9ct ( love = ! o!r sex1 & ! p>5tal in/9ct4 ,?is is f> f a complete li/ ( our in/9cts1 & ,i h n tri$ to foll[ ! ord] ( _! developm5t1 b ,i h giv5 en\gh to %[ ! orig9 ( _m ( our life's mo/ important activities4 ,,_m ,,in/9cts ,,are ,,transitory4--,n only d in/9cts rip5 by degrees1 ent]+ our exp]i5ce "o by "o z !y are ne$$1 b !y drop out :5 _! "w is done4 ,"s1 l ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 are ne$$ our lifetime ?r\gh1 h5ce !y rema9 to ! end4 ,o!rs1 l ! play in/9ct1 s]ve _! purpose & disappe> or are modifi$ into new =ms 9 a few ye>s1 or a few mon?s4 ,! life ( ! in/9ct is always z transitory z is ! necessity = ! activity to :i* x gives rise4 ,no in/9ct rema9s :olly unalt]$ 9 man1 = x is con/antly be+ made ov] 9 ! light ( ea* new exp]i5ce4 ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation is modifi$ by k & exp]i5ce1 s t ! def5se ( ! man aga9/ ?reat5$ dang] w\ld be v diff]5t f t ( ! *ild2 yet ! in/9ct to protect oneself 9 "s way rema9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! in/9ct to romp & play is less p]man5t4 ,x may la/ into adult life1 b few middle-ag$ or old p c>e to race ab\t z d *ildr54 ,_! activities are occupi$ 9 o!r l9es1 & !y require less physical ex]tion4 ,contra/ ) ^! two examples su* in/9cts z suck+1 creep+1 & cry+1 :i* are mu* m fleet+ ?an ! play in/9ct1 ev54 ,) d5tition comes ano!r mode ( eat+1 & suck+ is no m s]viceable4 ,walk+ is a bett] mode ( locomotion ?an creep+1 s ! in/9ct to creep soon dies4 ,spee* is f\nd a bett] way ?an cry+ to attract att5tion to di/ress1 s ?is in/9ct drops out4 ,_m ( our in/9cts n only w\ld fail to be s]viceable 9 our lat] lives1 b w\ld be positively 9 ! way4 ,ea* s]ves its day1 & !n passes ov] into s modifi$ a =m z n to be recogniz$1 or else drops out ( sight altoge!r4 ,,seem+ly ,,useless ,,in/9cts4--,inde$ x is difficult to see t "s in/9cts s]ve a useful purpose at any "t4 ,! pugnacity & gre$9ess ( *ildhood1 its fooli% fe>s1 ! ba%fulness ( y\?--^! seem to be ei!r useless or detrim5tal to developm5t4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! work+s ( in/9ct1 h[ev]1 we mu/ rememb] t x looks 9 two directions2 into ! future = its application1 & into ! pa/ = its explanation4 ,we %\ld n be surpris$ if ! exp]i5ces ( a long pa/ h left beh9d "s t5d5cies :i* are n v useful "u ! va/ly diff]5t conditions ( today4 ,nor %\ld we be too sure t an activity ^: precise function 9 relation to developm5t we _c discov] has no use at all4 ,ea* in/9ct mu/ be consid]$ n alone 9 ! light ( :at x means to its possessor today1 b ( :at x means to all 8 future developm5t4 ,! tail ( a polliwog seems a v useless app5dage s f> z ! adult frog is conc]n$1 yet if ! polliwog's tail is cut (f a p]fect frog nev] develops4 ,,in/9cts ,,to ,,be ,,utiliz$ ,,:5 ,,!y ,,appe>4--,a man may set ! /ream to turn+ 8 mill :eels today or wait = tw5ty ye>s--! p[] is !re ready = him :5 he wants x4 ,in/9cts mu/ be utiliz$ :5 !y pres5t !mselves1 else !y disappe>--nev]1 9 mo/ cases1 to return4 ,birds kept cag$ pa/ ! fly+ "t nev] le>n to fly well4 ,! hunt] mu/ tra9 8 sett] :5 ! "t is ripe1 or ! dog c nev] be dep5d$ ^u4 ,ducks kept away f ! wat] until full gr[n h almo/ z little incl9ation = x z *ick5s4 ,! *ild :om ! pressure ( circum/ances or unwise au?ority ( p>5ts keeps f m+l+ ) playmates & p>ticipat+ 9 _! plays & games :5 ! social in/9ct is /rong ^u him1 w 9 lat] life f9d himself a hopeless recluse to :om social duties are a bore4 ,! boy :o does n hunt & fi% & race & climb at ! prop] "t = ^! ?+s1 w f9d 8 ta/e = !m fade away1 & he w become w$d$ to a s$5t>y life4 ,! y\? & maid5 mu/ be p]mitt$ to dress up :5 ! impulse comes to !m1 or !y are likely ev] aft] to be c>eless 9 _! attire4 ,,in/9cts ,,z ,,/>t+ ,,po9ts4--,mo/ ( our habits h _! rise 9 in/9cts1 & all desirable in/9cts %\ld be seiz$ ^u & trans=m$ into habits be=e !y fade away4 ,says ,james 9 8 rem>kable *apt] on ,in/9ct3 ,9 all p$agogy ! great ?+ is to /rike :ile ! iron is hot1 & to seize ! wave ( ! pupils' int]e/ 9 ea* successive subject be=e its ebb has come1 s t k may be got & a habit ( skill acquir$--a headway ( int]e/1 9 %ort1 secur$1 on :i* aft]w>ds ! individual may float4 ,!re is a happy mom5t = fix+ skill 9 draw+1 = mak+ boys collectors 9 natural hi/ory1 & pres5tly dissectors & botani/s2 !n = initiat+ !m into ! h>monies ( me*anics & ! wond]s ( physical & *emical law4 ,lat]1 introspective psy*ology & ! metaphysical & religi\s my/]ies take _! turn2 &1 la/ ( all1 ! drama ( human affairs & worldly wisdom 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,9 ea* ( u a saturation po9t is soon rea*$ 9 all ^! ?+s2 ! impetus ( our purely intellectual zeal expires1 & unless ! topic is associat$ ) "s urg5t p]sonal ne$ t keeps our wits con/antly :ett$ ab\t x1 we settle into an equilibrium1 & live on :at we le>n$ :5 our int]e/ 0 fre% & in/9ctive1 )\t add+ to ! /ore4 ,!re is a tide 9 ! affairs ( m5 ,:i*1 tak5 at ! flood1 leads on to =tune2 ,omitt$1 all ! voyage ( _! life ,is b\nd 9 %all[s & 9 mis]ies4 ,,! ,,m ,,important ,,human ,,in/9cts4--,x w be impossible 9 ?is brief /atem5t to give a complete catalogue ( ! human in/9cts1 mu* less to discuss ea* 9 detail4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves !re=e ) nam+ ! m important in/9cts1 & f9ally discuss+ a few ( !m3 ,suck+1 bit+1 *ew+1 clasp+ objects ) ! f+]s1 c>ry+ to ! m\?1 cry+1 smil+1 sitt+ up1 /&+1 locomotion1 vocalization1 imitation1 emulation1 pugnacity1 res5tm5t1 ang]1 sympa?y1 hunt+ & fight+1 fe>1 acquisitiv5ess1 play1 curiosity1 sociability1 mode/y1 secretiv5ess1 %ame1 love1 & jeal\sy may be said to head ! li/ ( our in/9cts4 ,x w be impossible 9 our brief space to discuss all ( ?is li/4 ,only a few ( ! m important w be notic$4 #c4 ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,imitation ,no individual ent]s ! _w ) a l>ge en\gh /ock ( in/9cts to />t him do+ all ! ?+s necess>y = 8 welf>e4 ,in/9ct prompts him to eat :5 he is hungry1 b does n tell him to use a knife & =k & spoon2 x prompts him to use vocal spee*1 b does n say :e!r he %all use ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 or ,g]man2 x prompts him to be social 9 8 nature1 b does n specify t he %all say please & ?ank y1 & take (f 8 hat to ladies4 ,! race did n f9d ! specific modes 9 :i* ^! & _m o!r ?+s are to be done ( suffici5t importance to cry/allize !m 9 in/9cts1 h5ce ! individual mu/ le>n !m z he ne$s !m4 ,! simple/ way ( accompli%+ ?is is = ea* g5]ation to copy ! ways ( do+ ?+s :i* are foll[$ by ! old] g5]ation among :om !y are born4 ,?is is done l>gely ?r\gh imitation4 ,,nature ,,( ,,imitation4--,imitation is ! in/9ct to respond to a sugge/ion f ano!r by repeat+ 8 act4 ,! in/9ct ( imitation is active 9 ! ye>-old *ild1 x requires ano!r ye> or two to rea* its height1 !n x gradually gr[s less m>k$1 b cont9ues 9 "s degree ?r\gh\t life4 ,! "y *ild is practically helpless 9 ! matt] ( imitation4 ,in/9ct dem&s t he %all imitate1 & he has no *oice b to obey4 ,8 environm5t furni%es ! models :i* he mu/ imitate1 :e!r !y are good or bad4 ,be=e he is old en\gh = intellig5t *oice1 he has imitat$ a multitude ( acts ab\t him2 & habit has seiz$ ^u ^! acts & is weav+ !m into conduct & "*4 ,old] gr[n we may *oose :at we w imitate1 b 9 our e>li] ye>s we are at ! m]cy ( ! models :i* are plac$ be=e u4 ,if our "m tongue is ! fir/ we he> spok51 t w be our language2 b if we fir/ he> ,*9ese1 we w le>n t ) almo/ equal facility4 ,if :atev] spee* we he> is well spok51 correct1 & beautiful1 s w our language be2 if x is vulg>1 or incorrect1 or slangy1 our spee* w be ( ?is k9d4 ,if ! fir/ mann]s :i* s]ve u z models are co>se & boori%1 ours w resemble !m2 if !y are cultivat$ & ref9$1 ours w be l !m4 ,if our models ( conduct & morals are que/ionable1 our conduct & morals w be ( l type4 ,our mann] ( walk+1 ( dress+1 ( ?9k+1 ( say+ our pray]s1 ev51 orig9ates 9 imitation4 ,by imitation we adopt ready-made our social /&>ds1 our political fai?1 & our religi\s cre$s4 ,our views ( life & ! values we set on its atta9m5ts are l>gely a matt] ( imitation4 ,,individuality ,,9 ,,imitation4--,yet1 giv5 ! same model1 no two ( u w imitate precisely alike4 ,y\r acts w be y\rs1 & m9e w be m9e4 ,?is is because no two ( u h j ! same h]$ity1 & h5ce _c h precisely simil> in/9cts4 ,!re reside 9 our diff]5t p]sonalities diff]5t p[]s ( inv5tion & orig9ality1 & ^! det]m9e by h[ mu* ! product ( imitation w v>y f ! model4 ,"s rema9 imitators all _! lives1 :ile o!rs use imitation z a means to ! inv5tion ( bett] types ?an ! orig9al models4 ,! p]son :o is an imitator only1 lacks individuality & initiative2 ! nation :i* is an imitator only is /agnant & unprogressive4 ,:ile imitation mu/ be bl9d 9 bo? cases at fir/1 x %\ld be increas+ly intellig5t z ! individual or ! nation progresses4 ,,consci\s ,,& ,,unconsci\s ,,imitation4--,! mu*-quot$ dictum t all consci\sness is motor has a direct application to imitation4 ,x only means t we h a t5d5cy to act on :atev] idea occupies ! m9d4 ,?9k ( yawn+ or cle>+ ! ?roat1 & ! t5d5cy is /rong to d ^! ?+s4 ,we naturally respond to smile ) smile & to fr[n ) fr[n4 ,& ev5 ! impressions com+ to u f our mat]ial environm5t h _! influ5ce on our acts4 ,our response to ^! ideas may be a consci\s "o1 z :5 a boy purposely /utt]s 9 ord] to mimic an un=tunate companion2 or x may be unconsci\s1 z :5 ! boy unkn[+ly falls into ! habit ( /amm]+ f he>+ ?is k9d ( spee*4 ,! *ild may consci\sly seek to keep himself neat & clean s z to h>monize ) a pleasant & well-kept home1 or he may unconsci\sly become slov5ly & cross-temp]$ f liv+ 9 an ill-kept home :]e con/ant bick]+ is ! rule4 ,(t5 we delib]ately imitate :at seems to u desirable 9 o!r p1 b probably f> ! great] proportion ( ! sugge/ions to :i* we respond are receiv$ & act$ ^u unconsci\sly4 ,9 consci\s imitation we c select :at models we %all imitate1 & !re=e protect ourselves 9 s f> z our judgm5t ( good & bad models is valid4 ,9 unconsci\s imitation1 h[ev]1 we are con/antly respond+ to a /ream ( sugge/ions p\r+ 9 ^u u h\r aft] h\r & day aft] day1 ) no protection b ! lead+s ( our int]e/s z !y direct our att5tion n[ to ?is phase ( our environm5t1 & n[ to t4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t4--,no small "p ( ! influ5ces :i* mold our lives comes f our mat]ial environm5t4 ,good clo!s1 arti/ic homes1 beautiful pictures & decoration1 attractive p>ks & lawns1 well-kept /reets1 well-b\nd books--all ^! h a direct moral & educative value2 on ! o!r h&1 squalor1 disord]1 & ugl9ess are an inc5tive to ignorance & crime4 ,haw?orne tells 9 ,! ,great ,/one ,face ( ! boy ,erne/1 li/5+ to ! tradition ( a com+ ,wise ,man :o "o day is to rule ov] ! ,valley4 ,! /ory s9ks deep into ! boy's he>t1 & he ?9ks & dreams ( ! great & good man2 & z he ?9ks & dreams1 he sp5ds 8 boyhood days gaz+ across ! valley at a di/ant m\nta9 side ^: rocks & cliffs nature _h =m$ into ! outl9es ( a human face rem>kable = ! nobl5ess & b5ignity ( its expression4 ,he comes to love ?is ,face & looks ^u x z ! prototype ( ! com+ ,wise ,man1 until lo6 z he dwells ^u x & dreams ab\t x1 ! beautiful "* :i* its expression typifies gr[s into 8 own life1 & he himself becomes ! long-look$-= ,wise ,man4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,p]sonality4--,m p[]ful ?an ! influ5ce ( mat]ial environm5t1 h[ev]1 is t ( o!r p]sonalities ^u u--! t\* ( life ^u life4 ,a liv+ p]sonality conta9s a p[] :i* grips hold ( u1 electrifies u1 inspires u1 & compels u to new endeavor1 or else degrades & debases u4 ,none has fail$ to feel at "s "t ?is life-t\*1 & to bless or curse ! day :5 its influ5ce came ^u him4 ,ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly su* a p]sonality becomes our ideal & model2 we idolize x1 idealize x1 & imitate x1 until x becomes a "p ( u4 ,n only d we f9d ^! great p]sonalities liv+ 9 ! fle%1 b we f9d !m also 9 books1 f ^: pages !y speak to u1 & to ^: influ5ce we respond4 ,& n 9 ! great p]sonalities alone does ! p[] to influ5ce reside4 ,f e life :i* t\*es ours1 a /ream ( influ5ce great or small is ent]+ our life & help+ to mold x4 ,nor are we to =get t ?is influ5ce is reciprocal1 & t we are react+ ^u o!rs up to ! measure ( ! p[]s t are 9 u4 #d4 ,,! ,,in/9ct ,,( ,,play ,small use to be a *ild unless "o c play4 ,says ,k>l ,groos3 ,p]haps ! v exi/5ce ( y\? is due 9 "p to ! necessity = play2 ! animal does n play because he is "y1 b he is "y because he mu/ play4 ,play is a con/ant factor 9 all grades ( animal life4 ,! sw>m+ insects1 ! playful kitt51 ! frisk+ lambs1 ! rac+ colt1 ! d>t+ swall[s1 ! madd5+ aggregation ( blackbirds--^! are b illu/rations ( ! common impulse ( all ! animal _w to play4 ,:]ev] fre$om & happ9ess reside1 !re play is f\nd2 :]ev] play is lack+1 !re ! curse has fall5 & sadness & oppression reign4 ,play is ! natural role 9 ! p>adise ( y\?2 x is *ildhood's *ief occupation4 ,to toil )\t play1 places man on a level ) ! bea/s ( burd54 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,play4--,b :y is play s necess>y8 ,:y is ?is impulse s deep-root$ 9 our natures8 ,:y n compel our "y to exp5d _! b\ndless en]gy on productive labor8 ,:y all ?is wa/e8 ,:y h our *ild labor laws8 ,:y n %ut recesses f our s*ools1 & s save "t = "w8 ,is x true t all "w & no play makes ,jack a dull boy8 ,too true4 ,= pro( we ne$ b gaze at ! dull & lifeless faces ( ! prematurely old *ildr5 z !y p\r out ( ! factories :]e *ild labor is employ$4 ,we ne$ b foll[ ! *ildr51 :o h _h a playless *ildhood1 into a n>r[ & b>r5 manhood4 ,we ne$ b to trace back ! hi/ory ( ! dull & bruti% m5 ( today1 & f9d t !y 7 ! playless *ildr5 ( ye/]day4 ,play is z necess>y to ! *ild z food1 z vital z sun%9e1 z indisp5sable z air4 ,! keynote ( play is fre$om1 fre$om ( physical activity1 & m5tal initiative4 ,9 play ! *ild makes 8 own plans1 8 imag9ation has free re91 orig9ality is 9 dem&1 & con/ructive ability is plac$ "u tribute4 ,"h are develop$ a ?\s& t5d5cies :i* w\ld nev] f9d expression 9 ! n>r[ treadmill ( labor alone4 ,! *ild ne$s to le>n to "w2 b along ) 8 "w mu/ be ! opportunity = free & unre/rict$ activity1 :i* c come only ?r\gh play4 ,! boy ne$s a *ance to be a b>b>ian1 a h]o1 an ,indian4 ,he ne$s to ride 8 broom/ick on a dang]\s raid1 & to *>ge ) la? sword ! r$\bts ( a /ubborn enemy4 ,he ne$s to be a lead] z well z a foll[]4 ,9 %ort1 )\t 9 ! lea/ be+ aw>e ( x1 he ne$s to develop himself ?r\gh 8 own activity--he ne$s fre$om to play4 ,if ! *ild be a girl1 !re is no diff]5ce except 9 ! "* ( ! activities employ$4 ,,play ,,9 ,,developm5t ,,& ,,education4--,& x is precisely out ( ^! play activities t ! lat] & m s]i\s activities ( life em]ge4 ,play is ! gateway by :i* we be/ ent] ! v>i\s fields ( ! _w's "w1 :e!r our p>ticul> sph]e be t ( pupil or tea*] 9 ! s*oolroom1 ( man 9 ! busy m>ts ( trade or 9 ! pr(essions1 or ( f>m] or me*anic4 ,play br+s ! :ole self into ! activity2 x tra9s to habits ( indep5d5ce & individual initiative1 to /r5u\s & su/a9$ ef=t1 to endurance ( h>d%ip & fatigue1 to social p>ticipation & ! acceptance ( victory & defeat4 ,& ^! are ! qualities ne$$ by ! man ( success 9 8 vocation4 ,^! facts make ! play in/9ct "o ( ! mo/ important 9 education4 ,froebel 0 ! fir/ to recognize ! importance ( play1 & ! k9d]g>t5 0 an attempt to utilize its activities 9 ! s*ool4 ,! introduction ( ?is new factor into education has be5 att5d$1 z might be expect$1 by _m mi/akes4 ,"s h ?\ght to reca/ ! entire process ( education into ! =m ( games & plays1 & ?us to lead ! *ild to possess ! ,promis$ ,l& ?r\gh aimlessly *as+ butt]flies 9 ! pleasant fields ( k4 ,x is ne$less to say t !y h n succe$$4 ,o!rs h mi/ak5 ! %ad[ = ! sub/ance1 & introduc$ games & plays into ! s*oolroom :i* lack ! v fir/ elem5t ( play2 namely1 fre$om ( initiative & action on ! "p ( ! *ild4 ,educational !ori/s & tea*]s h inv5t$ games & occupations & taught !m to ! *ildr51 :o g ?r\gh ) !m mu* z !y w\ld ) any o!r task1 enjoy+ ! activity b miss+ ! developm5t :i* w\ld come ?r\gh a l>g] measure ( self-direction4 ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,are ,,complem5ts4--,"w _c take ! place ( play1 nei!r c play be sub/itut$ = "w4 ,nor are ! two antagoni/ic1 b ea* is ! complem5t ( ! o!r2 = ! activities ( "w gr[ imm$iately out ( ^? ( play1 & ea* l5ds ze/ to ! o!r4 ,^? :o h nev] le>n$ to "w & ^? :o h nev] le>n$ to play are equally lack+ 9 _! developm5t4 ,fur!r1 x is n ! "n or "* ( an activity :i* det]m9es :e!r x is play = ! p>ticipant1 b 8 attitude t[>d ! activity4 ,if ! activity is p]=m$ = its own sake & n = "s ult]ior end1 if x gr[s out ( ! int]e/ ( ! *ild & involves ! free & indep5d5t use ( 8 p[]s ( body & m9d1 if x is 81 & n someone's else--!n ! activity possesses ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( play4 ,lack+ ^!1 x _c be play1 :atev] else x may be4 ,play1 l o!r in/9cts1 besides s]v+ ! pres5t1 looks 9 two directions1 into ! pa/ & into ! future4 ,f ! pa/ come ! %ad[y int]e/s :i*1 tak+ =m f ! t\* ( our environm5t1 det]m9e ! "* ( ! play activities4 ,f ! future come ! premonitions ( ! activities t are to be4 ,! boy adju/+ himself to ! requirem5ts ( ! game1 seek+ control ov] 8 companions or giv+ 9 to !m1 is practic+ 9 m9iature ! l>g] game :i* he w play 9 bus9ess or pr(ession a little lat]4 ,! girl 9 h] playh\se1 surr\nd$ by a nondescript family ( dolls & pets1 is unconsci\sly look+ =w>d to a m p]fect life :5 ! responsibilities %all be a little m real4 ,s let u n grudge our *ildr5 ! play day ( y\?4 #e4 ,,o!r ,,useful ,,in/9cts ,_m o!r in/9cts rip5 dur+ ! /age ( y\? & play _! "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual4 ,,curiosity4--,x is inh]5t 9 e normal p]son to want to inve/igate & "k4 ,! *ild looks out ) wond] & fasc9ation on a _w he does n und]/&1 & at once beg9s to ask que/ions & try exp]im5ts4 ,e new object is approa*$ 9 a _s ( inquiry4 ,int]e/ is omnivor\s1 fe$+ ^u e phase ( environm5t4 ,no?+ is too simple or too complex to dem& att5tion & exploration1 s t x vitally t\*es ! *ild's activities & exp]i5ce4 ,! mom5tum giv5 ! individual by curiosity t[>d le>n+ & ma/]+ 8 _w is incalculable4 ,imag9e ! impossible task ( tea*+ *ildr5 :at !y _h no desire or incl9ation to "k6 ,?9k ( try+ to lead !m to inve/igate matt]s conc]n+ :i* !y felt only a supreme indiff]5ce6 ,inde$ "o ( ! greate/ problems ( education is to keep curiosity alive & fre% s t its compell+ influ5ce may promote ef=t & action4 ,"o ( ! greate/ secrets ( et]nal y\? is also f\nd 9 reta9+ ! spontane\s curiosity ( y\? aft] ! y\?ful ye>s are pa/4 ,,manipulation4--,?is is ! r unsatisfactory "n = ! univ]sal t5d5cy to h&le1 d or make some?+4 ,! "y *ild builds ) its blocks1 con/ructs f5ces & p5s & caves & h\ses1 & a score ( o!r objects4 ,! old] *ild1 suppli$ ) implem5ts & tools1 ent]s ^u m ambiti\s projects & revels 9 ! joy ( creation z he makes boats & boxes1 soldi]s & swords1 kites1 play-h\ses & :at-n4 ,ev5 z adults we are mov$ by a desire to express ourselves ?r\gh mak+ or creat+ t :i* w repres5t our +5uity & skill4 ,! t5d5cy ( *ildr5 to de/roy is n f wantonness1 b r f a desire to manipulate4 ,education has b rec5tly begun to make s]i\s use ( ?is important impulse4 ,! success ( all laboratory me?ods ( tea*+1 & ( su* subjects z manual tra9+ & dome/ic sci5ce1 is abundant pro( ( ! adage t we le>n by do+4 ,we w\ld r con/ruct or manipulate an object ?an m]ely le>n its v]bal description4 ,our deepe/ impulses lead to creation r ?an simple m5tal appropriation ( facts & descriptions4 ,,! ,,collect+ ,,in/9ct4--,! words my & m9e ent] ! *ild's vocabul>y at a v e>ly age4 ,! s5se ( prop]ty own]%ip & ! impulse to make collections ( v>i\s k9ds g h& 9 h&4 ,probably !re are few ( u :o h n at "o "t or ano!r made collections ( autographs1 po/age /amps1 co9s1 bugs1 or "s o!r ?