,,christianity999999 ,note3 ,the digital material used for the preparation of this file1 including images of the original pages1 are available through the ,christian ,classics ,ethereal ,library4 ,see http3_/_/www4ccel4org_/ccel_/baconlw_/hi story4html ,transcriber's notes3 ,greek words in this text have been transliterated and placed between marks4 ,words in italics are surrounded with underscores4 ,a list of corrections made is at the end of the text4 ,the ,american ,church ,history ,series ,consisting of a ,series of ,denominational ,histories ,published ,under the ,auspices of the ,american ,society of ,church ,history ,general ,editors ,,rev4 ,,philip ,,schaff1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,potter1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,rev ,,geo4 ,p4 ,,fisher1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,bishop ,,john ,f4 ,,hurst1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,rev4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,wolf1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,henry ,c4 ,,vedder1 ,m4 ,a4 ,,rev4 ,,samuel ,m4 ,,jackson1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,volume ,,xiii ,american ,church ,history ,a ,,history ,,of ,,american ,,christianity by ,,leonard ,,woolsey ,,bacon ,new ,york ,the ,christian ,literature ,co4 ,,mdcccxcvii ,copyright1 #ahig1 by ,the ,christian ,literature ,co4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,chap4 ,i4--,,providential ,,preparation ,,for ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,america #a-e ,purpose of the long concealment of ,america1 #a4 ,a medieval church in ,america1 #b4 ,revival of the ,catholic ,church1 #c1 especially in ,spain1 #d1 #e4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4--,,spanish ,,christianity ,,in ,,america #f-ae ,vastness and swiftness of the ,spanish conquests1 #f4 ,conversion by the sword1 #g4 ,rapid success and sudden downfall of missions in ,florida1 #i4 ,the like story in ,new ,mexico1 #ab1 and in ,california1 #ad4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4--,,french ,,christianity ,,in ,,america #af-bi ,magnificence of the ,french scheme of western empire1 #af4 ,superior dignity of the ,french missions1 #ai4 ,swift expansion of them1 #bj4 ,collision with the ,english colonies1 and triumph of ,france1 #ba4 ,sudden and complete failure of the ,french church1 #bc4 ,causes of failure3 7#a7 ,dependence on royal patronage1 #bd4 7#b7 ,implication in ,indian feuds1 #be4 7#c7 ,instability of ,jesuit efforts1 #bf4 7#d7 ,scantiness of ,french population1 #bg4 ,political aspect of ,french missions1 #bh4 ,recent ,french ,catholic immigration1 #bi4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4--,,antecedents ,,of ,,permanent ,,christian ,,colonization #cj-cg ,controversies and parties in ,europe1 #ca1 and especially in ,england1 #cb4 ,disintegration of ,christendom1 #cd4 ,new experiment of church life1 #ce4 ,persecutions promote emigration1 #cf1 #cg4 ,,chap4 ,v4--,,puritan ,,beginnings ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,virginia #ch-ec ,the ,rev4 ,robert ,hunt1 chaplain to the ,virginia colony1 #ch4 ,base quality of the emigration1 #ci4 ,assiduity in religious duties1 #da4 ,rev4 ,richard ,buck1 chaplain1 #db4 ,strict ,puritan regime of ,sir ,t4 ,dale and ,rev4 ,a4 ,whitaker1 #dc4 ,brightening prospects extinguished by massacre1 #dh4 ,dissolution of the ,puritan ,virginia ,company by the king1 #dh4 ,puritan ministers silenced by the royal governor1 ,berkeley1 #di4 ,the governor's chaplain1 ,harrison1 is converted to ,puritan principles1 #di4 ,visit of the ,rev4 ,patrick ,copland1 #ej4 ,degradation of church and clergy1 #ea4 ,commissary ,blair attempts reform1 #eb4 ,huguenots and ,scotch-,irish1 #ec4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4--,,maryland ,,and ,,the ,,carolinas #ed-fg ,george ,calvert1 ,lord ,baltimore1 #ed2 secures grant of ,maryland1 #ee4 ,the second ,lord ,baltimore organizes a colony on the basis of religious liberty1 #ef4 ,success of the two ,jesuit priests1 #eg4 ,baltimore restrains the ,jesuits1 #eh1 and encourages the ,puritans1 #ei4 ,attempt at an ,anglican establishment1 #fa4 ,commissary ,bray1 #fa4 ,tardy settlement of the ,carolinas1 #fb4 ,a mixed population1 #fc4 ,success of ,quakerism1 #fe4 ,american origin of ,english missionary societies1 #ff4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4--,,dutch ,,calvinists ,,and ,,swedish ,,lutherans #fh-ha ,faint traces of religious life in the ,dutch settlements1 #fi4 ,pastors ,michaelius1 ,bogardus1 and ,megapolensis1 #gj4 ,religious liberty1 diversity1 and bigotry1 #gb4 ,the ,quakers persecuted1 #gc4 ,low vitality of the ,dutch colony1 #ge4 ,swedish colony on the ,delaware1 #gf2 subjugated by the ,dutch1 #gg4 ,the ,dutch evicted by ,england1 #gh4 ,the ,dutch church languishes1 #gi4 ,attempts to establish ,anglicanism1 #gi4 ,the ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 #hj4 ,,chap4 ,,viii4--,,the ,,church ,,in ,,new ,,england #hb-ajh ,puritan and ,separatist1 #hb4 ,the ,separatists of ,scrooby1 #hc4 ,mutual animosity of the two parties1 #hd4 ,spirit of ,john ,robinson1 #he4 ,the social compact of the ,pilgrims1 in state1 #hg2 and in church1 #hh4 ,feebleness of the ,plymouth colony1 #hi4 ,the ,puritan colony at ,salem1 #ij4 ,purpose of the colonists1 #ia4 ,their right to pick their own company1 #ib4 ,fellowship with the ,pilgrims1 #ic4 ,constituting the ,salem church1 and ordination of its ministers1 #ie4 ,expulsion of schismatics1 #ig4 ,coming of the great ,massachusetts colony bringing the charter1 #ih4 ,the ,new ,england church polity1 #ii4 ,nationalism of the ,puritans1 #ajj4 ,dealings with ,roger ,williams1 ,mrs4 ,hutchinson1 and the ,quakers1 #aja4 ,diversities among the colonies1 #ajb4 ,divergences of opinion and practice in the churches1 #ajc4 ,variety of sects in ,rhode ,island1 #ajf1 with mutual good will1 #ajg4 ,lapse of the ,puritan church-state1 #ajh4 ,,chap4 ,,ix4--,,the ,,middle ,,colonies ,,and ,,georgia #aji-abf ,dutch1 ,puritan1 ,scotch1 and ,quaker settlers in ,new ,jersey1 #aji4 ,quaker corporation and government1 #aaj4 ,quaker reaction from ,puritanism1 #aac4 ,extravagance and discipline1 #aad4 ,quakerism in continental ,europe1 #aae4 ,penn's ,holy ,experiment1 #aaf4 ,philadelphia founded1 #aag4 ,german sects1 #aah4 ,keith's schism1 and the mission of the ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 #aai4 ,lutheran and ,reformed ,germans1 #abj4 ,scotch-,irish1 #aba4 ,georgia1 #abb4 ,oglethorpe's charitable scheme1 #abc4 ,the ,salzburgers1 the ,moravians1 and the ,wesleys1 #abd4 ,george ,whitefield1 #abf4 ,,chap4 ,x4--,,the ,,eve ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,awakening #abg-aed ,fall of the ,new ,england theocracy1 #abh4 ,dissent from the ,standing ,order3 ,baptist1 #acj2 ,episcopalian1 #aca4 ,in ,new ,york3 the ,dutch church1 #acd2 the ,english1 #ace2 the ,presbyterian1 #acf4 ,new ,englanders moving west1 #acg4 ,quakers1 ,huguenots1 and ,palatines1 #aci4 ,new ,jersey3 ,frelinghuysen and the ,tennents1 #ada4 ,pennsylvania3 successes and failures of ,quakerism1 #adc4 ,the southern colonies3 their established churches1 #adh2 the mission of the ,quakers1 #adi4 ,the gospel among the ,indians1 #aej4 ,the church and slavery1 #aea4 ,,chap4 ,,xi4--,,the ,,great ,,awakening #aee-ahj ,jonathan ,edwards at ,northampton1 #aef4 ,an ,awakening1 #aeg4 ,edwards's ,narrative in ,america and ,england1 #aei4 ,revivals in ,new ,jersey and ,pennsylvania1 #afj4 ,apostolate of ,whitefield1 #afc4 ,schism of the ,presbyterian ,church1 #aff4 ,whitefield in ,new ,england1 #afh4 ,faults and excesses of the evangelists1 #afi4 ,good fruits of the revival1 #agc4 ,diffusion of ,baptist principles1 #agc4 ,national religious unity1 #age4 ,attitude of the ,episcopal ,church1 #agg4 ,zeal for missions1 #agi4 ,,chap4 ,,xii4--,,close ,,of ,,the ,,colonial ,,era #aha-bjg ,growth of the ,new ,england theology1 #aha4 ,watts's ,psalms1 #ahb4 ,warlike agitations1 #ahd4 ,the ,scotch-,irish immigration1 #ahf4 ,the ,german immigration1 #ahg4 ,spiritual destitution1 #ahh4 ,zinzendorf1 #ahi4 ,attempt at union among the ,germans1 #aij4 ,alarm of the sects1 #aia4 ,muehlenberg and the ,lutherans1 #aia4 ,zinzendorf and the ,moravians1 #aib4 ,schlatter and the ,reformed1 #aie4 ,schism made permanent1 #aig4 ,wesleyan ,methodism1 #aih4 ,francis ,asbury1 #bjj4 ,methodism gravitates southward and grows apace1 #bja4 ,opposition of the church to slavery1 #bjc2 and to intemperance1 #bje4 ,project to introduce bishops from ,england1 resisted in the interest of liberty1 #bjf4 ,,chap4 ,,xiii4--,,reconstruction #bjh-bbi ,distraction and depression after the ,war of ,independence1 #bjh4 ,forlorn condition of the ,episcopalians1 #baj4 ,their republican constitution1 #baa4 ,episcopal consecration secured in ,scotland and in ,england1 #bab4 ,feebleness of ,american ,catholicism1 #bad4 ,bishop ,carroll1 #bae4 ,trusteeism1 #baf4 ,methodism becomes a church1 #bag4 ,westward movement of ,christianity1 #bai4 ,severance of church from state1 #bba4 ,doctrinal divisions2 ,calvinist and ,arminian1 #bbb4 ,unitarianism1 #bbd4 ,universalism1 #bbe4 ,some minor sects1 #bbh4 ,,chap4 ,,xiv4--,,the ,,second ,,awakening #bcj-bde ,ebb-tide of spiritual life1 #bcj4 ,depravity and revival at the ,west1 #bcb4 ,the first camp-meetings1 #bcc4 ,good fruits1 #bcg4 ,nervous epidemics1 #bci4 ,the ,cumberland ,presbyterians1 #bda4 ,the antisectarian sect of ,the ,disciples1 #bdb4 ,revival at the ,east1 #bdb4 ,president ,dwight1 #bdc4 ,,chap4 ,,xv4--,,organized ,,beneficence #bdf-bfj ,missionary spirit of the revival1 #bdf4 ,religious earnestness in the colleges1 #bdg4 ,mills and his friends at ,williamstown1 #bdh2 and at ,andover1 #bdi4 ,the ,unitarian schism in ,massachusetts1 #bdi4 ,new era of theological seminaries1 #bea4 ,founding of the ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,f4 ,m41 #beb2 of the ,baptist ,missionary ,convention1 #bec4 ,other missionary boards1 #bee4 ,the ,american ,bible ,society1 #bef4 ,mills1 and his work for the ,west and for ,africa1 #bef4 ,other societies1 #beh4 ,glowing hopes of the church1 #bei4 ,,chap4 ,,xvi4--,,conflicts ,,with ,,public ,,wrongs #bfa-bia ,working of the voluntary system of church support1 #bfa4 ,dueling1 #bfc4 ,crime of the ,state of ,georgia against the ,cherokee nation1 implicating the federal government1 #bfd4 ,jeremiah ,evarts and ,theodore ,frelinghuysen1 #bfg4 ,unanimity of the church1 ,north and ,south1 against slavery1 #bfh4 ,the ,missouri ,compromise1 #bgj4 ,antislavery activity of the church1 at the ,east1 #bga2 at the ,west1 #bgc2 at the ,south1 #bgd4 ,difficulty of antislavery church discipline1 #bge4 ,the southern apostasy1 #bgg4 ,causes of the sudden revolution of sentiment1 #bgi4 ,defections at the ,north1 and rise of a pro-slavery party1 #bhb4 ,the ,kansas-,nebraska ,bill2 solemn and unanimous protest of the clergy of ,new ,england and ,new ,york1 #bhd4 ,primeval temperance legislation1 #bhe4 ,prevalence of drunkenness1 #bhf4 ,temperance reformation a religious movement1 #bhf4 ,development of the saloon1 #bhh4 ,the ,washingtonian movement and its drawbacks1 #bhi4 ,the ,prohibition period1 #bij4 ,,chap4 ,,xvii4--,a ,,decade ,,of ,,controversies ,,and ,,schisms #bib-cad ,dissensions in the ,presbyterian ,church1 #bib4 ,growing strength of the ,new ,england element1 #bic4 ,impeachments of heresy1 #bid4 ,benevolent societies1 #bie4 ,sudden excommunication of nearly one half of the church by the other half1 #bif4 ,heresy and schism among ,unitarians3 ,emerson1 #bih2 and ,parker1 #cjj4 ,disruption1 on the slavery question1 of the ,methodists1 #cja2 and of the ,baptists1 #cjc4 ,resuscitation of the ,episcopal ,church1 #cjd4 ,bishop ,hobart and a ,high-church party1 #cjf4 ,rapid growth of this church1 #cjh4 ,controversies in the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 #caj4 ,contention against ,protestant fanaticism1 #cab4 ,,chap4 ,,xviii4--,,the ,,great ,,immigration #cae-cci ,expansion of territory and increase of population in the early part of the nineteenth century1 #cae4 ,great volume of immigration from #ahdj on1 #caf4 ,how drawn and how driven1 #caf4 ,at first principally ,irish1 then ,german1 then ,scandinavian1 #cah4 ,the ,catholic clergy overtasked1 #cbj4 ,losses of the ,catholic ,church1 #cba4 ,liberalized tone of ,american ,catholicism1 #cbc4 ,planting the church in the ,west1 #cbg4 ,sectarian competitions1 #cbh4 ,protestant sects and ,catholic orders1 #cbi4 ,mormonism1 #cce4 ,millerism1 #ccf4 ,spiritualism1 #ccg4 ,,chap4 ,,xix4--,,the ,,civil ,,war #cdj-cej ,material prosperity1 #cdj4 ,the ,kansas ,crusade1 #cda4 ,the revival of #aheg1 #cdb4 ,deepening of the slavery conflict1 #cde4 ,threats of war1 #cdg4 ,religious sincerity of both sides1 #cdh4 ,the church in war-time1 #cdi4 ,,chap4 ,,xx4--,,after ,,the ,,civil ,,war #cea-cgc ,reconstructions1 #cea4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 #ceb4 ,the ,episcopal ,church1 #ceb4 ,persistent divisions among ,methodists1 ,baptists1 and ,presbyterians1 #cec4 ,healing of ,presbyterian schisms1 #cee4 ,missions at the ,south1 #cee4 ,vast expansion of church activities1 #ceg4 ,great religious and educational endowments1 #cei4 ,the enlisting of personal service3 ,the ,sunday-school1 #cfb4 ,chautauqua1 #cfc4 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 #cfd4 ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 #cff4 ,w4 ,c4 ,t4 ,u41 #cfg4 ,women's missionary boards1 #cfg4 ,nursing orders and schools1 #cfh4 ,y4 ,p4 ,s4 ,c4 ,e41 and like associations1 #cfh4 ,the ,institutional ,church1 #cfi4 ,the ,salvation ,army1 #cgj4 ,loss of the ,american ,sabbath1 #cga4 ,,chap4 ,,xxi4--,,the ,,church ,,in ,,theology ,,and ,,literature #cgd-cig ,unfolding of the ,edwardean theology1 #cgd4 ,horace ,bushnell1 #cge4 ,the ,mercersburg theology1 #cgg4 ,bodies of divinity1 #cgh4 ,biblical science1 #cgh4 ,princeton's new dogma1 #chj4 ,church history1 #cha4 ,the ,american pulpit1 #chb4 ,applied ,christianity1 #che4 ,liturgics1 #chf4 ,hymns1 #chg4 ,other liturgical studies1 #chh4 ,church music1 #cia4 ,the ,moravian liturgies1 #cid4 ,meager productiveness of the ,catholic ,church1 #cid4 ,the ,americanizing of the ,roman ,church1 #cif4 ,,chap4 ,,xxii4--,,tendencies ,,toward ,a ,,manifestation ,,of ,,unity #cih-dbj ,growth of the nation and national union1 #cih4 ,parallel growth of the church1 #cii2 and ecclesiastical division1 #djj4 ,no predominant sect1 #dja4 ,schism acceptable to politicians1 #djb2 and to some ,christians1 #djc4 ,compensations of schism1 #djd4 ,nisus toward manifest union1 #dje4 ,early efforts at fellowship among sects1 #djf4 ,high-church protests against union1 #djg4 ,the ,evangelical ,alliance1 #djh4 ,fellowship in non-sectarian associations1 #dji4 ,cooperation of leading sects in ,maine1 #daj4 ,various unpromising projects of union3 ,i4 ,union on sectarian basis1 #daa4 ,,ii4 ,ecumenical sects1 #dab4 ,,iii4 ,consolidation of sects1 #dac4 ,the hope of manifested unity1 #daf4 ,conclusion1 #dai4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,american ,,christianity4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,providential ,,preparations ,,for ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,america--,,spiritual ,,revival ,,throughout ,,christendom1 ,,and ,,especially ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,spain4 ,the heroic discovery of ,america1 at the close of the fifteenth century after ,christ1 has compelled the generous and just admiration of the world2 but the grandeur of human enterprise and achievement in the discovery of the western hemisphere has a less claim on our admiration than that divine wisdom and controlling providence which1 for reasons now manifested1 kept the secret hidden through so many millenniums1 in spite of continual chances of disclosure1 until the fullness of time4 ,how near1 to speak as a fool1 the plans of ,god came to being defeated by human enterprise is illustrated by unquestioned facts4 ,the fact of medieval exploration1 colonization1 and even evangelization in ,north ,america seems now to have emerged from the region of fanciful conjecture into that of history4 ,that for four centuries1 ending with the fifteenth1 the church of ,iceland maintained its bishops and other missionaries and built its churches and monasteries on the frozen coast of ,greenland is abundantly proved by documents and monuments4 ,dim but seemingly unmistakable traces are now discovered of enterprises1 not only of exploration and trade1 but also of evangelization1 reaching along the mainland southward to the shores of ,new ,england4 ,there are vague indications that these beginnings of ,christian civilization were extinguished1 as in so many later instances1 by savage massacre4 ,with impressive coincidence1 the latest vestige of this primeval ,american ,christianity fades out in the very year of the discovery of ,america by ,columbus4#b3a ,by a prodigy of divine providence1 the secret of the ages had been kept from premature disclosure during the centuries in which1 without knowing it1 the ,old ,world was actually in communication with the ,new4 ,that was high strategy in the warfare for the advancement of the kingdom of ,god in the earth4 ,what possibilities1 even yet only beginning to be accomplished1 were thus saved to both hemispheres6 ,if the discovery of ,america had been achieved four centuries or even a single century earlier1 the ,christianity to be transplanted to the western world would have been that of the church of ,europe at its lowest stage of decadence4 ,the period closing with the fifteenth century was that of the dense darkness that goes before the dawn4 ,it was a period in which the lingering life of the church was chiefly manifested in feverish complaints of the widespread corruption and outcries for reformation of the church in head and members4 ,the degeneracy of the clergy was nowhere more manifest than in the monastic orders1 that had been originally established for the express purpose of reviving and purifying the church4 ,that ancient word was fulfilled1 ,like people1 like priest4 ,but it was especially in the person of the foremost official representative of the religion of ,jesus ,christ that that religion was most dishonored4 ,the fifteenth century was the era of the infamous popes4 ,by another coincidence which arrests the attention of the reader of history1 that same year of the discovery by ,columbus witnessed the accession of the most infamous of the series1 the ,borgia1 ,alexander ,,vi41 to his short and shameful pontificate4 ,let it not be thought1 as some of us might be prone to think1 that the timeliness of the discovery of the western hemisphere1 in its relation to church history1 is summed up in this1 that it coincided with the ,protestant ,reformation1 so that the ,new ,world might be planted with a ,protestant ,christianity4 ,for a hundred years the colonization and evangelization of ,america were1 in the narrowest sense of that large word1 ,catholic1 not ,protestant4 ,but the ,catholicism brought hither was that of the sixteenth century1 not of the fifteenth4 ,it is a most one-sided reading of the history of that illustrious age which fails to recognize that the great ,reformation was a reformation of the church as well as a reformation from the church4 ,it was in ,spain itself1 in which the corruption of the church had been foulest1 but from which all symptoms of heretical pravity were purged away with the fiercest zeal as fast as they appeared1--in ,spain under the reign of ,ferdinand and ,isabella the ,catholic1--that the demand for a ,catholic reformation made itself earliest and most effectually felt4 ,the highest ecclesiastical dignitary of the realm1 ,ximenes1 confessor to the queen1 ,archbishop of ,toledo1 and cardinal1 was himself the leader of reform4 ,no changes in the rest of ,christendom were destined for many years to have so great an influence on the course of evangelization in ,north ,america as those which affected the church of ,spain2 and of these by far the most important in their bearing on the early course of ,christianity in ,america were1 first1 the purifying and quickening of the miserably decayed and corrupted mendicant orders1--ever the most effective arm in the missionary service of the ,latin ,church1--and1 a little later1 the founding of the ,society of ,jesus1 with its immense potency for good and for evil4 ,at the same time the court of ,rome1 sobered in some measure1 by the perilous crisis that confronted it1 from its long orgy of simony1 nepotism1 and sensuality1 began to find time and thought for spiritual duties4 ,the establishment of the congregations or administrative boards1 and especially of the ,congregatio de ,propaganda ,fide1 or board of missions1 dates chiefly from the sixteenth century4 ,the revived interest in theological study incident to the general spiritual quickening gave the church1 as the result of the labors of the ,council of ,trent1 a well-defined body of doctrine1 which nevertheless was not so narrowly defined as to preclude differences and debates among the diverse sects of the clergy1 by whose competitions and antagonisms the progress of missions both in ,christian and in heathen lands was destined to be so seriously affected4 ,an incident of the ,catholic ,reformation of the sixteenth century--inevitable incident1 doubtless1 in that age1 but none the less deplorable--was the engendering or intensifying of that cruel and ferocious form of fanaticism which is defined as the combination of religious emotion with the malignant passions4 ,the tendency to fanaticism is one of the perils attendant on the deep stirring of religious feeling at any time2 it was especially attendant on the religious agitations of that period2 but most of all it was in ,spain1 where1 of all the ,catholic nations1 corruption had gone deepest and spiritual revival was most earnest and sincere1 that the manifestations of fanaticism were most shocking4 ,ferdinand and ,isabella the ,catholic were distinguished alike by their piety and their part in the promotion of civilization1 and by the horrors of bloody cruelty perpetrated by their authority and that of the church1 at the instigation of the sincere and devout reformer ,ximenes4 ,in the memorable year #adib was inaugurated the fiercest work of the ,spanish ,inquisition1 concerning which1 speaking of her own part in it1 the pious ,isabella was able afterward to say1 ,for the love of ,christ and of his virgin mother ,i have caused great misery1 and have depopulated towns and districts1 provinces and kingdoms4 ,the earlier pages of ,american church history will not be intelligently read unless it is well understood that the ,christianity first to be transplanted to the soil of the ,new ,world was the ,christianity of ,spain--the ,spain of ,isabella and ,ximenes1 of ,loyola and ,francis ,xavier and ,st4 ,theresa1 the ,spain also of ,torquemada and ,st4 ,peter ,arbues and the zealous and orthodox ,duke of ,alva4 ,,footnotes3 #b3a ,see the account of the ,greenland church and its missions in ,professor ,o',gorman's ,history of the ,roman ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states 7vol4 ix4 of the ,american ,church ,history ,series71 pp4 #c-ab4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,spanish ,,conquest--,,the ,,propagation1 ,,decay1 ,,and ,,downfall ,,of ,,spanish ,,christianity4 ,it is a striking fact that the earliest monuments of colonial and ecclesiastical antiquity within the present domain of the ,united ,states1 after the early ,spanish remains in ,florida1 are to be found in those remotely interior and inaccessible highlands of ,new ,mexico1 which have only now begun to be reached in the westward progress of migration4 ,before the beginnings of permanent ,english colonization at ,plymouth and at ,jamestown1 before the ,french beginnings on the ,st4 ,lawrence1 before the close of the sixteenth century1 there had been laid by ,spanish soldiers1 adventurers1 and missionaries1 in those far recesses of the continent1 the foundations of ,christian towns and churches1 the stately walls and towers of which still invite the admiration of the traveler4 ,the fact is not more impressive than it is instructive4 ,it illustrates the prodigious impetuosity of that tide of conquest which within so few years from the discovery of the ,american continents not only swept over the regions of ,south and ,central ,america and the great plateau of ,mexico1 but actually occupied with military posts1 with extensive and successful missions1 and with a colonization which seemed to show every sign of stability and future expansion1 by far the greater part of the present domain of the ,united ,states exclusive of ,alaska--an ecclesiastico-military empire stretching its vast diameter from the southernmost cape of ,florida across twenty-five parallels of latitude and forty-five meridians of longitude to the ,strait of ,juan de ,fuca4 ,the lessons taught by this amazingly swift extension of the empire and the church1 and its arrest and almost extinction1 are legible on the surface of the history4 ,it is a strange1 but not unparalleled1 story of attempted cooeperation in the common service of ,god and ,mammon and ,moloch--of endeavors after concord between ,christ and ,belial4 ,there is no reason to question the sincerity with which the rulers of ,spain believed themselves to be actuated by the highest motives of ,christian charity in their terrible and fatal ,american policy4 ,the conversion of the ,indians is the principal foundation of the conquest--that which ought principally to be attended to4 ,so wrote the king in a correspondence in which a most cold-blooded authorization is given for the enslaving of the ,indians4#g3a ,after the very first voyage of ,columbus every expedition of discovery or invasion was equipped with its contingent of clergy--secular priests as chaplains to the ,spaniards1 and friars of the regular orders for mission work among the ,indians--at cost of the royal treasury or as a charge upon the new conquests4 ,this subsidizing of the church was the least serious of the injuries inflicted on the cause of the gospel by the piety of the ,spanish government4 ,that such subsidizing is in the long run an injury is a lesson illustrated not only in this case1 but in many parallel cases in the course of this history4 ,a far more dreadful wrong was the identifying of the religion of ,jesus ,christ with a system of war and slavery1 well-nigh the most atrocious in recorded history4 ,for such a policy the ,spanish nation had just received a peculiar training4 ,it is one of the commonplaces of history to remark that the barbarian invaders of the ,roman empire were themselves vanquished by their own victims1 being converted by them to the ,christian faith4 ,in like manner the ,spanish nation1 triumphing over its ,moslem subjects in the expulsion of the ,moors1 seemed in its ,american conquests to have been converted to the worst of the tenets of ,islam4 ,the propagation of the gospel in the western hemisphere1 under the ,spanish rule1 illustrated in its public and official aspects far more the principles of ,mohammed than those of ,jesus4 ,the triple alternative offered by the ,saracen or the ,turk--conversion or tribute or the sword--was renewed with aggravations by the ,christian conquerors of ,america4 ,in a form deliberately drawn up and prescribed by the civil and ecclesiastical counselors at ,madrid1 the invader of a new province was to summon the rulers and people to acknowledge the church and the pope and the king of ,spain2 and in case of refusal or delay to comply with this summons1 the invader was to notify them of the consequences in these terms3 ,if you refuse1 by the help of ,god we shall enter with force into your land1 and shall make war against you in all ways and manners that we can1 and subject you to the yoke and obedience of the church and of their ,highnesses2 we shall take you and your wives and your children and make slaves of them1 and sell and dispose of them as their ,highnesses may command2 and we shall take away your goods1 and do you all the mischief and damage that we can1 as to vassals who do not obey and refuse to receive their lord2 and we protest that the deaths and losses that shall accrue from this are your own fault4#h3a ,while the church was thus implicated in crimes against humanity which history shudders to record1 it is a grateful duty to remember that it was from the church also and in the name of ,christ that bold protests and strenuous efforts were put forth in behalf of the oppressed and wronged4 ,such names as ,las ,casas and ,montesinos shine with a beautiful luster in the darkness of that age2 and the ,dominican order1 identified on the other side of the sea with the fiercest cruelties of the ,spanish ,inquisition1 is honorable in ,american church history for its fearless championship of liberty and justice4 ,the first entrance of ,spanish ,christianity upon the soil of the ,united ,states was wholly characteristic4 ,in quest of the ,fountain of ,youth1 ,ponce de ,leon sailed for the coast of ,florida equipped with forces both for the carnal and for the spiritual warfare4 ,besides his colonists and his men-at-arms1 he brought his secular priests as chaplains and his monks as missionaries2 and his instructions from the crown required him to summon the natives1 as in the famous ,requerimiento1 to submit themselves to the ,catholic faith and to the king of ,spain1 under threat of the sword and slavery4 ,the invaders found a different temper in the natives from what was encountered in ,mexico and ,peru1 where the populations were miserably subjugated1 or in the islands1 where they were first enslaved and presently completely exterminated4 ,the insolent invasion was met1 as it deserved1 by effective volleys of arrows1 and its chivalrous leader was driven back to ,cuba1 to die there of his wounds4 ,it is needless to recount the successive failures of ,spanish civilization and ,christianity to get foothold on the domain now included in the ,united ,states4 ,not until more than forty years after the attempt of ,ponce de ,leon did the expedition of the ferocious ,menendez effect a permanent establishment on the coast of ,florida4 ,in ,september1 #aefe1 the foundations of the oldest city in the ,united ,states1 ,st4 ,augustine1 were laid with solemn religious rites by the toil of the first negro slaves2 and the event was signalized by one of the most horrible massacres in recorded history1 the cold-blooded and perfidious extermination1 almost to the last man1 woman1 and child1 of a colony of ,french ,protestants that had been planted a few months before at the mouth of the ,st4 ,john's ,river4 ,the colony thus inaugurated seemed to give every promise of permanent success as a center of religious influence4 ,the spiritual work was naturally and wisely divided into the pastoral care of the ,spanish garrisons and settlements1 which was taken in charge by secular priests1 and the mission work among the ,indians1 committed to friars of those regular orders whose solid organization and independence of the episcopal hierarchy1 and whose keen emulation in enterprises of self-denial1 toil1 and peril1 have been so large an element of strength1 and sometimes of weakness1 in the ,roman system4 ,in turn1 the mission field of the ,floridas was occupied by the ,dominicans1 the ,jesuits1 and the ,franciscans4 ,before the end of seventy years from the founding of ,st4 ,augustine the number of ,christian ,indians was reckoned at twenty-five or thirty thousand1 distributed among forty-four missions1 under the direction of thirty-five ,franciscan missionaries1 while the city of ,st4 ,augustine was fully equipped with religious institutions and organizations4 ,grave complaints are on record1 which indicate that the great number of the ,indian converts was out of all proportion to their meager advancement in ,christian grace and knowledge2 but with these indications of shortcoming in the missionaries there are honorable proofs of diligent devotion to duty in the creating of a literature of instruction in the barbarous languages of the peninsula4 ,for one hundred and fifteen years ,spain and the ,spanish missionaries had exclusive possession in ,florida1 and it was during this period that these imposing results were achieved4 ,in #afhj a settlement of ,scotch ,presbyterians at ,port ,royal in ,south ,carolina seemed like a menace to the ,spanish domination4 ,it was wholly characteristic of the ,spanish colony to seize the sword at once and destroy its nearest ,christian neighbor4 ,it took the sword1 and perished by the sword4 ,the war of races and sects thus inaugurated went on1 with intervals of quiet1 until the ,treaty of ,paris1 in #agfc1 transferred ,florida to the ,british crown4 ,no longer sustained by the terror of the ,spanish arms and by subsidies from the ,spanish treasury1 the whole fabric of ,spanish civilization and ,christianization1 at the end of a history of almost two centuries1 tumbled at once to complete ruin and extinction4 ,the story of the planting of ,christian institutions in ,new ,mexico runs parallel with the early history of ,florida4 ,omitting from this brief summary the first discovery of these regions by fugitives from one of the disastrous early attempts to effect a settlement on the ,florida coast1 omitting 7what we would fain narrate7 the stories of heroic adventure and apostolic zeal and martyrdom which antedate the permanent occupation of the country1 we note the arrival1 in #aeih1 of a strong1 numerous1 and splendidly equipped colony1 and the founding of a ,christian city in the heart of the ,american continent4 ,as usual in such ,spanish enterprises1 the missionary work was undertaken by a body of ,franciscan friars4 ,after the first months of hardship and discouragement1 the work of the ,christian colony1 and especially the work of evangelization among the ,indians1 went forward at a marvelous rate4 ,reinforcements both of priests and of soldiers were received from ,mexico2 by the end of ten years baptisms were reported to the number of eight thousand2 the entire population of the province was reckoned as being within the pale of the church2 not less than sixty ,franciscan friars at once were engaged in the double service of pastors and missionaries4 ,the triumph of the gospel and of ,spanish arms seemed complete and permanent4 ,fourscore years after the founding of the colony and mission the sudden explosion of a conspiracy1 which for a long time had been secretly preparing1 revealed the true value of the allegiance of the ,indians to the ,spanish government and of their conversion to ,christ4 ,confounding in a common hatred the missionaries and the tyrannous conquerors1 who had been associated in a common policy1 the ,christian ,indians turned upon their rulers and their pastors alike with undiscriminating warfare4 ,in a few weeks no ,spaniard was in ,new ,mexico north of ,el ,paso4 ,christianity and civilization were swept away at one blow4 ,the successful rebels bettered the instruction that they had received from their rejected pastors4 ,the measures of compulsion that had been used to stamp out every vestige of the old religion were put into use against the new4 ,the cause of ,catholic ,christianity in ,new ,mexico never recovered from this stunning blow4 ,after twenty years the ,spanish power1 taking advantage of the anarchy and depopulation of the province1 had reoccupied its former posts by military force1 the missionaries were brought back under armed protection1 the practice of the ancient religion was suppressed by the strong hand1 and efforts1 too often unsuccessful1 were made to win back the apostate tribes to something more than a sullen submission to the government and the religion of their conquerors4 ,the later history of ,spanish ,christianity in ,new ,mexico is a history of decline and decay1 enlivened by the usual contentions between the regular clergy and the episcopal government4 ,the white population increased1 the ,indian population dwindled4 ,religion as set forth by an exotic clergy became an object of indifference when it was not an object of hatred4 ,in #ahde the ,bishop of ,durango1 visiting the province1 found an ,indian population of twenty thousand in a total of eighty thousand4 ,the clergy numbered only seventeen priests4 ,three years later the province became part of the ,united ,states4 ,to complete the story of the planting of ,spanish ,christianity within the present boundaries of the ,united ,states1 it is necessary to depart from the merely chronological order of ,american church history2 for1 although the immense adventurousness of ,spanish explorers by sea and land had1 early in the sixteenth century1 made known to ,christendom the coasts and harbors of the ,californias1 the beginnings of settlement and missions on that ,pacific coast date from so late as #agfi4 ,at this period the method of such work had become settled into a system4 ,the organization was threefold1 including 7#a7 the garrison town1 7#b7 the ,spanish settlement1 and 7#c7 the mission1 at which the ,indian neophytes were gathered under the tutelage and strict government of the convent of ,franciscan friars4 ,the whole system was sustained by the authority and the lavish subventions of the ,spanish government1 and herein lay its strength and1 as the event speedily proved1 its fatal weakness4 ,the inert and feeble character of the ,indians of that region offered little excuse for the atrocious cruelties that had elsewhere marked the ,spanish occupation2 but the paternal kindness of the stronger race was hardly less hurtful4 ,the natives were easily persuaded to become by thousands the dependents and servants of the missions4 ,conversion went on apace4 ,at the end of sixty-five years from the founding of the missions their twenty-one stations numbered a ,christian native population of more than thirty thousand1 and were possessed of magnificent wealth1 agricultural and commercial4 ,in that very year 7#ahcd7 the long-intended purpose of the government to release the ,indians from their almost slavery under the missions1 and to distribute the vast property in severalty1 was put in force4 ,in eight years the more than thirty thousand ,catholic ,indians had dwindled to less than five thousand2 the enormous estates of the missions were dissipated2 the converts lapsed into savagery and paganism4 ,meanwhile the ,spanish population had gone on slowly increasing4 ,in the year #ahdj1 seventy years from the ,spanish occupancy1 it had risen to nearly six thousand2 but it was a population the spiritual character of which gave little occasion of boasting to the ,spanish church4 ,tardy and feeble efforts had been instituted to provide it with an organized parish ministry1 when the supreme and exclusive control of that country ceased from the hands that so long had held it4 ,the vineyard was taken away1 and given to other husbandmen4 ,in the year #ahdh ,california was annexed to the ,united ,states4 ,this condensed story of ,spanish ,christianity within the present boundaries of the ,united ,states is absurdly brief compared with the vast extent of space1 the three centuries of time1 and what seemed at one time the grandeur of results involved in it4 ,but in truth it has strangely little connection with the extant ,christianity of our country4 ,it is almost as completely severed from historical relation with the church of the present day as the missions of the ,greenlanders in the centuries before ,columbus4 ,if we distinguish justly between the ,christian work and its unchristian and almost satanic admixtures1 we can join without reserve both in the eulogy and in the lament with which the ,catholic historian sums up his review3 ,it was a glorious work1 and the recital of it impresses us by the vastness and success of the toil4 ,yet1 as we look around to-day1 we can find nothing of it that remains4 ,names of saints in melodious ,spanish stand out from maps in all that section where the ,spanish monk trod1 toiled1 and died4 ,a few thousand ,christian ,indians1 descendants of those they converted and civilized1 still survive in ,new ,mexico and ,arizona1 and that is all4#ae3a ,,footnotes3 #g3a ,helps1 ,spanish ,conquest in ,america1 vol4 i41 p4 #bcd1 ,american edition4 #h3a ,helps1 ,spanish ,conquest in ,america1 vol4 i41 p4 #bce2 also p4 #cee1 where the grotesquely horrible document is given in full4 ,in the practical prosecution of this scheme of evangelization1 it was found necessary to the due training of the ,indians in the holy faith that they should be enslaved1 whether or no4 ,it was on this religious consideration1 clearly laid down in a report of the king's chaplains1 that the atrocious system of encomiendas was founded4 #ae3a ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 by ,professor ,thomas ,o',gorman 7vol4 ix41 ,american ,church ,history ,series71 p4 #aab4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,project ,,of ,,french ,,empire ,,and ,,evangelization--,,its ,,wide ,,and ,,rapid ,,success--,,its ,,sudden ,,extinction4 ,for a full century1 from the discovery of the ,new ,world until the first effective effort at occupation by any other ,european people1 the ,spanish church and nation had held exclusive occupancy of the ,north ,american continent4 ,the ,spanish enterprises of conquest and colonization had been carried forward with enormous and unscrupulous energy1 and alongside of them and involved with them had been borne the ,spanish chaplaincies and missions1 sustained from the same treasury1 in some honorable instances bravely protesting against the atrocities they were compelled to witness1 in other instances implicated in them and sharing the bloody profits of them4 ,but1 unquestionable as was the martial prowess of the ,spanish soldier and adventurer1 and the fearless devotion of the ,spanish missionary1 there appears nothing like systematic planning in all these immense operations4 ,the tide of conquest flowed in capricious courses1 according as it was invited by hopes of gold or of a passage to ,china1 or of some phantom of a ,fountain of ,youth or a city of ,quivira or a ,gilded ,man2 and it seemed in general to the missionary that he could not do else than follow in the course of conquest4 ,it is wholly characteristic of the ,french people that its entering at last upon enterprises of colonization and missions should be with large forecasting of the future and with the methods of a grand strategy4 ,we can easily believe that the famous ,bull of ,partition of ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 was not one of the hindrances that so long delayed the beginnings of a ,new ,france in the ,west4 ,incessant dynastic wars with near neighbors1 the final throes of the long struggle between the crown and the great vassals1 and finally the religious wars that culminated in the awful slaughter of ,st4 ,bartholomew's1 and ended at the close of the century with the politic conversion and the coronation of ,henry ,,iv4--these were among the causes that had held back the great nation from distant undertakings4 ,but thoughts of great things to be achieved in the ,new ,world had never for long at a time been absent from the minds of ,frenchmen4 ,the annual visits of the ,breton fishing-fleets to the banks of ,newfoundland kept in mind such rights of discovery as were alleged by ,france1 and kept attention fixed in the direction of the great gulf and river of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,long before the middle of the sixteenth century ,jacques ,cartier had explored the ,st4 ,lawrence beyond the commanding position which he named ,montreal1 and a royal commission had issued1 under which he was to undertake an enterprise of discovery1 settlement1 and the conversion of the ,indians4 ,but it was not till the year #afjh that the first permanent ,french settlement was effected4 ,with the coup d'oeil of a general or the foresight of a prophet1 ,champlain1 the illustrious first founder of ,french empire in ,america1 in #afjh fixed the starting-point of it at the natural fortress of ,quebec4 ,how early the great project had begun to take shape in the leading minds of the nation it may not be easy to determine4 ,it was only after the adventurous explorations of the ,french pioneers1 traders1 and friars--men of like boundless enthusiasm and courage--had been crowned by the achievement of ,la ,salle1 who first of men traversed the two great waterways of the continent from the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence to the ,gulf of ,mexico1 that the amazing possibilities of it were fully revealed4 ,but1 whosesoever scheme it was1 a more magnificent project of empire1 secular and spiritual1 has never entered into the heart of man4 ,it seems to have been native to the ,american soil1 springing up in the hearts of the ,french pioneer explorers themselves2#ah3a but by its grandeur1 and at the same time its unity1 it was of a sort to delight the souls of ,sully and ,richelieu and of their masters4 ,under thin and dubious claims by right of discovery1 through the immense energy and daring of her explorers1 the heroic zeal of her missionaries1 and not so much by the prowess of her soldiers as by her craft in diplomacy with savage tribes1 ,france was to assert and make good her title to the basin of the ,st4 ,lawrence and the lakes1 and the basin of the ,mississippi and the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,from the mouth of the ,st4 ,lawrence to the mouth of the ,mississippi1 through the core of the continent1 was to be drawn a cordon of posts1 military1 commercial1 and religious1 with other outlying stations at strategic points both eastward and westward4 ,the only external interference with this scheme that could be apprehended at its inception was from the ,spanish colonies1 already decaying and shrinking within their boundaries to the west and to the southeast1 and from a puny little ,english settlement started only a year before1 with a doubtful hold on life1 on the bank of the ,james ,river4 ,a dozen years later a pitiably feeble company of ,pilgrims shall make their landing at ,plymouth to try the not hopeful experiment of living in the wilderness1 and a settlement of ,swedes in ,delaware and of ,hollanders on the ,hudson shall be added to the incongruous1 unconcerted1 mutually jealous plantations that begin to take root along the ,atlantic seaboard4 ,not only grandeur and sagacity of conception1 but success in achievement1 is illustrated by the comparative area occupied by the three great ,european powers on the continent of ,north ,america at the end of a century and a half from the founding of ,quebec in #afjh4 ,dividing the continent into twenty-five equal parts1 the ,french claimed and seemed to hold firmly in possession twenty parts1 the ,spanish four parts1 and the ,english one part4#ai3a ,the comparison between the ,spanish and the ,french methods of colonization and missions in ,america is at almost every point honorable to the ,french4 ,instead of a greedy scramble after other men's property in gold and silver1 the business basis of the ,french enterprises was to consist in a widely organized and laboriously prosecuted traffic in furs4 ,instead of a series of desultory and savage campaigns of conquest1 the ferocity of which was aggravated by the show of zeal for the kingdom of righteousness and peace1 was a large-minded and far-sighted scheme of empire1 under which remote and hostile tribes were to be combined by ties of mutual interest and common advantage4 ,and the missions1 instead of following servilely in the track of bloody conquest to assume the tutelage of subjugated and enslaved races1 were to share with the soldier and the trader the perilous adventures of exploration1 and not so much to be supported and defended as to be themselves the support and protection of the settlements1 through the influence of ,christian love and self-sacrifice over the savage heart4 ,such elements of moral dignity1 as well as of imperial grandeur1 marked the plans for the ,french occupation of ,north ,america4 ,to a wonderful extent those charged with this enterprise were worthy of the task4 ,among the military and civil leaders of it1 from ,champlain to ,montcalm1 were men that would have honored the best days of ,french chivalry4 ,the energy and daring of the ,french explorers1 whether traders or missionaries1 have not been equaled in the pioneer work of other races4 ,and the annals of ,christian martyrdom may be searched in vain for more heroic examples of devotion to the work of the gospel than those which adorn the history of the ,french missions in ,north ,america4 ,what magnificent results might not be expected from such an enterprise1 in the hands of such men1 sustained by the resources of the most powerful nation and national church in ,christendom6 ,from the founding of ,quebec1 in #afjh1 the expansion of the ,french enterprise was swift and vast4 ,by the end of fifty years ,quebec had been equipped with hospital1 nunnery1 seminary for the education of priests1 all affluently endowed from the wealth of zealous courtiers1 and served in a noble spirit of self-devotion by the choicest men and women that the ,french church could furnish2 besides these institutions1 the admirable plan of a training colony1 at which converted ,indians should be trained to civilized life1 was realized at ,sillery1 in the neighborhood4 ,the sacred city of ,montreal had been established as a base for missions to the remoter west4 ,long in advance of the settlement at ,plymouth1 ,french ,christianity was actively and beneficently busy among the savages of eastern ,maine1 among the so-called neutral nations by the ,niagara1 among the fiercely hostile ,iroquois of northern ,new ,york1 by ,lake ,huron and ,lake ,nipissing1 and1 with wonderful tokens of success1 by the ,falls of ,st4 ,mary4 ,thus did the religious zeal of the ,french bear the cross to the banks of the ,st4 ,mary and the confines of ,lake ,superior1 and look wistfully toward the homes of the ,sioux in the valley of the ,mississippi1 five years before the ,new ,england ,eliot had addressed the tribe of ,indians that dwelt within six miles of ,boston harbor4#ba3a ,thirty years more passed1 bringing the story down to the memorable year #afhh4 ,the ,french posts1 military1 commercial1 and religious1 had been pushed westward to the head of ,lake ,superior4 ,the ,mississippi had been discovered and explored1 and the colonies planted from ,canada along its banks and the banks of its tributaries had been met by the expeditions proceeding direct from ,france through the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,the claims of ,france in ,america included not only the vast domain of ,canada1 but a half of ,maine1 a half of ,vermont1 more than a half of ,new ,york1 the entire valley of the ,mississippi1 and ,texas as far as the ,rio ,bravo del ,norte4#ba3b ,and these claims were asserted by actual and almost undisputed occupancy4 ,the seventy years that followed were years of storm and stress for the ,french colonies and missions4 ,the widening areas occupied by the ,french and by the ,english settlers brought the rival establishments into nearer neighborhood1 into sharper competition1 and into bloody collision4 ,successive ,european wars--,king ,william's ,war1 ,queen ,anne's ,war 7of the ,spanish succession71 ,king ,george's ,war 7of the ,austrian succession7--involved the dependencies of ,france and those of ,england in the conflicts of their sovereigns4 ,these were the years of terror along the exposed northern frontier of ,english settlements in ,new ,england and ,new ,york1 when massacre and burning by bands of savages1 under ,french instigation and leadership1 made the names of ,haverhill and ,deerfield and ,schenectady memorable in ,american history1 and when1 in desperate campaigns against the ,canadian strongholds1 the colonists vainly sought to protect themselves from the savages by attacking the centers from which the murderous forays were directed4 ,but each successive treaty of peace between ,england and ,france confirmed and reconfirmed the ,french claims to the main part of her ,american domain4 ,the advances of ,french missions and settlements continued southward and westward1 in spite of jealousy in ,european cabinets as the imposing magnitude of the plans of ,french empire became more distinctly disclosed1 and in spite of the struggles of the ,english colonies both ,north and ,south4 ,when1 on the #dth of ,july1 #aged1 ,colonel ,george ,washington surrendered ,fort ,necessity1 near the fork of the ,ohio1 to the ,french1 in the whole valley of the ,mississippi1 to its headsprings in the ,alleghanies1 no standard floated but that of ,france4#bb3a ,there seemed little reason to doubt that the ,french empire in ,america1 which for a century and a half had gone on expanding and strengthening1 would continue to expand and strengthen for centuries to come4 ,sudden as lightning1 in ,august1 #agef1 the ,seven ,years' ,war broke out on the other side of the globe4 ,the treaty with which it ended1 in ,february1 #agfc1 transferred to ,great ,britain1 together with the ,spanish territory of ,florida1 all the ,french possessions in ,america1 from the ,arctic ,ocean to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,as a dream when one awaketh1 the magnificent vision of empire1 spiritual and secular1 which for so many generations had occupied the imagination of ,french statesmen and churchmen1 was rudely and forever dispelled4 ,of the princely wealth1 the brilliant talents1 the unsurpassed audacity of adventure1 the unequaled heroism of toil and martyrdom expended on the great project1 how strangely meager and evanescent the results6 ,in the districts of ,lower ,canada there remain1 indeed1 the institutions of a ,french ,catholic population2 and the aspect of those districts1 in which the pledge of full liberty to the dominant church has been scrupulously fulfilled by the ,british government1 may reasonably be regarded as an indication of what ,france would have done for the continent in general4 ,but within the present domain of the ,united ,states the entire results of a century and a half of ,french ,catholic colonization and evangelization may be summed up as follows3 ,in ,maine1 a thousand ,catholic ,indians still remain1 to remind one of the time when1 as it is boldly claimed1 the whole ,indian population of that province were either converted or under ,jesuit training4#bc3a ,in like manner1 a scanty score of thousands of ,catholic ,indians on various reservations in the remote ,west represent the time when1 at the end of the ,french domination1 all the ,north ,american ,indians were more or less extensively converted to ,catholic ,christianity1 all had the gospel preached to them4#bc3b ,the splendid fruits of the missions among the ,iroquois1 from soil watered by the blood of martyrs1 were wasted to nothing in savage intertribal wars4 ,among the ,choctaws and ,chickasaws of the ,south and ,southwest1 among whom the gospel was by and by to win some of its fairest trophies1 the ,french missionaries achieved no great success4#bc3c ,the ,french colonies from ,canada1 planted so prosperously along the ,western rivers1 dispersed1 leaving behind them some straggling families4 ,the abundant later growth of the ,catholic ,church in that region was to be from other seed and stock4 ,the region of ,louisiana alone1 destined a generation later to be included within the boundaries of the great republic1 retained organized communities of ,french descent and language2 but1 living as they were in utter unbelief and contempt of religion and morality1 it would be an unjust reproach on ,catholicism to call them ,catholic4 ,the work of the gospel had got to be begun from the foundation4 ,nevertheless it is not to be doubted that remote memories or lingering traditions of a better age survived to aid the work of those who by and by should enter in to rebuild the waste places4#bd3a ,there are not a few of us1 wise after the event1 who recognize a final cause of this surprising and almost dramatic failure1 in the manifest intent of divine ,providence that the field of the next great empire in the world's history should not become the exclusive domain of an old-world monarchy and hierarchy2 but the immediate efficient causes of it are not so obvious4 ,this1 however1 may justly be said3 some of the seeming elements of strength in the ,french colonization proved to be fatal elements of weakness4 #a4 ,the ,french colonies had the advantage of royal patronage1 endowment1#bd3b and protection1 and of unity of counsel and direction4 ,they were all parts of one system1 under one control4 ,and their centers of vitality1 head and heart1 were on the other side of the sea4 ,subsisting upon the strength of the great monarchy1 they must needs share its fortunes1 evil as well as good4 ,when1 after the reverses of ,france in the ,seven ,years' ,war1 it became necessary to accept hard terms of peace1 the superb framework of empire in the ,west fell to the disposal of the victors4 ,america1 said ,pitt1 was conquered in ,germany4 #b4 ,the business basis of the ,french colonies1 being that of trade with the ,indians rather than a self-supporting agriculture1 favored the swift expansion of these colonies and their wide influence among the ,indians4 ,scattered companies of fur-traders would be found here and there1 wherever were favorable points for traffic1 penetrating deeply into the wilderness and establishing friendly business relations with the savages4 ,it has been observed that the ,romanic races show an alacrity for intermarriage with barbarous tribes that is not to be found in the ,teutonic4 ,the result of such relations is ordinarily less the elevating of the lower race than the dragging down of the higher2 but it tends for the time to give great advantage in maintaining a powerful political influence over the barbarians4 ,thus it was that the ,french1 few in number1 covered almost the breadth of the continent with their formidable alliances2 and these alliances were the offensive and defensive armor in which they trusted1 but they were also their peril4 ,close alliance with one savage clan involved war with its enemies4 ,it was an early misfortune of the ,french settlers that their close friendly relations with their ,huron neighbors embattled against them the fiercest1 bravest1 and ablest of the ,indian tribes1 the confederacy of the ,six ,nations1 which held1 with full appreciation of its strategic importance1 the command of the exits southward from the valley of the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,the fierce jealousy of the ,iroquois toward the allies of their hereditary antagonists1 rather than any good will toward white settlers of other races1 made them an effectual check upon ,french encroachments upon the slender line of ,english1 ,dutch1 and ,swedish settlements that stretched southward from ,maine along the ,atlantic coast4 #c4 ,in one aspect it was doubtless an advantage to the ,french missions in ,america that the sharp sectarian competitions between the different clerical orders resulted finally in the missions coming almost exclusively under the control of the ,jesuit society4 ,this result insured to the missions the highest ability in administration and direction1 ample resources of various sorts1 and a force of missionaries whose personal virtues have won for them unstinted eulogy even from unfriendly sources--men the ardor of whose zeal was rigorously controlled by a more than martial severity of religious discipline4 ,but it would be uncandid in us to refuse attention to those grave charges against the society brought by ,catholic authorities and ,catholic orders1 and so enforced as1 after long and acrimonious controversy1 to result in the expulsion of the society from almost every nation of ,catholic ,europe1 in its being stigmatized by ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv41 in #agda1 as made up of disobedient1 contumacious1 captious1 and reprobate persons1 and at last in its being suppressed and abolished by ,pope ,clement ,,xiv41 in #aggc1 as a nuisance to ,christendom4 ,we need1 indeed1 to make allowance for the intense animosity of sectarian strife among the various ,catholic orders in which the charges against the society were engendered and unrelentingly prosecuted2 but after all deductions it is not credible that the almost universal odium in which it was held was provoked solely by its virtues4 ,among the accusations against the society which seem most clearly substantiated these two are likely to be concerned in that brand of ultimate failure which has invariably been stamped on all its most promising schemes and efforts3#bf3a first1 a disposition to compromise the essential principles of ,christianity by politic concessions to heathenism1 so that the successes of the ,jesuit missions are magnified by reports of alleged conversions that are conversions only in name and outward form2 second1 a constantly besetting propensity to political intrigue4#bg3a ,it is hardly to be doubted that both had their part in the prodigious failure of the ,french ,catholic missions and settlements within the present boundaries of the ,united ,states4 #d4 ,the conditions which favored the swift and magnificent expansion of the ,french occupation were unfavorable to the healthy natural growth of permanent settlements4 ,a post of soldiers1 a group of cabins of trappers and fur-traders1 and a mission of nuns and celibate priests1 all together give small promise of rapid increase of population4 ,it is rather to the fact that the ,french settlements1 except at the seaboard1 were constituted so largely of these elements1 than to any alleged sterility of the ,french stock1 that the fatal weakness of the ,french occupation is to be ascribed4 ,the lack of ,french ,america was men4 ,the population of ,canada in #agei1 according to census1 was about eighty-two thousand2#bg3b that of ,new ,england in #aged is estimated at four hundred and twenty-five thousand4 ,the white population of five1 or perhaps even of six1 of the ,american provinces was greater singly than that of all ,canada1 and the aggregate in ,america exceeded that in ,canada fourteenfold4#bg3c ,the same sign of weakness is recognized at the other extremity of the cordon of ,french settlements4 ,the vast region of ,louisiana is estimated1 at fifty years from its colonization1 at one tenth of the strength of the coeval province of ,pennsylvania4#bg3d ,under these hopeless conditions the ,french colonies had not even the alternative of keeping the peace4 ,the state of war was forced by the mother countries4 ,there was no recourse for ,canada except to her savage allies1 won for her through the influence of the missionaries4 ,it is justly claimed that in the mind of such early leaders as ,champlain the dominant motive of the ,french colonization was religious2 but in the cruel position into which the colony was forced it was almost inevitable that the missions should become political4 ,it was boasted in their behalf that they had taught the ,indians to mingle ,jesus ,christ and ,france together in their affections4#bh3a ,the cross and the lilies were blazoned together as the sign of ,french dominion4 ,the missionary became frequently1 and sometimes quite undisguisedly1 a political agent4 ,it was from the missions that the horrible murderous forays upon defenseless villages proceeded1 which so often marked the frontier line of ,new ,england and ,new ,york with fire and blood4 ,it is one of the most unhappy of the results of that savage warfare that in the minds of the communities that suffered from it the ,jesuit missionary came to be looked upon as accessory to these abhorrent crimes4 ,deeply is it to be lamented that men with such eminent claims on our admiration and reverence should not be triumphantly clear of all suspicion of such complicity4 ,we gladly concede the claim#bh3b that the proof of the complicity is not complete2 we could welcome some clear evidence in disproof of it--some sign of a bold and indignant protest against these crimes2 we could wish that the ,jesuit historian had not boasted of these atrocities as proceeding from the fine work of his brethren1#bi3a and that the antecedents of the ,jesuits as a body1 and their declared principles of moral theology1 were such as raise no presumption against them even in unfriendly minds4 ,but we must be content with thankfully acknowledging that divine change which has made it impossible longer to boast of or even justify such deeds1 and which leaves no ground among neighbor ,christians of the present day for harboring mutual suspicions which1 to the ,christian ministers of ,french and ,english ,america of two hundred years ago and less1 it was impossible to repress4 ,i have spoken of the complete extinction within the present domain of the ,united ,states of the magnificent beginnings of the projected ,french ,catholic ,church and empire4 ,it is only in the most recent years1 since the ,civil ,war1 that the results of the work inaugurated in ,america by ,champlain begin to reappear in the field of the ecclesiastical history of the ,united ,states4 ,the immigration of ,canadian ,french ,catholics into the northern tier of ,states has already grown to considerable volume1 and is still growing in numbers and in stability and strength1 and adds a new and interesting element to the many factors that go to make up the ,american church4 ,,footnotes3 #ah3a ,so ,parkman4 #ai3a ,bancroft's ,united ,states1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bfg4 #ba3a ,bancroft's ,united ,states1 vol4 iii41 p4 #aca4 #ba3b ,ibid41 p4 #age4 #bb3a ,bancroft1 vol4 iii41 p4 #aba4 #bc3a ,bishop ,o',gorman1 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 p4 #acf4 #bc3b ,ibid41 pp4 #aia-aic4 #bc3c ,ibid41 p4 #baa4 #bd3a ,see ,o',gorman1 chaps4 ix4-xiv41 xx4 #bd3b ,mr4 ,bancroft1 describing the sad condition of ,la ,salle's colony at ,matagorda after the wreck of his richly laden store-ship1 adds that even now this colony possessed1 from the bounty of ,louis ,,xiv41 more than was contributed by all the ,english monarchs together for the twelve ,english colonies on the ,atlantic4 ,its number still exceeded that of the colony of ,smith in ,virginia1 or of those who embarked in the ',mayflower' 7vol4 iii41 p4 #aga74 #bf3a ,dr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,littledale1 in ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 vol4 xiii41 pp4 #fdi-feb4 #bg3a ,both these charges are solemnly affirmed by the pope in the bull of suppression of the society 7,dr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,littledale1 in ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 vol4 xiii41 p4 #fee74 #bg3b ,bancroft1 vol4 iii41 p4 #cbj4 #bg3c ,ibid41 pp4 #abh1 #abi4 #bg3d ,the contrast is vigorously emphasized by ,mr4 ,bancroft3 ,such was ,louisiana more than a half-century after the first attempt at colonization by ,la ,salle4 ,its population may have been five thousand whites and half that number of blacks4 ,louis ,,xiv4 had fostered it with pride and liberal expenditures2 an opulent merchant1 famed for his successful enterprise1 assumed its direction2 the ,company of the ,mississippi1 aided by boundless but transient credit1 had made it the foundation of their hopes2 and1 again1 ,fleury and ,louis ,,xv4 had sought to advance its fortunes4 ,priests and friars1 dispersed through nations from ,biloxi to the ,dahcotas1 propitiated the favor of the savages2 but still the valley of the ,mississippi was nearly a wilderness4 ,all its patrons--though among them it counted kings and ministers of state--had not accomplished for it in half a century a tithe of the prosperity which within the same period sprang naturally from the benevolence of ,william ,penn to the peaceful settlers on the ,delaware 7vol4 iii41 p4 #cfi74 #bh3a ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 vol4 xiii41 p4 #fed4 #bh3b ,bishop ,o',gorman1 pp4 #acg-adb4 #bi3a ,bancroft1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,antecedents ,,of ,,permanent ,,christian ,,colonization--,,the ,,disintegration ,,of ,,christendom--,,controversies--,,persec utions4 ,we have briefly reviewed the history of two magnificent schemes of secular and spiritual empire1 which1 conceived in the minds of great statesmen and churchmen1 sustained by the resources of the mightiest kingdoms of that age1 inaugurated by soldiers of admirable prowess1 explorers of unsurpassed boldness and persistence1 and missionaries whose heroic faith has canonized them in the veneration of ,christendom1 have nevertheless come to naught4 ,we turn now to observe the beginnings1 coinciding in time with those of the ,french enterprise1 of a series of disconnected plantations along the ,atlantic seaboard1 established as if at haphazard1 without plan or mutual preconcert1 of different languages and widely diverse ,christian creeds1 depending on scanty private resources1 unsustained by governmental arms or treasuries1 but destined1 in a course of events which no human foresight could have calculated1 to come under the plastic influence of a single ,european power1 to be molded according to the general type of ,english polity1 and to become heir to ,english traditions1 literature1 and language4 ,these mutually alien and even antagonistic communities were to be constrained1 by forces superior to human control1 first into confederation and then into union1 and to occupy the breadth of the new continent as a solid and independent nation4 ,the history reads like a fulfillment of the apocalyptic imagery of a rock hewn from the mountain without hands1 moving on to fill the earth4 ,looking back after the event1 we find it easy to trace the providential preparations for this great result4 ,there were few important events in the course of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries that did not have to do with it2 but the most obvious of these antecedents are to be found in controversies and persecutions4 ,the protest of northern ,europe against the abuses and corruptions prevailing in the ,roman ,church was articulated in the ,augsburg ,confession4 ,over against it were framed the decrees of the ,council of ,trent4 ,thus the lines were distinctly drawn and the warfare between contending principles was joined4 ,those who fondly dreamed of a permanently united and solid ,protestantism to withstand its powerful antagonist were destined to speedy and inevitable disappointment4 ,there have been many to deplore that so soon after the protest of ,augsburg was set forth as embodying the common belief of ,protestants new parties should have arisen protesting against the protest4 ,the ordinance of the ,lord's ,supper1 instituted as a sacrament of universal ,christian fellowship1 became 7as so often before and since7 the center of contention and the badge of mutual alienation4 ,it was on this point that ,zwingli and the ,swiss parted from ,luther and the ,lutherans2 on the same point1 in the next generation of ,reformers1 ,john ,calvin1 attempting to mediate between the two contending parties1 became the founder of still a third party1 strong not only in the lucid and logical doctrinal statements in which it delighted1 but also in the possession of a definite scheme of republican church government which became as distinctive of the ,calvinistic or ,reformed churches as their doctrine of the ,supper4 ,it was at a later epoch still that those insoluble questions which press most inexorably for consideration when theological thought and study are most serious and earnest--the questions that concern the divine sovereignty in its relation to human freedom and responsibility--arose in the ,catholic ,church to divide ,jesuit from ,dominican and ,franciscan1 and in the ,reformed churches to divide the ,arminians from the disciples of ,gomar and ,turretin4 ,all these divisions among the ,european ,christians of the seventeenth century were to have their important bearing on the planting of the ,christian church in ,america4 ,in view of the destined predominance of ,english influence in the seaboard colonies of ,america1 the history of the divisions of the ,christian people of ,england is of preeminent importance to the beginnings of the ,american church4 ,the curiously diverse elements that entered into the ,english ,reformation1 and the violent vicissitudes that marked the course of it1 were all represented in the parties existing among ,english ,christians at the period of the planting of the colonies4 ,the political and dynastic character of the movements that detached the ,english hierarchy from the ,roman see had for one inevitable result to leaven the ,english church as a lump with the leaven of ,herod4 ,that considerable part of the clergy and people that moved to and fro1 without so much as the resistance of any very formidable vis inertiae1 with the change of the monarch or of the monarch's caprice1 might leave the student of the history of those times in doubt as to whether they belonged to the kingdom of heaven or to the kingdom of this world4 ,but1 however severe the judgment that any may pass upon the character and motives of ,henry ,,viii4 and of the councilors of ,edward1 there will hardly be any seriously to question that the movements directed by these men soon came to be infused with more serious and spiritual influences4 ,the ,lollardy of ,wycliffe and his fellows in the fourteenth century had been severely repressed and driven into occult conventicles1 but had not been extinguished2 the ,bible in ,english1 many times retouched after ,wycliffe's days1 and perfected by the refugees at ,geneva from the ,marian persecutions1 had become a common household book2 and those exiles themselves1 returning from the various centers of fervid religious thought and feeling in ,holland and ,germany and ,switzerland1 had brought with them an augmented spiritual faith1 as well as intensified and sharply defined convictions on the questions of theology and church order that were debated by the scholars of the ,continent4 ,it was impossible that the diverse and antagonist elements thus assembled should not work on one another with violent reactions4 ,by the beginning of the seventeenth century not less than four categories would suffice to classify the people of ,england according to their religious differences4 ,first1 there were those who still continued to adhere to the ,roman see4 ,secondly1 those who1 either from conviction or from expediency or from indifference1 were content with the state church of ,england in the shape in which ,elizabeth and her parliaments had left it2 this class naturally included the general multitude of ,englishmen1 religious1 irreligious1 and non-religious4 ,thirdly1 there were those who1 not refusing their adhesion to the national church as by law established1 nevertheless earnestly desired to see it more completely purified from doctrinal errors and practical corruptions1 and who qualified their conformity to it accordingly4 ,fourthly1 there were the few who distinctly repudiated the national church as a false church1 coming out from her as from ,babylon1 determined upon reformation without tarrying for any4 ,finally1 following upon these1 more radical1 not to say more logical1 than the rest1 came a fifth party1 the followers of ,george ,fox4 ,not one of these five parties but has valid claims1 both in its principles and in its membership1 on the respect of history2 not one but can point to its saints and martyrs2 not one but was destined to play a quite separate and distinct and highly important part in the planting of the church of ,christ in ,america4 ,they are designated1 for convenience' sake1 as the ,catholics1 the ,conformists1 the ,puritans or ,reformists1 the ,separatists 7of whom were the ,pilgrims71 and the ,quakers4 ,such a ,christendom was it1 so disorganized1 divided1 and subdivided into parties and sects1 which was to furnish the materials for the peopling of the new continent with a ,christian population4 ,it would seem that the same somewhat not ourselves1 which had defeated in succession the plans of two mighty nations to subject the ,new ,world to a single hierarchy1 had also provided that no one form or organization of ,christianity should be exclusive or even dominant in the occupation of the ,american soil4 ,from one point of view the ,american colonies will present a sorry aspect4 ,schism1 mutual alienation1 antagonism1 competition1 are uncongenial to the spirit of the gospel1 which seeks that they all may be one4 ,and yet the history of the church has demonstrated by many a sad example that this offense must needs come4 ,no widely extended organization of church discipline in exclusive occupation of any country has ever long avoided the intolerable mischiefs attendant on spiritual despotism4 ,it was a shock to the hopes and the generous sentiments of those who had looked to see one undivided body of a reformed church erected over against the medieval church1 from the corruptions of which they had revolted1 when they saw ,protestantism go asunder into the several churches of the ,lutheran and the ,reformed confessions2 there are many even now to deplore it as a disastrous set-back to the progress of the kingdom of ,christ4 ,but in the calmness of our long retrospect it is easy for us to recognize that whatever jurisdiction should have been established over an undivided ,protestant church would inevitably have proved itself1 in no long time1 just such a yoke as neither the men of that time nor their fathers had been able to bear4 ,fifteen centuries of church history have not been wasted if thereby the ,christian people have learned that the pursuit of ,christian unity through administrative or corporate or diplomatic union is following the wrong road1 and that the one ,holy ,catholic ,church is not the corporation of saints1 but their communion4 ,the new experiment of church life that was initiated in the colonization of ,america is still in progress4 ,the new ,states were to be planted not only with diverse companies from the ,old ,world1 but with all the definitely organized sects by which the map of ,christendom was at that time variegated1 to which should be added others of native origin4 ,notwithstanding successive booms now of one and then of another1 it was soon to become obvious to all that no one of these mutually jealous sects was to have any exclusive predominance1 even over narrow precincts of territory4 ,the old-world state churches1 which under the rule1 cujus regio ejus religio1 had been supreme and exclusive each in its jurisdiction1 were to find themselves side by side and mingled through the community on equal terms with those over whom in the old country they had domineered as dissenters1 or whom perhaps they had even persecuted as heretics or as ,antichrist4 ,thus placed1 they were to be trained by the discipline of divine ,providence and by the grace of the ,holy ,spirit from persecution to toleration1 from toleration to mutual respect1 and to cooeperation in matters of common concern in the advancement of the kingdom of ,christ4 ,what further remains to be tried is the question whether1 if not the sects1 then the ,christian hearts in each sect1 can be brought to take the final step from mutual respect to mutual love1 that we henceforth1 speaking truth in love1 may grow up in all things into him1 which is the head1 even ,christ2 from whom all the body fitly framed and knit together through that which every joint supplieth1 according to the working in due measure of each several part1 shall make the increase of the body unto the building up of itself in love4 ,unless we must submit to those philosophers who forbid us to find in history the evidences of final cause and providential design1 we may surely look upon this as a worthy possible solution of the mystery of ,providence in the planting of the church in ,america in almost its ultimate stage of schism--that it is the purpose of its ,head1 out of the mutual attrition of the sects1 their disintegration and comminution1 to bring forth such a demonstration of the unity and liberty of the children of ,god as the past ages of church history have failed to show4 ,that mutual intolerance of differences in religious belief which1 in the seventeenth century1 was1 throughout ,christendom1 coextensive with religious earnestness had its important part to play in the colonization of ,america4 ,of the persecutions and oppressions which gave direct impulse to the earliest colonization of ,america1 the most notable are the following3 7#a7 the persecution of the ,english ,puritans in the reigns of ,james ,i4 and ,charles ,i41 ending with the outbreak of the civil war in #afdb2 7#b7 the persecution of the ,english ,roman ,catholics during the same period2 7#c7 the persecution of the ,english ,quakers during the twenty-five years of ,charles ,,ii4 7#affj-he72 7#d7 the persecution of the ,french ,huguenots after the revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes 7#afhe72 7#e7 the disabilities suffered by the ,presbyterians of the north of ,ireland after the ,english ,revolution 7#afhh72 7#f7 the ferocious ravaging of the region of the ,rhenish ,palatinate by the armies of ,louis ,,xiv4 in the early years of the seventeenth century2 7#g7 the cruel expulsion of the ,protestants of the archiepiscopal duchy of ,salzburg 7#agca74 ,beyond dispute1 the best and most potent elements in the settlement of the seaboard colonies were the companies of earnestly religious people who from time to time1 under severe compulsion for conscience' sake1 came forth from the ,old ,world as involuntary emigrants4 ,cruel wars and persecutions accomplished a result in the advancement of the kingdom of ,christ which the authors of them never intended4 ,but not these agencies alone promoted the great work4 ,peace1 prosperity1 wealth1 and the hope of wealth had their part in it4 ,the earliest successful enterprises of colonization were indeed marked with the badge of ,christianity1 and among their promoters were men whose language and deeds nobly evince the ,christian spirit2 but the enterprises were impelled and directed by commercial or patriotic considerations4 ,the immense advantages that were to accrue from them to the world through the wider propagation of the gospel of ,christ were not lost sight of in the projecting and organizing of the expeditions1 nor were provisions for church and ministry omitted2 but these were incidental1 not primary4 ,this story of the divine preparations carried forward through unconscious human agencies in different lands and ages for the founding of the ,american church is a necessary preamble to our history4 ,the scene of the story is now to be shifted to the other side of the sea4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,puritan ,,beginnings ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,virginia--,,its ,,decline ,,almost ,,to ,,extinction4 ,there is sufficient evidence that the three little vessels which on the #acth of ,may1 #afjg1 were moored to the trees on the bank of the ,james ,river brought to the soil of ,america the germ of a ,christian church4 ,we may feel constrained to accept only at a large discount the pious official professions of ,king ,james ,i41 and critically to scrutinize many of the statements of that brilliant and fascinating adventurer1 ,captain ,john ,smith1 whether concerning his friends or concerning his enemies or concerning himself4 ,but the beauty and dignity of the ,christian character shine unmistakable in the life of the chaplain to the expedition1 the ,rev4 ,robert ,hunt1 and all the more radiantly for the dark and discouraging surroundings in which his ministry was to be exercised4 ,for the company which ,captain ,smith and that famous mariner1 ,captain ,bartholomew ,gosnold1 had by many months of labor and many a forgotten pound of expense succeeded in recruiting for the enterprise was made up of most unhopeful material for the founding of a ,christian colony4 ,those were the years of ignoble peace with which the reign of ,james began2 and the glittering hopes of gold might well attract some of the brave men who had served by sea or land in the wars of ,elizabeth4 ,but the last thirty years had furnished no instance of success1 and many of disastrous and sometimes tragical failure1 in like attempts--the enterprises of ,humphrey ,gilbert1 of ,raleigh1 of ,john ,white1 of ,gosnold himself1 and of ,popham and ,gorges4 ,even brave men might hesitate to volunteer for the forlorn hope of another experiment at colonizing4 ,the little squadron had hardly set sail when the unfitness of the emigrants for their work began to discover itself4 ,lying weather-bound within sight of home1 some few1 little better than atheists1 of the greatest rank among them1 were busying themselves with scandalous imputations upon the chaplain1 then lying dangerously ill in his berth4 ,all through the four months' passage by way of the ,canaries and the ,west ,india ,islands discontents and dissensions prevailed4 ,wingfield1 who had been named president of the colony1 had ,smith in irons1 and at the island of ,nevis had the gallows set up for his execution on a charge of conspiracy1 when milder counsels prevailed1 and he was brought to ,virginia1 where he was tried and acquitted and his adversary mulcted in damages4 ,arrived at the place of settlement1 the colonists set about the work of building their houses1 but found that their total number of one hundred and five was made up in the proportion of four carpenters to forty-eight gentlemen4 ,not inadequately provisioned for their work1 they came repeatedly almost to perishing through their sheer incapacity and unthrift1 and their needless quarrels with one another and with the ,indians4 ,in five months one half of the company were dead4 ,in ,january1 #afjh1 eight months from the landing1 when the second expedition arrived with reinforcements and supplies1 only thirty-eight were surviving out of the one hundred and five1 and of these the strongest were conspiring to seize the pinnace and desert the settlement4 ,the newcomers were no better than the first4 ,they were chiefly gentlemen again1 and goldsmiths1 whose duty was to discover and refine the quantities of gold that the stockholders in the enterprise were resolved should be found in ,virginia1 whether it was there or not4 ,the ship took back on her return trip a full cargo of worthless dirt4 ,reinforcements continued to arrive every few months1 the quality of which it might be unfair to judge simply from the disgusted complaints of ,captain ,smith4 ,he begs the ,company to send but thirty honest laborers and artisans1 rather than a thousand such as we have1 and reports the next ship-load as fitter to breed a riot than to found a colony4 ,the wretched settlement became an object of derision to the wits of ,london1 and of sympathetic interest to serious minds4 ,the ,company1 reorganized under a new charter1 was strengthened by the accession of some of the foremost men in ,england1 including four bishops1 the ,earl of ,southampton1 and ,sir ,francis ,bacon4 ,appeals were made to the ,christian public in behalf of an enterprise so full of promise of the furtherance of the gospel4 ,a fleet of nine ships was fitted out1 carrying more than five hundred emigrants1 with ample supplies4 ,captain ,smith1 representing what there was of civil authority in the colony1 had a brief struggle with their turbulence1 and recognized them as of the same sort with the former companies1 for the most part poor gentlemen1 tradesmen1 serving-men1 libertines1 and such like1 ten times more fit to spoil a commonwealth than either begin one or help to maintain one4 ,when only part of this expedition had arrived1 ,captain ,smith departed for ,england1 disabled by an accidental wound1 leaving a settlement of nearly five hundred men1 abundantly provisioned4 ,it was not the will of ,god that the new state should be formed of these materials4#da3a ,in six months the number of the colonists was reduced to sixty1 and when relief arrived it was reckoned that in ten days' longer delay they would have perished to the last man4 ,with one accord the wretched remnant of the colony1 together with the latest comers1 deserted1 without a tear of regret1 the scene of their misery4 ,but their retreating vessels were met and turned back from the mouth of the river by the approaching ships of ,lord de la ,warr with emigrants and supplies4 ,such were the first three unhappy and unhonored years of the first ,christian colony on the soil of the ,united ,states4 ,one almost shrinks from being assured that this worthless crew1 through all these years of suicidal crime and folly1 had been assiduous in religious duties4 ,first under an awning made of an old sail1 seated upon logs1 with a rail nailed to two trees for a pulpit1 afterward in a poor shanty of a church1 that could neither well defend wind nor rain1 they had daily common prayer morning and evening1 every ,sunday two sermons1 and every three months the holy communion1 till their minister died2 and after that prayers daily1 with an homily on ,sundays1 two or three years1 till more preachers came4 ,the sturdy and terrible resolution of ,captain ,smith1 who in his marches through the wilderness was wont to begin the day with prayer and psalm1 and was not unequal to the duty1 when it was laid on him1 of giving ,christian exhortation as well as righteous punishment1 and the gentle ,christian influence of the ,rev4 ,robert ,hunt1 were the salt that saved the colony from utterly perishing of its vices4 ,it was not many months before the frail body of the chaplain sank under the hardships of pioneer life2 he is commemorated by his comrade1 the captain1 as an honest1 religious1 and courageous divine1 during whose life our factions were oft qualified1 our wants and greatest extremities so comforted that they seemed easy in comparison of what we endured after his memorable death4 ,when1 in #afji1 in a nobler spirit than that of mere commercial enterprise1 the reorganized ,company1 under the new charter1 was preparing the great reinforcement of five hundred to go out under ,lord de la ,warr as governor of the colony1 counsel was taken with ,abbot1 the ,puritan ,bishop of ,london1 himself a member of the ,virginia ,company1 and ,richard ,buck was selected as a worthy successor to ,robert ,hunt in the office of chaplain4 ,such he proved himself4 ,sailing in advance of the governor1 in the ship with ,sir ,thomas ,gates and ,sir ,george ,somers1 and wrecked with them off the ,bermudas1 he did not forget his duty in the plenty1 peace1 and ease of that paradise4 ,the ship's bell was rescued from the wreck to ring for morning and evening prayer1 and for the two sermons every ,sunday4 ,there were births and funerals and a marriage in the shipwrecked company1 and at length1 when their makeshift vessel was ready1 they embarked for their desired haven1 there to find only the starving threescore survivors of the colony4 ,they gathered together1 a pitiable remnant1 in the church1 where ,master ,buck made a zealous and sorrowful prayer2 and at once1 without losing a day1 they embarked for a last departure from ,virginia1 but were met at the mouth of the river by the tardy ships of ,lord de la ,warr4 ,the next morning1 ,sunday1 ,june #aj1 #afaj1 ,lord de la ,warr landed at the fort1 where ,gates had drawn up his forlorn platoon of starving men to receive him4 ,the governor fell on his knees in prayer1 then led the way to the church1 and1 after service and a sermon from the chaplain1 made an address1 assuming command of the colony4 ,armed1 under the new charter1 with adequate authority1 the new governor was not slow in putting on the state of a viceroy4 ,among his first cares was to provide for the external dignity of worship4 ,the church1 a building sixty feet by twenty-four1 built long enough before to be now in need of repairs1 was put into good condition1 and a brave sight it was on ,sundays to see the ,governor1 with the ,privy ,council and the ,lieutenant-,general and the ,admiral and the ,vice-,admiral and the ,master of the ,horse1 together with the body-guard of fifty halberdiers in fair red cloaks1 commanded by ,captain ,edward ,brewster1 assembled for worship1 the governor seated in the choir in a green velvet chair1 with a velvet cushion on a table before him4 ,few things could have been better adapted to convince the peculiar public of ,jamestown that divine worship was indeed a serious matter4 ,there was something more than the parade of government manifested by his lordship in the few months of his reign2 but the inauguration of strong and effective control over the lazy1 disorderly1 and seditious crowd to be dealt with at ,jamestown was reserved for his successor1 ,sir ,thomas ,dale1 who arrived in ,may1 #afaa1 in company with the ,rev4 ,alexander ,whitaker1 the apostle of ,virginia4 ,it will not be possible for any to understand the relations of this colony to the state of parties in ,england without distinctly recognizing that the ,puritans were not a party against the ,church of ,england1 but a party in the ,church of ,england4 ,the ,puritan party was the party of reform1 and was strong in a deep fervor of religious conviction widely diffused among people and clergy1 and extending to the highest places of the nobility and the episcopate4 ,the anti-,puritan party was the conservative or reactionary party1 strong in the vis inertiae1 and in the king's pig-headed prejudices and his monstrous conceit of theological ability and supremacy in the church2 strong also in a considerable adhesion and zealous cooeperation from among his nominees1 the bishops4 ,the religious division was also a political one1 the ,puritans being known as the party of the people1 their antagonists as the court party4 ,the struggle of the ,puritans 7as distinguished from the inconsiderable number of the ,separatists7 was for the maintenance of their rights within the church2 the effort of their adversaries1 with the aid of the king's prerogative1 was to drive or harry them out of the church4 ,it is not to be understood that the two parties were as yet organized as such and distinctly bounded2 but the two tendencies were plainly recognized1 and the sympathies of leading men in church or state were no secret4 ,the ,virginia ,company was a ,puritan corporation4#dd3a ,as such1 its meetings and debates were the object of popular interest and of the royal jealousy4 ,among its corporators were the brothers ,sandys1 sons of the ,puritan ,archbishop of ,york1 one of whom held the manor of ,scrooby4 ,others of the corporation were ,william ,brewster1 of ,scrooby1 and his son ,edward4 ,in the fleet of ,sir ,thomas ,gates1 ,may1 #afji1 were noted ,puritans1 one of whom1 ,stephen ,hopkins1 who had much knowledge in the ,scriptures and could reason well therein1 was clerk to that painful preacher1 but not strict conformist1 ,master ,richard ,buck4 ,the intimate and sometimes official relations of the ,virginia ,company not only with leading representatives of the ,puritan party1 but with the ,pilgrims of ,leyden1 whom they would gladly have received into their own colony1 are matter of history and of record4 ,it admits of proof that there was a steady purpose in the ,company1 so far as it was not thwarted by the king and the bishops of the court party1 to hold their unruly and ill-assorted colony under ,puritan influences both of church and government4#de3a ,the fact throws light on the remoter as well as the nearer history of ,virginia4 ,especially it throws light on the memorable administration of ,sir ,thomas ,dale1 which followed hard upon the departure of ,lord de la ,warr and his body-guard in red cloaks4 ,the ,company had picked their man with care--a man of good conscience and knowledge in divinity1 and a soldier and disciplinarian proved in the wars of the ,low ,countries--a very prototype of the great ,cromwell4 ,he understood what manner of task he had undertaken1 and executed it without flinching4 ,as a matter of course--it was the way in that colony--there was a conspiracy against his authority4 ,there was no second conspiracy under him4 ,punishment was inflicted on the ringleaders so swift1 so terrible1 as to paralyze all future sedition4 ,he put in force1 in the name of the ,company1 a code of ,laws1 ,divine1 ,moral1 and ,martial1 to which no parallel can be found in the severest legislation of ,new ,england4 ,an invaluable service to the colony was the abolition of that demoralizing socialism that had been enforced on the colonists1 by which all their labor was to be devoted to the common stock4 ,he gave out land in severalty1 and the laborer enjoyed the fruits of his own industry and thrift1 or suffered the consequences of his laziness4 ,the culture of tobacco gave the colony a currency and a staple of export4 ,with ,dale was associated as chaplain ,alexander ,whitaker1 son of the author of the ,calvinistic ,lambeth ,articles1 and brother of a ,separatist preacher of ,london4 ,what was his position in relation to church parties is shown by his letter to his cousin1 the arch-,puritan1 ,william ,gouge1 written after three years' residence in ,virginia1 urging that nonconformist clergymen should come over to ,virginia1 where no question would be raised on the subject of subscription or the surplice4 ,what manner of man and minister he was is proved by a noble record of faithful work4 ,he found a true workfellow in ,dale4 ,when this statesmanlike and soldierly governor founded his new city of ,henrico up the river1 and laid out across the stream the suburb of ,hope-in-,faith1 defended by ,fort ,charity and ,fort ,patience1 he built there in sight from his official residence the parsonage of the apostle of ,virginia4 ,the course of ,whitaker's ministry is described by himself in a letter to a friend3 ,every ,sabbath day we preach in the forenoon and catechise in the afternoon4 ,every ,saturday1 at night1 ,i exercise in ,sir ,thomas ,dale's house4 ,but he and his fellow-clergymen did not labor without aid1 even in word and doctrine4 ,when ,mr4 ,john ,rolfe was perplexed with questions of duty touching his love for ,pocahontas1 it was to the old soldier1 ,dale1 that he brought his burden1 seeking spiritual counsel4 ,and it was this religious and valiant governor1 as ,whitaker calls him1 this man of great knowledge in divinity1 and of a good conscience in all things1 that labored long to ground the faith of ,jesus ,christ in the ,indian maiden1 and wrote concerning her1 ,were it but for the gaining of this one soul1 ,i will think my time1 toils1 and present stay well spent4 ,the progress of the gospel in reclaiming the unhappy colony to ,christian civilization varies with the varying fortunes of contending parties in ,england4 ,energetic efforts were made by the ,company under ,sandys1 the friend of ,brewster1 to send out worthy colonists2 and the delicate task of finding young women of good character to be shipped as wives to the settlers was undertaken conscientiously and successfully4 ,generous gifts of money and land were contributed 7although little came from them7 for the endowment of schools and a college for the promotion of ,christ's work among the white people and the red4 ,but the course of events on both sides of the sea may be best illustrated by a narrative of personal incidents4 ,in the year #afba1 an ,east ,india ,company's chaplain1 the ,rev4 ,patrick ,copland1 who perhaps deserves the title of the first ,english missionary in ,india1 on his way back from ,india met1 probably at the ,canaries1 with ships bound for ,virginia with emigrants4 ,learning from these something of the needs of the plantation1 he stirred up his fellow-passengers on the ,royal ,james1 and raised the sum of seventy pounds1 which was paid to the treasurer of the ,virginia ,company2 and1 being increased by other gifts to one hundred and twenty-five pounds1 was1 in consultation with ,mr4 ,copland1 appropriated for a free school to be called the ,east ,india ,school4 ,the affairs of the colony were most promising4 ,it was growing in population and in wealth and in the institutions of a ,christian commonwealth4 ,the territory was divided into parishes for the work of church and clergy4 ,the stupid obstinacy of the king1 against the remonstrances of the ,company1 perpetrated the crime of sending out a hundred convicts into the young community1 extorting from ,captain ,smith the protest that this act hath laid one of the finest countries of ,america under the just scandal of being a mere hell upon earth4 ,the sweepings of the ,london and ,bristol streets were exported for servants4 ,of darker portent1 though men perceived it not1 was the landing of the first cargo of negro slaves4 ,but so grateful was the ,company for the general prosperity of the colony that it appointed a thanksgiving sermon to be preached at ,bow ,church1 ,april #ag1 #afbb1 by ,mr4 ,copland1 which was printed under the title1 ,virginia's ,god ,be ,thanked4 ,in ,july1 #afbb1 the ,company1 proceeding to the execution of a long-cherished plan1 chose ,mr4 ,copland rector of the college to be built at ,henrico from the endowments already provided1 when news arrived of the massacre which1 in ,march of that year1 swept away one half of the four thousand colonists4 ,all such enterprises were at once arrested4 ,in #afbd the long contest of the king and the court party against the ,virginia ,company was ended by a violent exercise of the prerogative dissolving the ,company1 but not until it had established free representative government in the colony4 ,the revocation of the charter was one of the last acts of ,james's ignoble reign4 ,in #afbe he died1 and ,charles ,i4 became king4 ,in #afbh the most hot-headed and hard-hearted of prelates1 ,william ,laud1 became ,bishop of ,london1 and in #afcc ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,but the ,puritan principles of duty and liberty already planted in ,virginia were not destined to be eradicated4 ,from the year #afai1 a settlement at ,nansemond1 near ,norfolk1 had prospered1 and had been in relations of trade with ,new ,england4 ,in #afdb ,philip ,bennett1 of ,nansemond1 visiting ,boston in his coasting vessel1 bore with him