produc$ f images produc$ by ,core       
,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture    
7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7           
,,guano3    ,a ,treatise ( ,practical   
,in=mation = ,f>m]s2    ,,conta9+       
,,pla9 ,,directions ,,h[ ,,to ,,apply   
,,p]uvian ,,guano    ,,to ,,! ,,v>i\s   
,,crops ,,& ,,soils ,,( ,,am]ica1    ,,)
 ,a    ,,brief ,,synopsis ,,( ,,its     
,,hi/ory1 ,,locality1 ,,quantity1       
,,me?od ,,( ,,procur+1   ,,prospect ,,( 
,,cont9u$ ,,supply1 ,,& ,,price2        
,,analysis ,,(   ,,its ,,composition1   
,,& ,,value ,,z ,a ,,f]tiliz]1   ,,ov]  
,,all ,,o!r ,,manures4    ,if ! exp]i5ce
 ( ! la/ few ye>s has taught u "o ?+   m
 c]ta9ly ?an ano!r1 x is ! unfail+      
excell5ce ( ,guano   = e k9d ( crop :i* 
requires manure4    ,,prep>$ ,,&        
,,publi%$    ,,by ,,solon ,,rob9son1    
,,=    ,,messrs4 ,f4 ,,b>r$a  ,,bro!r1  
,,ag5ts ,,= ,,! ,,p]uvian ,,gov]nm5t    
,,at ,,baltimore2    ,,&    ,,!odore ,w4
 ,,riley1 ,,esq41 ,,_! ,,ag5t ,,9 ,,new 
,,york4    ,,new ,,york3   #ahec4       

,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! 
ye> #aheb1 by    ,,solon ,,rob9son1    9
 ! ,cl]ks ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates =   ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict (   
,new ,york4     ,,introduction   ,!     
rapidly increas+ use ( guano1 9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 & ! gr[+ conviction ^u ! public
 m9d1 t x is ! *eape/ & be/ pur*asable  
manure 9 ! _w1 toge!r ) ! fact ( a great
 want ( in=mation among ,am]ican f>m]s1 
z to ! be/ mode ( apply+ x to ! soil1   
has induc$ ! ag5ts ( ! ,p]uvian         
,gov]nm5t = ! sale ( guano 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 to employ ! au?or ( ?is pamphlet
 to collect & publi% su* in=mation4  ,x 
is hop$ ! favorably & well kn[n "n ( !  
au?or1 z an agricultural writ] &        
travell]1 toge!r ) 8 ext5d$             
opportunities ( witness+ ! application &
 effect ( guano ^u ! v>i\s soils &      
climates ( ?is c\ntry1 w give ?is "w su*
 a "*1 z to induce e improv+ f>m]1      
g>d5]1 or horticulturi/1 9 ,am]ica to   
give x a c>eful p]usal4 ,! au?or        
believes x w be f\nd to conta9 all & mu*

 m ?an its title imports1 & be ( great  
value to e p]son us+ or deal+ 9 guano2 z
 ! analysis1 n only ( ! pure article is 
giv51 b t ( sev]al specim5s ( adult]at$ 
samples1 s z to enable ! f>m] to avoid  
be+ *eat$ by base c\nt]feits4  ,! au?or 
w be mu* oblig$ to any g5tleman :o w    
furni% him = publication 9 future       
editions ( ?is "w1 or 9 ! columns ( ,,! 
,,agricultor1 any details ( exp]im5ts 9 
! use ( ,p]uvian guano1 :i* w be useful 
to ! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry1 z x is 8       
desire1 z well z ! guano ag5ts1 to give 
!m useful facts2 n only to increase !   
sale1 b ! f]tility ( ! l&1 & weal? ( !  
own]s4  ,) assurances to my fri5ds t ,i 
h no o!r int]e/ 9 ! increas$ consumption
 ( guano1 ,i am mo/ s9c]ely &           
respectfully    ,y\r old ,fri5d1        
,,solon ,,rob9son4    ,new ,york1       
,octob] #aheb4     ,a ,,treatise ,,on   
,,guano4     ,,p]uvian ,,guano--,,its   
,,uses ,,& ,,b5efits4  ,( all manures   
procurable by ! ,am]ican ,f>m]1 guano f 
! ra9less isl&s ( ,p]u1 is p]haps n only

 ! mo/ conc5trat$--! mo/ economical to !
 pur*as]--b by its composition1 z we w  
%[ by analysis1 ! be/ adapt$ to all !   
crops cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry requir+    
manure4 ,= :eat1 especially1 x is ! "o  
?+ ne$ful4 ,! m9]al con/itu5ts (        
cultivat$ plants1 z w also be %[n by    
analysis1 are *iefly lime1 magnesia1    
pota%1 soda1 *lor9e1 sulphuric &        
phosphoric acid2 all ( :i* w be f\nd 9  
,p]uvian guano4 ,nitrog51 ! mo/ valuable
 con/itu5t ( /able or compo/ manures1   
exi/s 9 great abundance 9 guano1 9 !    
exact condition requir$ by plants to    
promote rapid vegetation4 ,!            
conc5tration ( all ^! valuable prop]ties
 9 ! small bulk ( guano1 r5d]s x        
p>ticul>ly valuable to f>ms situat$ 9   
di/ricts unprovid$ ) facilities ( *eap  
transportation4 ,9 "s hilly regions1 x  
w\ld be utt]ly impossible to make any   
ord9>y manure pay = transportation4 ,)  
guano ! case is v diff]5t--"o wagon w   
c>ry en\gh ) a s+le pair ( horses to    
dress #ab or #af acres2 :ile ( /able    

manure x w\ld require z _m or m loads to
 ea* acre to produce ! same effect4  ,b 
?is is n ! greate/ advantage 9 ! use (  
?is f]tiliz]2 ! fir/ application puts ! 
l& 9 su* condition1 t judici\s aft]     
cultivation r5d]s x cont9u\sly f]tile by
 its own action ( productiv5ess &       
reproductiv5ess ( :eat1 clov] & :eat1 by
 turn+ 9 ! clov] ( "o ye> = ! :eat ( !  
next1 & by return+ ! /raw back to !     
gr\nd :]e x grew1 spread op5 ! surface  
to %ade ! plants ( clov] & manure its   
roots1 :i* 9 turn manure ! corn or :eat4
  ,z a s\rce ( pr(it alone1 we %\ld     
recomm5d ! cont9u\s application (       
,guano2 kn[+ z we d1 f our ext5sive     
means ( obs]vation1 t no outlay (       
capital ev] made by ! f>m]1 is s sure & 
c]ta9 to br+ him back good returns = 8  
money1 z :5 he inve/s x 9 ?is invaluable
 f]tiliz] = 8 impov]i%$ soil4 ,9 pro( ( 
?is1 we %all give ! read] ( ?is little  
"w a numb] ( exp]im5ts made by "s ( !   
mo/ improv+ f>m]s 9 ,virg9ia & o!r      
,/ates4   ,,effects ,,produc$ ,,by ,,!  

,,use ,,( ,,guano ,,9 ,,virg9ia4  ,9 no 
o!r "p ( ! _w1 p]haps1 c ! b5eficial    
effects ( ,guano be m pla9ly se5 ?an 9 !
 tide-wat] region ( ,virg9ia4 ,9 !      
c\nties ( ,k+ ,george1 ,we/morel&1      
,ri*mond1 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,lanca/]1 9 !    
nor!rn neck1 z ! p59sula betwe5 !       
,potomac & ,rappahanock is t]m$2 ?\s&s (
 acres ( l& s poor & wor?less a few ye>s
 ago1 x 0 b>ely rat$ z prop]ty1 are n[  
annually produc+ beautiful crops ( :eat1
 corn & clov]1 solely by ! application (
 ,guano4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! discov]y ( su*
 an easy means ( improv+ a worn out &   
b>r5 soil1 has increas$ ! money value ( 
l& ?ree or f\r hundr$ p] c5t4 ,?is is n 
all4 ,h]et(ore1 ! only "p ( ?is di/rict 
consid]$ wor? cultivation 0 ! bottom l& 
bord]+ ! riv]s & creeks2 ! =e/ l& yield+
 scanty crops = two or ?ree ye>s aft]   
be+ cle>$1 sc>cely pay+ = ! labor1 :ile 
its value 0 rat$ at f #a to #d p] acre1 
& unsaleable at t4 ,s9ce ! introduction 
( ,guano1 x is f\nd ^! =e/ l&s1 :i* are 
( a s&y1 loamy "*1 & mu* m pleasant ?an 

! bottom l&s to till1 c be cultivat$ )  
equal or great] pr(it ?an ! /iff l&s ^u 
! bottoms4 ,! writ] has se5 repeat$ly 9 
! c\nties m5tion$1 luxuriant fields (   
:eat1 corn & clov]1 :ile directly       
alongside ( su* crops1 ! gr\nd 0 almo/ z
 b>e ( vegetation z ! sea-%ore s&s1 too 
poor1 z ! common expression is !re1 to  
be> pov]ty grass4 ,& :at produc$ ?is    
*ange8 ,simply a dress+ ( #bjj lbs4 (   
,guano to ! acre4   ,,dr4 ,,fairfax',s  
,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,guano4  ,9 ,april     
#ahej ! writ] 0 on ! f>m ( ,dr4 ,fairfax
 ( ,k+ ,george c\nty1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/1 
if n q ! fir/ p]son 9 t "p ( ! ,/ate :o 
ev] made use ( ?is sub/ance z a manure2 
& 8 :eat 0 !n s l>ge t a good siz$ dog 0
 hidd5 f view 9 runn+ ?r\gh ! field2    
:ile ^u a neighbor+ piece ( l& ( exactly
 ! same quality1 s[$ at ! same "t1 !    
gr\nd sc>cely look$ gre52 9 fact1 x 0   
rem>k$ at ! "t by way ( contra/ to ! "o 
field hid+ a dog1 t ! o!r w\ld n hide a 
*ick5--inde$1 an egg might h be5 se5 z  
f> z ?\gh no :eat 0 gr[+ ^u ! gr\nd4    

,bo? fields 7 j alike1 bo? pl[$ & s[$   
alike1 )\t manure1 except #bjj lbs (    
,p]uvian guano ^u "o1 & t sure to br+   
fifte5 or tw5ty bu%els to ! acre1 :ile !
 o!r w\ld n exce$ ?ree bu%els4  ,"o ( 8 
fir/ trials 0 ) ! ,african1 ( :i* he    
appli$ #djj lbs4 to ! acre ^u #bg acres1
 :i* w\ld n produce ?ree bu%els ( :eat  
to ! acre1 9 its natural condition1 b ) 
?is application1 not)/&+ x 0 #cb p] c5t4
 wat]1 &1 consequ5tly1 _h lo/ mu* ( x   
ammonia1 he made an av]age ( #ab-c_/d   
bu%els to ! acre on ! :ole field4 ,^u   
ano!r1 he increas$ ! usual av]age yield 
f #h to #ah bu%els1 :ile1 9 8 op9ion1 ! 
p]man5t improvem5t ( ! l& 0 ( great]    
value ?an ! increas$ yield ( ! fir/     
crop2 = n[ clov] w gr[ :]e none w\ld gr[
 be=e2 ano!r advantage aris+ f guano is1
 ! :eat rip5s s mu* e>li] 7#ae? ( ,june7
 x escapes ! ru/1 s apt to blight t :i* 
is late com+ to maturity4 ,he n[ s[s    
:eat 9 ! =e "p ( ,septemb]1 ?ree pecks  
to ! acre1 aft] hav+ previ\sly pl[$ 9   
#bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano to ! acre1 & 

aft] ! fir/ h>r[+ s[s ! clov] se$4 ,! l&
 is a yell[ clay loam1 unev5 surface1 v 
mu* worn2 9 fact1 )\t ! guano1 & ) all !
 manure t c\ld be made ^u ! f>m--= no   
/raw no manure--n wor? cultivat+4 ,dr4  
,f4 _h be5 us+ guano ?ree ye>s1 at !    
date ( our visit1 & ?\ght 8 prospect    
good = a ?\s& bu%els ( :eat ^u ! same   
gr\nd1 :i*1 )\t guano w\ld n produce "o 
hundr$ & fifty4   ,,mr4 ,,newton',s     
,,exp]im5ts4  ,! ,hon4 ,will\ghby       
,newton1 ( ,we/morel& ,c\nty1 0 "o ( !  
e>lie/ & mo/ successful exp]im5t]s 9 !  
use ( guano 9 ,virg9ia4 ,he owns l>ge & 
productive f>ms on ! ,potomac1 b on     
acc\nt ( ! =e/ l& be+ m heal?y = a      
resid5ce1 he b\ght a tract ( x = t      
purpose2 n hav+ any design ( ev] putt+ x
 into cultivation4 ,9 fact1 x 0 s poor  
he c\ld n4 ,! manure ( ! f>m1 if x _h n 
be5 want$ !re1 0 sev]al miles           
di/ant--too f> to haul2 & s ! l& lay an 
uncultivat$1 unpr(itable b>r5 wa/e ar\nd
 8 f9e mansion2 b x did n lay s v long  
aft] he discov]$ ! r5ovat+ p[] ( guano4 

,x is n[ annually cov]$ ) broad fields (
 :eat1 f :i* he has realiz$ upw>ds (    
tw5ty bu%els to ! acre2 & ! mo/         
luxuriant gr[?s ( clov] ^u :i* he c     
pa/ure any am\nt ( /ock he pleases1 :]e 
?ree ye>s previ\s a goat w\ld h f\nd    
difficulty 9 su/a9+ life4 ,mr4 ,newton's
 fir/ exp]im5t--:at 0 !n an exp]im5t is 
n[ a c]ta9ty--0 made ) ,african guano4  
,b we w give ! acc\nt ( 8 op]ations 9 8 
own /raight-=w>d1 easily und]/ood1      
f>m]-l language4  ,9 ! effect ( guano1  
especially ! ,p]uvian1 ,i h nev] be5    
disappo9t$4 ,i h us$ x n[ = f\r ye>s1 ) 
entire satisfaction hav+ ea* ye> be5    
induc$ to enl>ge my exp5diture1 until   
la/ ye> x rea*$ eight hundr$ doll>s1 & =
 ! crop ( :eat ?is fall x exce$s "o     
?\s&4 ,i h obs]v$ ) a/oni%m5t its effect
 9 num]\s in/ance on ! poor =e/ l&s     
allud$ to 9 a =m] "p ( ?is address4 ,:at
 ! turnip & %eep husb&ry h done = !     
light l&s ( ,great ,brita91 ! g5]al use 
( guano promises to d = ours4 ,l&s a few
 ye>s ago deem$ entirely incapable (    

produc+ :eat1 n[ produce ! mo/ luxuriant
 crops4 ,f #ae to #bj bu%els = "o s[$1  
is ! ord9>y product on our poore/ l&s1 f
 ! application ( #bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian   
guano4 ,i may rem>k1 x is n usual1 9    
,ea/]n ,virg9ia1 to s[ m ?an a bu%el (  
:eat to ! acre1 & t ,i deem amply       
suffici5t4 ,^u ?is subject ,i hope a few
 details may n be consid]$ t$i\s or     
un9t]e/+4 ,i appli$ la/ fall #cej wor? (
 guano1 p>tly ,p]uvian & p>tly          
,patagonian1 on a poor f>m 9 ! =e/1 :i* 
co/ a few ye>s ago f\r doll>s an acre1 &
 reap$ #ajhi bu%els ( beautiful :eat f  
#gh s[$4 ,=ty-six bu%els 7 s[$ on fall[1
 7bo? guano & :eat put 9 ) ! cultivator1
 foll[$ by a heavy h>r[17 & yield$ #gij 
bu%els or ov] #ag-a_/d = "o4 ,a         
consid]able "p ( ?is 0 dress$ )         
,patagonian guano1 & 0 mu* inf]ior to ! 
o!r portion4 ,a lot on :i* #ae bu%els 0 
s[$1 & dress$ ) ,p]uvian guano1 0 ?re%$ 
sep>ately1 & yield$ #cja bu%els1 or ov] 
#bj = "o4 ,! :ole co/ ( ! f>m 0 #aebj1 &
 ,i h good reason to expect ) a         

favorable season f ! crop n[ s[$ &      
dress$ ) guano1 a bu%el ( :eat = e doll>
 ( ! prime co/ ( ! f>m4 ,_m o!r in/ances
 ( pr(it f ! use ( guano1 equally /rik+ 
h occurr$ among my neighbors & fri5ds1 b
 ,i conf9e myself to ^? /at$1 because   
hav+ come "u my imm$iate obs]vation1 ,i 
c v\* = _! entire accuracy4 ,x has be5  
frequ5tly object$ to ! use ( guano1 t x 
is n p]man5t4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to
 expect great p]man5t improvem5t f a    
manure s active1 & :i* yield$ g l>ge a  
pr(it on ! fir/ crop4 ,yet ,i h se5 "s  
/rik+ evid5ces ( its p]man5cy 9 heavy   
crops ( clov]1 succe$+ :eat1 & 9 !      
increase ( ! crop ( :eat on a second    
application4 ,z an in/ance1 ,i may      
m5tion t two ye>s ago ,i s[$ ^u a s+le  
deta*$ acre ( =e/ l&1 "o bu%el ( :eat & 
dress$ x ) a b>rel ( ,african guano1    
co/+ #d1 & ! yield 0 sev5te5 bu%els4    
,la/ fall ! same l&1 aft] rema9+ "o ye> 
9 clov]1 0 aga9 s[$ ) "o bu%el ( :eat & 
dress$ ) #adj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano1    
co/+ #c1 & ! product 0 #bb bu%els4 ,yet 

,i w\ld advise no "o to rely ^u guano   
exclusively4 ,its analysis %[s t x      
conta9s salts ( ammonia1 alkal9e        
phosphates & ! o!r m9]al elem5ts        
necess>y to produce ! gra9 ( :eat1 b is 
defici5t 9 mo/ ( ! elem5ts ( ! /raw &   
roots ( ! plants4 ,h5ce1 7says ,liebig7 
'a rational agriculturi/1 9 us+ guano1  
_c disp5se ) /able dung4' ,we %\ld1     
!re=e1 be c>eful n to exhau/ ! soil (   
organic manures1 b by reta9+ ! /raw ( ! 
:eat1 & occasionally a crop ( clov]1 :i*
 plant conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( !      
alkal9e c>bonates1 :i* are entirely     
want+ 9 ,guano1 furni% all ! elem5ts    
necess>y to ! entire :eat plant4 ,9 ?is 
view ( ! subject1 & = _m o!r reasons t  
,i _c /op to enum]ate1 !re _c be1 :5    
guano is ext5sively us$1 a m judici\s   
rotation ?an ! ,pamunky five field      
sy/em1 9 :i* clov] occupies a prom95t   
place4 ,i h n[ enum]at$ "s ( ! mo/      
prom95t means by :i* y may keep y\r l&  
ri*4 ,i w\ld n disc\rage ! use ( o!rs4  
,sci5ce is daily mak+ discov]ies 9 ! art

 ( enri*+ ! e>?1 & we %\ld disc>d no?+1 
)\t a trial1 :i* promises to be useful2 
always be>+ 9 m9d t ! wise/ economy is  
entirely consi/5t ) ! mo/ lib]al        
exp5diture1 9 ! pur*ase ( manures1      
provid$ we take c>e1 by judici\s        
exp]im5ts & obs]vation1 to asc]ta9 _!   
efficacy1 & t we get back our capital1 )
 an actual net pr(it 9 ca%1 on all our  
inve/m5ts4 ,?is latt] caution is        
indisp5sable1 9 our c\ntry1 :]e new l&s 
are s abundant & *eap1 t highly improv$ 
f>ms c nev] be rat$ 9 ! m>ket at _! true
 value4  ,! v>i\s manures comp\nd$ by   
*emi/s & manufactur]s1 %\ld also engage 
y\r c>eful att5tion4 ,!y %\ld n be      
recklessly ?r[n aside z humbugs1 )\t    
trial or inve/igation1 nor adopt$ &     
ext5sively us$ ) bl9d confid5ce 9 _!    
efficacy4 ,i h us$ _m ( ^! manures by   
way ( exp]im5t1 & ! pr(it realiz$ ^u !m 
has n ju/ifi$ me 9 enl>g+ my op]ations4 
,p\drette1 manufactur$ 9 ,baltimore2    
,bomm]s manure1 ,*appel's f]tiliz] &    
,k5ti%  ,co4's prep>$ guano1 7us$1 x is 

true1 ^u a small scale17 h n realiz$ !  
promises made 9 _! behalf4 ,yet ,i w\ld 
by no means disc\rage ! praisewor?y     
ef=ts ( ! manufactur]s1 & hope !y w     
p]sev]e until1 by less5+ ! bulk &       
increas+ ! p[] ( _! comp\nds1 !y may be 
able to prep>e an article t = *eapness1 
conv5i5ce ( application & efficacy1 %all
 equal or surpass ! be/ ,p]uvian guano4 
,t desid]atum1 ,pr(essor ,mapes believes
 he has already atta9$ by ! addition (  
sup]phosphate ( lime to ! ,guano1 mak+ a
 comp\nd ( two-?irds ( ! latt] to "o ( !
 =m]1 m valuable by weight ?an ! pure   
article4 ,t be+ ! case w greatly        
increase ! consumption ( ,guano1 &      
greatly improve ! condition ( all t     
class ( f>m]s :o desire to make _! poor 
l&s ri*4  ,( ! use ( lime1 ,mr4 ,newton 
has ! foll[+ te/imony1 :i* we embody "h 
= its great practical value4  ,calc>e\s 
matt] is ! great want ( mo/ ( our l&s1 &
 9 "s =m is ess5tial to p]man5t         
improvem5t4 ,x %\ld be reg>d$ z ! basis 
( all our op]ations1 & nev] to be       

disp5s$ ) = any sub/itute4 ,f long      
exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( lime1 ,i am satisfi$ 
t ! ,fr5* plan1 ( light & frequ5t       
dress+s1 is n only mu* m economical1 b  
mu* saf]1 9 our climate1 ?an ! heavy    
dress+s common 9 ,great ,brita94 ,fifty 
bu%els ( slak$ lime to ! acre1 ,i h f\nd
 amply suffici5t = any ( our l&s1 & a   
great] quantity (t5 att5d$ ) injury to !
 soil & crops1 :il/ tw5ty-five bu%els w 
answ] e purpose on ?9 l&s1 defici5t 9   
vegetable matt]4 ,a%es1 bone du/1 & !   
v>i\s m>9e manures t ab\nd on ! %ores ( 
! ,*esapeake & its tribut>ies1 w be f\nd
 important auxili>ies 9 ! "w ( 'keep+   
y\r l&s ri*1' :il/ ! necessity ( clov] &
 ! prop] grasses1 to any sy/em ( p]man5t
 improvem5t1 is too obvi\s to require   
comm5t4  ,al?\gh cau/ic lime %\ld nev]  
be us$ 9 connection1 or s z to come 9   
contact ) ! ,guano1 !re is no d\bt ( its
 be+ a valuable auxili>y4 ,^u l& lim$   
?is ye>1 ,guano may be us$ next1 & if   
mix$ ) *>coal or pla/]1 or pl[$ 9 &     
?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! soil1          

especially if x conta9s a consid]able   
portion ( clay1 no loss ( ammonia w     
occur1 9 consequ5ce ( ! action ( ! lime4
 ,on ! contr>y1 ! effect w be to make ! 
action ( ! ,guano m active1 & ! imm$iate
 b5efit great]2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse ! succe$+ 
crops w\ld n receive z great a %>e4 ,b1 
z ,mr4 ,newton says1 ought we to ask =  
great advantages to succe$+ crops1 f a  
manure :i* gives u su* great pr(its f ! 
pres5t "o4  ,f our notes tak5 ^u ! spot1
 we give a few items m 9 detail ( ,mr4  
,newton's op]ations1 ?an he has done 9 !
 prec$+ quotations4 ,! tract ( l& he    
speaks ( is g5tly undulat+2 ( a s&y     
loam1 ) a great] am\nt ( clay 9 !       
subsoil2 _h be5 lit]ally worn out 9 =m] 
ye>s by ! %all[ pl[+1 sk9n+ sy/em (     
f>m+1 until x w\ld produce no m1 :5 x 0 
ab&on$ & suff]$ to gr[ up aga9 9 =e/    
timb]1 pr9cipally p9e ( ! old field     
species4 ,no l& c\ld (f] less inducem5ts
 to ! cultivator or give small] hope (  
r5ovation1 ?an ^! old fields ( ,virg9ia4
 ,su* 0 ! conviction ( impossibility to 

raise a crop ^u ?is k9d ( l&1 t ,mr4    
,newton's fir/ essay 0 look$ ^u by 8    
neighbors ) a conviction t ! fool & 8   
money w\ld soon "p company4 ,"o s5sible 
old s]vant told u he ?\ght 8 ma/] =     
s>ta9 0 done gone crazy1 cause he nebb] 
se$ no no?+ gr[ on dat l&1 no h[ c\ld   
fix him4 ,! negroes1 :]ev] guano has be5
 introduc$1 h be5 viol5tly oppos$ to us+
 x2 n alone f its disagreeable odor &   
effect ^u ! ?roat & no/rils :ile h&l+ x 
9 a dry /ate2 b because !y c\ld n be    
p]suad$ t su* a small measure (         
/uff--#bjj lbs4 measures ab\t ?ree      
bu%els--c\ld possibly produce any effect
 ^u ! crop4 ,_! a/oni%m5t & consequ5t   
extravagant laudation ( ! effect        
produc$1 has (t5 af=d$ u h\rs ( amusem5t
 :ile li/5+ to _! recital ( massa's big 
crop1 ( p]haps t5 bu%els to ! acre1 :i* 
0 at lea/ d\ble t ( any "o ev] se5 ^u ! 
same field1 =e he put dem little p9* (  
snuff on him4  ,! increase ( :eat f     
guano may be safely calculat$ ^u at five
 bu%els = ea* hundr$ weight ( guano us$1

 "o ye> ) ano!r1 & up to :at may be     
consid]$ a fair judici\s am\nt to be    
appli$1 :i* may be set d[n at an av]age 
( #bjj lbs to ! acre1 ^u all light      
soils1 simil> to ^? ( t "p ( ! c\ntry we
 are writ+ ab\t4   ,,guano vs4          
,,manure--,,effects ,,^u ,,heavy ,,l&4  
,mr4 ,newton relat$ to u an anecdote (  
"s value ^u ?is po9t4 ,on "o ( 8        
,potomac f>ms1 a portion ( ! l& is      
exce$+ly heavy--pewt]y l&1 z x is t]m$ f
 its t5d5cy :5 wet to run toge!r1       
pres5t+ a gli/5+ appe>ance some:at      
resembl+ t metal4 ,8 ov]se] 0 ab\t z    
unbeliev+ z ! negroes1 & decl>$ he c\ld 
beat ! guano by exp5d+ ! same value 9   
manure ^u a giv5 quantity ( surface4 ,to
 te/ ?is & also to try its effect ^u !  
/iff l&1 he appli$ a little %ort ( "o   
ton ( ,p]uvian1 :i* co/ #ej ^u t5 acres1
 & promis$ a premium to ! ov]se] if he  
c\ld make a great] crop by ! use ( all !
 manure1 m5 & teams he saw fit to apply 
to ano!r t5 acres ly+ "r along side1 & (
 ! same quality ( soil4 ,( c\rse he sp>$

 no labor1 us+ bo? lime & manure freely1
 b 9 ! spr+ f9d+ ! appe>ance ( 8 crop   
unequal to t guano$1 he gave x a top    
dress+ ( f9e manure & a good work+ ) !  
h>r[4 ,at h>ve/ ! guano$ portion 0 ready
 = ! sickle sev]al days e>li] ?an ! o!r1
 & yield$ #ace bu%els ( a quality s v   
sup]ior1 x 0 all res]v$ = se$ = himself 
& neighbors4  ,! product ( ! o!r 0 #ee  
bu%els2 diff]5ce 9 favor ( ! guano1 #hj 
bu%els--#h bu%els to ! acre--:ile !     
value ( extra manur+1 probably exce$$ ! 
co/ ( guano1 )\t any mat]ial advantage 9
 ! effect ^u succe$+ crops4 ,9 fact1 x  
is probable1 t ! additional gr[? ( /raw 
& clov] w\ld be wor? m to ! next crop on
 ! guano$ portion1 ?an ! undecompos$    
manure & lime w\ld be 9 ! o!r4 ,x is    
ne$less to say bo? ov]se] & s]vants1 7  
fully conv9c$ ( ! virtue ( guano aft]   
?is exp]im5t4  ,accord+ to our notes1   
,mr4 ,newton fir/ us$ guano 9 #ahdf--"o 
ton ( ,i*aboe at #cj1 on #h acres1 ) #h 
bu%els ( se$1 ^u l& s deadly poor1 t an 
old negro we conv]s$ ) said2 him s done 

gone massa1 w\ldn't gr[ pov]ty grass    
nuff to make h5's ne/ = dis nigg]4 ,no  
attempt _h be5 made = ye>s to gr[ any   
crop1 n ev5 oats or rye1 ! la/ ef=t (   
expir+ nature to yield su/5ance to man  
^u "o ( ^? old worn out ,virg9ia f>ms4  
,?9k ( ! a/oni%m5t ( ! poor negro1 :o   
?\ght 8 ma/] crazy to s[ :eat !re )\t   
manure1 to see #hh bu%els h>ve/$ f ! #h 
acres4  ,9 #ahdg1 he us$ #ajj wor? (    
,patagonian ^u same k9d ( l& & reap$    
#ccj bu%els4 ,9 #ahdh1 #bjj wor? (      
,patagonian & ,*ilian at #dj & #cj a    
ton1 gave #edj bu%els1 :i* sold at #a   
#be1 mo/ly = se$1 on acc\nt ( its       
sup]ior quality4 ,9 ea* case ! advantage
 to ! l& ( equal value z to ! crop4 ,9  
#ahdi1 he appli$ #aj tons ,p]uvian at   
#dg1 & #aa tons ,patagonian at #cj1 ^u  
#bfj acres1 f #ge to #bej lbs4 to !     
acre4 ,:5 we saw ?is crop ! next spr+1 !
 appe>ance 9 favor ( ! ,p]uvian1 0 fully
 #ej p] c5t4 ^u ! same co/ ( ea* k9d p] 
acre4  ,9 #ahej he appli$ #cj tons1 (   
c\rse1 all ,p]uvian1 ) equal success to 

=m] ye>s4  ,mr4 ,newton says1 ! second  
application ( guano to ! same l&        
produces ! be/ result--t not)/&+ ! pr(it
 ( ! fir/ application 9 ! increas$ crop1
 ! pr(it to ! l& is always great]4      
,be=e leav+ ,mr4 ,newton1 we w place on 
record "o expression highly cr$itable to
 him1 & conv9c+ 9 its palpable tru? ( ! 
value put ^u ?is f]tiliz]1 by a g5tlem5 
( s\nd judgm5t & c&or ( spee*1 equal to 
any o!r )9 ! circle ( our acqua9tance4  
,i look ^u ! introduction ( guano & !   
success att5d+ its application to our   
b>r5 l&s1 9 ! light ( a special         
int]position ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 to    
save ! nor!rn neck ( ,virg9ia f rev]t+  
entirely into its =m] /ate ( wild]ness &
 utt] desolation4 ,until ! discov]y (   
guano--m valuable to u ?an ! m9es (     
,cali=nia--,i look$ ^u ! possibility (  
r5ovat+ our soil1 ( ev] br++ x up to a  
po9t capable ( produc+ remun]at+ crops z
 utt]ly hopeless4 ,our up-l&s 7 all worn
 out1 & our bottom l&s fa/ fail+1 & if x
 _h n be5 = guano1 to revive our la/    

hope1 a few ye>s m & ! :ole c\ntry mu/ h
 be5 des]t$ by all :o desir$ to increase
 _! own weal?1 or advance ! cause (     
civilization by a pr(itable cultivation 
( ! e>?4  ,we are satisfi$ t ! above    
op9ion w be consid]$ ( m value--m       
conclusive 9 favor ( guano1 by all :o   
are acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ,will\ghby        
,newton1 ?an all else conta9$ 9 ! pages 
( ?is pamphlet4   ,,o!r ,,witnesses ,,9 
,,virg9ia ,,9 ,,favor ,,( ,,guano4  ,z  
our pr9cipal object is to conv9ce !     
skeptical1 or induce unbeliev]s 9 its   
efficacy & value1 to try exp]im5ts      
!mselves by :i* !y w be conv9c$ &       
enri*$1 we (f] ! names ( a few m g5tlem5
 ( high /&+1 :o h be5 v =tunate 9 ! use 
( ?is ess5tial elem5t ( successful      
cultivation 9 ,virg9ia1 z witnesses1 ^: 
te/imony ought to be1 & w be1 :]e !y are
 kn[n entirely conclusive4  ,col4 ,rob]t
 ,w4 ,c>t]1 ( ,sab9e ,hall1 on !        
,rappahanock1 ^: l& is pr9cipally ( t   
k9d ( clayey loam common ^u t riv]1 once
 ri* b badly worn by cultivation1 is s  

well satisfi$ t x is pr(itable to make  
ri* l&s /ill m ri*1 he buys annually #cj
 or #dj tons ( ! be/ 9 m>ket4 ,he says  
he _c af=d to s[ :eat )\t guano--x is   
fooli% & unpr(itable4 ,he s[s x broad   
ca/1 #bjj lbs4 to ! acre1 ) no o!r      
prep>ation ?an break+ ! lumps2 pl[s x 92
 s[s :eat & h>r[s t2 9 "s cases has s[n 
clov]1 & 9 o!rs1 foll[$ :eat aft] :eat )
 increas+ productiv5ess e ye>2 cle>ly   
prov+ ! effect ( "o application1 to be  
b5eficial to ! succe$+ crop4 ,)\t guano1
 or v high manur+1 :eat w det]iorate ye>
 aft] ye>1 if s[n ^u ! same soil1 until 
! product w\ld n pay = ! labor ( s[+ &  
h>ve/+4  ,^u "o upl& field1 :i* )\t     
manure w\ld n pay = cultivation1 he s[$ 
"o bu%el ( :eat & #bjj lbs4 ,p]uvian    
guano & made fifte5 bu%els4 ,pl[$ d[n ! 
/ubble ) same application1 & :5 we saw !
 crop1 %\ld h be5 will+ to insure x at  
tw5ty-five bu%els4 ,col4 ,c4 has ne>ly  
#b1jjj acres 9 cultivation1 :i* )9 8    
recollection 0 cultivat$ entirely )     
hoes--8 gr&fa!r w\ld n use a pl[--0 z   

mu* set aga9/ t great l& improv] z "s   
mod]n1 b no m wise f>m]s1 are aga9/     
guano4 ,col4 ,c4 uses ! be/ ( pl[s2 s[s 
#bjj lbs4 guano to ! acre & pl[s x 9 six
 in*es deep1 & s[s "o bu%el ( :eat &    
h>r[s ?or\ghly1 b n deep en\gh to di/urb
 ! guano4 ,8 ga9 has be5 eight bu%els   
av]age ^u #baj lbs4 guano4 ,?9ks        
,p]uvian at #ej a ton pref]able to any  
o!r at curr5t prices4 ,8 l& is mo/ly    
clayey loam & 0 s mu* exhau/$ by a      
hundr$ ye>s h>d usage1 x 0 b>ely able to
 support ! s]vants1 until ! ,colonel    
comm5c$ 8 sy/em ( improvem5ts by dra9+1 
deep pl[+1 rotation ( crops1 lime1      
pla/]1 clov]1 & guano2 ! latt] ( :i* he 
looks ^u z ! salvation ( l[] ,virg9ia2  
:ile 8 l>ge sales ( eight or t5 hundr$  
acres ( corn & :eat1 suffici5tly atte/  
its value ^u t location4 ,8 actual      
annual pr(its ^u ! use ( guano1 _c be   
less ?an two ?\s& doll>s4  ,doctor      
,brock5bor\gh1 ,doctor ,gordon1 ,messrs4
 ,dobyn1 ,mic\1 ,g>nett & o!rs (        
,tappahannock & vic9ity1 h all f\nd !   

application ev5 ^u ! bottom l&s1        
pr(itable1 ?\gh n to s great an ext5t z 
^u ! poor old field-p9e l&s ( ,mr4      
,newton2 b simply f ! reason t 8 l& 0   
utt]ly wor?less be=e1 b aft] !          
application ( ! guano1 0 increas$ 9     
value m ?an its :ole co/1 besides !     
pr(it d]iv$ f ! crop4  ,wm4 ,d4 ,nelson1
 a neighbor ( ,mr4 ,newton1 b\ght a     
tract ( l& = a resid5ce1 at #d an acre1 
:i* 9 its natural condition 0 n wor?    
cultivat+2 b ) guano w pay all exp5ses (
 t & ! cultivation & ! co/ ( ! l& ! fir/
 crop4  ,^u a portion ( ?is l&1 a poor  
s&y loam1 he appli$ #bjj lbs4 ,p]uvian  
guano & "o bu%el ( :eat p] acre1 & made 
#ab bu%els1 :ile a /rip ?r\gh ! field1  
purposely left )\t guano1 did n produce 
! se$1 & rema9$ z de/itute ( clov] z    
?\gh x nev] _h be5 s[n1 =m+ a v /rik+   
contra/ to ! luxuriant gr[? ^u ea* side4
 ,9 ano!r trial he made #aj bu%els f "o 
s[$1 ) #bjj lbs4 ( ,patagonian guano1 ( 
a v good quality4 ,?is is ab\t 9        
proportion to ! curr5t price ( ! two    

k9ds1 ?\gh ! latt] _c be s c]ta9ly      
dep5d$ ^u = good quality z ! ,p]uvian4  
,ano!r trial 0 made ) #a1ajj lbs4       
,p]uvian & #a1ajj lbs4 ,patagonian1 &   
#aa bu%els ( se$ ^u #aa acres :i* made  
#afj bu%els ( :eat ( v f9e quality1 &   
l>ge gr[? ( /raw4 ,^u #cf acres1 same   
k9d ( soil1 well manur$ 9 ! previ\s crop
 ( corn1 s[$ #cf bu%els & made #afb4 ,! 
fir/ _h n be5 manur$4 ,! evid5ce 9 favor
 ( guano 9 ?is case1 ne$s no comm5t4 ,by
 an outlay ( #dj1 a mu* m valuable crop 
0 made f ! #aa acres ?an f ! #cf2 !     
p]man5t improvem5t to ! l& f guano 0 mu*
 great] ?an f ! manure4 ,9 ?is case !   
guano 0 pl[$ 9 ab\t f\r in*es deep4     
,mr4 ,nelson ?9ks ! yield ( :eat w      
av]age 9 t neighborhood1 an increase (  
#af bu%els = #bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano4
  ,h4 ,*&l]1 ,we/morel& ,c\rt ,h\se1    
b\ght a f>m at a price = ! :ole bel[ !  
co/ ( ! mansion h\se alone1 because ! l&
 0 s utt]ly & hopelessly worn out1 z to 
be pa/ ! ability ( support+ ^? engag$ 9 
its tillage4 ,:5 we saw x1 we %\ld h be5

 will+ to insure ! gr[+ crop ( :eat at  
#bj bu%els1 ! result ( #baj lbs4 (      
,p]uvian guano to ! acre2 :ile ! clov]  
^u ! /ubble ( ! previ\s ye> c\ld n be   
excell$ 9 po9t ( luxuri\sness ^u ! ri*e/
 field 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :]e ! l& 
0 valu$ at #ajj an acre4  ,mr4 ,*&l]    
fir/ comm5c$ ) #bej lbs4 ,african guano1
 measur+ #c-a_/b bu%els1 to ! acre1 ^u  
:i* he s[$ "o bu%el ( :eat4 ,! result   
#ag bu%els to ! acre ^u l& :i* only gave
 #e-a_/b bu%els 9 any previ\s crop4 ,co/
 ( guano #e2 pr(it1 #f #ej4 ,! next ye> 
he ga9$ an increase ( #ab bu%els to !   
acre ov] previ\s ye>s1 by ! use ( #bej  
lbs ( ,patagonian guano2 :ile ! clov]1  
,mr4 ,*&l] ?9ks1 wor? m ?an ! :ole co/ (
 ! application4 ,a /ill bett] result 0  
produc$ la/ ye> f #baj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian4 
,! soil is a yell[ clayey loam1 :i* 9   
its unimprov$ condition looks ab\t z    
unpromis+ = a crop1 z ! middle ( a h>d  
beat5 road4  ,mr4 ,c4 tri$ guano ^u riv]
 bottom l&1 b ! improvem5t 0 n s        
rem>kable4  ,we 7 assur$ by ,mr4 ,c41 t 