+ ( z little intr9sic value4 ,& mo/ ( u1 if we h left y\? beh9d1 are busy ev5 n[ 9 seek+ to collect =tunes1 works ( art1 r>e volumes or o!r objects on :i* we h set our he>ts4 ,! collect+ in/9ct & ! impulse to own]%ip c be made important ag5ts 9 ! s*ool4 ,! *ild :o1 9 nature /udy1 geography or agriculture1 is mak+ a collection ( ! leaves1 plants1 soils1 fruits1 or insects us$ 9 ! lessons has an inc5tive to obs]vation & inve/igation impossible f book in/ruction alone4 ,"o :o1 9 manual tra9+ or dome/ic sci5ce1 is all[$ to own ! article made w give m ef=t & skill to its con/ruction ?an if ! "w be done z a m]e s*ool task4 ,,! ,,dramatic ,,in/9ct4--,e p]son is1 at "o /age ( 8 developm5t1 some?+ ( an actor4 ,all *ildr5 l to dress up & imp]sonate someone else--9 pro( ( :i*1 witness ! _m play sc5es 9 :i* ! "* ( nurse1 doctor1 pirate1 tea*]1 m]*ant or explor] is tak5 by *ildr5 :o1 "u ! /imulus ( _! spontane\s imag]y & z yet untrammel$ by self-consci\sness1 freely ent] into ! "* !y portray4 ,! dramatic impulse nev] :olly dies out4 ,:5 we no long] aspire to d ! act+ ourselves we h o!rs d x = u 9 ! !at]s or ! movies4 ,education f9ds 9 ! dramatic in/9ct a valuable aid4 ,progressive tea*]s are us+ x freely1 especially 9 ! tea*+ ( lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,its application to ^! fields may be greatly increas$1 & also ext5d$ m g5]ally to include religion1 morals1 & art4 ,,! ,,impulse ,,to ,,=m ,,gangs ,,& ,,clubs4--,few boys & girls gr[ up )\t belong+ at "s "t to a secret gang1 club or society4 ,usually ?is impulse gr[s out ( two diff]5t in/9cts1 ! social & ! adv5tur\s4 ,x is fundam5tal 9 our natures to wi% to be ) our k9d--n only our human k9d1 b ^? ( ! same age1 int]e/s & ambitions4 ,! love ( secrecy & adv5ture is also deep seat$ 9 u4 ,s we are clanni%2 & we love to d ! unusual1 to break away f ! commonplace & r\t9e ( our lives4 ,!re is (t5 a ?rill ( satisfaction--ev5 if x be lat] foll[$ by remorse--9 do+ ! =bidd5 or ! unconv5tional4 ,! problem "h z 9 ! case ( _m o!r in/9cts is "o ( guidance r ?an ( repression4 ,out ( ! gang impulse we may develop our a?letic teams1 our debat+ & dramatic clubs1 our tramp+ clubs1 & a score ( o!r recreational1 b5evol5t1 or social organizations4 ,n repression1 b prop] expression %\ld be our ideal4 #f4 ,,fe> ,probably 9 no in/9ct m ?an 9 t ( fe> c we f9d ! reflections ( all ! pa/ ages ( life 9 ! _w ) its manifold *anges1 its dang]s1 its trag$ies1 its suff]+s1 & its dea?s4 ,,fe> ,,h]$ity4--,! fe>s ( *ildhood are rememb]$ at e /ep1 & s are ! fe>s ?r\gh :i* ! race has pass$4 ,says ,*amb]la93 ,e ugly ?+ told to ! *ild1 e %ock1 e fright giv5 him1 w rema9 l spl9t]s 9 ! fle%1 to torture him all 8 life long4 ,! brave/ old soldi]1 ! mo/ d>+ "y reprobate1 is incapable ( =gett+ !m all--! masks1 ! bogies1 ogres1 hobgobl9s1 wit*es1 & wiz>ds1 ! ?+s t bite & scrat*1 t nip & te>1 t p9* & crun*1 ! ?\s& & "o imag9>y mon/]s ( ! "m1 ! nurse1 or ! s]vant1 h _h _! effect2 & hundr$s ( g5]ations h work$ to d5aturalize ! bra9s ( *ildr54 ,p]haps no animal1 n ev5 ^? mo/ susceptible to fright1 has beh9d x ! fe> h]$ity ( ! *ild4 ,presid5t ,hall calls att5tion to ! fact t night is n[ ! safe/ "t ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 s]p5ts are no long] our mo/ deadly enemies2 /rang]s are n to be fe>$2 nei!r are big eyes or tee?2 !re is no adequate reason :y ! w9d1 or ?und]1 or lightn+ %\ld make *ildr5 frantic z !y d4 ,b ! pa/ ( man =ev] seems to l+] 9 8 pres5t2 & ! *ild1 9 be+ afraid ( ^! ?+s1 is only summ+ up ! fe> exp]i5ces ( ! race & suff]+ all too _m ( !m 9 8 %ort *ildhood4 ,,fe> ,,( ,,! ,,d>k4--,mo/ *ildr5 are afraid 9 ! d>k4 ,:o does n rememb] ! t]ror ( a d>k room ?r\gh :i* he _h to pass1 or1 worse /ill1 9 :i* he _h to g to b$ alone1 & !re lie 9 cold p]spiration induc$ by a mortal agony ( fright6 ,! unus$ doors :i* w\ld n lock1 & ?r\gh :i* he expect$ to see ! gobl9 come =? to get him6 ,! d>k %ad[s back "u ! b$ :]e he 0 afraid to look = ! hidd5 mon/] :i* he 0 sure 0 hid+ !re & yet d>e n face6 ,! lonely lane ?r\gh :i* ! c[s 7 to be driv5 late at night1 :ile e f5ce corn] bri/l$ ) %apeless mon/]s ly+ 9 wait = boys6 ,& t hat$ d>k closet :]e he 0 %ut up until he c\ld le>n to be good6 ,& ! useless trapdoor 9 ! ceil+4 ,h[ (t5 h we la9 9 ! dim light at night & se5 ! lid lift j a peep = ogre eyes to pe] out1 &1 :5 ! t]ror 0 gr[+ beyond endurance1 close d[n1 only to lift once & aga91 until f %e] we>9ess & exhau/ion we fell into a tr\bl$ sleep & dream$ ( ! hide\s mon/] :i* inhabit$ ! unus$ g>ret6 ,tell me t ! old trapdoor nev] b5t its h+es 9 response to ei!r man or mon/] = tw5ty ye>s8 ,i "k x is true1 & yet ,i am n conv9c$4 ,my *ildi% fe>s h left a /rong] impression ?an pro( ( m]e facts c ev] ov]rule4 ,,fe> ,,( ,,be+ ,,left ,,alone4--,& ! fe> ( be+ left alone4 ,h[ big & dreadful ! h\se seem$ ) ! folks all gone6 ,h[ we sudd5ly made close fri5ds ) ! dog or ! cat1 ev51 9 ord] t ?is bit ( life might be ne> u6 ,or1 fail+ 9 ?is1 we h gone out to ! b>n among ! *ick5s & ! pigs & ! c[s1 & des]t$ ! empty h\se ) its torture ( lonel9ess4 ,:at 0 !re s t]rible 9 be+ alone8 ,i d n "k4 ,i "k only t to _m *ildr5 x is a torture m exquisite ?an ! adult organism is fitt$ to exp]i5ce4 ,b :y multiply ! recollections8 ,!y br+ a tremor to ! /ronge/ ( u today4 ,:o ( u w\ld *oose to live ?r\gh ^? *ildi% fe>s aga98 ,dream fe>s1 fe>s ( animals1 fe>s ( furry ?+s1 fe>s ( gho/s & ( dea?1 dread ( fatal diseases1 fe>s ( fire & ( wat]1 ( /range p]sons1 ( /orms1 fe>s ( ?+s unkn[n & ev5 unimag9$1 b all ! m fe>ful6 ,w\ld y all l to relive y\r *ildhood = its pleasures if y _h to take along ) !m its suff]+s8 ,w\ld ! race *oose to live its evolution ov] aga98 ,i d n "k4 ,b1 = my own "p1 ,i %\ld v mu* hesitate to turn ! h&s ( "t backw>d 9 ei!r case4 ,w\ld t ! adults at life's noonday1 9 rememb]+ ! *ildi% fe>s ( life's morn+1 might feel a sympa?y = ! *ildr5 ( today1 :o are n yet escap$ f ! bonds ( ! fe> in/9ct4 ,w\ld t all might seek to quiet e fooli% *ildi% fe>1 in/ead ( laugh+ at x or enhanc+ x6 #g4 ,,o!r ,,undesirable ,,in/9cts ,we are all provid$ by nature ) "s in/9cts :i*1 :ile !y may s]ve a good purpose 9 our developm5t1 ne$ to be suppress$ or at lea/ modifi$ :5 !y h done _! "w4 ,,selfi%ness4--,all *ildr51 & p]haps all adults1 are selfi%4 ,! little *ild w appropriate all ! c&y1 & give none to 8 playmate4 ,he w gr[ angry & fight r ?an all[ bro!r or si/] to use a favorite play?+4 ,he w dem& ! "m's att5tion & c>e ev5 :5 told t %e is tir$ or ill1 & n able to m9i/] to him4 ,b all ( ?is is true to nature &1 ?\gh x ne$s to be *ang$ to g5]osity & unselfi%ness1 is1 aft] all1 a vital factor 9 our natures4 ,= x is bett] 9 ! long run t ea* "o %\ld look out = himself1 r ?an to be s c>eless ( 8 own int]e/s & ne$s z to require help f o!rs4 ,! problem 9 education is s to balance selfi%ness & gre$ ) unselfi%ness & g5]osity t ea* s]ves z a *eck & a balance to ! o!r4 ,n elim9ation b equilibrium is to be our wat*word4 ,,pugnacity1 ,,or ,,! ,,fight+ ,,impulse4--,almo/ e normal *ild is a natural fight]1 j z e adult %\ld possess ! _s ( conque/4 ,! long hi/ory ( conflict ?r\gh :i* our race has come has left its m>k 9 our love ( combat4 ,! pugnacity ( *ildr51 especially ( boys1 is n s mu* to be deprecat$ & suppress$ z guid$ into "r l9es & r5d]$ subject to "r ideals4 ,! boy :o picks a qu>rel has be5 done a k9dness :5 giv5 a drubb+ t w *eck ?is t5d5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o :o risks battle 9 def5se ( a weak] comrade does no ignoble ?+4 ,*ildr5 ne$ v e>ly to be taught ! bas5ess ( fight+ = ! sake ( conflict1 & ! glory ( go+ d[n to defeat fight+ 9 a righte\s cause4 ,! _w c\ld well /& m ( ?is _s among adults6 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u !n he> ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! undesirable in/9cts d n ne$ enc\ragem5t4 ,x is bett] to let !m fade away f disuse1 or 9 "s cases ev5 by atta*+ puni%m5t to _! expression4 ,!y are e*oes f a di/ant pa/1 & n s]viceable 9 ?is bett] pres5t4 ,! desirable in/9cts we are to seize ^u & utilize z />t+ po9ts = ! developm5t ( useful int]e/s1 good habits1 & ! high] emotional life4 ,we %\ld take !m z !y come1 = _! appe>ance is a sure sign t ! organism is ready = & ne$s ! activity !y =e%ad[2 &1 fur!rmore1 if !y are n us$ :5 !y pres5t !mselves1 !y disappe>1 nev] to return4 #h4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,:at in/9cts h y notic$ develop+ 9 *ildr58 ,:at ones h y obs]v$ to fade away8 ,c y fix ! age 9 bo? cases8 ,apply ^! que/ions to y\r own developm5t z y rememb] x or c get x by tradition f y\r eld]s4 #b4 ,:at use ( imitation may be made 9 tea*+ 7#a7 lit]ature1 7#b7 composition1 7#c7 music1 7#d7 good mann]s1 7#e7 morals8 #c4 ,%\ld *ildr5 be taught to play8 ,make a li/ ( ! games y ?9k all *ildr5 %\ld "k & be able to play4 ,x has be5 said t x is z important = a p to be able to use _! leisure "t wisely z to use _! "w "t pr(itably4 ,:y %\ld ?is be true8 #d4 ,obs]ve ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 to discov] ! ext5t to :i* use is made ( ! con/ructive in/9ct4 ,! collect+ in/9ct4 ,! dramatic in/9ct4 ,describe a plan by :i* ea* ( ^! in/9cts c be successfully us$ 9 "s bran* ( /udy4 #e4 ,:at examples c y rec\nt f y\r own exp]i5ce ( consci\s imitation8 ( unconsci\s imitation8 ( ! influ5ce ( environm5t8 ,:at is ! application ( ! prec$+ "q to ! e/hetic quality ( our s*ool build+s8 #f4 ,h y ev] obs]v$ t *ildr5 "u a doz5 ye>s ( age usually _c be dep5d$ ^u = team "w 9 _! games8 ,h[ d y expla9 ?is fact8 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,feel+ ,,& ,,its ,,functions ,9 ! psy*ical _w z well z ! physical we mu/ meet & ov]come in]tia4 ,our lives mu/ be compell$ by motive =ces /rong en\gh to ov]come ?is natural in]tia1 & enable u besides to make headway aga9/ _m ob/acles4 ,! motive p[] t drives u consi/s *iefly ( our feel+s & emotions4 ,k1 cognition1 supplies ! rudd] t guides our %ip1 b feel+ & emotion supply ! p[]4 ,to conv9ce "o's head is1 !re=e1 n en\gh2 8 feel+s mu/ be /irr$ if y w\ld be sure ( mov+ him to action4 ,(t5 h we kn[n t a c]ta9 l9e ( action 0 "r1 b fail$ to foll[ x because feel+ l$ 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,:5 decision has be5 hang+ 9 ! balance we h pil$ on "o side obligation1 duty1 s5se ( "r1 & a doz5 o!r reasons = action1 only to h !m all outweigh$ by ! "o s+le3 ,x is disagreeable4 ,judgm5t1 reason1 & exp]i5ce may unite to tell u t a contemplat$ c\rse is unwise1 & imag9ation may reveal to u its disa/r\s consequ5ces1 & yet its pleasures s appeal to u t we yield4 ,our feel+s (t5 prove a /rong] motive ?an k & w comb9$2 !y are a factor con/antly to be reckon$ ) among our motives4 #a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,feel+ ,x w be our purpose 9 ! next few *apt]s to /udy ! affective cont5t ( consci\sness--! feel+s & emotions4 ,! pres5t *apt] w be devot$ to ! feel+s & ! "o t foll[s to ! emotions4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,feel+ ,,qualities4--,at lea/ six 7"s writ]s say ev5 m7 di/9ct & qualitatively diff]5t feel+ /ates are easily di/+ui%$4 ,^! are3 pleasure1 pa92 desire1 repugnance2 int]e/1 apa?y4 ,pleasure & pa91 & desire & repugnance1 are directly opposite or antagoni/ic feel+s4 ,int]e/ & apa?y are n opposites 9 a simil> way1 s9ce apa?y is b ! abs5ce ( int]e/1 & n its antagoni/4 ,9 place ( ! t]ms pleasure & pa91 ! pleasant & ! unpleasant1 or ! agreeable & ! disagreeable1 are (t5 us$4 ,av]sion is frequ5tly employ$ z a synonym = repugnance4 ,x is some:at h>d to believe on fir/ ?\ght t feel+ comprises b ! classes giv54 ,= h we n (t5 felt ! pa9 f a too?a*e1 f n be+ able to take a long-plann$ trip1 f ! loss ( a de> fri5d8 ,surely ^! are v diff]5t classes ( feel+s6 ,likewise we h be5 happy f ! v joy ( liv+1 f be+ prais$ = "s well-do+1 or f ! pres5ce ( fri5d or lov]4 ,& "h aga9 we seem to h widely diff]5t classes ( feel+s4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t feel+ is always bas$ on some?+ kn[n4 ,x nev] appe>s alone 9 consci\sness z m]e pleasures or pa9s4 ,! m9d mu/ h some?+ ab\t :i* to feel4 ,! :at mu/ prec$e ! h[4 ,:at we commonly call a feel+ is a complex /ate ( consci\sness 9 :i* feel+ pr$om9ates1 b :i* has1 nev]!less1 a basis ( s5sation1 or memory1 or "s o!r cognitive process4 ,& :at s greatly v>ies 9 ! diff]5t cases ( ! illu/rations j giv5 is precisely ?is k elem5t1 & n ! feel+ elem5t4 ,a feel+ ( unpleasantness is a feel+ ( unpleasantness :e!r x comes f an a*+ too? or f ! loss ( a fri5d4 ,x may diff] 9 degree1 & ! entire m5tal /ates ( :i* ! feel+ is a "p may diff] va/ly1 b ! simple feel+ itself is ( ! same quality4 ,,feel+ ,,always ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,cont5t4--,no phase ( our m5tal life is )\t ! feel+ elem5t4 ,we look at ! ra9b[ ) its beautiful & h>moni\s bl5d+ ( colors1 & a feel+ ( pleasure accompanies ! s5sation2 !n we turn & gaze at ! gl>+ sun1 & a disagreeable feel+ is ! result4 ,a /rong feel+ ( pleasantness accompanies ! exp]i5ce ( ! voluptu\s w>m? ( a cozy b$ on a cold morn+1 b ! plunge betwe5 ! icy %eets on ! prec$+ ev5+ 0 accompani$ by ! opposite feel+4 ,! t\* ( a h& may occasion a ?rill ( ec/atic pleasure1 or x may be accompani$ by a feel+ equally disagreeable4 ,& s on ?r\gh ! :ole range ( s5sation2 we n only "k ! v>i\s objects ab\t u ?r\gh s5sation & p]ception1 b we also feel :ile we "k4 ,cognition1 or ! kn[+ processes1 gives u our :ats2 & feel+1 or ! affective processes1 gives u our h[s4 ,:at is yond] object8 ,a b\quet4 ,h[ does x affect y8 ,pleasurably4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! simpl] s5sory processes :i* we h j consid]$1 we take ! m complex processes1 su* z memory1 imag9ation1 & ?9k+1 ! case is no diff]5t4 ,:o has n revel$ 9 ! pleasure accompany+ ! memories ( pa/ joys8 ,on ! o!r h&1 :o is free f all unpleasant memories--f regrets1 f pangs ( remorse8 ,:o has n dream$ away an h\r 9 pleasant anticipation ( "s desir$ object1 or sp5t a mis]able h\r 9 dread+ "s calamity :i* imag9ation pictur$ to him8 ,feel+ also accompanies our ?\ght processes4 ,ev]yone has exp]i5c$ ! feel+ ( ! pleasure ( intellectual victory ov] "s difficult problem :i* _h baffl$ ! reason1 or ov] "s d\btful case 9 :i* our judgm5t prov$ correct4 ,& likewise none has escap$ ! feel+ ( unpleasantness :i* accompanies intellectual defeat4 ,:atev] ! cont5ts ( our m5tal /ream1 we f9d 9 !m1 ev]y:]e pres5t1 a c]ta9 color ( pass+ e/imate1 an imm$iate s5se t !y are wor? some?+ to u at any giv5 mom5t1 or t !y !n h an int]e/ to u4 ,,! ,,seem+ ,,neutral ,,feel+ ,,zone4--,x is probable t !re is s little feel+ connect$ ) _m ( ! humdrum & habitual exp]i5ces ( our ev]yday lives1 t we are b slightly1 if at all1 aw>e ( a feel+ /ate 9 connection ) !m4 ,yet a /ate ( consci\sness ) absolutely no feel+ side to x is z un?9kable z ! obv]se side ( a co9 )\t ! rev]se4 ,"s sort ( feel+ tone or mood is always pres5t4 ,! wid? ( ! affective neutral zone--t is1 ( a feel+ /ate s little m>k$ z n to be discrim9at$ z ei!r pleasure or pa91 desire or av]sion--v>ies ) diff]5t p]sons1 & ) ! same p]son at diff]5t times4 ,x is condition$ l>gely by ! am\nt ( att5tion giv5 9 ! direction ( feel+1 & also on ! f95ess ( ! p[] ( feel+ discrim9ation4 ,x is safe to say t ! z]o range is usually s small z to be negligible4 #b4 ,,mood ,,& ,,disposition ,! sum total ( all ! feel+ accompany+ ! v>i\s s5sory & ?\ght processes at any giv5 "t results 9 :at we may call our feel+ tone1 or mood4 ,,h[ ,,mood ,,is ,,produc$4--,dur+ mo/ ( our wak+ h\rs1 &1 inde$1 dur+ our sleep+ h\rs z well1 a multitude ( s5sory curr5ts are p\r+ into ! cortical c5t]s4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t we c he> ! rumble ( a wagon1 ! *irp ( a cricket1 ! *att] ( di/ant voices1 & a hundr$ o!r s\nds besides4 ,at ! same "t ! eye is appeal$ to by an inf9ite v>iety ( /imuli 9 light1 color1 & objects2 ! sk9 responds to _m contacts & temp]atures2 & e o!r type ( end-organ ( ! body is act+ z a s5d] to telegraph a message 9 to ! bra94 ,add to ^! ! p[]ful curr5ts :i* are con/antly be+ s5t to ! cortex f ! visc]al organs--^? ( respiration1 ( circulation1 ( dige/ion & assimilation4 ,& !n f9ally add ! c5tral processes :i* accompany ! flight ( images ?r\gh our m9ds--our m$itations1 memories1 & imag9ations1 our cogitations & volitions4 ,?us we see :at a complex our feel+s mu/ be1 & h[ impossible to h any mom5t 9 :i* "s feel+ is n pres5t z a "p ( our m5tal /ream4 ,x is ?is complex1 n[ made up *iefly on ! basis ( ! s5sory curr5ts com+ 9 f ! end-organs or ! visc]al organs1 & n[ on ! basis ( ^? 9 ! cortex connect$ ) our ?\ght life1 :i* con/itutes ! entire feel+ tone1 or mood4 ,,mood ,,colors ,,all ,,our ,,?9k+4--,mood dep5ds on ! "* ( ! aggregate ( n]ve curr5ts ent]+ ! cortex1 & *anges z ! "* ( ! curr5t v>ies4 ,if ! curr5ts run on mu* ! same f h\r to h\r1 !n our mood is correspond+ly con/ant2 if ! curr5ts are v>iable1 our mood also w be v>iable4 ,n only is mood dep5d5t on our s5sations & ?\ghts = its quality1 b x 9 turn colors our entire m5tal life4 ,x s]ves z a backgr\nd or sett+ ^: hue is reflect$ ov] all our ?9k+4 ,let ! mood be somb] & d>k1 & all ! _w looks gloomy2 on ! o!r h&1 let ! mood be bright & *e]ful1 & ! _w puts on a smile4 ,x is told ( "o ( ! e>ly circuit rid]s among ! ,new ,engl& m9i/ry1 t he made ! foll[+ entries 9 8 di>y1 ?us well illu/rat+ ! po9t3 ,w$4 ,eve4 ,arriv$ at ! home ( ,bro4 ,br[n late ?is ev5+1 hungry & tir$ aft] a long day 9 ! saddle4 ,_h a b\ntiful supp] ( cold pork & beans1 w>m bread1 bacon & eggs1 c(fee1 & ri* pa/ry4 ,i g to re/ feel+ t my witness is cle>2 ! future is bright2 ,i feel call$ to a great & glori\s "w 9 ?is place4 ,bro4 ,br[n's family are godly p4 ,! next entry 0 z foll[s3 ,?ur4 ,morn4 ,awak5$ late ?is morn+ aft] a tr\bl$ night4 ,i am v mu* depress$ 9 s\l2 ! way looks d>k2 f> f feel+ call$ to "w among ?is p1 ,i am beg9n+ to d\bt ! safety ( my own s\l4 ,i am afraid ! desires ( ,bro4 ,br[n & 8 family are set too mu* on c>nal ?+s4 ,a dyspeptic is usually a pessimi/1 & an optimi/ always keeps a bright mood4 ,,mood ,,influ5ces ,,our ,,judgm5ts ,,& ,,decisions4--,! prattle ( *ildr5 may be grateful music to our e>s :5 we are 9 "o mood1 & excruciat+ly discordant noise :5 we are 9 ano!r4 ,:at appeals to u z a good practical joke "o day1 may seem a piece ( unw>rant$ imp]t95ce on ano!r4 ,a proposition :i* looks entirely plausible "u ! sangu9e mood induc$ by a p]suasive orator1 may appe> :olly unt5able a few h\rs lat]4 ,decisions :i* seem$ w>rant$ :5 we 7 9 an angry mood1 (t5 appe> unwise or unju/ :5 we h become m calm4 ,motives :i* easily impel u to action :5 ! _w looks bright1 fail to move u :5 ! mood is somb]4 ,! feel+s ( imp5d+ p]il & calamity :i* are an inevitable accompanim5t ( ! blues1 are spe$ily dissipat$ :5 ! sun breaks ?r\gh ! cl\ds & we are ourselves aga94 ,,mood ,,influ5ces ,,ef=t4--,a bright & hopeful mood quick5s e p[] & enhances e ef=t1 :ile a hopeless mood limits p[] & cripples ef=t4 ,! football team :i* goes into ! game disc\rag$ nev] plays to ! limit4 ,! /ud5t :o attacks 8 lesson "u ! conviction ( defeat c h>dly hope to succe$1 :ile ! "o :o ent]s ^u 8 "w confid5t ( 8 p[] to ma/] x has ! battle already half won4 ,! _w's be/ "w is done n by ^? :o live 9 ! %ad[ ( disc\ragem5t & d\bt1 b by ^? 