,mak+ ( ,am]ica collection ( !          
,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,libr>ies         
7http3_/_/www4hti4umi*4edu_/m_/moagrp_/7
    ,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are
 available ?r\gh ! ,mak+       ( ,am]ica
 collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan   
,libr>ies4 ,see                         
http3_/_/www4hti4umi*4edu_/cgi_/t_/text_
/text-idx8cmoa2idno,,ajf#bici4jjja4jja  
,a ,,comp>ative ,,view ,,( ,,religions4 
,translat$ f ! ,dut* (  ,j4 ,h4         
,,s*olt51 ,pr(essor at ,leyd51  by      
,francis ,t4 ,wa%burn4        ,repr9t$  
by p]mission f ,! ,religi\s ,magaz9e &  
,mon?ly ,review4 ,bo/on3 ,crosby        
,damrell1 #ajj ,wa%+ton ,/4 #ahgj4      
,a ,,comp>ative ,,view ,,( ,,religions4 
,,introduction4#a   ,! conception (     
religion presupposes1 a1 ,god z object2 
b1 man z subject2 c1 ! mutual relation  
exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,accord+ to ! v>i\s    
/ages ( developm5t :i* m5 h rea*$1      
religi\s belief manife/s itself ei!r 9 !
 =m ( a passive feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 :]e ! 
subject1 n yet consci\s ( 8 indep5d5ce1 

feels himself :olly ov]ma/]$ by ! deity1
 or ! object ( wor%ip1 z by a p[]       
outside ( & oppos$ to himself2 or1 :5 ! 
feel+ ( indep5d5ce has awak5$1 9 a      
"o-sid$ elevation ( ! human1 :]eby man 9
 wor%ip+ a deity deifies himself4 ,9 !  
highe/ /age ( religi\s developm5t1 ! mo/
 entire feel+ ( dep5d5ce is unit$ 9     
religion ) ! /ronge/ consci\sness (     
p]sonal indep5d5ce4 ,! fir/ ( ^! =ms is 
exhibit$ 9 ! feti* & nature-wor%ip ( !  
anci5t nations2 ! second 9 ,buddhism1 & 
9 ! deification ( ! human1 :i* rea*es   
its full height among ! ,greeks4 ,! true
 religion1 prep>$ 9 ,israel1 is !       
,*ri/ian1 9 :i* man1 gr[n consci\s ( 8  
on5ess ) ,god1 is rul$ by ! div9e z an  
inn] p[] ( life1 & acts spontane\sly &  
freely :ile 9 ! fulle/ dep5d5ce ^u ,god4
 ,s9ce ,*ri/1 no m p]fect religion has  
appe>$4 ,:at is true & good 9 ,islamism 
0 borr[$ f ,israel & ,*ri/ianity4       
,al?\gh x is probable t e nation pass$  
?r\gh diff]5t =ms ( religi\s belief be=e
 its religion rea*$ its highe/          

developm5t1 yet ! e>li] p]iods lie 9    
great "p beyond ! rea* ( hi/orical      
inve/igation4 ,! hi/ory ( religion1     
!re=e1 has = its task ! review ( ! v>i\s
 =ms ( religion ) :i* we are hi/orically
 acqua9t$1 9 ! ord] ( psy*ological      
developm5t4     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,feti*ism4
 ,,! ,,*9ese4 ,,! ,,egyptians4   #a4    
,,feti*ism4  ,! l[e/ /age ( religi\s    
developm5t is feti*ism1 z x is f\nd     
among ! savage tribes ( ! pol> regions1 
& 9 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,9   
?is /age1 man's ne$s are z yet v limit$ 
& exclusively conf9$ to ! mat]ial _w4   
,/ill too little develop$ intellectually
 to wor%ip ! div9e 9 nature & h] p[]s1  
he ?9ks he sees ! div9ity :i* he seeks 9
 e unkn[n object :i* /rikes 8 s5ses1 or 
:i* 8 imag9ation calls up4 ,9 ?is /age1 
religion has no high] "* ?an t ( caprice
 & ( love ( ! my/]i\s & m>vel\s1 mix$ ) 
fe> & a slavi% adoration ( ! div9e4 ,!  
wor%ip & ! prie/'s (fice 7,%aman1       
,%amanism7 consi/ "h *iefly 9 ! use (   
*>ms1 to exorcise a dread$ p[]4 ,f ?is  

savage feti*ism ! nature-wor%ip f\nd    
among ! ,aztecs 9 ,mexico1 & ! wor%ip ( 
! sun 9 ,p]u1 are di/+ui%$ by ! great]  
def9it5ess & ord] ( _! religi\s         
conceptions & usages4 ,9 !m ! gods h    
names1 & an orda9$ prie/hood c>es = !   
religi\s int]e/s ( ! p4 ,! highe/ =m to 
:i* feti*ism has atta9$ is ! wor%ip (   
,manit\1 ! great _s1 :i* is f\nd among !
 anci5t tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4   #b4   
,,! ,,*9ese4  ,:5 man rea*es a high]    
developm5t1 caprice & *ance disappe> f  
religion4 ,hav+ outgr[n feti*ism1 man   
beg9s1 z is ! case among ! ,*9ese1 to   
di/+ui% 9 ! _w ar\nd him an active & a  
passive pr9ciple1 =ce & matt] 7,yang &  
,yn71 heav5 & e>? 7,ki5 & ,k\574 ,we h  
"h nature-wor%ip 9 its beg9n+s4 ,9 ?is  
/age1 ev5 less ?an 9 feti*ism1 is !re a 
def9ite idea ( ,god1 mu* less a         
conception ( him z p]sonal & spiritual  
"l4 ,! ,*9ese1 f ! practical1 empirical 
po9t ( view peculi> to him1 recognizes !
 spiritual only 9 man & *iefly 9 ! /ate4
 ,8 religion1 !re=e1 is conf9$          

exclusively to ! fai?ful keep+ ( ! laws 
( ! /ate 7! ,cele/ial ,k+dom71 9 :i* he 
sees ! reflection ( heav51 to !         
recognition ( ! ,emp]or z ! son &       
repres5tative ( heav51 & to ! wor%ip ( !
 =efa!rs1 especially ( ! great m5 &     
dep>t$ emp]ors1 to ^: memory ! ,*9ese   
temples1 or pagodas1 are d$icat$4 ,!    
orig9 ( ?is religion dates1 accord+ to !
 tradition1 f ,fo-hi 7#biej ,b4,c471 !  
f\nd] ( ! ,*9ese /ate4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury 
be=e ,*ri/1 ,kong-tse1 or ,kong-fu-tse  
7,confucius71 appe>$ z a re=m] ( !      
religion ( 8 c\ntrym51 & ga!r$ ! anci5t 
records & traditions ( 8 p into a sacr$ 
lit]ature1 :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,k+  
7! books71 ,yo-,k+ 7! book ( nature71   
,*u-,k+ 7! book ( hi/ory71 ,*i-,k+ 7!   
book ( songs74 ,! cont5ts ( ! ,k+ became
 lat] ) ! ,*9ese sages ,m5g-tse 7#cfj   
,b4,c47 & ,ts*u-ts*e 7#abjj ,a4,d47 an  
object ( philosophical speculation4 ,!  
doctr9e ( ,lao-tse1 ! y\ng] contempor>y 
( ,kong-tse1 :i* lays d[n z ! basis ( ! 
_w1 t is ( ! unreal or non-exi/5t1 a    

supreme pr9ciple1 ,tao1 or ,be+1        
corresponds ) ! ,brahma doctr9e ( !     
,indians1 among :om he liv$ = a long "t2
 b ?is doctr9e nev] became popul> 9     
,*9a4   #c4 ,,! ,,egyptians4  ,! wor%ip 
( nature1 :i* is se5 9 its beg9n+s among
 ! ,*9ese1 exhibits itself among !      
,egyptians 9 a m develop$ =m z !ogony4  
,"h also ! reflect+ m9d rose to !       
recognition ( two fundam5tal pr9ciples1 
! produc+ & ! passive p[] ( nature1     
,kneph & ,nei?1 f :i* sprang            
successively ! rema9+ p[]s ( nature1 "t1
 air1 e>?1 light & d>kness1 p]sonifi$ by
 ! fantasy ( ! p into z _m div9ities4 ,!
 ,egyptian my?ology also 7none has z yet
 be5 discov]$ among ! ,*9ese7 exhibits a
 l "*4 ,fruitfulness & dr\ght1 ! results
 ( ! ,nile's ov]fl[+ & rec$+1 are imag$ 
9 ! my? ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 & ,typhon4 ,! 
visible =m "u :i* ! div9e 0 wor%ip$ 9   
,egypt 0 ! sacr$ animal1 ! bull ,apis1  
d$icat$ to ,osiris1 ! c[1 d$icat$ to    
,isis1 z symbols ( agriculture2 ! bird  
,ibis1 ! crocodile1 ! dog ,anubis1 & o!r

 animals1 ^: physical *>act]i/ics       
impress$ ! z yet *ildi% man1 :o saw 9 !m
 ! symbol1 ei!r ( ! b5efic5t p[] (      
nature :i* mov$ him to ?ankfulness1 or (
 a de/ructive p[] :i* he dread$ & ^:    
ang] he s\ght to av]t4 ,! religion (    
,egypt 0 n ( a purely spiritual "*4 ,to 
! man ^: eye is n yet op5 to !          
manife/ation ( ! spiritual ar\nd him & 9
 him1 ! div9e is n _s1 b z yet only     
nature4 ,! animal1 al?\gh 9 ! =m ( !    
sph9x approa*+ ! human1 holds 9         
,egyptian art a place above ! human z   
symbol ( ! div9e4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,!
 ,,arian ,,nations4   #a4 ,,! ,,ea/     
,,arians4 ,,! ,,indians4  ,9 !          
developm5t ( religion among ! ,indians1 
! foll[+ p]iods may be di/+ui%$3--      
a4 ,! orig9al ,v$a-religion4     b4 ,!  
prie/ly religion ( ! ,brahm9s4     c4 ,!
 philosophical speculation4     d4      
,buddhism4     e4 ,! modifi$ ,brahm9ism 
aft] ,buddha1 9 connection ) !    wor%ip
 ( ,vi%nu & ,siva4   a4 ,! orig9al      
,v$a-religion4  ,! orig9al religion (   

