,illu/ration3 ,durham ,ca!dral1 f !     
,s\?-,we/4                  ,,!         
,,ca!dral ,,*ur* ,,(                    
,,durham              ,a ,,description  
,,( ,,its ,,fabric             ,,& ,a   
,,brief ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,!                
,,episcopal ,,see                       
,,by              ,j4,e4 ,,bygate1      
,a4,r4,c4,a4          ,illu/ration3     
,arms ( ! ,see4           ,,)           
,,=ty-,,f\r ,,illu/rations              
,,london ,,george ,,bell  ,,sons #aije  
,fir/ ,publi%$         444 ,m>* #ahii   
,second ,edition1 ,revis$ 444 ,septemb] 
#aijj     ,repr9t$               444    
#aije      ,! ,riv]side ,press ,limit$1 
,ed9burgh         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,g5]al ,,preface   ,?is
 s]ies ( monographs has be5 plann$ to   
supply visitors to ! great ,engli%      
,ca!drals ) accurate & well illu/rat$   
guide-books at a popul> price4 ,! aim ( 
ea* writ] has be5 to produce a "w       
compil$ ) suffici5t k & s*ol>%ip to be (
 value to ! /ud5t ( ,ar*ology & ,hi/ory1

 & yet n too te*nical 9 language = ! use
 ( an ord9>y visitor or t\ri/4  ,to     
specify all ! au?orities :i* h be5 made 
use ( 9 ea* case w\ld be difficult &    
t$i\s 9 ?is place4 ,b among/ ! g5]al    
s\rces ( in=mation :i* h be5 almo/      
inv>iably f\nd useful are3--7#a7 ! great
 c\nty hi/ories1 ! value ( :i*1         
especially 9 que/ions ( g5ealogy & local
 records1 is g5]ally recognis$2 7#b7 !  
num]\s pap]s by exp]ts :i* appe> f "t to
 "t 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,antiqu>ian & 
,ar*ological ,societies2 7#c7 !         
important docum5ts made accessible 9 !  
s]ies issu$ by ! ,ma/] ( ! ,rolls2 7#d7 
! well-kn[n works ( ,britton & ,willis  
on ! ,engli% ,ca!drals2 & 7#e7 ! v      
excell5t s]ies ( ,h&books to ! ,ca!drals
 orig9at$ by ! late ,mr ,john ,murray2  
to :i* ! read] may 9 mo/ cases be ref]r$
 = full] detail1 especially 9 ref]5ce to
 ! hi/ories ( ! respective sees4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,au?or',s ,,preface   ,z mu* z possible
 ( ?is brief description ( ,durham is f 

! p]sonal acqua9tance ( ! writ] ) !     
build+4 ,yet _m au?orities h1 (         
necessity1 be5 consult$ 9 its           
prep>ation1 notably a pamphlet by !     
,rev4 ,canon ,w4 ,gre5well1 & ! ,c\nty (
 ,durham1 by ,j4,r4 ,boyle1 ,f4,s4,a4   
,?anks are also due to ! au?orities ( ! 
,ca!dral = hav+ freely giv5 p]mission to
 make draw+s & measurem5ts1 & to ! late 
,mr ,wea!rall1 *ief v]g]1 = 8 k9dly     
assi/ance & in=mation4  ,! illu/rations 
are *iefly f sket*es & draw+s by !      
writ]1 & f photographs reproduc$ by !   
k9dness ( ! ,photo*rom ,company1 ,ltd41 
& ,messrs ,s4,b4 ,bolas  ,co4           
,j4,e4,b4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,cont5ts   ,,*apt]     
,i4--,! ,build+ ( ! ,*ur*               
#c  ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,description ( !     
,ext]ior                       #ba      
,! ,t[]s                                
#ba     ,! ,ea/ ,front                  
#bb     ,! ,we/ ,front                  
#be     ,! ,nor? ,door                  
#be     ,! ,s\? ,door                   

#bf     ,! ,we/ ,door                   
#bh     ,! ,cloi/]                      
#bi     ,! ,*apt]-,h\se                 
#cb     ,! ,dun ,c[                     
#ce  ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,description ( !   
,int]ior                      #ci     ,!
 ,nave                                  
#ci     ,! ,*oir                        
#dj     ,! ,neville ,scre5              
#dc     ,! ,transepts                   
#ej     ,! ,t[]                         
#ec     ,! ,ea/ ,end                    
#ed     ,! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s       
#fa     ,! ,tomb ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t          
#fi     ,! ,galilee or ,lady ,*apel     
#gb     ,monum5ts 9 ! ,nave & ,transepts
                        #gi     ,! ,font
                                        
#ha  ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,hi/ory ( ! ,see    
#hb  ,,*apt] ,v4--,! ,ca/le & ,univ]sity
                         #ajb  ,,*apt]  
,,vi4--,! ,city                         
#aaa     ,,illu/rations   ,durham       
,ca!dral1 f ! ,s\?-,we/                 
,frontispiece ,arms ( ! ,see            

,title ,page ,! ,ext]ior1 f ! ,college  
#b ,! ,dun ,c[                          
#i ,! ,we/ ,end 7f an ,old ,pr9t7       
#ag ,! ,ext]ior1 f ,palace ,gre5        
#bj ,! ,c5tral ,t[]                     
#bc ,detail ( ,ironwork                 
#bf ,! ,sanctu>y ,knock]                
#bf ,ironwork on ,doors ( ,cloi/]s      
#bg ,ornam5t on ,s\? ,doorway           
#bh ,! ,cloi/]                          
#bi ,s4 ,cu?b]t's ,*e/4                 
#cb ,! ,*apt]-,h\se                     
#cc ,! ,ext]ior1 f ! ,s\?-,ea/          
#ce ,! ,nave1 look+ ,we/                
#ch ,"o ,bay ( ! ,nave 7,measur$ ,draw+7
                         #da ,tri=ium & 
,cl]e/ory                               
#de ,! ,*oir1 look+ ,we/                
#dg ,! ,transepts1 look+ ,nor?          
#ea ,corbels 9 ,*oir                    
#ed1 #eh ,! ,*oir1 look+ ,ea/           
#ee ,tri=ium ( ,nave & ,*oir            
#ei ,plan ( ,norman ,ea/ ,end           
#fa ,sections ( ,hood & ,ar* ,m\ld+s    
#fa ,capitals 9 ! ,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel    

#fb ,! ,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel               
#fc ,capital 9 ,galilee ,*apel          
#ff ,! ,galilee ,*apel                  
#fg1 #gb ,pa9t+s 9 ! ,galilee ,*apel    
#gc ,detail ( ! ,galilee ,*apel         
#ge ,! ,font & ,cov]                    
#hj ,! ,crypt                           
#he ,/one ,c(f9 ,lid                    
#hh ,! ,*apt] ,libr>y                   
#ii ,! ,*apel or ,crypt1 ,durham ,ca/le 
#ajc ,/aircase 9 ! ,ca/le               
#ajg ,! ,ca!dral & ,ca/le1 f ! ,nor?    
#aac  ,,plan ,,& ,,dim5sions            
#aah         99       99       99       
99       99  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ext]ior1 
f ! ,college4     ,,durham ,,ca!dral    
,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* 
,! travell] nor?w>d by ! ,ea/ ,coa/     
,r\te _c fail to be /ruck by ! beauty ( 
! city ( ,durham1 ) its r$-ro($ h\ses   
ne/l+ b5ea? ! maje/ic site ( ! ca!dral &
 ca/le4 ,= spl5did position ! ,ca!dral (
 ,durham /&s unequall$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 on 
! ,cont95t1 p]haps t ( ,albi c alone be 
comp>$ ) x 9 ?is respect4 ,! ca!dral &  

,norman ,ca/le are ^u ! summit ( a l(ty 
tongue ( l& :i* is almo/ surr\nd$ by !  
,riv] ,we>4 ,9 p>ts ! banks are rocky & 
/eep1 9 o!rs ?ickly wood$4 ,! riv]      
itself is spann$ "h & !re by f9e &      
hi/oric bridges4  ,! e>ly hi/ory (      
,durham is obscure4 ,!re are _m vague   
leg5ds 9 exi/5ce1 a natural consequ5ce1 
p]haps1 :5 we rememb] ! v>i\s & (t5     
spe$y *anges ( own]%ip to :i* t "p ( !  
c\ntry 0 = c5turies subject$4  ,to lead 
up cle>ly to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,ca!dral (     
,durham1 x w be necess>y to describe    
briefly ! e>lie/ introduction (         
,*ri/ianity into ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,t    
,*ri/ianity 0 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ !  
"t ( ! ,romans !re is suffici5t evid5ce 
to prove4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little to %[ t
 x exi/$ 9 ! nor? to any appreciable    
ext5t4 ,all or ne>ly all ! c>v$ /ones1  
alt>s1 etc41 dis9t]r$ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry 
h be5 ( und\bt$ ,pagan orig94  ,! anci5t
 k+dom ( ,nor?umbria compris$ ! pres5t  
c\nties ( ,durham1 ,nor?umb]l&1 &       
,york%ire1 & a "p ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,scotl& 

z f> nor? z ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,?is k+dom 0 
sub-divid$ into two portions4 ,! ,s\!rn1
 or ,deira1 ext5d$ f ! ,tees to !       
,humb]1 & ! ,nor!rn1 or ,b]nicia1 rea*$ 
f ! ,tees to ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,! prov9ce (
 ,b]nicia 0 settl$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #edg by  
,ida1 a *ief ( ! ,angles1 :o made 8     
headqu>t]s on a /eep rock on ! sea-coa/ 
ab\t sixte5 miles s\? ( ,b]wick4 ,he 0  
succe$$ by 8 son ,e!lric1 :o built      
himself a /ronghold1 :i* he nam$ aft] 8 
wife ,bebbanburgh1 a "n /ill reta9$ 9 a 
%ort5$ =m--,bamburgh4 ,e!lric 0 foll[$  
by ,ella1 ^: son ,edw9 0 driv5 into     
exile by 8 fi]ce bro!r-9-law1 ,e!lfri?1 
& took possession ( ,deira1 ! s\!rn     
prov9ce ( ,nor?umbria4 ,aft] atta9+ 8   
majority1 ,edw91 assi/$ by ,r$wald1     
rega9$ 8 k+dom1 & ev5tually rul$ ov] !  
:ole ( ,nor?umbria2 x is dur+ 8 reign t 
we f9d ! fir/ au!ntic hi/ory (          
,*ri/ianity 9 ! nor?4 ,edw9 m>ri$       
,e!lburga1 a daught] ( ,e!lb]t1 k+ (    
,k5t1 :o _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity  
by ! prea*+ ( ,s4 ,augu/9e4 ,he himself 

receiv$ baptism at ! h&s ( ,paul9us     
7#fbe-fcc71 ! great ,roman mission>y1 :o
 0 s5t nor? ) ! ,pr9cess ,e!lburga4     
,paul9us fix$ 8 headqu>t]s at ,york1 :]e
 he built 8 *ur*1 ! =]unn] ( ! pres5t   
ca!dral4 ,?is attempt ( ! ,romans to    
*ri/ianise ,nor?umbria 01 h[ev]1 ( %ort 
duration4 ,cadwalla & ,p5da rose aga9/  
!m1 & ,edw9 fell 9 battle at ,hatfield  
,moor 9 ,york%ire4 ,paul9us1 despair+ ( 
! cause1 return$ to ,k5t ) ! que5-wid[  
,e!lburga & h] *ildr52 & "u ,cadwalla & 
,p5da1 ! k+dom soon relaps$ into        
,paganism4  ,we mu/ n[ direct our       
att5tion to a small1 b>r5 isl& on ! we/ 
coa/ ( ,scotl&1 ,iona4 ,"h came a       
volunt>y exile 7,a4,d4 #efc71 ,columba1 
a monk1 said to h be5 a desc5dant ( !   
,iri% k+s4 ,"h he liv$ & f\nd$ a great  
mission>y mona/]y1 :i* aft]w>ds became !
 c5tre ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9 ,scotl& & !
 nor? ( ,engl&4 ,he & 8 foll[]s 7 active
 work]s2 !y wrote ,gospels & devotional 
books1 prea*$1 & built *ur*es ( wood4   
,columba di$ 7,a4,d4 #eig71 b 8 "w 0    

cont9u$4  ,9 #fcd1 ,oswald1 a son (     
,e!lfri?1 became k+ ( ,nor?umbria4 ,9 8 
y\? he1 ) 8 bro!rs1 _h be5 oblig$ to    
flee to ,scotl&1 :]e1 dur+ 8 exile1     
,oswald 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by !   
tea*]s ( ,iona4 ,on 8 return he defeat$ 
& kill$ ,cadwalla at ,hev5feld1 or      
,heav5field1 ne> ,hexham1 9 #fcd1 &     
became ! means ( f9ally introduc+       
,*ri/ianity into 8 k+dom4 ,soon aft] he 
became k+1 ,oswald s5t to ,iona = help1 
& 9 reply came a monk1 :o1 = "s reason1 
said by old writ]s to be 8 h>%ness1     
fail$ 9 8 mission4 ,he 0 replac$ by     
ano!r monk nam$ ,aidan 7#fce-fea71 :o 0 
em95tly successful4 ,b$a speaks ( him z 
a man ( great piety & zeal1 comb9$ )    
t5d] *>ity & g5tl5ess4 ,aidan became    
intimately associat$ ) ,k+ ,oswald1 !   
two work+ toge!r1 & he *ose = 8         
headqu>t]s ! small s&y isl& (           
,l9disf>ne1 (f ! ,nor?umbrian coa/1 :i* 
we n[ "k z ,holy ,isl&4  ,l9disf>ne ?us 
resembl$ ,iona1 & x is probable t !     
simil>ity ( position & surr\nd+s        

influ5c$ ,aidan 9 8 *oice4 ,h[ev] t may 
be1 ,aidan !re f\nd$ 8 mona/]y & direct$
 ! "w ( 8 monks4  ,pass+ ov] a %ort     
p]iod1 we f9d at ,l9disf>ne a monk :o is
 s intimately connect$ ) ?is ca!dral t  
he dem&s special att5tion--! great ,s4  
,cu?b]t1 six? bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne1 & !   
patron sa9t ( ,durham4 ,little is kn[n (
 8 bir? & p>5tage4 ,"s writ]s give him a
 ,scot* orig91 o!rs ,iri%1#a & o!rs aga9
 say he 0 born ( humble p>5ts on ! banks
 ( ! ,twe$4 ,! latt] is mo/ probable4   
,c]ta9 x is t at an e>ly age he 0 left  
an orphan1 & 0 employ$ z an "u-%eph]d   
ne> to ,melrose4 ,f 8 e>lie/ y\? he 0   
?\ghtful & pi\s1 & wat*$ & imitat$ 9 8  
mode ( life ! monks ( ,melrose4 ,!re are
 num]\s leg5ds & /ories ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t's 
y\?4 ,he is said to h wr\ght _m         
miracles1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( /ill+ a      
tempe/4 ,"o ( ^! may be told "h on      
acc\nt ( ! %>e x play$ 9 8 *oice (      
mona/ic life3--,on a c]ta9 night 9      
,a4,d4 #fea1 :ile t5d+ 8 %eep1 8        
companions be+ asleep1 ,cu?b]t saw 9 !  

heav5s a brilliant %aft ( light1 &      
angels desc5d+4 ,^! v %ortly re-asc5d$1 
be>+ among !m a _s ( surpass+           
brightness4 ,9 ! morn+ x 0 f\nd t ! good
 ,s4 ,aidan 0 dead4 ,! vision _h a m>k$ 
& la/+ effect on ,cu?b]t1 & ev5tually   
result$ 9 8 ent]+ ! mona/]y at ,melrose4
 ,= t5 ye>s ,cu?b]t l$ a holy & /udi\s  
life at ,melrose1 "u ,prior ,boisil1 :5 
he 0 *os5 among o!rs to proce$ to !     
newly-f\nd$ mona/]y at ,ripon4 ,8 soj\rn
 !re 01 h[ev]1 %ort1 z ow+ to doctr9al  
diff]5ces conc]n+ ! celebration ( ,ea/]1
 he & ! o!r ,scotti% monks return$ to   
,melrose4 ,"s f\r ye>s lat]1 on ! dea? (
 ,boisil1 ,cu?b]t 0 elect$ 8 successor1 
z prior ( ,melrose4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ffd1 we  
f9d him hold+ ! same (fice at           
,l9disf>ne1 :]e he rema9$ = twelve ye>s4
 ,he !n retir$ f 8 position1 9 ord] to  
atta9 a high] degree ( ,*ri/ian         
p]fection by liv+ a solit>y life1 fir/  
on a small isl& ne> ,l9disf>ne1 &       
aft]w>ds on ! isl& ( ,f>ne1 ne>         
,bamburgh4 ,!re are _m /ories told ( 8  

great piety at ?is "t1 s t ev5 ! wild   
sea-birds are said to h obey$ him4      
#a ,s&]son1 9 8 edition ( ,rites (      
,durham1 #agfg1 says3        ,he is said
 to be desc5d$ f ! ,blood ,royal ( !    
,k+s        ( ,irel&1 be+ son ( "o      
,muri>da* & ,sab9a 8 wife1        a     
,k+'s daught]4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ! ,abbey 
( ,mailrose4  ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #fhe      
,cu?b]t 01 ?\gh aga9/ 8 own wi%es1      
consecrat$ ,bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne4 ,8 great
 activity & usefulness 9 ?is (fice 0    
soon cut %ort1 = 9 less ?an two ye>s1 on
 ! #bj? ( ,m>* ,a4,d4 #fhg1 he di$4     
,ob$i5tly to 8 own reque/1 8 body 0     
wrapp$ 9 a l95 clo?1 :i* _h be5 giv5 him
 by ! ,abbess ,y]ca2 &1 plac$ 9 a /one  
c(f91 ! gift ( ! ,abbot ,cudda1 0 int]r$
 9 ! *ur* at ,l9disf>ne4 ,he 0 n to re/1
 h[ev]4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fih ! monks dis9t]r$ 
8 rema9s 9 ord] to place !m 9 a         
specially-prep>$ wood5 c(f94 ,x is said 
!y f\nd ! sa9t's body p]fectly          
incorrupt4 ,to quote ! qua9t ,hegge3    
,b :iles !y op5$ 8 c(f91 !y />t at a    

wond]1 !y     look't = bones & f\nd     
fle%1 !y expect$ a skeleton1 & saw      
an entire bodie1 ) joynts flexible1 8   
fle% s succul5t1 t     !re only want$   
heate to make 8 bodie live )\t a s\l1 & 
8 face s dissembl+ dea?1 t else:]e x is 
true t sleep     is ! image ( dea?1 b "h
 dea? 0 ! image ( sleep4 ,nay1     8 v  
fun]all we$s 7 s fre%1 z if putrefaction
 _h n     d>$ to take him by ! coat4#b  
#b ,c\nty ( ,durham1 by ,j4,k4 ,boyle1  
,f4,s4,a4  ,:atev] may be ! tru? ( ?is1 
8 body 0 plac$ 9 a wood5 c(f91 portions 
( :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! *apt] libr>y 
at ,durham4  ,ov] a c5tury & a half aft]
 ^! ev5ts ! coa/ ( ,nor?umbria 0 di/urb$
 & tr\bl$ by ! piratical invasions ( !  
,danes4 ,! numb] & viol5ce ( ^!         
incursions s increas$ t ! :ole c\ntry   
lay practically at _! m]cy4 ,becom+     
al>m$ = _! own safety & t ( _! holy     
relics1 ! monks ( ,l9disf>ne fl$1 tak+ )
 !m ! body ( _! sa9t1 & all _! sacr$    
vessels & books4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4  
#hge4  ,"h comm5c$ t long w&]+ :i*      

ev5tually end$ 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,ca!dral   
,*ur* ( ,durham1 :]e ! bones ( ,s4      
,cu?b]t f\nd _! f9al re/+-place4  ,bi%op
 ,e>dulph & 8 monks1 ) _! sacr$ *>ge1   
travell$ = sev5 ye>s1 ov] a great       
portion ( ! nor? ( ,engl& & "p ( ! s\? (
 ,scotl&4 ,_m *ur*es d$icat$ to ,s4     
,cu?b]t 9 ! nor? are ?\ght to m>k _!    
re/+-places4 ,f a li/ ( ^! giv5 by      
,prior ,wess+ton ! probable r\te ( !    
w&]]s c be approximately1 made out z    
foll[s3--,fir/ to ,elsdon & d[n ! ,r$e  
to ,haydon ,bridge4 ,up ! ,s\? ,tyne to 
,belt+hame1 & !n foll[+ ! r\te ( !      
,roman ,wall to ,bewca/le4 ,turn+ s\? to
 ,salkeld1 & !nce by ,ed5 ,hall &       
,plumbl& into ,lanca%ire1 t[>ds ! riv]  
,d]w5t4 ,"h !y came to a det]m9ation to 
cross to ,irel&1 & took %ip f ! m\? ( ! 
,d]w5t4 ,v soon a viol5t /orm arose1 !  
vessel became unmanageable & 0 ne>ly    
fill$ ) wat]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,symeon1  
imm$iately turn$ into blood4 ,a return 0
 inevitable4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is attempt t !  
fam\s copy ( ! ,gospels1 kn[n z !       

,durham ,book1 0 wa%$ ov]bo>d into !    
sea4 ,?is book is1 p]haps1 ! mo/        
beautiful example ( ,anglo-,saxon writ+ 
& illum9ation extant1 & is surpass$ only
 by ! celebrat$ ,iri% ,,ms41 ! ,book (  
,kells4 ,x 0 %ortly aft]w>ds f\nd on !  
coa/ 9 a comp>atively un9jur$ condition2
 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!
 w&]+ monks next turn$ nor?w>ds z f> z  
,)]ne1 on ! ,gall[ay coa/1 & !n return$ 
to ,engl&1 ?r\gh ,we/morel& & across    
,/a9moor into ,teesdale1 /ay+ = a "t at 
a village1 :i* no d\bt owes x pres5t "n 
,co!r/one to ?is circum/ance4 ,leav+ "h 
& cross+ ! hills1 ?r\gh ,m>ske1 ,=cett &
 ,b>ton1 !y arriv$ at ! abbey ( ,craike1
 ne> ,eas+wold1 :]e !y 7 k9dly treat$ by
 ! abbot1 & rema9$ ab\t f\r mon?s4 ,on  
resum+ _! j\rney ! monks remov$ ! body (
 ,s4 ,cu?b]t to ,cunca*e/]1 or1 z we n[ 
"k x1 ,*e/]-le-,/reet1 a =m] ,roman     
camp4 ,"h ! frat]nity rema9$ = a hundr$ 
& ?irte5 ye>s2 & "h 0 ! seat ( !        
,bi%opric ( ,b]nicia until ,a4,d4 #iie4 
,_m are ! leg5ds clu/]+ r\nd ^!         

j\rney+s4 ,h[1 :5 leav+ ,l9disf>ne1 !   
sea op5$ a passage = !m1 & h[ 9 m ?an "o
 difficulty ! dead sa9t himself gave !m 
assi/ance4 ,notably1 on "o occasion :5 !
 be>]s 7 worn out & we>y he appe>$ & %[$
 !m :]e !y w\ld f9d a horse & c> 9 :i*  
to c>ry _! burd54 ,?is horse & c> 7     
aft]w>ds us$ on _! j\rneys4  ,9 ! ye>   
#iie1 aga9 = safety1 !y remov$ once m "u
 ,bi%op ,aldhun1 fir/ = a %ort "t to    
,ripon1 & !n f9ally to ,durham4 ,x is ( 
?is la/ j\rney ! foll[+ /ory is told3-- 
,com+ ) him 7v4 ,s&]son71 on ! ,ea/     
,side ( ,durham1     to a ,place call'd 
,w>d5lawe1 !y c\ld n ) all _! ,=ce      
remove 8 body fur!r1 = x seem$ fa/5$ to 
! ,gr\nd2 :i*     /range & un=ese5      
,accid5t produc$ great ,a/oni%m5t 9 !   
,he>ts ( ! ,bi%op1 ! ,monks1 & _!       
,associates2 :]eupon     !y fa/$ & pray$
 ?ree ,days ) great ,devotion1 to "k by 
,revelation f ,god1 :at to d ) ! holy   
,body1 :i* 0 soon     grant$ to !m1 x   
be+ reveal$ to ,eadm]1 a virtu\s ,man1 t
     he %\ld be c>ri$ to ,dunholme1 :]e 

he 0 to be receiv$ to a     ,place (    
,re/4 ,!y 7 aga9 9 great ,di/ress1 9 n  
kn[+     :]e ,dunholme lay2 b z !y      
proce$$1 a ,woman want+ h]     ,c[1     
call$ al\d to h] ,companion1 to "k if %e
 _h se5 h]8 ,:o     answ]$1 ,%e 0 9     
,dunholme4 ,?is 0 an happy & heav5ly    
,s\nd to ! di/ress$ ,monks1 :o !reby _h 
,intellig5ce t     _! ,j\rney's ,end 0  
at ,h&1 & ! ,sa9t's ,body ne> its       
,re/+-place2 !reupon ) great ,joy !y    
arriv$ ) 8     ,body at ,dunholme1 9 !  
,ye> #iig4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,dun ,c[4  
,arriv$ at ,dunholm !y rais$ a little   
,*ur* ( ,w&s & ,bran*es to protect !    
sacr$ relics until a build+ m wor?y (   
su* a *>ge c\ld be erect$4 ,?is 0 !     
beg9n+ ( ! ,ca!dral & ,city ( ,durham4  
,! condition ( ! place at ?is "t mu/ h  
be5 v wild1 & x c]ta9ly 0 a natural     
/ronghold4 ,! only op5 spot seems to h  
be5 ! plateau :]e ! ca!dral n[ /&s4 ,!  
site is curi\sly describ$ 9 a ,saxon    
poem1 f :i* ! foll[+ is a translation3--
    ,! ,city is celebrat$   ,9 ! :ole   

,empire ( ! ,britons   ,! road to x is  
/eep   ,x is surr\nd$ ) rocks   ,& )    
curi\s plants   ,! ,we> fl[s r\nd x   ,a
 riv] ( rapid waves   ,& !re live 9 x   
,fi%es ( v>i\s k9ds   ,m+l+ ) ! floods4 
,& !re gr[   ,great ,=e/s1   ,!re live 9
 ! recesses   ,wild ,animals ( _m sorts 
,9 ! deep valleys   ,de] innum]able4  ,z
 soon z possible a /one *apel 0 built1 9
 :i* ! body ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t 0 plac$4      
,bi%op ,aldhun1 n satisfi$ ) ?is1       
det]m9$ to e/abli% a great *ur*4 ,"w 0  
imm$iately comm5c$ & progress$ s rapidly
 t ! build+1 kn[n z ! ,:ite ,*ur*1 0    
consecrat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #iii4 ,( ?is !re    
w\ld seem to be no au!ntic rema9s exi/+2
 al?\gh "s au?orities ?9k portions ( x  
are includ$ 9 ! pres5t ca!dral4 ,bi%op  
,aldhun di$ 9 #ajah4 ,! next date (     
importance is ! ye> #ajha1 :5 ,william (
 ,sa9t ,c>ileph 0 appo9t$ ,bi%op by !   
,conqu]or4 ,he 0 a monk ( ! ,b5$ict9e   
ord]1 & at once drove out & dispossess$ 
! secul> cl]gy at ,durham1 replac+ !m f 
! ,b5$ict9e ,mona/]ies :i* 7 e/abli%$ at

