,illustration3 ,durham ,cathedral1 from 
the ,south-,west4                  ,,the
 ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of              
,,durham              ,a ,,description  
,,of ,,its ,,fabric             ,,and ,a
 ,,brief ,,history ,,of ,,the           
,,episcopal ,,see                       
,,by              ,j4,e4 ,,bygate1      
,a4,r4,c4,a4          ,illustration3    
,arms of the ,see4           ,,with     
,,forty-,,four ,,illustrations          
,,london ,,george ,,bell  ,,sons #aije  
,first ,published         444 ,march    
#ahii     ,second ,edition1 ,revised 444
 ,september #aijj     ,reprinted        
444 #aije      ,the ,riverside ,press   
,limited1 ,edinburgh         99       99
       99       99       99             
,,general ,,preface   ,this series of   
monographs has been planned to supply   
visitors to the great ,english          
,cathedrals with accurate and well      
illustrated guide-books at a popular    
price4 ,the aim of each writer has been 
to produce a work compiled with         

sufficient knowledge and scholarship to 
be of value to the student of ,archology
 and ,history1 and yet not too technical
 in language for the use of an ordinary 
visitor or tourist4  ,to specify all the
 authorities which have been made use of
 in each case would be difficult and    
tedious in this place4 ,but amongst the 
general sources of information which    
have been almost invariably found useful
 are3--7#a7 the great county histories1 
the value of which1 especially in       
questions of genealogy and local        
records1 is generally recognised2 7#b7  
the numerous papers by experts which    
appear from time to time in the         
,transactions of the ,antiquarian and   
,archological ,societies2 7#c7 the      
important documents made accessible in  
the series issued by the ,master of the 
,rolls2 7#d7 the well-known works of    
,britton and ,willis on the ,english    
,cathedrals2 and 7#e7 the very excellent
 series of ,handbooks to the ,cathedrals
 originated by the late ,mr ,john       

,murray2 to which the reader may in most
 cases be referred for fuller detail1   
especially in reference to the histories
 of the respective sees4         99     
99       99       99       99           
,,author',s ,,preface   ,as much as     
possible of this brief description of   
,durham is from the personal            
acquaintance of the writer with the     
building4 ,yet many authorities have1 of
 necessity1 been consulted in its       
preparation1 notably a pamphlet by the  
,rev4 ,canon ,w4 ,greenwell1 and the    
,county of ,durham1 by ,j4,r4 ,boyle1   
,f4,s4,a4 ,thanks are also due to the   
authorities of the ,cathedral for having
 freely given permission to make        
drawings and measurements1 and to the   
late ,mr ,weatherall1 chief verger1 for 
his kindly assistance and information4  
,the illustrations are chiefly from     
sketches and drawings by the writer1 and
 from photographs reproduced by the     
kindness of the ,photochrom ,company1   
,ltd41 and ,messrs ,s4,b4 ,bolas  ,co4  

,j4,e4,b4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,contents   ,,chapter  
,i4--,the ,building of the ,church      
#c  ,,chapter ,,ii4--,description of the
 ,exterior                       #ba    
,the ,towers                            
#ba     ,the ,east ,front               
#bb     ,the ,west ,front               
#be     ,the ,north ,door               
#be     ,the ,south ,door               
#bf     ,the ,west ,door                
#bh     ,the ,cloister                  
#bi     ,the ,chapter-,house            
#cb     ,the ,dun ,cow                  
#ce  ,,chapter ,,iii4--,description of  
the ,interior                      #ci  
,the ,nave                              
#ci     ,the ,choir                     
#dj     ,the ,neville ,screen           
#dc     ,the ,transepts                 
#ej     ,the ,tower                     
#ec     ,the ,east ,end                 
#ed     ,the ,chapel of the ,nine       
,altars                              #fa
     ,the ,tomb of ,s4 ,cuthbert        

#fi     ,the ,galilee or ,lady ,chapel  
#gb     ,monuments in the ,nave and     
,transepts                        #gi   
,the ,font                              
#ha  ,,chapter ,,iv4--,history of the   
,see                                #hb 
,,chapter ,v4--,the ,castle and         
,university                         #ajb
  ,,chapter ,,vi4--,the ,city           
#aaa     ,,illustrations   ,durham      
,cathedral1 from the ,south-,west       
,frontispiece ,arms of the ,see         
,title ,page ,the ,exterior1 from the   
,college                                
#b ,the ,dun ,cow                       
#i ,the ,west ,end 7from an ,old ,print7
                               #ag ,the 
,exterior1 from ,palace ,green          
#bj ,the ,central ,tower                
#bc ,detail of ,ironwork                
#bf ,the ,sanctuary ,knocker            
#bf ,ironwork on ,doors of ,cloisters   
#bg ,ornament on ,south ,doorway        
#bh ,the ,cloister                      
#bi ,s4 ,cuthbert's ,chest4             

#cb ,the ,chapter-,house                
#cc ,the ,exterior1 from the            
,south-,east                            
#ce ,the ,nave1 looking ,west           
#ch ,one ,bay of the ,nave 7,measured   
,drawing7                         #da   
,triforium and ,clerestory              
#de ,the ,choir1 looking ,west          
#dg ,the ,transepts1 looking ,north     
#ea ,corbels in ,choir                  
#ed1 #eh ,the ,choir1 looking ,east     
#ee ,triforium of ,nave and ,choir      
#ei ,plan of ,norman ,east ,end         
#fa ,sections of ,hood and ,arch        
,mouldings                              
#fa ,capitals in the ,nine ,altars      
,chapel                             #fb 
,the ,nine ,altars ,chapel              
#fc ,capital in ,galilee ,chapel        
#ff ,the ,galilee ,chapel               
#fg1 #gb ,paintings in the ,galilee     
,chapel                                 
#gc ,detail of the ,galilee ,chapel     
#ge ,the ,font and ,cover               
#hj ,the ,crypt                         

#he ,stone ,coffin ,lid                 
#hh ,the ,chapter ,library              
#ii ,the ,chapel or ,crypt1 ,durham     
,castle                            #ajc 
,staircase in the ,castle               
#ajg ,the ,cathedral and ,castle1 from  
the ,north                      #aac    
,,plan ,,and ,,dimensions               
#aah         99       99       99       
99       99  ,illustration3 ,the        
,exterior1 from the ,college4           
,,durham ,,cathedral     ,,chapter ,i   
,,the ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,church    
,the traveller northward by the ,east   
,coast ,route cannot fail to be struck  
by the beauty of the city of ,durham1   
with its red-roofed houses nestling     
beneath the majestic site of the        
cathedral and castle4 ,for splendid     
position the ,cathedral of ,durham      
stands unequalled in this country2 on   
the ,continent1 perhaps that of ,albi   
can alone be compared with it in this   
respect4 ,the cathedral and ,norman     
,castle are upon the summit of a lofty  

tongue of land which is almost          
surrounded by the ,river ,wear4 ,in     
parts the banks are rocky and steep1 in 
others thickly wooded4 ,the river itself
 is spanned here and there by fine and  
historic bridges4  ,the early history of
 ,durham is obscure4 ,there are many    
vague legends in existence1 a natural   
consequence1 perhaps1 when we remember  
the various and often speedy changes of 
ownership to which that part of the     
country was for centuries subjected4    
,to lead up clearly to the founding of  
the ,cathedral of ,durham1 it will be   
necessary to describe briefly the       
earliest introduction of ,christianity  
into the north of ,england4 ,that       
,christianity was known in this country 
during the time of the ,romans there is 
sufficient evidence to prove4 ,there is1
 however1 little to show that it existed
 in the north to any appreciable extent4
 ,all or nearly all the carved stones1  
altars1 etc41 disinterred in that part  
of the country have been of undoubted   

,pagan origin4  ,the ancient kingdom of 
,northumbria comprised the present      
counties of ,durham1 ,northumberland1   
and ,yorkshire1 and a part of the       
south-east of ,scotland as far north as 
the ,firth of ,forth4 ,this kingdom was 
sub-divided into two portions4 ,the     
,southern1 or ,deira1 extended from the 
,tees to the ,humber1 and the ,northern1
 or ,bernicia1 reached from the ,tees to
 the ,firth of ,forth4 ,the province of 
,bernicia was settled about ,a4,d4 #edg 
by ,ida1 a chief of the ,angles1 who    
made his headquarters on a steep rock on
 the sea-coast about sixteen miles south
 of ,berwick4 ,he was succeeded by his  
son ,ethelric1 who built himself a      
stronghold1 which he named after his    
wife ,bebbanburgh1 a name still retained
 in a shortened form--,bamburgh4        
,ethelric was followed by ,ella1 whose  
son ,edwin was driven into exile by his 
fierce brother-in-law1 ,ethelfrith1 and 
took possession of ,deira1 the southern 
province of ,northumbria4 ,after        

attaining his majority1 ,edwin1 assisted
 by ,redwald1 regained his kingdom1 and 
eventually ruled over the whole of      
,northumbria2 it is during his reign    
that we find the first authentic history
 of ,christianity in the north4 ,edwin  
married ,ethelburga1 a daughter of      
,ethelbert1 king of ,kent1 who had been 
converted to ,christianity by the       
preaching of ,s4 ,augustine4 ,he himself
 received baptism at the hands of       
,paulinus 7#fbe-fcc71 the great ,roman  
missionary1 who was sent north with the 
,princess ,ethelburga4 ,paulinus fixed  
his headquarters at ,york1 where he     
built his church1 the forerunner of the 
present cathedral4 ,this attempt of the 
,romans to christianise ,northumbria    
was1 however1 of short duration4        
,cadwalla and ,penda rose against them1 
and ,edwin fell in battle at ,hatfield  
,moor in ,yorkshire4 ,paulinus1         
despairing of the cause1 returned to    
,kent with the queen-widow ,ethelburga  
and her children2 and under ,cadwalla   

and ,penda1 the kingdom soon relapsed   
into ,paganism4  ,we must now direct our
 attention to a small1 barren island on 
the west coast of ,scotland1 ,iona4     
,here came a voluntary exile 7,a4,d4    
#efc71 ,columba1 a monk1 said to have   
been a descendant of the ,irish kings4  
,here he lived and founded a great      
missionary monastery1 which afterwards  
became the centre of ,christian         
influence in ,scotland and the north of 
,england4 ,he and his followers were    
active workers2 they wrote ,gospels and 
devotional books1 preached1 and built   
churches of wood4 ,columba died 7,a4,d4 
#eig71 but his work was continued4  ,in 
#fcd1 ,oswald1 a son of ,ethelfrith1    
became king of ,northumbria4 ,in his    
youth he1 with his brothers1 had been   
obliged to flee to ,scotland1 where1    
during his exile1 ,oswald was converted 
to ,christianity by the teachers of     
,iona4 ,on his return he defeated and   
killed ,cadwalla at ,hevenfeld1 or      
,heavenfield1 near ,hexham1 in #fcd1 and

 became the means of finally introducing
 ,christianity into his kingdom4 ,soon  
after he became king1 ,oswald sent to   
,iona for help1 and in reply came a     
monk1 who1 for some reason1 said by old 
writers to be his harshness1 failed in  
his mission4 ,he was replaced by another
 monk named ,aidan 7#fce-fea71 who was  
eminently successful4 ,beda speaks of   
him as a man of great piety and zeal1   
combined with tender charity and        
gentleness4 ,aidan became intimately    
associated with ,king ,oswald1 the two  
working together1 and he chose for his  
headquarters the small sandy island of  
,lindisfarne1 off the ,northumbrian     
coast1 which we now know as ,holy       
,island4  ,lindisfarne thus resembled   
,iona1 and it is probable that the      
similarity of position and surroundings 
influenced ,aidan in his choice4        
,however that may be1 ,aidan there      
founded his monastery and directed the  
work of his monks4  ,passing over a     
short period1 we find at ,lindisfarne a 

monk who is so intimately connected with
 this cathedral that he demands special 
attention--the great ,s4 ,cuthbert1     
sixth bishop of ,lindisfarne1 and the   
patron saint of ,durham4 ,little is     
known of his birth and parentage4 ,some 
writers give him a ,scotch origin1      
others ,irish1#a and others again say he
 was born of humble parents on the banks
 of the ,tweed4 ,the latter is most     
probable4 ,certain it is that at an     
early age he was left an orphan1 and was
 employed as an under-shepherd near to  
,melrose4 ,from his earliest youth he   
was thoughtful and pious1 and watched   
and imitated in his mode of life the    
monks of ,melrose4 ,there are numerous  
legends and stories of ,s4 ,cuthbert's  
youth4 ,he is said to have wrought many 
miracles1 even to the extent of stilling
 a tempest4 ,one of these may be told   
here on account of the share it played  
in his choice of monastic life3--,on a  
certain night in ,a4,d4 #fea1 while     
tending his sheep1 his companions being 

asleep1 ,cuthbert saw in the heavens a  
brilliant shaft of light1 and angels    
descending4 ,these very shortly         
re-ascended1 bearing among them a spirit
 of surpassing brightness4 ,in the      
morning it was found that the good ,s4  
,aidan was dead4 ,the vision had a      
marked and lasting effect on ,cuthbert1 
and eventually resulted in his entering 
the monastery at ,melrose4 ,for ten     
years ,cuthbert led a holy and studious 
life at ,melrose1 under ,prior ,boisil1 
when he was chosen among others to      
proceed to the newly-founded monastery  
at ,ripon4 ,his sojourn there was1      
however1 short1 as owing to doctrinal   
differences concerning the celebration  
of ,easter1 he and the other ,scottish  
monks returned to ,melrose4 ,some four  
years later1 on the death of ,boisil1   
,cuthbert was elected his successor1 as 
prior of ,melrose4 ,in ,a4,d4 #ffd1 we  
find him holding the same office at     
,lindisfarne1 where he remained for     
twelve years4 ,he then retired from his 

position1 in order to attain a higher   
degree of ,christian perfection by      
living a solitary life1 first on a small
 island near ,lindisfarne1 and          
afterwards on the island of ,farne1 near
 ,bamburgh4 ,there are many stories told
 of his great piety at this time1 so    
that even the wild sea-birds are said to
 have obeyed him4     #a ,sanderson1 in 
his edition of ,rites of ,durham1 #agfg1
 says3        ,he is said to be         
descended from the ,blood ,royal of the 
,kings        of ,ireland1 being son of 
one ,muriardach and ,sabina his wife1   
a ,king's daughter4 ,he was educated in 
the ,abbey of ,mailrose4  ,in the year  
,a4,d4 #fhe ,cuthbert was1 though       
against his own wishes1 consecrated     
,bishop of ,lindisfarne4 ,his great     
activity and usefulness in this office  
was soon cut short1 for in less than two
 years1 on the #bjth of ,march ,a4,d4   
#fhg1 he died4 ,obediently to his own   
request1 his body was wrapped in a linen
 cloth1 which had been given him by the 

,abbess ,yerca2 and1 placed in a stone  
coffin1 the gift of the ,abbot ,cudda1  
was interred in the church at           
,lindisfarne4 ,he was not to rest1      
however4 ,in ,a4,d4 #fih the monks      
disinterred his remains in order to     
place them in a specially-prepared      
wooden coffin4 ,it is said they found   
the saint's body perfectly incorrupt4   
,to quote the quaint ,hegge3      ,but  
whiles they opened his coffin1 they     
start at a wonder1 they     look't for  
bones and found flesh1 they expected a  
skeleton1 and saw     an entire bodie1  
with joynts flexible1 his flesh so      
succulent1 that     there only wanted   
heate to make his bodie live without a  
soul1 and     his face so dissembling   
death1 that elsewhere it is true that   
sleep     is the image of death1 but    
here death was the image of sleep4 ,nay1
     his very funerall weeds were so    
fresh1 as if putrefaction had not       
dared to take him by the coat4#b    #b  
,county of ,durham1 by ,j4,k4 ,boyle1   

,f4,s4,a4  ,whatever may be the truth of
 this1 his body was placed in a wooden  
coffin1 portions of which are still     
preserved in the chapter library at     
,durham4  ,over a century and a half    
after these events the coast of         
,northumbria was disturbed and troubled 
by the piratical invasions of the       
,danes4 ,the number and violence of     
these incursions so increased that the  
whole country lay practically at their  
mercy4 ,becoming alarmed for their own  
safety and that of their holy relics1   
the monks of ,lindisfarne fled1 taking  
with them the body of their saint1 and  
all their sacred vessels and books4     
,this occurred in ,a4,d4 #hge4  ,here   
commenced that long wandering which     
eventually ended in the founding of the 
,cathedral ,church of ,durham1 where the
 bones of ,s4 ,cuthbert found their     
final resting-place4  ,bishop ,eardulph 
and his monks1 with their sacred charge1
 travelled for seven years1 over a great
 portion of the north of ,england and   

part of the south of ,scotland4 ,many   
churches dedicated to ,s4 ,cuthbert in  
the north are thought to mark their     
resting-places4 ,from a list of these   
given by ,prior ,wessington the probable
 route of the wanderers can be          
approximately1 made out as              
follows3--,first to ,elsdon and down the
 ,rede to ,haydon ,bridge4 ,up the      
,south ,tyne to ,beltinghame1 and then  
following the route of the ,roman ,wall 
to ,bewcastle4 ,turning south to        
,salkeld1 and thence by ,eden ,hall and 
,plumbland into ,lancashire1 towards the
 river ,derwent4 ,here they came to a   
determination to cross to ,ireland1 and 
took ship from the mouth of the         
,derwent4 ,very soon a violent storm    
arose1 the vessel became unmanageable   
and was nearly filled with water1 which1
 according to ,symeon1 immediately      
turned into blood4 ,a return was        
inevitable4 ,it was during this attempt 
that the famous copy of the ,gospels1   
known as the ,durham ,book1 was washed  

overboard into the sea4 ,this book is1  
perhaps1 the most beautiful example of  
,anglo-,saxon writing and illumination  
extant1 and is surpassed only by the    
celebrated ,irish ,,ms41 the ,book of   
,kells4 ,it was shortly afterwards found
 on the coast in a comparatively        
uninjured condition2 and is now         
preserved in the ,british ,museum4 ,the 
wandering monks next turned northwards  
as far as ,witherne1 on the ,galloway   
coast1 and then returned to ,england1   
through ,westmoreland and across        
,stainmoor into ,teesdale1 staying for a
 time at a village1 which no doubt owes 
it present name ,cotherstone to this    
circumstance4 ,leaving here and crossing
 the hills1 through ,marske1 ,forcett   
and ,barton1 they arrived at the abbey  
of ,craike1 near ,easingwold1 where they
 were kindly treated by the abbot1 and  
remained about four months4 ,on resuming
 their journey the monks removed the    
body of ,s4 ,cuthbert to ,cuncachester1 
or1 as we now know it1                  

,chester-le-,street1 a former ,roman    
camp4 ,here the fraternity remained for 
a hundred and thirteen years2 and here  
was the seat of the ,bishopric of       
,bernicia until ,a4,d4 #iie4 ,many are  
the legends clustering round these      
journeyings4 ,how1 when leaving         
,lindisfarne1 the sea opened a passage  
for them1 and how in more than one      
difficulty the dead saint himself gave  
them assistance4 ,notably1 on one       
occasion when the bearers were worn out 
and weary he appeared and showed them   
where they would find a horse and car in
 which to carry their burden4 ,this     
horse and car were afterwards used on   
their journeys4  ,in the year #iie1     
again for safety1 they removed once more
 under ,bishop ,aldhun1 first for a     
short time to ,ripon1 and then finally  
to ,durham4 ,it is of this last journey 
the following story is told3--          
,coming with him 7v4 ,sanderson71 on the
 ,east ,side of ,durham1     to a ,place
 call'd ,wardenlawe1 they could not with

 all their ,force     remove his body   
further1 for it seemed fastened to the  
,ground2 which     strange and          
unforeseen ,accident produced great     
,astonishment in the     ,hearts of the 
,bishop1 the ,monks1 and their          
,associates2 whereupon     they fasted  
and prayed three ,days with great       
,devotion1 to know by     ,revelation   
from ,god1 what to do with the holy     
,body1 which was soon     granted to    
them1 it being revealed to ,eadmer1 a   
virtuous ,man1 that     he should be    
carried to ,dunholme1 where he was to be
 received to a     ,place of ,rest4     
,they were again in great ,distress1 in 
not knowing     where ,dunholme lay2 but
 as they proceeded1 a ,woman wanting her
     ,cow1 called aloud to her          
,companion1 to know if she had seen her8
 ,who     answered1 ,she was in         
,dunholme4 ,this was an happy and       
heavenly     ,sound to the distressed   
,monks1 who thereby had ,intelligence   
that     their ,journey's ,end was at   