,arya orig9at$ 9 ,bactria4 ,f !nce1 be=e
 ! "t ( ,zoroa/]1 x 0 br\ght ov]1 ) !   
great migration ( ! p1 to ! l& ( ! sev5 
riv]s1 :i* !y conqu]$1 & :i* /ret*$ f ! 
,indus to ! ,hesidrus4 ,x consi/$1      
accord+ to ! olde/ lit]ature ( ! ,v$a1 9
 a poly!i/ical wor%ip ( ! div9e1 ei!r z 
! b5efic5t or ! baneful p[] ( nature4 ,!
 cle>1 blue sky1 ! light ( ! sun1 ! rosy
 dawn1 ! /orm t sp5ds itself 9 fruitful 
ra91 ! w9ds & gales :i* drive away !    
cl\ds1 ! riv]s ^: fruitful slime        
ov]spreads ! fields1--^! mov$ !         
inhabitants ( ,india to ! wor%ip ( !    
div9e z ! b5efic5t p[] ( nature :i*     
blesses man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he *ang$ "u !
 impression ( ! h>mful ph5om5a ( nature1
 ! d>k & close-pack$ cl\ds :i* hold back
 ! ra9 & int]cept ! sun%9e1 ! p>*+ heat 
( summ]1 :i* dries up ! riv]s & h9d]s   
gr[? & fruitfulness1 & ^! also he erect$
 into objects ( awe & religi\s          
adoration4 ,f ?is view ( nature sprang !
 ,indian my?ology4 ,! olde/ div9ity     
7,deva7 ( ! ,indians is ,v>una1 !       

all-embrac+ heav51 :o m>ks out _! c\rses
 = ! heav5ly lum9>ies1 :o rules ! day & 
! night1 :o is "l ( life & dea?1 ^:     
protection is invok$1 ^: ang] deprecat$4
 ,aft] him1 ! great rul] ( nature1 !re  
appe>1 9 ! ,v$a hymns1 ,indra1 ! blue   
sky1 god ( light & ?und]1 ! w>rior :o 9 
battle /&s beside ! combatants2 ,vayu1 !
 god ( ! w9d1 ! *ief ( ! ,m>uts1 or !   
w9ds2 ,rudra1 ! god ( ! hurricane2      
,vritra1 ! ho/ile god ( ! cl\ds2 ,ahi1 !
 p>*+ heat ( summ]4 ,9 ! my?ology ( ! p1
 ,indra1 god ( light1 aid$ by ,vayu &   
,rudra1 wages w> ) ,vritra1--:o1 z god (
 ! cl\ds1 holds back ! ra9 & ! light1--&
 appe>s z oppon5t ( ! de/ructive ,ahi4  
,! o!r div9ities also :i* appe> 9 !     
,v$as are p]sonifi$ p[]s ( nature1--!   
tw9 bro!rs ,asw9s 7equites71 or ! fir/  
rays ( ! sun1 ,u%as ! maid51 or ! rosy  
dawn1 ,surya1 ,savitri1 ! god ( ! sun4  
,great significance is giv5 9 ! ,indian 
my?ology to ,agni1 ! god ( fire1 :o     
burns ! sacrifice 9 honor ( ! gods1 :o  
conveys ! (f]+s & pray]s ( m5 to gods & 

_! gifts to m51 :o gladd5s ! dome/ic    
he>?1 lights up ! d>kness ( night1      
drives away ! evil spirits1 ! ,a%uras & 
,rak%as1 & purges ( evil ! s\ls ( m54   
,religion1 /ill :olly patri>*al 9 =m1 & 
free f hi]>*ical con/ra9t & f ! lat]    
dogmatic n>r[ness1 bore 9 ?is e>li] /age
 ( its developm5t ! "* ( ! /ill free &  
w>like life ( a nomadic p liv+ 9 ! mid/ 
( a sublime nature1 :]e ev]y?+1 ! cle>  
sky1 sun%9e1 & boi/]\s /orm1 m\nta9s &  
riv]s1 dispos$ to wor%ip4 ,z yet !      
,indian knew no close prie/ly ca/e4     
,wor%ip consi/$ 9 pray]s & (f]+s1       
especially 9 ! ,soma-(f]+1 :i* 0 (f]$ z 
food to ! gods4 ,no fe> ( future torm5t 
aft] dea? z yet embitt]$ ! enjoym5t (   
life & made dy+ fe>ful4 ,yama 0 !       
fri5dly guide ( ! s\ls ( h]oes to !     
heav5 ( ,indra or ,v>una1 & n yet !     
inexorable pr9ce ( hell :o torm5t$ !    
s\ls ( ! ungodly 9 ! k+dom ( ! dead4 ,( 
lat] b>b>\s usages also1 su* z ! wid['s 
sacrific+ h]self on ! fun]al pile ( h]  
dep>t$ husb&1 !re 0 z yet no trace2 & 9 

! h]oic poetry1 z yet n disfigur$ by    
lat] ,brahm9ical alt]ations & additions1
 ! h]oes ,kri%na & ,rama appe> z types (
 c\rage & self-sacrifice1 & n1 z lat]1 z
 avat>s1 or human inc>nations1 ( !      
deity4   b4 ,brahm9ism4  ,:5 ! nomadic &
 w>like life ( ! nations ( ,india 9 ! l&
 ( ! sev5 riv]s1 9 connection ) _!      
removal to ! conqu]$ l& ( ! ,ganges     
7#acjj ,b4,c471 gave place to a m ord]$ 
social con/itution1 a prie/ly class =m$ 
itself1 :i* began to repres5t ! p be=e !
 deity1 & f its *ief function1 ,brahma1 
or pray]1 took ! "n ( ,brahm9s1 i4e41 ! 
pray+4 ,?is ,brahma1 be=e ^: p[] ev5 !  
gods mu/ yield1 0 gradually exalt$ by ! 
,brahm9s to ! highe/ deity1 to :om1 "u !
 "n ( ,brahma1 ! old ,v$a div9ities 7   
subord9at$4 ,brahma is no god ( ! p1 b a
 god ( ! prie/s2 n ! "l ( nature1 b !   
ab/ract & imp]sonal ,be+1 out ( :om     
nature & h] ph5om5a emanate4 ,f ,brahma 
! prie/ d]ives 8 au?ority2 & ! sy/em (  
ca/e1 by :i* ! prie/hood is rais$ to !  
fir/ rank1 its orig94 ,! wor%ip (       

,brahma consi/s 9 do+ p5ance & 9        
ab/95ce4 ,yama1 once a cele/ial div9ity1
 n[ becomes ! god ( ! l[] _w1 :]e he :o 
disobeys ,brahma is torm5t$ aft] dea?4  
,immortality consi/s 9 return+ to       
,brahma2 b is ! portion only ( !        
p]fectly godly ,brahm91 :ile ! re/ (    
mank9d c rise to ?is p]fect /ate only   
aft] _m pa9ful new bir?s4 ,! ,brahm91 9 
! exclusive possession ( religi\s k1    
reads & exp\nds ! ,v$as 7k71 exalt$ to  
infallible scripture1 & on !m con/ructs 
8 doctr9e4  ,?us ! once vigor\s1 natural
 life ( ! ,indians gave place to a      
conception ( ! _w :i* repress$ ! s\l1 & 
annihilat$ man's p]sonality4 ,!         
_m-sid$ness ( ! e>li] !ology resolv$    
itself into ! ab/ract unity ( an        
imp]sonal ,all1 & ?us ! glory ( nature  
pass$ by unm>k$1 z n\ght or non-exi/5t1 
& lo/ its *>m4 ,at ! same "t1 ! old     
h]oic sagas 7 displac$ by leg5ds (      
sa9ts1 & ! h]oic _s ( ! old5 epic by an 
asceticism :i* repress$ ! human1 & be=e 
^: p[] ev5 ! gods /ood 9 awe4 ,)        

,brahm9ism ! religion lo/ its orig9al & 
natural "*1 & became *>act]iz$ by a     
slavi% submission to a prie/hood1 :i*   
abrogat$ ! truly human4   c4 ,!         
,speculative ,sy/ems4  ,! doctr9e ( !   
,brahm9s occasion$ ! rise ( v>i\s       
!ological & philosophical sy/ems4 ,to ^!
 belong1 fir/1 ! ,v$anta1 7end ( ! ,v$a7
 or ! dogmatic-apologetic exposition ( !
 ,v$a4 ,?is conta9s 7#a7 ! e/abli%m5t ( 
! au?ority ( ! ,v$a z holy scripture    
reveal$ by ,brahma1 & also ( ! relation 
9 :i* x /&s to tradition2 7#b7 ! pro( t 
ev]y?+ 9 ! ,v$a has ref]5ce to ,brahma2 
7#c7 ! ascetic sy/em1 or ! discipl9e4   
,to expla9 contradictory /atem5ts 9 !   
old] & lat] p>ts ( ! ,v$a1 ,brahm9ical  
le>n+ makes use ( ! subtleties ( an     
h>moni/ical me?od ( int]pretation4      
,second1 ! ,mimansa 7inquiry71 devot$ to
 ! solution ( ! problem1 ,h[ c ! mat]ial
 _w spr+ f ,brahma1 or ! immat]ial8     
,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 !re is only "o   
,supreme ,be+1 ,p>amatma1 a "n by :i*   
,brahma himself _h be5 already di/+ui%$ 

9 ,manu's book ( law4 ,outside ( ?is    
highe/ ,be+1 !re is no?+ real4 ,! _w (  
s5se1 or nature1 7,maya1 ! female side (
 ,brahma71 is m]e seem+ & illusion ( !  
s5ses4 ,! human _s is a "p ( ,brahma1 b 
p]v]t$1 misl$ by ?is same illusion to ! 
conceit t he is individual4 ,?is        
illusion is done away ) by a deep]      
insight1 by means ( :i* ! dualism       
vani%es f ! wise man's view1 & ! conceit
 gives place to ! true k t ,brahma alone
 really exi/s1 t nature1 on ! contr>y1  
is n\ght1 & ! human _s no?+ else ?an    
,brahma himself4 ,?ird1 ! ,sankya       
7criticism7 orig9at+ ) ,kapila1 9 :i*1 9
 opposition to ! ,mimansa1 ! individual 
be+ & ! real exi/5ce ( nature1 9        
opposition to _s1 is laid d[n z !       
/>t+-po9t1 & ! result rea*$ is ! doctr9e
 ( two orig9al =ces1 _s & nature1 f ^:  
reciprocal action & reaction ^u ea* o!r 
! union ( s\l & body is to be expla9$4  
,is ?is union unnatural1 !n ! ef=t ( !  
wise man %\ld be to free himself1 ?r\gh 
! p]ception t ! s\l is n b\nd to ! body1

 f ! dom9ion ( matt]4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 !re 
is no room = an inf9ite be+1 =1 if a    
mat]ial _w exi/1 !n mu/ ,god be limit$  
by its exi/5ce1 & !re=e cease to be     
inf9ite1 t is ,god4 ,! ,sankya          
philosophy "h came 9 conflict ) !       
or?odox doctr9e ( ! ,brahm9s1 & prep>$ !
 way = ,buddhism4   d4 ,buddhism4       
,aga9/ ,brahm9ism ,buddhism arose z a   
reaction4 ,siddh>ta1 son ( ,suddhodana1 
! ,k+ ( ,kapilava/u1 ( ! family ( !     
,sakya1 7ab\t #dej ,b4,c47 mov$ by !    
mis]y ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 det]m9$ to    
exam9e into ! causes ( x1 &1 if         
possible1 to f9d means ( rem$y+ x4      
,initiat$ into ! wisdom ( ! ,brahm9s1 b 
n satisfi$ ) t1 aft] ye>s ( solit>y     
retirem5t & quiet m$itation1 p5etrat$ ) 
! pr9ciples ( ! ,sankya1 he trav]s$ ! l&
 z pilgrim 7,sakya-muni1 ,sramana1      
,gautama7 & op5$ to ! p ( ,india a new  
religi\s epo*4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! new doctr9e
 0 to break up ! sy/em ( ca/e1 & free ! 
p f ! gall+ yoke ( ! ,brahm9ical hi]>*y 
& dogmas4 ,:ile 9 ,brahm9ism man 0      