 ,j>r[ & ,monkwe>m\?4 ,bi%op ,c>ileph is
 ! man to :om we owe ! pres5t ,ca!dral (
 ,durham4 ,9 #ajhh he 0 oblig$ to flee  
into exile 9 ,norm&y1 :]e he rema9$ ?ree
 ye>s1 ?r\gh 8 hav+ tak5 "p 9 !         
rebellion aga9/ ,william ,,ii4 ,x 0     
probably dur+ ?is "t ( bani%m5t t he    
conceiv$ ! idea t if he return$ to      
,durham he w\ld build a m wor?y *ur*1   
su* z 7 already erect$ & 9 c\rse (      
con/ruction 9 ,norm&y4  ,soon aft] 8    
return 9 #ajia he comm5c$ to c>ry out 8 
s*eme2 & we le>n t on ! #aa? ( ,augu/   
#ajic1 ! f\ndation /one ( ! new *ur* 0  
laid1 ) great pomp4  ,! "w proce$$      
rapidly1 comm5c+ at ! ea/ end4 ,by ! "t 
( ,bi%op ,c>ileph's dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 
#ajif1 ! walls ( ! *oir1 ! ea/]n walls (
 ! transepts1 ! t[] ar*es1 & a portion (
 ! fir/ bay ( ! nave1 7 complet$4 ,x is 
also v probable t ! l[] portion ( !     
walls ( ! :ole *ur* are ( ,c>ileph's "t4
  ,aft] ! dea? ( ,bi%op ,c>ileph ! see (
 ,durham rema9$ vacant = ?ree ye>s4 ,!  
monks1 h[ev]1 7 n idle dur+ ?is p]iod1 &

 !y cont9u$ ! "w vigor\sly1 complet+ !  
we/ walls ( ! transepts & ! vault+ ( !  
nor? transept4 ,9 #ajii ,ralph ,flamb>d 
0 appo9t$ bi%op1 & he held ! (fice until
 #aabh4 ,he c>ri$ on ! build+ z ! funds 
at 8 disposal w\ld all[1 sometimes      
rapidly & at o!rs m sl[ly4 ,be=e 8 dea? 
x w\ld appe> t he complet$ ! nave z high
 z ! wall plates & altoge!r f9i%$ & ro($
 ! aisles4 ,! we/]n t[]s z f> z ! height
 ( ! ro( ( ! nave are also ! "w (       
,flamb>d4 ,9 #aajd ! "w 0 s f> advanc$ z
 to p]mit ! removal ( ! body ( ,s4      
,cu?b]t1 f ! tempor>y %r9e :i* ,bi%op   
,c>ileph _h erect$ ov] x1 into ! new    
*ur*4 ,?is c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ,augu/    
#bi?1 #aajd1 & ! c(f9 0 plac$ 9 a %r9e  
beh9d ! high alt>4  ,on ,flamb>d's dea? 
9 #aabh ! see 0 aga9 left vacant = five 
ye>s1 b we are told t ! monks cont9u$ ! 
"w & complet$ ! nave4 ,! portion built  
by !m at ?is "t mu/ ( necessity h be5 ! 
vault+ & ro(1 ! ar*itectural features ( 
:i* are q 9 accordance ) ! date1 be+    
late ,norman4  ,flamb>d's successor 0   

,galfrid ,rufus1 :o 0 ,bi%op f #aacc to 
#aadj4  ,dur+ 8 episcopate ! *apt]-h\se1
 :i* _h be5 comm5c$ by ! monks1 0       
complet$4 ,rufus also replac$ ! !n exi/+
 nor? & s\? doorways ( ! nave1 by ^? /&+
 to-day4  ,! next bi%op1 ,william de ,/ 
,b>b>a 7#aadc to #aaeb71 does n appe> to
 h add$ any?+ to ! ca!dral4 ,dur+ 8 "t (
 (fice ! see 0 usurp$ by ,william       
,cumm91 & build+ op]ations 7 no d\bt    
neglect$ ?r\gh ! tr\bles aris+ f !      
usurpation4 ,8 successor1 ,hugh ,pudsey 
7#aaec to #aaie7 01 h[ev]1 a great      
build]2 appo9t$ to ! see at a           
comp>atively e>ly age1 &1 liv+ z he did1
 at a "t :5 v great *anges 7 tak+ place 
9 ar*itectural /yle1 he 0 able to c>ry  
out a great deal ( beautiful "w4  ,he   
began to build a ,lady ,*apel at ! ea/  
end ( ! *oir1 b al?\gh he _h made c>eful
 prep>ations1 & engag$ skill$ ar*itects 
& workm51 great cracks appe>$ 9 ! walls 
be=e ! "w _h proce$$ f>1 & ! build+ 0   
/opp$4 ,bi%op ,pudsey1 tak+ ?is z a     
div9e revelation t ! "w 0 n pleas+ to   

,god1 & ! patron ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 ab&on$ x &
 comm5c$ ano!r *apel at ! we/ end ( !   
*ur*1 us+ 9 its erection ! ,purbeck     
m>ble bases & columns :i* he _h _h      
prep>$ = 8 ea/]n *apel4 ,?is second     
attempt 0 successful & rema9s to u 9 t  
beautiful & unique specim5 (            
,transitional "w1 ! ,galilee ,*apel4    
,its date may be tak51 says ,canon      
,gre5well1 z ab\t ! ye> #aage4 ,besides 
?is "w ,pudsey built ! hall & sol> n[   
call$ 7at ! top7 ! ,norman ,gall]y (    
,durham ,ca/le4  ,little or no?+ fur!r  
seems to h be5 done until ! translation 
( ,bi%op ,poore f ! see ( ,s>um to      
,durham 9 #abbi4 ,! "n ( ,bi%op ,poore  
is insep>ably connect$ ) ! build+ ( !   
pres5t ,salisbury ,ca!dral1 & aft] 8    
removal to ,durham he conceiv$ ! idea (1
 & made prep>ations =1 comm5c+ ! ea/]n  
transept ( ! ,ca!dral1 :i* is a special 
feature ( ,durham1 n[ kn[n z ! ,*apel ( 
! ,n9e ,alt>s4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 de/9$ to 
live to see 8 idea c>ri$ out4  ,! ea/]n 
t]m9ation ( ,c>ileph's *oir _h be5      

apsidal2 x 0 f\nd to be 9 a v unsafe    
condition1 cracks & fissures appe>+ 9 ! 
walls4 ,v>i\s bi%ops & priors s5t aid   
t[>ds ! new "w1 b actual build+ did n   
comm5ce until aft] ! dea? ( ,bi%op      
,poore 9 #abcg4 ,! erection 0 comm5c$ by
 ,prior ,melsanby &1 ( c\rse1           
necessitat$ ! tak+ d[n ( ,c>ileph's     
apses4 ,! revault+ ( ! *oir 0 und]tak5  
at ?is "t1 d\btless1 = arti/ic reasons1 
to br+ ! new "w into h>mony ) ! old4 ,! 
,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s is a r>e &       
valuable specim5 ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic 
ar*itecture ( rem>kable & graceful      
design4 ,bel[ ea* ( its n9e lancet w9d[s
 0 orig9ally an alt>1 d$icat$ to diff]5t
 sa9ts4 ,its great height 0 obta9$ by   
l[]+ ! floor1 s t ! unity ( ! :ole      
ext]ior %\ld n be de/roy$4 ,prior       
,melsanby is also said to h put a new   
ro( on ! *ur*4  ,prior ,hugh de         
,d]l+ton1 :o 0 at ! head ( affairs f    
#abeh to #abgb1 & lat] f #abhe to #abhi1
 add$ a belfry to ! c5tral t[]4  ,john  
,fossor1 made prior ( ,durham 9 #acdb1  

ins]t$ ! l>ge w9d[ 9 ! nor? transept & !
 we/ w9d[s ( ! nave4  ,bi%op ,?omas de  
,hatfield 7#acdf to #acha7 seems to h   
done no ar*itectural "w beyond !        
erection ( 8 own ?rone & tomb 79 :i* he 
0 aft]w>ds buri$7 on ! s\? side ( !     
*oir4 ,?is is an elaborate & sumptu\s   
piece ( "w1 & %[s rema9s ( ri* col\r+ & 
gild+4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 also1 ! beautiful  
alt> scre5 kn[n z ! ,neville scre5 0    
erect$4 ,its co/ 0 pr9cipally borne by  
,"l ,john ,neville1 ?\gh ! ,priors      
,fossor & ,b]r+ton & ! subord9ate cells 
( ,j>r[ & ,monkwe>m\? 7 also            
contributors4 ,! scre5 is ( /one--v     
light & graceful1 & orig9ally conta9$ 9 
! ni*es #ajg figures1 :i* h un=tunately 
be5 de/roy$4  ,bi%op ,walt] de ,skirlaw1
 :o occupi$ ! episcopal ?rone f #achh to
 #adje1 0 a great build]4 ,to him ma9ly 
we owe ! pres5t cloi/]s1 ?\gh !y 7      
complet$ by 8 successor1 ,c>d9al        
,langley1 9 #adah4  ,! monks' dormitory 
on ! we/]n side ( ! cloi/] is also ( ?is
 "t4 ,on ! s\!rn side 0 ! refectory4    

,?is portion 0 rebuilt by ,dean ,sudbury
 betwe5 #affa & #afhd & conv]t$ into a  
libr>y1 & su* x rema9s to-day4  ,ne> !  
refectory is ! kit*51 built by ,prior   
,fossor4 ,x is octagonal 9 plan1 &      
possesses a f9e gro9$ ro(4 ,x is n[     
atta*$ to ! dean]y1 & kn[n z ! dean's   
kit*54  ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to 
! erection ( ! pres5t c5tral t[]4 ,!    
belfry add$ by ,hugh de ,d]l+ton 0 9    
#adbi /ruck by lightn+ & set on fire4 ,x
 mu/ aft] ?is h be5 repair$ 9 "s way1 b 
9 #adef x 0 9 a v unsafe & dang]\s      
condition1 z ! foll[+ lett] writt5 by ! 
prior1 ,william ,eb*e/]1 to ,bi%op      
,neville te/ifies3--      ,! ,belfry (  
y\r *ur*1 bo? 9 its masonry & timb]1 9  
consequ5ce ( w9ds & /orms is s enfeebl$ 
& %ak51 t     d\bts are ent]ta9$ ( its  
/&+ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,we     h call$ 9  
workm5 9 bo? capacities1 & !y h report$ 
to     u t ?ree ( its sides are out (   
p]p5dicul>1 t _m (     ! ,key &         
corn]/ones ( its w9d[s h fall5 out1 t 9 
o!r respects x is defective1 & t        

besides1 its woodwork is 9     a /ate ( 
great decay s t x _c be expect$ to /& = 
any l5g? ( "t4 ,"s are ( op9ion t !     
belfry %\ld be     totally remov$ z x _c
 /& long]2 o!rs on ! contr>y1     wi% x 
to be p]fectly re/or$2 a ?+ :i* exce$s  
our means1     unless we h ! advantage (
 *>itable aid4 ,9 ?is /ate (     d\bt & 
hesitation1 we h rec\rse to y1 z memb]s 
to _!     head1 presum+ n to engage 9   
any su* great & /up5d\s     alt]ation ) 
ref]5ce to y\r *ur*1 )\t y\r advice4    
,if1 :i* ,god =bid1 ! t[] %\ld fall1 !  
solemn fabric (     our *oir1 & ! %r9e (
 our mo/ holy patron1 w\ld )\t     d\bt1
 be brok5 d[n & irrevocably laid flat on
 ! gr\nd1 =     t is ! direction 9 :i* x
 leans4 ,we confess t :5ev]     w9ds &  
/orms are high1 & we are /&+ at our duty
 9 t     "p ( ! *ur* we tremble = our   
fate1 hav+ positive dang]     be=e our  
eyes4  ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 ! rebuild+ (   
all ! upp] "p ( ! c5tral t[] 0 comm5c$ &
 cont9u$ = "s ye>s4 ,x 0 n complete 9   
#adgd :5 ,ri*>d ,bell 0 prior1 z 9 a    

lett] writt5 at ! "t he m5tions !       
re$ificacion ( our /eeple1 begun b nogt 
fyny%$1 9 defaulte ( goods1 z ,god      
kn[e?4 ,x is !re=e mo/ probable t ! upp]
 portion 0 n complet$ until t[>ds !     
close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4  ,we h n[     
rea*$ a p]iod :5 ! glories ( ,go?ic     
ar*itecture 7 fad+1 dur+ :i* _m ( our   
f9e/ *ur*es suff]$ consid]ably4 ,durham 
is no exception to ! rule1 & we f9d dur+
 ! next two c5turies a long record (    
de/ruction & s-call$ improvem5t4 ,?is1  
p]haps1 rea*$ its wor/ /age dur+ ! "t ( 
,wyatt1 :o 9 #agif pull$ d[n !          
magnific5t ,norman *apt]-h\se4 ,dur+ !  
la/ decade1 h[ev]1 ?is has be5          
completely rebuilt f z ne>ly z possible 
! orig9al design4 ,wyatt also rebuilt ! 
turrets on ! ea/]n transept or ,n9e     
,alt> ,*apel f 8 own design1 & remov$ ! 
great ,e>ly ,engli% rose w9d[ 9 ! ea/   
end & replac$ x by ! pres5t "o4 ,!      
orig9al /a9$ glass 0 tak5 out ( all !   
w9d[s ( ! ea/ end1 & ,ra9e1 9 8 hi/ory1 
tells u t x lay = a long "t aft]w>ds 9  

baskets ^u ! floor1 & :5 ! great] "p ( x
 _h be5 purlo9$1 ! rema9d] 0 lock$ up 9 
! ,galilee4444 ,at a /ill lat] p]iod1   
ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 portions ( x 7    
plac$ 9 ! great r\nd w9d[1 & ! re/ /ill 
rema9s unappropriat$4 ,?is 0 writt5 9   
#ahcc4 ,x is also on record t ,wyatt =m$
 a s*eme to re-op5 ! great we/]n doorway
 ( ! ca!dral by ! pull+ d[n ( ! ,galilee
 ,*apel1 f :i* he int5d$ con/ruct+ a    
c>riage-drive to ! ca/le4 ,?is          
abom9ation 0 actually comm5c$ :5 ,dean  
,cornwallis arriv$1 & he1 ) ! assi/ance 
( ,john ,c>t]1 & ! ,society (           
,antiqu>ies1 0 =tunately able to put a  
/op to x4 ,?us 0 ?is beautiful & unique 
specim5 ( ,transitional ,norman         
ar*itecture pres]v$ to u4  ,wyatt       
contemplat$ sev]al o!r improvem5ts ( a  
simil> "*1 "o ( :i* 0 ! surm\nt+ ( !    
c5tral t[] by a spire1 b =tunately he 0 
n all[$ to c>ry !m out4  ,dur+ ! pres5t 
c5tury _m re/orations h be5 made1 ( :i* 
we w m5tion only ! mo/ notable3--,!     
c5tral t[] 0 re/or$ by ,sir ,gilb]t     

,scott 9 #ahei4  ,dur+ #ahgj to #ahgf   
ext5sive int]nal alt]ations 7 made4 ,a  
new *oir scre5 & pulpit 7 erect$1 !     
floor ( ! *oir laid 9 m>ble mosaic1 !   
*oir /alls return$ to _! orig9al        
positions1 & ! walls ( ! *ur* scrap$ 9  
ord] to cle> !m f ! _m coats ( lime &   
di/emp] :i* lay on !m4  ,illu/ration3 ,!
 ,we/ ,end 7f an ,old ,pr9t74  ,!       
,norman *apt]-h\se has lately be5 re/or$
 & 9 great "p rebuilt z a memorial to ! 
late ,bi%op ,lightfoot4                 
,illu/ration3 ,! ,ext]ior1 ,f ,palace   
,gre54  ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,description ,,( 
,,! ,,ext]ior   ,approa*+ ! ,ca!dral    
,*ur* ( ,durham f ! nor? by ! l>ge op5  
space betwe5 x & ! ,ca/le1 kn[n z !     
,palace ,gre51 we obta9 a complete      
elevation ( ! :ole /ructure4 ,!re is    
little room to d\bt1 ?\gh ! details     
naturally v>y ) ! date ( erection1 t !  
orig9al plan ( ,c>ileph's *ur* has be5  
c>ri$ out 9 its entirety1 ) two         
exceptions4 ,^! are ! addition ( ! ea/]n
 transept or n9e alt> *apel at ! ea/1 & 

! ,galilee or ,lady ,*apel at ! we/ end4
 ,! entire l5g? ( ! build+1 n includ+ ! 
,galilee *apel1 is #dca feet1 :i* is    
made up z foll[s3--,n9e alt> *apel #ea  
feet1 ! *oir #abj feet1 ! transept #eg  
feet1 & ! nave #bjc feet4  ,! ,we/]n    
,t[]s are squ>e & solid1 & 7 evid5tly   
includ$ 9 ,c>ileph's own s*eme1 z ! wall
 arcades on bo? ! int]ior & ext]ior are 
c>ri$ r\nd !m4 ,! ,norman "w is cont9u$ 
z f> z ! nave ro(1 & x is extremely     
probable t !y 7 orig9ally t]m9at$ at ?is
 height1 9 accordance ) ! ,norman cu/om1
 ) l[ pyramidal spires1 probably ( wood4
 ,exactly at :at date !y 7 rais$ is n on
 record1 b ! /yle ( ar*itecture ( ! upp]
 portion sugge/s ! e>ly "p ( ! ?irte5?  
c5tury4 ,! add$ portion1 namely t above 
! cl]e/ory1 consi/s ( f\r /ages1 & is   
beautifully v>i$ by m\ld$ arcad+1 ) bl9d
 & op5 ar*es4 ,! fir/ & ?ird /ages h    
po9t$ ar*es1 :ile ^? ( ! second & f\r?  
are r\nd4 ,above ?is aga9 7 tall wood5  
spires cov]$ ) lead4 ,^! 7 remov$ ab\t !
 ye> #afeg1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5?

 c5tury ! pres5t p9nacles & op5 p>apets 
7 add$4 ,at ?is "t1 also1 mu* ( !       
surface ( ! t[]s 0 r5ew$4  ,! ,c5tral   
,t[]4--,! pres5t c5tral t[] is noble 9  
proportion1 & =ms a fitt+ & h>moni\s    
summit to ! :ole gr\p4 ,x mu/ ne$s be ( 
a v diff]5t "* f ! old ,norman t[]1 (   
:i* no trace n[ rema9s2 & 0 mo/ probably
 ( ! usual type1 l[ & squ>e1 & surm\nt$ 
by a %ort pyramidal spire4 ,! exi/+     
/ructure may be attribut$ to ,bi%op     
,boo? & ,prior ,ri*>d ,bell1 ab\t #adgd1
 :5 ! lett] previ\sly quot$ 0 writt54   
,ext]nally ! t[] is divid$ into two     
/oreys4 ,! l[] portion conta9s1 on ea*  
side1 a pair ( two-light w9d[s1 glaz$1  
ea* divid$ by a transom1 & _! heads hav+
 an ogee label crocket$ & f9i%$ ) a tall
 f9ial also crocket$4 ,betwe5 & on ei!r 
side ( ^! w9d[s are panell$ pila/]s &   
brackets c>ry+ figures4 ,! l[] & upp]   
/ages are divid$ by a n>r[ ext]nal      
gall]y runn+ r\nd ! t[]1 & protect$ by a
 pi]c$1 embattl$ p>apet4 ,?is is kn[n z 
! ,bell ,r+]s' ,gall]y1 & c]ta9ly adds  

greatly to ! effect ( ! t[] z a :ole4 ,!
 upp] /age1 :i* is mu* less l(ty1 has   
also two two-light w9d[s on ea* face1   
surm\nt$ by crocket$ ogee label m\ld+s &
 f9ials4 ,^! lights are l\vr$4 ,! :ole  
is surm\nt$ by a deep op5-"w p>apet4 ,on
 ea* angle ( ! t[] are two buttresses1  
:i* are decorat$ ) panell+ & canopi$ &  
crocket$ ni*es conta9+ figures4 ,!      
int]ior ( ! t[] or lant]n is rem>kable =
 ! gall]y :i* runs r\nd x1 :i* is rea*$ 
f ! ro(s ( ! nave & *oir transepts by   
doors4 ,x re/s on corbels1 ea* alt]nate 
"o be+ c>v$ ) grotesque heads1 & is     
protect$ by a p>apet pi]c$ 9            
quatrefoils4 ,! f\r doorways are        
ogee-head$1 ) crockets & f9ials4 ,!re is
 /rong evid5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( !      
pres5t t[] t x 0 ! orig9al int5tion to  
surm\nt x by "s o!r erection1 probably a
 spire4 ,ea* int]ior angle conta9s /rong
 & massive squ9*es :i* are ( no         
con/ructive use at pres5t1 & mu/ h be5  
orig9ally ins]t$ to c>ry "s             
sup]/ructure4 ,! buttresses at ! angles 

are also c>ri$ up to ! p>apet1 :i* w\ld 
seem to po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,:y  
?is project 0 nev] c>ri$ out _c be said1
 b probably x w\ld n h add$ to ! arti/ic
 effect ( ! t[]4 ,! belfry conta9s a    
peal ( eight bells4  ,illu/ration3 ,!   
,c5tral ,t[]4  ,! ,ea/ ,front4--,!      
circum/ances :i* l$ to ! removal (      
,c>ileph's apses & ! erection ( ! ea/]n 
transept h already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,!    
pres5t ea/ end is divid$ into ?ree bays 
by massive buttresses1 ea* ( :i* conta9s
 ?ree l(ty lancet w9d[s sep>at$ by      
small] buttresses4 ,ov] all1 & 9 !      
gable1 is ! fam\s l>ge rose w9d[4 ,!    
nor? & s\? ends ( ! transept are f9i%$ )
 ! tall pyramidal p9nacles erect$ by    
,wyatt4  ,! ,we/ ,front ( ,durham has1  
curi\sly en\gh1 also lo/ its orig9al "*4
 ,! we/]n doorway ( ! ca!dral is hidd5  
on ! ext]ior by ! ,galilee or ,lady     
,*apel1 :i* 0 add$ by ,pudsey 9 #aage4  
,above ! ,galilee ro( is ! l>ge w9d[    
ins]t$ ab\t ! ye> #acdf1 :ile ,john     
,fossor 0 prior4 ,! po9t$ ar* ( ?is w9d[

 has ov] x1 on ! ext]ior1 ! orig9al     
great semi-circul> ar*4 ,above ?is aga91
 & betwe5 ! two flank+ we/]n t[]s1 is a 
small gable4 ,! we/ end ( ! ca!dral1 :5 
se5 f ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 is      
extremely picturesque4 ,! project+ mass 
( ! ,galilee1 ! we/]n t[]s1 ! =e%ort5$  
nave ro(1 & ! maje/ic c5tral t[] beh9d &
 above1 =m a gr\p ( high & r>e          
excell5ce4  ,! ,nor? ,door is n[ !      
pr9cipal entrance to ! ca!dral4         
,ext]nally ! pres5t por* is ! "w (      
,wyatt4 ,! fir/ por* 0 ,norman1 ( f\r   
ord]s dep?1 ) deta*$ %afts 9 ! recesses4
 ,above ?is 0 a high-pit*$ gable & ro(1 
! front be+ ornam5t$ ) a                
semi-circul>-head$ wall arcad+4 ,! inn] 
side ( ! doorway is ( two ord]s only1 & 
is probably ! only rema9+ portion ( !   
orig9al4 ,! out] %aft is left pla91 :ile
 ! inn] "o1 9 ea* case1 is mo/          
elaborately c>v$4 ,! capitals are all   
c>v$1 & ! ar* m\lds ri*ly ornam5t$ )    
*evrons1 foliage1 & loz5ges1 z well z _m
 curi\s figure subjects4 ,:ile exam9+   

?is doorway1 notice %\ld be tak5 ( !    
ironwork ( ! door itself1 & p>ticul>ly (
 ! sanctu>y knock]4 ,9 m$ival times all 
*ur*es af=d$ sanctu>y to wrong-do]s1 b  
at places :]e ! %r9es ( sa9ts exi/$ !   
sanctu>y privileges 7 mu* great]4       
,durham be+ "o ( ^!1 !re are _m curi\s  
cases on record ( p]sons claim+ !       
privilege1 & protection f ! secul> law4 
,! e>lie/ in/ance1 ( :i* any record has 
be5 kept1 ( sanctu>y be+ claim$ at !    
%r9e ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t is dur+ ! episcopate 
( ,cynewulf1 :o 0 bi%op f #gdj to #gdh1 
& ! la/ record$ 0 9 #aebd4 ,crim9als    
claim+ sanctu>y 7 admitt$ by two        
janitors1 :o occupi$ two small *amb]s   
ov] ! doorway1 traces ( :i* may /ill be 
obs]v$4 ,! knock] itself1 z may be se5 f
 ! illu/ration1 is a great grotesque    
head1 made ( bronze1 & hang+ f its gr9n+
 m\? is a r+4 ,orig9ally1 !re is no     
d\bt1 ! eyes 7 fill$ ) cry/als or       
enamel1 z small claw-l pieces ( bronze  
rema9 by :i* ! fill+ 0 atta*$4 ,! age ( 
?is piece ( "w is probably ! same z t ( 