_m p]sons :o _h long be5 accu/om$ to    
look ^u ! hopeless b>r5ness ( ?is l&1 7 
wont to /op z !y rode pa/ ?is field (   
clov]1 & look at x ) utt] a/oni%m5t4 ,"s
 c\ld n be satisfi$ ) look+1 b w\ld     
drive to ! h\se to inquire :at magical  
p[] _h be5 us$ to produce su* a /range  
metamorphosis 9 ! appe>ance ( ! place4  
,:5 assur$ x 0 all effect$ by guano1 !y 
w5t away--n satisfi$--b unbeliev+4  ,:at
 t5ds mu* to increase ! effect ( ?is    
improvem5t1 is ! fact1 t directly       
opposite lies ano!r tract1 /ill 9 its   
b>r5 condition1 lately pur*as$ by ,dr4  
,sp5ce1 a v ent]pris+ g5tleman1 imbu$ ) 
! _s ( improvem5t1 :i* w soon be br\ght 
into ! same condition1 not)/&+ its      
un=bidd+ appe>ance4  ,mr4 ,s4 ,b4       
,atwell :o owns an adjo9+ f>m1 has be5  
equally successful 9 ! use ( guano4     
,be=e us+ x1 8 :eat ^u #bj acres 0 h>dly
 suffici5t to pay = h>ve/+4 ,! fir/ crop
 aft] us+ x1 #djj bu%els4 ,he has also  
increas$ ! crop ( corn f #bj to #bfj    
b>rels by lime1 guano & clov]4 ,9 !     

meantime1 ! l& has increas$ 9 value 9   
ab\t ! same ratio4  ,9 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 
we saw a field ( :eat on ! f>m ( ,dr4   
,lel&1 s[n ^u corn gr\nd1 "o "p ) #bjj  
lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano to ! acre1 ! o!r )
 a full dress+ ( hog-p5 manure1 by !    
side ( :i* ! gr\nd 0 se5 9 its natural  
b>r5ness1 sc>cely mak+ a %[ ( gre5ness2 
:ile ! rank gr[? ( ! guano$ portion made
 z great a contra/ ) t manur$ ^u !      
opposite side4  ,guano$ :eat ^u ! f>m ( 
,col4 ,d[n+ 9 ! same c\nty %[$ z great a
 contra/ ) l& bo? lim$ & manur$2 :ile   
directly alongside ( ?is luxuriant gr[?1
 ! l& 0 z de/itute ( vegetation z a     
brick pavem5t4  ,! effect ( guano ^u    
/rawb]ries1 ,col4 ,d4 f\nd to excel     
any?+ else ev] tri$4  ,a neighbor (     
,col4 ,d[n+ _h a f9e %[ = a :eat crop on
 exce$+ly poor l& f ! application ( only
 #ij lbs4 ,p]uvian ,guano to ! acre4    
,capt ,wm4 ,h>d+1 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,c4 ,h41 
assur$ u he made #bg bu%els p] acre ^u  
only tol]ably fair l&1 by ! use ( #bjj  
lbs4 ,p]uvian guano1 pl[$ 9 & foll[$ by 

clov]1 wor? m ?an ! guano co/4  ,col4   
,ri*>d ,a4 ,claybrook1 9 ! same         
neighborhood1 made #ae bu%els--! l&     
along side almo/ z b>e z ! surface ( !  
guano isl&s4  ,we might m5tion a doz5   
o!rs 9 ! same place1 9 fact 9 mo/ ( !   
places m5tion$1 ^: te/imony w\ld be z   
/rong z ^? we h nam$4  ,col4 ,edw>d     
,tayloe ( ,k+ ,george ,co41 hav+ be5 v  
successful 9 ! use ( guano1 induc$ 8    
neighbor1 ,wm4 ,roy ,mason1 ,esq4 to te/
 its p[]s by ! mo/ sev]e exp]im5t we h  
ev] kn[n x subject$ to4 ,he select$ a   
po9t ( a hill1 f :i* e p>ticle ( soil _h
 be5 wa%$ away1 until no?+ 9 ! _w w\ld  
gr[ !re4 ,x w\ld n produce1 said he1 a  
peck ( :eat to ! acre1 b ) a dress+ (   
#cjj lbs4 ,african guano1 x gave me     
?irte5 bu%els1 & n[ :ile t is cov]$ )   
clov]1 o!r1 s call$1 ri* p>ts ( ! field 
are almo/ b>e4 ,a field :i* _h nev]     
produc$ = ye>s1 ov] f\r bu%els ( :eat to
 ! acre1 0 dress$ ) #bej lbs4 ( guano & 
"o bu%el ( pla/] at a co/ ( #g to !     
acre1 :i* gave ?irte5 bu%els ( a quality

 greatly improv$1 & a v l>ge gr[? (     
/raw1 :i* he e/eems highly z a top      
dress+ = ! clov]1 :i* f> exce$$ ^u !    
guano$ l& t :i* 0 highly manur$4 ,!     
success ( ,mr4 ,mason 0 s flatt]+1 he   
imm$iately pur*as$ six tons = ! next    
exp]im5t4  ,if all ! fai?less w\ld      
pursue ! c\rse indicat$ 9 ! foll[+      
exp]im5t ) guano1 by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,r\zee 
( ,essex ,co4 ,va41 !y w\ld probably be 
z well conv9c$ z he1 t ! greate/        
humbugg+ ab\t guano1 is 9 neglect+ to   
pr(it by its use4 ,he says3--,i mu/     
confess t ,i h be5 skeptical 9 relation 
to ! v>i\s acc\nts ( ! f]tiliz+         
prop]ties ( guano1 especially 9 ^! times
 ( humbugg]y1 & !re=e det]m9$ to subject
 x to ! mo/ rigid te/4 ,9 view ( ?is1 on
 ! #c;d ( ,octob] la/1 ,i select$ two   
acres ( l& by actual measurem5t1        
prov]bially poor1 nev] hav+ yield$ 9 a  
c\rse ( t5 ye>s cultivation m ?an ?ree  
bu%els p] acre1 & 9 consequ5ce1 0 call$ 
by way ( d]ision1 ,old ,k5tuck4 ,to !   
two acres #efj lbs4 ( guano 7 appli$ 9 !

 mo/ injudici\s mann] by /rew+ x on !   
top ( ! corn b$--! consequ5ce 01 :5 !   
:eat 0 pl\gh$ 91 & came up1 a small gir?
 0 only se5 on ! top & a space betwe5   
ea* r[ at lea/ "o ?ird ( its wid?2 9 ?is
 condition x rema9$ until ab\t ! middle 
( ,novemb]1 :5 x _h s s5sibly disappe>$1
 t x attract$ ! att5tion ( "o ( my      
neighbors1 :o rem>k$ to me1 t at lea/ "o
 half ( x _h be5 de/roy$1 9 :i* op9ion  
,i concurr$2 9 exam9+ t :i* rema9$1 we 7
 ( op9ion t ?ree-f\r?s ( x _h f ?ree to 
t5 flies 9 ! maggot /ate on ea* /alk2 9 
?is /ate ( ?+s ,i surr5d]$ all hope (   
any tol]able return1 m especially z !   
ru/ made its appe>ance 9 x a %ort "t    
be=e x rip5$4--,n[ = ! result--    ,! #b
 acres ( l& yield$ me #cb #a_/d bu%els (
 :eat at #a p]   bu%el1                 
#cb #be   ,d$uct = av]age yield ( !     
above1 #b acres1 #f bu%els   at #a p]   
bu%el1                                  
#f #jj   ,d$uct = ,co/ ( #efj lbs4      
,guano1                     #ab #gj     
-------                                 

#ah #gj                                 
-------                                 
#ac #ee   ,add = additional /raw1       
#ej                                     
-------                                 
,cle> pr(it1                     #ad4je 
,"h is a cle> pr(it ( #ad ^u #ab4gj     
inve/$1 & ackn[l$g$ to be appli$ 9 ! mo/
 injudici\s mann]4 ,x is easy to judge  
:at w\ld h be5 ! pr(it "u diff]5t       
circum/ances4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ?is city   
:]e /raw sells = #e p] hundr$ little    
bundles1 in/ead ( a cr$it ( #ej c5ts x  
w\ld h be5 at lea/ half ! co/ ( ! guano4
   ,,guano ,,9 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4  ,h5ry  
,k4 ,burgwyn's fir/ trial ) guano4 ,its 
effect on grass s[n ) :eat4--,! "n & f>m
 ( ?is g5tleman is s widely kn[n z a    
successful r5ovator ( mis]ably poor worn
 out fields1 t we are delight$ to h x 9 
our p[] to h 8 te/imony to our          
impregnable array ( witnesses 9 favor ( 
! mo/ valuable sub/ance = ! improvem5t (
 su* l&1 ev] giv5 by an ov]rul+ p[] = ! 
b5efit ( ^? :o ought to be exce$+ly     

?ankful = s good a gift4 ,b he> :at ?is 
writ] has to say ^u ?is int]e/+ subject4
  ,hav+ ab\t #aej acres ( my :eat1 ?is  
ye> s[n ^u la/ ye>'s corn gr\nd1 & ! l& 
be+ r light & n too ri*1 ,i fe>$ le/ ,i 
%\ld fail ) my grass s[n on ?is :eat1   
because ( ! two successive c]eal crops2 
,i !re=e b\ght guano1 mix$ x ) its bulk 
( pla/]1 !n add$ f9e *>coal1 ! same1 &  
to ?is mixture d\ble ! :ole bulk (      
deposit ( ! ,roanoke riv]1 a ri*        
alluvial e>?1 & s[$ ! :ole broadca/ 9   
,febru>y & ,m>*1 & h>r[$ x 91 on ! top (
 ! :eat ,i s[$ at ! rate ( #bjj lbs4 (  
guano to ! acre2 ! value ( :i*1 no d\bt1
 0 d\bl$ by ! mixture ) ! absorb5ts ( ! 
ammonia1 :i* is s exce$+ly volatile ev5 
:5 left = a few h\rs1 is easily         
dissipat$ by ! ,m>* w9ds4 ,on ?is l&1 ,i
 _h s[n 9 ,octob] previ\s1 clov]1       
timo?y1 ,k5tucky blue grass1 & ,italian 
ray grass4 ,my h>ve/ has n[ be5 ov]1    
?ree weeks1 & ,i h nev] _h a f9] /& (   
all ^!1 ev5 on our ri* bottoms4 ,! ray  
grass matur$ its se$1 r soon] ?an ! :eat

 0 two-?irds z tall1 & :]e v ?ickly s[n1
 mat]ially injur$ ! product ( ! :eat1 ,i
 h reap$ an increas$ product f my :eat1 
amply suffici5t to repay my outlay = !  
guano1 pla/]1 c41 & h my grass z my     
pr(it on ! inve/m5t2 ?is 9 turn w %ade &
 improve my l&1 fatt5 my /ock1 increase 
my crops1 & *e] my eye ) 'grassy        
slopes1' 9 place ( 'gall$ hill sides2'  
?is is pr(it suffici5t = ! mo/ gre$y if 
turn$ to a prop] acc\nt2--be x rememb]$1
 too1 ?is 0 a light & r poor soil1 b    
bas$ on a good clay subsoil4  ,to ?is we
 beg leave to add f our own k ( ?is l&1 
:i* is situat$ on ! ,roanoke riv] #f or 
#g miles bel[ ,halifax1 t x 0 be=e be+  
improv$ by ,mr4 ,burgwyn1 ab\t z        
unpromis+ a tract z c be f\nd ^u all !  
cotton$ to dea?1 poor old fields ( t    
sadly abus$ ,/ate4 ,9 ! condition x 0 :5
 we fir/ saw x1 :ile und]go+ ! op]ation 
( putt+ a f\r horse pl[ ?r\gh ! broom   
/raw & old field p9es1 not)/&+ our /rong
 fai? 9 ! ability ( su* m5 z ! ,messrs4 
,burgwyns to r$eem su* l& f its         

condition ( utt] & app>5tly hopeless    
b>r5ness1 we mu/ own1 t if ,mr4 ,b4 _h  
made ! ass]tion :ile we 7 rid+ ov] ?is v
 tract1 t )9 two ye>s he w\ld reap a    
remun]at+ crop ( :eat f ! b>r5 wa/e1 &  
coat ! gr\nd ) a c>pet ( luxuriant      
grass1 we %\ld h told him ! day (       
miracles _h pass$ away4 ,b we _h n !n   
se5 z mu* z we h s9ce ( ! miracul\s p[] 
( ,p]uvian guano4  ,we might cont9ue to 
cite hundr$s ( simil> cases b propose to
 pass ov] into ,m>yl&1 & aft] %[+ its   
application !re has produc$ equally     
b5eficial results1 travel nor?w>d1 call+
 "h & !re a witness z we proce$4 ,among 
o!rs1 we may call to ! /& 9 ,m>yl&1 w be
 ! editor ( ! ,am]ican ,f>m]1 ^:        
te/imony we consid] almo/ invaluable1   
hav+ devot$ mu* att5tion to ! subject1 &
 to :om1 & 8 able correspond5ts1 we     
desire to aw>d full cr$it1 9 ?is g5]al  
mann]1 to save repetition1 = mu* ( !    
in=mation we %all give ! read]s ( sev]al
 ( ! succe$+ pages4 ,! te/imony (       
witnesses ( su* high /&+1 _c be too     

highly e/imat$ by ^? :o are anxi\s to   
le>n h[ to r5ovate _! worn out f>ms1 or 
make ! ri* ones ri*]4   ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 
,,m>yl&4  ,effects ( guano ^u ! crop to 
:i* x is appli$4--,edw>d ,/abl]1 9 !    
,am]ican ,f>m]1 ?us speaks ( an exp]im5t
 he made 9 #ahde1 soon aft] !           
introduction ( guano to any ext5t into  
?is c\ntry4  ,9 a field ( "s #aj acres1 
"o acre 0 select$ ne> ! middle1 & ext5d+
 ?r\gh ! field1 s z to embrace any      
diff]5ce ( soil1 %\ld !re be any4 ,on   
?is acre #bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 at 
a co/ ( ab\t #e 0 s[n ) ! :eat4 ,adjo9+ 
! guano on "o side1 0 manure f ! b>n    
y>d1 at ! rate ( #be c>t loads to !     
acre2 & on ! opposite side 7sep>at$ by  
an op5 dra9 ! :ole di/ance27 gr\nd bones
 7 appli$ on ! balance ( ! field1 at a  
co/ ( #f to ! acre2 ! field equally lim$
 two ye>s prec$+4 ,!re 0 no mat]ial     
diff]5ce 9 ! "t or mann] ( se$+2 except 
t ! manure 0 lightly cross-pl\gh$ 91 & !
 guano & bones h>r[$ 9 ) ! :eat4  ,!    
yield on ! guano$ acre 0 #ce bu%els2 !  

adjo9+ acre ) bone1 z ne> z c\ld be     
e/imat$ by doz5s1 & comp>$ ) ! guano1 0 
ab\t #bg bu%els2 & ! manur$1 ab\t #bd   
bu%els4 ,! season 0 unusually dry2 & !  
manur$ portion suff]$ m f ?is cause ?an 
ei!r ( ! o!rs2 ! l& be+ consid]ably m   
elevat$1 & a s\? exposure4  ,9 our      
op9ion ,mr4 ,s4 is 9 error 9 reg>d to ! 
manur$ l& suff]+ mo/ f dr\?4 ,9 our     
exp]i5ce we h always f\nd ! be/ effects 
f ,guano1 9 wet seasons1 or ^u irrigat$ 
l&4 ,he says also1 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/   
active ( all manures2 & al?\gh he ?9ks !
 effect evanesc5t1 x might aid mat]ially
 9 r5ovat+ worn out l&s4 ,s9ce t "t a   
great _m o!r ,m>yl& f>m]s h1 und\bt$ly  
come to ! same conclusion1 = not)/&+ !  
price1 :i* he ?9ks too high to ju/ify   
its ext5sive use1 has n be5 mat]ially   
r$uc$1 !re is m guano sold 9 ,baltimore 
?an any1 or p]haps all ! ports 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates2 & ! b5efits d]iv$ f its  
use ^u ! worn out l&s ( ,m>yl&1 h be5 ( 
! mo/ satisfactory "*4  ,9 speak+ ( !   
aft] crop ( grass ^u ! l& above m5tion$1

 he says3  ,! field has s9ce be5 m[$    
?ree times2 ! fir/ crop ( grass 0       
evid5tly 9 favor ( ! bon$ "p2 ! second1 
& ?ird1 7 fully two to "o ov] ! guano1 &
 also yield+ mu* heavi] crops ( clov]   
se$4 ,on a "p ( "o l&1 #ah bu%els to !  
acre ( ! f9e/ ( ! bone 7 us$2 on ?is1 ! 
:eat 0 z heavy z on ! guano$1 & ! grass 
g5]ally lodges be=e h>ve/1 z x also does
 on mu* ( ! adjo9+ l& ) #ab bu%els (    
bone4  ,?is is all "r2 x %\ld nev] be   
mix$ ) lime1 & x %\ld be pl[$ 94 ,9 8   
exp]im5ts1 ! lime 9 ! soil _h ! effect  
to dis5gage ! ammonia1 & n be+          
suffici5tly buri$ or mix$ up ) ! e>? to 
prev5t its escape dur+ a v dry season1  
mu* ( its value w5t afloat 9 !          
atmosph]e4 ,if he _h giv5 a bu%el (     
pla/] z a top dress+1 !re is no d\bt !  
effect ^u ! grass crop w\ld h be5       
entirely diff]5t4 ,! action ( guano is v
 v>iable ^u diff]5t soils1 z well z ^u !
 same k9ds ( soil 9 diff]5t seasons1 or 
f ! diff]5t mann] ( apply+ x2 b !re is  
"o ?+ 9 its favor1 x seldom fails to pay

 = itself1 z ,mr4 ,newton rem>ks1 9 !   
fir/ crop2 & if prop]ly appli$1 t is1   
pl[$ 9 ) :eat1 ^u poor1 s&y1 worn out   
l&1 & foll[$ by clov]1 & t dress$ )     
pla/]1 x w pay f> bett] 9 ! succe$+ ye>s
 ?an ! fir/4 ,?is has be5 fully prov$ 9 
a hundr$ cases1 s9ce ,mr4 ,/abl] tri$ 8 
exp]im5ts2 = two ye>s aft]1 9 writ+ ^u !
 same subject1 he says ,h>r[+ 9 ! guano 
) ! :eat w g5]ally produce a bett] crop2
 b its f]tiliz+ prop]ties are m         
evanesc5t4 ,i pref] pl[+ x 9 = all field
 crops2 & :5 atta9able1 w\ld always use 
x 9 conjunction ) gr\nd bones1 = !      
b5efit ( succe$+ grass crops4 ,?is is   
pre-suppos+ t y det]m9e to improve m l& 
?an ! res\rces ( ! f>m w accompli%1 &   
are will+ to d x by ! aid ( =eign       
manures2 & be+ 'f> remov$ f lime4' ,if !
 object is to realize ! mo/ 9 a s+le    
crop1 & to obta9 ! quicke/ return = !   
outlay1 use ! guano alone1 & h>r[ x 9 ) 
! :eat2 b ! l&1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 
w d]ive b little b5efit f ! application1
 unless ! am\nt is l>ge4 ,by pl[+ x 91  

p>ticul>ly if mix$ ) "o ?ird its bulk ( 
pla/]1 ! effect is decid$ly m durable2  
nor is x !n necess>y t ! se$+ %\ld s    
imm$iately foll[ its application4 ,if1  
h[ev]1 ! object is to improve ! l& at ! 
same "t2 & surely x %\ld be a prim>y    
object ) e till] ( ! soil--& lime1 f y\r
 location1 or ! price1 is unatta9able1  
,i w\ld advise ab\t half ! am\nt det]m9$
 on1 to be exp5d$ = gr\nd bones4 ,?is   
may be h>r[$ 9 ) ! :eat4  ,x is surpris+
 :at an effect a few bu%els ( gr\nd     
bones to ! acre w produce2 ref]5ce is   
made to a s+le exp]im5t1 & n an isolat$ 
"o ei!r4 ,"s six ye>s s9ce1 we appli$ t5
 to twelve bu%els ( co>sely gr\nd bones 
to ! acre1 on ab\t half ( a twelve acre 
field2 on two l&s adjo9+1 0 guano1 at ! 
rate ( #bjj p\nds to ! acre1 7! co/ (   
ea* ab\t ! same17 & ext5d+ ne>ly ?r\gh !
 field2 bo? 7 appli$ 9 ! spr+1 on ! oat 
crop--& :i* 0 decid$ly bett]1 by ! eye1 
on ! two l&s ) guano4 ,9 ! fall1 ! field
 0 s[n ) :eat1 manur+ heavily f ! b>n   
y>d1 adjo9+ ! guano1 b n spread on ! two

 l&s1 or on ! bon$ portion ( ! field4   
,!re 0 b little diff]5ce p]ceiv$ 9 !    
:eat1 except f ! manure1 :i* 0 ! be/--! 
field hav+ be5 lim$ = ! prec$+ corn     
crop1 #hj bu%els to ! acre4 ,! exp]im5t 
0 made to te/ ! comp>ative durability ( 
! ?ree k9ds ( manure2 ! guano1 gr\nd    
bones1 & manure f ! b>n y>d2 & !        
ultimate pr(it to be d]iv$ f ea*1 9 a   
full rotation4 ,aft] ! fir/ crop (      
grass1 & p]haps ! second1 :i* 0 9 favor 
( ! manur$ portion1 ! succe$+ crops (   
hay & clov] se$1 h be5 decid$ly bett] on
 ! bon$ "p ( ! field4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 &
 also ! pa/ season1 ?is be+ ! f\r? ye> 9
 grass1 ! guano$ l&s pres5t ab\t ! same 
appe>ance1 t does a small adjo9+ space1 
purposely left )\t manure ( any k9d1    
lime except$4 ,! manur$ "p af=ds good   
pa/ure1 b is q inf]ior to ! bon$1 :i*   
w\ld give a fair crop ( hay1 & probably 
?ree times z mu* grass z ! two l&s )    
guano4 ,x is believ$ t ! increas$ crop (
 clov] se$ on ! bon$1 ov] ! guano$      
portion1 paid = ! =m]2 & t ! two crops (

 clov] s9ce tak5 f ! field1 h paid1 or  
ne>ly s1 = ! lime or o!r manures appli$4
  ,?is evid5ce corresponds ) ! op9ion ( 
,pr(essor ,mapes2 t is1 t ! value ( an  
application ( guano is greatly enhanc$  
by ! addition ( phosphate ( lime1 9 "s  
%ape2 ! guano act+ imm$iately & produc+ 
a direct pr(it1 :ile ! sl[ action1 = :i*
 "s f>m]s _c wait1 keeps up ! f]tility =
 ye>s1 or until ! own] may f9d "t to    
pr(it by ano!r application ( guano4  ,we
 quote aga9 a few m ( ! v s5sible rem>ks
 ( fri5d ,/abl]4 ,i am an advocate = !  
lib]al use ( all k9ds ( manure1 guano   
includ$1 if ! price w ju/ify x4 ,a f>m] 
_h bett] buy manure ?an to buy gra91 if 
compell$ to d ei!r2 = we _c expect mu* f
 no?+1 or reasonably calculate ^u       
improv+ v poor l& )\t manure ( "s       
description1 unless pla/] w act )       
effect2 nor is ?is g5]ally ! case )\t ! 
l& possesses naturally1 "s p>ticul>     
s\rce ( f]tility1 n :olly exhau/$ by bad
 or improvid5t tillage4  ,x is probable 
^? w be disappo9t$ :o expect to d ev]y?+

 ) guano--make f9e crops & improve ! l&1
 :ile !y take ev]y?+ (f1 & disp5se      
almo/1 if n entirely1 ) ! m p]man5t     
manures1 all equally )9 _! rea*4 ,true1 
we may exi/ = a "t1 only half f$ & half 
clo!d2 b x is j z reasonable to expect  
to improve "u su* a regim51 z to        
calculate ^u cont9u$1 n to say increas$ 
f]tility ( ! soil1 )\t an ample supply1 
( ! "r k9d ( manure4  ,) all its        
ackn[l$g$ advantages1 x may be que/ion$ 
:e!r !re is n "o drawback to !          
introduction ( guano4 ,x is us$ ) less  
pr(it 9 direct connexion ) lime1 ?an )  
mo/ k9ds ( manure2 & its facility (     
application1 & quick return1 has induc$ 
_m to give up ! lime entirely1 if n also
 to "s ext5t1 to neglect ! res\rces ( ! 
f>m4 ,o!rs aga91 9 improv+ poor l&1     
advise ! guano fir/1 & ! lime aft]w>ds4 
,?is may d v well2 b is (t5 bett] 9 !ory
 ?an 9 practice1 = ! lime is omitt$     
altoge!r1 & p]haps at "s risk ( loss1 9 
bo? "t & money1 z reg>ds p]man5t        
improvem5t4 ,to use a figure ( spee*--! 

prud5t ar*itect w fir/ secure a solid   
f\ndation to build ^u1 & ) mat]ials (   
kn[n durability2 ?is accompli%$1 he ne$ 
h no fe>s ( ! /ability ( ! /ructure1 &  
may1 at pleasure add !reto1 ei!r =      
ornam5t or utility4  ,t ?9 l&s may be   
br\ght to a v productive /ate1 by !     
lib]al & repeat$ applications ( guano1  
!re is no d\bt2 b at :at co/ & h[       
durable ! improvem5ts might be1 ,i am n 
prep>$ to say4 ,9 two in/ances1 f #gjj  
to #hjj lbs4 7 appli$ at "o "t to an    
acre2 b 9 nei!r did ! results correspond
 ) ! exp5se1 or induce a repetition ( ! 
exp]im5t4 ,my own exp]i5ce s f>1 is 9   
favor ( m limit$ applications1 say #ajj 
to #bjj lbs4 to ! acre1 7tak+ 9         
consid]ation ! price ( bo? gra9 &       
guano17 & also us$ 9 connection ) o!r   
manures1 :i* is f\nd to be ! mo/        
pr(itable1 & probably m durable 9 its   
effect2 9 two exp]im5ts1 ) f #ej to #aej
 lbs4 ( guano to ! acre appli$ ?ree ye>s
 s9ce ) b>ny>d manure1 = :eat1 ! effect 
on ! grass crop at ?is "t1 is q m>k$2   

appli$ 9 ?is way1 x ha/5s maturity--?us1
 9 a degree1 gu>d+ aga9/ ru/--r5d]s !   
gra9 m p]fect1 & is believ$ to be "o ( !
 mo/ pr(itable modes ( us+ guano4  ,no?+
 c\ld be m s5sible ?an ! advice ( ?is   
g5tleman1 n to rely ^u guano alone4 ,to 
wa/e or neglect /able & home made       
manures1 or ?r[ away bones or o!r       
valuable f]tiliz]s1 because we c\ld buy 
guano1 w\ld be z ins5sible z x w\ld = a 
man to ?r[ away a h&ful ( bank bills1   
because he happ5$ to h j !n a pocket    
full ( gold & silv] co94  ,we nev] h1   
nor %all we recomm5d guano to !         
exclusion ( ev]y?+ else2 b we d recomm5d
 e f>m] 9 ,am]ica1 to :om an additional 
quantity ( manure w\ld be an object1 to 
buy guano2 because he w be almo/ sure to
 d]ive a c]ta9 & imm$iate pr(it f !     
inve/m5t4 ,x w make poor l&s ri*1 & ri* 
l&s ri*]4   ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,durable 
,,effects ,,( ,,guano4  ,^u ?is po9t1 we
 h ! foll[+ te/imony ( ,?omas ,p4       
,/abl]1 ( ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,md41 a    
g5tleman ( ! highe/ degree ( intellig5ce

 & integrity2 "o ( ! society ( ,fri5ds1 
:o are r not$ = n be+ extravagant 9 _!  
expressions or encomiums ( an article1  
)\t good gr\nds !re=4 ,we make ^!       
rem>ks1 because1 z e good lawy] w tell  
y1 ! "* & /&+ ( y\r witnesses is ( m    
importance ?an _! language1 to make a   
/rong impression 9 y\r favor4  ,9 speak+
 ( ! means )9 rea* ( f>m]s1 by :i* !y c 
r5ovate _! worn out l&s1 ( :i* ,m>yl&   
has an ample %>e1 fri5d ,/abl] says1 ,9 
"s di/ricts ! di/ance f lime is s great1
 t ! man ) small means c sc>cely be     
expect$ to use x ^u a l>ge scale--b 9   
regions ( c\ntry :]e bone1 guano &      
p\drette act favorably1 none ne$ be )\t 
important aid f _! use4 ,"u a judici\s  
sy/em ( cultivation & correct managem5t1
 ei!r ( ^! w make b\ntiful returns !    
fir/ ye>1 & ! /ronge/ & mo/ conclusive  
evid5ce exi/s ( _! durability z manures4
 ,pro(s ( ?is ab\nd 9 my neighborhood4  
,ref]5ce to ! 'facts' 9 a s+le case 9   
po9t may suffice = an example4 ,9 !     
summ] ( #ahde1 ,i prep>$ sev5te5 acres &

 a few p]*es ( l& = :eat ,ab\t five     
six?s ( ?is 0 extremely poor--^u a      
portion ( ! field1 0 put #aab ox-c>t    
loads ( manure f ! b>n y>d & /able1 on  
:at ,i consid]$ ab\t an av]age quality (
 ! l&4 ,on ! #ab? ( ! #i? mon?1         
7,septemb]17 ,i s[$ sev5 bu%els ( :eat  
on ?is "p ( ! gr\nd & pl[$ ! manure &   
:eat 9 toge!r ) ! d\ble %ovel pl[--v    
soon aft] ! balance 0 s[$ ) #bgj p\nds (
 good ,african guano p] acre1 = :i* ,i  
paid #dj p] ton1 & pl[$ ?is 9 ) ! :eat1 
imm$iately aft] s[+1 9 ! same mann] z ! 
o!r4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ w9t] & spr+1 !     
appe>ance ( my :eat field became !      
subject ( mu* notice & rem>k on ! "p (  
my neighbors1 z well z o!rs f sev]al    
adjo9+ c\nties :o saw x1 _m ( :om       
suppos$ t ?is application ( guano c\ld n
 possibly produce su* a crop z its !n   
pres5t appe>ance indicat$--9 ?is1 h[ev]1
 !y 7 disappo9t$--!re 7 two small pieces
 left )\t manure ( any k9d4 ,"o ( ^! ^u 
! be/ "p ( ! field1 & ! o!r ^u a "p (   
m$ium quality4  ,x may be recollect$ t !

 crop ( :eat t season 0 g5]ally mo/     
inf]ior1 bo? 9 quality & quantity4 ,^u !
 p>ts left )\t manure1 x 0 sc>cely wor? 
cutt+1 & m5 ( integrity & good judgm5t1 
7 ( ! op9ion t )\t ! aid ( ! guano1 ,i  
c\ld n h sav$ m ?an #fj or #gj bu%els ( 
:eat f ! field4 ,! product 0 #cbj       
bu%els1 t weigh$ #fd lbs4 to ! bu%el4 ,!
 guano$ portion cont9u$ at h>ve/ to be  
decid$ly bett] ?an t manur$ f ! b>n y>d 
& /able4 ,?is field 0 s[n ) clov] 9 !   
spr+ ( #ahdf1 & to ?is "t its appe>ance 
af=ds z /rong evid5ce ( great improvem5t
 9 ! l&1 z x did dur+ ! gr[? ( :eat4 ,x 
has n[ be5 pa/ur$ freely dur+ two       
summ]s1 & be5 expos$ to ! action ( !    
fro/s ( two w9t]s1 & ^u ! guano$ portion
 ,i h n yet se5 a s+le clov] root ?r[n  
out ( ! gr\nd1 :ile f ! "p manur$ f !   
b>n y>d1 x has almo/ entirely disappe>$4
 ,good f>m]s h frequ5tly rem>k$ dur+ !  
pres5t summ] t ! appe>ance ( ?is field  
w>rants ! conclusion t x is n[ capable (
 produc+ l>gely ( any crop common to our
 c\ntry4  ,?us 'worn out l&' is r5ovat$1

 & ample means produc$ = increas+ its   
f]tility4 ,simil> in/ances ( improvem5t 
exi/ 9 v _m examples t c be se5 9 ?is   
portion ( our c\ntry1 result+ f !       
application ( lime1 bone & p\drette1 z  
well z f guano4  ,guano prev5ts clov] f 
be+ ?r[n out by fro/4--,we wi% to call  
back ! att5tion ( ! read] to ?is        
reliable /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,/abl]1 n only =
 its importance to f>m]s1 b because !   
same ?+ has be5 rem>k$ by o!r g5tlem5 :o
 h us$ guano4 ,x c only be acc\nt$ = f !
 fact1 t guano seems to be peculi>ly    
adapt$1 m ?an any o!r manure1 to give ! 
"y clov] a vigor\s />t1 s t 9 its e>ly  
/ages x acquires a gr[? too /rong to be 
affect$ by ! usual c\rse ( freez+ &     
?aw+1 by :i* less vigor\s plants are    
?r[n out4 ,= ?is reason alone1 if guano 
_h no o!r value1 f>m]s 9 "s sections ( !
 c\ntry :]e ! soil is peculi>ly affect$ 
by ?is difficulty1 w\ld f9d _! acc\nt 9 
! use ( an article :i* w\ld enable !m to
 gr[ clov]1 = clov] is manure1 & x %\ld 
be a s9e qua non ) e f>m] to avail      

himself ( all ! means )9 8 rea* to      
increase ! supply ( manure f ! products 
( 8 f>m4 ,let him n dep5d alone ^u !    
pur*ase ( guano1 b r ^u ! means :i* t   
br+s )9 8 rea* ( increas+ 8 home supply 
by ! gr[? ( clov]1 & l>gely increas$    
production ( /raw4 ,^? :o are int]e/$   
pecuni>ily1 :i* ! writ] is n1 9 !       
increas$ sale ( guano 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 h no fe>s t our recomm5dations to make 
manure at home--to use lime1 pla/]1     
bones1 clov]1 & e o!r s\rce ( f]tility  
)9 _! rea*1 w decrease ! sale ( guano4  
,on ! contr>y1 ^? :o are mo/ dispos$ to 
use all ^! s\rces ( f]tility1 are ! v m5
 mo/ dispos$ to use a sub/ance :i* all  
exp]i5ce has prov$ sup]ior to all o!rs4 
,besides1 !re is1 & probably always w   
be1 en\gh worn out l&s :i* c be         
pr(itably r5ovat$1 to use up all ! guano
 :i* w ev] f9d its way into ?is c\ntry4 
,s our e>ne/ recomm5dation is1 :]e lime 
is available1 let no man claim+ !       
honorable title ( f>m]1 fail to make !  
application4 ,let him also ga!r up all !