,hand1 and the ,saint's ,body near its  
,resting-place2 thereupon with great    
,joy they arrived with his     ,body at 
,dunholme1 in the ,year #iig4           
,illustration3 ,the ,dun ,cow4  ,arrived
 at ,dunholm they raised a little       
,church of ,wands and ,branches to      
protect the sacred relics until a       
building more worthy of such a charge   
could be erected4 ,this was the         
beginning of the ,cathedral and ,city of
 ,durham4  ,the condition of the place  
at this time must have been very wild1  
and it certainly was a natural          
stronghold4 ,the only open spot seems to
 have been the plateau where the        
cathedral now stands4 ,the site is      
curiously described in a ,saxon poem1   
from which the following is a           
translation3--    ,the ,city is         
celebrated   ,in the whole ,empire of   
the ,britons   ,the road to it is steep 
,it is surrounded with rocks   ,and with
 curious plants   ,the ,wear flows round
 it   ,a river of rapid waves   ,and    

there live in it   ,fishes of various   
kinds   ,mingling with the floods4      
,and there grow   ,great ,forests1      
,there live in the recesses   ,wild     
,animals of many sorts   ,in the deep   
valleys   ,deer innumerable4  ,as soon  
as possible a stone chapel was built1 in
 which the body of ,s4 ,cuthbert was    
placed4 ,bishop ,aldhun1 not satisfied  
with this1 determined to establish a    
great church4 ,work was immediately     
commenced and progressed so rapidly that
 the building1 known as the ,white      
,church1 was consecrated in ,a4,d4 #iii4
 ,of this there would seem to be no     
authentic remains existing2 although    
some authorities think portions of it   
are included in the present cathedral4  
,bishop ,aldhun died in #ajah4 ,the next
 date of importance is the year #ajha1  
when ,william of ,saint ,carileph was   
appointed ,bishop by the ,conqueror4 ,he
 was a monk of the ,benedictine order1  
and at once drove out and dispossessed  
the secular clergy at ,durham1 replacing

 them from the ,benedictine ,monasteries
 which were established at ,jarrow and  
,monkwearmouth4 ,bishop ,carileph is the
 man to whom we owe the present         
,cathedral of ,durham4 ,in #ajhh he was 
obliged to flee into exile in ,normandy1
 where he remained three years1 through 
his having taken part in the rebellion  
against ,william ,,ii4 ,it was probably 
during this time of banishment that he  
conceived the idea that if he returned  
to ,durham he would build a more worthy 
church1 such as were already erected and
 in course of construction in ,normandy4
  ,soon after his return in #ajia he    
commenced to carry out his scheme2 and  
we learn that on the #aath of ,august   
#ajic1 the foundation stone of the new  
church was laid1 with great pomp4  ,the 
work proceeded rapidly1 commencing at   
the east end4 ,by the time of ,bishop   
,carileph's death1 which occurred in    
#ajif1 the walls of the choir1 the      
eastern walls of the transepts1 the     
tower arches1 and a portion of the first

 bay of the nave1 were completed4 ,it is
 also very probable that the lower      
portion of the walls of the whole church
 are of ,carileph's time4  ,after the   
death of ,bishop ,carileph the see of   
,durham remained vacant for three years4
 ,the monks1 however1 were not idle     
during this period1 and they continued  
the work vigorously1 completing the west
 walls of the transepts and the vaulting
 of the north transept4 ,in #ajii ,ralph
 ,flambard was appointed bishop1 and he 
held the office until #aabh4 ,he carried
 on the building as the funds at his    
disposal would allow1 sometimes rapidly 
and at others more slowly4 ,before his  
death it would appear that he completed 
the nave as high as the wall plates and 
altogether finished and roofed the      
aisles4 ,the western towers as far as   
the height of the roof of the nave are  
also the work of ,flambard4 ,in #aajd   
the work was so far advanced as to      
permit the removal of the body of ,s4   
,cuthbert1 from the temporary shrine    

which ,bishop ,carileph had erected over
 it1 into the new church4 ,this ceremony
 was performed on ,august #bith1 #aajd1 
and the coffin was placed in a shrine   
behind the high altar4  ,on ,flambard's 
death in #aabh the see was again left   
vacant for five years1 but we are told  
that the monks continued the work and   
completed the nave4 ,the portion built  
by them at this time must of necessity  
have been the vaulting and roof1 the    
architectural features of which are     
quite in accordance with the date1 being
 late ,norman4  ,flambard's successor   
was ,galfrid ,rufus1 who was ,bishop    
from #aacc to #aadj4  ,during his       
episcopate the chapter-house1 which had 
been commenced by the monks1 was        
completed4 ,rufus also replaced the then
 existing north and south doorways of   
the nave1 by those standing to-day4     
,the next bishop1 ,william de ,st       
,barbara 7#aadc to #aaeb71 does not     
appear to have added anything to the    
cathedral4 ,during his time of office   

the see was usurped by ,william ,cummin1
 and building operations were no doubt  
neglected through the troubles arising  
from the usurpation4 ,his successor1    
,hugh ,pudsey 7#aaec to #aaie7 was1     
however1 a great builder2 appointed to  
the see at a comparatively early age1   
and1 living as he did1 at a time when   
very great changes were taking place in 
architectural style1 he was able to     
carry out a great deal of beautiful     
work4  ,he began to build a ,lady       
,chapel at the east end of the choir1   
but although he had made careful        
preparations1 and engaged skilled       
architects and workmen1 great cracks    
appeared in the walls before the work   
had proceeded far1 and the building was 
stopped4 ,bishop ,pudsey1 taking this as
 a divine revelation that the work was  
not pleasing to ,god1 and the patron ,s4
 ,cuthbert1 abandoned it and commenced  
another chapel at the west end of the   
church1 using in its erection the       
,purbeck marble bases and columns which 

he had had prepared for his eastern     
chapel4 ,this second attempt was        
successful and remains to us in that    
beautiful and unique specimen of        
,transitional work1 the ,galilee        
,chapel4 ,its date may be taken1 says   
,canon ,greenwell1 as about the year    
#aage4 ,besides this work ,pudsey built 
the hall and solar now called 7at the   
top7 the ,norman ,gallery of ,durham    
,castle4  ,little or nothing further    
seems to have been done until the       
translation of ,bishop ,poore from the  
see of ,sarum to ,durham in #abbi4 ,the 
name of ,bishop ,poore is inseparably   
connected with the building of the      
present ,salisbury ,cathedral1 and after
 his removal to ,durham he conceived the
 idea of1 and made preparations for1    
commencing the eastern transept of the  
,cathedral1 which is a special feature  
of ,durham1 now known as the ,chapel of 
the ,nine ,altars4 ,he was not1 however1
 destined to live to see his idea       
carried out4  ,the eastern termination  

of ,carileph's choir had been apsidal2  
it was found to be in a very unsafe     
condition1 cracks and fissures appearing
 in the walls4 ,various bishops and     
priors sent aid towards the new work1   
but actual building did not commence    
until after the death of ,bishop ,poore 
in #abcg4 ,the erection was commenced by
 ,prior ,melsanby and1 of course1       
necessitated the taking down of         
,carileph's apses4 ,the revaulting of   
the choir was undertaken at this time1  
doubtless1 for artistic reasons1 to     
bring the new work into harmony with the
 old4 ,the ,chapel of the ,nine ,altars 
is a rare and valuable specimen of      
,early ,english ,gothic architecture of 
remarkable and graceful design4 ,below  
each of its nine lancet windows was     
originally an altar1 dedicated to       
different saints4 ,its great height was 
obtained by lowering the floor1 so that 
the unity of the whole exterior should  
not be destroyed4 ,prior ,melsanby is   
also said to have put a new roof on the 

church4  ,prior ,hugh de ,derlington1   
who was at the head of affairs from     
#abeh to #abgb1 and later from #abhe to 
#abhi1 added a belfry to the central    
tower4  ,john ,fossor1 made prior of    
,durham in #acdb1 inserted the large    
window in the north transept and the    
west windows of the nave4  ,bishop      
,thomas de ,hatfield 7#acdf to #acha7   
seems to have done no architectural work
 beyond the erection of his own throne  
and tomb 7in which he was afterwards    
buried7 on the south side of the choir4 
,this is an elaborate and sumptuous     
piece of work1 and shows remains of rich
 colouring and gilding4 ,about this     
time1 also1 the beautiful altar screen  
known as the ,neville screen was        
erected4 ,its cost was principally borne
 by ,lord ,john ,neville1 though the    
,priors ,fossor and ,berrington and the 
subordinate cells of ,jarrow and        
,monkwearmouth were also contributors4  
,the screen is of stone--very light and 
graceful1 and originally contained in   

the niches #ajg figures1 which have     
unfortunately been destroyed4  ,bishop  
,walter de ,skirlaw1 who occupied the   
episcopal throne from #achh to #adje1   
was a great builder4 ,to him mainly we  
owe the present cloisters1 though they  
were completed by his successor1        
,cardinal ,langley1 in #adah4  ,the     
monks' dormitory on the western side of 
the cloister is also of this time4 ,on  
the southern side was the refectory4    
,this portion was rebuilt by ,dean      
,sudbury between #affa and #afhd and    
converted into a library1 and such it   
remains to-day4  ,near the refectory is 
the kitchen1 built by ,prior ,fossor4   
,it is octagonal in plan1 and possesses 
a fine groined roof4 ,it is now attached
 to the deanery1 and known as the dean's
 kitchen4  ,we must now turn our        
attention to the erection of the present
 central tower4 ,the belfry added by    
,hugh de ,derlington was in #adbi struck
 by lightning and set on fire4 ,it must 
after this have been repaired in some   

way1 but in #adef it was in a very      
unsafe and dangerous condition1 as the  
following letter written by the prior1  
,william ,ebchester1 to ,bishop ,neville
 testifies3--      ,the ,belfry of your 
church1 both in its masonry and timber1 
in     consequence of winds and storms  
is so enfeebled and shaken1 that        
doubts are entertained of its standing  
for any length of time4 ,we     have    
called in workmen in both capacities1   
and they have reported to     us that   
three of its sides are out of           
perpendicular1 that many of     the ,key
 and cornerstones of its windows have   
fallen out1 that in     other respects  
it is defective1 and that besides1 its  
woodwork is in     a state of great     
decay so that it cannot be expected to  
stand for     any length of time4 ,some 
are of opinion that the belfry should be
     totally removed as it cannot stand 
longer2 others on the contrary1     wish
 it to be perfectly restored2 a thing   
which exceeds our means1     unless we  

have the advantage of charitable aid4   
,in this state of     doubt and         
hesitation1 we have recourse to you1 as 
members to their     head1 presuming not
 to engage in any such great and        
stupendous     alteration with reference
 to your church1 without your advice4   
,if1 which ,god forbid1 the tower should
 fall1 the solemn fabric of     our     
choir1 and the shrine of our most holy  
patron1 would without     doubt1 be     
broken down and irrevocably laid flat on
 the ground1 for     that is the        
direction in which it leans4 ,we confess
 that whenever     winds and storms are 
high1 and we are standing at our duty in
 that     part of the church we tremble 
for our fate1 having positive danger    
before our eyes4  ,shortly afterwards1  
the rebuilding of all the upper part of 
the central tower was commenced and     
continued for some years4 ,it was not   
complete in #adgd when ,richard ,bell   
was prior1 as in a letter written at the
 time he mentions the reedificacion of  

our steeple1 begun but nogt fynyshed1 in
 defaulte of goods1 as ,god knoweth4 ,it
 is therefore most probable that the    
upper portion was not completed until   
towards the close of the fifteenth      
century4  ,we have now reached a period 
when the glories of ,gothic architecture
 were fading1 during which many of our  
finest churches suffered considerably4  
,durham is no exception to the rule1 and
 we find during the next two centuries a
 long record of destruction and         
so-called improvement4 ,this1 perhaps1  
reached its worst stage during the time 
of ,wyatt1 who in #agif pulled down the 
magnificent ,norman chapter-house4      
,during the last decade1 however1 this  
has been completely rebuilt from as     
nearly as possible the original design4 
,wyatt also rebuilt the turrets on the  
eastern transept or ,nine ,altar ,chapel
 from his own design1 and removed the   
great ,early ,english rose window in the
 east end and replaced it by the present
 one4 ,the original stained glass was   

taken out of all the windows of the east
 end1 and ,raine1 in his history1 tells 
us that it lay for a long time          
afterwards in baskets upon the floor1   
and when the greater part of it had been
 purloined1 the remainder was locked up 
in the ,galilee4444 ,at a still later   
period1 about fifteen years ago1        
portions of it were placed in the great 
round window1 and the rest still remains
 unappropriated4 ,this was written in   
#ahcc4 ,it is also on record that ,wyatt
 formed a scheme to re-open the great   
western doorway of the cathedral by the 
pulling down of the ,galilee ,chapel1   
from which he intended constructing a   
carriage-drive to the castle4 ,this     
abomination was actually commenced when 
,dean ,cornwallis arrived1 and he1 with 
the assistance of ,john ,carter1 and the
 ,society of ,antiquaries1 was          
fortunately able to put a stop to it4   
,thus was this beautiful and unique     
specimen of ,transitional ,norman       
architecture preserved to us4  ,wyatt   

contemplated several other improvements 
of a similar character1 one of which was
 the surmounting of the central tower by
 a spire1 but fortunately he was not    
allowed to carry them out4  ,during the 
present century many restorations have  
been made1 of which we will mention only
 the most notable3--,the central tower  
was restored by ,sir ,gilbert ,scott in 
#ahei4  ,during #ahgj to #ahgf extensive
 internal alterations were made4 ,a new 
choir screen and pulpit were erected1   
the floor of the choir laid in marble   
mosaic1 the choir stalls returned to    
their original positions1 and the walls 
of the church scraped in order to clear 
them from the many coats of lime and    
distemper which lay on them4            
,illustration3 ,the ,west ,end 7from an 
,old ,print74  ,the ,norman             
chapter-house has lately been restored  
and in great part rebuilt as a memorial 
to the late ,bishop ,lightfoot4         
,illustration3 ,the ,exterior1 ,from    
,palace ,green4  ,,chapter ,,ii         

,,description ,,of ,,the ,,exterior     
,approaching the ,cathedral ,church of  
,durham from the north by the large open
 space between it and the ,castle1 known
 as the ,palace ,green1 we obtain a     
complete elevation of the whole         
structure4 ,there is little room to     
doubt1 though the details naturally vary
 with the date of erection1 that the    
original plan of ,carileph's church has 
been carried out in its entirety1 with  
two exceptions4 ,these are the addition 
of the eastern transept or nine altar   
chapel at the east1 and the ,galilee or 
,lady ,chapel at the west end4 ,the     
entire length of the building1 not      
including the ,galilee chapel1 is #dca  
feet1 which is made up as               
follows3--,nine altar chapel #ea feet1  
the choir #abj feet1 the transept #eg   
feet1 and the nave #bjc feet4  ,the     
,western ,towers are square and solid1  
and were evidently included in          
,carileph's own scheme1 as the wall     
arcades on both the interior and        

exterior are carried round them4 ,the   
,norman work is continued as far as the 
nave roof1 and it is extremely probable 
that they were originally terminated at 
this height1 in accordance with the     
,norman custom1 with low pyramidal      
spires1 probably of wood4 ,exactly at   
what date they were raised is not on    
record1 but the style of architecture of
 the upper portion suggests the early   
part of the thirteenth century4 ,the    
added portion1 namely that above the    
clerestory1 consists of four stages1 and
 is beautifully varied by moulded       
arcading1 with blind and open arches4   
,the first and third stages have pointed
 arches1 while those of the second and  
fourth are round4 ,above this again were
 tall wooden spires covered with lead4  
,these were removed about the year      
#afeg1 and towards the close of the     
eighteenth century the present pinnacles
 and open parapets were added4 ,at this 
time1 also1 much of the surface of the  
towers was renewed4  ,the ,central      

,tower4--,the present central tower is  
noble in proportion1 and forms a fitting
 and harmonious summit to the whole     
group4 ,it must needs be of a very      
different character from the old ,norman
 tower1 of which no trace now remains2  
and was most probably of the usual type1
 low and square1 and surmounted by a    
short pyramidal spire4 ,the existing    
structure may be attributed to ,bishop  
,booth and ,prior ,richard ,bell1 about 
#adgd1 when the letter previously quoted
 was written4 ,externally the tower is  
divided into two storeys4 ,the lower    
portion contains1 on each side1 a pair  
of two-light windows1 glazed1 each      
divided by a transom1 and their heads   
having an ogee label crocketed and      
finished with a tall finial also        
crocketed4 ,between and on either side  
of these windows are panelled pilasters 
and brackets carrying figures4 ,the     
lower and upper stages are divided by a 
narrow external gallery running round   
the tower1 and protected by a pierced1  

embattled parapet4 ,this is known as the
 ,bell ,ringers' ,gallery1 and certainly
 adds greatly to the effect of the tower
 as a whole4 ,the upper stage1 which is 
much less lofty1 has also two two-light 
windows on each face1 surmounted by     
crocketed ogee label mouldings and      
finials4 ,these lights are louvred4 ,the
 whole is surmounted by a deep open-work
 parapet4 ,on each angle of the tower   
are two buttresses1 which are decorated 
with panelling and canopied and         
crocketed niches containing figures4    
,the interior of the tower or lantern is
 remarkable for the gallery which runs  
round it1 which is reached from the     
roofs of the nave and choir transepts by
 doors4 ,it rests on corbels1 each      
alternate one being carved with         
grotesque heads1 and is protected by a  
parapet pierced in quatrefoils4 ,the    
four doorways are ogee-headed1 with     
crockets and finials4 ,there is strong  
evidence in the construction of the     
present tower that it was the original  

intention to surmount it by some other  
erection1 probably a spire4 ,each       
interior angle contains strong and      
massive squinches which are of no       
constructive use at present1 and must   
have been originally inserted to carry  
some superstructure4 ,the buttresses at 
the angles are also carried up to the   
parapet1 which would seem to point to   
the same conclusion4 ,why this project  
was never carried out cannot be said1   
but probably it would not have added to 
the artistic effect of the tower4 ,the  
belfry contains a peal of eight bells4  
,illustration3 ,the ,central ,tower4    
,the ,east ,front4--,the circumstances  
which led to the removal of ,carileph's 
apses and the erection of the eastern   
transept have already been referred to4 
,the present east end is divided into   
three bays by massive buttresses1 each  
of which contains three lofty lancet    
windows separated by smaller buttresses4
 ,over all1 and in the gable1 is the    
famous large rose window4 ,the north and

 south ends of the transept are finished
 with the tall pyramidal pinnacles      
erected by ,wyatt4  ,the ,west ,front of
 ,durham has1 curiously enough1 also    
lost its original character4 ,the       
western doorway of the cathedral is     
hidden on the exterior by the ,galilee  
or ,lady ,chapel1 which was added by    
,pudsey in #aage4 ,above the ,galilee   
roof is the large window inserted about 
the year #acdf1 while ,john ,fossor was 
prior4 ,the pointed arch of this window 
has over it1 on the exterior1 the       
original great semi-circular arch4      
,above this again1 and between the two  
flanking western towers1 is a small     
gable4 ,the west end of the cathedral1  
when seen from the opposite side of the 
river1 is extremely picturesque4 ,the   
projecting mass of the ,galilee1 the    
western towers1 the foreshortened nave  
roof1 and the majestic central tower    
behind and above1 form a group of high  
and rare excellence4  ,the ,north ,door 
is now the principal entrance to the    

cathedral4 ,externally the present porch
 is the work of ,wyatt4 ,the first porch
 was ,norman1 of four orders depth1 with
 detached shafts in the recesses4 ,above
 this was a high-pitched gable and roof1
 the front being ornamented with a      
semi-circular-headed wall arcading4 ,the
 inner side of the doorway is of two    
orders only1 and is probably the only   
remaining portion of the original4 ,the 
outer shaft is left plain1 while the    
inner one1 in each case1 is most        
elaborately carved4 ,the capitals are   
all carved1 and the arch moulds richly  
ornamented with chevrons1 foliage1 and  
lozenges1 as well as many curious figure
 subjects4 ,while examining this        
doorway1 notice should be taken of the  
ironwork of the door itself1 and        
particularly of the sanctuary knocker4  
,in medival times all churches afforded 
sanctuary to wrong-doers1 but at places 
where the shrines of saints existed the 
sanctuary privileges were much greater4 
,durham being one of these1 there are   

many curious cases on record of persons 
claiming the privilege1 and protection  
from the secular law4 ,the earliest     
instance1 of which any record has been  
kept1 of sanctuary being claimed at the 
shrine of ,s4 ,cuthbert is during the   
episcopate of ,cynewulf1 who was bishop 
from #gdj to #gdh1 and the last recorded
 was in #aebd4 ,criminals claiming      
sanctuary were admitted by two janitors1
 who occupied two small chambers over   
the doorway1 traces of which may still  
be observed4 ,the knocker itself1 as may
 be seen from the illustration1 is a    
great grotesque head1 made of bronze1   
and hanging from its grinning mouth is a
 ring4 ,originally1 there is no doubt1  
the eyes were filled with crystals or   
enamel1 as small claw-like pieces of    
bronze remain by which the filling was  
attached4 ,the age of this piece of work
 is probably the same as that of the    
doorway itself4  ,illustration3 ,detail 
,of ,ironwork4  ,illustration3 ,the     
,sanctuary ,knocker4  ,illustration3    

,ironwork ,on ,doors of ,cloisters4     
,the ,south ,doorways4--,there are two  
doorways into the south aisle1 one1     
known as the ,monks' ,door1 opening from
 the western portion of the cloisters   
and immediately opposite the north porch
 just described4 ,on the cloister side  
this shows a ,norman arch resting on    
double shafts1 which are enriched with a
 lozenge pattern4 ,on the inner or aisle
 side there are two orders1 with shafts 
in the recesses1 which are also         
decorated with the lozenge4 ,the inner  
arch is carved with chevrons1 and the   
outer with conventional foliage and     
medallions4 ,the capitals are richly    
carved with foliage and grotesques4 ,on 
the abacus and arch of this doorway     
occurs a leaf pattern strongly          
suggesting the ,byzantine influence     
which at one time was found in ,norman  
decoration4 ,here again1 on the door    
itself1 we have a fine specimen of very 
elaborate and characteristic ,norman    
iron-work4 ,the second1 known as the    