! doorway itself4  ,illu/ration3 ,detail
 ,( ,ironwork4  ,illu/ration3 ,!        
,sanctu>y ,knock]4  ,illu/ration3       
,ironwork ,on ,doors ( ,cloi/]s4  ,!    
,s\? ,doorways4--,!re are two doorways  
into ! s\? aisle1 "o1 kn[n z ! ,monks'  
,door1 op5+ f ! we/]n portion ( !       
cloi/]s & imm$iately opposite ! nor?    
por* j describ$4 ,on ! cloi/] side ?is  
%[s a ,norman ar* re/+ on d\ble %afts1  
:i* are enri*$ ) a loz5ge patt]n4 ,on ! 
inn] or aisle side !re are two ord]s1 ) 
%afts 9 ! recesses1 :i* are also        
decorat$ ) ! loz5ge4 ,! inn] ar* is c>v$
 ) *evrons1 & ! out] ) conv5tional      
foliage & m$allions4 ,! capitals are    
ri*ly c>v$ ) foliage & grotesques4 ,on !
 abacus & ar* ( ?is doorway occurs a    
leaf patt]n /rongly sugge/+ ! ,byzant9e 
influ5ce :i* at "o "t 0 f\nd 9 ,norman  
decoration4 ,"h aga91 on ! door itself1 
we h a f9e specim5 ( v elaborate &      
*>act]i/ic ,norman iron-"w4 ,! second1  
kn[n z ! ,priors' ,door1 op5s into ! s\?
 aisle f ! ea/]n alley ( ! cloi/]1 is   

also ,norman4 ,! out] or cloi/] side is 
( ! "t ( ,bi%op ,pudsey1 & has an ar* ( 
f\r ord]s1 ) ?ree %afts 9 ! recesses on 
ei!r side4 ,its once elaborate sculpture
 is n[ mu* decay$1 n en\gh rema9+ to    
sugge/ t 9 its orig9al /ate ?is doorway 
mu/ h be5 a noble specim5 ( !           
ar*itectural design ( its p]iod4 ,on !  
inn] side x exhibits "w ( ,c>ileph's "t1
 ) an e>ly ar*1 cu%ion capitals1 &      
%afts4  ,illu/ration3 ,ornam5t ,on ,s\? 
,doorway4  ,! ,we/]n ,doorway4--,!      
ext]ior ( ?is great doorway is n[ )9 !  
,galilee *apel4 ,x 0 built by ,flamb>d  
7#ajii-aabh71 & is comp>atively pla94   
,on ! ,galilee side x consi/s ( an ar* (
 f\r ord]s ornam5t$ ) *evrons4 ,! inn]  
face is v simil> to ! out]1 b is %all[]1
 hav+ only two ord]s4 ,! %afts &        
capitals are )\t decoration1 & ! ar*    
ornam5t$ ) *evron & a leaf patt]n )     
m$allions c>v$ ) grotesque animals4 ,9  
ord] to reop5 ?is doorway & make a      
c>riage road up to x1 ,wyatt propos$    
pull+ d[n ! ,galilee *apel4             

,illu/ration3 ,! ,cloi/]4  ,! ,cloi/]   
occupies a l>ge op5 space1 b\nd$ on !   
s\?1 ea/1 & we/ by ! v>i\s mona/ic      
build+s1 & on ! nor? by ! ca!dral       
itself4 ,! exi/+ cloi/] 0 comm5c$ dur+ !
 "t ( ,bi%op ,skirlaw 7#achh to #adjf71 
& 0 complet$ by ,c>d9al ,langley 7:o    
held ! see f #adjf till #adch71 probably
 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 episcopate4 ,!        
contracts 7! fir/ dat$ #acih7 = build+ !
 cloi/] are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! treasury4  
,we are indebt$ to ,bi%op ,skirlaw = _! 
v exi/5ce1 z x is record$ t he          
contribut$ sums ( money = ?is purpose1  
bo? dur+ 8 life & by 8 w4 ,! cloi/]1 z  
se5 to-day1 has be5 v mu* alt]$ &       
re/or$1 & probably ! only orig9al       
feature rema9+ is ! f9e oak5 ceil+4 ,?is
 is panell$1 & m\ld$1 & decorat$ )      
%ields1 ^u :i* are pa9t$ & gild$ v>i\s  
coats ( arms4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! cloi/] g>? 
are ! rema9s ( :at 0 ! monks' lavatory4 
,x 0 erect$ 9 ! ye>s #adcb & #adcc1 & 0 
( octagonal %ape4 ,"s ( ! /one = its    
con/ruction 0 br\ght f                  

,eggle/one-on-,tees1 on paym5t ( r5t to 
! abbot ( t place to qu>ry x4 ,x is said
 to h _h tw5ty-f\r brass sp\ts1 sev5    
w9d[s1 & 9 its upp] /orey a dovecote1 ! 
ro( ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) lead4  ,!re is no   
d\bt t !re 0 a cloi/] atta*$ to !       
mona/]y 9 its e>ly days1 b ( ?is no     
trace rema9s4 ,x is also probable t "o 0
 erect$ by ,bi%op ,pudsey1 ?\gh ?is also
 has entirely vani%$1 unless 7z sugge/$ 
by ,canon ,gre5well7 "s m>ks ( a lean-to
 ro( on ! nor? & ea/ walls may be traces
 ( its pres5ce4 ,9 ! we/]n alley ( !    
cloi/] is ! old treasury1 ri* 9 records1
 & ! ve/ries = canons1 k+'s s*ol>s1 &   
*ori/]s4 ,! alley op5s at ! end into :at
 is n[ call$ ! crypt 7see p4 #he74 ,?is 
0 und\bt$ly ! common hall ( ! monks4 ,x 
is a spaci\s /one-vault$ *amb]4 ,!      
columns are l[ & massive1 ) simple m\ld$
 caps1 f :i* ! *amf]$ vault+ ribs       
div]ge4 ,ov] ! hall or crypt is !       
dormitory1 :i* = a long "t =m$ "p ( a   
resid5ce atta*$ to "o ( ! /alls4 ,x is  
n[1 h[ev]1 us$ z a libr>y4 ,x occupies !

 :ole ( ! we/]n side ( ! cloi/]1 & is   
#aid feet long4 ,x 0 orig9ally          
subdivid$1 by wood5 p>titions1 into     
sep>ate sleep+-rooms = ea* monk4 ,its   
massive ro( ( oak is wor?y ( att5tion1 !
 tree trunks be+ m]ely r\ghly squ>$ ) an
 axe 7see p4 #ii74  ,9 ! s\? alley 0 !  
refectory & ! monks' common d9+-hall4 ,!
 orig9al build+ is n[ entirely alt]$1   
?\gh !re rema9s b5ea? x a v e>ly crypt1 
) pla91 %ort squ>e pi]s1 & a simple     
quadrip>tite vault )\t ribs4 ,ano!r     
portion is cov]$ by a wagon-head vault4 
,:e!r ! orig9al refectory 0 ( simil>    
ar*itectural "* x is n[ impossible to   
say1 z1 :atev] x may h be51 x 0 remov$  
e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury & rebuilt1 &    
aft] ! dissolution ( ! mona/]y 0 us$ by 
! ,m9or ,canons ( ! *ur* z a common     
hall4 ,x seems to h fall5 into a bad    
/ate ( repair1 & 0 aga9 entirely        
recon/ruct$ by ,dean ,sudbury           
7#affa-afhd71 :o 0 elect$ to t (fice    
imm$iately aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,he      
conv]t$ x into a libr>y1 to :i* use x is

 /ill put4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is build+1 giv5 
9 ! ,antiquities ( ,durham1 is (        
suffici5t int]e/ to be> quotation4      
,9 ! ,s\? ,alley ( ! ,cloy/]s1 says our 
au?ority1 is a     l>ge ,hall1 call$ !  
,frat]-h\se1 f9ely wa9scott$ on !       
,nor? & ,s\? sides2 & 9 ! ,we/ & ne!r   
,"p     !re(1 is a long ,b5* ( ,/one 9  
,mason-"w1 f ! ,cell>     ,door to !    
,pantry or ,cove ,door3 ,above ! ,b5* is
 ,wa9scot ,"w     two ,y>ds & a ,half   
high1 f9ely c>v$1 & set ) imboss'd ,"w  
9 ,wa9scot1 & gild$ "u ! c>v$ ,"w4      
,above ! ,wa9scot     0 a l>ge ,picture 
( our ,savi\r ,*ri/1 ! bless$ ,virg9    
,m>y1 & ,s4 ,john1 9 f9e gilt ,"w1 & mo/
 excell5t     ,col\rs2 :i* ,pictures    
hav+ be5 wa%$ ov] ) ,lime did long      
appe> ?r\gh x4 ,?is ,wa9scot _h engrav5 
on ! ,top ( x1     ,?omas ,ca/ell1      
,prior1 ,anno ,dom9i1 #aeah ,m5sis      
,julij4 ,:5ce x     is manife/ t ,prior 
,ca/ell wa9scott$ ! ,frat]-h\se r\nd    
ab\t4      ,)9 ! ,frat]-h\se ,door1 on !
 ,left ,h& at ent]+1 is a     /rong     

,alm]y 9 ! ,wall1 :]e9 a great ,maz]1   
call$ ! ,grace     ,cup1 /ood1 :i* e day
 s]v$ ! ,monks aft] ,grace1 to dr9k     
out ( r\nd ! ,table2 :i* cup 0 f9ely    
edg$ ab\t )     ,silv]1 & d\ble ,gilt4  
,9 ! same place 7 kept _m l>ge &        
great ,maz]s ( ! same sort4444 ,e ,monk 
_h 8 ,maz] sev]ally     by himself to   
dr9k 91 & _h all o!r ,?+s t s]v$ !      
:ole ,conv5t1 & ! ,frat]-h\se 9 _! daily
 ,s]vice1 at _!     ,diet1 & at _!      
,table4444 ,at ^! ,times 7at meals7 !   
,ma/]     obs]v$ ^! :olesom & godly     
,ord]s1 = ! cont9ual     in/ruction ( _!
 ,y\? 9 ,virtue & ,le>n+2 t is1 "o (    
! ,novices appo9t$ by ! ,ma/]1 read "s  
,"p ( ! ,old &     ,new ,te/am5t 9      
,lat91 dur+ ,d9n]1 hav+ a conv5i5t place
 at     ! ,s\? ,end ( ! ,high ,table1 )9
 a beautiful ,glass ,w9d[1              
encompass'd ) ,iron1 & c]ta9 ,/one      
,/eps1 ) ,iron ,rails to     g up to an 
,iron ,desk1 :]eon lay ! ,holy          
,bible4444      ,?is ,fabrick reta9$ !  
,"n ( ! ,petty ,canons' ,hall till ,dr  

,sudbury1 ,dean ( ! ,ca!dral1 g5]\sly   
erect$ a beautiful     ,libr>y 9 its    
,place2 b he n liv+ to f9i% x           
compleatly1 did     by 7a clause7 9 8   
,la/ ,w1 b9d 8 ,heir1 ,sir ,john        
,sudbury1     to ! due ,execution !re(4 
,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,cu?b]t's ,*e/4  ,!   
cont5ts ( ! libr>y are bo? num]\s &     
int]e/+4 ,!re are sev]al ?\s&s (        
volumes1 _m ( !m be+ r>e & valuable4    
,num]\s anci5t illum9at$ ,,mss41 among  
:i* is a copy ( ! ,gospels ( ,s4 ,m>k1  
,s4 ,luke1 & ,s4 ,john1 writt5 be=e !   
ye> #gjj2 & sev]al books giv5 by ,bi%ops
 ,c>ileph & ,pudsey4 ,among ! latt] is a
 ,bible1 9 f\r volumes1 9 its orig9al   
/amp$ lea!r b9d+4 ,a collection ( anci5t
 copes belong+ to ! ca!dral1 & ! rema9s 
( ! robes ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 & o!r relics   
tak5 f 8 c(f9 :5 x 0 exhum$1 9 #ahbg1   
may also be se5 "h4 ,num]\s specim5s (  
,roman alt>s1 tablets1 & sculptur$      
/ones1 f v>i\s ,roman /ations 9 ,durham 
& ,nor?umb]l&1 notably f ,hexham1 are   
pres]v$ 9 ?is libr>y1 :i* is op5 to !   

public on ,tuesday & ,friday 9 ea* week 
f elev5 to "o4 ,! room is f9ely         
proportion$1 & has a magnific5t op5     
timb] ro(4  ,illu/ration3 ,!            
,*apt]-,h\se4  ,! ,*apt]-,h\se op5s ^u !
 ea/]n alley ( ! cloi/]4 ,! pres5t      
build+ is a v rec5t re/oration ( !      
orig9al1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to h be5 !    
f9e/ exi/+ ,norman *apt]-h\se rema9+ 9  
,engl&4 ,x 0 erect$1 or m probably      
complet$1 dur+ ! "t ( ,bi%op ,galfrid   
,rufus 7#aacc-aadj71 & 0 9 exi/5ce until
 #agif1 dur+ ! episcopate ( ,bi%op      
,b>r+ton4 ,at t "t x 0 almo/ totally    
de/roy$1 on ! advice ( ,wyatt1 :o       
report$ to ! *apt] t x 0 9 a ru9\s /ate4
 ,! tru? ( ?is report is d\btful1 b !   
p>tial demolition ( ! build+ 0 ord]$ 9  
,novemb] #agie1 & also ! con/ruction ( a
 new room on ! site4 ,! "w ( de/ruction 
0 begun by knock+ out ! key/ones ( !    
vault+ & all[+ ! ro( to fall 94 ,! ea/]n
 half ( ! build+ 0 !n altoge!r remov$1 &
 ! rema9+ portion enclos$ by a wall4    
,its int]ior 0 fac$ ) la? & pla/]1 a    

pla/] ceil+ & a bo>d$ floor be+ add$4   
,=tunately au!ntic records ( its orig9al
 appe>ance1 bo? ext]ior & int]ior1 are 9
 exi/5ce4 ,!y are ! draw+s made = !     
,society ( ,antiqu>ies by ,john ,c>t] 9 
#agie4 ,its dim5sions 7 #gh by #ce feet2
 ! ea/ end be+ apsidal & ! ro( a vault (
 "o span4 ,r\nd ! wall ( ! int]ior ran a
 /one b5* rais$ on two /eps1 :i* 0      
surm\nt$1 except at ! we/ end1 by a wall
 arcade1 ( r\nd-head$ int]sect+ ar*es1  
simil> to t 9 ! aisles ( ! ca!dral1 b ) 
s+le in/ead ( d\ble %afts4 ,above !     
arcade 0 a /r+ c\rse c>v$ ) zig-zag     
ornam5t4 ,! entrance 0 f ! we/ end1 & ! 
ea/ end 0 occupi$ by two seats1 "o = !  
bi%op & "o = ! prior4 ,9 ! apse 7 five  
?ree-light w9d[s ( ! ,decorat$ p]iod1 & 
above ! we/]n door a five-light         
,p]p5dicul> w9d[1 :i* conta9$ col\r$    
glass1 illu/rat+ ! ,root ( ,jesse4 ,on  
ei!r side ( ?is 0 a w9d[ ( two lights1  
divid$ by a %aft & enclos$ "u "o ar*1   
c>v$ ) *evron ornam5t4 ,!re 0 also a    
r\nd-head$ ,norman w9d[ 9 ea* ( ! nor? &

 s\? walls4 ,a doorway 9 ! s\? wall l$  
to ?ree *amb]s1 "o l>g]1 & two small]1  
:i* are /at$ 9 ! ,rites ( ,durham to h  
be5 us$ z a prison = ! monks4 ,!        
*apt]-h\se 0 us$ 9 e>ly times z a       
burial-place = ! bi%ops1 & _m ( _!      
graves ) inscriptions 7 9 exi/5ce       
previ\s to ! demolition ( #agif4 ,dur+  
excavations 9 #ahgd1 ! graves ( ,bi%ops 
,flamb>d1 ,galfrid ,rufus1 ,s4 ,b>b>a1  
de ,insula1 & ,kellaw 7 op5$1 :5 v>i\s  
r+s & ! head ( a crozi] 7 discov]$ &    
remov$ to ! dean & *apt] libr>y4  ,!    
*apt]-h\se has n[ be5 entirely re/or$ z 
a memorial to ! late ,bi%op ,lightfoot4 
,! ,nor!rn ,alley ( ! ,cloi/]1 runn+    
along ! s\? wall ( ! *ur*1 conta9s      
little ( int]e/1 except ! two doorways  
previ\sly describ$4  ,! effect ( !      
cloi/] z a :ole1 9 its orig9al          
condition1 ) ! w9d[s glaz$1 _m conta9+  
f9e /a9$ glass1 ! oak ro( ) its h]aldry 
& col\r1 & ! lavatory 9 ! c5tre ( ! g>?1
 mu/ h be5 exceptionally f9e4           
,illu/ration3 ,! ,ext]ior1 f ! ,s\?-ea/4

  ,a sculptur$ panel on ! nor?-we/      
turret ( ! ,n9e ,alt> ,*apel is n[ kn[n 
z ! ,dun ,c[4 ,! orig9al sculpture 0    
replac$ 9 ! la/ c5tury by ! exi/+ panel1
 b ! leg5d connect$ ) x is int]e/+4     
,aft] _! flight f ,*e/]-le-,/reet1 !    
monks1 be>+ ! body ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 rema9$
 "s "t at ,ripon4 ,:ile try+ to return  
to ,*e/]-le-,/reet1 at a place call$    
,w>dlaw1 ! c(f9 /uck fa/1 & rema9$      
absolutely fix$4 ,a fa/ ( ?ree days 0   
proclaim$ & kept1 :5 x 0 reveal$ to !m t
 !y 7 to c>ry _! sa9t to ,dunholme4     
,/ill !y 7 9 difficulties1 n kn[+ :]e   
,dunholme 01 b =tune1 or ,provid5ce1    
aga9 fav\r$ !m4 ,a woman1 :o _h lo/ a   
c[1 pass$1 call+ to a companion to      
inquire if %e _h se5 ! animal4 ,! reply 
0 t h] c[ 0 9 ,dunholme2 &1 to ! relief 
( ! monks1 !y & _! preci\s *>ge soon    
safely arriv$ !re4 ,9 grateful          
commemoration ( ! incid5t ,flamb>d      
erect$ ?is monum5t ( a milkmaid & h] c[4
 7,see p4 #i47  ,! ext]ior ( ,durham    
,ca!dral z a :ole may at fir/ sight be  

disappo9t+ to ! visitor4 ,se5 f a ne>   
view !re is a c]ta9 flatness ( effect & 
want ( light & %ade :i* is1 p]haps1     
slightly unpleasant4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1    
l>gely attributable to ! scal+ & scrap+ 
process to :i* ! build+ 0 subject$ dur+ 
! la/ c5tury1 :5 "s in*es ( ! out]      
surface ( ! /one1 & ) x mu* ar*itectural
 detail1 7 remov$4 ,! result is !       
flatness previ\sly allud$ to1 & a g5]al 
newness ( appe>ance p]vades ! /ructure4 
,se51 h[ev]1 f a di/ance1 :]e only !    
f9ely-gr\p$ & proportion$ masses (      
masonry1 t[]s1 & turrets /& aga9/ ! sky1
 ! result is magnific5t1 giv+ an        
impression ( gr&eur & dignity unsurpass$
 by any o!r ,engli% ca!dral4            
,illu/ration3 ,! ,nave1 look+ ,we/4     
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,description ,,( ,,!    
,,int]ior   ,if ! ext]ior ( ,durham is 9
 any way disappo9t+1 ! int]ior m ?an    
comp5sates = its %ortcom+s4 ,! g5]al    
impression on ent]+ ! *ur* is "o (      
simple dignity & solemnity4 ,! great    
massiv5ess ( ! /ructure & abs5ce (      

elaborate ornam5t no d\bt contribute to 
?is feel+4 ,! pi\s build]s ( old h      
c]ta9ly contriv$ to /amp on _! "w _! own
 feel+ ( awe 9 ! pres5ce ( !            
,all-,p[]ful & ,et]nal ,god4 ,:atev] has
 be5 lo/ ?r\gh v&alism & ! re/or]1 ?is  
rema9s unalt]$4 ,! g5]al design ( !     
*ur*1 exclusive ( detail1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 
*ang$ & develop$ ) ! progress ( ,go?ic  
art1 has und\bt$ly be5 c>ri$ out on !   
plan int5d$ by ,bi%op ,c>ileph1 ! only  
important v>iation be+ ! addition ( !   
transept at ! ea/ end1 kn[n z ! ,n9e    
,alt>s ,*apel4 ,! orig9al plan consi/s (
 a nave & aisles1 transepts ) aisles on 
_! ea/]n side1 a *oir also ) aisles1 & !
 ?ree apses ( ! ea/ end1 ) a c5tral t[] 
ov] ! junction ( transepts1 nave1 &     
*oir1 & t[]s flank+ ! we/ end4          
,illu/ration3 ,"o ,bay ,( ,! ,nave      
7,measur$ ,draw+74  ,ea* bay ( ! ,nave  
is divid$ into two sub-bays4 ,! ma9 bays
 h massive pi]s ) engag$ %afts on !     
recess$ faces4 ,! bases ( ^! are cruci=m
 9 plan1 ?\gh ! arms ( ! cross are v    

%ort4 ,at ! height ( ! spr++ ( ! ar* !  
%afts are surm\nt$ by pla9 cu%ion       
capitals4 ,! division into sub-bays is  
effect$ by ! introduction midway ( a    
massive r\nd column on a squ>e base4 ,^!
 columns are ornam5t$ 9 v>i\s ways1 by  
*annels cut on ! face4 ,"s take ! =m ( a
 zig-zag1 "s a spiral1 o!rs a spiral 9  
two directions1 =m+ a trellis-l patt]n1 
& o!rs aga9 are re$$ v]tically4 ,_!     
capitals are octagonal cu%ions4 ,! ar*es
 ( ! sub-bays are recess$ squ>e1 ) !    
usual ,norman roll m\ld+1 decorat$ )    
*evrons1 & on ! wall face a squ>e       
billet4 ,! *evron ornam5t is abs5t 9 !  
e>li] "w 9 ! *oir & transepts4 ,!       
tri=ium is almo/ uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole   
*ur*4 ,9 ea* sub-bay x consi/s ( two    
small ar*es "u "o l>g] "o1 ) ! tympanum 
solid4 ,"h also ! capitals are cu%ions &
 p]fectly pla94  ,illu/ration3 ,tri=ium 
& ,cl]e/ory4  ,above ! tri=ium is !     
cl]e/ory1 :i* conta9s "o light to ea*   
sub-bay1 & surm\nt+ all is ! vault+1 :i*
 spr+s f ! pi]s & f grotesquely c>v$    

corbels betwe5 ! tri=ium ar*es4 ,!      
vault+ ribs are ornam5t$ ) *evrons on   
ei!r side ( a bold semi-circul> m\ld+4  
,s mu* = ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! bays4   
,"s idea ( ! massiv5ess ( ! /ructures   
may be ga!r$ :5 x is kn[n t ea* gr\p ( !
 clu/]$ pill>s sep>at+ ! bays cov]s an  
area ( two hundr$ & tw5ty-five squ>e    
feet at its base1 :ile ^? ( ! cyl9drical
 columns ( ! sub-bays are twelve feet   
squ>e1 & ! columns !mselves h a         
circumf]5ce ( ov] tw5ty-?ree feet4 ,!re 
is little room to d\bt t ! effect obta9$
 by ! old build]s ( ,durham 0           
int5tional4 ,! ma/]ly way 9 :i* great   
masses ( solid masonry1 great] ?an 0    
con/ructively necess>y1 are h&l$1 & !   
retic5ce & delicacy ( ! ornam5t comb9e  
to prove ?is4 ,!re is 9 ! :ole s*eme a  
delightful union ( great p[] & vig\r 9 !
 masses1 & ( t5d]ness & lov+ c>e 9 !    
detail4  ,! ,*oir is ! e>lie/ "p ( !    
*ur*4 ,its two we/]n bays %[ ,c>ileph's 
"w1 b ! ea/]n pi]s h be5 consid]ably    
alt]$ ow+ to ! addition at a lat] p]iod 

( ! ea/]n transept1 :5 ,c>ileph's apses 
7 tak5 d[n4 ,?is bay conta9s "s v ri* & 
beautiful detail4 ,! pi]s on ei!r side (
 ! *oir are decorat$ ) arcades1 ! l[]   
/age hav+ six ar*es1 & ! upp] ?ree1 all 
ri*ly c>v$ ) foliage 9 ! caps & hood    
m\lds1 & ) heads & half figures4 ,!re is
 also a squ>e aumbry on ea* pi]4 ,above 
! upp] arcade1 :i* breaks ?r\gh ! level 
( ! tri=ium /r+ c\rse1 :i* is also c>ri$
 r\nd x1 !re is on ea* pi] a figure ( an
 angel b5ea? a canopy4 ,^! are ! only   
two figures rema9+ ( _m :i* =m]ly add$  
to ! beauty ( ! int]ior ( ! *ur*4 ,!    
vault+ ( ! *oir is ?irte5?-c5tury "w1   
quadrip>tite1 ! ribs decorat$ ) dog-too?
 ornam5t & squ>e leaves1 & has f9e      
bosses at ! int]sections ( ! diagonal   
ribs4 ,! *oir ( ,durham is especially   
int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( ar*itecture1 %[+ z 
x does ! ,e>ly ,norman "w ( ,c>ileph1   
comb9$ ) ! ,e>ly ,engli% & ,e>ly        
,decorat$ "w ( ! new] ea/]n portion4    
,on ! s\? side ( ! *oir /&s ! monum5t ( 
,bi%op ,hatfield1 :o direct$ ! see (    

,durham f #acde until #acha4 ,?is       
monum5t is b5ea? ! ,episcopal ,?rone1   
:i* 0 erect$ by ,bi%op ,hatfield        
himself4 ,x consi/s ( an alt> tomb      
surm\nt$ by a recumb5t effigy ( ! bi%op1
 9 ri*ly-work$ robes1 b5ea? a canopy1   
ri*ly gro9$1 ) foliat$ bosses at !      
int]sections ( ! ribs4 ,on ! walls at ! 
ea/ & we/ ends may /ill be se5 ! rema9s 
( fresco pa9t+1 repres5t+ 9 ea* case two
 angels4 ,b5ea? ! /aircase lead+ up to !
 ?rone is a v f9e decorat$ arcade1      
conta9+ sev]al %ields be>+ ! bi%op's &  
o!r arms4 ,! :ole /ructure 0 orig9ally  
ri*ly col\r$ & gild$1 & rema9s ( ?is "w 
c /ill be made out4 ,x is a noble       
specim5 ( ! "w ( its date4  ,imm$iately 
opposite ! tomb ( ,bi%op ,hatfield1 on !
 nor? side ( ! *oir1 ! visitor w notice 
! rec5tly-erect$ memorial to ! late     
,bi%op ,lightfoot4 ,?is is an alt> tomb 
( black & col\r$ m>ble4 ,! sides are    
ornam5t$ ) panels ( ,p]p5dicul> trac]y  
conta9+ %ields4 ,r\nd ! upp] m\ld+s runs
 a ,lat9 inscription 9 brass4 ,! :ole is

 surm\nt$ by a recumb5t figure ( ! bi%op
 9 :ite m>ble1 8 h&s on 8 brea/1 & 8    
feet re/+ aga9/ ?ree books4 ,orig9ally  
design$ by ,sir ,edg> ,boehm1 ,r4,a41 at
 8 dea? ! monum5t 0 complet$ by ,alfr$  
,gilb]t1 ,r4,a4  ,! beautiful alt> scre5
 is usually kn[n z ! ,neville ,scre51 & 
0 erect$ ab\t ! ye> #achj1 ma9ly f      
moneys suppli$ by ,john1 ,"l ,neville ( 
,raby4 ,x spans ! :ole ( ! *oir1 & is   
cont9u$ along ! sides ( ! sacr>ium1 =m+ 
s$ilia ( f\r seats on ei!r side4 ,x is  
pi]c$ by two doors1 :i* lead to ! %r9e (
 ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 imm$iately beh9d ! scre54 
,?\gh v light & graceful 9 appe>ance1 ! 
scre51 z x is at pres5t1 c give !       
behold] little idea ( :at its appe>ance 
mu/ h be5 :5 ea* ( its canopi$ ni*es    
conta9$ a figure agl[ ) gold & col\r4   
,!re 7 orig9ally #ajg ( ^! /atues1 !    
c5tre "o repres5t+ ,our ,lady1 support$ 
on ei!r side by ,s4 ,cu?b]t & ,s4       
,oswald4 ,un=tunately none ( ! figures  
rema9 9 situ4  ,imm$iately 9 front ( !  
/eps ( ! high alt> w be se5 ! matrix ( a

 l>ge brass4 ,x cov]s ! grave (         
,ludovick de ,bellomonte1 ,bi%op (      
,durham f #acah to #accc4 ,! slab1 :i*  
is 9 two pieces1 measures fifte5 feet t5
 in*es by n9e feet sev5 in*es1 & an     
exam9ation w %[ ! brass to h be5 an     
elaborate & sumptu\s composition4       
,un=tunately all ! metal "w has         
disappe>$4  ,! ,/alls1 z !y orig9ally   
exi/$1 7 de/roy$ 9 #afej by ! ,scotti%  
prison]s1 :o 7 kept 9 ! ca!dral aft] !  
battle ( ,dunb>4 ,! pres5t /alls we owe 
to ,bi%op ,cos9 7#affj to #afgb71 & !y  
are rem>kable pieces ( c>v+ = t date4 ,9
 g5]al "* !y imitate ,p]p5dicul> "w1    
?\gh ! details d n adh]e altoge!r to t  
/yle4  ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! *ur* a    
note may be devot$ to ! alt]ations &    
additions made dur+ ! ye>s #ahgj to     
#ahgf4 ,a new scre5 betwe5 ! nave & *oir
 0 !n erect$2 ! *oir floor relaid )     
m>ble mosaic2 ! /alls replac$ 9 _! old  
positions1 & new portions made to       
replace ^? de/roy$ 9 #ahdf4 ,a new      
organ1 pulpit1 & lect]n 7 also add$4  ,!