 fragm5ts--let no?+ be lo/--make all !  
manure at home he possibly c1 & !n he w 
n only h ! means1 b a disposition also  
to buy t :i* a b5efic5t ,provid5ce s5ds 
him f ! coa/ ( ,p]u2 ( ! good effect (  
:i* we w prove by fur!r te/imony--t ( ! 
,hon4 ,james ,a4 ,pe>ce1 ,s5ator f      
,m>yl&1 & a f>m] ( no small note 9 t    
,/ate4 ,he says--,9 ,april #ahde1 ,i    
appli$ #cej lbs41 probably ( ,african or
 ,patagonian guano to an acre ( gr[+    
:eat1 ! l& be+ entirely unimprov$ & v   
poor4 ,x 0 appli$ z a top dress+1 (     
c\rse1 b mix$ ) pla/]4 7,9 :at          
proportion he does n say1 b we w by &   
bye2 b he does say7--,! :eat 0 d\bl$ 9  
quantity at lea/--f9e clov] succe$$ x--&
 9 two crops1 "o ( corn & "o ( small    
gra91 ?ree & f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 !       
effects are /ill app>5t4 ,n[ ?is effect 
0 produc$ by ! use ( ! guano z a top    
dress+2 a me?od univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to 
be ! mo/ unfavorable to ! developm5t ( !
 full value ( ! application4  ,! editor 
( ! ,f>m] 9 answ] to an inquiry :e!r a  

comb9ation ( *>coal1 pla/]1 & guano w\ld
 make a pr(itable top dress+ 9 spr+ =   
:eat1 says1 yes--b ?9ks if x _h be5 pl[$
 9 ) ! se$ 9 ! fall1 ! result w\ld h be5
 mu* bett]4 ,h[ev]1 says he1 we ent]ta9 
n ! slighte/ d\bt1 t1 if 8 :eat field be
 top dress$ ) ! mixture next spr+1 x w  
greatly increase ! yield ( 8 :eat crop1 
unless ! season %\ld prove a v dry "o1 z
 ! *>coal1 & pla/]1 w ea* t5d to prev5t 
! escape ( ! ammoniacal gases ( ! guano1
 & z x 71 (f] !m up z food to ! :eat    
plants4  ,9 ,april #ahde1 ,i appli$ #cej
 lbs4 ( guano to an acre ( gr[+ :eat1 ! 
l& be+ entirely unimprov$ & v poor4 ,(  
c\rse x 0 appli$ z a top-dress+1 mix$1  
h[ev]1 ) pla/]4 ,! :eat 0 d\bl$ 9       
quantity at lea/2 f9e clov] succe$$ x2 &
 9 two crops1 "o ( corn1 & ! o!r ( small
 gra91 la/ ye> & ! pres5t1 ! effects are
 /ill app>5t4  ,if our correspond5t w\ld
 mix1 9 ! proportion ( #bjj lbs4 (      
guano1 "o bu%el ( *>coal1 & half a bu%el
 ( pla/] p] acre1 & s[ ! mixture on 8   
:eat field next spr+1 aft] ! fro/ is    

entirely out ( ! gr\nd1 !n se$ ea* acre 
) clov] se$1 & roll 8 l&1 we h no d\bt t
 8 :eat crop w\ld be increas$ five or   
six bu%els to ! acre1 p]haps m1 & t he  
w\ld h a good /& ( clov] plants1 & a    
luxuriant crop ( ! latt] next ye>4  ,our
 op9ion is1 t guano$ l& %\ld always be  
s[$ to clov]1 or clov] & or*>d grass4   
,9 ?is1 p>ticul>ly ! op9ion ( ! la/     
p>agraph1 we fully concur--to obta9 !   
full value ( guano x mu/ ei!r be mix$ ) 
pla/] or *>coal1 or :at is bett]1 pl[$ 9
 & ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! soil1 & ! l&
 always s[n ) clov]1 peas or "s o!r     
plant ( equal value = gre5 manure4 ,x is
 true ,col4 ,c>t] has be5 successful )  
:eat aft] :eat2 :ile _m cont9ue         
successful1 by c>efully reta9+ all !    
/raw2 ! guano be+ suffici5t to keep up !
 ev]la/+ ability ( ! soil to produce an 
annual crop ( gra94   ,,! ,,five ,,field
 ,,sy/em ,,& ,,guano4  ,we look ^u ?is z
 ! mo/ pref]able ( all o!r sy/ems ( f>m+
 ev] adopt$ 9 ! ,s\?--x is ! sy/em (    
,edmund ,ruff91 to :om ,virg9ia owes a  

debt ( gratitude beyond h] p[] to pay4  
,x w be se5 f ! foll[+ extract f a lett]
 ( ,mr4 ,newton t t em95t agriculturi/  
is ( op9ion t improvem5t ( poor l& is   
unlimit$1 if guano 9 connection ) ?is   
sy/em is p]sev]+ly appli$4 ,he says--,! 
five field ,sy/em1 :i* is n[ rapidly    
ext5d+ ov] all ! poor & worn l&s t are  
n[ "u improvem5t by m>l1 lime1 or guano1
 orig9at$1 or at lea/ 0 fir/ ext5sively 
introduc$ 9 l[] ,virg9ia1 on !          
,pamunkey1 & has !re wr\ght wond]s1 aid$
 by m>l & judici\s f>m+4 ,! rotation is 
corn1--:eat1--clov]--:eat1 or clov]     
fall[1--& pa/ure1 & aft] pa/ure "o ye>1 
comm5c+ ! r\nd aga9 ) corn4 ,?is sy/em1 
if guano be appli$ to bo? crops ( :eat1 
on corn l& & fall[1 or alt]nately ) lime
 or m>l1 :5 calc>e\s manures are        
requir$1 w readily increase ! crops &   
p]man5t improvem5t ( ! l&4 ,9 !         
comm5cem5t ( ! rotation1 lime _h bett]  
be appli$ ) ! putresc5t manures to !    
corn crop1 to be foll[$ by guano on     
:eat4 ,if ?is sy/em be p]sev]+ly1       

pursu$1 ,i c sc>cely see any reasonable 
limits to ! improvem5t ( poor l&s & !   
increase ( ! pr(its ( agriculture4      
,disappo9tm5t w result f ! application (
 lime1 m>l1 salt pota%1 guano1 or any   
special & highly conc5trat$ sub/ance z a
 f]tiliz]1 to ! neglect ( organic       
manures4 ,we lay d[n ?is fact z         
incontrov]tible1 t no soil1 h[ev] f]tile
 x may be made = ! "t be+ by any ( ^!   
special manures1 c rema9 p]man5tly s1   
unless c>e is us$ to ma9ta9 a heal?ful  
supply ( organic matt]1--ri* m\ld--good 
soil ^u ! l& cultivat$4 ,if ?is is done1
 we nev] %all he> ( guano fail+ to br+  
increas$ crops or ( ! l& runn+ out1 :]e 
x has be5 appli$4 ,special manures ( any
 k9d may fail to produce crops1 :]e ?is 
ess5tial requisite to good f>m+ is      
neglect$4 ,guano1 9 our op9ion1 %\ld    
always be foll[$ by crops ( clov]1      
grass1 peas1 or "s crop t w %ade ! e>?1 
& c be turn$ "u ) ! pl[1 to keep up !   
necess>y supply ( nitrog5\s food = c]eal
 crops4  ,! effect ( ,lime & ,salt ^u l&

 is to dissolve ! in]t portions (       
organic matt]s 9 ! soil1 s t plants c   
suck up _! sub/ance into _! own         
composition4 ,bo? are highly b5eficial1 
b insuffici5t to add p]man5t f]tility4  
,! effect ( guano1 is great] ?an any o!r
 highly conc5trat$ manure ev] discov]$ &
 appli$ to any soil4 ,its b5efits are   
imm$iate cont9u\s1 & unlike lime1 )\t   
exhau/+ ! soil ( its organic matt]4 ,yet
 its b5efits w be increas$ by ! addition
 ( organic manures d]iv$ f gre5 crops1  
/raw1 or ! /able1 & ! value ( ^! w be   
greatly increas$ by ! addition ( lime1  
salt & pla/]1 :ile any defici5cy (      
phosphates mu/ be suppli$ by p[d]$ bones
 or ano!r application ( guano4  ,!      
effect ( pla/] ) guano is to arre/ !    
excursive disposition ( ! volatile p>ts 
( ! guano1 & imprison !m 9 ! e>? until  
call$ =? by ! gr[+ plants to d ! ,/ate  
"s s]vice4 ,! foll[+ "q to ! ,editor ( !
 ,am]ican ,f>m]1 & 8 reply1 are to !    
po9t 9 ?is matt]3--  ,a correspond5t    
says--,z to ! "q ( mix+ pla/] ) guano1  

!re is "o "q ,i %\ld l to propose to !  
editor1 viz4--':at w be ! effect ( s[+  
guano ^u l& by itself1 & !n1 ! se$ be+ 9
 ! gr\nd1 giv+ x a heavy top-dress+ (   
pla/]1 s z to arre/ ! 'excursion1' ( :i*
 s mu* is said8  ,reply by ! editor4--,!
 effect ( su* application ( guano &     
pla/] w\ld be1 to prev5t ! wa/e ( !     
ammonia ( ! =m]1 z e ra9 w\ld decompose 
m or less ( ! pla/]1 sep>ate ! sulphuric
 acid f ! lime1 & ! sulphuric acid :5   
lib]at$1 w\ld unite ) ! ammonia1 =m a   
sulphate ( ammonia1 & hold ! latt] 9    
res]ve to be tak5 up by ! roots ( !     
plants4 ,! pres5ce ( pla/] ) all organic
 manures1 ei!r directly mix$ ) !m1 or   
broadca/$ aft] !y may be appli$1 t5ds to
 prev5t ! escape ( _! volatile p>ts4 ,we
 pref] !m toge!r = two reasons1--fir/1  
because1 by br++ ! two into imm$iate    
contact1 ! action ( ! pla/] is m direct2
 & secondly1 because ! "t & exp5se ( "o 
s[+ is !reby sav$4 ,we g = sav+ e way1 z
 "t & labor co/s money1 & we look ^u    
economy z a virtue1 :i* %\ld be practis$

 by all1 & especially by husb&m54  ,if !
 pla/] & guano is mix$ toge!r1 #be lbs4 
( ! =m] to #ajj lbs4 ( ! latt]1 w be    
f\nd a prop] proportion1 & suffici5t to 
prev5t ! ammonia f mak+ an excursion4   
,unless ! soil be v poor1 #bjj lbs4 (   
good ,p]uvian guano is z mu* z we %\ld  
recomm5d = :eat4 ,9 ?is we h !          
concurr5ce ( ! editor ( ! ,f>m]1 &      
p]haps a hundr$ g5tlem5 :om we h conv]s$
 ) ^u ?is subject4 ,all agree 9 !       
op9ion1 :e!r mix$ ) pla/] or n1 t a     
judici\s application ( guano w m c]ta9ly
 re/ore productiv5ess to worn out l&1 or
 add f]tility to t already productive1  
?an any o!r sub/ance ev] appli$4  ,want 
( ,fai? 9 ! efficacy ( guano4--,:atev]  
d\bts may h exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( c>eful m51 
!re is no room = d\bts n[1 t ,p]uvian   
guano possesses reg5]at+ prop]ties      
beyond belief1 )\t evid5ce1 & capacity  
to increase ! productiv5ess ( l&s 9 s\nd
 condition1 9 su* an em95t degree1 t any
 f>m] :o has ! p[] to obta9 x1 ev9ces   
great folly & p]v]se ob/9acy1 if he     

cont9ue to cultivate 8 l& )\t apply+ x2 
ei!r = want ( fai?1 or pret5d$ disbelief
 9 its efficacy2 or because he ?9ks !   
price fix$ ^u x by ! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t1
 unju/ifiably high2 or because al?\gh he
 has no d\bt x w answ] 9 ! moi/ climate 
( ,engl&1 is sure x w nev] answ] 9 ?is  
dry climate2 or because he is afraid !  
luxuriant crops produc$ by ! application
 ( guano w exhau/ 8 l&2 or because 8    
neighbor ,jones kill$ all 8 se$ corn by 
putt+ only a h&ful 9 ! hill2 :ile ,mrs4 
,jones kill$ all h] fl[]s & fifty k9ds (
 roses ) ! pis5 /uff2 & !re=e he don't  
want any m to d ) x2 or because x has   
fail$ to give remun]ation "u ! mo/      
injudici\s application1 made contr>y to 
all in/ructions or exp]i5ce ( ^? :o h   
us$ x2 or = any & all ! o!r ?\s& & "o   
objections rais$ by ^? :o h nev] us$ x1 
& seem det]m9$ !y nev] w2 probably      
because :5 ! almo/ miracul\s acc\nts (  
its op]ations 7 fir/ publi%$1 !y _h cri$
 out humbug s l\dly !y are det]m9$ no   
aft] evid5ce %all conv9ce !m ! only     

humbug 9 ! case 0 9 _! own disbelief4 ,x
 is = ! b5efit ( ^! unbeliev]s we are n[
 writ+4 ,our object is to pres5t su* an 
array ( facts gu>ante$ by su*           
respectable names1 !y %all h no hook to 
hang a d\bt ^u--no reason--no ju/ifiable
 excuse = any sane man long] to neglect 
to apply an article ( su* positive1     
c]ta9 b5efit to 8 hungry soil4   ,,ed4  
,,reynolds ,,esq41 ,,( ,,baltimore1 ,,on
 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,guano4  ,writ+ on !  
subject ( b\ght manures1 z ev]y?+ is    
t]m$ n produc$ ^u ! f>m1 & h[ dubi\sly  
!y are look$ ^u by "s p]sons call+      
!mselves good f>m]s1 = fe> ( be+        
humbugg$1 ,mr4 ,reynolds says1 9 a lett]
 dat$ ,july1 #ahej1 ,s9ce #ahdc1 ,i h   
be5 try+ to f9d out :i* is ! be/ ( all  
^! 'new ?+s1' & h n[1 aft] hav+ be5 v   
consid]ably humbugg$1 settl$ d[n ^u     
bones & guano--al?\gh1 ev5 ! la/ nam$ 9 
a v dry ye>1 has also '*eat$ me'2 b ?is 
is by no means its "*1 z ,i am con/ra9$ 
to admit1 t aft] hav+ tri$ x on all     
sorts ( soil1 & p]haps z long if n long]

 ?an any o!r p]son 9 ! ,/ate1 x is my   
op9ion t :5 prop]ly appli$1 ) an av]age 
fair season1 x is a v p[]ful f]tiliz]4  
,my mode ( us+ x is1 :5 appli$ to       
tobacco1 to mix "o & a half bu%els ( !  
,p]uvian1 7:i* is ord9>ily #ajj lbs47 ) 
"o bu%el ri* e>?1 & "o bu%el ( pla/]1   
:i* admits ab\t ! fif? "p ( a gill ( !  
mixture to ea* hill = e #e1jjj hills--& 
putt+ x 9 ! c5t] ( ! *eck be=e be+      
scrap$--s t :5 ! hill is made1 x lies   
b5ea? ! plant4 ,on :eat1 ,i apply ?ree  
bu%els ( ,p]uvian guano equal to #bjj   
lbs4 mix$ ) "o bu%el ( pla/]1 "o bu%el  
ri* e>? to ! acre1 s[+ on ! surface &   
pl[+ x 9 z soon & z deep z possible1    
aft] x is s[$4 ,! pa/ spr+ ,i h put #cjj
 lbs4 to ! acre1 on #cj acres ( corn1   
be+ half ( a field1 on a f>m 9 ,calv]t1 
mix+ ) x ! same quantity ( ri* e>? &    
pla/]1 & s[+ on ! surface1 pl[+ 9 at    
once v deep1 us+ ! cultivator only 9    
work+ x aft]w>ds4 ,i d n int5d to use x 
at all ) corn1 h]eaft]1 b n because ,i d
 n ?9k x also a good f]tiliz] ) ?is     

crop1 7z my corn on my ,calv]t f>m1 ^u  
:i* x has be5 us$1 n[ %[s v fair17 b    
only because x has nev] fail$ to pay me 
?ree fold bett] on :eat1 ?an on any?+   
else4 ,9 ord] to te/ its virtue1 x is   
ess5tially necess>y to pl[ x 9 deeply1 &
 /ir x z little z possible aft]w>ds4    
,bones4--,( ^! ,i h us$ bo? gr\nd &     
cru%$1 & always to advantage at t5 to   
twelve bu%els p] acre2 b\ght f          
manufactur]s "h1 & ag5ts ( h\ses 9 ,new 
,york2 b ,i am us+ ! cru%$ dissolv$ by  
oil ( vitriol1 z prep>$ by myself on my 
f>m 9 ,calv]t 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,! bones1 
7:i* we buy 9 ! neighborhood at #ej c5ts
 p] #aab lbs47 aft] break+ !m ) a small 
sl$ge hamm] on an old anvil1 we put at !
 rate ( ?ree bu%els 9 half a hog%ead1 & 
apply to t quantity #ge lbs4 oil (      
vitriol1 fill+ up ! half hog%ead to )9  
eight in*es ( ! top ) wat]1 lett+ !m    
rema91 7b /ir ! cont5ts occasionally ) a
 /ick17 say two to five weeks1 accord+  
to ! quality & /r5g? ( ! vitriol2 !n />t
 ! cont5ts ( ! half hog%ead into a l>ge 

iron kettle1 apply a slight fire & !    
:ole cont5ts w 9 less ?an an h\r be     
r$uc$ to a p]fect jelly4 ,we use two    
half hog%eads at once1 to prep>e x      
exp$iti\sly4 ,we !n mix ! cont5ts ( ea* 
kettle1 ) a horse c>t load ( ri* e>?1 or
 a%es1 ?r[+ 9 a half b>rel ( pla/]1 mix 
or compo/ x h&somely1 & use at pleasure1
 on an acre ( l& ) any crop y *oose1 & y
 w h p]man5tly improv$ two acres at !   
foll[+ co/1 viz3 ,bones1 #a4ej1 vitriol1
 #c4ge1 pla/]1 #a4ab1 mak+ #f4cg1 or    
#c4ah p] acre1 & ?is may be repeat$ s z 
) prop] att5tion1 z mu* la/+ improvem5t 
may be made ea* ye> z _m f>m]s d]ive f  
_! b>n y>ds4 ,bones 9 any =m nev] fails 
to %[ _! /rik+ effects on clov] & o!r   
grasses--b ei!r bones or guano w sc>cely
 ev] fail to produce a bett] crop (     
clov]1 :i*1 ) ! increas$ quantity (     
/raw1 7p>ticul>ly :5 guano is us$17 w   
enable & enc\rage ! sav+ ( l>g]         
quantities ( b>n y>d manure1 & :i* mu/  
inevitably cause a la/+ improvem5t4     
,?is co9cides ) our views exactly1 z we 

h 9 all ^! pages endeavor$ to impress ^u
 our read]s1 t ! increas$ gr[? ( /raw f 
! use ( guano1 w increase ! manure pile1
 & inevitably cause a la/+ improvem5t4  
,p\drette4--,i h us$ also1 to good      
advantage1 p>ticul>ly on clayey l&s1 at 
! rate ( six to eight b>rels p] acre4 ,x
 is a fir/ rate top dress+ on "y clov] 9
 spr+1 at two to ?ree b>rels p] acre2   
?is article has be5 prep>$ s badly      
h]et(ore1 t a great quantity ( x 0      
really wor?less4  ,we also conc$e to    
p\drette z mu* cr$it z ,mr4 ,reynolds b 
z w be se51 x w co/ m to improve l& ) x 
?an ) guano4  ,prep>$                   
,guano--,agricultural ,salts--,g5]ators 
& ,reg5]ators4--,( ^!1 ! te/imony ( ,mr4
 ,reynolds is exactly to ! po9t1 concise
 & /rong1 & exactly 9 accordance ) all !
 facts we h be5 able to collect ^u !    
same subject4 ,he says1 ,i h tri$ !m on 
corn1 :eat1 oats1 clov] & tobacco2 b h  
yet to discov] t !y ev] g5]at$ any?+ =  
me1 ?\gh ,i h he>d !m sometimes well    
spok5 (4  ,want ( room 9 ?is pamphlet   

alone prev5ts u f ins]t+ ! names &      
op]ations ( _m o!r g5tlem5 9 ?is rapidly
 improv+ ,/ate--a ,/ate n[ und]go+ !    
process ( r5ovation by ! use ( guano1 to
 a great] ext5t1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r 9 !
 ,union4   ,,guano ,,9 ,,delaw>e4  ,hon4
 ,john ,m4 ,clayton's ,f>m4--,no "o :o  
looks ^u ?is highly improv$ f>m n[1 )   
its mo/ luxuriant crops1 c be made to   
believe x 0 a b>r5 wa/e sev5 ye>s       
ago--h>dly wor? f5c+ or cultivat+4 ,?is 
great *ange1 s f> beyond ! p[] ( human  
belief1 has be5 effect$ by lime1 pla/] &
 guano4 ,! railroad f ,fr5*t[n to ,new  
,ca/le1 passes ?r\gh ?is f>m1 f\r miles 
f ! latt] place4 ,x is well wor?y a     
visit f any "o anxi\s to make p]sonal   
obs]vations ( ! effects ( b\ght manures1
 ^u a soil too poor to support a goose  
p] acre4  ,effect ( ,guano on           
,oats4--,dur+ a visit to ,mr4 ,clayton1 
9 #ahea1 we saw ! mo/ luxuriant gr[? (  
oats ^u "o ( ! fields ( ?is f>m1 :i* we 
h ev] witness$1 & x has be5 our =tune to
 see "s tall specim5s ( ?is crop on !   

bottom l&s ( ,ohio1 ,indiana1 &         
,ill9ois4 ,! se$ he _h obta9$ f ,engl&1 
& ! means ( mak+ x gr[1 f ,p]u4 ,! guano
 0 pl[$ 9 ) ! oats1 at ! rate ( #cej    
lbs4 to ! acre4 ,! soil is a yell[      
clayey loam4 ,! effect ^u o!r crops _h  
be5 equally b5eficial4 ,! gr[? ( clov] 0
 s great he _h pur*as$ ?irty bullocks to
 fatt51 = ! purpose ( try+ to consume "s
 ( 8 surplus fe$4 ,! effect ^u :eat1    
corn1 potatoes1 turnips1 g>d5 vegetables
 & fruit trees1 0 almo/ z a/oni%+ z ^u !
 oats & grass4  ,c4 ,p4 ,holcomb1 ,esq41
 "o ( ! mo/ improv+ f>m]s ( "o ( ! mo/  
improv+ c\nties 9 ! ,u4,s41 has met )   
great success 9 ! use ( lime1 pla/]1 &  
guano4 ,8 beautiful highly improv$ home 
f>m is ne> ,newca/le2 b t ^u :i* he has 
met ) great success 9 ! use ( guano1    
lies ab\t f\r miles f ,dov]4 ,be=e he   
pur*as$ x _h become celebrat$ = its     
mis]able pov]ty4 ,x is n[ equally       
celebrat$ = its productiv5ess4 ,! use ( 
guano 9 t "p ( ! ,/ate has n[ rea*$ a   
po9t f> beyond :at ! mo/ sangu9e w\ld h 

d>$ to pr$ict f\r ye>s ago2 & ! b5efits 
are ( ! mo/ flatt]+ k9d4 ,l&s h be5     
increas$ 9 value to a f> great] ext5t   
?an all ! money paid = guano2 :ile !    
increas$ pr(it f ! annual crops1 has    
produc$ correspond+ improvem5ts 9 !     
condition & happ9ess ( ! p4  ,no great] 
bless+1 said an intellig5t g5tleman to  
me1 ev] 0 be/[$ ^u ! p ( ,delaw>e4      
,ext5sive use ( ,guano by a ,delaw>e    
f>m]4 ,maj4 ,jones1 ^: "n is ext5sively 
kn[n z a v ent]pris+ f>m]1 pur*as$ 9 !  
summ] ( #ahea1 ( ,messrs4 ,a4,b4 ,all5  
,co4 ,new ,york1 sixty tons ( ,p]uvian  
guano1 = 8 own use4 ,) ?is he dress$    
#cjj acres ( :eat1 ^u ! f>m at 8        
resid5ce on ! ,bohemia manor2 pl[+ 9 "p 
( x & putt+ 9 "p ( x by a drill+ ma*9e  
at ! rate ( #bjj lbs4 to ! acre1 s[+ !  
:eat all 9 drills4 ,"p ( ! gr\nd 0      
clov]1 "p corn1 & p]haps "o half :eat & 
oat /ubble4 ,! e>? at ! "t ( s[+ 0 s    
dry1 d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ :e!r x w\ld ev]   
vegetate2 & t & o!r causes ext5d$ ! "w s
 late1 ^u a portion ( ! gr\nd1 !re 0    

sc>cely any appe>ance ( gre5ness :5 x   
froze up4 ,) all ^! disadvantages1 !    
crop 0 e/imat$ at h>ve/ at tw5ty bu%els 
to ! acre4 ,)\t guano no "o acqua9t$ ) !
 f>m w\ld h e/imat$ ! crop at an av]age 
( t5 bu%els4 ,?is gives an und\bt$      
increase ( five bu%els = ea* hundr$     
weight ( guano2 & z ! soil conta9s a    
good deal ( clay ) :i* ! guano 0 well   
mix$1 x w reta9 mu* ( ! value ( !       
application1 = ! next crop4 ,maj4 ,jones
 has h]et(ore d]iv$ v great b5efits f ! 
use ( guano1 z might safely be adjudg$ f
 ! fact ( 8 risk+ #c1jjj 9 "o pur*ase ( 
! same article4  ,la/+ effects (        
,guano4--,maj4 ,jones is well satisfi$  
^u ?is po9t4 ,9 #ahdg1 he us$ #af tons1 
half ,p]uvian & half ,patagonian1 s[$ ) 
a lime-spread+ ma*9e & pl[$ 9 deep1 say 
eight in*es on clayey loam--plant$ corn 
& made #fj bu%els p] acre on #ajj acres2
 :i* 0 an increase ( #ab bu%els p] acre 
ov] any =m] ye>4 ,next spr+ ! we$s grew 
z high z 8 head on horseback4 ,roll$ !m 
d[n & pl[$ "u & s[$ :eat1 five pecks to 

! acre1 & made a heavi] crop ?an ev]    
be=e made on same l&1 :i* he attributes 
entirely to ! guano4 ,?9ks ! ?ird crop (
 :eat is b5efitt$ f guano pl[$ 9 ?ree   
ye>s previ\s4  ,! ext5t to :i* guano is 
us$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,delaw>e may be inf]r$ f
 ! fact t x is n at all unusual =       
m]*ants 9 small c\ntry villages to      
pur*ase f #ej to #bjj tons at a "t = _! 
retail trade4  ,among o!r successful    
us]s ( guano 9 t ,/ate1 we may m5tion   
,gov]nor ,ross1 :o1 if z good a rul] z  
he is f>m]1 ought to be cont9u$ 9 (fice 
to ! end ( life4  ,! soil to :i* guano  
has be5 mo/ly appli$ 9 ?is ,/ate is a   
s&y loam1 & ! process ( apply+ x1 by s[+
 broadca/ f #bjj to #cej lbs4 p] acre1 &
 pl[+ 9 f f\r to six in*es deep1 previ\s
 to s[+ :eat1 :i* is always foll[$ by   
clov]1 by e "o :o und]/&s 8 own true    
int]e/2 = :]ev] t c\rse has be5 pursu$1 
!re has be5 a c]ta9 pr(it d]iv$ f !     
application1 ev5 :5 ! :eat has fail$4   
,! improvem5ts 9 f>m+ 9 ,delaw>e )9 !   
la/ t5 ye>s1 w probably exce$ 9         

proportion to acres & p1 any o!r ,/ate 9
 ! ,union4 ,ne>ly all ! nor!rn "p ( !   
,/ate has be5 :it5$ ) lime1 & ! s\!rn "p
 is rapidly foll[+ ! same pa?2 :ile !   
sale ( guano 9 all p>ts w exce$ any o!r 
section ( ! c\ntry1 if n 9 quantity1    
c]ta9ly 9 numb]s ( p]sons mak+ use ( ?is
 sure means ( re/or+ ! l&s ( an almo/   
ru9$ ,/ate1 to _! pri/9e f]tility4      
,,guano ,,9 ,,p5sylvania4  ,!re has     
probably be5 less guano us$ 9 ?is great 
,/ate1 ?an 9 h] little si/]1 ( :i* we h 
j be5 speak+4 ,?is may be ow+ to ! fact 
t great improvem5ts h be5 made by ! use 
( lime1 & t ,p5sylvania f>m]s g5]ally   
are n mu* incl9$ to leave ! pa? _! fa!rs
 trod be=e !m2 or t !y are skeptical z  
to :at !y he> ( ! miracul\s p[]s (      
guano2 h5ce1 its use has be5 9 a great  
measure conf9$ to m>ket g>d5]s1 or      
exp]im5ts 9 a small way2 ! sales at     
,philadelphia1 = home consumption1 s f> 
z we h notic$1 are mo/ly 9 small lots ( 
"o to t5 bags4 ,among all ) :om we h    
conv]s$1 h[ev]1 :o h us$ ,p]uvian guano 

9 t ,/ate1 we h nev] he>d a d\bt        
express$ ( its value1 ?\gh ! idea1      
/rangely en\gh seems to prevail1 t x w  
only be pr(itable = g>dn]s & small      
f>m]s1 & t x is ( no b5efit to succe$+  
crops4 ,no d\bt ! progress ( improvem5t 
by ! use ( guano 9 t vic9ity has be5    
greatly ret>d$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sale ( 
consid]able quantities ( *eap guano1 :i*
 h[ev] l[ 9 ! scale ( prices1 is /ill   
l[] 9 ! scale ( values4 ,9 fact1 !re is 
b "o ?+ connect$ ) ! spuri\s /uff1 l[] 9
 any scale1 & t is ! hone/y ( ^? :o     
manufacture or kn[+ly sell su* a        
villa9\s comp\nd to f>m]s1 :o are utt]ly
 ignorant ^u ! subject1 "u solemn       
assurances1 t x is equal to any guano 9 
m>ket1 & only a little m ?an half price4
  ,mr4 ,l&re?1 ! celebrat$ se$sman (    
,philadelphia1 appli$ #ejj wor? (       
,p]uvian guano la/ spr+1 pr9cipally on !
 bean crop--he ?9ks guano admirably     
adapt$ to all ! ,brassica tribe1 includ+
 turnips1 cabbages1 rutubaga1 radi%es & 
all cruci=m plants4 ,^u a lawn :i*      

appe>$ to be runn+ out1 he appli$ guano1
 & ! grass is n[ gre5 & vigor\s4 ,! "* (
 8 soil may be judg$ f its location2 x  
is on ! ,delaw>e riv] above ,bri/ol1 &  
_h be5 awfully sk9n$ be=e he came 9     
possession4 ,n[1 ) a lib]al exp5diture =
 manures1 he gets two crops a ye>4      
,guano = grass l&s4--,! ,g]mant[n       
,telegraph says3 ,! application ( guano 
broadca/ to grass l&s has be5 f\nd to   
produce a decid$ diff]5ce 9 ! crop4 ,9  
sev]al in/ances ?is season1 :]e ,p]uvian
 guano has be5 appli$ at ! rate ( #bjj  
lbs4 p] acre1 ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 ! 
yield ( hay has be5 d\ble 9 quantity1   
ov] ! int]m$iate l&s n s treat$2 & 9 e  
in/ance notic$1 x is believ$ t !        
diff]5ce 9 quantity produc$ w amply     
repay ! co/ ( ! guano4   ,,guano ,,9    
,,new ,,j]sey4  ,guano has n be5        
ext5sively us$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ow+ to !  
abundance ( gre5 s& m>l1 :i* is a v     
valuable f]tiliz]1 ab\nd+ 9 t "p ( !    
,/ate mo/ 9 ne$ ( artificial manures4   
,guano has1 :]ev] us$1 produc$ ! mo/    

a/oni%+ results4 ,"o ( ^! we witness$ ^u
 ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,edw>d ,h>ris1 a g5tleman 
well kn[n = 8 ent]pris+ _s ( improvem5t 
& intellig5ce 9 agriculture1 :o resides 
at ,moore/[n1 :i* lies 9 ! s&y region   
ea/ ( ,philadelphia4 ,he s[$ #djj lbs4  
to ! acre1 pl[$ 9 ) d\ble pl[1 s[$ oats 
& se$$ ) timo?y1 :i* ^u simil> soil (t5 
burns out = want ( %ade1 aft] ! oats are
 h>ve/$4 ,n s 9 ?is case4 ,! %att]$ oats
 f a rem>kably f9e crop1 vegetat$ & grew
 ) su* a d>k gre5 luxuriance1 !re 0 m   
dang] ( ! "y grass be+ smo!r$ out2 s he 
_h to put ! m[]s at "w1 :o cut heavy    
swa?s ( ?is second crop ( oats1 = hay4  
,if x _h be5 situat$ s x c\ld h be5 f$  
(f1 ! am\nt ( pa/ure w\ld h be5 almo/   
incalculable4 ,x is ne$less to say !    
effect ( guano ^u ?is l&1 0 n evanesc5t4
 ,o!r trials made by ,mr4 ,h>ris1 h     
conv9c$ him ( its value to ,j]sey f>m]s1
 & t good z ,squankum m>l und\bt$ly is1 
f>m]s w\ld d bett] to exp5d "p1 at lea/1
 ( _! money 9 guano4  ,! "n ( ,james    
,buckalew is kn[n1 p]haps1 m ext5sively 

?an any o!r 9 ,new ,j]sey1 z "o ( h] mo/
 ent]pris+1 rapidly improv+1 money mak+ 
f>m]s1 ^: te/imony 9 favor ( guano may  
be easily obta9$ by any "o :o w take !  
tr\ble to g & see :at beautiful f>ms he 
has made out ( ! b>r5 s&s ne> ! ,jame/[n
 /ation1 on ! ,camd5  ,amboy railroad1  
by ! use ( lime1 pla/]1 m>l1 manure &   
guano4 ,x is a pity t e "o :o d\bts !   
feasibility ( pr(itably improv+ ! wor/  
l& 9 t ,/ate1 by ! p[] ( su* an ag5t z  
,p]uvian guano1 c\ld n see :at has be5  
done by ,mr4 ,buckalew4 ,let !m also    
look at :at 7 once b>e s& hills ar\nd ! 
resid5ce ( ,commodore ,/ev5s1 at ,s\?   
,amboy1 a g5tleman :o ought to be m     
r5[n$ = 8 improvem5ts on l& ?an wat]1   
not)/&+ 8 _w wide reputation1 9         
connection ) ! ya*t ,am]ica4 ,g ask h[ x
 is t ^! drift$ s& hills h be5 cov]$ )  
rank grass1 clov]1 corn1 turnips & o!r  
luxuriant crops2 ! v e*o ( ! "q w be1   
guano4  ,look at ! a/oni%+ crops (      
,pr(essor ,mapes1 at ,new>k4 ,p]uvian   
guano1 9 comb9ation ) 8 improv$         

sup]phosphate ( lime1 ha? wr\ght !      
miracle1 aid$ z x has be51 by ! deepe/  
pl[+ ev] done 9 t ,/ate4  ,mr4 ,samuel  
,all51 at ,morri/[n1 has n[ gr[+ ^u a   
poor b>r51 gravelly knoll1 a crop ( corn
 :i* might put to blu% ! own] ( a ri* & 
well manur$ field1 & :i* ought to put to
 blu% "s ( ! unbeliev]s 9 ! p[] ( guano 
to produce su* a gr[? ^u su* a soil2 r  
:]e !re 0 no soil1 h>dly en\gh to gr[ a 
respectable crop ( mull5 /alks4 ,mr4    
,all5 has tri$ guano = sev]al ye>s ^u e 
k9d ( g>d5 vegetable1 ) ! mo/ wond]ful  
success4 ,a crop ( ,lima beans n[ gr[+  
exhibit its wond]ful p[] 9 ! /ronge/    
mann]4 ,! application has be5 made by a 
small dose at plant+ & two spr9kl+s ho$ 
9 dur+ _! gr[?4  ,a great _m o!r p]sons 
9 ?is ,/ate h produc$ mo/ wond]ful      
effects ^u l& almo/ utt]ly wor?less1    
:ile 9 ! imm$iate b5efits1 ^? :o h      
appli$ x to l&s 9 good condition1 h     
pr(it$ m ?an ) d\ble ! co/ ( manure4    
,guano = ,pea* ,trees4--,a ,new ,j]sey  
nurs]yman assur$ u ( 8 firm conviction 9

 ! p[] ( guano to cure ! yell[s 9 pea*  
trees--t no grub or worm c be f\nd alive
 9 ! roots ( a tree :]e guano is        
appli$--t "y trees c be br\ght into be>+
 by ! use ( guano1 a ye> e>li] ?an by   
any o!r =c+ process ) :i* he is         
acqua9t$4   ,,guano ,,on ,,long         
,,isl&4#a  ,"o g5tleman assures u he    
tri$ an exp]im5t v c>efully1 & f\nd an  
application ( guano at two & a half c5ts
 a p\nd1 #cjj lbs4 to ! acre1 m         
economical ?an haul+ 8 own manure "o    
mile4 ,! fair value ( team "w & co/ (   
labor hir$1 0 m to ! acre ?an ! guano1 &
 ! fir/ crop q inf]ior1 ! second no     
diff]5ce1 & ! ?ird slightly 9 favor ( ! 
manure4 ,he ?9ks buy+ city manure1      
p>ticul>ly /reet sweep+s1 ab\t ! poore/ 
use to :i* he c\ld put 8 money1 z he    
c]ta9ly c\ld make #ej p] ct4 m ^u ! same
 am\nt exp5d$ 9 ,p]uvian guano4         
,pr(essor ,mapes ent]ta9s ! same op9ion1
 ab\t haul+ manure1 :]e guano1 or r )   
him1 guano improv$ by ! addition ( 8    
improv$ sup]phosphate ( lime1 c be      

procur$4  ,dr4 ,peck1 a g5tleman well   
kn[n = 8 philan?ropic motives 9 settl+ &
 improv+ ! ,long ,isl& b>r5s1 has prov$ 
t e acre ( t long neglect$1 & until q   
rec5tly consid]$ wor?less portion ( !   
,isl&1 c be r5d]$ f]tile1 s z to be     
cultivat$ ) great pr(it1 ei!r 9 f>ms or 
m>ket g>d5s1 by ! aid ( ?is greate/     
bless+ ev] be/[$ by ,provid5ce ^u an    
unf]tile l&4  ,sev]al ( ! ,messrs4      
,smi?1 ( ,smi?t[n1 c\ld %[ any ,long    
,isl& f>m] :o /ill has d\bts ^u !       
subject1 t guano is ! greate/ work] (   
miracles 9 ?is age--t x is j z capable (
 produc+ great crops on ! b>r5 s&s ( !  
,isl&1 z x is on ! tide wat] %ores (    
,virg9ia1 ^u soil ( ! same "*4  ,a great
 deal has be5 said 9 deprecation ( !    
wa/e ( f]tiliz+ matt]s 9 ! city ( ,new  
,york1 9 :i* ! writ] ( ?is pamphlet has 
consci5ti\sly jo9$2 because1 he ?\ght x 
wick$ to commit su* wa/e1 :ile we 7     
surr\nd$ by l&s ly+ idle1 = ! want ( ^! 
v sub/ances4 ,preci\s1 h[ev]1 z !y w\ld 
be to ! f>m]1 he _c af=d to use !m4 ,t  

is1 x w\ld be poor economy = a ,long    
,isl& f>m]1 no matt] h[ ne> ! city1 to  
exp5d money 9 ! hire ( m51 vessels &    
teams1 to save1 c>ry1 haul & apply to 8 
f>m1 ! imm5se am\nt ( f]tiliz+ sub/ances
 n[ wa/$2 because ! same capital exp5d$ 
9 pur*as+ & apply+ guano1 w produce a   
mu* great] pr(it4 ,! diff]5ce 9 c>tage  
is en\gh to a/oni% "o :o has nev] ?\ght 
^u ! subject4 ,"o man ) a pair ( horses 
c easily c>ry guano en\gh 9 "o day1     
?irty miles into ! c\ntry1 to manure t5 
acres ( gr\nd4 ,to c>ry an equival5t (  
city manure1 9 ! same "t1 w\ld require  
#cjj pair ( horses & #cej m54 ,:o c     
wond] t b>r5 l&s h rema9$ b>r58 ,:o w n 
wond] if !y /ill cont9ue s1 ) su*       
f]tiliz]s z _! own]s might possess to   
r5d] !m o!rwise8 ,b few ( ! resid5ts 9 !
 int]ior ( ,long ,isl&1 if ! manure 0   
giv5 to !m1 c af=d ! "t & team "w to    
haul #cjj loads = t5 acres1 :ile all c  
af=d ! "t = "o load2 & !y may be morally
 c]ta9 ! capital inve/$ 9 t load w be   
return$ 9 ! fir/ crop4 ,! great         

advantage ( guano ov] all o!r manures   
is1 ! conc5tration ( imm5se f]tiliz+ p[]
 9 su* small bulk4  ,guano 9 ,new ,york 
& ,connecticut1 g5]ally1 has be5 less   
us$ ?an any s\nd reason w ju/ify4 ,a    
comp>atively small portion ( ! m>ket    
g>d5]s--a few g5tlem5 9 ! improvem5t (  
rural homes1 & "h & !re a nurs]yman1 h  
d]iv$ imm5se b5efits2 b ! bulk ( ! f>m]s
 are /ill ei!r fai?less1 or ignorant2 9 
mo/ cases ! latt]1 ( ! b5efits !y might 
d]ive f a lib]al exp5diture 9 ! means1 &
 ! only means )9 _! rea*1 ( r5d]+ _! l&s
 productive4  ,effect ( ,guano on ,g>d5 
,se$s4--,f ! society ( ,%ak]s1 at       
,lebanon1 s ju/ly celebrat$ = gr[+ g>d5 
se$s1 we receive ! mo/ positive         
assurance t no manure ev] appli$ by !m1 
has _h su* an effect z guano4 ,!        
production ( se$s ( all descriptions1 is
 n only increas$1 b ! quality is improv$
 to an a/oni%+ degree4 ,! same effect   
has be5 not$ ^u :eat1 p>ticul>ly 9 our  
acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,newton's op]ations4 ,s   
also has x 9 ,engl&4 ,?is view ( ! case 