depriv$ ( 8 individuality1 & reg>d$ only
 z an efflu5ce f ,brahma1 & torm5t$ by !
 fe> ( hell1 & by ! ?\ght ( a ceaseless 
process ( c\ntless new bir?s await+ him 
aft] dea?1 :5ce ! necessity ( ! mo/     
pa9ful p5ances & *a/isem5ts1 ,sakya-muni
 began ) man z an individual1 & 9 morals
 put purity1 ab/95ce1 pati5ce1 bro!rly  
love1 & rep5tance = s9s committ$ above  
sacrifice & bodily mortification1 & op5$
 to 8 foll[]s ! prospect1 aft] ?is we>y 
life1 no m to be expos$ to ! ev]-recurr+
 pa9s ( new bir?1 b releas$ f all suff]+
 to return to ,nirvana1 or no?+ness4    
,:ile ,brahm9ism drew a di/9ction betwe5
 man & man1 & ) hi]>*ical pride took no 
?\ght ( ! ,sudra or l[] class ( ! p1 &  
limit$ wisdom to ! prie/ly ca/e1        
,sakya-muni prea*$ ! equality ( all m51 
came =w>d z a prea*] to ! p1 us$ ! p's  
language1 & *ose 8 foll[]s out ( all    
classes1 ev5 f among wom54 ,bo? ( ^!    
oppos$ sy/ems are "o-sid$4 ,9           
,brahm9ism1 ,god is all1 & man1 z       
p]sonal be+1 no?+2 9 ,buddhism1 man is  

recogniz$ z an individual1 b ap>t f     
,god1 :ile 9 bo? sy/ems1 ! highe/       
endeavor is to be deliv]$ f1 accord+ to 
,brahm9ism a seem+1 accord+ to          
,sakya-muni a really exi/+              
individuality1 ! s\rce ( all human woe1 
& to lose "o's self ei!r 9 ,brahma or 9 
! ,nirvana4  ,less on acc\nt ( 8        
doctr9e1 9 :i* !re is f\nd nei!r a ,god 
nor a p]sonal immortality1 ?an on acc\nt
 ( ! univ]sal "* ( 8 words & ( 8 life1  
,sakya-muni cont9u$ 9 honor aft] 8 dea?1
 z ! b5efactor ( ! p & z ! ,buddha1 !   
wise1 pre-em95tly2 & aft]w>ds 0 deifi$1 
& took 8 place 9 ! ranks ( ! recogniz$  
gods z _! sup]ior4 ,?us !re arose 9     
,buddhism1 by a dep>ture f ! doctr9e ( !
 ma/]1 a new poly!ism4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds1 
?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,brahm9ical prie/ly
 ca/e1 suppress$ 9 ,india1 b spread ov] 
o!r p>ts ( ,asia1 to ! isl&s ( ! ,indian
 ,ar*ipelago1 & also to ,*9a4   e4 ,lat]
 modification ( ,brahm9ism 9 connection 
) ! wor%ip ( ,siva & ,vi%nu4  ,:ile     
,brahm9ism saw itself m5ac$ by ! /eadily

 increas+ influ5ce ( ,buddhism1 ! =m]   
nature-religion1 dispossess$ by !       
,brahm9s1 ass]t$ its rights 9 ! wor%ip (
 ,siva 9 ! valleys ( ! ,himalaya        
,m\nta9s1 & 9 t ( ,vi%nu on ! banks ( ! 
,ganges4 ,siva is ! ,rudra ( ! ,v$a1 !  
boi/]\s god ( /orms1 ! giv] ( ra9 &     
gr[?4 ,vi%nu is ! same div9ity among o!r
 races1 conceiv$ "u ! influ5ce ( a s(t] 
climate 9 a modifi$ =m z ! blue sky4    
,bo? div9ities1 orig9ally belong+ to    
diff]5t p>ts ( ,india1 7 aft]w>ds tak51 
fir/ ,vi%nu1 & !n also ,siva1 into !    
!ological sy/em ( ! ,brahm9s1 & =m$ )   
,brahma1 b n until ! f\r? c5tury aft]   
,*ri/1 ! trimurti1 accord+ to :i* ! "o  
supreme be+ ,p>abrama is wor%ip$ 9 !    
?reefold =m ( ,brahma ! creat+1 ,vi%nu !
 su/a9+1 & ,siva ! de/roy+ p[] ( nature4
 ,to ?is lat] p]iod ( ,brahm9ism belongs
 also ! alt]ation ( ! old epics1 !      
,ramayana & ,mahabh>ata1 by :i* ! h]oes 
,rama & ,kri%na are repres5t$ z avat>s1 
t is inc>nations or human imp]sonations1
 ( ,vi%nu4 ,9 ?is also !re is evid5tly  

an ef=t to br+ ! deity1 conceiv$ z !    
ab/ract ,"o1 into clos] union ) man1 an 
ef=t :i* is likewise visible 9 ! lat]   
,yoga sy/em ( ! ,brahm9s1 9 :i*1 by !   
admission ( ,buddhi/ic elem5ts1 !       
visible _w is recogniz$ z real1 ! old   
rigid asceticism mitigat$1 ,vi%nu       
repres5t$ z ! s\l ( ! _w1 & immortality 
taught z a return ( ! individual s\l to 
,brahma4   #b4 ,,! ,,we/ ,,arians1      
,,iranians4  ,,! ,,bactrians1 ,,m$es1   
,,p]sians4  ,! anci5t religion ( !      
,bactrians 9 ! p]iod be=e ,zoroa/] 0    
patri>*al1 & consi/$ 9 ! wor%ip ( fire1 
z ! b5efic5t p[] ( nature1 & ( ,mi?ras1 
! god ( ! sun1 comb9$ ) t ( ! good      
spirits 7,ahuras71 among :i* 7          
,geus-,urva 7! _s ( ! e>?71             
,cp5to-ma9yus 7! :ite _s71 ,armaiti 7!  
e>?1 or also ! _s ( piety71 & ( !       
h]o-spirits ,srao%a1 ,traetona1 :i* z   
light & d>kness are di/+ui%$ f ,angro 7!
 black _s74  ,lat]1 z x seems1 ! !ology 
& wor%ip ( ! neighbor+ nomadic ,arya    
p5etrat$ to ^! nations1 & caus$ a       

religi\s conflict :i* end$ ) ! migration
 ( ,arya to ! s\?4 ,at ?is p]iod        
,z>a?u/ra#b 7,zoroa/]7 came =w>d "u !   
,bactrian prie/ & ,k+ ,kava ,vi/aspa1 z 
def5d] & re=m] ( ! religion ( ! fa!rs   
aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( a /range doctr9e4 
,! ,devas 7,z5d1 ,dews7 or ! gods ( !   
,indian ,v$a appe> ) ,z>a?u/ra z evil   
spirits4 ,n ,indra1 b ! h]o ,traetona1  
wages w> ) ,ahi 7,z5d1 ,azhi71 :ile !   
kavis1 or prie/s1 are attack$ by him z  
deceiv]s & li>s4 ,f ! belief 9 good     
spirits 7,ahuras1 i4e41 ! liv+1 &       
,mazdas1 i4e41 ! wise71 ! anci5t g5ii ( 
! c\ntry1 ,z>a?u/ra develop$ ! belief ( 
"o highe/ ,god1 ,ahura-,mazda 7,ormuzd1 
,greek1 ,greek3 ,osompzs71 a doctr9e :i*
 he receiv$ by div9e inspiration ?r\gh !
 m$iation ( ! _s ,sra%a4 ,ahura-,mazda1 
surr\nd$ by ! ,ame%a-,sp5ta 7,am%asp&s71
 or ! holy immortals1 n until lat] r$uc$
 to sev51 is ! creator ( light & life4  
,! hurtful & evil1 on ! contr>y1 is     
non-exi/5ce 7akem71 & 9 ! olde/ p>ts ( !
 ,ave/a1 ! ,ga?as1 :i* g back to        

,z>a?u/ra & 8 fir/ foll[]s1 is n yet    
conceiv$ z a p]sonal be+4 ,fir/ 9 !     
,v5didad1 writt5 aft] ,z>a?u/ra1 does   
,angro-ma9yus 7,ahriman71 or ! evil "o1 
) 8 ,dews1 al?\gh subord9at$ to         
,ahura-,mazda1 ga9 a place 9 ! ,iranian 
conception ( ! univ]se1 z ! adv]s>y (   
,ahura-,mazda1 & z ! cause ( evil 9 !   
natural & spiritual _w4 ,f ^!           
conceptions !re 0 develop$ 9 ! lat]     
,p>sism ! sy/em ( ! f\r p]iods ( ! _w1  
ea* ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 9 ! book          
,bundehe%4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod1             
,ahura-,mazda appe>s z creator ( ! _w & 
z ! s\rce ( good4 ,! creation1 complet$ 
by ,ahura-,mazda 9 six days by means ( !
 ^w 7,honov]71 is 9 ! second p]iod      
de/roy$ by ,angro-ma9yus1 :o1 appe>+ ^u 
! e>? 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 s$uces ! fir/   
human pair1 creat$ by ,ahura-,mazda4 ,9 
! ?ird p]iod1 :i* beg9s ) ! revelation  
giv5 to ,z>a?u/ra1 ,ahura-mazda &       
,angro-ma9yus /rive toge!r = man4 ,aft] 
?is foll[s1 9 ! f\r? p]iod1 ! victory   
ga9$ by ,ahura-,mazda4 ,sosio%          

7,sao%yas71 ! deliv]] already =etold 9 !
 ,v5didad1 appe>s4 ,! resurrection ( !  
dead1 n taught by ,z>a?u/ra or 9 !      
,v5didad1 takes place4 ,! judgm5t ( ! _w
 beg9s2 ! good are receiv$ into p>adise 
& ! s9n]s bani%$ to hell4 ,at la/1 all  
is purifi$1 & ,angro-ma9yus himself & 8 
,dews submit !mselves to ,ahura-,mazda1 
^: victory is celebrat$ 9 heav5 ) songs 
( praise4  ,?us among ! ,iranian races1 
out ( ! old patri>*al wor%ip ( fire &   
light1 on ! occasion ( ! religi\s       
/ruggle ) ! ,indian ,arya1 & "u !       
influ5ce ( ,z>a?u/ra1 !re 0 develop$ !  
doctr9e ( "o supreme ,god1#c :o1        
surr\nd$ by ! good spirits ( heav51     
wages w> aga9/ evil1 :5ce arose lat] !  
moral opposition betwe5 ,ahura-,mazda & 
,angro-ma9yus result+ 9 ! victory ( !   
good pr9ciple ov] ! bad4 ,! old dualism 
( =ce & matt]1 b5efic5t & de/ructive    
p[]s ( nature1 light & d>kness1 becomes 
9 ,p>sism moral4 ,! deity1 no long]     
id5tifi$ ) nature1 becomes a p]sonal1   
spiritual be+1 ! creator ( mank9d2 & !  