 new ,*oir ,scre5 is v mu* op5 to       
criticism4 ,?\gh no d\bt beautiful 9    
detail1 & ( excell5t workman%ip1 its    
effect1 z a :ole1 is n pleasant1 :5 se5 
f ! we/ end silh\ett$ aga9/ ! light ( ! 
*oir4 ,a scre5 previ\sly exi/$ 9 ?is    
position erect$ by ,bi%op ,cos94 ,?is 0 
remov$ 9 #ahdf1 ) ! idea ( improv+ !    
appe>ance ( ! *ur* f ! we/ end by obta9+
 a vi/a ?r\gh to ! ,neville scre5 & rose
 w9d[ ( ! ea/]n transept4 ,! effect     
seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 disappo9t+1 h5ce 
! erection ( ! pres5t scre51 :i* may or 
may n h improv$ matt]s4 ,9 ! two we/]n  
pi]s ( ! *oir holes may be se5 cut 9 !  
/onework4 ,^! receiv$ ! rood-beam f :i*1
 dur+ ,l5t1 ! ,l5t5 curta9 0 susp5d$4   
,illu/ration3 ,! ,*oir1 look+ ,we/4  ,! 
,nor? ,aisle ( ! ,*oir1 aga91 %[s ! jo9+
 & h>monis+ ( ! new "w ( ! ea/]n        
transept ) ! e>li] ,norman "w4 ,inside !
 *ur* ! mo/ ea/]ly bay appe>s to be     
altoge!r ( ,e>ly ,engli% date2 b on !   
ext]ior x w be se5 t ! ,norman wall runs
 "r up to ! we/]n wall ( ! ea/]n        

transept4 ,! int]ior ( ! bay1 h[ev]1 is 
enri*$ ) a wall arcade simil> to t 9 !  
,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel1 & ! ar* & vault are 
decorat$ ) foliage & dog-too? ornam5t4  
,along ! side wall ( ?is aisle runs a   
/one b5* be>+ ! arms ( ,bi%op ,walt] de 
,skirlaw 7#achh to #adje71 ne> :i* he 0 
buri$1 b 8 monum5t & brass1 erect$ by   
himself1 h disappe>$4  ,slightly we/w>d 
( ! b5* is a doorway :i* at "o "t op5$  
into ! ,sacri/'s ,ex*equ]1 erect$ by    
,prior ,wess+ton1 b x has long ago be5  
de/roy$4  ,! pi]s ( ! we/ end ( ?is     
aisle be> m>ks :i* 7 orig9ally holes cut
 9 ! /one4 ,^! s]v$ to support a por*1  
hav+ a rood & alt>1 :i* is ?us describ$ 
9 ! ,rites ( ,durham3      ,"r ov] !    
,entrance ( ?is ,nor? ,alleye1 go+ to ! 
,songe     ,scoole 7! ,ex*equ] m5tion$  
above7 !re 0 a por* adjoyn+e     to !   
quire on ! ,s\?1 & ,s4 ,b5$ick's alt> on
 ! ,nor?1 !     por* hav+ 9 x an alt>1 &
 ! roode or picture ( our     ,savi\r1  
:i* alt> & roode 0 mu* frequ5t$ 9       
devotion by     ,docteur ,swalwell1     

sometime monk ( ,durham1 ! said roode   
hav+e     m>veil\s sumptu\s furniture = 
fe/ivall dayes belong+e to     x4  ,!   
,s\? ,aisle ,( ! ,*oir is simil>        
ar*itecturally to ! nor? aisle4 ,"h may 
be se5 a doorway1 ( late ?irte5?-c5tury 
"w1 :i* orig9ally l$ to ! reve/ry1 n[   
de/roy$4  ,"h aga9 ! ea/]n pi]s be> m>ks
 left by holes 9 ! /onework1 :i*        
orig9ally e>n$ ! supports ( a scre51 9  
front ( :i* ! ,black ,rood ( ,scotl&1   
:i* 0 tak5 f ,k+ ,david at ! battle (   
,neville's ,cross 7#acdf71 0 plac$4 ,!  
rood is describ$ z hav+ be5 br\ght f    
,holyrood by ,david ,bruce1 & 0 made (  
silv]1 ) effigies ( our ,savi\r1 ,s4    
,john1 & ,our ,lady1 hav+ cr[ns ( gold  
on _! heads4 ,! ,black ,rood 0 re/or$ to
 its orig9al possessors at ! close ( !  
w>4  ,! w9d[s ( bo? ! *oir aisles       
orig9ally conta9$ v f9e old /a9$ glass1 
repres5t+ v>i\s sa9ts1 & sc5es 9 ! life 
( ,s4 ,cu?b]t4  ,! ,transepts4--,leav+ !
 *oir by its we/]n end ! visitor at once
 ent]s ! transepts4 ,a l>ge portion (   

^!1 includ+ ! great pi]s & ar*es :i*    
c>ry ! c5tral t[]1 are1 )\t d\bt1 ( ! "t
 ( ,c>ileph4 ,! ea/]n side ( bo? is     
c]ta9ly 8 "w1 :ile ! we/]n is probably !
 build+ :i* 0 c>ri$ on by ! monks 9 !   
int]val betwe5 ,c>ileph's dea?1 9 #ajif1
 & ! appo9tm5t ( ,flamb>d to ! see 9    
#ajii4 ,! "w on ! ea/]n sides diff]s    
little f t ( ! *oir1 :ile t ( ! we/]n   
sides1 be+ pla9]1 has be5 ?\ght by "s to
 indicate a want ( means on ! "p ( !    
monks1 :ile c>ry+ on ! "w 9 ! int]val j 
allud$ to4 ,ea* transept consi/s ( two  
bays1 ) an aisle on ! ea/]n side1 access
 to :i* is ga9$ by ! asc5t ( ?ree /eps4 
,ea* ( ! ?ree sub-bays ne>e/ ! nor? &   
s\? extremities orig9ally conta9$ an    
alt>1 ^? 9 ! nor? transept be+ d$icat$  
to ,s4 ,ni*olas & ,s4 ,giles1 ,s4       
,gregory & ,s4 ,b5$ict4 ,ov] ! site ( ! 
latt] may /ill be se5 rema9s ( fresco   
pa9t+4 ,! alt>s 9 ! s\? transept 7      
d$icat$--"o to ,s4 ,fai? & ,s4 ,?omas ! 
,apo/le1 "o to our ,lady ( ,bolton & !  
o!r to our ,lady ( ,h\ghall4 ,! nor?    

transept is clos$ by a l>ge w9d[1 :i* is
 ! "w ( ,prior ,fossor1 probably ab\t ! 
ye> #acfb4 ,! w9d[ is ( six lights1 & ! 
head conta9s late geometrical trac]y4 ,!
 ar*itectural feature ( ?is w9d[1       
especially = its date1 is ! transom :i* 
crosses ! mullions1 & :i* is n visible f
 ! ext]ior4 ,bel[ ! transom is a second 
inn] set ( mullions support+ a small    
gall]y1 by means ( :i* access may be _h 
to ! tri=ium4 ,9 ! ye> #aeab ! w9d[ 0   
repair$ by ,prior ,ca/ell1 :o fill$ x ) 
/a9$ glass conta9+ l>ge figures1 among  
o!rs ( ,s4 ,augu/9e1 ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,s4  
,gregory1 & ,s4 ,j]ome4 ,f ?is          
circum/ance ! w9d[ became kn[n z ! w9d[ 
( ! ,f\r ,doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,prior     
,ca/ell also contriv$ to introduce a    
figure ( himself kneel+ at ! feet ( !   
,virg94 ,! l>ge w9d[ at ! end ( ! s\?   
transept1 also nam$ f ! glass x conta9$1
 ! ,te ,deum w9d[1 is 9 ! ,p]p5dicul>   
/yle1 & is ( six lights4 ,x may possibly
 h be5 ! "w ( ,prior ,wess+ton1 #adaf to
 #addf4 ,along ! sill ( ?is w9d[ also   

access may be _h to ! tri=ium4          
,illu/ration3 ,! ,transepts1 look+      
,nor?4  ,bo? ! nor?-we/ & s\?-we/ corn]s
 ( ! transepts conta9 /airways1 op5+ at 
_! v>i\s levels on to ! tri=ium1        
cl]e/ory1 & ! space betwe5 ! vault+ & ! 
ro(4 ,t 9 ! s\? transept also gives     
access to ! c5tral t[] & belfry1 an     
asc5t ( :i*1 if ! day be cle>1 w repay !
 visitor = 8 fatigu+ climb ( ?ree hundr$
 & =ty /eps by ! magnific5t view spread 
at 8 feet4 ,! transepts 7 no d\bt !     
e>lie/ "p ( ! build+ to be vault$2 t ( !
 nor!rn arm be+ pla9 is probably !      
e>li]1 :ile t ( ! s\? arm1 ?\gh ( simil>
 "*1 has zig-zag ornam5ts4 ,sev]al ( !  
priors ( ,durham 7 buri$ 9 ! transepts1 
! fir/1 ,prior ,fossor1 #acfd1 & ! la/1 
,rob]t ,eb*e/]1 :o di$ 9 #adhd4  ,on !  
pi]s ( ! transepts project+ brackets may
 be notic$4 ,^! are ( ,p]p5dicul> date1 
& orig9ally c>ri$ /atues4  ,! cross+1 or
 space betwe5 ! f\r pi]s support+ !     
c5tral t[]1 gives u a f9e view ( !      
int]ior ( ! lant]n4  ,! ,t[] is c>ri$ on

 f\r l>ge clu/]$ ,norman pi]s )         
semi-circul> ar*es4 ,ov] ! ar*es1 &     
sev5ty-sev5 feet above ! floor ( ! *ur*1
 is ! l[] /age ( ! lant]n1 r\nd :i* is a
 gall]y ) an op5 pi]c$ p>apet4 ,x re/s  
on corbels1 ea* alt]nate "o be+ c>v$ ) a
 grotesque head4 ,! walls are panell$ up
 to ! base ( ! great w9d[s1--ea* panel  
hav+ two c9quefoil$ ar*es "u a crocket$ 
canopy & f9al2 :ile betwe5 !m are small 
buttresses1 also panell$1 & end+ 9 a    
f9ial :i* rea*es ! same height z !      
canopy4 ,ov] ! panell+ is a /r+ c\rse   
ornam5t$ ) t *>act]i/ic ornam5t ( !     
,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 ! ,tudor fl[]1 &     
above ?is on ea* face two tall w9d[s ne>
 toge!r4 ,ea* w9d[ has two lights1 & is 
divid$ by a transom4 ,! ro( ( ! lant]n  
is gro9$1 ) f9e bosses at ! int]sections
 ( ! ribs4 ,! :ole se5 f bel[ has a v   
f9e effect1 & mu/ be v diff]5t 9        
appe>ance f ! orig9al ,norman /ructure4 
,! :ole ( ! lant]n 0 refac$1 & ! /atues 
:i* _h be5 remov$ f _! ni*es 7 replac$1 
"s ?irty ye>s ago1 by ! ,dean & ,*apt] (

 ,durham4  ,illu/ration3 ,corbel 9      
,*oir4  ,! ,norman ,ea/ ,end4--,!       
orig9al =m ( ! ,norman ea/ end has long 
be5 ! subject ( discussion & conjecture4
 ,x 0 practically safe to assume t !    
*oir end$ 9 an apse1 ?\gh :e!r ! aisles 
7 also apsidal1 or cont9u$ r\nd a great 
apse z an ambulatory1 0 a debatable     
po9t4 ,?is "q has n[ be5 f9ally settl$4 
,illu/ration3 ,! ,*oir1 look+ ,ea/4     
,dur+ "s op]ations necessitat+ ! op5+ ( 
! floor1 9 ,janu>y #ahie1 c]ta9         
indications 7 f\nd :i* l$ ! diocesan    
ar*itect1 ,mr ,c4,h4 ,f[l]1 & ,canon    
,gre5well to cont9ue ! excavation4 ,!   
result 0 ! discov]y t ,c>ileph's *ur*   
c]ta9ly possess$ ?ree apses--a l>ge "o  
t]m9at+ ! *oir1 & small] ones ! aisles4 
,! apses ( ! aisles 7 squ>e ext]nally1 &
 apsidal int]nally4 ,! great apse       
consi/$ ( five bays1 "o on ei!r side    
next to ! *oir1 =m+ an oblong betwe5 !  
*oir & ! spr++ l9e ( ! curve ( ! apse1  
ov] :i* w\ld be ! great sanctu>y ar*4 ,!
 rema9d]1 or apse prop]1 0 divid$ into  

?ree bays by engag$ clu/]$ %afts1 simil>
 to ^? ( ! *oir & nave4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ by
 a wall arcade ( ! same "* z t ( ! re/ (
 ! *ur*4 ,! base ( "o ( ! %afts ( !     
arcade 0 f\nd 9 position4 ,an extremely 
int]e/+ po9t 9 ?is discov]y is ! fact t 
! levels are ! same z ^? ( ! nave &     
*oir4 ,! f\ndations are on ! rock at !  
same dep?1 & ! aisle walls & apse walls 
are 9 ! same l9e4 ,! ext]nal squ>e l9e (
 ! aisle apses is 9 l9e ) ! spr++ ( !   
*oir apse4 ,! f\ndations ( ! apse to !  
nor? aisle h be5 ?or\ghly excavat$1 &   
!re is e reason to believe t t on ! s\? 
side ( ! *ur* entirely corresponds4 ,!  
wid? ( ! nor? aisle apse f nor? to s\?  
is n9e feet eight in*es4 ,!re c be      
little d\bt1 judg+ f ! rema9d] (        
,c>ileph's "w1 t all ?ree apses 7 cov]$ 
) /one vaults1 ?\gh ( precisely :at "* c
 only be a matt] ( conjecture4 ,!       
crack+1 previ\sly spok5 (1 :i* l$ to ?is
 "p ( ! *ur* be+ tak5 d[n & ! new ea/]n 
transept be+ erect$1 _c h aris5 f any   
subsid5ce ( ! f\ndations4 ,x1 9 all     

probability1 0 ! result ( ! ?ru/ ( !    
apse vaults on to walls :i* 7           
insuffici5tly buttress$4 ,! m>ks on "s (
 ! /ones f\nd dur+ ?is excavation1 & !  
%ape ( o!rs1 seem to po9t to !          
conclusion t "h we h ! e>lie/ "p ( !    
*ur*1 & t ,c>ileph us$ up 9 8 f\ndations
 mu* ( ! /one ( ,aldhun's ,:ite ,*ur*4  
,( ! two usual ea/]n end+s to ,norman   
*ur*es--viz4 ^? ) ?ree apses1 & ^? hav+ 
! aisle c>ri$ r\nd z an ambulatory--!   
latt] is f> m common 9 ,engl&1 & ! =m]  
on ! ,cont95t4 ,!re are two o!r notable 
in/ances ( ! ?ree apsidal arrangem5t 9  
,engl&3 ,s4 ,albans1 #ajgg1 :i* is e>li]
 ?an ,durham2 & ,pet]boro'1 #aaag1 :i*  
is lat] ?an1 & 0 probably modell$ on1   
,durham4 ,!re are _m examples (         
ambulatories--! ,:ite ,t[] ,*ur*        
7,london71 ,w9*e/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,worce/]1 
& ,norwi* be+ among !m4  ,illu/ration3  
,corbel 9 ,*oir4  ,! apses ( ,durham are
 ( consid]able dep? f ea/ to we/1 !     
oblong bay previ\sly m5tion$1 :i* is    
f\rte5 feet wide 9 t direction1 add+    

greatly to ?is effect4 ,! wid? ( !      
f\ndations is f\rte5 feet1 & ! wid? ( ! 
wall has be5 sev5 feet4 ,! diamet] ( !  
*oir apse f nor? to s\? 0 ab\t ?irty-two
 feet4  ,illu/ration3 ,plan ( ,norman   
,ea/ ,end4  ,^! discov]ies are specially
 int]e/+1 complet+ z !y d ! :ole *a91 & 
lead+ u ) v little imag9ation to see 9  
its orig9al condition :at mu/ h be51 &  
may ev5 n[ claim to be1 ! mo/ noble     
example ( ,norman ar*itecture 9 our     
c\ntry4  ,illu/ration3 ,tri=ium ( ,nave 
& ,*oir4  ,illu/ration3 ,capital 9 !    
,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel4  ,! ,n9e ,alt>s     
,*apel4--,leav+ ! consid]ation ( :at    
once occupi$ ! site ( ! ea/ end (       
,durham1 we w turn our att5tion to !    
beautiful erection :i* n[ /&s !re1 !    
ea/]n transept1 or1 z x is nam$ f !     
alt>s ( ! sa9ts x once conta9$ b5ea? its
 w9d[s1 ! ,*apel ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s4 ,x is 
approa*$ f ! aisles by /eps1 ! floor    
level be+ l[] ?an t ( ! *ur* prop]4 ,x  
is altoge!r a rem>kable & int]e/+       
/ructure4 ,) its lightness & l(t9ess    

contra/+ gr&ly ) ! massive ,norman nave 
& *oir1 its clu/]$ columns ( poli%$     
m>ble alt]nat+ ) /one1 its f9e bold     
sculpture1 its spl5did vault$ ro( & ri* 
arcad+1 x =ms a p]fect example ( ! ,e>ly
 ,engli% /yle4 ,?\gh regul> &           
symmetrical 9 g5]al design1 ! detail %[s
 great v>iety1 & ev5 irregul>ity1 a     
quality s (t5 pres5t 9 old "w1 & s mu*  
to its advantage4 ,9 g5]al "* x may be  
comp>$ ) t at ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 :i* 0    
built dur+ ! same "t4  ,illu/ration3    
,capital 9 ! ,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel4  ,!    
circum/ances lead+ to its erection h be5
 already ref]r$ to4 ,! ,norman apses    
hav+ be5 p>tly remov$1 ow+ to _! dang]\s
 condition1 ! ,new ,"w1 z x 0 always    
call$1 0 comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #abdb4 ,! ea/]n
 wall1 ) its rose & n9e lancet w9d[s1 is
 ! e>lie/ "p ( ! *apel1 ! nor? & s\?    
walls be+ lat]4 ,! jo9+ & bl5d+ ( ! "w )
 ! ,norman ( ,c>ileph's *oir _h evid5tly
 be5 accompli%$ :5 ! *apel 0 almo/      
complet$4 ,! ea/]n wall is ( ?ree bays1 
ea* bay hav+ ?ree l(ty lancet w9d[s4 ,! 

bays are n ( equal wid?1 ! c5tre "o be+ 
regulat$ by ! wid? ( ! nave ( ! *ur*1 & 
n>r[] ?an ! nor? & s\? bays4            
,illu/ration3 ,sections ( ,hood & ,ar*  
,m\ld+s4  ,a v beautiful arcade runs    
completely r\nd ! walls4 ,x is ( trefoil
 ar*es1 deeply & ri*ly m\ld$1 support$  
on m>ble columns c>v$ ) foliage4 ,ov] ! 
ar*es is a hood m\ld t]m9at+ ) heads4 ,9
 ! sp&rels are a s]ies ( deeply-sunk &  
m\ld$ quatrefoils1 two ( :i* conta9     
sculpture4 ,! bases ( ! columns re/ on a
 pl9?4 ,surm\nt+ ?is arcade is a m\ld$  
/r+1 f ! level ( :i* rise ! w9d[s1 &    
above ! w9d[s ano!r /r+ c\rse & a second
 range ( w9d[s4 ,9 ! c5tre bay1 h[ev]1  
is ! l>ge rose w9d[1 :i* is ov] ?irty   
feet 9 diamet]4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,n9e  
,alt>s ,*apel4  ,! division ( ! *apel   
into ?ree bays is effect$ by two ma9    
vault+ ar*es1 :i* spr+ on ! we/]n side f
 ! pi]s ( ! ea/ end ( ! *oir1 & on !    
ea/]n side f responds ( clu/]$ %afts    
alt]nately ( m>ble & /one1 b&$ at       
int]vals & hav+ ri*ly c>v$ capitals4 ,! 

ar*es !mselves are deeply m\ld$ &       
ornam5t$ ) dog-too? ornam5t & foliage4  
,! vault ( ! c5tral bay has eight       
ribs--two spr++ f ea* ( ! clu/]s j      
describ$1 & two f ea* ( ! *oir pi]s4 ,! 
vault+ ( ! rema9+ bays is quadrip>tite1 
b has peculi>ities :i* are wor?y (      
notice1 aris+ f inequality ( wid?4 ,we  
mu/ n omit to call att5tion to !        
exquisite sculpture ( ! vault+4 ,! c5tre
 has figures ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s1 :ile 
9 ! nor? is a beautifully execut$ c>v+ (
 v9e & grapes1 & 9 ! s\?1 figure        
subjects4 ,among ! sculptur$ heads on ! 
wall arcade at ! s\? end1 at ! we/]n    
side ( ! two bays into :i* ! s\? wall is
 divid$1 are two :i* are portraits ( !  
m5 to :om we owe ! design & execution ( 
! beautiful sculpture ( ?is *apel4 ,"o  
is an eld]ly man1 ! o!r mu* y\ng]1 & bo?
 we> l95 du/-caps ov] _! heads4  ,! n9e 
lancet w9d[s 7 orig9ally fill$ ) anci5t 
/a9$ glass1 :i*1 z ! read] w rememb]1 0 
remov$1 ,bel[ ea* w9d[ 0 an alt>4 ,!y 7 
d$icat$ a foll[s1 beg9n+ at ! s\? end ( 

! *apel3--    #a4 ,s4 ,&rew & ,s4 ,m>y  
,magdal5e4             #b4 ,s4 ,john !  
,bapti/ & ,s4 ,m>g>et4        ,s\? bay4 
#c4 ,s4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury & ,s4       
,ca!r9e4 _/    #d4 ,s4 ,oswald & ,s4    
,lawr5ce4                   #e4 ,s4     
,cu?b]t & ,s4 ,b$e4                     
,middle bay4   #f4 ,s4 ,m>t94           
_/    #g4 ,s4 ,pet] & ,s4 ,paul4        
#h4 ,s4 ,aidan & ,s4 ,hel54             
,nor? bay4   #i4 ,s4 ,mi*ael !          
,ar*angel4                 _/  ,! rose  
w9d[ ov] ! lancets ( ! middle bay is    
,wyatt's re/oration ( ! orig9al "o4 ,x  
consi/s ( an out] circle ( tw5ty-f\r &  
an inn] circle ( twelve radiat+ lights1 
! mullions ( :i* are receiv$ on a       
foliat$ circle 9 ! c5tre4  ,9 ! nor?    
wall ( ! *apel is a v f9e w9d[1 kn[n z !
 ,joseph w9d[1 on acc\nt ( ! /a9$ glass 
x orig9ally conta9$1 :i* illu/rat$ !    
life-hi/ory ( ,joseph4 ,x is a beautiful
 example ( ,e>ly ,decorat$ or           
geometrical ,go?ic1 & is ( six lights4  
,!re is an inn] plane ( trac]y re/+ on  

clu/]$ %afts1 :i* is connect$ to !      
mullions ( ! w9d[ prop] by ?r\gh /ones4 
,! w9d[ occupies ! complete wid? ( !    
nor? end ( ! *apel4 ,! pa9t$ glass :i* x
 once conta9$ is ?us describ$ 9 ! ,rites
 ( ,durham3      ,9 ! ,nor? ,alley ( !  
said ,n9e ,alt>s1 !re is ano!r goodly   
faire great glass w9d[1 call$ ,joseph's 
,w9d[1 ! :i* ha? 9     x all ! :ole     
/orye ( ,joseph1 mo/ artificially wr\ght
 9     pictures 9 f9e col\r$ glass1     
accord+e z x is sett =? 9     ! ,bible1 
v]ye good & godly to ! behold]s !re(4   
,?is w9d[ des]ves ! att5tion ( !        
ar*itectural /ud5t1 z x is an exce$+ly  
f9e specim5 ( ! trac]y ( its date4  ,!  
s\? wall ( ! *apel conta9s two w9d[s1   
ea* divid$ by a c5tral mullion1 & hav+  
an inn] mullion connect$ by ?r\gh /ones4
 ,!y are widely splay$ inw>ds1 & sep>at$
 by a gr\p ( vault+ %afts4 ,"o or bo? ( 
^! w9d[s conta9$ /a9$ glass1 ) ! hi/ory 
( ! life & miracles ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t4 ,z   
se5 at pres5t1 !y conta9 trac]y ( !     
,p]p5dicul> p]iod1 a re/oration ( t     

ins]t$ by ,prior ,wess+ton4 ,ea* w9d[ is
 ( two lights1 cross$ by a transom4     
,entry to ! n9e alt>s 0 provid$ =1 z    
well z f ! *oir & aisles1 by two doors  
on ! we/]n side ( its nor? & s\? walls4 
,! nor!rn doorway is n[ wall$ up4 ,!y   
ent] ?r\gh ! wall arcade4 ,! writ] ( !  
,rites ( ,durham says ! nor? door 0 made
 9 ord] to br+ 9 ! body ( ,bi%op ,an?ony
 ,bek1 :o is buri$ 9 ! *apel4 ,!        
ar*itectural features ( ! doorway w\ld1 
h[ev]1 seem to contradict ?is !ory1 &   
!re is little room to d\bt t bo? nor? & 
s\? doorways =m$ "p ( ! orig9al design (
 ! /ructure4  ,be=e leav+ ?is int]e/+   
portion ( ! build+ we mu/ direct our    
att5tion to its mo/ important cont5ts1 !
 ,tomb ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t4 ,?is1 z at pres5t 
to be se51 is a great oblong plat=m1    
?irty-sev5 feet long by tw5ty-?ree feet 
wide1 & its upp] surface or floor six   
feet above ! floor ( ! *apel4 ,b5ea? a  
slab 9 ! c5tre ! bones ( ! patron sa9t  
re/4 ,! %r9e ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t at "o "t /ood
 ^u ?is plat=m1 b ( t no ve/ige rema9s4 