%\ld give an additional value to guano  
to ! f>m]1 z n only an improv] ( !      
quantity ( 8 products1 b by ! gradual   
improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! se$1         
calculat$ to be ( va/ b5efit to him 9 t 
respect4 ,g>d5 se$s rais$ by guano1 z   
soon z _! sup]iority becomes kn[n1 w be 
9 su* dem& t no o!r c be sold4 ,ano!r   
advantage w arise f ! fact t su* se$s w 
be f\nd entirely free f we$s1 z none gr[
 aft] a few ye>s ^u l& manur$ only )    
guano4  ,! beautiful resid5ce ( ,mr4    
,edw9 ,b>tlett1 ne> ,t>ryt[n1 exhibits  
/rong evid5ce ( ! f]tiliz+ p[] ( guano  
^u ! poor1 unproductive hill sides (    
,we/*e/] ,co4 ,t place1 n[ s luxuriant1 
0 not$ a few ye>s ago1 z too poor to    
support gras%opp]s4 ,x 0 ! pov]ty /rick5
 joke ( ! neighborhood4  ,footnote #a3  
,= int]e/+ lett]s f ,long ,isl&1 see    
app5dix4   ,,guano ,,9 ,,massa*usetts4  
,we h he>d a good _m ass]tions t guano1 
h[ev] valuable x might be ^u ! w>m s&y  
soils ( ! s\?1 w\ld n answ] 9 ! cold l& 
& climate ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates4 ,to   

refute ?is fallacy1 we h "s /rong       
te/imony4 ,sev5 ye>s ago1 :ile ! v "n ( 
guano1 & mu* m its virtues 7 unkn[n to  
half ! f>m]s ( ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4    
,tes*ema*]1 ( ,bo/on1 a g5tleman (      
sci5ce & practical skill 9 g>d5+1 became
 s fully conv9c$ ( its value to !       
cultivators ( ,am]ican soil1 he publi%$ 
a pamphlet = ! purpose ( induc+ o!rs to 
pr(it by its use4 ,f t pamphlet we make 
a few extracts4 ,he says--,"o ( ! num]\s
 objections to ?is manure is1 t1 al?\gh 
x may answ] well 9 ! humid atmosph]e (  
,engl&1 x _c produce equal b5efit 9 !   
hot1 s&y soils ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 reply to
 ?is1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! s&y soils (  
,s\? ,am]ica are m hot ?an !y are "h2 &1
 on ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 :]e x is mo/ us$1 x  
sc>cely ev] ra9s at all4 ,! tru? is1 t x
 c]ta9ly requires moi/ure to decompose  
x1 & enable x to ent] into ! juices ( ! 
plant2 by no means1 h[ev]1 s mu* z is   
usually suppos$2 b1 once absorb$ by !   
roots & plants1 x imp>ts t /r5g? &      
solidity :i* enable !m to resi/ bo?     

dr\ght & cold4  ,x is beyond dispute t  
guano conta9s ! *ief +r$i5ts requir$ = !
 gr[? ( plants4 ,! in/ances h]eaft]     
adduc$ w %[ t ! comb9ation & =m ( ^!    
+r$i5ts are su* z to promote n only its 
imm$iate action1 b cle>ly to accel]ate  
consid]ably ! progress ( vegetation4  ,!
 *ief +r$i5ts1 !n1 ( guano1 are1        
,ammonia1 9 v>i\s =ms & comb9ations2    
,phosphate & oxalate ( lime & magnesia2 
,salts ( pota% & soda2   ,animal organic
 matt]2   ,s& & moi/ure4  ,besides !    
evid5ce we h giv5 ( ! value ( an        
application ( su* a comp\nd1 x conta9s  
evid5ce )9 itself to e m9d embu$ ) any k
 ( agricultural *emi/ry1 t x w n only   
promote imm$iate gr[? ( vegetation1 b   
produce a la/+ b5efit to ! soil4 ,x     
conta9s all ! mat]ials necess>y = ! gr[?
 ( c]eal or escul5t vegetation 9 ! exact
 =m requir$--t is an impalpable p[d]--to
 promote rapid1 c]ta91 l>ge gr[?1 &     
abundant fruitfulness1 & consequ5t      
pr(it4   ,,exp]im5ts ,,by ,,mr4         
,,tes*ema*]4  ,to ,indian corn1 appli$  

"o teaspoonful to ! hill1 well mix$ )   
e>?1 at "t ( plant+4 ,:5 twelve or      
fifte5 in*es high1 ho$ 9 ?ree tea spoons
 full ar\nd ! corn1 & cov]$ two in*es   
deep & wat]$4 ,soil--a poor1 s&y1 /]ile 
"o4 ,product--"o se$ produc$ ?ree ma9   
/alks ) eight p]fect e>s & five suck]s1 
weigh+ #h-a_/d lbs4 ,! be/ plant )\t    
guano1 weigh$ #a-a_/d lbs4 & only _h "o 
e>4--,i f9d ! be/ mode ( apply+ guano is
 to holl[ out ! hill1 put 9 "o          
teaspoonful & a half ( guano1 & mix x   
well ) ! soil4 ,spread ev51 !n put on   
?is ab\t "o or "o & a half in* dep? (   
light soil1 on :i* s[ ! se$ & cov] up4  
,:5 ! corn is ab\t twelve in*es high1 or
 ! "t ( fir/ hoe+1 beg9 ) ! hoe ab\t f\r
 in*es f ! /ems1 & make a tr5* ! wid? ( 
! hoe ab\t two or ?ree in*es deep4      
,spread 9 ?is tr5* ab\t ?ree or f\r     
teaspoonfuls guano1 /ir x 91 & cov] !   
tr5* z quickly z possible4 ,if ?is la/  
op]ation c be p]=m$ j be=e or dur+ ra91 
! action w be quick] & m effectual4     
,f\r or five teaspoonfuls ( dry p[d]    

produc+ su* an effect1 is :at /agg]s !  
belief ( ^? :o see ) _! own eyes4  ,s   
great is ! luxuriance ( gr[? f su* an   
insignificant application1 x is necess>y
 to increase ! space ne>ly d\ble betwe5 
! hills4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e fodd] is s     
valuable z x is 9 ,massa*usetts1 ! great
 increase ( /alks is ( equal importance 
) ! increase ( gra94 ,indian corn       
requires bo? phosphate ( lime & magnesia
 :i* x f9ds 9 guano1 9 comb9ation )     
ammonia1 9 a /ate j ready to be absorb$ 
by ! gr[+ plant1 :]ev] br\ght 9 contact1
 ) its roots4  ,mr4 ,t4 f\nd ! guano$   
corn plant$ ,may #bb;d1 rip5$ soon] ?an 
t plant$ ,may #a/4 ) manure4 ,?is alone 
on acc\nt ( ! difficulty f fro/1 is     
suffici5t to give x great claim ^u      
nor!rn f>m]s4  ,effect on ,grass4--,!   
application ( ?is manure to grass l&    
already laid d[n is = _m reasons (t5    
att5d$ ) unc]ta9 results4 ,! be/ mode   
is1 to spread broadca/ ab\t #bej lbs4 p]
 acre ( ! ,p]uvian guano z soon z ! sn[ 
is (f ! gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be v advantage\s 

if1 aft] x 0 spread on1 "s light loam   
c\ld be put ov] x1 9 ! mann] ( a top    
dress+4 ,i /ate ! ,p]uvian guano is !   
be/ = ?is op]ation1 z x conta9s :at ,dr4
 ,ure calls pot5tial ammonia1 or ammonia
 9 a m p]man5t =m2 :]eas ! ammonia f !  
,i*aboe guano evaporates m easily1 & ?is
 valuable +r$i5t is !re=e lo/ 9 !       
atmosph]e :5 x is spread on ! surface4  
,mo/ excell5t crops h be5 obta9$1 :]e ! 
grass is s[n & laid d[n 9 ! autumn1 on  
light1 s&y soils1 by s[+ ! guano ev5ly  
broadca/1 !n h>r[+ twice1 s[+ ! grass   
se$1 & roll+4  ,! be/ mode ( apply+ x1  
h[ev]1 is to s[ broadca/ & pl[ x 9--at !
 s\?1 on s&y soils1 no matt] h[ deep--at
 ! nor? on soils m clayey1 pl[ x 9 ab\t 
f\r in*es deep--! real object be+ to s  
mix x ) ! soil z to prev5t ! escape (   
ammonia1 :i* is exce$+ly volatile4      
,rememb]1 ,guano %\ld nev] be us$ z a   
top dress+1 except 9 comb9ation ) pla/]1
 or "s o!r sub/ance :i* w prev5t !      
escape ( ! mo/ valuable portion ( its   
composition4  ,9 sev]al case1 :]e sods h

 be5 laid d[n = lawns or embankm5ts r\nd
 h\ses1 ! mo/ surpris+ gr[? has be5     
obta9$ by /rew+ ! surface ) guano       
previ\s to lay+ on ! sod4  ,e4 ,baylies1
 ( ,taunton1 s[$ #dfj lbs4 ,african     
guano p] acre1 ) grass se$1 :i* yield$1 
?is ye>1 "o ton p] acre m ?an t )\t2 & !
 appe>ance ( ! guano$ grass is n[ mu* m 
?ick1 luxuriant1 & promis+1 = next ye>  
?an ! o!r4  ,ano!r fri5d ( m9e s[$ grass
 9 s&y soil ) a full quantity ( manure1 
& an adjo9+ acre1 ) #djj lbs4 ,i*aboe   
guano4 ,! guano$ acre grew /rong]1 &    
reta9$ its full v]dure ! :ole w9t]2 !   
manur$ piece1 on ! contr>y1 became1 z   
usual1 br[n by ! action ( ! fro/4  ,mr4 
,t4 z well z ne>ly all ! ,engli% writ]s 
^u ! subject1 has notic$ ! improvem5t 9 
quality z well z quantity ( gra9 & g>d5 
vegetables4 ,x is a well au!nticat$     
fact1 t birds wont t\* ! manur$ :eat1   
:ile !y c obta9 t :i* is mu* m plump &  
ri* :]e guano has be5 appli$4  ,effects 
on ,trees & ,grape ,v9es4--,! exp]im5ts 
) guano on trees :i* h come "u my       

obs]vation1 includ+ exotics numb] ab\t  
"o hundr$ & fifty4 ,! action has        
inv>iably be5 to produce l>ge foliage1 (
 a deep heal?y gre54  ,! be/ mode (     
apply+ guano to fruit-trees1 or fl[]+   
%rubs1 is to dig x into ! e>? at su*    
di/ance f ! trunk z w be likely to meet 
! l>ge/ numb] ( fibr\s roots4  ,=       
in/ance1 r\nd an apple-tree ( t5 ye>s'  
/&+1 dig a tr5* "o or "o & a half foot  
deep1 at ab\t ! same di/ance f ! /em t !
 bran*es ext5d2 let ?is tr5* be ab\t "o 
foot wide2 !n put at ! bottom "o & a    
half in* dep? ( guano1 dig x well 91 &  
incorporate x ) ! soil2 !n cov] up      
c>efully & press ! e>? d[n4 ,! effect ( 
?is application w unque/ionably be felt 
= sev]al ye>s4  ,on grape v9es1 ! action
 ( guano has be5 prov$ exce$+ly         
b5eficial2 increas+ ! gr[? ( v9es &     
fruit1 improv+ ! flavor & ha/5+ ! rip5+1
 s z to escape e>ly fro/s4  ,9 plant+ "y
 trees1 put ab\t a p9t 9 ! bottom ( !   
hole cov]+ ) soil s ! roots w n t\* x4  
,no insects or grubs w di/urb ! roots ( 

su* a tree4  ,sev]al fri5ds1 :o h tri$  
guano ?is ye> on _! pe>-trees1 h report$
 to me ! result to be great] crops1 & ( 
a mu* l>g] size1 ?an !y ev] _h          
previ\sly4  ,guano on ,peas--,me?od (   
,apply+4--,! k9ds on :i* ,i exp]im5t$ 7 
,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ,%ill+'s e>ly grotto1 7a 
dw>f pea17 blue imp]ial1 & m>r[fat4     
,draw a deep tr5* ) a hoe1 /rew guano 9 
! tr5*1 mix x up ) ! soil1 ov] ?is put  
ab\t "o in* & a half ( e>?1 !n s[ ! se$1
 & cov] up4 ,! quantity us$ %\ld ab\t   
equal ! quantity ( se$4 ,! produce ( !  
?ree fir/ k9ds ( peas1 0 five full pecks
 to ! qu>t ( se$1 besides a full qu>t ( 
se$ ga!r$ = next ye>4 ,f ! m>r[fats ,i  
obta9$ only f\r pecks & a half1 & no    
se$4 ,! gr[? ( all 0 extremely          
luxuriant4 ,! m>r[fats 7 six & a half   
feet high1 ! /ems f "o to "o & a qu>t]  
in* 9 circumf]5ce4 ,guano %\ld be plac$ 
at su* a dep? t ! natural moi/ure ( !   
e>? w decompose x & r5d] x fit = !      
plant4 ,9 ! lighte/ soils--pl[ & bury   
guano a little deep] ?an 9 o!rs m heavy2

 ! guano itself reta9s moi/ure1 &       
absorbs x naturally4  ,guano on ,beans1 
d\bl$ ! yield ( a p>alel r[1 :ile !     
improv$ flavor 0 p]ceptible to ^? :o _h 
no idea ( ! cause :i* produc$ x4 ,9     
dr\?1 ! p[] giv5 plants by guano1 to    
resi/ ! scor*+ rays ( ! sun1 is         
rem>kable4  ,on ,melons1 ! effect 0     
equally favorable1 giv+ a l>ge increase 
( highly flavor$ fruit4  ,on            
,potatoes4--,we give out ( _m equally   
favorable1 only "o exp]im5t1 j to %[ !  
ability ( f>m]s to gr[ ?is crop 9 ! mo/ 
unsuitable soil1 by a small exp5diture =
 guano1 tw5ty p] c5t4 bett] ?an )       
manure4 ,"h x is4 ,soil1 v s&y & light2 
quantity1 #hjj lbs4 ,african 7p] %ip    
,samos7 to ! acre2 co/1 #bj4 ,same soil1
 ) tw5ty-two loads f9e compo/ manure1   
co/ #bb4 ,yield1 z elev5 to n9e1 or     
tw5ty-two p] c5t4 9 favor ( guano1 !    
potatoes ) :i* 7 l>g] ?an ! o!rs4  ,on  
,turnips1 no manure is equal to guano4  
,! crop has be5 d\bl$ 9 num]\s in/ances4
 ,mr4 ,t4 says ( "o exp]im5t he made1 ,!

 plants on ?is portion are n[ twice z   
l>ge z ^? :i* h n _h any4 ,x is p]fectly
 beautiful to see ! luxuriance ( all ^! 
guano$ vegetables comp>$ ) ! o!rs4  ,on 
,/rawb]ries1 no?+ has ev] be5 appli$    
equal to guano1 provid$ ! plants are    
pl5tifully wat]$4 ,! be/ mode (         
application is 9 solution4 ,"o p\nd is  
en\gh = t5 gallons ( wat]4  ,on         
,caulifl[]s4--,two exp]im5ts1 "o )      
guano1 ! o!r ) a solution4 ,! fir/ are  
f9e /rong plants1 p>ticul>ly "o to :i*  
,i gave a l>g] %>e ?an ! o!r2 x is head+
 f9ely4 ,b ^? ) ! solution are mu* l>g] 
& f9]4 ,i h be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve !    
cultivation ( ?is vegetable1 & nev] saw 
su* a luxuriant gr[?4 ,!y are n[1       
7,sept4 #ae?7 beg9n+ to %[ fl[]2 &1 if !
 season is favorable1 ,i expect ! heads 
w be v f9e4 ,! plants are at lea/ f\r   
times l>g] ?an ^? on ! same piece )\t   
guano1 or any manure at all1 plant$ on !
 same day1 f ! same se$ b$4  ,on ,rhub>b
 or ,pie ,plant1 guano has ! mo/ decid$ 
b5eficial effect1 increas+ ! size1      

flavor & t5d]ness ( ! /alk2 besides ! v 
great advantage ( br++ x =w>d "s two or 
?ree weeks e>li] 9 ! spr+4 ,=k x 9 all  
ov] ! b$1 j z e>ly z ! fro/ w p]mit1 at 
! rate ( #fjj lbs4 to ! acre4  ,on      
,asp>agus1 ! same treatm5t w m ?an d\ble
 ! quantity ( ?is excell5t1 heal?y      
vegetable4 ,9 ! fall1 give a dress+ (   
salt equal to #ae or #bj bu%els to !    
acre4 ,) ! guano1 no?+ else ne$ be      
appli$1 if x is ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! soil4 
,= ,vegetables1 ,plants1 ,trees1 &      
,%rubb]y g5]ally1 :]e fruit is an       
object1 apply ! guano z above1 9 p[d]4  
,:]e fl[]s ( r>e size & beauty are      
desir$1 apply x 9 solution1 or by       
frequ5tly /irr+ 9 small dress+s j be=e a
 %[]4 ,ano!r important obs]vation on ?is
 subject is1 t guano1 or its solution1  
%\ld nev] be appli$ except at t p]iod ( 
! season :5 ! gr[? ( wood is prop] &    
natural4  ,9 =c+ h\ses1 no?+ c be equal 
to guano4 ,"o ?+1 x produces no we$s1 or
 insects2 ?is is en\gh to insure its    
favor :]ev] x may be tri$4  ,on roses1 !

 b5eficial effect is already well kn[n4 
,if tea roses are cut d[n :5 ! bloom is 
ov]1 repott$ 9 fre% e>?1 & well wat]$   
twice or ?rice a week1 ) guano wat]1 !y 
w imm$iately ?r[ out luxuriant %oots1 & 
be cov]$ ) _! fragrant blossoms4 ,!     
cactus tribe w be> a l>g] quantity &    
/rong] solution ( guano1 )\t injury1 ?an
 mo/ o!r plants4  ,dur+ ! progress ( my 
exp]im5ts1 says ,mr4 ,t41 ,i h be5      
delight$ ) ! unfail+ & extraord9>y      
luxuriance ( gr[? & produce on a        
mis]able spot ( l&1 induc$ by ! use (   
?is manure1 & /ruck ) ! num]\s in/ances 
:i* h come to my k ( errone\s           
applications ( x4 ,on a /iff clay1 guano
 w\ld be ( little value1 except on !    
surface1 or an in* or two deep1 unless x
 7 consid]ably light5$ by ! addition (  
s&1 or well brok5 up by exposure1 9     
ridges1 to fro/1 z e clay soil %\ld be4 
,a light1 por\s1 s&y soil w\ld require  
#cjj lbs4 ,p]uvian1 or #djj lbs4 be/    
,i*aboe2 & = ?is soil ,i ?9k ! ,p]uvian 
be/ adapt$1 z x reta9s ! ammonia long]1 

&1 be+ less soluble 9 wat] ?an !        
,i*aboe1 its qualities are n s soon wa%$
 out4  ,9 a soil already mu* enri*$ )   
manure1 & at ! same "t ab\nd+ 9         
phosphate ( lime1 ,i h f\nd ! guano to  
produce less visible effects ?an on a   
poor1 s&y soil4  ,mo/ excell5t effects h
 be5 produc$ by /eep+ se$s 9 guano wat] 
( mod]ate /r5g? = eight to twelve h\rs1 
dep5d5t on ! k9d ( se$s1 & !n plant+ )  
"o to ?ree in*es soil betwe5 ! se$ & !  
guano4 ,! /eep enc\rages ! gr[? ( ! "y  
plant1 ^: roots1 9 a m advanc$ /age1 f9d
 ! guano1 :i* cont9ues ! /imulus4       
,quantity = a ,/eep4--,put "o1 "o & a   
half1 or two teaspoonfuls ( guano1      
accord+ to quality1 9 a qu>t bottle1    
%ake up1 & :5 settl$1 use2 !n refill &  
use two or ?ree times1 previ\s to putt+ 
9 fre% guano4 ,or1 9 ! l>ge way1 f      
fifte5 to tw5ty gallons ( wat] to "o    
p\nd2 mix 9 a b>rel1 /ir up & leave x to
 settle1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 to put a cov] 
on1 to prev5t ! escape ( ammonia4       
,,directions ,,z ,,to ,,quantity ,,&    

,,mann] ,,( ,,apply+ ,,guano ,,to       
,,v>i\s ,,crops ,,& ,,soils4  ,! be/    
action ( guano is und\bt$ly ^u naturally
 poor or worn out light s&y soils4 ,next
 s&y loam--!n loam prop]--!n clayey loam
 or exhau/$ gravelly soil1 & la/ly cold 
/iff clay1 or l& naturally wet4 ,^u !   
fir/ p>ticul>ly at ! s\?1 x %\ld always 
be pl[$ 9 f f\r to six in*es deep2 & w  
always af=d ! greate/ pr(it :5 appli$ to
 :eat l& & t s[n ) clov]4  ,prep>ation (
 guano = use4--,until "s +5i\s ,yankee  
inv5ts a *eap mill by :i* he w make a   
=tune & ! lumps be easily gr\nd1 !      
foll[+ me?od may be pursu$4 ,take ! bags
 on ! b>n floor or 9 "s close room )    
tight floor & sift ! guano ov] a box1   
?r\gh a #c_/h me% sieve1 putt+ ! f9e    
back 9 ! bags & lumps on ! floor4 ,^!   
may be ma%$ ) a /\t hoe or %ovel1 or ) a
 block l a pavi]'s ramm]4 ,sift & break 
aga9 until all is f9e4 ,lay ! du/ ) a v 
slight spr9kle f ! nose ( a wat]+ pot2 (
 a solution ( copp]as1 at ! rate ( #aj  
lbs4 to ! cwt4 ( guano1 or ) pla/] or   

loamy e>?--woods m\ld or dry f9e clay4  
,_m p]sons pref] to mix pla/] ) ! guano 
9 ! fir/ in/ance at ! rate ( a peck (   
pla/] to a bu%el ( guano--o!rs use an   
equal weight ( ea*4 ,:]e pla/] is n to  
be _h1 f five to t5 bu%els ( pulv]iz$   
*>coal or du/ f ! coal pit1 or pulv]iz$ 
peat1 to ea* hundr$ weight ( guano may  
be us$ to fix ! ammonia & prev5t loss4  
,sulphuric acid #a lb4 to #aj ( wat]1 ) 
:i* to spr9kle ! mass may be us$ z a    
fix]4 ,b if x is kept 9 ! bags1 9 a dry 
room1 until ready = use1 & !n prep>$1   
s[n & pl[$ 9 at once ) z little exposure
 to ! air z possible1 v little ( !      
ammonia w escape4 ,! true axiom to be   
obs]v$ 9 ! use ( guano1 is to pl[ x 9 z 
soon z possible aft] x is s[n & be=e x  
is moi/5$ ) dew or ra92 & to pl[ x 9    
deep1 or 9 "s way ?or\ghly incorporate x
 ) ! soil1 s t ra9s w n wa% x away1 or  
hot sun%9e cause x to evaporate4 ,we    
hold all top-dress+s ) guano1 to be     
wa/eful1 on acc\nt ( its volatile "*1 & 
because x ne$s ! moi/ure 9 ! e>? to fit 

! sub/ance ( :i* x is compos$ s its     
f]tiliz+ prop]ties c be tak5 up by !    
roots ( ! plants4 ,if spread ^u !       
surface1 x mu/ wait = a dissolv+ %[] to 
c>ry x d[n to ! roots2 9 ! meantime1 x  
is moi/5$ by dews & evaporat$ by ! sun1 
& c>ri$ (f to enri* y\r neighbor's crops
 half z mu* z y\r own4  ,prep>+ ,l& &   
,s[+4--,:5 ready to pl[ ! l& = :eat1    
measure an acre & lay x (f 9 l&s #ah    
feet wide2 put ! guano 9 a pail & walk  
up "o side & d[n ! o!r ) a mod]ate /ep  
?r[+ h&fulls across at ea* /ep1 & y w   
f9d y d n v>y mu* f two hundr$ p\nds to 
! acre4 ,nev] s[ 9 a w9dy day if x c be 
avoid$1 nor fa/] ?an x c be pl[$ 9 !    
same day4  ,to prev5t guano f gett+ into
 ! m\? & no/rils4--,take a ?9 piece (   
sponge & wet x & tie ov] ! m\? & nose4  
,:5ev] ! du/ accumulates1 wa% x out4 ,if
 y mu/ s[ :ile ! w9d is bl[+1 mix e>?   
en\gh ) guano to prev5t bl[+ away4      
,dep? x %\ld be pl[$ 94--,on light s&y  
l&1 !re is no dang] ( its ev] be+ pl[$ 9
 too deep4 ,on s&y loam1 x ought to be  

pl[$ "u at lea/ six in*es--eight in*es  
w\ld be bett]4 ,on true loam1 a less    
dep? w answ]1 ?\gh we are /rong         
advocates ( deep pl[+4 ,on clayey loam1 
f\r in*es w answ]1 & on clay1 p>ticul>ly
 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 if well h>r[$ or   
put 9 ) ! cultivator1 !re w be no great 
loss ( ammonia1 z ! clay is a great     
absorb] ( t volatile sub/ance4 ,?is rule
 may 9 g5]al be obs]v$2 ^u ! light l&s (
 ! s\?1 x _c be too deeply buri$2 9 !   
clay l&s1 or 9 ! m heavy1 cold1 or moi/ 
l&s ( ! nor?1 x may be cov]$ too deep to
 b5efit ! fir/ crop2 b1 if ! aft]       
cultivation is good1 :atev] is plant$ w 
be sure to be b5efitt$4 ,^u granite     
soils1 x w be ( less value ?an silici\s 
or alum9\s ones4 ,?\gh mo/ valuable on  
poor s&y or worn out old fields l ^? (  
,virg9ia1 already describ$1 /ill x mu/ n
 be reject$ by ! own] ( any l& :i* c be 
improv$ by manure1 because ?is is a     
manure ( ! v be/ & mo/ conc5trat$ k9d2  
conta9+ m ( ! +r$i5ts necess>y to       
promote vegetable gr[?1 9 ! exact       

proportion & comb9ation1 ready prep>$ = 
use1 ?an any o!r sub/ance 9 ! kn[n _w4  
,x is a f]tiliz+ sub/ance :i* none w    
reject :o once le>n its value1 unless v 
deeply prejudic$4 ,x is idle to reject x
 because ! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t wont let u
 h x at our own price1 because we c     
pr(it by x at !irs4 ,x is nons5se to    
say1 x w answ] 9 ! moi/ climate (       
,engl&1 b n 9 our dry "o4 ,tru? d$uc$ f 
exp]i5ce1 9 sev]al ,/ates1 9 v>i\s      
climates & soils1 refutes all su* say+s4
 ,besides1 x has be5 us$ ) cont9u$      
success 9 ! burn+ sun & soils ( ,p]u1   
ev] s9ce ! conque/ by ! ,spani>ds1 &1   
accord+ to tradition = ages untold      
previ\s to t "t4  ,guano on ,:eat4--,we 
repeat1 s[ broadca/ & pl[ 9 ^u all light
 l&s1 deep2 at ! rate ( #bjj to #fjj    
lbs4 to ! acre1 z y c af=d1 or z ! l&   
requires--we believe 9 ! small quantity 
& repeat ! next s[+1 to be by f> ! mo/  
judici\s4 ,on heavy l&s y may h>r[ or   
cultivate x 91 b ! pl[ is bett]4 ,x w d 
well on l&s previ\sly lim$1 b %\ld nev] 

be mix$ ) lime or a%es1 unless mix$ )   
pla/] or *>coal4 ,if y mu/ use x z a top
 dress+ 9 ! spr+1 mix a bu%el ( pla/] ) 
e hundr$ ( guano1 s[ & h>r[ 9--don't be 
afraid ( injur+ ! :eat ,always s[ clov] 
or grass on guano$ gra94  ,on ,indian   
,corn4--,foll[ ! same directions z =    
:eat1 or if ! l& is already ri*1 & y wi%
 to give ! corn an e>ly />t1 scatt] at !
 rate ( #ajj to #bjj lbs4 guano 9 !     
furr[1 & cov] x two in*es deep ) ano!r  
furr[ & !n drill ! corn4 ,be sure & nev]
 let ! se$ come 9 contact ) ! guano1 or 
y w kill x mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,guano$ corn    
%\ld be s[$ 9 :eat1 p>ticul>ly :5ev] x  
has be5 dress$ ) a l>ge quantity4  ,to  
gr[+ ,corn1 if x is desirable to apply  
x1 turn a furr[ away f ! r[ on ea* side 
& scatt] 9 ! bottom at ! rate ( #cjj    
lbs4 p] acre1 & turn back ! e>?         
imm$iately4  ,gre5 ,corn--roa/+ e>s--are
 improv$ 9 ta/e by guano beyond any?+   
ev] conceiv$ ( by ! lov]s ( ?is lusci\s 
food4  ,quantity p] acre4--,?omas ,s4   
,pleasants ( ,pet]sburg1 ,va41 a        

well-kn[n writ] ^u agriculture1 & :o has
 _h mu* practical exp]i5ce ev] s9ce !   
fir/ introduction ( guano into ?is      
c\ntry1 says3--,corn is a gross fe$] & w
 take up a great] quantity ( guano ?an  
p]haps any o!r crop4 ,i h kn[n z mu* z  
#fjj lbs4 appli$ to ! acre & ! product 0
 9 proportion4 ,ea* hundr$ p\nds w give 
an av]age product ( t5 bu%els z v>i\s   
exp]im5ts h prov$ ,f ! above m5tion$    
application ( #fjj lbs4 a product ( #gc 
bu%els 0 obta9$1 :i* left #ac bu%els z !
 product ( ! soil alone4 ,= corn1 guano 
may be spread broadca/ on ! l& & pl\gh$ 
9 z deeply z x is desirable to break !  
soil2 or x may be /rew$ along deep      
furr[s to be aft]w>ds ridg$ ov] & !     
cultivation to be 9 only "o direction4  
,! be/ result ,i ev] obta9$ 0 f ?is     
latt] mode1 :5 f l& n capable ( produc+ 
five bu%els1 ,i h>ve/$ a crop t c\ld n h
 be5 less ?an #ce bu%els to ! acre4  ,! 
furr[s 7 op5$ deep & wide by pass+ ! pl[
 bo? ways & ! guano /rew$ along ^! at ! 
rate #a lb4 p] e t5 y>ds4 ,!y 7 !n cov]$

 ov] & ! l& !reby ?r[n into b$s4 ,b 9   
:atev] way x is us$1 ! roots ( ! corn w 
be sure to f9d x all1 & betwe5 ^! two   
modes1 ,i ?9k !re is little or no *oice4
 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly advise aga9/ putt+ x 9 
! hill1 ?\gh ,i h sometimes se5 good    
results4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 9 su* a
 case1 to prev5t ! guano & se$ f com+   
into close contact2 &1 unless !re are   
two or ?ree in*es ( e>? int]pos$ betwe5 
!m ! se$ w be c]ta9ly de/roy$4  ,= :eat1
 ! guano %\ld be spread broadca/ at ! "t
 ( se$+ ! :eat1 at ! rate ( #bjj lbs4 to
 #bej lbs4 p] acre & pl\gh$ 94 ,if ! l& 
has be5 previ\sly fall[$1 x w be        
suffici5t to pl[ x 9 ) a "o horse pl[2  
if brok5 up = ! fir/ "t1 !re w be no    
objection to us+ a l>g] pl\gh4 ,! be/   
dep? = gett+ x 91 h[ev]1 is1 ,i ?9k1 f  
f\r to six in*es4 ,x always acts m      
p[]fully on clean l&2 inde$ if !re is   
mu* crude vegetable matt] 9 ! soil1 !re 
is frequ5tly little or no advantage     
d]iv$ f its application4 ,exp]i5ce1     
!re=e goes to %[ t ! mo/ economical     

application is to corn l&2 t is1 to l& t
 has j produc$ a crop ( corn1 no matt]  
h[ poor x may be4 ,if x is int5d$ to be 
put on l& t has be5 ly+ 9 grass1 x w\ld 
be advisable to fall[ x z e>ly 9 !      
season z practicable1 & aft]w>ds to get 
x 9 ) a small pl[ z already sugge/$4  ,!
 same direction w apply to oats & also  
to rye4 ,b = oats1 #abe to #aej lbs (   
guano w be z mu* z c be us$ to          
advantage4  ,a4 ,b4 ,all5 ( ,new ,york1 
"o ( ! e>lie/1 & mo/ /r5u\s advocates ( 
us+ guano1 :o1 long be=e he ev] ?\ght ( 
be+ engag$ 9 its sale1 us$ to di/ribute 
small p>cels among f>m]s & g>d5]s to    
enable !m to try exp]im5ts & le>n its   
value1 9 a lett] to ! ,s\!rn            
,cultivator1 says3--,nev] put guano 9 ! 
hill ) corn1 no matt] if cov]$ two or   
?ree in*es deep2 = ! roots w be c]ta9 to
 f9d x1 & s sure z !y t\* ! guano1 s    
cau/ic is x1 t x w c]ta9ly kill ! corn2 
! same ) peas1 beans1 melon v9es1 9 fact
 mo/ vegetable crops4 ,:eat & o!r small 
gra9s h s _m roots1 & till] s well1 !re 

is no dang] ( guano kill+ !m1 :5 s[n    
directly ) ! se$4 ,/ill1 z be=e rem>k$1 
x is bett] to pl\gh x 9 be=e s[+ ! se$4 
,aft] corn is up1 y may apply a table   
spoonful1 at ! fir/ "t hoe+2 dig x an   
in* or two deep six in*es f ea* /alk4 ,a
 table spoonful to ! hill w take #bej to
 #cej lbs41 p] acre1 accord+ to !       
di/ance ! hills are ap>t4 ,if ! soil be 
r poor1 a second dose at ! "t ! corn    
fir/ %[s its silk1 w add consid]ably to 
! yield 9 gra91 if foll[$ by ra9s1 b    
little or no?+ to ! gr[? ( /alk4 ,guano 
increases ! size ( gra9 m ?an /alks2    
h5ce "o mu/ be cont5t to wait till !    
gra9 is fully matur$ be=e giv+ an op9ion
 ( ! virtues ( guano4  ,be=e apply+ !   
guano1 x is bett] to mix x well ) an    
equal quantity ( pla/] ( ,p>is or *>coal
 du/4 ,ei!r ( ^! sub/ances help to reta9
 ! ammonia & prev5t its evaporation4  ,!
 g5u9e unadult]at$ ,p]uvian guano1 is s 
mu* sup]ior to any o!r k9d1 x is 9      
reality ! *eape/1 ?\gh ! price is       
consid]able high] ?an t ( ! o!r         

qualities4  ,guano on ,oats4--,mr4 ,all5
 says1 ,i am satisfi$ f exp]i5ce &      
obs]vation 9 ! use ( guano1 = ! pa/     
twelve ye>s1 t ! be/ me?od1 decid$ly1 ( 
apply+ x to crops 9 our dry climate1 is 
to pl[ or spade x into ! gr\nd2 & autumn
 is ! be/ "t = do+ ?is1 z x gives "t = !
 pung5t salts conta9$ 9 ! guano1 to get 
?or\ghly mix$ ) ! soil be=e spr+ plant+4
 ,d n fe> to loose ! guano by pl[+ x 9 z
 deep z y please--x w n run away1 dep5d 
^u x4 ,at ! s\?1 x loses half its virtue
 if n pl[$ 9 at lea/ ?ree in*es deep2   
six or twelve in*es w\ld be /ill bett]4 
,because autumn is1 = _m reasons1 ! be/ 
season = apply+ guano1 z a g5]al ?+1 we 
d n recomm5d an application to ?is crop1
 not)/&+ our full conviction x w        
increase ! product ^u any light1 poor   
soil1 f t5 to tw5ty bu%els to ! acre1 = 
ea* cwt4 appli$4 ,z "s h[ev]1 w f9d x m 
conv5i5t & pr(itable to manure ! oat ?an
 :eat crop1 we recomm5d !m to pl[ 9 f   
#bjj to #cjj lbs4 to ! acre1 on gr\nd t 
0 clean till$ ! previ\s ye>1 & s[ ! oats

 9 drills1 ?ree or f\r bu%els to ! acre 
& se$ ) clov]1 h]ds1 or ray grass4 ,if n
 to be foll[$ ) grass1 we w\ld use a mu*
 less quantity2 say #abe or #aej lbs4 to
 ! acre4 ,z may be se5 9 ! acc\nt ( ,mr4
 ,h>ris' crop1 n "o half ( ! #djj lbs4 0
 tak5 up by ! oats4 ,) :eat1 on !       
contr>y1 ! guano is dissolv$ m sl[ly by 
w9t] ra9s1 giv+ ! crop a vigor\s gr[? 9 
fall1 & sometimes all w9t]1 s x s5ds out
 d\ble ! numb] ( /alks 9 spr+4 ,! sun   
too1 is s mu* less p[]ful at t season1  
evaporation does n take place s easily z
 9 summ]4  ,great ,crops f ,guano4--,9  
,engl&1 #dh bu%els ( :eat & #ajj ( oats 
h be5 made f an acre dress$ ) #bjj lbs4 
( guano4 ,a late ,engli% writ]1 9       
detail+ 8 own exp]im5ts1 & urg+ o!rs to 
! same c\rse1 says2 ,! reason guano is  
s]viceable to all plants arises f its   
conta9+ e sal9e & organic matt] requir$ 
z food4 ,x is us$ b5eficially on all    
soils2 =1 z x conta9s e elem5t necess>y 
to plants1 x is indep5d5t ( ! quality ( 
! soil4 ,s f> z ! exp]im5ts 9 ,engl& &  

,scotl& may be adduc$1 "o cwt4 ( guano  
is equal to ab\t five tons ( f>m-y>d    
manure1 on an av]age2 b x is mu* high] =
 turnips ?an = grass4  ,guano on        
,grass4--,z we are oppos$ to us+ x z a  
top dress+1 ( c\rse we %all n recomm5d  
its application to ?is crop4 ,g5]ally1  
by us+ x on :eat & o!r crops1 ! f>m] w  
save manure en\gh to top dress 8 mead[s4
 ,nev]!less1 9 comb9ation ) prop]       
+r$i5ts1 we d say x is a good &         
pr(itable manure = grass4 ,= ea* acre   
mix f #bjj to #djj lbs4 ) z _m bu%els ( 
pla/]1 or t5 to "o ( *>coal1 or tw5ty to
 "o ( dry swamp muck or peat1 woods m\ld
 or f9e clay1 & s[ ^u ! mead[ or pa/ure 
e>ly 9 spr+4 ,if ! season is moi/1 !    
b5efit w be v great2 if dry1 x w        
probably be said1 z x has be5 be=e2 ,oh1
 ?is guano is good = no?+--,i tri$ x    
once on grass & x nev] done a bit (     
good4  ,on potatoes1 #djj lbs4 to !     
acre1 broadca/1 may be us$ to good      
advantage1 if x is pl[$ 9 deep en\gh1 on
 clean l&4 ,z x is a cau/ic manure1 &   

requires a good deal ( moi/ure1 z well z
 potatoes1 x is n suitable = ! hill or  
surface dress+4 ,a less quantity w pay a
 great] pr(it to ! imm$iate crop1 )\t   
mu* aft] b5efit1 if x is drill$ 9 !     
bottom ( a deep furr[ & !n cov]$ by     
turn+ two furr[s1 "o f ea* side1 s z to 
leave a slight depression betwe5 !m1 &  
directly ov] ! guano4 ,^u ^! b$s plant !
 tub]s 9 drills4 ,aft] hoe+1 scatt] a   
mixture ( equal p>ts ( lime1 salt1 a%es 
& pla/]1 a l>ge h&ful e y>d1 all ov] !  
r[s1 & we w w>rant ! crop free f !      
potato rot4  ,on turnips1 no?+ c exce$  
guano1 unless ! phosphate ( lime 9 bones
 c\ld be r5d]$ equally pulv]ul5t4 ,use  
#c to #fjj lbs4 p] acre1 & pl[ x 9 at ! 
la/ pl[+1 & top dress ) five bu%els (   
a%es & two ( salt z soon z ! turnips are
 up4 ,foll[ ) :eat or rye & grass4 ,"o  
half ! above quantity & five bu%els (   
bone du/ dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 w   
produce a wond]ful crop ( turnips1 or   
ruta bagas4 ,guano may be us$ to equal  
advantage ^u all k9ds ( root crops4     

