,old-,"t ,mak]s ( ,m$ic9e ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,relat$ ,,to ,,m$ic9e ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,,by ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,k4,c4,/4,g41 ,m4,d4 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ,sc4,d4 ,,dean ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,n]v\s ,,diseases ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,at ,,=dham ,,univ]sity ,,s*ool ,,( ,,m$ic9e2 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physiological ,,psy*ology ,,at ,,! ,,ca!dral ,,college1 ,,new ,,york ,,new ,,york ,,=dham ,,univ]sity ,,press #aiaa ,,copyright #aiaa ,,james ,j4 ,,wal% ,,! ,,qu9n ,,god5 ,,co4 ,,press ,,rahway1 ,n4,j4 ,,to ,,rev]5d ,,daniel ,j4 ,,qu9n1 ,s4,j4 ,! hi/orical mat]ial "h pres5t$ 0 ga!r$ = my classes at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e dur+ y\r t]m z presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,x seems only fitt+ !n1 t :5 put into m p]man5t =m x %\ld appe> "u ! patronage ( y\r "n & tell ( my cordial appreciation ( m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ( valu$ fri5d%ip4 ,:5 we h ?or\ghly ma/]$ contempor>y sci5ce x is "t to turn to pa/ sci5ce2 no?+ =tifies ! judgm5t m ?an ?is comp>ative /udy2 imp>tiality ( m9d is develop$ !reby1 ! unc]ta9ties ( any sy/em become manife/4 ,! au?ority ( facts is !re confirm$1 & we discov] 9 ! :ole picture a philosophic tea*+ :i* is 9 itself a lesson2 9 o!r words1 we le>n to "k1 to und]/&1 & to judge4--,,littr3 ,o,euvres d',hippocrate1 ,t4 ,i1 p4 #dgg4 ,!re is n a s+le developm5t1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ ( contempor>y m$ic9e1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 embryo 9 ! m$ic9e ( ! old5 "t4--,,littr3 ,introduction to ! ,works ( ,hippocrates4 ,h[ true x is t 9 read+ ?is hi/ory "o f9ds mod]n discov]ies t are any?+ b discov]ies1 unless "o supposes t !y h be5 made twice4--,,duj>d93 ,hi/oire de la ,*irurgie1 ,p>is1 #aggd 7quot$ by ,gurlt on ! po/ title-page ( 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,*irurgie1 ,b]l91 #ahih74 ,,preface ,! mat]ial = ?is book 0 ga!r$ p>tly = lectures on ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 & p>tly = articles on a numb] ( subjects 9 ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia4 ,"s ( x 0 develop$ = a s]ies ( addresses at comm5cem5ts ( m$ical s*ools & be=e m$ical societies1 on ! g5]al topic h[ old ! new is 9 surg]y1 m$ic9e1 d5ti/ry1 & ph>macy4 ,! in=mation ?us pres5t$ ar\s$ s mu* int]e/1 ! accompli%m5ts ( ! physicians & surgeons ( a p]iod t is usually ?\ght q /]ile 9 m$ical sci5ce prov$1 inde$1 s a/oni%+1 t ,i 0 tempt$ to connect ! details = a volume 9 ! ,=dham ,univ]sity ,press s]ies4 ,!re is no pret5ce to any orig9al inve/igation 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 nor to any ext5d$ consultation ( orig9al docum5ts4 ,i h _h mo/ ( ! great books t are m5tion$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is volume 9 my h&s1 & h giv5 z mu* "t to ! /udy ( !m z c\ld be af=d$ 9 ! mid/ ( a r busy life1 b ,i owe my in=mation ma9ly to ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man & ,fr5* s*ol>s :o h 9 rec5t ye>s made deep & s]i\s /udies ( ^! ,old ,mak]s ( ,m$ic9e1 & ,i h made my ackn[l$gm5ts to !m 9 ! text z opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,!re is j "o feature ( ! book t may comm5d x to pres5t-day read]s1 & t is t our m$ieval m$ical colleagues1 :5 m$ic9e embrac$ mo/ ( sci5ce1 fac$ ! problems ( m$ic9e & surg]y & ! alli$ sci5ces t are n[ int]e/+ u1 9 v mu* ! same temp] ( m9d z we d1 & v (t5 anticipat$ our solutions ( !m--mu* (t5]1 inde$1 ?an mo/ ( u1 unless we h paid special att5tion to hi/ory1 h any idea (4 ,! volume does n con/itute1 !n1 a contribution to t !me t has int]e/$ ! la/ few g5]ations s mu*1--! suppos$ cont9u\s progress ( ! race & its m>vell\s advance1--b r emphasizes t puzzl+ "q1 h[ is x t m5 make important discov]ies & inv5tions1 & !n1 aft] a "t1 =get ab\t !m s t !y h to be made ov] aga98 ,?is is z true 9 m$ical sci5ce & 9 m$ical practice z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( human ef=t4 ,x does n seem possible t mank9d %\ld ev] lose sight ( ! progress 9 m$ic9e & surg]y t has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s1 yet ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ w\ld seem to indicate t1 9 spite ( its unlikelihood1 x might well come ab\t4 ,:e!r ?is is ! lesson ( ! book or n1 ,i %all leave read]s to judge1 = x 0 n int5tionally put into x4 ,,our ,,lady',s ,,day ,,9 ,,h>ve/1 #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,great ,,physicians ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,times #bc ,,iii4 ,,great ,,jewi% ,,physicians #fa ,,iv4 ,,maimonides #ij ,v4 ,,great ,,arabian ,,physicians #aji ,,vi4 ,,! ,,m$ical ,,s*ool ,,at ,,sal]no #ada ,,vii4 ,,con/ant9e ,,africanus #afc ,,viii4 ,,m$ieval ,,wom5 ,,physicians #agg ,,ix4 ,,mond9o ,,& ,,! ,,m$ical ,,s*ool ,,( ,,bologna #bjb ,x4 ,,great ,,surgeons ,,( ,,! ,,m$ieval ,,univ]sities #bcd ,,xi4 ,,guy ,,de ,,*auliac #bhb ,,xii4 ,,m$ieval ,,d5ti/ry--,,giovanni ,,( ,,arcoli #cac ,,xiii4 ,,cusanus ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sugge/ion ,,( ,,laboratory ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,m$ic9e #ccf ,,xiv4 ,,basil ,,val5t9e1 ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,al*emi/s1 ,,fir/ ,,( ,,! ,,*emi/s #cdi ,,app5dices ,i4 ,,/4 ,,luke ,,! ,,physician #cha ,,ii4 ,,sci5ce ,,at ,,! ,,m$ieval ,,univ]sities #djj ,,iii4 ,,m$ieval ,,popul>ization ,,( ,,sci5ce #dbg ,( mak+ _m books !re is no end4--,eccles4 xii1 #ab 7circa #ajjj ,b4,c474 ,! little by-play betwe5 ,socrates & ,eu?ydemus sugge/s an advanc$ condition ( m$ical lit]ature3 ',( c\rse1 y :o h s _m books are go+ 9 = be+ a doctor1' says ,socrates1 & !n he adds1 '!re are s _m books on m$ic9e1 y "k4' ,z ,dy] rem>ks1 :atev] ! quality ( ^! books may h be51 _! numb] mu/ h be5 great to give po9t to ?is *aff4--,aequanimitas1 ,,william ,,osl]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,blaki/ons1 ,philadelphia1 #aijf4 ,augescunt aliae g5tes1 aliae m9uuntur2 ,inque brevi spatio mutantur saecla animantum1 ,et1 quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt4 --,,ovid4 ,"o nation rises to supreme p[] 9 ! _w1 :ile ano!r decl9es1 &1 9 a brief space ( "t1 ! sov]eign p *ange1 transmitt+1 l rac]s1 ! lamp ( life to "s o!r t is to succe$ !m4 ,!re is "o ,sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e :i* is conc]n$ ) ! inspection ( heal? equally 9 all times1 pres5t1 pa/ & future4 --,,plato4 ,i ,,introduction ,"u ! t]m ,old-,"t ,m$ic9e mo/ p probably ?9k at once ( ,greek m$ic9e1 s9ce t develop$ 9 :at we h call$ anci5t hi/ory1 & is f>!/ away f u 9 date4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 mu* m is kn[n ab\t ,greek m$ical writ]s ?an ^? ( any o!r p]iod except ! la/ c5tury or two4 ,our hi/ories ( m$ic9e discuss ,greek m$ic9e at consid]able l5g? & practically all ( ! great mak]s ( m$ic9e 9 subsequ5t g5]ations h be5 influ5c$ by ! ,greeks4 ,greek physicians ^: works h come d[n to u seem ne>] to u ?an ! m$ical writ]s ( any b ! la/ few c5turies4 ,z a consequ5ce we "k & appreciate v well z a rule h[ mu* ,greek m$ic9e accompli%$1 b 9 our admiration = ! dilig5t obs]vation & bread? ( view ( ! ,greeks1 we are sometimes prone to ?9k t mo/ ( ! int]v5+ g5]ations d[n to comp>atively rec5t times made v little progress &1 inde$1 sc>cely reta9$ :at ! ,greeks _h done4 ,! ,romans c]ta9ly ju/ify ?is assumption ( non-accompli%m5t 9 m$ic9e1 b !n 9 ev]y?+ intellectual ,rome 0 nev] mu* bett] ?an a weak copy ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,9 sci5ce ! ,romans did no?+ at all wor? :ile talk+ ab\t4 ,all _! m$ic9e !y borr[$ f ! ,greeks1 add+ no?+ ( _! own4 ,:at food = ?\ght !re is 9 ! fact1 t 9 spite ( all ,rome's mat]ial greatness & wide empire1 h] _w dom9ance & vaunt$ prosp]ity1 we h n a s+le great orig9al sci5tific ?\ght f a ,roman4 ,?\gh s mu* ne>] 9 "t m$ieval m$ic9e seems mu* f>!r away f u ?an is ,greek m$ic9e4 ,mo/ ( u are q sure t ! impression ( di/ance is due to its almo/ total lack ( significance4 ,x is ) ! idea ( %[+ t ! m$ieval g5]ations1 z f> z 0 possible 9 _! conditions1 n only pres]v$ ! old ,greek m$ic9e = u 9 spite ( ! mo/ unt[>d circum/ances1 b also tri$ to d :atev] !y c\ld = its developm5t1 & actually did mu* m ?an is usually ?\ght1 t ?is /ory ( ,old-,"t ,mak]s ( ,m$ic9e is writt54 ,x repres5ts a p]iod--t ( ! ,middle ,ages--t is1 or 0 until rec5tly1 probably m misund]/ood ?an any o!r 9 human hi/ory4 ,! purpose ( ! book is to %[ at lea/ ! important headl&s t lie along ! /ream ( m$ical ?\ght dur+ ! some:at m ?an a ?\s& ye>s f ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire "u ,augu/ulus 7#dgf7 until ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,aft] t comes mod]n m$ic9e1 = ) ! sixte5? c5tury ! names & a*ievem5ts ( ! work]s 9 m$ic9e are famili>--,p>acelsus1 ,vesalius1 ,columbus1 ,s]vetus1 ,csalp9us1 ,eu/a*ius1 ,v>olius1 ,sylvius are m5 ^: names are atta*$ to great discov]ies ) :i* ev5 ^? :o are )\t any pret5ce to k ( m$ical hi/ory are n unacqua9t$4 ,9 spite ( ne>ly f\r c5turies ( di/ance 9 "t ^! m5 seem v close to u4 ,_! lives w be res]v$ = a subsequ5t volume1 ,our ,=efa!rs 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,x is usually ! cu/om to contemn ! ,middle ,ages = _! lack ( int]e/ 9 culture1 9 education1 9 lit]ature1 9 a ^w1 9 intellectual accompli%m5t ( any & e k9d1 b especially 9 sci5ce4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! occurr5ce ( m>k$ decad5ce 9 ! intellectual life ( ! fir/ half ( ?is p]iod4 ,?is has sometimes be5 attribut$ to :at has be5 call$ ! inhibitory effect ( ,*ri/ianity on worldly int]e/s4 ,religion is said to h occupi$ p s mu* ) ?\ghts ( ! o!r _w t ! beauties & wond]s1 z well z mu* ( ! significance1 ( ! _w ar\nd !m 7 miss$4 ,^? :o talk ?us1 h[ev]1 =get entirely ! circum/ances :i* br\ght ab\t ! s]i\s decad5ce ( int]e/ 9 culture & sci5ce at ?is "t4 ,! ,roman ,empire _h be5 ! gu>dian ( lett]s & education & sci5ce4 ,:ile ! ,romans 7 n orig9al 9 !mselves1 at lea/ !y _h %[n int5se int]e/ 9 :at 0 accompli%$ by ! ,greeks & _! imitation _h (t5 ris5 to heights t made !m wor?y ( consid]ation = !mselves4 ,!y 7 lib]al patrons ( ,greek art & ( ,greek lit]ature1 & did n neglect ,greek sci5ce & ,greek m$ic9e4 ,gal5's influ5ce 0 due mu* m to ! prom95ce secur$ by him z ! result ( 8 /ay 9 ,rome ?an w\ld h be5 possible _h he /ay$ 9 ,asia4 ,!re are _m o!r examples ( ,roman patronage ( lit]ature & sci5ce t might be m5tion$4 ,z we %all see1 ,rome dra9$ ,greece & ,asia ,m9or ( _! be/1 & appropriat$ to h]self ! g5ius products ( ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,rome _h a way ( absorb+ :at 0 be/ 9 ! prov9ces = h]self4 ,j z soon z ,rome 0 cut (f f intimate relations ) ! prov9ces by ! inw&]+ ( b>b>ians1 intellectual decad5ce began4 ,! imp]ial city itself _h nev] be5 ! s\rce ( great intellectual a*ievem5t1 & ! m5 :om we ?9k ( z important contributors to ,rome's lit]ature & philosophy 7 usually n born )9 ! conf9es ( ! city4 ,x is surpris+ to take a li/ ( ! names ( ! ,lat9 writ]s :om we are accu/om$ to set d[n simply z ,romans & note _! bir?places4 ,rome h]self gave bir? to b a v small p]c5tage ( !m4 ,virgil 0 born at ,mantua1 ,cic]o at ,arp9um1 ,horace out on ! ,sab9e f>m1 ! ,pl9ys out ( ! city1 ,t]5ce 9 ,africa1 ,p]sius up 9 ,c5tral ,italy some:]e1 ,livy at ,padua1 ,m>tial1 ,qu9tilian1 ! ,s5ecas1 & ,lucan 9 ,spa94 ,:5 ! gov]nm5t ( ! city ceas$ to be su* z assur$ opportunity = ^? f outside :o want$ to make _! way1 decad5ce came to ,roman lit]ature4 ,l>ge cities h nev] 9 hi/ory be5 ! fruitful mo!rs ( m5 :o did great ?+s4 ,g5ius1 & ev5 tal5t1 has always be5 born out ( ! cities 9 :i* x did its "w4 ,x is easy to und]/&1 !n1 ! decad5ce ( ! intellectual life t took place z ! ,empire deg5]at$4 ,= ! sake ( all t x meant 9 ! ,roman ,empire to look t[>ds ,rome at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 x seem$ bett] to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to e/abli% ! c5tre ( _! jurisdiction !re4 ,necess>ily1 !n1 9 all t relat$ to ! purely intellectual life1 !y came "u ! influ5ces t 7 at "w at ,rome at ?is "t4 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5turies !y suff]$ besides f ! p]secutions direct$ aga9/ !m by ! ,emp]ors at v>i\s times1 & ^! effectually prev5t$ any ext]nal manife/ations ( ! intellectual life on ! "p ( ,*ri/ians4 ,x took mu* to ov]come ?is s]i\s h&icap1 b notewor?y progress 0 made 9 spite ( ob/acles1 & by ! "t ( ,con/ant9e _m important (ficials ( ! ,empire1 ! educat$ ?9k+ classes ( ,rome1 _h become ,*ri/ians4 ,aft] ! conv]sion ( ! ,emp]or opportunities began to be af=d$1 b political di/urbances consequ5t ^u b>b>ian influ5ces /ill fur!r weak5$ ! old civilization until mu* ( ! intellectual life ( x almo/ disappe>$4 ,gradually ! b>b>ians1 f9d+ ! ,roman ,empire decad5t1 crept 9 on x1 & ?\gh mu* m ( ! invasion 0 peaceful ?an we h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k1 ! ,romans simply disappe>+ because family life _h be5 de/roy$1 *ildr5 _h become infrequ5t1 & divorce _h become extremely common1 x 0 n long be=e !y replac$ ! ,romans almo/ entirely4 ,^! new peoples _h no h]itage ( culture1 no int]e/ 9 ! intellectual life1 no traditions ( lit]ature or sci5ce1 & !y _h to be gradually lift$ up out ( _! b>b>ism4 ,?is 0 ! task t ,*ri/ianity _h to p]=m4 ,t x succe$$ 9 accompli%+ x is "o ( ! m>vels ( hi/ory4 ,! ,*ur*'s fir/ grave duty 0 ! pres]vation ( ! old records ( lit]ature & ( sci5ce4 ,=tunately ! mona/]ies accompli%$ ?is task1 :i* w\ld h be5 extremely p]il\s = ! preci\s treasures involv$ b = ! favorable conditions ?us af=d$4 ,libr>ies up to ?is "t 7 situat$ ma9ly 9 cities1 & 7 subject to all ! vicissitudes ( fire & w> & o!r modes ( de/ruction t came to cities 9 ?is di/urb$ p]iod4 ,mona/]ies1 h[ev]1 7 usually situat$ 9 ! c\ntry1 7 built v sub/antially & v simply1 & ! life 9 !m =m$ ! be/ possible safegu>d aga9/ fire1 :i* work$ s mu* havoc 9 cities4 ,z we %all see1 h[ev]1 n only 7 ! old records pres]v$1 b exc]pts f !m 7 collat$ & discuss$ & appli$ by means ( direct obs]vation4 ,?is l$ ! g5]ations to realize m & m ! value ( ! old ,greek m$ic9e & made !m take fur!r precautions = its pres]vation4 ,! decad5ce ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages 0 due to ! natural %ift+ ( masses ( population ( ?is "t1 :ile ! salvation ( sci5tific & lit]>y traditions 0 due to ! "o /able elem5t 9 all ^! c5turies--! ,*ur*4 ,f> f ,*ri/ianity inhibit+ culture1 x 0 ! mo/ important factor = its pres]vation1 & x provid$ ! be/ /imulus & inc5tive = its r5ew$ developm5t j z soon z ! b>b>\s peoples 7 br\ght to a /ate ( m9d to appreciate x4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 x is easi] to und]/& ! c\rse ( m$ical traditions ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & especially 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 ) reg>d to :i* our docum5ts are comp>atively scanty1 & dur+ :i* ! di/urb$ conditions made m$ical developm5ts impossible1 & any?+ m ?an ! pres]vation ( ! old au?ors out ( ! "q4 ,! tor* ( m$ical illum9ation light$ at ! great ,greek fires passes f p to p1 nev] qu5*$1 ?\gh (t5 burn+ l[ because ( unfavorable conditions1 b sometimes ) new fuel add$ to its flame by ! contributions ( g5ius4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians took x up & kept x light$1 &1 ) ! ,jewi% physicians1 c>ri$ x ?r\gh ! tr\bl\s times ( ! end ( ! old ord]1 & !n pass$ x on = a :ile to ! ,arabs4 ,!n1 :5 favorable conditions _h develop$ aga91 ,*ri/ian s*ools & s*ol>s gave x ! opportunity to burn brightly = sev]al c5turies at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is m$ieval age is probably ! mo/ difficult p]iod ( m$ical hi/ory to und]/& prop]ly1 b x is wor? :ile tak+ ! tr\ble to foll[ out ! ?read ( m$ical tradition f ! ,greeks to ! ,r5aissance m$ical writ]s1 :o practically beg9 mod]n m$ic9e = u4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ,*ri/ianity's influ5ce on m$ic9e1 in/ead ( hamp]+1 0 mo/ favorable4 ,! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity ,himself _h gone ab\t heal+ ! sick1 & c>e = ! ail+ became a prom95t feature ( ,*ri/ian "w4 ,"o ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ,/4 ,luke1 0 a physician4 ,x 0 ! cu/om a g5]ation ago1 & ev5 lat]1 :5 ! ,high] ,criticism became popul>1 to impugn ! tradition z to ,/4 ,luke hav+ be5 a physician1 b ?is has all be5 undone1 & ,h>nack's rec5t book1 ,luke ! ,physician1 makes x v cle> t n only ! ,?ird ,gospel1 b also ! ,acts1 c\ld only h be5 writt5 by a man ?or\ghly famili> ) ! ,greek m$ical t]ms ( 8 "t1 & :o _h surely _h ! advantage ( a tra9+ 9 ! m$ical sci5ces at ,alex&ria4 ,?is makes su* an important l9k 9 m$ical traditions t a special *apt] has be5 devot$ to x 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,v e>ly 9 ,*ri/ianity c>e = ! ail+ poor 0 tak5 up1 & hospitals 9 our mod]n s5se ( ! t]m became common 9 ,*ri/ian communities4 ,!re _h be5 milit>y hospitals be=e ?is1 & places :]e ^? :o c\ld af=d to pay = s]vice 7 kept dur+ illness4 ,our mod]n city hospital1 h[ev]1 is a ,*ri/ian in/itution4 ,besides1 de=m$ & ail+ *ildr5 7 c>$ = & homes = f\ndl+s 7 e/abli%$4 ,be=e ,*ri/ianity ! p[] ev5 ( life & dea? ( ! p>5ts ov] _! *ildr5 0 recogniz$1 & de=m$ or ail+ *ildr51 or ^? t = "s reason 7 n want$1 7 expos$ until !y di$4 ,*ri/ianity put an end to ?is1 & 9 two classes ( in/itutions1 ! hospitals & ! asylums1 abundant opportunity = obs]vation ( illness 0 af=d$4 ,j z soon z ,*ri/ianity came to be free to e/abli% its in/itutions publicly1 hospitals became v common4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian1 usually kn[n z ! ,apo/ate1 :o hop$ to re-e/abli% ! old ,roman ,olympian religion1 wrote to ,oribasius1 "o ( ! great physicians ( ?is "t1 :o 0 also an important (ficial ( 8 h\sehold1 t ^! ,*ri/ians _h e/abli%$ ev]y:]e hospitals 9 :i* n only _! own p1 b also ^? :o 7 n ,*ri/ians1 7 receiv$ & c>$ =1 & t x w\ld be idle to hope to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity until correspond+ in/itutions c\ld be erect$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 or1 at lea/1 j z soon z reasonable fre$om f p]secution gave opportunity = /udy1 ,*ri/ian int]e/ 9 ! m$ical sci5ces began to manife/ itself4 ,nemesius1 = in/ance1 a ,bi%op ( ,edessa 9 ,syria1 wrote t[>d ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury a little "w 9 ,greek on ! nature ( man1 :i* is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is4 ,nemesius 0 :at 9 mod]n times w\ld be call$ a philosoph]1 t is1 a speculative ?9k] & writ]1 ) reg>d to man's nature1 r ?an a physical sci5ti/4 ,he 0 conv9c$1 h[ev]1 t true philosophy ought to be bas$ on a complete k ( man1 body & s\l1 & t ! anatomy ( 8 body ought to be a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,x is 9 ?is little volume t "s en?usia/ic /ud5ts h f\nd a description t is to !m at lea/ mu* m ?an a h9t ( k ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,hyrtl d\bts t ! passage 9 "q %\ld be made to signify z mu* z has be5 sugge/$1 b ! occurr5ce ( any ev5 di/ant ref]5ce to su* a subject at ?is "t %[s t1 f> f !re be+ neglect ( physical sci5tific que/ions1 m5 7 ?9k+ s]i\sly ab\t !m4 ,j z soon z ,*ri/ianity br\ght 9 a m peaceful /ate ( affairs & _h s influ5c$ ! mass ( ! p t its place 9 ! intellectual life c\ld be felt1 !re comes a p]iod ( cultural developm5t repres5t$ 9 philosophy by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 & dur+ :i* we h a s]ies ( important contributors to m$ical lit]ature4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ,atius1 ^: c>e] & works are treat$ m fully 9 ! *apt] on ,great ,physicians 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,times4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 probably a ,*ri/ian1 = 8 bro!r 0 ! ar*itect ( ,santa ,sophia1 & by ,paul ( g9a1 ) reg>d to :om we "k only :at is conta9$ 9 8 m$ical writ+s1 b ^: contempor>ies 7 ne>ly all ,*ri/ians4 ,_! books are valuable to u1 p>tly because !y conta9 quotations f great ,greek writ]s on m$ic9e1 n always o!rwise available1 b also because !y 7 m5 :o evid5tly knew ! subject ( m$ic9e broadly & ?or\ghly1 made obs]vations = !mselves1 & controll$ :at !y le>n$ f ! ,greek =efa!rs 9 m$ic9e by _! own exp]i5ce4 ,j at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 !n1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ,*ri/ianity !re is a p]iod ( consid]able importance 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ical lit]ature4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ pro(s t we h n only t ,*ri/ianity did n hamp] m$ical developm5t1 b t1 directly & indirectly1 by ! place t x gave to ! c>e ( ! ail+ 9 life z well z ! enc\ragem5t af=d$ to ! intellectual life1 x favor$ m$ical /udy & writ+4 ,a v int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! /ory ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian physician is to be f\nd 9 :at we "k ( ! exi/5ce ( wom5 physicians 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,!odosia1 ! "m ( ,/4 ,procopius ! m>tyr1 01 accord+ to ,c>ptzovius1 look$ ^u z an excell5t physician 9 ,rome 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,%e suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,diocletian4 ,!re 0 also a ,nic]ata :o practis$ at ,con/ant9ople "u ! ,emp]or ,arcadius4 ,x is said t to h] ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om ow$ ! cure ( a s]i\s illness4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ,*ri/ian wom5 act$ z nurses1 & deaconesses 7 put 9 *>ge ( hospitals4 ,fabiola1 at ,rome1 is ! f\ndress ( ! fir/ important hospital 9 t city4 ,! /ory ( ^! e>ly ,*ri/ian wom5 physicians has be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! *apt] on ,m$ieval ,wom5 ,physicians1 z an introduction to ?is int]e/+ feature ( ,sal]nitan m$ical education4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies mu* 0 ow$ to ! g5ius & ! devotion to m$ic9e ( di/+ui%$ ,jewi% physicians4 ,_! sacr$ & rabb9ical writ]s always conc]n$ !mselves closely ) m$ic9e1 & bo? ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,talmud mu/ be consid]$ z conta9+ *apt]s important = ! m$ical hi/ory ( ! p]iods 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,at all times ! ,jews h be5 di/+ui%$ = _! k ( m$ic9e1 & all dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !y are to be f\nd prom95t z physicians4 ,!y 7 among ! tea*]s ( ! ,arabs 9 ! ,ea/ & ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,!y 7 probably among ! fir/ pr(essors at ,sal]no z well z at ,montpelli]4 ,_m prom95t rul]s & ecclesia/ics select$ ,jewi% physicians4 ,"s ( ^! made di/9ct contributions to m$ic9e1 & a numb] ( !m des]ve a place 9 any acc\nt ( m$ic9e 9 ! mak+ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"o ( !m1 ,maimonides1 to :om a special *apt] is devot$1 des]ves a place among ! great mak]s ( m$ic9e ( all "t1 because ( ! influ5ce t he ex]t$ on 8 own & succe$+ g5]ations4 ,any /ory ( ! pres]vation & developm5t ( m$ical tea*+ & m$ical practice dur+ ! ,middle ,ages w\ld be decid$ly incomplete )\t due consid]ation ( ! "w ( ,jewi% physicians4 ,we/]n m$ical lit]ature foll[$ ,roman lit]ature 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 & _h only ! ,greek traditions at second h&4 ,dur+ ! di/urbance occasion$ by ! invasion ( ! b>b>ians !re 0 little opportunity = su* leisure z w\ld enable m5 to devote !mselves ) tranquillity to m$ical /udy & writ+4 ,m$ical traditions 7 ma9ly pres]v$ 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,cassiodorus1 :o1 aft] hav+ be5 ,imp]ial ,prime ,m9i/]1 became a monk1 recomm5d$ p>ticul>ly ! /udy ( m$ic9e to ! mona/ic bre?r54 ,) ! f\ndation ( ! ,b5$ict9es1 m$ic9e became "o ( ! favorite /udies ( ! monks1 p>tly = ! sake ( ! heal? ( ! bre?r5 !mselves1 & p>tly 9 ord] t !y might be helpful to ! villages t s (t5 ga!r$ r\nd _! mona/]ies4 ,!re is a well-gr\nd$ tradition t at ,monte ,cass9o m$ical tea*+ 0 "o ( ! features ( ! education provid$ !re by ! monks4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! ,b5$ict9es _h mu* to d ) ! f\ndation ( ,sal]no4 ,9 ! conv5ts = wom5 z well z ! mona/]ies = m5 s]i\s att5tion 0 giv5 to m$ic9e4 ,wom5 /udi$ m$ic9e & 7 pr(essors 9 ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( ,sal]no4 ,o!r ,italian univ]sities foll[$ ! example ?us set1 & s !re is abundant mat]ial = ! *apt] on ,m$ieval ,wom5 ,physicians4 ,! next phase ( m$ical hi/ory 9 ! m$ieval p]iod br+s u to ! ,arabs4 ,utt]ly un9t]e/$ 9 culture1 education1 or sci5ce be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 ) ! gr[? ( _! political p[] & ! f\ndation ( _! capitals1 ! ,arab ,caliphs took up ! patronage ( education4 ,!y 7 ! rul]s ( ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or 9 :i* ,greek culture _h tak5 s firm a hold1 & captive ,greece has always l$ its captors captive4 ,) ! leisure t came = /udy1 ,arabians took up ! cultivation ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 especially ,ari/otle1 & soon turn$ _! att5tion also to ! ,greek physicians ,hippocrates & ,gal54 ,= "s f\r hundr$ ye>s !n !y 7 9 ! be/ position to c>ry on m$ical traditions4 ,_! tea*]s 7 ! ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% physicians ( ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 b soon !y !mselves became di/+ui%$ = _! atta9m5ts1 & = _! m$ical writ+s4 ,int]e/+ly en\gh1 m ( _! di/+ui%$ m5 fl\ri%$ 9 ,spa9 ?an 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,we h sugge/$ an explanation = ?is 9 ! fact t ,spa9 _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ cultur$ prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire1 provid+ practically all ! writ]s ( ! ,silv] ,age ( ,lat9 lit]ature1 & evid5tly possess+ a widely cultur$ p4 ,x 0 into ?is prov9ce1 n yet utt]ly decad5t f ! pres5ce ( ! nor!rn ,go?s1 t ! ,moors came & readily built up a magnific5t /ructure ( culture & education on :at _h be5 ! highe/ developm5t ( ,roman civilization4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,arabs on ,we/]n civilization1 & especially on ! developm5t ( sci5ce 9 ,europe1 has be5 mu* exagg]at$ by c]ta9 writ]s4 ,closely 9 t\* ) ,greek ?\ght & ,greek lit]ature dur+ ! eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? c5turies1 x is easy to und]/& t ! ,arabian writ]s 7 f> ahead ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>s ( ,europe ( ! same p]iod1 :o 7 /ruggl+ up out ( ! practical *aos t _h be5 creat$ by ! com+ ( ! b>b>ians1 & :o1 besides1 _h ! *ance = :atev] ,greek le>n+ came to !m only ?r\gh ! second>y *annels ( ! ,lat9 writ]s4 ,rome _h be5 too occupi$ ) politics & aggr&izem5t ev] to become cultur$4 ,9 spite ( ?is h]itage f ! ,greeks1 decad5ce took place among ! ,arabs1 &1 z ! c5turies g on1 :at !y d becomes m & m trivial1 & _! writ+ has less significance4 ,j ! opposite happ5$ 9 ,europe4 ,!re1 !re 0 notewor?y progressive developm5t until ! magnific5t climax ( ?irte5? c5tury accompli%m5t 0 rea*$4 ,x is (t5 said t ,europe ow$ mu* to ! ,arabs = ?is1 b c>eful analysis ( ! factors 9 t progress %[s t v little came f ! ,arabs t 0 good1 :ile n a little t 0 un=tunate 9 its influ5ce 0 borr[$ f !m ) ! translations ( ! ,greek au?ors f t language1 :i* con/itut$ ! ma91 inde$ (t5 ! only1 reason :y ,arabian writ]s 7 consult$4 ,) ! f\ndation ( ! m$ical s*ool ( ,sal]no 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! mod]n hi/ory ( m$ical education may be said to beg91 = x _h _m ( ! features t di/+ui% our mod]n univ]sity m$ical s*ools4 ,its pr(essors (t5 came f a di/ance & _h travell$ ext5sively = purposes ( /udy2 !y attract$ pati5ts ( high rank f ne>ly e "p ( ,europe1 & ^! 7 g5]\s 9 _! patronage ( ! s*ool4 ,/ud5ts came f all ov]1 f ,africa & ,asia1 z well z ,europe1 & :5 abuses ( m$ical practice began to creep 91 a s]ies ( laws 7 made creat+ a /&>d ( m$ical education & regulat+ ! practice ( m$ic9e1 t are int]e/+ anticipations ( mod]n movem5ts ( ! same k9d4 ,f9ally a law 0 pass$ requir+ ?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y "w 9 logic & philosophy be=e m$ic9e might be tak5 up1 & !n f\r ye>s at m$ic9e1 ) a subsequ5t ye> ( practice ) a physician be=e a lic5se to practise = "o's self 0 issu$4 ,9 addition to ?is !re 0 a /ill m surpris+ feature 9 ! h&+ ov] ( ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases to wom5 pr(essors1 & ! consequ5t op5+ up ( lic5sure to practise m$ic9e to a great _m wom5 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,italy4 ,! surprise t all ?is %\ld h tak5 place 9 ! s\? ( ,italy is less5$ by recall+ ! fact t ! l[] end ( ! ,italian p59sula _h be5 e>ly coloniz$ by ,greeks1 t its "n 9 lat] times 0 ,magna ,grcia1 & t ! /imulus ( ,greek tradition has always be5 especially favorable to ! developm5t ( sci5tific m$ic9e4 ,sal]no's influ5ce on ,bologna is n difficult to trace1 & ! preci\s tradition ( surg]y p>ticul>ly1 :i* 0 c>ri$ to ! nor!rn univ]sity1 s]v$ to initiate a p]iod ( surg]y la/+ ne>ly two c5turies1 dur+ :i* we h "s ( ! greate/ contributions to ?is bran* ( m$ical sci5ce t 7 ev] made4 ,! developm5t ( ! m$ical s*ool at ,bologna anticipat$ by b a %ort "t t ( a s]ies ( s*ools 9 ! nor? ,italian univ]sities4 ,padua1 ,piac5za1 ,pisa1 & ,vic5za _h m$ical s*ools 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 ! works ( "s ( ^: pr(essors h attract$ att5tion4 ,x 0 f ^! nor? ,italian m$ical s*ools t ! tradition ( close obs]vation 9 m$ic9e & ( ?or\ghly sci5tific surg]y f\nd its way to ,p>is4 ,lanfranc 0 ! c>ri] ( surg]y1 & _m ,fr5* /ud5ts :o w5t to ,italy came back ) ,italian me?ods4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,guy de ,*auliac made ! gr& t\r 9 ,italy1 & !n came back to write a text-book ( surg]y t is "o ( ! monum5ts 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,be=e 8 "t1 ,montpelli] _h attract$ att5tion1 b n[ x came to be look$ ^u z a recogniz$ c5tre ( great m$ical tea*+4 ,! abs5ce ( ! ,popes f ,italy & ! influ5ce ( _! pres5ce at ,avignon made itself felt4 ,:ile culture & education decl9$ 9 ,italy 9 ! mid/ ( political di/urbances1 !y advanc$ mat]ially at ! s\? ( ,france4 ,= our g5]ation und\bt$ly ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ieval m$ic9e is t :i* tells ( ! m>vell\s developm5t ( surg]y t took place 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,consid]able space has be5 devot$ to ?is1 because x repres5ts n only an important phase ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 & recalls ! names & c>e]s ( great mak]s ( m$ic9e1 b also because x illu/rates exquisitely ! possibility ( important discov]ies 9 m$ic9e be+ made1 appli$ successfully = ye>s1 & !n be+ lo/ or completely =gott51 ?\gh conta9$ 9 important m$ical books t 7 always available = /udy4 ,! m we "k ( ?is great p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y1 ! m is ! surprise at h[ mu* 0 accompli%$1 & h[ _m details ( our mod]n surg]y 7 anticipat$4 ,mo/ ( u h _h "s inkl+ ( ! fact t an/hesia is n new1 & t at v>i\s times 9 ! _w's hi/ory m5 h inv5t$ me?ods ( produc+ /ates ( s5sibility 9 :i* m or less pa9less op]ations 7 possible4 ,v few ( u h realiz$1 h[ev]1 ! p]fection to :i* an/hesia 0 develop$1 & ! possibility ?is provid$ = ! great surgeons ( ! lat] m$ieval c5turies to d op]ations 9 all ! great cavities ( ! body1 ! skull1 ! ?orax1 & ! abdom51 q z !y are done 9 our own "t & app>5tly ) no little degree ( success4 ,( c\rse1 any su* ext5sive surgical int]v5tion ev5 = s]i\s affections w\ld h be5 worse ?an useless "u ! septic conditions t w\ld surely h prevail$ if c]ta9 pr9ciples ( antisepsis 7 n appli$4 ,until comp>atively rec5t ye>s we h be5 q confid5t 9 our assurance t antisepsis & asepsis 7 entirely mod]n developm5ts ( surg]y4 ,m k1 h[ev]1 ( ! hi/ory ( surg]y has giv5 a s]i\s set-back to ?is self-complac5cy1 & n[ we "k t ! lat] m$ieval surgeons und]/ood practical antisepsis v well1 & appli$ x successfully4 ,!y us$ /rong w9e z a dress+ = _! w\nds1 insi/$ on keep+ !m clean1 & n all[+ any extrane\s mat]ial ( any k9d1 o9tm5ts or ! l1 to be us$ on !m4 ,z a consequ5ce !y 7 able to secure excell5t results 9 ! heal+ ( w\nds1 & !y 7 incl9$ to boa/ ( ! fact t _! incisions heal$ by fir/ int5tion & t1 inde$1 ! sc> left aft] !m 0 sc>cely noticeable4 ,we "k t w9e w\ld make a good antiseptic dress+1 b until we actually read ! reports ( ! results obta9$ by ^! old surgeons1 we _h no idea t x c\ld be us$ to su* excell5t purpose4 ,antisepsis1 l an/hesia1 0 m>vell\sly anticipat$ by ! surgical =efa!rs ( ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,x has always seem$ to me t ! /ory ( ,m$ieval ,d5ti/ry pres5t$ an ev5 bett] illu/ration ( a great anticipatory developm5t ( surg]y4 ,?is dep>tm5t repres5ts only a small surgical specialty1 b "o :i* ev5 at t p]iod 0 giv5 ov] to speciali/s1 :o 7 call$ d5tatores4 ,guy de ,*auliac's review ( ! d5ti/ry ( 8 "t & ! /ate ( ! specialty1 z pictur$ by ,john ( ,arcoli1 is likely to be p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 because if !re is any dep>tm5t ( m$ical practice t we are sure is comp>atively rec5t 9 orig91 x is d5ti/ry4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we f9d t practically all our d5tal manipulations1 ! fill+ ( tee?1 artificial d5tures1 ev5 or?odontia1 7 anticipat$ by ! d5ti/s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,we h only ! compress$ acc\nt ( x :i* is to be f\nd 9 text-books ( g5]al surg]y1 & :ile 9 ?is !y give ma9ly a h]itage f ! pa/1 yet ev5 ?is suffices to give u a picture v surpris+ 9 its detail$ anticipation ( mu* t we h be5 incl9$ to ?9k ( z q mod]n 9 inv5tion & discov]y4 ,m$ic9e develop$ mu* m sl[ly ?an surg]y1 or1 r1 lagg$ beh9d x1 z x seems ne>ly always prone to d4 ,surgical problems are simple1 & _! solution belongs to a great ext5t to a h&icraft4 ,t is1 aft] all1 :at *irurgy1 ! old =m ( our ^w surg]y1 means4 ,m$ical problems are m complex & involve bo? art & sci5ce1 s t solutions ( !m are (t5 m]ely tempor>y & lack f9ality4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 h[ev]1 & especially t[>ds ! end ( !m1 ! mo/ important bran*es ( m$ic9e1 diagnosis & !rapeutics1 took def9ite %ape on ! f\ndations t lie at ! basis ( our mod]n m$ical sci5ce4 ,we he> ( p]cussion = abdom9al conditions1 & ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( ! pulse & ! respiration4 ,!re are *>ts = ! v>y+ color ( ! ur9e1 & ( ! t9ts ( ! sk94 ,) ,ni*olas ( ,cusa !re came ! def9ite sugge/ion ( ! ne$ ( exact me?ods ( diagnosis4 ,a ma!matician himself1 he wi%$ to introduce ma!matical me?ods into m$ical diagnosis1 & sugge/$ t ! pulse %\ld be c\nt$ 9 connection ) ! wat] clock1 ! wat] t pass$ be+ weigh$1 9 ord] to get v def9ite comp>ative values = ! pulse rate "u v>y+ conditions1 & also t ! specific gravity ( fluids f ! body %\ld be asc]ta9$ 9 ord] to get ano!r def9ite datum 9 ! k ( disease4 ,x 0 long be=e ^! sugge/ions 7 to be> mu* fruit1 b x is int]e/+ to f9d !m s cle>ly express$4 ,at ! v end ( ! ,middle ,ages came ! fa!r ( mod]n ph>maceutical *emi/ry1 ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,already ! _s t 0 to mean s mu* = sci5tific inve/igation 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod 0 abroad4 ,val5t9e1 h[ev]1 owes little to any?+ except 8 own inve/igations1 & !y 7 surpris+ly successful1 consid]+ ! circum/ances ( "t & place4 ,8 practical sugge/ions s f> z drugs 7 conc]n$ did n prove to h endur+ value1 b !n ?is has be5 a fate %>$ by _m ( ! ma/]s ( m$ic9e4 ,!re 7 _m phases ( m$ical practice1 h[ev]1 t he insi/$ on 9 8 works4 ,he believ$ t ! be/ ag5t = ! cure ( ! disease 0 nature1 & t ! physician's ma9 bus9ess mu/ be to f9d out h[ nature work$1 & !n fo/] h] ef=ts or endeavor to imitate !m4 ,he insi/$1 also t p]sonal obs]vation1 bo? ( pati5ts & drugs1 0 m important ?an book k4 ,inde$1 he has "s r /rong expressions ) reg>d to ! utt] valuelessness ( book in=mation 9 subjects :]e actual exp]i5ce & obs]vation are necess>y4 ,x gives a conceit ( k q unju/ifi$ by :at is really kn[n4 ,:at is int]e/+ ab\t all ^! m5 is t !y fac$ ! same problems 9 m$ic9e t we h to1 9 mu* ! same temp] ( m9d t we d ourselves1 & t1 inde$1 !y succe$$ 9 solv+ !m almo/ z well z we h done1 9 spite ( all t might be look$ = f ! accumulation ( k ev] s9ce4 ,x 0 v =tunate = ! aft] "t t 9 ! p]iod n[ kn[n z ! ,r5aissance1 aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 !re 7 a numb] ( s]i\s1 unselfi% s*ol>s :o devot$ !mselves to ! publication 9 f9e pr9t$ editions ( ! works ( ^! old-"t mak]s ( m$ic9e4 ,if ! neglect ( !m t *>act]iz$ ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies _h be5 ! rule at ! end ( ! fifte5? & dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 we w\ld almo/ surely h be5 )\t ! possibility ( ev] kn[+ t s _m s]i\s physicians liv$ & /udi$ & wrote l>ge important tomes dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,= our =efa!rs ( a few g5]ations ago _h v little k1 & almo/ less int]e/1 z to ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* !y dismiss$ simply z ! ,d>k ,ages1 q sure t no?+ wor? :ile c\ld possibly h come out ( ! ,naz>e? ( t "t4 ,:at !y knew ab\t ! p :o _h liv$ dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s be=e #aejj only seem$ to !m to prove ! ignorance & ! dep?s ( sup]/ition 9 :i* !y 7 sunk4 ,t m$ieval s*ol>s %\ld h writt5 books n only well wor? pres]vation1 b conta9+ anticipations ( mod]n k1 &1 ?\gh ( c\rse !y c\ld n h kn[n t1 ev5 significant advances ov] _! own sci5tific conditions1 w\ld h seem$ to !m q absurd4 ,=tunately = u1 !n1 ! editions ( ! e>ly pr9t$ books1 s _m ( !m monum5ts ( le>n+ & ma/]pieces ( editorial "w ) reg>d to m$ieval ma/]s ( m$ic9e1 7 ly+ 9 libr>ies wait+ to be une>!d & re/udi$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,g]man & ,fr5* s*ol>s1 especially dur+ ! la/ g5]ation1 h recov]$ ! k ( ?is ?\s& ye>s ( human activity1 & we "k n[ & c sympa!tically /udy h[ ! m5 ( ^! times fac$ _! problems1 :i* 7 v mu* ^? ( our own "t1 9 almo/ precisely ! same _s z we d ours at ! pres5t "t1 & t _! solutions ( !m are always int]e/+1 (t5 ?or\gh & practical1 & m frequ5tly ?an we w\ld l to ?9k possible1 resemble our own 9 _m ways4 ,= ! possibility ( ?is we are l>gely indebt$ orig9ally to ! s*ol>s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,)\t _! "w t ( our inve/igators w\ld h be5 q unavail+4 ,x is to be hop$1 h[ev]1 t our recov]y ( ?is p]iod w n be foll[$ by any fur!r eclipse1 ?\gh t seems to be almo/ ! rule ( human hi/ory1 b t we %all cont9ue to broad5 our sympa!tic k ( ?is wond]ful m$ieval p]iod1 ! /udy ( :i* has _h s _m surprises 9 /ore = u4 ,,ii ,,great ,,physicians ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,times ,:at we "k ( ! life ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity & h[ mu* ,he did = ! ail+ poor w\ld make u expect t ! religion t ,he e/abli%$ w\ld fo/] ! c>e & ! cure ( suff]+ humanity4 ,z we h outl9$ 9 ! ,introduction1 ! fir/ ( ! works ( ,*ri/ian s]vice t 0 organiz$ 0 ! c>e ( ! sick4 ,at fir/ a portion ( ! bi%op's h\se 0 giv5 ov] to ! %elt] ( ! ail+1 & a special ord] ( assi/ants to ! cl]gy1 ! deaconesses1 took c>e ( !m4 ,z ,*ri/ians became m num]\s1 special hospitals 7 f\nd$1 & ^! became public in/itutions j z soon z fre$om f p]secution all[$ ! ,*ri/ians ! lib]ty to give ov]t expression to _! feel+s = ! poor4 ,:ile hospitals ( limit$ capacity = su* special purposes z ! %elt]+ ( slaves or ( soldi]s & heal? e/abli%m5ts ( v>i\s k9ds = ! weal?y _h be5 erect$ be=e ,*ri/ianity1 ?is 0 ! fir/ "t t anyone :o 0 ill1 no matt] :at ! /ate ( 8 pecuni>y res\rces1 c\ld be sure to f9d %elt] & c>e4 ,! expression ( ! ,emp]or ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 t admission to ^! hospitals 0 n limit$ to ,*ri/ians1 is ! be/ possible evid5ce ( ! lib]al *>ity t inspir$ !m4 ,! ord9>y pass+ /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e or ( hospital f\ndation & organization1 c h no idea ( ! magnitude ( "s ( ^! in/itutions1 & _! importance 9 ! life ( ! "t1 unless x is especially po9t$ out4 ,/4 ,basil1 ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 erect$ :at 0 spok5 ( z a city = ! sick1 be=e ! gates ( ,cs>ea4 ,gregory ( ,nazianz51 8 fri5d1 says t well built & furni%$ h\ses /ood on bo? sides ( /reets symmetrically laid out ab\t ! *ur*1 & conta9$ rooms = ! sick1 & ! infirm ( e v>iety 7 intru/$ to ! c>e ( doctors & nurses4 ,!re 7 sep>ate build+s = /rang]s1 = ! poor1 & = ! ail+1 & com=table dwell+s = ! physicians & nurses4 ,an important portion ( ! in/itution 0 set ap>t = ! c>e ( lep]s1 :i* con/itut$ a prom95t feature 9 ,basil's "w 9 :i* he himself took a special int]e/4 ,e>li] 9 ! same c5tury ,hel5a1 ! "m ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 _h built simil> in/itutions ar\nd ,j]usalem1 & dur+ ?is same c5tury ne>ly ev]y:]e we h evid5ce ( organization ( hospitals & ( c>e = ! ail+ poor4 ,n only 7 hospitals erect$1 b arrangem5ts 7 made = ! c>e ( ! ail+ poor 9 _! own homes & = ! visitation ( !m1 & = ! br++ to places adapt$ = _! c>e & treatm5t ( su* z 7 f\nd on ! /reet1 or neglect$ 9 _! homes4 ,! ,*ur* evid5tly consid]$ itself b\nd to c>e = m5's bodies z well z _! s\ls1 & _m ( ! expressions 9 common use among ,*ri/ians ref]r$ to ?is fact4 ,religion itself 0 spok5 ( z a m$ic9e ( ! s\l & ! body4 ,*ri/ianity 0 def9$ z ! religion ( heal+4 ,! ^w salvation _h a ref]5ce to bo? body & s\l4 ,baptism 0 spok5 ( z ! ba? ( ! s\l1 ! holy ,eu*>i/ z ! elixir ( immortal life1 & p5ance z ! m$ic9e ( ! s\l4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d1 !n1 t ,h>nack has f\nd among ! texts t illu/rate ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature ?is "o3 ,9 e community !re %all be at lea/ "o wid[ appo9t$ to assi/ wom5 :o are /rick5 ) illness1 & ?is wid[ %all be tra9$ 9 h] duties1 neat & c>eful 9 h] ways1 %all n be self-seek+1 mu/ n indulge too freely 9 w9e 9 ord] t %e may be able to take up h] duties at night z well z by day1 & %all consid] x h] duty to keep ! ,*ur* (ficials in=m$ ( all t seems necess>y4 ,! sav+ ( de=m$ & ail+ infants or *ildr5 ^: p>5ts did n c>e to h ! tr\ble ( re>+ !m1 requir$ ! e/abli%m5t by ! ,*ri/ians ( ano!r set ( in/itutions1 ,f\ndl+ ,asylums & ,hospitals = ,*ildr54 ,until ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity p>5ts 7 suppos$ to h ! "r ( life & dea? ov] _! *ildr51 & no "o que/ion$ x4 ,9 e c\ntry 9 ! _w until ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity ?is _h always be5 ! case4 ,besides1 !re 7 in/itutions = ! c>e ( ! old4 ,^! are ! classes ( mank9d :o are especially liable to suff] f disease1 & ! opportunity to /udy human ailm5ts 9 su* in/itutions c\ld sc>cely help b provide facilities = cl9ical obs]vation su* z _h n exi/$ be=e4 ,un=tunately ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity 0 hamp]$1 fir/ by ! ,roman p]secutions1 & !n lat] by ! invasion ( ! b>b>ians1 :o _h to be educat$ & lift$ up to a high] plane ( civilization be=e !y c\ld be br\ght to appreciate ! value ( m$ical sci5ce1 mu* less contribute to its developm5t4 ,h>nack1 ^: writ+s 9 ! high] criticism ( ,scripture h attract$ s mu* att5tion 9 rec5t ye>s1 began 8 c>e] 9 ! /udy ( ,*ri/ian antiquities ) a monograph on ,m$ical ,features ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity4#a ,he m5tions altoge!r "s sixte5 physicians :o rea*$ di/9ction 9 ! e>lie/ days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,"s ( ^! 7 prie/s1 "s ( !m bi%ops1 z ,!odotos ( ,laodicea2 ,eusebius1 ,bi%op ( ,rome2 ,basilios1 ,bi%op ( ,ancyra1 & at lea/ "o1 ,hi]akas1 0 ! f\nd] ( a religi\s ord]4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian physicians came ma9ly f ,syria1 z might be expect$1 = "h ! old ,greek m$ical traditions 7 active4 ,among !m mu/ be enum]at$ ,cosmas & ,damian1 physicians :o 7 m>tyr$ 9 ! p]secution ( ,diocletian1 & :o h be5 *os5 z ! patrons ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,ju/9ian erect$ a fam\s *ur* to !m4 ,x became ! sc5e ( pilgrimages4 ,organizations ( v>i\s k9ds s9ce1 z ! ,college ( ,/4 ,come1 & m$ical societies1 h be5 nam$ aft] !m4 ,"s idea ( ! int]e/ ( ecclesia/ics 9 m$ical affairs may be ga!r$ f a lett] ( ,bi%op ,!odoret ( ,cyrus1 direct$ to ! prefect ( ! city1 :5 he 0 ab\t to leave ! place4 ,he wrote 7see ,pus*mann1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #did73 ,:5 ,i took up ! ,bi%opric ( ,cyrus ,i made e ef=t to br+ 9 f all sides ! arts t w\ld be useful to ! p4 ,i succe$$ 9 p]suad+ skill$ physicians to take up _! resid5ce "h4 ,among ^! is a v pi\s prie/1 ,pet]1 :o practises m$ic9e ) great skill1 & is well kn[n = 8 c>e = ! p4 ,n[ t ,i am ab\t to leave ! city1 "s ( ^? :o came at my invitation are prep>+ also to g4 ,pet] seems resolv$ to d ?is4 ,i appeal to y\r highness1 !re=e1 9 ord] to comm5d him to y\r special c>e4 ,he h&les pati5ts ) great skill & br+s ab\t _m cures4 ,di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian writ]s & s*ol>s1 & ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! e>ly c5turies1 evid5tly paid mu* att5tion to m$ic9e4 ,t]tullian speaks ( m$ical sci5ce z ! si/] ( philosophy1 & has _m ref]5ces to ! m$ical doctr9es discuss$ 9 8 "t4 ,lactantius1 9 8 "w1 ,de ,opificio ,dei1 has mu* to say ) reg>d to ! human body z repres5t+ ! necessity = design 9 creation4 ,8 teleological argum5ts h mu* m =ce n[ ?an !y w\ld h _h = p g5]ally tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,we h come back to recognize ! place ( teleology4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 0 an e>ly ,*ri/ian temp]ance advocate1 :o argu$ t ! use ( w9e 0 only ju/ifi$ :5 x did good z a m$ic9e4 ,! problems ( embryology & ( diseases ( *ildhood int]e/$ him z !y did _m o!r ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,a,,tius ,! fir/ great ,*ri/ian physician ^: works meant mu* = 8 own "t1 & ^: writ+s h become a classic 9 m$ic9e1 0 ,atius ,amid5us1 t is1 ,atius ( ,amida1 :o 0 born 9 ! t[n ( t "n 9 ,mesopotamia1 on ! upp] ,tigris 7n[ ,di>bekir71 & :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,8 m$ical /udies1 z he has told u himself1 7 made at ,alex&ria4 ,aft] hav+ attract$ att5tion by 8 m$ical le>n+ & skill1 he became physician to "o ( ! emp]ors at ,byzantium1 v probably ,ju/9ian1 7#ebg-efe74 ,he seems to h be5 succe$$ 9 ! special po/ t 0 creat$ = him at c\rt by ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ! second ( ! great ,*ri/ian physicians4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,atius 0 a ,*ri/ian1 = he m5tions ,*ri/ian my/]ies1 & appeals to ! "n ( ! ,savi\r & ! m>tyrs4 ,he 0 evid5tly a man ( wide read+1 = he quotes f practically e important m$ical writ] be=e 8 "t4 ,inde$1 he is mo/ valuable = ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 because he gives u "s idea ( ! mode ( treatm5t ( v>i\s subjects by pr$ecessors ^: fame we "k1 b none ( ^: works h come to u4 ,8 (ficial c>e] & ! patronage ( ! ,emp]or1 ! bread? ( 8 s*ol>%ip1 & ! ?or\ghly practical "* ( 8 tea*+1 %[ h[ m$ical sci5ce & m$ical art 7 be+ develop$ & enc\rag$ at ?is "t4 ,atius' "w t is pres]v$ = u is kn[n 9 m$ical lit]ature z 8 sixte5 books on m$ical practice4 ,9 mo/ ( ! manuscript x is divid$ into f\r ,tetrabibloi1 or f\r book p>ts1 ea* ( :i* consi/s ( f\r sections call$ ,logoi 9 ,greek1 ,s]mones 9 ,lat94 ,?is "w embraces all ! dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e1 & has a consid]able portion devot$ to surg]y1 b mo/ ( ! important op]ations & ! *apt]s on fractures & dislocations are lack+4 ,atius himself ann\nces t he _h prep>$ a special "w on surg]y1 b ?is is lo/4 ,d\btless ! important *apt]s t we h not$ z lack+ 9 8 "w w\ld be f\nd 9 ?is4 ,he is mu* ri*] 9 pa?ology ?an mo/ ( ! old] writ]s1 at lea/ ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 = in/ance1 ,gurlt says t he treats ?is feature ( ! subject mu* m ext5sively ev5 ?an ,paulus g9etus1 b mo/ ( 8 "w is devot$ to !rapeutics4 ,at times ^? :o read ^! old books f c]ta9 mod]n /&po9ts are surpris$ to f9d su* notewor?y diff]5ces betwe5 writ]s on m$ic9e1 :o are sep>at$ sometimes only by a g5]ation1 & sometimes by n m ?an a c5tury1 9 :at reg>ds ! comp>ative am\nt ( space giv5 to pa?ology1 etiology1 & !rapeutics4 ,j exactly ! same diff]5ces exi/ 9 our own day1 h[ev]4 ,we all "k t = ^? :o want pa?ology & etiology ! "w ( "o ( our great tea*]s is to be consult$1 :ile = !rapeutics x is bett] to g to someone else4 ,:5 we f9d su* diff]5ces among ! m5 ( ! old5 "t we are n s apt to look at !m ) sympa!tic discrim9ation1 z we d ) reg>d to our contempor>ies4 ,we may ev5 set !m d[n to ignorance r ?an specialization ( int]e/4 ,^! diff]5ces dep5d on ! attitude ( m9d ( ! physician1 & are l>gely ! result ( 8 own p]sonal equation4 ,!y d n reflect 9 any way ei!r on 8 judgm5t or on ! special k ( 8 "t1 b are ! index ( 8 special receptivity & tea*+ habit4 ,atius' fir/ & second books are tak5 up entirely ) drugs4 ,! fir/ book conta9s a li/ ( drugs arrang$ accord+ to ! ,greek alphabet4 ,9 ! ?ird book o!r rem$ial measures1 dietetic1 manipulative1 & ev5 op]ative1 are sugge/$4 ,9 ^! are includ$ v5esection1 ! op5+ ( an art]y1 cupp+1 lee*es1 & ! l4 ,! f\r? & fif? books take up hygi5e1 special dietetics1 & g5]al pa?ology4 ,9 ! six? book :at ! ,g]mans call special pa?ology & !rapy beg9s ) ! diseases ( ! head4 ,! fir/ *apt] treats ( hydrocephalus4 ,9 ?is same book rabies is treat$4 ,:at ,atius has consi/s ma9ly ( quotations f previ\s au?ors1 _m ( :om he _h evid5tly read ) great c>e4 ,conc]n+ ^? bitt5 by a rabid dog or ^? :o fe> wat]1 ,gurlt has quot$ ! foll[+ expression1 ) reg>d to :i* mo/ p w be q ready to agree ) him :5 he says t x conta9s a great deal ( tru?1 usually ?\ght to be ( mu* lat] orig93 ,:51 !re=e1 any "o has be5 bitt5 by a rabid dog ! treatm5t ( ! w\nd mu/ be und]tak5 j z soon z possible1 ev5 ?\gh ! bite %\ld be small & only sup]ficial4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t none ( ^? :o are n rightly treat$ escape ! fatal effect4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to make ! w\nd l>g]1 ! m\? ( x be+ divid$ & dilat$ by ! scalpel4 ,!n e portion ( x & ! surr\nd+ tissues mu/ be firmly press$ ^u ) ! def9ite purpose ( caus+ a l>ge efflux ( blood f ! "p4 ,!n ! w\nd %\ld be deeply caut]iz$1 etc4 ,!re are special *apt]s devot$ to eye & e> diseases1 & to v>i\s affections ( ! face4 ,"u ?is ! "q ( tattoo+ & its removal comes 94 ,x is surpris+ h[ mu* ,atius has ) reg>d to su* nasal affections z polyps & ulc]s & ble$+s f ! nose4 ,9 ?is book1 h[ev]1 he treats only ( _! m$ic9al treatm5t4 ,:at he has to say ab\t affections ( ! tee? is s int]e/+ t x des]ves a p>agraph or two by itself4 ,he _h mu* to say ) reg>d to ! n]v\s supply ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! gums1 tongue1 & m\?1 & taught t ! tee? receiv$ n]ves ?r\gh ! small hole exi/+ at ! end ( e root4 ,= *ildr5 cutt+ tee? he advis$ ! *ew+ ( h>d objects1 & ?\ght t ! *ew+ ( r h>d mat]ials 0 good also = ! tee? ( adults4 ,= fi/ulas lead+ to ! roots ( tee? he sugge/s v>i\s irritant treatm5ts1 &1 if !y d n succe$1 recomm5ds ! removal ( ! tee?4 ,he seems to h kn[n mu* ab\t affections ( ! gums & recognizes a b5ignant & malignant epulis4 ,he ?\ght t "o =m ( epulis 0 due to inflammation ( a *ronic "*1 & sugge/s t if rem$ies d n succe$ x %\ld be remov$4 ,8 "w is ( int]e/ ma9ly z %[+ t ev5 at ?is "t1 :5 ! desire = in=mation ( ?is k9d is usually suppos$ to h be5 9 abeyance1 physicians 7 ga!r+ in=mation ab\t all sorts ev5 ( ! m9or ailm5ts ( mank9d1 ga!r+ :at _h be5 writt5 ab\t !m1 comm5t+ on x1 add+ _! own obs]vations1 & 9 g5]al try+ to solve ! problems z well z !y c\ld4 ,atius seems to h _h a pretty good idea ( diph!ria4 ,he speaks ( x 9 connection ) o!r ?roat manife/ations "u ! head+ ( cru/y & pe/il5t ulc]s ( ! tonsils4 ,he divides ! ang9as g5]ally into f\r k9ds4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( inflammation ( ! fauces ) ! classic symptoms1 ! second pres5ts no inflammation ( ! m\? nor ( ! fauces1 b is complicat$ by a s5se ( suffocation--app>5tly our cr\p4 ,! ?ird consi/s ( ext]nal & int]nal inflammation ( ! m\? & ?roat1 ext5d+ t[>ds ! *94 ,! f\r? is an affection r ( ! neck1 due to an inflammation ( ! v]tebr--retroph>yngeal abscess--t may be foll[$ by luxation & is complicat$ by great difficulty ( respiration4 ,all ( ^! h z a common symptom difficulty ( swall[+4 ,?is is great] 9 "o v>iety ?an 9 ano!r at diff]5t times4 ,9 c]ta9 affections ev5 dr9ks :5 tak5 are return$ ?r\gh ! nose4 ,hyp]trophy ( ! tonsils--,atius speaks ( !m z gl&s--is to be treat$ by v>i\s a/r+5t rem$ies1 b if ^! fail ! /ructures %\ld be excis$4 ,8 description ( ! excision is r cle> & detail$4 ,! pati5t %\ld be put 9 a good full light1 & ! m\? %\ld be held op5 & ea* gl& pull$ =w>d by a hook & excis$4 ,! op]ator %\ld be c>eful1 h[ev]1 only to excise ^? portions t are beyond ! natural size1 = if any ( ! natural sub/ance ( ! gl& is cut into1 or if ! incision is made beyond ! project+ portion ( ! tonsil1 !re is grave dang] ( s]i\s hemorrhage4 ,aft] excision a mixture ( wat] & v9eg> %\ld be kept 9 ! m\? = "s "t4 ,?is %\ld be adm9i/]$ cold 9 ord] to prev5t ! fl[ ( blood4 ,aft] ?is v cold wat] %\ld be tak54 ,9 ?is same book1 ,*apt] ,l1 he treats ( =eign bodies 9 ! respiratory & upp] dige/ive tracts4 ,if !re is any?+ 9 ! l>ynx or ! bron*ial tubes ! attempt mu/ be made to secure its ejection by ! production ( c\gh+ or sneez+4 ,if ! =eign body c be se5 x %\ld be grasp$ ) a p9c]s & remov$4 ,if x is 9 ! esophagus1 ,atius sugge/s t ! pati5t %\ld be made to swall[ a sponge dipp$ 9 grease1 or a piece ( fat meat1 to ei!r ( :i* a /r+ has be5 atta*$1 9 ord] t ! =eign body may be caught & drawn out4 ,if x seems pref]able to c>ry ! body on into ! /oma*1 ! swall[+ ( l>ge m\?fuls ( fre% bread or o!r su* mat]ial is recomm5d$4 ,) reg>d to goitre1 ,atius has "s int]e/+ details4 ,he says t all tumors occurr+ 9 ! ?roat region are call$ bron*oceles1 = e tumor among ! anci5ts 0 call$ a cele1 &1 ?\gh ! "n is common to !m1 !y diff] v mu* f "o ano!r4 ,"s ( !m are fatty1 "s ( !m are pultace\s1 "s ( !m are canc]\s1 & "s ( !m he calls honey tumors1 because ( a honey-l humor !y conta94 ,sometimes !y are due to a local dilatation ( ! blood vessels1 & ?is is mo/ frequ5tly connect$ ) p>turition1 app>5tly be+ due to ! draw+ ( ! brea? be+ prev5t$ or repress$ dur+ ! mo/ viol5t pa9s ( ! pati5t4 ,su* local dilatation at ?is po9t ( ! ve9s is incurable1 b !re are also h>d tumors l scirrhus & malignant tumors1 & ^? ( great size4 ,) ! exception ( ^! la/1 all ! tumors ( ?is region are easily cur$1 yield+ ei!r to surg]y or to rem$ies4 ,surg]y mu/ be adapt$ to ! special tumor1 :e!r x be honey-l or fatty1 or pultace\s4 ,! prognosis ( goitr\s tumors is mu* bett] ?an might be expect$1 b evid5tly ,atius saw a numb] ( ! functional di/urbances & enl>gem5ts ( ! ?yroid gl&1 :i* are s v>iable 9 "* z app>5tly to be q am5able to treatm5t4 ,atius' treatm5t ( ! subject ( v>icosities is q complete 9 its sugge/ions4 ,! t]m v>ices1 he says1 is appli$ to dilat$ ve9s1 :i* occur sometimes 9 connection ) ! te/es & sometimes 9 ! limbs4 ,op]ations on te/icul> v>ices pati5ts d n readily cons5t to2 ^? on ! limbs may be cur$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,fir/1 simple section ( ! sk9 ly+ above ! dilat$ vessel is made1 & ) ! hook x is sep>at$ f ! neighbor+ tissues & ti$4 ,aft] ?is ! dilat$ portion is remov$ & pressure appli$ by means ( a b&age4 ,! pati5t is ord]$ to rema9 quiet1 b ) ! legs high] ?an ! head4 ,"s p pref] treatm5t by means ( ! caut]y4 ,gurlt1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 calls att5tion to ! fact t two ( our mod]n me?ods ( treat+ v>icose ve9s are ?us discuss$ 9 ,atius1 t by ligation & t by ! caut]y4 ,! caut]y 0 appli$ ov] a space ! bread? ( a f+] at sev]al po9ts along ! dilat$ ve9s4 ,atius' *apt]s on ob/etrics & gyncology are ( special int]e/1 because1 :ile we are prone to ?9k t gyncology p>ticul>ly is a comp>atively mod]n developm5t ( surg]y1 ?is surgical au?ority ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages treats x r exhau/ively4 ,8 sixte5? book is = ! mo/ "p 7"o hundr$ & elev5 *apt]s ( x7 devot$ to ^! two subjects4 ,he has a numb] ( int]e/+ details 9 ! fir/ ?irty-six *apt]s ) reg>d to conception1 pregnancy1 labor1 & lactation1 :i* %[ h[ practical 7 ! views ( ! physicians ( ! "t4 ,gurlt has giv5 u "s details ( 8 *apt]s on diseases ( ! brea/4 ,atius diff]5tiates phag$5ic & rod5t ulc]s & canc]4 ,all ! ord9>y =ms ( phag$5ic ulc] yield to treatm5t1 :ile malignant gr[?s are r5d]$ worse by !m4 ,:]e ulc]s are old1 he sugge/s ! removal ( _! ?ick5$ edges by ! caut]y1 = ?is ha/5s cure & prev5ts hemorrhage4 ,) reg>d to canc]1 he quotes f ,ar*ig5es & ,leonides4 ,he says t ^! tumors are v frequ5t 9 wom51 & q r>e 9 m54 ,ev5 at ?is "t canc] _h be5 obs]v$ & recogniz$ 9 ! male brea/4 ,he emphasizes ! fact t canc]\s nodules become prom95t & become atta*$ to surr\nd+ tissues4 ,!re are two =ms1 ^? ) ulc]1 & ^? )\t4 ,he describes ! enl>gem5t ( ! ve9s t foll[s1 ! actual v>icosities1 & ! dusky or livid r$ness ( ! p>ts :i* seem to be s(t1 b are really v h>d4 ,he says t !y are (t5 complicat$ by v pa9ful conditions1 & t !y cause enl>gem5t ( ! gl&s & ( ! arms4 ,! pa9 may spread to ! clavicle & ! scapula1 & he seems to ?9k t x is ! pa9 t causes ! enl>gem5t ( ! gl&s at a di/ance4 ,8 description ( ulc]ative canc] ( ! brea/ is v /rik+4 ,he says t x erodes )\t cause1 p5etrat+ ev] deep] & deep]1 & _c be /opp$ until x emits a secretion worse ?an ! poison ( wild bea/s1 copi\s & abom9able to ! smell4 ,) ^! o!r symptoms pa9s are pres5t4 ,?is =m ( canc] is especially made worse by drugs & by all mann] ( manipulation4 ,! p>agraph f ,leonides quot$ by ,atius gives a description ( op]ation = canc] ( ! brea/1 9 :i* he insi/s p>ticul>ly on ! ext5sive removal ( tissue & ! free use ( ! caut]y4 ,! caut]y is us$ at fir/ 9 ord] to prev5t ble$+1 b also because x helps to de/roy ! rema9s ( diseas$ tissues4 ,:5 ! burn+ is deep1 prognosis is mu* bett]4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e indurat$ tumors ( ! brea/ occur t might be remov$ )\t dang] ( ble$+1 x is bett] to use ! caut]y freely1 ?\gh ! amputation ( su* a portion d[n to ! heal?y p>ts may suffice4 ,atius quotes ?is ) approval4 ,o!rs be=e ,atius _h sugge/$ ! connection betwe5 hyp]trophy ( ! clitoris & c]ta9 exagg]at$ manife/ations ( ! sexual in/9ct1 & ! developm5t ( vici\s sexual habits4 ,z might be expect$ f ?is fir/ great ,*ri/ian physician & surgeon1 he emphasizes ?is etiology = c]ta9 cases1 & outl9es an op]ation = x4 ,?is op]ation _h be5 sugge/$ be=e1 b ,atius goes into x 9 detail & describes j h[ ! op]ation %\ld be done1 s z to secure complete amputation ( ! enl>g$ organ1 yet )\t injury4 ,he w>ns ( ! dang] ( remov+ m ?an j ! /ructure itself1 because ?is may give rise to ugly & bo!rsome sc>s4 ,aft] ! op]ation a sponge wet ) a/r+5t w9e %\ld be appli$1 or cold wat]1 especially if !re is mu* t5d5cy to ble$+1 & aft]w>ds a sponge ) manna or frank9c5se scatt]$ ov] x %\ld be b\nd on4 ,he treats ( o!r pa?ological conditions ( ! female g5italia1 v>icose ve9s1 gr[?s ( v>i\s k9ds1 hyp]trophy ( ! portio vag9alis ut]i1 an op]ation = :i* is describ$1 & ( v>i\s tumors4 ,he describes epi!lioma v cle>ly1 enum]ates its mo/ frequ5t locations 9 _! ord]1 lays d[n its bad prognosis1 & h5ce ! necessity = e>ly op]ation ) entire removal ( ! new gr[? :5ev] possible4 ,he fe>$ hemorrhage v mu*1 h[ev]1 & w>ns ) reg>d to x1 & evid5tly _h _h "s v un=tunate exp]i5ces 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! conditions4 ,atius seems to h _h z ?or\ghly sci5tific an int]e/ 9 c]ta9 phases ( *emi/ry ap>t f m$ic9e z any educat$ physician ( ! mod]n "t might h4 ,mr4 ,a4,p4 ,laurie1 9 8 ,mat]ials ( ! ,pr9t]'s ,craft1#b calls att5tion to ! fact t ! e>lie/ ref]5ce to ! use ( dry+ oil = v>ni% is made by ! physician ,atius4 ,atius1 or ,atios1 to use = ! nonce ! ,greek spell+ ( 8 "n1 :i* sometimes occurs 9 m$ical lit]ature1 & %\ld be kn[n1 has be5 ! subject ( v v>i$ e/imation at diff]5t times4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! e>ly writ]s on m$ic9e accord$ ! honor ( pr9t+1 & !n 0 repr9t$ _m times1 s t 8 e/imation 0 v high4 ,) ! reawak5+ ( cl9ical m$ic9e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 8 reputation wax$ aga91 & ,bo]haave decl>$ t ! works ( ,atius _h z mu* importance = physicians z _h ! ,p&ects ( ,ju/9ian = lawy]s4 ,?is high e/imation _h surviv$ almo/ f ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 :5 ,cornelius w5t s f> z to say3 ,believe me1 t :oev] is deeply desir\s ( /udy+ ?+s m$ical1 if he w\ld h ! :ole ( ,gal5 abbreviat$ & ! :ole ( ,oribasius ext5d$1 & ! :ole ( ,paulus 7( g9a7 amplifi$1 if he w\ld h all ! special rem$ies ( ! old physicians z well 9 ph>macy z 9 surg]y boil$ d[n to a summa = all affections1 he w f9d x 9 ,atius4 ,naturally en\gh1 ?is exagg]at$ e/imation 0 foll[$ by a reaction1 9 :i* ,atius came to be valu$ at mu* less ?an he des]v$4 ,aft] all is tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! vicissitudes ( 8 fame1 x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t he is "o ( ! mo/ important l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( m$ical tradition1 & himself wor?y to be class$ among mak]s ( m$ic9e = 8 p]sonal obs]vations & ef=ts to pass on ! tea*+s ( ! old to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,,alex&] ,,( ,,tralles ,an ev5 m /rik+ example ?an ! life & "w ( ,atius z evid5ce = ! enc\ragem5t & patronage ( m$ic9e 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times1 is to be f\nd 9 ! c>e] ( ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 ^: writ+s h be5 ! subject ( mo/ c>eful att5tion 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod & 9 our own1 & :o mu/ be consid]$ "o ( ! great indep5d5t ?9k]s 9 m$ic9e4 ,:ile x is usually assum$ t :atev] !re 0 ( m$ical writ+ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 m]e copy+ & compilation1 "h at lea/ is a man :o c\ld n only judici\sly select1 b :o c\ld critically e/imate ! value ( m$ical op9ions & proc$ure1 & weigh+ !m by 8 own exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 turn out "w t 0 valuable = all succe$+ g5]ations4 ,! mod]n ,g]man s*ool ( m$ical hi/orians h agre$ 9 decl>+ him an indep5d5t ?9k] & physician1 :o repres5ts a di/9ct l9k 9 m$ical tradition4 ,he came ( a di/+ui%$ family1 9 :i* ! foll[+ ( m$ic9e z a pr(ession might be look$ ^u z h]$it>y4 ,8 fa!r 0 a physician1 & x is probable t !re 7 physicians 9 prec$+ g5]ations1 & "o ( 8 bro!rs1 ,dioscoros1 0 also a successful physician4 ,altoge!r f\r ( 8 bro!rs rea*$ su* di/9ction 9 _! life "w t _! names h come d[n to u ?r\gh ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,! elde/ ( !m 0 ,an!mios1 ! build] ( ! great *ur* ( ,santa ,sophia 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,z ?is is "o ( ! _w's great *ur*es1 & /ill /&s = ! admiration ( m5 a mill5nium & a half aft] its completion1 x is easy to und]/& t ,an!mios' reputation is well f\nd$4 ,a second bro!r 0 ,metrodoros1 a di/+ui%$ gramm>ian & tea*]1 especially ( ! y\?ful nobility ( ,byzantium1 z x 0 !n call$1 or ,con/ant9ople1 z we h come to call x4 ,a ?ird bro!r 0 a prom95t juri/1 also 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! f\r? bro!r1 ,dioscoros1 l ,alex&]1 a physician1 rema9$ 9 8 bir?place1 ,tralles1 & acquir$ !re a great practice4 ,x 0 ) 8 fa!r at ,tralles t ,alex&] receiv$ 8 e>ly m$ical tra9+4 ,! fa!r ( a fri5d & colleague1 ,cosmas1 :o lat] d$icat$ a book to ,alex&]1 0 also 8 tea*]1 :ile he 0 9 8 native city4 ,z a "y man1 ,alex&] und]took ext5sive travels1 :i* l$ him into ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,spa91 & ,africa1 ev]y:]e ga!r+ m$ical k & m$ical exp]i5ce4 ,!n he settl$ d[n at ,rome1 probably 9 an (ficial position1 & practis$ m$ic9e successfully until a v old age4 ,he 0 probably eighty ye>s ( age :51 "s "t dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! sev5? c5tury1 he di$4 ,pus*mann1 :o has made a special /udy ( ,alex&]'s life & "w1 sugge/s t s9ce "s ( 8 books h ! =m ( academic lectures he 0 probably a tea*] ( m$ic9e at ,rome4 ,z might be expect$ f :at we "k ( ! relations ( ! re/ ( ! family to ! nobility ( ! "t1 x is easy to und]/&1 especially 9 connection ) h9ts 9 ,alex&]'s favorite modes ( !rapeutics1 t co/l9ess ( rem$ies made no diff]5ce to 8 pati5ts1 t he mu/ h _h ! treatm5t ( "s ( ! weal?ie/ families 9 ,rome4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a ,treatise on ! ,pa?ology & ,!rapeutics ( ,int]nal ,diseases1 9 twelve books4 ,! fir/ elev5 books 7 evid5tly mat]ial ga!r$ = lectures or tea*+ ( "s k9d4 ,! twelf? book1 9 :i* consid]able use ( ,atius' writ+s is made1 0 writt51 accord+ to ,pus*mann1 t[>d ! end ( ,alex&]'s life1 & 0 meant to conta9 supplem5t>y matt]1 compris+ especially 8 views ga!r$ f obs]vation z to ! pa?ology ( int]nal diseases4 ,a %ort] treatise ( ,alex&] is ) reg>d to inte/9al p>asites4 ,!re are _m pr9t$ editions ( ^! books1 & _m manuscript copies are 9 exi/5ce4 ,alex&] 0 (t5 quot$ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & 9 rec5t ye>s1 ) ! gr[? ( our k ( m$ical hi/ory1 he has come to be a favorite subject ( /udy4 ,alex&]'s fir/ book ( pa?ology & !rapeutics treats ( head & bra9 diseases4 ,= baldness1 ! fir/ symptom ( :i* is fall+ out ( ! hair1 he c\nsels cutt+ ! hair %ort1 wa%+ ! scalp vigor\sly1 & ! rubb+ 9 ( sulphur o9tm5ts4 ,= grey hair he sugge/s c]ta9 hair dyes1 z nutgalls1 r$ w9e1 & s =?4 ,= d&ruff1 :i* he describ$ z ! excessive =mation ( small flake-l scales1 he recomm5ds rubb+ ) w9e1 ) c]ta9 salves1 & wa%+ ) salt wat]4 ,he gives a good deal ( att5tion to diseases ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,he has a r int]e/+ *apt] on heada*e4 ,! affection occurs 9 connection ) fev]s1 aft] excess 9 dr9k+1 & z a consequ5ce ( injury to ! skull4 ,besides1 x develops z a result ( di/urbances ( ! natural processes 9 ! head1 ! /oma*1 ! liv]1 & ! sple54 ,heada*e1 z ! fir/ symptom ( inflammation ( ! bra91 is (t5 ! =]unn] ( convulsions1 delirium1 & sudd5 dea?4 ,*ronic or recurr5t heada*e occurs 9 connection ) ple?ora1 diseases ( ! bra91 bili\sness1 dige/ive di/urbances1 insomnia1 & cont9u$ worry4 ,hemicrania has its orig9 9 ! bra91 because ( ! pres5ce ( toxic mat]ials1 & specially _! trans=mation into gase\s sub/ances4 ,x also occurs 9 connection ) abdom9al affections4 ,?is latt] rem>k p>ticul>ly is direct$ to ! cases :i* occur 9 wom54 ,= apoplexy & ! consequ5t p>alysis1 ,alex&] consid]$ v5esection ! be/ rem$y4 ,massage1 rubb+s1 ba?s1 & w>m applications are recomm5d$ = ! p>alytic conditions4 ,he _h evid5tly _h consid]able exp]i5ce ) epilepsy4 ,x develops ei!r f injuries ( ! head or f di/urbances ( ! /oma*1 or occasionally o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,:5 x occurs 9 nurs+ infants1 n\ri%m5t is ! be/ rem$y1 & he gives detail$ directions = ! selection ( a wet nurse1 & v c>eful directions z to h] mode ( life4 ,he emphasizes v mu* ! necessity = c>eful att5tion to ! ga/ro-inte/9al tract 9 _m cases ( epilepsy4 ,plann$ diet & regul> b[els are v helpful4 ,he rejects treatm5t ( ! condition by surg]y ( ! head1 ei!r by treph9+ or by incisions1 or caut]ization4 ,regul> ex]cise1 ba?s1 sexual ab/95ce are ! f\ndation ( any successful treatm5t4 ,x is probable t we h return$ to ,alex&]'s treatm5t ( epilepsy mu* m ne>ly ?an is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,!re are ^? :o /ill ?9k t rem$ies ( v>i\s k9ds d good1 b 9 ! l>ge epileptic colonies regul> ex]cise1 bl& diet1 regulation ( ! b[els1 & avoidance ( excesses ( all k9ds1 ) occupation ( m9d1 con/itute ! ma9/ay ( _! treatm5t4 ,alex&] has mu* to say ) reg>d to phr5itis1 a febrile condition complicat$ by delirium1 :i*1 foll[+ ,gal51 he consid]s an affection ( ! bra94 ,x is evid5tly ! bra9 fev] ( ! g5]ations prec$+ ! la/1 an important elem5t ( :i* 0 made up ( ! infecti\s m5+itises4 ,alex&] sugge/s its treatm5t by opiates aft] prelim9>y v5esection1 rubb+s1 lukew>m ba?s1 & /imulat+ dr9ks4 ,e di/urbance ( ! pati5t mu/ be avoid$1 & visitors mu/ be =bidd54 ,! pati5t's room %\ld r be light ?an d>k4 ,8 tea*+ crops up con/antly 9 ! c5turies aft] 8 "t1 until ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & :ile we n[ und]/& ! causes ( ! condition bett]1 we c d little m = x ?an he did4 ,alex&] divid$ m5tal diseases into two1 ! maniacal & melan*olic4 ,mania 01 h[ev]1 really a fur!r developm5t ( melan*olia1 & repres5t$ a high grade ( insanity4 ,"u melan*oly he gr\ps n only :at we d5om9ate by t t]m1 b also all depress$ conditions1 & ! p>anoias1 z also _m cases ( imbecility4 ,! cause ( m5tal diseases 0 to be f\nd 9 ! blood4 ,he c\nsell$ ! use ( v5esection1 ( laxatives & purgatives1 ( ba?s & /imulant rem$ies4 ,he insi/$ v mu*1 h[ev]1 on m5tal influ5ce 9 ! disease1 on *ange ( place & air1 visits to ! !atre1 & e possible =m ( m5tal div]sion1 z among ! be/ rem$ial measures4 ,aft] 8 book on diseases ( ! head1 8 mo/ important section is on diseases ( ! respiratory sy/em4 ,9 ?is he treats fir/ ( ang9a1 & recomm5ds z g>gles at ! beg9n+ light a/r+5ts2 lat] /rong] a/r+5ts1 z alum & soda dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 %\ld be employ$4 ,w>m compresses1 v5esection f ! subl+ual ve9s1 & f ! jugul>1 & purgatives 9 sev]e cases1 are ! fur!r rem$ies4 ,he treats ( c\gh z a symptom due to hot or cold1 dry or wet dyscrasias4 ,opium prep>ations c>efully us$ are ! be/ rem$ies4 ,! brea?+ 9 ( /eam impregnat$ ) v>i\s e!real res9s1 0 also recomm5d$4 ,he gives a r int]e/+ly mod]n treatm5t ( consumption4 ,he recomm5ds an abundance ( milk ) a /rong nutriti\s diet1 z dige/ible z possible4 ,a good auxili>y to ?is treatm5t 0 *ange ( air1 a sea voyage1 & a /ay at a wat]+-place4 ,asses' & m>es' milk are mu* bett] = ^! pati5ts ?an c[s' & goats' milk4 ,!re is n en\gh diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( ^! v>i\s milks to make _! special consumption ( import1 b x is probable t ! sugge/ive influ5ce ( ! tak+ ( an unusual milk _h a v favorable effect ^u pati5ts1 & ?is effect 0 r5ew$ frequ5tly1 s t mu* good 0 ultimately accompli%$4 ,= hemoptysis1 especially :5 x 0 acute & due z ,alex&] ?\ght to ! rupture ( a blood vessel 9 ! lungs1 he recomm5d$ ! op5+ ( a ve9 at ! elb[ or ! ankle--9 ord] to div]t ! blood f ! place ( rupture to ! heal?y p>ts ( ! circulation4 ,he insi/$ t ! pati5ts mu/ re/1 t !y %\ld take acid & a/r+5t dr9ks1 t cold compresses %\ld be plac$ ^u ! *e/ 7our ice bags71 & t !y %\ld take only a liquid diet at mo/ lukew>m1 or1 bett]1 if agreeable to !m1 cold4 ,:5 ! ble$+ /opp$1 a milk cure 0 v useful = ! re/oration ( ^! pati5ts to /r5g?4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d t ,alex&] sugge/s a ?or\ghly rational treatm5t = pleurisy4 ,he recognizes ?is z an inflammation ( ! membrane cov]+ ! ribs1 & its symptoms are sev]e pa91 di/urbance ( brea?+1 & c\gh+4 ,9 c]ta9 cases !re is sev]e fev]1 & ,alex&] kn[s ( purul5t pleurisy1 & ! fact t :5 pus is pres5t ! side on :i* x is is w>m] ?an ! o!r4 ,pleurisy c be1 he says1 r easily conf\nd$ ) c]ta9 liv] affections1 b !re is a peculi> h>dness ( ! pulse *>act]i/ic ( pleurisy1 & !re is no expectoration 9 liv] cases1 ?\gh x also may be abs5t 9 _m cases ( pleurisy4 ,suff]]s f liv] disease usually h a pal] color ?an pleuritics4 ,8 treatm5t consi/s 9 v5esection1 purgatives1 &1 :5 pus is =m$1 local incision4 ,he recomm5ds ! lay+ on ( sponges dipp$ 9 w>m wat]1 & ! int]nal use ( honey lemonade4 ,opium %\ld n be us$ unless ! pati5t suff]s f sleeplessness4 ,"s ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( !rapeutics t ,alex&] lays d[n are v int]e/+1 ev5 f our mod]n /&po9t4 ,tru/ %\ld n be plac$ 9 any s+le me?od ( treatm5t4 ,e available means ( br++ relief to ! pati5t %\ld be tri$4 ,! duty ( ! physician is to cool :at is hot1 to w>m :at is cold1 to dry :at is moi/1 & to moi/5 :at is dry4 ,he %\ld look ^u ! pati5t z a besieg$ city1 & try to rescue him ) e means t art & sci5ce places at 8 comm&4 ,! physician %\ld be an inv5tor1 & ?9k out new ways & means by :i* ! cure ( ! pati5t's affection & ! relief ( 8 symptoms may be br\ght ab\t4 ,! mo/ important factor 9 8 !rapeutics is diet4 ,wat]+-places & v>i\s =ms ( m9]al wat]s1 z well z w>m ba?s & sea ba?s1 are con/antly recomm5d$ by him4 ,he took /rong gr\nd aga9/ ! use ( _m drugs1 & ! rage = op]at+4 ,! prophylaxis ( disease is 9 ,alex&]'s op9ion ! important "p ( ! physician's duty4 ,8 treatm5t ( fev] %[s ! application ( 8 pr9ciple3 cold ba?s1 cold compresses1 & a cool+ diet1 7 8 favorite rem$ies4 ,he enc\rag$ diaphoresis ne>ly always1 & gave w9e & /imulat+ drugs only :5 ! pati5t 0 v weak4 ,he diff]5tiates two k9ds ( qu>tan fev]4 ,"o ( ^! he attributes to an affection ( ! sple51 because he _h notic$ t ! sple5 0 enl>g$ dur+ x1 & t1 aft] purgation1 ! enl>g$ sple5 decreas$ 9 size4 ,alex&] 0 a /rong oppon5t ( dra/ic rem$ies ( all k9ds4 ,he did n believe 9 /rong purgatives1 nor 9 pr(use & sudd5 blood-lett+s4 ,he oppos$ art]iotomy = ?is reason1 & refus$ to employ ext5sive caut]ization4 ,8 diagnosis is ?or\gh & c>eful4 ,he insi/$ p>ticul>ly on inspection & palpation ( ! :ole body2 on c>eful exam9ation ( ! ur9e1 ( ! feces1 & ! sputum2 on /udy ( ! pulse & ! brea?+4 ,he ?\ght t a great deal might be le>n$ f ! pati5t's hi/ory4 ,! g5]al con/itution is also ( importance4 ,8 !rapeutics is1 above all1 individual4 ,rem$ies mu/ be adm9i/]$ ) c>eful ref]5ce to ! con/itution1 ! age1 ! sex1 & ! condition ( ! pati5t's /r5g?4 ,special att5tion mu/ always be paid to nature's ef=ts to cure1 & ^! mu/ be enc\rag$ z f> z possible4 ,alex&] _h no sympa?y at all ) ! idea t rem$ies mu/ "w aga9/ nature4 ,8 position 9 ?is matt] places him among ! doz5 m5 ^: "n & writ+s h giv5 !m an endur+ place 9 ! favor ( ! pr(ession at all times1 :5 we 7 n be+ c>ri$ away by "s !rapeutic fad or imag9+ t "s new !ory solv$ ! :ole problem ( ! causation & cure ( disease4 ,gurlt1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 has ab/ract$ f ,alex&] p>ticul>ly c]ta9 phases ( :at ! ,g]mans call ext]nal pa?ology & !rapeutics4 ,= in/ance1 ,alex&]'s treatm5t ( tr\bles connect$ ) ! e> is v int]e/+4 ,gurlt decl>es t ?is *apt] alone provides /rik+ evid5ce = ,alex&]'s practical exp]i5ce & p[] ( obs]vation1 z well z = 8 k ( ! lit]ature ( m$ic9e4 ,he consid]s t only a %ort ab/ract is ne$$ to %[ t4 ,= wat] t has f\nd its way into ! ext]nal e>1 ,alex&] sugge/s a mode ( treatm5t t is /ill popul>ly us$4 ,! pati5t %\ld /& ^u ! leg correspond+ to ! side on :i* !re is wat] 9 8 e>1 & !n1 ) head lean+ to t side1 %\ld hop or kick out ) ! o!r leg4 ,! wat] may be drawn out by means ( suction ?r\gh a re$4 ,9 ord] to get =eign bodies out ( ! ext]nal auditory canal1 an e> spoon or o!r small in/rum5t %\ld be wrapp$ 9 wool & dipp$ 9 turp5t9e1 or "s o!r /icky mat]ial4 ,occasionally he has se5 sneez+1 especially if ! m\? & nose are cov]$ ) a clo?1 & ! head leant t[>d ! affect$ side1 br+ ab\t a dislodgm5t ( ! =eign body4 ,if ^! means d n succe$1 g5tle injections ( w>m oil or wa%+ out ( ! canal ) honey wat] %\ld be tri$4 ,=eign bodies may also be remov$ by means ( suction4 ,insects or worms t f9d _! way into ! e> may be kill$ by injections ( acid & oil1 or o!r sub/ances4 ,gurlt also calls att5tion to ,alex&]'s c>eful diff]5tiation ( c]ta9 v dang]\s =ms ( inflammation ( ! ?roat f o!rs :i* are r readily treat$4 ,he says1 ,inflammation ( ! ?roat may1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 belong to ! sev]e/ diseases4 ,! pati5ts succumb to x z a consequ5ce ( suffocation1 j z if !y 7 *ok$ or hang$4 ,= ?is reason1 p]haps1 ! affection be>s ! "n synan*e1 :i* means con/riction4 ,he !n po9ts out v>i\s o!r =ms ( inflammation ( ! ?roat1 acute & *ronic1 sugge/+ v>i\s names & ! diff]5tial diagno/ic signs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ surpris+ *apt]s ( ,alex&]'s k ( pa?ology & !rapeutics is to be f\nd 9 8 treatm5t ( ! subject ( inte/9al worms1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a lett] s5t by him to 8 fri5d1 ,!odore1 ^: *ild 0 suff]+ f !m4 ,he describes ! oxyuris v]micul>is ) k manife/ly d]iv$ f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,he dwells on ! it*+ 9 ! region ( ! anus1 caus$ by ! oxyuris1 & ! fact t !y probably f9d _! way into ! upp] "p ( ! dige/ive tract because ( ! soil+ ( ! h&s4 ,he knew t ! tapeworms (t5 rea*$ great l5g?1--he has se5 "o ov] sixte5 feet long1--& also t !y _h a life cycle1 s t !y exi/$ 9 two diff]5t =ms4 ,he describes ! r\ndworms z exi/+ 9 ! inte/9es1 b occasionally w&]+ into ! /oma* to be vomit$4 ,8 v]mifuges 7 ! fl[]s & ! se$s ( ! pomegranate1 ! se$s ( ! heliotrope1 ca/or-oil1 & c]ta9 h]bs t are /ill us$1 by c\ntry p1 at lea/1 z worm m$ic9es4 ,= r\ndworms he recomm5d$ especially a decoction ( artemisia m>itima1 cori&] se$s1 & decoctions ( ?yme4 ,our return to ?ymol = inte/9al p>asites is int]e/+4 ,= ! oxyuris he prescrib$ cly/]s ( e!real oils4 ,we h n advanc$ mu* 9 our treatm5t ( inte/9al worms 9 ! fifte5 hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,alex&]'s "t4 ,,paul ,,( ,,g9a ,ano!r extremely important writ] 9 ^! e>ly m$ieval times1 ^: opportunities = /udy 9 m$ic9e & = ! practice ( x1 7 af=d$ him by ,*ri/ian s*ools & ,*ri/ian hospitals1 0 ,paul ( g9a4 ,he 0 born on ! isl& ( g9a1 h5ce ! "n g9etus1 by :i* he is commonly kn[n4 ,!re us$ to be consid]able d\bt z to j :5 ,paul liv$1 & dates = 8 c>e] 7 plac$ z widely ap>t z ! fif? & ! sev5? c5turies4 ,we "k t he 0 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria4 ,z t in/itution 0 brok5 up at ! "t ( ! capture ( ! city by ! ,arabs1 he _c h be5 !re lat] ?an dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,an ,arabian writ]1 ,abul ,f>ag1 9 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,reign ( ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius1 :o di$ #fda1 says t among ! celebrat$ physicians :o fl\ri%$ at ?is "t 0 ,paulus g9etus4 ,9 8 works ,paul quotes f ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 s t !re seems to be no d\bt n[ t 8 life mu/ be plac$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ important portion ( ,paul's "w = ! mod]n "t is conta9$ 9 8 six? book on surg]y4 ,9 ?is 8 p]sonal obs]vations are especially accumulat$4 ,gurlt has review$ x at consid]able l5g?1 devot+ altoge!r ne>ly ?irty pages to x1 & x well des]ves ?is l5g?y ab/ract4 ,paul quotes a great _m ( ! writ]s on surg]y be=e 8 "t1 & !n adds ! results ( 8 own obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,9 x "o f9ds c>eful detail$ descriptions ( _m op]ations t are usually suppos$ to be mod]n4 ,v probably ! description quot$ by ,gurlt ( ! me?od ( treat+ fi%bones t h become caught 9 ! ?roat w give ! be/ idea ( h[ ?or\ghly practical ,paul is 9 8 directions4 ,he says3 ,x w (t5 happ5 9 eat+ t fi%bones or o!r objects may be swall[$ & get caught 9 "s "p ( ! ?roat4 ,if !y c be se5 !y %\ld be remov$ ) ! =ceps design$ = t purpose4 ,:]e !y are deep]1 "s recomm5d t ! pati5t %\ld swall[ l>ge m\?fuls ( bread or o!r su* food4 ,o!rs recomm5d t a clean s(t sponge ( small circumf]5ce to :i* a /r+ is atta*$ be swall[$1 & !n drawn out by means ( ! /r+4 ,?is %\ld be repeat$ until ! bone or o!r object gets caught 9 ! sponge & is drawn out4 ,if ! pati5t is se5 imm$iately aft] eat+1 & ! swall[$ object is n visible1 vomit+ %\ld be br\ght on by means ( a f+] 9 ! ?roat or irritation ) ! fea!r1 & !n n infrequ5tly ! swall[$ object w be br\ght up ) ! vomit4 ,9 ! *apt] imm$iately foll[+ ?is1 ,,xxxiii1 !re is a description ( ! me?od ( op5+ ! l>ynx or ! tra*ea1 ) ! indications = ?is op]ation4 ,! surgeon w "k t he has op5$ ! tra*ea :5 ! air /reams out ( ! w\nd ) "s =ce1 & ! voice is lo/4 ,z soon z ! dang] ( suffocation is ov]1 ! edges ( ! w\nd %\ld be fre%5$ & ! sk9 surfaces br\ght toge!r ) sutures4 ,only ! sk9 )\t ! c>tilage %\ld be sutur$1 & g5]al treatm5t = enc\rag+ union %\ld be employ$4 ,if ! w\nd fails to heal imm$iately1 a treatm5t calculat$ to enc\rage granulations %\ld be und]tak54 ,?is same me?od ( treatm5t w be ( s]vice :5ev] we happ5 to h a pati5t :o1 9 ord] to commit suicide1 has cut 8 ?roat4 ,paul's exact t]m is1 p]haps1 be/ translat$ by ! expression1 sla%$ 8 l>ynx4 ,"o ( ! features ( ,paul's ,treatise on ,surg]y is 8 description ( a radical op]ation = h]nia4 ,he describes scrotal h]nia "u ! "n ent]ocele1 & says t x is due ei!r to a te>+ or a /ret*+ ( ! p]itoneum4 ,x may be ! consequ5ce ei!r ( injury or ( viol5t ef=ts made dur+ cry+4 ,:5 ! scrotum conta9s only om5tum1 he calls ! condition epiplocele2 :5 x also conta9s inte/9e1 an epiplo-ent]ocele4 ,h]nia t does n desc5d into ! scrotum he calls bubonocele4 ,= op]ation ! pati5t %\ld be plac$ on ! back1 &1 ! sk9 ( ! +u9al region be+ /ret*$ by an assi/ant1 an oblique incision 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! blood vessels run %\ld be made4 ,! incision %\ld !n be /ret*$ by means ( retractors1 until ! cont5ts ( ! sac c be lift$ out4 ,all adhesions %\ld be brok5 up & ! fat be remov$1 & ! h]nia replac$ )9 ! abdom54 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t no loop ( inte/9e is all[$ to rema94 ,!n a l>ge ne$le ) d\ble ?read made ( t5 /r&s %\ld be run ?r\gh ! middle ( ! incision 9 ! end ( ! p]itoneum1 & ti$ firmly 9 cross sutures4 ,! out] /ructures %\ld be br\ght toge!r ) a second ligature1 & ! l[] end ( ! incision %\ld h a wick plac$ 9 x = dra9age1 & ! site ( op]ation %\ld be cov]$ ) an oil b&age4 ,! ,arab writ]1 ,abul ,f>ag1 to ^: ref]5ces we owe ! def9ite plac+ ( ! "t :5 ,paul liv$1 said t he _h special exp]i5ce 9 wom5's diseases1 & _h devot$ himself to !m ) great indu/ry & success4 ,! midwives ( ! "t 7 accu/om$ to g to him & ask 8 c\nsel ) reg>d to accid5ts t happ5 dur+ & aft] p>turition4 ,he will+ly imp>t$ 8 in=mation1 & told !m :at !y %\ld d4 ,= ?is reason he came to be kn[n z ! ,ob/etrician4 ,p]haps ! t]m %\ld be translat$ ! man-midwife1 = x 0 r unusual = m5 to h mu* k ( ?is subject4 ,8 k ( ! ph5om5a ( m5/ruation 0 z wide & def9ite4 ,he knew a great deal ( h[ to treat its di/urbances4 ,he seems to h be5 ! fir/ "o to sugge/ t 9 metrorrhagia1 ) sev]e hemorrhage f ! ut]us1 ! ble$+ might be /opp$ by putt+ ligatures ar\nd ! limbs4 ,?is same me?od has be5 sugge/$ = sev]e hemorrhage f ! lungs z well z f ! ut]us 9 our own "t4 ,9 hy/]ia he also sugge/$ ligature ( ! limbs1 & x is easy to und]/& t ?is might be a v /rongly sugge/ive treatm5t = ! sev]] =ms ( hy/]ia4 ,x is possible1 too1 t ! modification ( ! circulation to ! n]v\s sy/em induc$ by ! %utt+ (f ( ! circulation 9 l>ge areas ( ! body might v well h a favorable physical effect 9 ?is affection4 ,paul's description ( ! use ( ! speculum is z complete z t 9 any mod]n text-book ( gyncology4 ,,fur!r ,,*ri/ian ,,physicians ,ano!r di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ian m$ical sci5ti/ 0 ,!ophilus ,protosba?