,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,dead1 ,,volume ,i 7,,( #c7999999 ,digital ,libr>y ,production ,s]vice ,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ! ,humanities ,text ,initiative1 a unit ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan's ,digital ,libr>y ,production ,s]vice4 ,see http3_/_/www4hti4umi*4edu_/cgi_/t_/text_ /text-idx8cg5pub2idno,,afl#jebb4jjja4jja ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,& ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,dead by ,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge ,pr(essor ( ,social ,an?ropology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool4 ,,vol4 ,i ,! ,belief ,among ! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s1 ,new ,gu9ea & ,melanesia ,! ,gif=d ,lectures1 ,/4 ,&rews #aiaa-aiab ,mac,millan & ,co41 ,limit$ ,/4 ,m>t9's ,/reet1 ,london #aiac ,itaque unum illud erat insitum priscis illis1 quos cascos appellat ,ennius1 esse 9 morte s5sum neque excessu vitae sic del]i hom9em1 ut funditus int]iret2 idque cum multis aliis rebus2 tum e pontificio jure et e ca]imoniis sepul*rorum intellegi licet1 quas maxumis +5iis pra$iti nec tanta cura coluiss5t nec violatas tam inexpiabili religione sanxiss5t1 nisi ha]]et 9 corum m5tibus mortem non int]itum esse omnia toll5tem atque del5tem1 s$ qu&am quasi migrationem commutationemque vitae4 ,cic]o1 ,tuscul4 ,disput4 i4 #ab4 ,,to ,,my ,,old ,,fri5d ,,john ,,su!rl& ,,black1 ,,ll4,d4 ,i ,,d$icate ,,affectionately ,a ,,"w ,,:i* ,,owes ,,mu* ,,to ,,8 ,,enc\ragem5t ,,preface ,! foll[+ lectures 7 deliv]$ on ,"l ,gif=d's ,f\ndation be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews 9 ! e>ly w9t]s ( #aiaa & #aiab4 ,!y are pr9t$ ne>ly z !y 7 spok51 except t a few passages1 omitt$ = ! sake ( brevity 9 ! oral deliv]y1 h be5 "h re/or$ & a few m add$4 ,fur!r1 ,i h compress$ ! two introductory lectures into "o1 /rik+ out "s passages :i* on reflection ,i judg$ to be irrelevant or sup]flu\s4 ,! volume incorporates twelve lectures on ,! ,fe> & ,wor%ip ( ! ,dead :i* ,i deliv]$ 9 ! ,l5t & ,ea/] t]ms ( #aiaa at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 & repeat$1 ) l>ge additions1 9 my c\rse at ,/4 ,&rews4 ,! !me "h broa*$ is a va/ "o1 & ,i hope to pursue x h]eaft] by describ+ ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 z ^! h be5 f\nd among ! o!r pr9cipal races ( ! _w bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,( all ! _m =ms :i* natural religion has assum$ none probably has ex]t$ s deep & f>-rea*+ an influ5ce on human life z ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead2 h5ce an hi/orical survey ( ?is mo/ mom5t\s cre$ & ( ! practical consequ5ces :i* h be5 d$uc$ f x c h>dly fail to be at once in/ructive & impressive1 :e!r we reg>d ! record ) complac5cy z a noble te/imony to ! aspir+ g5ius ( man1 :o claims to outlive ! sun & ! />s1 or :e!r we view x ) pity z a melan*oly monum5t ( fruitless lab\r & b>r5 +5uity exp5d$ 9 pry+ into t great my/]y ( :i* fools pr(ess _! k & wise m5 confess _! ignorance4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]4 ,cambridge1 #i? ,febru>y #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,d$ication ,preface ,table ( ,cont5ts ,lecture ,i4--,introduction ,natural !ology1 ?ree modes ( h&l+ x1 ! dogmatic1 ! philosophical1 & ! hi/orical1 pp4 #a sq42 ! hi/orical me?od foll[$ 9 ^! lectures1 #b sq42 que/ions ( ! tru? & moral value ( religi\s beliefs irrelevant 9 an hi/orical enquiry1 #c sq42 ne$ ( /udy+ ! religion ( primitive man & possibility ( do+ s by means ( ! comp>ative me?od1 #e sq42 urg5t ne$ ( inve/igat+ ! native religion ( savages be=e x disappe>s1 #f sq42 a portion ( savage religion ! !me ( ^! lectures1 #g sq42 ! "q ( a sup]natural revelation dismiss$1 #h sq42 !ology & religion1 _! relations1 #i2 ! t]m ,god def9$1 #i sqq42 mono!ism & poly!ism1 #aa2 a natural k ( ,god1 if x exi/s1 only possible ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 #aa sq42 ! nature ( exp]i5ce1 #ab sq42 two k9ds ( exp]i5ce1 an inw>d & an outw>d1 #ac sq42 ! conception ( ,god rea*$ hi/orically ?r\gh bo? k9ds ( exp]i5ce1 #ad2 inw>d exp]i5ce or inspiration1 #ad sq42 deification ( liv+ m51 #af sq42 outw>d exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( ! idea ( ,god1 #ag2 ! t5d5cy to seek = causes1 #ag sq42 ! mean+ ( cause1 #ah sq42 ! savage expla9s natural processes by ! hypo!sis ( spirits or gods1 #ai sq42 natural processes aft]w>ds expla9$ by hypo!tical =ces & atoms in/ead ( by hypo!tical spirits & gods1 #bj sq42 nature 9 g5]al /ill commonly expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( a deity1 #ba sq42 ,god an inf]5tial or hypo!tical cause1 #bb sq42 ! deification ( dead m51 #bc-be2 su* a deification presupposes ! immortality ( ! human s\l or r its survival = a long] or %ort] "t aft] dea?1 #be sq42 ! conception ( human immortality sugge/$ bo? by inw>d exp]i5ce1 su* z dreams1 & by outw>d exp]i5ce1 su* z ! resemblances ( ! liv+ to ! dead1 #bf-bi2 ! lectures int5d$ to collect evid5ce z to ! belief 9 immortality among c]ta9 savage races1 #bi sq42 ! me?od to be descriptive r ?an comp>ative or philosophical1 #cj4 ,lecture ,,ii4--,! ,savage ,conception ( ,dea? ,! subject ( ! lectures ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among c]ta9 ( ! l[] races1 p4 #ca2 "q ( ! nature & orig9 ( dea?1 #ca sq42 univ]sal int]e/ ( ! "q1 #cb sq42 ! belief 9 immortality g5]al among mank9d1 #cc2 belief ( _m savages t dea? is n natural & t !y w\ld nev] die if _! lives 7 n cut prematurely %ort by sorc]y1 #cc sq42 examples ( ?is belief among ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 #cd sqq42 dea? sometimes attribut$ to sorc]y & sometimes to demons1 practical consequ5ce ( ?is di/9ction1 #cg2 belief 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( dea? among ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 #ch sq41 among ! ,t9neh ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ci sq41 among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 #dj-dg1 among ! natives ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s & ,new ,gu9ea1 #dg1 among ! ,melanesians1 #dh1 among ! ,malagasy1 #dh sq41 & among ,african tribes1 #di-ea2 effect ( su* beliefs 9 ?9n+ ! population by caus+ multitudes to die = ! imag9>y crime ( sorc]y1 #ea-ec2 "s savages attribute c]ta9 dea?s to o!r causes ?an sorc]y1 #ec2 corpse dissect$ to asc]ta9 cause ( dea?1 #ec sq42 ! possibility ( natural dea? admitt$ by ! ,melanesians & ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa1 #ed-ef2 ! admission m>ks an intellectual advance1 #ef sq42 ! recognition ( gho/s or spirits1 ap>t f sorc]y1 z a cause ( disease & dea? also m>ks a /ep 9 moral & social progress1 #eg sq4 ,lecture ,,iii4--,my?s ( ! ,orig9 ( ,dea? ,belief ( savages 9 man's natural immortality1 p4 #ei2 savage /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #ei sq42 f\r types ( su* /ories3-- 7#a7 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,two ,mess5g]s4--,zulu /ory ( ! *ameleon & ! liz>d1 #fj sq42 ,akamba /ory ( ! *ameleon & ! ?ru%1 #fa sq42 ,togo /ory ( ! dog & ! frog1 #fb sq42 ,a%antee /ory ( ! goat & ! %eep1 #fc sq4 7#b7 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,wax+ & ,wan+ ,moon4--,hott5tot /ory ( ! moon1 ! h>e1 & dea?1 #fe2 ,masai /ory ( ! moon & dea?1 #fe sq42 ,n&i /ory ( ! moon1 ! dog1 & dea?1 #ff2 ,fijian /ory ( ! moon1 ! rat1 & dea?1 #fg2 ,c>ol9e1 ,wotjobaluk1 & ,*am /ories ( ! moon1 dea?1 & resurrection1 #fg2 dea? & resurrection aft] ?ree days sugge/$ by ! reappe>ance ( ! new moon aft] ?ree days1 #fg sq4 7#c7 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,s]p5t & 8 ,ca/ ,sk94--,new ,brita9 & ,annamite /ory ( immortality1 ! s]p5t1 & dea?1 #fi sq42 ,vuatom /ory ( immortality1 ! liz>d1 ! s]p5t1 & dea?1 #gj2 ,nias /ory ( immortality1 ! crab1 & dea?1 #gj2 ,arawak & ,taman*i] /ories ( immortality1 ! s]p5t1 ! liz>d1 ! beetle1 & dea?1 #gj sq42 ,melanesian /ory ( ! old woman & h] ca/ sk91 #ga sq42 ,samoan /ory ( ! %ellfi%1 two tor*es1 & dea?1 #gb4 7#d7 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,banana4--,poso /ory ( immortality1 ! /one1 ! banana1 & dea?1 #gb sq42 ,m5tra /ory ( immortality1 ! banana1 & dea?1 #gc4 ,primitive philosophy 9 ! /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gc sq42 ,bahn> /ory ( immortality1 ! tree1 & dea?1 #gd2 rivalry = ! boon ( immortality betwe5 m5 & animals t ca/ _! sk9s1 su* z s]p5ts & liz>ds1 #gd sq42 /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea? told by ,*+paws1 ,au/ralians1 ,fijians1 & ,admiralty ,isl&]s1 #ge-gg2 ,african & ,am]ican /ories ( ! fatal bundle or ! fatal box1 #gg sq42 ,bag&a /ory h[ dea? orig9at$ ?r\gh ! imprud5ce ( a woman1 #gh-ha2 ,we/ ,african /ory ( ,dea? & ! spid]1 #ha-hc2 ,melanesian /ory ( ,dea? & ! ,fool1 #hc sq4 ,?us accord+ to savages dea? is n a natural necessity1 #hd2 simil> view held by "s mod]n biologi/s1 z ,a4 ,weismann & ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 #hd-hf4 ,lecture ,,iv4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia ,9 trac+ ! evolution ( religi\s beliefs we mu/ beg9 ) ^? ( ! l[e/ savages1 p4 #hg2 ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia ! l[e/ savages ab\t :om we possess accurate in=mation1 #hh2 savag]y a case ( ret>d$ developm5t1 #hh sq42 causes :i* h ret>d$ progress 9 ,au/ralia1 #hi sq42 ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia on ! :ole m primitive ?an ^? ( ! coa/s1 #ij sq42 little t c be call$ religion among !m1 #ia sq42 _! !ory t ! s\ls ( ! dead survive & are reborn 9 _! desc5dants1 #ib sq42 places :]e ! s\ls ( ! dead await rebir?1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y ent] into wom51 #ic sq42 local totem c5tres1 #id sq42 totemism def9$1 #ie2 tradition>y orig9 ( ! local totem c5tres 7oknanikilla7 :]e ! s\ls ( ! dead assemble1 #if2 sacr$ bir?-/ones or bir?-/icks 7*ur+a7 :i* ! s\ls ( ance/ors are ?\ght to h dropp$ at ^! places1 #if-ajb2 elem5ts ( a wor%ip ( ! dead1 #ajb sq42 m>vell\s p[]s attribut$ to ! remote ance/ors ( ! al*]+a or dream times1 #ajc sq42 ! ,wollunqua1 a my?ical wat]-snake1 ance/or ( a totemic clan ( ! ,w>ramunga tribe1 #ajd-ajf2 religi\s "* ( ! belief 9 ! ,wollunqua1 #ajf4 ,lecture ,v4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7cont9u$7 ,beliefs ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es conc]n+ ! re9c>nation ( ! dead1 p4 #ajg2 possibility ( ! developm5t ( ance/or wor%ip1 #ajg sq42 c]emonies p]=m$ by ! ,w>ramunga 9 hon\r ( ! ,wollunqua1 ! my?ical ance/or ( "o ( _! totem clans1 #ajh sqq42 union ( magic & religion 9 ^! c]emonies1 #aaa sq42 gr\nd draw+s ( ! ,wollunqua1 #aab sq42 importance ( ! ,wollunqua 9 ! evolution ( religion & art1 #aac sq42 h[ totemism might develop into poly!ism ?r\gh an int]m$iate /age ( ance/or wor%ip1 #aad sq42 all ! conspicu\s features ( ! c\ntry associat$ by ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians ) ! spirits ( _! ance/ors1 #aae-aah2 dramatic c]emonies p]=m$ by !m to commemorate ! de$s ( _! ance/ors1 #aah sq42 examples ( ^! c]emonies1 #aai-abb2 ^! c]emonies 7 probably 9 orig9 n m]ely commemorative or hi/orical b magical1 be+ int5d$ to procure a supply ( food & o!r necess>ies1 #abb sq42 magical virtue actually attribut$ to ^! dramatic c]emonies by ! ,w>ramunga1 :o ?9k t by p]=m+ !m !y increase ! food supply ( ! tribe1 #abc sq42 h5ce ! great importance ascrib$ by ^! savages to ! due p]=mance ( ! ance/ral dramas1 #abd2 g5]al attitude ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es to _! dead1 & ! l9es on :i*1 if left to !mselves1 !y might h develop$ a regul> wor%ip ( ! dead1 #abd-abf4 ,lecture ,,vi4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! o!r ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia ,evid5ce = ! belief 9 re9c>nation among ! natives ( o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralia ?an ! c5tre1 p4 #abg2 beliefs ( ! ,que5sl& aborig9es conc]n+ ! nature ( ! s\l & ! /ate ( ! dead1 #abg-aca2 belief ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es t _! dead are sometimes reborn 9 :ite p1 #aca-acc2 belief ( ! natives ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia t _! dead are n born aga9 b g away to ! sky or "s di/ant c\ntry1 #acc sq42 beliefs & cu/oms ( ! ,n>r9y]i conc]n+ ! dead1 #acd sqq42 motives = ! excessive grief :i* !y display at ! dea? ( _! relatives1 #ace sq42 _! pret5ce ( av5g+ ! dea? ( _! fri5ds on ! guilty sorc]]1 #acf sq42 magical virtue ascrib$ to ! hair ( ! dead1 #acg sq42 belief t ! dead g to ! sky1 #ach sq42 appe>ance ( ! dead to ! liv+ 9 dreams1 #aci2 savage fai? 9 dreams1 #aci sq42 association ( ! />s ) ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #adj2 cre$ ( ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralians t\*+ ! dead1 #ada2 diff]5ce ( ?is cre$ f t ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians1 #ada2 ?is diff]5ce probably due 9 ! ma9 to a g5]al advance ( culture br\ght ab\t by m fav\rable natural conditions 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 #ada sq42 possible influ5ce ( ,european tea*+ on native beliefs1 #adb sq42 vagu5ess & inconsi/5cy ( native beliefs z to ! /ate ( ! dead1 #adc2 cu/om a good te/ ( belief1 #adc sq42 burial cu/oms ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es z evid5ce ( _! beliefs conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! dead1 #add2 _! practice ( supply+ ! dead ) food1 wat]1 fire1 weapons1 & implem5ts1 #add-adg2 motives = ! de/ruction ( ! prop]ty ( ! dead1 #adg sq42 great economic loss entail$ by develop$ sy/ems ( sacrific+ to ! dead1 #adi4 ,lecture ,,vii4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia 7conclud$7 ,huts erect$ on graves = ! use ( ! gho/s1 pp4 #aej-aeb2 ! att5tions paid by ! ,au/ralian aborig9es to _! dead probably spr+ f fe> r ?an affection1 #aeb2 precautions tak5 by ! liv+ aga9/ ! dang]\s gho/s ( ! dead1 #aeb sq42 cutt+s & br&+s ( ! fle% ( ! liv+ 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #aed-aeh2 ! cu/om ( all[+ ! blood ( m\rn]s to drip on ! corpse or into ! grave may be int5d$ to /r5g!n ! dead = a new bir?1 #aeh-afb2 diff]5t ways ( dispos+ ( ! dead accord+ to ! age1 rank1 mann] ( dea?1 etc41 ( ! deceas$1 #afb sq42 "s modes ( burial are int5d$ to prev5t ! return ( ! _s1 o!rs are design$ to facilitate x1 #afc-afe2 f9al dep>ture ( ! gho/ suppos$ to co9cide ) ! disappe>ance ( ! fle% f 8 bones1 #afe sq42 h5ce a cu/om has aris5 9 _m tribes ( giv+ ! bones a second burial or o!rwise dispos+ ( !m :5 ! fle% is q decay$1 #aff2 tree-burial foll[$ by e>?-burial 9 "s ,au/ralian tribes1 #aff-afh2 g5]al conclusion z to ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 #afh sq4 ,lecture ,,viii4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s ,racial aff9ities ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 pp4 #agj sq42 _! mat]ial & social culture1 #aga sq42 no develop$ wor%ip ( ! dead among !m1 #agb sq42 _! fe> ( gho/s1 #agc-age2 home ( ! dead a my?ical isl& 9 ! we/1 #age sq42 elaborate fun]al c]emonies ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s *>act]is$ by dramatic repres5tations ( ! dead & by ! pres]vation ( _! skulls1 :i* 7 consult$ z oracles1 #agf4 ,fun]al c]emonies ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s1 #agg-ahj2 "p play$ by ! bro!rs-9-law ( ! deceas$ at ^! c]emonies1 #agg sq42 removal ( ! head & prep>ation ( ! skull = use 9 div9ation1 #agh sq42 great dea?-dance p]=m$ by mask$ m5 :o p]sonat$ ! deceas$1 #agi sq4 ,fun]al c]emonies ( ! ,ea/]n ,isl&]s1 #ahj-ahh2 s\l ( ! dead c>ri$ away by a mask$ actor1 #aha sq42 dramatic p]=mance by disguis$ m5 repres5t+ gho/s1 #ahb sq42 blood & hair ( relatives (f]$ to ! dead1 #ahc sq42 mummification ( ! corpse1 #ahd2 co/ume ( m\rn]s1 #ahd2 cutt+s = ! dead1 #ahd sq42 dea?-dance by m5 p]sonat+ gho/s1 #ahe-ahh2 pres]vation ( ! mummy & aft]w>ds ( ! head or a wax model ( x to be us$ 9 div9ation1 #ahh4 ,images ( ! gods p]haps develop$ out ( mummies ( ! dead1 & a sacr$ or ev5 secul> drama develop$ out ( fun]al dances1 #ahi4 ,lecture ,,ix4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality ,among ! ,natives ,( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea ,! two races ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,papuan & ! ,melanesian1 pp4 #aij sq42 beliefs & cu/oms ( ! ,motu conc]n+ ! dead1 #aib2 ! ,koita & _! beliefs z to ! human s\l & ! /ate ( ! dead1 #aic-aie2 alleg$ communications ) ! dead by means ( m$iums1 #aie sq42 fe> ( ! dead1 especially ( a dead wife1 #aif sq42 beliefs ( ! ,mafulu conc]n+ ! dead1 #aih2 _! burial cu/oms1 #aih sq42 _! use ( ! skulls & bones ( ! dead at a great fe/ival1 #aii-bja2 wor%ip ( ! dead among ! natives ( ! ,aroma di/rict1 #bja sq42 ! ,hood ,p59sula1 #bjb sq42 beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead among ! natives ( ! ,hood ,p59sula1 #bjc-bjf2 seclusion ( wid[s & wid[]s1 #bjc sq42 ! gho/-se]1 #bjd sq42 application ( ! juices ( ! dead to ! p]sons ( ! liv+1 #bje2 precautions tak5 by manslay]s aga9/ ! gho/s ( _! victims1 #bje sq42 purification = homicide orig9ally a mode ( av]t+ ! angry gho/ ( ! sla91 #bjf2 beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead among ! ,massim ( s\?-ea/]n ,new ,gu9ea1 #bjf-baj2 ,hiyoyoa1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #bjg2 purification ( m\rn]s by ba?