,illustration3 ,,walnut ,,blossoms ,,walnut ,,growing ,,in ,,oregon ,edited by ,j4 ,c4 ,cooper ,,published ,,by ,,the ,passenger ,department ,oregon ,railroad and ,navigation ,co4 ,southern ,pacific ,company ,lines in ,oregon ,portland1 ,oregon ,,copyright1 #aiaj4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,mc,m,u,r,r,a,y4 ,,general ,,passenger ,,agent ,illustration3 ,an ,oregon ,walnut ,grove4 ,prune ,trees for ,fillers4 ,illustration3 ,walnut ,confections ,,walnut ,,growing ,,in ,,oregon ,a ,,coming ,,industry ,,of ,,great ,,national ,,importance ,english walnuts for dessert1 walnut confectionery1 walnut cake1 walnuts in candy bags at ,christmas time--thus far has the average person been introduced to this1 one of the greatest foods of the earth4 ,but if the food specialists are heard1 if the increasing consumption of nuts as recorded by the ,government ,bureau of ,imports is consulted--in short1 if one opens his eyes to the tremendous place the walnut is beginning to take among food products the world over1 he will realize that the walnut's rank as a table luxury is giving way to that of a necessity2 he will acknowledge that the time is rapidly approaching when nuts will be regarded as we now regard beefsteak or wheat products4 ,the demand is already so great that purveyors are beginning to ask1 where are the walnuts of the future to come from8 ,in #aijb4 according to the ,department of ,commerce and ,labor1 we imported from ,europe #aa1ibg1dcb pounds of ,english walnuts2 each year since then these figures have increased1 until in #aijf they reached #bd1iag1jbc pounds1 valued at #b1aic1fec4 ,in #aijg we imported #cb1eij1jjj pounds of walnuts and #ab1jjj1jjj more were produced in the ,united ,states4 ,in ,oregon alone there are consumed #djj1jjj worth of nuts annually4 ,when we consider the limited area suitable to walnut culture in ,america--,california and ,oregon practically being the only territory of commercial importance--and the fact that the ,old ,world is no longer planting additional groves to any appreciable extent1 there being no more lands available1 we begin to realize the important place ,oregon is destined to take in the future of the walnut industry3 for in ,oregon1 throughout a strip of the richest land known to man--the great ,willamette basin with its tributary valleys and hills1 an area of #fj by #aej miles--walnuts thrive and yield abundantly1 and at a younger age than in any other locality1 not excepting their original home1 ,persia4 ,in addition1 ,oregon walnuts are larger1 finer flavored1 and more uniform in size than those grown elsewhere2 they are also free from oiliness and have a full meat that fills the shell well4 ,these advantages are recognized in the most indisputable manner1 dealers paying from two to three cents a pound more for ,oregon walnuts than for those from other groves4 ,thus the very last and highest test--what will they bring in the market8--has placed the ,oregon walnut at the top4 ,however1 in all of ,oregon1 throughout the vast domain that seems to have been providentially created to furnish the world with its choicest nut fruit1 there are1 perhaps1 not more than #bjj acres in bearing at the present time4 ,the test has been accomplished by individual trees found here and there all the way from ,washington and ,multnomah counties on the north1 to ,josephine and ,jackson counties1 bordering ,california4 ,in a number of counties but two or three handsome old monarchs that have yielded heavy crops year after year1 without a failure for the past twenty to forty years1 bear witness to the soil's suitability2 in other counties1 notably ,yamhill1 sturdy yielding groves attest the soil's fitness4 ,in none of the counties of the walnut belt has but the smallest fraction of available walnut lands been appropriated for this great industry4 ,people are just beginning to realize ,oregon's value as a walnut center and her destiny as the source of supply for the choicest markets of the future4 ,were it practical to plant every unoccupied suitable acre in ,oregon this year to walnuts1 in eight or ten years the crop would establish ,oregon forever as the sovereign walnut center of the world2 and the crop1 doubling each year thereafter for five years1 as is its nature1 and then maintaining a steady increase up to the twentieth year1 would become a power in the world's markets1 equal if not superior to that of ,north ,american wheat at the present time4 ,illustration3 ,more ,nuts than ,leaves4 ,tree of ,d4 ,h4 ,turner4 ,illustration3 ,garden ,stuff1 ,melons ,pumpkins1 ,prunes and ,children growing among the ,walnuts4 ,the ,walnuts will in a ,few ,years put out all but the ,children ,the ,united ,states ,year ,book for #aijh estimates the food value of the walnut at nearly double that of wheat1 and three times that of beefsteak4 ,colonel ,henry ,dosch1 the ,oregon pioneer of walnut growing1 says3 ,as a business proposition ,i know of no better in agricultural or horticultural pursuits4 ,prof4 ,c4 ,i4 ,lewis1 of the ,oregon ,experiment ,station1 writes3 ,in establishing walnut groves we are laying the foundation for prosperity for a great many generations4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,williamson1 secretary of the ,oregon ,board of ,horticulture1 writes3 ,the man who plants a walnut grove in the right place and gives it proper care is making provision not only for his own future welfare1 but for that of his children and his children's children4 ,felix ,gillett1 the veteran horticulturist of ,nevada ,city1 ,california1 wrote shortly before his death3 ,oregon is singularly adapted to raising walnuts4 ,thomas ,prince1 owner of the largest bearing walnut grove in ,oregon1 expresses the most enthusiastic satisfaction with the income from his investment1 and is planting additional groves on his #hjj-;acre farm in ,yamhill county1 in many cases uprooting fruit trees to do so4 ,,history ,,in ,,brief ,the so-called ,english walnut originated in ,persia1 where it throve for many centuries before it was carried to ,europe--to ,england1 ,germany1 ,france1 ,spain and ,italy--different varieties adapting themselves to each country4 ,the name walnut is of ,german origin1 meaning foreign nut4 ,the ,greeks called it the ,royal nut1 and the ,romans1 ,jupiter's ,acorn1 and ,jove's ,nut1 the gods having been supposed to subsist on it4 ,the great age and size to which the walnut tree will attain has been demonstrated in these ,european countries3 one tree in ,norfolk1 ,england1 #ajj years old1 #ij feet high1 and with a spread of #abj feet1 yields #ed1jjj nuts a season2 another tree1 #cjj years old1 #ee feet high1 and having a spread of #abe feet1 yields #a1ejj pounds each season4 ,in ,crimea there is a notable walnut tree #a1jjj years old that yields in the neighborhood of #ajj1jjj nuts annually4 ,it is the property of five ,tartar families1 who subsist largely on its fruit4 ,in ,european countries walnuts come into bearing from the sixteenth to the twenty-fourth year2 in ,oregon1 from the eighth to the tenth year2 grafted trees1 sixth year4 ,the first walnut trees were introduced into ,america a century ago by ,spanish friars1 who planted them in ,southern ,california4 ,it was not until comparatively recent years that the hardier varieties from ,france1 adapted to commercial use1 were planted in ,california and later in ,oregon4 ,they were also tried in other localities1 but without success4 ,since the prolific productiveness of the ,english walnut on the ,pacific ,coast has been assured1 many commercial groves have been set out4 ,,test ,,trees ,,of ,,oregon ,the first walnut trees were planted in ,oregon in limited number for purely home use1 just to see if they would grow1 and they did4 ,thus the state can boast of single trees close to sixty years of age1 each with admirable records of unfailing crops1 demonstrating what a fortune would now be in the grasp of their owners had they planted commercially4 ,in ,portland1 ,oregon1 on what is known as the old ,dekum place1 #acth and ,morrison streets1 there are two walnut trees1 planted in #ahfi1 that have yielded a heavy crop every fall since their eighth year1 not a single failure having been experienced4 ,the ground has never been cultivated4 ,the nuts planted were taken at random from a barrel in a grocery store4 ,during the silver thaw of #aijg1 the most severe cold spell in the history of ,oregon1 one of the trees was wrenched in two1 but the dismembered limb1 hanging by a shred1 bore a full crop of walnuts the following season4 ,n4 ,a4 ,king1 at #age ,twenty-first street1 has some fine1 old trees that have not missed bearing a good crop since their eighth year4 ,henry ,hewitt1 living at ,mt4 ,zion1 ,portland1 an elevation of #a1jjj feet1 has many handsome trees1 one1 a grafted tree fifteen years old1 that has borne since its fifth year4 ,another tree of his buds out the fourth of ,july and yields a full crop as early as any of the other varieties4 ,in ,salem1 there is what is known as the famous old ,shannon tree1 fully thirty years old1 with a record of a heavy crop every season4 ,mayor ,britt1 of ,jacksonville1 has a magnificent tree that has not failed in twenty years4 ,dr4 ,finck1 of ,dallas1 has a large tree seventeen years old that bore #gj pounds of nuts in its thirteenth year1 and has increased ever since4 ,c4 ,h4 ,samson1 of ,grants ,pass1 has a grove of #bej trees1 now ten years old1 that bore at seven years4 ,mr4 ,tiffany1 of ,salem1 has a fifteen-year-old tree that at thirteen years bore #aae pounds4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,terpening1 of ,eugene1 has four acres of walnuts grafted on the ,american black1 which in #aije produced #gjj pounds1 in #aijf produced #abjj pounds1 in #aijg produced #bjjj pounds1 and in #aijh produced #cjjj pounds4 ,he tried seedlings first1 but they were not satisfactory4 ,the ,epps and ,reece orchard near ,eugene produces about #ajj pounds per tree1 at #ab years of age4 ,mr4 ,muecke1 of ,aurora1 planted a dozen walnuts from his father's estate in ,germany2 they made a splendid growth1 and at six years bore from #ejj to #hjj nuts to a tree4 ,mr4 ,stober1 of ,carson ,heights1 planted nuts from ,germany with satisfactory results4 ,mrs4 ,herman ,ankeny1 of ,new ,era1 has seven young trees that in #aijg netted her #ae a tree4 ,illustration3 ,here is a ,santa ,barbara soft-shell on the lawn of ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,apperson1 in ,mc,minnville1 which at the age of eight years bore #cb pounds of walnuts4 ,it stood the frosts and winter of #aijh-'ji and bears every year2 it is now #aa years old1 #ab inches in diameter and has a branch spread of #dj feet4 ,illustration3 ,the ,cozine ,walnut ,tree ,cozine tree on ,a street1 ,mc,minnville4 ,seedling1 #ae years old2 bears good crop of nuts every year4 ,at #ad years old the crop was #abe pounds4 ,is #af inches in diameter and has a spread of #db feet4 ,one sixteen-year-old tree near ,albany netted its owner #cj4 ,a ,franquette walnut near ,brownsville yielded eight bushels at ten years4 ,the ,french varieties planted in and around ,vancouver commenced bearing at seven years1 and have never failed4 ,prominent growers are ,a4 ,a4 ,quarnberg1 ,a4 ,high1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,biddle1 ,c4 ,g4 ,shaw4 ,in ,yamhill county1 ,ed4 ,greer1 ,james ,morison1 ,f4 ,w4 ,myers1 ,d4 ,h4 ,turner and ,bland ,herring all won prizes at the first walnut fair held in the state1 on nuts from their groves4 ,,wood ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,walnut ,the wood of the ,english walnut is very hard and close grained1 and nearly as hard and tough as hickory4 ,it will no doubt be valuable for furniture1 