project47      ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,/eam ,,on 
,,! ,,erie ,,canal4   ,appeal = !       
,ext5sion ( ! ,act ( ,april1 #ahga1 to  
,fo/] & ,develop ! ,inl& ,comm]ce ( !   
,/ate1  ,,= ,,! ,,b5efit ,,( ,,!        
,,canals ,,& ,,! ,,comm]cial            
,,community4   ,,new ,,york1 ,,janu>y1  
#ahgc4   ,,new ,,york3 ,,ev5+ ,,po/     
,,/eam ,,presses1 #da ,,nassau ,,/reet1 
,,cor4 ,,lib]ty4 #ahgc4   ,) ,respects (
 ! ,au?or1  #aee ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4     
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,/eam ,,on ,,! ,,erie     
,,canal4   ,,screw ,,propell]s ,,f #aheh
 ,,to #ahfb4  ,dur+ ! maple sug> season 
( ! spr+ ( #aheh1 a well-to-d f>m]1 (   
we/]n ,new ,york1 :ittl$ out a spiral or
 augur-l screw-propell]1 9 m9iature1 :i*
 he ?\ght admirably adapt$ to ! canal4  
,he soon aft] w5t to ,buffalo1 &        
contract$ = a boat to be built1 ) two ( 
8 ,ar*im$ean screws = propulsion by     
/eam4  ,al?\gh advis$ by 8 build]s to   
sub/itute ! common f\r-blad$ propell]s1 
he adh]$ to 8 orig9al design1 & ) "o    
propell] at ei!r side ( ! rudd]--call$  

tw9-propell]s--%e 0 soon ready = duty4  
,%e is ! vessel kn[n to hi/ory z !      
,*>les ,wack4  ,%e c>ri$ ?ree-f\r?s c>go
 & t[$ ano!r boat ) full c>go1 & made ! 
trip f ,buffalo to ,we/ ,troy 9 sev5    
days1 total "t1 av]ag+ two miles p] h\r4
 ,b %e return$ f ,troy to ,buffalo1 )   
half freight1 9 f\r days & sixte5 h\rs1 
net "t2 av]ag+ ?ree & "o-twelf? miles p]
 h\r1 )\t t[4  ,?is initiat$ ! s]ies (  
/eam]s f #aheh to #ahfb1 &1 ) o!rs t    
soon foll[$1 creat$ a g5]al en?usiasm 9 
behalf ( /eam transportation1 :i* l$ to 
a trip ?r\gh ! canal t fall1 on a *>t]$ 
/eam-tug1 by ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate1 !    
,canal ,bo>d1 & o!r notables1 & ) public
 receptions1 spee*es1 c41 at diff]5t    
cities along ! r\te4  ,t boat 0 soon    
foll[$ by ! ,s4 ,b4 ,ruggles1 a         
fir/-class /eam canal-boat1 built by !  
,hon4 ,e4 ,s4 ,pross]1 ( ,buffalo1 ) a  
fir/-class mod]n propell]1 & ) d\ble !  
eng9e capacity ( ! =m]4  ,! ,p4 ,l4     
,/]nburg soon foll[$1 & 0 a fir/-class  
boat1 ) mod]n tw9-propell]s1 b ) less   

eng9e capacity ?an ! ,wack4  ,! same    
season !re 7 "s local /eam]s built to   
run regul>ly betwe5 diff]5t cities on ! 
l9e ( ! canal4  ,! foll[+ season ( #ahei
 0 ! mo/ active ye> ! ,erie ,canal has  
ev] kn[n 9 reg>d to /eam4  ,! ,c4 ,wack 
0 sold to ,mr4 ,pross]1 :o took out h]  
,ar*im$ean propell]s1 & sub/itut$ a     
mod]n propell]1 & d\bl$ h] eng9e        
capacity1 & reproduc$ h] z ! ,city (    
,buffalo4  ,! ,gold ,hunt] 0 produc$ by 
! ,we/]n ,transportation ,company1 (    
,buffalo4 ,%e 0 a %ort1 oblong tub1 ) a 
squ>e1 box-l b[1 & r\nd$ /]n1 design$   
only to c>ry ma*9]y & coal1 & 0 to be   
recess$ into ! /]n ( ord9>y horse-boats 
by cutt+ away an equival5t space        
!refrom4 ,%e 0 design$ to make a trip on
 ! canal1 & be imm$iately transf]r$ to  
ano!r boat = return trip1 ?us to avoid !
 usual loss ( "t at ! t]m9i ( ! canal4  
,%e 0 ab&on$ aft] a brief trial4  ,!    
canal-boat ,niag>a _h ! ,ca?c>t propell]
 suppli$1 :i* consi/$ ( a union ( !     
propell] & rudd] by a univ]sal jo9t 9 ! 

%aft1 & s adju/$ z to unite !m = /e]age 
purposes4 ,?is design 0 tri$ on ! /eam] 
,ca?c>t1 ^u ! ,*esapeake & ,ohio ,canal1
 9 #aheh1 & ) consid]able newspap]      
eclat4  ,! ,rot>y1 ( ,new ,york1 0 a new
 /eam] = freight+ purposes1 ) a rot>y   
eng9e & common propell]4 ,?is occupi$ b 
little space1 & work$ prettily on       
exhibition4  ,! ,eclipse1 ( ,new ,york1 
0 new1 & _h oscillat+ propell] eng9es4  
,,screw-,,tugs4  ,! ,gov4 ,k+ 0 a       
m$ium-siz$ ,new ,york h>bor propell]1 & 
made repeat$ trips ) ?ree boats 9 t[1 & 
"o trip ) five boats4 ,%e 0 s sl[ z to  
be unremun]ative1 z comp>$ ) horses4  ,!
 ,we/]n ,transportation ,co41 aft] !    
failure ( ! ,gold ,hunt]1 built two     
p[]ful tugs1 ! ,wa%+ton & ,lafayette4   
,!y 7 soon )drawn4  ,mr4 ,pross] built !
 fir/-class tug1 ,/im]s1 b %e _h a %ort 
canal hi/ory4  ,! tugs1 ,bemis & ,dan   
,br[n1 made good runs ea*1 ) ?ree boats 
9 t[1 b 7 %ort-liv$ canall]s4           
,,paddle-,,:eels ,,& ,,o!r ,,devices4   
,dur+ ^! ye>s ! paddle-:eel sy/em 0     

?or\ghly tri$1 & "u v>i$ circum/ances4  
,z ! locks prev5t$ ! use ( side-:eels = 
full freights1 an adju/able /]n-:eel 0  
tri$4 ,?is c\ld be rais$ or l[]$ 9      
adaptation to ! light or full c>go4  ,! 
,h4 ,k4 ,viele 0 a fir/-class canal     
/eam]1 ) /]n-:eel & v]tical1 or         
exc5tric1 act+ paddles4 ,^! 7 consid]$  
by "s z peculi>ly well adapt$ to canal  
purposes1 yet 9 practice prov$ o!rwise4 
,! ,fall ,brook 0 built by ,mr4 ,john   
,mc,gee1 ( ,s5eca ,lake r5[n1 = t[+     
purposes1 int5d+ to e/abli% a l9e betwe5
 ,s5eca ,lake & ,new ,york city2 b h]   
canal abilities 7 s poor z to cause h]  
)drawal to lake duty4  ,%e _h p[]ful    
eng9es1 ) v]tical act+ paddle-:eel1 set 
amid%ips betwe5 tw9-hulls1 ) a full fl[ 
( wat] f b[ to /]n1 & 0 deck$ across    
=w>d & aft ( h] :eel4  ,! ,lady ,jane1 (
 ,utica1 0 a b[ paddle-:eel boat ) small
 eng9es4 ,%e accompli%$ b little4  ,z   
paddle-:eel canall]s h prov5 less       
effici5t ?an screw propell]s !y are m   
limit$ 9 numb]s4  ,o!r contempor>y      

devices 7 tri$4  ,! canal-boat1 ,oswego1
 _h h] /]n recess$ to receive a subm]g$ 
horizontal1 c5trifugal-act+ wat]-:eel1  
:i* receiv$ wat] at a c5tral & eject$ x 
at a p]iph]y op5+ = propulsion4  ,?is   
op5+ c\ld be turn$ = /e]age or back+    
purposes4 ,%e 0 alt]$ at ,gre5 ,po9t &  
receiv$ good ma*9]y at ,brooklyn1 b 0   
soon re/or$ to horses4  ,duck's-feet    
paddles 7 exp]im5t$ ) at ,buffalo4 ,a   
scull propulsion 0 tri$ ^u ! ,hudson4   
,also h+e-blad$ propell]s1 to op5 &     
close ) a =e-&-aft movem5t at ! /]n4    
,?is la/ device 0 tri$ by a ,doctor     
,hunt]1 :o has m rec5tly tri$ a         
,fi%-,tail ,propell]1 ! blades be+ made 
( rubb]1 to imitate ! =m & ela/icity ( !
 tail1 ) me*anical imitations ( movem5t4
  ,x is h>dly necess>y to add t ^!      
devices 7 all wor?less1 & o!rs (        
miscellane\s "* may h be5 tri$1 yet )\t 
m]it4   ,,rem>ks4  ,weal?1 exp]i5ce &   
skill h m>k$ ?is fir/ era ( /eam1 & ?\gh
 comb9$1 !y utt]ly fail$4 ,bo? ,mr4     
,pross] & ! ,we/]n ,transportation ,co4 