>ius1 :o belong$ to ! c\rt ( ! ,greek ,emp]or ,h]aclius1 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,he seems to h _h a life v full ( int]e/ & surpris+ly v>i$ duties4 ,he 0 a bi%op1 &1 at ! same "t1 comm&] ( ! imp]ial bodygu>d1 & ! au?or ( a little "w on ! fabric ( ! human body4 ,! mo/ surpris+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! book is t = "s two c5turies1 9 q mod]n times1 x 0 us$ z a text-book ( anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 pr9t$ 9 a numb] ( editions e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 at lea/ "o v probably be=e #aejj1 & sev]al lat]4 ,!re are v int]e/+ phases ( m$ic9e delightfully surpris+ 9 _! mod]nity to be f\nd "h & !re 9 _m ( ^! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s on m$ic9e4 ,= in/ance1 9 a comp5d ( m$ic9e writt5 by "o ,leo1 :o1 "u ! ,emp]or ,!ophilus1 seems to h be5 a prom95t physician ( ,byzantium 7! comp5d 0 writt5 = a "y physician j beg9n+ practice71 we f9d ! foll[+ classification ( hydrops or abdom9al dilatation3 ,!re are ?ree k9ds2 ! fir/ is ascites1 due to ! pres5ce ( wat]y fluid1 = :i* we d p>ac5tesis2 second1 tympany1 :5 ! abdom5 is swoll5 f ! pres5ce ( air or gas4 ,?is may be diff]5tiat$ by p]cussion ( ! belly4 ,:5 air is pres5t ! s\nd giv5 =? is l t ( a drum1 :ile 9 ! fir/ =m ascites ! s\nd is l t f a sack ! ^w us$ is ! same z = a w9e sack2 ! ?ird =m is call$ anas>ca1 :5 ! :ole body swells4 ,x has (t5 be5 ! subject ( misund]/&+ z to :y m$ic9e %\ld h develop$ among ! ,lat9 ,*ri/ian nations s mu* m sl[ly ?an among ! ,arabs dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,anyone :o kn[s ! conditions 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity came into exi/5ce 9 ,italy w n be surpris$ at t4 ,! ,arabs 9 ! ,ea/ 7 9 contact ) ,greek ?\ght1 & t is em95tly prolific & inspir+4 ,at ! mo/1 ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,italy got _! inspiration at second h& ?r\gh ! ,romans4 ,! ,romans !mselves1 9 spite ( intimate contact ) ,greek physicians1 nev] made any important contributions to m$ical sci5ce1 nor to sci5ce ( any k9d4 ,_! successors1 ! ,*ri/ians ( ,rome & ,italy1 !n c\ld sc>cely be expect$ to d bett]1 hamp]$ especially1 z !y 71 by ! try+ social conditions creat$ by ! invasion ( ! b>b>ians f ! ,nor?4 ,:5ev] ! ,*ri/ians 7 9 contact ) ,greek ?\ght & ,greek m$ic9e1 above all1 z at ,alex&ria1 or 9 c]ta9 ( ! cities ( ! ne> ,ea/1 we h di/+ui%$ contributions f !m4 ,,arabian ,,*ri/ian ,,physicians ,t ?is is n a p>tial view sugge/$ by ! desire to make out a bett] case = ,*ri/ianity 9 its relation to sci5ce w be v well und]/ood1 besides1 f ! fact t a numb] ( ! orig9al physicians ( ,arab /ock :o attract$ att5tion dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( ,arabian m$ic9e1 t is1 dur+ ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,!re are a s]ies ( physicians belong+ to ! ,*ri/ian family ,ba*tis*ua1 a "n :i* is d]iv$ f ,bo*t ,jesu1 t is1 s]vant ( ,jesus1 :o1 f ! middle ( ! eigh? to ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 acquir$ great fame4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 ,george 7,ds*ords*is71 aft] acquir+ fame else:]e1 0 call$ to ,bagdad by ! ,caliph ,el-,mansur1 :]e1 because ( 8 m$ical skill1 he rea*$ ! highe/ honors4 ,8 son became ! body-physician ( ,h>un al-,ras*id4 ,9 ! ?ird g5]ation ,gabriel 7,ds*ibril7 acquir$ fame & did mu*1 z _h 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r1 = ! m$ic9e ( ! "t1 by translations ( ! ,greek physicians into ,arabian4 ,^! m5 may well be said to h introduc$ ,greek m$ic9e to ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,x 0 _! tea*+ t ar\s$ ,moslem s*ol>s f ! apa?y t _h *>act]iz$ ! attitude ( ! ,arabian p t[>d sci5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,z "t w5t on1 o!r great ,*ri/ian m$ical tea*]s di/+ui%$ !mselves among ! ,arabs4 ,( ^! ! mo/ prom95t 0 ,messui ! eld]1 :o is also kn[n z ,janus ,damasc5us4 ,bo? he & 8 fa!r practis$ m$ic9e ) great success 9 ,bagdad1 & 8 son became ! body-physician to ,h>un al-,ras*id ei!r aft] or 9 conjunction ) ,gabriel ,ba*tis*ua4 ,l 8 colleague or pr$ecessor 9 (ficial position1 he1 too1 made translations f ! ,greek into ,arabic4 ,ano!r di/+ui%$ ,arabian ,*ri/ian physician 0 ,s]apion ! eld]4 ,he 0 born 9 ,damascus1 & fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,he wrote a book on m$ic9e call$ ! ,aggregator1 or ,brevi>ium1 or ,practica ,m$ic91 :i* appe>$ 9 _m pr9t$ editions )9 ! c5tury aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 also1 we h an acc\nt ( ,hone9 ,b5 ,is*ak1 :o is kn[n 9 ! ,we/ z ,johannitius4 ,aft] travell+ mu*1 especially 9 ,greece & ,p]sia1 he settl$ 9 ,bagdad1 &1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,caliph ,mamum1 made _m translations4 ,he translat$ mo/ ( ! old ,greek m$ical writ]s1 & also c]ta9 ( ! ,greek philosophic & ma!matical works4 ,! accuracy ( 8 translations became a prov]b4 ,8 comp5dium ( ,gal5 0 ! text-book ( m$ic9e 9 ! ,we/ = _m c5turies4 ,x 0 kn[n z ! ,isagoge 9 ,artem ,p>vam ,gal5i4 ,8 son1 ,i%ac ,b5 ,hone91 & 8 nephew1 ,hobeis*1 7 also fam\s z m$ical practition]s & translators4 ,/ill ano!r ( ^! ,arabian ,*ri/ians1 :o acquir$ a reputation z writ]s 9 m$ic9e1 0 ,alk9dus4 ,he wrote ) reg>d to ne>ly ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 & s came to be call$ ! philosoph]4 ,he is said altoge!r to h writt5 & translat$ ab\t two hundr$ works1 ( :i* tw5ty-two treat ( m$ic9e4 ,he 0 a contempor>y ( ,hone9 ,b5 ,is*ak 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,ano!r ( ! great n9?-c5tury ,*ri/ian physicians & translators f ! ,greek 0 ,ko/ab5 ,luka4 ,he 0 ( ,greek orig91 b liv$ 9 ,arm5ia & made translations f ,greek into ,arabic4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! m5 took n alone m$ical sci5ce1 b ! :ole r\nd ( physical sci5ce1 = _! special subject4 ,a typical example 9 ! n9? c5tury 0 ,abuhassan ,b5 ,korra1 _m ( ^: family dur+ succe$+ g5]ations attract$ att5tion z s*ol>s4 ,he became ! a/ronom] & physician ( ! ,caliph ,motadhid4 ,8 translations 9 m$ical lit]ature 7 ma9ly exc]pts f ,hippocrates & ,gal5 meant = popul> use4 ,^! ,*ri/ian translators1 ?or\ghly sci5tific z f> z _! times p]mitt$ !m to be1 7 wond]fully indu/ri\s 9 _! "w z translators1 great tea*]s 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 & !y are ! m5 :o =m$ ! traditions on :i* ! great] ,arabian physicians f ,rhazes onw>d 7 educat$4 ,x w\ld be easy to ?9k t ^! m51 occupi$ s mu* ) translations1 & int5t on ! re-introduction ( ,greek m$ic9e1 might h dep5d$ v little on _! own obs]vations1 & be5 v impractical4 ,all t is ne$$ to c\nt]act any su* false impression1 h[ev]1 is to "k some?+ def9ite ab\t _! books4 ,gurlt1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 has "s quotations f ,s]apion ! eld]1 :o is (t5 quot$ by ,rhazes4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( hemorrhoids ,s]apion advises ligature & insi/s t !y mu/ be ti$ ) a silk ?read or ) "s o!r /rong ?read1 & !n relief w come4 ,he says "s p burn !m m$ic9is acutis 7t\*+ ) acids1 z "s d ev5 yet71 & "s incise !m ) a knife4 ,he pref]s ! ligature1 h[ev]4 ,he calmly discusses ! removal ( /ones f ! kidney by incision ( ! pelvis ( ! kidney ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! lo94 ,he consid]s ! op]ation v dang]\s1 h[ev]1 b seems to ?9k ! removal ( a /one f ! bladd] a r simple proc$ure4 ,8 description ( ! te*nique ( ! use ( a ca!t] & ( a /ylet ) x1 & app>5tly also ( a guide = x 9 difficult cases1 is extremely int]e/+4 ,he sugge/s ! op5+ ( ! bladd] 9 ! m$ian l9e1 midway betwe5 ! scrotum & ! anus1 & ! plac+ ( a canula !re91 s z to p]mit dra9age until heal+ occurs4 ,ev5 ?is brief review ( ! c>e]s & ! writ+s ( ! physicians ( e>ly ,*ri/ian times %[s h[ well ! tradition ( old ,greek m$ic9e 0 be+ c>ri$ on4 ,!re 0 mu* to hamp] ! cultivation ( sci5ce 9 ! di/urbances ( ! "t1 ! gradual break+ up ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ! replacem5t ( ! peoples ( s\!rn ,europe by ! nor!rn nations1 :o _h come 91 yet 9 spite ( all ?is1 m$ical tradition 0 well pres]v$4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ! cons]vators 7 !mselves m5 ^: op9ions on problems ( practical m$ic9e 7 (t5 ( value1 & ^: p[]s ( obs]vation frequ5tly _c b be admir$4 ,!re is absolutely no trace ( any?+ l opposition to ! developm5t ( m$ical sci5ce or m$ical practice1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y:]e among political & ecclesia/ical au?orities1 we f9d enc\ragem5t & patronage4 ,! v fact t1 9 ! /orm & /ress ( ! succe$+ c5turies1 manuscript copies ( ! writ+s ( ! physicians ( ?is "t 7 pres]v$ = u 9 spite ( ! _m vicissitudes to :i* !y 7 subject$ f fire1 & w>1 & accid5ts ( v>i\s k9ds = hundr$s ( ye>s1 until ! com+ ( pr9t+1 %[s 9 :at e/imation !y 7 held4 ,dur+ ?is "t !y ow$ _! pres]vation to *ur*m51 = ! libr>ies & ! copy+-rooms 7 all "u ecclesia/ical control4 ,,iii ,,great ,,jewi% ,,physicians#c ,any acc\nt ( ,old-,"t ,mak]s ( ,m$ic9e )\t a *apt] on ! ,jewi% ,physicians w\ld inde$ be incomplete4 ,!y are among ! mo/ important factors 9 m$ieval m$ic9e1 repres5t+ "o ( ! mo/ significant elem5ts ( m$ical progress4 ,9 spite ( ! disadvantages "u :i* _! race labor$ because ( ! popul> feel+ aga9/ !m on ! "p ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! e>li] c5turies & ( ! ,mohamm$ans lat]1 m5 ( g5ius f ! race succe$$ 9 mak+ _! influ5ce felt n only on _! own times1 b accompli%$ s mu* 9 mak+ & writ+ m$ic9e z to influ5ce _m subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,liv+ ! segregat$ life t z a rule !y _h to1 f ! e>lie/ times 7! ,ghettos h only disappe>$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury71 x w\ld seem almo/ impossible = !m to h done great intellectual "w4 ,x is "o ( ! v common illusions1 h[ev]1 t great intellectual "w is accompli%$ ma9ly 9 ! mid/ ( com=table circum/ances & z ! result ( enc\rag+ conditions4 ,mo/ ( our great mak]s ( m$ic9e at all times1 & nev] m s ?an dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 h be5 ! sons ( ! poor1 :o h _h to e>n _! own liv+1 z a rule1 be=e !y rea*$ manhood1 & :o h always _h ! spur ( t necessity :i* has be5 s well call$ ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,_! h>d liv+ conditions probably r favor$ ?an hamp]$ _! intellectual accompli%m5ts4 ,x is n unlikely t ! difficult p]sonal circum/ances 9 :i* ! ,jews 7 plac$ _h a good deal to d at all times ) /imulat+ _! ambitions & mak+ !m accompli% all t 0 9 !m4 ,c]ta9 x is t at all times we f9d a wond]ful p[] 9 ! p to rise above _! conditions4 ,) !m1 h[ev]1 z ) o!r peoples1 luxury1 ri*es1 com=t1 br+ a surfeit to initiative & ! race does n accompli% s mu*4 ,at v>i\s times 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 p>ticul>ly1 we f9d ,jewi% physicians do+ great "w & obta9+ preci\s ackn[l$gm5t = x 9 spite ( ! mo/ disc\rag+ conditions4 ,lat] x is n unusual to f9d t !re has be5 a deg5]ation into m]e money-mak+ z ! result ( opportunity & consequ5t ease & luxury4 ,at a numb] ( times1 h[ev]1 bo? 9 ,*ri/ian & 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries1 great ,jewi% physicians arose ^: names h come to u & ) :om e /ud5t ( m$ic9e :o wants to "k some?+ ab\t ! details ( ! c\rse ( m$ical hi/ory mu/ be famili>4 ,!re are m5 among !m :o mu/ be consid]$ among ! great lights ( m$ic9e1 significant mak]s always ( ! art & also 9 ne>ly all cases ( ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,a little consid]ation ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p & _! great docum5ts elim9ates any surprise !re may be ) reg>d to _! int]e/ 9 m$ic9e & successful pursuit ( x dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! two great collections ( ,hebrew docum5ts1 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,talmud1 conta9 an imm5se am\nt ( mat]ial ) ref]5ce to m$ical problems ( _m k9ds4 ,bo? ( ^! works are especially int]e/+ because ( :at !y h to say ( prev5tive m$ic9e & ) reg>d to ! recognition ( disease4 ,our prophylaxis & diagnosis are important sci5tific dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e dep5d5t on obs]vation r ?an on !ory4 ,:ile !rapeutics has w&]$ into all sorts ( absurdities1 ! advances made 9 prophylaxis & 9 diagnosis h always rema9$ valuable1 & ?\gh at times !y h be5 =gott51 re-discov]y only emphasizes ! value ( prec$+ "w4 ,x is because ( :at !y conta9 ) reg>d to ^! two important m$ical subjects t ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,talmud are l&m>ks 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e z well z ( religion4 ,baas1 9 8 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 says3 ,x corresponds to ! reality 9 bo? ! actual & *ronological po9t ( view to consid] ! books ( ,moses z ! f\ndation ( sanit>y sci5ce4 ,! m we h le>n$ ab\t sanitation 9 ! prophylaxis ( disease & 9 ! prev5tion ( contagion 9 ! mod]n "t1 ! m h we come to appreciate highly ! tea*+s ( ^! old times on su* subjects4 ,moses made a ma/]ly exposition ( ! k necess>y to prev5t contagi\s disease :5 he laid d[n ! rules ) reg>d to leprosy1 fir/ z to c>eful diff]5tiation1 !n z to isolation1 & f9ally z to dis9fection aft] x _h come to be sure t cure _h tak5 place4 ,! great lawgiv] c\ld insi/ emphatically t ! keep+ ( ! laws ( ,god n only 0 good = a man's s\l b also = 8 body4 ,) ?is tradition famili>ly kn[n & deeply /udi$ by ! mass ( ! ,hebrew p1 x is no surprise to f9d t :5 ! next great ,hebrew developm5t ( religi\s writ+ came 9 ! ,talmud dur+ ! e>li] ,middle ,ages1 t also conta9s mu* ) reg>d to m$ic9e1 n a little ( :i* is s close to absolute tru? z nev] to be out ( date4 ,fri$5wald1 9 8 ,jewi% ,physicians & ! ,contributions ( ! ,jews to ! ,sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e1 a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,gratz ,college ( ,philadelphia fifte5 ye>s ago1 summ$ up f ,baas' ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e ! in/ructions 9 ! ,talmud ) reg>d to heal? & disease4 ,! summ>y repres5ts s mu* m ( g5u9e k ( m$ic9e & surg]y ?an might be expect$ at ! e>ly p]iod at :i* x 0 writt51 dur+ ! fir/ & second c5tury ( our era1 t x seems well to quote x at "s l5g?4 ,fev] 0 reg>d$ z nature's ef=t to expel morbific matt] & re/ore heal?2 :i* is a mu* saf] int]pretation ( fev]1 f a practical po9t ( view1 ?an mo/ ( ! !ories be>+ on ?is po9t t h be5 taught up to a v rec5t p]iod4 ,!y attribut$ ! halt+ 9 ! h9d legs ( a lamb to a callosity =m$ ar\nd ! sp9al cord4 ,?is 0 a great advance 9 ! k ( ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,an emetic 0 recomm5d$ z ! be/ rem$y = nausea4 ,9 _m cases no bett] rem$y is kn[n to-day4 ,!y taught t a sudd5 *ange 9 diet 0 injuri\s1 ev5 if ! quality br\ght by ! *ange 0 bett]4 ,t milk fre% f ! udd] 0 ! be/4 ,! ,talmud describes jaundice & correctly ascribes x to ! ret5tion ( bile1 & speaks ( dropsy z due to ! ret5tion ( ur9e4 ,x tea*es t atrophy or rupture ( ! kidneys is fatal4 ,induration ( ! lungs 7tub]culosis7 0 reg>d$ z incurable4 ,suppuration ( ! sp9al cord _h an e>ly1 grave mean+4 ,rabies 0 kn[n4 ,! foll[+ is a description giv5 ( ! dog's condition3 ',8 m\? is op51 ! saliva issues f 8 m\?2 8 e>s drop2 8 tail hangs betwe5 8 legs2 he runs sideways1 & ! dogs b>k at him2 o!rs say t he b>ks himself1 & t 8 voice is v weak4 ,no man has appe>$ :o c\ld say t he has se5 a man live :o 0 bitt5 by a mad dog4' ,! description is good1 & ?is prognosis z to hydrophobia 9 man has rema9$ unalt]$ till 9 our day :5 ,pa/eur publi%$ 8 />tl+ revelation4 ,! anatomical k ( ! ,talmudi/s 0 d]iv$ *iefly f dissection ( ! animals4 ,z a v rem>kable piece ( practical anatomy = its v e>ly date is ! procur+ ( ! skeleton f ! body ( a pro/itute by ! process ( boil+1 by ,rabbi ,i%mael1 a physician1 at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,he gives ! numb] ( bones z #beb in/ead ( #bcb4 ,! ,talmudi/s knew ! orig9 ( ! sp9al cord at ! =am5 magnum & its =m ( t]m9ation2 !y describ$ ! oesophagus z be+ compos$ ( two coats2 !y speak ( ! pleura z ! d\ble cov]+ ( ! lungs2 & m5tion ! special coat ( fat ab\t ! kidneys4 ,!y _h made progress 9 ob/etrics2 describ$ mon/rosities & cong5ital de=mities2 practis$ v]sion1 evisc]ation1 & ,cs>ian section ^u ! dead & ^u ! liv+ "m4 ,a4,h4 ,israels has cle>ly %[n 9 8 ',diss]tatio ,hi/orico-,m$ica ,inauguralis' t ,cs>ian section1 accord+ to ! ,talmud1 0 p]=m$ among ! ,jews ) safety to "m & *ild4 ,! surg]y ( ! ,talmud includes a k ( dislocation ( ! ?igh bone1 contusions ( ! skull1 p]=ation ( ! lungs1 oesophagus1 /oma*1 small inte/9es1 & gall bladd]2 w\nds ( ! sp9al cord1 w9dpipe1 ( fractures ( ! ribs1 etc4 ,!y describ$ imp]=ate anus & h[ x 0 to be reliev$ by op]ation4 ,*an9a ,b5 ,*ania ins]t$ natural & wood5 tee? z e>ly z ! second c5tury1 ,c4,e4 ,!re is a fam\s summ+ up ( ! possibilities ( life & happ9ess 9 ! ,talmud t has be5 (t5 quot$--its possible want+ 9 gallantry be+ set d[n to ! times 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,life is compatible ) any disease1 provid$ ! b[els rema9 op52 any k9d ( pa91 provid$ ! he>t rema9 unaffect$2 any k9d ( uneas9ess1 provid$ ! head is n attack$2 all mann] ( evils1 except x be a bad woman4 ,!re are _m o!r int]e/+ sugge/ions 9 ! ,talmud4 ,sometimes !y h come to be g5]ally accept$ 9 ! mod]n "t1 sometimes !y are only curi\s notions t h n1 h[ev]1 lo/ all _! int]e/4 ,! crucial incision = c>buncle is a typical example ( ! fir/ class & ! sugge/ion ( ! removal ( sup]flu\s fat f )9 ! abdom5 or 9 ! abdom9al wall itself by op]ation is ano!r4 ,t !y _h "s idea ( ! dang] ( sepsis may be ga!r$ f ! fact t !y suspect$ iron surgical in/rum5ts & advis$ ! use ( o!rs ( less endur+ "*4 ,! ,talmud itself 0 inde$ a sort ( encyclop$ia 9 :i* 0 ga!r$ k ( all k9ds f _m s\rces4 ,x 0 n p>ticul>ly a book ( m$ic9e1 ?\gh x conta9s s _m m$ical ideas4 ,9 _m p>ts ( x ! au?ors' reg>d = sci5ce is emphatically express$4 ,l&au1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,jewi% ,physicians1 closes 8 acc\nt ( ! ,talmud ) ?is p>agraph3 ,i conclude ?is brief review ( ,talmudic m$ic9e ) "s ref]5ce to h[ high ! wor? ( sci5ce 0 valu$ 9 ?is mu* misund]/ood "w4 ,9 "o place we h ! expression 'occupation ) sci5ce means m ?an sacrifice4' ,9 ano!r 'sci5ce is m ?an prie/hood & k+ly dignity4'#d ,aft] all ?is ( national tradition 9 m$ic9e be=e & aft] ,*ri/1 x is only :at we might q naturally expect to f9d1 t !re is sc>cely a c5tury ( ! ,middle ,ages :i* does n conta9 at lea/ "o great ,jewi% physician & sometimes !re are m4 ,_m ( ^! m5 made di/9ct contributions to m$ical sci5ce & _! names h be5 held 9 high e/imation ev] s9ce4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld say t !y 7 held 9 high e/imation until t neglect ( hi/orical /udies :i* *>act]iz$ ! eighte5? c5tury develop$1 & t !re has be5 a reawak5+ ( int]e/ 9 our "t4 ,we =get ?is curi\s decad5ce ( ! lat] sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies :i* did s mu* to obscure hi/ory & especially ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces4 ,=tunately ! s*ol>s ( ! sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5turies accompli%$ successfully ! task ( pr9t+ _m ( ! books ( ^! old-"t physicians & secur$ _! publication 9 magnific5t editions4 ,^! 7 b\ght eag]ly by s*ol>s & libr>ies all ov] ,europe 9 spite ( ! high price !y comm&$ 9 t era ( sl[1 labori\s pr9t+4 ,! ,r5aissance exhibits "s ( its mo/ admirable qualities 9 its rev]5ce = ^! old work]s 9 sci5ce & above all = ! c>eful prep>ation by its s*ol>s ( ! text ( ^! fir/ editions ( old-"t physicians4 ,! works h (t5 be5 ?us lit]ally pres]v$ = u1 = "s ( !m at lea/ w\ld h disappe>$ among ! vicissitudes ( ! int]v5+ "t1 mo/ ( :i* 0 any?+ b favorable to ! pres]vation ( old-"t works1 no matt] :at _! cont5t or value4 ,dur+ ! second & ?ird c5turies ( our era1 :ile ! ,talmudic writ+s 7 tak+ %ape1 ?ree great ,jewi% physicians came into prom95ce4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 ,*an9a1 0 a contempor>y ( ,gal54 ,accord+ to tradition1 z we h said1 he ins]t$ bo? natural & artificial tee? be=e ! close ( ! second c5tury4 ,! two o!rs 7 ,rab or ,raw & ,samuel4 ,rab has ! di/9ction ( hav+ /udi$ 8 anatomy f ! human body4 ,accord+ to tradition he did n hesitate to sp5d l>ge sums ( money 9 ord] to procure subjects = dissection4 ,at ?is "t x is v d\btful :e!r ,gal51 ?\gh only ( ! prec$+ g5]ation1 ev] _h ! opportunity to /udy m ?an animals or1 at mo/1 a few human bodies4 ,samuel1 ! ?ird ( ! gr\p1 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,rab's1 p]haps a disciple1 & 8 fame dep5ds r on 8 practice ( m$ic9e ?an ( rese>* 9 m$ical sci5ce4 ,he 0 not$ = 8 practical developm5t ( two specialties t _c b seem to u r di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,8 reputation z a skilful ob/etrician 0 only surpass$ by ! e/imation 9 :i* he 0 held z an oculi/4 ,he seems to h turn$ to a/ronomy z a hobby1 & 0 highly honor$ = 8 k ( ?is sci5ce4 ,probably !re is no?+ common] 9 ! /ory ( great ,jewi% physicians ?an _! successful pursuit ( "s sci5tific subject z a hobby & rea*+ di/9ction 9 x4 ,_! surplus intellectual en]gy ne$$ an outlet besides _! vocation1 & !y got a re/ by turn+ to "s o!r int]e/1 (t5 accompli%+ excell5t results 9 x4 ,l mo/ great /ud5ts ) a hobby1 ! majority ( !m 7 long-liv$4 ,_! lives are a lesson to a g5]ation t fe>s intellectual ov]work4 ,dur+ ! f\r? c5tury we h a numb] ( v int]e/+ traditions ) reg>d to a great ,jewi% physician1 ,abba ,oumna1 to :om pati5ts flock$ f all ov] ! _w4 ,he seems p>ticul>ly to h be5 anxi\s to make 8 s]vices available to ! s*ol>s ( 8 "t4 ,he look$ ^u !m z bro!rs 9 _s1 fell[-labor]s ^: inve/igations 7 z important z 8 own & ^: labors = mank9d he hop$ to ext5d by ! helpfulness ( 8 pr(ession4 ,9 ord] t x might be easy = !m to come to him )\t feel+ aba%$ by _! pov]ty1 & yet s t !y might pay him any?+ t !y ?\ght !y 7 able to1 he hung up a box 9 8 ant]oom 9 :i* ea* pati5t might deposit :atev] he felt able to give4 ,8 k9dl9ess t[>ds m5 became ! f\ndation = _m leg5ds4 ,ne$less to say he 0 (t5 impos$ ^u1 b t seems to h made no diff]5ce to him1 & he w5t on /raight=w>dly do+ :at he ?\ght he ought to d1 reg>dless ( ! devi\s ways ( m51 ev5 ^? :om he 0 g5]\sly assi/+4 ,:ile we d n "k mu* ( 8 sci5tific m$ic9e1 we d "k t he 0 a f9e example ( a practition] ( m$ic9e on ! highe/ pr(essional l9es4 ,) ! f\ndation ( ! s*ool at ,djondisab\r 9 ,arabi/an or ,khusi/an by ! ,p]sian mon>* ,*osroes1 "s ,jewi% physicians come into prom95ce z tea*]s1 & ?is is "o ( ! fir/ important occasions 9 hi/ory :5 !y tea* side by side ) ,*ri/ian colleagues4 ,djondisab\r seems di/ant f u n[1 ly+ z x does 9 ! prov9ce j above ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & x is a little h>d to und]/& its becom+ a c5tre ( culture & education1 yet accord+ to well-gr\nd$ hi/orical traditions /ud5ts flock$ "h f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & its m$ical in/ruction p>ticul>ly became fam\s4 ,accord+ to ! docum5ts & traditions t we possess1 cl9ical tea*+ 0 ! mo/ significant feature ( ! s*ool "w & made x fam\s4 ,z a consequ5ce graduates f "h 7 deem$ fully qualifi$ to become pr(essors 9 o!r in/itutions & 7 eag]ly s\ght by v>i\s m$ical s*ools 9 ! ,ea/4 ,) ! rise ( ! /rong political p[] ( ! ,mohamm$ans en\gh ( peace came to ! ,ea/ at lea/ to p]mit ! cultivation ( arts & sci5ces to "s ext5t aga91 & !n at once ! em95ce ( ,jewi% physicians1 bo? z tea*]s & practition]s ( m$ic9e1 once m becomes manife/4 ,! fir/ ( ! race :o comes into prom95ce is ,mas] ,djawah ,ebn ,djeldjal1 ( ,basra4 ,to him we owe probably m ?an to anyone else ! pres]vation ( old sci5tific writ+s & ! cultivation ( arts & sci5ces by ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,he prevail$ on ,caliph ,moawia ,i1 ^: physician he _h become1 to cause _m =eign works1 & especially ^? writt5 9 ,greek1 to be translat$ into ,arabic4 ,he seems to h tak5 a l>ge %>e ( ! labor ( ! translation on himself & prevail$ ^u 8 pupil1 ! son ( ,moawia1 to translate "s works on *emi/ry4 ,! translation = :i* ,mas] ,djawah is be/ kn[n is t ( ! ,p&ects ( ,h>\n1 a physician ( ,alex&ria4 ,! translation ( ?is "w 0 made t[>d ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,un=tunately ! ,p&ects has n come d[n to u1 ei!r 9 orig9al or translation1 b we h fragm5ts ( ! translation pres]v$ by ,rhazes1 ! di/+ui%$ ,arabian m$ical writ] & physician ( ! n9? c5tury1 & !re seems no d\bt t x conta9$ ! fir/ good description ( smallpox1 a *apt] 9 m$ic9e t is (t5--?\gh incorrectly--attribut$ to ,rhazes himself4 ,rhazes quot$ ,mas] ,djawah freely & evid5tly tru/$ 8 decl>ations implicitly4 ,! succe$+ ,caliphs ( ! fir/ ,arabian dyna/y did n exhibit ! same int]e/ 9 education1 & above all 9 sci5ce1 t *>act]iz$ ,moawia4 ,political ambition & ! desire = milit>y glory seem to h fill$ up _! ?\ghts & p]haps !y _h n ! good =tune to fall "u ! influ5ce ( physicians s wise & le>n$ z ,mas] ,djawah4 ,m probably1 h[ev]1 !y !mselves lack$ int]e/4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury !y 7 succe$$ by ! ,abbassides4 ,almansor1 ! second ,caliph ( ?is dyna/y1 0 attack$ by a dang]\s disease & s5t = a physician ( ! ,ne/orian s*ool4 ,aft] 8 re/oration to heal? he became a lib]al patron ( sci5ce & especially m$ical sci5ce4 ,! new city ( ,bagdad1 :i* _h become ! capital ( ! realm ( ! ,abbassides1 0 enri*$ by him ) a l>ge numb] ( works on m$ic9e1 :i* he caus$ to be translat$ f ! ,greek4 ,he did n conf9e himself to m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 b also br\ght ab\t translations ( works ) reg>d to o!r sci5ces4 ,"o ( ^!1 a/ronomy1 0 a favorite4 ,he made x a p>ticul> po9t to se>* out & enc\rage ! translation ( su* books z _h n previ\sly be5 translat$ f ,greek into ,arabic4 ,:ile he provid$ a translation ( ,ptolemy he also _h translations made ( ,ari/otle & ,gal54 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ! s*ool ( ,bagdad became celebrat$4 ,jewi% physicians seem to h be5 mo/ prom95t 9 its f\ndation1 & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ product ( x is ,isaac ,b5 ,emran1 almo/ z celebrat$ z a philosoph] z he is z a physician4 ,"o ( 8 expressions ) reg>d to ! dang] ( a pati5t hav+ two physicians ^: op9ions disagree ) reg>d to 8 illness has be5 des]v$ly pres]v$ = u4 ,zeid1 an ,emir ( "o ( ! *ief cities ( ! ,arabs 9 ,b>b>y1 fell ill ( a t]tian fev] & call$ ,isaac & ano!r physician 9 consultation4 ,_! op9ions 7 s widely 9 disaccord t ,isaac refus$ to prescribe any?+1 & :5 ! ,emir1 :o _h great confid5ce 9 him1 dem&$ ! reason1 he repli$1 disagreem5t ( two physicians is m deadly ?an a t]tian fev]4 ,?is ,isaac1 :o is said to h di$ 9 #gii1 is ! great ,jewi% physician1 "o ( ! mo/ important memb]s ( ! pr(ession 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,8 pr9cipal "w 0 ) reg>d to poisons & ! symptoms caus$ by !m4 ,?is is (t5 quot$ by m$ical writ]s 9 ! aft] "t4 ,! prom95t ,jewi% physician ( ! n9? c5tury 0 ,jo%ua ,b5 ,nun4 ,h>\n al-,ras*id1 ^: attempts to secure ju/ice = 8 p are ! subject ( s mu* leg5d>y lore1 & ^: place 9 hi/ory may be be/ recall$ by ! fact t he is a contempor>y ( ,*>lemagne1 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,he f\nd$ ! city ( ,tauris z a memorial ( ! cure ( 8 wife4 ,he 0 a g5]\s patron ( ! s*ool ( ,djondisab\r & e/abli%$ a m$ical s*ool also at ,bagdad4 ,he provid$ good sal>ies = ! pr(essors1 insi/$ on c>eful exam9ations1 & rais$ ! /&>d ( m$ical education = a "t to a notewor?y degree4 ,! greate/ tea*] ( ?is s*ool at ,bagdad 0 ,jo%ua ,b5 ,nun1 sometimes kn[n z ! ,rabbi ( ,seleucia4 ,8 tea*+ attract$ _m /ud5ts to ,bagdad & 8 fame z "o ( ! great practition]s ( m$ic9e ( ?is "t br\ght _m pati5ts4 ,among 8 disciples 0 ,john ,masue1 ^: ,arabian "n is s diff]5t1 ,yahia ,b5 ,masoviah1 t 9 ord] to avoid confusion 9 read+ x is important to "k bo?4 ,almo/ bett] kn[n1 p]haps1 at ?is "t 0 ,abu ,joseph ,jacob ,b5 ,isaac ,k5di4 ,=tunately = ! aft] "t1 ^! m5 devot$ !mselves n only to _! own obs]vations & writ+s b made a s]ies ( valuable translations4 ,jo%ua ,b5 ,nun seems to h be5 p>ticul>ly zeal\s 9 ?is matt]1 foll[+ ! example ( ,mas] ,djawah ( ,basra4 ,bagdad !n became a c5tre = ,arabian culture4 ,mahm\d1 "o ( ,h>\n's successors1 provid$ 9 ,bagdad a refuge = ! le>n$ m5 ( ! ,ea/ :o 7 di/urb$ by ! w>s & tr\bles ( ! "t4 ,he became a lib]al patron ( lit]ature & education4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,mi*ael ,,iii ( ,con/ant9ople 0 conqu]$ 9 battle1 "o ( ! obligations impos$ ^u him 0 to s5d _m camel loads ( books to ,bagdad1 & ,ari/otle & ,plato 7 /udi$ devot$ly & translat$ into ,arabic4 ,! era ( culture affect$ n only ! capital b all ! cities1 & ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! ,arabian empire s*ools & academies sprang up4 ,we h records ( !m at ,basra1 ,sam>c&1 ,ispahan4 ,f "h ! ?ir/ = education spread to ! o!r cities rul$ by ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ea* t[n became affect$ by x4 ,alex&ria1 ! cities ( ! ,b>b>y ,/ates1 ^? ( ,sicily & ,prov5ce1 :]e ,moori% influ5ces 7 prom95t1 & ( di/ant ,spa91 ,cordova1 ,seville1 ,tol$o1 ,granada1 ,s>agossa1 all took up ! rivalry = culture :i* made ?is a glori\s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! intellectual life4 ,already1 9 ! *apt] on ,great ,physicians 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,times1 ,i h po9t$ out t _m ( ! tea*]s ( ! ,arabs 7 ,*ri/ian physicians4 ,"h x is prop] to emphasize ! o!r important factor 9 ,arabian m$ic9e1 ! ,jewi% physicians1 :o influ5c$ ! great ,arabian rul]s1 & 7 ! tea*]s ( ! ,arabs 9 m$ic9e & sci5ce g5]ally4 ,^! ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% physicians p>ticul>ly enc\rag$ ! translation ( ! works ( ! great ,greek physicians & ?us kept ! ,greek m$ical tradition f dy+ out4 ,x is n until ! end ( ! n9?1 or ev5 ! beg9n+ ( ! t5?1 c5tury t we beg9 to h important contributors to m$ic9e f among ! ,arabs !mselves4 ,ev5 at ?is "t !y h di/+ui%$ rivals among ,jewi% physicians4 ,inde$ ^! acquir$ su* a reputation t !y became ! physicians to mon>*s & ev5 high ecclesia/ics1 & we f9d !m ne>ly ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,_! success 0 s great t x is n surpris+ t aft] a "t ! vogue ( ! ,jewi% physicians %\ld h l$ to jeal\sy ( !m & to ! passage ( laws & decrees limit+ _! sph]e ( activity4 ,! great ,jewi% physician ( ! n9? c5tury 0 ,isaac ,b5 ,soliman1 bett] kn[n z ,isaac el ,israili1 & :o is sometimes spok5 ( z d',israeli4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,isaac ,b5 ,amram ! y\ng]1 probably a gr&son ( ano!r ,isaac ,b5 ,amram1 :o1 aft] hav+ become fam\s 9 ,bagdad1 w5t to ,cairo & became ! physician ( ! ,emir ,zijade? ,,iii4 ,! y\ng] ,isaac e/abli%$ a s*ool1 & x 0 ) him t ,israeli obta9$ 8 introduction to m$ic9e4 ,he practis$ fir/ z an oculi/ & !n became body-physician to ! ,sultan ( ,morocco4 ,because ( ! sympa?y ( 8 "* & 8 unselfi%ness he acquir$ great popul>ity4 ,hyrtl ref]s to him respectfully z t s*ol>ly son ( ,israel4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 consid]+ racial feel+ 9 ! matt]1 he nev] m>ri$1 & :5 ask$ :y he _h n1 & :e!r he did n ?9k t he might regret x1 he repli$1 ,i h writt5 f\r books ?r\gh :i* my memory w be bett] pres]v$ ?an x w\ld be by desc5dants4 ,! f\r books are 8 ,treatise on ,fev]s1 8 ,treatise on ,simple ,m$ic9es & ,ailm5ts1 a treatise on ! ,elem5ts1 & a treatise ,on ! ,ur9e4 ,besides ^!1 we h f him %ort] works1 ,on ! ,pulse1 ,on ,melan*oly1 & ,on ,dropsy4 ,8 hope ) reg>d to 8 fame f ^! works 0 fulfill$1 = !y 7 pr9t$ z late z #aeae at ,leyd51 & ,spr5gel decl>$ !m ! be/ comp5dium ( simple rem$ies & diet t we h f ! ,arabian times4 ,"o ( 8 translators into ,lat9 has call$ him ! mon>* ( physicians4 ,"s ( 8 maxims are extremely int]e/+ 9 ! light ( mod]n notions on ! same subjects4 ,he decl>$ emphatically t ! mo/ important duty ( ! physician is to prev5t illness4 ,mo/ pati5ts get bett] )\t mu* help f ! physician by ! p[] ( nature4 ,he emphasiz$ 8 di/ru/ ( us+ _m m$ic9es at ! same "t 9 ! hope t "s ( !m w\ld d good4 ,he laid x d[n z a rule3 ,employ only "o m$ic9e at a "t 9 all y\r cases & note its effects c>efully4 ,he 0 z wise ) reg>d to m$ical e?ics z !rapeutics4 ,he advis$ a "y physician1 ,nev] speak unfavorably ( o!r physicians4 ,e "o ( u has 8 lucky & unlucky h\rs4 ,x is pleasant to le>n t ! old g5tleman liv$ to fill out a full hundr$ ye>s ( life1 & t 9 8 decl9+ ye>s he 0 surr\nd$ by ! good w & ! affection ( _m :o _h le>n$ to "k 8 preci\s qualities ( he>t & m9d4 ,m ?an ( any o!r class ( physicians d we f9d ! l>ge human sympa?ies ( ! ,jewi% physicians ( ! ,middle ,ages prais$ by _! contempor>ies & succe$+ g5]ations4 ,dur+ ! next c5turies a numb] ( ,jewi% physicians became prom95t1 ?\gh none ( !m until ,maimonides impress$ !mselves deeply ^u ! m$ical life ( _! own & succe$+ c5turies4 ,v frequ5tly !y 7 ! physicians to royal p]sonages4 ,z$kias1 = in/ance1 0 ! physician to ,l\is ! ,pi\s & lat] to 8 son ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,8 reputation z a physician 0 great en\gh to give him ! popul> e/imation ( a magician1 b x did n save him f ! accusation ( hav+ poison$ ,*>les :5 t mon>* di$ sudd5ly4 ,!re seem to be no good gr\nds1 h[ev]1 = ! accusation4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( s*ools ( m$ic9e1 9 ,sicily & ! s\!rn "p ( ,italy1 9 :i* ,jewi%1 ,arabian1 & ,*ri/ian physicians taught side by side4 ,"o ( ^! tea*]s 0 ,jude ,sabatai ,b5 ,abraham1 usually kn[n by ! "n ( ,donolo1 :o 0 fam\s bo? z a writ] on m$ic9e & on a/ronomy4 ,donolo /udi$ & probably taught at ,t>5tum1 & !re 7 simil> s*ools at ,pal]mo1 at ,b>i1 & !n lat] on ! ma9l& at ,sal]no4 ,! f\ndation ( ,sal]no1 9 :i* ,jewi% physicians also took "p1 we %all discuss lat] 9 ! special *apt] devot$ to t subject4 ,"o ( ! great translators ^: "w meant v mu* = ! m$ical sci5ce ( 8 own & succe$+ g5]ations 0 ! di/+ui%$ ,jewi% physician1 ,f>adj ,b5 ,salim1 sometimes spok5 ( z ,f>a*i ,f>agut or ,f]r>ius1 :o 0 born at ,girg5ti 9 ,sicily4 ,he made 8 m$ical /udies 9 ,sal]no & did 8 "w "u ! patronage ( ,*>les ( ,anj\ t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,8 greate/ "w is ! translation ( ! :ole ( ! ,cont95s ( ,rhazes4 ,! translation is prais$ z probably ! be/ ( its "t made 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,f>adj came at ! end ( a great c5tury1 :5 ! intellectual life ( ,europe _h rea*$ a high p[] ( expression1 & x is n surpris+ t he %\ld h prov$ equal to 8 environm5t4 ,?is translation has also "s additions made by ,f>adj himself1 notably a gloss>y ( ,arabian names4 ,9 ,spa9 also ,jewi% physicians rose to di/9ction4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 ! t5? c5tury 0 ,*asdai ,b5 ,s*aprut4 ,l _m o!r ( ! great physicians ( ?is "t1 he _h /udi$ a/ronomy z well z ! m$ical sci5ces4 ,he became ! physician ( ! ,caliph ,abd-er-,rahman ,,iii ( ,cordova4 ,he seems also to h ex]cis$ "s ( ! functions ( ,prime ,m9i/] to ! ,caliph1 & took advantage ( diplomatic relations betwe5 8 sov]eign & ! ,byzant9e ,emp]or to obta9 "s works ( ,dioscorides4 ,^! he translat$ into ,arabian ) ! help ( a ,greek monk1 :om he seems also to h secur$ ?r\gh ! diplomatic relations4 ,und\bt$ly he did mu* to u%] 9 t en?usiasm = education & /udy :i* *>act]iz$ ! next c5turies1 ! elev5? & twelf?1 at ,cordova 9 ,spa91 :5 su* m5 z ,av5zo>1 ,avic5na1 & ,av]ros attract$ ! att5tion ( ! educational _w ( ! "t4 ,jewi% writ]s h sometimes claim$ "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^!1 ,av5zo> himself1 z a ,jew1 b ,hyrtl & o!r good au?orities consid] him ( ,arabic extraction & po9t to ! fact t 8 ance/ors bore ! "n ( ,mohamm$4 ,?is is n absolutely conclusive evid5ce1 b because ( x ,i h pref]r$ to class ,av5zo> among ! ,arabian physicians4 ,! "o hi/orical fact ( importance = u is t ev]y:]e 9 ,europe at t "t ,jews 7 be+ accord$ opportunities = ! /udy & practice ( m$ic9e4 ,!re are local incid5ts ( p]secution1 b we are n s f> away f ! feel+s t br\ght ^! ab\t z to misund]/& !m or to ?9k t !y 7 any?+ m ?an local1 popul> manife/ations4 ,! m we "k ab\t ! details ( ! m$ical hi/ory ( ^! times ! deep] is ! impression ( academic fre$om & ( opportunities = lib]al education4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! intol]ance ( ecclesia/ical au?orities t[>d ! ,jews1 & ( ,*ur* decrees t ei!r absolutely =bade _! practice ( ! m$ical pr(ession & _! devotion to sci5tific /udy1 or at lea/ made ^! pursuits mu* m difficult = !m ?an = o!rs4 ,( c\rse x has to be conc$$1 ev5 by ^? :o mo/ insi/5tly urge ! exi/5ce ( =mal legislation 9 ! matt]1 t 9 spite ( ^! decrees & intol]ance & opposition1 ,jews cont9u$ to practise m$ic9e & to be ! *os5 physicians ( k+s & ev5 ( high ecclesia/ical dignit>ies1 z well inde$ ( ! ,popes !mselves4 ,?is1 x is usually decl>$1 mu/ be attribut$ to ! surpass+ skill ( ! ,jewi% physicians1 caus+ m5 to ov]come _! prejudices & ov]ride ev5 _! own legal regulations4 ,!re is no d\bt at all ab\t ! skill ( ,jewi% physicians at _m times dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re is no d\bt also ( ! s5tim5t ( opposition t (t5 develop$ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian peoples & ! ,jews4 ,any excuse is good en\gh to ju/ify m51 to !mselves at lea/1 9 putt+ ob/acles 9 ! pa?s ( ^? :o are m successful ?an !y are !mselves4 ,religion (t5 became a cloak = ill-w & p]secution4 ,! /ate ( affairs t has be5 presum$ h[ev]1 accord+ to :i* laws & decrees 7 be+ con/antly issu$ =bidd+ ! practice ( m$ic9e to ,jews by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 :ile at ! same "t !y !mselves & ^? :o 7 ne>e/ to !m 7 employ+ ,jewi% physicians1 is an absurdity t on ! face ( x calls = inve/igation ( ! conditions & f its v appe>ance w\ld indicate t ! ord9>y hi/orical assumption 9 ! matt] mu/ be wrong4 ,i h be5 at "s pa9s1 !n1 to try to f9d out j :at 7 ! conditions 9 ,europe ) reg>d to ! practice ( m$ic9e by ! ,jews4 ,!re is no d\bt t at ,sal]no1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,b5$ict9es 0 v /rong & :]e ! influ5ce ( ! ,popes & ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 0 always dom9ant1 full lib]ty ( /udy+ & tea*+ 0 f ! e>lie/ days all[$ to ! ,jews4 ,d[n at ,montpelli] x seems cle> t ,jewi% physicians _h a l>ge "p 9 ! f\ndation ( ! m$ical s*ool1 & cont9u$ = sev]al c5turies to be mo/ important factors 9 ! ma9t5ance ( its reputation & ! upbuild+ ( t fame :i* draw /ud5ts f ev5 di/ant p>ts ( ,europe to ?is m$ical s*ool ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,dur+ ! n9?1 t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? c5turies ,jewi% physicians 7 frequ5tly 9 att5dance on k+s & ! high] nobility1 on bi%ops & ar*bi%ops1 c>d9als1 & ev5 ,popes4 ,e n[ & !n ! _s ( intol]ance among ! populace 0 ar\s$1 & occasionally ! dea? ( "s di/+ui%$ pati5t :ile 9 a ,jewi% physician's h&s 0 made ! occasion = p]secution4 ,we mu/ n =get1 aft] all1 t ev5 z late z ,elizabe?'s "t1 :5 ,%akespe>e wrote ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 he 0 tak+ advantage ( ! popul> s5tim5t ar\s$ by ! execution ( ,lopez1 ! ,que5's physician1 = a real or suppos$ p>ticipation 9 a plot aga9/ h] ,maje/y's life4 ,%ylock 0 pres5t$ ! next season = ! sake ( adv5titi\s popul>ity t w\ld ?us accrue to ! piece4 ,! "* 0 play$ s z to depict all ! wor/ traits ( ! ,jew1 & 0 scornfully laugh$ at at e repres5tation4 ,?is is an index ( ! popul> feel+ ( ! "t4 ,bitt] intol]ance ( ! ,jew has cont9u$4 ,d[n almo/ to our own "t ! ,ghettos h exi/$ 9 ,europe1 & popul> tumults aga9/ !m cont9ue to occur4 ,q ne$less to say1 ^! d n dep5d on ,*ri/ianity1 b on defective human nature4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! be/ possible crit]ion ( ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* au?orities t[>ds ! ,jews is to be f\nd 9 ! legislation ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 ,he is ! greate/ ( ! ,popes ( ! ,middle ,ages2 he %ap$ ! policy ( ! ,*ur* m ?an any o!r2 8 influ5ce 0 felt = _m g5]ations aft] 8 own "t4 ,8 fam\s edict ) reg>d to !m 0 well kn[n3 ,let no ,*ri/ian by viol5ce compel !m to come diss5t+ or unwill+ to ,baptism4 ,fur!r1 let no ,*ri/ian v5ture malici\sly to h>m _! p]sons )\t a judgm5t ( ! civil p[] or to c>ry (f _! prop]ty or *ange _! good cu/oms :i* !y h hi!rto 9 t di/rict :i* !y inhabit4 ,innoc5t himself & sev]al ( 8 pr$ecessors & successors are kn[n to h _h ,jewi% physicians4 ,example speaks ev5 l\d] ?an precept1 & ! example ( su* m5 mu/ h be5 a wond]ful adv]tisem5t = ! ,jewi% physicians ( ! "t4 ,besides ,innoc5t ,,iii1 _m ( ! ,popes ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies issu$ simil> decrees z to ! ,jews4 ,x may be recall$ t ?is 0 ! "t :5 ! ,papacy 0 mo/ p[]ful 9 ,europe & :5 its decrees _h mo/ weight 9 all c\ntries4 ,alex&] ,,ii1 ,gregory ,,ix1 & ,innoc5t ,,iv all issu$ =mal docum5ts dem&+ ! protection ( ! ,jews1 & especially insi/+ t !y mu/ n be =c$ to receive ,baptism nor di/urb$ 9 ! celebration ( _! fe/ivals4 ,clem5t ,,vi did ! same ?+ 9 ! next c5tury1 & ev5 (f]$ !m a refuge f p]secution ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ,france at ,avignon4 ,di/+ui%$ ,jewi% s*ol>s1 :o "k ! :ole /ory f c>eful /udy1 h giv5 due cr$it to ! ,popes = all t !y did = _! p4 ,!y h ev5 decl>$ t if ! ,jews 7 n ext]m9at$ 9 _m ( ! ,european c\ntries x 0 because ( ! protection af=d$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,we h come to realize 9 rec5t ye>s t p]secution ( ! ,jews is n at all a religi\s matt]1 b is due to racial prejudice & jeal\sy ( _! success by ! peoples among :om !y settle4 ,all sorts ( pretexts are giv5 = ?is p]secution at all times4 ,=mal ,*ur* docum5ts & ! p]sonal activities ( ! responsible ,*ur* (ficials %[ t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! ,*ur* 0 a protector & n a p]secutor ( ! ,jews4 ,!re is abundant hi/orical au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! ,popes 7 uni=mly b5efic5t 9 _! treatm5t ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ?is !re is no ne$ to quote ,ca?olic hi/orians1 = non-,ca?olics h be5 r emphatic 9 br++ x out4 ,ne&]1 ! ,g]man ,prote/ant hi/orian1 = in/ance1 said3 ,x 0 a rul+ pr9ciple ) ! ,popes aft] ! example ( _! great pr$ecessor1 ,gregory ! ,great1 to protect ! ,jews 9 ! rights :i* _h be5 conc$$ to !m4 ,:5 ! bani%$ ,popes ( ! twelf? c5tury return$ to ,rome1 ! ,jews w5t =? 9 _! holiday g>m5ts to meet !m1 be>+ be=e !m ! '?ora1' & ,innoc5t ,,ii1 on an occasion ( ?is sort1 bless$ !m4 ,engli% non-,ca?olic hi/orians c be quot$ to ! same effect4 ,! ,anglican ,dean ,milman1 = in/ance1 said3 ,( all ,european sov]eigns1 ! ,popes1 ) "s exceptions1 h pursu$ ! mo/ humane policy t[>ds ! ,jews4 ,9 ,italy1 & ev5 9 ,rome1 !y h be5 m r>ely mole/$ ?an 9 ! o!r c\ntries4 ,hallam has express$ himself to ! same effect1 especially z reg>ds ! protection af=d$ to ! ,jew by ! laws ( ! ,*ur* f ! inju/ice ( ^? ar\nd him4 ,laws sometimes fail ( _! purpose & ! p]secut+ _s ( ! populace is (t5 h>d to control1 b ev]y?+ t ! c5tral au?ority c\ld d to af=d protection 0 done & ess5tial ju/ice 0 en%r9$ 9 ! ,*ur* laws4 ,prom95t ecclesia/ics w\ld naturally foll[ ! l9es laid d[n by _! ,papal sup]iors4 ,! attitude ( ^? ^: lives m>k epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity & :o _h m to d almo/ ) ! %ap+ ( ! policy ( ! ,*ur* at _m times ?an ! ,popes !mselves1 c be quot$ readily to ?is same effect4 ,ne&] has call$ p>ticul> att5tion to ,/4 ,b]n>d's decl>ations ) reg>d to ! evils t w\ld foll[ any tol]ance ( su* an abuse z ! p]secution ( ! ,jews4 ,! mo/ influ5tial m5 ( ! ,*ur* prote/$ aga9/ su* un-,*ri/ian fanaticism4 ,:5 ! ,abbot ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux 0 r\s+ up ! _s ( ! nations to emb>k 9 ! second crusade1 & issu$ = ?is purpose1 9 ! ye> #aadf1 8 lett]s to ! ,g]mans 7,ea/ ,franks71 he at ! same "t w>n$ !m aga9/ ! influ5ce ( ^? en?usia/s :o /rove to inflame ! fanaticism ( ! p4 ,he declaim$ aga9/ ! false zeal1 )\t k1 :i* impell$ !m to murd] ! ,jews1 a p :o ought to be all[$ to live 9 peace 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b x has be5 said t !re are decrees aga9/ ,jewi% physicians1 issu$ especially 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 by v>i\s c\ncils & synods ( ! ,*ur*4 ,att5tion ne$s to be call$ at once to ! fact t ^! are entirely local regulations & h no?+ to d ) ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* z a :ole1 b repres5t :at ! ecclesia/ical au?orities ( a p>ticul> "p ( ! c\ntry deem necess>y = "s special reason 9 ord] to meet local conditions4 ,inde$ at ! end ( ! ?irte5? & ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 ^! decrees 7 be+ issu$ 9 ,france1 full lib]ty 0 all[$ 9 ,italy1 & !re 7 no re/rictions ei!r z to m$ical practice or education f\nd$ on adhesion to ,judaism4 ,:at ne$ to be realiz$ 9 ord] to und]/& ! issuance ( c]ta9 local ecclesia/ical regulations =bidd+ ,jews to practise m$ic9e are ! special conditions :i* develop$ 9 ,france at ?is "t4 ,_m ,jews _h emigrat$ f ,spa9 to ,france1 & ! reputation acquir$ by ,jewi% physicians at ,montpelli] l$ to a numb] ( ! race tak+ up ! practice ( m$ic9e )\t any fur!r qualification ?an ! fact t !y 7 ,jews4 ,t gave !m a reputation = curative p[]s ( itself because ( ! fame ( "s ,jewi% doctors & _! employm5t by ! nobility & ! highe/ ecclesia/ics4 ,x 0 h>d to regulate ^! w&]+ physicians4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! faculty at ,p>is1 always jeal\s ( its own rights & ^? ( its /ud5ts1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury absolutely =bade ,jews f practis+ on ,*ri/ian pati5ts )9 its jurisdiction4 ,( c\rse ! faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 dom9at$ by ecclesia/ical au?orities4 ,! m$ical s*ool 01 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely indep5d5t ( ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 & 0 besides l>gely responsible = ?is decree4 ,x 0 felt t some?+ _h to be done to /op ! evil t _h aris5 & ! *>latanry & quack]y :i* 0 be+ practis$4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 r an attempt to regulate ! practice ( m$ic9e & keep x 9 ! h&s ( m$ical s*ool graduates ?an an example ( intol]ance t[>ds ! ,jews4 ,practically no ,jews _h graduat$ at its univ]sity1 ,montpelli] be+ _! favorite s*ool1 & ,p>is 0 n a little jeal\s ( its rights to provide = physicians f ! nor!rn "p ( ,france4 ,we h n got away f manife/ations ( t _s ev5 yet1 z our non-reciprocat+ /ate m$ical laws %[4 ,dur+ ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury decrees n unlike ^? ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 7 issu$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 especially 9 ,prov5ce & ,avignon4 ,anyone :o kn[s ! conditions :i* exi/$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france at ?is "t ) reg>d to m$ical practice w be aw>e t a numb] ( attempts 7 made by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities j at ?is "t to regulate ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,great abuses _h crept 94 ,almo/ anyone :o wi%$ c\ld set up z a physician1 & ^? :o 7 lea/ fitt$ 7 (t5 be/ able to secure a l>ge numb] ( pati5ts by _! clev]ness1 _! k ( m51 & _! smoo? tongues4 ,! bi%ops ( v>i\s dioceses met1 & issu$ decrees =bidd+ anyone f practis+ m$ic9e unless he 0 a graduate ( ! m$ical s*ool ( ! neighbor+ ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli]4 ,aft] a "t x 0 f\nd t ! greate/ numb] ( violators ( ^! decrees 7 ,jews4 ,accord+ly special regulations 7 made aga9/ !m4 ,!y happ5 to be ecclesia/ical regulations1 because no o!r au?ority at t "t claim$ ! "r to regulate m$ical education & ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,:at is sure is t _m ,jewi% physicians rea*$ di/9ction "u ,*ri/ian z well z ,arabian rul]s at all times dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x w\ld be q impossible 9 ! limit$ space at comm& "h to give any adequate m5tion ( :at 0 accompli%$ by ^! ,jewi% physicians1 ^: names we h sc>cely be5 able to m ?an catalogue1 nor ( ! place !y hold 9 _! times4 ,z ! physicians ( rul]s1 _! influ5ce = culture & ! cultivation ( sci5ce 0 ext5sive1 & z a rule !y /ood = :at 0 be/ & highe/ 9 education4 ,! /ory ( "o ( !m1 :o is g5]ally kn[n 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w at lea/1 ,maimonides1 giv5 9 "s detail1 may s]ve z a type ( ^! ,jewi% physicians ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he liv$ j be=e ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( univ]sity life 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury br\ght ab\t t wond]ful developm5t ( m$ic9e & surg]y 9 ! we/ ( ,europe t meant s mu* = ! f9al c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,8 works influ5c$ n a little ! great ?9k]s & tea*]s ^: own writ+s 7 to be ! f\ndations ( education = sev]al c5turies aft] _! "t4 ,maimonides 0 well kn[n 9 ! ,we/]n univ]sities4 ,?\gh 8 life _h be5 ma9ly sp5t 9 ! ,ea/1 & he di$ !re1 !re 0 sc>cely a di/+ui%$ s*ol> ( ,europe :o 0 n acqua9t$ directly or indirectly ) 8 works1 & ! great] ! reputation ( ! s*ol>1 z a rule1 ! m he knew ( ,maimonides1 ,moses gyptu1 z he 0 call$1 & ! m frequ5tly he ref]r$ to 8 writ+s4 ,,iv ,,maimonides ,! life ( "o ( ! great ,jewi% physicians1 :o has come to be kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,maimonides1 is ( su* significance 9 m$ical biography t he des]ves to h a sep>ate sket*4 ,born 9 ,spa91 8 life 0 liv$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e 8 connection z royal physician ) ! great ,sultan ,salad9 ( ,crusades fame made 8 influ5ce widely felt4 ,he is a type ( ! broadly educat$ man1 conv]sant ) ! culture ( 8 "t & ( ! pa/1 kn[+ mu* besides m$ic9e1 :o has s (t5 impress$ himself deeply on m$ical practice4 ,:ile ! n>r[ speciali/s 9 ea* g5]ation1 ! m5 :o are q sure t !y are cur+ ! special ills ( m5 to :i* !y devote !mselves1 h always felt t :atev] ( progress !re 0 9 any giv5 "t 0 due to !m1 !y occupy b little space z a rule 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 ,! m5 :o loom l>ge 7 ! broad-m9d$1 humanely sympa!tic1 deeply educat$ physicians1 :o treat$ m5 & _! ills r ?an _! ills )\t due consid]ation ( ! individual1 & :o n only reliev$ ! discom=t ( _! pati5ts & greatly less5$ human suff]+1 & add$ to ! sum ( human happ9ess 9 _! "t1 b also left preci\s deeply significant lessons = succe$+ g5]ations ( _! pr(ession4 ,hippocrates1 ,gal51 ,syd5ham1 ,au5brugg]1 ,morgagni1 ^! are repres5tatives ( ?is great class1 & ,maimonides mu/ be consid]$ "o ( !m4 ,moses ,b5 ,maimum1 ^: ,arabic "n 0 ,abu ,amran ,musa ,b5 ,maimum ,obaid ,alla el-,cordovi1 :o 0 call$ by 8 ,jewi% compatriots ,ramban or ,rambam1 0 born at ,cordova 9 ,spa91 on ! #cj? ( ,m>* 9 #aace or #aaci1 ! ye> is 9 d\bt4 ,x might n seem ( mu* import n[ aft] ne>ly eight c5turies1 b n a little ink is spilt ov] x yet by devot$ biograph]s4 ,we are r prone to ?9k 9 our "t t ! conditions 9 :i* m5 7 born & re>$ be=e :at we are pleas$ to call mod]n times1 &1 above all1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 mu/ h made a di/9ct h&icap = _! intellectual developm5t4 ,mo/ ( u are q sure t ! conditions 9 m$ieval cities 7 em95tly unsuit$ = ! /imulation ( ! intellect1 = inc5tive to art impulse1 = uplift 9 ! intellectual life1 or = any su* broad int]e/ 9 :at has be5 s well call$ ! humanities--! humaniz+ ?+s t lift u above animal necessities--z w\ld make = g5u9ely lib]al education4 ,we are likely to be set 9 ! op9ion t ! environm5t ( ! gr[+ y\? ( an old-"t city1 especially s e>ly z ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 0 poor & sordid4 ,! c>es ( ! citiz5s are presum$ to h be5 ma9ly = mat]ial conc]ns1 &1 inde$1 mo/ly = ! wants ( ! body4 ,!y 7 only mak+ a />t on ! way f b>b>ism to some?+ l our glori\s culm9ation ( civilization4 ,z ! heirs to all ! ages 9 ! =emo/ files ( "t we are necess>ily f> 9 advance ( !m1 & we are only sorry t !y did n h ! opportunity to live to see our day & enjoy ! b5efits ( ! evolution ( humanity t is tak+ place dur+ ! eight c5turies t h elaps$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re 0 mu* m ( abid+ pr(\nd int]e/ 9 real civilization 9 _m a m$ieval city1 mu* m g5]al appreciation ( art1 mu* m bread? ( intellig5ce & sympa?y ) :at we call ! humanities1 ?an 9 mo/ ( our l>ge cities4 ,! l>ge city1 z we "k x1 is em95tly a disc\rag] ( bread? ( intellig5ce4 ,specialism 9 ! v>i\s phases ( money-mak+ obscures culture4 ,maimonides1 born 9 ,cordova1 0 br\ght up amid surr\nd+s t teem$ ) inc5tives ( e k9d to ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 ( arti/ic ta/e1 & ev]y?+ t makes = cultivation ( intellect r ?an ( int]e/ 9 m]ely mat]ial ?+s4 ,x is well said t x is h>d to judge ! ,cordova ( old by its tawdry ru9s ( to-day4 ,! educat$ visitor /ill /&s 9 awe & admiration ( ! great mosque :i* express$ ! high cultivation ( ! ,moors ( ?is "t4 ,x is a nev]-end+ s\rce ( wond] to ,am]icans4 ,! city itself has _m rem9d]s ( t f9e era ( ,moori% culture & ref9em5t ( ta/e & ( art expression1 :i* made x 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w a city beautiful4 ,! ,arab invad]s _h f\nd a great prosp]\s c\ntry :i* _h be5 ! mo/ cultur$ prov9ce ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & on ?is f\ndation !y made a m>vell\s developm5t4 ,! banks ( ! ,guadalquivir1 says ,mr4 ,s4 ,lane-,poole 9 ,! ,moors 9 ,spa9 7,london1 #ahhg71 7 bright ) m>ble h\ses1 mosques1 & g>d5s1 9 :i* ! r>e/ fl[]s & trees ( o!r c\ntries 7 c>efully cultivat$1 & ! ,arabs introduc$ _! sy/em ( irrigation :i* ! ,spani>ds bo? be=e & s9ce h nev] equall$4 ,! greate/ beauty ( ! city1 ( c\rse1 _h come1 & "s ( x _h gone1 be=e ,maimonides' "t4 ,s mu* rema9s 9 spite ( "t & w>1 & _m un=tunate influ5ces1 t we c h "s idea h[ beautiful x mu/ h be5 9 8 y\? sev5 c5turies ago1 & h[ ev5 m beautiful 9 ! =etime4 ,( ! great mosque writ]s ( travel c sc>cely say en\gh4 ,mr4 ,lane-,poole says3 ,travell]s /& amaz$ among ! =e/ ( columns :i* op5 out app>5tly endless vi/as on all sides4 ,! porphyry1 jasp]1 & m>bles are /ill 9 _! places2 ! spl5did glass mosaics1 :i* arti/s f ,byzantium came to make1 /ill sp>kle l jewels 9 ! walls2 ! d>+ ar*itecture ( ! sanctu>y1 ) its fanta/ic cross$ ar*es1 is /ill z impos+ z ev]2 ! c\rty>d is /ill leafy ) ! orange trees t prolong ! vi/as ( columns4 ,z "o /&s be=e ! lovel9ess ( ! great mosque1 ! ?\ght goes back to ! days ( ! glories ( ,cordova1 ! palmy days ( ! ,great ,khalif1 :i* w nev] return4 ,( all ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! ,jews all d[n ! c5turies h liv$ !re is probably none ( :i* !y h be5 m l\d 9 praise ?an ,spa94 ,_! poets sang ( x z if x 7 _! own c\ntry2 = c5turies ! p 7 happi] "h ?an probably !y h be5 any:]e else = s long a p]iod4 ,else:]e 9 ?is book ,i h call$ att5tion to all t ,spa9 meant 9 ,europe dur+ all ! c5turies f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,roman ,empire d[n to ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,maimonides 0 =tunate 9 8 bir?place1 !n1 & :ile circum/ances compell$ ! family to move away1 ?is *ange did n come until a good effect _h be5 produc$ on ! m9d ( ! gr[+ y\?4 ,ev5 :5 p]secution came1 ,maimonides clung to ,spa9 ) a t5acity born ( deep affection & emphasiz$ by admiration = all t %e 0 & _h be54 ,cordova 0 ! jewel ( ! ,spa9 ( ?is "t1 & ?\gh mu* less ?an %e _h be5 9 ! long prec$+ "t1 :5 %e 0 ! bir?place ( ,lucan & ! two ,s5ecas1 or ev5 ?an :at %e _h be5 9 ,abd-er-,rahman's days1 or :5 %e 0 ! bir?place ( ,av]ros1 /ill %e rema9$ wond]fully beautiful & attractive1 w9n+ & hold+ ! affections ( m54 ,maimonides' fa!r1 ,maimum ,b5 ,joseph1 0 a memb] ( ! ,rabb9ical ,college ( ,cordova1 & fam\s = 8 k ( ! ,talmud4 ,!re are "s writ+s ( 8 on ma!matics & a/ronomy extant4 ,he direct$ ! education ( 8 son1 :o1 l _m ano!r di/+ui%$ s*ol> 9 lat] life1 seems to h exhibit$ v little tal5t 9 8 e>ly ye>s4 ,!re is no rule 9 ! matt]4 ,precocity (t5 disappo9ts4 ,g5ius is (t5 dull 9 *ildhood1 b !re are exceptions t prove bo? rules4 ,! basis ( education 9 ,spa9 at t "t among ! ,jews 0 ! ,bible1 ! ,talmud1 ma!matics1 & a/ronomy1 a good r\nd$ education 9 lit]ature1 ! basis ( law1 & "s exact physical sci5ce4 ,aft] 8 prelim9>y education at home ,maimonides /udi$ ! natural sci5ces & m$ic9e ) ,moori% tea*]s4 ,nature-/udy1 9 spite ( frequ5t expressions t decl>e x new 9 mod]n times1 is z old z man4 ,he also receiv$ a gr\nd+ 9 philosophy z a prep>ation = 8 sci5tific /udies4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree he began ! composition ( a comm5t>y on ! ,talmud1 :i* he cont9u$ to "w at on 8 j\rneys 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,egypt4 ,?is is consid]$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important ( ?is class ( works extant1 ?\gh1 almo/ ne$less to say1 simil> writ+s are v num]\s4 ,9 ! light ( w&]+s 9 philosophy dur+ ! c5turies s9ce1 x is r int]e/+ to quote f t "w ! end ( man z ?is ,jewi% philosoph] ( ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury saw x4 ,rec5t teleological t5d5cies 9 biology add to ! int]e/ ( 8 views4 ,accord+ to ,maimonides1 ,man is ! end ( ! :ole creation1 & we h only to look to him = ! reason = its exi/5ce4 ,e object %[s ! end = :i* x 0 creat$4 ,! palm-trees are !re to provide dates2 ! spid] to sp9 h] webs4 ,all ! prop]ties ( an animal or a plant are direct$ s z to enable x to rea* its purpose 9 life4 ,:at is ! purpose ( man8 ,x _c lie alone 9 eat+ & dr9k+ or yield+ to passion1 nor 9 ! build+ ( cities & ! rul+ ( o!rs1 s9ce ^! objects lie outside ( him1 & d n t\* 8 ess5tial be+4 ,su* mat]ial /riv+ he has 9 common ) ! animal4 ,a man is lift$ f a l[] to a high] condition by 8 reason4 ,only ?r\gh 8 reason is he plac$ above ! animals4 ,he is ! only reasonable animal4 ,8 reason enables him to und]/& all ?+s1 especially ! ,unity ( ,god1 & all k & sci5ce s]ve only to direct man to ! k ( ,god4 ,passions are to be subdu$1 s9ce ! man :o yields to passion subjects 8 _s to 8 body1 & does n reveal 9 himself ! div9e p[] :i* 9 him lies 9 8 reason1 b is swall[$ up 9 ! ocean ( matt]4 ,n long aft] ,maimonides pass$ 8 tw5tie? ye> ! family1 consi/+ ( ! fa!r & 8 two sons1 ,moses & ,david1 & a daught]1 mov$ f ,cordova to ,fez1 compell$ by ,jewi% p]secutions4 ,"h x is said t !y _h to submit to we>+ ! mask ( ,islam 9 ord] to lead a peaceful exi/5ce4 ,?is has be5 d\bt$1 h[ev]1 & 8 :ole life is 9 flagrant contradiction ) any su* ev5 app>5t apo/asy f ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs4 ,fa!r & son took advantage ( ! opportunity ( int]c\rse ) ,moori% physicians & philosoph]s to increase _! /ore ( k1 b c\ld n be cont5t 9 ! political & religi\s conditions 9 :i* !y 7 compell$ to live4 ,ab\t #aaee1 !n1 !y w5t to ,j]usalem1 b f\nd conditions ev5 m intol]able !re1 & turn$ back to ,egypt1 :]e !y settl$ d[n 9 ,old ,cairo4 ,9 #aaff ! fa!r di$1 & aft] ?is we le>n t ! sons made a livelihood1 & ev5 laid ! f\ndation ( a =tune1 by c>ry+ on a jewelry trade4 ,moses /ill devot$ mo/ ( 8 "t to /udy1 :ile 8 bro!r did mo/ ( ! bus9ess1 b ! bro!r 0 lo/ 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ) him w5t n only a l>ge sum ( 8 own money1 b also mu* t _h be5 entru/$ to him by o!rs4 ,maimonides und]took to pay (f ^! debts & at ! same "t _h to meet ! necessities n only ( himself & si/]1 b also ( ! family ( 8 dead bro!r4 ,x 0 !n t he took up ! practice ( m$ic9e & succe$$ 9 mak+ a great "n & reputation = himself4 ,he cont9u$ to write1 h[ev]1 & complet$ 8 comm5t>y on ! ,talmud4 ,ab\t ! age ( fifty ,maimonides1 z seems to be true ( a good _m m5 :o live to old age1 became r disc\rag$ & despond5t ab\t himself4 ,he ref]s to himself 9 8 lett]s & writ+s r frequ5tly z an old & ail+ man4 ,he _h ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ( active life ahead ( him1 b he _h ! p]suasion t comes to _m t he 0 probably de/9$ to an e>ly dea?4 ,8 son 0 born %ortly aft] ?is "t1 & t seems to h _h n a little to d ) bright5+ 8 life4 ,:ile 9 ,egypt ,maimonides m>ri$ ! si/] ( "o ( ! royal secret>ies1 :o1 9 turn1 w$d$ ,maimonides' si/]4 ,maimonides took on himself ! education ( 8 son1 :o also became a physician1 ?\gh 8 fa!r 0 n to h ! satisfaction ( wat*+ 8 success 9 ! practice ( 8 *os5 pr(ession4 ,?is son1 ,abraham1 became ! physician ( ,malie ,alkam51 ! bro!r ( ,salad91 &1 besides1 0 a physician to ! hospital at ,cairo4 ,8 son1 ,david1 ! gr&son ( ,maimonides1 practis$ m$ic9e also at ,cairo till #acjj4 ,he 9 turn left two sons1 ,abraham & ,solomon1 :o a*iev$ reputation 9 ! *os5 pr(ession ( _! great-gr&fa!r4 ,maimonides1 aft] ! bir? ( 8 son1 became "o ( ! busie/ ( practis+ physicians4 ,inde$1 x is h>d to und]/& h[ he _h ! "t to d any writ+ 9 8 busy life4 ,/ill less c we und]/& 8 "t = tea*+4 ,he 0 ! physician to ,salad91 ^: relations ) ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion h made him kn[n to ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,e morn+1 z ! ,c\rt physician1 ,maimonides w5t to ! palace1 situat$ half a mile away f 8 dwell+1 & if any ( ! _m (ficials & dep5d5ts t !n1 z n[1 7 at ,ori5tal c\rts1 7 ill1 he /ay$ !re = "s "t4 ,z a rule he c\ld only get back to 8 own home 9 ! aft]noon1 & !n he 01 z he says himself1 almo/ dy+ ) hung]4 ,kn[+ ! scant9ess ( ! ,ori5tal breakfa/1 we are n surpris$4 ,!re he f\nd 8 wait+-room full ( pati5ts1 ,jews & ,mohamm$ans1 prom95t & unimportant1 fri5ds & enemies1 he says himself1 a v>i$ cr[d1 :o are look+ = my m$ical advice4 ,!re is sc>cely "t = me to get d[n f my c>riage & wa% myself & eat a little1 & !n until night ,i am con/antly occupi$1 s t1 f %e] exhau/ion1 ,i mu/ lie d[n4 ,only on ! ,sabba? day h ,i ! "t to occupy myself ) my own p & my /udies1 & s ! day is away f me4 ,:at a picture x is ( ! busy m$ical tea*] at all times 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 yet x mu/ n be =gott5 t x is f ^! busy m5 t we h d]iv$ our mo/ preci\s lessons 9 c>+ = pati5ts r ?an disease1 9 ! art ( m$ic9e r ?an m$ical sci5ce--& _! practical lessons h be5 valuable long aft] ! f9e-spun !ories ( ! sci5ti/ t took s long to elaborate h be5 plac$ def9itely 9 ! lumb] room4 ,8 reputation z a writ] on m$ical topics is n z great z t :i* has be5 accord$ him = 8 writ+s on philosophy & 9 ,talmudic lit]ature1 b he well des]ves a place among ! great practical ma/]s ( m$ic9e1 z well z high rank among ! physicians ( 8 "t4 ,!re is little t is orig9al 9 8 writ+1 b 8 ?or\ghgo+ common s5se1 8 wide k1 & 8 discrim9at+1 eclectic faculty make 8 writ+s ( special value4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ! ,aphorisms ( ,hippocrates attract$ 8 att5tion1 &1 besides1 he wrote a s]ies ( aphorisms ( 8 own4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( 8 writ+s1 h[ev]1 is a s]ies ( lett]s on dietetics writt5 = ! son ( 8 patron ,salad94 ,! "y pr9ce seems to h suff]$ f "o ( ! neurotic conditions t s (t5 develop 9 ^? :o h _! lives all plann$ = !m1 & little inc5tive to d ?+s = !mselves4 ,! ma9 portion ( 8 compla9ts c5tr$1 z 9 ! case ( _m ano!r individual ( leisure1 9 di/urbances ( dige/ion4 ,besides1 he suff]$ f con/ipation & feel+s ( depression4 ,d\btless1 l _m a "y p]son ( ! mod]n "t1 he 0 q sure t ^! symptoms port5d$ "s insidi\s organic ailm5t t w\ld surely br+ an e>ly dea?4 ,:5 fa!rs1 hav+ done all t !re is to d1 j expect _! sons to enjoy ! fruits ( ! pat]nal accompli%m5ts1 conditions ( ?is k9d v (t5 develop1 unless ! "y man proce$s to occupy himself ) ev5 m dang]\s di/ractions ?an he f9ds 9 un5d+ ?\ght ab\t 8 own feel+s4 ,! rules ( life & heal? t ,maimonides laid d[n 9 ^! lett]s h become "p ( our popul> m$ical tradition4 ,probably m ( ! ord9>ily curr5t maxims z to heal? h be5 d]iv$ f !m ?an w\ld possibly be suspect$ by anyone n famili> ) !m4 ,9 v>i\s =ms 8 rules h be5 publi%$ a numb] ( times4 ,a good idea ( !m c be obta9$ f ! foll[+ comp5dium ( !m1 :i* ,i abbreviate f a biographical sket* ( ,maimonides by ,dr4 ,oppl]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,deuts*es ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz9 und ,m$ic9is*e ,geographie 7,bd4 #b1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi74 #a4 ,man is b\nd to lead a life pleas+ to ,god if he wants to h a heal?y body1 & he mu/ hold himself f> f ev]y?+ t c hurt 8 heal? & accu/om himself to :atev] r5ews 8 /r5g?4 ,he %\ld eat & dr9k only :5 hungry & ?ir/y & %\ld be p>ticul>ly c>eful ( ! regul> evacuation ( 8 b[els & ( 8 bladd]4 ,he mu/ n delay ei!r ( ^! op]ations1 b z f> z possible satisfy ! incl9ation at once4 #b4 ,a man mu/ n ov]load 8 /oma* b be cont5t always ) some?+ less ?an is necess>y to make him feel q satisfi$4 ,he %\ld n dr9k mu* dur+ ! meal & only ( wat] & w9e mix$1 tak+ some:at m aft] dige/ion has begun & aft] dige/ion is complet$1 9 mod]ation accord+ to 8 ne$s4 ,be=e a man sits d[n to table he %\ld note :e!r he has any t5d5cy to evacuation & %\ld make ! body w>m by movem5t & activity4 ,aft] ?is ex]cise he %\ld re/ a little be=e tak+ food4 ,x is v b5eficial aft] "w to take a ba? & !n ! meal4 #c4 ,food %\ld be tak5 always 9 ! sitt+ position4 ,!re %\ld be no rid+ nor walk+1 nor movem5ts ( ! body until dige/ion is f9i%$4 ,! man :o takes a walk or any /r5u\s occupation imm$iately aft] eat+ subjects himself to s]i\s dang]s ( disease4 #d4 ,day & night %\ld be divid$ into tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,m5 %\ld sleep = eight h\rs1 & s arrange _! sleep t ! end ( x comes ) ! dawn1 s t f ! beg9n+ ( sleep until sunrise !re %\ld be an eight-h\r int]val4 ,we %\ld all leave our b$s ab\t ! "t t ! sun rises4 #e4 ,dur+ sleep a man %\ld lie nei!r on 8 face nor on 8 back b on 8 side1 ! beg9n+ ( ! night on 8 left & at ! end on 8 "r4 ,he %\ld n g to sleep = ?ree or f\r h\rs aft] eat+ & %\ld n sleep dur+ ! day4 #f4 ,fruits t are laxative1 z grapes1 figs1 melons1 g\rds1 %\ld be tak5 only be=e meal "t & n mix$ ) o!r food4 ,x w\ld be bett] to let ^! get into ! abdom9al organs & !n take o!r food4 #g4 ,eat :at is easily dige/ible be=e :at is difficult ( dige/ion4 ,! fle% ( birds be=e beef & ! fle% ( calves be=e t ( c[s & /e]s4 7,birds 7 !n ?\ght m dige/ible ?an o!r fle%2 we h rev]s$ ! rul+4 ,! note %[s h[ light & dige/ible _! fle% 0 consid]$ & ! reason !re=47 #h4 ,9 summ] eat cool+ food1 acids1 & no spices4 ,9 w9t]1 on ! contr>y1 eat w>m+ foods1 ri* 9 spices1 mu/>d1 & o!r heat+ sub/ances4 ,9 cold & w>m climates "o %\ld eat accord+ to ! climatic conditions4 #i4 ,!re are c]ta9 h>mful foods t %\ld be avoid$4 ,l>ge salt fi%1 old *eese1 old pickl$ meat1 "y new w9e1 evil-smell+ & bitt] foods are (t5 poison\s4 ,!re are also "s :i* are less h>mful1 b are n to be recomm5d$ z ord9>y nutritive mat]ials4 ,l>ge fi%1 *eese1 milk m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] milk+1 ! fle% ( old ox51 beans1 peas1 unleav5$ bread1 sau]kraut1 onions1 radi%es & ! l4 ,^! are to be tak5 only 9 small quantities & only 9 ! w9t] "t & !y %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! summ]4 ,beans & l5tils are to be recomm5d$ nei!r 9 w9t] nor summ]4 #aj4 ,z a rule "o %\ld avoid ! eat+ ( tree fruits1 or n eat mu* ( !m1 especially :5 !y are dry & ev5 less :5 !y are gre54 ,if !y are unripe !y may cause s]i\s damage4 ,johannesbrod is v h>mful at all times1 z are also all ! s\r fruits1 & only small am\nts ( !m %\ld be eat5 9 summ] or 9 w>m c\ntries4 #aa4 ,! fruits t are to be recomm5d$ dry z well z fre%1 are figs1 grapes1 & almonds4 ,^! may be eat5 z "o has ! appetite = !m1 b "o %\ld n accu/om himself to eat !m mu*1 ?\gh !y are heal?i] ?an all o!r fruits4 #ab4 ,honey & w9e are n good = *ildr51 ?\gh !y are b5eficial = old] p1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,9 summ] "o-?ird less ( !m %\ld be eat5 ?an 9 w9t]4 #ac4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 to h regul> movem5ts ( ! b[els t c>ry (f ! impurities ( ! body4 ,x is an axiom 9 m$ic9e1 t s long z evacuations are abs5t1 or difficult1 or require /rong ef=ts1 ! individual is liable to s]i\s disease4 ,e m$ical means %\ld be tak5 to ov]come con/ipation 9 ord] to escape its dang]s4 ,= ?is purpose "y p %\ld be giv5 salty food1 mat]ials t h be5 soak$ 9 olive oil1 salt itself1 or c]ta9 vegetable s\ps ) olive oil & salt4 ,old] p %\ld take honey mix$ ) w>m wat] e>ly 9 ! morn+ & f\r h\rs lat] %\ld take _! breakfa/4 ,?is proce$+ %\ld be foll[$ up f "o to f\r days until ! con/ipation is ov]come4 #ad4 ,ano!r axiom ( m$ic9e is t s long z a man is able to be active & vigor\s1 does n eat until he is ov]-full1 & does n suff] f con/ipation1 he is n liable to disease4 ,ev5 su* m51 h[ev]1 are mu* saf] if !y d n take food t may disagree ) !m4 #ae4 ,:oev] gives himself up to inactivity1 or puts (f evacuations ( ! b[els1 or suff]s f con/ipation1 w be sure to suff] f _m diseases & w see 8 /r5g? disappe> ev5 %\ld he eat ! be/ food 9 ! _w & make use ( all ! rem$ies t physicians h4 ,immod]ate eat+ is a poison = m5 & ! cause ( _m diseases :i* attack !m4 ,mo/ diseases come f ei!r eat+ too mu* or p>tak+ ( unsuitable food4 ,t 0 :at ,solomon meant ) 8 prov]b3 ,he :o puts a gu>d ov] 8 m\? & 8 tongue protects himself f _m evils1 t is to say1 :oev] protects 8 m\? f ! ov]9dulg5ce 9 food & 8 tongue f unsuitable spee* protects himself f _m evils4 #af4 ,e week at lea/ a man %\ld take a w>m ba?4 ,"o %\ld n ba! :5 hungry1 nor aft] eat+ until ! food is dige/$1 & ba! ! :ole body 9 w>m b n too hot wat] & ! head 9 hot wat]4 ,aft]w>ds ! body %\ld be wa%$ 9 lukew>m & cool wat] until f9ally cold wat] is us$4 ,"o %\ld p\r nei!r cold nor ev5 lukew>m wat] on ! head1 nor ba! 9 cold wat] 9 ! w9t] "t1 nor :5 ! body is tir$ & 9 p]spiration4 ,at su* times ! ba? %\ld be put (f = a :ile4 #ag4 ,z soon z "o leaves ! ba? "o %\ld cov] oneself1 & especially cov] ! head1 s t no draught may /rike x4 ,ev5 9 summ]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to obs]ve ?is rule4 ,aft] ?is "o %\ld re/ = a :ile until ! heat ( ! body passes (f & !n %\ld g to table4 ,if "o c\ld sleep a little j be=e a meal x is (t5 v b5eficial4 ,nei!r dur+ ! ba? nor imm$iately aft] x %\ld cold wat] be drunk1 & if !re is an inappeasable ?ir/ a little w9e & wat] or wat] & honey %\ld be tak54 ,9 w9t] x is b5eficial to rub ! body ) oil aft] ! ba?4 #ah4 ,v5esection %\ld n be practis$ frequ5tly1 = x is only meant = s]i\s illness4 ,x %\ld n be p]mitt$ 9 w9t] or summ]1 nor dur+ ! mon?s ( ,april or ,septemb] 7! r mon?s74 ,aft] pass+ 8 fiftie? ye> an individual %\ld ab/a9 f v5esection4 ,v5esection %\ld n be practis$ on ! day :5 "o takes a ba? or goes on a j\rney or returns f x4 ,on ! day :5 x is practis$ less ?an usual %\ld be eat5 & drunk1 & ! pati5t %\ld give himself to re/1 und]take no "w nor bo!rsome occupation1 & take no walk4 #ai4 ,:oev] obs]ves ^! rules ( life fai?fully ,i gu>antee him a long life )\t disease4 ,he %all rea* a good old age1 & :5 he comes to die w n ne$ a physician4 ,8 body w rema9 always /rong & heal?y1 unless ( c\rse he has be5 born ) a weak nature1 or has _h an un=tunate br++ up1 or %\ld be attack$ by epidemic disease or by fam9e4 #bj4 ,only ! heal?y %\ld keep ^! rules4 ,:oev] is ill or a suff]] f any injuries1 or has lo/ 8 heal? ?r\gh bad habits1 = him !re are special rules = ea* disease1 only to be f\nd 9 ! m$ical books4 ,let x be rememb]$ t e *ange 9 a life habit is ! beg9n+ ( an ailm5t4 #ba4 ,if no physician c be secur$1 !n ail+ p may use ^! rules z well z ! heal?y4 ,^! rules are1 ( c\rse1 full ( ! common s5se ( m$ic9e t endures at all times4 ,= ! tropical climate ( ! ,ea/]n c\ntries !y probably repres5t z good advice z c\ld be giv5 ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,) !m be=e u x is n surpris+ to f9d t on o!r subjects ,maimonides 0 j z s5sible4 ,p]haps 9 no?+ is ?is m /rik+ ?an 9 8 complete rejection ( a/rology4 ,consid]+ h[ long a/rology1 9 ! s5se ( ! doctr9e ( ! />s influ5c+ human heal? & de/9ies1 _h dom9at$ m5's m9ds1 & h[ univ]sal 0 ! acceptance ( x1 ,maimonides' /rong expressions %[ h[ mu* g5ius lifts itself above ! popul> p]suasions ( its "t1 ev5 among ! educat$1 & h[ mu* x anticipates subsequ5t k4 ,x is well to rem9d ourselves t z late z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,mesm]'s !sis on ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,/>s on ,human ,con/itutions 0 accept$ by ! faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na z a satisfactory evid5ce n only ( 8 k ( m$ic9e1 b ( 8 p[] to reason ab\t x4 ,at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury ,maimonides 0 try+ to argue x out ( exi/5ce on ! be/ possible gr\nds4 ,"k1 my ma/]s1 he writes1 t no man %\ld believe any?+ t is n atte/$ by "o ( ^! ?ree sanctions3--rational pro( z 9 ma!matical sci5ce1 ! p]ception ( ! s5ses1 or traditions f ! prophets & le>n$ m54 ,8 biograph] 9 ! monograph ,maimonides1 publi%$ by ! ,jewi% ,publication ,society ( ,am]ica#e1 expresses 8 fur!r views on ! subject 9 comp5di\s =m1 & !n gives 8 f9al conclusion z foll[s3 ',works on a/rology are ! product ( fools1 :o mi/ook vanity = wisdom4 ,m5 are incl9$ to believe :atev] is writt5 9 a book1 especially if ! book be anci5t2 & 9 old5 times disa/] befell ,israel because m5 devot$ !mselves to su* idolatry in/ead ( practis+ ! arts ( m>tial def5ce & gov]nm5t4' ,he says1 t he _h himself /udi$ e extant a/rological treatise1 & _h conv9c$ himself t none des]v$ to be call$ sci5tific4 ,maimonides !n proce$s to di/+ui% betwe5 a/rology & a/ronomy1 9 ! latt] ( :i* lies true & necess>y wisdom4 ,he ridicules ! supposition t ! fate ( man c\ld be dep5d5t on ! con/ellations1 & urges t su* a !ory robs life ( purpose1 & makes man a slave ( de/9y4 ',x is true1' he concludes1 't y may f9d /range utt]ances 9 ! ,rabb9ical lit]ature :i* imply a belief 9 ! pot5cy ( ! />s at a man's nativity1 b no "o is ju/ifi$ 9 surr5d]+ 8 own rational op9ions because ?is or t sage err$1 or because an allegorical rem>k is express$ lit]ally4 ,a man mu/ nev] ca/ 8 own judgm5t beh9d him2 ! eyes are set 9 front1 n 9 ! back4' ,:ile ,maimonides c\ld be s positive 9 8 op9ions ) reg>d to a subject on :i* he felt compet5t to say some?+1 he 0 extremely mode/ ) reg>d to _m ( ! great problems ( m$ic9e4 ,he (t5 uses ! expression 9 8 writ+s1 ,i d n see h[ to expla9 ?is matt]4 ,he quotes ) approval f a ,rabbi ( old :o _h c\nsell$ 8 /ud5ts1 tea* ?y tongue to say1 ,i d n "k4 ,9 ?is1 ( c\rse1 he has giv5 ! be/ possible evid5ce ( 8 l>g5ess ( m9d & 8 capacity = mak+ advance 9 k4 ,x is :5 m5 are ready to say1 ,i d n "k1 t progress becomes possible4 ,x is v easy to re/ 9 a consci\s or unconsci\s pret5ce ( k t obscures ! real "q at issue4 ,a great ?9k]1 :o liv$ 9 ! c5tury 9 :i* ,maimonides di$1 ,rog] ,bacon1 set d[n z "o ( ! f\r pr9cipal ob/acles to advance 9 k inde$1 z ! "o ( ! f\r t hamp]$ intellectual progress ! mo/1 ! fact t m5 fe>$ to say1 ,i d n "k4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ,maimonides' c>e] = ! mod]n "t is ! influ5ce t 8 writ+s ex]t$ ov] ! ris+ intellectual life ( ,europe )9 a half c5tury aft] 8 dea?4 ,mo/ p w\ld be r incl9$ to ?9k t ?is ,jewi% au?or ( ! ,ea/ w\ld h v little influ5ce ov] ! ?9k]s & tea*]s ( ,europe )9 a g5]ation aft] 8 dea?4 ,he di$ 9 #abjd1 j at ! beg9n+ ( "o ( ! great productive c5turies ( humanity1 p]haps "o ( ! greate/ ( !m all4 ,9 lit]ature1 9 art1 9 ar*itecture1 9 philosophy1 & 9 education1 ?is c5tury made wond]ful /rides4 ,two ( its greate/ tea*]s1 ,alb]tus ,magnus & 8 pupil1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 quote f ,moses gyptu1 ! ,european "n = ,maimonides at t "t1 & evid5tly knew 8 writ+s v well4 ,maimonides 0 = !m an important connect+ l9k ) ! _w ( old ,greek ?\ght4 ,o!rs ( ! writ]s & tea*]s ( ?is "t1 z ,william ( ,auv]gne1 & ! two great ,franciscans1 ,alex&] ( ,hales & ,duns ,scotus1 7 also influ5c$ by ,maimonides4 ,9 a ^w1 ! educational _w ( t "t 0 mu* m closely unit$ ?an we might ?9k1 & x did n take long = a great writ]'s ?\ghts to make !mselves felt sev]al ?\s& miles away4 ,maimonides 01 !n1 9 8 own "t "o ( ! _w tea*]s1 &1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 he mu/ always rema9 t1 z repres5t+ a special developm5t ( :at is be/ 9 human nature4 ,v ,,great ,,arabian ,,physicians ,9 ord] to und]/& ! place ( ! ,arabs 9 m$ic9e & 9 sci5ce1 a few words z to ! rise ( ?is p to political p[]1 & !n to ! cultivation ( lit]ature & ( sci5ce1 are necess>y4 ,we he> ( ! ,arabs z hirel+ soldi]s fight+ = o!rs dur+ ! c5turies j aft] ,*ri/1 & especially 9 connection ) ! /ory ( ! fam\s ,que5 ,z5obia at ,palmyra4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ?is city we he> no?+ m ( !m until ! "t ( ,mohamm$4 ,dur+ ^! six & a half c5turies !re is little "q ( education ( any k9d among !m except t at ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 ! ,p]sian ,k+ ,*osroes ,i1 :o 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 m$ic9e1 enc\rag$ ! m$ical s*ool 9 ,djondisab\r1 9 ,arabi/an1 f\nd$ at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury by ! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians1 :o cont9u$ z ! tea*]s !re until x became "o ( ! mo/ important s*ools ( ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 "h t ! fir/ ,arab physicians 7 tra9$1 & "h t ! ,*ri/ian physicians :o practis$ m$ic9e among ! ,arabs 7 educat$4 ,among ! ,arabs !mselves1 be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 !re _h be5 v little int]e/ 9 m$ic9e4 ,gurlt notes t ev5 ! physician ( ! ,prophet himself 01 accord+ to tradition1 a ,*ri/ian4 ,mohamm$'s imm$iate successors 7 n int]e/$ 9 education1 & _! p ma9ly turn$ to ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% physicians = :atev] m$ical treatm5t !y ne$$4 ,:5 ! ,caliphs came to be rul]s ( ! ,mohamm$an ,empire1 !y took special pa9s to enc\rage ! /udy ( philosophy & m$ic9e2 ?\gh dissection 0 =bidd5 by ! ,koran1 mo/ ( ! o!r m$ical sci5ces1 & especially botany & all ! !rapeutic arts1 7 s]i\sly cultivat$4 ,until ! com+ ( ,mohamm$1 ! ,arabs _h be5 w&]+ tribes1 gett+ "s fame z hirel+ soldi]s1 b n[1 "u ! influ5ce ( a feel+ ( community 9 religion1 & l$ by ! milit>y g5ius ( "s ( ,mohamm$'s successors1 ^: soldi]s 7 inspir$ by ! religi\s feel+s ( ! sect1 !y made great conque/s4 ,! ,mohamm$an ,empire ext5d$ f ,india to ,spa9 )9 a c5tury aft] ,mohamm$'s dea?4 ,c>?age 0 tak5 & de/roy$1 ,con/ant9ople 0 ?reat5$4 ,9 #ffa1 sc>cely =ty ye>s aft] ! hegira or flight ( ,mohamm$1 f :i* good ,mohamm$ans date _! era1 ! capital 0 transf]r$ f ,m$9a to ,damascus1 to be transf]r$ f "h to ,bagdad j ab\t a c5tury lat]1 :]e x rema9$ until ! ,mongols made an end ( ! ,abbasside rul]s ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ 7 oppos$ to k & education ( all k9ds4 ,mohamm$ himself _h b little4 ,accord+ to tradition1 he c\ld n read or write4 ,! /ory told ) reg>d to ! ,caliph ,om> & ! great libr>y ( ,alex&ria1 seems to h a f\ndation 9 reality1 ?\gh su* leg5ds usually are n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,c]ta9ly x repres5ts ! traditional view z to ! attitude ( ! e>li] ,moslem rul]s to education4 ,om> 0 ask$ :at %\ld be done ) ! m ?an two million volumes4 ,he said t ! books 9 x ei!r agre$ ) ! ,koran1 or !y did n4 ,if !y agre$ ) x !y 7 q useless4 ,if !y did n1 !y 7 p]nici\s4 ,9 ei!r case1 !y %\ld be done away )1 because !re 0 an elem5t ( dang] 9 !m4 ,accord+ly1 ! preci\s volumes t _h be5 accumulat+ = ne>ly t5 c5turies1 s]v$1 x is said1 to heat ! ba?s ( ,alex&ria = "s six mon?s--probably ! mo/ preci\s fuel ev] us$4 ,=tunately = po/]ity1 ! edict 0 n q z univ]sal 9 its application z ! /ory w\ld indicate1 & exceptions 7 made = books ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! conque/s1 h[ev]1 ! ,mohamm$an ,arabs captur$ ! ,greek cities ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,!y 7 br\ght closely 9 contact ) ,greek culture1 ,greek lit]ature1 & ,greek ?\ght4 ,z has always be5 ! case1 captive ,greece took its captors captive4 ,:at happ5$ to ! ,romans e>li] came to pass also among ! ,arabs4 ,inspir$ by ,greek philosophy1 sci5ce1 & lit]ature1 !y became ard5t devotees ( sci5ce & ! arts4 ,:ile n inv5t+ or discov]+ any?+ new1 l ! ,romans !y c>ri$ on ! old4 ,damascus1 ,basra1 ,bagdad1 ,bokh>a1 ,sam>c& all became c5tres ( culture & ( education4 ,l>ge sums 7 paid = ,greek manuscripts1 & = translations f !m4 ,"u ! fam\s ,h>un al-,ras*id1 at ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ^: "n is bett] kn[n to u ?an t ( any o!rs1 because ( ! /ories ( 8 w&]+ by night among 8 p 9 ord] to see if ju/ice 7 done1 ?ree hundr$ s*ol>s 7 s5t at ! co/ ( ! ,caliph to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w 9 ord] to br+ back treasures ( sci5ce1 & especially ( geography & m$ic9e4 ,x is an int]e/+ hi/orical reflection t ! ,japanese & ,*9ese are do+ ! same ?+ n[4 ,! ,arabs 7 v mu* tak5 by ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 & x became ! f\ndation ( all _! education4 ,greek ?\ght1 z always1 inspir$ its /ud5ts to high] ?+s4 ,soon ev]y:]e 9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,caliphs1 philosophy1 sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 & education n\ri%$4 ,m$ic9e 0 tak5 up ) ! o!r sci5ces & cultivat$ assidu\sly4 ,fre9d1 9 8 ,hi/oria ,m$ic91 says t ! writ+s ( ! old ,greeks :i* treat$ ( m$ic9e 7 sav$ f de/ruction ) ! o!r books at ,alex&ria1 = ! desire ( heal? did n h less /r5g? among ! ,arabs ?an among o!r nations4 ,s9ce ^! books taught !m h[ to pres]ve heal?1 & 7 n o!rwise contr>y to ! laws ( ! ,prophet1 t s]v$ to br+ ab\t _! pres]vation4 ,fre9d also calls att5tion to ! fact t gramm>s & books :i* treat$ ( ! sci5ce ( language 7 likewise sav$ f de/ruction4 ,besides ! libr>y1 ! ,arabs1 aft] _! conque/ ( ,alex&ria 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 came "u ! influ5ce ( ! univ]sity /ill 9 exi/5ce !re4 ,9 ! ,we/1 9 ,spa91 ! ,arabs enjoy$ ! same advantages z reg>ds contact ) culture & education z _! conque/ ( ! ,ea/]n cities & ,alex&ria br\ght !m 9 ! ,ea/4 ,:ile x is n g5]ally realiz$1 ,spa9 01 z we h po9t$ out1 ! prov9ce ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! ,we/ t advanc$ mo/ 9 culture be=e ! break+ up ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,silv] ,age ( ,lat9 lit]ature owes all ( its g5iuses to ,spa94 ,lucan1 ! ,s5ecas1 ,m>tial1 ,qu9tilian1 are all ,spani>ds4 ,spa9 itself 0 a mo/ fl\ri%+ prov9ce1 & "u ! ,spani% ,cs>s1 f ! end ( ! fir/ to ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury1 increas$ rapidly 9 population4 ,spa9 0 ! lead] 9 ^! prosp]\s times1 & ! tradition ( culture ma9ta9$ itself4 ,:5 ,spa9 became ,*ri/ian ! fir/ great ,*ri/ian poet1 ,prud5tius1 born ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 came f !re4 ,he has be5 call$ ! ,horace & ,virgil ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! com+ d[n ( ! b>b>ians f ! ,nor? di/urb$ ,spa9's prosp]ity & ! peace & culture ( h] inhabitants1 b x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! fir/ m$ieval popul>ization ( sci5ce1 a sort ( encyclop$ia ( k1 ! fir/ ( its k9d aft] t ( ,pl9y 9 ! classical p]iod1 came f ,/4 ,isidore ( ,seville1 a ,spani% bi%op4 ,!re has be5 consid]able t5d5cy to insi/ t ,spani% culture & intellectuality owe ne>ly all to ! pres5ce ( ! ,moors 9 ,spa94 ,?is c only be urg$1 h[ev]1 by ^? :o "k no?