,priors' ,door1 opens into the south    
aisle from the eastern alley of the     
cloister1 is also ,norman4 ,the outer or
 cloister side is of the time of ,bishop
 ,pudsey1 and has an arch of four       
orders1 with three shafts in the        
recesses on either side4 ,its once      
elaborate sculpture is now much decayed1
 not enough remaining to suggest that in
 its original state this doorway must   
have been a noble specimen of the       
architectural design of its period4 ,on 
the inner side it exhibits work of      
,carileph's time1 with an early arch1   
cushion capitals1 and shafts4           
,illustration3 ,ornament ,on ,south     
,doorway4  ,the ,western ,doorway4--,the
 exterior of this great doorway is now  
within the ,galilee chapel4 ,it was     
built by ,flambard 7#ajii-aabh71 and is 
comparatively plain4 ,on the ,galilee   
side it consists of an arch of four     
orders ornamented with chevrons4 ,the   
inner face is very similar to the outer1
 but is shallower1 having only two      

orders4 ,the shafts and capitals are    
without decoration1 and the arch        
ornamented with chevron and a leaf      
pattern with medallions carved with     
grotesque animals4 ,in order to reopen  
this doorway and make a carriage road up
 to it1 ,wyatt proposed pulling down the
 ,galilee chapel4  ,illustration3 ,the  
,cloister4  ,the ,cloister occupies a   
large open space1 bounded on the south1 
east1 and west by the various monastic  
buildings1 and on the north by the      
cathedral itself4 ,the existing cloister
 was commenced during the time of       
,bishop ,skirlaw 7#achh to #adjf71 and  
was completed by ,cardinal ,langley 7who
 held the see from #adjf till #adch71   
probably in the earlier part of his     
episcopate4 ,the contracts 7the first   
dated #acih7 for building the cloister  
are still preserved in the treasury4 ,we
 are indebted to ,bishop ,skirlaw for   
their very existence1 as it is recorded 
that he contributed sums of money for   
this purpose1 both during his life and  

by his will4 ,the cloister1 as seen     
to-day1 has been very much altered and  
restored1 and probably the only original
 feature remaining is the fine oaken    
ceiling4 ,this is panelled1 and moulded1
 and decorated with shields1 upon which 
are painted and gilded various coats of 
arms4 ,in the centre of the cloister    
garth are the remains of what was the   
monks' lavatory4 ,it was erected in the 
years #adcb and #adcc1 and was of       
octagonal shape4 ,some of the stone for 
its construction was brought from       
,egglestone-on-,tees1 on payment of rent
 to the abbot of that place to quarry   
it4 ,it is said to have had twenty-four 
brass spouts1 seven windows1 and in its 
upper storey a dovecote1 the roof of    
which was covered with lead4  ,there is 
no doubt that there was a cloister      
attached to the monastery in its early  
days1 but of this no trace remains4 ,it 
is also probable that one was erected by
 ,bishop ,pudsey1 though this also has  
entirely vanished1 unless 7as suggested 

by ,canon ,greenwell7 some marks of a   
lean-to roof on the north and east walls
 may be traces of its presence4 ,in the 
western alley of the cloister is the old
 treasury1 rich in records1 and the     
vestries for canons1 king's scholars1   
and choristers4 ,the alley opens at the 
end into what is now called the crypt   
7see p4 #he74 ,this was undoubtedly the 
common hall of the monks4 ,it is a      
spacious stone-vaulted chamber4 ,the    
columns are low and massive1 with simple
 moulded caps1 from which the chamfered 
vaulting ribs diverge4 ,over the hall or
 crypt is the dormitory1 which for a    
long time formed part of a residence    
attached to one of the stalls4 ,it is   
now1 however1 used as a library4 ,it    
occupies the whole of the western side  
of the cloister1 and is #aid feet long4 
,it was originally subdivided1 by wooden
 partitions1 into separate              
sleeping-rooms for each monk4 ,its      
massive roof of oak is worthy of        
attention1 the tree trunks being merely 

roughly squared with an axe 7see p4     
#ii74  ,in the south alley was the      
refectory and the monks' common         
dining-hall4 ,the original building is  
now entirely altered1 though there      
remains beneath it a very early crypt1  
with plain1 short square piers1 and a   
simple quadripartite vault without ribs4
 ,another portion is covered by a       
wagon-head vault4 ,whether the original 
refectory was of similar architectural  
character it is now impossible to say1  
as1 whatever it may have been1 it was   
removed early in the sixteenth century  
and rebuilt1 and after the dissolution  
of the monastery was used by the ,minor 
,canons of the church as a common hall4 
,it seems to have fallen into a bad     
state of repair1 and was again entirely 
reconstructed by ,dean ,sudbury         
7#affa-afhd71 who was elected to that   
office immediately after the            
,restoration4 ,he converted it into a   
library1 to which use it is still put4  
,the account of this building1 given in 

the ,antiquities of ,durham1 is of      
sufficient interest to bear quotation4  
,in the ,south ,alley of the ,cloysters1
 says our authority1 is a     large     
,hall1 called the ,frater-house1 finely 
wainscotted on the     ,north and ,south
 sides2 and in the ,west and nether     
,part     thereof1 is a long ,bench of  
,stone in ,mason-work1 from the ,cellar 
,door to the ,pantry or ,cove ,door3    
,above the ,bench is ,wainscot ,work    
two ,yards and a ,half high1 finely     
carved1 and set with imboss'd ,work     
in ,wainscot1 and gilded under the      
carved ,work4 ,above the ,wainscot      
was a large ,picture of our ,saviour    
,christ1 the blessed ,virgin     ,mary1 
and ,s4 ,john1 in fine gilt ,work1 and  
most excellent     ,colours2 which      
,pictures having been washed over with  
,lime did long     appear through it4   
,this ,wainscot had engraven on the ,top
 of it1     ,thomas ,castell1 ,prior1   
,anno ,domini1 #aeah ,mensis ,julij4    
,whence it     is manifest that ,prior  

,castell wainscotted the ,frater-house  
round     about4      ,within the       
,frater-house ,door1 on the ,left ,hand 
at entering1 is a     strong ,almery in 
the ,wall1 wherein a great ,mazer1      
called the ,grace     ,cup1 stood1 which
 every day served the ,monks after      
,grace1 to drink     out of round the   
,table2 which cup was finely edged about
 with     ,silver1 and double ,gilt4 ,in
 the same place were kept many large and
     great ,mazers of the same sort4444 
,every ,monk had his ,mazer severally   
by himself to drink in1 and had all     
other ,things that served the     whole 
,convent1 and the ,frater-house in their
 daily ,service1 at their     ,diet1 and
 at their ,table4444 ,at these ,times   
7at meals7 the ,master     observed     
these wholesom and godly ,orders1 for   
the continual     instruction of their  
,youth in ,virtue and ,learning2 that   
is1 one of     the ,novices appointed by
 the ,master1 read some ,part of the    
,old and     ,new ,testament in ,latin1 

during ,dinner1 having a convenient     
place at     the ,south ,end of the     
,high ,table1 within a beautiful ,glass 
,window1     encompass'd with ,iron1 and
 certain ,stone ,steps1 with ,iron      
,rails to     go up to an ,iron ,desk1  
whereon lay the ,holy ,bible4444        
,this ,fabrick retained the ,name of the
 ,petty ,canons' ,hall till ,dr         
,sudbury1 ,dean of the ,cathedral1      
generously erected a beautiful          
,library in its ,place2 but he not      
living to finish it compleatly1 did     
by 7a clause7 in his ,last ,will1 bind  
his ,heir1 ,sir ,john ,sudbury1     to  
the due ,execution thereof4             
,illustration3 ,s4 ,cuthbert's ,chest4  
,the contents of the library are both   
numerous and interesting4 ,there are    
several thousands of volumes1 many of   
them being rare and valuable4 ,numerous 
ancient illuminated ,,mss41 among which 
is a copy of the ,gospels of ,s4 ,mark1 
,s4 ,luke1 and ,s4 ,john1 written before
 the year #gjj2 and several books given 

by ,bishops ,carileph and ,pudsey4      
,among the latter is a ,bible1 in four  
volumes1 in its original stamped leather
 binding4 ,a collection of ancient copes
 belonging to the cathedral1 and the    
remains of the robes of ,s4 ,cuthbert1  
and other relics taken from his coffin  
when it was exhumed1 in #ahbg1 may also 
be seen here4 ,numerous specimens of    
,roman altars1 tablets1 and sculptured  
stones1 from various ,roman stations in 
,durham and ,northumberland1 notably    
from ,hexham1 are preserved in this     
library1 which is open to the public on 
,tuesday and ,friday in each week from  
eleven to one4 ,the room is finely      
proportioned1 and has a magnificent open
 timber roof4  ,illustration3 ,the      
,chapter-,house4  ,the ,chapter-,house  
opens upon the eastern alley of the     
cloister4 ,the present building is a    
very recent restoration of the original1
 which is acknowledged to have been the 
finest existing ,norman chapter-house   
remaining in ,england4 ,it was erected1 

or more probably completed1 during the  
time of ,bishop ,galfrid ,rufus         
7#aacc-aadj71 and was in existence until
 #agif1 during the episcopate of ,bishop
 ,barrington4 ,at that time it was      
almost totally destroyed1 on the advice 
of ,wyatt1 who reported to the chapter  
that it was in a ruinous state4 ,the    
truth of this report is doubtful1 but   
the partial demolition of the building  
was ordered in ,november #agie1 and also
 the construction of a new room on the  
site4 ,the work of destruction was begun
 by knocking out the keystones of the   
vaulting and allowing the roof to fall  
in4 ,the eastern half of the building   
was then altogether removed1 and the    
remaining portion enclosed by a wall4   
,its interior was faced with lath and   
plaster1 a plaster ceiling and a boarded
 floor being added4 ,fortunately        
authentic records of its original       
appearance1 both exterior and interior1 
are in existence4 ,they are the drawings
 made for the ,society of ,antiquaries  

by ,john ,carter in #agie4 ,its         
dimensions were #gh by #ce feet2 the    
east end being apsidal and the roof a   
vault of one span4 ,round the wall of   
the interior ran a stone bench raised on
 two steps1 which was surmounted1 except
 at the west end1 by a wall arcade1 of  
round-headed intersecting arches1       
similar to that in the aisles of the    
cathedral1 but with single instead of   
double shafts4 ,above the arcade was a  
string course carved with zig-zag       
ornament4 ,the entrance was from the    
west end1 and the east end was occupied 
by two seats1 one for the bishop and one
 for the prior4 ,in the apse were five  
three-light windows of the ,decorated   
period1 and above the western door a    
five-light ,perpendicular window1 which 
contained coloured glass1 illustrating  
the ,root of ,jesse4 ,on either side of 
this was a window of two lights1 divided
 by a shaft and enclosed under one arch1
 carved with chevron ornament4 ,there   
was also a round-headed ,norman window  

in each of the north and south walls4 ,a
 doorway in the south wall led to three 
chambers1 one larger1 and two smaller1  
which are stated in the ,rites of       
,durham to have been used as a prison   
for the monks4 ,the chapter-house was   
used in early times as a burial-place   
for the bishops1 and many of their      
graves with inscriptions were in        
existence previous to the demolition of 
#agif4 ,during excavations in #ahgd1 the
 graves of ,bishops ,flambard1 ,galfrid 
,rufus1 ,s4 ,barbara1 de ,insula1 and   
,kellaw were opened1 when various rings 
and the head of a crozier were          
discovered and removed to the dean and  
chapter library4  ,the chapter-house has
 now been entirely restored as a        
memorial to the late ,bishop ,lightfoot4
  ,the ,northern ,alley of the          
,cloister1 running along the south wall 
of the church1 contains little of       
interest1 except the two doorways       
previously described4  ,the effect of   
the cloister as a whole1 in its original

 condition1 with the windows glazed1    
many containing fine stained glass1 the 
oak roof with its heraldry and colour1  
and the lavatory in the centre of the   
garth1 must have been exceptionally     
fine4  ,illustration3 ,the ,exterior1   
from the ,south-east4  ,a sculptured    
panel on the north-west turret of the   
,nine ,altar ,chapel is now known as the
 ,dun ,cow4 ,the original sculpture was 
replaced in the last century by the     
existing panel1 but the legend connected
 with it is interesting4 ,after their   
flight from ,chester-le-,street1 the    
monks1 bearing the body of ,s4          
,cuthbert1 remained some time at ,ripon4
 ,while trying to return to             
,chester-le-,street1 at a place called  
,wardlaw1 the coffin stuck fast1 and    
remained absolutely fixed4 ,a fast of   
three days was proclaimed and kept1 when
 it was revealed to them that they were 
to carry their saint to ,dunholme4      
,still they were in difficulties1 not   
knowing where ,dunholme was1 but        

fortune1 or ,providence1 again favoured 
them4 ,a woman1 who had lost a cow1     
passed1 calling to a companion to       
inquire if she had seen the animal4 ,the
 reply was that her cow was in          
,dunholme2 and1 to the relief of the    
monks1 they and their precious charge   
soon safely arrived there4 ,in grateful 
commemoration of the incident ,flambard 
erected this monument of a milkmaid and 
her cow4 7,see p4 #i47  ,the exterior of
 ,durham ,cathedral as a whole may at   
first sight be disappointing to the     
visitor4 ,seen from a near view there is
 a certain flatness of effect and want  
of light and shade which is1 perhaps1   
slightly unpleasant4 ,this is1 however1 
largely attributable to the scaling and 
scraping process to which the building  
was subjected during the last century1  
when some inches of the outer surface of
 the stone1 and with it much            
architectural detail1 were removed4 ,the
 result is the flatness previously      
alluded to1 and a general newness of    

appearance pervades the structure4      
,seen1 however1 from a distance1 where  
only the finely-grouped and proportioned
 masses of masonry1 towers1 and turrets 
stand against the sky1 the result is    
magnificent1 giving an impression of    
grandeur and dignity unsurpassed by any 
other ,english cathedral4               
,illustration3 ,the ,nave1 looking      
,west4  ,,chapter ,,iii  ,,description  
,,of ,,the ,,interior   ,if the exterior
 of ,durham is in any way disappointing1
 the interior more than compensates for 
its shortcomings4 ,the general          
impression on entering the church is one
 of simple dignity and solemnity4 ,the  
great massiveness of the structure and  
absence of elaborate ornament no doubt  
contribute to this feeling4 ,the pious  
builders of old have certainly contrived
 to stamp on their work their own       
feeling of awe in the presence of the   
,all-,powerful and ,eternal ,god4       
,whatever has been lost through         
vandalism and the restorer1 this remains

 unaltered4 ,the general design of the  
church1 exclusive of detail1 which1 of  
course1 changed and developed with the  
progress of ,gothic art1 has undoubtedly
 been carried out on the plan intended  
by ,bishop ,carileph1 the only important
 variation being the addition of the    
transept at the east end1 known as the  
,nine ,altars ,chapel4 ,the original    
plan consists of a nave and aisles1     
transepts with aisles on their eastern  
side1 a choir also with aisles1 and the 
three apses of the east end1 with a     
central tower over the junction of      
transepts1 nave1 and choir1 and towers  
flanking the west end4  ,illustration3  
,one ,bay ,of ,the ,nave 7,measured     
,drawing74  ,each bay of the ,nave is   
divided into two sub-bays4 ,the main    
bays have massive piers with engaged    
shafts on the recessed faces4 ,the bases
 of these are cruciform in plan1 though 
the arms of the cross are very short4   
,at the height of the springing of the  
arch the shafts are surmounted by plain 

cushion capitals4 ,the division into    
sub-bays is effected by the introduction
 midway of a massive round column on a  
square base4 ,these columns are         
ornamented in various ways1 by channels 
cut on the face4 ,some take the form of 
a zig-zag1 some a spiral1 others a      
spiral in two directions1 forming a     
trellis-like pattern1 and others again  
are reeded vertically4 ,their capitals  
are octagonal cushions4 ,the arches of  
the sub-bays are recessed square1 with  
the usual ,norman roll moulding1        
decorated with chevrons1 and on the wall
 face a square billet4 ,the chevron     
ornament is absent in the earlier work  
in the choir and transepts4 ,the        
triforium is almost uniform throughout  
the whole church4 ,in each sub-bay it   
consists of two small arches under one  
larger one1 with the tympanum solid4    
,here also the capitals are cushions and
 perfectly plain4  ,illustration3       
,triforium and ,clerestory4  ,above the 
triforium is the clerestory1 which      

contains one light to each sub-bay1 and 
surmounting all is the vaulting1 which  
springs from the piers and from         
grotesquely carved corbels between the  
triforium arches4 ,the vaulting ribs are
 ornamented with chevrons on either side
 of a bold semi-circular moulding4 ,so  
much for the general arrangement of the 
bays4 ,some idea of the massiveness of  
the structures may be gathered when it  
is known that each group of the         
clustered pillars separating the bays   
covers an area of two hundred and       
twenty-five square feet at its base1    
while those of the cylindrical columns  
of the sub-bays are twelve feet square1 
and the columns themselves have a       
circumference of over twenty-three feet4
 ,there is little room to doubt that the
 effect obtained by the old builders of 
,durham was intentional4 ,the masterly  
way in which great masses of solid      
masonry1 greater than was constructively
 necessary1 are handled1 and the        
reticence and delicacy of the ornament  

combine to prove this4 ,there is in the 
whole scheme a delightful union of great
 power and vigour in the masses1 and of 
tenderness and loving care in the       
detail4  ,the ,choir is the earliest    
part of the church4 ,its two western    
bays show ,carileph's work1 but the     
eastern piers have been considerably    
altered owing to the addition at a later
 period of the eastern transept1 when   
,carileph's apses were taken down4 ,this
 bay contains some very rich and        
beautiful detail4 ,the piers on either  
side of the choir are decorated with    
arcades1 the lower stage having six     
arches1 and the upper three1 all richly 
carved with foliage in the caps and hood
 moulds1 and with heads and half        
figures4 ,there is also a square aumbry 
on each pier4 ,above the upper arcade1  
which breaks through the level of the   
triforium string course1 which is also  
carried round it1 there is on each pier 
a figure of an angel beneath a canopy4  
,these are the only two figures         

remaining of many which formerly added  
to the beauty of the interior of the    
church4 ,the vaulting of the choir is   
thirteenth-century work1 quadripartite1 
the ribs decorated with dog-tooth       
ornament and square leaves1 and has fine
 bosses at the intersections of the     
diagonal ribs4 ,the choir of ,durham is 
especially interesting to the student of
 architecture1 showing as it does the   
,early ,norman work of ,carileph1       
combined with the ,early ,english and   
,early ,decorated work of the newer     
eastern portion4  ,on the south side of 
the choir stands the monument of ,bishop
 ,hatfield1 who directed the see of     
,durham from #acde until #acha4 ,this   
monument is beneath the ,episcopal      
,throne1 which was erected by ,bishop   
,hatfield himself4 ,it consists of an   
altar tomb surmounted by a recumbent    
effigy of the bishop1 in richly-worked  
robes1 beneath a canopy1 richly groined1
 with foliated bosses at the            
intersections of the ribs4 ,on the walls

 at the east and west ends may still be 
seen the remains of fresco painting1    
representing in each case two angels4   
,beneath the staircase leading up to the
 throne is a very fine decorated arcade1
 containing several shields bearing the 
bishop's and other arms4 ,the whole     
structure was originally richly coloured
 and gilded1 and remains of this work   
can still be made out4 ,it is a noble   
specimen of the work of its date4       
,immediately opposite the tomb of       
,bishop ,hatfield1 on the north side of 
the choir1 the visitor will notice the  
recently-erected memorial to the late   
,bishop ,lightfoot4 ,this is an altar   
tomb of black and coloured marble4 ,the 
sides are ornamented with panels of     
,perpendicular tracery containing       
shields4 ,round the upper mouldings runs
 a ,latin inscription in brass4 ,the    
whole is surmounted by a recumbent      
figure of the bishop in white marble1   
his hands on his breast1 and his feet   
resting against three books4 ,originally

 designed by ,sir ,edgar ,boehm1 ,r4,a41
 at his death the monument was completed
 by ,alfred ,gilbert1 ,r4,a4  ,the      
beautiful altar screen is usually known 
as the ,neville ,screen1 and was erected
 about the year #achj1 mainly from      
moneys supplied by ,john1 ,lord ,neville
 of ,raby4 ,it spans the whole of the   
choir1 and is continued along the sides 
of the sacrarium1 forming sedilia of    
four seats on either side4 ,it is       
pierced by two doors1 which lead to the 
shrine of ,s4 ,cuthbert1 immediately    
behind the screen4 ,though very light   
and graceful in appearance1 the screen1 
as it is at present1 can give the       
beholder little idea of what its        
appearance must have been when each of  
its canopied niches contained a figure  
aglow with gold and colour4 ,there were 
originally #ajg of these statues1 the   
centre one representing ,our ,lady1     
supported on either side by ,s4         
,cuthbert and ,s4 ,oswald4              
,unfortunately none of the figures      