7 own]s ( fleets ( spl5did lake         
propell]s1 & 7 weal?y1 ) int]e/s        
intimately id5tifi$ ) canals4 ,x is     
evid5t !re 0 no want1 ei!r ( money1     
me*anical res\rces1 or k ( canal bus9ess
 z basis ( _! failures ) /eam4  ,capital
 fl[$ into ! /eam ent]prise f v>i\s     
res\rces1 & ambition multipli$          
exp]im5ts1 b ) no appreciable success4  
,! difficulties lay beyond ! rea* (     
capital & beyond ! rea* ( kn[n res\rces1
 & no adequate k _h be5 develop$ to     
solve ! problem4 ,!re=e1 aft] suff]+    
failures = sev]al ye>s1 ! ,/ate wisely  
volunte]$ to add extraord9>y inducem5ts 
by a l>ge appropriation to enc\rage     
success4 ,x c\ld n h be5 to enc\rage !  
reproduction ( =m] failures by !        
repetition ( =m] trials4  ,! inquiry is 
!re=e prop]1 z a lesson f ! hi/ory ( !  
e>ly era ( /eam1 :at are ! difficulties8
 ,:y has /eam fail$ s absolutely & s    
univ]sally8 ,:y did ! ,/ate subsequ5tly 
(f] a l>ge b\nty to fo/] & develop /eam4
  ,obvi\sly !re is "s hidd5 difficulty1 

"s unkn[n inability1 because /eam is !  
arbit] ( ! age1 x is ! great supreme    
motor ( man's ag5cies ?r\gh\t ! _w1 h5ce
 we come f ! sublime to ! ridicul\s :5  
we use x to load boats at ,buffalo1 to  
be t[$ #cej miles by horses4  ,! lessons
 ( ! e>ly era are wor?less = repetition4
 ,!re is no bett] screw-propell+ ma*9]y 
kn[n ?an 0 !n tri$ & ab&on$2 b ! lessons
 are ( value to discov] ! difficulties  
:i* mu/ be rem$i$2 to tea* t ! success (
 /eam lies beyond ! rea* ( publicly kn[n
 me*anical res\rces4  ,! trials e/abli% 
pla9ly & incontrov]tibly t ! failures 7 
ow+ to ! want ( me*anical adaptation to 
requir$ duty2 to a me*anical inability  
to utilize ! p[] ( ! /eam2 to a         
me*anical wa/e ( p[] beyond _! ability  
to control or rem$y2 & t ! wa/$ p[] 0   
extravagantly l>ge & ! utiliz$          
insignificantly small4 ,a v intellig5t  
capta9 ( "o ( ! be/ & mo/ p[]ful /eam]s 
kn[n to ! ,erie ,canal1 :o _h a full &  
c>efully-kept log1 /at$ t :5 8 eng9e    
exce$$ a hundr$ horse-p[] ( /eam1 he    

c\ld only equal twelve horses on !      
t[-pa?4 ,?us ov] sev5-eigh?s ( 8 p[] 0  
wa/efully develop$ 9 ord] to r5d]       
"o-eigh? useful4 ,b ?is occurr$ :5 he 0 
mov+ only two load$ boats--! /eam] & "o 
9 t[--b :5 mov+ f\r boats--?ree 9 t[--! 
p]c5tage ( utility 0 less5$1 & he c\ld n
 exce$ eight to t5 p] c5t4 ( 8 /eam1 z  
%[n 9 sl[] movem5t1 :5 few] horses on ! 
t[-pa? c\ld equal him4  ,! /eam] is a   
res]voir1 & its rotatory p[] is free to 
be develop$ inv]sely z its resi/ances4  
,h5ce1 :5 fa/5$ to a pi]1 x is all      
develop$ 9 its rec$+ curr5ts1 & p]      
contra :5 mov+2 if its ma*9]y _h a      
p]fect fulcrum1 x w\ld all be develop$ 9
 ! run ( ! boat2 consequ5tly1 on riv]s &
 lakes1 ) f9e-l9$ /eam]s1 t cut ! wat] l
 a knife1 x is l /&+ 9 a small boat &   
pu%+ f a l>ge "o1 b on canals1 ) _! full
 b[s1 x is l /&+ 9 a l>ge boat & pu%+ f 
a small "o2 ! little "o runs away ) !   
p[]4 ,! m ?an #ajj squ>e feet area (    
imm]s$ section ( ! full b[ repres5ts !  
l>ge boat1 & ! doz5 squ>e feet effective

 area ( propell] blades1 set at an easy 
angle = spiral motion & recession       
velocity1 is ! little "o t squ&]s ! p[] 
s extravagantly4 ,increase 9 numb] (    
boats increases ?is contra/4 ,! propell]
 blades ( a good canall] w move twelve  
to fifte5 miles1 9 _! l9e ( spiral      
movem5t1 to get two to ?ree miles       
headway = ! boat4  ,a correct sci5tific 
analysis c trace ! developm5ts ( !      
eighty-five to n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! inh]5t 
p[] ( ! /eam t is wa/$ on ! common      
canal-boat1 & t has no resultant effect 
:atev] 9 ! motion ( ! boat1 j z         
positively z x c trace ! co-developm5ts 
( fifte5 to t5 p] c5t4 t is utiliz$ & t 
moves ! boat4  ,! practical man sees !  
tru?s ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,he sees /eam us$ )
 small1 m$ium & l>ge eng9es = canal     
purposes1 & sees !m all fail to meet !  
economy ( transportation e/abli%$ by    
horses2 b he w\ld j z soon put m5 on !  
t[-pa? to compete ) horses z to put     
horses into 8 elevators to compete )    
/eam2 & t1 because 9 ! elevators ! p[] (

 ! /eam is *iefly utiliz$1 :il/ on !    
canal x is *iefly wa/$4  ,x is !re=e    
conclusive t !re is an absolute         
necessity = a ,,new ,,me*anical ,,sy/em1
 = a radically diff]5t sy/em (          
transmissive me*anism1 = a sy/em t c    
develop a consid]able portion ( ! p[] ( 
! /eam 9 ! movem5t ( boats4  ,!         
v>iations ( ! old sy/ems ( propulsion t 
are be+ cont9u\sly tri$ are wor?less1 9 
! v nature ( ! case1 because !y are 9 no
 s5se a rem$y = exi/+ inabilities1 &    
because !y d n1 9 any s5se :atev]1 meet 
! difficulties4   ,,/eam ,,9 #ahga ,,&  
#ahgb4  ,,screw ,,propell]s4  ,soon aft]
 ! ,act ( ,april1 #ahga1 to fo/] &      
develop ! inl& comm]ce ( ! ,/ate1 ! /eam
 canal-boat ,ca?c>t 0 tri$4 ,%e is l !  
,niag>a ( #ahei1 & has n be5 cont9u$ 9 !
 trade4  ,! canal-boat ,george ,b>n>d1  
aft]w>d call$ ! ,&rew ,h4 ,dawson1 0    
tri$1 & has run ?r\gh ! season ( #ahgb4 
,%e has a common propell] 9 h] b[1 ) a  
recess f ! wat]-l9e incl9$ to tw5ty feet
 aft to ! bottom4 ,h] propell]1 !re=e1  