9 ^: brea/ hope spr+s et]nal4 ,! optimi/ is a b5efactor ( ! race if = no o!r reason ?an ! %e] contagion ( 8 hopeful _s2 ! pessimi/ contributes nei!r to ! _w's welf>e nor its happ9ess4 ,y\?'s prov]bial en?usiasm & dauntless en]gy re/ ^u ! supreme hopefulness :i* *>act]izes ! mood ( ! "y4 ,= ^! reasons1 if = no o!r1 ! mood ( ! s*oolroom %\ld be "o ( happ9ess & good *e]4 ,,disposition ,a ,,resultant ,,( ,,moods4--,! sum total ( our moods gives u our disposition4 ,:e!r ^! are pleasant or unpleasant1 *e]ful or gloomy1 w dep5d on ! pr$om9at+ "* ( ! moods :i* ent] into !m4 ,z well expect to ga!r grapes ( ?orns or figs ( ?i/les1 z to secure a desirable disposition out ( undesirable moods4 ,a sunny disposition nev] comes f gloomy moods1 nor a hopeful "o out ( ! blues4 ,& x is our disposition1 m ?an ! p[] ( our reason1 :i*1 aft] all1 det]m9es our desirability z fri5ds & companions4 ,! p]son ( surly disposition c h>dly make a desirable companion1 no matt] :at 8 intellectual qualities may be4 ,we may live v happily ) "o :o _c foll[ ! reason+ ( a ,newton1 b x is h>d to live ) a p]son *ronically subject to black moods4 ,nor c we put ! responsibility = our disposition (f on our ance/ors4 ,x is n an inh]itance1 b a gr[?4 ,sl[ly1 day by day1 & mood by mood1 we build up our disposition until f9ally x comes to *>act]ize u4 ,,temp]am5t4--,"s are1 h[ev]1 m pr$ispos$ to c]ta9 types ( mood ?an are o!rs4 ,! organization ( our n]v\s sy/em :i* we get ?r\gh h]$ity und\bt$ly has mu* to d ) ! feel+ tone into :i* we mo/ easily fall4 ,we call ?is pr$isposition temp]am5t4 ,on ! effects ( temp]am5t1 our ance/ors mu/ divide ! responsibility ) u4 ,i say divide ! responsibility1 = ev5 if we f9d ourselves pr$ispos$ t[>d a c]ta9 undesirable type ( moods1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld give up to !m4 ,ev5 9 spite ( h]$it>y pr$ispositions1 we c /ill l>gely det]m9e = ourselves :at our moods are to be4 ,if we h a t5d5cy t[>d *e]ful1 quiet1 & optimi/ic moods1 ! psy*ologi/ names our temp]am5t ! sangu9e2 if we are t5se1 easily excit$ & irritable1 ) a t5d5cy t[>d sull5 or angry moods1 ! *ol]ic2 if we are giv5 to frequ5t fits ( ! blues1 if we usually look on ! d>k side ( ?+s & h a t5d5cy t[>d moods ( disc\ragem5t & ! dumps1 ! melan*olic2 if h>d to r\se1 & giv5 to indol5t & indiff]5t moods1 ! phlegmatic4 ,:atev] be our temp]am5t1 x is "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 our "*4 #c4 ,,p]man5t ,,feel+ ,,attitudes1 ,,or ,,s5tim5ts ,besides ! m or less transitory feel+ /ates :i* we h call$ moods1 !re exi/s also a class ( feel+ attitudes1 :i* conta9 m ( ! complex intellectual elem5t1 are )al ( r a high] nature1 & mu* m p]man5t ?an our moods4 ,we may call ^! our s5tim5ts1 or attitudes4 ,our s5tim5ts comprise ! some:at con/ant level ( feel+ comb9$ ) cognition1 :i* we "n sympa?y1 fri5d%ip1 love1 patriotism1 religi\s fai?1 selfi%ness1 pride1 vanity1 etc4 ,l our dispositions1 our s5tim5ts are a gr[? ( mon?s & ye>s4 ,unlike our dispositions1 h[ev]1 our s5tim5ts are relatively indep5d5t ( ! physiological und]tone1 & dep5d m l>gely ^u long-cont9u$ exp]i5ce & intellectual elem5ts z a basis4 ,a sluggi% liv] might ?r[ u into an irritable mood &1 if ! condition 7 long cont9u$1 might result 9 a surly disposition2 b x w\ld h>dly p]man5tly de/roy "o's patriotism & make him turn traitor to 8 c\ntry4 ,"o's feel+ attitude on su* matt]s is too deep seat$ to be modifi$ by *ang+ :ims4 ,,h[ ,,s5tim5ts ,,develop4--,s5tim5ts h _! beg9n+ 9 concrete exp]i5ces 9 :i* feel+ is a pr$om9ant elem5t1 & gr[ ?r\gh ! multiplication ( ^! exp]i5ces mu* z ! concept is develop$ ?r\gh _m p]cepts4 ,!re is a residual elem5t left beh9d ea* sep>ate exp]i5ce 9 bo? cases4 ,9 ! case ( ! concept ! residual elem5t is intellectual1 & 9 ! case ( ! s5tim5t x is a complex 9 :i* ! feel+ elem5t is pr$om9ant4 ,h[ ?is comes ab\t is easily se5 by means ( an illu/ration or two4 ,! "m fe$s h] *ild :5 he is hungry1 & an agreeable feel+ is produc$2 %e puts him into ! ba? & snuggles him 9 h] arms1 & ! exp]i5ces are pleasant4 ,! *ild comes to look ^u ! "m z "o ^: especial function is to make ?+s pleasant = him1 s he comes to be happy 9 h] pres5ce1 & long = h] 9 h] abs5ce4 ,he f9ally gr[s to love 8 "m n alone = ! c\ntless times %e has giv5 him pleasure1 b = :at %e h]self is4 ,! feel+s connect$ at fir/ :olly ) pleasant exp]i5ces com+ ?r\gh ! m9i/rations ( ! "m1 /r5g!n$ no d\bt by in/9ctive t5d5cies t[>d affection1 & lat] enhanc$ by a full] realization ( :at a "m's c>e & sacrifice mean1 gr[ at la/ into a deep1 =ceful1 abid+ s5tim5t ( love = ! "m4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,exp]i5ce4--,likewise ) ! s5tim5t ( patriotism4 ,9 s f> z our patriotism is a true patriotism & n a noisy clamor1 x _h its rise 9 feel+s ( gratitude & love :5 we contemplat$ ! de$s ( h]oism & sacrifice = ! flag1 & ! bless+s :i* come to u f our relations z citiz5s to our c\ntry4 ,if we h _h concrete cases br\ght to our exp]i5ce1 z1 = example1 our prop]ty sav$ f de/ruction at ! h&s ( a mob or our lives sav$ f a ho/ile =eign foe1 ! patriotic s5tim5t w be all ! /rong]4 ,s we may c>ry ! illu/ration into all ! s5tim5ts4 ,our religi\s s5tim5ts ( adoration1 love1 & fai? h _! orig9 9 our belief 9 ! c>e1 love1 & support f a high] ,be+ typifi$ to u z *ildr5 by ! c>e1 love1 & support ( our p>5ts4 ,pride arises f ! appreciation or ov]-appreciation ( oneself1 8 atta9m5ts1 or 8 belong+s4 ,selfi%ness has its g5esis 9 ! _m in/ances 9 :i* pleasure results f m9i/]+ to self4 ,9 all ^! cases x is se5 t our s5tim5ts develop out ( our exp]i5ces3 !y are ! p]man5t b ev]-gr[+ results :i* we h to %[ = exp]i5ces :i* are some:at long cont9u$1 & 9 :i* a c]ta9 feel+ quality is a /rong accompanim5t ( ! cognitive "p ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,s5tim5t4--,our s5tim5ts1 l our dispositions1 are n only a natural gr[? f ! exp]i5ces ^u :i* !y are f$1 b !y 9 turn h l>ge influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! direction ( our fur!r developm5t4 ,our s5tim5ts furni% ! soil :i* is ei!r favorable or ho/ile to ! gr[? ( new exp]i5ces4 ,"o 9 :om ! s5tim5t ( true patriotism is deep-root$ w f9d x mu* h>d] to respond to a sugge/ion to betray 8 c\ntry's honor on battlefield1 9 legislative hall1 or 9 private life1 ?an "o lack+ 9 ?is s5tim5t4 ,! boy :o has a /rong s5tim5t ( love = 8 "m w f9d ?is a re/ra9+ influ5ce 9 ! face ( temptation to commit de$s :i* w\ld w\nd h] feel+s4 ,a deep & abid+ fai? 9 ,god is fatal to ! gr[? ( pessimism1 di/ru/1 & a self-c5t]$ life4 ,"o's s5tim5ts are a safe gauge ( 8 "*4 ,let u "k a man's attitude or s5tim5ts on religion1 morality1 fri5d%ip1 hone/y1 & ! o!r great que/ions ( life1 & little rema9s to be kn[n4 ,if he is "r on ^!1 he may well be tru/$ 9 o!r ?+s2 if he is wrong on ^!1 !re is little to build ^u4 ,lit]ature has drawn its be/ inspiration & *oice/ !mes f ! field ( our s5tim5ts4 ,! s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip has giv5 u our ,david & ,jona?an1 our ,damon & ,py?ias1 & our ,t5nyson & ,hallam4 ,! s5tim5t ( love has inspir$ c\ntless ma/]pieces2 )\t its aid mo/ ( our fiction w\ld lose its plot1 & mo/ ( our poetry its *>m4 ,religi\s s5tim5t inspir$ ,milton to write ! _w's greate/ epic1 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,! s5tim5t ( patriotism has furni%$ an inexhau/ible !me = ! writ] & ! orator4 ,likewise if we g into ! field ( music & art1 we f9d t ! be/ ef=ts ( ! ma/]s are clu/]$ ar\nd "s human s5tim5t :i* has appeal$ to !m1 & :i* !y h immortaliz$ by express+ x on canvas or 9 m>ble1 t x may appeal to o!rs & cause ! s5tim5t to gr[ 9 u4 ,,s5tim5ts ,,z ,,motives4--,! s5tim5ts furni% ! deepe/1 ! mo/ con/ant1 & ! mo/ p[]ful motives :i* control our lives4 ,su* s5tim5ts z patriotism1 lib]ty1 & religion h call$ a ?\s& armies to /ruggle & die on t5 ?\s& battlefields1 & h giv5 m>tyrs c\rage to suff] 9 ! fires ( p]secution4 ,s5tim5ts ( fri5d%ip & love h prompt$ c\ntless de$s ( self-sacrifice & lov+ devotion4 ,s5tim5ts ( envy1 pride1 & jeal\sy h *ang$ ! b\nd>y l9es ( nations1 & h prompt$ ! committ+ ( t5 ?\s& unnamable crimes4 ,sl[ly day by day f ! cradle to ! grave we are weav+ into our lives ! ?reads ( s5tim5t1 :i* at la/ become s _m cables to b9d u to good or evil4 #d4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,are y subject to ! blues1 or o!r =ms ( depress$ feel+8 ,are y\r moods v *angeable1 or r con/ant8 ,:at k9d ( a disposition d y ?9k y h8 ,h[ did y come by x2 t is1 9 h[ f> is x due to h]$it>y temp]am5t1 & 9 h[ f> to y\r daily moods8 #b4 ,c y recall an in/ance 9 :i* "s undesirable mood 0 caus$ by y\r physical condition8 ,by "s di/urb+ m5tal condition8 ,:at is y\r *>act]i/ic mood 9 ! morn+ aft] sleep+ 9 an ill-v5tilat$ room8 ,aft] sitt+ = half a day 9 an ill-v5tilat$ s*oolroom8 ,aft] eat+ indige/ible food be=e go+ to b$8 #c4 ,obs]ve a numb] ( *ildr5 or y\r classmates closely & see :e!r y c det]m9e ! *>act]i/ic mood ( ea*4 ,obs]ve sev]al diff]5t s*ools & see :e!r y c note a *>act]i/ic mood = ea* room4 ,try to det]m9e ! causes produc+ ! diff]5ces not$4 7,physical conditions 9 ! room1 p]sonality ( ! tea*]1 me?ods ( gov]n+1 tea*+1 etc47 #d4 ,:5 c y d y\r be/ "w1 :5 y are happy1 or unhappy8 ,*e]ful1 or blue8 ,confid5t & hopeful1 or disc\rag$8 ,9 a _s ( h>mony & cooep]ation ) y\r tea*]1 or antagoni/ic8 ,n[ relate y\r conclusions to ! type ( atmosph]e t %\ld prevail 9 ! s*oolroom or ! home4 ,=mulate a /atem5t z to :y ! _s ( ! s*ool is all-important4 7,effect on ef=t1 gr[?1 disposition1 s5tim5ts1 "*1 etc47 #e4 ,c y measure m or less accurately ! ext5t to :i* y\r feel+s s]ve z motives 9 y\r life8 ,are feel+s alone a safe guide to action8 ,make a li/ ( ! important s5tim5ts t %\ld be cultivat$ 9 y\?4 ,n[ %[ h[ ! "w ( ! s*ool may be us$ to /r5g!n wor?y s5tim5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,emotions ,feel+ & emotion are n to be look$ ^u z two diff]5t k9ds ( m5tal processes4 ,9 fact1 emotion is b a feel+ /ate ( a high degree ( int5sity & complexity4 ,emotion transc5ds ! simpl] feel+ /ates :5ev] ! excit+ cause is suffici5t to ?r[ u out ( our regul> r\t9e ( affective exp]i5ce4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 emotion & feel+ is a purely arbitr>y "o1 s9ce ! diff]5ce is only "o ( complexity & degree1 & _m feel+s may rise to ! int5sity ( emotions4 ,a feel+ ( sadness on he>+ ( a numb] ( fatalities 9 a railway accid5t may sudd5ly become an emotion ( grief if we le>n t a memb] ( our family is among ^? kill$4 ,a feel+ ( gladness may develop into an emotion ( joy1 or a feel+ ( res5tm5t be k9dl$ into an emotion ( rage4 #a4 ,,! ,,produc+ ,,& ,,express+ ,,( ,,emotion ,n[h]e m ?an 9 connection ) our emotions are ! close int]-relations ( m9d & body se54 ,all are famili> ) ! fact t ! emotion ( ang] t5ds to f9d expression 9 ! bl[1 love 9 ! c>ess1 fe> 9 flight1 & s on4 ,b j h[ our organism acts 9 produc+ an emotion is less g5]ally und]/ood4 ,pr(essor ,james & ,pr(essor ,lange h %[n u t emotion n only t5ds to produce "s *>act]i/ic =m ( response1 b t ! emotion is itself caus$ by c]ta9 deep-seat$ physiological reactions4 ,let u seek to und]/& ?is /atem5t a little m fully4 ,,physiological ,,explanation ,,( ,,emotion4--,we mu/ rememb] fir/ ( all t all *anges 9 m5tal /ates are accompani$ by correspond+ physiological *anges4 ,h>d1 conc5trat$ ?9k+ quick5s ! he>t beat2 ke5 att5tion is accompani$ by muscul> t5sion2 c]ta9 sights or s\nds increase ! rate ( brea?+2 (f5sive odors produce nausea1 & s on4 ,s complete & p]fect is ! response ( our physical organism to m5tal *anges t "o psy*ologi/ decl>es x possible1 _h we suffici5tly delicate app>atus1 to measure ! reactions caus$ ?r\gh\t ! body ( a sleep+ *ild by ! %ad[ f a pass+ cl\d fall+ ^u ! clos$ eyelids4 ,! ord] ( ! entire ev5t result+ 9 an emotion is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,some?+ is kn[n2 "s object ent]s consci\sness com+ ei!r f imm$iate p]ception or ?r\gh memory or imag9ation4 ,?is fact1 or ?+ kn[n1 mu/ be ( su* nature t x w1 7#b7 set up deep-seat$ & *>act]i/ic organic response2 7#c7 ! feel+ accompany+ & caus$ by ^! physiological reactions con/itutes ! emotion4 ,= example1 we may be pass+ along ! /reet 9 a p]fectly calm & equable /ate ( m9d1 :5 we come ^u a team/] :o is brutally beat+ an exhau/$ horse because x is unable to draw an ov]load$ wagon up a slipp]y incl9e4 ,! facts grasp$ z we take 9 ! situation con/itute ! fir/ elem5t 9 an emotional response develop+ 9 our consci\sness4 ,b in/antly our muscles beg9 to gr[ t5se1 ! he>t beat & brea? quick51 ! face takes on a diff]5t expression1 ! h&s cl5*--! entire organism is react+ to ! di/urb+ situation2 ! second factor 9 ! ris+ emotion1 ! physiological response1 ?us appe>s4 ,along ) our appreh5sion ( ! cruelty & ! organic di/urbances :i* result we feel waves ( indignation & ang] surg+ ?r\gh u4 ,?is is ! ?ird factor 9 ! emotional ev5t1 or ! emotion itself4 ,9 "s su* way z ?is are all ( our emotions ar\s$4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,*>act]i/ic ,,emotional ,,reactions4--,:y d c]ta9 facts or objects ( consci\sness always cause c]ta9 *>act]i/ic organic responses8 ,9 ord] to solve ?is problem we %all h fir/ to g beyond ! individual & appeal to ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,:at ! race has f\nd s]viceable1 ! individual repeats4 ,b ev5 !n x is h>d to see :y ! p>ticul> type ( physical response su* z %r9k+1 pallor1 & trembl+1 :i* naturally foll[ /imuli ?reat5+ h>m1 %\ld be ! be/4 ,x is easy to see1 h[ev]1 t ! feel+ :i* prompts to flight or s]ves to det] f h>m's way might be useful4 ,x is pla9 t !re is an advantage 9 ! t5se muscle1 ! set tee?1 ! held brea?1 & ! quick5$ pulse :i* accompany ! emotion ( ang]1 & also 9 ! feel+ ( ang] itself1 :i* prompts to ! conflict4 ,b ev5 if we are n able 9 e case to det]m9e at ?is day :y all ! in/9ctive responses & _! correlate ( feel+ 7 ! be/ = ! life ( ! race1 we may be sure t su* 0 ! case2 = ,nature is inexorable 9 h] dictates t only t %all p]si/ :i* has prov$ s]viceable 9 ! l>ge/ numb] ( cases4 ,an int]e/+ "q arises at ?is po9t z to :y we feel emotion accompany+ "s ( our motor responses1 & n o!rs4 ,p]ceptions are cr[d+ 9 ^u u h\r aft] h\r2 memory1 ?\ght1 & imag9ation are 9 con/ant play2 & a cont9u\s motor dis*>ge results ea* mom5t 9 physical expressions great or small4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ^! facts1 feel+ :i* is /rong en\gh to rise to an emotion is only an occasional ?+4 ,if emotion accompanies any =m ( physical expression1 :y n all8 ,let u see :e!r we c discov] any reason4 ,"o day ,i saw a boy lead+ a dog along ! /reet4 ,all at once ! dog slipp$ ! /r+ ov] its head & ran away4 ,! boy /ood look+ aft] ! dog = a mom5t1 & !n bur/ into a fit ( rage4 ,:at all _h happ5$8 ,! mom5t be=e ! dog broke away ev]y?+ 0 runn+ smoo?ly 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! boy4 ,!re 0 no ob/ruction to 8 ?\ght or 8 plans4 ,!n 9 an in/ant ! situation *anges4 ,! smoo? fl[ ( exp]i5ce is *eck$ & baffl$4 ,! dis*>ge ( n]ve curr5ts :i* meant ?\ght1 plans1 action1 is block$4 ,a crisis has aris5 :i* requires readju/m5t4 ,! n]ve curr5ts mu/ fl[ 9 new directions1 giv+ new ?\ght1 new plans1 new activities--! dog mu/ be recaptur$4 ,x is 9 connection ) ?is damm+ up ( n]ve curr5ts f foll[+ _! wont$ *annels t ! emotion em]ges4 ,or1 putt+ x into m5tal t]ms1 ! emotion occurs :5 ! ord9>y curr5t ( our ?\ght is viol5tly di/urb$--:5 we meet ) "s crisis :i* necessitates a readju/m5t ( our ?\ght relations & plans1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly4 ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,an ,,emotion4--,if ! requir$ readju/m5t is b tempor>y1 !n ! emotion is %ort-liv$1 :ile if ! readju/m5t is necess>ily ( long] duration1 ! emotion also w live long]4 ,! fe> :i* foll[s ! ?und] is relatively brief2 = ! %ock is gone 9 a mom5t1 & our ?\ght is b tempor>ily di/urb$4 ,if ! imp5d+ dang] is "o t p]si/s1 h[ev]1 z ( "s secret assass9 ?reat5+ our life1 ! fe> also w p]si/4 ,! grief ( a *ild ov] ! loss ( someone de> to him is comp>atively %ort1 because ! curr5t ( ! *ild's life has n be5 s closely b\nd up 9 a complexity ( exp]i5ces ) ! lo/ object z 9 ! case ( an old] p]son1 & h5ce ! readju/m5t is easi]4 ,! grief ( an adult ov] ! loss ( a v de> fri5d la/s long1 = ! object griev$ ov] has s become a "p ( ! b]eav$ "o's exp]i5ce t ! loss requires a v complete readju/m5t ( ! :ole life4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 z ?is readju/m5t is accompli%$ ! emotion gradually fades away4 ,,emotions ,,accompany+ ,,crises ,,9 ,,exp]i5ce4--,if our description ( ! feel+s has be5 correct1 x w be se5 t ! simpl] & mild] feel+s are = ! common run ( our ev]yday exp]i5ce2 !y are ! common valu]s ( our ?\ght & acts f h\r to h\r4 ,! emotions1 or m int5se feel+ /ates1 are1 h[ev]1 ! occasional high tide ( feel+ :i* occurs 9 crises or em]g5cies4 ,we are angry on "s p>ticul> provocation1 we fe> "s extraord9>y factor 9 our environm5t1 we are joyful ov] "s unusual good =tune4 #b4 ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,emotions ,,dep5d5ce ,,on ,,expression4--,s9ce all emotions re/ ^u "s =m ( physical or physiological expression prim>ily1 & ^u "s ?\ght back ( ?is second>ily1 x foll[s t ! fir/ /ep 9 controll+ an emotion is to secure ! removal ( ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* s]ves z its basis4 ,?is may be done1 = in/ance1 ) a *ild1 ei!r by bani%+ ! t]rify+ dog f 8 pres5ce1 or by conv9c+ him t ! dog is h>mless4 ,! motor response w !n cease1 & ! emotion pass away4 ,if ! ?\ght is p]si/5t1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! cont9uance ( its /imulus1 !n :at rema9s is to seek to control ! physical expression1 & 9 t way suppress ! emotion4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! knit br[1 ! t5se muscles1 ! quick5$ he>t beat1 & all ! deep] organic *anges :i* g along ) ^!1 we c keep a smile on ! face1 ! muscles relax$1 ! he>t beat /eady1 & a normal condition 9 all ! o!r organs1 we %all h no cause to fe> an explosion ( ang]4 ,if we are afraid ( mice & feel an almo/ irresi/ible t5d5cy to m\nt a *air e "t we see a m\se1 we c d wond]s 9 suppress+ ! fe> by resolutely refus+ to give expression to ^! t5d5cies4 ,inhibition ( ! expression inevitably means ! dea? ( ! emotion4 ,?is fact has its bad side z well z its good 9 ! feel+ life1 = x means t good emotions z well z bad w fade out if we fail to all[ !m expression4 ,we are all p]fectly famili> ) ! fact 9 our own exp]i5ce t an int]e/ :i* does n f9d means ( expression soon passes away4 ,sympa?y unexpress$ ere long passes ov] into indiff]5ce4 ,ev5 love _c live )\t expression4 ,religi\s emotion :i* does n g out 9 de$s ( s]vice _c p]si/4 ,! natural end & aim ( our emotions is to s]ve z motives to activity2 & miss+ ?is opportunity1 !y h n only fail$ 9 _! (fice1 b w !mselves die ( inaction4 ,,relief ,,?r\gh ,,expression4--,emotional /ates n only h _! rise 9 organic reactions1 b !y also t5d to result 9 acts4 ,:5 we are angry1 or 9 love1 or 9 fe>1 we h ! impulse to d some?+ ab\t x4 ,&1 :ile x is true t emotion may be inhibit$ by suppress+ ! physical expressions on :i* x is f\nd$1 s may a /ate ( emotional t5sion be reliev$ by "s =ms ( expression4 ,none h fail$ to exp]i5ce ! relief :i* comes to ! ov]*>g$ n]v\s sy/em f a good cry4 ,!re is no sorr[ s bitt] z a dry sorr[1 :5 "o _c weep4 ,a /ate ( ang] or annoyance is reliev$ by an explosion ( "s k9d1 :e!r 9 a bl[ or its equival5t 9 spee*4 ,we (t5 feel bett] :5 we h told a man :at we ?9k ( him4 ,at fir/ glance ?is all seems oppos$ to :at we h be5 lay+ d[n z ! explanation ( emotion4 ,yet x is n s if we look well into ! case4 ,we h already se5 t emotion occurs :5 !re is a block+ ( ! usual pa?ways ( dis*>ge = ! n]ve curr5ts1 :i* mu/ !n seek new outlets1 & ?us result 9 ! sett+ up ( new motor responses4 ,9 ! case ( grief1 = example1 !re is a di/urbance 9 ! :ole organism2 ! he>t beat is d]ang$1 ! blood pressure dim9i%$1 & ! n]ve tone l[]$4 ,:at is ne$$ is = ! curr5ts :i* are f9d+ an outlet 9 directions result+ 9 ^! p>ticul> responses to f9d a pa?way ( dis*>ge :i* w n produce su* deep-seat$ results4 ,?is may be f\nd 9 cry+4 ,! en]gy ?us exp5d$ is div]t$ f produc+ int]nal di/urbances4 ,likewise1 ! explosion 9 ang] may s]ve to re/ore ! equilibrium ( di/urb$ n]ve curr5ts4 ,,relief ,,does ,,n ,,foll[ ,,if ,,image ,,is ,,held ,,be=e ,,! ,,m9d4--,all ?is is true1 h[ev]1 only :5 ! expression does n s]ve to keep ! idea be=e ! m9d :i* 0 orig9ally responsible = ! emotion4 ,a p]son may "w himself into a passion ( ang] by beg9n+ to talk ab\t an insult &1 z he gr[s increas+ly viol5t1 br++ ! situation m & m %>ply into 8 consci\sness4 ,! effect ( t]rify+ images is easily to be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( "o's />t+ to run :5 he is afraid aft] night4 ,!re is probably no d\bt t ! runn+ w\ld relieve 8 fe> provid+ he c\ld d x & n picture ! ?reat5+ some?