,! floor ( ! plat=m is rea*$ by two     
doors ?r\gh ! ,neville scre5 9 ! *oir1 &
 by a small /airway f ! s\? aisle4 ,!   
w&]+s ( ! monks ( ,l9disf>ne ) ! body ( 
_! sa9t1 _! _m difficulties & trials1 & 
_! ultimate settlem5t at ,dunholme or   
,durham1 h already be5 describ$4 ,! %r9e
 0 ev5tually set up 9 its pres5t        
position by ,bi%op ,c>ileph1 9 #aajd1 :5
 he br\ght x f ! cloi/] g>? f ! tomb he 
_h !re set up = its tempor>y reception1 
until 8 *ur* 0 suffici5tly advanc$ to   
p]mit ( its removal ?i!r4 ,x 0 visit$ by
 l>ge numb]s ( pilgrims1 & _m important 
p]sonages 7 among !m4 ,( ^! may be      
m5tion$ ,william ! ,conqu]or1 ,h5ry     
,,iii4 7#abee71 ,edw>d ,,ii4 7#acbb71 & 
,h5ry ,,vi4 7#addh74 ,! %r9e 0 de/roy$  
soon aft] ! surr5d] ( ! mona/]y to !    
,cr[n1 9 #aedj1 :5 ! body 0 buri$ b5ea? 
! place :]e its =m] receptacle _h /ood4 
,!re h s9ce ?is "t be5 traditions t !   
exact place ( ! burial 0 secret1 & kn[n 
only1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 to ?ree     
,b5$ict9e monks1 :o ea* h&$ ! secret d[n

 to a successor4 ,! o!r tradition places
 ! k ( ! place ( burial 9 ! h&s ( !     
,roman ,ca?olic bi%ops ( ! ,nor!rn      
,prov9ce4 ,"o ( ^! traditions 0 made    
public 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 & gave ! place (  
int]m5t z be+ "u ! second & ?ird /eps   
lead+ to ! t[] f ! s\? transept4 ,?is   
place 0 excavat$ & exam9$1 b no trace ( 
any burial c\ld be f\nd !re4 ,x is to ^!
 traditions t ,scott ref]s1 9 ,m>mion1 9
 ! foll[+ l9es3--    ,*e/]-le-,/reet1 & 
,ripon saw   ,8 holy corpse1 ere        
,w>dilaw       ,hail$ him ) joy & fe>2  
,& aft] _m w&]+s pa/1   ,he *ose 8      
lordly seat at la/1   ,:]e 8 ca!dral1   
huge & va/1       ,looks d[n ^u ! ,we>4 
,!re deep 9 ,durham's ,go?ic %ade   ,8  
relics are 9 secret laid2       ,b none 
may "k ! place1   ,save ( 8 holie/      
s]vants ?ree1   ,deep sworn to solemn   
secrecy1       ,:o %>e t wondr\s grace4 
,9 ,may #ahbg ! grave 9 ! ,n9e ,alt>s   
,*apel 0 op5$ 9 ! pres5ce ( two ( ! *ur*
 dignit>ies & o!r p]sons4 ,dr ,ra9e1 :o 
0 also pres5t1 has left a c>eful acc\nt 

( ! discov]ies !n made4#c ,! out] c(f91 
t made 9 #aedb1 0 fir/ remov$1 reveal+ a
 second & mu* decay$ c(f9 & _m bones4   
,aft] ! removal ( ^! relics ! lid ( a   
?ird oak c(f9 0 reveal$1 9 a v advanc$  
/ate ( decay4 ,?is inn]mo/ c(f9 0 cov]$ 
ov] its entire surface ) c>v+s ( human  
figures1 ! heads surr\nd$ by a nimbus4  
,:5 ?is c(f9 0 remov$ ! skeleton 0      
expos$ to view1 wrapp$ 9 cov]+s1 ! out] 
( :i* _h be5 ( l954 ,! robes b5ea? 7 mu*
 decay$1 & only portions ( !m c\ld be   
pres]v$4 ,on ! brea/ ( ! body1 among !  
robes1 a comb 0 f\nd1 answ]+ exactly to 
t describ$ by ,reg9ald 9 #aajd4 ,among !
 mo/ int]e/+ ( ! f9ds 7 a /ole &        
maniple4    #c ,ra9e4 ,s4 ,cu?b]t4  ,!  
/ole is ( v e>ly date1 & is ( ne$lework 
9 col\rs & gold4 ,! c5tre design is a   
quatrefoil1 inside :i* is a lamb )      
nimbus1 & ! lett]s ,,agnv ,,di4 ,on ei!r
 side are figures ( ,old ,te/am5t       
prophets1 ) _! names4 ,ne> ! ends !     
embroid]y occurs on bo? sides ( ! /ole1 
on ! back ( "o ( :i* among foliage is ! 

inscription ,,aelffla$ ,,fi]i           
,,precepit1 :i* is cont9u$ on ! back ( !
 opposite end1 ?us--,,pio ,,episcopo    
,,fride/ano4 ,! translation ( ?is       
inscription is to ! effect t ,aelfl$    
comm&$ ! /ole to be made = ! pi\s ,bi%op
 ,fri!/an4 ,! maniple is ( a simil> "*1 
& also be>s ornam5t1 figures1 &         
inscriptions4#d ,fri!/an 0 made ,bi%op (
 ,w9*e/] 9 #ije4 ,aelfl$1 :o 0 ,que5 (  
,eadw>d1 ! son & successor ( ,alfr$1 di$
 9 #iaf4 ,x 0 !re=e dur+ ^! t5 ye>s t %e
 caus$ ?is /ole & maniple to be made = !
 ,bi%op ,fri!/an4 ,x is record$ t ! son 
& successor ( ,eadw>d1 by "n ,a!l/an1 :5
 on a j\rney 9 ! nor? visit$            
,*e/]-le-,/reet & ! %r9e ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 
:i* 0 !n at t place4 ,among o!r pres5ts 
he left z (f]+s a /ole & maniple1 & a   
girdle & two bracelets ( gold4 ,x is a  
curi\s fact t a girdle & two gold       
bracelets 7 f\nd along ) ! /ole &       
maniple 9 ! grave1 9 #ahbg1 & leaves v  
little d\bt t !y are ! ones m5tion$     
above4 ,! bones ( ! sa9t 7 q intact1 &  

none 7 miss+4 ,!y 71 ) ! o!r relics1    
plac$ 9 a new c(f91 & ! grave re-cov]$4 
,"s portions ( ! inn] c(f91 ) ! /ole1   
two maniples1 ! girdle & bracelets &    
fragm5ts ( ! robes are n[ c>efully      
pres]v$ 9 ! ,dean & ,*apt] ,libr>y4 ,a  
l>ge gold cross f\nd among ! robes1     
decorat$ ) g>nets1 & ( workman%ip ( ! "t
 ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t is also pres]v$ 9 !      
libr>y4 ,^! discov]ies seem to speak =  
!mselves1 & to leave v little room =    
d\bt t ! body exhum$ & exam9$ 9 #ahbg 0 
really t ( ! patron sa9t ( ! *ur*4    #d
 ,photographs1 col\r$ by ! late ,j4,i4  
,williamson1 are       exhibit$ 9 ! ,s\?
 ,k5s+ton ,museum4  ,!re 7 also f\nd 9 !
 grave bones ( infants1 suppos$ to be   
relics ( ! ,holy ,innoc5ts1 & a skull1  
mo/ probably t ( ,s4 ,oswald1 :i* 0 kn[n
 to h be5 plac$ 9 ! c(f9 ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t4 
,two smoo? grooves may be obs]v$ on !   
plat=m1 :i* are said to h be5 worn into 
! /one by ! knees or feet ( g5]ations ( 
pilgrims visit+ ! %r9e4  ,!re are sev]al
 o!r tombs & monum5ts 9 ?is *apel1      

*iefly wall tablets ( n exceptional     
int]e/4 ,at ! nor? end1 h[ev]1 is a     
colossal /atue ( ! la/ ( ! pr9ce bi%ops1
 ,bi%op van ,mild]t1 :o di$ 9 #ahcf4 ,! 
monum5t is ( :ite m>ble1 ! figure seat$ 
on a ?rone & hold+ a book4 ,x 0 erect$  
by public subscription1 ! sculptor be+  
,john ,gibson1 ,r4,a4 ,ne> ?is monum5t  
is a blue slab cov]+ ! rema9s ( ,bi%op  
,an?ony ,bek1 patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 :o   
di$ 9 #acaj4 ,x 0 to br+ 9 ! body ( ?is 
bi%op t "s writ]s h ?\ght ! nor? doorway
 ( ! ,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel 0 con/ruct$4    
,?is is1 z we h se5 already1 extremely  
improbable4  ,! /ud5t ( ar*itecture w   
f9d v mu* to int]e/ him 9 ?is ,*apel ( !
 ,n9e ,alt>s4 ,! beautiful sculpture &  
v>iety 9 ! capitals ( ! %afts ( wall    
arcad+1 n to m5tion ! ri* c>v+ ( !      
vault+ bosses & capitals ( ! vault+     
%afts1 w well repay 8 e>ne/ /udy4       
,illu/ration3 ,! ,galilee ,*apel4       
,illu/ration3 ,! ,galilee ,*apel4       
,illu/ration3 ,capital 9 ,galilee       
,*apel4  ,! ,galilee or ,lady ,*apel is 

situat$ at ! we/ end ( ! nave4 ,x is    
well kn[n t = "s reason wom5 7 n all[$  
to ent] any *ur* :]e ,s4 ,cu?b]t's %r9e 
/ood1 nor ev5 any *ur* d$icat$ to him4  
,at ,l9disf>ne a sep>ate *ur* 0 provid$ 
= !m1 & at ,durham ! ,galilee ,*apel 0  
add$ = ! same purpose4 ,x 0 alleg$ t ,s4
 ,cu?b]t himself _h made ?is rule1 b !re
 is no pro( t he ev] issu$ su* a comm&4 
,! ,v5]able ,b$e makes no m5tion ( any  
special feel+ ( antipa?y to wom5 on ! "p
 ( ! sa9t4 ,b$e 0 contempor>y )1 &      
surviv$ ,s4 ,cu?b]t =ty-eight ye>s4     
,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! practice1 
x is c]ta9 t 9 lat] times wom5 7        
jeal\sly exclud$ f ! *ur*es ( ,s4       
,cu?b]t1 & to ?is circum/ance we owe1 9 
! *apel "u our consid]ation1 ! mo/      
beautiful & p]fect example (            
,transitional ,norman ar*itecture exi/+ 
9 ,engl&4  ,illu/ration3 ,pa9t+s 9 !    
,galilee ,*apel4  ,let u recall briefly 
! circum/ances att5d+ its erection4     
,hugh ,pudsey1 :o occupi$ ! episcopal   
?rone1 #aaec to #aaie1 comm5c$ to build 

a ,lady ,*apel at ! ea/ end ( ! *ur*4 ,!
 "w _h n gone f> be=e accid5ts happ5$1 &
 cracks & fissures appe>$ 9 ! walls1 :i*
 ! build] ?\ght gave manife/ indication 
t x 0 n acceptable to ,god & ,8 s]vant  
,s4 ,cu?b]t4#e ,! "w 0 !re=e ab&on$1 &  
ano!r *apel 0 comm5c$ at ! we/ end ( !  
*ur*1 into :i* wom5 might lawfully ent]1
 s t !y :o _h n bodily access to !      
secret ?+s ( ! holy place1 might h "s   
solace f ! contemplation ( !m 7,ge(frey 
de ,cold+ham74 ,pudsey caus$ to be mov$ 
"h ! m>ble %afts & bases he _h previ\sly
 br\ght f beyond ! sea1 & int5d$ to be  
us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 *apel at ! ea/  
end4 ,ent]+ ! *apel by ! /eps lead+ f ! 
,norman nave1 ! visitor is at once      
impress$ ) ! lightness & delicacy ( ! "w
 be=e him1 z comp>$ ) ! massive gr&eur (
 ! ,norman ca!dral beh9d4 ,"h we h1 9   
fact1 "o ( ! late/ uses ( ! r\nd ar*    
influ5c$ by ! rapidly develop+ ,e>ly    
,engli% ,go?ic4 ,9 plan ! *apel consi/s 
( a nave ) d\ble aisles1 :i* p]haps     
might be m prop]ly call$ five aisles4   

,^! are divid$ by arcades1 ea* ( :i* is 
( f\r bays4 ,^! ar*es & ! columns :i*   
support !m are ! *ief beauty &          
*>act]i/ic ( ! *apel4 ,! ar*es are      
semi-circul>1 ( "o ord]1 ) ?ree l9es (  
*evron1 "o on ea* face1 & "o on ! s(fit 
betwe5 two roll m\ld+s4 ,! capitals are 
light & graceful & c>v$ ) a volute1 & ! 
columns clu/]s ( m>ble & free/one %afts4
 ,! ar*es1 h[ev]1 re/ on ! m>ble        
columns1 :i* are1 no d\bt1 ^? previ\sly 
allud$ to4 ,! :ole seems to h be5 col\r$
 9 fresco1 & rema9s ( ?is are /ill to be
 se54 ,! /one %afts1 :i* alt]nate ) ^? (
 m>ble1 d n c>ry any ( ! weight ( ! ar*1
 & are1 und\bt$ly1 an addition1 probably
 9 ! "t ( ,c>d9al ,langley1 :5 !y mu/ h 
be5 add$1 ) a view to improv+ !         
appe>ance4 ,! dim5sions ( ! *apel are   
=ty-sev5 feet f ea/ to we/1 & sev5ty-six
 feet f nor? to s\?4 ,! exi/+ ro( & !   
?ree p]p5dicul> w9d[s on ! we/ end are  
also additions by ,c>d9al ,langley4 ,on 
! walls above :at 7 once ! alt>s ( !    
,virg9 & ,our ,lady ( ,pity1 rema9s (   

fresco pa9t+ may be notic$1 all t rema9s
 ( :at has evid5tly be5 beautiful "w4   
,^! 7 only br\ght to light by ! removal 
( successive coats ( :itewa% ) :i* !y _h
 be5 cov]$4    #e ,ge(frey de ,cold+ham4
  ,illu/ration3 ,detail ( ! ,galilee    
,*apel4  ,:5 ! ,galilee 0 erect$1 access
 f ! *ur* 0 by ! great we/ door ( !     
ca!dral4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 clos$ up by     
,c>d9al ,langley1 :o con/ruct$ ! two    
doorways at ! end ( ! aisles by :i* !   
*apel is n[ ent]$4 ,^? portions ( !     
,norman wall arcad+1 :i* _h to be remov$
 by reason ( ! break+ ?r\gh ( ! new     
doorways1 7 us$ to fill up ! l[] "p ( ! 
great we/ door4 ,! latt] 0 aga9 remov$ 9
 #ahdf1 :5 ! we/ doorway 0 re-op5$4     
,langley's two doorways h f\r c5tr$     
ar*es enclos$ b5ea? a squ>e label m\ld+1
 ) %ields be>+ ! ,c>d9al's coat-(-arms 9
 ea* sp&rel4 ,to ,langley also may be   
attribut$ ! five massive buttresses on !
 ext]ior ( ! we/]n wall ( ! *apel1 :i*  
p>tly cov] ! arcad+ & panell+ ) :i* x 0 
decorat$4 ,9 add+ ! new ro( ,langley    

rais$ ! walls above ! ar*es to c>ry x1  
giv+ a some:at peculi> effect to !      
int]ior4 ,! orig9al ro( l9es c /ill be  
made out on ! we/ wall4 ,( ! cont5ts ( !
 *apel rema9+1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ to !
 visitor is ! grave & site ( ! %r9e ( ! 
,v5]able ,b$e4 ,! %r9e1 l t ( ,s4       
,cu?b]t's1 is gone1 & all t rema9s is ! 
/one slab on :i* x once /ood1 & :i* be>s
 ! inscription 7plac$ !re 9 #ahca73     
,hac sunt 9 ,fossa     ,bd ,v5]abilis   
,ossa  ,?is rem>kable man 0 contempor>y 
) ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 :om1 z we h said1 he     
surviv$ =ty-eight ye>s4 ,8 hol9ess &    
piety1 toge!r ) 8 great le>n+1 e>n$ =   
him ! title ,v5]able1 & aft] 8 dea?1 9  
#gce1 8 bones 7 en%r9$4 ,( 8 p>5tage we 
"k no?+1 except t1 f 8 own writ+s1 he 0 
born 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,abbey ( ,we>m\?4 
,at ! age ( sev5 he 0 be+ educat$ 9 t   
mona/]y1 & by ! "t he 0 t5 ye>s old he  
mov$ to ! newly-f\nd$ ,abbey on ! ,tyne1
 at ,j>r[4 ,he _h able & le>n$ tea*]s 9 
,b5$ict ,bi%op & ,ceolfrid1 & appe>s to 
h turn$ 8 advantages to ! be/ acc\nt4   

,deacon at n9ete51 & prie/ at tw5ty-n9e 
ye>s ( age1 he l$ a holy & /udi\s life4 
,aft] 8 ord9ation he wrote 8 ,comm5t>ies
 on ! ,scriptures1 & writ+s on all !    
kn[n sci5ces--geography1 ari?metic1 &   
a/ronomy4 ,! greate/ "w ( 8 life is1    
h[ev]1 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( !     
,engli% ,nation1 to :i* we owe all our k
 ( ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into    
,great ,brita91 & ! e>ly hi/ory ( !     
,engli% ,*ur*4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,k+     
,ceolwulf4 ,8 in=mation 0 collect$ f    
v>i\s s\rces--by lett] z to ,cant]bury1 
by communication ) bi%ops & priors z to 
,engl& g5]ally1 & f p]sonal k & v rec5t 
tradition z to ,nor?umbria4 ,he liv$ mo/
 ( 8 long life betwe5 ! mona/]ies (     
,monkwe>m\? & ,j>r[1 & 0 buri$ at !     
latt]4 ,9 ! ye> #ajbb 8 rema9s 7        
secretly remov$ f ,j>r[ by ,elfrid1 :o 0
 ! mo/ unscrupul\s relic-hunt] ( t "t1  
:o deposit$ a portion ( !m 9 ! same c(f9
 ) ^? ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t4 ,f "h !y 7 remov$  
by ,bi%op ,pudsey1 & plac$ 9 !          
newly-erect$ ,galilee ,*apel1 :]e he    

caus$ !m to be enclos$ 9 a magnific5t   
%r9e4 ,!re1 9 a silv] casket gilt )     
gold1 hee laid ! bones ( ,v5]able ,b$e1 
& erect$ a co/ly & magnific5t %r9e ov]  
x4#f ,:5 ! %r9e 0 de/roy$ at !          
suppression ( ! mona/]y1 9 #aedb1 !     
bones 7 int]r$ b5ea? ! place x occupi$1 
:]e !y rema9$ undi/urb$ till ! ye>      
#ahca4 ,9 t ye> !y 7 exhum$ & exam9$1 &1
 aft] be+ enclos$ 9 a lead-l9$ c(f91 7  
replac$ 9 ! tomb1 ) a p>*m5t giv+ full  
details ( ! exhumation4 ,"s co9s & a r+ 
:i* 7 f\nd at ?is "t are pres]v$ 9 !    
,dean & ,*apt] ,libr>y4 ,! inscription  
previ\sly quot$ 0 !n cut on ! upp] slab 
( ! tomb4    #f ,rites ( ,durham4  ,9 ! 
,galilee ,*apel is also ! tomb ( its    
re/or]1 ,c>d9al ,langley1 :i* 0 erect$  
by himself 9 front ( ! pr9cipal alt>4   
,on its head may be se5 ?ree %ields be>+
 ! arms ( ! c>d9al4  ,f\r ( ! we/]n     
w9d[s ( ! *apel orig9ally conta9$       
beautiful /a9$ glass1 a mo/ c>eful      
description ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,rites
 ( ,durham4  ,:y ?is *apel has always   

be5 kn[n z ! ,galilee ,*apel has be5 !  
subject ( mu* discussion & conjecture1 &
 is /ill a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,t x 0    
erect$ = a ,lady ,*apel !re c1 h[ev]1 be
 no d\bt4 ,9 ! nave ( ! *ur*1 betwe5 !  
pi]s imm$iately to ! we/ ( ! nor? & s\? 
doorways1 ! visitor w notice a          
d>k-col\r$ m>ble cross1 beyond :i* no   
woman 0 all[$ to pass ea/w>d4  ,monum5ts
 9 ! ,nave & ,transepts4--,! *ur* (     
,durham is n ri* 9 tombs & monum5ts to !
 dead4 ,?is is to be acc\nt$ = p>tly by 
! fact t = "s c5turies ! ,bi%ops ( !    
diocese 7 int]r$ 9 ! *apt]-h\se1 & ev5  
mo/ ( ^! tombs h be5 lo/ or de/roy$4    
,ano!r reason = ! sc>city ( monum5ts is 
t no layman 0 all[$ to be buri$ 9 ! *ur*
 until #acfg1 :5 ,"l ,ralph ,neville    
obta9$ t di/9ction = himself & 8 wife1 !
 ,lady ,alice de ,neville1 :o 0 buri$ 9 
#acgd4 ,?is monum5t occupies ! ?ird     
sub-bay f ! ea/1 on ! s\? side ( ! nave4
 ,x is an alt> tomb1 & ?\gh x has suff]$
 sev]ely f mutilation dur+ ! unsettl$   
times ( ! ,re=mation1 suffici5t rema9s  

to enable u to see t x 0 once a         
well-design$ & noble monum5t4 ,its      
m\ld+s are bold1 & !re are indications (
 ! places :]e figures 7 once atta*$ to !
 sides4 ,! recumb5t effigies ( ! noble  
"l & 8 wife1 on ! top ( ! tomb1 are1    
h[ev]1 hopelessly sma%$4 ,x is probable 
t ,"l ,ralph ,neville obta9$ ?is hon\r =
 himself ?r\gh 8 s]vices & victory at ! 
,battle ( ,neville's ,cross1 ne>        
,durham1 9 #acdf4 ,9 ! next bay we/w>d  
is ! tomb ( ,"l ,john ,neville1 :o di$ 9
 #achf4 ,?is is also an alt> tomb1 & has
 suff]$ sev]ely1 ?\gh x rema9s 9 a bett]
 /ate ( pres]vation ?an ! "o j describ$4
 ,its sides ea* h six ni*es1 )          
elaborately ornam5t$ canopies1 & conta9+
 figures1 :ile ! ends h ?ree simil>     
ni*es ) figures4 ,! c>v+ ( ! canopies is
 exce$+ly beautiful4 ,betwe5 ea* ( !    
ni*es are two squ>e panels ) trefoil$   
heads1 ea* panel be>+ a %ield ) ! arms (
 ,neville & ,p]cy4 ,bo? above & bel[ !  
ni*es mu* delicate c>v+ may be notic$4  
,surm\nt+ all are ! brok5 effigies ( ,"l

 ,john & 8 wife1 :o 0 ! daught] ( ,"l   
,h5ry ,p]cy1 ! well-kn[n ,hotspur4 ,all 
! figures on ?is tomb1 includ+ !        
recumb5t figures1 are headless1 b       
suffici5t rema9s to %[ t !y 7 ( great   
excell5ce4 ,rema9s ( col\r+ & gild+ c   
also be di/+ui%$ 9 places on ! monum5t4 
,close to ?is is ! slab & matrix ( a    
brass to ,rob]t ,neville1 :o 0 bi%op ( !
 diocese f #adch to #adeg4 ,! brass has 
all be5 remov$1 b ! matrix %[s a        
dignifi$ figure ( ! bi%op hold+ a crozi]
 & a scroll1 :ile an inscription =m]ly  
exi/$ on a plate at 8 feet4 ,bi%op      
,neville 0 kn[n = 8 g5]\s qualities1 z  
well z = 8 high desc5t4  ,9 ! we/]n     
wall1 on its s\? side1 ne> to ! entrance
 to ! ,galilee1 is a mural tablet to a  
=m] ,preb5d>y 9 ! ca!dral1 & a well-kn[n
 antiqu>y1 ,sir ,george ,:el]1 :o di$ 9 
! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,on !   
nor!rn side is a slab to ! memory (     
,capta9 ,r4,m4 ,hunt]1 :o 0 kill$ :ile  
*>g+ a ,sikh batt]y at ,f]oze%ah4       
,opposite to ! monum5t ( ,ralph ,neville

 is a mod]n alt> tomb to a =m] headma/] 
( ,durham ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ! ,rev4 ,james
 ,britton1 ,d4,d41 erect$ by 8 pupils4  
,x is surm\nt$ by a recl9+ figure ( ,dr4
 ,britton1 9 academic robes1 read+ a    
book4  ,9 ! s\? transept is a f9e       
monum5t1 by ,*antrey1 to ! memory (     
,bi%op ,b>r+ton1 :o held ! see f #agia  
to #ahbf1 dy+ at ! advanc$ age ( #ib    
ye>s1 belov$ by all4 ,he 0 a great      
prelate1 & us$ 8 imm5se p[]s z ,pr9ce   
,palat9e ) great wisdom4 ,! kneel+      
figure1 ) b[$ head1 ! left h& re/+ on a 
book1 9 an attitude ( deep rev]5ce1 is  
wor?y ( ! "n ( its sculptor4 ,on ! we/  
wall ( ! same transept is a tablet to ! 
memory ( ! (fic]s1 non-commission$      
(fic]s1 & privates ( ! ,durham ,light   
,infantry :o 7 sla9 or di$ dur+ !       
,crimean ,w>4  ,ne> to ?is is a rec5tly 
ins]t$ brass to ! memory ( ! (fic]s & m5
 ( ! #bnd ,durham ,regim5t :o di$ 9     
,egypt & ! ,s\dan4  ,9 ! nor? transept  
we may give "s att5tion to a monum5t to 
! ,rev4 ,john ,c>r1 a =m] headma/] (    