,b5efits to ! ,dairy ,f>m]4--,!         
b5eficial use ( guano 9 ! manufacture ( 
butt] & *eese1 is unque/ionable4 ,9 _m  
di/ricts 9 ,engl&1 & 9 "s 9 ?is c\ntry1 
! cont9ual cropp+ ( grass & conv]sion ( 
x into *eese1 has s exhau/$ ! soil ( its
 phosphates1 ! milk w no long] produce !
 quantity ( case9 necess>y to make *eese
 mak+ pr(itable4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 y w 
f9d ! c[s seek+ to supply ! defici5cy by
 eat+ bones4 ,:]ev] guano has be5 us$ ^u
 pa/ure l&1 x is f\nd t c[s eat !       
increas$ luxuriant grass mo/ gre$ily1 & 
improve n only 9 quantity b quality ( _!
 milk4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 recomm5d too      
e>ne/ly1 to all dairy f>m]s1 to give _! 
pa/ure l&s an imm$iate dress+ ( guano4  
,if y h n full fai? 9 :at we are tell+  
y1 try an exp]im5t = y\rself4 ,mix #bjj 
or #cjj lbs4 ( guano ) two or ?ree      
bu%els ( pla/]1 & t ) two or ?ree loads 
( *>coal du/ f ! bottom ( "s coal pit1  
or f burnt peat1 or swamp muck2 or1 if !
 *>coal is n atta9able1 use woods mold1 
or p[d]$ clay or f9e loam1 to any ext5t 

y c af=d2 & if y c af=d no?+ b ! guano &
 pla/]1 don't fail to af=d a dress+ ( t1
 because x w af=d y a ri* return4 ,no   
o!r manure c be us$ ^u pa/ure l&1 to    
produce ! same effect4 ,cattle nev]     
reject ! grass ( guano$ l&1 z !y d t    
lately manur$4  ,on ,flax4--,exp]im5ts 9
 ,engl& h prov$ guano sup]ior to any o!r
 sub/ance ev] appli$ to ?is crop4 ,) !  
aid ( ?is manure1 f>m]s w nev] compla9 (
 flax exhau/+ ! soil4 ,) #cjj lbs4 p]   
acre1 successive l>ge crops c be gr[n ^u
 ! same gr\nd4 ,x %\ld be pl[$ 91 b n s 
deeply z = "s o!r crops1 z x is n       
expect$ to b5efit succe$+ ones z mu* z !
 pres5t4 ,z soon z ! flax cotton movem5t
 n[ progress+ is fully und]/ood1 !re w  
be imm5se fields ( flax gr[n = t        
purpose1 & ! be/ & mo/ economical       
f]tiliz+ mat]ial1 & = :i* !re w be a    
l>ge dem&1 w be ,p]uvian guano2 = no    
good f>m] w attempt to gr[ a crop )\t x4
 ,a top dress+ ( #be or #cj bu%els (    
a%es to ! acre w be f\nd b5eficial2 b   
f>m]s ought to try :i* is be/1 m guano &

 less or no a%es1 or ! rev]se4 ,we _c   
advise rotation ) ?is crop1 :]e guano is
 us$1 because ! gr\nd becomes s clean & 
free f we$s1 x is ( great advantage1 & s
 f> z we are in=m$1 cont9u\s good crops 
result f ! annual application ( ! same  
quantity ( guano1 ye> aft] ye>4  ,on    
,cabbages4--,field culture4 ,aft] !     
gr\nd is well prep>$1 lay x (f 9 *ecks  
?ree to f\r feet squ>e4 ,) a spade1 ?r[ 
out a deep spit at ea* *eck & put 9 a   
spoonful ( guano1 or at ! rate ( #djj   
lbs4 p] acre1 & cov] ) soil4 ,set !     
plants imm$iately & wat] if possible4   
,aft] ! fir/ hoe+1 ?r[ a h&ful ( a%es on
 ea* plant4  ,= ,c>rots1 ,beets &       
,p>snips1 pl[ 9 #ejj lbs4 p] acre1      
twelve to eighte5 in*es deep4 ,top dress
 ) a%es1 salt1 & f9e manure 9 compo/1 to
 assi/ ! "y plants2 ! long roots w f9d !
 guano & x w produce su* a crop z y nev]
 saw be=e4  ,on ,hops4--,make a mixture 
( ?ree cwt4 ( guano1 "o ( salt1 "o & a  
half ( saltpetre1 & "o ( gypsum1 = ea*  
acre2 s[ broadca/ & pl[ 9 ab\t f\r in*es

 deep1 & y w f9d y\r manure well paid =1
 & no exhau/ion ( ! soil1 z is usually !
 case :]ev] ?is crop is cultivat$1 z x  
is a v gross fe$]1 & requires v ri* l&  
or great deal ( manure2 = :i* reason x  
is n z mu* cultivat$ z x w be z soon z !
 virtues ( ! above application become   
fully kn[n4  ,= ,tobacco1 guano has be5 
f\nd to possess sup]ior qualities1      
p>ticul>ly 9 obviat+ ! difficulty       
h]et(ore exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ plants        
suffici5tly e>ly4 ,we h ! te/imony (    
sev]al witnesses to prove t burn+ a se$ 
b$ is q unnecess>y1 if guano at ! rate (
 #djj to #fjj lbs4 to ! acre be mix$ )  
an equal am\nt ( a%es1 & pla/] & well   
rak$ 9 previ\s to s[+4 ,( ! effect ^u ! 
crop1 we give ! te/imony ( a ,virg9ia   
plant]4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahej1 ,i appli$   
#bjj lbs4 to ! acre1 on eight acres (   
l&1 :i* _h be5 manur$ ?ree ye>s be=e =  
tobacco1 & ! same quantity1 on ?ree     
acres :i* _h nev] be5 manur$1 & 0 v     
poor4 ,on ! la/ ,i also turn$ 9 "s half 
rott$ /raw1 rak$ up 9 ! b>n y>d1 aft]   

all ! f>m y>d manure _h be5 haul$ out4  
,betwe5 ^! two pieces ( l&1 #ai acres 7 
heavily manur$4 ,! :ole #cj acres _h be5
 well brok5 ) f\r horses1 e>ly 9 ! w9t]4
 ,! la/ ye> 0 ! wor/ ,i h ev] kn[n =    
tobacco4 ,nev]!less1 ! fir/ eight acres 
produc$ a v f9e crop--! la/ ?ree acres  
br\ght mu* bett] tobacco ?an ! adjo9+   
manur$ l&1 ,i %\ld say n less ?an #fjj  
lbs4 to ! acre4  ,:eat on ,guano$       
,tobacco ,l&4--,?is field 0 s[n ) :eat1 
& ! writ] says--,i measur$ f ^! #cj     
acres next ye> upw>ds ( #fjj bu%els (   
:eat ( v f9e quality2 bo? pieces (      
guano$ l& be+ above ! av]age ( ! :ole   
lot4 ,adjo9+ ! ?ree acres is an equal   
quantity ( l& ( ! same quality1 :i* did 
n yield five bu%els to ! acre4  ,( !    
effect ^u ano!r crop ( :eat1 ! same     
g5tleman says--,two ye>s ago ,i pur*as$ 
?ree tons1 two ( :i* ,i appli$ to #bj   
acres ( a ,james ,riv] hill1 :i* ?\gh n 
gulli$1 _h be5 a good deal worn by h>d  
cropp+s1 or bad cultivation1 or bo?     
comb9$4 ,! ,guano 0 s[$ dry1 & on ! wide

 r[s laid (f = s[+ :eat1 & pl\gh$ 9 )   
two horses1 ! :eat !n h>r[$ 94 ,i =got  
to say t ! l& _h be5 fall[$ 9 ) ?ree    
horses 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 & ! :eat s[$ 9
 ,octob]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! dryness ( ! 
guano1 & ! wid? ( ! r[s1 ! :eat 0 v mu* 
/rip$1 be+ v luxuriant :]e ! guano fell 
9 ! l>ge/ quantities4 ,! product did n  
exce$ #bjj bu%els1 or #aj bu%els to !   
acre1 b ! quality 0 s sup]ior t ,i sav$ 
x all = se$4  ,! l& s[$ two ye>s ago1 is
 n[ /rip$ ) clov]1 z x 0 ) :eat4  ,?is  
l& is a t5aci\s r$ clay =mation1 f :i* !
 soil we presume has all be5 wa%$ away  
long "t ago4 ,no plant]1 he says1 w\ld h
 put su* l& 9 tobacco )\t heavy manur+2 
& yet x produc$ a fair crop ( tobacco4  
,ow+ to di/ance f navigation1 he c\ld n 
use lime1 or any heavy manure1 & )\t    
guano he c\ld n make crops1 &1          
consequ5tly c\ld n make manure at home4 
,! editor ( ! ,am]ican ,f>m]1 9 a note  
says--,our correspond5t appe>s to desire
 t 8 l& %\ld be br\ght to a /ate (      
f]tility by ! quicke/ practicable       

process1 & f ! beautiful results ( 8    
exp]im5ts ) guano1 we "k ( no ag5t to   
:i* he c\ld look ) s mu* c]ta9ty (      
success z to t v manure4  ,! quantity p]
 acre = ,tobacco4--,we %\ld recomm5d at 
lea/ #djj lbs4 s[n broadca/ & pl[$ 91 on
 su* l& z describ$1 n ov] f\r in*es     
deep4 ,! tobacco to be foll[$ ) :eat1 ! 
:eat ) clov]1 ! clov] aft] "o ye> ) corn
 & !n tobacco & guano aga94 ,! clov]    
%\ld h a bu%el ( pla/] fall & spr+4     
,:oev] tries ?is w f9d ! b5efit ( guano 
on tobacco4 ,b !re is "o /ill great]    
b5efit2 we h be5 assur$ t ! tobacco worm
 :i* x 0 suppos$ f 8 natural ta/e1 no?+ 
c\ld nauseate1 actually gets sick (     
guano1 & refuses 8 accu/om$ food4       
,ano!r mode ( apply+ x to tobacco has   
be5 practis$ successfully z             
foll[s3--,m>k (f ! l& 9 *ecks & put a   
small spoonful 9 ea* *eck1 & cov] up    
directly "u ! b$ :]e ! plant is to /&1  
?ree or f\r in*es deep4 ,to ?is a h&ful 
( a%es & pla/] may be advantage\sly     
add$4 ,guano does n give tobacco ! rank 

flavor t is (t5 acquir$ f high manur+4  
,mr4 ,pleasants1 al?\gh _m exp]im5ts h  
fail$1 pr9cipally1 z he believes1 f     
improp] application1 says 9 a rec5t     
lett]--,!re is no actual reason :y guano
 %\ld n act z well on tobacco z any o!r 
crop4 ,! failures are d\btless to be    
ascrib$ to ! injudici\s mann] 9 :i* x   
has be5 appli$4 ,i c conceive ( only "o 
mode 9 :i* x c be us$ to advantage1 & t 
is by /rew+ x along a deep furr[ z      
describ$ = corn2 !n b$d+ ^u x & conf9+ !
 cultivation to "o direction4 ,?is has  
be5 my way ( cultivat+ cabbages = !     
m>ket = sev]al ye>s1 & ! guano has      
always act$ promptly & p[]fully4 ,if    
*opp$ 9 at ! base ( ! hill x w\ld       
require a great quantity ( ra9 to       
dissolve x & make x available to ! "y   
plants1 = ! conical %ape ( ! hill has a 
t5d5cy to %$ ! ra9 in/ead ( absorb+ x4  
,i expect soon to receive v accurate    
results ( a crop gr[n ) guano1 :i*      
,judge ,na% repres5t$ to me z spl5did4  
,if ,i cultivat$ tobacco1 ,i %\ld h e   

confid5ce ( success by plant+ x on      
ridges ) ! ,guano buri$ at a consid]able
 dep?1 say f f\r to six in*es b5ea? !   
surface ( ! ridge--#a lb4 to t5 y>ds    
w\ld be a suffici5t quantity4  ,9 %ort1 
,i consid] guano good = any crop4 ,=    
potatoes 7t is ,iri% potatoes7 ,i reg>d 
x z a specific manure4 ,! quantity ,i   
apply is #c_/d lbs4 to e t5 y>ds put 9 !
 furr[s z recomm5d$ = corn & tobacco1 & 
!n cov]$ ov] ab\t "o in* ) e>? drawn f !
 sides ( ! furr[s4 ,aft] ?is ! potato   
cutt+s are plant$ & cov]$ ov] ) ! pl\gh 
or hoe4 ,! quantity recomm5d$ is ab\t "r
 z f> z my exp]i5ce goes 7:i* is (      
sev]al ye>s duration7 if ! cutt+s are   
plac$ ab\t two in*es ap>t4  ,guano =    
,cotton4--,b few trials ^u ?is crop h   
come to our k1 b su* z h1 indicate t x w
 prove "o ( ! mo/ valuable promot]s ( ! 
gr[? ( ?is /aple product ( ,am]ica ev]  
discov]$4 ,! analysis ( cotton--/alk1   
se$ & l9t--comp>$ ) t ( guano1 is       
suffici5t to prove ! latt] to be ! v    
matt] requir$ to produce ! =m]4 ,we are 

assur$ ^u ! mo/ reliable au?ority t     
guano w give an av]age increase ( p\nd =
 p\nd ^u any soil produc+ less ?an a    
bale p] acre s t e p\nd ( guano co/+ two
 & a half c5ts1 w give a p\nd ( cotton  
av]ag+ at lea/ #f-a_/d c5ts4  ,mode (   
apply+ on ,cotton ,l&4--,op5 a deep     
furr[ & drill 9 ! bottom at ! rate (    
#djj lbs4 to ! acre1 ^u l& usually      
produc+ #cjj to #ejj lbs4 se$ cotton1 & 
less = a bett] quality ( l&1 d[n to     
"o-f\r? ! quantity4 ,b$ on ?is z deep z 
y please2 ! moi/ure ( ! e>? w dis5gage !
 ammonia & phosphates1 & s5d _! f]tiliz+
 prop]ties up to ! roots4 ,nev] use     
guano z a top-dress+ = cotton4 ,! se$ w 
be f\nd bett] matur$1 & consequ5tly m   
valuable to manure ano!r crop1 besides  
be+ s mu* easi] sep>at$ f ! l9t1 :i* w  
be f\nd z mu* improv$ 9 quality z       
quantity4 ,= ,sea ,isl& plant]s1 :]e    
manure is s valuable & s h>d to obta91  
we w\ld e>ne/ly recomm5d a ?or\gh trial 
( guano4 ,z ! l& = ?is crop is mo/ly    
prep>$ ) hoes1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !      

s]vants d n neglect to bury x at ! v    
bottom ( a good b$4  ,f ! k ! writ] has 
( ! culture & value ( long /aple cotton1
 & ! price & value ( guano1 he has no   
hesitation 9 express+ 8 hone/ conviction
 t a cle> pr(it ( two to f\r hundr$ p]  
c5t4 may be made ^u e doll> exp5d$ 9 !  
pur*ase & prop] application ( guano to t
 crop4  ,guano1 = all /aple crops 9 !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 is no long] an exp]im5t4 
,x has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$1 to be !   
*eape/ & mo/ valuable f]tiliz]1         
p>ticul>ly = all poor1 worn out1 h>d us$
 & exhau/$ soils ev] discov]$2 :i* no   
s5sible man w neglect to pr(it by1 z    
soon z he le>ns its value1 unless       
prev5t$ by deep prejudice or /rong      
circum/ances4  ,application to          
,miscellane\s ,crops4--,"u ?is head we w
 give ! exp]i5ce ( sev]al individuals 9 
v>i\s sections1 soils & climates1 9     
hopes x may enc\rage ! d\btful1 & direct
 ^? :o are dispos$ to em]ge f d>kness   
into ! light ( sci5tific agriculture4 ,a
 g5tleman f ,w>saw1 ,virg9ia1 :]e ! soil

 is g5]ally a s&y loam1 badly worn by   
long ye>s ( bad tillage1 says1 ,my :eat 
looks f9ely1 especially :]e ,i appli$   
guano la/ fall4 ,i put x 9 ) ! se$ furr[
 ab\t ?ree in*es deep1 & also ) d\ble   
pl[ six in*es deep1 h>r[+ 9 ! :eat      
frequ5tly side by side4 ,at ?is "t ,i c 
see no diff]5ce 9 ! :eat crop4 ,i use a 
l>ge wood5 too!d h>r[ ext5d+ ov] ! b$ ( 
t5 feet1 & an ev5 soil1 free f /one2 !y 
d admirable "w & drill ! :eat z if put 9
 ) ! drill4  ,will\ghby ,newton1 ^:     
op]ation we h already spok5 (1 says2 ,i 
d n believe x possible to improve a f>m1
 on ! old ?ree %ift sy/em1 ( corn1 :eat 
& pa/ure1 )\t a l>ge supply ( =eign     
manures4 ,if clov] c be sub/itut$ =     
pa/ure 9 ! summ]1 !n ! l&1 if n         
naturally poor1 may be rapidly improv$  
by ! use ( lime alone1 9 addition to !  
putresc5t manures t may1 by prop] c>e1  
be made on ! f>m4 ,on o!r l& ( less     
f]tility1 & dri]1 ,i greatly pref] !    
five field sy/em1 "u :i*1 ) ! use (     
lime1 guano & clov]1 a rapid improvem5t 

may be effect$ at ! same "t t heavy     
crops ( :eat are reap$4  ,ano!r writ] 9 
speak+ ( h[ to improve worn out l&s1    
says2 ,let :atev] little surplus he c   
sp>e f supply+ ! necess>y wants ( 8     
family be laid out 9 ! pur*ase ( "s "o (
 ! reliable conc5trat$ manures4 ,guano  
is by f> ! *eape/1 & !re=e ! be/ = him1 
if he w pl[ x 9 well4 ,& my obs]vation &
 exp]i5ce h conv9c$ me t he may make su*
 improvem5t z w br+ him a quick return1 
& soon enable him to get 8 f>m well set 
9 grass4 ,?is once effect$1 8 facilities
 = its fur!r improvem5t w assur$ly      
increase 9 a ratio j 9 proportion z he  
is c>eful to pursue ! c\rse indicat$4   
,if a f>m] c succe$ 9 gett+ 8 fields    
well set 9 grass1 a l>ge & long array ( 
facts & exp]i5ce h prov$ t he may !n1 "u
 a judici\s c\rse ( managem5t1 r5d] !m m
 & m f]tile )\t =eign aid ( any k9d     
:atev]4  ,! editor ( ! ,am]ican ,f>m]1 9
 deprecat+ ! price ( guano says1 ,( !   
efficacy ( guano1 9 re/or+ worn out l&s 
to productiv5ess--( its capacity to     

increase ! yield ( any l&s 9 a s\nd     
condition--!re _c be a d\bt2 b ev5 ) all
 its reg5]at+ prop]ties1 we d ?9k t its 
m>ket value is too high4 ,=ty-eight     
doll>s = a ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian 
guano is m ?an x is intr9sically wor?1 &
 %\ld x be cont9u$ ?us high1 mu/1 we    
%\ld ?9k1 limit its use1 = ! obvi\s     
reason1 t f>m]s _c af=d to pay a price =
 x :i* is s disproportionate to its real
 value4  ,yet !y d cont9ue to pay1 &    
make x pay a great] pr(it ?an any o!r   
manure ev] pur*as$4 ,we hold to h done z
 mu* z any o!r individual to r$uce !    
price ( guano1 & wi% z he>tily z does ! 
editor ( ! ,am4 ,f>m]1 x 0 only half !  
price x n[ is2 yet1 we mu/ c\nsel our   
read]s n to wait = t *eap "t com+4 ,x is
 n[ *eap] ?an x 0 !n1 & probably z l[ z 
x w be = ye>s2 & 9 ! h&s ( ! pres5t     
ag5ts1 ! public may dep5d ^u a regul>   
supply1 & ( g5u9e quality1 at :at !     
,p]uvian gov]nm5t deem a fair price4    
,guano = ,melons & o!r ,v9es4--,mr4     
,pleasants1 ( :om we h be=e spok51 & ^: 

long exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( guano 9         
connection ) a m>ket g>d51 entitle him  
to a high degree ( cr$it1 says1 ,i h be5
 9 ! habit ( us+ x = sev]al ye>s1 & c   
te/ify to its value1 n only us+ x =     
melons1 b = ! :ole tribe ( cucurbitac4  
,! mode ( application :i* ,i pref] is   
?is2 :5 ! gr\nd is prep>$ & *eck$ (f1   
remove ! loose soil at ! int]sections ( 
! furr[s1 leav+ cle> spaces on !        
sub/ratum ( n less ?an eighte5 in*es 9  
diamet]4 ,^u ^! spaces spr9kle guano1 at
 ! rate "o p\nd to eight hills4 ,foll[ )
 a hill+ or grubb+ hoe1 & incorporate ! 
guano ) ! subsoil2 !n draw ! loose e>?  
back1 & f9i% by *opp+ a small quantity1 
a spadeful or less1 ( well rott$ manure 
into ! hill ne> ! surface4 ,guano plac$ 
ne> ! surface1 w rema9 almo/ in]t1 &    
buri$ deep1 z ,i recomm5d$1 x w be too  
remote f ! se$ to give ! "y plants !    
quick />t :i* is indisp5sable to an e>ly
 crop ( melons4 ,! small quantity (     
manure ne> ! top ( ! hill answ]s !      
purpose ( imm$iate =c+1 & enables !     

roots to /rike rapidly into ! guano1 :5 
! gr[? ( ! v9es w be /imulat$ to su* a  
degree z to cause !m to mature _! fruit 
a week or t5 days e>li] ?an !y w\ld d f 
ei!r guano or manure alone4 ,melons     
equally f9e may be rais$ f no?+ b guano1
 appli$ 9 ! mann] direct$2 b !y w n be  
an e>ly crop1 f ! fact t ! plants rema9 
almo/ /ation>y until ! roots rea* !     
guano4 ,la/ ye>1 f su* a prep>ation z is
 n[ recomm5d$1 ,i _h z f9e a crop (     
melons z ,i ev] saw2 & !y began to rip5 
at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! season4 ,two ye>s 
ago1 ,i _h !m ne>ly or q z good f guano 
alone2 b !y 7 late4 ,?is ye> ! crop 0   
almo/ a failure1 f ! wetness ( ! season1
 :i* caus$ ! v9es to die4 ,cantelope    
melons1 h[ev]1 h produc$ abundantly1    
gr[n entirely ) ! aid ( guano4 ,:]e     
manure is sc>ce1 ,i h no d\bt an        
admirable compo/ might be prep>$1       
consi/+ ( guano & ri* e>?4 ,x %\ld be   
made sev]al weeks1 or ev5 mon?s1 be=e x 
is want$ = use2 & ! heap work$ ov]      
frequ5tly 9 ord] to br+ x into a        

suitable condition4 ,su* a compo/ w\ld  
d\btless supply ! place 9 ! hill :i* ,i 
h assign$ to ! manure4 ,= pumpk9s1      
squa%es1 cymbl9s & cucumb]s1 :5 x is n  
p>ticul>ly desirable to h !m e>ly1 no?+ 
m is necess>y ?an to prep>e ! hills )   
guano4  ,! foll[+ extract f a lett] (   
,e4 ,g4 ,boo?1 to ,f4 ,c4 ,/a9brook1    
writt5 9 t pla9 famili> /yle ( "o fri5d 
to ano!r1 :i* *>act]ises ! man1 ) an    
evid5t int5t to d good2 ?\gh x 0 n      
design$ = publication1 we give x because
 we believe x w d o!rs good1 z well z ! 
recipi5t4 ,mr4 ,boo? confirms our op9ion
 (t5 express$1 t ! poor old b>r5 fields 
( l[] ,virg9ia1 are really m valuable   
?an ! ri* l&s ( ! we/2 because1 ow+ to  
facilities ( int]c\rse ) comm]cial      
cities by wat]1 ^! l&s c be b\ght1 &    
cultivat$ by aid ( guano1 ) m pr(it ?an 
! ri*e/ prairie f>m 9 ,ill9ois4 ,mr4    
,boo?'s te/imony ^u ! durability ( ?is  
manure1 is en\gh to contradict all !    
ass]tions t x is ( no use = only "o     
crop4 ,on 8 l&1 /rang]s c easily tell   

:]e guano 0 appli$ f\r ye>s previ\s4    
,y\rs ( ! ?ird has be5 receiv$1 & x     
af=ds me pleasure to give y any         
in=mation 9 my p[]4 ,! :eat crop dur+ ! 
! w9t] 0 v unpromis+4 ,!re 0 a g5]al    
compla9t t x 0 too ?94 ,! ,pol& :eat    
7mo/ g5]ally s[n 9 ?is neighborhood17 is
 said to bran* m ?an o!r k9ds1 & ,i     
reg>d ! pres5t prospect ( ! :eat crop z 
flatt]+1 p>ticul>ly :]e guano 0 us$4 ,x 
is n[ a fix$ fact1 t no poor l& ought to
 be cultivat$ )\t guano1 by any p]son :o
 c comm& ! money or cr$it to buy x4 ,x  
is rem>kable t x pays a mu* bett] pr(it1
 or p] c5t4 on ! inve/m5t1 on poor l&1  
?an ri*4 ,i 0 incl9$ = "s "t to believe 
t ! diff]5ce 0 really 9 appe>ance alone4
 ,! diff]5ce ( five bu%els increase on  
l& :i* )\t x w\ld br+ only fifte5--or 9 
o!r words1 an increase f fifte5 to tw5ty
 bu%els to ! acre1 w\ld n be v          
p]ceptible1 :ile an increase ( five     
bu%els on l& previ\sly mak+ only five1  
w\ld be v evid5t4 ,/ill1 ! real increase
 w\ld be five bu%els 9 ea* case4 ,i am  

n[ h[ev]1 decid$ly ( ! op9ion t x pays a
 mu* l>g] p] c5t4 on poor ?an ri* l&2   
because x supplies t 9 :i* poor l& is   
defici5t1 & ( :i* ri* l& may h en\gh4 ,i
 h x n[ 9 /rips on a clov] fall[1       
sc>cely %[+ any diff]5ce4 ,i la/ appli$ 
x on ab\t ! poore/ l& on my plantation1 
& ! product 0 rem>kable4 ,?is           
circum/ance mu* r$uces ! diff]5ce betwe5
 ! value ( poor & ri* l&1 & admoni%es u 
t !re is n a plot 9 our wide ext5d$     
surface1 :i* ne$ be ab&on$ or neglect$4 
,we c1 if we manage prop]ly1 support a  
population :i* w out vote ! ,we/ 9      
#ahfe4 ,!re is ano!r fact :i* exp]i5ce  
confirms1 t is x is mu* m durable ?an at
 fir/ suppos$4 ,my visitors h be5 able  
to po9t out ! /rips ( l& on :i* x 0 s[n1
 f\r ye>s aft] its application4 ,i      
notic$ a v evid5t effect on ! f>m ( ,mr4
 ,william ,fitzg]ald1 a few days ago4   
,he la/ ye> put x 9 drills1 & hill$ on  
!m = tobacco1 9 ! fall ! :ole surface 0 
s[n 9 :eat1 :i* is n[ gr[+ 9 ridges     
correspond+ ) ! furr[s :]e x 0 plac$4   

,:ile on ! subject ,i w m5tion ano!r    
fact diff]5t f fir/ impressions1 viz3 t 
x is m productive1 7! fir/ crop1 at     
lea/17 :5 h>r[$ 9 ) ! gra91 on !        
surface1 ?an :5 turn$ 9 v deep4 ,i h yet
 to satisfy myself :i* is mo/ durable4  
,9 ! exp]im5t :i* la/$ f\r ye>s1 ,i ?9k 
x 0 turn$ 94 ,! pur*ases ! ensu+ fall w 
be v l>ge4 ,^? :o 7 mo/ incr$ul\s are n[
 go+ 9 l>gely4 ,a v intellig5t &        
ent]pris+ fri5d ( m9e1 :o has be5       
improv+ 8 l& judici\sly & pr(itably 9   
?is way1 relat$ to me an anecdote :i*   
occurr$ to him4 ,he _h two neighbors    
rem>kable = _! judgm5t & success 9 f>m+ 
z well z o!r ?+s1 :o1 h[ev]1 7 incl9$ to
 und]rate 8 exp5diture ( money 9 ^!     
elem5ts ( improvem5t4 ,!y knew he _h    
pur*as$ & us$ a ton ( guano1 & ?\ght !y 
knew :]e he _h us$ ! :ole ( x4 ,!y w5t1 
n exactly by night1 b r privately1 to   
exam9e into ! result4 ,!y made _!       
obs]vations & calculations1 & agre$ t he
 _h got 8 money back1 b no pr(it wor?y  
consid]ation1 & 7 only confirm$ 9 _!    

opposition to su* an exp5diture4 ,! tru?
 01 h[ev]1 t only ab\t "o eigh? ( ! ton 
_h be5 us$ :]e !y calculat$ = ! :ole4   
,"o ( ^! g5tlem51 ,i am in=m$1 is n[    
ab\t ! l>ge/ pur*as] ( su* articles 9 ! 
c\nty2 & p]haps ! o!r also1 ?\gh ,i h n 
be5 in=m$4   ,,pla/] ,,) ,,guano4  ,a   
,virg9ia f>m]1 9 a lett] ( ,decemb]     
#ahdg1 9 speak+ ( us+ pla/] ) guano1 & !
 effect says--,i am a firm believ] 9 !  
m]its ( ! mixture1 & always use x4 ,i h 
us$ x on turnips ) decid$ effect1 z     
decid$ z t foll[+ any application (     
guano ,i ev] saw4 ,sev]al f>m]s ( my    
acqua9tance us$ ! mixture ( guano &     
pla/]1 & /able manure & pla/]           
habitually1 l myself1 & "o told me he   
us$ x half & half1 produc+ ! mo/ m>k$   
effect on :eat1 & t a neighbor ( 8 _h   
us$ x 9 ! same proportion ) ! same      
effect--! usual surpris+ effect ( guano4
 ,= myself1 ,i us$ "s #djj wor? ( guano 
on :eat ?is fall1 ! :ole ( x mix$ )     
pla/]4 ,i believe ! effect ( ! mixture w
 n be s vigor\s on ! fir/ crop1 z guano 

by itself--! pla/] husb&+ ! ammonia =   
succe$+ crops1 ^u :i* ! mixture1 7if !  
!ory be correct17 w h m effect ?an guano
 unmix$1 t be+ exhau/$ by ! fir/ crop4  
,a g5tleman aft] mak+ sundry c>eful     
exp]im5ts ) pla/] & c>bonate ( ammonia1 
?us expresses 8 conclusions--,^!        
exp]im5ts prove to me t no matt] 9 :at  
/ate1 7:e!r wet1 moi/1 or dry17 pla/] is
 pres5t$ to guano1 or any o!r manure f  
:i* ! c>bonate ( ammonia is escap+1 x   
mu/ reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ammonia t w\ld
 o!rwise be lo/ 9 ! atmosph]e4  ,!      
editor ( ! ,am]ican ,f>m] says--,if !   
soil be poor1 & x be desir$ to p]man5tly
 improve x1 at lea/ f\r hundr$ p\nds (  
guano1 )\t respect to ! fix] us$1 %\ld  
be spread broadca/1 on e acre ( x1 &    
pl[$ 9 to ! full dep? ( ! furr[4 ,if !  
l& be 9 mod]ate he>t1 ?ree hundr$ p\nds 
w be en\gh p] acre4 ,:]e ! soil may be  
good1 two hundr$ w be suffici5t4 ,^!    
quantities1 z ! read] w obs]ve1 h       
relation to broadca/ applications1 z all
 %\ld be :]e g5]al improvem5t is        

contemplat$2 if compell$ to conf9e 8    
exp]im5ts on corn to applications 9 !   
hill1 a =m ( manur+1 we h ev]           
disapprov$1 two hundr$ p\nds1 or ev5 "o 
hundr$ ( guano1 w manure an acre1 mix$ )
 a bu%el ( pla/]1 five bu%els ( slak$   
a%es1 & a d\ble horse c>t ( wood m\ld m 
effective ?an t5 loads ( manure appli$ 9
 ! hill4  ,yes1 z has be5 prov$ by      
c>eful exp]im5t made 9 ,engl&1 m ?an    
f\rte5 tons ( manure4 ,! editor also    
says1 :at we h s (t5 repeat$--,we hold  
^! to be agricultural tru?s--t guano is 
mo/ b5eficially appli$1 :5 pl\gh$ 9 z   
spread on ! ! e>?1 nev] less ?an f\r    
in*es deep--& bett]1 = p]man5t effect1  
to be pl\gh$ 9 deep]1 say six to eight  
in*es--:]e x may be desirable only to   
bury x f\r in*es deep1 ! l& %\ld be     
previ\sly pl\gh$ z deep z ! furr[ c be  
turn$ up1 & ! guano appli$ at a second  
pl\gh+--t all top-dress+s ) guano are   
wa/eful1 inasmu*1 z f ! volatile nature 
( ! m active p>ts ( ! manure1 great loss
 mu/ inevitably result f all su*        

applications1 & because1 m moi/ure ?an  
is to be f\nd on ! surface1 is necess>y 
to excite1 & c>ry on1 t heal?ful        
progressive /ate ( decomposition1 :i* is
 requir$ to r5d] guano mo/ available =  
pres5t production & future improvem5t4  
,we d n hesitate to express ! op9ion1 t 
:5 prop]ly us$1 z an adjunct to lime or 
m>l1 t x w br+ up any s\nd worn out l&1 
to at lea/ its orig9al degree1 if n a   
great] degree ( f]tility2 provid$ its   
application be foll[$ by clov]4 ,we     
believe t1 :5 prop]ly appli$ to l&1 ei!r
 lim$ or m>l$ ! previ\s ye>1 x w add    
tw5ty-five1 ?irty1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 =ty
 p] c5t4 to ! product ( :eat2 besides   
infus+ into ! soil1 ! capacity to gr[   
luxuriant crops ( clov]1 & ?us fit x =  
pr(itable future culture4 ,if x w d ?is1
 & we are c]ta9 x w1 !n x w a*ieve all t
 any agriculturi/ c reasonably expect ( 
x1 or ( any o!r f]tiliz+ ag5t2 & we are 
v sure !re is no o!r manure equally     
efficaci\s1 )9 ! rea* ( f>m]s & plant]s4
  ,guano diff]s mu* 9 quality2 t f ,p]u1

 is confess$ly be/ ( any :i* has yet be5
 submitt$ to actual exp]im5t by         
agriculturi/s1 or te/$ by ! analysis (  
*emi/s1 be+ mu* ri*] 9 its nitrog5\s    
elem5t1 ?an ei!r ! ,patagonian or       
,african v>iety4  ,he also says--#djj   
lbs4 ( guano & #a bu%el ( pla/]1 w      
ensure a good crop ( corn1 s w #bjj lbs4
 guano & eight bu%els ( bone e>?1 or #bj
 bu%els ( bone e>?1 #aj bu%els ( a%es & 
#a bu%el ( pla/]4 ,ea* to be pl\gh$ 94  
,mu* m might be said 9 favor ( us+ pla/]
 ) guano1 or "s o!r fix] ( ammonia1     
:]ev] x is expos$1 on or ne> ! surface4 
,we add a few m extracts ma9ly to %[ t  
deep pl\gh+1 & pl5tiful manur+1 are !   
sure gu>antee ( b\ntiful crops4         
,bone-du/1 except :5 us$ 9 ! drill1 %\ld
 always be h>r[$ 94 ,x %\ld be put 9    
bulk ) o!r matt]s1 & excit$ into an     
incipi5t /ate ( decomposition be=e be+  
us$4  ,guano %\ld always be pl\gh$ 91 if
 practicable4 ,h>r[+ & cultivat+ 9 guano
 h be5 practis$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9    
,engl&1 by intellig5t f>m]s2 & 9 v>i\s  

in/ances h be5 spok5 approv+ly (1       
success hav+ att5d$ su* applications 9  
s+le crops2 b we d\bt :e!r mu*1 if any  
p]man5t b5efit 7 done to ! soil1 9      
qualify+ x = ! production ( ! subsequ5t 
crops ( a c\rse ( rotation4 ,9 ,p]u x is
 us$ topically1 b su* applications are  
always foll[$ by imm$iate irrigations ( 
! soils to :i* x is appli$1 ! ,p]uvians 
act+ ^u ! philosophical pr9cipal1 :e!r  
!y compreh5d its !ory or n1 t to secure 
! nutri5t prop]ties ( ?is active        
f]tiliz] to _! gr[+ crops1 x is ess5tial
 t !y provide an absorb5t1 & t !y f9d 9 
! wat] furni%$ by _! processes (        
irrigation4 ,exp]i5ce1 practice1 &      
irrigation h taught !m1 t unless !y     
cause ! c>bonate ( ammonia1 & ! v>i\s   
comp\nd sub/ances ) :i* x exi/s 9 !     
guano1 to desc5d spe$ily to ! roots ( _!
 plants1 t f ! volatility ( its m active
 & effici5t elem5ts1 !y w be expell$ by 
! heat ( ! sun1 escape into ! air1 & be 
lo/ = all ! purposes ( vegetable gr[?4  
,b 9 view ( ! :ole gr\nd1 tak+ into     

consid]ation ! evanesc5t nature ( any   
ammonia 9 guano 9 ! comp\nds 9 :i* x    
exi/s1 to be conv]t$ into t =m1 we      
hone/ly believe1 t s f> z la/+ b5efit to
 ! l& may be conc]n$1 guano %\ld be     
pl\gh$ 94  ,9 all tol]ably good ,guano1 
!re is a suffici5cy ( ! c>bonate already
 =m$ to c>ry on heal?ful vegetation1 &  
!re=e1 x is be/ to place x suffici5tly  
deep to prev5t ! wa/e ( an elem5t s     
ess5tial to ! gr[? ( plants1 & s liable 
to loss4  ,x is possible :]e ! soil _h  
be51 by repeat$ h>r[+s1 r$uc$ to a /ate 
( v f9e til?1 t guano may be cov]$      
suffici5tly deep ) ! ,cultivator to     
become mix$ )1 & consequ5tly be absorb$ 
by ! vegetable rema9s ( ! e>?1 & ?us be 
prev5t$ f loss by escape ( its volatile 
gases2 especially w\ld ?is be ! case1 if
 ! process ( cultivat+ x 91 7 soon aft] 
foll[$ by p5etrat+ ra9s4 ,9 admitt+ ?is1
 we /ill adh]e to ! op9ion1 t s f> z    
p]man5t b5efits are conc]n$1 ! mo/      
economical mode ( apply+ guano to ! e>?1
 is by ! pl\gh4  ,z soon z ! guano is   

pl\gh$ 91 ! :eat %\ld be s[$ & h>r[$ 91 
9 ! usual way4 ,9 our climate we c s[   
:eat on ! poore/ corn gr\nd late 9      
,novemb] & h z f9e a crop1 & h>ve/ x z  
soon1 z we c obta9 f well prep>$ &      
fall[$ )\t guano s[$ e>ly 9 ! season1 ,=
 e #ajj lbs4 ( guano1 n exce$+ #bej lbs4
 we calculate on reap+ ( an av]age      
season f six to sev5 bu%els1 sometimes  
eight4 ,f a great] quantity ?\gh !      
product w be increas$1 yet x w n be     
increas$ 9 ! same proportion1 & #bjj lbs
 w also be suffici5t = ! production (   
two good grass crops foll[+ ! :eat & w  
!n leave ! l& 9 an improv$ condition4   
,*>coal & ,guano4--,! b5efit ( *>coal ) 
guano w be und]/ood f ! foll[+ extract f
 ,sci5tific ,agriculture1 on ! nature ( 
*>coal & its use z a manure4--,*>coal on
 acc\nt ( its p[] ( absorb+ gases &     
de/roy+ (f5sive odors1 is a valuable    
addition to ! soil2 its op]ation z a    
manure is n s direct z "s o!r manures2 t
 is1 x is n s useful on acc\nt ( any    
elem5t x furni%es to plants1 z by !     