+ z pursu+ him4 ,b1 ) 8 imag9ation conjur+ up dire images ( frightful cata/rophes at e /ep1 all control is lo/ & fre% waves ( t]ror surge ov] ! %r9k+ s\l4 ,,gr[+ ,,t5d5cy ,,t[>d ,,emotional ,,control4--,among civiliz$ peoples !re is a con/antly gr[+ t5d5cy t[>d emotional control4 ,primitive races express grief1 joy1 fe>1 or ang] mu* m freely ?an d civiliz$ races4 ,?is does n mean t primitive man feels m deeply ?an civiliz$ man2 =1 z we h already se51 ! cry+1 laugh+1 or blu/]+ is b a small "p ( ! :ole physical expression1 & "o's entire organism may be /irr$ to its dep?s )\t any ( ^! outw>d manife/ations4 ,man has f\nd x advisable z he has advanc$ 9 civilization n to reveal all he feels to ^? ar\nd him4 ,! face1 :i* is ! mo/ expressive "p ( ! body1 has come to be "u su* p]fect control t x is h>d to read ?r\gh x ! emotional /ate1 al?\gh ! face ( civiliz$ man is capable ( express+ f> m ?an is t ( ! savage4 ,! same diff]5ce is obs]vable betwe5 ! *ild & ! adult4 ,! *ild reveals ea* pass+ %ade ( emotion ?r\gh 8 expression1 :ile ! adult may feel mu* t he does n %[4 #c4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,emotions ,!re is no o!r m5tal factor :i* has m to d ) ! enjoym5t we get out ( life ?an our feel+s & emotions4 ,,! ,,emotions ,,& ,,enjoym5t4--,few ( u w\ld c>e to live at all1 if all feel+ 7 elim9at$ f human exp]i5ce4 ,true1 feel+ (t5 makes u suff]2 b 9 s f> z life's joys triumph ov] its woes1 d our feel+s m9i/] to our enjoym5t4 ,)\t sympa?y1 love1 & appreciation1 life w\ld be b>r5 inde$4 ,moreov]1 x is only ?r\gh our own emotional exp]i5ce t we are able to int]pret ! feel+ side ( ! lives ab\t u4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 we miss "o ( ! mo/ significant phases ( social exp]i5ce1 & are left ) our own sympa?ies undevelop$ & our life by s mu* impov]i%$4 ,! int]pretation ( ! subtl] emotions ( ^? ab\t u is 9 no small degree an art4 ,! human face & =m pres5t a con/antly *ang+ panorama ( ! s\l's feel+ /ates to ^? :o c read _! signs4 ,! ability to read ! f9] feel+s1 :i* reveal !mselves 9 expression too delicate to be read by ! eye ( ! gross or unsympa!tic obs]v]1 lies at ! basis ( all f9e int]pretation ( p]sonality4 ,feel+s are (t5 too deep = outw>d expression1 & we are sl[ to reveal our deepe/ selves to ^? :o _c appreciate & und]/& !m4 ,,h[ ,,emotions ,,develop4--,emotions are to be cultivat$ z ! intellect or ! muscles are to be cultivat$2 namely1 ?r\gh prop] ex]cise4 ,our ?\ght is to dwell on ^? ?+s to :i* prop] emotions atta*1 & to %un l9es :i* w\ld sugge/ emotions ( an undesirable type4 ,emotions :i* are to be develop$ mu/1 z has already be5 said1 f9d expression2 we mu/ act 9 response to _! lead+s1 else !y become b idle vapor+s4 ,if love prompts u to say a k9d ^w to a suff]+ fell[ mortal1 ! ^w mu/ be spok5 or ! feel+ itself fades away4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! emotions :i* we wi% to suppress are to be refus$ expression4 ,! unk9d & cutt+ ^w is to be left unsaid :5 we are angry1 & ! fe> ( ?+s :i* are h>mless left unexpress$ & !reby doom$ to die4 ,,! ,,emotional ,,factor ,,9 ,,our ,,environm5t4--,mu* mat]ial = ! cultivation ( our emotions lies 9 ! ev]yday life all ab\t u if we c b int]pret x4 ,few inde$ ( ^? :om we meet daily b are hung]+ = appreciation & sympa?y4 ,lovable traits exi/ 9 e "*1 & w reveal !mselves to ! "o :o looks = !m4 ,misc>riages ( ju/ice ab\nd on all sides1 & dem& our indignation & wra? & ! ef=t to "r ! wrong4 ,evil always exi/s to be hat$ & suppress$1 & dang]s to be fe>$ & avoid$4 ,human life & ! movem5t ( human affairs con/antly appeal to ! feel+ side ( our nature if we und]/& at all :at life & action mean4 ,a c]ta9 bl9dness exi/s 9 _m p1 h[ev]1 :i* makes our own little joys1 or sorr[s1 or fe>s ! mo/ rem>kable ones 9 ! _w1 & keeps u f realiz+ t o!rs may feel z deeply z we4 ,( c\rse ?is self-c5t]$ attitude ( m9d is fatal to any true cultivation ( ! emotions4 ,x leads to an emotional life :i* lacks n only bread? & dep?1 b also p]spective4 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,emotions4--,9 ord] to increase our facility 9 ! int]pretation ( ! emotions ?r\gh tea*+ u :at to look = 9 life & exp]i5ce1 we may g to lit]ature4 ,"h we f9d life int]pret$ = u 9 ! ideal by ma/]s ( int]pretation2 &1 look+ ?r\gh _! eyes1 we see new dep?s & bread?s ( feel+ :i* we _h nev] be=e discov]$4 ,inde$1 lit]ature deals f> m 9 ! aggregate ) ! feel+ side ?an ) any o!r aspect ( human life4 ,& x is j ?is :i* makes lit]ature a univ]sal language1 = ! language ( our emotions is m easily int]pret$ ?an t ( our reason4 ,! smile1 ! cry1 ! laugh1 ! fr[n1 ! c>ess1 are und]/ood all ar\nd ! _w among all peoples4 ,!y are univ]sal4 ,!re is always ?is dang] to be avoid$1 h[ev]4 ,we may become s tak5 up ) ! ov]wr\ght descriptions ( ! emotions z f\nd 9 lit]ature or on ! /age t ! common humdrum ( ev]yday life ar\nd u seems flat & /ale4 ,! int]pretation ( ! writ] or ! actor is f> beyond :at we are able to make = ourselves1 s we take _! int]pretation r ?an tr\ble ourselves to look 9 our own environm5t = ! mat]ial :i* might appeal to our emotions4 ,x is n r>e to f9d ^? :o easily weep ov] ! woes ( an imag9>y p]son 9 a book or on ! /age unable to feel sympa?y = ! real suff]+ :i* exi/s all ar\nd !m4 ,! /ory is told ( a lady at ! !at] :o wept ov] ! suff]+ ( ! h]o 9 ! play2 & at ! mom5t %e 0 %$d+ ! unnecess>y te>s1 h] own coa*man1 :om %e _h compell$ to wait = h] 9 ! /reet1 0 froz5 to dea?4 ,our seem+ly prosaic environm5t is full ( sugge/ions to ! emotional life1 & books & plays %\ld only help to develop 9 u ! p[] rightly to respond to ^! sugge/ions4 ,,h>m ,,9 ,,emotional ,,ov]excitem5t4--,dang] may exi/ also 9 /ill ano!r l9e2 namely1 t ( emotional ov]excitem5t4 ,!re is a great n]v\s /ra9 9 high emotional t5sion4 ,no?+ is m exhau/+ ?an a sev]e fit ( ang]2 x leaves its victim weak & limp4 ,a sev]e case ( fright (t5 incapacitates "o = m5tal or physical labor = h\rs1 or x may ev5 result 9 p]man5t injury4 ,! :ole n]v\s tone is di/9ctly l[]$ by sorr[1 & ev5 excessive joy may be h>mful4 ,9 our actual1 ev]yday life1 !re is little dang] f emotional ov]excitem5t unless x be 9 ! case ( fe> 9 *ildr51 z 0 %[n 9 ! discussion on in/9cts1 & 9 t ( grief ov] ! loss ( objects t are de> to u4 ,mo/ ( our *ildi% fe>s we c\ld j z well avoid if our eld]s 7 wis] 9 ! matt] ( gu>d+ u aga9/ ^? t are unnecess>y4 ,! griefs we _c hope to escape1 al?\gh we c d mu* to control !m4 ,long-cont9u$ emotional excitem5t1 unless x is foll[$ by correspond+ activity1 gives u ^? :o weep ov] ! wrongs ( humanity1 b nev] d any?+ to "r !m2 :o are sorry to ! po9t ( dea? ov] human suff]+1 b _c be induc$ to l5d _! aid to its alleviation4 ,we c\ld v well sp>e a ?\s& ( ^? 9 ! _w :o m]ely feel1 = "o :o acts1 ,james tells u4 ,we %\ld wat*1 !n1 t our good feel+s d n simply evaporate z feel+s1 b t !y f9d "s place to apply !mselves to accompli% good2 t we d n1 l ,hamlet1 rave ov] wrongs :i* ne$ to be right$1 b nev] br+ ourselves to ! po9t :]e we take a h& 9 _! right+4 ,if our emotional life is to be ri* & deep 9 its feel+ & effective 9 its results on our acts & "*1 x mu/ f9d its outlet 9 de$s4 #d4 ,,emotions ,,z ,,motives ,emotion is always dynamic1 & our feel+s con/itute our /ronge/ motives to action & a*ievem5t4 ,,h[ ,,our ,,emotions ,,compel ,,u4--,love has (t5 done 9 ! re=mation ( a fall5 life :at /r5g? ( w 0 n able to accompli%2 x has caus$ dyna/ies to fall1 & has *ang$ ! map ( nations4 ,hatr$ is a motive h>dly less /rong4 ,fe> w make savage bea/s out ( m5 :o fall "u its sway1 caus+ !m to trample helpless wom5 & *ildr5 "u feet1 :om 9 _! san] mom5ts !y w\ld protect ) _! lives4 ,ang] puts out all ! light ( reason1 & prompts peaceful & well-mean+ m5 to commit murd]\s acts4 ,?us feel+1 f ! fa9te/ & simple/ feel+ ( int]e/1 ! v>i\s ranges ( pleasures & pa91 ! s5tim5ts :i* und]lie all our lives1 & s on to ! mighty emotions :i* grip our lives ) an ov]p[]+ /r5g?1 con/itutes a l>ge "p ( ! motive p[] :i* is con/antly urg+ u on to d & d>e4 ,h5ce x is important f ?is /&po9t1 also1 t we %\ld h ! "r type ( feel+s & emotions well develop$1 & ! undesirable ones elim9at$4 ,,emotional ,,habits4--,emotion & feel+ are p>tly matt]s ( habit4 ,t is1 we c =m emotional z well z o!r habits1 & !y are z h>d to break4 ,ang] all[$ to run uncontroll$ leads into habits ( angry outbur/s1 :ile ! "o :o habitually controls 8 temp] f9ds x submitt+ to ! habit ( rema9+ )9 b\nds4 ,"o may cultivate ! habit ( %[+ 8 fe> on all occasions1 or ( disc\rag+ its expression4 ,he may =m ! habit ( jeal\sy or ( confid5ce4 ,x is possible ev5 to =m ! habit ( fall+ 9 love1 or ( s suppress+ ! t5d] emotions t love f9ds little opportunity = expression4 ,& "h1 z else:]e1 habits are =m$ ?r\gh p]=m+ ! acts ^u :i* ! habit re/s4 ,if !re are emotional habits we are desir\s ( =m+1 :at we h to d is to indulge ! emotional expression ( ! type we desire1 & ! habit w foll[4 ,if we wi% to =m ! habit ( liv+ 9 a *ronic /ate ( ! blues1 !n all we h to d is to be blue & act blue suffici5tly1 & ?is =m ( emotional expression w become a "p ( u4 ,if we desire to =m ! habit ( liv+ 9 a happy1 *e]ful /ate1 we c accompli% ?is by enc\rag+ ! correspond+ expression4 #e4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ic bodily expressions by :i* y c recognize a /ate ( ang]8 ,fe>8 ,jeal\sy8 ,hatr$8 ,love8 ,grief8 ,d y "k p]sons :o are incl9$ to be too expressive emotionally8 ,:o %[ too little emotional expression8 ,h[ w\ld y classify y\rself 9 ?is respect8 #b4 ,are y naturally responsive to ! emotional tone ( o!rs2 t is1 are y sympa!tic8 ,are y easily affect$ by read+ emotional books8 ,by emotional plays or o!r appeals8 ,:at is ! dang] f ov]excit+ ! emotions )\t giv+ !m a prop] outlet 9 "s practical activity8 #c4 ,h y obs]v$ a t5d5cy among adults n to take s]i\sly ! emotions ( a *ild2 = example1 to look ^u *ildi% grief z trivial1 or fe> z some?+ to be laugh$ at8 ,is ! *ild's emotional life z real z t ( ! adult8 7,see ,*4 ,,ix1 ,betts1 ,fa!rs & ,mo!rs47 #d4 ,h y kn[n *ildr5 to repress _! emotions = fe> ( be+ laugh$ at8 ,h y kn[n p>5ts or o!rs to rem>k ab\t *ildi% love affairs to ! *ildr5 !mselves 9 a light or jok+ way8 ,ought ?is ev] to be done8 #e4 ,note c]ta9 *ildr5 :o give way to fits ( ang]2 :at is ! rem$y8 ,note o!r *ildr5 :o cry readily2 :at w\ld y sugge/ z a cure8 7,:y %\ld ridicule n be us$87 #f4 ,h y obs]v$ any tea*] us+ ! lesson 9 lit]ature or hi/ory to cultivate ! f9] emotions8 ,:at emotions h y se5 appeal$ to by a lesson 9 nature /udy8 ,:at emotions h y obs]v$ on ! playgr\nd t ne$$ re/ra9t8 ,d y ?9k t on ! :ole ! emotional life ( ! *ild receives en\gh consid]ation 9 ! s*ool8 ,9 ! home8 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,int]e/ ,! feel+ t we call int]e/ is s important a motive 9 our lives & s colors our acts & gives direction to our endeavors t we w d well to devote a *apt] to its discussion4 #a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,int]e/ ,we saw 9 an e>li] *apt] t p]sonal habits h _! rise 9 race habits or in/9cts4 ,let u n[ see h[ int]e/ helps ! individual to select f 8 in/9ctive acts ^? :i* are useful to build into p]sonal habits4 ,in/9ct imp>tially />ts ! *ild 9 ! p]=mance ( _m diff]5t activities1 b does n dictate :at p>ticul> acts %all be reta9$ to s]ve z ! basis = habits4 ,int]e/ comes 9 at ?is po9t & says1 ,?is act is ( m value ?an t act2 cont9ue ?is act & drop t4 ,in/9ct prompts ! babe to c\ntless movem5ts ( body & limb4 ,int]e/ picks out ^? t are mo/ vitally connect$ ) ! welf>e ( ! organism1 & ! *ild comes to pref] ^! r ?an ! o!rs4 ,?us x is t out ( ! r&om movem5ts ( arms & legs & head & body we f9ally develop ! coo]d9at$ activities :i* are inf9itely m useful ?an ! r&om ones 74 ,& ^! activities1 orig9at+ 9 in/9cts1 & select$ by int]e/1 are soon cry/alliz$ into habits4 ,,int]e/ ,a ,,selective ,,ag5t4--,! same tru? holds = m5tal activities z = physical4 ,a ?\s& *annels lie op5 = y\r /ream ( ?\ght at ?is mom5t1 b y\r int]e/ has beckon$ x into ! "o p>ticul> *annel :i*1 = ! "t1 at lea/1 appe>s to be ( ! greate/ subjective value2 & x is n[ foll[+ t *annel unless y\r w has compell$ x to leave t = ano!r4 ,y\r ?9k+ z naturally foll[s y\r int]e/ z ! ne$le does ! magnet1 h5ce y\r ?\ght activities are condition$ l>gely by y\r int]e/s4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t y\r m5tal habits re/ back f9ally ^u y\r int]e/s4 ,ev]yone kn[s :at x is to be int]e/$2 b int]e/1 l o!r elem5t>y /ates ( consci\sness1 _c be rigidly def9$4 7#a7 ,subjectively consid]$1 int]e/ may be look$ ^u z a feel+ attitude :i* assigns our activities _! place 9 a subjective scale ( values1 & h5ce selects among !m4 7#b7 ,objectively consid]$1 an int]e/ is ! object :i* calls =? ! feel+4 7#c7 ,functionally consid]$1 int]e/ is ! dynamic phase ( consci\sness4 ,,int]e/ ,,supplies ,a ,,subjective ,,scale ,,( ,,values4--,if y are int]e/$ 9 driv+ a horse r ?an 9 rid+ a bicycle1 x is because ! =m] has a great] subjective value to y ?an ! latt]4 ,if y are int]e/$ 9 read+ ^! words in/ead ( ?9k+ ab\t ! next social function or ! la/ picnic p>ty1 x is because at ?is mom5t ! ?\ght sugge/$ appeals to y z ( m value ?an ! o!r l9es ( ?\ght4 ,f ?is x foll[s t y\r /&>ds ( values are reveal$ 9 ! "* ( y\r int]e/s4 ,! "y man :o is int]e/$ 9 ! race track1 9 gam+1 & 9 l[ resorts confesses by ! fact t ^! ?+s occupy a high place among ! ?+s :i* appeal to him z subjectively valuable4 ,! "m ^: int]e/s are *iefly 9 clubs & o!r social organizations places ^! high] 9 h] scale ( values ?an h] home4 ,! read] :o c become int]e/$ only 9 light1 tra%y lit]ature mu/ admit t matt] ( ?is type ranks high] 9 8 subjective scale ( values ?an ! works ( ! ma/]s4 ,tea*]s & /ud5ts ^: /ronge/ int]e/ is 9 grade m>ks value ^! m highly ?an true atta9m5t4 ,=1 :atev] may be our claims or ass]tions1 int]e/ is f9ally an infallible b>omet] ( ! values we assign to our activities4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( our feel+s x is n always possible to ascribe an objective side to !m4 ,a feel+ ( ennui1 ( imp5d+ evil1 or ( b\nd+ vivacity1 may be produc$ by an unanalyzable complex ( causes4 ,b int]e/1 :ile x is relat$ prim>ily to ! activities ( ! self1 is c>ri$ ov] f ! activity to ! object :i* occasions ! activity4 ,t is1 int]e/ has bo? an objective & a subjective side4 ,on ! subjective side a c]ta9 activity connect$ ) self-expression is wor? s mu*2 on ! objective side a c]ta9 object is wor? s mu* z relat$ to ?is self-expression4 ,?us we say1 ,i h an int]e/ 9 books or 9 bus9ess2 my daily activities1 my self-expression1 are gov]n$ ) ref]5ce to ^! objects4 ,!y are my int]e/s4 ,,int]e/ ,,dynamic4--,_m ( our mild] feel+s t]m9ate )9 ourselves1 nev] atta9+ suffici5t =ce z motives to impel u to action4 ,n s ) int]e/4 ,its v nature is dynamic4 ,:atev] x seizes ^u becomes ipso facto an object = "s activity1 = "s =m ( expression ( ! self4 ,are we int]e/$ 9 a new book1 we mu/ read x2 9 a new inv5tion1 we mu/ see x1 h&le x1 te/ x2 9 "s vocation or avocation1 we mu/ pursue x4 ,int]e/ is impulsive4 ,x gives its possessor no opportunity = le?>gic re/ & quiet1 b con/antly urges him to action4 ,gr[n ard5t1 int]e/ becomes en?usiasm1 )\t :i*1 says ,em]son1 no?+ great 0 ev] accompli%$4 ,are we an ,edison1 ) a /rong int]e/ c5t]$ 9 me*anical inv5tion1 x w drive u day & night 9 a ceaseless activity :i* sc>cely gives u "t = food & sleep4 ,are we a ,l9coln1 ) an undy+ int]e/ 9 ! ,union1 ?is motive w make possible sup]human ef=ts = ! accompli%m5t ( our end4 ,are we man or woman any:]e1 9 any walk ( life1 s we are dom9at$ by mighty int]e/s gr[n into en?usiasm = "s object1 we %all f9d great purposes gr[+ )9 u1 & our life w be "o ( activity & a*ievem5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 a life :i* has develop$ no great int]e/ lacks motive p[]4 ,( necessity su* a life mu/ be devoid ( purpose & h5ce b>r5 ( results1 c\nt+ little :ile x is be+ liv$1 & little miss$ by ! _w :5 x is gone4 ,,habit ,,antagoni/ic ,,to ,,int]e/4--,:ile1 z we h se51 int]e/ is necess>y to ! =mation ( habits1 yet habits once =m$ are antagoni/ic to int]e/4 ,t is1 acts :i* are s habitually p]=m$ t !y d !mselves are accompani$ by a m9imum ( int]e/4 ,!y come to be done )\t att5tive consci\sness1 h5ce int]e/ _c atta* to _! p]=mance4 ,_m ( ! activities :i* make up ! daily r\nd ( our lives are ( ?is k9d4 ,z long z habit is be+ modifi$ 9 "s degree1 z long z we are improv+ 9 our ways ( do+ ?+s1 int]e/ w /ill cl+ to ! process2 b let u once settle into an unmodifi$ rut1 & int]e/ quickly fades away4 ,we !n h ! conditions pres5t :i* make ( u ei!r a ma*9e or a drudge4 #b4 ,,direct ,,& ,,indirect ,,int]e/ ,we may h an int]e/ ei!r 7#a7 9 ! do+ ( an act1 or 7#b7 9 ! end s\ght ?r\gh ! do+4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance we call ! int]e/ imm$iate or direct2 9 ! second in/ance1 m$iate or indirect4 ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,! ,,end ,,v]sus ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,! ,,activity4--,if we d n f9d an int]e/ 9 ! do+ ( our "w1 or if x has become positively disagreeable s t we loa! its p]=mance1 !n !re mu/ be "s ultimate end = :i* ! task is be+ p]=m$1 & 9 :i* !re is a /rong int]e/1 else ! :ole process w be ! v]ie/ drudg]y4 ,if ! end is suffici5tly int]e/+ x may s]ve to ?r[ a halo ( int]e/ ov] ! :ole process connect$ ) x4 ,! foll[+ in/ance illu/rates ?is fact3 ,a twelve-ye>-old boy 0 told by 8 fa!r t if he w\ld make ! body ( an automobile at 8 b5* 9 ! manual tra9+ s*ool1 ! fa!r w\ld pur*ase ! runn+ ge> = x & give ! ma*9e to ! boy4 ,9 ord] to secure ! covet$ prize1 ! boy _h to ma/] ! ari?metic necess>y = mak+ ! calculations1 & ! draw+ necess>y = mak+ ! plans to scale be=e ! tea*] 9 manual tra9+ w\ld all[ him to take up ! "w ( con/ruction4 ,! boy _h always lack$ int]e/ 9 bo? ari?metic & draw+1 & consequ5tly 0 dull 9 !m4 ,"u ! new inc5tive1 h[ev]1 he took hold ( !m ) su* avidity t he soon surpass$ all ! rema9d] ( ! class1 & 0 able to make 8 calculations & draw+s )9 a t]m4 ,he secur$ 8 automobile a few mon?s lat]1 & /ill reta9$ 8 int]e/ 9 ari?metic & draw+4 ,,indirect ,,int]e/ ,,z ,a ,,motive4--,int]e/ ( ! indirect type1 :i* does n atta* to ! process1 b comes f "s m or less di/ant end1 mo/ ( u f9d mu* less pot5t ?an int]e/ :i* is imm$iate4 ,?is is especially true unless ! end be "o ( int5se desire & n too di/ant4 ,! assurance to a boy t he mu/ get 8 lessons well because he w ne$ to be an educat$ man t5 ye>s h5ce :5 he goes into bus9ess = himself does n comp5sate = ! lack ( int]e/ 9 ! lessons ( today4 ,yet x is necess>y 9 ! economy ( life t bo? *ildr5 & adults %\ld le>n to "w "u ! incitem5t ( indirect int]e/s4 ,mu* ( ! "w we d is = an end :i* is m desirable ?an ! "w itself4 ,x w always be necess>y to sacrifice pres5t pleasure = future good4 ,ability to "w *e]fully = a some:at di/ant end saves mu* ( our "w f becom+ drudg]y4 ,if int]e/ is remov$ f bo? ! process & ! end1 no inducem5t is left to "w except compulsion2 & ?is1 if cont9u$1 results 9 ! l[e/ type ( ef=t4 ,x puts a man on a level ) ! bea/ ( burd51 :i* con/antly %irks its "w4 ,,indirect ,,int]e/ ,,alone ,,insuffici5t4--,int]e/ com+ f an end in/ead ( inh]+ 9 ! process may f9ally lead to an int]e/ 9 ! "w itself2 b if x does n1 ! work] is 9 dang] ( be+ left a drudge at la/4 ,to be m ?an a slave to 8 "w "o mu/ ultimately f9d ! "w wor? do+ = its own sake4 ,! man :o p]=ms 8 "w solely because he has a wife & babies at home w nev] be an arti/ 9 8 trade or pr(ession2 ! /ud5t :o ma/]s a subject only because he mu/ "k x = an exam9ation is n develop+ ! traits ( a s*ol>4 ,! "q ( int]e/ 9 ! process makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "o :o works because he loves to "w & ! "o :o toils because he mu/--x makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! arti/ & ! drudge4 ,! drudge does only :at he mu/ :5 he works1 ! arti/ all he c4 ,! drudge longs = ! end ( labor1 ! arti/ = x to beg94 ,! drudge /udies h[ he may escape 8 labor1 ! arti/ h[ he may bett] 8 & ennoble x4 ,to labor :5 !re is joy 9 ! "w is elevat+1 to labor "u ! la% ( compulsion is degrad+4 ,x matt]s n s mu* :at a man's occupation z h[ x is p]=m$4 ,a coa*man driv+ 8 team d[n ! cr[d$ /reet bett] ?an anyone else c\ld d x1 & glory+ 9 t fact1 may be a true arti/ 9 8 occupation1 & be ennobl$ ?r\gh 8 "w4 ,a /atesman mold+ ! affairs ( a nation z no "o else c\ld d x1 or a s*ol> lead+ ! ?