,durham ,s*ool4 ,x 0 erect$ to 8 memory 
by 8 pupils4 ,! monum5t 0 design$ by    
,rickman1 & is 9 ! /yle kn[n z ,decorat$
 ,go?ic4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,font &      
,cov]4  ,! ,font /&s at ! we/ end ( !   
nave4 ,x is a comp>atively mod]n "w1    
cov]$ by a tall wood5 canopy :i* 0      
erect$ by ,bi%op ,cos9 9 #affc4 ,!      
orig9al ,norman font 0 de/roy$ by !     
,scotti% prison]s 9 #afej1 & 0 replac$  
by a l>ge m>ble bas9 by ,bi%op ,cos94   
,?is font1 9 its turn1 0 remov$ to      
,pitt+ton ,*ur*1 :]e x is n[ 9 use1 its 
place be+ fill$ by ! pres5t mod]n "o4 ,x
 is design$ 9 ! ,norman /yle1 & is      
squ>e1 support$ on %ort columns4 ,!     
sides are c>v$ ) m$allions1 copi$ f     
illum9at$ ,,mss41 :i* repres5t sc5es f !
 life ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t4 ,! cov] des]ves    
att5tion z a specim5 ( ! woodwork ( !   
sev5te5? c5tury1 exhibit+ a curi\s &    
*>act]i/ic mixture ( ,classic & ,go?ic  
=ms & details4     ,,*apt] ,,iv         
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,see   ,! e>li] hi/ory
 ( ! see ( ,durham has already be5      

ref]r$ to 9 ord] to lead up to ! f\nd+ (
 ! ca!dral4 ,we h se5 h[ ! bi%op & monks
 ( ,l9disf>ne fl$ & w&]$ ) ! relics ( _!
 belov$ ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 ev5tually settl+ at
 ,*e/]-le-,/reet1 until1 9 ! ye> #iij1  
,bi%op ,aldhun1 9 t]ror ( ! ,danes1 aga9
 fl$ s\?w>d to ,ripon4 ,! c\ntry at ?is 
"t 0 rul$ by t weak mon>*1 ,e!lr$ !     
,unready1 & ! ,danes1 f9d+ no det]m9$   
opposition1 cont9ually made piratical   
incursions1 & ev5tually1 ?r\gh ! trea*]y
 ( ?ree *iefta9s1 ! ,ca/le ( ,bamburgh  
fell into _! h&s4 ,aft] an int]val (    
?ree or f\r mon?s peace 0 made ) !      
invad]s1 & ,aldhun & 8 monks v5tur$ to  
return t[>ds ,*e/]-le-,/reet4 ,x 0 dur+ 
?is j\rney1 at a place call$ ,wr$elau1 t
 ! c> c>ry+ ! sa9t /uck fa/1 & !        
incid5ts previ\sly relat$ occurr$1 :i*  
l$ to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,bi%opric ( ,durham4  
,aldhun may !re=e be call$ ! fir/ ,bi%op
 ( ,durham4 ,he held ! see = tw5ty-n9e  
ye>s1 & di$ 9 #ajah4 ,aldhun x 0 :o     
built ! fir/ or ,:ite ,*ur*1 n[ de/roy$4
 ,x is extremely probable t "s ( ! /ones

 ( ?is *ur* 7 us$ 9 ! f\ndations (      
,c>ileph's *oir & apses4  ,aft]         
,aldhun's dea? ! see rema9$ vacant =    
?ree ye>s1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by  ,edmund  
7#ajbj-ajdj74 ,x is said t ! monks c\ld 
n agree z to :o %\ld succe$ ,aldhun1 :5 
"o day ,edmund1 a presbyt]1 ask$ 9 a    
joke1 ,:y n appo9t me8 ,be+ a pi\s & a  
fai?ful man1 !y took him at 8 ^w1 &1    
aft] mu* p]suasion & fa/+ & pray]1 he 0 
consecrat$4 ,! *oice 0 a good "o4       
,edmund 0 an en]getic & belov$ prelate4 
,he di$ at ,gl\ce/] 9 #ajda4 ,"o ( ! mo/
 important ev5ts dur+ 8 episcopate 0 !  
invasion ( ,nor?umbria by ,duncan1 ,k+ (
 ! ,scots4 ,he besieg$ ,durham1 b 0     
beat5 (f1 ) great slaught]1 & ! heads ( 
_m ( 8 m5 7 expos$ 9 ! m>ket-place4     
,egelric 7#ajdb-ajef7 0 ! next bi%op4   
,he 0 an ali51 & made himself obnoxi\s  
to ! cl]gy & p4 ,) ! int5tion (         
rebuild+1 he pull$ d[n ! wood5 *ur* at  
,*e/]-le-,/reet1 :i* _h be5 ! seat ( !  
bi%opric = "o hundr$ & ?irte5 ye>s4 ,a  
l>ge quantity ( treasure 0 f\nd :ile    

digg+ f\ndations1 & ?is ,egelric        
appropriat$ & s5t to 8 mona/]y at       
,pet]bor\gh1 :]e he soon foll[$ x4 ,be=e
 resign+ ! see ( ,durham1 h[ev]1 he     
secur$ ! appo9tm5t ( 8 bro!r to !       
bi%opric4 ,"s ye>s lat] ,william !      
,conqu]or call$ him to acc\nt = 8       
behavi\r 9 ! matt] ( ! treasure1 & ?rew 
him into prison at ,we/m9/]1 :]e he di$ 
9 #ajgb4  ,egelw9 7#ajef-ajga7 succe$$1 
?r\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 bro!r4 ,he took "p 
9 ! rebellion ( ,eadw9 & ,morc>1 &1 l 8 
pr$ecessor1 di$ 9 prison4 ,he 0 ! la/ ( 
! ,saxon bi%ops4  ,wal*] 7#ajga-ajhj74  
,william ,i4 f\nd ! ,*ur* 9 great       
disord] & made _m *anges4 ,he fill$ mo/ 
( ! sees by ! appo9tm5t ( ,norman       
bi%ops4 ,to ,durham he elect$ ,wal*]4 ,!
 latt] 0 a man ( g5tle disposition1 b 8 
*apla91 ,leobw91 & ,gilb]t1 a k9sman ( 8
 own1 to :om he entru/$ mo/ ( 8 affairs1
 7 hat$ by ! p1 ov] :om !y ex]cis$ great
 tyranny4 ,at l5g? a noble1 nam$        
,lyulph1 v5tur$ to remon/rate ) !m1 & 9 
_! rage !y _h him assass9at$4 ,! p 7    

furi\s1 & ! bi%op va9ly d5i$ any k ( !  
de$4 ,he call$ a meet+ at ,gate%ead4 ,"h
 a trem5d\s tumult arose1 ! mob cry+1   
,good r$e1 %ort r$e1 slay ye ! bi%op1 & 
ev5tually sett+ fire to ! *ur*4 ,! bi%op
 0 ev5tually r$uc$ to a *oice ( fac+ !  
mob or be+ burnt 9 ! *ur*4 ,he *ose !   
=m]1 &1 cov]+ 8 face ) 8 robe1 w5t out4 
,he 0 imm$iately sla9 on ! ?re%old1 &   
dreadfully mutilat$4 ,8 body 0 remov$ by
 ! monks to ,j>r[1 & aft]w>ds to        
,durham1 :]e he 0 buri$4  ,william ( ,s4
 ,c>ileph 7#ajhj-ajif7 0 next appo9t$   
bi%op4 ,he 0 a man ( great atta9m5ts4   
,to him we owe ! f\nd+ ( ! pres5t       
ca!dral4 ,c>ileph also made an important
 *ange1 by ! removal f ,durham ( !      
secul> cl]gy1 & _! replacem5t by        
,b5$ict9e monks drawn f ,j>r[ &         
,monkwe>m\?4 ,! f\ndations ( ! new *ur* 
7 laid on #bi? ,july #ajic1 ! ,bi%op &  
,prior ,turgot be+ pres5t4 ,he did n    
live to see x v f> advanc$1 be+ tak5 ill
 at ,w9dsor4 ,he di$ ab\t ,*ri/mas      
#ajif4  ,ranulph ,flamb>d               

7#ajii-aabh74--,! see 0 kept vacant =   
?ree ye>s by ,william ,rufus1 :5 he     
appo9t$ ,flamb>d1 a great build]4 ,he   
built ! nave & aisles1 ! we/ doorway &  
l[] "p ( ! we/]n t[]s1 & vault$ !       
aisles4 ,he also built ,framwellgate    
,bridge ov] ! ,we> at ,durham1 erect$ & 
end[$ ,s4 ,giles' ,*ur*1 ,durham1 & 0 ! 
f\nd] ( ,norham ,ca/le on ! ,twe$4      
,galfrid ,rufus 7#aacc-aadj7 0 8        
successor4 ,8 episcopate 0 mu* di/urb$  
by w>s ) ! ,scots4 ,! *apt]-h\se 0 f9i%$
 dur+ 8 "t ( (fice4  ,william de ,s4    
,b>b>a 7#aadc-aaeb7 0 next appo9t$4     
,extraord9>y ev5ts m>k$ 8 election4     
,william ,cum91 *ancellor ( ! ,scotti%  
k+1 attempt$ to take ! bi%opric =       
himself1 & succe$$ s f> z to capture !  
ca/le ) ! aid ( ! ,scots4 ,! rightful   
bi%op 0 n able to ga9 possession =      
sixte5 mon?s aft] 8 election4 ,cum9     
submitt$ 9 #aadd4  ,illu/ration3 ,!     
,crypt4  ,hugh ,pudsey 7#aaec-aaie7 n[  
succe$$ to ! bi%opric at ! age (        
tw5ty-five4 ,he b\ght = life ! e>ldom ( 

,nor?umb]l& & ! manor ( ,sadb]g4 ,9     
#aahg ! news ( ! capture ( ,j]usalem by 
! ,s>ac5s spread con/]nation 9 ! ,*ur*1 
& ,pudsey prep>$ to accompany ,k+ ,h5ry 
to ! ,ea/4 ,he fitt$ out %ips & galleys 
9 a mo/ sumptu\s mann]1 8 own hav+ a    
seat = himself ( solid silv]4 ,nei!r he 
nor ,k+ ,h5ry emb>k$ 9 ! crusade1 h[ev]4
 ,! k+ di$1 & ,ri*>d 8 son und]took !   
exp$ition1 leav+ ,bi%op ,pudsey &       
,long*amp1 ,bi%op ( ,ely1 z ju/ici>ies =
 ! nor!rn & s\!rn portions ( ! k+dom    
respectively4 ,^! two qu>rell$1 &       
,pudsey 0 decoy$ to ,london by          
,long*amp1 & committ$ to ! ,t[]4 ,he    
soon obta9$ 8 release1 b 0 compell$ to  
resign ! e>ldom ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,9 #aaie 
he und]took a j\rney to ,london to see !
 k+1 & endeav\r to obta9 re/itution ( 8 
hon\rs & possessions1 b 0 tak5 ill1 &   
di$ on ! way1 at ,h[d54 ,8 "w 9 !       
ca!dral we h se54 ,he also built ! great
 hall ( ! ca/le1 mo/ ( ! beautiful ,*ur*
 ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t at ,d>l+ton1 & ! ,elvet  
,bridge ov] ! ,we> at ,durham1 & f\nd$ !

 hospital at ,%]burn1 ne> ,durham4      
,d>l+ton ,*ur*1 :i* w\ld well repay a   
visit1 is a f9e specim5 ( ,e>ly ,po9t$  
ar*itecture1 second only to ! ,galilee (
 ,durham1 ! two %[+ 9 a wond]ful mann] !
 rapid developm5t ( ! *ange :i* 0 tak+  
place 9 ar*itectural /yle dur+ ,pudsey's
 "t4  ,philip de ,pictavia 7#aaig-abjh71
 elect$ at ! urg5t reque/ ( ! k+4 ,he 0 
cont9ually at logg]heads ) 8 cl]gy4 ,he 
support$ ,k+ ,john aga9/ ! ,pope1 & 0 = 
?is excommunicat$2 di$ 9 #abjh1 & 0     
buri$ 9 unconsecrat$ gr\nd4 ,?is bi%op  
is said to h _h ! p]mission ( ! k+ to   
co9 money at ,durham4  ,ri*>d de ,m>isco
 7#abag-abbf7 0 elect$ aft] an int]val (
 ne>ly t5 ye>s4 ,! feud ) ! monks       
cont9u$ dur+ 8 episcopate1 & ! bi%op    
swore ! ,*ur* ( ,durham %\ld h no peace 
:ile he liv$2 ?reat5$ t if a monk %\ld  
%[ himself beyond 8 cloi/] he %\ld lose 
8 head2 & once1 :5 8 s]vants _h beat5 a 
monk1 & ! man compla9$1 he repli$ t x 0 
a pity !y did n kill him4 ,he di$ at    
,pet]bor\gh 9 #abbf4  ,ri*>d le ,poore  

7#abbi-abcg71 :o 0 ! next bi%op1 elect$ 
aft] ! see _h be5 vacant two ye>s & f\r 
mon?s1 0 translat$ f ,salisbury1 :]e he 
_h comm5c$ build+ ! new ca!dral4 ,he    
end$ ! dispute betwe5 ! monks & ! ,bi%op
 ( ,durham by an agreem5t kn[n z ,le    
,conv5it4  ,ni*olas de ,f>nham          
7#abda-abdh7 became bi%op aft] a ?ree   
ye>s' dispute ) ! k+4 ,he resign$ 9     
#abdh4  ,walt] de ,kirkham 7#abdi-abfj71
 ,dean ( ,york1 0 next elect$4  ,rob]t  
de ,/it*ill 7#abfa-abgd71 ,prior (      
,f9*ale1 succe$$ him4 ,diss5sions aga9  
arose betwe5 ! bi%op & ! monks4 ,he di$ 
on 8 return f ,france1 :]e he _h att5d$ 
a c\ncil at ,lyons4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 a     
mona/]y 9 ,france1 b 8 he>t 0 br\ght to 
,durham1 & buri$ 9 ! *apt]-h\se4  ,rob]t
 de ,insula 7#abgd-abhc71 a native (    
,holy ,isl&1 z 8 "n sugge/s1 0 !n elect$
 bi%op4 ,8 t5ure ( (fice 0 peaceful4    
,illu/ration3 ,/one ,c(f9 ,lid4  ,an?ony
 ,bek 7#abhc-acaj74 ,! next bi%op 0 (   
noble bir?1 ! son ( ,walt] ,bek1 ,b>on (
 ,eresby1 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,he took "p )  

,edw>d ,i4 9 8 exp$ition to ,scotl&1 &1 
be+ v weal?y1 0 ( great assi/ance to !  
k+4 ,8 foll[+ consi/$ ( tw5ty-six /&>d  
be>]s1 "o hundr$ & =ty knights1 & an    
army ( five ?\s& foot & five hundr$     
horse4 ,he 0 employ$ by ! k+1 ) success1
 9 _m important ,/ate matt]s4 ,9 ! ye>  
#acjj tr\ble aga9 arose ) ! monks4 ,"s (
 !m be+ dissatisfi$ ) ! ,prior ,hot\n1 !
 bi%op propos$ to hold a visitation4 ,! 
prior refus+ to admit him unless he came
 unatt5d$1 ! bi%op depos$ &             
excommunicat$ him4 ,! conv5t took sides1
 "s ) ! bi%op & "s ) ! prior1 & x 0 only
 on ! int]f]5ce ( ! k+ t a p>tial peace 
0 re/or$4 ,! qu>rel soon reop5$4 ,"s m5 
made a compla9t aga9/ ! bi%op4 ,he _h   
compell$ !m to take arms "u him 9 !     
,scotti% w>1 & _h imprison$ "s :o _h    
return$ )\t leave4 ,! b>ons upheld ! m51
 & x l$ to !m tak+ sides ) ,prior ,hot\n
 9 8 dispute4 ,! bi%op1 call+ ! monks   
toge!r1 ord]$ !m to elect a new prior1  
:i* !y promptly refus$ to d4 ,on ?is !  
bi%op appo9t$ ,h5ry de ,luceby ( ,holy  

,isl& to be prior ( ,durham1 & br\ght m5
 f ,we>dale & ,tyn$ale to expel ! old   
prior4 ,!y laid siege to ! conv5t1 & =  
?ree days ,prior ,hot\n & =ty-six monks 
7 %ut up ) only six loaves & sixte5     
h]r+s4 ,!y cont9u$ ! s]vices h[ev]4 ,on 
! ?ird day a ,tyn$ale man 0 s5t to pull 
! prior out ( 8 /all1 b 0 s aw$ by 8    
v5]able appe>ance t he d>$ n t\* him4 ,a
 monk on ! bi%op's side1 h[ev]1 did !   
"w4 ,prior ,luceby 0 in/all$1 & ,prior  
,ri*>d seiz$ & imprison$4 ,he soon      
escap$1 h[ev]1 & c>ri$ 8 compla9t be=e  
,p>liam5t1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,pope1       
,boniface ,,viii4 ,! ,pope decid$ 9 8   
fav\r1 & ,hot\n return$ to ,durham1 &   
,luceby & 8 fri5ds 7 oblig$ to g1 ?\gh  
!y tri$1 :5 do+ s1 to c>ry (f "s silv]  
plate & o!r valuables4 ,bek cont9u$ 9   
great spl5d\r until 8 dea? 9 #acaj4 ,:5 
he di$ he 0 k+ ( ! ,isle ( ,man1        
,patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 ,bi%op ( ,durham1 
& ,pr9ce ,palat9e4  ,ri*>d de ,kellaw   
7#acaa-acaf71 =m]ly a monk ( ,durham1   
succe$$ ,bek4 ,he 0 a good & le>n$ man1 

& liv$ 9 h>mony ) ! monks4  ,l\is de    
,beaumont 7#acah-accc7 0 next appo9t$   
bi%op1 aft] great competition &         
intrigue4 ,he 0 *os5 9 opposition to !  
wi%es ( ! *apt]1 :o _h elect$ ,/am=d1   
,prior ( ,f9*ale1 to succe$ ,kellaw4 ,on
 8 way to ,durham = consecration &      
en?ronem5t1 accompani$ by two c>d9als & 
a l>ge ret9ue1 he 0 waylaid at ,ru%y=d  
by a b& ( ruffians "u ,gilb]t           
,middleton4 ,!y plund]$ ! c>d9als1 b    
c>ri$ ! bi%op a prison] to ,mit=d       
,ca/le4 ,8 release 0 only secur$ on     
paym5t by ! mona/]y ( a heavy ransom4   
,he 0 an ignorant man1 & s innoc5t (    
,lat9 t he c\ld n read 8 pr(ession (    
ob$i5ce1 be+ cont9ually prompt$4 ,lat]1 
at an ord9ation1 he /umbl$ ov] ! words 9
 o5igmate & cri$ 9 ,fr5*1 ,p> ,seynt    
,lewis1 il ne fuit pas curtays qui ce/  
p>ole ici escrit4 ,by ,sa9t ,lewis he 0 
no g5tleman :o wrote ?is ^w4  ,ri*>d de 
,bury 7#accc-acde71 :o succe$$1 0 a     
great s*ol>1 tutor to ,edw>d ,,iii41 &  
au?or ( ,philobiblon1 a book /ill       

extant4 ,he 0 a good man1 & v k9d to !  
poor4  ,?omas de ,hatfield 7#acde-acha7 
01 l ,bi%op ,bek1 a w>rior ecclesia/ic4 
,soon aft] 8 election he l$ eighty ar*]s
 to ! siege ( ,calais4 ,8 episcopate 0  
notable = ! w>s ) ! ,scots1 & ! great   
victory obta9$ ov] !m1 ) ! capture ( ,k+
 ,david & _m nobles1 at ,neville's      
,cross1 ne> ,durham4 ,fifte5 ?\s& ,scots
 7 sla94 ,! victory 0 attribut$ to !    
pres5ce ( ! sacr$ bann] ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t1  
:i* ,prior ,john ,fossor took to a place
 ne> ! battlefield1 kneel+ 9 pray] !    
:ile = success4 ,a hymn ( ?anksgiv+ 0   
appo9t$ to be sung on ! top ( ! ca!dral 
t[] on ea* anniv]s>y ( ! battle4 ,?is   
cu/om is /ill c>ri$ out1 ?\gh ! day has 
be5 *ang$ to ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,may4        
,hatfield 0 a lib]al support] ( ,durham 
,college at ,ox=d4 ,he erect$ 8 own tomb
 9 ! *oir ( ! ca!dral1 9 :i* he 0       
aft]w>ds buri$4  ,john ,=dham           
7#acha-achh71 secret>y to ,ri*>d ,,ii41 
& ,canon ( ,york1 0 next elect$4        
,suspect$ ( giv+ bad advice to ! k+1 he 

0 compell$ to resign1 b 0 giv5 ! inf]ior
 bi%opric ( ,ely1 :]e he liv$ to extreme
 old age1 dy+ 9 #adbe4  ,walt] de       
,skirlaw 7#achh-adje71 translat$ f ,ba? 
& ,wells1 0 a munific5t prelate4 ,he    
built bridges at ,%9cliffe1 ,bi%op      
,auckl&1 & ,y>m2 a refuge t[]1 a        
beautiful *apt]-h\se 7n[ 9 ru9s7 at     
,h[d52 & 0 a l>ge contributor to !      
exp5se ( build+ ! c5tral t[] ( ,york    
,ca!dral4 ,8 "w 9 ! build+ ( ! cloi/]s (
 ,durham has already be5 ref]r$ to4     
,?omas ,langley 7#adjf-adcg7 succe$$4   
,he 0 ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 ,dean (      
,york1 & 9 #adaa 0 made a c>d9al4 ,he   
occupi$ ! see dur+ "p ( ! reign ( ,h5ry 
,,iv41 ! :ole ( t ( ,h5ry ,v41 & fifte5 
ye>s ( t ( ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,he f\nd$ two    
s*ools on ! ,palace ,gre5 at ,durham1 & 
9 8 w left collections ( books to _m    
colleges4  ,rob]t ,neville 7#adcg-adeg71
 son ( ! ,e>l ( ,we/morel& & 8 wife     
,joan1 :o 0 a daught] ( ,john ( ,gaunt4 
,he 0 !re=e uncle ( ! ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 ! 
k+-mak] ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 & ( ,edw>d ,,iv4

 ,he _h a peaceful episcopate ( n9ete5  
ye>s1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ca!dral1 9 ! s\?    
aisle ne> 8 ance/ors4  ,laurance ,boo?  
7#adeg-adgf71 ,canon ( ,york &          
,li*field1 ,ar*deacon ( ,ri*mond1 &     
,dean ( ,s4 ,paul's1 0 ! next bi%op4 ,he
 0 a support] ( ! ,h\se ( ,lanca/]4 ,he 
0 translat$ to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,york 9  
#adgf1 ! fir/ ( ! bi%ops ( ,durham :o 0 
rais$ to t dignity4  ,william ,dudley   
7#adgf-adhc71 ,dean ( ,w9dsor1 succe$$  
him4  ,john ,%]wood 7#adhc-adid71 :o 0  
appo9t$ next1 0 a le>n$ man1 & made a   
l>ge collection ( ,greek manuscripts4   
,he di$ 9 ,rome 9 #adid4  ,ri*>d ,fox   
7#adid-aeja7 0 translat$ f ,ba? & ,wells
 aft] ! see _h rema9$ vacant = elev5    
mon?s4 ,no?+ ( p>ticul> mom5t occurr$   
dur+ 8 episcopate4 ,he 0 an e>ly patron 
& help] ( ,wolsey1 & liv$ to regret hav+
 assi/$ him4 ,he made alt]ations 9 !    
ca/le at ,durham4 ,he 0 translat$ to !  
see ( ,w9*e/] 9 #aeja1 & di$ 9 #aebh4   
,william ,s9ews or ,sev] 7#aejb-aeje71  
translat$ f ,c>lisle4 ,he is said to h  

be5 ! son ( a sieve-mak] at ,%9cliffe1  
ne> ,durham4  ,*ri/oph] ,ba9bridge      
7#aejg-aejh71 ,dean ( ,york1 0 next     
elect$1 & aft] an episcopate ( "o ye> 0 
translat$ to ,york4 ,9 #aeaa he 0 s5t to
 ,rome z ambassador by ,h5ry ,,viii41 & 
:ile !re 0 creat$ c>d9al4 ,he di$ 9     
,rome1 poison$ by a s]vant :om he _h    
/ruck 9 ang]4  ,?omas ,ru?all           
7#aeji-aebb71 ,dean ( ,salisbury1 0 !   
next bi%op4 ,he 0 imm5sely weal?y1 & 8  
love ( money br\ght him into disgrace4  
,k+ ,h5ry comm&$ him to draw up an      
acc\nt ( ! l&s & rev5ues ( ! ,cr[n4 ,!  
bi%op1 9 error1 s5t to ! k+ ! wrong     
book1 9 :i* 0 set =? an acc\nt ( 8 own  
possessions4 ,! k+1 ?\gh tamp]$ ) by    
,wolsey1 made no use ( ! k ?us obta9$4  
,b ! affair rankl$ 9 ! m9d ( ! bi%op1 & 
is said to h ha/5$ 8 dea?4  ,?omas      
,wolsey 7#aebb-aebh7 0 appo9t$ to succe$
 him4 ,! fam\s c>d9al held ! see = six  
ye>s1 z well z t ( ,york4 ,dur+ ! :ole (
 8 episcopate he nev] visit$ ,durham1 & 
9 #aebh he resign$ x = ! see ( ,w9*e/]4 

,cu?b]t ,tun/all 7#aecj-aeei7 0         
translat$ f ,london by a ,papal ,bull1 !
 la/ us$ = ?is purpose4 ,tun/all 0 a    
rem>kable man1 & he occupi$ ! see dur+  
an important p]iod ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 !    
,re=mation1 all ! /ages ( :i* he saw4   
,dur+ 8 episcopacy1 ! great privileges (
 ! bi%ops ( ,durham z ,pr9ces ,palat9e 7
 v mu* curtail$4 ,9 #aebf1 :ile ,tun/all
 0 ,bi%op ( ,london1 ! ,engli%          
translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t by        
,tyndall appe>$1 caus+ great al>m among 
! cl]gy4 ,! "p play$ by ,tun/all 9      
relation to ?is is well kn[n4 ,he oppos$
 ! supremacy ( ,k+ ,h5ry z head ( !     
,*ur*1 b ev5tually gave up ! /ruggle &  
prea*$ 9 its fav\r4 ,! mona/]y ( ,durham
 0 suppress$ 9 #aedj1 & a dean & twelve 
canons appo9t$4 ,soon aft] ! accession (
 ,edw>d ,,vi41 ,bi%op ,tun/all 0        
committ$ to ! ,t[] & depriv$ ( 8 see1 on
 a *>ge ( hav+ enc\rag$ rebellion 9 !   
nor?4 ,on ! accession ( ,m>y to ! ?rone 
he 0 releas$ & re/or$1 b !re w\ld seem  
to be no gr\nds = suppos+ t he took any 