finishing lumber and any other use that may require a first-class hard wood4 ,,young ,,groves ,,of ,,oregon ,the ,prince walnut grove of ,dundee1 ,yamhill county1 thrills the soul of the onlooker with its beauty1 present fruitfulness1 and great promise4 ,lying on a magnificent hillside1 the long rows of evenly set trees--healthy1 luxurious in foliage1 and filled with nuts--present a picture of ideal horticulture worth going many miles to see4 ,there is not a weed to mar the perfect appearance of the well-tilled soil2 not a dead limb1 a broken branch1 a sign of neglect or decay4 ,in all1 #bjj acres are now planted to young walnuts1 new areas being added each season4 ,from the oldest grove1 about forty-five acres1 the trees from twelve to fourteen years old1 there was marketed in #aije between two and three tons of walnuts2 in #aijf between four and five tons2 in #aijg ten tons were harvested1 bringing the highest market price1 #ah and #bj cents a pound wholesale1 two cents more than ,california nuts4 ,the crop for #aijh was at least one-third heavier than for #aijg4 ,one tree on the ,prince place1 a ,mayette1 that has received extra cultivation1 by way of experiment1 now twelve years old1 has a spread of thirty-eight feet1 and yielded in its eleventh year #abe pounds of excellent nuts4 ,mr4 ,woods1 the superintendent of the ,prince place1 considers walnut growing a comparatively simple matter2 he advocates planting the nut where the tree is to grow1 choosing nuts with care2 and then thorough cultivation4 ,the soil is semi-clayey1 red1 hill land4 ,near ,albany1 ,linn county1 #gjj acres are planted2 the soil is a rich loam1 and seems admirably adapted to walnuts4 ,near ,junction ,city1 in ,lane county1 there are #bjj acres of young trees4 ,every condition seems present for the best results4 ,eugene has two small groves4 ,yamhill county1 where the greatest demonstration thus far has been made1 has close to #c1jjj acres in young trees1 the planting having been both on hill and valley lands4 ,at ,grants ,pass1 ,josephine county1 there is a promising grove of #fjj young trees4 ,near ,aurora and ,hubbard1 ,marion county1 where the soil is a rich1 black loam1 rather low1 a number of young groves are making a growth of four and five feet a season4 ,j4 ,b4 ,stump1 of ,monmouth1 ,polk county1 has a very thrifty young grove4 ,illustration3 ,a ,young ,willamette ,valley ,grove ,this is a view of a part of the ,r4 ,jacobson orchard one and one-half miles west of ,mc,minnville4 ,the land was bought for #fj per acre and when planted to walnuts sold for #bjj4 ,the orchard is now five years old and could not be bought for #fjj per acre4 ,it is located on a hill #aej feet above the level of the valley4 ,the largest single grafted grove in ,oregon is situated one mile from ,junction ,city1 the property of ,a4 ,r4 ,martin4 ,he has sixty-five acres4 ,washington county is rapidly acquiring popularity as a walnut center1 many fine orchards being now planted4 ,mr4 ,fred ,groner1 near ,hillsboro1 is now planting #ajj acres to grafted trees4 ,the ,oregon ,nursery ,company is establishing large walnut nurseries in ,washington county4 ,in ,douglas county1 vicinity of ,drain1 little attention has been paid to walnut culture1 but a sufficient number of trees are doing well to insure good results from large plantings4 ,in ,jackson county1 near ,medford1 a number of young groves have been planted1 and individual trees throughout the ,rogue ,river ,valley furnish ample evidence of correct soil and climatic conditions in that section4 ,even when apple trees have been caught by frost the walnuts have escaped uninjured1 bearing later a full crop4 ,in ,tillamook county only sufficient trees have been planted to demonstrate favorable soil conditions4 ,while western ,oregon is universally conceded to be the natural walnut center1 eastern ,oregon also has its localities where walnuts bear heavily1 and will prove a good commercial crop4 ,in ,baker county there are thousands of acres of land adapted to walnuts2 young groves are being planted1 and a number of trees have produced fine crops4 ,when one considers the years of the future when the trees of each of these young groves will lift their symmetrical heads fifty1 sixty1 ninety feet into the air1 laden to full capacity with a plenteous crop1 each ,october dropping their golden-brown nut harvest that falls with the clink of dollars to the commercial-minded1 but with an accompaniment of finest sentiment in the hearts of those otherwise inclined1 one turns away with a desire to repeat the wisdom of these pioneer planters and start a grove of his own4 ,with what grander monument could one commemorate his little span on earth8 ,,locations ,,for ,,additional ,,groves ,much is heard1 in a general way1 of necessary climate and soil conditions for walnut culture1 some giving preference to the hillsides1 others to valley lands2 some contending for a deep1 rich loam1 others for sandy soil4 ,but a careful examination of the soils of ,oregon and the trees now bearing thereon produces convincing evidence that almost any deep1 rich1 well-drained1 western ,oregon soil--and some in eastern ,oregon--not underlaid by hardpan1 will insure a good harvest1 providing the right varieties are planted4 ,the whole question resolves itself into a matter of intelligent choice of trees to suit varying conditions4 ,for example1 the famous ,prince grove is producing magnificent crops on soil decidedly clayey2 but the place is thoroughly cultivated and careful selection has been made of hardy trees1 the ,mayette being preferred4 ,another young grove is proving that walnuts do well on clayey hill land of buckshot nature1 where the drainage is good and there is no rock or hardpan4 ,in contrast with the hill land1 young groves are making admirable growth on the rich loam about ,aurora and ,mc,minnville4 ,mr4 ,henry ,hewitt1 of ,portland1 has fine1 young seedlings on a hillside1 elevation #a1jjj feet1 that made four feet of growth in one season4 ,illustration3 ,view of a ,yamhill ,orchard ,in the neighborhood of all these groves1 there are hardy1 bearing trees that amply foreshadow the future of the larger plantings4 ,colonel ,henry ,dosch1 the pioneer walnut grower of ,oregon1 who has experimented rather thoroughly1 even goes so far as to claim that rocky soil is not objectionable1 providing there is no hardpan4 ,in this1 as in all other horticultural pursuits1 naturally the richer soils are best2 but the industrious horticulturist1 by cultivation1 fertilization1 and proper care1 can produce a fairly good grove on unfavorable lands4 ,however1 so much of ,oregon is favorable by nature that growers will hardly undertake to enrich the few less desirable areas for a good many years to come4 ,land that on the ,atlantic slope would be seized readily enough1 in ,oregon is passed by1 as there is still so much untouched that nature has made ideal4 ,years hence growers accustomed to the less fertile conditions of the far east will undoubtedly turn their attention to even the few poorer areas in ,oregon1 and make of them glowing garden spots4 ,it is a simple matter to determine the presence of hardpan2 you have but to make a series of tests--four or five to the acre--with a plumber's auger2 and this care should be taken in every area where soil conditions have not been fully determined4 ,,planting ,gather the walnuts during the fall or winter1 fall is better1 and put them in boxes about the size of ordinary apple boxes1 putting in first a layer of sand 7the sandy loam along the valley streams is excellent7 about four inches deep1 then a layer of walnuts about the same depth1 then cover these over with three or four inches more of sand4 ,place these boxes out in the weather on the ground where the water will not rise in them4 ,the reason for putting the walnuts in boxes instead of beds1 as advised by some planters1 is that the boxes may be taken to the field or nursery and the nuts lifted carefully from the sand and placed where they are to grow4 ,it sometimes happens in a wet and backward spring that the walnuts will sprout before the ground is ready for planting1 in which case they must be handled with the tenderest care and not exposed to the atmosphere any longer than can be helped4 ,one grower had a bed of hybrid black walnuts4 ,the season was late and when the ground was ready for planting many had started to grow4 ,he engaged some boys to grabble out the nuts from the sand beds1 urging care1 but many of the best were broken and injured4 ,some of them had sent down a taproot nearly or quite three inches in length4 ,these early ones1 under proper conditions1 are the most vigorous and surest growers1 but in the treatment they received many were injured and killed4 ,black walnuts are slow to germinate1 sometimes laying in the ground two years before sprouting4 ,but if kept properly they will start by ,june or ,july4 ,for the nursery the ground should be plowed deep and thoroughly pulverized4 ,plant the nuts #f to #ab inches apart in rows about #c feet apart4 ,put a handful of the sand from the boxes around each walnut4 ,our soil will appreciate the sand or silt from the drifts along the valley streams1 as it has proven to be one of the best fertilizers known4 ,if anyone doubts this let him try a quantity of it on his kitchen garden4 ,illustration3 ,a ,california ,black ,walnut near ,mc,minnville ,on the ,ford place1 near the ,north ,yamhill bridge1 is one of the finest trees in the county1 #cc inches diameter1 height #ge feet1 spread of branches #fj feet4 ,bears an abundance of nuts every year4 ,it is #cd years old4 ,the seeds are much used to raise grafting stock4 ,nearly all of the black walnut seed produced in the ,willamette valley will partake more or less of a mixed or hybrid nature1 whether from a ,california black1 ,japanese black1 or ,american black4 ,the black walnuts are very susceptible to cross pollinization and the ,english walnut also1 for be it known that ,with wandering bees and the sweet ,may breeze1 ,that virile tide goes far and wide4 ,the nut should be planted two or three inches deep4 ,a good authority says to place the nut on its side as it would lay after falling from the tree4 ,if the nut is sprouted make a hole in the well pulverized soil and put the root carefully down into it4 ,the best way for planting in the orchard is to bore a hole with a post or well auger #d or #e feet deep where the tree is to grow1 put in a stick of dynamite and break up the ground thoroughly4 ,or1 better still1 bore down to permanent moisture and fill the lower hole with good soil or other root food1 then dynamite #d or #e feet of the upper section of the hole4 ,nothing will produce a vigorous and thrifty tree like a deep and vigorous root system1 and no tree responds to cultivation and care as does the walnut1 white or black4 ,after bursting up the soil1 excavate and put in a half bushel of barn or other mould1 well rotted4 ,this will force the tree in the earlier years of its life and can be no hindrance to it later4 ,cover the manure with a foot or two of soil and plant4 ,both before and after planting the ground should be ploughed and harrowed until it is as mellow as an ash heap4 ,plant three or four nuts in a hill #f to #h inches apart and at the end of the first season's growth pull out all but the most vigorous one4 ,for transplanting from the nursery the same methods should be followed in the preparation of the hole and the soil as in planting the seed nuts4 ,if one wants to lay the foundation for a fine orchard and a fine fortune as a consequence1 these preliminary steps must not be neglected4 ,because in time you expect this tree to pay you a rental of #h to #ab a