+ at all ( ! ,spani% ,cs>s1 ! place ( ,spa9 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,empire1 & ! cont9uance ( ! culture t !n rea*$ a climax ( expression dur+ succe$+ c5turies4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,moors :o came to ,spa9 owe mo/ ( _! t5d5cy to devote !mselves to culture & education to ! /ate ( affairs exi/5t 9 ,spa9 :5 !y came4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y rais$ /&>ds ( education & ( culture above ! level to :i* !y _h sunk "u ! weight ( ! invad+ b>b>ians f ! ,nor?1 & ,spa9 owes mu* to ! wise rul+ & devotion to ! intellectual life ( h] ,moori% invad]s4 ,all ! factors1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 toge!r 9 ord] to appreciate prop]ly ! conditions :i* develop$ "u ! ,arabs 9 bo? ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,! ,arabs inv5t$ little t 0 new 9 sci5ce or philosophy2 !y m]ely c>ri$ on old] traditions4 ,x is = t t ! mod]n "t owes !m a great debt ( gratitude4 ,,rhazes ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,arabian physicians 0 ! man ^: r l5g?y ,arabian "n1 beg9n+ ) ,abu ,bekr ,mohamm$1 f9i%$ ) el-,razi1 & :o has h5ce be5 usually ref]r$ to 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e z ,rhazes4 ,he 0 born ab\t #hej at ,raj1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,*orasan 9 ,p]sia4 ,he seems to h _h a lib]al e>ly education 9 philosophy & 9 philology & lit]ature4 ,he did n take up m$ic9e until lat] 9 life1 &1 accord+ to tradition1 support$ himself z a s+] until he 0 ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,!n he devot$ himself to m$ical /udies ) ! ardor & ! success s (t5 not$ 9 ^? ^: opportunity to /udy m$ic9e has be5 delay$4 ,8 /udies 7 made at ,bagdad1 :]e ,ibn ,ze9 el-,tab]i 0 8 tea*]4 ,he return$ to 8 native t[n & 0 = "s "t ! head ( ! hospital !re4 ,lat] he 0 call$ by ! ,sultan to ,bagdad to take *>ge ( ! r5ovat$ & enl>g$ hospital ( ! capital4 ,8 m$ical c>e]1 !n1 is n unlike t ( _m ano!r successful physician1 especially ( ! mod]n "t4 ,at ,bagdad he _h abundant opportunities = /udy1 & ! ambition to make m$ic9e z well z to make money & ga9 fame4 ,8 /udies 9 sci5ce 7 all f\nd$ on ,ari/otle4 ,?\gh he 0 call$ ! ,gal5 ( 8 "t1 & look$ up to ! ,greek physician z 8 ma/]1 ev5 ! au?ority ( ,gal5 did n ov]ride t ( ! ,/agirite 9 8 e/imation4 ,"o ( 8 aphorisms is said to h be51 ,if ,gal5 & ,ari/otle are ( "o m9d on a subject1 !n surely _! op9ion is true4 ,:5 !y diff]1 h[ev]1 x is extremely difficult = ! s*ol> to decide :i* op9ion %\ld be accept$4 ,he drew _m pupils to ,bagdad1 &1 :5 "o kn[s 8 tea*+1 ?is is n surpris+4 ,"s ( 8 aphorisms are v practical4 ,:ile ! expressions j quot$ ) reg>d to ,gal5 & ,ari/otle might seem to indicate t ,rhazes 0 absolutely w$d$ to au?ority1 !re is ano!r well-kn[n maxim ( 8 :i* %[s h[ mu* he ?\ght ( ! value ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,tru? 9 m$ic9e1 he said1 is a goal :i* _c be absolutely rea*$1 & ! art ( heal+1 z x is describ$ 9 books1 is f> b5ea? ! practical exp]i5ce ( a skilful1 ?\ghtful physician4 ,"s ( 8 o!r m$ical aphorisms are wor? not+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a disease *oose su* rem$ies z w n less5 ! pati5t's /r5g?4 ,:5 y c heal by diet1 prescribe no o!r rem$y1 &1 :]e simple rem$ies suffice1 d n take complicat$ ones4 ,rhazes knew well ! value ( ! influ5ce ( m9d ov] body ev5 9 s]i\s organic disease1 & ev5 ?\gh dea? seem$ imp5d+4 ,"o ( 8 aphorisms is3 ,physicians ought to console _! pati5ts ev5 if ! signs ( imp5d+ dea? seem to be pres5t4 ,= ! bodies ( m5 are dep5d5t on _! spirits4 ,he consid]$ t ! mo/ valuable ?+ = ! physician to d 0 to increase ! pati5t's natural vitality4 ,h5ce 8 advice3 ,9 treat+ a pati5t1 let y\r fir/ ?\ght be to /r5g!n 8 natural vitality4 ,if y /r5g!n t1 y remove ev] s _m ills )\t m ado4 ,if y weak5 x1 h[ev]1 by ! rem$ies t y use y always "w h>m4 ,! simpl] ! means by :i* ! pati5t's cure c be br\ght ab\t1 ! bett] 9 8 op9ion4 ,he insi/s aga9 & aga9 on diet r ?an artificial rem$ies4 ,x is good = ! physician t he %\ld be able to cure disease by means ( diet1 if possible1 r ?an by means ( m$ic9e4 ,ano!r ( 8 aphorisms seems wor? :ile quot+3 ,! pati5t :o consults a great _m physicians is likely to h a v confus$ /ate ( m9d4 ,"s idea ( ,rhazes' /r5u\s activity z a writ] on m$ical subjects may be obta9$ f ! fact t ?irty-six ( 8 works are /ill extant1 & !re are ne>ly two hundr$ o!rs ( :i* only ! titles h be5 pres]v$4 ,"s ( ^! are d\btless ! works ( pupils & /ud5ts ( succe$+ g5]ations1 publi%$ "u 8 "n to attract att5tion4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,cont95s1 or ,compreh5sor1 :i* owes its title to ! fact t x 0 meant to conta9 ! :ole practice ( m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,x includes ref]5ces to ! writ+s ( all previ\s di/+ui%$ m$ical writ]s1 f ,hippocrates to ,hone9 ,b5 ,i%ac1 also kn[n z ,johannitius1 a ,*ri/ian ,arabian physician1 "o ( ,rhazes' tea*]s4 ,! mo/ frequ5tly quot$ ( ^! au?orities are ,gal51 ,oribasius1 ,atius1 & ,paul ( g9a4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is n made up entirely ( quotations1 b conta9s _m obs]vations made by ! au?or himself4 ,gurlt says t ! f\ndation ( ! !oretic m$ic9e ( ,rhazes is ! sy/em ( ,gal51 :ile 9 practice he seems to cl+ m to ! aphorisms ( ,hippocrates4 ,he has _m practical po9ts :i* %[ t he ?\ght = himself4 ,= in/ance1 9 w\nds ( ! abdom51 if ! inte/9es are extrud$ & _c be replac$1 he sugge/s ! susp5sion ( ! pati5t by 8 h&s & feet 9 a ba? 9 ord] to facilitate _! return4 ,if !y d n g back readily1 compresses dipp$ 9 w>m w9e %\ld be us$4 ,canc] he decl>es to be almo/ incurable4 ,he has mu* to say ab\t ! bites ( animals & _! t5d5cy to be poison\s1 knew rabies v well1 & knew also t ! bites ( m5 might h simil> s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,x is impossible to give any adequate idea ( ! ?or\ghly practical "* ( ,rhazes' m$ical writ+ 9 a few l9es1 b x may suffice to say t !re is sc>cely any feature ( mod]n m$ic9e & surg]y t he does n t\*1 & (t5] ?an n 8 t\* is sure & rational & frequ5tly mu* bett] ?an ! advice ( successors long aft] him 9 ! same matt]s4 ,an example or two w suffice to illu/rate ?is4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( nasal polyps he says t :5ev] drug treatm5t ( ^! is n successful1 !y %\ld be remov$ ) a sn>e made ( hair4 ,= fall ( ! uvula he sugge/s g>gles1 b :5 ^! fail he advises resection & caut]ization4 ,among ! affections ( ! tongue he numb]s abscess1 fissure1 ulc]1 canc]1 ranula1 %ort5+ ( ! ligam5ts1 hyp]trophy1 ery!ma ( ! muc\s membrane1 & inflammatory swell+4 ,9 g5]al 8 treatm5t ( ! upp] respiratory tract is mu* f>!r advanc$ ?an we might ?9k possible at ?is "t4 ,he advises tra*eotomy :5ev] !re is great difficulty ( respiration1 & describes h[ x %\ld be done4 ,aft] ! dyspnea has pass$ ! edges ( ! w\nd %\ld be br\ght toge!r ) sutures4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d t ! treatm5t ( fractures & luxations is em95tly practical1 &1 inde$1 on any subject t he t\*es he ?r[s practical light4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 edition ( ! works ( ,ambroise ,p>1 ,malgaigne says t ! fir/ ref]5ce to a metal b& 9 connection ) trusses is to be f\nd 9 ,rhazes4 ,h]nia 01 ( c\rse1 "o ( ! s]i\s ailm5ts t1 because ( its sup]ficial "*1 0 r well und]/ood1 & s x is n surpris+ to f9d t mu* ( our mod]n treatm5t ( x 0 anticipat$4 ,! manipulations = taxis1 ! use ( a w>m ba? = ! relaxation ( ! pati5t by means ( heat & by putt+ ! head & feet high] ?an ! abdom5 :ile 9 ! ba?1 & ! employm5t ( v>i\s k9ds ( trusses to prev5t /rangulation ( ! h]nia recur ov] & ov] aga91 9 ! au?ors ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,_m ( ! sugge/ions are to be f\nd 9 ! e>ly ,greek au?ors1 b subsequ5t writ]s give a c]ta9 p]sonal expression to !m :i* %[s h[ mu* !y _h le>n$ by p]sonal obs]vation 9 ! employm5t ( v>i\s me?ods4 ,pagel1 9 ,pus*mann's ,h&book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 decl>es t ,rhazes' mo/ important "w = pure m$ic9e is 8 monograph on smallpox4 ,its pr9cipal value is due to ! fact t1 ?\gh he has consult$ old au?orities c>efully1 8 discussion ( ! disease is f\nd$ almo/ entirely on 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,8 description ( ! v>i\s /ages ( ! disease1 ( ! =ms ( ! eruption1 & ( ! diff]5tial diagnosis1 is v accurate4 ,he comp>es ! c\rse ( ! fev] ) t ( o!r fev]s1 & br+s out exactly :at con/itutes ! disease4 ,8 sugge/ions z to prognosis are excell5t4 ,^? cases1 he decl>es1 are p>ticul>ly s]i\s 9 :i* ! eruption takes on a d>k1 or gre5i%1 or violet color4 ,! prognosis is also unfavorable = ^? cases :i*1 hav+ consid]able fev]1 h only a slight am\nt ( ra%4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! disease 9 "y p]sons 0 by v5esection & cool d\*es4 ,cold wat] & acid dr9ks %\ld be adm9i/]$ freely1 s t sweat & o!r excretions may c>ry (f poison\s mat]ials4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to wat* ! pulse1 ! brea?+1 ! appe>ance ( ! feet1 ! evacuations f ! b[els1 & to modify !rapy 9 accordance ) ^! indications4 ,! eruption is to be enc\rag$ by ext]nal w>m? & special c>e mu/ be tak5 ) reg>d to complications 9 ! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! nose1 ! m\?1 & ! ph>ynx4 ,a fact t w1 p]haps1 give ! be/ idea to mod]n read]s ( ! place ( ,rhazes 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e is t ,vesalius consid]$ x wor? 8 :ile to make a translation ( 8 pr9cipal "w4 ,un=tunately t translation has n come d[n to u4 ,:5 ,vesalius1 pe/]$ by ! controv]sies t _h come ^u him because ( 8 v5tur+ to make 8 obs]vations = himself1 accept$ ! po/ ( physician to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 he burnt a numb] ( 8 manuscripts4 ,among ^! 7 8 translation ( ,rhazes & "s annotations on ,gal51 :i*1 z he says himself1 _h gr[n into a huge volume4 ,! ,gal5i/s 7 bitt]ly decry+ 8 refusal to accept ,gal5 on _m po9ts1 & bo? ( ^! works w\ld h add$ fuel to ! flame ( controv]sy4 ,he deem$ x wis]1 !n1 n to give any fur!r opportunities = rancor\s criticism1 &1 feel+ presumably t 9 8 new & important po/ x 0 n wor? :ile to bo!r fur!r ov] ! matt]1 he burnt !m4 ,he tells ! reason 9 8 lett]s to ,joa*9 ,roelant3 ,:5 ,i 0 ab\t to leave ,italy to g to ,c\rt1 s9ce a numb] ( ! physicians :om y "k _h made ! wor/ k9d ( c5sure ( my books1 bo? to ! ,emp]or himself1 & to o!r rul]s1 ,i burn$ all ! manuscripts t 7 left1 al?\gh ,i _h nev] suff]$ a mom5t "u ! displeasure ( ! ,emp]or because ( ^! compla9ts1 & 9 spite ( ! fact t a numb] ( fri5ds :o 7 pres5t urg$ me n to de/roy !m4 ,vesalius' translation ( ,rhazes 0 probably und]tak5 because he recogniz$ 9 him a k9dr$ _s ( orig9al inve/igation & inquiry1 ^: "w1 because x 0 _m c5turies old1 w\ld comm& ! weight ( an au?ority & at ! same "t help 9 ! controv]sy ov] ,gal5ic que/ions4 ,?is1 ( itself1 w\ld be q en\gh to make ! reputation ( ,rhazes1 ev5 if we did n "k f ! writ+s !mselves & f ! admiration ( _m di/+ui%$ m5 z well z ! inc5tive t 8 works h s (t5 prov$ to orig9al obs]vation1 t he is an important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( obs]v]s 9 m$ic9e1 :o1 ?\gh we w\ld naturally expect !m to be s frequ5t1 are really s r>e4 ,,ali ,,abbas ,rhazes liv$ well on into ! t5? c5tury4 ,8 successor 9 pre/ige1 ?\gh n 8 s]i\s rival1 0 ,ali ,b5 el-,abbas1 usually spok5 ( 9 m$ical lit]ature z ,ali ,abbas1 a di/+ui%$ ,arabian physician :o di$ ne> ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,he wrote a book on m$ic9e :i*1 because ( its d$ication to ! ,sultan1 to :om he 0 body-physician1 is kn[n z ! ,lib] ,regius1 or ,royal ,book ( ,m$ic9e4 ,?is became ! lead+ text-book ( m$ic9e = ! ,arabs until replac$ by ! ,canon ( ,avic5na "s two c5turies lat]4 ,! ,lib] ,regius 0 an extremely practical "w &1 l mo/ ( ! ,arabian books ( ! e>ly times1 is simple & direct1 q )\t _m ( ! objectionable features t develop$ lat] 9 ,arabian m$ic9e4 ,x is valuable ma9ly = its contributions to diet & ! fact t ,ali ,abbas te/$ _m ( 8 m$ic9es on ail+ animals be=e apply+ !m to m54 ,( c\rse1 x owes mu* to e>li] writ]s on m$ic9e1 & especially to ,paul ( g9a4 ,an example ( its practical value is to be f\nd 9 8 description ( ! treatm5t ( a w\nd ( ! bra*ial art]y1 :51 z happ5$ (t5 9 v5esection f ! m$ian basilic ve91 x 0 injur$ ?r\gh c>elessness or inadv]t5ce4 ,if a/r+5t or caut]iz+ me?ods d n /op ! ble$+1 ! art]y %\ld be expos$1 c>efully isolat$1 ti$ 9 two places above & bel[ ! w\nd1 & !n cut across betwe5 !m4 ,he has _m simil> practical bits ( te*nique4 ,= in/ance1 9 pull+ a back too? he recomm5ds t ! gums be incis$ s z to loos5 !m ar\nd ! roots1 & !n ! too? itself may be drawn ) a special =ceps :i* he calls a mol> =ceps4 ,9 ascites he recomm5ds t :5 o!r means fail an op5+ %\ld be made ?ree f+]-bread?s bel[ ! navel ) a po9t$ phlebotomy knife1 & a portion ( ! fluid all[$ to evacuate itself4 ,a tube %\ld !n be ins]t$1 b clos$4 ,! next day m ( ! fluid %\ld be all[$ to come away1 & !n ! tube remov$ & ! abdom5 wrapp$ ) a firm b&age4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ,ali ,abbas' book %\ld h be5 popul>1 & ! m we "k ( x ! easi] x is to expla9 :y ,con/ant9e ,africanus %\ld h select$ x = translation4 ,x conta9s t5 !oretic & t5 practical books1 & gives an excell5t idea ( ! m$ical k & m$ical practice ( ! "t4 ,probably ! fact t ,con/ant9e _h translat$ x l$ to its e>ly pr9t+1 s t we h an edition ( x publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #adib1 & ano!r at ,lyons 9 #aebc4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! book 0 (t5 spok5 ( z ,regalis ,dispositio1 ! ,royal ,disposition ( ,m$ic9e4 ,,moori% ,,physicians ,aft] ,rhazes1 ! mo/ important contributors to m$ical lit]ature f among ! ,arabs1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,avic5na1 7 born 9 ,spa94 ,!y are ,albucasis or ,abulcasis1 ! surgeon2 ,av5zo>1 ! physician1 & ,av]ros1 ! philosophic !ori/ 9 m$ic9e4 ,besides1 x may be recall$ "h t ,maimonides1 ! great ,jewi% physician1 0 born & educat$ at ,cordova1 9 ,spa94 ,x might v well be a surprise t ^! di/+ui%$ m5 among ! ,arabs %\ld h fl\ri%$ 9 ,spa91 s f> f ! orig9al seat ( ,arabian & ,mohamm$an dom9ion 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e1 ow+ to conditions 9 ! mod]n "t1 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w p>ticul>ly is n likely to assume t ! environm5t 0 favorable = ! developm5t ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,anyone :o recalls1 h[ev]1 ! hi/ory ( ,spani% intellectual influ5ce 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 z we h trac$ x at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 w appreciate h[ favorable conditions 7 9 ,spa9 = ! fo/]+ ( intellectual developm5t4 ,) ! di/urbances t _h come f political /rife & ! invasion ( ! b>b>ians 9 ,italy1 ,spa9 _h und\bt$ly come to hold ! primacy 9 ! intellectual life ( ,europe at ! "t :5 ! ,arabs took possession ( ! p59sula4 ,,abulcasis ,! mo/ important ( ! ,arabian surgeons ( ! ,middle ,ages is ,albucasis or ,abulcasis1 also ,abulkasim1 :o 0 born ne> ,cordova1 9 ,spa94 ,! exact ye> ( 8 bir? is n kn[n1 b he fl\ri%$ 9 ! second half ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,he is said to h liv$ to ! age ( #aja4 ,! "n ( 8 pr9cipal "w1 :i* embraces ! :ole ( m$ic9e1 is ,altasrif1 or ,tesrif1 :i* has be5 translat$ ,! ,miscellany4 ,mo/ ( :at he has to say ab\t m$ical matt]s is tak5 f ,rhazes4 ,8 "w on surg]y1 h[ev]1 9 ?ree books1 repres5ts 8 special contribution to ! m$ical sci5ces4 ,x conta9s a numb] ( illu/rations ( in/rum5ts1 & is ! fir/ illu/rat$ m$ical book t has come to u4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,lat91 & 0 /udi$ v fai?fully by all ! surgeons ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,guy de ,*auliac has quot$ ,albucasis ab\t two hundr$ times 9 8 ,*irurgia ,magna4 ,ev5 z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,fabricius de ,acquap5d5te1 ! tea*] ( ,h>vey1 confess$ t he ow$ mo/ to ?ree great m$ical writ]s1 ,celsus 7fir/ c5tury71 ,paul ( g9a 7sev5? c5tury71 & ,abulcasis 7t5? c5tury74 ,abulcasis insi/$ t = successful surg]y a detail$ k ( anatomy 01 above all1 necess>y4 ,he said t ! reason :y surg]y _h decl9$ 9 8 day 0 t physicians did n "k _! anatomy4 ,! art ( m$ic9e1 he add$ fur!r1 requir$ mu* "t4 ,un=tunately1 to quote ,hippocrates1 !re are _m :o are physicians 9 "n only1 & n 9 fact1 especially 9 :at reg>ds surg]y4 ,he gives "s examples ( surgical mi/akes made by 8 pr(essional bre?r5 t 7 p>ticul>ly call$ to 8 att5tion4 ,!y are ! p]5nially famili> in/ances ( ignorance caus+ dea? because surgeons 7 tempt$ to op]ate too ext5sively4 ,8 description ( ! proc$ure necess>y to /op an art]y f ble$+ is an int]e/+ example ( 8 me?od ( tea*+ ! practical te*nique ( surg]y4 ,apply ! f+] promptly ^u ! op5+ ( ! vessel & press until ! blood is arre/$4 ,hav+ heat$ a caut]y ( ! appropriate size1 take ! f+] away rapidly & t\* ! caut]y at once to ! end ( ! art]y until ! blood /ops4 ,if ! spurt+ blood %\ld cool ! caut]y1 take ano!r4 ,!re %\ld be sev]al ready = ! purpose4 ,take c>e1 he says1 n to caut]ize ! n]ves 9 ! neighborhood1 = ?is w add a new ailm5t to ! pati5t's affection4 ,!re are only f\r ways ( arre/+ art]ial hemorrhage4 ,fir/1 by caut]y2 second1 by division ( ! art]y1 :5 t is n complete--= !n ! extremities contract & ! blood clots--or by a ligature1 or by ! application ( sub/ances :i* arre/ blood fl[1 aid$ by a compressive b&age4 ,o!r means are ineffici5t1 & seldom &1 at mo/1 accid5tally successful4 ,8 in/ruction = fir/ aid to ! injur$ 9 case ( hemorrhage 9 ! abs5ce ( ! physician1 is to apply pressure directly ^u ! w\nd itself4 ,! developm5t ( ! surgical specialties among ! ,arabs is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,abulcasis has mu* to say ab\t nasal polyps4 ,he divid$ !m into ?ree classes3 7#a7 canc]\s1 7#b7 ^? ) a numb] ( feet1 & 7#c7 ^? t are s(t & n liv+1--^! latt]1 he says1 are nei!r malignant nor difficult to treat4 ,he recomm5ds ! use ( a hook = _! removal1 or a sn>e = ^? t _c be remov$ ) t in/rum5t4 ,8 in/ructions = ! removal ( objects f ! ext]nal e> are int]e/+ly practical4 ,he advises ! use ( bird lime on ! end ( a s\nd to :i* objects w cl+1 or1 :]e !y are small]1 suction ?r\gh a silv] or copp] canula4 ,hooks & p9cettes are also sugge/$4 ,insects %\ld be remov$ ) a hook1 or ) a canula1 or1 hav+ be5 kill$ by w>m oil1 remov$ by means ( a syr+e4 ,"s ( 8 obs]vations ) reg>d to g5ito-ur9>y surg]y are q z int]e/+4 ,he ev5 treat$ cong5ital anomalies4 ,he sugge/s cutt+ ( ! meatus :5 n>r[$1 dilatation ( /rictures ) lead s\nds1 & ev5 sugge/s plans ( op]ations to improve ! condition 9 hypospadias4 ,he gives ! signs = diff]5tiation betwe5 epi!liomata & condylomata1 & di/+ui%es v>i\s =ms ( ulc]ation ( ! p5is4 ,abulcasis discusses v>icose ve9s 9 v mu* ! same _s z a mod]n surgeon does4 ,!y occur p>ticul>ly 9 p :o "w mu* on _! feet1 & especially :o h to c>ry heavy burd5s4 ,!y %\ld n be op]at$ on unless !y produce great discom=t1 & make x impossible = ! suff]] to make 8 liv+4 ,!y may be op]at$ on by means ( incision or extirpation4 ,incision consi/s ( cutt+ ! ve9s at two or ?ree places :5 !y h be5 made prom95t by means ( tight b&ages ar\nd ! limb4 ,! blood %\ld be all[$ to fl[ freely out ( ! cut ends1 & !n a b&age appli$4 ,= extirpation1 ! sk9 hav+ be5 %av$ be=eh&1 ! ve9 %\ld be made prom95t1 & !n c>efully laid b>e4 ,:5 fre$ f all adhesions1 x %\ld be lift$ out on a hook1 & ei!r completely extirpat$ or sev]al r long pieces remov$4 ,he lays a good deal ( /ress on ! necessity = free+ ! ve9 ?or\ghly & lift+ x well out ( tissues be=e incis+ x4 ,9 old cases special c>e mu/ be tak5 n to te> ! ve94 ,m9ute details ( te*nique are (t5 f\nd 9 ^! old au?ors4 ,abulcasis1 = in/ance1 treats ( adh]5t f+]s ) up-to-date complet5ess4 ,!y c occur ei!r cong5itally or f injury1 z1 = in/ance1 burn+4 ,!y %\ld be sep>at$1 & !n sep>ation ma9ta9$ by means ( b&ages or by ! ins]tion betwe5 !m ( a ?9 lead plate1 :i* prev5ts _! readhesion4 ,adhesions ( ! f+]s ) ! palm ( ! h&1 :i* ,abulcasis has also se51 %\ld be treat$ ! same way4 ,at times !re is surprise at f9d+ "s r>e lesion treat$ ) mod]n te*nique1 & a h9t at lea/ ( our mod]n app>atus4 ,fracture ( ! pubic ar*1 = in/ance1 is describ$ 9 ,abulcasis q z if he _h _h def9ite exp]i5ce ) x4 ,:5 ?is occurs 9 a woman1 ! reposition ( ! bone is (t5 greatly facilitat$ by a cotton tampon 9 ! vag9a4 ,?is tampon mu/ be remov$ at e ur9ation4 ,!re is ano!r way1 h[ev]1 ( bett] secur+ ! same purpose ( c\nt]pressure4 ,"o may take a %eep's bladd] into ! orifice ( :i* a tube is fa/5$4 ,"o %\ld introduce ! bladd] into ! vag9a1 & !n bl[ /rongly ?r\gh ! tube1 until ! bladd] becomes swoll5 & fills up ! vag9al cavity4 ,! fracture w1 z a rule1 !n be readily r$uc$4 ,"h is1 ( c\rse1 n alone ! fir/ h9t ( ! colpeurynt]1 b a v practical =m ( ! app>atus complete4 ,old-"t physicians us$ ! bladd]s ( animals v g5]ally = ne>ly all ! m$ical purposes = :i* we n[ use rubb] bags4 ,,avic5na ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ important ( ,abulcasis' contempor>ies is ! fam\s physician ^: ,arabic "n1 ,ibn ,s9a1 0 trans=m$ into ,avic5na4 ,he 0 born t[>d ! end ( ! t5? c5tury 9 ! ,p]sian prov9ce ( ,*orasan1 at ! height ( ,arabian influ5ce1 & is sometimes spok5 ( z ! *ief repres5tative ( ,arabian m$ic9e1 ( z mu* importance = x z ,gal5 = lat] ,greek m$ic9e4 ,8 pr9cipal book is ! s-call$ ,canon4 ,x replac$ ! comp5dium ,cont95s ( ,rhazes1 &1 9 ! ,ea/1 cont9u$ until ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury to be look$ ^u z ! mo/ complete & be/ sy/em ( m$ic9e4 ,avic5na came to be bett] kn[n 9 ! ,we/ ?an any ( ! o!r ,arabian writ]s1 & 8 "n c>ri$ great weight ) x4 ,!re are v few subjects 9 m$ic9e t did n receive sugge/ive1 if n always adequate1 treatm5t at ! h&s ( ?is great ,arabian m$ical ?9k] ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he copi$ freely f 8 pr$ecessors1 b complet$ _! "w ) 8 own obs]vations & conclusions4 ,"o ( 8 *apt]s is devot$ to leprosy alone4 ,he has def9ite in=mation ) reg>d to bubonic plague & ! fil>ia m$95sis4 ,"h & !re "o f9ds /rik+ anticipations ( :at are suppos$ to be mod]n obs]vations4 ,no?+ 0 too small = 8 notice4 ,"o portion ( ! f\r? book is on cosmetics1 9 :i* he treats ! affections ( ! hair & ( ! nails4 ,he has special *apt]s ) reg>d to obesity1 emaciation1 & g5]al con/itutional conditions4 ,8 book1 ! ,antidot>ium1 is ! f\ndation ( our k ( ! drug-giv+ ( 8 "t4 ,"s idea ( ! popul>ity & influ5ce ( ,avic5na1 five c5turies aft] 8 "t1 c be readily d]iv$ f ! numb] ( comm5t>ies on him issu$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance p]iod by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m$ical s*ol>s & writ]s ( t "t4 ,hyrtl1 9 8 ,das ,arabis*e und ,hebris*e 9 d] ,anatomie1 quotes "s ( !m1--,b>?olomu de ,v>ignana1 ,g5tilis de ,fulg9eis1 ,jacobus de ,p>tibus1 ,didacus ,lopez1 ,jacobus de ,=livio1 ,ugo ,s5esis1 ,d9us de ,g>bo1 ,mat?u de ,gradibus1 ,nicolaus ,leonic5us1 ,?addu ,flor5t9us1 ,galeatus de ,sancta ,sophia4 ,a m complete li/1 ) ! titles ( ! books1 may be f\nd 9 ,hall]'s ,biblio!ca ,anatomica4 ,= ov] ?ree c5turies aft] ! f\ndation ( m$ical s*ools 9 ,europe 7& ev5 aft] ,mond9o's book _h be5 widely di/ribut$71 ,avic5na 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( all ^? :o _h an en?usiasm = m$ical sci5ce4 ,,av5zo> ,ano!r ( ! di/+ui%$ ,arabian physicians 0 ,av5zo>--! trans=mation ( 8 ,arabic family "n1 ,ibn-,zohr4 ,he 0 probably born 9 ,p5aflor1 n f> f ,seville4 ,he di$ 9 ,seville 9 #aafb at ! age1 x is said1 ( n9ety-two ye>s4 ,he 0 ! son ( a physician desc5d$ f a family ( s*ol>s1 juri/s1 physicians1 & (ficials4 ,he receiv$ ! be/ education ( ! "t n only 9 int]nal m$ic9e1 b 9 all ! specialties1 & mu/ be c\nt$ among ! greate/ ( ! ,spani% ,arabian physicians4 ,he 0 ! tea*] ( ,av]ros1 :o always speaks ( him ) great respect4 ,he is int]e/+ z probably be+ ! fir/ to sugge/ nutrition p] rectum4 ,a few words ( 8 description %[ h[ well he knew ! te*nique4 ,8 app>atus = ! purpose consi/$ ( ! bladd] ( a goat or "s simil> animal /ructure1 ) a silv] canula fa/5$ into its neck1 to be us$ ab\t z we use a f\nta9 syr+e4 ,hav+ fir/ c>efully wa%$ out ! rectum ) cleans+ & purify+ cly/]s1 he inject$ ! nutrim5t--eggs1 milk1 & gruels--into ! gut4 ,8 idea 0 t ! inte/9e w\ld take ?is1 &1 z he said1 suck x up1 c>ry+ x back to ! /oma*1 :]e x w\ld be dige/$4 ,he 0 sure t he _h se5 8 pati5ts b5efit$ by x4 ,"s light on 8 /udies ( cases t w\ld require su* treatm5t may be obta9$ f :at he has to say ab\t ! h&l+ ( a case ( /ricture ( ! esophagus4 ,he says t ?is beg9s ) "s discom=t1 & !n "s difficulty ( swall[+1 :i* is gradually & cont9u\sly increas$ until f9ally !re comes complete impossibility ( swall[+4 ,x 0 9 ^! cases t he sugge/$ rectal alim5tation1 b he w5t f>!r ?an ?is1 & treat$ ! /ricture ( ! esophagus itself4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is treatm5t is t a canula ( silv] or t9 %\ld be ins]t$ ?r\gh ! m\? & pu%$ d[n ! ?roat till its head meets an ob/ruction1 always be+ )drawn :5 !re is a vomit+ movem5t1 until x becomes engag$ 9 ! /ricture4 ,!n fre%ly milk$ milk1 or gruel made f f>9a or b>ley1 %\ld be p\r$ ?r\gh x4 ,he says t 9 ^! cases ! pati5t might be put 9 a w>m milk or gruel ba?1 s9ce !re are "s physicians :o believe t ?r\gh ! l[] p>ts ( ! body1 & also ?r\gh ! pores ( ! :ole body1 nutrition might be tak5 up4 ,:ile he consid]s t ?is latt] me?od %\ld be tri$ 9 suitable cases1 he has n v mu* fai? 9 x1 & says t ! reasons urg$ = x are weak & r frivol\s4 ,x is easy to und]/& t a man :o has rea*$ ! place 9 m$ic9e :]e he c recomm5d manipulative treatm5ts ( ?is k9d1 & discuss nutritional modes s rationally1 knew 8 practical m$ic9e well1 & wrote ( x judici\sly4 ,,av]ro,s ,among ! di/+ui%$ contributors to m$ic9e at ?is "t1 ?\gh m a philosoph] ?an a physician1 is ! fam\s ,av]ros1 ^: full ,arabic "n among 8 contempor>ies 0 ,abul-,welid ,mohamm$ ,b5 ,ahm$ ,ibn ,ros*d el-,maliki4 ,l ,av5zo>1 ( :om he 0 ! intimate p]sonal fri5d1 & ,abulcasis & ,maimonides1 he 0 born 9 ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,he 0 9 high favor ) ! ,k+ ( ,morocco & ( ,spa91 ,el-,mansur ,jacub1 (t5 kn[n z ,almansor1 :o made him "o ( 8 c\nsellors4 ,8 works are mu* m important = philosophy ?an = m$ic9e1 & 8 philosophical writ+s gave him a place only second to t ( ,ari/otle 9 ! ,we/]n _w dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,av]roism is /ill a subject ( at lea/ academic int]e/1 & ,r5an's monograph on x & its au?or 0 "o ( ! popul> books ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 philosophic circles4 ,9 spite ( 8 fri5d%ip ) ! ,moori% ,k+ & ) ,av5zo>1 he fell "u ! suspicion ( free ?9k+ & 0 br\ght to trial ) a numb] ( p]sonal fri5ds1 :o occupi$ high positions 9 ! ,moori% gov]nm5t4 ,he escap$ ) 8 life1 b only aft] great risks1 & he 0 bani%$ to a suburb ( ,cordova1 9 :i* only ,jews 7 all[$ to live4 ,by p]sonal influ5ce he succe$$ 9 secur+ ! p>don ( himself & fri5ds1 & !n 0 summon$ to ! c\rt ( ! son & successor ( ,el-,mansur 9 ,morocco4 ,he di$1 n long aft]1 9 #aaih4 ,altoge!r !re are "s ?irty-?ree works ( ,av]ros on philosophy & sci5ce4 ,only ?ree ( ^! are conc]n$ ) m$ic9e4 ,"o is ! ,colliget1 s-call$1 conta9+ sev5 books1 on anatomy1 physiology1 pa?ology1 diagno/ics1 mat]ia m$ica1 hygi5e1 & !rapy4 ,!n !re is a comm5t>y on ! ,cantica ( ,avic5na1 & a tractate on ! ,!riac4 ,av]ros' idea 9 writ+ ab\t m$ic9e 0 to apply 8 p>ticul> sy/em ( philosophy to m$ical sci5ce4 ,8 intimate relations ) o!r great physicians ( ! "t1 & 9 p>ticul> 8 close fri5d%ip ) ,av5zo>1 enabl$ him to get abundant m$ical in=mation 9 faultless ord] s f> z k !n w5t1 b 8 !oretic speculations1 in/ead ( help+ m$ic9e1 z he ?\ght !y w\ld1 & z philosoph]s h always be5 incl9$ to ?9k z reg>ds _! !oretic contributions1 7 n only n ( value1 b to "s ext5t at lea/ h9d]$ human progress by div]t+ m5 f ! field ( obs]vation to t ( speculation4 ,x is int]e/+ to realize t ,av]ros did 9 8 "t :at ,desc>tes did _m c5turies lat]1 & _m ano!r brilliant ?9k] has done be=e & s9ce4 ,,arabian ,,influ5ce ,! fame ( ^! great ?9k]s & writ]s 9 philosophy & 9 m$ic9e came to be kn[n n only ?r\gh ! di/ribution ( _! books long aft] _! dea?1 b dur+ _! lifetime1 & 9 imm$iately subsequ5t g5]ations1 ard5t seek]s aft] k1 :o 7 !mselves aft]w>ds to become fam\s by _! tea*+ & writ+1 f\nd _! way into ! ,arabian dom9ions 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! educational opportunities af=d$4 ,^! 7 bett] ?an !y c\ld secure at home 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 because ! process ( br++ culture & devotion to lit]ature & sci5ce into ! m9ds ( ! ,nor!rn nations1 :o _h replac$ ! old ,romans 9 ,europe1 0 n yet complet$4 ,bagdad & ,cordova 7 ! two favorite places ( educational pilgrimage4 ,! names t are mo/ famili> among ! s*ol>s 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,europe are ^? ( :om x is record$ t !y made long j\rneys 9 ord] to get 9 t\* ) :at ! ,arabs _h pres]v$ ( ! old ,greek civilization & culture4 ,among !m are su* m5 z ,mi*ael ,scot or ,scotus1 ,mat!w ,plate>ius1 :o 0 aft]w>ds a great tea*] at ,sal]no2 ,daniel ,morley1 ,adel>d ( ,ba?1 ,egidius1 o!rwise kn[n z ,gilles de ,corbeil2 ,romoaldus1 ,g]b]t ( ,auv]gne1 :o lat] became ,pope "u ! "n ( ,sylve/] ,,ii2 ,g]>d ( ,cremona1 & ! be/ kn[n ( !m all1 at lea/ 9 m$ic9e1 ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 ^: w&]+s1 h[ev]1 7 probably n limit$ to ,arabian l&s1 b :o seems also to h be5 9 ,h9du/an4 ,we are r prone to ?9k t ?is great _s ( go+ f> afield = k's sake is rec5t1 or1 at lea/1 q mod]n4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "o f9ds x ev]y:]e 9 hi/ory4 ,long be=e ,h]odotus did 8 w&]+s !re 7 _m visitors :o w5t to ,egypt1 & _m m lat] :o w5t to ,crete1 & _m m a few c5turies lat] :o w5t to ! %ores ( ,asia ,m9or seek+ = ! preci\s pe>l ( k1 & sometimes f9d+ x )\t f9d+ ! ev5 m preci\s pe>l ( wisdom1 ^: wor? is f ! f>!/ coa/s4 ,to ! ,arabs we owe ! f\ndation ( a s]ies ( in/itutions = ! high] le>n+1 l ^? :i* _h exi/$ ar\nd !m 9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ,egypt at ! "t !y made _! conque/s4 ,alex&ria1 ,p]gamos1 ,cos1 ,cnidos1 ,t>sus1 & _m o!r ,ea/]n cities _h _h :at we w\ld call at lea/ academies1 & _m ( !m des]v$ ! "n ( univ]sities4 ,! ,arabs cont9u$ ! tradition 9 education t !y f\nd1 & e/abli%$ educational in/itutions :i* attract$ wide att5tion4 ,z we h said1 ! two mo/ fam\s ( ^! 7 at ,bagdad & at ,cordova4 ,mo/ans]1 ! pr$ecessor ( ! la/ ,caliph ( ! family ( ! ,abbassides1 built a h&some palace1 9 :i* ! academy ( ,bagdad 0 h\s$4 ,x is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & gives an excell5t idea ( ! b5efic5t int]e/ ( ?is mon>* & ( o!r ( ! ,abbasside rul]s 9 education4 ,its fate at ! pres5t "t is typical ( ! attitude ( ! ,mohamm$ans t[>ds education4 ,?\gh ! build+ is /ill /&+1 ! in/itution ( le>n+ is no long] !re4 ,z ,hyrtl rem>ks1 x is n ideas t are ex*ang$ 9 x n[1 b articles ( comm]ce4 ,x has become ! *ief (fice ( ! ,turki% cu/oms dep>tm5t 9 ,bagdad4 ,^! in/itutions ( ! high] le>n+1 f\nd$ by ! ,arabs1 at fir/ z r /rict imitations ( ! museums or academies ( ,egypt & ,asia ,m9or1 gradually *ang$ _! "* "u ! ,arabs4 ,_! c\rses became mu* m =mal1 exam9ations became mu* m important4 ,s*ol>%ip 0 s\ght n s mu* = its own sake1 z because x l$ to positions 9 ! civil s]vice1 to ! favor ( pr9ces1 &1 9 g5]al1 to reputation & pecuni>y rew>d4 ,=mal te/imonials proclaim+ education1 sign$ by ! academic au?orities1 7 introduc$ & came to mean mu*4 ,lawy]s c\ld n practise )\t a lic5se1 physicians also requir$ a lic5se4 ,^! =malities 7 adopt$ by ! ,we/]n m$ieval univ]sities to a consid]able degree & h be5 p]petuat$ 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,und\bt$ly !y did mu* to hamp] real education among ! ,arabs by sett+ 9 place ( ! satisfaction ( le>n+ = its own sake & ! comm5dation ( tea*]s ! =mal recognition ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w done z recogniz$ by ! educational au?orities4 ,!re 0 always a t5d5cy among ! ,arabs to =mulate & =malize1 to ov]-sy/ematize :at !y 7 at2 to ?9k t new k c\ld be obta9$ simply by speculat+ ov] :at 0 already acquir$1 & develop+ x4 ,!re are a numb] ( comp>isons betwe5 ?is & lat] p]iods ( education t might be sugge/$ if comp>isons 7 n odi\s4 ,! influ5ce ( ,arabian m$ic9e on mod]n m$ic9e c1 p]haps1 be/ be judg$ f ! numb] ( words 9 our mod]n nom5clature1 :i*1 ?\gh be>+ ,lat9 =ms1 (t5 ) sugge/ion ( ,greek orig9s1 /ill are n d]iv$ f ! old ,lat9 or ,greek au?ors1 b repres5t ,arabic t]ms translat$ into ,lat9 dur+ ! ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,hyrtl1 )\t pret5ce ( quot+ !m all1 gives a li/ ( ^! :i* is surpris+ 9 its compreh5siv5ess4 ,= in/ance1 ! m$ia/9um1 ! sutura sagittalis1 ! scrobiculus cordis1 ! m>supium cordis1 ! *amb]s ( ! he>t1 ! velum palati1 ! tro*ant]1 ! rima glottidis1 ! fontanelles1 ! al ( ! nose1 all h _! pres5t names1 n f orig9al ,lat9 expressions1 b f ! translation ( ,arabic t]ms4 ,= all su* words ! ,greeks & ,romans h q o!r expressions1 9 :i* ! s5se ( our mod]n t]ms is n conta9$4 ,?is has giv5 rise to _m misund]/&+s1 & to _m attempts 9 ! mod]n times to return to ! classic t]m9ology r ?an pres]ve :at 9 _m cases are ! b>b>isms introduc$ ?r\gh ! ,arabic1 b x is d\btful :e!r any compreh5sive re=m 9 ! matt] c be effect$1 s /rongly entr5*$ 9 m$ical usage h ^! t]ms n[ become4 ,fre9d1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 already cit$1 calls att5tion to ! fact t ! ,arabs _h an un=tunate t5d5cy to *ange by addition or subtraction ( _! own views ! au?ors t !y /udi$1 & wi%$ to translate to o!rs4 ,?is seems to h be5 true ev5 ( "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( !m4 ,( c\rse1 ! idea ( pres]v+ an au?or's text unt\*$1 & mak+ x cle> j :]e note & comm5t>y came 91 _h n yet come to m5's view1 b q ap>t f ?is ! ,arabs app>5tly (t5 tri$ to ga9 acceptance = _! own ideas by hav+ !m masqu]ade z ! suppos$ ideas ( favorite classic au?ors4 ,ano!r un=tunate t5d5cy among ! ,arabs 0 _! lik+ = ! discussion ( _m trivial que/ions4 ,hyrtl1 9 8 volume on ,arabian & ,hebrew ,words 9 ,anatomy1#f decl>es t x is almo/ incr$ible h[ e>ne/ly "s trivial que/ions 9 anatomy & physiology 7 discuss$ by ! ,arabs4 ,he gives "s examples4 ,:y does no hair gr[ on ! nose ( m58 ,:y does ! /oma* n lie beh9d ! m\?8 ,:y does ! w9dpipe n lie beh9d ! esophagus8 ,:y are ! brea/s n on ! abdom58 ,:y are n ! calves on ! ant]ior portion ( ! legs8 ,ev5 su* m5 z ,rhazes & ,avic5na discuss su* que/ions4 ,x 0 ?is t5d5cy ( ! ,arabs t pass$ ov] to ! ,we/]n ,europeans ) ,arabian comm5t>ies on philosophy & sci5ce1 & br\ght s _m simil> discussions 9 ! s*ola/ic p]iod4 ,^! trivialities h usually be5 suppos$ to orig9ate ) ! s*ola/ics !mselves1 = !y are n to be f\nd 9 ! ,greek au?ors on :om ! s*ola/ics 7 writ+ comm5t>ies1 b !y are typically ,ori5tal 9 "*1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t dur+ ! twelf? & e>ly ?irte5? c5turies1 at lea/1 ,greek philosophy f\nd its way l>gely into ,europe 9 ,arab v]sions1 & ^! *>act]i/ically ,arabian additions ( ! discussion ( curi\s trivial que/ions came ) !m & produc$ an imitative t5d5cy among ! ,europeans4 ,z a rule ! m c>eful has be5 ! /udy ( ,arabian writ]s 9 ! mod]n "t1 p>ticul>ly by speciali/s1 ! cle>] has x become t !y lack$ ne>ly all orig9ality4 ,especially 7 !y faulty 9 _! obs]vations2 besides1 !y _h a def9ite t5d5cy to replace obs]vation by !ory1 a fatal defect 9 m$ic9e4 ,! f9e developm5t ( surg]y t came at ! end ( ! ,arabian p]iod ( m$ic9e 9 ,europe c\ld nev] h come f ! ,arabs !mselves4 ,gurlt has br\ght ?is out p>ticul>ly1 b x w n be difficult to cite _m o!r good au?orities 9 support ( ?is op9ion4 ,hyrtl1 9 8 ,!sis on ! ,r>] ,old ,anatomi/s1#g says t ! ,arabs paid v little att5tion to anatomy1 &1 ( c\rse1 because ( ! prohibition 9 ! ,koran1 add$ no?+ to x4 ,:atev] !y knew !y took f ! ,greeks1 & especially ,gal54 ,n only did !y n add any?+ new to ?is1 b !y ev5 lo/ sight ( mu* t 0 important 9 ! old] au?ors4 ,! ,arabs 7 mu* m int]e/$ 9 physiology2 !y c\ld /udy ?is by giv+ ?\ght to x )\t soil+ _! h&s4 ,!y delight$ 9 !ory1 r ?an 9 obs]vation4 ,:ile we ?us discuss ! lack ( orig9ality & ! t5d5cy to ov]-ref9em5t among ! ,arabian m$ical writ]s1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t we w\ld make little ( :at !y accompli%$4 ,!y n only pres]v$ ! old m$ical writ]s = u1 b !y kept alive practical m$ic9e ) ! pr9ciples ( ! great ,greek ?9k]s z its basis4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( writ]s ( ,arabian m$ic9e ^: names h secur$ des]v$ly a high place 9 m$ical hi/ory4 ,if ?is 7 a =mal hi/ory ( ,arabian m$ic9e1 _! c>e]s & works w\ld require discussion4 ,= our purpose1 h[ev]1 x seems bett] to conf9e att5tion to a few ( ! mo/ prom95t ,arabian writ]s on m$ic9e1 because !y w s]ve to illu/rate h[ ?or\ghly practical 7 ! ,arabian physicians & h[ _m m$ical problems t we are prone to ?9k ( z mod]n !y occupi$ !mselves )1 solv+ !m n infrequ5tly ne>ly z we d 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,,vi ,,! ,,m$ical ,,s*ool ,,at ,,sal]no ,! ,m$ical ,s*ool at ,sal]no1 probably organiz$ e>ly 9 ! t5? c5tury1 (t5 spok5 ( z ! d>ke/ ( ! c5turies1 & rea*+ its highe/ po9t ( influ5ce at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 is ( great int]e/ 9 mod]n times = a numb] ( reasons4 ,fir/ x br\ght ab\t 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t an organization ( m$ical education1 & an e/abli%m5t ( /&>ds t 7 to be ma9ta9$ :5ev] & :]ev] !re 0 a true pr(essional _s d[n to our own "t4 ,!y insi/$ on a prelim9>y education ( ?ree ye>s ( college "w1 on at lea/ f\r ye>s ( m$ical tra9+1 on special /udy = speciali/'s "w1 z 9 surg]y1 & on practical tra9+ ) a physician or 9 a hospital be=e ! /ud5t 0 all[$ to practise = himself4 ,at ,sal]no1 too1 ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases 0 giv5 ov] to wom5 pr(essors1 & we h ! text-books ( "s ( ^! wom5 m$ical tea*]s4 ,! lic5se to practise giv5 to wom51 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 g5]al & did n conf9e !m m]ely to ! c>e ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,we h records ( a numb] ( ^! lic5ses issu$ to wom5 9 ! neighborhood ( ,sal]no4 ,?is subject ( fem99e m$ical education at ,sal]no1 because ( its special int]e/ 9 our "t1 w h a *apt] by itself4 ,^! are ! special features ( m$ical education 9 our own "t t we are r prone to ?9k ( z orig9at+ ) ourselves & z be+ indices ( t evolution ( humanity & progress 9 mank9d :i* are culm9at+ 9 our era4 ,x is r int]e/+1 !n1 to /udy j h[ ^! developm5ts came ab\t & :at ! g5esis ( ?is great s*ool 04 ,! books ( its pr(essors 7 widely read1 n only 9 _! own g5]ation b = c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance mo/ ( !m 7 pr9t$ & ex]t$ pr(\nd influ5ce ov] ! revival ( m$ic9e :i* took place at t "t4 ,sal]no became ! fir/ ( ! univ]sities 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,"h !re ga!r$ r\nd ! m$ical s*ool1 fir/ a prep>atory dep>tm5t repres5t+ mod]n college "w1 & !n dep>tm5ts ( !ology & law1 ?\gh ?is latt] dep>tm5t p>ticul>ly 0 nev] q successful4 ,! fact t ! fir/ univ]sity1 t ( ,sal]no1 %\ld h be5 organiz$ r\nd a m$ical s*ool1 ! second1 t ( ,bologna1 ar\nd a law s*ool1 & ! ?ird1 t ( ,p>is1 ar\nd a s*ool ( !ology & philosophy1 w\ld seem to repres5t ! ord9>y natural process ( developm5t 9 human int]e/s4 ,fir/ man is int]e/$ 9 himself & 9 8 heal?1 !n 9 8 prop]ty1 & f9ally 9 8 relations to 8 fell[-man & to ,god4 ,?\gh mu* "w has be5 done on ! subject 9 rec5t ye>s1 x is n easy to trace ! orig9 ( ! m$ical s*ool at ,sal]no4 ,! difficulty is emphasiz$ by ! fact t ev5 ! e>lie/ *ronicl]s ^: acc\nts we h 7 n sure z to its orig91 & ev5 _h "s d\bt ab\t ! age ( ! s*ool4 ,alphanus1 usually designat$ ,alphanus ,i because !re are sev]al ( ! "n1 :o is "o ( ! e>lie/ pr(essors ^: "n & fame h come d[n to u1 gives u ! only def9ite detail z to ! age ( ! s*ool4 ,he 0 a ,b5$ict9e monk1 di/+ui%$ z a lit]>y man1 kn[n bo? z poet & physician1 :o 0 aft]w>ds rais$ to ! ,bi%opric ( ,sal]no4 ,z a bi%op he 0 "o ( ! b5efic5t patrons1 to :om ! s*ool ow$ mu*4 ,he liv$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & /ates t m$ic9e fl\ri%$ 9 ! t[n be=e ! "t ( ,guim>us ,,ii1 :o reign$ 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 ! anci5t *ronicle ( ,sal]no1 re-discov]$ by ,de ,r5zi & publi%$ 9 8 ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 x is def9itely record$ t ! m$ical s*ool 0 f\nd$ by f\r doctors1--a ,jewi% ,rabbi ,el9us1 a ,greek ,pontus1 a ,s>ac5 ,adala1 an ,arab1 & a native ( ,sal]no1 ea* ( :om lectur$ 9 8 native language4 ,!re are _m elem5ts 9 ?is tradition1 h[ev]1 t w\ld seem to indicate its my?ical orig9 & t x 0 probably inv5t$ aft] ! ev5t to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( tea*]s 9 all ^! languages & ! com+ ( /ud5ts f all ov] ! _w4 ,! names1 = in/ance1 are app>5tly corruptions ( real names1 z c be readily recogniz$4 ,el9us1 ! ,jew1 is probably ,elias or ,eliseus1 ,adala is a corruption ( ,abdallah1 & ,pontus1 z po9t$ out by ,pus*mann 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ical ,education1 %\ld probably be ,g>io-,pontus4 ,:ile we d n "k exactly :5 ! m$ical s*ool at ,sal]no 0 f\nd$1 we "k t a hospital 0 e/abli%$ !re z e>ly z #hbj4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ! ,ar*deacon ,adelmus1 & 0 plac$ "u ! control ( ! ,b5$ict9es aft] x 0 realiz$ t a religi\s ord]1 by its organization1 0 be/ fitt$ = c>ry+ on su* *>itable "w cont9u\sly4 ,o!r infirm>ies & *>itable in/itutions1 ma9ly "u control ( ! religi\s1 sprang up 9 ,sal]no4 ,x 0 ! pres5ce ( ^! hospitals 9 a salubri\s climate t seems fir/ to h attract$ ! att5tion ( pati5ts & !n ( physicians f all ov] ,europe & ev5 adjac5t ,africa & ,asia4 ,pus*mann says t x is unc]ta9 :e!r cl9ical in/ruction 0 imp>t$ 9 ^! in/itutions or n1 b ! :ole t5or ( :at we "k ab\t ! practical "* ( ! tea*+ at ,sal]no & ( ! f9e developm5t ( pr(essional m$ic9e !re1 w\ld seem to argue t probably ^? :o came to /udy m$ic9e "h 7 br\ght directly 9 contact ) pati5ts4 ,z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury ,sal]no 0 fam\s = its great physicians4 ,we "k ! names ( at lea/ two physicians1 ,joseph & ,jo%ua1 :o practis$ !re ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,rag5ifrid1 a ,lomb>d by 8 "n1 0 private physician to ,pr9ce ,wyam> ( ,sal]no 9 ! ye> #ijj4 ,! fact t he 0 f ,nor? ,italy indicates t already =eign]s 7 be+ attract$1 b m ?an ?is t !y 7 obta9+ opportunities unhamp]$ by any ,*auv9ism4 ,f e>ly 9 ! t5? c5tury physicians f ,sal]no 7 frequ5tly br\ght to =eign c\rts to become ! att5d+ physicians to rul]s4 ,pati5ts ( ! highe/ di/9ction f all ov] ,europe began to flock to ,sal]no1 & we h ! names ( _m ( !m4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,bi%op ,adalb]on1 :5 ail+1 w5t !re1 ?\gh he f\nd no cure = 8 ills4 ,abbot ,desid]ius1 h[ev]1 ! great ,b5$ict9e s*ol> ( ! "t1 :o aft]w>ds became ,pope ,victor ,,iii1 rega9$ 8 heal? at ,sal]no "u ! c>e ( ! great ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 :o 0 s mu* impress$ by ! g5tle k9dness & deep le>n+ & ! example ( ! sa9tly life ( 8 pati5t t n long aft] he w5t to ,monte ,cass9o to become a ,b5$ict9e "u ,desid]ius1 :o 0 abbot !re4 ,duke ,guisc>d s5t 8 son ,bohemund to ,sal]no = ! cure ( a w\nd receiv$ 9 battle1 :i* _h refus$ to heal "u ! ord9>y surgical treatm5t ( ! "t4 ,william ! ,conqu]or1 e>ly 9 ! elev5? c5tury & :ile /ill only ! ,duke ( ,norm&y1 is said to h pass$ "s "t at ,sal]no = a simil> reason4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! m$ical life at ,sal]no at ?is "t is ! relations betwe5 ! cl]gy & ! physicians4 ,9 ! sket* ( ! life ( ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 :i* foll[s ?is *apt]1 !re is "s acc\nt ( ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ,abbot ,desid]ius ( ,monte ,cass9o & ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 & ! latt]'s )drawal f 8 pr(essor%ip to become a ,b5$ict9e4 ,"o ( ! physicians ( ! e>ly t5? c5tury :o /ood high 9 favor ) ,pr9ce ,gisulf 0 rais$ to ! ,bi%opric ( ,sal]no4 ,?is 0 ,alphanus1 :om we h already m5tion$ z a *ronicl]1 a monk1 a poet1 a physician1 & f9ally ! ,bi%op ( ,sal]no4 ,! be/ pro( ( h[ ?or\gh 0 ! m$ical education at ,sal]no & h[ mu* influ5ce x ex]t$ ev5 ov] public op9ion is to be f\nd 9 ! regulation ( ! practice ( m$ic9e1 :i* soon began1 & ! insi/5ce ^u prop] tra9+ be=e p]mission to practise m$ic9e 0 grant$4 ,! m$ical s*ool at ,sal]no e>ly came to be a recogniz$ in/itution 9 ! k+dom ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 repres5t+ a def9ite /&>d ( m$ical tra9+4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! attraction :i* ,sal]no possess$ = pati5ts soon also br\ght to ! neighborhood a numb] ( irregul> physicians1 travell+ quacks1 & *>latans4 ,weal?y pati5ts 7 com+ f all ov] ! _w to be treat$ at ,sal]no4 ,_m ( !m d\btless 7 suff]]s f incurable diseases & no?+ c\ld be done = !m4 ,(t5 !y w\ld be q unable to return to _! homes & w\ld be surely unwill+ to give up all hope if anybody promis$ !m any?+ ( relief4 ,!re 0 a ri* field = ! irregul>1 & ( c\rse1 z always1 he came4 ,sal]no _h already %[n :at a good /&>d ( m$ical education %\ld be1 & x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ! legal au?orities 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry proce$$ to ! en=cem5t ( legal regulations dem&+ ! atta9m5t ( ?is /&>d1 9 ord] t unfit & unwor?y physicians might n practise m$ic9e to _! own b5efit b to ! detrim5t ( ! pati5ts4 ,accord+ly1 z e>ly z ! ye> #aadj1 ,k+ ,ruggi]o 7,rog]7 ( ! ,two ,sicilies promulgat$ ! law3 ,:oev] f ?is "t =? desires to practise m$ic9e mu/ pres5t himself be=e our (ficials & judges1 & be subject to _! decision4 ,anyone audaci\s en\gh to neglect ?is %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t & confiscation ( goods4 ,?is decree has = its object ! protection ( ! subjects ( our k+dom f ! dang]s aris+ f ! ignorance ( practition]s4 ,j ab\t a c5tury lat] ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ! ,hoh5/auf51 9 ! ye> #abdj1 ext5d$ ?is law1 emphasiz$ x1 & br\ght x p>ticul>ly into connection ) ! great m$ical s*ool ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 ( :i* t]ritory he 0 ! rul]4 ,?is law has (t5 be5 proclaim$ z due to 8 p]sonality r ?an to 8 times1--z repres5t+ 8 v mod]n _s & 8 progressive way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,!re is no d\bt t c]ta9 p]sonal elem5ts = :i* he %\ld be giv5 due cr$it are conta9$ 9 ! law4 ,to und]/& x prop]ly1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ "k ! law ( ,k+ ,rog] ( ! prec$+ c5tury2 & !n x is easy to appreciate t ,fr$]ick's regulation is only su* a developm5t ( ! gov]nm5tal attitude t[>d m$ical practice z might h be5 expect$ dur+ ! c5tury s9ce ,rog]'s "t4 ,x has sometimes be5 sugge/$ t ?is law made by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick1 :o 0 s con/antly 9 bitt] opposition to ! ,papacy1 0 issu$ 9 despite ( ! ,*ur* au?orities & repres5ts a policy v diff]5t f any :i* !y w\ld h enc\rag$4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,sal]no1 ev5 briefly z we h giv5 x1 completely contradicts any su* idea4 ,! hi/ory ( m$ical regulation at ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury d[n at ,montpelli] moreov]1 :]e ! civil au?orities be+ weak ! legal ord]+ ( ! practice ( m$ic9e 0 effectively tak5 up by ! ,*ur*1 & ! au?ority = ! issuance ( lic5ses to practise 0 9 ! h&s ( ! bi%ops ( ! neighborhood1 %[s cle>ly t x is n because ( any k ( ! real m$ical hi/ory ( ! times t su* rem>ks are made1 b f a set purpose to discr$it ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick's law des]ves pr(\nd respect & consid]ation because ( ! place t x holds 9 ! legal regulation ( ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,anyone :o ?9ks t evolution mu/ h br\ght u 9 sev5 c5turies mu* f>!r 9 ?is matt] ?an 7 ! p ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages %\ld read ?is law att5tively4 ,ev]yone :o is int]e/$ 9 m$ical education %\ld h a copy ( x ne> him1 because x w h a *a/5+ effect 9 demon/rat+ n only h[ little we h done 9 ! mod]n "t r ?an h[ mu*1 b above all h[ mu* ( decad5ce !re 0 dur+ _m p]iods ( ! int]val4 ,! law may be f\nd 9 ! orig9al 9 ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce 7,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 ,n4,y41 #aijh74 ,?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y univ]sity education be=e ! /udy ( m$ic9e might be tak5 up1 f\r ye>s ( m$ical /udies prop] be=e a degree 0 giv51 a ye> ( practice ) a regul>ly lic5s$ physician be=e a lic5se to practise c\ld be obta9$1 a special c\rse 9 anatomy if surg]y 7 to be practis$2 all ?is repres5ts an ideal we are /riv+ aft] at ! pres5t "t 9 m$ical education4 ,besides ?is1 ,fr$]ick's law also regulates m$ical fees1 requires gratuit\s att5dance on ! poor = ! privilege ( practice accord$ by ! lic5se1 ?\gh ! g5]al fees are ( a ?or\ghly pr(essional "* & repres5t = ea* visit ( ! physician ab\t ! am\nt ( daily wage t ! ord9>y labor] ( t "t e>n$4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is same ratio ( emolum5t has ma9ta9$ itself4 ,?is law 0 also a pure drug law1 regulat+ ! practice ( ph>macy1 & ! price z well z ! purity ( drugs1 & ! relations ( physicians1 druggi/s1 & ! royal drug inspectors ^: bus9ess x 0 to see t only prop] drugs 7 prep>$ & sold4 ,all ?is is s mu* m advanc$ ?an we c\ld possibly h imag9$1 only t ! actual docum5ts are 9 our possession1 t mo/ p refuse to let !mselves be p]suad$ 9 spite ( ! law t x c\ld h meant v mu*4 ,especially z reg>ds m$ical education are !y dubi\s z to conditions at ?is "t4 ,to !m x seems t x c make v little diff]5ce h[ mu* "t 0 requir$ = m$ical /udy or = /udies prelim9>y to m$ic9e1 s9ce !re 0 s little to be le>n$4 ,! age 0 ignorant1 m5 knew b little1 & s v little c\ld be imp>t$ no matt] h[ mu* "t 0 tak54 ,?is is1 ,i fe>1 a common impression1 b an utt]ly false "o4 ,! prelim9>y tra9+ t is ! und]graduate "w at ! univ]sities consi/$ ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts--! trivium & quadrivium1 :i* embrac$ logic1 rhetoric1 gramm>1 metaphysics1 "u :i* 0 includ$ n a little ( physics1 cosmology 9 :i* "s biology 0 /udi$1 z well z psy*ology & ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 & music4 ,?is 0 a ?or\ghly r\nd$ c\rse 9 intellectual tra9+4 ,no wond] t ,pr(essor ,huxley said 9 8 ,inaugural ,address z ,rector ( ,ab]de51 ,i d\bt if ! curriculum ( any mod]n univ]sity %[s s cle> & g5]\s a compreh5sion ( :at is meant by culture z ?is old trivium & quadrivium does4 ,!re is no d\bt at all ab\t ! value ( ! und]graduate tra9+1 nor ( ! s*ol>%ip ( ! m5 :o 7 turn$ out "u ! sy/em1 nor ( _! ability to conc5trate _! m9ds on difficult subjects--a faculty t we /rive to cultivate 9 our "t & d n always congratulate ourselves on secur+ to ! degree1 at lea/1 t we w\ld l4 ,z to ! m$ical tea*+1 gidius1 (t5 call$ ,gilles ( ,corbeil1 :o 0 a graduate ( ,sal]no & aft]w>d became ! physician-9-ord9>y to ,philip ,augu/us1 ,k+ ( ,france1 ?\ght t he c\ld n say too mu* = ! tra9+ 9 m$ic9e t 0 giv5 at ?is fir/ ( ! m$ical s*ools4 ,"o ?+ is sure1 ! pr(essors 7 em95tly s]i\s1 ! "w tak5 up 0 9 _m ways ?or\ghly sci5tific1 & "s ( ! results ( ! m$ical inve/igations ( t e>ly day are int]e/+ ev5 n[4 ,! descriptions ( diseases t we h f ! ,sal]nitan s*ool are true to nature & are replete ) _m orig9al obs]vations4 ,pus*mann says3 ,! acc\nts giv5 ( int]mitt5t fev]1 pneumonia1 ph?isis1 psoriasis1 lupus1 :i* !y call$ ! malum mortuum1 ( ulc]s on ! sexual organs1 among :i* x is easy to recognize *ancre1 & ( ! di/urbances ( ! m5tal faculties1 especially des]ve m5tion4 ,!y seem to h be5 q exp]t 9 _! k ( ph?isis4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( x !y laid great /ress ^u ! giv+ up ( a /r5u\s life1 ! liv+ a r easy exi/5ce 9 ! op5 air1 & a suitable diet4 ,:5 ! comm5cem5t ( consumption 0 suspect$1 ! fir/ prescription 0 a good c\rse ( /r5g!n+ n\ri%m5t = ! pati5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y decl>$ t ! cases 9 :i* di>rhea sup]v5$ dur+ consumption soon prov$ fatal4 ,9 g5]al1 ) reg>d to p :o 7 liable to respiratory diseases1 !y insi/$ ^u life 9 an atmosph]e ( equable temp]ature4 ,?\gh ! cu/om 0 almo/ unhe>d ( 9 ! ,sal]no ( t "t1 & inde$ at ! pres5t "t !re is v little heat+ dur+ ! w9t] 9 s\!rn ,italy1 !y insi/$ t pati5ts :o 7 liable to pulmon>y affections %\ld h _! rooms heat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y sugge/$ ! cool+ ( ! air ( ! sick-room1 z we h not$ 9 ! *apt] on ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 & ,afflacius recomm5d$ ! employm5t ( an app>atus f :i* wat] trickl$ cont9u\sly 9 drops to ! gr\nd & !n evaporat$4 ,ba?s & ble$+ 7 employ$ accord+ to def9ite indications & diet 0 always a special feature4 ,!y _h a numb] ( drugs & simples1 & ! employm5t ( "s ( !m is int]e/+4 ,iron 0 prescrib$ = enl>gem5t ( ! sple54 ,! int]nal use ( sea sponge1 9 :i* ( c\rse !re is a notewor?y proportion ( iod9e1 0 recomm5d$ = relief f ! symptoms ( goitre by r$uc+ its size4 ,iod9e has be5 us$ s mu* ev] s9ce 9 ?is affection1 ev5 d[n to our own day1 t ?is employm5t ( "o ( its comp\nds is r /rik+4 ,massage ( ! goitre 0 also recomm5d$1 & ?is mode ( treatm5t 0 commonly employ$ = a numb] ( ailm5ts4 ,probably ! be/ idea t c be obta9$ 9 brief space ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no is to be f\nd 9 ,pagel's appreciation ( ,sal]no's place 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 8 *apt]s on ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,pus*mann's ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz9 7,b]l91 #aijb74 ,he said3 ,if we take up n[ ! accompli%m5ts ( ! s*ool ( ,sal]no 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts !re is "o ?+ t is v rem>kable4 ,x is ! ri* indep5d5t productivity ) :i* ,sal]no advanc$ ! bann]s ( m$ical sci5ce = hundr$s ( ye>s almo/ z ! only auto*?on\s c5tre ( m$ical influ5ce 9 ! :ole ,we/4 ,"o might almo/ say t x 0 l a v]spr5gt5 ,keim--a displac$ embryonic elem5t--:i*1 z x unfold$1 rescu$ f de/ruction ! ru9$ rema9s ( ,greek & ,roman m$ic9e4 ,?is productivity ( ,sal]no1 :i* may well be comp>$ 9 quality & quantity ) t ( ! be/ p]iods ( our sci5ce1 & 9 :i* no dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e 0 left )\t "s advance1 is "o ( ! /rik+ ph5om5a ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 ,:ile positive progress 0 n made1 !re are _m notewor?y orig9al obs]vations to be *ronicl$4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t pupils & s*ol>s set !mselves fai?fully to _! tasks to fur!r z f> z _! /r5g? all[$ ! sci5ce & art ( heal+4 ,9 ! m$ical writ]s ( ! old] p]iod ( ,sal]no :o _h n yet be5 di/urb$ by ,arabian culture or s*ola/icism1 we _c b admire ! cle>1 *>m+ly smoo?1 light-fl[+ diction1 ! delicate & hone/ sett+ =? ( cases1 ! simplicity ( _! me?od ( treatm5t1 :i* 0 to a great ext5t dietetic & expectant1 & :ile we admire ! c>efulness & yet ! copi\sness ( _! !rapy1 we _c b envy !m a c]ta9 au/]ity 9 _! ph>maceutic =mulas & an avoidance ( m$icam5tal polypragmasia4 ,! "w 9 int]nal m$ic9e 0 especially develop$4 ,! contributions to x f a !oretic & a lit]>y /&po9t1 z well z f practical applications1 f\nd ard5t devotees4 ,less ?an ?is c\ld sc>cely h be5 expect$ f ! m$ical s*ool :i* br\ght su* an uplift ( pr(essional dignity & advance 9 ! /&>ds ( m$ical education t are to be notic$ 9 connection ) ,sal]no4 ,regi/ration1 lic5sure1 prelim9>y education1 adequate pr(essional /udies1 cl9ical exp]i5ce "u exp]t guidance1 ev5 special tra9+ = surgical "w1 all came 9 connection ) ?is great m$ical s*ool4 ,su* practical progress 9 m$ical education c\ld n h be5 made b by m5 :o fac$ ! problems ( ! practice ( m$ic9e )\t self-deception & solv$ !m z f> z possible by common-s5se1 natural1 & rational me?ods4 ,x is usually said t at ,sal]no surg]y occupi$ an inf]ior position4 ,x is true t we h less record ( x 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ,sal]no ?an we w\ld l to see4 ,x 0 some:at h&icapp$ by ! abs5ce ( human dissection4 ,?is v important defect 0 n due to any ,*ur* opposition to anatomy1 z has (t5 be5 said1 b to ! objection t p h to see+ ! bodies ( _! fri5ds or acqua9tances us$ = anatomical purposes4 ,9 ! comp>atively small t[ns ( ! ,middle ,ages !re 7 few /rang]s1 & !re=e v seldom 7 !re unclaim$ bodies4 ,! difficulty 0 9 ! obta9+ ( dissect+ mat]ial4 ,we _h ! same difficulty 9 ?is c\ntry until ab\t two g5]ations ago1 & ! only way t bodies c\ld be obta9$ regul>ly 0 by resurrect+ !m1 z x 0 call$1 f gravey>ds4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( human subjects1 anatomy 0 taught at ,sal]no ^u ! pig4 ,! pr9cipal portion ( ! tea*+ 9 anatomy consi/$ ( ! demon/ration ( ! organs 9 ! great cavities ( ! body & _! relations1 ) "s inve/igations ( _! =m & ! presum$ functions ( ! correspond+ organs 9 man4 ,copho's well-kn[n ,anatomy ( ! ,pig 0 a text-book writt5 = ! /ud5ts ( ,sal]no4 ,9 spite ( its limitations1 x %[s ! beg9n+s ( r se>*+ orig9al inquiry & ev5 "s obs]vations 9 pa?ological anatomy4 ,x is simple & /raight=w>d & does n pr(ess to be o!r ?an x is1 ?\gh x mu/ be set d[n z ! fir/ reasonably complete contribution to comp>ative anatomy4 ,:5 _! surg]y came to be writt5 d[n1 h[ev]1 x gave abundant evid5ce ( ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ?is dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e _h be5 cultivat$ by ! ,sal]nitan faculty4 ,we h ! text-book ( ,rog]1 ) ! comm5t>y ( ,rol&o1 & !n ! s-call$ comm5t>y ( ! ,f\r ,ma/]s4 ,^! writ+s 7 probably made r = ! m$ical s*ool at ,bologna ?an t ( ,sal]no1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt t at lea/ ,rog] & ,rol&o receiv$ _! education at ,sal]no & embodi$ 9 _! writ+s ! surgical traditions ( t s*ool4 ,:ile ,i h pref]r$1 9 ord] to h a connect$ /ory ( surgical developm5t1 to treat ( _! contributions to _! specialty "u ! head ( ! ,great ,surgeons ( ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities1 x seems well to po9t out "h t !y mu/ be consid]$ z repres5t+ especially ! surgical tea*+ ( ! old] m$ical s*ool ( ,sal]no4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ features ( ! old tea*+ t !y h embodi$ 9 _! books4 ,= in/ance1 at ,sal]no bo? sutures & ligatures 7 employ$ 9 ord] to prev5t ble$+4 ,we are r accu/om$ to ?9k ( su* uses ( ?read1 & especially ! ligature1 z be+ mu* lat] inv5tions4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is1 h[ev]1 t ligatures & sutures 7 re9v5t$ ov] & ov] aga9 & !n all[$ to g out ( use until someone :o _h no idea ( _! dang]s came to re9v5t !m once m4#h ,mu* is (t5 said ab\t ! place ( ,arabian surg]y & m$ic9e at ?is "t1 & ! influ5ce t !y _h ov] ! m$ical tea*+ & ?9k+ ( ! p]iod4 ,to tru/ _m ( ! %ort] hi/ories ( m$ic9e ! ,arabs mu/ be giv5 cr$it = m ( ! m$ical ?\ght ( ?is "t ?an any o!r m$ical writ]s or ?9k]s4 ,x is =gott51 h[ev]1 app>5tly1 t 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,italy1 :]e ,sal]no 0 situat$1 ,greek influ5ce nev] di$ out4 ,?is _h be5 a ,greek colony 9 ! old5 "t & cont9u$ to be kn[n = _m c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era z ,magna ,grcia4 ,greek m$ic9e1 !n1 _h m influ5ce "h ?an any:]e else4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! beg9n+s ( ,sal]nitan tea*+ are all ,greek & n at all ,arabian4 ,?is is z true 9 surg]y z 9 m$ic9e4 ,i h quot$ ,gurlt 9 ! *apt] on ,great ,surgeons ( ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities1 insi/+ t ! ,sal]nitan s*ool ow$ no?+ at all to ,arabian surg]y4 ,sal]nitan m$ic9e 01 dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 j z free f ,arabian influ5ce4 ,:5 ,arabian m$ic9e makes itself felt1 z po9t$ out by ,pagel 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,heilkunde im ,mittelalt]1#i f> f ex]t+ a b5eficial influ5ce1 x _h a r un=tunate effect4 ,x l$ especially to an ov]sophi/ication ( m$ic9e f ! /&po9t ( drug !rapeutics4 ,! ,arabian physicians tru/$ nature v little4 ,9 ?is !y 7 l our =efa!rs ( m$ic9e "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 ( :om ,ru% 0 ! typical repres5tative--s hi/ory repeats itself4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ,arabian m$ic9e ! ,sal]nitan s*ool ( m$ic9e 0 not$ = its common-s5se me?ods & its devotion to all ! natural modes ( heal+4 ,x look$ q z mu* to ! prev5tion ( disease z its treatm5t4 ,diet & air & wat] 7 always look$ ^u z significant !rapeutic aids4 ,) ! com+ ( ,arabian influ5ce !re began1 says ,pagel1 z ! lit]ature ( ! times %[s v well1 t rule ( ! apo!c>y 9 !rapeutics :i* 0 an un=tunate exagg]ation4 ,n[ all ! above-m5tion$ complicat$ prescriptions came to be ! ord] ( ! day4 ,app>5tly ! m complicat$ a prescription ! bett]4 ,dietetics especially 0 relegat$ to ! backgr\nd4 ,sal]no1 at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 _h already rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( advance 9 m$ic9e & 0 beg9n+ to decl9e4 ,decad5ce 0 evid5t 9 s f> z all ! m$ical works t we h f t "t are ei!r borr[+s or imitations f ,arabian m$ic9e ) :i* ev5tually ,sal]nitan m$ical lit]ature became conf\nd$4 ,only a few indep5d5t au?ors are f\nd aft] ?is "t4 ,?is is s v diff]5t f :at is ord9>ily presum$ to h be5 ! case & op5ly proclaim$ by _m hi/orians ( m$ic9e because app>5tly !y w\ld pref] to attribute sci5tific advance to ! ,arabs ?an to ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>s ( ! "t1 t x is wor? :ile not+ x p>ticul>ly4 ,sal]no 0 p>ticul>ly ri* 9 its m$ical lit]>y products4 ,v (t5 we h n ! names ( ! writ]s4 ,app>5tly !re is good reason to ?9k t a numb] ( ! pr(essors consult$ toge!r 9 writ+ a book1 & :5 x 0 issu$ x 0 consid]$ to be a text-book ( ! ,sal]nitan s*ool ( m$ic9e r ?an ( any p>ticul> pr(essor4 ,?is repres5ts a developm5t ( co-op]ation on ! "p ( colleagues 9 m$ical tea*+ t we are likely to ?9k ( z res]v$ = mu* lat] times4 ,! mo/ important m$ical writ+ t comes to u f ,sal]no1 9 ! s5se at lea/ ( ! "w t has _h mo/ effect on succe$+ g5]ations1 has be5 mo/ frequ5tly transcrib$1 mo/ (t5 translat$ & committ$ to memory by _m g5]ations ( physicians1 is ! celebrat$ ,sal]nitan m$ical poem on hygi5e4 ,! title ( ! orig9al ,lat9 0 ,regim5 ,sanitatis ,sal]nitanum4 ,x 0 probably writt5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,a c5tury or s lat] x came to be ! cu/om to call m$ical books aft] fl[]s1 & s we _h ! ,lilium ,m$ic9 & ! ,flos ,m$ic9 d[n at ,montpelli]1 & ?is became ! ,flos ,m$ic9 ( ,sal]no4 ,pagel calls x ! qu9tess5ce ( ,sal]nitan !rapeutics4 ,= _m c5turies portions at lea/ ( ?is ,lat9 m$ical poem 7 z common 9 ! m\?s ( physicians all ov] ,europe z ! aphorisms ( ,hippocrates or ! say+s ( ,gal54 ,probably ?is enables u to und]/& ! great reputation t ! ,sal]nitan s*ool enjoy$ & ! influ5ce t x wield$ bett] ?an any?+ else4 ,! poem is divid$ into t5 pr9cipal p>ts1 conta9+ altoge!r ab\t #c1ejj l9es4 ,! fir/ "p on hygi5e has #hee l9es 9 eight *apt]s4 ,! second "p on mat]ia m$ica1 ?\gh conta9+ only f\r *apt]s1 has also ab\t #hjj l9es4 ,anatomy & physiology are cr[d$ into ab\t #bjj l9es1 etiology has some?+ ov] #bjj1 semiotics has ab\t #bej1 pa?ology has b ?irty l9es m or less1 & !rapeutics ab\t #djj2 nosology has ab\t #fjj m1 & f9ally !re is some?+ ab\t ! physician himself1 & an epilogue4 ,z ,lat9 v]ses g1 :5 writt5 = su* purposes1 ^! are n s bad1 ?\gh "s ( !m w\ld grate on a lit]>y e>4 ,! :ole "w makes a r int]e/+ comp5dium ( m$ic9e1 ) !rapeutic indications & contra-indications1 & :atev] ! physician ( ! m$ieval p]iod ne$$ to h ready to memory4 ,"s ( its prescriptions1 bo? 9 ! s5se ( =mul & ( directions to ! pati5t1 h q a mod]n air4 ,"o v int]e/+ contribution to m$ical lit]ature t comes to u f ,sal]no be>s ! title1 ,! ,com+ ( a ,physician to ,8 ,pati5t1 or ,an ,in/ruction = ! ,physician ,himself4 ,we h _h a numb] ( su* works publi%$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 b x is a little surpris+ to h ! subject tak5 up ?us e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n pr(essional life4 ,x is an extremely valuable docum5t1 z demon/rat+ h[ practical 0 ! tea*+ at ,sal]no4 ,! "w is usually ascrib$ to ,ar*imat!as1 & x c]ta9ly gives a vivid picture ( ! m$ical cu/oms ( ! "t4 ,! in/ruction = ! imm$iate com+ ( ! physician to 8 pati5t runs z foll[s3 ,:5 ! doctor ent]s ! dwell+ ( 8 pati5t1 he %\ld n appe> haughty1 nor covet\s1 b %\ld greet ) k9dly1 mode/ demeanor ^? :o are pres5t1 & !n seat+ himself ne> ! sick man accept ! dr9k :i* is (f]$ him 7sic7 & praise 9 a few words ! beauty ( ! neighborhood1 ! situation ( ! h\se1 & ! well-kn[n g5]osity ( ! family1--if x %\ld seem to him suitable to d s4 ,! pati5t %\ld be put at 8 ease be=e ! exam9ation beg9s & ! pulse %\ld be felt delib]ately & c>efully4 ,! f+]s %\ld be kept on ! pulse at lea/ until ! hundr$? beat 9 ord] to judge its k9d & "*2 ! fri5ds /&+ r\nd w be all ! m impress$ because ( ! delay & ! physician's words w be receiv$ ) j t mu* m att5tion4 ,! old physician evid5tly realiz$ v well h[ mu* influ5ce on ! pati5t's m9d meant = ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,= in/ance1 he recomm5ds t ! pati5t %\ld be ask$ to confess & receive ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur* be=e ! doctor sees him1 = if m5tion is aft]w>ds made ( ?is ! pati5t may believe t x is because ! doctor ?9ks t !re is no hope = him4 ,= ! purpose ( produc+ an effect ^u ! pati5t's m9d1 ! old physician does n hesitate ev5 to sugge/ ! tak+ advantage ( e possible s\rce ( in=mation1 s z to seem to "k all ab\t ! case4 ,on ! way to see ! sick p]son he ! physician %\ld "q ! mess5g] :o has summon$ him ^u ! circum/ances & ! conditions ( ! illness ( ! pati5t2 !n1 if n able to make any positive diagnosis aft] exam9+ ! pulse & ! ur9e1 he w at lea/ excite ! pati5t's a/oni%m5t by 8 accurate k ( ! symptoms ( ! disease & ?us w9 8 confid5ce4 ,at ! end ( ^! prelim9>y in/ructions !re is a r diplomatic--to say ! lea/--bit ( advice t might p]haps to a puritanic consci5ce seem m politic ?an tru?ful4 ,s9ce ! old pr(essor insi/s s mu* on n di/urb+ ! pati5t's m9d by a bad prognosis or any h9t ( x1 & s9ce ev5 "s exagg]ation ( :at he might ?9k to be ! s]i\s outlook ( ! case to fri5ds w\ld only lead to great] c>e ( ! pati5t1 !re is probably mu* m ju/ification = 8 sugge/ion ?an might be ?\ght at fir/ glance4 ,he says1 ,:5 ! doctor quits ! pati5t he %\ld promise him t he w get q well aga91 b he %\ld in=m 8 fri5ds t he is v ill2 9 ?is way1 if a cure is affect$1 ! fame ( ! doctor w be s mu* ! great]1 b if ! pati5t dies p w say t ! doctor _h =ese5 ! fatal issue4 ,! /ory ( ! m$ical s*ool ( ,sal]no1 ev5 ?us briefly & fragm5t>ily told1 illu/rates v well h[ old is ! new 9 education1--ev5 9 m$ical education4 ,!re is sc>cely a phase ( mod]n int]e/ 9 m$ical education t may n be trac$ v cle>ly at ,sal]no ?\gh ! s*ool began its c>e] a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ceas$ to attract mu* att5tion ov] six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we owe mo/ ( our k ( ! details ( its organization & tea*+ to ,de ,r5zi4 ,)\t ! devotion ( s ard5t a s*ol> x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible = u to h atta9$ s complete a picture ( ,sal]nitan activities4 ,z x is1 z a consequ5ce ( 8 "w we are able to see ?is fir/ ( mod]n m$ical s*ools develop+ v mu* z d our mo/ mod]n m$ical s*ools4 ,!re has be5 an accumulation ( m$ical in=mation 9 ! ?\s& ye>s1 b ! ways & modes ( fac+ problems & _m ( ! solutions ( !m d n diff] f :at !y 7 9 ! di/ant pa/4 ,! m we "k ab\t any p>ticul> p]iod1 ! m is ?is br\ght home to u4 ,x is = ?is t /udy ( p>ticul> p]iods & in/itutions ( ! old5 "t1 z ( ,sal]no1 gr[s increas+ly int]e/+1 because ea* new detail helps to fill 9 sympa!tically ! new-old picture ( human activity z x may be se5 at all times4 ,,vii ,,con/ant9e ,,africanus ,probably ! mo/ important repres5tative ( ! m$ical s*ool at ,sal]no1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ significant memb] ( its faculty1 if we consid] ! wide influ5ce = c5turies aft] 8 "t t 8 writ+s _h1 0 ,con/ant9e ,africanus4 ,he is int]e/+1 too1 = _m o!r reasons1 = he is ! fir/ repres5tative1 9 mod]n times1 t is1 :o1 aft] ! inc5tive ( antiquity _h pass$1 devot$ himself to creat+ a m$ical lit]ature by translations1 by editions1 & by ! collation ( 8 own & o!rs' obs]vations on m$ical subjects4 ,he is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,arabian m$ic9e & ,we/]n m$ical /udies4 ,! fact t he 0 fir/ a travell] ov] mo/ ( ! educational _w ( 8 "t1 !n a pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no :o attract$ _m /ud5ts1 & f9ally a ,b5$ict9e monk 9 ! great abbey at ,monte ,cass9o1 %[s h[ 8 life ran ! gamut ( ! v>i\s phases ( int]e/ 9 ! intellectual _w ( 8 "t4 ,x 0 8 retirem5t to ! fam\s mona/]y t gave him ! opportunity1 ! leisure1 ! ref]5ce libr>y = consultation t a writ] feels he mu/ h ne> him1 & probably also ! means necess>y = ! publication ( 8 works4 ,n only did ! monks ( ,monte ,cass9o itself devote !mselves to ! copy+ ( 8 _m books1 b o!r ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w made x a po9t to give wide diffusion to 8 writ+s4 ,z a /udy 9 successful publication1 t is1 9 ! secur+ ( wide att5tion to writ+s )9 a %ort "t1 ! c>e] ( ,con/ant9e & ! /ory ( 8 books w\ld be extremely int]e/+4 ,m$ieval di/ribution ( books is usually ?\ght to h be5 r halt+1 b "h 0 an exception4 ,x 0 l>gely because ,b5$ict9es all ov] ! _w 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 :at ?is bro!r ,b5$ict9e 0 writ+ t wide di/ribution 0 secur$ = 8 "w )9 a v %ort "t4 ,8 sup]iors among ! ,b5$ict9es _h a pr(\nd int]e/ 9 :at he 0 do+4 ,! great ,b5$ict9e ,abbot ,desid]ius ( ,monte ,cass9o1 :o aft]w>ds became ,pope1 us$ all ( 8 ext5sive influ5ce 9 bo? positions to secure an audi5ce = ! books--h5ce ! _m manuscript copies ( 8 writ+s t we h4 ,x is probable t ,con/ant9e e/abli%$ a s*ool ( writ]s at ,monte ,cass9o1 = he c\ld sc>cely h accompli%$ s mu* by himself z has be5 attribut$ to him4 ,besides1 8 works attract$ s mu* att5tion t writ]s ( imm$iately succe$+ g5]ations :o want$ to secure att5tion = _! works sometimes attribut$ !m to him 9 ord] to take advantage ( 8 popul>ity4 ,x is r difficult1 !n1 to det]m9e ) absolute assurance :i* are ,con/ant9e's g5u9e works4 ,"s ( ^? attribut$ to him are und\bt$ly spuri\s4 ,:at we "k ) c]ta9ty1 h[ev]1 is t 8 au!ntic works meant mu* = 8 own & aft] g5]ations4 ,con/ant9e 0 born 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & di$ ne> its close1 hav+ liv$ probably well beyond eighty ye>s ( age1 8 ye>s runn+ ne>ly p>allel ) 8 c5tury4 ,8 surname1 ,africanus1 is d]iv$ f 8 hav+ be5 born 9 ,africa1 8 bir?place be+ ,c>?age4 ,e>ly 9 life he seems to h tak5 up ) ardor ! /udy ( m$ic9e 9 8 native t[n1 devot+ himself1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t to :atev] ( physical sci5ce 0 available4 ,l _m ano!r "y man s9ce 8 "t1 n satisfi$ ) ! k he c\ld secure at home1 he made di/ant j\rneys1 ga!r+ m$ical & sci5tific in=mation ( all k9ds :]ev] he w5t4 ,accord+ to a tradition t seems to be well gr\nd$1 "s ( ^! j\rneys took him ev5 into ! f> ,ea/4 ,dur+ 8 travels he became famili> ) a numb] ( ,ori5tal languages1 & especially /udi$ ! ,arabian lit]ature ( sci5ce v dilig5tly4 ,at ?is "t ! ,arabs1 hav+ ! advantage ( m intimate contact ) ! ,greek m$ical traditions 9 ,asia ,m9or1 7 f>!r advanc$ 9 _! k ( ! m$ical sci5ces ?an ! s*ol>s 9 ! ,we/4 ,!y _h bett] facilities = obta9+ ! books t 7 ! classics ( m$ic9e1 &1 ) any desire = k1 c\ld sc>cely fail to secure x4 ,:at 0 be/ 9 ,arabian m$ic9e 0 br\ght to ,sal]no by ,con/ant9e &1 above all1 8 translation ( _m well-kn[n ,arabian m$ical au?ors prov$ em95tly sugge/ive to s]i\sly inve/igat+ physicians all ov] ! _w 9 8 "t4 ,be=e he 0 to be all[$ to settle d[n to 8 lit]>y "w1 h[ev]1 ,con/ant9e 0 to h a v v>i$ exp]i5ce4 ,"s ( ?is d\btless 0 to be valuable 9 enabl+ him to set ! old ,arabian tea*]s ( m$ic9e prop]ly be=e 8 g5]ation4 ,aft] 8 ,ori5tal travels he return$ to 8 native ,c>?age 9 ord] to practise m$ic9e4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e 8 sup]ior m$ical k1 or1 at lea/1 ! _m novelties ( m$ical practice t he _h d]iv$ f 8 contact ) ! ,ea/1 drew ^u him ! pr(essional jeal\sy ( 8 colleagues4 ,x is v probable t ! reputation ( 8 ext5sive travels & wide k soon attract$ a l>ge cli5tele4 ,?is 0 foll[$ q naturally by ! envy at lea/ ( 8 pr(essional bre?r54 ,feel+ became s bitt]1 t ev5 ! possibility ( s]i\s p]sonal consequ5ces = him because ( false accusations 0 n out ( ! "q4 ,:5ev] novelties are introduc$ into m$ical sci5ce or m$ical practice1 _! au?ors are likely to meet ) ?is opposition on ! "p ( colleagues1 & hi/ory is full ( examples ( x4 ,galvani 0 laugh$ at & call$ ! frogs' danc+-ma/]2 ,au5brugg] 0 made fun ( = drumm+ on p2 ,h>vey is said to h lo/ half ( 8 consult+ practice2--all because !y 7 advanc+ ideas t _! contempor>ies 7 n ready to accept4 ,we are r likely to ?9k t ?is intol]ant attitude ( m9d belongs to ! old] times1 b x is r easy to trace x 9 our own4 ,9 ,con/ant9e's day m5 _h ready to h& a v s]i\s weapon t might be us$ aga9/ innovators4 ,by craftily circulat$ rumors ! populace 0 br\ght to accuse him ( magical practices1 t is1 ( produc+ 8 cures by association ) ! devil4 ,we are r prone to ?9k little ( a g5]ation t c\ld take su* nons5se s]i\sly1 b x w\ld n be h>d to f9d analog\s false notions preval5t at ! pres5t "t1 :i* sometimes make life difficult1 if n dang]\s1 = well-mean+ individuals4#aj ,life seems to h be5 made v uncom=table = ,con/ant9e 9 ,c>?age4 ,j ! ext5t to :i* p]secution w5t1 h[ev]1 we d n "k4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,con/ant9e's "w attract$ ! att5tion ( ,duke ,rob]t ( ,sal]no4 ,he invit$ him to become 8 physician4 ,aft] he _h fill$ ! position = a "t a p]sonal fri5d%ip develop$1 &1 z has (t5 happ5$ to ! physicians ( k+s1 he became a royal c\nsellor & private secret>y4 ,:5 ! po/ ( pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,sal]no fell vacant1 x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ,con/ant9e %\ld h be5 made pr(essor1 & f "h 8 tea*+ soon attract$ ! att5tion ( all ! m5 ( 8 "t4 ,con/ant9e seems to h greatly enhanc$ ! reputation ( ! m$ical s*ool1 & add$ to ! m$ical pre/ige ( ,sal]no4 ,aft] tea*+ = "s t5 ye>s !re1 h[ev]1 he gave up 8 pr(essor%ip--! highe/ position 9 ! m$ical _w ( ! "t--app>5tly ) c]ta9 plans 9 m9d4 ,he want$ leisure = writ+ ! _m ?+s 9 m$ic9e t he _h le>n$ 9 8 travels 9 ! ,ea/1 s z to pass 8 preci\s treasure ( k on to succe$+ g5]ations2 & !n1 too1 he seems to h long$ = t peace t w\ld enable him n only to d 8 writ+ undi/urb$1 b to live 8 life quietly f> away f ! /rife ( m5 & ! /r5u\s exi/5ce ( a c\rt & ( a great s*ool4 ,!re 0 probably ano!r & m intimate p]sonal reason = 8 retirem5t4 ,abbot ,desid]ius ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,monte ,cass9o1 n f> away1 _h become a close & valu$ fri5d4 ,be=e hav+ be5 made abbot1 ,desid]ius & ,con/ant9e probably 7 fell[ pr(essors at ,sal]no1 = we "k t ,desid]ius himself & _m ( 8 fell[ ,b5$ict9es taught 9 ! und]graduate dep>tm5t !re4 ,desid]ius enjoy$ ! reputation ( be+ "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! "t :5 8 election to ! abbacy at ,monte ,cass9o took him away f ,sal]no4 ,8 dep>ture 0 a bl[ to ,con/ant9e1 :o _h le>n$ by ye>s ( fri5d%ip t to be ne> 8 intimate fri5d1 ! pi\s s*ol>ly ,b5$ict9e1 0 a solace 9 life & a nev] fail+ inc5tive to 8 own intellectual "w4 ,desid]ius seems1 inde$1 to h be5 a l>ge factor 9 influ5c+ ! great physician to write 8 books r ?an devote himself to oral tea*+1 s9ce ! circulation ( 8 writ+ w\ld conf] s mu* m ( b5efit on a great] numb] ( p4 ,p]haps ano!r elem5t 9 ! situation 0 t ,desid]ius 0 desir\s ( hav+ ! le>n$ physician1 ! travell$ s*ol>1 at ,monte ,cass9o1 = ! sake ( 8 influ5ce on ! s*ol>%ip ( ! abbey1 & = ! inc5tive t he w\ld be to ! y\ng] monks to apply !mselves to ! v>i$ field ( k :i* ! ,b5$ict9es _h *os5 = !mselves at ?is "t4 ,:atev] hopes ( mutual solace & helpfulness & ( ! joys ( intimate close fri5d%ip may h be5 9 ! m9ds ( ^! two mo/ le>n$ m5 ( _! "t1 !y 7 de/9$ to be griev\sly disappo9t$4 ,only a few ye>s aft] ,con/ant9e's entrance into ! mona/]y at ,monte ,cass9o ,desid]ius 0 elect$ ,pope4 ,! humble ,b5$ict9e did n want to take ! exalt$ position1 b x 0 pla9ly %[n to him t x 0 8 duty1 & t he mu/ n %irk x4 ,accord+ly1 "u ! "n ( ,pope ,victor ,,iii1 he became "o ( ! great ,popes ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,"o might ?9k t he c\ld h summon$ ,con/ant9e to ,rome1 b p]haps he knew t 8 fri5d w\ld pref] ! quietude ( ! cloi/]1 & !n1 too1 probably he want$ to all[ him ! opportunity to accompli% t writ+ = :i* ,con/ant9e & himself _h plann$ :5 ! great physician ent]$ ! mona/]y4 ,all t we "k = sure is t "s tw5ty ye>s ( ,con/ant9e's life 7 sp5t z a monk 9 ,monte ,cass9o1 :]e he devot$ 8 "t ma9ly to ! writ+ ( 8 books4 ,"o bond ( union !re 04 ,ea* ( ! works1 z soon z complet$1 0 s5t (f to ! ,pope z long z he liv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh busy ) 8 ,papal duties1 ,pope ,victor con/antly /imulat$ ,con/ant9e1 ev5 f di/ant ,rome1 to g on ) 8 "w4 ,!re 7 messages ( bro!rly int]e/ & solicitude j z 9 ! old days4 ,! great ,african physician's be/ kn[n "w1 ! s-call$ ,lib] ,pantegni1 :i* is really a translation ( ! ,khitaab el ,maleki ( ,ali ,b5 el-,abbas1 is d$icat$ to ,desid]ius4 ,con/ant9e wrote a numb] ( o!r books1 mo/ ( !m orig9al1 b x is difficult n[ to decide j :i* ( ^? t pass "u 8 "n are g5u9e4 ,_m 7 subsequ5tly attribut$ to him t are surely n 84 ,^! translators ( ! ,middle ,ages prov$ to be n only ! *annels ?r\gh :i* in=mation came to _! g5]ations1 b !y 7 also inc5tives to /udy & inve/igation4 ,x is :5 m5 c get a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation r easily t !y are tempt$ to seek fur!r 9 ord] to solve ! problems t pres5t !mselves4 ,!re are ?ree great translators ^: "w meant mu* = ! ,middle ,ages at ?is "t4 ,!y 71 besides ,con/ant9e 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ,g]>d ( ,cremona1 9 ! twelf?1 & ! ,jewi% ,f>adj ,b5 ,salim1 at ,naples1 9 ! ?irte5?4 ,g]>d did 9 ,spa9 = ! great] ,arabian writ]s :at ,con/ant9e _h accompli%$ = ^? ( less] import4 ,"u ! patronage ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 he publi%$ translations ( ,rhazes1 ,isaac ,judu1 ,s]apion1 ,abulcasis1 & ,avic5na4 ,8 "w 0 done 9 ,tol$o1 ! city 9 :i*1 dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 s _m translators 7 at "w mak+ books = ! ,we/]n _w4 ,con/ant9e did mu* m ?an m]ely br+ out 8 translations ( ,arabian works4 ,he gave a ze/ to ! /udy ( ! old ma/]s1 issu$ editions ( c]ta91 at lea/1 ( ! works ( ,hippocrates 7,aphorisms7 & ,gal5 7,microte*nics71 &1 9 g5]al1 call$ att5tion to ! preci\s treasure ( m$ical lore t mu/ be us$ to advantage if m5 7 to tea* ! ris+ g5]ation out ( ! accumulat$ k ( ! pa/4 ,pagel1 9 ,pus*mann's ,h&book1 does n hesitate to say t a f>!r m]it ( ,con/ant9e mu/ be recogniz$1 inasmu* z t n long aft] 8 c>e] ! second epo* ( ! s*ool ( ,sal]no beg9s1 m>k$ n only by a weal? ( writ]s & writ+s on m$ic9e1 b1 above all1 because f ?is "t on ! /udy ( ,greek m$ic9e receiv$ r5ew$ enc\ragem5t ?r\gh ! ,lat9 v]sions ( ! ,arabian lit]ature4 ,we may ?9k z we w ( ! wor? ( ^! works1 b ?is mu* is sure1 t 9 _m ways !y br\ght ab\t a broad5+ & an improvem5t ( ,greek k1 especially f ! ph>macopeia /&po9t4 ,probably ! be/ evid5ce t we h = ,con/ant9e's influ5ce on 8 g5]ation is to be f\nd 9 :at 0 accompli%$ by m5 :o ackn[l$g$ ) pride t he 0 _! ma/]1 & :o ?\ght x a m>k ( di/9ction to be reckon$ z 8 disciples4 ,among ^! especially notewor?y is ,johannes ,afflacius1 or ,s>ac5us 7^: surname ( ! ,s>ac5 probably means t he1 too1 came f ,africa1 z 8 ma/] did74 ,he 0 ! au?or ( two treatises on ,fev]s & ,ur9es1 & ! s-call$ ,cures ( ,afflacius4 ,"s ( ^! cures he directly attribut$ to ,con/ant9e4 ,!n !re is a ,b>?olomew :o wrote a ,practica1 or ,manual ( ! ,practice ( ,m$ic9e1 ) ! sub-title1 ,introductions to & ,exp]im5ts 9 ! ,m$ical ,practice ( ,hippocrates1 ,con/ant9e1 & ! ,greek ,physicians4 ,b>?olomew repres5ts himself z a disciple ( ,con/ant9e4 ,?is ,practica ( ,b>?olomew 0 "o ( ! mo/ commonly us$ books ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,!re are manuscript comm5t>ies & translations1 & ab/racts f x n only 9 ! ,lat9 tongues1 b especially 9 ! ,teutonic languages4 ,pagel ref]s to manuscripts 9 ,high & ,l[ ,dut*1 & ev5 9 ,dani%4 ,! ,middle ,high ,dut* manuscripts ( ?is ,practica ( ,b>?olomew come ma9ly f ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & h n only a special int]e/ because ( _! value 9 ! hi/ory ( philology1 b because !y are ! ma9 s\rces ( all ! lat] books on drugs :i* appe>$ 9 v l>ge numb]s 9 ,g]man4 ,!y h a v great hi/orico-lit]>y int]e/1 especially = ph>macology4 ,to ,afflacius we owe a description ( a me?od ( r$uc+ fev] t is n only +5i\s1 b1 9 ! light ( our rec5tly introduc$ ba?+ me?ods = fev]1 is a little />tl+4 ,9 8 book on ,fev]s & ,ur9es1 ,afflacius sugge/s t :5 ! pati5t's fev] makes him v re/less1 & especially if x is w>m wea!r1 a sort ( %[] ba? %\ld be giv5 to him4 ,he ?\ght t ra9 wat] 0 ! be/ = ?is purpose1 & he describes its be/ application z 9 ra9y fa%ion1 modo pluviali4 ,! wat] %\ld be all[$ to fl[ d[n ov] ! pati5t f a vessel ) a numb] ( m9ute p]=ations 9 ! bottom4 ,a numb] ( ! practical h9ts = treatm5t giv5 by ,afflacius h be5 attribut$ to ,con/ant9e4 ,con/ant9e's reputation has1 9 ! op9ion ( "s writ]s1 be5 hurt by two features ( 8 publi%$ works1 z !y h come to u1 t we f9d x difficult to und]/&4 ,"o ( ^! is t 8 translations f ! ,arabic 7 made ma9ly n ( ! books ( ! great lead]s ( ,arabian m$ic9e1 b f c]ta9 ( ! less important writ]s4 ,! o!r is t x does n seem always to h be5 made cle> 9 ! manuscripts t h come d[n to u1 :e!r ^! writ+s 7 translations or orig9al writ+s4 ,"s h ev5 gone s f> z to sugge/ t ,con/ant9e himself w\ld h be5 q will+ to receive ! cr$it = ^! writ+s4 ,z to ! fir/ ( ^! objections1 x may be said t v probably ,con/ant9e1 9 8 travels1 _h come to realize t ! books ( ! great ,arabian physicians1 ,rhazes1 ,abulcasis1 ,avic5na1 & o!rs1 already receiv$ s mu* att5tion t ! be/ outlook = m$ic9e 0 to call p>ticul> notice to ! writ+s ( su* less] lights z ,ali ,abbas1 ,isaac ,judu1 ,abu ,ds*af]1 & o!rs ( ev5 less note4 ,c]ta9ly we _c b feel t 8 judgm5t 9 ! matt] mu/ h be5 direct$ by reasons t we may n be able to und]/& at pres5t1 b t mu/ h exi/$1 = all t we "k ( ! man proves 8 "* z a practical1 f>-sight$ s*ol>4 ,besides1 x seems n unlikely t b = 8 int]e/ 9 !m we w\ld n at ! pres5t "t possess ! translations ( ^! m9or ,arabian writ]s1 & t w\ld be an un=tunate gap 9 m$ical hi/ory4 ,! o!r misund]/&+ ) reg>d to ,con/ant9e ref]s to ! fact t x is n[ almo/ impossible to decide :i* are 8 own & :i* are ! writ+s ( o!rs4 ,x has be5 said t he ev5 tri$ to palm (f "s ( ! writ+s ( o!rs z 8 own4 ,?is seems extremely unlikely1 h[ev]1 kn[+ all t we d ab\t 8 life2 & ! suspicion is f\nd$ entirely on manuscripts z we h !m at ! pres5t "t1 ab\t a ?