\ght ( 8 g5]ation is subject to ! same law2 9 ord] to give ! be/ grade ( s]vice ( :i* he is capable1 man mu/ f9d a joy 9 ! p]=mance ( ! "w z well z 9 ! end s\ght ?r\gh its p]=mance4 ,no matt] h[ high ! position or h[ ref9$ ! "w1 ! work] becomes a slave to 8 labor unless int]e/ 9 its p]=mance saves him4 #c4 ,,transitor9ess ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,int]e/s ,s9ce our int]e/s are always connect$ ) our activities x foll[s t _m int]e/s w h _! bir?1 gr[ to full /r5g?1 & !n fade away z ! correspond+ in/9cts :i* are responsible = ! activities pass ?r\gh ^! same /ages4 ,?is only means t int]e/ 9 play develops at ! "t :5 ! play activities are seek+ expression2 t int]e/ 9 ! opposite sex becomes /rong :5 in/9ctive t5d5cies are direct+ ! att5tion to ! *oice ( a mate2 & t int]e/ 9 ab/ract /udies comes :5 ! developm5t ( ! bra9 enables u to c>ry on logical tra9s ( ?\ght4 ,all ( u c recall _m int]e/s :i* 7 once /rong1 & are n[ weak or else h altoge!r pass$ away4 ,hide-&-seek1 ,pussy-wants-a-corn]1 excursions to ! little fi%+ pond1 secur+ ! color$ *romo at s*ool1 ! c>e ( pets1 read+ blood-&-?und] /ories or s5tim5tal ones--int]e/ 9 ^! ?+s belongs to our pa/1 or has left b a fa9t %ad[4 ,o!r int]e/s h come1 & ^! 9 turn w also disappe> & o!r new ones yet appe> z long z we keep on acquir+ new exp]i5ce4 ,,int]e/s ,,mu/ ,,be ,,utiliz$ ,,:5 ,,!y ,,appe>4--,?is means t we mu/ take advantage ( int]e/s :5 !y appe> if we wi% to utilize & develop !m4 ,h[ _m p !re are :o at "o "t felt an int]e/ impell+ !m to cultivate _! ta/e = music1 art1 or lit]ature & said !y w\ld d ?is at "s conv5i5t season1 & f9ally f\nd !mselves )\t a ta/e = ^! ?+s6 ,h[ _m ( u h felt an int]e/ 9 "s b5evol5t "w1 b at la/ discov]$ t our incl9ation _h di$ be=e we f\nd "t to help ! cause6 ,h[ _m ( u1 "y z we are1 d n at ?is mom5t lam5t ! pass+ ( "s int]e/ f our lives1 or are n[ wat*+ ! dy+ ( "s int]e/ :i* we _h fondly suppos$ 0 z /able z ,gibralt>8 ,! draw+s ( e int]e/ :i* appeals to u is a voice cry+1 ,n[ is ! appo9t$ "t6 ,:at impulse urges u today to become or to d1 we mu/ beg9 at once to be or p]=m1 if we w\ld atta9 to ! covet$ end4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,a ,,/rong ,,int]e/4--,nor are we to look ^u ^! transitory int]e/s z useless4 ,!y come to u n only z a race h]itage1 b !y impel u to activities :i* are imm$iately useful1 or else prep>e u = ! lat] battles ( life4 ,b ev5 aside f ?is important fact x is wor? ev]y?+ j to be int]e/$4 ,= x is only ?r\gh ! impulsion ( int]e/ t we fir/ le>n to put =? ef=t 9 any true s5se ( ! ^w1 & int]e/ furni%es ! f9al f\ndation ^u :i* volition re/s4 ,)\t int]e/ ! greate/ p[]s may slumb] 9 u unawak5$1 & abilities capable ( ! highe/ atta9m5t re/ satisfi$ ) commonplace m$iocrity4 ,no "o w ev] "k h[ _m ,glad/ones & ,leibnitzes ! _w has lo/ simply because _! int]e/s 7 nev] appeal$ to 9 su* a way z to />t !m on ! road to a*ievem5t4 ,x matt]s less :at ! int]e/ be1 s x be n bad1 ?an t !re %all be "s great int]e/ to compel endeavor1 te/ ! /r5g? ( endurance1 & lead to habits ( a*ievem5t4 #d4 ,,selection ,,among ,,our ,,int]e/s ,i said e>ly 9 ! discussion t int]e/ is selective among our activities1 pick+ out ^? :i* appe> to be ( ! mo/ value to u4 ,9 ! same mann] !re mu/ be a selection among our int]e/s !mselves4 ,,! ,,mi/ake ,,( ,,foll[+ ,,too ,,_m ,,int]e/s4--,x is possible = u to become int]e/$ 9 s _m l9es ( activity t we d none ( !m well4 ,?is leads to a life s full ( hurry & /ress t we =get life 9 our busy liv+4 ,says ,james ) respect to ! necessity ( mak+ a *oice among our int]e/s3 ,) mo/ objects ( desire1 physical nature re/ricts our *oice to b "o ( _m repres5t$ goods1 & ev5 s x is "h4 ,i am (t5 confront$ by ! necessity ( /&+ by "o ( my empirical selves & rel9qui%+ ! re/4 ,n t ,i w\ld n1 if ,i c\ld1 be bo? h&some & fat1 & well dress$1 & a great a?lete1 & make a million a ye>2 be a wit1 a bon vivant1 & a lady-kill]1 z well z a philosoph]2 a philan?ropi/1 /atesman1 w>rior1 & ,african explor]1 z well z a 'tone poet' & sa9t4 ,b ! ?+ is simply impossible4 ,! millionaire's "w w\ld run c\nt] to ! sa9t's2 ! bon vivant & ! philosoph] & ! lady-kill] c\ld n well keep h\se 9 ! same t5em5t ( clay4 ,su* diff]5t *>act]s may conceivably at ! outset ( life be alike possible to man4 ,b to make any "o ( !m actual1 ! re/ mu/ m or less be suppress$4 ,! seek] ( 8 true/1 /ronge/1 deepe/ self mu/ review ! li/ c>efully1 & pick out ! "o on :i* to /ake 8 salvation4 ,,int]e/s ,,may ,,be ,,too ,,n>r[4--,on ! o!r h&1 x is j z possible = our int]e/s to be too n>r[ z too broad4 ,! "o :o has cultivat$ no int]e/s outside ( 8 daily r\nd ( humdrum activities does n get en\gh out ( life4 ,x is possible to become s engross$ ) mak+ a liv+ t we =get to live--to become s habituat$ to "s n>r[ treadmill ( labor ) ! limit$ field ( ?\ght sugge/$ by its environm5t1 t we miss ! ri*e/ exp]i5ces ( life4 ,_m !re are :o live a b>r51 trivial1 & self-c5t]$ life because !y fail to see ! significant & ! beautiful :i* lie j beyond :]e _! int]e/s rea*6 ,_m !re are s tak5 up ) _! own petty tr\bles t !y h no he>t or sympa?y = fell[ humanity6 ,_m !re are s absorb$ ) _! own little a*ievem5ts t !y fail to cat* /ep ) ! progress ( ! age6 ,,specialization ,,%\ld ,,n ,,come ,,too ,,e>ly4--,x is n well to specialize too e>ly 9 our int]e/s4 ,we miss too _m ri* fields :i* lie ready = ! h>ve/+1 & ^: glean+ w\ld enri* our lives4 ,! /ud5t :o is s buri$ 9 books t he has no "t = a?letic recreations or social div]sions is mak+ a mi/ake equally ) ! "o :o is s en?usia/ic an a?lete & social devotee t he neglects 8 /udies4 ,likewise1 ! y\? :o is s tak5 up ) ! /udy ( "o p>ticul> l9e t he applies himself to ?is at ! exp5se ( all o!r l9es is invit+ a di/ort$ gr[?4 ,y\? is ! "t = pu%+ ! sky l9e back on all sides2 x is ! "t = cultivat+ div]se & v>i$ l9es ( int]e/s if we w\ld gr[ into a ri* exp]i5ce 9 our lat] lives4 ,! physical mu/ be develop$1 b n at ! exp5se ( ! m5tal1 & vice v]sa4 ,! social mu/ n be neglect$1 b x mu/ n be indulg$ to su* an ext5t t o!r int]e/s suff]4 ,int]e/ 9 amusem5ts & recreations %\ld be cultivat$1 b ^! %\ld nev] run c\nt] to ! moral & religi\s4 ,specialization is necess>y1 b specialization 9 our int]e/s %\ld re/ ^u a broad field ( fundam5tal int]e/s1 9 ord] t ! selection ( ! special l9e may be an intellig5t "o1 & t our specialty %all n prove a rut 9 :i* we become s deeply buri$ t we are lo/ to ! be/ 9 life4 ,a ,,prop] ,,balance ,,to ,,be ,,s\ght4--,x behooves u1 !n1 to f9d a prop] balance 9 cultivat+ our int]e/s1 mak+ !m nei!r too broad nor too n>r[4 ,we %\ld delib]ately seek to discov] ^? :i* are /rong en\gh to po9t ! way to a life vocation1 b ?is %\ld n be done until we h _h an opportunity to become acqua9t$ ) v>i\s l9es ( int]e/s4 ,o!rwise our decision 9 ?is important matt] may be bas$ m]ely on a :im4 ,we %\ld also decide :at int]e/s we %\ld cultivate = our own p]sonal developm5t & happ9ess1 & = ! s]vice we are to r5d] 9 a sph]e outside our imm$iate vocation4 ,we %\ld consid] avocations z well z vocations4 ,:atev] int]e/s are select$ %\ld be c>ri$ to effici5cy4 ,bett] a reasonable numb] ( c>efully select$ int]e/s well develop$ & result+ 9 effici5cy ?an a multitude ( int]e/s :i* lead u into s _m fields t we c at be/ get b a smatt]+ ( ea*1 & t by neglect+ ! ?+s :i* %\ld mean ! mo/ to u4 ,our int]e/s %\ld lead u to live :at ,wagn] calls a simple life1 b n a n>r[ "o4 #e4 ,,int]e/ ,,fundam5tal ,,9 ,,education ,"s educators h fe>$ t 9 f9d+ our occupations int]e/+1 we %all lose all p[] ( ef=t & self-direction2 t ! w1 n be+ call$ suffici5tly into requisition1 mu/ suff] f non-use2 t we %all come to d ! int]e/+ & agreeable ?+s well en\gh1 b fail be=e ! disagreeable4 ,,int]e/ ,,n ,,antagoni/ic ,,to ,,ef=t4--,! be/ developm5t ( ! w does n come ?r\gh our be+ =c$ to d acts 9 :i* !re is absolutely no int]e/4 ,"w done "u compulsion nev] secures ! full self 9 its p]=mance4 ,x is done me*anically & usually "u su* a _s ( rebellion on ! "p ( ! do]1 t ! advantage ( su* tra9+ may well be d\bt$4 ,nor are we safe 9 assum+ t tasks done )\t int]e/ z ! motive are always p]=m$ "u ! direction ( ! w4 ,x is f> m likely t !y are done "u "s ext]nal compulsion1 & t ! w has1 aft] all1 b v little to d ) x4 ,a boy may get an un9t]e/+ lesson at s*ool )\t mu* pressure f 8 w1 provid+ he is suffici5tly afraid ( ! ma/]4 ,9 ord] t ! w may receive tra9+ ?r\gh compell+ ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 acts1 x mu/ h a reasonably free field1 ) ext]nal pressure remov$4 ,! compell+ =ce mu/ come f )91 & n f )\t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is n ! lea/ dang] t we %all ev] f9d a place 9 life :]e all ! disagreeable is remov$1 & all phases ( our "w made smoo? & int]e/+4 ,! necessity w always be ris+ to call ^u ef=t to take up ! fight & hold u to duty :]e int]e/ has fail$4 ,& x is j "h t !re mu/ be no failure1 else we %all be m]e creatures ( circum/ance1 drift+ ) e eddy 9 ! tide ( our life1 & nev] able to brea/ ! curr5t4 ,int]e/ is n to supplant ! necessity = /]n & /r5u\s endeavor b r to call =? ! l>ge/ measure ( endeavor ( :i* ! self is capable4 ,x is to put at "w a l>g] am\nt ( p[] ?an c be secur$ 9 any o!r way2 9 place ( supplant+ ! w1 x is to give x its po9t ( dep>ture & r5d] its s]vice all ! m effective4 ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,"*4--,f9ally1 we are n to =get t bad int]e/s h ! same propulsive p[] z good ones1 & w lead to acts j z surely4 ,& ^! acts w j z readily be =m$ into habits4 ,x is wor? notic+ t back ( ! act lies an int]e/2 9 ! act lies ! se$ ( a habit2 ahead ( ! act lies behavior1 :i* gr[s into conduct1 ?is into "*1 & "* into de/9y4 ,bad int]e/s %\ld be %unn$ & disc\rag$4 ,b ev5 t is n en\gh4 ,good int]e/s mu/ be in/all$ 9 ! place ( ! bad ones f :i* we wi% to escape1 = x is ?r\gh sub/itution r ?an suppression t we are able to break f ! bad & adh]e to ! good4 ,our int]e/s are an evolution4 ,out ( ! simple int]e/s ( ! *ild gr[ ! m complex int]e/s ( ! man4 ,lack+ ! opportunity to develop ! int]e/s ( *ildhood1 ! man w come some:at %ort ( ! full int]e/s ( manhood4 ,! great ?+1 !n1 9 educat+ a *ild is to discov] ! fundam5tal int]e/s :i* come to him f ! race &1 us+ ^! z a />t+ po9t1 direct !m into con/antly broad5+ & m s]viceable ones4 ,out ( ! e>ly int]e/ 9 play is to come ! lat] int]e/ 9 "w2 out ( ! e>ly int]e/ 9 collect+ treasure boxes full ( wor?less tr9kets & old scraps comes ! lat] int]e/ 9 e>n+ & reta9+ own]%ip ( prop]ty2 out ( ! int]e/ 9 *ums & playmates come ! l>g] social int]e/s2 out ( int]e/ 9 nature comes ! int]e/ ( ! naturali/4 ,& s "o by "o we may exam9e ! int]e/s :i* be> ! l>ge/ fruit 9 our adult life1 & we f9d t !y all h _! roots 9 "s e>ly int]e/ ( *ildhood1 :i* 0 enc\rag$ & giv5 a *ance to gr[4 #f4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,developm5t ,,( ,,our ,,int]e/s ,! ord] 9 :i* our int]e/s develop ?us becomes an important "q 9 our education4 ,nor is ! ord] an arbitr>y "o1 z might appe> on fir/ ?\ght2 = int]e/ foll[s ! inv>iable law ( atta*+ to ! activity = :i* ! organism is at t "t ready1 & :i* x !n ne$s 9 its fur!r gr[?4 ,t we are sometimes int]e/$ 9 h>mful ?+s does n disprove ?is ass]tion4 ,! int]e/ 9 its fundam5tal aspect is good1 & b ne$s m heal?ful environm5t or m wise direction4 ,:ile space =bids a full discussion ( ! g5etic phase ( int]e/ "h1 yet we may pr(it by a brief /atem5t ( ! fundam5tal int]e/s ( c]ta9 well-m>k$ p]iods 9 our developm5t4 ,,! ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,e>ly ,,*ildhood4--,! int]e/s ( e>ly *ildhood are *iefly connect$ ) m9i/]+ to ! wants ( ! organism z express$ 9 ! appetites1 & 9 secur+ control ( ! l>g] muscles4 ,activity is ! preem95t ?+--rac+ & romp+ are wor? do+ = _! own sake alone4 ,imitation is /rong1 curiosity is ris+1 & imag9ation is build+ a new _w4 ,spee* is a joy1 language is le>n$ ) ease1 & rhyme & rhy?m become second nature4 ,! int]e/s ( ?is /age are /ill v direct & imm$iate4 ,a di/ant end does n attract4 ,! ?+ mu/ be wor? do+ = ! sake ( ! do+4 ,s9ce ! "y *ild's life is s full ( action1 & s9ce x is out ( acts t habits gr[1 x is d\bly desir\s dur+ ?is p]iod t environm5t1 models1 & tea*+ %\ld all direct 8 int]e/s & activities into l9es t w lead to p]man5t values4 ,,! ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,lat] ,,*ildhood4--,9 ! p]iod f second d5tition to pub]ty !re is a great wid5+ 9 ! scope ( int]e/s1 z well z a noticeable *ange 9 _! "*4 ,activity is /ill ! keynote2 b ! *ild is no long] int]e/$ m]ely 9 ! do+1 b is n[ able to look =w>d to ! end s\ght4 ,int]e/s :i* are some:at indirect n[ appeal to him1 & ! h[ ( ?+s attracts 8 att5tion4 ,he is beg9n+ to rea* outside ( 8 own little circle1 & is ready = h&icraft1 read+1 hi/ory1 & sci5ce4 ,spell+1 writ+1 & ari?metic int]e/ him p>tly f ! activities involv$1 b m z a means to an end4 ,int]e/ 9 complex games & plays increases1 b ! *ild is n yet ready = games :i* require team "w4 ,he has n come to ! po9t :]e he is will+ to sacrifice himself = ! good ( all4 ,int]e/ 9 moral que/ions is beg9n+1 & "r & wrong are no long] ?+s :i* may or may n be done )\t rebuke or puni%m5t4 ,! great problem at ?is /age is to direct ! int]e/ into ways ( adapt+ ! means to ends & into will+ness to "w "u volunt>y att5tion = ! accompli%m5t ( ! desir$ end4 ,,! ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,adolesc5ce4--,f9ally1 ) ! adv5t ( pub]ty1 comes ! la/ /age 9 ! developm5t ( int]e/s be=e adult life4 ,?is p]iod is n m>k$ by ! bir? ( new int]e/s s mu* z by a deep5+ & broad5+ ( ^? already begun4 ,! end s\ght becomes an increas+ly l>g] factor1 :e!r 9 play or 9 "w4 ,m]e activity itself no long] satisfies4 ,! y\? c n[ play team games2 = 8 social int]e/s are tak+ %ape1 & he c subord9ate himself = ! good ( ! gr\p4 ,int]e/ 9 ! opposite sex takes on a new phase1 & social =m & mode ( dress receive att5tion4 ,a new consci\sness ( self em]ges1 & ! y\? becomes introspective4 ,que/ions ( ! ultimate mean+ ( ?+s press = solution1 & :at & :o am ,i1 dem&s an answ]4 ,at ?is age we pass f a regime ( ob$i5ce to "o ( self-control1 f an e?ics ( au?ority to "o ( individualism4 ,all ! int]e/s are n[ tak+ on a m def9ite & /able =m1 & are look+ s]i\sly t[>d life vocations4 ,?is is a "t ( big plans & /r5u\s activity4 ,x is a crucial p]iod 9 our life1 fraught ) pitfalls & dang]s1 ) privileges & opportunities4 ,at ?is /rategic po9t 9 our life's voyage we may an*or ourselves ) "r int]e/s to a safe manhood & a successful c>e]2 or we may1 ) wrong int]e/s1 b9d ourselves to a brok5 life ( disc\ragem5t & defeat4 #g4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,try mak+ a li/ ( y\r mo/ important int]e/s 9 ord] ( _! /r5g?4 ,suppose y _h made su* a li/ five ye>s ago1 :]e w\ld x h diff]$ f ! pres5t li/8 ,are y ev] oblig$ to p]=m any activities 9 :i* y h little or no int]e/1 ei!r directly or indirectly8 ,c y "n any activities 9 :i* y once _h a /rong int]e/ b :i* y n[ p]=m *iefly f =ce ( habit & )\t mu* int]e/8 #b4 ,h y any int]e/s ( :i* y are n pr\d8 ,on ! o!r h&1 d y lack c]ta9 int]e/s :i* y feel t y %\ld possess8 ,:at int]e/s are y n[ try+ especially to cultivate8 ,to suppress8 ,h y z broad a field ( int]e/s z y c well take c>e (8 ,h y s _m int]e/s t y are slight+ ! developm5t ( "s ( ! m important ones8 #c4 ,obs]ve sev]al recitations = diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( int]e/ %[n4 ,acc\nt = ^! diff]5ces4 ,h y ev] obs]v$ an en?usia/ic tea*] ) an un9t]e/$ class8 ,a dull1 li/less tea*] ) an int]e/$ class8 #d4 ,a fa!r (f]s 8 son a doll> = e grade on 8 t]m report :i* is above n9ety2 :at type ( int]e/ relative to /udies does ?is appeal to8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! advisability ( giv+ prizes 9 connection ) s*ool "w8 #e4 ,mo/ *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool are n int]e/$ 9 te*nical gramm>2 :y n8 ,hi/ories made up *iefly ( dates & li/s ( k+s or presid5ts are n int]e/+2 :at is ! rem$y8 ,w\ld y call any tea*+ ( lit]ature1 hi/ory1 geography1 or sci5ce successful :i* fails to develop an int]e/ 9 ! subject8 #f4 ,aft] c>eful obs]vation1 make a /atem5t ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! typical play int]e/s ( boys & girls2 ( *ildr5 ( ! ?ird grade & ! eigh? grade4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,w ,! fundam5tal fact 9 all ranges ( life f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ is activity1 do+4 ,e individual1 ei!r animal or man1 is con/antly meet+ situations :i* dem& response4 ,9 ! l[] =ms ( life1 ?is response is v simple1 :ile 9 ! high] =ms1 & especially 9 man1 x is v complex4 ,! bird sees a nook favorable = a ne/1 & at once appropriates x2 a man sees a h\se t /rikes 8 fancy1 & works & plans & saves = mon?s to secure money ) :i* to buy x4 ,x is evid5t t ! l>g] ! possible numb] ( responses1 & ! great] _! div]sity & complexity1 ! m difficult x w be to select & compel ! "r response to any giv5 situation4 ,man !re=e ne$s "s special p[] ( control ov] 8 acts--he requires a w4 #a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,w ,!re has be5 mu* discussion & n a little controv]sy z to ! true nature ( ! w4 ,j :at is ! w1 & :at is ! cont5t ( our m5tal /ream :5 we are 9 ! act ( will+8 ,is !re at su* times a new & di/9ctly diff]5t cont5t :i* we d n f9d 9 our processes ( k or emotion--su* z p]ception1 memory1 judgm5t1 int]e/1 desire8 ,or d we f9d1 :5 we are engag$ 9 an act ( ! w1 t ! m5tal /ream conta9s only ! famili> old elem5ts ( att5tion1 p]ception1 judgm5t1 desire1 purpose1 etc41 all organiz$ or set = ! purpose ( accompli%+ or prev5t+ "s act8 ,,! ,,cont5t ,,( ,,! ,,w4--,we %all n attempt "h to settle ! controv]sy sugge/$ by ! =ego+ que/ions1 nor1 = imm$iately practical purposes1 d we ne$ to settle x4 ,x is p]haps safe to say1 h[ev]1 t :5ev] we are will+ ! m5tal cont5t consi/s ( elem5ts ( cognition & feel+ plus a di/9ct s5se ( ef=t1 ) :i* ev]yone is famili>4 ,:e!r ?is s5se ( ef=t is a new & diff]5t elem5t1 or only a complex ( old & famili> m5tal processes1 we ne$ n n[ decide4 ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,! ,,w4--,conc]n+ ! function ( ! w !re c be no haz9ess or d\bt4 ,volition conc]ns itself :olly ) acts1 responses4 ,! w always has to d ) caus+ or inhibit+ "s action1 ei!r physical or m5tal4 ,we ne$ to g to ! d5ti/1 tell "s fri5d we 7 9 ! wrong1 hold our m9d to a difficult or un9t]e/+ task1 or d "s o!r disagreeable ?