=ces ! curr5t aga9/ ?is incl9e & along !
 bottom 9 ret>dation ( its progress4    
,h5ce1 %e _c be expect$ to excel =m]    
trials4  ,! ,eureka is an iron boat1    
built at ,buffalo1 ) tw9-propell]s at h]
 b[1 set 9 recesses1 at a div]g+ angle1 
to ?r[ ! wat] f ! b[ along ! sides ( !  
boat4 ,%e is built1 by m5 ( canal       
exp]i5ce1 ) comp\nd eng9es1 & 0 design$ 
to be a sup]ior boat = canal purposes4  
,b h] me*anical curr5ts at & aga9/ ! b[ 
mu/ h a ret>d+ t5d5cy1 n comp5sat$ by   
any o!r consid]ations4  ,! ,george ,a4  
,feet] is also a tw9-propell]1 )        
diagonal1 *annel wat]ways on ea* side = 
ab\t tw5ty-five feet1 :5 !y m]ge into a 
l>g] *annel ab\t five feet =w>d ( !     
rudd]4 ,h] propell]s are set 9 ^!       
*annels1 ab\t t5 feet aft ( _! side     
op5+s4 ,) h] propell]s ?us h\s$1 !      
me*anical curr5ts aga9/ ! aft-sides ( h]
 *annels are v damag+ to h] effici5cy4  
,! ,wm4 ,baxt] is also a tw9-propell]1 l
 ! ,p4 ,l4 ,/]nburg1 ( #aheh1 & )       
comp\nd eng9es1 l ! ,eureka & ! ,dawson4

 ,%e is built ( yell[ p9e1 ) easy l9es1 
& s l[ z to be unable to c>ry five-six?s
 ( a horse-c>go ( :eat or corn bel[     
deck1 s t h] lightness gives help to    
c>go1 & h] %>p b[ & /]n to spe$4 ,b h]  
con/ruction & model 7 long s9ce ab&on$  
by canal-boat build]s4  ,! ,wm4 ,newman 
is a common propell] & d\ble-deck boat1 
& c>ries two hundr$ & t5 tons4 ,%e is   
mu* l ! ,ruggles ( #aheh1 b has less    
/eam capabilities4  ,! ,*>les ,hemjee 0 
built ^u ! ,we/]n ,division1 ) a        
tunnel-%ap$ encasem5t to h] propell]4 ,(
 c\rse %e is report$ z v sl[4  ,! ,john 
,dur/on _h a propell] built 9 ) h]      
rudd]1 & driv5 ) a v]tical %aft1 ext5d+ 
d[n ?r\gh a cyl9drical rudd]-po/1 b 0   
unfit = s]vice4   ,,paddle ,,:eels4  ,! 
,port ,byron is a /]n1 paddle-:eel boat1
 ) v]tical or ecc5tric act+ paddles1 &  
is l ! ,viele ( #aheh4 ,%e has a recess 
! entire l5g? ( h] bottom ( sev]al squ>e
 feet area1 int5d$ to facilitate a fl[ (
 wat] f ! b[1 b ! fl[ does n occur2 !   
me*anical curr5ts ( ! :eel w be f !     

ne>e/ wat]1 & n f n9ety feet =w>d4  ,!  
,montana is a simil> /]n-:eel]1 )\t !   
recess4  ,! ,success consi/s ( two      
sections1 to be disconnect$ = pass+ !   
locks1 ) paddle-:eel ma*9]y at ! b[4 ,h]
 :eel1 inside ( ! paddles1 is a drum or 
cyl9d]1 fill$ ) cork1 to be buoyant1 & !
 hull has an easy1 sc[ b[1 = ! wat] to  
pass "u ! boat4 ,practically1 ! l>ge    
drum makes h] a horizontal1             
cyl9drical-b[$ boat1 & %e me*anically   
?r[s ! wat] !refrom aga9/ ! sc[-%ap$ b[1
 & s t ! cyl9d] displacem5t ) !         
me*anical curr5ts1 & ! sc[-b[           
displacem5t1 comb9e to make h] v sl[4 ,)
 h] two sections %e br\ght "o & a half  
c>goes ( corn4  ,! ,excelsior has a     
horizontal1 ecc5tric-act+ paddle :eel1 &
 0 built ( light iron at ,gre5 ,po9t4   
,%e _h a recess at ! b[ = h] subm]g$    
:eel1 &1 :5 ?us tri$1 f\nd ! ret>d+     
effects ( ! me*anical curr5ts at & aga9/
 ! b[ s great1 z to cause h] orig9al    
b[-propulsion to be made /]n-propulsion1
 :5 %e 0 mu* improv$4 ,%e 0 tri$ ) c>go 

= a %ort di/ance on ! canal1 & )drawn4  
,! ,f\nta9 ,city is a common boat1 )    
ma*9]y at h] /]n4 ,%e has two subm]g$   
horizontal1 exc5tric-act+ paddle-:eels1 
ea* ( small diamet]4 ,^! are plac$ "u h]
 qu>t]s1 9 ! rudd] cross-section1 & %e  
is /e]$ by h] ma*9]y4 ,! *>act]i/ics (  
^! :eels are l ! ,excelsior's1 & !      
ecc5tric v>iations ( bo?--toge!r ) !    
,byron's1 ,montana's & ,viele's--are    
kn[n z old devices ( second>y m]it on   
riv]1 lake & ocean /eam]s4  ,! ,santiago
 is a sc[-boat1 ) a recess1 or flume1 ! 
:ole l5g? ( h] bottom1 to a /]n         
propell]4 ,h] /eam 0 soon ab&on$4  ,an  
endless-*a9 propulsion 0 tri$ ^u !      
,we/]n ,division1 )\t success4  ,a      
common canal-boat has be5 exp]im5t$ ) at
 ,brooklyn to propel h] by ! reaction ( 
a p[]ful bl[] or fan4 ,?is 0 driv5 fir/ 
by a t5-horse1 & next by a =ty-horse    
/ation>y eng9e1 & aft]w>ds by a         
=ty-horse oscillator4 ,ea* fail$ to move
 h] f h] slip1 & ! conception prov$ an  
absurdity4  ,9 addition to ^!1 local    

/eam]s h be5 run betwe5 diff]5t cities =
 local purposes1 m or less1 s9ce #aheh1 
& /eam-tugs h be5 br\ght into           
requisition occasionally4   ,,obs]ve3   
,?is review pres5ts ! important fact1 t 
,,no ,,new ,,me*anical ,,sy/em ,,has    
,,be5 ,,introduc$4  ,! screw-propell]s &
 paddle-:eels are multiplications f !   
=m] era4 ,! v>iations f ! common        
propell] & paddle-:eel1 9 ! miscellane\s
 devices1 are all "u r$uctions ( m]it4  
,all ! b[-propulsions1 & all ! v>iations
 f ! ,viele1 ,/]nburg & ,ruggles ( !    
=m]1 & ! ,byron1 ,baxt] & ,newman ( !   
pres5t era1 are inf]ior1 :e!r view$     
practically or sci5tifically4  ,h5ce1   
/eam has receiv$ no me*anical           
advancem5ts s9ce #aheh2 & ! ef=ts (     
#ahgb are z positive & det]m9ate        
failures z ^? ( #ahfb4   ,,! ,,trials   
,,( ,,/eam ,,9 #ahgb ,,less ,,economical
 ,,?an ,,9 #aheh ,,to #ahfb4  ,x %\ld be
 obs]v$ t ! fir/ trials ( /eam 9 #aheh 7
 made dur+ a season ( l[ wat]1 & :5 !   
,canal ,bo>d _h limit$ ! load+ ( boats  

to f\r & ?ree-f\r?s feet draught ( wat]1
 :i*1 lat] 9 ! season1 0 increas$ to    
five feet1 & 9 subsequ5t ye>s to six    
feet1 z cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4  ,among 
! mo/ successful trials ( ! fir/ era (  
/eam on ! canals1 may be m5tion$ ! ,h4  
,k4 ,viele1 ,p4 ,l4 ,/]nburg1 & ,s4 ,b4 
,ruggles4 ,ea* c\ld c>ry ?ree-f\r?s c>go
 & t[ a full c>go1 & ea* exce$ ! spe$ ( 
horse-boats4  ,among ! mo/ successful   
trials ( ! pres5t era may be m5tion$ !  
,port ,byron1 ,baxt]1 & ,newman4 ,ea* c 
c>ry five-six?s ( a common c>go1 & exce$
 ! spe$ ( horses4  ,9 ! e>ly era ( /eam1
 ! prom95t policy 0 to comb9e t[age )   
c>ry+ capacity by ! /eam]1 = economical 
exp$ition4 ,9 ! pres5t era1 x has be5 to
 make ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! /eam]1 9     
itself1 economical & exp$iti\s4  ,?is   
latt] policy has aris5 "u !             
,appropriation ,act ( ,april1 #ahga1 :i*
 limits ! m9imum c>go to two hundr$     
tons1 & ! m9imum av]age spe$ ( ?ree     
miles p] h\r4 ,b ^! limitations mu/ cov]
 a sup]ior economy ( freight            