month4 ,if you are building a cottage that would bring in that sum1 you would put in much more work and money besides4 ,the wise grower would rather have a man plant six trees for him in one day than sixty4 ,the walnut is usually a very vigorous tree and will fight its way among adverse conditions and surroundings1 but its golden showers are much more abundant if it is protected from the scars of battle1 especially in its youth4 ,it almost seems to respond to the love and affection given to it by a kind master4 ,animals respond to kindness1 and why not the domestic trees8 ,it will pay you a big salary after a while when your other bank accounts and your health and strength fail4 ,illustration3 ,american ,black ,walnuts ,a magnificent row of nine ,american black walnuts1 #ce or #dj years old4 ,the tree in the foreground is #bj inches in diameter of trunk4 ,the tallest of the trees is nearly #fj feet and they have a spread of more than #gj feet4 ,they are at the residence of ,dave ,johnson on the ,portland road about #h miles from ,mc,minnville4 ,seed from such trees as these would produce the very best trees for grafting upon4 ,there are very few ,california blacks of pure strain in the country4 ,the hybrids or crosses with the ,american or eastern black walnut1 are better trees for grafting stock than the pure ,californias4 ,they are more hardy and better adapted to our climate4 ,,what ,,to ,,plant ,horticulturists of equal fame and experience take different views on the subject of planting1 some contending that the nut should be planted where the tree is to grow2 others that seedlings are the thing1 and still others that trees should be grafted4 ,and as all three plans have produced good results in ,oregon1 the individual planter may take his choice1 according to the circumstances in which he is situated4 ,the truth is that the walnut is one of the hardiest of trees1 and with good attention will not disappoint if the right kinds are properly started4 ,in planting walnuts to raise seedling trees the best available seed nuts should be used4 ,select the best and most prolific variety and the one most suited to the climate4 ,it is claimed that the nuts from a grafted tree will produce the best seedling trees4 ,this may be true as a rule1 as the nut from such a tree will have some of the characteristics of the stock upon which the parent tree was grafted4 ,it may inherit some of the resistant qualities of the black walnut or the rapid growth of the ,california hybrids4 ,it may have early ripening qualities4 ,it is well to consider all these points as well as the quality of the nut when selecting seed4 ,by careful selection and cross pollination many and better varieties will be produced4 ,no doubt a nut superior to any that has yet appeared in any country will yet be originated in the ,willamette ,valley1 as in the case of the ,bing and ,lambert cherry and some other fruits4 ,the improvement of the walnut in this section is one of the most fertile fields of investigation to be found anywhere and one that promises big reward to the successful culturist4 ,and the walnut grower need not wait long to find whether he has a prize or not1 for just as soon as the little sprout comes from the ground and has hardened sufficient to handle1 a skillful grafter can place it in a bearing tree and the second or third year know the result of his experiment by the production of fruit1 and this not more than three or four years from the planting of the seed4 ,the advantage of planting walnuts1 providing you secure first generation nuts of the right variety for your soil and atmospheric conditions1 is in simplicity and inexpensiveness4 ,you merely purchase your nuts of a reliable concern1 or from an isolated grove of one variety 7many send direct to ,france1 where pure strains can be more readily gotten71 and in ,february plant them on their sides in a shallow box of moist sand2 keep in a cool place4 ,in ,april1 or as soon as they sprout1 dig a hole #b-a_/b or #c feet deep1 put in surface loam1 and plant three or four nuts to a hole about #b or #c inches deep4 ,they will come up by ,june and make a growth of a foot or so the first season4 ,it is contended by many that nothing is gained by planting seedlings in the nursery1 as the set-back from transplanting prevents their bearing any earlier than trees of the same age grown from nuts4 ,grafted trees1 on the other hand1 are difficult to obtain in large numbers1 are expensive1 but produce nuts of uniform size and beauty1 and the pollination is said to be more sure4 ,the industry is still too young in ,oregon for the final word to have been spoken on this point4 ,the future will undoubtedly add much valuable information as larger experience supplants theory with facts4 ,the vital point is to plant good nuts or reliable seedlings from a pure strain4 ,in choosing varieties be governed by your location4 ,if frosts are to be feared get late-blooming varieties1 the leading ones established in ,oregon being the ,mayette and the ,franquette4 ,other varieties will undoubtedly be introduced in the next few years that will withstand frost in regions where walnut planting now seems impractical4 ,mr4 ,henry ,hewitt's one tree that blooms the fourth of ,july1 at an elevation of #a1jjj feet1 is evidence of the possibilities in this direction4 ,air drainage is necessary4 ,the tested varieties in ,oregon to date1 and the results1 are as follows3 ,mayettes 7the famous ,grenoble of commerce7 and ,franquettes are first choice for hardiness and for reliable commercial crops1 the nuts being of good size1 fine flavor and in every way meeting the highest market demands4 ,praeparturiens bear earlier than other varieties1 are very productive and as fine flavored as a hickory nut1 but the nuts are small for best commercial prices4 ,the ,chaberte is a hardy tree1 good for the uplands1 and prolific2 a delicious nut1 small but excellent for confectioners use4 ,the ,ford ,mammoth1 ,glady and ,bijou are too large to find favor for commercial purposes4 ,illustration3 ,a ,fine ,japanese ,hybrid in ,lafayette ,the ,parisienne1 ,meylan and ,lanfray are newer varieties that give much promise1 but have not been thoroughly tested4 ,h4 ,m4 ,williamson1 ,secretary ,oregon ,state ,board of ,horticulture1 in an article says3 ,the extremely unfavorable weather of the past winter 7#aijh-i7 has been one of the best things which could have happened to many heedless persons who planted walnut trees without first taking pains to learn anything about the business4 ,the destruction of many young trees of the ,santa ,barbara type was a blessing to those who planted them1 and the planters deserve no sympathy1 for the warnings not to plant trees of that type have been ample for many years past4 ,the fine condition of suitably located groves of walnut trees of ,franquette1 ,mayette and other ,french varieties1 after a winter which proved the most trying to fruit trees of all kinds which we have known during a long period of years1 has given firm confidence to those who are leading in the development of the walnut industry in ,oregon4 ,the varieties which are best adapted to culture in this state are those which produce the finest nuts known to the world4 ,illustration3 ,walnut ,groves1 ,dundee1 ,oregon ,,seedling ,,walnuts ,the leading commercial orchard in the state is that of ,mr4 ,thomas ,prince1 of ,yamhill county1 and is composed almost entirely of seedling trees4 ,the history of this orchard is best told by ,mr4 ,prince in the following very conservative letter3 ,about #ag years ago the ,ladd ,stock ,farm of ,yamhill1 ,oregon1 by the advice of ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,dosch1 then ,secretary of the ,oregon ,horticultural ,society1 purchased from the late ,felix ,gillett1 ,nevada ,city1 ,cal41 and planted quite a number of young walnut trees which are now in bearing4 ,the first few years their cattle received first attention and the young trees were not cultivated as much as they should have been to make good growth4 ,they therefore do not grow the quantity of walnuts they would have produced with better cultivation4 ,two or three years after this ,mr4 ,z4 ,t4 ,davis1 of ,dundee1 ,oregon1 also by advice of ,mr4 ,dosch1 purchased of ,mr4 ,gillett some #ejj one-year-old seedlings4 ,one year later the writer1 who had some land adjoining ,mr4 ,davis1 also became interested and set out about #a1ejj additional trees1 and about two years later purchased the place belonging to ,mr4 ,davis1 and became owner of the young trees at ,dundee1 with the exception of a few purchased by several neighbors4 ,all are now in bearing4 ,those who do not know the facts are inclined to give the writer more credit than he is entitled to4 ,mr4 ,dosch1 the ,ladds1 ,mr4 ,davis and ,mr4 ,gillett were first to interest themselves and should receive the credit to which they are entitled4 ,we have now in ,oregon and ,washington quite a few trees in bearing1 and we believe they can be grown here with profit4 ,there is much to learn4 ,we find the young trees should be carefully set out and receive good cultivation for the first few years4 ,that the selection of the trees and the location in which to grow them are very important4 ,the number of trees to the acre1 and whether to grow seedling or grafted trees2 and if grafted whether root grafting or top grafting is best must be considered4 ,i think growing of walnuts has the advantage of many other products4 ,the crop is easily grown1 harvested and marketed2 the labor greatly economized and the net profits a larger per cent of the gross receipts2 while sometimes with other crops the results are just the reverse--the net profits but a small per cent of the gross receipts4 ,the question is often asked how much is land worth that is suitable2 how long before trees will bear1 and how much will they produce1 etc4 ,the price of land depends largely on location2 generally it is worth from #ej to #aej per acre4 ,seedling trees come into bearing from #g to #i years of age1 quantity from #aj to #ej pounds per tree2 number of trees per acre1 #bj to #dj4 ,illustration3 ,sixty ,year ,old ,walnut ,trees on ,derr ,place ,these trees are about #fj years old and were planted by ,i4 ,m4 ,johns1 who took the donation claim two miles southeast of ,mc,minnville1 about #ahdd1 now the ,derr farm4 ,the trunk of the largest one on the right is #aj feet in circumference1 and is probably the largest ,english walnut tree in ,oregon4 ,they have some nuts every year1 but are shy bearers1 due no doubt to lack of proper pollination4 ,the nut is not large1 but is full of good meat and resembles the ,parry4 ,the trees are about two hundred yards from the ,yamhill river1 are hale and hearty and seem good for a few centuries4 ,in fact1 all of the seedlings examined in this county are healthy and vigorous4 ,there are half a dozen or more walnut trees growing in the woods and about the garden of ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,jones1 seven miles west of ,mc,minnville1 which are a valuable study to the walnut grower4 ,they are seedlings from the ,casey tree1 and they all bear full crops every year4 ,the largest is #ba inches in diameter4 ,one of them has a much larger and finer nut than that grown on the ,casey tree4 ,hardpan is reached about #ah inches below the surface1 which would indicate that no tap root were needed were it not for the fact that a tiny brook runs down through the garden not far from the trees4 ,following is the testimony of ,col4 ,henry ,e4 ,dosch1 taken from ,better ,fruit of ,august1 #aijh3 ,it is over twenty years since ,i first experimented with nut culture1 more especially ,english1 or1 more properly speaking1 ,french walnut