"p 9 ! cruelties practis$ dur+ h] reign4
 ,:5 ,elizabe? became que51 ,tun/all    
refus$ to take ! oa?1 & 0 aga9 depriv$ (
 8 see1 &1 be+ n[ an old man1 0 committ$
 to ! cu/ody ( 8 fri5d ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]  
7,cant]bury71 ) :om he liv$ till 8 dea? 
9 #aeei4 ,he 0 a s*ol>ly prelate1 ( a   
k9dly nature1 & 0 held 9 univ]sal e/eem4
  ,james ,pilk+ton 7#aefj-aege7 left !  
build+s ( ! see 9 a ru9\s condition4    
,ri*>d ,b>nes 7#aege-aehg71 translat$ f 
,c>lisle4 ,he is said to h be5 remov$ to
 ,durham 9 ord] to spy ^u !             
correspond5ce & mess5g]s ( ! un=tunate  
,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots4  ,mat!w ,hutton    
7#aehi-aeid71 ,dean ( ,york1 0 ! next   
bi%op4 ,a man ( great le>n+1 & consid]$ 
"o ( ! be/ prea*]s ( 8 day4 ,he 0       
translat$ to ,york 9 #aeid4  ,tobias    
,mat!w 7#aeie-afjf71 ,dean ( ,durham1 0 
8 successor4 ,he 0 also a great prea*]1 
& 0 celebrat$ = 8 wit4 ,he 0 translat$  
to ,york4  ,william ,james 7#afjf-afag71
 ,dean ( ,durham1 0 next elect$4  ,ri*>d
 ,neile 7#afag-afbg7 0 translat$ f      

,l9coln4 ,he 0 rem>kable z be+ ! only   
bi%op :o held six sees                  
successively--viz4 #afjh1 ,ro*e/]2      
#afaj1 ,li*field2 #afac1 ,l9coln2 #afag1
 ,durham2 #afbg1 ,w9*e/]2 & #afca1      
,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,he did mu* to help  
=w>d m5 ( le>n+ & ability by giv+ !m    
pref]m5t 9 8 see1 & res]v+ ap>tm5ts = _!
 use 9 ,durham ,h\se1 ,london1 :i*      
became kn[n z ,durham ,college4 ,he sp5t
 l>ge sums ( money on repairs to !      
build+s at ,durham4  ,george ,monteigne 
7#afbh71 ,bi%op ( ,london1 only held !  
see ( ,durham = ?ree mon?s1 :5 he 0     
translat$ to ,york4  ,john ,h[son       
7#afbh-afca71 ,bi%op ( ,ox=d1 held ! see
 = two ye>s1 & di$ 9 #afca4  ,?omas     
,morton 7#afcb-afei71 translat$ f       
,li*field4 ,! ,nor? ( ,engl& 0 mu*      
di/urb$ 9 #afdj by ! invasion ( !       
,scots1 & ,bi%op ,morton fl$--fir/ to   
,/ockton1 aft]w>ds to ,york--& nev]     
return$ to 8 diocese4 ,! successful     
,scots levi$ heavy taxes on ! di/rict = 
! ma9t5ance ( _! troops1 z mu* z #hej a 

day be+ dem&$4 ,9 #afdf1 ,episcopacy 0  
aboli%$1 & ! e/ates ( ! bi%ops ord]$ to 
be sold4 ,?us we f9d at ,durham ! ca/le 
sold to ! ,mayor ( ,london = #abfg &    
,durham1 ,bor\gh1 & ,framwellgate       
dispos$ ( to ! ,corporation = #bjj4 ,!  
bi%op liv$ a life ( suff]+ 9 ,london1   
c>$ = by 8 fri5ds1 till 8 dea? 9 #afei1 
at ! age ( n9ety-f\r4 ,dur+ 8           
episcopate1 9 #afef1 ,oliv] ,cromwell   
arrang$ = ! f\nd+ ( a college 9 ,durham1
 b 8 dea? prev5t$ him c>ry+ out 8 s*eme4
 ,8 son1 h[ev]1 did s1 & x fl\ri%$ until
 ! ,re/oration1 :i*1 by giv+ back       
prop]ty to its rightful own]s1 put an   
end to its exi/5ce4  ,john ,cos9        
7#affj-afga71 ,canon ( ,durham1 0 ! fir/
 bi%op aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,he 0 a mo/  
munific5t prelate1 leav+ _m *>itable    
beque/s4 ,he sp5t l>ge sums 9 !         
re/oration ( ! ca!dral & ca/le & !      
palace at ,bi%op ,auckl&4 ,he built a   
hospital = eight poor p1 & erect$ a     
libr>y on ! palace gre54  ,na?aniel     
,crewe 7#afdb-agbb71 translat$ f ,ox=d4 

,he 0 a /rong support] ( ,k+ ,james     
,,ii41 b aft]w>ds took ! oa? (          
allegiance to ,william & ,m>y4 ,he 0    
not$ = 8 *>ity & munific5ce1 & left l>ge
 sums to ! poor1 & 9 s*ol>%ips t5able by
 natives ( ,durham4  ,william ,talbot   
7#agbb-agcj71 translat$ f ,salisbury4   
,edw>d ,*&l] 7#agcj-agej71 ,bi%op (     
,li*field1 0 next elect$4 ,he gave #bjjj
 to be laid out = ! b5efit ( ! wid[s (  
cl]gym5 ( 8 diocese4  ,joseph ,butl]    
7#agej-ageb7 0 translat$ f ,bri/ol4 ,he 
is be/ kn[n z ! au?or ( ,! ,analogy (   
,religion1 ,natural & ,reveal$4  ,ri*>d 
,trevor 7#ageb-agga71 ,bi%op ( ,s4      
,david's1 a le>n$1 pi\s1 & uno/5tati\s  
man4 ,he left #bjj 9 8 w to ! poor (    
,durham & ,auckl&4  ,john ,eg]ton       
7#agga-aghg71 ,bi%op ( ,li*field1 0 next
 elect$4 ,he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,h5ry1   
,duke ( ,k5t1 & 8 elde/ son aft]w>ds    
became ,e>l ( ,bridgewat]4  ,?omas      
,?url[ 7#aghg-agia7 0 translat$ to      
,durham f ,l9coln4 ,he 0 bro!r ( ! ,"l  
,*ancellor4  ,%ute ,b>r+ton 7#agia-ahbf7

 0 ! next bi%op1 hav+ previ\sly held !  
sees ( ,ll&aff & ,salisbury4 ,a mo/     
b5efic5t prelate2 8 *>ities1 especially 
^? = ! f\nd+ ( s*ools & augm5tation (   
poor liv+s1 7 magnific5t4 ,dur+ 8       
episcopacy1 ext]nal repairs to ! ca!dral
 hav+ become absolutely necess>y1 ,james
 ,wyatt1 :o _h already done su* mis*ief 
at ,salisbury1 0 giv5 *>ge ( ! "w4 ,!n x
 0 t ! p>+ process1 spok5 ( previ\sly1 0
 complet$1 ! *apt]-h\se de/roy$1 & !    
,galilee ,*apel only sav$ f de/ruction  
by ! int]v5tion ( ,dean ,cornwallis4    
,wyatt's o!r wild s*emes1 to ext5d !    
*oir ea/w>ds1 to ! utt] ru9 ( ! ,n9e    
,alt> ,*apel1 to remove ! beautiful     
,neville scre51 & surm\nt ! c5tral t[] (
 ! *ur* by a spire1 7 happily *eck$ 9   
"t1 or !re is no say+ to :at ext5t !    
build+ w\ld h be5 mutilat$4 ,bi%op      
,b>r+ton di$ 9 ,london1 9 8 n9ety-?ird  
ye>4  ,william ,van ,mild]t             
7#ahbf-ahcf71 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 succe$$ 
to ! see4 ,dur+ 8 episcopate1 _m        
important *anges 7 made4 ,!             

,ecclesia/ical ,commission1 appo9t$ 9   
#ahcc1 to consid] 9 :at mann] ! funds ( 
! ,*ur* might be made m available = !   
purposes = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 decid$ to   
give future bi%ops a fix$ ye>ly paym5t1 
& to r$uce ! numb] ( canons f twelve to 
six4 ,on ! appo9tm5t ( a new bi%op1 !   
,palat9ate 0 to be annex$ by ! ,/ate4   
,?us ,van ,mild]t 0 ! la/ ,c\nt         
,palat9e4 ,be=e ^! *anges came into =ce1
 h[ev]1 ! bi%op & ! dean & *apt] f\nd$ &
 end[$ ! univ]sity out ( ! rev5ues ( !  
see1 = ! use ( :i* ! bi%op gave up !    
ca/le4 ,bi%op ,van ,mild]t 0 a man (    
great *>ity1 & ?\gh 8 income 0 imm5se1  
he di$ comp>atively poor4 ,he di$ 9     
,febru>y #ahcf1 & 0 int]r$ 9 ! *apel ( !
 ,n9e ,alt>s4  ,edw>d ,maltby           
7#ahcf-ahef71 8 successor1 0 translat$ f
 ,*i*e/]1 & held ! see = tw5ty ye>s1 :51
 ow+ to advanc$ age & increas+          
infirmity1 he resign$ 9 #ahef4  ,*>les  
,?omas ,longley 7#ahef-ahfj71 fir/      
,bi%op ( ,ripon1 0 next elect$4 ,he 0 a 
popul> & mu*-belov$ prelate4 ,9 #ahfj he

 0 creat$ ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 & two ye>s 
lat] 0 translat$ to ,cant]bury4  ,hon4  
,h5ry ,montague ,villi]s 7#ahfj-ahfa7 0 
translat$ f ,c>lisle4 ,a f9e prea*]1 8  
episcopate 0 all too %ort4 ,he di$1 aft]
 mu* suff]+1 9 #ahfa4  ,*>les ,b>+      
7#ahfa-ahgh71 ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/] &       
,bri/ol1 succe$$ him4 ,a man ( unb\nd$  
*>ity & goodness1 he won ! affection (  
all :o knew him p]sonally4 ,he 0        
compell$1 ?r\gh illness1 to resign ! see
 9 #ahgh1 & did n long survive 8        
retirem5t4  ,joseph ,b>b] ,lightfoot    
7#ahgi-ahhi7 0 !n elect$ to ! see4 ,a   
man ( s*ol>ly atta9m5ts1 he is /ill too 
well kn[n & rememb]$ to ne$ any detail$ 
note4 ,he came to ,durham pl$g$ to      
accompli% z soon z possible ! division (
 ! diocese1 :i* promise he c>ri$ out by 
re/or+ ! suppress$ see ( ,hexham to     
,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,a f9e tomb to !    
memory ( ,dr ,lightfoot has be5 plac$ on
 ! nor? side ( ! *oir ( ! ca!dral1 & z a
 memorial ( 8 episcopate ! mutilat$     
*apt]-h\se has be5 re/or$4  ,! pres5t   

bi%op is ! ,"r ,rev4 ,brooke ,foss      
,we/cott1 ,d4,d4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,9 ?is place may  
conv5i5tly be giv5 ! r\gh draft ( !     
settlem5t ( ! see by ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4  
at ! ,re=mation4 ,al?\gh dep>t$ f 9 _m  
in/ances1 x ?r[s a curi\s light on !    
k+'s int5tions to keep up "s semblance (
 a conv5tual in/itution ) an active     
educational purpose4                    
,,duresme4                              
,fol4 #cj4 ,duresme                     
cum ,cellis4 _/  ,fir/ a provo/e ( !    
,college                                
cc li4 ,item xii preb5d>yes & ! mo/e    
p>te ( !ym prea*]s vi   ( !m #a m>kes & 
vi ( !m xxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 by !   
y]e                                     
ccclx li4 ,item a ,read] ( humanytie 9  
greke by ! y]e                    xx li4
 ,item a ,read] ( dyvynytie 9 hebrewe by
 ! y]e                  xx li4 ,item a  
,read] bo! ( devynytie & humanytie by ! 
y]e         xx li4 ,item a ,read] (     
physyke                                 

xx li4 ,item lx scoll]s to be tawghte   
bo? gram] & logyke 9 hebrewe   greke &  
lattyn e ( !m by ! y]e iii li4 vi s4    
viii d4 cc li4 ,item xx /udy5tes 9      
dyvynytie to be f\nde x att ,ox5=d1 &   
x att ,cambryge e ( !m by ! y]e x li4   
cc li4 ,item a ,scolma/] = ! same       
,scoll]s                            xx  
li4 ,item an us%]                       
x li4 ,item viii petycanons to synge &  
s]ve 9 ! qu]e e ( !m   x li4 by ! y]e   
xxiiii li4 ,item x laye m5 to synge &   
s]ve also 9 ! quyre e (   !m by y]e vi  
li4 xiii s4 iiii d4           lxvi li4  
xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item x ,*ory/]s e ( !m 
by ! y]e fyve m>ks                      
xxxiii li4 vi s4 viii d4 ,item a ma/] ( 
! ,*yld]ne                              
x li4 ,item a ,gospell]                 
vi li4 ,item a py/ell]                  
v li4 ,item ii sext5s                   
vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item xii poore  
m5 beynge olde s]vynge m5 decay$ by     
w>res   or 9 ! ,kyng's s]vyce e (   !m  
vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 by y]e           

lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4                
,fol4 #cj4 dors4  ,item ye>ly to be     
di/rybut$ 9 almes to poore h\se-hold]s  
lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item = ye>ly  
rep>acions                      lxvi li4
 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item to be employ$    
y]ely 9 makynge & m5dynge (   hyghewayes
                                        
lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item to a     
,/ew>d ( ! ,l&es                    vi  
li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item to an ,audytor
                                        
x li4 ,item to ii port]s to kepe ! gates
 & %ave ! ,company          x li4 ,item 
to "o *eyf ,butl] = hys wages & dyete   
iiii li4 xiiis4 iiiid4 ,item to an "u   
,butl] = hys wages & dyete       iii li4
 vis4 viiid4 ,item "o ,*eyf ,cooke = hys
 wages & dyete       iiii li4 xiiis4    
iiiid4 ,item oone ,"u ,coke = hys wages 
& dyete        iii li4 vi s4 viii d4    
,item = ! provo/es exp5ces 9 receyvyng !
 ,r5tes &   survey5g ! l&es by y]e      
x li4 ,item to a ,cator to bye !re      
dyetes = 8 wages & dyete &   makynge hys

 bockes ( reconyngs by ! y]e        vi  
li4 xiiis4 iiiid4                       
,fol4 #ca4                              
xx ,duresme                             
,ml,d,ciiii viiili  xis viiid4          
xx ,porciones d$uct                     
,ml,diiii xiiili xiiis iiiid4 ,reman'   
lxxxxiiiili xviiis iiid4                
,fol4 #cb4  ,a proporcion = maynt5ance (
 ,hospitalite ,l]nynge ,dyv9e    ,s]vice
 ,almes & o!r necess>ie ,exp5ces 9 !    
,ca!drall    ,*ur*e ( ,duresme to be    
erectyd f\ndyd & e/ablys%$    by ! ,k+'s
 ,maje/ies goodnes4                     
xx             ,sma ,ml,d,ciiii viiili  
xis4 viii d4                            
,,hospitalite4         ,! dean cclxiii  
li4 x s4--,preb5d' xxxii li4 vi s4 viii 
d4                  ,corpus ( ! deane & 
preb5d>ies4  ,fyr/e = ! ,deane = !      
corpus ( 8 promotion :i* he %all        
c]taynlye receyve & accord+e :]unto he  
%all paye !     t5!s & fyr/ frutes      
xl li4  ,item to twelve preb5d>ies i*e (
 !m = ! corpus ( 8   promotion viiili   

:i* he %all receyve c]taynly by y]e &   
accord+e :]eunto he %all paye ! t5!s &  
fyr/e    xx   fruytes                   
iiii xvi li4                            
,sma cxxxvili                           
,,di/ributions4                         
,d,cxxx li4 xiii s4 i d4                
----------------------- ,item to ! deane
 = e daie ( 8 resid5ce to be payd by    
waie    ( ,cotidiane di/ribucion out ( !
 common possession xii s4 v d4    to be 
paid out ( ! same common possession :i* 
am\nty?          9 ! y]e                
ccxxvi li4 xii s4 i d4                  
,item to e*e preb5d>ye = e daie ( 8     
resid5ce to be payd     by waie (       
,cotidiane di/ribucion out ( ! common   
possession        xvid ob4 ov] & besydes
 iiii s4 ix d4 ob4 to be payd to e      
( ! preb5d>ies out ( ! same common      
possession :i*           9 ! hole y]e   
am\nti? to ! twelve said preb5d>ies to  
! ,summe                                
ccciiii li4-                            
,fol4 #cb dors4                         

,,le>n+e4                               
ccxxx li4 vi s4 viii d4                 
-------------------------               
cciiili xiii iiii4                      
---------------------- ,item a read] 9  
div9ite = 8 y]ely /yp5de to be paid (   
! common possession                     
xxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4  ,item to      
twelve scol]s to be f\nd at ! ,univ]site
 (f ,ox=de          e ( !m ix li4 xi s4 
viii d4 by y]e               cxv li4    
,item to xviii scol]s to be taught      
,gram] ,greke & ,latyn                 e
 ( !m iiii li4 by y]e                   
lxxii li4  ,item to a scolema/] = ! same
 scol>s                     x li4  ,item
 to an us%] = !m                    vi  
li4 xiii s4 iiii d4-                    
,,dyv9e ,,s]vice4                       
cccili                                  
---------- ,item to twelve petycanons   
e*e ( !m x li4 by y]e = !r dyet        &
 wagys                                  
cxx li4  ,item to t5ne laym5 syng>s e*e 
( !m to h y]ely = _!        dyet & wagys

 vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4   lxvi li4 xiii 
s4 iiii d4  ,item to t5ne ,*ori/]s e*e (
 !m lxvi s4 viii d4                     
xxiii li4 vi4 s4 viii d4  ,item = a ma/]
 to ! ,*ildr5 = 8 dyet & wagys      x4  
li4  ,item to a ,gospell] & ,epi/ol] e*e
 ( !m  vi li4 xiiis4 iiiid4  ,item to   
twoo sext5s                             
xii li4  ,item to a ,cator              
vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4  ,item to twoo   
buttell]s                               
xii li4  ,item to two ,cookes           
xii li4  ,item to ?re o!r comm5         
s]vaantes z portor & ryng>s e*e (       
!m v li4                                
xv li4-                                 
,fol4 #cc4                              
,,almes4  ,item to eyght poore m5 e*e ( 
!m y]ely vi li4 xiii4 s4 iiii d4        
liii li4 vi s4 viii d4  ,item to be     
y]ely di/ribut$ 9 almes to h\sehold]s   
xvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4  ,item to be    
y]ely sp5te 9 m5dynge ( hyghways        
xx li4-                                 
,,exp5ces ,,necess>ie4                  

xx                                      
ciiii iiii li4 xv s4 x d4               
-------------------------- ,item = y]ely
 rep>acions by ,e/ymation4     cxxxi li4
 viii s4 v d4  ,item 9 exsp5ces y]ely 9 
surveynge ! l&es & receyv+e            !
 ,r5tes                                 
xx li4  ,item 9 exp5ces = wyne & wax    
xiii li4 vi s4 viii d4  ,item to a      
,/ew>de ( l&es = 8 fee                  
x li4  ,item to an ,auditor             
x li4-                           xx     
xx ,sum ( ! common ,ml,c,c,ciiii vi li4 
xiii s4 xd4 ,ml,c,c,c,ciiiixvili xv d4  
,sum totall ( all ?ies p]cels           
,ml,dxxiili xiiis xd4  ,above :i* *>gys 
! *ur* indewyd ) l&es to su/eyne ! same 
mu/e pay y]ely t5!s & a c]tayne summe by
 composition = ! fyr/e frutes d$uct$ &  
abbayt$4   ,cxxxvi li4 payd by ! deane &
 preb5d>ies sev]all4                cxl 
li4 to be all[yd by /atute = almes4     
x li4 = ! /ew>de all[yd by /atute4      
x li4 = ! ,auditors fee all[yd by       
/atute4                                 

xx ,! hole sume ( d$uctions             
,c,ciiii xvi li4 ,& s remaynes *>geable 
) t5!s & fyr/ frutes                    
,ml,c,cxxvi li4 xiii s4 x d4            
,illu/ration3 ,! ,*apt] ,libr>y4        
,sid5ote3                               
,fol4 #cc4 dors4                        
ccxvi li4 ix s4 vi d4                   
---------------------- ,:]e( to be payd 
= ! t5!s ( ! comm5 possession           
cxliiii li4 vi s4 iiii d4   ,item a     
y]ely ,r5t to be payd by composition = !
 fyr/e frutes                           
lxxii li4 xii s4 iid4-  ,& s ! ,ca!drale
 ,*ur*e = maynt5ance ( ! said y]ely     
*>ges & paym5te t\*+e hospitalite       
l]nynge div9e     s]vice almes necess>ie
 exsp5ces t5!s & fyr/ frutes     aft] ! 
,rates be=e m5tionyd mu/ yf ! said %all 
lyke     ! ,k+s maje/ic be indewyd )    
y]ely ,rev5ues ( !     summe (          
,ml,d,c,cxxxixli xiii s4 iiii d4        
,m,d,c,cxii li4 x s4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,!
 ,,ca/le ,,& ,,univ]sity   ,no notice ( 
,durham & its ca!dral w\ld seem complete

 )\t "s m5tion be+ made ( its =tress1 ! 
gr[? ( :i* has be5 contempor>y )1 &1 we 
might almo/ say1 insep>able f t ( !     
mona/]y itself4  ,!re c be little d\bt t
 o!r ?an ! miracul\s consid]ations      
assign$ to !m by tradition influ5c$ !   
monks & ! congregation ( ,s4 ,cu?b]t 9  
_! f9al *oice ( a re/+-place = ! bones (
 _! belov$ sa9t4 ,! almo/ impregnable   
position ( ! rocky promontory ^u :i* bo?
 ,ca!dral & ,ca/le /& sugge/s a c>eful  
selection on _! "p1 ) a view to !       
prev5tion ( attack & consequ5t fur!r    
di/urbance ( _! sacr$ relics4 ,:at !    
fir/ =tification 0 is a matt] ( d\bt2   
mo/ probably x 0 m]ely a wall or ramp>t 
( e>?1 ) a l>ge artificial m\nd at !    
weake/ po9t4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! usual
 practice at an e>ly date at _m o!r     
places 9 ,engl&1 & 9 "s cases _! date is
 kn[n & corresponds to ! "t at :i*      
,durham 0 probably fir/ =tifi$4 ,:atev] 
! e>lie/ protections 71 we "k t 9 #ajgb 
,william ! ,conqu]or1 on 8 way f        
,scotl&1 pass$ ?r\gh ,durham4 ,he       

quickly p]ceiv$ ! natural advantages &  
/r5g? ( ! position1 & gave ord]s = !    
erection ( a ca/le4 ,?is 0 at once set  
ab\t1 dur+ ! episcopacy ( ,bi%op ,wal*]1
 & cont9u$ "u ,c>ileph & ,flamb>d4 ,(   
?is build+1 :i* might be /yl$ ,!        
,conqu]or's ,ca/le1 n mu* rema9s4 ,! mo/
 important is ! ,*apel or ,crypt1 :i*   
belongs1 no d\bt1 to ! e>li] "p ( !     
p]iod nam$ 7#ajhj to #ajif74 ,9 plan !  
*apel has a nave & two aisles4 ,! ro( is
 vault$1 ! ribs be+ pla91 semi-circul>1 
& squ>e recess$1 & is support$ by six   
circul> columns4 ,! capitals ( ^!       
columns are a some:at int]e/+ feature1  
ow+ to _! ,lomb>dic "*4 ,! abaci are    
squ>e & m\ld$1 :ile ! caps prop] c>ry at
 _! angles rudely c>v$ volutes su* z    
occur 9 ! ,:ite ,t[]1 ,london4 ,ea*     
capital is also c>v$ diff]5tly ) curi\s 
& rude devices4 ,( ! ?ree w9d[s :i*     
t]m9at$ ! nave & aisle at ! ea/ end1 "o 
has be5 de/roy$ to make way = a /aircase
 & ! o!r two are built up4 ,! orig9al   
w9d[s ( ! *apel 7 v n>r[ & widely       

splay$4 ,9 ! walls are an aumbrey & !   
rema9s ( two alt>s4  ,illu/ration3 ,!   
,*apel or ,crypt1 ,durham ,ca/le4  ,o!r 
rema9s ( ?is date are some:at scatt]$4  
,two w9d[s 9 ! und]cr(t ( ,bi%op ,bek's1
 or :at is n[ kn[n z ,bi%op ,hatfield's 
,hall1 are examples4 ,!y h conv]g+      
jambs1 ! semi-circul> heads be+ cut f "o
 /one & ! inside v widely splay$4 ,!    
wall f ! keep to ! *apel1 & t f ! keep  
to ! gateway are also ,norman "w1 z are 
also portions ( ! gateway itself4  ,!   
next important *anges 9 ! ca/le 7 made  
by ,bi%op ,pudsey1 #aaec-aaie1 :o n only
 repair$ ! exi/+ "w b built a hall1 kn[n
 z ,pudsey's ,hall4 ,al?\gh ?is hall has
 n[ almo/ entirely disappe>$1 ?r\gh     
repairs & alt]ations1 suffici5t evid5ce 
z to its :]eab\ts & g5]al plan is       
=?com+4 ,x 0 ( two /oreys1 ! l[] & upp] 
halls4 ,entrance to ! l[] hall 0        
orig9ally ga9$ by a /aircase :i* l$ f ! 
c\rty>d to ! spl5did doorway n[ enclos$ 
9 ,tun/all's ,gall]y4 ,?is magnific5t   
entrance hav+ be5 cov]$ ) la? & pla/]1 &

 = long completely =gott51 0 une>!d by1 
& at ! exp5se ( ,bi%op ,b>r+ton1 e>ly 9 
! pres5t c5tury4 ,x is 9 good           
pres]vation & is a spl5did specim5 ( ri*
 ,norman ar*itecture4 ,x consi/s ( five 
ord]s1 all ri*ly c>v$ & m\ld$4 ,?ree    
ord]s re/ on c>v$ capitals & %afts1 &   
two are c>ri$ d[n ! jambs ( ! doorway4  
,! /airway has entirely disappe>$1 b !re
 is little room to d\bt t x w\ld be (   
mu* ! same "* z t 9 ! close at          
,cant]bury2 & to ! protection af=d$ by !
 /aircase ro(1 we are1 no d\bt1 indebt$ 
= ! good pres]vation ( ! ar* m\ld+s ( ! 
doorway itself4  ,:at 0 orig9ally       
,pudsey's ,upp] ,hall is n[ /yl$ !      
,norman ,gall]y4 ,! great] portion ( ?is
 gall]y is at ! pres5t "t divid$ into   
*amb]s ( resid5ce = ! /ud5ts ( !        
univ]sity4 ,x is rea*$ by ! ,black      
,/aircase & a doorway 9 ! ,e>ly ,engli% 
,go?ic /yle4 ,! int]ior ( ! s\? & we/   
walls are enri*$ by arcades 9 gr\ps (   
?ree1 ! c5tral bay ( ea* ( :i* is l>g]  
?an ^? flank+ x1 & is pi]c$ by a w9d[4  