a letter to the ,boston church1 signed by seventy-four names1 stating the needs of their great county1 now without a pastor1 and offering a maintenance to three good ministers if they could be found4 ,a little later ,william ,durand1 of the same county1 wrote for himself and his neighbors to ,john ,davenport1 of ,new ,haven1 to whom some of them had listened gladly in ,london 7perhaps it was when he preached the first annual sermon before the ,virginia ,company in #afba71 speaking of a revival of piety among them1 and urging the request that had been sent to the church in ,boston4 ,as result of this correspondence1 three eminently learned and faithful ministers of ,new ,england came to ,virginia1 bringing letters of commendation from ,governor ,winthrop4 ,but they found that ,virginia1 now become a royal colony1 had no welcome for them4 ,the newly arrived royal governor1 ,sir ,william ,berkeley1 a man after ,laud's own heart1 forbade their preaching2 but the ,catholic governor of ,maryland sent them a free invitation1 and one of them1 removing to ,annapolis with some of the ,virginia ,puritans1 so labored in the gospel as to draw forth the public thanks of the legislative assembly4 ,the sequel of this story is a strange one4 ,there must have been somewhat in the character and bearing of these silenced and banished ministers that touched the heart of ,thomas ,harrison1 the governor's chaplain4 ,he made a confession of his insincere dealings toward them3 that while he had been showing them a fair face he had privately used his influence to have them silenced4 ,he himself began to preach in that earnest way of righteousness1 temperance1 and judgment1 which is fitted to make governors tremble1 until ,berkeley cast him out as a ,puritan1 saying that he did not wish so grave a chaplain2 whereupon ,harrison crossed the river to ,nansemond1 became pastor of the church1 and mightily built up the cause which he had sought to destroy4 ,a few months later the ,nansemond people had the opportunity of giving succor and hospitality to a shipwrecked company of nine people1 who had been cast away1 with loss of all their goods1 in sailing from the ,bermudas to found a new settlement on one of the ,bahamas4 ,among the party was an aged and venerable man1 that same ,patrick ,copland who twenty-five years before had interested himself in the passing party of emigrants4 ,this was indeed entertaining an angel4 ,mr4 ,copland had long been a nonconformist minister at the ,bermudas1 and he listened to the complaints that were made to him of the persecution to which the people were subjected by the malignant ,berkeley4 ,a free invitation was given to the ,nansemond church to go with their guests to the new settlement of ,eleuthera1 in which freedom of conscience and non-interference of the magistrate with the church were secured by charter4#ej3a ,mr4 ,harrison proceeded to ,boston to take counsel of the churches over this proposition4 ,the people were advised by their ,boston brethren to remain in their lot until their case should become intolerable4 ,mr4 ,harrison went on to ,london1 where a number of things had happened since ,berkeley's appointment4 ,the king had ceased to be2 but an order from the ,council of ,state was sent to ,berkeley1 sharply reprimanding him for his course1 and directing him to restore ,mr4 ,harrison to his parish4 ,but ,mr4 ,harrison did not return4 ,he fulfilled an honorable career as incumbent of a ,london parish1 as chaplain to ,henry ,cromwell1 viceroy of ,ireland1 and as a hunted and persecuted preacher in the evil days after the ,restoration4 ,but the poetic justice with which this curious dramatic episode should conclude is not reached until ,berkeley is compelled to surrender his jurisdiction to the ,commonwealth1 and ,richard ,bennett1 one of the banished ,puritans of ,nansemond1 is chosen by the ,assembly of ,burgesses to be governor in his stead4#ea3a ,of course this is a brief triumph4 ,with the restoration of the ,stuarts1 ,berkeley comes back into power as royal governor1 and for many years afflicts the colony with his malignant ,toryism4 ,the last state is worse than the first2 for during the days of the ,commonwealth old soldiers of the king's army had come to ,virginia in such numbers as to form an appreciable and not wholly admirable element in the population4 ,surrounded by such society1 the governor was encouraged to indulge his natural disposition to bigotry and tyranny4 ,under such a nursing father the interests of the kingdom of ,christ fared as might have been expected4 ,rigorous measures were instituted for the suppression of nonconformity1 ,quaker preachers were severely dealt with1 and clergymen1 such as they were1 were imposed upon the more or less reluctant parishes4 ,but though the governor held the right of presentation1 the vestry of each parish asserted and maintained the right of induction or of refusing to induct4 ,without the consent of these representatives of the people the candidate could secure for himself no more than the people should from year to year consent to allow him4 ,it was the only protection of the people from absolute spiritual despotism4 ,the power might be used to repel a too faithful pastor1 but if there was sometimes a temptation to this1 the occasion was far more frequent for putting the people's reprobation upon the unfaithful and unfit4 ,the colony1 growing in wealth and population1 soon became infested with a rabble of worthless and scandalous priests4 ,in a report which has been often quoted1 ,governor ,berkeley1 after giving account of the material prosperity of the colony1 sums up1 under date of #afga1 the results of his fostering care over its spiritual interests in these words3 ,there are forty-eight parishes1 and the ministers well paid4 ,the clergy by my consent would be better if they would pray oftener and preach less4 ,but of all other commodities1 so of this1 the worst are sent us4 ,but ,i thank ,god there are no free schools nor printing1 and ,i hope we shall not have1 these hundred years4 ,the scandal of the ,virginia clergy went on from bad to worse4 ,whatever could be done by the courage and earnestness of one man was done by ,dr4 ,blair1 who arrived in #afhi with limited powers as commissary of the ,bishop of ,london1 and for more than fifty years struggled against adverse influences to recover the church from its degradation4 ,he succeeded in getting a charter for ,william and ,mary ,college1 but the generous endowments of the institution were wasted1 and the college languished in doing the work of a grammar school4 ,something was accomplished in the way of discipline1 though the cane of ,governor ,nicholson over the back of an insolent priest was doubtless more effective than the commissary's admonitions4 ,but discipline1 while it may do something toward abating scandals1 cannot create life from the dead2 and the church established in ,virginia had hardly more than a name to live4 ,its best estate is described by ,spotswood1 the best of the royal governors1 when1 looking on the outward appearance1 he reported3 ,this government is in perfect peace and tranquillity1 under a due obedience to the royal authority and a gentlemanly conformity to the ,church of ,england4 ,the poor man was soon to find how uncertain is the peace and tranquillity that is founded on a gentlemanly conformity4 ,the most honorable page in his record is the story of his effort for the education of ,indian children4 ,his honest attempt at reformation in the church brought him into collision not only with the worthless among the clergy1 but also on the one hand with the parish vestries1 and on the other hand with ,commissary ,blair4 ,but all along the gentlemanly conformity was undisturbed4 ,a parish of ,french ,huguenots was early established in ,henrico ,county1 and in #agac a parish of ,german exiles on the ,rappahannock1 and these were expressly excepted from the ,act of ,uniformity4 ,aside from these1 the chief departures from the enforced uniformity of worship throughout the colony in the early years of the eighteenth century were found in a few meetings of persecuted and vilified ,quakers and ,baptists4 ,the government and clergy had little notion of the significance of a slender stream of ,scotch-,irish emigration which1 as early as #agbj1 began to flow into the valley of the ,shenandoah4 ,so cheap a defense against the perils that threatened from the western frontier it would have been folly to discourage by odious religious proscription4 ,the reasonable anxiety of the clergy as to what might come of this invasion of a sturdy and uncompromising ,puritanism struggled without permanent success against the obvious interest of the commonwealth4 ,the addition of this new and potent element to the ,christian population of the seaboard colonies was part of the unrecognized preparation for the ,great ,awakening4 ,,footnotes3 #da3a ,bancroft1 vol4 i41 p4 #ach4 #dd3a ,see the interesting demonstration of this point in articles by ,e4 ,d4 ,neill in ,hours at ,home1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #bb1 #bja4 ,mr4 ,neill's various publications on the colonial history of ,virginia and ,maryland are of the highest value and authority4 ,they include3 ,the ,english ,colonization of ,america ,during the ,seventeenth ,century2 ,history of the ,virginia ,company2 ,virginia ,vetusta2 ,virginia ,carolorum2 ,terra ,mariae2 or1 ,threads of ,maryland ,colonial ,history2 ,the ,founders of ,maryland2 ,life of ,patrick ,copland4 #de3a ,it was customary for the ,company1 when a candidate was proposed for a chaplaincy in the colony1 to select a text for him and appoint a ,sunday and a church for a trial sermon from which they might judge of his qualifications4 #ej3a ,the project of ,eleuthera is entitled to honorable mention in the history of religious liberty4 #ea3a ,for fuller details concerning the ,puritan character of the ,virginia ,company and of the early ministers of ,virginia1 see the articles of ,e4 ,d4 ,neill1 above referred to1 in ,hours at ,home1 vol4 vi4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,neighbor ,,colonies ,,to ,,virginia--,,maryland ,,and ,,the ,,carolinas4 ,the chronological order would require us at this point to turn to the ,dutch settlements on the ,hudson ,river2 but the close relations of ,virginia with its neighbor colonies of ,maryland and the ,carolinas are a reason for taking up the brief history of these settlements in advance of their turn4 ,the occupation of ,maryland dates from the year #afcd4 ,the period of bold and half-desperate adventure in making plantations along the coast was past4 ,to men of sanguine temper and sufficient fortune and influence at court1 it was now a matter of very promising and not too risky speculation4 ,to ,george ,calvert1 ,lord ,baltimore1 one of the most interesting characters at the court of ,james ,i41 the business had peculiar fascination4 ,he was in both the ,new ,england ,company and the ,virginia ,company1 and after the charter of the latter was revoked he was one of the ,provisional ,council for the government of ,virginia4 ,nothing daunted by the ill luck of these companies1 he tried colonizing on his account in #afbj1 in what was represented to him as the genial soil and climate of ,newfoundland4 ,sending good money after bad1 he was glad to get out of this venture at the end of nine years with a loss of thirty thousand pounds4 ,in #afbi he sent home his children1 and with a lady and servants and forty of his surviving colonists sailed for ,jamestown1 where his reception at the hands of the council and of his old ,oxford fellow-student1 ,governor ,pott1 was not cordial4 ,he could hardly have expected that it would be4 ,he was a recent convert to the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 with a convert's zeal for proselyting1 and he was of the court party4 ,thus he was in antagonism to the ,puritan colony both in politics and in religion4 ,a formidable disturbing element he and his company would have been in the already unquiet community4 ,the authorities of the colony were equal to the emergency4 ,in answer to his lordship's announcement of his purpose to plant and dwell1 they gave him welcome to do so on the same terms with themselves1 and proceeded to tender him the oath of supremacy1 the taking of which was flatly against his ,roman principles4 ,baltimore suggested a mitigated form of the oath1 which he was willing to take2 but the authorities could not imagine that so much latitude was left for them to decline from the prescribed form2 and his lordship sailed back to ,england1 leaving in ,virginia1 in token of his intention to return1 his servants and his lady1 who1 by the way1 was not the lawful wife of this conscientious and religious gentleman4 ,returned to ,london1 he at once set in motion the powerful influences at his command to secure a charter for a tract of land south of the ,james ,river1 and when this was defeated by the energetic opposition of the friends of ,virginia1 he succeeded in securing a grant of land north and east of the ,potomac1 with a charter bestowing on him and his heirs the most ample rights and privileges ever conferred by a sovereign of ,england4#ee3a ,the protest of ,virginia that it was an invasion of the former grant to that colony was unavailing4 ,the free-handed generosity with which the ,stuarts were in the habit of giving away what did not belong to them rarely allowed itself to be embarrassed by the fear of giving the same thing twice over to different parties4 ,the first ,lord ,baltimore died three months before the charter of ,maryland received the great seal1 but his son ,cecilius took up the business with energy and great liberality of investment4 ,the cost of fitting out the first emigration was estimated at not less than forty thousand pounds4 ,the company consisted of three hundred laboring men1 well provided in all things1 headed by ,leonard and ,george ,calvert1 brothers of the lord proprietor1 with very near twenty other gentlemen of very good fashion4 ,two earnest ,jesuit priests were quietly added to the expedition as it passed the ,isle of ,wight1 but in general it was a ,protestant emigration under ,catholic patronage4 ,it was stipulated in the charter that all liege subjects of the ,english king might freely transport themselves and their families to ,maryland4 ,to discriminate against any religious body in ,england would have been for the proprietor to limit his hope of rapid colonization and revenue and to embroil himself with political enemies at home4 ,his own and his father's intimate acquaintance with failure in the planting of ,virginia and of ,newfoundland had taught him what not to do in such enterprises4 ,if the proprietor meant to succeed 7and he did mean to7 he was shut up without alternative to the policy of impartial non-interference with religious differences among his colonists1 and the promotion of mutual forbearance among sects4 ,lord ,baltimore may not have been a profound political philosopher nor a prophet of the coming era of religious liberty1 but he was an adroit courtier1 like his father before him1 and he was a man of practical good sense engaged in an enormous land speculation in which his whole fortune was embarked1 and he was not in the least disposed to allow his religious predilections to interfere with business4 ,nothing would have brought speedier ruin to his enterprise than to have it suspected1 as his enemies were always ready to allege1 that it was governed in the interest of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,such a suspicion he took the most effective means of averting4 ,he kept his promises to his colonists in this matter in good faith1 and had his reward in the notable prosperity of his colony4#eg3a ,the two priests of the first ,maryland company began their work with characteristic earnestness and diligence4 ,finding no immediate access to the ,indians1 they gave the more constant attention to their own countrymen1 both ,catholic and ,protestant1 and were soon able to give thanks that by ,god's blessing on their labors almost all the ,protestants of that year's arrival had been converted1 besides many others4 ,in #afdj the first-fruits of their mission work among the savages were gathered in2 the chief of an ,indian village on the ,potomac nearly opposite ,mount ,vernon1 and his wife and child1 were baptized with solemn pomp1 in which the governor and secretary of the colony took part4 ,the first start of the ,maryland colony was of a sort to give promise of feuds and border strifes with the neighbor colony of ,virginia1 and the promise was abundantly fulfilled4 ,the conflict over boundary questions came to bloody collisions by land and sea4 ,it is needless to say that religious differences were at once drawn into the dispute4 ,the vigorous proselytism of the ,jesuit fathers1 the only ,christian ministers in the colony1 under the patronage of the lord proprietor was of course reported to ,london by the ,virginians2 and in ,december1 #afda1 the ,house of ,commons1 then on the brink of open rupture with the king1 presented a remonstrance to ,charles at ,hampton ,court1 complaining that he had permitted another state1 molded within this state1 independent in government1 contrary in interest and affection1 secretly corrupting the ignorant or negligent professors of religion1 and clearly uniting themselves against such4 ,lord ,baltimore1 perceiving that his property rights were coming into jeopardy1 wrote to the too zealous priests1 warning them that they were under ,english law and were not to expect from him any more or other privileges1 exemptions1 or immunities for their lands1 persons1 or goods than is allowed by his ,majesty or officers to like persons in ,england4 ,he annulled the grants of land made to the missionaries by certain ,indian chiefs1 which they affected to hold as the property of their order1 and confirmed for his colony the law of mortmain4 ,in his not unreasonable anxiety for the tenure of his estate1 he went further still2 he had the ,jesuits removed from the charge of the missions1 to be replaced by seculars1 and only receded from this severe measure when the ,jesuit order acceded to his terms4 ,the pious and venerable ,father ,white records in his journal that occasion of suffering has not been wanting from those from whom rather it was proper to expect aid and protection1 who1 too intent upon their own affairs1 have not feared to violate the immunities of the church4#ei3a ,but the zeal of the ,calverts for religious liberty and equality was manifested not only by curbing the ,jesuits1 but by encouraging their most strenuous opponents4 ,it was in the year #afdc1 when the strength of ,puritanism both in ,england and in ,new ,england was proved1 that the ,calverts made overtures1 although in vain1 to secure an immigration from ,massachusetts4 ,a few years later the opportunity occurred of strengthening their own colony with an accession of ,puritans1 and at the same time of weakening ,virginia4 ,the sturdy and prosperous ,puritan colony on the ,nansemond ,river were driven by the churlish behavior of ,governor ,berkeley to seek a more congenial residence1 and were induced to settle on the ,severn at a place which they called ,providence1 but which was destined1 under the name of ,annapolis1 to become the capital of the future ,state4 ,it was manifestly not merely a coincidence that ,lord ,baltimore appointed a ,protestant governor1 ,william ,stone1 and commended to the ,maryland ,assembly1 in #afdi1 the enacting of an ,act concerning ,religion1 drawn upon the lines of the ,ordinance of ,toleration adopted by the ,puritan ,house of ,commons at the height of its authority1 in #afdg4ei3b ,how potent was the influence of this transplanted ,nansemond church is largely shown in the eventful civil history of the colony4 ,when1 in #afee1 the lord proprietor's governor was so imprudent as to set an armed force in the field1 under the colors of ,lord ,baltimore1 in opposition to the parliamentary commissioners1 it was the planters of the ,severn who marched under the flag of the commonwealth of ,england1 and put them to rout1 and executed some of their leaders for treason4 ,when at last articles of agreement were signed between the commissioners and ,lord ,baltimore1 one of the conditions exacted from his lordship was a pledge that he would never consent to the repeal of the ,act of ,toleration adopted in #afdi under the influence of the ,puritan colony and its pastor1 ,thomas ,harrison4 ,in the turbulence of the colony during and after the civil wars of ,england1 there becomes more and more manifest a growing spirit of fanaticism1 especially in the form of antipopery crusading4 ,while ,jacobite intrigues or wars with ,france were in progress it was easy for demagogues to cast upon the ,catholics the suspicion of disloyalty and of complicity with the public enemy4 ,the numerical unimportance of the ,catholics of ,maryland was insufficient to guard them from such suspicions2 for it had soon become obvious that the colony of the ,catholic lord was to be anything but a ,catholic colony4 ,the ,jesuit mission had languished2 the progress of settlement1 and what there had been of religious life and teaching1 had brought no strength to the ,catholic cause4 ,in #afgf a ,church of ,england minister1 ,john ,yeo1 writes to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury of the craving lack of ministers1 excepting among the ,catholics and the ,quakers1 not doubting but his ,grace may so prevail with ,lord ,baltimore that a maintenance for a ,protestant ministry may be established4 ,the ,bishop of ,london1 echoing this complaint1 speaks of the total want of ministers and divine worship1 except among those of the ,romish belief1 who1 'tis conjectured1 does not amount to one of a hundred of the people4 ,to which his lordship replies that all sects are tolerated and protected1 but that it would be impossible to induce the ,assembly to consent to a law that shall oblige any sect to maintain other ministers than its own4 ,the bishop's figures were doubtless at fault2 but ,lord ,baltimore himself writes that the nonconformists outnumber the ,catholics and those of the ,church of ,england together about three to one1 and that the churchmen are much more numerous than the ,catholics4 ,after the ,revolution of #afhh it is not strange that a like movement was set on foot in ,maryland4 ,the beneficent despotism of the ,calverts1 notwithstanding every concession on their part1 was ended for the time by the efforts of an ,association for the ,defense of the ,protestant ,religion1 and ,maryland became a royal colony4 ,under the new regime it was easier to inflict annoyances and disabilities on the petty minority of the ,roman ,catholics than to confer the privileges of an established church on the hardly more considerable minority of ,episcopalians4 ,the ,church of ,england became in name the official church of the colony1 but two parties so remotely unlike as the ,catholics and the ,quakers combined successfully to defeat more serious encroachments on religious liberty4 ,the attempt to maintain the church of a small minority by taxes extorted by a foreign government from the whole people had the same effect in ,maryland as in ,ireland3 it tended to make both church and government odious4 ,the efforts of ,dr4 ,thomas ,bray1 commissary of the ,bishop of ,london1 a man of true apostolic fervor1 accomplished little in withstanding the downward tendency of the provincial establishment4 ,the demoralized and undisciplined clergy resisted the attempt of the provincial government to abate the scandal of their lives1 and the people resisted the attempt to introduce a bishop4 ,the body thus set before the people as the official representative of the religion of ,christ was perhaps as contemptible an ecclesiastical organization as history can show1 having all the vices of the ,virginian church1 without one of its safeguards or redeeming qualities4#fb3a ,the most hopeful sign in the morning sky of the eighteenth century was to be found in the growth of the ,society of ,friends and the swelling of the current of the ,scotch-,irish immigration4 ,and yet we shall have proof that the life-work of ,commissary ,bray1 although he went back discouraged from his labors in ,maryland and although this colony took little direct benefit from his efforts in ,england1 was destined to have great results in the advancement of the kingdom of ,christ in ,america2 for he was the founder of the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts4 ,the ,carolinas1 ,north and ,south1 had been the scene of the earliest attempts at ,protestant colonization in ,america4 ,the ,huguenot enterprise at ,beaufort1 on ,port ,royal harbor1 was planted in #aefb under the auspices of ,coligny1 and came to a speedy and unhappy end4 ,the costly and disastrous experiment of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh was begun in #aehd on ,roanoke ,island1 and lasted not many months4 ,but the actual occupation of the region was late and slow4 ,when1 after the ,restoration1 ,charles ,,ii4 took up the idea of paying his political debts with free and easy cessions of ,american lands1 ,clarendon1 ,albemarle1 and ,shaftesbury were among the first and luckiest in the scramble4 ,when the representatives of themselves and their partners arrived in ,carolina in #afgj1 bringing with them that pompous and preposterous anachronism1 the ,fundamental ,constitutions1 contrived by the combined wisdom of ,shaftesbury and ,john ,locke to impose a feudal government upon an immense domain of wilderness1 they found the ground already occupied with a scanty and curiously mixed population1 which had taken on a simple form of polity and was growing into a state4 ,the region adjoining ,virginia was peopled by ,puritans from the ,nansemond country1 vexed with the paltry persecutions of ,governor ,berkeley1 and later by fugitives from the bloody revenge which he delighted to inflict on those who had been involved in the righteous rebellion led by ,nathaniel ,bacon4 ,these had been joined by insolvent debtors not a few4 ,adventurers from ,new ,england settled on the ,cape ,fear ,river for a lumber trade1 and kept the various plantations in communication with the rest of the world by their coasting craft plying to ,boston4 ,dissatisfied companies from ,barbadoes seeking a less torrid climate next arrived4 ,thus the region was settled in the first instance at second hand from older colonies4 ,to these came settlers direct from ,england1 such emigrants as the proprietors could persuade to the undertaking1 and such as were impelled by the evil state of ,england in the last days of the ,stuarts1 or drawn by the promise of religious liberty4 ,south ,carolina1 on the other hand1 was settled direct from ,europe1 first by cargoes of emigrants shipped on speculation by the great real-estate operators who had at heart not only the creation of a gorgeous aristocracy in the ,west1 but also the realization of fat dividends on their heavy ventures4 ,members of the dominant politico-religious party in ,england were attracted to a country in which they were still to be regarded before the law as of the only true and orthodox church2 and religious dissenters gladly accepted the offer of toleration and freedom1 even without the assurance of equality4 ,one of the most notable contributions to the new colony was a company of dissenters from ,somersetshire1 led by ,joseph ,blake1 brother to ,cromwell's illustrious admiral4 ,among these were some of the earliest ,american ,baptists2 and there is clear evidence of connection between their arrival and the coming1 in #afhd1 of a ,baptist church from the ,massachusetts ,colony1 under the pastorate of ,william ,screven4 ,this planting was destined to have an important influence both on the religious and on the civil history of the colony4 ,very early there came two ship-loads of ,dutch ,calvinists from ,new ,york1 dissatisfied with the domineering of their ,english victors4 ,but more important than the rest was that sudden outflow of ,french ,huguenots1 representing not only religious fidelity and devotion1 but all those personal and social virtues that most strengthen the foundations of a state1 which set westward upon the revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes in #afhe4 ,this1 with the later influx of the ,scotch-,irish1 profoundly marked the character of ,south ,carolina4 ,the great names in her history are generally either ,french or ,scotch4 ,it ought to have been plain to the proprietors1 in their monstrous conceit of political wisdom1 that communities so constituted should have been the last on which to impose the uniformity of an established church4 ,john ,locke did see this1 but was overruled4 ,the ,church of ,england was established in name1 but for long years had only this shadow of existence4 ,we need not1 however1 infer from the absence of organized church and official clergy among the rude and turbulent pioneers of ,north ,carolina that the kingdom of ,god was not among them1 even from the beginning4 ,but not until the year #afgb do we find manifestation of it such as history can recognize4 ,in that year came ,william ,edmundson1 the voice of one crying in the wilderness1 bringing his testimony of the light that lighteth every man that cometh into the world4 ,the honest man1 who had not thought it reasonable in the ,christians of ,massachusetts to be offended at one's sitting in the steeple-house with his hat on1 found it an evidence that they had little or no religion when the rough woodsmen of ,carolina beguiled the silent moments of the ,friends' devotions by smoking their pipes2 and yet he declares that he found them a tender people4 ,converts were won to the society1 and a quarterly meeting was established4 ,within a few months followed ,george ,fox1 uttering his deep convictions in a voice of singular persuasiveness and power1 that reached the hearts of both high and low4 ,and he too declared that he had found the people generally tender and open1 and rejoiced to have made among them a little entrance for truth4 ,the church of ,christ had been begun4 ,as yet there had been neither baptism nor sacramental supper2 these outward and visible signs were absent2 but inward and spiritual grace was there1 and the thing signified is greater than the sign4 ,the influence diffused itself like leaven4 ,within a decade the society was extended through both the ,carolinas and became the principal form of organized ,christianity4 ,it was reckoned in #agaj to include one seventh of the population of ,north ,carolina4#fe3a ,the attempt of a foreign proprietary government to establish by law the church of an inconsiderable and not preeminently respectable minority had little effect except to exasperate and alienate the settlers4 ,down to the end of the seventeenth century the official church in ,north ,carolina gave no sign of life4 ,in ,south ,carolina almost twenty years passed before it was represented by a single clergyman4 ,the first manifestation of church life seems to have been in the meetings on the banks of the ,cooper and the ,santee1 in which the ,french refugees worshiped their fathers' ,god with the psalms of ,marot and ,beza4 ,but with the eighteenth century begins a better era for the ,english church in the ,carolinas4 ,the story of the founding and the work of the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts1 taken in connection with its antecedents and its results1 belongs to this history1 not only as showing the influence of ,european ,christianity upon ,america1 but also as indicating the reaction of ,america upon ,europe4 ,in an important sense the organization of religious societies which is characteristic of modern ,christendom is of ,american origin4 ,the labors of ,john ,eliot among the ,indians of ,new ,england stirred so deep an interest in the hearts of ,english ,christians that in #afdi an ordinance was passed by the ,long ,parliament creating a corporation to be called ,the ,president and ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,new ,england2 and a general collection made under ,cromwell's direction produced nearly twelve thousand pounds1 from the income of which missionaries were maintained among some of the ,northern tribes of ,indians4 ,with the downfall of the ,commonwealth the corporation became defunct2 but through the influence of the saintly ,richard ,baxter1 whose tender interest in the work of ,eliot is witnessed by a touching passage in his writings1 the charter was revived in #affb1 with ,robert ,boyle for president and patron4 ,it was largely through his generosity that ,eliot was enabled to publish his ,indian ,bible4 ,this society1 ,the ,new ,england ,company1 as it is called1 is still extant--the oldest of ,protestant missionary societies4#ff3a ,it is to that ,dr4 ,thomas ,bray who returned in #agjj to ,england from his thankless and discouraging work as commissary in ,maryland of the ,bishop of ,london1 that the ,church of ,england owes a large debt of gratitude for having taken away the reproach of her barrenness4 ,already his zeal had laid the foundations on which was reared the ,society for the ,promotion of ,christian ,knowledge4 ,in #agja he had the satisfaction of attending the first meeting of the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts1 which for nearly three quarters of a century1 sometimes in the spirit of a narrow sectarianism1 but not seldom in a more excellent way1 devoted its main strength to missions in the ,american colonies4 ,its missionaries1 men of a far different character from the miserable incumbents of parishes in ,maryland and ,virginia1 were among the first preachers of the gospel in the ,carolinas4 ,within the years #agjb-dj there served under the commission of this society in ,north ,carolina nine missionaries1 in ,south ,carolina thirty-five4#fg3a ,but the zeal of these good men was sorely encumbered with the armor of ,saul4 ,too much favorable legislation and patronizing from a foreign proprietary government1 too arrogant a tone of superiority on the part of official friends1 attempts to enforce conformity by imposing disabilities on other sects--these were among the chief occasions of the continual collision between the people and the colonial governments1 which culminated in the struggle for independence4 ,by the time that struggle began the established church in the ,carolinas was ready to vanish away4 ,,footnotes3 #ee3a ,w4 ,h4 ,browne1 ,maryland 7in ,american ,commonwealths71 p4 #ah4 #eg3a ,this seems to be the whole explanation of the curious paradox that the first experiment of religious liberty and equality before the law among all ,christian sects should have been made apparently under the auspices of that denomination which alone at the present day continues to maintain in theory that it is the duty of civil government to enforce sound doctrine by pains and penalties4 ,we would not grudge the amplest recognition of ,lord ,baltimore's faith or magnanimity or political wisdom2 but we have failed to find evidence of his rising above the plane of the smart real-estate speculator1 willing to be all things to all men1 if so he might realize on his investments4 ,happily1 he was clear-sighted enough to perceive that his own interest was involved in the liberty1 contentment1 and prosperity of his colonists4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,neill1 who has excelled other writers in patient and exact study of the original sources of this part of colonial history1 characterizes ,cecilius1 second ,lord ,baltimore1 as one whose whole life was passed in self-aggrandizement1 first deserting ,father ,white1 then ,charles ,i41 and making friends of ,puritans and republicans to secure the rentals of the province of ,maryland1 and never contributing a penny for a church or school-house 7,english ,colonization of ,america1 p4 #beh74 #ei3a ,browne1 pp4 #ed-eg2 ,neill1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bgj-bgd4 #ei3b ,the act of ,parliament provided full religious liberty for dissenters from the established order1 save only so as nothing be done by them to the disturbance of the peace of the kingdom4 #fb3a ,h4 ,c4 ,lodge1 ,british ,colonies in ,america1 pp4 #aai-abd1 with authorities cited4 ,the severe characterization seems to be sustained by the evidence4 #fe3a ,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 p4 #bcg4 #ff3a ,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,records1 pp4 #b1 #c2 ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 vol4 xvi41 p4 #ead4 #fg3a ,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,records1 pp4 #hdi1 #hej4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,dutch ,,calvinist ,,colony ,,on ,,the ,,hudson ,,and ,,the ,,swedish ,,lutheran ,,colony ,,on ,,the ,,delaware--,,they ,,both ,,fall ,,under ,,the ,,shadow ,,of ,,great ,,britain4 ,when the ,englishman ,henry ,hudson1 in the ,dutch ,east ,india ,company's ship1 the ,half-moon1 in ,september1 #afji1 sailed up the ,river of ,mountains as far as the site of ,albany1 looking for the northwest passage to ,china1 the ,english settlement at ,jamestown was in the third year of its half-perishing existence4 ,more than thirteen years were yet to pass before the ,pilgrims from ,england by way of ,holland should make their landing on ,plymouth ,rock4 ,but we are not at liberty to assign so early a date to the ,dutch settlement of ,new ,york1 and still less to the church4 ,there was a prompt reaching out1 on the part of the immensely enterprising ,dutch merchants1 after the lucrative trade in peltries2 there was a plying to and fro of trading-vessels1 and there were trading-posts established on ,manhattan ,island and at the head of navigation on the ,hudson1 or ,north ,river1 and on the ,south ,river1 or ,delaware4 ,not until the great ,dutch ,west ,india ,company had secured its monopoly of trade and perfected its organization1 in #afbc1 was there a beginning of colonization4 ,in that year a company of ,walloons1 or ,french-speaking ,hollanders1 was planted near ,albany1 and later arrivals were settled on the ,delaware1 on ,long ,island1 and on ,manhattan4 ,at length1 in #afbf1 came ,peter ,minuit with an ample commission from the all-powerful ,company1 who organized something like a system of civil government comprehending all the settlements4 ,evidences of prosperity and growing wealth began to multiply4 ,but one is impressed with the merely secular and commercial character of the enterprise and with the tardy and feeble signs of religious life in the colony4 ,in #afbf1 when the settlement of ,manhattan had grown to a village of thirty houses and two hundred souls1 there arrived two official sick-visitors1 who undertook some of the public duties of a pastor4 ,on ,sundays1 in the loft over the horse-mill1 they would read from the ,scriptures and the creeds4 ,and two years later1 in #afbh1 the village1 numbering now about two hundred and seventy souls1 gave a grateful welcome to ,jonas ,michaelius1 minister of the gospel4 ,he rejoiced to gather no less than fifty communicants at the first celebration of the ,lord's ,supper1 and to organize them into a church according to the ,reformed discipline4 ,the two elders were the governor and the ,company's storekeeper1 men of honest report who had served in like functions in churches of the fatherland4 ,the records of this period are scanty2 the very fact of this beginning of a church and the presence of a minister in the colony had faded out of history until restored by the recent discovery of a letter of the forgotten ,michaelius4#fi3a ,the sagacious men in control of the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company were quick to recognize that weakness in their enterprise which in the splendid colonial attempt of the ,french proved ultimately to be fatal4 ,their settlements were almost exclusively devoted to the lucrative trade with the ,indians and were not taking root in the soil4 ,with all its advantages1 the ,dutch colony could not compete with ,new ,england4#gj3a ,to meet this difficulty an expedient was adopted which was not long in beginning to plague the inventors4 ,a vast tract of territory1 with feudal rights and privileges1 was offered to any man settling a colony of fifty persons4 ,the disputes which soon arose between these powerful vassals and the sovereign ,company had for one effect the recall of ,peter ,minuit from his position of governor4 ,never again was the unlucky colony to have so competent and worthy a head as this discarded elder of the church4 ,nevertheless the scheme was not altogether a failure4 ,in #afcc arrived a new pastor1 ,everard ,bogardus1 in the same ship with a schoolmaster--the first in the colony--and the new governor1 ,van ,twiller4 ,the governor was incompetent and corrupt1 and the minister was faithful and plain-spoken2 what could result but conflict8 ,during ,van ,twiller's five years of mismanagement1 nevertheless1 the church emerged from the mill-loft and was installed in a barn-like meeting-house of wood4 ,during the equally wretched administration of ,kieft1 the governor1 listening to the reproaches of a guest1 who quoted the example of ,new ,england1 where the people were wont to build a fine church as soon as they had houses for themselves1 was incited to build a stone church within the fort4 ,there seems to have been little else that he did for the kingdom of heaven4 ,pastor ,bogardus is entitled to the respect of later ages for the chronic quarrel that he kept up with the worthless representatives of the ,company4 ,at length his righteous rebuke of an atrociously wicked massacre of neighboring ,indians perpetrated by ,kieft brought matters to a head4 ,the two antagonists sailed in the same ship1 in #afdg1 to lay their dispute before the authorities in ,holland1 the ,company and the classis4 ,the case went to a higher court4 ,the ship was cast away and both the parties were drowned4 ,meanwhile the patroon ,van ,rensselaer1 on his great manor near ,albany1 showed some sense of his duty to the souls of the people whom he had brought out into the wilderness4 ,he built a church and put into the pastoral charge over his subjects one who1 under his travestied name of ,megapolensis1 has obtained a good report as a faithful minister of ,jesus ,christ4 ,it was he who saved ,father ,jogues1 the ,jesuit missionary1 from imminent torture and death among the ,mohawks1 and befriended him1 and saw him safely off for ,europe4 ,this is one honorable instance1 out of not a few1 of personal respect and kindness shown to members of the ,roman clergy and the ,jesuit society by men who held these organizations in the severest reprobation4 ,to his ,jesuit brother he was drawn by a peculiarly strong bond of fellowship1 for the two were fellow-laborers in the gospel to the red men4 ,for ,domine ,megapolensis is claimed#ga3a the high honor of being the first ,protestant missionary to the ,indians4 ,in #afdg1 to the joy of all the colonists1 arrived a new governor1 ,peter ,stuyvesant1 not too late to save from utter ruin the colony that had suffered everything short of ruin from the incompetency and wickedness of ,kieft4 ,about the time that immigration into ,new ,england ceased with the triumph of the ,puritan party in ,england1 there began to be a distinct current of population setting toward the ,hudson ,river colony4 ,the ,west ,india ,company had been among the first of the speculators in ,american lands to discover that a system of narrow monopoly is not the best nurse for a colony2 too late to save itself from ultimate bankruptcy1 it removed some of the barriers of trade1 and at once population began to flow in from other colonies1 ,virginia and ,new ,england4 ,besides those who were attracted by the great business advantages of the ,dutch colony1 there came some from ,massachusetts1 driven thence by the policy of exclusiveness in religious opinion deliberately adopted there4 ,ordinances were set forth assuring to several such companies liberty of conscience1 according to the custom and manner of ,holland4 ,growing prosperously in numbers1 the colony grew in that cosmopolitan diversity of sects and races which went on increasing with its years4 ,as early as #afdd ,father ,jogues was told by the governor that there were persons of eighteen different languages at ,manhattan1 including ,calvinists1 ,catholics1 ,english ,puritans1 ,lutherans1 ,anabaptists 7here called ,mennonists71 etc4 ,no jealousy seems to have arisen over this multiplication of sects until1 in #afeb1 the ,dutch ,lutherans1 who had been attendants at the ,dutch ,reformed ,church1 presented a respectful petition that they might be permitted to have their own pastor and church4 ,denied by ,governor ,stuyvesant1 the request was presented to the ,company and to the ,states-,general4 ,the two ,reformed pastors used the most strenuous endeavors through the classis of ,amsterdam to defeat the petition1 under the fear that the concession of this privilege would tend to the diminution of their congregation4 ,this resistance was successfully maintained until at last the petitioners were able to obtain from the ,roman ,catholic ,duke of ,york the religious freedom which ,dutch ,calvinism had failed to give them4 ,started thus in the wrong direction1 it was easy for the colonial government to go from bad to worse4 ,at a time when the entire force of ,dutch clergy in the colony numbered only four1 they were most unapostolically zealous to prevent any good from being done by unauthorized conventicles and the preaching of unqualified persons1 and procured the passing of an ordinance forbidding these under penalty of fine and imprisonment4 ,the mild remonstrances of the ,company1 which was eager to get settlers without nice inquiries as to their religious opinions1 had little effect to restrain the enterprising orthodoxy of ,peter ,stuyvesant4 ,the activity of the ,quakers among the ,long ,island towns stirred him to new energy4 ,not only visiting missionaries1 but quiet dwellers at home1 were subjected to severe and ignominious punishments4 ,the persecution was kept up until one of the banished ,friends1 ,john ,bowne1 reached ,amsterdam and laid the case before the ,company4 ,this enlightened body promptly shortened the days of tribulation by a letter to the superserviceable ,stuyvesant1 conceived in a most commercial spirit4 ,it suggested to him that it was doubtful whether further persecution was expedient1 unless it was desired to check the growth of population1 which at that stage of the enterprise ought rather to be encouraged4 ,no man1 they said1 ought to be molested so long as he disturbed neither his neighbors nor the government4 ,this maxim has always been the guide of the magistrates of this city1 and the consequence has been that from every land people have flocked to this asylum4 ,tread thus in their steps1 and we doubt not you will be blessed4 ,the stewardship of the interests of the kingdom of ,christ in the ,new ,netherlands was about to be taken away from the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company and the classis of ,amsterdam4 ,it will hardly be claimed by any that the account of their stewardship was a glorious one4 ,the supply of ministers of the gospel had been tardy1 inconstant1 and scanty4 ,at the time when the ,dutch ministers were most active in hindering the work of others1 there were only four of themselves in a vast territory with a rapidly increasing population4 ,the clearest sign of spiritual life in the first generation of the colony is to be found in the righteous quarrel of ,domine ,bogardus with the malignant ,kieft1 and the large ,christian brotherly kindness1 the laborious mission work among the ,indians1 and the long-sustained pastoral faithfulness of ,domine ,megapolensis4 ,doubtless there is a record in heaven of faithful living and serving of many true disciples among this people1 whose names are unknown on earth2 but in writing history it is only with earthly memorials that we have to do4 ,the records of the ,dutch regime present few indications of such religious activity on the part of the colonists as would show that they regarded religion otherwise than as something to be imported from ,holland at the expense of the ,company4 ,a studious and elegant writer1 ,mr4 ,douglas ,campbell1 has presented in two ample and interesting volumes#gd3a the evidence in favor of his thesis that the characteristic institutions established by the ,puritans in ,new ,england were derived1 directly or indirectly1 not from ,england1 but from ,holland4 ,one of the gravest answers to an argument which contains so much to command respect is found in the history of the ,new ,netherlands4 ,in the early records of no one of the ,american colonies is there less manifestation of the ,puritan characteristics than in the records of the colony that was absolutely and exclusively under ,dutch control and made up chiefly of ,dutch settlers4 ,nineteen years from the beginning of the colony there was only one church in the whole extent of it2 at the end of thirty years there were only two churches4 ,after ten years of settlement the first schoolmaster arrived2 and after thirty-six years a ,latin school was begun1 for want of which up to that time young men seeking a classical education had had to go to ,boston for it4 ,in no colony does there appear less of local self-government or of central representative government1 less of civil liberty1 or even of the aspiration for it4 ,the contrast between the character of this colony and the heroic antecedents of the ,dutch in ,holland is astonishing and inexplicable4 ,the sordid government of a trading corporation doubtless tended to depress the moral tone of the community1 but this was an evil common to many of the colonies4 ,ordinances1 frequently renewed1 for the prevention of disorder and brawling on ,sunday and for restricting the sale of strong drinks1 show how prevalent and obstinate were these evils4 ,in #afdh it is boldly asserted in the preamble to a new law that one fourth of the houses in ,new ,amsterdam were devoted to the sale of strong drink4 ,not a hopeful beginning for a young commonwealth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,before bidding a willing good-bye to the ,dutch regime of the ,new ,netherlands1 it remains to tell the story of another colony1 begun under happy auspices1 but so short-lived that its rise and fall are a mere episode in the history of the ,dutch colony4 ,as early as #afcj1 under the feudal concessions of the ,dutch ,west ,india ,company1 extensive tracts had been taken on the ,south ,river1 or ,delaware1 and1 after purchase from the ,indians1 settled by a colony under the conduct of the best of all the ,dutch leaders1 ,de ,vries4 ,quarrels with the ,indians arose1 and at the end of a twelvemonth the colony was extinguished in blood4 ,the land seemed to be left free for other occupants4 ,years before1 the great ,gustavus ,adolphus had pondered and decided on an enterprise of colonization in ,america4#gf3a ,the exigencies of the ,thirty ,years' ,war delayed the execution of his plan1 but after the fatal day of ,luetzen the project resumed by the fit successor of ,gustavus in the government of ,sweden1 the ,chancellor ,oxenstiern4 ,peter ,minuit1 who had been rejected from his place as the first governor of ,new ,amsterdam1 tendered to the ,swedes the aid of his experience and approved wisdom2 and in the end of the year #afcg1 against the protest of ,governor ,kieft1 the strong foundations of a ,swedish ,lutheran colony were laid on the banks of the ,delaware4 ,a new purchase was made of the ,indians 7who had as little scruple as the ,stuart kings about disposing of the same land twice over to different parties71 including the lands from the mouth of the bay to the falls near ,trenton4 ,a fort was built where now stands the city of ,wilmington1 and under the protection of its walls ,christian worship was begun by the first pastor1 ,torkillus4 ,strong reinforcements arrived in #afdc1 with the energetic ,governor ,printz and that man of unwearied zeal in always propagating the love of ,god1 the ,rev4 ,john ,campanius1 who through faith has obtained a good report by his brief most laborious ministry both to his fellow-countrymen and to the ,delaware ,indians4 ,the governor fixed his residence at ,tinicum1 now almost included within the vast circumference of ,philadelphia1 and there1 forty years before the arrival of ,william ,penn1 ,campanius preached the gospel of peace in two languages1 to the red men and to the white4 ,the question of the ,swedish title1 raised at the outset by the protest of the ,dutch governor1 could not long be postponed4 ,it was suddenly precipitated on the arrival of ,governor ,rising1 in #afed1 by his capture of ,fort ,casimir1 which the ,dutch had built for the practical assertion of their claim4 ,it seems a somewhat grotesque act of piety on the part of the ,swedes1 when1 having celebrated the festival of ,trinity ,sunday by whipping their fellow-,christians out of the fort1 they commemorated the good work by naming it the ,fort of the ,holy ,trinity4 ,it was a fatal victory4 ,the next year came ,governor ,stuyvesant with an overpowering force and demanded and received the surrender of the colony to the ,dutch4 ,honorable terms of surrender were conceded2 among them1 against the protest1 alas6 of good ,domine ,megapolensis1 was the stipulation of religious liberty for the ,lutherans4 ,it was the end of the ,swedish colony1 but not at once of the church4 ,the ,swedish community of some seven hundred souls1 cut off from reinforcement and support from the fatherland1 cherished its language and traditions and the mold of doctrine in which it had been shaped2 after more than forty years the reviving interest of the mother church was manifested by the sending out of missionaries to seek and succor the daughter long absent and neglected in the wilderness4 ,two venerable buildings1 the ,gloria ,dei ,church in the southern part of ,philadelphia1 and the ,old ,swedes' ,church at ,wilmington1 remain as monuments of the honorable story4 ,the ,swedish language ceased to be spoken2 the people became undistinguishably absorbed in the swiftly multiplying population about them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was a short-lived triumph in which the ,dutch colony reduced the ,swedish under its jurisdiction4 ,it only prepared a larger domain for it to surrender1 in its turn1 to superior force4 ,with perfidy worthy of the ,house of ,stuart1 the newly restored king of ,england1 having granted to his brother1 the ,duke of ,york1 territory already plighted to others and territory already occupied by a friendly power1 stretching in all from the ,connecticut to the ,delaware1 covered his designs with friendly demonstrations1 and in a time of profound peace surprised the quiet town of ,new ,amsterdam with a hostile fleet and land force and a peremptory demand for surrender4 ,the only hindrance interposed was a few hours of vain and angry bluster from ,stuyvesant4 ,the indifference of the ,dutch republic1 which had from the beginning refused its colony any promise of protection1 and the sordid despotism of the ,company1 and the arrogant contempt of popular rights manifested by its governors1 seem to have left no spark of patriotic loyalty alive in the population4 ,with inert indifference1 if not even with satisfaction1 the colony transferred its allegiance to the ,british crown1 henceforth sovereign from ,maine to the ,carolinas4 ,the rights of person and property1 religious liberty1 and freedom of trade were stipulated in the capitulation4 ,the ,british government was happy in the character of ,colonel ,nicolls1 who came as commandant of the invading expedition and remained as governor4 ,not only faithful to the terms of the surrender1 but considerate of the feelings and interests of the conquered province1 he gave the people small reason to regret the change of government4 ,the established ,dutch church not only was not molested1 but was continued in full possession of its exceptional privileges4 ,and it continued to languish4 ,at the time of the surrender the province contained three cities1 thirty villages1 and ten thousand inhabitants1#gh3a and for all these there were six ministers4 ,the six soon dribbled away to three1 and for ten years these three continued without reinforcement4 ,this extreme feebleness of the clergy1 the absence of any vigorous church life among the laity1 and the debilitating notion that the power and the right to preach the gospel must be imported from ,holland1 put the ,dutch church at such a disadvantage as to invite aggression4 ,later ,english governors showed no scruple in violating the spirit of the terms of surrender and using their official power and influence to force the establishment of the ,english church against the almost unanimous will of the people4 ,property was unjustly taken and legal rights infringed to this end1 but the end was not attained4 ,colonel ,morris1 an earnest ,anglican1 warned his friends against the folly of taking by force the salaries of ministers chosen by the people and paying them over to the ministers of the church4 ,it may be a means of subsisting those ministers1 but they won't make many converts among a people who think themselves very much injured4 ,the pious efforts of ,governor ,fletcher1 the most zealous of these official propagandists1 are even more severely characterized in a dispatch of his successor1 the ,earl of ,bellomont3 ,the late governor1 444 under the notion of a ,church of ,england to be put in opposition to the ,dutch and ,french churches established here1 supported a few rascally ,english1 who are a scandal to their nation and the ,protestant religion4#gi3a ,evidently such support would have for its main effect to make the pretended establishment odious to the people4 ,colonel ,morris sharply points out the impolicy as well as the injustice of the course adopted1 claiming that his church would have been in a much better position without this political aid1 and citing the case of the ,jerseys and ,pennsylvania1 where nothing of the kind had been attempted1 and where1 nevertheless1 there are four times the number of churchmen that there are in this province of ,new ,york2 and they are so1 most of them1 upon principle1 whereas nine parts in ten of ours will add no great credit to whatever church they are of4#hj3a ,it need not be denied that government patronage1 even when dispensed by the dirty hands of such scurvy nursing fathers as ,fletcher and ,lord ,cornbury1 may give strength of a certain sort to a religious organization4 ,whatever could be done in the way of endowment or of social preferment in behalf of the ,english church was done eagerly4 ,but happily this church had a better resource than royal governors in the well-equipped and sustained1 and generally well-chosen1 army of missionaries of the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel4 ,not fewer than fifty-eight of them were placed by the society in this single province4 ,and if among them there were those who seemed to preach ,christ of envy and strife1 as if the great aim of the preacher of the gospel were to get a man out of one ,christian sect into another1 there were others who showed a more ,pauline and more ,christian conception of their work1 taking their full share of the task of bringing the knowledge of ,christ to the unevangelized1 whether white1 red1 or black4#hj3b ,the diversity of organization which was destined to characterize the church in the province of ,new ,york was increased by the inflow of population from ,new ,england4 ,the settlement of ,long ,island was from the beginning ,puritan ,english4 ,the ,hudson ,valley began early to be occupied by ,new ,englanders bringing with them their pastors4 ,in #afif ,domine ,selyns1 the only ,dutch pastor in ,new ,york ,city1 in his annual report congratulates himself1 ,our number is now full1 meaning that there are four ,dutch ministers in the whole province of ,new ,york1 and adds3 ,in the country places here there are many ,english preachers1 mostly from ,new ,england4 ,they were ordained there1 having been in a large measure supplied by the ,university of ,cambridge ,mass44 ,the same letter gives the names of the three eminent ,french pastors ministering to the communities of ,huguenot refugees at ,new ,rochelle and ,new ,york and elsewhere in the neighborhood4 ,the ,scotch-,irish ,presbyterians1 more important to the history of the opening century than any of the rest1 were yet to enter4 ,the spectacle of the ancient ,dutch church thus dwindling1 and seemingly content to dwindle1 to one of the least of the tribes1 is not a cheerful one1 nor one easy to understand4 ,but out of this little and dilapidated ,bethlehem was to come forth a leader4 ,domine ,frelinghuysen1 arriving in ,america in #agbj1 was to begin a work of training for the ministry1 which would result1 in #aghd1 in the establishment of the first ,american professorship of theology2#ha3a and by the fervor of his preaching he was to win the signal glory of bringing in the ,great ,awakening4 ,,footnotes3 #fi3a ,dr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,corwin1 ,history of the ,reformed 7,dutch7 ,church in ,america 7in the ,american ,church ,history ,series71 pp4 #bh-cb4 #gj3a ,the province1 under the long years of ,dutch supremacy1 had gathered only some seven thousand inhabitants1 against the hundred and twenty thousand of their ,new ,england neighbors 7,lodge1 ,english ,colonies1 p4 #big74 #ga3a ,see ,corwin1 p4 #cg2 but compare the claim made in behalf of the ,puritan ,whitaker1 apostle to the ,indians thirty years earlier 7,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 p4 #ah72 compare also the work of the ,lutheran ,campanius in ,new ,sweden 7,jacobs1 ,the ,lutherans1 p4 #hc74 #gd3a ,the ,puritans in ,holland1 ,england1 and ,america 7,new ,york1 #ahib74 #gf3a ,the king's noble conceptions of what such a colony should be and should accomplish are quoted in ,bancroft1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bhd1 #bhe4 #gh3a ,corwin1 p4 #ed4 #gi3a ,corwin1 pp4 #aje1 #aba4 #hj3a ,corwin1 p4 #aje4 #hj3b ,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,records1 pp4 #eg-gi4 ,that the sectarian proselyting zeal manifested in some of the missionaries' reports made an unfavorable impression on the society is indicated by the peremptory terms of a resolution adopted in #agaj3 ,that a stop be put to the sending any more missionaries among ,christians1 except to such places whose ministers are1 or shall be1 dead or removed 7ibid41 p4 #fi74 ,a good resolution1 but not well kept4 #ha3a ,corwin1 p4 #bjg4 ,undue stress should not be laid upon this formal fact4 ,the early ,new ,england colleges were primarily and mainly theological seminaries and training-schools for the ministry4 ,their professors were all theological professors4 ,it is stated in ,dwight's ,life of ,edwards that ,james ,pierpont1 of ,new ,haven1 ,edwards's father-in-law1 who died in #agad1 lectured to the students of ,yale ,college1 as professor of moral philosophy4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,the ,,planting ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,new ,,england--,,pilgrim ,,and ,,puritan4 ,the attitude of the ,church of ,england ,puritans toward the ,separatists from that church was the attitude of the earnest1 patient1 hopeful reformer toiling for the removal of public abuses1 toward the restless come-outer who quits the conflict in despair of succeeding1 and1 without tarrying for any1 sets up his little model of good order outside4 ,such defection seemed to them not only of the nature of a military desertion and a weakening of the right side1 but also an implied assertion of superior righteousness which provoked invidious comparison and mutual irritation of feeling4 ,the comparison must not be pressed too far if we cite in illustration the feeling of the great mass of earnest1 practical antislavery men in the ,american conflict with slavery toward the faction of come-outer abolitionists1 who1 despairing of success within the church and the state1 seceded from both1 thenceforth predicting failure for every practical enterprise of reform on the part of their former workfellows1 and at every defeat chuckling1 ,i told you so4 ,if we should compare the ,english ,separatist of the seventeenth century with this ,american ,separatist of the nineteenth1 we should be in still greater danger of misleading4 ,certainly there were those among the ,separatists from the ,church of ,england who1 in the violence of their alienation and the bitterness of their sufferings1 did not refrain from sour and acrid censoriousness toward the men who were nearest them in religious conviction and pursuing like ends by another course4 ,one does not read far in the history of ,new ,england without encountering reformers of this extreme type4 ,but not such were the company of true worshipers who1 at peril of liberty and life1 were wont to assemble each ,lord's day in a room of the old manor-house of ,scrooby1 of which ,william ,brewster was lessee1 for ,christian fellowship and worship1 and for instruction in ,christian truth and duty from the saintly lips of ,john ,robinson4 ,the extreme radicals of their day1 they seem to have been divinely preserved from the besetting sins of radicalism--its narrowness1 its self-righteousness1 its censoriousness and intolerance4 ,those who read the copious records of the early ,new ,england colonization are again and again surprised at finding that the impoverished little company of ,separatists at ,leyden and ,plymouth1 who were so sharply reprobated by their ,puritan brethren of the ,church of ,england for their schismatic attitude1 their over-righteousness and exclusiveness1 do really excel1 in liberality and patient tolerance and catholic and comprehensive love toward all good men1 those who sat in judgment on them4 ,something of this is due to the native nobleness of the men themselves1 of whom the world was not worthy2 something of it to their long discipline in the passive virtues under bitter persecution in their native land and in exile in ,holland and in the wilderness2 much of it certainly to the incomparably wise and ,christ-like teaching of ,robinson both at ,scrooby and at ,leyden1 and afterward through the tender and faithful epistles with which he followed them across the sea2 and all of it to the grace of ,god working in their hearts and glorified in their living and their dying4 ,it would be incompatible with the limits of this volume to recite in detail the story of the ,pilgrims2 it has been told more amply and with fuller repetition than almost any other chapter of human history1 and is never to be told or heard without awakening that thrill with which the heartstrings respond to the sufferings and triumphs of ,christ's blessed martyrs and confessors4 ,but1 more dispassionately studied with reference to its position and relations in ecclesiastical history1 it cannot be understood unless the sharp and sometimes exasperated antagonism is kept in view that existed between the inconsiderable faction1 as it was esteemed1 of the ,separatists1 and the great and growing ,puritan party at that time in disfavor with king and court and hierarchy1 but soon to become the dominant party not only in the ,church of ,england1 but in the nation4 ,it is not strange that the antagonism between the two parties should be lost sight of4 ,the two are identified in their theological convictions1 in their spiritual sympathies1 and1 for the most part1 in their judgment on questions concerning the externals of the church2 and presently their respective colonies1 planted side by side1 not without mutual doubts and suspicions1 are to grow together1 leaving no visible seam of juncture1 ,like kindred drops commingling into one4#hd3a ,to the ,puritan reformer within the ,church of ,england1 the act of the ,pilgrims at ,scrooby in separating themselves from the general mass of ,english ,christians1 mingled though that mass might be with a multitude of unworthy was nothing less than the sin of schism4 ,one effect of the act was to reflect odium upon the whole party of ,puritans1 and involve them in the suspicion of that sedition which was so unjustly1 but with such fatal success1 imputed to the ,separatists4 ,it was a hard and doubtful warfare that the ,puritans were waging against spiritual wickedness in high places2 the defection of the ,separatists doubly weakened them in the conflict4 ,it is not strange1 however it may seem so1 that the animosity of ,puritan toward ,separatist was sometimes acrimonious1 nor that the public reproaches hurled at the unpopular little party should have provoked recriminations upon the assailants as being involved in the defilements and the plagues of ,babylon1 and should have driven the ,separatists into a narrower exclusiveness of separation1 cutting themselves off not only from communion with abuses and corruptions in the ,church of ,england1 but even from fellowship with good and holy men in the national church who did not find it a duty to secede4 ,nothing of this bitterness and narrowness is found in ,robinson4 ,strenuously as he maintained the right and duty of separation from the ,establishment1 he was1 especially in his later years1 no less earnest in condemning the ,separatists who carried their separation too far and had gone beyond the true landmarks in matters of ,christian doctrine or of ,christian fellowship4#he3a ,his latest work1 found in his studie after his decease1 was ,a ,treatise of the ,lawfulness of ,hearing of the ,ministers in the ,church of ,england4 ,the moderateness of ,robinson's position1 and the brotherly kindness of his temper1 could not save him and his people from the prevailing odium that rested upon the ,separatist4 ,many and grave were the sorrows through which the ,pilgrim church had to pass in its way from the little hamlet of ,scrooby to the bleak hill of ,plymouth4 ,they were in peril from the persecutor at home and in peril in the attempt to escape2 in peril from greedy speculators and malignant politicians2 in peril from the sea and from cold and from starvation2 in peril from the savages and from false brethren privily sent among them to spy out their liberties2 but an added bitterness to all their tribulations lay in this1 that1 for the course which they were constrained in conscience to pursue1 they were subject to the reprobation of those whom they most highly honored as their brethren in the faith of ,christ4 ,some of the most heartbreaking of their trials arose directly from the unwillingness of ,english ,puritans to sustain1 or even countenance1 the ,pilgrim colony4 ,in the year #afjg1 when the ships of the ,virginia ,company were about landing their freight of emigrants and supplies at ,jamestown1 the first and unsuccessful attempt of the ,pilgrims was made to escape from their native land to ,holland4 ,before the end of #afjh the greater part of them1 in scattering parties1 had effected the passage of the ,north ,sea1 and the church was reunited in a land of religious freedom4 ,with what a blameless1 diligent1 and peaceful life they adorned the name of disciple through all the twelve years of their sojourn1 how honored and beloved they were among the churches and in the ,university of ,leyden1 there are abundant testimonies4 ,the twelve years of seclusion in an alien land among a people of strange language was not too long a discipline of preparation for that work for which the ,head of the church had set them apart4 ,this was the period of ,robinson's activity as author4 ,in erudite studies1 in grave debate with gainsayers at home and with fellow-exiles in ,holland1 he was maturing in his own mind1 and in the minds of the church1 those large and liberal yet definite views of church organization and duty which were destined for coming ages so profoundly to influence the ,american church in all its orders and divisions4 ,he became a reformer of the ,separation4#hg3a ,we pass by the heroic and pathetic story of the consultations and correspondences1 the negotiations and disappointments1 the embarkation and voyage1 and come to that memorable date1 ,november #aa 7 #ba71 #afbj1 when1 arrived off the shore of ,cape ,cod1 the little company1 without charter or warrant of any kind from any government on earth1 about to land on a savage continent in quest of a home1 gathered in the cabin of the ,mayflower1 and after a method quite in analogy with that in which1 sixteen years before1 they had constituted the church at ,scrooby1 entered into formal and solemn compact in the presence of ,god and one of another1 covenanting and combining themselves together into a civil body politic4 ,it is difficult1 in reading the instrument then subscribed1 to avoid the conviction that the theory of the origin of the powers of civil government in a social compact1 which had long floated in literature before it came to be distinctly articulated in the ,contrat ,social of ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau1 was familiar to the minds of those by whom the paper was drawn4 ,thoughtful men at the present day universally recognize the fallacy of this plausible hypothesis1 which once had such wide currency and so serious an influence on the course of political history in ,america4 ,but whether or not they were affected by the theory1 the practical good sense of the men and their deference to the teachings of the ,bible secured them from the vicious and absurd consequences deducible from it4 ,not all the names of the colonists were subscribed to the compact1--a clear indication of the freedom of individual judgment in that company1--but it was never for a moment held that the dissentients were any the less bound by it4 ,when worthless ,john ,billington1 who had somehow got shuffled into their company1 was sentenced for disrespect and disobedience to ,captain ,myles ,standish to have his neck and heels tied together1 it does not seem to have occurred to him to plead that he had never entered into the social compact2 nor yet when the same wretched man1 ten years later1 was by a jury convicted of willful murder1 and sentenced to death and executed4 ,logically1 under the social-compact theory1 it would have been competent for those dissenting from this compact to enter into another1 and set up a competing civil government on the same ground2 but what would have been the practical value of this line of argument might have been learned from ,mr4 ,thomas ,morton1 of ,furnivall's ,inn1 after he had been haled out of his disorderly house at ,merry ,mount by ,captain ,standish1 and convented before the authorities at ,plymouth4 ,the social-compact theory as applied to the church1 implying that the mutual duties of ,christian disciples in society are derived solely from mutual stipulations1 is quite as transparently fallacious as when it is applied to civil polity1 and the consequences deducible from it are not less absurd4 ,but it cannot be claimed for the ,plymouth men1 and still less for their spiritual successors1 that they have wholly escaped the evil consequences of their theory in its practical applications4 ,the notion that a church of ,christ is a club1 having no authority or limitations but what it derives from club rules agreed on among the members1 would have been scouted by the ,pilgrims2 among those who now claim to sit in their seats there are some who would hesitate to admit it1 and many who would frankly avow it with all its mischievous implications4 ,planted in the soil of ,plymouth1 it spread at once through ,new ,england1 and has become widely rooted in distant and diverse regions of the ,american church4#hi3a ,the church of ,plymouth1 though deprived of its pastor1 continued to be rich in faith and in all spiritual gifts1 and most of all in the excellent gift of charity4 ,the history of it year after year is a beautiful illustration of brotherly kindness and mutual self-sacrifice among themselves and of forgiving patience toward enemies4 ,but the colony1 beginning in extreme feebleness and penury1 never became either strong or rich4 ,one hundred and two souls embarked in the ,mayflower1 of whom nearly one half were dead before the end of four months4 ,at the end of four years the number had increased to one hundred and eighty4 ,at the end of ten years the settlement numbered three hundred persons4 ,it could not have been with joy wholly unalloyed with misgivings that this feeble folk learned of a powerful movement for planting a ,puritan colony close in the neighborhood4 ,the movement had begun in the heart of the national church1 and represented everything that was best in that institution4 ,the ,rev4 ,john ,white1 rector of ,dorchester1 followed across the sea with pastoral solicitude the young men of his parish1 who1 in the business of the fisheries1 were wont to make long stay on the ,new ,england coast1 far from home and church4 ,his thought was to establish a settlement that should be a sort of depot of supplies for the fishing fleets1 and a temporary home attended with the comforts and safeguards of ,christian influence4 ,the project was a costly failure2 but it was like the corn of wheat falling into the ground to die1 and bringing forth much fruit4 ,a gentleman of energy and dignity1 ,john ,endicott1 pledged his personal service as leader of a new colony4 ,in ,september1 #afbh1 he landed with a pioneering party at ,naumkeag1 and having happily composed some differences that arose with the earlier comers1 they named the place ,salem1 which is1 by interpretation1 ,peace4 ,already1 with the newcomers and the old1 the well-provided settlement numbered more than fifty persons1 busy in preparation for further arrivals4 ,meanwhile vigorous work was doing in ,england4 ,the organization to sustain the colony represented adequate capital and the highest quality of character and influence4 ,a royal charter1 drawn with sagacious care to secure every privilege the ,puritan ,company desired1 was secured from the fatuity of the reigning ,stuart1 erecting in the wilderness such a free commonwealth as his poor little soul abhorred2 and preparation was made for sending out1 in the spring of #afbi1 a noble fleet of six vessels1 carrying three hundred men and a hundred women and children1 with ample equipment of provisions1 tools and arms1 and live stock4 ,the ,company had taken care that there should be plentiful provision of godly ministers4 ,three approved clergymen of the ,church of ,england--,higginson1 ,skelton1 and ,bright--had been chosen by the ,company to attend the expedition1 besides whom one ,ralph ,smith1 a ,separatist minister1 had been permitted to take passage before the ,company understood of his difference in judgment in some things from the other ministers4 ,he was permitted to continue his journey1 yet not without a caution to the governor that unless he were found conformable to the government he was not to be suffered to remain within the limits of its jurisdiction4 ,an incident of this departure rests on the sole authority of ,cotton ,mather1 and is best told in his own words3 ,when they came to the ,land's ,end1 ,mr4 ,higginson1 calling up his children and other passengers unto the stern of the ship to take their last sight of ,england1 said1 ',we will not say1 as the ,separatists were wont to say at their leaving of ,england1 ,farewell1 ,babylon6 farewell1 ,rome6 but we will say1 ,farewell1 dear ,england6 farewell1 the church of ,god in ,england1 and all the ,christian friends there6 ,we do not go to ,new ,england as ,separatists from the ,church of ,england1 though we cannot but separate from the corruptions in it2 but we go to practice the positive part of church reformation and propagate the gospel in ,america4' ,the story ought to be true1 for the intrinsic likeliness of it2 and it is all the likelier for the fact that among the passengers1 kindly and even fraternally treated1 and yet the object of grave misgivings1 was the honest ,separatist minister1 ,ralph ,smith4#ia3a ,the ideal of the new colony could hardly have been better expressed than in these possibly apocryphal words ascribed to ,mr4 ,higginson4 ,these were not fugitives seeking asylum from persecution4 ,still less were they planning an asylum for others4 ,they were intent on the planting of a new commonwealth1 in which the church of ,christ1 not according to the imperfect and perverted pattern of the ,english ,establishment1 but according to a fairer pattern1 that had been showed them in their mounts of vision1 should be both free and dominant4 ,if this purpose of theirs was wrong2 if they had no right to deny themselves the comforts and delights of their native land1 and at vast cost of treasure to seclude themselves within a defined tract of wilderness1 for the accomplishment of an enterprise which they conceived to be of the highest beneficence to mankind--then doubtless many of the measures which they took in pursuance of this purpose must fall under the same condemnation with the purpose itself4 ,if there are minds so constituted as to perceive no moral difference between banishing a man from his native home1 for opinion's sake1 and declining1 on account of difference of opinion1 to admit a man to partnership in a difficult and hazardous enterprise organized on a distinctly exclusive basis1 such minds will be constrained to condemn the ,puritan colonists from the start and all along4 ,minds otherwise constituted will be able to discriminate between the righteous following of a justifiable policy and the lapses of the colonial governments from high and ,christian motives and righteous courses4 ,whether the policy of rigorous exclusiveness1 building up communities of picked material1 homogeneous in race1 language1 and religion1 is on the whole less wise for the founders of a new commonwealth than a sweepingly comprehensive policy1 gathering in people mutually alien in speech and creed and habits1 is a fairly open question for historical students4 ,much light might be thrown upon it by the comparative history of ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island1 of ,new ,england and ,pennsylvania4 ,it is not a question that is answered at once by the mere statement of it4 ,we do not need to be told that to the little ,separatist settlement at ,plymouth1 still in the first decade of its feeble existence1 the founding1 within a day's journey1 of this powerful colony1 on ecclesiastical principles distinctly antagonistic to their own1 was a momentous1 even a formidable fact4 ,critical1 nay1 vital questions emerged at once1 which the subtlest churchcraft might have despaired of answering4 ,they were answered1 solved1 harmonized1 by the spirit of ,christian love4 ,that great spiritual teacher1 ,john ,robinson1 besides his more general exhortations to brotherly kindness and charity1 had spoken1 in the spirit of prophecy1 some promises and assurances which came now to a divine fulfillment4 ,pondering sundry weighty and solid reasons in favor of removal from ,holland1 the pilgrims put on record that their pastor would often say that many of those who both wrote and preached against them would practice as they did if they were in a place where they might have liberty and live conformably4 ,one of the most affectionate of his disciples1 ,edward ,winslow1 wrote down some of the precious and memorable words which the pastor1 who was to see their face no more1 uttered through his tears as they were about to leave him4 ',there will be no difference1' he said1 'between the unconformable ministers and you1 when they come to the practice of the ordinances out of the kingdom4' ,and so he advised us to close with the godly party of the kingdom of ,england1 and rather to study union than division1 viz41 how near we might possibly without sin close with them1 rather than in the least measure to affect division or separation from them4 ,the solitude of the little starving hamlet by the sea was favorable to the springing and fructifying of this seed in the good and honest hearts into which it had been cast4 ,before the great fleet of colonists1 with its three unconformable ,church of ,england clergymen1 had reached the port of ,salem the good seed had been planted anew in other hearts not less honest and good4 ,it fell on this wise4 ,the pioneer party at ,salem who came with ,endicott1 arriving there in an uncultivated desert1 many of them1 for want of wholesome diet and convenient lodgings1 were seized with the scurvy and other distempers1 which shortened many of their days1 and prevented many of the rest from performing any great matter of labor that year for advancing the work of the plantation4 ,whereupon the governor1 hearing that at ,plymouth lived a physician that had some skill that way1 wrote thither for help1 and at once the beloved physician and deacon of the ,plymouth church1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,fuller1 hastened to their relief4 ,on what themes the discourse revolved between the ,puritan governor just from ,england and the ,separatist deacon already for so many years an exile1 and whither it tended1 is manifested in a letter written soon after by ,governor ,endicott1 of ,salem1 to ,governor ,bradford1 of ,plymouth1 under date ,may #aa 7 #ba71 #afbi4 ,the letter marks an epoch in the history of ,american ,christianity3 ,to the worshipful and my right worthy friend1 ,william ,bradford1 ,esq41 ,governor of ,new ,plymouth1 these3 ,,right ,,worthy ,,sir3 ,it is a thing not usual that servants to one ,master and of the same household should be strangers4 ,i assure you ,i desire it not2 nay1 to speak more plainly1 ,i cannot be so to you4 ,god's people are marked with one and the same mark1 and sealed with one and the same seal1 and have1 for the main1 one and the same heart1 guided by one and the same ,spirit of truth2 and where this is there can be no discord--nay1 here must needs be sweet harmony4 ,the same request with you ,i make unto the ,lord1 that we may as ,christian brethren be united by a heavenly and unfeigned love1 bending all our hearts and forces in furthering a work beyond our strength1 with reverence and fear fastening our eyes always on him that only is able to direct and prosper all our ways4 ,i acknowledge myself much bound to you for your kind love and care in sending ,mr4 ,fuller among us1 and ,i rejoice much that ,i am by him satisfied touching your judgments of the outward form of ,god's worship4#id3a ,it is1 as far as ,i can yet gather1 no other than is warranted by the evidence of truth1 and the same which ,i have professed and maintained ever since the ,lord in mercy revealed himself to me1 being very far different from the common report that hath been spread of you touching that particular4 ,but ,god's children must not look for less here below1 and it is the great mercy of ,god that he strengthens them to go through with it4 ,i shall not need at this time to be tedious unto you1 for1 ,god willing1 ,i purpose to see your face shortly4 ,in the meantime ,i humbly take my leave of you1 committing you to the ,lord's blessed protection1 and rest ,your assured loving friend and servant1 ,,john ,,endicott4 ,the positive part of church reformation1 which ,higginson and his companions had come into the wilderness to practice1 appeared in a new light when studied under the new conditions4 ,the question of separation from the general fellowship of ,english ,christians1 which had lain heavily on their consciences1 was no longer a question2 instead of it arose the question of separation from their beloved and honored fellow-,christians at ,plymouth4 ,the ,act of ,uniformity and the tyrannous processes by which it was enforced no longer existed for them4 ,they were free to build the house of ,god simply according to the teaching of the divine ,word4 ,what form will the structure take8 ,one of the first practical questions to emerge was the question by what authority their ministry was to be exercised4 ,on one point they seem to have been quite clear4 ,the episcopal ordination1 which each of them had received in ,england1 whatever validity it may have had in ,english law1 gave them no authority in the church of ,god in ,salem4 ,further1 their appointment from the ,company in ,london1 although it was a regular commission from the constituted civil government of the colony1 could confer no office in the spiritual house4 ,a day of solemn fasting was held1 by the governor's appointment1 for the choice of pastor and teacher1 and after prayer the two recognized candidates for the two offices1 ,skelton and ,higginson1 were called upon to give their views as to a divine call to the ministry4 ,they acknowledged there was a twofold calling3 the one1 an inward calling1 when the ,lord moved the heart of a man to take that calling upon him1 and fitted him with gifts for the same2 the second 7the outward calling7 was from the people1 when a company of believers are joined together in covenant to walk together in all the ways of ,god4 ,thereupon the assembly proceeded to a written ballot1 and its choice fell upon ,mr4 ,skelton and ,mr4 ,higginson4 ,it remained for the ministers elect to be solemnly inducted into office1 which was done with prayer and the laying on of hands in benediction4 ,but presently there were searchings of heart over the anterior question as to the constituency of the church4 ,were all the population of ,salem to be reckoned as of the church of ,salem8 and if not1 who should discern between the righteous and the wicked8 ,the result of study of this question1 in the light of the ,new ,testament1 was this--that it was necessary for those who intended to be of the church solemnly to enter into a covenant engagement one with another1 in the presence of ,god1 to walk together before him according to his ,word4 ,thirty persons were chosen to be the first members of the church1 who in a set form of words made public vows of faithfulness to each other and to ,christ4 ,by the church thus constituted the pastor and teacher1 already installed in office in the parish1 were instituted as ministers of the church4#if3a ,before the solemnities of that notable day were concluded1 a belated vessel that had been eagerly awaited landed on the beach at ,salem the messengers of the church at ,plymouth4 ,they came into the assembly1 ,governor ,bradford at the head1 and in the name of the ,pilgrim church declared their approbation and concurrence1 and greeted the new church1 the first-born in ,america1 with the right hand of fellowship4 ,a thoughtful and devoted student declares this day's proceedings to be the beginning of a distinctively ,american church history4#ig3a ,the immediate sequel of this transaction is characteristic and instructive4 ,two brothers1 ,john and ,samuel ,browne1 members of the council of the colony1 took grave offense at this departure from the ways of the ,church of ,england1 and1 joining to themselves others like-minded1 set up separate worship according to the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,being called to account before the governor for their schismatic procedure1 they took an aggressive tone and declared that the ministers1 were ,separatists1 and would be ,anabaptists4 ,the two brothers were illogical4 ,the ministers had not departed from the ,nationalist and anti-,separatist principles enunciated by ,higginson from the quarter-deck of the ,talbot4 ,what they had just done was to lay the foundations of a national church for the commonwealth that was in building4 ,and the two brothers1 trying to draw off a part of the people into their schism-shop1 were ,separatists1 although they were doubtless surprised to discover it4 ,there was not the slightest hesitation on the governor's part as to the proper course to be pursued4 ,finding those two brothers to be of high spirits1 and their speeches and practices tending to mutiny and faction1 the governor told them that ,new ,england was no place for such as they1 and therefore he sent them both back for ,england at the return of the ships the same year4#ih3a ,neither then nor afterward was there any trace of doubt in the minds of the ,new ,england settlers1 in going three thousand miles away into the seclusion of the wilderness1 of their indefeasible moral right to pick their own company4 ,there was abundant opportunity for mistake and temptation to wrong-doing in the exercise of this right1 but the right itself is so nearly self-evident as to need no argument4 ,while the civil and ecclesiastical foundations of the ,salem community are thus being laid1 there is preparing on the other side of the sea that great coup d'etat which is to create1 almost in a day1 a practically independent ,american republic4 ,until this is accomplished the colonial organization is according to a common pattern1 a settlement on a distant shore1 equipped1 sustained1 and governed with authority all but sovereign by a commercial company at the metropolis1 within the reach1 and thus under the control1 of the supreme power4 ,suppose1 now1 that the shareholders in the commercial company take their charter conferring all but sovereign authority1 and transport themselves and it across the sea to the heart of the settlement1 there to admit other planters1 at their discretion1 to the franchise of the ,company1 what then8 ,this was the question pondered and decided in those dark days of ,english liberty1 when the triumph of despotism1 civil and spiritual1 over the rights of ,englishmen seemed almost achieved4 ,the old officers of the ,company resigned2 their places were filled by ,winthrop and ,dudley and others1 who had undertaken to emigrate2 and that memorable season of #afcj not less than seventeen ships1 carrying about one thousand passengers1 sailed from ,english ports for ,massachusetts ,bay4 ,it was the beginning of the great ,puritan exodus4 ,attempts were made by the king and the archbishop to stay the flow of emigration1 but with only transient success4 ,at the end of ten years from ,winthrop's arrival about twenty-one thousand ,englishmen1 or four thousand families1 including the few hundreds who were here before him1 had come over in three hundred vessels1 at a cost of two hundred thousand pounds sterling4#ii3a ,what could not be done by despotism was accomplished by the triumph of the people over the court4 ,the meeting of the ,long ,parliament in #afdj made it safe for ,puritans to stay in ,england2 and the ,puritans stayed4 ,the current of migration was not only checked1 but turned backward4 ,it is reckoned that within four generations from that time more persons went to old ,england than originally came thence4 ,the beginnings of this return were of high importance4 ,among the home-going companies were men who were destined to render eminent service in the reconstruction of ,english society1 both in the state and in the army1 and especially in the church4 ,the example of the ,new ,england churches1 voluminously set forth in response to written inquiries from ,england1 had great influence in saving the mother country from suffering the imposition of a ,presbyterian hierarchy that threatened to be as intolerant and as intolerable as the tyranny of ,laud4 ,for the order of the ,new ,england churches crystallized rapidly into a systematic and definite church polity1 far removed from mere ,separatism even in the temperate form in which this had been illustrated by ,robinson and the ,pilgrim church4 ,the successive companies of emigrants as they arrived1 ship-load after ship-load1 each with its minister or college of ministers1 followed with almost monotonous exactness the method adopted in the organization of the church in ,salem4 ,a small company of the best ,christians entered into mutual covenant as a church of ,christ1 and this number1 growing by well-considered accessions1 added to itself from time to time other believers on the evidence and confession of their faith in ,christ4 ,the ministers1 all or nearly all of whom had been clergymen in the orders of the ,church of ,england1 were of one mind in declining to consider their episcopal ordination in ,england as conferring on them any spiritual authority in a church newly gathered in ,america4 ,they found rather in the free choice of the brotherhood the sign of a divine call to spiritual functions in the church1 and were inducted into office by the primitive form of the laying on of hands4 ,in many ways1 but especially in the systematized relations of the churches with one another and in their common relations with the civil government1 the settled ,nationalism of the great ,puritan migration was illustrated4 ,with the least possible constraint on the individual or on the church1 they were clear in their purpose that their young state should have its established church4 ,through what rude experiences the system and the men were tested has been abundantly told and retold4#ajj3a ,roger ,williams1 learned1 eloquent1 sincere1 generous1 a man after their own heart1 was a very malignant among ,separatists1 separating himself not only from the ,english church1 but from all who would not separate from it1 and from all who would not separate from these1 and so on1 until he could no longer1 for conscience' sake1 hold fellowship with his wife in family prayers4 ,after long patience the colonial government deemed it necessary to signify to him that if his conscience would not suffer him to keep quiet1 and refrain from stirring up sedition1 and embroiling the colony with the ,english government1 he would have to seek freedom for that sort of conscience outside of their jurisdiction2 and they put him out accordingly1 to the great advantage of both parties and without loss of mutual respect and love4 ,a little later1 a clever woman1 ,mrs4 ,ann ,hutchinson1 with a vast conceit of her superior holiness and with the ugly censoriousness which is a usual accompaniment of that grace1 demonstrated her genius for mixing a theological controversy with personal jealousies and public anxieties1 and involved the whole colony of the ,bay in an acrimonious quarrel1 such as to give an unpleasant tone of partisanship and ill temper to the proceedings in her case1 whether ecclesiastical or civil4 ,she seems clearly to have been a willful and persistent nuisance in the little community1 and there were good reasons for wanting to be rid of her1 and right ways to that end4 ,they took the wrong way and tried her for heresy4 ,in like manner1 when the ,quakers came among them1--not of the mild1 meek1 inoffensive modern variety to which we are accustomed1 but of the fierce1 aggressive early type1--instead of proceeding against them for their overt offenses against the state1 disorderly behavior1 public indecency1 contempt of court1 sedition1 they proceeded against them distinctly as ,quakers1 thus putting themselves in the wrong and conceding to their adversaries that crown of martyrdom for which their souls were hankering and to which they were not fully entitled4 ,of course1 in maintaining the principle of ,nationalism1 the ,new ,england ,puritans did not decline the implications and corollaries of that principle4 ,it was only to a prophetic genius like the ,separatist ,roger ,williams that it was revealed that civil government had no concern to enforce the laws of the first table4 ,but the historical student might be puzzled to name any other church establishment under which less of molestation was suffered by dissenters1 or more of actual encouragement given to rival sects1 than under the ,new ,england theocracies4 ,the ,nationalist principle was exclusive2 the men who held it in ,new ,england 7subject though they were to the temptations of sectarian emulation and fanatic zeal7 were large-minded and generous men4 ,the general uniformity of church organization among the ,puritan plantations is the more remarkable in view of the notable independence and originality of the leading men1 who represented tendencies of opinion as widely diverging as the quasi-,presbyterianism of ,john ,eliot and the doctrinaire democracy of ,john ,wise4 ,these variations of ecclesiastico-political theory had much to do with the speedy diffusion of the immigrant population4 ,for larger freedom in building his ideal ,new ,jerusalem1 the statesmanlike pastor1 ,thomas ,hooker1 led forth his flock a second time into the great and terrible wilderness1 and with his associates devised what has been declared to be the first example in history of a written constitution--a distinct organic law constituting a government and defining its powers4#ajb3a ,the like motive determined the choice company under ,john ,davenport and ,theophilus ,eaton to refuse all inducements and importunities to remain in ,massachusetts1 choosing rather to build on no other man's foundations at ,new ,haven4#ajb3b ,at the end of a hundred years from the settlement of ,boston the shores and river valleys of ,massachusetts and ,connecticut were planted with towns1 each self-governing as a pure democracy1 each with its church and educated minister and its system of common schools4 ,the two colleges at ,cambridge and ,new ,haven were busy with their appointed work of training young men to the service of ,god in church or civil state4 ,and this great and prosperous and intelligent population was1 with inconsiderable exceptions1 the unmingled progeny of the four thousand ,english families who1 under stress of the tyranny of ,charles ,stuart and the persecution of ,william ,laud1 had crossed the sea in the twelve years from #afbh to #afdj4 ,the traditions of the fathers of ,new ,england had been piously cherished down to this third and fourth generation4 ,the model of an ideal state that had been set up had1 meanwhile1 been more or less deformed1 especially in ,massachusetts1 by the interference of ,england2 the dominance of the established churches had been slightly infringed by the growth here and there of dissenting churches1 ,baptist1 ,episcopalian1 and ,quaker2 but the framework both of church and of state was wonderfully little decayed or impaired4 ,the same simplicity in the outward order of worship was maintained2 the same form of high ,calvinistic theology continued to be cherished as a norm of sound preaching and as a vehicle of instruction to children4 ,all things continued as