end ( ! _w's developm5t is conceiv$ z ! 
triumph ( ! good4 ,h5ce ! high rank :i* 
! doctr9e ( ,z>a?u/ra & its fur!r       
developm5t holds 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 
#c4 ,,! ,,greeks4  ,z man rises 9       
spiritual developm5t1 nature becomes to 
him a revelation ev] m & m manifold ( ! 
div9e4 ,to ! ,greek 7,pelasgi1 ,hell5es7
 ! :ole ( nature 0 liv+1 & 8 imag9ation 
peopl$ h] ev]y:]e ) div9e be+s1 :o 9    
wood & field1 9 riv]s & on m\nta9s      
7,oreads1 ,dryads1 ,naiads1 ,sil5i1 c471
 hov]$ fri5dly r\nd him4 ,! ,greek 0    
inde$ di/+ui%$ f o!r nations by ?is ri*]
 & m elevat$ view ( nature2 b he excell$
 !m mo/ ( all 9 ?is1 t ! div9e object   
:i* he wor%ip$ 0 conceiv$ bo? 9 =m & "* 
aft] ! human4 ,zeus1 ,phoebus ,apollo1  
,pallas ,a!ne1 ,aphrodite1 ,ares1       
,hephae/us1 ,he/ia1 ,h]mes1 ,artemis1 7 
orig9ally p[]s ( nature p]sonifi$1 z "s 
epi!ts 9 ,hom]#d /ill indicate2 b !y    
became1 sometimes "u ! same names1 types
 ( p[] & lord%ip1 sci5ce & art1 c\rage &
 s5su\s beauty4 ,:ile ,dionysus1        

,demet]1 ,hades1 & ,p]sephone rema9$    
e>?ly1 & ,helios1 ,eos1 ,iris1 &        
,hecate1 heav5ly div9ities1 & ,oceanus1 
,poseidon1 ,amphitrite1 ,proteus1 &     
,n]eus rul$ ! wat]s1 ,zeus 0 conceiv$ z 
! god ( ! sky & ( ?und]1 :o hurl$ !     
bolts1 ! great k+ & lawgiv]1 ! fa!r (   
m51 & ,h]a1 orig9ally ! air1 became !   
protect+ goddess ( m>ri$ life2 ,apollo1 
! god ( light1 :o %ot =? 8 arr[s1 n at  
fir/ id5tifi$ ) ,helios1 became ! god ( 
div9ation & poetry1 :o l$ ! *oir ( !    
muses2 ! goddess ( light1 ,a!ne1 became 
! cont5ti\s goddess ( wisdom2           
,aphrodite1 born ( ! foam ( ! sea1 once 
! symbol ( ! fruitful p[] ( nature1     
lat]1 encircl$ by ! ,graces1 became !   
type ( womanly beauty & *>m1 to :i* !   
/r5g? ( man1 p]sonifi$ 9 ,ares1         
corresponds4 ,9 l mann] 9 ! lat]        
my?ology1 ,hephae/us1 ! god ( fire1     
appe>$ z ! god ( ! =ge1 ,he/ia1 !       
goddess ( fire1 z ! protector ( !       
h\sehold he>?1 & ,h]mes1 ! god ( ! /orm 
& ( ra91 z ! mess5g] ( ! gods1 ! type ( 

cunn+ & craft9ess1 :ile ,artemis1 !     
goddess ( ! moon1 ! fruitful "m (       
nature1 took ! "* ( ! *a/e maid51 !     
goddess ( hunt+1 :o ) h] nymphs & h\nds 
nightly roam$ ! fields & woods4 ,!      
mon/]s1 ! ,sph9x1 ! ,m9otaur1 !         
,cyclops1 ! ,c5taurs1 symbols ( a yet   
unhuman or half human p[] ( nature1 7   
ov]come by ! ,greek h]oes1 ,p]seus1     
,h]cules1 ,jason1 ,!seus1 ,o,edipus1 !  
types ( human /r5g? & valor4 ,! religi\s
 fe/ivals 7 enliv5$ by trials ( m5's    
/r5g? & skill 9 games1 & ! hi/orian &   
poet (f]$ to ! gods ! products ( human  
g5ius4 ,9 ! religion ( ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1
 ! moral elem5t1 al?\gh n pass$ ov] & 9 
! ,greek epic & trag$y n seldom express$
 9 gr& *>act]s1 /ood nev]!less too      
little 9 ! =egr\nd1 s t ! wor%ip ( !    
div9e1 z 9 ! old] nature-wor%ip1        
especially 9 ! fea/s 9 honor ( ,dionysus
 & ,aphrodite1 0 m>k$ by immoral        
practices4 ,! conception ( a future     
life1 :i* tak5 9 connection ) a future  
retribution has a moral t5d5cy1 _h b    

little attraction = ! ,greek1 :o rejoic$
 9 ! glory ( ! e>?1 & saw 9 nature & 9  
man ! k+dom ( ! div9e4 ,! passage f !   
e>li] poetical nature-wor%ip to ! wor%ip
 ( ! div9e 9 human =m seems to be       
indicat$ 9 ! w> :i* ,olympian ,zeus wag$
 ) ,cronos & ! ,titans4 ,! orig9 &      
developm5t ( ! v>i\s elem5ts & p[]s (   
nature1 ,*aos1 ,eros1 ,uranus1 ,ga1 !   
,giants1 ,/yx1 ,erebus1 ,hem]a1 !r1 c1  
became1 ) ! poets & philosoph]s aft]    
,hom]1 matt]s ( speculation1 ( :i* !    
!ogonies ( ,hesiod1 ,orpheus1           
,ph]ecydes1 & o!rs furni% pro(4   #d4   
,,! ,,romans4  ,9 ! religion ( !        
,greeks1 ! /hetic & moral "* ( !        
,grecian p 0 deifi$1 & 9 ! ,romans also 
we see h[ t :i* m5 value mo/ ex]ts an   
influ5ce ^u _! wor%ip ( ! div9e4 ,!     
primitive religion ( ! ,romans1 borr[$ f
 ! ,sab9es & ,etruscans1 be>s ev]y:]e1 9
 di/9ction to t ( ! ,greeks1 ! m>ks ( ! 
practical & political "* ( ! ,roman p4  
,! olde/ national div9ities are1 fir/1  
,jupit] or ,jovis1 ! god ( ! heav5s1    

,m>s or ,mavors1 ! god ( ! field & ( w>1
 ,quir9us 7,janus87 ! protector ( !     
,quirites1 aft]w>ds1 toge!r ) ,juno     
7,dione7 & ,m9]va1 wor%ip$ 9 ! ,capitol1
 7,dii ,capitol9i72 second1 ,ve/a1 & !  
gods ( ! h\se & family1 ! ,l>es &       
,p5ates2 ?ird1 ! rural div9ities1       
,saturnus1 ,ops1 ,lib]1 ,faunus1        
,silvanus1 ,t]m9us1 ,flora1 ,v]tumnus1 &
 ,pomona2 f\r? & la/1 p]sonifications1 9
 "p ( ! p[]s ( nature1 ,sol1 ,luna1     
,tellus1 ,neptunus1 ,orcus1 ,pros]p9a1 9
 "p ( moral & social qualities & /ates1 
su* z ,febris1 ,salus1 ,m5s1 ,spes1     
,pudicitia1 ,pietas1 ,fides1 ,concordia1
 ,virtus1 ,bellona1 ,victoria1 ,pax1    
,lib]tas1 & o!rs4 ,peculi>ly ,roman also
 is ! conception ( ! manes1 or %ades ( !
 dep>t$1 :o hov] z protect+ g5ii ab\t ! 
liv+4 ,aft]w>ds1 along ) ! culture ( !  
,greeks1 _! gods also 7 tak51 al?\gh r  
outw>dly ?an inw>dly1 into ! _s ( ! p1 &
 ! orig9al "* ( ! gods ( ,latium 0      
modifi$ aft] ! new my?ology4 ,not)/&+   
?is1 h[ev]1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,romans reta9$ 

its political & practical "*4 ,! prie/s 
7sac]dotes7 ,flam9es1 ,salii1 ,feciales1
 ! ,pontifices ) ! ,pontifex ,maximus at
 _! head1 ! ,augurs1 7 likewise (fic]s (
 ! /ate1 & did n =m a hi]>*y ap>t f !   
/ate & alongside ( x4   #e4 ,,! ,,celts4
  ,among ! ,celtic tribes 9 ,brittany1  
,irel&1 & ,gaul1 & on bo? banks ( !     
,rh9e1 out ( an aborig9al life ( nature 
*>act]iz$ by wildness & lic5se1 religion
 develop$ itself 9 ! =m ( ! wor%ip ( two
 *ief div9ities1 a male div9ity1 ,hu1 ! 
begett+1 & a female1 ,c]idw51 ! be>+1   
p[] ( nature4 ,! prie/hood busi$ itself 
) speculations ab\t ! div9e1 ! orig9 ( !
 _w1 & ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( man aft]     
dea?1 conceiv$ 9 ! =m ( ! transmigration
 ( s\ls4 ,nor did ! p's fai? lack !     
conception ( good & evil spirits1       
fairies1 dw>fs1 elves1 :i* to ! /ill    
*ildi% fancy are objects ( fe> or       
sup]/iti\s v5]ation4 ,to ! s]vice ( ^!  
div9ities ! prie/hood1 ! ,druids1 7     
consecrat$1 & beside !m ! b>ds1 or      
poets1 held a m indep5d5t place4   #f4  