int]m$iate (fice :i* x p]=ms1 ( absorb+ 
& reta9+ 9 ! soil ^? volatile matt]s :i*
 plants require1 & :i* w\ld o!rwise     
escape & be lo/4 ,x is b5eficial z a    
top-dress+1 & z an +r$i5t 9 compo/s2 x  
evolves c>bonic acid 9 its              
decomposition1 & is 9 ?is way directly  
useful to plants4 ,its p[]ful antiseptic
 prop]ties r5d] x v useful to "y & t5d] 
plants1 by keep+ ! soil free ( putrify+ 
sub/ances1 :i* w\ld o!rwise de/roy _!   
spongioles & prev5t _! gr[?4  ,& its    
capacity to absorb _m times its bulk (  
gase\s matt]1 w always give x value z an
 absorb5t ( escap+ ammonia f surface    
dress+s ( guano4  ,! editor ( ! ,f>m]   
also says--,9 our climate1 we %\ld be   
oppos$ to all topical applications ( any
 /rongly conc5trat$ manure l guano by   
itself1--&1 inde$ we %\ld1 "u all       
circum/ances1 pref] to h x pl\gh$ 91 if 
practicable2 b z we presume our         
correspond5t has be5 prev5t$ by         
circum/ances1 f us+ guano at ! "t (     
pl\gh+ = :eat2 & ( c\rse1 mu/ avail     

himself ( ! next be/ plan ( d]iv+ b5efit
 f its use1 we w\ld advise1 him next    
spr+1 z soon z ! fro/ is out ( ! gr\nd1 
& x is 9 a /ate to be> a team2 to mix1 9
 ! proportion ( #ajj lbs4 ( guano1 "o   
bu%el ( f9e *>coal1 & "o peck ( pla/] p]
 acre1 !n to s[ ! mixture ov] 8 :eat    
field1 lightly h>r[ ! gr\nd1 & f9i% by  
roll+2 & we h no hesitation 9 say+1 t 8 
:eat crop w be b5efitt$ m ?an twice !   
co/ ( ! manure4 ,we say to him f>!r t he
 ne$ n fe> injur+ 8 :eat plants by !    
op]ation ( h>r[+ & roll+2 =1 on !       
contr>y1 x w act z a work+1 & prove (   
decid$ advantage4 ,we feel v c]ta9 t !  
admixture ( *>coal & pla/] ) guano1     
toge!r ) ! cov]+ x w receive by ! h>r[+1
 w prev5t any mat]ial loss ( !          
ammoniacal pr9ciples ( ! latt]2 z       
indep5d5t ( ! aff9ity exi/+ betwe5      
*>coal1 pla/]1 & all nitrog5e\s bodies1 
!y w be greatly aid$ by ! vital pr9ciple
 ( ! plants !mselves4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 
left to ! lights ( !ory alone1 9 ?is    
matt]1 b h ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,honorable    

,mr4 ,pe>ce1 ( ,k5t c\nty1 ( ?is ,/ate1 
to guide u to a practical result1--he   
us$1 "s ye>s s9ce1 a top-dress+ ( guano 
& pla/] ^u 8 :eat field1 & 0 rew>d$ by a
 l>ge increase ( crop4  ,a correspond5t 
says--,i am satisfi$ f exp]i5ce &       
obs]vation 9 ! use ( guano = ! la/      
twelve ye>s1 t ! be/ me?od1 decid$ly1 ( 
apply+ x to our crops 9 ?is dry climate1
 is to pl[ & spade x into ! gr\nd2 &    
autumn is ! be/ season = do+ ?is1 z x   
gives "t = ! pung5t salts conta9$ 9 !   
guano to get ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! soil be=e
 spr+ plant+4 ,d n fe> to lose ! guano1 
by pl[+ x z deep z y please--x w n run  
away1 dep5d ^u x4 ,at ! s\? x loses half
 its virtue if n pl[$ 9 at lea/ ?ree    
in*es deep2 six to twelve in*es w\ld be 
/ill bett]4  ,spread broadca/ on grass  
l&1 late 9 ! fall or e>ly 9 ! spr+1 if n
 pl[$ 9 be=e s[+ buck:eat1 rye or :eat1 
!n spread x broadca/ aft] s[+ ! gra91 & 
h>r[ well & roll ! l&4 ,?is la/ op]ation
 is q important4  ,value ( ,guano on    
acc\nt ( its ,phosphates4--,he :o wi%es 

to h ! be/ graz+ gr\nds1 :]e he c pres5t
 ! ri*e/ & mo/ nutriti\s h]bage to 8    
cattle1 w keep 8 gr\nd well suppli$ or  
manur$ ) guano t ab\nds 9 phosphates1   
kn[+ t x w supply ! ne$$ nutrim5t to !  
grass1 & by ! grass to ! cattle2 & ?us 8
 /ock w be kept 9 a high condition &    
full fle%1 ei!r = ! f>m or ! m>ket4     
,aga92 he :o raises :eat1 corn1 or o!r  
gra9s1 has an equal inducem5t to look to
 x t 8 manures are abundantly impregnat$
 ) ^! ess5tial elem5ts4 ,phosphates1 s  
available to ! rais] ( /ock1 are equally
 s to ! produc] ( gra92 because ! size1 
ri*ness1 & nutriti\s qualities ( ! gra9 
dep5d l>gely on ! pres5ce ( ^! 9 ! soil4
 ,a f>m]1 !re=e1 has a vital int]e/ 9   
?is matt]1 & %\ld obta9 :at be/ suits 8 
purpose4 ,! mo/ intellig5t ,engli% f>m]s
 are s well conv9c$ on ?is po9t1 t      
sub/ances conta9+ only t5 p] c5t4 (     
phosphate ( lime1 are s\ght aft]1       
dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid & wat]1 &     
spr9kl$ on ! soil4 ,bone du/ also is    
us$1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 is available1  

because "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts (    
bones1 is phosphate ( lime4 ,b ! article
 9 :i* ! phosphates are ! mo/ conv5i5t1 
because ! mo/ m9utely di/ribut$1 is     
guano2 & ?is1 :5 judici\sly us$1 mu/ f9d
 favor :]ev] x c be obta9$4  ,t :i*     
conta9s a l>ge proportion ( phosphates1 
9 comb9ation ) ammonia1 nitrog5 &       
alkal9e salts1 app>5tly 9 ! exact       
proportion requir$ by nature1 su* z     
analysis & exp]i5ce proves is ! case )  
,p]uvian guano1 w be s\ght aft] by e    
f>m] :o reads ! evid5ce ( its value :i* 
we h giv5 9 ^! pages4  ,x is idle to    
talk ( bones to re/ore ! wa/e (         
phosphates 9 ! soil t is be+ con/antly  
c>ri$ away 9 grass & gra91 beef1 pork1  
mutton1 milk & *eese1 mu* ( :i* passes  
into ! sea f ! sew]s ( cities1 to be !re
 reta9$ 9 t great res]voir = ! future   
use ( m54 ,x is f t we are n[ draw+ our 
pres5t supplies4 ,happily = mank9d 9 all
 civiliz$ c\ntries1 ! discov]y ( guano  
has1 9 a provid5tial mann]1 met ! v     
wants ( ! times1 9 ref]5ce to !         

re9vigoration ( c]ta9 k9ds ( soil1 s9ce 
?is manure furni%es ! elem5ts mo/ ne$$  
to supply ! wa/e aris+ f cultivation1 & 
to develop vegetation4  ,! impossibility
 ( procur+ bones en\gh to supply ! wants
 ( ! comp>ative few n[ engag$ 9 us+     
guano1 may be readily le>n$ by any f>m] 
:o uses t5 tons ( guano p] annum1 if he 
w und]take to pick up bones en\gh to    
furni% him ! same am\nt ( phosphates    
conta9$ 9 t quantity ( guano4 ,!n if all
 :o are n[ us+ x1 w\ld drop guano & take
 to bones1 x w\ld soon be f\nd to be h>d
 pick+4 ,save all ! bones & apply !m to 
! soil1 is a /&+ text ) u2 ^u ! same    
soil use all ! guano y\r c procure & y w
 n ne$ to pick bones--y w gr[ bones to  
pick4 ,x may be v patriotic to talk ab\t
 exp5d+ ! money at home1 = bones1 in/ead
 ( s5d+ x to ,p]u1 = guano2 b t talk is 
all = ,buncombe1 !re is n a p>ticle (   
s\nd reason 9 x4 ,if all ! bones 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates c\ld be sav$ & appli$ to !
 l& aga91 we %\ld /ill fall %ort ( a    
supply1 & be oblig$ to d z ,engl& did   

be=e ! introduction ( guano2 g ab\t &   
ransack grave y>ds ( great battlefields1
 = m bones4 ,) all ! guano import$1 or t
 w be import$1 & all ! bones t w be     
sav$1 !re w /ill be room = m phosphates 
9 ! millions ( acres ( hungry soil 9    
,am]ica4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect if a few 
su* f>ms z ,will\ghby ,newton's1 & ,col4
 ,c>t]'s1 :o ea* use #cj to #dj tons p] 
annum ( guano1 %\ld come all at once    
into ! bone m>ket = _! supplies4 ,9 our 
op9ion !re w\ld be su* a rattl+ among ! 
dry bones1 we %\ld he> no m ab\t        
sub/itut+ !m = guano4 ,! fact is an     
incontrov]tible "o1 t no?+ on e>? nor "u
 ! e>?1 or 9 ! sea1 has ev] be5         
discov]$1 :i* c be us$ z a sub/itute =  
guano4 ,its small bulk is alone         
suffici5t to comm5d x to favor4  ,!     
,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&  
(f]s a prize ( #a1jjj & ! gold m$al ( ! 
society1 = ! discov]y ( a manure ) equal
 f]tiliz+ prop]ties to ! guano1 ( :i* an
 unlimit$ supply c be furni%$ 9 ,engl&1 
at #e p] ton4  ,analogy betwe5 ,bones & 

,guano4--,!re is a /rik+ analogy 9      
composition betwe5 bones & guano1 :i*   
is1 = o!r reasons int]e/+ to ! practical
 man4  ,! foll[+ table exhibits !       
composition ( bones comp>$ ) guano1     
suppos+ bo? 9 ! dry /ate4 ,bones1 z !y  
are appli$ to to ! l& conta9 ab\t #ah p]
 c5t4 ( wat]4 ,i*aboe guano f #bj to #be
 p] c5t4                                
,bones4      ,guano4    ,organic animal 
matt]1             #cc            #ef   
,phosphates ( lime & magnesia1   #ei    
#bf   ,c>bonate ( lime1                 
#d             #f   ,salts ( soda1      
#d            #aj   ,salts ( pota%1     
trace         trace   ,silici\s matt]   
#j             #b                       
----          ----                      
#ajj            #ajj  ,& ^! sub/ances   
are f\nd 9 guano already 9 a pulv]ul5t  
/ate1 :ile bones h to be r$uc$ by       
me*anical or *emical means to ! same    
condition be=e !y are ( any use z       
manure4 ,d n1 we aga9 repeat mo/        
emphatically1 d n wa/e a bone2 dissolve 

all y c get 9 sulphuric acid & mix )    
guano--save & make all ! manure         
possible1 bo? by ! /able1 compo/ heap & 
gre5 crops1 & !n y w h money to buy     
guano1 by :i* y c save ! imm5se labor ( 
haul+ to di/ant fields1 & /ill h !      
satisfaction ( see+ !m z f]tile z ^?    
highly manur$ ne> home4  ,:5 ! f>m]     
raises crops = sale1 & removes 8 gra9 & 
grasses f ! l&1 he sells a portion ( 8  
soil2 & if he does n r5ew 9 "s way !    
sal9e matt]s tak5 away 9 8 crops1 he    
inv>iably impov]i%es 8 f>m4 ,?is "w (   
exhau/ion is n[ go+ on to an al>m+      
ext5t1 & ! prolific :eat l&s are to be  
se>*$ = f>!r & f>!r we/w>d z ! op]ation 
proce$s4  ,e "o kn[s ! sup]iority ( :eat
 gr[n on newly cultivat$ l&s1 & mo/     
f>m]s are aw>e ( ! fact t soils become  
exhau/$ ( some?+1 !y "k n :at1 b (      
some?+ ess5tial to ! mo/ favorable      
production ( gra94 ,?is some?+ is f\nd 9
 guano1 & by x ! orig9al f]tility ( l& c
 be m easily1 m c]ta9ly & *eaply re/or$ 
?an by any o!r means z yet discov]$4    

,pr(essor ,mapes 9 "o ( 8 lett]s (      
advice says2 ,z no f>m1 "u ord9>y usage1
 w supply z mu* manure z may be us$ ^u x
 ) pr(it1 ,i am glad y int5d to use     
guano1 z x is an admirable manure1      
replete ) _m requirem5ts ( plants4 ,!   
ammonia ( ! guano is 9 ! =m ( a         
c>bonate1 & !re=e s volatile z to escape
 f ! soil into ! atmosph]e be=e plants c
 use x4  ,y w readily p]ceive1 !re=e1 t 
! sulphuric & phosphoric acids require  
am5dm5ts1 & ! ammonia %\ld be *ang$ f a 
c>bonate to a sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* is
 n volatile4 ,all ?is may be readily    
done by dissolv+ bone du/ 9 dilute      
sulphuric acid1 mix+ x ) ! guano1 & !n )
 a suffici5t am\nt ( *>coal du/ to r5d] 
! mass dry & pulv]ul5t4 ,! m *>coal du/ 
! bett]1 z x absorbs & reta9s ammonia1 &
 aft] x is 9 ! soil1 w cont9ue to p]=m  
simil> (fices = _m ye>s1 only yield+ up 
ammonia z requir$ by plants1 & receiv+  
new portions f ra9s1 dews1 c4  ,if us$ z
 a top dress+1 ?is *ange f a c>bonate to
 a sulphate may be necess>y2 b n s if   

well mix$ ) ! soil1 p>ticul>ly "o 9 :i* 
clay pr$om9ates4 ,9 su* a soil x is n   
ev5 necess>y to adh]e to ! direction to 
pl[ ! guano deeply "u4 ,if x is b       
slightly h>r[$ 91 ! nature ( ! clay is  
su* x w prev5t ! escape ( ! ammonia4 ,if
 y require phosphates1 m ?an ammonia1   
add ! sup]phosphate ( lime2 b 9 no case 
omit ! guano4  ,use ( ,salt )           
,guano4--,common salt at ! rate ( a     
bu%el to #ajj lbs4 ( guano1 well mix$1  
may be us$ to good advantage ei!r z a   
top dress+1 or :5 pl[$ 94 ,! effect ( ! 
muriatic acid ( ! salt ^u ! guano w be1 
z bo? are dissolv$ 9 ! e>?1 or by dews &
 ra9s1 to =m muriate ( ammonia1 :i* is n
 volatile2 consequ5tly ! salt prev5ts   
loss by exhau/ion1 :i* is sure to take  
place :5 ! guano is us$ z a top dress+1 
unless prev5t$ by some?+ to act z a fix]
 ( ! ammonia4  ,! wisdom ( ?is law (    
nature 9 mak+ ! mo/ preci\s sal9e manure
 a fix$ & difficultly soluble salt1 is  
at once obvi\s2 = x is ?us kept always  
ready 9 ! soil = ! plants to act ^u     

accord+ to _! ne$4 ,if we cut plants d[n
 be=e ! se$s =m1 we h all ! phosphates !
 plants conta9 diffus$ ?r\gh\t !m1 & if 
we all[ ! se$ to rip51 ! phosphates1 z  
be=e obs]v$1 w be f\nd mo/ly 9 ! se$4   
,we f9d !m 9 ! /ate ( phosphate ( pota%1
 phosphate ( soda1 phosphate ( magnesia1
 & phosphate ( lime1 & probably1 also1  
phosphate ( ammonia4 ,n[ all ^! salts   
are ess5tial to ! gr[? & su/5ance (     
animals1 & )\t !m gra9 w\ld cease to be 
suffici5t4  ,! necessity ( re/or+       
inorganic sub/ances to ! soil1 may be   
bett] und]/ood by exam9+ ! foll[+ table3
  ,mr4 ,prixdeaux /ates t ! foll[+      
quantities 7( inorganic matt]s7 are     
remov$ f an acre ( soil by a crop (     
:eat1 ( #be bu%els ( gra91 & #cjjj lbs4 
( /raw--                     ,by ! gra94
       ,by ! /raw4          ,total4     
lbs4                  lbs4              
lbs4   ,pota%1                    #g4ae 
#bb4dd             #bi4ei   ,soda1      
#b4gc                  #j4bi            
#c4jb   ,magnesia1                      

#c4fc                  #f4ii            
#aj4fb   ,phosphoric acid1              
#ae4jb                 #e4ed            
#bj4ef   ,sulphuric acid1               
#j4jg                #aj4di             
#aj4ef   ,*lor9e                        
#j4jj                 #a4ih             
#a4ih                               ----
                 ----              ---- 
#bh4fj                #dg4gc    ,gross  
weight to be return$ to an acre1        
#gf4cc  ,pr(essor ,johnson says--,soils 
are b>r5 ei!r f ! pres5ce ( a noxi\s    
pr9ciple or ! abs5ce ( a necess>y       
elem5t4 ,x is !re=e highly important to 
be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two cases4  
,! art ( culture is almo/ entirely a    
*emical art4 ,its processes are expla9$ 
on *emical pr9cipals 9 "p1 b p>tly on   
me*anical & natural ones4  ,all =ms (   
matt] may be divid$ into "o ( ! two     
great gr\ps--organic or inorganic matt]4
  ,9 ,p]uvian guano1 bo? ^! sub/ances   
exi/ 9 a bett] & *eap] =m ?an c be      
obta9$ f any o!r s\rce4  ,! editor ( !  

,g5esee f>m]1 ^: sci5tific in=mation    
none c dispute1 /rongly corroborates ?is
 op9ion4 ,9 a late numb] he says--,if we
 admit t phosphate ( lime is a necess>y 
+r$i5t 9 a special manure =             
:eat--,p]uvian guano w\ld at pres5t be  
mu* ! *eape/ s\rce ( x2 =1 9 addition to
 ! #af p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 x conta9s #bj 
p] c5t4 ( phosphate ( lime 9 fir/-rate  
condition = assimilation by ! plant1 z  
well z o!r f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts ( m9or      
importance4  ,z a manure = :eat1 !re=e1 
we greatly pref] good ,p]uvian guano1   
ev5 to ! improv$ sup]phosphate ( lime4  
,diff]5ce 9 favor ( ,guano ov] ,bone    
du/4--,rob]t ,montei?1 ,engl&1 dress$   
oat gr\nd ) #bgf lbs4 guano p] acre1 co/
 #ca %ill+s1 produce #ei bu%els1 value  
#g #gs #f;d4 ,same quality ( l& ) #aj   
bu%els bone du/1 co/ #bc %ill+s &       
f\rp5ce1 produc$ #dc bu%els value #e #gs
 #f;d1 :i* gives a balance 9 favor (    
guano ( #a #abs #d;d1 or ab\t #g #ej p] 
acre4  ,diff]5ce 9 favor ( ,guano ov]   
,manure4--,! ,york%ire ,agricultural    

,society ( ,engl&1 in/itut$ a s]ies (   
exp]im5ts sev]al ye>s ago = ! purpose ( 
work+ out practical facts 9 relation to 
guano1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( crops1 ^u diff]5t
 soils1 by diff]5t p]sons1 ^u ^: report 
! utmo/ reliance might be plac$1 s z to 
det]m9e ! value1 or advantage to ,briti%
 f>m]s1 :o might use ?is extraord9>y    
f]tiliz]4 ,?is report has j be5 publi%$1
 & ! foll[+ is a synopsis ( ! results4  
,! exp]im5ts 7 arrang$ "u ! foll[+      
heads--  #a4 ,to %[ ! natural produce ( 
! l&1 "o "p 0 to h no manure :atev]4    
#b4 ,0 to h twelve tons p] acre (       
f>m-y>d dung4  #c4 ,0 to h six tons (   
dung1 & "o cwt4 ea* ( guano & dissolv$  
coprolites2 &  #d4 ,0 to h two cwt4 (   
guano & two cwt4 ( ! coprolites4  ,o!r  
sub/ances might be tri$ z additions1 b  
^! 7 to be ! /&>d exp]im5ts4  ,mr4      
,*olmeley's turnips1 gr[n on a loamy    
soil _h ! heavie/ crop on ,no4 #c1 !    
dung1 coprolite1 & guano1 beat+ !       
f>m-y>d manure by "s #e-c_/d tons p]    
acre4  ,mr4 ,johnson's exp]im5ts 7 tri$ 

) v>i\s manures s+ly2 & 8 ,p]uvian guano
 gave ! greate/ weight ( ! class (      
sub/ances tri$2 b #aj cubic y>ds (      
f>m-y>d manure _h previ\sly be5 appli$  
to ! :ole l&4  ,mr4 ,maulev]e's heavie/ 
weight1 also appli$ s+ly1 0 ) ! #ab tons
 ( dung2 b only #ad cwt4 m ?an ! dress+ 
) #b cwt4 ( coprolites4 ,?is soil 0 a   
light clay4  ,mr4 ,ne:am's on a lime/one
 soil1 7 ! heavie/ ) ,no4 #c--! same z  
,mr4 ,*olmeley's--& 7 #af cwt4 heavi]   
?an an application ( dung alone4  ,mr4  
,ou?waite's1 on a hungry gravel1 7 !    
heavie/1 ) #i-c_/d tons ( dung & #b cwt4
 ( guano1 = all ! l& _h be5 dung$ at ?is
 rate1 & exce$$ #ad-a_/b tons ( dung by 
#b tons #i cwt4 p] acre4  ,mr4 ,scott's 
7 ! heavie/ on ,no4 #d1--! guano &      
coprolites1 & #a ton #g cwt4 m ?an #bj  
tons ( dung1--8 soil 0 a /rong loam4    
,mr4 ,wailes's 7 ! heavie/1 ) #d cwt4 ( 
coprolites1 %[+ an increase ov] #bj tons
 ( dung ( #b tons #i cwt4 p] acre2 !    
soil is a useful loam4  ,! fir/ fact :i*
 /rikes ! obs]v]1 is1 t z a g5]al rule1 

!re is n only an addition to ! crop by !
 addition ( ^? artificial manures1 b !re
 is1 9 "s cases1 m absolute crop produc$
 by !m ?an by f>m-y>d manure alone4  ,n[
 to br+ ?is to ! te/ ( figures1 !       
coprolites at #e p] ton1 & ! guano at   
#aj p] ton1 w be at ! rate ( #b cwt (   
ea*1 #a #ajs p] acre4 ,n[ assum+ ?is to 
be equal to #bj tons ( dung p] acre1 we 
%\ld require to be able to produce !    
dung at #as #f;d p] ton to co/ u ! same 
money4 ,b x c be nei!r produc$ nor      
pur*as$ at any su* money4 ,9 ! :ole ( ! 
cases ref]r$ to1 ! manure is mo/ co/ly1 
& yet we f9d h>dly any case :]e !re is n
 an addition to ! crop1 ( say two to    
?ree tons ( turnips p] acre1 by su* an  
increase ( manure z ! guano4 ,n[1 if a  
ton ( turnips be wor? #ajs41 or ev5 #is1
 !re is at once an elem5t ( repaym5t2 =1
 if a soil be 9 a condition to give a   
l>ge crop ( turnips1 x is almo/ c]ta9 to
 be capable ( giv+ a l>ge crop ( any o!r
 plant to succe$4  ,mr4 ,*>nock gives x 
z ! result ( 8 practical exp]i5ce1 t #d 

cwt4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 )\t manure1 is ! 
*eape/ & be/ mode ( gr[+ turnips2 b !   
g5]al te/imony seems to be decid$ly 9   
favor ( :at all f>m]s f9d x ! be/ &     
easie/ to d1 viz41 to add a small       
quantity ( artificial manure to t :i* ! 
f>m w supply1 & s to spread ! :ole ov] !
 l&1 r ?an put all ! dung 9 "o place1 & 
all ! artificial manure 9 ano!r4  ,no "o
 c d\bt ! true /atem5t ( ?is report1 :i*
 proves #g #ej4 wor? ( guano equal to   
#bj tons ( manure--r$uc+ ! wor? ( t to  
"o %ill+ & sixp5ce--ab\t #cd c5ts--p]   
ton1 or "o doll> a cord4 ,n[1 z manure  
is (t5 e/imat$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! cord1 &
 valu$ at ab\t #d1 & appli$ at ! rate ( 
#f cords p] acre1 x foll[s t a sav+ (   
#ad #ej p] acre may be made by us+ #bej 
lbs4 ( guano in/ead ( pur*as+ ! manure4 
,?is ,york%ire exp]im5t exactly         
corresponds ) ^? made 9 ?is c\ntry1 "s (
 :i* we h detail$1 & :i* proves t a f>m]
 _c buy manure at ! common sell+ prices2
 & if he hauls 8 own ! di/ance ( a mile1
 he w exp5d m value ( "t1 ?an x is wor? 

to him on ! l&2 because ! same value (  
"t--"t is money--exp5d$ = guano1 w br+  
him bett] returns4 ,9 ?is1 z be=e /at$1 
we are confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,mapes2 &  
"h is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,hovey ( ,bo/on1 !
 em95t horticulturi/1 :i* we f9d 9 !    
,augu/ ,no4 ( 8 magaz9e1 z foll[s--     
,if1 aft] su* evid5ce z ?is1 f>m]s w    
cont9ue to buy a%es at eight c5ts a     
bu%el1 or manure at ?ree to six doll>s a
 cord1 includ+ c>t+1 & use !m alone1 !n 
let !m d s1 b !y %\ld n compla9 t _!    
crop co/ m ?an x comes to4 ,to or*>di/s 
& fruit gr[]s1 ?is in=mation is ( !     
greate/ value1 & we tru/ !y w n let x   
pass unhe$$4  ,?is op9ion is valuable   
because x has be5 /\tly ass]t$1 t h[ev] 
well guano might answ] at ! ,s\?1 x 0 ( 
no use 9 ! h>d soil & cold climate (    
,new ,engl&4 ,?is is a fallacy :i* w    
soon be cur$ by k1 & self-int]e/ is a v 
/rong prompt] t[>ds ! acquisition ( ! k1
 t guano is ! be/1 *eape/1 mo/ suitable1
 conv5i5t & productive manure ev] us$ by
 a ,new ,engl& f>m]1 & j z suitable = t 

climate & soil z x is = ,virg9ia4 ,we   
ass]t1 )\t fe> ( successful             
contradiction1 t !re is n a f>m--n a    
field--cov]$ ) five-f+] v9es & mull5s1 9
 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 :i* may n be  
made to produce z pr(itable crops1 by ! 
use ( guano1 z any ,connecticut riv]    
f>m4 ,f>m]s are ab\t ! h>de/ class ( m5 
9 ! _w to le>n new doctr9es2 or t sci5ce
 has any?+ to d ) ! bus9ess ( ?is life1 
& :at all o!r life 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry  
is dep5d5t ^u4 ,yet sci5ce tea*es1 by   
un]r+ tru?s1 t ! plants ! f>m]          
cultivates1 are compos$ ( c>bon1 obta9$ 
by plants *iefly f ! soil & atmosph]e2  
oxyg5 & hydrog51 obta9$ by plants *iefly
 f wat]1 c>bonic acid1 c42 nitrog5      
obta9$ by plants *iefly f manure1 & also
 f ra9 & sn[2 silicium1 9 comb9ation )  
oxyg51 call$ silicia or s&2 lime 9      
comb9ation ) phosphoric & o!r acids2    
pota% & soda 9 comb9ation ) acids2      
magnesia1 9 comb9ation ) acids1 & v>i\s 
oxides ( metals1 ! pres5ce ( :i*1 h[ev]1
 is n v important1 z !y exi/ 9 an       

exce$+ly small quantity4 ,& t guano is  
compos$ ( ammonia 7=m$ ( nitrog5 &      
hydrog517 comb9$ ) c>bonic1 oxalic1     
phosphoric1 & o!r acids2 lime1 comb9$ ) 
phosphoric oxalic1 & o!r acids2 pota% & 
soda1 comb9$ ) muriatic & sulphuric     
acids2 magnesia1 comb9$ ) phosphoric &  
o!r acids2 animal organic matt]1 conta9+
 c>bon1 & also nitrog54  ,n[1 is x n    
en\gh to prove t all ! +r$i5ts1 ) !     
exception ( ! metallic oxides1 exi/ 9   
guano1 :i* are requir$ by ! plants gr[n 
= ! su/5ance ( man4  ,putt+ guano into !
 soil1 !re=e1 z a manure1 is cle>ly     
re/or+ to ! e>? ^? sub/ances :i* plants 
ab/ract f x1 & :i* are absolutely       
necess>y = _! gr[?4  ,! que/ions1 !n1   
:i* ! f>m] %\ld n[ ask are1 :i* is be/ =
 me to buy1 guano or co>se manure8 ,!   
evid5ce j giv5 answ]s t "q4 ,i h manure1
 teams1 & m5 to haul x2 my fields are f 
"o to ?ree miles di/ant1 is x economy = 
me to let my teams lay idle & buy guano8
 ,by no means4 ,b y c probably employ m5
 & teams 9 o!r improvem5ts to mu* bett] 

advantage4 ,) y\r manure make all y\r   
home lots exce$+ly ri*4 ,) y\r m5 &     
teams cle> (f /ones1 dig dit*es to put  
!m into1 dra9 y\r l&1 or build f5ce--br+
 bog mead[s & swamps into dry           
cultivation--s5d e little brook ?r\gh   
artificial *annels = irrigation--s5d    
wat] up f l[l& spr+s & /reams by        
hydraulic rams = ! same purpose1 & =    
/ock on ! hills2 or br+ x d[n f         
hillsides if y are s situat$2 & buy     
guano = ^? di/ant fields1 in/ead ( wa/+ 
"t 9 ! labori\s op]ation ( haul+ manure4
 ,^? :o use guano1 are enabl$ by ! sav+ 
( "t1 to say no?+ ( _! increas$ pr(its1 
to make improvem5ts :i* are utt]ly      
impossible to accompli% "u ! old sy/em4 
,h[ to *oose ,guano4--,z we are satisfi$
 no s5sible read] c h p]us$ ! prec$+    
pages1 )\t hav+ come to ! det]m9ation to
 make a trial = himself1 we w give him  
"s g5]al in/ructions ab\t buy+ guano4   
,9 ! fir/ place1 we lay x d[n z an      
incontrov]tible axiom1 t ! ,p]uvian     
guano1 at ! curr5t price = ye>s ( t &   

all o!r1 is ! *eape/ & be/1 because x   
conta9s ! l>ge/ am\nt ( ammonia1 9 a    
p]fectly dry /ate2 z a c>bonate1 true1 b
 because dry1 x is p]man5t & n likely to
 loose by volatilization by long keep+4 
,if o!r v>ieties conta9 a l>g]          
proportion ( phosphates1 & are sold at a
 less price1 exp]i5ce proves !y are n   
*eap]4 ,if an additional quantity (     
phosphates is desirable1 x c be obta9$ 9
 a *eap] =m f dissolv$ bones1 or bone   
du/ & %av+s ( bone work]s2 or f m9]al   
phosphates ( lime4 ,recollect1 guano "u 
no o!r "n1 has ev] equall$ ! ,p]uvian1 9
 ! results z comp>$ ) ! quality or co/4 
,!re=e buy none b ,p]uvian4 ,to gu>d    
aga9/ deception1 be c>eful ( :om y buy4 
,if y _c buy directly f ! ag5ts1 be sure
 ! "* ( y\r m]*ant is a suffici5t       
gu>antee aga9/ adult]ation4  ,to te/ !  
quality ( ,guano4--,! be/ te/ is !      
price4 ,unlike o!r m]*&ise1 ?is article 
is n subject to fluctuations4 ,be+ a    
gov]nm5t monopoly1 ! price at :i* !     
ag5ts are to sell "h is fix$ 9 ,p]u1 & t

 price may be easily kn[n2 !re=e1 if any
 deal] (f]s y ,p]uvian guano at a r$uc$ 
price1 y may be sure ! quality is r$uc$ 
also4 ,rememb]1 t ! l[e/ price by ! %ip 
load1 x c be procur$ = ( ! ag5ts 9      
,baltimore or ,new ,york is #df p] ton (
 #bbdj lbs4 ,to ?is1 e fair1 hone/      
deal]1 mu/ add freight1 insurance &     
pr(it4 ,e man :o sells )\t su* addition1
 y may be sure w make 8 pr(it by %ort   
weight or adult]ation4  ,! next be/ te/ 
is its appe>ance4 ,good ,p]uvian guano  
is an impalpable p[d]1 p]fectly dry to !
 t\*1 ( a uni=m br[ni% yell[ color1 ) a 
/rong smell1 l t ( spirits ( h>t%orn1   
conta9$ 9 ammoniacal smell+ bottles4 ,b 
! smell is no te/2 t :i* smells /ronge/ 
may be wor/1 z ! ammonia may be dis5gag$
 by moi/ure or by ! addition ( lime or  
salt4  ,! adult]ation ( guano is c>ri$  
to a great ext5t 9 ,engl&1 & probably w 
be 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal            
adult]ations are made by ! addition (   
loam1 m>l1 s&1 pla/]1 old lime1 a%es1   
*alk1 salt1 moi/ure1 & by mixture ) o!r 

guano ( a *eap] quality4 ,! f>m] ne$ n  
dep5d ^u ! ass]tion1 ?is is a g5u9e     
article--"h is ! inspector's c]tificate4
 ,we w\ld n give a /raw = a corn basket 
full ( c]tificates ( analysis4 ,! buy]  
mu/ analyse = himself4 ,mr4 ,nesbit1    
analytical *emi/1 ,london1 has j publi%$
 a pamphlet f :i* we h cond5s$ "s v     
pla91 %ort1 simple rules = te/+ !       
quality ( guano4 ,z ! adult]at+         
sub/ances are g5]ally heavi] ?an !      
guano1 !y may be detect$ by a comp>ison 
( weight & measure4 ,to d ?is1 get a    
small glass tube clos$ at "o end1 &     
weigh accurately an ounce ( pure guano1 
put x 9 ! tube & c>efully m>k ! hight x 
fills--try sev]al samples--if !re is any
 diff]5ce1 m>k x4 ,n[ weigh an ounce f a
 sample adult]at$ ) "o f\r? its bulk (  
any or all ! prec$+ li/ ( articles us$ =
 t purpose1 & y w f9d ! diff]5ce ( bulk 
betwe5 t & ! g5u9e1 v p]ceptible4  ,te/ 
by ,burn+4--,guano burnt to a%es at a r$
 heat w leave an a% ( a pe>ly :ite      
appe>ance1 n v>y+ 9 weight f #cj to #ce 

p] c5t4 ( ! quantity burnt4 ,if x is    
adult]at$ ) m>l1 s&1 clay1 c41 ! a% w be
 ab\t #fj or #fe p] c5t1 ( ! weight     
te/$1 & be color$ ) ! iron always pres5t
 9 ! adult]at+ sub/ances1 & :i* is nev] 
f\nd 9 pure guano4 ,?is te/1 to be      
accurate1 mu/ be done ) a nice pair (   
scales & a plat9um cup1 :i* may be heat$
 ov] a _s lamp4 ,t5 gra9s ( ! guano are 
plac$ 9 ! plat9um cup1 :i* is held by ! 
tongs 9 ! flame ( ! _s lamp = sev]al    
m9utes1 until ! great] "p ( ! organic   
matt] is burnt away4 ,x is all[$ to cool
 = a %ort "t1 & a few drops ( a /rong   
solution ( nitrate ( ammonia add$1 to   
assi/ 9 consum+ ! c>bon 9 ! residue4 ,! 
cup is aga9 heat$1 7tak+ c>e to prev5t  
its boil+ ov]1 or los+ any ( ! a%17     
until ! moi/ure is q evaporat$4 ,a full 
r$ heat mu/ !n be giv5 x1 :51 if ! guano
 be pure1 ! a% w be pe>ly :ite1 & w n   
exce$ #c-a_/b gra9s 9 weight4 ,if       
adult]at$ ) s&1 m>l1 c41 ! a% w always  
be color$1 & w weigh m ?an #c-a_/b      
gra9s4 ,ev5 ! simple burn+ ( a few gra9s

 ( guano1 on a r$ hot %ovel1 w (t5      
indicate by ! color :e!r a fraud has be5
 committ$2 b we _c p>ticul>ly recomm5d  
?is me?od1 z ! iron ( ! %ovel itself w  
sometimes give a t+e to ! a%4 ,?is might
 be obviat$ by burn+ ! sample on a      
common e>!n plate4  ,if ! adult]ation ( 
guano has be5 made by s&1 x c be detect$
 by dissolv+ ! a%es 9 muriatic acid4 ,! 
s& w rema9--if x is m ?an "o p] c5t41 x 
has probably be5 add$ fraudul5tly4 ,z   
iron exi/s 9 loam1 x w %[ 9 ! color ( ! 
a% if t is ! sub/ance us$ = adult]ation4
 ,if lime has be5 add$1 x c be detect$  
by dissolv+ ! a% 9 muriatic acid &      
sep>at+ ! s&1 loam & iron1 if pres5t1 by
 filtration1 & !n add+ oxalate ( ammonia
 to ! liquid4 ,if x %[s m ?an a m]e     
trace ( lime1 x has be5 falsifi$4  ,te/ 
by salt4--,saturate a qu>t ( wat] & /ra9
 x2 p\r "s 9 a sauc] & spr9kle guano ^u 
! surface4 ,good guano s9ks imm$iately1 
leav+ only a slight scum4 ,if x has be5 
adult]at$ by any light or floccul5t     
matt]s1 !y w be se5 ^u ! surface ( !    

br9e4  ,te/ by ,acid4--,put a           
teaspoonful ( guano 9 a w9e glass & add 
a little v9eg> or dilute muriatic acid4 
,if gr\nd lime/one or *alk h be5 add$1 !
 eff]vess5ce w %[ x4 ,a g5u9e article w 
only %[ a few bubbles4  ,te/ by         
,wat]4--,! foll[+ simple plan w easily  
detect all ! ord9>y adult]ations (      
guano4 ,procure a wide m\!d bottle1 )   
solid glass /opp]2 fill ) wat] & ins]t !
 /opp]2 let ! ext]ior be well dri$4 ,9  
"o pan ( accurate scales1 place !       
bottle2 c\nt]poise by %ot1 s& or gravel4
 ,p\r out two ?irds ( ! wat]1 & put 9   
f\r ounces avoirdupois ( guano4 ,agitate
 ! bottle1 add m wat]2 let x re/ a c\ple
 ( m9utes1 & fill ) wat]1 s ! fro? all  
escapes2 ins]t ! /opp]1 wipe dry1 &     
replace ! bottle 9 ! scale4 ,add n[ to !
 c\nt]pois$ scale1 "o & a half ounces   
avoirdupois1 & a f\rp5ny piece2 if !    
bottle prove ! heavi]1 ! guano is1 9 all
 probability1 adult]at$4 ,add 9 addition
 a ?ree-p5ny piece1 & if ! bottle is    
/ill heavie/ ! guano is und\bt$ly       

adult]at$4 ,by ?is simple exp]im5t1 a v 
small am\nt ( s&1 m>l1 c41 is detect$4  
,if f>m]s w n use "s ( ^! simple te/s1  
or employ a *emi/ to detect suspect$    
adult]ation2 or if !y w buy guano ( m5  
:o h no "* to lose1 & :o (f] to sell    
bel[ a price to af=d !m a liv+ pr(it1 !y
 _c be piti$ if !y are *eat$4  ,prep>$  
,guano4--,nev] buy any?+ be>+ t "n1     
unless y wi% to v]ify ! adage ( ! fool &
 8 money are soon p>t$4  ,analysis (    
,prep>$ ,guano4--,we give an analysis ( 
"o sample ( dome/ic manufacture1 & two  
,briti%4 ,no4 #a4 0 (f]$ 9 ,london &    
actually sold z ,p]uvian guano1 to f>m]s
 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&2 j because !y 7 s     
neglectful ( _! own int]e/s z n to in=m 
!mselves t an article sold = #ce a ton1 
c\ld n be g5u9e1 :ile ! regul> gov]nm5t 
price rema9$ fix$ at #dg4 ,x may readily
 be se5 by ! analysis1 h[ !y 7 *eat$    
into pay+ t price = an article ( :i* #gd
 p] c5t4 is pla/]1 & only half ( "o p]  
c5t4 ammonia4    ,no4 #a4 ,gypsum1      
#gd4je    ,phosphate ( lime1  #ad4je    