+ & %av+1 #bjg sq42 foods =bidd5 to m\rn]s1 #bjh sq42 fires on ! grave1 #bji2 ! l& ( ! dead1 #bji sq42 names ( ! dead n m5tion$1 #baj2 beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead among ! ,papuans ( ,kiwai1 #baa-bad2 ,adiri1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #baa-bac2 appe>ance ( ! dead to ! liv+ 9 dreams1 #bac sq42 (f]+s to ! dead1 #bad2 dreams z a s\rce ( ! belief 9 immortality1 #bad4 ,lecture ,x4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea ,&rew ,lang1 pp4 #baf sq42 review ( prec$+ lectures1 #bag sq4 ,! ,papuans ( ,tumleo1 _! mat]ial culture1 #bah-bbj2 _! temples1 #bbj sq42 _! ba*elors' h\ses conta9+ ! skulls ( ! dead1 #bba2 spirits ( ! dead z ! causes ( sickness & disease1 #bbb sq42 burial & m\rn+ cu/oms1 #bbc sq42 fate ( ! human s\l aft] dea?1 #bbd2 monum5ts to ! dead1 #bbe2 dis9t]m5t ( ! bones1 #bbe2 propitiation ( gho/s & spirits1 #bbf2 gu>dian-spirits 9 ! temples1 #bbf sq4 ,! ,monumbo ( ,potsdam ,h>b\r1 #bbg sq42 _! beliefs conc]n+ ! spirits ( ! dead1 #bbh sq42 _! fe> ( gho/s1 #bbi2 _! treatm5t ( manslay]s1 #bbi sq4 ,! ,tamos ( ,a/rolabe ,bay1 #bcj2 _! ideas z to ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #bca sq42 _! fe> ( gho/s1 #bcb sqq42 _! ,secret ,society & rites ( initiation1 #bcc2 _! pres]vation ( ! jawbones ( ! dead1 #bcd sq42 _! %am fights aft] a dea?1 #bce sq42 ^! fights p]haps int5d$ to ?r[ du/ 9 ! eyes ( ! gho/1 #bcf sq4 ,lecture ,,xi4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea 7cont9u$7 ,! ,papuans ( ,cape ,k+ ,william1 pp4 #bch sq42 _! ideas z to spirits & ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #bci sq42 _! belief 9 sorc]y z a cause ( dea?1 #bdj sq42 _! fun]al & m\rn+ cu/oms1 #bda sq42 ! fate ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 #bdb4 ,! ,yabim ( ,f9s* ,h>b\r1 _! mat]ial & arti/ic culture1 #bdb sq42 _! clubh\ses = m51 #bdc2 _! beliefs z to ! /ate ( ! dead1 #bdd sq42 ! gho/ly f]ry1 #bdd sq42 transmigration ( human s\ls into animals1 #bde2 ! return ( ! gho/s1 #bdf2 (f]+s to gho/s1 #bdf2 gho/s provid$ ) fire1 #bdf sq42 gho/s help 9 ! cultivation ( l&1 #bdg sq42 burial & m\rn+ cu/oms1 #bdh sq42 div9ation to discov] ! sorc]] :o has caus$ a dea?1 #bdi sq42 bull-ro>]s1 #bej2 initiation ( "y m51 #bej sqq42 ! rite ( circumcision1 ! novices suppos$ to be swall[$ by a mon/]1 #bea sq42 ! return ( ! novices1 #bec2 ! ess5ce ( ! initiatory rites seems to be a simulation ( dea? & resurrection1 #bec sqq42 ! new bir? among ! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 #bed4 ,lecture ,,xii4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea 7cont9u$7 ,! ,bukaua ( ,huon ,gulf1 _! means ( subsi/5ce & m5's clubh\ses1 pp4 #bef sq42 _! ideas z to ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #beg2 sickness & dea? caus$ by gho/s & sorc]]s1 #beg sq42 fe> ( ! gho/s ( ! sla91 #beh2 pray]s to ance/ral spirits on behalf ( ! crops1 #bei2 fir/-fruits (f]$ to ! spirits ( ! dead1 #bei2 burial & m\rn+ cu/oms1 #bei sq42 initiation ( "y m51 novices at circumcision suppos$ to be swall[$ & aft]w>ds disgorg$ by a mon/]1 #bfj sq4 ,! ,kai1 a ,papuan tribe ( m\nta9e]s inl& f ,f9s* ,h>b\r1 #bfb2 _! c\ntry1 mode ( agriculture1 & villages1 #bfb sq42 obs]vations ( a ,g]man mission>y on _! animism1 #bfc sq42 ! ess5tial rationality ( ! savage1 #bfd-bff2 ! ,kai !ory ( ! two sorts ( human s\ls1 #bfg sq42 dea? commonly ?\ght to be caus$ by sorc]y1 #bfh sq42 dang] incurr$ by ! sorc]]1 #bfi2 _m hurts & maladies attribut$ to ! action ( gho/s1 #bfi sq42 captur+ lo/ s\ls1 #bgj sq42 gho/s extract$ f ! body ( a sick man or scrap$ f 8 p]son1 #bga2 extravagant demon/rations ( grief at ! dea? ( a sick man1 #bga-bgc2 hypocritical "* ( ^! demon/rations1 :i* are int5d$ to deceive ! gho/1 #bgc2 burial & m\rn+ cu/oms1 pres]vation ( ! l[] jawbone & "o ( ! l[] arm bones1 #bgd2 m\rn+ co/ume1 seclusion ( wid[ or wid[]1 #bgd sq42 wid[s sometimes /rangl$ to accompany _! dead husb&s1 #bge2 h\se or village des]t$ aft] a dea?1 #bge4 ,lecture ,,xiii4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea 7cont9u$7 ,! ,kai 7cont9u$71 _! (f]+s to ! dead1 p4 #bgf2 div9ation by means ( gho/s to detect ! sorc]] :o has caus$ a dea?1 #bgf-bgh2 av5g+ ! dea? on ! sorc]] & 8 p1 #bgh sq42 precautions aga9/ ! gho/s ( ! sla91 #bgi sq42 attempts to deceive ! gho/s ( ! murd]$1 #bhj-bhb2 pret5ce ( av5g+ ! gho/ ( a murd]$ man1 #bhb2 fe> ( gho/s by night1 #bhb sq42 s]vices r5d]$ by ! spirits ( ! dead to f>m]s & hunt]s1 #bhc-bhe2 ! j\rney ( ! s\l to ! _s l&1 #bhe sq42 life ( ! dead 9 ! o!r _w1 #bhf sq42 gho/s die ! second dea? & turn into animals1 #bhg2 gho/s ( fam\s p invok$ long aft] _! dea?1 #bhg-bhi2 possible developm5t ( gho/s into gods1 #bhi sq42 lads at circumcision suppos$ to be swall[$ & disgorg$ by a mon/]1 #bij sq4 ,! ,tami ,isl&]s ( ,huon ,gulf1 #bia2 _! !ory ( a d\ble human s\l1 a long "o & a %ort "o1 #bia sq42 dep>ture ( ! %ort s\l = ,lamboam1 ! ne!r _w ( ! dead1 #bib2 (f]+s to ! dead1 #bib2 appeas+ ! gho/1 #bib sq42 fun]al & m\rn+ cu/oms1 dances 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 (f]+s ?r[n into ! fire1 #bic sq42 bones ( ! dead dug up & kept 9 ! h\se = a "t1 #bid sq4 ,lecture ,,xiv4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,g]man & ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea ,! ,tami ,isl&]s ( ,huon ,gulf 7cont9u$71 _! doctr9e ( s\ls & gods1 pp4 #bif sq42 dances ( mask$ m5 repres5t+ spirits1 #big2 wor%ip ( ance/ral spirits & (f]+s to !m1 #big sq42 life ( ! s\ls 9 ,lamboam1 ! ne!r _w1 #bii sq42 evocation ( gho/s by ! gho/-se]1 #cjj2 sickness caus$ by gho/s1 #cjj sq42 novices at circumcision suppos$ to be swall[$ & disgorg$ by a mon/]1 #cja sq42 mean+ ( ! bodily mutilations inflict$ on "y m5 at pub]ty obscure1 #cjb sq4 ,! natives ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cjc-cbc2 ! ,no(oors ( ,geelv9k ,bay1 _! mat]ial culture & arts ( life1 #cjc-cje2 _! fe> & wor%ip ( ! dead1 #cje-cjg2 wood5 images 7korw>7 ( ! dead kept 9 ! h\ses & c>ri$ 9 canoes to be us$ z oracles1 #cjg sq42 ! images consult$ 9 sickness & tak5 ) ! p to w>1 #cjh-caj2 (f]+s to ! images1 #caj sq42 s\ls ( ^? :o h di$ away f home recall$ to animate ! images1 #caa2 skulls ( ! dead1 especially ( fir/born *ildr5 & ( p>5ts1 ins]t$ 9 ! images1 #cab sq42 bodies ( "y *ildr5 hung on trees1 #cab sq42 mummies ( dead relatives kept 9 ! h\ses1 #cac2 seclusion ( m\rn]s & re/rictions on _! diet1 #cac sq42 tattoo+ 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #cad2 tee? & hair ( ! dead worn by relatives1 #cad sq42 rebir? ( p>5ts 9 _! *ildr51 #cae4 ,! natives ( isl&s (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 _! wood5 images ( dead ance/ors & %r9es = ! resid5ce ( ! ance/ral spirits1 #cae sq42 _! fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #caf2 s\ls ( ance/ors suppos$ to reside 9 ! images & to protect ! h\se & h\sehold1 #cag4 ,! natives ( ! ,maclu] ,gulf1 _! images & b[ls 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #cag sq4 ,! natives ( ! ,mimika di/rict1 _! burial & m\rn+ cu/oms1 _! pres]vation ( ! skulls ( ! dead1 & _! belief 9 gho/s1 #cah4 ,! natives ( ,w9dessi1 _! burial cu/oms1 #cah sq42 div9ation aft] a dea?1 #cai2 m\rn+ cu/oms1 #cai sq42 fe/ival ( ! dead1 #cbj sq42 wood5 images ( ! dead1 #cba2 doctr9e ( s\ls & ( _! fate aft] dea?1 #cba sq42 m$ic9e-m5 inspir$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #cbb sq42 gho/s ( sla9 enemies driv5 away1 #cbc4 ,lecture ,,xv4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,s\!rn ,melanesia 7,new ,cal$onia7 ,! ,melanesians 9 g5]al1 _! mat]ial culture1 p4 #cbd2 ,s\!rn ,melanesia1 ! ,new ,cal$onians1 & ,fa!r ,lamb]t's acc\nt ( !m1 #cbe2 _! ideas z to ! _s l& & ! way ?i!r1 #cbe sq42 burial cu/oms1 #cbf2 cutt+s & br&+s = ! dead1 #cbf sq42 prop]ty ( ! dead de/roy$1 #cbg2 seclusion ( grav$igg]s & re/rictions impos$ on !m1 #cbg2 %am fight 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #cbg sq42 skulls ( ! dead pres]v$ & wor%ipp$ on v>i\s occasions1 su* z sickness1 fi%+1 & fam9e1 #cbh-ccj2 caves us$ z *>nel-h\ses & sanctu>ies ( ! dead 9 ! ,isle ( ,p9es1 #ccj-ccb2 pray]s & sacrifices to ! ance/ral spirits1 #ccb sq42 pray]-po/s1 #ccc sq42 sacr$ /ones associat$ ) ! dead & us$ to cause de>? or pl5ty1 madness1 a good crop ( bread-fruit or yams1 dr\ght1 ra91 a good cat* ( fi%1 & s on1 #ccd-cch2 ! religion ( ! ,new ,cal$onians ma9ly a wor%ip ( ! dead t9ctur$ ) magic1 #cch4 ,evid5ce z to ! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia collect$ by ,dr4 ,george ,turn]1 #cci-cdb2 mat]ial culture ( ! ,new ,cal$onians1 #cci2 _! burial cu/oms1 ! skulls & nails ( ! dead pres]v$ & us$ to f]tilise ! yam plantations1 #cci sq42 wor%ip ( ance/ors & pray]s to ! dead1 #cdj2 fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #cdj sq42 mak+ ra9 by means ( ! skeletons ( ! dead1 #cda2 execution ( sorc]]s1 #cda sq42 :ite m5 id5tifi$ ) ! spirits ( ! dead1 #cdb4 ,lecture ,,xvi4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,c5tral ,melanesia ,c5tral ,melanesia divid$ into two ar*ipelagoes1 ! religion ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s 7,solomon ,isl&s7 *>act]is$ by a wor%ip ( ! dead1 ! religion ( ! ,ea/]n ,isl&s 7,new ,hebrides1 ,banks' ,isl&s1 ,torres ,isl&s1 ,santa ,cruz ,isl&s7 *>act]is$ by a wor%ip ( non-human spirits1 pp4 #cdc sq42 ,c5tral ,melanesian !ory ( ! s\l1 #cdd sq42 ! l& ( ! dead ei!r 9 c]ta9 isl&s or 9 a subt]ranean region call$ ,panoi1 #cde2 gho/s ( p[] & gho/s ( no acc\nt1 #cde sq42 sup]natural p[] 7mana7 acquir$ ?r\gh gho/s1 #cdf sq4 ,burial cu/oms 9 ! ,we/]n ,isl&s 7,solomon ,isl&s71 #cdg sqq42 l&-burial & sea-burial1 l&-gho/s & sea-gho/s1 #cdg sq42 fun]al fea/s & burnt-(f]+s to ! dead1 #cdh sq42 ! l& ( ! dead & ! gho/ly f]ry1 #cej sq42 gho/s die ! second dea? & turn into ! ne/s ( :ite ants1 #cej sq42 pres]vation ( ! skull & jawbone 9 ord] to ensure ! protection ( ! gho/1 #cea sq42 human heads s\ght 9 ord] to add fre% spiritual p[] 7mana7 to ! gho/ ( a dead *ief1 #ceb4 ,beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead 9 ! ,ea/]n ,isl&s 7,new ,hebrides1 ,banks' ,isl&s1 ,torres ,isl&s71 #ceb sqq42 ,panoi1 ! subt]ranean abode ( ! dead1 #cec sq42 gho/s die ! second dea?1 #ced2 diff]5t fates ( ! s\ls ( ! good & bad1 #ced sq42 desc5t ( ! liv+ into ! _w ( ! dead1 #cee2 burial cu/oms ( ! ,banks' ,isl&]s1 #cee sqq42 dead sometimes tempor>ily buri$ 9 ! h\se1 #cee2 display ( prop]ty beside ! corpse & fun]al oration1 #cee sq42 %am burial ( em95t m51 #cef2 gho/s driv5 away f ! village1 #cef-ceh2 deceiv+ ! gho/s ( wom5 :o h di$ 9 *ild-b$1 #ceh2 fun]al fea/s1 #ceh sq42 fun]al cu/oms 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 #cei sqq42 ! ag$ buri$ alive1 #cei sq42 seclusion ( m\rn]s & re/rictions on _! diet1 #cfj2 sacrifice ( pigs1 #cfj sq42 ! j\rney ( ! gho/ to ! _s l&1 #cfa sq42 provisions made by ! liv+ = ! welf>e ( ! dead1 #cfb4 ,only gho/s ( p[]ful m5 wor%ipp$1 #cfb sq42 in/itution ( ! wor%ip ( a m>tial gho/1 #cfc sq42 (f]+s ( food & dr9k to ! dead1 #cfd sq42 sacrifice ( pigs to gho/s 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cfe sq4 ,lecture ,,xvii4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,c5tral ,melanesia 7conclud$7 ,public sacrifices to gho/s 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 pp4 #cfg sq42 (f]+ ( fir/-fruits to gho/s1 #cfh sq42 private gho/s z di/+ui%$ f public gho/s1 #cfi sq42 fight+ gho/s kept z spiritual auxili>ies1 #cgj2 gho/s employ$ to make ! g>d5s gr[1 #cgj sq42 human sacrifices to gho/s1 #cga sq42 vic>i\s & o!r sacrifices to gho/s at ,saa 9 ,malanta1 #cgb sq42 (f]+s ( fir/-fruits to gho/s at ,saa1 #cgc sq42 vic>i\s sacrifices (f]$ = ! sick to gho/s 9 ,santa ,cruz1 #cgd2 ! dead repres5t$ by /ocks 9 ! h\ses1 #cgd2 native acc\nt ( sacrifices 9 ,santa ,cruz1 #cgd sq42 pray]s to ! dead1 #cgf sq42 sanctu>ies ( gho/s 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cgg-cgi2 gho/s lodg$ 9 animals1 birds1 & fi%1 especially 9 %>ks1 #cgi sq4 ,! belief 9 gho/s und]lies ! ,melanesian conception ( magic1 #chj sq42 sickness commonly caus$ by gho/s & cur$ by gho/-se]s1 #cha-chd2 contra/ betwe5 ,melanesian & ,european sy/ems ( m$ic9e1 #chd2 wea!r regulat$ by gho/s & spirits & by wea!r-doctors :o h ! e> ( gho/s & spirits1 #chd-chf2 wit*craft or black magic wr\ght by means ( gho/s1 #chf-chh2 prophets inspir$ by gho/s1 #chh sq42 div9ation op]at+ ?r\gh gho/s1 #chi sq42 taboos en=c$ by gho/s1 #cij sq42 g5]al influ5ce :i* a belief 9 ! survival ( ! s\l aft] dea? has ex]cis$ on ,melanesian life1 #cia sq4 ,lecture ,,xviii4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,melanesia ,! natives ( ,nor!rn ,melanesia or ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago 7,new ,brita91 ,new ,irel&1 etc471 _! mat]ial culture1 comm]cial habits1 & want ( regul> gov]nm5t1 pp4 #cic-cie2 _! !ory ( ! s\l1 #cie sq42 _! fe> ( gho/s1 #cif2 (f]+s to ! dead1 #cif sq42 burial cu/oms1 #cig sq42 pres]vation ( ! skulls1 #cih2 cu/oms & beliefs conc]n+ ! dead among ! ,sulka ( ,new ,brita91 #cih-djj1 among ! ,moanus ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s1 #djj sq4 & among ! natives ( ! ,kaniet ,isl&s1 #dja sq42 natural dea?s commonly attribut$ to sorc]y1 #djb2 div9ation to discov] ! sorc]] :o caus$ ! dea?1 #djb2 dea? cu/oms 9 ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl&1 curs+ ! sorc]]1 skulls pres]v$1 fea/s & dances1 #djc2 pray]s to ! dead1 #djc sq42 ! l& ( ! dead & ! fate ( ! dep>t$ s\ls1 h>d lot ( impecuni\s gho/s1 #djd-djf4 ,! natives ( ,ea/]n ,melanesia 7,fiji71 _! mat]ial culture & political con/itution1 #djf-djh2 means ( subsi/5ce1 #djh2 moral "*1 #djh sq42 sc5]y ( ! ,fijian isl&s1 #dji sq42 ! ,fijian doctr9e ( s\ls1 #daj-dab2 s\ls ( rascals caught 9 sc>ves1 #dab sq42 fe> ( sorc]y & precautions aga9/ x1 #dac sq42 b5eficial effect ( ! fe> 9 en=c+ habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess1 #dad2 fe> ( gho/s & cu/om ( driv+ !m away1 #dad sq42 kill+ a gho/1 #dae sq42 outwitt+ gr&fa!r's gho/1 #daf2 special relation ( gr&fa!r to gr&*ild1 #daf2 gr&fa!r's s\l reborn 9 8 gr&*ild1 #dag sq4 ,lecture ,,xix4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,ea/]n ,melanesia 7,fiji7 7cont9u$7 ,indiff]5ce ( ! ,fijians to dea?1 p4 #dai2 _! cu/om ( kill+ ! sick & ag$ ) ! cons5t ( ! victims1 #dai-dbd2 _! read9ess to die p>tly an effect ( _! belief 9 immortality1 #dbb sq42 wives /rangl$ or buri$ alive to accompany _! husb&s to ! _s l&1 #dbd-dbf2 s]vants & dep5dants kill$ to att5d _! dead lords1 #dbf2 sacrifices ( =esk9s & f+]s 9 hon\r ( dead *iefs1 #dbf sq42 boys circumcis$ 9 ord] to save ! lives ( _! fa!rs or fa!rs' bro!rs1 #dbg2 saturnalia att5d+ su* rites ( circumcision1 #dbg sq42 ! ,nanga1 or sacr$ enclosure ( /ones1 d$icat$ to ! wor%ip ( ance/ors1 #dbh sq42 fir/-fruits ( ! yams (f]$ to ! ance/ors 9 ! ,nanga1 #dbi2 initiation ( "y m5 9 ! ,nanga1 drama ( dea? & resurrection1 sacram5t ( food & wat]1 #dbi-dcb2 ! initiation foll[$ by a p]iod ( sexual lic5ce1 #dcc2 ! initiatory rites app>5tly int5d$ to introduce ! novices to ! ance/ral spirits & end[ !m ) ! p[]s ( ! dead1 #dcd sq42 ! rites seem to h be5 import$ into ,fiji by immigrants f ! we/1 #dce sq42 ! lic5ce att5d+ ^! rites p]haps a rev]sion to primitive communism = ! purpose ( propitiat+ ! ance/ral spirits1 #dcf sq42 description ( ! ,nanga or sacr$ enclosure ( /ones1 #dcg sq42 comp>ison ) ! cromle*s & o!r megali?ic monum5ts ( ,europe1 #dch4 ,lecture ,,xx4--,! ,belief 9 ,immortality among ! ,natives ( ,ea/]n ,melanesia 7,fiji7 7conclud$7 ,wor%ip ( p>5ts & o!r dead relations 9 ,fiji1 pp4 #dci sq42 ,fijian notion ( div9ity 7kal\71 #ddj2 two classes ( gods1 namely1 div9e gods & human gods or deifi$ m51 #ddj sq42 temples 7bures7 #dda sq42 wor%ip at ! temples1 #ddc2 prie/s 7betes71 _! oracul> inspiration by ! gods1 #ddc-ddf2 human sacrifices on v>i\s occasions1 su* z build+ a h\se or laun*+ a new canoe1 #ddf sq42 high e/imation 9 :i* manslaught] 0 held by ! ,fijians1 #ddg sq42 consecration ( manslay]s & re/rictions laid on !m1 probably f fe> ( ! gho/s ( _! victims1 #ddh sq42 c]ta9 fun]al cu/oms bas$ app>5tly on ! fe> ( gho/s1 #dej sqq42 p]sons :o h h&l$ a corpse =bidd5 to t\* food ) _! h&s1 #dej sq42 seclusion ( grav$igg]s1 #dea2 mutilations1 br&+s1 & fa/s 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #dea sq42 ! dead c>ri$ out ( ! h\se by a special op5+ to prev5t ! return ( ! gho/1 #deb-dfa2 ! o!r _w & ! way ?i!r1 #dfb sqq42 ! gho/ly f]ry1 #dfb sq42 ! gho/ & ! p&anus tree1 #dfc sq42 h>d fate ( ! unm>ri$ dead1 #dfd2 ! ,kill] ( ,s\ls1 #dfd sq42 gho/s precipitat$ into a lake1 #dfe sq42 ,murimuria1 an inf]ior sort ( heav51 #dff2 ! ,fijian ,elysium1 #dff sq42 transmigration & annihilation1 ! few t are sav$1 #dfg4 ,conclud+ obs]vations1 #dfg-dga2 /r5g? & univ]sality ( ! belief 9 immortality among savages1 #dfh2 ! /ate ( w> among savage & civilis$ peoples (t5 a direct consequ5ce ( ! belief 9 immortality1 #dfh sq42 economic loss involv$ 9 sacrifices to ! dead1 #dfi2 h[ does ! savage belief 9 immortality be> on ! tru? or falsehood ( t belief 9 g5]al8 #dfi2 ! answ] dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! view we take ( human nature1 #dfi-dga2 ! conclusion left op51 #dga4 ,note4--,my? ( ! ,cont9uance ( ,dea? ,index ,,lecture ,i ,,introduction ,sid5ote3 ,natural !ology1 & ! ?ree modes ( h&l+ x1 ! dogmatic1 ! philosophical1 & ! hi/orical4 ,! subject ( ^! lectures is a bran* ( natural !ology4 ,by natural !ology ,i und]/& t reason$ k ( a ,god or gods :i* man may be suppos$1 :e!r rightly or wrongly1 capable ( atta9+ to by ! ex]cise ( 8 natural faculties alone4 ,?us def9$1 ! subject may be treat$ 9 at lea/ ?ree diff]5t ways1 namely1 dogmatically1 philosophically1 & hi/orically4 ,we may simply /ate ! dogmas ( natural !ology :i* appe> to u to be true3 t is ! dogmatic me?od4 ,or1 secondly1 we may exam9e ! validity ( ! gr\nds on :i* ^! dogmas h be5 or may be ma9ta9$3 t is ! philosophic me?od4 ,or1 ?irdly1 we may cont5t ourselves ) describ+ ! v>i\s views :i* h be5 held on ! subject & trac+ _! orig9 & evolution 9 hi/ory3 t is ! hi/orical me?od4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree me?ods assumes ! tru? ( natural !ology1 ! second discusses x1 & ! ?ird nei!r assumes nor discusses b simply ignores x3 ! hi/orian z su* is n conc]n$ ) ! tru? or falsehood ( ! beliefs he describes1 8 bus9ess is m]ely to record !m & to track !m z f> z possible to _! s\rces4 ,n[ t ! subject ( natural !ology is ripe = a purely dogmatic treatm5t w h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be ma9ta9$ by any "o1 to :atev] s*ool ( ?\ght he may belong2 accord+ly t me?od ( treatm5t ne$ n occupy u fur!r4 ,f> o!rwise is x ) ! philosophic me?od :i* und]takes to enquire into ! tru? or falsehood ( ! belief 9 a ,god3 no me?od c\ld be m appropriate at a "t l ! pres5t1 :5 ! op9ions ( educat$ & ?