transportation to t by ! =m] trials )   
/eam4 ,else1 !y are wor?less2 else1 !y  
are failures1 z 9 #ahfb1 & _! g5]al     
introduction impracticable4  ,z 9 !     
/eam]s ,byron1 ,baxt] & ,newman1 !re is 
no?+ me*anically new1 9 v>iation f !    
,viele1 ,/]nburg & ,ruggles--^! trios   
be+ respectively me*anical c\nt]p>ts (  
ea* o!r2 ! paddle-:eels ( ! ,byron &    
,viele1 ! tw9-propell]s ( ! ,baxt] &    
,/]nburg1 & ! common propell]s ( !      
,newman & ,ruggles1 be+ respectively    
id5tical--! economical features are     
easily consid]$4  ,! fir/ trio c c>ry   
#bjj tons at good spe$2 ! second c c>ry 
#ahj tons1 & t[ #bdj tons2 total1 #dbj  
tons1 at good spe$4  ,to ! fir/ trio1   
two boats ( ea* class mu/ be alt]$2 two 
sets ( ma*9]y mu/ be furni%$2 two corps 
( eng9e]s ma9ta9$1 & coal = two r\nd    
trips mu/ be suppli$1 ) incid5tal       
exp5ses to two /eam]s1 to move #djj tons
 ( freight4  ,to ! second trio1 only "o 
boat ( ea* class is to be alt]$2 "o set 
( ma*9]y furni%$2 "o corps ( eng9e]s    

ma9ta9$1 & coal = "o r\nd trip suppli$1 
) ! incid5tal exp5ses1 to move #dbj tons
 ( freight4  ,! co/s ( alt]ations &     
adaptations ( ! fir/ trio are two-fold  
^? ( ! second2 ! co/ ( ma*9]y great] to 
! fir/ trio ?an to ! second2 ! co/s (   
eng9e]s two-fold to ! fir/ trio2 ! co/s 
( coal ab\t ! same to ea*1 ) great]     
incid5tal exp5ses to ! fir/ ?an to !    
second p] tons ( freight mov$4  ,!      
diff]5ces 9 ! two trios are 9 _! /eam   
capabilities & 9 _! times2 ! second     
requires ab\t "o day extra on ! canal1 z
 possibly due to ! lock+ ( ! t[1 ?\gh no
 extra "t is requir$ :]e bo? locks ( !  
pair are ready4 ,b ! extra tw5ty tons ( 
freight m ?an pays ! extra "t4  ,! times
 ( transit or rates ( spe$ to ! two eras
 are v ne>ly alike1 ! /eam]s ( ! fir/   
hav+ great] /eam capabilities1 z due to 
_! boat 9 t[1 :il/ ^? ( ! pres5t era h  
r$uc$ _! /eam capabilities to increase  
_! c>goes f ! #ahj tons to #bjj tons4   
,! times ( transit1 or rates ( spe$1 are
 giv5 9 ! foll[+ miscellane\s record1 & 

z publi%$1 f "t to "t1 f #aheh to #ahfb3
  ,! ,wack 0 #g days1 total "t1 ) boat 9
 t[1 f ,buffalo to ,troy4  ,! ,wack 0 #d
 days #af h\rs1 net "t1 ) half freight1 
f ,troy to ,buffalo4  ,! ,/]nburg 0 #bh 
h\rs1 total "t1 ) boat 9 t[1 f ,buffalo 
to ,ro*e/]1 #ic miles1 av]ag+ #c-a_/c   
miles p] h\r4  ,! ,ruggles 0 #e-a_/b    
days1 net "t1 ) boat 9 t[1 f ,buffalo to
 ,troy1 & #f days #ad h\rs1 net "t1 f   
,buffalo to ,new ,york4  ,! ,eclipse 0  
#g-a_/b days1 total "t1 )\t t[1 f       
,buffalo to ,troy1 & #e-a_/b days1 total
 "t1 )\t t[1 f ,troy to ,buffalo4  ,!   
,gold ,hunt] 0 #g days #e h\rs1 total   
"t1 )\t t[1 f ,buffalo to ,troy4  ,!    
,rot>y 0 #d days #d h\rs1 total "t1 )   
half freight1 f ,troy to ,buffalo1 & #c 
days #af h\rs1 net "t4  ,! ,bemis1 a    
screw-tug1 ) ?ree boats1 0 #e days & #h 
h\rs1 net "t1 f ,buffalo to ,s*5ectady1 
#cba miles1 av]age #b-a_/b miles p] h\r4
  ,! ,wa%+ton1 d41 ) #c boats1 0 #e days
 #b h\rs1 net "t1 f ,buffalo to ,cohoes1
 #cdj miles1 av]age #b-c_/d miles p]    

h\r4  ,! ,dan ,br[n1 d41 ) ?ree boats1 0
 #f days1 net "t1 f ,buffalo to ,albany1
 #cea miles1 av]age ne>ly #b-a_/b miles 
p] h\r2 & 0 #g h\rs f ,buffalo to       
,lockport1 #ca miles1 av]ag+ #d-b_/c    
miles p] h\r4   ,,ye>s #ahga ,,& #ahgb1 
,,z ,,publi%$4  ,! ,dawson & ! ,ca?c>t h
 bo? made & repeat$ ?r\gh trips f       
,buffalo to ,troy1 ) #e_/f ( horse      
c>goes1 9 ab\t #g days1 total "t4  ,!   
,port ,byron 0 #e days #aj-a_/b h\rs1   
total "t1 & #d days #g h\rs1 net "t1 )  
#aag tons ( freight1 f ,troy to         
,buffalo1 f ,oct4 #bi? to ,nov4 #d?4 ,! 
m important d[n "t 0 n publi%$4  ,!     
,baxt] 0 #e days #ad h\rs1 total "t1 &  
#d days #i h\rs1 net "t1 ) half freight1
 f ,troy to ,buffalo1 f ,oct4 #bi?1 9 ! 
morn+1 to ,nov4 #c;d2 f ,sept4 #cj? to  
,oct4 #e? %e 0 #e days on h] up trip1 & 
e>ly 9 ,septemb] 0 #e days1 also1 f     
,troy to ,buffalo4  ,on h] fir/ trip d[n
 %e left ,buffalo ,sept4 #ab?1 & arriv$ 
at ,we/ ,troy1 ! #ai?1 9 #g days #d     
h\rs1 total "t1 & rea*$ ,new ,york !    