remain in situ4  ,immediately in front  
of the steps of the high altar will be  
seen the matrix of a large brass4 ,it   
covers the grave of ,ludovick de        
,bellomonte1 ,bishop of ,durham from    
#acah to #accc4 ,the slab1 which is in  
two pieces1 measures fifteen feet ten   
inches by nine feet seven inches1 and an
 examination will show the brass to have
 been an elaborate and sumptuous        
composition4 ,unfortunately all the     
metal work has disappeared4  ,the       
,stalls1 as they originally existed1    
were destroyed in #afej by the ,scottish
 prisoners1 who were kept in the        
cathedral after the battle of ,dunbar4  
,the present stalls we owe to ,bishop   
,cosin 7#affj to #afgb71 and they are   
remarkable pieces of carving for that   
date4 ,in general character they imitate
 ,perpendicular work1 though the details
 do not adhere altogether to that style4
  ,before leaving this part of the      
church a note may be devoted to the     
alterations and additions made during   

the years #ahgj to #ahgf4 ,a new screen 
between the nave and choir was then     
erected2 the choir floor relaid with    
marble mosaic2 the stalls replaced in   
their old positions1 and new portions   
made to replace those destroyed in      
#ahdf4 ,a new organ1 pulpit1 and lectern
 were also added4  ,the new ,choir      
,screen is very much open to criticism4 
,though no doubt beautiful in detail1   
and of excellent workmanship1 its       
effect1 as a whole1 is not pleasant1    
when seen from the west end silhouetted 
against the light of the choir4 ,a      
screen previously existed in this       
position erected by ,bishop ,cosin4     
,this was removed in #ahdf1 with the    
idea of improving the appearance of the 
church from the west end by obtaining a 
vista through to the ,neville screen and
 rose window of the eastern transept4   
,the effect seems1 however1 to have been
 disappointing1 hence the erection of   
the present screen1 which may or may not
 have improved matters4 ,in the two     

western piers of the choir holes may be 
seen cut in the stonework4 ,these       
received the rood-beam from which1      
during ,lent1 the ,lenten curtain was   
suspended4  ,illustration3 ,the ,choir1 
looking ,west4  ,the ,north ,aisle of   
the ,choir1 again1 shows the joining and
 harmonising of the new work of the     
eastern transept with the earlier       
,norman work4 ,inside the church the    
most easterly bay appears to be         
altogether of ,early ,english date2 but 
on the exterior it will be seen that the
 ,norman wall runs right up to the      
western wall of the eastern transept4   
,the interior of the bay1 however1 is   
enriched with a wall arcade similar to  
that in the ,nine ,altars ,chapel1 and  
the arch and vault are decorated with   
foliage and dog-tooth ornament4  ,along 
the side wall of this aisle runs a stone
 bench bearing the arms of ,bishop      
,walter de ,skirlaw 7#achh to #adje71   
near which he was buried1 but his       
monument and brass1 erected by himself1 

have disappeared4  ,slightly westward of
 the bench is a doorway which at one    
time opened into the ,sacrist's         
,exchequer1 erected by ,prior           
,wessington1 but it has long ago been   
destroyed4  ,the piers of the west end  
of this aisle bear marks which were     
originally holes cut in the stone4      
,these served to support a porch1 having
 a rood and altar1 which is thus        
described in the ,rites of ,durham3     
,right over the ,entrance of this ,north
 ,alleye1 going to the ,songe           
,scoole 7the ,exchequer mentioned above7
 there was a porch adjoyninge     to the
 quire on the ,south1 and ,s4           
,benedick's altar on the ,north1 the    
porch having in it an altar1 and the    
roode or picture of our     ,saviour1   
which altar and roode was much          
frequented in devotion by     ,docteur  
,swalwell1 sometime monk of ,durham1 the
 said roode havinge     marveilous      
sumptuous furniture for festivall dayes 
belonginge to     it4  ,the ,south      

,aisle ,of the ,choir is similar        
architecturally to the north aisle4     
,here may be seen a doorway1 of late    
thirteenth-century work1 which          
originally led to the revestry1 now     
destroyed4  ,here again the eastern     
piers bear marks left by holes in the   
stonework1 which originally earned the  
supports of a screen1 in front of which 
the ,black ,rood of ,scotland1 which was
 taken from ,king ,david at the battle  
of ,neville's ,cross 7#acdf71 was       
placed4 ,the rood is described as having
 been brought from ,holyrood by ,david  
,bruce1 and was made of silver1 with    
effigies of our ,saviour1 ,s4 ,john1 and
 ,our ,lady1 having crowns of gold on   
their heads4 ,the ,black ,rood was      
restored to its original possessors at  
the close of the war4  ,the windows of  
both the choir aisles originally        
contained very fine old stained glass1  
representing various saints1 and scenes 
in the life of ,s4 ,cuthbert4  ,the     
,transepts4--,leaving the choir by its  

western end the visitor at once enters  
the transepts4 ,a large portion of      
these1 including the great piers and    
arches which carry the central tower1   
are1 without doubt1 of the time of      
,carileph4 ,the eastern side of both is 
certainly his work1 while the western is
 probably the building which was carried
 on by the monks in the interval between
 ,carileph's death1 in #ajif1 and the   
appointment of ,flambard to the see in  
#ajii4 ,the work on the eastern sides   
differs little from that of the choir1  
while that of the western sides1 being  
plainer1 has been thought by some to    
indicate a want of means on the part of 
the monks1 while carrying on the work in
 the interval just alluded to4 ,each    
transept consists of two bays1 with an  
aisle on the eastern side1 access to    
which is gained by the ascent of three  
steps4  ,each of the three sub-bays     
nearest the north and south extremities 
originally contained an altar1 those in 
the north transept being dedicated to   

,s4 ,nicholas and ,s4 ,giles1 ,s4       
,gregory and ,s4 ,benedict4 ,over the   
site of the latter may still be seen    
remains of fresco painting4 ,the altars 
in the south transept were              
dedicated--one to ,s4 ,faith and ,s4    
,thomas the ,apostle1 one to our ,lady  
of ,bolton and the other to our ,lady of
 ,houghall4 ,the north transept is      
closed by a large window1 which is the  
work of ,prior ,fossor1 probably about  
the year #acfb4 ,the window is of six   
lights1 and the head contains late      
geometrical tracery4 ,the architectural 
feature of this window1 especially for  
its date1 is the transom which crosses  
the mullions1 and which is not visible  
from the exterior4 ,below the transom is
 a second inner set of mullions         
supporting a small gallery1 by means of 
which access may be had to the          
triforium4 ,in the year #aeab the window
 was repaired by ,prior ,castell1 who   
filled it with stained glass containing 
large figures1 among others of ,s4      

,augustine1 ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,s4 ,gregory1 
and ,s4 ,jerome4 ,from this circumstance
 the window became known as the window  
of the ,four ,doctors of the ,church4   
,prior ,castell also contrived to       
introduce a figure of himself kneeling  
at the feet of the ,virgin4 ,the large  
window at the end of the south transept1
 also named from the glass it contained1
 the ,te ,deum window1 is in the        
,perpendicular style1 and is of six     
lights4 ,it may possibly have been the  
work of ,prior ,wessington1 #adaf to    
#addf4 ,along the sill of this window   
also access may be had to the triforium4
  ,illustration3 ,the ,transepts1       
looking ,north4  ,both the north-west   
and south-west corners of the transepts 
contain stairways1 opening at their     
various levels on to the triforium1     
clerestory1 and the space between the   
vaulting and the roof4 ,that in the     
south transept also gives access to the 
central tower and belfry1 an ascent of  
which1 if the day be clear1 will repay  

the visitor for his fatiguing climb of  
three hundred and forty steps by the    
magnificent view spread at his feet4    
,the transepts were no doubt the        
earliest part of the building to be     
vaulted2 that of the northern arm being 
plain is probably the earlier1 while    
that of the south arm1 though of similar
 character1 has zig-zag ornaments4      
,several of the priors of ,durham were  
buried in the transepts1 the first1     
,prior ,fossor1 #acfd1 and the last1    
,robert ,ebchester1 who died in #adhd4  
,on the piers of the transepts          
projecting brackets may be noticed4     
,these are of ,perpendicular date1 and  
originally carried statues4  ,the       
crossing1 or space between the four     
piers supporting the central tower1     
gives us a fine view of the interior of 
the lantern4  ,the ,tower is carried on 
four large clustered ,norman piers with 
semi-circular arches4 ,over the arches1 
and seventy-seven feet above the floor  
of the church1 is the lower stage of the

 lantern1 round which is a gallery with 
an open pierced parapet4 ,it rests on   
corbels1 each alternate one being carved
 with a grotesque head4 ,the walls are  
panelled up to the base of the great    
windows1--each panel having two         
cinquefoiled arches under a crocketed   
canopy and final2 while between them are
 small buttresses1 also panelled1 and   
ending in a finial which reaches the    
same height as the canopy4 ,over the    
panelling is a string course ornamented 
with that characteristic ornament of the
 ,perpendicular period1 the ,tudor      
flower1 and above this on each face two 
tall windows near together4 ,each window
 has two lights1 and is divided by a    
transom4 ,the roof of the lantern is    
groined1 with fine bosses at the        
intersections of the ribs4 ,the whole   
seen from below has a very fine effect1 
and must be very different in appearance
 from the original ,norman structure4   
,the whole of the lantern was refaced1  
and the statues which had been removed  

from their niches were replaced1 some   
thirty years ago1 by the ,dean and      
,chapter of ,durham4  ,illustration3    
,corbel in ,choir4  ,the ,norman ,east  
,end4--,the original form of the ,norman
 east end has long been the subject of  
discussion and conjecture4 ,it was      
practically safe to assume that the     
choir ended in an apse1 though whether  
the aisles were also apsidal1 or        
continued round a great apse as an      
ambulatory1 was a debatable point4 ,this
 question has now been finally settled4 
,illustration3 ,the ,choir1 looking     
,east4 ,during some operations          
necessitating the opening of the floor1 
in ,january #ahie1 certain indications  
were found which led the diocesan       
architect1 ,mr ,c4,h4 ,fowler1 and      
,canon ,greenwell to continue the       
excavation4 ,the result was the         
discovery that ,carileph's church       
certainly possessed three apses--a large
 one terminating the choir1 and smaller 
ones the aisles4 ,the apses of the      

aisles were square externally1 and      
apsidal internally4 ,the great apse     
consisted of five bays1 one on either   
side next to the choir1 forming an      
oblong between the choir and the        
springing line of the curve of the apse1
 over which would be the great sanctuary
 arch4 ,the remainder1 or apse proper1  
was divided into three bays by engaged  
clustered shafts1 similar to those of   
the choir and nave4 ,it was surrounded  
by a wall arcade of the same character  
as that of the rest of the church4 ,the 
base of one of the shafts of the arcade 
was found in position4 ,an extremely    
interesting point in this discovery is  
the fact that the levels are the same as
 those of the nave and choir4 ,the      
foundations are on the rock at the same 
depth1 and the aisle walls and apse     
walls are in the same line4 ,the        
external square line of the aisle apses 
is in line with the springing of the    
choir apse4 ,the foundations of the apse
 to the north aisle have been thoroughly

 excavated1 and there is every reason to
 believe that that on the south side of 
the church entirely corresponds4 ,the   
width of the north aisle apse from north
 to south is nine feet eight inches4    
,there can be little doubt1 judging from
 the remainder of ,carileph's work1 that
 all three apses were covered with stone
 vaults1 though of precisely what       
character can only be a matter of       
conjecture4 ,the cracking1 previously   
spoken of1 which led to this part of the
 church being taken down and the new    
eastern transept being erected1 cannot  
have arisen from any subsidence of the  
foundations4 ,it1 in all probability1   
was the result of the thrust of the apse
 vaults on to walls which were          
insufficiently buttressed4 ,the marks on
 some of the stones found during this   
excavation1 and the shape of others1    
seem to point to the conclusion that    
here we have the earliest part of the   
church1 and that ,carileph used up in   
his foundations much of the stone of    

,aldhun's ,white ,church4  ,of the two  
usual eastern endings to ,norman        
churches--viz4 those with three apses1  
and those having the aisle carried round
 as an ambulatory--the latter is far    
more common in ,england1 and the former 
on the ,continent4 ,there are two other 
notable instances of the three apsidal  
arrangement in ,england3 ,s4 ,albans1   
#ajgg1 which is earlier than ,durham2   
and ,peterboro'1 #aaag1 which is later  
than1 and was probably modelled on1     
,durham4 ,there are many examples of    
ambulatories--the ,white ,tower ,church 
7,london71 ,winchester1 ,gloucester1    
,worcester1 and ,norwich being among    
them4  ,illustration3 ,corbel in ,choir4
  ,the apses of ,durham are of          
considerable depth from east to west1   
the oblong bay previously mentioned1    
which is fourteen feet wide in that     
direction1 adding greatly to this       
effect4 ,the width of the foundations is
 fourteen feet1 and the width of the    
wall has been seven feet4 ,the diameter 

of the choir apse from north to south   
was about thirty-two feet4              
,illustration3 ,plan of ,norman ,east   
,end4  ,these discoveries are specially 
interesting1 completing as they do the  
whole chain1 and leading us with very   
little imagination to see in its        
original condition what must have been1 
and may even now claim to be1 the most  
noble example of ,norman architecture in
 our country4  ,illustration3 ,triforium
 of ,nave and ,choir4  ,illustration3   
,capital in the ,nine ,altars ,chapel4  
,the ,nine ,altars ,chapel4--,leaving   
the consideration of what once occupied 
the site of the east end of ,durham1 we 
will turn our attention to the beautiful
 erection which now stands there1 the   
eastern transept1 or1 as it is named    
from the altars of the saints it once   
contained beneath its windows1 the      
,chapel of the ,nine ,altars4 ,it is    
approached from the aisles by steps1 the
 floor level being lower than that of   
the church proper4 ,it is altogether a  

remarkable and interesting structure4   
,with its lightness and loftiness       
contrasting grandly with the massive    
,norman nave and choir1 its clustered   
columns of polished marble alternating  
with stone1 its fine bold sculpture1 its
 splendid vaulted roof and rich         
arcading1 it forms a perfect example of 
the ,early ,english style4 ,though      
regular and symmetrical in general      
design1 the detail shows great variety1 
and even irregularity1 a quality so     
often present in old work1 and so much  
to its advantage4 ,in general character 
it may be compared with that at         
,fountains ,abbey1 which was built      
during the same time4  ,illustration3   
,capital in the ,nine ,altars ,chapel4  
,the circumstances leading to its       
erection have been already referred to4 
,the ,norman apses having been partly   
removed1 owing to their dangerous       
condition1 the ,new ,work1 as it was    
always called1 was commenced in the year
 #abdb4 ,the eastern wall1 with its rose

 and nine lancet windows1 is the        
earliest part of the chapel1 the north  
and south walls being later4 ,the       
joining and blending of the work with   
the ,norman of ,carileph's choir had    
evidently been accomplished when the    
chapel was almost completed4 ,the       
eastern wall is of three bays1 each bay 
having three lofty lancet windows4 ,the 
bays are not of equal width1 the centre 
one being regulated by the width of the 
nave of the church1 and narrower than   
the north and south bays4               
,illustration3 ,sections of ,hood and   
,arch ,mouldings4  ,a very beautiful    
arcade runs completely round the walls4 
,it is of trefoil arches1 deeply and    
richly moulded1 supported on marble     
columns carved with foliage4 ,over the  
arches is a hood mould terminating with 
heads4 ,in the spandrels are a series of
 deeply-sunk and moulded quatrefoils1   
two of which contain sculpture4 ,the    
bases of the columns rest on a plinth4  
,surmounting this arcade is a moulded   

string1 from the level of which rise the
 windows1 and above the windows another 
string course and a second range of     
windows4 ,in the centre bay1 however1 is
 the large rose window1 which is over   
thirty feet in diameter4  ,illustration3
 ,the ,nine ,altars ,chapel4  ,the      
division of the chapel into three bays  
is effected by two main vaulting arches1
 which spring on the western side from  
the piers of the east end of the choir1 
and on the eastern side from responds of
 clustered shafts alternately of marble 
and stone1 banded at intervals and      
having richly carved capitals4 ,the     
arches themselves are deeply moulded and
 ornamented with dog-tooth ornament and 
foliage4 ,the vault of the central bay  
has eight ribs--two springing from each 
of the clusters just described1 and two 
from each of the choir piers4 ,the      
vaulting of the remaining bays is       
quadripartite1 but has peculiarities    
which are worthy of notice1 arising from
 inequality of width4 ,we must not omit 

to call attention to the exquisite      
sculpture of the vaulting4 ,the centre  
has figures of the ,four ,evangelists1  
while in the north is a beautifully     
executed carving of vine and grapes1 and
 in the south1 figure subjects4 ,among  
the sculptured heads on the wall arcade 
at the south end1 at the western side of
 the two bays into which the south wall 
is divided1 are two which are portraits 
of the men to whom we owe the design and
 execution of the beautiful sculpture of
 this chapel4 ,one is an elderly man1   
the other much younger1 and both wear   
linen dust-caps over their heads4  ,the 
nine lancet windows were originally     
filled with ancient stained glass1      
which1 as the reader will remember1 was 
removed1 ,below each window was an      
altar4 ,they were dedicated a follows1  
beginning at the south end of the       
chapel3--    #a4 ,s4 ,andrew and ,s4    
,mary ,magdalene4             #b4 ,s4   
,john the ,baptist and ,s4 ,margaret4   
,south bay4   #c4 ,s4 ,thomas of        

,canterbury and ,s4 ,catherine4 _/      
#d4 ,s4 ,oswald and ,s4 ,lawrence4      
#e4 ,s4 ,cuthbert and ,s4 ,bede4        
,middle bay4   #f4 ,s4 ,martin4         
_/    #g4 ,s4 ,peter and ,s4 ,paul4     
#h4 ,s4 ,aidan and ,s4 ,helen4          
,north bay4   #i4 ,s4 ,michael the      
,archangel4                 _/  ,the    
rose window over the lancets of the     
middle bay is ,wyatt's restoration of   
the original one4 ,it consists of an    
outer circle of twenty-four and an inner
 circle of twelve radiating lights1 the 
mullions of which are received on a     
foliated circle in the centre4  ,in the 
north wall of the chapel is a very fine 
window1 known as the ,joseph window1 on 
account of the stained glass it         
originally contained1 which illustrated 
the life-history of ,joseph4 ,it is a   
beautiful example of ,early ,decorated  
or geometrical ,gothic1 and is of six   
lights4 ,there is an inner plane of     
tracery resting on clustered shafts1    
which is connected to the mullions of   

the window proper by through stones4    
,the window occupies the complete width 
of the north end of the chapel4 ,the    
painted glass which it once contained is
 thus described in the ,rites of        
,durham3      ,in the ,north ,alley of  
the said ,nine ,altars1 there is another
 goodly     faire great glass window1   
called ,joseph's ,window1 the which hath
 in     it all the whole storye of      
,joseph1 most artificially wrought in   
pictures in fine coloured glass1        
accordinge as it is sett forth in       
the ,bible1 verye good and godly to the 
beholders thereof4  ,this window        
deserves the attention of the           
architectural student1 as it is an      
exceedingly fine specimen of the tracery
 of its date4  ,the south wall of the   
chapel contains two windows1 each       
divided by a central mullion1 and having
 an inner mullion connected by through  
stones4 ,they are widely splayed        
inwards1 and separated by a group of    
vaulting shafts4 ,one or both of these  

windows contained stained glass1 with   
the history of the life and miracles of 
,s4 ,cuthbert4 ,as seen at present1 they
 contain tracery of the ,perpendicular  
period1 a restoration of that inserted  
by ,prior ,wessington4 ,each window is  
of two lights1 crossed by a transom4    
,entry to the nine altars was provided  
for1 as well as from the choir and      
aisles1 by two doors on the western side
 of its north and south walls4 ,the     
northern doorway is now walled up4 ,they
 enter through the wall arcade4 ,the    
writer of the ,rites of ,durham says the
 north door was made in order to bring  
in the body of ,bishop ,anthony ,bek1   
who is buried in the chapel4 ,the       
architectural features of the doorway   
would1 however1 seem to contradict this 
theory1 and there is little room to     
doubt that both north and south doorways
 formed part of the original design of  
the structure4  ,before leaving this    
interesting portion of the building we  
must direct our attention to its most   

important contents1 the ,tomb of ,s4    
,cuthbert4 ,this1 as at present to be   
seen1 is a great oblong platform1       
thirty-seven feet long by twenty-three  
feet wide1 and its upper surface or     
floor six feet above the floor of the   
chapel4 ,beneath a slab in the centre   
the bones of the patron saint rest4 ,the
 shrine of ,s4 ,cuthbert at one time    
stood upon this platform1 but of that no
 vestige remains4  ,the floor of the    
platform is reached by two doors through
 the ,neville screen in the choir1 and  
by a small stairway from the south      
aisle4 ,the wanderings of the monks of  
,lindisfarne with the body of their     
saint1 their many difficulties and      
trials1 and their ultimate settlement at
 ,dunholme or ,durham1 have already been
 described4 ,the shrine was eventually  
set up in its present position by       
,bishop ,carileph1 in #aajd1 when he    
brought it from the cloister garth from 
the tomb he had there set up for its    
temporary reception1 until his church   

was sufficiently advanced to permit of  
its removal thither4 ,it was visited by 
large numbers of pilgrims1 and many     
important personages were among them4   
,of these may be mentioned ,william the 
,conqueror1 ,henry ,,iii4 7#abee71      
,edward ,,ii4 7#acbb71 and ,henry ,,vi4 
7#addh74 ,the shrine was destroyed soon 
after the surrender of the monastery to 
the ,crown1 in #aedj1 when the body was 
buried beneath the place where its      
former receptacle had stood4 ,there have
 since this time been traditions that   
the exact place of the burial was       
secret1 and known only1 according to one
 account1 to three ,benedictine monks1  
who each handed the secret down to a    
successor4 ,the other tradition places  
the knowledge of the place of burial in 
the hands of the ,roman ,catholic       
bishops of the ,northern ,province4 ,one
 of these traditions was made public in 
the year #ahfg1 and gave the place of   
interment as being under the second and 
third steps leading to the tower from   

the south transept4 ,this place was     
excavated and examined1 but no trace of 
any burial could be found there4 ,it is 
to these traditions that ,scott refers1 
in ,marmion1 in the following lines3--  
,chester-le-,street1 and ,ripon saw     
,his holy corpse1 ere ,wardilaw         
,hailed him with joy and fear2   ,and   
after many wanderings past1   ,he chose 
his lordly seat at last1   ,where his   
cathedral1 huge and vast1       ,looks  
down upon the ,wear4   ,there deep in   
,durham's ,gothic shade   ,his relics   
are in secret laid2       ,but none may 
know the place1   ,save of his holiest  
servants three1   ,deep sworn to solemn 
secrecy1       ,who share that wondrous 
grace4  ,in ,may #ahbg the grave in the 
,nine ,altars ,chapel was opened in the 
presence of two of the church           
dignitaries and other persons4 ,dr      
,raine1 who was also present1 has left a
 careful account of the discoveries then
 made4#c ,the outer coffin1 that made in
 #aedb1 was first removed1 revealing a  

second and much decayed coffin and many 
bones4 ,after the removal of these      
relics the lid of a third oak coffin was
 revealed1 in a very advanced state of  
decay4 ,this innermost coffin was       
covered over its entire surface with    
carvings of human figures1 the heads    
surrounded by a nimbus4 ,when this      
coffin was removed the skeleton was     
exposed to view1 wrapped in coverings1  
the outer of which had been of linen4   
,the robes beneath were much decayed1   
and only portions of them could be      
preserved4 ,on the breast of the body1  
among the robes1 a comb was found1      
answering exactly to that described by  
,reginald in #aajd4 ,among the most     
interesting of the finds were a stole   
and maniple4    #c ,raine4 ,s4          
,cuthbert4  ,the stole is of very early 
date1 and is of needlework in colours   
and gold4 ,the centre design is a       
quatrefoil1 inside which is a lamb with 
nimbus1 and the letters ,,agnv ,,di4 ,on
 either side are figures of ,old        