\ghtful m5 on t pr(\nd topic are s unsettl$1 div]se1 & conflict+4 ,a philosophical treatm5t ( ! subject might comprise a discussion ( su* que/ions z :e!r a natural k ( ,god is possible to man1 &1 if possible1 by :at means & ?r\gh :at faculties x is atta9able2 :at are ! gr\nds = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,god2 &1 if ?is belief is ju/ifi$1 :at may be suppos$ to be 8 ess5tial nature & attributes1 & :at 8 relations to ! _w 9 g5]al & to man 9 p>ticul>4 ,n[ ,i desire to confess at once t an adequate discussion ( ^! & k9dr$ que/ions w\ld f> exce$ bo? my capacity & my k2 = he :o w\ld d ju/ice to s ardu\s an enquiry %\ld n only be end[$ ) a compreh5sive & p5etrat+ g5ius1 b %\ld possess a wide & accurate acqua9tance ) ! be/ accr$it$ results ( philosophic speculation & sci5tific rese>*4 ,to su* qualifications ,i c lay no claim1 & accord+ly ,i mu/ reg>d myself z unfitt$ = a purely philosophic treatm5t ( natural !ology4 ,to speak pla9ly1 ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god is too deep = me4 ,i d>e nei!r affirm nor d5y x4 ,i c only humbly confess my ignorance4 ,accord+ly1 if ,"l ,gif=d _h requir$ ( 8 lectur]s ei!r a dogmatic or a philosophical treatm5t ( natural !ology1 ,i c\ld n h und]tak5 to deliv] ! lectures4 ,sid5ote3 ,! me?od foll[$ 9 ^! lectures is ! hi/orical4 ,b 9 8 de$ ( f\ndation1 z ,i und]/& x1 ,"l ,gif=d left 8 lectur]s free to foll[ ! hi/orical r ?an ! dogmatic or ! philosophical me?od ( treatm5t4 ,he says3 ,! lectur]s %all be "u no re/ra9t :atev] 9 _! treatm5t ( _! !me3 = example1 !y may freely discuss 7& x may be well to d s7 all que/ions ab\t man's conceptions ( ,god or ! ,inf9ite1 _! orig91 nature1 & tru?4 ,9 mak+ ?is provision ! f\nd] appe>s to h all[$ & inde$ enc\rag$ ! lectur]s n only to discuss1 if !y *ose to d s1 ! philosophical basis ( a belief 9 ,god1 b also to set =? ! v>i\s conceptions ( ! div9e nature :i* h be5 held by m5 9 all ages & to trace !m to _! orig93 9 %ort1 he p]mitt$ & enc\rag$ ! lectur]s to compose a hi/ory ( natural !ology or ( "s "p ( x4 ,ev5 :5 x is ?us limit$ to its hi/orical aspect ! !me is too va/ to be ma/]$ completely by any "o man3 ! mo/ t a s+le enquir] c d is to take a g5]al b necess>ily sup]ficial survey ( ! :ole & to devote himself especially to ! inve/igation ( "s p>ticul> bran* or aspect ( ! subject4 ,?is ,i h done m or less = _m ye>s1 & accord+ly ,i ?9k t )\t be+ presumptu\s ,i may attempt1 9 compliance ) ,"l ,gif=d's wi%es & directions1 to lay be=e my he>]s a portion ( ! hi/ory ( religion to :i* ,i h paid p>ticul> att5tion4 ,t ! hi/orical /udy ( religi\s beliefs1 q ap>t f ! "q ( _! tru? or falsehood1 is bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive w h>dly be disput$ by any intellig5t & ?\ghtful enquir]4 ,:e!r !y h be5 well or ill f\nd$1 ^! beliefs h deeply influ5c$ ! conduct ( human affairs2 !y h furni%$ "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful1 p]si/5t1 & f>-rea*+ motives ( action2 !y h trans=m$ nations & alt]$ ! face ( ! globe4 ,no "o :o w\ld und]/& ! g5]al hi/ory ( mank9d c af=d to ignore ! annals ( religion4 ,if he does s1 he w inevitably fall into ! mo/ s]i\s misconceptions ev5 9 /udy+ bran*es ( human activity :i* might seem1 on a sup]ficial view1 to be q unaffect$ by religi\s consid]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,an hi/orical enquiry into ! evolution ( religion prejudices nei!r ! "q ( ! e?ical value ( religi\s practice nor ! "q ( ! tru? or falsehood ( religi\s belief4 ,!re=e to trace !ological & 9 g5]al religi\s ideas to _! s\rces & to foll[ !m ?r\gh all ! manifold influ5ces :i* !y h ex]t$ on ! de/9ies ( our race mu/ always be an object ( prime importance to ! hi/orian1 :atev] view he may take ( _! speculative tru? or e?ical value4 ,cle>ly we _c e/imate _! e?ical value until we h le>n$ ! modes 9 :i* !y h actually det]m9$ human conduct = good or evil3 9 o!r words1 we _c judge ( ! morality ( religi\s beliefs until we h asc]ta9$ _! hi/ory3 ! facts mu/ be kn[n be=e judgm5t c be pass$ on !m3 ! "w ( ! hi/orian mu/ prec$e ! "w ( ! morali/4 ,ev5 ! "q ( ! validity or tru? ( religi\s cre$s _c1 p]haps1 be :olly dissociat$ f ! "q ( _! orig94 ,if1 = example1 we discov] t doctr9es :i* we _h accept$ ) implicit fai? f tradition h _! close analogies 9 ! b>b>\s sup]/itions ( ignorant savages1 we c h>dly help suspect+ t our own *]i%$ doctr9es may h orig9at$ 9 ! simil> sup]/itions ( our rude =efa!rs2 & ! suspicion inevitably %akes ! confid5ce ) :i* we _h hi!rto reg>d$ ^! articles ( our fai?4 ,! d\bt ?us ca/ on our old cre$ is p]haps illogical1 s9ce ev5 if we %\ld discov] t ! cre$ did orig9ate 9 m]e sup]/ition1 9 o!r words1 t ! gr\nds on :i* x 0 fir/ adopt$ 7 false & absurd1 ?is discov]y w\ld n really disprove ! beliefs !mselves1 = x is p]fectly possible t a belief may be true1 ?\gh ! reasons alleg$ 9 fav\r ( x are false & absurd3 inde$ we may affirm ) great probability t a multitude ( human beliefs1 true 9 !mselves1 h be5 accept$ & def5d$ by millions ( p on gr\nds :i* _c be> exact inve/igation = a mom5t4 ,= example1 if ! facts ( savage life :i* x w be my duty to submit to y %\ld h ! effect ( mak+ ! belief 9 immortality look exce$+ly fooli%1 ^? ( my he>]s :o *]i% ! belief may console !mselves by reflect+ t1 z ,i h j po9t$ out1 a cre$ is n necess>ily false because "s ( ! reasons adduc$ 9 its fav\r are invalid1 because x has sometimes be5 support$ by ! despicable tricks ( vulg> impo/ure1 & because ! practices to :i* x has giv5 rise h (t5 be5 9 ! highe/ degree n only absurd b p]nici\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,yet su* an enquiry may %ake ! confid5ce ) :i* traditional beliefs h be5 held4 ,?us an hi/orical enquiry into ! orig9 ( religi\s cre$s _c1 /rictly speak+1 invalidate1 /ill less refute1 ! cre$s !mselves1 ?\gh x may1 & d\btless (t5 does weak5 ! confid5ce ) :i* !y are held4 ,?is weak5+ ( religi\s fai? z a consequ5ce ( a clos] scrut9y ( religi\s orig9s is unque/ionably a matt] ( great importance to ! community2 = society has be5 built & cem5t$ to a great ext5t on a f\ndation ( religion1 & x is impossible to loos5 ! cem5t & %ake ! f\ndation )\t endang]+ ! sup]/ructure4 ,! c&id hi/orian ( religion w n dissemble ! dang] incid5tal to 8 enquiries1 b nev]!less x is 8 duty to prosecute !m unfl9*+ly4 ,come :at may1 he mu/ asc]ta9 ! facts s f> z x is possible to d s2 hav+ done t1 he may leave to o!rs ! on]\s & delicate task ( adju/+ ! new k to ! practical ne$s ( mank9d4 ,! n>r[ way ( tru? may (t5 look d>k & ?reat5+1 & ! wayf>] may (t5 be we>y2 yet ev5 at ! d>ke/ & ! we>ie/ he w g =w>d 9 ! tru/1 if n 9 ! k1 t ! way w lead at la/ to light & to re/2 9 pla9 words1 t !re is no ultimate incompatibility betwe5 ! good & ! true4 ,sid5ote3 ,to discov] ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ,god we mu/ /udy ! beliefs ( primitive man4 ,n[ if we are inde$ to discov] ! orig9 ( man's conception ( ,god1 x is n suffici5t to analyse ! ideas :i* ! educat$ & enlight5$ portion ( mank9d ent]ta9 on ! subject at ! pres5t day2 = 9 great measure ^! ideas are traditional1 !y h be5 h&$ d[n ) little or no indep5d5t reflection or enquiry f g5]ation to g5]ation2 h5ce 9 ord] to detect !m 9 _! inception x becomes necess>y to pu% our analysis f> back into ! pa/4 ,l>ge mat]ials = su* an hi/orical enquiry are provid$ = u 9 ! lit]ature ( anci5t nations :i*1 ?\gh (t5 sadly mutilat$ & imp]fect1 has surviv$ to mod]n times & ?r[s mu* preci\s light on ! religi\s beliefs & practices ( ! peoples :o creat$ x4 ,b ! anci5ts !mselves inh]it$ a great "p ( _! religion f _! prehi/oric ance/ors1 & accord+ly x becomes desirable to inve/igate ! religi\s notions ( ^! remote =efa!rs ( mank9d1 s9ce 9 !m we may hope at la/ to arrive at ! ultimate s\rce1 ! hi/orical orig91 ( ! :ole long developm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beliefs ( primitive man c only be und]/ood ?r\gh a comp>ative /udy ( ! v>i\s races 9 ! l[] /ages ( culture4 ,b h[ c ?is be done8 h[ c we inve/igate ! ideas ( peoples :o1 ignorant ( writ+1 _h no means ( p]man5tly record+ _! beliefs8 ,at fir/ sight ! ?+ seems impossible2 ! ?read ( enquiry is brok5 (f %ort2 x has l&$ u on ! br9k ( a gulf :i* looks impassable4 ,b ! case is n s hopeless z x appe>s4 ,true1 we _c inve/igate ! beliefs ( prehi/oric ages directly1 b ! comp>ative me?od ( rese>* may furni% u ) ! means ( /udy+ !m indirectly2 x may hold up to u a mirror 9 :i*1 if we d n see ! orig9als1 we may p]haps contemplate _! reflections4 ,= a comp>ative /udy ( ! v>i\s races ( mank9d demon/rates1 or at lea/ r5d]s x highly probable1 t humanity has ev]y:]e />t$ at an exce$+ly l[ level ( culture1 a level f> b5ea? t ( ! l[e/ exi/+ savages1 & t f ?is humble beg9n+ all ! v>i\s races ( m5 h gradually progress$ upw>d at diff]5t rates1 "s fa/] & "s sl[]1 till !y h atta9$ ! p>ticul> /age :i* ea* ( !m occupies at ! pres5t "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( /udy+ ! beliefs & cu/oms ( savages1 if we are to und]/& ! evolution ( culture 9 g5]al4 ,if ?is conclusion is correct1 ! v>i\s /ages ( savag]y & b>b>ism on :i* _m tribes & peoples n[ /& repres5t1 broadly speak+1 s _m degrees ( ret>d$ social & intellectual developm5t1 !y correspond to simil> /ages :i* ! ance/ors ( ! civilis$ races may be suppos$ to h pass$ ?r\gh at m or less remote p]iods ( _! hi/ory4 ,?us :5 we arrange all ! kn[n peoples ( ! _w accord+ to ! degree ( _! savag]y or civilisation 9 a graduat$ scale ( culture1 we obta9 n m]ely a comp>ative view ( _! relative positions 9 ! scale1 b also 9 "s measure an hi/orical record ( ! g5etic developm5t ( culture f a v e>ly "t d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,h5ce a /udy ( ! savage & b>b>\s races ( mank9d is ( ! greate/ importance = a full und]/&+ ( ! beliefs & practices1 :e!r religi\s1 social1 moral1 or political1 ( ! mo/ civilis$ races1 includ+ our own1 s9ce x is practically c]ta9 t a l>ge "p ( ^! beliefs & practices orig9at$ ) our savage ance/ors1 & has be5 inh]it$ by u f !m1 ) m or less ( modification1 ?r\gh a long l9e ( int]m$iate g5]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ne$ is all ! m urg5t because savages are rapidly disappe>+ or be+ trans=m$4 ,t is :y ! /udy ( exi/+ savages at ! pres5t day engrosses s mu* ( ! att5tion ( civilis$ peoples4 ,we see t if we are to compreh5d n only our pa/ hi/ory b our pres5t condition1 ) all its _m intricate & p]plex+ problems1 we mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+ by attempt+ to discov] ! m5tal /ate ( our savage =efa!rs1 :o bequea!d to u s mu* ( ! fai?s1 ! laws1 & ! in/itutions :i* we /ill *]i%2 & m & m m5 are com+ to p]ceive t ! only way op5 to u ( do+ ?is effectually is to /udy ! m5tal /ate ( savages :o to ?is day occupy a /ate ( culture analog\s to t ( our rude prog5itors4 ,?r\gh contact ) civilisation ^! savages are n[ rapidly disappe>+1 or at lea/ los+ ! old habits & ideas :i* r5d] !m a docum5t ( priceless hi/orical value = u4 ,h5ce we h e motive = prosecut+ ! /udy ( savag]y ) ard\r & dilig5ce be=e x is too late1 be=e ! record is gone = ev]4 ,we are l an heir ^: title-de$s mu/ be scrut9is$ be=e he c take possession ( ! inh]itance1 b :o f9ds ! h&writ+ ( ! de$s s fad+ & evanesc5t t x ?reat5s to disappe> entirely be=e he c read ! docum5t to ! end4 ,) :at ke5 att5tion1 :at eag] ha/e1 w\ld he n scan ! fa/-vani%+ *>act]s8 ,) ! l att5tion & ! l ha/e civilis$ m5 are n[ apply+ !mselves to ! inve/igation ( ! fa/-vani%+ savages4 ,sid5ote3 ,savage religion is to be ! subject ( ^! lectures4 ,?us if we are to trace hi/orically man's conception ( ,god to its orig91 x is desirable1 or r ess5tial1 t we %\ld beg9 by /udy+ ! mo/ primitive ideas on ! subject :i* are accessible to u1 & ! mo/ primitive ideas are unque/ionably ^? ( ! l[e/ savages4 ,accord+ly 9 ^! lectures ,i propose to deal ) a p>ticul> side or aspect ( savage religion4 ,i %all n tr5* on ! sph]e ( ! high] religions1 n only because my k ( !m is = ! mo/ "p v slight1 b also because ,i believe t a se>*+ /udy ( ! high] & m complex religions %\ld be po/pon$ till we h acquir$ an accurate k ( ! l[] & simpl]4 ,= a simil> reason ! /udy ( inorganic *emi/ry naturally prec$es ! /udy ( organic *emi/ry1 because inorganic comp\nds are mu* simpl] & !re=e m easily analys$ & inve/igat$ ?an organic comp\nds4 ,s ) ! *emi/ry ( ! m9d2 we %\ld analyse ! comp>atively simple ph5om5a ( savage ?\ght into its con/itu5t elem5ts be=e we attempt to p]=m a simil> op]ation on ! va/ly m complex ph5om5a ( civilis$ beliefs4 ,sid5ote3 ,b only a "p ( savage religion w be dealt )4 ,b :ile ,i %all conf9e myself rigidly to ! field ( savage religion1 ,i %all n attempt to pres5t y ) a complete survey ev5 ( t re/rict$ area1 & t = m reasons ?an "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! !me1 ev5 ) ?is great limitation1 is f> too l>ge to be adequately set =? 9 ! "t at my disposal2 ! sket*--= x c\ld be no m ?an a sket*--w\ld be necess>ily sup]ficial & probably mislead+4 ,9 ! second place1 ev5 a sket* ( primitive religion 9 g5]al ought to presuppose 9 ! sket*] a fairly complete k ( ! :ole subject1 s t all ! p>ts may appe>1 n inde$ 9 detail1 b 9 _! prop] relative proportions4 ,n[ ?\gh ,i h giv5 altoge!r a good deal ( "t to ! /udy ( primitive religion1 ,i am f> f hav+ /udi$ x 9 all its bran*es1 & ,i c\ld n tru/ myself to give an accurate g5]al acc\nt ( x ev5 9 outl9e2 7 ,i to attempt su* a ?+ ,i %\ld almo/ c]ta9ly fall1 ?r\gh %e] ignorance or inadv]t5ce1 into ! mi/ake ( exagg]at+ "s features1 unduly dim9i%+ o!rs1 & omitt+ c]ta9 ess5tial features altoge!r4 ,h5ce x seems to me bett] n to commit myself to s ambiti\s an ent]prise b to conf9e myself 9 my lectures1 z ,i h always done 9 my writ+s1 to a comp>atively m9ute inve/igation ( c]ta9 special aspects or =ms ( primitive religion r ?an attempt to embrace 9 a g5]al view ! :ole ( t l>ge subject4 ,su* a relatively detail$ /udy ( a s+le comp>tm5t may be less attractive & m t$i\s ?an a bird's-eye view ( a wid] area2 b 9 ! end x may p]haps prove a m solid contribution to k4 ,sid5ote3 ,introductory obs]vations4 ,! "q ( a sup]natural revelation exclud$4 ,b be=e ,i come to details ,i wi% to make a few g5]al introductory rem>ks1 & 9 p>ticul> to def9e "s ( ! t]ms :i* ,i %all h occasion to use 9 ! lectures4 ,i h def9$ natural !ology z t reason$ k ( a ,god or gods :i* man may be suppos$1 :e!r rightly or wrongly1 capable ( atta9+ to by ! ex]cise ( 8 natural faculties alone4 ,:e!r !re ev] has be5 or c be a special miracul\s revelation ( ,god to man ?r\gh *annels diff]5t f ^? ?r\gh :i* all o!r human k is d]iv$1 is a "q :i* does n conc]n u 9 ^! lectures2 inde$ x is expressly exclud$ f _! scope by ! w ( ! f\nd]1 :o direct$ ! lectur]s to treat ! subject z a /rictly natural sci5ce1 )\t ref]5ce to or reliance ^u any suppos$ special exceptional or s-call$ miracul\s revelation4 ,accord+ly1 9 compliance ) ^! directions1 ,i dismiss at ! outset ! "q ( a revelation1 & %all limit myself /rictly to natural !ology 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h def9$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ology & religion1 h[ relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,i h call$ natural !ology a reason$ k ( a ,god or gods to di/+ui% x f t simple & comp>atively1 ?\gh ,i believe nev] absolutely1 unreason+ fai? 9 ,god :i* suffices = ! practice ( religion4 ,= !ology is at once m & less ?an religion3 if on ! "o h& x includes a m complete acqua9tance ) ! gr\nds ( religi\s belief ?an is ess5tial to religion1 on ! o!r h& x excludes ! obs]vance ( ^? practical duties :i* are indisp5sable to any religion wor?y ( ! "n4 ,9 %ort1 :]eas !ology is purely !oretical1 religion is bo? !oretical & practical1 ?\gh ! !oretical "p ( x ne$ n be s highly develop$ z 9 !ology4 ,b :ile ! subject ( ! lectures is1 /rictly speak+1 natural !ology r ?an natural religion1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be n only difficult b undesirable to conf9e our att5tion to ! purely !ological or !oretical "p ( natural religion3 9 all religions1 & n lea/ 9 ! undevelop$ savage religions ) :i* we %all deal1 !ory & practice fuse ) & int]act on ea* o!r too closely to be =cibly disjo9$ & h&l$ ap>t4 ,h5ce ?r\gh\t ! lectures ,i %all n scruple to ref] con/antly to religi\s practice z well z to religi\s !ory1 )\t feel+ t !reby ,i am transgress+ ! prop] limits ( my subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t]m ,god def9$4 ,z !ology is n only by def9ition b by etymology a reason$ k or !ory ( a ,god or gods1 x becomes desirable1 be=e we proce$ fur!r1 to def9e ! s5se 9 :i* ,i und]/& & %all employ ! ^w ,god4 ,t s5se is nei!r novel nor ab/ruse2 x is simply ! s5se :i* ,i believe ! g5]ality ( mank9d atta* to ! t]m4 ,by a ,god ,i und]/& a sup]human & sup]natural be+1 ( a spiritual & p]sonal nature1 :o controls ! _w or "s "p ( x on ! :ole = good1 & :o is end[$ ) intellectual faculties1 moral feel+s1 & active p[]s1 :i* we c only conceive on ! analogy ( human faculties1 feel+s1 & activities1 ?\gh we are b\nd to suppose t 9 ! div9e nature !y exi/ 9 high] degrees1 p]haps 9 inf9itely high] degrees1 ?an ! correspond+ faculties1 feel+s1 & activities ( man4 ,9 %ort1 by a ,god ,i mean a b5efic5t sup]natural _s1 ! rul] ( ! _w or ( "s "p ( x1 :o resembles man 9 nature ?\gh he excels him 9 k1 goodness1 & p[]4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ord9>y man speaks ( a ,god1 & ,i believe t he is "r 9 s do+4 ,i am aw>e t x has be5 n unusual1 especially p]haps ( late ye>s1 to apply ! "n ( ,god to v diff]5t conceptions1 to empty x ( all implication ( p]sonality1 & to r$uce x to signify+ some?+ v l>ge & v vague1 su* z ! ,inf9ite or ! ,absolute 7:atev] ^! h>d words may signify71 ! great ,fir/ ,cause1 ! ,univ]sal ,sub/ance1 ! /ream ( t5d5cy by :i* all ?+s seek to fulfil ! law ( _! be+1#a & s =?4 ,n[ )\t express+ any op9ion z to ! tru? or falsehood ( ! views impli$ by su* applications ( ! "n ( ,god1 ,i _c b reg>d !m all z illegitimate ext5sions ( ! t]m1 9 %ort z an abuse ( language1 & ,i v5ture to prote/ aga9/ x 9 ! int]e/ n only ( v]bal accuracy b ( cle> ?9k+1 because x is apt to conceal f ourselves & o!rs a real & v important *ange ( ?