+ f :i* we %irk4 ,x is at su* po9ts t we mu/ call ^u ! w4 ,aga91 we mu/ re/ra9 our tongue f speak+ ! unk9d ^w1 keep f cry+ out :5 ! d5ti/ drills ! too?1 *eck "s unwor?y l9e ( ?\ght4 ,we mu/ "h also appeal to ! w4 ,we may conclude !n t ! w is ne$$ :5ev] ! physical or m5tal activity mu/ be controll$ ) ef=t4 ,"s writ]s h call$ ! "w ( ! w 9 compell+ action its positive function1 & 9 inhibit+ action its negative function4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,w ,,ex]ts ,,its ,,compulsion4--,h[ does ! w br+ its compulsion to be>8 ,x is n a k9d ( m5tal policeman :o c take u by ! coll>1 s to speak1 & say d ?is1 or d n d t4 ,! secret ( ! w's p[] ( control lies 9 att5tion4 ,x is ! l9e ( action t we hold ! m9d ^u ) an attitude ( int5d+ to p]=m x t we f9ally foll[4 ,x is ! ?+ we keep ?9k+ ab\t t we f9ally d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let u resolutely hold ! m9d away f "s attractive b unsuitable l9e ( action1 direct+ our ?\ghts to an opposite c\rse1 or to "s :olly diff]5t subject1 & we h effectually block$ ! wrong response4 ,to control our acts is !re=e to control our ?\ghts1 & /r5g? ( w c be measur$ by our ability to direct our att5tion4 #b4 ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,control ,,ov] ,,our ,,acts ,a relatively small proportion ( our acts1 or responses1 are controll$ by volition4 ,nature1 9 h] wise economy1 has provid$ a simpl] & easi] me?od ?an to h all our actions p]=m$ or *eck$ ) consci\s ef=t4 ,,classes ,,( ,,acts ,,or ,,response4--,movem5ts or acts1 l o!r ph5om5a1 d n j happ54 ,!y nev] occur )\t a cause back ( !m4 ,:e!r !y are p]=m$ ) a consci\s end 9 view or )\t x1 ! fact rema9s ! same--some?+ mu/ lie back ( ! act to acc\nt = its p]=mance4 ,dur+ ! la/ h\r1 ea* ( u has p]=m$ _m simple movem5ts & m or less complex acts4 ,^! acts h v>i$ greatly 9 "*4 ,( _m we 7 :olly unconsci\s4 ,o!rs 7 consci\sly p]=m$1 b )\t feel+ ( ef=t on our "p4 ,/ill o!rs 7 accompli%$ only ) ef=t1 & aft] a /ruggle to decide :i* ( two l9es ( action we %\ld take4 ,"s ( our acts 7 reflex1 "s 7 *iefly in/9ctive1 & "s 7 volitional4 ,,simple ,,reflex ,,acts4--,fir/1 !re are go+ on )9 e liv+ organism c\ntless movem5ts ( :i* he is 9 l>ge "p unconsci\s1 :i* he does no?+ to initiate1 & :i* he is l>gely p[]less to prev5t4 ,"s ( !m are :olly1 & o!rs almo/1 out ( ! rea* & p[] ( 8 w4 ,su* are ! movem5ts ( ! he>t & vascul> sy/em1 ! action ( ! lungs 9 brea?+1 ! movem5ts ( ! dige/ive tract1 ! "w ( ! v>i\s gl&s 9 _! process ( secretion4 ,! entire organism is a mass ( liv+ matt]1 & j because x is liv+ no "p ( x is at re/4 ,movem5ts ( ?is type require no ext]nal /imulus & no direction1 !y are reflex2 !y take c>e ( !mselves1 z long z ! body is 9 heal?1 )\t let or h9drance1 cont9u+ :e!r we sleep or wake1 ev5 if we are 9 hypnotic or anae/hetic coma4 ,) movem5ts ( reflex type we %all h no m conc]n1 s9ce !y are almo/ :olly physiological1 & come sc>cely at all )9 ! range ( ! consci\sness4 ,,in/9ctive ,,acts4--,next !re are a l>ge numb] ( su* acts z clos+ ! eyes :5 !y are ?reat5$1 />t+ back f dang]1 cry+ out f pa9 or al>m1 fr[n+ & /rik+ :5 angry4 ,^! may r\ghly be class$ z in/9ctive1 & h already be5 discuss$ "u t head4 ,!y diff] f ! =m] class 9 t !y require "s /imulus to set ! act (f4 ,we are fully consci\s ( _! p]=mance1 al?\gh !y are p]=m$ )\t a consci\s end 9 view4 ,w9k+ ! eyes s]ves an important purpose1 b t is n :y we w9k2 />t+ back f dang] is a wise ?+ to d1 b we d n /op to consid] ?is be=e p]=m+ ! act4 ,& s x is ) a multitude ( reflex & in/9ctive acts4 ,!y are p]=m$ imm$iately ^u receiv+ an appropriate /imulus1 because we possess an organism calculat$ to act 9 a def9ite way 9 response to c]ta9 /imuli4 ,!re is no ne$ =1 & inde$ no place =1 any?+ to come 9 betwe5 ! /imulus & ! act4 ,! /imulus pulls ! trigg] ( ! ready-set n]v\s sy/em1 & ! act foll[s at once4 ,acts ( ^! reflex & in/9ctive types d n come prop]ly )9 ! range ( volition1 h5ce we w n consid] !m fur!r4 ,,automatic ,,or ,,spontane\s ,,acts4--,gr[+ out ( ^! reflex & in/9ctive acts is a broad field ( action :i* may be call$ automatic or spontane\s4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is type ( action is t all su* acts1 ?\gh p]=m$ n[ l>gely )\t consci\s purpose or int5t1 7 at "o "t purpos$ acts1 p]=m$ ) ef=t2 ?is is to say t !y 7 volitional4 ,su* acts z writ+1 or f+]+ ! keybo>d ( a piano1 7 once consci\sly purpos$1 volitional acts select$ f _m r&om or reflex movem5ts4 ,! effects ( exp]i5ce & habit are su*1 h[ev]1 t soon ! m]e pres5ce ( p5cil & pap]1 or ! sight ( ! keybo>d1 is en\gh to set "o scribbl+ or play+4 ,/at$ diff]5tly1 c]ta9 objects & situations come to sugge/ c]ta9 *>act]i/ic acts or responses s /rongly t ! action foll[s imm$iately on ! heels ( ! p]cept ( ! object1 or ! idea ( ! act4 ,james calls su* action ideo-motor4 ,_m illu/rations ( ?is type ( acts w occur to ea* ( u3 ,a door />ts to bl[ %ut1 & we spr+ up & av]t ! slam4 ,! memory ( a neglect$ engagem5t comes to u1 & we h />t$ to our feet on ! in/ant4 ,a di% ( nuts /&s be=e u1 & we f9d ourselves nibbl+ )\t int5d+ to d s4 ,,! ,,cycle ,,f ,,volitional ,,to ,,automatic4--,x is ( c\rse evid5t t no su* acts1 ?\gh !y 7 at "o "t 9 our exp]i5ce volitional1 n[ require ef=t or def9ite int5tion = _! p]=mance4 ,! law cov]+ ?is po9t may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,all volitional acts1 :5 repeat$1 t5d1 ?r\gh ! effects ( habit1 to become automatic1 & ?us relieve ! w f ! necessity ( direct+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,/> = mirror draw+4 ,! mirror breaks up ! automatic control previ\sly develop$1 & requires "o to />t out mu* z ! *ild does at ! beg9n+4 ,see text = directions4 ,to illu/rate ?is law try ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,draw on a piece ( c>dbo>d a />1 l figure #ai1 mak+ ea* l9e segm5t two in*es4 ,seat y\rself at a table ) ! /> be=e y1 plac+ a mirror back ( ! /> s t x c be se5 9 ! mirror4 ,h someone hold a scre5 a few in*es above ! table s z to hide ! /> f y\r direct view1 b s t y c see x 9 ! mirror4 ,n[ rea* y\r h& "u ! scre5 & trace ) a p5cil ar\nd ! /> f left to "r1 n tak+ y\r p5cil (f ! pap] until y get cle> ar\nd4 ,keep track ( h[ long x takes to g ar\nd & also note ! irregul> w&]+s ( y\r p5cil4 ,try ?is exp]im5t five times ov]1 not+ ! decrease 9 "t & ef=t requir$1 & ! increase 9 effici5cy z ! movem5ts t5d to become automatic4 ,,volitional ,,action4--,:ile x is obvi\s t ! v>i\s types ( action already describ$ include a v l>ge proportion ( all our acts1 yet !y d n include all4 ,= !re are "s acts t are nei!r reflex nor in/9ctive nor automatic1 b t h to be p]=m$ "u ! /ress ( compulsion & ef=t4 ,we con/antly meet situations :]e ! necessity = action or re/ra9t runs c\nt] to our incl9ations4 ,we daily are confront$ by ! necessity ( mak+ decisions 9 :i* ! m9d mu/ be compell$ by ef=t to take ?is direction or t direction4 ,conflict+ motives or t5d5cies create frequ5t necessity = co]cion4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to drive our b>k c\nt] to ! curr5t ( our desires or our habits1 or to ent] into conflict ) a temptation4 ,,volition ,,acts ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,decisions4--,ev]yone kn[s = himself ! /ate ( inw>d unre/ :i* we call indecision4 ,a ?\ght ent]s ! m9d :i* w\ld ( itself prompt an act2 b be=e ! act c occur1 a contr>y idea appe>s & ! act is *eck$2 ano!r ?\ght comes favor+ ! act1 & is 9 turn c\nt]balanc$ by an oppos+ "o4 ,! impell+ & inhibit+ ideas we call motives or reasons = & aga9/ ! propos$ act4 ,:ile we are balanc+ ! motives aga9/ ea* o!r1 we are said to delib]ate4 ,?is process ( delib]ation mu/ g on1 if we cont9ue to ?9k ab\t ! matt] at all1 until "o set ( ideas has triumph$ ov] ! o!r & secur$ ! att5tion4 ,:5 ?is has occurr$1 we h decid$1 & ! delib]ation is at an end4 ,we h ex]cis$ ! highe/ function ( ! w & made a *oice4 ,sometimes ! battle ( motives is %ort1 ! decision be+ rea*$ z soon z !re is "t to summon all ! reasons on bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,at o!r times ! conflict may g on at int]vals = days or weeks1 nei!r set ( motives be+ /rong en\gh to vanqui% ! o!r & dictate ! decision4 ,:5 ! motives are some:at ev5ly balanc$ we wisely pause 9 mak+ a decision1 because :5 "o l9e ( action is tak51 ! o!r _c be1 & we hesitate to lose ei!r opportunity4 ,a /ate ( indecision is usually highly unpleasant1 & no d\bt m ?an "o decision has be5 ha/5$ 9 our lives simply t we might be done ) ! unpleasantness att5dant on ! consid]ation ( two contr>y & insi/5t sets ( motives4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance :5 mak+ a decision ( any consequ5ce t we %\ld be fair 9 consid]+ all ! reasons on bo? sides ( ! "q1 all[+ ea* its j weight4 ,nor is ?is z easy z x might appe>2 =1 z we saw 9 our /udy ( ! emotions1 our feel+ attitude t[>d any object t occupies ! m9d is l>gely responsible = ! subjective value we place ^u x4 ,x is easy to be s prejudic$ t[>d or aga9/ a l9e ( action t ! motives be>+ ^u x _c get fair consid]ation4 ,to be able to elim9ate ?is p]sonal factor to su* an ext5t t ! evid5ce be=e u on a "q may be consid]$ on its m]its is a r>e accompli%m5t4 ,,types ,,( ,,decision4--,a decision may be rea*$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 ! mo/ important ones ( :i* may n[ briefly be describ$ aft] ! g5]al plan sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,james3 ,,! ,,reasonable ,,type4--,"o ( ! simple/ types ( decision is t 9 :i* ! prepond]ance ( motives is cle>ly se5 to be on "o side or ! o!r1 & ! only rational ?+ to d is to decide 9 accordance ) ! weight ( evid5ce4 ,decisions ( ?is type are call$ reasonable4 ,if we discov] t5 reasons :y we %\ld pursue a c]ta9 c\rse ( action1 & only "o or two reasons ( equal weight :y we %\ld n1 !n ! decision ought n to be h>d to make4 ,! po9ts to wat* 9 ?is case are 7a7 t we h really discov]$ all ! important reasons on bo? sides ( ! case1 & 7b7 t our feel+s ( p]sonal int]e/ or prejudice h n giv5 "s ( ! motives an undue weight 9 our scale ( values4 ,,accid5tal ,,type3 ,,ext]nal ,,motives4--,x is to be d\bt$ :e!r z _m ( our decisions are made "u imm$iate /ress ( volition z we ?9k4 ,we may be hesitat+ betwe5 two sets ( motives1 unable to decide betwe5 !m1 :5 a ?ird factor ent]s :i* is n really relat$ to ! "q at all1 b :i* f9ally dictates ! decision nev]!less4 ,= example1 we are consid]+ ! "q :e!r we %all g on an excursion or /ay at home & complete a piece ( "w4 ,! b5efits com+ f ! recreation1 & ! pleasures ( ! trip1 are pitt$ aga9/ ! exp5se :i* mu/ be incurr$ & ! desirability ( hav+ ! "w done on "t4 ,at ?is po9t1 :ile z yet we h be5 unable to decide1 a fri5d comes along1 & we seek to evade ! responsibility ( mak+ our own decision by appeal+ to him1 ,y tell me :at to d6 ,h[ few ( u h nev] said 9 effect if n 9 words1 ,i w d ?is or t if y w6 ,h[ few h nev] tak5 advantage ( a ra9y day to /ay f *ur* or %irk an undesirable engagem5t6 ,h[ few h n all[$ important que/ions to be decid$ by "s trivial or accid5tal factor n really relat$ to ! *oice 9 ! lea/6 ,?is =m ( decision is accid5tal decision4 ,x does n re/ on motives :i* are vitally relat$ to ! case1 b r on ! accid5t ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,! p]son :o habitually makes 8 decisions 9 ?is way lacks p[] ( w4 ,he does n hold himself to ! "q until he has ga!r$ ! evid5ce be=e him1 & !n himself direct 8 att5tion to ! be/ l9e ( action & s secure its p]=mance4 ,he drifts ) ! tide1 he goes ) ! cr[d1 he %irks responsibility4 ,,accid5tal ,,type3 ,,subjective ,,motives4--,a second type ( accid5tal decision may occur :5 we are hesitat+ betwe5 two l9es ( action :i* are seem+ly ab\t equally desirable1 & no prepond]at+ motive ent]s ! field2 :5 no ext]nal factor appe>s1 & no advis+ fri5d comes to ! rescue4 ,!n1 ) ! necessity = decid+ ?ru/ ^u u1 we tire ( ! worry & /ra9 ( delib]ation & say to ourselves1 ,?is ?+ mu/ be settl$ "o way or ! o!r pretty soon2 ,i am tir$ ( ! :ole matt]4 ,:5 we h rea*$ ?is po9t we are likely to %ut our eyes to ! evid5ce 9 ! case1 & decide l>gely ^u ! :im or mood ( ! mom5t4 ,v likely we regret our decision ! next in/ant1 b )\t any m cause = ! regret ?an we _h = ! decision4 ,x is evid5t t su* a decision z ?is does n re/ on valid motives b r on ! accid5t ( subjective conditions4 ,habitual decisions ( ?is type are an evid5ce ( a m5tal laz9ess or a m5tal incompet5ce :i* r5d]s ! individual incapable ( m>%al+ ! facts be>+ on a case4 ,he _c hold !m be=e 8 m9d & weigh !m aga9/ ea* o!r until "o side outweighs ! o!r & dictates ! decision4 ,( c\rse ! rem$y = ?is weakness ( decision lies 9 n all[+ oneself to be pu%$ into a decision simply to escape ! unpleasantness ( a /ate ( indecision1 or ! necessity ( se>*+ = fur!r evid5ce :i* w make ! decision easi]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is possible to =m a habit ( indecision1 ( undue hesitancy 9 com+ to conclusions :5 ! evid5ce is all be=e u4 ,?is gives u ! m5tal dawdl]1 ! p]son :o w sp5d sev]al m9utes 9 an agony ( indecision ov] :e!r to c>ry an umbrella on ?is p>ticul> trip2 :e!r to we> black %oes or tan %oes today2 :e!r to g call+ or to /ay at home & write lett]s ?is aft]noon4 ,su* a p]son is usually 9 a /ew ov] "s inconsequ5tial matt]1 & consumes s mu* "t & en]gy 9 fuss+ ov] trivial ?+s t he is incapable ( h&l+ l>g] ones4 ,if we are c]ta9 t we h all ! facts 9 a giv5 case be=e u1 & h giv5 ea* its due weight s f> z our judgm5t w enable u to d1 !n !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by delay+ ! decision4 ,nor is !re any occasion to *ange ! decision aft] x has once be5 made unless new evid5ce is discov]$ be>+ on ! case4 ,,decision ,,"u ,,ef=t4--,! highe/ type ( decision is t 9 :i* ef=t is ! det]m9+ factor4 ,! pressure ( ext]nal circum/ances & inw>d impulse is n en\gh to ov]come a calm & det]m9$ ,i w4 ,two possible l9es ( action may lie op5 be=e u4 ,e curr5t ( our be+ leads t[>d ! "o2 9 addition1 incl9ation1 fri5ds1 honors1 all beckon 9 ! same direction4 ,f ! o!r c\rse our v nature %r9ks2 duty alone bids u take ?is l9e1 & promises no rew>ds except ! approval ( consci5ce4 ,"h is ! crucial po9t 9 human exp]i5ce2 ! supreme te/ ( ! individual2 ! la/ measure ( man's indep5d5ce & p[]4 ,w9n+ at ?is po9t man has ex]cis$ 8 highe/ pr]ogative--t ( indep5d5t *oice2 fail+ "h1 he rev]ts t[>d ! l[] =ms & is a creature ( circum/ance1 no long] ! ma/] ( 8 own de/9y1 b bl[n ab\t by ! w9ds ( *ance4 ,& x behooves u to w9 9 ?is battle4 ,we may lose 9 a conte/ or a game & yet n fail1 because we h done our be/2 if we fail 9 ! conflict ( motives we h plant$ a se$ ( weakness f :i* we %all at la/ h>ve/ defeat4 ,jean ,valjean1 ! galley slave ( almo/ a score ( ye>s1 escapes & lives an hone/ life4 ,he w9s ! respect & admiration ( fri5ds2 he is elect$ mayor ( 8 t[n1 & honors are heap$ on him4 ,at ! height ( 8 prosp]ity he reads "o day t a man has be5 arre/$ 9 ano!r t[n = ! escap$ convict1 ,jean ,valjean1 & is ab\t to be s5t to ! galleys4 ,n[ comes ! supreme te/ 9 ,jean ,valjean's life4 ,%all he rema9 ! honor$1 respect$ citiz5 & let an innoc5t man suff] 9 8 /ead1 or %all he proclaim himself ! long-s\ght crim9al & aga9 h ! coll> rivet$ on 8 neck & take 8 place at ! o>s8 ,he sp5ds "o awful night ( conflict 9 :i* cont5d+ motives make a battle gr\nd ( 8 s\l4 ,b 9 ! morn+ he has won4 ,he has sav$ 8 manhood4 ,8 consci5ce yet lives--& he goes & gives himself up to ! (fic]s4 ,nor c\ld he d o!rwise & /ill rema9 a man4 #c4 ,,/rong ,,& ,,weak ,,wills ,_m p]sons w admit t _! memory or imag9ation or p[] ( p]ception is n good1 b few w confess to a weak w4 ,/r5g? ( w is ev]y:]e laud$ z a m>k ( wor? & "*4 ,h[ c we tell :e!r our w is /rong or weak8 ,,n ,a ,,w1 ,,b ,,wills4--,fir/ ( all we ne$ to rememb] t1 j z we d n h a memory1 b a sy/em ( memories1 s we d n possess a w1 b _m diff]5t wills4 ,by ?is ,i mean t ! w mu/ be call$ ^u & te/$ at e po9t ( contact 9 exp]i5ce be=e we h fully measur$ its /r5g?4 ,our w may h s]v$ u reasonably well s f>1 b we may n yet h met any great numb] ( h>d te/s because our exp]i5ce & temptations h be5 limit$4 ,nor mu/ we =get to take into acc\nt bo? ! negative & ! positive functions ( ! w4 ,_m !re are :o ?9k ( ! w *iefly 9 its negative use1 z a k9d ( a *eck or b>ri] to save u f do+ c]ta9 ?+s4 ,t ?is is an important function _c be d5i$4 ,b ! positive is ! high] function4 ,!re are _m m5 & wom5 :o are able to resi/ evil1 b able to d little good4 ,!y are good en\gh1 b n good = mu*4 ,!y lack ! p[] ( ef=t & self-compulsion to hold !m up to ! high /&>ds & /]n endeavor necess>y to save !m f inf]iority or m$iocrity4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t = mo/ :o read ^! words ! greate/ te/ ( _! w p[] w be 9 ! positive in/ead ( ! negative direction4 ,,objective ,,te/s ,a ,,false ,,measure ,,( ,,w ,,p[]4--,! actual am\nt ( volition ex]cis$ 9 mak+ a decision _c be measur$ by objective results4 ,! fact t y foll[ ! pa?way ( duty1 :ile ,i falt] & f9ally drift into ! byways ( pleasure1 is n c]ta9 evid5ce t y h put =? ! great] p[] ( w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! allurem5ts :i* l$ me a/ray may h _h no *>ms = y4 ,fur!rmore1 y may h s =m$ ! habit ( pursu+ ! pa?way ( duty :5 ! two pa?s op5$ be=e y1 t y\r well-tra9$ feet un]r+ly l$ y into ! n>r[ way )\t a /ruggle4 ,( c\rse y are on saf] gr\nd ?an ,i1 & on gr\nd t we %\ld all seek to atta94 ,b1 nev]!less1 ,i1 al?\gh ,i fell :5 ,i %\ld h /ood1 may h be5 fight+ a battle & manife/+ a p[] ( resi/ance ( :i* y1 "u simil> temptation1 w\ld h be5 incapable4 ,! only po9t f :i* a conflict ( motives c be safely judg$ is t ( ! s\l :i* is engag$ 9 ! /ruggle4 #d4 ,,volitional ,,types ,sev]al fairly well-m>k$ volitional types may be discov]$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be und]/ood t ^! types all grade by ins5sible degrees into ea* o!r1 & t extreme types are ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,,! ,,impulsive ,,type4--,! impulsive type ( w goes along ) a n]v\s organism ( ! hair-trigg] k9d4 ,! bra9 is 9 a /ate ( highly un/able equilibrium1 & a relatively slight curr5t s]ves to set (f ! motor c5t]s4 ,action foll[s be=e !re is "t = a c\nt]act+ curr5t to int]v5e4 ,putt+ x 9 m5tal t]ms1 we act on an idea :i* pres5ts itself be=e an oppos+ "o has opportunity to ent] ! m9d4 ,h5ce ! action is l>gely or :olly ideo-motor & b slightly or n at all delib]ate4 ,x is ?is type ( w :i* results 9 ! ha/y ^w or de$1 or ! ra% act committ$ on ! impulse ( ! mom5t & rep5t$ ( at leisure2 :i* compels ! frequ5t1 ,i didn't ?9k1 or ,i w\ld n h done x6 ,! impulsive p]son may und\bt$ly h cr$it$ up to him _m k9d words & noble de$s4 ,9 addition1 he usually c>ries ) him an air ( spontaneity & :ole-he>t$ness :i* goes f> to atone = 8 faults4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t he is too little ! ma/] ( 8 acts1 t he is guid$ too l>gely by ext]nal circum/ances or inw>d caprice4 ,he lacks balance4 ,impulsive action is n to be confus$ ) quick decision & rapid action4 ,_m ( ! _w's greate/ & safe/ lead]s h be5 not$ = quickness ( decision & = rapidity ( action 9 c>ry+ out _! decisions4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ^! m5 7 mak+ decisions 9 fields well kn[n to !m4 ,!y 7 speciali/s 9 ?is l9e ( delib]ation4 ,! motives = & aga9/ c]ta9 l9es ( action _h (t5 be5 dwelt ^u4 ,all possible cont+5cies _h be5 imag$ _m times ov]1 & a valuation plac$ ^u ! diff]5t decisions4 ,! v>i\s concepts _h long be5 associat$ ) c]ta9 def9ite l9es ( action4 ,delib]ation "u su* conditions c be c>ri$ on ) lightn+ rapidity1 ea* motive be+ *eck$ (f z wor? s mu* ! in/ant x pres5ts itself1 & action c foll[ imm$iately :5 att5tion settles on ! prop] motive to gov]n ! decision4 ,?is is n impulse1 b abbreviat$ delib]ation4 ,^! facts sugge/ to u t we %\ld ?9k mu* & c>efully ov] matt]s 9 :i* we are requir$ to make quick decisions4 ,( c\rse ! rem$y = ! ov]-impulsive type is to cultivate delib]ative action4 ,:5 ! impulse comes to act )\t consid]ation1 pause to give ! o!r side ( ! "q an opportunity to be he>d4 ,*eck ! motor response to ideas t sugge/ action until y h review$ ! field to see :e!r !re are contr>y reasons to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,=m ! habit ( wait+ = all evid5ce be=e decid+4 ,?9k twice be=e y act4 ,,! ,,ob/ruct$ ,,w4--,! opposite ( ! impulsive type ( w is ! ob/ruct$ or balky w4 ,9 ?is type !re is too mu* inhibition1 or else n en\gh impulsion4 ,images :i* %\ld result 9 action are *eckmat$ by oppos+ images1 or d n possess vitality en\gh z motives to ov]come ! dead weight ( in]tia :i* clogs m5tal action4 ,! p]son kn[s well en\gh :at he %\ld d1 b he _c get />t$4 ,he _c get ! cons5t ( 8 w4 ,x may be ! /ud5t ^: m9d is torm5t$ by ?