,testament prophets1 with their names4  
,near the ends the embroidery occurs on 
both sides of the stole1 on the back of 
one of which among foliage is the       
inscription ,,aelfflaed ,,fieri         
,,precepit1 which is continued on the   
back of the opposite end1 thus--,,pio   
,,episcopo ,,fridestano4 ,the           
translation of this inscription is to   
the effect that ,aelfled commanded the  
stole to be made for the pious ,bishop  
,frithestan4 ,the maniple is of a       
similar character1 and also bears       
ornament1 figures1 and inscriptions4#d  
,frithestan was made ,bishop of         
,winchester in #ije4 ,aelfled1 who was  
,queen of ,eadward1 the son and         
successor of ,alfred1 died in #iaf4 ,it 
was therefore during these ten years    
that she caused this stole and maniple  
to be made for the ,bishop ,frithestan4 
,it is recorded that the son and        
successor of ,eadward1 by name          
,athelstan1 when on a journey in the    
north visited ,chester-le-,street and   

the shrine of ,s4 ,cuthbert1 which was  
then at that place4 ,among other        
presents he left as offerings a stole   
and maniple1 and a girdle and two       
bracelets of gold4 ,it is a curious fact
 that a girdle and two gold bracelets   
were found along with the stole and     
maniple in the grave1 in #ahbg1 and     
leaves very little doubt that they are  
the ones mentioned above4 ,the bones of 
the saint were quite intact1 and none   
were missing4 ,they were1 with the other
 relics1 placed in a new coffin1 and the
 grave re-covered4 ,some portions of the
 inner coffin1 with the stole1 two      
maniples1 the girdle and bracelets and  
fragments of the robes are now carefully
 preserved in the ,dean and ,chapter    
,library4 ,a large gold cross found     
among the robes1 decorated with garnets1
 and of workmanship of the time of ,s4  
,cuthbert is also preserved in the      
library4 ,these discoveries seem to     
speak for themselves1 and to leave very 
little room for doubt that the body     

exhumed and examined in #ahbg was really
 that of the patron saint of the church4
    #d ,photographs1 coloured by the    
late ,j4,i4 ,williamson1 are            
exhibited in the ,south ,kensington     
,museum4  ,there were also found in the 
grave bones of infants1 supposed to be  
relics of the ,holy ,innocents1 and a   
skull1 most probably that of ,s4        
,oswald1 which was known to have been   
placed in the coffin of ,s4 ,cuthbert4  
,two smooth grooves may be observed on  
the platform1 which are said to have    
been worn into the stone by the knees or
 feet of generations of pilgrims        
visiting the shrine4  ,there are several
 other tombs and monuments in this      
chapel1 chiefly wall tablets of not     
exceptional interest4 ,at the north end1
 however1 is a colossal statue of the   
last of the prince bishops1 ,bishop van 
,mildert1 who died in #ahcf4 ,the       
monument is of white marble1 the figure 
seated on a throne and holding a book4  
,it was erected by public subscription1 

the sculptor being ,john ,gibson1 ,r4,a4
 ,near this monument is a blue slab     
covering the remains of ,bishop ,anthony
 ,bek1 patriarch of ,jerusalem1 who died
 in #acaj4 ,it was to bring in the body 
of this bishop that some writers have   
thought the north doorway of the ,nine  
,altars ,chapel was constructed4 ,this  
is1 as we have seen already1 extremely  
improbable4  ,the student of            
architecture will find very much to     
interest him in this ,chapel of the     
,nine ,altars4 ,the beautiful sculpture 
and variety in the capitals of the      
shafts of wall arcading1 not to mention 
the rich carving of the vaulting bosses 
and capitals of the vaulting shafts1    
will well repay his earnest study4      
,illustration3 ,the ,galilee ,chapel4   
,illustration3 ,the ,galilee ,chapel4   
,illustration3 ,capital in ,galilee     
,chapel4  ,the ,galilee or ,lady ,chapel
 is situated at the west end of the     
nave4 ,it is well known that for some   
reason women were not allowed to enter  

any church where ,s4 ,cuthbert's shrine 
stood1 nor even any church dedicated to 
him4 ,at ,lindisfarne a separate church 
was provided for them1 and at ,durham   
the ,galilee ,chapel was added for the  
same purpose4 ,it was alleged that ,s4  
,cuthbert himself had made this rule1   
but there is no proof that he ever      
issued such a command4 ,the ,venerable  
,bede makes no mention of any special   
feeling of antipathy to women on the    
part of the saint4 ,bede was            
contemporary with1 and survived ,s4     
,cuthbert forty-eight years4 ,whatever  
may have been the origin of the         
practice1 it is certain that in later   
times women were jealously excluded from
 the churches of ,s4 ,cuthbert1 and to  
this circumstance we owe1 in the chapel 
under our consideration1 the most       
beautiful and perfect example of        
,transitional ,norman architecture      
existing in ,england4  ,illustration3   
,paintings in the ,galilee ,chapel4     
,let us recall briefly the circumstances

 attending its erection4 ,hugh ,pudsey1 
who occupied the episcopal throne1 #aaec
 to #aaie1 commenced to build a ,lady   
,chapel at the east end of the church4  
,the work had not gone far before       
accidents happened1 and cracks and      
fissures appeared in the walls1 which   
the builder thought gave manifest       
indication that it was not acceptable to
 ,god and ,his servant ,s4 ,cuthbert4#e 
,the work was therefore abandoned1 and  
another chapel was commenced at the west
 end of the church1 into which women    
might lawfully enter1 so that they who  
had not bodily access to the secret     
things of the holy place1 might have    
some solace from the contemplation of   
them 7,geoffrey de ,coldingham74 ,pudsey
 caused to be moved here the marble     
shafts and bases he had previously      
brought from beyond the sea1 and        
intended to be used in the construction 
of his chapel at the east end4 ,entering
 the chapel by the steps leading from   
the ,norman nave1 the visitor is at once

 impressed with the lightness and       
delicacy of the work before him1 as     
compared with the massive grandeur of   
the ,norman cathedral behind4 ,here we  
have1 in fact1 one of the latest uses of
 the round arch influenced by the       
rapidly developing ,early ,english      
,gothic4 ,in plan the chapel consists of
 a nave with double aisles1 which       
perhaps might be more properly called   
five aisles4 ,these are divided by      
arcades1 each of which is of four bays4 
,these arches and the columns which     
support them are the chief beauty and   
characteristic of the chapel4 ,the      
arches are semi-circular1 of one order1 
with three lines of chevron1 one on each
 face1 and one on the soffit between two
 roll mouldings4 ,the capitals are light
 and graceful and carved with a volute1 
and the columns clusters of marble and  
freestone shafts4 ,the arches1 however1 
rest on the marble columns1 which are1  
no doubt1 those previously alluded to4  
,the whole seems to have been coloured  

in fresco1 and remains of this are still
 to be seen4 ,the stone shafts1 which   
alternate with those of marble1 do not  
carry any of the weight of the arch1 and
 are1 undoubtedly1 an addition1 probably
 in the time of ,cardinal ,langley1 when
 they must have been added1 with a view 
to improving the appearance4 ,the       
dimensions of the chapel are forty-seven
 feet from east to west1 and seventy-six
 feet from north to south4 ,the existing
 roof and the three perpendicular       
windows on the west end are also        
additions by ,cardinal ,langley4 ,on the
 walls above what were once the altars  
of the ,virgin and ,our ,lady of ,pity1 
remains of fresco painting may be       
noticed1 all that remains of what has   
evidently been beautiful work4 ,these   
were only brought to light by the       
removal of successive coats of whitewash
 with which they had been covered4    #e
 ,geoffrey de ,coldingham4              
,illustration3 ,detail of the ,galilee  
,chapel4  ,when the ,galilee was        

erected1 access from the church was by  
the great west door of the cathedral4   
,this was1 however1 closed up by        
,cardinal ,langley1 who constructed the 
two doorways at the end of the aisles by
 which the chapel is now entered4 ,those
 portions of the ,norman wall arcading1 
which had to be removed by reason of the
 breaking through of the new doorways1  
were used to fill up the lower part of  
the great west door4 ,the latter was    
again removed in #ahdf1 when the west   
doorway was re-opened4 ,langley's two   
doorways have four centred arches       
enclosed beneath a square label         
moulding1 with shields bearing the      
,cardinal's coat-of-arms in each        
spandrel4 ,to ,langley also may be      
attributed the five massive buttresses  
on the exterior of the western wall of  
the chapel1 which partly cover the      
arcading and panelling with which it was
 decorated4 ,in adding the new roof     
,langley raised the walls above the     
arches to carry it1 giving a somewhat   

peculiar effect to the interior4 ,the   
original roof lines can still be made   
out on the west wall4 ,of the contents  
of the chapel remaining1 perhaps the    
most interesting to the visitor is the  
grave and site of the shrine of the     
,venerable ,bede4 ,the shrine1 like that
 of ,s4 ,cuthbert's1 is gone1 and all   
that remains is the stone slab on which 
it once stood1 and which bears the      
inscription 7placed there in #ahca73    
,hac sunt in ,fossa     ,bd ,venerabilis
 ,ossa  ,this remarkable man was        
contemporary with ,s4 ,cuthbert1 whom1  
as we have said1 he survived forty-eight
 years4 ,his holiness and piety1        
together with his great learning1 earned
 for him the title ,venerable1 and after
 his death1 in #gce1 his bones were     
enshrined4 ,of his parentage we know    
nothing1 except that1 from his own      
writings1 he was born in the territory  
of the ,abbey of ,wearmouth4 ,at the age
 of seven he was being educated in that 
monastery1 and by the time he was ten   

years old he moved to the newly-founded 
,abbey on the ,tyne1 at ,jarrow4 ,he had
 able and learned teachers in ,benedict 
,bishop and ,ceolfrid1 and appears to   
have turned his advantages to the best  
account4 ,deacon at nineteen1 and priest
 at twenty-nine years of age1 he led a  
holy and studious life4 ,after his      
ordination he wrote his ,commentaries on
 the ,scriptures1 and writings on all   
the known sciences--geography1          
arithmetic1 and astronomy4 ,the greatest
 work of his life is1 however1 his      
,ecclesiastical ,history of the ,english
 ,nation1 to which we owe all our       
knowledge of the introduction of        
,christianity into ,great ,britain1 and 
the early history of the ,english       
,church4 ,it is dedicated to ,king      
,ceolwulf4 ,his information was         
collected from various sources--by      
letter as to ,canterbury1 by            
communication with bishops and priors as
 to ,england generally1 and from        
personal knowledge and very recent      

tradition as to ,northumbria4 ,he lived 
most of his long life between the       
monasteries of ,monkwearmouth and       
,jarrow1 and was buried at the latter4  
,in the year #ajbb his remains were     
secretly removed from ,jarrow by        
,elfrid1 who was the most unscrupulous  
relic-hunter of that time1 who deposited
 a portion of them in the same coffin   
with those of ,s4 ,cuthbert4 ,from here 
they were removed by ,bishop ,pudsey1   
and placed in the newly-erected ,galilee
 ,chapel1 where he caused them to be    
enclosed in a magnificent shrine4       
,there1 in a silver casket gilt with    
gold1 hee laid the bones of ,venerable  
,bede1 and erected a costly and         
magnificent shrine over it4#f ,when the 
shrine was destroyed at the suppression 
of the monastery1 in #aedb1 the bones   
were interred beneath the place it      
occupied1 where they remained           
undisturbed till the year #ahca4 ,in    
that year they were exhumed and         
examined1 and1 after being enclosed in a

 lead-lined coffin1 were replaced in the
 tomb1 with a parchment giving full     
details of the exhumation4 ,some coins  
and a ring which were found at this time
 are preserved in the ,dean and ,chapter
 ,library4 ,the inscription previously  
quoted was then cut on the upper slab of
 the tomb4    #f ,rites of ,durham4  ,in
 the ,galilee ,chapel is also the tomb  
of its restorer1 ,cardinal ,langley1    
which was erected by himself in front of
 the principal altar4 ,on its head may  
be seen three shields bearing the arms  
of the cardinal4  ,four of the western  
windows of the chapel originally        
contained beautiful stained glass1 a    
most careful description of which may be
 found in the ,rites of ,durham4  ,why  
this chapel has always been known as the
 ,galilee ,chapel has been the subject  
of much discussion and conjecture1 and  
is still a matter of uncertainty4 ,that 
it was erected for a ,lady ,chapel there
 can1 however1 be no doubt4 ,in the nave
 of the church1 between the piers       

immediately to the west of the north and
 south doorways1 the visitor will notice
 a dark-coloured marble cross1 beyond   
which no woman was allowed to pass      
eastward4  ,monuments in the ,nave and  
,transepts4--,the church of ,durham is  
not rich in tombs and monuments to the  
dead4 ,this is to be accounted for      
partly by the fact that for some        
centuries the ,bishops of the diocese   
were interred in the chapter-house1 and 
even most of these tombs have been lost 
or destroyed4 ,another reason for the   
scarcity of monuments is that no layman 
was allowed to be buried in the church  
until #acfg1 when ,lord ,ralph ,neville 
obtained that distinction for himself   
and his wife1 the ,lady ,alice de       
,neville1 who was buried in #acgd4 ,this
 monument occupies the third sub-bay    
from the east1 on the south side of the 
nave4 ,it is an altar tomb1 and though  
it has suffered severely from mutilation
 during the unsettled times of the      
,reformation1 sufficient remains to     

enable us to see that it was once a     
well-designed and noble monument4 ,its  
mouldings are bold1 and there are       
indications of the places where figures 
were once attached to the sides4 ,the   
recumbent effigies of the noble lord and
 his wife1 on the top of the tomb1 are1 
however1 hopelessly smashed4 ,it is     
probable that ,lord ,ralph ,neville     
obtained this honour for himself through
 his services and victory at the ,battle
 of ,neville's ,cross1 near ,durham1 in 
#acdf4 ,in the next bay westward is the 
tomb of ,lord ,john ,neville1 who died  
in #achf4 ,this is also an altar tomb1  
and has suffered severely1 though it    
remains in a better state of            
preservation than the one just          
described4 ,its sides each have six     
niches1 with elaborately ornamented     
canopies1 and containing figures1 while 
the ends have three similar niches with 
figures4 ,the carving of the canopies is
 exceedingly beautiful4 ,between each of
 the niches are two square panels with  

trefoiled heads1 each panel bearing a   
shield with the arms of ,neville and    
,percy4 ,both above and below the niches
 much delicate carving may be noticed4  
,surmounting all are the broken effigies
 of ,lord ,john and his wife1 who was   
the daughter of ,lord ,henry ,percy1 the
 well-known ,hotspur4 ,all the figures  
on this tomb1 including the recumbent   
figures1 are headless1 but sufficient   
remains to show that they were of great 
excellence4 ,remains of colouring and   
gilding can also be distinguished in    
places on the monument4  ,close to this 
is the slab and matrix of a brass to    
,robert ,neville1 who was bishop of the 
diocese from #adch to #adeg4 ,the brass 
has all been removed1 but the matrix    
shows a dignified figure of the bishop  
holding a crozier and a scroll1 while an
 inscription formerly existed on a plate
 at his feet4 ,bishop ,neville was known
 for his generous qualities1 as well as 
for his high descent4  ,in the western  
wall1 on its south side1 near to the    

entrance to the ,galilee1 is a mural    
tablet to a former ,prebendary in the   
cathedral1 and a well-known antiquary1  
,sir ,george ,wheler1 who died in the   
latter part of the seventeenth century4 
,on the northern side is a slab to the  
memory of ,captain ,r4,m4 ,hunter1 who  
was killed while charging a ,sikh       
battery at ,ferozeshah4  ,opposite to   
the monument of ,ralph ,neville is a    
modern altar tomb to a former headmaster
 of ,durham ,grammar ,school1 the ,rev4 
,james ,britton1 ,d4,d41 erected by his 
pupils4 ,it is surmounted by a reclining
 figure of ,dr4 ,britton1 in academic   
robes1 reading a book4  ,in the south   
transept is a fine monument1 by         
,chantrey1 to the memory of ,bishop     
,barrington1 who held the see from #agia
 to #ahbf1 dying at the advanced age of 
#ib years1 beloved by all4 ,he was a    
great prelate1 and used his immense     
powers as ,prince ,palatine with great  
wisdom4 ,the kneeling figure1 with bowed
 head1 the left hand resting on a book1 

in an attitude of deep reverence1 is    
worthy of the name of its sculptor4 ,on 
the west wall of the same transept is a 
tablet to the memory of the officers1   
non-commissioned officers1 and privates 
of the ,durham ,light ,infantry who were
 slain or died during the ,crimean ,war4
  ,near to this is a recently inserted  
brass to the memory of the officers and 
men of the #bnd ,durham ,regiment who   
died in ,egypt and the ,soudan4  ,in the
 north transept we may give some        
attention to a monument to the ,rev4    
,john ,carr1 a former headmaster of     
,durham ,school4 ,it was erected to his 
memory by his pupils4 ,the monument was 
designed by ,rickman1 and is in the     
style known as ,decorated ,gothic4      
,illustration3 ,the ,font and ,cover4   
,the ,font stands at the west end of the
 nave4 ,it is a comparatively modern    
work1 covered by a tall wooden canopy   
which was erected by ,bishop ,cosin in  
#affc4 ,the original ,norman font was   
destroyed by the ,scottish prisoners in 