\ght3 9 p>ticul> x may lead _m to imag9e t ! p]sons :o use ! "n ( ,god 9 "o or o!r ( ^! ext5d$ s5ses reta9 c]ta9 !ological op9ions :i* !y may 9 fact h long ab&on$4 ,?us ! misuse ( ! "n ( ,god may resemble ! /ratagem 9 w> ( putt+ up dummies to make an enemy imag9e t a =t is /ill held aft] x has be5 evacuat$ by ! g>rison4 ,i am f> f alleg+ or ins9uat+ t ! illegitimate ext5sion ( ! div9e "n is delib]ately employ$ by !ologians or o!rs = ! purpose ( mask+ a *ange ( front2 b t x may h t effect seems at lea/ possible4 ,& z we _c use words 9 wrong s5ses )\t runn+ a s]i\s risk ( deceiv+ ourselves z well z o!rs1 x appe>s bett] on all acc\nts to adh]e /rictly to ! common mean+ ( ! "n ( ,god z signify+ a p[]ful sup]natural & on ! :ole b5efic5t _s1 ak9 9 nature to man2 & if any ( u h ceas$ to believe 9 su* a be+ we %\ld refra9 f apply+ ! old ^w to ! new fai?1 & %\ld f9d "s o!r & m appropriate t]m to express our mean+4 ,at all ev5ts1 speak+ = myself1 ,i int5d to use ! "n ( ,god consi/5tly 9 ! famili> s5se1 & ,i w\ld beg my he>]s to be> ?is /eadily 9 m9d4 ,sid5ote3 ,mono!ism & poly!ism4 ,y w h obs]v$ t ,i h spok5 ( natural !ology z a reason$ k ( a ,god or gods4 ,!re is inde$ no?+ 9 ! def9ition ( ,god :i* ,i h adopt$ to imply t he is unique1 9 o!r words1 t !re is only "o ,god r ?an sev]al or _m gods4 ,x is true t mod]n ,european ?9k]s1 br$ 9 a mono!i/ic religion1 commonly ov]look poly!ism z a crude !ory unwor?y ! s]i\s att5tion ( philosoph]s2 9 %ort1 ! *ampions & ! assailants ( religion 9 ,europe alike = ! mo/ "p tacitly assume t !re is ei!r "o ,god or none4 ,yet "s highly civilis$ nations ( antiquity & ( mod]n times1 su* z ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 & ! mod]n ,*9ese & ,h9doos1 h accept$ ! poly!i/ic explanation ( ! _w1 & z no reasonable man w d5y ! philosophical subtlety ( ! ,greeks & ! ,h9doos1 to say no?+ ( ! re/1 a !ory ( ! univ]se :i* has comm5d$ itself to !m des]ves p]haps m consid]ation ?an x has commonly receiv$ f ,we/]n philosoph]s2 c]ta9ly x _c be ignor$ 9 an hi/orical enquiry into ! orig9 ( religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,a natural k ( ,god c only be acquir$ by exp]i5ce4 ,if !re is su* a ?+ z natural !ology1 t is1 a k ( a ,god or gods acquir$ by our natural faculties alone )\t ! aid ( a special revelation1 x foll[s t x mu/ be obta9$ by "o or o!r ( ! me?ods by :i* all our natural k is convey$ to u4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ^! me?ods are two 9 numb]1 namely1 intuition & exp]i5ce4 ,n[ if we ask ourselves1 ,d we "k ,god intuitively 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* we "k intuitively our own s5sations & ! simple/ tru?s ( ma!matics1 ,i ?9k mo/ m5 w ackn[l$ge t !y d n4 ,x is true t accord+ to ,b]keley ! _w exi/s only z x is p]ceiv$1 & t our p]ceptions ( x are produc$ by ! imm$iate action ( ,god on our m9ds1 s t ev]y?+ we p]ceive might be describ$1 if n z an idea 9 ! m9d ( ! deity1 at lea/ z a direct emanation f him4 ,on ?is !ory we might 9 a s5se be said to h an imm$iate k ( ,god4 ,b ,b]keley's !ory has f\nd little acceptance1 s f> z ,i "k1 ev5 among philosoph]s2 & ev5 if we reg>d$ x z true1 we %\ld /ill h to admit t ! k ( ,god impli$ by x is inf]5tial r ?an intuitive 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w3 we inf] ,god to be ! cause ( our p]ceptions r ?an id5tify him ) ! p]ceptions !mselves4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i conclude t man1 or at all ev5ts ! ord9>y man1 has1 prop]ly speak+1 no imm$iate or intuitive k ( ,god1 & t1 if he obta9s1 )\t ! aid ( revelation1 any k ( him at all1 x c only be ?r\gh ! o!r natural *annel ( k1 t is1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 exp]i5ce1 z di/9ct f intuition1 we rea* our conclusions n directly ?r\gh simple contemplation ( ! p>ticul> s5sations1 emotions1 or ideas ( :i* we are at ! mom5t consci\s1 b indirectly by call+ up be=e ! imag9ation & comp>+ ) ea* o!r our memories ( a v>iety ( s5sations1 emotions1 or ideas ( :i* we h be5 consci\s 9 ! pa/1 & by select+ or ab/ract+ f ! m5tal images s comp>$ ! po9ts 9 :i* !y resemble ea* o!r4 ,! po9ts ( resemblance ?us select$ or ab/ract$ f a numb] ( p>ticul>s compose :at we call an ab/ract or g5]al idea1 & f a comp>ison ( su* ab/ract or g5]al ideas ) ea* o!r we arrive at g5]al conclusions1 :i* def9e ! relations ( ! ideas to ea* o!r4 ,exp]i5ce 9 g5]al consi/s 9 ! :ole body ( conclusions ?us d$uc$ f a comp>ison ( all ! p>ticul> s5sations1 emotions1 & ideas :i* make up ! consci\s life ( ! individual4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to con/itute exp]i5ce ! m9d has to p]=m a m or less complex s]ies ( op]ations1 :i* are commonly ref]r$ to c]ta9 m5tal faculties1 su* z memory1 imag9ation1 & judgm5t4 ,?is analysis ( exp]i5ce does n pret5d to be philosophically complete or exact2 b p]haps x is suffici5tly accurate = ! purpose ( ^! lectures1 ! scope ( :i* is n philosophical b hi/orical4 ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( exp]i5ce1 ! exp]i5ce ( our own m9d & ! exp]i5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,n[ exp]i5ce 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w may be conv5i5tly di/+ui%$ into two sorts1 ! exp]i5ce ( our own m9d & ! exp]i5ce ( an ext]nal _w4 ,! di/9ction is inde$1 l ! o!rs ) :i* ,i am deal+ at pres5t1 r practically useful ?an !oretically s\nd2 c]ta9ly x w\ld n be grant$ by all philosoph]s1 = _m ( !m h held t we nei!r h nor ) our pres5t faculties c possibly atta9 to any imm$iate k or p]ception ( an ext]nal _w1 we m]ely inf] its exi/5ce f our own s5sations1 :i* are z /rictly a "p ( our m9d z ! ideas & emotions ( our wak+ life or ! visions ( sleep4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! exi/5ce ( matt] or ( an ext]nal _w is1 s f> z we are conc]n$1 m]ely an hypo!sis devis$ to expla9 ! ord] ( our s5sations2 x nev] has be5 p]ceiv$ by any man1 woman1 or *ild :o ev] liv$ on e>?2 we h & c h no imm$iate k or p]ception ( any?+ b ! /ates & op]ations ( our own m9d4 ,on ?is !ory :at we call ! _w1 ) all its suppos$ inf9itudes ( space & "t1 its sy/ems ( suns & planets1 its seem+ly endless =ms ( inorganic matt] & organic life1 %rivels up1 on a close inspection1 into a fleet+1 a mom5t>y figm5t ( ?\ght4 ,x is l "o ( ^? glass baubles1 iridesc5t ) a ?\s& v>i$ & delicate hues1 :i* a s+le t\* suffices to %att] into du/4 ,! philosoph]1 l ! sorc]]1 has b to wave 8 magic w&1 ,&1 l ! baseless fabric ( ?is vision1 ,! cl\d-capp$ t[]s1 ! gorge\s palaces1 ,! solemn temples1 ! great globe itself1 ,yea1 all :i* x inh]it1 %all dissolve ,&1 l ?is insub/antial pageant fad$1 ,leave n a rack beh9d4 ,we are su* /uff ,z dreams are made on1 & our little life ,is r\nd$ ) a sleep4 ,sid5ote3 ,! di/9ction r popul> & conv5i5t ?an philosophically /rict4 ,x w\ld be beyond my prov9ce1 ev5 if x 7 )9 my p[]1 to discuss ^! airy speculations1 & !reby to desc5d into ! ar5a :]e = ages subtle dialecticians h battl$ ) ea* o!r ov] ! reality or unreality ( an ext]nal _w4 ,= my purpose x suffices to adopt ! popul> & conv5i5t di/9ction ( m9d & matt] & h5ce to divide exp]i5ce into two sorts1 an inw>d exp]i5ce ( ! acts & /ates ( our own m9ds1 & an outw>d exp]i5ce ( ! acts & /ates ( t physical univ]se by :i* we seem to be surr\nd$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! k or conception ( ,god has be5 atta9$ bo? by inw>d & by outw>d exp]i5ce4 ,n[ if a natural k ( ,god is only possible by means ( exp]i5ce1 9 o!r words1 by a process ( reason+ bas$ on obs]vation1 x w foll[ t su* a k may conceivably be acquir$ ei!r by ! way ( inw>d or ( outw>d exp]i5ce2 9 o!r words1 x may be atta9$ ei!r by reflect+ on ! processes ( our own m9ds or by obs]v+ ! processes ( ext]nal nature4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 if we survey ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 mank9d appe>s to h arriv$ at a k1 or at all ev5ts at a conception1 ( deity by bo? ^! roads4 ,let me say a few words z to ! two roads :i* lead1 or seem to lead1 man to ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conception ( ,god is atta9$ by inw>d exp]i5ce1 t is1 by ! obs]vation ( c]ta9 rem>kable ?\ghts & feel+s :i* are attribut$ to ! inspiration ( a deity4 ,practical dang]s ( ! !ory ( inspiration4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 m5 9 _m l&s & _m ages h exp]i5c$ c]ta9 extraord9>y emotions & ent]ta9$ c]ta9 extraord9>y ideas1 :i*1 unable to acc\nt = !m by ref]5ce to ! ord9>y =ms ( exp]i5ce1 !y h set d[n to ! direct action ( a p[]ful _s or deity work+ on _! m9ds & ev5 ent]+ into & tak+ possession ( _! bodies2 & 9 ?is excit$ /ate--= viol5t excitem5t is *>act]i/ic ( ^! manife/ations--! pati5t believes himself to be possess$ ( sup]natural k & sup]natural p[]4 ,?is real or suppos$ mode ( appreh5d+ a div9e _s & ent]+ into communion ) x1 is commonly & appropriately call$ inspiration4 ,! ph5om5on is famili> to u f ! example ( ! ,hebrew nation1 :o believ$ t _! prophets 7 ?us inspir$ by ! deity1 & t _! sacr$ books 7 regul>ly compos$ "u ! div9e afflatus4 ,! belief is by no means s+ul>1 inde$ x appe>s to be _w-wide2 = x w\ld be h>d to po9t to any race ( m5 among :om in/ances ( su* inspiration h n be5 report$2 & ! m ignorant & savage ! race ! m num]\s1 to judge by ! reports1 are ! cases ( inspiration4 ,volumes might be fill$ ) examples1 b ?r\gh ! spread ( in=mation z to ! l[] races 9 rec5t ye>s ! topic has become s famili> t ,i ne$ n /op to illu/rate x by in/ances4 ,i w m]ely say t among savages ! !ory ( inspiration or possession is commonly invok$ to expla9 all abnormal m5tal /ates1 p>ticul>ly insanity or conditions ( m9d bord]+ on x1 s t p]sons m or less craz$ 9 _! wits1 & p>ticul>ly hy/]ical or epileptic pati5ts1 are = t v reason ?\ght to be peculi>ly fav\r$ by ! spirits & are !re=e consult$ z oracles1 _! wild & :irl+ words pass+ = ! revelations ( a high] p[]1 :e!r a god or a gho/1 :o consid]ately scre5s 8 too dazzl+ light "u a ?ick veil ( d>k say+s & my/]i\s ejaculations4#b ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out ! v s]i\s dang]s :i* m5ace any society :]e su* !ories are commonly held & act$ ^u4 ,if ! decisions ( a :ole community 9 matt]s ( ! grave/ importance are left to turn on ! wayw>d fancies1 ! :ims & vag>ies ( ! insane or ! semi-insane1 :at are likely to be ! consequ5ces to ! commonweal?8 ,:at1 = example1 c be expect$ to result f a w> ent]$ ^u at su* dictation & wag$ "u su* auspices8 ,are cattle-bre$+1 agriculture1 comm]ce1 all ! arts ( life on :i* a p dep5d = _! subsi/5ce1 likely to ?rive :5 !y are direct$ by ! rav+s ( epilepsy or ! drivell+s ( hy/]ia8 ,defeat 9 battle1 conque/ by enemies1 dea? by fam9e & widespread disease1 ^! & a ?\s& o!r less] evils ?reat5 ! bl9d p :o commit !mselves to su* bl9d guides4 ,! hi/ory ( savage & b>b>\s tribes1 c\ld we foll[ x ?r\gh\t1 might furni% u ) a ?\s& w>n+ in/ances ( ! fatal effects ( c>ry+ out ?is crude !ory ( inspiration to its logical conclusions2 & if we he> less ?an might be expect$ ( su* in/ances1 x is probably because ! tribes :o consi/5tly act$ up to _! beliefs h !reby wip$ !mselves out ( exi/5ce3 !y h p]i%$ ! victims ( _! folly & left no record beh9d4 ,i believe t hi/orians h n yet reckon$ suffici5tly ) ! disa/r\s influ5ce :i* ?is wor%ip ( insanity1--= x is (t5 no?+ less--has ex]cis$ on ! =tunes ( peoples & on ! developm5t or decay ( _! in/itutions4 ,sid5ote3 ,! belief 9 inspiration leads to ! wor%ip ( liv+ m5 z gods4 ,outw>d exp]i5ce z a s\rce ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 h[ev]1 ! evil has provid$ its own rem$y4 ,= m5 ( /rong heads & ambiti\s temp]1 p]ceiv+ ! exorbitant p[] :i* a belief 9 inspiration places 9 ! h&s ( ! feeble-m9d$1 h (t5 feign$ to be simil>ly afflict$1 & trad+ on _! reputation = imbecility1 or r inspiration1 h acquir$ an au?ority ov] _! fell[s :i*1 ?\gh !y h (t5 abus$ x = vulg> ends1 !y h sometimes ex]t$ = good1 z = example by giv+ s\nd advice 9 matt]s ( public conc]n1 apply+ salut>y rem$ies to ! sick1 & detect+ & puni%+ crime1 :]eby !y h help$ to pres]ve ! commonweal?1 to alleviate suff]+1 & to cem5t t respect = law & ord] :i* is ess5tial to ! /ability ( society1 & )\t :i* any community mu/ fall to pieces l a h\se ( c>ds4 ,^! great s]vices h be5 r5d]$ to ! cause ( civilisation & progress by ! class ( m5 :o 9 primitive society are v>i\sly kn[n z m$ic9e-m51 magicians1 sorc]]s1 div9]s1 soo?say]s1 & s =?4 ,sometimes ! respect :i* !y h ga9$ by ! ex]cise ( _! pr(ession has won = !m political z well z spiritual or gho/ly au?ority2 9 %ort1 f be+ simple m$ic9e-m5 or sorc]]s !y h gr[n into *iefs & k+s4 ,:5 su* m51 seat$ on ! ?rone ( /ate1 reta9 _! old reputation = be+ ! vehicles ( a div9e _s1 !y may be wor%ipp$ 9 ! "* ( gods z well z rev]$ 9 ! capacity ( k+s2 & ?us ex]t+ a two-fold sway ov] ! m9ds ( m5 !y possess a mo/ pot5t in/rum5t = elevat+ or depress+ ! =tunes ( _! wor%ipp]s & subjects4 ,9 ?is way ! old savage notion ( inspiration or possession gradually develops into ! doctr9e ( ! div9ity ( k+s1 :i* aft] a long p]iod ( floresc5ce dw9dles away into ! mode/ !ory t k+s reign by div9e "r1 a !ory famili> to our ance/ors n long ago1 & p]haps n :olly obsolete among u ev5 n[4 ,h[ev]1 inspir$ m5 ne$ n always blossom out into div9e k+s2 !y may1 & (t5 d1 rema9 9 ! *rysalis /ate ( simple deities rev]$ by _! simple wor%ipp]s1 _! br[s encircl$ inde$ ) a halo ( div9ity b n weight$ ) ! m solid sub/ance ( a k+ly cr[n4 ,?us c]ta9 extraord9>y m5tal /ates1 :i* ^? :o exp]i5ce & ^? :o witness !m _c acc\nt = 9 any o!r way1 are (t5 expla9$ by ! suppos$ int]position ( a _s or deity4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! two =ms ( exp]i5ce by :i* m5 atta91 or imag9e t !y atta91 to a k ( ,god & a communion ) him4 ,x is :at ,i h call$ ! road ( inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,let u n[ glance at ! o!r =m ( exp]i5ce :i* leads1 or seems to lead1 to ! same goal4 ,x is :at ,i h call$ ! road ( outw>d exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,t5d5cy ( ! m9d to se>* = causes1 & ! necessity = _! discov]y4 ,:5 we contemplate ! seem+ly inf9ite v>iety1 ! endless succession1 ( ev5ts t pass "u our obs]vation 9 :at we call ! ext]nal _w1 we are l$ by an irresi/ible t5d5cy to trace :at we call a causal connexion betwe5 !m4 ,! t5d5cy to discov] ! causes ( ?+s appe>s inde$ to be innate 9 ! con/itution ( our m9ds & indisp5sable to our cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,x is ! l9k t arre/s & colligates into conv5i5t bundles ! mass ( p>ticul>s drift+ pell-mell pa/ on ! /ream ( s5sation2 x is ! cem5t t b9ds into an edifice seem+ly ( adamant ! loose s& ( isolat$ p]ceptions4 ,depriv$ ( ! k :i* ?is t5d5cy procures = u we %\ld be p[]less to =esee ! succession ( ph5om5a & s to adapt ourselves to x4 ,we %\ld be bewild]$ by ! app>5t disord] & confusion ( ev]y?+1 we %\ld toss on a sea )\t a rudd]1 we %\ld w&] 9 an endless maze )\t a clue1 & f9d+ no way out ( x1 or1 9 pla9 words1 unable to avoid a s+le "o ( ! dang]s :i* m5ace u at e turn1 we %\ld inevitably p]i%4 ,accord+ly ! prop5sity to se>* = causes is *>act]i/ic ( man 9 all ages & at all levels ( culture1 ?\gh )\t d\bt x is f> m highly develop$ 9 civilis$ ?an 9 savage communities4 ,among savages x is m or less unconsci\s & in/9ctive2 among civilis$ m5 x is delib]ately cultivat$ & rew>d$ at lea/ by ! applause ( _! fell[s1 by ! dignity1 if n by ! m solid recomp5ses1 ( le>n+4 ,inde$ z civilisation progresses ! enquiry into causes t5ds to absorb m & m ( ! highe/ intellectual en]gies ( a p2 & an ev] great] numb] ( m51 r5\nc+ ! bu/le1 ! pleasures1 & ! ambitions ( an active life1 devote !mselves exclusively to ! pursuit ( ab/ract tru?2 !y set !mselves to discov] ! causes ( ?+s1 to trace ! regul>ity & ord] t may be suppos$ to und]lie ! seem+ly irregul>1 confus$1 & arbitr>y sequ5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,unque/ionably ! progress ( civilisation owes mu* to ! su/a9$ ef=ts ( su* m51 & if ( late ye>s & )9 our own memory ! pace ( progress has s5sibly quick5$1 we %all p]haps n err 9 suppos+ t "s "p at lea/ ( ! accel]ation may be acc\nt$ = by an increase 9 ! numb] ( lifelong /ud5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! idea ( cause is simply t ( inv>iable sequ5ce sugge/$ by ! obs]vation ( _m p>ticul> cases ( sequ5ce4 ,n[ :5 we analyse ! conception ( a cause to ! bottom1 we f9d z ! la/ residuum 9 our crucible no?+ b :at ,hume f\nd !re long ago1 & t is simply ! idea ( inv>iable sequ5ce4 ,:5ev] we say t some?+ is ! cause ( some?+ else1 all t we really mean is t ! latt] is inv>iably prec$$ by ! =m]1 s t :5ev] we f9d ! second1 :i* we call ! effect1 we may inf] t ! fir/1 :i* we call ! cause1 has gone be=e x4 ,all su* inf]5ces f effects to causes are bas$ on exp]i5ce2 hav+ obs]v$ a c]ta9 sequ5ce ( ev5ts a c]ta9 numb] ( times1 we conclude t ! ev5ts are s conjo9$ t ! latt] _c occur )\t ! previ\s occurr5ce ( ! =m]4 ,a s+le case ( two ev5ts foll[+ ea* o!r c\ld n ( itself sugge/ t ! "o ev5t is ! cause ( ! o!r1 s9ce !re is no necess>y l9k betwe5 !m 9 ! m9d2 ! sequ5ce has to be repeat$ m or less frequ5tly be=e we inf] a causal connexion betwe5 ! two2 & ?is inf]5ce re/s simply on t association ( ideas :i* is e/abli%$ 9 our m9d by ! reit]at$ obs]vation ( ! ?+s4 ,once ! ideas are by d9t ( repetition firmly weld$ toge!r1 ! "o by %e] =ce ( habit calls up ! o!r1 & we say t ! two ?+s :i* are repres5t$ by ^? ideas /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,! notion ( causality is 9 %ort only "o p>ticul> case ( ! association ( ideas4 ,?us all reason+ z to causes implies previ\s obs]vation3 we reason f ! obs]v$ to ! unobs]v$1 f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 & ! wid] ! range ( our obs]vation & k1 ! great] ! probability t our reason+ w be correct4 ,sid5ote3 ,! savage draws 8 ideas ( natural causation f obs]vation ( himself4 ,h5ce he expla9s ! ph5om5a ( nature by suppos+ t !y are produc$ by be+s l himself4 ,^! be+s may be call$ spirits or gods ( nature to di/+ui% !m f liv+ human gods4 ,all ?is is z true ( ! savage z ( ! civilis$ man4 ,he too argues1 & inde$ c only argue on ! basis ( exp]i5ce f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! obs]v$ to ! hypo!tical4 ,b ! range ( 8 exp]i5ce is comp>atively n>r[1 & accord+ly 8 inf]5ces f x (t5 appe> to civilis$ m51 ) _! wid] k1 to be palpably false & absurd4 ,?is holds good mo/ obvi\sly 9 reg>d to 8 obs]vation ( ext]nal nature4 ,:ile he (t5 kn[s a good deal ab\t ! natural objects1 :e!r animals1 plants1 or inanimate ?