#ba/1 9 #h days #ac h\rs1 total "t1 )   
#bjj tons ( freight4 ,9 "s way %e r$uces
 h] #g days #d h\rs to #d days #h h\rs1 
net "t1 to ,troy2 & h] #h days #ac h\rs1
 to ,new ,york1 to #e days #ag h\rs4    
,second trip d[n 0 f ,buffalo to        
,wat]=d1 :5 %e 0 long] ^u ! canal ?an on
 h] fir/ trip ( ov] #g days4  ,?ird trip
 d[n1 left ,buffalo ,nov4 #i?1 & arriv$ 
at ,troy #ae?1 & ,new ,york #ag?1 or ov]
 #f days to ,troy1 & #h-a_/d to ,new    
,york1 ) #e_/f horse c>go4 ,?is canal   
trip 0 dur+ ! horse epidemic1 & ! l>ge  
numb] ( boats laid up made x v favorable
 = /eam4  ,b ! ,baxt]'s times h be5     
develop$ by a model :i* w\ld require    
"o-?ird ( a common boat to be           
rebuilt--"o-six? at ! b[ & "o-six? at ! 
/]n--x is1 !re=e1 prop] to /ate1 t if we
 put h] ma*9]y & /eam capabilities into 
a common boat--& ! sev5 ?\s& su* boats  
_c be disp5s$ )--x w\ld be v sl[1 z h]  
spe$ w\ld be r$uc$ by ?ree causes3  #a/4
 ,because ( an increas$ velocity ( b[   
displacem5t at a r$uc$ spe$ ( boat4     

#b;d4 ,because ( an increas$ velocity ( 
/]n replacem5t1 at a r$uc$ spe$ ( boat1 
aga9/ ! me*anical or c\nt]act+ propell+ 
curr5ts4  #c;d4 ,because ! p]c5tage (   
wa/$ p[] is increas$1 & ( utiliz$ is    
dim9i%$1 by great] resi/ance to motion4 
,! ,wm4 ,newman left ,new ,york ,oct4   
#cj?1 & arriv$ at ,buffalo ,nov4 #g1 9  
#h days1 ) #abj tons ( freight4         
,,relations ,,( ,,"t--,,twelve ,,ye>s   
,,ago ,,& ,,n[4  ,! ,wack's ?r\gh "t f  
,buffalo to ,we/ ,troy1 ) boat 9 t[1 is 
! same z ! ,baxt]'s av]age )\t t[4  ,!  
,ruggles' net "t1 f ,buffalo to ,new    
,york1 ) boat 9 t[1 is only #ba h\rs 9  
excess ( ! ,baxt]'s %orte/ net "t )\t   
t[4  ,! ?r\gh times ( ! ,eclipse & ,gold
 ,hunt]1 f ,buffalo to ,we/ ,troy1 )\t  
t[1 are j equal to ! ,baxt]'s fir/ &    
second trips4  ,! ,rot>y's ?r\gh "t up1 
) half freight1 is ne>ly "o day less ?an
 ! ,byron's1 ,baxt]'s or ,newman's      
%orte/ ?r\gh "t4 ,h] net "t is #ag h\rs 
less ?an ! ,baxt]'s %orte/ net "t4  ,!  
net "t ( ! tugs1 ea* ) ?ree boats 9 t[1 

is ne>ly equal to ! ,baxt]'s )\t t[1 f  
,buffalo to ,we/ ,troy4  ,!re=e1 by ?is 
comp>ison ( times1 ! "o day extra all[$ 
= ! great] /eam res\rces ( ! =m] era ) a
 boat 9 t[1 is ample2 & ! policy ( t era
 is pla9ly m economical = freight ?an t 
( ! pa/ two ye>s4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,,we ,,!re=e      
,,obs]ve3 ,t ! policy ( introduc+ /eam  
canal-boats z c>ri]s ( freight1 is      
illu/rat$ 9 ! ,niag>a1 ,eclipse1 ,gold  
,hunt] & ,rot>y4 ,! policy ( c>ry+ & t[+
 "o boat1 9 ! ,wack1 ,/]nburg1 ,ruggles1
 ,city ( ,buffalo & ,viele4 ,! policy ( 
screw-tugs 9 ! ,gov4 ,k+1 ,bemis1       
,wa%+ton1 ,lafayette1 ,/im]s1 ,dan ,br[n
 & ! paddle-:eel tug ,fall ,brook4 ,"u  
ea* policy /eam 0 a failure on ! canals 
"u ! ag5cies tri$4 ,! s+le c>ri]s di$   
fir/2 ! tugs second2 ! c>ri]s & "o boat 
?ird2 & la/1 ! c>ri]s ) ?ree-boat t[s4  
,9 #ahfa & #ahfb1 ! policy ( us+ !      
p[]ful canal /eam]s1 ,ruggles & ,city ( 
,buffalo1 to c>ry freight & t[ ?ree     
boats ea*1 0 introduc$ to sup]s$e ! =m] 

policies4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ! privilege (   
priority at locks1 by pay+ d\ble toll on
 ! boats1 0 susp5d$1 & soon !reaft] /eam
 0 totally ab&on$4  ,x is noticeable t !
 /eam]s = c>ry+1 only1 _h less vitality1
 & 7 less economical1 ?an ^? = c>ry+ &  
t[+1 & ^? = c>ry+ & t[+ b "o boat _h    
less ?an ^? = c>ry+ & also t[+ ?ree     
boats4  ,h5ce1 ! c>ry+ /eam]s1 or !     
automaton policy ( #ahga & #ahgb1 c only
 comp>e ) ! automaton policy ( ! =m]    
era1 & !y mu/ h less vitality1 & be less
 economical1 ?an ^? o!r = c>ry+ & t[+ "o
 boat1 & /ill less ?an ^? = c>ry+ & t[+ 
?ree boats4   ,,/eam ,,9 #ahgb ,,less   
,,economical ,,?an ,,horses4  ,x has be5
 cle>ly %[n t ,,/eam 9 #ahgb is less    
economical ?an 9 #aheh to #ahfj1 & /ill 
less s ?an 9 #ahfa & #ahfb4  ,b ,,/eam1 
9 its =m] hi/ory1 fail$ to compete )    
,,horses2 & z1 9 its rec5t hi/ory1 x has
 fail$ to be z economical z 9 its =m]1  
because ( less economical policies (    
introduction 7ma*9]y be+ sub/antially ! 
same71 x foll[s t its failure to compete

 ) horses mu/ be /ill m m>k$1 /ill m    
disappo9t+ to ! hopes ent]ta9$ by !     
,legislative ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate1 t     
indep5d5t f9ancial enc\ragem5t c\ld     
possibly fo/] & develop /eam            
successfully1 ?an x 0 9 its =m] mo/     
significant failures4  ,b /eam 9        
#ahgb--;indep5d5t ( its failure z comp>$
 to itself 9 #aheh--;is %[n to be less  
economical ?an horses by direct         
comp>ison ( /eam]s & horse-boats4  ,z   
/eam]s h run "u a prospective b\nty ( "o
 hundr$ ?\s& doll>s = a success1 !y h   
be5 fir/-class 9 all _! appo9tm5ts1 & h 
be51 z 9 ! language ( "o ( _! eng9e]s1  
ru%$ ?r\gh1 x is /rictly prop] to comp>e
 !m ) a well-kn[n duty ( fir/-class     
horse-boats1 "u ! ord9>y bus9ess        
ent]prise ( _! capta9s4  ,?us1 !        
fir/-class mod]n horse-boat c c>ry a    
c>go ( #h1hjj bu%els1 or #bdd tons (    
corn1 & make sev5 r\nd trips betwe5 ,new
 ,york & ,buffalo p] season1 av]ag+ a   
r\nd trip p] mon? = ! season (          
navigation4  ,! mo/ sy/ematic &         

bus9ess-l trials t h made spe$ an elem5t
 ( competitive economy1 are ! ,port     
,byron1 ,baxt] & ,newman4  ,! %ort lives
 ( ! ,viele & ! ,fall ,brook 9 canal    
s]vice1 r5d] x unnecess>y to give       
details ( ! ,byron4  ,! ,baxt] left ,new
 ,york late 9 ,augu/ or e>ly 9          
,septemb]1 9 new & p]fect equipm5t1 9 a 
suppos$ race = a hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 &  
?r\gh ,septemb]1 ,octob] & to ! #ai? (  
,novemb] 0 9 ! trade1 & 0 9 a conte/ =  
sup]iority or supremacy4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e
 deliv]$ at ,new ,york two freights1 &  
at ,wat]=d "o freight1 be+ ! equival5t (
 ?ree freights ( #g1bjj bu%els ea*1 or a
 total ( #ba1fjj bu%els ( corn2 ) runs  
equival5t to two & two-?irds r\nd trips4
  ,b %e _h priority at locks & "r ( way 
at all times1 s t ! horse-boat1 at !    
s\nd ( h] /eam :i/le1 :5 fifty feet     
beh9d1 mu/ /op & lay ov] to ! t[-pa? &  
let h] pass4 ,"u ^! privileges & b5efits
 %e 0 enabl$ to make h] fir/ "t betwe5  
,buffalo & ,we/ ,troy1 z adv]tis$1 9 a  
few h\rs ov] 7#g7 sev5 days2 h] second1 