\s& ye>s aft] he liv$4 ,:at mutilations ^! manuscripts und]w5t 9 ! c\rse ( v>i\s copy+s is h>d n[ to e/imate4 ,mona/ic copyi/s might v well h left out ,arabian names1 because !y 7 ma9ly int]e/$ 9 ! fact t !y 7 provid+ = _! read]s works t _h receiv$ ! approval ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! translation ( :i* at lea/ _h be5 made "u 8 direction4 ,x is q cle> t he did n d all ! translat+ himself1 & t he probably mu/ h organiz$ a s*ool ( m$ical translators at ,monte ,cass9o4 ,!n j h[ ! v>i\s works w\ld be look$ at is v dubi\s4 ,und\bt$ly _m ( ! translations 7 done aft] 8 dea?1 or c]ta9ly f9i%$ aft] 8 "t1 & at la/ attribut$ to him1 because he 0 ! mov+ _s & _h probably select$ ! books t %\ld be translat$1 & made sugge/ions ) reg>d to !m4 ,= all ( 8 monks he 01 z ma/]s h ev] be5 = disciples1 mu* m important1 & rightly s1 ?an ^? writ]s to :om he ref]r$ !m4 ,! :ole "q ( plagi>ism 9 ^! m$ieval times1 z ,i h po9t$ out else:]e1 is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,n[ a writ] may consci\sly or unconsci\sly claim ano!r writ+ z 8 own4 ,we h come to a "t :5 m5 ?9k mu* ( _! individual reputations4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ev5 lat] 9 ! ,r5aissance1 = a writ] to attribute :at he _h writt5 to "s di/+ui%$ lit]>y man ( ! prec$+ "t1 & sign t writ]'s "n to 8 own "w4 ,! idea ( ! lat] au?or 0 to secure an audi5ce = 8 ?\ghts4 ,he seem$ to be q indiff]5t :e!r p ev] knew j :o ! writ] 01 b he want$ to influ5ce humanity by 8 writ+s4 ,he ?\ght mu* m ( ?is ?an ( any possible reputation t might come to him4 ,( c\rse1 !re 0 no "q ( money4 ,!re nev] has be5 any "q ( money-mak+ :5ev] ! ?+s writt5 h be5 really wor? :ile4 ,lit]ature t has deeply influ5c$ mank9d has nev] paid4 ,publications t h paid are insignificant works t h t\*$ sup]ficially a :ole lot ( p4 ,to ?9k ( ,con/ant9e z a plagi>i/ 9 our mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 z try+ to take ! cr$it = someone else's writ+s1 is to misund]/& entirely ! times 9 :i* he liv$1 & to ignore ! real problem ( plagi>ism at t "t4 ,) ! accumulation ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 8 "t1 ,con/ant9e's reputation has be5 con/antly enhanc$4 ,x is n s long s9ce he 0 consid]$ sc>cely m ?an a monki% *ronicl]1 :o happ5$ to h tak5 m$ic9e r ?an hi/ory = 8 field ( "w4 ,gradually we h come to appreciate all t he did = ! m$ic9e ( 8 "t4 ,und\bt$ly 8 ext5sive travels1 8 wide k1 & !n 8 ye>s ( ef=t to make ,ori5tal m$ic9e available = ! ,we/]n civilization t 0 spr++ up aga9 among ! peoples :o _h come to replace ! ,romans1 set him among ! great intellectual =ces ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,sal]no ow$ mu* to him1 & x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,sal]no 0 ! fir/ univ]sity ( mod]n times1 &1 above all1 ! fir/ m$ical s*ool t rais$ ! dignity ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 e/abli%$ /&>ds ( m$ical education1 educat$ ! public m9d & ! rul]s ( ! "t to ! realization ( ! necessity = ! regulation ( ! practice ( m$ic9e1 & 9 _m ways anticipat$ our mod]n pr(essional life4 ,t ! bett] "p ( 8 life "w %\ld h be5 done z a ,b5$ict9e only s]ves to emphasize ! place t ! religi\s _h 9 ! pres]vation & ! developm5t ( culture & ( education dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,viii ,,m$ieval ,,wom5 ,,physicians ,v probably ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt] = u ( ! mod]n "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m$ical s*ool at ,sal]no is to be f\nd 9 ! opportunities provid$ = ! m$ical education ( wom5 & ! surr5d] to !m ( a :ole dep>tm5t 9 ! m$ical s*ool1 t ( ,wom5's ,diseases4 ,:ile x is probable t ,sal]no did n owe its orig9 to ! ,b5$ict9es1 & x is ev5 possible t !re 0 "s m$ical tea*+ !re = all ! c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages f ! ,greek times1 = x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is "p ( ,italy 0 settl$ by ,greeks1 & 0 (t5 call$ ,magna ,grcia1 !re is no d\bt at all t ! ,b5$ict9es ex]cis$ great influ5ce 9 ! c\nsels ( ! s*ool1 & t _m ( ! tea*]s 7 ,b5$ict9es1 z 7 also ! ,ar*bi%ops1 :o 7 its be/ patrons1 & ! great ,pope ,victor ,,iii1 :o did mu* = x4 ,= sev]al c5turies ! ,b5$ict9es repres5t$ ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce at ,sal]no4 ,= mo/ p :o are n intimately famili> ) mona/ic life1 &1 above all1 ) ! /ory ( ! ,b5$ict9es1 _! pre/ige at ,sal]no might seem to be en\gh ( itself to preclude all possibility ( ! education ( wom5 9 m$ic9e at ,sal]no4 ,= ^? :o "k ! ,b5$ict9es well1 h[ev]1 su* a dep>ture z ! accordance ( opportunities = wom5 to /udy m$ic9e w\ld seem em95tly 9 keep+ ) ! practical wisdom ( _! rules & ! developm5t ( _! "w4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! ,b5$ict9es recogniz$ t a mona/ic c>e] %\ld be op5 to wom5 z well z to m51 & ,b5$ict's si/]1 ,s*ola/ica1 e/abli%$ conv5ts = !m1 z h] bro!r did ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies1 ?us provid+ a vocation = wom5 :o did n feel call$ ^u to m>ry4 ,t ! memb]s ( ! ord] %\ld recognize ! advisability ( af=d+ wom5 ! opportunity to /udy m$ic9e1 & ( h&+ ov] to !m ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases 9 a m$ical s*ool 9 :i* !y _h a consid]able am\nt ( au?ority1 seems1 !n1 inde$1 only :at might h be5 expect$ ( !m4 ,we are prone 9 ! mod]n "t to ?9k t our g5]ation is ! fir/ to (f] to wom5 any facilities or opportunities = education 9 m$ic9e4 ,we are prone1 h[ev]1 j 9 ! same way1 to consid] t a numb] ( ?+s t we are do+ are n[ be+ done = ! fir/ "t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is extremely difficult to f9d any important movem5t or occupation t is n m]ely a repetition ( a previ\s int]e/ ( mank9d4 ,! :ole "q ( fem99e education we are apt to ?9k ( z mod]n1 =gett+ t ,plato insi/$ 9 8 ,republic1 z absolutely z any mod]n fem9i/1 t wom5 %\ld h ! same opportunities = education z m51 & t at ,rome1 at ! end ( ! ,republic & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire1 ! wom5 occupi$ v mu* ! same position 9 social life z our own at ! pres5t "t4 ,_! husb&s suppli$ ! funds1 & !y patroniz$ ! arti/s1 gave receptions to ! poets1 lioniz$ ! musicians1 &1 9 g5]al1 w5t aft] culture 9 a way t is a />tl+ rem9d] ( :at we are famili> ) 9 our own "t4 ,j z soon z ,*ri/ianity began to influ5ce education1 wom5 7 giv5 abundant opportunities = high] education 9 all =ms4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! fir/ nation completely conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1--:]e1 !re=e1 ! national policy 9 education c\ld be %ap$ by ! ,*ur* )\t h9drance1--,/4 ,brigid's s*ool at ,kild>e 0 sc>cely less fam\s ?an ,/4 ,patrick's at ,armagh4 ,x _h sev]al ?\s& /ud5ts1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at lea/1 co-education exi/$4 ,9 ,*>lemagne's "t1 ) ! revival ( education on ! ,cont95t1 ! wom5 ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt att5d$ ! ,palace ,s*ool1 z well z ! m54 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury we f9d wom5 pr(essors 9 e bran* at ,italian univ]sities4 ,"s ( !m 7 at lea/ assi/ants 9 anatomy4 ,! ,r5aissance wom5 71 ( c\rse1 pr(\ndly educat$4 ,9 a ^w1 we h _m phases ( fem99e education1 ?\gh ) int]vals ( absolutely negative int]e/1 d[n ! c5turies4 ,!re _h evid5tly be5 q a consid]able am\nt ( opportunity1 if n ( actual enc\ragem5t1 = wom5 9 m$ic9e1 bo? among ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,gal51 = in/ance1 quotes c]ta9 prescriptions f wom5 physicians4 ,"o ,cleopatra is said to h writt5 a book on cosmetics4 ,?is "n came aft]w>ds to be conf\nd$ ) t ( ,que5 ,cleopatra1 giv+ new pre/ige to ! book1 b nei!r ,gal5 nor ,atius1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian physician1 bo? ( :om quote f h] "w1 speak ( h] z any?+ except a m$ical writ]4 ,"s monum5ts to wom5 physicians f ^! old times h escap$ ! too? ( "t4 ,!re 0 ! tomb ( "o ,basila1 & also ( a ,!cla1 bo? ( :om are said to h be5 physicians4 ,two o!r names ( ,greek wom5 physicians we h1 ,orig5ia & ,aspasia1 ! =m] m5tion$ by ,gal51 ! latt] by ,atius 9 8 ,tetrabiblion4 ,d>emb]g1 ! m$ical hi/orian1 ann\nc$ 9 #ahea t he _h f\nd a ,greek manuscript ) ! title1 ,on ,wom5's ,diseases1 writt5 by "o ,metrodora1 a woman physician4 ,he promis$ to publi% x4 ,x 0 unpubli%$ at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 b c\ld n be f\nd among 8 pap]s4 ,!re is a manuscript on m$ical subjects1 be>+ ?is "n1 m5tion$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,greek ,codices ( ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y at ,flor5ce1 b ?is is said to give no indication ( ! "t :5 its au?or liv$4 ,we h evid5ce en\gh1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ,greek wom5 physicians 7 n v r>e4 ,! ,romans imitat$ ! ,greeks s fai?fully--"o might almo/ say copi$ !m s closely--t x is n surpris+ to f9d a numb] ( ,roman wom5 physicians4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( !m comes f ,scribonius ,l>gus1 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,octavius ,horatianus1 :om mo/ ( u "k bett] z ,priscian1 d$icat$ "o ( 8 books on m$ic9e to a woman physician nam$ ,victoria4 ,! d$ication leaves no d\bt t %e 0 a woman 9 active practice1 at lea/ 9 wom5's diseases1 & x is a book on ?is subject t ,priscian d$icates to h]4 ,he m5tions ano!r woman physician1 ,leop>da4 ,! ^w m$ica = a woman physician 0 v commonly us$ at ,rome4 ,m>tial1 ^: epigrams h be5 a s\rce ( s mu* in=mation 9 m$ical hi/ory1 especially on subjects ) reg>d to :i* in=mation 0 scanty1 m5tions a m$ica 9 an epigram4 ,apuleius also uses ! ^w4 ,!re are a numb] ( inscriptions 9 :i* wom5 physicians are m5tion$4 ,among ! ,*ri/ians we f9d wom5 physicians1 & ,!odosia1 ! "m ( ,/4 ,procopius1 ! m>tyr1 is said to h be5 v successful 9 ! practice ( bo? m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,%e is numb]$ among ! m>tyrs1 & occurs 9 ! ,roman ,m>tyrology on ! #bi? ( ,may4 ,fa!r ,bz[ski1 ! ,poli% ,jesuit1 :o compil$ ,nom5clatura ,sanctorum ,pr(essione ,m$icorum 7,rome1 #afba2 ! book is usually catalogu$ "u ! ,lat9 =m ( 8 "n1 ,bzovius71 has among 8 li/ ( sa9ts :o 7 physicians by pr(ession a woman1 ,/4 ,nic]ata1 :o liv$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,arcadius1 & :o is said to h cur$ ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om ( a s]i\s disease4 ,! organization ( ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases at ,sal]no1 "u ! c>e ( wom5 pr(essors1 & ! grant+ ( lic5ses to wom5 to practise m$ic9e1 is n s surpris+ 9 ! light ( ?is tradition among ,greeks & ,romans1 tak5 up ) "s en?usiasm by ! ,*ri/ians4 ,we are n sure j :5 ?is developm5t took place4 ,! fir/ def9ite evid5ce ) reg>d to x comes 9 ! life ( ,trotula1 :o seems to h be5 ! head ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,"s ( h] books are well kn[n1 & (t5 quot$ f1 & %e contribut$ to a symposium on ! treatm5t ( disease1 9 :i* !re are contributions1 also1 f m5 pr(essors ( ,sal]no at ! "t4 ,%e seems to h fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 a monk ( ,utica1 :o wrote an ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 tells ( "o ,rudolph ,malcorona1 :o1 9 #ajei1 came to ,utica & rema9$ !re = a long "t ) ,fa!r ,rob]t1 8 nephew4 ,?is ,rudolph _h be5 a /ud5t all 8 life1 devot+ himself ) great zeal to lett]s1 & _h become fam\s = 8 visits to ! s*ools ( ,france & ,italy1 9 ord] to ga!r !re ! secrets ( le>n+4 ,z a consequ5ce he 0 well in=m$ n only 9 gramm> & dialectics1 b also 9 a/ronomy & 9 music4 ,he also possess$ su* an ext5sive k ( ! natural sci5ces t 9 ! t[n ( ,sal]no1 :]e1 s9ce anci5t times1 ! be/ s*ools ( m$ic9e _h exi/$1 !re 0 no "o to equal him ) ! exception ( a v wise matron4 ,?is wise matron has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,trotula1 _m ( ! details ( ^: life h be5 br\ght to light by ,de ,r5zi1 9 8 ,/ory ( ! ,s*ool ( ,sal]no4#aa ,accord+ to v old tradition1 ,trotula belong$ to ! family ( ,ruggi]o4 ,?is 0 a noble family ( ,sal]no1 _m ( ! memb]s ( :i* 7 di/+ui%$ 9 _! native t[n at lea/1 b ! "n is n unusual 9 ,italy1 z read]s ( ,dante & ,boccaccio are likely to "k4 ,x 01 inde$1 z common z our own ,rog]s1 ( :i* x is ! ,italian equival5t4 ,de ,r5zi has made out a r good case = ! tradition t ,trotula 0 ! wife ( ,john ,plate>ius ,i--s call$ because !re 7 probably ?ree pr(essors ( t "n4 ,trotula 01 accord+ to ?is1 ! "m ( ! second ,plate>ius1 & ! gr&mo!r ( ! ?ird1 all ( !m di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! faculty at ,sal]no4 ,h] reputation ext5d$ f> beyond h] native t[n1 & ev5 ,italy itself1 &1 9 lat] c5turies1 h] "n 0 us$ to dignify any =m ( treatm5t = wom5's diseases t 0 be+ exploit$4 ,rutebeuf1 "o ( ! tr\vres1 ?irte5?-c5tury ,fr5* poets1 has a description ( ! sc5e 9 :i* "o ( ! old h]bali/ doctors :o us$ to g r\nd & collect a cr[d by means ( songs & music1 & !n talk m$ic9e to !m--j z is done ev5 yet 9 _m ( ! small] t[ns ( ?is c\ntry--is repres5t$ z say+ to ! cr[d :5 he wants to make !m realize t he is no ord9>y quacksalv]1 t he is "o ( ! disciples ( ! great ,madame ,trot ( ,sal]no4 ,! old-fa%ion$ spee* runs some:at z foll[s3 ,*>m+ p3 ,i am n "o ( ^! poor prea*]s1 nor ! poor h]bali/s1 :o c>ry little boxes & sa*ets1 & :o spread out be=e !m a c>pet4 ,i am ! disciple ( a great lady1 :o be>s ! "n ( ,madame ,trot ( ,sal]no4 ,& ,i w\ld h y "k t %e is ! wise/ woman 9 all ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,two books are attribut$ to ,trotula2 "o be>s ! title1 ,de ,passionibus ,muli]um1 & ! o!r has be5 call$ ,trotula ,m9or1 or ,summula ,secundum ,trotulam1 & is a comp5dium ( :at %e wrote4 ,?is is probably due to "s disciple1 b seems to h exi/$ almo/ 9 h] own "t4 ,h] mo/ important "w be>s two sub-titles1 ,trotula's ,unique ,book = ! ,cur+ ( ,diseases ( ,wom51 ,be=e1 ,dur+1 & ,aft] ,labor1 & ! o!r sub-title1 ,trotula's ,wond]ful ,book ( ,exp]i5ce 7exp]im5talis7 9 ! ,diseases ( ,wom51 ,be=e1 ,dur+1 & ,aft] ,labor1 ) ,o!r ,details ,likewise ,relat+ to ,labor4 ,! book beg9s ) a prologue on ! nature ( man & ( woman1 & an explanation ( h[ ! au?or1 tak+ pity on ! suff]+s ( wom51 came to devote h]self to ! /udy ( _! diseases4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ details 9 ! book1 all ! m int]e/+ because 9 _m ways !y anticipate mod]n solutions ( difficult problems 9 wom5's diseases1 & ! c>e ( ! "m & *ild be=e1 dur+1 & aft] labor4 ,= in/ance1 !re are a s]ies ( rules on ! *oice ( ! nurse1 & on ! diet & ! rgime :i* %e %\ld foll[ if ! *ild is to be prop]ly n\ri%$ )\t di/urbance4 ,probably ! mo/ /rik+ passage 9 h] book is t ) reg>d to a torn p]9eum & its repair4 ,?is passage may be f\nd 9 ,de ,r5zi or 9 ,gurlt4 ,x runs z foll[s3 ,c]ta9 pati5ts1 f ! sev]ity ( ! labor1 run into a rupture ( ! g5italia4 ,9 "s ev5 ! vulva & anus become "o =am51 hav+ ! same c\rse4 ,z a consequ5ce1 prolapse ( ! ut]us occurs1 & x becomes indurat$4 ,9 ord] to relieve ?is condition1 we apply to ! ut]us w>m w9e 9 :i* butt] has be5 boil$1 & ^! fom5tations are cont9u$ until ! ut]us becomes s(t1 & !n x is g5tly replac$4 ,aft] ?is ! te> betwe5 ! anus & vulva we sew 9 ?ree or f\r places ) silk ?read4 ,! woman %\ld !n be plac$ 9 b$1 ) ! feet elevat$1 & mu/ reta9 t position1 ev5 = eat+ & dr9k+1 & all ! necessities ( life1 = eight or n9e days4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 also1 !re mu/ be no ba?+1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid ev]y?+ t might cause c\gh+1 & all indige/ible mat]ials4 ,!re is a passage1 also1 almo/ m int]e/+ ) reg>d to prophylaxis ( rupture ( ! p]9eum4 ,%e says1 ,9 ord] to avoid ! a=esaid dang]1 c>eful provision %\ld be made1 & precautions %\ld be tak5 dur+ labor some:at z foll[s3 ,a clo? %\ld be fold$ 9 some:at oblong %ape1 & plac$ on ! anus1 s t1 dur+ e ef=t = ! expulsion ( ! *ild1 t %\ld be press$ firmly1 9 ord] t !re may n be any solution ( ! cont9uity ( tissue4 ,h] book conta9s1 also1 "s directions = v>i\s cosmetics4 ,h[ _m ( ^! are orig9al1 h[ev]1 is difficult to say4 ,trotula's "n _h become a ^w to conjure )1 & _m a quack 9 ! aft] "t tri$ to make capital = 8 rem$ies 9 ?is l9e by attribut+ !m to ,trotula4 ,z a consequ5ce1 _m ( ^! rem$ies gradually f\nd _! way into ! manuscript copies ( h] book1 & subsequ5t copyi/s incorporat$ !m into ! text1 until x became practically impossible to det]m9e :i* 7 orig9al4 ,!re are manuscripts ( ,trotula's "w 9 ,flor5ce1 ,vi5na1 & ,breslau4 ,"s ( ^! conta9 *apt]s n 9 ! o!rs1 und\bt$ly add$ by subsequ5t h&s4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 t at ,flor5ce1 f :i* ! edition ( ,/rasburg 0 pr9t$ 9 #aedd1 & ( ,v5ice1 #aedg1 "o ( ! ,ald9e issues1 !re is a m5tion 9 ! la/ *apt] ( spectacles4 ,we h no record ( ^! until ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ?is passage 0 probably add$4 ,x 0 also pr9t$ at ,basle1 #aeff1 & at ,leipzig z late z #aggh1 :i* w\ld s]ve to %[ h[ mu* att5tion x has attract$ ev5 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,aft] ,trotula we h a numb] ( wom5 physicians ( ,sal]no ^: names h come d[n to u4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! be> ! names ,con/anza1 ,cal5dula1 ,abella1 ,m]curiade1 ,rebecca ,gu>na1 :o belong$ to ! old ,sal]nitan family ( t "n1 a memb] ( :i*1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 0 ,romuald1 prie/1 physician1 & hi/orian1 ,l\ise ,tr5capilli1 & o!rs4 ,! titles ( "s ( _! books1 z ^? ( ,m]curiade1 :o occupi$ h]self ) surg]y z well z m$ic9e1 & :o is said to h writt5 on ,crises1 on ,pe/il5t ,fev]1 on ,! ,cure ( ,w\nds1 & ( ,abella1 :o acquir$ a great reputation ) h] "w on ,black ,bile1 & on ! ,nature ( ,sem9al ,fluid1 h come d[n to u4 ,rebecca ,gu>na wrote on ,fev]s1 on ! ,ur9e1 & on ! ,embryo4 ,! s*ool ( ,sal]nitan wom5 came to h a def9ite place 9 m$ical lit]ature4 ,:ile1 z tea*]s1 !y _h *>ge ( ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases1 _! writ+s w\ld seem to indicate t !y /udi$ all bran*es ( m$ic9e4 ,besides1 !re are a numb] ( lic5ses pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,naples 9 :i* wom5 are accord$ ! privilege ( practis+ m$ic9e4 ,app>5tly ^! lic5ses 7 )\t limitation4 ,9 _m ( ^! m5tion is made ( ! fact t x seems especially fitt+ t wom5 %\ld be all[$ to practise 9 wom5's diseases1 s9ce !y are by con/itution likely to "k m & to h m sympa?y ) fem99e ills4 ,! =mula employ$ z ! preamble ( ?is lic5se ran z foll[s3 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! law p]mits wom5 to ex]cise ! pr(ession ( physicians1 & s9ce1 besides1 due reg>d be+ _h to purity ( morals1 wom5 are bett] suit$ = ! treatm5t ( wom5's diseases1 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! oa? ( fidelity1 we p]mit1 etc4 ,sal]no cont9u$ to enjoy a reputation = tra9+ wom5 physicians ?or\ghly1 until well on 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 = we h ! record ( ,con/ance ,cal5da1 ! daught] ( ,salvator ,cal5da1 :o _h be5 dean ( ! faculty ( m$ic9e at ,sal]no ab\t #adae1 & aft]w>ds dean ( ! faculty at ,naples4 ,8 daught]1 "u ! dilig5t in/ruction ( h] fa!r1 seems to h obta9$ special honors = h] m$ical exam9ation4 ,n long aft] ?is1 ,sal]no itself lo/ all ! pre/ige t x _h4 ,! ,k+s ( ,naples endeavor$ to create a great univ]sity 9 _! city 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y did n succe$ to ! ext5t t !y hop$1 b ! neighbor+ rival in/itution hurt ,sal]no v mu*1 & its d[nfall may be trac$ f ?is "t4 ,gradually its reputation wan$1 & we h practically no m$ical writ] ( di/9ction !re at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! old cu/om ( opportunities = wom5 /ud5ts ( m$ic9e 0 ma9ta9$4 ,?is cu/om seems also to h be5 transf]r$ to ,naples1 & lic5ses to practise 7 issu$ to woman graduates ( ,naples4 ,?is nev] a*iev$ any?+ l ! reputation 9 ?is dep>tm5t t _h be5 atta9$ at ,sal]no4 ,sal]no influ5c$ ,bologna & ! nor? ,italian univ]sities pr(\ndly 9 all bran*es ( m$ic9e & m$ical education1 p>ticul>ly 9 surg]y1 z c be se5 9 ! *apt] on ,great ,surgeons ( ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities1 & ! practice ( all[+ su* wom5 z wi%$ to /udy m$ic9e to ent] ! univ]sity m$ical s*ools is exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,mond9o's assi/ant 9 anatomy1 ,aless&ra ,giliani1 ?\gh !re are also o!rs ^: names h come d[n to u4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no _h develop$ r\nd a m$ical s*ool4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( ! univ]sities1 &1 9 connection ) its m$ical s*ool1 fem99e education obta9$ a /rong foo?old4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ) ! fur!r developm5t ( univ]sities 9 ,italy1 fem99e education came to be ! rule4 ,?is rule has ma9ta9$ itself all d[n ! c5turies 9 ,italy1 s t !re has n be5 a s+le c5tury s9ce ! twelf? 9 :i* !re h n be5 "o or m di/+ui%$ wom5 tea*]s at ! ,italian univ]sities4 ,univ]sity life gradually spread we/w>d1 & ,p>is came into exi/5ce z an organiz$ in/itution ( le>n+ aft] ,bologna1 &1 d\btless1 ) "s ( ! traditions ( ,sal]no 9 ! m9ds ( its f\nd]s4 ,fem99e education1 h[ev]1 did n spread to ! ,we/4 ,?is is a little bit difficult to und]/&1 consid]+ ! rev]5ce t ! ,teutonic peoples h always _h = _! wom5 folk & ! privileges accord$ !m4 ,a s+le un=tunate incid5t1 t ( ,abl>d & ,hlose1 seems to h be5 suffici5t to disc\rage ef=ts 9 ! direction ( opportunities = fem99e education 9 connection ) ! ,we/]n univ]sities4 ,p]haps1 9 ! less sophi/icat$ c\ntries ( ! ,nor? & ,we/ ( ,europe1 wom5 did n s ard5tly desire educational opportunities z 9 ,italy1 = :5ev] !y h really want$ !m1 z1 inde$1 any?+ else1 !y h always obta9$ !m4 ,9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( =mal opportunities = fem99e education 9 m$ic9e at ! ,we/]n univ]sities1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( sci5tific k ( diseases1 z well z valuable practical tra9+ 9 ! c>e ( ! ail+1 0 n want+ = wom5 outside ( ,italy4 ,! m$ical k ( ! wom5 ( nor!rn ,france & ,g]many & ,engl&1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x did n receive ! /amp ( a =mal degree f ! univ]sity & ! di/9ction ( a lic5se to practise1 0 none ! less ?or\gh & ext5sive4 ,x came 9 connection ) c]ta9 (fices 9 _! own communities1 held by memb]s ( religi\s ord]s4 ,g5u9e in=mation ) reg>d to :at ! religi\s 7 do+ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 s mu* obscur$ by ! tradition ( laz9ess & immorality1 creat$ at ! "t ( ! s-call$ re=mation 9 ord] to ju/ify ! confiscation ( _! prop]ty by ^? ^: "o object 0 to enri* !mselves1 t we h only come to "k ! reality ( _! life & accompli%m5ts 9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s4 ,we n[ "k t1 besides be+ ! home ( mo/ ( ! book k ( ! e>li] ,middle ,ages1 ! mona/]ies 7 ! con/ant patrons ( su* practical subjects z ar*itecture1 agriculture 9 all its phases1 especially irrigation1 dra9+1 & ! improvem5t ( l& & crops2 ( art1 & ev5 :at we n[ "k z physical sci5ce4 ,above all1 !y pres]v$ = u ! old m$ical books & c>ri$ on m$ical traditions ( practice4 ,! greate/ surprise has be5 to f9d t ?is 0 true n only = ! monks1 b also = ! nuns4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important books on m$ic9e t has come to u f ! twelf? c5tury is t ( a ,b5$ict9e abbess1 s9ce kn[n z ,/4 ,hildeg>de1 ^: life 0 sp5t 9 ! ,rh9el&4 ,h] works s]ve to %[ v well t 9 ! conv5ts ( ! t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? c5turies !re 0 mu* m ( int]e/ 9 ?+s intellectual ?an we h _h any idea ( until rec5t ye>s1 & t1 inde$1 "o ( ! important occupations ( conv5t life 0 ! s]i\s /udy ( books ( all k9ds1 "s ( !m ev5 sci5tific1 z well z ! writ+ ( works 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,! c5tury be=e ,/4 ,hildeg>de !re is ! record ( ,hros)a1 :o wrote a s]ies ( dramas 9 imitation ( ,t]5ce1 t 7 meant to replace1 = ! monks & nuns ( t p]iod1 ! read+ ( t r too human au?or4 ,hros)a1 l ,hildeg>de1 0 a ,g]man1 & we h ! record1 also1 ( ano!r religi\s writ]1 abbess ( ! ,odilian ,cloi/]1 at ,hoh5b]g1 :o wrote a book call$ ,hortus ,delici>um1 ! ,g>d5 ( ,delights1 a book ( in=mation on _m subjects n unlike our popul> encyclop$ias ( ! mod]n "t1 ! title ( :i* %[s t ! place ( in=mation 9 life 0 consid]$ to be ! giv+ ( pleasure4 ,:ile ?is "w deals ma9ly ) ,biblical & !ological & my/ical que/ions1 !re are _m purely sci5tific passages & _m subjects ( /rictly m$ical int]e/ treat$4 ,! life ( ! ,abbess ,hildeg>de is wor?y ( consid]ation1 because x illu/rates ! p]iod & makes x v cle> t1 9 spite ( ! griev\s misund]/&+ ( _! life & "w1 s common 9 ! mod]n "t1 ^! old-"t religi\s _h mo/ ( ! int]e/s ( ! mod]n "t1 & pursu$ !m ) ev5 m ?an mod]n zeal & success1 v (t54 ,h] c>e] illu/rates v well :at ! f\ndation ( ! ,b5$ict9es _h done = wom54 ,:5 ,/4 ,b5$ict f\nd$ 8 ord] = m51 8 si/]1 ,s*ola/ica1 want$ to d a simil> "w = wom54 ,we "k t ! ,b5$ict9e monks sav$ ! old classics = u1 kept burn+ ! light ( ! intellectual life1 & gave a refuge to m5 :o want$ to devote !mselves 9 leisure & peace to ! ?+s ( ! _s1 :e!r ( ?is _w or ! o!r4 ,we h kn[n mu* less ( ! ,b5$ict9e nuns until n[ ! /udy ( _! books %[s t !y provid$ exactly ! same opportunities = wom5 & furni%$ a vocation1 a home1 an occupation ( m9d1 & a satisfaction ( _s = ! wom5 :o1 9 e g5]ation1 d n feel !mselves call$ to be wives & mo!rs1 b :o want to live _! lives = o!rs r ?an = !mselves & _! k91 seek+ su* developm5t ( m9d & ( _s z may come ) ! leisure & peace ( celibacy4 ,hildeg>de 0 born ( noble p>5ts at ,bckelheim1 9 ! c\nty ( ,sponheim1 ab\t ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury 7probably #ajih74 ,9 h] eigh? ye> %e w5t = h] education to ! ,b5$ict9e cloi/] ( ,disibod5b]g4 ,:5 h] education 0 f9i%$1 %e ent]$ ! cloi/]1 ( :i*1 at ! age ( ab\t fifty1 %e became abbess4 ,h] writ+s1 reputation = sanctity1 & h] wise sa9tly rule attract$ s _m new memb]s to ! community t ! conv5t became ov]cr[d$4 ,accord+ly1 ) eighte5 ( h] nuns1 ,hildeg>de )drew to a new conv5t at ,rup]tsb]g1 :i* ,engli% & ,am]ican travell]s w rememb] because x is n f> f ,b+5 on ! ,rh9e4 ,"h %e came to be a c5tre ( attraction = mo/ ( ! _w ( h] "t4 ,%e 0 9 active correspond5ce ) ne>ly e important man ( h] g5]ation4 ,%e 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 :o 0 himself1 p]haps1 ! mo/ influ5tial man 9 ,europe 9 ?is c5tury4 ,%e 0 9 correspond5ce ) f\r ,popes1 & ) ! ,emp]ors ,conrad & ,fr$]ick ,i1 & ) _m di/+ui%$ ar*bi%ops1 abbots1 & abbesses1 & tea*]s & tea*+ bodies ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^! correspond5ces 7 usually begun by h] correspond5ts1 :o consult$ h] because h] advice 9 difficult problems 0 consid]$ s valuable4 ,9 spite ( all ?is "t-tak+ correspond5ce1 %e f\nd leisure to write a s]ies ( books1 mo/ ( !m on my/ical subjects1 b two ( !m on m$ical subjects4 ,! fir/ is call$ ,lib] ,simplicis ,m$ic91 & ! second ,lib] ,composit ,m$ic94 ,^! books 7 writt5 9 ord] to provide in=mation ma9ly = ! nuns :o _h *>ge ( ! infirm>ies ( ! mona/]ies ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,almo/ con/antly someone 9 ! l>ge communities1 :i* always conta9$ ag$ religi\s1 0 ail+1 & !n1 besides1 !re 7 o!r calls on ! "t & ! skill ( ! si/] infirm>ians4 ,!re 7 no hotels at t "t1 & no hospitals1 except 9 ! l>ge cities4 ,!re 7 always gue/ h\ses 9 connection ) mona/]ies & conv5ts1 9 :i* travell]s 7 p]mitt$ to pass ! night1 & giv5 :at !y ne$$ to eat4 ,!re are _m p :o h _h exp]i5ces ( mona/ic hospitality ev5 9 our own "t4 ,sometimes travell]s fell ill4 ,n infrequ5tly ! reason = travell+ 0 to f9d heal? 9 "s di/ant & fabul\sly heal?-giv+ resort1 or at ! h&s ( "s wond]-work+ physician4 ,su* high hopes are ne>ly always set at a di/ance4 ,?is ( itself mu/ h giv5 n a little additional ne$ = k ( m$ic9e to ! infirm>ians ( conv5ts & mona/]ies4 ,!re 7 ar\nd _m ( ! mona/]ies1 moreov]1 l>ge e/ates2 (t5 !y _h be5 cle>$ & made valuable by ! "w ( prec$+ g5]ations ( monks1 & on ^! e/ates peasants came to live4 ,work+m5 & work+wom5 f neighbor+ di/ricts came to help at h>ve/ "t1 &1 aft] a *ance meet+1 7 m>ri$ & settl$ d[n on a little plot ( gr\nd provid$ = !m ne> ! mona/]y4 ,z ^! communities grew up1 !y look$ to ! mona/]ies & conv5ts = aid ( all k9ds1 & turn$ to !m p>ticul>ly 9 times ( illness4 ,! ne$ = def9ite in/ruction 9 m$ic9e on ! "p ( a great _m ( ! monks & nuns c be readily und]/ood1 & x 0 ?is ne$ t ,hildeg>de tri$ to meet 9 h] books4 ,! fir/ ( h] books t we h m5tion$1 ! ,lib] ,simplicis ,m$ic91 attract$ att5tion r e>ly 9 ! ,r5aissance1 & 0 deem$ wor?y ( pr9t4 ,x 0 edit$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury by ,dr4 ,s*ott at ,/rasburg1 "u ! title1 ,physica ,s4 ,hildeg>dis4 ,ano!r manuscript ( ?is "p 0 f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,wolf5buttel1 9 #aheh1 by ,dr4 ,jess54 ,?is gave him an int]e/ 9 ,hildeg>de's contributions to m$ic9e1 &1 9 #ahei1 he not$ 9 ! libr>y at ,cop5hag5 a manuscript ) ! title ,hildeg>di ,cur et ,caus4 ,on exam9ation1 he 0 sure t x 0 ! ,lib] ,composit ,m$ic9 ( ! sa9t4 ,! fir/ "w consi/s ( n9e books1 treat+ ( plants1 elem5ts1 trees1 /ones1 fi%es1 birds1 quadrup$s1 reptiles1 & metals1 & is pr9t$ 9 ,migne's ,patrologia1 "u ! title ,subtilitatum ,div]s>um ,natur>um ,libri ,novem4 ,! second1 9 five books1 treats ( ! g5]al diseases ( creat$ ?+s1 ( ! human body & its ailm5ts1 ( ! causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t ( diseases4 ,x w\ld be v easy to ?9k t ^! are small volumes & t !y conta9 v little4 ,we are s apt to ?9k ( old-fa%ion$ s-call$ books z sc>cely m ?an *apt]s1 t x may be int]e/+ to give "s idea ( ! cont5ts & ext5t ( ! fir/ ( ^! works4 ,! fir/ book on ,plants has #bcj *apt]s1 ! second on ! ,elem5ts has #ac *apt]s1 ! ?ird on ,trees has #cf *apt]s1 ! f\r? on v>i\s k9ds ( ,m9]als1 includ+ preci\s /ones1 has #bbf *apt]s1 ! fif? on ,fi%es has #cf *apt]s1 ! six? on ,birds has #fh *apt]s1 ! sev5? on ,quadrup$s has #dc *apt]s1 ! eigh? on ,reptiles has #ah *apt]s1 ! n9? on ,metals has #h *apt]s4 ,ea* *apt] beg9s ) a description ( ! species 9 "q1 & !n def9es its value = man & its !rapeutic significance4 ,mod]n sci5ti/s h n hesitat$ to decl>e t ! descriptions ab\nd 9 obs]vations wor?y ( a sci5tific inquir+ _s4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 n absolutely sure t all ! cont5ts ( ! books come f ,hildeg>de4 ,subsequ5t /ud5ts (t5 made notes 9 ^! manuscript books1 & !n o!r copyi/s copi$ ^! into ! texts4 ,un=tunately we h n a numb] ( codices to collate & correct su* errors4 ,mo/ ( :at ,hildeg>de wrote comes to u 9 a s+le copy1 ( none are !re m ?an f\r copies1 %[+ h[ ne> we came to miss+ all k ( h] entirely4 ,dr4 ,melanie ,lip9ska1 9 h] ,hi/oire des ,femmes ,mdec9s1 a !sis pres5t$ = ! doctorate 9 m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 9 #aijj1 subsequ5tly aw>d$ a special prize by ! ,fr5* ,academy1 reviews ,hildeg>de's "w critically f ! m$ical /&po9t4 ,%e says t ! sa9t di/+ui%es a d\ble mode ( action ( diff]5t sub/ances1 "o *emical1 ! o!r physical1 or :at we w\ld v probably call magnetic4 ,%e discusses all ! ailm5ts ( ! v>i\s organs1 ! bra91 ! eyes1 ! tee?1 ! he>t1 ! sple51 ! /oma*1 ! liv]4 ,%e has special *apt]s on r$ness & pal5ess ( ! face1 on a/hma1 on c\gh1 on fetid brea?1 on bili\s indige/ion1 on g\t4 ,besides1 %e has o!r *apt]s on n]v\s affections1 on ict]us1 on fev]s1 on inte/9al worms1 on infections due to swamp exhalations1 on dys5t]y1 & a numb] ( =ms ( pulmon>y diseases4 ,ne>ly all ( our me?ods ( diagnosis are to be f\nd1 h9t$ at at lea/1 9 h] book4 ,%e discusses ! r$ness ( ! blood z a sign ( heal?1 ! *>act]i/ics ( v>i\s excrem5titi\s mat]ial z signs ( disease1 ! degrees ( fev]1 & ! *anges 9 ! pulse4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 *anges 9 ! humors ( ! body t con/itut$ ! ma9 causes = disease 9 h] op9ion1 b x is well to rem9d ourselves t our frequ5t discussion ( auto-intoxication 9 rec5t ye>s is a di/9ct return to ?is4 ,"s ( ,hildeg>de's anticipations ( mod]n ideas are1 inde$1 surpris+ en\gh4 ,= in/ance1 9 talk+ ab\t ! />s & describ+ _! c\rse ?r\gh ! firmam5t1 %e makes use ( a comp>ison t is r />tl+4 ,%e says3 ,j z ! blood moves 9 ! ve9s :i* causes !m to vibrate & pulsate1 s ! />s move 9 ! firmam5t & s5d out sp>ks z x 7 ( light l ! vibrations ( ! ve9s4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 n an anticipation ( ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 b x %[s h[ close 7 m5's ideas to "s su* ?\ght five c5turies be=e ,h>vey's discov]y4 ,= ,hildeg>de ! bra9 0 ! regulator ( all ! vital qualities1 ! c5tre ( life4 ,%e connects ! n]ves 9 _! passage f ! bra9 & ! sp9al cord ?r\gh ! body ) manife/ations ( life4 ,%e has a s]ies ( *apt]s ) reg>d to psy*ology normal & morbid4 ,%e talks ab\t fr5zy1 insanity1 despair1 dread1 obsession1 ang]1 idiocy1 & innoc5cy4 ,%e says v /rongly 9 "o place t :5 heada*e & migra9e & v]tigo attack a pati5t simultane\sly !y r5d] a man fooli% & upset 8 reason4 ,?is makes _m p ?9k t he is possess$ ( a demon1 b t is n true4 ,^! are ! exact words ( ! sa9t z quot$ 9 ,mlle4 ,lip9ska's !sis4 ,x is no wond] t ,mlle4 ,lip9ska ?9ks ,/4 ,hildeg>de ! mo/ important m$ical writ] ( h] "t4 ,reuss1 ! editor ( ! edition ( ,hildeg>de publi%$ 9 ,migne's ,patrology1 says3 ,among all ! sa9tly religi\s :o h practis$ m$ic9e or writt5 ab\t x 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! mo/ important is )\t any d\bt ,/4 ,hildeg>de4444 ,) reg>d to h] book he says3 ,all ^? :o wi% to write ! hi/ory ( ! m$ical & natural sci5ces mu/ read ?is "w 9 :i* ?is religi\s woman1 evid5tly well gr\nd$ 9 all t 0 kn[n at t "t 9 ! secrets ( nature1 discusses & exam9es c>efully all ! k ( ! "t4 ,he adds1 ,x is c]ta9 t ,/4 ,hildeg>de knew _m ?+s t 7 unkn[n to ! physicians ( h] "t4 ,:5 su* books 7 read & widely copi$1 x %[s t !re 0 an int]e/ 9 practical & sci5tific m$ic9e among wom5 9 ,g]many mu* great] ?an is usually ?\ght to h exi/$ at ?is "t4 ,su* writ]s1 ?\gh g5iuses1 & /&+ above _! contempor>ies1 usually repres5t ! _s ( _! times & make x cle> t def9ite k ( ?+s m$ical 0 consid]$ ( value4 ,! conv5ts & mona/]ies ( ?is "t are (t5 ?\ght ( by ^? :o "k lea/ ab\t !m z little int]e/$ 9 any?+ except _! own ease & c]ta9 sup]/iti\s practices4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y c>$ = _! e/ates1 & especially = ! peasantry on !m1 !y provid$ lodg+ & food = travell]s1 !y took c>e ( ! ail+ ( _! neighborhood1 &1 besides1 occupi$ !mselves ) _m phases ( ! intellectual life4 ,x 0 a well-kn[n tradition t c\ntry p :o liv$ 9 ! neighborhood ( conv5ts & mona/]ies1 & especially ^? :o _h monks & nuns = _! l&lords1 7 mu* happi] & 7 mu* bett] tak5 c>e ( ?an ! t5antry ( o!r e/ates4 ,= ?is a cultivation ( m$ical k 0 necess>y 9 c]ta91 at lea/1 ( ! memb]s ( ! religi\s ord]s1 & su* books z ,hildeg>de's are ! evid5ce t n only ! k exi/$1 b t x 0 collect$ & writt5 d[n1 & widely dissem9at$4 ,nicaise1 9 ! introduction to 8 edition ( ,guy de ,*auliac's ,gr&e ,*irurgie1 reviews briefly ! hi/ory ( wom5 9 m$ic9e1 & concludes3 ,wom5 cont9u$ to practise m$ic9e 9 ,italy = c5turies1 & ! names ( "s :o atta9$ great r5[n h be5 pres]v$ = u4 ,_! works are /ill quot$ f 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 none ( !m 9 ,france :o became di/+ui%$1 b wom5 c\ld practise m$ic9e 9 c]ta9 t[ns at lea/ on condition ( pass+ an exam9ation be=e regul>ly appo9t$ ma/]s4 ,an edict ( #acaa1 at ! same "t t x int]dicts unau?oriz$ wom5 f practis+ surg]y1 recognizes _! "r to practise ! art if !y h und]gone an exam9ation be=e ! regul>ly appo9t$ ma/] surgeons ( ! corporation ( ,p>is4 ,an edict ( ,k+ ,john1 ,april1 #aceb1 conta9s ! same expressions z ! previ\s edict4 ,du ,b\ley1 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1' gives ano!r edict by ! same ,k+1 also publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aceb1 z a result ( ! compla9ts ( ! faculties at ,p>is1 9 :i* !re is also "q ( wom5 physicians4 ,?is respond$ to ! petition3 ',hav+ he>d ! petition ( ! ,dean & ! ,ma/]s ( ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :o decl>e t !re are v _m ( bo? sexes1 "s ( ! wom5 ) legal title to practise & "s ( !m m]ely old pret5d]s to a k ( m$ic9e1 :o come to ,p>is 9 ord] to practise1 be x enact$1' etc4 7,! edict !n proce$s to repeat ! t]ms ( previ\s legislation 9 ?is matt]47 ,guy de ,*auliac speaks also ( wom5 :o practis$ surg]y4 ,!y =m$ ! fif? & la/ class ( op]ators 9 8 "t4 ,he compla9s t !y are accu/om$ to too great an ext5t to give ov] pati5ts suff]+ f all k9ds ( maladies to ! w ( ,heav51 f\nd+ _! practice on ! maxim ',! ,"l has giv5 z he has pleas$2 ! ,"l w take away :5 he pleases2 may ! "n ( ! ,"l be bless$4' ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,pasqui]1 ! practice ( m$ic9e by wom5 almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,! numb] ( wom5 physicians becomes m & m r>e 9 ! foll[+ c5turies j 9 proportion z we approa* our own "t4 ,pasqui] says t we f9d a c]ta9 numb] ( !m anxi\s = k & ) a special p5*ant = ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces & ev5 ( m$ic9e1 b v few ( !m take up practice4 ,j h[ ! lack ( int]e/ 9 m$ical education = wom5 gradually deep5$1 until !re 0 almo/ a negative phase ( x1 only a few wom5 9 ,italy devot+ !mselves to m$ic9e1 is h>d to say4 ,x is "o ( ! my/]ies ( ! vicissitudes ( human affairs t ups & d[ns ( int]e/ 9 ?+s practical z well z intellectual keep con/antly occurr+4 ,! numb] ( discov]ies & inv5tions 9 m$ic9e & surg]y t we h neglect$ until !y 7 =gott51 & !n _h to make aga91 is s well illu/rat$ 9 *apt]s ( ?is book1 t ,i ne$ only recall !m "h 9 g5]al4 ,x may seem a little h>d] to und]/& t s important a manife/ation ( int]e/ 9 human affairs z ! education & lic5sure ( wom5 physicians %\ld n only cease1 b pass entirely out ( m5's memory1 yet su* app>5tly 0 ! case4 ,x w\ld n be h>d to illu/rate1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,cycles ( ,fem99e ,education & ,influ5ce 9 ,education1 ,h[ ,old ! ,new 7,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiaj71 t correspond+ ups & d[ns ( int]e/ may be trac$ 9 ! hi/ory ( fem99e education ( e k9d4 ,9 t *apt] ,i h discuss$ ! possible reasons = ^! vicissitudes1 :i* h no place "h1 b ,i may ref] ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject to t treatm5t ( x4 ,,ix ,,mond9o ,,& ,,! ,,m$ical ,,s*ool ,,( ,,bologna ,! mo/ important contributions to m$ical sci5ce made by ! ,m$ical ,s*ool ( ,sal]no at ! height ( its developm5t 7 9 surg]y4 ,! text-books writt5 by m5 tra9$ 9 h] halls or inspir$ by h] tea*]s 7 to influ5ce _m succe$+ g5]ations ( surgeons = c5turies4 ,sal]no's greate/ legacy to ,bologna 0 ! gr\p ( di/+ui%$ surgical tea*]s ^: text-books we h review$ 9 ! *apt]1 ,great ,surgeons ( ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities4 ,bologna h]self 0 to w9 a place 9 m$ical hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ma9ly 9 connection ) anatomy1 & x 0 9 ?is dep>tm5t t %e 0 to provide inc5tive especially = h] si/] univ]sities ( nor? ,italy1 ?\gh also = ,we/]n ,europe g5]ally4 ,! fir/ manual ( dissection1 t is1 ! fir/ h&y volume giv+ explicit directions = ! dissection ( human cadav]s1 0 writt5 at ,bologna4 ,?is 0 scatt]$ 9 ?\s&s ( copies 9 manuscript all ov] ! m$ical _w ( ! f\rte5? & e>ly fifte5? c5turies4 ,ev5 aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 _m editions ( x 7 pr9t$4 ,d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury x cont9u$ to be ! mo/ us$ text-book ( anatomy1 z well z manual ( dissection1 :i* /ud5ts ( e univ]sity _h 9 h& :5 !y made _! dissection1 or wi%$ to prep>e = mak+ x1 or desir$ to review x aft] ! body _h be5 tak5 away1 = ) lack ( prop] pres]vative prep>ation1 bodies _h to be remov$ 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,probably no man m influ5c$ ! m$ical tea*+ ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5 c5turies ?an ,mund9us1 or1 z he 0 call$ 9 ! ,italian fa%ion1 ,mond9o1 :o wrote ?is manual ( dissection4 ,mund9us quem omnis /ud5tium univ]sitas colit ut deum 7,mund9us1 :om all ! _w ( /ud5ts cultivat$ z a god71 is ! expression by :i* ! ,g]man s*ol> :o edit$1 ab\t #aejj1 ! ,leipzig edition ( ,mund9us' well-kn[n manual1 ! ,ana?omia1 introduces x to 8 read]s4 ,! expression is well wor? not+1 because x %[s :at 0 /ill ! reputation ( ,mund9us 9 ! m$ical educational _w ne>ly two c5turies aft] 8 dea?4#ab ,until ! "t ( ,vesalius1 ^: influ5ce 0 ex]t$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,mond9o 0 look$ up to by all tea*]s z ! mo/ important contributor to ! sci5ce ( anatomy 9 ,european m$ic9e s9ce ! ,greeks4 ,he ow$ 8 reputation to two ?+s3 8 book1 ( :i* we h already spok51 & !n1 ! fact t he re9troduc$ dissection demon/rations z a regul> practice 9 ! m$ical s*ools4 ,8 book is really a manual ( mak+ anatomical prep>ations = demon/ration purposes4 ,^! demon/rations _h to be hurri$1 ow+ to ! rapid decomposition ( mat]ial consequ5t ^u ! lack ( pres]vatives4 ,! v>i\s *apt]s 7 prep>$ ) ! idea ( supply+ explicit directions & practical help dur+ ! anatomical demon/rations1 s t ^! might be made z spe$ily z possible4 ,! book does n comprise mu* t 0 new at t "t1 b x is a good comp5dium ( previ\s k1 & conta9s "s orig9al obs]vations4 ,x 0 entirely ow+ to its =m z a h&y manual ( anatomical k &1 besides1 because x 0 an inc5tive to ! practice ( human dissection1 t x atta9$ & ma9ta9$ its popul>ity4 ,mond9o foll[$ ,gal51 ( c\rse1 & s did e o!r tea*] 9 m$ic9e & its alli$ sci5ces1 until ,vesalius' "t4 ,ev5 ,vesalius p]mitt$ himself to be influ5c$ ov]mu* by ,gal5 at po9ts :]e we wond] t he did n make 8 obs]vations = himself1 s9ce1 app>5tly1 !y 7 s obvi\s4 ,! m we "k ( ,gal51 h[ev]1 ! less surpris$ are we at 8 hold ov] ! m9ds ( m54 ,only ^? :o are ignorant ( ,gal5's imm5se k1 8 practical common s5se1 & ! frequ5t m>vell\s anticipations ( :at we ?9k mo/ mod]n1 affect to despise him4 ,8 works h nev] be5 translat$ into any mod]n language except piecemeal1 !re is no complete translation1 & "o mu/ be ready to delve into "s l>ge ,lat91 if n ,greek1 volumes to "k :at a m>vel ( m$ical k he 01 & h[ wise 7 ! m5 :o foll[$ him closely1 ?\gh1 be+ human1 !re are times :5 necess>ily he fail$ !m4 ,= ^? :o "k ev5 a little at fir/ h& ( ,gal51 x is only :at might be expect$1 !n1 t ,mond9o1 try+ to break away f ! anatomy ( ! pig1 :i* _h be5 be=e ?is ! basis ( all anatomical tea*+ 9 ! m$ical s*ools 7,copho's book1 us$ at ,sal]no & ,bologna be=e ,mond9o's 0 f\nd$ on dissections ( ! pig71 %\ld h clung some:at too closely to ?is old ,greek tea*] & ,greek ma/]4 ,! inc5tive furni%$ by ,mond9o's book help$ to break ! tradition ( ,gal5's unque/ion$ au?ority4 ,besides ?is1 ! gr\p ( m5 ar\nd ,mond9o1 8 ma/]1 ,taddeo ,ald]otti1 ) 8 disciples & assi/ants1 =m ! initial *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m$ical s*ool ( ,bologna1 :i* gradually assum$ ! place ( ,sal]no at ?is "t4 ,!re is no bett] way ( gett+ a def9ite idea ( :at 0 be+ done 9 m$ic9e1 & h[ x 0 be+ done1 ?an by kn[+ "s ( ! details ( ! life ( ?is gr\p ( m$ical work]s4 ,mond9o di ,liucci1 or ,luzzi1 is usually said to h be5 born ab\t #abge4 ,8 fir/ "n is a dim9utive = ,raimondo4 ,x us$ to be said ( him t1 l _m ( ! great m5 ( hi/ory1 _m cities claim$ to be 8 bir?place4 ,five 7 p>ticul>ly m5tion$--,flor5ce1 ,milan1 ,bologna1 ,=li1 & ,friuli4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r ,mond9o1 a di/+ui%$ physician1 :o 0 born & liv$ at ,friuli1 & x is because ( confusion ) him t ! claim = ,friuli has be5 set up4 ,flor5ce & ,milan are consid]$ out ( ! "q4 ,mond9o 0 probably born 9 or ne> ,bologna4 ,! fact t !re %\ld h be5 ?is multiple set ( claims %[s h[ mu* 0 ?\ght ( him4 ,inde$1 8 0 ! be/ kn[n "n 9 ! m$ical s*ools ( ,europe = ne>ly two c5turies & a half4 ,he seems to h be5 a p>ticul>ly brilliant /ud5t1 = tradition records t he _h obta9$ 8 degree ( doctor ( m$ic9e :5 he 0 sc>cely m ?an tw5ty4 ,?is seems q out ( ! "q = u at ! pres5t "t1 b we h tak5 to pu%+ back ! "t ( graduation1 & x is n sure :e!r ?is is1 beyond p]adv5ture1 s b5eficial z is usually ?\ght4 ,t 8 e>ly graduation did n hamp] 8 intellectual developm5t1 ! fact t1 9 #acjf1 :5 he 0 ab\t ?irty-"o ye>s ( age1 he 0 (f]$ ! pr(essorial *air 9 anatomy1 :i* he cont9u$ to occupy ) su* di/9ction = ! next tw5ty ye>s1 w\ld seem to prove4 ,8 public dissections ( human bodies1 probably ! fir/ ?us regul>ly made1 attract$ widespread att5tion1 & /ud5ts came to him n only f all ov] ,italy1 b also f ,europe g5]ally4 ,9 ?is1 aft] all1 ,mond9o 0 only cont9u+ ! tradition ( _w tea*+ t ,bologna _h acquir$ "u h] great surgeons 9 ! prec$+ c5tury4 7,see ,great ,surgeons ( ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities47 ,mond9o came f a family t _h already di/+ui%$ itself 9 m$ic9e at ,bologna4 ,8 uncle 0 a pr(essor ( physic at ! univ]sity4 ,8 fa!r1 ,albizzo di ,luzzi1 seems to h come f ,flor5ce n long aft] ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 = ! records %[ t1 ab\t #abgj1 he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) "o ,b>tolommeo ,ra9]i = ! e/abli%m5t ( a ph>macy at ,bologna4 ,lat] ?is pass$ entirely "u ! control ( ! ,mond9o family1 & came to be kn[n z ! ,spezi]ia del ,mond9o4 ,9 x 7 sold1 besides ,ea/]n p]fumes1 spices1 condim5ts1 probably all sorts ( toilet articles1 & ev5 rugs & silks & fem99e ornam5ts4 ,! /rict] ph>macy ( ! e>li] times develop$ into a sort ( dep>tm5t /ore1 some?+ l our own4 ,! ,mond9i1 h[ev]1 insi/$ always on ! ph>macy feature z a specialty1 & ! fact 0 made pat5t to ! g5]al public by a sign ) ! picture ( a doctor on x4 ,?is drug %op ( ! ,mond9i cont9u$ to be ma9ta9$ z su*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,pil*]1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#ac ,"o ( ! fell[ /ud5ts ( ,mond9o at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna _h be5 ,mondeville4 ,he came f di/ant ,france to take a c\rse 9 surg]y ) ,!odoric1 ^: high reputation 9 ! old5 "t1 vague ) u half a c5tury ago1 is n[ amply ju/ifi$ by :at we "k ( him f su* ard5t /ud5ts & admir]s z ,pagel & ,nicaise4 ,n long aft] ,mond9o's dea?1 ,guy de ,*auliac came f ,france to reap simil> opportunities to ^!1 :i* _h prov$ s fruitful = ,mondeville4 ,! m t we le>n ab\t ?is "t ! m d we f9d to make x cle> h[ deeply int]e/$ ! g5]ation 0 9 education 9 e =m1 arti/ic1 philosophic1 b1 also1 ?\gh ?is is (t5 n realiz$1 sci5tific4 ,! long di/ances1 s mu* long] 9 t "t ?an 9 ours1 to :i* m5 7 will+1 & ev5 anxi\s1 to g1 9 ord] to obta9 opportunities = rese>*1 & to get 9 t\* ) a special ma/]1 ! associations ) /imulat+ fell[ pupils ( o!r l&s1 ! sci5tific correspond5ces1 almo/ necess>ily initiat$ by su* circum/ances1 all indicate an en?usiasm = k su* z we h n be5 accu/om$ to attribute to ?is p]iod4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h be5 r incl9$ to ?9k !m neglectful ( all education1 & h1 above all1 li/5$ acquiesc5tly :ile m5 deprecat$ ! lack ( int]e/ 9 ?+s sci5tific display$ by ^! g5]ations4 ,inde$1 _m writ]s h gone out ( _! way to f9d a reason = ! suppos$ lack ( int]e/ 9 sci5ce at ?is "t1 & h proclaim$ ! ,*ur*'s opposition to sci5tific education & /udy z ! cause4 ,at ?is "t ,italy 0 ! home ( ! graduate tea*+ = all ,europe4 ,! ,italian ,p59sula cont9u$ to be ! fo/]-"m ( ! high] education 9 lett]s & art1 b also1 ?\gh ?is is less g5]ally kn[n1 9 sci5ce1 = ! next five c5turies4 ,g]many has come to be ! place ( pilgrimage = ^? :o want high] opportunities 9 sci5ce ?an c be af=d$ 9 _! own c\ntry only dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,france occupi$ x dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,except = %ort int]vals1 :5 political tr\bles di/urb$ ,italy1 z ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 ! removal ( ! ,popes to ,avignon br\ght _! influ5ce = education ov] to ,france & a %ort p]iod at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,ne!rl&s = a "t came into educational prom95ce1 ,italy has always be5 ! ,european ,mecca = advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,practically all our great discov]]s 9 m$ic9e1 until ! la/ c5tury1 7 ei!r ,italians1 or else _h /udi$ 9 ,italy4 ,mond9o1 ,b]trucci1 ,salicet1 ,lanfranc1 ,bav]ius1 ,b]5g>ius1 ,john ,de ,vigo1 :o fir/ wrote on gun-%ot w\nds2 ,john ( ,arcoli1 fir/ to m5tion gold fill+ & o!r anticipations ( mod]n d5ti/ry2 ,v>olius1 ,eu/a*ius1 ,csalp9us1 ,columbus1 ,malpighi1 ,lancisi1 ,morgagni1 ,spallanzani1 ,galvani1 ,volta1 7 all ,italians4 ,mondeville1 ,guy de ,*auliac1 ,l9acre1 ,vesalius1 ,h>vey1 ,/5o1 & _m o!rs :o might be nam$1 all /udi$ 9 ,italy1 & secur$ _! be/ opportunities to d _! great "w !re4 ,x w\ld be amus+1 if x 7 n amaz+1 to h s]i\s writ]s ( hi/ory 9 ! light ( ?is pla9 /ory ( graduate tea*+ ( sci5ce 9 ,italy = ov] five c5turies1 write ab\t ! opposition ( ! ,*ur* to sci5ce dur+ ! ,m$ieval & ,r5aissance p]iods4 ,x is p>ticul>ly surpris+ to h !m talk ( ,*ur* opposition to ! m$ical sci5ces4 ,! univ]sities ( ! _w all _h _! *>t]s f ! ,popes at ?is "t1 & 7 all rul$ by ecclesia/ics1 & mo/ ( ! /ud5ts & practically all ( ! pr(essors d[n to ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury belong$ to ! cl]ical ord]4 ,! univ]sities ( ,italy 7 all m directly "u ! control ( ecclesia/ical au?ority ?an any:]e else1 & ne>ly all ( !m 7 dom9at$ by papal influ5ce4 ,bologna1 :ile do+ mu* ( ! be/ graduate "w 9 sci5ce1 especially 9 m$ic9e1 01 9 ! ,papal ,/ates1 absolutely "u ! rule ( ! ,popes4 ,! univ]sity 01 practically1 a dep>tm5t ( ! ,papal gov]nm5t4 ,! m$ical s*ool at ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome itself 0 = sev]al c5turies1 at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! tea*+-place :]e 7 assembl$ ! pick ( ! great m$ical inve/igators1 :o1 hav+ rea*$ di/9ction by _! discov]ies else:]e1 7 summon$ to ,rome 9 ord] to add pre/ige to ! ,papal ,univ]sity4 ,all ( !m became special fri5ds ( ! ,popes1 d$icat$ _! books to !m1 & evid5tly look$ to !m z b5efic5t patrons & he>ty enc\rag]s ( orig9al sci5tific rese>*4 ,:ile ?is is s /rik+ly true ( m$ical sci5ce z to make contr>y decl>ations 9 ! matt] utt]ly ridicul\s1 & to sugge/ at once t !re mu/ be "s motive = see+ ?+s s diff]5t to ! reality1 ! same /ory c be told ( graduate sci5ce 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,x 0 to ,italy t m5 came = special high] /udies 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy1 9 botany1 9 m9]alogy1 & 9 appli$ *emi/ry1 s f> z x relat$ to ! arts ( pa9t+1 illum9at+1 /a9$-glass mak+1 & ! l4 ,no /ud5t ( sci5ce felt t he _h q exhau/$ ! opportunities = /udy t 7 possible = him until he _h be5 d[n 9 ,italy = "s "t4 ,to meet ! great pr(essors 9 ,italy 0 look$ on z sure to be a s\rce ( special inc5tive 9 any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,?is is com+ to be g5]ally recogniz$ j 9 proportion z our own int]e/ 9 ! arts & crafts1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 leads u to g c>efully into ! details ( ^! subjects at fir/ h&4 ,! editors ( ! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 9 _! preface1 decl>$ t5 ye>s ago t we c no long] accept ) confid5ce ! decl>ation ( any second>y writ] on hi/ory4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,we mu/ g back to ! writ]s ( ^? times4 ,if x seems surpris+ t ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna %\ld h come into su* great prom95ce z an in/itute = high] education at ?is "t1 x w\ld be well to recall "s ( ! great "w t is be+ done 9 ?is "p ( ,italy 9 o!r dep>tm5ts at ?is "t4 ,cimabue laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n art t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & dur+ ,mond9o's life ,giotto1 8 pupil1 rais$ an arti/ic /ructure t is ! admiration ( all g5]ations ( arti/s s9ce4 ,dante's ye>s are almo/ exactly contempor>y ) ^? ( ,giotto & ( ,mond9o4 ,if m5 7 do+ su* wondr\s "w 9 lit]ature & 9 art1 :y %\ld n ! same g5]ation produce a man :o w accompli% = ! practical sci5ce ( m$ic9e :at 8 fri5ds & contempor>ies _h done 9 o!r great intellectual dep>tm5ts4 ,9 rec5t ye>s we h come to ?9k mu* m ( environm5t z an influ5ce 9 human developm5t & accompli%m5t ?an 0 ! cu/om sometime ago4 ,! broad] g5]al environm5t 9 ,italy1 ) g5ius at "w 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 0 c]ta9ly en\gh to ar\se 9 y\ng] m9ds all _! p[]s ( orig9al "w4 ,! n>r[] environm5t at ,bologna itself 0 q z /imulat+1 = a great cl9ical tea*]1 ,taddeo ,ald]otti1 _h come1 9 #abfj1 f ,flor5ce to ,bologna1 to take up !re ! practice & tea*+ ( m$ic9e4 ,x 0 "u him t ,mond9o 0 to be tra9$ = 8 life "w4 ,to und]/& ! place ( ,mond9o1 & ( ! m$ical s*ool ( ,bologna1 9 8 "t1 & ! reputation t came to !m z _w tea*]s ( m$ic9e1 we mu/ "k1 fir/1 ?is great tea*] ( ,mond9o & ! atmosph]e ( progressive m$ic9e t envelop$ ! univ]sity 9 ! latt] half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,great ,surgeons ( ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities we call p>ticul> att5tion to ! s]ies ( di/+ui%$ m51 ! fir/ f\r ( :om 7 educat$ at ,sal]no1 & :o came to ,bologna to tea* surg]y4 ,!y 7 do+ ! be/ surg]y 9 ! _w1 mu* bett] ?an 0 done 9 _m c5turies aft] _! "t2 inde$1 probably bett] ?an at any p]iod d[n to our own day4 ,besides1 !y seem to h be5 magnetic tea*]s :o attract$ & inspir$ pupils4 ,we h ! surgical contributions ( a s]ies ( m51 writt5 at ,bologna1 t s]ve to %[ :at f9e "w 0 accompli%$4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! field ( m$ic9e 0 n neglect$1 ?\gh we h b a s+le great hi/orical "n 9 x t has liv$4 ,?is 0 ,taddeo ,ald]otti1 a man :o lift$ ! m$ical pr(ession z high 9 ! e/imation ( 8 fell[ citiz5s at ,flor5ce z ! great pa9t]s & lit]>y m5 ( 8 "t did _! dep>tm5ts1 & :o !n mov$ to ,bologna1 because ( ! opportunity to tea* af=d$ him by ! univ]sity4 ,x is sometimes a little difficult = casual /ud5ts ( ! "t to und]/& ! m>vell\s reputation acquir$ by ?is m$ieval physician4 ,x %\ld n be1 h[ev]1 :5 we recall ! en?usia/ic reception & procession ( welcome accord$ to ,cimabue's ,madonna1 & ! almo/ univ]sal acclaim ( ! greatness ( ,dante's "w1 ev5 9 8 own "t4 ,9 some?+ ( t same _s ,bologna came to appreciate ,taddeo1 z he is famili>ly kn[n1 look$ ^u him z a b5efactor ( ! community1 & vot$ to relieve him ( ! burd5 ( pay+ taxes4 ,he came to be consid]$ z a public in/itution1 ^: pres5ce 0 a bless+ to 8 fell[ citiz5s1 & ^: goodness to !m %\ld be recogniz$ 9 ?is public way4 ,"o is n surpris$ to he> ,villani1 ! well-kn[n contempor>y hi/orian1 speak ( him z ! greate/ physician 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! feel+s ( ! citiz5s ( ,bologna1 x may well be confess$1 7 n entirely unselfi%1 or due solely to ! desire to enc\rage a great sci5tific g5ius4 ,few m5 ( 8 g5]ation _h done m = ! city 9 a mat]ial way q ap>t f :atev] b5efits he conf]r$ ^u ! heal? ( its citiz5s ?an ,dr4 ,taddeo4 ,x 0 he :o organiz$ m$ical tea*+ 9 ! city on su* a plane t x attract$ /ud5ts f all ov] ! _w4 ,bologna _h _h a great law s*ool be=e ?is1 f\nd$ by ,irn]ius1 to :i* /ud5ts _h come f all ov] ! _w4 ,) ! adv5t ( ,taddeo f ,flor5ce1 & 8 success z a m$ical practition]1 !re began to flock to 8 lectures _m /ud5ts :o spread 8 fame f> & wide4 ,! city c\ncil c\ld sc>cely d less ?an grant ! same privileges to ! m$ical /ud5ts & tea*]s ( ,taddeo's s*ool z !y _h previ\sly accord$ to ! faculty ( law & its /ud5ts4 ,! city c\ncil recogniz$ q z cle>ly z any bo>d ( ald]m5 9 ! mod]n "t h[ mu*1 ev5 ( mat]ial b5efit1 a great univ]sity 0 to ! build+ up ( a city1 ?\gh _! motives 7 probably mu* high] ?an t1 & _! enlight5$ policy _h its rew>d 9 ! rapid gr[? ( ,bologna until1 v probably at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 x _h m /ud5ts ?an any univ]sity ( ! mod]n "t4 ,! numb] 0 n less ?an fifte5 ?\s&1 & may h be5 tw5ty ?\s&4 ,to ?is great univ]sity success ,taddeo & 8 m$ical s*ool contribut$ n a little4 ,! especially attractive feature ( 8 tea*+ seems to h be5 its em95t practicalness4 ,he himself _h made an imm5se success ( ! practice ( m$ic9e1 & accumulat$ a great =tune1 s mu* s t ,dante1 9 8 ,p>adiso1 :5 he wi%es to f9d a figure t w\ld repres5t exactly ! opposite to :at ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,dom9icans1 did = ! love ( wisdom & humanity1 he takes t ( ,taddeo1 :o _h accompli%$ s mu* = p]sonal reputation & weal?4 ,?is might easily lead to ! impression t ,taddeo's tea*+ 0 unsci5tific1 or m]ely empiric1 or t he himself 0 a n>r[-m9d$ mak] ( money1 int5t only on 8 imm$iate influ5ce1 & hamp]$ by exclusive devotion to practical m$ic9e4 ,no?+ c\ld be f>!r f ! tru? ?an any su* impression4 ,taddeo 0 n only ! head ( a great m$ical s*ool1 a great tea*] :om 8 /ud5ts almo/ wor%ipp$1 a physician to :om pati5ts flock$ because ( 8 m>vell\s success1 a f9e citiz5 ( a great city1 :om 8 fell[ citiz5s honor$1 b he 0 a broad-m9d$ s*ol>1 a philosoph]1 & ev5 an au?or 9 bran*es ap>t f m$ic9e4 ,9 t old] "t x 0 ! cu/om to comb9e ! /udy ( philosophy & m$ic9e4 ,= c5turies aft] t p]iod 9 ,italy x 0 ! cu/om = m5 to take bo? degrees1 ! doctorate 9 philosophy & 9 m$ic9e at ! same "t4 ,inde$1 mo/ ( ^? ^: "w has made !m fam\s1 d[n to & includ+ ,galvani1 did s4 ,taddeo wrote comm5t>ies on ! works ( ,hippocrates & ,gal51 b he also translat$ ! e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 & did mu* to make ! le>n+ ( ! ,arabs easily available = 8 /ud5ts4 ,8 0 a broad1 lib]al s*ol>%ip4 ,dr4 ,lewis ,pil*]1 9 8 article on ,! ,mond9o ,my?1#ad does n hesitate to say t to ! _s :i*1 f 8 pr(essorial *air1 ,taddeo infus$ into ! tea*+ & /udy ( m$ic9e und\bt$ly is due ! high position :i* = _m g5]ations !reaft] ! s*ool ( ,bologna cont9u$ to ma9ta9 z a c5tre ( m$ical tea*+4 ,( c\rse1 erudition _h its rev5ge1 & c>ri$ ,taddeo too f>4 ,! difficult ?+ 9 human nature is to /ay 9 ! mean & avoid exagg]ation4 ,8 me?ods ( illu/rat+ m$ical tru?s f _m lit]>y & philosophical s\rces (t5 caus$ ! k]nel ( obs]vation to be hidd5 b5ea? a blanket ( speculation or1 at lea/1 to be conceal$ to a great ext5t4 ,ev5 ! ,g]mans1 :o h insi/$ mo/ on ?is un=tunate t5d5cy ( ,taddeo1 h be5 compell$ to confess t !re is mu* t is valuable 9 :at he accompli%$1 & t ev5 8 modes ( expression 7 n )\t a c]ta9 vivacity :i* attract$ att5tion & d\btless add$ mat]ially to 8 success z a tea*]4 ,pagel1 9 ,pus*mann's ,h&bu*1 says3 ,x _c be d5i$ ?is is j aft] he has quot$ a passage ( ,taddeo ) reg>d to dreams t ,taddeo's expressions h a c]ta9 livel9ess all _! own t gives u "s idea :y he 0 look$ ^u z s good a tea*]1 a tea*] :o1 z we "k n[1 also gave in/ruction by ! b$side ( pati5ts4 ,pagel adds1 ,taddeo's greate/ m]it & 8 highe/ significance 9 m$ical education consi/ 9 ! fact t a great _m 7zahlrei*e7 physicians foll[$ directly 9 8 foot/eps & 7 c\nt$ z 8 pupils4 ,!y 7 all m51 z we "k !m1 :o z writ]s & practition]s ( m$ic9e succe$$ 9 go+ f> beyond ! level ( m$iocrity 9 :at !y accompli%$4 ,?is 0 ! tea*] :o mo/ influ5c$ "y ,mond9o :5 he came to ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 = x seems n unlikely t z a m$ical /ud5t he 0 actually ! pupil ( ,taddeo1 !n 9 a vigor\s old age4 ,if n1 he 0 at lea/ br\ght "u ! direct influ5ce ( ! tea*+ tradition creat$ dur+ m ?an ?irty ye>s by t wond]ful old man4 ,kn[+ :at we d ( ,taddeo x is n surpris+ t 8 pupil %\ld h accompli%$ "w t 0 to influ5ce succe$+ g5]ations m ?an any o!r ( t wond]ful ?irte5? c5tury4 ,dr4 ,pil*] 9 ! article on ,! ,mond9o ,my?1 s (t5 plac$ "u contribution 9 ?is sket*1 says t ,x ne$s no great /ret* ( ! imag9ation to picture some:at ( ! effect t contact ) su* a man z ,taddeo di ,ald]otto#ae might h1 9 mold+ ! "* ( 8 "y neighbor & pupil1 ! *emi/'s son1 :o a few ye>s lat]1 by 8 devotion to ! /udy ( human anatomy1 0 to re-e/abli% ! practical pursuit ( /udy on ! human cadav] z ! common privilege ( ! skill$ physician1 & 0 to engrave 8 own "n deeply on ! records ( m$ic9e4 ,"u ?is wor?y compatriot & contempor>y ( ! great ,flor5t9es1 ,mond9o 0 inspir$ to be ! tea*] t did s mu* = ,bologna4 ,until rec5t ye>s x has usually be5 ! cu/om to give too mu* significance to ! "w ( ! m5 ^: names /& out mo/ prom95tly 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( dep>tm5ts ( ! intellectual life4 ,mond9o's reputation has %>$ 9 ?is exagg]ative t5d5cy to "s ext5t1 h5ce ! necessity = realiz+ :at 0 accompli%$ be=e 8 "t & ! fact t he only /&s z ! culm9ation ( a progressive p]iod4 ,c>lyle spoke ( ,dante z ! man 9 :om t5 sil5t c5turies f\nd a voice4 ,! c5turies1 h[ev]1 7 only sil5t because ! mod]ns did n "k h[ to li/5 to _! message4 ,we "k n[ t e c\ntry 9 ,europe _h a great contributor to lit]ature 9 ! c5tury be=e ,dante4 ,! ,cid1 ! ,ar?ur ,leg5ds1 ! ,nibelung51 ! ,tr\bad\rs1 naturally l$ up to ,dante4 ,he 0 only ! culm9ation ( a great p]iod ( lit]ature4 ,we "k n[ t m5 _h work$ 9 art be=e ,cimabue & ,giotto1 & _h done impressive "w t made = ! progress ( art4 ,^! names1 h[ev]1 h come to repres5t 9 _m m9ds ! sort ( solit>y ph5om5a t ,dante has seem$ sometimes ev5 to s*ol>s4 ,because ,mond9o did su* good "w 9 m$ical tea*+ x is sometimes decl>$1 ev5 9 r s]i\s hi/ories1 t he 0 ! fir/ to accompli% any?+ 9 8 dep>tm5t1 & t be=e 8 "t !re is a blank4 ,"s hi/orians1 = in/ance1 h insi/$ t ,mond9o 0 ! fir/ to d human dissections1 & t he did at mo/ b two or ?ree4 ,only ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! magnific5t developm5t ( surg]y t took place dur+ ! prec$+ c5tury1 ! evid5ce = :i* is s abundantly giv5 9 mod]n hi/orians ( m$ic9e & especially 9 ,gurlt's great "w on ! hi/ory ( surg]y1 f :i* we h quot$ en\gh to give a good idea ( ! ext5t to :i* ! movem5t w5t1 are likely to accept any su* decl>ation4 ,!re c\ld n h be5 all t successful surg]y )\t mu* dissection n only ( animals b also ( human bodies4 ,! tea*+ ( dissection 0 n regul>ly organiz$ until ,mond9o's "t1 b x seems v cle> t ev5 he mu/ h dissect$ _m m bodies ?an ! numb] usually attribut$ to him4 ,pr(essor ,lewis ,/eph5 ,pil*] ( ,brooklyn1 :o made a special /udy ( ,mond9o traditions 9 ,bologna itself1 & collect$ "s ( ! e>ly editions ( 8 books1 feels s acutely ! absurdity ( ! ord9>ily accept$ tradition 9 ?is matt]1 t he has writt5 a pap] on ! subject be>+ ! sugge/ive title1 ,! ,mond9o ,my?4 ,he says3#af ,we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( ! practice ( dissection z hav+ be5 re-creat$ by ,mond9o1 & at once fully develop$1 spr++ into acceptance4 ,! ye> #acae is ! g5]ally accept$ date = ! fir/ public anatomical demon/ration ^u a human body made by ,mond9o1 & yet x is true t among ! laws promulgat$ by ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 m ?an sev5ty-five ye>s be=e 7,a4,d4 #abca71 0 includ$ a decree t a human body %\ld be dissect$ at ,sal]num at lea/ once 9 five ye>s 9 ! pres5ce ( ! assembl$ physicians & surgeons ( ! k+dom1 & t 9 ! regulations e/abli%$ = admission to ! practice ( m$ic9e & surg]y 9 ! k+dom x 0 decre$ t no surgeon %\ld be admitt$ to practise unless he %\ld br+ te/imonials f ! ma/]s tea*+ 9 ! m$ical faculty1 t he 0 'le>n$ 9 ! anatomy ( human bodies1 & _h become p]fect 9 t "p ( m$ic9e )\t :i* nei!r incisions c\ld safely be made nor fractures cur$4' ,sal]num 0 notable 9 its legalization ( ! dissection ( human bodies be=e ! fir/ public "w ( ,mond9o1 =1 accord+ to a docum5t ( ! ,maggiore ,consiglio ( ,v5ice ( #acjh1 x appe>s t !re 0 a college ( m$ic9e at ,v5ice :i* 0 ev5 !n au?oriz$ to dissect a body e ye>4 ,common exp]i5ce tells u t ! embodim5t ( su* regulations into =mal law w\ld occur only aft] a consid]able prec$+ p]iod ( discussion1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> field ( cl&e/9e practice4 ,x is too mu* to ask u to believe t 9 all ?is p]iod1 f ! date ( ! promulgation ( ,fr$]ick's decree ( #abca to ! fir/ public demon/ration by ,mond9o1 at ,bologna 9 #acae1 ! decree _h be5 a dead lett] & no human body _h be5 anatomiz$4 ,x is true !re is n1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 any record ( any su* "w1 & comm5tators & hi/orians ( a lat] date h1 )\t exception1 accept$ ! view t none 0 done1 & !reby height5$ ! halo assign$ to ,mond9o z ! "o :o u%]$ 9 a new era4 ,su* a view seems to me to be incr$ible4 ,be t z x may1 x is und5iable t at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury ! idea ( dissect+ ! human body 0 n a novel "o2 ! importance ( a k ( ! intimate /ructure ( ! body _h already be5 appreciat$ by div]s rul+ bodies1 & specific regulations prescrib+ its practice _h be5 enact$4 ,x is m reasonable to believe t 9 ! era imm$iately prec$+ t ( ,mond9o human bodies 7 be+ op5$ & aft] a fa%ion anatomiz$4 ,all t we "k ( ! "w ( ,mond9o sugge/s t x 0 n a new ent]prise 9 :i* he 0 a pione]1 b r t he br\ght to an old practice a new en?usiasm & bett] me?ods1 :i*1 caught on ! ris+ wave ( int]e/ 9 m$ical tea*+ at ,bologna1 & pres]v$ by 8 own en]gy z a writ] 9 ! fir/ orig9al sy/ematic treatise writt5 s9ce ! "t ( ,gal51 creat$ = him 9 subsequ5t uncritical times ! reputation ( be+ ! ,re/or] ( ! practice ( anatomiz+ ! human body1 ! fir/ "o to demon/rate & tea* su* k s9ce ! "t ( ! ,ptolemaic anatomi/s1 ,erasi/ratus & ,h]ophilus4 ,! *anges h be5 rung by m$ical hi/orians ^u a casual ref]5ce 9 ,mond9o's *apt] on ! ut]us to ! bodies ( two wom5 & "o s[ :i* he _h dissect$1 z if ^! 7 ! fir/ & ! only cadav]s dissect$ by him4 ,! context involves no su* con/ruction4 ,he is en=c+ a /atem5t t ! size ( ! ut]us may v>y1 & to illu/rate x rem>ks t 'a woman :om ,i anatomiz$ 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y la/ ye>1 viz41 #acae ,anno ,*ri/i1 _h a l>g] ut]us ?an "o :om ,i anatomiz$ 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* ( ! same ye>4' ,& fur!r1 he says t '! ut]us ( a s[ :i* ,i dissect$ 9 #acaf 7! ye> 9 :i* he 0 writ+7 0 a hundr$ times great] ?an any ,i h se5 9 ! human female1 = %e 0 pregnant & conta9$ ?irte5 pigs4' ,^! happ5 to be ! only ref]5ce to specific bodies t he makes 9 8 treatise4 ,b x is a f> cry to wr+ out ( ^! ref]5ces ! conclusion t ^! are ! only dissections he made4 ,x is q true t if we incl9e to en%r\d 8 "w 9 a cl\d ( my/]y & to figure x z an unprec$5t$ awe-inspir+ feature to break d[n ! prejudices ( ! ages1 x is easy to ?9k ( him z hav+ timidly pr(an$ ! human body by 8 anatomiz+ zeal 9 b "o or two in/ances4 ,8 own language1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t 8 book is t ( a man :o 0 famili> ) ! diff]+ conditions ( ! organs f\nd 9 _m diff]5t bodies2 a man :o 0 habitually dissect+4 7,quotations f ! "w ( ,mund9us %[+ 8 famili>ity ) dissections4 ,! leaf & l9e ref]5ces are to ! ,dry&] edition1 ,m>burg1 #aeda47 ,i d n consid] sep>ately ! anatomy ( compon5t p>ts1 because _! anatomy does n appe> cle>ly 9 ! fre% subject1 b r 9 ^? mac]at$ 9 wat]4 7,leaf #b1 l9es #h-ac47 444 ^! diff]5ces are m noticeable 9 ! cook$ or p]fectly dri$ body1 & s y ne$ n be conc]n$ ab\t !m1 & p]haps ,i w make an anatomy ^u su* a "o at ano!r "t & w write :at ,i %all obs]ve ) my own s5ses1 z ,i h propos$ f ! beg9n+4 7,leaf #fj1 l9es #ad-ag47 ,:at ! memb]s are to :i* ^! n]ves come _c well be se5 9 su* a dissection z ?is1 b x %\ld be liquefi$ ) ra9 wat]1 & ?is is n contemplat$ 9 ! pres5t body4 7,leaf #fj1 l9es #ca-cc47 ,aft] ! ve9s y w note _m muscles & _m l>ge & /rong cords1 ! complete anatomy ( :i* y w n endeavor to f9d 9 su* a body b 9 a body dri$ 9 ! sun = ?ree ye>s1 z ,i h demon/rat$ at ano!r "t2 ,i also decl>$ completely _! numb]1 & wrote ! anatomy ( ! muscles ( ! arms1 h&s1 & feet 9 a lecture :i* ,i gave ov] ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 & f\r? subjects4 7,leaf #fa1 l9es #a-g47 ,v probably ! be/ evid5ce t we h ( ! comp>ative frequ5cy at lea/ ( dissection at ?is "t is to be f\nd 9 ! records ( a trial = body-snat*+ t occurr$ 9 ,bologna4 ,! details w\ld rem9d "o v mu* ( :at we "k ( ! difficulties ) reg>d to dissection 9 ,am]ica a c\ple ( g5]ations ago1 :5 no bodies 7 provid$ by law = dissection purposes4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s /udies = ! hi/ory ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,m$ical ,society 7,new ,york1 #aijf7 ,i f\nd t ne>ly e "o ( ! fir/ half doz5 presid5ts ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 :i* is n mu* m ?an sixty ye>s old1 _h _h body-snat*+ exp]i5ces :5 !y 7 y\ng]4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,francis1 ! m$ico-hi/orical writ]1 tells ( a p]sonal exp$ition across ! f]ry 9 ! w9t] "t1 br++ a body f a ,long ,isl& gravey>d4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! con/ables on ! ,long ,isl& side & ! police on ! ,new ,york side1 because !re _h be5 a numb] ( cases ( body-snat*+ rec5tly & ! au?orities 7 on ! look\t1 ! corpse 0 plac$ sitt+ beside ! physician :o drove ! wagon1 ) a cloak wrapp$ ar\nd x1 z if x 7 a liv+ p]son specially protect$ aga9/ ! cold4 ,simil> exp]i5ces 7 n unusual4 ,! lack ( bodies = dissection is sometimes attribut$ to religi\s scruples1 b !y h v little to d ) x1 z at all times m5 h refus$ to all[ ! bodies ( _! fri5ds to be treat$ z anatomical mat]ial4 ,?is is ! natural feel+ ( abhorr5ce & n at all religi\s4 ,x is only :5 !re are _m unclaim$ bodies ( /rang]s & ! poor1 z happ5s 9 l>ge cities1 t !re c be an abundance ( anatomical mat]ial4 ,! details ( ?is body-snat*+ case are /rangely famili> to ^? :o "k ! hi/ory ( simil> cases be=e ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! case occurr$ 9 #acai 9 ,bologna1 j f\r ye>s aft] ,mond9o's public dissections4 ,f\r /ud5ts 7 involv$ 9 ! *>ge ( body-snat*+1 all ( !m f outside ! city ( ,bologna itself1 ?ree f ,milan & "o f ,piac5za4 ,9 mod]n exp]i5ce1 too1 z a rule1 /ud5ts f outside ( ! t[n :]e ! m$ical college 0 situat$1 7 always a little readi] ?an natives to violate gravey>ds4 ,^! f\r /ud5ts 7 accus$ ( hav+ gone at night to ! ,cemet]y ( ,/4 ,b>nabas1 outside ! gate ( ,san ,felice1--suburban gravey>ds 7 usually ! sc5e ( su* exploits1--& to h dug up ! body ( a c]ta9 crim9al nam$ ,pas9o1 :o _h be5 hang$ a few days be=e4 ,!y c>ri$ ! body to ! s*ool 9 ! ,p>i% ( ,san ,salvatore1 :]e ,alb]to ,zanc>i 0 tea*+4 ,! resurrection _h be5 accompli%$ )\t witnesses1 b !re 7 sev]al witnesses :o te/ifi$ t !y recogniz$ ! body ( ,pas9o 9 ! s*ool & /ud5ts occupi$ ) its dissection4 ,if evid5ce = ! zeal ( ! m$ical /ud5ts ( t "t = dissection 7 ne$$1 surely we h x 9 ! te/imony at ?is trial4 ,at a "t :5 body-snat*+ has become a crim9al (f5ce usually !re h be5 _m repeat$ occurr5ces ( x be=e ! p>ties are br\ght to trial1 s t x seems n unlikely t a good _m dissections ( illegally secur$ bodies 7 be+ done at ,bologna at ?is "t4 ,we "k ( a regulation ( ! ,univ]sity 9 =ce at ?is "t1 :i* requir$ ! tea*]s at ! ,univ]sity to d an anatomy or dissection = /ud5ts if !y secur$ a body = t purpose4 ,! /ud5ts seem to h us$ all sorts ( influ5ce1 political1 monet>y1 diplomatic1 & ecclesia/ical1 9 ord] to secure ! bodies ( crim9als4 ,sometimes :5 !y fail$ 9 _! purpose !y wait$ until aft] burial & !n took ! body )\t leave4 ,:5 we recall ! awfully det]r5t condition 9 :i* bodies mu/ h be5 t 7 ?us provid$ = dissect+ purposes1 x is easy to und]/& t ! en?usiasm ( ! /ud5ts = dissection mu/ h be5 at a v high pit*4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 f> high] ?an at ! pres5t day1 :51 9 spite ( ! fact t our dissect+-rooms h v few ( ! old-"t dang]s & unpleasantnesses1 dissection is only practis$ ) assiduity if special c>e is ex]cis$ 9 requir+ att5dance & sup]9t5d+ ! "w ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,9 my book on ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce ,i h ga!r$ ! traditions relat+ to ,mond9o's assi/ants 9 ! *air ( anatomy at ,bologna4 ,!y furni% abundant evid5ce ( ! fact t dissections1 f> f be+ uncommon1 mu/ h be5 n at all infrequ5t at ! nor? ,italian univ]sities at ?is "t4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 "o ( ^! assi/ants 0 a "y woman :o1 z 0 n infrequ5tly ! cu/om at ?is "t 9 ! ,italian univ]sities1 0 matriculat$ z a /ud5t at ,bologna4 ,%e took up fir/ philosophy1 & aft]w>ds anatomy1 "u ,mond9o4 ,:ile x is n g5]ally realiz$1 co-education 0 q common at ! ,italian univ]sities ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 & at no "t s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! univ]sities has a c5tury pass$ 9 ,italy )\t di/+ui%$ wom5 occupy+ pr(essors' *airs at "s ( ! ,italian univ]sities4 ,?is "y woman1 ,aless&ra ,giliani1 ( ,p]siceto1 a c\ntry di/rict n f> f ,bologna1 took up ! /udy ( anatomy ) ardor &1 /range z x may appe>1 became especially en?usia/ic ab\t dissection4 ,%e became s skilful t %e 0 made ! prosector ( anatomy1 t is1 "o :o prep>es bodies = demon/ration by ! pr(essors4 ,accord+ to ! ,cronaca ,p]sicetana1 quot$ by ,m$ici 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,anatomical ,s*ool at ,bologna3 ,%e became mo/ valuable to ,mond9o because %e w\ld cleanse mo/ skilfully ! smalle/ ve91 ! art]ies1 all ramifications ( ! vessels1 )\t lac]at+ or divid+ !m1 & to prep>e !m = demon/ration %e w\ld fill !m ) v>i\s color$ liquids1 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 driv5 into ! vessels1 w\ld h>d5 )\t de/roy+ ! vessels4 ,aga91 %e w\ld pa9t ^! same vessels to _! m9ute bran*es s p]fectly & color !m s naturally t1 add$ to ! wond]ful explanations & tea*+s ( ! ma/]1 !y br\ght him great fame & cr$it4 ,! :ole passage %[s a wond]ful anticipation ( our mo/ mod]n me?ods--injection1 pa9t+1 h>d5+--( mak+ anatomical prep>ations = class & demon/ration purposes4 ,"s ( ! details ( ! /ory h be5 d\bt$1 b h] memorial tablet1 erect$ at ! "t ( h] dea? 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,pietro e ,m>cell9o ( ! ,hospital ( ,santa ,m>ia de ,m>eto1 gives all ! important facts1 & tells ! /ory ( ! grief ( h] fianc1 :o 0 himself ,mond9o's o!r assi/ant4#ag ,?is 0 ,otto ,ag5ius1 :o _h made = himself a "n z an assi/ant to ! *air ( anatomy 9 ,bologna1 & ( :om !re 7 great hopes ent]ta9$ because he _h already %[n signs ( g5ius z an inve/igator 9 anatomy4 ,^! hopes 7 de/9$ to griev\s disappo9tm5t1 h[ev]1 = ,otto di$ sudd5ly1 be=e he _h rea*$ 8 ?irtie? ye>4 ,! fact t bo? ^! assi/ants ( ,mond9o di$ "y & sudd5ly1 w\ld seem to po9t to ! fact t probably dissection w\nds 9 ^? e>ly days prov$ ev5 m fatal ?an !y occasionally did a c5tury or m ago1 :5 ! prop] precautions aga9/ !m 7 n s well und]/ood4 ,! dea? ( ,mond9o's two prosectors 9 e>ly ye>s w\ld seem to h9t at "s su* un=tunate occurr5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! evid5ce ( :at ! "y man _h accompli%$ be=e 8 untimely dea?1 probably ! foll[+ quotation1 :i* ,m$ici has tak5 f "o ( ! old *ronicl]s1 w give ! be/ idea3 ,:at advantage inde$ might n ,bologna h _h f ,otto ,ag5ius ,lu/rulanus1 :om ,mond9o _h us$ z an assidu\s prosector1 if he _h n be5 tak5 away by a swift & lam5table dea? be=e he _h complet$ ! six? lu/rum ( 8 life6 ,h[ well ! tradition creat$ by ,mond9o cont9u$ at ! univ]sity w be be/ und]/ood f :at we "k ( ,guy de ,*auliac's visit to ! m$ical s*ool "h ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,! great ,fr5* surgeon tells u t he came to ,bologna to /udy anatomy "u ! direction ( ,mond9o's successor1 ,b]truccius4 ,:5 he wrote 8 preface to 8 great surg]y he recall$ ?is tea*+ ( anatomy at ,bologna & said1 ,x is necess>y & useful to e physician to "k1 fir/ ( all1 anatomy4 ,= ?is purpose ! /udy ( books is inde$ useful1 b x is n suffici5t to expla9 ^? ?+s :i* c only be appreciat$ by ! s5ses & :i* ne$ to be se5 9 ! dead body itself4 ,he advises 8 /ud5ts to consult ,mund9us' treatise b to demon/rate its details = !mselves on ! dead body4 ,he relates t he himself _h (t51 multitoties1 done ?is1 especially "u ! direction ( ,b]truccius at ,bologna4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 z po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,pil*]1 ,mond9o _h us$ ?is same ^w multitoti5s 7! v>iant spell+ makes no diff]5ce 9 ! mean+7 9 speak+ ab\t 8 own "w4 ,9 describ+ ! hypoga/ric lesion he m5tions t he _h demon/rat$ c]ta9 ve9s 9 x _m times1 multitoti5s4 ,mond9o 0 j pa/ fifty :5 he f9i%$ 8 little book & p]mitt$ copies ( x to be made4 ,?\gh ! book occurs s e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n book-mak+ ! au?or (f]s 8 excuses to ! public = writ+ x1 & quotes ! au?ority ( ,gal51 to :om he turns 9 o!r difficult situations1 = ju/ification4 ,z prefaces g1 ,mond9o's is s l t ( _m an au?or ( m rec5t date t 8 words h a bibliographic1 z well z a p]sonal1 int]e/4 ,he said3 ,a "w ^u any sci5ce or art--z sai? ,gal5--is issu$ = ?ree reasons3 fir/1 t "o may satisfy 8 fri5ds4 ,second1 t he may ex]cise 8 be/ m5tal p[]s4 ,?ird1 t he may be sav$ f ! oblivion incid5t to old age4 ,!re=e1 mov$ by ^! ?ree causes1 ,i h propos$ to my pupils to compose a c]ta9 "w on m$ic9e4 ,& because a k ( ! p>ts to be subject$ to m$ic9e 7:i* is ! human body1 & ! names ( its v>i\s divisions7 is a "p ( m$ical sci5ce1 z sai? ,av]rhoes 9 8 fir/ *apt]1 9 ! section on ! def9ition ( m$ic9e1 = ?is reason among o!rs1 ,i h set out to lay be=e y ! k ( ! p>ts ( ! human body :i* is d]iv$ f anatomy1 n attempt+ to use a l(ty /yle1 b ! r t :i* is suitable to a manual ( proc$ure4 ,"s ( ! e>ly editions ( ,mond9us' book are said1 accord+ to old writ]s1 to h conta9$ illu/rations4 ,none ( ^! copies h come d[n to u1 b ! ass]tion is made s def9itely t x seems likely to h be5 ! case4 ,! editions t we h conta9 wood engrav+s ( ! me?od ( mak+ a dissection z frontispiece1 s t x w\ld n be difficult to ?9k ( fur!r su* illu/rations hav+ be5 employ$ 9 ! book itself4 ,z we note 9 ! *apt] on ,great ,surgeons ( ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities1 ,mondeville1 accord+ to ,guy de ,*auliac1 _h pictures ( anatomical prep>ations :i* he us$ = tea*+ purposes4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! value ( su* aids w\ld be recogniz$ at a "t :5 ! difficulty ( pres]v+ bodies made x necess>y to d dissections hurri$ly s z to get ! rapidly decompos+ mat]ial out ( ! way4 ,beyond 8 book & c]ta9 circum/ances connect$ ) x we "k v little ab\t ,mond9o4 ,:at we "k1 h[ev]1 enables u to conclude t1 l _m ano!r great tea*]1 he mu/ h _h ! special faculty ( inspir+ 8 /ud5ts ) an ard5t en?usiasm = ! "w t !y 7 tak+ "u him4 ,h5ce ! body-snat*+ & o!r /ories4 ,mond9o cont9u$ to be held 9 high e/imation by ! ,bolognese = c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 ,dr4 ,pil*] calls att5tion to ! fact t 8 sepul*ral tablet1 :i* is 9 ! portico ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,vit>i 9 ,bologna1 & a replica ( :i* he 0 all[$ to h made 9 ord] to br+ x to ,am]ica1 is ! only "o ( ! sepul*ral tablets 9 ! great *ur*es ( ,flor5ce1 ,san ,dom5ico1 ,san ,m>t9o1 ! ,ca!dral & ! ,cloi/] ( ,san ,giacomo degli ,ermitani1 :i* has n be5 remov$ f its orig9al location & plac$ 9 ! halls ( ! ,civic ,museum4 ,_! removal he consid]s a k9d ( desecration :i* does viol5ce to "o's s5se ( sanctity & propriety4 ,=tunately1 ?us f>1 ! ,mond9o ,tablet has escap$ ! spoil]4 ,v probably ,dr4 ,pil*]'s replica ( ! tablet :i* he 0 requir$ to deposit 9 ! ,civic ,museum at ! "t :5 ! copy 0 made to be br\ght to ,am]ica may save ! tablet to be se5 9 its orig9al position = _m g5]ations4 ,mond9o's c>e] is ( special int]e/ because x =e%ad[s ! life & accompli%m5t ( _m ano!r mak] ( m$ic9e ( ! aft] "t4 ,he did a great new ?+ 9 m$ic9e 9 organiz+ regul> public dissections1 & !n 9 mak+ a manual t w\ld facilitate ! "w4 ,he wait$ pati5tly = ye>s be=e complet+ 8 book 9 ord] t x might be ! fruit ( long exp]i5ce1 & s be m helpful to o!rs4 ,he 0 s mode/ z to require urg+ to secure ! publication4 ,he _h ! rew>d ( 8 pati5ce 9 ! popul>ity ( 8 little "w = c5turies aft] 8 "t4 ,! glimpse t we get ( 8 relations to 8 "y assi/ants1 ,ag5ius & ,aless&ra1 seems to %[ u a tea*] ( di/9ct p]sonal magnetism4 ,und\bt$ly ! reputation ( 8 book did mu* = n only ! m$ical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 b also = ! m$ical s*ools ( o!r nor? ,italian univ]sities1 & help$ to br+ to !m ! cr[ds ( /ud5ts t flock$ !re dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,taddeo & ,mond9o turn$ ! att5tion ( ! m$ical /ud5ts ( _! g5]ations ,bolognaw>ds4 ,be=e t "t !y _h ma9ly gone to ,sal]no4 ,aft] _! "t mo/ ( ! ard5t /ud5ts ( m$ic9e felt t !y mu/ /udy = a "t at lea/ at ,bologna4 ,o!r important m$ical s*ools ( ,italian univ]sities at ,padua1 at ,vic5za1 at ,piac5za1 arose & prosp]$4 ,dur+ ! "t :5 ! political tr\bles ( ,italy rea*$ a climax ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :ile ! ,popes 7 at ,avignon1 !re 0 a remission 9 ! att5dance at all ! ,italian univ]sities1 b ) ! ,popes' return to ,rome & ! com+ ( ev5 comp>ative peace to ,italy1 ,bologna once m became ! t]m ( m$ical pilgrimages = /ud5ts f all ov] ! _w4 ,9 ! meantime ,mond9o's book w5t =? to be ! mo/ us$ text-book ( its k9d until ,vesalius' great "w came to replace x4 ,to h rul$ 9 ! _w ( anatomy = two c5turies z ! be/ kn[n ( tea*]s is ( itself a di/9ction t %[s u at once ! tea*+ p[] & ! sci5tific ability ( ?is pr(essor ( anatomy ( ,bologna 9 ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x ,,great ,,surgeons ,,( ,,! ,,m$ieval ,,univ]sities ,/range z x may appe> to ^? :o h n wat*$ ! developm5t ( our k ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 rec5t ye>s ! mo/ int]e/+ feature 9 ! m$ical dep>tm5ts &1 inde$1 ( ! po/-graduate "w g5]ally ( ! m$ieval univ]sities1 is t 9 surg]y4 ,!re is a v g5]al impression t ?is dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e did n develop until q rec5t ye>s1 & t p>ticul>ly x fail$ to develop to any ext5t 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a good _m ( ! hi/orians ( ?is p]iod1 inde$1 ?\gh nev] ! special hi/orians ( m$ic9e1 h ev5 gone f> afield 9 ord] to f9d "s reason :y surg]y did n develop at ?is "t4 ,!y h insi/$ t ! ,*ur* by its prohibition ( ! %$d+ ( blood1 fir/ to monks & fri>s1 & !n to ! secul> cl]gy1 prev5t$ ! normal developm5t ( surg]y4 ,besides !y add t ,*ur* opposition to anatomy completely preclud$ all possibility ( any g5u9e natural evolution ( surg]y z a sci5ce4 ,!re is probably no m amus+ feature ( q a numb] ( suppos$ly respectable & presumably au?oritative hi/orical works writt5 9 ,engli% ?an ?is assumption ) reg>d to ! abs5ce ( surg]y dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,only ! mo/ complete ignorance ( ! actual hi/ory ( m$ic9e & surg]y c acc\nt = x4 ,! writ]s :o make su* ass]tions mu/ nev] h op5$ an au?oritative m$ical hi/ory4 ,no?+ illu/rates s well ! expression ( ! editors ( ! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory ref]r$ to m ?an once 9 ^! pages t 9 view ( *anges & ( ga9s su* z ^! ! jo9t+ ( orig9al docum5ts x has become impossible = hi/orical writ]s ( ! pres5t day to tru/ )\t res]ve ev5 to ! mo/ respect$ second>y au?ority4 ,! hone/ /ud5t f9ds himself cont9ually des]t$1 ret>d$1 misl$ by ! classics ( hi/orical lit]ature4 ,=tunately = u ?is sweep+ condemnation does n hold to any great ext5t = ! m$ical hi/orical classics4 ,all ( ! classic hi/orians ( m$ic9e tell u mu* ( ! surg]y ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! republication ( old texts & ! fur!r /udy ( manuscript docum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds h made x v cle> t !re is almo/ no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w :5 surg]y 0 s ?or\ghly & successfully cultivat$ z dur+ ! rise & developm5t ( ! univ]sities & _! m$ical s*ools 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace ! succession ( great contributors to surg]y dur+ ^! two c5turies4 ,we "k _! tea*+ n f tradition1 b f _! text-books s fai?fully pres]v$ = u by _! devot$ /ud5ts1 :o mu/ h begrudg$ no "t & sp>$ no labor 9 copy+1 = _m ( ! books are l>ge1 yet exi/ 9 _m manuscript copies4 ,mod]n surg]y may be said to owe its orig9 to a s*ool ( surgeons1 ! lead]s ( :om 7 educat$ at ,sal]no 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & :o1 tea*+ at v>i\s nor? ,italian univ]sities1 wrote out _! surgical pr9ciples & exp]i5ces 9 a s]ies ( important contributions to t dep>tm5t ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,! fact t ! orig9 ( ! s*ool 0 at ,sal]no1 :]e1 z is well kn[n1 ,arabian influ5ce c\nt$ = mu* & = :i* ,con/ant9e's translations ( ,arabian works prov$ su* a /imulus a c5tury be=e1 makes mo/ /ud5ts conclude t ?is lat] m$ieval surgical developm5t is simply a cont9uation ( ! ,arabian surg]y t1 z we h se51 develop$ v int]e/+ly dur+ ! e>li] ,middle ,ages4 ,any su* idea1 h[ev]1 is n f\nd$ on ! realities ( ! situation1 b on an assumption ) reg>d to ! ext5t ( ,arabian influ5ce4 ,gurlt 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y 7,vol4 ,i1 page #gja7 completely contradicts ?is idea1 & says ) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ! great ,italian writ]s on surg]y1 ,rog]o1 t ?\gh ,arabian works on surg]y _h be5 br\ght ov] to ,italy by ,con/ant9e ,africanus a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,rog]'s "t1 ^! ex]cis$ no influ5ce ov] ,italian surg]y 9 ! next c5tury1 & !re is sc>cely a trace ( ! surgical k ( ! ,arabs to be f\nd 9 ,rog]'s works4 ,x is 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e p>ticul>ly t x is possible to trace ! true influ5ce ( ! ,arabs on ,european ?\ght 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,we h already se5 9 ! *apt] on ,sal]no t ,arabian influ5ce did h>m to ,sal]nitan m$ical tea*+4 ,! s*ool ( ,sal]no itself _h develop$ simple1 dietetic1 hygi5ic1 & g5]al rem$ial measures t includ$ ! use ( only a comp>atively small am\nt ( drugs4 ,its tea*]s emphasiz$ nature's curative p[]s4 ,) ,arabian influ5ce came polyph>macy1 di/ru/ ( nature1 & attempts to cure disease r ?an help nature4 ,9 surg]y1 :i* develop$ v wond]fully 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ,sal]no mu/ be cr$it$ ) ! inc5tive t l$ up to ! m>vell\s developm5t t came4 ,) ?is1 h[ev]1 ,arabian influ5ce has no?+ to d4 ,gurlt1 besides call+ att5tion to ! fact t ! au?or ( ! fir/ great text-book on ! subject n only did n draw 8 inspiration f ,arab s\rces1 insi/$ t in/ead ( any ,arabisms be+ f\nd 9 8 ,rog]'s writ+s _m ,grcisms occur4 ,! ,sal]nitan s*ool ( surg]y drank at ! f\nta9-head ( ,greek surg]y4 ,ap>t f ,greek s\rces ,rog]'s book re/s entirely ^u 8 own exp]i5ces1 ^? ( 8 tea*]s & 8 colleagues1 & ! tradition 9 surg]y t _h develop$ at ,sal]no4 ,?is tradition 0 entirely f ! ,greek4 ,rog] himself says 9 "o place1 ,we h resolv$ to write out delib]ately our me?ods ( op]ation su* z !y h be5 d]iv$ f our own exp]i5ce & t ( our colleagues & illu/ri\s m54 ,,rog]1 ,,rol&1 ,,& ,,! ,,f\r ,,ma/]s ,rugg]o1 or ,rog]o1 :o is also kn[n z ,rog]io & ,rog]us ) ! adjective ,p>m5sis1 or ,sal]nitanus1 ( ,p>ma or ( ,sal]no1 & (t5 9 ,g]man & ,engli% hi/ory simply z ,rog]1 liv$ at ! end ( ! twelf? or ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & probably wrote 8 text-book ab\t #aahj4 ,?is text-book 01 accord+ to tradition1 orig9ally draft$ = 8 lessons 9 surg]y at ,sal]no4 ,x attract$ mu* att5tion & aft] be+ comm5t$ on by 8 pupil ,rol&o1 ! "w ( bo? ( !m be+ subsequ5tly annotat$ by ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1 ?is comb9$ "w became ! basis ( mod]n surg]y4 ,rog] 0 probably born ei!r 9 ,pal]mo or ,p>ma4 ,!re are traditions ( 8 hav+ taught = a :ile at ,p>is & at ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli]1 ?\gh ^! are n sub/antiat$4 ,8 book 0 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aedf1 & has be5 lately repr9t$ by ,de ,r5zi 9 8 ,collectio ,sal]nitana4 ,rol& 0 a pupil ( ,rog]'s1 & ! two names t (t5 occur 9 m$ieval romance became associat$ 9 a great hi/oric reality z a consequ5ce ( ,rol&'s comm5t>y on 8 ma/]'s "w1 :i* 0 a favorite text-book 9 surg]y = a good :ile 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury at ,sal]no4 ,"s space w be giv5 to ! consid]ation ( _! surgical tea*+ aft] a few words ) reg>d to "s disciples :o made a second comm5t>y1 add+ to ! value ( ! orig9al "w4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n comm5t>y ( ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1 a text-book ( surg]y writt5 some:at 9 ! way t we n[ make text-books 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e1 t is1 by ask+ m5 :o h made specialties ( c]ta9 subjects to write on t subject & !n b9d !m all toge!r 9 a s+le volume4 ,x repres5ts b ano!r /rik+ rem9d] t mo/ ( our me?ods are old1 n new z we are likely to imag9e !m4 ,! ,f\r ,ma/]s took ! works ( ,rog] & ,rol&o1 ackn[l$g$ _! indebt$ness mu* m completely ?an d our mod]n writ]s on all occasions1 ,i fe>1 & add$ _! comm5t>ies4 ,gurlt says 7,ges*i*te d] ,*irurgie1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #gjc7 t 9 spite ( ! fact t !re is "s d\bt ab\t ! names ( ! au?ors1 ?is volume con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important s\rces = ! hi/ory ( surg]y ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages & makes x v cle> t ^! writ]s drew _! op9ions f a ri* exp]i5ce4 ,x is r easy to illu/rate f ! quotations giv5 9 ,gurlt or f ! acc\nts ( _! tea*+ 9 ,d>emb]g or ,de ,r5zi "s features ( ?is exp]i5ce t c sc>cely fail to be surpris+ to mod]n surgeons4 ,= in/ance1 :at is to be f\nd 9 ?is old text-book ( surg]y ) reg>d to fractures ( ! skull is likely to be v int]e/+ to surgeons at all times4 ,"o might be tempt$ to say t few] m5 w\ld die e ye> 9 prison cells :o ought to be 9 hospitals1 if ! old-"t tea*+ 0 tak5 to he>t4 ,= !re are r emphatic directions n to conclude because ! scalp is unw\nd$ t !re c be no fracture ( ! skull4 ,:]e no?+ c be felt c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 gett+ ! hi/ory ( ! case4 ,= in/ance1 if a man is hit by a metal in/rum5t %ap$ l ! clapp] ( a bell or by a heavy key1 or by a r\nd$ in/rum5t made ( lead--?is w\ld rem9d "o v mu* ( ! lead pipe ( ! mod]n "t1 s fruitful ( mi/akes ( diagnosis 9 head injuries--special c>e mu/ be tak5 to look = symptoms 9 spite ( ! lack ( an ext]nal p5etrat+ w\nd4 ,:]e !re is good reason to suspect a fracture because ( ! sev]ity ( ! injury1 ! scalp %\ld be incis$ & a fracture ( ! cranium look$ = c>efully4 ,t is c>ry+ ! exploratory incision pretty f>4 ,if a fracture is f\nd ! surgeon %\ld treph9e s z to relieve ! bra9 ( any pressure ( blood t might be affect+ x4 ,!re are _m w>n+s1 h[ev]1 ( ! dang] ( op5+ ! skull & ( ! necessity = def9itely decid+ be=eh& t !re is good reason = s do+4 ,h[ c>efully _! obs]vations _h be5 made & h[ well !y _h tak5 advantage ( _! opportunities1 :i* 71 ( c\rse1 v frequ5t 9 ^? w>like times :5 fire>ms 7 unkn[n1 h&-to-h& conflict common1 & blunt weapons 7 (t5 us$1 c be appreciat$ v well f "s ( ! directions4 ,= in/ance1 !y knew ( ! possibility ( fracture by contrec\p4 ,!y say t q frequ5tly ?\gh ! p]cussion comes 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! cranium1 ! cranium is fractur$ on ! opposite "p4#ah ,!y ev5 seem to h kn[n ( accid5ts su* z we n[ discuss 9 connection ) ! lac]ation ( ! middle m5+eal art]y4 ,!y w>n surgeons ( ! possibilities ( ^! cases4 ,!y tell ! /ory ( a y\? :o _h a v small w\nd made by a ?r[n /one & !re seem$ no s]i\s results or bad signs4 ,he di$ ! next day1 h[ev]4 ,8 cranium 0 op5$ & a l>ge am\nt ( black blood 0 f\nd coagulat$ ab\t 8 dura mat]4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ ?+s said ) reg>d to depress$ fractures & ! necessity = elevat+ ! bone4 ,if ! depress$ portion is w$g$ !n an op5+ %\ld be made ) ! treph9e & an elevat+ in/rum5t call$ a spatum5 us$ to relieve ! pressure4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 9 c>ry+ out ?is proc$ure le/ ! bone ( ! cranium itself1 9 be+ lift$1 %\ld injure ! s(t /ructures )94 ,! dura mat] %\ld be c>efully protect$ f injury z well z ! p94 ,c>e %\ld especially be ex]cis$ at ! br[ & ! re> ( ! head & at ! commissures 7proram et pupim et commissuras71 s9ce at ^! po9ts ! dura mat] is likely to be adh]5t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ expression1 ! ^w infect be+ italiciz$ by ,gurlt1 is3 ,9 elevat+ ! cranium be solicit\s le/ y %\ld infect or injure ! dura mat]4 ,= w\nds ( ! scalp sutures ( silk are recomm5d$ because ?is resi/s putrefaction & holds ! w\nd edges toge!r4 ,int]rupt$ sutures ab\t a f+]-bread? ap>t are recomm5d$4 ,! l[] "p ( ! w\nd %\ld be left op5 s t ! cure may proce$ prop]ly4 ,r$ p[d] 0 /rew$ ov] ! w\nd & ! leaf ( a plant set above x4 ,9 ! l[] angle ( ! w\nd a pl$get ( l9t = dra9age purposes 0 inlaid4 ,hemorrhage 0 prev5t$ by pressure1 by ! b9d+ on ( burnt wool firmly1 & by ! ligature ( ve9s & by ! caut]y4 ,!re are r int]e/+ discussions ( ! prognosis ( w\nds ( ! head1 especially su* z may be det]m9$ f g5]al symptoms 9 ?is comm5t>y ( ! ,f\r ,ma/]s on ,rog]'s & ,rol&o's treatises4 ,if an acute febrile condition develops1 ! w\nd is mortal4 ,if ! pati5t loses ! use ( ! h&s & feet or if he loses 8 p[] ( direction1 or 8 s5sation1 ! w\nd is mortal4 ,if a univ]sal p>alysis comes on1 ! w\nd is mortal4 ,= ! treatm5t ( all ^! w\nds c>eful precautions are sugge/$4 ,cold 0 suppos$ to be p>ticul>ly noxi\s to !m4 ,op]ations on ! head 7 n to be done 9 cold wea!r &1 above all1 n 9 cold places4 ,! air :]e su* op]ations 7 done mu/ be w>m$ artificially4 ,hot plates %\ld surr\nd ! pati5t's head :ile ! op]ation 0 be+ p]=m$4 ,if ?is 7 n possible !y 7 to be done by c&lelight1 ! c&le be+ held z close z possible 9 a w>m room4 ,^! precautions are int]e/+ z =e%ad[+ _m ideas ( mu* m mod]n "t & especially indicat+ h[ old is ! idea t cold may be tak5 9 w\nds4 ,9 popul> m$ic9e ?is /ill has its place4 ,:5ev] a w\nd does badly 9 ! w9t] "t pati5ts are sure t !y h tak5 cold4 ,su* popul> m$ical ideas are always d]iv$ f suppos$ly sci5tific m$ic9e1 & until we le>n$ ab\t microbes physicians us$ ! same expressions4 ,we h n got entirely away f !m yet4 ,^! old surgeons mu/ h _h _m exp]i5ces ) fractures at ! base ( ! skull4 ,hemorrhages f ! m\? & nose1 = in/ance1 & f ! e>s 7 consid]$ bad signs4 ,!y 7 incl9$ to sugge/ t op5+s into ! skull %\ld be discov]$ by ef=ts to demon/rate a connection betwe5 ! m\? & n>es & ! bra9 cavity4 ,= in/ance1 9 _! comm5t>y ! ,f\r ,ma/]s said3 ,let ! pati5t hold 8 m\? & no/rils tight %ut & bl[ /rongly4 ,if !re 0 any less5+ ( ! pressure or any appe>ance ( air 9 ! w\nd 9 ! scalp1 !n a connection betwe5 ! m\? & nose 0 diagno/icat$4 ,?is is +5i\s b em95tly dang]\s because ( ! infecti\s mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! nasal & oral cavities1 s likely to be =c$ by su* pressure into ! skull4 ,!y 7 p>ticul>ly anxi\s to detect l9e> fractures4 ,"o ( _! me?ods ( negative diagnosis = fractures ( ! skull 0 t if ! pati5t 7 able to br+ 8 tee? toge!r /rongly1 or to crack a nut )\t pa91 !n !re 0 no fracture pres5t4 ,"o ( ! comm5tators1 h[ev]1 adds to ?is s$ hoc aliqu&o fallit--b ?is sign sometimes fails4 ,split or crack fractures 7 also diagno/icat$ by ! me?od sugge/$ by ,hippocrates ( p\r+ "s color$ fluid ov] ! skull aft] ! bone 0 expos$1 :5 ! l9e> fracture w\ld %[ by coloration4 ,! ,f\r ,ma/]s sugge/ a sort ( r$ ink = ?is purpose4 ,:ile !y h s mu* to say ab\t fractures ( ! skull & insi/1 ov] & ov] aga91 t ?\gh all depress$ fractures ne$ treatm5t & _m fissure fractures require trepanation1 /ill great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( cases4 ,!y say1 = in/ance1 t surgeons :o 9 e s]i\s w\nd ( ! head h rec\rse to ! treph9e mu/ be look$ ^u z fools & idiots 7idioti et /olidi74 ,9 ! light ( :at we n[ "k ab\t ! necessity = absolute cleanl9ess1--asepsis z we h come to call x1--x is r />tl+ to note ! directions t are giv5 to a surgeon to be obs]v$ on ! day :5 he is to d a trepanation4 ,= obvi\s reasons ,i pref] to quote x 9 ! ,lat93 ,et nota quod die ilia cav5dum e/ m$ico a coitu et malis cibis a]a corrump5tibus1 ut sunt allia1 cepe1 et hujusmodi1 et colloquio muli]is m5/ruos1 et manus ejus deb5t esse mund1 etc4 ,my quotation is f ,gurlt1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #gjg4 ,! directions are mo/ int]e/+4 ,! surgeon's h&s mu/ be clean1 he mu/ avoid ! tak+ ( food t may corrupt ! air1 su* z onions1 leeks1 & ! l2 mu/ avoid m5/ruat+ & o!r wom51 & 9 g5]al mu/ keep himself 9 a /ate ( absolute cleanl9ess4 ,to read a passage l ?is sep>at$ f its context & )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! wond]ful p[]s ( obs]vation ( ! m5 f :om x comes1 x w\ld be v easy to ?9k t x is m]ely a set ( g5]al directions :i* !y _h made on "s g5]al pr9ciple1 p]haps q fooli% 9 itself4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ^! m5 _h by obs]vation detect$ ne>ly e feature ( importance 9 fractures ( ! skull1 _! indications & contra-indications = op]ation & _! prognosis4 ,!y _h anticipat$ ne>ly ev]y?+ ( importance t has come to be insi/$ on ev5 9 our own "t 9 ! h&l+ ( ^! difficult cases4 ,x is n unlikely1 !re=e1 t !y _h also arriv$ at ! recognition by obs]vations on _m pati5ts t ! satisfactory aft]-c\rse ( ^! cases :i* 7 op]at$ on by ! surgeon aft] due reg>d to su* meticul\s cleanl9ess z is sugge/$ 9 ! p>agraph ,i h quot$1 made x v cle> t ^! aseptic precautions1 z we w\ld call !m1 7 extremely important = ! outcome ( ! case &1 !re=e1 7 well wor? ! surgeon's att5tion1 ?\gh !y mu/ h requir$ v c>eful precautions & consid]able self-d5ial4 ,inde$ ?is :ole subject1 ! virtual anticipation ( our n9ete5?-c5tury pr9ciples ( aseptic surg]y 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 is n a dream nor a f>-fet*$ explanation :5 "o kn[s en\gh ab\t ! directions t 7 laid d[n 9 ! surgical text-books ( t "t4 ,,! ,,nor? ,,italian ,,surgeons ,aft] ,rog] & ,rol&o & ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1 :o owe ! inspiration = _! "w to ,sal]no & ! s\? ( ,italy1 comes a gr\p ( nor? ,italian surgeons3 ,bruno da ,longoburgo1 usually call$ simply ,bruno2 ,!odoric & 8 fa!r1 ,hugo ( ,lucca1 & ,william ( ,salicet4 ,imm$iately foll[+ !m come two names t belong1 "o almo/ feels1 to a m mod]n p]iod3 ,mond9o1 ! au?or ( ! fir/ text-book on dissection1 & ,lanfranc 7! disciple ( ,william ( ,salicet71 :o taught at ,p>is & gave t primacy to ,fr5* surg]y :i* x ma9ta9$ all ! c5turies d[n to ! n9ete5? 7,pagel74 ,x might v well be ?\ght t ?is gr\p ( ,italian surgeons _h v little 9 _! writ+s t w\ld be ( any m ?an antiqu>ian int]e/ = ! mod]n "t4 ,x ne$s b a little k ( _! writ+s z !y h come d[n to u to %[ h[ utt]ly false any su* op9ion is4 ,to ,hugo da ,lucca & 8 son ,!odoric we owe ! introduction & ! gradual br++ into practical use ( v>i\s me?ods ( an/hesia4 ,!y us$ opium & m&ragora = ?is purpose & lat] employ$ an inhalant mixture1 ! composition ( :i* is n absolutely kn[n4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 v successful 9 produc+ ins5sibility to pa9 = ev5 r s]i\s & complicat$ & some:at l5g?y op]ations4 ,inde$ x is to ?is t mu/ be attribut$ mo/ ( _! surpris+ success z surgeons at ?is e>ly date4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?9k t an/hesia 0 discov]$ ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,am]ica t we =get t lit]ature is full ( ref]5ces 9 ,tom ,middleton's 7sev5te5? c5tury7 phrase to ! m]cies ( old surgeons :o put _! pati5ts to sleep be=e !y cut !m4 ,an/hetics 7 exp]im5t$ ) almo/ z zeal\sly1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury at lea/1 z dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 probably n z successful z we are1 b !y did succe$ 9 produc+ ins5sibility to pa91 o!rwise !y c\ld nev] h op]at$ to ! ext5t !y did4 ,moreov] ! traditions %[ t ! ,da ,luccas p>ticul>ly _h inv5t$ a me?od t left v little to be desir$ 9 ?is matt] ( an/hesia4 ,a ref]5ce to ! sket* ( ,guy de ,*auliac 9 ?is volume w %[ h[ practical ! me?od 0 9 8 "t4 ,ne>ly ! same /ory z ) reg>d to an/hetics has to be repeat$ = :at are deem$ s surely mod]n developm5ts1--asepsis & antisepsis4 ,i h already sugge/$ t ,rog] seems to h kn[n h[ extremely important x 0 to approa* op]ations ^u ! skull ) ! mo/ absolute cleanl9ess4 ,!re are _m h9ts ( ! same k9d 9 o!r writ]s :i* %[ t ?is 0 no m]e accid5tal rem>k1 b 0 a def9ite conclusion d]iv$ f exp]i5ce & c>eful obs]vation ( results4 ,we f9d mu* m ) reg>d to ?is same subject 9 ! writ+s ( ! gr\p ( nor!rn ,italian surgeons & especially 9 ! gr\p ( ^? associat$ ) ,william ( ,salicet4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 9 8 address be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,_w's ,fair ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce 9 #aijd1 did n hesitate to decl>e t ,william discuss$ ! causes = union by fir/ int5tion & ! modes by :i* x might be obta9$4 ,he1 too1 insi/$ on cleanl9ess z ! mo/ important factor 9 hav+ good surgical results1 & all ( ?is gr\p ( m51 9 op]at+ ^u septic cases1 us$ /rong] w9e z a dress+4 ,?is ex]t$1 z w be readily und]/ood1 a v def9ite antiseptic quality4 ,evid5tly "s details ( ! tea*+ ( ?is gr\p ( great surgeons 9 nor!rn ,italy 9 ! second half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury w make cle>] to u h[ mu* ! ris+ univ]sities ( ! "t 7 accompli%+ 9 m$ic9e & surg]y z well z 9 _! o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,! dates ( ! orig9 ( "s ( ^! univ]sities %\ld p]haps be recall$ s z to rem9d read]s h[ closely relat$ !y are to ?is great gr\p ( surgical tea*]s4 ,sal]no 0 f\nd$ v e>ly1 probably 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ,bologna1 ,reggio1 & ,mod5a came into exi/5ce t[>d ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury2 ,vic5za1 ,padua1 ,naples1 ,v]celli1 & ,piac5za1 z well z ,arezzo1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 ,rome1 ,p]ugia1 ,trevizo1 ,pisa1 ,flor5ce1 ,si5na1 ,lucca1 ,pavia1 & ,f]r>a dur+ ! next c5tury4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury 0 ! special fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! univ]sities1 & ! m$ical dep>tm5ts1 f> f be+ beh9d1 7 lead]s 9 accompli%m5t4 7,see my ,! ,?irte5? ,greate/ ( ,c5turies1 ,n4,y41 #aijh47 ,,bruno ,,da ,,longoburgo ,! fir/ ( ?is important gr\p ( nor? ,italian surgeons :o taught at ^! univ]sities 0 ,bruno ( ,longoburgo4 ,:ile he 0 born 9 ,calabria1 & probably /udi$ 9 ,sal]no1 8 "w 0 done at ,vic5za1 ,padua1 & ,v]ona4 ,8 text-book1 ! ,*irurgia ,magna1 d$icat$ to 8 fri5d ,&rew ( ,piac5za1 0 complet$ at ,padua 9 ,janu>y1 #abeb4 ,gurlt notes t he is ! fir/ ( ! ,italian surgeons :o quotes1 besides ! ,greeks1 ! ,arabian writ]s on surg]y4 ,eclecticism _h def9itely come into vogue to replace exclusive devotion to ! ,greek au?ors1 & m5 7 tak+ :at 0 good :]ev] !y f\nd x4 ,gurlt tells u t ,bruno ow$ mu* ( :at he wrote to 8 own exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,he beg9s 8 "w by a def9ition ( surg]y1 *irurgia1 trac+ x to ! ,greek & emphasiz+ t x means h&work4 ,he !n decl>es t x is ! la/ in/rum5t ( m$ic9e to be us$ only :5 ! o!r two in/rum5ts1 diet & potions1 h fail$4 ,he insi/s t surgeons mu/ le>n by see+ surgical op]ations & wat*+ !m long & dilig5tly4 ,!y mu/ be nei!r ra% nor ov] bold & %\ld be extremely cauti\s ab\t op]at+4 ,:ile he says t he does n object to a surgeon tak+ a glass ( w9e1 ! foll[]s ( ?is specialty mu/ n dr9k to su* an ext5t z to di/urb _! comm& ov] !mselves1 & !y mu/ n be habitual dr9k]s4 ,:ile all t is necess>y = _! art _c be le>n$ out ( books1 !y mu/ n despise books h[ev]1 = _m ?+s c be le>n$ readily f books1 ev5 ab\t ! mo/ difficult p>ts ( surg]y4 ,?ree ?+s ! surgeon has to d3--to br+ toge!r sep>at$ p>ts1 to sep>ate ^? t h become abnormally unit$1 & to extirpate :at is sup]flu\s4 ,9 8 second *apt] on heal+ he talks ab\t heal+ by fir/ & second int5tion4 ,w\nds mu/ be m c>efully look$ to 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 because putrefactio e/ major 9 ae/ate quam 9 hyeme1 putrefaction is great] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,= prop] union c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to br+ ! w\nd edges accurately toge!r & n all[ hair1 or oil1 or dress+s to come betwe5 !m4 ,9 l>ge w\nds he consid]s /it*+ indisp5sable1 & recomm5ds = ?is a f9e1 squ>e ne$le4 ,! pref]able suture mat]ial 9 8 exp]i5ce 0 silk or l954 ,! end ( ! w\nd 0 to rema9 op5 9 ord] t l9t might be plac$ !re9 9 ord] to draw (f any objectionable mat]ial4 ,he is p>ticul>ly insi/5t on ! necessity = dra9age4 ,9 deep w\nds special provision mu/ be made1 & 9 w\nds ( extremities ! limb mu/ be s plac$ z to enc\rage dra9age4 ,if dra9age does n take place1 !n ei!r ! w\nd mu/ be ?or\ghly op5$1 or if necess>y a c\nt] op5+ mu/ be made to provide dra9age4 ,all 8 treatm5t ( w\nds is dry1 h[ev]4 ,wat]1 he consid]$1 always did h>m4 ,we c readily und]/& t ! wat] g5]ally available & especially z surgeons saw x 9 camps & on ! battlefield1 0 likely to d mu* m h>m ?an good4 ,9 p5etrat+ w\nds ( ! belly cavity1 if !re 0 difficulty 9 br++ ab\t ! reposition ( ! inte/9es1 !y 7 fir/ to be press$ back ) a sponge soak$ 9 w>m w9e4 ,o!r manipulations are sugge/$1 & if necess>y ! w\nd mu/ be enl>g$4 ,if ! om5tum f9ds its way out ( ! w\nd1 all ( x t is black or gre5 mu/ be cut (f4 ,9 cases :]e ! inte/9es are w\nd$ !y are to be sew$ ) a small ne$le & a silk ?read & c>e is to be ex]cis$ 9 br++ ab\t complete closure ( ! w\nd4 ,?is mu* w give a good idea ( ,bruno's ?or\ghness4 ,altoge!r1 ,gurlt1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 gives ab\t fifte5 l>ge octavo pages ( r small type to a brief comp5dium ( ,bruno's tea*+s4 ,"o or two o!r rem>ks ( ,bruno are r int]e/+ 9 ! light ( mod]n developm5ts 9 m$ic9e4 ,= in/ance1 he sugge/s ! possibility ( be+ able to feel a /one 9 ! bladd] by means ( bimanual palpation4 ,he tea*es t mo!rs may (t5 be able to cure h]nias1 bo? umbilical & +u9al1 9 *ildr5 by promptly tak+ up ! treatm5t ( !m z soon z notic$1 br++ ! edges ( ! h]nial op5+ toge!r by b&ages & !n prev5t+ ! reop5+ ( ! h]nia by prohibit+ wre/l+ & l\d cry+ & viol5t motion4 ,he has se5 ov]gr[? ( ! mamma 9 m51 & decl>es t x is due to no?+ else b fat1 z a rule4 ,he sugge/s if x %\ld hang d[n & be 9 ! way on acc\nt ( its size x %\ld be extirpat$4 ,he seems to h kn[n consid]able ab\t ! lipomas & advises t !y ne$ only be remov$ 9 case !y become bo!rsomely l>ge4 ,! removal is easy1 & any ble$+ t takes place may be /opp$ by means ( ! caut]y4 ,he divides rectal fi/ul into p5etrat+ & non-p5etrat+1 & sugge/s salves = ! non-p5etrat+ & ! actual caut]y = ^? t p5etrate4 ,he w>ns aga9/ ! possibility ( produc+ incont95ce by ! incision ( deep fi/ul1 = ?is w\ld leave ! pati5t 9 a worse /ate ?an be=e4 ,,hugh ,,( ,,lucca ,bruno br\ght up ) him ! me?ods & pr9ciples ( surg]y f ! s\? ( ,italy1 b !re seems to h be5 already 9 ! nor? at lea/ "o di/+ui%$ surgeon :o _h made 8 m>k4 ,?is 0 ,ugo da ,lucca or ,ugo ,luccanus1 sometimes kn[n 9 ! mod]n times 9 ,g]man hi/ories ( m$ic9e z ,hugo da ,lucca & 9 ,engli%1 ,hugh ( ,lucca4 ,he fl\ri%$ e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 #abad he 0 call$ to ,bologna to become ! city physician1 & jo9$ ! ,bolognese volunte]s 9 ! crusade 9 #abah1 be+ pres5t at ! siege ( ,damietta4 ,he return$ to ,bologna 9 #abba & 0 giv5 ! po/ ( legal physician to ! city4 ,! civic /atutes ( ,bologna are1 accord+ to ,gurlt1 ! olde/ monum5t ( legal m$ic9e 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,ugo di$ n long aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & is said to h be5 ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s old4 ,( 8 five sons1 ?ree became physicians4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! 0 ,!odoric1 :o wrote a text-book ( surg]y 9 :i* are set d[n ! traditions ( surg]y t _h be5 practis$ 9 8 fa!r's life4 ,!odoric is especially en?usia/ic 9 praise ( 8 fa!r1 because he succe$$ 9 br++ ab\t su* p]fect heal+ ( w\nds ) only w9e & wat] & ! ligature & )\t ! employm5t ( any o9tm5ts4 ,ugo seems to h occupi$ himself mu* ) *emi/ry4 ,to him we owe a s]ies ( discov]ies ) reg>d to anodyne & an/hetiz+ drugs4 ,he is said to h be5 ! fir/ :o taught ! sublimation ( ars5ic4 ,un=tunately he left no writ+s aft] him1 & all t we "k ( him we owe to ! filial devotion ( 8 son ,!odoric4 ,,!odoric ,?is son1 aft] hav+ complet$ 8 m$ical /udies at ! age ( ab\t tw5ty-?ree1 ent]$ ! ,dom9ican ,ord]1 !n only rec5tly e/abli%$1 b cont9u$ 8 practice ( m$ic9e undi/urb$4 ,8 ecclesia/ical pref]m5t 0 rapid4 ,he attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,bi%op ( ,val5cia1 & became 8 *apla9 9 ,rome4 ,at ! age ( ab\t fifty he 0 made a bi%op 9 ,s\? ,italy & lat] transf]r$ to ! ,bi%opric ( ,c]via1 n f> f ,rav5na4 ,mo/ ( 8 life seems to h be5 pass$ 9 ,bologna h[ev]1 & he cont9u$ to practise m$ic9e1 devot+ 8 fees1 h[ev]1 entirely to *>ity4 ,8 text-book ( surg]y 0 writt5 ab\t #abff & is sign$ ) 8 full "n & title z ,bi%op ( ,c]via4 ,ev5 at ?is "t h[ev]1 he /ill reta9$ ! cu/om ( designat+ himself z a memb] ( ! ,dom9ican ,ord]4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 surg]y is und\bt$ly 8 decl>ation t all w\nds %\ld be treat$ only ) w9e & b&ag+4 ,w9e he insi/s on z ! be/ possible dress+ = w\nds4 ,x 0 ! mo/ readily available antiseptic t !y _h at t "t1 & und\bt$ly bo? 8 fa!r's recomm5dation ( x & 8 own favorable exp]i5ce ) x 7 due to ?is quality4 ,x mu/ h act$ z an excell5t inhibitive ag5t ( _m ( ! simple =ms ( pus =mation4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is fir/ book he emphasizes t x is extremely important = ! heal+ ( w\nds t ! pati5t %\ld h good blood1 & ?is c only be obta9$ f suitable nutrition4 ,x is ess5tial !re=e = ! physician to be famili> ) ! foods :i* produce good blood 9 ord] t 8 w\nd$ pati5ts may be f$ appropriately4 ,he sugge/s1 !n1 a numb] ( articles ( diet :i* are p>ticul>ly useful 9 produc+ su* a favorable /ate ( ! tissues z w br+ ab\t ! rebir? ( fle% & ! adhesion ( w\nd surfaces4 ,%ortly be=e he emphasizes ! necessity = n injur+ n]ves1 ?\gh if n]ves h be5 cut !y %\ld be br\ght toge!r z c>efully z possible1 ! w\nd edges be+ !n approximat$4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ feature = our g5]ation ( ! great text-books ( ! surgeons ( ! m$ieval univ]sities is ! occurr5ce 9 !m ( def9ite directions = secur+ union 9 surgical w\nds1 at lea/ by fir/ int5tion & _! insi/5ce on keep+ w\nds cle>4 ,! expression union by fir/ int5tion comes to u f ! old5 "t4 ,!y ev5 boa/$ t ! sc>s left aft] _! incisions 7 (t5 s small z to be sc>cely noticeable4 ,su* expressions ( c\rse c\ld only h come f m5 :o _h succe$$ 9 solv+ "s ( ! problems ( antisepsis t 7 solv$ once m 9 ! g5]ation prec$+ our own4 ,) reg>d to _! treatm5t ( w\nds1 ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt says3#ai ,!y wa%$ ! w\nd ) w9e1 scrupul\sly remov+ e =eign p>ticle2 !n !y br\ght ! edges toge!r1 n all[+ w9e nor any?+ else to rema9 )9--dry adhesive surfaces 7 _! desire4 ,nature1 !y said1 produces ! means ( union 9 a visc\s exudation1 or natural balm1 z x 0 aft]w>ds call$ by ,p>acelsus1 ,p>1 & ,wurtz4 ,9 old] w\nds !y did _! be/ to obta9 union by cleans+1 desiccation1 & refre%+ ( ! edges4 ,^u ! out] surface !y laid only l9t /eep$ 9 w9e4 ,p[d]s !y reg>d$ z too desiccat+1 = p[d] %uts 9 decompos+ matt]s w9e aft] wa%+1 purify+1 & dry+ ! raw surfaces evaporates4 ,!odoric comes ne>e/ to u ( all ^! old surgeons4 ,! surgeon :o 9 #abff wrote3 ,= x is n necess>y1 z ,rog] & ,rol& h writt51 z _m ( _! disciples tea*1 & z all mod]n surgeons pr(ess1 t pus %\ld be g5]at$ 9 w\nds4 ,no error c be great] ?an ?is4 ,su* a practice is inde$ to h9d] nature1 to prolong ! disease1 & to prev5t ! conglut9ation & consolidation ( ! w\nd 0 m ?an half a mill5nium ahead ( 8 "t4 ,! italics 9 ! ^w mod]n are m9e1 b might well h be5 us$ by "s e>ly advocate ( antisepsis or ev5 by ,"l ,li/] himself4 ,j six c5turies almo/ to ! ye> w\ld sep>ate ! two decl>ations1 yet !y w\ld be j z true at "o "t z at ano!r4 ,:5 we le>n t ,!odoric 0 pr\d ( ! beautiful cicatrices :i* he obta9$ )\t ! use ( any o9tm5t1 pul*]rimas cicatrices s9e ungu5to aliquo inducebat1 !n fur!r t he impugn$ ! use ( p\ltices & ( oils on w\nds1 :ile p[d]s 7 too dry+ & besides _h a t5d5cy to prev5t dra9age1 ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ,lat9 words saniem inc>c]>e is to inc>c]ate sani\s mat]ial1 x is easy to und]/& t ! claim t antiseptic surg]y 0 anticipat$ six c5turies ago is no exagg]ation & no f>-fet*$ explanation ) mod]n ideas 9 m9d ( c]ta9 clev] modes ( dress+ hit ^u accid5tally by m$ieval surgeons4 ,!odoric's treatm5t ( _m practical problems is int]e/+ = ! mod]n "t4 ,= in/ance1 9 8 discussion ( canc] he says t !re are two =ms ( ! affection4 ,"o ( !m is due to a melan*oly humor1 a con/itutional t5d5cy z x 71 & occurs especially 9 ! brea/s ( wom5 or lat5t 9 ! womb4 ,?is is difficult ( treatm5t & usually fatal4 ,! o!r class consi/s ( a deep ulc] ) und]m9$ edges1 occurr+ p>ticul>ly on ! legs1 difficult to cure & ready ( relapse1 b = :i* ! outlook is n s bad4 ,8 description ( noli me tang]e & ( lupus is r practical4 ,lupus is eat+ h]pes1 occurs ma9ly on ! nose1 or ar\nd ! m\?1 sl[ly increases1 & ei!r foll[s a prec$+ erysipelas or comes f "s int]nal cause4 ,noli me tang]e is a corrod+ ulc]1 s call$ p]haps because irritation ( x causes x to spread m rapidly4 ,he ?9ks t deep caut]ization ( x is ! be/ treatm5t4 ,s9ce ^! are 9 ! dep>tm5t ( sk9 diseases ?is seems ! place to m5tion t ,!odoric describes salivation z occurr+ aft] ! use ( m]cury = c]ta9 sk9 diseases4 ,he has already %[n t he kn[s ( c]ta9 g5ital ulc]s & sores on ! g5ital regions & ( di/9ctions betwe5 !m4 ,,william ,,( ,,salicet ,! ?ird ( ! great surgeons 9 nor!rn ,italy 0 ,william ( ,salicet4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,bruno's & ! ma/] ( ,lanfranc4 ,! fir/ "p ( 8 life 0 pass$ at ,bologna & ! latt] "p z ! municipal & hospital physician ( ,v]ona4 ,he probably di$ ab\t #abhj4 ,he 0 a physician z well z a surgeon & 0 "o ( ^? :o insi/$ t ! two modes ( practis+ m$ic9e %\ld n be sep>at$1 or if !y 7 bo? m$ic9e & surg]y w\ld suff]4 ,he ?\ght t ! physician le>n$ mu* by see+ ! int]ior ( ! body dur+ life1 :ile ! surgeon 0 m cons]vative if he 7 a physician4 ,x is curi\sly int]e/+ to f9d t ! ,regius ,pr(essors at bo? ,ox=d & ,cambridge 9 our "t h express$ !mselves some:at simil>ly4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt is q emphatic 9 ?is matt] & ,pr(essor ,osl] is on record to ! same effect4 ,foll[+ ,!odoric1 ,william ( ,salicet did mu* to get away f ! ,arabic abuse ( ! caut]y & br\ght ! knife back to its prop] place aga9 z ! ideal surgical in/rum5t4 ,unlike ^? :o _h writt5 be=e him1 ,william quot$ v little f prec$+ writ]s4 ,:5ev] he quotes 8 contempor>ies x is 9 ord] to criticise !m4 ,he dep5d$ on 8 own exp]i5ce & consid]$ t x 0 only :at he _h actually le>n$ f exp]i5ce t he %\ld publi% = ! b5efit ( o!rs4 ,a v good idea ( ! sort ( surg]y t ,william ( ,salicet practis$ may be obta9$ ev5 f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 fir/ book4 ,?is is all ) reg>d to surg]y ( ! head4 ,he beg9s ) ! treatm5t ( hydrocephalus or1 z he calls x1 wat] collect$ 9 ! heads ( *ildr5 newly born4 ,he rejects op5+ ( ! head by an incision because ( ! dang] ( x4 ,9 a numb] ( cases1 h[ev]1 he _h _h success by punctur+ ! scalp & membranes ) a caut]y1 ?\gh b a v small op5+ 0 made & ! fluid 0 all[$ to escape only drop by drop4 ,he !n takes up eye diseases1 a dep>tm5t ( surg]y r well develop$ at t "t1 z c be se5 f our acc\nt ( ! "w ( ,pope ,john ,,xxi z an oph?almologi/ dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,see ,oph?almology 7,janu>y1 #aiji71 repr9t$ 9 ,ca?olic ,*ur*m5 9 ,sci5ce1 ,philadelphia1 ,! ,dolph9 ,press1 #aiji4 ,william devotes six *apt]s to ! diseases ( ! eyes & ! eyelids4 ,!n !re are two *apt]s on affections ( ! e>s4 ,=eign bodies & an accumulation ( e> wax are remov$ by means ( in/rum5ts4 ,a polyp is ei!r cut (f or its p$icle b\nd ) a ligature1 & x is all[$ to %rivel4 ,! next *apt] is on ! nose4 ,nasal polyps 7 to be grasp$ ) a %>p t5aculum1 cum t5acillis acutis1 & ei!r :olly or p>tially extract$4 ,ranula 0 treat$ by be+ lift$ well =w>d by means ( a %>p iron hook & !n split ) a razor4 ,x is evid5t t ! t5d5cy ( ^! to fill up aga9 0 recogniz$1 & accord+ly x 0 recomm5d$ t vitriol p[d]1 or alum ) salt1 be plac$ 9 ! cavity = a "t aft] evacuation 9 ord] to produce adhesive inflammation4 ,9 ! same *apt] on ! m\? "o f9ds t ,william did n hesitate to p]=m :at _c b be consid]$ r ext5sive op]ations )9 ! oral cavity4 ,= in/ance1 he tells ( remov+ a l>ge epulis & gives an acc\nt 9 detail ( ! case4 ,to quote 8 own words3 ,i cur$ a c]ta9 woman f ,piac5za :o 0 suff]+ f fle%y tumor on ! gums ( ! upp] jaw1 ! tumor hav+ gr[n to su* a size above ! tee? & ! gums t x 0 z l>ge or p]haps l>g] ?an a h5's egg4 ,i remov$ x at f\r op]ations by means ( heat$ iron in/rum5ts4 ,at ! la/ op]ation ,i remov$ ! tee? t 7 loose ) c]ta9 p>ts ( ! jawbone4 ,9 ! next *apt] !re is an acc\nt ( ! treatm5t ( a rem>kable case ( abscess ( ! uvula4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] ! swell+ ( c]vical gl&s is tak5 up4 ,9 8 exp]i5ce expectant treatm5t ( ^! 0 be/4 ,he advises int]nal m$ication ) ! build+ up ( ! g5]al heal?1 or sugge/s all[+ ! inflam$ gl&s to empty !mselves aft] pu/ulation4 ,aft] mu* m$dlesome surg]y we are almo/ back to 8 me?ods aga94 ,he did n hesitate to treat goitre surgically1 ?\gh he consid]$ !re 7 c]ta9 int]nal rem$ies t w\ld b5efit x4 ,9 ob/9ate cases he sugge/s ! complete extirpation ( cy/ic goitre1 b if ! sac is all[$ to rema9 x %\ld be ?or\ghly rubb$ ov] on ! inside ) gre5 o9tm5t4 ,he w>ns ab\t ! necessity = avoid+ ! ve9s & art]ies 9 ?is op]ation1 & says t 9 ?is affection _m l>ge ve9s make _! appe>ance & !y f9d _! way ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! fle%y mass4 ,:at ,i h giv5 "h is to be f\nd 9 a little m ?an half a page ( ,gurlt's ab/ract ( ! fir/ tw5ty *apt]s ( ,salicet's fir/ book4 ,altoge!r ,gurlt has m ?an t5 pages ( r small pr9t ) reg>d to ,william2 mo/ ( x is z int]e/+ & z practical & z repres5tative ( anticipations ( :at is done 9 ! mod]n "t z :at ,i h "h quot$4 ,william1 z ,i h said1 dep5d$ mu* m ^u 8 own exp]i5ce ?an ^u :at 0 to be f\nd 9 text-books4 ,he knew ! old text-books v well h[ev]1 b z a rule did n quote f !m unless he _h tri$ ! recomm5dations = himself1 or unless simil> cases to ^! m5tion$ _h come "u 8 own obs]vation4 ,he 0 evid5tly a ?or\ghly obs]vant physician1 a skill$ surgeon :o 0 practical en\gh to see ! simple/ way to d ?+s1 & he proce$$ to d !m4 ,x is no wond] t he influ5c$ succe$+ g5]ations s mu*1 nor t 8 great pupil1 ,lanfranc1 cont9u+ 8 tradition1 f\nd$ a s*ool ( surg]y 9 ,p>is1 ! influ5ce ( :i* 0 to endure almo/ d[n to our "t1 & give ,france a primacy 9 surg]y until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,,lanfranc ,aft] ,salicet's lifetime ! focus ( int]e/ 9 surg]y *anges f ,italy to ,france1 & :at is /ill m complim5t>y to ,william1 x is ?r\gh a favorite disciple ( 8 t ! *ange takes place4 ,?is 0 ,lanfran*i1 or ,lanfranco1 sometimes spok5 ( z ,alanfrancus1 :o practis$ z physician & surgeon 9 ,milan until bani%$ f !re by ,matteo ,visconti ab\t #abij4 ,he !n w5t to ,lyons1 :]e 9 ! c\rse ( 8 practice he attract$ s mu* att5tion t he 0 (f]$ ! opportunity to tea* surg]y 9 ,p>is4 ,he attract$ :at ,gurlt calls an almo/ incr$ible numb] ( s*ol>s to 8 lessons 9 ,p>is1 & by hundr$s !y accompani$ him to ! b$side ( 8 pati5ts & att5d$ 8 op]ations4 ,! dean ( ! m$ical faculty1 ,jean de ,passavant1 urg$ him to write a text-book ( surg]y1 n only = ! b5efit ( 8 /ud5ts at ,p>is b = ! sake ( ! pre/ige :i* ?is w\ld conf] on ! m$ical s*ool4 ,deans /ill urge ! same reasons = writ+4 ,lanfranc complet$ 8 surg]y1 call$ ,*irurgia ,magna1 9 #abif1 & d$icat$ x to ,philippe le ,bel1 ! !n reign+ ,fr5* ,k+4 ,t5 ye>s lat] he di$1 b 9 ! meantime he _h transf]r$ ,italian pre/ige 9 surg]y f ,italy to ,france & laid ! f\ndations 9 ,p>is ( a ?or\ghly sci5tific z well z a practical surg]y1 ?\gh ?is dep>tm5t ( ! m$ical s*ool _h be5 9 a sadly backw>d /ate :5 he came4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ?is text-book1 ! fir/ conta9+ ! def9ition ( surg]y & g5]al introduction1 ,lanfranc describes ! qualities t 9 8 op9ion a surgeon %\ld possess4 ,he says1 ,x is necess>y t a surgeon %\ld h a temp]ate & mod]ate disposition4 ,t he %\ld h well-=m$ h&s1 long sl5d] f+]s1 a /rong body1 n incl9$ to tremble & ) all 8 memb]s tra9$ to ! capable fulfilm5t ( ! wi%es ( 8 m9d4 ,he %\ld be ( deep intellig5ce & ( a simple1 humble1 brave1 b n audaci\s disposition4 ,he %\ld be well gr\nd$ 9 natural sci5ce1 & %\ld "k n only m$ic9e b e "p ( philosophy2 %\ld "k logic well1 s z to be able to und]/& :at is writt51 to talk prop]ly1 & to support :at he has to say by good reasons4 ,he sugge/s t x w\ld be well = ! surgeon to h sp5t "s "t tea*+ gramm> & dialectics & rhetoric1 especially if he is to tea* o!rs 9 surg]y1 = ?is practice w add greatly to 8 tea*+ p[]4 ,"s ( 8 expressions might well be repeat$ to "y surgeons 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,! surgeon %\ld n love difficult cases & %\ld n all[ himself to be tempt$ to und]take ^? t are desp]ate4 ,he %\ld help ! poor z f> z he c1 b he %\ld n hesitate to ask = good fees f ! ri*4 ,_m g5]ations s9ce ,lanfranc's "t h us$ ! ^w n]ves = t5dons4 ,lanfranc1 h[ev]1 made no su* mi/ake4 ,he says t ! w\nds ( n]ves1 s9ce ! n]ve is an in/rum5t ( s5se & motion1 are1 on acc\nt ( ! great] s5sitiv5ess :i* ^! /ructures possess1 likely to involve mu* pa94 ,w\nds along ! l5g? ( ! n]ves are less dang]\s ?an ^? across !m4 ,:5 a n]ve is completely divid$ by a cross w\nd ,lanfranc is ( ! op9ion1 ?\gh ,!odoric & "s o!rs are oppos$ to x1 t ! n]ve ends %\ld be /it*$ toge!r4 ,he says t ?is suture insures ! r$9tegration ( ! n]ve mu* bett]4 ,aft] ?is op]ation ! re/oration ( ! usefulness ( ! memb] is m complete & assur$4 ,8 description ( ! treatm5t ( ! bite ( a rabid dog is int]e/+4 ,a l>ge cupp+ glass %\ld be appli$ ov] ! w\nd s z to draw out z mu* blood z possible4 ,aft] ?is ! w\nd %\ld be dilat$ & ?or\ghly caut]iz$ to its dep?s ) a hot iron4 ,x %\ld !n be cov]$ ) v>i\s sub/ances t 7 suppos$ to draw1 9 ord] z f> z possible to remove ! poison4 ,8 description ( h[ "o may recognize a rabid animal is r /rik+ 9 ! light ( our pres5t k1 = he seems to h realiz$ t ! ma9 diagno/ic elem5t is a *ange 9 ! disposition ( ! animal1 b above all a def9ite t5d5cy to lack playfulness4 ,lanfranc _h se5 a numb] ( cases ( true rabies1 & describes & sugge/s treatm5t = !m1 ?\gh evid5tly )\t v mu* confid5ce 9 ! success ( ! treatm5t4 ,! treatm5t ( snake bites & ! bites ( o!r poison\s animals 0 suppos$ to foll[ ! pr9ciples laid d[n = ! bite ( a mad dog1 especially z reg>ds ! enc\ragem5t ( free ble$+ & ! use ( ! caut]y4 ,lanfranc has _m o!r expressions t "o is tempt$ to quote1 because !y %[ a ?9k+ surgeon ( ! old "t1 anticipat+ _m suppos$ly mod]n ideas & conclusions4 ,he is a p>ticul> favorite ( ,gurlt's1 :o has m ?an tw5ty-five l>ge octavo1 closely pr9t$ pages ) reg>d to him4 ,!re is sc>cely any developm5t 9 our mod]n surg]y t ,lanfranc has n at lea/ a h9t (1 c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ! surg]y ( a g5]ation ago t does n f9d a m5tion 9 8 book4 ,on mo/ subjects he has practical obs]vations f 8 own exp]i5ce to add to :at 0 9 surgical lit]ature be=e 8 "t4 ,he quotes altoge!r m ?an a score ( writ]s on surg]y :o _h prec$$ him & evid5tly 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) g5]al surgical lit]ature4 ,!re is sc>cely an important surgical topic on :i* ,gurlt does n f9d "s int]e/+ & p]sonal rem>ks made by ,lanfranc4 ,all t we c d "h is ref] ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ,lanfranc to 8 own works or ,gurlt4 ,,mondeville ,! next ( ! important surgeons :o 7 to br+ su* di/9ction to ,fr5* surg]y = five c5turies 0 ,h5ri de ,mondeville4 ,writ]s usually quote him z ,h5ricus4 ,8 latt] "n is only ! place ( 8 bir?1 :i* 0 probably n f> f ,ca5 9 ,norm&y4 ,x is spell$ 9 s _m diff]5t ways1 h[ev]1 by diff]5t writ]s t x is well to realize t almo/ any?+ t looks l ,mondeville probably ref]s to him4 ,su* v>iants z ,mundeville1 ,h]mondaville1 ,amondaville1 ,amundaville1 ,am&aville1 ,m&eville1 ,arm&aville1 ,arm5daville1 ,am&avilla occur4 ,we owe a l>ge am\nt ( our in=mation ) reg>d to him to ,pr(essor ,pagel1 :o issu$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 book ev] publi%$ 7,b]l91 #ahib74 ,x may seem surpris+ t ,mondeville's "w %\ld h be5 left ?us long )\t publication1 b un=tunately he did n live long en\gh to f9i% x4 ,he 0 "o ( ! victims t tub]culosis claim$ among physicians 9 ! mid/ ( _! "w4 ,?\gh !re are a great numb] ( manuscript copies ( 8 book1 someh[ ,r5aissance int]e/ 9 x 9 its incomplet$ /ate 0 nev] ar\s$ suffici5tly to br+ ab\t a pr9t$ edition4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 n because ( any lack ( int]e/ on ! "p ( 8 contempor>ies or any lack ( significance 9 ! "w itself1 = its pr9t+ has be5 "o ( ! surprises af=d$ u 9 ! mod]n "t z %[+ h[ ?or\ghly a great writ] on surg]y did 8 "w at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,gurlt1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 has giv5 ov] =ty pages1 mu* ( x small type1 ) reg>d to ,mondeville1 because ( ! special int]e/ !re is 9 8 writ+4#bj ,8 life is ( p>ticul> int]e/ = o!r reasons besides 8 subsequ5t success z a surgeon4 ,he 0 ano!r ( ! univ]sity m5 ( ?is "t :o w&]$ f> = opportunities 9 education4 ,?\gh born 9 ! nor? ( ,france & receiv+ 8 prelim9>y education !re1 he made 8 m$ical /udies t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury "u ,!odoric 9 ,italy4 ,aft]w>ds he /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,montpelli] & surg]y 9 ,p>is4 ,lat] he gave at lea/ "o c\rse ( lectures at ,montpelli] himself & a s]ies ( lectures 9 ,p>is1 attract+ to bo? univ]sities dur+ 8 pr(essor%ip a cr[d ( /ud5ts f e "p ( ,europe4 ,"o ( 8 tea*]s at ,p>is _h be5 8 compatriot1 ,jean ,pit>d1 ! surgeon ( ,philippe le ,bel1 ( :om he speaks z mo/ skilful & exp]t 9 ! art ( surg]y1 & x 0 d\btless to ,pit>d's fri5d%ip t he ow$ 8 appo9tm5t z "o ( ! f\r surgeons & ?ree physicians :o accompani$ ! ,k+ into ,fl&]s4 ,besides 8 lectures1 ,mondeville _h a l>ge consultant practice & also _h to accompany ! ,k+ on 8 campaigns4 ,?is made x extremely difficult = him to keep cont9u\sly at ! writ+ ( 8 book4 ,x 0 delay$ 9 spite ( 8 good int5tions1 & we h ! picture t is s famili> 9 ! mod]n "t ( a busy man try+ to /eal or make "t = 8 writ+4 ,un=tunately1 9 addition to o!r ob/acles1 ,mondeville %[$ probably be=e he 0 =ty ! fir/ symptoms ( a s]i\s pulmon>y disease1 presumably tub]culosis4 ,he bravely f\ght x & w5t on ) 8 "w4 ,z 8 end approa*$ he sket*$ 9 lightly :at he _h hop$ to treat mu* m =mally1 & !n turn$ to :at 0 to h be5 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 book1 ! ,antidot>ium or sugge/ions ( practical rem$ies aga9/ diseases ( v>i\s k9ds because 8 /ud5ts & physician fri5ds 7 urg+ him to complete ?is portion = !m4 ,we ( ! mod]n "t are mu* less int]e/$ 9 t ?an we w\ld h be5 9 "s ( ! portions ( ! "w t ,mondeville neglect$ 9 ord] to provide !rapeutic h9ts = 8 disciples4 ,b !n ! /ud5ts & "y physicians h always clamor$ = ! practical--:i* s f> at lea/ 9 m$ical hi/ory has always prov$ ( only pass+ int]e/4 ,x is (t5 said t at ?is "t surg]y 0 ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( b>b]s & ! ignorant4 ,h5ri de ,mondeville1 h[ev]1 is a /rik+ example 9 contradiction ( ?is4 ,he mu/ h _h a f9e prelim9>y education & 8 book %[s v wide read+4 ,!re is almo/ no "o ( any importance :o s]i\sly t\*$ ^u m$ic9e or surg]y be=e 8 "t :om ,mondeville does n quote4 ,hippocrates1 ,ari/otle1 ,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1 ,gal51 ,rhazes1 ,ali ,abbas1 ,abulcasis1 ,avic5na1 ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 ,av]ros1 ,maimonides1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,hugo ( ,lucca1 ,!odoric1 ,william ( ,salicet1 ,lanfranc are all quot$1 & n once or twice b _m times4 ,besides he has quotations f ! poets & philosoph]s1 ,cato1 ,diog5es1 ,horace1 ,ovid1 ,plato1 ,s5eca1 & o!rs4 ,he 0 a le>n$ man1 devot+ himself to surg]y4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t he ?\ght t a surgeon %\ld be a s*ol>1 & t he ne$$ to "k mu* m ?an a physician4 ,"o ( 8 *>act]i/ic passages is t 9 :i* he decl>es x is impossible t a surgeon %\ld be exp]t :o does n "k n only ! pr9ciples1 b ev]y?+ wor? :ile kn[+ ab\t m$ic9e1 & !n he add$1 j z x is impossible = a man to be a good physician :o is entirely ignorant ( ! art ( surg]y4 ,he says fur!r3 ,?is our art ( surg]y1 :i* is ! ?ird "p ( m$ic9e 7! o!r two p>ts 7 diet & drugs71 is1 ) all due rev]5ce to physicians1 consid]$ by u surgeons ourselves & by ! non-m$ical z a m c]ta91 nobl]1 secur]1 m p]fect1 m necess>y1 & m lucrative art ?an ! o!r p>ts ( m$ic9e4 ,surgeons h always be5 prone to glory 9 _! specialty4 ,mondeville _h a high idea ( ! tra9+ t a surgeon %\ld possess4 ,he says3 ,a surgeon :o wi%es to op]ate regul>ly ought fir/ = a long "t to frequ5t places 9 :i* skill$ surgeons op]ate (t51 & he ought to pay c>eful att5tion to _! op]ations & commit _! te*nique to memory4 ,!n he ought to associate himself ) !m 9 do+ op]ations4 ,a man _c be a good surgeon unless he kn[s bo? ! art & sci5ce ( m$ic9e & especially anatomy4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( a good surgeon are t he %\ld be mod]ately bold1 n giv5 to disputations be=e ^? :o d n "k m$ic9e1 op]ate ) =esight & wisdom1 n beg9n+ dang]\s op]ations until he has provid$ himself ) ev]y?+ necess>y = less5+ ! dang]4 ,he %\ld h well-%ap$ memb]s1 especially h&s ) long1 sl5d] f+]s1 mobile & n tremul\s1 & ) all 8 memb]s /rong & heal?y s t he may p]=m all ! good op]ations )\t di/urbance ( m9d4 ,he mu/ be highly moral1 %\ld c>e = ! poor = ,god's sake1 see t he makes himself well paid by ! ri*1 %\ld com=t 8 pati5ts by pleasant disc\rse1 & %\ld always acc$e to _! reque/s if ^! d n int]f]e ) ! cure ( ! disease4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 he says1 t ! p]fect surgeon is m ?an ! p]fect physician1 & t :ile he mu/ "k m$ic9e he mu/ 9 addition "k 8 h&icraft4 ,?9k+ ?us1 x is no wond] t he places 8 book "u z noble patronage z possible4 ,he says 9 ! preface t he began to write x = ! honor & praise ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ( ! ,sa9ts & ,m>tyrs1 ,cosmas & ,damian1 & ( ,k+ ,philip ( ,france z well z 8 f\r *ildr51 & on ! proposal & reque/ ( ,ma/] ,william ( ,briscia1 di/+ui%$ pr(essor 9 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e & =m]ly physician to ,pope ,boniface ,,iv & ,b5$ict & ,clem5t1 ! pres5t ,pope4 ,8 fir/ book on anatomy he propos$ to f\nd on t ( ,avic5na & on 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce z he has se5 x4 ,! second tractate on ! treatm5ts ( w\nds1 contusions1 & ulc]s 0 f\nd$ on ! second book ( ,!odoric ) :atev] by rec5t /udy has be5 newly acquir$ & br\ght to light ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( mod]n physicians4 ,he !n confesses 8 obligations to 8 great ma/]1 ,john ,pit>d1 & adds t all ! exp]i5ce t he has ga9$ :ile op]at+1 /udy+1 & lectur+ = _m ye>s on surg]y w be made use ( 9 ord] to enhance ! value ( ! "w4 ,he hopes1 h[ev]1 to accompli% all ?is briefly1 quietly1 & above all1 *>itably4 ,!re are _m ?+s 9 ! preface t %[ u ! reason = ,mondeville's popul>ity1 = !y exhibit him z v sympa!tically human 9 8 int]e/s4 ,:ile ,mondeville is devot$ to ! pr9ciple t au?ority is ( great value1 he said t !re 0 no?+ p]fect 9 ?+s human1 & successive g5]ations ( y\ng] m5 (t5 made important additions to :at _! ance/ors _h left !m4 ,:ile 8 "w is l>gely a compilation1 ne>ly ev]y:]e x %[s signs ( ! modification ( 8 pr$ecessors' op9ions by ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,8 me?od ( writ+ is1 z ,pagel decl>es1 always int]e/+1 lively1 & (t5 full ( meat4 ,he _h a tea*]'s in/9ct1 = 9 sev]al ( ! e>li] manuscripts 8 special tea*+ is put 9 l>g] lett]s 9 ord] to attract /ud5ts' att5tion4444 ,he seems to h introduc$ or re-introduc$ into practice ! idea ( ! use ( a l>ge magnet 9 ord] to extract portions ( iron f ! tissues4 ,he made sev]al modifications 9 ne$les & ?read hold]s & inv5t$ a k9d ( small d]rick = ! extraction ( arr[s ) b>bs4 ,besides1 he sugge/$ ! surr\nd+ ( ! b>bs ( ! arr[s ) tubes1 to facilitate extraction4 ,9 8 treatm5t ( w\nds1 ,pagel consid]s t z a writ] & tea*] he is f> ahead ( 8 pr$ecessors & ev5 ( ^? :o came aft] him 9 imm$iately subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,"o ( 8 great m]its und\bt$ly is t ,guy de ,*auliac1 ! fa!r ( mod]n surg]y1 9 8 text-book turn$ to him ) a confid5ce t proclaims 8 admiration & h[ mu* he felt t he _h ga9$ f him4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ,mondeville's "w is 8 insi/5ce on ! influ5ce ( ! m9d on ! body & ! importance ( us+ ?is influ5ce to ! be/ advantage4 ,x is especially important 9 ,mondeville's op9ion to keep a surgical pati5t f be+ moody4 ,let ! surgeon1 says he1 take c>e to regulate ! :ole regim5 ( ! pati5t's life = joy & happ9ess by promis+ t he w soon be well1 by all[+ 8 relatives & special fri5ds to *e] him & by hav+ someone to tell him jokes1 & let him be solac$ also by music on ! viol or psalt]y4 ,! surgeon mu/ =bid ang]1 hatr$1 & sadness 9 ! pati5t1 & rem9d him t ! body gr[s fat f joy & ?9 f sadness4 ,he mu/ insi/ on ! pati5t obey+ him fai?fully 9 all ?+s4 ,he repeats ) approval ! expression ( ,avic5na t (t5 ! confid5ce ( ! pati5t 9 8 physician does m = ! cure ( 8 disease ?an ! physician ) all 8 rem$ies4 ,ob/9ate & conceit$ pati5ts prone to object to ne>ly ev]y?+ t ! surgeon wants to d1 & :o (t5 seem to ?9k t !y surpass ,gal5 & ,hippocrates 9 sci5ce & wisdom1 are likely to delay _! cure v mu*1 & !y repres5t ! cases ) :i* ! surgeon has mu* difficulty4 ,mondeville ?\ght t nurs+ 0 extremely important & t )\t x surg]y (t5 fail$ ( its purpose4 ,he says1 ,= if ! assi/ants are n solicit\s & fai?ful1 & ob$i5t to ! surgeons 9 ea* & e ?+ :i* may make = ! cure ( ! disease1 !y put ob/acles & difficulties 9 ! way ( ! surgeon4 ,x is especially important t ! pati5t's nutrition %\ld be c>$ = & t ! b&ages %\ld be manag$ exactly z ! surgeon directs4 ,he has no use = g>rul\s1 talkative nurses1 & does n hesitate to say t sometimes ne> relatives are p>ticul>ly likely to di/urb pati5ts4 ,especially are !y prone to let drop "s h9t ( bad news :i* ! surgeon may h reveal$ to !m 9 secret1 or ev5 ! reports t !y may he> f o!rs1 fri5ds or enemies1 & ?is provokes ! pati5t to ang] or anxiety & is likely to give him fev]4 ,if ! assi/ants qu>rel among !mselves1 or are he>d murmur+1 or if !y draw long faces1 all ( ^! ?+s w di/urb ! pati5ts & produce worry & anxiety or fe>4 ,! surgeon !re=e mu/ be c>eful 9 ! selection ( 8 nurses1 = "s ( !m obey v well :ile he is pres5t1 b d z !y l & (t5 j exactly ! opposite ( :at he has direct$ :5 he is away4 ,we d n "k en\gh ( ! details ( ,mondeville's life to be sure :e!r he 0 m>ri$ or n4 ,x is probable t he 0 n1 = all ( ^! surgeons ( ! ?irte5? c5tury be=e ,mondeville's "t1 ,!odoric1 ,william ( ,salicet1 ,lanfranc1 & ,guy de ,*auliac1 aft] him belong$ to ! cl]ical ord]2 ,!odoric 0 a bi%op2 ! o!rs1 h[ev]1 seem only to h be5 9 m9or ord]s4 ,x is !re=e f ! /&po9t ( a man :o views m>ri$ life f )\t t ,mondeville makes 8 rem>ks z to ! difficulty (t5 enc\nt]$ :5 wives nurse _! husb&s4 ,he says t ! surgeon has difficulty (t5] :5 husb&s or wives c>e = _! sp\ses ?an at o!r times4 ,?is is mu* m likely to take place :5 ! wives are c>+ = ! husb&s4 ,9 our days1 he says1 9 ?is ,gallican "p ( ! _w1 wives rule _! husb&s1 & ! m5 = ! mo/ "p p]mit !mselves to be rul$4 ,:atev] a surgeon may ord] = ! cure ( a husb& !n w (t5 seem to ! wives to be a wa/e ( good mat]ial1 ?\gh ! m5 seem to be q will+ to get any?+ t may be ord]$ = ! cure ( _! wives4 ,! :ole cause ( ?is seems to be t e woman seems to ?9k t h] husb& is n z good z ^? ( o!r wom5 :om %e sees ar\nd h]4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ ,mondeville 0 br\ght to a conclusion s diff]5t f mod]n exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,= ^? :o are p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 m$ical hi/ory "o ( ! sections ( ,h5ry's book has a special appeal1 because he gives 9 x a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( surg]y4 ,we are little likely to ?9k1 z a rule1 t at ?is "t1 full two c5turies be=e ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 m5 7 int]e/$ en\gh 9 ! do+s ( ^? :o _h gone be=e !m to try to trace ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( _! specialty4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! way t ! s*ol>ly ,mondeville views 8 own life "w t he %\ld h want$ to "k some?+ ab\t 8 pr$ecessors & tea* o!rs ) reg>d to !m4 ,he beg9s ) ,gal51 & z ,gal5 divides ! fam\s physicians ( ! _w into ?ree sects1 ! ,me?odi/s1 ! ,empirics1 & ! ,rationali/s1 s ,mondeville divides mod]n surg]y into ?ree sects3 fir/1 t ( ! ,sal]nitans1 ) ,rog]1 ,rol&1 & ! ,f\r ,ma/]s2 second1 t ( ,william ( ,salicet & ,lanfranc2 & ?ird1 t ( ,hugo de ,lucca & 8 bro!r ,!odoric & _! mod]n disciples4 ,he /ates briefly ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! ?ree sects4 ,! fir/ limit$ pati5ts' diet1 us$ no /imulants1 dilat$ all w\nds1 & got union only aft] pus =mation4 ,! second all[$ a lib]al diet to weak pati5ts1 ?\gh n to ! /rong1 b g5]ally int]f]$ ) w\nds too mu*4 ,! ?ird believ$ 9 a lib]al diet1 nev] dilat$ w\nds1 nev] ins]t$ t5ts1 & its memb]s 7 extremely c>eful n to complicate w\nds ( ! head by unwise int]f]5ce4 ,8 critical discussion ( ! ?ree s*ools is extremely int]e/+4 ,ano!r phase ( ,mondeville's "w t is sympa!tic to ! mod]ns is 8 discussion ( ! irregul> practice ( m$ic9e & surg]y z x exi/$ 9 8 "t4 ,mo/ ( our mod]n m$ic9e & surg]y 0 anticipat$ 9 ! old5 "t2 b x may be said t all ( ! modes ( ! quack are z old z humanity4 ,gal5's description ( ! travell+ *>latan :o settl$ d[n 9 8 front y>d1 n kn[+ t x belong$ to a physician1 %[s ?is v well4 ,!re 7 evid5tly z _m ( !m & z _m diff]5t k9ds 9 ,mondeville's "t z 9 our own4 ,9 discuss+ ! opposition t _h aris5 betwe5 physicians & surgeons 9 8 "t & _! failure to realize t !y 7 bo? memb]s ( a great pr(ession1 he enum]ates ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( oppon5ts t ! m$ical pr(ession _h4 ,!re 7 b>b]s1 soo?say]s1 loan ag5ts1 falsifi]s1 al*emi/s1 m]etrices1 midwives1 old wom51 conv]t$ ,jews1 ,s>ac5s1 & inde$ mo/ ( ^? :o1 hav+ wa/$ _! sub/ance fooli%ly1 n[ proce$ to make physicians or surgeons ( !mselves 9 ord] to make _! liv+ "u ! cloak ( heal+4 ,:at surprises ,mondeville h[ev]1 z x has always surpris$ e physician :o kn[s ! situation1 is t s _m educat$1 or at lea/ suppos$ly well-in=m$ p ( ! bett] classes1 inde$ ev5 ( ! s-call$ be/ classes1 all[ !mselves to be influ5c$ by ^! quacks4 ,& x is ev5 m surpris+ to him t s _m well-to-d1 intellig5t p %\ld1 = no reason1 ?\gh )\t k1 presume to give advice 9 m$ical matt]s & especially 9 ev5 dang]\s surgical diseases1 & 9 su* delicate affections z diseases ( ! eyes4 ,x ?us (t5 happ5s t diseases 9 !mselves curable gr[ to be simply incurable or are made mu* worse ?an !y 7 be=e4 ,he says t "s ( ! cl]gym5 ( 8 "t seem$ to ?9k t a k ( m$ic9e is infus$ into !m ) ! sacram5t ( ,holy ,ord]s4 ,he 0 himself probably a cl]gyman1 & ,i h 9 ! mod]n "t m ?an once kn[n ( tea*]s 9 ! cl]ical sem9>ies emphasiz+ ?is same idea = ! cl]ical /ud5ts4 ,x is v evid5t t ! _w has n *ang$ v mu*1 & t to "k any "t reasonably well is to f9d 9 x comm5ts on ! morn+ pap]4 ,we are 9 ! mid/ ( j su* a s]ies ( int]f]5ces ) m$ic9e on ! "p ( ! cl]gy z ?is wise1 common-s5se surgeon ( ! ?irte5? c5tury deprecat$4 ,9 e way ,mondeville _h ! in/9cts ( a tea*]4 ,he took advantage ( e aid4 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ to use illu/rations 9 tea*+ anatomy4 ,guy de ,*auliac1 ^: tea*] 9 anatomy = "s "t ,mondeville 01 says 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,*irurgia ,magna t pictures d n suffice = ! tea*+ ( anatomy & t actual dissection is necess>y4 ,! passage runs z foll[s3 ,9 ! bodies ( m51 ( apes1 & ( pigs1 & ( _m o!r animals1 tissues %\ld be /udi$ by dissections & n by pictures1 z did ,h5ricus1 :o 0 se5 to demon/rate anatomy ) ?irte5 pictures4#ba ,:at ,*auliac blames is ! attempt to replace dissections by pictorial demon/rations4 ,hyrtl1 h[ev]1 sugge/s t ?is inv5tion ( ,mondeville's 0 probably v helpful1 & 0 br\ght ab\t by ! impossibility ( pres]v+ bodies = long p]iods z well z ! difficulty ( obta9+ !m4 ,,yp]man ,"o ( ! maxims ( ! old ,greek philosoph]s 0 t good is diffusive ( itself4 ,z ! s*ola/ics put x1 bonum e/ diffusivum sui4 ,?is prov$ to be em95tly true ( ! old univ]sities also1 & especially ( _! tra9+ 9 m$ic9e & 9 surg]y4 ,we h ! acc\nts ( m5 f _m nations :o w5t to ! univ]sities & return$ to b5efit _! own p4 ,e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,ri*>d ! ,engli%man 0 9 ,italy1 hav+ previ\sly be5 9 ,p>is & probably at ,montpelli]4 ,b]n>d ,gordon1 probably also an ,engli%man1 0 "o ( ! great lights 9 m$ic9e d[n at ,montpelli]1 & 8 book1 ,lilium ,de ,m$ic9a1 is well kn[n4 ,two di/+ui%$ surgeons ^: names h come d[n to u1 hav+ /udi$ 9 ,p>is aft] ,lanfranc _h creat$ ! tradition ( great surgical tea*+ !re1 came to _! homes to be c5tres ( b5efic5t influ5ce among _! p 9 ?is matt]4 ,"o 0 ,yp]man1 ( ! t[n ( ,ypres 9 ,belgium2 ! o!r ,ard]n ( ,engl&4 ,yp]man 0 s5t by 8 fell[-t[nsm5 to ,p>is 9 ord] to /udy surg]y1 because !y want$ to h a good surgeon 9 _! t[n & ,p>is seem$ ! be/ s*ool at t "t4 ,ypres 0 at ?is p]iod "o ( ! greate/ comm]cial cities ( ,europe1 & probably _h a c\ple ( hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants4 ,! great hall ( ! clo? gild1 :i* has be5 su* an attraction = visitors ev] s9ce1 0 built %ortly be=e ! t[n det]m9$ ^u ! v s5sible proc$ure ( secur+ good surg]y beyond all d\bt by hav+ a t[nsman specially educat$ = t purpose4 ,yp]man's "w 0 practically unkn[n to u until ,broeck1 ! ,belgian hi/orian1 discov]$ manuscript copies ( 8 book on surg]y & ga!r$ "s details ( 8 life4 ,aft] 8 return f ,p>is1 ,yp]man obta9$ great r5[n1 :i* ma9ta9$ itself 9 ! cu/om extant 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry ev5 yet ( call+ an exp]t surgeon an ,yp]man4 ,he is ! au?or ( two works 9 ,flemi%4 ,"o ( ^! is a small] comp5dium ( int]nal m$ic9e1 :i* is v int]e/+1 h[ev]1 because x %[s ! _m subjects t 7 occupy+ physicians' m9ds at t "t4 ,he treats ( dropsy1 rheumatism1 "u :i* occur ! t]ms coryza & cat>rh 7! fl[+ diseases71 ict]us1 ph?isis 7he calls ! tub]culosis1 tysik571 apoplexy1 epilepsy1 fr5zy1 le?>gy1 fall5 palate1 c\gh1 %ortness ( brea?1 lung abscess1 hemorrhage1 blood-spitt+1 liv] abscess1 h>d5+ ( ! sple51 affections ( ! kidney1 bloody ur9e1 diabetes1 incont95ce ( ur9e1 dysuria1 /rangury1 gonorrhea1 & involunt>y sem9al emissions--all ^! t]ms are quot$ directly f ,pagel's acc\nt ( 8 "w2 ! orig9al is n available 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,john ,,ard]n ,9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries ( c\rse we are int]e/$ 9 :at 0 done by ,engli%m5 at ?is "t4 ,=tunately we h ! record ( "o great ,engli% surgeon ( ! p]iod wor?y to be plac$ beside ev5 ! writ]s already m5tion$4 ,?is is ,john ,ard]n1 ^: "n is probably a modification ( ! m famili> ,ard51 ^: c>e] well des]ves att5tion4 ,i h giv5 a sket* ( 8 "w 9 ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce4#bb ,he 0 educat$ at ,montpelli]1 & practis$ surg]y = a "t 9 ,france4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury h[ev]1 accord+ to ,pagel1 he w5t back to 8 native l& & settl$ = "s tw5ty ye>s at ,new>k1 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 & !n = ne>ly ?irty ye>s long]1 until ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury1 0 9 ,london4 ,he is ! *ief repres5tative ( ,engli% surg]y dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,8 ,practica1 z yet unpr9t$1 conta9s1 accord+ to ,pagel1 a %ort sket* ( int]nal m$ic9e1 b is ma9ly devot$ to surg]y4 ,contr>y to ! usual impression ) reg>d to works 9 m$ic9e & surg]y at ?is "t1 ! book ab\nds 9 ref]5ces to case hi/ories :i* ,ard]n _h ga!r$1 p>tly f 8 own & p>tly f o!rs' exp]i5ce4 ,! !rapeutic measures t he sugge/s are usually v simple1 9 ! majority ( cases q rational1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re are _m sup]/itions among !m2 b ,ard]n always furni%$ a numb] ( sugge/ions f :i* to *oose4 ,he mu/ h be5 an exp]t op]ator1 & _h excell5t success 9 ! treatm5t ( diseases ( ! rectum4 ,he seems to h be5 ! fir/ op]ator :o made c>eful /ati/ics ( 8 cases1 & 0 q z pr\d z any mod]n surgeon ( ! l>ge numb]s t he _h op]at$ on1 :i* he gives v exactly4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( a new cly/] app>atus4 ,=tunately we possess "h 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,libr>y at ,wa%+ton1 a v int]e/+ manuscript conta9+ ,ard]n's surgical writ+s1 ?\gh x has n yet be5 publi%$4 ,ev5 a little /udy ( ?is & ( ! notes on x prep>$ by an ,engli% bibliophile be=e its pur*ase by ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,libr>y1 s]ves to %[ h[ valuable ! "w is 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y4 ,!re are illu/rations sc>cely less int]e/+ ?an ! text4 ,"s ( ^! illu/rations 7 ins]t$ by ! orig9al writ] or copyi/1 & "s ( !m lat]4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 !y %[ a r high developm5t ( ! me*anics ( surg]y at t "t4 ,"s ( ! pages h spaces = illu/rations left unfill$1 s t evid5tly ! copyi/ did n complete 8 "w4 ,! titles ( c]ta9 ( ! *apt]s are int]e/+1 z illu/rat+ ! fact t our m$ical & surgical problems 7 /at$ cle>ly 9 ! old5 "t1 & ?9k+ physicians1 ev5 six c5turies ago1 met !m q rationally4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a *apt] head$ ,aga9/ ,colic & ! ,iliac ,passion1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! subhead+1 ,me?od ( ,adm9i/]+ ,cly/]s4 ,! iliac passion1 passio iliaca ( ! old ,lat91 is usually tak5 to signify "s ob/ruction ( ! inte/9es caus+ sev]e pa91 vomit+1 & ev5tually fecal vomit+4 ,a good _m diff]5t =ms ( sev]e pa9ful conditions1 especially all ^? complicat$ by p]itonitis1 7 includ$ "u ! t]m1 & ! mod]n /ud5t ( surg]y is likely to wond] :e!r ^! old obs]v]s _h n not$ t ! "r iliac region 0 p>ticul>ly prone to be ! s\rce ( fatal conditions4 ,!re is a *apt] entitl$ ,aga9/ ,pa9 9 ! ,lo9s & ! ,kidneys1 foll[$ by ! *apt] subhead+1 ,aga9/ ,/one 9 ! ,kidneys4 ,!re is a *apt] ) ! title1 ,aga9/ ,ulc]ation ( ! ,bladd] or ! ,kidneys4 ,ano!r "o1 ) ! title ,aga9/ ,burn+ ( ! ,ur9e & ,excoriation ( ! ,l[] ,"p ( ! ,y>d4 ,gonorrhea is frankly treat$ "u ! "n ,%awdepisse1 evid5tly an ,engli% allit]ation ( ! correspond+ ,fr5* ^w4 ,z to ! in/rum5tation ( su* conditions & = prob+ 9 g5]al1 ,ard]n sugge/s ! use ( a lead probe1 because x may readily be made to b5d any way & n injure ! tissues4 ,,m$ieval ,,surg]y ,ev5 ?is brief acc\nt ( ! surgeons :o taught & /udi$ at ! m$ieval univ]sities demon/rates :at f9e "w !y did4 ,x is surely n too mu* to say t ! *apt] on univ]sity education ma9ly conc]n$ ) !m is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! univ]sities4 ,_! /ory alone is q en\gh to refute mo/ ( ! preval5t impressions & patroniz+ expressions ) reg>d to m$ieval education4 ,_! c>e]s s]ve to %[ h[ int]e/$ 7 ! m5 ( _m nations 9 ! developm5t ( an extremely important application ( sci5ce = ! b5efit ( suff]+ humanity4 ,_! "w utt]ly contradicts ! idea s frequ5tly emphasiz$ t ! great /ud5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 lack+ 9 practicalness4 ,besides1 !y make v cle> t we h be5 prone to judge ! ,middle ,ages too mu* f its speculative philosophies4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om to say t speculation rul$ m5's m9ds & prev5t$ !m f mak+ obs]vations1 develop+ sci5ce1 or apply+ sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,!re 0 mu* speculation dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 b probably n any m 9 proportion ?an exi/s at ! pres5t day4 ,we 7 ei!r n acqua9t$ )1 or fail$ to appreciate prop]ly1 until comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 ! o!r side ( m$ieval accompli%m5t4 ,our ignorance l$ u into misund]/&+ ( :at ^! g5]ations really did4 ,x 0 our own fault1 because dur+ ! ,r5aissance practically all ( ^! books 7 edit$ & pr9t$ "u ! direction ( ! great s*ol>s ( ! "t 9 f9e editions1 b dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ne>ly all int]e/ 0 lo/ 9 !m1 & we are only n[ beg9n+ to get back a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! preci\s k t !y _h 9 ! ,r5aissance p]iod ( ?is o!r side ( m$ieval life4 ,we h le>n$ s mu* ab\t surg]y because di/+ui%$ s*ol>s devot$ !mselves to ?is phase ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,d\btless !re are _m o!r phases ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce :i* suff]$ ! same fate ( neglect & ) reg>d to :i* ! future w br+ u equally />tl+ revelations4 ,= ?is reason ?is m>vell\s *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y is a w>n+ z well z a />tl+ record ( a m>vell\s epo* ( human progress4 ,,xi ,,guy ,,de ,,*auliac ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *>act]s 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ieval m$ic9e1 & und\bt$ly ! mo/ important & significant ( ^! ,old-,"t ,mak]s ( ,m$ic9e1 is ,guy de ,*auliac4 ,mo/ ( ! false notions s commonly accept$ ) reg>d to ! ,middle ,ages at once disappe> aft] a c>eful /udy ( 8 c>e]4 ,! idea ( ! c>eful application ( sci5tific pr9ciples 9 a great practical way is f> remov$ f ! ord9>y notion ( m$ieval proc$ure4 ,"s obs]vations we may conc$e t !y did make1 b we are incl9$ to ?9k t ^! 7 n regul>ly ord]$ & ! lessons ( !m n drawn s z to make !m valuable z exp]i5ces4 ,great art m5 may h _h1 b sci5ce &1 above all1 appli$ sci5ce1 is a lat] developm5t ( humanity4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is suppos$ to be true ) reg>d to ! sci5ce & practice ( surg]y1 :i* is assum$ to be ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,no?+ c\ld well be less true1 & if ! ?or\ghly practical developm5t ( surg]y may be tak5 z a symbol ( h[ capable m5 7 ( apply+ sci5ce & sci5tific pr9ciples1 !n x is comp>atively easy to %[ t ! m5 ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages 7 occupi$ v mu* z h be5 our rec5t g5]ations ) sci5ce & its practical applications4 ,! imm$iate evid5ce ( ! value ( old-"t surg]y is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ,guy de ,*auliac1 :o is commonly spok5 ( 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e z ! ,fa!r ( ,mod]n ,surg]y1 liv$ 8 sev5ty-odd ye>s ( life dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury & accompli%$ ! be/ ( 8 "w1 !re=e1 "s five c5turies be=e surg]y 9 our mod]n s5se ( ! t]m is suppos$ to h develop$4 ,a glance at 8 c>e]1 h[ev]1 w %[ h[ old are mo/ ( ! important developm5ts ( surg]y1 z also 9 :at a ?or\ghly sci5tific temp] ( m9d ?is subject 0 approa*$ m ?an a c5tury be=e ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! life ( ?is ,fr5* surgeon1 inde$1 :o 0 a cl]ic & occupi$ ! position ( *amb]la9 & physician-9-ord9>y to ?ree ( ! ,avignon ,popes1 is n only a contradiction ( _m ( ! traditions z to ! backw>dness ( our m$ieval =be>s 9 m$ic9e1 t are readily accept$ by _m presumably educat$ p1 b x is ! be/ possible antidote = t insi/5t misund]/&+ ( ! ,middle ,ages :i* attributes pr(\nd ignorance ( sci5ce1 almo/ complete failure ( obs]vation1 & an absolute lack ( initiative 9 applications ( sci5ce to ! m5 ( ^? times4 ,guy de ,*auliac's life is mod]n 9 ne>ly e phase4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 a little t[n ( ! s\? ( ,france1 made 8 m$ical /udies at ,montpelli]1 & !n w5t on a j\rney ( hundr$s ( miles into ,italy1 9 ord] to make 8 po/-graduate /udies4 ,italy occupi$ ! place 9 sci5ce at t "t t ,g]many has tak5 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a "y man :o want$ to get into t\* ) ! great ma/]s 9 m$ic9e naturally w5t d[n into ! ,p59sula4 ,traditions z to ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* to sci5ce not)/&+1 ,italy :]e education 0 m completely "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,popes & ecclesia/ics ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe1 cont9u$ to be ! home ( po/-graduate "w 9 sci5ce = ! next f\r c5turies4 ,almo/ ne$less to say1 ! j\rney to ,italy 0 m difficult ( accompli%m5t & involv$ m exp5se & "t ?an w\ld ev5 ! voyage f ,am]ica to ,europe 9 our "t4 ,*auliac realiz$1 h[ev]1 t bo? "t & exp5se w\ld be well rew>d$1 & 8 ardor = ! r\nd+ out ( 8 education 0 amply recomp5s$ by ! ev5t4 ,nor h we any reason = ?9k+ t :at he did 0 v r>e1 mu* less unique1 9 8 "t4 ,_m a /ud5t f ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,engl& made ! long j\rney to ,italy = po/-graduate opportunities dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,ev5 ?is po/-graduate exp]i5ce 9 ,italy did n satisfy ,*auliac1 h[ev]1 =1 aft] hav+ /udi$ sev]al ye>s ) ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,italian tea*]s ( anatomy & surg]y1 he sp5t "s "t 9 ,p>is1 app>5tly s z to be sure t he w\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! be/ t 0 be+ done 9 8 specialty 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,he !n settl$ d[n to 8 own life "w1 c>ry+ 8 ,italian & ,fr5* ma/]s' tea*+s well beyond ! po9t :]e he receiv$ !m1 & aft] ye>s ( p]sonal exp]i5ce he ga!r$ toge!r 8 ma/]s' ideas1 te/$ by 8 own obs]vations1 into 8 ,*irurgia ,magna1 a great text-book ( surg]y :i* sums up ! :ole subject succ9ctly1 yet completely1 = succe$+ g5]ations4 ,:5 we talk ab\t :at he accompli%$ = surg]y1 we are n dep5d5t on traditions nor vague in=mation glean$ f contempor>ies & successors1 :o might p]haps h be5 s mu* impress$ by 8 p]sonality z to be made ov]-en?usia/ic 9 _! critical judgm5t ( him4 ,we "k ! man 9 8 surgical works1 & !y h cont9u$ to be classics 9 surg]y ev] s9ce4 ,x is an honorable di/9ction = ! m$ic9e ( ! lat] f\rte5?1 ! fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies t ,guy de ,*auliac's book 0 ! mo/ read volume ( ! "t 9 m$ic9e4 ,evid5tly ! c>e] ( su* a man is ( import1 n alone to physicians1 b to all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,*auliac d]ives 8 "n f ! little t[n ( ,*auliac 9 ! diocese ( ,m5de1 almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( :at is n[ ! dep>tm5t ( ,lozre4 ,! records ( bir?s & dea?s 7 n consid]$ s important 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury z !y are n[1 & s we are n sure ( ei!r 9 ! case ( ,*auliac4 ,x is usually consid]$ t he 0 born "s "t dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 probably t[>d ! end ( x1 & t he di$ ab\t #acgj4 ,( 8 e>ly education we "k no?+1 b x mu/ h be5 reasonably effici5t1 s9ce x gave him a good work+ k ( ,lat91 :i* 0 ! univ]sal language ( sci5ce & especially ( m$ic9e at t "t2 & ?\gh 8 own /yle1 z mu/ be expect$1 is no bett] ?an t ( 8 contempor>ies1 he knew h[ to express 8 ?\ghts cle>ly 9 /raight=w>d ,lat91 ) only su* a mixture ( =eign t]ms z 8 /udies sugge/$ & ! exig5cies ( a new developm5t ( sci5ce almo/ requir$4 ,lat] 9 life he seems to h kn[n ,arabic v well1 = he is evid5tly famili> ) ,arabian books & does n dep5d m]ely on translations ( !m4 ,pagel1 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,pus*mann's ,h&book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 says1 on ! au?ority ( ,nicaise & o!rs1 t ,*auliac receiv$ 8 e>ly education f ! village cl]gyman4 ,8 p>5ts 7 poor1 & b = ecclesia/ical int]e/ 9 him x w\ld h be5 difficult = him to obta9 8 education4 ,! ,*ur* suppli$ at t "t to a great ext5t = ! f\ndations & s*ol>%ips1 home & travell+1 ( our day1 & ,*auliac 0 among/ ! favor$ ones4 ,h[ well he des]v$ ! favor 8 subsequ5t c>e] %[s1 z x completely ju/ifies ! judgm5t ( 8 patrons4 ,he w5t fir/ to ,t\l\se1 z we "k f 8 affectionate m5tion ( "o ( 8 tea*]s !re4 ,t\l\se 0 m fam\s = law1 h[ev]1 ?an = m$ic9e1 & aft] a "t ,*auliac s\ght ,montpelli] to complete 8 m$ical /udies4 ,= ,engli%-speak+ p an add$ int]e/ 9 ,guy de ,*auliac w be ! fact t "o ( 8 tea*]s at ,montpelli] 0 ,b]n>d ,gordon1 v probably a ,scot*man1 :o taught = "s ?irty-five ye>s at ?is fam\s univ]sity 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & di$ ne> ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ,*auliac's fell[-/ud5ts at ,montpelli] 0 ,john ( ,gaddesd51 ! fir/ ,engli% ,royal ,physician by (ficial appo9tm5t ( :om we h any acc\nt4 ,john is m5tion$ by ,*auc] 9 8 ,doctor ( ,physic1 & is usually look$ ^u z "o ( ! fa!rs ( ,engli% m$ic9e4 ,*auliac did n ?9k mu* ( him1 ?\gh 8 reason = 8 dislike ( him w probably be some:at />tl+ to ^? :o assume t ! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages always clung s]vilely to au?ority4 ,*auliac's objection to ,gaddesd5's book is t he m]ely repeats 8 ma/]s & does n d>e to ?9k = himself4 ,x is n h>d to und]/& t su* an indep5d5t ?9k] z ,*auliac %\ld h be5 utt]ly dissatisfi$ ) a book t did n g beyond ! =efa!rs 9 m$ic9e t ! au?or quotes4 ,?is is ! explanation ( 8 well-kn[n expression1 ,la/ ( all arose ! sc5tless rose ( ,engl& ',rosa ,angli' 0 ! "n ( ,john ( ,gaddesd5's book1 9 :i*1 on its be+ s5t to me1 ,i hop$ to f9d ! odor ( sweet orig9ality1 b in/ead ( t ,i enc\nt]$ only ! fictions ( ,hispanus1 ( ,gilb]t1 & ( ,!odoric4 ,! pres5ce ( a ,scot* pr(essor & an ,engli% fell[-/ud5t1 aft]w>ds a royal physician1 at ,montpelli]1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 %[s h[ mu* m cosmopolitan 0 univ]sity life 9 ^? times ?an we are prone to ?9k1 & :at attraction a great univ]sity m$ical s*ool possess$ ev5 = m5 f long di/ances4 ,aft] receiv+ 8 degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e at ,montpelli] ,*auliac w5t1 z we h said1 to ,bologna4 ,"h he attract$ ! att5tion & receiv$ ! special in/ruction ( ,b]truccio1 :o 0 attract+ /ud5ts f all ov] ,europe at ?is "t & 0 mak+ "s excell5t demon/rations 9 anatomy1 employ+ human dissections v freely4 ,*auliac tells ( ! me?ods t ,b]truccio us$ 9 ord] t bodies might be 9 z good condition z possible = demon/ration purposes1 & m5tions ! fact t he saw him d _m dissections 9 diff]5t ways4 ,9 ,ro?'s life ( ,vesalius1 :i* is usually consid]$ "o ( our mo/ au?oritative m$ical hi/orical works n only ) reg>d to ! details ( ,vesalius' life1 b also 9 all t conc]ns anatomy ab\t t "t & = "s c5turies be=e1 !re is a passage quot$ f ,*auliac himself :i* %[s h[ freely dissection 0 practis$ at ! ,italian univ]sities 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is passage des]ves to be quot$ at "s l5g? because !re are ev5 s]i\s hi/orians :o /ill cite a ,bull ( ,pope ,boniface ,,viii1 issu$ 9 #acjj1 =bidd+ ! boil+ & dismemb]+ ( bodies 9 ord] to transport !m to long di/ances = burial 9 _! own c\ntry1 z be+1 ei!r rightly or wrongly1 int]pret$ z a prohibition ( dissection &1 !re=e1 prev5t+ ! developm5t ( anatomy4 ,9 ! notes to 8 hi/ory ( dissection dur+ ?is p]iod 9 ,bologna ,ro? says3 ,)\t d\bt ! passage 9 ,guy de ,*auliac :i* tells ( hav+ frequ5tly se5 dissections1 mu/ be consid]$ z ref]r+ to ,bologna4 ,?is passage runs z foll[s3 ',my ma/] ,b]truccius conduct$ ! dissection v (t5 aft] ! foll[+ mann]3 ! dead body hav+ be5 plac$ ^u a b5*1 he us$ to make f\r lessons on x4 ,9 ! fir/ ! nutritional portions 7 treat$1 because !y are s likely to become putrefi$4 ,9 ! second1 he demon/rat$ ! spiritual memb]s2 9 ! ?ird1 ! animate memb]s2 9 ! f\r?1 ! extremities4' 7,ro?1 ,&reas ,vesalius4 ,basel1 #ahif47 ,b]truccio's ma/]1 ,mond9o1 is hail$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e z ! fa!r ( dissection4 ,8 book on dissection 0 = ! next ?ree c5turies 9 ! h&s ( ne>ly e m$ical s*ol> 9 ,europe :o 0 try+ to d good "w 9 anatomy4 ,x 0 n displac$ until ,vesalius came1 ! fa!r ( mod]n anatomy1 :o revolutioniz$ ! sci5ce 9 ! ,r5aissance "t4 ,mond9o _h devot$ himself to ! subject ) unfail+ ardor & en?usiasm1 & f ev]y:]e 9 ,europe ! /ud5ts came to receive inspiration 9 8 dissect+-room4 ,)9 a few ye>s su* 0 ! en?usiasm = dissection ar\s$ by him 9 ,bologna t !re 7 _m legal prosecutions = body-snat*+1 ! consequ5ce d\btless ( a regulation ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 t if ! /ud5ts br\ght a body to any ( _! tea*]s he 0 b\nd to dissect x = !m4 ,b]truccio1 ,mond9o's disciple & successor1 cont9u$ ?is great "w1 & n[ ,*auliac1 ! ?ird 9 ! tradition1 0 to c>ry ! ,bolognese me?ods back to ,france1 & 8 position z *amb]la9 to ! ,pope 0 to give !m a wide vogue ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! great ,fr5* surgeon's attitude t[>d anatomy & dissection c be judg$ f 8 fam\s expression t ! surgeon ignorant ( anatomy c>ves ! human body z a bl9d man c>ves wood4 ,! :ole subject ( dissection at ?is "t has be5 fully discuss$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( my ,popes & ,sci5ce1 :]e ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! matt] may foll[ x to _! satisfaction4#bc ,aft] 8 ,bologna exp]i5ce ,*auliac w5t to ,p>is4 ,evid5tly 8 indefatigable desire to "k all t !re 0 to be kn[n w\ld n be satisfi$ until he _h sp5t "s "t at ! great ,fr5* univ]sity :]e ,lanfranc1 aft] hav+ /udi$ "u ,william ( ,salicet 9 ,italy1 _h gone to e/abli% t tradition ( ,fr5* surg]y :i*1 c>ri$ on s well by ,mondeville 8 great successor1 0 to ma9ta9 ,fr5*m5 z ! lead+ surgeons ( ! _w until ! n9ete5? c5tury 7,pagel74 ,lanfranc1 himself an ,italian1 _h be5 exil$ f 8 native c\ntry1 app>5tly because ( political tr\bles1 b 0 welcom$ at ,p>is because ! faculty realiz$ t !y ne$$ ! inspiration ( ! ,italian m$ical movem5t 9 surg]y = ! e/abli%m5t ( a good s*ool ( surg]y 9 connection ) ! univ]sity4 ,! tea*+ s well begun by ,lanfranc 0 magnific5tly cont9u$ by ,mondeville & ,arnold ( ,villanova & _! disciples4 ,*auliac 0 =tunate en\gh to come "u ! influ5ce ( ,petrus de ,arg5t>ia1 :o 0 wor?ily ma9ta9+ ! tradition ( practical tea*+ 9 anatomy & surg]y s well f\nd$ by 8 great pr$ecessors ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,aft] ?is gr& t\r ,*auliac 0 himself prep>$ to d "w ( ! highe/ ord]1 = he _h be5 9 t\* ) all t 0 be/ 9 ! m$ic9e & surg]y ( 8 "t4 ,l _m ano!r di/+ui%$ memb] ( 8 pr(ession1 ,*auliac did n settle d[n 9 ! sc5e ( 8 ultimate labors at once1 b 0 some?+ ( a w&]]4 ,8 own words are1 ,et p] multa tempora op]atus fui 9 multis p>tibus4 ,p]haps out ( gratitude to ! cl]ical patrons ( 8 native t[n to :om he ow$ s mu*1 or because ( ! obligations he consid]$ t he ow$ !m = 8 education1 he practis$ fir/ 9 8 native diocese ( ,m5de2 !nce he remov$ to ,lyons1 :]e we "k t he liv$ = sev]al ye>s1 = 9 #acdd he took "p z a canon 9 a *apt] t met 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,j 9 t city4 ,j :5 he 0 call$ to ,avignon we d n "k1 ?\gh :5 ! black dea? ravag$ t city 9 #acdh he 0 ! body-physician ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi1 = he is spok5 ( 9 a ,papal docum5t z v5]abilis et circumspectus vir1 dom9us ,guido de ,cauliaco1 canonicus et prpositus ecclesi ,sancti ,ju/i ,lugduni1 m$icusque dom9i ,no/ri ,pap4 ,all ! re/ ( 8 life 0 pass$ 9 ! ,papal capital1 :i* ,avignon 0 = "s sev5ty ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,he s]v$ z *amb]la9-physician to ?ree ,popes1 ,clem5t ,,vi1 ,innoc5t ,,vi1 & ,urban ,v4 ,we d n "k ! exact date ( 8 dea?1 b :5 ,pope ,urban ,v w5t to ,rome 9 #acfg1 ,*auliac 0 putt+ ! f9i%+ t\*es on 8 ,*irurgia ,magna1 :i*1 z he tells u1 0 und]tak5 z a solatium s5ectutis--a solace 9 old age4 ,:5 ,urban return$ to ,avignon = a "t 9 #acgj ,*auliac 0 dead4 ,8 life "w is summ$ up = u 9 ?is great treatise on surg]y1 full ( anticipations 9 surgical proc$ures t we are prone to ?9k mu* m mod]n4 ,nicaise has emphasiz$ ! pr9ciples :i* guid$ ,guy de ,*auliac 9 ! *oice & int]pretation ( 8 au?orities by a quotation f ,guy himself1 :i* is s diff]5t 9 its tone f :at is usually suppos$ to h be5 ! attitude ( m9d ( ! m5 ( sci5ce ( ! "t t x w\ld be well = all ^? :o want to und]/& ! ,middle ,ages bett] to h x ne> !m4 ,speak+ ( ! surgeons ( 8 own & imm$iately prec$+ g5]ations1 ,guy says3 ,"o ?+ p>ticul>ly is a s\rce ( annoyance to me 9 :at ^! surgeons h writt51 & x is t !y foll[ "o ano!r l s _m cranes4 ,= "o always says :at ! o!r says4 ,i d n "k :e!r x is f fe> or f love t !y d n deign to li/5 except to su* ?+s z !y are accu/om$ to & z h be5 prov$ by au?orities4 ,!y h to my m9d und]/ood v badly ,ari/otle's second book ( metaphysics :]e he %[s t ^! two ?+s1 fe> & love1 are ! greate/ ob/acles on ! road to ! k ( ! tru?4 ,let !m give up su* fri5d%ips & fe>s4 ',because :ile ,socrates or ,plato may be a fri5d1 tru? is a great] fri5d4' ,tru? is a holy ?+ & wor?y to be honor$ above ev]y?+ else4 ,let !m foll[ ! doctr9e ( ,gal51 :i* is entirely made up ( exp]i5ce & reason1 & 9 :i* "o inve/igates ?+s & despises words4 ,aft] all1 ?is is :at great au?orities 9 m$ic9e h always insi/$ on4 ,once e hundr$ ye>s or s "o f9ds a really great obs]v] :o makes new obs]vations & wakes ! _w up4 ,he is surpris$ t m5 %\ld n h us$ _! p[]s ( obs]vation = !mselves1 b %\ld h be5 foll[+ old-"t ma/]s4 ,8 contempor>ies (t5 refuse to li/5 to him at fir/4 ,8 obs]vations1 h[ev]1 ev5tually make _! way4 ,we blame ! ,middle ,ages = foll[+ au?ority1 b :at h we be5 always do+ b foll[+ au?ority1 except = ! g5iuses :o come & lift u out ( ! rut & illum9ate a new portion ( ! realm ( m$ic9e4 ,aft] !y h come1 h[ev]1 & done _! "w1 _! disciples proce$ to see ) _! eyes & to ?9k t !y are mak+ obs]vations = !mselves :5 !y are m]ely foll[+ au?ority4 ,:5 ! next ma/] 9 m$ic9e comes along 8 discov]y is neglect$ because m5 h n f\nd x 9 ! old books1 & usually he has to suff] = d>+ to h op9ions ( 8 own4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is t at any "t !re is only a v limit$ numb] ( m5 :o ?9k = !mselves4 ,! re/ ?9k o!r p's ?\ghts & ?9k !y are ?9k+ & do+ ?+s4 ,z = obs]vation1 ,john ,rusk9 once said1 ,no?+ is h>d] ?an to see some?+ & tell x simply z y saw x4 ,?is is z true 9 sci5ce z 9 art1 & only g5ius succe$s 9 do+ x well4 ,*auliac's book is confess$ly a compilation4 ,he has tak5 ! good :]ev] he f\nd x1 ?