,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,fuel ,,adm9i/ration ,,bureau ,,( ,,cons]vation ,eng9e]+ ,bullet9 ,no4 #a ,,boil] ,,& ,,furnace ,,te/+ ,rufus ,t4 ,/rohm ,associate ,editor1 ,p[] ,illu/ration3 ,maximum ,production ,m9imum ,wa/e ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aiah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,maximum ,,production4 ,,m9imum ,,wa/e4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration is mak+ e ef=t1 ?r\gh ! produc]s & transportation l9es1 to obta9 an adequate supply ( fuel = ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,tw5ty-five to fifty million tons ( coal a ye> c be sav$ by ! improv$ op]ation ( /eam-p[] plants )\t *ang+ _! pres5t equipm5t & )\t abat+ _! production ! slighte/4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ?is sav+ be realiz$1 if our ov]burd5$ railroads are to be reliev$ & our indu/ries kept 9 full op]ation4 ,! ext5t to :i* x w be realiz$ dep5ds ^u ! coop]ation ( ! own]s1 eng9e]s1 & firem5 ( e p[] plant ( ! c\ntry4 ,,y\r ,,fir+ ,,l9e ,,is ,,at ,,! ,,furnace ,,door4 ,,david ,,m(fat ,,my]s1 ,advisory ,eng9e] to ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,boil] ,,& ,,furnace ,,te/+4 ,by ,,rufus ,t4 ,,/rohm4 ,,necessity ,,= ,,te/+ ,,boil]s4 ,a boil] te/ is necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e h[ well ! boil] is do+ ! "w expect$ ( x2 t is to say1 we mu/ f9d out :e!r we are wa/+ coal 9 mak+ /eam & h[ mu* ?is wa/e may be4 ,su* a te/ may be made to discov] ! effici5cy ( ! boil]1 or ! quantity ( wat] x is evaporat+1 or ! co/ ( evaporat+ #a1jjj p\nds ( wat]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration recomm5ds t e boil] plant h "s means ( daily *eck+ ! effici5cy ( ! boil] & furnace4 ,! simple/ & be/ way ( f9d+ out h[ effici5tly ! boil] is work+ is to make an evaporation te/1 z describ$ 9 ?is bullet94 ,all ! necess>y records c be made automatically ) suitable in/rum5ts1 al?\gh 9 _m small plants ! coal mu/ be weigh$ on ord9>y scales4 ,! effici5cy ( ! furnace c be f\nd by mak+ analyses ( ! flue gases4 7,see ,bullet9 ,no4 #b ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration47 ,too _m eng9e]s & firem5 h ! idea t !y are n fitt$ to make boil] te/s4 ,?is is altoge!r wrong4 ,any man :o c weigh wat] & coal & read /eam gages & !rmomet]s is able to d ! "w requir$ 9 mak+ a boil] te/ = evaporation or effici5cy4 ,su* a te/ requires a k ( ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! total weight ( coal us$4 #b4 #a,! total weight ( wat] f$ to & evaporat$ by ! boil]4 #c4 ,! av]age temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat]4 #d4 ,! av]age /eam pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,if ^! f\r items are kn[n1 a s]ies ( simple calculations w %[ h[ mu* wat] is be+ evaporat$ p] p\nd ( coal1 & ! effici5cy ( ! boil] & furnace4 ,to make a te/1 ! foll[+ app>atus & in/rum5ts are necess>y3 #a4 ,scales to weigh ! coal4 #b4 ,app>atus to weigh or measure ! fe$ wat]4 #c4 ,!rmomet]s to take fe$-wat] temp]ature4 #d4 ,gages to indicate /eam pressure4 ,a boil] te/ to be ( value %\ld ext5d ov] a p]iod ( at lea/ eight h\rs4 ,! long] ! te/ ! m accurate ! results4 ,footnote #a3 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 only ! ess5tial elem5ts ( boil] & furnace te/+ are treat$ 9 ?is bullet94 ,= rules cov]+ ! ref9em5ts = an exhau/ive te/1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! boil] te/ code ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,copies ( ?is code c be obta9$ f ! secret>y1 #bi ,we/ ,?irty-n9? ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,weigh+ ,,! ,,coal4 ,! weight ( coal us$ dur+ a te/ may easily be f\nd by us+ an ord9>y :eelb>r[ & a plat=m scales1 arrang$ z 9 figure #a4 ,at ea* side ( ! scales build an incl9e ) its top level ) ! top ( ! plat=m1 b take c>e n to h ei!r "o t\* ! plat=m4 ,set ! empty :eelb>r[ on ! scales1 run ! movable weight or poise out until x exactly balances ! weight ( ! b>r[ & lock x 9 position ) ! ?umbscrew4 ,next1 put weights on ! scale pan ,a to correspond to a net weight ( #bej or #cjj p\nds ( coal4 ,fill ! b>r[ ) coal1 run x on ! scales1 & add coal or take (f coal until ! scales balance4 ,?is is easily done by hav+ a small pile ( coal ,b beside ! scales4 ,if ! weights on ! scale pan repres5t1 say1 #cjj p\nds1 ! net weight ( coal 9 ! b>r[ is exactly #cjj p\nds4 ,?is coal is :eel$ 9 front ( ! boil] & dump$ on ! clean floor1 & ! b>r[ is return$ = ano!r load4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 #a ,set to balance t>e ( :eelb>r[ #b ,add to balance net weight ( coal ,ea* "t ! b>r[ ( coal is weigh$ on ! scales & tak5 to ! boil] be+ te/$1 a tally m>k %\ld be made on a bo>d nail$ to ! wall beside ! scales4 ,ea* tally m>k repres5ts #cjj p\nds ( coal1 s9ce ! am\nt ( coal 9 ! b>r[ is adju/$ at ea* weigh+1 s t ! scales j balance4 ,at ! end ( ! te/1 !re=e1 ! numb] ( tally m>ks is multipli$ by #cjj1 & ! product is ! weight ( coal us$1 provid$ x has all be5 fir$2 b if any coal rema9s 9 front ( ! boil] at ! close ( ! te/1 x mu/ be ga!r$ up & weigh$1 & its weight mu/ be subtract$ f ! total weight indicat$ by ! tally m>ks to get ! numb] ( p\nds ( coal actually fir$4 ,y %\ld1 ( c\rse1 />t ! te/ ) no coal 9 front ( ! boil]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to =get to make a tally m>k ea* "t a b>r[ ( coal is run (f ! scales4 ,by sett+ ! scales s z to %[ any net weight1 su* z #bej or #cjj p\nds1 & mak+ ea* b>r[ load exactly ?is weight1 mu* "t is sav$1 z x is unnecess>y to *ange any ( ! weights or ! position ( ! rid] on ! scale beam4 ,if ! coal us$ 9 ! te/ is to be analyz$1 take a sample ( f #d to #f p\nds f ea* b>r[ & ?r[ x into a box ne> ! scales4 ,d ?is be=e ! coal is weigh$4 ,^! small am\nts f ! v>i\s b>r[ loads w !n give a fair av]age sample ( ! coal us$ dur+ ! te/4 ,! condition ( ! furnace %\ld be ! same at ! end ( ! te/ p]iod z at ! />t4 ,!re=e1 at ! mom5t ! te/ is begun1 obs]ve ! ?ickness ( ! fuel b$ & ! condition ( ! fire4 ,if ! fire 0 clean$1 say1 an h\r be=e ! te/ began1 see t x is clean$ an h\r be=e ! "t :5 ! te/ is s*$ul$ to end4 ,if ! coal 0 fir$1 say1 eight m9utes be=e ! te/ />t$1 ! la/ coal us$ dur+ ! te/ %\ld be fir$ eight m9utes be=e ! end ( ! te/4 ,! object ( ^! precautions is to insure ! same conditions at />t & f9i%1 z ne>ly z possible2 o!rwise1 ! coal weigh$ w n be ! same z ! coal consum$4 ,,measur+ ,,! ,,fe$ ,,wat]4 ,! quantity ( wat] f$ to ! boil] dur+ ! te/ may be f\nd by met]+ or by weigh+4 ,a reliable wat] met] is recomm5d$ = ?is "w4 ,!re are a numb] ( good makes1 ( diff]5t types1 su* z3 #a4 ,v5turi met]4 #b4 ,weir or ,v-not* met]s4 #c4 ,diaphragm met]s4 #d4 ,displacem5t met]s4 #e4 ,wat] weigh]s4 ,! be/ =m ( met] to use 9 any p>ticul> case dep5ds on ! local conditions 9 ! plant2 b e plant %\ld be provid$ ) a p]man5tly in/all$ met] ( "s type4 ,! displacem5t =m ( met] %\ld be us$ only ) cold wat]1 h[ev]4 ,if !re is no met] or wat] weigh] 9 ! plant1 ! fe$ wat] us$ dur+ ! te/ c be measur$ by ! ?ree-b>rel arrangem5t illu/rat$ 9 figure #b4 ,obta9 ?ree wat]-tight b>rels1 & set two ( !m close toge!r on a plat=m directly ov] ! ?ird1 leav+ ab\t #ab in*es above b>rel #c 9 :i* to fit ! valves ,v & ! nipples 9 ! bottoms ( b>rels #a & #b4 ,ne> ! top ( ea* ( ! b>rels #a & #b screw a #a-;in* ov]fl[ pipe ,o4 ,run a pipe ,p f ! city ma9 or o!r s\rce ( supply above b>rels #a & #b1 & put a valve ,a on ! pipe lead+ to ea* b>rel4 ,f b>rel #c run a suction pipe to ! fe$ pump t is to pump wat] to ! boil] to be te/$4 ,x is be/ to h a by-pass f ! usual wat] supply direct to ! fe$ pump1 or to ano!r pump connect$ to ! boil]1 s t 9 case ( any tr\ble ) ! te/+ b>rels1 ! regul> op]ation ( ! boil] may be resum$ )\t %utt+ d[n4 ,! next /ep is to fill b>rels #a & #b ) wat] until !y ov]fl[ at ,o4 ,?is wat] %\ld be ( practically ! same av]age temp]ature z t :i* is to be us$ dur+ ! te/4 ,b>rel #c %\ld be high en\gh above ! fe$ pump s t ! pump w h&le hot wat]4 ,put b>rel #c on a scales1 be=e connect+ x to ! fe$ pump1 & weigh x4 ,!n let ! wat] f b>rel #a run into b>rel #c1 & weigh aga94 ,! second weight m9us ! fir/ weight is ! net weight ( wat] run 9 f b>rel #a & is ! weight ( wat] conta9$ 9 b>rel #a :5 fill$ to ! ov]fl[4 ,! weight ( wat] 9 b>rel #b :5 x is fill$ to ! ov]fl[ c be f\nd 9 l mann]4 ,m>k ^! weights d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,:5 ! net weights are f\nd & b>rel #c is remov$ f ! scales & connect$ to ! fe$ pump1 ! app>atus is ready to beg9 ! te/4 ,/>t ) ! level ( ! wat] ab\t #a foot bel[ ! top ( ! b>rel #c1 & drive a nail into ! b>rel to m>k ?is level4 ,:5 ! te/ is f9i%$1 ! level %\ld be br\ght to ! same po9t1 s t ! wat] t has pass$ ?r\gh b>rels #a & #b w accurately repres5t ! weight ( wat] f$ to ! boil] dur+ ! te/4 ,:5 ! te/ is to beg91 /op ! fe$ pump & tie a /r+ ar\nd ! gage glass on ! boil] to m>k ! height ( ! wat] level 9 ! boil]4 ,!n />t ! pump connect$ to b>rel #c4 ,fill b>rels #a & #b up to ! ov]fl[ be=e ! te/ is />t$4 ,!n op5 ! valve ,v on b>rel #a & let ! wat] run into b>rel #c z fa/ z ! fe$ pump draws wat] f b>rel #c4 ,:5 b>rel #a is empti$ close its valve ,v & op5 its valve ,a s z to refill x4 ,:ile b>rel #a is fill+ empty b>rel #b into b>rel #c 9 ! same way1 & cont9ue to fill & empty b>rels #a & #b alt]nately4 ,9 ?is way b>rel #c w be kept suppli$ ) wat] t has be5 measur$ 9 b>rels #a & #b1 ! net weights ( :i* 7 f\nd be=e ! te/ began4 ,keep a sep>ate tally ( ! numb] ( times ea* ( ! b>rels #a & #b is empti$ into b>rel #c4 ,at ! end ( ! te/ ! numb] ( tallies = ea* b>rel multipli$ by ! weight ( ! wat] t b>rel w hold w be ! weight ( wat] measur$ 9 t b>rel4 ,! sum ( ^! weights = b>rels #a & #b w be ! weight ( wat] us$ 9 ! te/4 ,) a ?ree-b>rel arrangem5t l ?is1 wat] c be weigh$ rapidly en\gh to supply #cjj boil] horsep[]4 ,be=e />t+ a te/ make sure t !re is no *ance = wat] to leak into or out ( ! boil]4 ,see t ! bl[-(f is tight1 t !re is no drip f gage cocks1 & t ! fe$-l9e connections are tight1 s t all ! wat] f$ to ! boil] w repres5t accurately ! am\nt evaporat$ dur+ ! te/4 ,if a met] is us$ in/ead ( ! ?ree-b>rel me?od1 make absolutely sure t ! met] is correct1 z ! accuracy ( ! te/ dep5ds on ! accuracy ) :i* ! wat] measurem5ts are made4 ,aft] a met] is in/all$1 te/ x to see t x op]ates correctly "u ! plant conditions4 ,! wat] level 9 ! boil] %\ld be ! same at ! end ( ! te/ z at ! beg9n+4 ,z ! "t = /opp+ ! te/ draws ne>1 !re=e1 try to br+ ! conditions ! same z at ! />t4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 run ! fe$ pump rapidly 9 ! la/ few m9utes = ! te/ 9 ord] to obta9 ! same wat] level4 ,if !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 level1 calculate ! weight ( wat] x repres5ts & make ! necess>y correction to ! total weight ( wat] f$4 ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,fe$ ,,wat]4 ,e plant %\ld h a !rmomet] on ! fe$ l9e1 s z to f9d ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat]4 ,pref]ably1 ?is !rmomet] %\ld be ( ! record+ type4 ,if su* a =m ( !rmomet] is us$ dur+ ! te/1 x is unnecess>y to take ! fe$ temp]ature at /at$ int]vals1 z ! record w %[ ! v>y+ temp]atures1 & s ! av]age fe$ temp]ature dur+ ! te/ c easily be f\nd4 ,if !re is no !rmomet] 9 ! fe$ l9e1 take ! fe$-wat] temp]ature by means ( a !rmomet] hung 9 b>rel #c 7figure #b7 by a hook ov] ! edge ( ! b>rel4 ,read ?is !rmomet] e half h\r dur+ ! te/ if ! fe$-wat] temp]ature is fairly uni=m2 b if x v>ies consid]ably1 read ! !rmomet] e #ae m9utes4 ,! object is to obta9 ! av]age fe$-wat] temp]ature dur+ ! te/ p]iod4 ,!re=e1 m>k d[n ! temp]atures z read at ! /at$ int]vals4 ,at ! close ( ! te/ add ! read+s & divide _! sum by ! numb] ( read+s & y w h ! av]age temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat]4 ,,/eam ,,pressure4 ,e boil] is fitt$ ) a /eam gage by :i* ! pressure is indicat$4 ,x is important t ! pressure gage be accurate4 ,:at is want$ 9 a te/ is ! av]age pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil]1 !re=e1 obs]ve ! pressure at regul> int]vals1 j z ) ! fe$-wat] temp]ature1 & m>k d[n ^! gage read+s4 ,! sum ( ! read+s divid$ by ! numb] ( read+s tak5 w be ! av]age /eam pressure dur+ ! te/4 ,a record+ /eam gage is be/ & makes its own read+s4 ,,work+ ,,up ,,! ,,te/4 ,aft] ! boil] te/ has be5 made1 s z to f9d ! weight ( coal burn$1 weight ( fe$ wat] us$1 fe$-wat] temp]ature & /eam pressure1 ! effici5cy1 ! horsep[]1 & ! economy mu/ be obta9$ by calculation f ! te/ results4 ,! process ( figur+ ! desir$ results f ! te/ data is call$ work+ up ! te/4 ,to illu/rate ! me?od us$ 9 f9d+ ! effici5cy1 etc41 suppose t ! data obta9$ f ! te/ are z foll[s3 ,l5g? ( te/ h\rs #aj ,total weight ( coal fir$ p\nds #e1jjj ,total weight ( wat] evaporat$ d4 #ce1jjj ,av]age temp]ature ( fe$ wat] ,f #ahj ,av]age /eam pressure1 gage p\nds p] squ>e in* #ajj ,! effici5cy ( any process is always a comp>ison1 or ratio1 ( ! output to ! input4 ,9 ! case ( a /eam boil] ! effici5cy is ! p]c5tage ( ! heat suppli$ 9 ! coal t is usefully employ$ 9 mak+ /eam4 ,! output ( ! /eam boil] is ! heat repres5t$ by ! quantity ( wat] evaporat$ by a p\nd ( coal1 tak+ into acc\nt ! fe$ temp]ature & ! /eam pressure1 & input is ! am\nt ( heat conta9$ 9 a p\nd ( ! coal us$4 ,! effici5cy ( ! boil] is ! output divid$ by ! input4 ,! heat conta9$ 9 a p\nd ( coal is call$ ! calorific value or heat+ value ( ! coal4 ,x c be f\nd by tak+ a fair av]age sample ( ! coal us$ dur+ ! te/1 z expla9$ 9 connection ) weigh+ ! coal1 & s5d+ ! sample to a *emi/1 :o w make a calorimet] te/ to det]m9e its heat+ value4 ,at ! end ( ! te/ ! sample fuel %\ld be spread out on a clean floor & all lumps brok5 up1 s t no pieces are l>g] ?an #b in*es maximum diamet]4 ,!n ! gross sample %\ld be v ?or\ghly mix$ by %ovel+1 aft] :i* x %\ld be spread out 9 ! =m ( a squ>e ( uni=m dep? & qu>t]$ d[n until a f9al av]age sample is obta9$ = %ipm5t to a compet5t *emi/1 exp]i5c$ 9 fuel analysis4 7,see ,bureau ( ,m9es ,te*nical ,pap] ,no4 #acc47 ,ab\t #b qu>ts ( ! *emi/'s sample %\ld be put 9 air-tight t9s or j>s = ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure2 ! balance ( ! sample 7! total weight ( :i* %\ld be f #aj to #ej p\nds1 dep5d+ on ! total weight ( coal us$ 9 ! te/7 may be pack$ 9 a wood5 box l9$ ) pap] to prev5t spl9t]s f m+l+ ) ! sample4 ,a duplicate coal sample %\ld be kept at ! plant to be us$ 9 case ( loss ( ! sample s5t to ! *emi/4 ,! ,bureau ( ,m9es has publi%$ a bullet9 or pamphlet giv+ ! analyses & heat+ values ( ! v>i\s k9ds & grades ( coal f all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7,bureau ( ,m9es ,bullet9 ,no4 #bb47 ,?is bullet9 c be us$ to le>n ! approximate heat+ value ( ! coal4 ,simply f9d out :at di/rict ! coal us$ 9 ! te/ came f1 & its grade1 & !n ref] to ! bullet9 to obta9 ! heat+ value ( ! coal4 ,if a *emi/ c be obta9$ to make a heat te/1 h[ev]1 x is bett] to use ! heat+ value he det]m9es4 ,suppose t dur+ ! te/ ! coal us$ 0 run-(-m9e bitum9\s hav+ a heat+ value ( #ac1ejj ,b4 t4 u4 ,e p\nd ( coal fir$1 !n1 c>ri$ into ! furnace #ac1ejj heat units1 & ?is value !re=e is ! input to be us$ 9 calculat+ ! boil] effici5cy4 ,dur+ ! te/ #e1jjj p\nds ( coal 0 fir$ & #ce1jjj p\nds ( wat] 0 f$ & evaporat$4 ,?is means t #ce1jjj #e1jjj #g p\nds ( wat] 0 evaporat$ p] p\nd ( coal burn$4 ,?is is ! actual evaporation1 & ! heat requir$ to evaporate ?is #g p\nds ( wat] is ! output to be us$ 9 calculat+ ! effici5cy4 ,e fireman kn[s t x takes m coal1 & !re=e m heat1 to make /eam ) cold fe$ wat] ?an ) hot fe$ wat]2 also1 t x is some:at easi] to make /eam at a l[ pressure ?an at a high pressure4 ,s x is pla9 t ! heat requir$ to evaporate #g p\nds ( wat] into /eam dep5ds on two ?+s1 namely1 7#a7 ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat] & 7#b7 ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil]4 ,f ! data ( ! te/1 bo? ! av]age fe$-wat] temp]ature & ! av]age /eam pressure are kn[n1 & s x is a simple matt] to f9d out ! am\nt ( heat ne$$ to evaporate #g p\nds ( wat] f ! av]age temp]ature to /eam at ! av]age pressure4 ,a p\nd ( wat] at #bab ,f4 mu/ h #igj4d ,b4 t4 u4 add$ to x to become a p\nd ( /eam at #bab ,f41 or z]o gage pressure4 ,?is value1 #igj4d ,b4 t4 u41 is call$ ! lat5t heat ( /eam at atmosph]ic pressure1 or ! heat f & at #bab ,f4 ,x is ! heat requir$ to *ange a p\nd ( wat] f #bab ,f4 to /eam at #bab ,f41 & is us$ by eng9e]s z a /&>d by :i* to comp>e ! evaporation ( diff]5t boil]s4 ,9 a boil] te/ ! temp]ature ( ! fe$ wat] is usually some?+ less ?an #bab ,f41 & ! /eam pressure is commonly high] ?an z]o1 gage4 ,9 ! te/ outl9$ previ\sly1 ! fe$-wat] temp]ature 0 #ahj ,f4 & ! pressure 0 #ajj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 gage4 ,x mu/ be cle>1 !n1 t ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to *ange a p\nd ( wat] at #ahj to /eam at #ajj p\nds gage pressure is n ! same z to make a p\nd ( /eam f & at #bab ,f4 ,to make all[ance = ! diff]5ces 9 temp]ature & pressure1 ! actual evaporation mu/ be multipli$ by a numb] call$ ! factor ( evaporation4 ,! factor ( evaporation has a c]ta9 value correspond+ to e fe$-wat] temp]ature & boil] pressure1 & ! values ( ?is factor are giv5 9 ! accompany+ table4 ,along ! top ( ! table are giv5 ! gage pressures ( ! /eam4 ,9 ! columns at ! sides ( ! table are giv5 ! fe$-wat] temp]atures4 ,to f9d ! factor ( evaporation = a giv5 set ( conditions1 locate ! gage pressure at ! top ( ! table & foll[ d[n t column to ! horizontal l9e on :i* ! fe$-wat] temp]ature is locat$4 ,! value 9 ?is column & on ! horizontal l9e ?us f\nd is ! factor ( evaporation requir$4 ,if ! fe$ wat] has a temp]ature great] ?an #bab ,f41 obta9 ! prop] factor ( evaporation f ! ,m>ks & ,davis /eam tables4 ,take ! data ( ! te/1 = example4 ,! av]age /eam pressure is #ajj p\nds1 gage4 ,! av]age fe$-wat] temp]ature is #ahj ,f4 ,s1 9 ! table locate ! column head$ #ajj & foll[ d[n ?is column to ! l9e hav+ #ahj at ! ends1 & ! value :]e ! column & ! l9e cross is #a4jgbg1 :i* is ! factor ( evaporation = a fe$-wat] temp]ature ( #ahj ,f4 & a /eam pressure ( #ajj p\nds1 gage4 ,?is factor1 #a4jgbg1 indicates t to *ange a p\nd ( wat] at #ahj ,f4 to /eam at #ajj p\nds requires #a4jgbg times z mu* heat z to *ange a p\nd ( wat] at #bab ,f4 to /eam at atmosph]ic pressure4 ,9 o!r words1 ! heat us$ 9 produc+ an actual evaporation ( #g p\nds "u ! te/ conditions w\ld h evaporat$ #g #a4jgbg #g4e p\nds f & at #bab ,f4 ,h5ce1 #g4e p\nds is call$ ! equival5t evaporation f & at #bab ,f4 p] p\nd ( coal us$4 ,z already /at$1 x takes #igj4d ,b4 t4 u4 to make a p\nd ( /eam f & at #bab ,f4 ,!n to make #g4e p\nds !re w\ld be requir$ #g4e #igj4d #g1bgh ,b4 t4 u4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to *ange #g4e p\nds ( wat] at #bab ,f4 to /eam at z]o gage pressure1 b x is also ! heat requir$ to *ange #g p\nds ( wat] at #ahj ,f4 to /eam at #ajj p\nds gage pressure1 because #g4e p\nds f & at #bab ,f4 is equival5t to #g p\nds f #ahj ,f4 to /eam at #ajj p\nds4 ,!re=e1 ! #g1bgh ,b4 t4 u4 is ! am\nt ( heat usefully employ$ 9 mak+ /eam p] p\nd ( coal fir$1 & s x is ! output4 ,accord+ly1 ! effici5cy ( ! boil] is-- ,output #g1bgh ,effici5cy ------ ------ #j4ed1 ne>ly4 ,input #ac1ejj ,9 o!r words1 ! effici5cy ( ! boil] is #j4ed1 or #ed p] c5t1 :i* means t only a little m ?an half ( ! heat 9 ! coal is usefully employ$ 9 mak+ /eam4 ,! *>t %[n 9 figure #c is giv5 to save ! "w ( figur+ ! effici5cy4 ,if ! equival5t evaporation p] p\nd ( coal is calculat$ & ! heat+ value ( ! coal is kn[n1 ! boil] effici5cy may be f\nd directly f ! *>t4 ,at ! left-h& side locate ! po9t correspond+ to ! equival5t evaporation & at ! bottom locate ! po9t correspond+ to ! heat+ value ( ! coal4 ,foll[ ! horizontal & v]tical l9es f ^! two po9ts until !y cross1 & note ! diagonal l9e t is ne>e/ to ! cross+ po9t4 ,! figures m>k$ on ! diagonal l9e indicate ! boil] effici5cy4 ,take ! case j work$ out1 = example4 ,! equival5t evaporation is #g4e p\nds & ! heat+ value ( ! fuel is #ac1ejj ,b4 t4 u4 ,at ! left ( ! *>t locate ! po9t #g4e midway betwe5 #g & #h & at ! bottom locate ! po9t #ac1ejj midway betwe5 #ac1jjj & #ad1jjj4 ,!n foll[ ! horizontal & v]tical l9es f ^! two po9ts until !y cross1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! cross+ po9t lies on ! diagonal correspond+ to #ed1 & s ! effici5cy is #ed p] c5t4 ,,boil] ,,horsep[] ,,or ,,capacity4 ,! capacity ( a boil] is usually /at$ 9 boil] horsep[]4 ,a boil] horsep[] means ! evaporation ( #cd4e p\nds ( wat] p] h\r f & at #bab ,f4 ,!re=e1 to f9d ! boil] horsep[] develop$ dur+ a te/1 calculate ! evaporation f & at #bab ,f4 p] h\r & divide x by #cd4e4 ,take ! te/ previ\sly m5tion$1 = example4 ,! evaporation f & at #bab ,f4 or ! equival5t evaporation1 0 #g4e p\nds ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal4 ,! weight ( coal burn$ p] h\r 0 #e1jjj #aj #ejj p\nds4 ,!n ! equival5t evaporation 0 #g4e #ejj #c1gej p\nds p] h\r4 ,accord+ to ! =ego+ def9ition ( a boil] horsep[]1 !n-- #c1gej ,boil] horsep[] ----- #aji4 #cd4e ,! rat$ horsep[] ( a boil]1 or ! build]s' rat+1 is ! numb] ( squ>e feet ( heat+ surface 9 ! boil] divid$ by a numb]4 ,9 ! case ( /ation>y boil]s ?is numb] is #aj or #ab1 b #aj is v commonly tak5 z ! am\nt ( heat+ surface p] horsep[]4 ,assum+ ?is value & assum+ fur!r t ! boil] te/$ _h #a1ejj squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 its rat$ horsep[] w\ld be #a1ejj #aj #aej boil] horsep[]4 ,x is (t5 desirable to "k :at p] c5t ( ! rat$ capacity is develop$ 9 a te/4 ,?is is f\nd by divid+ ! horsep[] develop$ dur+ ! te/ by ! build]s' rat+4 ,9 ! case ( ! boil] te/$1 #aji horsep[] 0 develop$4 ,! p]c5tage ( rat$ capacity develop$1 !re=e1 0 #aji #aej #j4gc1 or #gc p] c5t4 ,,heat+ ,,surface4 ,! heat+ surface ( a boil] is ! surface ( metal expos$ to ! fire or hot gases on "o side & to wat] on ! o!r side4 ,?us1 ! int]nal surface ( ! tubes ( a fire-tube boil] is ! heat+ surface ( ! tubes1 b ! outside surface ( ! tubes ( a wat]-tube boil] is ! heat+ surface ( ^? tubes4 ,9 addition to ! tubes1 all o!r surfaces :i* h hot gases on "o side & wat] on ! o!r mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,= in/ance1 9 a fire-tube boil] f "o-half to two-?irds ( ! %ell 7dep5d+ on h[ ! boil] is set7 acts z heat+ surface4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! surface pres5t$ by bo? heads1 bel[ ! wat] level1 has to be comput$4 ,! heat+ surface ( ea* head is equal to two-?irds its area m9us ! total area ( ! holes cut away to receive ! tubes4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,evaporation4 ,! co/ ( evaporation is usually /at$ z ! co/ ( fuel requir$ to evaporate #a1jjj p\nds ( wat] f & at #bab ,f4 ,to f9d x1 multiply ! price ( coal p] ton by #a1jjj & divide ! result by ! product ( ! equival5t evaporation p] p\nd ( coal & ! numb] ( p\nds 9 a ton4 ,suppose t ! co/ ( ! coal us$ 9 ! =ego+ te/ 0 #c4fj p] ton ( #b1jjj p\nds4 ,! equival5t evaporation p] p\nd ( coal 0 #g4e p\nds4 ,!re=e ! co/ ( evaporat+ #a1jjj p\nds ( wat] f #ahj ,f4 to /eam at #ajj-p\nd gage1 is-- #c4fj #a1jjj ------------- #j4bd1 or #bd c5ts4 #g4e #b1jjj ,,table ,,( ,,te/ ,,results4 ,aft] ! te/ has be5 made & prop]ly work$ up1 z h]et(ore describ$1 collect all ! results ( ! te/ on "o %eet1 s t !y c be kept 9 conv5i5t =m = ref]5ce & = comp>ison ) lat] te/s4 ,a brief =m ( arrang+ ! results is z foll[s3 #a4 ,date ( te/ ,may #bj1 #aiah #b4 ,duration ( te/ h\rs #aj #c4 ,weight ( coal us$ p\nds #e1jjj #d4 ,weight ( wat] f$ & evaporat$ d4 #ce1jjj #e4 ,av]age /eam pressure1 gauge d4 #ajj #f4 ,av]age fe$-wat] temp]ature ,f4 #ahj #g4 ,factor ( evaporation #a4jgbg #h4 ,equival5t evaporation f & at #bab ,f4 p\nds #cg1ede ,,effici5cy4 #i4 ,effici5cy ( boil] & furnace p] c5t #ed ,,capacity4 #aj4 ,boil] horsep[] develop$ #aji #aa4 ,build]s' rat$ horsep[] #aej #ab4 ,p]c5tage ( rat$ horsep[] develop$ p] c5t #gc ,,economic ,,results4 #ac4 ,actual evaporation p] p\nd ( coal p\nds #g #ad4 ,equival5t evaporation f & at #bab ,f4 p] p\nd ( coal z fir$1 p\nds #g4e #ae4 ,co/ ( coal p] ton 7#b1jjj p\nds7 #c4fj #af4 ,co/ ( coal to evaporate #a1jjj p\nds f & at #bab ,f4 #j4bd ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,te/ ,,results4 ,! object ( work+ up a te/ is to obta9 a cle> idea z to ! effici5cy ( op]ation ( ! boil] or its op]at+ co/4 ,consequ5tly1 aft] ! calculations h be5 made1 !y %\ld be us$ z a basis = /udy ) ! idea ( improv+ ! boil] p]=mance4 ,take ! matt] ( boil] effici5cy1 = example1 z f\nd f ! te/ m5tion$4 ,its value 0 #ed p] c5t4 ,?is is altoge!r too l[ & indicates wa/eful op]ation4 ,! effici5cy ( a h&-fir$ boil] ought n to be less ?an #fe p] c5t1 & x c be increas$ to #gj p] c5t by c>eful managem5t "u good conditions4 ,! *>t 9 figure #c c be us$ to indicate ! evaporation t %\ld be obta9$ 9 ord] to rea* a desir$ effici5cy4 ,suppose1 = example1 t x is desir$ to "k h[ mu* wat] p] p\nd ( coal mu/ be evaporat$ to produce a boil] effici5cy ( #fe p] c5t ) coal hav+ a heat+ value ( #ac1ejj ,b4 t4 u4 p] p\nd4 ,locate #ac1ejj at ! bottom ( ! *>t1 foll[ ! v]tical l9e until x meets ! diagonal m>k$ #fe p] c5t1 & !n f ?is po9t foll[ ! horizontal l9e to ! left-h& edge1 :]e ! figure #i is f\nd4 ,?is means t ! equival5t evaporation f & by #bab ,f4 p] p\nd ( coal mu/ be #i p\nds ( wat]4 ,if ! /eam pressure is #ajj p\nds gauge1 & ! fe$-wat] temp]ature is #ahj ,f4 ! factor ( evaporation is #a4jgbg1 !n ! actual evaporation mu/ be #i #a4jgbg #h4cf p\nds p] p\nd ( coal4 ,9 o!r words1 to increase ! effici5cy f #ed p] c5t to #fe p] c5t "u ! same conditions ( pressure & fe$-wat] temp]ature1 x w\ld be necess>y to increase ! actual evaporation f #g p\nds to #h4cf p\nds4 ,?is w\ld mean practically #bj p] c5t m /eam f ! same weight ( coal us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,heat+ ,value ( ,coal1 9 ,b4 t4 u4 ,p] ,p\nd ,,fig4 #c4 ,h[ to d ?is w require "s /udy & exp]im5t+ on ! "p ( ! fireman or eng9e]4 ,! ?ree mo/ common reasons = l[-boil] effici5cy are 7#a7 excess air1 7#b7 dirty heat+ surfaces1 & 7#c7 loss ( coal ?r\gh ! grates4 ,! fir/ ( ^! items is ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree4 ,9 mo/ cases ! greate/ prev5table wa/e ( coal 9 a boil] plant is directly due to excess air4 ,excess air simply means ! am\nt ( air :i* gets into ! furnace & boil] :i* is n ne$$ = complet+ ! combu/ion ( ! coal4 ,v (t5 twice z mu* air is admitt$ to ! boil] sett+ z is requir$4 ,?is extra or excess air is heat$ & c>ries heat out ?r\gh ! *imney in/ead ( heat+ ! wat] 9 ! boil] to make /eam4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ?is excess air gets into ! furnace & boil] sett+4 ,fir/1 by a comb9ation ( bad regulation ( drafts & fir+4 ,! *ances are y\r uptake damp] is too wide op54 ,try clos+ x a little4 ,!n1 !re may be holes 9 ! fire4 ,keep ^! cov]$4 ,! second way excess air occurs is by leakage ?r\gh ! boil] sett+1 ?r\gh cracks 9 ! brickwork1 leaks ar\nd ! frames & edges ( clean+ doors1 & holes ar\nd ! bl[-(f pipes4 ,!re are also o!r places :]e su* air c leak 94 ,take a tor* or c&le & g ov] ! entire surface ( y\r boil] sett+--front1 back1 sides1 & top4 ,:]e ! flame ( ! tor* is drawn inw>d !re is an air leak4 ,pla/] up all air leaks & repair ! brickwork ar\nd door frames :]e necess>y4 ,y %\ld g ov] y\r boil] = air leaks once a mon?4 ,9 reg>d to be/ me?ods ( fir+ s(t coal1 see ,te*nical ,pap] ,no4 #hj ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 :i* may be obta9$ f y\r ,/ate ,fuel ,adm9i/rator4 ,dirty heat+ surfaces cause l[ effici5cy because !y prev5t ! heat 9 ! hot gases f gett+ ?r\gh into ! wat]4 ,!re=e1 keep ! %ell & tubes free ( soot on "o side & scale on ! o!r4 ,soot may be remov$ by ! daily use ( bl[]s1 scrap]s1 & clean]s4 ,! problem ( scale & pure fe$ wat] is a big "o & %\ld be tak5 up ) prop] au?orities on ! subject4 ,!re are _m ?