,,! ,,g]mans ,,& ,,sc&9avians4  ,m      
develop$ intellectually is !            
nature-religion ( ! anci5t ,g]mans      
7,teutons7 & ,sc&9avians1 :i* betrays   
!reby ! "* ( ! ,aryan race to :i* ^!    
nations1 l ! ,celts1 orig9ally belong$4 
,! highe/ god ( ! ,g]mans is ,wodan1    
call$ ,odh9 among ! ,norsem51 ! god ( ! 
heav5s1 & ( ! sun1 :o protects ! e>?1 & 
is ! s\rce ( light & fruitfulness1 ! _s 
( ! _w1 & ! ,all-fa!r 7,alfadhir74 ,f ! 
union ( heav5 & e>?1 !re spr+s ! god    
,?un> or ,don> among ! ,g]mans1 ,?or    
among ! ,norsem51 ! bold god ( ?und] :o 
wages w> aga9/ ! enemies ( gods & m54   
,besides ^! !re are ! sons ( ,wodan1    
,fro 7,g]man71 ,freyx 7,norse71 ! god ( 
peace1 ,zio 7,g]man71 ,tyx 7,norse71 !  
god ( w>1 ,aki 7,g]man71 ,oegir         
7,norse71 god ( ! sea1 ,vol 7,g]man71   
,ullr 7,norse71 god ( hunt+1 & o!rs1 to 
:om are jo9$ female div9ities1 su* z    
,n]?us 7,g]man71 ,jrdh 7,norse71 !      
fruitful goddess ( ! e>?1 ,holda        
7,g]man71 ,freiya 7,norse71 ! goddess ( 

love1 ,nehal5nia1 goddess ( pl5ty1      
,frikka 7,g]man71 ,frigg 7,norse71 !    
wife ( ,wodan1 "m ( all ! liv+1 ,hellia 
7,g]man71 ,hel 7,norse71 ! inexorable   
goddess ( ! l[] _w4 ,oppos$ to ^!       
div9ities 7,as5 & ,as9n57 /&s ,loko     
7,g]man71 ,loki 7,norse71 enemy ( !     
div9e4 ,9 addition to ^! !re appe> 9 !  
,norse & ,g]man ,sagas1 besides ! h]oes1
 a multitude ( spirits1 good & ho/ile1  
giants1 elves1 ,elf5 7,g]man71 ,alf5    
7,norse71 :ite spirits ( light1 & black 
dw>fs1 h\se1 =e/1 & wat] spirits4 ,!    
wor%ip 0 mo/ simple1 &1 z 0 ! case ) !  
anci5t ,semites1 ! ,indians ( ! ,v$a1 & 
! ,greeks1 z yet indep5d5t ( temple     
s]vice & prie/ly con/ra9t4 ,! holy      
places ( ! ,g]mans 7 woods1 & hills1 &  
f\nta9s1 & 9 ! my/]i\s ru/l+ ( ! leaves 
& 9 ! murmur+ ( ! wat]s ! pi\s _s caught
 ! brea?+ ( ! deity4#e ,! fa!r ( ! h\se 
is prie/1 & ! recognition by ^! races m 
?an else:]e ( wor? 9 woman is app>5t    
also 9 _! religion4 ,9 ! description ( !
 k+dom ( ! dead 9 ! ,g]man-,norse       

my?ology1 ,walhalla is ! abode ( !      
h]oes1 hell ! ga!r+ place ( ! o!r dead4 
,not)/&+ ^! /ill *ildi% conceptions1 !re
 0 reveal$ 9 ! moral "* & h]oic _s ( !  
,g]man =efa!rs ! g]m ( a high]          
developm5t1 :i* makes ! nations (       
,g]many & ,nor!rn ,europe capable beyond
 o!rs ( a con/antly high] conception &  
e/imation ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4#f      
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,!  
,,semites4   ,i4 ,,! ,,pho5icians1      
,,syrians1 ,,babylonians1 ,,c>?ag9ians1 
,,& ,,arabians4  ,9 ! ,semitic races !  
religi\s _s rose above nature-wor%ip 9 !
 ef=t to sep>ate ,god f nature1 & to    
elevate him above nature z ,"l1 ,baal   
7plural ,baalim1 ei!r f ! diff]5t places
 :]e he 0 wor%ip$1 or ! v>i\s names "u  
:i* he 0 wor%ip$71 ,bel1 ,el1 ,adon     
7,adonis74 ,?us ,bel among !            
,babylonians1 ,baal among ! ,ammonites &
 ,moabites1 0 ! god ( light1 ! "l (     
heav51 ! creator ( mank9d1 :o _h 8 ?rone
 above ! cl\ds & 0 invok$ on m\nta9s4#g 
,also ! title ,mole* & ,baal ,mole* to  

designate ! ,supreme ,be+ among ! anci5t
 ,pho5icians & ,c>?ag9ians1 & ! nations 
ne>e/ relat$ to ,israel1 ! ,moabites &  
,ammonites1 z well z ! d]iv$ names      
,milcom 7,kamos7 ,*emo%1 ,eng4 v]41     
among ! ,ammonites1 & ,melk>?t at ,tyre 
& ,c>?age1 indicate1 l ,baal1 an orig9al
 ef=t to conceive ,god z ! rul] (       
nature4 ,agree+ ) ?is conception ( !    
,deity1 !re is manife/1 z well 9 !      
wor%ip ( ,baal z ( ,mole* & ! female    
,a/>te 7,mele*e?7#h ,a%t>o?1 ,eng4 v]41 
wor%ip$ ) him1 p>tly 9 ! ab/95ce f      
m>riage1 p>tly 9 ! human sacrifice1     
especially ! sacrifice ( ! fir/-born1 ! 
aim1 ?r\gh abnegation ( ! life ( s5se1 &
 ?r\gh ! sacrifice1 ev5 ?\gh unnatural1 
( :at is de>e/ to man1 to appease a     
div9ity :o z "l & gov]nor rules &       
subjects to himself ! p[] ( nature & e  
prop5sity ( s5se4#i  ,9 spite ( ! ef=t  
to elevate ! ,deity z ,"l & ,k+ above   
nature1 mo/ ( ! ,semitic nations        
gradually sank back into ! old          
nature-wor%ip1 &1 unit+ ) ! wor%ip ( !  

highe/ ,god1 ,baal & ,bel1 t ( a female 
div9ity "u ! names ( ,baaltis1 ,beltis1 
,as*]a1 ,mylitta1 !y made religion to   
consi/ 9 ! sacrifice ( *a/ity to ! w ( !
 ,deity1 z ! fruitful1 productive p[] ( 
nature1 & ?us fell into gross           
immorality4#aj  ,religion appe>s 9 ano!r
 =m among ! ,semites 9 ! wor%ip ( ! />s 
among ! ,babylonians & anci5t ,arabians4
 ,?is a/rolatry1 orig9ally a k9d (      
feti*ism1 became nature-wor%ip1 &       
gradually rose to ! wor%ip ( !          
intellig5ce manife/$ to our             
contemplation 9 ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly   
lum9>ies4 ,a/rology arose1 & religion no
 long] express$ itself 9 passive        
acquiesc5ce1 b 0 unit$ ) ! ef=t to guide
 ! life by ! k to be drawn1 z m5 imag9$1
 f ! motion ( ! />s4   ,,israeliti%     
,,religion4   a4 ,its orig94 ,!         
patri>*al religion4 ,mosaism4           
,prophetism4  ,:ile mo/ ( ! ,semitic    
nations1 9 opposition to ! ef=t to      
elevate ,god above nature z "l &        
gov]nor1 return$ to ! old               

nature-religion ) its grossly s5sual    
wor%ip ( ! div9e1 & o!rs got no f>!r ?an
 to ! conception ( a deity1 :o1 l a     
consum+ fire1 /ood oppos$ to nature1 & 0
 to be appeas$ & propitiat$ by human    
sacrifices1 !re 0 develop$ among !      
,israeliti% p1 gradually & 9 con/antly  
high] measure1 9 connection ) a high]   
moral & religi\s disposition1 ! wor%ip (
 ,god z a be+ :o1 ?\gh di/9ct f nature1 
is yet n oppos$ to x1 & ?us no long]    
dem&s human sacrifices1 b ob$i5ce &     
moral consecration4  ,! common orig9 ( !
 religion ( ! ,israelites & t ( _!      
,semitic relations1 ?\gh h>dly evid5t   
ev5 9 ! olde/ monum5ts ( ! ,hebrew      
lit]ature1 appe>s f ! foll[+ facts &    
p>ticul>s3 fir/ly1 ! composition (      
,israeliti% names n only ) ,el1 b also )
 ,baal1 su* z ,j]ubbaal 7adv]s>y (      
,baal71 7,gideon71#aa ,esbaal1#ab       
,m]ibbaal1#ac names :i* aft]w>ds1 on    
acc\nt ( ! av]sion :i* ! ev]-increas+   
di/ance 9 religion betwe5 ! ,israeliti% 
nation & ! nations relat$ to x mu/1 f ! 

nature ( ! case1 h inspir$ aga9/ ! "n ( 
,baal1 are *ang$ into ,j]ubbose?1#ad    
,isbose?1#ae & ,mephibose?#af1 z also ! 
int]*ang+ ( ,el & ,baal1#ag (           
,baal-jada#ah & ,eljada1#ai seem to po9t
 to an anci5t p]iod :5 ! "n ,baal 7,"l7 
0 us$1 l ,el1 ,elohim1 ,el ,eljon1 ,el  
,s*addai1 ,adonai1 ev5 among !          
,israelites1 to designate ! ,supreme    
,be+4 ,secondly1 ! ,god ( ,abraham      
7,elohim71 al?\gh he desires no human   
sacrifices1 nev]!less praises !         
will+ness ( ! fa!r to (f] up 8          
fir/-born1 & sees 9 t ! highe/ pro( (   
devot$ness & ob$i5ce4#bj ,?irdly1       
circumcision1 already be=e ,moses#ba !  
bloody symbol ( consecration to ,god1#bb
 & also ! "r ( ,jahveh to ! fir/-born1 &
 ! necessity ( ransom+ !m f him1#bc     
imply an e>li] conception ( ! deity z a 
be+1 :o1 al?\gh on a high] developm5t ( 
! religion he is n inde$ any long] ?\ght
 to desire human sacrifice1 nev]!less   
has a "r to su* a sacrifice1 & ?us dem&s
 indemnity = remitt+ x4 ,f\r?ly1 ! lat] 

conception1 ( ,jahveh z a de/roy+ fire1 
& ! way 9 :i* ! ,god ( ,israel is       
conceiv$ 9 connection ) fire1 & z       
manife/+ himself 9 fire1#bd betray1 ev5 
9 ! mid/ ( a m advanc$ religi\s         
developm5t1 an orig9al relation%ip ) ! l
 conceptions ( ! o!r ,semites4 ,fif?ly1 
ev5 9 ! or?odox ,jahveh-wor%ip1 "s      
symbols1 z ! twelve ox5 9 ! por* ( !    
temple1#be ! horns ( ! alt> =           
burnt-(f]+s1#bf p]haps also ! 9 "p      
oxlike =m ( ! *]ubim1#bg po9t to an     
e>li] wor%ip ( ! deity "u ! =m ( an ox1 
! symbol ( ! highe/ might1 especially   
among ! ,semitic races4#bh  ,9          
confirmation ( ! supposition ?us sugge/$
 ( a community ( orig9 9 ! religion ( ! 
,israelites & 9 t ( ! nations relat$ to 
!m1 !re is also to be rem>k$1 fir/ly1 ! 
sympa?y always felt among ! p ( ,israel 
= ! wor%ip ( ,baal & ,mole*1 9 face ( ! 
/ronge/ opposition on ! "p ( !          
prophets2#bi secondly1 ! /atem5t (      
,amos1#cj t ev5 9 ! wild]ness !         
,israelites wor%ip$ ,mole*2 ?irdly1 !   

fact t 9 ! "t ( ! ,judges1 ,jeph?ah (f]$
 8 daught] to ,jahveh1#ca & /ill lat] ! 
feel+1 n driv5 out ev5 by ,mosaism1 t ! 
wra? ( ,jahveh mu/ be appeas$ by human  
blood1#cb a necessity :i* ,david        
recognizes2#cc f\r?ly1 ! anci5t cu/om 9 
,israel1 z 9 ! nations relat$ to !m1 (  
wor%ip+ ! deity on m\nta9s & heights1#cd
 aga9/ :i* ! prie/ly legislation /rove 9
 ! int]e/ ( ! pure wor%ip ( ,jahveh2#ce 
fif?ly1 ! het]odox wor%ip ( ,jahveh 9 ! 
k+dom ( ! t5 tribes "u ! =m ( a calf4#cf
  ,f all ?is x seems fair to conclude t 
! religion ( ! olde/ =efa!rs ( ,israel  
_h its root orig9ally 9 "o & ! same soil
 ) ! religion ( ! o!r ,semites4 ,out (  
an e>li] nature-religion !re develop$   
among ! ,semites ! conception ( ,baal1 !
 "l ( nature1 & ( ,mole* ) 8 inhuman    
wor%ip4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! o!r ,semites    
rema9$ 9 ?is l[] /age1 or r sank back m 
& m into ! immorality ( !               
nature-religion1--an hypo!sis sugge/$ by
 a comp>ison ( ! religi\s /ate ( !      
nations ( ,canaan 9 ,abraham's "t ) _!  