culture1 and by persistent effort in keeping this matter before the horticulturists am more than gratified to know that this important industry is at last receiving the attention it deserves2 and a few who took my advice in the beginning and planted on a commercial basis are now reaping the benefit1 as their products command the highest price in the market4 ,first generation nuts are produced on original trees1 or on trees grafted from the original trees4 ,those nuts when planted produce second generation trees1 and the nuts from these second generation trees are a little larger than the original or first generation1 which is due to the peculiar soil and climatic conditions of the ,pacific ,northwest1 so well adapted to nut culture4 ,trees grown from second generation nuts retrograde very rapidly1 producing nuts not half so large as even the first generation trees1 and finally running out altogether4 ,hence it is very essential that we plant nuts from the original trees1 or trees grown from the original nuts or grafted from the original trees4 ,a tree on ,john ,e4 ,brooks' claim1 ,casey ,place1 is one of the earliest and most important trees in the country4 ,it has borne a good crop every year for thirty-five years1 and in all that time has led a strenuous life4 ,it was planted first in ,portland from a nut supposed to have been brought from the ,rhine in ,germany by a ,german sea captain4 ,it was broken down by stock when ,amasa ,brooks saw it1 and with the consent of the owner transplanted it to its present site1 on the side of a red hill a few rods above the house and about #ajj feet above the level of the valley4 ,there it was much abused by stock1 and exposed to other accidents4 ,when it began to bear1 the squirrels would gather the nuts as soon as they were big enough to attract them4 ,when the tree was visited in ,august1 #aiji1 for the purpose of getting a photograph it was found that a squirrel had burrowed under the roots1 making an opening large enough to admit a good-sized foxhound1 and a quantity of nuts hulls were piled about it and scattered beneath the tree4 ,it is #bc inches in diameter and has a branch spread of nearly #fj feet4 ,trees of the fourth generation from this tree are in bearing near ,mc,minnville and are producing fairly good nuts1 some better than the original tree1 demonstrating that the seedling walnut tree can be improved here by seed selection4 ,illustration3 ,a ,grafted ,walnut ,the above is a two-year-old grafted tree in the orchard of ,mr4 ,prince4 ,it was sent to him by ,judge ,leib1 of ,san ,jose1 in order to convince him of the superiority of the grafted tree4 ,you will note that the little bush has two good-sized nuts1 and also that it bore one last year1 the first year from the nursery4 ,with this ratio of increase at #bj years of age it would produce about three and one-quarter tons of walnuts1 counting #db nuts to the pound1 the weight of first-class ,oregon walnuts4 ,but this is not probable4 ,,grafted ,,trees ,the testimony in favor of the grafted tree is not yet very abundant in ,oregon1 as the grafting business is new2 but with the evidence at hand it will surely have a standing in court4 ,prof4 ,lewis speaks plainly on this subject4 ,he says3 ,one of the main points of discussion is1 ,which are preferable--grafted or seedling trees8 ,let us consider the seedling tree first4 ,there are men who claim that these are superior to grafted trees1 especially in size1 prolificness1 etc42 that there is something about our wonderful ,oregon climate that causes the so-called second generation trees to bear larger and better fruits than the parent plant4 ,and these writers love to dwell on the subject of generation4 ,there is at times a sort of mystery1 an uncanny vagueness connected with this subject that is baffling and bewildering to the layman1 and causes him to listen with mouth agape4 ,it is the same sweet silly story that we have had to learn by bitter experience with other nuts and fruits1 and some of us will evidently pay dearly for it in the case of the walnut4 ,the term 'first generation' is generally applied to the parent tree--some say the original tree1 while others put the clause on the original grafted tree4 ,nuts taken from such trees and planted produce the second generation trees4 ,these may be equal1 may be superior1 or may be inferior to the original stock4 ,it is this very variation and instability that makes the seedling to a more or less degree a gambling proposition4 ,the following is taken from a paper on walnut culture by ,luther ,burbank1 read before the annual meeting of the ,california ,fruit ,growers convention3 ,in all cases the best results will be obtained by grafting on our native ,california black walnut or some of its hybrids4 ,no one who grows ,english walnuts on their own roots need expect to be able to compete with those who grow them on the native black walnut roots1 for when grown on these roots the trees will uniformly be larger and longer lived1 will hardly be affected by blight and other diseases1 and will bear from two to four times as many nuts1 which will be of larger size and of much better quality4 ,these are facts1 not theories1 and walnuts growers should take heed4 ,although not popular among nurserymen1 yet the best way to produce a paying orchard of walnuts is to plant the nuts from some vigorous black walnut tree1 three or four in each place where a tree is to stand4 ,at the end of the first summer remove all but the strongest among them4 ,let the trees grow as they will1 for from three to six years1 until they have formed their own natural1 vigorous system of roots1 then graft to the best variety extant which thrives in your locality1 and if on deep1 well-drained land you will at once have a grove of walnuts which will pay1 at present1 or even with very much lower prices1 a most princely interest on your investment4 ,by grafting in the nursery1 or before the native tree has had time to produce its own system of roots by its own rapid-growing leafy top1 you have gained little or nothing over planting trees on their own roots1 for the foliage of any tree governs the size1 extent and form of the root system4 ,take heed1 as these are facts1 not fancies1 and are not to be neglected if you would have a walnut grove on a safe foundation4 ,i hold in my hands a record1 and also a photograph1 of one of the ,santa ,rosa walnut trees1 grafted1 as ,i recommended1 on the black walnut1 #ahia2 this was handed to me by the owner1 ,george ,c4 ,payne1 of ,campbell4 ,the record may be of interest to you3 ,dimensions 7#aije7--,spread of top1 #ff feet2 circumference one foot above ground1 #h feet #i inches4 ,no record of nuts was kept until #ahig1 which amounted to #bej pounds2 #ahih1 #cjb pounds2 #ahii1 #bbi pounds2 #aijj1 #fjj pounds2 #aija1 #bcg pounds2 #aijb1 #dgh pounds2 #aijc1 #chj pounds2 #aijd1 #dha pounds2 #aije1 #bfi pounds2 #aijh1 #gab pounds4 ,the walnut has generally been considered a very difficult tree to graft successfully4 ,mr4 ,payne has perfected a mode of grafting which in his hands is without doubt the most successful known2 by it he is uniformly successful1 often making one hundred per cent of the grafts to grow4 ,who can do better by any method8 ,when you plant another tree1 why not plant a walnut8 ,then1 besides sentiment1 shade and leaves1 you may have a perennial supply of nuts1 the improved kinds of which furnish the most delicious1 nutritious and healthful food which has ever been known4 ,the old-fashioned hit-or-miss nuts1 which we used to purchase at the grocery store1 were generally of a rich1 irregular mixture in form1 size and color1 with meats of varying degrees of unsoundness1 bitter1 musty1 rancid1 or with no meat at all4 ,from these early memories1 and the usual accompanying after-effects1 nuts have not been a very popular food for regular use until lately1 when good ones at a moderate price can generally1 but not always1 be purchased at all first-class stores4 ,the consumption of nuts is probably increasing among all civilized nations today faster than that of any other food1 and we should keep up with this increasing demand and make the increase still more rapid by producing nuts of uniformly good quality4 ,this can be done without extra effort1 and with an increase in the health and rapid and permanent increase in the wealth of ourselves and neighbors4 ,illustration3 ,row of ,eleven ,year ,old ,top ,grafted ,black ,walnut ,hybrids ,an ,american black walnut growing on a lot on the east side of ,grant street1 residence of ,j4 ,c4 ,cooper1 ,mc,minnville1 grafted by ,mr4 ,payne ,may #ad1 #aijh1 grew #g-a_/b feet in #ie days and was still growing when the terminal buds were nipped by the early ,september frost of that year4 ,the sprouts were pruned back to #ab inches4 ,the tree made a vigorous growth in #aiji1 making a spread of #ac feet4 ,some think the ,american black a better tree for grafting stock that the ,california black4 ,one of the noblest and grandest trees in any ,american forest is the ,american black walnut1 and while a little slow at the beginning of its career it is only a question of time when it will overtake all others4 ,it knows no disease or pests1 and he who plants it lays a foundation for #bj to #ej generations to come as well as for himself and those of his own household4 ,a four-year-old hybrid1 #d inches in diameter1 grafted in by ,mr4 ,payne1 grew a sprout as shown1 #g feet #i inches high in four months from the setting of the graft4 ,it is growing on the east side of ,d street near the ,presbyterian church in front of the residence of ,mrs4 ,sarah ,updegraf1 ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon4 ,three trees there all show the same vigor1 with little or no cultivation4 ,john ,h4 ,hartog1 formerly of ,eugene1 wrote of the experience of ,mr4 ,e4 ,terpening1 one of the most successful walnut growers near that city4 ,mr4 ,terpening is a devotee of the grafted tree4 ,and why8 ,a burnt child spurns the fire1 says the proverb4 ,mr4 ,terpening set out second generation ,mayettes and ,franquettes1 expecting that these seedlings would produce true1 but when they commenced to bear1 behold his amazement at finding that he had a variety of almost every kind4 ,this was enough to convince him that in the future he would use grafted trees1 and know what he was doing and what kind of nut he was raising4 ,counting out trees of other kinds1 he has four acres in walnuts1 and these produced-- ,in #aije #gjj pounds ,in #aijf #abjj pounds ,in #aijg #bjjj pounds ,in #aijh #cjjj pounds ,this spring he set out #dej more trees and wisely he put them #ej feet apart and will grow peaches in between for a few years4 ,while it is generally said that walnuts come into bearing after #h years1 ,mr4 ,terpening states that the grafted tree will bear commercially in #f years1 which tallies exactly with my experience4 ,the ,terpening walnut trees are grafted on ,american black and his favorite variety is the ,mayette and lately the so-called ,improved ,mayette4 ,,walnut ,,grafting ,walnut grafting is in a class by itself1 and walnut budding is not a success as practiced at the present time1 although the ordinary method is shown in the cut4 ,the top grafting method shown is easy and sure if you have the know-how and skill4 ,one of the important things to remember in tree surgery as well as other kinds1 is to work quickly and deftly4 ,don't let the wounds of the scion or stub remain exposed longer than necessary4 ,make the cuts smooth with a very sharp knife1 kept sharp by frequent stropping4' ,expert walnut grafters are few1 but the ordinary skillful orchardist or amateur can do fairly successful work by a study of the drawings in ,details of ,walnut ,grafting on next page1 and using common sense methods4 ,illustration3 ,details of ,walnut ,grafting ,cut off the branch or stock to be grafted with a sharp priming saw at a point where the stump will be from one to two and a half inches in diameter4 ,split through the center of the stub with a sharp knife as shown in figure #a1 using a mallet4 ,depress the point of the splitting knife and strike with the mallet1 cutting the bark and sap down the side of the stub instead of tearing it1 then depress the handle and cut down the other side in the same way4 ,open the split slightly with a hardwood wedge1 as in figure #b4 ,slightly bevel the split1 cutting upward1 with a sharp knife as in figure #c4 ,insert the carefully fitted scion as at figure #d1 being careful to have the cambium layer1 the inner layer of the bark1 of both stub and scion come together4 ,when the scion is carefully fitted remove the wedge and fill the split with paper as shown at figure #e4 ,then cover all wounds over with wax brushed on warm as at figure #f4 ,the melted wax should be about the consistency of thick honey4 ,tie a paper sack over all as at figure #g4 ,this should remain until scions begin to grow4 ,it keeps them warm and prevents drying out by hot winds4 ,in from ten days to three weeks the scions will have started sufficient to gradually remove the cover as at figure #h4 ,in eight or ten days from the time grafts are set a small opening should be cut or torn in the north side of the paper sack so that the sprouting buds may have air and their growth noted4 ,when the stock is too large to split through the center it should be split to one side of center as shown in figure #i4 ,the method of shaping the scions is shown in figures #aj1 #aa and #ab4 ,good scions and poor are shown in #ac and #ad4 ,scions with buds not too far apart are best4 ,prong grafting is shown in figures #ae to #ah1 and flute budding in #ai and #bj4 ,in grafting the stock should not close on the scion with sufficient force to bruise or injure it1 but just tight enough to hold4 ,scions should be of last year's wood and pruned or cut from the trees in late winter1 when the tree is dormant1 and cut into about #ab-;inch lengths1 long enough to make three or four grafts4 ,select upright wood4 ,drooping branches make a sprawling and sometimes a barren tree4 ,the dormant scions should be packed away in a cool1 dark cellar in damp sand or moss1 or put in cold storage and kept dormant until ready for use4 ,do not allow the buds to swell4 ,it will be well to look at them occasionally to see that they do not get too dry nor be so damp as to mold4 ,in the spring when the sap is well up and the trees to be grafted have sprouted and are growing during ,april and ,may the grafting should be done4 ,work may be continued even after the catkins are out and the leaves half grown4 ,the methods described are those practiced by ,mr4 ,george ,c4 ,payne1 probably the most successful walnut grafter in the business4 ,illustration3 ,tools ,used in ,walnut ,grafting ,plate ,one4 ,furnished by ,oregon ,agricultural ,college ,,grafting ,,wax ,the following formula is the grafting wax used by ,mr4 ,payne3 ,rosin1 #e pounds4 ,beeswax1 #a pound4 ,finely pulverized charcoal4 #a-b pound4 ,raw linseed oil1 #a gill ,be sure that the charcoal is finely pulverized4 ,first melt the beeswax and rosin1 being careful not to have the fire too hot4 ,add the charcoal1 stirring constantly1 and then add the oil4 ,mould into bricks by pouring into greased pans4 ,when desiring to use break off a few lumps and melt in such a contrivance as is shown in the plate of grafting tools4 ,the wax must be quite liquid if applied successfully4 ,nursery grafting1 or root grafting1 is not a success as practiced at present4 ,the best grafters do not succeed with more than #aj to #ae per cent4 ,this makes the grafted tree cost from #a4ej to #b4jj per tree1 and makes that kind of walnut planting expensive4 ,however1 ,col4 ,dosch1 in his article1 quotes ,professor ,leckenby1 the noted agrostologist1 as saying that if directions are religiously followed ninety per cent of the grafts will grow4 ,the directions are as follows3 ,for walnut grafts on scions use one gallon of water with four teaspoonfuls of sulphate of quinine4 ,cut scions submerged in the solution1 and wash the cut on tree at once1 to prevent it from turning black1 acting as an antiseptic2 then insert1 the scion as on other fruit trees4 ,this1 from such authority1 is worthy of a trial4 ,a great amount of experimenting has been done in walnut grafting and a way to success will be found4 ,,best ,,stock ,,on ,,which ,,to ,,graft ,mr4 ,burbank1 ,judge ,leib1 and ,george ,c4 ,payne1 all of ,california1 think the ,california black or some of its hybrids make the best stock in ,california4 ,mr4 ,groner prefers the hybrid for ,oregon4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,mc,gill1 of ,oregon1 thinks that neither the ,california black nor its hybrid are suited to this climate4 ,few have had more experience1 costly experience at that1 than ,mr4 ,mc,gill4 ,he thinks the ,american black better for ,oregon4 ,it is sometimes asked1 why not plant seedling walnuts and top work those that are not good bearers8 ,because the grafts will not do so well on the ,english stock as on the black2 and it is also found that the ,english stock does not make as good a foundation as the black4 ,therefore1 the best growers in ,oregon conclude that the seed from a thrifty ,american ,black1 or close hybrid1 is best for this state4 ,in three or four years after planting cut off the trunk about as high as a man's waist or shoulder and put in the graft from the best variety available4 ,the third year from setting of the graft you will have a crop of nuts4 ,mr4 ,payne can set #bej to #cjj grafts in a day4 ,his wages are #h a day1 and he furnishes the wood4 ,so you see that your trees would cost very little4 ,good black walnut seed can be had very cheap1 probably at a cost of #ej cents to #a per bushel1 the ,oregon product preferred4 ,some of the ,california hybrids make rapid growth1 but too rapid growth of wood may not be desirable4 ,it may mean early maturity and early decay1 and too few walnut bearing boughs4 ,,good ,,plan ,,for ,,walnut ,,orchard 7#c7---------a---------7c7---------a---- -----7c7 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ #a4444444447b7444444444a4444444447b74444 44444a _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 7#c7---------a---------7c7---------a---- -----7c7 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 44444444#f3j444444_/44 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ #a4444444447b7444444444a4444444447b74444 44444a _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 _/ 3 7#c7---------a---------7c7--cj ft--#a--cj ft--7#c7 ,mr4 ,prince1 of ,yamhill county1 has modified his views somewhat in regard to the grafted and seedling trees4 ,he thinks that possibly the permanent orchard should be of the grafted variety1 possibly on the ,royal or ,california hybrid of rapid growth4 ,he proposes the above form of an orchard4 ,the principal grafted trees should be placed in square form #fj feet apart1 represented by figures #c4 ,in the center of these squares at figures #b he would either plant the same trees or some other seedling variety which will bring the trees about #db feet apart4 ,midway between the main grafted trees he would plant other trees1 or apple trees1 represented by figures #a in the little squares4 ,this would make trees #cj feet apart4 ,at the end of #ae or #bj years1 when the trees possibly become crowded1 he would remove the ,no4 #a trees4 ,if this were an apple tree1 it would already have served its best days and no great loss would be had by its removal4 ,at the end of #be or #cj years we would remove ,no4 #b1 if the trees became crowded1 leaving a permanent orchard of trees #fj feet apart1 #ab trees to the acre4 ,this is an excellent arrangement1 and no doubt about the best that has yet been proposed for walnut culture in ,oregon4 ,it is best to plant in square form1 a tree to the center of each square1 forty to sixty feet apart is the rule4 ,berries1 small fruit1 potatoes1 vetch1 peas1 beans1 etc41 can be grown between the trees while they are young1 leaving six or eight feet free to be cultivated each side of the trees4 ,many plant apples1 peaches1 prunes or cherries between walnut trees1 planning to cut them out when the latter are of such size as to need all the space4 ,these crops between the rows produce an income during the eight years' waiting for the walnuts to come into bearing4 ,each grower must decide this point according to his situation1 always avoiding grains and grasses4 ,,the ,,tap ,,root ,some experimenting has been done and much speculation has been indulged regarding the tap root4 ,one writer disposes of the whole subject in this manner3 ,the cutting of the tap root in planting seedlings has been a question for much discussion1 many growers formerly holding that to cut it meant to kill the tree4 ,this has proved a mistake4 ,it has been practically demonstrated that the tree thrives better with the tap root cut if properly done with a sharp instrument1 making a clean cut4 ,new growth is thereby induced1 the abundance of lateral roots feed the tree more satisfactorily and the trees come into bearing from two to three years earlier than would otherwise be the case4 ,illustration3 ,a ,well ,planted ,tree ,before accepting this as final it would be well to make further inquiry4 ,the summers of western ,oregon are practically rainless and when the kernel in the formed shell is maturing unless there is irrigation a distress call is sent down to the roots for moisture1 if the weather is very dry4 ,the lateral roots cannot supply this dire need and if the main pump is not working away down deep in the moist earth the kernel will not fill well and may perish entirely4 ,for this reason no fibre of the tap root should be disturbed1 but rather encouraged by a well auger hole1 bored before the tree is planted1 down to the reservoir of moisture that will not fail in the dryest season4 ,the moisture in a dry season as a rule is nearer the surface in the valley than in the hills and gives a better filled nut4 ,in a wet season1 when the ground everywhere is full of moisture1 the hills may produce a more abundant crop than the valley1 but in the run of years it will require more time to prove which is most valuable for walnut culture4 ,trees grow in either place1 but he who cuts the tap root in any soil does so at the peril of his crop in dry seasons4 ,of the taproot1 ,wm4 ,m4 ,reece1 of the firm of ,epps1 ,reece ,tillmont1 ,eugene1 ,oregon1 writes3 ,the peculiar climatic conditions of the ,willamette ,valley1 which at a certain season of the year becomes semi-arid1 fully justifies the statement that trees not having a tap root are annually checked in their growth when irrigation is not used2 while those that do have a tap root1 as do walnuts1 continue to grow and thrive even in the driest weather4 ,the walnut should be planted1 however1 in soil having a subsoil free from any hard substance that will permit the tap root to grow downward into the strata of perpetual moisture4 ,this has been most thoroughly demonstrated in our walnut orchard this1 the driest year in the memory of old settlers in the ,valley4 ,when the growth of our apple1 cherry and peach trees ceased because of the dry weather1 our walnuts kept on growing as if supplied by continuous rains4 ,it is true that liberal cultivation through the dry season will materially aid the growth of all kinds of trees not having a tap root and is indispensable to the growth of young