+s1 on :i* he is imm$iately dep5d5t = 8 subsi/5ce1 ! ext5t ( c\ntry ) :i* he is acqua9t$ is commonly b small1 & he has little or no opportunity ( correct+ ! conclusions :i* he bases on 8 obs]vation ( x by a comp>ison ) o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b if he kn[s little ( ! out] _w1 he is necess>ily some:at bett] acqua9t$ ) 8 own inn] life1 ) 8 s5sations & ideas1 8 emotions1 appetites1 & desires4 ,accord+ly x is natural en\gh t :5 he seeks to discov] ! causes ( ev5ts 9 ! ext]nal _w1 he %\ld1 argu+ f exp]i5ce1 imag9e t !y are produc$ by ! actions ( invisible be+s l himself1 :o beh9d ! veil ( nature pull ! /r+s t set ! va/ ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,= example1 he kn[s by exp]i5ce t he c make sp>ks fly by knock+ two fl9ts aga9/ ea* o!r2 :at m natural1 !re=e1 ?an t he %\ld imag9e ! great sp>ks :i* we call lightn+ to be made 9 ! same way by somebody up al(t1 & t :5 he f9ds *ipp$ fl9ts on ! gr\nd he %\ld take !m = ?und]-/ones dropp$ by ! mak] ( ?und] & lightn+ f ! cl\ds8#c ,?us argu+ f 8 limit$ exp]i5ce primitive man creates a multitude ( spirits or gods 9 8 own lik5ess to expla9 ! succession ( ph5om5a 9 nature ( ^: true causes he is ignorant2 9 %ort he p]sonifies ! ph5om5a z p[]ful an?ropomorphic spirits1 & believ+ himself to be m or less dep5d5t on _! good w he woos _! fav\r by pray] & sacrifice4 ,?is p]sonification ( ! v>i\s aspects ( ext]nal nature is "o ( ! mo/ fruitful s\rces ( poly!ism4 ,! spirits & gods creat$ by ?is tra9 ( ?\ght may be call$ spirits & gods ( nature to di/+ui% !m f ! human gods1 by :i* ,i mean ! liv+ m5 & wom5 :o are believ$ by _! wor%ipp]s to be inspir$ or possess$ by a div9e _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 "t m5 reject poly!ism z an explanation ( natural processes & sub/itute c]ta9 ab/ract ideas ( e!rs1 atoms1 molecules1 & s on4 ,b z "t goes on & m5 le>n m ab\t nature1 !y commonly become dissatisfi$ ) poly!ism z an explanation ( ! _w & gradually disc>d x4 ,f "o dep>tm5t ( nature aft] ano!r ! gods are reluctantly or contemptu\sly dismiss$ & _! prov9ces committ$ to ! c>e ( c]ta9 ab/ract ideas ( e!rs1 atoms1 molecules1 & s =?1 :i*1 ?\gh j z imp]ceptible to human s5ses z _! div9e pr$ecessors1 are judg$ by prevail+ op9ion to dis*>ge _! duties ) great] regul>ity & despat*1 & are accord+ly firmly in/all$ on ! vacant ?rones amid ! g5]al applause ( ! m enlight5$ portion ( mank9d4 ,?us in/ead ( be+ peopl$ ) a noisy bu/l+ cr[d ( full-blood$ & picturesque deities1 clo!d 9 ! graceful =m & animat$ ) ! w>m passions ( humanity1 ! univ]se outside ! n>r[ circle ( our consci\sness is n[ conceiv$ z absolutely sil5t1 col\rless1 & des]t$4 ,! *e]ful s\nds :i* we he>1 ! bright hues :i* we see1 h no exi/5ce1 we are told1 9 ! ext]nal _w3 ! voices ( fri5ds1 ! h>monies ( music1 ! *ime ( fall+ wat]s1 ! solemn roll ( ocean1 ! silv] spl5d\r ( ! moon1 ! gold5 glories ( sunset1 ! v]dure ( summ] woods1 & ! hectic t9ts ( autumn--all ^! subsi/ only 9 our own m9ds1 & if we imag9e !m to h any reality else:]e1 we deceive ourselves4 ,9 fact ! :ole ext]nal _w z p]ceiv$ by u is "o great illusion3 if we gave ! re9s to fancy we might call x a mirage1 a piece ( wit*]y1 conjur$ up by ! spells ( "s unkn[n magician to bewild] poor ignorant humanity4 ,outside ( ourselves !re /ret*es away on e side an inf9itude ( space )\t s\nd1 )\t light1 )\t col\r1 a solitude trav]s$ only 9 e direction by an inconceivably complex web ( sil5t & imp]sonal =ces4 ,t1 if ,i und]/& x aright1 is ! g5]al conception ( ! _w :i* mod]n sci5ce has sub/itut$ = poly!ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,b :ile !y commonly disc>d ! hypo!sis ( a deity z an explanation ( all ! p>ticul> processes ( nature1 !y reta9 x z an explanation ( nature 9 g5]al4 ,:5 philosophy & sci5ce by _! comb9$ ef=ts h eject$ gods & goddesses f all ! subord9ate po/s ( nature1 x might p]haps be expect$ t !y w\ld h no fur!r occasion = ! s]vices ( a deity1 & t hav+ reliev$ him ( all 8 p>ticul> functions !y w\ld h arrang$ = ! creation & g5]al ma9t5ance ( ! univ]se )\t him by h&+ ov] ^! important (fices to an effici5t /aff ( ^? e!rs1 atoms1 corpuscles1 & s =?1 :i* _h already prov$ !mselves s punctual 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! m9or duties entru/$ to !m4 ,nor1 inde$1 is ?is expectation altoge!r disappo9t$4 ,a numb] ( a!i/ical philosoph]s h c\rage\sly come =w>d & assur$ u t ! hypo!sis ( a deity z ! creator & pres]v] ( ! univ]se is q sup]flu\s1 & t all ?+s came into be+ or h exi/$ f et]nity )\t ! help ( any div9e _s1 & t !y w cont9ue to exi/ )\t x to ! end1 if end inde$ !re is to be4 ,b on ! :ole ^! d>+ speculators appe> to be 9 a m9ority4 ,! g5]al op9ion ( educat$ p at ! pres5t day1 c\ld we asc]ta9 x1 w\ld probably be f\nd to incl9e to ! conclusion t1 ?\gh e dep>tm5t ( nature is n[ work$ by imp]sonal mat]ial =ces alone1 ! univ]se z a :ole 0 creat$ & is /ill ma9ta9$ by a great sup]natural _s :om we call ,god4 ,?us 9 ,europe & 9 ! c\ntries :i* h borr[$ _! civilisation1 _! philosophy1 & _! religion f x1 ! c5tral problem ( natural !ology has n>r[$ itself d[n to ! "q1 ,is !re "o ,god or none8 ,x is a pr(\nd "q1 & ,i = "o pr(ess myself unable to answ] x4 ,sid5ote3 ,:e!r atta9$ by inw>d or outw>d exp]i5ce1 ! idea ( ,god is regul>ly t ( a cause inf]r$1 n p]ceiv$4 ,if ?is brief sket* ( ! hi/ory ( natural !ology is correct1 man has by ! ex]cise ( 8 natural faculties alone1 )\t ! help ( revelation1 atta9$ to a k or at lea/ to a conception ( ,god 9 "o ( two ways1 ei!r by m$itat+ on ! op]ations ( 8 own m9d1 or by obs]v+ ! processes ( ext]nal nature3 inw>d exp]i5ce & outw>d exp]i5ce h conduct$ him by diff]5t roads to ! same goal4 ,by :i*ev] ( !m ! conception has be5 rea*$1 x is regul>ly employ$ to expla9 ! causal connexion ( ?+s1 :e!r ! ?+s to be expla9$ are ! ideas & emotions ( man himself or ! *anges 9 ! physical _w outside ( him4 ,9 %ort1 a ,god is always br\ght 9 to play ! "p ( a cause2 x is ! imp]i\s ne$ ( trac+ ! causes ( ev5ts :i* has driv5 man to discov] or inv5t a deity4 ,n[ causes may be arrang$ 9 two classes accord+ z !y are p]ceiv$ or unp]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,= example1 :5 we see ! impact ( a billi>d cue on a billi>d ball foll[$ imm$iately by ! motion ( ! ball1 we say t ! impact is ! cause ( ! motion4 ,9 ?is case we p]ceive ! cause z well z ! effect4 ,b1 :5 we see an apple fall f a tree to ! gr\nd1 we say t ! cause ( ! fall is ! =ce ( gravitation ex]cis$ by ! sup]ior mass ( ! e>? on ! inf]ior mass ( ! apple4 ,9 ?is case1 ?\gh we p]ceive ! effect1 we d n p]ceive ! cause1 we only inf] x by a process ( reason+ f exp]i5ce4 ,causes ( ! latt] sort may be call$ inf]5tial or hypo!tical causes to di/+ui% !m f ^? :i* are p]ceiv$4 ,( ! two classes ( causes a deity belongs 9 g5]al1 if n univ]sally1 to ! second1 t is1 to ! inf]5tial or hypo!tical causes2 = z a rule at all ev5ts 8 exi/5ce is n p]ceiv$ by our s5ses b inf]r$ by our reason4 ,to say t he has nev] appe>$ 9 visible & tangible =m to m5 w\ld be to beg ! "q2 x w\ld be to make an ass]tion :i* is incapable ( pro( & :i* is contradict$ by a multitude ( contr>y affirmations record$ 9 ! traditions or ! sacr$ books ( _m races2 b )\t be+ ra% we may p]haps say t su* appe>ances1 if !y ev] took place1 belong to a pa/ ord] ( ev5ts & ne$ h>dly be reckon$ ) at ! pres5t "t4 ,= all practical purposes1 !re=e1 ,god is n[ a purely inf]5tial or hypo!tical cause2 he may be invok$ to expla9 ei!r our own ?\ghts & feel+s1 our impulses & emotions1 or ! manifold /ates & processes ( ext]nal nature2 he may be view$ ei!r z ! inspir] ( ! "o or ! creator & pres]v] ( ! o!r2 & accord+ z he is ma9ly reg>d$ f ! "o po9t ( view or ! o!r1 ! conception ( ! div9e nature t5ds to beget "o ( two v diff]5t types ( piety4 ,to ! man :o traces ! f+] ( ,god 9 ! work+s ( 8 own m9d1 ! deity appe>s to be f> clos] ?an he seems to ! man :o only inf]s ! div9e exi/5ce f ! m>vell\s ord]1 h>mony1 & beauty ( ! ext]nal _w2 & we ne$ n wond] t ! fai? ( ! =m] is ( a m f]v5t temp] & supplies him ) m p[]ful inc5tives to a life ( active devotion ?an ! calm & rational fai? ( ! latt]4 ,we may conjecture t ! piety ( mo/ great religi\s re=m]s has belong$ to ! =m] r ?an to ! latt] type2 9 o!r words1 t !y h believ$ 9 ,god because !y felt1 or imag9$ t !y felt1 him /irr+ 9 _! own he>ts r ?an because !y disc]n$ ! h&iwork ( a div9e artific] 9 ! wond]ful me*anism ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,besides ! two sorts ( gods already di/+ui%$1 namely natural gods & liv+ human gods1 !re is a ?ird sort :i* has play$ an important "p 9 hi/ory1 namely1 ! spirits ( deifi$ dead m54 ,euhem]ism4 ,?us f> ,i h di/+ui%$ two sorts ( gods :om man discov]s or creates = himself by ! ex]cise ( 8 unaid$ faculties1 to wit natural gods1 :om he inf]s f 8 obs]vation ( ext]nal nature1 & human gods or inspir$ m51 :om he recognises by virtue ( c]ta9 extraord9>y m5tal manife/ations 9 himself or 9 o!rs4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( human gods :i* ,i h n yet m5tion$ & :i* has play$ a v important "p 9 ! evolution ( !ology4 ,i mean ! deifi$ spirits ( dead m54 ,to judge by ! acc\nts we possess n only ( savage & b>b>\s tribes b ( "s highly civilis$ peoples1 ! wor%ip ( ! human dead has be5 "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ influ5tial =ms ( natural religion1 p]haps inde$ ! commone/ & mo/ influ5tial ( all4 ,obvi\sly x re/s on ! supposition t ! human p]sonality 9 "s =m1 :e!r we call x a s\l1 a _s1 a gho/1 or :at n1 c survive dea? & !reaft] cont9ue = a long] or %ort] "t to ex]cise great p[] = good or evil ov] ! de/9ies ( ! liv+1 :o are !re=e compell$ to propitiate ! %ades ( ! dead out ( a reg>d = _! own safety & well-be+4 ,?is belief 9 ! survival ( ! human _s aft] dea? is _w-wide2 x is f\nd among m5 9 all /ages ( culture f ! l[e/ to ! highe/2 we ne$ n wond] !re=e t ! cu/om ( propitiat+ ! gho/s or s\ls ( ! dep>t$ %\ld be _w-wide also4 ,no d\bt ! degree ( att5tion paid to gho/s is n ! same 9 all cases2 x v>ies ) ! p>ticul> degree ( p[] attribut$ to ea* ( !m2 ! spirits ( m5 :o = any reason 7 mu* fe>$ 9 _! lifetime1 su* z mighty w>riors1 *iefs1 & k+s1 are m rev]$ & receive f> m m>ks ( homage ?an ! spirits ( common m52 & x is only :5 ?is rev]5ce & homage are c>ri$ to a v high pit* t !y c prop]ly be describ$ z a deification ( ! dead4 ,b t dead m5 h ?us be5 rais$ to ! rank ( deities 9 _m l&s1 !re is abundant evid5ce to prove4 ,& q ap>t f ! wor%ip paid to ^? spirits :i* are admitt$ by _! wor%ipp]s to h once animat$ ! bodies ( liv+ m51 !re is good reason to suspect t _m gods1 :o rank z purely my?ical be+s1 7 once m5 ( fle% & blood1 ?\gh _! true hi/ory has pass$ out ( memory or r be5 trans=m$ by leg5d into a my?1 :i* veils m or less completely ! real "* ( ! imag9>y deity4 ,! !ory t mo/ or all gods orig9at$ aft] ?is fa%ion1 9 o!r words1 t ! wor%ip ( ! gods is little or no?+ b ! wor%ip ( dead m51 is kn[n z ,euhem]ism f ,euhem]us1 ! anci5t ,greek writ] :o prop\nd$ x4 ,reg>d$ z a univ]sal explanation ( ! belief 9 gods x is c]ta9ly false2 reg>d$ z a p>tial explanation ( ! belief x is unque/ionably true2 & p]haps we may ev5 g fur!r & say1 t ! m we p5etrate into ! inn] hi/ory ( natural religion1 ! l>g] is se5 to be ! elem5t ( tru? conta9$ 9 ,euhem]ism4 ,= ! m closely we look at _m deities ( natural religion1 ! m di/9ctly d we seem to p]ceive1 "u ! qua9t or spl5did pall :i* ! my?ical fancy has wrapt r\nd _! /ately figures1 ! famili> features ( real m51 :o once %>$ ! common joys & ! common sorr[s ( humanity1 :o trod life's common road to ! common end4 ,sid5ote3 ,! deification ( dead m5 presupposes ! immortality ( ! human s\l1 or r its survival = a long] or %ort] "t aft] dea?4 ,:5 we ask h[ x comes ab\t t dead m5 h s (t5 be5 rais$ to ! rank ( div9ities1 ! fir/ ?+ to be obs]v$ is t all su* deifications mu/1 if our !ory is correct1 be inf]5ces drawn f exp]i5ce ( "s sort2 !y mu/ be hypo!ses devis$ to expla9 ! unp]ceiv$ causes ( c]ta9 ph5om5a1 :e!r ( ! human m9d or ( ext]nal nature4 ,all ( !m imply1 z ,i h said1 a belief t ! consci\s human p]sonality1 call x ! s\l1 ! _s1 or :at y please1 c survive ! body & cont9ue to exi/ 9 a disembodi$ /ate ) unabat$ or ev5 greatly increas$ p[]s = good or evil4 ,?is fai? 9 ! survival ( p]sonality aft] dea? may = ! sake ( brevity be call$ a fai? 9 immortality1 ?\gh ! t]m immortality is n /rictly correct1 s9ce x seems to imply et]nal duration1 :]eas ! idea ( et]nity is h>dly intelligible to _m primitive peoples1 :o nev]!less firmly believe 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce1 = a long] or %ort] "t1 ( ! human _s aft] ! dissolution ( ! body4 ,n[ ! fai? 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l or1 to speak m correctly1 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( consci\s human p]sonality aft] dea?1 is1 z ,i rem>k$ be=e1 exce$+ly common among m5 at all levels ( intellectual evolution f ! l[e/ upw>ds2 c]ta9ly x is n peculi> to adh]5ts ( ! high] religions1 b is held z an unque/ionable tru? by at lea/ ! great majority ( savage & b>b>\s peoples z to ^: ideas we possess accurate in=mation2 inde$ x might be h>d to po9t to any s+le tribe ( m51 h[ev] savage1 ( :om we c\ld say ) c]ta9ty t ! fai? is totally want+ among !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "q ( immortality is a fundam5tal problem ( natural !ology 9 ! wid] s5se4 ,h5ce if we are to expla9 ! deification ( dead m51 we mu/ fir/ expla9 ! widespread belief 9 immortality2 we mu/ answ] ! "q1 h[ does x happ5 t m5 9 all c\ntries & at all /ages ( ignorance or k s commonly suppose t :5 !y die _! consci\sness w /ill p]si/ = an indef9ite "t aft] ! decay ( ! body8 ,to answ] t "q is "o ( ! fundam5tal problems ( natural !ology1 n inde$ 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w !ology1 if we conf9e ! t]m /rictly to a reason$ k ( a ,god2 = ! example ( ,buddhism proves t a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human s\l aft] dea? is q compatible ) disbelief 9 a deity4 ,b if we may use1 z ,i ?9k we may1 ! phrase natural !ology 9 an ext5d$ s5se to cov] !ories :i*1 ?\gh !y d n 9 !mselves affirm ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 nev]!less appe> to be "o ( ! deepe/ & mo/ fruitful s\rces ( ! belief 9 8 reality1 !n we may legitimately say t ! doctr9e ( human immortality does fall )9 ! scope ( natural !ology4 ,:at !n is its orig98 ,h[ is x t m5 s commonly believe !mselves to be immortal8 ,sid5ote3 ,if !re is any natural k ( immortality1 x mu/ be acquir$ ei!r by intuition or exp]i5ce2 x is app>5tly n giv5 by intuition2 h5ce x mu/ be acquir$1 if at all1 by exp]i5ce4 ,if !re is any natural k ( human immortality1 x mu/ be acquir$ ei!r by intuition or by exp]i5ce2 !re is no o!r way4 ,n[ :e!r o!r m5 f a simple contemplation ( _! own nature1 q ap>t f reason+1 "k or believe !mselves intuitively to be immortal1 ,i _c say2 b ,i c say ) "s confid5ce t = myself ,i h no su* intuition :atev] ( my own immortality1 & t if ,i am left to ! res\rces ( my natural faculties alone1 ,i c z little affirm ! c]ta9 or probable exi/5ce ( my p]sonality aft] dea? z ,i c affirm ! c]ta9 or probable exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god4 ,& ,i am bold en\gh to suspect t if m5 c\ld analyse _! own ideas1 !y w\ld g5]ally f9d !mselves to be 9 a simil> pr$icam5t z to bo? ^! pr(\nd topics4 ,h5ce ,i incl9e to lay x d[n z a probable proposition t m5 z a rule h no intuitive k ( _! own immortality1 & t if !re is any natural k ( su* a ?+ x c only be acquir$ by a process ( reason+ f exp]i5ce4#d ,sid5ote3 ,! idea ( immortality seems to h be5 sugge/$ to man bo? by 8 inw>d & 8 outw>d exp]i5ce1 notably by dreams1 :i* are a case ( inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,:at !n is ! k9d ( exp]i5ce f :i* ! !ory ( human immortality is d$uc$8 ,is x our exp]i5ce ( ! op]ations ( our own m9ds8 or is x our exp]i5ce ( ext]nal nature8 ,z a matt] ( hi/orical fact--& y w rememb] t ,i am treat+ ! "q purely f ! hi/orical /&po9t--m5 seem to h inf]r$ ! p]si/5ce ( _! p]sonality aft] dea? bo? f ! "o k9d ( exp]i5ce & f ! o!r1 t is1 bo? f ! ph5om5a ( _! inn] life & f ! ph5om5a ( :at we call ! ext]nal _w4 ,?us ! savage1 ) ^: beliefs we are *iefly conc]n$ 9 ^! lectures1 f9ds a v /rong argum5t = immortality 9 ! ph5om5a ( dreams1 :i* are /rictly a "p ( 8 inn] life1 ?