they had been2 and yet it would have been a most superficial observer who had failed to detect signs of approaching change4 ,the disproportions of the ,calvinistic system1 exaggerated in the popular acceptation1 as in the favorite ,day of ,doom of ,michael ,wigglesworth1 forced the effort after practical readjustments4 ,the magnifying of divine sovereignty in the saving of men1 to the obscuring of human responsibility1 inevitably mitigated the church's reprobation of respectable people who could testify of no experience of conversion1 and yet did not wish to relinquish for themselves or their families their relation to the church4 ,out of the conflict between two aspects of theological truth1 and the conflict between the ,nationalist and the ,separatist conceptions of the church1 and especially out of the mistaken policy of restricting the civil franchise to church-members1 came forth that device of the ,half-way ,covenant which provided for a hereditary quasi-membership in the church for worthy people whose lives were without scandal1 and who1 not having been subjects of an experience of conscious conversion1 were felt to be not altogether to blame for the fact4 ,from the same causes came forth1 and widely prevailed1 the tenet of ,stoddardeanism1 so called as originating in the pastoral work1 and1 it is said1 in the personal experience1 of ,solomon ,stoddard1 the saintly minister of ,northampton from #affi till #agbi1 when he was succeeded by his colleague and grandson1 ,jonathan ,edwards4 ,it is the view that the ,lord's ,supper is instituted as a means of regeneration as well as of sanctification1 and that those who are consciously in a natural condition ought not to be repelled1 but rather encouraged to come to it4 ,from the same causes1 by natural sequence1 came that so-called ,arminianism#ajd3a which1 instead of urging the immediate necessity and duty of conversion1 was content with commending a diligent use of means1 which might be the hopeful antecedent of that divine grace4 ,these divergences from the straight lines of the primeval ,new ,england ,calvinism had already begun to be manifest during the lifetime of some of the founders4 ,of not less grave import was the deflection from the lofty moral standard of the fathers4 ,a great ,new ,englander1 ,horace ,bushnell1 maintaining his thesis that great migrations are followed by a tendency to barbarism1 has cited in proof this part of ,new ,england history4#aje3a ,as early as the second generation1 the evil tendency seemed so formidable as to lead to the calling1 by the ,general ,court of ,massachusetts1 of the ,reforming ,synod of #afgi4 ,no one can say that the heroic age of ,new ,england was past4 ,history has no nobler record to show1 of courage and fortitude in both men and women1 than that of ,new ,england in the ,indian wars4 ,but the terrors of those days of tribulation1 the breaking up of communities1 the decimation of the population1 the long absences of the young men on the bloody business of the soldier1 were not favorable for maturing the fruits of the ,spirit4 ,withal1 the intrigues of ,british politicians1 the threatened or actual molestations of the civil governments of the colonies1 and the corrupting influences proceeding from every center of viceregal authority1 abetted the tendency to demoralization4 ,by the end of the first third of the eighteenth century1 ,new ,england1 politically1 ecclesiastically1 theologically1 and morally1 had come into a state of unstable equilibrium4 ,an overturn is impending4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the set and sturdy resolution of the founders of the four colonies of the ,new ,england confederacy that the first planting of their territory should be on rigorously exclusive principles1 with a homogeneous and mutually congenial population1 under a firm discipline both civil and ecclesiastical1 finds an experimental justification in the history of the neighbor colony of ,rhode ,island4 ,no commonwealth can boast a nobler and purer name for its founder than the name of ,roger ,williams4 ,rhode ,island1 founded in generous reaction from the exclusiveness of ,massachusetts1 embodied the principle of soul-liberty in its earliest acts4 ,the announcement that under its jurisdiction no man was to be molested by the civil power for his religious belief was a broad invitation to all who were uncomfortable under the neighboring theocracies4#ajf3a ,and the invitation was freely accepted4 ,the companions of ,williams were reinforced by the friends of ,mrs4 ,hutchinson1 some of them men of substance and weight of character4 ,the increasing number of persons inclined to ,baptist views found in ,rhode ,island a free and congenial atmosphere4 ,williams himself was not long in coming to the ,baptist position and passing beyond it4 ,the ,quakers found ,rhode ,island a safe asylum from persecution1 whether ,puritan or ,dutch4 ,more disorderly and mischievous characters1 withal1 quartered themselves1 unwelcome guests1 on the young commonwealth1 a thorn in its side and a reproach to its principles4 ,it became clear to ,williams before his death that the declaration of individual rights and independence is not of itself a sufficient foundation for a state4 ,the heterogeneous population failed to settle into any stable polity4 ,after two generations the tyranny of ,andros1 so odious elsewhere in ,new ,england1 was actually welcome as putting an end to the liberty that had been hardly better than anarchy4 ,the results of the manner of the first planting on the growth of the church in ,rhode ,island were of a like sort4 ,there is no room for question that the material of a true church was there1 in the person of faithful and consecrated disciples of ,christ1 and therefore there must have been gathering together in common worship and mutual edification4 ,but the sense of individual rights and responsibilities seems to have overshadowed the love for the whole brotherhood of disciples4 ,the condition of the church illustrated the ,separatism of ,williams reduced to the absurd4 ,there was feeble organization of ,christians in knots and coteries4 ,but sixty years passed before the building of the first house of worship in ,providence1 and at the end of almost a century there had not existed in the whole colony more than eight or ten churches of any denomination1 and these were mostly in a very feeble and precarious state4#ajg3a ,meanwhile the inadequate compensations of a state of schism began to show themselves4 ,in the absence of any organized fellowship of the whole there grew up1 more than elsewhere1 a mutual tolerance and even love among the petty sects1 the lesson of which was learned where it was most needed4 ,the churches of the standing order in ,massachusetts not only admired but imitated the peace and love which societies of different modes of worship entertained toward each other in ,rhode ,island4 ,in #agah1 not forty years from the time when ,baptist churches ceased to be religio illicita in ,massachusetts1 three foremost pastors of ,boston assisted in the ordination of a minister to the ,baptist church1 at which ,cotton ,mather preached the sermon1 entitled ,good ,men ,united4 ,it contained a frank confession of repentance for the persecutions of which the ,boston churches had been guilty4#ajg3b ,there is a double lesson to be learned from the history of these neighbor colonies3 first1 that a rigorously exclusive selection of men like-minded is the best seed for the first planting of a commonwealth in the wilderness2 secondly1 that the exclusiveness that is justified in the infancy of such a community cannot wisely1 nor even righteously1 nor even possibly1 be maintained in its adolescence and maturity4 ,the church-state of ,massachusetts and ,new ,haven was overthrown at the end of the first generation by external interference4 ,if it had continued a few years longer it must have fallen of itself2 but it lasted long enough to be the mold in which the civilization of the young ,states should set and harden4 ,,footnotes3 #hd3a ,the mutual opposition of ,puritan and ,pilgrim is brought out with emphasis in ,the ,genesis of the ,new ,england ,churches1 by ,l4 ,bacon1 especially chaps4 v41 vii41 xviii4 #he3a ,l4 ,bacon1 ,genesis of ,new ,england ,churches1 p4 #bde4 #hg3a ,l4 ,bacon1 ,genesis1 p4 #bde4 #hi3a ,the writer takes leave to refer to two essays of his own1 in ,irenics and ,polemics 7,new ,york1 ,christian ,literature ,co41 #ahie71 for a fuller statement of this point4 #ia3a ,l4 ,bacon1 ,genesis1 p4 #dfg4 #id3a ,the phrase is used in a large sense1 as comprehending the whole subject of the nature and organization of the visible church 7,l4 ,bacon1 ,genesis1 p4 #def1 note74 #if3a ,l4 ,bacon1 ,genesis1 p4 #dge4 #ig3a ,l4 ,bacon1 ,genesis1 p4 #dgg4 #ih3a ,morton's ,memorial1 in ,palfrey1 vol4 i41 p4 #bih4 #ii3a ,palfrey1 vol4 i41 p4 #ehd4 #ajj3a ,as1 for example1 with great amplitude by ,palfrey2 and in more condensed form by ,dr4 ,williston ,walker1 ,congregationalists 7in ,american ,church ,history ,series74 #ajb3a ,l4 ,bacon1 ,early ,constitutional ,history of ,connecticut4 #ajb3b ,l4 ,bacon1 ,thirteen ,historical ,discourses4 ,the two mutually independent republics at ,hartford and ,new ,haven represented opposite tendencies4 ,that at ,new ,haven was after the highest type of theocracy2 the ,connecticut colony inclined to the less rigorous model of ,plymouth1 not exacting church-membership as a condition of voting4 ,how important this condition appeared to the mind of ,davenport may be judged from his exclamation when it ceased1 at the union of ,new ,haven with ,connecticut4 ,he wrote to a friend1 ,in ,n4 ,h4 ,c4 ,christ's interest is miserably lost2 and prepared to turn his back forever on the colony of which he was the father4 #ajd3a ,the name1 applied at first as a stigma to the liberalizing school of ,new ,england theology1 may easily mislead if taken either in its earlier historic sense or in the sense which it was about to acquire in the ,wesleyan revival4 ,the surprise of the eighteenth century ,new ,england theologians at finding the word associated with intense fervor of preaching and of religious experience is expressed in the saying1 ,there is all the difference between a cold ,arminian and a hot ,arminian that there is between a cold potato and a hot potato4 ,for a lucid account of the subject1 see ,w4 ,walker1 ,history of the ,congregational ,churches1 chap4 viii4 #aje3a ,sermon on ,barbarism the ,first ,danger4 #ajf3a ,and yet1 even in the ,rhode ,island communities1 the arbitrary right of exclusion1 in the exercise of which ,roger ,williams had been shut out from ,massachusetts1 was asserted and adopted4 ,it was forbidden to sell land to a newcomer1 except by consent of prior settlers4 #ajg3a ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,vose1 ,congregationalism in ,rhode ,island1 pp4 #af1 #ec1 #fc4 #ajg3b ,ibid41 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 ,good men1 alas6 have done such ill things as these4 ,new ,england also has in former times done something of this aspect which would not now be so well approved2 in which1 if the brethren in whose house we are now convened met with anything too unbrotherly1 they now with satisfaction hear us expressing our dislike of everything which looked like persecution in the days that have passed over us4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,middle ,,colonies3 ,,the ,,jerseys1 ,,delaware1 ,,and ,,pennsylvania--,,the ,,quaker ,,colonization--,,georgia4 ,the bargainings and conveyancings1 the confirmations and reclamations1 the setting up and overturning1 which1 after the conquest of the ,new ,netherlands1 had the effect to detach the peninsula of ,new ,jersey from the jurisdiction of ,new ,york1 and to divide it for a time into two governments1 belong to political history2 but they had1 of course1 an important influence on the planting of the church in that territory4 ,one result of them was a wide diversity of materials in the early growth of the church4 ,toward the end of the ,dutch occupation1 one lonely congregation had been planted in that region which1 at a later time1 when the ,dutch church in ,america had awaked from its lethargy1 was to become known as the garden of the ,dutch church4#aji3a ,after the extinction of the high theocracy of the ,new ,haven ,colony by the merger of it in ,connecticut1 a whole church and town1 headed by the pastor1 having secured such guaranty of their political liberty as the unstable government of ,new ,jersey was able to give1 left the homes endeared to them by thirty years of toil and thrift1 and lifting the ark of the covenant by the staves1 set themselves down beside the ,passaic1 calling their plantation the ,new-,ark1 and reinstituted their fundamental principle of restricting the franchise to members of the church4 ,thus with one heart they resolved to carry on their spiritual and town affairs according to godly government4 ,the ,puritan migration1 of which this was the nucleus1 had an influence on the legislation and the later history of ,new ,jersey out of all proportion to its numbers4 ,twenty years later the ferocious persecution of the ,scottish ,covenanters1 which was incited by the fears or the bloody vindictiveness of ,james ,,ii4 after the futile insurrection of ,monmouth1 furnished a motive for emigration to the best people in ,north ,britain1 which was quickly seized and exploited by the operators in ,jersey lands4 ,assurances of religious liberty were freely given2 men of influence were encouraged to bring over large companies2 and in #afhf the brother of the martyred ,duke of ,argyle was made governor of ,east ,jersey4 ,the considerable settlements of ,scotchmen found congenial neighbors in the ,new ,englanders of ,newark4 ,a system of free schools1 early established by a law of the commonwealth1 is naturally referred to their common influence4 ,meanwhile a series of events of the highest consequence to the future of the ,american church had been in progress in the western half of the province4 ,passing from hand to hand1 the ownership and lordship of ,west ,jersey had become vested in a land company dominated by ,quakers4 ,for the first time in the brief history of that sect1 it was charged with the responsibility of the organization and conduct of government4 ,hitherto it had been publicly known by the fierce and defiant and often outrageous protests of its representatives against existing governments and dignities both in state and in church1 such as exposed them to the natural and reasonable suspicion of being wild and mischievous anarchists4 ,the opportunities and temptations that come to those in power would be a test of the quality of the sect more severe than trial by the cart-tail and the gibbet4 ,the ,quakers bore the test nobly4 ,never did a commercial company show itself so little mercenary2 never was a sovereign more magnanimous and unselfish4 ,with the opening of the province to settlement1 the proprietors set forth a statement of their purposes3 ,we lay a foundation for after ages to understand their liberty as men and ,christians1 that they may not be brought into bondage but by their own consent2 for we put the power in the people4 ,this was followed by a code of ,concessions and ,agreements in forty-four articles1 which were at once a constitution of government and a binding compact with such as should enter themselves as colonists on these terms4 ,they left little to be desired in securities for personal1 political1 and religious liberty4#aaa3a ,at once population began to flow amain4 ,in #afgg two hundred and thirty ,quakers came in one ship and founded the town of ,burlington4 ,by #afha there had come fourteen hundred4 ,weekly1 monthly1 quarterly meetings were established2 houses of worship were built2 and in ,august1 #afha1 the ,quaker hierarchy 7if it may so be called without offense7 was completed by the establishment of the ,burlington ,yearly ,meeting4 ,the same year the corporation1 encouraged by its rapid success1 increased its numbers and its capital1 bought out the proprietors of ,east ,jersey1 and appointed as governor over the whole province the eminent ,quaker theologian1 ,robert ,barclay4 ,the ,quaker regime continued1 not always smoothly1 till #afhh1 when it was extinguished by ,james ,,ii4 at the end of his perfidious campaigns against ,american liberties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this enterprise of the ,quaker purchase and settlement of ,new ,jersey brings upon the stage of ,american history the great apostle of ,christian colonization1 ,william ,penn4 ,he came into relation to the ,new ,jersey business as arbiter of some differences that arose between the two ,friends who had bought ,west ,jersey in partnership4 ,he continued in connection with it when the ,quaker combination had extended itself by purchase over the whole ,jersey peninsula1 and he was a trusted counselor of the corporation1 and the representative of its interests at court4 ,thus there grew more and more distinct before his peculiarly adventurous and enterprising mind the vision of the immense possibilities1 political1 religious1 and commercial1 of ,american colonization4 ,with admirable business shrewdness combined with courtly tact1 he canceled an otherwise hopeless debt from the crown in consideration of the concession to him of a domain of imperial wealth and dimensions1 with practically unlimited rights of jurisdiction4 ,at once he put into exercise the advantages and opportunities which were united in him so as never before in the promoter of a like enterprise1 and achieved a success speedy and splendid beyond all precedent4 ,the providential preparations for this great enterprise--the ,holy ,experiment1 as ,penn delighted to call it--had been visibly in progress in ,england for not more than the third part of a century4 ,it was not the less divine for being wholly logical and natural1 that1 just when the ,puritan ,reformation culminated in the victory of the ,commonwealth1 the ,quaker ,reformation should suddenly break forth4 ,puritanism was the last expression of that appeal from the church to the ,scriptures1 from existing traditions of ,christianity to its authentic original documents1 which is the essence of ,protestantism4 ,in ,puritanism1 reverence for the ,scriptures is exaggerated to the point of superstition4 ,the doctrine that ,god of old had spoken by holy men was supplemented by the pretension that ,god had long ago ceased so to speak and never would so speak again4 ,the claim that the ,scriptures contain a sufficient guide to moral duty and religious truth was exorbitantly stretched to include the last details of church organization and worship1 and the minute direction of political and other secular affairs4 ,in many a case the ,scriptures thus applied did highly ennoble the polity and legislation of the ,puritans4#aac3a ,in other cases1 not a few1 the ,scriptures1 perverted from their true purpose and wrested by a vicious and conceited exegesis1 were brought into collision with the law written on the heart4 ,the ,bible was used to contradict the moral sense4 ,it was high time for the ,quaker protest1 and it was inevitable that this protest should be extravagant and violent4 ,in their bold reassertion of the doctrine of the ,holy ,spirit1 that his light lighteth every man who cometh into the world1 it is not strange that the first ,quakers should sometimes have lost sight of those principles the enunciation of which gives such a character of sober sanity to the apostolic teachings on this subject--that a divine influence on the mind does not discharge one from the duty of self-control1 but that the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets2 that the divine inworking does not suspend nor supersede man's volition and activity1 but that it behooves man to work1 because ,god worketh in him to will and to work4 ,the lapse from these characteristically ,christian principles into the enthusiastic1 fanatic1 or heathen conception of inspiration has been a perpetually recurring incident in the history of the church in all ages1 and especially in times of deep and earnest spiritual feeling4 ,but in the case of the ,quaker revival it was attended most conspicuously by its evil consequences4 ,half-crazy or more than half-crazy adventurers and hysterical women1 taking up fantastical missions in the name of the ,lord1 and never so happy as when they felt called of ,god to some peculiarly outrageous course of behavior1 associated themselves with sincere and conscientious reformers1 adding to the unpopularity of the new opinions the odium justly due to their own misdemeanors4 ,but the prophet whose life and preaching had begun the ,quaker ,reformation was not found wanting in the gifts which the case required4 ,like other great religious founders1 ,george ,fox combined with profound religious conviction a high degree of tact and common sense and the faculty of organization4 ,while the gospel of the ,light that lighteth every man was speeding with wonderful swiftness to the ends of the earth1 there was growing in the hands of the founder the framework of a discipline by which the elements of disorder should be controlled4#aad3a ,the result was a firmly articulated organization compacted by common faith and zeal and mutual love1 and by the external pressure of fierce persecution extending throughout the ,british empire on both sides of the ocean4 ,entering into continental ,europe1 the ,quaker ,reformation found itself anticipated in the progress of religious history4 ,the protests of the ,anabaptists against what they deemed the shortcomings of the ,lutheran ,reformation had been attended with far wilder extravagances than those of the early ,quakers1 and had been repressed with ruthless severity4 ,but the political and militant ,anabaptists were succeeded by communities of mild and inoffensive non-resistants1 governing themselves by a narrow and rigorous discipline1 and differing from the order of ,quakers mainly at this point1 that whereas the ,quakers rejected all sacraments1 these insisted strenuously on their own views of ,baptism and the ,supper1 and added to them the ordinance of the ,washing of ,feet4 ,these communities were to be found throughout ,protestant ,europe1 from the ,alps to the ,north ,sea1 but were best known in ,holland and ,lower ,germany1 where they were called ,mennonites1 from the priest1 ,menno ,simons1 who1 a hundred years before ,george ,fox1 had enunciated the same principles of duty founded on the strict interpretation of the ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,the combination of circumstances to promote the ,holy ,experiment of ,william ,penn is something prodigious4 ,how he could be a petted favorite at the shameful court of the last two ,stuarts1 while his brethren throughout the realm were languishing under persecution1 is a fact not in itself honorable1 but capable of being honorably explained2 and both the persecution and the court favor helped on his enterprise4 ,the time was opportune2 the period of tragical uncertainty in colonization was past2 emigration had come to be a richly promising enterprise4 ,for leader of the enterprise what endowment was lacking in the elegantly accomplished young courtier1 holding as his own the richest domain that could be carved out of a continent1 who was at the same time brother1 in unaffected humility and unbounded generosity1 in a great fraternity bound together by principles of ascetic self-denial and devotion to the kingdom of ,god8 ,penn's address inviting colonists to his new domain announced the outlines of his scheme4 ,his great powers of jurisdiction were held by him only to be transferred to the future inhabitants in a free and righteous government4 ,i purpose1 said he1 conscious of the magnanimity of the intention1 for the matters of liberty1 ,i purpose that which is extraordinary--to leave myself and successors no power of doing mischief1 that the will of one man may not hinder the good of a whole country2 and added1 in language which might have fallen from his intimate friend1 ,algernon ,sidney1 but was fully expressive of his own views1 ,it is the great end of government to support power in reverence with the people1 and to secure the people from the abuse of power2 for liberty without obedience is confusion1 and obedience without liberty is slavery4#aaf3a ,with assurances of universal civil and religious liberty in conformity with these principles1 he offered land at forty shillings for a hundred acres1 subject to a small quit-rent4 ,through the correspondence of the ,friends' meetings1 these proposals could be brought to the attention of many thousands of people1 sifted and culled by persecution1 the best stuff for a colony in all the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the response was immediate4 ,within a year three ship-loads of emigrants went out4 ,the next year ,penn himself went with a company of a hundred1 and stayed long enough to see the government organized by the free act of the colonists on the principles which he had set forth1 and in that brief sojourn of two years to witness the beginnings of a splendid prosperity4 ,his city of ,philadelphia consisted in ,august1 #afhc1 of three or four little cottages4 ,two years afterward it contained about six hundred houses1 and the schoolmaster and the printing-press had begun their work4#aag3a ,the growth went on accelerating4 ,in one year seven thousand settlers are said to have arrived2 before the end of the century the colonists numbered more than twenty thousand1 and ,philadelphia had become a thriving town4#aag3b ,but ,great ,britain1 although the chief source of population1 was not the only source4 ,it had been part of the providential equipment of ,penn for his great work to endow him with the gift of tongues and bring him into intimate relations with the many congregations of the broken and persecuted sects kindred to his own on the continent of ,europe4 ,the summer and autumn of #afgh1 four years before his coming to ,pennsylvania1 had been spent by him1 in company with ,george ,fox1 ,robert ,barclay1 and other eminent ,friends1 in a mission tour through ,holland 7where he preached in his mother's own language7 and ,germany4 ,the fruit of this preaching and of previous missions appeared in an unexpected form4 ,one of the first important accessions to the colony was the company of ,mennonites led by ,pastorius1 the ,pennsylvania ,pilgrim1 who founded ,germantown1 now a beautiful suburb of ,philadelphia4 ,group after group of picturesque devotees that had been driven into seclusion and eccentricity by long and cruel persecution--the ,tunkers1 the ,schwenkfelders1 the ,amish--kept coming and bringing with them their traditions1 their customs1 their sacred books1 their timid and pathetic disposition to hide by themselves1 sometimes in quasi-monastic communities like that at ,ephrata1 sometimes in actual hermitage1 as in the ravines of the ,wissahickon4 ,but the most important contribution of this kind came from the suffering villages of the ,rhenish ,palatinate ravaged with fire and sword by the ,french armies in #afhh4 ,so numerous were the fugitives from the ,palatinate that the name of ,palatine came to be applied in general to ,german refugees1 from whatever region4 ,this migration of the ,german sects 7to be distinguished from the later migration from the established ,lutheran and ,reformed churches7 furnished the material for that curious ,pennsylvania ,dutch population which for more than two centuries has lain encysted1 so to speak1 in the body politic and ecclesiastic of ,pennsylvania1 speaking a barbarous jargon of its own1 and refusing to assimilate with the surrounding people4 ,it was the rough estimate of ,dr4 ,franklin that colonial ,pennsylvania was made up of one third ,quakers1 one third ,germans1 and one third miscellaneous4 ,the largest item under this last head was the ,welsh1 most of them ,quakers1 who had been invited by ,penn with the promise of a separate tract of forty thousand acres in which to maintain their own language1 government1 and institutions4 ,happily1 the natural and patriotic longing of these immigrants for a ,new ,wales on this side the sea was not to be realized4 ,the ,welsh ,barony became soon a mere geographical tradition1 and the whole strength of this fervid and religious people enriched the commonwealth4#aah3a ,several notable beginnings of church history belong to the later part of the period under consideration4 ,an interesting line of divergence from the current teachings of the ,friends was led1 toward the end of the seventeenth century1 by ,george ,keith1 for thirty years a recognized preacher of the ,society4 ,one is impressed1 in a superficial glance at the story1 with the reasonableness and wisdom of some of ,keith's positions1 and with the intellectual vigor of the man4 ,but the discussion grew into an acrimonious controversy1 and the controversy deepened into a schism1 which culminated in the disowning of ,keith by the ,friends in ,america1 and afterward by the ,london ,yearly ,meeting1 to which he had appealed4 ,dropped thus by his old friends1 he was taken up by the ,english ,episcopalians and ordained by the ,bishop of ,london1 and in #agjb returned to ,america as the first missionary of the newly organized ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts4 ,an active missionary campaign was begun and sustained by the large resources of the ,venerable ,society until the outbreak of the ,war of ,independence4 ,the movement had great advantages for success4 ,it was next of kin to the expiring ,swedish ,lutheran ,church in the three counties that became afterward the ,state of ,delaware1 and heir to its venerable edifices and its good will2 it was the official and court church of the royal governors1 and after the degenerate sons of ,william ,penn abandoned the simple worship1 as well as the clean living1 in which their father delighted1 it was the church promoted by the proprietary interest2 withal it proved itself1 both then and afterward1 to hold a deposit of truth and of usages of worship peculiarly adapted to supplement the defects of the ,quaker system4 ,it is not easy to explain the ill success of the enterprise4 ,in ,philadelphia it took strong root1 and the building1 in #agbg1 of ,christ ,church1 which survives to this day1 a monument of architectural beauty as well as historical interest1 marks an important epoch in the progress of ,christianity in ,america4 ,but in the rural districts the work languished4 ,parishes1 seemingly well equipped1 fell into a deplorable condition2 churches were closed and parishes dwindled away4 ,about the year #agbd ,governor ,keith reported to the ,bishop of ,london that outside the city there were twelve or thirteen little edifices1 at times supplied by one or other of the poor missionaries sent from the society4 ,nearly all that had been gained by the ,episcopal ,church in ,pennsylvania1 where the ,venerable ,society had maintained at times forty-seven missionaries and twenty-four central stations1 was wiped out by the ,revolutionary ,war4#abj3a ,another great beginning that comes within the field of vision in the first four decades of the eighteenth century is the planting of the great national churches of ,germany4 ,we have observed the migration of the minor sects of ,germany--so complete1 in some cases1 that the entire sect was transplanted1 leaving no representative in the fatherland4 ,in the mixed multitude of refugees from the ,palatinate and other ravaged provinces were many belonging both to the ,lutheran and to the ,reformed churches1 as well as some ,catholics4 ,but they were scattered as sheep having no shepherd4 ,the ,german ,lutheran and ,reformed immigration was destined to attain by and by to enormous proportions2 but so late was the considerable expansion of it1 and so tardy and inefficient the attention given to this diaspora by the mother churches1 that the classical organization of the ,reformed ,church dates only from #agdg1 and that of the ,lutheran ,church from #agfj4aba3a ,the beautiful career of the ,moravians began in ,pennsylvania so late as #agcd4 ,in general it may be said that the ,german-,american church was affected only indirectly by the ,great ,awakening4 ,but the greatest in its consequences1 both religious and political1 of the great beginnings in the early part of the eighteenth century1 was the first flow of the swelling tide of the ,scotch-,irish immigration4 ,already1 in #affi1 an ,english ,presbyterian1 ,matthew ,hill1 persuaded to the work by ,richard ,baxter1 was ministering to many of the ,reformed religion in ,maryland2 and in #afhc an appeal from them to the ,irish presbytery of ,laggan had brought over to their aid that sturdy and fearless man of ,god1 ,francis ,makemie1 whose successful defense in #agjg1 when unlawfully imprisoned in ,new ,york by that unsavory defender of the ,anglican faith1 ,lord ,cornbury1 gave assurance of religious liberty to his communion throughout the colonies4 ,in #agje he was moderator of the first presbytery in ,america1 numbering six ministers4 ,at the end of twelve years the number of ministers1 including accessions from ,new ,england1 had grown to seventeen4 ,but it was not until #agah that this migration began in earnest4 ,as early as #agbe ,james ,logan1 the ,scotch-,irish-,quaker governor of ,pennsylvania1 speaking in the spirit of prophecy1 declares that it looks as if ,ireland were to send all her inhabitants hither2 if they continue to come they will make themselves proprietors of the province4 ,it was a broad-spread1 rich alluvium superimposed upon earlier strata of immigration1 out of which was to spring the sturdy growth of ,american ,presbyterianism1 as well as of other ,christian organizations4 ,but by #agcj it was only the turbid and feculent flood that was visible to most observers2 the healthful and fruitful growth was yet to come4#abb3a ,the colony of ,georgia makes its appearance among the thirteen ,british colonies in ,america1 in #agcc1 as one born out of due time4 ,but no colony of all the thirteen had a more distinctly ,christian origin than this4 ,the foundations of other ,american commonwealths had been laid in faith and hope1 but the ruling motive of the founding of ,georgia was charity1 and that is the greatest of these three4 ,the spirit which dominated in the measures taken for the beginning of the enterprise was embodied in one of the most interesting personages of the dreary eighteenth century--,general ,james ,oglethorpe4 ,his eventful life covered the greater part of the eighteenth century1 but in some of the leading traits of his character and incidents of his career he was rather a man of the nineteenth4 ,at the age of twenty-one he was already a veteran of the army of ,prince ,eugene1 having served with honorable distinction on the staff of that great commander4 ,returning to ,england1 in #agbb he entered ,parliament1 and soon attained what in that age was the almost solitary distinction of a social reformer4 ,he procured the appointment of a special committee to investigate the condition of the debtors' prisons2 and the shocking revelations that ensued led to a beginning of reformation of the cruel and barbarous laws of ,england concerning imprisonment for debt4 ,but being of the higher type of reformers1 he was not content with such negative work4 ,he cherished and elaborated a scheme that should open a new career for those whose ill success in life had subjected them to the pains and the ignominy due to criminals4 ,it was primarily for such as these that he projected the colony of ,georgia4 ,but to a mind like his the victims of injustice in every land were objects of practical sympathy4 ,his colony should be an asylum for sufferers from religious persecution from whatever quarter4 ,the enterprise was organized avowedly as a work of charity4 ,the territory was vested in trustees1 who should receive no pay or emolument for their services4 ,oglethorpe himself gave his unpaid labor as military and civil head of the colony1 declining to receive in return so much as a settler's allotment of land4 ,an appropriation of ten thousand pounds was made by ,parliament for the promotion of the work--the only government subsidy ever granted to an ,american colony4 ,with eager and unselfish hopes of a noble service to be rendered to humanity1 the generous soldier embarked with a picked company of one hundred and twenty emigrants1 and on the #abth of ,february1 #agcc1 landed at the foot of the bluff on which now stands the city of ,savannah4 ,the attractions of the genial climate and fertile soil1 the liberal terms of invitation1 and the splendid schemes of profitable industry were diligently advertised1 and came to the knowledge of that noble young enthusiast1 ,zinzendorf1 count and ,moravian bishop1 whose estate of ,herrnhut in ,lusatia had become an asylum for persecuted ,christians2 and missionary colonists of that ,moravian church of which every member was a missionary1 and companies of the exiled ,salzburgers1 the cruelty of whose sufferings aroused the universal indignation of ,protestant ,europe1 were mingled with the unfortunates from ,english prisons in successive ship-loads of emigrants4 ,one such ship's company1 among the earliest to be added to the new colony1 included some mighty factors in the future church history of ,america and of the world4 ,in ,february1 #agcf1 a company of three hundred colonists1 with ,oglethorpe at their head1 landed at ,savannah4 ,among them was a reinforcement of twenty colonists for the ,moravian settlement1 with ,bishop ,david ,nitschmann1 and young ,charles ,wesley1 secretary to the governor1 and his elder brother1 ,john1 now thirty-three years old1 eager for the work of evangelizing the heathen ,indians--an intensely narrow1 ascetic1 ,high-church ritualist and sacramentarian4 ,the voyage was a memorable one in history4 ,amid the terrors of a perilous storm1 ,wesley1 so liable to be lifted up with the pride that apes humility1 was humbled as he contrasted the agitations of his own people with the cheerful faith and composure of his ,german shipmates2 and soon after the landing he was touched with the primitive simplicity and beauty of the ordination service with which a pastor was set over the ,moravian settlement by ,bishop ,nitschmann4 ,during the twenty-two months of his service in ,georgia1 through the ascetic toils and privations which he inflicted on himself and tried to inflict on others1 he seems as one whom the law has taken severely in hand to lead him to ,christ4 ,it was after his return from ,america1 among the ,moravians1 first at ,london and afterward on a visit to ,herrnhut1 that he was taught the way of the ,lord more perfectly4#abe3a ,the three shipmates1 the ,wesleys and ,bishop ,nitschmann1 did not remain long together4 ,nitschmann soon returned to ,germany to lead a new colony of his brethren to ,pennsylvania2 ,charles ,wesley remained for four months at ,frederica1 and then recrossed the ocean1 weary of the hardness of the people's hearts2 and1 except for the painful and humiliating discipline which was preparing him to take the whole world to be his parish1 it had been well for ,john ,wesley if he had returned with his brother4 ,never did a really great and good man act more like a fool than he did in his ,georgia mission4 ,the priestly arrogance with which he attempted to enforce his crotchets of churchmanship on a mixed community in the edge of the wilderness culminated at last in his hurling the thunderbolts of excommunication at a girl who had jilted him1 followed by his slipping away from the colony between two days1 with an indictment for defamation on record against him1 and his returning to ,london to resign to the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel his commission as missionary4 ,just as he was landing1 the ship was setting sail which bore to his deserted field his old ,oxford friend and associate in the ,methodist ,club1 ,george ,whitefield1 then just beginning the career of meteoric splendor which for thirty-two years dazzled the observers of both hemispheres4 ,he landed in ,savannah in ,may1 #agch4 ,this was the first of ,whitefield's work in ,america4 ,but it was not the beginning of the ,great ,awakening4 ,for many years there had been waiting and longing as of them that watch for the morning4 ,at ,raritan and ,new ,brunswick1 in ,new ,jersey1 and elsewhere1 there had been prelusive gleams of dawn4 ,and at ,northampton1 in ,december1 #agcd1 ,jonathan ,edwards had seen the sudden daybreak and rejoiced with exceeding great joy4 ,,footnotes3 #aji3a ,corwin1 pp4 #eh1 #abh4 #aaa3a ,it is notable that the concessions offered already by ,carteret and ,berkeley in #affd contained an unlimited pledge of religious liberty1 any law1 statute1 usage1 or custom of the realm of ,england to the contrary notwithstanding 7,mulford1 ,history of ,new ,jersey1 p4 #acd74 ,a half-century of experience in colonization had satisfied some minds that the principle adopted by the ,quakers for conscience' sake was also a sound business principle4 #aac3a ,see the vindication of the act of the ,new ,haven colonists in adopting the laws of ,moses as the statute-book of the colony1 in the ,thirteen ,historical ,discourses of ,l4 ,bacon1 pp4 #bi-cb4 ,the greatest and boldest improvement which has been made in criminal jurisprudence by any one act since the dark ages was that which was made by our fathers when they determined 'that the judicial laws of ,god1 as they were delivered by ,moses1 and as they are a fence to the moral law1 being neither typical nor ceremonial nor having any reference to ,canaan1 shall be accounted of moral equity1 and generally bind all offenders and be a rule to all the courts4' #aad3a ,for the dealing of ,fox with the case of ,john ,perrot1 who had a divine call to wear his hat in meeting1 see the ,history of the ,society of ,friends1 by the ,messrs4 ,thomas1 pp4 #aig-aii 7,american ,church ,history ,series1 vol4 xii474 #aaf3a ,quoted in ,bancroft1 vol4 iii41 p4 #cff4 #aag3a ,bancroft1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cib4 #aag3b ,h4 ,c4 ,lodge1 p4 #bac4 #aah3a ,for a fuller account of the sources of the population of ,pennsylvania1 see ,the ,making of ,pennsylvania1 by ,sydney ,george ,fisher 7,philadelphia1 #ahif74 #abj3a ,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 pp4 #baj-bab1 #bbj4 ,in a few instances the work suffered from the unfit character of the missionaries4 ,a more common fault was the vulgar proselyting spirit which appears in the missionaries' reports 7,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,records1 pp4 #ab-gi74 ,a certain naif insularity sometimes betrays itself in their incapacity to adapt themselves to their new-world surroundings4 ,brave and zealous ,mr4 ,barton in ,cumberland ,county recites a formidable list of sects into which the people are divided1 and with unconscious humor recounts his efforts to introduce one sect more 7ibid41 p4 #cg74 ,they could hardly understand that in crossing the ocean they did not bring with them the prerogatives of a national establishment1 but were in a position of dissent from the existing establishments4 ,it grieved them that ,church of ,england men should be stigmatized with the grim and horrid title of dissenters 7,the ,making of ,pennsylvania1 p4 #aib74 ,one of the most pathetically amusing instances of the misfit of the ,englishman in ,america is that of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,poyer at ,jamaica1 ,l4 ,i4 ,the meeting-house and glebe-lands that had been provided by the people of that parish for the use of themselves and their pastor were gotten1 neither honorably nor lawfully1 into the possession of the missionary of the ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 and his scanty following1 and held by him in spite of law and justice for twenty-five years4 ,at last the owners of the property succeeded in evicting him by process of law4 ,the victim of this persecution reported plaintively to the society his great and almost continual contentions with the ,independents in his parish4 ,the litigation had been over the salary settled for the minister of that parish1 and also over the glebe-lands4 ,but by a late ,tryal at ,law he has lost them and the ,church itself1 of which his congregation has had the possession for twenty-five years4 ,the grievance went to the heart of his congregation1 who bewail the emperious behaviour of these our enemies1 who stick not to call themselves the ,established ,church and us ,dissenters 7,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,records1 p4 #fa2 ,corwin1 ,dutch ,church1 pp4 #ajd1 #aje1 #abf1 #abg74 #aba3a ,dubbs1 ,reformed ,church1 p4 #bha2 ,jacobs1 ,the ,lutherans1 p4 #bfj4 #abb3a ,r4 ,e4 ,thompson1 ,the ,presbyterian ,churches1 pp4 #bb-bi2 ,s4 ,s4 ,green1 ,the ,scotch-,irish in ,america1 paper before the ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 ,april1 #ahie4 ,the great bulk of the emigrants came to this country at two distinct periods of time3 the first from #agah to the middle of the century1 the second from #agga to #aggc4444 ,in consequence of the famine of #agdj and #agda1 it is stated that for several years afterward #ab1jjj emigrants annually left ,ulster for the ,american plantations2 while from #agga to #aggc the whole emigration from ,ulster is estimated at #cj1jjj1 of whom #aj1jjj are weavers 7,green1 p4 #g74 ,the companies that came to ,new ,england in #agah were mainly absorbed by the ,congregationalism of that region 7,thompson1 p4 #ae74 ,the church founded in ,boston by the ,irish ,presbyterians came in course of time to have for its pastor the eminent ,william ,ellery ,channing 7,green1 p4 #aa74 ,since the organization of the annual ,scotch-,irish ,congress in #ahhi1 the literature of this subject has become copious4 7,see ,bibliographical ,note at the end of ,mr4 ,green's pamphlet47 #abe3a ,the beautiful story of the processional progress of the ,salzburg exiles across the continent of ,europe is well told by ,dr4 ,jacobs1 ,history of the ,lutherans1 pp4 #aec-aei1 with a copious extract from ,bancroft1 vol4 iii41 which shows that that learned author did not distinguish the ,salzburgers from the ,moravians4 ,the account of the ship's company in the storm1 in ,dr4 ,jacobs's tenth chapter1 is full of interest4 ,there is a pathetic probability in his suggestion that in the hymn ,jesus1 lover of my soul1 we have ,charles ,wesley's reminiscence of those scenes of peril and terror4 ,for this episode in the church history of ,georgia as seen from different points of view1 see ,american ,church ,history ,series1 vols1 iv41 v41 vii41 viii4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,the ,,american ,,church ,,on ,,the ,,eve ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,awakening--,a ,,general ,,view4 ,by the end of one hundred years from the settlement of ,massachusetts important changes had come upon the chain of colonies along the ,atlantic seaboard in ,america4 ,in the older colonies the people had been born on the soil at two or three generations' remove from the original colonists1 or belonged to a later stratum of migration superimposed upon the first4 ,the exhausting toil and privations of the pioneer had been succeeded by a good measure of thrift and comfort4 ,there were yet bloody campaigns to be fought out against the ferocity and craft of savage enemies wielded by the strategy of ,christian neighbors2 but the severest stress of the ,indian wars was passed4 ,in different degrees and according to curiously diverse types1 the institutions of a ,christian civilization were becoming settled4 ,in the course of this hundred years the political organization of these various colonies had been drawn into an approach to uniformity4 ,in every one of them1 excepting ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island1 the royal or proprietary government was represented by a governor and his staff1 appointed from ,england1 and furnishing a point of contact which was in every case and all the time a point of friction and irritation between the colony and the mother country4 ,the reckless laxity of the early ,stuart charters1 which permitted the creation of practically independent democratic republics with churches free from the ,english hierarchy1 was succeeded1 under the ,house of ,orange1 by something that looked like a statesmanlike care for the prerogatives of the crown and the privileges of the ,english church4 ,throughout the colonies1 at every viceregal residence1 it was understood that this church1 even where it was not established by law1 was the favored official and court church4 ,but inasmuch as the royal governors were officially odious to the people1 and at the same time in many cases men of despicable personal character1 their influence did little more than create a little sect of the ,herodians within the range of their patronage4 ,but though it gave no real advantage to the preferred church1 it was effective 7as in ,massachusetts7 in breaking down the exclusive pretensions of other organizations4 ,the ,massachusetts theocracy1 so called1 fell with the revocation of the charter by ,james ,,ii4 ,it had stood for nearly fifty years--long enough to accomplish the main end of that ,nationalist principle which the ,puritans1 notwithstanding their fraternizing with the ,pilgrim ,separatists1 had never let go4 ,the organization of the church throughout ,new ,england1 excepting ,rhode ,island1 had gone forward in even step with the advance of population4 ,two rules had with these colonists the force of axioms3 first1 that it was the duty of every town1 as a ,christian community1 to sustain the town church2 secondly1 that it was the duty of every citizen of the town to contribute to this end according to his ability4 ,the breaking up of the town church by schisms and the shirking of individual duty on the ground of dissent were alike discountenanced1 sometimes by severely intolerant measures4 ,the ultimate collision of these principles with the sturdy individualism that had been accepted from the ,separatists of ,plymouth was inevitable4 ,it came when the standing order encountered the ,baptist and the ,quaker conscience4 ,it came again when the missionaries of the ,english established church1 with singular unconsciousness of the humor of the situation1 pleaded the sacred right of dissenting and the essential injustice of compelling dissenters to support the parish church4#abi3a ,the protest may have been illogical1 but it was made effective by arguments of weight1 backed by all the force of the ,british government4 ,the exclusiveness of the ,new ,england theocracies1 already relaxed in its application to other sects1 was thenceforth at an end4 ,the severity of church establishment in ,new ,england was so far mitigated as at last to put an actual premium on dissent4 ,holding still that every citizen is bound to aid in maintaining the institutions of public worship1 it relieved any one of his assessment for the support of the parish church upon his filing a certificate that he was contributing to the support of another congregation1 thus providing that any disaffection to the church of the town must be organized and active4 ,it was the very euthanasia of establishment4 ,but the state-church and church-state did not cease to be until they had accomplished that for ,new ,england which has never been accomplished elsewhere in ,america--the dividing of the settled regions into definite parishes1 each with its church and its learned minister4 ,the democratic autonomy of each church was jealously guarded1 and yet they were all knit together by terms of loose confederation into a vital system4 ,the impracticable notion of a threefold ministry in each church1 consisting of pastor1 teacher1 and ruling elder1 failed long before the first generation had passed2 but1 with this exception1 it may justly be said that the noble ideal of the ,puritan fathers of ,new ,england of a ,christian state in the ,new ,world1 wherein dwelleth righteousness1 was1 at the end of a hundred years from their planting1 realized with a completeness not common to such prophetic dreams4 ,so solid and vital1 at the point of time which we have assumed 7#agcj71 seemed the cohesion of the standing order in ,new ,england1 that only two inconsiderable defections are visible to the historian4 ,the tendency toward ,baptist principles early disclosed itself among the colonists4 ,the example of ,roger ,williams was followed by less notable instances2 the shameful intolerance with which some of these were treated shows how formidable this tendency seemed to those in authority4 ,but a more startling defection appeared about the year #afej1 when ,president ,dunster of ,harvard ,college1 a man most honorable and lovable1 signified his adoption of the ,baptist tenets4 ,the treatment of him was ungenerous1 and for a time the petty persecutions that followed served rather to discredit the clergy than really to hinder the spread of ,baptist principles4 ,in the year #agah the ,baptist church of ,boston received fraternal recognition from the foremost representatives of the ,congregational clergy of ,boston1 with a public confession of the wrong that they had done4#acj3a ,it is surprising to find1 after all this agitation and sowing of the seed of the church1 that in all ,new ,england outside of ,rhode ,island there are in #agcj only six ,baptist churches1 including 7an honorable item7 two ,indian churches on the islands of ,martha's ,vineyard and ,nantucket4#aca3a ,the other departure from the standing order was at this date hardly more extensive4 ,the early planting of ,episcopalian churches in ,maine and ,new ,hampshire1 with generous patronage and endowment1 had languished and died4 ,in #afgi there was no ,episcopal minister in all ,new ,england4 ,in #agjb were begun the energetic and richly supported missions of the ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,at the end of twenty-eight years there were in ,rhode ,island four ,episcopalian churches2 in ,massachusetts1 three1 two of them in the city of ,boston2 in ,connecticut1 three4#aca3b ,but in the last-named colony an incident had occurred1 having apparently no intimate connection with the ,venerable ,society's missions1 but charged with weighty1 and on the whole beneficent1 consequences for the future of the kingdom of ,christ in ,america4 ,the incident was strikingly parallel to that of seventy years before1 when the president of ,harvard ,college announced his acceptance of ,baptist principles4 ,the day after the ,yale commencement in ,september1 #agbb1 a modest and respectful paper was presented to the trustees of the college1 signed by ,rector ,timothy ,cutler and ,tutor ,brown 7who constituted the entire faculty of the college7 and by five pastors of good standing in the ,connecticut churches4 ,two other pastors of note were named as assenting to the paper1 although not subscribing it4 ,it seemed a formidable proportion of the ,connecticut clergy4 ,the purport of the paper was to signify that the signers were doubtful of the validity1 or persuaded of the invalidity1 of presbyterial as distinguished from episcopal ordination4 ,the matter was considered with the gravity which it merited1 and a month later1 at the time of the meeting of the colonial legislature1 was made the subject of a public discussion1 presided over with great dignity and amenity by ,governor ,gurdon ,saltonstall1 formerly pastor of the church in ,new ,london4 ,the result was that1 of the seven pastors assenting to the paper of the two college men1 only two adhered to them2 but one of these two was that able and excellent ,samuel ,johnson1 whose later career as president of ,king's ,college in ,new ,york1 as well as the career of his no less distinguished son1 is an ornament to ,american history both of church and state4 ,this secession1 small in number1 but weighty in character1 was of course a painful shock to the hitherto unbroken unity of the church and clergy of ,connecticut4 ,but it was not quite like a thunderbolt from a clear sky4 ,it had been immediately preceded by not a little conference and correspondence with ,connecticut pastors on the one hand1 and on the other hand with representatives of the powerful and wealthy ,propagation ,society1 on the question of support to be received from ,england for those who should secede4 ,its prior antecedents reached farther back into history4 ,the ,baptist convictions of the president of ,harvard in #afej were not more clearly in line with the individualism of the ,plymouth ,separatists than the scruples of the rector of ,yale in #agbb were in line with the ,nationalism of ,higginson and ,winthrop4 ,this sentiment1 especially strong in ,connecticut1 had given rise to much study as to the best form of a colonial church constitution2 and the results of this had recently been embodied 7in #agjh7 in the mildly classical system of the ,saybrook ,platform4 ,the filial love of the ,puritan colonists toward the mother church of ,england was by no means extinct in the third generation4 ,alongside of the inevitable repugnance felt and manifested toward the arrogance1 insolence1 and violence with which the claims of the ,episcopal ,church were commended by royal governors and their attaches and by some of the imported missionaries1 there is ample evidence of kindly and fraternal feeling1 far beyond what might have been expected1 on the part of the ,new ,england clergy toward the representatives of the ,church of ,england4 ,the first missionaries of the ,venerable ,society1 ,keith and ,talbot1 arriving in ,new ,england in #agjb1 met with welcome from some of the ministers1 who both hospitably entertained us in their houses and requested us to preach in their congregations1 which accordingly we did1 and received great thanks both from the ministers and people4#acc3a ,one of these hospitable pastors was the ,rev4 ,gurdon ,saltonstall1 of ,new ,london1 who twenty years later1 as governor of the colony1 presided at the debate which followed upon the demission of ,rector ,cutler4 ,the immediate results of what had been expected to lead off a large defection from the colonial clergy were numerically insignificant2 but very far from insignificant was the fact that in ,connecticut a sincere and spontaneous movement toward the ,episcopal ,church had arisen among men honored and beloved1 whose ecclesiastical views were not tainted with self-seeking or servility or with an unpatriotic shame for their colonial home and sympathy with its political enemies4 ,elsewhere in ,new ,england1 and largely in ,connecticut also1 the ,episcopal ,church in its beginnings was handicapped with a dead-weight of supercilious and odious ,toryism4 ,the example of a man like ,johnson showed that one might become an ,episcopalian without ceasing to be a patriotic ,american and without holding himself aloof from the fellowship of good men4 ,the conference in ,yale ,college library1 ,september #ac1 #agbb1 rather than the planting of a system of exotic missions1 marks the true epoch from which to date the progress of a genuinely ,american ,episcopal ,church4#acd3a ,crossing the recently settled boundary line into ,new ,york1 not yet risen to rank with the foremost colonies1 we find in #agcj a deepening of the early character1 which had marked that colony1 of wide diversity among the ,christian people in point of race1 language1 doctrinal opinion1 and ecclesiastical connection4 ,the ancient ,dutch church1 rallying from its almost asphyxia1 had begun not only to receive new life1 but1 under the fervid spiritual influence of ,domine ,frelinghuysen1 to have it more abundantly and to become a means of quickening to other communions4 ,it was bearing fruit1 but its fruit had not seed within itself after its kind4 ,it continued to suffer1 in common with some other imported church systems1 from depending on a transatlantic hierarchy for the succession of its ministry4 ,the supply of imported ministers continued to be miserably inadequate to the need4 ,in the first four decades of the century the number of its congregations more than doubled1 rising to a total of sixty-five in ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey2 and for these sixty-five congregations there were nineteen ministers1 almost all of them from ,europe4 ,this body of churches1 so inadequately manned1 was still further limited in its activities by the continually contracting barrier of the ,dutch language4 ,the ,english church1 enjoying the prestige of royal favor and princely munificence1 suffered also the drawbacks incidental to these advantages--the odium attending the unjust and despotic measures resorted to for its advancement1 the vile character of royal officials1 who condoned their private vices by a more ostentatious zeal for their official church1 and the well-founded popular suspicion of its pervading disloyalty to the interests and the liberties of the colonies in their antagonism to the encroachments of the ,british government4 ,it was represented by one congregation in the city of ,new ,york1 and perhaps a dozen others throughout the colony4#ace3a ,it is to the honor of the ministers of this church that it succeeded in so good a measure in triumphing over its advantages4 ,the early pastors of ,trinity ,church adorned their doctrine and their confession1 and one such example as that of the ,rev4 ,thoroughgood ,moor did much to redeem the character of the church from the disgrace cast upon it by the lives of its patrons4 ,this faithful missionary had the signal honor of being imprisoned by the dirty but zealous ,lord ,cornbury 7own cousin to her ,majesty the ,queen1 and afterward ,earl of ,clarendon71 of whom he had said1 what everybody knew1 that he deserved to be excommunicated2 and he had further offended by refusing the communion to the lieutenant-governor1 upon the account of some debauch and abominable swearing4#ace3b ,there was surely some vigorous spiritual vitality in a religious body which could survive the patronizing of a succession of such creatures as ,cornbury and his crew of extortioners and profligates4 ,a third element in the early ,christianity of ,new ,york was the ,presbyterians4 ,these were represented1 at the opening of the eighteenth century1 by that forerunner of the ,scotch-,irish immigration1 ,francis ,makemie4 ,the arrest and imprisonment of ,makemie in #agjf1 under the authority of ,lord ,cornbury1 for the offense of preaching the gospel without a license from the government1 his sturdy defense and his acquittal1 make an epoch in the history of religious liberty in ,america1 and a perceptible step in the direction of ,american political liberty and independence4 ,the immense volume and strength of the ,scotch-,irish immigration had hardly begun to be perceptible in ,new ,york as early as #agcj4 ,the total strength of the ,presbyterian ,church in #agje was organized in ,philadelphia into a solitary presbytery containing six ministers4 ,in #agag1 the number having grown to seventeen1 the one presbytery was divided into four1 which constituted a synod2 and one of the four was the presbytery of ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey4 ,but it was observed1 at least it might have been observed1 that the growing ,presbyterianism of this northernmost region was recruited mainly from old ,england and from ,new ,england--a fact on which were to depend important consequences in later ecclesiastical history4 ,the chief increment of the presbytery of ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey was in three parts1 each of them planted from ,new ,england4 ,the churches founded from ,new ,haven ,colony in the neighborhood of ,newark and ,elizabethtown1 and the churches founded by ,connecticut settlers on ,long ,island when this was included in the jurisdiction of ,connecticut1 easily and without serious objection conformed their organization to the ,presbyterian order4 ,the first wave of the perennial westward migration of the ,new ,englanders1 as it flowed over the hills from the valley of the ,housatonic into the valley of the ,hudson1 was observed by ,domine ,selyns1 away back in #afif1 to be attended by many preachers educated at ,harvard ,college4#acg3a ,but the churches which they founded grew into the type1 not of ,cambridge nor of ,saybrook1 but of ,westminster4 ,the facility with which the ,new ,england ,christians1 moving westward or southwestward from their cold northeastern corner of the country1 have commonly consented to forego their cherished usages and traditions of church order and accept those in use in their new homes1 and especially their readiness in conforming to the ,presbyterian polity1 has been a subject of undue lamentation and regret to many who have lacked the faculty of recognizing in it one of the highest honors of the ,new ,england church4 ,but whether approved or condemned1 a fact so unusual in church history1 and especially in the history of the ,american church1 is entitled to some study4 #a4 ,it is to be explained in part1 but not altogether1 by the high motive of a willingness to sacrifice personal preferences1 habits1 and convictions of judgment1 on matters not of primary importance1 to the greater general good of the community4 #b4 ,the ,presbyterian polity is the logical expression of that ,nationalist principle which was cherished by many of the ,puritan fathers1 which contended at the birth of ,new ,england with the mere ,independency of the ,pilgrims1 and which found an imperfect embodiment in the platforms of ,cambridge and ,saybrook4 ,the ,new ,england fathers in general1 before their views suffered a sea-change in the course of their migrations1 were ,episcopalians and ,presbyterians rather than ,congregationalists2 and if1 in the course of this history1 we shall find many in their later generations conforming to a mitigated form of the ,westminster polity1 or to a liberalized and ,americanized ,episcopal ,church1 instead of finding this to be a degeneration1 we shall do well to ask whether it is not rather a reversion to type4 #c4 ,those who grow up in a solidly united ,christian community are in a fair way to be trained in the simplicity of the gospel1 and not in any specialties of controversy with contending or competing sects4 ,members of the parish churches of ,new ,england going west had an advantage above most others1 in that they could go simply as representatives of the church of ,christ1 and not of a sect of the church1 or of one side of some controversy in which they had never had occasion to interest themselves4 #d4 ,the principle of congregational independency1 not so much inculcated as acted on in ,new ,england1 carries with it the corollary that a congregation may be ,presbyterian or ,episcopalian or ,methodist1 if it judges best1 without thereby giving the individual ,christian any justification for secession or schism4 #e4 ,the change1 in the westward movement of ,christian civilization1 from the congregational order to the classical1 coincides with the change in the frame of civil polity from town government to county government4 ,in the beginning the civil state in ,new ,england was framed after the model of the church4#ach3a ,it is in accordance with the common course of church history that when the people were transported from the midst of pure democracies to the midst of representative republics their church institutions should take on the character of the environment4 ,the other factors of the religious life of ,new ,york require only brief mention4 ,there were considerable ,quaker communities1 especially on western ,long ,island1 in ,flushing and its neighborhood4 ,but before the year #agcj the fervid and violent and wonderfully brief early enthusiasm of this ,society had long been waning1 and the ,society1 winning no accessions and suffering frequent losses in its membership1 was lapsing into that middle age of ,quakerism#aci3a in which it made itself felt in the life of the people through its almost passive1 but yet effective1 protests against popular wrongs4 ,inconsiderable in number1 but of the noblest quality1 was the immigration of ,french ,huguenots1 which just before and just after the revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes brought to ,new ,york and its neighborhood a half-dozen congregations1 accompanied by pastors whose learning1 piety1 and devotion to the work of ,christ were worthy of that school of martyrdom in which they had been trained4 ,they were not numerous enough1 nor compactly enough settled1 to maintain their own language in use1 and soon became merged1 some in the ,dutch church and some in the ,english4 ,some of their leading pastors accepted salaries from the ,propagation ,society1 tendered to them on condition of their accepting the ordination and conforming to the ritual of the ,english church4 ,the ,french ,reformed ,church does not appear organically in the later history of the colony1 but the history of the ,state and of the nation is never largely written without commemorating1 by the record of family names made illustrious in every department of honorable activity1 the rich contribution made to the ,american church and nation by the cruel bigotry and the political fatuity of ,louis ,,xiv4#aci3b ,the ,german element in the religious life of ,new ,york1 at the period under consideration1 was of even less historical importance4 ,the political philanthropy of ,queen ,anne's government1 with a distinct understanding between the right hand and the left1 took active measure to promote the migration of ,protestant refugees from all parts of ,germany to the ,english colonies in ,america4 ,in the year #agji a great company of these unhappy exiles1 commonly called poor ,palatines from the desolated region whence many of them had been driven out1 were dropped1 helpless and friendless1 in the wilderness of ,schoharie ,county1 and found themselves there practically in a state of slavery through their ignorance of the country and its language4 ,there were few to care for their souls4 ,the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel was promptly in the field1 with its diligent missionaries and its ignoble policy of doing the work of ,christ and humanity with a shrewd eye to the main chance of making proselytes to its party4#adj3a ,with a tardiness which it is difficult not to speak of as characteristic1 after the lapse of twenty-one years the classis of ,amsterdam recognized its responsibility for this multitude of wandering sheep2 and at last1 in #agic1 the ,german ,reformed ,church had so far emancipated itself from its bondage to the old-country hierarchy as to assume1 almost a century too late1 the cure of these poor souls4 ,but this migration added little to the religious life of the ,new ,york ,colony1 except a new element of diversity to a people already sufficiently heterogeneous4 ,the greater part of these few thousands gladly found their way to the more hospitable colony of ,pennsylvania1 leaving traces of themselves in family names scattered here and there1 and in certain local names1 like that of ,palatine ,bridge4 ,the general impression left on the mind by this survey of the ,christian people of ,new ,york in #agcj is of a mass of almost hopelessly incongruous materials1 out of which the brooding ,spirit of ,god shall by and by bring forth the unity of a new creation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the population of the two ,jerseys continued to bear the character impressed on it by the original colonization4 ,west ,jersey was predominantly ,quaker2 ,east ,jersey showed in its institutions of church and school the marks made upon it by the mingling of ,scotch and ,yankee4 ,but there was one point at which influences had centered which were to make ,new ,jersey the seed-plot of a new growth of church life for the continent4 ,the intolerable tyranny of ,lord ,cornbury in ,new ,york1 at the beginning of the century1 had driven many of the ,dutch ,christians of that colony across the ,hudson4 ,the languishing vine throve by transplanting4 ,in the congenial neighborhood of the ,calvinists of ,scotland and ,new ,england the cluster of churches in the region of ,new ,brunswick came to be known as the garden of the ,dutch church4 ,to this region1 bearing a name destined to great honor in ,american church history1 came from ,holland1 in #agbj1 ,domine ,theodore ,j4 ,frelinghuysen4 ,the fervor and earnestness of his preaching1 unwonted in that age1 wakened a religious feeling in his own congregation1 which overflowed the limits of a single parish and became as one of the streams that make glad the city of ,god4 ,in the year #agah there arrived at the port of ,philadelphia an ,irishman1 ,william ,tennent1 with his four sons1 the eldest a boy of fifteen4 ,he was not a ,scotch-,irishman1 but an ,english-,irishman--a clergyman of the established ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of ,ireland4 ,he lost no time in connecting himself with the ,presbyterian synod of ,philadelphia1 and after a few years of pastoral service in the colony of ,new ,york became pastor of the ,presbyterian church at ,neshaminy1 in ,pennsylvania1 twenty miles north of ,philadelphia4 ,here his zeal for ,christian education moved him to begin a school1 which1 called from the humble building in which it was held1 became famous in ,american ,presbyterian history as the ,log ,college4 ,here were educated many men who became eminent in the ministry of the gospel1 and among them the four boys who had come with their father from ,ireland4 ,gilbert1 the eldest and most distinguished of them1 came in #agbg1 from his temporary position as tutor in the ,log ,college1 to be pastor to the ,presbyterian church in ,new ,brunswick1 where ,frelinghuysen1 in the face of opposition from his own brethren in the ministry1 had for seven years pursued his deeply spiritual and fruitful work as pastor to the ,dutch church4 ,whatever debate there may be over the question of an official and tactual succession in the church1 the existence of a vital and spiritual succession1 binding the generations each to each1 need not be disputed by any4 ,sometimes1 as here1 the succession is distinctly traceable4 ,gilbert ,tennent was own son in the ministry to ,theodore ,frelinghuysen as truly as ,timothy to ,paul1 but he became spiritual father to a great multitude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the year #agcj the total population of ,pennsylvania was estimated by ,governor ,gordon at forty-nine thousand4 ,in the less than fifty years since the colony was settled it had outstripped all the older colonies1 and ,philadelphia1 its chief town1 continued to be by far the most important port for the landing of immigrants4 ,the original ,quaker influence was still dominant in the colony1 but the very large majority of the population was ,german2 and presently the ,quakers were to find their political supremacy departing1 and were to acquiesce in the change by abdicating political preferment4#adc3a ,the religious influence of the ,society of ,friends continued to be potent and in many respects most salutary4 ,but the exceptional growth and prosperity of the colony was attended with a vast unearned increment of wealth to the first settlers1 and the maxim1 ,religio peperit divitias1 et mater devorata est a prole1#adc3b received one of the most striking illustrations in all history4 ,so speedily the ,society had entered on its ,middle ,age2#adc3c the most violent of protests against formalism had begun to congeal into a precise and sometimes frivolous system of formalities4 ,but the lasting impress made on the legislation of the colony by ,penn and his contemporaries is a monument of their wise and ,christian statesmanship4 ,up to their time the most humane penal codes in ,christendom were those of ,new ,england1 founded on the ,mosaic law4 ,but even in these1 and still more in the application of them1 there were traces of that widely prevalent feeling that punishment is society's bitter and malignant revenge on the criminal4 ,the penal code and the prison discipline of ,pennsylvania became an object of admiring study for social reformers the world over1 and marked a long stage in the advancement of the kingdom of ,god4 ,the city of ,philadelphia early took the lead of ,american towns1 not only in size1 but in its public charities and its cultivation of humane arts4 ,notwithstanding these eminent honors1 there is much in the later history of the great commonwealth in which ,quakerism held dominion for the greater part of a century to reflect doubt on the fitness of that form of ,christianity for conducting the affairs1 either civil or religious1 of a great community4 ,there is nothing in the personal duty of non-resistance of evil1 as inculcated in the ,new ,testament1 that conflicts with the functions of the civil governor--even the function of bearing the sword as ,god's minister4 ,rather1 each of these is the complement and counterpart of the other4 ,among the early colonial governors no man wielded the sword of the ruler more effectively than the ,quaker ,archdale in the ,carolinas4 ,it is when this law of personal duty is assumed as the principle of public government that the order of society is inverted1 and the function of the magistrate is inevitably taken up by the individual1 and the old wilderness law of blood-revenge is reinstituted4 ,the legislation of ,william ,penn involved no abdication of the power of the sword by the civil governor4 ,the enactment1 however sparing1 of capital laws conceded by implication every point that is claimed by ,christian moralists in justification of war4 ,but it is hardly to be doubted that the tendency of ,quaker politics so to conduct civil government as that it shall resist not evil is responsible for some of the strange paradoxes in the later history of ,pennsylvania4 ,the commonwealth was founded in good faith on principles of mutual good will with the ,indians and tender regard for ,indian rights1 of religious liberty and interconfessional amity1 and of a permanent peace policy4 ,its history has been characterized1 beyond that of other ,states1 by foul play toward the ,indians and protracted ,indian wars1 by acrimonious and sometimes bloody sectarian conflicts1 by obstinate insurrections against public order1#add3a and by cruel and exterminating war upon honest settlers1 founded on a mere open question of title to territory4#add3b ,the failure of ,quakerism is even more conspicuous considered as a church discipline4 ,there is a charm as of apostolic simplicity and beauty in its unassuming hierarchy of weekly1 monthly1 quarterly1 and yearly meetings1 corresponding by epistles and by the visits of traveling evangelists1 which realizes the type of the primitive church presented in ,the ,teaching of the ,twelve ,apostles4 ,but it was never able to outgrow1 in the large and free field to which it was transplanted1 the defects incident to its origin in a protest and a schism4 ,it never learned to commend itself to men as a church for all ,christians1 and never ceased to be1 even in its own consciousness1 a coterie of specialists4 ,penn1 to be sure1 in his youthful overzeal1 had claimed exclusive and universal rights for ,quakerism as the alone good way of life and salvation1 all religions1 faiths1 and worships besides being in the darkness of apostasy4#ade3a ,but after the abatement of that wonderful first fervor which within a lifetime carried its line into all the earth1 and its words to the ends of the world1 it was impossible to hold it to this pitch4 ,claiming no divine right to all men's allegiance1 it felt no duty of opening the door to all men's access4 ,it was free to exclude from the meeting on arbitrary and even on frivolous grounds4 ,as zeal decayed1 the energies of the ,society were mainly shown in protesting and excluding and expelling4 ,god's husbandry does not prosper when his servants are over-earnest in rooting up tares4 ,the course of the ,society of ,friends in the eighteenth century was suicidal4 ,it held a noble opportunity of acting as pastor to a great commonwealth4 ,it missed this great opportunity1 for which it was perhaps constitutionally disqualified1 and devoted itself to edifying its own members and guarding its own purity4 ,so it was that1 saving its soul1 it lost it4 ,the vineyard must be taken away from it4 ,and there were no other husbandmen to take the vineyard4 ,the petty ,german sects1 representing so large a part of the population1 were isolated by their language and habits4 ,the ,lutherans and the ,reformed1 trained in established churches to the methods and responsibilities of parish work1 were not yet represented by any organization4 ,the ,scotch-,irish ,presbyterian immigration was pouring in at ,philadelphia like a flood1 sometimes whole parishes at once1 each bringing its own pastor2 and it left large traces of itself in the eastern counties of ,pennsylvania1 while it rushed to the western frontier and poured itself like a freshet southwesterly through the valleys of the ,blue ,ridge and the ,alleghanies4 ,but the ,presbyterian churches of eastern ,pennsylvania1 even as reinforced from ,england and ,new ,england1 were neither many nor strong2 the ,baptists were feebler yet1 although both these bodies were giving signs of the strength they were both about to develop4#adg3a ,the ,episcopalians had one strong and rapidly growing church in ,philadelphia1 and a few languishing missions in country towns sustained by gifts from ,england4 ,there were as yet no ,methodists4 99 99 99 99 99 ,crossing the boundary line from ,pennsylvania into ,maryland--the line destined to become famous in political history as ,mason and ,dixon's--we come to the four ,southern colonies1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 and the two ,carolinas4 ,georgia in #agcj has not yet begun to be4 ,all these have strongly marked characteristics in common1 which determine in advance the character of their religious history4 ,they are not peculiar in being slave colonies2 there is no colony ,north or ,south in which slaves are not held under sanction of law4 ,georgia1 in its early years1 is to have the solitary honor of being an antislavery and prohibitionist colony4 ,but the four earlier ,southern colonies are unlike their ,northern neighbors in this1 that the institution of slavery dominates their whole social life4 ,the unit of the social organism is not the town1 for there are no towns2 it is the plantation4 ,in a population thus dispersed over vast tracts of territory1 schools and churches are maintained with difficulty1 or not maintained at all4 ,systems of primary and secondary schools are impracticable1 and1 for want of these1 institutions of higher education either languish or are never begun4 ,a consequent tendency1 which1 happily1 there were many influences to resist1 was for this townless population to settle down into the condition of those who1 in distinction from the early ,christians1 came to be called pagani1 or men of the hamlets1 and ,heiden1 or men of the heath4 ,another common characteristic of the four ,southern colonies is that upon them all was imposed by foreign power a church establishment not acceptable to the people4 ,in the ,carolinas the attempted establishment of the ,english church was an absolute failure4 ,it was a church 7with slight exceptions7 without parishes1 without services1 without clergy1 without people1 but with certain pretensions in law which were hindrances in the way of other ,christian work1 and which tended to make itself generally odious4 ,in the two older colonies the ,established ,church was worse than a failure4 ,it had endowments1 parsonages1 glebes1 salaries raised by public tax1 and therefore it had a clergy--and such a clergy6 ,transferring to ,america the most shameful faults of the ,english ,establishment1 it gave the sacred offices of the ,christian ministry by patronage into the hands of debauched and corrupt adventurers1 whose character in general was below the not very lofty standard of the people whom they pretended to serve in the name of ,jesus ,christ4 ,both in ,virginia and in ,maryland the infliction of this rabble of simonists as a burden upon the public treasury was a nuisance under which the people grew more and more restive from year to year4 ,there was no spiritual discipline to which this pretraille was amenable4#adh3a ,it was the constant effort of good citizens1 in the legislature and in the vestries1 if not to starve out the vermin1 at least to hold them in some sort of subjection to the power of the purse4 ,the struggle was one of the antecedents of the ,war of ,independence1 and the vestries of the ,virginia parishes1 with their combined ecclesiastical and civil functions1 became a training-school for some of the statesmen of the ,revolution4 ,in the general dereliction of churchly care for the people of the ,southern colonies1 on the part of those who professed the main responsibility for it1 the duty was undertaken1 in the face of legal hindrances1 by earnest ,christians of various names1 whom the established clergy vainly affected to despise4 ,the ,baptists and the ,presbyterians1 soon to be so powerfully prevalent throughout the ,south1 were represented by a few scattered congregations4 ,but the church of the people of the ,south at this period seems to have been the ,quaker meeting1 and the ministry the occasional missionary who1 bearing credentials from some yearly meeting1 followed in the pioneer footsteps of ,george ,fox1 and went from one circle of ,friends to another1 through those vast expanses of thinly settled territory1 to revive and confirm and edify4 ,the early fervors of the ,society were soon spent4 ,its work was strangely unstable4 ,the proved defects of it as a working system were grave4 ,the criticism of ,george ,keith seems justified by the event--its candle needed a candlestick4 ,but no man can truly write the history of the church of ,christ in the ,united ,states without giving honor to the body which for so long a time and over so vast an area bore the name and testimony of ,jesus almost alone2 and no man can read the journeys and labors of ,john ,woolman1 mystic and ascetic saint1 without recognizing that he and others like-minded were nothing less than true apostles of the ,lord ,jesus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one impression made by this general survey of the colonies is that of the absence of any sign of unity among the various ,christian bodies in occupation4 ,one corner of the great domain1 ,new ,england1 was thickly planted with homogeneous churches in mutual fellowship4 ,one order of ,christians1 the ,quakers1 had at least a framework of organization conterminous with the country4 ,in general there were only scattered members of a ,christian community1 awaiting the inbreathing of some quickening spiritual influence that should bring bone to its bone and erect the whole into a living church4 ,another and very gratifying impression from the story thus far is the general fidelity of the ,christian colonists in the work of the gospel among the heathen ,indians4 ,there was none of the colonies that did not make profession of a zealous purpose for the ,christianizing of the savages2 and it is only just to say1 in the face of much unjust and evil talk1 that there was none that did not give proof of its sincerity4 ,in ,virginia1 the ,puritans ,whitaker and ,thomas ,dale2 in ,maryland1 the earliest companies of ,jesuit missionaries2 ,campanius among the ,swedish ,lutherans2 ,megapolensis among the ,dutchmen1 and the ,jesuit martyr ,jogues in the forests of ,new ,york2 in ,new ,england1 not only ,john ,eliot and ,roger ,williams and the ,mayhews1 but many a village pastor like ,fitch of ,norwich and ,pierson of ,branford1 were distinguished in the first generation by their devotion to this duty4#aej3a ,the succession of faithful missionaries has never failed from that day to this4 ,the large expectations of the churches are indicated by the erection of one of the earliest buildings at ,harvard ,college for the use of ,indian students4 ,at ,william and ,mary ,college not less than seventy ,indian students at one time are said to have been gathered for an advanced education4 ,it was no fault of the colonial churches that these earnest and persistent efforts yielded small results4 ,we discover a strange uniformity of feature in the successive failures4444 ,always1 just when the project seemed most hopeful1 an indiscriminate massacre of missionaries and converts together swept the enterprise out of existence4 ,the experience of all was the same4#aea3a 99 99 99 99 99 ,it will be a matter of growing interest1 as we proceed1 to trace the relation of the ,american church to negro slavery4 ,it is a curious fact1 not without some later analogies1 that the introduction into the ,new ,world of this direful spring of woes unnumbered was promoted1 in the first instance1 by the good ,las ,casas1 as the hopeful preventive of a worse evil4 ,touched by the spectacle of whole tribes and nations of the ,indians perishing under the cruel servitude imposed upon them by the ,spanish1 it seemed to him a less wrong to transfer the infliction of this injustice to shoulders more able to bear it4 ,but man's inhumanity to man needed no pretext of philanthropy4 ,from the landing of the ,dutch ship at ,jamestown in #afai1 with her small invoice of fourteen negroes1 the dismal trade went on increasing1 in spite of humane protest and attempted prohibition4 ,the legislature of ,massachusetts1 which was the representative of the church1 set forth what it conceived to be the biblical ethics on the subject4 ,recognizing that lawful captives taken in just wars may be held in bondage1 it declared among its earliest public acts1 in #afda1 that1 with this exception1 no involuntary bond-slavery1 villeinage1 or captivity should ever be in the colony2 and in #afdf it took measures for returning to ,africa negroes who had been kidnapped by a slaver4 ,it is not strange that reflection on the golden rule should soon raise doubts whether the precedents of the ,book of ,joshua had equal authority with the law of ,christ4 ,in #afge ,john ,eliot1 from the midst of his work among the ,indians1 warned the governor against the sale of ,indians taken in war1 on the ground that the selling of souls is dangerous merchandise1 and with a bleeding and burning passion remonstrated against the abject condition of the enslaved ,africans4 ,in #agjj that typical ,puritan1 ,judge ,samuel ,sewall1 published his pamphlet on ,the ,selling of ,joseph1 claiming for the negroes the rights of brethren1 and predicting that there would be no progress in gospeling until slavery should be abolished4 ,those were serious days of antislavery agitation1 when ,cotton ,mather1 in his ,essays to ,do ,good1 spoke of the injustice of slavery in terms such that his little book had to be expurgated by the ,american ,tract ,society to accommodate it to the degenerate conscience of a later day1 and when the town of ,boston in #agja took measures to put a period to negroes being slaves4 ,such endeavors after universal justice and freedom1 on the part of the ,christians of ,new ,england1 thwarted by the insatiable greed of ,british traders and politicians1 were not to cease until1 with the first enlargement of independence1 they should bring forth judgment to victory4 ,the voice of ,new ,england was echoed from ,pennsylvania4 ,the ,mennonites of ,germantown1 in #afhh1 framed in quaint and touching language their petition for the abolition of slavery1 and the ,quaker yearly meetings responded one to another with unanimous protest4 ,but the mischief grew and grew4 ,in the ,northern colonies the growth was stunted by the climate4 ,elsewhere the institution1 beginning with the domestic service of a few bondmen attached to their masters' families1 took on a new type of malignity as it expanded4 ,in proportion as the servile population increases to such numbers as to be formidable1 laws of increasing severity are directed to restraining or repressing it4 ,the first symptoms of insurrection are followed by horrors of bloody vengeance1 and from that time forth the slave laws have but one quality--that of ferocity engendered by fear4#aec3a ,it was not from the willful inhumanity of the ,southern colonies1 but from their terrors1 that those slave codes came forth which for nearly two centuries were the shame of ,america and the scandal of ,christendom4 ,it is a comfort to the heart of humanity to reflect that the people were better than their laws2 it was only at the recurring periods of fear of insurrection that they were worse4 ,in ordinary times human sympathy and ,christian principle softened the rigors of the situation4 ,the first practical fruits of the revival of religion in the ,southern colonies were seen in efforts of ,christian kindness toward the souls and bodies of the slaves4 ,,footnotes3 #abi3a ,one is touched by the plaintive grief of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,muirson1 who has come from the established church of ,england to make proselytes from the established churches of ,connecticut4 ,he writes to the ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 without a thought of casting any reflections upon his patrons3 ,it would require more time than you would willingly bestow on these ,lines1 to express how rigidly and severely they treat our ,people1 by taking their ,estate by distress when they do not willingly pay to support their ,ministers 7,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,records1 p4 #dc74 ,the pathos of the situation is intensified when we bear in mind the relation of this tender-hearted gentleman's own emoluments to the taxes extorted from the ,congregationalists in his ,new ,york parish4 #acj3a ,see above1 p4 #ajg4 #aca3a ,newman1 ,baptist ,churches in the ,united ,states1 pp4 #aig1 #aih1 #bca4 #aca3b ,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 chaps1 iv41 v42 ,c4 ,f4 ,adams1 ,three ,episodes in ,massachusetts ,history1 pp4 #cdb1 #fba4 #acc3a ,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 p4 #db4 #acd3a ,tiffany1 chap4 v4 ,for a full account of these beginnings in ,connecticut in their historical relations1 see ,l4 ,bacon on ,the ,episcopal ,church in ,connecticut 7,new ,englander1 vol4 xxv41 pp4 #bhc-cbi74 #ace3a ,there were on duty in ,new ,york in #agcj1 besides the minister of ,trinity ,church1 ten missionaries of the ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 including several employed specially among the ,indians and the negroes4 ,fifteen years later there were reported to the ,venerable ,society in ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey twenty-two churches 7,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 pp4 #hee1 #hef2 ,tiffany1 p4 #agh74 #ace3b ,digest of ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 p4 #fh and note4 #acg3a ,corwin1 ,reformed 7,dutch7 ,church1 p4 #aae4 #ach3a ,mr4 ,hooker did often quote a saying out of ,mr4 ,cartwright1 that no man fashioneth his house to his hangings1 but his hangings to his house4 ,it is better that the commonwealth be fashioned to the setting forth of ,god's house1 which is his church1 than to accommodate the church frame to the civil state 7,john ,cotton1 quoted by ,l4 ,bacon1 ,historical ,discourses1 p4 #ah74 #aci3a ,thomas1 ,the ,society of ,friends1 p4 #bci4 #aci3b ,corwin1 ,reformed 7,dutch7 ,church1 pp4 #gg1 #gh1 #agc4 #adj3a ,illustrations of the sordid sectarianism of the ,venerable ,society's operations are painfully frequent in the pages of the digest of the ,s4 ,p4 ,g4 ,see especially on this particular case the action respecting ,messrs4 ,kocherthal1 ,ehlig1 and ,beyse 7p4 #fa74 #adc3a ,s4 ,g4 ,fisher1 ,the ,making of ,pennsylvania1 p4 #abe2 ,thomas1 ,the ,society of ,friends1 p4 #bce4 #adc3b ,religion gave birth to wealth1 and was devoured by her own offspring4 ,the aphorism is ascribed to ,lord ,falkland4 #adc3c ,thomas1 ,the ,society of ,friends1 p4 #bcf4 #add3a ,fisher1 ,the ,making of ,pennsylvania1 pp4 #aff-afi1 #agd4 #add3b ,it is not easy to define the peculiarity of ,penn's ,indian policy4 ,it is vulgarly referred to as if it consisted in just dealing1 especially in not taking their land except by fair purchase2 and the ,shackamaxon ,treaty1 of which nothing is known except by vague report and tradition1 is spoken of as some thing quite unprecedented in this respect4 ,the fact is that this measure of virtue was common to the ,english colonists generally1 and eminently to the ,new ,england colonists4 ,a good example of the ordinary cant of historical writers on this subject is found in ,the ,making of ,pennsylvania1 p4 #bch4 ,the writer says of the ,connecticut ,puritans3 ,they occupied the land by squatter sovereignty4444 ,it seemed like a pleasant place2 they wanted it4 ,they were the saints1 and the saints1 as we all know1 shall inherit the earth4444 ,having originally acquired their land simply by taking it1 444 they naturally grew up with rather liberal views as to their right to any additional territory that pleased their fancy4 ,no purchase by ,penn was made with more scrupulous regard to the rights of the ,indians than the purchases by which the settlers of ,connecticut acquired title to their lands2 but ,i know of no ,new ,england precedent for the somewhat ,punic piece of sharp practice by which the metes and bounds of one of the ,pennsylvania purchases were laid down4 ,the long exemption of ,pennsylvania from trouble with the ,indians seems to be due to the fact that an exceptionally mild1 considerate1 and conscientious body of settlers was confronted with a tribe of savages thoroughly subdued and cowed in recent conflicts with enemies both red and white4 ,it seems clear1 also1 that the exceptional ferocity of the forty years of uninterrupted war with the ,indians that ensued was due in part to the long dereliction by the ,quaker government of its duty of protecting its citizens and punishing murder1 robbery1 and arson when committed by its copper-colored subjects4 #ade3a ,penn's ,truth ,exalted 7quoted in ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 vol4 xviii41 p4 #dic74 #adg3a ,in #agda1 after a decade of great activity and growth1 the entire clerical strength of the ,american ,presbyterian ,church1 in its four presbyteries1 was forty-seven ministers 7,thompson1 ,presbyterian ,churches1 p4 #cc74 #adh3a ,it is a subject of unceasing lament on the part of historians of the ,american ,episcopal ,church that the mother church1 all through the colonial days1 should have obstinately refused to the daughter the gift of the episcopate4 ,there is no denying the grave disadvantages thus inflicted4 ,but it admits of doubt whether such bishops1 with such conditions1 as would have been conceded by the ,english church of the eighteenth century1 would1 after all1 have been so very precious a boon4 ,we shrink from the imputation upon the colonial church of ,maryland and ,virginia which is implied in suggesting that it would have been considerably improved by gaining the disciplinary purity of the ,english church of the ,georgian era4 ,the long fight in ,virginia1 culminating in ,patrick ,henry's speech in the ,parsons' ,case1 so far ,americanized the ,episcopal ,church as to make sure that no unwelcome minister was ever to be forced from outside on one of its parishes4 ,after the ,revolution it became possible to set up the episcopate also on ,american principles4 ,those who are burdened with regret over the long delay of the ,american ,protestant episcopate may find no small consolation in pondering the question1 what kind of an outfit of bishops1 with canons attached1 might have been hoped for from ,sir ,robert ,walpole or ,lord ,bute8 ,on the whole1 at this point the ,american ,episcopal ,church is in the habit of pitying itself too much4 ,it has something to be thankful for4 #aej3a ,it is a curious exception1 if it is indeed an exception1 that the one ,christian colony that shows no record of early ,indian missions should be that of ,william ,penn4 ,could this be due to the ,quaker faith in the sufficiency of the ,light that lighteneth every man that cometh into the world8 ,the type of theology and method of instruction used by some of the earliest laborers in this field left something to be desired in point of adaptedness to the savage mind4 ,without irreverence to the great name of ,jonathan ,edwards1 there is room for doubt whether he was just the man for the ,stockbridge ,indians4 ,in the case of the ,rev4 ,abraham ,pierson1 of ,branford1 in ,new ,haven ,colony1 afterward founder of ,newark1 we have an illustration both of his good intentions and of his methods1 which were not so good1 in ,some ,helps for the ,indians3 ,shewing them how to ,improve their ,natural ,reason1 to ,know the ,true ,god and the ,christian ,religion4 ,this catechism is printed in the ,indian language with an ,english version interlined4 ,q4 ,how do you prove that there is but one true ,god8 ,an4 ,because the reason why singular things of the same kind are multiplied is not to be found in the nature of ,god2 for the reason why such like things are multiplied is from the fruitfulness of their causes3 but ,god hath no cause of his being1 but is of himself4 ,therefore he is one4 7,and so on through secondly and thirdly47 ,per contra1 a sermon to the ,stockbridge ,indians by the most ponderous of the metaphysical preachers of ,new ,england1 ,samuel ,hopkins1 is beautifully simple and childlike4 ,it is given in full in ,park's ,life of ,hopkins1 pp4 #df-di4 #aea3a ,mc,connell1 ,history of the ,american ,episcopal ,church1 p4 #g4 ,the statement calls for qualification in detail1 but the general fact is unmistakable4 #aec3a ,h4 ,c4 ,lodge1 ,english ,colonies1 p4 #fg et seq4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,great ,,awakening ,it was not wholly dark in ,american ,christendom before the dawn of the ,great ,awakening4 ,the censoriousness which was the besetting sin of the evangelists in that great religious movement1 the rhetorical temptation to glorify the revival by intensifying the contrast with the antecedent condition1 and the exaggerated revivalism ever since so prevalent in the ,american church1--the tendency to consider religion as consisting