/ate at ! "t ( ! conque/ ( ! l& by      
,jo%ua & aft]w>ds1--9 ! family (        
,abraham1 religi\s consci\sness rose to 
! recognition ( a deity1 :o1 al?\gh he  
_h a "r to human sacrifices1 yet did n  
claim su* sacrifices1 b 0 satisfi$ )    
m5's will+ness to br+ !m to him4 ,) ?is 
high] developm5t ( religion1 ! names ( !
 ,supreme ,be+1 ,baal & ,mole*1         
orig9ally common to ! :ole race1 came m 
& m into contempt1 & 7 reg>d$ z !       
expression ( abom9able idolatry1#cg :ile
 ev5 ! wor%ip ( ,jahveh "u ! =m ( a     
calf1 orig9ally p]mitt$1 0 lat] br&$ by 
! prophets z h]esy4  ,?\gh x 0 9 !      
family ( ,abraham t ev5 9               
,mesopotamia#ch ! beg9n+ ( ?is high]    
developm5t ( ! ,semitic religion %[$    
itself1 :i*1 aft] 8 migration to ,canaan
 became ! h]itage ( 8 family1 yet !     
patri>* ( ,israel did n /& alone 9 ?is  
respect among ! ,semites4 ,! old        
,canaaniti% *iefta9s also ( ! patri>*al 
p]iod1 ,mel*iz$ek & ,abimele*1 wor%ip ! 
same ,god z he1#ci :ile on ! o!r h& 9 8 

own family n all traces ( poly!i/ic     
sup]/ition h disappe>$1#dj & ^! traces  
are also visible /ill lat] 9 ,israel4#da
  ,! patri>*al religion1 :i* aft]w>ds ) 
! great majority fell into oblivion1 0  
recall$ afre% to m5's m9ds by ,moses1 & 
! ,god ( ! fa!rs 0 prea*$ by him "u ! "n
 be=e unkn[n ( ,jahveh1#db to :om1 ) !  
exclusion ( all o!r gods1 religi\s      
wor%ip is due4#dc ,! ,jahveh ( ,moses1 l
 ! ,el ,eljon ( ! patri>*s1 is ! "o only
 object ( wor%ip 7,deus ,unus71 yet )\t 
exclud+ ! possibility ( o!r gods        
exi/+4#dd ,n until lat] did ! m develop$
 conception ( ,jahveh arise z ! "o only 
,god 7,deus unicus71#de :o is ?ron$ 9   
heav51 & l ! ,elohim ( ! patri>*s1      
encircl$ by cele/ial be+s 7,b5e ,elohim1
 ,malakim1 ,angels71 :o execute 8       
comm&s1 yet are n objects ( religi\s    
adoration4  ,! religi\s /&po9t ( ,moses 
is ! legal4 ,jehovah /&s relat$ to 8 p z
 ! ,holy1 z lawgiv] & judge2 & ! true   
moral consecration to ,god is           
symbolically express$ 9 ! ritual1       

especially 9 ! sacrifice1 :ile !        
relation ( ! p to ,god is bas$ ^u !     
m$iation ( ! prie/s4 ,along ) ?is1 & out
 ( ,mosaism1 aft] ! "t ( ,samuel1       
prophetism 0 develop$1 9 :i* indep5d5t  
religi\s conviction1 outside ! limits ( 
! prie/hood1 & )\t di/9ction ( rank or  
bir?1#df awoke among ! p4 ,prophetism1 9
 ! doma9 ( religion1 is ! developm5t ( !
 religi\s _s to individual indep5d5ce & 
fre$om4 ,! prophet1 ris+ above ! legal  
/&po9t & outw>d c]emonial1 puts ! ess5ce
 ( true wor%ip 9 morality1#dg b         
recognizes also along ) ! deepe/ feel+ (
 dep5d5ce ^u ,god1 9 ! indep5d5ce#dh &  
spontaneity ( ! religi\s & moral life1 !
 irresi/ible p[] ( ! div9e _s1 by :i* ! 
,mo/ ,high1 ?\gh ap>t f ! _w & ?ron$ 9  
heav51 puts himself into ! close/ & mo/ 
intimate communion ) ! true wor%ip]4    
,?us ! gulf :i* divid$ ,jahveh1 z a ,god
 af> (f1 f ! _w & 8 wor%ip]s1 clos$ up m
 & m4 ,) ! conviction ( ! pur5ess &     
tru?#di ( h] religion1 ,israel felt !   
call+ to raise x to ! religion ( ! _w1 &

 9 ! realization ( ?is %e saw ! ideal ( 
! future4#ej   b4 ,! ,israeliti%        
religion aft] ! ,captivity4  ,! free "* 
:i* di/+ui%$ prophetism 9 ! religion (  
,israel *ang$1 aft] ! return ( ! p f    
captivity1 especially ) ! p>ty ( !      
,ph>isees1 to lit]alness & =malism4 ,!  
prophets gave place to ! synagogue1 !   
liv+ proclamation ( ! tru? to scriptural
 erudition1 ! _s ( fre$om to slavi%     
subjection to ,scripture & tradition4 ,z
 ! anci5t productions ( ! ,indian       
lit]ature1 orig9ally ! expression ( !   
popul> ?\ght ( ,india1 7 elevat$ by !   
,brahm9s into ,v$a1 holy1 inspir$       
scripture1 s also ! religi\s lit]ature (
 ,israel took on ! "* ( a clos$ ,canon1 
s t :at 0 once ! expression ( religi\s  
life became n[ rule ( fai?4 ,! /&po9t ( 
! law :i* prophetism _h already ov]come 
0 aga9 /rongly ma9ta9$1 ! law enri*$ ) a
 numb] ( new ord9ances1 & ! ess5ce (    
religion made to consi/ p>tly 9 dogmatic
 speculation1 p>tly 9 a m]ely outw>d    
s]vice1 devoid ( inn] life4 ,!          

,messianic pr$iction1 or ! expectation t
 ! k+dom1 divid$ 9 ,rehoboam's reign1   
once m unit$ "u a pr9ce ( ! h\se (      
,david1 %\ld be exalt$ to new bloom &   
lu/re1--:i* 9 ! old] prophets 0 !       
natural & hi/orically explicable =m 9   
:i* ! ideal ( ,israel's future pres5t$  
itself to ! se]1 b :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( 
! *ang$ political conditions1 _h already
 be5 replac$ 9 ! lat] prophecy by ! m   
g5]al conception ( a future triumph ( ! 
true religion ( :i* ,israel 0 !         
br+]1--#eareturn$1 yet n z ! ideal ( !  
prophetic _s1 b z a dogma1 ! product (  
scriptural int]pretation4 ,! pure       
mono!ism1 by :i* =m]ly a place 9 !      
,provid5ce ( ,god _h be5 allott$ to     
ev]y?+1 ev5 to moral evil1#eb became    
corrupt$1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,p>sism1 by ! 
conception ( two k+doms1 ( ,god & ( !   
,devil4 ,! angels1 orig9ally ! mess5g]s 
( ,provid5ce1 became "u my?ological     
names1 ,gabriel1 ,raphael1 ,mi*ael1 c41 
s _m middle be+s :o fill$ ! space betwe5
 ! ,deity1 exi/+ ap>t f ! _w1 & ! _w4 ,!

 l[] _w 7%eol1 ,greek3 aids71 =m]ly !   
g5]al abode ( ! dead1 ( bad & good )\t  
di/9ction1 0 split into two p>ts1       
p>adise & geh5na1 & became a place (    
recomp5se1 &1 along ) ?is1 religion1    
once an end1 became ! means ( w>d+ (f a 
dread$ puni%m5t1 or ( ga9+ a future (   
bliss4 ,! doctr9e ( immortality1 z !    
cont9uation ( man's moral developm5t1   
:i* 0 =m]ly unkn[n 9 ,israel1 appe>$1 z 
9 ! lat] ,p>sism1 9 ! =m ( a bodily     
resurrection ( ! dead1 at fir/ ( !      
righte\s only1 b aft]w>ds 9 ! =m ( a    
g5]al resurrection1 by m$iation ( !     
,messiah1 at ^: appe>+1 :i* 0 expect$ j 
be=e ! end ( ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 !     
great judgm5t ( ! _w1 ( liv+ & dead1 0  
to be held1 heav5 & e>? r5ew$1 & ! k+dom
 ( ,god f\nd$4 ,beside ! le>n$ p>ty ( ! 
,ph>isees /ood ! ,sadducees1 :o         
subord9at$ religion to politics1 reject$
 ! ,messianic idea & ! au?ority (       
tradition1 &1 9 d5y+ immortality 9 ! =m 
( a bodily resurrection1 fail$ to       
p]ceive ! tru? ( immortality1 = ^:      

recognition ! premises & g]ms exi/$ 9 ! 
religion ( ,israel1 ?\gh n z yet        
develop$4 ,! ?ird p>ty1 t ( ! ,ess5es1 0
 m>k$ by quiet piety1 & 9 _m respects   
also by excessive asceticism4 ,9 ! mid/ 
( ! ,ph>isaic =malism1 ! unbelief ( !   
,sadducees1 & ! pietism ( ! ,ess5es1 !re
 0 yet 9 ,israel a se$ ( true wor%ip]s1 
:o1 ?\gh n above ! dogmatic prejudices (
 _! "t1 _h he>t & m9d op5 = ! true      
religion1 & :o set ! true bless+ to be  
look$ = f ! ,messiah 9 ! satisfy+ ( _!  
religi\s & moral ne$s4   #c4 ,,!        
,,*ri/ian ,,religion4  ,! ,israeliti%   
religion1 :i* rea*$ its highe/ /age (   
developm5t 9 prophetism1 b :i* among !  
lat] ,jews aft] ,ezra deg5]at$1 ) !     
,ph>isees into =malism & wor%ip ( !     
lett]1 ) ! ,ess5es into my/icism &      
asceticism1 & :i* ) ! ,sadducees1 along 
) ! sacrifice ( ! prophetic ideal ( !   
future1 0 subord9at$ to politics1       
develop$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b fre$ f once   
*]i%$ national expectations & outw>d    
=ms1 into a purely spiritual k & wor%ip 