#afej1 and was replaced by a large      
marble basin by ,bishop ,cosin4 ,this   
font1 in its turn1 was removed to       
,pittington ,church1 where it is now in 
use1 its place being filled by the      
present modern one4 ,it is designed in  
the ,norman style1 and is square1       
supported on short columns4 ,the sides  
are carved with medallions1 copied from 
illuminated ,,mss41 which represent     
scenes from the life of ,s4 ,cuthbert4  
,the cover deserves attention as a      
specimen of the woodwork of the         
seventeenth century1 exhibiting a       
curious and characteristic mixture of   
,classic and ,gothic forms and details4 
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,history ,,of ,,the    
,,see   ,the earlier history of the see 
of ,durham has already been referred to 
in order to lead up to the founding of  
the cathedral4 ,we have seen how the    
bishop and monks of ,lindisfarne fled   
and wandered with the relics of their   
beloved ,s4 ,cuthbert1 eventually       
settling at ,chester-le-,street1 until1 

in the year #iij1 ,bishop ,aldhun1 in   
terror of the ,danes1 again fled        
southward to ,ripon4 ,the country at    
this time was ruled by that weak        
monarch1 ,ethelred the ,unready1 and the
 ,danes1 finding no determined          
opposition1 continually made piratical  
incursions1 and eventually1 through the 
treachery of three chieftains1 the      
,castle of ,bamburgh fell into their    
hands4 ,after an interval of three or   
four months peace was made with the     
invaders1 and ,aldhun and his monks     
ventured to return towards              
,chester-le-,street4 ,it was during this
 journey1 at a place called ,wredelau1  
that the car carrying the saint stuck   
fast1 and the incidents previously      
related occurred1 which led to the      
founding of the ,bishopric of ,durham4  
,aldhun may therefore be called the     
first ,bishop of ,durham4 ,he held the  
see for twenty-nine years1 and died in  
#ajah4 ,aldhun it was who built the     
first or ,white ,church1 now destroyed4 

,it is extremely probable that some of  
the stones of this church were used in  
the foundations of ,carileph's choir and
 apses4  ,after ,aldhun's death the see 
remained vacant for three years1 when he
 was succeeded by  ,edmund 7#ajbj-ajdj74
 ,it is said that the monks could not   
agree as to who should succeed ,aldhun1 
when one day ,edmund1 a presbyter1 asked
 in a joke1 ,why not appoint me8 ,being 
a pious and a faithful man1 they took   
him at his word1 and1 after much        
persuasion and fasting and prayer1 he   
was consecrated4 ,the choice was a good 
one4 ,edmund was an energetic and       
beloved prelate4 ,he died at ,gloucester
 in #ajda4 ,one of the most important   
events during his episcopate was the    
invasion of ,northumbria by ,duncan1    
,king of the ,scots4 ,he besieged       
,durham1 but was beaten off1 with great 
slaughter1 and the heads of many of his 
men were exposed in the market-place4   
,egelric 7#ajdb-ajef7 was the next      
bishop4 ,he was an alien1 and made      

himself obnoxious to the clergy and     
people4 ,with the intention of          
rebuilding1 he pulled down the wooden   
church at ,chester-le-,street1 which had
 been the seat of the bishopric for one 
hundred and thirteen years4 ,a large    
quantity of treasure was found while    
digging foundations1 and this ,egelric  
appropriated and sent to his monastery  
at ,peterborough1 where he soon followed
 it4 ,before resigning the see of       
,durham1 however1 he secured the        
appointment of his brother to the       
bishopric4 ,some years later ,william   
the ,conqueror called him to account for
 his behaviour in the matter of the     
treasure1 and threw him into prison at  
,westminster1 where he died in #ajgb4   
,egelwin 7#ajef-ajga7 succeeded1 through
 the influence of his brother4 ,he took 
part in the rebellion of ,eadwin and    
,morcar1 and1 like his predecessor1 died
 in prison4 ,he was the last of the     
,saxon bishops4  ,walcher 7#ajga-ajhj74 
,william ,i4 found the ,church in great 

disorder and made many changes4 ,he     
filled most of the sees by the          
appointment of ,norman bishops4 ,to     
,durham he elected ,walcher4 ,the latter
 was a man of gentle disposition1 but   
his chaplain1 ,leobwin1 and ,gilbert1 a 
kinsman of his own1 to whom he entrusted
 most of his affairs1 were hated by the 
people1 over whom they exercised great  
tyranny4 ,at length a noble1 named      
,lyulph1 ventured to remonstrate with   
them1 and in their rage they had him    
assassinated4 ,the people were furious1 
and the bishop vainly denied any        
knowledge of the deed4 ,he called a     
meeting at ,gateshead4 ,here a          
tremendous tumult arose1 the mob crying1
 ,good rede1 short rede1 slay ye the    
bishop1 and eventually setting fire to  
the church4 ,the bishop was eventually  
reduced to a choice of facing the mob or
 being burnt in the church4 ,he chose   
the former1 and1 covering his face with 
his robe1 went out4 ,he was immediately 
slain on the threshold1 and dreadfully  

mutilated4 ,his body was removed by the 
monks to ,jarrow1 and afterwards to     
,durham1 where he was buried4  ,william 
of ,s4 ,carileph 7#ajhj-ajif7 was next  
appointed bishop4 ,he was a man of great
 attainments4 ,to him we owe the        
founding of the present cathedral4      
,carileph also made an important change1
 by the removal from ,durham of the     
secular clergy1 and their replacement by
 ,benedictine monks drawn from ,jarrow  
and ,monkwearmouth4 ,the foundations of 
the new church were laid on #bith ,july 
#ajic1 the ,bishop and ,prior ,turgot   
being present4 ,he did not live to see  
it very far advanced1 being taken ill at
 ,windsor4 ,he died about ,christmas    
#ajif4  ,ranulph ,flambard              
7#ajii-aabh74--,the see was kept vacant 
for three years by ,william ,rufus1 when
 he appointed ,flambard1 a great        
builder4 ,he built the nave and aisles1 
the west doorway and lower part of the  
western towers1 and vaulted the aisles4 
,he also built ,framwellgate ,bridge    

over the ,wear at ,durham1 erected and  
endowed ,s4 ,giles' ,church1 ,durham1   
and was the founder of ,norham ,castle  
on the ,tweed4  ,galfrid ,rufus         
7#aacc-aadj7 was his successor4 ,his    
episcopate was much disturbed by wars   
with the ,scots4 ,the chapter-house was 
finished during his time of office4     
,william de ,s4 ,barbara 7#aadc-aaeb7   
was next appointed4 ,extraordinary      
events marked his election4 ,william    
,cumin1 chancellor of the ,scottish     
king1 attempted to take the bishopric   
for himself1 and succeeded so far as to 
capture the castle with the aid of the  
,scots4 ,the rightful bishop was not    
able to gain possession for sixteen     
months after his election4 ,cumin       
submitted in #aadd4  ,illustration3 ,the
 ,crypt4  ,hugh ,pudsey 7#aaec-aaie7 now
 succeeded to the bishopric at the age  
of twenty-five4 ,he bought for life the 
earldom of ,northumberland and the manor
 of ,sadberg4 ,in #aahg the news of the 
capture of ,jerusalem by the ,saracens  

spread consternation in the ,church1 and
 ,pudsey prepared to accompany ,king    
,henry to the ,east4 ,he fitted out     
ships and galleys in a most sumptuous   
manner1 his own having a seat for       
himself of solid silver4 ,neither he nor
 ,king ,henry embarked in the crusade1  
however4 ,the king died1 and ,richard   
his son undertook the expedition1       
leaving ,bishop ,pudsey and ,longchamp1 
,bishop of ,ely1 as justiciaries for the
 northern and southern portions of the  
kingdom respectively4 ,these two        
quarrelled1 and ,pudsey was decoyed to  
,london by ,longchamp1 and committed to 
the ,tower4 ,he soon obtained his       
release1 but was compelled to resign the
 earldom of ,northumberland4 ,in #aaie  
he undertook a journey to ,london to see
 the king1 and endeavour to obtain      
restitution of his honours and          
possessions1 but was taken ill1 and died
 on the way1 at ,howden4 ,his work in   
the cathedral we have seen4 ,he also    
built the great hall of the castle1 most

 of the beautiful ,church of ,s4        
,cuthbert at ,darlington1 and the ,elvet
 ,bridge over the ,wear at ,durham1 and 
founded the hospital at ,sherburn1 near 
,durham4 ,darlington ,church1 which     
would well repay a visit1 is a fine     
specimen of ,early ,pointed             
architecture1 second only to the        
,galilee of ,durham1 the two showing in 
a wonderful manner the rapid development
 of the change which was taking place in
 architectural style during ,pudsey's   
time4  ,philip de ,pictavia             
7#aaig-abjh71 elected at the urgent     
request of the king4 ,he was continually
 at loggerheads with his clergy4 ,he    
supported ,king ,john against the ,pope1
 and was for this excommunicated2 died  
in #abjh1 and was buried in             
unconsecrated ground4 ,this bishop is   
said to have had the permission of the  
king to coin money at ,durham4  ,richard
 de ,marisco 7#abag-abbf7 was elected   
after an interval of nearly ten years4  
,the feud with the monks continued      

during his episcopate1 and the bishop   
swore the ,church of ,durham should have
 no peace while he lived2 threatened    
that if a monk should show himself      
beyond his cloister he should lose his  
head2 and once1 when his servants had   
beaten a monk1 and the man complained1  
he replied that it was a pity they did  
not kill him4 ,he died at ,peterborough 
in #abbf4  ,richard le ,poore           
7#abbi-abcg71 who was the next bishop1  
elected after the see had been vacant   
two years and four months1 was          
translated from ,salisbury1 where he had
 commenced building the new cathedral4  
,he ended the dispute between the monks 
and the ,bishop of ,durham by an        
agreement known as ,le ,convenit4       
,nicholas de ,farnham 7#abda-abdh7      
became bishop after a three years'      
dispute with the king4 ,he resigned in  
#abdh4  ,walter de ,kirkham             
7#abdi-abfj71 ,dean of ,york1 was next  
elected4  ,robert de ,stitchill         
7#abfa-abgd71 ,prior of ,finchale1      

succeeded him4 ,dissensions again arose 
between the bishop and the monks4 ,he   
died on his return from ,france1 where  
he had attended a council at ,lyons4 ,he
 was buried in a monastery in ,france1  
but his heart was brought to ,durham1   
and buried in the chapter-house4        
,robert de ,insula 7#abgd-abhc71 a      
native of ,holy ,island1 as his name    
suggests1 was then elected bishop4 ,his 
tenure of office was peaceful4          
,illustration3 ,stone ,coffin ,lid4     
,anthony ,bek 7#abhc-acaj74 ,the next   
bishop was of noble birth1 the son of   
,walter ,bek1 ,baron of ,eresby1 in     
,lincolnshire4 ,he took part with       
,edward ,i4 in his expedition to        
,scotland1 and1 being very wealthy1 was 
of great assistance to the king4 ,his   
following consisted of twenty-six       
standard bearers1 one hundred and forty 
knights1 and an army of five thousand   
foot and five hundred horse4 ,he was    
employed by the king1 with success1 in  
many important ,state matters4 ,in the  

year #acjj trouble again arose with the 
monks4 ,some of them being dissatisfied 
with the ,prior ,hotoun1 the bishop     
proposed to hold a visitation4 ,the     
prior refusing to admit him unless he   
came unattended1 the bishop deposed and 
excommunicated him4 ,the convent took   
sides1 some with the bishop and some    
with the prior1 and it was only on the  
interference of the king that a partial 
peace was restored4 ,the quarrel soon   
reopened4 ,some men made a complaint    
against the bishop4 ,he had compelled   
them to take arms under him in the      
,scottish war1 and had imprisoned some  
who had returned without leave4 ,the    
barons upheld the men1 and it led to    
them taking sides with ,prior ,hotoun in
 his dispute4 ,the bishop1 calling the  
monks together1 ordered them to elect a 
new prior1 which they promptly refused  
to do4 ,on this the bishop appointed    
,henry de ,luceby of ,holy ,island to be
 prior of ,durham1 and brought men from 
,weardale and ,tynedale to expel the old

 prior4 ,they laid siege to the convent1
 and for three days ,prior ,hotoun and  
forty-six monks were shut up with only  
six loaves and sixteen herrings4 ,they  
continued the services however4 ,on the 
third day a ,tynedale man was sent to   
pull the prior out of his stall1 but was
 so awed by his venerable appearance    
that he dared not touch him4 ,a monk on 
the bishop's side1 however1 did the     
work4 ,prior ,luceby was installed1 and 
,prior ,richard seized and imprisoned4  
,he soon escaped1 however1 and carried  
his complaint before ,parliament1 and   
afterwards to the ,pope1 ,boniface      
,,viii4 ,the ,pope decided in his       
favour1 and ,hotoun returned to ,durham1
 and ,luceby and his friends were       
obliged to go1 though they tried1 when  
doing so1 to carry off some silver plate
 and other valuables4 ,bek continued in 
great splendour until his death in      
#acaj4 ,when he died he was king of the 
,isle of ,man1 ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1
 ,bishop of ,durham1 and ,prince        

,palatine4  ,richard de ,kellaw         
7#acaa-acaf71 formerly a monk of        
,durham1 succeeded ,bek4 ,he was a good 
and learned man1 and lived in harmony   
with the monks4  ,louis de ,beaumont    
7#acah-accc7 was next appointed bishop1 
after great competition and intrigue4   
,he was chosen in opposition to the     
wishes of the chapter1 who had elected  
,stamford1 ,prior of ,finchale1 to      
succeed ,kellaw4 ,on his way to ,durham 
for consecration and enthronement1      
accompanied by two cardinals and a large
 retinue1 he was waylaid at ,rushyford  
by a band of ruffians under ,gilbert    
,middleton4 ,they plundered the         
cardinals1 but carried the bishop a     
prisoner to ,mitford ,castle4 ,his      
release was only secured on payment by  
the monastery of a heavy ransom4 ,he was
 an ignorant man1 and so innocent of    
,latin that he could not read his       
profession of obedience1 being          
continually prompted4 ,later1 at an     
ordination1 he stumbled over the words  

in oenigmate and cried in ,french1 ,par 
,seynt ,lewis1 il ne fuit pas curtays   
qui cest parole ici escrit4 ,by ,saint  
,lewis he was no gentleman who wrote    
this word4  ,richard de ,bury           
7#accc-acde71 who succeeded1 was a great
 scholar1 tutor to ,edward ,,iii41 and  
author of ,philobiblon1 a book still    
extant4 ,he was a good man1 and very    
kind to the poor4  ,thomas de ,hatfield 
7#acde-acha7 was1 like ,bishop ,bek1 a  
warrior ecclesiastic4 ,soon after his   
election he led eighty archers to the   
siege of ,calais4 ,his episcopate was   
notable for the wars with the ,scots1   
and the great victory obtained over     
them1 with the capture of ,king ,david  
and many nobles1 at ,neville's ,cross1  
near ,durham4 ,fifteen thousand ,scots  
were slain4 ,the victory was attributed 
to the presence of the sacred banner of 
,s4 ,cuthbert1 which ,prior ,john       
,fossor took to a place near the        
battlefield1 kneeling in prayer the     
while for success4 ,a hymn of           

thanksgiving was appointed to be sung on
 the top of the cathedral tower on each 
anniversary of the battle4 ,this custom 
is still carried out1 though the day has
 been changed to the twenty-ninth of    
,may4 ,hatfield was a liberal supporter 
of ,durham ,college at ,oxford4 ,he     
erected his own tomb in the choir of the
 cathedral1 in which he was afterwards  
buried4  ,john ,fordham 7#acha-achh71   
secretary to ,richard ,,ii41 and ,canon 
of ,york1 was next elected4 ,suspected  
of giving bad advice to the king1 he was
 compelled to resign1 but was given the 
inferior bishopric of ,ely1 where he    
lived to extreme old age1 dying in      
#adbe4  ,walter de ,skirlaw             
7#achh-adje71 translated from ,bath and 
,wells1 was a munificent prelate4 ,he   
built bridges at ,shincliffe1 ,bishop   
,auckland1 and ,yarm2 a refuge tower1 a 
beautiful chapter-house 7now in ruins7  
at ,howden2 and was a large contributor 
to the expense of building the central  
tower of ,york ,cathedral4 ,his work in 

the building of the cloisters of ,durham
 has already been referred to4  ,thomas 
,langley 7#adjf-adcg7 succeeded4 ,he was
 ,chancellor of ,england1 ,dean of      
,york1 and in #adaa was made a cardinal4
 ,he occupied the see during part of the
 reign of ,henry ,,iv41 the whole of    
that of ,henry ,v41 and fifteen years of
 that of ,henry ,,vi4 ,he founded two   
schools on the ,palace ,green at        
,durham1 and in his will left           
collections of books to many colleges4  
,robert ,neville 7#adcg-adeg71 son of   
the ,earl of ,westmoreland and his wife 
,joan1 who was a daughter of ,john of   
,gaunt4 ,he was therefore uncle of the  
,earl of ,warwick1 the king-maker of    
,richard ,,iii4 and of ,edward ,,iv4 ,he
 had a peaceful episcopate of nineteen  
years1 and was buried in the cathedral1 
in the south aisle near his ancestors4  
,laurance ,booth 7#adeg-adgf71 ,canon of
 ,york and ,lichfield1 ,archdeacon of   
,richmond1 and ,dean of ,s4 ,paul's1 was
 the next bishop4 ,he was a supporter of

 the ,house of ,lancaster4 ,he was      
translated to the archbishopric of ,york
 in #adgf1 the first of the bishops of  
,durham who was raised to that dignity4 
,william ,dudley 7#adgf-adhc71 ,dean of 
,windsor1 succeeded him4  ,john         
,sherwood 7#adhc-adid71 who was         
appointed next1 was a learned man1 and  
made a large collection of ,greek       
manuscripts4 ,he died in ,rome in #adid4
  ,richard ,fox 7#adid-aeja7 was        
translated from ,bath and ,wells after  
the see had remained vacant for eleven  
months4 ,nothing of particular moment   
occurred during his episcopate4 ,he was 
an early patron and helper of ,wolsey1  
and lived to regret having assisted him4
 ,he made alterations in the castle at  
,durham4 ,he was translated to the see  
of ,winchester in #aeja1 and died in    
#aebh4  ,william ,sinews or ,sever      
7#aejb-aeje71 translated from ,carlisle4
 ,he is said to have been the son of a  
sieve-maker at ,shincliffe1 near        
,durham4  ,christopher ,bainbridge      

7#aejg-aejh71 ,dean of ,york1 was next  
elected1 and after an episcopate of one 
year was translated to ,york4 ,in #aeaa 
he was sent to ,rome as ambassador by   
,henry ,,viii41 and while there was     
created cardinal4 ,he died in ,rome1    
poisoned by a servant whom he had struck
 in anger4  ,thomas ,ruthall            
7#aeji-aebb71 ,dean of ,salisbury1 was  
the next bishop4 ,he was immensely      
wealthy1 and his love of money brought  
him into disgrace4 ,king ,henry         
commanded him to draw up an account of  
the lands and revenues of the ,crown4   
,the bishop1 in error1 sent to the king 
the wrong book1 in which was set forth  
an account of his own possessions4 ,the 
king1 though tampered with by ,wolsey1  
made no use of the knowledge thus       
obtained4 ,but the affair rankled in the
 mind of the bishop1 and is said to have
 hastened his death4  ,thomas ,wolsey   
7#aebb-aebh7 was appointed to succeed   
him4 ,the famous cardinal held the see  
for six years1 as well as that of ,york4

 ,during the whole of his episcopate he 
never visited ,durham1 and in #aebh he  
resigned it for the see of ,winchester4 
,cuthbert ,tunstall 7#aecj-aeei7 was    
translated from ,london by a ,papal     
,bull1 the last used for this purpose4  
,tunstall was a remarkable man1 and he  
occupied the see during an important    
period of ,church history1 the          
,reformation1 all the stages of which he
 saw4 ,during his episcopacy1 the great 
privileges of the bishops of ,durham as 
,princes ,palatine were very much       
curtailed4 ,in #aebf1 while ,tunstall   
was ,bishop of ,london1 the ,english    
translation of the ,new ,testament by   
,tyndall appeared1 causing great alarm  
among the clergy4 ,the part played by   
,tunstall in relation to this is well   
known4 ,he opposed the supremacy of     
,king ,henry as head of the ,church1 but
 eventually gave up the struggle and    
preached in its favour4 ,the monastery  
of ,durham was suppressed in #aedj1 and 
a dean and twelve canons appointed4     

,soon after the accession of ,edward    
,,vi41 ,bishop ,tunstall was committed  
to the ,tower and deprived of his see1  
on a charge of having encouraged        
rebellion in the north4 ,on the         
accession of ,mary to the throne he was 
released and restored1 but there would  
seem to be no grounds for supposing that
 he took any part in the cruelties      
practised during her reign4 ,when       
,elizabeth became queen1 ,tunstall      
refused to take the oath1 and was again 
deprived of his see1 and1 being now an  
old man1 was committed to the custody of
 his friend ,archbishop ,parker         
7,canterbury71 with whom he lived till  
his death in #aeei4 ,he was a scholarly 
prelate1 of a kindly nature1 and was    
held in universal esteem4  ,james       
,pilkington 7#aefj-aege7 left the       
buildings of the see in a ruinous       
condition4  ,richard ,barnes            
7#aege-aehg71 translated from ,carlisle4
 ,he is said to have been removed to    
,durham in order to spy upon the        

correspondence and messengers of the    
unfortunate ,mary ,queen of ,scots4     
,matthew ,hutton 7#aehi-aeid71 ,dean of 
,york1 was the next bishop4 ,a man of   
great learning1 and considered one of   
the best preachers of his day4 ,he was  
translated to ,york in #aeid4  ,tobias  
,matthew 7#aeie-afjf71 ,dean of ,durham1
 was his successor4 ,he was also a great
 preacher1 and was celebrated for his   
wit4 ,he was translated to ,york4       
,william ,james 7#afjf-afag71 ,dean of  
,durham1 was next elected4  ,richard    
,neile 7#afag-afbg7 was translated from 
,lincoln4 ,he was remarkable as being   
the only bishop who held six sees       
successively--viz4 #afjh1 ,rochester2   
#afaj1 ,lichfield2 #afac1 ,lincoln2     
#afag1 ,durham2 #afbg1 ,winchester2 and 
#afca1 ,archbishop of ,york4 ,he did    
much to help forward men of learning and
 ability by giving them preferment in   
his see1 and reserving apartments for   
their use in ,durham ,house1 ,london1   
which became known as ,durham ,college4 