mainly in scenes and periods of special fervor1 and the intervals between as so much void space and waste time1--all these have combined to deepen the dark tints in which the former state is set before us in history4 ,the power of godliness was manifest in the earlier days by many infallible signs1 not excluding those times of refreshing in which the simultaneous earnestness of many souls compels the general attention4 ,even in ,northampton1 where the doctrine of the venerable ,stoddard as to the conditions of communion has been thought to be the low-water mark of church vitality1 not less than five such harvest seasons were within recent memory4 ,it was to this parish in a country town on the frontier of civilization1 but the most important in ,massachusetts outside of ,boston1 that there came1 in the year #agbg1 to serve as colleague to his aged grandfather1 ,pastor ,stoddard1 a young man whose wonderful intellectual and spiritual gifts had from his childhood awakened the pious hopes of all who had known him1 and who was destined in his future career to be recognized as the most illustrious of the saints and doctors of the ,american church4 ,the authentic facts of the boyhood of ,jonathan ,edwards read like the myths that adorn the legendary ,lives of the ,saints4 ,as an undergraduate of ,yale ,college1 before the age of seventeen1 his reflections on the mysteries of ,god1 and the universe1 and the human mind1 were such as even yet command the attention and respect of students of philosophy4 ,he remained at ,new ,haven two years after graduation1 for the further study of theology1 and then spent eight months in charge of the newly organized ,presbyterian church in ,new ,york4#aef3a ,after this he spent two years as tutor at ,yale1--one of the pillar tutors1 and the glory of the college1--at the critical period after the defection of ,rector ,cutler to the ,church of ,england4#aef3b ,from this position he was called in #agbf1 at the age of twenty-three1 to the church at ,northampton4 ,there he was ordained ,february #ae1 #agbg1 and thither a few months later he brought his espoused saint1 ,sarah ,pierpont1 consummate flower of ,puritan womanhood1 thenceforth the companion not only of his pastoral cares and sorrows1 but of his seraphic contemplations of divine things4 ,the intensely earnest sermons1 the holy life1 and the loving prayers of one of the greatest preachers in the history of the church were not long in bearing abundant fruit4 ,in a time of spiritual and moral depression1 when the world1 the flesh1 and the devil seemed to be gaining against the gospel1 sometime in the year #agcc signs began to be visible of yielding to the power of ,god's ,word4 ,the frivolous or wanton frolics of the youth began to be exchanged for meetings for religious conference4 ,the pastor was encouraged to renewed tenderness and solemnity in his preaching4 ,his themes were justification by faith1 the awfulness of ,god's justice1 the excellency of ,christ1 the duty of pressing into the kingdom of ,god4 ,presently a young woman1 a leader in the village gayeties1 became serious1 giving evidence1 even to the severe judgment of ,edwards1 of a heart truly broken and sanctified4 ,a general seriousness began to spread over the whole town4 ,hardly a single person1 old or young1 but felt concerned about eternal things4 ,according to ,edwards's ,narrative3 ,the work of ,god1 as it was carried on1 and the number of true saints multiplied1 soon made a glorious alteration in the town1 so that in the spring and summer1 anno #agce1 the town seemed to be full of the presence of ,god4 ,it was never so full of love1 nor so full of joy1 and yet so full of distress1 as it was then4 ,there were remarkable tokens of ,god's presence in almost every house4 ,it was a time of joy in families on the account of salvation's being brought unto them2 parents rejoicing over their children as being new-born1 and husbands over their wives1 and wives over their husbands4 ,the goings of ,god were then seen in his sanctuary4 ,god's day was a delight1 and his tabernacles were amiable4 ,our public assemblies were then beautiful2 the congregation was alive in ,god's service1 every one intent on the public worship1 every hearer eager to drink in the words of the minister as they came from his mouth2 the assembly in general were from time to time in tears while the ,word was preached1 some weeping with sorrow and distress1 others with joy and love1 others with pity and concern for the souls of their neighbors4 ,our public praises were then greatly enlivened2 ,god was then served in our psalmody in some measure in the beauty of holiness4 ,the crucial test of the divineness of the work was given when the people presented themselves before the ,lord with a solemn act of thanksgiving for his great goodness and his gracious presence in the town of ,northampton1 with publicly recorded vows to renounce their evil ways and put away their abominations from before his eyes4 ,they solemnly promise thenceforth1 in all dealings with their neighbor1 to be governed by the rules of honesty1 justice1 and uprightness2 not to overreach or defraud him1 nor anywise to injure him1 whether willfully or through want of care2 to regard not only their own interest1 but his2 particularly1 to be faithful in the payment of just debts2 in the case of past wrongs against any1 never to rest till they have made full reparation2 to refrain from evil speaking1 and from everything that feeds a spirit of bitterness2 to do nothing in a spirit of revenge2 not to be led by private or partisan interest into any course hurtful to the interests of ,christ's kingdom2 particularly1 in public affairs1 not to allow ambition or partisanship to lead them counter to the interest of true religion4 ,those who are young promise to allow themselves in no diversions that would hinder a devout spirit1 and to avoid everything that tends to lasciviousness1 and which will not be approved by the infinitely pure and holy eye of ,god4 ,finally1 they consecrate themselves watchfully to perform the relative duties of parents and children1 husbands and wives1 brothers and sisters1 masters1 mistresses1 and servants4 ,so great a work as this could not be hid4 ,the whole region of the ,connecticut ,valley1 in ,massachusetts and ,connecticut1 and neighboring regions felt the influence of it4 ,the fame of it went abroad4 ,a letter of ,edwards's in reply to inquiries from his friend1 ,dr4 ,colman1 of ,boston1 was forwarded to ,dr4 ,watts and ,dr4 ,guise1 of ,london1 and by them published under the title of ,narrative of ,surprising ,conversions4 ,a copy of the little book was carried in his pocket for wayside reading on a walk from ,london to ,oxford by ,john ,wesley1 in the year #agch4 ,not yet in the course of his work had he seen it on this fashion1 and he writes in his journal3 ,surely this is the ,lord's doing1 and it is marvelous in our eyes4 ,both in this narrative and in a later work on ,the ,distinguishing ,marks of a ,work of the ,spirit of ,god1 one cannot but admire the divine gift of a calm wisdom with which ,edwards had been endowed as if for this exigency4 ,he is never dazzled by the incidents of the work1 nor distracted by them from the essence of it4 ,his argument for the divineness of the work is not founded on the unusual or extraordinary character of it1 nor on the impressive bodily effects sometimes attending it1 such as tears1 groans1 outcries1 convulsions1 or faintings1 nor on visions or ecstasies or impressions4 ,what he claims is that the work may be divine1 notwithstanding the presence of these incidents4#aei3a ,it was doubtless owing to the firm and judicious guidance of such a pastor that the intense religious fervor of this first awakening at ,northampton was marked by so much of sobriety and order4 ,in later years1 in other regions1 and under the influence of preachers not of greater earnestness1 but of less wisdom and discretion1 there were habitual scenes of extravagant and senseless enthusiasm1 which make the closing pages of this chapter of church history painfully instructive4 ,it is not difficult to understand how one of the first places at a distance to feel the kindling example of ,northampton should be the neighborhood of ,newark4 ,to this region1 planted1 as we have seen1 with so strong a stock from ,new ,england1 from old ,england1 and from ,scotland1 came1 in #agjh1 a youth of twenty years1 ,jonathan ,dickinson1 a native of the historic little town of ,hatfield1 next neighbor to ,northampton4 ,he was pastor at ,elizabeth1 but his influence and activity extended through all that part of ,new ,jersey1 and he became easily the leader of the rapidly growing communion of ,presbyterian churches in that province1 and the opponent1 in the interest of ,christian liberty and sincerity1 of rigid terms of subscription1 demanded by men of little faith4 ,there is a great career before him2 but that which concerns the present topic is his account of what took place sometime in ,august1 #agci 7the summer before ,mr4 ,whitefield came first into these parts71 when there was a remarkable revival at ,newark4444 ,this revival of religion was chiefly observable among the younger people1 till the following ,march1 when the whole town in general was brought under an uncommon concern about their eternal interests1 and the congregation appeared universally affected under some sermons that were then preached to them4 ,like scenes of spiritual quickening were witnessed that same season in other parts of ,new ,jersey2 but special interest attaches to the report from ,new ,londonderry1 ,penn41 where a ,scotch-,irish community received as its pastor1 in the spring of #agdj1 ,samuel ,blair1 a native of ,ireland1 trained in the ,log ,college of ,william ,tennent4 ,he describes the people1 at his first knowledge of them1 as sunk in a religious torpor1 ignorance1 and indifference4 ,the first sign of vitality was observed in ,march1 #agdj1 during the pastor's absence1 when1 under an alarming sermon from a neighbor minister3 ,there was a visible appearance of much soul-concern among the hearers2 so that some burst out with an audible noise into bitter crying1 a thing not known in these parts before4444 ,the first sermon ,i preached after my return to them was from ,matthew vi4 #cc3 ',seek ye first the kingdom of ,god1 and his righteousness4' ,after opening up and explaining the parts of the text1 when in the improvement ,i came to press the injunction in the text upon the unconverted and ungodly1 and offered this as one reason among others why they should now first of all seek the kingdom and righteousness of ,god1 viz41 that they had neglected too long to do so already1 this consideration seemed to come and cut like a sword upon several in the congregation2 so that while ,i was speaking upon it they could no longer contain1 but burst out in the most bitter mourning4 ,i desired them as much as possible to restrain themselves from making any noise that would hinder themselves or others from hearing what was spoken2 and often afterward ,i had occasion to repeat the same counsel4 ,i still advised people to endeavor to moderate and bound their passions1 but not so as to resist and stifle their convictions4 ,the number of the awakened increased very fast4 ,frequently under sermons there were some newly convicted and brought into deep distress of soul about their perishing estate4 ,our ,sabbath assemblies soon became vastly large1 many people from almost all parts around inclining very much to come where there was such appearance of the divine power and presence4 ,i think there was scarcely a sermon or lecture preached here through that whole summer but there were manifest evidences of impressions on the hearers1 and many times the impressions were very great and general4 ,several would be overcome and fainting2 others deeply sobbing1 hardly able to contain2 others crying in a most dolorous manner2 many others more silently weeping1 and a solemn concern appearing in the countenances of many others4 ,and sometimes the soul-exercises of some 7though comparatively but very few7 would so far affect their bodies as to occasion some strange1 unusual bodily motions4 ,i had opportunities of speaking particularly with a great many of those who afforded such outward tokens of inward soul-concern in the time of public worship and hearing of the ,word4 ,indeed1 many came to me of themselves1 in their distress1 for private instruction and counsel2 and ,i found1 so far as ,i can remember1 that with by far the greater part their apparent concern in public was not just a transient qualm of conscience or merely a floating commotion of the affections1 but a rational1 fixed conviction of their dangerous1 perishing estate4444 ,in some time many of the convinced and distressed afforded very hopeful1 satisfying evidence that the ,lord had brought them to true closure with ,jesus ,christ1 and that their distresses and fears had been in a great measure removed in a right gospel way1 by believing in the ,son of ,god4 ,several of them had very remarkable and sweet deliverances this way4 ,it was very agreeable to hear their accounts how that when they were in the deepest perplexity and darkness1 distress and difficulty1 seeking ,god as poor1 condemned1 hell-deserving sinners1 the scene of recovering grace through a ,redeemer has been opened to their understandings with a surprising beauty and glory1 so that they were enabled to believe in ,christ with joy unspeakable and full of glory4#afb3a ,the experience of ,gilbert ,tennent at ,new ,brunswick had no connection with the first awakening at ,northampton1 but had important relations with later events4 ,he was the eldest of the four sons whom ,william ,tennent1 the ,episcopalian minister from ,ireland1 had brought with him to ,america and educated at his ,log ,college4 ,in #agbg he became pastor of a church at ,new ,brunswick1 where he was much impressed with what he saw of the results of the work of the ,rev4 ,theodore ,frelinghuysen1 who for seven years had been pastor of a neighboring ,dutch church4 ,the example and fraternal counsel of this good man made him sensible of the fruitlessness of his own work1 and moved him to more earnest prayers and labors4 ,having been brought low with sickness1 he prayed to ,god to grant him one half-year more in which to endeavor to promote his kingdom with all my might at all adventures4 ,being raised up from sickness1 he devoted himself to earnest personal labors with individuals and to renewed faithfulness in the pulpit1 which method was sealed by the ,holy ,spirit in the conviction and conversion of a considerable number of persons1 at various times and in different places1 in that part of the country1 as appeared by their acquaintance with experimental religion and good conversation4 ,this bit of pastoral history1 in which is nothing startling or prodigious1 was at least five years previous to the ,surprising ,conversions at ,northampton4 ,there must have been generally throughout the country a preparedness for the ,great ,awakening4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was in that year 7#agce7 in which the town of ,northampton was all ablaze with the glory of its first revival under ,edwards that ,george ,whitefield1 first among the members of ,wesley's ,holy ,club at ,oxford1 attained to that sense of the divine love from which he was wont to date his conversion4 ,in ,may1 #agch1 when the last reflections from the ,northampton revival had faded out from all around the horizon1 the young clergyman1 whose first efforts as a preacher in pulpits of the ,church of ,england had astonished all hearers by the power of his eloquence1 arrived at ,savannah1 urged by the importunity of the ,wesleys to take up the work in ,georgia in which they had so conspicuously failed4 ,he entered eagerly into the sanguine schemes for the advantage of the young colony1 and especially into the scheme for building and endowing an orphan-house in just that corner of the earth where there was less need of such an institution than anywhere else4 ,after three months' stay he started on his return to ,england to seek priest's orders for himself1 and funds for the orphans that might be expected sometime in ,georgia4 ,he was successful in both his errands4 ,he was ordained2 he collected more than one thousand pounds for the orphan-house2 and being detained in the kingdom by an embargo1 he began that course of evangelistic preaching which continued on either side of the ocean until his death1 and which is without a parallel in church history4 ,his incomparable eloquence thronged the parish churches1 until the churches were closed against him1 and the ,bishop of ,london warned the people against him in a pastoral letter4 ,then he went out into the open fields1 in the service1 as he said1 of him who had a mountain for his pulpit1 and the heavens for his sounding-board1 and who1 when his gospel was refused by the ,jews1 sent his servants into the highways and hedges4 ,multitudes of every rank thronged him2 but especially the heathenized and embruted colliers near ,bristol listened to the unknown gospel1 and their awakened feelings were revealed to the preacher by his observing the white gutters made by the tears that ran down their grimy faces4 ,at last the embargo was raised1 and committing his work to ,wesley1 whom he had drawn into field-preaching1 he sailed in ,august1 #agci1 for ,philadelphia1 on his way to ,georgia4 ,his fame had gone before him1 and the desire to hear him was universal4 ,the churches would not contain the throngs4 ,it was long remembered how1 on those summer evenings1 he would take his stand in the balcony of the old court-house in ,market ,street1 and how every syllable from his wonderful voice would be heard aboard the river-craft moored at the foot of the street1 four hundred feet away4 ,at ,new ,york the ,episcopal church was closed against him1 but the pastor of the ,presbyterian church1 ,mr4 ,pemberton1 from ,boston1 made him welcome1 and the fields were free to him and his hearers4 ,on the way to ,new ,york and back1 the tireless man preached at every town4 ,at ,new ,brunswick he saw and heard with profound admiration ,gilbert ,tennent1 thenceforth his friend and yokefellow4 ,seeing the solemn eagerness of the people everywhere to hear him1 he determined to make the journey to ,savannah by land1 and again he turned the long journey into a campaign of preaching4 ,arriving at ,savannah in ,january1 #agdj1 he laid the foundation of his orphan-house1 ,bethesda1 and in ,march was again on his way northward on a tour of preaching and solicitation of funds4 ,touching at ,charleston1 where the bishop's commissary1 ,dr4 ,garden1 was at open controversy with him1 he preached five times and received seventy pounds for his charitable work4 ,landing at ,new ,castle on a ,sunday morning1 he preached morning and evening4 ,monday morning he preached at ,wilmington to a vast assemblage4 ,tuesday evening he preached on ,society ,hill1 in ,philadelphia1 to about eight thousand1 and at the same place ,wednesday morning and evening4 ,then once more he made the tour to ,new ,york and back1 preaching at every halting-place4 ,a contemporary newspaper contains the following item3 ,new ,castle1 ,may #aeth4 ,this evening ,mr4 ,whitefield went on board his sloop here in order to sail for ,georgia4 ,on ,sunday he preached twice in ,philadelphia1 and in the evening1 when he preached his farewell sermon1 it is supposed he had twenty thousand hearers4 ,on ,monday he preached at ,darby and ,chester2 on ,tuesday at ,wilmington and ,whiteclay ,creek2 on ,wednesday1 twice at ,nottingham2 on ,thursday at ,fog's ,manor and ,new ,castle4 ,the congregations were much increased since his being here last4 ,the presence of ,god was much seen in the assemblies1 especially at ,nottingham and ,fog's ,manor1 where the people were under such deep soul-distress that their cries almost drowned his voice4 ,he has collected in this and the neighboring provinces about four hundred and fifty pounds sterling for his orphans in ,georgia4 ,into the feeble but rapidly growing presbyteries and the one synod of the ,american ,presbyterian ,church the revival had brought1 not peace1 but a sword4 ,the collision was inevitable between the fervor and unrestrained zeal of the evangelists and the sense of order and decorum1 and of the importance of organization and method1 into which men are trained in the ministry of an established church4 ,no man1 even at this day1 can read the standards of the ,presbyterian ,church without seeing that they have had to be strained to admit those revival methods which ever since the days of ,whitefield have prevailed in that body4 ,the conflict that arose was not unlike that which from the beginning of ,new ,england history had subsisted between ,separatist and ,nationalist4 ,in the ,presbyterian conflict1 as so often in religious controversies1 disciplinary and doctrinal questions were complicated with a difference of race4 ,the ,old ,side was the ,scotch and ,irish party2 the ,new ,side was the ,new ,england party1 to which many of the old-country ministers adhered4 ,for successive years the mutual opposition had shown itself in the synod2 and in #agdj1 at the synod meeting at ,philadelphia1 soon after the departure of ,whitefield1 the real gravamen of the controversy appeared1 in the implied and even express impeachment of the spiritual character of the ,old ,side ministers4 ,the impeachment had been implied in the coming of the evangelists uninvited into other men's parishes1 as if these were mission ground4 ,and now it was expressed in papers read before the synod by ,blair and ,gilbert ,tennent4 ,the action of the synod went so far toward sustaining the men of the ,new ,side as to repeal the rule restraining ministers from preaching outside of their own parishes1 and as to put on record a thanksgiving for the work of ,god in the land4 ,through all the days of the synod's meeting1 daily throngs on ,society ,hill were addressed by the ,tennents and other hot gospelers of the revival1 and churches and private houses were resounding with revival hymns and exhortations4 ,already the preaching and printing of ,gilbert ,tennent's ,nottingham ,sermon had made further fellowship between the two parties for the time impossible4 ,the sermon flagrantly illustrated the worst characteristic of the revivalists--their censoriousness4 ,it was a violent invective on ,the ,danger of an ,unconverted ,ministry1 which so favorable a critic as ,dr4 ,alexander has characterized as one of the most severely abusive sermons which was ever penned4 ,the answer to it came in a form that might have been expected4 ,at the opening of the synod of #agda a solemn protestation was presented containing an indictment in seven grave counts against the men of the ,new ,side1 and declaring them to have at present no right to sit and vote as members of this synod1 and that if they should sit and vote1 the doings of the synod would be of no force or obligation4 ,the protestation was adopted by the synod by a bare majority of a small attendance4 ,the presbytery of ,new ,brunswick found itself exscinded by this short and easy process of discipline2 the presbytery of ,new ,york joined with it in organizing a new synod1 and the schism was complete4 ,it is needless further to follow in detail the amazing career of ,whitefield1 posting o'er land and ocean without rest1 and attended at every movement by such storms of religious agitation as have been already described4 ,in ,august1 #agdj1 he made his first visit to ,new ,england4 ,he met with a cordial welcome4 ,at ,boston all pulpits were opened to him1 and churches were thronged with eager and excited hearers4#afh3a ,he preached on the common in the open air1 and the crowds were doubled4 ,all the surrounding towns1 and the coast eastward to ,maine1 and the interior as far as ,northampton1 and the ,connecticut towns along the road to ,new ,york1 were wonderfully aroused by the preaching1 which1 according to the testimony of two nations and all grades of society1 must have been of unequaled power over the feelings4 ,not only the clergy1 including the few ,church of ,england missionaries1 but the colleges and the magistrates delighted to honor him4 ,belcher1 the royal governor at ,boston1 fairly slobbered over him1 with tears and embraces and kisses2 and the devout ,governor ,talcott1 at ,new ,haven1 gave ,god thanks1 after listening to the great preacher1 for such refreshings on the way to our rest4 ,so he was sped on his way back to the ,south4 ,relieved thus of the glamor of his presence1 the ,new ,england people began1 some of them1 to recognize in what an earthen vessel their treasure had been borne4 ,already1 in his earlier youth1 when his vast powers had been suddenly revealed to him and to the world1 he had had wise counsel from such men as ,watts and ,doddridge against some of his perils4 ,watts warned him against his superstition of trusting to impressions assumed to be divine2 and ,doddridge pronounced him an honest man1 but weak1 and a little intoxicated with popularity4#afi3a ,but no human strength could stand against the adulation that everywhere attended him4 ,his vain conceit was continually betraying him into indiscretions1 which he was ever quick to expiate by humble acknowledgment4 ,at ,northampton he was deeply impressed with the beauty of holiness in ,edwards and his wife2 and he listened with deference to the cautions of that wise counselor against his faith in impressions and against his censorious judgments of other men as unconverted2 but it seemed to the pastor that his guest liked him not so well for opposing these things4 ,the faults of ,whitefield were intensified to a hateful degree in some of his associates and followers4 ,leaving ,boston1 he sent1 to succeed to his work1 ,gilbert ,tennent1 then glowing with the heat of his noted ,nottingham sermon on ,an ,unconverted ,ministry4 ,at once men's minds began to be divided4 ,on the one hand1 so wise and sober a critic as ,thomas ,prince1 listening with severe attention1 gave his strong and unreserved approval to the preaching and demeanor of ,tennent4#afi3b ,at the other extreme1 we have such testimony as this from ,dr4 ,timothy ,cutler1 the former rector of ,yale ,college1 now the ,episcopalian minister of ,boston3 ,it would be an endless attempt to describe that scene of confusion and disturbance occasioned by him ,whitefield3 the division of families1 neighborhoods1 and towns1 the contrariety of husbands and wives1 the undutifulness of children and servants1 the quarrels among teachers1 the disorders of the night1 the intermission of labor and business1 the neglect of husbandry and of gathering the harvest4444 ,in many conventicles and places of rendezvous there has been checkered work indeed1 several preaching and several exhorting and praying at the same time1 the rest crying or laughing1 yelping1 sprawling1 fainting1 and this revel maintained in some places many days and nights together without intermission2 and then there were the blessed outpourings of the ,spirit6444 ,after him came one ,tennent1 a monster6 impudent and noisy1 and told them they were all damn'd1 damn'd1 damn'd2 this charmed them1 and in the most dreadful winter ,i ever saw people wallowed in the snow night and day for the benefit of his beastly brayings1 and many ended their days under these fatigues4 ,both of them carried more money out of these parts than the poor could be thankful for4#agj3a ,this is in a tone of bitter sectarian railing4 ,but1 after all1 the main allegations in it are sustained by the ample evidence produced by ,dr4 ,charles ,chauncy1 pastor of the ,first ,church in ,boston1 in his serious and weighty volume of ,seasonable ,thoughts on the ,state of ,religion in ,new ,england1 published in #agdc1 as he sincerely says1 to serve the interests of ,christ's kingdom1 and faithfully pointing out the things of a bad and dangerous tendency in the late and present religious appearance in the land4 ,dr4 ,chauncy was doubtless included in the sweeping denunciation of the ,christian ministry in general as unconverted1 ,pharisees1 hypocrites4 ,and yet it does not appear in historical evidence that ,chauncy was not every whit as good a ,christian as ,tennent or ,whitefield4 ,the excesses of the revival went on from bad to worse4 ,they culminated1 at last1 in the frenzy of poor ,james ,davenport1 great-grandson of the venerable founder of ,new ,haven1 who1 under the control of impressions and impulses and texts of ,scripture borne in upon his mind1 abandoned his ,long ,island parish1 a true allotrio-episcopos1 to thrust himself uninvited into the parishes of other ministers1 denouncing the pastor as unconverted and adjuring the people to desert both pastor and church4 ,like some other self-appointed itinerants and exhorters of the time1 he seemed bent upon schism1 as if this were the great end of preaching4 ,being invited to ,new ,london to assist in organizing a ,separatist church1 he published the messages which he said he received from the ,spirit in dreams and otherwise1 importing the great necessity of mortification and contempt of the world2 and made them believe that they must put away from them everything that they delighted in1 to avoid the heinous sin of idolatry--that wigs1 cloaks and breeches1 hoods1 gowns1 rings1 jewels1 and necklaces1 must be all brought together into one heap into his chamber1 that they might by his solemn decree be committed to the flames4 ,on the ,sabbath afternoon the pile was publicly burned amid songs and shouts4 ,in the pile were many favorite books of devotion1 including works of ,flavel1 ,beveridge1 ,henry1 and like venerated names1 and the sentence was announced with a loud voice1 that the smoke of the torments of such of the authors of the above-said books as died in the same belief as when they set them out was now ascending in hell1 in like manner as they saw the smoke of these books arise4#aga3a ,the public fever and delirium was passing its crisis4 ,a little more than a year from this time1 ,davenport1 who had been treated by his brethren with much forbearance and had twice been released from public process as non compos mentis1 recovered his reason at the same time with his bodily health1 and published an unreserved and affectionate acknowledgment of the wrong that he had done under the influence of a spirit of delusion which he had mistaken for the ,spirit of truth4 ,those who had gone furthest with him in his excesses returned to a more sober and brotherly mind1 and soon no visible trace remained of the wild storm of enthusiasm that had swept over ,new ,england1 except a few languishing schisms in country towns of ,connecticut4 ,as in the middle colonies1 the revival had brought division in ,new ,england4 ,but1 after the ,new ,england fashion1 it was division merely into ways of thinking1 not into sects4 ,central in the agitated scene is the calm figure of ,edwards1 uniting the faith and zeal of an apostle with the acuteness of a philosopher1 and applying the exquisite powers of his intellect to discriminate between a divine work and its human or ,satanic admixtures1 and between true and spurious religious affections4 ,he won the blessing of the peacemaker4 ,when half a generation had passed there had not ceased1 indeed1 to be differences of opinion1 but there was none left to defend the wild extravagances which the very authors of them lamented1 and there was none to deny1 in face of the rich and enduring fruits of the revival1 that the power of ,god had been present in it4 ,in the twenty years ending in #agfj the number of the ,new ,england churches had been increased by one hundred and fifty4#agb3a ,in the middle colonies there had been like progress4 ,the ,presbyterian ministry had increased from forty-five to more than a hundred2 and the increase had been wholly on the ,new ,side4 ,an early move of the conservative party1 to require a degree from a ,british or a ,new ,england college as a condition of license to preach1 was promptly recognized as intended to exclude the fervid students from the ,log ,college4 ,it was met by the organization of ,princeton ,college1 whose influence1 more ,new ,englandish than ,new ,england1 directed by a succession of illustrious ,yale graduates in full sympathy with the advanced theology of the revival1 was counted on to withstand the more cautious orthodoxy of ,yale4 ,in this and other ways the ,presbyterian schism fell out to the furtherance of the gospel4 ,in ,virginia the quickening was as when the wind breathed in the valley of dry bones4 ,the story of ,samuel ,morris and his unconscious mission1 although authentic fact1 belongs with the very romance of evangelism4#agc3a ,whitefield and ,one-eyed ,robinson1 and at last ,samuel ,davies1 came to his aid4 ,the deadly exclusiveness of the inert ,virginia establishment was broken up1 and the gospel had free course4 ,the ,presbyterian ,church1 which had at first been looked on as an exotic sect that might be tolerated out on the western frontier1 after a brief struggle with the ,act of ,uniformity maintained its right to live and struck vigorous root in the soil4 ,the effect of the ,awakening was felt in the establishment itself4 ,devereux ,jarratt1 a convert of the revival1 went to ,england for ordination1 and returned to labor for the resuscitation of the ,episcopal ,church in his native ,state4 ,to him1 and such as he1 the first workings of the renewed energy of the church in ,virginia are to be traced4#agc3b ,an even more important result of the ,awakening was the swift and wide extension of ,baptist principles and churches4 ,this was altogether logical4 ,the revival had come1 not so much in the spirit and power of ,elijah1 turning to each other the hearts of fathers and of children1 as in the spirit of ,ezekiel1 the preacher of individual responsibility and duty4 ,the temper of the revival was wholly congenial with the strong individualism of the ,baptist churches4 ,the ,separatist churches formed in ,new ,england by the withdrawal of revival enthusiasts from the parish churches in many instances became ,baptist4 ,cases of individual conversion to ,baptist views were frequent1 and the earnestness with which the new opinion was held approved itself not only by debating and proselyting1 but by strenuous and useful evangelizing4 ,especially at the ,south1 from ,virginia to ,georgia1 the new preachers1 entering into the labors of the annoyed and persecuted pioneers of their communion1 won multitudes of converts to the ,christian faith1 from the neglected populations1 both black and white1 and gave to the ,baptist churches a lasting preeminence in numbers among the churches of the ,south4 ,throughout the country the effect of this vigorous propagation of rival sects openly1 in the face of whatever there was of church establishment1 settled this point3 that the law of ,american ,states1 by whomsoever administered1 must sooner or later be the law of liberty and equality among the various religious communions4 ,in the southern colonies1 the empty shell of a church establishment had crumbled on contact with the serious earnestness of the young congregations gathered by the ,presbyterian and ,baptist evangelists4 ,in ,new ,england1 where establishment was in the form of an attempt by the people of the commonwealth to confirm the people of each town in the maintenance of common worship according to their conscience and judgment1 the standing order had solid strength2 but when it was attempted by public authority to curb the liberty of a considerable minority conscientiously intent on secession1 the reins were ready to break4 ,it soon came to be recognized that the only preeminence the parish churches could permanently hold was that of being servants of all4 ,with equal and unlimited liberty1 was to follow1 as a prevailing characteristic of ,american ,christianity1 a large diversity of organization4 ,not only that men disagreeing in their convictions of truth would be enrolled in different bodies1 but that men holding the same views1 in the same statement of them1 would feel free to go apart from one another1 and stay apart4 ,there was not even to be any one generally predominating organization from which minor ones should be reckoned as dissenting4 ,one after another the organizations which should be tempted by some period of exceptional growth and prosperity to pretend to a hegemony among the churches--,catholic1 ,episcopalian1 ,presbyterian1 ,baptist1 ,methodist--would meet with some set-back as inexorable as the law of nature that prevents the trees from growing up into the sky4 ,by a curious paradox1 the same spiritual agitation which deepened the divisions of the ,american church aroused in the colonies the consciousness of a national religious unity4 ,we have already seen that in the period before the ,awakening the sole organ of fellowship reaching through the whole chain of the ,british colonies was the correspondence of the ,quaker meetings and missionaries4 ,in the glow of the revival the continent awoke to the consciousness of a common spiritual life4 ,ranging the continent literally from ,georgia to ,maine1 with all his weaknesses and indiscretions1 and with his incomparable eloquence1 welcomed by every sect1 yet refusing an exclusive allegiance to any1 ,whitefield exercised a true apostolate1 bearing daily the care of all the churches1 and becoming a messenger of mutual fellowship not only between the ends of the continent1 but between the ,christians of two hemispheres4 ,remote churches exchanged offices of service4 ,tennent came from ,new ,jersey to labor in ,new ,england2 ,dickinson and ,burr and ,edwards were the gift of the northern colonies to the college at ,princeton4 ,the quickened sense of a common religious life and duty and destiny was no small part of the preparation for the birth of the future nation4 ,whether for good or for evil1 the few years from #agdj to #agej were destined to impress upon the ,american church in its various orders1 for a hundred years to come1 the character of ,methodism4#agf3a ,in ,new ,england1 the idea1 into which the first pastors had been trained by their experience as parish ministers in the ,english established church1 of the parochial church holding correlative rights and duties toward the community in all its families1 succumbed at last1 after a hundred years of more or less conscious antagonism1 to the incompatible principle1 adopted from the ,separatists of ,plymouth1 of the church formed according to elective affinity by the social compact of persons of the age of discretion who could give account to themselves and to one another of the conscious act and experience of conversion4 ,this view1 subject to important mitigations or aggravations in actual administration1 held almost unquestioned dominance in the ,new ,england churches until boldly challenged by ,horace ,bushnell1 in his epoch-making volume on ,christian ,nurture 7#ahdf71 as a departure from the orthodoxy of the fathers4 ,in the ,presbyterian ,church1 revivalism as a principle of church life had to contend with rules distinctly articulated in its constitutional documents4 ,so exclusively does the ,westminster institute contemplate the church as an established parish that its ,directory for ,worship contains no provision for so abnormal an incident as the baptism of an adult1 and all baptized children growing up and not being of scandalous life are to be welcomed to the ,lord's ,supper4 ,it proves the immense power of the ,awakening1 that this rigid and powerful organization1 of a people tenacious of its traditions to the point of obstinacy1 should have swung so completely free at this point1 not only of its long-settled usages1 but of the distinct letter of its standards4 ,the ,episcopal ,church of the colonies was almost forced into an attitude of opposition to the revival4 ,the unspeakable folly of the ,english bishops in denouncing and silencing the most effective preachers in the national church had betrayed ,whitefield into his most easily besetting sin1 that of censorious judgment1 and his sweeping counter-denunciations of the ,episcopalian clergy in general as unconverted closed to him many hearts and pulpits that at first had been hospitably open to him4 ,being human1 they came into open antagonism to him and to the revival4 ,from the protest against extravagance and disorder1 it was a short and perilously easy step to the rejection of religious fervor and earnestness4 ,the influence of the mother church of that dreary period and the influence of the official rings around every royal governor were all too potent in the same direction4 ,the ,propagation ,society's missionaries boasted1 with reason1 of large accessions of proselytes alienated from other churches by their distaste for the methods of the revival4 ,the effect on the ,episcopal ,church itself was in some respects unhappy4 ,it lowered a spiritual temperature already too low1#agg3a and weakened the moral influence of the church1 and the value of its testimony to important principles which there were few besides efficiently to represent--the duty of the church not to disown or shut out those of little faith1 and the church's duty toward its children4 ,never in the history of the church have the ,lord's husbandmen shown a fiercer zeal for rooting up tares1 regardless of damage to the wheat1 than was shown by the preachers of the ,awakening4 ,never was there a wider application of the reproach against those who1 instead of preaching to men that they should be converted and become as little children1 preach to children that they must be converted and become like grown folks4#agh3a ,the attitude of the ,episcopal ,church at that period was not altogether admirable2 but it is nothing to its dishonor that it bore the reproach of being a friend of publicans and sinners1 and offered itself as a refugium peccatorum1 thus holding many in some sort of relation to the kingdom of ,christ who would otherwise have lapsed into sheer infidelity4 ,in all this the ,episcopal ,church was affected by the ,awakening only by way of reaction4 ,but it owes a debt to the direct influence of the ,awakening which it has not always been careful to acknowledge4 ,we have already seen that the requickening of the asphyxiated church of ,virginia was part of the great revival1 and this character remains impressed on that church to this day4 ,the best of those traits by which the ,american ,episcopal ,church is distinguished from the ,church of ,england1 as1 for instance1 the greater purity of the ministry and of the membership1 are family traits of the revival churches2 the most venerated of its early bishops1 ,white and ,griswold1 bore the same family likeness2 and the ,evangelical party1 for a time so influential in its counsels1 was a tardy and mild afterglow from the setting of the ,great ,awakening4#agi3a ,an incident of the revival1 failing which it would have lacked an essential token of the presence of the ,spirit of ,christ1 was the kindling of zeal for communicating the gospel to the ignorant1 the neglected1 and the heathen4 ,among the first-fruits of ,whitefield's preaching at the ,south was a practical movement among the planters for the instruction of their slaves--devotees1 most of them1 of the most abject fetich-worship of their native continent4 ,of the evangelists and pastors most active in the revival1 there were few1 either ,north or ,south1 whose letters or journals do not report the drawing into the churches of large numbers of negroes and ,indians1 whose daily lives witnessed to the sincerity of their profession of repentance and ,christian faith4 ,the ,indian population of the southeastern corner of ,connecticut with such accord received the gospel at the hands of the evangelists that heathenism seemed extinct among them4#agi3b ,among the first trophies of the revival at ,norwich was a ,mohegan boy named ,samson ,occum4 ,wheelock1 pastor at ,lebanon1 one of the most ardent of the revival preachers1 took him into his family as a student4 ,this was the beginning of that school for the training of ,indian preachers which1 endowed in part with funds gathered by ,occum in ,england1 grew at last into ,dartmouth ,college4 ,the choicest spiritual gifts at the disposal of the church were freely spent on the missions4 ,whitefield visited the school and the field1 and sped ,kirkland on his way to the ,oneidas4 ,edwards1 leaving ,northampton in sorrow of heart1 gave his incomparable powers to the work of the gospel among the ,stockbridge ,indians until summoned thence to the presidency of ,princeton ,college4 ,when ,brainerd fainted under his burden1 it was ,william ,tennent who went out into the wilderness to carry on the work of harvest4 ,but the great gift of the ,american church to the cause of missions was the gift of ,david ,brainerd himself4 ,his life was the typical missionary's life--the scattering of precious seed with tears1 the heart-sickness of hope deferred1 at last the rejoicing of the harvest-home4 ,his early death enrolled him in the canon of the saints of modern ,christendom4 ,the story of his life and death1 written by ,jonathan ,edwards out of that fatherly love with which he had tended the young man's latest days and hours1 may not have been an unmixed blessing to the church4 ,the long-protracted introspections1 the cherished forebodings and misgivings1 as if doubt was to be cultivated as a ,christian virtue1 may not have been an altogether wholesome example for general imitation4 ,but think what the story of that short life has wrought6 ,to how many hearts it has been an inspiration to self-sacrifice and devotion to the service of ,god in the service of man1 we cannot know4 ,along one line its influence can be partly traced4 ,the ,life of ,david ,brainerd made ,henry ,martyn a missionary to the heathen4 ,as spiritual father to ,henry ,martyn1 ,brainerd may be reckoned1 in no unimportant sense1 to be the father of modern missions to the heathen4 ,,footnotes3 #aef3a ,of how little relative importance was this charge may be judged from the fact that a quarter-century later1 when the famous ,joseph ,bellamy was invited to it from his tiny parish of ,bethlem1 ,conn41 the council called to advise in the case judged that the interests of ,bethlem were too important to be sacrificed to the demands of ,new ,york4 #aef3b ,see the altogether admirable monograph of ,professor ,a4 ,v4 ,g4 ,allen on ,jonathan ,edwards1 p4 #bc4 #aei3a ,allen1 ,jonathan ,edwards1 pp4 #afd-agd4 #afb3a ,joseph ,tracy1 ,the ,great ,awakening1 chap4 ii4 ,this work1 of acknowledged value and authority1 is on the list of the ,congregational ,board of ,publication4 ,it is much to be regretted that the ,board does not publish it as well as announce it4 ,a new edition of it1 under the hand of a competent editor1 with a good index1 would be a useful service to history4 #afh3a ,the critical historian has the unusual satisfaction1 at this point1 of finding a gauge by which to discount the large round numbers given in ,whitefield's journal4 ,he speaks of preaching in the ,old ,south ,church to six thousand persons4 ,the now venerable building had at that time a seating capacity of about twelve hundred4 ,making the largest allowance for standing-room1 we may estimate his actual audience at two thousand4 ,whitefield was an honest man1 but sixty-six per cent4 is not too large a discount to make from his figures2 his estimates of spiritual effect from his labor are liable to a similar deduction4 #afi3a ,tracy1 ,great ,awakening1 p4 #ea4 #afi3b ,ibid41 pp4 #aad-abj4 #agj3a ,letter of ,september #bd1 #agdc1 quoted in ,mc,connell1 ,american ,episcopal ,church1 p4 #adb1 note4 #aga3a ,chauncy1 ,seasonable ,thoughts1 pp4 #bbj-bbc4 #agb3a ,tracy1 ,great ,awakening1 p4 #chi4 #agc3a ,see the autobiographical narrative in ,tracy1 p4 #cgg4 #agc3b ,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 p4 #de4 #agf3a ,the ,great ,awakening 444 terminated the ,puritan and inaugurated the ,pietist or ,methodist age of ,american church history 7,thompson1 ,presbyterian ,churches in the ,united ,states1 p4 #cd74 ,it is not unnecessary to remark that the word ,methodist is not used in the narrow sense of ,wesleyan4 #agg3a ,unpublished lectures of the ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,andrews on ,the ,evangelical ,revival of #agdj and ,american ,episcopalians4 ,it is much to be hoped that these valuable studies of the critical period of ,american church history may not long remain unpublished4 #agh3a ,this sharp antithesis is quoted at second hand from ,charles ,kingsley4 ,the stories of little children frightened into screaming1 and then dragged 7at four years of age1 says ,jonathan ,edwards7 through the agitating vicissitudes of a revival experience1 occupy some of the most pathetic1 not to say tragical1 pages of the history of the ,awakening4 #agi3a ,mc,connell1 pp4 #add-adf2 ,w4 ,g4 ,andrews1 ,lecture ,,iii4 #agi3b ,tracy1 pp4 #ahg-aib4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,close ,,of ,,the ,,colonial ,,era--,,the ,,german ,,churches--,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,the ,,methodist ,,church4 ,the quickening of religious feeling1 the deepening of religious conviction1 the clearing and defining of theological opinions1 that were incidental to the ,great ,awakening1 were a preparation for more than thirty years of intense political and warlike agitation4 ,the churches suffered from the long distraction of the public mind1 and at the end of it were faint and exhausted4 ,but for the infusion of a more abundant life which they had received1 it would seem that they could hardly have survived the stress of that stormy and revolutionary period4 ,the religious life of this period was manifested in part in the growth of the ,new ,england theology4 ,the great leader of this school of theological inquiry1 the elder ,edwards1 was born at the opening of the eighteenth century4 ,the oldest and most eminent of his disciples and successors1 ,bellamy and ,hopkins1 were born respectively in #agai and #agba1 and entered into the work of the ,awakening in the flush of their earliest manhood4 ,a long dynasty of acute and strenuous argumentators has continued1 through successive generations to the present day1 this distinctly ,american school of theological thought4 ,this is not the place for tracing the intricate history of their discussions1#ahb3a but the story of the ,awakening could not be told without some mention of this its attendant and sequel4 ,not less notable than the new theology of the revival was the new psalmody4 ,in general it may be said that every flood-tide of spiritual emotion in the church leaves its high-water mark in the form of new songs to the ,lord that remain after the tide of feeling has assuaged4 ,in this instance the new songs were not produced by the revival1 but only adopted by it4 ,it is not easy for us at this day to conceive the effect that must have been produced in the ,christian communities of ,america by the advent of ,isaac ,watts's marvelous poetic work1 ,the ,psalms of ,david ,imitated in the ,language of the ,new ,testament4 ,important religious results have more than once followed in the church on the publication of religious poems--notably1 in our own century1 on the publication of ,the ,christian ,year4 ,but no other instance of the kind is comparable with the publication in ,america of ,watts's ,psalms4 ,when we remember how scanty were the resources of religious poetry in ,american homes in the early eighteenth century1 and especially how rude and even grotesque the rhymes that served in the various churches as a vehicle of worship1 it seems that the coming of those melodious stanzas1 in which the meaning of one poet is largely interpreted by the sympathetic insight of another poet1 and the fervid devotion of the ,old ,testament is informed with the life and transfigured in the language of the ,new1 must have been like a glow of sunlight breaking in upon a gray and cloudy day4 ,few pages of biography can be found more vividly illustrative of the times and the men than the page in which ,samuel ,hopkins recites the story of the sufferings of his own somber and ponderous mind under the rebuke of his college friend ,david ,brainerd4 ,he walked his solitary room in tears1 and 7he says7 took up ,watts's version of the ,psalms1 and opened it at the ,fifty-first ,psalm1 and read the first1 second1 and third parts in long meter with strong affections1 and made it all my own language1 and thought it was the language of my heart to ,god4 ,there was more than the experience of a great and simple soul1 there was the germ of a future system of theology1 in the penitential confession which the young student made his own language1 and in the exquisite lines which1 under the figure of a frightened bird1 became the utterance of his first tremulous and faltering faith3 ,lord1 should thy judgment grow severe1 ,i am condemned1 but thou art clear4 ,should sudden vengeance seize my breath1 ,i must pronounce thee just in death2 ,and if my soul were sent to hell1 ,thy righteous law approves it well4 ,yet save a trembling sinner1 ,lord1 ,whose hope1 still hovering round thy word1 ,would light on some sweet promise there1 ,some sure support against despair4 ,the introduction of the new psalmody was not accomplished all at once1 nor without a struggle4 ,but we gravely mistake if we look upon the controversy that resulted in the adoption of ,watts's ,psalms as a mere conflict between enlightened good taste and stubborn conservatism4 ,the action proposed was revolutionary4 ,it involved the surrender of a long-settled principle of ,puritanism4 ,at the present day the objection to the use of human composures in public worship is unintelligible1 except to ,scotchmen4 ,in the later ,puritan age such use was reckoned an infringement on the entire and exclusive authority and sufficiency of the ,scriptures1 and a constructive violation of the second commandment4 ,by the adoption of the new psalmody the ,puritan and ,presbyterian churches1 perhaps not consciously1 but none the less actually1 yielded the major premiss of the only argument by which liturgical worship was condemned on principle4 ,thereafter the question of the use of liturgical forms became a mere question of expediency4 ,it is remarkable that the logical consequences of this important step have been so tardy and hesitating4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was not in the common course of church history that the period under consideration should be a period of vigorous internal activity and development in the old settled churches of ,america4 ,the deep1 often excessive1 excitements of the ,awakening had not only ceased1 but had been succeeded by intense agitations of another sort4 ,two successive ,french and ,indian wars kept the long frontier1 at a time when there was little besides frontier to the ,british colonies1 in continual peril of fire and scalping-knife4#ahd3a ,the astonishingly sudden and complete extinction of the ,french politico-religious empire in ,canada and the ,west made possible1 and at no remote time inevitable1 the separation of the ,british colonies from the mother country and the contentions and debates that led into the ,revolutionary ,war began at once4 ,another consequence of the prostrating of the ,french power in ,america has been less noticed by historians1 but the course of this narrative will not be followed far without its becoming manifest as not less momentous in its bearing on the future history of the church4 ,the extinction of the ,french-,catholic power in ,america made possible the later plantation and large and free development of the ,catholic ,church in the territory of the ,united ,states4 ,after that event the ,catholic resident or citizen was no longer subject to the suspicion of being a sympathizer with a hostile neighboring power1 and the ,jesuit missionary was no longer liable to be regarded as a political intriguer and a conspirator with savage assassins against the lives of innocent settlers and their families4 ,if there are those who1 reading the earlier pages of this volume1 have mourned over the disappointment and annihilation of two magnificent schemes of ,catholic domination on the ,north ,american continent as being among the painful mysteries of divine providence1 they may find compensation for these catastrophes in later advances of ,catholicism1 which without these antecedents would seem to have been hardly possible4 ,although the spiritual development of the awakened ,american churches1 after the ,awakening until the independence of the ,states was established and acknowledged1 was limited by these great hindrances1 this period was one of momentous influences from abroad upon ,american ,christianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,scotch-,irish immigration kept gathering volume and force4 ,the great stream of immigrants entering at the port of ,philadelphia and flowing westward and southwestward was joined by a tributary stream entering at ,charleston4 ,not only the numbers of this people1 occupying in force the hill-country from ,pennsylvania to ,georgia1 but still more its extraordinary qualities and the discipline of its history1 made it a factor of prime importance in the events of the times just before and just after the achievement of the national independence4 ,for generations it had been schooled to the apprehension and acceptance of an elaborately articulated system of theology and church order as of divine authority4 ,its prejudices and animosities were quite as potent as its principles4 ,its fixed hereditary aversion to the ,english government and the ,english church was the natural fruit of long memories and traditions of outrages inflicted by both these2 its influence was now about to be powerfully manifested in the overthrow of the ,english power and its feeble church establishments in the colonies4 ,at the opening of the ,war of ,independence the ,presbyterian ,church1 reunited since the schism of #agda1 numbered one hundred and seventy ministers in seventeen presbyteries2 but its weight of influence was out of all proportion to its numbers1 and this entire force1 not altogether at unity with itself on ecclesiastical questions1 was united as one man in the maintenance of ,american rights4 ,the great ,german immigration begins to flow in earnest in this period4 ,three successive tides of migration have set from ,germany to ,america4 ,the first was the movement of the petty sects under the invitation and patronage of ,william ,penn1 quartering themselves in the eastern parts of ,pennsylvania4 ,the second was the transportation of the ,palatines1 expatriated by stress of persecution and war1 not from the ,rhenish ,palatinate only1 but from the archduchy of ,salzburg and from other parts of ,germany and ,switzerland1 gathered up and removed to ,america1 some of them directly1 some by way of ,england1 as an act of political charity by ,queen ,anne's government1 with the idea of strengthening the colonies by planting ,protestant settlers for a safeguard against ,spanish or ,french aggressions4 ,the third tide continues flowing1 with variable volume1 to this day4 ,it is the voluntary flow of companies of individual emigrants seeking to better the fortunes of themselves or their families4 ,but this voluntary migration has been unhealthily and sometimes dishonestly stimulated1 from the beginning of it1 by the selfish interests of those concerned in the business of transportation or in the sale of land4 ,it seems to have been mainly the greed of shipping merchants1 at first1 that spread abroad in the ,german states florid announcements of the charms and riches of ,america1 decoying multitudes of ignorant persons to risk everything on these representations1 and to mortgage themselves into a term of slavery until they should have paid the cost of their passage by their labor4 ,this class of bondmen1 called redemptioners1 made no inconsiderable part of the population of the middle colonies2 and it seems to have been a worthy part4 ,the trade of trepanning the unfortunates and transporting them and selling their term of service was not by several degrees as bad as the ,african slave-trade2 but it was of the same sort1 and the deadly horrors of its middle passage were hardly less4 ,in one way and another the ,german immigration had grown by the middle of the eighteenth century to great dimensions4 ,in the year #agdi twelve thousand ,germans landed at the port of ,philadelphia4 ,in general they were as sheep having no shepherd4 ,their deplorable religious condition was owing less to poverty than to diversity of sects4#ahh3a ,in many places the number of sects rendered concerted action impossible1 and the people remained destitute of religious instruction4 ,the famine of the word was sorely felt4 ,in #agcc three great ,lutheran congregations in ,pennsylvania1 numbering five hundred families each1 sent messengers with an imploring petition to their coreligionists at ,london and ,halle1 representing their state of the greatest destitution4 ,our own means 7they say7 are utterly insufficient to effect the necessary relief1 unless ,god in his mercy may send us help from abroad4 ,it is truly lamentable to think of the large numbers of the rising generation who know not their right hand from their left2 and1 unless help be promptly afforded1 the danger is great that1 in consequence of the great lack of churches and schools1 the most of them will be led into the ways of destructive error4 ,this urgent appeal bore fruit like the apples of ,sodom4 ,it resulted in a painful and pitiable correspondence with the chiefs of the mother church1 these haggling for months and years over stipulations of salary1 and refusing to send a minister until the salary should be pledged in cash2 and their correspondents pleading their poverty and need4#ahh3b ,the few and feeble churches of the ,reformed confession were equally needy and ill befriended4 ,it seems to us1 as we read the story after the lapse of a hundred and fifty years1 as if the man expressly designed and equipped by the providence of ,god for this exigency in the progress of his kingdom had arrived when ,zinzendorf1 the ,moravian1 made his appearance at ,philadelphia1 ,december #aj1 #agda4 ,the ,american church1 in all its history1 can point to no fairer representative of the charity that seeketh not her own than this ,saxon nobleman1 who1 for the true love that he bore to ,christ and all ,christ's brethren1 was willing to give up his home1 his ancestral estates1 his fortune1 his title of nobility1 his patrician family name1 his office of bishop in the ancient ,moravian church1 and even 7last infirmity of zealous spirits7 his interest in promoting specially that order of consecrated men and women in the church catholic which he had done and sacrificed so much to save from extinction1 and to which his cares and toils were given4 ,he hastened first up the ,lehigh ,valley to spend ,christmas at ,bethlehem1 where the foundations had already been laid on which have been built up the half-monastic institutions of charity and education and missions which have done and are still doing so much to bless the world in both its hemispheres4 ,it was in commemoration of this ,christmas visit of ,bishop ,zinzendorf that the mother house of the ,moravian communities in ,america received its name of ,bethlehem4 ,returning to ,philadelphia1 he took this city as the base of his unselfish and unpartisan labors in behalf of the great and multiplying population from his fatherland1 which through its sectarian divisions had become so helpless and spiritually needy4 ,already for twenty years there had been a few scattering churches of the ,reformed confession1 and for half that time a few ,lutheran congregations had been gathered or had gathered themselves4 ,but both the sects had been overcome by the paralysis resulting from habitual dependence on paternal governments1 and the two were borne asunder1 while every right motive was urging to cooeperation and fellowship1 by the almost spent momentum of old controversies4 ,in ,philadelphia two starveling congregations representing the two competing sects occupied the same rude meeting-place each by itself on alternate ,sundays4 ,the ,lutherans made shift without a pastor1 for the only ,lutheran minister in ,pennsylvania lived at ,lancaster1 sixty miles away4 ,to the scattered1 distracted1 and demoralized flocks of his ,german fellow-,christians in the middle colonies came ,zinzendorf1 knowing ,jesus ,christ crucified1 knowing no man according to the flesh2 and at once the neglected congregations were made to feel the thrill of a strong religious life4 ,aglow with zeal for ,christ1 throwing all emphasis in his teaching upon the one doctrine of redemption through the blood shed on ,calvary1 all the social advantages and influence and wealth which his position gave him were made subservient to the work of preaching ,christ1 and him crucified1 to the rich and the poor1 the learned and the ignorant4#aij3a ,the ,lutherans of ,philadelphia heard him gladly and entreated him to preach to them regularly2 to which he consented1 but not until he had assured himself that this would be acceptable to the pastor of the ,reformed congregation4 ,but his mission was to the sheep scattered abroad1 of whom he reckoned 7an extravagant overestimate7 not less than one hundred thousand of the ,lutheran party in ,pennsylvania alone4 ,others1 as he soon found1 had been feeling1 like himself1 the hurt of the daughter of ,zion4 ,a series of conferences was held from month to month1 in which men of the various ,german sects took counsel together over the dissensions of their people1 and over the question how the ruinous effects of these dissensions could be avoided4 ,the plan was1 not to attempt a merger of the sects1 nor to alienate men from their habitual affiliations1 but to draw together in cooeperation and common worship the ,german ,christians1 of whatever sect1 in a fellowship to be called1 in imitation of a ,pauline phrase 7,eph4 ii4 #bb71 the ,congregation of ,god in the ,spirit4 ,the plan seemed so right and reasonable and promising of beneficent results as to win general approval4 ,it was in a fair way to draw together the whole miserably divided ,german population4#aia3a ,at once the drum ecclesiastic beat to arms4 ,in view of the impending danger that their scattered fellow-countrymen might come into mutual fellowship on the basis of their common faith in ,christ1 the ,lutheran leaders at ,halle1 who for years had been dawdling and haggling over the imploring entreaties of the shepherdless ,lutheran populations in ,america1 promptly reconsidered their non possumus1 and found and sent a man admirably qualified for the desired work1 ,henry ,melchior ,muehlenberg1 a man of eminent ability and judgment1 of faith1 devotion1 and untiring diligence1 not illiberal1 but a conscientious sectarian4 ,an earnest preacher of the gospel1 he was also earnest that the gospel should be preached according to the ,lutheran formularies1 to congregations organized according to the ,lutheran discipline4 ,the easier and less worthy part of the appointed task was soon achieved4 ,the danger that the religious factions that had divided ,germany might be laid aside in the ,new ,world was effectually dispelled4 ,six years later the governor of ,pennsylvania was still able to write1 ,the ,germans imported with them all the religious whimsies of their country1 and1 ,i believe1 have subdivided since their arrival here2 and he estimates their number at three fifths of the population of the province4 ,the more arduous and noble work of organizing and compacting the ,lutherans into their separate congregations1 and combining these by synodical assemblies1 was prosecuted with wisdom and energy1 and at last1 in spite of hindrances and discouragements1 with beneficent success4 ,the ,american ,lutheran ,church of to-day is the monument of the labors of ,muehlenberg4 ,the brief remainder of ,zinzendorf's work in ,america may be briefly told4 ,there is no doubt that1 like many another eager and hopeful reformer1 he overestimated the strength and solidity of the support that was given to his generous and beneficent plans4 ,at the time of ,muehlenberg's arrival ,zinzendorf was the elected and installed pastor of the ,lutheran congregation in ,philadelphia4 ,the conflict could not be a long one between the man who claimed everything for his commission and his sect and the man who was resolved to insist on nothing for himself4 ,notwithstanding the strong love for him among the people1 ,zinzendorf was easily displaced from his official station4 ,when dispute arose about the use of the empty carpenter's shop that stood them instead of a church1 he waived his own claims and at his own cost built a new house of worship4 ,but it was no part of his work to stay and persist in maintaining a division4 ,he retired from the field1 leaving it in charge of ,muehlenberg1 being satisfied if only ,christ were preached1 and returned to ,europe1 having achieved a truly honorable and most ,christian failure1 more to be esteemed in the sight of ,god than many a splendid success4 ,but his brief sojourn in ,america was not without visible fruit4 ,he left behind him the ,moravian church fully organized under the episcopate of ,bishop ,david ,nitschmann1 with communities or congregations begun at nine different centers1 and schools established in four places4 ,an extensive itinerancy had been set in operation under careful supervision1 and1 most characteristic of all1 a great beginning had been made of those missions to the heathen ,indians1 in which the devoted and successful labors of this little society of ,christians have put to shame the whole ,american church besides4 ,not all of this is to be ascribed to the activity of ,zinzendorf2 but in all of it he was a sharer1 and his share was a heroic one4 ,the two years' visit of ,count ,zinzendorf to ,america forms a beautiful and quite singular episode in our church history4 ,returning to his ancestral estates splendidly impoverished by his free-handed beneficence1 he passed many of the later years of his life at ,herrnhut1 that radiating center from which the light of the gospel was borne by the multitude of humble missionaries to every continent under the whole heaven4 ,the news that came to him from the economies that he had planted in the forests of ,pennsylvania was such as to fill his generous soul with joy4 ,in the communities of ,nazareth and ,bethlehem was renewed the pentecostal consecration when no man called anything his own4 ,the prosperous farms and varied industries1 in which no towns in ,pennsylvania could equal them1 were carried on1 not for private interest1 but for the church4 ,after three years the community work was not only self-supporting1 but sustained about fifty missionaries in the field1 and was preparing to send aid to the missions of the mother church in ,germany4 ,the ,moravian settlements multiplied at distant points1 north and south4 ,the educational establishments grew strong and famous4 ,but especially the ,indian missions spread far and wide4 ,the story of these missions is one of the fairest and most radiant pages in the history of the ,american church1 and one of the bloodiest4 ,zinzendorf1 dying at ,london in ,may1 #agef1 was spared1 we may hope1 the heartbreaking news of the massacre at ,gnadenhuetten the year before4 ,but from that time on1 through the ,french wars1 the ,revolutionary ,war1 the ,war of #ahab1 and down to the infamy of ,georgia and the ,united ,states in #ahcg1 the innocent and ,christlike ,moravian missions have been exposed from every side to the malignity of savage men both white and red4 ,no order of missionaries or missionary converts can show a nobler roll of martyrs than the ,moravians4#aid3a ,the work of ,muehlenberg for the ,lutherans stimulated the ,reformed churches in ,europe to a like work for their own scattered and pastorless sheep4 ,in both cases the fear that the work of the gospel might not be done seemed a less effective incitement to activity than the fear that it might be done by others4 ,it was the ,reformed ,church of ,holland1 rather than those of ,germany1 miserably broken down and discouraged by ravaging wars1 that assumed the main responsibility for this task4 ,as early as #agbh the ,dutch synods had earnestly responded to the appeal of their impoverished brethren on the ,rhine in behalf of the sheep scattered abroad4 ,and in #agdc1 acting through the classis of ,amsterdam1 they had made such progress toward beginning the preliminary arrangements of the work as to send to the ,presbyterian synod of ,philadelphia a proposal to combine into one the ,presbyterian1 or ,scotch ,reformed1 the ,dutch ,reformed1 and the ,german ,reformed churches in ,america4 ,it had already been proved impossible to draw together in common activity and worship the different sects of the same ,german race and language2 the effort to unite in one organization peoples of different language1 but of substantially the same doctrine and polity1 was equally futile4 ,it seemed as if minute sectarian division and subdivision was to be forced upon ,american ,christianity as a law of its church life4 ,diplomacies ended1 the synods of ,holland took up their work with real munificence4 ,large funds were raised1 sufficient to make every ,german ,reformed missionary in ,america a stipendiary of the classis of ,amsterdam2 and if these subsidies were encumbered with severe conditions of subordination to a foreign directory1 and if they begot an enfeebling sense of dependence1 these were necessary incidents of the difficult situation--res dura et novitas regni4 ,the most important service which the synods of ,holland rendered to their ,american beneficiaries was to find a man who should do for them just the work which ,muehlenberg was already doing with great energy for the ,lutherans4 ,the man was ,michael ,schlatter4 ,if in any respect he was inferior to ,muehlenberg1 it was not in respect to diligent devotion to the business on which he had been sent4 ,it is much to the credit of both of them that1 in organizing and promoting their two sharply competing sects1 they never failed of fraternal personal relations4 ,they worked together with one heart to keep their people apart from each other4 ,the ,christian instinct1 in a community of ,german ,christians1 to gather in one congregation for common worship was solemnly discouraged by the two apostles and the synods which they organized4 ,how could the two parties walk together when one prayed ,vater unser1 and the other unser ,vater8 ,but the beauty of ,christian unity was illustrated in such incidents as this3 ,mr4 ,schlatter and some of the ,reformed ,christians1 being present at a ,lutheran church on a communion ,sunday1 listened to the preaching of the ,lutheran pastor1 after which the ,reformed minister made a communion address1 and then the congregation was dismissed1 and the ,reformed went off to a school-house to receive the ,lord's ,supper4#aif3a ,truly it was fragrant like the ointment on the beard of ,aaron6 ,such was the diligence of ,schlatter that the synod or coetus of the ,reformed ,church was instituted in #agdg1 a year from his arrival4 ,the ,lutheran synod dates from #agdh1 although ,muehlenberg was on the ground four years earlier than ,schlatter4 ,thus the great work of dividing the ,german population of ,america into two major sects was conscientiously and effectually performed4 ,seventy years later1 with large expenditure of persuasion1 authority1 and money1 it was found possible to heal in some measure in the old country the very schism which good men had been at such pains to perpetuate in the new4 ,high honor is due to the prophetic wisdom of these two leaders of ,german-,american ,christianity1 in that they clearly recognized in advance that the ,english was destined to be the dominant language of ,north ,america4 ,their strenuous though unsuccessful effort to promote a system of public schools in ,pennsylvania was defeated through their own ill judgment and the ignorant prejudices of the immigrant people played upon by politicians4 ,but the mere attempt entitles them to lasting gratitude4 ,it is not unlikely that their divisive work of church organization may have contributed indirectly to defeat the aspirations of their fellow-,germans after the perpetuation of a ,germany in ,america4 ,the combination of the mass of the ,german population in one solid church organization would have been a formidable support to such aspirations4 ,the splitting of this mass in half1 necessitating petty local schisms with all their debilitating and demoralizing consequences1 may have helped secure the country from a serious political and social danger4 ,so1 then1 the ,german church in ,america at the close of the colonial era exists1 outside of the petty primeval sects1 in three main divisions3 the ,lutheran1 the ,reformed1 and the ,moravian4 ,there is free opportunity for ,christians of this language to sort themselves according to their elective affinities4 ,that ,american ideal of edifying harmony is well attained1 according to which men of partial or one-sided views of truth shall be associated exclusively in church relations with others of like precious defects4 ,muehlenberg seems to have been sensible of the nature of the division he was making in the body of ,christ1 when1 after severing successfully between the strict ,lutherans in a certain congregation and those of ,moravian sympathies1 he finds it hard to decide on which side of the controversy the greater justice lay4 ,the greater part of those on the ,lutheran side1 he feared1 was composed of unconverted men1 while the ,moravian party seemed open to the reproach of enthusiasm4 ,so he concluded that each sort of ,christians would be better off without the other4 ,time proved his diagnosis to be better than his treatment4 ,in the course of a generation the ,lutheran body1 carefully weeded of pietistic admixtures1 sank perilously deep in cold rationalism1 and the ,moravian church was quite carried away for a time on a flood of sentimentalism4 ,what might have been the course of this part of church history if ,muehlenberg and ,schlatter had shared more deeply with ,zinzendorf in the spirit of apostolic and catholic ,christianity1 and if all three had conspired to draw together into one the various temperaments and tendencies of the ,german ,americans in the unity of the ,spirit with the bond of peace1 may seem like an idle historical conjecture1 but the question is not without practical interest to-day4 ,perhaps the ,moravians would have been the better for being ballasted with the weighty theologies and the conservative temper of the state churches2 it is very certain that these would have gained by the infusion of something of that warmth of ,christian love and zeal that pervaded to a wonderful degree the whole ,moravian fellowship4 ,but the hand and the foot were quite agreed that they had no need of each other or of the heart4#aih3a 99 99 99 99 99 ,by far the most momentous event of ,american church history in the closing period of the colonial era was the planting of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,the ,wesleyan revival was strangely tardy in reaching this country1 with which it had so many points of connection4 ,it was in ,america1 in #agcg1 that ,john ,wesley passed through the discipline of a humiliating experience1 by which his mind had been opened1 and that he had been brought into acquaintance with the ,moravians1 by whom he was to be taught the way of the ,lord more perfectly4 ,it was ,john ,wesley who sent ,whitefield to ,america1 from whom1 on his first return to ,england1 in #agch1 he learned the practice of field-preaching4 ,it was from ,america that ,edwards's ,narrative of ,surprising ,conversions had come to ,wesley1 which1 being read by him on the walk from ,london to ,oxford1 opened to his mind unknown possibilities of the swift advancement of the kingdom of ,god4 ,the beginning of the ,wesleyan societies in ,england followed in close connection upon the first ,awakening in ,america4 ,it went on with growing momentum in ,england and ,ireland for quarter of a century1 until1 in #agfe1 it numbered thirty-nine circuits served by ninety-two itinerant preachers2 and its work was mainly among the classes from which the emigration to the colonies was drawn4 ,it is not easy to explain how it came to pass that through all these twenty-five years ,wesleyan ,methodism gave no sound or sign of life on that continent on which it was destined 7if one may speak of predestination in this connection7 to grow to its most magnificent proportions4 ,at last1 in #agff1 in a little group of ,methodist families that had found one another out among the recent comers in ,new ,york1 ,philip ,embury1 who in his native ,ireland long before had been a recognized local preacher1 was induced by the persuasions and reproaches of a pious woman to take his not inconsiderable talent from the napkin in which he had kept it hidden for six years1 and preach in his own house to as many as could be brought in to listen to him4 ,the few that were there formed themselves into a class and promised to attend at future meetings4 ,a more untoward time for the setting on foot of a religious enterprise could hardly have been chosen4 ,it was a time of prevailing languor in the churches1 in the reaction from the ,great ,awakening2 it was also a time of intense political agitation4 ,the year before the ,stamp ,act had been passed1 and the whole chain of colonies1 from ,new ,hampshire to ,georgia1 had been stirred up to resist the execution of it4 ,this year the ,stamp ,act had been repealed1 but in such terms as to imply a new menace and redouble the agitation4 ,from this time forward to the outbreak of war in #agge1 and from that year on till the conclusion of peace in #aghc1 the land was never at rest from turmoil4 ,through it all the ,methodist societies grew and multiplied4 ,in #agfg ,embury's house had overflowed1 and a sail-loft was hired for the growing congregation4 ,in #agfh a lot on ,john ,street was secured and a meeting-house was built4 ,the work had spread to ,philadelphia1 and1 self-planted in ,maryland under the preaching of ,robert ,strawbridge1 was propagating itself rapidly in that peculiarly congenial soil4 ,in #agfi1 in response to earnest entreaties from ,america1 two of ,wesley's itinerant preachers1 ,boardman and ,pilmoor1 arrived with his commission to organize an ,american itinerancy2 and two years later1 in #agga1 arrived ,francis ,asbury1 who1 by virtue of his preeminent qualifications for organization1 administration1 and command1 soon became practically the director of the ,american work1 a function to which1 in #aggb1 he was officially appointed by commission from ,wesley4 ,very great is the debt that ,american ,christianity owes to ,francis ,asbury4 ,it may reasonably be doubted whether any one man1 from the founding of the church in ,america until now1 has achieved so much in the visible and traceable results of his work4 ,it is very certain that ,wesley himself1 with his despotic temper and his ,high-church and ,tory principles1 could not have carried the ,methodist movement in the ,new ,world onward through the perils of its infancy on the way to so eminent a success as that which was prepared by his vicegerent4 ,fully possessed of the principles of that autocratic discipline ordained by ,wesley1 he knew how to use it as not abusing it1 being aware that such a discipline can continue to subsist1 in the long run1 only by studying the temper of the subjects of it1 and making sure of obedience to orders by making sure that the orders are agreeable1 on the whole1 to the subjects4 ,more than one polity theoretically aristocratic or monarchic in the atmosphere of our republic has grown into a practically popular government1 simply through tact and good judgment in the administration of it1 without changing a syllable of its constitution4 ,very early in the history of the ,methodist ,church it is easy to recognize the aptitude with which ,asbury naturalizes himself in the new climate4 ,nominally he holds an absolute autocracy over the young organization4 ,whatever the subject at issue1 on hearing every preacher for and against1 the right of determination was to rest with him4#bja3a ,questions of the utmost difficulty and of vital importance arose in the first years of the ,american itinerancy4 ,they could not have been decided so wisely for the country and the universal church if ,asbury1 seeming to govern the ministry and membership of the ,society1 had not studied to be governed by them4 ,in spite of the sturdy dictum of ,wesley1 ,we are not republicans1 and do not intend to be1 the salutary and necessary change had already begun which was to accommodate his institutes in practice1 and eventually in form1 to the habits and requirements of a free people4 ,the center of gravity of the ,methodist ,society1 beginning at ,new ,york1 moved rapidly southward4 ,boston had been the metropolis of the ,congregationalist churches2 ,new ,york1 of the ,episcopalians2 ,philadelphia1 of the ,quakers and the ,presbyterians2 and ,baltimore1 latest and southernmost of the large colonial cities1 became1 for a time1 the headquarters of ,methodism4 ,accessions to the ,society in that region were more in number and stronger in wealth and social influence than in more northern communities4 ,it was at ,baltimore that ,asbury fixed his residence--so far as a ,methodist bishop1 ranging the country with incessant and untiring diligence1 could be said to have a fixed residence4 ,the record of the successive annual conferences of the ,methodists gives a gauge of their increase4 ,at the first1 in #aggc1 at ,philadelphia1 there were reported #aafj members and #aj preachers1 not one of these a native of ,america4 ,at the second annual conference1 in ,philadelphia1 there were reported #bjgc members and #ag preachers4 ,the third annual conference sat at ,philadelphia in #agge1 simultaneously with the ,continental ,congress4 ,it was the beginning of the war4 ,there were reported #cadh members4 ,some of the foremost preachers had gone back to ,england1 unable to carry on their work without being compelled to compromise their royalist principles4 ,the preachers reporting were #ai4 ,of the membership nearly #bejj were south of ,philadelphia--about eighty per cent4 ,at the fourth annual conference1 at ,baltimore1 in #aggf1 were reported #diba members and #bd preachers4 ,at the fifth annual conference1 in ,harford ,county1 ,maryland1 were reported #fifh members and #cf preachers4 ,this was in the thick of the war4 ,more of the leading preachers1 sympathizing with the royal cause1 were going home to ,england4 ,the ,methodists as a body were subject to not unreasonable suspicion of being disaffected to the cause of independence4 ,their preachers were principally ,englishmen with ,british sympathies4 ,the whole order was dominated and its property controlled by an offensively outspoken ,tory of the ,dr4 ,johnson type4#bjb3a ,it was natural enough that in their public work they should be liable to annoyance1 mob violence1 and military arrest4 ,even ,asbury1 a man of proved ,american sympathies1 found it necessary to retire for a time from public activity4 ,in these circumstances1 it is no wonder that at the conference of #aggh1 at ,leesburg1 ,va41 at which five circuits in the most disturbed regions were unrepresented1 there was a decline in numbers4 ,the members were fewer by #hgc2 the preachers fewer by #g4 ,but it is really wonderful that the next year 7#aggi7 were reported extensive revivals in all parts not directly affected by the war1 and an increase of #bdhb members and #di preachers4 ,the distribution of the membership was very remarkable4 ,at this time1 and for many years after1 there was no organized ,methodism in ,new ,england4 ,new ,york1 being occupied by the invading army1 sent no report4 ,of the total reported membership of #hegg1 #adj are credited to ,new ,jersey1 #agi to ,pennsylvania1 #gie to ,delaware1 and #ijj to ,maryland4 ,nearly all the remainder1 about eighty per cent4 of the whole1 was included in ,virginia and ,north ,carolina4 ,with the exception of #cai persons1 the entire reported membership of the ,methodist societies lived south of ,mason and ,dixon's line4 ,the fact throws an honorable light on some incidents of the early history of this great order of preachers4 ,in the sixteen years from the meeting in ,philip ,embury's house to the end of the ,war of ,independence the membership of the ,methodist societies grew to about #ab1jjj1 served by about #gj itinerant preachers4 ,it was a very vital and active membership1 including a large number of local preachers and exhorters4 ,the societies and classes were effectively organized and officered for aggressive work2 and they were planted1 for the most part1 in the regions most destitute of ,christian institutions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,parallel with the course of the gospel1 we trace in every period the course of those antichristian influences with which the gospel is in conflict4 ,the system of slavery must continue1 through many sorrowful years1 to be in view from the line of our studies4 ,we shall know it by the unceasing protest made against it in the name of the ,lord4 ,the arguments of ,john ,woolman and ,anthony ,benezet were sustained by the yearly meetings of the ,friends4 ,at ,newport1 the chief center of the ,african slave-trade1 the two ,congregational pastors1 ,samuel ,hopkins1 the theologian1 and the erudite ,ezra ,stiles1 afterward president of ,yale ,college1 mutually opposed in theology and contrasted at every point of natural character1 were at one in boldly opposing the business by which their parishioners had been enriched4#bjd3a ,the deepening of the conflict for political liberty pointed the application of the golden rule in the case of the slaves4 ,the antislavery literature of the period includes a printed sermon that had been preached by the distinguished ,dr4 ,levi ,hart to the corporation of freemen of his native town of ,farmington1 ,conn41 at their autumnal town-meeting in #aggd2 and the poem on ,slavery1 published in #agge by that fine character1 ,aaron ,cleveland1#bjd3b of ,norwich1 hatter1 poet1 legislator1 and minister of the gospel4 ,among the ,presbyterians of ,new ,jersey1 the father of ,dr4 ,ashbel ,green took the extreme ground which was taken by ,dr4 ,hopkins's church in #aghd1 that no person holding a slave should be permitted to remain in the communion of the church4#bjd3c ,in #aggd the first society in the world for the abolition of slavery was organized among the ,friends in ,pennsylvania1 to be followed by others1 making a continuous series of abolition societies from ,new ,england to ,maryland and ,virginia4 ,but the great antislavery society of the period in question was the ,methodist ,society4 ,laboring through the ,war of ,independence mainly in the ,southern ,states1 it publicly declared1 in the conference of #aghj1 that slavery is contrary to the laws of ,god1 man1 and nature1 and hurtful to society2 contrary to the dictates of conscience and pure religion1 and doing that which we would not that others should do to us and ours4 ,the discipline of the body of itinerants was conducted rigorously in accordance with this declaration4 ,it must not be supposed that the instances here cited represent exceptions to the general course of opinion in the church of those times4 ,they are simply expressions of the universal judgment of those whose attention had been seriously fixed upon the subject4 ,there appears no evidence of the existence of a contrary sentiment4 ,the first beginnings of a party in the church in opposition to the common judgment of the ,christian conscience on the subject of slavery are to be referred to a comparatively very recent date4 ,another of the great conflicts of the modern church was impending4 ,but it was only to prophetic minds in the middle of the eighteenth century that it was visible in the greatness of its proportions4 ,the vice of drunkenness1 which ,isaiah had denounced in ,samaria and ,paul had denounced at ,ephesus1 was growing insensibly1 since the introduction of distilled liquors as a common beverage1 to a fatal prevalence4 ,the trustees of the charitable colony of ,georgia1 consciously laying the foundations of many generations1 endeavored to provide for the welfare of the nascent ,state by forbidding at once the importation of negro slaves and of spirituous liquors2 but the salutary interdict was soon nullified in the interest of the crops and of the trade with the ,indians4 ,dr4 ,hopkins inculcated1 at a very early day1 the duty of entire abstinence from intoxicating liquids as a beverage4#bjf3a ,but1 as in the conflict with slavery1 so in this conflict1 the priority of leadership belongs easily to ,wesley and his itinerants4 ,the conference of #aghc declared against permitting the converts to make spirituous liquors1 sell and drink them in drams1 as wrong in its nature and consequences4 ,to this course they were committed long in advance by the ,general ,rules set forth by the two ,wesleys in ,may1 #agdc1 for the guidance of the ,united ,societies4#bjf3b ,an incident of the times immediately preceding the ,war of ,independence requires to be noted in this place1 not as being of great importance in itself1 but as characteristic of the condition of the country and prophetic of changes that were about to take place4 ,during the decade from #agfj to #agge the national body of the ,presbyterians--the now reunited synod of ,new ,york and ,philadelphia--and the ,general ,association of the ,congregational pastors of ,connecticut met together by their representatives in annual convention to take counsel over a grave peril that seemed to be impending4 ,a petition had been urgently pressed1 in behalf of the ,american ,episcopalians1 for the establishment of bishops in the colonies under the authority of the ,church of ,england4 ,the reasons for this measure were obvious and weighty2 and the protestations of those who promoted it1 that they sought no advantage before the law over their fellow-,christians1 were doubtless sincere4 ,nevertheless1 the fear that the bringing in of ,church of ,england bishops would involve the bringing in of many of those mischiefs of the ,english church establishment which neither they nor their fathers had been able to bear was a perfectly reasonable fear both to the ,puritans of ,new ,england and to the ,presbyterians from ,ireland4 ,it was difficult for these1 and it would have been even more difficult for the new dignitaries1 in colonial days1 to understand how bishops could be anything but lord bishops4 ,the fear of such results was not confined to ecclesiastics4 ,the movement was felt by the colonial statesmen to be dangerously akin to other ,british encroachments on colonial rights4 ,the ,massachusetts ,assembly instructed its agent in ,london strenuously to oppose it4 ,in ,virginia1 the ,episcopalian clergy themselves at first refused to concur in the petition for bishops2 and when at last the concurrence was voted1 it was in the face of a formal protest of four of the clergy1 for which they received a vote of thanks from the ,house of ,burgesses4#bjg3a ,the alliance thus occasioned between the national synod of the ,presbyterian ,church and the ,congregationalist clergy of the little colony of ,connecticut seems like a disproportioned one4 ,and so it was indeed2 for the ,connecticut ,general ,association was by far the larger and stronger body of the two4 ,by and by the disproportion was inverted1 and the alliance continued1 with notable results4 ,,footnotes3 #ahb3a ,see ,g4 ,p4 ,fisher1 ,history of ,christian ,doctrine1 pp4 #cid-dah2 also ,e4 ,a4 ,park in the ,schaff-,herzog ,encyclopedia1 vol4 iii41 pp4 #afcd-ch4 ,the ,new ,england theology is not so called as being confined to ,new ,england4 ,its leading improvements on ,calvinism were accepted by ,andrew ,fuller and ,robert ,hall among the ,english ,baptists1 and by ,chalmers of the ,presbyterians of ,scotland4 #ahd3a ,of what sort was the life of a church and its pastor in those days is illustrated in extracts from the journal of ,samuel ,hopkins1 the theologian1 pastor at ,great ,barrington1 given in the ,memoir by ,professor ,park1 pp4 #dj-dc4 ,the ,sabbath worship was disturbed by the arrival of warlike news4 ,the pastor and the families of his flock were driven from their homes to take refuge in blockhouses crowded with fugitives4 ,he was gone nearly three months of fall and winter with a scouting party of a hundred whites and nineteen ,indians in the woods4 ,he sent off the fighting men of his town with sermon and benediction on an expedition to ,canada4 ,during the second war he writes to his friend ,bellamy 7#aged7 of a dreadful rumor that good ,mr4 ,edwards had perished in a massacre at ,stockbridge4 ,this rumor was false1 but he adds3 ,on the ,lord's day ,p4,m41 as ,i was reading the psalm1 news came that ,stockbridge was beset by an army of ,indians1 and on fire1 which broke up the assembly in an instant4 ,all were put into the utmost consternation--men1 women1 and children crying1 ',what shall we do8' ,not a gun to defend us1 not a fort to flee to1 and few guns and little ammunition in the place4 ,some ran one way and some another2 but the general course was to the southward1 especially for women and children4 ,women1 children1 and squaws presently flocked in upon us from ,stockbridge1 half naked and frighted almost to death2 and fresh news came that the enemy were on the plains this side ,stockbridge1 shooting and killing and scalping people as they fled4 ,some presently came along bloody1 with news that they saw persons killed and scalped1 which raised a consternation1 tumult1 and distress inexpressible4 #ahh3a ,jacobs1 ,the ,lutherans1 pp4 #aia1 #bcd2 ,dubbs1 ,german ,reformed ,church1 p4 #bga4 #ahh3b ,see extracts from the correspondence given by ,dr4 ,jacobs1 pp4 #aic-aie4 ,dr4 ,jacobs's suggestion that three congregations of five hundred families each might among them have raised the few hundreds a year required seems reasonable1 unless a large number of these were families of redemptioners1 that is1 for the time1 slaves4 #aij3a ,jacobs1 ,the ,lutherans1 p4 #aif4 ,the story of ,zinzendorf1 as seen from different points of view1 may be studied in the volumes of ,drs4 ,jacobs1 ,dubbs1 and ,hamilton 7,american ,church ,history ,series74 #aia3a ,acrelius1 quoted by ,jacobs1 p4 #bah1 note4 #aid3a ,jacobs1 ,the ,lutherans1 pp4 #bae-bah2 ,hamilton1 ,the ,moravians1 chaps1 iii4-viii41 xi4 #aif3a ,jacobs1 ,the ,lutherans1 p4 #bhi4 #aih3a ,jacobs1 pp4 #bbg1 #cji1 sqq42 ,hamilton1 p4 #deg4 ,no account of the ,german-,american churches is adequate which does not go back to the work of ,spener1 the influence of which was felt through them all4 ,the author is compelled to content himself with inadequate work on many topics4 #bja3a ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,buckley1 ,the ,methodists1 p4 #aha4 #bjb3a ,the attitude of ,wesley toward the ,american cause is set forth with judicial fairness by ,dr4 ,buckley1 pp4 #aeh-afh4 #bjd3a ,a full account of ,hopkins's long-sustained activity against both slavery and the slave-trade is given in ,park's ,memoir of ,hopkins1 pp4 #aad-aeg4 ,his sermons on the subject began in #aggj4 ,his monumental ,dialogue ,concerning the ,slavery of the ,africans1 with an ,address to ,slave-holders1 was published in #aggf4 ,for additional information as to the antislavery attitude of the church at this period1 and especially that of ,stiles1 see review of ,the ,minister's ,wooing1 by ,l4 ,bacon 7,new ,englander1 vol4 xviii41 p4 #ade74 #bjd3b ,i have not been able to find a copy of this poem1 the character of which1 however1 is well known4 ,the son of ,aaron ,cleveland1 ,william1 was a silversmith at ,norwich1 among whose grandsons may be named ,president ,grover ,cleveland1 and ,aaron ,cleveland ,cox1 later known as ,bishop ,arthur ,cleveland ,coxe4 #bjd3c ,dr4 ,a4 ,green's ,life of his father1 in ,monthly ,christian ,advocate4 #bjf3a ,park1 ,memoir of ,hopkins1 p4 #aab4 #bjf3b ,buckley1 ,the ,methodists1 ,appendix1 pp4 #fhh1 #fhi4 #bjg3a ,see ,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 pp4 #bfg-bgh1 where the subject is treated fully and with characteristic fairness4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,reconstruction4 ,seven years of war left the ,american people exhausted1 impoverished1 disorganized1 conscious of having come into possession of a national existence1 and stirred with anxious searchings of heart over the question what new institutions should succeed to those overthrown in the struggle for independence4 ,like questions pervaded the commonwealth of ,american ,christians through all its divisions4 ,the interconfessional divisions of the body ecclesiastic were about to prove themselves a more effectual bar to union than the political and territorial divisions of the body politic4 ,the religious divisions were nearly equal in number to the political4 ,naming them in the order in which they had settled themselves on the soil of the new nation1 they were as follows3 #a4 ,the ,protestant ,episcopalians2 #b4 ,the ,reformed ,dutch2 #c4 ,the ,congregationalists2 #d4 ,the ,roman ,catholics2 #e4 ,the ,friends2 #f4 ,the ,baptists2 #g4 ,the ,presbyterians2 #h4 ,the ,methodists2 to which must be added three sects which up to this time had almost exclusively to do with the ,german language and the ,german immigrant population1 to wit1 #i4 ,the ,german ,reformed2 #aj4 ,the ,lutherans2 #aa4 ,the ,moravians4 ,some of these1 as the ,congregationalists and the ,baptists1 were of so simple and elastic a polity1 so self-adaptive to whatever new environment1 as to require no effort to adjust themselves4 ,others1 as the ,dutch and the ,presbyterians1 had already organized themselves as independent of foreign spiritual jurisdiction4 ,others still1 as the ,german ,reformed1 the ,moravians1 and the ,quakers1 were content to remain for years to come in a relation of subordination to foreign centers of organization4 ,but there were three communions1 of great prospective importance1 which found it necessary to address themselves to the task of reorganization to suit the changed political conditions4 ,these were the ,episcopalians1 the ,catholics1 and the ,methodists4 ,in one respect all the various orders of churches were alike4 ,they had all suffered from the waste and damage of war4 ,pastors and missionaries had been driven from their cures1 congregations had been scattered1 houses of worship had been desecrated or destroyed4 ,the ,episcopalian and ,methodist ministers were generally ,tories1 and their churches1 and in some instances their persons1 were not spared by the patriots4 ,the ,friends and the ,moravians1 principled against taking active part in warfare1 were exposed to aggressions from both sides4 ,all other sects were safely presumed to be in earnest sympathy with the cause of independence1 which many of their pastors actively served as chaplains or as combatants1 or in other ways2 wherever the ,british troops held the ground1 their churches were the object of spite4 ,nor were these the chief losses by the war4 ,more grievous still were the death of the strong men and the young men of the churches1 the demoralization of camp life1 and1 as the war advanced1 the infection of the current fashions of unbelief from the officers both of the ,french and of the ,british armies4 ,the prevalent diathesis of the ,american church in all its sects was one of spiritual torpor1 from which1 however1 it soon began to be aroused as the grave exigencies of the situation disclosed themselves4 ,perhaps no one of the ,christian organizations of ,america came out of the war in a more forlorn condition than the ,episcopalians4 ,this condition was thus described by ,bishop ,white1 in an official charge to his clergy at ,philadelphia in #ahcb3 ,the congregations of our communion throughout the ,united ,states were approaching annihilation4 ,although within this city three ,episcopal clergymen were resident and officiating1 the churches over the rest of the ,state had become deprived of their clergy during the war1 either by death or by departure for ,england4 ,in the ,eastern ,states1 with two or three exceptions1 there was a cessation of the exercises of the pulpit1 owing to the necessary disuse of the prayers for the former civil rulers4 ,in ,maryland and ,virginia1 where the church had enjoyed civil establishments1 on the ceasing of these1 the incumbents of the parishes1 almost without exception1 ceased to officiate4 ,farther south the condition of the church was not better1 to say the least4#baj3a ,this extreme feebleness of ,episcopalianism in the several ,states conspired with the tendencies of the time in civil affairs to induce upon the new organization a character not at all conformed to the ideal of episcopal government4 ,instead of establishing as the unit of organization the bishop in every principal town1 governing his diocese at the head of his clergy with some measure of authority1 it was almost a necessity of the time to constitute dioceses as big as kingdoms1 and then to take security against excess of power in the diocesan by overslaughing his authority through exorbitant powers conferred upon a periodical mixed synod1 legislating for a whole continent1 even in matters confessedly variable and unessential4 ,in the later evolution of the system1 this superior limitation of the bishop's powers is supplemented from below by magnifying the authority of representative bodies1 diocesan and parochial1 until the work of the bishop is reduced as nearly as possible to the merely ministerial performance of certain assigned functions according to prescribed directions4 ,concerning this frame of government it is to be remarked3 #a4 ,that it was quite consciously and confessedly devised for the government of a sect1 with the full and fraternal understanding that other religious denominations of ,christians 7to use the favorite ,american euphemism7 were left at full and equal liberty to model and organize their respective churches to suit themselves4#baa3a #b4 ,that1 judged according to its professed purpose1 it has proved itself a practically good and effective government4 #c4 ,that it is in no proper sense of the word an episcopal government1 but rather a classical and synodical government1 according to the common type of the ,american church constitutions of the period4#baa3b ,the objections which only a few years before had withstood the importation into the colonies of lord bishops1 with the ,english common and canon law at their backs1 vanished entirely before the proposal for the harmless functionaries provided for in the new constitution4 ,john ,adams himself1 a leader of the former opposition1 now1 as ,american minister in ,london1 did his best to secure for ,bishops-elect ,white and ,provoost the coveted consecration from ,english bishops4 ,the only hindrance now to this long-desired boon was in the supercilious dilatoriness of the ,english prelates and of the civil authorities to whom they were subordinate4 ,they were evidently in a sulky temper over the overwhelming defeat of the ,british arms4 ,if it had been in their power to blockade effectively the channels of sacramental grace1 there is no sign that they would have consented to the ,american petition4 ,happily there were other courses open4 #a4 ,there was the recourse to presbyterial ordination1 an expedient sanctioned1 when necessary1 by the authority of the judicious ,hooker1 and actually recommended1 if the case should require1 by the ,rev4 ,william ,white1 soon to be consecrated as one of the first ,american bishops4 #b4 ,already for more than a half-century the ,moravian episcopate had been present and most apostolically active in ,america4 #c4 ,the ,lutheran ,episcopal churches of ,denmark and ,sweden were fully competent and known to be not unwilling to confer the episcopal succession on the ,american candidates4 #d4 ,there were the ,scotch nonjuring bishops1 outlawed for political reasons from communion with the ,english church1 who were tending their persecuted remnant of a flock in ,scotland4 ,theirs was a not less valid succession than those of their better-provided ,english brethren1 and fully as honorable a history4 ,it was due to the separate initiative of the ,episcopalian ministers of ,connecticut1 and to the persistence of their bishop-elect1 ,samuel ,seabury1 that the deadlock imposed by the ,englishmen was broken4 ,inheriting the ,puritan spirit1 which sought a jus divinum in all church questions1 they were men of deeper convictions and higher principles than their more southern brethren4 ,in advance of the plans for national organization1 without conferring with flesh and blood1 they had met and acted1 and their candidate for consecration was in ,london urging his claims1 before the ministers in the ,middle ,states had any knowledge of what was doing4 ,after a year of costly and vexatious delay in ,london1 finding no progress made and no hope of any1 he proceeded to ,aberdeen and was consecrated bishop ,november #ad1 #aghd4 ,it was more than two years longer before the ,english bishops succeeded in finding a way to do what their unrecognized ,scotch brethren had done with small demur4 ,but they did find it4 ,so long as the ,americans seemed dependent on ,english consecration they could not get it4 ,when at last it was made quite plain that they could and would do without it if necessary1 they were more than welcome to it4 ,dr4 ,white for ,pennsylvania1 and ,dr4 ,provoost for ,new ,york1 were consecrated by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury at the chapel of ,lambeth ,palace1 ,february #d1 #aghg4 ,dr4 ,griffith1 elected for ,virginia1 failed to be present2 in all that great diocese there was not interest enough felt in the matter to raise the money to pay his passage to ,england and back4 ,the ,american ,episcopal ,church was at last in a condition to live4 ,some formidable dangers of division arising from the double derivation of the episcopate were happily averted by the tact and statesmanship of ,bishop ,white1 and liturgical changes incidental to the reconstitution of the church were made1 on the whole with cautious judgment and good taste1 and successfully introduced4 ,but for many years the church lived only a languishing life4 ,bishop ,provoost of ,new ,york1 after fourteen years of service1 demitted his functions in #ahja1 discouraged about the continuance of the church4 ,he thought it would die out with the old colonial families4#bac3a ,the large prosperity of this church dates only from the second decade of this century4 ,it is the more notable for the brief time in which so much has been accomplished4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the difficulties in the way of the organization of the ,catholic ,church for the ,united ,states were not less serious1 and were overcome with equal success1 but not without a prolonged struggle against opposition from within4 ,it is not easy for us1 in view either of the antecedent or of the subsequent history1 to realize the extreme feebleness of ,american ,catholicism at the birth of our nation4 ,according to an official ,relation on the ,state of ,religion in the ,united ,states1 presented by the prefect apostolic in #aghe1 the total number of ,catholics in the entire ,union was #ah1bjj1 exclusive of an unascertainable number1 destitute of priests1 in the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,the entire number of the clergy was twenty-four1 most of them former members of the ,society of ,jesuits1 that had been suppressed in #aggc by the famous bull1 ,dominus ac ,redemptor1 of ,clement ,,xiv4 ,sorely against their will1 these missionaries1 hitherto subject only to the discipline of their own society1 were transformed into secular priests1 under the jurisdiction of the ,vicar ,apostolic of ,london4 ,after the establishment of independence1 with the intense jealousy felt regarding ,british influence1 and by none more deeply and more reasonably felt than by the ,catholics1 this jurisdiction was impracticable4 ,the providentially fit man for the emergency was found in the ,rev4 ,john ,carroll1 of an old ,maryland family distinguished alike for patriotism and for faithfulness to ,catholic principles4 ,in ,june1 #aghd1 he was made prefect apostolic over the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 and the dependence on ,british jurisdiction was terminated4 ,when1 however1 it was proposed that this provisional arrangement should be superseded by the appointment of a bishop1 objections not unexpected were encountered from among the clergy4 ,already we have had occasion to note the jealousy of episcopal authority that is felt by the clergy of the regular orders4 ,the lately disbanded ,jesuits1 with characteristic flexibility of self-adaptation to circumstances1 had at once reincorporated themselves under another name1 thus to hold the not inconsiderable estates of their order in the ,state of ,maryland4 ,but the plans of these energetic men either to control the bishop or to prevent his appointment were unsuccessful4 ,in ,december1 #agij1 ,bishop ,carroll1 having been consecrated in ,england1 arrived and entered upon his see of ,baltimore4 ,difficulties1 through which there were not many precedents to guide him1 thickened about the path of the new prelate4 ,it was well both for the church and for the republic that he was a man not only versed in the theology and polity of his church1 but imbued with ,american principles and feelings4 ,the first conflict that vexed the church under his administration1 and which for fifty years continued to vex his associates and successors1 was a collision between the ,american sentiment for local and individual liberty and self-government1 and the absolutist spiritual government of ,rome4 ,the ,catholics of ,new ,york1 including those of the ,spanish and ,french legations1 had built a church in ,barclay ,street1 then on the northern outskirt of the city2 and they had the very natural and just feeling that they had a right to do what they would with their own and with the building erected at their charges4 ,they proceeded accordingly to put in charge of it priests of their own selection4 ,but they had lost sight of the countervailing principle that if they had a right to do as they would with their building1 the bishop1 as representing the supreme authority in the church1 had a like right to do as he would with his clergy4 ,the building was theirs2 but it was for the bishop to say what services should be held in it1 or whether there should be any services in it at all1 in the ,roman ,catholic communion4 ,it is surprising how often this issue was made1 and how repeatedly and obstinately it was fought out in various places1 when the final result was so inevitable4 ,the hierarchical power prevailed1 of course1 but after much irritation between priesthood and people1 and great loss of souls to the church4#baf3a ,american ideas and methods were destined profoundly and beneficially to affect the ,roman ,church in the ,united ,states1 but not by the revolutionary process of establishing trusteeism1 or the lay control of parishes4 ,the damaging results of such disputes to both parties and to their common interest in the church put the two parties under heavy bonds to deal by each other with mutual consideration4 ,the tendency1 as in some parallel cases1 is toward an absolute government administered on republican principles1 the authoritative command being given with cautious consideration of the disposition of the subject4 ,the rights of the laity are sufficiently secured1 first1 by their holding the purse1 and1 secondly1 in a community in which the ,roman is only one of many churches held in like esteem and making like claims to divine authority1 by their holding in reserve the right of withdrawal4 ,other and unwonted difficulties for the young church lay in the ,babel confusion of races and languages among its disciples1 and in the lack of public resources1 which could be supplied no otherwise than by free gift4 ,yet another difficulty was the scant supply of clergy2 but events which about this time began to spread desolation among the institutions of ,catholic ,europe proved to be of inestimable benefit to the ill-provided ,catholics of ,america4 ,rome might almost have been content to see the wasting and destruction in her ancient strongholds1 for the opportune reinforcement which it brought1 at a critical time1 to the renascent church in the ,new ,world4 ,more important than the priests of various orders and divers languages1 who came all equipped for mission work among immigrants of different nationalities1 was the arrival of the ,sulpitians of ,paris1 fleeing from the persecutions of the ,french ,revolution1 ready for their special work of training for the parish priesthood4 ,the founding of their seminary in ,baltimore in #agia1 for the training of a native clergy1 was the best security that had yet been given for the permanence of the ,catholic revival4 ,the ,american ,catholic ,church was a small affair as yet1 and for twenty years to come was to continue so2 but the framework was preparing of an organization sufficient for the days of great things that were before it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the most revolutionary change suffered by any religious body in ,america1 in adjusting itself to the changed conditions after the ,war of ,independence1 was that suffered by the latest arrived and most rapidly growing of them all4 ,we have seen the order of the ,wesleyan preachers coming so tardily across the ocean1 and propagated with constantly increasing momentum southward from the border of ,maryland4 ,its congregations were not a church2 its preachers were not a clergy4 ,instituted in ,england by a narrow1 ,high-church clergyman of the established church1 its preachers were simply a company of lay missionaries under the command of ,john ,wesley2 its adherents were members of the ,church of ,england1 bound to special fidelity to their duties as such in their several parish churches1 but united in clubs and classes for the mutual promotion of holy living in an unholy age2 and its chapels and other property1 fruits of the self-denial of many poor1 were held under iron-bound title-deeds1 subject to the control of ,john ,wesley and of the close corporation of preachers to whom he should demit them4 ,it seems hardly worthy of the immense practical sagacity of ,wesley that he should have thought to transplant this system unchanged into the midst of circumstances so widely different as those which must surround it in ,america4 ,and yet even here1 where the best work of his preachers was to be done among populations not only churchless1 but out of reach of church or ministry of whatever name1 in those ,southern ,states in which nine tenths of his penitents and converts were gained1 his preachers were warned against the sacrilege of ministering to the craving converts the ,christian ordinances of baptism and the holy supper1 and bidden to send them to their own churches--when they had none4 ,the wretched incumbents of the ,state parishes at the first sounds of war had scampered from the field like hirelings whose own the sheep are not1 and the demand that the preachers of the word should also minister the comfort of the ,christian ordinances became too strong to be resisted4 ,the call of duty and necessity seemed to the preachers gathered at a conference at ,fluvanna in #aggi to be a call from ,god2 and1 contrary to the strong objections of ,wesley and ,asbury1 they chose from the older of their own number a committee who ordained themselves1 and proceeded to ordain and set apart other ministers for the same purpose--that they might minister the holy ordinances to the church of ,christ4#bah3a ,the step was a bold one1 and although it seemed to be attended by happy spiritual results1 it threatened to precipitate a division of the ,society into two factions4 ,the progress of events1 the establishment and acknowledgment of ,american independence1 and the constant expansion of the ,methodist work1 brought its own solution of the divisive questions4 ,it was an important day in the history of the ,american church1 that second day of ,september1 #aghd1 when ,john ,wesley1 assisted by other presbyters of the ,church of ,england1 laid his hands in benediction upon the head of ,dr4 ,thomas ,coke1 and committed to him the superintendency of the ,methodist work in ,america1 as colleague with ,francis ,asbury4 ,on the arrival of ,coke in ,america1 the preachers were hastily summoned together in conference at ,baltimore1 and there1 in ,christmas week of the same year1 ,asbury was ordained successively as deacon1 as elder1 and as superintendent4 ,by the two bishops thus constituted were ordained elders and deacons1 and ,methodism became a living church4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the two decades from the close of the ,war of ,independence include the period of the lowest ebb-tide of vitality in the history of ,american ,christianity4 ,the spirit of half-belief or unbelief that prevailed on the other side of the sea1 both in the church and out of it1 was manifest also here4 ,happily the tide of foreign immigration at this time was stayed1 and the church had opportunity to gather strength for the immense task that was presently to be devolved upon it4 ,but the westward movement of our own population was now beginning to pour down the western slope of the ,alleghanies into the great ,mississippi basin4 ,it was observed by the ,methodist preachers that the members of their societies who had1 through fear1 necessity1 or choice1 moved into the back settlements and into new parts of the country1 as soon as peace was settled and the way was open solicited the preachers to come among them1 and so the work followed them to the west4#bai3a ,in the years #agia-ahaj occurred the great movement of population from ,virginia to ,kentucky and from ,carolina to ,tennessee4 ,it was reckoned that one fourth of the ,baptists of ,virginia had removed to ,kentucky1 and yet they hardly leavened the lump of early frontier barbarism4 ,the ,presbyterian ,church1 working in its favorite methods1 devised campaigns of home missionary enterprise in its presbyteries and synods1 detailing pastors from their parishes for temporary mission service in following the movement of the ,scotch-,irish migration into the hill-country in which it seemed to find its congenial habitat1 and from which its powerful influences were to flow in all directions4 ,the ,congregationalists of ,new ,england in like manner followed with ,christian teaching and pastoral care their sons moving westward to occupy the rich lands of western ,new ,york and of ,ohio4 ,the ,general ,association of the pastors of ,connecticut1 solicitous that the work of missions to the frontier should be carried forward without loss of power through division of forces1 entered1 in #ahja1 into the compact with the ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterians known as the ,plan of ,union1 by which ,christians of both polities might cooeperate in the founding of churches and in maintaining the work of the gospel4 ,in the year #ahjc the most important political event since the adoption of the ,constitution1 the purchase of ,louisiana by ,president ,jefferson1 opened to the ,american church a new and immense field for missionary activity4 ,this vast territory1 stretching from the ,mississippi westward to the summits of the ,rocky ,mountains and nearly doubling the domain of the ,united ,states1 was the last remainder of the great projected ,french ,catholic empire that had fallen in #agfc4 ,passed back and forth with the vicissitudes of ,european politics between ,french and ,spanish masters1 it had made small progress in either civilization or ,christianity4 ,but the immense possibilities of it to the kingdoms of this world and to the kingdom of heaven were obvious to every intelligent mind4 ,not many years were to pass before it was to become an arena in which all the various forces of ,american ,christianity were to be found contending against all the powers of darkness1 not without dealing some mutual blows in the melley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the review of this period must not close without adverting to two important advances in public practical ,christianity1 in which 7as often in like cases7 the earnest endeavors of some among the ,christians have been beholden for success to uncongenial reinforcements4 ,as it is written1 ,the earth helped the woman4 ,in the establishment of the ,american principle of the non-interference of the state with religion1 and the equality of all religious communions before the law1 much was due1 no doubt1 to the mutual jealousies of the sects1 no one or two of which were strong enough to maintain exceptional pretensions over the rest combined4 ,much also is to be imputed to the indifferentism and sometimes the anti-religious sentiment of an important and numerous class of doctrinaire politicians of which ,jefferson may be taken as a type4 ,so far as this work was a work of intelligent conviction and religious faith1 the chief honor of it must be given to the ,baptists4 ,other sects1 notably the ,presbyterians1 had been energetic and efficient in demanding their own liberties2 the ,friends and the ,baptists agreed in demanding liberty of conscience and worship1 and equality before the law1 for all alike4 ,but the active labor in this cause was mainly done by the ,baptists4 ,it is to their consistency and constancy in the warfare against the privileges of the powerful ,standing ,order of ,new ,england1 and of the moribund establishments of the ,south1 that we are chiefly indebted for the final triumph1 in this country1 of that principle of the separation of church from state which is one of the largest contributions of the ,new ,world to civilization and to the church universal4 ,it is not surprising that a people so earnest as the ,baptists showed themselves in the promotion of religious liberty should be forward in the condemnation of ,american slavery4 ,we have already seen the vigor with which the ,methodists1 having all their strength at the ,south1 levied a spiritual warfare against this great wrong4 ,it was at the ,south that the ,baptists1 in #aghi1 ,resolved1 ,that slavery is a violent deprivation of the rights of nature1 and inconsistent with a republican government1 and we therefore recommend it to our brethren to make use of every legal measure to extirpate this horrid evil from the land4#bbb3a ,at the ,north1 ,jonathan ,edwards the ,younger is conspicuous in the unbroken succession of antislavery churchmen4 ,his sermon on the ,injustice and ,impolicy of the ,slave-trade1 preached in #agia before the ,connecticut ,abolition ,society1 of which ,president ,ezra ,stiles was the head1 long continued to be reprinted and circulated1 both at the ,north and at the ,south1 as the most effective argument not only against the slave-trade1 but against the whole system of slavery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it will not be intruding needlessly upon the difficult field of dogmatic history if we note here the widely important diversities of ,christian teaching that belong to this which we may call the sub-,revolutionary period4 ,it is in contradiction to our modern association of ideas to read that the prevailing type of doctrine among the early ,baptists of ,new ,england was ,arminian4#bbb3b ,the pronounced individualism of the ,baptist churches1 and the emphasis which they place upon human responsibility1 might naturally have created a tendency in this direction2 but a cause not less obvious was their antagonism to the established ,congregationalism1 with its sharply defined ,calvinistic statements4 ,the public challenging of these statements made a favorite issue on which to appeal to the people from their constituted teachers4 ,but when the ,south and ,southwest opened itself as the field of a wonderfully rapid expansion before the feet of the ,baptist evangelists1 the antagonism was quite of another sort4 ,their collaborators and sharp competitors in the great and noble work of planting the gospel and the church in old and neglected fields at the ,south1 and carrying them westward to the continually advancing frontier of population1 were to be found in the multiplying army of the ,methodist itinerants and local exhorters1 whose theology1 enjoined upon them by their commission1 was the ,arminianism of ,john ,wesley4 ,no explanation is apparent for the revulsion of the great body of ,american ,baptists into a ,calvinism exaggerated to the point of caricature1 except the reaction of controversy with the ,methodists4 ,the tendency of the two parties to opposite poles of dogma was all the stronger for the fact that on both sides teachers and taught were alike lacking in liberalizing education4 ,the fact that two by far the most numerous denominations of ,christians in the ,united ,states were picketed thus over against each other in the same regions1 as widely differing from each other in doctrine and organization as the ,dominican order from the ,jesuit1 and differing somewhat in the same way1 is a fact that invites our regret and disapproval1 but at the same time compels us to remember its compensating advantages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is to this period that we trace the head-waters of several important existing denominations4 ,at the close of the war the congregation of the ,king's ,chapel1 the oldest ,episcopal church in ,new ,england1 had been thinned and had lost its rector in the general migration of leading ,tory families to ,nova ,scotia4 ,at the restoration of peace it was served in the capacity of lay reader by ,mr4 ,james ,freeman1 a young graduate of ,harvard1 who came soon to be esteemed very highly in love both for his work's sake and for his own4 ,being chosen pastor of the church1 he was not many months in finding that many things in the ,english ,prayer-book were irreconcilable with doubts and convictions concerning the ,trinity and related doctrines1 which about this time were widely prevalent among theologians both in the ,church of ,england and outside of it4 ,in ,june1 #aghe1 it was voted in the congregation1 by a very large majority1 to amend the order of worship in accordance with these scruples4 ,the changes were in a direction in which not a few ,episcopalians were disposed to move1#bbd3a and the congregation did not hesitate to apply for ordination for their pastor1 first to ,bishop ,seabury1 and afterward1 with better hope of success1 to ,bishop ,provoost4 ,failing here also1 the congregation proceeded to induct their elect pastor into his office without waiting further upon bishops2 and thus the first ,episcopal church in ,new ,england became the first ,unitarian church in ,america4 ,it was not the beginning of ,unitarianism in ,america1 for this had long been in the air4 ,but it was the first distinct organization of it4 ,how rapidly and powerfully it spread within narrow geographical limits1 and how widely it has affected the course of religious history1 must appear in later chapters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,close as might seem to be the kindred between ,unitarianism and ,universalism1 coeval as they are in their origin as organized sects1 they are curiously diverse in their origin4 ,each of them1 at the present day1 holds the characteristic tenet of the other2 in general1 ,unitarians are ,universalists1 and ,universalists are ,unitarians4#bbe3a ,but in the beginning ,unitarianism was a bold reactionary protest against leading doctrines of the prevailing ,calvinism of ,new ,england1 notably against the doctrines of the ,trinity1 of expiatory atonement1 and of human depravity2 and it was still more a protest against the intolerant and intolerable dogmatism of the sanhedrim of ,jonathan ,edwards's successors1 in their cock-sure expositions of the methods of the divine government and the psychology of conversion4 ,universalism1 on the other hand1 in its first setting forth in ,america1 planted itself on the leading evangelical doctrines1 which its leaders had earnestly preached1 and made them the major premisses of its argument4 ,justification and salvation1 said ,john ,murray1 one of ,whitefield's ,calvinistic ,methodist preachers1 are the lot of those for whom ,christ died4 ,but ,christ died for the elect1 said his ,calvinistic brethren4 ,nay1 verily1 said ,murray 7in this following one of his colleagues1 ,james ,relly72 what saith the ,scripture8 ,christ died for all4 ,it was the pinch of this argument which brought ,new ,england theologians1 beginning with ,smalley and the second ,edwards1 to the acceptance of the rectoral theory of the atonement1 and so prepared the way for much disputation among the doctors of the next century4#bbe3b ,mr4 ,murray arrived in ,america in #aggj1 and after much going to and fro organized1 in #aggi1 at ,gloucester1 ,mass41 the first congregation in ,america on distinctly ,universalist principles4 ,but other men1 along other lines of thought1 had been working their way to somewhat similar conclusions4 ,in #aghe ,elhanan ,winchester1 a thoroughly ,calvinistic ,baptist minister in ,philadelphia1 led forth his excommunicated brethren1 one hundred strong1 and organized them into a ,society of ,universal ,baptists1 holding to the universal restoration of mankind to holiness and happiness4 ,the two differing schools fraternized in a convention of ,universalist churches at ,philadelphia in #agid1 at which articles of belief and a plan of organization were set forth1 understood to be from the pen of ,dr4 ,benjamin ,rush2 and a resolution was adopted declaring the holding of slaves to be inconsistent with the union of the human race in a common ,saviour1 and the obligations to mutual and universal love which flow from that union4 ,it was along still another line of argument1 proceeding from the assumed rectitude of human nature1 that the ,unitarians came1 tardily and hesitatingly1 to the ,universalist position4 ,the long persistence of definite boundary lines between two bodies so nearly alike in their tenets is a subject worthy of study4 ,the lines seem to be rather historical and social than theological4 ,the distinction between them has been thus epigrammatically stated3 that the ,universalist holds that ,god is too good to damn a man2 the ,unitarian holds that men are too good to be damned4 ,no controversy in the history of the ,american church has been more deeply marked by a sincere and serious earnestness1 over and above the competitive zeal and invidious acrimony that are an inevitable admixture in such debates1 than the controversy that was at once waged against the two new sects claiming the title ,liberal4 ,it was sincerely felt by their antagonists that1 while the one abandoned the foundation of the ,christian faith1 the other destroyed the foundation of ,christian morality4 ,in the early propaganda of each of them was much to deepen this mistrust4 ,when the standard of dissent is set up in any community1 and men are invited to it in the name of liberality1 nothing can hinder its becoming a rallying-point for all sorts of disaffected souls1 not only the liberal1 but the loose4 ,the story of the controversy belongs to later chapters of this book4 ,it is safe to say at this point that the early orthodox fears have at least not been fully confirmed by the sequel up to this date4 ,it was one of the most strenuous of the early disputants against the liberal opinions#bbg3a who remarked in his later years1 concerning the ,unitarian saints1 that it seemed as if their exclusive contemplation of ,jesus ,christ in his human character as the example for our imitation had wrought in them an exceptional beauty and ,christlikeness of living4 ,as for the ,universalists1 the record of their fidelity1 as a body1 to the various interests of social morality is not surpassed by that of any denomination4 ,but in the earlier days the conflict against the two sects called liberal was waged ruthlessly1 not as against defective or erroneous schemes of doctrine1 but as against distinctly antichristian heresies4 ,there is instruction to be gotten from studying1 in comparison1 the course of these opinions in the established churches of ,great ,britain and among the unestablished churches of ,america4 ,under the enforced comprehensiveness or tolerance of a national church1 it is easier for strange doctrines to spread within the pale4 ,under the ,american plan of the organization of ,christianity by voluntary mutual association according to elective affinity1 with freedom to receive or exclude1 the flock within the fold may perhaps be kept safer from contamination2 as when the ,presbyterian ,general ,assembly in #agib1 and again in #agid1 decided that ,universalists be not admitted to the sealing ordinances of the gospel2#bbh3a but by this course the excluded opinion is compelled to intrench itself both for defense and for attack in a sectarian organization4 ,it is a practically interesting question1 the answer to which is by no means self-evident1 whether ,universalist opinions would have been less prevalent to-day in ,england and ,scotland if they had been excluded from the national churches and erected into a sect with its partisan pulpits1 presses1 and propagandists2 or whether they would have more diffused in ,america if1 instead of being dealt with by process of excommunication or deposition1 they had been dealt with simply by argument4 ,this is one of the many questions which history raises1 but which 7happily for him7 it does not fall within the function of the historian to answer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to this period is to be referred the origin of some of the minor ,american sects4 ,the ,united ,brethren in ,christ grew into a distinct organization about the year #ahjj4 ,it arose incidentally to the ,methodist evangelism1 in an effort on the part of ,philip ,william ,otterbein1 of the ,german ,reformed ,church1 and ,martin ,boehm1 of the ,mennonites1 to provide for the shepherdless ,german-speaking people by an adaptation of the ,wesleyan methods4 ,presently1 in the natural progress of language1 the ,english work outgrew the ,german4 ,it is now doing an extensive and useful work by pulpit and press1 chiefly in ,pennsylvania and the ,states of that latitude4 ,the reasons for its continued existence separate from the ,methodist ,church1 which it closely resembles both in doctrine and in polity1 are more apparent to those within the organization than to superficial observers from outside4 ,the organization just described arose from the unwillingness of the ,german ,reformed ,church to meet the craving needs of the ,german people by using the ,wesleyan methods4 ,from the unwillingness of the ,methodist ,church to use the ,german language arose another organization1 the ,evangelical ,association1 sometimes known1 from the name of its founder1 by the somewhat grotesque title of the ,albrights4 ,this also is both ,methodist and ,episcopal1 a reduced copy of the great ,wesleyan institution1 mainly devoted to labors among the ,germans4 ,in #agib was planted at ,baltimore the first ,american congregation of that organization of disciples of ,emanuel ,swedenborg which had been begun in ,london nine years before and called by the appropriately fanciful name of the ,church of the ,new ,jerusalem4 ,,footnotes3 #baj3a ,quoted in ,tiffany1 p4 #bhi1 note4 ,the extreme depression of the ,protestant ,episcopal and 7as will soon appear7 of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 at this point of time1 emphasizes all the more the great advances made by both these communions from this time forward4 #baa3a ,preface to the ,american ,book of ,common ,prayer1 #aghi4 #baa3b ,see the critical observations of ,dr4 ,mc,connell1 ,history of the ,american ,episcopal ,church1 pp4 #bfd-bgf4 ,the polity of this church seems to have suffered for want of a ,states' ,rights and ,strict ,construction party4 ,the centrifugal force has been overbalanced by the centripetal4 #bac3a ,tiffany1 pp4 #che-cii4 #baf3a ,bishop ,o',gorman1 pp4 #bfi-cbc1 #cfg1 #cii4 #bah3a ,buckley1 ,the ,methodists1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahc4 #bai3a ,jesse ,lee1 quoted by ,dr4 ,buckley1 p4 #aie4 #bbb3a ,newman1 ,the ,baptists1 p4 #cje4 #bbb3b ,ibid41 p4 #bdc4 #bbd3a ,tiffany1 p4 #cdg2 ,mc,connell1 p4 #bdi4 #bbe3a ,dr4 ,richard ,eddy1 ,the ,universalists1 p4 #dbi4 #bbe3b ,ibid41 pp4 #cib-cig4 ,the sermons of ,smalley were preached at ,wallingford1 ,conn41 by particular request1 with special reference to the ,murrayan controversy4 #bbg3a ,leonard ,bacon1 of ,new ,haven1 in conversation4 #bbh3a ,eddy1 p4 #chg4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,second ,,awakening4 ,the closing years of the eighteenth century show the lowest low-water mark of the lowest ebb-tide of spiritual life in the history of the ,american church4 ,the demoralization of army life1 the fury of political factions1 the catchpenny materialist morality of ,franklin1 the philosophic deism of men like ,jefferson1 and the popular ribaldry of ,tom ,paine1 had wrought1 together with other untoward influences1 to bring about a condition of things which to the eye of little faith seemed almost desperate4 ,from the beginning of the reaction from the stormy excitements of the ,great ,awakening1 nothing had seemed to arouse the ,new ,england churches from a lethargic dullness2 so1 at least1 it seemed to those who recalled those wonderful days of old1 either in memory or by tradition4 ,we have a gauge of the general decline of the public morals1 in the condition of ,yale ,college at the accession of ,president ,dwight in #agie1 as described in the reminiscences of ,lyman ,beecher1 then a sophomore4 ,before he came1 college was in a most ungodly state4 ,the college church was almost extinct4 ,most of the students were skeptical1 and rowdies were plenty4 ,wine and liquors were kept in many rooms2 intemperance1 profanity1 gambling1 and licentiousness were common4 ,i hardly know how ,i escaped4444 ,that was the day of the infidelity of the ,tom ,paine school4 ,boys that dressed flax in the barn1 as ,i used to1 read ,tom ,paine and believed him2 ,i read and fought him all the way4 ,never had any propensity to infidelity4 ,but most of the class before me were infidels1 and called each other ,voltaire1 ,rousseau1 ,d',alembert1 etc4#bca3a ,in the ,middle ,states the aspect was not more promising4 ,princeton ,college had been closed for three years of the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,in #aghb there were only two among the students who professed themselves ,christians4 ,the ,presbyterian ,general ,assembly1 representing the strongest religious force in that region1 in #agih described the then existing condition of the country in these terms3 ,formidable innovations and convulsions in ,europe threaten destruction to morals and religion4 ,scenes of devastation and bloodshed unexampled in the history of modern nations have convulsed the world1 and our country is threatened with similar calamities4 ,we perceive with pain and fearful apprehension a general dereliction of religious principles and practice among our fellow-citizens1 a visible and prevailing impiety and contempt for the laws and institutions of religion1 and an abounding infidelity1 which in many instances tends to atheism itself4 ,the profligacy and corruption of the public morals have advanced with a progress proportionate to our declension in religion4 ,profaneness1 pride1 luxury1 injustice1 intemperance1 lewdness1 and every species of debauchery and loose indulgence greatly abound4 ,from the point of view of the ,episcopalian of that day the prospect was even more disheartening4 ,it was at this time that ,bishop ,provoost of ,new ,york laid down his functions1 not expecting the church to continue much longer2 and ,bishop ,madison of ,virginia shared the despairing conviction of ,chief-,justice ,marshall that the church was too far gone ever to be revived4#bcb3a ,over all this period the historian of the ,lutheran ,church writes up the title ,deterioration4#bcb3b ,proposals were set on foot looking toward the merger of these two languishing denominations4 ,even the ,methodists1 the fervor of whose zeal and vitality of whose organization had withstood what seemed severer tests1 felt the benumbing influence of this unhappy age4 ,for three years ending in #agif the total membership diminished at the rate of about four thousand a year4 ,many witnesses agree in describing the moral and religious condition of the border ,states of ,kentucky and ,tennessee as peculiarly deplorable4 ,the autobiography of that famous pioneer preacher1 ,peter ,cartwright1 gives a lively picture of ,kentucky society in #agic as he remembered it in his old age3 ,logan ,county1 when my father moved into it1 was called ',rogues' ,harbor4' ,here many refugees from all parts of the ,union fled to escape punishment or justice2 for although there was law1 yet it could not be executed1 and it was a desperate state of society4 ,murderers1 horse-thieves1 highway robbers1 and counterfeiters fled there1 until they combined and actually formed a majority4 ,those who favored a better state of morals were called ',regulators4' ,but they encountered fierce opposition from the ',rogues1' and a battle was fought with guns1 pistols1 dirks1 knives1 and clubs1 in which the ',regulators' were defeated4#bcc3a ,the people that walked in this gross darkness beheld a great light4 ,in #agif a ,presbyterian minister1 ,james ,mc,gready1 who for more than ten years had done useful service in ,pennsylvania and ,north ,carolina1 assumed charge of several ,presbyterian churches in that very ,logan ,county which we know through the reminiscences of ,peter ,cartwright4 ,as he went the round of his scattered congregations his preaching was felt to have peculiar power to arouse false professors1 to awaken a dead church1 and warn sinners and lead them to seek the new spiritual life which he himself had found4 ,three years later two brothers1 ,william and ,john ,mc,gee1 one a ,presbyterian minister and the other a ,methodist1 came through the beautiful ,cumberland country in ,kentucky and ,tennessee1 speaking1 as if in the spirit and power of ,john the ,baptist1 to multitudes that gathered from great distances to hear them4 ,on one occasion1 in the woods of ,logan ,county1 in ,july1 #ahjj1 the gathered families1 many of whom came from far1 tethered their teams and encamped for several days for the unaccustomed privilege of common worship and ,christian preaching4 ,this is believed to have been the first ,american camp-meeting--an era worth remembering in our history4 ,not without abundant ,new ,testament antecedents1 it naturalized itself at once on our soil as a natural expedient for scattered frontier populations unprovided with settled institutions4 ,by a natural process of evolution1 adapting itself to other environments and uses1 the backwoods camp-meeting has grown into the ,chautauqua assembly1 which at so many places besides the original center at ,chautauqua ,lake has grown into an important and most characteristic institution of ,american civilization4 ,we are happy in having an account of some of these meetings from one who was personally and sympathetically interested in them4 ,for in the spring of the next year ,barton ,warren ,stone1 a ,presbyterian minister serving his two congregations of ,concord and ,cane ,ridge in ,bourbon ,county1 and oppressed with a sense of the religious apathy prevailing about him1 made the long journey across the ,state of ,kentucky to see for himself the wonderful things of which he had heard1 and afterward wrote his reminiscences4 ,there1 on the edge of a prairie in ,logan ,county1 ,kentucky1 the multitudes came together and continued a number of days and nights encamped on the ground1 during which time worship was carried on in some part of the encampment4 ,the scene was new to me and passing strange4 ,it baffled description4 ,many1 very many1 fell down as men slain in battle1 and continued for hours together in an apparently breathless and motionless state1 sometimes for a few moments reviving and exhibiting symptoms of life by a deep groan or piercing shriek1 or by a prayer for mercy fervently uttered4 ,after lying there for hours they obtained deliverance4 ,the gloomy cloud that had covered their faces seemed gradually and visibly to disappear1 and hope1 in smiles1 brightened into joy4 ,they would rise1 shouting deliverance1 and then would address the surrounding multitude in language truly eloquent and impressive4 ,with astonishment did ,i hear men1 women1 and children declaring the wonderful works of ,god and the glorious mysteries of the gospel4 ,their appeals were solemn1 heart-penetrating1 bold1 and free4 ,under such circumstances many others would fall down into the same state from which the speakers had just been delivered4 ,two or three of my particular acquaintances from a distance were struck down4 ,i sat patiently by one of them1 whom ,i knew to be a careless sinner1 for hours1 and observed with critical attention everything that passed1 from the beginning to the end4 ,i noticed the momentary revivings as from death1 the humble confession of sins1 the fervent prayer1 and the ultimate deliverance2 then the solemn thanks and praise to ,god1 and affectionate exhortation to companions and to the people around to repent and come to ,jesus4 ,i was astonished at the knowledge of gospel truth displayed in the address4 ,the effect was that several sank down into the same appearance of death4 ,after attending to many such cases1 my conviction was complete that it was a good work--the work of ,god2 nor has my mind wavered since on the subject4 ,much did ,i see then1 and much have ,i seen since1 that ,i consider to be fanaticism2 but this should not condemn the work4 ,the devil has always tried to ape the works of ,god1 to bring them into disrepute2 but that cannot be a ,satanic work which brings men to humble confession1 to forsaking of sin1 to prayer1 fervent praise and thanksgiving1 and a sincere and affectionate exhortation to sinners to repent and come to ,jesus the ,saviour4 ,profoundly impressed by what he had seen and heard1 ,pastor ,stone returned to his double parish in ,bourbon ,county and rehearsed the story of it4 ,the congregation was affected with awful solemnity1 and many returned home weeping4 ,this was in the early spring4 ,not many months afterward there was a notable springing up of this seed4 ,a memorable meeting was held at ,cane ,ridge in ,august1 #ahja4 ,the roads were crowded with wagons1 carriages1 horses1 and footmen moving to the solemn camp4 ,it was judged by military men on the ground that between twenty and thirty thousand persons were assembled4 ,four or five preachers spoke at the same time in different parts of the encampment without confusion4 ,the ,methodist and ,baptist preachers aided in the work1 and all appeared cordially united in it4 ,they were of one mind and soul3 the salvation of sinners was the one object4 ,we all engaged in singing the same songs1 all united in prayer1 all preached the same things4444 ,the numbers converted will be known only in eternity4 ,many things transpired in the meeting which were so much like miracles that they had the same effect as miracles on unbelievers4 ,by them many were convinced that ,jesus was the ,christ and were persuaded to submit to him4 ,this meeting continued six or seven days and nights1 and would have continued longer1 but food for the sustenance of such a multitude failed4 ,to this meeting many had come from ,ohio and other distant parts4 ,these returned home and diffused the same spirit in their respective neighborhoods4 ,similar results followed4 ,so low had religion sunk1 and such carelessness had universally prevailed1 that ,i have thought that nothing common could have arrested and held the attention of the people4#bcf3a ,the sober and cautious tone of this narrative will already have impressed the reader4 ,these are not the words of a heated enthusiast1 or a man weakly credulous4 ,we may hesitate to accept his judgment1 but may safely accept his testimony1 amply corroborated as it is1 to facts which he has seen and heard4 ,but the crucial test of the work1 the test prescribed by the ,lord of the church1 is that it shall be known by its fruits4 ,and this test it seems to bear well4 ,dr4 ,archibald ,alexander1 had in high reverence in the ,presbyterian ,church as a wise counselor in spiritual matters1 made scrupulous inquiry into the results of this revival1 and received from one of his correspondents1 ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,baxter1 who made an early visit to the scenes of the revival1 the following testimony3 ,on my way ,i was informed by settlers on the road that the character of ,kentucky travelers was entirely changed1 and that they were as remarkable for sobriety as they had formerly been for dissoluteness and immorality4 ,and indeed ,i found ,kentucky to appearances the most moral place ,i had ever seen4 ,a profane expression was hardly ever heard4 ,a religious awe seemed to pervade the country4 ,upon the whole1 ,i think the revival in ,kentucky the most extraordinary that has ever visited the church of ,christ2 and1 all things considered1 it was peculiarly adapted to the circumstances of the country into which it came4 ,infidelity was triumphant and religion was on the point of expiring4 ,something extraordinary seemed necessary to arrest the attention of a giddy people who were ready to conclude that ,christianity was a fable and futurity a delusion4 ,this revival has done it4 ,it has confounded infidelity and brought numbers beyond calculation under serious impressions4 ,a sermon preached in #ahjc to the ,presbyterian synod of ,kentucky1 by the ,rev4 ,david ,rice1 has the value of testimony given in the presence of other competent witnesses1 and liable thus to be questioned or contradicted4 ,in it he says3 ,neighborhoods noted for their vicious and profligate manners are now as much noted for their piety and good order4 ,drunkards1 profane swearers1 liars1 quarrelsome persons1 etc41 are remarkably reformed4444 ,a number of families who had lived apparently without the fear of ,god1 in folly and in vice1 without any religious instruction or any proper government1 are now reduced to order and are daily joining in the worship of ,god1 reading his word1 singing his praises1 and offering up their supplications to a throne of grace4 ,parents who seemed formerly to have little or no regard for the salvation of their children are now anxiously concerned for their salvation1 are pleading for them1 and endeavoring to lead them to ,christ and train them up in the way of piety and virtue4 ,that same year the ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterian ,church1 in its annual review of the state of religion1 adverted with emphasis to the work in the ,cumberland country1 and cited remarkable instances of conversion--malignant opposers of vital piety convinced and reconciled1 learned1 active1 and conspicuous infidels becoming signal monuments of that grace which they once despised2 and in conclusion declared with joy that the state and prospects of vital religion in our country are more favorable and encouraging than at any period within the last forty years4#bch3a ,in order successfully to study the phenomena of this remarkable passage in the history of the church1 it is necessary to bear in mind the social conditions that prevailed4 ,a population perfervido ingenio1 of a temper peculiarly susceptible of intense excitement1 transplanted into a wild country1 under little control either of conventionality or law1 deeply ingrained from many generations with the religious sentiment1 but broken loose from the control of it and living consciously in reckless disregard of the law of ,god1 is suddenly aroused to a sense of its apostasy and wickedness4 ,the people do not hear the word of ,god from ,sabbath to ,sabbath1 or even from evening to evening1 and take it home with them and ponder it amid the avocations of daily business2 by the conditions1 they are sequestered for days together in the wilderness for the exclusive contemplation of momentous truths pressed upon the mind with incessant and impassioned iteration2 and they remain together1 an agitated throng1 not of men only1 but of women and children4 ,the student of psychology recognizes at once that here are present in an unusual combination the conditions not merely of the ready propagation of influence by example and persuasion1 but of those nervous1 mental1 or spiritual infections which make so important a figure in the world's history1 civil1 military1 or religious4 ,it is wholly in accord with human nature that the physical manifestations attendant on religious excitement in these circumstances should be of an intense and extravagant sort4 ,and such indeed they were4 ,sudden outcries1 hysteric weeping and laughter1 faintings1 catalepsies1 trances1 were customary concomitants of the revival preaching4 ,multitudes fell prostrate on the ground1 spiritually slain1 as it was said4 ,lest the helpless bodies should be trampled on by the surging crowd1 they were taken up and laid in rows on the floor of the neighboring meeting-house4 ,some lay quiet1 unable to move or speak4 ,some talked1 but could not move4 ,some beat the floor with their heels4 ,some1 shrieking in agony1 bounded about1 it is said1 like a live fish out of water4 ,many lay down and rolled over and over for hours at a time4 ,others rushed wildly over the stumps and benches1 and then plunged1 shouting ',lost6 ,lost6' into the forest4 ,as the revival went on and the camp-meeting grew to be a custom and an institution1 this nervous epidemic took on certain recognizable forms1 one of which was known as the jerks4 ,this malady began in the head and spread rapidly to the feet4 ,the head would be thrown from side to side so swiftly that the features would be blotted out and the hair made to snap4 ,when the body was affected the sufferer was hurled over hindrances that came in his way1 and finally dashed on the ground1 to bounce about like a ball4 ,the eccentric ,lorenzo ,dow1 whose freaks of eloquence and humor are remembered by many now living1 speaks from his own observation on the subject3 ,i have passed a meeting-house where ,i observed the undergrowth had been cut for a camp-meeting1 and from fifty to a hundred saplings were left breast-high on purpose for persons who were 'jerked' to hold on to4 ,i observed where they had held on they had kicked up the earth as a horse stamping flies4444 ,i believe it does not affect those naturalists who wish to get it to philosophize about it2 and rarely those who are the most pious2 but the lukewarm1 lazy professor is subject to it4 ,the wicked fear it and are subject to it2 but the persecutors are more subject to it than any1 and they have sometimes cursed and sworn and damned it while jerking4#bdj3a ,there is nothing improbable in the claim that phenomena like these1 strange1 weird1 startling1 were so much like miracles that they had the same effect as miracles on unbelievers4 ,they helped break up the apathetic torpor of the church and summon the multitudes into the wilderness to hear the preaching of repentance and the remission of sins4 ,but they had some lamentable results4 ,those who1 like many among the ,methodists1#bda3a found in them the direct work of the ,holy ,spirit1 were thereby started along the perilous incline toward enthusiasm and fanaticism4 ,those1 on the other hand1 repelled by the grotesqueness and extravagance of these manifestations1 who were led to distrust or condemn the good work with which they were associated1 fell into a graver error4 ,this was the error into which1 to its cost1 the ,presbyterian ,church was by and by drawn in dealing with questions that emerged from these agitations4 ,the revival gave rise to two new sects1 both of them marked by the fervor of spirit that characterized the time1 and both of them finding their principal habitat in the same western region4 ,the ,cumberland ,presbyterians1 now grown to large numbers and deserved influence and dignity in the fellowship of ,american sects1 separated themselves from the main body of ,presbyterians by refusing to accept1 in face of the craving needs of the pastorless population all about them1 the arbitrary rule shutting the door of access to the ,presbyterian ministry to all candidates1 how great soever their other qualifications1 who lacked a classical education4 ,separating on this issue1 they took the opportunity to amend the generally accepted doctrinal statements of the ,presbyterian churches by mitigating those utterances which seemed to them1 as they have seemed to many others1 to err in the direction of fatalism4 ,about the same time there was manifested in various quarters a generous revolt against the existence and multiplication of mutually exclusive sects in the ,christian family1 each limited by humanly devised doctrinal articles and branded with partisan names4 ,how these various protesting elements came together on the sole basis of a common faith in ,christ and a common acceptance of the divine authority of the ,bible2 how1 not intending it1 they came to be themselves a new sect2 and how1 struggling in vain against the inexorable laws of language1 they came to be distinguished by names1 as ,campbellite ,baptist1 ,christ-ian 7with a long i71 and 7kat' exochen7 ,disciples1 are points on which interesting and instructive light is shed in the history by ,dr4 ,b4 ,b4 ,tyler4#bdb3a 99 99 99 99 99 ,the great revival of the ,west and ,southwest was not the only revival1 and not even the earliest revival1 of that time of crisis4 ,as early as #agib the long inertia of the eastern churches began to be broken here and there by signs of growing earnestness and attentiveness to spiritual things4 ,there was little of excited agitation4 ,there was no preaching of famous evangelists4 ,there were no imposing convocations4 ,only in many and many of those country towns in which1 at that time1 the main strength of the population lay1 the labors of faithful pastors began to be rewarded with large ingatherings of penitent believers4 ,the languishing churches grew strong and hopeful1 and the insolent infidelity of the times was abashed4 ,with such sober simplicity was the work of the gospel carried forward1 in the opening years of this century1 among the churches and pastors that had learned wisdom from the mistakes made in the ,great ,awakening1 that there are few striking incidents for the historian4 ,hardly any man is to be pointed out as a preeminent leader of the church at this period4 ,if to any one1 this place of honor belongs to ,timothy ,dwight1 grandson of ,jonathan ,edwards1 whose accession to the presidency of ,yale ,college at the darkest hour in its history marked the turning-point4 ,we have already learned from the reminiscences of ,lyman ,beecher how low the college had sunk in point of religious character1 when most of the class above him were openly boastful of being infidels4#bdc3a ,how the new president dealt with them is well described by the same witness3 ,they thought the faculty were afraid of free discussion4 ,but when they handed ,dr4 ,dwight a list of subjects for class disputation1 to their surprise1 he selected this3 ',is the ,bible the word of ,god8' and told them to do their best4 ,he heard all they had to say1 answered them1 and there was an end4 ,he preached incessantly for six months on the subject1 and all infidelity skulked and hid its head4 ,he elaborated his theological system in a series of forenoon sermons in the chapel2 the afternoon discourses were practical4 ,the original design of ,yale ,college was to found a divinity school4 ,to a mind appreciative1 like mine1 his preaching was a continual course of education and a continual feast4 ,he was copious and polished in style1 though disciplined and logical4 ,there was a pith and power of doctrine there that has not been since surpassed1 if equaled4#bdc3b ,it may be doubted whether to any man of his generation it was given to exercise a wider and more beneficent influence over the ,american church than that of ,president ,dwight4 ,his system of ,theology ,explained and ,defended in a ,series of ,sermons1 a theology meant to be preached and made effective in convincing men and converting them to the service of ,god1 was so constructed as to be completed within the four years of the college curriculum1 so that every graduate should have heard the whole of it4 ,the influence of it has not been limited by the boundaries of our country1 nor has it expired with the century just completed since ,president ,dwight's accession4 ,at the ,east also1 as well as at the ,west1 the quickening of religious thought and feeling had the common effect of alienating and disrupting4 ,diverging tendencies1 which had begun to disclose themselves in the discussions between ,edwards and ,chauncy in their respective volumes of ,thoughts on the ,great ,awakening1 became emphasized in the revival of #ahjj4 ,that liberalism which had begun as a protest against a too peremptory style of dogmatism was rapidly advancing toward a dogmatic denial of points deemed by the opposite party to be essential4 ,dogmatic differences were aggravated by differences of taste and temperament1 and everything was working toward the schism by which some sincere and zealous souls should seek to do ,god service4 ,in one most important particular the revival of #ahjj was happily distinguished from the ,great ,awakening of #agdj4 ,it was not done and over with at the end of a few years1 and then followed by a long period of reaction4 ,it was the beginning of a long period of vigorous and abundant life1 moving forward1 not1 indeed1 with even and unvarying flow1 yet with continuous current1 marked with those alternations of exaltation and subsidence which seem1 whether for evil or for good1 to have become a fixed characteristic of ,american church history4 ,the widespread revivals of the first decade of the nineteenth century saved the church of ,christ in ,america from its low estate and girded it for stupendous tasks that were about to be devolved on it4 ,in the glow of this renewed fervor1 the churches of ,new ,england successfully made the difficult transition from establishment to self-support and to the costly enterprises of aggressive evangelization into which1 in company with other churches to the ,south and ,west1 they were about to enter4 ,the ,christianity of the country was prepared and equipped to attend with equal pace the prodigious rush of population across the breadth of the ,great ,valley1 and to give welcome to the invading host of immigrants which before the end of a half century was to effect its entrance into our territory at the rate of a thousand a day4 ,it was to accommodate itself to changing social conditions1 as the once agricultural population began to concentrate itself in factory villages and commercial towns4 ,it was to carry on systematic campaigns of warfare against instituted social wrong1 such as the drinking usages of society1 the savage code of dueling1 the public sanction of slavery4 ,and it was to enter the effectual door which from the beginning of the century opened wider and wider to admit the gospel and the church to every nation under heaven4 ,,footnotes3 #bca3a ,autobiography of ,lyman ,beecher1 vol4 i41 p4 #dc4 ,the same charming volume contains abundant evidence that the spirit of true religion was cherished in the homes of the people1 while there were so many public signs of apostasy4 #bcb3a ,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 pp4 #chh1 #cid1 #cie4 #bcb3b ,dr4 ,jacobs1 chap4 xix4 #bcc3a ,autobiography of ,peter ,cartwright1 quoted by ,dorchester1 ,christianity in the ,united ,states1 p4 #cdh4 #bcf3a ,see ,b4 ,b4 ,tyler1 ,history of the ,disciples1 pp4 #aa-ag2 ,r4 ,v4 ,foster1 ,the ,cumberland ,presbyterians1 pp4 #bfj-bfc 7,american ,church ,history ,series1 vols4 xi41 xii474 #bch3a ,tyler1 ,the ,disciples2 ,foster1 ,the ,cumberland ,presbyterians1 ubi supra4 #bdj3a ,let me add an illustrative instance related to me by the distinguished ,methodist1 ,dr4 ,david ,p4 ,durbin4 ,standing near the platform from which he was to preach at a camp-meeting1 he observed a powerfully built young backwoodsman who was manifestly there with no better intent than to disturb and break up the meeting4 ,presently it became evident that the young man was conscious of some influence taking hold of him to which he was resolved not to yield2 he clutched with both hands a hickory sapling next which he was standing1 to hold himself steady1 but was whirled round and round1 until the bark of the sapling peeled off under his grasp4 ,but1 as in the cases referred to by ,dow1 the attack was attended by no religious sentiment whatever4 ,on the manifestations in the ,cumberland country1 see ,mc,masters1 ,united ,states1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #eha1 #ehb1 and the sources there cited4 ,for some judicious remarks on the general subject1 see ,buckley1 ,methodism1 pp4 #bag-bbd4 #bda3a ,so ,dr4 ,buckley1 ,methodism1 p4 #bag4 #bdb3a ,american ,church ,history ,series1 vol4 xii4 #bdc3a ,see above1 pp4 #bcj1 #bca4 #bdc3b ,autobiography of ,lyman ,beecher1 vol4 i41 pp4 #dc1 #dd4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,organized ,,beneficence4 ,when the ,presbyterian ,general ,assembly1 in #ahjc1 made a studious review of the revivals which for several years had been in progress1 especially at the ,south and ,west1 it included in its ,narrative the following observations3 ,the ,assembly observe with great pleasure that the desire for spreading the gospel among the blacks and among the savage tribes on our borders has been rapidly increasing during the last year4 ,the ,assembly take notice of this circumstance with the more satisfaction1 as it not only affords a pleasing presage of the spread of the gospel1 but also furnishes agreeable evidence of the genuineness and the benign tendency of that spirit which ,god has been pleased to pour out upon his people4 ,in ,new ,england the like result had already1 several years before1 followed upon the like antecedent4 ,in the year #agih the ,missionary ,society of ,connecticut was constituted1 having for its object to ,christianize the heathen in ,north ,america1 and to support and promote ,christian knowledge in the new settlements within the ,united ,states2 and in ,august1 #ahjj1 its first missionary1 ,david ,bacon1 engaged at a salary of one hundred and ten cents per day1 set out for the wilderness south and west of ,lake ,erie1 afoot and alone1 with no more luggage than he could carry on his person1 to visit the wild tribes of that region1 to explore their situation1 and learn their feelings with respect to ,christianity1 and1 so far as he had opportunity1 to teach them its doctrines and duties4 ,the name forms a link in the bright succession from ,john ,eliot to this day4 ,but it must needs be that some suffer as victims of the inexperience of those who are first to take direction of an untried enterprise4 ,the abandonment of its first missionary by one of the first missionary societies1 leaving him helpless in the wilderness1 was a brief lesson in the economy of missions opportunely given at the outset of the ,american mission work1 and happily had no need to be repeated4#bdg3a ,david ,bacon1 like ,henry ,martyn1 who at that same time1 in far different surroundings1 was intent upon his plans of mission work in ,india1 was own son in the faith to ,david ,brainerd4 ,but they were elder sons in a great family4 ,the pathetic story of that heroic youth1 as told by ,jonathan ,edwards1 was a classic at that time in almost every country parsonage2 but its influence was especially felt in the colleges1 now no longer1 as a few years earlier1 the seats of the scornful1 but the homes of serious and religious learning which they were meant to be by their founders4 ,of the advancement of ,christian civilization in the first quarter-century from the achievement of independence there is no more distinguished monument than the increase1 through those troubled and impoverished years1 of the institutions of secular and sacred learning4 ,the really successful and effective colleges that had survived from the colonial period were hardly a half-dozen4 ,up to #ahaj these had been reinforced by as many more4 ,by far the greater number of them were founded by the ,new ,england ,congregationalists1 to whom this has ever been a favorite field of activity4 ,but special honor must be paid to the wise and courageous and nobly successful enterprise of large-minded and large-hearted men among the ,baptists1 who as early as #agfd1 boldly breasting a current of unworthy prejudice in their own denomination1 began the work of ,brown ,university at ,providence1 which1 carried forward by a notable succession of great educators1 has been set in the front rank of existing ,american institutions of learning4 ,after the revivals of #ahjj these ,christian colleges were not only attended by students coming from zealous and fervid churches2 they themselves became the foci from which high and noble spiritual influences were radiated through the land4 ,it was in communities like these that the example of such lives as that of ,brainerd stirred up generous young minds to a chivalrous and even ascetic delight in attempting great labors and enduring great sacrifices as soldiers under the ,captain of salvation4 ,it was at ,williams ,college1 then just planted in the ,berkshire hills1 that a little coterie of students was formed which1 for the grandeur of the consequences that flowed from it1 is worthy to be named in history beside the ,holy ,club of ,oxford in #agcj1 and the friends at ,oriel ,college in #ahcj4 ,samuel ,j4 ,mills came to ,williams ,college in #ahjf from the parsonage of ,father ,mills of ,torringford1 concerning whom quaint traditions and even memories still linger in the neighboring parishes of ,litchfield ,county1 ,connecticut4 ,around this young student gathered a circle of men like-minded4 ,the shade of a lonely haystack was their oratory2 the pledges by which they bound themselves to a life-work for the kingdom of heaven remind one of the mutual vows of the earliest friends of ,loyola4 ,some of the youths went soon to the theological seminary1 and at once leavened that community with their own spirit4 ,the seminary--there was only one in all ,protestant ,america4 ,as early as #agia the ,sulpitian fathers had organized their seminary at ,baltimore4 ,but it was not until #ahjh that any institution for theological studies was open to candidates for the ,protestant ministry4 ,up to that time such studies were made in the regular college curriculum1 which was distinctly theological in character2 and it was common for the graduate to spend an additional year at the college for special study under the president or the one professor of divinity4 ,but many country parsonages that were tenanted by men of fame as writers and teachers were greatly frequented by young men preparing themselves for the work of preaching4 ,the change to the modern method of education for the ministry was a sudden one4 ,it was precipitated by an event which has not even yet ceased to be looked on by the losing party with honest lamentation and with an unnecessary amount of sectarian acrimony4 ,the divinity professorship in ,harvard ,college1 founded in #agbbbdi3a by ,thomas ,hollis1 of ,london1 a ,baptist friend of ,new ,england1 was filled1 after a long struggle and an impassioned protest1 by the election of ,henry ,ware1 an avowed and representative ,unitarian4 ,it was a distinct announcement that the government of the college had taken sides in the impending conflict1 in opposition to the system of religious doctrine to the maintenance of which the college had from its foundation been devoted4 ,the significance of the fact was not mistaken by either party4 ,it meant that the two tendencies which had been recognizable from long before the ,great ,awakening were drawing asunder1 and that thenceforth it must be expected that the vast influence of the venerable college1 in the clergy and in society1 would be given to the ,liberal side4 ,the dismay of one party and the exultation of the other were alike well grounded4 ,the cry of the ,orthodox was ,to your tents1 ,o ,israel6 ,lines of ecclesiastical non-intercourse were drawn4 ,church was divided from church1 and family from family4 ,when the forces and the losses on each side came to be reckoned up1 there was a double wonder3 ,first1 at the narrow boundaries by which the ,unitarian defection was circumscribed3 ,a radius of thirty-five miles from ,boston as a center would sweep almost the whole field of its history and influence2#bej3a and then at the sweeping completeness of it within these bounds2 as ,mrs4 ,h4 ,b4 ,stowe summed up the situation at ,boston1 ,all the literary men of ,massachusetts were ,unitarian2 all the trustees and professors of ,harvard ,college were ,unitarian2 all the elite of wealth and fashion crowded ,unitarian churches2 the judges on the bench were ,unitarian1 giving decisions by which the peculiar features of church organization so carefully ordered by the ,pilgrim ,fathers had been nullified and all the power had passed into the hands of the congregation4#bej3b ,the schism1 with its acrimonies and heartburnings1 was doubtless in some sense necessary4 ,and it was attended with some beneficent consequences4 ,it gave rise to instructive and illuminating debate4 ,and on the part of the ,orthodox it occasioned an outburst of earnest zeal which in a wonderfully short time had more than repaired their loss in numbers1 and had started them on a career of wide beneficence1 with a momentum that has been increasing to this day4 ,but it is not altogether useless to put the question how much was lost to both parties and to the common cause by the separation4 ,it is not difficult to conceive that such dogged polemics as ,nathanael ,emmons and ,jedidiah ,morse might have been none the worse for being held in some sort of fellowship1 rather than in exasperated controversy1 with such types of ,christian sainthood as the younger ,ware and the younger ,buckminster2 and it is easy to imagine the extreme culture and cool intellectual and spiritual temper of the ,unitarian pulpit in general as finding its advantage in not being cut off from direct radiations from the fiery zeal of ,lyman ,beecher and ,edward ,dorr ,griffin4 ,is it quite sure that ,new ,england ,congregationalism would have been in all respects worse off if ,channing and his friends had continued to be recognized as the ,liberal wing of its clergy8 or that the ,unitarian ministers would not have been a great deal better off if they had remained in connection with a strong and conservative right wing1 which might counterbalance the exorbitant leftward flights of their more impatient and erratic spirits8 ,the seating of a pronounced ,unitarian in the ,hollis chair of theology at ,harvard took place in #ahje4 ,three years later1 in #ahjh1 the doors of ,andover ,seminary were opened to students4 ,thirty-six were present1 and the number went on increasing4 ,the example was quickly followed4 ,in #ahaj the ,dutch seminary was begun at ,new ,brunswick1 and in #ahab the ,presbyterian at ,princeton4 ,in #ahaf ,bangor ,seminary 7,congregationalist7 and ,hartwick ,seminary 7,lutheran7 were opened4 ,in #ahai the ,episcopalian ,general ,seminary followed1 and the ,baptist ,hamilton ,seminary in #ahbj4 ,in #ahba ,presbyterian seminaries were begun at ,auburn1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,marysville1 ,tenn4 ,in #ahbb the ,yale ,divinity ,college was founded 7,congregationalist72 in #ahbc the ,virginia 7,episcopalian7 seminary at ,alexandria2 in #ahbd the ,union 7,presbyterian7 ,seminary1 also in ,virginia1 and the ,unitarian seminary at ,cambridge2 in #ahbe the ,baptist seminary at ,newton1 ,mass41 and the ,german ,reformed at ,york1 ,pa42 in #ahbf the ,lutheran at ,gettysburg2 in #ahbg the ,baptist at ,rock ,spring1 ,ill4 ,thus1 within a period of twenty years1 seventeen theological schools had come into existence where none had been known before4 ,it was a swift and beneficent revolution1 and the revolution has never gone backward4 ,in #ahhj were enumerated in the ,united ,states no less than one hundred and forty-two seminaries1 representing all sects1 orders1 and schools of theological opinion1 employing five hundred and twenty-nine resident professors4#beb3a ,to ,andover1 in the very first years of its great history1 came ,mills and others of the little ,williams ,college circle2 and at once their infectious enthusiasm for the advancement of the kingdom of ,god was felt throughout the institution4 ,the eager zeal of these young men brooked no delay4 ,in ,june1 #ahaj1 the ,general ,association of ,massachusetts met at the neighboring town of ,bradford2 there four of the students1 ,judson1 ,nott1 ,newell1 and ,hall1 presented themselves and their cause2 and at that meeting was constituted the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions4 ,the little faith of the churches shrank from the responsibility of sustaining missionaries in the field1 and ,judson was sent to ,england to solicit the cooeperation of the ,london ,missionary ,society4 ,this effort happily failing1 the burden came back upon the ,american churches and was not refused4 ,at last1 in ,february1 #ahab1 the first ,american missionaries to a foreign country1 ,messrs4 ,judson1 ,rice1 ,newell1 ,nott1 and ,hall1 with their wives1 sailed1 in two parties1 for ,calcutta4 ,and now befell an incident perplexing1 embarrassing1 and disheartening to the supporters of the mission1 but attended with results for the promotion of the gospel to which their best wisdom never could have attained4 ,adoniram ,judson1 a graduate of ,brown ,university1 having spent the long months at sea in the diligent and devout study of the ,scriptures1 arrived at ,calcutta fully persuaded of the truth of ,baptist principles4 ,his friend1 ,luther ,rice1 arriving by the other vessel1 came by and by to the same conclusion2 and the two1 with their wives1 were baptized by immersion in the ,baptist church at ,calcutta4 ,the announcement of this news in ,america was an irresistible appeal to the already powerful and rapidly growing ,baptist denomination to assume the support of the two missionaries who now offered themselves to the service of the ,baptist churches4 ,rice returned to urge the appeal on their immediate attention1 while ,judson remained to enter on that noble apostolate for which his praise is in all the churches4 ,to the widespread ,baptist fellowship this sudden1 unmistakable1 and imperative providential summons to engage in the work of foreign missions was 7it is hardly too much to say7 like life from the dead4 ,the sect had doubled its numbers in the decade just passed1 and was estimated to include two hundred thousand communicants1 all baptized believers4 ,but this multitude was without common organization1 and1 while abundantly endowed with sectarian animosities1 was singularly lacking in a consciousness of common spiritual life4 ,it was pervaded by a deadly fatalism1 which1 under the guise of reverence for the will of ,god1 was openly pleaded as a reason for abstaining from effort and self-denial in the promotion of the gospel4 ,withal it was widely characterized not only by a lack of education in its ministry1 but by a violent and brutal opposition to a learned clergy1 which was particularly strange in a party the moiety of whose principles depends on a point in ,greek lexicology4 ,it was to a party--we may not say a body--deeply and widely affected by traits like these that the divine call was to be presented and urged4 ,the messenger was well fitted for his work4 ,to the zeal of a new convert to ,baptist principles1 and a missionary fervor deepened by recent contact with idolatry in some of its most repulsive forms1 ,luther ,rice united a cultivated eloquence and a personal persuasiveness4 ,of course his first address was to pastors and congregations in the seaboard cities1 unexcelled by any1 of whatever name1 for intelligent and reasonable piety2 and here his task was easy and brief1 for they were already of his mind4 ,but the great mass of ignorance and prejudice had also to be reckoned with4 ,by a work in which the influence of the divine ,spirit was quite as manifest as in the convulsive agitations of a camp-meeting1 it was dealt with successfully4 ,church history moved swiftly in those days4 ,the news of the accession of ,judson and ,rice was received in ,january1 #ahac4 ,in ,may1 #ahad1 the ,general ,missionary ,convention of the ,baptists was organized at ,philadelphia1 thirty-three delegates being present1 from eleven different ,states4 ,the ,convention1 which was to meet triennially1 entered at once upon its work4 ,it became a vital center to the ,baptist denomination4 ,from it1 at its second meeting1 proceeded effective measures for the promotion of education in the ministry1 and1 under the conviction that western as well as eastern regions are given to the ,son of ,god as an inheritance1 large plans for home missions at the ,west4 ,thus the great debt which the ,english ,congregationalists had owed to the ,baptists for heroic leadership in the work of foreign missions was repaid with generous usury by the ,congregationalists to the ,baptists of ,america4 ,from this time forward the ,american ,baptists came more and more to be felt as a salutary force in the religious life of the nation and the world4 ,but against what bitter and furious opposition on the part of the ancient ignorance the new light had to struggle cannot easily be conceived by those who have only heard of the ,hard-,shell ,baptist as a curious fossil of a prehistoric period4#bee3a ,the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions continued for twenty-seven years to be the common organ of foreign missionary operations for the ,congregationalists1 the ,presbyterians1 and the ,dutch and ,german ,reformed churches4 ,in the year #ahcg an official ,presbyterian ,board of ,missions was erected by the ,old-,school fragment of the disrupted ,presbyterian ,church2 and to this1 when the two fragments were reunited1 in #ahfi1 the contributions of the ,new-,school side began to be transferred4 ,in #aheh the ,dutch church1 and in #ahgi the ,german church1 instituted their separate mission operations4 ,thus the initiative of the ,andover students in #ahaj resulted in the erection1 not of one mission board1 timidly venturing to set five missionaries in the foreign field1 but of five boards1 whose total annual resources are counted by millions of dollars1 whose evangelists1 men and women1 ,american and foreign-born1 are a great army1 and whose churches1 schools1 colleges1 theological seminaries1 hospitals1 printing-presses1 with the other equipments of a ,christian civilization1 and the myriads of whose faithful ,christian converts1 in every country under the whole heaven1 have done more for the true honor of our nation than all that it has achieved in diplomacy and war4#bee3b ,the ,episcopalians entered on foreign mission work in #ahai1 and the ,methodists1 tardily but at last with signal efficiency and success1 in #ahcb4 ,no considerable sect of ,american ,christians at the present day is unrepresented in the foreign field4 ,in order to complete the history of this organizing era in the church1 we must return to the humble but memorable figure of ,samuel ,j4 ,mills4 ,it was his characteristic word to one of his fellows1 as they stood ready to leave the seclusion of the seminary for active service1 ,you and ,i1 brother1 are little men1 but before we die1 our influence must be felt on the other side of the world4 ,no one claimed that he was other than a little man1 except as he was filled and possessed with a great thought1 and that the thought that filled the mind of ,christ--the thought of the ,coming ,age and of the ,reign of ,god on earth4#bef3a ,while his five companions were sailing for the remotest ,east1 ,mills plunged into the depth of the western wilderness1 and between #ahab and #ahae1 in two toilsome journeys1 traversed the ,great ,valley as far as ,new ,orleans1 deeply impressed everywhere with the famine of the word1 and laboring1 in cooeperation with local societies at the ,east1 to provide for the universal want by the sale or gift of ,bibles and the organization of ,bible societies4 ,after his second return he proposed the organization of the ,american ,bible ,society1 which was accomplished in #ahaf4 ,but already this nobly enterprising mind was intent on a new plan1 of most far-reaching importance1 not original with himself1 but1 on the contrary1 long familiar to those who studied the extension of the church and pondered the indications of ,god's providential purposes4 ,the earliest attempt in ,america toward the propagation of the gospel in foreign lands would seem to have been the circular letter sent out by the neighbor pastors1 ,samuel ,hopkins and ,ezra ,stiles1 in the year #aggc1 from ,newport1 chief seat of the slave-trade1 asking contributions for the education of two colored men as missionaries to their native continent of ,africa4 ,to many generous minds at once1 in this era of great ,christian enterprises1 the thought recurred of vast blessings to be wrought for the ,dark ,continent by the agency of colored men ,christianized1 civilized1 and educated in ,america4 ,good men reverently hoped to see in this triumphant solution of the mystery of divine providence in permitting the curse of ,african slavery1 through the cruel greed of men1 to be inflicted on the ,american republic4 ,in #ahaf ,mills successfully pressed upon the ,presbyterian ,synod of ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey a plan for educating ,christian men of color for the work of the gospel in their fatherland4 ,that same year1 in cooeperation with an earnest philanthropist1 ,dr4 ,robert ,finley1 of ,new ,jersey1 he aided in the instituting of the ,american ,colonization ,society4 ,in #ahag he sailed1 in company with a colleague1 the ,rev4 ,ebenezer ,burgess1 to explore the coast of ,africa in search of the best site for a colony4 ,on the return voyage he died1 and his body was committed to the sea3 a little man1 to whom were granted only five years of what men call active life2 but he had fulfilled his vow1 and the ends of the earth had felt his influence for the advancement of the kingdom of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,the enterprise of ,african colonization1 already dear to ,christian hearts for the hopes that it involved of the redemption of a lost continent1 of the elevation of an oppressed race in ,america1 of the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery1 received a new consecration as the object of the dying labors and prayers of ,mills4 ,it was associated1 in the minds of good men1 not only with plans for the conversion of the heathen1 and with the tide of antislavery sentiment now spreading and deepening both at the ,south and at the ,north1 but also with ,clarkson societies and other local organizations1 in many different places1 for the moral and physical elevation of the free colored people from the pitiable degradation in which they were commonly living in the larger towns4 ,altogether the watchmen on the walls of ,zion saw no fairer sign of dawn1 in that second decade of the nineteenth century1 than the hopeful lifting of the cloud from ,africa1 the brightening prospects of the free negroes of the ,united ,states1 and the growing hope of the abolition of ,american slavery4#beh3a ,other societies1 national in their scope and constituency1 the origin of which belongs in this organizing period1 are the ,american ,education ,society 7#ahae71 the ,american ,sunday-school ,union 7#ahbd71 the ,american ,tract ,society 7#ahbe71 the ,seamen's ,friend ,society 7#ahbf71 and the ,american ,home ,missionary ,society 7#ahbf71 in which last the ,congregationalists of ,new ,england cooeperated with the ,presbyterians on the basis of a ,plan of ,union entered into between the ,general ,assembly and the ,general ,association of ,connecticut1 the tendency of which was to reinforce the ,presbyterian ,church with the numbers and the vigor of the ,new ,england westward migration4 ,of course the establishment of these and other societies for beneficent work outside of sectarian lines did not hinder1 but rather stimulated1 sectarian organizations for the like objects4 ,the whole ,american church1 in all its orders1 was girding itself for a work1 at home and abroad1 the immense grandeur of which no man of that generation could possibly have foreseen4 ,the grandeur of this work was to consist not only in the results of it1 but in the resources of it4 ,as never before1 the sympathies1 prayers1 and personal cooeperation of all ,christians1 even the feeblest1 were to be combined and utilized for enterprises coextensive with the continent and the world and taking hold on eternity4 ,the possibilities of the new era were dazzling to the prophetic imagination4 ,a young minister then standing on the threshold of a long career exulted in the peculiar and excelling glory of the dawning day3 ,surely1 if it is the noblest attribute of our nature that spreads out the circle of our sympathies to include the whole family of man1 and sends forth our affections to embrace the ages of a distant futurity1 it must be regarded as a privilege no less exalted that our means of doing good are limited by no remoteness of country or distance of duration1 but we may operate1 if we will1 to assuage the miseries of another hemisphere1 or to prevent the necessities of an unborn generation4 ,the time has been when a man might weep over the wrongs of ,africa1 and he might look forward to weep over the hopelessness of her degradation1 till his heart should bleed2 and yet his tears would be all that he could give her4 ,he might relieve the beggar at his door1 but he could do nothing for a dying continent4 ,he might provide for his children1 but he could do nothing for the nations that were yet to be born to an inheritance of utter wretchedness4 ,then the privilege of engaging in schemes of magnificent benevolence belonged only to princes and to men of princely possessions2 but now the progress of improvement has brought down this privilege to the reach of every individual4 ,the institutions of our age are a republic of benevolence1 and all may share in the unrestrained and equal democracy4 ,this privilege is ours4 ,we may stretch forth our hand1 if we will1 to enlighten the ,hindu or to tame the savage of the wilderness4 ,it is ours1 if we will1 to put forth our contributions and thus to operate not ineffectually for the relief and renovation of a continent over which one tide of misery has swept without ebb and without restraint for unremembered centuries4 ,it is ours1 if we will1 to do something that shall tell on all the coming ages of a race which has been persecuted and enslaved1 trodden down and despised1 for a thousand generations4 ,our ,father has made us the almoners of his love4 ,he has raised us to partake1 as it were1 in the ubiquity of his own beneficence4 ,shall we be unworthy of the trust8 ,god forbid6#bfj3a ,,footnotes3 #bdg3a ,life of ,david ,bacon1 by his son 7,boston1 #ahgf74 #bdi3a ,compare the claim of priority for the ,dutch church1 p4 #ha1 note4 #bej3a ,j4 ,h4 ,allen1 ,the ,unitarians1 p4 #aid4 #bej3b ,autobiography of ,l4 ,beecher1 p4 #aaj4 #beb3a ,herzog-,schaff ,encyclopedia1 pp4 #bcbh-bcca4 #bee3a ,the ,baptists1 by ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,newman1 pp4 #cgi-ddb4 #bee3b ,i have omitted from this list of results in the direct line from the inception at ,andover1 in #ahaj1 the ,american ,missionary ,association4 ,it owed its origin1 in #ahdf1 to the dissatisfaction felt by a considerable number of the supporters of the ,american ,board with the attitude of that institution on some of the questions arising incidentally to the antislavery discussion4 ,its foreign missions1 never extensive1 were transferred to other hands1 at the close of the ,civil ,war1 that it might devote itself wholly to its great and successful work among the oppressed races at home4 #bef3a ,it may be worth considering how far the course of religious and theological thought would have been modified if the ,english ,new ,testament had used these phrases instead of ,world to ,come and ,kingdom of ,god4 #beh3a ,the colored ,baptists of ,richmond entered eagerly into the ,colonization project1 and in #ahbb their ,african ,missionary ,society sent out its mission to the young colony of ,liberia4 ,one of their missionaries was the ,rev4 ,lott ,cary1 the dignity of whose character and career was an encouragement of his people in their highest aspirations1 and a confirmation of the hopes of their friends 7,newman1 ,the ,baptists1 p4 #djb2 ,gurley1 ,life of ,ashmun1 pp4 #adg-afj74 #bfj3a ,leonard ,bacon1 ,a ,plea for ,africa1 in the ,park ,street ,church1 ,boston1 ,july #d1 #ahbd4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,conflicts ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,with ,,public ,,wrongs4 ,the transition from establishment to the voluntary system for the support of churches was made not without some difficulty1 but with surprisingly little4 ,in the ,south the established churches were practically dead before the laws establishing them were repealed and the endowments disposed of4 ,in ,new ,york the ,episcopalian churches were indeed depressed and discouraged by the ceasing of ,state support and official patronage2 and inasmuch as these1 with the subsidies of the ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 had been their main reliance1 it was inevitable that they should pass through a period of prostration until the appreciation of their large endowments1 and the progress of immigration and of conversion from other sects1 and especially the awakening of religious earnestness and of sectarian ambition4 ,in ,new ,england the transition to the voluntary system was more gradual4 ,not till #ahah in ,connecticut1 and in ,massachusetts not till #ahcd1 was the last strand of connection severed between the churches of the standing order and the state1 and the churches left solely to their own resources4 ,the exaltation and divine inspiration that had come to these churches with the revivals which from the end of the eighteenth century were never for a long time intermitted1 and the example of the dissenting congregations1 ,baptist1 ,episcopalian1 and ,methodist1 successfully self-supported among them1 made it easy for them1 notwithstanding the misgivings of many good men1 not only to assume the entire burden of their own expenses1 but with this to undertake and carry forward great and costly enterprises of charity reaching to the bounds of the country and of the inhabited earth4 ,it is idle to claim that the ,american system is at no disadvantage in comparison with that which elsewhere prevails almost throughout ,christendom2 but it may be safely asserted that the danger that has been most emphasized as a warning against the voluntary system has not attended this system in ,america4 ,the fear that a clergy supported by the free gifts of the people would prove subservient and truckling to the hand by which it is fed has been proved groundless4 ,of course there have been time-servers in the ,american ministry1 as in every other2 but flagrant instances of the abasement of a whole body of clergy before the power that holds the purse and controls promotion are to be sought in the old countries rather than the new4 ,even selfish motives would operate against this temptation1 since it has often been demonstrated that the people will not sustain a ministry which it suspects of the vice of subserviency4 ,the annals of no established church can show such unsparing fidelity of the ministry in rebuking the sins of people and of rulers in the name of the ,lord1 as that which has been1 on the whole1 characteristic of the ,christian ministers of the ,united ,states4 ,among the conflicts of the ,american church with public wrongs strongly intrenched in law or social usage1 two are of such magnitude and protracted through so long a period as to demand special consideration--the conflict with drunkenness and the conflict with slavery4 ,some less conspicuous illustrations of the fidelity of the church in the case of public and popular sins may be more briefly referred to4 ,the death of ,alexander ,hamilton1 in ,july1 #ahjd1 in a duel with ,aaron ,burr1 occasioned a wide and violent outburst of indignation against the murderer1 now a fugitive and outcast1 for the dastardly malignity of the details of his crime1 and for the dignity and generosity as well as the public worth of his victim4 ,this was the sort of explosion of excited public feeling which often loses itself in the air4 ,it was a different matter when the churches and ministers of ,christ took up the affair in the light of the law of ,god1 and1 dealing not with the circumstances but with the essence of it1 pressed it inexorably on the conscience of the people4 ,some of the most memorable words in ,american literature were uttered on this occasion1 notwithstanding that there were few congregations in which there were not sore consciences to be irritated or political anxieties to be set quaking by them4 ,the names of ,eliphalet ,nott and ,john ,m4 ,mason were honorably conspicuous in this work4 ,but one unknown young man of thirty1 in a corner of ,long ,island1 uttered words in his little country meeting-house that pricked the conscience of the nation4 ,the words of ,lyman ,beecher on this theme may well be quoted as being a part of history1 for the consequences that followed them4 ,dueling is a great national sin4 ,with the exception of a small section of the ,union1 the whole land is defiled with blood4 ,from the lakes of the ,north to the plains of ,georgia is heard the voice of lamentation and woe--the cries of the widow and fatherless4 ,this work of desolation is performed often by men in office1 by the appointed guardians of life and liberty4 ,on the floor of ,congress challenges have been threatened1 if not given1 and thus powder and ball have been introduced as the auxiliaries of deliberation and argument4444 ,we are murderers--a nation of murderers--while we tolerate and reward the perpetrators of the crime4 ,words such as these resounding from pulpit after pulpit1 multiplied and disseminated by means of the press1 acted on by representative bodies of churches1 becoming embodied in anti-dueling societies1 exorcised the foul spirit from the land4 ,the criminal folly of dueling did not1 indeed1 at once and altogether cease4 ,instances of it continue to be heard of to this day4 ,but the conscience of the nation was instructed1 and a warning was served upon political parties to beware of proposing for national honors men whose hands were defiled with blood4#bfd3a ,another instance of the fidelity of the church in resistance to public wrong was its action in the matter of the dealing of the ,state of ,georgia and the national government toward the ,georgia ,indians4 ,this is no place for the details of the shameful story of perfidy and oppression4 ,it is well told by ,helen ,hunt ,jackson in the melancholy pages of ,a ,century of ,dishonor4 ,the wrongs inflicted on the ,cherokee nation were deepened by every conceivable aggravation4 ,in the whole history of our government's dealings with the ,indian tribes there is no record so black as the record of its perfidy to this nation4 ,there will come a time in the remote future when to the student of ,american history it will seem well-nigh incredible4 ,from the beginning of the century they had been steadily advancing in civilization4 ,as far back as #ahjj they had begun the manufacture of cotton cloth1 and in #ahbj there was scarcely a family in that part of the nation living east of the ,mississippi but what understood the use of the card and