( ,god4 ,jesus fa?om$ ! deep mean+ ( !  
religion ( 8 p1 & its orig9al fitness to
 become1 ?r\gh high] developm5t1 !      
religion ( ! _w4 ,jesus devot$ himself  
to ! end ( =m+ ! human race into "o     
great society 7! k+dom ( heav571 ( :i*  
religion %\ld be ! s\l & life1 &1       
conv9c$ ( 8 call+1 proclaim$ himself z !
 ,son ( man1 :o1 z su*1 belong$ n to    
,israel alone1 b to mank9d4 ,jesus      
combat$ bo? ! =malism & exclusiv5ess ( !
 ,ph>isees1 & ! unbelief ( ! ,sadducees1
 & ) ^w & de$ prea*$ a religion :i*1    
indep5d5t ( all outw>d =m1 took hold ( !
 human he>t1 & :i*1 develop+ into an    
indep5d5t pr9ciple 9 man1 0 to f9d its  
commission1 n 9 ! au?ority ( ,scripture 
or tradition1 n ev5 9 t ( 8 "n1 b 9 its 
own p[] & tru?4 ,9 him religion appe>$ z
 ! p[] ( self-sacrific+ love1 :i* fe>s n
 ev5 dea?1 & to :i* dy+ is n ! los+ (   
life1 b ! developm5t ( life4 ,9         
di/9ction f o!r religions1 9 :i* ei!r   
,god & man are /rang]s to ea* o!r1 &    
oppos$ to ea* o!r1 or man's p]sonality  

is1 z x 71 sunk 9 ,god1 ,*ri/ianity is !
 religion by :i* man1 9 ! full enjoym5t 
( individual developm5t1 & ) ! s5se ( 8 
own /r5g?1 lives 9 ! consci\sness ( !   
mo/ entire dep5d5ce ^u ,god4 ,religion 9
 its highe/ =m1 conceiv$ z ! on5ess (   
man ) ,god1 is realiz$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4#ec
   #d4 ,,islamism4  ,! religion ( !     
anci5t nomadic tribes ( ! ,arabian      
p59sula orig9ally exhibit$ a poly!i/ical
 "*1 9 ! =m ( ! wor%ip1 9 "p ( sacr$    
/ones1 9 "p ( ! p[]s ( nature1          
especially ( ! />s1 ^: position & motion
 7 ?\ght to ex]t an influ5ce1 b5efic5t  
or baneful1 ^u ! de/9ies ( m54 ,) ^!    
conceptions 0 comb9$ a c]ta9 lean+ t[>d 
mono!ism1 :i* manife/$ itself especially
 9 ! common wor%ip ( ,allah taala       
7equival5t to ,el ,eljon71 :i* 0        
aft]w>ds quick5$ & /r5g!n$ by           
association ) ! ,jewi% tribes1 ) :om !y 
held !mselves to be relat$ by desc5t f  
,abraham4 ,! ,p>see doctr9e ( demons1   
also1 0 n unkn[n 9 ,arabia1 aft] !      
conque/ ( ! ,p]sians 9 ! fif? c5tury4   

,aft] ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? c5turies1    
,*ri/ianity also1 ?\gh 9 a corrupt =m1  
or1 def9itely1 9 ! =m ( ,monophysitism &
 ,ne/orianism1 :i* _h be5 condemn$ by ! 
*ur*1 became e/abli%$ 9 ,arabia4  ,amid 
su* div]se elem5ts1 !re 0 ne$ ( unity 9 
! doma9 ( religion1 a ne$ = :i*         
,mohamm$1 aft] ! example ( o!rs ( 8     
family1 s\ght to provide4  ,he 0 born at
 ,mecca 7#ega7 ( an honorable family1   
belong+ to ! ,korei% tribe4 ,f9d+ no    
satisfaction = 8 re/less _s 9 ! trade to
 :i* aft] 8 p>5ts' dea? he _h at fir/   
devot$ himself1 he gave himself up1 9   
solit>y retirem5t1 to quiet m$itation1 &
 became m & m conv9c$ ( 8 call+ to put  
an end1 by means ( a bett] religion1 to 
! confusion exi/+ among 8 c\ntrym5 )    
reg>d to religion4 ,! religi\s idea :i* 
ov]ma/]$ him pres5t$ itself to 8 p[]ful 
,ori5tal imag9ation 9 ! =m ( a vision z 
a revelation ( ,allah taala1 made to him
 9 ! =tie? ye> ( 8 life by m$iation ( ! 
angel ,gabriel4 ,8 conviction1 ?us      
acquir$1 0 confirm$ by revelations      

aft]w>ds receiv$2 &1 %>$ at fir/ ) a    
small circle ( tru/$ fri5ds1 gradually  
spread wid]1 until at la/ ,mohamm$ came 
=w>d 9 ! anci5t sanctu>y1 ! ,kaaba1 at  
,mecca1 z prophet ( ,allah4 ,= ?is he 0 
pursu$ by 8 c\ntrym51 & fl$ f !nce to   
,m$9a1 9 ! ye> #fbb1 ! beg9n+ ( !       
,moslem era4 ,! numb] ( 8 foll[]s       
increas+1 he _h rec\rse to arms4 ,he    
conqu]$ ,mecca 9 #fcj1 & made ! ,kaaba1 
aft] de/roy+ ! idols 9 x1 ! sanctu>y ( !
 new religion4  ,! doctr9e ( ,mohamm$   
7,islam1 submission to ,god1 :5ce 8     
foll[]s take ! "n ( ,moslems71 is       
conta9$ 9 ! ,koran4 ,! v>i\s ,suras1 or 
divisions1 orig9ally ! revelations      
receiv$ by ! prophet at diff]5t p]iods (
 8 life r$uc$ to writ+1 71 soon aft] 8  
dea?1 unit$ by ,abu ,bekr into "o holy  
book1 "u ! "n ( ! ,koran 7al ,kitab1 !  
book71 :i*1 l ! ,bible among ! lat]     
,jews & ,*ri/ians1 0 clo!d ) div9e      
au?ority4 ,! c5tral doctr9e ( ,mohamm$  
is ! belief 9 "o ,god1 ,allah1 :o1 z !  
,creator & ,"l ( all ?+s1 9 /ricte/     

isolation f ! _w1 is ?ron$ 9 heav54 ,all
 t takes place ^u ! e>? befalls accord+ 
to ! et]nal decree ( ,god1 a conception 
9 :i*1 at lea/ among ! ,or?odox         
,moslems1 ! ,sunnites1 :o are di/+ui%$ 9
 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 f ! diss5t+     
,%iites1 !re is no place left = human   
fre$om4 ,?is ,god has f ! e>lie/ times  
reveal$ himself to "s privileg$ m51     
,adam1 ,noah1 ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,jesus  
7,isa74 ,to ! la/ is due ! honor ( hav+ 
be5 ! re=m] ( deg5]ate ,judaism4 ,he is 
n1 z ! ,*ri/ians ( ,mohamm$'s "t taught1
 ! ,son ( ,god 9 a metaphysical s5se1   
mu* less ,god himself1--,allah is "o1 he
 nei!r begets nor is begott51--b a      
prophet ( human desc5t4 ,! greate/ & la/
 prophet is ,mohamm$ himself1 9 :om     
prophetism rea*$ its fulfillm5t4 ,along 
) ! doctr9e reg>d+ ,god & 8 relation to 
! _w1 pray]1 hospitality1 & b5evol5ce   
occupy a prom95t place 9 ! tea*+ (      
,mohamm$1 look$ at f its practical side1
 & also ! belief 9 a future life1 9 !   
,jewi%-,p>see =m ( ! resurrection ( !   

dead1 ! judgm5t ( ! _w1 future rew>d &  
puni%m5t1 p>adise & hell4 ,! tru? ( ?is 
div9e revelation re/s ^u ! v fact ( its 
hav+ be5 reveal$1 &1 accord+ to         
,mohamm$1 x no m ne$s sci5tific pro( ?an
 confirmation by miracles1 to :i*       
,islamism did n appeal until lat]4  ,!  
op9ion :i* =m]ly prevail$ among         
,*ri/ians t ,mohamm$ 0 an impo/or1 a    
false prophet1 0 b\nd up ) ! conception 
t ,god1 to ! exclusion ( o!r nations1 _h
 reveal$ himself imm$iately &           
sup]naturally fir/ to ,israel1 &        
aft]w>ds ?r\gh ,*ri/ to all mank9d4     
,h5ce x foll[$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 n priz$ z
 ! highe/ religion1 exi/+ along ) less  
develop$ =ms ( religion1 b 0 oppos$ z ! 
only true religion to all o!rs1 :i* 7   
reg>d$ z ! fruit ( impo/ure & error1 an 
op9ion to :i* ! religi\s & political    
/ruggles 9 :i* ,islam & ,*ri/5dom h be5 
involv$ also ri*ly contribut$4 ,mohamm$ 
0 se] & prophet1 fill$ ) fi]y zeal =    
religion1 &1 :ile he /&s inde$ 9 ?is    
respect1 bo? p]sonally & ) reg>d to !   

cont5ts ( 8 prea*+ & ! means by :i* he  
s\ght to ga9 admission = 8 doctr9e1 bel[
 ! se]s ( ,israel1 & f> bel[ ! f\nd] (  
,*ri/ianity1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 8        
mono!ism1 ab/ract z x is1 mu/ be reg>d$ 
z a :olesome reaction aga9/ !           
ev]-increas+ poly!i/ical sup]/ition to  
:i* 9 8 "t ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ( ! ,ea/     
especially _h sunk4 ,islamism /&s1      
h[ev]1 bel[ orig9al ,*ri/ianity1 !      
religion ( ,jesus & ! ,apo/les1 9 t1 by 
sep>at+ ,god1 z ! ab/ract "o ,supreme   
,be+1 f ! _w1 x leaves no place = !     
doctr9e ( ,god's imman5ce1 or ! indwell+
 ( ! ,_s ( ,god 9 man4 ,h5ce 9 ,islamism
 ! div9e revelation rema9s purely       
me*anical1 ) no natural po9t (          
connection 9 man1 & !re=e !re is no     
possibility ( an endur+ prophetism1 :i* 
is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity4 
,f ?is sep>ation ( ,god & man1 !        
,mohamm$an doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 9     
di/9ction f ! ,*ri/ian1 acquires its    
ab/ract & fatali/ic "*1 :]eby man1      
in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z a be+ 9 ^: free   

activity ,god's p[] & life are glorifi$1
 is conceiv$ z a passive in/rum5t ( a   
high] p[]4 ,to true moral indep5d5ce1   
!re=e1 ! ,moslem does n atta94 ,8       
religion is legal & ext]nal1 & !re=e    
intol]ant & exclusive2 & :5 ,islamism1  
l$ by excit$ passion & a heat$          
imag9ation1 disreg>d$ ! sanctity (      
m>riage1 & held up z a rew>d be=e !     
fai?ful ,moslem a p>adise *>act]iz$ by  
s5sual enjoym5t1 x miss$ at once ! deep 
moral & spiritual "* ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,to 
^! defects mu/ be ascrib$ ! fact t      
,islamism1 adapt$ to ! ne$ ( ! ,ea/1 &  
!re=e spread ov] a l>ge "p ( ,asia &    
,africa1 has n1 ) ! exception ( ! empire
 ( ,turkey1 & = a "t also ( ,spa91      
p5etrat$ ,europe2 &1 ov]%ad[$ by a high]
 developm5t ( humanity1 has rea*$ its   
highe/ bloom1 :ile ,*ri/ianity1 br\ght  
back to its orig9al purity1 rema9s !    
religion ( ! civiliz$ _w4   ,,footnotes3
  ,footnote #a3 ,translat$ f ! ,dut* (  
,pr(4 ,j4,h4 ,s*olt51 by ,f4,t4         
,wa%burn4 ,?is con/itutes ! fir/ "p (   