\gh 9 8 ignorance he commonly fails to discrim9ate !m f :at we popul>ly call wak+ realities4 ,h5ce :5 ! images ( p]sons :om he kn[s to be dead appe> to him 9 a dream1 he naturally inf]s t ^! p]sons /ill exi/ some:]e & someh[ ap>t f _! bodies1 ( ! decay or de/ruction ( :i* he may h _h ocul> demon/ration4 ,h[ c\ld he see dead p1 he asks1 if !y did n exi/8 ,to argue t !y h p]i%$ l _! bodies is to contradict ! pla9 evid5ce ( 8 s5ses2 = to ! savage /ill m ?an to ! civilis$ man see+ is believ+2 t he sees ! dead only 9 dreams does n %ake 8 belief1 s9ce he ?9ks ! appe>ances ( dreams j z real z ! appe>ances ( 8 wak+ h\rs4 ,& once he has 9 ?is way ga9$ a conviction t ! dead survive & c help or h>m him1 z !y seem to d 9 dreams1 x is natural or necess>y = him to ext5d ! !ory to ! occurr5ces ( daily life1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 he does n %>ply di/+ui% f ! visions ( slumb]4 ,he n[ expla9s _m ( ^! occurr5ces & _m ( ! processes ( nature by ! direct int]position ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$2 he traces _! invisible h& 9 _m ( ! mis=tunes & 9 "s ( ! bless+s :i* befall him2 = x is a common feature ( ! fai? 9 gho/s1 at lea/ among savages1 t !y are usually spiteful & mis*iev\s1 or at lea/ te/y & petulant1 m apt to injure ?an to b5efit ! survivors4 ,9 t !y resemble ! p]sonifi$ spirits ( nature1 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( mo/ savages appe> to be g5]ally tricky & malignant be+s1 ^: ang] is dang]\s & ^: fav\r is c\rt$ ) fe> & trembl+4 ,?us ev5 )\t ! additional assurance af=d$ by tales ( app>itions & spectres1 primitive man may come 9 "t to imag9e ! _w ar\nd him to be m or less ?ickly peopl$1 influ5c$1 & ev5 dom9at$ by a c\ntless multitude ( spirits1 among :om ! %ades ( pa/ g5]ations ( m5 & wom5 hold a v prom95t1 (t5 app>5tly ! lead+ place4 ,^! spirits1 p[]ful to help or h>m1 he seeks ei!r simply to av]t1 :5 he deems !m purely mis*iev\s1 or to appease & conciliate1 :5 he supposes !m suffici5tly good-natur$ to respond to 8 advances4 ,9 "s su* way z ?is1 argu+ f ! real b1 z we ?9k1 mis9t]pret$ ph5om5a ( dreams1 ! savage may arrive at a doctr9e ( human immortality & f t at a wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ by ! resemblance ( ! liv+ to ! dead1 :i* is a case ( outw>d exp]i5ce4 ,?is explanation ( ! savage fai? 9 immortality is nei!r novel nor orig9al3 on ! contr>y x is p]haps ! commone/ & mo/ famili> t has yet be5 prop\nd$4 ,if x does n acc\nt = all ! facts1 x probably acc\nts = _m ( !m4 ,at ! same "t ,i d n d\bt t _m o!r inf]5ces drawn f exp]i5ces ( diff]5t k9ds h confirm$1 ev5 if !y did n orig9ally sugge/1 man's confid5t belief 9 8 own immortality4 ,to take a s+le example ( outw>d exp]i5ce1 ! resemblances :i* *ildr5 (t5 be> to deceas$ k9sfolk appe> to h prompt$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m savages ! notion t ! s\ls ( ^! dead k9sfolk h be5 born aga9 9 _! desc5dants4#e ,f a few cases ( resemblances s expla9$ x w\ld be easy to arrive at a g5]al !ory t all liv+ p]sons are animat$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead2 9 o!r words1 t ! human _s survives dea? = an indef9ite p]iod1 if n = et]nity1 dur+ :i* x und]goes a s]ies ( rebir?s or re9c>nations4 ,h[ev] x has be5 arriv$ at1 ?is doctr9e ( ! transmigration or re9c>nation ( ! s\l is f\nd among _m tribes ( savages2 & f :at we "k on ! subject we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 conjectur+ t at c]ta9 /ages ( m5tal & social evolution ! belief 9 metempsy*osis has be5 f> common] & has ex]cis$ a f> deep] influ5ce on ! life & in/itutions ( primitive man ?an ! actual evid5ce be=e u at pres5t all[s u positively to affirm4 ,sid5ote3 ,! aim ( ^! lectures is to collect a numb] ( facts illu/rative ( ! belief 9 immortality & ( ! cu/oms bas$ on x among "s ( ! l[] races4 ,be t z x may--& ,i h no wi% to dogmatise on s obscure a topic--x is c]ta9 t a belief 9 ! survival ( ! human p]sonality aft] dea? & ! practice ( a propitiation or wor%ip ( ! dead h prevail$ v widely among mank9d & h play$ a v important "p 9 ! developm5t ( natural religion4 ,:ile _m writ]s h duly recognis$ ! high importance bo? ( ! belief & ( ! wor%ip1 no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has attempt$ sy/ematically to collect & arrange ! facts :i* illu/rate ! preval5ce ( ?is p>ticul> type ( religion among ! v>i\s races ( mank9d4 ,a l>ge body ( evid5ce lies to h& 9 ! volum9\s & rapidly increas+ lit]ature ( e?nology2 b x is disp]s$ ov] an enorm\s numb] ( pr9t$ books & pap]s1 to say no?+ ( ! mat]ials :i* /ill rema9 buri$ ei!r 9 manuscript or 9 ! m9ds ( m5 :o possess ! requisite k b h n yet committ$ x to writ+4 ,to draw all ^? /ores ( in=mation toge!r & dige/ !m into a s+le treatise w\ld be a h]culean lab\r1 f :i* ev5 ! mo/ indu/ri\s rese>*] into ! du/y annals ( ! human pa/ might %r9k dismay$4 ,c]ta9ly ,i %all make no attempt to p]=m su* a feat )9 ! n>r[ compass ( ^! lectures4 ,b x seems to me t ,i may make a useful1 if a humble1 contribution to ! hi/ory ( religion by select+ a portion ( ! evid5ce & submitt+ x to my he>]s4 ,= t purpose1 in/ead ( accumulat+ a mass ( facts f all ! v>i\s races ( mank9d & !n comp>+ !m toge!r1 ,i pref] to limit myself to a few races & to deal ) ea* ( !m sep>ately1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ savages1 ab\t :om we possess accurate in=mation1 & gradually asc5d+ to peoples :o /& high] 9 ! scale ( culture4 ,9 %ort ! me?od ( treatm5t :i* ,i %all adopt w be ! descriptive r ?an ! comp>ative4 ,i %all n absolutely refra9 f in/itut+ comp>isons betwe5 ! cu/oms & beliefs ( diff]5t races1 b = ! mo/ "p ,i %all cont5t myself ) describ+ ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ea* race sep>ately )\t ref]5ce to ^? ( o!rs4 ,ea* ( ! two me?ods1 ! comp>ative & ! descriptive1 has its peculi> advantages & disadvantages1 & 9 my publi%$ writ+s ,i h foll[$ n[ ! "o me?od & n[ ! o!r4 ,! comp>ative me?od is unque/ionably ! m attractive & /imulat+1 b x _c be adopt$ )\t a good deal ( m or less consci\s !oris+1 s9ce e comp>ison implicitly involves a !ory4 ,if we desire to exclude !ories & m]ely accumulate facts = ! use ( sci5ce1 ! descriptive me?od is und\bt$ly ! bett] adapt$ = ! arrangem5t ( our mat]ials3 x may n /imulate enquiry s p[]fully1 b x lays a m solid f\ndation on :i* future enquir]s may build4 ,x is z a collection ( facts illu/rative ( ! belief 9 immortality & ( all ! mom5t\s consequ5ces :i* h fl[$ f t belief1 t ,i desire ! foll[+ lectures to be reg>d$4 ,!y are int5d$ to s]ve simply z a docum5t ( religi\s hi/ory2 !y make no pret5ce to discuss philosophically ! tru? ( ! beliefs & ! morality ( ! practices :i* w be pass$ "u review4 ,if any inf]5ces c inde$ be drawn f ! facts to ! tru? or falsehood ( ! beliefs & to ! moral wor? or wor?lessness ( ! practices1 ,i pref] to leave x to o!rs m compet5t ?an myself to draw !m4 ,my sight is n ke5 en\gh1 my h& is n /eady en\gh to load ! scales & hold ! balance 9 s difficult & delicate an enquiry4 ,footnote #a3 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,lit]ature & ,dogma1 *4 i41 p4 #ca 7,popul> ,edition1 ,london1 #ahic74 ,footnote #b3 ,= a s+le in/ance see ,l4 ,/]nb]g1 ,die ,religion d] ,giljak51 ,ar*iv fu] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 viii4 7#aije7 pp4 #dfb sqq41 :]e ! writ] tells u t ! ,gilyaks h b\ndless fai? 9 ! sup]natural p[] ( _! %amans1 & t ! %amans are ne>ly always p]sons :o suff] f hy/]ia 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,footnote #c3 ,z to ! widespread belief t fl9t weapons are ?und]bolts see ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #bbc-bbg2 ,*r4 ,bl9k5b]g1 ,! ,?und]weapon 9 ,religion & ,folklore 7,cambridge1 #aiaa72 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat ,snake/ones & ,?und]bolts1 ,folk-lore1 xxiii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #fj sqq42 & ! ref]5ces 9 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cgd4 ,footnote #d3 ,wordswor?1 :o argues /rongly1 almo/ passionately1 = ! consci\sness ( a pr9ciple ( ,immortality 9 ! human s\l1 admits t ! s5se ( ,immortality1 if n a coexi/5t & tw9 bir? ) ,reason1 is among ! e>lie/ ( h] (fspr+4 ,see 8 ,essay ^u ,epitaphs1 app5d$ to ,! ,excursion 7,poetical ,works1 ,london1 #ahcb1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ccf1 #cch74 ,?is some:at hesitat+ admission ( ! inf]5tial nature ( ! belief 9 immortality c>ries all ! m weight because x is made by s w>m an advocate ( human immortality4 ,footnote #e3 ,= in/ance1 ! ,kagoro ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia believe t a _s may transmigrate into ! body ( a desc5dant born aft]w>ds1 male or female2 9 fact1 ?is is common1 z is prov$ by ! lik5ess ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts or gr&-p>5ts1 & x is lucky1 = ! gho/ has return$1 & has no long] any p[] to fright5 ! relatives until ! new body dies1 & x is free aga9 7,major ,a4 ,j4 ,n4 ,treme>ne1 ,notes on "s ,nig]ian ,head-hunt]s1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,r4 ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xlii4 7#aiab7 p4 #aei74 ,comp>e ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #hh sq42 ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #bhg 7p4 #bhh1 ,second ,impression74 ,,lecture ,,ii ,,! ,,savage ,,conception ,,( ,,dea? ,sid5ote3 ,! subject ( ^! lectures is ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,la/ day ,i expla9$ ! subject ( :i* ,i propose to treat & ! me?od :i* ,i int5d to foll[ 9 ^! lectures4 ,i %all describe ! belief 9 immortality1 or r 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! human s\l aft] dea?1 z t belief is f\nd among c]ta9 ( ! l[] races1 & ,i %all give "s acc\nt ( ! religion :i* has be5 bas$ ^u x4 ,t religion is 9 brief a propitiation or wor%ip ( ! human dead1 :o accord+ to ! degree ( p[] ascrib$ to !m by ! liv+ are suppos$ to v>y 9 dignity f ! humble rank ( a m]e common gho/ up to ! pr\d position ( deity4 ,! elem5ts ( su* a wor%ip appe> to exi/ among all races ( m51 ?\gh 9 "s !y h be5 mu* m highly develop$ ?an 9 o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,prelim9>y acc\nt ( savage beliefs conc]n+ ! nature & orig9 ( dea?4 ,b be=e ,i address myself to ! description ( p>ticul> races1 ,i wi% 9 ?is & ! foll[+ lecture to give y "s g5]al acc\nt ( ! beliefs ( savages conc]n+ ! nature & orig9 ( dea?4 ,! problem ( dea? has v naturally ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( m5 9 all ages4 ,unlike s _m problems :i* int]e/ only a few solit>y ?9k]s ?is "o conc]ns u all alike1 s9ce simpletons z well z sages mu/ die1 & ev5 ! mo/ he$less & fea!r-bra9$ c h>dly help sometimes ask+ !mselves :at comes aft] dea?4 ,! "q is !re=e ?ru/ 9 a practical1 inde$ importunate =m on our att5tion2 & we ne$ n wond] t 9 ! long hi/ory ( human speculation "s ( ! highe/ intellects %\ld h occupi$ !mselves ) x & s\ght to f9d an answ] to ! riddle4 ,"s ( _! solutions ( ! problem1 ?\gh dress$ out 9 all ! beauty ( exquisite language & poetic imag]y1 s+ul>ly resemble ! rude guesses ( savages4 ,s little1 x w\ld seem1 d ! natural p[]s ev5 ( ! greate/ m9ds avail to pi]ce ! ?ick veil t hides ! end ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! problem ( dea? is "o ( univ]sal int]e/4 ,9 say+ t ! problem is ?ru/ home ^u u all1 ,i d n mean to imply t all m5 are con/antly or ev5 (t5 engag$ 9 m$itat+ on ! nature & orig9 ( dea?4 ,f> f x4 ,few p tr\ble !mselves ab\t t or any o!r purely ab/ract "q3 ! common man w\ld probably n give a /raw = an answ] to x4 ,:at he wants to "k1 :at we all want to "k1 is :e!r dea? is ! end ( all ?+s = ! individual1 :e!r our consci\s p]sonality p]i%es ) ! body or survives x = a "t or = et]nity4 ,t is ! enigma prop\nd$ to e human be+ :o has be5 born into ! _w3 t is ! door at :i* s _m enquir]s h knock$ 9 va94 ,/at$ 9 ?is limit$ =m ! problem has inde$ be5 ( univ]sal int]e/3 !re is no race ( m5 kn[n to u :i* has n pond]$ ! my/]y & arriv$ at "s conclusions to :i* x m or less confid5tly adh]es4 ,n t all races h paid an equal att5tion to x4 ,on "s x has weigh$ mu* m heavily ?an on o!rs4 ,:ile "s races1 l "s individuals1 take dea? almo/ lightly1 & are too busy ) ! c]ta9ties ( ! pres5t _w to pay mu* he$ to ! unc]ta9ties ( a _w to come1 ! m9ds ( o!rs h dwelt on ! prospect ( a life beyond ! grave till ! ?\ght ( x has ris5 ) !m to a passion1 almo/ to an obsession1 & has begott5 a contempt = ! fleet+ joys ( ?is ephem]al exi/5ce by comp>ison ) ! hop$-= bliss ( an et]nal exi/5ce h]eaft]4 ,to ! sceptic1 exam9+ ! evid5ce = immortality by ! cold light ( reason1 su* peoples & su* individuals may seem to sacrifice ! sub/ance = ! %ad[3 to adopt a homely comp>ison1 !y are l ! dog 9 ! fable :o dropp$ ! real leg ( mutton1 f 8 m\? 9 ord] to snap at its reflection 9 ! wat]4 ,be t z x may1 :]e su* beliefs & hopes are ent]ta9$ 9 full =ce1 ! :ole activity ( ! m9d & ! :ole en]gy ( ! body are apt to be devot$ to a prep>ation = a blissful or at all ev5ts an untr\bl$ et]nity1 & life becomes1 9 ! language ( ,plato1 a m$itation or practis+ ( dea?4 ,?is excessive preoccupation ) a problematic future has be5 a fruitful s\rce ( ! mo/ fatal ab]rations bo? = nations & individuals4 ,9 pursuit ( ^! vision>y aims ! few %ort ye>s ( life h be5 fritt]$ away3 weal? has be5 squ&]$3 blood has be5 p\r$ out 9 torr5ts3 ! natural affections h be5 /ifl$2 & ! *e]ful s]5ity ( reason has be5 ex*ang$ = ! melan*oly gloom ( madness4 ,oh ?reats ( ,hell & ,hopes ( ,p>adise6 ,"o ?+ at lea/ is c]ta9--,?is ,life flies2 ,"o ?+ is c]ta9 & ! re/ is ,lies2 ,! ,fl[] t once has bl[n = ev] dies4 ,sid5ote3 ,! belief 9 immortality g5]al among mank9d4 ,! "q :e!r our consci\s p]sonality survives aft] dea? has be5 answ]$ by almo/ all races ( m5 9 ! affirmative4 ,on ?is po9t sceptical or agno/ic peoples are ne>ly1 if n :olly1 unkn[n4 ,accord+ly if ab/ract tru? c\ld be det]m9$1 l ! grave/ issues ( national policy1 by a %[ ( h&s or a c\nt+ ( heads1 ! doctr9e ( human immortality1 or at lea/ ( a life aft] dea?1 w\ld des]ve to rank among ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ ( tru?s2 = 7 ! "q put to ! vote ( ! :ole ( mank9d1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ayes w\ld h x by an ov]:elm+ majority4 ,! few diss5t]s w\ld be ov]borne2 _! voices w\ld be dr[n$ 9 ! g5]al ro>4 ,= diss5t]s !re h be5 ev5 among savages4 ,! ,tongans1 = example1 ?\ght t only ! s\ls ( noblem5 are sav$1 ! re/ p]i% ) _! bodies4#f ,h[ev]1 ?is ari/ocratic view has nev] be5 popul>1 & is n likely to f9d fav\r 9 our democratic age4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( _m savages t !y w\ld nev] die if _! lives 7 n cut %ort by sorc]y4 ,belief ( ! ,abipones4 ,b _m savage races n only believe 9 a life aft] dea?2 !y are ev5 ( op9ion t !y w\ld nev] die at all if x 7 n = ! malefic5t arts ( sorc]]s :o cut ! vital ?read prematurely %ort4 ,9 o!r words1 !y disbelieve 9 :at we call a natural dea?2 !y ?9k t all m5 are naturally immortal 9 ?is life1 & t e dea? :i* takes place is 9 fact a viol5t dea? inflict$ by ! h& ( a human enemy1 ?\gh 9 _m cases ! foe is invisible & works 8 fell purpose n by a sword or a spe> b by magic4 ,?us ! ,abipones1 a n[ ext9ct tribe ( horse ,indians 9 ,p>aguay1 us$ to allege t !y w\ld be immortal & t none ( !m w\ld ev] die if only ! ,spani>ds & ! sorc]]s c\ld be bani%$ f ,am]ica2 = !y 7 9 ! habit ( attribut+ e dea?1 :atev] its cause1 ei!r to ! baleful arts ( sorc]]s or to ! fire>ms ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,ev5 if a man di$ riddl$ ) w\nds1 ) 8 bones sma%$1 or ?r\gh ! exhau/ion ( old age1 ^! ,indians w\ld all d5y t ! w\nds or old age 0 ! cause ( 8 dea?2 !y firmly believ$ t ! dea? 0 br\ght ab\t by magic1 & !y w\ld make c>eful enquiries to discov] ! sorc]] :o _h ca/ ! fatal spell on _! comrade4 ,! relations ( ! deceas$ w\ld move e /one to detect & puni% ! culprit2 & !y imag9$ t !y c\ld d ?is by cutt+ out ! he>t & tongue ( ! dead man & ?r[+ !m to a dog to be dev\r$4 ,!y ?\ght t ?is 9 "s way kill$ ! wick$ magician :o _h kill$ _! fri5d4 ,= example1 x happ5$ t 9 a squabble betwe5 two m5 ab\t a horse a ?ird man :o tri$ to make peace betwe5 ! disputants 0 mortally w\nd$ by _! spe>s & di$ 9 a few days4 ,to u x might seem obvi\s t ! peacemak] 0 kill$ by ! spe>-w\nds :i* he _h receiv$1 b none ( ! ,abipones w\ld admit su* a ?+ = a mom5t4 ,!y /\tly affirm$ t _! comrade _h be5 done to dea? by ! magical arts ( "s p]son unkn[n1 & _! suspicions fell on a c]ta9 old woman1 kn[n to be a wit*1 to :om ! deceas$ _h lately refus$ to give a wat]-melon1 & :o out ( spite _h kill$ him by h] spells1 ?\gh he appe>$ to ! ,european eye to h di$ ( a spe>-w\nd4#g ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,araucanians4 ,simil>ly ! w>like ,araucanians ( ,*ili are said to disbelieve 9 natural dea?4 ,ev5 if a man dies peaceably at ! age ( a hundr$1 !y /ill ?9k t he has be5 bewit*$ by an enemy4 ,a div9] or m$ic9e-man is consult$ 9 ord] to discov] ! culprit4 ,"s ( ^! wiz>ds enjoy a great reputation & ! ,indians w s5d a hundr$ miles or m to get ! op9ion ( an em95t memb] ( ! pr(ession4 ,9 su* cases !y submit to him "s ( ! rema9s ( ! dead man1 = example1 8 eyebr[s1 8 nails1 8 tongue1 or ! soles ( 8 feet1 & f an exam9ation ( ^! relics ! man ( skill pron\nces on ! au?or ( ! dea?4 ,! p]son :om he accuses is hunt$ d[n & kill$1 sometimes by fire1 amid ! yells ( an enrag$ cr[d4#h ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,bakairi4 ,:5 ! em95t ,g]man an?ropologi/ 0 que/ion+ a ,bakairi ,indian ( ,brazil z to ! language ( 8 tribe1 he gave ! s5t5ce1 ,e man mu/ die to be translat$ into ! ,bakairi language4 ,to 8 a/oni%m5t1 ! ,indian rema9$ long sil5t4 ,! same long pause always occurr$ :5 an ab/ract proposition1 ) :i* he 0 unfamili>1 0 put be=e ! ,indian = translation into 8 native tongue4 ,on ! pres5t occasion ! enquir] le>n$ t ! ,indian has no idea ( necessity 9 ! ab/ract1 & 9 p>ticul> he has no conception at all ( ! necessity ( dea?4 ,! cause ( dea?1 9 8 op9ion1 is inv>iably an ill turn done by somebody to ! deceas$4 ,if !re 7 only good m5 9 ! _w1 he ?9ks t !re w\ld be nei!r sickness nor dea?4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t a natural end ( ! vital process2 he believes t all sickness & disease are ! effects ( wit*craft4#i ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,indians ( ,guiana 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( sickness & dea?4 ,speak+ ( ! ,indians ( ,guiana1 an ,engli% mission>y1 :o knew !m well1 says t ! wor/ feature 9 _! "* is _! pron5ess to blood rev5ge1 by :i* a succession ( retaliatory murd]s may be kept up = a long "t4 ,x is closely connect$ ) _! sy/em ( sorc]y1 :i* we %all pres5tly consid]4 ,a p]son dies1--& x is suppos$ t an enemy has secur$ ! ag5cy ( an evil _s to compass 8 dea?4 ,"s sorc]]1 employ$ by ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ = t purpose1 pret5ds by 8 incantations to discov] ! guilty individual or family1 or at any rate to indicate ! qu>t] :]e !y dwell4 ,a ne> relative ( ! deceas$ is !n *>g$ ) ! "w ( v5geance4 ,he becomes a kanaima1 or is suppos$ to be possess$ by ! de/roy+ _s s call$1 & has to live ap>t1 accord+ to /rict rule1 & submit to _m privations1 until ! de$ ( blood be accompli%$4 ,if ! suppos$ (f5d] _c be sla91 "s innoc5t memb] ( 8 family--man1 woman1 or little *ild--mu/ suff] in/ead4#aj ,! same writ] tells u t ^! ,indians ( ,guiana attribute sickness & dea? directly to ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 evil spirits call$ yauhahu1 :o delight 9 inflict+ mis]ies ^u mank9d4 ,pa91 9 ! language ( ! ,arawaks 7"o ( ! be/-kn[n tribes ( ,guiana71 is call$ yauhahu simaira or ! evil _s's arr[4#aa ,x is ^! evil spirits :om wick$ sorc]]s employ to accompli% _! fell purpose4 ,?us :ile ! demon is ! direct cause ( sickness & dea?1 ! sorc]] :o uses him z 8 tool is ! indirect cause4 ,! demon is ?