\ghts ( com+ failure 9 recitation or exam9ation1 b :o yet _c =ce himself to ! ex]tion necess>y safely to meet ! ordeal4 ,x may be ! dissolute man :o tortures himself 9 8 sob] mom5ts ) remorse & ! ?\ght t he 0 int5d$ = bett] ?+s1 b :o1 wak+ f 8 m$itations1 goes on 9 ! same old way4 ,x may be ! *ild und]go+ puni%m5t1 :o is to be releas$ f bondage z soon z he w promise to be good1 b :o _c br+ himself to say ! necess>y words4 ,x n only may be1 b is1 man or woman any:]e :o has ideals :i* are kn[n to be wor?y & noble1 b :i* fail to take hold4 ,x is anyone :o is foll[+ a c\rse ( action :i* he kn[s is b5ea? him4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! moral trag$ies1 ! failures & ! %ipwrecks 9 life come f> m f ! break+ ( ! bonds :i* %\ld b9d "r ideals to action ?an f a failure to p]ceive ! tru?4 ,m5 diff] f> m 9 _! de$s ?an 9 _! /&>ds ( action4 ,! rem$y = ?is diseas$ type ( w is mu* easi] to prescribe ?an to apply4 ,x is simply to refuse to att5d to ! contr>y ?\ghts :i* are block+ action1 & to cultivate & enc\rage ^? :i* lead to action ( ! "r k9d4 ,x is seek+ to vitalize our good impulses & r5d] !m effective by act+ on !m :5ev] opportunity (f]s4 ,no?+ c be accompli%$ by moodily dwell+ on ! disgrace ( h>bor+ ! ob/ruct+ ideas4 ,?us brood+ ov] !m only enc\rages !m4 ,:at we ne$ is to get entirely away f ! l9e ( ?\ght 9 :i* we h met our ob/ruction1 & approa* ! matt] f a diff]5t direction4 ,! *ild :o is 9 a fit ( sulks does n s mu* ne$ a lecture on ! disagreeable habit he is =m+ z to h 8 ?\ghts l$ into l9es n connect$ ) ! grievance :i* is caus+ him ! tr\ble4 ,! /ubborn *ild does n ne$ to h 8 w brok51 b r to h x /r5g!n$4 ,he may be compell$ to d :at he does n want to d2 b if ?is is accompli%$ ?r\gh physical =ce in/ead ( by lead+ to ?\ghts connect$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! act1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! w has 9 any degree be5 /r5g!n$4 ,inde$ x may r be dep5d$ ^u t ! w has be5 weak5$2 = an opportunity = self-control1 ?r\gh :i* alone ! w develops1 has be5 lo/4 ,! ultimate rem$y = rebellion (t5 lies 9 great] fre$om at ! prop] "t4 ,?is does n mean t ! *ild %\ld n obey rightful au?ority promptly & explicitly1 b t j z little ext]nal au?ority z possible %\ld int]v5e to take f ! *ild ! opportunity = self-compulsion4 ,,! ,,normal ,,w4--,! gold5 mean betwe5 ^! two abnormal types ( w may be call$ ! normal or balanc$ w4 ,"h !re is a prop] ratio betwe5 impulsion & inhibition4 ,ideas are n act$ ^u ! in/ant !y ent] ! m9d )\t giv+ "t = a survey ( ! field ( motives1 nei!r is action sickli$ o'er ) ! pale ca/ ( ?\ght to su* an ext5t t x becomes impossible4 ,! evid5ce is all consid]$ & ea* motive fully weigh$4 ,b ?is once done1 decision foll[s4 ,no dilatory & ob/ructive tactics are all[$4 ,! fleet+ impulse is n en\gh to p]suade to action1 nei!r is action unduly delay$ aft] ! decision is made4 #e4 ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,w ,! w is to be tra9$ z we tra9 ! o!r p[]s ( ! m9d--?r\gh ! ex]cise ( its normal function4 ,! function ( ! w is to direct or control 9 ! actual affairs ( life4 ,_m well-mean+ p]sons speak ( tra9+ ! w z if we c\ld sep>ate x f ! int]e/s & purposes ( our daily liv+1 & 9 "s way put x ?r\gh its paces m]ely = ! sake ( add+ to its g5]al /r5g?4 ,?is view is all wrong4 ,!re is1 z we h se51 no su* ?+ z g5]al p[] ( w4 ,w is always requir$ 9 specific acts & em]g5cies1 & x is precisely ^u su* matt]s t x mu/ be ex]cis$ if x is to be cultivat$4 ,,w ,,to ,,be ,,tra9$ ,,9 ,,common ,,r\nd ,,( ,,duties4--,:at is ne$$ 9 develop+ ! w is a deep moral int]e/ 9 :atev] we set out to d1 & a high purpose to d x up to ! limit ( our p[]s4 ,)\t ?is1 any artificial ex]cises1 no matt] h[ c>efully !y are devis$ or h[ h]oically !y are c>ri$ out1 _c b fail to fit u = ! real te/s ( life2 ) x1 artificial ex]cises are sup]flu\s4 ,x matt]s n s mu* :at our vocation z h[ x is p]=m$4 ,! mo/ commonplace human exp]i5ce is ri* 9 opportunities = ! highe/ =m ( expression possible to ! w--t ( direct+ u into "r l9es ( action1 & ( hold+ u to our be/ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( "s dom9ant purpose4 ,!re is no "o set =m ( ex]cise :i* alone w s]ve to tra9 ! w4 ,! /ud5t pu%+ /eadily t[>d 8 goal 9 spite ( pov]ty & gr9d+ labor2 ! tea*] :o1 ?\gh unappreciat$ & poorly paid1 yet p]=ms e duty ) consci5ti\s ?or\ghness2 ! man :o /&s firm 9 ! face ( temptation2 ! p]son :om h]$ity or circum/ance has h&icapp$1 b :o1 nev]!less1 c\rage\sly fights 8 battle2 ! c\ntless m5 & wom5 ev]y:]e ^: names are n kn[n to fame1 b :o /& 9 ! h>d places1 be>+ ! heat & ! toil ) brave1 unfl9*+ he>ts--^! are ! ones :o are develop+ a moral fib] & /r5g? ( w :i* w /& 9 ! day ( /ress4 ,bett] a ?\s& times su* tra9+ z ?is 9 ! ?ick ( life's real conflicts ?an any volitional cali/h5ics or priggi% self-d5ials ent]$ into solely = ! tra9+ ( ! w6 ,,s*ool ,,"w ,,& ,,w ,,tra9+4--,! "w ( ! s*ool (f]s z good an opportunity = tra9+ p[]s ( w z ( memory or reason+4 ,on ! side ( inhibition !re is always ! necessity = self-re/ra9t & control s t ! rights ( o!rs may n be infr+$ ^u4 ,temptations to unfairness or ins9c]ity 9 lessons & exam9ations are always to be met4 ,! social relations ( ! s*ool necessitate ! developm5t ( p]sonal poise & indep5d5ce4 ,on ! positive side ! opportunities = ! ex]cise ( w p[] are always at h& 9 ! s*ool4 ,e lesson gives ! pupil a *ance to measure 8 /r5g? & det]m9ation aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ! task4 ,high /&>ds are to be built up1 ideals ma9ta9$1 habits r5d]$ secure4 ,! great problem = ! tea*] 9 ?is connection is s to organize bo? control & in/ruction t ! l>ge/ possible opportunity is giv5 to pupils = ! ex]cise ( _! own p[]s ( w 9 all s*ool relations4 #f4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,w1 ,,or ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,its ,,control ,we h se5 9 ?is discussion t w is a mode ( control--control ( our ?\ghts &1 ?r\gh our ?\ghts1 ( our actions4 ,w may be look$ ^u1 !n1 z ! culm9ation ( ! m5tal life1 ! highe/ =m ( directive ag5t )9 u4 ,beg9n+ ) ! direction ( ! simple/ movem5ts1 x goes on until x gov]ns ! curr5t ( our life 9 ! pursuit ( "s di/ant ideal4 ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,w4--,j h[ f> ! w c g 9 its control1 j h[ f> man is a free moral ag5t1 has long be5 "o ( ! moot$ que/ions among ! philosoph]s4 ,b "s few facts are cle>4 ,if ! w c ex]cise full control ov] all our acts1 x by ?is v fact det]m9es our "*2 & "* spells de/9y4 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! w 9 ?us direct+ u 9 ! a*ievem5t ( a de/9y works "u two limitations3 ,fir/1 e individual ent]s ^u life ) a l>ge /ock ( inh]it$ t5d5cies1 :i* g f> to %ape 8 int]e/s & aspirations4 ,& ^! are important factors 9 ! "w ( volition4 ,second1 we all h our sett+ 9 ! mid/ ( a great mat]ial & social environm5t1 :i* is l>gely beyond our p[] to modify1 & ^: influ5ces are con/antly play+ ^u u & mold+ u accord+ to _! type4 ,,^! ,,limitations ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,fre$om4--,yet !re is no?+ 9 ?is ?\ght to disc\rage u4 ,= ^! v limitations h 9 !m our hope ( a l>g] fre$om4 ,man's h]$ity1 com+ to him ?r\gh ages ( conflict ) ! =ces ( nature1 ) 8 bro!r man1 & ) himself1 has deeply in/ill$ 9 him ! _s ( indep5d5ce & self-control4 ,x has tra9$ him to delib]ate1 to *oose1 to a*ieve4 ,x has develop$ 9 him ! p[] to w4 ,likewise man's environm5t1 9 :i* he mu/ live & "w1 furni%es ! problems :i* 8 life "w is to solve1 & out ( ^: solution w receives its only true developm5t4 ,x is ?r\gh ! action & int]action ( ^! two factors1 !n1 t man is to "w out 8 de/9y4 ,:at he is1 c\pl$ ) :at he may d1 leads him to :at he may become4 ,e man possesses 9 "s degree a sp>k ( div9ity1 a sov]eign individuality1 a p[] ( indep5d5t initiative4 ,?is is all he ne$s to make him free--free to d 8 be/ 9 :atev] walk ( life he f9ds himself4 ,if he w b d ?is1 ! do+ ( x w lead him into a con/antly gr[+ fre$om1 & he c voice ! cry ( e e>ne/ he>t3 ,build !e m /ately mansions1 ,o my s\l6 ,z ! swift seasons roll6 ,leave ?y l[-vault$ pa/6 ,let ea* new temple1 nobl] ?an ! la/1 ,%ut !e f heav5 ) a dome m va/1 ,till ?\ at l5g? art free1 ,leav+ ?9e outgr[n %ell by life's unre/+ sea6 #g4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,introspection #a4 ,give illu/rations f y\r own exp]i5ce ( ! v>i\s types ( action m5tion$ 9 ?is discussion4 ,f y\r own exp]i5ce ( ! la/ h\r1 :at examples ( impulsive action c y give8 ,w\ld x h be5 bett] 9 "s cases _h y /opp$ to delib]ate8 #b4 ,are y easily influ5c$ by prejudice or p]sonal pref]5ce 9 mak+ decisions8 ,:at rec5t decisions h be5 ?us affect$8 ,c y classify ! v>i\s ones ( y\r decisions :i* y c recall "u ! f\r types m5tion$ 9 ! text8 ,"u :i* class does ! l>ge/ numb] fall8 ,h y a t5d5cy to drift ) ! cr[d8 ,are y indep5d5t 9 decid+ ^u & foll[+ out a l9e ( action8 ,:at is ! value ( advice8 ,ought advice to d m ?an to assi/ 9 gett+ all ! evid5ce on a case be=e ! "o :o is to decide8 #c4 ,c y judge y\rself well en\gh to tell to :i* volitional type y belong8 ,are y ov]-impulsive8 ,are y /ubborn8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 /ubbornness & firmness8 ,suppose y ask y\r in/ructor1 or a fri5d1 to assi/ y 9 classify+ y\rself z to volitional type4 ,are y tr\bl$ ) indecision2 t is1 d y h h>d "w to decide 9 trivial matt]s ev5 aft] y "k all ! facts 9 ! case8 ,:at is ! cause ( ^! /ates ( indecision8 ,! rem$y8 #d4 ,h y a /rong p[] ( w8 ,c y control y\r att5tion8 ,d y submit easily to temptation8 ,c y hold y\rself up to a high degree ( ef=t8 ,c y p]sev]e8 ,h y ev] fail$ 9 ! atta9m5t ( "s *]i%$ ideal because y c\ld n br+ y\rself to pay ! price 9 ! sacrifice or ef=t necess>y8 #e4 ,consid] ! class "w & exam9ations ( s*ools t y "k4 ,does ! sy/em ( managem5t & control ?r[ responsibility on ! pupils 9 a way to develop _! p[]s ( w8 #f4 ,:at motives or inc5tives c be us$ to enc\rage pupils to use self-compulsion to ma9ta9 high /&>ds ( excell5ce 9 _! /udies & conduct8 ,does x pay to be h]oic 9 "o's self-control8 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,self-,,expression ,,& ,,developm5t ,we h already se5 t ! m9d & ! body are associat$ 9 a cop>tn]%ip 9 :i* ea* is an indisp5sable & active memb]4 ,we h se5 t ! body gets its dignity & wor? f its relation ) ! m9d1 & t ! m9d is dep5d5t on ! body = ! crude mat]ial ( its ?\ght1 & also = ! c>ry+ out ( its m&ates 9 secur+ adaptation to our environm5t4 ,we h se5 z a coroll>y ( ^! facts t ! effici5cy ( bo? m9d & body is condition$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ea* c>ries out its %>e ( ! mutual activities4 ,let u see some?+ m ( ?is int]relation4 #a4 ,,int]-,,relation ,,( ,,impression ,,& ,,expression ,no impression )\t correspond+ expression has become a maxim 9 bo? physiology & psy*ology4 ,inn] life implies self-expression 9 ext]nal activities4 ,! /ream ( impressions p\r+ 9 ^u u h\rly f our environm5t mu/ h means ( expression if developm5t is to foll[4 ,we _c be passive recipi5ts1 b mu/ be active p>ticipants 9 ! educational process4 ,we mu/ n only be able to "k & feel1 b to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,,! ,,_m ,,s\rces ,,( ,,impressions4--,! nature ( ! impressions :i* come to u & h[ !y all lead on t[>d ultimate expression is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #bj74 ,our mat]ial environm5t is ?ru/+ impressions ^u u e mom5t ( our life2 also1 ! mat]ial objects ) :i* we deal h become s saturat$ ) social values t ea* comes to u ) a d\ble significance1 & :at an object means (t5 /&s = m ?an :at x is4 ,f ! lives ( p ) :om we daily m+le2 f ! wid] circle ^: lives d n imm$iately t\* ours1 b :o are int]pret$ to u by ! press1 by hi/ory & lit]ature2 f ! social in/itutions into :i* h gone ! lives ( millions1 & ( :i* our lives =m a "p1 !re come to u con/antly a flood ( impressions ^: influ5ce _c be measur$4 ,s likewise ) religi\s impressions4 ,god is all ab\t u & )9 u4 ,he speaks to u f e nook & corn] ( nature1 & communes ) u ?r\gh ! /ill small voice f )91 if we w b li/54 ,! ,bible1 religi\s in/ruction1 & ! lives ( good p are o!r s\rces ( religi\s impressions con/antly t5d+ to mold our lives4 ,! beautiful 9 nature1 art1 & human conduct con/antly appeals to u 9 aes/hetic impressions4 ,,all ,,impressions ,,lead ,,t[>d ,,expression4--,ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( impressions may be subdivid$ & ext5d$ into an almo/ indef9ite numb] & v>iety1 ! diff]5t gr\ps meet+ & ov]lapp+1 x is true1 yet ea* pres]v+ reasonably di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,a common *>act]i/ic ( !m all1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 is t !y all po9t t[>d expression4 ,! v>ieties ( light1 color1 =m1 & di/ance :i* we get ?r\gh vision are n m]ely t we may "k ^! ph5om5a ( nature1 b t1 kn[+ !m1 we may use ! k 9 mak+ prop] responses to our environm5t4 ,our p[] to "k human sympa?y & love ?r\gh our social impressions are n m]ely t we may feel ^! emotions1 b t1 feel+ !m1 we may act 9 response to !m4 ,x is impossible to classify logically 9 any simple s*eme all ! possible =ms ( expression4 ,! diagram w s]ve1 h[ev]1 to call att5tion to "s ( ! *ief modes ( bodily expression1 & also to ! results ( ! bodily expressions 9 ! arts & vocations4 ,"h aga9 ! process ( subdivision & ext5sion c be c>ri$ out indef9itely4 ,! laugh c be made to tell _m diff]5t /ories4 ,cry+ may express bitt] sorr[ or uncontrollable joy4 ,vocal spee* may be c>ri$ on 9 a ?\s& tongues4 ,dramatic action may be made to portray ! :ole range ( human feel+s4 ,plays & games are wide en\gh 9 _! scope to satisfy ! dem&s ( all ages & e p4 ,! h&icrafts cov] s wide a range t ! mat]ial progress ( civilization c be class$ "u !m1 & inde$ )\t _! developm5t ! arts & vocations w\ld be impossible4 ,ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 & lit]ature h a ?\s& possibilities bo? 9 te*nique & cont5t4 ,likewise ! modes ( society1 conduct1 & religion are unlimit$ 9 _! =ms ( expression4 ,,limitations ,,( ,,expression4--,:ile x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive1 x is some:at h>d] 9 ! do+2 = m ( ! self is1 aft] all1 involv$ 9 expression ?an 9 impression4 ,expression ne$s to be cultivat$ z an art2 = :o c express all he ?9ks1 or feels1 or conceives8 ,:o c d 8 inn]mo/ self ju/ice :5 he attempts to express x 9 language1 9 music1 or 9 m>ble8 ,! pa9t] answ]s :5 prais$ = 8 "w1 ,if y c\ld b see ! picture ,i int5d$ to pa9t6 ,! pupil says1 ,i "k1 b ,i _c tell4 ,! fri5d says1 ,i wi% ,i c\ld tell y h[ sorry ,i am4 ,! actor compla9s1 ,if ,i c\ld only portray ! passion z ,i feel x1 ,i c\ld br+ all ! _w to my feet6 ,! body1 be+ ( gross] /ructure ?an ! m9d1 mu/ always lag some:at beh9d 9 express+ ! m9d's /ates2 yet1 s p]fect is ! h>mony betwe5 ! two1 t ) a body well tra9$ to respond to ! m9d's ne$s1 comp>atively little ( ! spiritual ne$ be lo/ 9 its expression ?r\gh ! mat]ial4 #b4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,expression ,,9 ,,developm5t ,nor are we to ?9k t cultivation ( expression results 9 bett] p[] ( expression alone1 or t lack ( cultivation results only 9 decreas$ p[] ( expression4 ,,intellectual ,,value ,,( ,,expression4--,!re is a di/9ct m5tal value 9 expression4 ,an idea always assumes new cle>ness & wid] relations :5 x is express$4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 mak+ 8 plans = ! great ca!dral1 f\nd 8 fir/ concept ( ! /ructure exp&+ & gr[+ m beautiful z he develop$ 8 plans4 ,! sculptor1 beg9n+ to model ! /atue aft] ! image :i* he has 9 8 m9d1 f9ds ! image gr[+ & becom+ m expressive & beautiful z ! clay is mold$ & =m$4 ,! writ] f9ds ! scope & wor? ( 8 book gr[+ z he proce$s ) ! writ+4 ,! /ud5t1 beg9n+ d\btfully on 8 con/ruction 9 geometry1 f9ds ! tru? gr[+ cle>] z he proce$s4 ,! *ild ) a dim & hazy notion ( ! mean+ ( ! /ory 9 hi/ory or lit]ature discov]s t ! mean+ gr[s cle> z he himself works out its expression 9 spee*1 9 ! h&icrafts1 or 9 dramatic repres5tation4 ,s we may apply ! te/ to any realm ( ?\ght :atev]1 & ! law holds good3 ,x is n 9 its appreh5sion1 b 9 its expression1 t a tru? f9ally becomes assimilat$ to our body ( usable k4 ,& ?is means t 9 all tra9+ ( ! body ?r\gh its motor expression we are to rememb] t ! m9d mu/ be beh9d ! act2 t ! intellect mu/ guide ! h&2 t ! object is n to make skillful f+]s alone1 b to develop cle> & intellig5t ?\ght z well4 ,,moral ,,value ,,( ,,expression4--,expression also has a di/9ct moral value4 ,!re are _m m p ( good int5tions ?an ( moral "* 9 ! _w4 ,! rugg$ prov]b tells u t ! road to hell is pav$ ) good int5tions4 ,& h[ easy x is to =m good resolutions4 ,:o ( u has n1 aft] "s moral /ruggle1 said1 ,i w break ! bonds ( ?is habit3 ,i w ent] ^u t h]oic l9e ( action6 & !n1 satisfi$ = ! "t ) hav+ made ! resolution1 cont9u$ 9 ! old pa?1 until we 7 surpris$ lat] to f9d t we _h nev] got beyond ! resolution4 ,x is n 9 ! mom5t ( ! resolve b 9 ! mom5t :5 ! resolve is c>ri$ out 9 action t ! moral value inh]es4 ,to take a /& on a "q ( "r & wrong means m ?an to %[ "o's allegiance to ! "r--x cle>s "o's own moral vision & gives him comm& ( himself4 ,expression is1 f9ally1 ! only true te/ = our morality4 ,lack+ moral expression1 we may /& 9 ! class ( ^? :o are m]ely good1 b we c nev] ent] ! class ( ^? :o are good = some?+4 ,"o _c b wond] :at w\ld happ5 if all ! p 9 ! _w :o are morally "r %\ld give expression to _! moral s5tim5ts1 n 9 words alone1 b 9 de$s4 ,surely ! mill5nium w\ld spe$ily come1 n only among ! nations1 b 9 ! lives ( m54 ,,religi\s ,,value ,,( ,,expression4--,true religi\s exp]i5ce dem&s expression4 ,! old] conception ( a religi\s life 0 to escape f ! _w & live a life ( communion & contemplation 9 "s seclud$ spot1 ignor+ ! _w ?ir/+ )\t4 ,lat] religi\s tea*+1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ ! fact t religion _c consi/ 9 dr9k+ 9 bless+s alone1 no matt] h[ ec/atic ! feel+ :i* may accompany ! process2 t x is n ! receiv+1 b ?is along ) ! giv+ t enri*es ! life4 ,to give ! cup ( cold wat]1 to visit ! wid[ & ! fa!rless1 to com=t & help ! ne$y & =lorn--?is is n only scriptural b x is psy*ological4 ,only z religi\s feel+ goes out into religi\s expression1 c we h a normal religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,,social ,,value ,,( ,,expression4--,! crit]ion ( an education once 01 h[ mu* does he "k8 ,! _w did n expect an educat$ man to d any?