,he spent large sums of money on repairs
 to the buildings at ,durham4  ,george  
,monteigne 7#afbh71 ,bishop of ,london1 
only held the see of ,durham for three  
months1 when he was translated to ,york4
  ,john ,howson 7#afbh-afca71 ,bishop of
 ,oxford1 held the see for two years1   
and died in #afca4  ,thomas ,morton     
7#afcb-afei71 translated from           
,lichfield4 ,the ,north of ,england was 
much disturbed in #afdj by the invasion 
of the ,scots1 and ,bishop ,morton      
fled--first to ,stockton1 afterwards to 
,york--and never returned to his        
diocese4 ,the successful ,scots levied  
heavy taxes on the district for the     
maintenance of their troops1 as much as 
#hej a day being demanded4 ,in #afdf1   
,episcopacy was abolished1 and the      
estates of the bishops ordered to be    
sold4 ,thus we find at ,durham the      
castle sold to the ,mayor of ,london for
 #abfg and ,durham1 ,borough1 and       
,framwellgate disposed of to the        
,corporation for #bjj4 ,the bishop lived

 a life of suffering in ,london1 cared  
for by his friends1 till his death in   
#afei1 at the age of ninety-four4       
,during his episcopate1 in #afef1       
,oliver ,cromwell arranged for the      
founding of a college in ,durham1 but   
his death prevented him carrying out his
 scheme4 ,his son1 however1 did so1 and 
it flourished until the ,restoration1   
which1 by giving back property to its   
rightful owners1 put an end to its      
existence4  ,john ,cosin 7#affj-afga71  
,canon of ,durham1 was the first bishop 
after the ,restoration4 ,he was a most  
munificent prelate1 leaving many        
charitable bequests4 ,he spent large    
sums in the restoration of the cathedral
 and castle and the palace at ,bishop   
,auckland4 ,he built a hospital for     
eight poor people1 and erected a library
 on the palace green4  ,nathaniel ,crewe
 7#afdb-agbb71 translated from ,oxford4 
,he was a strong supporter of ,king     
,james ,,ii41 but afterwards took the   
oath of allegiance to ,william and      

,mary4 ,he was noted for his charity and
 munificence1 and left large sums to the
 poor1 and in scholarships tenable by   
natives of ,durham4  ,william ,talbot   
7#agbb-agcj71 translated from           
,salisbury4  ,edward ,chandler          
7#agcj-agej71 ,bishop of ,lichfield1 was
 next elected4 ,he gave #bjjj to be laid
 out for the benefit of the widows of   
clergymen of his diocese4  ,joseph      
,butler 7#agej-ageb7 was translated from
 ,bristol4 ,he is best known as the     
author of ,the ,analogy of ,religion1   
,natural and ,revealed4  ,richard       
,trevor 7#ageb-agga71 ,bishop of ,s4    
,david's1 a learned1 pious1 and         
unostentatious man4 ,he left #bjj in his
 will to the poor of ,durham and        
,auckland4  ,john ,egerton 7#agga-aghg71
 ,bishop of ,lichfield1 was next        
elected4 ,he married the daughter of    
,henry1 ,duke of ,kent1 and his eldest  
son afterwards became ,earl of          
,bridgewater4  ,thomas ,thurlow         
7#aghg-agia7 was translated to ,durham  

from ,lincoln4 ,he was brother of the   
,lord ,chancellor4  ,shute ,barrington  
7#agia-ahbf7 was the next bishop1 having
 previously held the sees of ,llandaff  
and ,salisbury4 ,a most beneficent      
prelate2 his charities1 especially those
 for the founding of schools and        
augmentation of poor livings1 were      
magnificent4 ,during his episcopacy1    
external repairs to the cathedral having
 become absolutely necessary1 ,james    
,wyatt1 who had already done such       
mischief at ,salisbury1 was given charge
 of the work4 ,then it was that the     
paring process1 spoken of previously1   
was completed1 the chapter-house        
destroyed1 and the ,galilee ,chapel only
 saved from destruction by the          
intervention of ,dean ,cornwallis4      
,wyatt's other wild schemes1 to extend  
the choir eastwards1 to the utter ruin  
of the ,nine ,altar ,chapel1 to remove  
the beautiful ,neville screen1 and      
surmount the central tower of the church
 by a spire1 were happily checked in    

time1 or there is no saying to what     
extent the building would have been     
mutilated4 ,bishop ,barrington died in  
,london1 in his ninety-third year4      
,william ,van ,mildert 7#ahbf-ahcf71    
,bishop of ,llandaff1 succeeded to the  
see4 ,during his episcopate1 many       
important changes were made4 ,the       
,ecclesiastical ,commission1 appointed  
in #ahcc1 to consider in what manner the
 funds of the ,church might be made more
 available for the purposes for which   
they were intended1 decided to give     
future bishops a fixed yearly payment1  
and to reduce the number of canons from 
twelve to six4 ,on the appointment of a 
new bishop1 the ,palatinate was to be   
annexed by the ,state4 ,thus ,van       
,mildert was the last ,count ,palatine4 
,before these changes came into force1  
however1 the bishop and the dean and    
chapter founded and endowed the         
university out of the revenues of the   
see1 for the use of which the bishop    
gave up the castle4 ,bishop ,van        

,mildert was a man of great charity1 and
 though his income was immense1 he died 
comparatively poor4 ,he died in         
,february #ahcf1 and was interred in the
 chapel of the ,nine ,altars4  ,edward  
,maltby 7#ahcf-ahef71 his successor1 was
 translated from ,chichester1 and held  
the see for twenty years1 when1 owing to
 advanced age and increasing infirmity1 
he resigned in #ahef4  ,charles ,thomas 
,longley 7#ahef-ahfj71 first ,bishop of 
,ripon1 was next elected4 ,he was a     
popular and much-beloved prelate4 ,in   
#ahfj he was created ,archbishop of     
,york1 and two years later was          
translated to ,canterbury4  ,hon4 ,henry
 ,montague ,villiers 7#ahfj-ahfa7 was   
translated from ,carlisle4 ,a fine      
preacher1 his episcopate was all too    
short4 ,he died1 after much suffering1  
in #ahfa4  ,charles ,baring             
7#ahfa-ahgh71 ,bishop of ,gloucester and
 ,bristol1 succeeded him4 ,a man of     
unbounded charity and goodness1 he won  
the affection of all who knew him       

personally4 ,he was compelled1 through  
illness1 to resign the see in #ahgh1 and
 did not long survive his retirement4   
,joseph ,barber ,lightfoot 7#ahgi-ahhi7 
was then elected to the see4 ,a man of  
scholarly attainments1 he is still too  
well known and remembered to need any   
detailed note4 ,he came to ,durham      
pledged to accomplish as soon as        
possible the division of the diocese1   
which promise he carried out by         
restoring the suppressed see of ,hexham 
to ,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,a fine tomb to 
the memory of ,dr ,lightfoot has been   
placed on the north side of the choir of
 the cathedral1 and as a memorial of his
 episcopate the mutilated chapter-house 
has been restored4  ,the present bishop 
is the ,right ,rev4 ,brooke ,foss       
,westcott1 ,d4,d4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,in this place may
 conveniently be given the rough draft  
of the settlement of the see by ,king   
,henry ,,viii4 at the ,reformation4     
,although departed from in many         

instances1 it throws a curious light on 
the king's intentions to keep up some   
semblance of a conventual institution   
with an active educational purpose4     
,,duresme4                              
,fol4 #cj4 ,duresme                     
cum ,cellis4 _/  ,first a provoste of   
the ,college                            
cc li4 ,item xii prebendaryes and the   
moste parte of theym preachers vi   of  
them #a markes and vi of them xxvi li4  
xiii s4 iiii d4 by the   yere           
ccclx li4 ,item a ,reader of humanytie  
in greke by the yere                    
xx li4 ,item a ,reader of dyvynytie in  
hebrewe by the yere                  xx 
li4 ,item a ,reader bothe of devynytie  
and humanytie by the yere         xx li4
 ,item a ,reader of physyke             
xx li4 ,item lx scollers to be tawghte  
both gramer and logyke in hebrewe       
greke and lattyn every of them by the   
yere iii li4 vi s4 viii d4 cc li4 ,item 
xx studyentes in dyvynytie to be founde 
x att ,oxenford1 and   x att ,cambryge  

every of them by the yere x li4         
cc li4 ,item a ,scolmaster for the same 
,scollers                            xx 
li4 ,item an ussher                     
x li4 ,item viii petycanons to synge and
 serve in the quere every of them   x   
li4 by the yere                         
xxiiii li4 ,item x laye men to synge and
 serve also in the quyre every of   them
 by yere vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4         
lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item x        
,chorysters every of them by the yere   
fyve marks                              
xxxiii li4 vi s4 viii d4 ,item a master 
of the ,chylderne                       
x li4 ,item a ,gospeller                
vi li4 ,item a pysteller                
v li4 ,item ii sextens                  
vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item xii poore  
men beynge olde servynge men decayed by 
warres   or in the ,kyng's servyce every
 of   them vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 by    
yere            lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4
                             ,fol4 #cj4 
dors4  ,item yearly to be distrybuted in

 almes to poore house-holders           
lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item for      
yearly reparacions                      
lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item to be    
employed yerely in makynge and mendynge 
of   hyghewayes                         
lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item to a     
,steward of the ,landes                 
vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4 ,item to an      
,audytor                                
x li4 ,item to ii porters to kepe the   
gates and shave the ,company          x 
li4 ,item to one cheyf ,butler for hys  
wages and dyete   iiii li4 xiiis4 iiiid4
 ,item to an under ,butler for hys wages
 and dyete       iii li4 vis4 viiid4    
,item one ,cheyf ,cooke for hys wages   
and dyete       iiii li4 xiiis4 iiiid4  
,item oone ,under ,coke for hys wages   
and dyete        iii li4 vi s4 viii d4  
,item for the provostes expences in     
receyvyng the ,rentes and   surveyeng   
the landes by yere                      
x li4 ,item to a ,cator to bye there    
dyetes for his wages and dyete and      

makynge hys bockes of reconyngs by the  
yere        vi li4 xiiis4 iiiid4        
,fol4 #ca4                              
xx ,duresme                             
,ml,d,ciiii viiili  xis viiid4          
xx ,porciones deduct                    
,ml,diiii xiiili xiiis iiiid4 ,reman'   
lxxxxiiiili xviiis iiid4                
,fol4 #cb4  ,a proporcion for           
mayntenance of ,hospitalite ,lernynge   
,dyvine    ,service ,almes and other    
necessarie ,expences in the ,cathedrall 
,churche of ,duresme to be erectyd      
foundyd and establysshed    by the      
,king's ,majesties goodnes4             
xx             ,sma ,ml,d,ciiii viiili  
xis4 viii d4                            
,,hospitalite4         ,the dean cclxiii
 li4 x s4--,prebend' xxxii li4 vi s4    
viii d4                  ,corpus of the 
deane and prebendaries4  ,fyrste for the
 ,deane for the corpus of his promotion 
which he shall     certaynlye receyve   
and accordinge wherunto he shall paye   
the     tenthes and fyrst frutes        

xl li4  ,item to twelve prebendaries    
iche of them for the corpus of his      
promotion viiili which he shall receyve 
certaynly by yere and   accordinge      
whereunto he shall paye the tenthes and 
fyrste    xx   fruytes                  
iiii xvi li4                            
,sma cxxxvili                           
,,distributions4                        
,d,cxxx li4 xiii s4 i d4                
----------------------- ,item to the    
deane for every daie of his residence to
 be payd by waie    of ,cotidiane       
distribucion out of the common          
possession xii s4 v d4    to be paid out
 of the same common possession which    
amountyth          in the yere          
ccxxvi li4 xii s4 i d4                  
,item to eche prebendarye for every daie
 of his residence to be payd     by waie
 of ,cotidiane distribucion out of the  
common possession        xvid ob4 over  
and besydes iiii s4 ix d4 ob4 to be payd
 to every      of the prebendaries out  
of the same common possession which     

in the hole yere amountith to the twelve
 said prebendaries to         the ,summe
                                        
ccciiii li4-                            
,fol4 #cb dors4                         
,,learninge4                            
ccxxx li4 vi s4 viii d4                 
-------------------------               
cciiili xiii iiii4                      
---------------------- ,item a reader in
 divinite for his yerely stypende to be 
paid of           the common possession 
xxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4  ,item to      
twelve scolers to be found at the       
,universite off ,oxforde          every 
of them ix li4 xi s4 viii d4 by yere    
cxv li4  ,item to xviii scolers to be   
taught ,gramer ,greke and ,latyn        
every of them iiii li4 by yere          
lxxii li4  ,item to a scolemaster for   
the same scolars                     x  
li4  ,item to an ussher for them        
vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4-                 
,,dyvine ,,service4                     
cccili                                  

---------- ,item to twelve petycanons   
eche of them x li4 by yere for ther dyet
        and wagys                       
cxx li4  ,item to tenne laymen syngars  
eche of them to have yerely for their   
dyet and wagys vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4   
lxvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4  ,item to tenne
 ,choristers eche of them lxvi s4 viii  
d4                                      
xxiii li4 vi4 s4 viii d4  ,item for a   
master to the ,children for his dyet and
 wagys      x4 li4  ,item to a          
,gospeller and ,epistoler eche of them  
vi li4 xiiis4 iiiid4  ,item to twoo     
sextens                                 
xii li4  ,item to a ,cator              
vi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4  ,item to twoo   
buttellers                              
xii li4  ,item to two ,cookes           
xii li4  ,item to thre other commen     
servaantes as portor and ryngars eche of
        them v li4                      
xv li4-                                 
,fol4 #cc4                              
,,almes4  ,item to eyght poore men eche 

of them yerely vi li4 xiii4 s4 iiii d4  
liii li4 vi s4 viii d4  ,item to be     
yerely distributed in almes to          
householders                            
xvi li4 xiii s4 iiii d4  ,item to be    
yerely spente in mendynge of hyghways   
xx li4-                                 
,,expences ,,necessarie4                
xx                                      
ciiii iiii li4 xv s4 x d4               
-------------------------- ,item for    
yerely reparacions by ,estymation4      
cxxxi li4 viii s4 v d4  ,item in        
exspences yerely in surveynge the landes
 and receyvinge            the ,rentes  
xx li4  ,item in expences for wyne and  
wax              xiii li4 vi s4 viii d4 
,item to a ,stewarde of landes for his  
fee                        x li4  ,item 
to an ,auditor                          
x li4-                           xx     
xx ,sum of the common ,ml,c,c,ciiii vi  
li4 xiii s4 xd4 ,ml,c,c,c,ciiiixvili xv 
d4 ,sum totall of all thies percels     
,ml,dxxiili xiiis xd4  ,above which     

chargys the church indewyd with landes  
to susteyne the same muste pay yerely   
tenthes and a certayne summe by         
composition for the fyrste frutes       
deducted and abbayted4   ,cxxxvi li4    
payd by the deane and prebendaries      
severall4                cxl li4 to be  
allowyd by statute for almes4           
x li4 for the stewarde allowyd by       
statute4                x li4 for the   
,auditors fee allowyd by statute4       
xx ,the hole sume of deductions         
,c,ciiii xvi li4 ,and so remaynes       
chargeable with tenthes and fyrst frutes
                                        
,ml,c,cxxvi li4 xiii s4 x d4            
,illustration3 ,the ,chapter ,library4  
,sidenote3                              
,fol4 #cc4 dors4                        
ccxvi li4 ix s4 vi d4                   
---------------------- ,whereof to be   
payd for the tenthes of the commen      
possession                              
cxliiii li4 vi s4 iiii d4   ,item a     
yerely ,rent to be payd by composition  

for the fyrste frutes                   
lxxii li4 xii s4 iid4-  ,and so the     
,cathedrale ,churche for mayntenance of 
the said yerely     charges and paymente
 touchinge hospitalite lernynge divine  
service almes necessarie exspences      
tenthes and fyrst frutes     after the  
,rates before mentionyd must yf the said
 shall lyke     the ,kings majestic be  
indewyd with yerely ,revenues of the    
summe of ,ml,d,c,cxxxixli xiii s4 iiii  
d4            ,m,d,c,cxii li4 x s4      
,,chapter ,v  ,,the ,,castle ,,and      
,,university   ,no notice of ,durham and
 its cathedral would seem complete      
without some mention being made of its  
fortress1 the growth of which has been  
contemporary with1 and1 we might almost 
say1 inseparable from that of the       
monastery itself4  ,there can be little 
doubt that other than the miraculous    
considerations assigned to them by      
tradition influenced the monks and the  
congregation of ,s4 ,cuthbert in their  
final choice of a resting-place for the 

bones of their beloved saint4 ,the      
almost impregnable position of the rocky
 promontory upon which both ,cathedral  
and ,castle stand suggests a careful    
selection on their part1 with a view to 
the prevention of attack and consequent 
further disturbance of their sacred     
relics4 ,what the first fortification   
was is a matter of doubt2 most probably 
it was merely a wall or rampart of      
earth1 with a large artificial mound at 
the weakest point4 ,this seems to have  
been the usual practice at an early date
 at many other places in ,england1 and  
in some cases their date is known and   
corresponds to the time at which ,durham
 was probably first fortified4 ,whatever
 the earliest protections were1 we know 
that in #ajgb ,william the ,conqueror1  
on his way from ,scotland1 passed       
through ,durham4 ,he quickly perceived  
the natural advantages and strength of  
the position1 and gave orders for the   
erection of a castle4 ,this was at once 
set about1 during the episcopacy of     

,bishop ,walcher1 and continued under   
,carileph and ,flambard4 ,of this       
building1 which might be styled ,the    
,conqueror's ,castle1 not much remains4 
,the most important is the ,chapel or   
,crypt1 which belongs1 no doubt1 to the 
earlier part of the period named 7#ajhj 
to #ajif74 ,in plan the chapel has a    
nave and two aisles4 ,the roof is       
vaulted1 the ribs being plain1          
semi-circular1 and square recessed1 and 
is supported by six circular columns4   
,the capitals of these columns are a    
somewhat interesting feature1 owing to  
their ,lombardic character4 ,the abaci  
are square and moulded1 while the caps  
proper carry at their angles rudely     
carved volutes such as occur in the     
,white ,tower1 ,london4 ,each capital is
 also carved differently with curious   
and rude devices4 ,of the three windows 
which terminated the nave and aisle at  
the east end1 one has been destroyed to 
make way for a staircase and the other  
two are built up4 ,the original windows 

of the chapel were very narrow and      
widely splayed4 ,in the walls are an    
aumbrey and the remains of two altars4  
,illustration3 ,the ,chapel or ,crypt1  
,durham ,castle4  ,other remains of this
 date are somewhat scattered4 ,two      
windows in the undercroft of ,bishop    
,bek's1 or what is now known as ,bishop 
,hatfield's ,hall1 are examples4 ,they  
have converging jambs1 the semi-circular
 heads being cut from one stone and the 
inside very widely splayed4 ,the wall   
from the keep to the chapel1 and that   
from the keep to the gateway are also   
,norman work1 as are also portions of   
the gateway itself4  ,the next important
 changes in the castle were made by     
,bishop ,pudsey1 #aaec-aaie1 who not    
only repaired the existing work but     
built a hall1 known as ,pudsey's ,hall4 
,although this hall has now almost      
entirely disappeared1 through repairs   
and alterations1 sufficient evidence as 
to its whereabouts and general plan is  
forthcoming4 ,it was of two storeys1 the

 lower and upper halls4 ,entrance to the
 lower hall was originally gained by a  
staircase which led from the courtyard  
to the splendid doorway now enclosed in 
,tunstall's ,gallery4 ,this magnificent 
entrance having been covered with lath  
and plaster1 and for long completely    
forgotten1 was unearthed by1 and at the 
expense of ,bishop ,barrington1 early in
 the present century4 ,it is in good    
preservation and is a splendid specimen 
of rich ,norman architecture4 ,it       
consists of five orders1 all richly     
carved and moulded4 ,three orders rest  
on carved capitals and shafts1 and two  
are carried down the jambs of the       
doorway4 ,the stairway has entirely     
disappeared1 but there is little room to
 doubt that it would be of much the same
 character as that in the close at      
,canterbury2 and to the protection      
afforded by the staircase roof1 we are1 
no doubt1 indebted for the good         
preservation of the arch mouldings of   
the doorway itself4  ,what was          

originally ,pudsey's ,upper ,hall is now
 styled the ,norman ,gallery4 ,the      
greater portion of this gallery is at   
the present time divided into chambers  
of residence for the students of the    
university4 ,it is reached by the ,black
 ,staircase and a doorway in the ,early 
,english ,gothic style4 ,the interior of
 the south and west walls are enriched  
by arcades in groups of three1 the      
central bay of each of which is larger  
than those flanking it1 and is pierced  
by a window4 ,the arches of the arcade  
rest on shafts and cushion capitals1 and
 are carved with chevron ornament4 ,the 
whole arrangement hereabouts bears the  
impress of having been a portion of one 
great building1 which an examination of 
the roof1 lead1 and general outline     
makes even more certain4  ,on the       
western side of the courtyard stands the
 great ,bek's ,hall1 built by the bishop
 of that name4 ,it is above the ,norman 
undercroft1 previously mentioned4 ,much 
of its original character is now lost1  

owing to restorations1 curtailments1 and
 alterations4 ,bek's doorway is still in
 existence1 though much hidden by the   
porch erected later by ,bishop ,cosin4  
,it has a pointed arch of two orders1   
with detached shafts in the jambs4      
,another original relic1 unrestored1 is 
part of the window nearest the          
fireplace1 which is valuable as evidence
 of the date of the erection of the     
hall4 ,the tracery is geometrical1 and  
the shafts in the angles of the splays  
are banded4 ,about the year #acej       
,bishop ,hatfield enlarged and altered  
,bek's hall4 ,at the west end he        
inserted two light windows1 which are   
now blocked1 though the tracery may be  
seen from students' rooms inside1 and   
partly from the outside4 ,the open oak  
roof1 with the exception of some        
necessary later repairs1 is of ,bishop  
,hatfield's time4 ,hatfield repaired and
 altered ,pudsey's upper hall by the    
addition of east and west windows1 and  
probably a new roof4 ,he also rebuilt   

the ,keep1 which time and war had       
greatly injured4 ,the existing keep1    
which was erected in #ahdj1 is similar  
to ,hatfield's1 and in many places      
stands upon the old foundations4 ,it is 
now used entirely as apartments for     
students of ,university ,college4       
,bishop ,fox 7#adid-aeja7 is responsible
 for the next important changes4 ,he    
curtailed the great hall by a partition 
wall near its south end1 which still    
exists4 ,the wall bears his badge in two
 places--a pelican feeding her young    
with blood from her breast4 ,he also    
adapted part of ,pudsey's buildings1    
near the south-west corner of the       
castle1 to the purposes of a kitchen1   
erected three fireplaces1 and windows1  
and the oak buttery hatch which opens   
from the kitchen1 and which again has   
carved upon it the pelican in her piety4
  ,bishop ,tunstall 7#aecj-aeeh7 built  
,tunstall's ,gallery1 which extends from
 the great hall to the clock tower4 ,it 
is entered by ,cosin's staircase        