\ght to d 8 "w by ins]t+ "s ali5 sub/ance into ! body ( ! suff]]1 & a m$ic9e-man is employ$ to extract x by *ant+ an invocation to ! malefic5t _s1 %ak+ 8 rattle1 & suck+ ! "p ( ! pati5t's frame 9 :i* ! cause ( ! malady is imag9$ to reside4 ,aft] _m c]emonies he w produce f 8 m\? "s /range sub/ance1 su* z a ?orn or gravel-/one1 a fi%-bone or bird's claw1 a snake's too?1 or a piece ( wire1 :i* "s malici\s yauhahu is suppos$ to h ins]t$ 9 ! affect$ "p4 ,z soon z ! pati5t fancies himself rid ( ?is cause ( 8 illness 8 recov]y is g5]ally rapid1 & ! fame ( ! sorc]] greatly increas$4 ,%\ld dea?1 h[ev]1 ensue1 ! blame is laid ^u ! evil _s ^: p[] & malignity h prevail$ ov] ! c\nt]act+ *>ms4 ,"s rival sorc]] w at times come 9 = a %>e ( ! blame1 :om ! suff]] has unhappily made 8 enemy1 & :o is suppos$ to h employ$ ! yauhahu 9 de/roy+ him4 ,! sorc]]s be+ suppos$ to h ! p[] ( caus+1 z well z ( cur+ diseases1 are mu* dread$ by ! common p1 :o nev] wilfully (f5d !m4 ,s deeply root$ 9 ! ,indian's bosom is ?is belief conc]n+ ! orig9 ( diseases1 t !y h little idea ( sickness aris+ f o!r causes4 ,dea? may arise f a w\nd or a contusion1 or be br\ght on by want ( food1 b 9 o!r cases x is ! "w ( ! yauhahu#ab or evil _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s dea?s attribut$ to sorc]y & o!rs to evil spirits3 practical consequ5ce ( ?is di/9ction4 ,9 ?is acc\nt x is to be obs]v$ t :ile all natural dea?s f sickness & disease are attribut$ to ! direct action ( evil spirits1 only "s ( !m are attribut$ to ! indirect action ( sorc]]s4 ,! practical consequ5ces ( ?is !oretical di/9ction are v important4 ,= :]eas dea? by sorc]y mu/1 9 ! op9ion ( savages1 be av5g$ by kill+ ! suppos$ sorc]]1 dea? by ! action ( a demon _c be s av5g$2 = h[ are y to get at ! demon8 ,h5ce1 :ile e dea? by sorc]y involves1 !oretically at lea/1 ano!r dea? by viol5ce1 dea? by a demon involves no su* practical consequ5ce4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! fai? 9 sorc]y is f> m murd]\s ?an ! fai? 9 demons4 ,?is practical di/9ction is cle>ly recognis$ by ^! ,indians ( ,guiana2 = ano!r writ]1 :o lab\r$ among !m z a mission>y1 tells u t :5 a p]son dies a natural dea?1 ! m$ic9e-man is call$ ^u to decide :e!r he p]i%$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a demon or ! ag5cy ( a sorc]]4 ,if he decides t ! deceas$ di$ ?r\gh ! malice ( an evil _s1 ! body is quietly buri$1 & no m is ?\ght ( ! matt]4 ,b if ! wiz>d decl>es t ! cause ( dea? 0 sorc]y1 ! corpse is closely inspect$1 & if a blue m>k is discov]$1 x is po9t$ out z ! spot :]e ! invisible poison$ arr[1 dis*>g$ by ! sorc]]1 ent]$ ! man4 ,! next ?+ is to detect ! culprit4 ,= ?is purpose a pot conta9+ a decoction ( leaves is set to boil on a fire4 ,:5 x beg9s to boil ov]1 ! side on :i* ! scum fir/ falls is ! qu>t] 9 :i* ! suppos$ murd]] is to be s\ght4 ,a consultation is !n held3 ! guilt is laid on "s individual1 & "o ( ! ne>e/ relations ( ! deceas$ is *>g$ ) ! duty ( f9d+ & kill+ him4 ,if ! imag9>y culprit _c be f\nd1 any o!r memb] ( 8 family may be sla9 9 8 /ead4 ,x is n difficult to conceive1 adds ! writ]1 h[1 "u su* circum/ances1 no man's life is secure2 :il/ ^! by no means unfrequ5t murd]s mu/ greatly t5d to dim9i% ! numb] ( ! natives4#ac ,sid5ote3 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana dea? is (t5] attribut$ to sorc]y ?an to demons4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld seem t among ! ,indians ( ,guiana sickness & dea? are (t5] ascrib$ to ! ag5cy ( sorc]]s ?an to ! ag5cy ( demons act+ alone4 ,= ano!r high au?ority on ^! ,indians1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,f4 im ,?urn1 tells u t e dea?1 e illness1 is reg>d$ n z ! result ( natural law1 b z ! "w ( a k5aima or sorc]]4 ,(t5 inde$1 he adds1 ! survivors or ! relatives ( ! invalid d n "k to :om to attribute ! de$1 :i* !re=e p]=ce rema9s unpuni%$2 b (t51 aga91 !re is real or fanci$ reason to fix on "s "o z ! k5aima1 & !n ! ne>e/ relative ( ! injur$ individual devotes himself to retaliate4 ,/range c]emonies are sometimes obs]v$ 9 ord] to discov] ! secret k5aima4 ,ri*>d ,s*omburgk describes a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is4 ,a ,macusi boy _h di$ a natural dea?1 & 8 relatives endeav\r$ to discov] ! qu>t] to :i* ! k5aima :o 0 suppos$ to h sla9 him belong$4 ,rais+ a t]rible & monoton\s dirge1 !y c>ri$ ! body to an op5 piece ( gr\nd1 & !re =m$ a circle r\nd x1 :ile ! fa!r1 cutt+ f ! corpse bo? ! ?umbs & little f+]s1 bo? ! great & ! little toes1 & a piece ( ea* heel1 ?rew ^! pieces into a new pot1 :i* _h be5 fill$ ) wat]4 ,a fire 0 k9dl$1 & on ?is ! pot 0 plac$4 ,:5 ! wat] began to boil1 accord+ to ! side on :i* "o ( ! pieces 0 fir/ ?r[n out f ! pot by ! bubbl+ ( ! wat]1 9 t direction w\ld ! k5aima be4 ,9 ?us look+ r\nd to see :o did ! de$1 ! ,indian ?9ks x by no means necess>y to fix on anyone :o has be5 ) or ne> ! injur$ man4 ,! k5aima is suppos$ to h done ! de$1 n necess>ily 9 p]son1 b probably 9 _s4#ad ,= ^! ,indians believe t ea* individual man has a body & a _s )9 x1 & t sorc]]s c despat* _! spirits out ( _! bodies to h>m p at a di/ance4 ,x is n always 9 an invisible =m t ^! spirits ( sorc]]s are suppos$ to roam on _! err&s ( mis*ief4 ,! wiz>d c put 8 _s into ! %ape ( an animal1 su* z a jagu>1 a s]p5t1 a /+-ray1 a bird1 an insect1 or any?+ else he pleases4 ,h5ce :5 an ,indian is attack$ by a wild bea/1 he ?9ks t 8 real foe is n ! animal1 b ! sorc]] :o has trans=m$ himself into x4 ,curi\sly en\gh !y look ^u "s small h>mless birds 9 ! same light4 ,"o little bird1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* flits across ! savannahs ) a peculi> %rill :i/le at morn+ & ev5+1 is reg>d$ by ! ,indians ) especial fe> z a trans=m$ sorc]]4 ,!y ?9k t = e "o ( ^! birds t !y %oot !y h an enemy ! less1 & !y burn its little body1 tak+ great c>e t n ev5 a s+le fea!r escapes to be bl[n ab\t by ! w9d4 ,on a w9dy day a doz5 m5 & wom5 h be5 se5 *as+ ! float+ fea!rs ( ^! birds ab\t ! savannah 9 ord] utt]ly to ext+ui% ! imag9>y wiz>d4 ,ev5 ! =eign sub/ance1 ! /ick1 bone1 or :atev] x is1 :i* ! good m$ic9e-man pret5ds to suck f ! body ( ! suff]] is (t51 if n always1 reg>d$ n simply z a natural body1 b z ! mat]ialis$ =m ( a ho/ile _s4#ae ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,t9neh ,indians 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( dea?4 ,beliefs & practices ( ! same g5]al "* are report$ to h =m]ly prevail$ among ! ,t9neh or ,d5e ,indians ( ,nor?-we/ ,am]ica4 ,:5 any belov$ or influ5tial p]son di$1 nobody1 we are told1 w\ld ?9k ( attribut+ ! dea? to natural causes2 x 0 assum$ t ! demise 0 an effect ( sorc]y1 & ! only difficulty 0 to asc]ta9 ! culprit4 ,= t purpose ! s]vices ( a %aman 7 employ$4 ,rigg$ out 9 all 8 f9]y he w\ld dance & s+1 !n sudd5ly fall d[n & feign dea? or sleep4 ,on awak+ f ! app>5t trance he w\ld d5\nce ! sorc]] :o _h kill$ ! deceas$ by 8 magic art1 & ! d5unciation g5]ally prov$ ! dea?-w>rant ( ! accus$4#af ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( dea?4 ,aga91 simil> beliefs & cu/oms 9 reg>d to :at we %\ld call natural dea? appe> to h prevail$ univ]sally among/ ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 & to h contribut$ v mat]ially to ?9 ! population4 ,on ?is subject ,i w quote ! words ( an obs]v]4 ,8 rem>ks apply to ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 g5]al b to ! tribes ( ,victoria 9 p>ticul>4 ,he says3 ,! natives are mu* m num]\s 9 "s p>ts ( ,au/ralia ?an !y are 9 o!rs1 b n[h]e is ! c\ntry ?ickly peopl$2 "s dire disease occasionally breaks out among ! natives1 & c>ries (f l>ge numb]s4444 ,b !re are two o!r causes :i*1 9 my op9ion1 pr9cipally acc\nt = _! paucity ( numb]s4 ,! fir/ is t infanticide is univ]sally practis$2 ! second1 t a belief exi/s t no "o c die a natural dea?4 ,?us1 if an individual ( a c]ta9 tribe dies1 8 relatives consid] t 8 dea? has be5 caus$ by sorc]y on ! "p ( ano!r tribe4 ,! deceas$'s sons1 or ne>e/ relatives1 !re=e />t (f on a bucce5+ or murd]+ exp$ition4 ,if ! deceas$ is buri$1 a fly or a beetle is put into ! grave1 & ! direction 9 :i* ! insect w+s its way :5 releas$ is ! "o ! av5g]s take4 ,if ! body is burnt1 ! :]eab\ts ( ! (f5d+ p>ties is indicat$ by ! direction ( ! smoke4 ,! fir/ un=tunates fall5 9 ) are g5]ally wat*$ until !y encamp = ! night2 :5 !y are buri$ 9 sleep1 ! murd]]s /eal quietly up until !y are )9 a y>d or two ( _! victims1 ru% sudd5ly ^u & but*] !m4 ,on ^! occasions !y always ab/ract ! kidney-fat1 & also take (f a piece ( ! sk9 ( ! ?igh4 ,^! are c>ri$ home z trophies1 z ! ,am]ican ,indians take ! scalp4 ,! murd]]s ano9t _! bodies ) ! fat ( _! victims1 ?9k+ t by t process ! /r5g? ( ! deceas$ ent]s into !m4 ,sometimes x happ5s t ! bucce5+ p>ty come sudd5ly ^u a man ( a /range tribe 9 a tree hunt+ opossums2 he is imm$iately spe>$1 & left welt]+ 9 8 blood at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,! relatives ( ! murd]$ man at once proce$ to retaliate2 & ?us a con/ant & nev]-end+ s]ies ( murd]s is always go+ on4444 ,i d n mean to ass]t t = e man t dies or is kill$ ano!r is murd]$2 = x (t5 happ5s t ! deceas$ has no sons or relatives :o c>e ab\t av5g+ 8 dea?4 ,at o!r times a bucce5+ p>ty w return )\t hav+ met ) any "o2 !n1 aga91 !y are sometimes repell$ by ^? !y attack4#ag ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! natives ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia 9 sorc]y z a cause ( dea?4 ,beliefs ( ! tribes ( ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! tribes ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,sir ,george ,grey tells u t ! natives d n all[ t !re is su* a ?+ z a dea? f natural causes2 !y believe1 t 7 x n = murd]]s or ! malignity ( sorc]]s1 !y might live = ev]2 h5ce1 :5 a native dies f ! effect ( an accid5t1 or f "s natural cause1 !y use a v>iety ( sup]/iti\s c]emonies1 to asc]ta9 9 :at direction ! sorc]] lives1 ^: evil practices h br\ght ab\t ! dea? ( _! relative2 ?is po9t be+ satisfactorily settl$ by fri5dly sorc]]s1 !y !n atta* ! crime to "s individual1 & ! fun]al obsequies are sc>cely conclud$1 ere !y />t to rev5ge _! suppos$ wrongs4#ah ,aga91 speak+ ( ! ,wat*-an-die tribe ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ano!r writ] tells u t !y possess ! com=table assurance t ne>ly all diseases1 & consequ5tly dea?s1 are caus$ by ! en*antm5ts ( ho/ile tribes1 & t 7 x n = ! malevol5ce ( _! enemies !y w\ld 7) a few exceptions7 live = ev]4 ,consequ5tly1 on ! fir/ approa* ( sickness _! fir/ endeav\r is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! boollia magic ( _! own tribe is n suffici5tly pot5t to c\nt]act t ( _! foes4 ,%\ld ! pati5t recov]1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 pr\d ( ! sup]iority ( _! en*antm5t ov] t ( _! enemies3 b %\ld ! boollia magical influ5ce )9 ! sick man prove /rong] ?an _! own1 z !re is no help = x1 he mu/ die1 ! utmo/ !y c d 9 ?is case is to rev5ge 8 dea?4#ai ,b ! same writ] qualifies ?is g5]al /atem5t z foll[s3 ,x is n true1 he says1 t ! ,new ,holl&]s impute all natural dea?s to ! boollia magic ( inimical tribes1 = 9 mo/ cases ( p]sons wa/+ visibly away be=e dea?1 !y d n ent]ta9 ! notion4 ,x is *iefly 9 cases ( sudd5 dea?1 or :5 ! body ( ! deceas$ is fat & 9 good condition1 t ?is belief prevails1 & x is only 9 su* cont+5cies t x becomes an imp]ative duty to h rev5ge4#bj ,simil>ly1 speak+ ( ! tribes ( ,victoria 9 ! e>ly days ( ,european settlem5t among !m1 ! exp]i5c$ obs]v] ,mr4 ,james ,dawson says t natural dea?s are g5]ally--b n always--attribut$ to ! malevol5ce & ! spells ( an enemy belong+ to ano!r tribe4#ba ,aga91 ) reg>d to ! ,enc\nt] ,bay tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia we read t !re are b few diseases :i* !y reg>d z ! consequ5ces ( natural causes2 9 g5]al !y consid] !m ! effects ( en*antm5t1 & produc$ by sorc]]s4#bb ,simil>ly ( ! ,port ,l9coln tribes 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia x is record$ t 9 all cases ( dea? t d n arise f old age1 w\nds1 or o!r equally palpable causes1 ! natives suspect t unfair means h be5 practis$2 & ev5 :]e ! cause ( dea? is suffici5tly pla91 !y sometimes w n cont5t !mselves ) x1 b h rec\rse to an imag9>y "o1 z ! foll[+ case w prove3--,a woman _h be5 bitt5 by a black snake1 across ! ?umb1 9 cle>+ out a well2 %e began to swell directly1 & 0 a corpse 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 yet1 ano!r woman :o _h be5 pres5t :5 ! accid5t occurr$1 /at$ t ! deceas$ _h nam$ a c]ta9 native z hav+ caus$ h] dea?4 ,^u ?is /atem5t1 :i* 0 9 _! op9ion corroborat$ by ! circum/ance t ! snake _h drawn no blood f ! deceas$1 h] husb& & o!r fri5ds _h a fight ) ! accus$ p>ty & 8 fri5ds2 a reconciliation1 h[ev]1 took place aft]w>ds1 & x 0 admitt$ on ! "p ( ! aggressors t !y _h be5 9 error ) reg>d to ! guilty individual2 b n[ise m satisfi$ z to ! bite ( ! snake be+ ! true cause ( ! woman's dea?1 ano!r p>ty 0 n[ sudd5ly discov]$ to be ! real (f5d]1 & accord+ly w> 0 made ^u him & 8 p>tisans1 till at la/ ! matt] 0 dropp$ & =gott54 ,f ?is case1 z well z f frequ5t occurr5ces ( a simil> nature1 x appe>s evid5t t ?ir/ = rev5ge has q z great a %>e 9 ^! f\l accusations z sup]/ition4#bc ,sid5ote3 ,o!r te/imonies z to ! belief ( ! natives ( ,s\? ,au/ralia & ,victoria4 ,h[ev]1 o!r exp]i5c$ obs]v]s ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es admit no su* limitations & exceptions to ! native !ory t dea? is an effect ( sorc]y4 ,?us 9 reg>d to ! ,n>r9y]i tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia ! ,rev4 ,george ,tapl91 :o knew !m intimately = ye>s1 says t no native reg>ds dea? z natural1 b always z ! result ( sorc]y4#bd ,aga91 to quote ,mr4 ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 :o has collect$ mu* in=mation on ! tribes ( ,victoria3 ,mr4 ,daniel ,bunce1 an intellig5t obs]v]1 & a g5tleman well acqua9t$ ) ! habits ( ! blacks1 says t no tribe t he has ev] met ) believes 9 ! possibility ( a man dy+ a natural dea?4 ,if a man is tak5 ill1 x is at once assum$ t "s memb] ( a ho/ile tribe has /ol5 "s ( 8 hair4 ,?is is q en\gh to cause s]i\s illness4 ,if ! man cont9ues sick & gets worse1 x is assum$ t ! hair has be5 burnt by 8 enemy4 ,su* an act1 !y say1 is suffici5t to imp]il 8 life4 ,if ! man dies1 x is assum$ t ! ?ief has *ok$ 8 victim & tak5 away 8 kidney-fat4 ,:5 ! grave is be+ dug1 "o or m ( ! old] m5--g5]ally doctors or conjurors 7,buk-na-look7--/& by & att5tively wat* ! labor]s2 & if an insect is ?r[n out ( ! gr\nd1 ^! old m5 obs]ve ! direction :i* x takes1 & hav+ det]m9$ ! l9e1 two ( ! "y m51 relations ( ! deceas$1 are despat*$ 9 ! pa? indicat$1 ) in/ructions to kill ! fir/ native !y meet1 :o !y are assur$ & believe is ! p]son directly *>geable ) ! crime ( caus+ ! dea? ( _! relative4 ,mr4 ,john ,gre5 says t ! m5 ( ! ,y>ra tribe firmly believe t no "o ev] dies a natural dea?4 ,a man or a woman dies because ( ! wick$ arts practis$ by "s memb] ( a ho/ile tribe2 & !y discov] ! direction 9 :i* to se>* = ! slay] by ! movem5ts ( a liz>d :i* is se5 imm$iately aft] ! corpse is int]r$4#be ,aga91 speak+ ( ! aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ano!r writ] obs]ves3 ,all dea?s f natural causes are attribut$ to ! ma*9ations ( enemies1 :o are suppos$ to h s\ght = & burn$ ! excrem5t ( ! int5d$ victim1 :i*1 accord+ to ! g5]al belief1 causes a gradual wa/+ away4 ,! relatives1 !re=e1 wat* ! /ruggl+ feet ( ! dy+ p]son1 z !y po9t 9 ! direction :5ce ! injury is ?\ght to come1 & s]ve z a guide to ! spot :]e x %\ld be av5g$4 ,?is is ! duty ( ! ne>e/ male relative2 %\ld he fail 9 its execution1 x w ev] be to him a reproa*1 al?\gh o!r relatives may h av5g$ ! dea?4 ,if ! deceas$ 7 a *ief1 !n ! duty devolves ^u ! tribe4 ,*os5 m5 are s5t 9 ! direction indicat$1 :o kill ! fir/ p]sons !y meet1 :e!r m51 wom51 or *ildr52 & ! m lives t are sacrific$1 ! great] is ! hon\r to ! dead4#bf ,aga91 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,kurnai tribe ( ,victoria ! late ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt rem>ks3 ,x is n difficult to see h[1 among savages1 :o h no k ( ! real causes ( diseases :i* are ! common lot ( humanity1 ! v suspicion ev5 ( su* a ?+ z dea? f disease %\ld be unkn[n4 ,dea? by accid5t !y c imag9e2 dea? by viol5ce !y c imag9e2 b ,i "q if !y c1 9 _! savage condition1 imag9e dea? by m]e disease4 ,rheumatism is believ$ to be produc$ by ! ma*9ations ( "s enemy4 ,see+ a ,tatungolung v lame1 ,i ask$ him :at 0 ! matt]8 ,he said1 ',"s fell[ has put bottle 9 my foot4' ,i ask$ him to let me see x4 ,i f\nd he 0 probably suff]+ f acute rheumatism4 ,he expla9$ t "s enemy mu/ h f\nd 8 foot track1 & h buri$ 9 x a piece ( brok5 bottle4 ,! magic influ5ce1 he believ$1 caus$ x to ent] 8 foot4444 ,ph?isis1 pneumonia1 b[el compla9ts1 & insanity are suppos$ to be produc$ by an evil _s--,brew9--':o is l ! w9d1' & :o1 ent]+ 8 victims1 c only be expell$ by suitable incantations4444 ,?us ! belief arises t dea? occurs only f accid5t1 op5 viol5ce1 or secret magic2 &1 naturally1 t ! latt] c only be met by c\nt]-*>ms4#bg ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( sickness & dea?4 ,! beliefs & practices ( ! aborig9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 9 respect ( dea? 7 simil>4 ,?us we are told by a well-in=m$ writ] t ! natives d n believe 9 dea? f natural causes2 !re=e all sickness is attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( sorc]y1 & c\nt] *>ms are us$ to de/roy its effect4444 ,z a man's dea? is nev] suppos$ to h occurr$ naturally1 except z ! result ( accid5t1 or f a w\nd 9 battle1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done :5 a dea? occurs is to endeav\r to f9d out ! p]son ^: spells h br\ght ab\t ! calamity4 ,9 ! ,wa?i-,wa?i tribe ! corpse is ask$ by ea* relative 9 succession to signify by "s sign ! p]son :o has caus$ 8 dea?4 ,n receiv+ an answ]1 !y wat* 9 :i* direction a bird flies1 aft] hav+ pass$ ov] ! deceas$4 ,?is is consid]$ an indication t ! sorc]] is to be f\nd 9 t direction4 ,sometimes ! ne>e/ relative sleeps ) 8 head on ! corpse1 :i* causes him1 !y ?9k1 to dream ( ! murd]]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( unc]ta9ty ab\t ! proce$+s1 :i* seldom result 9 m ?an a great display ( wra?1 & ( v[+ ( v5geance aga9/ "s memb] ( a neighb\r+ tribe4 ,un=tunately ?is is n always ! case1 ! man :o is suppos$ to h ex]cis$ ! dea?