requir$ /ill long] "t2 h] ?ird1 be+ :5 !
 horse-disease _h ne>ly ti$ up all o!r  
boats1 s t %e _h a riv]-l fre$om1 %e    
requir$ ab\t 7#f7 six days1 ?us av]ag+  
ab\t 7#g7 sev5 days f ! ,lakes to !     
,hudson4  ,give any fir/-class          
horse-boat capta9 a suppos$ or possible 
b\nty ( a hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 ) priority
 at locks & "r ( way1 & he w\ld 9 ! same
 "t h deliv]$ ?ree times #h1hjj1 or a   
total ( #bf1djj bu%els ( corn f ! ,lakes
 to ! ,baxt]'s de/9ations2 or #d1hjj    
bu%els ( corn 9 excess ( ! ,baxt]'s     
capabilities2 & h deliv]$ at ,buffalo ! 
same up-freights1 ) ease4  ,b ! pr(its (
 ?is excess pays a pr(it ov] ! entire   
co/ ( horse-movem5t1 leav+ ! ,baxt] 9   
debt = h] entire co/ ( movem5t1 = h]    
entire "t1 & an excess 9 addition4      
,aga91 suppose ,baxt]'s 7 multipli$ &   
r$uc$ to horse-boat regulations1 !n %e  
w\ld h to make elev5 trips to deliv] at 
tidewat] ! freight ( n9e horse-trips--z 
#aa  #g1bjj  #i  #h1hjj4 ,?is %e _c d 9 
! same "t1 nor c %e d x at ! same       

exp5se4 ,h] necessity = ! two extra     
trips w\ld de/roy h] economy &          
practicability1 or h] competitive       
abilities z aga9/ horses4  ,h5ce %e is  
obvi\sly & l>gely defici5t 9 economy z  
comp>$ to fir/-class horse-boat4  ,!    
,wm4 ,newman run #e1jjj miles f ,may    
#ag? to ,novemb] #g?1 c>ry+ 9 !         
aggregate #b1ccj tons ( freight4 ,h] "t 
is #e-b_/c mon?s2 h] mileage is five    
r\nd trips f ,buffalo to & f ,new ,york1
 by ! canal #a1jjj miles r\nd1 ea*2 h]  
freightage is 7#e  #baj or7 #a1jej tons 
d[n & 7#e  #abj or7 ab\t #fjj tons up1  
total #a1fej tons ,?is am\nt c>ri$      
indicates a t[age ( two boats d[n ) full
 freight1 & up1 ?r\gh ! canal1 ) half   
freight2 all ( :i* make h] aggregate    
tonnage4  ,if we all[ "o & two-?irds    
mon?s = h] t[+ trip1 & leave f\r mon?s =
 h] f\r r\nd trips1 or a run ( #d1jjj   
miles1 deliv]+ 9 ,new ,york 7#d  #baj   
or7 #hdj tons1 & 9 ,buffalo 7#d  #abj   
or7 #dhj tons1 total #a1cbj tons1 x may 
be suppos$ ne>ly correct 9 ! abs5ce (   

details4  ,a horse-boat1 9 same "t &    
circum/ances1 w\ld h made ! #d1jjj miles
 & h deliv]$ 9 ,new ,york 7#d  #bdd or7 
#igf tons1 & at ,buffalo 7#d  #abj or7  
#dhj tons1 total #a1def tons4 ,excess ( 
d[n freight #acf tons1 equival5t to     
#d1hej bu%els ( corn4 ,to make ?is      
wantage ( freight good1 requires ne>ly  
two-?irds ( a full c>go1 or ( a full    
r\nd trip4 ,h5ce1 %e is obvi\sly &      
l>gely defici5t 9 economy1 z comp>$ to a
 fir/-class horse-boat4  ,!re=e /eam 9  
#ahgb is less economical ?an horses4    
,,horse-,,boat ,,times4  ,"u ano!r view 
( ! case we h ! foll[+ relations (      
horses & /eam to %[ t /eam 9 #ahgb is   
less economical ?an horses4  ,! capta9 (
 ! ,vosburg /ates t he left ,we/ ,troy 9
 ,oct41 c>ry+ ov] #ajj tons ( freight1  
aft] ! ,baxt] _h left !re = ,buffalo1 & 
) two mule teams1 alt]nat+ "o ) ! o!r e 
six h\rs1 he arriv$ at ,buffalo 9       
advance ( ! ,baxt]2 ?r\gh "t less ?an ! 
,baxt]'s %orte/ "t4 ,net "t n /at$4     
,publi%+ net "t ( /eam]s in/ead ( total 

or ?r\gh "t1 is deceptive1 & creates a  
false impression ) ! community4 ,_h n ! 
?r\gh "t ( /eam]s ?is season be5        
suppress$1 ! gov]nor ( ! ,/ate w\ld n h 
imag9$ five-day trips f ,buffalo to ,new
 ,york1 z p] 8 message1 & our city      
editors w\ld n h v5tilat$ su* vision>y  
pret5sions4 ,!re are a multitude (      
horse-boat capta9s t c r$uce _! net     
canal "t ( movem5t bel[ ! ,baxt]'s1 :i* 
has be5 s ext5sively comm5t$ ^u2 b _! s 
do+ w\ld n exp$ite ! transf] ( gra9 f ! 
lakes to tide-wat]4  ,a c]ta9           
horse-boat1 9 a =m] season1 made two    
r\nd trips f ,buffalo to & f ,new ,york 
9 tw5ty days ea*1 & on ea* trip lay ?ree
 days 9 ,new ,york4 ,?is made h] ?r\gh  
"t av]age betwe5 ! cities #h-a_/b days  
ea* way4 ,h] capta9 once t[$ 9 ! ,l9e & 
0 only n9e days tw5ty h\rs f ,buffalo to
 ,new ,york4 ,?is season a horse-boat   
made ! r\nd trip f ,new ,york to & f    
,buffalo 9 tw5ty-"o days4  ,^! r\nd     
trips h probably nev] be5 exce$$ by     
/eam4  ,9 ! =m] era ! prism ( ! canal   

seem$ imb$d$ ) innum]able old & brok5   
t[-l9es1 :i* ! propell]1 by its high    
velocity1 suck$ up1 & 0 !reby f\l$2 & n[
 ! sea-grass is a hidd5 enemy t entw9es 
itself ar\nd ! propell] to f\l x4  ,:5 !
 wat]s are l[1 =c+ ! eng9es ( screw     
propell]s lets ! /]n ( ! boat squat or  
hug ! bottom1 & al?\gh ^! are m9or      
features ( want ( me*anical adaptation  
to canal duty1 !y illu/rate petty       
det5tions s]v+ to l5g!n ! ?r\gh times ( 
/eam4  ,h5ce1 if we int]mix ! sl[ /eam]s
 ) ! fa/ ones1 z we d ! sl[ ) ! fa/     
horse-boats1 = a g5]al av]age1 x is q   
probable t horse-times are fully equal  
to ^? ( /eam1 & t ! excess (            
horse-c>goes makes a l>ge & h&some      
advantage 9 _! favor4  ,!re=e1 "u ?is   
g5]al av]age1 /eam 9 #ahgb is less      
economical ?an horses4   ,,conditional  
,,explanations4  ,because /eam has be5  
enc\rag$ by ! ,legislature1 h]ald$ by ! 
press1 & favorably report$ by !         
,executive (fic]s ( ! ,/ate z a /&>d (  
advancem5t mo/ desirable to atta91 a    

supposition v g5]ally prevails outside (
 canal m5 t x w succe$4  ,z e>ly z      
#ahde1 be=e ! enl>gem5ts1 ?ree /eam]s 7 
built & tri$1 & "o1 ! ,pione]1 ran f    
,new ,york to ,oswego 9 five days1 total
 "t1 #cfb miles2 & !n supposition v     
g5]ally prevail$ t /eam w\ld succe$4 ,b 
light freights w\ld n pay !n z aga9/    
full horse-freights2 nei!r w\ld !y pay f
 #aheh to #ahfb2 nei!r h !y paid 9      
#ahgb1 z aga9/ horses4  ,a l>ge "p ( !  
boats own & c>ry _! horses1 two teams   
7f\r horses71 alt]nat+ ! teams f boat to
 t[-pa? e six h\rs4 ,_m desire to see ! 
h>d%ips1 cruelties & dang]s to horses   
obviat$4 ,x is said t "o company dur+ ! 
w>1 :5 mo/ ( ! be/ driv]s turn$ soldi]s1
 lo/ z _m horses dur+ ! season z !y put 
on = all _! boats 9 ! spr+2 t is1 !y _h 
to pur*ase a complete equipm5t to make  
good _! losses4  ,"s humane capta9s t[  
by ! l9es to avoid suff]+ & dang]s to   
horses1 _m ( :i* are dr[n$1 & _m left by
 ! wayside4 ,:5 *ang$ f t[-pa? to /able1
 a /\t man mu/ hold ! horse by ! tail z 