,s&1                #b4fd    ,moi/ure & 
loss1   #i4bf                           
------                      #ajj4jj     
------   ,ammonia1             #j4ea  ,!
 o!r sample is /ill worse4 ,?is 0 sold z
 ,saldana ,bay guano1 at #ae to #bj a   
ton4 ,x 0 compos$ (    ,s&1             
#dh4ha    ,phosphate ( lime1  #aj4ba    
,gypsum1              #e4ha    ,*alk1   
#bb4gc    ,moi/ure1           #ab4dd    
------                      #ajj4jj     
------   ,ammonia1          a trace  ,x 
w\ld h be5 de> at half ! price4 ,b :y8  
p]haps y inquire1 d y give ^! samples ( 
rascality 9 ,engl&8 ,j to %[ y :at m5   
are capable ( do+ !re1 !y w probably d  
"h--nay1 h done4 ,"h is ! analysis ( an 
article :i* 0 sold 9 ! city ( ,new      
,york1 "u ! "n ( prep>$ guano4 ,!       
analysis 0 made by ! lately deceas$1    
highly respect$1 & em95t analytic *emi/1
 ,pr(essor ,norton1 ( ,yale ,college1   
%[+ ! foll[+ result4    ,wat]1          
#d4ce    ,alum9a & phosphate ( lime1    
#g4hb    ,organic matt]1                

#cb4eh    ,insoluble matt]1             
#bf4je    ,c>bonate ( lime1             
#bh4gf    ,magnesia1 alkalies1 & loss1  
#j4dc                                   
------                                  
#ajj4jj  ,?is analysis 0 made by !      
reque/ ( ! editor ( ! ,g5esee ,f>m]1 by 
:om x is n only endors$1 b pro( giv5 (  
its utt] wor?lessness ^u ! l& :]e x 0   
appli$4 ,pr(essor ,norton made ! foll[+ 
rem>ks ^u ! subject4  ,?is is inde$ a   
prep>$ article4 ,y w obs]ve t ?ree t5?s 
( ! :ole are wat]1 or matt] insoluble 9 
acid1 or no?+ m ?an wat] & s&4 ,m ?an   
ano!r ?ree t5?s is organic matt]2 ?is   
conta9s sc>cely a trace ( ammonia or    
nitrog5 9 any =m1 be+ wor? no m ?an     
common muck f a swamp4 ,?us we h six    
t5?s ( ! guano made up ( a mixture t z a
 gift1 w\ld n be wor? c>t+4 ,ne>ly ano!r
 ?ree t5?s is c>bonate ( lime1 a        
valuable article x is true1 b "o :i* c  
be b\ght f> m *eaply by ! b>rel1 bu%el  
or ton1 ?an z guano4 ,! rema9+ t5?      
conta9s a small quantity ( phosphates1 b

 n en\gh to make ! mixture ( mu* value4 
,! p>ties engag$ 9 ?is manufacture1 %\ld
 be widely expos$1 = x is "o ( ! mo/    
outrage\s impositions ,i h ev] kn[n4    
,f>m]s %\ld avoid ev]y?+ ( ?is nature   
unless x is c]tifi$ to be equal to a    
copy ( analysis %[n4 ,?is /uff is n wor?
 transport+ any di/ance = y\r l&4 ,j4   
,p4 ,,norton4  ,we w n[ give ! analysis 
( ,p]uvian1 ,patagonian1 & ,*ilian      
guano1 z det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,&]son1 *emi/ (
 ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society (      
,scotl&1 to be a fair av]age d$uc$1 f a 
c>eful exam9ation ( _m samples4 ,! same 
results h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is c\ntry by su*
 em95t *emi/s z ,pr(essor ,norton1 ,dr4 
,antisell1 & ,dr4 ,higg9s4 ,we only give
 analysis ( ^! ?ree k9ds1 = ! reason1 no
 o!r ( any consequ5ce is n[ (f]$ = sale 
9 ?is c\ntry4  ,,analysis ,,( ,,guano4  
,p]uvian4   ,*ilian    ,*ilian          
,patagonian                             
,f9e4    ,inf]ior4   ,wat]1             
#ac4gc      #f4jf       #ae4ji          
#bd4hf   ,organic matt] &  #ec4af       

#ed4ea       #ab4hh       #ah4hf        
ammonical salts1     ,phosphates        
#bc4dh     #aa4if       #af4dd          
#da4cg   ,lime1                 ----    
#a4cg        #h4ic        #b4id         
,sulphuric acid1       ----      ----   
----        #b4ba   ,alkal9e salts1     
#g4ig     #aj4be        #f4jd           
#b4gj   ,s&1                 #a4ff      
#ae4he       #dj4fb        #g4ef        
-------   -------     -------           
-------                       #ajj1jjj  
#ajj1jjj     #ajj1jjj     #ajj1jjj      
,ammonia1             #ag4jj     #ah4hj 
#b4aa        #b4fi  ,x w readily be se5 
!re is a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! value ( !     
,*ilian1 & ?\gh n /at$1 !re is z great a
 diff]5ce 9 ! ,patagonian1 :ile t f     
,p]u1 ow+ to ! fact t x nev] ra9s ^u !  
depository1 is ( a uni=m quality4 ,z !  
pr9cipal value ( guano consi/s ( !      
ammonia & phosphates1 x is easily       
calculat$4    #ag p] c5t4 ( ammonia is  
equal to #cdj lbs4 9   a ton ( #b1jjj at
 #ab-a_/b c5ts1                         

#db4ej    #bc4dh p] c5t4 ( phosphates is
 equal to #dgj lbs4   9 a ton at #a-a_/b
 c5ts1                                  
#g4je    ,alkal9e salts1                
#e4jj                                   
,value ( a ton ( ,p]uvian guano1        
#ed4ee  ,to ?is may be add$ ! advantage 
( hav+ ^! valuable sub/ances 9 ! be/    
possible condition1 s f9ely pulv]iz$ !y 
are ready prep>$ = ! use ( plants4  ,x  
may be tak5 z an incontrov]tible fact   
!n1 t guano is a *eap & good manure =   
any l& & any crop :i* w\ld be b5efitt$  
by ! be/ quality ( f>m y>d manure &     
gr\nd bones4 ,x is mo/ b5eficial on poor
 s&y loam1 absolutely unproductive2 &   
mo/ pr(itable :5 appli$ to any l& :i* _c
 be o!rwise manur$ on acc\nt ( di/ance &
 transportation ( gross] articles4 ,!   
bett] ! l& is kept 9 til?1 ! bett] w be 
! effect ( an application ( guano4 ,!   
public may also be assur$ ( ano!r fact2 
if ! guano is b\ght direct f ! ag5ts ( !
 ,p]uvian gov]nm5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 or (   
reliable m]*ants1 :o get _! supplies    

direct f !m1 x w be ( a uni=m quality & 
value1 z indicat$ by ! analysis j giv54 
,!y may also re/ assur$1 & ! au?or ( ?is
 pamphlet believes 8 reputation w w>rant
 ! ass]tion & belief1 t he c\ld n be    
hir$ to puff an unwor?y article1 or     
write a book to induce ,am]ican f>m]s1  
to pur*ase an article :i* w\ld n prove  
highly b5eficial to _! be/ int]e/s4  ,! 
au?or does "k t ! introduction ( guano  
into ?is c\ntry is a bless+ to ! nation4
 ,its g5]al use w n only increase !     
weal? ( individuals1 b t ( ! body       
politic4 ,let u illu/rate ?is po9t by a 
/atem5t ( an ,engli% writ] ( its        
advantages to t c\ntry4 ,he says--,!    
importance ( ?is "q may be easily       
illu/rat$4 ,we gr[ 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t    
#d1jjj1jjj acres ( :eat annually4 ,an   
application ( two hundr$ weight ( guano 
to ea* acre w\ld increase ! produce by  
six bu%els1 or raise ! av]age ( ,engl& f
 #bf to #cb bu%els an acre1 giv+ a total
 increase to our home produce (         
#c1jjj1jjj qu>t]s ( :eat1 :i* is (      

itself equival5t to a l>g] sum ?an !    
:ole dim9ution ( r5t /at$ by !          
,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] to h be5        
occasion$ by free trade 9 corn4 ,b ?is  
is only "o use to :i* guano w\ld be     
appli$1 = its effects are ev5 m valuable
 to gre5 crops ?an to corn4  ,!         
proportionate advantage to ?is c\ntry   
w\ld be almo/ inconceivably great] z our
 av]age product is f> less1 & ! increas$
 numb] ( bu%els p] acre1 f> m2 ! produce
 ( l& z /at$ by ,mr4 ,newton & o!rs1    
hav+ be5 rais$ f #c to #ae or #bj bu%els
 p] acre4  ,! e/imation 9 :i* x is held 
by "s ( ! be/ f>m]s 9 ! _w may be judg$ 
by ! increas$ dem& 9 ,engl&4  ,!        
quantity ( ,p]uvian guano annually      
import$ has ris5 f #bb1jjj tons 9 #ahdf 
to #ie1jjj tons 9 #ahej1 b has increas$ 
dur+ ! la/ ye> to ab\t #bjj1jjj tons4   
,if ! price 7 r$uc$ by #b to #c a ton1  
ev5 ! pres5t l>ge supply w\ld be f\nd   
greatly %ort ( ! increas$ dem&4 ,9 a    
s+le season1 9 #ahde1 :5 ! price (      
,i*aboe guano rang$ f #f to #g a-ton1 ! 

importation ) an op5 trade rose to      
#bbj1jjj tons4 ,a r$uction ( #b to #c a 
ton w\ld be foll[$ by an extraord9>ily  
increas$ consumption4 ,twice ! pres5t   
importation might be tak5 advantage\sly 
= ! :eat crops alone4 ,x seems to be    
held by ! ,gov]nm5t t ! "r ( ,p]u to !  
,lobos ,isl&s is unque/ionable4 ,x is1 9
 t case1 only by fri5dly negotiation t  
any?+ c be done4 ,consid]ations %\ld be 
press$ on ! pres5t ,m9i/ry1 pl$g$ z !y  
are to promote ! l&$ & %ipp+ int]e/s4   
,if !y c p]suade ! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t1  
by fri5dly negotiation1 t ! int]e/s ( t 
c\ntry z well z ours w be b5efit$ by    
op5+ ! guano trade1 !y w conf] an       
important s]vice on ?is c\ntry2 a full  
supply w\ld contribute mat]ially to     
re/ore ! prosp]ity ( ! l&$ int]e/ by    
increas+ _! produce at dim9i%$ co/2 & x 
w\ld give regul> employm5t to ab\t      
"o-t5? ( ! :ole m]cantile navy ( ,engl&4
  ,und\bt$ly6 an increas$ supply1 or r  
an increas$ consumption1 w\ld t5d       
mat]ially to re/ore1 9 ,engl& & 9       

,am]ica1 to build up ! l&$ int]e/1 by   
increas+ ! product ( ! l& at dim9i%$    
co/4 ,if f>m]s c\ld buy guano at l[]    
prices1 x is argu$ all w\ld use x4      
,und\bt$ly aga96 ,because _! pr(its w\ld
 be great]4 ,s great 9 fact1 !          
temptation to make money out ( ! pur*ase
 & use ( guano few c\ld )/& su* a *ance 
= a speculation4  ,b z !y _c induce !   
,p]uvians to let !m h x at a l[] price1 
& z !y c make money out ( x at ! pres5t 
price1 is x n a suicidical measure ^u ! 
"p ( ! own]s ( unpr(itable l&1 to refuse
 to use guano1 because !y _c get x at _!
 own price1 :ile !y c c]ta9ly pr(it by  
its use at pres5t prices4  ,! ,guano    
,monopoly4--,mu* prejudice has be5      
excit$ aga9/ ! ag5ts & pr9cipal deal]s 9
 ?is c\ntry by ! cry ( monopoly4 ,are ^?
 :o cry wolf ! l\de/1 entirely cle>     
!mselves1 ( a fondness = fat mutton8 ,! 
foll[+ extract f a lett] ( ,edw>d ,/abl]
 ( ,m>yl&1 gives a m fair1 imp>tial view
 ( ! subject4 ,he says2 ,odi\s & gr9d+ z
 monopolies usually become1 & h>d z ?is 

"o seems to be> ^u ! agriculturi/'s     
int]e/s1 x /ill appe>s to be ab\t z fair
 z ord9>y m]cantile transactions4 ,!    
,p]uvians may be consid]$ ! produc]s1 & 
l our f>m]s & plant]s1 may at times     
require advances f ! commission m]*ant2 
& 9 proportion to ! prices obta9$1 are 8
 pr(its increas$2 nor does any "o c5sure
 ! m]*ant = sell+ at ! highe/ price he  
c4 ,deal]s1 or speculators1 if y please1
 are always c5sur$ = rais+ ! price (    
guano4 ,is n ! same ?+ done e day1 & e  
h\r 9 ! day1 by ! pur*ase & sale ( fl\r1
 :eat1 corn1 & tobacco--& is n ! price (
 almo/ e article ( comm]ce regulat$ 9 a 
great degree by ! supply & dem&8 ,mo/   
c]ta9ly2 & s long z !re is a probability
 ( pr(it by ! pur*ase & sale ( ?is      
article1 & j s long1 & no long]1 w !    
'trade 9 second h&s' cont9ue4 ,if !     
pres5t supply is inadequate to ! dem&1  
by an almo/ undeviat+ rule 9 comm]ce1 ! 
price is enhanc$1 until at a po9t to    
drive ! consum] f ! m>ket4 ,?is h[ev]1  
is n q s soon atta9$ ) guano1 "u !      

pres5t excitem5t1 z ) _m o!r ?+s4 ,i h  
view$ ?is matt] 9 a diff]5t light f "s  
o!rs1 ?\gh errone\s z "s may suppose1 & 
d n ?9k t c5sur+ ! deal]s w cov] ! true 
gr\nd ( compla9t1 or at all t5d to      
remove ! exi/+ difficulty4 ,_! ag5cy is1
 if ,i may use ! t]m--b 9 no (f5sive    
s5se--a k9d ( necess>y evil2 = ! import]
 w n retail1 & x suits b few ( !        
consum]s comp>atively1 to club toge!r1 &
 pur*ase 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! price (  
guano is ow+ ma9ly1 if n entirely1 to   
?is monopoly 9 ! import trade2 & x w\ld 
be ! same ?+1 & a monopoly /ill1 :e!r 9 
! h&s ( ,engli% or ,am]ican m]*ants2 )  
also1 ab\t ! same am\nt ( lib]ality to  
be look$ =1 f "o z f ! o!r4  ,is !re    
any?+ s unfair 9 ?is1 t we %\ld cry out 
wick$ monopoly4 ,! ,p]uvian gov]nm5t1   
aft] ! revolution1 f9ds itself deeply 9 
debt1 & greatly 9 want ( money1 & 9     
possession ( "o ( ! mo/ valuable        
f]tiliz+ sub/ances 9 ! _w1 :i* ! p ( o!r
 gov]nm5ts are 9 want (1 or r1 may pr(it
 by ! use (1 :i* %e (f]s to sell at :at 

%e deems a fair price2 & = ! purpose (  
enabl+ h] to borr[ money = imm$iate     
necessities1 z well z to pay ! w> debt1 
%e has giv5 "s ( h] citiz5s--ri*        
m]*ants1 :o c advance money1 c]ta9      
privileges & advantages 9 ! guano trade1
 ^u condition t !y w s5d a supply to all
 ! c\ntries :]e x c be sold1 & 9 z great
 quantities z !y w buy at fix$ prices4  
,?is is ! monopoly4 ,a p>allel case c be
 f\nd ne>] home4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 also incurr$ a revolution>y w>  
debt1 & also came 9 possession ( an     
article :i* ! p ( all o!r c\ntries want1
 & unlike t possess$ by ,p]u1 an article
 :i* !y mu/ h4 ,^u ?is necessity ( life1
 our gov]nm5t has fix$ a price1 :i* any 
"o may pay or let x alone--buy or n1 j z
 he pleases4 ,! gov]nm5t w nei!r sell to
 citiz5s or /rang]s at half price1 nor  
let !m h ! use ( x )\t pay2 9 fact1 w n 
let u c>ry away any?+ ( value f ?is     
prop]ty1 al?\gh x might n mat]ially     
injure ! sale ( ! pr9cipal & mo/        
valuable portion1 :i* is immovable4 ,su*

 is ! guano monopoly ( "o gov]nm5t1 &   
su* is ! l& monopoly ( ! o!r4 ,:i* is   
mo/ wick$8  ,( ! "r ( ea* gov]nm5t1 no  
hone/ man w dispute4 ,t ,p]u has z mu*  
"r to ! guano ^u h] des]t isl&s1 z !    
,unit$ ,/ates has to ! live oak timb] 9 
! des]ts ( ,florida2 or z ,engl& has to 
! codfi% 9 ! wat]s ( ,newf\ndl&1 seems  
to be z cle> z any "r ev] ex]cis$ by any
 p[] on e>?4 ,ea* protect _! own by hir$
 ag5ts1 s f> z !y are able1 to prev5t   
di%one/ m5 f c>ry+ away t :i* ea*       
consid]s valuable4  ,if ,engli% & ,unit$
 ,/ates citiz5s h a "r to g & seize ^u !
 guano & br+ x (f 9 defiance ( ,p]u1    
because ! guano isl&s are n inhabit$1 !n
 h we a "r to seize all ! codfi% 9 !    
wat]s ( ! sea1 because nobody lives     
!re--!y _c live !re--!y only live on !  
l&s adjac5t1 & !re=e h no "r to any?+   
except :at !y /& ^u4 ,!n by ! same rule 
may ! l&s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be seiz$ ^u1
 because !y are unoccupi$4  ,by virtue (
 decrees n[ 9 =ce1 no vessel1 ei!r "u ! 
national or any =eign flag1 has a "r to 

g to ! ,p]uvian guano deposits1 )\t fir/
 obta9+ p]mission f ! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t
 "u p5alty ( confiscation4  ,=eign      
vessels1 furni%$ ) gov]nm5t lic5ces1 are
 all[$ to load at ! ,*9*e ,isl&s only4  
,f9ally1 any attempt to load vessels )\t
 ! prop] lic5ces1 w\ld subject !m to be 
seiz$ by ! ,gov]nm5t vessels appo9t$ to 
cruise (f1 & visit ! diff]5t guano      
deposits1 9 ord] to prev5t n only !     
illegal extraction ( guano by =eign     
trad+ vessels1 b also to prev5t !       
natives ( ,p]u f violat+ ! ,gov]nm5t    
ord]s aga9/ visit+ ^? localities1 &     
de/roy+ or di/urb+ ! birds4  ,not)/&+   
?is cuts (f ! free trade 9 ! article1 x 
goes to %[ :at we h always endeavor$ to 
impress ^u ! m9ds ( ,am]ican f>m]s1 t ! 
supply is inexhau/ible--at lea/ 9 ?is   
age & g5]ation--& z e "o gr[s wis] &    
wis]1 x is probable ! next w h no       
occasion to use su* an old fa%ion$      
article z bird dung = manure4 ,dur+ !   
pres5t1 h[ev]1 our advice is to e p]son 
occupy+ l& :i* ne$s some?+ to improve   

its f]tility1 to use guano--g5u9e       
,p]uvian guano--pur*as$ ( reliable      
m]*ants--& ! few] ! bett] betwe5 !      
import] & consum]4  ,! ,quantity        
inexhau/ible4--,by ^? surveys1 !        
quantity 0 asc]ta9$ to be upw>ds (      
,,tw5ty ,,millions ,,( ,,tons4 ,z ?is   
mu/ appe> s enorm\s z to be almo/       
incr$ible1 we pres5t ! annex$ cut1      
suppos$ to repres5t a v]tical section ( 
"o ( ! ,*9*a isl&s & ! dep? ( ! deposit 
accord+ to ! gov]nm5t surveys4 ,! p>alel
 l9es at ! bottom repres5t ! level ( !  
wat]--! crook$ l9e above1 ! surface ( ! 
rock2 its position hav+ be5 asc]ta9$ by 
bor+ & obs]vations ( ! surveyors4 ,!    
r\nd$ l9e is ! surface ( ! isl& z x n[  
appe>s2 all betwe5 t & ! rock be+ guano4
 ,! almo/ p]p5dicul> l9e at ! left h&1  
#ajj feet high1 is ! rock at :i* %ips   
lay to take 9 c>go4 ,! space "u ! dott$ 
l9e %[ a comp>ison ( ! quantity tak5    
away1 z x relates to ! :ole ^u ! isl&4  
,! well hole repres5t$ 9 t section 0 dug
 "s fifty feet deep to prove ! guano 0 (

 equal quality at ! bottom4  ,! ,*9*a   
,isl&s are ?ree 9 numb]2 n remote f ea* 
o!r or diff]+ v mat]ially 9 size or     
g5]al feature4 ,! ,geological =mation   
pres5ts ! appe>ance ( masses ( rock     
jutt+ out above ! surface ( ! ocean--&  
occasionally ris+ ne>ly p]p5dicul>ly to 
a height ( f #ej to #ajj feet4 ,at a    
di/ance1 ! isl&s pres5t to ! eye a      
some:at conical =m2 ow+ probably to !   
great] deposits ( guano 9 ! c5tre2 & all
 appe> equally ri* 9 quantity & quality4
  ,! ,nor? ,isl& is e/imat$ to be ab\t  
#cjj feet at its greate/ elevation2 x is
 ab\t #a-a_/b miles 9 l5g?1 & f #a_/b to
 #c_/d ( a mile av]age wid?4 ,9 sail+   
r\nd !m1 ! guano appe>s to _m places to 
ext5d to ! wat]'s edge4  ,illu/ration3  
,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,nor? ,,*9*a
 ,,isl&4  ,all ! guano isl&s are        
un9habit$1 except by ! labor]s1 mo/ly   
,indians or poor ,*9am51 :o are employ$ 
9 ! "w ( digg+1 c>ry+ & load+ ! guano   
into ! %ips4 ,:5 a vessel is ready to   
take 9 c>go1 %e is moor$ alongside ( !  

rocks almo/ ma/ head high1 f ! top ( :i*
 ! guano is s5t d[n ?r\gh a canvass %ute
 directly into ! hold ( ! %ip4 ,?us     
sev]al hundr$ tons c be put on bo>d 9 a 
day4 ,! trimm+ ( ! c>go is a v          
unpleasant "p ( ! labor4 ,! du/ & odor  
is almo/ ov]p[]+2 s ! m5 are oblig$ to  
come (t5 on deck = fre% air4 ,! rule is 
to rema9 bel[ z long z a c&le w burn2 :5
 t goes out1 ! air is consid]$ unfit =  
respiration4 ,if ! labor _h to be p]=m$ 
by a ,yankee1 he w\ld ?9k x unfit at    
fir/2 & !reupon set 8 ready wit at "w to
 con/ruct a ma*9e to spread ! guano z x 
fell1 f "o end ( ! hold to ! o!r4 ,!    
guano 9 position ^u ! isl&1 is s compact
 x has to be dug up ) picks4 ,x is !n   
c>ri$ to a contrivance made ( cane1 at !
 edge ( ! rock1 :i* conveys x into !    
canvass conductors4 ,! mass is cut d[n 9
 /eps1 rec$+ & ris+ f ! po9t (          
comm5cem5t1 & has n yet atta9$ a dep? ( 
#ajj feet1 & ) all ! labor ( hundr$s (  
m5 digg+1 & num]\s %ips c>ry+ away to ! 
sev]al c\ntries us+ x1 !re is b a b>e   

beg9n+ ( removal made ^u ! mass ^u "o   
isl& only1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! 
diagram4  ,suppos+ l _m o!rs1 ! supply (
 ,p]uvian guano 0 l ! ,i*aboe1 de/9$ to 
run out--t is all be dug up & c>ri$     
away2 we inquir$ ( an intellig5t capta9 
( a %ip j return$ ) a load1 h[ long x   
w\ld be be=e ! supply w\ld be exhau/$4  
,exhau/$6 said he1 ) a look ov] !       
gangway1 z mu* z to say h[ long w\ld x  
take to exhau/ ! ocean ) a p9t cup2 :y n
 9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 if e %ip afloat %\ld 
g into ! trade1 & load & unload z fa/ z 
x w\ld be possible to p]=m ! labor2 no1 
n f ! ,*9*a isl&s alone4 ,exhau/$6 !y   
nev] w be exhau/$4 ,) due all[ance = !  
capta9's en?usiasm1 we may be v c]ta9 f 
! gov]nm5t surveys1 ! quantity is s     
great1 t no probability exi/s ( ! supply
 be+ exhau/$ until all ! pres5t         
inhabitants ( ?is e>? h ceas$ to move ^u
 its surface4 ,we may be c]ta9 ( ano!r  
fact2 t unless we commit a great        
national wrong ^u ,p]u1 by seiz+ ^u "s (
 h] guano t]ritory2 a ?+ :i* ! sob]     

second ?\ght ( ?is nation w nev]        
sanction2 we %all n be able to obta9 !  
article only ?r\gh h] gov]nm5t ag5ts1 at
 su* prices z h] rul]s ?9k prop] to     
affix to x4 ,:ile ! dem& & ! result ( ! 
use ( guano cont9ues z at pres5t1 !re is
 n mu* probability ( any mat]ial *ange4 
,! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t are1 ( c\rse1     
anxi\s to sell all t ! _w want1 & are   
will+ to pay = at remun]at+ prices4 ,!  
,p]uvian m9i/]1 9 reply to ! ,secret>y (
 ,/ate at ,wa%+ton says3--,! ,p]uvian   
,gov]nm5t1 9 leas+ out its rights &     
int]e/s1 z a proprietor ( ! article1    
adopt$ ! only sy/em t 0 suppos$ likely  
to create a dem& = guano2 :ile1 on ! o!r
 side1 x 0 b\nd to leave ! consignm5t z 
security1 9 ! h&s ( ^? p]sons :o _h     
haz>d$ _! capital 9 meet+ ! heavy       
exp5ses att5d+ ! process ( freight+1 & 9
 mak+ ! advances :i* 7 requir$ to       
facilitate ! exportation & con/ruct !   
depots4 ,f> f e/abli%+ a selfi%         
monopoly1 :i* w\ld h prov$ injuri\s to  
its own int]e/s1 or fix a high1         

delib]ate1 & conv5tional price ^u !     
article1 x has only aim$ to secure a net
 pr(it1 r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible /&>d1  
exce$+ v little ! actual am\nt (        
exp5ses2 & !re h be5 acc\nts ( sales    
r5d]$ exhibit+ bo? loss & damage4  ,!   
guano1 !re=e1 is n monopoliz$2 !        
gov]nm5t z ! proprietor1 has =w>d$ x1 on
 its own responsibility1 to ^? m>kets   
:]e x 0 9 dem&2 select+ z consignees1 z 
x 0 natural & prop] x %\ld d1 ^? p]sons 
or h\ses :o h advanc$ ! capital necess>y
 to defray ! exp5ses2 &1 z ^! are mu*   
great] 9 all cases ( remittances to     
,engl&1 & x foll[s t ! sale ( ! article 
9 ?is c\ntry is at ! rate ( t5 p\nds    
/]l+ p] ton1 ! net pr(it has be5 less   
?an :at is realiz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1   
:]e ! f>m]s obta9 x at less] prices4    
,nor has my gov]nm5t impos$ any         
re/rictions1 duties1 or det]m9ate value 
on ! exportation ( guano1 al?\gh x might
 & c\ld d s ) p]fect propriety2 because 
su* action w\ld h militat$ to ! detrim5t
 ( its own int]e/s z ! proprietor ( !   

article4 ,its object has be5 to s5d x to
 ^? m>kets :]e x 0 9 dem&2 because1 z x 
_h n yet become an object ( decid$ &    
positive int]e/ to ! consum+ _w1 & !re  
be+ no c]ta9ty ( its atta9+ saleable    
prices1 to create a m>ket z x 0         
impossible = individuals to s5d to ,p]u 
= supplies1 ) any prospect ( ev5 mod]ate
 pr(it4  ,?is is a fair /atem5t ( !     
case2 & ought to be p]fectly            
satisfactory to ! consum]s4 ,!          
disposition ( "s m5 to create prejudice 
aga9/ ! gov]nm5t ( ,p]u1 or ! ag5ts :o  
sell guano 9 ?is c\ntry1 because ! price
 is too high1 is a wick$ "o4 ,m5 c make 
money by pur*as+ at ! pres5t prices2 & !
 own]s ( ! article ?9k !y _c make x by  
sell+ at a l[] price4 ,we h he>d x urg$ 
z a reason :y x %\ld be sold at l[]     
prices1 t ! ag5ts & m]*ants engag$ 9 its
 sale are mak+ =tunes4 ,s are fl\r      
m]*ants--s are f>m]s :o gr[ ! :eat--b t 
is no reason :y x %\ld be sold l[]4  ,) 
all our he>t1 we wi% ! ,p]uvians w\ld   
give u guano at half price2 b because !y

 w n1 !re is no reason :y ! p ( ?is     
c\ntry %\ld refuse to use an article :i*
 w mo/ assur$ly make !m gr[ ri* fa/] ?an
 ^? :o are engag$ 9 sell+ x4   ,,:at    
,,is ,,guano8--,,its ,,hi/ory ,,&       
,,locality4--,,am\nt ,,& ,,value4       
,guano is ! conc5trat$ ess5ce ( fi%-eat+
 birds excrem5ts4 ,x1 is f\nd 9 !       
condition ( a dry p[d]1 ( a br[ni% yell[
 color1 n unlike 9 appe>ance to ,scot*  
snuff2 ) a pung5t /rong smell ( ammonia1
 di/+ui%+ x f any o!r sub/ance4 ,x is   
f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 ^u des]t      
headl&s & isl&s ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific
 ,oceans1 :]e ! birds h _h undisput$    
possession = c\ntless ages ( "t4 ,! isl&
 ( ,i*aboe1 on ! ,coa/ ( ,africa1       
furni%$ a good _m c>goes1 a few ye>s    
s9ce1 mo/ ( :i* 7 tak5 to ,engl&2 a     
small supply 0 import$ into ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 & sold & kn[n z ,african guano4 
,! quality 0 fair ,! deposit ^u t isl&  
is q exhau/$--9 fact x 0 all c>ri$ away 
)9 a few mon?s aft] x became g5]ally    
kn[n--"s ( ! la/ c>goes be+ ( little m  

value ?an ri* e>?4 ,x is said t a new   
deposit1 :i* is no?+ m ?an dry bird     
dung1 has already be5 ga!r$ & tak5 to   
,engl&4 ,no d\bt c>goes ( simil> manure 
might ga!r$ f ! ,florida keys2 & al?\gh 
x w\ld be a valuable manure1 x is n     
guano--t is =m$ by ! *emical action ( a 
dry atmosph]e1 dur+ "t's long ages4     
,anagamos ,guano4--,?is is also ( a "*  
simil> to new ,i*aboe4 ,x is ri* 9      
ammonia1 b conta9s no lime or sulphuric 
acid1 & less phosphates & alkal9e       
sub/ances ?an ,p]uvian1 & m s&4 ,!      
supply ( ?is mu/ be v limit$1 z x is a  
rec5t deposit & has to be ga!r$ by h& f 
! rocks4  ,bolivian ,guano4--,?is z its 
"n indicates1 is f ! coa/ ( ,bolivia1 on
 ! we/ side ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x 0 ?\ght  
at "o "t to be fully equal 9 value to   
,p]uvian1 b "s subsequ5t importations ( 
almo/ wor?less c>goes1 h prov$ ! deposit
 to be v v>iable 9 quality1 or else     
purposely adult]at$1 :i* has _h ! effect
 to de/roy confid5ce 9 all be>+ t "n4 ,!
 belief ( ! writ] is1 t x 0 n adult]at$1

 b ow+ to ! fact t x is f\nd 9 a        
latitude :]e x does sometimes ra91 or   
:]e x is liable to be dr5*$ by sea      
spray1 t portions ( x are injur$ 9 t    
way2 s t a %ip may h "o portion ( h]    
c>go ( ! be/ k9d1 :ile ! rema9d] is     
h>dly wor? ! freight4 ,! deposit is n   
l>ge4  ,*ilian ,guano4--,! mo/ ( t      
import$ into ?is c\ntry "u ?is "n1 has  
be5 ( a v inf]ior quality1 & hav+ be5   
recomm5d$ by ^? int]e/$ 9 its sale1 z   
hav+ come f ! same coa/ z t ( ,p]u1 & ( 
equal value1 & prov+ almo/ wor?less1 has
 det]r$ _m f mak+ ano!r trial4 ,al?\gh  
!re is a small supply ( ,*ilian ,guano1 
:i* is ga!r$ f ! rocks 9 pale yell[     
masses1 "s ( :i* has be5 s5t to ,engl& &
 ?is c\ntry1 :i* is equal to any ev]    
discov]$ 9 any "p ( ! _w1 yet ! great   
bulk ( ! deposit is s inf]ior t ,*ilian 
guano w nev] meet ) univ]sal favor4 ,9  
fact1 "s ( ! /uff :i* has be5 sold "u t 
"n1 is unwor?y to be call$ guano4       
,patagonian ,guano4--,( ?is k9d1 l>g]   
quantities h be5 import$ ?an any o!r    

beside ,p]uvian2 & x has g5]ally be5    
sold at high] prices ?an its value z a  
f]tiliz] w\ld w>rant4 ,ow+ to ! fact (  
its be+ deposit$ 9 a latitude ( sun%9e &
 %[]s1 bo? ( ! utmo/ int5sity2 x nev]   
comprises ! valuable qualities always   
f\nd 9 t :]e ra9 nev] 0 kn[n to fall4   
,besides ! det]ioration ( ! elem5ts1    
samples ( "s c>goes ( ?is guano h be5   
f\nd to conta9 upw>ds ( #cj p] c5t (    
s&--9 "o case #ch p] c5t4 ,x is said1   
h[ev]1 t "s ( ! deposits conta9         
consid]able quantities ( cry/aliz$ salts
 ( ammonia1 magnesian phosphates1 ri* 9 
ammonia1 b :i* h be5 reject$ by ma/]s ( 
vessels tak+ 9 c>goes1 "u ! supposition 
( its be+ sea salt & calculat$ to injure
 ! sale & value ( ! guano4 ,x is believ$
 t !re is a a l>g] supply ( ?is ?an any 
o!r guano1 except ,p]uvian1 b z no c]ta9
 reliance c be plac$ ^u its quality or  
value1 x nev] w be ext5sively import$   
into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,saldana ,bay    
,guano4--,consid]able quantities ( guano
 "u ?is "n h be5 tak5 to ,engl&1 & ^u l&

 & crops requir+ phosphates m ?an       
ammonia1 has be5 pron\nc$ a sup]ior     
article4 ,b ! fact is1 x is f\nd 9 a    
climate simil> to ! ,patagonian1 &1     
consequ5tly1 l t1 mu/ h a great portion 
( its ammonia wa%$ out1 leav+ almo/ its 
only value z f]tiliz]1 9 its phosphates2
 :i* und\bt$ly exi/ 9 l>ge proportions1 
b n z *eap z may be procur$ f o!r       
s\rces4 ,! =ego+ comprises all ! k9ds ( 
guano kn[n 9 comm]ce1 except ! ,p]uvian1
 to :i* we %all devote an entire *apt]4 
,,p]uvian ,,guano--,,its                
,,location--,,own]%ip--,,quantity--,,val
ue--,,h[ ,,procur$4  ,?is is n only !   
mo/ valuable1 b is f\nd 9 ! l>ge/       
quantities ( any o!r guano kn[n4 ,t :i* 
has be5 s5t to ?is c\ntry & ,engl&1 9   
su* quantities )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 0 tak5 
f ! ,*9*a ,isl&s1 :i* are situat$ betwe5
 latitude #ac & #ad1 & at ab\t twelve   
miles f ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 9 ! bay ( ,pisco4
 ,! great value ( ! ,p]uvian guano1     
arises f ! fact1 t ra9 nev] falls ^u !  
isl&s :]e guano is f\nd4 ,! air is      

always dry1 & ! sun %9es ) int5se p[]1  
suffici5t to evaporate all ! juices f   
fle%1 s t meat c be pres]v$ sweet )\t   
salt4 ,! wat]s surr\nd+ ^! isl&s may be 
said to be lit]ally alive1 s full are !y
 ( fi%4 ,almo/ z num]\s z ! fi%1 are !  
birds :i* satisfy _! voraci\s appetites 
^u ?is f9ny multitude1 until !y c gorge 
no m1 :5 !y retire to ! isl&s to deposit
 _! excrem5t1 compos$ ( ! oily fle% &   
bones ( _! only food1 until ! mass :i*  
has be5 accumulat+ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 is s 
great z almo/ to exce$ human belief4    
,humbolt1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,s\? ,am]ica1    
/ates1 "s ( ^! deposits are #ej or #fj  
feet ?ick4 ,_m h ?\ght ?is ! romance (  
hi/ory1 b ! actual surveys made by !    
,p]uvian gov]nm5t five or six ye>s ago1 
h prov$ t ! guano 9 _m places is m ?an  
twice t dep?2 & z !re is good reason to 
believe1 & z may be se5 by ! diagram on 
page #gi1 x is probably #cjj feet ?ick 9
 "s ( ! depressions ( ! natural surface4
 ,& ?is has be5 accumulat$ by an annual 
aggregation1 s sl[ z to be sc>cely      

visible f ye> to ye>1 until ! quantity  
n[ exce$s #bj1jjj1jjj ( tons4  ,z be=e  
/at$1 ! ,*9*a isl&s are ?ree 9 numb]2 ! 
,lobos isl&s two2 ^! are situat$ (f !   
nor? "p ( ! coa/ ( ,p]u4  ,if ! "r (    
,p]u to ! guano is to be disput$1 let x 
be done by national vessels & n by arm$ 
private]s4 ,if f>m]s are conv9c$ t we h 
made true /atem5ts ( ! value ( guano 9  
r5ovat+ ! poor & worn out fields (      
,am]ica1 let !m pur*ase at once4 ,! only
 "q to ask is n :e!r we c g to ! ,lobos 
,isl&s to get guano--nor :e!r x w\ld be 
bett] to buy x ( gov]nm5t ag5ts1 or     
speculators on private acc\nt1 b        
,,does ,,guano ,,pay8  ,because1 if x   
does pay1 t is1 if ! f>m] c buy guano at
 pres5t prices1 & realise an increase ( 
crops m ?an en\gh to pay ! exp5se1 x    
does pay4 ,we ?9k we h %[n ?is fact by  
incontrov]tible evid5ce4 ,if ! fir/ crop
 pays = ! guano & no m1 ! f>m] has a    
c]ta9 pr(it 9 ! improv$ condition ( !   
l&4 ,if ! fir/ crop does n pay1 ! l& w  
be en\gh bett] to pay co/4 ,^u ?is po9t1