+s t may be done to increase ! effici5cy ( ! boil] & to save coal4 ,= conv5i5ce a numb] ( ^! po9ts are gr\p$ 9 ! foll[+ li/3 ,,:at ,,to ,,d4 ,,:y4 #a4 ,close up all leaks 9 ! boil] ,to prev5t wa/e ( heat due to sett+4 excess air admitt$4 #b4 ,keep %ell & tubes free f ,to all[ ! heat to pass easily soot & scale4 into ! wat]4 #c4 ,use grates suit$ to ! fuel ,to prev5t loss ( unburnt coal to be burn$4 ?r\gh air spaces4 #d4 ,fire (t51 & little at a ,to obta9 uni=m conditions & "t4 bett] combu/ion4 #e4 ,cov] all ?9 spots & keep ,to prev5t burn+ holes 9 b$ fire b$ level4 & admitt+ excess air4 #f4 ,d n all[ cl9k]s to =m ,because !y r$uce ! effective on side or bridge walls4 area ( ! grate4 #g4 ,keep ! a% pit free f a%es ,to prev5t w>p+ & burn+ out & hot cl9k]s4 ( ! grates4 #h4 ,d n /ir ! fire except :5 ,because /irr+ causes cl9k] necess>y4 & is likely to wa/e coal4 #i4 ,use damp] & n a%-pit doors ,because less excess air is to control draft4 admitt$ by s do+4 #aj4 ,see t /eam pipes & valves ,because /eam leaks wa/e heat are tight4 & !re=e coal4 #aa4 ,keep bl[-(f valves tight4 ,because leaks ( hot wat] wa/e coal4 #ab4 ,cov] /eam pipes & ! tops ,to prev5t radiation & loss ( ( boil]s4 heat4 ,make a boil] te/ "u ! conditions ( op]ation z !y n[ exi/ 9 y\r plant4 ,!n make all possible improvem5ts z sugge/$ 9 ?is bullet91 make ano!r te/ aft]w>ds & note ! increase 9 ! equival5t evaporation p] p\nd ( coal us$4 ,rememb] t ! fir+ l9e 9 ! boil] room c be j z patriotic & helpful z ! fir+ l9e at ! front4 ,table ( factors ( evaporation4 ,fe$ ,/eam pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*1 gauge4 temp]ature1----------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,f4 #cj #ej #gj #hj #ij #ajj #aaj #abj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #cb #a4bjgc #a4badd #a4baie #a4bbaf #a4bbcd #a4bbea #a4bbff #a4bbgi #ce #a4bjdb #a4baac #a4bafd #a4bahd #a4bbjc #a4bbai #a4bbce #a4bbdh #ch #a4bjaa #a4bjhb #a4bacc #a4baec #a4bagb #a4bahh #a4bbjd #a4bbag #da #a4aihj #a4bjea #a4bajb #a4babb #a4bada #a4baeg #a4bagc #a4bahf #dd #a4aidi #a4bjbj #a4bjga #a4bjia #a4baaj #a4babf #a4badb #a4baee #dg #a4aiah #a4aihi #a4bjdj #a4bjfj #a4bjgi 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,c4 ,port] & ,f4 ,k4 ,ovitz4 #aiag4 #ch pp41 #g pls4 ,,bullet9 #ach4 ,cok+ ( ,ill9ois coals1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,ovitz4 #aiag4 #ga pp41 #aa pls4 #a fig4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #cd4 ,exp]im5ts ) furnaces = a h&-fir$ return tubul> boil]1 by ,s4 ,b4 ,flagg1 ,g4 ,c4 ,cook1 & ,f4 ,e4 ,woodman4 #aiad4 #cb pp41 #a pl41 #d figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #ej4 ,metallurgical coke1 by ,a4 ,w4 ,beld54 #aiac4 #dh pp41 #a pl41 #bc figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #gf4 ,notes on ! sampl+ & analysis ( coal1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,fieldn]4 #aiad4 #ei pp41 #f figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #hj4 ,h&-fir+ s(t coal "u p[]-plant boil]s1 by ,h5ry ,kreis+]4 #aiae4 #hc pp41 #cb figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #ig4 ,sav+ fuel 9 heat+ a h\se1 by ,l4 ,p4 ,breck5ridge & ,s4 ,b4 ,flagg4 #aiae4 #ce pp41 #c figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #ih4 ,effect ( l[-temp]ature oxidation on ! hydrog5 9 coal & ! *ange ( weight ( coal 9 dry+1 by ,s4 ,h4 ,katz & ,h4 ,c4 ,port]4 #aiag4 #af pp41 #b figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #abc4 ,notes on ! uses ( l[-grade fuel 9 ,europe1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,f]nald4 #aiae4 #cg pp41 #d pls41 #d figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #acc4 ,directions = sampl+ coal = %ipm5t or deliv]y1 by ,g4 ,s4 ,pope4 #aiag4 #ae pp41 #a pl4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #acg4 ,combu/ion 9 ! fuel b$ ( h&-fir$ furnaces1 by ,h5ry ,kreis+]1 ,f4 ,k4 ,ovitz1 & ,c4 ,e4 ,augu/9e4 #aiaf4 #gf pp41 #b pls41 #ba figs4 #ae c5ts4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #adh4 ,! det]m9ation ( moi/ure 9 coke1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,fieldn] & ,w4 ,a4 ,selvig4 #aiag4 #ac pp4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #agj4 ,! diffusion ( oxyg5 ?r\gh /or$ coal1 by ,s4 ,h4 ,katz4 #aiag4 #di pp41 #a pl41 #bg figs4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #agb4 ,effects ( moi/ure on ! spontane\s heat+ ( /or$ coal1 by ,s4 ,h4 ,katz & ,h4 ,c4 ,port]4 #aiag4 #be pp41 #a pl41 #h figs4 ,,publications ,,t ,,may ,,be ,,obta9$ ,,only ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,docum5ts4 ,,bullet9 #h4 ,! fl[ ( heat ?r\gh furnace walls1 by ,w4 ,t4 ,ray & ,h5ry ,kreis+]4 #aiaa4 #cb pp41 #ai figs4 #e c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #aa4 ,! pur*ase ( coal by ! ,gov]nm5t "u specifications1 ) analyses ( coal deliv]$ = ! fiscal ye> #aijh-i1 by ,g4 ,s4 ,pope4 #aiaj4 #hj pp4 #aj c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #ac4 ,rsum ( produc]-gas inve/igations1 ,octob] #a1 #aijd1 to ,june #cj1 #aiaj1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,f]nald & ,c4 ,d4 ,smi?4 #aiaa4 #cic pp41 #ab pls41 #bej figs4 #fe c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #ad4 ,briquett+ te/s ( lignite at ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 #aijh-i1 ) a *apt] on sulphite-pit* b9d]1 by ,c4 ,l4 ,wright4 #aiaa4 #fd pp41 #aa pls41 #d figs4 #ae c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #ah4 ,! transmission ( heat into /eam boil]s1 by ,h5ry ,kreis+] & ,w4 ,t4 ,ray4 #aiab4 #ahj pp41 #gh figs4 #bj c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #ba4 ,! significance ( drafts 9 /eam-boil] practice1 by ,w4 ,t4 ,ray & ,h5ry ,kreis+]4 #fd pp41 #bf figs4 #aj c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #bb4 ,analyses ( coals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) descriptions ( m9e & field samples collect$ betwe5 ,july #a1 #aijd1 & ,june #cj1 #aiaj1 by ,n4 ,w4 ,"l1 ) *apt]s by ,j4 ,a4 ,holmes1 ,f4 ,m4 ,/anton1 ,a4 ,c4 ,fieldn]1 & ,samuel ,san=d4 #aiab4 ,"p ,i1 ,analyses1 pp4 #a-cba2 ,"p ,,ii1 ,descriptions ( samples1 pp4 #cba-aabi4 #he c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #bc4 ,/eam+ te/s ( coals & relat$ inve/igations1 ,septemb] #a1 #aijd1 to ,decemb] #ca1 #aijh1 by ,l4 ,p4 ,breck5ridge1 ,h5ry ,kreis+]1 & ,w4 ,t4 ,ray4 #aiab4 #chj pp41 #b pls41 #id figs4 #ej c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #bg4 ,te/s ( coal & briquets z fuel = h\se-heat+ boil]s1 by ,d4 ,t4 ,r&all4 #dd pp41 #c pls41 #b figs4 #aj c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #cg4 ,comp>ative te/s ( run-(-m9e & briquett$ coal on locomotives1 includ+ torp$o-boat te/s1 & "s =eign specifications = briquett$ fuel1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,m4 ,goss4 #aiaa4 #eh pp41 #d pls41 #ce figs4 #ae c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #dj4 ,! smokeless combu/ion ( coal 9 boil] furnaces1 ) a *apt] on c5tral heat+ plants1 by ,d4 ,t4 ,r&all & ,h4 ,w4 ,weeks4 #aiab4 #ahh pp41 #dj figs4 #bj c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #da4 ,gov]nm5t coal pur*ases "u specifications1 ) analyses1 = ! fiscal ye> #aiji-aj by ,g4 ,s4 ,pope1 ) a *apt] on ! fuel-inspection laboratory ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,davis4 #aiab4 #ig pp41 #c pls41 #i figs4 #ae c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #aji4 ,op]at+ details ( gas produc]s1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,f]nald4 #aiaf4 #gd pp4 #aj c5ts4 ,,bullet9 #aaf4 ,me?ods ( sampl+ deliv]$ coal1 & specifications = ! pur*ase ( coal = ! ,gov]nm5t1 by ,g4 ,s4 ,pope4 #aiaf4 #fd pp41 #e pls41 #b figs4 #ae c5ts4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #bj4 ,! slagg+ type ( gas produc]1 ) a brief report ( prelim9>y te/s1 by ,c4 ,d4 ,smi?4 #aiab4 #ad pp41 #a pl4 #e c5ts4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #fc4 ,factors gov]n+ ! combu/ion ( coal 9 boil] furnaces2 a prelim9>y report1 by ,j4 ,k4 ,clem5t1 ,j4 ,c4 ,w4 ,fraz]1 & ,c4 ,e4 ,augu/9e4 #aiad4 #df pp41 #bf figs4 #aj c5ts4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #fe4 ,a /udy ( ! oxidation ( coal1 by ,h4 ,c4 ,port]4 #aiad4 #cj pp41 #ab figs4 #e c5ts4 ,,te*nical ,,pap] #aad4 ,heat transmission ?r\gh boil] tubes1 by ,h5ry ,kreis+] & ,f4 ,k4 ,ovitz4 #aiae4 #cf pp41 #bc figs4 #aj c5ts4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,page #e3 ,add$ p]iod to ! s5t5ce3 ,if ! coal us$ 9 ! te/ is to be analyz$1 take a sample ( f #d to #f p\nds f ea* b>r[ & ?r[ x into a box ne> ! scales44 ,page #aa3 ,*ang$ typo calcuate to calculate4 ,page #ah3 ,*ang$ typo #a4ahed to #a4jhed1 see int]sect+ columns #ahd ,f & #bjj psi4 ,page #ai3 ,*ang$ typo ,samuel ,s&=d to ,samuel ,san=d4