,pr(4 ,s*olt5's ,hi/ory ( ,religion &   
,philosophy4 7,ges*i$5is d] ,godsdi5/ en
 ,wijsbege]te47 ,?ird edition4 ,leyd51  
#ahfc4 ,( ?is "w !re is a translation 9 
,fr5* by ,m4 ,alb]t ,rville 7,p>is1     
#ahfa72 b ?is translation1 :i* 0 made f 
an e>li] edition1 is v defective 9 !    
fir/ "p1 ,pr(4 ,s*olt5 hav+ add$ a great
 deal 9 8 la/ edition4 ,!re is also a   
translation ( x 9 ,g]man1 by ,d4,e4,r4  
,r$ep5n+ 7,elb]feld1 #ahfh74 ,?is ,g]man
 translation has be5 revis$ & enl>g$ by 
,pr(4 ,s*olt51 & is !re=e sup]ior 9 "s  
respects to ! orig9al ,dut*4 ,! pres5t  
translation has be5 revis$ ^u x4        
,footnote #b3 ,accord+ to ,buus5 #cjjj  
or #bejj ,b4,c41 ,haug #bjjj ,b4,c41    
,max ,mll] #abjj ,b4,c41 ,max ,dunck]   
#acjj or #abej ,b4,c41 & accord+ to     
,roe?4 ,i4 p4 #cdh1 :o /ill puts        
,vi/aspa be=e ,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 betwe5  
#ehi & #eab ,b4,c4  ,footnote #c3 ,!    
doctr9e ( ! ,z]vana ak>ana 7inf9ite "t7 
z ! orig9al ,"o1 f :i* ! opposition     
betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman 0 held to     

spr+1 dates f a lat] p]iod4  ,footnote  
#d3 ,greek3 ,zeus kela9ephs1 ahidh]i    
nahin1 nephelg]heta ,zeus1 ,h] bohpis1  
glaukhpis ,ha?hn4  ,footnote #e3 ,( !   
,g]mans ,tacitus writes1 ,g]m41 c4 #i1  
,eos nec cohib]e p>ietibus ,deos neque 9
 ullam humanioris speciem assimil>e1 ex 
magnitud9e coele/ium arbitrantur4 ,lucos
 ac nemora consecrant deorumque nom9ibus
 appellant secretum illud1 quod sola    
rev]5tia vid5t4  ,footnote #f3 ,among ! 
,roman writ]s :o furni% u ) in=mation ^u
 ! religion ( ! ,g]mans1 ,tacitus       
des]ves m5tion1 9 8 ,g]mania1 z well z 9
 8 ,annales passim4 ,! *ief s\rce )     
reg>d to ! ,norse religion is ! old]    
,edda1 "u ! title ,edda ,smund> h9      
,froda4  ,footnote #g3 ,numb4 xxii4 #da2
 xxiii4 #bh2 #b ,k+s1 xxiii4 #e4        
,footnote #h3 ,judges1 ii4 #ac2 #a ,sam4
 vii4 #d2 xii4 #aj2 #a ,k+s1 xi4 #e1 #g1
 #cc2 #b ,k+s1 xxiii4 #ac2 ,j]4 vii4    
#ah2 xliv4 #ag1 #ai4  ,footnote #i3     
,levit4 xviii4 #ba2 xx4 #b2 #b ,k+s1    
iii4 #bf1 #bg2 xvi4 #c2 xxiii4 #aj2 ,ps4

 cvi4 #ch2 ,j]4 vii4 #ca2 xix4 #e2      
xxxii4 #ce2 ,micah1 vi4 #g2 ,ezek4 xv4  
#d1 #f2 8 xvi4 #bj1 ,comp4 ,i ,k+s1     
xviii3 #bh4  ,footnote #aj3 ,numb4 xxv4 
,i1 et seq2 ,jo%4 xxii4 #ag2 ,b>u*1 vi4 
#da1 #dc4  ,footnote #aa3 ,judges1 vi4  
#cb4 & else:]e4  ,footnote #ab3 #a      
,*ron4 viii4 #cc2 ix4 #ci4  ,footnote   
#ac3 #a ,*ron4 viii4 #cd2 ix4 #dj4      
,footnote #ad3 #b ,sam4 xi4 #ba4        
,footnote #ae3 #b ,sam4 ii4 #h1 &       
else:]e4  ,footnote #af3 #b ,sam4 iv4   
#d1 & else:]e4  ,footnote #ag3 ,judges1 
viii4 #cc2 ix4 #d4 ,comp4 ) ix4 #df4    
,footnote #ah3 #a ,*ron4 xiv4 #g4       
,footnote #ai3 #a ,*ron4 iii4 #h2 #b    
,sam4 v4 #af4  ,footnote #bj3 ,g54 xxii4
  ,footnote #ba3 ,g54 xvii4 #bc-bg4     
,footnote #bb3 ,ex4 iv4 #bd-bf4         
,footnote #bc3 ,ex4 xiii4 #b1 #ab-af2   
xxii4 #bh1 #bi2 xxx4 #aa-af2 xxxiv4 #ai1
 #bj4  ,footnote #bd3 ,g54 xv4 #ag2 ,ex4
 iii4 #b2 xix4 #af-ah2 xxiv4 #ag2 xl4   
#ch2 ,levit4 x4 #b2 ,numb4 xvi4 #ce2    
,deut4 iv4 #ae1 #bd2 v4 #bd1 #be4       

,footnote #be3 #a ,k+s1 vii4 #be1 #bi4  
,footnote #bf3 ,ex4 xxvii4 #b4          
,footnote #bg3 ,comp4 ,ezek4 i4 #aj2 x4 
#ad4  ,footnote #bh3 #a ,k+s1 xviii4    
#bc4  ,footnote #bi3 #a ,k+s1 xi4 #e2 #b
 ,k+s1 xvi4 #c2 xxi4 #c2 xxiii4 #d1 et  
seq2 #b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #c2 ,ezek4 xvi4  
#bj1 #ba2 ,j]4 xix4 #e4  ,footnote #cj3 
,amos4 v4 #be1 #bf4  ,footnote #ca3     
,judges1 xi4 #cj-dj4  ,footnote #cb3    
,ex4 xxxii4 #bg-bi2 ,numb4 xxv4 #d4     
,footnote #cc3 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #a-ad4     
,footnote #cd3 #a ,k+s1 iii4 #b2 xi4 #g2
 #b ,k+s1 xii4 #c2 xiv4 #d2 xvii4 #aa2  
xviii4 #d2 xxiii4 #e1 #ai2 #b ,*ron4    
xxi4 #aa4  ,footnote #ce3 #b ,*ron4     
xxxiv4 #c2 ,ezek4 vi4 #c2 xx4 #bh4      
,footnote #cf3 #a ,k+s1 xii4 #bh1 #cc4  
,comp4 ,ex4 xxxii4 #d1 #ai4  ,footnote  
#cg3 ,levit4 xviii4 #ba2 xx4 #b2 ,deut4 
xii4 #ca4  ,footnote #ch3 ,g54 xxiv1    
xxviii4  ,footnote #ci3 ,g54 xiv4       
#ah-bj2 xx4 #c1 #d4  ,footnote #dj3 ,g54
 xxxi4 #ai1 #cj1 et seq2 xxxv4 #b-d2    
,jo%ua1 xxiv4 #b1 #ad4  ,footnote #da3  

,judges1 xviii4 #ad1 et seq2 #a ,sam4   
xix4 #ac2 #b ,k+s1 xviii4 #d2 ,ezek4 xx4
 #g4  ,footnote #db3 ,ex4 iii4 #ac1 et  
seq2 vi4 #b4  ,footnote #dc3 ,ex4 xx4   
#b1 #c4  ,footnote #dd3 ,ex4 viii4 #aj2 
xv4 #aa2 xviii4 #aa2 xx4 #c4  ,footnote 
#de3 ,deut vi4 #d2 iv4 #bh1 #ce2 xxxii4 
#ci2 ,isaiah1 xliv4 #f1 #h2 xlv4 #e1 #f4
  ,footnote #df3 ,amos1 vii4 #ad4       
,footnote #dg3 ,isa4 i4 #aa-ah2 ,j]4    
vii4 #ba-bc4  ,footnote #dh3 ,dut*1     
zelf/&igheid1 lit]ally1 self-exi/5ce2   
)\t an equival5t1 z f> z ,i "k1 9       
v]nacul> ,engli%4--,tr4  ,footnote #di3 
,zelf/&igheid1 aga91 express+ objective 
exi/5ce1 reality1 indep5d5t ( subjective
 ?\ght or feel+4--,tr4  ,footnote #ej3  
,j]4 xxxi4 #ca1 et seq2 ,isa4 ii4 #b-d2 
,amos1 ix4 #ab2 ,isa4 xxv4 #f2 lii4 #ae2
 lvi4 #f1 #g2 lxvi4 #bc2 ,ze*4 viii4    
#bc2 xiv4 #i1 #af4  ,footnote #ea3 ,isa4
 liii4  ,footnote #eb3 ,job i1 ii4--,tr4
  ,footnote #ec3 ,! mo/ orig9al s\rces (
 ! ,*ri/ian religion are ! ,synoptic    
,gospels1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 criticism mu/   

di/+ui% betwe5 ! old] & lat] portions4  
,! f\r? ,gospel is m>k$ by a m pr(\nd   
speculation ^u ! p]son & ! "w ( ,*ri/1  
by :i* ! ,*ri/ian m9d fre$ itself       
entirely f ! ,jewi% =ms 9 :i* ,jesus1 z 
a popul> tea*] 9 ,israel1 _h set =? 8   
doctr9e4