he desc5ds ! /eps into ! /able1 to      
prev5t 8 pit*+ aga9/ ! opposite side2 & 
he holds ) great] difficulty z he       
desc5ds ! bridge f ! high1 light boat to
 ! t[-pa?1 :i* is (t5 m dang]\s ?an !   
/able desc5t4  ,o!rs t[ by ! l9es--take 
turns = teams1 (t5 ) t$i\s delays--& !y 
are1 to a great ext5t1 subs]vi5t to !   
driv]s1 else !y suff] by _! indiff]5ce1 
laz9ess or caprices1 & _m are sure to d 
_! poore/1 unless !y are fe$ extra4     
,all w\ld be *>m$ ) t[age by /eam1 if   
done ) economy1 dispat*1 regul>ity &    
safety2 b q ano!r feel+ prevails "u !   
sugge/ions ( *ang+ driv]s = eng9e]s1    
/ables = eng9e-rooms1 horses = ma*9]y1 &
 light c>gos = full ones1 z 9 case (    
conv]t+ ! horse-boat to a /eam]4  ,/eam1
 z us$ = t[+ purposes1 w\ld be          
acceptable & subs]vi5t to ! sev]al ?\s& 
boatm5 con/antly 9 s]vice4  ,if we give 
to ! automaton sy/em ( /eam any         
privileges ov] horse-boats--except+ =   
incid5tal initiatory enc\ragem5t to     
/eam--we h a w> ( ! _m aga9/ ! few4 ,9 !

 =m] era ! d\ble toll sy/em 0 oblig$ to 
be susp5d$1 & ! no-toll sy/em ( ?is era 
is only a tempor>y suff]ance4  ,!re=e1  
/eam mu/ /& or fall by its own m]its1 & 
%\ld be fo/]$ & develop$ until horses   
possess no competitive ability4         
,,canal ,,necessities4  ,! hi/ory ( !   
exp]im5ts = means ( propulsion on our   
canals %[s t no sy/em has be5 develop$  
by means ( :i* ! c>ry+ p[] ( ^! great   
*annels ( communication c be made       
available by /eam4 ,if ?is deplorable   
fact is to be ov]come1 x mu/ be ?r\gh ! 
aid ( ! inv5tor2 we mu/ h "s in/rum5ts (
 propulsion n hi!rto 9 use1 & "s o!r    
means ( application ( ! propell+ p[] ?an
 ^? n[ 9 practice1 or /eam c nev] be    
suffici5tly utiliz$ to sup]s$e horses on
 canals4  ,we see ! ,new ,york & ,albany
 t[-boats1 ) f tw5ty to =ty load$ canal 
boats1 runn+ at f\r miles p] h\r1 & !y h
 tak5 ov] sixty boats 9 a s+le t[ f ,new
 ,york to ,albany4 ,b an eng9e1 ) a     
respectable "p ( _! /eam1 c take b a    
small fraction ( _! boats1 & at a l>gely

 r$uc$ spe$ on ! canal4  ,! doom (      
#ahde1 ( #aheh to '#fb1 & ( #ahga to    
'#gb1 hangs ov] /eam l a %r\d2 x is a   
me*anical doom4 ,/eam %\ld be           
me*anically elevat$ s t x c utilize f a 
?ird to half ( its p[]1 & s t an eng9e c
 develop an equival5t ( ?irty to fifty  
horses on ! t[-pa? to a tra9 ( boats1 & 
s t x c take tra9s ( t5 to fifte5 boats 
on ! two sixty-miles levels--:]e l>ge   
hulls c be built & us$ )\t necessity (  
pass+ locks--& some:at small] tra9s on !
 o!r p>ts ( ! canal1 av]ag+ eight to t5 
boats p] tug1 or mov+ f #gj1jjj to      
#hj1jjj bu%els ( corn1 all z fa/ z !y c 
be safely h&l$1 & !n ! day ( horses is  
limit$1 & canals w ne$ new arrangem5ts1 
new regulations & new cu/oms4  ,tugs on 
! canal h nev] exce$$ a utility ( eight 
to fifte5 p] c5t4 ( ! inh]5t p[] ( _!   
/eam4 ,h5ce1 !y h nev] _h t[+ p[] to    
develop ! movem5t ( tra9s ( boats2 b :5 
!y c be made me*anically to utilize f   
?irty to fifty p] c5t41 ! tra9 movem5t  
becomes initiat$ ) boats j z absolutely 

z ) c>s1 & ! t[-boat sy/em w be j z     
prom95tly & univ]sally e/abli%$ betwe5  
,buffalo & ,albany z x is betwe5 ,new   
,york & ,albany4  ,x is p]fectly        
practical = /eam1 :5 x %all possess a   
respectable me*anical adaptation to     
canal duty2 t is1 :5 x %all n be s      
%amefully pr(ligate 9 exp5ditures (     
p[]--to d\ble ! av]age spe$ ( horses1 or
 less5 ! g5]al av]age ( t5 days on !    
canal to five days1 ( :i* ! d[n trips   
may ov]run & ! up trips fall %ort1 z )  
horse av]age4  ,:5 a s+le tug %all equal
 #cj to #ej horses on ! t[-pa?1 x equals
 #fj to #ajj ( supply1 z all require !  
alt]nate team4  ,! automaton sy/em (    
/eam is a h9d]ance to horse-boat        
navigation1 besides increas+ ! risks &  
dang]s1 :il/ ! t[+ sy/em1 9 sub/itution 
= horses1 greatly improves ! navigation 
& less5s ! risks & dang]s4 ,av]ag+ !    
total mileage ( a season ) horse-boat   
times ( transit1 & boats meet ea* o!r e 
tw5ty m9utes1 night & day includ+       
,sundays1 = sev5 mon?s4 ,to c>ry ?is    

tonnage1 !re mu/ be elev5 meet+s (      
/eam]s to n9e by horses1 :i* increases !
 risks & dang]s tw5ty-two p] c5t42 on ! 
o!r h&1 t[s to ! same tonnage w\ld only 
meet ea* o!r ab\t e ?ree h\rs1 h5ce =   
long di/ances !y h an unob/ruct$ wat]   
way4  ,,me*anical ,,inv5tion1 to adapt  
/eam to ! heavy resi/ances ( canal      
boats1 is !re=e ! fir/ & greate/        
necessity ( canals4  ,a second necessity
 w be ,,auxili>y ,,& ,,co-,,op]ative    
,,p[] ,,at ,,! ,,locks ,,& ,,%ort       
,,levels4  ,^! mu/ be local1 & may be by
 /ation>y /eam-p[]1 by wat]-p[] f ! upp]
 levels1 or by horses4  ,?us1 !re w\ld  
be only "o det5tion ( a tug ?r\gh all ! 
sixte5 locks f ,we/ ,troy to            
,cohoes--only "o :]ev] !re are two or m 
locks ne> ea* o!r1 & at all locks !re   
mu/ be an indep5d5t local p[] to h&le   
all boats4 ,9 ?is way tugs w lose less  
"t betwe5 ,buffalo & ,albany ?an        
horse-boats d 9 *ang+ teams f boat to   
t[-pa? e six h\rs4  ,foll[+ ^!          
necessities1 new rules1 regulations &   

cu/oms w be e/abli%$1 protect+ ! rights 
& equities ( all4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,a ?ird necessity 
w be a ,,c5traliz$ ,,managem5t1 or      
control ( all tugs1 tra9-movem5ts1 &    
local p[]s at %ort levels & locks4  ,?is
 is ess5tial to a h>mony ( movem5ts1 to 
a prop] di/ribution ( motors1 & to a    
prop] adaptation to all ! ebbs & fl[s ( 
trade4 ,?is is j z ess5tial = ! tugs ( a
 canal z = ! locomotives ( a railway4   
,provid$ ! control ( /eam %all be held1 
^u ! m]its ( "s inv5tion1 protect$ by   
,lett]s ,pat5t f ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t2 !n 
! own]s !re( might e/abli% a c5traliz$  
managem5t to meet ! m]its1 dem&s &      
exig5cies ( ! case4 ,!y c\ld en=ce a    
h>mony ( int]e/s betwe5 all tra9s & a   
h>mony ( police regulations1 & !y c\ld  
en=ce a consolidation ( ef=t &          
co-op]ation to meet any exig5cy1 j z a  
railway company c consolidate & develop 
its ef=ts ^u any necessit\s occasion4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 ! nature ( ! case1 ^! ?ree           