7erected later7 and by an eastern stair 
built by ,tunstall himself4 ,a curious  
feature of this stairway is a port-hole 
which commands the main entrance to the 
courtyard4 ,the present beautiful little
 chapel is also the work of ,bishop     
,tunstall4 ,it contains some notable    
carved oak stalls1 of earlier date than 
the chapel itself1 which were brought   
from the castle at ,bishop ,auckland4   
,the carved devices of the miserere     
seats of these stalls are curious and   
worthy of attention4 ,the doors in the  
gateway of the courtyard are the work of
 ,tunstall's time4  ,bishop ,cosin      
7#affj-afgb7 found the castle in a      
dilapidated condition4 ,during the      
,commonwealth it had been sold to the   
then ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 who used  
it badly1 to say nothing of the ruin    
caused by the ,scots4 ,he spent large   
sums in its restoration4 ,he added the  
present porch or entrance from the      
courtyard to the great hall4 ,the great 
staircase in the north-west corner of   

the courtyard is his and bears his arms4
 ,within and leading to ,tunstall's     
,gallery is the ,black ,staircase1 also 
the work of ,cosin4 ,he enlarged the    
chapel1 and constructed and fitted      
several apartments in the castle1       
besides several minor works4 ,in his    
will1 he says1 he spent the greater part
 of his temporal estate in rebuilding   
and repaireing the two episcopall       
,castles of ,durham and ,bishop         
,auckland4 ,this1 he states1 cost him   
seventeen thousand pounds1 including the
 furnishing and ornamenting of the      
chapels1 which he did for the use of my 
successors in those ,chappells for ever4
 ,many of the agreements between ,bishop
 ,cosin and his masons1 plasterers1     
carpenters1 and painters1 from which the
 exact dates and prices paid for the    
work may be learned1 are preserved4     
,the latest important work at the castle
 was the rebuilding of the keep1 in     
#ahdj1 which was described at that time 
as a picturesque ruin4 ,it was entirely 

rebuilt on its original plan4 ,the      
gateway to the courtyard was repaired   
and modernised by ,bishop ,barrington1  
with the existing inartistic result4    
,durham ,castle owes its picturesque    
appearance to two causes--first1 its    
magnificent and commanding position1 on 
a rocky escarpment2 and second1 no      
doubt1 to the many vicissitudes through 
which it has passed1 the alterations and
 additions made necessary by time and   
constant war1 and later1 the entirely   
different uses to which the building is 
put4  ,illustration3 ,staircase in the  
,castle4  ,it is now chiefly used as a  
hall of residence for university men and
 as lodging for the ,judges of ,assize4 
,the most favourable time for the       
architectural student to visit the      
castle is during one of the university  
vacations1 otherwise many interesting   
features would be denied him4 ,many     
portions 7except students' chambers7    
are1 however1 open to the public every  
week day4  ,the ,university of          

,durham4--,from an early date1 frequent 
mention is made in the history of the   
see of ,durham1 of a college at ,oxford 
called the ,durham ,college4 ,its origin
 is not exactly known1 but by the       
liberality of several bishops and priors
 its original endowment increased1 until
 provision was made for eight fellows   
and eight scholars4 ,this was the case  
at the time of the suppression of the   
monasteries by ,king ,henry ,,viii41    
when1 owing to its connection with the  
monastery of ,durham1 the college was   
also dissolved4 ,its revenues1 were1    
however1 rescued1 and in #aeda were     
handed over by the king to the newly    
created dean and chapter4 ,thus the     
matter stood till #afej1 when a petition
 was presented to the ,protector1       
showing the great disadvantages to the  
,north of ,england arising from the long
 distance of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 and
 praying that the houses of the dean and
 prebendaries might be converted into a 
college4 ,cromwell took a favourable    

view of the idea1 and in a letter to    
,lenthall1 the ,speaker1 in its support1
 he says3--      ,truly it seems to me a
 matter of great concernment and        
importance1     as that which 7by the   
blessing of ,god7 may much conduce to   
the     promotion of learning and piety 
in these poore1 rude1 and ignorant      
parts1 there being also many concurring 
advantages to this place1 as            
pleasantness1 and aptness of situation1 
healthfull aire1 and plenty     of      
provisions1 which seeme to favour and   
pleade for theire desires     therein4#g
    #g ,hutchinson1 vol4 i  ,various    
delays occurred1 however1 and it was not
 until #afeg that the ,lord ,protector  
issued his patent for the erection of   
the proposed college1 in a document     
consisting of twenty-three heads4  ,the 
college thus commenced made great       
progress1 and would no doubt have       
continued to do so1 but for the constant
 opposition of the two great            
universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge4 

,then followed the ,restoration1 and    
with it came a reaction against all     
measures established during the         
,protectorate4 ,this feeling1 combined  
with persistent petitions from the      
universities1 soon accomplished the     
downfall of the ,college4  ,bishop ,van 
,mildert1 who was translated to ,durham 
in #ahbf1 during his short episcopate   
saw many changes1 not the least of which
 was the successful revival of the      
scheme for a university4 ,powers were   
obtained in #ahcb for the training of   
students in divinity and the conferring 
of degrees in other faculties4 ,the new 
foundation was endowed out of the       
revenues of the cathedral1 and the      
bishop gave up the ,castle of ,durham   
for the use of the college1 besides     
financial assistance of #ajjj for the   
first year and #bjjj for the following  
years until his death in #ahcf4 ,the    
first warden was ,dr ,charles ,thorp1   
,archdeacon and ,canon of ,durham1 but  
it was provided by an order1 on the     

recommendation of the ,ecclesiastical   
,commissioners that in future the office
 of warden should be permanently        
attached to the deanery1 and that a     
canonry in the cathedral be annexed to  
each of the professorships of ,divinity 
and ,greek4  ,the government of the     
university is in the hands of the dean  
and chapter1 and the affairs            
administered by a warden1 senate and    
convocation4 ,a royal charter was       
obtained in #ahcg making the university 
a corporate body with perpetual         
succession and a common seal4  ,the     
university1 besides its original schools
 of arts and divinity1 has established  
schools of physical science and         
medicine1 in connection with the ,durham
 ,college of ,science at                
,newcastle-on-,tyne1 and has recently   
admitted women students to its courses  
and lectures4  ,there are many          
foundation scholarships and exhibitions 
in arts1 classics1 mathematics1 and     
theology1 besides a long list of private

 foundations and fellowships4  ,the     
university consists of one college and  
one hall4 ,the former1 ,university      
,college1 occupies the ,castle1 and the 
latter1 ,bishop ,hatfield's ,hall4  ,it 
is well supplied with libraries4 ,the   
university library founded at the       
opening1 to which ,bishop ,van ,mildert 
contributed a valuable collection4  ,the
 library given in #ahee by the late ,dr 
,martin ,routh1 president of ,magdalen  
,college1 ,oxford4  ,the library        
presented by the late ,bishop ,maltby in
 #ahef1 which he endowed with #ajjj4  ,a
 library was also bequeathed to the     
university in #ahei by the late ,t4,m4  
,winterbottom1 ,m4,d41 of ,westoe1      
,south ,shields4 ,a large collection of 
books was bequeathed by the late ,bishop
 ,lightfoot4  ,two other important      
libraries may here be mentioned1 though 
they do not belong to the               
,university--viz4 the ,chapter ,library 
and ,bishop ,cosin's ,library4          
,,chapter ,,vi  ,,the ,,city   ,besides 

the ,cathedral and ,castle1 the ,city of
 ,durham possesses several churches of  
decided interest to the student of      
architecture1 which deserve a brief     
notice4  ,the ,parish ,church of ,s4    
,mary in the ,north ,bailey4--,this     
small church is generally known as ,s4  
,mary le ,bow1 owing to the fact that in
 its original steeple was an arch1      
through which the roadway passed4 ,this 
steeple fell in #afcg1 and the ancient  
structure was allowed to lapse into     
complete ruin4 ,the present church was  
built in #afhe1 and its most noticeable 
feature is the open carved screen       
between the nave and chancel erected in 
#agjg4 ,the site of the church is the   
oldest in the city1 and some writers    
have thought it probably identical with 
that of the ,white ,church in which the 
body of ,s4 ,cuthbert was placed during 
the building of the cathedral4  ,s4     
,mary-the-,less is a small but          
picturesque church situated in the      
,south ,bailey1 and is of ,norman date4 

,its original architectural character   
is1 however1 almost entirely lost1 owing
 to extensive restorations which took   
place in #ahdf-g4 ,the round-headed     
window now in the south wall of the     
chancel1 but formerly in the west wall  
of the nave1 is the only remaining      
original feature4 ,the church is entered
 by a porch on the south side1 and      
consists of a nave and chancel only4    
,some stones in the churchyard1 which   
were removed from their position when   
the church was restored1 are carved with
 chevron ornament1 and would seem to    
show that the date of the original      
structure was the earlier part of the   
twelfth century4  ,s4 ,oswald4--,this   
church stands on high ground overlooking
 the river ,wear1 at the head of ,new   
,elvet2 and is the parish church of the 
ancient borough of ,elvet4 ,the first   
church was erected by ,bishop ,carileph1
 though the earliest parts of the       
existing building are of the time of    
,bishop ,pudsey1 who also built the     

bridge across the river1 known as the   
,elvet ,bridge4 ,to this date 7about    
#aaij7 belongs the eastern part of the  
nave arcade1 the arches of which are    
semi-circular and rest upon tall round  
piers4 ,early in the fourteenth century 
a new chancel was built1 the aisles     
rebuilt and extended to the west end1   
and two new arches added to the west end
 of the nave arcades4 ,in the early part
 of the fifteenth century a clerestory  
and open parapet were added1 and a new  
oak roof placed over the nave4 ,this was
 most probably a hammer-beam roof1 and  
was coloured and gilded and decorated   
with angels holding shields4 ,the only  
parts remaining at the present day are  
the grotesque carved corbels1 and the   
angels4 ,the tower was also constructed 
at this time4 ,in #ahcd1 owing to       
subsidence of the ground1 it became     
necessary to rebuild the south aisle and
 a large part of the chancel1 which     
caused the destruction of much          
architectural beauty4 ,the open parapet 

was removed1 the clerestory windows     
replaced by the present inferior ones1  
and the fine oak roof destroyed4 ,the   
east end of the chancel was rebuilt in  
#ahfd4 ,special attention should be     
directed to the fine oak stall-work in  
the chancel1 boldly carved in the style 
of the early part of the fifteenth      
century4 ,the tower1 which forms a      
beautiful and conspicuous landmark1 is  
reached by a stone staircase of unusual 
character4 ,it is placed in the         
thickness of the wall1 and is covered in
 with twenty-four gravestones of        
thirteenth and fourteenth century date1 
on which may yet be seen portions of    
inscriptions and symbols4 ,built into   
the tower was part of a ,saxon cross1   
which has now been removed for          
preservation to the dean and chapter    
library4 ,this cross is interesting as  
evidence of the existence on the same   
site of a pre-,norman church4 ,the tower
 was carefully restored in #ahfc4 ,it   
contains a peal of six bells1 which were

 re-cast in #afid1 and bear the         
following inscriptions3--      #a4      
,,glovia787 ,,in ,,altissmiss787 ,,deo  
,,pex ,,forster ,a          ,,vic       
,,christo ,,hodson ,,me ,,fecit #afid4  
#c4 ,,devm ,,timete ,,pex ,,forster ,,am
 ,,vic ,i ,,evans ,c          ,,warden  
,,christo ,,hodson ,,me ,,fecit4        
#d4 ,,regem ,,honorate ,,pex ,,forster  
,a ,m ,,vic #afid          ,,christopr  
,,hodson ,,made ,,me ,i ,,evans ,i ,s   
,h ,r4      #e4 ,,ibimus ,,in ,,domvm   
,,domini ,,pex ,,forster ,a ,m ,,vic    
,,christoper ,,hodson ,,made ,,me #afid 
,,io ,,evans          ,,chv ,w4      #f4
 ,,osvaldus ,,florem ,,mereor ,,qvia    
,,gesto ,,tenorem          ,,pex        
,,forster ,,am ,,vic ,,io ,,evans ,,is  
,,wh ,,rw          ,,cw #id4  ,the      
second bell was cast in #ahhe4  ,s4     
,margaret's ,parish ,church is situated 
on the steep hill called ,crossgate4 ,it
 is opposite to and across the river    
from the ,castle1 and from its          
churchyard a fine western view of the   

cathedral is obtained4 ,the church was  
built during the early part of the      
episcopate of ,bishop ,pudsey 7#aaed7   
and was formerly a chapel under the     
church of ,s4 ,oswald4 ,here again      
alterations and restorations have       
obliterated much that originally        
existed4 ,the church at present consists
 of a nave and aisles1 a chancel with   
aisles1 a western tower1 and north and  
south porches4 ,the existing portions of
 the original church are the chancel    
arch1 and the south arcade of four bays1
 together with part of the clerestory   
and the north wall of the chancel4 ,the 
arcade consists of low massive circular 
piers1 with cushion capitals and plain  
chamfered abaci1 which support          
semi-circular arches of one order also  
chamfered4  ,the north arcade is also   
,norman1 and very similar in character  
to that of ,s4 ,oswald4 ,no doubt it is 
of the same date1 and probably built by 
the same architect4 ,the chancel arch   
has two orders1 recessed square and     

chamfered1 with a plain chamfered hood  
mould4 ,on both north and south sides of
 the arch is a squint4 ,with the        
exception of two which are ,norman1 the 
windows are nearly all of modern date4  
,one is in the north wall of the chancel
 and is widely splayed4 ,it is not seen 
on the outside owing to the vestry which
 now covers it4 ,the other1 a very      
interesting specimen1 is situated over  
the western bay of the south arcade1 and
 is a portion of the original clerestory
 and the earliest known clerestory      
window in the county4 ,the roof of the  
nave is of oak1 and a good specimen of  
,perpendicular work4 ,the tower is of   
fifteenth-century date1 and exceedingly 
plain externally1 but vaulted in the    
interior4 ,it opens on to the church by 
an arch which has been inserted in the  
west wall4 ,there is an interesting font
 of ,frosterley marble1 which is        
apparently of the same date as the      
chancel4 ,the vestry which is raised    
above the level of the church floor is  

of the fifteenth century1 and has on its
 gable the original gable cross4        
,illustration3 ,the ,cathedral and      
,castle1 from the ,north4  ,the ,parish 
,church of ,s4 ,giles occupies a very   
elevated position at the north-east end 
of the city1 and commands one of the    
finest views of the cathedral1 castle1  
and city1 which it is possible to       
obtain4 ,it was built by ,bishop        
,flambard and finished as early as      
#aaab2 but the north wall of the nave1  
containing two small ,norman windows1   
widely splayed inwards1 and a walled-up 
doorway is all that remains of this     
early church4 ,the chancel is of later  
,norman of the time of ,pudsey4 ,both   
within and without a bold chamfered     
string course runs round the chancel4   
,on the south side is a semi-circular   
headed window1 with a carved dripstone  
and nook shafts1 the capitals of which  
bear a similar character to those in the
 ,galilee ,chapel of the cathedral4 ,in 
the north wall of the chancel is the    

priests' door1 now walled up1 and the   
corbels and springers of the original   
chancel arch built by ,pudsey4 ,the     
present arch was erected in #ahgf4 ,in  
#adad considerable alterations were made
 during the episcopate of ,bishop       
,langley1 when the walls of the nave    
were raised1 the upper stage of the     
tower built1 and the west window        
inserted4 ,the font is a fine stone bowl
 resting on a shaft1 and is undoubtedly 
of the time of ,flambard4 ,the chancel  
contains some monuments of the ,tempest 
and ,heath families1 who were the       
ancestors of the ,marchioness of        
,londonderry1 patroness of the church   
and parish of ,s4 ,giles4 ,the tower    
contains three bells1 the first and     
second of which are pre-,reformation and
 the third bears the date #afdf4  ,on   
the north side of ,gilesgate near to the
 ,north-,eastern goods station1 are the 
ruins of the little ,chapel of ,s4 ,mary
 ,magdalen1 of which only a small       
portion remains4 ,at the west end of the

 north and south walls are two doorways1
 the latter walled up4 ,portions of the 
east window are still in position1 but  
it would appear to have been of earlier 
date than the surrounding walls1 and    
probably had been brought from some     
other building4 ,in the interior are the
 remains of a ,frosterley marble font1  
and a gable cross of thirteenth-century 
date is in the custody of the dean and  
chapter4 ,the chapel was #dc feet by #af
 feet wide4 ,it is supposed to have been
 founded by ,sir ,john ,fitz ,alexander4
 ,in #acgj it was almost entirely       
rebuilt1 and again in #addi1 on a site  
near the original one4 ,the reason for  
this was the moisture of the ground1    
which caused the foundations to become  
insecure4 ,the government was in the    
hands of the almoner of the cathedral1  
who distributed doles to the poor4 ,the 
chapel was used as a place of worship   
until nearly the end of the seventeenth 
century1 when1 owing to its ruinous     
condition1 services were finally        

discontinued4         99       99       
99       99       99    ,illustration3  
,,plan ,,and ,,dimensions4  ,,principal 
,,dimensions ,,of ,,the ,,cathedral     
,feet4 ,inches4 ,length of ,nave        
#bja   #j ,width of ,nave               
#ci   #j ,width of ,nave ,aisles        
#ba   #j ,length of ,north ,transept    
#ff   #j ,length of ,south ,transept    
#ff   #j ,width of ,transepts           
#cg   #j ,length of ,choir              
#acb   #f ,width of ,choir              
#ci   #f ,width of ,choir ,aisles       
#ai   #j ,length of ,nine ,altars       
,chapel             #aca   #j ,width of 
,nine ,altars ,chapel               #ch 
#f ,height of ,vaulting of ,nine ,altars
 ,chapel  #gg   #j ,height of ,vaulting 
of ,choir               #gd   #f ,height
 of ,vaulting of ,nave                  
#gb   #j ,height of ,vaulting of        
,lantern            #aee   #j ,width of 
,lantern ,e4 to ,w4                 #dj 
#f ,width of ,lantern ,n4 to ,s4        
#ci   #j ,height of ,tower ,arches      

#fh   #f ,length of ,galilee ,chapel    
#gg   #j ,width of ,galilee             
#di   #j ,height of ,western ,towers    
#add   #f ,height of ,central ,tower    
#bah   #j ,total length of ,church      
7interior7        #dfi   #f ,thickness  
of ,wall at ,west ,end              #h  
#j  ,,area                              
#dd1djj sq4 ft4         99       99     
99       99       99   ,transcriber's   
,notes3  #a4 ,words and phrases which   
were italicized in the original have    
been    surrounded by underscores 7''7  
in this version4 ,words or phrases      
which were bolded have been surrounded  
by pound signs 7''74  #b4 ,obvious      
printer's errors have been corrected    
without note4  #c4 ,inconsistencies in  
hyphenation or the spelling of proper   
names1 and    dialect or obsolete word  
spelling1 has been maintained as in the 
original4