 ,mr4 ,me*i1 ( ,engl&1 ^: "n has become 
_w wide kn[n z an improv] ( ! soil1     
says2 ,:e!r guano w pay1 dep5ds ^u !    
condition ( ! soil4 ,on poor exhau/$    
soil x is a ready & *eap mode ( re/or+  
f]tility4 ,i us$ x ext5sively :5 ,i fir/
 began f>m+1 & :5 appli$ to ! gra9 crops
 at ! rate ( two to ?ree cwt4 p] acre1 x
 paid well2 b n[ x has lo/ favor ) my   
bailiff1 :i* is easily acc\nt$ =2 my l& 
be+ at pres5t s well fill$ ) manure1    
nitrog5 or ammonia1 t we c gr[ ample    
crops )\t x4 ,:5 ! l& only yield$ two to
 two & a half qu>t]s ( :eat p] acre1 x 0
 grateful = guano2 b n[1 ) a produce (  
five qu>t]s1 !re is no necessity = its  
use4 ,or r1 ! increas$ supply ( f>m     
manure supplies t necessity4  ,?is is   
exactly :at we h aim$ to impress ^u our 
read]s2 t x w pay 9 ! crop to :i* x is  
appli$--x w m ?an pay 9 ! soil1 because 
x w br+ x into a condition ( p]man5t    
f]tility4 ,x w pay be/ ^u ! poore/ soil2
 because t :i* 0 absolutely b>r51       
becomes fruitful z soon z dress$ )      

guano4 ,x w always pay :5ev] & :]ev]    
appli$ to any soil 9 a fit condition to 
be b5efitt$ by manure4 ,x w make n only 
! soil ri*1 b :oev] uses x to any       
consid]able ext5t4 ,x w pay be/ :5 us$ 9
 ! condition 9 :i* y buy x1 ) no        
additional labor or exp5se except break+
 ! lumps4 ,if x is s[n broadca/1 n to   
exce$ #djj lbs4 p] acre1 & pl[$ 9 s deep
 x w n be di/urb$ by any subsequ5t      
cultivation ( ! crop to :i* x is appli$1
 x w mo/ c]ta9ly pay 9 t crop or !      
succe$+ "o4 ,x w pay ^u all plants to   
:i* x has ev] be5 appli$4 ,not)/&+ x w  
pay be/ 9 ! soil1 x w pay well on x z a 
top dress+1 if comb9$ ) absorb5ts (     
ammonia z direct$ 9 ^! pages4#b ,t x has
 paid 9 n9ety n9e cases out ( e hundr$  
:]e x has be5 us$1 ! au?or is well      
conv9c$1 & equally well conv9c$ t _m may
 pr(it by read+ :at he has "h said ^u ! 
subject1 & ) t feel+1 ^! pages are      
comm5d$ to all ! cultivators ( ,am]ican 
soil4  ,footnote #b3 ,^u ?is po9t1 see  
,mr4 ,burgwyn's lett] 9 ! app5dix4      

99       99       99       99       99  
,,app5dix4     ,,successful ,,exp]im5ts 
,,) ,,guano ,,on ,,long ,,isl&4  ,s9ce !
 body ( ?is "w 0 9 type1 ! foll[+ lett]s
 h be5 plac$ 9 our h&s4 ,!y conta9 s mu*
 valuable in=mation we are induc$ to    
app5d !m4 ,x w be se5 by ! dates1 t !y  
give ! results ( ! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts4 
,! names ( ! writ]s w be recogniz$ z ^? 
( reliable1 practical m54  ,,lett] ,,f  
,,se? ,,*apman ,,esq41 ,,(              
,,jamaica4--#gjj lbs4 ( guano to ! acre1
 pr(itable--,la/+ b5efits ( "o          
application--,advantage ( top dress+    
grass l&s ) guano--,b5efit ( guano to   
all ,long ,isl& soil--,great b5efit on  
turnips4        ,jamaica1 ,l4 ,i41      
,sept4 #ac1 #aheb4       ,,mr4 ,,!o4    
,,riley1 ,,esq41 ,de> ,sir3--,9 reply to
 y\r inquiry      relative to ! use (   
,p]uvian guano on ,long ,isl&1 ,i w\ld  
say1      =m+ my op9ion f exp]i5ce &    
obs]vation t ! mode (      tillage--!   
rotation ( crops1 & ! way ( apply+      
guano--are      ab\t z foll[s3 ,comm5ce 

) corn1 :i* is usually on gre5          
sw>d1 aft] be+ m[$ & pa/ur$ f f\r to six
 ye>s4      ,fir/1 pl[ 9 ! spr+ z soon z
 ! fro/ is out ( !      gr\nd1 :i* is   
g5]ally ab\t ! #bj? ( ,m>*4 ,prep>e !   
gr\nd = plant+ ! #a/ ( ,may1 by h>r[+   
well two or ?ree      times4 ,be=e ! la/
 "t h>r[+1 apply ab\t #bej or #cjj lbs4 
( guano to ! acre1 s[n broadca/1 & !n   
m>k out ) pl[1      or lace1 ab\t f\r & 
a half feet ap>t1 ea* way2 apply a small
      quantity to ! hill1 "o ?ird ( a   
gill is z mu* z w be      safe1 & t %\ld
 be 9 ! =m ( a r+ ab\t a foot 9         
diamet]1 & ! corn dropp$ 9 ! c5t]1      
o!rwise x w be      likely to kill !    
corn by ! spr\ts com+ 9 contact ) !     
guano :5 !y fir/ />t4 ,x w n d to put ! 
guano 9 !      hill & plant ! corn ^u x4
 ,x 0 n uncommon = f>m]s to      h to   
plant _! corn all ov] be=e !y become    
acqua9t$      ) its effects2 b z us+ x 9
 ! hill1 9 a pure /ate1 is      g5]ally 
att5d$ ) "s risk1 x is ! practice 9 ?is 
vic9ity to use y>d manure1 at ! rate (  

"o ?ird or half a      %ovelful to !    
hill2 b z t manure is g5]ally weak1 !y  
h adopt$ ! v excell5t plan ( spr9kl+ say
 #ej lbs4 (      guano to a wagon load  
7#cj bu%els7 ( manure4 ,z we c>t !      
manure      9 ! fall to ! field :]e x is
 int5d$ to be us$ !      foll[+ spr+1   
7#a7 ! guano c be mix$ ?r\gh x ) b      
little tr\ble1 :5 x is turn$ & brok5 up 
j be=e use4 ,x      adds v mu* to !     
value ( ! manure1 z ! diff]5ce (        
h>ve/+ pla9ly %[s4 ,muck or pond dirt   
c\ld be us$ 9 !      same way1 9 place (
 manure4 ,"s apply x ab\t ! hill at !   
"t ( hoe+4 ,x %\ld n be ?r[n on top1 b  
spr9kl$      ar\nd ! corn at ! rate (   
half a gill p] hill4 ,aft] corn1 we     
s[ oats1 or b>ley1 or plants potatoes2  
if oats1 pl[ once1 s[      #aej or #bjj 
lbs4 ( guano1 & two bu%els ( oats to !  
acre1 &      h>r[ 9 toge!r4 ,x pays well
 to use guano = oats1 z ! crop      (   
oats w be d\bl$ on ord9>y l&s2 #ej & #fj
 bu%els is      frequ5tly obta9$1 & !   
diff]5ce 9 ! /raw1 is wor? !      exp5se

 ( ! guano4#b ,b>ley is n mu* s[n2 x    
w\ld require      a little m guano1 say 
#ej lbs4 additional4 ,potatoes1 7,m]c]s7
 we      plant f middle ( ,m>* to fir/ (
 ,may1 aft] s[+ broadca/      f #djj to 
#fjj lbs4 ( guano p] acre1 pl[$ 9 &     
h>r[$      ov]2 !n m>k out ) pl[ ?ree   
feet ap>t1 drop 9 drills      ab\t a    
foot ap>t4 ,"s pref] x 9 ! drills1 at ! 
rate (      :at !y c grasp 9 "o h& to a 
pace ( two & a half feet2      x %\ld be
 spr9kl$ s too mu* w n come 9 contact ) 
! se$4 ,aft] oats or potatoes1 s[ :eat1 
ab\t fir/ (      ,octob]2 if on oats1   
pl[ z soon z ! oats are (f2 :5 ready    
to s[1 apply f #ejj to #gjj lbs4 ( guano
 p] acre1 cross pl[1      & y\r gr\nd is
 ready = ! se$4 ,z to ! v>ieties (      
:eat1 !re are sev]al k9ds us$2 !        
,m$it]ranean is ! mo/      popul> at    
pres5t--"o & a half bu%els is g5]ally   
s[n to !      acre1 & ! l& laid d[n to  
grass1 ) timo?y & clov]4      ,"s apply 
less at "t ( s[+1 & add #ajj or #aej    
lbs4 p] acre      9 ! spr+1 j z ! grass 

is />t+1 say fir/ ( ,april4      ,if    
:eat is s[n aft] potatoes1 ab\t ! same  
treatm5t is giv51      except #ajj lbs4 
less guano w answ]4 ,"s h>r[ 9 guano1   
in/ead ( pl[+ x "u2 b exp]i5ce %[s t x  
is mu*      ! be/ to pl[ x 91 z ! virtue
 rema9s 9 ! gr\nd mu*      long]1 by be+
 cov]$ deep4 ,p]uvian guano w produce ! 
be/      :eat ( any?+ we c use1 ev5 if  
we %\ld g to d\ble !      exp5se ) o!r  
manures4 ,crops ( #cj & sometimes #dj   
bu%els      h be5 obta9$ to ! acre )    
guano4 ,! av]age crop (      :eat on !  
,isl&1 is n ov] #ah bu%els p] acre1 & ) 
#gjj      lbs4 ( guano pl[$ 9 pretty    
deep1 ! l& c be m[$ ab\t z      long z f
 an application ( /able manure4 ,b z hay
 is a mo/      important crop1 aft] x   
has be5 m[$ = two or ?ree ye>s1 x       
is consid]$ pr(itable to top dress )    
ab\t #aej lbs4 p] acre2      ?is w      
increase ! crop f "o ton to two p] acre1
 if a fair      season1 & c be m[$ two  
or ?ree ye>s long]4 ,rye is s[n 9       
_m in/ances1 9 place ( :eat2 x gets !   

same treatm5t1      except half !       
quantity ( guano is only us$4 ,buck:eat 
requires      ab\t #ajj lbs4 ( guano to 
! acre1 m or less1 accord+ to !         
/ate ( ! l&4       ,= ruta baga turnips1
 !re %\ld be #fjj lbs4 s[n to ! acre2   
pl[ twice & h>r[ well aft] s[n4 ,aft] y 
h ho$ !m      out1 give !m a light top  
dress+ ( m guano4 ,i h rais$ at      !  
rate ( #gjj bu%els1 manag$ 9 t way1 to !
 acre4 ,we h      _h "o ( ! mo/ extreme 
dr\?s ! pres5t season ,i ev]            
rememb]4 ,crops on :i* guano 0 us$1 h   
suff]$ less1 &      are n[ yield+ bett] 
?an :]e /able manure has be5 us$4       
,?is is q diff]5t f ! op9ion t "s h =m$1
 z      to guano requir+ a wet season4  
,to prep>e guano = use1 x      %\ld fir/
 be sift$1 to sep>ate ! lumps1 s t !y   
may be      pulv]iz$1 !n damp5 by       
spr9kl+ ) wat]1 & mix$ ?r\gh      ) a   
%ovel4 ,?is %\ld be done a few days be=e
 y wi% to      use x1 s z to all[ !     
dampness to /rike ?r\gh uni=m4 7#c7     
,i h n _h any exp]i5ce ) compo/1 or us+ 

x on g>d5      vegetables1 or plants1   
except ,i "k x %\ld be us$ 9            
homeopa?ic doses1 or x w de/roy m ?an x 
w produce4 ,z      to ! soil1 guano     
answ]s well any:]e on ,long ,isl&1      
al?\gh      "s p>ts ( ! ,isl& has a v   
diff]5t soil f o!rs1      ) "o          
exception2 t is1 x is all hungry =      
manure4 ,i      !re=e d n "k ! k9d (    
soil x is mo/ applicable to1      s9ce x
 seems to suit all k9ds4       ,,se?    
,,*apman4  ,,note #a4 ,?is practice (   
haul+ manure to ! field 9 ! fall1 is !  
wor/ ( all ! fooli% old fa%ions ( f>m]s4
 ,to pres]ve ! virtue1 ( manure1 x      
requires h\s+ ab\t z mu* z hay4 ,9 fact1
 x is d\btful :i* w\ld lose virtue      
fa/e/1 a pile ( hay or a pile ( manure1 
expos$ to ! /orms ( w9t]4 ,x is no wond]
 t x becomes necess>y to mix guano ) x1 
to replace t :i* has evaporat$ dur+ its 
long exposure to sun & /orm4  ,,note #b4
 ,?is increase ( /raw1 is seldom tak5   
into acc\nt 9 speak+ ( ! advantage ( an 
application ( guano2 yet1 z ,mr4 ,*apman

 says1 x is wor? en\gh 9 ! vic9ity ( a  
m>ket1 to pay ! :ole exp5se4 ,x is also 
valuable 9 ! int]ior = =age & manure4   
,,note #c4 ,?is is an error4 ,guano %\ld
 n be damp$ unless ) wat] saturat$ )    
salt1 copp]as1 or a lib]al spr9kle (    
pla/] ov] ! pile4   ,,lett] ,,f ,,se?   
,,ravnor1 ,,( ,,manorville ,,to ,,mr4   
,,*apman4--,successful exp]im5ts on     
grass1 oats1 corn1 :eat & rye4          
,manorville1 ,sept4 #h1 #aheb4       ,s4
 ,,*apman1 ,,esq4--,de> ,sir2--,i h     
receiv$ y\r circul>      propos+ to ga!r
 in=mation f practical f>m]s ( !        
results f ! use ( guano1 & to h ! same  
publi%$ =      g5]al circulation4       
,conceiv+ ! object to be a v laudable   
"o1 ,i w give ! result ( a few exp]im5ts
 tri$ )      ,p]uvian guano by myself1 &
 o!rs :i* h come "u my      obs]vation2 
b 9 do+ s ,i ?9k x w\ld be ( great      
utility      to /ate :at k9d ( soil !   
guano 0 appli$ to4 ,n be+ a             
pr(essor ( geology1 ,i c only use su*   
t]ms z are famili>      ) f>m]s g5]ally4

 ,! soils 9 ?is vic9ity are heavy loam1 
s&y loam1 s&y1 & occasionally "s heavy  
clayey soils4       ,fir/1 z to ! nature
 ( guano4 ,x is g5]ally consid]$ to be  
m ( a /imulant ?an an enri*] ( ! soil1  
if appli$ 9 its      natural /ate1 & mu*
 m durable to be pl[$ 9 ?an to be       
h>r[$ 92 & z f> z ,i h tri$ x1 ,i h n   
f\nd x to      be injuri\s to soils--or 
z "s call x1 'kill ! soil4' ,9 !        
ye> '#di ,i appli$ on ! fir/ ( ,april1  
#agf lbs4 p] acre on      s&y loam grass
 gr\nd--yield1 ab\t half a ton m ?an !  
acre      adjo9+4 ,same ye> appli$ ab\t 
#aej lbs4 to ! acre1 on f\r      acres (
 oats1 same k9d ( soil1 & ! e/imat$     
increase 0 #bj      bu%els to ! acre4 ,9
 #ahej pl[$ "u #djj p\nds p] acre1 =    
corn1 e/imat$ increase1 #ae bu%els (    
e>s4 ,! season 0 r      unfavorable =   
corn4 ,9 '#ea compo/$ six bu%els *>coal 
du/ to      #ajj lbs4 guano1 & pl[$ "u =
 :eat1 at ! rate ( #ejj lbs4      (     
guano s compo/$1 to ! acre1 & top dress$
 ) #ajj      bu%els ( lea*$ a%es--yield1

 #bj bu%els4 ,"o ( my neighbors         
appli$ = ?ree ye>s 9 succession1 #ajj   
lbs4 h>r[$ 9 )      rye1 on two acres   
light s&--yield1 #ad bu%els to ! acre2  
#aj      bu%els m ?an ! acre adjo9+4 ,on
 ! f\r? ye> he s[$      ! same gr\nd )\t
 guano--- yield1 #d bu%els to ! acre4   
,we      see by ?is1 t ! crop us$ ! :ole
 /r5g? ( ! guano4      ,ano!r neighbor  
appli$ "o ton to two acres1 heavy loam2 
pl[$      "u & s[$ ) turnips 7common    
,russian7--yield1 #a1cjj                
bu%els--e/imat$ increase f ! guano1 #fjj
 bu%els4 ,p 9      ?is section ( ! ,isl&
 are agre$ 9 ?is--pl[ "u guano =        
durability1 & h>r[ 9 = pres5t b5efit1 or
 pres5t crop4 ,=      :eat1 #ejj lbs4   
pl[$ 9 is consid]$ a full dress+ p]     
acre4      ,! same = corn4 ,= oats1 #bjj
 lbs4 h>r[$ 94 ,= buck:eat1      #ajj   
lbs41 & #bjj = b>ley4 ,"o tablespoonful 
appli$ 9 a hill1      = corn1 is q      
en\gh1 & t requires to be put "s six    
in*es f ! se$2 o!rwise x w kill x4 ,"s h
 lo/      acres by putt+ _! corn on t   

little quantity2 ! only safe      way to
 apply 9 ! hill = potatoes1 is ! same z 
= corn4 ,i      h come to ! conclusion f
 :at exp]i5ce ,i h _h )      ! article1 
t x answ]s ! be/ purpose to use x = spr+
      crops1 9 ! mann] above /at$1 or   
compo/ x ) *>coal      du/1 or well     
decompos$ pond mud1 to absorb & reta9 ! 
ammonia1 x be+ v volatile 9 its nature4 
,i h n writt5      ?is = publication2 ,i
 h only ?r[n out a few h9ts = y to      
embody4       ,,se? ,,raynor4  ,al?\gh !
 above 0 n writt5 = publication1 we     
pref] to give x j z x 0 writt51 9 ! pla9
 /yle ( "o f>m] to ano!r4  ,,int]e/+    
,,lett] ,,f ,,edw>d ,h4 ,,seaman1       
,,esq41 ,,sec4 ,,( ,,que5s ,,co4 ,,ag4  
,,soc4--,successful exp]im5ts s9ce      
#ahdg--;,great increase ( /raw &        
:eat--,h>r[+ 9 guano1 #cjj lbs4 to !    
acre1 produc$ #da bu%els ( :eat4        
,increase1 sev5 bu%els = ea* #ajj       
lbs--,?irty bu%els ( :eat p] acre on an 
old worn out buck:eat field--,advantage 
( guano 9 dr\?--a/oni%+ effects f top   

dress+ grass4        ,*]rywood1 ,sept4  
#aa?1 #aheb4       ,,mr4 ,,se?          
,,*apman--,de> ,sir1--,i =w>d accord+ to
      reque/1 ! results ( sev]al ye>s   
use ( ,p]uvian ,guano1 ^u      my f>m at
 ,j]usalem1 ,long ,isl&4       ,! fir/  
decisive b5efit f guano t ,i %all       
notice1 0      obta9$ f us+ x = :eat1 z 
a top-dress+4 ,9 #ahdg1      ,octob]    
#a/1 ,i took a field conta9+ #f acres ( 
oat /ubble1 on      :i* ,i us$ "s       
manure1 all ov] ! field2 top-dress$ )   
,p]uvian guano1 at ! rate ( #cjj lbs4 p]
 acre1 s[n 7=tunately      j be=e a     
/orm17 ^u ! furr[ & h>r[$ 9 ) !         
:eat4 ,f\r acres ( ! field 7 s[n ) !    
old-fa%ion$ r$      fl9t :eat1 :i*      
requires m manure ?an any o!r k9d among 
u4 ,! re/ ( ! field 0 s[n ) a s(t :ite  
hull$ :eat1      ! "n ( :i* ,i d n      
rememb]4 ,july #e1 #ahdh4--;,h>ve/$ said
      field--,r$ :eat yield$ well f     
/raw1 #ad %eaves to !      bu%el--:ite  
:eat #bj %eaves to ! bu%el--/raw v l>ge 
&      ?ick4 ,_h #afd bu%els ( :eat1 or 

#da bu%els p] acre2 & #eh      bu%els ( 
:ite :eat or #bi bu%els p] acre2 )\t !  
guano ,i      ?9k ,i c\ld n h obta9$ mu*
 ov] #bj bu%els p]      acre4--#ahdh1   
,oct4 #b4 ,aga9 s[$ :eat ^u a six acre  
lot ( oat      /ubble2 se$ r$ fl9t      
:eat--manur$ ab\t ! same z previ\s      
ye>--us$ #cjj lbs4 guano p] acre1 z     
top-dress+ = #d acres &      moss bunk] 
fi% dirt at ! rate ( #aj1jjj p] acre ^u 
! two      acres1 s[$ ^u ! furr[1 &     
h>r[$ 9 j previ\s to a                  
/orm--,h>ve/$ ! #aj? ( ,july #ahdi4 ,!  
/raw v l>ge1 &      :eat heads long1 b  
gra9 v mu* injur$ by fly or             
weevil--v little diff]5ce betwe5 fi% &  
guano top-dress+2      yield #ahh       
%ocks--#age bu%els2 n q #cj bu%els p]   
acre4 ,same      gr\nd w\ld n h produc$ 
m ?an #ah to #bj bu%els :eat p]         
acre )\t ! guano--or "s o!r m exp5sive  
manure4 #ahdi4      ,oct4 #c4 ,s[$ :eat 
^u oat /ubble field2 soil ?9 & gravelly 
^u "p ( ! field--us$ "s b>ny>d manure1 b
 n z mu*      z previ\s ye>4 ,top-dress$

 ) #cjj lbs4 guano & #ab bu%els         
gr\nd bones p] acre--,h>ve/$ #ab? ,july 
#ahej--,yield ( #e-a_/b      acres #afj 
%ocks2 injur$ "s by weevil1 & %runk51 b 
_h #ade      bu%els or tw5ty-six bu%els 
p] acre4 ,?is gr\nd w\ld n h      yield$
 fifte5 bu%els p] acre )\t ! guano4 ,b !
 mo/      decisive result 0 obta9$ !    
next ye>1 ^u an oat /ubble      field ( 
six acres1 a "p ( :i* _h be5 cropp$1 =  
p]haps      #ae ye>s1 ne>ly alt]nately )
 rye & buck:eat2 7sometimes a      crop 
( ea* 9 "o ye>47 ,! :ole field seem$ s  
f> exhau/$      t we _h fail$ to get a  
crop ( corn or oats f x aft] two        
diff]5t trials2 & ,i und]w5t no small   
%>e ( ridicule f      my neighbors1 :ile
 prep>+ x = :eat4 ,rem>ks l !           
foll[+ 7 ( daily occurr5ce--,ah6 ,seaman
 y w fail ?is      "t4 ,y h n got y\r   
old highly manur$ fields to exhau/      
?is "t by y\r /imulat+ /uff6 ,we %all n[
 see :e!r      guano is good =          
any?+--?is w be a fair te/1 because !   
l& w n produce any?+ )\t x1 c4 ,y may   

get ab\t      #ab bu%els ( :eat p] acre2
 we %all see4 ,all agre$ h[ev]1      t  
if :eat did gr[1 guano %\ld h ! cr$it = 
x4       ,well1 we prep>$ ! gr\nd 9 ab\t
 ! usual mann]1 except      p]haps pl[+ 
a little deep] ?an 9 =m] ye>s4 ,a small 
quantity ( manure 0 pl[$ "u1 & a top    
dress+ ( gr\nd      bones giv5 & s[$    
ab\t ! la/ ( ,septemb]--#b acres )      
,m$it]ranean & #d acres ) ! r$ fl9t     
:eat--b ow+ to a      sc>city ( !       
article1 c\ld only get ab\t #dbj lbs4 ( 
guano1      :i* 0 s[n across ! field ^u 
n q #c acres1 cov]+      "s ( ea* k9d ( 
:eat2 x 0 s[n ^u ! furr[1 &      h>r[$ 9
 ) ! :eat z usual4 ,9 #ahea1 ,april     
#aa?1 top      dress$ ! :ole field )    
guano1 at ab\t #bjj lbs4 p] acre2       
h>ve/$ ab\t ! #h? ,july4 ,! #b acres (  
,m$it]ranean yield$      #fa bu%els2    
fl9t :eat /raw v l>ge1 & ?ick ^u !      
gr\nd1 b gra9 mu* injur$ by ! weevil2   
yield+ an av]age      ( #bc bu%els p]   
acre4 ,i may rem>k1 t :]e ! guano 0     
appli$ 9 ! autumn1 ! crop 0 q "o ?ird   

great] ?an      :]e x only receiv$ !    
spr+ dress+4 ,! la/ ye> ,i manag$       
mu* 9 ! same way1 except t ,i fell %ort 
( manure1 &      dep5d$ entirely ^u     
guano & bone ^u a "p ( ! field1      f  
:i* "p1 ?\gh ,i h n yet ?re%$ x1 ,i ?9k 
,i %all      get #ah to #bj bu%els4 ,!  
re/ ( ! field 0 v l>ge &      consid]$ !
 be/ betwe5 ?is place & ,brooklyn1 on a 
road (      #be miles 9 l5g?4       ,my 
good luck7#a7 at :eat gr[+ is n[ a      
conc$$ po9t4 ,n[ =      o!r crops--=    
corn ,i h n be5 v successful2 g5]ally   
mix+ "s guano ) e>? 9 ! hill at ! "t (  
plant+      & gett+ b few plants to /&2 
^!1 h[ev]1 g5]ally h      be5 heavily   
e>$4 ,by mix+ previ\sly ) *>coal du/ ,i 
?9k      ?is burn+ ( ! se$ might be     
avoid$47#b7       ,= buck:eat1 ,i us$   
#abj to #aej lbs4 p] acre1 s[n ^u !     
furr[ & h>r[$ 9 ) ! gra94 ,= b>ley1 #aej
 to #bjj lbs4      p] acre2 oats #ajj to
 #abj lbs2 turnips1 #fjj to #gjj lbs4   
pl[$      "u a %ort dep?1 previ\sly to  
=m+ ! drill2 & ,i f9d a      decid$     

pr(it 9 us+ guano = all ! above crops4  
,i h se5      a field ( corn ! pres5t   
season v greatly improv$ 9 e>+      by !
 application ( ab\t #aej lbs4 ( guano1  
mix$ ) #e p>ts      *>coal du/1 & ?r[n  
ar\nd ! hills a few weeks s9ce dur+     
a ra9 /orm4       ,i h also us$ guano & 
*>coal du/1 five p>ts coal to "o (      
guano1 9 my g>d51 ! pa/ season1 & f\nd !
 b$s ?us      dress$ /ood ! extreme     
dr\ght bett] ?an o!r p>ts ( !      g>d54
 ,"o m case ( my own & ,i am done4 ,9   
#ahea1 ,i s[$      ab\t #ij lbs4 (      
guano1 on a piece ( mead[ or m[+ gr\nd1 
cov]+ a little m ?an half an acre1 f :i*
 ! timo?y      & clov] 0 ne>ly gone2 ,i 
took #c l&s across ! lot1 leav+         
ab\t #bj feet betwe5 ea* l&4 ,:]e !     
guano 0 s[n1 !      timo?y grew l>ge &  
?ick & bore ! dr\ght1 & yield$      ab\t
 "o & a half tons p] acre2 :ile ! re/ ( 
! field did      n produce m ?an half t 
am\nt1 & t ( an inf]ior      quality (  
grass4 ,! corn ^u ! same field ! pres5t 
season1      %[s pla9ly a bett] yield f 

! above top-dress+4 ,f      obs]vation &
 exp]i5ce1 ,i w\ld recomm5d ! mix+ (    
guano      ) *>coal du/1 equal p>ts1 or 
five p>ts coal to "o guano1      ,x is  
mu* m pleasant to h&le :5 ?us mix$1 be+ 
completely deodoriz$ & r5d]$ mu* m      
endur+ z a manure1      by reta9+ !     
ammonia = sev]al ye>s1 in/ead ( all[+ ! 
great] "p to pass (f ! fir/ season1 z is
 ! case :5      appli$ 9 a crude /ate1  
especially z a top dress+4       ,prep>$
 or decompos$ muck if us$ ) guano z a   
reta9] ( !      volatile gases1 9 all   
cases :]e x c be conv5i5tly obta9$      
especially 9 soils :]e evaporation is s 
rapid z x is 9 mo/      p>ts ( ,long    
,isl&1 w pay4       ,t l produces l1 is 
a favorite maxim ) me--t x is           
necess>y to replace ! matt]1 bo? organic
 & inorganic1 :i*      we take f ! soil 
9 ! =m ( crops1 ( v>i\s k9ds--t      by 
supply+ ! necess>y *emical +r$i5ts1 we  
%all be able      to draw a great       
proportion ( our crops f atmosph]ic     
ag5ts--t ! necessity = us+ su* an imm5se

 am\nt (      organic matt] z we n[ use 
9 ! %ape ( b>n y>d & /able      manure w
 be p>tially ov]come--t a great sav+ (  
exp5se      w !reby ensue--t guano is "o
 ( ! mo/ active ag5ts to      effect su*
 a result ,i am fully satisfi$1 n       
suffici5t p]haps      ( itself1 b highly
 useful ev5 9 a crude /ate--& capable   
:5 skillfully comb9$ ) o!rs1 to effect  
an entire      revolution 9 our sy/em ( 
agriculture4       ,if y ?9k ! above    
wor? an ins]tion 9 ! pamphlet y spoke   
(1 y are at lib]ty to ins]t x--if n1 y w
 please return      ! lett] to me1 z    
soon z conv5i5t1 & if y ?9k x w         
pass (f any bett]1 y may affix ! foll[+ 
signature to !      communication4      
,,edw>d ,h4 ,,seaman1 ,record+          
,secret>y1   ,que5's ,co4 ,agricultural 
,society4       ,,note #a4--,yes1 t is !
 ^w--good luck--x is all      good luck4
 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m f>m]s !re are 9 ?is
      c\ntry :o w /& ) _! h&s 9 _!      
bree*es pockets1      fumbl+ idle       
doll>s1 :ile a neighbor exp5ds 8 =      

guano1 &      produces a f9e crop ( :eat
 ^u an old worn out buck:eat field2     
at :i* !y />e 9 /upid wond] at ! good   
luck ( ! ?+4       ,:at a pity x _h n   
be5 ! good luck ( su* m5 to h be5       
born ) common s5se en\gh to pr(it       
!mselves by _!      neighbors good luck4
       ,,note #b4--;,x w\ld be f> bett] 
to s[ ! guano broadca/      & pl[ x 91  
or scatt] x 9 drills & turn a light     
furr[ on      x be=e plant+4            
,hemp/ead1 ,aug4#bg1 #aheb4       ,,se? 
,,*apman1 ,,esq4--,de> ,sir3--,i believe
 ,i 0 ! fir/      p]son 9 ,que5s ,c\nty 
us+ guano2 hav+ import$ "s f      ,engl&
 9 ! %ip ,york%ire1 9 #ahdb4 ,?is 0 f ! 
,i*aboe      ,isl&s4 ,i h s9ce us$ ne>ly
 all ! v>ieties1 & consid]      !       
,p]uvian ! *eape/ & be/4       ,9 apply+
 guano1 ,i ?9k by mak+ a compo/1 !      
greate/      b5efit is d]iv$2 say "o    
peck ( pla/]1 "o bu%el ( loam1      two 
( saw du/1 mix$ up a mon? or six weeks  
be=e us+4 ,f      #ajj to #bjj lbs4 (   
guano is en\gh = a crop ( oats or       

buck:eat4      ,i h n f\nd x to succe$ )
 corn or potatoes2 probably f      be+  
accompani$ by a dry season4 ,! be/ :eat 
,i ev] rais$ 0      f us+ #cej lbs4 to !
 acre1 compo/$4 ,?is 0 on a light       
soil1 & return$ #ca bu%els to ! acre1 on
 sev5 acres1 weigh+      #fb lbs4 ,!    
grass 0 poor aft] x4 ,z a top dress]1 ,i
 h us$      #bjj lbs4 p] acre1 v e>ly 9 
! spr+1 on half a lot1 :i*      m[$ m   
?an half z mu* aga9 z ! "p n dress$4 ,"o
 (      my neighbors has us$ #cjj lbs4  
p] acre1 pl[$ 9 = potatoes2      !      
yield1 good1 s f>1 hav+ j comm5c$ digg+4
       ,,john ,,h>old4  ,we might give  
mu* m evid5ce ( ! same k9d1 to prove t e
 b>r5 acre ^u ,long ,isl&1 might be made
 productive by a judici\s & pr(itable   
application ( guano2 b if !re are any   
p]sons1 :o1 aft] read+ ^! pages1 are    
/ill d\bt+1 we mu/ say !y are mo/       
incorrigably det]m9$ n to pr(it by !    
exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,to su* x w\ld be      
useless to say m4  ,successful ,exp]im5t
 ) ,guano z a ,top ,dress+ on ,:eat1 9  

,nor? ,c>ol9a4--,on page #ag1 we gave "s
 acc\nt ( ! application ( guano by ,h5ry
 ,k4 ,burgwyn1 ,esq41 s9ce :i*1 we h be5
 favor$ ) ! foll[+ lett] f 8 bro!r1 ,t4 
,pollock ,burgwyn1 writt51 z w be se51 n
 = publication1 b simply to give ! p>ty 
f :om he pur*as$ ! guano1 a detail ( 8  
success4        ,new ,york1 ,sept4 #bj1 
#aheb4       ,,messrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,all5 4 
,co4--,de> ,sir3--,hav+ promis$      t  
,i w\ld furni% y ) ! result ( my        
application ( !      #ba tons ( guano   
:i* ,i pur*as$ ( y la/ w9t]1 ,i proce$  
n[ to d s1 & give y full lib]ty to quote
 my exp]i5ce 9      favor ( ! use ( t   
mo/ invaluable manure1 to all :o are    
anxi\s to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs )\t
 incurr+ any      risk ( _! own4 ,my    
object1 & x %\ld be t ( e "o      :o has
 us$ guano1 is to ext5d ! k ( its great 
value      to any own] ( poor soil1 l ! 
worn out plantations ( ,nor?            
,c>ol9a4 ,i appli$ #bj tons ( ?is guano 
z a top dress+ to a      field ( #bjj   
acres1 :i* _h be5 se$$ 9 :eat "u mo/    

unfavorable circum/ances4 ,at ! "t (    
application1 s      unpromis+ 0 !       
appe>ance ( ! gr[+ :eat1 t my           
manag] & myself ?\ght x almo/ a wa/e (  
money & labor to      try ?is           
exp]im5t17#a7 b z ! re/ ( my crop did n 
require      any manure1 ,i resolv$ to  
see :at w\ld be ! effect4 ,i am         
confid5t ! field w\ld n h av]ag$1 )\t ! 
top      dress+1 sev5 bu%els p] acre--x 
yield$ r ov] #ac      bu%els1 besides   
secur+ to me a full sett+ ( clov]47#b7  
,my mode ( application 0 z foll[s2 to   
ea* #bjj lbs ( guano ,i      add$ two   
bu%els ( a%es & a bu%el ( pla/] mix$    
intimately1 & !n s[n broadca/1 at ! rate
 ( six & a half      bu%els p] acre1    
h>r[$ 9 ) a light h>r[4 ,?is application
      0 made 9 ,m>*1 & ! e>ly "p (      
,april1 & 9 less ?an      ?ree weeks    
aft] ! application1 ! :eat _h und]gone  
an      entire *ange1 f a yell[1 sickly 
color1 to a d>k luxuriant      gre54 ,! 
application _h evid5tly infus$ new life 
& vigor      into ! plants1 & z ! result

 prov$1 v ne>ly or q      d\bl$ its     
product4 ,s mu* = ! crop ( :eat2 b :at 0
      /ill m valuable to me1 9 my sy/em 
( f>m+1 x likewise      secur$ = me a   
full crop ( clov]1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h   
fail$ b = ?is application4 ,i also      
appli$ "o ton ( ?is      guano mix$ 9 ! 
same way1 to a small field ( oats4 ,i   
pl[$      ?is "u ) a small pl[1 toge!r )
 ! oats2 ! result      0 equally        
gratify+4 ,my *ief object 9 ?is la/     
exp]im5t1      0 to secure me a small   
field ( clov]1 ne> my /ables1 & 9       
?is ,i fully succe$$2 :i* ,i feel assur$
 ,i %\ld n h done      b = ! guano4 ,my 
bro!r & myself h made v>i\s             
exp]im5ts ( late ye>s1 ) guano1 & concur
 9 ! te/imony      ( all ^? :o h te/$   
its value1 c>efully & judici\sly1      9
 pron\nc+ x to be ! mo/ exp$iti\s       
r5ovat] ( ! soil      )9 ! f>m]'s rea*2 
& exclusive ( ! f>m y>d1 ! mo/          
economical ( all manures4 ,9 pro( ( my  
conviction ( its value      to me1 ,i   
%all ?is fall give y an ord] = #bj or   

#cj tons m4      ,i w only add t ,i     
consid] e :eat gr[] :o w\ld /udy      8 
own int]e/1 w f9d x by try+ simil>      
exp]im5ts4    ,t4 ,,pollock ,,burgwyn4  
,,note #a4 ,9 a subsequ5t conv]sation ) 
,mr4 ,burgwyn1 he /at$ a fact :i* makes 
?is po9t mu* /rong]4 ,aft] ord]+ !      
guano1 he left home1 giv+ 8 f>m manag]  
ord]s to apply if to t p>ticul> piece ( 
:eat z soon z x arriv$4 ,ow+ to ! fact t
 ! se$ 0 injur$--t ! l& 0 9 a v unfit   
condition f pov]ty & dr\? to produce a  
crop ( :eat1 x _h assum$ su* a mis]able 
appe>ance be=e ! arrival ( ! guano1 t ! 
manag] wrote to ,mr4 ,b4 8 op9ion ( !   
utt] folly ( apply+ any?+ s exp5sive to 
a crop already /ruck ) dea?4 ,n imag9+  
h[ v unpromis+ 0 ! prospect ( success1  
,mr4 ,b4 imm$iately wrote to him to g   
ahead z direct$4 ,be=e ! application 0  
complet$ he return$ home1 & 8 fir/      
impression 0 to /op ! "w at once & give 
up ! field z lo/2 b on exam9+ ! effect  
^u t "p :]e ! guano 0 fir/ appli$1 he   
f\nd x _h already infus$ new vigor into 

! plants1 = !y _h put (f _! sickly yell[
 color1 & tak5 on a vigor\s gre52 &     
!re=e he decid$ at once to g on1 :i* z w
 be se5 by ! result1 0 a mo/ valuable   
decision4  ,,note #b4 ,f p]sonal k ( ?is
 v field1 we are confid5t x w\ld n h    
yield$ )\t ! guano1 "o half ( sev5      
bu%els4 ,x is a flat surface1 clayey    
loam1 & badly affect$ by w9t] ra9s1 &   
su* freez+ & ?aw+ z x _h dur+ ! la/     
sev]e w9t]4 ,besides x 0 a few ye>s     
s9ce1 :5 x came into ! possession ( ,mr4
 ,burgwyn1 "o ( ^? old worn out1        
sk9n$-to-dea? places1 s common 9 t      
,/ate1 :i* all ! deep pl[+ & good f>m+ (
 t g5tleman _h n be5 able to re/ore1    
until he luckily hit ^u guano2 :i*      
not)/&+ ! mo/ unfavorable circum/ances1 
has giv5 him conclusive pro( ( its      
ine/imable value4 ,to say no?+ ( ! t5   
bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 :i* we are       
confid5t he ga9$1 ! clov] is wor? m ?an 
! guano co/2 & )\t x1 "o might almo/ z  
soon expect to gr[ clov] ^u ,coney ,isl&
 bea*1 z ^u t field4  ,?is lett] conta9s

 te/imony ( ine/imable value4 ,x comes f
 a g5tleman ( intellig5ce & c>eful      
obs]vation1 :o is devot$ to 8 pr(ession 
( a f>m]1 & :o has be5 "o ( ! mo/       
successful r5ovators ( worn out         
plantations 9 ! s\?1 & x comes v        
opportunely to give our "w an           
appropriate ,,f9ale4