walnut trees1 trees that have not extended their tap root down to perpetual moisture4 ,walnut trees1 in the opinion of the writer1 cease growing upward when they cease growing downward2 that is to say1 when rock1 shale or impenetrable hardpan stops the growth of the tap root1 the tree has practically reached its height4 ,therefore1 in planting a walnut grove1 borings should be made to test the depth of the soil and character of the subsoil4 ,unquestionably the best variety for this climate is the ,franquette and next the ,mayette4 ,grafted trees are to be preferred to seedlings4 ,grafted trees bear much sooner and the fruit is more uniform in size1 though a seedling that has attained the bearing age will produce as much fruit as a grafted tree of the same age2 this we have occasion to observe from comparisons in our own orchard4 ,we have trees #ad years old that bore #ajj pounds at the age of #ab years and the product sold for #be;c a pound for planting purposes4 ,those who had the misfortune to have the tender shoots of their walnut trees killed by the unusual frost early last ,may1 should not be discouraged4 ,just examine the limbs now and you will find that three or four more shoots grew out where the one was killed4 ,this makes more fruit buds for next year and the shortage of crop this year will be more than made up next4 ,the writer believes that walnut growing will prove to be the most profitable industry in the ,willamette ,valley4 ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,reece4 ,it seems to be a characteristic of the walnut and hickory1 and possibly other nut trees1 to send down a tap root deep into the earth to draw up the distilled and purified moisture that has been refined and sweetened in the lower depths4 ,the older boys of the ,middle ,western states can recall the time when they wandered through the woods in late winter time1 with a long pole or rail on their shoulders with which they pulled hickory root4 ,the young sprout was withed around near one end of the pole1 then all hands put their shoulders under the long end and with an altogether1 heave1 oh1 draw up a tap root #d1 #f and #h feet long4 ,the lowest end was the choicest and sweetest4 ,it was delicious and in the division of a day's hunt some of these found their way to his best girl at school4 ,whether the water down in these lower depths possesses these qualities1 and that they are necessary to give the ,oregon walnut its superiority is yet a matter of speculation1 but that these conditions exist is well known and should have fullest consideration by the intelligent walnut culturist4 ,illustration3 ,tap ,root of a ,two-year-old ,black ,walnut showing how the root grows down to permanent water level1 thus insuring full crops regardless of weather conditions ,cut of tap root of a #b-year-old ,american ,black which grew in the lower red hill land of ,yamhill ,county4 ,there is but one lateral root near the surface and this was probably caused by the tap root striking harder soil on its way down to permanent moisture level4 ,this tap root is #c feet long and nearly #f inches in circumference4 ,it is one of the best object lessons to be had in walnut culture in ,oregon4 ,though the ,willamette ,valley has practically four rainless months of sunshine1 irrigation is unnecessary4 ,there is no other country comparable to it4 ,its cool and dewy summer nights1 together with its great subterranean reservoir supplied by the winter rains1 are the reasons why its crops never fail and why its fruits fill red1 round and luscious1 and why the walnut has so persistently shown its preference for this favored region4 ,,walnut ,,cultivation ,while the walnut is the hardiest of trees and in many cases has borne heavily in ,oregon without cultivation1 experience has proved that1 like fruit trees1 cultivation up to the tenth or twelfth years increases the growth1 the yield and the quality of the product4 ,after full maturity no further cultivation is necessary1 the tree taking care of itself with the independence of any forest tree4 ,with a young grove it is best to plow between the rows after the rains cease in the spring1 and then stir the ground occasionally all through the summer with the harrow or disk2 this holds the moisture4 ,when some trees seem backward a trench should be dug some two feet or so away1 and a couple of feet deep1 filled with fertilizer and closed over4 ,this will encourage hardier and more rapid growth4 ,lime can also be used with good effect1 it being customary in ,england to haul wagon loads to the walnut lands4 ,continually hoeing and digging constitute the best treatment1 as one tree on the ,prince place1 a ,mayette1 has proved4 ,it was given daily cultivation1 by way of experiment1 and more than doubled the size and yield of other trees of the same age not so treated4 ,,pruning ,,walnuts ,walnuts require very little pruning4 ,however1 to do well they must have plenty of light and air1 and there must be room under the trees to cultivate4 ,to this end1 keep all lateral growths removed the first two years1 pushing the strong terminal growth4 ,young trees so treated often make five or six feet in that time4 ,they must be staked and tied with a broad strip of cloth4 ,cross the cloth between the stake and the twig so as not to bruise the tender wood4 ,as the limbs begin to grow take out an occasional one to prevent the tree becoming too thick4 ,when large limbs are removed1 cut on the slant1 carefully waxing to prevent decay4 ,heading-in is often beneficial when the tree does not seem to be fruitful4 ,train the trees upward as much as possible4 ,in ,roumania and some of the eastern countries of ,europe1 some of the walnut trees have such an enormous spread that a flock of five hundred sheep can lie in comfort beneath the shade of one tree and have ample room4 ,if this vine-like tendency to spread can be obviated by intelligently training the trees upward1 and its productiveness maintained or increased1 the walnut grower of ,oregon will have accomplished much in the conservation of our resources4 ,at present we can make a tree that will produce #ejj pounds of walnuts in #be to #cj years4 ,with #ab trees to the acre1 will give #fjjj pounds of nuts2 two and one-half times that of wheat at #dj bushels per acre1 and they will not require the expensive refrigerator cars and rapid transit of perishable fruits4 ,,training ,,the ,,trees ,it will only be necessary to train the limbs in seven or eight feet all round to be able to double the number of trees to the acre4 ,then train the trees skyward and increase the number of nut-bearing boughs1 and the yield will be increased accordingly4 ,if the nuts on the higher branches fill as well as on the lower1 the tree can not be made to grow too high1 because we have no violent storms to throw down the trees1 and the nuts are self-gathering4 ,these and many other valuable and interesting problems in the industry are to be worked out4 ,according to ,prof4 ,lewis1 who is good authority1 a later and better method is to cut the young tree back to #d feet and make it throw out three or four laterals4 ,when these laterals are fully grown1 bind them up in a bundle one or two feet diameter with soft strands of rope4 ,in the dormant season cut these laterals back to about two feet4 ,this will multiply the branches4 ,cut back the new growths again the next year1 and so on2 this will greatly increase the nut-bearing boughs and will train the tree upward4 ,this seems to be the most sensible method of pruning yet proposed4 ,,no ,,diseases ,,injure ,,oregon ,,walnuts ,the soft1 moist atmosphere of western ,oregon1 so favorable to the ,english walnut1 seems wholly unfavorable to pests that destroy the crop in other climates4 ,a crop has never been lost or materially injured in ,oregon through these sources2 in fact1 so free are the ,oregon trees of such enemies that little thought or attention has been given to this phase of the subject4 ,in a few localities where caterpillars have attacked the foliage they have been quickly eradicated by an arsenic spray4 ,fumigating will kill insect life4 ,a bacterial disease that has made its appearance in ,california has not been seen in this state4 ,winter spray of lime and sulphur will kill moss and lichens1 which are about the only parasites that attempt to fasten on ,oregon walnut trees4 ,illustration3 ,old ,walnut ,trees ,planted ,about #ahej ,near ,mc,minnville1 on the ,yamhill ,river ,illustration3 ,,pollination ,the ,walnut ,,pollination ,every fruit and nut grower should know the simple theory of pollination4 ,when a tree appears thrifty but fails to produce1 nine times in ten the trouble is with the pollination4 ,the walnut is bi-sexual and self-fertile2 the staminate catkins appear first1 at the end of the year's growth 7see ,fig4 #a71 and the female blossoms1 or pistillates1 from one to three weeks later at the end of the new growth 7see ,fig4 #b74 ,thus the staminate catkins sometimes fall before the pistillates form1 and naturally there is no pollination and no crop4 ,this should not discourage the grower or cause him to uproot his trees4 ,often by waiting a few seasons--if the tree is of the correct variety--the trouble may right itself4 ,many growers have gotten a crop from single trees where there was trouble with the pollination by artificially fertilizing1 that is1 shaking the pollen from fertile trees1 even black walnut1 over the barren pistillates4 ,birds1 insects1 and the breezes carry pollen from one tree to another4 ,therefore1 if nuts for seed are desired1 keep each grove of pure strain separate that there may be no deterioration owing to cross-fertilization4 ,but the mixed orchard may bear best4 ,some varieties of walnut trees--notably the ,los ,angeles--are suitable only for shade in ,oregon and should not be planted with any other thought in mind4 ,the staminate blossoms of this variety appear six weeks ahead of the pistillates and1 there being no pollination1 naturally there are no nuts4 ,illustration3 ,best in the ,world1 ,oregon ,walnuts ,illustration3 ,drying the ,nuts ,,the ,,harvest ,the harvest comes in ,october1 a convenient season where there are fruit crops to be taken care of4 ,the process is extremely simple1 being little more than an old-fashioned nut gathering4 ,when ripe1 the nuts fall to the ground1 shedding their hulls on the way4 ,they are picked up by boys1 girls1 men and women4 ,during the harvest three or four rounds must be made through the grove1 perhaps a week elapsing between trips1 each time slightly shaking the trees to make the ripe nuts fall4 ,on the last round1 a padded mallet with a long handle is used to dislodge the remaining nuts4 ,the expense of harvesting is slight1 five or six people being sufficient to care for a fifty-acre grove4 ,,washing ,,and ,,drying ,when the nuts are gathered and brought in they are put into a revolving barrel-churn holding about #ab to #af gallons4 ,two buckets of water and about the same of walnuts are put in together and the churn revolved for some minutes4 ,then the nuts are taken out and spread on wire crates and placed in the sun2 they should be raked over two or three times a day4 ,or1 if the weather is wet1 they may be placed in the dry-house in a good draught at about #gj degrees ,f4 ,in an artificial drying if the heat becomes too great the nuts will be rancid1 as the oil-cells will burst3 so better err on the side of underheating than overheating4 ,if left out of doors1 cover carefully to protect from dew4 ,the crates for outdoor drying are placed on trestles in some ,california groves1 in order that the air may circulate through the nuts4 ,this is much better than placing them on the ground1 where they