spinning-wheel4 ,every family had its farm under cultivation4 ,the territory was laid off into districts1 with a council-house1 a judge1 and a marshal in each district4 ,a national committee and council were the supreme authority in the nation4 ,schools were flourishing in all the villages4 ,printing-presses were at work4444 ,they were enthusiastic in their efforts to establish and perfect their own system of jurisprudence4 ,missions of several sects were established in their country1 and a large number of them had professed ,christianity and were leading exemplary lives4 ,there is no instance in all history of a race of people passing in so short a space of time from the barbarous stage to the agricultural and civilized4#bfe3a ,we do well to give authentic details of the condition of the ,cherokee nation in the early part of the century1 for the advanced happy and peaceful civilization of this people was one of the fairest fruits of ,american ,christianity working upon exceptionally noble race-qualities in the recipients of it4 ,an agent of the ,war ,department in #ahbe made official report to the ,department on the rare beauty of the ,cherokee country1 secured to them by the most sacred pledges with which it was possible for the national government to bind itself1 and covered by the inhabitants1 through their industry and thrift1 with flocks and herds1 with farms and villages2 and goes on to speak of the ,indians themselves3 ,the natives carry on considerable trade with the adjoining ,states2 some of them export cotton in boats down the ,tennessee to the ,mississippi1 and down that river to ,new ,orleans4 ,apple and peach orchards are quite common1 and gardens are cultivated and much attention paid to them4 ,butter and cheese are seen on ,cherokee tables4 ,there are many public roads in the nation1 and houses of entertainment kept by natives4 ,numerous and flourishing villages are seen in every section of the country4 ,cotton and woolen cloths are manufactured2 blankets of various dimensions1 manufactured by ,cherokee hands1 are very common4 ,almost every family in the nation grows cotton for its own consumption4 ,industry and commercial enterprise are extending themselves in every part4 ,nearly all the merchants in the nation are native ,cherokees4 ,agricultural pursuits engage the chief attention of the people4 ,different branches in mechanics are pursued4 ,the population is rapidly increasing4444 ,the ,christian religion is the religion of the nation4 ,presbyterians1 ,methodists1 ,baptists1 and ,moravians are the most numerous sects4 ,some of the most influential characters are members of the church and live consistently with their professions4 ,the whole nation is penetrated with gratitude for the aid it has received from the ,united ,states government and from different religious societies4 ,schools are increasing every year2 learning is encouraged and rewarded2 the young class acquire the ,english and those of mature age the ,cherokee system of learning4#bff3a ,this country1 enriched by the toil and thrift of its owners1 the ,state of ,georgia resolved not merely to subjugate to its jurisdiction1 but to steal from its rightful and lawful owners1 driving them away as outlaws4 ,as a sure expedient for securing popular consent to the intended infamy1 the farms of the ,cherokees were parceled out to be drawn for in a lottery1 and the lottery tickets distributed among the white voters4 ,thus fortified1 the brave ,state of ,georgia went to all lengths of outrage4 ,missionaries were arrested and sent to prison for preaching to ,cherokees2 ,cherokees were sentenced to death by ,georgia courts and hung by ,georgia executioners4 ,but the great crime could not be achieved without the connivance1 and at last the active consent1 of the national government4 ,should this consent be given8 ,never in ,american history has the issue been more squarely drawn between the kingdom of ,satan and the kingdom of ,christ4 ,american ,christianity was most conspicuously represented in this conflict by an eminent layman1 ,jeremiah ,evarts1 whose fame for this public service1 and not for this alone1 will in the lapse of time outshine even that of his illustrious son4 ,in a series of articles in the ,national ,intelligencer1 under the signature of ,william ,penn1 he cited the sixteen treaties in which the nation had pledged its faith to defend the ,cherokees in the possession of their lands1 and set the whole case before the people as well as the government4 ,but his voice was not solitary4 ,from press and pulpit and from the platforms of public meetings all over the country came petitions1 remonstrances1 and indignant protests1 reinforcing the pathetic entreaties of the ,cherokees themselves to be protected from the cruelty that threatened to tear them from their homes4 ,in ,congress the honor of leadership among many faithful and able advocates of right and justice was conceded to ,theodore ,frelinghuysen1 then in the prime of a great career of ,christian service4 ,by the majority of one vote the bill for the removal of the ,cherokees passed the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,the gates of hell triumphed for a time with a fatal exultation4 ,the authors and abettors of the great crime were confirmed in their delusion that threats of disunion and rebellion could be relied on to carry any desired point4 ,but the mills of ,god went on grinding4 ,thirty years later1 when in the battle of ,missionary ,ridge the chivalry of ,georgia went down before the army that represented justice and freedom and the authority of national law1 the vanquished and retreating soldiers of a lost cause could not be accused of superstition if they remembered that the scene of their humiliating defeat had received its name from the martyrdom of ,christian missionaries at the hands of their fathers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in earlier pages we have already traced the succession of bold protests and organized labors on the part of church and clergy against the institution of slavery4#bfh3a ,if protest and argument against it seem to be less frequent in the early years of the new century1 it is only because debate must needs languish when there is no antagonist4 ,slavery had at that time no defenders in the church4 ,no body of men in #ahah more unmistakably represented the ,christian citizenship of the whole country1 ,north1 ,south1 and ,west1 outside of ,new ,england1 than the ,general ,assembly of the then undivided ,presbyterian ,church4 ,in that year the ,assembly set forth a full and unanimous expression of its sentiments on the subject of slavery1 addressed to the churches and people under its care4 ,this monumental document is too long to be cited here in full4 ,the opening paragraphs of it exhibit the universally accepted sentiment of ,american ,christians of that time3 ,we consider the voluntary enslaving of one part of the human race by another as a gross violation of the most precious and sacred rights of human nature2 as utterly inconsistent with the law of ,god1 which requires us to love our neighbor as ourselves2 and as totally irreconcilable with the spirit and principles of the gospel of ,christ1 which enjoin that 'all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you1 do ye even so to them4' ,slavery creates a paradox in the moral system4 ,it exhibits rational1 accountable1 and immortal beings in such circumstances as scarcely to leave them the power of moral action4 ,it exhibits them as dependent on the will of others whether they shall receive religious instruction2 whether they shall know and worship the true ,god2 whether they shall enjoy the ordinances of the gospel2 whether they shall perform the duties and cherish the endearments of husbands and wives1 parents and children1 neighbors and friends2 whether they shall preserve their chastity and purity or regard the dictates of justice and humanity4 ,such are some of the consequences of slavery--consequences not imaginary1 but which connect themselves with its very existence4 ,the evils to which the slave is always exposed often take place in fact1 and in their worst degree and form2 and where all of them do not take place1 as we rejoice to say that in many instances1 through the influence of the principles of humanity and religion on the minds of masters1 they do not1 still the slave is deprived of his natural right1 degraded as a human being1 and exposed to the danger of passing into the hands of a master who may inflict upon him all the hardships and injuries which inhumanity and avarice may suggest4 ,from this view of the consequences resulting from the practice into which ,christian people have most inconsistently fallen of enslaving a portion of their brethren of mankind1--for ',god hath made of one blood all nations of men to dwell on the face of the earth1'--it is manifestly the duty of all ,christians who enjoy the light of the present day1 when the inconsistency of slavery both with the dictates of humanity and religion has been demonstrated and is generally seen and acknowledged1 to use their honest1 earnest1 and unwearied endeavors to correct the errors of former times1 and as speedily as possible to efface this blot on our holy religion and to obtain the complete abolition of slavery throughout ,christendom1 and if possible throughout the world4 ,it was not strange that while sentiments like these prevailed without contradiction in all parts of the country1 while in ,state after ,state emancipations were taking place and acts of abolition were passing1 and even in the ,states most deeply involved in slavery a great1 and the most virtuous1 part of the community abhorred slavery and wished its extermination1#bgj3a there should seem to be little call for debate4 ,but that the antislavery spirit in the churches was not dead was demonstrated with the first occasion4 ,in the spring of #ahbj1 at the close of two years of agitating discussion1 the new ,state of ,missouri was admitted to the ,union as a slave ,state1 although with the stipulation that the remaining territory of the ,united ,states north of the parallel of latitude bounding ,missouri on the south should be consecrated forever to freedom4 ,the opposition to this extension of slavery was taken up by ,american ,christianity as its own cause4 ,it was the impending danger of such an extension that prompted that powerful and unanimous declaration of the ,presbyterian ,general ,assembly in #ahah4 ,the arguments against the ,missouri bill1 whether in the debates of ,congress or in countless memorials and resolutions from public meetings both secular and religious1 were arguments from justice and duty and the law of ,christ4 ,these were met by constitutional objections and considerations of expediency and convenience1 and by threats of disunion and civil war4 ,the defense of slavery on principle had not yet begun to be heard1 even among politicians4 ,the successful extension of slavery beyond the ,mississippi ,river was disheartening to the friends of justice and humanity1 but only for the moment4 ,already1 before the two years' conflict had been decided by the ,missouri ,compromise1 a powerful series of articles by that great religious leader1 ,jeremiah ,evarts1 in the ,panoplist 7,boston1 #ahbj71 rallied the forces of the church to renew the battle4 ,the decade that opened with that defeat is distinguished as a period of sustained antislavery activity on the part of the united ,christian citizenship of the nation in all quarters4#bga3a ,in ,new ,england the focus of antislavery effort was perhaps the theological seminary at ,andover4 ,there the leading question among the students in their ,society of ,inquiry concerning ,missions was the question1 what could be done1 and especially what they could do1 for the uplifting of the colored population of the country1 both the enslaved and the free4 ,measures were concerted there for the founding of an ,african college where youth were to be educated on a scale so liberal as to place them on a level with other men2#bga3b and the plan was not forgotten or neglected by these young men when from year to year they came into places of effective influence4 ,with eminent fitness the ,fourth of ,july was taken as an antislavery holiday1 and into various towns within reach from ,andover their most effective speakers went forth to give antislavery addresses on that day4 ,beginning with the ,fourth of ,july1 #ahbc1 the annual antislavery address at ,park ,street ,church1 ,boston1 before several united churches of that city1 continued for the rest of that decade at least to be an occasion for earnest appeal and practical effort in behalf of the oppressed4 ,neither was the work of the young men circumscribed by narrow local boundaries4 ,the report of their committee1 in the year #ahbc1 on ,the ,condition of the ,black ,population of the ,united ,states1 could hardly be characterized as timid in its utterances on the moral character of ,american slavery4 ,a few lines will indicate the tone of it in this respect3 ,excepting only the horrible system of the ,west ,india ,islands1 we have never heard of slavery in any country1 ancient or modern1 pagan1 ,mohammedan1 or ,christian1 so terrible in its character1 so pernicious in its tendency1 so remediless in its anticipated results1 as the slavery which exists in these ,united ,states4444 ,when we use the strong language which we feel ourselves compelled to use in relation to this subject1 we do not mean to speak of animal suffering1 but of an immense moral and political evil4444 ,in regard to its influence on the white population the most lamentable proof of its deteriorating effects may be found in the fact that1 excepting the pious1 whose hearts are governed by the ,christian law of reciprocity between man and man1 and the wise1 whose minds have looked far into the relations and tendencies of things1 none can be found to lift their voices against a system so utterly repugnant to the feelings of unsophisticated humanity--a system which permits all the atrocities of the domestic slave trade--which permits the father to sell his children as he would his cattle--a system which consigns one half of the community to hopeless and utter degradation1 and which threatens in its final catastrophe to bring down the same ruin on the master and the slave4#bgb3a ,the historical value of the paper from which these brief extracts are given1 as illustrating the attitude of the church at the time1 is enhanced by the use that was made of it4 ,published in the form of a review article in a magazine of national circulation1 the recognized organ of the orthodox ,congregationalists1 it was republished in a pamphlet for gratuitous distribution and extensively circulated in ,new ,england by the agency of the ,andover students4 ,it was also republished at ,richmond1 ,va4 ,other laborers at the ,east in the same cause were ,joshua ,leavitt1 ,bela ,b4 ,edwards1 and ,eli ,smith1 afterward illustrious as a missionary1#bgc3a and ,ralph ,randolph ,gurley1 secretary of the ,colonization ,society1 whose edition of the powerful and uncompromising sermon of the younger ,edwards on ,the ,injustice and ,impolicy of the ,slave ,trade and of the ,slavery of the ,africans was published at ,boston for circulation at the ,south1 in hopes of promoting the universal abolition of slavery4 ,the list might be indefinitely extended to include the foremost names in the church in that period4 ,there was no adverse party4 ,at the ,west an audacious movement of the slavery extension politicians1 flushed with their success in ,missouri1 to introduce slavery into ,illinois1 ,indiana1 and even ,ohio1 was defeated largely by the aid of the ,baptist and ,methodist clergy1 many of whom had been southern men and had experienced the evils of the system4#bgc3b ,in ,kentucky and ,tennessee the abolition movement was led more distinctively by the ,presbyterians and the ,quakers4 ,it was a bold effort to procure the manumission of slaves and the repeal of the slave code in those ,states by the agreement of the citizens4 ,the character of the movement is indicated in the constitution of the ,moral ,religious ,manumission ,society of ,west ,tennessee1 which declares that slavery exceeds any other crime in magnitude and is the greatest act of practical infidelity1 and that the gospel of ,christ1 if believed1 would remove personal slavery at once by destroying the will in the tyrant to enslave4#bgd3a ,a like movement in ,north ,carolina and in ,maryland1 at the same time1 attained to formidable dimensions4 ,the state of sentiment in ,virginia may be judged from the fact that so late as ,december1 #ahca1 in the memorable debate in the legislature on a proposal for the abolition of slavery1 a leading speaker1 denouncing slavery as the most pernicious of all the evils with which the body politic can be afflicted1 could say1 undisputed1 ,by none is this position denied1 if we except the erratic ,john ,randolph4#bgd3b ,the conflict in ,virginia at that critical time was between ,christian principle and wise statesmanship on the one hand1 and on the other hand selfish interest and ambition1 and the prevailing terror resulting from a recent servile insurrection4 ,up to this time there appears no sign of any division in the church on this subject4 ,neither was there any sectional division2 the opponents of slavery1 whether at the ,north or at the ,south1 were acting in the interest of the common country1 and particularly in the interest of the ,states that were still afflicted with slavery4 ,but a swift change was just impending4 ,we have already recognized the ,methodist organization as the effective pioneer of systematic abolitionism in ,america4#bge3a ,the ,baptists1 also having their main strength in the southern ,states1 were early and emphatic in condemning the institutions by which they were surrounded4#bge3b ,but all the sects found themselves embarrassed by serious difficulties when it came to the practical application of the principles and rules which they enunciated4 ,the exacting of immediate emancipation as a condition of fellowship in the ministry or communion in the church1 and the popular cries of ,no fellowship with slave-holders1 and ,slave-holding always and every where a sin1 were found practically to conflict with frequent undeniable and stubborn facts4 ,the cases in which conscientious ,christians found themselves1 by no fault of their own1 invested by inhuman laws with an absolute authority over helpless fellow-men1 which it would not be right for them suddenly to abdicate1 were not few nor unimportant4#bge3c ,in dealing with such cases several different courses were open to the church3 7#a7 ,to execute discipline rigorously according to the formula1 on the principle1 ,be rid of the tares at all hazards2 never mind the wheat4 ,this course was naturally favored by some of the minor ,presbyterian sects1 and was apt to be vigorously urged by zealous people living at a distance and not well acquainted with details of fact4 7#b7 ,to attempt to provide for all cases by stated exceptions and saving clauses4 ,this course was entered on by the ,methodist ,church1 but without success4 7#c7 ,discouraged by the difficulties1 to let go all discipline4 ,this was the point reached at last by most of the southern churches4 7#d7 ,clinging to the formulas1 ,immediate emancipation1 ,no communion with slave-holders1 so to palter in a double sense with the words as to evade the meaning of them4 ,according to this method1 slave-holding did not consist in the holding of slaves1 but in holding them with evil purpose and wrong treatment2 a slave who was held for his own advantage1 receiving from his master that which is just and equal1 was said1 in this dialect1 to be morally emancipated4 ,this was the usual expedient of a large and respectable party of antislavery ,christians at the ,north1 when their principle of no communion with slave-holders brought them to the seeming necessity of excommunicating an unquestionably ,christian brother for doing an undeniable duty4 7#e7 ,to lay down1 broadly and explicitly1 the principles of ,christian morality governing the subject1 leaving the application of them in individual cases to the individual church or church-member4 ,this was the course exemplified with admirable wisdom and fidelity in the ,presbyterian deliverance of #ahah4 7#f7 ,to meet the postulate1 laid down with so much assurance1 as if an axiom1 that slave-holding is always and everywhere a sin1 to be immediately repented of and forsaken1 with a flat and square contradiction1 as being irreconcilable with facts and with the judgment of the ,christian ,scriptures2 and thus to condemn and oppose to the utmost the system of slavery1 without imputing the guilt of it to persons involved in it by no fault of their own4 ,this course commended itself to many lucid and logical minds and honest consciences1 including some of the most consistent and effective opponents of slavery4 7#g7 ,still another course must be mentioned1 which1 absurd as it seems1 was actually pursued by a few headlong reformers1 who showed in various ways a singular alacrity at playing into the hands of their adversaries4 ,it consisted in enunciating in the most violent and untenable form and the most offensive language the proposition that all slave-holding is sin and every slave-holder a criminal1 and making the whole attack on slavery to turn on this weak pivot and fail if this failed4 ,the argument of this sort of abolitionist was3 ,if there can be found anywhere a good man holding a bond-servant unselfishly1 kindly1 and for good reason justifiably1 then the system of ,american slavery is right4#bgg3a ,it is not strange that men in the southern churches1 being offered such an argument ready made to their hand1 should promptly accept both the premiss and the conclusion1 and that so at last there should begin to be a pro-slavery party in the ,american church4 ,the disastrous epoch of the beginning of what has been called the southern apostasy from the universal moral sentiment of ,christendom on the subject of slavery may be dated at about the year #ahcc4 ,a year earlier began to be heard those vindications on political grounds of what had just been declared in the legislature of ,virginia to be by common consent the most pernicious of political evils--vindications which continued for thirty years to invite the wonder of the civilized world4 ,when 7about #ahcc7 a ,presbyterian minister in ,mississippi1 the ,rev4 ,james ,smylie1 made the discovery1 which surprised himself1 that the system of ,american slavery was sanctioned and approved by the ,scriptures as good and righteous1 he found that his brethren in the ,presbyterian ministry at the extreme ,south were not only surprised1 but shocked and offended1 at the proposition4#bgh3a ,and yet such was the swift progress of this innovation that in surprisingly few years1 we might almost say months1 it had become not only prevalent1 but violently and exclusively dominant in the church of the southern ,states1 with the partial exception of ,kentucky and ,tennessee4 ,it would be difficult to find a precedent in history for so sudden and sweeping a change of sentiment on a leading doctrine of moral theology4 ,dissent from the novel dogma was suppressed with more than inquisitorial rigor4 ,it was less perilous to hold ,protestant opinions in ,spain or ,austria than to hold1 in ,carolina or ,alabama1 the opinions which had but lately been commended to universal acceptance by the unanimous voice of great religious bodies1 and proclaimed as undisputed principles by leading statesmen4 ,it became one of the accepted evidences of ,christianity at the ,south that infidelity failed to offer any justification for ,american slavery equal to that derived from the ,christian ,scriptures4 ,that eminent leader among the ,lutheran clergy1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,bachman1 of ,charleston1 referred that unexampled unanimity of sentiment that now exists in the whole ,south on the subject of slavery to the confidence felt by the religious public in the ,bible defense of slavery as set forth by clergymen and laymen in sermons and pamphlets and speeches in ,congress4#bgh3b ,the historian may not excuse himself from the task of inquiring into the cause of this sudden and immense moral revolution4 ,the explanation offered by ,dr4 ,bachman is the very thing that needs to be explained4 ,how came the ,christian public throughout the slave-holding ,states1 which so short a time before had been unanimous in finding in the ,bible the condemnation of their slavery1 to find all at once in the ,bible the divine sanction and defense of it as a wise1 righteous1 and permanent institution8 ,doubtless there was mixture of influences in bringing about the result4 ,the immense advance in the market value of slaves consequent on ,whitney's invention of the cotton-gin had its unconscious effect on the moral judgments of some4 ,the furious vituperations of a very small but noisy faction of antislavery men added something to the swift current of public opinion4 ,but demonstrably the chief cause of this sudden change of religious opinion--one of the most remarkable in the history of the church--was panic terror4 ,in ,august1 #ahca1 a servile insurrection in ,virginia1 led by a crazy negro1 ,nat ,turner by name1 was followed 7as always in such cases7 by bloody vengeance on the part of the whites4 ,the ,southampton insurrection1 occurring at a time when the price of slaves was depressed in consequence of a depression in the price of cotton1 gave occasion to a sudden development of opposition to slavery in the legislature of ,virginia4 ,a measure for the prospective abolition of the institution in that ancient commonwealth was proposed1 earnestly debated1 eloquently urged1 and at last defeated1 with a minority ominously large in its favor4 ,warned by so great a peril1 and strengthened soon afterward by an increase in the market value of cotton and of slaves1 the slave-holding interest in all the ,south was stimulated to new activity4 ,defenses of slavery more audacious than had been heard before began to be uttered by southern politicians at home and by southern representatives and senators in ,congress4 ,a panic seized upon the planters in some districts of the ,southwest4 ,conspiracies and plans of insurrection were discovered4 ,negroes were tortured or terrified into confessions4 ,obnoxious white men were put to death without any legal trial and in defiance of those rules of evidence which are insisted on by southern laws4 ,thus a sudden and convincing terror was spread through the ,south4 ,every man was made to know that if he should become obnoxious to the guardians of the great southern 'institution' he was liable to be denounced and murdered4 ,it was distinctly and imperatively demanded that nobody should be allowed to say anything anywhere against slavery4 ,the movement of the societies which had then been recently formed at ,boston and ,new ,york1 with ',immediate abolition' for their motto1 was made use of to stimulate the terror and the fury of the ,south4444 ,the position of political parties and of candidates for the ,presidency1 just at that juncture1 gave special advantage to the agitators--an advantage that was not neglected4 ,everything was done that practiced demagogues could contrive to stimulate the ,south into a frenzy and to put down at once and forever all opposition to slavery4 ,the clergy and the religious bodies were summoned to the patriotic duty of committing themselves on the side of 'southern institutions4' ,just then it was1 if we mistake not1 that their apostasy began4 ,they dared not say that slavery as an institution in the ,state is essentially an organized injustice1 and that1 though the ,scriptures rightly and wisely enjoin justice and the recognition of the slaves' brotherhood upon masters1 and conscientious meekness upon slaves1 the organized injustice of the institution ought to be abolished by the shortest process consistent with the public safety and the welfare of the enslaved4 ,they dared not even keep silence under the plea that the institution is political and therefore not to be meddled with by religious bodies or religious persons4 ,they yielded to the demand4 ,they were carried along in the current of the popular frenzy2 they joined in the clamor1 ',great is ,diana of the ,ephesians2' they denounced the fanaticism of abolition and permitted themselves to be understood as certifying1 in the name of religion and of ,christ1 that the entire institution of slavery 'as it exists' is chargeable with no injustice and is warranted by the word of ,god4#bha3a ,there is no good reason to question the genuineness and sincerity of the fears expressed by the slave-holding population as a justification of their violent measures for the suppression of free speech in relation to slavery2 nor of their belief that the papers and prints actively disseminated from the antislavery press in ,boston were fitted1 if not distinctly intended1 to kindle bloody insurrections4 ,these terrors were powerfully pleaded in the great debate in the ,virginia legislature as an argument for the abolition of slavery4#bha3b ,this failing1 they became throughout the ,south a constraining power for the suppression of free speech1 not only on the part of outsiders1 but among the southern people themselves4 ,the regime thus introduced was1 in the strictest sense of the phrase1 a reign of terror4 ,the universal lockjaw which thenceforth forbade the utterance of what had so recently and suddenly ceased to be the unanimous religious conviction of the southern church soon produced an unexampled unanimity on the other side1 broken only when some fiery and indomitable abolitionist like ,dr4 ,robert ,j4 ,breckinridge1 of the ,presbyterian ,church in ,kentucky1 delivered his soul with invectives against the system of slavery and the new-fangled apologies that had been devised to defend it1 declaring it utterly indefensible on every correct human principle1 and utterly abhorrent from every law of ,god1 and exclaiming1 ,out upon such folly6 ,the man who cannot see that involuntary domestic slavery1 as it exists among us1 is founded on the principle of taking by force that which is another's has simply no moral sense4444 ,hereditary slavery is without pretense1 except in avowed rapacity4#bhb3a ,of course the antislavery societies which1 under various names1 had existed in the ,south by hundreds were suddenly extinguished1 and manumissions1 which had been going on at the rate of thousands in a year1 almost entirely ceased4 ,the strange and swiftly spreading moral epidemic did not stop at ,state boundary lines4 ,at the ,north the main cause of defection was not1 indeed1 directly operative4 ,there was no danger there of servile insurrection4 ,but there was true sympathy for those who lived under the shadow of such impending horrors1 threatening alike the guilty and the innocent4 ,there was a deep passion of honest patriotism1 now becoming alarmed lest the threats of disunion proceeding from the terrified ,south should prove a serious peril to the nation in whose prosperity the hopes of the world seemed to be involved4 ,there was a worthy solicitude lest the bonds of intercourse between the churches of ,north and ,south should be ruptured and so the integrity of the nation be the more imperiled4 ,withal there was a spreading and deepening and most reasonable disgust at the reckless ranting of a little knot of antislavery men having their headquarters at ,boston1 who1 exulting in their irresponsibility1 scattered loosely appeals to men's vindictive passions and filled the unwilling air with clamors against church and ministry and ,bible and law and government1 denounced as pro-slavery all who declined to accept their measures or their persons1 and1 arrogating to themselves exclusively the name of abolitionist1 made that name1 so long a title of honor1 to be universally odious4#bhb3b ,these various factors of public opinion were actively manipulated4 ,political parties competed for the southern vote4 ,commercial houses competed for southern business4 ,religious sects1 parties1 and societies were emulous in conciliating southern adhesions or contributions and averting schisms4 ,the condition of success in any of these cases was well understood to be concession1 or at least silence1 on the subject of slavery4 ,the pressure of motives1 some of which were honorable and generous1 was everywhere1 like the pressure of the atmosphere4 ,it was not strange that there should be defections from righteousness4 ,even the enormous effrontery of the slave power in demanding for its own security that the rule of tyrannous law and mob violence by which freedom of speech and of the press had been extinguished at the ,south should be extended over the so-called free ,states did not fail of finding citizens of reputable standing so base as to give the demand their countenance1 their public advocacy1 and even their personal assistance4 ,as the subject emerged from time to time in the religious community1 the questions arising were often confused and embarrassed by false issues and illogical statements1 and the state of opinion was continually misrepresented through the incurable habit of the over-zealous in denouncing as pro-slavery those who dissented from their favorite formulas4 ,but after all deductions1 the historian who shall by and by review this period with the advantage of a longer perspective will be compelled to record not a few lamentable defections1 both individual and corporate1 from the cause of freedom1 justice1 and humanity4 ,and1 nevertheless1 that later record will also show that while the southern church had been terrified into an unexampled unanimity in renouncing the principles which it had unanimously held1 and while like causes had wrought potently upon northern sentiment1 it was the steadfast fidelity of the ,christian people that saved the nation from ruin4 ,at the end of thirty years from the time when the soil of ,missouri was devoted to slavery the ,kansas-,nebraska ,bill was proposed1 which should open for the extension of slavery the vast expanse of national territory which1 by the stipulation of the ,missouri ,compromise1 had been forever consecrated to freedom4 ,the issue of the extension of slavery was presented to the people in its simplicity4 ,the action of the clergy of ,new ,england was prompt1 spontaneous1 emphatic1 and practically unanimous4 ,their memorial1 with three thousand and fifty signatures1 protested against the bill1 in the name of ,almighty ,god and in his presence1 as a great moral wrong2 as a breach of faith eminently injurious to the moral principles of the community and subversive of all confidence in national engagements2 as a measure full of danger to the peace and even the existence of our beloved ,union1 and exposing us to the just judgments of the ,almighty4 ,in like manner the memorial of one hundred and fifty-one clergymen of various denominations in ,new ,york ,city and vicinity protested in like terms1 in the name of religion and humanity1 against the guilt of the extension of slavery4 ,perhaps there has been no occasion on which the consenting voice of the entire church has been so solemnly uttered on a question of public morality1 and this in the very region in which church and clergy had been most stormily denounced by the little handful of abolitionists who gloried in the name of infidel#bhe3a as recreant to justice and humanity4 ,the protest of the church was of no avail to defeat the machination of demagogues4 ,the iniquitous measure was carried through4 ,but this was not the end2 it was only the beginning of the end4 ,yet ten years1 and ,american slavery1 through the mad folly of its advocates and the steadfast fidelity of the great body of the earnestly religious people of the land1 was swept away by the tide of war4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the long struggle of the ,american church against drunkenness as a social and public evil begins at an early date4 ,one of the thirteen colonies1 ,georgia1 had the prohibition of slavery and of the importation of spirituous liquors incorporated by ,oglethorpe in its early and short-lived constitution4 ,it would be interesting to discover1 if we could1 to what extent the rigor of ,john ,wesley's discipline against both these mischiefs was due to his association with ,oglethorpe in the founding of that latest of the colonies4 ,both the imperious nature of ,wesley and the peculiar character of his fraternity as being originally not a church1 but a voluntary society within the church1 predisposed to a policy of arbitrary exclusiveness by hard and fast lines drawn according to formula1 which might not have been ventured on by one who was consciously drawing up the conditions of communion in the church4 ,in the ,puritan colonies the public morals in respect to temperance were from the beginning guarded by salutary license laws devised to suppress all dram-shops and tippling-houses1 and to prevent1 as far as law could wisely undertake to prevent1 all abusive and mischievous sales of liquor4 ,but these indications of a sound public sentiment did not prevent the dismal fact of a wide prevalence of drunkenness as one of the distinguishing characteristics of ,american society at the opening of the nineteenth century4 ,two circumstances had combined to aggravate the national vice4 ,seven years of army life1 with its exhaustion and exposure and military social usage1 had initiated into dangerous drinking habits many of the most justly influential leaders of society1 and the example of these had set the tone for all ranks4 ,besides this1 the increased importation and manufacture of distilled spirits had made it easy and common to substitute these for the mild fermented liquors which had been the ordinary drink of the people4 ,gradually and unobserved the nation had settled down into a slough of drunkenness of which it is difficult for us at this date to form a clear conception4 ,the words of ,isaiah concerning the drunkards of ,ephraim seem not too strong to apply to the condition of ,american society1 that all tables were full of vomit and filthiness4 ,in the prevalence of intemperate drinking habits the clergy had not escaped the general infection4 ,the priest and the prophet had gone astray through strong drink4 ,individual words of warning1 among the earliest of which was the classical essay of ,dr4 ,benjamin ,rush 7#aghe71 failed to arouse general attention4 ,the new century was well advanced before the stirring appeals of ,ebenezer ,porter1 ,lyman ,beecher1 ,heman ,humphrey1 and ,jeremiah ,evarts had awakened in the church any effectual conviction of sin in the matter4 ,the appointment of a strong committee1 in #ahaa1 by the ,presbyterian ,general ,assembly was promptly followed by like action by the clergy of ,massachusetts and ,connecticut1 leading to the formation of ,state societies4 ,but general concerted measures on a scale commensurate with the evil to be overcome must be dated from the organization of the ,american ,society for the ,promotion of ,temperance1 in #ahbf4 ,the first aim of the reformers of that day was to break down those domineering social usages which almost enforced the habit of drinking in ordinary social intercourse4 ,the achievement of this object was wonderfully swift and complete4 ,a young minister whose pastorate had begun at about the same time with the organizing of the national temperance society was able at the end of five years to bear this testimony in the presence of those who were in a position to recognize any misstatement or exaggeration3 ,the wonderful change which the past five years have witnessed in the manners and habits of this people in regard to the use of ardent spirits--the new phenomenon of an intelligent people rising up1 as it were1 with one consent1 without law1 without any attempt at legislation1 to put down by the mere force of public opinion1 expressing itself in voluntary associations1 a great social evil which no despot on earth could have put down among his subjects by any system of efforts--has excited admiration and roused to imitation not only in our sister country of ,great ,britain1 but in the heart of continental ,europe4#bhg3a ,it is worthy of remark1 for any possible instruction there may be in it1 that the first1 greatest1 and most permanent of the victories of the temperance reformation1 the breaking down of almost universal social drinking usages1 was accomplished while yet the work was a distinctively religious one1 without law or attempt at legislation1 and while the efforts at suppression were directed at the use of ardent spirits4 ,the attempt to combine the friends of temperance on a basis of teetotal abstinence1 putting fermented as well as distilled liquors under the ban1 dates from as late as #ahcf4 ,but it soon appeared that the immense gain of banishing ardent spirits from the family table and sideboard1 the social entertainment1 the haying field1 and the factory had not been attained without some corresponding loss4 ,close upon the heels of the reform in the domestic and social habits of the people there was spawned a monstrous brood of obscure tippling-shops--a nuisance1 at least in ,new ,england1 till then unknown4 ,from the beginning wise and effective license laws had interdicted all dram-shops2 even the taverner might sell spirits only to his transient guests1 not to the people of the town4 ,with the suppression of social drinking there was effected1 in spite of salutary law to the contrary1 a woeful change4 ,the ,american saloon was1 in an important sense1 the offspring of the ,american temperance reformation4 ,the fact justified the reformer in turning his attention to the law4 ,from that time onward the history of the temperance reformation has included the history of multitudinous experiments in legislation1 none of which has been so conclusive as to satisfy all students of the subject that any later law is1 on the whole1 more usefully effective than the original statutes of the ,puritan colonies4#bhh3a ,in #ahdj the temperance reformation received a sudden forward impulse from an unexpected source4 ,one evening a group of six notoriously hard drinkers1 coming together greatly impressed from a sermon of that noted evangelist1 ,elder ,jacob ,knapp1 pledged themselves by mutual vows to total abstinence2 and from this beginning went forward that extraordinary agitation known as the ,washingtonian movement4 ,up to this time the aim of the reformers had been mainly directed to the prevention of drunkenness by a change in social customs and personal habits4 ,now there was suddenly opened a door of hope to the almost despair of the drunkard himself4 ,the lately reformed drunkards of ,baltimore set themselves to the reforming of other drunkards1 and these took up the work in their turn1 and reformation was extended in a geometrical progression till it covered the country4 ,everywhere meetings were held1 to be addressed by reformed drunkards1 and new recruits from the gutter were pushed forward to tell their experience to the admiring public1 and sent out on speaking tours4 ,the people were stirred up as never before on the subject of temperance4 ,there was something very ,christian-like in the method of this propagation1 and hopeful souls looked forward to a temperance millennium as at hand4 ,but fatal faults in the work soon discovered themselves4 ,among the new evangelists were not a few men of true penitence and humility1 like ,john ,hawkins1 and one man at least of incomparable eloquence as well as ,christian earnestness1 ,john ,b4 ,gough4 ,but the public were not long in finding that merely to have wallowed in vice and to be able to tell ludicrous or pathetic stories from one's experience was not of itself sufficient qualification for the work of a public instructor in morals4 ,the temperance platform became infested with swaggering autobiographers1 whose glory was in their shame1 and whose general influence was distinctly demoralizing4 ,the sudden influx of the tide of enthusiasm was followed by a disastrous ebb4 ,it was the estimate of ,mr4 ,gough that out of six hundred thousand reformed drunkards not less than four hundred and fifty thousand had relapsed into vice4 ,the same observer1 the splendor of whose eloquence was well mated with an unusual sobriety of judgment1 is credited with the statement that he knew of no case of stable reformation from drunkenness that was not connected with a thorough spiritual renovation and conversion4 ,certainly good was accomplished by the transient whirlwind of the ,washingtonian excitement4 ,but the evil that it did lived after it4 ,already at the time of its breaking forth the temperance reformation had entered upon that period of decadence in which its main interest was to be concentrated upon law and politics4 ,and here the vicious ethics of the reformed-drunkard school became manifest4 ,the drunkard1 according to his own account of himself 7unless he was not only reformed1 but repentant71 had been a victim of circumstances4 ,drunkenness1 instead of a base and beastly sin1 was an infirmity incident to a high-strung and generous temperament4 ,the blame of it was to be laid1 not upon the drunkard1 whose exquisitely susceptible organization was quite unable to resist temptation coming in his way1 but on those who put intoxicating liquor where he could get at it1 or on the ,state1 whose duty it was to put the article out of the reach of its citizens4 ,the guilt of drunkenness must rest1 not on the unfortunate drunkard who happened to be attacked by that disease1 but on the sober and well-behaving citizen1 and especially the ,christian citizen1 who did not vote the correct ticket4 ,what may be called the ,prohibition period of the temperance reformation begins about #ahej and still continues4 ,it is characterized by the pursuit of a type of legislation of variable efficacy or inefficacy1 the essence of which is that the sale of intoxicating liquors shall be a monopoly of the government4#bij3a ,indications begin to appear that the disproportionate devotion to measures of legislation and politics is abating4 ,some of the most effective recent labor for the promotion of temperance has been wrought independently of such resort4 ,if the cycle shall be completed1 and the church come back to the methods by which its first triumphs in this field were won1 it will come back the wiser and the stronger for its vicissitudes of experience through these threescore years and ten4 ,,footnotes3 #bfd3a ,an impression was made that never ceased4 ,it started a series of efforts that have affected the whole northern mind at least2 and in ,jackson's time the matter came up in ,congress1 and a law was passed disfranchising a duelist4 ,and that was not the last of it2 for when ,henry ,clay was up for the ,presidency the ,democrats printed an edition of forty thousand of that sermon and scattered them all over the ,north 7,autobiography of ,lyman ,beecher1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aec1 #aed2 with foot-note from ,dr4 ,l4 ,bacon3 ,that sermon has never ceased to be a power in the politics of this country4 ,more than anything else1 it made the name of brave old ,andrew ,jackson distasteful to the moral and religious feeling of the people4 ,it hung like a millstone on the neck of ,henry ,clay74 #bfe3a ,a ,century of ,dishonor1 pp4 #bgj1 #bga4 #bff3a ,a ,century of ,dishonor1 pp4 #bge1 #bgf4 #bfh3a ,see above1 pp4 #bjc-bje1 #bbb4 #bgj3a ,deliverance of ,general ,assembly1 #ahah4 #bga3a ,the persistent attempt to represent this period as one of prevailing apathy and inertia on the subject of slavery is a very flagrant falsification of history4 ,and yet by dint of sturdy reiteration it has been forced into such currency as to impose itself even on so careful a writer as ,mr4 ,schouler1 in his ,history of the ,united ,states4 ,it is impossible to read this part of ,american church history intelligently1 unless the mind is disabused of this misrepresentation4 #bga3b ,christian ,spectator 7monthly71 ,new ,haven1 #ahbh1 p4 #d4 #bgb3a ,christian ,spectator1 #ahbc1 pp4 #dic1 #did1 #cda2 ,the ,earlier ,antislavery ,days1 by ,l4 ,bacon1 in the ,christian ,union1 ,december #i and #af1 #ahgd1 ,january #f and #ac1 #ahge4 ,it is one of the ,curiosities of ,literature1 though hardly one of its ,amenities1 that certain phrases carefully dissected from this paper 7which was written by ,mr4 ,bacon at the age of twenty-one7 should be pertinaciously used1 in the face of repeated exposures1 to prove the author of it to be an apologist for slavery6 #bgc3a ,christian ,spectator1 #ahbe-ahbh4 #bgc3b ,wilson1 ,slave ,power in ,america1 vol4 i41 p4 #afd2 ,james ,g4 ,birney and his ,times1 pp4 #fd1 #fe4 ,this last-named book is an interesting and valuable contribution of materials for history1 especially by its refutation of certain industriously propagated misrepresentations4 #bgd3a ,birney and his ,times1 chap4 xii41 on ,abolition in the ,south before #ahbh4 ,much is to be learned on this neglected topic in ,american history from the reports of the ,national ,convention for the ,abolition of ,slavery1 meeting biennially1 with some intermissions1 at ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 and ,washington down to #ahbi4 ,an incomplete file of these reports is at the library of ,brown ,university4 #bgd3b ,wilson1 ,the ,slave ,power1 vol4 i41 chap4 xiv4 #bge3a ,see above1 pp4 #bjd1 #bje4 #bge3b ,newman1 ,the ,baptists1 pp4 #bhh1 #cje4 ,let me make general reference to the volumes of the ,american ,church ,history ,series by their several indexes1 s4 v4 ,slavery4 #bge3c ,one instance for illustration is as good as ten thousand4 ,it is from the ,life of ,james ,g4 ,birney1 a man of the highest integrity of conscience3 ,michael1 the husband and father of the family legally owned by ,mr4 ,birney1 and who had been brought up with him from boyhood1 had been unable to conquer his appetite for strong liquors1 and needed the constant watchful care of his master and friend4 ,for some years the probability was that if free he would become a confirmed drunkard and beggar his family4 ,the children were nearly grown1 but had little mental capacity4 ,for years ,michael had understood that his freedom would be restored to him as soon as he could control his love of ardent spirits 7pp4 #ajh1 #aji74 #bgg3a ,if human beings could be justly held in bondage for one hour1 they could be for days and weeks and years1 and so on indefinitely from generation to generation 7,life of ,w4 ,l4 ,garrison1 vol4 i41 p4 #adj74 #bgh3a ,new ,englander1 vol4 xii41 #ahed1 p4 #fci1 article on ,the ,southern ,apostasy4 #bgh3b ,ibid41 pp4 #fdb-fdd4 #bha3a ,new ,englander1 vol4 xii41 #ahed1 pp4 #ffj1 #ffa4 #bha3b ,wilson1 ,the ,slave ,power1 vol4 i41 pp4 #aij-bjg4 #bhb3a ,biblical ,repertory1 ,princeton1 ,july1 #ahcc1 pp4 #bid1 #bie1 #cjc4 #bhb3b ,the true story of ,mr4 ,william ,lloyd ,garrison and his little party has yet to be written faithfully and fully4 ,as told by his family and friends and by himself1 it is a monstrous falsification of history4 ,one of the best sources of authentic material for this chapter of history is ,james ,g4 ,birney and his ,times1 by ,general ,william ,birney1 pp4 #bfi-cca4 ,i may also refer to my volume1 ,irenics and ,polemics 7,new ,york1 the ,christian ,literature ,co471 pp4 #ade-bjb4 ,the sum of the story is given thus1 in the words of ,charles ,sumner3 ,an omnibus-load of ,boston abolitionists has done more harm to the antislavery cause than all its enemies 7,birney1 p4 #cca74 #bhe3a ,birney1 p4 #cba4 #bhg3a ,sermon of ,l4 ,bacon 7,,ms471 ,new ,haven1 ,july #d1 #ahcj4 #bhh3a ,eastern and ,western ,states of ,america1 by ,j4 ,s4 ,buckingham1 ,m4 ,p41 vol4 i41 pp4 #djh-dac4 #bij3a ,by a curious anomaly in church polity1 adhesion to this particular device of legislation is made constitutionally a part of the discipline of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,in most other communions liberty of judgment is permitted as to the form of legislation best fitted to the end sought4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,a ,,decade ,,of ,,controversies ,,and ,,schisms4 ,during the period from #ahce to #ahde the spirit of schism seemed to be in the air4 ,in this period no one of the larger organizations of churches was free from agitating controversies1 and some of the most important of them were rent asunder by explosion4 ,at the time when the ,presbyterian ,church suffered its great schism1 in #ahcg1 it was the most influential religious body in the ,united ,states4 ,in #abj years its solitary presbytery had grown to #ace presbyteries1 including #badj ministers serving #bhfe churches and #bbj1eeg communicants4 ,but these large figures are an inadequate measure of its influence4 ,it represented in its ministry and membership the two most masterful races on the continent1 the ,new ,england colonists and the ,scotch-,irish immigrants2 and the tenacity with which it had adhered to the tradition derived through both these lines1 of admitting none but liberally educated men to its ministry1 had given it exceptional social standing and control over men of intellectual strength and leadership4 ,in the four years beginning with #ahca the additions to its roll of communicants on examination had numbered nearly one hundred thousand4 ,but this spiritual growth was chilled and stunted by the dissensions that arose4 ,the revivals ceased and the membership actually dwindled4 ,the contention had grown 7a fact not without parallel in church history7 out of measures devised in the interest of cooeperation and union4 ,in #ahja1 in the days of its comparative feebleness1 the ,general ,assembly had proposed to the ,general ,association of ,connecticut a ,plan of ,union according to which the communities of ,new ,england ,christians then beginning to move westward between the parallels that bound the ,new ,england zone1 and bringing with them their accustomed ,congregational polity1 might cooeperate on terms of mutual concession with ,presbyterian churches in their neighborhood4 ,the proposals had been fraternally received and accepted1 and under the terms of this compact great accessions had been made to the strength of the ,presbyterian ,church1 of pastors and congregations marked with the intellectual activity and religious enterprise of the ,new ,england churches1 who1 while cordially conforming to the new methods of organization and discipline1 were not in the least penetrated with the traditionary ,scotch veneration for the ,westminster standards4 ,for nearly thirty years the great reinforcements from ,new ,england and from men of the ,new ,england way of thinking had been ungrudgingly bestowed and heartily welcomed4 ,but the great accessions which in the first four years of the fourth decade of this century had increased the roll of the communicants of the ,presbyterian ,church by more than fifty per cent4 had come in undue proportion from the ,new ,englandized regions of western ,new ,york and ,ohio4 ,it was inevitable that the jealousy of hereditary ,presbyterians1 whose were the fathers1 should be aroused by the perfectly reasonable fear lest the traditional ways of the church which they felt to be in a peculiar sense their church might be affected by so large an element from without4 ,the grounds of explicit complaint against the party called ,new ,school were principally twofold--doctrine and organization4 ,in the ,presbyterian ,church at this time were three pretty distinct types of theological thought4 ,first1 there was the unmitigated ,scotch ,calvinism2 secondly1 there was the modification of this system1 which became naturalized in the church after the ,great ,awakening1 when ,jonathan ,dickinson and ,jonathan ,edwards1 from neighbor towns in ,massachusetts1 came to be looked upon as the great ,presbyterian theologians2 thirdly1 there was the consistent ,calvinism1 that had been still further evolved by the patient labor of students in direct succession from ,edwards1 and that was known under the name of ,hopkinsianism4 ,just now the latest and not the least eminent in this school1 ,dr4 ,nathaniel ,w4 ,taylor1 of ,new ,haven1 was enunciating to large and enthusiastic classes in ,yale ,divinity ,school new definitions and forms of statement giving rise to much earnest debate4 ,the alarm of those to whom the very phrase improvement in theology was an abomination expressed itself in futile indictments for heresy brought against some of the most eminently godly and useful ministers in all the church4 ,lyman ,beecher1 of ,lane ,seminary1 ,edward ,beecher1 ,j4 ,m4 ,sturtevant1 and ,william ,kirby1 of ,illinois ,college1 and ,george ,duffield1 of the presbytery of ,carlisle1 ,pa41 were annoyed by impeachments for heresy1 which all failed before reaching the court of last resort4 ,but repeated and persistent prosecutions of ,albert ,barnes1 of ,philadelphia1 were destined to more conspicuous failure1 by reason of their coming up year after year before the ,general ,assembly1 and also by reason of the position of the accused as pastor of the mother church of the denomination1 the ,first ,church of ,philadelphia1 which was the customary meeting-place of the ,assembly2 withal by reason of the character of the accused1 the honor and love in which he was held for his faithful and useful work as pastor1 his world-wide fame as a devoted and believing student of the ,scriptures1 and the ,christlike gentleness and meekness with which he endured the harassing of church trials continuing through a period of seven years1 and compelling him1 under an irregular and illegal sentence of the synod1 to sit silent in his church for the space of a year1 as one suspended from the ministry4 ,the earliest leaders in national organization for the propagation of ,christianity at home and abroad were the ,congregationalists of ,new ,england and men like-minded with them4 ,but the societies thus originated were organized on broad and catholic principles1 and invited the cooeperation of all ,christians4 ,they naturally became the organs of much of the active beneficence of ,presbyterian congregations1 and the ,presbyterian clergy and laity were largely represented in the direction of them4 ,they were recognized and commended by the representative bodies of the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,as a point of high-church theory it was held by the rigidly ,presbyterian party that the work of the gospel in all its departments and in all lands is the proper function of the church as such--meaning practically that each sect ought to have its separate propaganda4 ,there was logical strength in this position as reached from their premisses1 and there were arguments of practical convenience to be urged in favor of it4 ,but the demand to sunder at once the bonds of fellowship which united ,christians of different names in the beneficent work of the great national societies was not acceptable even to the whole of the ,old-,school party4 ,to the ,new ,englanders it was intolerable4 ,there were other and less important grounds of difference that were discussed between the parties4 ,and in the background1 behind them all1 was the slavery question4 ,it seems to have been willingly kept in the background by the leaders of debate on both sides2 but it was there4 ,the ,new-,school synods and presbyteries of the ,north were firm in their adherence to the antislavery principles of the church4 ,on the other hand1 the ,old-,school party relied1 in the coup d'eglise that was in preparation1 on the support of an almost solid ,south4#bif3a ,it was an unpardonable offense of the ,new-,school party that it had grown to such formidable strength1 intellectually1 spiritually1 and numerically4 ,the probability that the church might1 with the continued growth and influence of this party1 become ,americanized and so lose the purity of its thoroughgoing ,scotch traditions was very real1 and to some minds very dreadful4 ,to these the very ark of ,god seemed in danger4 ,arraignments for heresy in presbytery and synod resulted in failure2 and when these and other cases involving questions of orthodoxy or of the policy of the church were brought into the supreme judicature of the church1 the solemn but unmistakable fact disclosed itself that even the ,general ,assembly could not be relied on for the support of measures introduced by the ,old-,school leaders4 ,in fact1 every ,assembly from #ahca to #ahcf1 with a single exception1 had shown a clear ,new-,school majority4 ,the foundations were destroyed1 and what should the righteous do8 ,history was about to repeat itself with unwonted preciseness of detail4 ,on the gathering of the ,assembly of #ahcg a careful count of noses revealed what had been known only once before in seven years1 and what might never be again--a clear ,old-,school majority in the house4 ,to the pious mind the neglecting of such an opportunity would have been to tempt ,providence4 ,without notice1 without complaint or charges or specifications1 without opportunity of defense1 #d synods1 including #ecc churches and more than #ajj1jjj communicants1 were excommunicated by a majority vote4 ,the victory of pure doctrine and strict church order1 though perhaps not exactly glorious1 was triumphant and irreversible4 ,there was no more danger to the church from a possible ,new-,school majority4 ,when the four exscinded synods1 three in western ,new ,york and one in ,ohio1 together with a great following of sympathizing congregations in all parts of the country1 came together to reconstruct their shattered polity1 they were found to number about four ninths of the late ,presbyterian ,church4 ,for thirty years the ,american church was to present to ,christendom the strange spectacle of two great ecclesiastical bodies claiming identically the same name1 holding the same doctrinal standards1 observing the same ritual and governed by the same discipline1 and occupying the same great territory1 and yet completely dissevered from each other and at times in relations of sharp mutual antagonism4#big3a ,the theological debate which had split the ,presbyterian ,church from end to end was quite as earnest and copious in ,new ,england4 ,but owing to the freer habit of theological inquiry and the looser texture of organization among the ,congregationalist churches1 it made no organic schism beyond the setting up of a new theological seminary in ,connecticut to offset what were deemed the dangerous tendencies of the ,new ,haven theology4 ,after a few years the party lines had faded out and the two seminaries were good neighbors4 ,the unlikeliest place in all ,american ,christendom for a partisan controversy and a schism would have seemed to be the ,unitarian denomination in and about ,boston4 ,beginning with the refusal not only of any imposed standard of belief1 but of any statement of common opinions1 and with unlimited freedom of opinion in every direction1 unless1 perhaps1 in the direction of orthodoxy1 it was not easy to see how a splitting wedge could be started in it4 ,but the infection of the time was not to be resisted4 ,even ,unitarianism must have its heresies and heresiarchs to deal with4 ,no sooner did the pressure of outside attack abate than antagonisms began pretty sharply to declare themselves4 ,in #ahcb ,mr4 ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 pastor of the ,second ,church in ,boston1 proposed to the church to abandon or radically change the observance of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,when the church demurred at this extraordinary demand he resigned his office1 firing off an elaborate argument against the usage of the church by way of a parting salute4 ,without any formal demission of the ministry1 he retired to his literary seclusion at ,concord1 from which he brought forth in books and lectures the oracular utterances which caught more and more the ear of a wide public1 and in which1 in casual-seeming parentheses and obiter dicta1 ,christianity and all practical religion were condemned by sly innuendo and half-respectful allusion by which he might without sneering teach the rest to sneer4 ,in #ahch he was still so far recognized in the ministry as to be invited to address the graduating class of the ,harvard ,divinity ,school4 ,the blank pantheism which he then enunciated called forth from ,professor ,henry ,ware1 ,jr41 a sermon in the college chapel on the personality of ,god1 which he sent with a friendly note to ,mr4 ,emerson4 ,the gay and ,skimpolesque reply of the sage is an illustration of that flippancy with which he chose to toy in a literary way with momentous questions1 and which was so exasperating to the earnest men of positive religious convictions with whom he had been associated in the ,christian ministry4 ,it strikes me very oddly that good and wise men at ,cambridge should think of raising me into an object of criticism4 ,i have always been1 from my incapacity of methodical writing1 'a chartered libertine1' free to worship and free to rail1 lucky when ,i could make myself understood1 but never esteemed near enough to the institutions and mind of society to deserve the notice of masters of literature and religion4444 ,i could not possibly give you one of the 'arguments' you so cruelly hint at on which any doctrine of mine stands1 for ,i do not know what arguments mean in reference to any expression of thought4 ,i delight in telling what ,i think1 but if you ask me how ,i dare say so1 or why it is so1 ,i am the most helpless of mortal men4 ,i do not even see that either of these questions admits of an answer4 ,so that in the present droll posture of my affairs1 when ,i see myself suddenly raised into the importance of a heretic1 ,i am very uneasy when ,i advert to the supposed duties of such a personage who is to make good his thesis against all comers4 ,i certainly shall do no such thing4 ,the issue was joined and the controversy began4 ,professor ,andrews ,norton in a pamphlet denounced the latest form of infidelity1 and the ,rev4 ,george ,ripley replied in a volume1 to which ,professor ,norton issued a rejoinder4 ,but there was not substance enough of religious dogma and sentiment in the transcendentalist philosophers to give them any permanent standing in the church4 ,they went into various walks of secular literature1 and have powerfully influenced the course of opinions2 but they came to be no longer recognizable as a religious or theological party4 ,among the minor combatants in the conflict between the ,unitarians and the pantheists was a young man whose name was destined to become conspicuous1 not within the ,unitarian fellowship1 but on the outskirts of it4 ,theodore ,parker was a man of a different type from the men about him of either party4 ,the son of a mechanic1 he fought his way through difficulties to a liberal education1 and was thirty years old before his very great abilities attracted general attention4 ,a greedy gormandizer of books in many languages1 he had little of the dainty scholarship so much prized at the neighboring university4 ,but the results of his vast reading were stored in a quick and tenacious memory as ready rhetorical material wherewith to convince or astonish4 ,paradox was a passion with him1 that was stimulated by complaints1 and even by deprecations1 to the point of irreverence4 ,he liked to make people's flesh crawl4 ,even in his advocacy of social and public reforms1 which was strenuous and sincere1 he delighted so to urge his cause as to inflame prejudice and opposition against it4 ,with this temper it is not strange that when he came to enunciate his departure from some of the accepted tenets of his brethren1 who were habitually reverent in their discipleship toward ,jesus ,christ1 he should do this in a way to offend and shock4 ,the immediate reaction of the ,unitarian clergy from the statements of his sermon1 in #ahda1 on ,the ,transient and the ,permanent in ,christianity1 in which the supernatural was boldly discarded from his belief1 was so general and so earnest as to give occasion to ,channing's exclamation1 ,now we have a ,unitarian orthodoxy6 ,channing did not live to see the characteristic tenets of the heresiarch to whom he hesitated to give the name of ,christian not only widely accepted in the ,unitarian churches1 but some of them freely discussed as open questions among some orthodox scholars4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two very great events in this period of schism may be dispatched with a brevity out of all proportion to their importance1 on account of the simplicity of motive and action by which they are characterized4 ,in the year #ahdd the slavery agitation in the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church culminated1 not in the rupture of the church1 but in the well-considered1 deliberate division of it between ,north and ,south4 ,the history of the slavery question among the ,methodists was a typical one4 ,from the beginning the ,methodist ,society had been committed by its founder and his early successors to the strictest 7not the strongest7 position on this question4 ,not only was the system of slavery denounced as iniquitous1 but the attempt was made to enforce the rigid rule that persons involved under this system in the relation of master to slave should be excluded from the ministry1 if not from the communion4 ,but the enforcement of this rule was found to be not only difficult1 but wrong1 and difficult simply because it was wrong4 ,then followed that illogical confusion of ideas studiously fostered by zealots at either extreme3 ,if the slave-holder may be in some circumstances a faithful ,christian disciple1 fulfilling in righteousness and love a ,christian duty1 then slavery is right2 if slavery is wrong1 then every slave-holder is a manstealer1 and should be excommunicated as such without asking any further questions4 ,two statements more palpably illogical were never put forth for the darkening of counsel4 ,but each extreme was eager to sustain the unreason of the opposite extreme as the only alternative of its own unreason1 and so1 what with contrary gusts from ,north and ,south1 they fell into a place where two seas met and ran the ship aground4 ,the attempts made from #ahcf to #ahdj1 by stretching to the utmost the authority of the ,general ,conference and the bishops1 for the suppression of modern abolitionism in the church 7without saying what they meant by the phrase7 had their natural effect3 the antislavery sentiment in the church organized and uttered itself more vigorously and more extravagantly than ever on the basis1 ,all slave-holding is sin2 no fellowship with slave-holders4 ,in #ahdc an antislavery secession took place1 which drew after it a following of six thousand1 increased in a few months to fifteen thousand4 ,the paradoxical result of this movement is not without many parallels in church history3 ,after the drawing off of fifteen thousand of the most zealous antislavery men in the church1 the antislavery party in the church was vastly stronger1 even in numbers1 than it had been before4 ,the ,general ,conference of #ahcf had pronounced itself1 without a dissenting vote1 to be decidedly opposed to modern abolitionism4 ,the ,general ,conference of #ahdd1 on the first test vote on the question of excluding from the ministry one who had become a slave-holder through marriage1 revealed a majority of one hundred and seventeen to fifty-six in favor of the most rigorous antislavery discipline4 ,the graver question upon the case of ,bishop ,andrew1 who was in the like condemnation1 could not be decided otherwise4 ,the form of the ,conference's action in this case was studiously inoffensive4 ,it imputed no wrong and proposed no censure1 but1 simply on the ground that the circumstances would embarrass him in the exercise of his office1 declared it as the sense of this ,general ,conference that he desist from the exercise of this office so long as this impediment remains4 ,the issue could not have been simpler and clearer4 ,the ,conference was warned that the passage of the resolution would be followed by the secession of the ,south4 ,the debate was long1 earnest1 and tender4 ,at the end of it the resolution was passed1 one hundred and eleven to sixty-nine4 ,at once notice was given of the intended secession4 ,commissioners were appointed from both parties to adjust the conditions of it1 and in the next year 7#ahde7 was organized the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 ,south4 ,under the fierce tyranny then dominant at the ,south the southern ,baptists might not fall behind their ,methodist neighbors in zeal for slavery4 ,this time it was the ,south that forced the issue4 ,the ,alabama ,baptist ,convention1 without waiting for a concrete case1 demanded of the national missionary boards the distinct1 explicit avowal that slave-holders are eligible and entitled equally with non-slave-holders to all the privileges and immunities of their several unions4 ,the answer of the ,foreign ,mission ,board was perfectly kind1 but1 on the main point1 perfectly unequivocal3 ,we can never be a party to any arrangement which would imply approbation of slavery4 ,the result had been foreseen4 ,the great denomination was divided between ,north and ,south4 ,the ,southern ,baptist ,convention was organized in ,may1 #ahde1 and began its home and foreign missionary work without delay4 ,this dark chapter of our story is not without its brighter aspects4 7#a7 ,amid the inevitable asperities attendant on such debate and division there were many and beautiful manifestations of brotherly love between the separated parties4 7#b7 ,these strifes fell out to the furtherance of the gospel4 ,emulations1 indeed1 are not among the works of the ,spirit4 ,in the strenuous labors of the two divided denominations1 greatly exceeding what had gone before1 it is plain that sometimes ,christ was preached of envy and strife4 ,nevertheless ,christ was preached1 with great and salutary results2 and therein do we rejoice1 yea1 and will rejoice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,two important orders in the ,american church1 which for a time had almost faded out from our field of vision1 come back1 from about this epoch of debate and division1 into continually growing conspicuousness and strength4 ,neither of them was implicated in that great debate involving the fundamental principles of the kingdom of heaven1--the principles of righteousness and love to men1--by which other parts of the church had been agitated and sometimes divided4 ,whether to their discredit or to their honor1 it is part of history that neither the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church nor the ,roman ,catholic ,church took any important part1 either corporately or through its representative men1 in the agonizing struggle of the ,american church to maintain justice and humanity in public law and policy4 ,but standing thus aloof from the great ethical questions that agitated the conscience of the nation1 they were both of them disturbed by controversies internal or external1 which demand mention at least in this chapter4 ,the beginning of the resuscitation of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church from the dead-and-alive condition in which it had so long been languishing is dated from the year #ahaa4cjd3a ,this year was marked by the accession to the episcopate of two eminent men1 representing two strongly divergent parties in that church--,bishop ,griswold1 of ,massachusetts1 ,evangelical1 and ,bishop ,hobart1 of ,new ,york1 ,high-churchman4 ,a quorum of three bishops having been gotten together1 not without great difficulty1 the two were consecrated in ,trinity ,church1 ,new ,york1 ,may #bi1 #ahaa4 ,the time was opportune and the conjuncture of circumstances singularly favorable4 ,the stigma of ,toryism1 which had marked the church from long before the ,war of ,independence1 was now more than erased4 ,in ,new ,england the ,episcopal ,church was of necessity committed to that political party which favored the abolition of the privileges of the standing order2 and this was the anti-,english party1 which1 under the lead of ,jefferson1 was fast forcing the country into war with ,england4 ,the ,episcopalians were now in a position to retort the charge of disloyalty under which they had not unjustly suffered4 ,at the same time their church lost nothing of the social prestige incidental to its relation to the established ,church of ,england4 ,politicians of the ,democratic party1 including some men of well-deserved credit and influence1 naturally attached themselves to a religious party having many points of congeniality4#cje3a ,in another sense1 also1 the time was opportune for an advance of the ,episcopal ,church4 ,in the person of ,bishop ,hobart it had now a bold1 energetic1 and able representative of principles hitherto not much in favor in ,america--the thoroughgoing ,high-church principles of ,archbishop ,laud4 ,before this time the ,episcopal ,church had had very little to contribute by way of enriching the diversity of the ,american sects4 ,it was simply the feeblest of the communions bearing the common family traits of the ,great ,awakening1 with the not unimportant differentia of its settled ritual of worship and its traditions of order and decorum4 ,but when ,bishop ,hobart put the trumpet to his lips and prepared himself to sound1 the public heard a very different note1 and no uncertain one4 ,the church 7meaning his own fragment of the church7 the one channel of saving grace2 the vehicles of that grace1 the sacraments1 valid only when ministered by a priesthood with the right pedigree of ordination2 submission to the constituted authorities of the church absolutely unlimited1 except by clear divine requirements2 abstinence from prayer-meetings2 firm opposition to revivals of religion2 refusal of all cooeperation with ,christians outside of his own sect in endeavors for the general advancement of religion--such were some of the principles and duties inculcated by this bishop of the new era as of binding force4#cjf3a ,the courage of this attitude was splendid and captivating4 ,it requires1 even at the present time1 not a little force of conviction to sustain one in publicly enunciating such views2 but at the time of the accession of ,hobart1 when the ,episcopal ,church was just beginning to lift up its head out of the dust of despair1 it needed the heroism of a martyr4 ,it was not only the vast multitude of ,american ,christians outside of the ,episcopal ,church1 comprising almost all the learning1 the evangelistic zeal1 and the charitable activity and self-denial of the ,american church of that time1 that heard these unwonted pretensions with indignation or with ridicule2 in the ,episcopal ,church itself they were disclaimed1 scouted1 and denounced with 7if possible7 greater indignation still4 ,but the new party had elements of growth for which its adversaries did not sufficiently reckon4 ,the experience of other orders in the church confirms this principle3 that steady persistence and iteration in assuring any body of believers that they are in some special sense the favorites of ,heaven1 and in assuring any body of clergy that they are endued from on high with some special and exceptional powers1 will by and by make an impression on the mind4 ,the flattering assurance may be coyly waived aside2 it may even be indignantly repelled2 but in the long run there will be a growing number of the brethren who become convinced that there is something in it4 ,it was in harmony with human nature that the party of high pretensions to distinguished privileges for the church and prerogatives for the priesthood should in a few years become a formidable contestant for the control of the denomination4 ,the controversy between the two parties rose to its height of exacerbation during the prevalence of that strange epidemic of controversy which ran simultaneously through so many of the great religious organizations of the country at once4 ,no denomination had it in a more malignant form than the ,episcopalians4 ,the war of pamphlets and newspapers was fiercely waged1 and the election of bishops sometimes became a bitter party contest1 with the unpleasant incidents of such competitions4 ,in the midst of the controversy at home the publication of the ,oxford ,tracts added new asperity to it4 ,a distressing episode of the controversy was the arraignment of no less than four of the twenty bishops on charges affecting their personal character4 ,in the morbid condition of the body ecclesiastic every such hurt festered4 ,the highest febrile temperature was reached when1 at an ordination in #ahdc1 two of the leading presbyters in the diocese of ,new ,york rose in their places1 and1 reading each one his solemn protest against the ordaining of one of the candidates on the ground of his ,romanizing opinions1 left the church4 ,the result of the long conflict was not immediately apparent4 ,it was not only that high opinions1 even the highest of the ,tractarian school1 were to be tolerated within the church1 but that the ,high-church party was to be the dominant party4 ,the ,episcopal ,church was to stand before the public as representing1 not that which it held in common with the other churches of the country1 but that which was most distinctive4 ,from this time forth the ,evangelical party continued relatively to decline1 down to the time1 thirty years later1 when it was represented in the inconsiderable secession of the ,reformed ,episcopal ,church4 ,the combination of circumstances and influences by which this party supremacy was brought about is an interesting study1 for which1 however1 there is no room in this brief compendium of history4 ,a more important fact is this3 that in spite of these agitating internal strifes1 and even by reason of them1 the growth of the denomination was wonderfully rapid and strong4 ,no fact in the external history of the ,american church at this period is more imposing than this growth of the ,episcopal ,church from nothing to a really commanding stature4 ,it is easy to enumerate minor influences tending to this result1 some of which are not of high spiritual dignity2 but these must not be overestimated4 ,the nature of this growth1 as well as the numerical amount of it1 requires to be considered4 ,this strongly distinguished order in the ,american church has been aggrandized1 not1 to any great degree1 by immigration1 nor by conquest from the ranks of the irreligious1 but by a continual stream of accessions both to its laity and to its clergy from other sects of the church4 ,these accessions have of course been variable in quality1 but they have included many such as no denomination could afford to lose1 and such as any would be proud to receive4 ,without judging of individual cases1 it is natural and reasonable to explain so considerable a current setting so steadily for two generations toward the ,episcopal ,church as being attracted by the distinctive characteristics of that church4 ,foremost among these we may reckon the study of the dignity and beauty of public worship1 and the tradition and use of forms of devotion of singular excellence and value4 ,a tendency to revert to the ancient ,calvinist doctrine of the sacraments has prepossessed some in favor of that sect in which the old ,calvinism is still cherished4 ,some have rejoiced to find a door of access to the communion of the church not beset with revivalist exactions of examination and scrutiny of the sacred interior experiences of the soul4 ,some have reacted from an excessive or inquisitive or arbitrary church discipline1 toward a default of discipline4 ,some1 worthily weary of sectarian division and of the evangelical doctrine that schism is the normal condition of the church of ,christ1 have found real comfort in taking refuge in a sect in which1 closing their eyes1 they can say1 ,there are no schisms in the church2 the church is one and undivided1 and we are it4 ,these and other like considerations1 mingled in varying proportions1 have been honorable motives impelling toward the ,episcopal denomination2 and few that have felt the force of them have felt constrained stubbornly to resist the gentle assurances offered by the apostolic succession theory of a superior authority and prerogative with which they had become invested4 ,the numerous accessions to the ,episcopal ,church from other communions have1 of course1 been in large part reinforcements to the already dominant party4 ,in the ,roman ,catholic ,church of the ,united ,states1 during this stormy period1 there was by no means a perfect calm4 ,the ineradicable feeling of the ,american citizen--however recent his naturalization--that he has a right to do what he will with his own1 had kept asserting itself in that plausible but untenable claim of the laity to manage the church property acquired by their own contributions1 which is known to ,catholic writers as trusteeism4 ,through the whole breadth of the country1 from ,buffalo to ,new ,orleans1 sharp conflicts over this question between clergy and laity had continued to vex the peace of the church1 and the victory of the clergy had not been unvarying and complete4 ,when1 in #ahcg1 ,bishop ,john ,hughes took the reins of spiritual power in ,new ,york1 he resolved to try conclusions with the trustees who attempted to overrule his authority in his own cathedral4 ,sharply threatening to put the church under interdict1 if necessary1 he brought the recalcitrants to terms at last by a less formidable process4 ,he appealed to the congregation to withhold all further contributions from the trustees4 ,the appeal1 for conscience' sake1 to refrain from giving has always a double hope of success4 ,and the bishop succeeded in ousting the trustees1 at the serious risk of teaching the people a trick which has since been found equally effective when applied on the opposite side of a dispute between clergyman and congregation4 ,in ,philadelphia the long struggle was not ended without the actual interdicting of the cathedral of ,st4 ,mary's1 ,april1 #ahca4 ,in ,buffalo1 so late as #ahdg1 even this extreme measure1 applied to the largest congregation in the newly erected diocese1 did not at once enforce submission4 ,the conflict with trusteeism was only one out of many conflicts which gave abundant exercise to the administrative abilities of the ,american bishops4 ,the mutual jealousies of the various nationalities and races among the laity1 and of the various sects of the regular clergy1 menaced1 and have not wholly ceased to menace1 the harmony of the church1 if not its unity4 ,one disturbing element by which the ,roman ,catholic ,church in some ,european countries has been sorely vexed makes no considerable figure in the corresponding history in ,america4 ,there has never been here any ,liberal ,catholic party4 ,the fact stands in analogy with many like facts4 ,visitors to ,america from the established churches of ,england or ,scotland or ,germany have often been surprised to find the temper of the old-country church so much broader and less rigid than that of the daughter church in the new and free republic4 ,the reason is less recondite than might be supposed4 ,in the old countries there are retained in connection with the state-church1 by constraint of law or of powerful social or family influences1 many whose adhesion to its distinctive tenets and rules is slight and superficial4 ,it is out of such material that the liberal church party grows4 ,in the migration it is not that the liberal churchman becomes more strict1 but that1 being released from outside pressure1 he becomes less of a churchman4 ,he easily draws off from his hereditary communion and joins himself to some other1 or to none at all4 ,this process of evaporation leaves behind it a strong residuum in which all characteristic elements are held as in a saturated solution4 ,a further security of the ,american ,catholic ,church against the growth of any ,liberal ,catholic party like those of continental ,europe is the absolutist organization of the hierarchy under the personal government of the pope4 ,in these last few centuries great progress has been made by the ,roman see in extinguishing the ancient traditions of local or national independence in the election of bishops4 ,nevertheless in ,catholic ,europe important relics of this independence give an effective check to the absolute power of ,rome4 ,in ,america no trace of this historic independence has ever existed4 ,the power of appointing and removing bishops is held absolutely and exclusively by the pope and exercised through the ,congregation of the ,propaganda4 ,the power of ordaining and assigning priests is held by the bishop1 who also holds or controls the title to the church property in his diocese4 ,the security against partisan division within the church is as complete as it can be made without gravely increasing the risks of alienating additional multitudes from the fellowship of the church4#cab3a 99 99 99 99 99 ,during the whole of this dreary decade there were fightings without as well as within for the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states4 ,its great and sudden growth solely by immigration had made it distinctively a church of foreigners1 and chiefly of ,irishmen4 ,the conditions were favorable for the development of a race prejudice aggravated by a religious antipathy4 ,it was a good time for the impostor1 the fanatic1 and the demagogue to get in their work4 ,in ,boston1 in #ahcd1 the report that a woman was detained against her will in the ,ursuline convent at ,charlestown1 near ,boston1 led to the burning of the building by a drunken mob4 ,the ,titus ,oates of the ,american no-popery panic1 in #ahcf1 was an infamous woman named ,maria ,monk1 whose monstrous stories of secret horrors perpetrated in a convent in ,montreal1 in which she claimed to have lived as a nun1 were published by a respectable house and had immense currency4 ,a ,new ,york pastor of good standing1 ,dr4 ,brownlee1 made himself sponsor for her character and her stories2 and when these had been thoroughly exposed1 by ,protestant ministers and laymen1 for the shameless frauds that they were1 there were plenty of zealots to sustain her still4 ,a ,protestant ,society was organized in ,new ,york1 and solicited the contributions of the benevolent and pious to promote the dissemination of raw-head-and-bloody-bones literature on the horrors of popery4 ,the enterprise met with reprobation from sober-minded ,protestants1 but it was not without its influence for mischief4 ,the presence of a great foreign vote1 easily manipulated and cast in block1 was proving a copious source of political corruption4 ,large concessions of privilege or of public property to ,catholic institutions were reasonably suspected to have been made in consideration of clerical services in partisan politics4#cac3a ,the conditions provoked1 we might say necessitated1 a political reform movement1 which took the name and character of ,native ,american4 ,in ,philadelphia1 a city notorious at that time for misgovernment and turbulence1 an orderly ,american meeting was attacked and broken up by an ,irish mob4 ,one act of violence led to another1 the excitement increasing from day to day2 deadly shots were exchanged in the streets1 houses from which balls had been fired into the crowd were set in flames1 which spread to other houses1 churches were burned1 and the whole city dominated by mobs that were finally suppressed by the ,state militia4 ,it was an appropriate climax to the ten years of ecclesiastical and social turmoil4#cad3a ,,footnotes3 #bif3a ,johnson1 ,the ,southern ,presbyterians1 p4 #cei4 #big3a ,for the close historical parallel to the exscinding acts of #ahcg see page #afg1 above4 ,a later parallel1 it is claimed1 is found in the virtually exscinding act of the ,general ,assembly of #ahfa1 which was the occasion of the secession of the ,southern ,presbyterians4 ,the historian of the ,southern ,presbyterians1 who remarks with entire complacency that the victory of #ahcg was won only by virtue of an almost solid ,south1 seems quite unconscious that this kind of victory could have any force as a precedent or as an estoppel 7,johnson1 ,the ,southern ,presbyterians1 pp4 #cce1 #cei74 ,but it is natural1 no doubt1 that exscinding acts should look different when examined from the muzzle instead of from the breech4 #cjd3a ,tiffany1 chap4 xv4 #cje3a ,the intense antagonism of the ,new ,england ,congregationalists to ,jefferson and his party as representing ,french infidelity and ,jacobinism admits of many striking illustrations4 ,the sermon of ,nathanael ,emmons on ,jeroboam the son of ,nebat1 who made ,israel to sin is characterized by ,professor ,park as a curiosity in politico-homiletical literature4 ,at this distance it is not difficult to see that the course of this clergy was far more honorable to its boldness and independence than to its discretion and sense of fitness4 ,both its virtues and its faults had a tendency to strengthen an opposing party4 #cjf3a ,hobart's sermon at the consecration of ,right ,rev4 ,h4 ,u4 ,onderdonk1 ,philadelphia1 #ahbg4 #cab3a ,for a fuller account of the dissensions in the ,catholic ,church1 consult1 by index1 ,bishop ,o',gorman's ,history4 ,on the modern organization of the episcopate in complete dependence on the ,holy ,see1 consult the learned article on ,episcopal ,elections1 by ,dr4 ,peries1 of the ,catholic ,university at ,washington1 in the ,american ,catholic ,quarterly ,review for ,january1 #ahif2 also the remarks of ,archbishop ,kenrick1 of ,st4 ,louis1 in his ,concio in ,concilio ,vaticano ,habenda at non ,habita1 in ,an ,inside ,view of the ,vatican ,council1 by ,l4 ,w4 ,bacon1 pp4 #fa1 #aba4 #cac3a ,a satirical view of these concessions1 in the vast dimensions which they had reached twenty-five years later in the city and county of ,new ,york1 was published in two articles1 ,our ,established ,church1 and ,the ,unestablished ,church1 in ,putnam's ,magazine for ,july and ,december1 #ahfi4 ,the articles were reissued in a pamphlet1 with an explanatory and exculpatory preface1 and sundry notices of the contemporary press4 #cad3a ,a studiously careful account of the ,philadelphia riots of #ahdd is given in the ,new ,englander1 vol4 ii4 7#ahdd71 pp4 #dgj1 #fbd4 ,this account of the schisms of the period is of course not complete4 ,the ,american ,missionary ,association1 since distinguished for successful labors chiefly among the freedmen1 grew out of dissatisfaction felt by men of advanced antislavery views with the position of the ,american ,board and the ,american ,home ,missionary ,society on the slavery question4 ,the organization of it was matured in #ahdf4 ,a very fruitful schism in its results was that which1 in #ahce1 planted a cutting from ,lane ,seminary at ,cincinnati1 in the virgin soil at ,oberlin1 ,ohio4 ,the beginning thus made with a class in theology has grown into a noble and widely beneficent institution1 the influence of which has extended to the ends of the land and of the world4 ,the division of the ,society of ,friends into the two societies known as ,hicksite and ,orthodox is of earlier date--#ahbg-bh4 ,no attempt is made in this volume to chronicle the interminable splittings and reunitings of the ,presbyterian sects of ,scottish extraction4 ,a curious diagram1 on page #adf of volume xi4 of the present series1 illustrates the sort of task which such a chronicle involves4 ,an illustration of the way in which the extreme defenders of slavery and the extreme abolitionists sustained each other in illogical statements 7see above1 pp4 #cja1 #cjb7 is found in ,dr4 ,thornwell's claim 7identical with ,mr4 ,garrison's7 that if slavery is wrong1 then all slave-holders ought to be excommunicated 7vol4 vi41 p4 #aeg1 note74 ,dr4 ,thornwell may not have been the mental and moral giant that he appears to his admirers 7see ,professor ,johnson in vol4 xi41 p4 #cee71 but he was an intelligent and able man1 quite too clear-headed to be imposed upon by a palpable ambiguous middle1 except for his excitement in the heat of a desperate controversy with the moral sense of all ,christendom4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,great ,,immigration4 ,at the taking of the first census of the ,united ,states1 in #agij1 the country contained a population of about four millions in its territory of less than one million of square miles4 ,sixty years later1 at the census of #ahej1 it contained a population of more than twenty-three millions in its territory of about three millions of square miles4 ,the vast expansion of territory to more than threefold the great original domain of the ,united ,states had been made by honorable purchase or less honorable conquest4 ,it had not added largely to the population of the nation2 the new acquisitions were mainly of unoccupied land4 ,the increase of the population1 down to about #ahde1 was chiefly the natural increase of a hardy and prolific stock under conditions in the highest degree favorable to such increase4 ,up to the year #ahbj the recent immigration had been inconsiderable4 ,in the ten years #ahbj-bi the annual arrival of immigrants was nine thousand4 ,in the next decade1 #ahcj-ci1 the annual arrival was nearly thirty-five thousand1 or a hundred a day4 ,for forty years the total immigration from all quarters was much less than a half-million4 ,in the course of the next three decades1 from #ahdj to #ahfi1 there arrived in the ,united ,states from the various countries of ,europe five and a half millions of people4 ,it was more than the entire population of the country at the time of the first census2-- ,a multitude like which the populous ,north ,poured never from her frozen loins to pass ,rhene or the ,danaw1 when her barbarous sons ,came like a deluge on the ,south and spread ,beneath ,gibraltar to the ,libyan sands4 ,under the pressure of a less copious flood of incursion the greatest empire in all history1 strongest in arts and polity as well as arms1 had perished utterly4 ,if ,rome1 with her population of one hundred and twenty millions1 her genius for war and government1 and her long-compacted civilization1 succumbed under a less sudden rush of invasion1 what hope was there for the young ,american ,republic1 with its scanty population and its new and untried institutions8#caf3a ,an impressive providential combination of causes determined this great historic movement of population at this time4 ,it was effected by attractions in front of the emigrant1 reinforced by impulses from behind4 ,the conclusion of the peace of #ahae was followed by the beginning of an era of great public works1 one of the first of which was the digging of the ,erie ,canal4 ,this sort of enterprise makes an immediate demand for large forces of unskilled laborers2 and in both hemispheres it has been observed to occasion movements of population out of ,catholic countries into ,protestant countries4 ,the westward current of the indigenous population created a vacuum in the seaboard ,states1 and a demand for labor that was soon felt in the labor-markets of the ,old ,world4 ,a liberal homestead policy on the part of the national government1 and naturalization laws that were more than liberal1 agencies for the encouragement of settlers organized by individual ,states and by railroad corporations and other great landed proprietors1 and the eager competition of steamship companies drumming for steerage passengers in all parts of ,europe--all these cooeperated with the growing facility and cheapness of steam transportation to swell the current of migration4 ,the discovery of gold in ,california quickened the flow of it4 ,as if it had been the divine purpose not only to draw forth1 but to drive forth1 the populations of the ,old ,world to make their homes in the ,new1 there was added to all these causes conducive to migration the ,irish famine of #ahdf-dg1 and the futile revolutions of #ahdh1 with the tyrannical reactions which followed them4 ,but the great stimulus to migration was the success and prosperity that attended it4 ,it was success that succeeded4 ,the great emigration agent was the letter written to his old home by the new settler1 in multitudes of cases inclosing funds to pay the passage of friends whom he had left behind him4 ,the great immigration that began about #ahde is distinguished from some of the early colonizations in that it was in no sense a religious movement4 ,very grave religious results were to issue from it2 but they were to be achieved through the unconscious cooeperation of a multitude of individuals each intent with singleness of vision on his own individual ends4 ,it is by such unconscious cooeperation that the directing mind and the overruling hand of ,god in history are most signally illustrated4 ,in the first rush of this increased immigration by far the greatest contributor of new population was ,ireland4 ,it not only surpassed any other country in the number of its immigrants1 but in the height of the ,irish exodus1 in the decade #ahdj-ej1 it nearly equaled all other countries of the world together4 ,the incoming ,irish millions were almost solidly ,roman ,catholic4 ,the measures taken by the ,british government for many generations to attach the ,irish people to the crown and convert them to the ,english standard of ,protestantism had had the result of discharging upon our shores a people distinguished above all ,christendom besides for its ardent and unreserved devotion to the ,roman ,church1 and hardly less distinguished for its hatred to ,england4 ,after the first flood-tide the relative number of the ,irish immigrants began to decrease1 and has kept on decreasing until now4 ,since the ,civil ,war the chief source of immigration has been ,germany2 and its contributions to our population have greatly aggrandized the ,lutheran denomination1 once so inconsiderable in numbers1 until in many western cities it is the foremost of the ,protestant communions1 and in ,chicago outnumbers the communicants of the ,episcopalian1 the ,presbyterian1 and the ,methodist churches combined4#cah3a ,the ,german immigration has contributed its share1 and probably more than its share1 to our non-religious and churchless population4 ,withal1 in a proportion