\gh he adds1 mode/ly en\gh1 t 8 "w also conta9s :atev] 8 own measure ( intellig5ce enabl$ him to f9d useful 7qu juxta modicitatem mei +5ii utilia reputavi74 ,inde$ x is ! critical judgm5t display$ by ,*auliac 9 select+ f 8 pr$ecessors t be/ illu/rates at once ! practical "* ( 8 intellect & 8 disc]n+ _s4 ,:at ! m5 ( 8 "t are said to h lack$ is ! critical faculty4 ,!y 7 encyclop$ic 9 intellect & ga!r$ all k9ds ( in=mation )\t discrim9ation1 is a v common criticism ( m$ieval writ]s4 ,no "o c say ?is ( ,*auliac1 h[ev]1 &1 above all1 he 0 no respect] ( au?ority1 m]ely = ! sake ( au?ority4 ,8 criticism ( ,john ( ,gaddesd5's book %[s t ! bl9d foll[+ ( ^? :o _h gone be=e 0 8 special bte noir4 ,8 bitt]e/ reproa* = _m ( 8 pr$ecessors 0 t !y foll[ "o ano!r l cranes1 :e!r = love or fe>1 ,i _c say4 ,*auliac's "r to ! title ( fa!r ( surg]y w p]haps be be/ appreciat$ f ! brief acc\nt ( 8 recomm5dations z to ! value ( surgical int]v5tion = conditions 9 ! ?ree mo/ important cavities ( ! body1 ! skull1 ! ?orax1 & ! abdom54 ,^! cavities h usually be5 ! dread ( surgeons4 ,*auliac n only us$ ! treph9e1 b laid d[n v exact indications = its application4 ,expectant treatm5t 0 to be ! rule 9 w\nds ( ! head1 yet :5 necess>y1 int]f]5ce 0 c\nsell$ z ( great value4 ,8 prognosis ( bra9 injuries 0 mu* bett] ?an t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he says t he _h se5 injuries ( ! bra9 foll[$ by "s loss ( bra9 sub/ance1 yet ) complete recov]y ( ! pati5t4 ,9 "o case t he notes a consid]able am\nt ( bra9 sub/ance 0 lo/1 yet ! pati5t recov]$ ) only a slight defect ( memory1 & ev5 ?is disappe>$ aft] a "t4 ,he lays d[n exact indications = ! op5+ ( ! ?orax1 t noli me tang]e ( surgeons at all times1 ev5 our own1 & po9ts out ! relations ( ! ribs & ! diaphragm1 s z to %[ j :]e ! op5+ %\ld be made 9 ord] to remove fluid ( any k9d4 ,9 abdom9al conditions1 h[ev]1 ,*auliac's anticipation ( mod]n views is mo/ surpris+4 ,he recogniz$ t w\nds ( ! inte/9es 7 surely fatal unless leakage c\ld be prev5t$4 ,accord+ly he sugge/$ ! op5+ ( ! abdom5 & ! sew+ up ( su* inte/9al w\nds z c\ld be locat$4 ,he describes a me?od ( suture = ^! cases & seems1 l _m ano!r abdom9al surgeon1 ev5 to h inv5t$ a special ne$lehold]4 ,to mo/ p x w\ld seem absolutely out ( ! "q t su* surgical proc$ures c\ld be practis$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we h ! def9ite record ( !m1 h[ev]1 9 a text-book t 0 ! mo/ read volume on ! subject = sev]al c5turies4 ,mo/ ( ! surprise ) reg>d to ^! op]ations w vani% :5 x is recall$ t 9 ,italy dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 z we h already se51 me?ods ( an/hesia by means ( opium & m&ragora 7 9 common use1 hav+ be5 inv5t$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury & p]fect$ by ,ugo da ,lucca1 & ,*auliac mu/ n only h kn[n b mu/ h frequ5tly employ$ v>i\s me?ods ( an/hesia4 ,9 discuss+ amputations he has describ$ 9 g5]al c]ta9 me?ods ( an/hesia 9 use 9 8 "t1 & especially ! me?od by means ( inhalation4 ,x w\ld n seem to u 9 ! mod]n "t t ?is me?od w\ld be v successful1 b !re is an en?usia/ic accord ( au?orities atte/+ t op]ations 7 done at ?is "t ) ! help ( ?is inhalant )\t ! infliction ( pa94 ,*auliac says3 ,"s prescribe m$icam5ts :i* s5d ! pati5t to sleep1 s t ! incision may n be felt1 su* z opium1 ! juice ( ! morel1 hyoscyamus1 m&rake1 ivy1 hemlock1 lettuce4 ,a new sponge is soak$ by !m 9 ^! juices & left to dry 9 ! sun2 & :5 !y h ne$ ( x !y put ?is sponge into w>m wat] & !n hold x "u ! no/rils ( ! pati5t until he goes to sleep4 ,!n !y p]=m ! op]ation4 ,_m p might be prone to ?9k t ! hospitals ( ,*auliac's "t w\ld n be suitable = su* surgical "w z he describes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only ano!r amus+ assumption ( ?is self-complac5t age ( ours to ?9k t we 7 ! fir/ :o ev] made hospitals wor?y ( ! "n & ( ! great humanit>ian purpose !y subs]ve4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! old-"t hospitals 7 ev5 bett] ?an ours or1 z a rule1 bett] ?an any we _h until ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,9 ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce1 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,f\ndation ( ,city ,hospitals1 ,i call att5tion to ! fact t ar*itects ( ! pres5t day g back to ! hospitals ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ord] to f9d ! models = hospitals = ! mod]n times4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,dillon1 a well-kn[n ,new ,york ar*itect1 writ+ ( a hospital built at ,tonn]re 9 ,france1 t[>d ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7#abib71 says3 ,x 0 an admirable hospital 9 e way1 & x is d\btful if we to-day surpass x4 ,x 0 isolat$2 ! w>d 0 sep>at$ f ! o!r build+s2 x _h ! advantage we s (t5 lose ( be+ b "o /ory high1 & m space 0 giv5 to ea* pati5t ?an we c n[ af=d4 ,! v5tilation by ! great w9d[s & v5tilators 9 ! ceil+ 0 excell5t2 x 0 *e]fully light$2 & ! arrangem5t ( ! gall]y %ield$ ! pati5ts f dazzl+ light & f draughts f ! w9d[s & af=d$ an easy means ( sup]vision1 :ile ! division by ! ro(less l[ p>titions isolat$ ! sick & obviat$ ! depression t comes f sight ( o!rs 9 pa94 ,x 01 moreov]1 9 great contra/ to ! *e]less :ite w>ds ( to-day4 ,! vault$ ceil+ 0 v beautiful2 ! woodwork 0 ri*ly c>v$1 & ! great w9d[s ov] ! alt>s 7 fill$ ) color$ glass4 ,altoge!r x 0 "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! be/ p]iod ( ,go?ic ,ar*itecture4#bd ,! f9e hospital ?us describ$ 0 b "o ( _m4 ,vir*[1 9 8 article on hospitals quot$ 9 ! same *apt]1 call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies e t[n ( five ?\s& or m inhabitants _h its hospital1 f\nd$ on ! model ( ! great ,santo ,spirito ,hospital 9 ,rome1 & all ( !m did good "w4 ,! surgeons ( ,guy de ,*auliac's "t w\ld inde$ f9d hospitals :]ev] !y might be call$ 9 consultation1 ev5 9 small t[ns4 ,!y 7 m num]\s 9 proportion to population ?an our own &1 z a rule1 at lea/ z well organiz$ z ours 7 until ! la/ few ye>s4 ,x is no wond] t ) su* a good hospital organization excell5t surg]y 0 accompli%$4 ,h]nia 0 ,*auliac's specialty1 & 9 x 8 surgical judgm5t is admirable4 ,mondeville be=e 8 "t did n hesitate to say t _m op]ations = h]nia 7 done n = ! b5efit ( ! pati5t1 b = ! b5efit ( ! surgeon1--a v /rik+ anticipation ( rem>ks t "o sometimes he>s ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,*auliac discuss$ op]ations = h]nia v cons]vatively4 ,8 rule 0 t a truss %\ld be worn1 & no op]ation attempt$ unless ! pati5t's life 0 endang]$ by ! h]nia4 ,x is to him t we owe ! inv5tion ( a well-develop$ me?od ( taxis1 or manipulation ( a h]nia1 to br+ ab\t its r$uction1 :i* 0 9 use until ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he sugge/$ t trusses c\ld n be made accord+ to rule1 b mu/ be adapt$ to ea* individual case4 ,he inv5t$ sev]al =ms ( truss himself1 & 9 g5]al x may be said t 8 manipulative skill & 8 p[] to apply 8 me*anical pr9ciples to 8 "w are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 qualities4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly notewor?y 9 8 *apt]s on fractures & dislocations1 9 :i* he sugge/s v>i\s me?ods ( r$uction & realizes v practically ! me*anical difficulties t 7 to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! correction ( ! de=mities due to ^! pa?ological conditions4 ,9 a ^w1 we h a picture ( ! skill$ surgeon ( ! mod]n "t 9 ?is treatise ( a f\rte5?-c5tury tea*] ( surg]y4 ,*auliac discusses six diff]5t op]ations = ! radical cure ( h]nia4 ,z ,gurlt po9ts out1 he criticises !m f ! same /&po9t z t ( rec5t surgeons4 ,! object ( radical op]ations = h]nia is to produce a /rong1 firm tissue support ov] ! r+ ?r\gh :i* ! cord passes1 s t ! inte/9es _c desc5d ?r\gh x4 ,x is r int]e/+ to f9d t ! surgeons ( ?is "t tri$ to oblit]ate ! canal by means ( ! caut]y1 or inflammation produc+ ag5ts1 ars5ic & ! l1 a practice t recalls "s me?ods /ill us$ m or less irregul>ly4 ,!y also us$ gold wire1 :i* 0 to be left 9 ! tissues & is suppos$ to protect & /r5g!n ! closure ( ! r+4 ,at ?is "t all ^! op]ations = ! radical cure ( h]nia involv$ ! sacrifice ( ! te/icle because ! old surgeons want$ to oblit]ate ! r+ completely1 & ?\ght ?is ! easie/ way4 ,*auliac discusses ! op]ation 9 ?is respect & says t he has se5 _m cases 9 :i* m5 possess$ ( b "o te/icle h procreat$1 & ?is is a case :]e ! less] ( two evils is to be *os54 ,( c\rse ,guy de ,*auliac w\ld n h be5 able to op]ate s freely on h]nia & sugge/1 foll[+ 8 own exp]i5ce1 me?ods ( treatm5t ( p5etrat+ w\nds ( ! abdom5 only t he _h le>n$ ! lessons ( antiseptic surg]y :i* _h be5 gradually develop$ among ! great surgeons ( ,italy dur+ ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,! use ( ! /rong] w9es z a dress+ toge!r ) insi/5ce on ! mo/ absolute cleanl9ess ( ! surgeon be=e ! op]ation1 & c>eful details ( cleanl9ess dur+ ! op]ation1 made possible ! p]=mance ( _m me?ods ( surgical int]v5tion t w\ld o!rwise surely h be5 fatal4 ,probably no?+ is h>d] to und]/& ?an t aft] ^! practical discov]ies m5 %\ld h lo/ sight ( _! significance1 & aft] hav+ c>efully /udi$ ! visc\s exudation :i* produces heal?y natural union1 %\ld h come to ! ?\ght ( ! necessity = ! =mation ( laudable pus be=e union might be expect$4 ,! my/]y is really no great] ?an t ( _m ano!r simil> incid5t 9 human hi/ory1 b x /rikes u m =cibly because ! discov]y & gradual developm5t ( antiseptic surg]y 9 our own "t has meant s mu* = u4 ,already ev5 9 ,*auliac's practice1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! f9] elem5ts ( ! te*nique t made surg]y antiseptic to a m>k$ degree1 if n positively aseptic 9 _m cases1 7 n be+ emphasiz$ z !y 7 by 8 pr$ecessors1 & !re 0 a beg9n+ ( surgical m$dlesom5ess reass]t+ itself4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t x 0 only ) ! co>se applications ( surg]y t ,*auliac conc]n$ himself4 ,he 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! surgical treatm5t ( eye diseases & wrote a monograph on cat>act1 9 :i* he ga!rs :at 0 kn[n be=e 8 "t & discusses x 9 ! light ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,! writ+ ( su* a book is n s surpris+ at ?is "t if we recall t 9 ! prec$+ c5tury ! fam\s ,pope ,john ,,xxi1 :o _h be5 a physician be=e he became ,pope1 & "u ! "n ( ,pet] ( ,spa9 0 look$ up to z "o ( ! di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s ( 8 "t1 _h writt5 a book on eye diseases t has rec5tly be5 ! subject ( mu* att5tion4 ,pope ,john _h mu* to say ( cat>act1 divid+ x into traumatic & spontane\s1 & sugge/+ ! ne$l+ ( cat>act1 a gold ne$le be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,*auliac's me?od ( treat+ cat>act 0 by depression4 ,8 c>e 9 ! selection ( pati5ts may be appreciat$ f 8 treatm5t ( ,john ( ,luxemb\rg1 ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 bl9d f cat>act1 :o consult$ ,*auliac 9 #accf :ile on a visit to ,avignon ) ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,*auliac refus$ to op]ate1 h[ev]1 & put (f ! ,k+ ) diet>y regulations4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,john ( ,arcoli & ,m$ieval ,d5ti/ry we call att5tion to ! fact t ,*auliac discuss$ d5tal surg]y briefly1 yet ) su* practical detail z to %[ v cle>ly h[ mu* m 0 kn[n ab\t ?is specialty 9 8 "t ?an we h _h any idea ( until rec5t ye>s4 ,he recogniz$ ! d5ti/s z speciali/s1 calls !m d5tatores1 b ?9ks t !y %\ld op]ate "u ! direction ( a physician--h5ce ! physician %\ld "k mu* ab\t tee? & especially ab\t _! pres]vation4 ,he enum]ates in/rum5ts t d5ti/s %\ld h & %[s v cle>ly t ! specialty _h rea*$ a high /ate ( developm5t4 ,a typical example ( ,*auliac's common s5se & dep5d5ce on obs]vation & n tradition is to be f\nd 9 :at he has to say ) reg>d to me?ods ( remov+ ! tee? )\t ! use ( extract+ in/rum5ts4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( 8 me?od ( deal+ ) traditional rem$ies1 ev5 ?\gh ( long /&+1 t he bru%es !m aside ) "s impati5ce if !y h n prov$ !mselves 9 8 exp]i5ce4 ,! anci5ts m5tion _m m$icam5ts1 :i* draw out ! tee? )\t iron in/rum5ts or :i* make !m m easy to draw out2 su* z ! milky juice ( ! ti?ymal ) pyre?rum1 ! roots ( ! mulb]ry & cap]1 citr9e ars5ic1 aqua =tis1 ! fat ( =e/ frogs4 ,b ^! rem$ies promise mu* & accompli% b little--mais ils donn5t beauc\p de promesses1 et peu1 d'oprations4 ,x is no wond] t ,*auliac has be5 en?usia/ically prais$4 ,nicaise has dev\tly ga!r$ _m ( ^! praises into a %eaf ( eulogies at ! end ( 8 biography ( ! great ,fr5* surgeon4 ,he tells u t ,fallopius comp>$ him to ,hippocrates4 ,john ,calvo ( ,val5cia1 :o translat$ ! ,great ,surg]y into ,spani%1 looks ^u him z ! fir/ law-giv] ( surg]y4 ,fre9d1 ! great ,engli% physician1 9 #agbe call$ him ! ,pr9ce ( ,surgeons4 ,ack]mann said t ,guy de ,*auliac's text-book w take ! place ( all t has be5 writt5 on ! subject d[n to 8 "t1 s t ev5 if all ! o!r works _h be5 lo/ 8 w\ld replace !m4 ,dezim]is1 comm5t+ on ?is1 says t if "o %\ld take ?is appreciation lit]ally1 ?is surgeon ( ! f\rte5? c5tury w\ld be ! fir/ &1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! only au?or :o ev] m]it$ su* an eulogy4 ,at lea/1 he adds1 we _c refuse him ! di/9ction ( hav+ made a "w inf9itely sup]ior to all ^? :i* appe>$ up to ?is "t & ev5 = a long "t aft]w>ds4 ,po/]ity r5d]$ him ?is ju/ice1 = he 0 = ?ree c5turies ! classic p> excell5ce4 ,he r5d]$ ! /udy easy & pr(itable1 & all ! =eign nations ! tribut>ies ( our c\ntry4 ,peyrihle consid]$ ,guy's ,surg]y z ! mo/ valuable & complete "w ( all ^? ( ! same k9d t _h be5 publi%$ s9ce ,hippocrates & add$ t ! read+ ( x 0 /ill useful 9 8 "t 9 #aghd4 ,bg91 9 8 "w on ,ambroise ,p>1 says t ,guy has writt5 an immortal book to :i* are atta*$ ! de/9ies ( ,fr5* surgeons4 ,malgaigne1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 does n hesitate to say1 ,i d n fe> to say t1 ,hippocrates alone except$1 !re is n a s+le treatise on surg]y1--,greek1 ,lat91 or ,arabic1--:i* ,i place above1 or ev5 on ! same level )1 ?is magnific5t "w1 ',! ,surg]y ( ,guy de ,*auliac4' ,d>emb]g said1 ,guy seems to u a surgeon above all erudite1 yet exp]t & )\t ev] be+ ra%4 ,he kn[s1 above all1 h[ to *oose :at is be/ 9 ev]y?+4 ,v]neuil1 9 8 ,confr5ce sur ,les ,*irurgi5s rudits1 says1 ,! s]vices r5d]$ by ! ',great ,surg]y' 7 imm5se2 by x !re comm5c$ = ,france an era ( spl5dor4 ,x is ) ju/ice1 !n1 t po/]ity has decre$ to ,guy de ,*auliac ! title ( ,fa!r ( ,fr5* surg]y4 ,! m "o reads ( ,*auliac's "w ! less is "o surpris$ at ! e/imation 9 :i* he has be5 held :]ev] kn[n4 ,x w\ld n be h>d to add a fur!r %eaf ( complim5ts to ^? collect$ by ,nicaise4 ,mod]n writ]s on ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e h all be5 en?usia/ic 9 _! admiration ( him1 j 9 proportion to ! ?or\ghness ( _! acqua9tance ) him4 ,portal1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,anatomy & ,surg]y1 says1 ,f9ally1 x may be av]r$ t ,guy de ,*auliac said ne>ly ev]y?+ :i* mod]n surgeons say1 & t 8 "w is ( inf9ite price b un=tunately too little read1 too little pond]$4 ,malgaigne decl>es ,*auliac's ,*irurgia ,magna to be a ma/]piece ( le>n$ & lum9\s writ+4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ! ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,physic at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 says ( ,*auliac's treatise3 ,?is great "w ,i h /udi$ c>efully & n )\t prejudice2 yet ,i _c wond] t ,fallopius comp>$ ! au?or to ,hippocrates or t ,john ,fre9d calls him ! ,pr9ce ( ,surgeons4 ,x is ri*1 aphori/ic1 ord]ly1 & precise4#be ,if to ?is acc\nt ( 8 pr(essional c>e] x be add$ t ,*auliac's p]sonality is1 if possible1 m int]e/+ ?an 8 surgical accompli%m5t1 "s idea ( ! significance ( ! life ( ! great fa!r ( mod]n surg]y w be realiz$4 ,we h already quot$ ! di/+ui%$ words ( praise accord$ him by ,pope ,clem5t ,,vi4 ,t !y 7 well des]v$1 ,*auliac's conduct dur+ ! black dea? :i* ravag$ ,avignon 9 #acdh1 %ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ! ,papal ,city1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t ( itself to atte/4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! plague 9 a city usually gave rise to an exhibition ( ! mo/ arrant c[>dice1 & all :o c\ld1 fl$4 ,9 _m ( ! ,european cities ! physicians jo9$ ! fugitives1 & ! ail+ 7 left to c>e = !mselves4 ,) a few notable exceptions1 ?is 0 ! case at ,avignon1 b ,guy 0 among ^? :o rema9$ fai?ful to 8 duty & took on himself ! self-sacrific+ labor ( c>+ = ! sick1 d\bly h>ass+ because s _m ( 8 bro!r physicians 7 abs5t4 ,he d5\nces _! conduct z %ameful1 yet does n boa/ ( 8 own c\rage1 b on ! contr>y says t he 0 9 con/ant fe> ( ! disease4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! epidemic he 0 attack$ by ! plague & = a "t 8 life 0 despair$ (4 ,=tunately he recov]$1 to become ! mo/ influ5tial among 8 colleagues1 ! mo/ highly admir$ ( ! physicians ( 8 g5]ation1 & ! close p]sonal fri5d ( all ! high ecclesia/ics1 :o _h witness$ 8 magnific5t display ( c\rage & ( helpfulness = ! plague-/rick5 dur+ ! epidemic4 ,he wrote a v cle> acc\nt ( ! epidemic1 :i* leaves no d\bt t x 0 true bubonic plague4 ,aft] ?is f9e example1 ,*auliac's advice to bro!r physicians 9 ! specialty ( surg]y c>ri$ add$ weight4 ,9 ! ,introductory *apt] ( 8 ,*irurgia ,magna he said3 ,! surgeon %\ld be le>n$1 skill$1 +5i\s1 & ( good morals4 ,be bold 9 ?+s t are sure1 cauti\s 9 dang]s2 avoid evil cures & practices2 be graci\s to ! sick1 oblig+ to 8 colleagues1 wise 9 8 pr$ictions4 ,be *a/e1 sob]1 pitiful1 & m]ciful2 n covet\s nor extortionate ( money2 b let ! recomp5se be mod]ate1 accord+ to ! "w1 ! means ( ! sick1 ! "* ( ! issue or ev5t1 & its dignity4 ,no wond] t ,malgaigne says ( him1 ,nev] s9ce ,hippocrates has m$ic9e he>d su* language fill$ ) s mu* nobility & s full ( matt] 9 s few words4 ,*auliac 0 9 e way wor?y ( 8 great contempor>ies & ! p]iod 9 :i* 8 lot 0 ca/4 ,ord9>ily we are n apt to ?9k ( ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury z an especially productive p]iod 9 human hi/ory1 b su* x is4 ,dante's ,div9e ,com$y 0 entirely writt5 dur+ ,*auliac's life4 ,petr>* 0 born )9 a few ye>s ( ,*auliac himself2 ,boccaccio 9 ,italy1 & ,*auc] 9 ,engl&1 wrote :ile ,*auliac 0 /ill alive4 ,giotto did 8 great pa9t+1 & 8 pupils 7 lay+ ! deep1 firm f\ndations ( mod]n art4 ,_m ( ! great ca!drals 7 be+ f9i%$4 ,mo/ ( ! univ]sities 7 9 ! fir/ flu% ( _! success z m\ld]s ( ! human m9d4 ,!re are few c5turies 9 hi/ory t c %[ ! exi/5ce ( s _m m5 ^: "w 0 to h an endur+ influ5ce = all ! aft] "t z ?is ^u :i* ,*auliac's c>e] %$ s bright a light4 ,! prec$+ c5tury _h se5 ! orig9 ( ! univ]sities & ! rise ( su* supremely great m5 z ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ! o!r fam\s s*ol>s ( ! e>ly days ( ! m5dicant ord]s1 & _h made ! intellectual m\ld ( univ]sity tra9+ 9 :i* m5's m9ds = sev5 c5turies 7 to be =m$1 s t ,*auliac1 in/ead ( be+ an unusual ph5om5on is only a fitt+ expression ( ! int]e/ ( ?is "t 9 ev]y?+1 includ+ ! physical sci5ces &1 above all1 m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,= "s p x may be a s\rce ( surprise t ,*auliac %\ld h _h ! intellectual tra9+ to enable him to accompli% su* judici\s "w 9 8 specialty4 ,_m p w be apt to assume t he accompli%$ :at he did 9 spite ( 8 tra9+1 g5ius succe$+ ev5 9 an unfavorable environm5t1 & not)/&+ educational disadvantages4 ,^? :o w\ld be satisfi$ ) any su* explanation1 h[ev]1 "k no?+ ( ! educational opportunities provid$ 9 ! p]iod ( :i* ,*auliac 0 ! fruit4 ,he is a typical univ]sity man ( ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & ! univ]sities mu/ be giv5 due cr$it = him4 ,x is ord9>ily assum$ t ! univ]sities paid v little att5tion to sci5ce & t sci5ti/s w\ld f9d practically no?+ to satisfy 9 _! curricula4 ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 address on ,univ]sities1 ,actual & ,ideal1 deliv]$ z ! ,rectorial ,address at ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity 9 #ahgd1 decl>$ t !y 7 probably educat+ 9 ! real s5se ( ! ^w bett] ?an we d n[4 7,see quotation 9 ,! ,m$ical ,s*ool at ,sal]no47 ,9 ! light ( ,*auliac's life x is inde$ amus+ to read ! excursions ( c]ta9 hi/orians into ! relation%ip ( ! ,popes & ! ,*ur* to sci5ce dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,*auliac is typically repres5tative ( m$ieval sci5ce1 a man :o gave due weight to au?ority1 yet tri$ ev]y?+ by 8 own exp]i5ce1 & :o sums up 9 himself su* wond]ful advance 9 surg]y t dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e h be5 m int]e/$ 9 him ?an 9 anyone :o comes dur+ ! int]v5+ six c5turies4 ,*auliac1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( meet+ ) any opposition1 enc\nt]$ enc\ragem5t1 lib]al patronage1 g5]\s int]e/1 & ev5 enjoy$ ! intimate fri5d%ip ( ! highe/ ecclesia/ics & ! ,popes ( 8 "t4 ,9 e way 8 life may be tak5 z a type ( :at we h come to "k ab\t ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 we "k !m z we %\ld1 9 ! lives ( ! m5 :o c\nt$ = mo/ 9 !m1 & d n accept m]ely ! broad g5]alizations :i* are always likely to be deceptive & :i* 9 ! pa/ h l$ m5 into ! mo/ absurd & ridicul\s notions ) reg>d to a wond]ful p]iod 9 human hi/ory4 ,t ,guy de ,*auliac 0 no n>r[ speciali/ is abundantly evid5t f 8 book1 = :ile ! ,great ,surg]y treats ( ! sci5ce & art ( surg]y z its pr9cipal subject1 !re are rem>ks ab\t ne>ly ev]y?+ else relat+ to m$ic9e1 & mo/ ( !m %[ a deep int]e/1 a ?or\gh famili>ity1 & an excell5t judgm5t4 ,besides we h c]ta9 expressions ) reg>d to intellectual matt]s g5]ally :i* s]ve to %[ ,guy z a pr(\nd ?9k]1 :o ?or\ghly appreciat$ j h[ accumulations ( k came to m5 & h[ f> ea* g5]ation or memb] ( a g5]ation %\ld g & yet h[ limit$ mu/1 aft] all1 be ! k obta9$ by any "o p]son4 ,) reg>d to books1 = in/ance1 he said1 = ev]yone _c h all ! books1 & ev5 if he did h !m x w\ld be too tiresome to read !m all & completely1 & x w\ld require a godlike memory to reta9 !m all4 ,he realiz$1 h[ev]1 t ea* g5]ation1 provid$ x took ! opportunities (f]$ x1 0 able to see a little bit f>!r ?an its pr$ecessor1 & ! figure t he employs to express ?is is r /rik+4 ,sci5ces1 he said1 are made by additions4 ,x is q impossible t ! man :o beg9s a sci5ce %\ld f9i% x4 ,we are l infants1 cl++ to ! neck ( a giant2 = we c see all ! giant sees & a little m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! hi/ory ( ,guy de ,*auliac is ! bibliography ( 8 works :i* has be5 writt5 by ,nicaise4 ,?is is admirably complete1 labor$ ov] ) ! devotion t *>act]iz$ ,nicaise's attitude ( un/9t$ admiration = ! subject4 ,altoge!r he has "s sixty pages ( a qu>to volume ) reg>d to ! v>i\s editions ( ,guy's works4 ,! fir/ manuscript edition ( ,guy de ,*auliac 0 issu$ 9 #acfc1 ! fir/ pr9t$ edition 9 #adgh4 ,ev5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ,guy's great "w 0 translat$ into all ! languages g5]ally us$ 9 ,europe4 ,nicaise succe$$ 9 plac+ #cd complete manuscripts ( ! ,great ,surg]y3 #bb ( ^! are 9 ,lat91 #d are 9 ,fr5*1 #c are 9 ,engli%1 #b only 9 ,prov5al1 ?\gh t 0 ! language spok5 9 ! region :]e mu* ( ,*auliac's life 0 pass$1 & "o ea* 9 ,italian1 9 ,l[ ,dut*1 & 9 ,hebrew4 ,( ! ,engli% manuscripts1 "o is numb] tw5ty-five ,engli% ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is2 a second is numb] #cfff ,engli% ( ! ,sloane collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & a ?ird is 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4#bf ,paul9 ,p>is1 probably "o ( ! be/ ( rec5t au?orities on ! age & significance ( old manuscripts1 says 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,manuscrits ,franais1 page #cdf1 ,?is manuscript ( ,guy de ,*auliac's ,great ,surg]y 0 made1 if n dur+ ! life1 !n c]ta9ly v %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ! au?or4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ t c be cit$1 & ! fact t an ,engli% translation 0 made s ne> to ! "t ( ! orig9al composition ( ! book atte/s ! great reputation enjoy$ by ,guy de ,*auliac at ?is "t1 & :i* po/]ity has fully confirm$4 ,! ,sloane copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum conta9s "s m$ical recipes at ! end by ,francis ,v]ney4 ,x 0 probably writt5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,its title is3 ,! inv5torie or ! collectorie 9 cirurgicale p>te ( m$ic9e compil$ & complete 9 ! y]e ( our ,"l #acfc1 ) "s additions ( o!r doct\rs1 necess>y to ! =esaid arte or crapte 7crafte874#bg ,:at we f9d 9 ! p]iod ( manuscripts1 h[ev]1 is z no?+ comp>$ to ! pre/ige ( ,guy de ,*auliac's "w1 once ! age ( pr9t+ began4 ,nicaise 0 able to f9d sixty diff]5t pr9t$ editions ( ! ,great ,surg]y4 ,n9e o!rs t are m5tion$ by au?ors h disappe>$ & app>5tly no copies ( !m are 9 exi/5ce4 ,besides !re are sixty editions ( portions ( ! "w1 ( comp5diums ( x & comm5t>ies on x4 ,altoge!r #abi editions are extant4 ,( ^! !re are sixte5 ,lat9 editions1 =ty-?ree ,fr5*1 five ,italian1 f\r ,l[ ,dut*1 five ,catalan1 & "o ,engli%4 ,f\rte5 appe>$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?irty-eight 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & sev5te5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! f\rte5 editions belong+ to ! incunabula ( pr9t+1 issu$1 t is1 be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 %[ :at lively int]e/ !re 0 9 ! ,fr5* surgeon ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 s9ce pr9t+ presses at ?is preci\s "t 7 occupi$ only ) ! books t 7 consid]$ indisp5sable = s*ol>s4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,great ,surg]y 0 pr9t$ 9 #adgh at ,lyons4 ,pr9t+ _h only be5 introduc$ !re five ye>s be=e4 ,?is fir/ edition1 primus prim>ius or editio pr9ceps1 0 a ,fr5* translation by ,ni*olas ,panis4 ,9 #adhj an ,italian edition 0 pr9t$ at ,v5ice4 ,! fir/ ,lat9 edition 0 pr9t$ also 9 ,v5ice 9 #adij4 ,x w\ld be only natural to expect t ! successors ( ,guy de ,*auliac1 & especially ^? :o _h come p]sonally 9 contact ) him1 w\ld take advantage ( 8 ?or\gh "w to make /ill fur!r advances 9 surg]y4 ,z matt] ( fact1 decad5ce 9 surg]y is not$ imm$iately aft] 8 dea?4 ,?ree m5 taught at ! ,univ]sity ( ,montpelli] at ! end ( ! f\rte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,john de ,tornamira1 ,valesco de ,t>anta1 & ,john ,faucon4 ,!y _c be comp>$1 ,gurlt says1 ) ,guy de ,*auliac1 ?\gh !y 7 physicians ( reputation 9 _! "t4 ,faucon made a comp5dium ( ,guy's "w = /ud5ts4 ,someh[ !re seem$ to be ! impression t surg]y _h n[ rea*$ a po9t ( developm5t beyond :i* x c\ld n advance4 ,un=tunate political conditions1 w>s1 ! )drawal ( ! ,popes f ,avignon to ,rome1 & o!r di/urbances1 di/ract$ m5's m9ds1 & surg]y det]iorat$ to a consid]able ext5t1 until ! new _s at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance came to inject fre% life into x4 ,,xii ,,m$ieval ,,d5ti/ry--,,giovanni ,,( ,,arcoli ,if !re is "o phase ( our pres5t-day m$ic9e & surg]y t mo/ ( u are likely to be q sure is ( v rec5t developm5t x is d5ti/ry4 ,probably mo/ p w\ld decl>e at once t !y _h e reason to ?9k t ! sci5ce & art ( d5ti/ry1 z we h x n[1 develop$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory dur+ ! la/ g5]ation or two4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to realize !n1 9 ! light ( ?is almo/ univ]sal p]suasion1 f\nd$ to a great ext5t on ! conviction t man is 9 process ( evolution & t z a consequ5ce we mu/ surely be do+ ?+s n[ t m5 nev] did be=e1 to f9d t d5ti/ry1 bo? z an art & sci5ce1 is old2 t x has develop$ at a numb] ( times 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & t z =tunately = hi/ory its "w 0 done ma9ly 9 inde/ructible mat]ials1 ! tee? !mselves & metal pro/hetic app>atus1 we h actual specim5s ( :at 0 accompli%$ at a numb] ( p]iods 9 ! old5 times4 ,surpris+ z x w seem to ^? :o he> ( x = ! fir/ "t1 d5ti/ry rea*$ high p]fection ev5 9 :at we "k z anci5t hi/ory4 ,x is r easy to trace sci5tific & craftsmanlike int]e/ 9 x dur+ ! m$ieval p]iod & 9 ! magnific5t developm5t ( surg]y t came j at ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages1 d5ti/ry %>$ to su* degree t "s ( ! text-books ( ! writ]s on surg]y ( ?is "t furni% abundant evid5ce ( anticipations ( _m ( ! suppos$ly mo/ mod]n developm5ts ( d5ti/ry4 ,!re are a numb] ( hi/orical traditions ) reg>d to d5ti/ry & ! treatm5t ( ! tee? 9 ,egypt t c be trac$ back to good au?orities 9 ,egyptology ( a g5]ation or m ago1 b x is r h>d to confirm ! acc\nts we h by actual specim5s2 ei!r none 7 f\nd or = "s reason ^? actually discov]$ are n[ n readily available = /udy4 ,among ! ,ph5icians h[ev]1 ?\gh we h good reasons to ?9k t !y le>n$ _! arts & crafts f ! ,egyptians1 !re is conv9c+ evid5ce ( a high developm5t ( d5ti/ry4 ,m4 ,erne/ ,r5an1 dur+ an explor+ exp$ition 9 ,ph5icia1 f\nd 9 ! old necropolis at ,sidon a set ( tee? wir$ toge!r1 two ( :i* 7 artificial4 ,x 0 a /rik+ example ( bridgework1 v well done1 & may n[ be se5 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,x w\ld be m ?an a little surpris+1 f :at we "k ( ! lack ( inv5tiv5ess on ! "p ( ! ,ph5icians & _! t5d5cy to acquire _! arts by imitation1 if !y _h rea*$ su* a climax ( inv5tion by !mselves4 ,s9ce !y adapt$ & adopt$ mo/ ( _! arts & crafts f ,egypt1 ) :i* !y 7 9 close comm]cial relations1 x has be5 argu$ ) "s plausibility t ! ,egyptians may h _h _m modes ( d5tal pro/hesis1 b remov$ all artificial tee? & d5tal appliances f ! m\? ( corpses be=e embalm+ !m1 9 prep>ation = ! next _w1 because !re 0 "s religi\s objection to su* human h&iwork be+ left 9 place = ! h]eaft]1 z !y hop$ = x4 ,!re is a well-au!nticat$ tradition ( intimate int]c\rse 9 a comm]cial way betwe5 ! old ,etruscans :o inhabit$ ! ,italian hill c\ntry & ! ,ph5icians1 s t x is no surprise to f9d t ! olde/ ( ,etruscan tombs conta9 "s f9e examples ( bridgework4 ,an improvem5t has come ov] ,ph5ician "w h[ev]1 & b&s ( gold in/ead ( wire are us$ = hold+ artificial tee? 9 place4 ,gu]9i1 ^: ,hi/ory ( ,d5ti/ry is ! /&>d "w on ! subject1 on a commission f ! ,italian gov]nm5t1 c>efully /udi$ ^! specim5s ( ,etruscan d5tal "w 9 ! museums ( ,italy1 & has made "s int]e/+ obs]vations on !m4 ,9 "o specim51 :i* is especially notable1 two incisor tee? are replac$ by a s+le too? f a calf4 ,?is 0 groov$ 9 su* a way z to make x seem l two sep>ate tee?4 ,gu]9i sugge/s a v int]e/+ & q unexpect$ s\rce = ?is4 ,:ile exam9+ ! specim5 he wond]$ :]e ! old ,etruscan d5ti/ _h obta9$ a calf's too? )\t a trace ( we> on x4 ,he came to ! conclusion t he mu/ h cut into ! gums ( a "y calf be=e ! p]man5t too? 0 erupt$ 9 ord] to get ?is /ructure absolutely unworn = 8 purpose4 ,a numb] ( examples ( bridgework h be5 f\nd 9 ! old ,etruscan tombs4 ,! dates ( _! con/ruction are probably n lat] ?an #ejj ,b4,c41 & "s ( !m are p]haps e>li] ?an #gjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,etruscans affect$ ! old ,romans 9 ! matt] ( d5ti/ry1 s t x is easy to und]/& ! passage 9 ! ,laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables1 issu$ ab\t #dej ,b4,c41 :i*1 :ile =bidd+ ! burial ( gold ) corpses1 made a special exception = su* gold z 0 fa/5$ to ! tee?4 ,gold 0 r>e at ,rome1 & c>e 0 ex]cis$ n to all[ any unnecess>y decrease ( ! visible supply almo/ 9 ! same way z gov]nm5ts n[ protect _! gold res]ves4 ,x may seem l comp>+ little ?+s ) great1 b ! und]ly+ pr9ciple is ! same4 ,h5ce ?is special law & its q natural exception4 ,9 ,pope ,julius' ,museum 9 ,rome !re is a specim5 ( a gold cap made ( two plates ( gold rivet$ toge!r & also rivet$ to b&s ( metal :i* 7 fa/5$ ar\nd ! neighbor+ tee? 9 ord] to hold ! cap 9 place4 ,?is is f lat] ,republican times at ,rome4 ,at ! end ( ! ,republic & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire !re appe> to h be5 _m =ms ( d5tal appliances4 ,m>tial says t ! reason :y "o lady's tee?--^: "n he does n conceal--are :ite & ano!r's--"n also giv5--7 d>k1 0 t ! fir/ "o b\ght h]s & ! second /ill _h h] own4 ,9 ano!r satiric poem he describes an eld]ly woman z s mu* fright5$ t :5 %e ran away h] tee? fell out1 :ile h] fri5ds lo/ _! false hair4 ,fill+s ( _m k9ds 7 us$1 d5trifices ( ne>ly e k9d 7 inv5t$1 & d5ti/ry evid5tly rea*$ a high /age ( developm5t1 ?\gh we h n[h]e a special "n = d5ti/1 & ! "w seems to h be5 done by physicians1 :o took ?is z a specialty4 ,:ile 9 ! ,middle ,ages !re 01 ow+ to conditions1 a loss ( mu* ( ?is k ( antiquity ) reg>d to d5ti/ry1 or an obscuration ( x1 x nev] disappe>$ completely1 & :5ev] m5 h writt5 s]i\sly ab\t m$ic9e1 above all ab\t surg]y 9 relation to ! face & ! m\?1 ! tee? h come 9 = _! %>e ( sci5tific & practical consid]ation4 ,atius1 ! fir/ important ,*ri/ian writ] on m$ic9e & surg]y1 discusses1 z we h se5 9 ! sket* ( him1 ! nutrition ( ! tee?1 _! n]ves1 :i* came f ! ?ird pair & ent]$ ! tee? by a small hole exi/+ at ! end ( ! root1 & o!r int]e/+ details ( anatomy & physiology4 ,he kn[s mu* ab\t ! hygi5e ( ! tee?1 discusses extraction & ! cure ( fi/ula & o!r details4 ,paul ( g9a 9 ! next c5tury has mu* m1 & :ile !y bo? quote ma9ly f old] au?ors !re seems no d\bt t !y !mselves _h made n a few obs]vations & _h practical exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 f ^! m5 t ! ,arabian physicians & surgeons obta9$ _! traditions ( m$ic9e1 & s x is n surpris+ to f9d t !y discuss d5tal diseases & _! treatm5t rationally & 9 consid]able detail4 ,abulcasis p>ticul>ly has mu* t is ( significance & int]e/4 ,we h pictures ( two score ( d5tal in/rum5ts t 7 us$ by !m4 ,! ,arabs n only treat$ & fill$ c>i\s tee? & ev5 replac$ ^? t 7 lo/1 b !y also correct$ de=mities ( ! m\? & ( ! d5tal ar*es4 ,or?odontia is sometimes said to be ( mu* lat] orig9 & to beg9 _m c5turies aft] ,abulcasis' "t1 yet no "o :o kn[s ( 8 "w c speak ( ,or?odontia z an inv5tion aft] him4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 z 9 mo/ ( ! dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 ! ,arabs 7 m]ely imitators1 ?\gh probably !y exp&$ some:at ! practical k t _h come to !m4 ,:5 ! great revival 9 surg]y came 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies x is n surpris+ t !re %\ld also h be5 an important r5ewal ( int]e/ 9 d5ti/ry4 ,a detail$ review ( ?is w\ld take u too f> afield1 b at lea/ some?+ may be said ( two or ?ree ( ! great repres5tative surgical writ]s :o t\*$ on ?is specialty4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury t pr9ce ( surgeons1 & model ( surgical writ]s1 ,guy de ,*auliac1 wrote 8 great text-book ( surg]y1 ,le ,gr&e ,*irurgie4 ,an extremely int]e/+ feature ( ?is "w is to be f\nd 9 ! *apt]s t treat ( diseases ( ! tee?4 ,^! are n v compreh5sive1 & are evid5tly n s mu* ! result ( 8 exp]i5ce1 z ! fruit ( 8 read+1 yet !y conta9 _m practical valuable ideas t are suppos$ to be ev] s mu* lat] ?an ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,8 anatomy & physiology at lea/ are n )\t _m errors4 ,8 rules = ! pres]vation ( ! tee? %[ t ! ord9>y causes ( d5tal decay 7 well recogniz$ ev5 z e>ly z ?is4 ,emphasis 0 laid on n tak+ foods too hot or too cold1 & above all n to foll[ ei!r hot or cold food by some?+ v diff]5t f x 9 temp]ature4 ,! break+ ( h>d ?+s ) ! tee? 0 recogniz$ z "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( su* det]ioration ( ! enamel z gives opportunity = ! developm5t ( decay4 ,! eat+ ( sweets1 & especially ! /icky sweets--pres]ves & ! l--0 recogniz$ z an important s\rce ( c>ies4 ,! tee? 7 suppos$ to be clean$ frequ5tly1 & n to be clean$ too r\ghly1 = ?is w\ld d m h>m ?an good4 ,we f9d ^! rules repeat$ by succe$+ writ]s on g5]al surg]y1 :o t\* ^u d5ti/ry1 or at lea/ ! c>e ( ! tee?1 & !y 7 n orig9al ) ,guy de ,*auliac1 b "p ( ! tradition ( surg]y4 ,z not$ by ,gu]9i 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,d5ti/ry1 ! translation ( :i* 0 publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,national ,d5tal ,association ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1#bh ,*auliac recogniz$ ! d5ti/s z speciali/s4 ,besides1 x %\ld be add$1 z is evid5t f 8 enum]ation ( ! surgical in/rum5ts :i* he decl>es necess>y = !m1 !y 7 n z we might easily ?9k 9 ! mod]n "t m]e too? pull]s1 b at lea/ ! be/ among !m treat$ tee? z f> z _! limit$ k & means at comm& enabl$ !m to d s1 & ^! means 7 mu* m elaborate ?an we h be5 l$ to ?9k1 & mu* m detail$ ?an we h reason to "k t !y 7 at c]ta9 subsequ5t p]iods4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh ,guy de ,*auliac frankly confesses t he t\*es on ! subject ( d5ti/ry only 9 ord] to complete 8 pres5tation ( ! subject ( surg]y & n because he has any?+ ( 8 own to say ) reg>d to ! subject1 !re is mu* t is ( pres5t-day int]e/ 9 8 brief p>agraphs4 ,he obs]ves t op]ations on ! tee? are special & belong to ! d5tatores1 or d5ti/s1 to :om doctors _h giv5 !m ov]4 ,he consid]s1 h[ev]1 t ! op]ations 9 ! m\? %\ld be p]=m$ "u ! direction ( a physician4 ,x is 9 ord] to give physicians ! g5]al pr9ciples ) :i* !y may be able to judge ( ! advisability or necessity = d5tal op]ations t 8 %ort *apt]s are writt54 ,if _! advice is to be ( value1 physicians %\ld "k ! v>i\s me?ods ( treatm5t suitable = d5tal diseases1 includ+ m\? wa%es1 g>gles1 ma/icatories1 ano9tm5ts1 rubb+s1 fumigations1 caut]izations1 fill+s1 fil+s1 & ! v>i\s manual op]ations4 ,he says t ! d5tator mu/ be provid$ ) ! appropriate in/rum5ts1 among :i* he names scrap]s1 rasps1 /raight & curv$ spatum9a1 elevators1 simple & ) two bran*es1 too!d t5acula1 & _m diff]5t =ms ( probes & canulas4 ,he %\ld also h small scalpels1 too? treph9es1 & files4 ,*auliac is p>ticul>ly emphatic 9 8 insi/5ce on n p]mitt+ alim5t>y mat]ials to rema9 9 cavities1 & sugge/s t if cavities betwe5 ! tee? t5d to reta9 food mat]ial !y %\ld ev5 be fil$ 9 su* a way z to prev5t ^! accumulations4 ,8 directions = cleans+ ! tee? 7 r detail$4 ,8 favorite treatm5t = w\nds 0 w9e1 & he knew t he succe$$ by means ( x 9 secur+ union by fir/ int5tion4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d t he recomm5ds r9s+ ( ! m\? ) w9e z a precaution aga9/ d5tal decay4 ,a v9\s decoction ( wild m9t & ( pepp] he consid]$ p>ticul>ly b5eficial1 ?\gh he ?\ght t d5tifrices1 ei!r p[d] or liquid1 %\ld also be us$4 ,he seems to recomm5d ! p[d] d5tifrices z m efficaci\s4 ,8 favorite prescription = a too? p[d]1 :ile m elaborate1 resembles to su* an ext5t1 at lea/ "s1 if n inde$ mo/ ( ^?1 t are us$ at ! pres5t "t1 t x seems wor? :ile giv+ 8 directions = x4 ,he took equal p>ts ( cuttle bone1 small :ite sea-%ells1 pumice /one1 burnt /ag's horn1 nitre1 alum1 rock salt1 burnt roots ( iris1 ari/olo*ia1 & re$s4 ,all ( ^! sub/ances %\ld be c>efully r$uc$ to p[d] & !n mix$4 ,8 favorite liquid d5tifrice conta9$ ! foll[+ +r$i5ts1--half a p\nd ea* ( sal ammoniac & rock salt1 & a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( sa*>9 alum4 ,all ^! 7 to be r$uc$ to p[d] & plac$ 9 a glass alembic & dissolv$4 ,! tee? %\ld be rubb$ ) x1 us+ a little sc>let clo? = ! purpose4 ,j :y ?is p>ticul> color ( cleans+ clo? 0 recomm5d$ is n q cle>4 ,he recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t cleans+ ( ! tee? prop]ly (t5 became impossible by any scrubb+ me?od1 no matt] :at ! d5tifrice us$1 because ( ! pres5ce ( :at we call t>t> & :at he call$ h>d5$ limosity or limyness 7limosit endurcie74 ,:5 t condition is pres5t he sugge/s ! use ( rasps & spatum9a & o!r in/rum5tal means ( remov+ ! t>t>4 ,evid5tly he did n believe 9 ! removal ( ! tee? unless ?is 0 absolutely necess>y & no o!r me?od ( treatm5t w\ld avail to save ! pati5t f cont9u\s di/ress4 ,he summ>izes ! au?orities ) reg>d to ! extraction ( tee? & ! removal ( d5tal fragm5ts & roots4 ,he evid5tly knew ( ! _m me?ods sugge/$ be=e 8 "t ( remov+ tee? )\t rec\rse to in/rum5tal extraction4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( applications to ! gums t 7 claim$ by old] au?ors to remove ! tee? )\t ! ne$ ( metal in/rum5ts4 ,we might expect t ,*auliac w\ld detect ! fallacy ) reg>d to ^! & expose x4 ,he says t :ile mu* is claim$ = ^! me?ods he has nev] se5 !m "w 9 practice & he di/ru/s !m entirely4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( :at ,guy de ,*auliac has to say ) reg>d to d5ti/ry is ( c\rse to be f\nd 9 8 p>agraphs on ! artificial replacem5t ( lo/ tee? & ! subject ( d5tal pro/hesis g5]ally4 ,:5 tee? become loose he advises t !y be fa/5$ to ! heal?y ones ) a gold *a94 ,gu]9i sugge/s t he evid5tly means a gold wire4 ,if ! tee? fall out !y may be replac$ by ! tee? ( ano!r p]son or ) artificial tee? made f oxbone1 :i* may be fix$ 9 place by a f9e metal ligature4 ,he says t su* tee? may be s]viceable = a long :ile4 ,?is is a r curt way ( treat+ s l>ge a subject z d5tal pro/hesis1 b x conta9s a lot ( sugge/ive mat]ial4 ,he 0 quot+ ma9ly ! ,arabian au?ors1 & especially ,abulcasis & ,ali ,abbas & ,rhazes1 & ^! ( c\rse1 z we h said1 m5tion$ _m me?ods ( artificially replac+ tee? z also ( transplantation & ( treatm5t ( ! de=mities ( ! d5tal ar*es4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be confess$ t we h "h 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury a r surpris+ anticipation ( ! k ( a special dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e :i* is usually consid]$ to be di/9ctly mod]n1 & inde$ z hav+ only attract$ att5tion s]i\sly 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,aft] ,guy de ,*auliac ! next important contributor to d5ti/ry is ,giovanni ( ,arcoli1 (t5 bett] kn[n by 8 ,lat9 "n1 ,johannes ,arculanus1 :o 0 a pr(essor ( m$ic9e & surg]y at ,bologna & aft]w>ds at ,padua1 j be=e & aft] ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :o di$ 9 #adhd4 ,he is fam\s pr9cipally = be+ ! fir/ we "k :o m5tions ! fill+ ( tee? ) gold4 ,x might possibly be sugge/$ t com+ at ?is "t ,arculanus %\ld r be reckon$ z a ,mak] ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,r5aissance ?an z belong+ to ! ,middle ,ages & its influ5ces4 ,8 education1 h[ev]1 0 entirely complet$ be=e ! e>lie/ date at :i* ! ,r5aissance movem5t is usually said to beg91 t is ) ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #adeb1 & he 0 dead be=e ! o!r date1 t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica 9 #adib1 :i* ! ,g]mans h 9 rec5t ye>s come to set d[n z ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,besides1 :at he has to say ab\t d5ti/ry occurs 9 typical m$ieval =m4 ,x is f\nd 9 a comm5t>y on ,rhazes1 writt5 j ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! lat] true ,r5aissance su* a comm5t>y w\ld h be5 on a ,greek au?or4 ,9 8 comm5t>y ,arculanus t\*es on mo/ ( ! features ( m$ic9e & surg]y f ! /&po9t ( 8 own exp]i5ce z well z f :at he kn[s ( ! writ+s ( 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies4 ,) ! re/ he has a s]ies ( *apt]s on diseases ( ! tee?4 ,gu]9i 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,d5ti/ry says t ?is subject d5ti/ry is treat$ r fully1 & ) great accuracy4 ,ev5 "s %ort ref]5ces to x w1 ,i ?9k1 demon/rate ?is r readily4#bi ,arculanus is p>ticul>ly full 9 8 directions = ! pres]vation ( ! tee?4 ,we are r prone to ?9k t prophylaxis is comp>atively a mod]n idea1 & t mo/ ( ! pr9ciples ( cons]vation ( human tissues & ! prev5tion ( det]ioration & disease are di/9ctly mod]n4 ,x ne$s only a little consid]ation ( ,arculanus' in/ruction 9 ! matt] ( ! tee?1 h[ev]1 to undo any su* false impression4 ,= obvi\s reasons ,i pref] to quote ,gu]9i's summation ( ?is m$ieval /ud5t ( d5ti/ry's rules = d5tal hygi5e3 ,= ! pres]vation ( tee?--consid]$ by him1 q rightly1 a matt] ( great importance--,giovanni ( ,arcoli repeats ! v>i\s c\nsels giv5 on ! subject by prec$+ writ]s1 b he gives !m z t5 di/9ct canons or rules1 creat+ 9 ?is way a k9d ( decalogue ( d5tal hygi5e4 ,^! rules are3 7#a7 ,x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! corruption ( food & dr9k )9 ! /oma*2 !re=e1 easily corruptible food--milk1 salt fi%1 etc4--mu/ n be p>tak5 (1 & aft] meals all excessive movem5t1 runn+ ex]cises1 ba?+1 coitus1 & o!r causes t impair ! dige/ion1 mu/ also be avoid$4 7#b7 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be avoid$ t may provoke vomit+4 7#c7 ,sweet & visc\s food--su* z dri$ figs1 pres]ves made ) honey1 etc4--mu/ n be p>tak5 (4 7#d7 ,h>d ?+s mu/ n be brok5 ) ! tee?4 7#e7 ,all food1 dr9k1 & o!r sub/ances t set ! tee? on edge mu/ be avoid$4 7#f7 ,food t is too hot or too cold mu/ be avoid$1 & especially ! rapid succession ( hot & cold1 & vice v]sa4 7#g7 ,leeks mu/ n be eat51 z su* a food1 by its own nature1 is injuri\s to ! tee?4 7#h7 ,! tee? mu/ be clean$ at once1 aft] e meal1 f ! p>ticles ( food left 9 !m2 & = ?is purpose ?9 pieces ( wood %\ld be us$1 some:at broad at ! ends1 b n %>p-po9t$ or edg$2 & pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to small cypress twigs1 to ! wood ( aloes1 or p9e1 rosem>y1 or junip] & simil> sorts ( wood :i* are r bitt] & /yptic2 c>e mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 n to se>* too long 9 ! d5tal int]/ices & n to injure ! gums or %ake ! tee?4 7#i7 ,aft] ?is x is necess>y to r9se ! m\? by us+ by pref]5ce a v9\s decoction ( sage1 or "o ( c9namon1 ma/i*1 gallia1 mos*ata1 cubeb1 junip] se$s1 root ( cyp]us1 & rosem>y leaves4 7#aj7 ,! tee? mu/ be rubb$ ) suitable d5trifices be=e go+ to b$1 or else 9 ! morn+ be=e breakfa/4 ,al?\gh ,avic5na recomm5d$ v>i\s oils = ?is purpose1 ,giovanni ( ,arcoli appe>s v ho/ile to oleag9\s frictions1 because he consid]s !m v injuri\s to ! /oma*4 ,he obs]ves1 besides1 t :il/ mod]ate frictions ( brief duration are helpful to ! tee?1 /r5g!n ! gums1 prev5t ! =mation ( t>t>1 & sweet5 ! brea?1 too r\gh or too prolong$ rubb+ is1 on ! contr>y1 h>mful to ! tee?1 & makes !m liable to _m diseases4 ,all ?is is s mod]n 9 _m ways t we might expect a detail$ exact k ( ! anatomy ( ! tee? & ev5 some?+ ( _! embryology f ,arculanus4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t com+ z he does be=e ! ,r5aissance1 ! m$ical sci5ces 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w are z yet unborn4 ,m5 are accumulat+ in=mation = practical purposes b n = ! classification & co-ord9ation t 0 to make possible ! sci5tific developm5t ( _! k4 ,giovanni ( ,arcoli's acqua9tance ) ! anatomy ( ! tee? 0 r sadly lack+4 ,he does n "k ev5 ) c]ta9ty ! numb] ( roots t ! tee? h4 ,?is has be5 attribut$ to ! fact t he obta9$ mo/ ( 8 in=mation f books1 & _h n ! "t to v]ify descriptions t he _h f\nd4 ,x has be5 argu$ f ?is t he 0 himself probably n a practical d5ti/1 & turn$ to t specialty only z a portion ( 8 "w z a g5]al surgeon1 & t consequ5tly he 0 n suffici5tly int]e/$ to v]ify 8 /atem5ts4 ,8 *apt]s on d5ti/ry w\ld seem to be> out ?is conclusion to "s ext5t1 ?\gh ! v fact t "o :o 0 himself n specially int]e/$ 9 d5tal surg]y %\ld h succe$$ 9 ga!r+ toge!r s mu* t anticipates mod]n ideas 9 d5ti/ry1 is ( itself a pro( ( h[ mu* k ( ! subject !re 0 available = a s]i\s /ud5t ( t "t4 ,! anatomy ( ! tee? cont9u$ to be r vague until ab\t ! middle ( ! next c5tury :5 ,eu/a*ius1 ^: inve/igations ( ! anatomy ( ! head h des]v$ly br\ght him fame & ! atta*m5t ( 8 "n to ! ,eu/a*ian canal1 wrote 8 ,libellus de ,d5tibus--,manual ( ! ,tee?1 :i* is q full1 accurate1 & detail$4 ,v little has be5 add$ to ! microscopic anatomy ( ! tee? s9ce ,eu/a*ius' "t4 ,he _h ! advantage1 ( c\rse1 ( be+ intimately 9 contact ) ! great gr\p ( ,r5aissance anatomi/s1--,vesalius1 ,columbus1 ,v>olius1 ,fallopius1 & ! o!rs1 ! great fa!rs ( anatomy4 ,besides1 8 position z ,papal ,physician & ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ! ,papal ,m$ical ,s*ool at ,rome gave him opportunities = orig9al inve/igation1 su* z 7 n easily obta9$ else:]e4 ,arculanus c sc>cely be blam$1 !re=e1 = n hav+ anticipat$ ! ,r5aissance1 & we mu/ take him z m]ely ! culm9ation ( m$ieval k ) reg>d to anatomy & surg]y4 ,m$ieval m$ical m5 did n h ! "t nor app>5tly ! inc5tive to make =mal m$ical sci5ce1 ?\gh x mu/ n be =gott51 z has be5 said1 t !y did use ! k !y obta9$ by _! own & o!rs' obs]vation to excell5t advantage = ! practical b5efit ( ail+ humanity4 ,! sci5ces relat$ to m$ic9e are consci\s developm5ts t foll[ ! evolution ( practical m$ic9e1 nor mu/ x be =gott5 t f> f always s]v+ z an auxili>y to appli$ m$ical sci5ce1 (t5 inde$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e sci5tific pursuits h l$ m5 away into side issues f :i* !y _h to be br\ght back by "s g5ius m$ical obs]v]4 ,z might be expect$1 !n1 x is ) reg>d to ! practical treatm5t & g5]al consid]ation ( ailm5ts ( ! tee? t ,giovanni ( ,arcoli is mo/ int]e/+4 ,9 ?is "s ( 8 *apt]s conta9 a m>vell\s s]ies ( surprises4 ,arculanus 0 probably born t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! date ( 8 dea? is v>i\sly plac$ z ei!r #adfj or #adhd1 ) ! probability 9 favor ( ! =m]4 ,f #adab to #adbg he 0 pr(essor at ,bologna1 :]e 9 accordance ) ! non-specializ+ t5d5cies ( ! "t he did n occupy a s+le *air b sev]al 9 succession4 ,he seems fir/ to h taught ,logic1 !n ,moral ,philosophy1 & f9ally ,m$ic9e4 ,8 reputation 9 m$ic9e drew _m /ud5ts to ! univ]sity1 & 8 fame spread all ov] ,italy4 ,! rival ,univ]sity ( ,padua !n secur$ him1 & he seems to h be5 = "s tw5ty ye>s !re4 ,lat] app>5tly he accept$ a pr(essor's *air at ,f]r>a1 :]e ! ,d',e/es 7 try+ to br+ _! univ]sity into prom95ce4 ,x 0 at ,f]r>a t he di$4 ,he 0 a man ( wide read+1 ( ext5sive exp]i5ce1 bo? ( m5 & m$ic9e1 & "o ( ! s*ol>s ( 8 "t4 ,8 works are1 z we h said1 ma9ly exc]pts f e>li] writ]s & p>ticul>ly ! ,arabians1 b !y conta9 en\gh ( h9ts drawn f 8 own obs]vation & exp]i5ce to make 8 "w ( great value4 ,:ile1 z ,gurlt rem>ks 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 ,arculanus' "n is "o ( ^? sc>cely kn[n--he is usually consid]$ j "o ( _m obscure writ]s ( ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages--8 writ+s des]ve a bett] fate4 ,!y conta9 mu* t is int]e/+ & a great deal t mu/ h be5 ( ! highe/ practical value to 8 contempor>ies4 ,!y attract$ wide att5tion 9 8 own & imm$iately succe$+ g5]ations4 ,! pro( ( ?is is t !y exi/ 9 a l>ge numb] ( manuscript copies4 ,j z soon z pr9t+ 0 introduc$ 8 books appe>$ 9 edition aft] edition4 ,8 ,practica 0 pr9t$ 9 no less ?an sev5 editions 9 ,v5ice4 ,?ree ( !m appe>$ be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* places !m among ! incunabula ( pr9t+4 ,probably no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( human intellectual int]e/ is m /rik+ ?an ! excell5t judgm5t display$ by ! editors :o select$ ! works to be pr9t$ at ?is "t4 ,v few ( !m 7 trivial or insignificant4 ,few] /ill 7 idle speculations1 & mo/ ( !m 7 almo/ ( classical import = lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,f\r editions ( ?is "w 7 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 "o ( !m z late z #aefj1 :5 ! "w done by su* m5 z ,vesalius1 ,columbus1 ,eu/a*ius1 & ,fallopius w\ld seem to h made ,arculanus out ( date4 ,! dates ( ! v>i\s editions are ,v5ice1 #adhc1 #adic1 #adig1 #aejd1 #aedb1 #aeeg1 & #aefj4 ,besides !re 0 an edition pr9t$ at ,basel 9 #aedj4 ,arculanus is said to h re-introduc$ ! use ( ! seton1 t is ! me?od ( produc+ int5se c\nt]-irritation by ! introduction ( "s =eign body into an incision 9 ! sk94 ,we owe to him1 too1 accord+ to ,pagel 9 ! *apt]s on m$ieval m$ic9e 9 ,pus*mann's ,h&book ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 an excell5t description ( alcoholic insanity4 ,8 directions = ! treatm5t ( conditions 9 ! m\? & nose ap>t f ! tee? are q z explicit & practical1 & 9 _m ways q z great an anticipation ( "s ( our mod]n notions z :at he has to say ) reg>d to ! tee?4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! treatm5t ( polyps he says t !y %\ld be incis$ & caut]iz$4 ,s(t polyps %\ld be drawn out ) a too!d t5aculum z f> z c be )\t risk ( break+ !m (f4 ,! incision %\ld be made at ! root s t no?+ or j z little z possible ( ! pa?ological /ructure be all[$ to rema94 ,x %\ld be cut (f ) a f9e scissors1 or ) a n>r[ file j small en\gh to p]mit its +ress into ! no/rils1 or ) a scalpel )\t cutt+ edges on ! sides1 b only at its extremity1 & ?is cutt+ edge %\ld be broad & well %>p5$4 ,if !re is dang] ( hemorrhage1 or if !re is fe> ( x1 ! in/rum5ts ) :i* dissection is made %\ld be fir$ 7igniantur71 t is1 heat$ at lea/ to a dull r$ness4 ,aft]w>ds ! /ump1 if any rema9s1 %\ld be t\*$ ) a hot iron or else ) caut]iz+ ag5ts s t z f> z possible x %\ld be oblit]at$4 ,aft] ! op]ation a pl$get ( cotton dipp$ 9 ! gre5 o9tm5t describ$ by ,rhazes %\ld be plac$ 9 ! nose4 ,?is pl$get %\ld h a /r+ fa/5$ to x1 hang+ f ! nose 9 ord] t x may be easily remov$4 ,at times x may be necess>y to t\* ! root ( ! polyp ) a /ylet on :i* cotton has be5 plac$ t has be5 dipp$ 9 aqua =tis 7nitric acid74 ,x is important t ?is caut]iz+ fluid %\ld be r /rong s t aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( t\*es a r firm es*> is produc$4 ,9 all ^! manipulations 9 ! nose ,arculanus recomm5ds t ! nose %\ld be held well op5 by means ( a nasal speculum4 ,pictures ( all ^! in/rum5ts occur 9 8 extant works1 & inde$ ?is con/itutes "o ( _! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable features4 ,!y are to be se5 9 ,gurlt's ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y4 ,9 "s cases he _h se5 ! polyp 0 s difficult to get at or 0 situat$ s f> back 9 ! nose t x c\ld n be rea*$ by means ( a t5aculum or scissors1 or ev5 ! special knife devis$ = t purpose4 ,= ^! pati5ts ,arculanus describes an op]ation t is to be f\nd 9 ! old] writ]s on surg]y1 ,paul ( g9a 7g9etus71 ,avic5na1 & "s ( ! o!r ,arabian surgeons4 ,= ?is ?ree horse-tail hairs are twi/$ toge!r & knott$ 9 ?ree or f\r places1 & "o end is pass$ ?r\gh ! no/rils & out ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,! ends ( ?is are !n pull$ on backw>d & =w>d aft] ! fa%ion ( a saw4 ,arculanus rem>ks evid5tly ) ! air ( a man :o has tri$ x & n be5 satisfi$ t ?is op]ation is q unc]ta91 & seems to dep5d a great deal on *ance1 & mu* reliance mu/ n be plac$ on x4 ,arculanus sugge/s a sub/itute me?od by :i* lat5t polyps or occult polyps z he calls !m may be remov$4 ,!re is sc>cely an important disease = :i* ,arculanus has n "s int]e/+ sugge/ions1 & ! m "o reads ( him ! m is "o surpris$ to f9d h[ _m ?+s t we might ?9k ( z com+ into ! purview ( m$ic9e long aft] 8 "t or at lea/ z hav+ be5 neglect$ f ! "t ( ! ,greeks almo/ d[n to our own "t are "h treat$ explicitly1 def9itely1 & ) excell5t practical sugge/ions4 ,he has a good deal to say ) reg>d to ! treatm5t ( ang9a1 :i* he calls synan*e1 or synan*ia1 or cynan*e1 or ang9a4 ,p>asynan*e is a synonym\s t]m1 b ref]s to a mild] synan*e4 ,he di/+ui%$ f\r =ms ( x4 ,9 "o call$ can9e ang9a1 because ! pati5t's tongue hangs out ( 8 m\?1 some:at ! same z f an ov]heat$ dog 9 ! summ] "t1 :ile at ! same "t ! m\? is held op5 & he draws 8 brea? pant+ly1 ,arculanus sugge/s an unfavorable prognosis1 & w\ld seem to ref] to ^? cases ( ,ludwig's ang9a 9 :i* !re is involvem5t ( ! tongue & 9 :i* our prognosis cont9ues to be ( ! v wor/ ev5 to our own day4 ,at times ! ang9a causes su* swell+ 9 ! ?roat t ! brea?+ is int]f]$ ) completely4 ,= ?is ,arculanus' ma/]1 ,rhazes1 advis$ tra*eotomy4 ,arculanus himself1 h[ev]1 app>5tly hesitat$ ab\t t4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d t ,arculanus is v explicit 9 8 treatm5t ( affections ( ! uvula4 ,he divides its affections into apo/ema1 ulcus1 putr$o sive corrosio1 et casus4 ,apo/ema 0 abscess1 ulcus any r deep erosion1 putr$o a gangr5\s condition1 & casus ! fall ( ! uvula4 ,?is is ! notori\s fall+ ( ! s(t palate :i* has always be5 9 popul> m$ical lit]ature at lea/4 ,arculanus describes x z a pret]natural elongation ( ! uvula :i* sometimes goes to su* an ext5t z to make x resemble ! tail ( a m\se4 ,= %ort] elongations he sugge/s ! caut]y2 = long]1 excision foll[$ by ! caut]y s t ! great] portion ( ! ext5d+ "p may be cut (f4 ,if p fe> ! knife he sugge/s foll[+ ,rhazes1 ! application ( an a/r+5t p[d] directly to ! "p by bl[+ ?r\gh a tube4 ,8 directions = ! removal ( ! uvula are v def9ite4 ,seat ! pati5t ^u a /ool 9 a bright light :ile an assi/ant holds ! head2 aft] ! tongue has be5 firmly depress$ by means ( a speculum let ! assi/ant hold ?is speculum 9 place4 ,) ! left h& !n ins]t an in/rum5t1 a /ilus1 by :i* ! uvula is pull$ =w>d1 & !n remove ! end ( x by means ( a heat$ knife or "s o!r process ( caut]ization4 ,! m\? %\ld aft]w>ds be wa%$ out ) fre% milk4 ,! application ( a caut]iz+ solution by means ( a cotton swab wrapp$ r\nd ! end ( a s\nd may be ( s]vice 9 pati5ts :o refuse ! actual caut]y4 ,to be successful ! application mu/ be firmly made & mu/ be frequ5tly repeat$4 ,aft] ?is x is n surpris+ to f9d t ,arculanus has v practical *apt]s on all ! o!r ord9>y surgical affections4 ,empyema is treat$ v ?or\ghly1 liv] abscess1 ascites1 :i* he w>ns mu/ be empti$ sl[ly1 ileus especially :5 x rea*es /]corace\s vomit+1 & ! v>i\s difficulties ( ur9ation1 he divides !m into dysuria1 is*uria1 & /ranguria1 are all discuss$ 9 q mod]n fa%ion4 ,he gives sev5 causes = difficulty ( ur9ation4 ,"o1 "s injury ( ! bladd]2 two1 "s lesion ( ! ure?ra2 ?ree1 "s pa?ological condition 9 ! p[] to make ! bladd] contract2 f\r1 "s injury ( ! muscle ( ! neck ( ! bladd]2 five1 "s pa?ological condition ( ! ur9e2 six1 "s kidney tr\ble1 & sev51 "s pa?ological condition ( ! g5]al sy/em4 ,he takes up ea* "o ( ^! & discusses ! v>i\s phases1 causes1 disposition1 & pr$ispositions t br+ !m ab\t4 ,"o ?+ ^! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages c\ld d1 !y reason$ logically1 !y ord]$ :at !y _h to say well1 & !y wrote x out /raight=w>dly4 ,t ,arculanus' "w ) reg>d to d5ti/ry 0 no m]e *ance & n solely !oretic c be und]/ood v well f 8 pr$ecessors1 & t x =m$ a l9k 9 a cont9u\s tradition :i* 0 well pres]v$ we may judge f :at is to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( 8 great successor1 ,giovanni or ,john de ,vigo1 :o is consid]$ "o ( ! great surgeons ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 & to :om we owe :at is probably ! e>lie/ treatise on ,gun-%ot ,w\nds4 ,john ( ,vigo 0 a ,papal physician & surgeon1 g5]ally consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession ( 8 "t4 ,two features ( 8 writ+ on d5tal diseases des]ve m5tion4 ,he insi/s t abscesses ( ! gums %all be treat$ z o!r abscesses by be+ enc\rag$ to come to maturity & !n be+ op5$4 ,if !y d n close promptly1 an irritant ,egyptian o9tm5t conta9+ v]digris & alum among o!r ?+s %\ld be appli$ to !m4 ,9 ! cure ( old fi/ul\s tracts ne> ! tee? he employs n only ?is ,egyptian o9tm5t b also ars5ic & corrosive sublimate4 ,:at he has to say ) reg>d to ! fill+ ( ! tee? is1 h[ev]1 mo/ important4 ,he says x ) extreme brevity1 b ) ! mann] ( a man ?or\ghly accu/om$ to do+ x4 ,by means ( a drill or file ! putrefi$ or corrod$ "p ( ! too? %\ld be completely remov$4 ,! cavity left %\ld !n be fill$ ) gold leaf4 ,x is evid5t t ! memb]s ( ! ,papal c\rt1 ! ,c>d9als & ! ,pope himself1 _h ! advantage ( r good d5ti/ry at ,john de ,vigo's h&s ev5 z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,john de ,vigo1 h[ev]1 is n m$ieval4 ,he liv$ on into ! sixte5? c5tury & 0 influ5c$ deeply by ! ,r5aissance4 ,he c\nts among ! mak]s ( mod]n m$ic9e & surg]y1 z 8 au?or%ip ( ! treatise on gun-%ot w\nds makes cle>4 ,he comes 9 a p]iod t w be treat$ ( 9 a lat] volume ( ?is s]ies on ,our ,=efa!rs 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,,xiii ,,cusanus ,,& ,,! ,,fir/ ,,sugge/ion ,,( ,,laboratory ,,me?ods ,,9 ,,m$ic9e ,z illu/rat+ h[1 z we "k m ab\t ! details ( m$ical hi/ory1 ! beg9n+s ( m$ical sci5ce & m$ical practice are pu%$ back f>!r & f>!r1 a discussion 9 ! ,b]l9] kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift a doz5 ye>s ago is ( int]e/4 ,pr(essor ,erne/ von ,leyd51 9 sket*+ ! hi/ory ( ! tak+ ( ! pulse z an important aid 9 diagno/ics1 said t ,john ,floy] 0 usually ref]r$ to z ! man :o introduc$ ! practice ( det]m9+ ! pulse rate by means ( ! wat*4 ,8 "w 0 done ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,pr(essor von ,leyd5 sugge/$1 h[ev]1 t ,william ,h>vey1 ! ,engli% physiologi/1 to :om is usually attribut$ ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 _h emphasiz$ ! value ( ! pulse 9 m$ical diagnosis1 & also sugge/$ ! use ( ! wat* 9 c\nt+ ! pulse4 ,pr(essor ,c>l ,b9z1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 comm5t+ on ^! rem>ks ( ,pr(essor von ,leyd51 call$ att5tion to ! fact t m ?an a c5tury be=e ! bir? ( ei!r ( ^! m51 ev5 ! e>li]1 to :om ! c>eful measurem5t ( ! pulse rate is ?us attribut$ z a discov]y1 a di/+ui%$ ,g]man *ur*man1 :o di$ %ortly aft] ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 _h sugge/$ a me?od ( accurate e/imation ( ! pulse t des]ves a place 9 m$ical hi/ory4 ,?is sugge/ion is s mu* 9 accord ) mod]n dem&s = great] accuracy 9 diagnosis t x seems n inappropriate to talk ( x z ! fir/ def9ite attempt at laboratory me?ods 9 ! dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e4 ,! mak] ( ! sugge/ion1 curi\sly en\gh1 0 n a practis+ physician1 b a ma!matician & s*ol>1 ,c>d9al ,ni*olas ( ,cusa1 :o is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,cusanus f ! ,lat9 "n ( ! t[n ,cues on ! ,moselle ,riv]1 "s tw5ty-five miles s\? ( ,trves1 :]e he 0 born4 ,8 family "n1 ,ni*olas ,krebs1 has be5 entirely lo/ sight ( 9 ! "n d]iv$ f 8 native t[n1 :i* is ! only reason :y mo/ ( ! _w kn[s any?+ ab\t t t[n4 ,c>d9al ,cusanus sugge/$ t 9 v>i\s =ms ( disease & at v>i\s times ( life1 z 9 *ildhood1 boyhood1 manhood1 & old age1 ! pulse 0 v diff]5t4 ,x w\ld be extremely valuable to h "s me?od ( accurately e/imat+1 measur+1 & record+ ^! diff]5ces = m$ical purposes4 ,at t "t wat*es _h n yet be5 inv5t$1 & x w\ld h be5 v difficult to h e/imat$ ! "t by ! clocks1 = almo/ ! only clocks 9 exi/5ce 7 ^? 9 ! t[]s ( ! ca!drals & ( ! public build+s4 ,! fir/ wat*es1 ,nuremb]g eggs1 z !y 7 call$1 7 n made by ,pet] ,h5le9 until well on into ! next c5tury4 ,! only me?od ( measur+ "t ) any accuracy 9 private h\ses 0 ! clepsydra or wat]-clock1 :i* measur$ ! "t int]vals by ! fl[ ( a def9ite am\nt ( wat]4 ,c>d9al ,cusanus sugge/$ !n t ! wat]-clock %\ld be employ$ = e/imat+ ! pulse frequ5cy4 ,8 idea 0 t ! am\nt ( wat] :i* fl[$ :ile a hundr$ beats ( ! pulse 7 c\nt$1 %\ld be weigh$1 & ?is weight comp>$ ) t ( ! av]age weight ( wat] :i* fl[$ :ile a hundr$ beats ( ! normal pulse ( a numb] ( individuals ( ! same age & con/itution 7 be+ c\nt$4 ,?is 0 a v s+le & a v +5i\s sugge/ion4 ,we h no means ( kn[+ n[ :e!r x 0 adopt$ to any ext5t or n4 ,x may seem r surpris+ t a c>d9al %\ld h be5 ! "o to make su* a sugge/ion4 ,cusanus1 h[ev]1 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ma!matics & 9 ! natural sci5ces1 & we h _m wond]ful sugge/ions f 8 p54 ,he 0 ! fir/1 = in/ance1 to sugge/1 m ?an a c5tury be=e ,cop]nicus1 t ! e>? 0 n ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t x w\ld n be absolutely at re/ or1 z he said1 devoid ( all motion4 ,8 words are3 ,t]ra igitur1 qu c5trum esse nequit1 motu omni c>]e non pote/4 ,he describ$ v cle>ly h[ ! e>? mov$ r\nd its own axis1 & !n he add$1 :at _c fail to be a surpris+ decl>ation = ^? 9 ! mod]n times :o ?9k su* an idea ( mu* lat] orig91 t he consid]$ t ! e>? itself _c be fix$1 b moves z d ! o!r />s 9 ! heav5s4 ,! expression is s a/oni%+ at t "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory t x seems wor? ! :ile to give x 9 its orig9al =m1 s t x may be se5 cle>ly t x is n any subsequ5t f>-fet*$ int]pretation ( 8 op9ion1 b ! actual words !mselves1 t convey ?is idea4 ,he said3 ,consid]avi quod t]ra i/a non pote/ esse fixa1 s$ movetur ut ali /ell4 ,h[ cle>ly ,cusanus anticipat$ ano!r phase ( our mod]n views may be judg$ f :at he has to say 9 ,de ,docta ,ignorantia ) reg>d to ! con/itution ( ! sun4 ,x is all ! m surpris+ t he %\ld by "s =m ( intuition rea* su* a conclusion1 = ! ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! sun w\ld n sugge/ su* an expression except to a g5ius1 ^: intuition outran by f> ! k ( 8 "t4 ,! ,c>d9al said3 ,to a spectator on ! surface ( ! sun ! spl5dor :i* appe>s to u w\ld be invisible1 s9ce x conta9s1 z x 71 an e>? = its c5tral mass1 ) a circumf]5tial envelope ( light & heat1 & betwe5 ! two an atmosph]e ( wat] & cl\ds & ( ambi5t air4 ,aft] read+ t bit ( preci\s a/ronomical sci5ce ann\nc$ ne>ly five c5turies ago1 x is easy to und]/& h[ ,cop]nicus c\ld h anticipat$ o!r phases ( our k1 z he did 9 8 decl>ations t ! figure ( ! e>? is n a sph]e1 b is some:at irregul>1 & t ! orbit ( ! e>? is n circul>4 ,cusanus 0 an extremely practical man1 & 0 con/antly look+ = & devis+ me?ods ( apply+ practical pr9ciples ( sci5ce to ord9>y life4 ,z we %all see 9 discuss+ 8 sugge/ion = ! e/imation ( ! pulse rate lat] on1 he made _m o!r simil> sugge/ions = diagno/ic purposes 9 m$ic9e1 & set =? o!r applications ( ma!matics & me*anics to 8 g5]ation4 ,_m ( ,cusanus' books h curi\sly mod]n names4 ,he wrote1 = in/ance1 a s]ies ( ma!matical treatises1 9 ,lat9 ( c\rse1 on ,geometric ,transmutations1 on ,ari?metical ,complem5ts1 on ,ma!matical ,complem5ts1 on ,ma!matical ,p]fection1 & on ,! ,correction ( ! ,cal5d>4 ,9 8 "t ! cal5d> 0 9 error by m ?an n9e days1 & ,cusanus 0 "o ( ^? :o ar\s$ suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! subject1 s t 9 ! next c5tury ! correction 0 actually made by ! great ,jesuit ma!matician1 ,fa!r ,clavius4 ,p]haps ! "w ( ,cusanus t is be/ kn[n is t ,on ,le>n$ ,ignorance--,de ,docta ,ignorantia1 9 :i* ! ,c>d9al po9ts out h[ _m ?+s t educat$ p ?9k !y "k are entirely wrong4 ,x rem9ds "o v mu* ( ,jo% ,bill+s's rem>k t x is n s mu* ! ignorance ( mank9d t makes !m ridicul\s1 z ! kn[+ s _m ?+s t a9't s4 ,x is f ?is "w t ! a/ronomical quotations :i* we h made are tak54 ,! book t is ( special int]e/ to physicians is 8 dialogue ,on ,/atic ,exp]im5ts1 :i* he wrote 9 #adej1 & :i* conta9s ! foll[+ passages3 ,s9ce ! weight ( ! blood & ! ur9e ( a heal?y & ( a diseas$ man1 ( a "y man & an old man1 ( a ,g]man & an ,african1 is diff]5t = ea* individual1 :y w\ld x n be a great b5efit to ! physician to h all ( ^! v>i\s diff]5ces classifi$8 ,= ,i ?9k t a physician w\ld make a tru] judgm5t f ! weight ( ! ur9e view$ 9 connection ) its color ?an he c\ld make f its color alone1 :i* might be fallaci\s4 ,s1 also1 weight might be us$ z a means ( id5tify+ ! roots1 ! /ems1 ! leaves1 ! fruits1 ! se$s1 & ! juice ( plants if ! v>i\s weights ( all ! plants 7 prop]ly not$1 toge!r ) _! v>iety1 accord+ to locality4 ,9 ?is way ! physician w\ld appreciate _! nature bett] by means ( _! weight ?an if he judg$ !m by _! ta/e alone4 ,he might "k1 !n1 f a comp>ison ( ! weights ( ! plants & _! v>i\s p>ts :5 comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! blood & ! ur9e1 h[ to make an application & a dosage ( drugs f ! concordances & diff]5ces ( ! m$icam5ts1 & ev5 might be able to make an excell5t prognosis 9 ! same way4 ,?us1 f /atic exp]im5ts1 he w\ld approa* by a m precise k to e k9d ( in=mation4 ,d y n ?9k if y w\ld p]mit ! wat] f ! n>r[ op5+ ( a clepsydra wat]-clock to fl[ into a bas9 = z long z 0 necess>y to c\nt ! pulse a hundr$ times 9 a heal?y "y man1 & !n d ! same ?+ = an ail+ "y man1 t !re w\ld be a noticeable diff]5ce betwe5 ! weights ( ! wat] t w\ld fl[ dur+ ! p]iod8 ,f ! weight ( ! wat]1 !re=e1 "o w\ld arrive at a bett] k ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! pulse ( ! "y & ! old1 ! heal?y & ! unheal?y1 & s1 also1 z to in=mation ) reg>d to v>i\s diseases1 s9ce !re w\ld be "o weight &1 !re=e1 "o pulse 9 "o disease1 & ano!r weight & ano!r pulse 9 ano!r disease4 ,9 ?is way a bett] judgm5t ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! pulse c\ld be obta9$ ?an f ! t\* ( ! ve91 j z m c be kn[n f ! ur9e ab\t its weight ?an f its color alone4 ,j 9 ! same way w\ld x n be possible to make a m accurate judgm5t ) reg>d to ! brea?+1 if ! inspirations & expirations 7 /udi$ accord+ to ! weight ( ! wat] t pass$ dur+ a c]ta9 int]val8 ,if1 :ile wat] 0 fl[+ f a clepsydra1 "o 7 to c\nt a hundr$ expirations 9 a boy1 & !n 9 an old man1 ( c\rse1 !re w\ld n be ! same am\nt ( wat] at ! end ( ! enum]ation4 ,!n ?is same ?+ might be done = o!r ages & /ates ( ! body4 ,z a consequ5ce1 :5 ! physician once knew :at ! weight ( wat] t repres5t$ ! numb] ( expirations ( a heal?y boy or y\?1 & !n ( an individual ( ! same age ill ( "s infirmity or o!r1 !re is no d\bt t1 by ?is obs]vation1 he w come to a k ( ! heal? or illness & some?+ ab\t ! case1 &1 p]haps1 also ) m c]ta9ty w\ld be able to *oose ! rem$y & ! dose requir$4 ,if he f\nd 9 a heal?y "y man app>5tly ! same weight z 9 an old & decrepit individual1 he might readily be br\ght to ! conclusion t ! "y man w\ld surely die1 & 9 ?is way h "s evid5ce = 8 prognosis 9 ! case4 ,besides1 if 9 fev]s1 9 ! same way1 c>eful /udies 7 made ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! weight ( wat] = pulse & respiration 9 ! w>m & ! cold p>oxysms1 w\ld x n be possible ?us to "k ! disease bett] &1 p]haps1 also get a m efficaci\s rem$y8 ,z w be se5 f ?is passage1 ,cusanus _h _m m ideas ?an m]ely ! accurate e/imation ( ! pulse frequ5cy :5 he sugge/$ ! use ( ! wat]-clock4 ,evid5tly ! ?\ght _h come to him t ! specific gravity ( ! sub/ances1 t is1 _! weight 9 comp>ison to ! weight ( wat]1 might be valuable in=mation4 ,be=e 8 "t1 physicians _h dep5d$ only on ! color & ! ta/e ( ! ur9e = diagno/ic purposes4 ,he propos$ t !y %\ld weigh x1 & ev5 sugge/$ t !y %\ld weigh1 also1 ! blood1 ,i suppose 9 case ( v5esection1 = comp>ison's sake4 ,he also ?\ght t ! comp>ative weight ( v>i\s roots1 /ems1 leaves1 juices ( plants might give h9ts = ! !rapeutic uses ( ^! sub/ances4 ,?is is ! sort ( idea t we are apt to ?9k ( z typically mod]n4 ,specific gravities & atomic weights h be5 m ?an once suppos$ to repres5t laws 9 !rapeutics1 :i* s f>1 h[ev]1 we h n succe$$ 9 f9d+1 b x is int]e/+ to realize t x is ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! fir/ ?\ght 9 ?is l9e 0 cle>ly express$ by a di/+ui%$ ?9k] & sci5tific writ]4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ expressions 9 ,cusanus' writ+s :i* contradict mo/ ( ! impressions commonly ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to ! s*ol>s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is usually assum$ t !y did n ?9k s]i\sly1 b speculatively1 t !y fe>$ to ?9k = !mselves1 neglect$ ! /udy ( nature ar\nd !m1 consid]$ au?ority ! important s\rce ( k1 & 7 z f> z possible f ! /&po9t ( mod]n sci5tific /ud5ts & inve/igators4 ,"h is a passage f ,ni*olas1 on kn[+ & ?9k+1 t might well h be5 writt5 by a great intellectual man at any "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & t c\ld only emanate f a pr(\nd s*ol> at any "t4 ,to "k & to ?9k1 to see ! tru? ) ! eye ( ! m9d1 is always a joy4 ,! old] a man gr[s ! great] is ! pleasure :i* x af=ds him1 & ! m he devotes himself to ! se>* aft] tru?1 ! /rong] gr[s 8 desire ( possess+ x4 ,z love is ! life ( ! he>t1 s is ! endeavor aft] k & tru? ! life ( ! m9d4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! movem5ts ( "t1 ( ! daily "w ( life1 ( its p]plexities & contradictions1 we %\ld lift our gaze fe>lessly to ! cle> vault ( heav51 & seek ev] to obta9 a firm] grasp ( & a ke5] insight into ! orig9 ( all goodness & beauty1 ! capacities ( our own he>ts & m9ds1 ! intellectual fruits ( mank9d ?r\gh\t ! c5turies1 & ! wondr\s works ( nature ar\nd u2 at ! same "t rememb]+ always t 9 humility alone lies true greatness1 & t k & wisdom are alone pr(itable 9 s f> z our lives are gov]n$ by !m4 ,! c>e] ( ,ni*olas ( ,cusa is int]e/+1 because x sums up s _m movem5ts1 &1 above all1 educational curr5ts 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 born 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! c5tury1 & liv$ to be sixty-f\r4 ,he 0 ! son ( a w9e gr[]1 & attract$ ! att5tion ( 8 tea*]s because ( 8 intellectual qualities4 ,9 spite ( comp>atively /rait5$ circum/ances1 !n1 he 0 af=d$ ! be/ opportunities ( ! "t = education4 ,he w5t fir/ to ! s*ool ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life at ,dev5t]1 ! intellectual cradle ( s _m ( ! s*ol>s ( ?is c5tury4 ,su* m5 z ,erasmus1 ,conrad ,mutianus1 ,johann ,s9!im1 ,h]mann von dem ,bus*e1 :om ,/rauss calls ! mission>y ( human wisdom1 & ! tea*] ( mo/ ( ^!1 ,alex&] ,hegius1 :o has be5 t]m$ ! s*oolma/] ( ,g]many1 ) ,ni*olas ( ,cusa & ,rudolph ,agricola & o!rs1 :o might readily be m5tion$1 are ! fruits ( ! tea*+ ( ^! s*ools ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life1 9 "o ( :i* ,?omas ,kempis1 ! au?or ( ,! ,imitation ( ,*ri/1 01 = sev5ty ye>s out ( 8 long life ( n9ety1 a tea*]4 ,cusanus succe$$ s well at s*ool t he 0 lat] s5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 & subsequ5tly to ,padua1 :]e he took up ! /udy ( ,roman law1 receiv+ 8 doctorate at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,?is s]ies ( educational opportunities w be surpris+ only to ^? :o d n "k educational realities at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re has nev] be5 a "t :5 a s]i\s seek] aft] k c\ld f9d m inspiration4 ,on 8 return to ,g]many1 ,fa!r ,krebs became canon ( ! ca!dral 9 ,cobl5z4 ,?is gave him a mode/ income1 & leisure = intellectual "w :i* 0 eag]ly employ$4 ,he 0 sc>cely m ?an ?irty :5 he 0 *os5 z a delegate to ! ,c\ncil at ,basel4 ,aft] ?is he 0 made ,ar*deacon ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,ltti*1 & f ?is "t 8 rise 9 ecclesia/ical pref]m5t 0 rapid4 ,he _h attract$ s mu* att5tion at ! ,c\ncil ( ,basel t he 0 *os5 z a legate ( ! ,pope = ! br++ ab\t c]ta9 re=ms 9 ,g]many4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 s5t on ecclesia/ical missions to ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ev5 to ,con/ant9ople4 ,at ! e>ly age ( =ty he 0 made a ,c>d9al4 ,aft] ?is he 0 always consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ important consultors ( ! ,papacy 9 all matt]s relat+ to ,g]many4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s ( 8 life 9 all ! relations ( ! ,holy ,see to ,g]many1 appeal 0 con/antly made to ! wisdom1 ! exp]i5ce1 & ! ?or\ghly cons]vative1 yet =esee+1 judgm5t ( ?is son ( ! p1 ^: education _h lift$ him up to be "o ( ! lead]s ( m5 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is "t t he wrote mo/ ( 8 books on ma!matics1 :i* h e>n$ = him a prom95t place 9 ,cantor's ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 ab\t a score ( pages be+ devot$ to 8 "w4 ,mu* ( 8 ?9k+ 0 done :ile rid+ on horseback or 9 ! rude vehicles ( ! day on ! missions to :i* he 0 s5t z ,papal ,legate4 ,he is said to h work$ out ! =mula = ! cycloid curve :ile wat*+ ! pa? describ$ by flies t _h light$ on ! :eels ( 8 c>riage1 & 7 c>ri$ =w>d & ar\nd by !m4 ,8 sci5tific books1 ?\gh !y includ$ su* />tl+ anticipations ( ,cop]nicus' doctr9es z we h already quot$ 7,cop]nicus did n publi% ! fir/ sket* ( 8 !ory = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ,cusanus' dea?71 f> f di/urb+ 8 ecclesia/ical advancem5t or injur+ 8 c>e] z a *ur*man1 seem actually to h be5 consid]$ z additional reasons = consid]+ him wor?y ( confid5ce & consultation4 ,z ! result ( 8 c>eful /udies ( conditions 9 ,g]many1 he realiz$ v cle>ly h[ mu* ( un=tunate influ5ce ! political /atus ( ! ,g]man p1 ) _! _m petty rul]s & ! hamp]+ ( developm5t consequ5t ^u ! trivial rivalries1 ! con/ant bick]+s1 & ! inord9ate jeal\sies ( ^! num]\s pr9cel+s1 _h ^u 8 native c\ntry4 ,accord+ly1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he sket*$ :at he ?\ght w\ld be ! ideal political /atus = ! ,g]man p4 ,z 9 ev]y?+ t he wrote1 he w5t /raight to ! he>t ( ! matt] &1 )\t m9c+ words1 /at$ j exactly :at he ?\ght ought to be done4 ,consid]+ t ?is s*eme ( ,cusanus = ! prosp]ity & "r gov]nm5t ( ! ,g]man p 0 n accompli%$ until m ?an f\r c5turies aft] 8 dea?1 x is int]e/+1 inde$1 to realize h[ ?is cl]gyman ( ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury %\ld h come to any su* ?\ght4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 makes x cle>] ?an ?is1 t x is n "t t fo/]s ?9k+1 b t great m5 at any "t come to great ?\ghts4 ,cusanus wrote3 ,! law & ! k+dom %\ld be plac$ "u ! protection ( a s+le rul] or au?ority4 ,! small sep>ate gov]nm5ts ( pr9ces & c\nts consume a disproportionately l>ge am\nt ( rev5ue )\t furni%+ any real security4 ,= ?is reason we mu/ h a s+le gov]nm5t1 & = its support we mu/ h a def9ite am\nt ( ! income f taxes & rev5ues ye>ly set aside by a repres5tative p>liam5t & be=e ?is p>liam5t 7rei*/ag7 mu/ be giv5 e ye> a def9ite acc\nt ( ! money t 0 sp5t dur+ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,cusanus' life & "w /&1 !n1 z a type ( ! accompli%m5t1 ! opportunities1 ! p[] ( ?\ght1 ! practical s*ol>%ip1 ! ma!matical accuracy1 ! f9e sci5tific =esight ( a s*ol> ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,= u1 9 m$ic9e1 x is int]e/+ inde$ to realize t x is f a man ( ?is k9d t a great new dep>ture 9 m$ic9e ) reg>d to ! employm5t ( exact me?ods ( diagnosis _h its fir/ sugge/ion 9 mod]n times4 ,! orig9 ( t sugge/ion is typical4 ,x has practically always be5 true t x 0 n ! man :o _h exhau/$1 or ?\ght t he _h done s1 all previ\s m$ical k1 :o made advances 9 m$ic9e = u4 ,x has ne>ly always be5 a "y man e>ly 9 8 c>e]1 & at a "t :51 z yet1 8 m9d 0 n ov]load$ ) ! m$ical !ories ( 8 own "t4 ,cusanus 0 probably n m ?an ?irty :5 he made ! sugge/ion :i* repres5ts ! fir/ practical h9t = ! use ( laboratory me?ods 9 mod]n m$ic9e4 ,x came out ( 8 ?\ghtful consid]ation ( m$ical problems r ?an f a /ore ( g>n]$ in=mation z to :at o!rs ?\ght4 ,x is a lesson 9 ! preci\s value ( bread? ( education & s]i\s tra9+ ( m9d = real progress at all times4 ,,xiv ,,basil ,,val5t9e1 ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,al*emi/s1 ,,fir/ ,,( ,,! ,,*emi/s ,fi]i enim pote/ ut op]ator erret et a via regia deflectat1 s$ ut erret natura qu&o recte tractatur fi]i non pote/4 ,= x is q possible t ! physician %\ld err & be turn$ aside f ! /raight 7royal7 road1 b t nature :5 %e is rightly treat$ %\ld err is q impossible4 ,?is is "o ( ! prelim9>y maxims ( a treatise on m$ic9e writt5 by a physician born n lat] ?an ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :o may h liv$ ev5 some:at e>li]4 ,we are s prone to ?9k ( ! m5 ( t "t z utt]ly dep5d5t on au?ority1 n d>+ to foll[ _! own obs]vation1 suspect+ nature1 & almo/ sure to be conv9c$ t only by go+ c\nt] to h] c\ld success 9 ! treatm5t ( disease be obta9$1 t x is a surprise to mo/ p to f9d h[ completely ! attitude ( m9d1 t is suppos$ to be s typically mod]n 9 ?is reg>d1 0 anticipat$ full f\r c5turies ago4 ,!re are o!r expressions ( ?is same great physician & m$ical writ]1 ,basil ,val5t9e1 :i* s]ve to %[ h[ fai?fully he /rove ) ! lights t he _h to "w out ! treatm5t ( pati5ts1 j z we d n[1 by try+ to f9d out nature's way1 s z to imitate h] b5efic5t processes & purposes4 ,x is q cle> t he is b "o ( _m fai?ful1 pati5t obs]v]s & exp]im5t]s--true sci5ti/s 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w--:o liv$ 9 all ! c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,speculations & exp]im5ts ) reg>d to ! elixir ( life1 ! philosoph]'s /one1 & ! transmutation ( metals1 are presum$ to h fill$ up all ! s]i\s int]e/s ( ! al*emi/s1 suppos$ to be almo/ ! only sci5ti/s ( ^? days4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 m5 7 mak+ orig9al obs]vations ( pr(\nd significance1 & ^! 7 consid]$ s valuable by _! contempor>ies t1 ?\gh pr9t+ _h n yet be5 inv5t$1 ev5 ! imm5se labor involv$ 9 ! manifold copy+ ( l>ge folio volumes by ! sl[ h& process did n suffice to det] !m f multiply+ ! writ+s ( ^! m5 s num]\sly t !y 7 pres]v$ 9 _m copies = future g5]ations1 until ! pr9t+ press came to p]petuate !m4 ,( ?is !re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! prec$+ pages z reg>ds m$ic9e1 &1 above all1 surg]y1 :ile a summ>y ( accompli%m5ts ( work]s 9 o!r dep>tm5ts w be f\nd 9 ,app5dix ,,ii1 ,sci5ce at ! ,m$ieval ,univ]sities4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ) "s ( ! suppos$ f\ndations ( mod]n *emi/ry crumbl+ to pieces "u ! influ5ce ( ! peculi>ly active light ?r[n ^u our n9ete5? c5tury *emical !ories by ! discov]y ( radium1 & our obs]vations on radio-active elem5ts g5]ally1 !re is a reawak5+ ( int]e/ 9 "s ( ! old-"t *emical obs]v]s1 ^: "w us$ to be laugh$ at z s unsci5tific1 or1 at mo/1 b a c>icature ( real sci5ce1 & ^: !ory ( ! transmutation ( elem5ts into "o ano!r 0 consid]$ s absurd4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 ! light ( ?is to recall t ! idea t ! elem5t>y sub/ances 7 ess5tially di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & t x w\ld be impossible "u any circum/ances to conv]t "o elem5t into ano!r1 belongs entirely to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,ev5 s deeply sci5tific a m9d z t ( ,newton1 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 c\ld n br+ itself to ackn[l$ge ! tradition1 t came to be accept$ subsequ5t to 8 "t1 ( ! absurdity ( metallic trans=mation4 ,on ! contr>y1 he believ$ q =mally 9 transmutation z a basic *emical pr9ciple1 & decl>$ t x might be expect$ to occur at any "t4 ,he _h se5 specim5s ( gold ores 9 connection ) metallic copp]1 & conclud$ t ?is 0 a manife/ation ( ! natural trans=mation ( "o ( ^! yell[ metals into ! o!r4 ,) ! discov]y t radium trans=ms itself into helium1 & t1 inde$1 all ! s-call$ radioactivities ( ! heavy metals are probably due to a natural transmutation process con/antly at "w1 ! ideas ( ! old] *emi/s cease entirely to be a subject = amusem5t4 ,! physical *emi/s ( ! pres5t day are v ready to admit t ! old tea*+ ( ! absolute indep5d5ce ( some?+ ov] sev5ty elem5ts is no long] t5able1 except z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,! doctr9e ( matt] & =m1 taught = s _m c5turies by ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s1 :i* proclaim$ t all matt] is compos$ ( two pr9ciples1 an und]ly+ mat]ial sub/ratum1 & a dynamic or in=m+ pr9ciple1 has n[ m ackn[l$g$ v]isimilitude1 or lies at lea/ clos] to ! g5]ally accept$ ideas ( ! mo/ progressive sci5ti/s1 ?an x has at any "t = ! la/ two or ?ree c5turies4 ,n only ! great physici/s1 b also ! great *emi/s1 are speculat+ along l9es t sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( b "o =m ( matt]1 modifi$ accord+ to ! en]gies t x possesses "u a v>y+ physical & *emical environm5t4 ,?is is1 aft] all1 only a re/atem5t 9 mod]n times ( ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t !re %\ld be a reawak5+ ( int]e/ 9 ! lives ( "s ( ! m51 :o1 dom9at$ by "s ( ! e>li] s*ola/ic ideas1 by ! tradition ( ! possibility ( f9d+ ! philosoph]'s /one1 :i* w\ld transmute ! bas] metals into ! preci\s metals1 devot$ !mselves ) q z mu* zeal z any mod]n *emi/ to ! obs]vation ( *emical ph5om5a4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^!