,! ar*es ( ! arcade re/ on %afts &      
cu%ion capitals1 & are c>v$ ) *evron    
ornam5t4 ,! :ole arrangem5t h]eab\ts    
be>s ! impress ( hav+ be5 a portion ( "o
 great build+1 :i* an exam9ation ( !    
ro(1 lead1 & g5]al outl9e makes ev5 m   
c]ta94  ,on ! we/]n side ( ! c\rty>d /&s
 ! great ,bek's ,hall1 built by ! bi%op 
( t "n4 ,x is above ! ,norman und]cr(t1 
previ\sly m5tion$4 ,mu* ( its orig9al "*
 is n[ lo/1 ow+ to re/orations1         
curtailm5ts1 & alt]ations4 ,bek's       
doorway is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 ?\gh mu*     
hidd5 by ! por* erect$ lat] by ,bi%op   
,cos94 ,x has a po9t$ ar* ( two ord]s1 )
 deta*$ %afts 9 ! jambs4 ,ano!r orig9al 
relic1 unre/or$1 is "p ( ! w9d[ ne>e/ ! 
fireplace1 :i* is valuable z evid5ce ( !
 date ( ! erection ( ! hall4 ,! trac]y  
is geometrical1 & ! %afts 9 ! angles ( !
 splays are b&$4 ,ab\t ! ye> #acej      
,bi%op ,hatfield enl>g$ & alt]$ ,bek's  
hall4 ,at ! we/ end he ins]t$ two light 
w9d[s1 :i* are n[ block$1 ?\gh ! trac]y 
may be se5 f /ud5ts' rooms inside1 &    

p>tly f ! outside4 ,! op5 oak ro(1 ) !  
exception ( "s necess>y lat] repairs1 is
 ( ,bi%op ,hatfield's "t4 ,hatfield     
repair$ & alt]$ ,pudsey's upp] hall by !
 addition ( ea/ & we/ w9d[s1 & probably 
a new ro(4 ,he also rebuilt ! ,keep1 :i*
 "t & w> _h greatly injur$4 ,! exi/+    
keep1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #ahdj1 is simil> to
 ,hatfield's1 & 9 _m places /&s ^u ! old
 f\ndations4 ,x is n[ us$ entirely z    
ap>tm5ts = /ud5ts ( ,univ]sity ,college4
  ,bi%op ,fox 7#adid-aeja7 is           
responsible = ! next important *anges4  
,he curtail$ ! great hall by a p>tition 
wall ne> its s\? end1 :i* /ill exi/s4 ,!
 wall be>s 8 badge 9 two places--a      
pelican fe$+ h] "y ) blood f h] brea/4  
,he also adapt$ "p ( ,pudsey's build+s1 
ne> ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ! ca/le1 to !     
purposes ( a kit*51 erect$ ?ree         
fireplaces1 & w9d[s1 & ! oak butt]y hat*
 :i* op5s f ! kit*51 & :i* aga9 has c>v$
 ^u x ! pelican 9 h] piety4  ,bi%op     
,tun/all 7#aecj-aeeh7 built ,tun/all's  
,gall]y1 :i* ext5ds f ! great hall to ! 

clock t[]4 ,x is ent]$ by ,cos9's       
/aircase 7erect$ lat]7 & by an ea/]n    
/air built by ,tun/all himself4 ,a      
curi\s feature ( ?is /airway is a       
port-hole :i* comm&s ! ma9 entrance to !
 c\rty>d4 ,! pres5t beautiful little    
*apel is also ! "w ( ,bi%op ,tun/all4 ,x
 conta9s "s notable c>v$ oak /alls1 (   
e>li] date ?an ! *apel itself1 :i* 7    
br\ght f ! ca/le at ,bi%op ,auckl&4 ,!  
c>v$ devices ( ! mis]]e seats ( ^! /alls
 are curi\s & wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! doors
 9 ! gateway ( ! c\rty>d are ! "w (     
,tun/all's "t4  ,bi%op ,cos9            
7#affj-afgb7 f\nd ! ca/le 9 a dilapidat$
 condition4 ,dur+ ! ,commonweal? x _h   
be5 sold to ! !n ,"l ,mayor ( ,london1  
:o us$ x badly1 to say no?+ ( ! ru9     
caus$ by ! ,scots4 ,he sp5t l>ge sums 9 
its re/oration4 ,he add$ ! pres5t por*  
or entrance f ! c\rty>d to ! great hall4
 ,! great /aircase 9 ! nor?-we/ corn] ( 
! c\rty>d is 8 & be>s 8 arms4 ,)9 &     
lead+ to ,tun/all's ,gall]y is ! ,black 
,/aircase1 also ! "w ( ,cos94 ,he enl>g$

 ! *apel1 & con/ruct$ & fitt$ sev]al    
ap>tm5ts 9 ! ca/le1 besides sev]al m9or 
works4 ,9 8 w1 he says1 he sp5t ! great]
 "p ( 8 temporal e/ate 9 rebuild+ &     
repaire+ ! two episcopall ,ca/les (     
,durham & ,bi%op ,auckl&4 ,?is1 he      
/ates1 co/ him sev5te5 ?\s& p\nds1      
includ+ ! furni%+ & ornam5t+ ( ! *apels1
 :i* he did = ! use ( my successors 9 ^?
 ,*appells = ev]4 ,_m ( ! agreem5ts     
betwe5 ,bi%op ,cos9 & 8 masons1 pla/]]s1
 c>p5t]s1 & pa9t]s1 f :i* ! exact dates 
& prices paid = ! "w may be le>n$1 are  
pres]v$4  ,! late/ important "w at !    
ca/le 0 ! rebuild+ ( ! keep1 9 #ahdj1   
:i* 0 describ$ at t "t z a picturesque  
ru94 ,x 0 entirely rebuilt on its       
orig9al plan4 ,! gateway to ! c\rty>d 0 
repair$ & mod]nis$ by ,bi%op ,b>r+ton1 )
 ! exi/+ in>ti/ic result4  ,durham      
,ca/le owes its picturesque appe>ance to
 two causes--fir/1 its magnific5t &     
comm&+ position1 on a rocky esc>pm5t2 & 
second1 no d\bt1 to ! _m vicissitudes   
?r\gh :i* x has pass$1 ! alt]ations &   

additions made necess>y by "t & con/ant 
w>1 & lat]1 ! entirely diff]5t uses to  
:i* ! build+ is put4  ,illu/ration3     
,/aircase 9 ! ,ca/le4  ,x is n[ *iefly  
us$ z a hall ( resid5ce = univ]sity m5 &
 z lodg+ = ! ,judges ( ,assize4  ,! mo/ 
fav\rable "t = ! ar*itectural /ud5t to  
visit ! ca/le is dur+ "o ( ! univ]sity  
vacations1 o!rwise _m int]e/+ features  
w\ld be d5i$ him4 ,_m portions 7except  
/ud5ts' *amb]s7 are1 h[ev]1 op5 to !    
public e week day4  ,! ,univ]sity (     
,durham4--,f an e>ly date1 frequ5t      
m5tion is made 9 ! hi/ory ( ! see (     
,durham1 ( a college at ,ox=d call$ !   
,durham ,college4 ,its orig9 is n       
exactly kn[n1 b by ! lib]ality ( sev]al 
bi%ops & priors its orig9al end[m5t     
increas$1 until provision 0 made = eight
 fell[s & eight s*ol>s4 ,?is 0 ! case at
 ! "t ( ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies by  
,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii41 :51 ow+ to its       
connection ) ! mona/]y ( ,durham1 !     
college 0 also dissolv$4 ,its rev5ues1  
71 h[ev]1 rescu$1 & 9 #aeda 7 h&$ ov] by

 ! k+ to ! newly creat$ dean & *apt]4   
,?us ! matt] /ood till #afej1 :5 a      
petition 0 pres5t$ to ! ,protector1 %[+ 
! great disadvantages to ! ,nor? (      
,engl& aris+ f ! long di/ance ( ,ox=d & 
,cambridge1 & pray+ t ! h\ses ( ! dean &
 preb5d>ies might be conv]t$ into a     
college4 ,cromwell took a fav\rable view
 ( ! idea1 & 9 a lett] to ,l5?all1 !    
,speak]1 9 its support1 he says3--      
,truly x seems to me a matt] ( great    
conc]nm5t & importance1     z t :i* 7by 
! bless+ ( ,god7 may mu* conduce to !   
promotion ( le>n+ & piety 9 ^! poore1   
rude1 & ignorant     p>ts1 !re be+ also 
_m concurr+ advantages to ?is place1 z  
pleasantness1 & aptness ( situation1    
heal?full aire1 & pl5ty     (           
provisions1 :i* seeme to fav\r & pleade 
= !ire desires     !re94#g    #g        
,hut*9son1 vol4 i  ,v>i\s delays        
occurr$1 h[ev]1 & x 0 n until #afeg t ! 
,"l ,protector issu$ 8 pat5t = !        
erection ( ! propos$ college1 9 a       
docum5t consi/+ ( tw5ty-?ree heads4  ,! 

college ?us comm5c$ made great progress1
 & w\ld no d\bt h cont9u$ to d s1 b = ! 
con/ant opposition ( ! two great        
univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,!n   
foll[$ ! ,re/oration1 & ) x came a      
reaction aga9/ all measures e/abli%$    
dur+ ! ,protectorate4 ,?is feel+1 comb9$
 ) p]si/5t petitions f ! univ]sities1   
soon accompli%$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,college4 
,bi%op ,van ,mild]t1 :o 0 translat$ to  
,durham 9 #ahbf1 dur+ 8 %ort episcopate 
saw _m *anges1 n ! lea/ ( :i* 0 !       
successful revival ( ! s*eme = a        
univ]sity4 ,p[]s 7 obta9$ 9 #ahcb = !   
tra9+ ( /ud5ts 9 div9ity & ! conf]r+ (  
degrees 9 o!r faculties4 ,! new         
f\ndation 0 end[$ out ( ! rev5ues ( !   
ca!dral1 & ! bi%op gave up ! ,ca/le (   
,durham = ! use ( ! college1 besides    
f9ancial assi/ance ( #ajjj = ! fir/ ye> 
& #bjjj = ! foll[+ ye>s until 8 dea? 9  
#ahcf4 ,! fir/ w>d5 0 ,dr ,*>les ,?orp1 
,ar*deacon & ,canon ( ,durham1 b x 0    
provid$ by an ord]1 on ! recomm5dation (
 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,commission]s t 9     

future ! (fice ( w>d5 %\ld be p]man5tly 
atta*$ to ! dean]y1 & t a canonry 9 !   
ca!dral be annex$ to ea* ( !            
pr(essor%ips ( ,div9ity & ,greek4  ,!   
gov]nm5t ( ! univ]sity is 9 ! h&s ( !   
dean & *apt]1 & ! affairs adm9i/]$ by a 
w>d51 s5ate & convocation4 ,a royal *>t]
 0 obta9$ 9 #ahcg mak+ ! univ]sity a    
corporate body ) p]petual succession & a
 common seal4  ,! univ]sity1 besides its
 orig9al s*ools ( arts & div9ity1 has   
e/abli%$ s*ools ( physical sci5ce &     
m$ic9e1 9 connection ) ! ,durham        
,college ( ,sci5ce at                   
,newca/le-on-,tyne1 & has rec5tly       
admitt$ wom5 /ud5ts to its c\rses &     
lectures4  ,!re are _m f\ndation        
s*ol>%ips & exhibitions 9 arts1         
classics1 ma!matics1 & !ology1 besides a
 long li/ ( private f\ndations &        
fell[%ips4  ,! univ]sity consi/s ( "o   
college & "o hall4 ,! =m]1 ,univ]sity   
,college1 occupies ! ,ca/le1 & ! latt]1 
,bi%op ,hatfield's ,hall4  ,x is well   
suppli$ ) libr>ies4 ,! univ]sity libr>y 

f\nd$ at ! op5+1 to :i* ,bi%op ,van     
,mild]t contribut$ a valuable           
collection4  ,! libr>y giv5 9 #ahee by !
 late ,dr ,m>t9 ,r\?1 presid5t (        
,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d4  ,! libr>y    
pres5t$ by ! late ,bi%op ,maltby 9      
#ahef1 :i* he end[$ ) #ajjj4  ,a libr>y 
0 also bequea!d to ! univ]sity 9 #ahei  
by ! late ,t4,m4 ,w9t]bottom1 ,m4,d41 ( 
,we/oe1 ,s\? ,%ields4 ,a l>ge collection
 ( books 0 bequea!d by ! late ,bi%op    
,lightfoot4  ,two o!r important libr>ies
 may "h be m5tion$1 ?\gh !y d n belong  
to ! ,univ]sity--viz4 ! ,*apt] ,libr>y &
 ,bi%op ,cos9's ,libr>y4     ,,*apt]    
,,vi  ,,! ,,city   ,besides ! ,ca!dral &
 ,ca/le1 ! ,city ( ,durham possesses    
sev]al *ur*es ( decid$ int]e/ to ! /ud5t
 ( ar*itecture1 :i* des]ve a brief      
notice4  ,! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>y 9 !  
,nor? ,bailey4--,?is small *ur* is      
g5]ally kn[n z ,s4 ,m>y le ,b[1 ow+ to !
 fact t 9 its orig9al /eeple 0 an ar*1  
?r\gh :i* ! roadway pass$4 ,?is /eeple  
fell 9 #afcg1 & ! anci5t /ructure 0     

all[$ to lapse into complete ru94 ,!    
pres5t *ur* 0 built 9 #afhe1 & its mo/  
noticeable feature is ! op5 c>v$ scre5  
betwe5 ! nave & *ancel erect$ 9 #agjg4  
,! site ( ! *ur* is ! olde/ 9 ! city1 & 
"s writ]s h ?\ght x probably id5tical ) 
t ( ! ,:ite ,*ur* 9 :i* ! body ( ,s4    
,cu?b]t 0 plac$ dur+ ! build+ ( !       
ca!dral4  ,s4 ,m>y-!-,less is a small b 
picturesque *ur* situat$ 9 ! ,s\?       
,bailey1 & is ( ,norman date4 ,its      
orig9al ar*itectural "* is1 h[ev]1 almo/
 entirely lo/1 ow+ to ext5sive          
re/orations :i* took place 9 #ahdf-g4 ,!
 r\nd-head$ w9d[ n[ 9 ! s\? wall ( !    
*ancel1 b =m]ly 9 ! we/ wall ( ! nave1  
is ! only rema9+ orig9al feature4 ,!    
*ur* is ent]$ by a por* on ! s\? side1 &
 consi/s ( a nave & *ancel only4 ,"s    
/ones 9 ! *ur*y>d1 :i* 7 remov$ f _!    
position :5 ! *ur* 0 re/or$1 are c>v$ ) 
*evron ornam5t1 & w\ld seem to %[ t !   
date ( ! orig9al /ructure 0 ! e>li] "p (
 ! twelf? c5tury4  ,s4 ,oswald4--,?is   
*ur* /&s on high gr\nd ov]look+ ! riv]  

,we>1 at ! head ( ,new ,elvet2 & is !   
p>i% *ur* ( ! anci5t bor\gh ( ,elvet4 ,!
 fir/ *ur* 0 erect$ by ,bi%op ,c>ileph1 
?\gh ! e>lie/ p>ts ( ! exi/+ build+ are 
( ! "t ( ,bi%op ,pudsey1 :o also built !
 bridge across ! riv]1 kn[n z ! ,elvet  
,bridge4 ,to ?is date 7ab\t #aaij7      
belongs ! ea/]n "p ( ! nave arcade1 !   
ar*es ( :i* are semi-circul> & re/ ^u   
tall r\nd pi]s4 ,e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury
 a new *ancel 0 built1 ! aisles rebuilt 
& ext5d$ to ! we/ end1 & two new ar*es  
add$ to ! we/ end ( ! nave arcades4 ,9 !
 e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury a cl]e/ory &
 op5 p>apet 7 add$1 & a new oak ro(     
plac$ ov] ! nave4 ,?is 0 mo/ probably a 
hamm]-beam ro(1 & 0 col\r$ & gild$ &    
decorat$ ) angels hold+ %ields4 ,! only 
p>ts rema9+ at ! pres5t day are !       
grotesque c>v$ corbels1 & ! angels4 ,!  
t[] 0 also con/ruct$ at ?is "t4 ,9      
#ahcd1 ow+ to subsid5ce ( ! gr\nd1 x    
became necess>y to rebuild ! s\? aisle &
 a l>ge "p ( ! *ancel1 :i* caus$ !      
de/ruction ( mu* ar*itectural beauty4 ,!

 op5 p>apet 0 remov$1 ! cl]e/ory w9d[s  
replac$ by ! pres5t inf]ior ones1 & !   
f9e oak ro( de/roy$4 ,! ea/ end ( !     
*ancel 0 rebuilt 9 #ahfd4 ,special      
att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! f9e oak   
/all-"w 9 ! *ancel1 boldly c>v$ 9 ! /yle
 ( ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! t[]1
 :i* =ms a beautiful & conspicu\s l&m>k1
 is rea*$ by a /one /aircase ( unusual  
"*4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 &
 is cov]$ 9 ) tw5ty-f\r grave/ones (    
?irte5? & f\rte5? c5tury date1 on :i*   
may yet be se5 portions ( inscriptions &
 symbols4 ,built into ! t[] 0 "p ( a    
,saxon cross1 :i* has n[ be5 remov$ =   
pres]vation to ! dean & *apt] libr>y4   
,?is cross is int]e/+ z evid5ce ( !     
exi/5ce on ! same site ( a pre-,norman  
*ur*4 ,! t[] 0 c>efully re/or$ 9 #ahfc4 
,x conta9s a peal ( six bells1 :i* 7    
re-ca/ 9 #afid1 & be> ! foll[+          
inscriptions3--      #a4 ,,glovia787 ,,9
 ,,altissmiss787 ,,deo ,,pex ,,=/] ,a   
,,vic ,,*ri/o ,,hodson ,,me ,,fecit     
#afid4      #c4 ,,devm ,,timete ,,pex   

,,=/] ,,am ,,vic ,i ,,evans ,c          
,,w>d5 ,,*ri/o ,,hodson ,,me ,,fecit4   
#d4 ,,regem ,,honorate ,,pex ,,=/] ,a ,m
 ,,vic #afid          ,,*ri/opr ,,hodson
 ,,made ,,me ,i ,,evans ,i ,s           
,h ,r4      #e4 ,,ibimus ,,9 ,,domvm    
,,dom9i ,,pex ,,=/] ,a ,m ,,vic         
,,*ri/op] ,,hodson ,,made ,,me #afid    
,,io ,,evans          ,,*v ,w4      #f4 
,,osvaldus ,,florem ,,m]eor ,,qvia      
,,ge/o ,,t5orem          ,,pex ,,=/]    
,,am ,,vic ,,io ,,evans ,,is ,,: ,,rw   
,,cw #id4  ,! second bell 0 ca/ 9 #ahhe4
  ,s4 ,m>g>et's ,p>i% ,*ur* is situat$  
on ! /eep hill call$ ,crossgate4 ,x is  
opposite to & across ! riv] f ! ,ca/le1 
& f its *ur*y>d a f9e we/]n view ( !    
ca!dral is obta9$4 ,! *ur* 0 built dur+ 
! e>ly "p ( ! episcopate ( ,bi%op       
,pudsey 7#aaed7 & 0 =m]ly a *apel "u !  
*ur* ( ,s4 ,oswald4 ,"h aga9 alt]ations 
& re/orations h oblit]at$ mu* t         
orig9ally exi/$4 ,! *ur* at pres5t      
consi/s ( a nave & aisles1 a *ancel )   
aisles1 a we/]n t[]1 & nor? & s\?       

por*es4 ,! exi/+ portions ( ! orig9al   
*ur* are ! *ancel ar*1 & ! s\? arcade ( 
f\r bays1 toge!r ) "p ( ! cl]e/ory & !  
nor? wall ( ! *ancel4 ,! arcade consi/s 
( l[ massive circul> pi]s1 ) cu%ion     
capitals & pla9 *amf]$ abaci1 :i*       
support semi-circul> ar*es ( "o ord]    
also *amf]$4  ,! nor? arcade is also    
,norman1 & v simil> 9 "* to t ( ,s4     
,oswald4 ,no d\bt x is ( ! same date1 & 
probably built by ! same ar*itect4 ,!   
*ancel ar* has two ord]s1 recess$ squ>e 
& *amf]$1 ) a pla9 *amf]$ hood m\ld4 ,on
 bo? nor? & s\? sides ( ! ar* is a      
squ9t4 ,) ! exception ( two :i* are     
,norman1 ! w9d[s are ne>ly all ( mod]n  
date4 ,"o is 9 ! nor? wall ( ! *ancel & 
is widely splay$4 ,x is n se5 on !      
outside ow+ to ! ve/ry :i* n[ cov]s x4  
,! o!r1 a v int]e/+ specim51 is situat$ 
ov] ! we/]n bay ( ! s\? arcade1 & is a  
portion ( ! orig9al cl]e/ory & ! e>lie/ 
kn[n cl]e/ory w9d[ 9 ! c\nty4 ,! ro( ( !
 nave is ( oak1 & a good specim5 (      
,p]p5dicul> "w4 ,! t[] is (             

fifte5?-c5tury date1 & exce$+ly pla9    
ext]nally1 b vault$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,x op5s
 on to ! *ur* by an ar* :i* has be5     
ins]t$ 9 ! we/ wall4 ,!re is an int]e/+ 
font ( ,fro/]ley m>ble1 :i* is app>5tly 
( ! same date z ! *ancel4 ,! ve/ry :i*  
is rais$ above ! level ( ! *ur* floor is
 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & has on its gable 
! orig9al gable cross4  ,illu/ration3 ,!
 ,ca!dral & ,ca/le1 f ! ,nor?4  ,! ,p>i%
 ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,giles occupies a v elevat$
 position at ! nor?-ea/ end ( ! city1 & 
comm&s "o ( ! f9e/ views ( ! ca!dral1   
ca/le1 & city1 :i* x is possible to     
obta94 ,x 0 built by ,bi%op ,flamb>d &  
f9i%$ z e>ly z #aaab2 b ! nor? wall ( ! 
nave1 conta9+ two small ,norman w9d[s1  
widely splay$ inw>ds1 & a wall$-up      
doorway is all t rema9s ( ?is e>ly *ur*4
 ,! *ancel is ( lat] ,norman ( ! "t (   
,pudsey4 ,bo? )9 & )\t a bold *amf]$ /r+
 c\rse runs r\nd ! *ancel4 ,on ! s\?    
side is a semi-circul> head$ w9d[1 ) a  
c>v$ drip/one & nook %afts1 ! capitals (
 :i* be> a simil> "* to ^? 9 ! ,galilee 

,*apel ( ! ca!dral4 ,9 ! nor? wall ( !  
*ancel is ! prie/s' door1 n[ wall$ up1 &
 ! corbels & spr+]s ( ! orig9al *ancel  
ar* built by ,pudsey4 ,! pres5t ar* 0   
erect$ 9 #ahgf4 ,9 #adad consid]able    
alt]ations 7 made dur+ ! episcopate (   
,bi%op ,langley1 :5 ! walls ( ! nave 7  
rais$1 ! upp] /age ( ! t[] built1 & !   
we/ w9d[ ins]t$4 ,! font is a f9e /one  
b[l re/+ on a %aft1 & is und\bt$ly ( !  
"t ( ,flamb>d4 ,! *ancel conta9s "s     
monum5ts ( ! ,tempe/ & ,hea? families1  
:o 7 ! ance/ors ( ! ,m>*ioness (        
,londond]ry1 patroness ( ! *ur* & p>i% (
 ,s4 ,giles4 ,! t[] conta9s ?ree bells1 
! fir/ & second ( :i* are pre-,re=mation
 & ! ?ird be>s ! date #afdf4  ,on ! nor?
 side ( ,gilesgate ne> to ! ,nor?-,ea/]n
 goods /ation1 are ! ru9s ( ! little    
,*apel ( ,s4 ,m>y ,magdal51 ( :i* only a
 small portion rema9s4 ,at ! we/ end ( !
 nor? & s\? walls are two doorways1 !   
latt] wall$ up4 ,portions ( ! ea/ w9d[  
are /ill 9 position1 b x w\ld appe> to h
 be5 ( e>li] date ?an ! surr\nd+ walls1 

& probably _h be5 br\ght f "s o!r       
build+4 ,9 ! int]ior are ! rema9s ( a   
,fro/]ley m>ble font1 & a gable cross ( 
?irte5?-c5tury date is 9 ! cu/ody ( !   
dean & *apt]4 ,! *apel 0 #dc feet by #af
 feet wide4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd$
 by ,sir ,john ,fitz ,alex&]4 ,9 #acgj x
 0 almo/ entirely rebuilt1 & aga9 9     
#addi1 on a site ne> ! orig9al "o4 ,!   
reason = ?is 0 ! moi/ure ( ! gr\nd1 :i* 
caus$ ! f\ndations to become insecure4  
,! gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( ! almon] ( !    
ca!dral1 :o di/ribut$ doles to ! poor4  
,! *apel 0 us$ z a place ( wor%ip until 
ne>ly ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :51 ow+
 to its ru9\s condition1 s]vices 7      
f9ally discont9u$4         99       99  
99       99       99    ,illu/ration3   
,,plan ,,& ,,dim5sions4  ,,pr9cipal     
,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,ca!dral           
,feet4 ,in*es4 ,l5g? ( ,nave            
#bja   #j ,wid? ( ,nave                 
#ci   #j ,wid? ( ,nave ,aisles          
#ba   #j ,l5g? ( ,nor? ,transept        
#ff   #j ,l5g? ( ,s\? ,transept         

#ff   #j ,wid? ( ,transepts             
#cg   #j ,l5g? ( ,*oir                  
#acb   #f ,wid? ( ,*oir                 
#ci   #f ,wid? ( ,*oir ,aisles          
#ai   #j ,l5g? ( ,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel     
#aca   #j ,wid? ( ,n9e ,alt>s ,*apel    
#ch   #f ,height ( ,vault+ ( ,n9e ,alt>s
 ,*apel  #gg   #j ,height ( ,vault+ (   
,*oir               #gd   #f ,height (  
,vault+ ( ,nave                #gb   #j 
,height ( ,vault+ ( ,lant]n             
#aee   #j ,wid? ( ,lant]n ,e4 to ,w4    
#dj   #f ,wid? ( ,lant]n ,n4 to ,s4     
#ci   #j ,height ( ,t[] ,ar*es          
#fh   #f ,l5g? ( ,galilee ,*apel        
#gg   #j ,wid? ( ,galilee               
#di   #j ,height ( ,we/]n ,t[]s         
#add   #f ,height ( ,c5tral ,t[]        
#bah   #j ,total l5g? ( ,*ur* 7int]ior7 
#dfi   #f ,?ickness ( ,wall at ,we/ ,end
              #h   #j  ,,area           
#dd1djj sq4 ft4         99       99     
99       99       99   ,transcrib]'s    
,notes3  #a4 ,words & phrases :i* 7     
italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al h be5    surr\nd$ 

by und]scores 7''7 9 ?is v]sion4 ,words 
or phrases    :i* 7 bold$ h be5 surr\nd$
 by p\nd signs 7''74  #b4 ,obvi\s       
pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 
#c4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation or !    
spell+ ( prop] names1 &    dialect or   
obsolete ^w spell+1 has be5 ma9ta9$ z 9 
!    orig9al4