necessities1 :5 accompli%$1 w give to   
/eam ! univ]sal movem5t ( boats4        
,fir/4--,because x becomes a *eap motor 
9 reg>d to :i* horses c hold no         
competitive claim4  ,?is is se5 f ! fact
 t :5 /eam c only utilize f eight to    
twelve p] c5t4 ( its p[]1 z "u ! two    
eras ( /eam1 ! two be/ /eam]s--! ,s4 ,b4
 ,ruggles & ,city ( ,buffalo--liv$ five 
ye>s 9 competition ) horses1 no?+ s9ce  
has exce$$ _! economies or capabilities2
 b give ! /eam !y us$ a utility ( ?irty 
to fifty p] c5t41 or ov] ?ree times its 
pres5t capabilities1 & no team c be     
support$ 9 competition4         99      
99       99       99       99           
,second4--,because x possesses !        
economies ( conc5trat$ p[]4  ,horse-p[] 
mu/ be diffus$ into small & limit$      
qualities to be economical4 ,! co/ (    
d\ble1 treble1 or quadruple teams1 to   
increase spe$ or r$uce "t1 swells ! co/ 
( transportation almo/ 9 l ratio1 & w\ld
 eat l>gely into ! value ( c>goes4  ,) !
 pres5t enorm\s wa/e ( /eam-p[]1 tra9s )

 ov] ?ree boats beg9 to increase ! co/ (
 freight p] ton4 ,! ,gov]nor ,k+ 0 less 
economical ) five boats ?an ) ?ree4 ,on 
a "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,division1 two p[]ful   
tugs1 la%$ side by side on ! levels1 h  
tak5 a tra9 ( 7#ag7 sev5te5 boats       
successfully4 ,give to half _! comb9$   
/eam fifty p] c5t4 addition to _! comb9$
 p[]1 & tra9 movem5t receives an        
important inauguration4 ,economy1       
dispat*1 regul>ity & a univ]sal h>mony (
 int]e/s prevail4   ,,summ>y4  ,!       
consid]ations ( facts & sugge/ions h]e) 
pres5t$1 embody important reasons = !   
,legislature to cont9ue 9 =ce ! ,act (  
,april1 #ahga1 to fo/] & develop ! inl& 
comm]ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,x seems well adapt$ 
to influ5ce1 enc\rage & facilitate !    
developm5t ( me*anical1 inv5tive tal5t2 
& to ?is end1 all int]e/s p]ta9+ to !   
imm$iate elevation ( canals1 to !       
b5efits ( /eam1 %\ld co-op]ate4  ,to    
enc\rage inv5tion to utilize ! /eam is (
 p>am\nt importance1 because ! o!r      
necessities w !n be met1 & !y ne$ no    

legislation1 = common bus9ess tal5t w   
supply _! dem&s4  ,! ,,me*anical        
,,necessities ( our canals are great]   
?an p]ta9 to any possibilities by ! old 
sy/ems ( propulsion4 ,x is n suffici5t =
 /eam to b>ely or d\btfully compete )   
horses1 x %\ld sup]s$e !m ) ! same      
sup]iorities & same univ]sality t x has 
on railways4  ,:]e /eam is me*anically  
adapt$ to its uses1 horses be> no       
comp>ison to its economies2 h5ce1 give  
/eam its requir$ me*anical adaptation to
 canals1 & horses mu/ be ab&on$4  ,!    
en?usiasm ( #ahgb1 9 reg>d to /eam1 is  
less ?an 9 #aheh1 b !re is a deep feel+ 
( necessity = /eam p]meat+ ! community1 
& x %\ld be enc\rag$ & direct$ 9 ! prop]
 *annel1 = ! anxieties ( #aheh f\nd]$ on
 incompet5t me*anism1 & ! anxieties (   
#ahgb are 9 ! same impassable *annel4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,gov]nor's ,message ( #ahgc r5ews !  
s*eme :i* 0 prom95tly be=e !            
,legislature a few ye>s s9ce1 :i* 0 to  
l5g!n "o ti] ( locks by gates ( diff]5t 

con/ruction1 & s z to receive long]     
boats ( pres5t wid?2 yet a s+le ?\ght w 
%[ t ?is w n help /eam2 = ! insatiable  
desire = maximum c>go w put ! ,bull     
,head boat into ! long locks1 j z x has 
into ! pres5t locks1 & %>p /eam]s _c    
compete ) x4  ,x is prop] to obs]ve t   
su* l5g!n+ ( "o ti] w fir/3 co]ce pres5t
 boatman to sacrifice _! prop]ty1 :i* ) 
boats & equipm5ts1 exce$s a valuation ( 
tw5ty million doll>s1 or else cut !     
boats into two p>ts1 & l5g!n !m 7&      
/r5g!n _! sides & back-bones7 to ! full 
capabilities ( ! l5g!n$ locks2 = ! %ort 
boats _c compete ) ! long ones4  ,!n1 :5
 ! mass are alt]$1 !y w co]ce ! ,/ate to
 alt] ! second ti]1 because x becomes   
wor?less & inop]ative1 & because ! "o   
ti] becomes incapable ( pass+ s great a 
multitude ( boats1 & x w\ld o!rwise     
greatly r$uce ! c>ry+ capacity ( !      
canals4  ,! ,/ate is sure to complete ! 
removal ( ! b5*es on ! rema9+ "p ( !    
,ea/]n ,division z !y are already remov$
 f a "p1 & f ! ,middle & ,we/]n         

,division2 & !n we c f9d no fault ) !   
canal4 ,b ?is w n help /eam vs4 horses4 
,all improvem5ts help horses equally )  
/eam1 & !re is ! ev]-p5d+ diff]5ce (    
c>go4  ,! same au?ority discusses !     
advantages to foll[1 if ! "t c be %ort5$
 f ,buffalo to ,new ,york f 7#ad7 f\rte5
 to 7#e7 five days1 c4 ,if a hundr$ ?\s&
 doll>s rew>d = exp$ition1 p5d+ dur+ two
 seasons ( navigation1 has prov$        
insuffici5t to r$uce ! av]age ( ! ?ree  
%orte/ trips1 ) #bjj tons c>go1 bel[    
sev5 days total or actual "t f ,buffalo 
to ,we/ ,troy1 ! five days to ,new      
,york1 ) ! pres5t k ( /eam ma*9]y1      
becomes an impossibility4 ,b newspap]s h
 prec$$ ! message ) ! false supposition 
& ! same error4  ,! extraord9>y measures
 initiat$ by ! ,n4 ,y4 ,c5tral ,r4 ,r41 
by _! =ty million doll>s issue ( bonds =
 ! con/ruction ( a d\ble track          
exclusively = freight1 %[s ! gr[+       
importance ( ?is already imm5se bus9ess1
 & :il/ automaton /eam]s1 "u ! kn[n     
me*anism ( ! age1 w inevitably less5 !  

c>ry+ capacity ( ! canal1 by fill+ its  
locks--:i* alone control ! maximum c>ry+
 capacity--elev5 times ) light c>goes 9 
place ( n9e times ) full freights2 !    
me*anical elevation & sub/itution (     
/eam1 z %[n by ! ,,canal ,,necessities  
h]e9 set =?1 possesses /ill m           
extraord9>y importance4  ,e consid]ation
 en=ces ! ,,necessities1 set =? 9 ?is   
appeal1 ,,( ,,me*anical ,,improvem5t1   
,,local ,,auxili>y ,,p[]1 ,,&           
,,conc5trat$ ,,managem5t4               
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes  p4 #jbd--typo  
fix$1 *ang$ 'en=e' to 'en=ce' p4        
#jbe--typo fix$1 *ang$ 'sup]iorites' to 
'sup]iorities' p4 #jbf--typo fix$1 *ang$
 'ad&on$' to 'ab&on$' p4 #jbg--typo     
fix$1 mov$ a comma aft] ')' to aft]     
'trips'