--inde$1 he might well be said to be ! greate/ ( ! al*emi/s--is ! man ^: only "n t we "k is t :i* appe>s on a s]ies ( manuscripts writt5 9 ! ,high ,g]man dialect ( ! end ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,t "n is ,basil ,val5t9e1 & ! writ]1 accord+ to ! be/ hi/orical traditions1 0 a ,b5$ict9e monk4 ,! "n ,basil ,val5t9e may only h be5 a pseudonym1 = x has be5 impossible to trace x among ! records ( ! mona/]ies ( ! "t4 ,t ! writ] 0 a monk1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be no room = d\bt1 = 8 writ+s give abundant evid5ce ( x1 &1 besides1 9 pr9t$ =m !y began to h _! vogue at a "t :5 !re 0 little likelihood ( _! be+ attribut$ to a mona/ic s\rce1 unless an indubitable tradition connect$ !m ) "s mona/]y4 ,?is ,basil ,val5t9e 7to accept ! only "n we h7 did s mu* = ! sci5ce ( ! composition ( sub/ances t he em95tly des]ves ! designation t has be5 giv5 him ( ! la/ ( ! al*emi/s & ! fir/ ( ! *emi/s4 ,!re is practically a univ]sal recognition ( ! fact n[ t he des]ves also ! title ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,ph>maceutical ,*emi/ry1 n only because ( ! value ( ! obs]vations conta9$ 9 8 writ+s1 b also because ( ! fact t !y prov$ s sugge/ive to c]ta9 sci5tific g5iuses dur+ ! c5tury succe$+ ,val5t9e's life4 ,almo/ m ?an to h add$ to ! preci\s h]itage ( k = mank9d1 x is a boon = a sci5tific obs]v] to h awak5$ ! _s ( obs]vation 9 o!rs1 & to be ! f\nd] ( a new s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,?is ,basil ,val5t9e und\bt$ly did1 &1 9 ! ,r5aissance1 ! inc5tive f 8 writ+s = su* m5 z ,p>acelsus is easy to appreciate4 ,besides1 8 "w furni%es evid5ce t ! inve/igat+ _s 0 abroad j :5 x is usually suppos$ n to h be51 = ! ,?ur+ian monk surely did n d all 8 inve/igation alone1 b mu/ h ow$1 z well z giv51 _m a sugge/ion to 8 contempor>ies4 ,"s t5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 0 invit$ to deliv] ! ,lane ,lectures at ! ,coop] ,m$ical ,college 9 ,san ,francisco1 he took = 8 subject ,! ,hi/ory ( ,physiology4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 lecture on ,! ,rise ( ,*emical ,physiology he began ) ! "n ( ,basil ,val5t9e1 :o fir/ attract$ m5's att5tion to ! _m *emical sub/ances ar\nd !m t might be us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( disease1 & said ( him3 ,he 0 "o ( ! al*emi/s1 b 9 addition to 8 inquiries into ! prop]ties ( metals & 8 se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one1 he busi$ himself ) ! nature ( drugs1 vegetable & m9]al1 & ) _! action z rem$ies = disease4 ,he 0 no anatomi/1 no physiologi/1 b r :at n[adays we %\ld call a ph>macologi/4 ,he did n c>e = ! problem ( ! body1 all he s\ght to und]/& 0 h[ ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil & ( plants might be treat$ s z to be available = heal+ ! sick & h[ !y produc$ _! effects4 ,we app>5tly owe to him ! introduction ( _m *emical sub/ances1 = in/ance ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* he prep>$ f oil & vitriol ( salt1 & ( _m vegetable drugs4 ,& he 0 app>5tly ! au?or ( c]ta9 conceptions :i*1 z we %all see1 play$ an important "p 9 ! developm5t ( *emi/ry & ( physiology4 ,to him1 x seems1 we owe ! idea ( ! ?ree 'elem5ts1' z !y 7 & h be5 call$1 replac+ ! old idea ( ! anci5ts ( ! f\r elem5ts--e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t bo? 9 ! anci5t & ! new idea ! ^w 'elem5t' 0 n int5d$ to mean t :i* x means to u n[1 a fundam5tal unit ( matt]1 b a g5]al quality or prop]ty ( matt]4 ,! ?ree elem5ts ( ,val5t9e 73 7#a7 sulphur1 or t :i* is combu/ible1 :i* is *ang$ or de/roy$1 or :i* at all ev5ts disappe>s dur+ burn+ or combu/ion2 7#b7 m]cury1 t :i* tempor>ily disappe>s dur+ burn+ or combu/ion1 :i* is dissociat$ 9 ! burn+ f ! body burnt1 b :i* may be recov]$1 t is to say1 t :i* is volatile1 & 7#c7 salt1 t :i* is fix$1 ! residue or a% :i* rema9s aft] burn+4 ,x is a little bit h>d 9 our "t = mo/ p to und]/& j h[ su* a developm5t ( ?or\ghly sci5tific *emical notions1 ) inve/igations = _! practical application1 %\ld h come be=e ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is difficulty ( und]/&+1 h[ev]1 we are com+ to realize 9 rec5t ye>s1 is entirely due to our ignorance ( ! p]iod4 ,we h kn[n little or no?+ ab\t ! sci5ce ( ! ,middle ,ages1 because x 0 hidd5 away 9 r>e old books1 9 r difficult ,lat91 n easy to get at1 & /ill less easy to und]/& always1 & we h be5 prone to conclude t s9ce we knew no?+ ab\t x1 !re mu/ h be5 no?+4 ,j inasmu* z we h le>n$ some?+ def9ite ab\t ! m$ieval s*ol>s1 our admiration has increas$4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ! ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 9 8 ,h>veian ,oration1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians 9 #aijj1 on ,sci5ce & ,m$ieval ,?\ght 7,london1 #aija71 decl>$ t ! s*oolm51 9 digg+ = treasure1 cultivat$ ! field ( k ev5 = ,galileo & ,h>vey1 = ,newton & ,d>w94 ,he might h add$ t !y _h laid f\ndations 9 all our mod]n sci5ces1 9 *emi/ry q z well z 9 a/ronomy1 physiology1 & ! m$ical sci5ces1 9 ma!matics & botany4 ,9 *emi/ry ! advances made dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies 71 p]haps1 ev5 m notewor?y ?an ^? 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o taught at ,p>is1 wrote no less ?an sixte5 treatises on *emical subjects1 &1 not)/&+ ! fact t he 0 a !ologian z well z a sci5ti/1 & t 8 pr9t$ works fill "s fifte5 folio volumes1 he someh[ f\nd ! "t to make _m obs]vations = himself1 & p]=m$ numb]less exp]im5ts 9 ord] to cle> up d\bts4 ,! l>g] hi/ories ( *emi/ry accord him 8 prop] place1 & hail him z a great f\nd] 9 *emi/ry1 & a pione] 9 orig9al inve/igation4 ,ev5 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 mu* z he 0 occupi$ ) !ology & philosophy1 f\nd "s "t to devote to *emical que/ions4 ,aft] all1 ?is is only :at might h be5 expect$ ( ! favorite pupil ( ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,?ree treatises on *emical subjects f ,aqu9as' p5 h be5 pres]v$ = u1 & x is to him t we are said to owe ! use1 9 ! ,we/]n _w at lea/1 ( ! ^w amalgam1 :i* he fir/ employ$ 9 describ+ v>i\s *emical me?ods ( metallic comb9ation ) m]cury t 7 discov]$ 9 ! se>* = ! g5u9e transmutation ( metals4 ,alb]tus ,magnus' o!r great sci5tific pupil1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ! ,engli% ,franciscan fri>1 foll[$ m closely 9 ! sci5tific ways ( 8 great ma/]1 devot+ himself almo/ entirely to ! physical sci5ces4 ,altoge!r he wrote "s eighte5 treatises on *emical subjects4 ,= a long "t x 0 consid]$ t he 0 ! inv5tor ( gunp[d]1 ?\gh ?is is n[ kn[n to h be5 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,arabs4 ,rog] ,bacon /udi$ gunp[d] & v>i\s o!r explosive comb9ations 9 consid]able detail1 & x is = ?is reason t he obta9$ ! undes]v$ reputation ( be+ an orig9al discov]] 9 ?is l9e4 ,h[ well he realiz$ h[ mu* might be accompli%$ by means ( ! en]gy /or$ up 9 explosives1 c1 p]haps1 be be/ appreciat$ f ! fact t he sugge/$ t boats w\ld g along ! riv]s & across seas )\t ei!r sails or o>s1 & t c>riages w\ld g along ! /reets )\t horse or man p[]4 ,he consid]$ t man w\ld ev5tually inv5t a me?od ( h>ness+ ^! explosive mixtures1 & ( utiliz+ _! en]gies = 8 purposes )\t dang]4 ,x is curi\sly int]e/+ to f9d1 z we beg9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 & gasol5e is s commonly us$ = ! driv+ ( automobiles & motor boats1 & is be+ introduc$ ev5 into heavi] transportation z ! mo/ available s\rce ( en]gy = suburban traffic1 at lea/1 t ?is g5]ation %\ld only be fulfill+ ! idea ( ! old ,franciscan fri> ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o prophesi$ t 9 explosives !re 0 ! secret ( ev5tually manageable en]gy = transportation purposes4 ,succe$+ c5turies 7 n z fruitful 9 great sci5ti/s z ! ?irte5?1 & yet1 9 ! second half ( ! ?irte5?1 !re 0 a ,pope1 ,john ,,xxi1 :o _h be5 a physician & pr(essor ( m$ic9e be=e 8 election to ! ,papacy1 ?ree ( ^: sci5tific treatises--"o on ! transmutation ( metals1 :i* he consid]s an impossibility1 at lea/ z f> z ! manufacture ( gold & silv] 0 conc]n$2 a treatise on diseases ( ! eyes1 to :i* good au?orities h n hesitat$ to give lavi% praise = its practical value1 consid]+ ! conditions 9 :i* x 0 writt52 &1 f9ally1 8 treatise on ! pres]vation ( ! heal?1 writt5 :5 he 0 himself ov] eighty ye>s ( age--are all consid]$ by good au?orities z wor?y ( ! be/ sci5tific _s ( ! "t4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,arnold ( ,villanova1 ! inv5tor ( nitric acid1 & ! two ,holl&uses1 kept up ! tradition ( orig9al inve/igation 9 *emi/ry4 ,altoge!r !re are "s doz5 treatises f ^! ?ree m5 on *emical subjects4 ,! ,holl&uses p>ticul>ly did _! "w 9 a _s ( ?or\ghly frank1 orig9al inve/igation4 ,!y 7 m int]e/$ 9 m9]als ?an 9 any o!r class ( sub/ances1 b did n wa/e mu* "t on ! "q ( transmutation ( metals4 ,pr(essor ,?ompson1 ! pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,ed9burgh1 said1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry1 _m ye>s ago1 t ! ,holl&uses give v cle> descriptions ( _! processes ( treat+ m9]als 9 inve/igat+ _! composition1 & ^! s]ve to %[ t _! k 0 by no means entirely !oretical1 or acquir$ only f books4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to h a great inve/igat+ ph>macologi/ come along sometime ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :51 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 ,basil ,val5t9e 0 born4 ,f traditions he seems to h _h a r long life1 & 8 ye>s run ne>ly p>allel ) 8 c5tury4 ,8 c>e] is a typical example ( ! p]sonally obscure & intellectually brilliant lives :i* ! old monks liv$4 ,probably 9 no?+ h rec5t g5]ations be5 m deceiv$ 9 hi/orical matt]s ?an 9 _! e/imation ( ! intellectual atta9m5ts & accompli%m5t ( ! old monks4 ,! m t we "k ( !m1 n f second-h& au?orities1 b f _! own books & f :at !y accompli%$ 9 art & ar*itecture1 9 agriculture1 9 sci5ce ( all k9ds1 ! m d we realize :at busy m5 !y 71 & appreciate :at g5ius !y (t5 br\ght to ! solution ( great problems4 ,we h _h mu* negative pseudo-in=mation br\ght toge!r ) ! def9ite purpose ( discr$it+ mona/icism1 & n[ t positive in=mation is gradually be+ accumulat$1 x is almo/ a %ock to f9d h[ diff]5t are ! realities ( ! /ory ( ! intellectual life dur+ ! ,middle ,ages f :at _m writ]s _h pictur$ !m4 ,to ^? :o may be surpris$ t a man :o did great ?+s 9 m$ic9e %\ld h liv$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 x may be well to recall ! names & a little ( ! accompli%m5t ( ! m5 ( ?is p]iod1 :o 7 ,basil ,val5t9e's contempor>ies1 at lea/ 9 ! s5se t "s portion ( _! lives & influ5ce 0 coeval ) 84 ,be=e ! end ( ?is c5tury ,columbus _h discov]$ ,am]ica1 & by no happy accid5t1 = _m m5 ( 8 g5]ation did correspond+ly great "w4 ,c>d9al ,ni*olas ( ,cusa _h develop$ ma!matics & appli$ ma!matical ideas to ! heav5s1 s t he c\ld ann\nce ! conclusion t ! e>? 0 a />1 l ! o!r />s1 & mov$ 9 ! heav5s z !y d4 ,contempor>y ) ,cusanus 0 ,regiomontanus1 :o has be5 proclaim$ ! fa!r ( mod]n a/ronomy1 & a di/+ui%$ ma!matician4 ,toscanelli1 ! ,flor5t9e a/ronom]1 ^: ye>s run almo/ p>allel ) ^? ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 did f9e s*ol>ly "w1 :i* deeply influ5c$ ,columbus & ! great navigators ( ! "t4 ,! univ]sities 9 ,italy 7 attract+ /ud5ts f all ov] ,europe1 & su* m5 z ,l9acre & ,dr4 ,caius w5t d[n !re f ,engl&4 ,raphael 0 b a "y man at ! end ( ! c5tury1 b he _h done "s notewor?y pa9t+ be=e x clos$4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 born j ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & did "s m>vell\s "w be=e ! end ( t c5tury4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 only tw5ty-five at ! close ( ! c5tury1 b he1 too1 did f9e "w1 ev5 at ?is e>ly age4 ,among ! o!r great ,italian pa9t]s ( ?is c5tury are ,fra ,angelico1 ,p]ug9o1 ,raphael's ma/]1 ,p9turic*io1 ,signorelli1 ! pupil ( 8 uncle1 ,vas>i1 almo/ z di/+ui%$1 ,botticelli1 ,titian1 & v _m o!rs1 :o w\ld h be5 fam\s lead]s 9 art 9 any o!r b ?is supremely great p]iod4 ,x 0 n only 9 ,italy1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a wond]ful outbur/ ( g5ius at ?is "t1 = ,g]many also saw ! rise ( a numb] ( great m5 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,jacob ,wimphel+1 ! ,s*oolma/] ( ,g]many1 z he has be5 call$1 ^: educational "w did mu* to det]m9e ! "* ( ,g]man education = two c5turies1 0 born 9 #adej4 ,rudolph ,agricola1 :o influ5c$ ! intellectual ,europe ( ?is "t deeply1 0 born 9 #addc4 ,erasmus1 "o ( ! greate/ ( s*ol>s1 ( tea*]s1 & ( controv]siali/s1 0 born 9 #adfg4 ,johann ,reu*l91 ! great l+ui/1 :o1 next to ,erasmus1 is ! mo/ important "* 9 ! ,g]man ,r5aissance1 0 born 9 #adee4 ,!n !re 0 ,seba/ian ,brant1 ! au?or ( ,! ,%ip ( ,fools1 & ,alex&] ,hegius1 bo? ( ?is same p]iod4 ,! mo/ influ5tial ( !m all1 ,?omas ,kempis1 :o di$ 9 #adga1 & ^: little book1 ,! ,foll[+ ( ,*ri/1 has influ5c$ e g5]ation deeply ev] s9ce1 0 probably a close contempor>y ( ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,:5 "o kn[s :at ,european1 & especially ,g]man s*ol>s1 7 accompli%+ at ?is "t1 no room is left = surprise t ,basil ,val5t9e %\ld h liv$ & done "w 9 m$ic9e at ?is p]iod t 0 to influ5ce deeply ! aft] hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 ,mo/ ( :at ,basil ,val5t9e did 0 accompli%$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,com+1 z he did1 be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 :5 ! _s ( tradition 0 m rife & dom9at+ ?an x has be5 s9ce1 x is almo/ ne$less to say t !re are _m curi\s leg5ds associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,two c5turies be=e 8 "t1 ,rog] ,bacon1 do+ 8 "w 9 ,engl&1 _h succe$$ 9 attract+ s mu* att5tion ev5 f ! common p1 because ( 8 wond]ful sci5tific discov]ies1 t 8 "n became a byword1 & _m /range magical feats 7 attribut$ to him4 ,fri> ,bacon 0 ! great wiz>d1 ev5 9 ! plays ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,a numb] ( ! same sort ( my?s atta*$ !mselves to ! ,b5$ict9e monk ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 proclaim$ 9 popul> /ory to h be5 a wond]ful magician4 ,ev5 8 manuscript1 x 0 said1 _h n be5 publi%$ directly1 b _h be5 hidd5 9 a pill> 9 ! *ur* atta*$ to 8 mona/]y1 & _h be5 discov]$ !re aft] ! splitt+ op5 ( ! pill> by a bolt ( lightn+ f heav54 ,x is ! ext5sion ( ?is tradition t has sometimes l$ to ! assumption t ,val5t9e liv$ 9 an e>li] c5tury1 "s ev5 go+ s f> z to say t he1 too1 l ,rog] ,bacon1 0 a product ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x seems reasonably possible1 h[ev]1 to sep>ate ! traditional f :at is actual 9 8 exi/5ce1 & ?us to obta9 "s idea at lea/ ( 8 "w1 if n ( ! details ( 8 life4 ,! int]nal evid5ce f 8 works enables ! hi/orian ( sci5ce to place 8 writ+ )9 half a c5tury ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,"o ( ! my?s t h ga!r$ ar\nd ! "n ( ,basil ,val5t9e1 because x has become a commonplace 9 philology1 has probably made him m g5]ally kn[n ?an any ( 8 actual discov]ies4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( ! old-fa%ion$ text-books ( *emi/ry 9 use ab\t half a c5tury ago1 9 ! *apt] on antimony1 !re 0 a /ory t /ud5ts1 if ,i may judge f my own exp]i5ce1 nev] =got4 ,x 0 said t ,basil ,val5t9e1 a monk ( ! ,middle ,ages1 0 ! discov]] ( ?is sub/ance4 ,aft] hav+ exp]im5t$ ) x 9 a numb] ( ways1 he ?rew "s ( x out ( 8 laboratory "o day :5 ! sw9e ( ! mona/]y1 f9d+ x1 proce$$ to gobble x up1 toge!r ) "s o!r refuse4 ,j :5 !y 7 f9i%+ x1 ! monk discov]$ :at !y 7 do+4 ,he fe>$ ! wor/ f x1 b took ! occasion to obs]ve ! effect ^u ! sw9e v c>efully4 ,he f\nd t1 aft] a prelim9>y p]iod ( dige/ive di/urbance1 ^! sw9e develop$ an enorm\s appetite1 & became fatt] ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,?is seem$ a r desirable result1 & ,basil ,val5t9e1 ev] on ! se>* = ! practical1 ?\ght t he might use ! rem$y to good purpose on ! memb]s ( ! community4 ,"s ( ! monks 9 ! mona/]y 7 ( r frail heal? & delicate con/itution1 & mo/ ( !m 7 r ?91 & he ?\ght t ! putt+ on ( a little fat1 provid$ x c\ld be accompli%$ )\t infr+em5t ( ! rule1 might be a good ?+ = !m4 ,accord+ly1 he adm9i/]$1 surreptiti\sly1 "s ( ! salts ( antimony1 ) :i* he 0 exp]im5t+1 9 ! food s]v$ to ^! monks4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 0 n s favorable z 9 ! case ( ! hogs4 ,inde$1 accord+ to "o1 ?\gh less au!ntic1 v]sion ( ! /ory1 "s ( ! poor monks1 ! unconsci\s subjects ( ! exp]im5t1 p]i%$ z ! result ( ! +e/ion ( ! antimonial comp\nds4 ,accord+ to ! bett] v]sion1 !y suff]$ only ! usual unpleasant consequ5ces ( tak+ antimony1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 q en\gh = a fitt+ climax to ! /ory4 ,basil ,val5t9e call$ ! new sub/ance :i* he _h discov]$ antimony1 t is1 oppos$ to monks4 ,x might be good = hogs1 b x 0 a =m ( monks' bane1 z x 74#cj ,un=tunately = mo/ ( ! good /ories ( hi/ory1 mod]n criticism has ne>ly always fail$ to f9d any au!ntic basis = !m1 & !y h _h to g ! way ( ! leg5ds ( ,wa%+ton's hat*et & ,tell's apple4 ,we are sorry to say t t seems to be true also ( ?is p>ticul> /ory4 ,antimony1 ! ^w1 is v probably d]iv$ f c]ta9 dialectic =ms ( ! ,greek ^w = ! metal1 & ! "n is no m d]iv$ f anti & mona*us ?an x is f anti & monos 7oppos$ to s+le exi/5ce71 ano!r fictiti\s d]ivation t has be5 sugge/$1 & "o ^: etymological value is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! fact t antimony is practically nev] f\nd alone 9 nature4 ,not)/&+ ! app>5t cl\d ( unf\nd$ traditions t are associat$ ) 8 "n1 !re c be no d\bt at all ( ! fact t ,val5t9us--to give him ! ,lat9 "n by :i* he is commonly designat$ 9 =eign lit]atures--0 "o ( ! great g5iuses1 :o1 work+ 9 obscurity1 make preci\s /eps into ! unkn[n t enable humanity aft] !m to see ?+s m cle>ly ?an ev] be=e4 ,!re are def9ite hi/orical gr\nds = plac+ ,basil ,val5t9e z ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( c>eful obs]v]s :o diff]5tiat$ *emi/ry f ! old al*emy & appli$ its preci\s treasures ( in=mation to ! uses ( m$ic9e4 ,x is said to h be5 because ( ! /udy ( ,basil ,val5t9e's "w t ,p>acelsus broke away f ! ,gal5ic traditions1 s supreme 9 m$ic9e up to 8 "t1 & began our mod]n ph>maceutics4 ,foll[+ ,p>acelsus came ,van ,helmont1 ! fa!r ( mod]n m$ical *emi/ry1 & ^! ?ree did m ?an any o!rs to enl>ge ! scope ( m$ication & to make obs]vation r ?an au?ority ! mo/ important crit]ion ( tru? 9 m$ic9e4 ,inde$1 ! "w ( ?is trio ( m5 ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies--! ,r5aissance 9 m$ic9e z 9 art--dom9at$ m$ical treatm5t1 or at lea/ ! dep>tm5t ( ph>maceutics1 d[n almo/ to our own day1 & _! influ5ce is /ill felt 9 drug-giv+4 ,:ile we d n "k ! absolute data ( ei!r ! bir? or ! dea? ( ,basil ,val5t9e & are n sure ( ! exact p]iod ev5 9 :i* he liv$ & did 8 "w1 we are sure t a great orig9al obs]v] ab\t ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ /udi$ m]cury & sulphur & v>i\s salts ( ! metals1 & above all introduc$ antimony to ! notice ( ! sci5tific _w1 & especially to ! favor ( practition]s ( m$ic9e4 ,8 book1 ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony1 is full ( conclusions n q ju/ifi$ by 8 premises nor by 8 obs]vations4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! obs]vational me?od :i* he employ$ furni%$ an imm5se am\nt ( k1 & =m$ ! basis ( ! me?od ( inve/igation by :i* ! *emical side ( m$ic9e 0 to develop dur+ ! next two or ?ree c5turies4 ,great h>m 0 done by ! abuse ( antimony1 b !n great h>m is done by ! abuse ( any?+1 no matt] h[ good x may be4 ,= a "t x came to be ! mo/ important drug 9 m$ic9e & 0 only replac$ by v5esection4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is t doctors 7 look+ = effects f _! drugs1 & antimony is1 above all ?+s1 effective4 ,pati5ts1 too1 wi%$ to see ! effect ( ! m$ic9es !y took4 ,!y d s ev5 yet1 & :5 antimony 0 adm9i/]$ !re 0 no d\bt ab\t its work+4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,basil ,val5t9e's books1 & ! "o :i* has _h ! mo/ endur+ influ5ce1 is und\bt$ly ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony4#ca ,x has be5 translat$ & has _h a wide vogue 9 e language ( mod]n ,europe4 ,its recomm5dation ( antimony _h su* an effect ^u m$ical practice t x cont9u$ to be ! mo/ important drug 9 ! ph>macopoeia d[n almo/ to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,if any pro( 7 ne$$ t ,basil ,val5t9e or t ! au?or ( ! books t g "u ! "n 0 a monk x w\ld be f\nd 9 ! introduction to ?is volume1 :i* n only /ates t fact v cle>ly1 b also 9 do+ s makes use ( language t %[s ! writ] to h be5 deeply imbu$ ) ! old mona/ic _s4 ,i quote ! fir/ p>agraph ( ?is introduction because x emphasizes ?is4 ,! quotation is tak5 f ! ,engli% translation ( ! "w z publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afgh4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 see+ ! obscurity surr\nd+ ,val5t9e himself1 we d n "k = sure :o made ! translation4 ,! translator apologizes some:at = ! deeply religi\s _s ( ! book1 b consid]s t he 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 elim9at+ any ( ?is4 ,! p>agraph is left 9 ! qua9t1 old-fa%ion$ =m s em95tly suit$ to ! ?\ghts ( ! old ma/]1 & ! spell+ & use ( capitals is n *ang$4 ,basil ,val5t9e3 ,8 ,triumphant ,*>iot ( ,antimony4--,s9ce ,i1 ,basil ,val5t9e1 by ,religi\s ,v[s am b\nd to live accord+ to ! ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict & t requires ano!r mann] ( ,_s ( ,hol9ess ?an ! common /ate ( ,mortals ex]cis$ 9 ! pr(ane bus9ess ( ?is ,_w2 ,i ?\ght x my duty be=e all ?+s1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is little book1 to decl>e :at is necess>y to be kn[n by ! pi\s ,spagyri/ old-"t "n = m$ical *emi/1 inflam$ ) an ard5t desire ( ?is ,art1 z :at he ought to d1 & :]eunto to direct 8 /riv+1 t he may lay su* f\ndations ( ! :ole matt] z may be /able2 le/ 8 ,build+1 %ak5 ) ! ,w9ds1 happ5 to fall1 & ! :ole ,edifice to be involv$ 9 %ameful ,ru9e :i* o!rwise be+ f\nd$ on m firm & solid pr9ciples1 might h cont9u$ = a long s]ies ( "t4 ,:i* ,admonition ,i judg$ 01 is & always w be a necess>y "p ( my religi\s ,(fice2 especially s9ce we mu/ all die1 & no "o ( u :i* are n[1 :e!r high or l[1 %all long be se5 among ! numb] ( m54 ,= x conc]ns me to recomm5d ^! ,m$itations ( ,mortality to ,po/]ity1 leav+ !m beh9d me1 n only t honor may be giv5 to ! ,div9e ,maje/y1 b also t m5 may obey him s9c]ely 9 all ?+s4 ,9 ?is my m$itation ,i f\nd t !re 7 five pr9cipal heads1 *iefly to be consid]$ by ! wise & prud5t spectators ( our ,wisdom & ,art4 ,! fir/ ( :i* is ,invocation ( ,god4 ,! second1 ,contemplation ( ,nature4 ,! ?ird1 ,true ,prep>ation4 ,! f\r?1 ! ,way ( ,us+4 ,! fif?1 ,utility & ,fruit4 ,= he :o reg>ds n ^!1 %all nev] obta9 place among true ,*ymi/s1 or fill up ! numb] ( p]fect ,spagyri/s4 ,!re=e1 t\*+ ^! five heads1 we %all "h foll[+ treat & s f> decl>e !m1 z t ! g5]al ,"w may be br\ght to light & p]fect$ by an int5t & /udi\s ,op]ator4 ,?is book1 ?\gh ! title might seem to indicate x1 is n devot$ entirely to ! /udy ( antimony1 b conta9s _m important additions to ! *emi/ry ( ! "t4 ,= in/ance1 ,basil ,val5t9e expla9s 9 ?is "w h[ :at he calls ! _s ( salt might be obta9$4 ,he succe$$ 9 manufactur+ ?is mat]ial by treat+ common salt ) oil ( vitriol & heat4 ,f ! description ( ! uses to :i* he put ! end product ( 8 *emical manipulation1 x is evid5t t "u ! "n ( _s ( salt he is describ+ :at we n[ "k z hydro*loric acid4 ,?is is said to be ! fir/ def9ite m5tion ( x 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 & ! me?od sugge/$ = its prep>ation is n v diff]5t f t employ$ ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,he also sugge/s 9 8 volume h[ alcohol may be obta9$ 9 high /r5g?s4 ,he di/ill$ ! _s obta9$ f w9e ov] c>bonate ( potassium1 & ?us succe$$ 9 depriv+ x ( a great proportion ( its wat]4 ,we h said t he 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,naturally ?is turn$ 8 att5tion to ! /udy ( metals1 & s x is n surpris+ to f9d t he succe$$ 9 =mulat+ a me?od by :i* metallic copp] c\ld be obta9$4 ,! mat]ial us$ = ! purpose 0 copp] pyrites1 :i* 0 *ang$ to an impure sulphate ( copp] by ! action ( oil ( vitriol & moi/ air4 ,! sulphate ( copp] occurr$ 9 solution1 & ! copp] c\ld be precipitat$ f x by plung+ an iron b> into x4 ,basil ,val5t9e recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( ?is peculi> yell[ metal1 & /udi$ "s ( its qualities4 ,he does n seem to h be5 q sure1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! ph5om5on t he witness$ 0 n really a transmutation ( at lea/ "s ( ! iron into copp] z a consequ5ce ( ! o!r *emicals pres5t4 ,!re are "s obs]vations on *emical physiology1 & especially ) reg>d to respiration1 9 ! book on antimony :i* %[ _! au?or to h anticipat$ ! true explanation ( ! !ory ( respiration4 ,he /ates t animals brea! because air is ne$$ to support _! life1 & t all ! animals exhibit ! ph5om5on ( respiration4 ,he ev5 insi/s t ! fi%es1 ?\gh liv+ 9 wat]1 brea! air1 & he adduces 9 support ( ?is idea ! fact t :5ev] a riv] is entirely froz5 ! fi%es die4 ,! reason = ?is be+1 accord+ to ?is old-"t physiological *emi/1 n t ! fi%es are froz5 to dea?1 b t !y are n able to obta9 air 9 ! ice z !y did 9 ! wat]1 & consequ5tly p]i%4 ,!re are _m te/imonials to ! practical "* ( all 8 k & 8 desire to apply x = ! b5efit ( humanity4 ,! old monk c\ld n repress ! expression ( 8 impati5ce ) physicians :o gave to pati5ts = diseases ( :i* !y knew little1 rem$ies ( :i* !y knew less4 ,= him x 0 an unp>donable s9 = a physician n to h fai?fully /udi$ ! v>i\s mixtures t he prescrib$ = 8 pati5ts1 & n to "k n only _! appe>ance & ta/e & effect1 b also ! limits ( _! application4 ,consid]+ t at ! pres5t "t x is a frequ5t s\rce ( compla9t t physicians (t5 prescribe rem$ies ) ev5 ^: physical appe>ance !y are n famili> & ^: composition is (t5 q unkn[n to !m1 ?is compla9t ( ! old-"t *emi/ al*emi/ w be all ! m int]e/+ = ! mod]n physician4 ,x is evid5t t :5 ,basil ,val5t9e all[s 8 ire to get ! bett] ( him x is because ( 8 indignation ov] ! quacks :o 7 abus+ m$ic9e & pati5ts 9 8 "t1 z !y h ev] s9ce4 ,!re is a curi\s bit ( asp]sion on m]e book le>n+ 9 ! passage t has a di/9ctly mod]n r+1 & "o feels ! tru? ( ,russell ,l[ell's expression t to read a classic1 no matt] h[ antique1 is l read+ a comm5t>y on ! morn+ pap]1 s up-to-date does g5ius ev] rema93 ,& :5soev] ,i %all h occasion to cont5d 9 ! ,s*ool ) su* a ,doctor1 :o kn[s n h[ himself to prep>e 8 own m$ic9es1 b commits t bus9ess to ano!r1 ,i am sure ,i %all obta9 ! ,palm f him2 ,= inde$ t good man kn[s n :at m$ic9es he prescribes to ! sick2 :e!r ! color ( !m be :ite1 black1 gray1 or blew 7sic71 he _c tell2 nor do? ?is wret*$ man "k :e!r ! m$ic9e he gives be dry or hot1 cold or humid2 b he only kn[s t he f\nd x s writt5 9 8 books1 & !n pret5ds to k or z x 7 ,possession by ,prescription ( a v long "t2 yet he desires to fur!r in=mation4 ,"h aga9 let x be lawful to exclaim1 ,good ,god1 to :at a /ate is ! matt] br\ght6 :at ,goodness ( ,m9de is 9 ^! m56 :at c>e d !y take ( ! sick6 ,wo1 wo to !m6 9 ! day ( ,judgem5t !y w f9d ! fruit ( _! ,ignorance & ,ra%ness1 !n !y w see him :om !y pi]c$1 :5 !y neglect$ _! ,neighbor1 s\ght aft] money & no?+ else2 :]eas 7 !y cordial 9 _! pr(ession1 !y w\ld sp5d ,nights & ,days 9 ,lab\r t !y might become m le>n$ 9 _! ,art1 :5ce m c]ta9 heal? w\ld accrew to ! sick ) _! e/imation & great] glory to !mselves4 ,b s9ce ,lab\r is t$i\s to !m !y commit ! matt] to *ance1 & be+ secure ( _! ,hon\r1 & cont5t ) _! ,fame1 !y 7l ,brawl]s7 def5d !mselves ) a c]ta9 g>rulity1 )\t any respect _h to ,confid5ce or ,tru?4 ,p]haps "o ( ! reasons :y ,val5t9e's book has be5 ( su* endur+ int]e/ is t x is writt5 9 an em95tly human ve9 & out ( a lively imag9ation4 ,x is full ( figures relat+ to _m o!r ?+s besides *emi/ry1 :i* s]ve to %[ h[ deeply ?is inve/igat+ obs]v] 0 att5tive to all ! problems ( life ar\nd him4 ,= in/ance1 :5 he wants to describe ! aff9ity t exi/s betwe5 _m sub/ances 9 *emi/ry1 & :i* makes x impossible = !m n to be attract$ to "o ano!r1 he takes a figure f ! attractions t he sees exi/ among m5 & wom54 ,x is curi\s to f9d aff9ities discuss$ 9 our mod]n s5se s long ago4 ,!re are "s p>agraphs ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( ! passion ( love t "o might ?9k r a quotation f an old-"t s]mon ?an f a great gr\nd-break+ book 9 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,love leaves no?+ entire or s\nd 9 man2 x imp$es 8 sleep1 he _c re/ ei!r day or night2 x takes (f 8 appetite t he ha? no disposition ei!r to meat or dr9k by reason ( ! cont9ual torm5ts ( 8 he>t & m9d4 ,x deprives him ( all ,provid5ce1 h5ce he neglects 8 affairs1 vocation1 & bus9ess4 ,he m9ds nei!r /udy1 labor1 nor pray]2 ca/s away all ?\ghts ( any?+ b ! body belov$2 ?is is 8 /udy1 ?is 8 mo/ va9 occupation4 ,if to lov]s ! success be n answ]able to _! wi%1 or s soon & prosp]\sly z !y desire1 h[ _m melan*olies h5ce=? arise1 ) griefs & sadness1 ) :i* !y p9e away & wax s lean z !y h sc>cely any fle% cleav+ to ! bones4 ,yea1 at la/ !y lose ! life itself1 z may be prov$ by _m examples6 = su* m5 7:i* is an horrible ?+ to ?9k (7 slight & neglect all p]ils & detrim5ts1 bo? ( ! body & life1 & ( ! s\l & et]nal salvation4 ,x is evid5t t human nature is n diff]5t 9 our sophi/icat$ tw5tie? c5tury f t :i* ?is obs]vant old monk saw ar\nd him 9 ! fifte5?4 ,he cont9ues3 ,h[ _m te/imonies ( ?is viol5ce :i* is 9 love1 are daily f\nd8 = x n only inflames ! y\ng] sort1 b x s f> exagg]ates "s p]sons f> gone 9 ye>s z ?r\gh ! burn+ heat !re(1 !y are almo/ mad4 ,natural diseases are = ! mo/ "p gov]n$ by ! complexion ( man & !re=e invade "s m fi]cely1 o!rs m g5tly2 b ,love1 )\t di/9ction ( poor or ri*1 "y or old1 seize? all1 & hav+ seiz$ s bl9ds !m z =gett+ all rules ( reason1 !y nei!r see nor he> any sn>e4 ,b !n ! old monk ?9ks t he has said en\gh ab\t ?is r =eign subject1 & apologizes = 8 digression 9 ano!r p>agraph t %\ld remove any l+]+ d\bt !re might be ) reg>d to ! g5u95ess ( 8 mona/ic "*4 ,at ! end ( ! passage he makes ! application 9 a v few words4 ,! p]sonal elem5t 9 8 confession is s nave & s simply /raight=w>d t in/ead ( seem+ to be ! result ( conceit1 :i* w\ld surely h repell$ ! read]1 x r attracts & enhances 8 k9dly feel+ = its au?or4 ,! p>agraph w\ld rem9d "o 9 c]ta9 ways ( t p]sonal elem5t t 0 to become m popul> 9 lit]ature aft] ,montaigne 9 ! next c5tury made x r ! fa%ion4 ,b ( ^! en\gh2 = x becomes n a religi\s man to insi/ too long ^u ^! cogitations1 or to give place to su* a flame 9 8 he>t4 ,hi!rto 7)\t boa/+ ,i speak x7 ,i h ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( my life kept myself safe & free f x1 & ,i pray & invoke ,god to v\*safe me 8 ,grace t ,i may keep holy & inviolate ! fai? :i* ,i h sworn1 & live cont5t$ ) my spiritual sp\se1 ! ,holy ,ca?olick ,*ur*4 ,= no o!r reason h ,i alleg$ ^! ?an t ,i might express ! love ) :i* all t9ctures ought to be mov$ t[>ds metals1 if ev] !y be admitt$ by !m into true fri5d%ip1 & by love1 :i* p]meates ! inmo/ p>ts1 be conv]t$ into a bett] /ate4 ,! application ( ! figure at ! end ( 8 long digression is *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod 9 :i* he wrote1 z also to a consid]able ext5t ( ! ,g]man lit]>y me?ods ( ! "t4 ,9 ?is volume on ! use ( antimony !re are 9 mo/ ( ! editions c]ta9 biographical notes :i* h sometimes be5 accept$ z au!ntic1 b (t5] reject$4 ,accord+ to ^!1 ,basil ,val5t9e 0 born 9 a t[n 9 ,alsace1 on ! s\!rn bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 !re are sev]al t[ns t h laid claim to be+ 8 bir?place4 ,m4 ,jean ,reynaud1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* philosophical writ] ( ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 once said t ,basil ,val5t9e1 l ,ossian & ,hom]1 _h _m t[ns claim him ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,he also sugge/$ t1 l ^? old poets1 x 0 possible t ! writ+s sometimes attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e 7 really ! "w n ( "o man1 b ( sev]al individuals4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m objections to ?is !ory1 ! mo/ =cible ( :i* is ! int]nal evid5ce d]iv$ f ! books !mselves %[+ simil>ities ( /yle & me?od ( treat+ subjects too great = u to admit non-id5tity 9 ! writ]s4 ,m4 ,reynaud liv$ at a "t :5 x 0 all ! fa%ion to sugge/ t old works t _h come d[n to u1 l ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 & ev5 su* national epics z ! ,cid & ! ,ar?ur ,leg5ds & ! ,nibelung5li$ 7 to be attribut$ to sev]al writ]s r ?an to "o4 ,we h pass$ t p]iod ( criticism1 h[ev]1 & h rev]t$ to ! idea ( s+le au?or%ip = ^! works1 & ! same conclusion has be5 g5]ally come to ) reg>d to ! writ+s attribut$ to ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,o!r biographic details conta9$ 9 ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony are und\bt$ly m correct4 ,accord+ to !m ,basil ,val5t9e travell$ 9 ,engl& & ,holl& on missions = 8 ord]1 & w5t ?r\gh ,france & ,spa9 on a pilgrimage to ,/4 ,james ( ,compo/ella4 ,besides ?is "w1 !re is a numb] ( o!r books ( ,basil ,val5t9e's1 pr9t$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t are well kn[n & copies ( :i* may be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! important libr>ies4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,libr>y at ,wa%+ton conta9s n a few ( ! works on m$ical subjects1 & ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e ,libr>y has "s valuable editions ( c]ta9 ( 8 works4 ,"s ( 8 o!r well-kn[n books1 ea* ( :i* is a good-siz$ octavo volume1 be> ! foll[+ descriptive titles 7,i give !m 9 ,engli%1 ?\gh z !y are usually f\nd1 !y are 9 ,lat91 sixte5?-c5tury translations ( ! orig9al ,g]man73 ,! ,_w 9 ,m9iature3 or1 ,! ,my/]y ( ! ,_w & ( ,human ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 publi%$ at ,mayburg1 #afji2 ,! ,*emical ,apocalypse3 or1 ,! ,manife/ation ( ,artificial ,*emical ,comp\nds1 publi%$ 9 ,erfurt 9 #afbd2 ,a ,*emico-,philosophic ,treatise ,conc]n+ ,?+s ,natural & ,pret]natural1 ,especially ,relat+ to ! ,metals & ! ,m9]als1 publi%$ at ,frankfurt 9 #afgf2 ,haliography3 or1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,salts3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,prep>ation1 ,use1 & ,*emical ,prop]ties ( ,all ! ,m9]al1 ,animal1 & ,vegetable ,salts1 publi%$ at ,bologna 9 #afdd2 ,! ,twelve ,keys ( ,philosophy1 ,leipsic1 #afcj4 ,^! are ( int]e/ to ! *emi/ & physici/ r ?an to ! physician1 & x is z a ,mak] ( ,m$ic9e t we are conc]n$ ) ,val5t9e "h4 ,! great att5tion ar\s$ 9 ,basil ,val5t9e's "w at ! ,r5aissance p]iod c be be/ realiz$ f ! numb] ( manuscript copies & _! wide di/ribution4 ,8 books 7 n all pr9t$ at "o place1 b1 on ! contr>y1 9 diff]5t portions ( ,europe4 ,! orig9al edition ( ,! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony 0 publi%$ 9 ,leipsic 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ editions ( ! o!r books1 h[ev]1 appe>$ at places s di/ant f ,leipsic z ,am/]dam & ,bologna1 :ile v>i\s cities ( ,g]many1 z ,erfurt & ,frankfurt1 claim ! orig9al editions ( /ill o!r works4 ,_m ( ! manuscript copies /ill exi/ 9 v>i\s libr>ies 9 ,europe2 & :ile !re is no d\bt t "s unimportant additions to ! suppos$ works ( ,basil ,val5t9e h come f ! attribution to him ( sci5tific treatises ( o!r ,g]man writ]s1 ! /yle & ! me?od ( ! pr9cipal works m5tion$ is entirely too simil> n to h be5 ! fruit ( a s+le m9d & t possess$ ( a di/9ct inve/igat+ g5ius1 sett+ x f> above any ( its contempor>ies 9 sci5tific speculation & obs]vation4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( all ( ,basil ,val5t9e's writ+s t are extant is ! di/9ctive t5d5cy to make 8 obs]vations ( special practical utility4 ,8 /udies 9 antimony 7 made ma9ly ) ! idea ( %[+ h[ t sub/ance might be us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,he did n neglect to po9t out o!r possible uses1 h[ev]1 & knew ! secret ( ! employm5t ( antimony 9 ord] to give %>pness & def9ition to ! impression produc$ by metal types4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh he 0 ! fir/ sci5ti/ :o discuss$ ?is subject1 & !re is ev5 "s "q ( :e!r pr9t]s & typef\nd]s did n d]ive _! ideas 9 ?is matt] f our *emi/4 ,int]e/$ ?\gh he 0 9 ! transmutation ( metals1 he nev] fail$ to try to f9d & sugge/ "s m$ic9al use = all ( ! sub/ances t he inve/igat$4 ,8 0 no gre$y se>* = gold & no cumulation ( inve/igations ) ! idea ( b5efit+ only himself4 ,mank9d 0 always 9 8 m9d1 & p]haps !re is no bett] demon/ration ( 8 fulfilm5t ( ! "* ( ! monk ?an ?is con/ant solicitude to b5efit o!rs by e bit ( inve/igation t he c>ri$ out4 ,= him1 ) m$ieval nobl5ess ( _s1 ! fir/ "p ( e "w mu/ be ! invocation ( ,god1 & ! la/1 ?\gh no less important ?an ! fir/1 mu/ be ! utility & fruit = mank9d t c be d]iv$ f x4 ,! c>e] ( ! la/ ( ! ,mak]s ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,middle ,ages may be summ$ up briefly 9 a few s5t5ces t %[ h[ ?or\ghly ?is old ,b5$ict9e 0 possess$ ( ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,he believ$ 9 obs]vation z ! mo/ important s\rce ( m$ical k4 ,he valu$ cl9ical exp]i5ce f> above book in=mation4 ,he insi/$ on p]sonal acqua9tance%ip on ! "p ( ! physician ) ! drugs he us$1 & ?\ght no?+ m unwor?y ( a practition] ( m$ic9e1--inde$ he sets x d[n z almo/ crim9al--?an to give rem$ies ( ^: composition he 0 n well aw>e & ^: effect he did n ?or\ghly und]/&4 ,he ?\ght t nature 0 ! mo/ important aid to ! physician1 mu* m important ?an drugs1 ?\gh he 0 ! fir/ to realize ! significance ( *emical aff9ities1 & he seems to h und]/ood r well h[ individual (t5 7 ! effects obta9$ f drugs4 ,he 0 a pati5t /ud5t1 a fai?ful obs]v]1 a writ] :o did n begrudge "t & c>e to ! composition ( l>ge books on m$ic9e1 yet )al he 0 no dry-z-du/ s*ol>1 b em95tly human 9 8 sympa?ies ) ail+ humanity1 & a /r5u\s uphold] ( ! dignity ( ! pr(ession to :i* he belong$4 ,sc>cely m c be said ( anyone 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 at lea/ s f> z good int5tions g2 ?\gh _m accompli%$ m1 none des]ve m honor ?an ! ,?ur+ian monk :om we "k z ,basil ,val5t9e4 ,!re are _m o!r ( ^! old-"t ,mak]s ( ,m$ic9e ( :om ne>ly ! same ?+ c be said4 ,basil ,val5t9e is only "o ( a numb] ( m5 :o work$ fai?fully & did mu* bo? = m$ical sci5ce & pr(essional life dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s f ! fall ( ,rome to ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 :51 accord+ to :at us$ to be commonly accept$ op9ion1 m5 7 n animat$ by ! _s ( rese>* & ( f9e inc5tive to d good to m5 t we are s likely to ?9k ( z belong+ exclusively to m mod]n times4 ,a man :om he greatly influ5c$1 ,p>acelsus1 took up ! tradition ( sci5tific inve/igation :]e ,basil ,val5t9e _h left x4 ,8 "w1 ?\gh m successfully revolution>y1 0 n done 9 su* a f9e _s ( sympa?y ) humanity nor ) t simplicity ( life & purity ( int5tion t *>act]iz$ ! old monk's "w4 ,p>acelsus' bir? 9 ! ye> ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica places him among ! mak]s ( ! f\ndations ( our mod]n m$ic9e1 & he w be treat$ ( 9 a volume on ,! ,=efa!rs 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,/4 ,,luke ,,! ,,physician#cb ,9 ! mid/ ( :at has be5 call$ ! high] criticism ( ! ,bible 9 rec5t times1 "o ( ! long accept$ traditions t has be5 mo/ /r5u\sly assail$ &1 inde$1 9 ! m9ds ( _m s*ol>s1 seem$1 = a "t at lea/1 q discr$it$1 0 t ,/4 ,luke ! ,evangeli/1 ! au?or ( ! ,?ird ,gospel & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 0 a physician4 ,di/+ui%$ au?orities 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian apologetics h decl>$ t ! pill>s ( primitive ,*ri/ian hi/ory are ! g5u9e ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,luke1 & ! hi/ory ( ,eusebius4 ,x is q easy to und]/&1 !n1 t ! attack ^u ! au!nticity ( ! writ+s usually assign$ to ,/4 ,luke1 :i* 9 _m m9ds seem$ successful1 has be5 consid]$ ( great importance4 ,9 ! v rec5t "t !re has be5 a decid$ reaction 9 ?is matt]4 ,?is has come1 n s mu* f ,roman ,ca?olics1 :o h always clung to ! traditional view1 & ^: great ,biblical /ud5ts h be5 =emo/ 9 ! support ( ! previ\sly accept$ op9ion1 b f "s ( ! mo/ /r5u\s ( ! ,g]man high] critics1 :o n[ appreciate t de/ructive1 s-call$ high] criticism w5t too f>1 & t ! traditional view n only c be ma9ta9$1 b is ! only op9ion t w adequately respond to all ! new facts t h be5 f\nd1 & all ! rec5tly ga!r$ in=mation ) reg>d to ! relations ( ev5ts 9 ! old5 "t4 ,by f> ! mo/ important contribution to ! discussion 9 rec5t ye>s came n long s9ce f ! p5 ( ,pr(essor ,adolph ,h>nack1 ! pr(essor ( *ur* hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,pr(essor ,h>nack's "n is usually cit$ z t ( "o ( ! mo/ de/ructive ( ! high] critics4 ,8 rec5t book1 h[ev]1 ,luke ! ,physician1#cc is an entire submission to ! old-fa%ion$ viewpo9t t ! writ] ( ! ,?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 0 a ,greek fell[-work] ( ,/4 ,paul1 :o _h be5 9 company = ye>s ) ,m>k & ,philip & ,james1 & :o _h previ\sly be5 a physician1 & 0 evid5tly well v]s$ 9 all ! m$ical lore ( t "t4 ,h>nack does n m]ely conc$e ! old position4 ,z might be expect$1 8 r$iscussion ( ! subject cl9*es ! argum5ts = ! traditional view1 & makes x impossible ev] to call x 9 "q aga94 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ important are su* admissions :5 we recall h[ mu* ?is traditional view has be5 assail$1 & h[ ^? :o h held x h be5 accus$ ( old-fogyism & lack ( s*ol>%ip1 & unw>rant$ cl++ to antiquat$ notions j because !y ?\ght !y 7 ( fai?1 & h[1 lack+ 9 true s*ol>%ip1 s]i\sly hamp]+ g5u9e inve/igation1 su* cons]vatism has be5 decl>$ to be4 ,! "q ( ,luke's hav+ be5 a physician is an extremely valuable "o1 & no "o 9 our "t is bett] fitt$ by e>ly tra9+ & long ye>s ( /udy to elucidate x ?an ,pr(essor ,h>nack4 ,he began 8 excursions into hi/orical writ+ ye>s ago1 z ,i und]/&1 z an hi/orian ( e>ly ,*ri/ian m$ic9e4 ,"s ( 8 works on m$ical conditions j be=e & aft] ,*ri/ are quot$ confid5tly by ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man m$ical hi/orians4 ,f ?is dep>tm5t he graduat$ into ! field ( ! high] criticism4 ,he is em95tly 9 a position1 !re=e1 to /ate ! case ) reg>d to ,/4 ,luke fully1 & to indicate absolutely ! conclusions t %\ld be drawn f ! premises ( fact1 writ+s1 & traditions t we h4 ,he does s 9 a v /rik+ way4 ,p]haps no bett] example ( 8 ?or\ghly lucid & em95tly logical mode ( argum5tation is to be f\nd ?an ! p>agraph 9 :i* he /ates ! "q4 ,x might well be recomm5d$ z an example ( t]se =cefulness & logical sequ5ce t des]ves ! emulation ( all ^? :o want to write on m$ical subjects4 ,if we _h m ( ^! *>act]i/ic qualities ( ,h>nack's /yle1 our m$ical lit]ature1 s call$1 w\ld n ne$ to occupy s _m pages ( pr9t z x does--yet w\ld say m4 ,"h x is3 ,/4 ,luke1 accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 0 a physician4 ,:5 a physician writes a hi/orical "w x does n necess>ily foll[ t 8 pr(ession %[s itself 9 8 writ+2 yet x is only natural = "o to look = traces ( ! au?or's m$ical pr(ession 9 su* a "w4 ,^! traces may be ( diff]5t k9ds3 #a1 ,! :ole "* ( ! n>rative may be det]m9$ by po9ts ( view1 aims1 & ideals :i* are m or less m$ical 7disease & its treatm5t72 #b1 m>k$ pref]5ce may be %[n = /ories conc]n+ ! heal+ ( diseases1 :i* /ories may be giv5 9 great numb] & detail2 #c1 ! language may be color$ by ! language ( physicians 7m$ical te*nical t]ms1 metaphors ( m$ical "*1 etc474 ,all ^! ?ree gr\ps ( *>act]i/ic signs are f\nd1 z we %all see1 9 ! hi/orical "w :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x may be object$ t ! subject matt] itself is responsible = ^! traits1 s t _! evid5ce is n decisive = ! m$ical call+ ( ! au?or4 ,jesus appe>$ z a great physician & heal]4 ,all ! evangeli/s say ?is ( ,him2 h5ce x is n surpris+ t "o ( !m has set ?is phase ( ,8 m9i/ry 9 ! =egr\nd1 & has reg>d$ x z ! mo/ important4 ,our evangeli/ ne$ n !re=e h be5 a physician1 especially if he 7 a ,greek1 see+ t 9 ^? days ,greeks ) religi\s int]e/s 7 dispos$ to reg>d religion ma9ly "u ! category ( heal+ & salvation4 ,?is is true1 yet su* a comb9ation ( *>act]i/ic signs w compel u to believe t ! au?or 0 a physician if1 #d1 ! description ( ! p>ticul> cases ( disease %[s di/9ct traces ( m$ical diagnosis & sci5tific k2 #e1 if ! language1 ev5 :]e que/ions ( m$ic9e or ( heal+ are n t\*$ ^u1 is color$ by m$ical phraseology2 &1 #f1 if 9 ^? passages :]e ! au?or speaks z an eye-witness m$ical traits are especially & prom95tly app>5t4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( tok5s are also f\nd 9 ! hi/orical "w ( our au?or4 ,x is accord+ly prov$ t x proce$s f ! p5 ( a physician4 ,! importance ( ! concession t ,luke 0 a physician %\ld be prop]ly appreciat$4 ,8 :ole gospel is writt5 f t /&po9t4 ,= him ! ,savi\r 0 ! heal]1 ! good physician :o w5t ab\t cur+ ! ills ( ! body1 :ile m9i/]+ to p's s\ls4 ,he has m acc\nts ( miracles ( heal+ ?an any ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s4 ,he has tak5 c]ta9 ( ! /ories ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s :o 7 eye-witnesses1 & :5 !y 7 told 9 nave & popul> language t obscur$ ! real condition t 0 pres5t1 he has retold ! /ory f ! physician's /&po9t1 & ?us ! miracle becomes cle>] ?an ev]4 ,9 "o case1 :]e ,m>k has a slur on physicians1 ,luke elim9ates x4 ,9 a numb] ( cases ! correction ( ,m>k's popul> language 9 ! description ( ailm5ts is made 9 t]ms t c\ld n h be5 us$ except by "o ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ! ,greek m$ical t]m9ology ( ! times4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re seems to be no d\bt n[ t ,luke _h be51 be=e he became an ,evangeli/1 a practis+ physician 9 ,malta ( consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,8 te/imony1 !n1 to ! miracles is p>ticul>ly valuable z almo/ a m$ical eye-witness4 ,9 m$ical sci5ce1 ,/4 ,luke's "t 0 by no means b>r5 ( k4 ,! ,alex&rian s*ool ( m$ic9e _h done "s f9e "w 9 its "t4 ,x 0 ! fir/ univ]sity m$ical s*ool 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & !re dissection 0 fir/ practis$ regul>ly & publicly = ! sake ( anatomy1 & ev5 ! vivisection ( crim9als :o 7 suppli$ by ! ,ptolemei = human physiology1 0 a "p ( ! s*ool curriculum4 ,a numb] ( important discov]ies 9 bra9 anatomy are attribut$ to ,h]ophilus1 aft] :om ! torcul> h]ophili )9 ! skull is nam$1 & :o inv5t$ ! t]m calamus scriptorius = c]ta9 appe>ances 9 ! f\r? v5tricle4 ,8 colleague1 ,erasi/ratus1 ! co-f\nd] ( ?is s*ool at ,alex&ria1 did "w 9 pa?ological anatomy1 & laid ! f\ndation = s]i\s /udy !re4 ,= ?ree c5turies !re is "s good work]1 at or 9 connection ) ,alex&ria1 ^: "n is pres]v$ = u 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 ,o!r ,greek s*ools ( m$ic9e 9 ! ,ea/1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ,p]gamos1 also did excell5t "w4 ,gal5 is ! great repres5tative ( ?is s*ool1 & he came 9 ! c5tury aft] ,/4 ,luke4 ,a physician educat$ 9 ,greek m$ic9e at t "t1 !n1 w\ld be 9 an excell5t position to judge critically ( ! miracles ( heal+ ( ! ,*ri/1 & x w\ld seem to h be5 provid5tial t ,luke 0 call$ = ?is purpose4 ,! evid5ce = 8 memb]%ip ( our pr(ession w d\btless be int]e/+ to all physicians4 ,"s ( ! di/9ctive passages 9 :i* ,luke's famili>ity ) m$ical t]ms to su* an ext5t t to express 8 mean+ he f\nd himself compell$ to use !m1 w appeal at once to ^!1 = :om su* t]ms are "p ( ev]yday spee*4 ,! use ( ! ^w hydropikos1 :i* is n to be met ) any:]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 nor 9 ! non-m$ical ,greek lit]ature ( t "t1 ?\gh ! ^w is ( frequ5t occurr5ce z a designation = a p]son suff]+ f dropsy 7& always1 z 9 ,luke1 ! adjective = ! sub/antive71 9 ,hippocrates1 ,dioscorides1 & ,gal5 is a typical example4 ,:]e su* vague t]ms z p>alyz$ occur ,luke does n use ! famili> ^w1 b ! m$ical t]m t meant /rick5 ) p>alysis1 indicat+ n any inability to use ! limbs1 b su* a "o z 0 due to a /roke ( apoplexy4 ,we :o1 z physicians1 h he>d ( s _m cures ( p>alysis f our fri5ds1 ! ,eddyites1 are prone to ask1 z ! fir/ "q1 :at sort ( a p>alysis x 04 ,luke made inquiries f m5 :o 7 eye-witnesses1 & !n has describ$ ! sc5e ) su* details z conv9c$ him z a physician ( ! reality ( ! miracle1 & 8 description 0 meant to c>ry conviction to ! m9ds ( o!rs4 ,occasionally ,/4 ,luke uses words :i* only a physician w\ld be likely to "k at all4 ,t is to say1 ev5 a man reasonably famili> ) m$ical t]m9ology & m$ical lit]ature w\ld n be likely to "k !m unless he _h be5 te*nically tra9$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ^w sphudron1 a ^w :i* is only m$ical1 & is n to be f\nd ev5 9 su* l>ge ,greek lexicons ( ord9>y words z t ( ,pass[4 ,sphudron is ! anatomical t]m ( ! ,grco-,alex&rian s*ool = ! condyles ( ! femur4 ,gal5 & o!r m$ical au?ors use x1 & ,luke1 9 giv+ ! details ( ! /ory ( ! lame man cur$1 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! ,acts1 sev5? v]se1 selects x because x exactly expresses ! mean+ he wi%$ to convey4 ,9 ?is /ory !re are a numb] ( add$ m$ical details4 ,^! are all evid5tly arrang$ s z to give ! full m$ical significance to ! miracle4 ,= in/ance1 ! man _h be5 lame f bir?1 lit]ally f ! womb ( 8 "m4 ,at ?is "t he 0 =ty ye>s ( age1 an age at :i* ! spontane\s cure ( su* an ailm5t or1 inde$1 any cure ( x1 c\ld sc>cely be expect$1 if1 dur+ ! prec$+ "t1 !re _h be5 no improvem5t4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! cure ( ,saul's bl9dness ,luke says 9 ! ,acts t 8 bl9dness fell f him l scales4 ,! figure is a typically m$ical "o4 ,! ^w = fall t is us$ is1 z 0 po9t$ out by ,hob>t 7,m$ical ,language ( ,/4 ,luke1 ,dubl91 #ahhb71 exactly ! t]m t is us$ = ! fall+ ( scales f ! body4 ,! t]m = scales is ! specific designation ( ! p>ticles t fall f ! body dur+ c]ta9 sk9 diseases or aft] c]ta9 ( ! infecti\s fev]s1 z 9 sc>let fev]4 ,hippocrates & ,gal5 h us$ x 9 _m places4 ,x is di/9ctively a m$ical ^w4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! vision ( ,/4 ,pet]1 told also 9 ! ,acts1 ! ^w ec/asis1 f :i* we d]ive our ^w ec/asy1 is us$4 ,?is is ! only ^w ,/4 ,luke uses = vision & he alone uses x4 ,?is t]m is ( con/ant employm5t 9 a te*nical s5se 9 ! m$ical writ]s ( ,/4 ,luke's "t & be=e x4 ,:5 ! o!r evangeli/s talk ( lame p !y use ! popul> t]m4 ,?is might mean any?+ or no?+ = a physician4 ,luke uses "o ( ! t]ms t is employ$ by physicians :5 !y wi% to indicate t = "s def9ite reason !re is inability to walk4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! ,good ,sam>itan !re are "s int]e/+ details t indicate m$ical int]e/ on ! "p ( ! writ]4 ,x is ,luke's *>act]i/ic /ory & a typical m$ical in/ance4 ,he employs c]ta9 words 9 x t are us$ only by m$ical writ]s4 ,! use ( oil & w9e 9 ! treatm5t ( ! w\nds ( ! /rang] travell] 0 at "o "t said to indicate t x c\ld n h be5 a physician :o wrote ! /ory1 s9ce ! anci5ts us$ oil = ext]nal applications 9 su* cases b n w9e4 ,m c>eful se>* ( ! old ma/]s ( m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 has %[n t !y us$ oil & w9e n only int]nally b ext]nally4 ,hippocrates1 = in/ance1 has a numb] ( recomm5dations ( ?is comb9ation = w\nds4 ,x is r int]e/+ to realize ?is1 & especially ! w9e 9 addition to ! oil1 because w9e conta9s en\gh alcohol to be r satisfactorily antiseptic4 ,!re seems no d\bt t w\nds t _h be5 ba!d 9 w9e & !n _h oil p\r$ ov] !m w\ld be likely to d bett] ?an ^? :i* 7 treat$ 9 o!r ways4 ,! w9e w\ld cleanse & at lea/ inhibit bact]ial gr[?4 ,! subsequ5t cov]+ ) oil w\ld s]ve to protect ! w\nd to "s degree f ext]nal contam9ation4 ,sometimes !re is an application ( m$ical t]ms to some?+ extrane\s f m$ic9e t makes ! phrase employ$ q amus+4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,luke wants to expla9 h[ !y /r5g!n$ ! vessel 9 :i* !y 7 to sail he describes ! process by ! t]m :i* 0 us$ 9 m$ical ,greek to mean ! spl9t+ ( a "p or at lea/ ! b9d+ ( x up 9 su* a way z to enable x to be us$4 ,! ^w 0 q a puzzle to ! comm5tators until x 0 po9t$ out t x 0 ! famili> m$ical t]m1 & !n x 0 easy to und]/&4 ,occasionally ?is use ( a m$ical t]m gives a /rik+ly accurate significance to ,luke's diction4 ,= in/ance1 :]e o!r evangeli/s talk ( ! ,"l look+ at a pati5t or turn+ to !m1 ,luke uses ! expression t 0 te*nically employ$ = a physician's exam9ation ( 8 pati5t1 z if ! ,"l c>efully look$ ov] ! ail+ p to see _! physical ne$s1 & !n proce$$ to cure !m4 ,manife/ly 9 ,luke's m9d ! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( ! ,"l's life 0 ,8 exhibition ( curative p[]s1 & ! ,savi\r 0 = him ! div9e heal]1 ! ,god physician ( bodies z well z ( s\ls4 ,!re are _m little incid5ts :i* he relates t emphasize ?is4 ,= in/ance1 :]e ,/4 ,m>k talks ab\t ! heal+ ( ! man ) a )]$ h&1 ,/4 ,luke adds ! *>act]i/ic m$ical note t x 0 ! "r h&4 ,:5 he tells ( ! cutt+ (f ( ! e> ( ! s]vant ( ! high prie/ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,olives ,/4 ,luke takes ! /ory f ,/4 ,m>k1 b adds ! in=mation t w\ld appeal to a physician t x 0 ! "r e>4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh all f\r evangeli/s record ! cutt+ (f ( ! e>1 only ,/4 ,luke adds ! in=mation t ! ,"l heal$ x aga94 ,x is z if he 7 def5d+ ! k9dly feel+s ( ! ,div9e ,physician & z if x w\ld h be5 inexcusable _h ,he n ex]t$ ,8 miracul\s p[]s ( heal+ on ?is occasion4 ,x is ,/4 ,luke1 too1 :o has con/antly di/+ui%$ betwe5 natural illnesses & cases ( possession4 ,?is c>eful di/9ction alone w\ld po9t to ! au?or ( ! ?ird gospel & ! ,acts z surely a physician4 ,z x is x confirms beyond all d\bt ! claim t ! writ] ( ^! portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 a physician ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! m$ical writ+s ( ! "t & probably a physician :o _h practis$ = a long "t4 ,c]ta9 miracles ( heal+ are relat$ only by ,/4 ,luke z if he realiz$ bett] ?an any ( ! o!r evangeli/s ! evid5tial value t su* in/ances w\ld h = future g5]ations z to ! div9ity ( ! p]sonage :o work$ !m4 ,! beautiful /ory ( ! rais+ f dea? ( ! son ( ! wid[ ( ,na9 is probably "o ( ! (t5e/ quot$ passages f ,/4 ,luke4 ,x is a *>m+ bit ( lit]ature4 ,:ile x sugge/s ! writ] physician x makes "o almo/ sure t ! o!r tradition accord+ to :i* ,/4 ,luke 0 also a pa9t] mu/ be true4 ,! sc5e is z picturesque z x c be4 ,! ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les & ! multitudes com+ to ! gate ( ! little city j z 9 ! ev5+ sun ! fun]al cortge ) ! wid[ bury+ h] only son came out ( x4 ,! approa* ( ! ,"l to ! weep+ "m1 ,8 comm& to ! dead son to arise1 & ! simple words1 & he gave him back to 8 "m1 con/itute z *>m+ a sc5e z a pa9t] ev] tri$ to visualize4 ,besides ?is1 ,luke alone has ! /ory ( ! man suff]+ ) dropsy & ! woman suff]+ f weakness4 ,! int5sely picturesque quality ( _m ( ^! sc5es t he describes s vividly w\ld inde$ seem to place beyond all d\bt ! old tradition t he 0 an arti/ z well z a physician4 ,x is int]e/+ to realize t x is to ,luke alone t we owe ! acc\nt ( ! well-kn[n message s5t by ,*ri/ ,himself to ,john ! ,bapti/ :5 ,john s5t 8 disciples to inquire z to ,8 mission4 ,aft] describ+ ,8 m9i/ry ,he said3 ,g & relate to ,john :at y h he>d & se53 ! bl9d see1 ! lame walk1 ! deaf he>1 ! lep]s are made clean1 ! dead rise aga91 to ! poor ! ,gospel is prea*$4 ,to no "o m ?an to a physician w\ld t description ( ,8 mission appeal z surely div9e4 ,to ^? :o c>e to foll[ ! subject /ill fur!r1 & above all1 to read op9ions giv5 be=e ! rev]sal ( ! v]dict ( ! high] criticism on ! ,lucan writ+s1 inde$ be=e ev] t trial 0 br\ght1 !re is mu* 9 ,hor ,lucan--,a ,biography ( ,/4 ,luke1 by ,h5ry ,samuel ,baynes 7,longmans1 #ahgj71 t w surely be ( int]e/4 ,he has "s int]e/+ quotations :i* %[ h[ ?or\ghly previ\s c5turies realiz$ all ! =ce ( mod]n argum5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! foll[+ p>agraph f ,dr4 ,na?aniel ,rob9son1 a ,scot* physician ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 w illu/rate ?is4 ,dr4 ,rob9son said3 ,x is manife/ f 8 ,gospel1 t ,luke 0 bo? an acute obs]v]1 & _h ev5 giv5 pr(essional att5tion to all our ,savi\r's miracles ( heal+4 ,orig9ally1 among ! ,egyptians1 div9ity & physic 7 unit$ 9 ! same ord] ( m51 s t ! prie/ _h ! c>e ( s\ls1 & 0 also ! physician4 ,x 0 mu* ! same "u ! ,jewi% economy4 ,b aft] physic came to be /udi$ by ! ,greeks1 !y sep>at$ ! two pr(essions4 ,t a physician %\ld write ! hi/ory ( our ,savi\r's life 0 appropriate1 z !re 7 div]s my/]i\s ?+s to be notic$1 conc]n+ :i* 8 education enabl$ him to =m a becom+ judgm5t4 ,x is ev5 int]e/+ to realize t ,/4 ,luke's t5d5cy to use m$ical t]ms has be5 ( def9ite value 9 det]m9+ ! "q :e!r bo? ! ?ird gospel & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les are by ! same man4 ,!y h be5 attribut$ to ,/4 ,luke traditionally1 b 9 ! high] criticism "s d\bt has be5 ?r[n on ?is & an elaborate hypo!sis ( dual au?or%ip set up4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t x is v improbable on extr9sic gr\nds t !y 7 bo? writt5 by "o h& & c]ta9 intr9sic evid5ce1 *anges 9 ! mode ( n>ration1 especially ! use ( ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n 9 ! plural 9 c]ta9 passages1 has be5 po9t$ to z mak+ aga9/ s+le au?or%ip4 ,?is t5d5cy to d5y old-"t traditions ( au?or%ip ) reg>d to _m classical writ+s 0 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b ! close ( ! c5tury saw practically all ( ^! d5ials discr$it$4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury u%]$ 9 /udies ( ,hom]1 ) ! sep>ati/ s*ool p]fectly confid5t 9 _! ass]tion t ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey 7 n by ! same p]son1 & ev5 t ! ,iliad itself 0 ! "w ( sev]al h&s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury we are q z sure t bo? ! ,iliad & ,odyssey 7 writt5 by ! same p]son & t ! sep>ati/s 7 hurri$ into a contr>y decision n a little by ! feel+ ( ! s5sation t su* a contradiction ( previ\sly accept$ ideas w\ld create4 ,?is is a det]m9+ factor 9 _m a suppos$ novel discov]y1 t x is h>d always to disc\nt suffici5tly4 ,a ?+ may be "r ev5 ?\gh x is old1 & mo/ new discov]ies1 x mu/ n be =gott51 t is1 mo/ ( ^? ann\nc$ ) a great bl>e ( trumpets1 d n ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,! simple argum5t t ! sep>ati/s w\ld h to f9d ano!r poet equal to ,hom] to write ! o!r poem has done m ?an any?+ else to br+ _! op9ion into disrepute4 ,x is mu* easi] to expla9 c]ta9 discrepancies1 diff]5ces ( /yle1 & ( treatm5t ( subjects1 z well z o!r m9or v>iants1 ?an to supply ano!r great poet4 ,mo/ ( ! works ( our old] lit]atures h gone ?r\gh a simil> trial dur+ ! ov]-ha/y sup]ficially critical n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,nibelung5li$ has be5 attribut$ to two or ?ree writ]s in/ead ( "o4 ,! ,cid1 ! national epic ( ,spa91 & ! ,ar?ur ,leg5ds1 ! fir/ ,briti% epic1 h be5 at lea/ suppos$ to be am5able to ! same sort ( criticism4 ,9 e case1 s*ol>s h gone back to ! old] traditional view ( a s+le au?or4 ,! phases ( lit]>y & hi/oric criticism ) reg>d to ,luke's writ+s are1 !n1 only a repetition ( :at all our great national classics h gone ?r\gh f sup]cili\s s*ol>%ip dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t !re %\ld be dual or ev5 triple ascriptions ( au?or%ip = v>i\s portions ( ! ,scriptures1 & ,luke's writ+s h on ?is score suff]$ z mu* or m ev5 ?an o!rs1 ) ! possible exception ( ,moses4 ,x is n[ def9itely settl$1 h[ev]1 t ! simil>ities ( /yle betwe5 ! ,acts & ! ?ird gospel are too great = !m to h come f two diff]5t m9ds4 ,?is is especially true1 z po9t$ out by ,h>nack1 9 all t reg>ds ! use ( m$ical t]ms4 ,! writ] ( ! ,acts & ! writ] ( ! ?ird gospel knew ,greek f ! /&po9t ( ! physician ( t "t4 ,ea* us$ t]ms t we f9d n[h]e else 9 ,greek lit]ature except among m$ical writ]s4 ,:at is ?us true = "o critical attack on ,luke's reputation is also true 9 ano!r phase ( rec5t high] criticism4 ,x has be5 said t c]ta9 portions ( ! ,acts :i* are call$ ! we portions because ! n>ration *anges 9 !m f ! ?ird to ! fir/ p]son 7 to be attribut$ to ano!r writ] ?an ! "o :o wrote ! n>rative portions4 ,"h1 once m1 ! te/ ( ! m$ical words employ$ has decid$ ! case = ,luke's sole au?or%ip4 ,x is evid5tly an excell5t ?+ to be able to use m$ical t]ms prop]ly if "o wants to be recogniz$ ) c]ta9ty lat] on 9 hi/ory = j :at "o's bus9ess 04 ,x has c]ta9ly sav$ ! situation = ,/4 ,luke1 ?\gh !re may be "s d\bt z to ! real =ce ( objections ?us easily ov]?r[n4 ,x is r int]e/+ to realize t _m s*ol>s ( ! pres5t g5]ation _h all[$ !mselves to be l$ away by ! ,g]man high] criticism f ! old tradition ) reg>d to ,luke z a physician & n[ w d\btless be l$ back to =m] views by ! lead] ( ,g]man biblical critics4 ,x %[s h[ mu* m di/ant ?+s may influ5ce c]ta9 p ?an ^? ne>] home--h[ ! hills are gre5 f> away4 ,h>nack confesses t ! be/ book ev] writt5 on ! subject ( ,luke z a physician1 ! "o t has prov$ ( mo/ value to him1 & t he /ill recomm5ds ev]yone to read1 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,engli%4 ,x is ,hob>t's ,m$ical ,language ( ,/4 ,luke1#cd writt5 m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e ,h>nack4 ,! ,g]mans g5]ally _h r despis$ :at ! ,engli% 7 do+ 9 ! matt] ( biblical criticism1 & above all 9 philology4 ,yet n[ ! ackn[l$g$ coryphu ( !m all1 ,h>nack1 n only admits ! sup]iority ( an old-"t ,engli% book1 b confesses t x is ! be/ /atem5t ( ! subject up to ! pres5t "t1 includ+ 8 own4 ,he con/antly quotes f x1 & x is evid5t t x has be5 ! f\ndation ( all ( 8 argum5ts4 ,x is n ! fir/ "t t m5 h fet*$ f af> :at !y might h got j z well or bett] at home4 ,h>nack has made complete ! demon/ration1 !n1 t ! ?ird gospel & ! ,acts 7 writt5 by ,/4 ,luke1 :o _h be5 a practis+ physician4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 he f9ds _m objections to ! ,luke n>ratives & consid]s t !y add v little t is valuable to ! contempor>y evid5ce t we h ) reg>d to ,*ri/4 ,he impairs ) "o h& ! value ( :at he has s lavi%ly yield$ ) ! o!r4 ,he f9ds inconsi/5cies & discrepancies 9 ! n>rative t = him de/roy _! value z te/imony4 ,a lawy] w\ld probably say t ?is is t v human elem5t 9 ! writ+s :i* demon/rates _! au!nticity & adds to _! value z evid5ce1 because x %[s cle>ly ! lack ( any attempt to d any?+ m ?an tell a direct /ory z x _h come to ! n>rator4 ,no special ef=t 0 made to avoid critical objections f\nd$ on details4 ,x 0 ! g5]al impression t 0 look$ =4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 9 8 ,luke ! ,physician & ,o!r ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion 7,new ,york3 ,arm/rong & ,sons1 #aijh71 has answ]$ ,h>nack f ! side ( ! pr(essional critic ) mu* =ce4 ,he appreciates ?or\ghly ! value ( ,pr(essor ,h>nack's book1 & above all ! reaction>y t5d5cy away f nihili/ic s-call$ high] criticism :i* *>act]iz$ s mu* ( ,g]man writ+ on biblical !mes 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he says 7p4 #g73 ,?is book ( ,h>nack's alone c>ries ,lukan criticism a long /ep =w>ds1 & sets x on a new & high] plane4 ,nev] has ! unity & "* ( ! book be5 demon/rat$ s conv9c+ly & conclusively4 ,! /ep is made & ! plane is rea*$ by ! me?od :i* is practis$ 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( lit]>y criticism1 viz41 by dispassionate inve/igation ( ! "w & by disc>d+ fa%ionable a priori !ories4 ,! di/+ui%$ ,engli% travell] & writ] on biblical subjects po9ts out1 h[ev]1 t 9 detail _m ( ,h>nack's objections to ! ,lukan n>ratives are due to insuffici5t consid]ation ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 & ! comp>ative significance ( ! details criticis$4 ,he says1 ,h>nack lays mu* /ress on ! fact t inconsi/5cies & inexactnesses occur all ?r\gh ,acts4 ,"s ( ^! are und5iable2 & ,i h argu$ t !y are to be reg>d$ 9 ! same light z simil> ph5om5a 9 ! poem ( ,lucretius & 9 o!r anci5t classical writ]s1 viz41 z pro(s t ! "w nev] receiv$ ! f9al =m :i* ,luke int5d$ to give x1 b 0 /ill incomplete :5 he di$4 ,! evid5t ne$ = a ?ird book to complete ! "w1 toge!r ) ^? blemi%es 9 expression1 =m ! pro(4 ,ramsay's plac+ ( ,h>nack's writ+ 9 g5]al is int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 7,p4 #h7 ,pr(essor ,h>nack /&s on ! bord] betwe5 ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5tury4 ,8 book %[s t he is to a c]ta9 degree s5sitive ( & ob$i5t to ! new _s2 b he is only p>tially s4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury critical me?od 0 false1 & is already antiquat$4444 ,! fir/ c5tury c\ld f9d no?+ real & true t 0 n accompani$ by ! m>vell\s & ! 'sup]natural4' ,! n9ete5? c5tury c\ld f9d no?+ real & true t 04 ,:i* view 0 "r & :i* 0 wrong8 ,0 ei!r complete8 ,( ^! two que/ions1 ! second alone is pr(itable at ! pres5t4 ,bo? views 7 "r--9 a c]ta9 way ( contemplat+2 bo? views 7 wrong--9 a c]ta9 way4 ,nei!r 0 complete4 ,at pres5t1 z we are /ruggl+ to ?r[ (f ! fett]s :i* imp$$ ?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x is mo/ important to free ourselves f its prejudices & n>r[ness4 ,he adds 7pp4 #bf & #bg73 ,!re are cle> signs ( ! unf9i%$ /ate 9 :i* ?is *apt] 0 left by ,luke2 b "s ( ! ,g]man s*ol>'s criticisms %[ t he has n a "r idea ( ! simplicity ( life & equipm5t t evid5tly *>act]iz$ ! jail]'s h\se & ! prison4 ,! details :i* he blames z inexact & inconsi/5t are sometimes mo/ in/ructive ab\t ! circum/ances ( ?is prov9cial t[n & ,roman colonia4 ,b x is nev] safe to lay mu* /ress on small po9ts ( inexactness or inconsi/5cy 9 any au?or4 ,"o f9ds su* faults ev5 9 ! works ( mod]n s*ol>%ip if "o exam9es !m 9 ! microscopic fa%ion 9 :i* ,luke is /udi$ "h4 ,i ?9k ,i c f9d !m 9 ! au?or ,h>nack himself4 ,8 po9t ( view sometimes v>ies 9 a puzzl+ way4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,h>nack1 z po9t$ out by ,ramsay1 0 evid5tly work+ himself m & m out ( ! old conclusion z to ! lack ( au!nticity ( ! ,lucan writ+s into an op9ion ev] m & m favorable to ,luke4 ,= in/ance1 9 a notice ( 8 own book1 publi%$ 9 ! ,!ologis*e ,lit]aturzeitung1 he speaks f> m favorably ab\t ! tru/wor?9ess & cr$ibility ( ,luke1 z be+ g5]ally 9 a position to acquire & transmit reliable in=mation1 & z hav+ prov$ himself able to take advantage ( 8 position4 ,h>nack 0 gradually work+ 8 way to a new plane ( ?\ght4 ,8 lat] op9ion is m favorable4 ,ramsay also po9ts out t ,pr(essor ,giff]t1 "o ( our ,am]ican biblical critics1 _h felt compell$ by ! geographical & hi/orical evid5ce to ab&on 9 "p ! old] unfavorable criticism ( ,luke & to admit t ! ,acts is m tru/wor?y ?an previ\s critics all[$4 ,above all1 he saw t x 0 a liv+ piece ( lit]ature writt5 by "o au?or4 ,9 a ^w1 ,luke is be+ v9dicat$ 9 e reg>d4 ,"s ( ! suppos$ inaccuracies ( ,luke vani% :5 c>eful inve/igation is made4 ,"s ( 8 natural hi/ory details1 = in/ance1 h be5 impugn$ & ! /ory ( ! vip] t fa/5$ itself ^u ,/4 ,paul 9 ,malta has be5 cit$ z an example ( a /ory t w\ld n h be5 told 9 t way by a man :o knew m$ic9e & ! relat$ sci5ces 9 ,luke's "t4 ,because ! passage illu/rates a numb] ( phases ( ! discussion ) reg>d to ,luke's language ,i make a r long quotation f ,ramsay3 ,take z a specim5 ) :i* to f9i% (f ?is pap] ! passage ,acts xxviii1 #i et seq41 :i* is v fully discuss$ by ,h>nack twice4 ,he argues t ! true mean+ ( ! passage 0 n und]/ood until m$ical language 0 comp>$1 :5 x 0 %[n t ! ,greek ^w by :i* ! act ( ! vip] to ,paul's h& is describ$1 implies bit & n m]ely fa/5$ ^u4 ,b x is a well-assur$ fact t ! vip]1 a poison\s snake1 only /rikes1 fixes ! poison fangs on ! fle% = a mom5t1 & )draws its head in/antly4 ,its action c\ld nev] be :at is attribut$ by ,luke ! eye witness to ?is ,maltese vip]2 t x hung f ,paul's h& & 0 %ak5 (f into ! fire by him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 con/rictors1 :i* h no poison fangs1 cl+ 9 ! way describ$1 b z a rule d n bite4 ,are we1 !n1 to und]/& 9 spite ( ! m$ical /yle & ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,blass 7:o translates momordit 9 8 edition71 t ! vip] fa/5$ ^u ! apo/le's h&8 ,!n1 ! v "n vip] is a difficulty4 ,0 ,luke mi/ak5 ab\t ! k9d ( snake :i* he saw8 ,a tra9$ m$ical man 9 anci5t times 0 usually a good au?ority ab\t s]p5ts1 to :i* great respect 0 paid 9 anci5t m$ic9e & cu/om4 ,m]e v]bal /udy is "h utt]ly at fault4 ,we c make no progress )\t turn+ to ! realities & facts ( ,maltese natural hi/ory4 ,a correspond5t oblig+ly in=m$ me "s ye>s ago t ,mr4 ,bryan ,hook1 ( ,f>nham1 ,surrey 7:o1 my correspond5t assures me1 is a ?or\ghly good naturali/71 _h f\nd 9 ,malta a small snake1 ,coronella au/riaca1 :i* is r>e 9 ,engl&1 b common 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x is a con/rictor1 )\t poison fangs1 :i* w\ld cl+ to ! h& or arm z ,luke describes4 ,x is simil> 9 size to ! vip]1 & s l 9 m>k+s & g5]al appe>ance t ,mr4 ,hook1 :5 he caught 8 specim51 ?\ght he 0 kill+ a vip]4 ,my fri5d1 ,pr(4 ,j4,w4,h4 ,trail1 ( ,ab]de51 :om ,i consult$1 repli$ t ,coronella lvis or au/riaca1 is kn[n 9 ,sicily & ! adjo9+ isl&s2 b he c f9d no evid5ce ( its exi/5ce 9 ,malta4 ,x is kn[n to be r irritable1 & to fix its small tee? s firmly into ! human sk9 z to ne$ a little =ce to pull x (f1 ?\gh ! tee? are too %ort to d any real injury to ! sk94 ,coronella is at a glance v mu* l a vip]2 & 9 ! flames x w\ld n be closely exam9$4 ,:ile x is n report$ z f\nd 9 ,malta except by ,mr4 ,hook1 two species are kn[n !re belong+ to ! same family & hav+ simil> habits 7leop>d9us & zam5is 7or colub]7 gemon5sis74 ,! color+ ( ,coronella leop>d9us w\ld be ! mo/ likely to sugge/ a vip]4 ,! obs]vations ju/ify ,luke entirely4 ,we h "h a snake s closely resembl+ a vip] z to be tak5 = "o by a good naturali/ until he _h caught & exam9$ a specim54 ,x cl+s1 & yet x also bites )\t do+ h>m4 ,t ! ,maltese ru/ics %\ld mi/ake ?is h>mless snake = a v5om\s "o is n /range4 ,_m un$ucat$ p h ! idea t all snakes are poison\s 9 v>y+ degrees1 j z ! vulg> (t5 firmly believe t toads are poison\s4 ,e detail z relat$ by ,luke is natural1 & 9 accordance ) ! facts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 ! :ole "q z to ,luke's au?ority z a writ]1 z an eye-witness ( _m ?+s1 & z ! relator ( _m o!rs ) reg>d to :i* he _h obta9$ ! te/imony ( eye-witnesses is fully v9dicat$4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago _m s*ol>s 7 prone to d\bt ?is :ole "q4 ,t5 ye>s ago mo/ ( !m 7 conv9c$ t ! ,luke traditions 7 n ju/ifi$ by rec5t inve/igation4 ,n[ we h come back once m to ! complete acceptance ( ! old traditions4 ,p]haps ! mo/ un=tunate *>act]i/ic ( mu* n9ete5?-c5tury criticism 9 all dep>tm5ts1 ev5 ^? /rictly sci5tific1 0 ! m>k$ t5d5cy to reject previ\s op9ions = new ones4 ,someh[ m5 felt !mselves s f> ahead ( old-"t writ]s & ?9k]s t !y conclud$ !y mu/ hold op9ions diff]5t f _! ance/ors4 ,9 ne>ly e case ! new ideas t !y evolv$ by suppos$ly new] me?ods are n /&+ ! te/ ( "t & fur!r /udy4 ,!re _h be5 a cont9u\s belief 9 m5's m9ds1 hav+ its basis v probably on a passage 9 "o ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,epi/les1 t ! e>? w\ld dissolve by fire4 ,?is 0 op5ly contradict$ all dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! "t :5 ! e>? w\ld freeze up def9itely calculat$ by our ma!maticians4 ,n[ aft] hav+ /udi$ radioactivity & le>n$ f ! physici/ t ! e>? is heat+ up & w ev5tually get too hot = life1 we calmly g back to ! old ,petr9e decl>ation4 ,"s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,g]man biologi/s ( ! pres5t day1 su* m5 z ,dries* & o!rs1 calmly tell u t ! edifice erect$ by ,d>w9 w h to come d[n because ( newly discov]$ evid5ce1 & inde$ "s ( !m g s f> z to decl>e t ,d>w9ism 0 a crude hypo!sis v sup]ficial 9 its philosophical aspects & !re=e acceptable to a great _m p :o1 because x 0 easy to und]/& & 0 v diff]5t f :at our fa!rs _h believ$1 ha/5$ to accept x4 ,no?+ %[s ! necessity = be+ cons]vative 9 ! matt] ( new views 9 sci5ce or e?ics or religion m ?an ! curi\s transition /ate 9 :i* we are ) reg>d to _m op9ions at ! pres5t "t1 ) a di/9ct t5d5cy t[>d reaction to old] views t a few ye>s ago 7 ?\ght q unt5able4 ,we are r pr\d ( ! advance t we are suppos$ to be mak+ along _m l9es 9 sci5ce & s*ol>%ip1 & yet ov] & ov] aga91 aft] ye>s ( "w1 we prove to h be5 foll[+ a wrong lead & mu/ come back to :]e we />t$4 ,?is has be5 ! way ( man f ! beg9n+ & d\btless w cont9ue4 ,! pres5t g5]ation are hav+ ?is curi\s regression t foll[s suppos$ progress /rongly emphasiz$ = !m4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,sci5ce ,,at ,,! ,,m$ieval ,,univ]sities#ce ,) ! gr[? ( int]e/ 9 sci5ce & 9 nature /udy 9 our own day1 "o ( ! expressions t is probably (t5e/ he>d is surprise t ! m5 ( prec$+ g5]ations & especially univ]sity m5 did n occupy !mselves m ) ! _w ar\nd !m & ) ! ph5om5a t are s tempt+ to curiosity4 ,sci5ce is usually suppos$ to be comp>atively new & nature /udy only a few g5]ations old4 ,m5 are suppos$ to h be5 s mu* int]e/$ 9 book k & 9 speculations & !ories ( _m k9ds1 t !y neglect$ ! realities ( life ar\nd !m :ile sp9n+ f9e webs ( !ory4 ,previ\s g5]ations1 ( c\rse1 h indulg$ 9 !ory1 b !n our own g5]ation is n entirely free f t amus+ occupation4 ,no?+ c\ld well be less true1 h[ev]1 ?an t ! m5 ( prec$+ g5]ations 7 n int]e/$ 9 sci5ce ev5 9 ! s5se ( physical sci5ce1 or t nature /udy is new1 or t m5 7 n curi\s & did n try to f9d out all !y c\ld ab\t ! ph5om5a ( ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,! m$ieval univ]sities & ! s*ool-m5 :o taught 9 !m h be5 p>ticul>ly blam$ = _! failure to occupy !mselves ) realities in/ead ( ) speculation4 ,we are com+ to recognize _! wond]ful zeal = education1 ! l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts !y attract$1 ! en?usiasm ( _! /ud5ts1 s9ce !y made s _m h&writt5 copies ( ! books ( _! ma/]s1 ! devotion ( ! tea*]s !mselves1 :o wrote at mu* great] l5g? ?an d our pr(essors ev5 n[ & on ! mo/ ab/ruse subjects1 s t x is all ! m surpris+ to ?9k !y %\ld h neglect$ sci5ce4 ,! ?\ght ( our g5]ation 9 ! matt]1 h[ev]1 is f\nd$ entirely on an assumption4 ,^? :o "k any?+ ab\t ! writ]s ( ! ,middle ,ages at fir/ h& are n likely to ?9k ( !m z neglectful ( sci5ce ev5 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,^? :o "k !m at second h& are1 h[ev]1 v sure 9 ! matt]4 ,! assumption is due to ! neglect ( hi/ory t came 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,we h _m o!r simil> assumptions because ( ! neglect ( _m phases ( m5tal developm5t & appli$ sci5ce at ?is "t4 ,= in/ance1 mo/ ( u are v pr\d ( our mod]n hospital developm5t & ?9k ( ?is z a great humanit>ian evolution ( appli$ m$ical sci5ce4 ,we are v likely to ?9k t ?is is ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory t ! build+ ( hospitals has be5 br\ght to su* a climax ( developm5t1 & t ! h\ses = ! ail+ 9 ! old5 "t 7 m]e refuges1 prone to become dea? traps & at mo/ make%ifts = ! solution ( ! problem ( ! c>e ( ! ail+ poor4 ,?is is true = ! hospitals ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 b x is n true at all = ! hospitals ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,miss ,nutt+ & ,miss ,dock 9 _! ,hi/ory ( ,nurs+#cf h call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! l[e/ p]iod 9 hospital developm5t is dur+ ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,hospitals 7 little bett] ?an prisons1 !y _h n>r[ w9d[s1 7 ill provid$ ) light & air & hygi5ic arrangem5ts1 & 9 g5]al 7 all t we %\ld imag9e old-"t hospitals to be4 ,! hospitals ( ! e>li] "t1 h[ev]1 _h f9e high ceil+s1 l>ge w9d[s1 abundant light & air1 excell5t arrangem5ts = ! privacy ( pati5ts1 & 9 g5]al 7 z wor?y ( ! ar*itects ( ! e>li] times z ! municipal build+s1 ! ca!drals1 ! ca/les1 ! univ]sity build+s1 & e o!r =m ( con/ruction t ! late m$ieval c5turies devot$ !mselves to4 ,! tr\ble ) ^? :o assume t !re 0 no /udy ( sci5ce & practically no att5tion to nature /udy 9 ! ,middle ,ages is t !y "k no?+ at all at fir/ h& ab\t ! works ( ! m5 :o wrote 9 ! m$ieval p]iod4 ,!y h accept$ decl>ations ) reg>d to ! absolute dep5d5ce ( ! s*ola/ics on au?ority1 _! almo/ div9e wor%ip ( ,ari/otle1 _! utt] read9ess to accept au?oritative ass]tions provid$ !y came ) ! /amp ( a mighty "n1 & !n _! complete lack ( att5tion to obs]vation & above all to exp]im5t4 ,no?+ c\ld well be m ridicul\s ?an ?is ignorant assumption ( k ) reg>d to ! great tea*]s at ! m$ieval univ]sities4 ,j z soon z !re is def9ite k ( :at ^! great tea*]s wrote & taught1 n only does ! previ\s mood ( blame = !m = n pay+ mu* m att5tion to sci5ce & nature at once disappe>1 b x gives place to ! he>tie/ admiration = ! "w ( ^! great ?9k]s4 ,x is easy to appreciate1 !n1 :at ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury said 9 a rec5t volume on ! ?irte5? c5tury3 ,& !re h ev5 be5 9 ^! latt] days "s graceless ones :o h ask$ :e!r ! sci5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury aft] an equal int]val w be ( any m positive value--:e!r x w n h ev5 less comp>ative int]e/ ?an t :i* app]ta9s to ! s*ola/icism ( ! ?irte5?4 ,?ree m5 7 ! great tea*]s 9 ! m$ieval univ]sities at _! prime4 ,!y h be5 read & /udi$ ) int]e/ ev] s9ce4 ,!y wrote huge tomes1 b m5 h por$ ov] !m 9 e g5]ation4 ,!y 7 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ! tea*] ( ! o!r two1 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,rog] ,bacon4 ,all ?ree ( !m 7 toge!r at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is %ortly aft] ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,anyone :o wants to "k any?+ ab\t ! attitude ( m9d ( ! m$ieval univ]sities1 _! pr(essors & /ud5ts1 & ( all ! intellectual _w ( ! "t t[>ds sci5ce & obs]vation & exp]im5t1 %\ld read ! books ( ^! m54 ,any o!r mode ( gett+ at any k ( ! real significance ( ! sci5ce ( ?is "t is m]e pret5ce4 ,^! con/itute ! docum5ts beh9d any sci5tific hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce at ?is "t4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to see ! attitude ( ^! m5 ) reg>d to au?ority4 ,9 ,alb]t's t5? book 7( 8 ,summa71 9 :i* he catalogues & describes all ! trees1 plants1 & h]bs kn[n 9 8 "t1 he obs]ves3 ,all t is "h set d[n is ! result ( our own exp]i5ce1 or has be5 borr[$ f au?ors :om we "k to h writt5 :at _! p]sonal exp]i5ce has confirm$2 = 9 ^! matt]s exp]i5ce alone c be ( c]ta9ty4 ,9 8 impressive ,lat9 phrase exp]im5tum solum c]tificat 9 talibus4 ,) reg>d to ! /udy ( nature 9 g5]al he 0 q z emphatic4 ,he 0 a !ologian z well z a sci5ti/1 yet 9 8 treatise on ,! ,heav5s & ! ,e>? he decl>$ t 9 /udy+ nature we h n to inquire h[ ,god ! ,creator may1 z ,he freely wills1 use ,8 creatures to "w miracles & !reby %[ =? ,8 p[]4 ,we h r to inquire :at nature ) its imman5t causes c naturally br+ to pass4#cg ,j z /rik+ quotations on ?is subject might be made f ,rog] ,bacon4 ,inde$1 ,bacon 0 q impati5t ) ! s*ol>s ar\nd him :o talk$ ov]-mu*1 did n obs]ve en\gh1 dep5d$ to excess on au?ority1 & 9 g5]al did z m$iocre s*ol>s always d1 made mu* fuss on second-h& in=mation--plus "s filmy speculations ( _! own4 ,fri> ,bacon1 h[ev]1 _h "o great pupil ^: "w he ?or\ghly appreciat$ because x exhibit$ ! opposite qualities4 ,?is 0 ,petrus--we h come to "k him z ,p]egr9us--^: obs]vations on magnetism h excit$ s mu* att5tion 9 rec5t ye>s ) ! republications ( 8 epi/le on ! subject4 ,x is really a monograph on magnetism writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,rog] ,bacon's op9ion ( x & ( its au?or furni%es u ! be/ possible index ( 8 attitude ( m9d t[>ds obs]vation & exp]im5t 9 sci5ce4 ,i "k ( only "o p]son :o des]ves praise = 8 "w 9 exp]im5tal philosophy = he does n c>e = ! disc\rses ( m5 & _! wordy w>f>e1 b quietly & dilig5tly pursues ! works ( wisdom4 ,!re=e :at o!rs grope aft] bl9dly1 z bats 9 ! ev5+ twilight1 ?is man contemplates 9 _! brilliancy because he is a ma/] ( exp]im5t4 ,h5ce1 he kn[s all ( natural sci5ce :e!r p]ta9+ to m$ic9e & al*emy1 or to matt]s cele/ial or t]re/rial4 ,he has work$ dilig5tly 9 ! smelt+ ( ores z also 9 ! work+ ( m9]als2 he is ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all sorts ( arms & implem5ts us$ 9 milit>y s]vice & 9 hunt+1 besides :i* he is skill$ 9 agriculture & 9 ! measurem5t ( l&s4 ,x is impossible to write a useful or correct treatise 9 exp]im5tal philosophy )\t m5tion+ ?is man's "n4 ,moreov]1 he pursues k = its own sake2 = if he wi%$ to obta9 royal favor1 he c\ld easily f9d sov]eigns :o w\ld honor & enri* him4 ,simil> expressions might readily be quot$ f ,?omas ,aqu9as1 b 8 works are s easy to secure & 8 :ole attitude ( m9d s well kn[n1 t x sc>cely seems wor? :ile tak+ space to d s4 ,aqu9as is /ill /udi$ v fai?fully 9 _m univ]sities1 & )9 ! la/ few ye>s "o ( 8 great text-books ( philosophy has be5 replac$ 9 ! curriculum ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 9 :i* x occupi$ a prom95t position 9 ! long ago1 z a "w t may be (f]$ = exam9ation 9 ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy4 ,x is ) reg>d to him p>ticul>ly t !re has be5 ! greate/ revulsion ( feel+ 9 rec5t ye>s & a recognition ( ! fact t "h 0 a great ?9k] famili> ) all t 0 kn[n 9 ! physical sci5ces1 & :o _h ?is k con/antly 9 8 m9d :5 he drew 8 conclusions ) reg>d to philosophical & !ological que/ions4 ,x us$ to be ! fa%ion to make little ( ! m$ieval s*ol>s = ! high e/imation 9 :i* !y held ,ari/otle4 ,occasionally ev5 yet "o he>s n>r[ly educat$ m51 ,i am sorry to say mu* m frequ5tly sci5tific speciali/s ?an o!rs1 talk deprecat+ly ( ?is ard5t devotion to ,ari/otle4 ,no "o :o kn[s any?+ ab\t ,ari/otle ev] indulges 9 su* an exhibition ( ignorance ( ! realities ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy & sci5ce4 ,to "k ,ari/otle well is to ?9k ( him z probably possess$ ( ! greate/ human m9d t ev] exi/$4 ,we d n ne$ to g back to ! ,middle ,ages to be confirm$ 9 t op9ion4 ,mod]n sci5ti/s :o "k _! sci5ce well1 b :o also "k ,ari/otle well1 & :o are ard5t wor%ipp]s at 8 %r9e1 are n h>d to f9d4 ,romanes1 ! great ,engli% biologi/ ( ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 said3 ,x appe>s to me t !re c be no "q t ,ari/otle /&s =? n only z ! greate/ figure 9 antiquity b z ! greate/ intellect t has ev] appe>$ ^u ?is e>?4 ,be=e ,romanes1 ,george ,h4 ,lewes1 9 8 int]e/+ monograph 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ,ari/otle1 a ,*apt] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 is q z complim5t>y to ! great ,greek ?9k]4 ,we may say t ,lewes 0 by no means p>tial to ,ari/otle4 ,any?+ b incl9$ to accept au?ority z ( value 9 philosophy1 he _h be5 r5d]$ impati5t by ! fact t s mu* ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy 0 dom9at$ by ,ari/otle1 & x 0 only t ! panegyric 0 =c$ f him by c>eful /udy ( all t ! ,/agirite wrote t he said3 ,hi/ory gaz$ on him ) wond]4 ,8 intellect 0 pi]c+ & compreh5sive2 8 atta9m5ts surpass$ ^? ( e philosoph]2 8 influ5ce has be5 excell$ only by ! f\nd]s ( religion 444 8 va/ & active intellig5ce = tw5ty c5turies held ! _w 9 awe4 ,pr(essor ,osborn1 ^: s*ol>ly /udy ( ! !ory ( evolution d[n ! ages ,f ! ,greeks to ,d>w9 r />tl$ ! _w ( sci5ce by %[+ n only h[ old 0 a !ory ( evolution1 b h[ frequ5tly x _h be5 /at$ & h[ _m ( !m anticipat$ phases ( our own ?