+2 he 0 to be put on a p$e/al & admir$ f a di/ance4 ,b ?is crit]ion is n[ obsolete4 ,society c>es little h[ mu* we "k if x does n enable u to d4 ,p no long] admire m]e k1 b insi/ t ! man ( education %all put 8 %\ld] to ! :eel & l5d a h& :]ev] help is ne$$4 ,education is no long] to set m5 ap>t f _! fell[s1 b to make !m m effici5t comrades & help]s 9 ! _w's "w4 ,n ! man :o kn[s *emi/ry & botany1 b he :o c use ?is k to make two blades ( grass gr[ :]e b "o grew be=e1 is ! true b5efactor ( 8 race4 ,9 %ort1 ! _w dem&s s]vices return$ = opportunities af=d$2 x expects social expression to result f education4 ,& ?is is also be/ = ! individual1 = only ?r\gh social s]vice c we atta9 to a full realization ( ! social values 9 our environm5t4 ,only ?us c we ent] fully into ! social h]itage ( ! ages :i* we receive f books & in/itutions2 only ?us c we come into ! true/ & be/ relations ) humanity 9 a common bro!rhood2 only ?us c we live ! broad] & m significant life1 & come to realize ! l>ge/ possible social self4 #c4 ,,educational ,,use ,,( ,,expression ,! educational significance ( ! tru?s illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram & ! discussion has be5 some:at sl[ 9 tak+ hold 9 our s*ools4 ,?is has be5 due n alone to ! sl[ness ( ! educational _w to grasp a new idea1 b also to ! practical difficulties connect$ ) adapt+ ! s*ool ex]cises z well to ! expression side ( education z to ! impression4 ,f ! fall ( ,a!ns on d[n to ! "t ( ,froebel ! s*ools 7 con/itut$ on ! !ory t pupils 7 to receive education2 t !y 7 to dr9k 9 k1 t _! m9ds 7 to be /or$ ) facts4 ,*ildr5 7 to be se5 & n he>d4 ,education 0 l>gely a process ( gorg+ ! memory ) in=mation4 ,,easi] ,,to ,,provide ,,= ,,! ,,impression ,,side ,,( ,,education4--,n[ x is evid5t t x is f> easi] to provide = ! passive side ( education ?an = ! active side4 ,all t is ne$$ 9 ! =m] case is to h tea*]s & books reasonably full ( in=mation1 & pupils suffici5tly docile to receive x4 ,b 9 ! latt] case1 ! equipm5t mu/ be m ext5sive4 ,if ! *ild is to be all[$ to c>ry out 8 impressions into action1 if he is actually to d some?+ himself1 !n he mu/ be suppli$ ) adequate equipm5t4 ,s f> z ! home life 0 conc]n$1 ! *ild ( sev]al g5]ations ago 0 at a decid$ advantage ov] ! *ild ( today on ! expression side ( 8 education4 ,! homes ( t day 7 beehives ( indu/ry1 9 :i* a doz5 h&icrafts 7 taught & practic$4 ,! build+s1 ! f>m implem5ts1 & mo/ ( ! furniture ( ! home 7 made f ! native timb]4 ,! mat]ial = ! clo?+ ( ! family 0 produc$ on ! f>m1 made into clo?1 & f9ally into g>m5ts 9 ! home4 ,ne>ly all ! supplies = ! table came likewise f ! f>m4 ,^! indu/ries dem&$ ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! family1 & ea* *ild did 8 or h] "p4 ,b t day is pa/4 ,"o-half ( our p live 9 cities & t[ns1 & ev5 9 ! village & on ! f>m ! h&icrafts ( ! home h be5 relegat$ to ! factory1 & ev]y?+ comes into ! home ready = use4 ,! telephone1 ! mail c>ri]1 & ! deliv]yman d all ! err&s ev51 & ! *ild 9 ! home is depriv$ ( responsibility & ( ne>ly all opportunity = manual expression4 ,?is is no "o's fault1 = x is j "o phase ( a great indu/rial readju/m5t 9 society4 ,yet ! fact rema9s t ! home has lo/ an important elem5t 9 education1 :i* ! s*ool mu/ supply if we are n to be ! los]s educationally by ! *ange4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,to ,,take ,,up ,,! ,,h&icrafts4--,& mod]n educational me?od is insi/+ precisely on ?is po9t4 ,a few ye>s ago ! boy caught :ittl+ 9 s*ool 0 a fit subject = a flogg+2 ! boy is today giv5 b5* & tools1 & is in/ruct$ 9 _! use4 ,!n ! *ild 0 puni%$ = draw+ pictures2 n[ we are us+ draw+ z "o ( ! be/ modes ( expression4 ,!n in/ruction 9 s++ 0 intru/$ to an occasional ev5+ class1 :i* only ! old] *ildr5 c\ld att5d1 & :i* 0 taught by "s it9]ant s++ ma/]2 today we make music "o ( our mo/ valuable s*ool ex]cises4 ,!n all play "t 0 s mu* "t wa/$2 n[ we recognize play z a necess>y & valuable mode ( expression & developm5t4 ,!n dramatic repres5tation 0 conf9$ to ! occasional exhibition or ev5+ ent]ta9m5t2 n[ x has become a recogniz$ "p ( our s*ool "w4 ,!n x 0 a crime = pupils to communicate ) ea* o!r 9 s*ool2 n[ a "p ( ! s*ool "w is plann$ s t pupils "w 9 gr\ps1 & ?us receive social tra9+4 ,!n our s*oolrooms 7 de/itute ( e ve/ige ( beauty2 today _m ( !m are arti/ic & beautiful4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! case is r ov]-optimi/ic if appli$ to our :ole s*ool sy/em1 h[ev]4 ,= !re are /ill _m s*ools 9 :i* all =ms ( h&icraft are unkn[n1 & 9 :i* ! only tra9+ 9 arti/ic expression is t :i* comes f c>icatur+ ! tea*]4 ,s++ is /ill an unkn[n art to _m tea*]s4 ,! play in/9ct is yet look$ ^u ) suspicion & di/ru/ 9 "s qu>t]s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( our s*oolrooms are z b>r5 & ugly today z ev]1 & conta9 an atmosph]e z /ifl+ to all =ms ( natural expression4 ,we c only com=t ourselves ) ,holmes's maxim1 t x matt]s n s mu* :]e we /& z 9 :at direction we are mov+4 ,& we c]ta9ly are mov+ t[>d a l>g] developm5t & great] effici5cy 9 expression on ! "p ( ^? :o pass ?r\gh our s*ools4 ,,expression ,,& ,,"*4--,f9ally1 all t has be5 said 9 ?is discussion has direct ref]5ce to :at we call "*--t my/]i\s some?+ :i* we s (t5 he> eulogiz$ & s seldom analyz$4 ,"* has two di/9ct phases1 :i* may be call$ ! subjective phase & ! social phase2 or1 /at+ x diff]5tly1 "* is bo? :at we are & :at we d4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has to d ) ! nature ( ! real1 inn]mo/ self2 & ! la/1 ) ! modes 9 :i* ?is self f9ds expression4 ,& x is fair to say t ^? ab\t u are conc]n$ ) :at we are *iefly f its relation to :at we d4 ,"* is n a ?+1 b a process2 x is ! succession ( our ?\ghts & acts f h\r to h\r4 ,x is n some?+ :i* we c ho>d & protect & poli% unto a m p]fect day1 b x is ! ev]yday self 9 ! process ( liv+4 ,& ! only way 9 :i* x c be made or m>r$ is ?r\gh ! nature ( ?is /ream ( ?\ghts & acts :i* con/itute ! day's life--is ?r\gh be+ or do+ well or ill4 ,,two ,,l9es ,,( ,,developm5t4--,! cultivation ( "* mu/1 !n1 ignore nei!r ( ^! two l9es4 ,to neglect ! fir/ is to =get t x is out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t t ! m\? speaks2 t a corrupt tree _c br+ =? good fruit2 t ! act is ! true index ( ! s\l4 ,to omit ! second is to leave ! "* half =m$1 ! w weak1 & ! life ineffici5t & b>r5 ( results4 ,! m9d mu/ be suppli$ ) noble ideas & high ideals1 ) "r emotions & wor?y ambitions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prop] connection mu/ be e/abli%$ betwe5 ^! m5tal /ates & appropriate acts4 ,& ! acts mu/ f9ally gr[ into habits1 s t we naturally & inevitably translate our ideas & ideals1 our emotions & ambitions into de$s4 ,our "* mu/ be /rong n 9 ?\ght & feel+ alone1 b also 9 ! p[] to return to ! _w its f9i%$ product 9 ! =m ( s]vice4 #d4 ,,problems ,,9 ,,introspection ,,& ,,obs]vation #a4 ,d y f9d t y und]/& bett] "s difficult po9t or problem aft] y h succe$$ 9 /at+ x8 ,d y rememb] bett] :at y h express$8 #b4 ,9 :i* p>ticul> ones ( y\r /udies d y ?9k y c\ld h done bett] if y _h be5 giv5 m opportunity = expression8 ,expla9 ! psy*ology ( ! maxim1 we le>n to d by do+4 #c4 ,obs]ve v>i\s s*ools at "w = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r opportunities = expression 9 ! recitations are adequate4 ,h y ev] se5 a class :5 li/less f li/5+ liv5 up :5 !y 7 giv5 some?+ to d !mselves8 #d4 ,make a /udy ( ! types ( laught] y he>4 ,:y is "s laught] mu* m pleasant ?an o!r laught]8 ,:at did a not$ sculptor mean :5 he said t a smile at ! eyes _c be dep5d$ ^u z c "o at ! m\?8 #e4 ,:at examples h y obs]v$ 9 *ildr5's plays %[+ _! love = dramatic repres5tation8 ,:at h&icrafts are ! mo/ suitable = *ildr5 ( prim>y grades8 = ! gramm> s*ool8 = ! high s*ool8 #f4 ,d y numb] ^? among y\r acqua9tance :o seem bright en\gh1 s f> z le>n+ is conc]n$1 b :o _c get any?+ accompli%$8 ,is ! tr\ble on ! expression side ( _! "*8 ,:at are y do+ ab\t y\r own p[]s ( expression8 ,are y seek+ to cultivate expression 9 new l9es8 ,is !re dang] 9 attempt+ too _m l9es8 ,,index ,action1 automatic1 #bge classes (1 #bgc factors involv$ 91 #ei reflex1 #bgd volitional1 #bgf ,activity1 necessity = motor1 #ef ,adolesc5ce1 int]e/s (1 #bfi ,association1 & action1 #adi *apt] on1 #add developm5t ( c5t]s1 #eg laws (1 #aej & me?ods ( le>n+1 #aeg & memory1 #adf nature (1 #add neural basis (1 #ade p>tial or selective1 #aec pleasure-pa9 motive 91 #aee & ?9k+1 #adi tra9+ 91 #aee types (1 #aej ,att5tion1 *apt] on1 #ae effects (1 #af & effici5cy1 #ag po9ts ( failure 91 #bj habit (1 #bg1 #gc improvem5t (1 #bf me?od (1 #ah ,att5tion1 nature (1 #ae rhy?ms (1 #bj types (1 #bb ,belief1 9 ?9k+1 #ahj ,bra91 *apt] on1 #cj & n]v\s sy/em1 #cj quality & memory1 #afb relations ( m9d &1 #cj ,c]ebellum1 !1 #cg ,c]ebrum1 !1 #cg ,concept1 !1 #ahg def9ition (1 #ahi function (1 #ahg gr[? (1 #ahh & language1 #ahi ,consci\sness1 cont5t (1 #aj kn[n by introspection1 #b ! m9d or1 #a nature (1 #d p]sonal "* (1 #a z a /ream1 #e :]e x resides1 #ab ,cord1 ! sp9al1 #dj ,cortex1 !1 #ci division ( labor 91 #de ,decision1 "u ef=t1 #bha types (1 #bgi ,decision & w1 #bgg ,d$uction1 #aif ,developm5t1 ( association c5t]s1 #eg *apt] on1 #ej & in/9ct1 #bji m5tal & motor tra9+1 #ej ( n]v\s sy/em1 #fj ?r\gh play1 #bae ,direction1 p]ception (1 #aje ,disposition1 & mood1 #bcb1 #bcj & temp]am5t1 #bcc ,education1 z habit =m+1 #gh ,emotion1 *apt] on1 #bci control (1 #bdc1 #bdf cultivation (1 #bdg & feel+1 #bci ,james-,lange !ory (1 #bci z a motive1 #bea physiological explanation (1 #bdj ,end-,organ7s7 ( he>+1 #ib k9ae/hetic1 #if & s5sory qualities1 #ia ( sk91 #id ( smell1 #id ( ta/e1 #ic ( vision1 #ia ,environm5t1 influ5ce (1 #bac ,expression1 & "*1 #cjc educational use (1 #cja ,expression1 & impression1 #bif le>n+ to int]pret1 #d limitations (1 #big self-1 & developm5t1 #bid1 #bih ,fatigue1 & habit1 #gb & n]v\s sy/em1 #fb ,fe>1 in/9ct (1 #bba types (1 #bbb ,feel+1 *apt] on1 #bbf effects (1 #bcj & mood1 #bcj nature (1 #bbg qualities1 #bbg ,=gett+1 rate (1 #agj ,habit1 ( att5tion1 #bg1 #gc *apt] on1 #ff effects (1 #gj emotional1 #beg =m+ z education1 #gh & life economy1 #gj nature (1 #ff & p]sonality1 #ge physical basis (1 #fg rules = =m+1 #ha tyranny (1 #gg ,h&icrafts1 & education1 #cjb ,he>+1 #ib ,idea1 & image1 #aaa1 #aad ,image7ry71 ability 91 #aah *apt] on1 #aaa classes (1 #aag ,image7ry71 cultivation (1 #abc & pa/ exp]i5ce1 #aaa functions (1 #abj & ideas1 #aaa1 #aad & imag9ation1 #acd types (1 #aai ,imag9ation1 *apt] on1 #abg & conduct1 #acc cultivation (1 #acf1 #adj function (1 #abg ! /uff (1 #acd & ?9k+1 #acd types (1 #ach ,imitation1 consci\s & unconsci\s1 #bab individuality 91 #baa ! in/9ct (1 #baj 9 le>n+1 #baa ,induction1 #aig ,in/9ct7s71 *apt] on1 #bja def9ition (1 #bjb ( fe>1 #bba ( imitation1 #baj laws (1 #bje nature (1 #bja ( play1 #bad z />t+ po9ts 9 developm5t1 #bji transitory nature (1 #bjf v>i\s undesirable1 #bbb v>i\s useful1 #bah ,int]e/7s71 *apt] on1 #bed direct & indirect1 #beh & education1 #bfe & habit1 #beg nature (1 #bed ,int]e/7s7 & nonvolunt>y att5tion1 #bc ord] ( developm5t (1 #bfg selection among1 #bfb transitor9ess ( c]ta91 #bfj ,introspection1 #b & imag]y1 #aaf me?od (1 #c ,james1 quot$1 #ha !ory ( emotion1 #bci ,judgm5t1 functions (1 #aib nature (1 #aia 9 p]cepts & concepts1 #aia & reason+1 #aie validity (1 #aic ,k1 raw mat]ial (1 #if ?r\gh s5ses1 #hd ,language1 & ! concept1 #ahi ,laws1 ( association1 #aej ( in/9ct1 #bje ( memory1 #afh ,le>n+1 & association1 #aeg ,localization ( function 9 cortex1 #dc ,mean+1 dep5d5ce on relations1 #aic ,memoriz+1 rules =1 #afi ,memory1 & association1 #adf & bra9 quality1 #afb *apt] on1 #afj devices1 #age factors involv$ 91 #afc :at con/itutes good1 #aga laws (1 #afh mat]ial (1 #aff nature (1 #afj physical basis (1 #afa ,m9d1 or consci\sness1 at bir?1 #cb & bra91 #cj *apt] on1 #a dep5d5ce on s5ses1 #dh & ext]nal _w1 #cb ,mood1 & disposition1 #bcj1 #bcb influ5ce (1 #bca h[ produc$1 #bcj ,motive1 emotion z a1 #beg ,neuroglia1 #ce ,neurone1 !1 #cd ,n]ve cells1 & nutrition1 #ej undevelop$1 #eg ,n]ve fib]s1 #eg ,n]v\s sy/em1 & association1 #ade & consci\sness1 #ab division ( labor 91 #dc factors det]m9+ effici5cy (1 #ej & fatigue1 #fb gross /ructure (1 #cf ,n]v\s sy/em1 & nutrition1 #fd ord] ( developm5t1 #fj /ructural elem5ts 91 #cd & worry1 #fb ,objects1 def9$ ?r\gh p]ception1 #aja physical qualities (1 #hg1 #hi ,p]cept1 cont5t (1 #aja functions (1 #ajc ,p]ception1 *apt] on1 #ih ( direction1 #aje function (1 #ih nature (1 #ajj ( space1 #ajd ( "t1 #ajf tra9+ (1 #ajh ,p]sonality1 & habit1 #ge influ5ce (1 #bac ,play1 & education1 #bae in/9ct (1 #bad & "w1 #bag ,qualities1 s5sory1 auditory1 #ib cutane\s1 #id k9ae/hetic1 #if objects kn[n ?r\gh1 #he olfactory1 #id organic1 #if ta/e1 #ic visual1 #ia ,reason1 & judgm5t1 #aic nature (1 #aic & ! syllogism1 #aif ,regi/ration1 & att5tion1 #afc & memory1 #afc recall1 #afe recognition1 #aff ,rhy?m1 ( att5tion1 #bj ,self expression & developm5t1 #bid ,s5sation1 attributes (1 #hi *apt] on1 #hd cutane\s1 #id factors condition+1 #hh k9ae/hetic1 #if nature (1 #hi organic1 #if qualities (1 #he qualities ( auditory1 #ib qualities ( olfactory1 #id qualities ( ta/e1 #ic qualities ( visual1 #ia ,s5ses1 dep5d5ce ( m9d on1 #dh k ?r\gh1 #hd "w (1 #cc ,s5tim5ts1 developm5t (1 #bce influ5ce (1 #bcf nature (1 #bcd ,smell1 #id ,space1 p]ception (1 #ajd ,/imuli1 education &1 #fj effects ( s5sory1 #ee end-organs &1 #dg s5sory1 #df ,/imuli1 & response1 #ec ,syllogism1 ! #aif ,ta/e1 #ic ,temp]am5t1 #bcc ,?9k+1 & association1 #adi *apt] on1 #agi *ild & adult1 #ahd elem5ts 91 #ahf good & memory1 #aga types (1 #agi ,"t1 p]ception (1 #ajf ,validity1 ( judgm5t1 #aic ,vision1 #ia ,volition1 see w1 #bga & decision1 #bgg ,volitional types1 #bhd ,w1 & att5tion1 #bd *apt] on1 #bga cont5t (1 #bgb fre$om (1 #bij function (1 #bgb measure ( p[]1 #bhd nature (1 #bga /rong & weak1 #bhc tra9+ (1 #bhh types (1 #bhe ,"w1 & play1 #bag ,worry1 effects (1 #fb ,y\?1 & habit-=m+1 #gi 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,valuable ,,book ,,= ,,tea*]s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,educational ,,practice ,by ,,paul ,,klapp]1 ,ph4,d41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,?is book /udies ! basic pr9ciples und]ly+ s\nd & progressive p$agogy4 ,9 its scope & organization x aims to give 7#a7 a compreh5sive & sy/ematic analysis ( ! pr9ciples ( education1 7#b7 ! mod]n tr5d & int]pretation ( educational ?\ght1 7#c7 a transition f pure psy*ology to me?ods ( tea*+ & discipl9e1 & 7#d7 practical applications ( educational !ory to ! problems t confront ! tea*] 9 ! c\rse ( daily r\t9e4 ,e practical p$agogical solution t is (f]$ has actually /ood ! te/ ( classroom demon/ration4 ,! book op5s ) a /udy ( ! function ( education & a contra/ ( ! mod]n social conception ) ^? aims :i* h be5 guid+ ideals 9 previ\s educational sy/ems4 ,"p ,,ii deals ) ! physiological aspects ( education4 ,"p ,,iii is tak5 up ) ! problem ( socializ+ ! *ild ?r\gh ! curriculum & ! s*ool discipl9e4 ,! la/ "p ( ! book1 ,"p ,,iv1 ,! ,m5tal ,aspect ( ,education1 is develop$ "u ! foll[+ sections3 ,section ,a4 ,! ,in/9ctive ,aspect ( ,m9d4 ,m9d & its developm5t ?r\gh self-expression4 ,self-activity4 ,in/9cts4 ,section ,b4 ,intellectual ,aspect ( ,m9d4 ,! functions ( ,intellect1 ,p]ception1 ,app]ception1 ,memory1 ,imag9ation1 ,?\ght ,activities4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,=mal ,discipl9e & its influ5ce ^u educational endeavor4 ,section ,c4 ,emotional ,aspect ( ,m9d4 ,section ,d4 ,volitional ,aspect ( ,m9d4 ,/udy ( w1 k9ds ( volitional action1 habit vs4 delib]ative consci\sness4 ,! ,education ( ! ,w4 ,education & ,social ,responsibility1 ! problems ( e?ical in/ruction1 & ! social functions ( ! ,s*ool4 ,9 ord] to increase ! usefulness ( ! book to tea*]s ( education !re is add$ a classifi$ bibliography = sy/ematic1 int5sive ref]5ce read+ & a li/ ( sugge/$ problems suitable = advanc$ "w4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york--,,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,appletons' ,,new ,,tea*]s' ,,books ,a ,,/ud5t',s ,,text-,,book ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education ,by ,/eph5 ,pi]ce ,duggan1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,college ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york #abmo41 ,clo?1 #a4cj net ,pr(essor ,duggan has produc$ ! text-book 9 ! hi/ory ( education :i* has be5 su* a ne$ 9 our p$agogical "w4 ,gr[+ out ( 8 "w z a tea*] & lectur]1 ?is book comb9es ! practical p$agogy ( a tea*] ) ! s*ol>%ip ( an undisput$ au?ority on education & its /udy4 ,!re is no book 9 ?is field conta9+ su* a fund ( useful mat]ial arrang$ along su* a skillful outl9e4 ,an exp]i5ce ( ye>s is "h cond5s$ & solidifi$ into a spl5did unit4 ,a ,/ud5t's ,text-,book 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education pres5ts an au!ntic acc\nt ( e educational sy/em :i* has influ5c$ our pres5t-day s*eme ( p$agogy f ! times ( ! ,hebrews to ! ,age ( ! ,montessori me?od4 ,no "t is wa/$ on detail$ consid]ations ( o!r sy/ems4 ,pr(essor ,duggan's book aids ! tea*] by giv+ him a bett] und]/&+ ( pres5t-day problems 9 education2 by expla9+ h[ ,we/]n ,civilization develop$ ! educational ideals1 cont5t1 organization1 & practices :i* *>act]ize x today2 & by develop+ ! mann] 9 :i* ea* p has work$ out ! solution ( ! great problem ( reconcil+ individual lib]ty ) social /ability4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,new ,york--,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,appletons' ,,new ,,tea*]s' ,,books ,,education ,,= ,,social ,,effici5cy ,by ,irv+ ,k+1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,education1 ,! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a1 ,i[a ,city1 ,i[a4 #abmo41 ,clo?1 #a4ej net ,writt5 n s mu* = ! educational speciali/ z = ! practical ne$s ( busy tea*]s1 ,education ,= ,social ,effici5cy pres5ts ?r\gh ! m$ium ( illu/ration1 a social view ( education :i* is v prom95t4 ,x %[s concretely v>i\s ways 9 :i* p>5ts z well z tea*]s may contribute some?+ t[>ds ! realization ( ! ideal ( social effici5cy z ! goal ( our educational ent]prise4 ,! idea t ! s*ool1 especially ! c\ntry s*ool1 %\ld provide m ?an in/ruction 9 lessons = ! s*ol>s is ,pr(essor ,k+'s ma9 po9t4 ,excell5t *apt]s are includ$ on ,! ,s*ool z a ,social ,c5t]1 ,! ,s*ool & ,social ,progress1 & ! ,social ,aim ( ,education4 ,9 discuss+ ! rural s*ools p>ticul>ly1 ! au?or writes on ,! ,rural ,s*ool & ! ,rural ,community1 ,adapt+ ! ,c\ntry ,s*ool to ,c\ntry ,ne$s1 & an especially valuable *apt] on ,! ,consolidat$ ,s*ool & ,socially ,effici5t ,education = ! ,c\ntry4 ,! response ) :i* ,pr(essor ,k+'s ,education = ,social ,effici5cy has met ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! ,/ates ( ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 ,t5nessee1 ,s\? ,dakota1 & ,virg9ia h adopt$ x = read+ circle use4 ,x has also be5 adopt$ by ! ,national ,bureau ( ,education = use 9 its ,rural ,tea*]s' ,read+ ,circles4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,new ,york--,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,donaldson1 ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,bra91 pp4 #gd1 #bch4 ,footnote #b3 ,quot$ by ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,brief] ,c\rse1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #c3 ,psy*ology1 vol4 i1 pp4 #abc1 #abd2 also1 ,brief] ,c\rse1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,betts1 ,! ,di/ribution & ,functions ( ,m5tal ,imag]y4 ,footnote #e3 ,cf4 ,dewey1 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 p4 #b ff4 ,footnote #f3 ,psy*ology1 p4 #cia4