which it is not easy to ascertain with precision1 it added multitudinous thousands to the sudden and enormous growth of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,but there is an instructive contrast between the ,german immigrations1 whether ,catholic or ,protestant1 and the ,irish immigration4 ,the ,catholicism of the ,irish1 held from generation to generation in the face of partisan and sometimes cruelly persecuting laws1 was held with the ardor1 if not of personal conviction1 at least of strong hereditary animosity4 ,to the ,germans1 their religious sect1 whether ,catholic1 ,lutheran1 or ,reformed1 is determined for them by political arrangement1 under the principle cujus regio1 ejus religio4 ,it is matter of course that tenets thus acquired should be held by a tenure so far removed from fanaticism as to seem to more zealous souls much like lukewarmness4 ,accustomed to have the cost of religious institutions provided for in the budget of public expenses1 the wards of the ,old ,world state-churches find themselves here in strange surroundings1 untrained in habits of self-denial for religious objects4 ,the danger is a grave and real one that before they become acclimated to the new conditions a large percentage will be lost1 not only from their hereditary communion1 but from all ,christian fellowship1 and lapse into simple indifferentism and godlessness4 ,they have much to learn and something to teach4 ,the indigenous ,american churches are not likely to be docile learners at the feet of alien teachers2 but it would seem like the slighting of a providential opportunity if the older sects should fail to recognize that one of the greatest and by far the most rapidly growing of the ,protestant churches of ,america1 the ,lutheran1 growing now with new increments not only from the ,german1 but also from the ,scandinavian nations1 is among us in such force to teach us somewhat by its example of the equable1 systematic1 and methodical ways of a state-church1 as well as to learn something from the irregular fervor of that revivalism which its neighbors on every hand have inherited from the ,great ,awakening4 ,it would be the very extravagance of national self-conceit if the older ,american churches should become possessed of the idea that four millions of ,german ,christians and one million of ,scandinavians1 arriving here from #ahfj to #ahij1 with their characteristic methods in theology and usages of worship and habits of church organization and administration1 were here1 in the providence of ,god1 only to be assimilated and not at all to assimilate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the vast growth of the ,roman ,catholic ,church in ,america could not but fill its clergy and adherents with wonder and honest pride4 ,but it was an occasion of immense labors and not a little anxiety4 ,one effect of the enormous immigration was inevitably to impose upon this church1 according to the popular apprehension1 the character of a foreign association1 and1 in the earlier periods of the influx1 of an ,irish association4 ,it was in like manner inevitable1 from the fact that the immigrant class are preponderantly poor and of low social rank1 that it should for two or three generations be looked upon as a church for the illiterate and unskilled laboring class4 ,an incident of the excessive torrent rush of the immigration was that the ,catholic ,church became to a disproportionate extent an urban institution1 making no adequate provision for the dispersed in agricultural regions4 ,against these and other like disadvantages the hierarchy of the ,catholic ,church have struggled heroically1 with some measure of success4 ,the steadily rising character of the imported population in its successive generations has aided them4 ,if in the first generations the churches were congregations of immigrants served by an imported clergy1 the most strenuous exertions were made for the founding of institutions that should secure to future congregations born upon the soil the services of an ,american-trained priesthood4 ,one serious hindrance to the noble advances that have nevertheless been made in this direction has been the fanatical opposition levied against even the most beneficent enterprises of the church by a bigoted ,native-,americanism4 ,it is not a hopeful method of conciliating and naturalizing a foreign element in the community to treat them with suspicion and hostility as alien enemies4 ,the shameful persecution which the mob was for a brief time permitted to inflict on ,catholic churches and schools and convents had for its chief effect to confirm the foreigner in his adherence to his church and his antipathy to ,protestantism1 and to provoke a twofold ferocity in return4 ,at a time when there was reason to apprehend a ,know-nothing riot in ,new ,york1 in #ahdd1 a plan was concerted and organized by a large ,irish society with divisions throughout the city1 by which1 in case a single church was attacked1 buildings should be fired in all quarters and the great city should be involved in a general conflagration4#cba3a ,the utmost that could have been hoped for by the devoted but inadequate body of the ,roman ,catholic clergy in ,america1 overwhelmed by an influx of their people coming in upon them in increasing volume1 numbering millions per annum1 was that they might be able to hold their own4 ,but this hope was very far from being attained4 ,how great have been the losses to the ,roman communion through the transplantation of its members across the sea is a question to which the most widely varying answers have been given1 and on which statistical exactness seems unattainable4 ,the various estimates1 agreeing in nothing else1 agree in representing them as enormously great4#cba3b ,all good men will also agree that in so far as these losses represent mere lapses into unbelief and irreligion they are to be deplored4 ,happily there is good evidence of a large salvage1 gathered into other churches1 from what so easily becomes a shipwreck of faith with total loss4 ,it might seem surprising1 in view of the many and diverse resources of attractive influence which the ,roman ,church has at its command1 that its losses have not been to some larger extent compensated by conversions from other sects4 ,instances of such conversion are by no means wanting2 but so far as a popular current toward ,catholicism is concerned1 the attractions in that direction are outweighed by the disadvantages already referred to4 ,it has not been altogether a detriment to the ,catholic ,church in ,america that the social status and personal composition of its congregations1 in its earlier years1 have been such that the transition into it from any of the ,protestant churches could be made only at the cost of a painful self-denial4 ,the number of accessions to it has been thereby lessened1 but 7leaving out the case of the transition of politicians from considerations of expediency7 the quality of them has been severely sifted4 ,incomparably the most valuable acquisition which the ,american ,catholic ,church has received has been the company of devoted and gifted young men1 deeply imbued with the principles and sentiments of the ,high-church party in the ,episcopal ,church1 who have felt constrained in conscience and in logic to take the step1 which seems so short1 from the highest level in the ,anglican ,church into the ,roman1 and who1 organized into the ,order of the ,paulist ,fathers1 have exemplified in the ,roman ,church so many of the highest qualities of ,protestant preaching4 ,he is a bold man who will undertake to predict in detail the future of the ,roman ,church in ,america4 ,to say that it will be modified by its surroundings is only to say what is true of it in all countries4 ,to say that it will be modified for the better is to say what is true of it in all ,protestant countries4 ,nowhere is the ,roman ,church so pure from scandal and so effective for good as where it is closely surrounded and jealously scrutinized by bodies of its fellow-,christians whom it is permitted to recognize only as heretics4 ,but when the influence of surrounding heresy is seen to be an indispensable blessing to the church1 the heretic himself comes to be looked upon with a mitigated horror4 ,not with the sacrifice of any principle1 but through the application of some of those provisions by which the ,latin theology is able to meet exigencies like this1--the allowance in favor of invincible ignorance and prejudice1 the distinction between the body and the soul of the church1--the ,roman ,catholic1 recognizing the spirit of ,christ in his ,protestant fellow-,christian1 is able to hold him in spiritual if not formal communion1 so that the ,catholic ,church may prove itself not dissevered from the ,church ,catholic4 ,in the common duties of citizenship and of humanity1 in the promotion of the interests of morality1 even in those religious matters that are of common concern to all honest disciples of ,jesus ,christ1 he is at one with his heretic brethren4 ,without the change of a single item either of doctrine or of discipline1 the attitude and temper of the church1 as compared with the church of ,spain or ,italy or ,mexico1 is revolutionized4 ,the change must needs draw with it other changes1 which may not come without some jar and conflict between progressive and conservative1 but which nevertheless needs must come4 ,out of many indications of the spirit of fellowship with all ,christians now exemplified among ,american ,catholics1 ,i quote one of the most recent and authoritative from an address of ,archbishop ,ryan at the ,catholic ,congress in ,chicago in #ahic4 ,speaking on ,christian union1 he said3 ,if there is any one thing more than another upon which people agree1 it is respect and reverence for the person and the character of the ,founder of ,christianity4 ,how the ,protestant loves his ,saviour6 ,how the ,protestant eye will sometimes grow dim when speaking of our ,lord6 ,in this great center of union is found the hope of human society1 the only means of preserving ,christian civilization1 the only point upon which ,catholic and ,protestant may meet4 ,as if foreseeing that this should be1 ,christ himself gave his example of fraternal charity1 not to the orthodox ,jew1 but to the heretical ,samaritan1 showing that charity and love1 while faith remains intact1 can never be true unless no distinction is made between ,god's creatures4#cbe3a ,herein is fellowship higher than that of symbols and sacraments4 ,by so far as it receives this spirit of love the ,american ,catholic ,church enters into its place in that greater ,catholic ,church of which we all make mention in the ,apostles' ,creed--the ,holy ,universal ,church1 which is the fellowship of holy souls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the effect of the ,great ,immigration on the body of the immigrant population is not more interesting or more important than the effect of it on the religious bodies already in occupation of the soil4 ,the impression made on them by what seemed an irruption of barbarians of strange language or dialect1 for the most part rude1 unskilled1 and illiterate1 shunning as profane the ,christian churches of the land1 and bowing in unknown rites as devotees of a system known1 and by no means favorably known1 only through polemic literature and history1 and through the gruesome traditions of ,puritan and ,presbyterian and ,huguenot1 was an impression not far removed from horror2 and this impression was deepened as the enormous proportions of this invasion disclosed themselves from year to year4 ,the serious and not unreasonable fear that these armies of aliens1 handled as they manifestly were by a generalship that was quick to seize and fortify in a conspicuous way the strategic points of influence1 especially in the new ,states1 might imperil or ruin the institutions and liberties of the young ,republic1 was stimulated and exploited in the interest of enterprises of evangelization that might counter-work the operations of the invading church4 ,the appeals of the ,bible and tract societies1 and of the various home mission agencies of the different denominations1 as well as of the distinctively antipopery societies1 were pointed with the alarm lest the great ,west should fall under the domination of the papal hierarchy4 ,naturally the delineations of the ,roman system and of its public and social results that were presented to the public for these purposes were of no flattering character4 ,not history only1 but contemporary geography gave warnings of peril4 ,canada on one hand1 and ,mexico and the rest of ,spanish ,america on the other1 were cited as living examples of the fate which might befall the free ,united ,states4 ,the apocalyptic prophecies were copiously drawn upon for material of war4 ,by processes of exegesis which critical scholarship regards with a smile or a shudder1 the helpless pope was made to figure as the ,antichrist1 the ,man of ,sin and ,son of ,perdition1 the ,scarlet ,woman on the ,seven ,hills1 the ,little ,horn ,speaking ,blasphemies1 the ,beast1 and the ,great ,red ,dragon4 ,that moiety of ,christendom which1 sorely as its history has been deformed by corruption and persecution1 violently as it seems to be contrasted with the simplicity of the primeval church1 is nevertheless the spiritual home of multitudes of ,christ's well-approved servants and disciples1 was held up to gaze as being nothing but the enemy of ,christ and his cause4 ,the appetite of the ,protestant public for scandals at the expense of their fellow-,christians was stimulated to a morbid greediness and then overfed with willful and wicked fabrications4 ,the effect of this fanaticism on some honest but illogical minds was what might have been looked for4 ,brought by and by into personal acquaintance with ,catholic ministers and institutions1 and discovering the fraud and injustice that had been perpetrated1 they sprang by a generous reaction into an attitude of sympathy for the ,roman ,catholic system4 ,a more favorable preparation of the way of conversion to ,rome could not be desired by the skillful propagandist4 ,one recognizes a retributive justice in the fact1 when notable gains to the ,catholic ,church are distinctly traced to the reaction of honest men from these fraudulent polemics4#cbg3a ,the danger to the ,republic1 which was thus malignantly or ignorantly exaggerated and distorted1 was nevertheless real and grave4 ,no sincerely earnest and religious ,protestant1 nor even any well-informed patriotic citizen1 with the example of ,french and ,spanish ,america before his eyes1 could look with tolerance upon the prospect of a possible ,catholicizing of the new ,states at the ,west2 and the sight of the incessant tide of immigration setting westward1 the reports of large funds sent hither from abroad to aid the propagation of the ,roman ,church1 and the accounts of costly and imposing ecclesiastical buildings rising at the most important centers of population1 roused the ,christian patriotism of the older ,states to the noblest enterprises of evangelization4 ,there was no wasting of energy in futile disputation4 ,in all the ,protestant communions it was felt that the work called for was a simple1 peaceful1 and positive one--to plant the soil of the ,west1 at the first occupation of it by settlers1 with ,christian institutions and influences4 ,the immensity of the task stimulated rather than dismayed the zeal of the various churches4 ,the work undertaken and accomplished in the twenty years from #ahdj to #ahfj in providing the newly settled regions with churches1 pastors1 colleges1 and theological seminaries1 with ,sunday-schools1 and with ,bibles and other religious books1 was of a magnitude which will never be defined by statistical figures4 ,how great it was1 and at what cost it was effected in gifts of treasure and of heroic lives of toil and self-denial1 can only be a matter of vague wonder and thanksgiving4 ,the work of planting the church in the ,west exhibits the voluntary system at its best--and at its worst4 ,a task so vast and so momentous has never been imposed on the resources of any state establishment4 ,it is safe to say that no established church has ever existed1 however imperially endowed1 that would have been equal to the undertaking of it4 ,with no imposing combination of forces1 and no strategic concert of action1 the work was begun spontaneously and simultaneously1 like some of the operations of nature1 by a multitude of different agencies1 and went forward uninterrupted to something as nearly like completeness as could be in a work the exigencies of which continually widened beyond all achievements4 ,the planting of the church in the ,west is one of the wonders of church history4 ,but this noble act of religious devotion was by no means a sacrifice without blemish4 ,the sacred zeal for advancing ,god's reign and righteousness was mingled with many very human motives in the progress of it4 ,conspicuous among these was the spirit of sectarian competition4 ,the worthy and apostolic love for kindred according to the flesh separated from home and exposed to the privations and temptations of the frontier1 the honest anxiety to forestall the domination of a dangerously powerful religious corporation propagating perverted views of truth1 even the desire to advance principles and forms of belief deemed to be important1 were infused with a spirit of partisanship as little spiritual as the enthusiasm which animates the struggles and the shouters at a foot-ball game4 ,the devoted pioneer of the gospel on the frontier1 seeing his work endangered by that of a rival denomination1 writes to the central office of his sect2 the board of missions makes its appeal to the contributing churches2 the churches respond with subsidies2 and the local rivalry in the mission field is pressed1 sometimes to a good result1 on the principle that competition is the life of business4 ,thus the fragrance of the precious ointment of loving sacrifice is perceptibly tainted1 according to the warning of ,ecclesiastes or the ,preacher4 ,and yet it is not easy for good men1 being men1 sternly to rebuke the spirit that seems to be effective in promoting the good cause that they have at heart4 ,if the effect of these emulations on the contributing churches was rather carnal than spiritual1 the effect in the mission field was worse4 ,the effect was seen in the squandering of money and of priceless service of good men and women1 in the debilitating and demoralizing division and subdivision of the ,christian people1 not of cities and large towns1 but of villages and hamlets and of thinly settled farming districts4 ,by the building of churches and other edifices for sectarian uses1 schism was established for coming time as a vested interest4 ,the gifts and service bestowed in this cause with a truly magnificent liberality would have sufficed to establish the ,christian faith and fellowship throughout the new settlements in strength and dignity1 in churches which1 instead of lingering as puny and dependent nurslings1 would have grown apace to be strong and healthy nursing mothers to newer churches yet4 ,there is an instructive contrast1 not only between the working of the voluntary system and that of the ,old ,world establishments1 but between the methods of the ,catholic ,church and the ,protestant no-method4 ,under the control of a strong cooerdinating authority the competitions of the various ,catholic orders1 however sharp1 could never be allowed to run into wasteful extravagance through cross-purposes4 ,it is believed that the ,catholics have not erected many monuments of their own unthrift in the shape of costly buildings begun1 but left unfinished and abandoned4 ,a more common incident of their work has been the buying up of these expensive failures1 at a large reduction from their cost1 and turning them to useful service4 ,and yet the principle of sectarian competition is both recognized and utilized in the ,roman system4 ,the various clerical sects1 with their characteristic names1 costumes1 methods1 and doctrinal differences1 have their recognized aptitudes for various sorts of work1 with which their names are strongly associated3 the ,dominican for pulpit eloquence1 the ,capuchin for rough-and-ready street-preaching1 the ,benedictine for literary work1 the ,sulpitian for the training of priests1 and the ubiquitous ,jesuit for shifty general utility with a specialty of school-keeping4 ,these and a multitude of other orders1 male and female1 have been effectively and usefully employed in the arduous labor ,romanam condere gentem4 ,but it would seem that the superior stability of the present enterprise of planting ,catholicism in the domain of the ,united ,states1 as compared with former expensive failures1 was due in some part to the larger employment of a diocesan parish clergy instead of a disproportionate reliance on the regulars4 ,on the whole1 notwithstanding its immense armies of immigrants and the devoted labors of its priests1 and notwithstanding its great expansion1 visible everywhere in conspicuous monuments of architecture1 the ,catholic advance in ,america has not been1 comparatively speaking1 successful4 ,for one thing1 the campaign was carried on too far from its base of supplies4 ,the subsidies from ,lyons and ,vienna1 liberal as they were1 were no match for the home missionary zeal of the seaboard ,states in following their own sons westward with church and gospel and pastor4 ,even the conditions which made possible the superior management and economy of resources1 both material and personal1 among the ,catholics1 were attended with compensating drawbacks4 ,with these advantages they could not have the immense advantage of the popular initiative4 ,in ,protestantism the people were the church1 and the minister was chief among the people only by virtue of being servant of all2 the people were incited to take up the work for their own and carry it on at their best discretion2 and they were free to make wasteful and disastrous blunders and learn therefrom by experience4 ,with far greater expenditure of funds1 they make no comparison with their brethren of the ,roman obedience in stately and sumptuous buildings at great centers of commerce and travel4 ,but they have covered the face of the land with country meeting-houses1 twice as many as there was any worthy use for1 in which faithful service is rendered to subdivided congregations by underpaid ministers1 enough in number1 if they were wisely distributed1 for the evangelization of the whole continent2 and each country meeting-house is a mission station1 and its congregation1 men1 women1 and children1 are missionaries4 ,thus it has come about1 in the language of the earnest ,catholic from the once ,catholic city of ,new ,orleans1 that the nation1 the government1 the whole people1 remain solidly ,protestant4#cca3a ,great territories originally discovered by ,catholic explorers and planted in the name of the church by ,catholic missionaries and colonists1 and more lately occupied by ,catholic immigrants in what seemed overwhelming numbers1 are now the seat of free and powerful commonwealths in which the ,catholic ,church is only one of the most powerful and beneficent of the ,christian sects1 while the institutions and influences which characterize their society are predominantly ,protestant4 ,in the westward propagation of ,protestantism1 as well as of ,catholicism1 the distinctive attributes of the several sects or orders is strikingly illustrated4 ,foremost in the pioneer work of the church are easily to be recognized the ,methodists and the ,baptists1 one the most solidly organized of the ,protestant sects1 the other the most uncompact and individualist2 the first by virtue of the supple military organization of its great corps of itinerants1 the other by the simplicity and popular apprehensibleness of its distinctive tenets and arguments and the aggressive ardor with which it inspires all its converts1 and both by their facility in recruiting their ministry from the rank and file of the church1 without excluding any by arbitrarily imposed conditions4 ,the ,presbyterians were heavily cumbered for advance work by traditions and rules which they were rigidly reluctant to yield or bend1 even when the reason for the rule was superseded by higher reasons4 ,the argument for a learned ministry is doubtless a weighty one2 but it does not suffice to prove that when college-bred men are not to be had it is better that the people have no minister at all4 ,there is virtue in the rule of ministerial parity2 but it should not be allowed to hinder the church from employing in humbler spiritual functions men who fall below the prescribed standard4 ,this the church1 in course of time1 discovered1 and instituted a minor order of ministers1 under the title of colporteurs4 ,but it was timidly and tardily done1 and therefore ineffectively4 ,the ,presbyterians lost their place in the skirmish-line2 but that which had been their hindrance in the advance work gave them great advantage in settled communities1 in which for many years they took precedence in the building up of strong and intelligent congregations4 ,to the ,congregationalists belongs an honor in the past which1 in recent generations1 they have not been jealous to retain4 ,beyond any sect1 except the ,moravians1 they have cherished that charity which seeketh not her own4 ,the earliest leaders in the organization of schemes of national beneficence in cooeperation with others1 they have sustained them with unselfish liberality1 without regard to returns of sectarian advantage4 ,the results of their labor are largely to be traced in the upbuilding of other sects4 ,their specialty in evangelization has been that of the religious educators of the nation4 ,they have been preeminently the builders of colleges and theological seminaries4 ,to them1 also1 belongs the leadership in religious journalism4 ,not only the journals of their own sect and the undenominational journals1 but also to a notable extent the religious journals of other denominations1 have depended for their efficiency on men bred in the discipline of ,congregationalism4 ,it is no just reproach to the ,episcopalians that they were tardy in entering the field of home missions4 ,when we remember that it is only since #ahaa that they have emerged from numerical insignificance1 we find their contribution to the planting of the church in the new settlements to be a highly honorable one4 ,by a suicidal compact the guileless ,evangelical party agreed1 in #ahce1 to take direction of the foreign missions of the church1 and leave the home field under the direction of the aggressive ,high-church party4 ,it surrendered its part in the future of the church1 and determined the type of ,episcopalianism that was to be planted in the ,west4#ccc3a ,entering thus late into the work1 and that with stinted resources1 the ,episcopal ,church wholly missed the apostolic glory of not building on other men's foundations4 ,coming with the highest pretensions to exclusive authority1 its work was very largely a work of proselyting from other ,christian sects4 ,but this work was prosperously carried on2 and although not in itself a work of the highest dignity1 and although the methods of it often bore a painfully schismatic character1 there is little room for doubt that the results of it have enriched and strengthened the common ,christianity of ,america4 ,its specialties in the planting work have been the setting of a worthy example of dignity and simplicity in the conduct of divine worship1 and in general of efficiency in the administration of a parish1 and1 above all1 the successful handling of the immensely difficult duties imposed upon ,christian congregations in great cities1 where the ,episcopal ,church has its chief strength and its most effective work4 ,one must needs ascend to a certain altitude above the common level in order to discern a substantial resultant unity of movement in the strenuous rivalries and even antagonisms of the many sects of the one church of ,christ in ,america in that critical quarter-century from the year #ahce to the outbreak of the ,civil ,war1 in which the work of the church was suddenly expanded by the addition of a whole empire of territory on the west1 and the bringing in of a whole empire of alien population from the east1 and when no one of the ,christian forces of the nation could be spared from the field4 ,the unity is very real1 and is visible enough1 doubtless1 from the circle of the heavens4 ,the sharers in the toil and conflict and the near spectators are not well placed to observe it4 ,it will be for historians in some later century to study it in a truer perspective4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is not only as falling within this period of immigration1 but as being largely dependent on its accessions from foreign lands1 that the growth of ,mormonism is entitled to mention in this chapter4 ,in its origin ,mormonism is distinctly ,american--a system of gross1 palpable imposture contrived by a disreputable adventurer1 ,joe ,smith1 with the aid of three confederates1 who afterward confessed the fraud and perjury of which they had been guilty4 ,it is a shame to human nature that the silly lies put forth by this precious gang should have found believers4 ,but the solemn pretensions to divine revelation1 mixed with elements borrowed from the prevalent revivalism1 and from the immediate adventism which so easily captivates excitable imaginations1 drew a number of honest dupes into the train of the knavish leaders1 and made possible the pitiable history which followed4 ,the chief recruiting-grounds for the new religion were not in ,america1 but in the manufacturing and mining regions of ,great ,britain1 and in some of the countries1 especially the ,scandinavian countries1 of continental ,europe4 ,the able handling of an emigration fund1 and the dexterous combination of appeals to many passions and interests at once1 have availed to draw together in the ,state of ,utah and neighboring regions a body of fanatics formidable to the ,republic1 not by their number1 for they count only about one hundred and fifty thousand1 but by the solidity with which they are compacted into a political1 economical1 religious1 and1 at need1 military community1 handled at will by unscrupulous chiefs4 ,it is only incidentally that the strange story of the ,mormons1 a story singularly dramatic and sometimes tragic1 is connected with the history of ,american ,christianity4#cce3a ,to this same period belongs the beginning of the immigration of the ,chinese1 which1 like that of the ,mormons1 becomes by and by important to our subject as furnishing occasion for active and fruitful missionary labors4 ,in the year #ahdc culminated the panic agitation of ,millerism4 ,from the year #ahca an honest ,vermont farmer named ,william ,miller had been urging upon the public1 in pamphlets and lectures1 his views of the approaching advent of ,christ to judgment and the destruction of the world4 ,he had figured it out on the basis of prophecies in ,daniel and the ,revelation1 and the great event was set down for ,april #bc1 #ahdc4 ,as the date drew near the excitement of many became intense4 ,great meetings were held1 in the open air or in tents1 of those who wished to be found waiting for the ,lord4 ,some nobly proved their sincerity by the surrender of their property for the support of their poorer brethren until the end should come4 ,the awful day was awaited with glowing rapture of hope1 or by some with terror4 ,when it dawned there was eager gazing upon the clouds of heaven to descry the sign of the ,son of man4 ,and when the day had passed without event there were various revulsions of feeling4 ,the prophets set themselves to going over their figures and fixing new dates2 earnest believers1 sobered by the failure of their pious expectations1 held firmly to the substance of their faith and hope1 while no longer attempting to know times and seasons1 which the ,father hath put within his own power2 weak minds made shipwreck of faith2 and scoffers cried in derision1 ,where is the promise of his coming8 ,a monument of this honest delusion still exists in the not very considerable sect of ,adventists1 with its subdivisions2 but sympathizers with their general scheme of prophetical interpretation are to be found among the most earnest and faithful members of other churches4 ,such has been the progress of ,scriptural knowledge since the days when ,farmer ,miller went to work with his arithmetic and slate upon the strange symbols and enigmatic figures of the ,old and ,new ,testament ,apocalypses1 that plain ,christians everywhere have now the means of knowing that the lines of calculation along which good people were led into delusion a half-century ago started from utterly fallacious premises4 ,it is to the fidelity of critical scholars that we owe it that hereafter1 except among the ignorant and unintelligent1 these two books1 now clearly understood1 will not again be used to minister to the panic of a ,millerite craze1 nor to furnish vituperative epithets for antipopery agitators4 ,to this period also must be referred the rise of that system of necromancy which1 originating in ,america1 has had great vogue in other countries1 and here in its native land has taken such form as really to constitute a new cult4 ,making no mention of sporadic instances of what in earlier generations would have been called 7and properly enough7 by the name of witchcraft1 we find the beginning of so-called spiritualism in the ,rochester rappings1 produced1 to the wonder of many witnesses1 by the ,fox girls in #ahdi4 ,how the rappings and other sensible phenomena were produced was a curious question1 but not important2 the main question was1 ,did they convey communications from the spirits of the dead1 as the young women alleged1 and as many persons believed 7so they thought7 from demonstrative evidence8 ,the mere suggestion of the possibility of this of course awakened an inquisitive and eager interest everywhere4 ,it became the subject of universal discussion and experiment in society4 ,there was demand for other mediums to satisfy curiosity or aid investigation2 and the demand at once produced a copious supply4 ,the business of medium became a regular profession1 opening a career especially to enterprising women4 ,they began to draw together believers and doubters into circles and seances1 and to organize permanent associations4 ,at the end of ten years the ,spiritual ,register for #ahei1 boasting great things1 estimated the actual spiritualists in ,america at #a1ejj1jjj1 besides #d1jjj1jjj more partly converted4 ,the latest census gives the total membership of their associations as #de1jcj4 ,but this moderate figure should not be taken as the measure of the influence of their leading tenet4 ,there are not a few honest ,christians who are convinced that communications do sometimes take place between the dead and the living2 there are a great multitude who are disposed1 in a vague way1 to think there must be something in it4 ,but there are few even of the earnest devotees of the spiritualist cult who will deny that the whole business is infested with fraud1 whether of dishonest mediums or of lying spirits4 ,of late years the general public has come into possession of material for independent judgment on this point4 ,an earnest spiritualist1 a man of wealth1 named ,seybert1 dying1 left to the ,university of ,pennsylvania a legacy of sixty thousand dollars1 on condition that the university should appoint a commission to investigate the claims of spiritualism4 ,a commission was appointed which left nothing to be desired in point of ability1 integrity1 and impartiality4 ,under the presidency of the renowned ,professor ,joseph ,leidy1 and with the aid and advice of leading believers in spiritualism1 they made a long1 patient1 faithful investigation1 the processes and results of which are published in a most amusing little volume4#cch3a ,the gist of their report may be briefly summed up4 ,every case of alleged communication from the world of departed spirits that was investigated by the commission 7and they were guided in their selection of cases by the advice of eminent and respectable believers in spiritualism7 was discovered and demonstrated to be a case of gross1 willful attempted fraud4 ,the evidence is strong that the organized system of spiritualism in ,america1 with its associations and lyceums and annual camp-meetings1 and its itinerancy of mediums and trance speakers1 is a system of mere imposture4 ,in the honest simplicity of many of its followers1 and in the wicked mendacity of its leaders1 it seems to be on a par with the other ,american contribution to the religions of the world1 ,mormonism4 ,,footnotes3 #caf3a ,for condensed statistics of ,american immigration1 see ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 #ith ed41 s4 vv4 ,emigration and ,united ,states4 ,for the facts concerning the ,roman ,empire one naturally has recourse to ,gibbon4 ,from the indications there given we do not get the impression that in the three centuries of the struggle of the empire against the barbarians there was ever such a thirty years' flood of invasion as the immigration into the ,united ,states from #ahdj to #ahfi4 ,the entrance into the ,roman ,empire was indeed largely in the form of armed invasion2 but the most destructive influence of the barbarians was when they were admitted as friends and naturalized as citizens4 ,see ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 vol4 xx41 pp4 #ggi1 #ghj4 #cah3a ,jacobs1 ,the ,lutherans1 p4 #ddf4 #cba3a ,bishop ,o',gorman1 ,the ,roman ,catholics1 p4 #cge4 ,the atrocity of such a plot seems incredible4 ,we should have classed it at once with the ,maria ,monk story1 and other fabulous horrors of ,dr4 ,brownlee's ,protestant ,society1 but that we find it in the sober and dispassionate pages of ,bishop ,o',gorman's ,history1 which is derived from original sources of information4 ,if anything could have justified the animosity of the native ,americans 7who1 by the way1 were widely suspected to be1 in large proportion1 native ,ulstermen7 it would have been the finding of evidence of such facts as this which ,bishop ,o',gorman has disclosed4 #cba3b ,the subject is reviewed in detail1 from opposite points of view1 by ,bishop ,o',gorman1 pp4 #dhi-ejj1 and by ,dr4 ,daniel ,dorchester1 ,christianity in the ,united ,states1 pp4 #fah-fba4 ,one of the most recent estimates is that presented to the ,catholic ,congress at ,chicago1 in #ahic1 in a remarkable speech by ,mr4 ,m4 ,t4 ,elder1 of ,new ,orleans4 ,speaking of the losses sustained by the church in this country1 placed by a conservative estimate at twenty millions of people1 he laid the responsibility for this upon neglect of immigration and colonization1 i4e41 neglect of the rural population4 ,from this results a long train of losses4 ,he added3 ,when ,i see how largely ,catholicity is represented among our hoodlum element1 ,i feel in no spread-eagle mood4 ,when ,i note how few ,catholics are engaged in honestly tilling the honest soil1 and how many ,catholics are engaged in the liquor traffic1 ,i cannot talk buncombe to anybody4 ,when ,i reflect that out of the #gj1jjj1jjj of this nation we number only #i1jjj1jjj1 and that out of that #i1jjj1jjj so large a proportion is made up of poor factory hands1 poor mill and shop and mine and railroad employees1 poor government clerks1 ,i still fail to find material for buncombe or spread-eagle or taffy-giving4 ,and who can look at our past history and feel proud of our present status8 ,he advocated as a remedy for this present state of things a movement toward colonization1 with especial attention to extension of educational advantages for rural ,catholics1 and instruction of urban ,catholics in the advantages of rural life4 ,for so long as the rural ,south1 the pastoral ,west1 the agricultural ,east1 the farming ,middle ,states1 remain solidly ,protestant1 as they now are1 so long will this nation1 this government1 this whole people1 remain solidly ,protestant 7,the ,world's ,parliament of ,religions1 pp4 #adad1 #adae74 ,it is a fact not easy to be accounted for that the statistics of no ,christian communion in ,america are so defective1 uncertain1 and generally unsatisfactory as those of the most solidly organized and completely systematized of them all1 the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 #cbe3a ,parliament of ,religions1 p4 #adag4 ,an obvious verbal misprint is corrected in the quotation4 #cbg3a ,bishop ,o',gorman1 pp4 #dci1 #ddj4 ,james ,parton1 in the ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,april and ,may1 #ahfh4 ,so lately as the year #ahfi a long list of volumes of this scandalous rubbish continued to be offered to the public1 under the indorsement of eminent names1 by the ,american and ,foreign ,christian ,union1 until the society was driven by public exposure into withdrawing them from sale4 ,see ,the ,literature of the ,coming ,controversy1 in ,putnam's ,magazine for ,january1 #ahfi4 #cca3a ,speech of ,mr4 ,m4 ,t4 ,elder1 of ,new ,orleans1 in the ,catholic ,congress at ,chicago1 #ahic1 quoted above1 p4 #cbb1 note4 #ccc3a ,tiffany1 ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 p4 #dei4 #cce3a ,carroll1 ,religious ,forces of the ,united ,states1 pp4 #afe-agd2 ,bishop ,tuttle1 in ,schaff-,herzog ,encyclopedia1 pp4 #aege-aeha2 ,professor ,john ,fraser1 in ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 vol4 xvi41 pp4 #hbe-hbh2 ,dorchester1 ,christianity in the ,united ,states1 pp4 #ech-fdf4 #cch3a ,report of the ,seybert ,commission1 ,philadelphia1 ,lippincott4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,civil ,,war--,,antecedents ,,and ,,consequences4 ,it has been observed that for nearly half a generation after the reaction began from the fervid excitement of the ,millerite agitation no season of general revival was known in the ,american church4 ,these were years of immense material prosperity1 the golden age of our history4#cdj3a ,the wealth of the nation in that time far more than doubled2 its railroad mileage more than threefolded2 population moved westward with rapidity and volume beyond precedent4 ,between #ahde and #ahfj there were admitted seven new ,states and four organized ,territories4 ,withal it was a time of continually deepening intensity of political agitation4 ,the patchwork of compromises and settlements contrived by make-shift politicians like ,clay and ,douglas would not hold2 they tore out1 and the rent was made worse4 ,part of the ,compromise of #ahej1 which was to be something altogether sempiternal1 was a ,fugitive ,slave ,law so studiously base and wicked in its provisions as to stir the indignation of just and generous men whenever it was enforced1 and to instruct and strengthen and consolidate an intelligent and conscientious opposition to slavery as not a century of antislavery lecturing and pamphleteering could have done4 ,four years later the sagacious ,stephen ,douglas introduced into ,congress his ingenious permanent pacification scheme for taking the slavery question out of politics by perfidiously repealing the act under which the western ,territories had for the third part of a century been pledged to freedom1 and leaving the question of freedom or slavery to be decided by the first settlers upon the soil4 ,it was understood on both sides that the effect of this measure would be to turn over the soil of ,kansas to slavery2 and for a moment there was a calm that did almost seem like peace4 ,but the providential man for the emergency1 ,eli ,thayer1 boldly accepted the challenge under all the disadvantageous conditions1 and appealed to the friends of freedom and righteousness to stand by him in the ,kansas ,crusade4 ,the appeal was to the same ,christian sentiment which had just uttered its vain protest1 through the almost unanimous voice of the ministers of the gospel1 against the opening of the ,territories to the possibility of slavery4 ,it was taken up in the solemn spirit of religious duty4 ,none who were present are likely to forget the scene when the emigrants from ,new ,haven assembled in the ,north ,church to be sped on their way with prayer and benediction2 how the vast multitude were thrilled by the noble eloquence of ,beecher1 and how money came out of pocket when it was proposed to equip the colonists with arms for self-defense against the ferocity of border ruffians4 ,there were scenes like this in many a church and country prayer-meeting1 where ,christian hearts did not forget to pray for them in bonds1 as bound with them4 ,there took place such a religious emigration as ,america had not known since the days of the first colonists4 ,they went forth singing the words of ,whittier3 ,we cross the prairies as of old ,our fathers crossed the sea1 ,to make the ,west1 as they the ,east1 ,the empire of the free4 ,those were choice companies2 it was said that in some of their settlements every third man was a college graduate4 ,thus it was that1 not all at once1 but after desperate tribulations1 ,kansas was saved for freedom4 ,it was the turning-point in the irrepressible conflict4 ,the beam of the scales1 which politicians had for forty years been trying to hold level1 dipped in favor of liberty and justice1 and it was hopeless thenceforth to restore the balance4#cdb3a ,neither of the two characteristics of this time1 the abounding material prosperity or the turbid political agitation1 was favorable to that fixed attention to spiritual themes which promotes the revival of religion4 ,but the conditions were about to be suddenly changed4 ,suddenly1 in the fall of #aheg1 came a business revulsion4 ,hard times followed4 ,men had leisure for thought and prayer1 and anxieties that they were fain to cast upon ,god1 seeking help and direction4 ,the happy thought occurred to a good man1 ,jeremiah ,lanphier1 in the employ of the old ,north ,dutch ,church in ,new ,york1 to open a room in the consistory building in ,fulton ,street as an oratory for the common prayer of so many business men as might be disposed to gather there in the hour from twelve to one o'clock1 with one accord to make their common supplications4 ,the invitation was responded to at first by hardly more than two or three4 ,the number grew4 ,the room overflowed4 ,a second room was opened1 and then a third1 in the same building1 till all its walls resounded with prayer and song4 ,the example was followed until at one time1 in the spring of #aheh1 no fewer than twenty daily union prayer-meetings were sustained in different parts of the city4 ,besides these1 there was preaching at unwonted times and places4 ,burton's ,theater1 on ,chambers ,street1 in the thick of the business houses1 was thronged with eager listeners to the rudimental truths of personal religion1 expounded and applied by great preachers4 ,everywhere the cardinal topics of practical religious duty1 repentance and ,christian faith1 were themes of social conversation4 ,all churches and ministers were full of activity and hope4 ,they that feared the ,lord spake often one with another4 ,what was true of ,new ,york was true1 in its measure1 of every city1 village1 and hamlet in the land4 ,it was the ,lord's doing1 marvelous in men's eyes4 ,there was no human leadership or concert of action in bringing it about4 ,it came4 ,not only were there no notable evangelists traveling the country2 even the pastors of churches did little more than enter zealously into their happy duty in things made ready to their hand4 ,elsewhere1 as at ,new ,york1 the work began with the spontaneous gathering of private ,christians1 stirred by an unseen influence4 ,two circumstances tended to promote the diffusion of the revival4 ,the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 then a recent but rapidly spreading institution1 furnished a natural center in each considerable town for mutual consultation and mutual incitement among young men of various sects4 ,for this was another trait of the revival1 that it went forward as a tide movement of the whole church1 in disregard of the dividing-lines of sect4 ,i know not what ,christian communion1 if any1 was unaffected by it4 ,the other favorable circumstance was the business interest taken in the revival by the secular press4 ,up to this time the church had been little accustomed to look for cooeperation to the newspaper1 unless it was the religious weekly4 ,but at this time that was fulfilled which was spoken of the prophet1 that holiness to the ,lord should be written upon the trains of commerce and upon all secular things4 ,the sensation head-lines in enterprising journals proclaimed ,revival ,news1 and smart reporters were detailed to the prayer-meeting or the sermon1 as having greater popular interest1 for the time1 than the criminal trial or the political debate4 ,such papers as the ,tribune and the ,herald1 laying on men's breakfast-tables and counting-room desks the latest pungent word from the noon prayer-meeting or the evening sermon1 did the work of many tract societies4 ,as the immediate result of the revival of #aheg-eh it has been estimated that one million of members were added to the fellowship of the churches4 ,but the ulterior result was greater4 ,this revival was the introduction to a new era of the nation's spiritual life4 ,it was the training-school for a force of lay evangelists for future work1 eminent among whom is the name of ,dwight ,moody4 ,and1 like the ,great ,awakening of #agdj1 it was the providential preparation of the ,american church for an immediately impending peril the gravity of which there were none at the time far-sighted enough to predict4 ,looking backward1 it is instructive for us to raise the question how the church would have passed through the decade of the sixties without the spiritual reinforcement that came to it amid the pentecostal scenes of #aheg and #aheh4 ,and yet there were those among the old men who were ready to weep as they compared the building of the ,lord's house with what they had known in their younger days3 no sustained enforcement on the mind and conscience of alarming and heart-searching doctrines2 no protracted meetings in which from day to day the warnings and invitations of the gospel were set forth before the hesitating mind2 in the converts no severe and thorough law-work1 from the agonizing throes of which the soul was with no brief travail born to newness of life2 but the free invitation1 the ready and glad acceptance1 the prompt enrollment on the ,lord's side4 ,did not these things betoken a superficial piety1 springing up like seed in the thin soil of rocky places8 ,it was a question for later years to answer1 and perhaps we have not the whole of the answer yet4 ,certainly the work was not as in the days of ,edwards and ,brainerd1 nor as in the days of ,nettleton and ,finney2 was it not1 perhaps1 more like the work in the days of ,barnabas and ,paul and ,peter8 99 99 99 99 99 ,it does not appear that the spiritual quickening of #aheg had any effect in allaying the sharp controversy between northern and southern ,christians on the subject of slavery4 ,perhaps it may have deepened and intensified it4 ,the southern apostasy1 from principles universally accepted in #ahah1 had become complete and 7so far as any utterance was permitted to reach the public7 unanimous4 ,the southern ,methodists and the southern ,baptists had1 a dozen years before1 relieved themselves from liability to rebuke1 whether express or implied1 from their northern brethren for complicity with the crimes involved in slavery1 by seceding from fellowship4 ,into the councils of the ,episcopalians and the ,catholics this great question of public morality was never allowed to enter4 ,the ,presbyterians were divided into two bodies1 each having its northern and its southern presbyteries2 and the course of events in these two bodies may be taken as an indication of the drift of opinion and feeling4 ,the ,old-,school body1 having a strong southern element1 remained silent1 notwithstanding the open nullification of its declaration of #ahah by the presbytery of ,harmony1 ,s4 ,c41 resolving that the existence of slavery is not opposed to the will of ,god1 and the synod of ,virginia declaring that the ,general ,assembly had no right to declare that relation sinful which ,christ and his apostles teach to be consistent with the most unquestionable piety4 ,the ,new-,school body1 patient and considerate toward its southern presbyteries1 did not fail1 nevertheless1 to reassert the principles of righteousness1 and in #ahej it declared slave-holding to be prima facie a subject of the discipline of the church4 ,in #ahec it called upon its southern presbyteries to report what had been done in the case4 ,one of them replied defiantly that its ministers and church-members were slave-holders by choice and on principle4 ,when the ,general ,assembly condemned this utterance1 the entire southern part of the church seceded and set up a separate jurisdiction4#cdf3a ,there seems no reason to doubt the entire sincerity with which the southern church1 in all its sects1 had consecrated itself with religious devotion to the maintenance of that horrible and inhuman form of slavery which had drawn upon itself the condemnation of the civilized world4 ,the earnest antislavery convictions which had characterized it only twenty-five years before1 violently suppressed from utterance1 seem to have perished by suffocation4 ,the common sentiment of southern ,christianity was expressed in that serious declaration of the ,southern ,presbyterian ,church1 during the war1 of its deep conviction of the divine appointment of domestic servitude1 and of the peculiar mission of the southern church to conserve the institution of slavery4#cdf3b ,at the ,north1 on the other hand1 with larger liberty1 there was wider diversity of opinion4 ,in general1 the effect of continued discussion1 of larger knowledge of facts1 and of the enforcement on the common conscience1 by the course of public events1 of a sense of responsibility and duty in the matter1 had been to make more intelligent1 sober1 and discriminating1 and therefore more strong and steadfast1 the resolution to keep clear of all complicity with slavery4 ,there were few to assume the defense of that odious system1 though there were some4 ,there were many to object to scores of objectionable things in the conduct of abolitionists4 ,and there were a very great number of honest1 conscientious men who were appalled as they looked forward to the boldly threatened consequences of even the mildest action in opposition to slavery--the rending of the church1 the ruin of the country1 the horrors of civil war1 and its uncertain event1 issuing perhaps in the wider extension and firmer establishment of slavery itself4 ,it was an immense power that the bold1 resolute1 rule-or-ruin supporters of the divine right of slavery held over the ,christian public of the whole country1 so long as they could keep these threats suspended in the air4 ,it seemed to hold in the balance against a simple demand to execute righteousness toward a poor1 oppressed1 and helpless race1 immense interests of patriotism1 of humanity1 of the kingdom of ,god itself4 ,presently the time came when these threats could no longer be kept aloft4 ,the compliance demanded was clearly1 decisively refused4 ,the threats must either be executed or must fall to the ground amid general derision4 ,but the moment that the threat was put in execution its power as a threat had ceased4 ,with the first stroke against the life of the nation all great and noble motives1 instead of being balanced against each other1 were drawing together in the same direction4 ,it ought not to have been a surprise to the religious leaders of disunion1 ecclesiastical and political1 to find that those who had most anxiously deprecated the attack upon the government should be among the most earnest and resolute to repel the attack when made4 ,no man can read the history of the ,american church in the ,civil ,war intelligently who does not apprehend1 however great the effort1 that the ,christian people of the ,south did really and sincerely believe themselves to be commissioned by the providence of ,god to conserve the institution of slavery as an institution of divine appointment4 ,strange as the conviction seems1 it is sure that the conviction of conscience in the southern army that it was right in waging war against the government of the country was as clear as the conviction1 on the other side1 of the duty of defending the government4 ,the southern regiments1 like the northern1 were sent forth with prayer and benediction1 and their camps1 as well as those of their adversaries1 were often the seats of earnest religious life4#cdh3a ,at the ,south the entire able-bodied population was soon called into military service1 so that almost the whole church was in the army4 ,at the ,north the churches at home hardly seemed diminished by the myriads sent to the field4 ,it was amazing to see the charities and missions of the churches sustained with almost undiminished supplies1 while the great enterprises of the ,sanitary and ,christian ,commissions were set on foot and magnificently carried forward1 for the physical1 social1 and spiritual good of the soldiers4 ,never was the gift of giving so abundantly bestowed on the church as in these stormy times4 ,there was a feverish eagerness of life in all ways2 if there was a too eager haste to make money among those that could be spared for business1 there was a generous readiness in bestowing it4 ,the little faith that expected to cancel and retrench1 especially in foreign missions1 in which it took sometimes three dollars in the collection to put one dollar into the work1 was rebuked by the rising of the church to the height of the exigency4 ,one religious lesson that was learned as never before1 on both sides of the conflict1 was the lesson of ,christian fellowship as against the prevailing folly of sectarian divisions1 emulations1 and jealousies4 ,there were great drawings in this direction in the early days of the war1 when men of the most unlike antecedents and associations gathered on the same platform1 intent on the same work1 and mutual aversions and partisan antagonisms melted away in the fervent heat of a common religious patriotism4 ,but the lesson which was commended at home was enforced in the camp and the regiment by constraint of circumstances4 ,the army chaplain1 however one-sided he might have been in his parish1 had to be on all sides with his kindly sympathy as soon as he joined his regiment4 ,he learned in a right apostolic sense to become all things to all men1 and1 returning home1 he did not forget the lesson4 ,the delight of a fellowship truly catholic in the one work of ,christ1 once tasted1 was not easily foregone4 ,already the current1 perplexed with eddies1 had begun to set in the direction of ,christian unity4 ,how much the common labors of ,christian men and women and ,christian ministers of every different name1 through the five years of bloody strife1 contributed to swell and speed the current1 no one can measure4 ,according to a well-known law of the kingdom of heaven1 the intense experiences of the war1 both in the army and out of it1 left no man just as he was before4 ,to them that were exercised thereby they brought great promotion in the service of the ,king4 ,the cases are not few nor inconspicuous of men coming forth from the temptations and the discipline of the military service every way stronger and better ,christians than they entered it4 ,the whole church gained higher conceptions of the joy and glory of self-sacrifice1 and deeper and more vivid insight into the significance of vicarious suffering and death4 ,the war was a rude school of theology1 but it taught some things well4 ,the church had need of all that it could learn1 in preparation for the tasks and trials that were before it4 ,there were those1 on the other hand1 who emerged from the military service depraved and brutalized2 and those who1 in the rush of business incidental to the war1 were not trained to self-sacrifice and duty1 but habituated to the seeking of selfish interests in the midst of the public peril and affliction4 ,we delight in the evidences that these cases were a small proportion of the whole4 ,but even a small percentage of so many hundreds of thousands mounts up to a formidable total4 ,the early years of the peace were so marked by crimes of violence that a frequent heading in the daily newspapers was ,the ,carnival of ,crime4 ,prosperity1 or the semblance of it1 came in like a sudden flood4 ,immigration of an improved character poured into the country in greater volume than ever4 ,multitudes made haste to be rich1 and fell into temptations and snares4 ,the perilous era of enormous fortunes began4 ,,footnotes3 #cdj3a ,e4 ,b4 ,andrews1 ,history of the ,united ,states1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ff4 #cdb3a ,read ,the ,kansas ,crusade1 by ,eli ,thayer1 ,harpers1 ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ,it is lively reading1 and indispensable to a full understanding of this part of the national history4 #cdf3a ,thompson1 ,the ,presbyterians1 p4 #ace4 #cdf3b ,narrative of the ,state of ,religion of the ,southern ,general ,assembly of #ahfd4 #cdh3a ,for interesting illustrations of this1 see ,alexander1 ,the ,methodists1 ,south1 pp4 #ga-ge4 ,the history of the religious life of the northern army is superabundant and everywhere accessible4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,after ,,the ,,war4 ,when the five years of rending and tearing had passed1 in which slavery was dispossessed of its hold upon the nation1 there was much to be done in reconstructing and readjusting the religious institutions of the country4 ,throughout the seceding ,states buildings and endowments for religious uses had suffered in the general waste and destruction of property4 ,colleges and seminaries1 in many instances1 had seen their entire resources swept away through investment in the hopeless promises of the defeated government4 ,churches1 boards1 and like associations were widely disorganized through the vicissitudes of military occupation and the protracted absence or the death of men of experience and capacity4 ,the effect of the war upon denominational organizations had been various4 ,there was no sect of all the church the members and ministers of which had not felt the sweep of the currents of popular opinion all about them4 ,but the course of events in each denomination was in some measure illustrative of the character of its polity4 ,in the ,roman ,catholic ,church the antagonisms of the conflict were as keenly felt as anywhere4 ,archbishop ,hughes of ,new ,york1 who1 with ,henry ,ward ,beecher and ,bishop ,mc,ilvaine of ,ohio1 accepted a political mission from ,president ,lincoln1 was not more distinctly a ,union man than ,bishop ,lynch of ,charleston was a secessionist4 ,but the firm texture of the hierarchical organization1 held steadily in place by a central authority outside of the national boundaries1 prevented any organic rupture4 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,america was eminently fortunate at one point3 the famous bull ,quanta ,cura1 with its appended ,syllabus of damnable errors1 in which almost all the essential characteristics of the institutions of the ,american ,republic are anathematized1 was fulminated in #ahfd1 when people in the ,united ,states had little time to think of ecclesiastical events taking place at such a distance4 ,if this extraordinary document had been first published in a time of peace1 and freely discussed in the newspapers of the time1 it could hardly have failed to inflict the most serious embarrassment on the interests of ,catholicism in ,america4 ,even now it keeps the ,catholic clergy in a constantly explanatory attitude to show that the ,syllabus does not really mean what to the ordinary reader it unmistakably seems to mean2 and the work of explanation is made the more necessary and the more difficult by the decree of papal infallibility1 which followed the ,syllabus after a few years4 ,simply on the ground of a de facto political independence1 the southern dioceses of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 following the principles and precedents of #aghi1 organized themselves into a ,church in the ,confederate ,states4 ,one of the southern bishops1 ,polk1 of ,louisiana1 accepted a commission of major-general in the ,confederate army1 and relieved his brethren of any disciplinary questions that might have arisen in consequence by dying on the field from a cannon-shot4 ,with admirable tact and good temper1 the ,church in the ,united ,states managed to ignore the existence of any secession2 and when the alleged de facto independence ceased1 the seceding bishops and their dioceses dropped quietly back into place without leaving a trace of the secession upon the record4 ,the southern organizations of the ,methodists and ,baptists were of twenty years' standing at the close of the war in #ahfe4 ,the war had abolished the original cause of these divisions1 but it had substituted others quite as serious4 ,the exasperations of the war1 and the still more acrimonious exasperations of the period of the political reconstruction and of the organization of northern missions at the ,south1 gendered strifes that still delay the reintegration which is so visibly future of both of these divided denominations4 ,at the beginning of the war one of the most important of the denominations that still retained large northern and southern memberships in the same fellowship was the ,old-,school ,presbyterian ,church2 and no national sect had made larger concessions to avert a breach of unity4 ,when the ,general ,assembly met at ,philadelphia in ,may1 #ahfa1 amid the intense excitements of the opening war1 it was still the hope of the habitual leaders and managers of the ,assembly to avert a division by holding back that body from any expression of sentiment on the question on which the minds of ,christians were stirred at that time with a profound and most religious fervor4 ,but the ,assembly took the matter out of the hands of its leaders1 and by a great majority1 in the words of a solemn and temperate resolution drawn by the venerable and conservative ,dr4 ,gardiner ,spring1 declared its loyalty to the government and constitution of the country4 ,with expressions of horror at the sacrilege of taking the church into the domain of politics1 southern presbyteries one after another renounced the jurisdiction of the ,general ,assembly that could be guilty of so shocking a profanation1 and1 uniting in a ,general ,assembly of their own1 proceeded with great promptitude to make equally emphatic deliverances on the opposite side of the same political question4#ced3a ,but nice logical consistency and accurate working within the lines of a church theory were more than could reasonably be expected of a people in so pitiable a plight4 ,the difference on the subject of the right function of the church continued to be held as the ground for continuing the separation from the ,general ,assembly after the alleged ground in political geography had ceased to be valid2 the working motive for it was more obvious in the unfraternal and almost wantonly exasperating course of the national ,general ,assembly during the war2 but the best justification for it is to be found in the effective and useful working of the ,southern ,presbyterian ,church4 ,considering the impoverishment and desolation of the southern country1 the record of useful and self-denying work accomplished by this body1 not only at home1 but in foreign fields1 is1 from its beginning1 an immensely honorable one4 ,another occasion of reconstruction was the strong disposition of the liberated negroes to withdraw themselves from the tutelage of the churches in which they had been held1 in the days of slavery1 in a lower-caste relation4 ,the eager entrance of the northern churches upon mission work among the blacks1 to which access had long been barred by atrocious laws and by the savage fury of mobs1 tended to promote this change4 ,the multiplication and growth of organized negro denominations is a characteristic of the period after the war4 ,there is reason to hope that the change may by and by1 with the advance of education and moral training among this people1 inure to their spiritual advantage4 ,there is equal reason to fear that at present1 in many cases1 it works to their serious detriment4 ,the effect of the war was not exclusively divisive4 ,in two instances1 at least1 it had the effect of healing old schisms4 ,the southern secession from the ,new-,school ,presbyterian ,church1 which had come away in #aheh on the slavery issue1 found itself in #ahfa side by side with the southern secession from the ,old ,school1 and in full agreement with it in morals and politics4 ,the two bodies were not long in finding that the doctrinal differences which a quarter-century before had seemed so insuperable were1 after all1 no serious hindrance to their coming together4 ,even after the war was over1 its healing power was felt1 this time at the ,north4 ,there was a honeycomb for ,samson in the carcass of the monster4 ,the two great ,presbyterian sects at the ,north had found a common comfort in their relief from the perpetual festering irritation of the slavery question2 they had softened toward each other in the glow of a religious patriotism2 they had forgotten old antagonisms in common labors2 and new issues had obscured the tenuous doctrinal disputes that had agitated the continent in #ahcg4 ,both parties grew tired and ashamed of the long and sometimes ill-natured quarrel4 ,with such a disposition on both sides1 terms of agreement could not fail in time to be found4 ,for substance1 the basis of reunion was this3 that the ,new-,school church should yield the point of organization1 and the ,old-,school church should yield the point of doctrine2 the ,new-,school men should sustain the ,old-,school boards1 and the ,old-,school men should tolerate the ,new-,school heresies4 ,the consolidation of the two sects into one powerful organization was consummated at ,pittsburg1 ,november #ab1 #ahfi1 with every demonstration of joy and devout thanksgiving4 ,one important denomination1 the ,congregationalists1 had had the distinguished advantage1 through all these turbulent years1 of having no southern membership4 ,out of all proportion to its numerical strength was the part which it took in those missions to the neglected populations of the southern country into which the various denominations1 both of the ,south and of the ,north1 entered with generous emulation while yet the war was still waging4 ,always leaders in advanced education1 they not only1 acting through the ,american ,missionary ,association1 provided for primary and secondary schools for the negroes1 but promoted the foundation of institutions of higher1 and even of the highest1 grade at ,hampton1 at ,atlanta1 at ,tuskegee1 at ,new ,orleans1 at ,nashville1 and at ,washington4 ,many noble lives have been consecrated to this most ,christlike work of lifting up the depressed4 ,none will grudge a word of exceptional eulogy to the memory of that splendid character1 ,general ,samuel ,c4 ,armstrong1 son of one of the early missionaries to the ,sandwich ,islands1 who poured his inspiring soul into the building up of the ,normal ,institute at ,hampton1 ,va41 thus not only rearing a visible monument of his labor in the enduring buildings of that great and useful institution1 but also establishing his memory1 for as long as human gratitude can endure1 in the hearts of hundreds of young men and young women1 negro and ,indian1 whose lives are the better and nobler for their having known him as their teacher4 ,it cannot be justly claimed for the ,congregationalists of the present day that they have lost nothing of that corporate unselfishness1 seeking no sectarian aggrandizement1 but only ,god's reign and righteousness1 which had been the glory of their fathers4 ,the studious efforts that have been made to cultivate among them a sectarian spirit1 as if this were one of the ,christian virtues1 have not been fruitless4 ,nevertheless it may be seen that their work of education at the ,south has been conducted in no narrow spirit4 ,the extending of their sect over new territory has been a most trivial and unimportant result of their widespread and efficient work4 ,a far greater result has been the promotion among the colored people of a better education1 a higher standard of morality1 and an enlightened piety1 through the influence of the graduates of these institutions1 not only as pastors and as teachers1 but in all sorts of trades and professions and as mothers of families4 ,this work of the ,congregationalists is entitled to mention1 not as exceptional1 but only as eminent among like enterprises1 in which few of the leading sects have failed to be represented4 ,extravagant expectations were at first entertained of immediate results in bringing the long-depressed race up to the common plane of civilization4 ,but it cannot be said that reasonable and intelligent expectations have been disappointed4 ,experience has taught much as to the best conduct of such missions4 ,the gift of a fund of a million dollars by the late ,john ,f4 ,slater1 of ,norwich1 has through wise management conduced to this end4 ,it has encouraged in the foremost institutions the combination of training to skilled productive labor with education in literature and science4 ,the inauguration of these systems of religious education at the ,south was the most conspicuously important of the immediate sequels of the ,civil ,war4 ,but this time was a time of great expansion of the activities of the church in all directions4 ,the influx of immigration1 temporarily checked by the hard times of #aheg and by the five years of war1 came in again in such floods as never before4#ceg3a ,the foreign immigration is always attended by a westward movement of the already settled population4 ,the field of home missions became greater and more exacting than ever4 ,the zeal of the church1 educated during the war to higher ideas of self-sacrifice1 rose to the occasion4 ,the average yearly receipts of the various ,protestant home missionary societies1 which in the decade #ahej-ei had been #hjh1jjj1 rose in the next decade to more than #b1jjj1jjj1 in the next to nearly #c1jjj1jjj1 and for the seven years #ahha-hg to #d1jjj1jjj4ceh3a ,in the perils of abounding wealth by which the church after the war was beset1 it was divine fatherly kindness that opened before it new and enlarged facilities of service to the kingdom of heaven among foreign nations4 ,from the first feeble beginnings of foreign missions from ,america in ,india and in the ,sandwich ,islands1 they had been attended by the manifest favor of ,god4 ,when the convulsion of the ,civil ,war came on1 with prostrations of business houses1 and enormous burdens of public obligation1 and private beneficence drawn down1 as it seemed1 to its bottom dollar for new calls of patriotism and charity1 and especially when the dollar in a man's pocket shrank to a half or a third of its value in the world's currency1 it seemed as if the work of foreign missions would have to be turned over to ,christians in lands less burdened with accumulated disadvantages4 ,but here again the grandeur of the burden gave an inspiration of strength to the burden-bearer4 ,from #ahdj to #ahdi the average yearly receipts of the various foreign missionary societies of the ,protestant churches of the country had been a little more than a half-million4 ,in the decade #ahej-ei they had risen to #hej1jjj2 for the years of distress1 #ahfj-fi1 they exceeded #a1cjj1jjj2 for the eleven years #ahgj-hj the annual receipts in this behalf were #b1bjj1jjj2 and in the seven years #ahha-hg they were #c1jjj1jjj4cei3a ,we have seen how1 only forty years before the return of peace1 in the days of a humble equality in moderate estates1 ardent souls exulted together in the inauguration of the era of democracy in beneficence1 when every humblest giver might1 through association and organization1 have part in magnificent enterprises of ,christian charity such as had theretofore been possible only to princes or to men of princely possessions4#cei3b ,but with the return of civil peace we began to recognize that among ourselves was growing up a class of men of princely possessions--a class such as the ,american ,republic never before had known4#cei3c ,among those whose fortunes were reckoned by many millions or many tens of millions were men of sordid nature1 whose wealth1 ignobly won1 was selfishly hoarded1 and to whose names1 as to that of the late ,jay ,gould1 there is attached in the mind of the people a distinct note of infamy4 ,but this was not in general the character of the ,american millionaire4 ,there were those of nobler strain who felt a responsibility commensurate with the great power conferred by great riches1 and held their wealth as in trust for mankind4 ,through the fidelity of men of this sort it has come to pass that the era of great fortunes in ,america has become conspicuous in the history of the whole world as the era of magnificent donations to benevolent ends4 ,within a few months of each other1 from the little ,state of ,connecticut1 came the fund of a million given by ,john ,f4 ,slater in his lifetime for the benefit of the freedmen1 the gift of a like sum for the like purpose from ,daniel ,hand1 and the legacy of a million and a half for foreign missions from ,deacon ,otis of ,new ,london4 ,great gifts like these were frequently directed to objects which could not easily have been attained by the painful process of accumulating small donations4 ,it was a period not only of splendid gifts to existing institutions1 but of foundations for new universities1 libraries1 hospitals1 and other institutions of the highest public service1 foundations without parallel in human history for large munificence4 ,to this period belong the beginnings of the ,johns ,hopkins ,university and ,hospital at ,baltimore1 the ,university of ,chicago1 the ,clarke ,university at ,worcester1 the ,vanderbilt ,university at ,nashville1 the ,leland ,stanford1 ,jr41 ,university of ,california1 the ,peabody and ,enoch ,pratt ,libraries at ,baltimore1 the ,lenox ,library at ,new ,york1 the great endowed libraries of ,chicago1 the ,drexel ,institute at ,philadelphia1 and the ,armour ,institute at ,chicago4 ,these are some of the names that most readily occur of foundations due mainly to individual liberality1 set down at the risk of omitting others with equal claim for mention4 ,not all of these are to be referred to a religious spirit in the founders1 but none of them can fail of a ,christian influence and result4 ,they prepare a foothold for such a forward stride of ,christian civilization as our continent has never before known4 ,the sum of these gifts of millions1 added to the great aggregates of contribution to the national missionary boards and societies1 falls far short of the total contributions expended in cities1 towns1 and villages for the building of churches and the maintenance of the countless charities that cluster around them4 ,the era following the war was preeminently a building era4 ,every one knows that religious devotion is only one of the mingled motives that work together in such an enterprise as the building of a church2 but1 after all deductions1 the voluntary gifts of ,christian people for ,christ's sake in the promotion of such works1 when added to the grand totals already referred to1 would make an amount that would overtax the ordinary imagination to conceive4 ,and yet it is not certain that this period of immense gifts of money is really a period of increased liberality in the church from the time1 thirty or forty years before1 when a millionaire was a rarity to be pointed out on the streets1 and the possession of a hundred thousand dollars gave one a place among ,the ,rich ,men of ,new ,york4 ,in #ahej the total wealth of the ,united ,states was reported in the census as seven billions of dollars4 ,in #ahgj1 after twenty years1 it had more than fourfolded1 rising to thirty billions4 ,ten years later1 according to the census1 it had sixfolded1 rising to forty-three billions4#cfa3a ,from the point of view of ,one sitting over against the treasury it is not likely that any subsequent period has equaled in its gifts that early day when in ,new ,england the people were wont to build a fine church as soon as they had houses for themselves1#cfa3b and when the messengers went from cabin to cabin to gather the gifts of the college corn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the greatest addition to the forces of the church in the period since the war has come from deploying into the field hitherto unused resources of personal service4 ,the methods under which the personal activity of private ,christians has formerly been organized for service have increased and multiplied1 and old agencies have taken on new forms4 ,the earliest and to this day the most extensive of the organizations for utilizing the non-professional ministry in systematic religious labors is the ,sunday-school4 ,the considerable development of this instrumentality begins to be recognized after the ,second ,awakening in the early years of the present century4 ,the prevailing characteristic of the ,american ,sunday-school as distinguished from its ,british congener is that it is commonly a part of the equipment of the local church for the instruction of its own children1 and incidentally one of the most important resources for its attractive work toward those that are without4 ,but it is also recognized as one of the most flexible and adaptable arms of the service for aggressive work1 whether in great cities or on the frontier4 ,it was about the year #ahbe that this work began to be organized on a national scale4 ,but it is since the war that it has sprung into vastly greater efficiency4 ,the agreement upon uniform courses of biblical study1 to be followed simultaneously by many millions of pupils over the entire continent1 has given a unity and coherence before unknown to the ,sunday-school system2 and it has resulted in extraordinary enterprise and activity on the part of competent editors and publishers to provide apparatus for the thorough study of the text1 which bids fair in time to take away the reproach of the term ,sunday-schoolish as applied to superficial1 ignorant1 or merely sentimental expositions of the ,scriptures4 ,the work of the ,sunday-school ,times1 in bringing within the reach of teachers all over the land the fruits of the world's best scholarship1 is a signal fact in history--the most conspicuous of a series of like facts4 ,the tendency1 slow1 of course1 and partial1 but powerful1 is toward serious1 faithful study and teaching1 in which the mind of the ,spirit is sought in the sacred text1 with strenuous efforts of the teachable mind1 with all the aids that can be brought from whatever quarter4 ,the ,sunday-school system1 coextensive with ,protestant ,christianity in ,america1 and often the forerunner of church and ministry1 and1 to a less extent and under more scrupulous control of clergy1 adopted into the ,catholic ,church1 has become one of the distinctive features of ,american ,christianity4 ,an outgrowth of the ,sunday-school system1 which1 under the conduct of a man of genius for organization1 ,dr4 ,john ,h4 ,vincent1 now a bishop of the ,methodist ,church1 has expanded to magnificent dimensions1 is that which is suggested by the name ,chautauqua4 ,beginning in the summer of #ahgd with a fortnight's meeting in a grove beside ,chautauqua ,lake for the study of the methods of ,sunday-school teaching1 it led to the questions1 how to connect the ,sunday-school more intimately with other departments of the church and with other agencies in society2 how to control in the interest of religious culture the forces1 social1 commercial1 industrial1 and educational1 which1 for good or evil1 are affecting the ,sunday-school pupils every day of the week4 ,striking root at other centers of assembly1 east1 west1 and south1 and combining its summer lectures with an organized system of home studies extending through the year1 subject to written examinations1 ,chautauqua1 by the comprehensive scope of its studies and by the great multitude of its students1 is entitled to be called1 in no ignoble sense of the word1 a university4#cfc3a ,a weighty and unimpeachable testimony to the power and influence of the institution has been the recent organization of a ,catholic ,chautauqua1 under the conduct of leading scholars and ecclesiastics of the ,roman ,church4 99 99 99 99 99 ,another organization of the unpaid service of private ,christians is the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association4 ,beginning in ,london in #ahdd1 it had so far demonstrated its usefulness in #ahea as to attract favorable attention from visitors to the first of the ,world's ,fairs4 ,in the end of that year the ,association in ,boston was formed1 and this was rapidly followed by others in the principal cities4 ,it met a growing exigency in ,american society4 ,in the organization of commerce and manufacture in larger establishments than formerly1 the apprenticeship system had necessarily lapsed1 and nothing had taken its place4 ,of old1 young men put to the learning of any business were articled or indentured as apprentices to the head of the concern1 who was placed in loco parentis1 being invested both with the authority and with the responsibility of a father4 ,often the apprentices were received into the house of the master as their home1 and according to legend and romance it was in order for the industrious and virtuous apprentice to marry the old man's daughter and succeed to the business4 ,after the employees of a store came to be numbered by scores and the employees of a factory by hundreds1 the word apprentice became obsolete in the ,american language4 ,the employee was only a hand1 and there was danger that employers would forget that he was also a heart and a soul4 ,this was the exigency that the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association came to supply4 ,men of conscience among employers and corporations recognized their opportunity and their duty4 ,the new societies did not lack encouragement and financial aid from those to whom the character of the young men was not only a matter of ,christian concern1 but also a matter of business interest4 ,in every considerable town the ,association organized itself1 and the work of equipment1 and soon of building1 went on apace4 ,in #ahhg the ,association buildings in the ,united ,states and ,canada were valued at three and a half millions4 ,in #ahif there were in ,north ,america #adbi ,associations1 with about a quarter of a million of members1 employing #abea paid officers1 and holding buildings and other real estate to the amount of nearly #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,the work has not been without its vicissitudes4 ,the wonderful revival of #aheg1 preeminently a laymen's movement1 in many instances found its nidus in the rooms of the ,associations2 and their work was expanded and invigorated as a result of the revival4 ,in #ahfa came on the war4 ,it broke up for the time the continental confederacy of ,associations4 ,many of the local ,associations were dissolved by the enlistment of their members4 ,but out of the inspiring exigencies of the time grew up in the heart of the ,associations the organization and work of the ,christian ,commission1 cooeperating with the ,sanitary ,commission for the bodily and spiritual comfort of the armies in the field4 ,the two organizations expended upward of eleven millions of dollars1 the free gift of the people at home4 ,after the war the survivors of those who had enlisted from the ,associations came back to their home duties1 in most cases1 better men for all good service in consequence of their experience of military discipline4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a natural sequel to the organization and success of the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association is the institution of the ,young ,women's ,christian ,association1 having like objects and methods in its proper sphere4 ,this institution1 too1 owes the reason of its existence to changed social conditions4 ,the plausible arguments of some earnest reformers in favor of opening careers of independent self-support to women1 and the unquestionable and pathetic instances by which these arguments are enforced1 are liable to some most serious and weighty offsets4 ,doubtless many and many a case of hardship has been relieved by the general introduction of this reform4 ,but the result has been the gathering in large towns of populations of unmarried1 self-supporting young women1 severed from home duties and influences1 and1 out of business hours1 under no effective restraints of rule4 ,there is a rush from the country into the city of applicants for employment1 and wages sink to less than a living rate4 ,we are confronted with an artificial and perilous condition for the church to deal with1 especially in the largest cities4 ,and of the various instrumentalities to this end1 the ,young ,women's ,christian ,association is one of the most effective4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the development of organized activity among women has been a conspicuous characteristic of this period4 ,from the beginning of our churches the charitable sewing-circle or ,dorcas ,society has been known as a center both of prayer and of labor4 ,but in this period the organization of women for charitable service has been on a continental scale4 ,in #ahgd1 in an outburst of zeal1 women's crusades were undertaken1 especially in some western towns1 in which bands of singing and praying women went in person to tippling-houses and even worse resorts1 to assail them1 visibly and audibly1 with these spiritual weapons4 ,the crusades1 so long as they were a novelty1 were not without result4 ,spectacular prayers1 offered with one eye on the heavens and the other eye watching the impressions made on the human auditor1 are not in vain2 they have their reward4 ,but the really important result of the crusades was the organization of the ,women's ,christian ,temperance ,union1 which has extended in all directions to the utmost bounds of the country1 and has accomplished work of undoubted value1 while attempting other work the value of which is open to debate4 ,the separate organization of women for the support and management of missions began on an extensive scale1 in #ahfh1 with the ,women's ,board of ,missions1 instituted in alliance with the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions of the ,congregationalist churches4 ,the example at once commended itself to the imitation of all1 so that all the principal mission boards of the ,protestant churches are in alliance with actively working women's boards4 ,the training acquired in these and other organizations by many women of exceptional taste and talent for the conduct of large affairs has tended still further to widen the field of their activity4 ,the ends of the earth1 as well as the dark places nearer home1 have felt the salutary results of it4#cfg3a ,in this brief and most incomplete sketch of the origin of one of the distinguishing features of contemporary ,christianity--the application of the systematized activity of private ,christians--no mention has been made of the corps of colporteurs1 or book-peddlers1 employed by religious publication societies1 nor of the vastly useful work of laymen employed as city missionaries1 nor of the houses and orders of sisters wholly devoted to pious and charitable work4 ,such work1 though the ceremony of ordination may have been omitted1 is rather clerical or professional than laical4 ,it is on this account the better suited to the genius of the ,catholic ,church1 whose ages of experience in the conduct of such organizations1 and whose fine examples of economy and efficiency in the use of them1 have put all ,american ,christendom under obligation4 ,among ,protestant sects the ,lutherans1 the ,episcopalians1 and the ,methodists have 7after the ,moravians7 shown themselves readiest to profit by the example4 ,but a far more widely beneficent service than that of all the nursing orders together1 both ,catholic and ,protestant1 and one not less ,christian1 while it is characteristically ,american in its method1 is that of the annually increasing army of faithful women professionally educated to the work of nursing1 at a hundred hospitals1 and fulfilling their vocation individually and on business principles4 ,the education of nurses is a sequel of the war and one of the beneficent fruits of it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,not the least important item in the organization of lay activity is the marvelously rapid growth of the ,young ,people's ,society of ,christian ,endeavor4 ,in ,february1 #ahha1 a pastor in ,portland1 ,me41 the ,rev4 ,francis ,e4 ,clark1 organized into an association within his church a number of young people pledged to certain rules of regular attendance and participation in the association meetings and of cooeperation in useful service4 ,there seems to have been no particular originality in the plan1 but through some felicity in arrangement and opportuneness in the time it caught like a forest fire1 and in an amazingly short time ran through the country and around the world4 ,one wise precaution was taken in the basis of the organization3 it was provided that it should not interfere with any member's fidelity to his church or his sect1 but rather promote it4 ,doubtless jealousy of its influence was thus in some measure forestalled and averted4 ,but in the rapid spread of the ,society those who were on guard for the interests of the several sects recognized a danger in too free affiliations outside of sectarian lines1 and soon there were instituted1 in like forms of rule1 ,epworth ,leagues for ,methodists1 ,westminster ,leagues for ,presbyterians1 ,luther ,leagues for ,lutherans1 ,st4 ,andrew's ,brotherhoods for ,episcopalians1 ,the ,baptist ,young ,people's ,union1 and yet others for yet other sects4 ,according to the latest reports1 the total pledged membership of this order of associated young disciples1 in these various ramifications1 is about #d1ejj1jjjcfi3a--this in the ,united ,states alone4 ,of the ,christian ,endeavor ,societies still adhering to the old name and constitution1 there are in all the world #dg1jji1 of which #aa1aai are ,junior ,endeavor ,societies4 ,the total membership is #b1hbj1edj4cfi3b ,contemporary currents of theological thought1 setting away from the excessive individualism which has characterized the churches of the ,great ,awakening1 confirm the tendency of the ,christian life toward a vigorous and even absorbing external activity4 ,the duty of the church to human society is made a part of the required curriculum of study in preparation for the ministry1 in fully equipped theological seminaries4 ,if ever it has been a just reproach of the church that its frequenters were so absorbed in the saving of their own souls that they forgot the multitude about them1 that reproach is fast passing away4 ,the ,institutional ,church1 as the clumsy phrase goes1 cares for soul and body1 for family and municipal and national life4 ,its saving sacraments are neither two nor seven1 but seventy times seven4 ,they include the bath-tub as well as the font2 the coffee-house and cook-shop as well as the ,holy ,supper2 the gymnasium as well as the prayer-meeting4 ,the college settlement plants colonies of the best life of the church in regions which men of little faith are tempted to speak of as ,god-forsaken4 ,the ,salvation ,army1 with its noisy and eccentric ways1 and its effective discipline1 and its most ,christian principle of setting every rescued man at work to aid in the rescue of others1 is welcomed by all orders of the church1 and honored according to the measure of its usefulness1 and even of its faithful effort to be useful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is not to be supposed that this immense1 unprecedented growth of outward activity can have been gained without some corresponding loss4 ,the time is not long gone by1 when the sustained contemplation of the deep things of the cross1 and the lofty things in the divine nature1 and the subtile and elusive facts concerning the human constitution and character and the working of the human will1 were eminently characteristic of the religious life of the ,american church4 ,in the times when that life was stirred to its most strenuous activity1 it was marked by the vicissitude of prolonged passions of painful sensibility at the consciousness of sin1 and ecstasies of delight in the contemplation of the infinity of ,god and the glory of the ,saviour and his salvation4 ,every one who is conversant with the religious biography of the generations before our own1 knows of the still hours and days set apart for the severe inward scrutiny of motives and frames and the grounds of one's hope4 ,however truly the church of to-day may judge that the piety of their fathers was disproportioned and morbidly introspective and unduly concerned about one's own salvation1 it is none the less true that the reaction from its excesses is violent1 and is providing for itself a new reaction4 ,the contemplative orders1 whether among ,catholics or ,protestants1 do not find the soil and climate of ,america congenial4 ,and yet there is a mission-field here for the mystic and the quietist2 and when the stir-about activity of our generation suffers their calm voices to be heard1 there are not a few to give ear4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an event of great historical importance1 which cannot be determined to a precise date1 but which belongs more to this period than to any other1 is the loss of the ,scotch and ,puritan ,sabbath1 or1 as many like to call it1 the ,american ,sabbath4 ,the law of the ,westminster divines on this subject1 it may be affirmed without fear of contradiction from any quarter1 does not coincide in its language with the law of ,god as expressed either in the ,old ,testament or in the ,new4 ,the ,westminster rule requires1 as if with a ,thus saith the ,lord1 that on the first day of the week1 instead of the seventh1 men shall desist not only from labor but from recreation1 and spend the whole time in the public and private exercises of ,god's worship1 except so much as is to be taken up in the works of necessity and mercy4#cga3a ,this interpretation and expansion of the ,fourth ,commandment has never attained to more than a sectarian and provincial authority2 but the overmastering ,puritan influence1 both of ,virginia and of ,new ,england1 combined with the ,scotch-,irish influence1 made it for a long time dominant in ,america4 ,even those who quite declined to admit the divine authority of the glosses upon the commandment felt constrained to submit to the ordinances of man for the ,lord's sake4 ,but it was inevitable that with the vast increase of the travel and sojourn of ,american ,christians in other lands of ,christendom1 and the multitudinous immigration into ,america from other lands than ,great ,britain1 the tradition from the ,westminster elders should come to be openly disputed within the church1 and should be disregarded even when not denied4 ,it was not only inevitable2 it was a ,christian duty distinctly enjoined by apostolic authority4#cgb3a ,the five years of war1 during which ,christians of various lands and creeds intermingled as never before1 and the ,sunday laws were dumb inter arma not only in the field but among the home churches1 did perhaps even more to break the force of the tradition1 and to lead in a perilous and demoralizing reaction4 ,some reaction was inevitable4 ,the church must needs suffer the evil consequence of overstraining the law of ,god4 ,from the ,sunday of ascetic self-denial--a day for a man to afflict his soul--there was a ready rush into utter recklessness of the law and privilege of rest4 ,in the church there was wrought sore damage to weak consciences2 men acted1 not from intelligent conviction1 but from lack of conviction1 and allowing themselves in self-indulgences of the rightfulness of which they were dubious1 they condemned themselves in that which they allowed4 ,the consequence in civil society was alike disastrous4 ,early legislation had not steered clear of the error of attempting to enforce ,sabbath-keeping as a religious duty by civil penalties2 and some relics of that mistake remained1 and still remain1 on some of the statute-books4 ,the just protest against this wrong was1 of course1 undiscriminating1 tending to defeat the righteous and most salutary laws that aimed simply to secure for the citizen the privilege of a weekly day of rest and to secure the holiday thus ordained by law from being perverted into a nuisance4 ,the social change which is still in progress along these lines no wise ,christian patriot can contemplate with complacency4 ,it threatens1 when complete1 to deprive us of that universal quiet ,sabbath rest which has been one of the glories of ,american social life1 and an important element in its economic prosperity1 and to give in place of it1 to some1 no assurance of a ,sabbath rest at all1 to others1 a ,sabbath of revelry and debauch4 ,,footnotes3 #ced3a ,thompson1 ,the ,presbyterians1 chap4 xiii42 ,johnson1 ,the ,southern ,presbyterians1 chap4 v4 #ceg3a ,the immigration is thus given by decades1 with an illustrative diagram1 by ,dr4 ,dorchester1 ,christianity in the ,united ,states1 p4 #gei3 #ahbe-ce #ccj1gcg #ahce-de #gjg1ggj #ahde-ee #b1idd1hcc #ahee-fe #a1egh1dhc #ahfe-ge #c1bcd1jij #ahge-he #d1jfa1bgh #ceh3a ,ibid41 p4 #gad4 ,we have quoted in round numbers4 ,the figures do not include the large sums expended annually in the colportage work of ,bible and tract societies1 in ,sunday school missions1 and in the building of churches and parsonages4 ,in the accounts of the last-named