\ght 9 ! matt]1 pays a high complim5t to ! great ,greek sci5ti/4 ,he says3 ,ari/otle cle>ly /ates & rejects a !ory ( ! orig9 ( adaptive /ructures 9 animals altoge!r simil> to t ( ,d>w94 ,he !n quotes c]ta9 passages f ,ari/otle's ,physics1 & says3 ,^! passages seem to conta9 absolute evid5ce t ,ari/otle _h sub/antially ! mod]n conception ( ! evolution ( life1 f a primordial1 s(t mass ( liv+ matt] to ! mo/ p]fect =ms1 & t ev5 9 ^! he believ$ t evolution 0 incomplete = !y 7 progress+ to high] =ms4 ,mod]n ,fr5* sci5ti/s are p>ticul>ly laudatory 9 _! e/imation ( ,ari/otle4 ,! gr\p ( biologi/s1 ,buffon1 ,cuvi]1 ,/4 ,hilaire1 & o!rs :o call$ _w att5tion to ,fr5* sci5ce & its atta9m5ts ab\t a c5tury ago1 are all ( !m on record 9 highe/ praise ( ,ari/otle4 ,cuvi] said3 ,i _c read 8 "w )\t be+ ravi%$ ) a/oni%m5t4 ,x is impossible to conceive h[ a s+le man 0 able to collect & comp>e ! multitude ( facts impli$ 9 ! rules & aphorisms conta9$ 9 ?is book4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to get op9ions ard5tly laudatory ( ,ari/otle f ! s]i\s /ud5ts ( any nation1 provid$ only !y "k _! ,ari/otle4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ! ,scot* philosoph]1 said3 ,ari/otle's seal is ^u all ! sci5ces1 8 speculations h det]m9$ ^? ( all subsequ5t ?9k]s4 ,hegel1 ! ,g]man philosophic writ]1 is n less outspok5 9 8 praise3 ,ari/otle p5etrat$ ! :ole univ]se ( ?+s & subject$ !m to intellig5ce4 ,kant1 :o is (t5 said to h influ5c$ our mod]n ?9k+ m ?an any o!r 9 rec5t g5]ations1 has 8 complim5t = ,ari/otle4 ,x relates p>ticul>ly to t bran* ( philosophy ) :i* ,kant _h mo/ occupi$ himself4 ,! ,ko5igsb]g philosoph] said3 ,logic s9ce ,ari/otle1 l ,geometry s9ce ,euclid1 is a f9i%$ sci5ce4 ,i d n want to tire y or ,i c\ld quote _m o!r au?orities :o proclaim ,ari/otle ! g5ius ( ! race4 ,!y w\ld include poets l ,dante & ,goe!1 s*ol>s l ,cic]o & ,an?on1 lit]>y m5 l ,less+ & ,rei* & _m o!rs4 ,! s*ol>s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 f> f condemnation = _! devotion to ,ari/otle1 des]ve ! highe/ praise = x4 ,if !y _h done no?+ else b appreciate ,ari/otle z our greate/ mod]n s*ol>s h done1 t ( itself w\ld proclaim _! pr(\nd s*ol>%ip4 ,! m$ieval writ]s are (t5 said to h be5 uncritical 9 _! judgm5t1 b 9 _! l(ty e/imation ( ,ari/otle !y display$ ! f9e/ possible critical judgm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! g5]ations :o made mu* ( ! opportunity to m9imize m$ieval s*ol>%ip because ( its wor%ip at ! %r9e ( ,ari/otle1 mu/ !mselves fall "u ! suspicion at lea/ ( ei!r n kn[+ ,ari/otle or ( n ?9k+ deeply ab\t ! subjects ) reg>d to :i* he wrote4 ,= 9 all ! _w's hi/ory ! rule has be5 t :5ev] m5 h ?\ght deeply ab\t a subject & "k :at ,ari/otle has writt5 ) reg>d to t subject1 !y h ! livelie/ admiration = ! great ,greek ?9k]4 ,?is is true = philosophy1 logic1 metaphysics1 politics1 e?ics1 dramatics1 b x is also q z true = physical sci5ce4 ,he lack$ our k1 ?\gh n ne>ly to ! degree t is usually ?\ght1 & he _h a m>vell\s accumulation ( in=mation1 b he _h a bread? ( view & a ?or\ghness ( appreciation ) a p[] ( p5etration t make 8 op9ions wor? :ile kn[+ ev5 on sci5tific subjects 9 our enlight5$ age4 ,z = ! suppos$ swe>+ by ,ari/otle1 9 ! s5se ( lit]ally accept+ 8 op9ions )\t d>+ to exam9e !m critically1 :i* is s con/antly ass]t$ to h be5 ! habit ( ! m$ieval s*ol>s & tea*]s1 x is extremely difficult 9 ! light ( ! expressions :i* we h f !m1 to und]/& h[ ?is false impression arose4 ,ari/otle !y ?or\ghly respect$4 ,!y con/antly ref]r$ to 8 works1 b s has e ?9k+ g5]ation ev] s9ce4 ,:5ev] he _h made a decl>ation !y w\ld n accept ! contradiction ( x )\t a good reason1 b :5ev] !y _h good reasons1 ,ari/otle's op9ion 0 at once reject$ )\t compunction4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 = in/ance1 said3 ,:oev] believes t ,ari/otle 0 a ,god mu/ also believe t he nev] err$1 b if we believe t ,ari/otle 0 a man1 !n d\btless he 0 liable to err j z we are4 ,a numb] ( direct contradictions ( ,ari/otle we h f ,alb]t4 ,a well-kn[n "o is t ) reg>d to ,ari/otle's ass]tion t lun> ra9b[s appe>$ only twice 9 fifty ye>s4 ,alb]t decl>$ t he himself _h se5 two 9 a s+le ye>4 ,inde$1 x seems v cle> t ! :ole tr5d ( ?\ght among ! great tea*]s ( ! "t 0 away f ! acceptance ( sci5tific conclusions on au?ority unless !re 0 good evid5ce = !m available4 ,!y 7 q z impati5t z ! sci5ti/s ( our "t ) ! con/ant putt+ =w>d ( ,ari/otle z if t settl$ a sci5tific "q4 ,rog] ,bacon want$ ! ,pope to =bid ! /udy ( ,ari/otle because 8 works 7 lead+ m5 a/ray f ! /udy ( sci5ce1 8 au?ority be+ look$ ^u z s great t m5 did n ?9k = !mselves b accept$ 8 ass]tions4 ,small] m5 are always prone to d ?is1 & inde$ x con/itutes "o ( ! difficulties 9 ! way ( advance 9 sci5tific k at all times1 z ,rog] ,bacon himself po9t$ out4 ,^! are ! sort ( expressions t are to be expect$ f ,fri> ,bacon f :at we "k ( o!r p>ts ( 8 "w4 ,8 ,opus ,t]tium 0 writt5 at ! reque/ ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,iv1 because ! ,pope _h he>d _m int]e/+ acc\nts ( :at ! great ?irte5?-c5tury tea*] & exp]im5t] 0 do+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & wi%$ to le>n = himself ! details ( 8 "w4 ,bacon />ts out ) ! pr9ciple t !re are f\r gr\nds ( human ignorance4 ,^! are1 fir/1 tru/ 9 inadequate au?ority2 second1 t =ce ( cu/om :i* leads m5 to accept )\t prop]ly que/ion+ :at has be5 accept$ be=e _! "t2 ?ird1 ! plac+ ( confid5ce 9 ! ass]tions ( ! inexp]i5c$2 & f\r?1 ! hid+ ( "o's own ignorance beh9d ! p>ade ( sup]ficial k1 s t we are afraid to say ,i d n "k4 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,morley1 a c>eful /ud5t ( ,bacon's writ+s1 said ) reg>d to ^! expressions ( ,bacon3 ,no "p ( t gr\nd has yet be5 cut away f b5ea? ! feet ( /ud5ts1 al?\gh six c5turies h pass$4 ,we /ill make %eep-walks ( second1 ?ird & f\r?1 & fiftie? h& ref]5ces to au?ority2 /ill we are ! slaves ( habit1 /ill we are f\nd foll[+ too frequ5tly ! untaught cr[d1 /ill we fl9* f ! righte\s & :olesome phrase ,i d n "k & acquiesce actively 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs t we "k :at we appe> to "k4 ,9 8 ,opus ,majus ,bacon _h previ\sly giv5 abundant evid5ce ( 8 respect = ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,!re is a section ( ?is "w :i* be>s ! title ,sci5tia ,exp]im5talis4 ,9 ?is ,bacon affirms t )\t exp]im5t no?+ c be adequately kn[n4 ,an argum5t may prove ! correctness ( a !ory1 b does n give ! c]titude necess>y to remove all d\bt1 nor w ! m9d repose 9 ! cle> view ( tru? unless x f9ds its way by means ( exp]im5t4 ,to ?is he lat] add$ 9 8 ,opus ,t]tium3 ,! /ronge/ argum5t proves no?+ s long z ! conclusions are n v]ifi$ by exp]i5ce4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ce is ! que5 ( sci5ces1 & ! goal ( all speculation4 ,x is no wond] t ,dr4 ,:ewell1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 %\ld h be5 un/9t$ 9 8 praise ( ,rog] ,bacon's "w & writ+s4 ,9 a well-kn[n passage he says ( ! ,opus ,majus3 ,rog] ,bacon's ,opus ,majus is ! encyclop$ia & ,novum ,organon ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a "w equally wond]ful ) reg>d to its wond]ful s*eme & to ! special treatises by :i* ! outl9es ( ! plans are fill$ up4 ,! pr(ess$ object ( ! "w is to urge ! necessity ( a re=m 9 ! mode ( philosophiz+1 to set =? ! reasons :y k _h n made great] progress1 to draw back att5tion to ! s\rces ( k :i* _h be5 unwisely neglect$1 to discov] o!r s\rces :i* 7 yet almo/ unt\*$1 & to animate m5 9 ! und]tak+ ( a prospect ( ! va/ advantages :i* x (f]$4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is plan all ! lead+ portions ( sci5ce are exp&$ 9 ! mo/ complete %ape :i* !y _h at t "t assum$2 & improvem5ts ( a v wide & /rik+ k9d are propos$ 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal bran*es ( /udy4 ,ev5 if ! "w _h no lead+ purposes x w\ld h be5 highly valuable z a treasure ( ! mo/ solid k & s\nde/ speculations ( ! "t2 ev5 if x _h conta9$ no su* details x w\ld h be5 a "w mo/ rem>kable = its g5]al views & scope4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages1 f> f neglect+ sci5ce1 7 really sci5tific univ]sities4 ,because ! univ]sities ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury occupi$ !mselves almo/ exclusively ) languages & especially =m$ /ud5ts' m9ds by means ( classical /udies1 m5 9 our "t seem to be prone to ?9k t su* l+ui/ic /udies =m$ ! ma9 portion ( ! curriculum ( ! univ]sities 9 all ! old times & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! /udy ( ! classic languages1 h[ev]1 came into univ]sity life only aft] ! ,r5aissance4 ,be=e t ! und]graduates ( ! univ]sities _h occupi$ !mselves almo/ entirely ) sci5ce4 ,x 0 q z mu* tr\ble to introduce l+ui/ic /udies into ! old univ]sities 9 ! ,r5aissance "t to replace sci5ce1 z x 0 to secure room = sci5ce by pu%+ out ! classics 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,inde$ ! two revolutions 9 education are /rik+ly simil> :5 /udi$ 9 detail4 ,m5 :o _h be5 br\ght up on sci5ce be=e ! ,r5aissance 7 q sure t t =m$ ! be/ possible means ( develop+ ! m9d4 ,9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury m5 :o _h be5 =m$ on ! classics 7 q z sure t sci5ce c\ld n replace !m ) any success4 ,!re is no pret5ce t ?is view ( ! m$ieval univ]sities is a new idea 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,^? :o h kn[n ! old univ]sities at fir/ h& by ! /udy ( ! actual books ( _! pr(essors & by famili>ity ) _! c\rses ( /udy1 h n be5 incl9$ to make ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t ! m$ieval univ]sity neglect$ sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 ,inaugural ,address z ,rector ( ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity "s ?irty ye>s ago /at$ v def9itely 8 recognition ( m$ieval devotion to sci5ce4 ,8 words are well wor? rememb]+ by all ^? :o are accu/om$ to ?9k ( our "t z ! fir/ 9 :i* ! /udy ( sci5ce 0 tak5 up s]i\sly 9 our univ]sities4 ,pr(essor ,huxley said3 ,! s*ol>s ( ! m$ieval univ]sities seem to h /udi$ gramm>1 logic1 & rhetoric2 ari?metic & geometry2 a/ronomy1 !ology1 & music4 ,?us _! "w1 h[ev] imp]fect & faulty1 judg$ by mod]n lights1 x may h be51 br\ght !m face to face ) all ! lead+ aspects ( ! _m-sid$ m9d ( man4 ,= ^! /udies did really conta91 at any rate 9 embryo1 sometimes x may be 9 c>icature1 :at we n[ call philosophy1 ma!matical & physical sci5ce1 & art4 ,& ,i d\bt if ! curriculum ( any mod]n univ]sity %[s s cle> & g5]\s a compreh5sion ( :at is meant by culture1 z ?is old ,trivium & ,quadrivium does4 ,x w\ld be entirely a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t ^! great writ]s & tea*]s :o influ5c$ ! m$ieval univ]sities s deeply & ^: works 7 ! text-books ( ! univ]sities = c5turies aft]1 only _h ! pr9ciples ( physical & exp]im5tal sci5ce & did n practically apply !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact _! works are full ( obs]vation4 ,once m1 ! presumption t !y wrote only nons5se ) reg>d to sci5ce comes f ^? :o d n "k _! writ+s at all1 :ile great sci5ti/s :o h tak5 ! pa9s to /udy _! works are en?usia/ic 9 praise4 ,humboldt1 = in/ance1 says ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 aft] read+ "s ( 8 works ) c>e3 ,alb]tus ,magnus is equally active & influ5tial 9 promot+ ! /udy ( natural sci5ce & ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy4 ,8 works conta9 "s exce$+ly acute rem>ks on ! organic /ructure & physiology ( plants4 ,"o ( 8 works be>+ ! title ( ,lib] ,cosmographicus ,de ,natura ,locorum is a species ( physical geography4 ,i h f\nd 9 x consid]ations on ! dep5d5ce ( temp]ature concurr5tly on latitude & elevation & on ! effect ( diff]5t angles ( ! sun's rays 9 heat+ ! gr\nd :i* h excit$ my surprise4 ,x is ) reg>d to physical geography ( c\rse t ,humboldt is himself a di/+ui%$ au?ority4 ,humboldt's expression t he f\nd "s exce$+ly acute rem>ks on ! organic /ructure & physiology ( plants 9 ,alb]t ! ,great's writ+s w prove a great surprise to _m p4 ,mey]1 ! ,g]man hi/orian ( botany1 h[ev]1 has re-e*o$ ,humboldt's praise ) emphasis4 ,! extraord9>y erudition & orig9ality ( ,alb]t's treatise on plants drew f ,mey] ! comm5t3 ,no botani/ :o liv$ be=e ,alb]t c be comp>$ ) him unless ,!ophra/us1 ) :om he 0 n acqua9t$2 & aft] him none has pa9t$ nature 9 su* liv+ colors or /udi$ x s pr(\ndly until ! "t ( ,conrad ,gessn] & ,csalp9o4 ,^! m51 x may be rem>k$1 come ?ree c5turies aft] ,alb]t's "t4 ,a ready idea ( ,alb]t's contributions to physical sci5ce c be obta9$ f 8 life by ,sigh>t1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,dixon & 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahgj4 ,pagel1 9 ,pus*mann's ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e1 already ref]r$ to1 gives a li/ ( ! books writt5 by ,alb]t on sci5tific matt]s ) "s comm5ts :i* are em95tly sugge/ive1 & furni% solid basis = ! rem>k t ,i h made1 t m5's m9ds 7 occupi$ ) ne>ly ! same problems 9 sci5ce 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury z we are n[1 :ile ! conclusions !y came to 7 n v diff]5t f ours1 ?\gh rea*$ s long be=e u4 ,?is catalogue ( ,alb]tus ,magnus' works %[s v well 8 own int]e/ & t ( 8 g5]ation 9 physical sci5ce ( all k9ds4 ,!re 7 eight treatises on ,ari/otle's physics & on ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( natural philosophy & ( en]gy & ( movem5t2 f\r treatises conc]n+ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 "o on physical geography :i* also conta9s1 accord+ to ,pagel1 num]\s sugge/ions on e?nography & physiology4 ,!re are two treatises on g5]ation & corruption1 six books on meteors1 five books on m9]als1 ?ree books on ! s\l1 two books on ! intellect1 a treatise on nutritives1 & !n a treatise on ! s5ses & ano!r on ! memory & on ! imag9ation4 ,all ! phases ( ! biological sci5ces 7 especially favorite subjects ( 8 /udy4 ,!re is a treatise on ! motion ( animals1 a treatise 9 six books on vegetables & plants1 a treatise on brea?+ ?+s1 a treatise on sleep & wak+1 a treatise on y\? & old age1 & a treatise on life & dea?4 ,8 treatise on m9]als conta9s1 accord+ to ,pagel1 a description ( n9ety-five diff]5t k9ds ( preci\s /ones4 ,alb]t's volumes on plants 7 reproduc$ ) ,mey]1 ! ,g]man botani/1 z editor 7,b]l91 #ahfg74 ,all ( ,alb]t's books are available 9 mod]n editions4 ,pagel says ( ,alb]tus t ,8 pr(\nd s*ol>%ip1 8 b\ndless indu/ry1 ! almo/ incontrollable impulse ( 8 m9d aft] univ]sality ( k1 ! _m-sid$ness ( 8 lit]>y productivity1 & f9ally ! almo/ univ]sal recognition :i* he receiv$ f 8 contempor>ies & succe$+ g5]ations1 /amp him z "o ( ! mo/ impos+ *>act]s & "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ph5om5a ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ano!r passage ,pagel has said3 ,:ile ,alb]t 0 a ,*ur*man & an ard5t devotee ( ,ari/otle1 9 matt]s ( natural ph5om5a he 0 relatively unprejudic$ & pres5t$ an op5 m9d4 ,he ?\ght t he mu/ foll[ ,hippocrates & ,gal51 r ?an ,ari/otle & ,augu/9e1 9 m$ic9e & 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,we mu/ conc$e x a special subject ( praise = ,alb]t t he di/+ui%$ v /rictly betwe5 natural & sup]natural ph5om5a4 ,! =m] he consid]$ z entirely ! object ( ! inve/igation ( nature4 ,! latt] he h&$ ov] to ! realm ( metaphysics4 ,rog] ,bacon is1 h[ev]1 ! "o ( ^! ?ree great tea*]s :o %[s u h[ ?or\ghly practical 0 ! sci5tific k ( ! univ]sities & h[ mu* x l$ to important useful discov]ies 9 appli$ sci5ce & to anticipations ( :at is mo/ novel ev5 9 our pres5t-day sci5ces4 ,"s ( ^! inde$ are s />tl+1 t only t we "k !m n by tradition b f 8 works1 :]e !y may be readily f\nd )\t any d\bt ( _! au!nticity1 we %\ld be sure to ?9k t !y mu/ be ! result ( lat] comm5tators' ideas4 ,bacon 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 a/ronomy1 & n only sugge/$ ! correction ( ! cal5d>1 b also a me?od by :i* x c\ld be kept f w&]+ away f ! actual date !reaft]4 ,he discov]$ _m ( ! prop]ties ( l5ses & is said to h inv5t$ spectacles & ann\nc$ v emphatically t light did n travel in/antane\sly b mov$ ) a def9ite velocity4 ,he is sometimes said to h inv5t$ gunp[d]1 b ( c\rse he did n1 ?\gh he /udi$ ?is sub/ance 9 v>i\s =ms v c>efully & drew a numb] ( conclusions 9 8 obs]vations4 ,he 0 sure t "s "t or o!r man w\ld le>n to control ! en]gies exhibit$ by explosives & t !n he w\ld be able to accompli% _m ?+s t seem$ q impossible "u pres5t conditions4 ,he said1 = in/ance3 ,art c con/ruct in/rum5ts ( navigation1 su* t ! l>ge/ vessels gov]n$ by a s+le man w trav]se riv]s & seas m rapidly ?an if !y 7 fill$ ) o>sm54 ,"o may also make c>riages :i* )\t ! aid ( any animal w run ) rem>kable swiftness4 ,9 ^! days :5 ! automobile is ) u & :5 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( en]gy = motor purposes is d]iv$ f explosives ( v>i\s k9ds1 ?is expression ( ,rog] ,bacon repres5ts a prophecy m>vell\sly surpris+ 9 its fulfilm5t4 ,x is no wond] t ! book :5ce x comes be>s ! title ,de ,secretis ,artis et ,natur4 ,rog] ,bacon ev5 w5t to ! ext5t1 h[ev]1 ( decl>+ t man w\ld "s "t be able to fly4 ,he 0 ev5 sure t ) suffici5t pa9s he c\ld himself con/ruct a fly+ ma*9e4 ,he did n expect to use explosives = 8 motor p[]1 h[ev]1 b ?\ght t a w9dlass prop]ly arrang$1 work$ by h&1 might enable a man to make suffici5t movem5t to c>ry himself al(t or at lea/ to support himself 9 ! air1 if !re 7 en\gh surface to enable him to use 8 lift+ p[] to advantage4 ,he 0 9 intimate relations by lett] ) _m o!r di/+ui%$ inv5tors & inve/igators besides ,p]egr9us & 0 a s\rce ( inc5tive & enc\ragem5t to !m all4 ,! m "o kn[s ( ,aqu9as ! m surprise !re is at 8 anticipation ( _m mod]n sci5tific ideas4 ,at ! conclusion ( a c\rse on cosmology deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is he said t no?+ at all w\ld ev] be r$uc$ to no?+ness 7nihil omn9o 9 nihilum r$igetur74 ,he 0 tea*+ ! doctr9e t man c\ld n de/roy matt] & ,god w\ld n annihilate x4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 tea*+ ! inde/ructibility ( matt] ev5 m emphatically ?an we d4 ,he saw ! _m *anges t take place 9 mat]ial sub/ances ar\nd u1 b he taught t ^! 7 only *anges ( =m & n sub/antial *anges & t ! same am\nt ( matt] always rema9$ 9 ! _w4 ,at ! same "t he 0 tea*+ t ! =ms 9 matt] by :i* he meant ! comb9ations ( en]gies :i* di/+ui% ! v>i\s k9ds ( matt] are n de/roy$4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 anticipat+ n vaguely1 b v cle>ly & def9itely1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,8 tea*+ ) reg>d to ! composition ( matt] 0 v l t n[ held by physici/s4 ,he decl>$ t matt] 0 compos$ ( two pr9ciples1 prime matt] & =m4 ,by =ma he meant ! dynamic elem5t 9 matt]1 :ile by mat]ia prima he meant ! und]ly+ sub/ratum ( mat]ial1 ! same 9 e sub/ance1 b diff]5tiat$ by ! dynamics ( matt]4 ,x us$ to be ! cu/om to make fun ( ^! m$ieval sci5ti/s = believ+ 9 ! transmutation ( metals4 ,x may be said t all ?ree ( ^! greate/ tea*]s did n hold ! doctr9e ( ! transmutation ( metals 9 ! exagg]at$ way 9 :i* x appeal$ to _m ( _! contempor>ies4 ,! !ory ( matt] & =m1 h[ev]1 gave a philosophical basis = ! idea t "o k9d ( matt] might be *ang$ into ano!r4 ,we no long] ?9k t notion absurd4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay has actually succe$$ 9 *ang+ "o elem5t into ano!r & radium & helium are se5 *ang+ into ea* o!r1 until n[ we are q ready to ?9k ( transmutation placidly4 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,/one us$ to seem a great absurdity until our rec5t exp]i5ce ) radium1 :i* is to "s ext5t at lea/ ! philosoph]'s /one1 s9ce x br+s ab\t ! *ange ( c]ta9 suppos$ elem5ts into o!rs4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,am]ican *emi/ said n long ago t he w\ld l to extract all ! silv] f a l>ge body ( lead ore 9 :i* x occurs s commonly1 & !n come back aft] tw5ty ye>s & look = fur!r traces ( silv]1 = he felt sure t !y w\ld be f\nd & t lead ore is probably always produc+ silv] 9 small quantities & copp] ore is produc+ gold4 ,mo/ p w be incl9$ to ask :]e ! fruits ( ?is und]graduate tea*+ ( sci5ce are to be f\nd4 ,!y are incl9$ to presume t sci5ce 0 a clos$ book to ! m5 & wom5 ( t "t4 ,x is n h>d1 h[ev]1 to po9t ! effect ( ! sci5tific tra9+ 9 ! writ+s ( ! times4 ,dante is a typical univ]sity man ( ! p]iod4 ,he 0 at sev]al ,italian univ]sities1 0 at ,p>is & p]haps at ,ox=d4 ,8 writ+s are full ( sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,khns1 ( ,wesleyan1 9 8 book ,! ,treatm5t ( ,nature 9 ,dante1 has po9t$ out h[ mu* ,dante kn[s ( sci5ce & ( nature4 ,few ( ! poets n only ( 8 own b ( any "t h kn[n m4 ,!re are only "o or two writ]s ( poetry 9 our "t :o g ) s mu* confid5ce to nature & ! sci5tific int]pretation ( h] = figures = _! poetry4 ,! a/ronomy1 ! botany1 ! zology ( ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,dante knew v well & us$ confid5tly = figurative purposes4 ,anyone :o is incl9$ to ?9k nature /udy a new idea 9 ! _w =gets1 or has nev] kn[n1 8 ,dante4 ,! birds & ! bees1 ! fl[]s1 ! leaves1 ! v>i$ aspects ( cl\ds & sea1 ! ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce1 ! intimate habits ( bird & bea/ & ! ways ( ! plants1 z well z all ! appe>ances ( ! heav5s1 ,dante knew v well & 9 a detail t is q surpris+ :5 we recall h[ little nature /udy is suppos$ to h attract$ ! m5 ( 8 "t4 ,only t 8 read]s appreciat$ x all1 ,dante w\ld surely n h us$ 8 sci5tific erudition s con/antly4 ,s mu* = ! und]graduate dep>tm5t ( ! univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! view is absolutely fair1 = ^! 7 ! m5 to :om ! /ud5ts flock$ by ?\s&s4 ,!y 7 tea*+ sci5ce1 n lit]ature4 ,!y 7 discuss+ physics z well z metaphysics1 psy*ology 9 its ph5om5a z well z philosophy1 obs]vation & exp]im5t z well z logic1 ! e?ical sci5ces1 economics1 practically all ! sci5tific ideas t 7 ne$$ 9 _! g5]ation--& t g5]ation saw ! rise ( ! univ]sities1 ! f9i%+ ( ! ca!drals1 ! build+ ( magnific5t t[n halls & ca/les & beautiful municipal build+s ( _m k9ds1 includ+ hospitals1 ! developm5t ( ! ,hansa ,league 9 comm]ce1 & ( wond]ful manufactur]s ( all ! textiles1 ! arts & crafts1 z well z ! mo/ beautiful book-mak+ & art & lit]ature4 ,we c\ld be q sure t ! m5 :o solv$ all ! o!r problems s well c\ld n h be5 absurd only 9 _! treatm5t ( sci5ce4 ,anyone :o reads _! books w be q sure ( t4 ,:ile mo/ p might be ready1 !n1 to confess t possibly ,huxley 0 n mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! und]graduate dep>tm5t ( ! univ]sities1 mo/ ( !m w\ld feel sure t at lea/ ! graduate dep>tm5ts 7 sadly defici5t 9 accompli%m5t4 ,once m ?is is entirely an assumption4 ,! facts are all aga9/ any su* idea4 ,!re 7 ?ree graduate dep>tm5ts 9 mo/ ( ! univ]sities--!ology1 law1 & m$ic9e4 ,:ile physical sci5ti/s are usually n cognizant ( x app>5tly1 !ology is a sci5ce1 a dep>tm5t ( k develop$ sci5tifically1 & mo/ ( ^! m$ieval univ]sities did m = its sci5tific developm5t ?an ! s*ools ( any o!r p]iod4 ,q z mu* may be said = philosophy1 = !re are _m :o hesitate to attribute any sci5tific quality to mod]n developm5ts 9 ! matt]4 ,z = law1 ?is is ! great p]iod ( ! f\ndation ( sci5tific law developm5t2 ! ,engli% common law 0 =mulat$ by ,bracton1 ! deep f\ndations ( basic ,fr5* & ,spani% law 7 laid1 & canon law acquir$ a def9ite sci5tific "* :i* x 0 always to reta94 ,all ?is 0 accompli%$ almo/ entirely by ! pr(essors 9 ! law dep>tm5ts ( ! univ]sities4 ,x 0 9 m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 :]e mo/ p w\ld be q sure )\t any m ado t no?+ wor? :ile talk+ ab\t 0 be+ done1 t ! great triumphs ( graduate tea*+ at ! m$ieval univ]sities 7 secur$4 ,"h m ?an any:]e else is !re room = supreme surprise at ! q unhe>d-( anticipations ( our mod]n m$ic9e &1 /rang] /ill1 z x may seem1 ( our mod]n surg]y4 ,! law regulat+ ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ! ,two ,sicilies ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury %[s u ! high /&>d ( m$ical education4 ,/ud5ts 7 requir$ to h ?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y /udy at ! univ]sity1 f\r ye>s 9 ! m$ical dep>tm5t1 & !n practise = a ye> ) a physician be=e !y 7 all[$ to practise = !mselves4 ,if !y want$ to practise surg]y1 an extra ye> 9 ! /udy ( anatomy 0 requir$4 ,i publi%$ ! text ( ?is law1 :i* 0 issu$ by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii ab\t #abda1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association ?ree ye>s ago4 ,x also regulat$ ! practice ( ph>macy4 ,drugs 7 manufactur$ "u ! inspection ( ! gov]nm5t & !re 0 a heavy p5alty = sub/itution1 or = ! sale ( old in]t drugs1 or improp]ly prep>$ ph>maceutical mat]ials4 ,if ! gov]nm5t inspector violat$ 8 obligations z to ! ov]sight ( drug prep>ations ! p5alty 0 dea?4 ,nor 0 ?is law ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick an exception4 ,we h ! *>t]s ( a numb] ( m$ical s*ools issu$ by ! ,popes dur+ ! next c5tury1 all ( :i* require sev5 ye>s or m ( univ]sity /udy1 f\r ( !m 9 ! m$ical dep>tm5t1 be=e ! doctor's degree c\ld be obta9$4 ,:5 new m$ical s*ools 7 f\nd$ !y _h to h pr(essors f c]ta9 well-recogniz$ s*ools on _! /aff at ! beg9n+ 9 ord] to assure prop] /&>ds ( tea*+1 & all exam9ations 7 conduct$ "u oa?-b\nd secrecy & ) ! heavie/ obligations on pr(essors to be assur$ ( ! k ( /ud5ts be=e all[+ !m to pass4 ,x might be easy to ?9k1 & _m p are prone to d s1 t 9 spite ( ! long ye>s ( /udy requir$ !re 0 really v little to /udy 9 m$ic9e at t "t4 ,^? :o ?9k s %\ld read ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt's address on ! ,hi/orical ,relations ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y deliv]$ at ! ,_w's ,fair at ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijd4 ,he has dwelt m on surg]y ?an on m$ic9e1 b he makes x v cle> t he consid]s t ! ?9k+ pr(essors ( m$ic9e ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages 7 do+ q z s]i\s "w 9 _! way z any t has be5 done s9ce4 ,!y 7 c>efully /udy+ cases & writ+ case hi/ories1 !y 7 tea*+ at ! b$side1 !y 7 mak+ valuable obs]vations1 & !y 7 us+ ! means at _! comm& to ! be/ advantage4 ,( c\rse !re are _m absurdities 9 _! !rapeutics1 b !n we mu/ n =get !re h always be5 _m absurdities 9 !rapeutics & t we are n free f !m 9 our day4 ,pr(essor ,ri*et1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 said n long ago3 ,! !rapeutics ( any g5]ation is q absurd to ! second succe$+ g5]ation4 ,we %all n blame ! m$ieval g5]ations = hav+ accept$ rem$ies t aft]w>ds prov$ in]t1 = e g5]ation has done t1 ev5 our own4 ,_! /udy ( m$ic9e 0 n )\t la/+ accompli%m5t1 h[ev]4 ,!y laid d[n ! indications & ! dosage = opium4 ,!y us$ iron ) success1 !y tri$ out _m ( ! bitt] tonics among ! h]bal m$ic9es1 & !y us$ laxatives & purgatives to good advantage4 ,d[n at ,montpelli]1 ,gilb]t1 ! ,engli%man1 sugge/$ r$ light = smallpox because x %ort5$ ! fev]1 less5$ ! lesions1 & made ! disfigurem5t mu* less4 ,f9s5 0 giv5 ! ,nobel prize p>tly = re-discov]y ( ?is4 ,!y segregat$ erysipelas & s prev5t$ its spread4 ,!y recogniz$ ! contagi\sness ( leprosy1 & ?\gh x 0 probably z widespread z tub]culosis is at ! pres5t "t1 !y succe$$ n only 9 controll+ b 9 ev5tually oblit]at+ x ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,x 0 9 surg]y1 h[ev]1 t ! greate/ triumphs ( tea*+ ( ! m$ieval univ]sities 7 secur$4 ,mo/ p are incl9$ to ?9k t surg]y develop$ only 9 our day4 ,! great surgeons ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 h[ev]1 anticipat$ mo/ ( our tea*+4 ,!y inve/igat$ ! causes ( ! failure ( heal+ by fir/ int5tion1 recogniz$ ! dang] ( w\nds ( ! neck1 diff]5tiat$ ! v5]eal diseases1 describ$ rabies1 & knew mu* ( blood poison+1 & op]at$ v skilfully4 ,we h _! text-books ( surg]y & !y are a nev]-end+ s\rce ( surprise4 ,!y op]at$ on ! bra91 on ! ?orax1 on ! abdom9al cavity1 & did n hesitate to d mo/ ( ! op]ations t mod]n surgeons d4 ,!y op]at$ = h]nia by ! radical cure1 ?\gh ,mondeville sugge/$ t m p 7 op]at$ on = h]nia = ! b5efit ( ! doctor's pocket ?an = ! b5efit ( ! pati5t4 ,guy de ,*auliac decl>$ t 9 w\nds ( ! inte/9es pati5ts w\ld die unless ! inte/9al lac]ations 7 sew$ up1 & he describ$ ! me?od ( suture & inv5t$ a ne$le hold]4 ,we h _m wond]ful in/rum5ts f ^! e>ly days pres]v$ 9 pictures at lea/1 t %[ u h[ mu* mod]n advance is m]ely re-inv5tion4 ,!y und]/ood ! pr9ciples ( aseptic surg]y v well4 ,!y decl>$ t x 0 n necess>y t pus %\ld be g5]at$ 9 w\nds4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt says3 ,!y wa%$ ! w\nd ) w9e1 scrupul\sly remov+ e =eign p>ticle2 !n !y br\ght ! edges toge!r1 n all[+ w9e or any?+ else to rema9 )9--dry adhesive surfaces 7 _! desire4 ,nature1 !y said1 produces ! means ( union 9 a visc\s exudation1 or natural balm1 z x 0 aft]w>ds call$ by ,p>acelsus1 ,p>1 & ,wurtz4 ,9 old] w\nds !y did _! be/ to obta9 union by cleans+1 desiccation1 & refre%+ ( ! edges4 ,^u ! out] surface !y laid only l9t /eep$ 9 w9e4 ,p[d]s !y reg>d$ z too desiccat+1 = p[d] %uts 9 decompos+ matt]s2 w9e aft] wa%+1 purify+1 & dry+ ! raw surfaces evaporates4 ,almo/ ne$less to say ^! are exactly ! pr9ciples ( aseptic surg]y4 ,! w9e 0 ! be/ antiseptic t !y c\ld use & we /ill use alcohol 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,x w\ld seem to _m q impossible t su* op]ations z are describ$ c\ld h be5 done )\t an/hetics1 b !y 7 n done )\t an/hetics4 ,!re 7 two or ?ree diff]5t =ms ( an/hesia us$ dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,"o me?od employ$ by ,ugo da ,lucca consi/$ ( ! use ( an inhalant4 ,we d n "k :at ! mat]ial employ$ 04 ,!re are def9ite records1 h[ev]1 ( its r frequ5t employm5t4 ,:at a diff]5t picture ( sci5ce at ! m$ieval univ]sities all ?is makes f :at we h be5 accu/om$ to he> & read ) reg>d to !m4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :]e ! old false impressions came f4 ,! picture ( univ]sity "w t rec5t hi/orical rese>* has giv5 u %[s u pr(essors & /ud5ts busy ) sci5ce 9 e dep>tm5t1 mak+ magnific5t advances1 _m ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds =gott51 or at lea/ all[$ to lapse into desuetude4 ,! positive ass]tions ) reg>d to old-"t ignorance 7 all made 9 ! c\rse ( religi\s controv]sy4 ,9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries p>ticul>ly x became a def9ite purpose to repres5t ! old ,*ur* z v mu* oppos$ to education ( all k9ds & above all to sci5tific education4 ,!re is n a trace ( t to be f\nd any:]e1 b !re 7 _m docum5ts t 7 appeal$ to to confirm ! prote/ant view4 ,!re 0 a ,papal bull1 = in/ance1 said to =bid dissection4 ,:5 read x proves to =bid ! cutt+ up ( bodies to c>ry !m to a di/ance = burial1 an abuse :i* caus$ ! spread ( disease1 & 0 prop]ly prohibit$4 ,! ,*ur* prohibition 0 int]national & !re=e effective4 ,at ! "t ! bull 0 issu$ !re 7 tw5ty m$ical s*ools do+ dissection 9 ,italy & !y cont9u$ to practise x q undi/urb$ dur+ succe$+ c5turies4 ,! ,papal physicians 7 among ! greate/ dissectors4 ,dissections 7 done at ,rome & ! c>d9als att5d$ !m4 ,bologna at ! height ( its fame 0 9 ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,all ?is has be5 ignor$ & ! suppos$ bull aga9/ anatomy emphasiz$ z repres5t+ ! keynote ( m$ical & surgical hi/ory4 ,!n !re 0 a ,papal decree =bidd+ ! mak+ ( gold & silv]4 ,?is 0 said to =bid *emi/ry or al*emy & s prev5t sci5tific progress4 ,! hi/ory ( ! m$ical s*ools ( ! "t %[s t x did no su* ?+4 ,! great al*emi/s ( ! "t do+ really sci5tific "w 7 all cl]gym51 _m ( !m v prom95t ecclesia/ics4 ,j 9 ! same way !re 7 said to be decrees ( ! ,*ur* c\ncils =bidd+ ! practice ( surg]y4 ,presid5t ,:ite says 9 8 ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom1 t1 z a consequ5ce ( ^!1 surg]y 0 9 di%onor until ! ,emp]or ,w5ceslaus1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ord]$ t x %\ld be re/or$ to e/imation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 dur+ ! two c5turies imm$iately prec$+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 surg]y develop$ v wond]fully1 & we h probably ! mo/ successful p]iod 9 all ! hi/ory ( surg]y except possibly our own4 ,! decrees =bade monks to practise surg]y because x l$ to c]ta9 abuses4 ,^? :o f\nd ^! decrees & want$ to believe t !y prev5t$ all surgical developm5t simply quot$ !m & assum$ !re 0 no surg]y4 ,! hi/ory ( surg]y at ?is "t is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful *apt]s 9 human progress4 ,! m we "k ( ! ,middle ,ages ! m d we realize h[ mu* !y accompli%$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( intellectual ef=t4 ,_! developm5t ( ! arts & crafts has nev] be5 equall$ 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,!y made v great lit]ature1 m>vell\s ar*itecture1 sculpture t rivals ! ,greeks'1 pa9t+ t is /ill ! model = our arti/s1 surpass+ illum9ations2 ev]y?+ t !y t\*$ became s beautiful z to be a model = all ! aft] "t4 ,!y accompli%$ z mu* 9 education z !y did 9 all ! o!r arts1 _! univ]sities _h m /ud5ts ?an any t h exi/$ d[n to our own "t1 & !y 7 en?usia/ic /ud5ts & _! pr(essors 7 ard5t tea*]s1 writ]s1 obs]v]s1 inve/igators4 ,:ile we h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ( !m z neglect+ sci5ce1 _! m9ds 7 occupi$ entirely ) sci5ce4 ,!y succe$$ 9 anticipat+ mu* m ( our mod]n ?\ght1 & ev5 sci5tific progress1 ?an we h _h any idea until comp>atively rec5t ye>s4 ,! "w ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages 9 ma!matics is p>ticul>ly /rong1 & 0 ! inc5tive = _m succe$+ g5]ations4 ,rog] ,bacon insi/$ t1 )\t ma!matics1 !re 0 no possibility ( real advance 9 physical sci5ce4 ,!y _h ! "r ideas 9 e way4 ,:ile !y 7 occupi$ m ) ! philosophical & e?ical sci5ces ?an we are1 ^! 7 nev] pursu$ to ! neglect ( ! physical sci5ces 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( t t]m4 ,is x n "t t we %\ld drop ! fooli% notions t are v commonly held because we "k no?+ ab\t ! ,middle ,ages--&1 !re=e1 ! m easily assume great k--& get back to appreciate ! really m>vell\s details ( educational & sci5tific developm5t :i* are s int]e/+ & ( s mu* significance at ?is "t8 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,m$ieval ,,popul>ization ,,( ,,sci5ce ,! idea ( collect+ g5]al in=mation f _m s\rces1 ( br++ x toge!r into an easily available =m1 s z to save o!rs labor1 ( writ+ x out 9 comp5di\s fa%ion1 s t x c\ld readily pass f h& to h&1 is likely to be consid]$ typically mod]n4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,middle ,ages furni% u ) _m examples ( ! popul>ization ( sci5ce1 ( ! writ+ ( comp5dia ( v>i\s k9ds1 ( ! ga!r+ ( in=mation to save o!rs ! tr\ble1 &1 above all1 ( ! mak+ ( :at1 9 ! mod]n "t1 we w\ld call encyclop$ias4 ,h&books ( v>i\s k9ds 7 issu$1 manuals = /ud5ts & speciali/s1 & _m m5 ( broad s*ol>%ip 9 _! "t devot$ !mselves to ! task ( mak+ ! acquisition ( k easy = o!rs4 ,?is 0 true n only = hi/ory & philosophy & lit]ature1 b also = sci5ce4 ,x is n h>d to f9d 9 ea* c5tury ( ! ,middle ,ages "s di/+ui%$ writ] :o devot$ himself to ?is purpose1 & = ! sake ( ! light t x ?r[s on ^! s*ol>s1 & ! desire = in=mation t mu/ h exi/$ v commonly s9ce !y 7 tempt$ to d ! "w1 x seems wor? :ile to m5tion "h _! names1 & ^? ( ! books !y wrote1 ) some?+ ( _! significance1 ?\gh ! space w n p]mit u to give "h mu* m ?an a brief catalogue raisonn ( su* works4 ,v probably ! fir/ :o %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ! li/ is ,bo?ius1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,he ow$ mu* ( 8 education to 8 adoptive fa!r1 aft]w>ds 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,symma*us1 :o1 ) ,fe/us1 repres5t$ s*ol>%ip at ! c\rt ( ! ,go?ic ,k+1 ,!odoric ( ,v]ona4 ,^! ?ree--,fe/us1 ,symma*us1 & ,bo?ius--br\ght su* a reputation = k to ! c\rt t !y are responsible = _m ( ! wond]ful leg5ds ( ,dietri* ( ,b]n1 z ,!odoric came to be call$ 9 ! poems ( ! m$ieval ,g]man poets4 ,! ?ree di/+ui%$ & devot$ s*ol>s did mu* to save ,greek culture at a "t :5 its ext9ction 0 ?reat5$1 & ,bo?ius p>ticul>ly left a s]ies ( writ+s t are truly encyclop$ic 9 "*4 ,!re are five books on music1 two on ari?metic1 "o on geometry1 translations ( ,ari/otle's treatises on logic1 ) comm5t>ies2 ( ,porphyry's ,isagoge1 ) comm5t>ies1 & a comm5t>y on ,cic]o's ,topica4 ,besides1 he wrote sev]al treatises 9 logic & rhetoric himself1 "o on ! use ( ! syllogism1 & "o on topics1 & 9 addition a s]ies ( !ological works4 ,8 great ,consolations ( ,philosophy 0 probably ! mo/ read book 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,anglo-,saxon by ,k+ ,alfr$1 into old ,g]man by ,notk] ,teutonicus1 ! ,g]man monk ( ,/4 ,gall1 & its influ5ce may be trac$ 9 ,be[ulf1 9 ,*auc]1 9 ,high ,g]man poetry1 9 ,anglo-,norman & ,prov5al popul> poetry1 & also 9 e>ly ,italian v]se4 ,above all1 ! ,div9e ,com$y has _m ref]5ces to x1 :ile ! ,convito w\ld seem to %[ t x 0 probably ! book t mo/ influ5c$ ,dante4 ,?\gh x is impossible to confirm by docum5t>y evid5ce ! g5]ally accept$ idea t ,bo?ius di$ a m>tyr = ,*ri/ianity1 ! tradition c be trac$ s f> back1 & x has be5 s g5]ally accept$ t ?is seems surely to h be5 ! case4 ,! fact is int]e/+1 z %[+ ! attitude ( s*ol>s t[>ds ! ,*ur* & ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds s*ol>%ip ?us e>ly4 ,! next great "n 9 ! tradition %\ld probably be t ( ,cassiodorus1 ! ,roman writ] & /atesman1 prime m9i/] ( ,!odoric1 :o1 aft] a busy political life1 retir$ to 8 e/ate at ,viv>ium1 &1 9 imitation ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 :o _h rec5tly e/abli%$ a mona/]y at ,monte ,cass9o1 f\nd$ a mona/]y !re4 ,he is said to h liv$ to ! age ( n9ety-?ree4 ,8 retirem5t favor$ ?is long life1 =1 aft] ! dea? ( ,!odoric1 tr\bl\s times came1 & civil w>1 & only 8 mona/ic privileges sav$ him f ! /orm & /ress ( ! times4 ,he _h be5 int]e/$ 9 lit]ature & ! collection ( in=mation ( _m k9ds be=e 8 retirem5t1 & x is n unlikely t 8 recognition ( ! fact t ! mona/ic life (f]$ opportunities = ! pursuit ( ?is1 "u favorable circum/ances1 l$ him to take x up4 ,:ile /ill a /atesman he wrote a s]ies ( works relat+ to hi/ory & politics & public affairs g5]ally4 ,^! consi/$ ma9ly ( *ronicles & panegyrics1 & twelve books ( miscellanies call$ ,v>i4 ,aft] 8 retirem5t to ! mona/]y1 a p]iod ( ard5t devotion to writ+ beg9s1 & a great numb] ( books 7 issu$4 ,he evid5tly ga!r$ r\nd him a numb] ( m5 :om he inspir$ ) 8 _s1 or1 p]haps1 select$1 because he f\nd t1 :ile !y _h a ta/e = a quiet1 peaceful spiritual life1 !y 7 also devot$ to ! accumulation & diffusion ( k4 ,a s]ies ( comm5t>ies on portions ( ! ,scriptures 0 writt51 ! ,jewi% antiquities ( ,josephus translat$1 & ! ecclesia/ical hi/ories ( ,!odoric1 ,sozom51 & ,socrates made available 9 ,lat94 ,cassiodorus himself is said to h made a comp5dium ( ^!1 call$ ! ,hi/oria ,trip>tita1 :i* 0 mu* us$ z a manual ( hi/ory dur+ succe$+ c5turies4 ,!n !re 7 treatises on gramm>1 on or?ography1 & a s]ies ( works on ma!matics4 ,9 all ( 8 writ+s ,cassiodorus %[s a special fondness = ! symbolism ( numb]s4 ,!re is a well-gr\nd$ tradition t he insi/$ on ! /udy ( ! ,greek classics ( m$ical lit]ature1 especially ,hippocrates & ,gal51 & awak5$ ! int]e/ ( ! monks 9 ! necessity = mak+ copies ( ^! fa!rs ( m$ic9e4 ,! tradition t he e/abli%$ at ,viv>ium is also f\nd to h exi/$ at ,monte ,cass9o among ! ,b5$ict9es1 &1 d\btless1 to ?is is to be attribut$ ! f\ndation ( ! m$ical s*ool ( ,sal]no1 :]e ,b5$ict9e influ5ce 0 s /rong4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t to ,cassiodorus mu/ be attribut$ ! pres]vation 9 z p]fect a /ate z we h !m ( ! old ,greek m$ical writ]s4 ,8 ma9 idea 01 ( c\rse1 ! /udy ( ,scriptures1 b ) j z _m helps z possible4 ,he ?\ght t comm5tators1 & hi/orians1 n alone ,*ri/ian1 b also ,hebrew & ,pagan1 %\ld be /udi$ to illu/rate x1 & !n ! comm5t>ies ( ! ,lat9 fa!rs1 s t a ?or\ghly r\nd$ k ( x %\ld be obta9$4 ,he ?us began an ,encyclop$ia ,biblica1 & set a ho/ ( work]s at its accompli%m5t4 ,e c\ntry 9 ,europe %>$ ?is movem5t = ! diffusion ( in=mation dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 & ! works ( m5 f ea* ( ^! c\ntries 9 succe$+ c5turies has come d[n to u1 pres]v$ 9 spite ( all ! vicissitudes to :i* !y 7 s liable dur+ ! c5turies be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! easy multiplication ( books4 ,to _m p x w seem surpris+ to le>n t ! next evid5ce ( deep broad int]e/ 9 k is to be f\nd 9 ! next c5tury 9 ! di/ant we/ ( ,europe1 9 ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,x is a long /ep f ! semi-b>b>ic spl5dor ( ! ,go?ic c\rt at ,v]ona1 to ! bi%op's palace 9 ,seville 9 ,&alusia4 ,! two cities are sep>at$ by :at is no inconsid]able di/ance 9 our day4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury !y mu/ h seem$ almo/ at ! o!r end ( ! _w f ea* o!r4 ,^? :o recall :at we h insi/$ on 9 sev]al portions ( ! body ( ?is "w ) reg>d to ! high place ,spani% g5ius won = itself 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 & h[ mu* ( culture among ! ,spani>ds ( t "t ! occurr5ce ( s _m important writ]s ( t nationality mu/ imply1 w n be surpris$ at ! di/+ui%$ "w ( a great ,*ri/ian ,spani% writ] ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be only :at might be expect$ = evid5ces ( e>ly awak5+ ( ! broade/ culture to be f\nd 9 ,spa94 ,! important "n 9 ! popul>ization ( sci5ce 9 ! sev5? c5tury is ,/4 ,isidore ( ,seville4 ,he made a comp5dium ( all ! scatt]$ sci5tific traditions & in=mation ( 8 "t ) reg>d to natural ph5om5a 9 a sort ( encyclop$ia ( sci5ce4 ,?is consi/$ ( tw5ty books--*apt]s we w\ld call !m n[--treat+ almo/ de omni re scibili et quibusdam aliis 7ev]y?+ kn[able & a few o!r ?+s besides74 ,x is possible t ! "w may h be5 writt5 by a numb] ( collaborators "u ! patronage ( ! bi%op1 ?\gh !re is no sure indication ( ?is to be f\nd ei!r 9 ! volume itself or ev5 contempor>y hi/ory4 ,all ! ord9>y sci5tific subjects are treat$4 ,a/ronomy1 geography1 m9]alogy1 botany1 & ev5 man & ! animals h ea* a special *apt]4 ,p\*et1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,natural ,sci5ces ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 calls att5tion to ! fact t1 9 gr\p+ ! animals = collective treatm5t 9 ! diff]5t *apt]s1 sometimes ! mo/ het]og5e\s creatures are br\ght "u a common head+4 ,among ! fi%es1 = in/ance1 are class$ all liv+ ?+s t are f\nd 9 wat]4 ,! :ale & ! dolph91 z well z sponges1 & oy/]s1 & crocodiles1 & sea s]p5ts1 & lob/]s1 & hippopotamuses1 all f9d a place toge!r1 because ( ! common wat]y habitation4 ,! e>ly ,spani% ,*ur*man w\ld seem to h _h an en?usia/ic zeal = complete classification t w\ld surely h made him a /r5u\s mod]n zologi/4 ,! next l9k 9 ! tradition ( encyclop$ic "w is ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 ^: "* 0 m fully honor$ by ! decree on ,novemb] #ac1 #ahii1 by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii decl>+ him a ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b$e 0 ! fruit ( t ard5t s*ol>%ip :i* _h ris5 9 ,engl& z a consequ5ce ( ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x _h be5 fo/]$ by ! com+ ( s*ol> sa9ts f ,irel&1 b 01 un=tunately1 di/urb$ by ! incursions ( ! ,danes4 ,:ile ,b$e is kn[n = 8 greate/ "w1 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 :i* gives an acc\nt ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,engl& f its beg9n+ until 8 own day1 he wrote _m o!r works4 ,8 hi/ory is ! f\ndation ( all our k ( e>ly ,briti% hi/ory1 secul> z well z religi\s1 & has be5 prais$ by hi/orical writ]s ( all ages1 :o turn$ to x = help ) confid5ce4 ,he wrote a numb] ( o!r hi/orical works4 ,besides1 he wrote books on gramm>1 or?ography1 ! metrical art1 on rhetoric1 on ! nature ( ?+s1 ! seasons1 & on ! calculation ( ! seasons4 ,^! latt] books are di/9ctly sci5tific4 ,8 contributions to ,gregorian ,music are n[ ( great value4 ,aft] ?is1 ,alcu9 & ! monks1 summon$ by ,*>lemagne1 take up ! tradition ( ga!r+ & diffus+ in=mation1 & ! great mona/]ies ( ,t\rs1 ,fulda1 & ,/4 ,gall c>ry x on4 ,besides ^!1 9 ! n9? c5tury ,monte ,cass9o comes into prom95ce z an in/itution :]e mu* 0 done ( :at we w\ld n[ call encyclop$ic "w4 ,aft] 8 retirem5t f ,sal]no ,con/ant9e ,africanus made 8 translations & comm5t>ies on ,arabian m$ic9e1 con/itut+ :at 0 really a m$ical encyclop$ia ( in=mation n readily available at t "t4 ,aft] ?is1 ( c\rse1 ! tradition is tak5 up by ! univ]sities1 & x is only :51 ) ! ?irte5? c5tury1 !re came ! complete developm5t ( ! univ]sity _s1 t encyclop$ias rea*$ _! mod]n expression4 ,?ree great encyclop$i/s1 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 ,?omas ( ,cantimprato1 & ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 are ! mo/ fam\s4 ,v9c5t consult$ all ! au?ors sacr$ & pr(ane t he c\ld lay hold on1 & ! numb] 01 inde$1 prodigi\s4 ,i h giv5 "s acc\nt ( him 9 ,! ,?irte5? ,greate/ ( ,c5turies 7,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool ,press1 ,new ,york1 ?ird edition1 #aiaj74 ,x w\ld be v easy to conclude t ^! encyclop$ias1 writt5 by cl]gym5 = ! g5]al in=mation ( ! educat$ p ( ! times1 conta9 v little t is sci5tifically valuable1 & probably no?+ ( s]i\s m$ical significance4 ,any su* ?\ght is1 h[ev]1 due entirely to unfamili>ity ) ! cont5ts ( ^! works4 ,!y und\bt$ly conta9 absurdities1 !y are (t5 full ( mis9=mation1 !y repeat /ories on dubi\s au?ority1 & sometimes on he>say1 b usually ! s\rce ( _! in=mation is /at$1 & especially :]e x is dubi\s1 z if !y did n c>e to /ate m>vels )\t due support4 ,books ( popul> in=mation1 h[ev]1 h always _h _m que] ?+s1--que]1 t is1 to subsequ5t g5]ations1--& x is r amus+ to pick up an encyclop$ia ( a c5tury ago1 mu* less a mill5nium ago1 & see h[ _m absurd ?+s 7 accept$ z true4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 issu$ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 furni%es an easily available s\rce ( ! absurdities our m rec5t =efa!rs accept$4 ,! m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 h[ev]1 7 mu* bett] obs]v]s z a rule1 & us$ mu* m critical judgm5t1 accord+ to _! lights1 ?an we h giv5 !m cr$it =4 ,(t5 ! in=mation t !y h to convey is n only valuable1 b well dige/$1 ?or\ghly practical1 & sometimes a m>vell\s anticipation ( "s ( our mo/ mod]n ?\ghts4 ,!re is "o ( ^! encyclop$ias :i*1 because x 0 writt5 9 my favorite ?irte5? c5tury1 ,i h read ) "s c>e4 ,x is simply a developm5t ( ! "w ( prec$+ cl]ical encyclop$i/s1 & (t5 ref]s to !m4 ,because x conta9s "s typical examples ( ! bett] sorts ( in=mation 9 ^! works1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to quote two passages f x4 ,! au?or is ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 & ! qua9t ,engli% 9 :i* x is c\*$ is quot$ f ,m$ical ,lore 7,london1 #ahic74 ,! book is all ! m int]e/+ because 9 a de> old ,engli% v]sion1 issu$ ab\t #aedj1 ! spell+s ( :i* are among ! great curiosities ( ,engli% or?ography1 x 0 (t5 read & consult$ by ,%akespe>e1 :o evid5tly quotes f x frequ5tly1 = n a little ( ! qua9t sci5tific lore t he uses = 8 figures c be trac$ to expressions us$ 9 ?is book4 ,! fir/ ( ! p>agraphs t des]ves to be quot$1 discusses madness1 or1 z we w\ld call x1 lunacy1 & sums up ! causes1 ! symptoms1 & ! treatm5t q z well z t has ev] be5 done 9 ! same am\nt ( space3 ,madness come? sometime ( passions ( ! s\l1 z ( bus9ess & ( great ?\ghts1 ( sorr[ & ( too great /udy1 & ( dread3 sometime ( ! bit+ ( a wood h\nd1 or "s o!r v5om\s bea/2 sometime ( melan*oly meats1 & sometime ( dr9k ( /rong w9e4 ,& z ! causes be div]se1 ! tok5s & signs be div]se4 ,= "s cry & leap & hurt & w\nd !mselves & o!r m51 & d>k5 & hide !mselves 9 privy & secret places4 ,! m$ic9e ( !m is1 t !y be b\nd1 t !y hurt n !mselves & o!r m54 ,& namely1 su* %all be refre%$1 & com=t$1 & )drawn f cause & matt] ( dread & busy ?\ghts4 ,& !y mu/ be gladd$ ) in/rum5ts ( music1 & "s deal be occupi$4' ,! second discusses 9 almo/ z ?or\gh a way ! result ( ! bite ( a mad dog4 ,! old ,engli% ^w = mad1 wood1 is con/antly us$4 ,! causes1 ! symptoms1 & c\rse ( ! disease1 & its possible prev5tion by e>ly treatm5t1 are all discuss$4 ,! old tradition 0 already 9 exi/5ce t suff]]s f rabies or hydrophobia1 z x is call$1 dread$ wat]1 :5 x is really only because ! spasm consequ5t ^u ! ?\ght ev5 ( swall[+ is pa9ful t !y turn f x4 ,t tradition has cont9u$ to be v commonly accept$ ev5 by physicians d[n to our own day1 s t ,b>?olomew1 ! ,engli%man1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 w n be blam$ mu* = sett+ x =? = popul> in=mation 9 8 "t "s sev5 c5turies ago4 ,! idea t free ble$+ w\ld br+ ab\t ! removal ( ! virus is int]e/+1 because we h 9 rec5t ye>s insi/$ 9 ! case ( ! v simil> disease1 tetanus1 on all[+ or delib]ately caus+ w\nds 9 :i* ! tetanus microbe may h ga9$ an entrance1 to ble$ freely4 ,! bit+ ( a wood h\nd is deadly & v5om\s4 ,& su* v5om is p]il\s4 ,= x is long hidd5 & unkn[n1 & increase? & multiplie? itself1 & is sometimes unkn[n to ! ye>'s end1 & !n ! same day & h\r ( ! bit+1 x come? to ! head1 & bre$e? fr5zy4 ,!y t are bitt5 ( a wood h\nd h 9 _! sleep dreadful sights1 & are fe>ful1 a/oni$1 & wro? )\t cause4 ,& !y dread to be se5 ( o!r m51 & b>k z h\nds1 & !y dread wat] mo/ ( all ?+s1 & are afe>$ !re( full sore & squeam\s also4 ,aga9/ ! bit+ ( a wood h\nd wise m5 & ready use to make ! w\nds ble$ ) fire or ) iron1 t ! v5om may come out ) ! blood1 t come? out ( ! w\nd4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,m$ic9is*es aus d] ,aelte/5 ,kir*5 ,ges*i*te4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,footnote #b3 ,f\lis1 ,london & ,ed9burgh1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #c3 ,my att5tion 0 call$ to ! int]e/+ /ory ( ! ,jewi% physicians ( ! ,middle ,ages & _! sci5tific accompli%m5t :ile writ+ ! article on ,joseph ,hyrtl = ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia4 ,8 ,das ,arabis*e und ,hebris*e 9 d] ,anatomie 7,wi51 #ahgi7 has "s int]e/+ly sugge/ive mat]ial on ^! important *apt]s ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 7,i owe my opportunity to consult x to ! c\rtesy ( ! ,surgeon-,g5]al's libr>y47 ,biographic mat]ial has be5 obta9$ f ,c>moly's ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,physicians1 translat$ by ,dr4 ,dunb> = ! ,m>yl& ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 "s extra copies ( :i* 7 pr9t$ by ,john ,murphy & ,co41 ,baltimore1 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,baas & ,haes]'s ,hi/ories ( ,m$ic9e & ,pus*mann & ,pagel's ,h&book provid$ additional mat]ial1 & ,i h f\nd ,l&au's ,ges*i*te d] ,jdis*5 ,a]zte 7,b]l91 #ahie7 ( great s]vice4 ,footnote #d3 ,( c\rse !re are _m absurd ?+s recomm5d$ 9 ! ,talmud4 ,we _c rem9d ourselves too (t51 h[ev]1 t !re h be5 absurd ?+s at all times 9 m$ic9e1 & especially 9 !rapeutics4 ,x is curi\s h[ (t5 "s ( ^! absurdities h repeat$ !mselves4 ,we are liable to ?9k x v que] t m5 %\ld h presum$1 or someh[ jump$ to ! conclusion1 t portions ( animals might possess wond]ful virtue = ! heal+ ( diseases ( ! correspond+ special p>ts ( man4 ,we ourselves1 h[ev]1 )9 a little m ?an a decade1 _h a phase ( opo!rapy--h[ mu* less absurd x seems "u t high-s\nd+ ,greek t]m--t 0 app>5tly v le>n$ 9 its sci5tific aspects yet q z absurd z _m phases ( old-"t !rapy1 z we look at x4 ,we adm9i/]$ c>d9 = he>t disease & nephr9 = kidney tr\ble1 c]ebr9 = insanity 7save ! m>k671 & ev5 pro/ate tissue = pro/atism--& ) report$ good results6 ,h[ _m ( u realize n[ t 9 ?is we 7 only repeat+ ! absurdities1 s (t5 made fun ( 9 old m$ic9e1 ) reg>d to animal tissue & excrem5t !rapeutics8 ,! ,talmud has _m conclusions ) reg>d to ! symptoms ( pati5ts drawn f dreams2 z1 = in/ance1 x is said to be a c]ta9 sign ( sangu9e\s ple?ora :5 "o dreams ( ! comb ( a cock4 ,"o phase ( our psy*o-analysis 9 ! mod]n "t1 h[ev]1 has tak5 u back to an int]pretation ( dreams diff]5t ( c\rse f ?is1 yet analog\s en\gh to be q /rik+4 ,footnote #e3 ,maimonides1 by ,david ,yell9 & ,israel ,abrahams1 ,philadelphia1 #aijc4 ,footnote #f3 ,das ,arabis*e und ,hebris*e 9 d] ,anatomie1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,hyrtl1 ,wi51 #ahgi4 ,footnote #g3 ,anat4 ,antiq4 ,r>iores1 ,vi5na1 #ahce4 ,footnote #h3 ,x seems h>d to und]/& h[ s useful an auxili>y to ! surgeon z ! ligature1--x seems indisp5sable to u1--c\ld possibly be all[$ to g out ( use & ev5 be =gott54 ,x w n be difficult1 h[ev]1 = anyone :o recalls ! conditions t obta9$ 9 old-"t surg]y4 ,! ligature is a mo/ satisfy+ imm$iate res\rce 9 /opp+ ble$+ f an art]y1 b a septic ligature inevitably causes suppuration & almo/ inevitably leads to second>y hemorrhage4 ,9 ! old days ( septic surg]y second>y hemorrhage 0 ! surgeon's greate/ & mo/ dread$ bane4 ,"s "t f ! fif? to ! n9? day a septic ligature came away "u conditions su* t inflammatory di/urbance _h prev5t$ seal+ ( ! vessel4 ,if ! vessel 0 l>ge1 !n ! hemorrhage 0 fa/ & furi\s & ! pati5t di$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,aft] a surgeon _h _h a few dea?s ( ?is k9d he dread$ ! ligature4 ,he ab&on$ its use & took k9dly to su* me?ods z ! actual caut]y1 r$-hot knives = amputations1 & ! l1 t w\ld se> ! surfaces ( tissues & ! blood-vessels1 & n give rise to second>y hemorrhage4 ,a little lat]1 h[ev]1 someone n famili> ) second>y risks w\ld re9v5t ! ligature4 ,if he 7 cleanly 9 8 me?ods &1 above all1 if he 7 do+ 8 "w 9 a new hospital1 ! ligature work$ v well = a :ile4 ,if n1 x soon fell into innocu\s desuetude aga94 ,footnote #i3 ,pus*mann3 ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 ,vol4 ,i1 page #feb4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! fir/ d5ti/ :o fill$ tee? ) amalgam 9 ,new ,york1 "s eighty ye>s ago1 _h to flee = 8 life1 because ( a hue & cry set up t he 0 poison+ 8 pati5ts ) m]cury4 ,footnote #aa3 ,/oria de la ,scuola di ,sal]no4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x is probably int]e/+ to note t ! ^w univ]sitas z us$ "h has no ref]5ce to our ^w univ]sity1 b ref]s to ! :ole _w ( /ud5ts z x 74 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages univ]sities 7 call$ /udia g5]alia1 g5]al /udies--t is1 places :]e ev]y?+ c\ld be /udi$ & :]e ev]yone f any "p ( ! _w c\ld /udy4 ,our use ( ! ^w univ]sity 9 ! special mod]n s5se ( ! t]m comes f ! =mal mode ( address to ! faculty ( a univ]sity :5 ,popes or rul]s s5t !m au?oritative docum5ts4 ,su* docum5ts began ) ! expression ,univ]sitas ve/ra1 all ( y 79 ! old-"t ,engli%1 z pres]v$ 9 ! ,iri% expression1 ! :ole ( ye71 ref]r+ to all ! memb]s ( ! faculty4 ,! transf] to our t]m & signification univ]sity 0 n difficult4 ,footnote #ac3 ,physicians wore a p>ticul> g>b consi/+ ( a cloak & (t5 a mask1 suppos$ to protect !m f infections at ?is "t1 s t x 0 n difficult to make a *>act]i/ic picture z a sign = a ph>macy4 ,^! symbolic signs 7 mu* common] & v necess>y :5 p g5]ally 7 n able to read4 ,x is f t p]iod t we h ! mort> & pe/le z also ! color$ lights 9 ! w9d[s ( ! drug /ores1 & ! _m-color$ b>b]-pole4 ,also ! big boot1 key1 wat*1 hat1 bonnet1 & ! l1 ! la/ symbolic sign inv5tion app>5tly be+ ! wood5 ,indian = ! tobacco /ore4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,m$ical ,libr>y & ,hi/orical ,j\rnal1 ,brooklyn1 ,decemb]1 #aijf4 ,footnote #ae3 ,taddeo1 :o 0 born 9 #abae1 accord+ to our usually accept$ traditions 9 ! matt]1 w\ld h be5 sev5ty-five ye>s ( age :5 ,mond9o z a y\? ( sc>cely m ?an fifte5 w5t to ! ,univ]sity4 ,x might seem t s old a man w\ld h v little influ5ce ov] ! "y man4 ,taddeo1 h[ev]1 _h1 z we h said1 a v /r5u\s old age4 ,ev]y?+ 9 life _h come to him late4 ,he 0 well pa/ ?irty be=e he began to /udy philosophy & m$ic9e1 hav+ be5 a sell] ( c&les f necessity because ( pov]ty 9 8 y\ng] ye>s4 ,8 great success 9 practice came :5 he 0 pa/ =ty4 ,he fir/ began to tea* :5 he 0 =ty-five1 & he 0 ne>ly fifty-five be=e he began to write4 ,accord+ to tradition he m>ri$ :5 he 0 ne>ly eighty--:e!r = ! fir/ or second "t is n said--& :ile ?is might be consid]$1 & w\ld 9 "s cases be1 an indication ( weakness ( "* 7x w\ld probably dep5d on :e!r he m>ri$ or 0 m>ri$71 x seems 9 8 case to h indicat$ a vigor ( body & "* :i* %[s v cle>ly h[ great 0 ! possibility ( 8 influ5ce z a tea*] hav+ be5 ma9ta9$ ev5 up to ?is late "t ( life1 & ?us influ5c+ a pupil :o is to repres5t ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury4 ,footnote #af3 ,m$ical ,libr>y & ,hi/orical ,j\rnal1 #aijf4 ,footnote #ag3 ,pil*] 7loc4 cit47 tells ( h] tomb4 ,i v5ture to *ange 8 translation ( ! inscription 9 c]ta9 unimportant p>ticul>s4 ,he says3 ,we "k ! v place :]e %e 0 buri$ 9 front ( ! ,madonna delle ,lettre 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,pietro e ,m>cell9o ( ! ,hospital ( ,santa ,m>ia de ,m>eto1 :]e h] associate1 ,ag5io1 m\rn+ & inconsolable1 plac$ a tablet ) ?is inscription3 ,d 4 ,o 4 ,m 4 ,vrceo 4 ,cont5ti ,alex&rae 4 ,gal9ae 4 ,pvellae 4 ,p]sicetanae ,p5icillo 4 ,egregiae 4 ,ad 4 ,anatom5 4 ,exhib5dam ,et 4 ,insignissimi 4 ,m$ici 4 ,mund9i 4 ,lucii ,paucis 4 ,comp>&ae 4 ,discipulae 4 ,c9]es ,c>nis 4 ,hic 4 ,expectant 4 ,resurrectionem ,vixit 4 ,ann 4 ,,xix 4 ,obiit 4 ,/udio 4 ,absunta ,die ,,xxvi ,m>tii 4 ,a 4 ,s 4 ,,mcccxxvi ,otto 4 ,ag5ius 4 ,lu/rulanus 4 ,ob 4 ,eam 4 ,demptam ,sui 4 ,potiori 4 ,p>te 4 ,spoliatus 4 ,sodali 4 ,eximiae ,ac 4 ,de 4 ,se 4 ,optime 4 ,m]itae 4 ,inconsolabilis 4 ,m 4 ,p 4 ,?is inscription may be translat$ z foll[s3 ,9 ?is urn enclos$ ,! a%es ( ! body ( ,alex&ra ,giliani1 a maid5 ( ,p]iceto2 ,skilful ) h] bru% 9 anatomical demon/rations ,& a disciple equall$ by few1 ,( ! mo/ not$ physician1 ,mund9us ( ,luzzi1 ,await ! resurrection4 ,%e liv$ #ai ye>s3 %e di$ consum$ by h] labors ,m>* #bf1 9 ! ye> ( grace #acbf4 ,otto ,ag5ius ,lu/rulanus1 by h] tak+ away ,depriv$ ( 8 bett] "p1 8 excell5t companion1 ,des]v+ ( ! be/1 ,has erect$ ?is tablet4 ,footnote #ah3 ,?is is s /rik+ t ,i quote _! actual words f ,gurlt1 p4 #gjd3 ,multoties fit p]cussio 9 ant]iori p>te cranei et craneum 9 p>te frangitur contr>ia4 ,footnote #ai3 ,hi/orical ,relations ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y ,d[n to ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ,london1 #aijd4 ,footnote #bj3 ,( c\rse1 = any ext5d$ k ( ,mondeville1 a mod]n read] mu/ turn to ,nicaise's translation ( 8 ,*irurgia1 :i*1 ) an introduction & a biography1 0 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #ahic4 ,nicaise's publication ( ?is & ( ,guy de ,*auliac's treatise has work$ a revolution 9 m$ical hi/ory &1 above all1 has made ^! old au?ors available = ^? :o hesitate to take up a "w writt5 entirely 9 ,lat94 ,footnote #ba3 ,9 ! v fir/ book conta9+ "s acc\nt ( human anatomy1 a ,g]man volume by ,conradus ,m5g5b]g]1 call$ ,pu* d] ,natur1 ! date ( pr9t+ ( :i* is ab\t #adgh1--t is1 less ?an t5 ye>s aft] ! pr9t+ ( ! v fir/ book1 ! ,biblia paup]um1 :i* appe>$ 9 #adgj1--!re are1 accord+ to ,hall] 9 8 ,biblio!ca ,anatomica1 a s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,?is is ! fir/ illu/rat$ m$ical "w ev] publi%$4 ,footnote #bb3 ,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,footnote #bc3 ,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,see picture ( ! hospital w>d at ,tonn]re1 9 ,! ,?irte5? ,greate/ ( ,c5turies1 #crd edit41 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #be3 ,! ,hi/orical ,relations ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y1 by ,t4 ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,london3 ,macmillan ,co41 ,ltd41 #aije4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! beg9n+ ( ! manuscript copy 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale is extremely int]e/+ z an example ( ! ,engli% ( ! p]iod1 & alongside ( x x seems wor? :ile to quote ! clos+ s5t5ce z ,nicaise reproduces !m3 ,9 godes "n "h bygyne? ! inv5t>ie ( gadryng to g$re m$ecyne 9 ! p>tye ( cyrurgie compil$e & fulfill$ 9 ! z]e 7y]e87 ( our ,loord #acfc by ,guide de ,cauliaco cirurg5e & doctor ( physik 9 ! fulcl]e /udye ( ,m\ntpyl]z4 ,on page #aia1 v]so4--,"h ende? ! cyrurgie ( ,mai/re ,guyd' de ,cauliaco dott\re ( phisik4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge copy has ! title 9 ! colophon4 ,x runs z foll[s3 ,ye inv5torye ( ,guydo de ,caulhiaco ,doctor ( ,phisyk & ,cirurgi5 9 ,ye ,univ]sitie ( ,m\nt ,pessulanee ( ,montpel]es4 ,! fly-leaf conta9s ! words1 ,jesu ,*ri/ save ye s\le ( mi*4 ,x is r int]e/+ to note h[ mu* clos] to mod]n ,engli% is ?is copy1 made probably n mu* m ?an half a c5tury lat] ?an ! fir/ "o &1 above all1 h[ mu* m ne>ly ! spell+ has come4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 &1 inde$1 = m ?an a c5tury lat]1 spell+ _h no fix$ rule1 & a man might spell ! same ^w q diff]5tly ev5 on ! same page4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 doctor spell$ ?us 9 ! e>ly edition1 & doct\rs 9 ! lat] "o1 probably means no?+ m ?an p]sonal peculi>ities ( ! orig9al translator or copyi/4 ,footnote #bg3 ,9 ,nicaise ?is la/ ^w is writt5 crapte4 ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/ crafte1 s9ce a misread+ betwe5 ! two lett]s w\ld be s easy4 ,9 ! same way ,i h sugge/$ t5tatively a *ang+ ( ! z 9 ! title ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale copy to y1 mak+ ! ^w y]e in/ead ( z]e4 ,footnote #bh3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,d5ti/ry f ! ,mo/ ,anci5t ,times ,until ! ,end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 by ,dr4 ,v9c5zo ,gu]9i1 editor ( ! ,italian ,review ,l',odonto-,/omatologia1 ,philadelphia & ,new ,york1 ,lea & ,febrig]1 #aiji4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! fir/ pr9t$ edition ( ,arculanus is t ( ,v5ice1 #aedb1 be>+ ! ,lat9 title1 ,joannis ,arculani ,comm5t>ia 9 ,nonum ,librum ,rasis1 etc4 ,footnote #cj3 ,x is curi\s to trace h[ old are ! traditions on :i* "s ( ^! old /ories1 t mu/ n[ be reject$1 are f\nd$4 ,i h come ^u ! /ory ) reg>d to ,basil ,val5t9e & ! antimony & ! monks 9 an old ,fr5* m$ical encyclop$ia ( biography1 publi%$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & at t "t !re 0 no d\bt at all express$ z to its tru?4 ,h[ mu* old] ?an ?is x may be ,i d n "k1 ?\gh x is probable t x comes f ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! kako!s scrib5di attack$ _m p because ( ! facility ( pr9t+1 & :5 mo/ ( ! good /ories t h s worri$ ! mod]n dry-z-du/ hi/orian 9 8 rese>*es = _! correction became a "p ( ! body ( suppos$ hi/orical tradition4 ,x is probably ,fr5* 9 orig9 because 9 t language antimo9e is a tempt+ bait = t pseudo-philology :i* has s (t5 l$ to false d]ivations4 ,footnote #ca3 ,!re is 9 ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e a ?ick #bdmo volume 9 :i* ?ree ( ! classics ( old] m$ic9e are b\nd toge!r4 ,!y are ,k]ckr+ius's ,comm5t>y on ! ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony1 publi%$ at ,am/]dam1 #afga2 ,/5o's ,diss]tation on ! ,anatomy ( ! ,bra91 publi%$ 9 ,leyd5 9 #afga1 & ,fa!r ,kir*]'s ,scrut9ium ,physico ,contagiosae ,luis quae dicitur ,pe/is 7,physico-m$ical ,discussions ( ! ,contagi\s ,disease :i* is call$ ,pe/74 ,?is 0 publi%$ at ,leipzig 9 #afei4 ,j h[ ! ?ree works came to be b\nd toge!r is h>d to say4 ,v probably !y belong$ to "s old-"t s*ol>1 ?\gh !re is no?+ ab\t ! books to tell any?+ ( ! /ory4 ,! fact t all ?ree ( ! au?ors 7 ecclesia/ics ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,val5t9e a ,monk1 ,/5o a ,bi%op1 & ,kir*] a ,jesuit1 w\ld seem to be "o common bond & p]haps a reason = ! b9d+ ( ^! r disp>ate treatises toge!r4 ,9 t case x is probable t ! book came f an old mona/ic libr>y disp]s$ aft] ! suppression ( ! ord] by "s gov]nm5t4 ,x seems n unlikely t ! volume belong$ at "s "t to an old ,jesuit libr>y1 = !y h suff]$ ! mo/ 9 t way4 ,t ^! ?ree classics ( m$ic9e %\ld h be5 republi%$ 9 h&y volume editions )9 practically t5 ye>s %[s an int]e/ 9 m$ical lit]ature t has n exi/$ aga9 until our own "t1 = dur+ ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies !re 0 almo/ utt] neglect ( !m4 ,footnote #cb3 ,pap] read be=e ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,guild ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,footnote #cc3 ,publi%$ by ,putnams1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,footnote #cd3 ,dubl91 #ahhb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! mat]ial = ?is *apt] 0 ga!r$ = a pap] read be=e ! ,m$ical ,improvem5t ,society ( ,bo/on 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaa4 ,9 ne>ly its pres5t =m x 0 publi%$ 9 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,may1 #aiaa1 & ?anks are return$ to ! editor ( t magaz9e = p]mission to repr9t x "h4 ,! additions t h be5 made ref] p>ticul>ly to ! e/imation ( ,ari/otle 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,footnote #cf3 ,new ,york1 ,putnam1 #aijh4 ,footnote #cg3 ,de ,coelo et ,mundo1 #a1 tr4 iv41 x4 ,,index ,a ,abbassides1 #gc ,abba ,oumna1 #gj ,abbas1 #cbd ,abl>d1 #ahi ,abraham1 #ig1 #ih ,abu ,ds*af]1 #agc ,abulcasis1 #abc1 #agj1 #bbf1 #cag1 #cah1 #cbc ,abul ,f>ag1 #ea ,abulkasim1 #abd ,academy ( ,bagdad1 #ace ,acid1 hydro*loric1 #cfi ,ack]mann1 #cjb ,adalb]on1 #ade ,adel>d ( ,ba?1 #acd ,adhesions1 #abh gidius1 #aej ,atius1 #aj1 #aag1 #ahj1 #cag ,atius1 ,amid5us1 #bh ,afflacius1 #aea1 #aga ,aff9ity1 #cgb ,ag5ius1 ,otto1 #bbg ,agricola1 #cde ,kempis1 ,?omas1 #cde1 #cfa ,alanfrancus1 #bfj ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #bfg1 #cjf1 #cef1 #djc ,al*emi/1 #ced ,alcu91 #dcb ,ald]otti1 #bac ,alex&] ,,ii1 ,pope1 #hc ,alex&] ( ,hales1 #ajh ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 #aj1 #bh1 #ci ,alex&ria1 #ace1 #che ,allbutt1 ,sir ,clif=d1 #bdg1 #bed1 #beg1 #cjd1 #cee1 #dba ,ali ,abbas1 #aba1 #agc1 #bff1 #cbc ,ali ,b5 el ,abbas1 #agj ,almansor1 #acb ,alphanus1 #adc1 #ade ,am&aville1 #bfd ,an/hesia1 #ag2 inhalation (1 #bie1 #bif ,an/hetics1 #bdf ,ana?omia1 #bjc ,anatomy1 ignorance (1 #bhi2 ( ! tee?1 #cbf ,anatomical mat]ial1 #bbd ,anatomical injection1 #bbg ,anatomical prep>ations1 #bgg ,&rew ( ,piac5za1 #bdh ,animals1 motion (1 #dad ,an!mios1 #dj ,angelico1 ,fra1 #cfj ,ang9a1 #cb1 #dd1 #ccb ,an?on1 #djg ,antimony1 #cfb ,antiseptic1 #bec ,antisepsis1 #ag1 #bdf ,apocalypse1 ! *emical1 #cgf ,aqu9as1 #cjf1 #djc ,arabian lack ( orig9ality1 #adj ,arabian words 9 anatomy1 #ach ,arabs1 #g ,arabisms1 #bcg ,ar*imat!as1 #afj ,arcoli1 ,john (1 #bjh ,arculanus1 #cbc ,arezzo1 #bdh ,ari?metical complem5ts1 #cdj ,arm&aville1 #bfd ,arnold ( ,villanova1 #bij1 #ceh ,arr[s1 extraction (1 #bgj ,arp9um1 #d ,ars5ic1 #cce ,artemisia m>itima1 #ej ,art]ial hemorrhage1 #abf ,ar?ur ,leg5ds1 #bah1 #cge1 #cib ,arts1 #g2 lib]al1 #adi2 & crafts1 #dbe ,asepsis1 #ag1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #chg ,aspasia1 #ahj ,a/rology1 #aje2 & a/ronomy1 #ajf1 #dah ,asylums1 #h ,au5brugg]1 #ia1 #aff ,au?ority1 #bfi1 #bib1 #djd ,au?or%ip1 dual1 #cia ,automobile1 #dae ,av5zo>1 #hj1 #abc1 #acj1 #acb ,av]ros 7,av]rhoes71 #hj1 #abc1 #acb1 #bcj1 #bfg ,avic5na1 #hj1 #abh1 #agj1 #bff1 #bfh1 #cca ,avignon1 #af1 #bcc ,b ,baas1 #fa1 #fc ,ba*tis*ua1 #ef ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #ajg1 #cjf1 #cef1 #cfa1 #djc ,bagdad1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aae1 #acd1 #ace ,b>b>ians1 #e ,b>?olomu ,anglicus1 #dcc ,b>?olomew1 #agb ,basilios1 #bf ,basil4 ,/41 #bd ,basila1 #ahj ,basil ,val5t9e1 #bj1 #ahj1 #cdi ,basra1 #aaa ,ba?1 #ajc ,ba?1 milk1 #aca2 9 fev]1 #agb2 ( ! s\l1 #be ,bav]ius1 #bji ,baynes1 ,h5ry ,samuel1 #cij ,b$e1 #dcb ,b5$ict1 ,/41 #agh ,b5$ict9es1 #ab1 #afd ,b5$ict9e ,nuns1 #aia ,be[ulf1 #dbh ,b]5g>ius1 #bji ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 #aib ,b]n>d1 ,/41 #he ,b]truccio1 #bji1 #bhg ,b]truccius1 #bbi ,b9z1 ,pr(4 ,c>l1 #ccc ,bir?place1 ,lat9 writ]s1 #d ,black ,dea?1 #cjd ,boccaccio1 #ahc1 #cjf ,body-snat*+1 #bbd ,bo]haave1 #ch ,bo?ius1 #dbg ,bokh>a1 #aaa ,bologna1 #af1 #adb1 #bjb1 #bjf1 #bdh ,book-le>n+1 #cga ,botany1 #dac2 m$ieval1 #dad1 #dah ,botticelli1 #cfj ,bracton1 #dai ,bra9 sub/ance1 loss (1 #bid ,brant1 #cfa ,bre?r5 ( ! ,common ,life1 #cdd ,bridgework1 d5tal1 #cae ,broeck1 #bgg ,bron*oceles1 #cd ,bruno da ,longoburgo1 #bde1 #bdh ,bubonocele1 #ec ,buffon1 #djf ,bull1 suppos$ aga9/ dissection1 #dbd ,bus*e1 #cdd ,bz[ski1 ,s4,j41 #aha ,c ,csalp9us1 #b1 #bji ,caius1 #cfj ,cal5da1 ,con/ance1 #ahg ,cal5d>1 correction (1 #cdj ,calvo1 #cjb ,canc]1 #bee ,cantor1 #cdf ,c>moly1 #fa ,c>?age1 #afe ,cases1 desp]ate1 #bfb ,cassiodorus1 #ab1 #dbi ,cat>act1 #cjj ,cato1 #bfg ,*an9a ,b5 ,*ania1 #ff1 #fi ,*>latans1 numb]s (1 #bgd ,*>t]s1 m$ical s*ool1 #dbj ,*>ts1 #ai ,*asdai ,b5 ,s*aprut1 #gi ,*auc]1 #cjf1 #dbh ,*auliac1 #ah1 #bhe1 #cja1 #cai ,*auliac1 bibliography1 #cjh2 editio pr9ceps1 #cab ,*emical comp\nds1 artificial1 #cgf ,*irurgia ,magna1 #bfa1 #bhd ,*irurgy1 #ai ,*osroes ,i1 #aji ,*ur* & ,jews1 #hj2 & anatomy1 #bcd2 & surg]y1 #bcd ,cicatrices1 beautiful1 #bee ,cic]o1 #d1 #dbg ,cid1 ,!1 #bah1 #cge1 #cib ,cimabue4 #baa ,circulation ( ! blood1 #adg ,cities1 l>ge1 #e ,city hospitals1 #h2 = ! sick1 #bd1 #bif ,city physician1 #bea ,clavius1 ,s4,j41 ,fa!r1 #cdj ,classics ( ,m$ic9e1 #afe ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #hc2 ,,vi1 ,pope1 #hc ,cleopatra1 #agi ,clepsydra1 #cda ,cl9ical exp]i5ce1 #cgh ,clitoris hyp]trophy1 #cg ,cly/]s1 #bgi ,cnidos1 #ace ,colic1 #bgi ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 #adc1 #bch ,college ( ,/4 ,come1 #bf ,colpeurynt]1 #abh ,columbus1 #b1 #bji1 #cbg1 #cbi1 #cei ,conception1 #ce ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 #e1 #bd1 #abc1 #acd1 #ade1 #aea1 #afc1 #bcf1 #bff1 #dcc ,con/itution ( ! sun1 #cci ,consolations1 #dbh ,consumption1 #dd ,conrad1 #aib ,conrad ,mutianus1 #cdd ,contrec\p1 #bdj ,convito1 #dbh ,cop]nicus1 #cdf ,copho1 #aed1 #bje ,cordova1 #ge1 #ib1 #acd1 #ace ,cornelius1 #ch ,corrosive sublimate1 #cce ,cos1 #ace ,cosmas & ,damian1 #bf ,criticism1 high]1 #g ,cr[n1 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important advances 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n m$ic9e4 ,by ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 ,n4,y4 ,second ,edition1 #aiji4 #cfb pp4 ,price1 #b4jj net4 ,! ,london ,lancet said3 ,! li/ is well *os51 & we h to express gratitude = s conv5i5t & agreeable a collection ( biographies1 = :i* we might o!rwise h to se>* ?r\gh _m scatt]$ books4 ,! sket*es are pleasantly writt51 int]e/+1 & well adapt$ to convey ! ?\ghtful memb]s ( our pr(ession j ! am\nt ( hi/orical k t !y w\ld wi% to obta94 ,we hope t ! book w f9d _m read]s4 ,! ,new ,york ,times3 ,! book is int5d$ prim>ily = /ud5ts ( m$ic9e1 b laym5 w f9d x n a little int]e/+4 ,il ,morgagni 7,italy73 ,pr(essor ,wal% n>rates important lives 9 mod]n m$ic9e ) an easy /yle t makes 8 book delightful read+4 ,x c]ta9ly w give ! "y physician an excell5t idea ( :o made our mod]n m$ic9e4 ,! ,lamp3 ,?is exceptionally int]e/+ book is f ! practic$ h& ( ,dr4 ,james ,j4 ,wal%4 ,x is a sugge/ive ?\ght t all ( ! great speciali/s portray$ 7 ,god-fe>+ m51 m5 ( fai?1 f> remov$ f ! %all[ mat]ialism t frequ5tly flaunts itself z inh]5tly wor?y ( extra consid]ation = its own sake4 ,! ,*ur* ,/&>d 7,prote/ant ,episcopal73 ,!re is p]haps no pr(ession 9 :i* ! lives ( its lead]s w\ld make m fasc9at+ read+ ?an t ( m$ic9e1 & ,dr4 ,wal% by 8 clev] /yle & sympa!tic treatm5t by no means m>s ! int]e/ :i* we might ?us expect4 ,! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal3 ,we welcome works ( ?is k9d2 !y are evid5ce ( ! gr[? ( culture )9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 :i* betok5s t ! "t has come :5 our tea*]s h ! leisure to look backw>d to :at has be5 accompli%$4 ,sci5ce3 ,! sket*es are extremely ent]ta9+ & useful4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ is t e "o ( ! m5 describ$ 0 ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & ! dom9ant idea is t great sci5tific "w is n incompatible ) dev\t adh]5ce to ! t5ets ( ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,,! ,,popes ,,& ,,sci5ce--,! /ory ( ! ,papal ,relations to ,sci5ce f ! ,middle ,ages d[n to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #ddj pp4 ,price1 #b4jj net4 ,,pr(4 ,,pagel1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l93 ,?is book repres5ts ! mo/ s]i\s contribution to ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e t has ev] come out ( ,am]ica4 ,,sir ,,clif=d ,,allbutt1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,physic at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 7,engl&73 ,! book z a :ole is a fair z well z a s*ol>ly argum5t4 ,! ,ev5+ ,po/ 7,new ,york7 says3 ,h[ev] /rong ! read]'s prejudice 444 he _c lay d[n ,pr(4 ,wal%'s volume )\t at lea/ conc$+ t ! au?or has driv5 8 p5 h>d & deep into ! 'academic sup]/ition' ab\t ,papal ,opposition to sci5ce4 ,9 a previ\s issue x _h said3 ,we v5ture to prophesy t all :o swe> by ,dr4 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite's ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom w f9d _! h&s full1 if !y attempt to answ] ,dr4 ,james ,j4 ,wal%'s ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce4 ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/ said3 ,! book is well wor? read+ = its ext5sive le>n+ & ! vigor ( its /yle4 ,! ,s\!rn ,mess5g] says3 ,books l ?is make x cle> t x is ignorance alone t makes p1 ev5 suppos$ly educat$ p1 /ill cl+ to ! old calumnies4 ,! ,nation 7,new ,york7 says3 ,! le>n$ ,=dham ,physician has at comm& an enorm\s mass ( facts1 & he ord]s !m ) logic1 =ce & lit]>y ease4 ,pr(4 ,wal% convicts 8 oppon5ts ( ha/y g5]aliz+ if n anti-cl]ical zeal4 ,! ,pittsburg ,po/ says3 ,) ! fair attitude ( m9d & influ5c$ only by ! /ud5t's desire to procure k1 ?is book becomes at once some?+ to fasc9ate4 ,on e page au?oritative facts confute ! /]eotyp$ /atem5t ( ! purely !ological publications4 ,,pr(4 ,,wel*1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s1 quot+ ,m>tial1 said3 ,x is pleasant inde$ to dr9k at ! liv+ f\nta9-heads ( k aft] previ\sly hav+ _h only ! /agnant pools ( second-h& au?ority4 ,,pr(4 ,,pi]sol1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 said3 ,i h be5 read+ ! book ) ! ke5e/ int]e/1 = x inde$ pres5ts _m subjects 9 :at to me at lea/ is a new light4 ,e man ( sci5ce looks to ! beacon--tru?--z 8 guid+ m>k1 & e opportunity to replace ev5 "t-honor$ misconceptions by :at is really ! tru? mu/ be welcom$4 ,! ,indep5d5t 7,new ,york7 said3 ,dr4 ,wal%'s books %\ld be read 9 connection ) attacks ^u ! ,popes 9 ! matt] ( sci5ce by ^? :o want to get bo? sides4 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,electricity--,by ,bro!r ,potamian1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,sc4,d4 7,london71 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ,manhattan ,college1 & ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,n]v\s ,diseases at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 ,new ,york4 ,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 #aaj ,we/ #gd? ,/reet4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price1 #b4jj net4 ,po/age1 #ae c5ts extra4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,"o w f9d 9 ?is book v good sket*es ( ! lives ( ! great pione]s 9 ,electricity1 ) a cle> pres5tation ( h[ x 0 t ^! m5 came to make _! fundam5tal exp]im5ts1 & h[ we n[ rea* conclusions 9 ,sci5ce t w\ld h be5 impossible until _! "w ( reveal+ 0 done4 ,! biographies are ^? ( ,p]egr9us1 ,columbus1 ,norman & ,gilb]t1 ,frankl9 & "s contempor>ies1 ,galv9i1 ,volta1 ,c\lomb1 ,o]/$1 ,ampre1 ,ohm1 ,f>aday1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & ,kelv94 ,! ,bo/on ,globe3 ,! book is ( surpass+ int]e/4 ,! ,new ,york ,sun3 ,! rese>*es ( ,bro!r ,potamian among ! pione]s 9 antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages are p]haps m int]e/+ ?an ,dr4 ,wal%'s admirable summ>ies ( ! accompli%m5t ( ! h]oes ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! book te/ifies to ! excell5ce ( ,ca?olic s*ol>%ip4 ,! ,ev5+ ,po/3 ,x is a matt] ( importance t ! "w & lives ( m5 l ,gilb]t1 ,frankl91 ,galv9i1 ,volta1 ,ampre & o!rs %\ld be made kn[n to ! /ud5ts ( ,electricity1 & ?is (fice has be5 well fulfill$ by ! pres5t au?ors4 ,! book is no m]e compilation1 b br+s out _m int]e/+ & obscure facts1 especially ab\t ! e>li] m54 ,! ,philadelphia ,record3 ,x is a glance at ! :ole field ( ,electricity by m5 :o are not$ = ! ?or\ghness ( _! rese>*1 & x %\ld be made accessible to e read] capable ( tak+ a s]i\s int]e/ 9 ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( nature4 ,electrical ,_w3 ,aside f ! intr9sic int]e/ ( its matt]1 ! book is delightful to read ow+ to ! graceful lit]>y /yle common to bo? au?ors4 ,"o n hav+ ! slighte/ acqua9tance ) electrical sci5ce w f9d ! book ( absorb+ int]e/ z treat+ 9 a human way & ) lit]>y art ! life "w ( "s ( ! greate/ m5 ( mod]n times2 &1 moreov]1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ he w incid5tally obta9 a s\nd k ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ^u :i* almo/ all pres5t-day electrical developm5t is bas$4 ,x is a %9+ example ( h[ sci5ce c be popul>iz$ )\t ! slighte/ twi/+ ( facts or di/ortion ( p]spective4 ,electrical read]s w f9d ! book also a s*ol>ly treatise on ! evolution ( electrical sci5ce1 & a mo/ refre%+ *ange f ! 'eng9e]+ ,engli%' ( ! typical te*nical writ]4 ,,education1 ,,h[ ,,old ,,! ,,new--,a ,s]ies ( ,lectures & ,addresses on ,phases ( ,education 9 ! ,pa/ ,:i* ,anticipate ,mo/ ( ,our ,mod]n ,advances1 by ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,litt4 ,d41 ,k4,c4,/4,g41 ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,n]v\s ,diseases at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 ,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiaj4 #dgj pp4 ,price1 #b4jj net4 ,po/age1 #ae c5ts extra4 ,,c>d9al ,,moran 7,sydney1 ,au/ralia73 ,i h to ?ank y = ! excell5t volume ',education1 ,h[ ,old ! ,new4' ,! lectures are admirable1 j ! sort ( read+ we want = ,engli% read]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,new ,york ,sun3 ,x is all bright & witty & bas$ on deep erudition4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican 7,philadelphia73 ,wide hi/orical rese>*1 cle> graphic /atem5t are sali5t elem5ts ( ?is int]e/+ & sugge/ive addition to ! mod]n welt] ( educational lit]ature4 ,detroit ,free ,press3 ,full ( int]e/+ facts & p>allels drawn f !m t af=d mu* mat]ial = reflection4 ,*icago ,int]-,ocean3 ,incid5tally x does away ) a numb] ( popul> misconceptions z to education 9 ! ,middle ,ages & z to education 9 ! ,lat9-,am]ican c\ntries at a some:at lat] "t4 ,! book is writt5 9 a /raight1 unpret5ti\s & int]e/+ /yle4 ,wilkes-,b>re ,record3 ,! volume is mo/ int]e/+ & %[s deep rese>* be>+ ! m>ks ( ! indefatigable /ud5t4 ,pittsburg ,po/3 ,!re is no bitt]ness ( controv]sy & "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to /rike ! read] is t ! dean ( ,=dham quotes f ne>ly ev]ybody wor? :ile1 ,prote/ant or ,ca?olic1 poetry1 biography1 hi/ory1 sci5ce or :at n4 ,! ,wall ,/reet ,news 7,new ,york73 ,! book is calculat$ to cause a heal?y r$uction 9 ! conceit :i* ea* g5]ation enjoys at ! exp5se ( t :i* prec$$ x4 ,ro*e/] ,po/ ,express3 ,! book is well wor? read+4 ,! ,new ,orleans ,democrat3 ,! book makes v int]e/+ read+1 b !re is a succession ( %ocks 9 /ore 9 x = ! complac5t ,new ,engl&] or ,bo/onian & = ! or?odox or p]functory read] ( ,am]ican lit]ature4 ,,ca?olic ,,summ] ,,s*ool ,,press ,,s]ies ,! highe/ value atta*es to hi/orical rese>* on ! l9es y s ably indicate1 especially at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! enemies ( ,holy ,*ur* are mak+ r5ew$ ef=ts to %[ h] antagonism to sci5ce & human progress g5]ally4 ,i %all h mu* pleasure 9 p]us+ y\r "w entitl$ ,! ,?irte5? ,greate/ ( ,c5turies4 ,wi%+ y e bless+1 ,i am1 ,y\rs s9c]ely 9 ,xt41 ,r4 ,c>d4 ,,m]ry ,,del ,,val4 ,rome1 ,janu>y #ah?1 #aijh4 ,jas4 ,j4 ,wal%1 ,esq41 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,greate/ ,,( ,,c5turies--,by ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ,n]v\s ,diseases & ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e2 ,pr(essor ( ,physiological ,psy*ology at ,ca!dral ,college1 ,new ,york4 ,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool ,press1 #aaj ,we/ #gd? ,/reet1 ,n4,y41 ,georget[n ,univ]sity ,edition4 ,ov] #ajj additional illu/rations & tw5ty-six *apt]s t might h be51 ne>ly #fjj pages4 ,price1 #c4ej1 po/ free4 ,,pr(4 ,,william ,,osl]1 ( ,ox=d1 deliv]+ ! ,l9acre ,lecture be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 said3 ,t good son ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! pr(ession1 ,dr4 ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 has rec5tly publi%$ a *>m+ book on ,! ,?irte5? z ! ,greate/ ( ,c5turies4 ,he makes a v good case = :at is call$ ! ,fir/ ,r5aissance4 ,! ,saturday ,review 7( ,london73 ,! volume conta9s a mass ( int]e/+ facts t w />t a tra9 ( pr(itable ?\ght 9 _m read]s' m9ds4 ,! ,educational ,review said3 ,! title ( ,dr4 ,wal%'s book1 ,! ,?irte5? ,greate/ ( ,c5turies1 w />tle _m read]s1 b we respectfully comm5d to ! op5-m9d$ 8 pres5tation ( t great epo*4 ,a c5tury t witness$ su* extraord9>y a*ievem5ts 9 ar*itecture1 9 arts & crafts1 9 education1 & 9 lit]ature & law1 z did ! ,?irte5?1 is n to be lightly dismiss$ or unfavorably comp>$ ) p]iods ne>] our own4 ,! ,pittsburg ,po/ said3 ,dr4 ,wal% writes infus$ ) all ! le>n+ ( ! pa/1 en?usia/ic 9 mod]n rese>*1 & sympa!tic1 9 true s*ol>ly /yle1 ) inve/igation 9 e l9e4 ,"o ne$ only run ov] a few ( ! topical head+s to feel h[ plausible ! !sis is4 ,! assemblage ( ! facts & ! elucidation ( _! mutual relations by ,dr4 ,wal% %[s ! ma/]'s skill4 ,! "w bri/les on e page ) facts t may be famili> to _m1 b :i* 7 nev] be=e s arrang$ 9 j p]spective ) _! conv9c+ =ce s cle>ly %[n4 ,,c>d9al ,,moran1 ( ,sydney1 ,au/ralia3 ,j ! sort ( lit]ature we want = ,engli% read]s at ! pres5t day4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,=dham ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,s]ies ,,mak]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m$ic9e ,lives ( ! m5 to :om n9ete5? c5tury m$ical sci5ce owes mo/4 ,second ,edition4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 #b4jj net4 ,,! ,,popes ,,& ,,sci5ce ,! /ory ( ,papal patronage ( ! sci5ces & especially m$ic9e4 #de? ?\s&4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 #b4jj net4 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,electricity ,lives ( ! m5 to :om important advances 9 electricity are due4 ,9 collaboration ) ,bro!r ,potamian1 ,f4,s4,c41 ,sc4,d4 7,london71 ,pr(essor ( ,physics at ,manhattan ,college4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 #b4jj net4 ,,education1 ,,h[ ,,old ,,! ,,new ,addresses 9 ! hi/ory ( education on v>i\s occasions4 #crd ?\s&4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 #b4jj net4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,mak]s ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,problems ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,9 ,,education ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,greate/ ,,( ,,c5turies ,georget[n ,univ]sity edition4 #e? ?\s&4 #aaf illu/rations1 ne>ly #fjj pages4 ,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,po/paid1 #c4ej4 ,,! ,,dolph9 ,,press ,,s]ies ,,ca?olic ,,*ur*m5 ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,fir/ & second s]ies1 ea* #a4jj net4 ,,9 ,,collaboration ,,essays ,,9 ,,pa/oral ,,m$ic9e ,o',,malley ,,& ,,wal% ,a manual ( in=mation on m$ical subjects = ! cl]gy1 religi\s sup]iors1 sup]9t5d5ts ( hospitals1 nurses & *>ity work]s4 ,longmans1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 #b4ej net4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,! li/ ( ! works by ! same au?or has be5 mov$ f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! book4