draw dampness4 ,,sorting ,,and ,,grading ,after the walnuts are gathered1 washed1 dried and stored for a week or so to test the correctness of their drying1 they are ready to be graded by passing over a sized screen4 ,the choicest ones will sell at top market prices1 and the culls a little under4 ,the ,prince grove harvest is never graded1 as he finds ready sale at highest prices for the entire output just as it runs after sorting out the few imperfect nuts4 ,,packing ,,and ,,shipping ,they are next put into pound cartons1 or #ej-pound bags1 common gunny sacks1 ready for the market4 ,not being perishable none are lost in shipping or by keeping4 ,walnuts from ,oregon groves have been kept two years1 tasting as sweet and fresh as those in their first season4 ,long hauls are not objectionable1 as the rough handling is not injurious to the well-sealed varieties grown in ,oregon4 ,in this they have an advantage over fruit4 ,,walnut ,,yield ,,per ,,acre ,while it is generally found that seedling trees properly treated come into bearing the eighth year1 this crop is usually light1 doubling each successive season for seven or eight years4 ,from then on there is a steady increase in crop and hardiness for many years4 ,often trees in ,oregon bear in their sixth year2 while there are instances on record of trees set out in ,february bearing the following autumn4 ,this is no criterion1 however1 merely an instance illustrating the unusual richness of ,oregon soil1 and its perfect adaptability to walnut culture4 ,thirty-five acres on the ,prince place yielded at twelve years1 twelve tons of fine nuts1 which were sold at #ah and #bj cents a pound1 two cents above the market price1 making an average of #abe per acre4 ,another grove of two acres yielded in their ninth year two tons1 or a ton to the acre1 netting the owner #cfj an acre4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,quarnberg's eleven-year-old trees averaged twenty-five pounds each4 ,mr4 ,henry ,j4 ,biddle's ten and twelve-year-old trees averaged thirty pounds each4 ,one hundred fifty dollars an acre from twelve-year-old trees is a conservative estimate1 though some groves not cultivated may fall under that figure1 while others in a high state of cultivation will almost double it4 ,,the ,,walnut ,,market ,the very fact that in #aijg ,oregon-grown walnuts commanded several cents a pound higher price than those grown elsewhere indicates their market value4 ,when ordinary nuts sold for #ab and #af cents a pound ,oregon nuts brought #ah and #bj cents4 ,new ,york dealers who cater to the costliest trade throughout the ,united ,states1 and who have never handled for this purpose any but the finest types of imported nuts1 pronounced the ,oregon product satisfactory from every standpoint--finely flavored1 nutty1 meaty and delicious4 ,they were glad to pay an extra price to secure all that were available4 ,in the home market the leading dealers of ,portland and ,northwest cities readily dispose of all of the ,oregon walnuts obtainable at an advanced price4 ,in fact1 the ,oregon walnut has commanded a premium in every market into which it has been introduced4 ,california walnuts are largely shipped east1 the percentage entering the northern markets being comparatively small4 ,the annual sum expended in ,oregon for imported nuts at the present time is #djj1jjj4 ,when the ,oregon growers are able to supply the home demand alone1 shutting out importations1 the population of ,oregon will have more than doubled1 and the amount expended in this state for walnuts will approach if it does not exceed the million-dollar mark4 ,in addition to this the eastern markets will be clamoring for ,oregon walnuts1 as they now absorb ,hood ,river apples1 ,willamette valley cherries and ,rogue ,river valley pears4 ,with eastern buyers always ready to pay an extra price for extra grade products1 superior grades of ,oregon walnuts will undoubtedly be contracted for1 leaving only the culls for home consumption4 ,it has been conservatively estimated that at the rate the population of the ,united ,states is increasing1 and the rate walnut consumption is increasing1 by the time every available acre in ,oregon is in full bearing the supply will still fall far short of the demand4 ,judging by past experience in ,california this is no chimerical conception4 ,since #ahif the walnut crop in that state has steadily increased1 and in like proportion has the price advanced1 from seven cents in #ahif to twenty cents in #aijg4 ,,compared ,,with ,,fruit ,in comparing walnut culture with fruit1 one must take into consideration the fact that distance from transportation facilities is not a detriment2 that there is very little expense in putting out or maintaining a walnut grove2 that insects1 blight and disease are unknown to walnut groves of ,oregon1 thus obviating the cost of spraying2 that the expense of harvesting is exceedingly light2 that no nut-fruit perishes--that it does not need to be sold at once1 but will keep indefinitely1 making a lost crop practically impossible4 ,it is estimated by experienced walnut growers that the annual cost of cultivation and pruning should not exceed #aj an acre1 while harvesting should not exceed #bj cents per hundred pounds4 ,it is a simple matter to figure the profits4 ,the original investment in a walnut grove may be made a comparatively small amount2 thus it appeals particularly to those of limited means4 ,,the ,,pound ,,package ,it is difficult or impossible to establish a uniform package good for every year4 ,walnuts are not like other fruits2 size is not a sure indication of weight4 ,the pound package used by ,mr4 ,thos4 ,prince is #c-c_/d x #d-a_/b x #e-a_/d inches1 which in #aijg when filled weighed #ag ounces1 in #aijh it weighed #af ounces1 and in the dry year of #aiji it weighed but #ad ounces4 ,,walnut ,,confectionery ,the cut on page #e shows the best method of cracking walnuts to extract the kernel in halves without breaking4 ,grasp the nut between the thumb and forefinger at the seam1 place on a hard surface of stone or iron and strike sharply with a light hammer only sufficient to crack the shell without crushing the kernel4 ,this method is used by most manufacturers of great varieties of walnut confectionery1 some of which are shown in the picture4 ,walnut chocolates1 walnut taffy1 walnut log1 panoche1 nougat and many other articles1 as well as walnut sundries to put on dishes of ice cream are among the tasty confections for which the demand is very great4 ,,walnuts ,,in ,,cooking ,a few of the delightful ways in which walnuts may be used on the table3 ,,nut ,,bread #a pound hard wheat flour4 #a pound whole wheat flour4 #a cup good yeast4 #a cup ground walnuts4 #a tablespoonful ,orleans molasses4 #b tablespoonfuls melted lard or butter4 ,mix with warm water2 let it raise quite light1 then mould1 raise and bake as other bread4 ,,gems ,graham1 wheatlet or cornmeal gems are greatly improved by adding a few walnut kernels ground fine4 ,,nut ,,cake #c eggs1 yolks and whites beaten separately1 #a_/b cup--scant--butter1 #c_/d cup milk1 #a cup walnuts ground or chopped1 #a-a_/b cups granulated sugar1 #a_/b teaspoonful each of lemon and vanilla1 #b teaspoonfuls baking powder1 flour to make a moderately stiff batter4 ,,chocolate ,,nut ,,cake #c eggs1 #c_/d cup each of brown and white sugar1 #c_/d cup of coffee and milk mixed1 #a cup ground walnuts1 #d tablespoonfuls melted butter1 #b teaspoonfuls ground chocolate or cocoa1 most of #a nutmeg grated1 #b teaspoonfuls baking powder1 flour to make moderately stiff batter4 ,more satisfactory results are obtained by baking either of these cakes in two deep layercake tins and putting the two parts together with any good filling4 ,,nut ,,cookies #c cups sugar--,extra ,c preferred--#c_/d pound of butter1 #b or #c eggs1 #a cup of water1 #a teaspoonful of baking powder1 #a_/b a nutmeg1 a little ginger and cinnamon1 #a cup walnuts ground fine1 #d cups of flour4 ,roll thin and bake in a quick oven4 ,,apple ,,nut ,,salad #d cups of good tart apples cut in small cubes or chopped not too fine1 #a cup of coarsely ground1 or chopped nuts4 ,stir lightly into these #a cup of sugar and #a_/b of a nutmeg grated fine4 ,,dressing ,,for ,,same #b-c cup of cold water1 #b tablespoons strong vinegar1 #a_/b cup of sugar4 ,add one egg1 well beaten4 ,put this on the stove and stir constantly until well cooked4 ,if this is done carefully it will not curdle4 ,take from the stove and add a lump of butter the size of a walnut1 grate in a little nutmeg and stir gently until the butter is well melted and mixed4 ,some whipped cream may be added to this when cool if desired or convenient4 ,,by-,,products ,in addition to walnuts as nuts1 they pay handsomely as pickles4 ,for this purpose they must be picked green4 ,this could be made a most profitable side industry in connection with large groves4 ,one grower had an inquiry for two carloads of green walnuts to be used for this purpose4 ,large quantities are imported annually and they sell at very high prices4 ,they are also used for dyeing purposes1 giving a beautiful brown shade difficult to obtain except with walnut hulls4 ,oil which is often substituted for olive oil is manufactured from walnuts1 thus suggesting another commercial avenue4 ,one hundred pounds of walnuts produce eighteen pounds of oil4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a1 #a ,vrooman ,franquette4 ,no4 #b1 #b ,mayette4 ,no4 #c1 #c ,mayette ,rouge4 ,no4 #d1 #d ,parisienne4 ,no4 #e1 #e ,praeparturien4 ,no4 #f #f ,chaberte4 ,no4 #g4 ,cluster4 ,plate ,one ,illustration3 ,no4 #a #a ,franquette4 ,no4 #b1 #b ,glady4 ,no4 #c #c ,payne4 ,no4 #d #d ,mayette4 ,no4 #e1 #e ,meylan4 ,no4 #f1 #f ,parisienne4 ,no4 #g1 ,cluster4 ,no4 #h1 ,praeparturien4 ,plate ,two ,illustration3 ,plate ,three ,the ,prince of ,yamhill ,,varieties ,the beautiful nuts shown on ,plate #c are seedlings from the orchard of ,mr4 ,thomas ,prince1 of ,yamhill county4 ,they are probably the handsomest walnut as to size1 form and color as well as taste that may be found anywhere4 ,the tree has not had an orchard try-out yet4 ,if it proves to be a good bearer with the other qualities suitable for this climate and soil condition1 it will enter the field high up in the standard of excellence4 ,there is some discrepancy in what constitutes standard varieties of walnuts4 ,we have endeavored to get nuts both from ,oregon and ,california to fix a uniform understanding as to the different varieties4 ,the types submitted by ,mr4 ,a4 ,mc,gill of the ,oregon ,nursery ,co41 ,plate #a1 are ,no4 #a1 #a ,vrooman ,franquette1 ,no4 #b1 #b ,mayette1 ,no4 #c1 #c ,mayette ,rouge1 ,no4 #d1 #d ,parisienne1 ,no4 #e1 #e ,praeparturien1 ,no4 #f1 #f ,chaberte1 ,no4 #g1 ,cluster4 ,plate ,no4 #b1 by ,mr4 ,ferd ,groner1 ,no4 #a1 #a ,franquette1 ,no4 #b1 #b ,glady1 ,no4 #c1 #c ,payne1 ,no4 #d1 #d ,mayette1 ,no4 #e1 #e ,meylan1 ,no4 #f1 #f ,parisienne1 ,no4 #g ,cluster1 ,no4 #h ,praeparturien1 are about as near uniformly correct as we have4 ,the ,chaberte nuts1 which confectioners use1 are a special industry1 the kernels being slipped out of the shells without breaking1 and sold in this form4 ,all the smaller nuts1 the imperfect ones--the culls--find ready sale both shelled and unshelled for the manufacture of walnut candy1 walnut cake1 etc4 ,,weights1 ,,kernel ,,and ,,taste ,the first ,walnut ,show was held at ,mc,minnville1 ,november #a1 #aijg1 and was judged by ,h4 ,m4 ,williamson1 ,secretary of the ,state ,board of ,horticulture4 ,most of the following memoranda on weights are taken from his report3 ,james ,morrison1 ,franquette #cb to the pound ,f4 ,w4 ,myers1 ,mayette #cd ,f4 ,w4 ,myers1 ,seedling #ce ,james ,morrison1 ,seedling ,franquette #db ,james ,morrison1 ,grafted ,mayette #ch ,d4 ,h4 ,turner1 ,seedlings #db ,james ,morrison1 ,blanche ,mayette #cd ,james ,morrison1 ,grenoble ,mayette #cb ,d4 ,h4 ,turner1 ,parry #dh ,mayette ,shaped ,praeparturiens #fd ,r4 ,p4 ,ungerman1 ,seedlings #ej ,bland ,herring1 ,praeparturiens #ch ,bland ,herring1 ,bijou #bb ,pleasant ,cozine1 ,seedlings #db ,casey tree1 ,seedling #ee ,e4 ,estes1 fourth generation from ,casey tree #eb ,thos4 ,prince ,seedling #dj ,derr ,tree1 ,parry #fj ,the investigations in regard to relative weights of kernel and shell of the different varieties is made up from an article read by ,mr4 ,ferd ,groner before the ,state ,horticultural ,society1 ,december1 #aiji4 ,the ,vrooman ,franquette shell and kernel weighed equal4 ,the ,payne ,seedling gave slightly more kernel than shell4 ,the ,mayette slightly more shell than kernel4 ,the ,meylan1 shell and kernel equal4 ,the ,gladys1 shell and kernel equal4 ,franquette1 near ,salem1 shell weighed two and one-half times that of kernel4 ,other experiments show that the ,praeparturien shell and kernel are about equal4 ,while the weight of the kernel is of great importance to the consumer1 the taste and digestibility is still more so4 ,in this is the food value of the walnut4 ,the food value will in time be the commercial value4 ,there is very little variation in the taste of any one variety of wild nuts or fruits1 but the cultivated walnut1 as well as the cultivated peach and apple1 has a great variety of tastes1 and it does not require an expert to distinguish the good from the poor qualities4 ,walnuts should be graded as to variety1 the varieties should then be graded as to size1 but the paramount duty of the grower is to produce a creamy1 delicious walnut of excellent flavor4 ,the soil and climate has proven their excellence1 and it is now for the intelligent grower to do his part4 ,,who ,,should ,,invest ,professional men and women1 business men and women1 those living in cities and towns and confined to offices1 stores and factories1 will find an investment in forty or fifty acres of walnut land at the present time wholly within their possibilities4 ,special terms can be arranged and their groves planted and cared for at small cost4 ,while they are working their groves will be growing toward maturity1 and in less than a decade they may be free from the demands of daily routine3 the grove will furnish an income1 increasing each season until the twentieth year1 and will prove the most pleasant kind of old age annuity1 and the richest inheritance a man could leave his children4 ,the practical farmer1 or the inexperienced man who desires to escape the tyranny of city work by way of the soil will find that a walnut grove offers an immediate home1 a living from small fruits and vegetables while his trees are maturing1 and at the end of eight or ten years1 the beginning of an income that will every year thereafter increase1 while the labor exacted will gradually lessen until it amounts to practically nothing4 ,like rearing children1 a walnut grower's troubles are over with the trees' infant days4 ,the capitalist can find no better place for his money than safely invested in ,oregon walnut lands2 the rise is certain and near4 ,illustration3 ,the ,meat of the ,walnut ,some years ago ,outlook1 a most conservative publication1 spoke of the ,english walnut as a tree of vast commercial importance in the far west4 ,luther ,burbank states3 ,the consumption of walnuts is increasing among all civilized nations faster than any other food4 ,,conclusion ,b4 ,m4 ,lelong1 ,secretary of the ,california ,state ,board of ,horticulture1 wrote in #ahif3 ,california growers have had a long and varied experience with many failures1 and when they finally began to place their walnuts on the market they were obliged to accept the humiliating price of from #c to #f cents a pound less than that paid for imported walnuts4 ,in ,oregon the reverse is true4 ,our walnuts command a price above that paid for walnuts raised anywhere else4 ,the size1 cracking-out quantity1 delicate flavor and delicious creamy taste1 are the qualities that give the ,oregon walnut its surpassing excellence4 ,if we have this pre-eminence at the beginning of the industry1 what may we expect when intelligent cultivation has produced the best grade of walnuts of which our soil and climate are capable8 ,to ,oregon1 then1 with its vast areas adapted to this industry1 must the world look for its great annual walnut harvest in the years to come4 ,the far-seeing man will secure an interest in ,oregon walnut lands now1 before speculation and a general awakening to their real value have boosted the price to that of walnut lands elsewhere4 ,illustration3 ,view in ,prince ,walnut ,grove ,dundee1 ,oregon ,,oregon ,,walnut ,,area ,,by ,,counties ,note3 ,the price of land varies according to location2 the cheaper land is not all cleared4 ,groves now ,bearing trees4 ,available land4 ,price ,county4 planted4 per acre4 ,washington ,many young ,a number bear ,thousands of ones4 full crops4 acres4 #be to #bjj4 ,multnomah ,several young ,many scattered4 ,several groves4 thousand4 #ej to #bjj4 ,yamhill #c1jjj acres4 #e1jjj trees4 #dj1jjj acres2 every quarter section has suitable land4 #ej to #bej4 ,clackamas #ajj acres4 ,many scattered2 ,several one grove4 thousand4 #bj to #ejj4 ,polk ,several hundred #ajj trees4 ,many thousand4 #be to #ajj4 acres4 ,marion ,a few ,a number in ,hundreds bearing4 of acres4 #bj to #ejj4 ,benton ,no record4 ,no record4 ,many acres #bj to #ajj4 ,linn ,several young ,several ,many hundred groves4 scattered4 acres4 #bj to #ejj4 ,lane #cjj acres4 ,a few scattered2 #aj1jjj4 #fj to #abe4 bear heavily4 ,douglas ,none4 ,many2 loaded ,thousands #be to #ajj4 with nuts of acres4 ,josephine ,no record4 ,a number2 ,hundreds scattered4 of acres4 ,no record8 ,jackson #cj or #dj acres4 ,hundreds ,several scattered thousand4 #be to #bbe4 through valley loaded with nuts4 ,baker ,a few groves4 ,many producing ,thousands of 7,eastern ,ore47 trees4 acres4 #be to #aej8 ,,gold ,,medal ,,walnut ,,exhibit 7,see cut on following page7 ,last year the ,walnut club of ,mc,minnville made an exhibit of home grown walnuts at the ,a4-,y4-,p4 ,exposition and was awarded a gold medal4 ,they have a very attractive and artistic way of putting up an exhibit1 classifying and arranging the different varieties in glass cases in such a manner as to attract universal attention and call forth the heartiest exclamations of admiration4 ,the accompanying cut shows one of their exhibits in position4 ,it is nine feet high and nearly five feet wide and is faced alike on both sides4 ,this club was organized for the purpose of studying the walnut industry in all its details4 ,they employ scientists and experts to tell how and to demonstrate the various methods of walnut culture4 ,there are scores of #e and #aj-;acre tracts planted to walnuts in the vicinity1 as well as experimental trees on the lots in town and along the streets4 ,they call ,mc,minnville ,the ,walnut ,city4 ,illustration3 ,walnut ,exhibit as prepared by the ,walnut ,club of ,mc,minnville for the display of ,,oregon ,,grown ,,walnuts in several of the principal ,eastern ,offices of the ,,oregon ,,railroad ,,navigation ,,co4 and ,,southern ,,pacific ,,co4 7,lines in ,oregon7 ,,railroad ,,representatives ,who will take pleasure in giving all desired information as to rates1 routes1 train schedules1 hotel accommodations1 etc41 and make advance arrangements for trips4 ,,east4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,b4 ,de,friest1 ,gen4 ,eastern ,agt41 ,u4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 #bhg ,broadway ,new ,york3 ,l4 ,h4 ,nutting1 ,gen4 ,pass4 ,agt41 ,s4 ,p4 ,s4 ,s4 ,co41 #cff ,broadway ,boston1 ,mass4 ,willard ,massey1 ,n4 ,e4 ,frt4 ,pass4 ,agt41 #agf ,wash4 ,st4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa43 ,s4 ,c4 ,milbourne1 ,g4 ,a41 ,u4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 #hcj ,chestnut ,st4 ,r4 ,j4 ,smith1 ,agent1 ,s4 ,p4 ,co41 #fcb ,chestnut ,st4 ,pittsburg1 ,pa43 ,g4 ,g4 ,herring1 ,general ,agent1 #gjg ,park ,bldg4 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio3 ,w4 ,h4 ,connor1 ,general ,agent1 #ec ,east ,fourth ,st4 ,detroit1 ,mich43 ,j4 ,c4 ,ferguson1 ,general ,agent1 #aa ,fort ,st41 ,west ,,middle ,,west4 ,chicago1 ,ill43 ,w4 ,g4 ,neimyer1 ,general ,agent1 #abj ,jackson ,boulevard ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo43 ,j4 ,g4 ,lowe1 ,general ,agent1 #ijc ,olive ,st4 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo43 ,h4 ,g4 ,kaill1 ,asst4 ,gen4 ,frt4 ,pass4 ,agt41 ,u4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 #ija ,walnut ,st4 ,st4 ,joseph1 ,mo43 ,s4 ,e4 ,stohr1 ,gen4 ,frt4 ,pass4 ,agt41 ,st4 ,j4 ,g4 ,i4 ,r4 ,r4 ,leavenworth1 ,kan43 ,j4 ,j4 ,hartnett1 ,gen4 ,agt41 ,rooms #i-aa ,nat4 ,bank ,bldg4 ,council ,bluffs1 ,iowa3 ,j4 ,c4 ,mitchell1 ,city ,ticket ,agent1 #ebb ,broadway ,des ,moines1 ,iowa3 ,j4 ,w4 ,turtle1 ,trav4 ,pass4 ,agt41 #cac ,w4 ,fifth ,st4 ,minneapolis1 ,minn43 ,h4 ,f4 ,carter1 ,dist4 ,pass4 ,agent1 #ba ,south ,third ,st4 ,lincoln41 ,neb43 ,e4 ,b4 ,slosson1 ,general ,agent1 #ajdd ,o ,st4 ,omaha1 ,neb43 ,e4 ,l4 ,lomax1 ,general ,passenger ,agent1 ,u4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r4 ,pueblo1 ,colo43 ,l4 ,m4 ,tudor1 ,commercial ,agent1 #cab ,n4 ,main ,st4 ,denver1 ,colo43 ,francis ,b4 ,choate1 ,general ,agent1 #ida ,seventeenth ,st4 ,wm4 ,k4 ,mc,allister1 ,gen4 ,agt41 ,s4 ,p4 ,co41 ,suite #cac ,railway ,exc4 ,bldg4 ,,canada4 ,toronto3 ,j4 ,o4 ,goodsell1 ,traveling ,pass4 ,agt41 ,room #ad ,janes ,bldg4 ,,south ,,and ,,southwest4 ,atlanta1 ,ga43 ,a4 ,j4 ,dutcher1 ,general ,agent1 #aba ,peachtree ,st4 ,new ,orleans1 ,la43 ,j4 ,h4 ,r4 ,parsons1 ,gen4 ,pass4 ,agt41 ,m4 ,l4 ,t4 ,r4 ,r41 #bbg ,st4 ,charles ,st4 ,houston1 ,tex43 ,t4 ,j4 ,anderson1 ,gen4 ,pass4 ,agent1 ,g4 ,h4 ,s4 ,a4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,europe4 ,london1 ,england3 ,rudolph ,falck1 ,general ,european ,agent ,no4 #di ,leadenhall ,st41 ,e4 ,c4 ,no4 #bb ,cockspur ,st41 ,n4 ,w4 ,liverpool1 ,england3 ,no4 #be ,water ,st4 ,antwerp1 ,belgium3 #aa ,rue ,chapelle de ,grace ,hamburg1 ,germany3 ,amerika ,haus1 #bc-bg1 ,ferdinand ,strasse ,,pacific ,,coast4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal43 ,chas4 ,s4 ,fee1 ,pass4 ,traffic ,mgr41 ,s4 ,p4 ,co41 ,flood ,bldg4 ,lewiston1 ,ida43 ,c4 ,w4 ,mount1 ,district ,freight ,passenger ,agent ,los ,angeles1 ,cal43 ,h4 ,o4 ,wilson1 ,gen4 ,agt41 ,u4 ,p4 ,r4 ,r41 #eeg ,spring ,st4 ,t4 ,a4 ,graham1 ,asst4 ,gen4 ,pass4 ,agt41 ,s4 ,p ,co41 #fjj ,s4 ,spring ,st ,olympia1 ,wash43 ,j4 ,c4 ,percival1 ,agent1 ,percival's ,dock ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah3 ,d4 ,e4 ,burley1 ,gen4 ,pass4 ,agt41 ,o4 ,s4 ,l4 ,r4 ,r4 ,seattle1 ,wash43 ,w4 ,d4 ,skinner1 ,gen4 ,frt4 ,pass4 ,agent1 ,o4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r4 ,e4 ,e4 ,ellis1 ,general ,agent1 #fjh ,first ,ave4 ,tacoma1 ,wash43 ,robt4 ,lee1 ,gen'l ,agt41 ,berlin ,bldg41 ,eleventh and ,pacific ,ave4 ,walla ,wala1 ,wash43 ,r4 ,burns1 ,district ,freight and ,passenger ,agent ,wallace1 ,ida43 ,g4 ,a4 ,marshall1 ,commercial ,agent ,astoria1 ,ore43 ,g4 ,w4 ,roberts1 ,commercial ,agent1 ,o4 ,r4 ,n4 ,dock ,portland1 ,ore43 ,c4 ,w4 ,stinger1 ,city ,ticket ,agent1 #c;d and ,washington ,sts4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,miller1 ,traffic ,manager 444 ,,wm4 ,mc,m,u,r,r,a,y1 ,gen4 ,pass4 ,agt4 ,,john ,m4 ,,scott1 ,assistant ,general ,passenger ,agent ,portland1 ,oregon ,illustration3 ,,the ,,oregon ,,railroad ,,navigation ,,co4 ,,oregon ,,washington ,r4,r4 ,,union ,,pacific ,,oregon ,,short ,,line ,,southern ,,pacific ,,co4