most effective enterprise the small amounts received and appropriated to aid in building would represent manifold more gathered and expended by the pioneer churches on the ground4 #cei3a ,dorchester1 op4 cit41 p4 #gji4 #cei3b ,above1 pp4 #bei1 #bfj4 #cei3c ,a pamphlet published at the office of the ,new ,york ,sun1 away back in the early thirties1 was formerly in my possession1 which undertook to give1 under the title ,the ,rich ,men of ,new ,york1 the name of every person in that city who was worth more than one hundred thousand dollars--and it was not a large pamphlet1 either4 ,as nearly as ,i remember1 there were less than a half-dozen names credited with more than a million1 and one solitary name1 that of ,john ,jacob ,astor1 was reported as good for the enormous and almost incredible sum of ten millions4 #cfa3a ,dorchester1 ,christianity in the ,united ,states1 p4 #gae4 #cfa3b ,see above1 p4 #gj4 #cfc3a ,bishop ,vincent1 in ,schaff-,herzog ,encyclopedia1 p4 #dda4 ,the number of students in the ,chautauqua ,literary and ,scientific ,circle already in #ahia exceeded twenty-five thousand4 #cfg3a ,among the titles omitted from this list are the various ,lend-a-,hand ,clubs1 and #aj x #a #aj ,clubs1 and circles of ,king's ,daughters1 and like coteries1 that have been inspired by the tales and the four mottoes of ,edward ,everett ,hale4 #cfi3a ,dr4 ,h4 ,k4 ,carroll1 in ,the ,independent1 ,april #a1 #ahig4 #cfi3b ,congregationalist ,handbook for #ahig1 p4 #ce4 #cga3a ,westminster ,shorter ,catechism1 ,ans4 #fj4 ,the commentaries on the ,catechism1 which are many1 like ,gemara upon ,mishna1 build wider and higher the fence around the law1 in a fashion truly rabbinic4 #cgb3a ,colossians1 ii4 #af4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,theology ,,and ,,literature4 ,the rapid review of three crowded centuries1 which is all that the narrowly prescribed limits of this volume have permitted1 has necessarily been mainly restricted to external facts4 ,but looking back over the course of visible events1 it is not impossible for acute minds devoted to such study to trace the stream of thought and sentiment that is sometimes hidden from direct view by the overgrowth which itself has nourished4 ,we have seen a profound spiritual change1 renewing the face of the land and leaving its indelible impress on successive generations1 springing from the profoundest contemplations of ,god and his work of salvation through ,jesus ,christ1 and then bringing back into thoughtful and teachable minds new questions to be solved and new discoveries of truth to be pondered4 ,the one school of theological opinion and inquiry that can be described as characteristically ,american is the theology of the ,great ,awakening4 ,the disciples of this school1 in all its divergent branches1 agree in looking back to the first ,jonathan ,edwards as the founder of it4 ,through its generations it has shown a striking sequence and continuity of intellectual and spiritual life1 each generation answering questions put to it by its predecessor1 while propounding new questions to the generation following4 ,after the classical writings of its first founders1 the most widely influential production of this school is the ,theology ,explained and ,defended in a ,series of ,sermons of ,president ,dwight4 ,this had the advantage over some other systems of having been preached1 and thus proved to be preachable4 ,the series of sermons was that delivered to successive generations of college students at ,yale at a time of prevailing skepticism1 when every statement of the college pulpit was liable to sharp and not too friendly scrutiny2 and it was preached with the fixed purpose of convincing and converting the young men who heard it4 ,the audience1 the occasion1 and the man--a fervid ,christian1 and a born poet and orator--combined to produce a work of wide and enduring influence4 ,the dynasty of the ,edwardeans is continued down to the middle of the nineteenth century1 and later1 through different lines1 ending in ,emmons of ,franklin1 ,taylor of ,new ,haven1 and ,finney of ,oberlin1 and is represented among the living by the venerable ,edwards ,a4 ,park1 of ,andover1 who adds to that power of sustained speculative thinking in a straight line which is characteristic of the whole school1 a wide learning in the whole field of theological literature1 which had not been usual among his predecessors4 ,it is a prevailing trait of this theology1 born of the great revival1 that it has constantly held before itself not only the question1 ,what is truth8 but also the question1 ,how shall it be preached8 ,it has never ceased to be a revival theology4 ,a bold and open breach of traditionary assumptions and habits of reasoning was made by ,horace ,bushnell4 ,this was a theologian of a different type from his ,new ,england predecessors4 ,he was of a temper little disposed to accept either methods or results as a local tradition1 and inclined rather to prefer that which had been hammered out on his own anvil4 ,and yet1 while very free in manifesting his small respect for the logicking by syllogistic processes which had been the pride of the theological chair and even the pulpit in ,america1 and while declining the use of current phraseologies even for the expression of current ideas1 he held himself loyally subject to the canon of the ,scriptures as his rule of faith1 and deferential to the voice of the church catholic as uttered in the concord of testimony of holy men in all ages4 ,endowed with a poet's power of intuition1 uplifted by a fervid piety1 uttering himself in a literary style singularly rich and melodious1 it is not strange that such a man should have made large contributions to the theological thought of his own and later times4 ,in natural theology1 his discourses on ,the ,moral ,uses of ,dark ,things 7#ahfi71 and his longest continuous work1 on ,nature and the ,supernatural 7#aheh71 even though read rather as prose-poems than as arguments1 sound distinctly new notes in the treatment of their theme4 ,in ,god in ,christ 7#ahdi71 ,christ in ,theology 7#ahea71 ,the ,vicarious ,sacrifice 7#ahff71 and ,forgiveness and ,law 7#ahgd71 and in a notable article in the ,new ,englander for ,november1 #ahed1 entitled ,the ,christian ,trinity a ,practical ,truth1 the great topics of the ,christian system were dealt with all the more effectively1 in the minds of thoughtful readers in this and other lands1 for cries of alarm and newspaper and pulpit impeachments of heresy that were sent forth4 ,but that work of his which most nearly made as well as marked an epoch in ,american church history was the treatise of ,christian ,nurture 7#ahdg74 ,this1 with the protracted controversy that followed upon the publication of it1 was a powerful influence in lifting the ,american church out of the rut of mere individualism that had been wearing deeper and deeper from the days of the ,great ,awakening4 ,another wholesome and edifying debate was occasioned by the publications that went forth from the college and theological seminary of the ,german ,reformed ,church1 situated at ,mercersburg in ,pennsylvania4 ,at this institution was effected a fruitful union of ,american and ,german theology2 the result was to commend to the general attention aspects of truth1 philosophical1 theological1 and historical1 not previously current among ,american ,protestants4 ,the book of ,dr4 ,john ,williamson ,nevin1 entitled ,the ,mystical ,presence3 ,a ,vindication of the ,reformed or ,calvinistic ,doctrine of the ,holy ,eucharist1 revealed to the vast multitude of churches and ministers that gloried in the name of ,calvinist the fact that on the most distinctive article of ,calvinism they were not ,calvinists at all1 but ,zwinglians4 ,the enunciation of the standard doctrine of the various ,presbyterian churches excited among themselves a clamor of ,heresy6 and the doctrine of ,calvin was put upon trial before the ,calvinists4 ,the outcome of a discussion that extended itself far beyond the boundaries of the comparatively small and uninfluential ,german ,reformed ,church was to elevate the point of view and broaden the horizon of ,american students of the constitution and history of the church4 ,later generations of such students owe no light obligation to the fidelity and courage of ,dr4 ,nevin1 as well as to the erudition and immense productive diligence of his associate1 ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff4#cgg3a ,it is incidental to the prevailing method of instruction in theology by a course of prelections in which the teacher reads to his class in detail his own original summa theologiae1 that the ,american press has been prolific of ponderous volumes of systematic divinity4 ,among the more notable of these systems are those of ,leonard ,woods 7in five volumes7 and of ,enoch ,pond2 of the two ,drs4 ,hodge1 father and son2 of ,robert ,j4 ,breckinridge and ,james ,h4 ,thornwell and ,robert ,l4 ,dabney2 and the ,systematic ,theology of a much younger man1 ,dr4 ,augustus ,h4 ,strong1 of ,rochester ,seminary1 which has won for itself very unusual and wide respect4 ,exceptional for ability1 as well as for its originality of conception1 is ,the ,republic of ,god3 ,an ,institute of ,theology1 by ,elisha ,mulford1 a disciple of ,maurice and of the realist philosophy1 the thought of whose whole life is contained in this and his kindred work on ,the ,nation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how great is the debt which the church owes to its heretics is frequently illustrated in the progress of ,christianity in ,america4 ,if it had not been for the ,unitarian defection in ,new ,england1 and for the attacks from ,germany upon the historicity of the gospels1 the theologians of ,america might to this day have been engrossed in threshing old straw in endless debates on fixed fate1 free will1 foreknowledge absolute4 ,the exigencies of controversy forced the study of the original documents of the church4 ,from his entrance upon his professorship at ,andover1 in #ahaj1 the eager enthusiasm of ,moses ,stuart made him the father of exegetical science not only for ,america1 but for all the ,english-speaking countries4 ,his not less eminent pupil and associate1 ,edward ,robinson1 later of the ,union ,seminary1 ,new ,york1 created out of nothing the study of biblical geography4 ,associating with himself the most accomplished living ,arabist1 ,eli ,smith1 of the ,american mission at ,beirut1 he made those ,biblical ,researches in ,palestine which have been the foundation on which all later explorers have built4 ,another ,american missionary1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,thomson1 has given the most valuable popular exposition of the same subject in his volumes on ,the ,land and the ,book4 ,with the exception of ,dr4 ,henry ,clay ,trumbull in his determination of the site of ,kadesh-barnea1 the ,american successors to ,robinson in the original exploration of the ,bible lands have made few additions to our knowledge4 ,but in the department of biblical archaeology the work of ,drs4 ,ward1 ,peters1 and ,hilprecht in the mounds of ,babylonia1 and of ,mr4 ,bliss in ,palestine1 has added not a little to the credit of the ,american church against the heavy balance which we owe to the scholarship of ,europe4 ,monumental works in lexicography have been produced by ,dr4 ,thayer1 of ,cambridge1 on ,new ,testament ,greek2 by ,professor ,francis ,brown1 of ,new ,york1 in conjunction with ,canon ,driver1 of ,oxford1 on the languages of the ,old ,testament2 and by ,dr4 ,sophocles1 of ,cambridge1 on the ,byzantine ,greek4 ,in the work of the textual criticism of the ,scriptures1 notwithstanding its remoteness from the manuscript sources of study1 ,america has furnished two names that are held in honor throughout the learned world3 among the recent dead1 ,ezra ,abbot1 of ,cambridge1 universally beloved and lamented2 and among the living1 ,caspar ,rene ,gregory1 successor to the labors and the fame of ,tischendorf4 ,a third name is that of the late ,dr4 ,isaac ,h4 ,hall1 the successful collator of ,syriac ,new ,testament manuscripts4 ,in those studies of the higher criticism which at the present day are absorbing so much of the attention of biblical scholars1 and the progress of which is watched with reasonable anxiety for their bearing on that dogma of the absolute inerrancy of the canonical ,scriptures which has so commonly been postulated as the foundation of ,protestant systems of revealed theology1 the ,american church has taken eager interest4 ,an eminent1 and in some respects the foremost1 place among the leaders in ,america of these investigations into the substructure1 if not of the ,christian faith1 at least of the work of the system-builders1 is held by ,professor ,w4 ,h4 ,green1 of ,princeton1 whose painstaking essays in the higher criticism have done much to stimulate the studies of younger men who have come out at conclusions different from his own4 ,the works of ,professors ,briggs1 of ,union ,seminary1 and ,henry ,p4 ,smith1 of ,lane ,seminary1 have had the invaluable advantage of being commended to public attention by ecclesiastical processes and debates4 ,the two volumes of ,professor ,bacon1 of ,yale1 have been recognized by the foremost scholars of ,great ,britain and ,germany as containing original contributions toward the solution of the problem of ,pentateuchal analysis4 ,the intricate critical questions presented by the ,book of ,judges have been handled with supreme ability by ,professor ,moore1 of ,andover1 in his commentary on that book4 ,a desideratum in biblical literature has been well supplied by ,professor ,bissell1 of ,hartford1 in a work on the ,old ,testament ,apocrypha4 ,but the magnum opus of ,american biblical scholarship1 associating with itself the best learning and ability of other nations1 is the publication1 under the direction of ,professor ,haupt1 of ,baltimore1 of a critical text of the entire ,scriptures in the original languages1 with new translations and notes1 for the use of scholars4 ,the undeniably grave theological difficulties occasioned by the results of critical study have given rise to a novel dogma concerning the ,scriptures1 which1 if it may justly be claimed as a product of the ,princeton ,seminary1 would seem to discredit the modest boast of the venerated ,dr4 ,charles ,hodge1 that ,princeton has never originated a new idea4 ,it consists in the hypothesis of an original autograph of the ,scriptures1 the precise contents of which are now undiscoverable1 but which differed from any existing text in being absolutely free from error of any kind4 ,the hypothesis has no small advantage in this1 that if it is not susceptible of proof1 it is equally secure from refutation4 ,if not practically useful1 it is at least novel1 and on this ground entitled to mention in recounting the contributions of the ,american church to theology at a really perilous point in the progress of biblical study4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the field of church history1 aside from local and sectarian histories1 was late in being invaded by ,american theologians4 ,for many generations the theology of ,america was distinctly unhistorical1 speculative1 and provincial4 ,but a change in this respect was inevitably sure to come4 ,the strong propensity of the national mind toward historical studies is illustrated by the large proportion of historical works among the masterpieces of our literature1 whether in prose or in verse4 ,it would seem as if our conscious poverty in historical monuments and traditions had engendered an eager hunger for history4 ,no travelers in ancient lands are such enthusiasts in seeking the monuments of remote ages as those whose homes are in regions not two generations removed from the prehistoric wilderness4 ,it was certain that as soon as theology should begin to be taught to ,american students in its relation to the history of the kingdom of ,christ1 the charm of this method would be keenly felt4 ,we may assume the date of #ahec as an epoch from which to date this new era of theological study4 ,it was in that year that the gifted1 learned1 and inspiring teacher1 ,henry ,boynton ,smith1 was transferred from the chair of history in ,union ,theological ,seminary1 ,new ,york1 to the chair of systematic theology4 ,through his premature and most lamented death the church has failed of receiving that system of doctrine which had been hoped for at his hands4 ,but the historic spirit which characterized him has ever since been characteristic of that seminary4 ,it is illustrative of the changed tone of theologizing that after the death of ,professor ,smith1 in the reorganization of the faculty of that important institution1 it was manned in the three chief departments1 exegetical1 dogmatic1 and practical1 by men whose eminent distinction was in the line of church history4 ,the names of ,hitchcock1 ,schaff1 and ,shedd cannot be mentioned without bringing to mind some of the most valuable gifts that ,america has made to the literature of the universal church4 ,if to these we add the names of ,george ,park ,fisher1 of ,yale1 and ,bishop ,hurst1 and ,alexander ,v4 ,g4 ,allen1 of ,cambridge1 author of ,the ,continuity of ,christian ,thought1 and ,henry ,charles ,lea1 of ,philadelphia1 we have already vindicated for ,american scholarship a high place in this department of ,christian literature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in practical theology the productiveness of the ,american church in the matter of sermons has been so copious that even for the briefest mention some narrow rule of exclusion must be followed4 ,there is no doubt that in a multitude of cases the noblest utterances of the ,american pulpit1 being unwritten1 have never come into literature1 but have survived for a time as a glowing memory1 and then a fading tradition4 ,the statement applies to many of the most famous revival preachers2 and in consequence of a prevalent prejudice against the writing of sermons1 it applies especially to the great ,methodist and ,baptist preachers1 whose representation on the shelves of libraries is most disproportionate to their influence on the course of the kingdom of ,christ4 ,of other sermons1--and good sermons1--printed and published1 many have had an influence almost as restricted and as evanescent as the utterances of the pulpit improvisator4 ,if we confine ourselves to those sermons that have survived their generation or won attention beyond the limits of local interest or of sectarian fellowship1 the list will not be unmanageably long4 ,in the early years of the nineteenth century the ,unitarian pulpits of ,boston were adorned with every literary grace known to the rhetoric of that period4 ,the luster of ,channing's fame has outshone and outlasted that of his associates2 and yet these were stars of hardly less magnitude4 ,the two ,wares1 father and son1 the younger ,buckminster1 whose singular power as a preacher was known not only to wondering hearers1 but to readers on both sides of the ocean1 ,gannett and ,dewey--these were among them2 and1 in the next generation1 ,henry ,w4 ,bellows1 ,thomas ,starr ,king1 and ,james ,freeman ,clarke4 ,no body of clergy of like size was ever so resplendent with talents and accomplishments4 ,the names alone of those who left the ,unitarian pulpit for a literary or political career--,sparks1 ,everett1 ,bancroft1 ,emerson1 ,ripley1 ,palfrey1 ,upham1 among them--are a constellation by themselves4 ,to the merely literary critic those earnest preachers1 such as ,lyman and ,edward ,beecher1 ,griffin1 ,sereno ,dwight1 ,wayland1 and ,kirk1 who felt called of ,god to withstand1 in ,boston1 this splendid array of not less earnest men1 were clearly inferior to their antagonists4 ,but they were successful4 ,a few years later1 the preeminent ,american writer of sermons to be read and pondered in every part of the world was ,horace ,bushnell2 as the great popular preacher1 whose words1 caught burning from his lips1 rolled around the world in a perpetual stream1 was ,henry ,ward ,beecher4 ,widely different from either of these1 and yet in an honorable sense successor to the fame of both1 was ,phillips ,brooks1 of all ,american preachers most widely beloved and honored in all parts of the church4 ,of living preachers whose sermons have already attained a place of honor in libraries at home and abroad1 the name of ,bishop ,f4 ,d4 ,huntington stands among the foremost2 and those who have been charmed by the brilliant rhetoric and instructed from the copious learning of his college classmate1 ,dr4 ,richard ,s4 ,storrs1 must feel it a wrong done to our national literature that these gifts should be chiefly known to the reading public only by occasional discourses and by two valuable studies in religious history instead of by volumes of sermons4 ,perhaps no ,american pulpits have to-day a wider hearing beyond the sea than two that stand within hearing distance of each other on ,new ,haven ,green1 occupied by ,theodore ,t4 ,munger and ,newman ,smyth4 ,the pulpit of ,plymouth ,church1 ,brooklyn1 has not ceased1 since the accession of ,lyman ,abbott1 to wield a wide and weighty influence1--less wide1 but in some respects more weighty1 than in the days of his famous predecessor1--by reason of a well-deserved reputation for biblical learning and insight1 and for candor and wisdom in applying ,scriptural principles to the solution of current questions4 ,the early ,american theology was1 as we have seen1 a rhetorical and not a merely scholastic theology--a theology to be preached4#chd3a ,in like manner1 the ,american pulpit in those days was distinctly theological1 like a professor's chair4 ,one who studies with care the pulpit of to-day1 in those volumes that seem to command the widest and most enduring attention1 will find that it is to a large extent apologetic1 addressing itself to the abating of doubts and objections to the ,christian system1 or1 recognizing the existing doubts1 urging the religious duties that are nevertheless incumbent on the doubting mind4 ,it has ceased to assume the substantial soundness of the hearer in the main principles of orthodox opinion1 and regards him as one to be held to the church by attraction1 persuasion1 or argument4 ,the result of this attitude of the preacher is to make the pulpit studiously1 and even eagerly1 attractive and interesting4 ,this virtue has its corresponding fault4 ,the ,american preacher of to-day is little in danger of being dull2 his peril lies at the other extreme4 ,his temptation is rather to the feebleness of extravagant statement1 and to an overstrained and theatric rhetoric such as some persons find so attractive in the discourses of ,dr4 ,talmage1 and others find repulsive and intolerable4 ,a direction in which the literature of practical theology in ,america is sure to expand itself in the immediate future is indicated in the title of a recent work of that versatile and useful writer1 ,dr4 ,washington ,gladden1 ,applied ,christianity4 ,the salutary conviction that political economy cannot be relied on by itself to adjust all the intricate relations of men under modern conditions of life1 that the ethical questions that arise are not going to solve themselves automatically by the law of demand and supply1 that the gospel and the church and the ,spirit of ,christ have somewhat to do in the matter1 has been settling itself deeply into the minds of ,christian believers4 ,the impression that the questions between labor and capital1 between sordid poverty and overgrown wealth1 were old-world questions1 of which we of the ,new ,world are relieved1 is effectually dispelled4 ,thus far there is not much of history to be written under this head1 but somewhat of prophecy4 ,it is now understood1 and felt in the conscience1 that these questions are for every ,christian to consider1 and for those undertaking the cure of souls to make the subject of their faithful1 laborious professional study4 ,the founding of professorships of social ethics in the theological seminaries must lead to important and speedy results in the efficiency of churches and pastors in dealing with this difficult class of problems4#chf3a ,but whatever advances shall be made in the future1 no small part of the impulse toward them will be recognized as coming from1 or rather through1 the inspiring and most ,christian humanitarian writings and the personal influence and example of ,edward ,everett ,hale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in one noble department of religious literature1 the liturgical1 the record of the ,american church is meager4 ,the reaction among the early colonists and many of the later settlers against forms of worship imposed by political authority was violent4 ,seeking for a logical basis1 it planted itself on the assumption that no form 7unless an improvised form7 is permitted in public worship1 except such as are sanctioned by express word of ,scripture4 ,in their sturdy resolution to throw off and break up the yoke1 which neither they nor their fathers had been able to bear1 of ordinances and traditions complicated with not a little of debilitating superstition1 the extreme ,puritans of ,england and ,scotland rejected the whole system of holy days in the ,christian year1 including the authentic anniversaries of ,passover and ,pentecost1 and discontinued the use of religious ceremonies at marriages and funerals4#chf3b ,the only liturgical compositions that have come down to us from the first generations are the various attempts1 in various degrees of harshness and rudeness1 at the versification of psalms and other ,scriptures for singing4 ,the emancipation of the church from its bondage to an artificial dogma came1 as we have already seen1 with the ,great ,awakening and the introduction of ,watts's ,psalms of ,david1 ,imitated in the ,language of the ,new ,testament4#chg3a ,after the ,revolution1 at the request of the ,general ,association of ,connecticut and the ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterian ,church1 ,timothy ,dwight completed the work of ,watts by versifying a few omitted psalms1#chg3b and added a brief selection of hymns1 chiefly in the grave and solemn ,scriptural style of ,watts and ,doddridge4 ,then followed1 in successive tides1 from ,england1 the copious hymnody of the ,methodist revival1 both ,calvinist and ,wesleyan1 of the ,evangelical revival1 and now at last of the ,oxford revival1 with its affluence of translations from the ancient hymnists1 as well as of original hymns4 ,it is doubtless owing to this abundant intermittent inflow from ,england that the production of ,american hymns has been so scanty4 ,only a few writers1 among them ,thomas ,hastings and ,ray ,palmer1 have written each a considerable number of hymns that have taken root in the common use of the church4 ,not a few names besides are associated each with some one or two or three lyrics that have won an enduring place in the affections of ,christian worshipers4 ,the gospel hymns which have flowed from many pens in increasing volume since the revival of #aheg have proved their great usefulness1 especially in connection with the ministry of ,messrs4 ,moody and ,sankey2 but they are1 even the best of them1 short-lived4 ,after their season the church seems not unwilling to let them die4 ,soon after the mid-point of the nineteenth century1 began a serious study of the subject of the conduct of public worship1 which continues to this day1 with good promise of sometime reaching useful and stable results4 ,in #ahee was published ,eutaxia1 or the ,presbyterian ,liturgies3 ,historical ,sketches4 ,by a ,minister of the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,the author1 ,charles ,w4 ,baird1 was a man peculiarly fitted to render the church important service1 such as indeed he did render in this volume1 and in the field of ,huguenot history which he divided with his brother1 ,henry ,m4 ,baird4 ,how great the loss to historical theology through his protracted feebleness of body and his death may be conjectured1 not measured4 ,this brief volume awakened an interest in the subject of it in ,america1 and in ,scotland1 and among the nonconformists of ,england4 ,to ,american ,presbyterians in general it was something like a surprise to be reminded that the sisterhood of the ,reformed sects were committed by their earliest and best traditions in favor of liturgic uses in public worship4 ,at about the same time the fruitful discussions of the ,mercersburg controversy were in progress in the ,german ,reformed ,church4 ,mercersburg found fault with the common style of extemporaneous public prayer1 and advocated a revival of the liturgical church service of the ,reformation period1 but so modified and reproduced as to be adapted to the existing wants of ,protestant congregations4#chh3a ,each of these discussions was followed by a proposed book of worship4 ,in #aheg was published by ,mr4 ,baird ,a ,book of ,public ,prayer1 ,compiled from the ,authorized ,formularies of ,worship of the ,presbyterian ,church1 as ,prepared by the ,reformers1 ,calvin1 ,knox1 ,bucer1 and others2 and in #aheh was set forth by a committee of the ,german ,reformed ,church ,a ,liturgy1 or ,order of ,christian ,worship4 ,in #ahee ,st4 ,peter's ,presbyterian ,church of ,rochester published its ,church-book1 prepared by ,mr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,bacon1 then acting as pastor1 which was principally notable for introducing the use of the ,psalms in parallelisms for responsive reading--a use which at once found acceptance in many churches1 and has become general in all parts of the country4 ,sporadic experiments followed in various individual congregations1 looking toward greater variety or greater dignity or greater musical attractiveness in the services of public worship1 or toward more active participation therein on the part of the people4 ,but these experiments1 conducted without concert or mutual counsel1 often without serious study of the subject1 and with a feebly esthetic purpose1 were representative of individual notions1 and had in them no promise of stability or of fruit after their kind4 ,only1 by the increasing number of them1 they have given proof of an unrest on this subject which at last is beginning to embody itself in organization and concerted study and enterprise4 ,a fifty years of mere tentative groping is likely to be followed by another fifty years of substantial progress4 ,the influence of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church upon this growing tendency has been sometimes favorable1 sometimes unfavorable1 but always important4 ,to begin with1 it has held up before the whole church an example of prescribed forms for divine worship1 on the whole1 the best in all history4 ,on the other hand1 it has drawn to itself those in other sects whose tastes and tendencies would make them leaders in the study of liturgics1 and thus while reinforcing itself has hindered the general advance of improvement in the methods of worship4 ,withal1 its influence has tended to narrow the discussion to the consideration of a single provincial and sectarian tradition1 as if the usage of a part of the ,christians of the southern end of one of the islands of the ,british archipelago had a sort of binding authority over the whole western continent4 ,but again1 on the other hand1 the broadening of its own views to the extent of developing distinctly diverse ways of thinking among its clergy and people has enlarged the field of study once more1 and tended to interest the church generally in the practical1 historical1 and theological aspects of the subject4 ,the somewhat timid ventures of ,broad and ,evangelical men in one direction1 and the fearless breaking of bounds in the other direction by those of ,ritualist sympathies1 have done much to liberate this important communion from slavish uniformity and indolent traditionalism2 and within a few years that has been accomplished which only a few years earlier would have been deemed impossible--the considerable alteration and improvement of the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,it is safe to prognosticate1 from the course of the history up to this point1 that the subject of the conduct of worship will become more and more seriously a subject of study in the ,american church in all its divisions2 that the discussions thereon arising will be attended with strong antagonisms of sentiment2 that mutual antagonisms within the several sects will be compensated by affiliations of men like-minded across sectarian lines2 and that thus1 as many times before1 particular controversies will tend to general union and fellowship4 ,one topic under this title of ,liturgics requires special mention--the use of music in the church4 ,it was not till the early part of the eighteenth century that music began to be cultivated as an art in ,america4#cia3a ,up to that time the service of song in the house of the ,lord had consisted1 in most worshiping assemblies on this continent1 in the singing of rude literal versifications of the ,psalms and other ,scriptures to some eight or ten old tunes handed down by tradition1 and variously sung in various congregations1 as modified by local practice4 ,the coming in of singing by rule was nearly coincident with the introduction of ,watts's psalms and hymns1 and was attended with like agitations4 ,the singing-school for winter evenings became an almost universal social institution2 and there actually grew up an ,american school of composition1 quaint1 rude1 and ungrammatical1 which had great vogue toward the end of the last century1 and is even now remembered by some with admiration and regret4 ,it was devoted mainly to psalmody tunes of an elaborate sort1 in which the first half-stanza would be sung in plain counterpoint1 after which the voices would chase each other about in a lively imitative movement1 coming out together triumphantly at the close4 ,they abounded in forbidden progressions and empty chords1 but were often characterized by fervor of feeling and by strong melodies4 ,a few of them1 as ,lenox and ,northfield1 still linger in use2 and the productions of this school in general1 which amount to a considerable volume1 are entitled to respectful remembrance as the first untutored utterance of music in ,america4 ,the use of them became a passionate delight to our grandparents2 and the traditions are fresh and vivid of the great choirs filling the church galleries on three sides1 and tossing the theme about from part to part4 ,the use of these rudely artificial tunes involved a gravely important change in the course of public worship4 ,in congregations that accepted them the singing necessarily became an exclusive privilege of the choir4 ,to a lamentable extent1 where there was neither the irregular and spontaneous ejaculation of the ,methodist nor the rubrical response of the ,episcopalian1 the people came to be shut out from audible participation in the acts of public worship4 ,a movement of musical reform in the direction of greater simplicity and dignity began early in this century1 when ,lowell ,mason in ,boston and ,thomas ,hastings in ,new ,york began their multitudinous publications of psalmody4 ,between them not less than seventy volumes of music were published in a period of half as many years4 ,their immense and successful fecundity was imitated with less success by others1 until the land was swamped with an annual flood of church-music books4 ,a thin diluvial stratum remains to us from that time in tunes1 chiefly from the pen of ,dr4 ,mason1 that have taken permanent place as ,american chorals4 ,such pieces as ,boylston1 ,hebron1 ,rockingham1 ,missionary ,hymn1 and the adaptations of ,gregorian melodies1 ,olmutz and ,hamburg1 are not likely to be displaced from their hold on the ,american church by more skilled and exquisite compositions of later schools4 ,but the fertile labors of the church musicians of this period were affected by the market demand for new material for the singing-school1 the large church choir1 and the musical convention4 ,the music thus introduced into the churches consisted not so much of hymn-tunes and anthems as of sacred glees4#cib3a ,before the middle of the century the ,episcopal ,church had arrived at a point at which it was much looked to to set the fashions in such matters as church music and architecture4 ,its influence at this time was very bad4 ,it was largely responsible for the fashion1 still widely prevalent1 of substituting for the church choir a quartet of professional solo singers1 and for the degradation of church music into the dainty1 languishing1 and sensuous style which such artists do most affect4 ,the period of ,the ,grace ,church ,collection1 ,greatorex's ,collection1 and the sheet-music compositions of ,george ,william ,warren and ,john ,r4 ,thomas was the lowest tide of ,american church music4 ,a healthy reaction from this vicious condition began about #ahee1 with the introduction of hymn-and-tune books and the revival of congregational singing4 ,from that time the progressive improvement of the public taste may be traced in the character of the books that have succeeded one another in the churches1 until the admirable compositions of the modern ,english school of psalmody tend to predominate above those of inferior quality4 ,it is the mark of a transitional period that both in church music and in church architecture we seem to depend much on compositions and designs derived from older countries4 ,the future of religious art in ,america is sufficiently well assured to leave no cause for hurry or anxiety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in glancing back over this chapter1 it will be strange if some are not impressed1 and unfavorably impressed1 with a disproportion in the names cited as representative1 which are taken chiefly from some two or three sects4 ,this may justly be referred in part1 no doubt1 to the author's point of view and to the personal equation2 but it is more largely due to the fact that in the specialization of the various sects the work of theological literature and science has been distinctively the lot of the ,congregationalists and the ,presbyterians1 and preeminently of the former4#cid3a ,it is matter of congratulation that the inequality among the denominations in this respect is in a fair way to be outgrown4 ,special mention must be made of the peculiarly valuable contribution to the liturgical literature of ,america that is made by the oldest of our episcopal churches1 the ,moravian4 ,this venerable organization is rich not only in the possession of a heroic martyr history1 but in the inheritance of liturgic forms and usages of unsurpassed beauty and dignity4 ,before the other churches had emerged from a half-barbarous state in respect to church music1 this art was successfully cultivated in the ,moravian communities and missions4 ,in past times these have had comparatively few points of contact and influence with the rest of the church2 but when the elements of a common order of divine worship shall by and by begin to grow into form1 it is hardly possible that the ,moravian traditions will not enter into it as an important factor4 ,a combination of conditions which in the case of other bodies in the church has been an effective discouragement to literary production has applied with especial force to the ,roman ,catholic ,church in ,america4 ,first1 its energies and resources1 great as they are1 have been engrossed by absolutely prodigious burdens of practical labor2 and secondly1 its necessary literary material has been furnished to it from across the sea1 ready to its hand1 or needing only the light labor of translation4 ,but these two conditions are not enough1 of themselves1 to account for the very meager contribution of the ,catholic ,church to the common religious and theological literature of ,american ,christendom4 ,neither is the fact explained by the general low average of culture among the ,catholic population2 for literary production does not ordinarily proceed from the man of average culture1 but from men of superior culture1 such as this church possesses in no small number1 and places in positions of undisturbed learned leisure that would seem in the highest degree promotive of intellectual work4 ,but the comparative statistics of the ,catholic and the ,protestant countries and universities of ,germany seem to prove conclusively that the spirit and discipline of the ,roman ,church are unfavorable to literary productiveness in those large fields of intellectual activity that are common and free alike to the scholars of all ,christendom4 ,it remains to be seen whether the stimulating atmosphere and the free and equal competitions of the ,new ,world will not show their invigorating effect in the larger activity of ,catholic scholars1 and their liberation from within the narrow lines of polemic and defensive literature4 ,the republic of ,christian letters has already shown itself prompt to welcome accessions from this quarter4 ,the signs are favorable4 ,notwithstanding severe criticisms of their methods proceeding from the ,catholic press1 or rather in consequence of such criticisms1 the ,catholic institutions of higher learning are rising in character and in public respect2 and the honorable enterprise of establishing at ,washington an ,american ,catholic university1 on the upbuilding of which shall be concentrated the entire intellectual strength and culture of this church1 promises an invigorating influence that shall extend through that whole system of educational institutions which the church has set on foot at immense cost1 and not with wholly satisfactory results4 ,recent events in the ,catholic ,church in ,america tend to reassure all minds on an important point on which not bigots and alarmists only1 but liberal-minded citizens apostolically willing to look not only on their own things but also on the things of others1 have found reasonable ground for anxiety4 ,the ,american ,catholic ,church1 while characterized in all its ranks1 in respect of loyal devotion to the pope1 by a high type of ultramontane orthodoxy1 is to be administered on patriotic ,american principles4 ,the brief term of service of ,monsignor ,satolli as papal legate clothed with plenipotentiary authority from the ,roman see stamped out the scheme called from its promoter ,cahenslyism1 which would have divided the ,american ,catholic ,church into permanent alien communities1 conserving each its foreign language and organized under its separate hierarchy4 ,the organization of parishes to be administered in other languages than ,english is suffered only as a temporary necessity4 ,the deadly warfare against the ,american common-school system has abated4 ,and the anti-,american denunciations contained in the bull and syllabus of ,december #h1 #ahfd1 are openly renounced as lacking the note of infallibility4#cif3a ,of course1 as in all large communities of vigorous vitality1 there will be mutually antagonist parties in this body2 but it is hardly to be doubted that with the growth and acclimatization of the ,catholic ,church in ,america that party will eventually predominate which is most in sympathy with the ruling ideas of the country and the age4 ,,footnotes3 #cgg3a ,for fuller accounts of the ,mercersburg theology1 with references to the literature of the subject1 see ,dubbs1 ,the ,reformed ,church1 ,german 7,american ,church ,history ,series1 vol4 viii471 pp4 #bai1 #bbj1 #chi-cgh2 also1 ,professor ,e4 ,v4 ,gerhart in ,schaff-,herzog ,encyclopedia1 pp4 #adgc-adge4 #chd3a ,see above1 p4 #cge4 #chf3a ,the program of ,yale ,divinity ,school for #ahif-ig announces among the required studies in senior year lectures on some important problems of ,american life1 such as ,socialism1 ,communism1 and ,anarchism2 ,races in the ,united ,states2 ,immigration2 the ,modern ,city2 the ,wage ,system2 the ,relations of ,employer and ,employed2 ,social ,classes2 the ,causes1 ,prevention1 and ,punishment of ,crime2 and ,university ,settlements4 #chf3b ,williston ,walker1 ,the ,congregationalists1 pp4 #bde1 #bdf4 #chg3a ,see above1 pp4 #ahb-ahd4 #chg3b ,the only relic of this work that survives in common use is the immortal lyric1 ,i love thy kingdom1 ,lord1 founded on a motif in the one hundred and thirty-seventh psalm4 ,this1 with ,doddridge's hymn1 ,my ,god1 and is thy table spread8 continued for a long time to be the most important church hymn and eucharistic hymn in the ,english language4 ,we should not perhaps have looked for the gift of them to two ,congregationalist ministers1 one in ,new ,england and the other in old ,england4 ,there is no such illustration of the spiritual unity of the holy catholic church1 the fellowship of the holy1 as is presented in a modern hymn-book4 #chh3a ,professor ,gerhart1 in ,schaff-,herzog ,encyclopedia1 p4 #adge4 #cia3a ,massachusetts ,historical ,collections1 second series1 vol4 iv41 p4 #cja2 quoted in the ,new ,englander1 vol4 xiii41 p4 #dfg 7,august1 #ahee74 #cib3a ,this was the criticism of the late ,rev4 ,mr4 ,havergal1 of ,worcester ,cathedral1 to whom ,dr4 ,mason had sent copies of some of his books4 ,the incident was freely told by ,dr4 ,mason himself4 #cid3a ,for many generations the religious and theological literature of the country proceeded almost exclusively1 at first or second hand1 from ,new ,england4 ,the ,presbyterian historian1 ,professor ,robert ,ellis ,thompson1 remarks that until after the division of #ahcg ,american ,presbyterianism made no important addition to the literature of theology 7,the ,presbyterians1 p4 #adc74 ,the like observation is true down to a much more recent date of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,noble progress has been made in both these denominations in reversing this record4 #cif3a ,so 7for example7 ,bishop ,o',gorman1 ,the ,roman ,catholics1 p4 #dcd4 ,and yet1 at the time1 the bull with its appendix was certainly looked upon as an act of infallibility4 ,see1 in ,la ,bulle ,quanta ,cura et la ,civilisation ,moderne1 par l',abbe ,pelage 7,paris1 #ahfe71 the utterances of all the ,french bishops4 ,the language of ,bishop ,plantier of ,poitiers seems decisive3 ,the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 doctor and pastor charged with the teaching and ruling of the entire church1 addressed to the bishops1 and through them to all the ,christian universe1 instructions1 the object of which is to settle the mind and enlighten the conscience on sundry points of ,christian doctrine and morals 7pp4 #ajc1 #ajd74 ,see also pp4 #dde1 #dej4 ,this brings it within the ,vatican ,council's definition of an infallible utterance4 ,but we are bound to bear in mind that not only is the infallible authority of this manifesto against progress1 liberalism1 and modern civilization disclaimed1 but the meaning of it1 which seems unmistakably clear1 is disputed4 ,the syllabus1 says ,bishop ,o',gorman1 is technical and legal in its language1 444 and needs to be interpreted to the lay reader by the ecclesiastical lawyer 7p4 #dce74 ,a seriously important desideratum in theological literature is some authoritative canon of the infallible utterances of the ,roman see4 ,it is difficult to fix on any one of them the infallible authority of which is not open to dispute within the church itself2 while the liability of them to misinterpretation 7as in the case of the ,quanta ,cura and ,syllabus7 brings in still another element of vagueness and uncertainty4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,tendencies ,,toward ,a ,,manifestation ,,of ,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,church4 ,the three centuries of history which we have passed under rapid review comprise a series of political events of the highest importance to mankind4 ,we have seen1 from our side-point of view1 the planting1 along the western coast of the ,atlantic ,ocean1 without mutual concert or common direction1 of many independent germs of civilization4 ,so many of these as survived the perils of infancy we have seen growing to a lusty youth1 and becoming drawn each to each by ties of common interest and mutual fellowship4 ,releasing themselves from colonial dependence on a transatlantic power1 we find these several communities1 now grown to be ,states1 becoming conscious1 through common perils1 victories1 and hopes1 of national unity and life1 and ordaining institutes of national government binding upon all4 ,the strong vitality of the new nation is proved by its assimilating to itself an immense mass of immigrants from all parts of ,europe1 and by expanding itself without essential change over the area of a continent4 ,it triumphs again and again1 and at last in a struggle that shakes the world1 over passions and interests that threaten schism in the body politic1 and gives good reason to its friends to boast the solid unity of the republic as the strongest existing fact in the political world4 ,the very great aggrandizement of the nation has been an affair of the last sixty years2 but already it has recorded itself throughout the vast expanse of the continent in monuments of architecture and engineering worthy of the national strength4 ,the ecclesiastical history which has been recounted in this volume1 covering the same territory and the same period of time1 runs with equal pace in many respects parallel with the political history1 but in one important respect with a wide divergence4 ,as with civilization so with ,christianity3 the germs of it1 derived from different regions of ,christendom1 were planted without concert of purpose1 and often with distinct cross-purposes1 in different seed-plots along the ,atlantic seaboard4 ,varying in polity1 in forms of dogmatic statement1 and even in language1 the diverse growths were made1 through wonders of spiritual influence and through external stress of trial1 to feel their unity in the one faith4 ,the course of a common experience tended to establish a predominant type of religious life the influence of which has been everywhere felt1 even when it has not been consented to4 ,the vital strength of the ,american church1 as of the ,american nation1 has been subjected to the test of the importation of enormous masses of more or less uncongenial population1 and has shown an amazing power of digestion and assimilation4 ,its resources have been taxed by the providential imposition of burdens of duty and responsibility such1 in magnitude and weight1 as never since the early preaching of the gospel have pressed upon any single generation of the church4 ,within the space of a single lifetime1 at an expenditure of toil and treasure which it is idle to attempt to compute1 the wide and desolate wilderness1 as fast as civilization has invaded it1 has been occupied by the church with churches1 schools1 colleges1 and seminaries of theology1 with pastors1 evangelists1 and teachers1 and1 in one way or another1 has been constrained to confess itself ,christian4 ,the continent which so short a time ago had been compassionately looked upon from across the sea as missionary ground has become a principal base of supplies1 and recruiting-ground for men and women1 for missionary operations in ancient lands of heathenism and of a decayed ,christianity4 ,so much for the parallel4 ,the divergence is not less impressive4 ,in contrast with the solid political unity into which the various and incongruous elements have settled themselves1 the unity of the ,christian church is manifested by oneness neither of jurisdiction nor of confederation1 nor even by diplomatic recognition and correspondence4 ,out of the total population of the ,united ,states1 amounting1 according to the census of #ahij1 to #fb1fbb1jjj souls1 the #eg1jjj1jjj accounted as ,christians1 including #bj1jjj1jjj communicant church-members1 are gathered into #afe1big congregations1 assembling in #adb1jjj church edifices containing #dc1jjj1jjj sittings1 and valued 7together with other church property7 at #fgj1jjj1jjj2 and are served in the ministry of the gospel by more than #aaa1jjj ministers4#djj3a ,but this great force is divided among #adc mutually independent sects1 larger and smaller4 ,among these sects is recognized no controlling and cooerdinating authority2 neither is there any common leadership2 neither is there any system of mutual counsel and concert4 ,the mutual relations of the sects are sometimes those of respect and good will1 sometimes of sharp competition and jealousy1 sometimes of eager and conscientious hostility4 ,all have one and the same unselfish and religious aim--to honor ,god in serving their fellow-men2 and each one1 in honestly seeking this supreme aim1 is affected by its corporate interests1 sympathies1 and antipathies4 ,this situation is too characteristic of ,america1 and too distinctly connected with the whole course of the antecedent history1 not to be brought out with emphasis in this concluding chapter4 ,in other lands the church is maintained1 through the power of the civil government1 under the exclusive control of a single organization1 in which the element of popular influence may be wholly wanting1 or may be present 7as in many of the ,reformed polities7 in no small measure4 ,in others yet1 through government influence and favor1 a strong predominance is given to one organized communion1 under the shadow of which dissentient minorities are tolerated and protected4 ,under the absolute freedom and equality of the ,american system there is not so much as a predominance of any one of the sects4 ,no one of them is so strong and numerous but that it is outnumbered and outweighed by the aggregate of the two next to it4 ,at present1 in consequence of the rush of immigration1 the ,roman ,catholic ,church is largely in advance of any single denomination besides1 but is inferior in numerical strength and popular influence to the ,methodists and ,baptists combined--if they were combined4 ,and there is no doubt that this comminution of the church is frankly accepted1 for reasons assigned1 not only as an inevitable drawback to the blessings of religious freedom1 but as a good thing in itself4 ,a weighty sentence of ,james ,madison undoubtedly expresses the prevailing sentiment among ,americans who contemplate the subject merely from the political side3 ,in a free government the security for civil rights must be the same as that for religious rights4 ,it consists1 in the one case1 in the multiplicity of interests1 and1 in the other1 in the multiplicity of sects4 ,the degree of security in both cases will depend on the number of interests and sects4#djb3a ,and no student of history can deny that there is much to justify the jealousy with which the lovers of civil liberty watch the climbing of any sect1 no matter how purely spiritual its constitution1 toward a position of command in popular influence4 ,the influence of the leaders of such a sect may be nothing more than the legitimate and well-deserved influence of men of superior wisdom and virtue2 but when reinforced by the weight of official religious character1 and backed by a majority1 or even a formidable minority1 of voters organized in a religious communion1 the feeling is sure to gain ground that such power is too great to be trusted to the hands even of the best of men4 ,whatever sectarian advantage such a body may achieve in the state by preponderance of number will be more than offset by the public suspicion and the watchful jealousy of rival sects2 and the weakening of it by division1 or the subordination of it by the overgrowth of a rival1 is sure to be regarded with general complacency4 ,it is not altogether a pleasing object of contemplation--the citizen and the statesman looking with contentment on the schism of the church as averting a danger to the state4 ,it is hardly more gratifying when we find ministers of the church themselves accepting the condition of schism as being1 on the whole1 a very good condition for the church of ,christ1 if not1 indeed1 the best possible4 ,it is quite unreservedly argued that the principle1 ,competition is the life of business1 is applicable to spiritual as well as secular concerns2 and the emulations reprobated by the ,apostle ,paul as works of the flesh are frankly appealed to for promoting the works of the spirit4 ,this debasing of the motive of church work is naturally attended by a debasement of the means employed4 ,the competitive church resorts to strange business devices to secure its needed revenue4 ,he that giveth is induced to give1 not with simplicity1 but with a view to incidental advantages1 and a distinct understanding is maintained between the right hand and the left4 ,the extent and variety of this influence on church life in ,america afford no occasion for pride1 but the mention of them could not rightly be omitted4 ,it remains for the future to decide whether they must needs continue as an inevitable attendant on the voluntary system4 ,sectarian divisions tend strongly to perpetuate themselves4 ,the starting of schism is easy and quick2 the healing of it is a matter of long diplomatic negotiations4 ,in a very short time the division of the church1 with its necessary relations to property and to the employment of officials1 becomes a vested interest4 ,provision for large expenditure unnecessary1 or even detrimental1 to the general interests of the kingdom of ,christ1 which had been instituted in the first place at heavy cost to the many1 is not to be discontinued without more serious loss to influential individuals4 ,those who would set themselves about the healing of a schism must reckon upon personal and property interests to be conciliated4 ,this least amiable characteristic of the growth of the ,christian church in ,america is not without its compensations4 ,the very fact of the existence1 in presence of one another1 of these multitudinous rival sects1 all equal before the law1 tends in the long run1 under the influence of the ,holy ,spirit of peace1 to a large and comprehensive fellowship4#djd3a ,the widely prevalent acceptance of existing conditions as probably permanent1 even if not quite normal1 softens the mutual reproaches of rival parties4 ,the presumption is of course implied1 if not asserted1 in the existence of any ,christian sect1 that it is holding the absolute right and truth1 or at least more nearly that than other sects2 and the inference1 to a religious mind1 is that the right and true must1 in the long run1 prevail4 ,but it is only with a high act of faith1 and not as a matter of reasonable probability1 that any sect in ,america can venture to indulge itself in the expectation of a supremacy1 or even a predominance1 in ,american ,christendom4 ,the strongest in numbers1 in influence1 in prestige1 however tempted to assert for itself exclusive or superior rights1 is compelled to look about itself and find itself overwhelmingly outnumbered and outdone by a divided communion--and yet a communion--of those whom ,christ is not ashamed to call his brethren2 and just in proportion as it has the spirit of ,christ1 it is constrained in its heart to treat them as brethren and to feel toward them as brethren4 ,its protest against what it regards as their errors and defects is nowise weakened by the most unreserved manifestations of respect and good will as toward fellow-,christians4 ,thus it comes to pass that the observant traveler from other countries1 seeking the distinctive traits of ,american social life1 notes a kindlier feeling between all denominations1 ,roman ,catholics included1 a greater readiness to work together for common charitable aims1 than between ,catholics and ,protestants in ,france or ,germany1 or between ,anglicans and nonconformists in ,england4#dje3a 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are many indications1 in the recent history of the ,american church1 pointing forward toward some higher manifestation of the true unity of the church than is to be found in occasional1 or even habitual1 expressions of mutual good will passing to and fro among sharply competing and often antagonist sects4 ,instead of easy-going and playful felicitations on the multitude of sects as contributing to the total effectiveness of the church1 such as used to be common enough on anniversary platforms1 we hear1 in one form and another1 the acknowledgment that the divided and subdivided state of ,american ,christendom is not right1 but wrong4 ,whose is the wrong need not be decided2 certainly it does not wholly belong to the men of this generation or of this country2 we are heirs of the schisms of other lands and ages1 and have added to them schisms of our own making4 ,the matter begins to be taken soberly and seriously4 ,the tender entreaty of the ,apostle ,paul not to suffer ourselves to be split up into sects#dje3b begins to get a hearing in the conscience4 ,the nisus toward a more manifest union among ,christian believers has long been growing more and more distinctly visible1 and is at the present day one of the most conspicuous signs of the times4 ,already in the early history we have observed a tendency toward the healing1 in ,america1 of differences imported from over sea4 ,such was the commingling of ,separatist and ,puritan in ,new ,england2 the temporary alliance of ,congregationalist and ,presbyterian to avert the imposition of a state hierarchy2 the combination of ,quaker and ,roman ,catholic to defeat a project of religious oppression in ,maryland2 the drawing together of ,lutheran and ,reformed ,germans for common worship1 under the saintly influence of the ,moravian ,zinzendorf2 and the ,plan of ,union by which ,new ,englander and ,scotch-,irishman were to labor in common for the evangelization of the new settlements4#djf3a ,these were sporadic instances of a tendency that was by and by to become happily epidemic4 ,a more important instance of the same tendency was the organization of societies for charitable work which should unite the gifts and personal labors of the ,christians of the whole continent4 ,the chief period of these organizations extended from #ahaj1 the date of the beginning of the ,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions1 to #ahbf1 when the ,american ,home ,missionary ,society was founded4#djf3b ,the catholic basis on which they were established was dictated partly by the conscious weakness of the several sects as they drew near to undertakings formidable even to their united forces1 and partly by the glow of fraternal affection1 and the sense of a common spiritual life pervading the nation1 with which the church had come forth from the fervors of the second awakening4#djf3c ,the societies1 representing the common faith and charity of the whole church as distinguished from the peculiarities of the several sects1 drew to themselves the affection and devotion of ,christian hearts to a degree which1 to those who highly valued these distinctions1 seemed to endanger important interests4 ,and1 indeed1 the situation was anomalous1 in which the sectarian divisions of the ,christian people were represented in the churches1 and their catholic unity in charitable societies4 ,it would have seemed more ,pauline1 not to say more ,christian1 to have had voluntary societies for the sectarian work1 and kept the churches for ,christian communion4 ,it is no wonder that ,high-church champions1 on one side and another1 soon began to shout to their adherents1 ,to your tents1 ,o ,israel6 ,bishop ,hobart played not in vain upon his pastoral pipe to whistle back his sheep from straying outside of his pinfold1 exhorting them1 in their endeavors for the general advancement of religion1 to use only the instrumentality of their own church4#djg3a ,and a jealousy of the growing influence of a wide fellowship1 in charitable labors1 with ,christians of other names1 led to the enunciation of a like doctrine by ,high-church ,presbyterians1#djg3b and contributed to the convulsive and passionate rending of the ,presbyterian ,church1 in #ahcg1 into nearly equal fragments4 ,so effective has been the centrifugal force that of the extensive system of societies which from the year #ahaj onward first organized works of national beneficence by enlisting the cooeperation of all evangelical ,christians1 the ,american ,bible ,society alone continues to represent any general and important combination from among the different denominations4 ,for all the waning of interest in the catholic basis societies1 the sacred discontent of the ,christian people with sectarian division continued to demand expression4 ,how early the aspiration for an ecumenical council of evangelical ,christendom became articulate1 it may not be easy to discover#djh3a ,in the year #ahdf the aspiration was in some measure realized in the first meeting of the ,evangelical ,alliance at ,london4 ,no more mistakes were made in this meeting than perhaps were necessarily incident to a first experiment in untried work4 ,almost of course the good people began with the question1 ,what good men shall we keep out8 for it is a curious fact1 in the long and interesting history of efforts after ,christian union1 that they commonly take the form of efforts so to combine many ,christians as to exclude certain others4 ,in this instance1 beginning with the plan of including none but ,protestant ,christians1 they proceeded at once to frame a platform that should bar out that great number of the best and holiest men in ,england who are found among the ,quakers1 thus making up1 designedly and with their eyes open1 a schismatic unity--a unity composed of one part of ,god's elect1 to the exclusion of another2 and this in a grand effort after the very unity of the body of ,christ4#dji3a ,but in spite of this and other like mistakes1 or rather because of them 7for it is through its mistakes that the church is to learn the right way71 the early and unsuccessful beginnings of the ,evangelical ,alliance marked a stage in the slow progress toward a manifestation of the sons of ,god by their love toward each other and toward the common ,lord4 ,it is in large part the eager appetency for some manifestation of interconfessional fellowship that has hastened the acceptance of such organizations as the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association and the ,young ,people's ,society of ,christian ,endeavor2 just as1 on the other hand1 it is the conscientious fear1 on the part of watchful guardians of sectarian interests1 that habitual fellowship across the boundary lines of denominations may weaken the allegiance to the sect1 which has induced the many attempts at substituting associations constituted on a narrower basis4 ,but the form of organization which most comprehensively illustrates the unity of the church is that ,charity ,organization which has grown to be a necessity to the social life of cities and considerable towns1 furnishing a central office of mutual correspondence and cooerdination to all churches and societies and persons engaged in the ,christian work of relieving poverty and distress4 ,this central bureau of charitable cooeperation is not the less a center of catholic fellowship for the fact that it does not shut its door against societies not distinctively ,christian1 like ,masonic fraternities1 nor even against societies distinctively non-,christian1 like ,hebrew synagogues and societies of ethical culture4 ,we are coming to discover that the essence of ,christian fellowship does not consist in keeping people out4 ,neither1 so long as the apostolic rubric of ,christian worship#daj3a remains unaltered1 is it to be denied that the fellowship thus provided for is a fellowship in one of the sacraments of ,christian service4 ,a notable advance in true catholicity of communion is reported from among the churches and scattered missions in ,maine4 ,hitherto1 in the various movements of ,christian union1 it was common to attempt to disarm the suspicions of zealous sectarians by urgent disclaimers of any intent or tendency to infringe on the rights or interests of the several sects1 or impair their claim to a paramount allegiance from their adherents4 ,the ,christians of ,maine1 facing tasks of evangelization more than sufficient to occupy all their resources even when well economized and squandering nothing on needless divisions and competitions1 have attained to the high grace of saying that sectarian interests must and shall be sacrificed when the paramount interests of the kingdom of ,christ require it4#daj3b ,when this attainment is reached by other souls1 and many other1 the conspicuous shame and scandal of ,american ,christianity will begin to be abated4 ,meanwhile the signs of a craving for larger fellowship continue to be multiplied4 ,quite independently of practical results achieved1 the mere fact of efforts and experiments is a hopeful fact1 even when these are made in directions in which the past experience of the church has written up ,no ,thoroughfare4 ,i4 ,no one need question the sincerity or the fraternal spirit with which some important denominations have each proposed the reuniting of ,christians on the simple condition that all others should accept the distinctive tenet for which each of these denominations has contended against others4 ,the present pope1 holding the personal respect and confidence of the ,christian world to a higher degree than any one of his predecessors since the ,reformation 7to name no earlier date71 has earnestly besought the return of all believers to a common fellowship by their acceptance of the authority and supremacy of the ,roman see4 ,with equal cordiality the bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church have signified their longing for restored fellowship with their brethren on the acceptance by these of prelatical episcopacy4 ,and the ,baptists1 whose constant readiness at fraternization in everything else is emphasized by their conscientious refraining from the sacramental sign of communion1 are not less earnest in their desire for the unification of ,christendom by the general acceptance of that tenet concerning baptism1 the widespread rejection of which debars them1 reluctant1 from unrestricted fellowship with the general company of faithful men4 ,but while we welcome every such manifestation of a longing for union among ,christians1 and honor the aspiration that it might be brought about in one or another of these ways1 in forecasting the probabilities of the case1 we recognize the extreme unlikeliness that the very formulas which for ages have been the occasions of mutual contention and separation shall become the basis of general agreement and lasting concord4 ,,ii4 ,another indication of the craving for a larger fellowship is found in the efforts made for large sectarian councils1 representing closely kindred denominations in more than one country4 ,the imposing ubiquity of the ,roman ,church1 so impressively sustaining its claim to the title ,catholic1 may have had some influence to provoke other denominations to show what could be done in emulation of this sort of greatness4 ,it were wiser not to invite comparison at this point4 ,no other ,christian organization1 or close fellowship of organizations1 can approach that which has its seat at ,rome1 in the world-wideness of its presence1 or demand with so bold a challenge1 ,quae regio in terris non nostri plena laboris8 ,the representative assembly of any other body of ,christians1 however widely ramified1 must seem insignificant when contrasted with the real ecumenicity of the ,vatican ,council4 ,but it has not been useless for the larger sects of ,protestantism to arrange their international assemblies1 if it were for nothing more than this1 that such widening of the circle of practical fellowship may have the effect to disclose to each sect a larger ,christendom outside to which their fellowship must sooner or later be made to reach4 ,the first of these international sectarian councils was that commonly spoken of as the ,pan-,anglican ,synod1 of ,protestant ,episcopal bishops gathered at ,lambeth by invitation of the ,archbishop of ,canterbury in #ahfg and thrice since4 ,the example was bettered by the ,presbyterians1 who in #ahgf organized for permanence their ,pam-,presbyterian ,alliance1 or ,alliance of the ,reformed ,churches throughout the world holding the ,presbyterian ,system4 ,the first of the triennial general councils of this ,alliance was held at ,edinburgh in #ahgg1 representing more than forty-nine separate churches scattered through twenty-five different countries1 and consisting of more than twenty thousand congregations4#dac3a ,the second council was held at ,philadelphia1 and the third at ,belfast4 ,the idea was promptly seized by the ,methodists4 ,at the instance of the ,general ,conference of the ,united ,states1 a ,pam-,methodist ,council was held in ,london in #ahha1--the first ,ecumenical ,methodist ,conference1--consisting of four hundred delegates1 representing twenty-eight branches of ,methodism1 ten in the eastern hemisphere and eighteen in the western1 including six millions of communicants and about twenty millions of people4#dac3b ,ten years later1 in #ahia1 a second ,methodist ,ecumenical ,conference was held at ,washington4 ,interesting and useful as this international organization of sects is capable of being made1 it would be a mistake to look upon it as marking a stage in the progress toward a manifest general unity of the church4 ,the tendency of it is1 on the whole1 in the opposite direction4 ,,iii4 ,if the organization of ecumenical sects has little tendency toward the visible communion of saints in the ,american church1 not much more is to be hoped from measures for the partial consolidation of sects1 such as are often projected and sometimes realized4 ,the healing of the great thirty years' schism of the ,presbyterian ,church1 in #ahfi1 was so vast a gain in ecclesiastical economy1 and in the abatement of a long-reeking public scandal and of a multitude of local frictions and irritations1 that none need wonder at the awakening of ardent desires that the ten ,presbyterian bodies still surviving might find room for all within one fold#dac3c in a national or continental ,presbyterian ,church4 ,the seventeen ,methodist bodies1 separated by no differences of polity or of doctrine that seem important to anybody but themselves1 if consolidated into one1 would constitute a truly imposing body1 numbering nearly five millions of communicants and more than fifteen millions of people2 and if this should absorb the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church 7an event the possibility of which has often been contemplated with complacency71 with its half-million of communicants and its elements of influence far beyond the proportion of its numbers1 the result would be an approximation to some good men's ideal of a national church1 with its army of ministers cooerdinated by a college of bishops1 and its plebs adunata sacerdoti4 ,consultations are even now in progress looking toward the closer fellowship of the ,congregationalists and the ,disciples4 ,the easy and elastic terms of internal association in each of these denominations make it the less difficult to adjust terms of mutual cooeperation and union4 ,suppose that the various ,baptist organizations were to discover that under their like congregational government there were ways in which1 without compromising or weakening in the slightest their protest against practices which they reprobate in the matter of baptism1 they could1 for certain defined purposes1 enter into the same combination1 the result would be a body of nearly five millions of communicants1 not the less strong for being lightly harnessed and for comprehending wide diversities of opinion and temperament4 ,in all this we have supposed to be realized nothing more than friends of ,christian union have at one time or another urged as practicable and desirable4 ,by these few and1 it would seem1 not incongruous combinations there would be four powerful ecclesiastical corporations1--one ,catholic and three ,protestant1--which1 out of the twenty millions of church communicants in the ,united ,states1 would include more than seventeen and one half millions4#dae3a ,the pondering of these possibilities is pertinent to this closing chapter on account of the fact that1 as we near the end of the nineteenth century1 one of the most distinctly visible tendencies is the tendency toward the abatement of sectarian division in the church4 ,it is not for us simply to note the converging lines of tendency1 without some attempt to compute the point toward which they converge4 ,there is grave reason to doubt whether this line of the consolidation or confederation of sects1 followed never so far1 would reach the desired result4 ,if the one hundred and forty-three sects enumerated in the eleventh census of the ,united ,states#dae3b should by successful negotiation be reduced to four1 distinguished each from the others by strongly marked diversities of organization and of theological statement1 and united to each other only by community of the one faith in ,jesus ,christ1 doubtless it would involve some important gains4 ,it would make it possible to be rid of the friction and sometimes the clash of much useless and expensive machinery1 and to extinguish many local schisms that had been engendered by the zeal of some central sectarian propaganda4 ,would it tend to mitigate the intensity of sectarian competition1 or would it tend rather to aggravate it8 ,is one's pride in his sect1 his zeal for the propagation of it1 his jealousy of any influence that tends to impair its greatness or hinder its progress1 likely to be reduced1 or is it rather likely to be exalted1 by the consciousness that the sect is a very great sect1 standing alone for important principles8 ,whatever there is at present of asperity in the emulous labors of the competing denominations1 would it not be manifold exasperated if the competition were restricted to four great corporations or confederations8 ,if the intestine conflict of the church of ,christ in ,america should even be narrowed down 7as many have devoutly wished7 to two contestants1--the ,catholic ,church with its diversity of orders and rites1 on the one hand1 and ,protestantism with its various denominations solidly confederated1 on the other1--should we be nearer to the longed-for achievement of ,christian union8 or should we find sectarian animosities thereby raised to the highest power1 and the church1 discovering that it was on the wrong track for the desired terminus1 compelled to reverse and back in order to be switched upon the right one8 ,questions like these1 put to be considered1 not to be answered1 raise in the mind the misgiving that we have been seeking in diplomatic negotiations between high contracting parties that which diplomacy can do only a little toward accomplishing4 ,the great aim is to be sought in humbler ways4 ,it is more hopeful to begin at the lower end4 ,not in great towns and centers of ecclesiastical influence1 but in villages and country districts1 the deadly effects of comminuted fracture in the church are most deeply felt4 ,it is directly to the people of such communities1 not through the medium of persons or committees that represent national sectarian interests1 that the new commandment is to be preached1 which yet is no new commandment1 but the old commandment which they have had from the beginning4 ,it cannot always be that sincere ,christian believers1 living together in a neighborhood in which the ruinous effects of division are plain to every eye1 shall continue to misapprehend or disregard some of the tenderest and most unmistakable counsels of their ,lord and his apostles1 or imagine the authority of them to be canceled by the authority of any sect or party of ,christians4 ,the double fallacy1 first1 that it is a ,christian's prime duty to look out for his own soul1 and1 secondly1 that the soul's best health is to be secured by sequestering it from contact with dissentient opinions1 and indulging its tastes and preferences wherein they differ from those of its neighbor1 must sometime be found out and exposed4 ,the discovery will be made that there is nothing in the most cherished sermons and sacraments and prayers that is comparable in value1 as a means of grace1 with the giving up of all these for ,god's reign and righteousness--that he who will save his soul shall lose it1 and he who will lose his soul for ,christ and his gospel shall save it to life eternal4 ,these centuries of church history1 beginning with convulsive disruptions of the church in ,europe1 with persecutions and religious wars1 present before us the importation into the ,new ,world of the religious divisions and subdivisions of the ,old1 and the further division of these beyond any precedent in history4 ,it begins to look as if in this strange work ,god had been grinding up material for a nobler manifestation of the unity of his people4 ,the sky of the declining century is red with promise4 ,hitherto1 not the decay of religious earnestness only1 but the revival of it1 has brought into the church1 not peace1 but division4 ,when next some divine breathing of spiritual influence shall be wafted over the land1 can any man forbid the hope that from village to village the members of the disintegrated and enfeebled church of ,christ may be gathered together with one accord in one place not for the transient fervors of the revival only1 but for permanent fellowship in work and worship8 ,a few examples of this would spread their influence through the ,american church until the whole was leavened4 ,the record of important events in the annals of ,american ,christianity may well end with that wholly unprecedented gathering at ,chicago in connection with the magnificent celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of ,america by ,columbus--,i mean1 of course1 the ,parliament of ,religions4 ,in a land which bears among the nations the reproach of being wholly absorbed in devotion to material interests1 and in which the church1 unsupported and barely recognized by the state1 and unregulated by any secular authority1 scatters itself into what seem to be hopelessly discordant fragments1 a bold enterprise was undertaken in the name of ,american ,christianity1 such as the church in no other land of ,christendom would have had the power or the courage to venture on4 ,with large hospitality1 representatives of all the religions of the world were invited to visit ,chicago1 free of cost1 as guests of the ,parliament4 ,for seventeen days the ,christianity of ,america1 and of ,christendom1 and of ,christian missions in heathen lands1 sat confronted--no1 not confronted1 but side by side on the same platform--with the non-,christian religions represented by their priests1 prelates1 and teachers4 ,of all the diversities of ,christian opinion and organization in ,america nothing important was unrepresented1 from the authoritative dogmatic system and the solid organization of the ,catholic ,church 7present in the person of its highest official dignitaries7 to the broadest liberalism and the most unrestrained individualism4 ,there were those who stood aloof and prophesied that nothing could come of such an assemblage but a hopeless jangle of discordant opinions4 ,the forebodings were disappointed4 ,the diverse opinions were there1 and were uttered with entire unreserve4 ,but the jangle of discord was not there4 ,it was seen and felt that the ,american church1 in the presence of the unchristian and antichristian powers1 and in presence of those solemn questions of the needs of humanity that overtask the ingenuity and the resources of us all combined1 was builded as a city that is at unity with itself4 ,that body which1 by its strength of organization1 and by the binding force of its antecedents1 might have seemed to some most hopelessly isolated from the common sympathies of the assembly1 like all the rest was faithful in the assertion of its claims1 and1 on the other hand1 was surpassed by none in the manifestation of fraternal respect toward fellow-,christians of other folds4 ,since those seventeen wonderful ,september days of #ahic1 the idea that has so long prevailed with multitudes of minds1 that the only ,christian union to be hoped for in ,america must be a union to the exclusion of the ,roman ,catholic ,church and in antagonism to it1 ought to be reckoned an idea obsolete and antiquated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the theme prescribed for this volume gives no opportunity for such a conclusion as the literary artist delights in--a climax of achievement and consummation1 or the catastrophe of a decline and fall4 ,we have marked the sudden divulging to the world of the long-kept secret of divine ,providence2 the unveiling of the hidden continent2 the progress of discovery1 of conquest1 of colonization2 the planting of the church2 the rush of immigration2 the occupation of the continent with ,christian institutions by a strange diversity of sects2 the great providential preparations as for some divine event still hidden behind the curtain that is about to rise on the new century1--and here the story breaks off half told4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to so many of his readers as shall have followed him to this last page of the volume1 the author would speak a parting word4 ,he does not deprecate the criticisms that will certainly be pronounced upon his work by those competent to judge both of the subject and of the style of it4 ,he would rather acknowledge them in advance4 ,no one of his critics can possibly have so keen a sense as the author himself of his incompetency1 and of the inadequacy of his work1 to the greatness of the subject4 ,to one reproach1 however1 he cannot acknowledge himself justly liable3 he is not self-appointed to a task beyond his powers and attainments1 but has undertaken it at the instance of eminent men to whose judgment he was bound to defer4 ,but he cannot believe that even his shortcomings and failures will be wholly fruitless4 ,if they shall provoke some really competent scholar to make a book worthy of so great and inspiring a theme1 the present author will be well content4 ,,footnotes3 #djj3a ,these statistical figures are taken from the authoritative work of ,dr4 ,h4 ,k4 ,carroll1 ,the ,religious ,forces of the ,united ,states 7,american ,church ,history ,series1 vol4 i474 ,the volume gives no estimate of the annual expenditure for the maintenance of religious institutions4 ,if we assume the small figure of #ejj as the average annual expenditure in connection with each house of worship1 it makes an aggregate of #hb1fdh1ejj for parochial expenses4 ,the annual contributions to ,protestant foreign and home missions amount to #g1jjj1jjj4 7,see above1 pp4 #ceh1 #cei47 ,the amounts annually contributed as free gifts for ,christian schools and colleges and hospitals and other charitable objects can at present be only conjectured4 #djb3a ,the ,federalist1 ,no4 #ea4 #djd3a ,this habit of respecting one another's rights cherishes a feeling of mutual respect and courtesy4 ,if on the one hand the spirit of independence fosters individualism1 on the other it favors good fellowship4 ,all sects are equal before the law4444 ,hence one great cause of jealousy and distrust is removed2 and though at times sectarian zeal may lead to rivalries and controversies unfavorable to unity1 on the other hand the independence and equality of the churches favor their voluntary cooeperation2 and in no country is the practical union of ,christians more beautifully or more beneficially exemplified than in the ,united ,states4 ,with the exception of the ,roman ,catholics1 ,christians of all communions are accustomed to work together in the spirit of mutual concession and confidence1 in educational1 missionary1 and philanthropic measures for the general good4 ,the motto of the state holds of the church also1 ,e pluribus unum4 ,as a rule1 a bigoted church or a fierce sectarian is despised 7,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,thompson1 in ,church and ,state in the ,united ,states1 pp4 #ih1 #ii74 ,see1 to the like purport1 the judicious remarks of ,mr4 ,bryce1 ,american ,commonwealth1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #efh1 #ffd4 #dje3a ,bryce1 ,american ,commonwealth1 vol4 ii41 p4 #efh4 #dje3b #a ,cor4 i4 #aj4 #djf3a ,see above1 pp4 #fa1 #ie1 #aij1 #bjf1 #bbj1 #beh4 #djf3b ,see above1 pp4 #beb-bei4 #djf3c ,among the ,new ,england ,congregationalists the zeal for union went so far as to favor combination with other sects even in the work of training candidates for the ministry4 ,among the honorary vice-presidents of their ,american ,education ,society was ,bishop ,griswold1 of the ,eastern ,diocese of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 #djg3a ,sermon at consecration of ,bishop ,h4 ,u4 ,onderdonk1 #ahbg4 #djg3b ,minutes of the ,convention of ,delegates met to consult on ,missions in the ,city of ,cincinnati1 ,a4,d4 #ahca4 ,the position of the bishop was more logical than that of the convention1 forasmuch as he held1 by a powerful effort of faith1 that his own church is the church of the ,united ,states1 in an exclusive sense2 while the divines at ,cincinnati earnestly repudiate such exclusive pretensions for their church1 and hold to a plurality of sectarian churches on the same territory1 each one of which is divinely invested with the prerogatives and duties of the church of ,christ4 ,a usus loquendi which seems to be hopelessly imbedded in the ,english language applies the word church to each one of the several sects into which the church is divided4 ,it is this corruption of language which leads to the canonization of schism as a divine ordinance4 #djh3a ,the first proposal for such an assembly seems to be contained in an article by ,l4 ,bacon in the ,new ,englander for ,april1 #ahdd4 ,why might there not be1 ere long1 some general conference in which the various evangelical bodies of this country and ,great ,britain and of the continent of ,europe should be in some way represented1 and in which the great cause of reformed and spiritual ,christianity throughout the world should be made the subject of detailed and deliberate consideration1 with prayer and praise8 ,that would be an 'ecumenical council' such as never yet assembled since the apostles parted from each other at ,jerusalem--a council not for legislation and division1 but for union and communion and for the extension of the saving knowledge of ,christ 7pp4 #bec1 #bed74 #dji3a ,see the pungent strictures of ,horace ,bushnell on ,the ,evangelical ,alliance1 in the ,new ,englander for ,january1 #ahdg1 p4 #aji4 #daj3a ,james i4 #bg3 ,pure and unpolluted worship1 in the eye of ,god1 consists in visiting widows and orphans in their tribulation1 and keeping one's self spotless from the world4 #daj3b ,an agreement has been made1 in this ,state1 among five leading denominations1 to avoid competing enterprises in sparsely settled communities4 ,an interdenominational committee sees to the carrying out of this policy4 ,at a recent mutual conference unanimous satisfaction was expressed in the six years' operation of the plan4 #dac3a ,schaff-,herzog ,encyclopedia1 vol4 i41 p4 #fc4 #dac3b ,buckley1 ,the ,methodists1 p4 #eeb4 #dac3c ,thompson1 ,the ,presbyterians1 p4 #cjh4 #dae3a ,if the ,lutherans of ,america were to be united with the ,presbyterians1 it would be no more than was accomplished fourscore years ago in ,prussia4 ,in that case1 out of #bj1fah1cjg communicants1 there would be included in the four combinations1 #ah1gfh1hei4 #dae3b ,dr4 ,carroll1 ,religious ,forces1 p4 xv4 ,,index4 ,abbot1 ,ezra1 #cgi4 ,abbot1 ,george1 ,archbishop1 #db4 ,abbott1 ,lyman1 #chd4 ,abolitionists1 #hb1 #bhb1 #bhd4 ,adams1 ,charles ,francis1 #aca4 ,adventists1 #ccf4 ,albany1 #fi4 ,albrights1 #bbi4 ,alexander1 ,dr4 ,gross1 #cdh4 ,alexander ,,vi41 pope1 #c1 #ag4 ,allen1 ,professor ,a4 ,v4 ,g41 #aef1 #aei1 #chb4 ,allen1 ,professor ,j4 ,h41 #bej4 ,alliance1 ,evangelical1 #djh4 ,america3 providential concealment of1 #a2 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by ,makemie1 #acf2 favored by sectarian division1 #agd2 promoted by ,baptists1 #bba4 ,literature of ,american church1 #cgd-cie4 ,littledale1 ,r4 ,f41 #bf1 #bg1 #bh4 ,liturgies1 #chf1 #cid4 ,locke1 ,john1 #fb1 #fd4 ,lodge1 ,h4 ,c41 #fb1 #gj1 #aag1 #aec4 ,log ,college1 #adb1 #afj1 #afb1 #agb4 ,logan ,county1 ,kentucky1 #bcb1 #bcd4 ,louisiana1 #bc1 #bg1 #bbj4 ,lutherans1 #gb1 #abj1 #adf1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bcb4 ,luther ,league1 #cfi4 ,madison1 ,james1 ,bishop1 #bcb4 ,madison1 ,james1 ,president1 #djb4 ,maine1 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #daj4 ,makemie1 ,francis1 #aba1 #acf4 ,maria ,monk1 #cab4 ,marshall1 ,john1 #bcb4 ,maryland1 #di1 #ed-fb4 ,mason1 ,john ,m41 #bfc4 ,mason1 ,lowell1 #cib4 ,massacres1 #b1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #dh1 #ga1 #gf1 #aea1 #aid4 ,mather1 ,cotton1 #ajg1 #aec4 ,mayhews1 the1 #aej4 ,mc,connell1 ,s4 ,d41 #aea1 #agj1 #agi1 #baa1 #bbd4 ,mc,gee brothers1 #bcc4 ,mc,gready1 ,james1 #bcc4 ,mc,ilvaine1 ,c4 ,p41 #cea4 ,mc,masters1 ,john ,bach1 #bdj4 ,megapolensis1 ,domine1 #ga1 #gg1 #aej4 ,menendez1 #aj4 ,mennonites1 #gb1 #aag1 #aec4 ,mercersburg theology1 #cgg1 #chh4 ,methodism3 tardy arrival in ,america1 #aih2 spreads southward1 #bja2 rapid growth1 #bjb2 against slavery and intemperance1 #bje2 receives bishops1 #bai2 divided by the slavery agitation1 #cja2 in pioneer work1 #ccb2 at the ,south1 #cec2 ,ecumenical ,conference1 #dac2 consolidation of ,methodist sects1 #dad4 ,michaelius1 ,jonas1 #fi4 ,millerism1 #ccf4 ,mills1 ,samuel ,j41 #bdh1 #bef4 ,minuit1 ,peter1 #fi1 #gj1 #gf4 ,missionary societies1 #fb1 #beb1 #bec1 #bee1 #beg1 #beh1 #cfg4 ,missions1 ,american3 to ,indians1 #agi1 #bdf1 #bfe2 to the ,west1 #bbj1 #cbg2 to the ,south1 #cee4 ,missions1 foreign1 #beb1 #bee1 #beg1 #ceh4 ,missions to ,america3 ,icelandic1 #b2 ,spanish1 #f-af2 ,french1 #ag-bi2 of the ,s4 ,p4 ,g41 #fb1 #ff1 #fg1 #hj1 #abf1 #aca1 #acc1 #ace1 #adj1 #agg2 of the church of ,holland1 #aie4 ,missionary ,ridge1 #bfh4 ,mississippi1 the1 #ah1 #ba1 #bef4 ,missouri ,compromise1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bhd4 ,mobs3 antipopery1 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,newman1 ,a4 ,h41 #aca1 #bee1 #bge4 ,new ,mexico1 #f1 #aa4 ,new-,school ,presbyterians1 #bid1 #cdf1 #cee4 ,new-,side ,presbyterians1 #aff4 ,new ,york1 #fh-ha2 diversity of sects1 #acd4 ,nicholson1 ,governor1 #eb4 ,nicolls1 ,governor1 #gh4 ,nitschmann1 ,david1 #abd1 #aic4 ,northampton1 #ajd1 #aee-aei4 ,norton1 ,andrews1 #bii4 ,nott1 ,eliphalet1 #bfc4 ,nursing orders and schools1 #cfh4 ,oberlin ,college1 #cad4 ,occum1 ,samson1 #agi4 ,oglethorpe1 ,james1 #abc4 ,o',gorman1 ,bishop1 #b1 #ae1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh1 #baf1 #cab1 #cba1 #cif4 ,old-,school ,presbyterians1 #bie1 #cde1 #cec4 ,old-,side ,presbyterians1 #aff4 ,orders in ,roman ,church1 #ccj4 ,ordination in ,new ,england1 #if1 #ajj4 ,otis1 ,deacon1 #cfj4 ,otterbein1 ,philip ,william1 #bbh4 ,paine1 ,thomas1 #bcj4 ,palatines1 #cg1 #ec1 #aah1 #adj1 #ahg4 ,palfrey1 ,john ,g41 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #chc4 ,palmer1 ,ray1 #chg4 ,pam-,methodist ,conference1 #dac4 ,pam-,presbyterian ,alliance1 #dab4 ,pan-,anglican ,synod1 #dab4 ,park1 ,edwards ,a41 #aea1 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#age4 ,princeton ,seminary1 #bea1 #chj4 ,prohibitory legislation1 #bij4 ,protestant sects and ,catholic orders1 #ccj-ccd4 ,protestantism in ,europe divided1 #ca-cd4 ,provoost1 ,bishop1 #bab1 #bac1 #bcb4 ,psalmody1 #ahb1 #chg1 #cia-cic4 ,pulpit1 the ,american1 #chb4 ,puritan jurisprudence1 #aac2 sabbatarian extravagance provokes reaction1 #cga4 ,puritans3 not ,separatists1 #dc2 in ,virginia1 #dd-ej2 in ,maryland1 #ei2 antagonize the ,separatists1 #hb2 settle at ,salem1 #ij2 fraternize with the ,pilgrims1 #id2 church order1 #if2 the great ,puritan exodus bringing the charter1 #ih2 intend an established church1 #ajj2 exclude factious dissenters1 #aja2 divergences of opinion1 #ajc2 in ,new ,jersey1 #aji2 ,puritan church establishments fail1 #ajh1 #abh1 #agd2 ,nationalist principle succumbs to ,separatist1 #agf4 ,quakerism3 a reaction from ,puritanism1 #aac2 its enthusiasm1 #aad2 its discipline1 #aad2 anticipated in continental ,europe1 #aae2 ,keith's schism1 #aai2 ,quaker jurisprudence1 #adc2 failure in civil government1 #add2 and in pastoral work1 #ade2 its sole and faithful witness at the ,south1 #adi2 the only organized church fellowship uniting the colonies1 #aej2 ,hicksite schism1 #cad4 ,quakers3 persecuted in ,england1 #cf2 in ,virginia1 #ea1 #ec2 missions in ,carolina1 #fd2 persecuted in ,new ,york1 #gc2 and in ,massachusetts1 #aja2 dominant in ,new ,jersey1 #aaj2 and in ,pennsylvania1 #aaf2 excluded from ,evangelical ,alliance1 #djh4 ,quanta ,cura1 bull1 with ,syllabus1 #ceb1 #cif4 ,quebec1 #ag1 #bj4 ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walter1 #ci1 #fb4 ,redemptioners1 #ahg4 ,reformation in ,spain1 #d4 ,reformed ,church1 ,german3 begins too late the care of ,german immigrants1 #adj2 long unorganized1 #adf2 persists in separation from other ,german ,christians1 #aie4 ,reformed-drunkard ethics1 #bij4 ,reformed ,dutch ,church3 tardy birth in ,new ,york1 #fi2 and languishing life1 #gd1 #gh2 revival under ,frelinghuysen1 #ha1 #acd1 #ada1 #afc4 ,relly1 ,james1 #bbe4 ,requerimiento of 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,leyden1 and ,plymouth1 #ha-ie2 in ,rhode ,island1 #ajg2 their principle prevails1 #agf4 ,sewall1 ,samuel1 #aeb4 ,seybert commission1 #cch4 ,shaftesbury1 ,lord1 #fb4 ,shedd1 ,w4 ,j4 ,g41 #chb4 ,sisterhoods1 #cfh4 ,slater educational fund1 #ceg1 #cfj4 ,slavery3 of ,indians1 #h1 #i1 #aeb2 of negroes1 in ,florida1 #aj2 in ,virginia1 #dh2 in all colonies1 #adg2 condemned in ,massachusetts1 #aeb2 and in ,pennsylvania1 #aec2 increased cruelty of1 #aec4 ,kindness to slaves1 #aed1 #agi1 #bdf1 #bga4 ,constant and unanimous protest of the church against slavery1 #bjc-bje1 #bbb1 #bfh-bgg4 ,beginning of a pro-slavery party in the church1 #bgg2 propagated by terror1 #bgi-bhb4 ,pro-slavery reaction at the ,north1 #bhb4 ,unanimous protests against extension of slavery1 #bhd4 ,slavery question in ,presbyterian ,church1 #bif2 in ,methodist ,church1 #cja2 in ,baptist ,convention1 #cjc4 ,failure of compromises1 #cdj4 ,the ,kansas ,crusade1 #cda4 ,apostasy of the southern church complete1 #cdf4 ,diversity 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,richard ,h41 #aad1 #aci1 #adc4 ,thomas1 ,john ,r41 #cic4 ,thompson1 ,joseph ,p41 #djd4 ,thompson1 ,robert ,ellis1 #abb1 #adg1 #agf1 #cdf1 #cid4 ,thomson1 ,william ,m41 #cgi4 ,thornwell1 ,james ,h41 #cad1 note1 #cgh4 ,tiffany1 ,charles ,c41 #fe1 #ga1 #abj1 #aca1 #acd1 #agc1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbd1 #bcb4 ,torkillus1 ,pastor1 #gf4 ,tracy1 ,joseph1 #afb1 #afi1 #agb1 #agi4 ,trumbull1 ,henry ,clay1 #cfb1 #cgi4 ,trusteeism1 #bae1 #caj4 ,tuttle1 ,daniel ,s41 #cce4 ,tyler1 ,b4 ,b41 #bcf1 #bch1 #bdb4 ,union1 ,christian3 tendencies and attempts1 #ajg1 #aia1 #aid1 #bjf1 #bbj1 #cdi1 #dje1 #djf4 ,unitarianism1 #bbd1 #bdi1 #chc4 ,united ,brethren1 #bbh4 ,unity1 real1 in the church1 #age1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #ccd1 #dai2 manifestation of it yet future1 #cf1 #dag1 #dai4 ,universalism1 #bbe-bbh4 ,van ,twiller1 ,governor1 #gj4 ,vermont1 #ba4 ,vincent1 ,john ,h41 #cfc4 ,virginia1 #ch-ec1 #ee1 #agc4 ,virginia ,company1 #dj1 #dd1 #dh1 #ed4 ,voluntary system1 #bdd1 #bfa1 #cbh4 ,vose1 ,james ,g41 #ajg4 ,walker1 ,williston1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #chf4 ,walloons1 #fi4 ,war3 between ,france and ,england1 #ba1 #ahd2 the ,seven ,years'1 #bb1 #bd2 ,revolutionary1 #bjb1 #bji2 the ,civil1 #cdh1 #cfe2 produces schisms and healings1 #cec1 #cee4 ,ward1 ,william ,hayes1 #cgi4 ,ware1 ,henry1 #bdi1 #chc4 ,ware1 ,henry1 ,jr41 #bea1 #bii1 #chc4 ,warren1 ,george ,william1 #cic4 ,washingtonianism1 #bhh4 ,watts1 ,isaac1 #aeh1 #afh1 #ahb1 #chg1 #cia4 ,wayland1 ,francis1 #chc4 ,welsh immigrants1 #aah4 ,wesley1 ,charles1 #abd1 #abe4 ,wesley1 ,john1 #abd1 #aei1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bag1 #bhe4 ,westminster ,league1 #cfi4 ,westminster ,sabbath law1 #cga4 ,westward progress of church1 #bai1 #cbg1 #ceh4 ,wheelock1 ,eleazar1 #agi4 ,whitaker1 ,alexander1 #dc1 #df1 #aej4 ,white1 ,father1 #eg1 #ei4 ,white1 ,john1 #hi4 ,white1 ,bishop ,william1 #baj1 #bab1 #bac4 ,whitefield1 ,george1 #abf1 #afc1 #afh1 #agc1 #age1 #agg4 ,wigglesworth1 ,michael1 #ajc4 ,william and ,mary1 ,college of1 #eb4 ,williams1 ,roger1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #aej4 ,williams ,college1 #bdh4 ,wilson1 ,henry1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bha4 ,winchester1 ,elhanan1 #bbf4 ,wingfield1 ,governor1 #ci4 ,winthrop1 ,john1 #di1 #ih4 ,wise1 ,john1 #ajb4 ,women's ,c4 ,t4 ,union1 #cfg4 ,women's ,crusade1 #cff4 ,women's mission boards1 #cfg4 ,woods1 ,leonard1 #cgh4 ,woolman1 ,john1 #aej1 #bjc4 ,ximenes1 ,cardinal1 #c4 ,yale ,college1 #bcj1 #bdc4 ,yeo1 ,john1 #fj4 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 #cdc1 #cfd1 #dji4 ,young ,people's ,society of ,christian ,endeavor1 #cfh1 #dji4 ,young ,women's ,christian ,association1 #cff4 ,zinzendorf1 #abd1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following corrections have been made to the text3 page #cb--people of ,england is of preeminentoriginal has preeminent importance page #ei--;feared to violate the immunities of the church4ending quotation mark is missing in original page #ahh--sent messengers with an imploring petition to their coreligionistsoriginal has correligionists at ,london and ,halle page #bif--;,it was an unpardonable offenseoriginal has offence page #cce-;immediate adventismoriginal has hyphen between words page #cec--;gendered strifes that still delay the reintegrationoriginal has redintegration page #dbg--,requerimientooriginal has ,requirimiento of the ,spanish1 #i4 ,footnote #cgg-a--7;,american ,church ,history ,series1original has quotation mark vol4 viii47--also1 pp4 #bai1 #bbj1 #chi-cgh--this typographical error has not been corrected ,variations in hyphenation are preserved as in the original4 ,examples include the following3 ,christ-like ,christlike make-shift makeshift ,the following words use an oe ligature in the original3 coetus d'oeil