-spell be+ sometimes waylaid & murd]$ 9 a mo/ cruel mann]4#bh ,) reg>d to ! great ,kamil>oi tribe ( ,new ,s\? ,wales we read t 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry a belief prevails t dea?1 ?r\gh disease1 is1 9 _m1 if n 9 all cases1 ! result ( an enemy's malice4 ,x is a common say+1 :5 illness or dea? comes1 t "s "o has ?r[n 8 belt 7boor7 at ! victim4 ,!re are v>i\s modes ( fix+ ^u ! murd]]4 ,"o is to let an insect fly f ! body ( ! deceas$ & see t[>ds :om x goes4 ,! p]son ?us s+l$ out is doom$4#bi ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( dea?4 ,speak+ ( ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]ve t 9 ! matt] ( morality _! code diff]s radically f ours1 b x _c be d5i$ t _! conduct is gov]n$ by x1 & t any kn[n brea*es are dealt ) bo? surely & sev]ely4 ,9 v _m cases !re takes place :at ! :ite man1 n see+ b5ea? ! surface1 n unnaturally describes z secret murd]1 b1 9 reality1 revolt+ ?\gh su* slaught] may be to our m9ds at ! pres5t day1 x is simply exactly on a p> ) ! treatm5t accord$ to wit*es n s v long ago 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,e case ( su* secret murd]1 :5 "o or m m5 /eal?ily /alk _! prey ) ! object ( kill+ him1 is 9 reality ! exact+ ( a life = a life1 ! accus$ p]son be+ indicat$ by ! s-call$ m$ic9e-man z "o :o has br\ght ab\t ! dea? ( ano!r man by magic1 & ^: life mu/ !re=e be =feit$4 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out :at a pot5t elem5t ?is cu/om has be5 9 keep+ d[n ! numb]s ( ! tribe2 no su* ?+ z natural dea? is realis$ by ! native2 a man :o dies has ( necessity be5 kill$ by "s o!r man1 or p]haps ev5 by a woman1 & soon] or lat] t man or woman w be attack$4 ,9 ! normal condition ( ! tribe e dea? meant ! kill+ ( ano!r individual4#cj ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! natives ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&s & ,new ,gu9ea 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( dea?4 ,pass+ f ,au/ralia to o!r savage l&s we le>n t accord+ to ! belief ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s all sickness & dea? 7 due to sorc]y4#ca ,! natives ( ,m[at or ,mawatta 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea d n believe 9 a natural dea?1 b attribute ev5 ! decease ( an old man to ! ag5cy ( "s enemy kn[n or unkn[n4#cb ,9 ! op9ion ( ! tribes ab\t ,hood ,p59sula 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea no "o dies a natural dea?4 ,e su* dea? is caus$ by ! evil magic ei!r ( a liv+ sorc]] or ( a dead relation4#cc ,( ! ,roro-speak+ tribes ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea ,dr4 ,seligmann writes t except 9 ! case ( old folk1 dea? is n admitt$ to occur )\t "s obvi\s cause su* z a spe>-?ru/4 ,!re=e :5 vigor\s & active memb]s ( ! community die1 x becomes necess>y to expla9 _! fate1 & su* dea?s are firmly believ$ to be produc$ by sorc]y4 ,inde$1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 ! ,papuasian ( ?is di/rict reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( sorc]y1 n1 z has be5 alleg$1 z a p>ticul>ly t]rify+ & horrible affair1 b z a necess>y & inevitable condition ( exi/5ce 9 ! _w z he kn[s x4#cd ,among/ ! ,yabim ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea e case ( dea?1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld happ5 accid5tally1 z by ! fall ( a tree or ! bite ( a %>k1 is laid at ! door ( ! sorc]]s4 ,!y are blam$ ev5 = ! dea? ( a *ild4 ,if x is said t a little *ild nev] hurt anybody & !re=e _c h an enemy1 ! reply is t ! int5tion 0 to injure ! "m1 & t ! malady _h be5 transf]r$ to ! infant ?r\gh its "m's milk4#ce ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,melanesians 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( sickness & dea?4 ,aga91 9 ! isl& ( ,malo1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 a ,ca?olic mission>y reports t accord+ to a belief deeply implant$ 9 ! native m9d e disease is ! effect ( wit*craft1 & t nobody dies a natural dea? b only z a consequ5ce ( viol5ce1 poison1 or sorc]y4#cf ,simil>ly 9 ,new ,georgia1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 :5 a p]son is sick1 ! natives ?9k t he mu/ be bewit*$ by a man or woman1 = 9 _! op9ion nobody c be sick or die unless he is bewit*$2 :at we call natural sickness & dea? are impossible4 ,9 case ( illness suspicion falls on "s "o :o is suppos$ to h buri$ a *>m$ object ) int5t to injure ! suff]]4#cg ,( ! ,melanesians :o inhabit ! coa/ ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9 x is said t all dea?s by sickness or disease are attribut$ by !m to ! wit*craft ( a sorc]]1 & a div9] is call$ 9 to asc]ta9 ! culprit :o by 8 evil magic has de/roy$ _! fri5ds4#ch ,among/ ! ,melanesians few1 if any1 are believ$ to die f natural causes only2 if !y are n kill$ 9 w>1 !y are suppos$ to die f ! effects ( wit*craft or magic4 ,:5ev] any "o 0 sick1 8 fri5ds made anxi\s inquiries z to ! p]son :o _h bewit*$ 7ag>a'd7 him4 ,"s "o w\ld g5]ally be f\nd to admit t he _h buri$ "s portion ( food or some?+ belong+ to ! sick man1 :i* _h caus$ 8 illness4 ,! fri5ds w\ld pay him to dig x up1 & aft] t ! pati5t w\ld g5]ally get well4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he did n recov]1 x 0 assum$ t "s o!r p]son _h also ag>a'd him4#ci ,sid5ote3 ,! belief ( ! ,malagasy 9 sorc]y z a cause ( dea?4 ,speak+ ( ! ,malagasy a ,ca?olic mission>y tells u t 9 ,madagasc> nobody dies a natural dea?4 ,) ! possible exception ( c5t5>ians ev]ybody is suppos$ to die ! victim ( ! sorc]]'s diabolic art4 ,if a relation ( y\rs dies1 ! p com=t y by say+1 ,curs$ be ! sorc]] :o caus$ 8 dea?6 ,if y\r horse falls d[n a precipice & breaks its back1 ! accid5t has be5 caus$ by ! malici\s look ( a sorc]]4 ,if y\r dog dies ( hydrophobia or y\r horse ( a c>buncle1 ! cause is /ill ! same4 ,if y cat* a fev] 9 a di/rict :]e mal>ia ab\nds1 ! malady is /ill ascrib$ to ! art ( ! sorc]]1 :o has ins9uat$ "s deadly sub/ances into y\r body4#dj ,aga91 speak+ ( ! ,sakalava1 a tribe 9 ,madagasc>1 an em95t ,fr5* au?ority on ! isl& obs]ves3 ,!y h su* a fai? 9 ! p[] ( talismans t !y ev5 ascribe to !m ! p[] ( kill+ _! enemies4 ,:5 !y speak ( poison+1 !y d n allude1 z _m ,europeans wrongly suppose1 to dea? by vegetable or m9]al poisons2 ! ref]5ce is to *>ms or spells4 ,!y (t5 ?r[ "u ! b$ ( an enemy an ah\li talisman1 pray+ x to kill him1 & !y are p]suad$ t soon] or lat] _! wi% w be accompli%$4 ,i h (t5 be5 pres5t at bloody v5dettas :i* _h no o!r orig9 b ?is4 ,! ,sakalava ?9k t a great "p ( ! population dies ( poison 9 ?is way4 ,9 _! op9ion1 only old p :o h atta9$ ! extreme limits ( human longevity die a natural dea?4#da ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ,african tribes 9 sorc]y z ! cause ( sickness & dea?4 ,9 ,africa simil> beliefs are widely spread & lead1 z else:]e1 to fatal consequ5ces4 ,?us ! ,kagoro ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia refuse to believe 9 dea? f natural causes2 all illnesses & dea?s1 9 _! op9ion1 are br\ght ab\t by black magic1 h[ev] old & decrepit ! deceas$ may h be54 ,!y expla9 sickness by say+ t a man's s\l w&]s f 8 body 9 sleep & may !n be caught1 deta9$1 & ev5 beat5 ) a /ick by "s evil-wi%]2 :5ev] t happ5s1 ! man naturally falls ill4 ,sometimes an enemy w ab/ract ! pati5t's liv] by magic & c>ry x away to a cave 9 a sacr$ grove1 :]e he w dev\r x 9 company ) o!r wick$ sorc]]s4 ,a wit*-doctor is call$ 9 to detect ! culprit1 & :omev] he d5\nces is %ut up 9 a room1 :]e a fire is k9dl$ & pepp] ?r[n into x2 & !re he is kept 9 ! fumes ( ! burn+ pepp] till he confesses 8 guilt & returns ! /ol5 liv]1 ^u :i* ( c\rse ! sick man recov]s4 ,b %\ld ! pati5t die1 ! miscreant :o did him to dea? by kidnapp+ 8 s\l or 8 liv] w be sold z a slave or *ok$4#db ,9 l mann] ! ,bak]ewe1 :o inhabit ! l>ge/ isl& 9 ! ,victoria ,nyanza lake1 believe t all dea?s & all ailm5ts1 h[ev] trivial1 are ! effect ( wit*craft2 & ! p]son1 g5]ally an old woman1 :om ! wit*-doctor accuses ( hav+ ca/ ! spell on ! pati5t is ti$ up1 sev]ely beat51 or /abb$ to dea? on ! spot4#dc ,aga91 we are told t ! peoples ( ! ,congo d n believe 9 a natural dea?1 n ev5 :5 x happ5s ?r\gh dr[n+ or any o!r accid5t4 ,:oev] dies is ! victim ( wit*craft or ( a spell4 ,8 s\l has be5 eat54 ,he mu/ be av5g$ by ! puni%m5t ( ! p]son :o has committ$ ! crime4 ,accord+ly :5 a dea? has tak5 place1 ! m$ic9e-man is s5t = to discov] ! crim9al4 ,he pret5ds to be possess$ by a _s & 9 ?is /ate he names ! wret* :o has caus$ ! dea? by sorc]y4 ,! accus$ has to submit to ! poison ordeal by dr9k+ a decoction ( ! r$ b>k ( ! ,ery?rophloeum gu9i5se4 ,if he vomits up ! poison1 he is innoc5t2 b if he fails to d s1 ! infuriat$ cr[d ru%es on him & despat*es him ) knives & clubs4 ,! family ( ! suppos$ culprit has moreov] to pay an indemnity to ! family ( ! suppos$ victim4#dd ,dea?1 9 ! op9ion ( ! natives1 is nev] due to a natural cause4 ,x is always ! result ei!r ( a crime or ( sorc]y1 & is foll[$ by ! poison ordeal1 :i* has to be und]gone by an innoc5t p]son :om ! feti%-man accuses f selfi% motives4#de ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( su* beliefs 9 ?9n+ ! population by caus+ multitudes to die = ! imag9>y crime ( sorc]y4 ,evid5ce ( ! same sort c\ld be multipli$ = ,we/ ,africa1 :]e ! fe> ( sorc]y is rampant4#df ,b )\t go+ into fur!r details1 ,i wi% to po9t out ! disa/r\s effects :i* "h1 z else:]e1 ?is !ory ( dea? has produc$ ^u ! population4 ,= :5 a dea? f natural causes takes place1 ! au?or ( ! dea? be+ ( c\rse unkn[n1 suspicion (t5 falls on a numb] ( p1 all ( :om are oblig$ to submit to ! poison ordeal 9 ord] to prove _! innoc5ce1 ) ! result t "s or possibly all ( !m p]i%4 ,a v exp]i5c$ ,am]ican mission>y 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,nassau1 ! fri5d ( ! late ,miss ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley1 tells u t = e p]son :o dies a natural dea? at lea/ "o1 & (t5 t5 or m h be5 execut$ on an accusation ( wit*craft4#dg ,&rew ,battel1 a native ( ,essex1 :o liv$ 9 ,angola = _m ye>s at ! end ( ! sixte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 in=ms u t 9 ?is c\ntry none on any acc\nt die?1 b !y kill ano!r = him3 = !y believe !y die n _! own natural dea?1 b t "s o!r has bewit*$ !m to dea?4 ,& all ^? are br\ght 9 by ! fri5ds ( ! dead :om !y suspect2 s t !re _m times come five hundr$ m5 & wom5 to take ! dr9k1 made ( ! =esaid root imb&o4 ,!y are br\ght all to ! high-/reet or m>ket-place1 & !re ! ma/] ( ! imb&o sits ) 8 wat]1 & gives e "o a cup ( wat] by "o measure2 & !y are comm&$ to walk 9 a c]ta9 place till !y make wat]1 & !n !y are free4 ,b he t _c ur9e pres5tly falls d[n1 & all ! p1 great & small1 fall ^u him ) _! knives1 & beat & cut him into pieces4 ,b ,i ?9k ! wit* t gives ! wat] is p>tial1 & gives to him ^: dea? is desir$ ! /ronge/ wat]1 b no man ( ! bye-/&]s c p]ceive x4 ,?is is done 9 ! t[n ( ,longo1 almo/ e week ?r\gh\t ! ye>4#dh ,a ,fr5* (ficial tells u t among ! ,neyaux ( ! ,ivory ,coa/ simil> beliefs & practices 7 visibly depopulat+ ! c\ntry1 e s+le natural dea? caus+ ! dea? ( f\r or five p]sons by ! poison ordeal1 :i* consi/$ 9 dr9k+ ! decoction ( a r$ b>k call$ by ! natives boduru4 ,at ! dea? ( a *ief fifte5 m5 & wom5 p]i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t _h great difficulty 9 suppress+ ! ordeal2 = ! delud$ natives firmly believ$ 9 ! ju/ice ( ! te/ & !re=e submitt$ to x will+ly 9 ! full consci\sness ( _! innoc5ce4#di ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,calab> ! poison ordeal1 :i* "h consi/s 9 dr9k+ a decoction ( a c]ta9 bean1 ! ,physo/igma v55osum ( botani/s1 has _h simil> disa/r\s results1 z we le>n f ! te/imony ( a mission>y1 ! ,rev4 ,hugh ,goldie4 ,he tells u t ! p h firm fai? 9 ! ordeal & !re=e n only accept x readily b appeal to x1 conv9c$ t x w demon/rate _! innoc5ce4 ,a small tribe nam$ ,uwet 9 ! hill-c\ntry ( ,calab> almo/ swept itself (f ! face ( ! e>? by its con/ant use ( ! ordeal4 ,on "o occasion ! :ole population drank ! poison to prove !mselves pure1 z !y said2 ab\t half p]i%$1 & ! remnant1 says ,mr4 ,goldie1 /ill cont9u+ _! sup]/iti\s practice1 mu/ soon become ext9ct#ej ,^! words 7 writt5 a good _m ye>s ago1 & x is probable t by ?is "t ^! poor fanatics h actually succe$$ 9 ext]m9at+ !mselves4 ,s fatal may be ! practical consequ5ces ( a purely speculative error2 = x is to be rememb]$ t ^! disa/]s fl[ directly f a mi/ak5 !ory ( dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al conclusion z to ! belief 9 sorc]y z ! great cause ( dea?4 ,mu* m evid5ce ( ! same k9d c\ld be adduc$1 b )\t pursu+ ! !me fur!r ,i ?9k we may lay x d[n z a g5]al rule t at a c]ta9 /age ( social & intellectual evolution m5 h believ$ !mselves to be naturally immortal 9 ?is life & h reg>d$ dea? by disease or ev5 by accid5t or viol5ce z an unnatural ev5t :i* has be5 br\ght ab\t by sorc]y & :i* mu/ be av5g$ by ! dea? ( ! sorc]]4 ,if t has be5 s1 we seem b\nd to conclude t a belief 9 magic or sorc]y has _h a mo/ pot5t influ5ce 9 keep+ d[n ! numb]s ( savage tribes2 s9ce z a rule e natural dea? has entail$ at lea/ "o1 (t5 sev]al1 sometimes _m dea?s by viol5ce4 ,?is may help u to und]/& :at an imm5se p[] = evil ! _w-wide fai? 9 magic or sorc]y has be5 among m54 ,sid5ote3 ,b "s savages h attribut$ dea? to o!r causes ?an sorc]y4 ,b ev5 savages come 9 "t to p]ceive t dea?s are sometimes br\ght ab\t by o!r causes ?an sorc]y4 ,we h se5 t "s ( !m admit extreme old age1 accid5ts1 & viol5ce z causes ( dea? :i* are indep5d5t ( sorc]y4 ,! admission ( ^! exceptions to ! g5]al rule c]ta9ly m>ks a /age ( intellectual progress4 ,i w give a few m in/ances ( su* admissions be=e conclud+ ?is "p ( my subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s savages dissect ! corpse to asc]ta9 :e!r dea? 0 due to natural causes or to sorc]y4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 c]ta9 savage tribes are report$ to dissect ! bodies ( _! dead 9 ord] to asc]ta9 f an exam9ation ( ! corpse :e!r ! deceas$ di$ a natural dea? or p]i%$ by magic4 ,?is is report$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,smi? conc]n+ ! ,araucanians ( ,*ili1 :o accord+ to o!r writ]s1 z we saw1#ea believe all dea?s to be due to sorc]y4 ,mr4 ,smi? tells u t aft] dea? ! s]vices ( ! ma*i or m$ic9e-man are aga9 requir$1 especially if ! deceas$ be a p]son ( di/9ction4 ,! body is dissect$ & exam9$4 ,if ! liv] be f\nd 9 a heal?y /ate1 ! dea? is attribut$ to natural causes2 b if ! liv] prove to be inflam$1 x is suppos$ to indicate ! ma*9ations ( "s evil-int5tion$ p]sons1 & x re/s ) ! m$ic9e-man to discov] ! conspirator4 ,?is is accompli%$ by mu* ! same means t 7 us$ to f9d out ! nature ( ! disease4 ,! gall is extract$1 put 9 ! magic drum1 & aft] v>i\s incantations tak5 out & plac$ ov] ! fire1 9 a pot c>efully cov]$2 if1 aft] subject+ ! gall to a c]ta9 am\nt ( roa/+1 a /one is f\nd 9 ! bottom ( ! pot1 x is decl>$ to be ! means by :i* dea? 0 produc$4 ,^! /ones1 z well z ! frogs1 spid]s1 arr[s1 or :atev] else may be extract$ f ! sick man1 are call$ ,huecuvu--! ',evil ,"o4' ,by aid ( ! ,huecuvu ! ma*i m$ic9e-man ?r[s himself into a trance1 9 :i* /ate he discov]s & ann\nces ! p]son guilty ( ! dea?1 & describes ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 produc$4#eb ,aga91 speak+ ( ! ,pah\9s1 a tribe ( ! ,gaboon region 9 ,fr5* ,congo1 a ,ca?olic mission>y writes ?us3 ,x is s r>e among ! ,pah\9s t a dea? is consid]$ natural6 ,sc>cely has ! deceas$ giv5 up ! gho/ :5 ! sorc]] appe>s on ! sc5e4 ,) ?ree cuts ( ! knife1 "o transv]se & two lat]al1 he dissects ! brea/ ( ! corpse & turns d[n ! sk9 on ! face4 ,!n he grabbles 9 ! brea/1 exam9es ! b[els att5tively1 m>ks ! la/ muscul> contractions1 & !reupon pron\nces :e!r ! dea? 0 natural or n4 ,if he decides t ! dea? 0 due to sorc]y1 ! suspect$ culprit has to submit to ! poison ordeal 9 ! usual mann] to det]m9e 8 guilt or innoc5ce4#ec ,sid5ote3 ,! possibility ( natural dea? admitt$ by ! ,melanesians4 ,ano!r savage p :o h come to admit ! possibility ( m]ely natural dea? are ! ,melanesians ( ! ,new ,hebrides & o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,melanesia4 ,among/ !m any sickness t is s]i\s is believ$ to be br\ght ab\t by gho/s or spirits2 common compla9ts su* z fev] & ague are tak5 z com+ 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,to say t savages are nev] ill )\t suppos+ a sup]natural cause is n true ( ,melanesians2 !y make up _! m9ds z ! sickness comes :e!r x is natural or n1 & ! m important ! individual :o is sick1 ! m likely 8 sickness is to be ascrib$ to ! ang] ( a gho/ :om he has (f5d$1 or to wit*craft4 ,no great man w\ld l to be told t he 0 ill by natural weakness or decay4 ,! sickness is almo/ always believ$ to be caus$ by a gho/1 n by a _s4444 ,g5]ally x is to ! gho/s ( ! dead t sickness is ascrib$ 9 ! ea/]n isl&s z well z 9 ! we/]n2 rec\rse is _h to !m = aid 9 caus+ & remov+ sickness2 & gho/s are believ$ to inflict sickness n only because "s (f5ce1 su* z a trespass1 has be5 committ$ aga9/ !m1 or because "o famili> ) !m has s\ght _! aid ) sacrifice & spells1 b because !re is a c]ta9 malignity 9 ! feel+ ( all gho/s t[>ds ! liv+1 :o (f5d !m by be+ alive4#ed ,f ?is acc\nt we le>n1 fir/1 t ! ,melanesians admit "s dea?s by common diseases1 su* z fev] & ague1 to be natural2 &1 second1 t !y recognise gho/s & spirits z well z sorc]]s & wit*es1 among ! causes ( dea?2 inde$ !y hold t gho/s are ! commone/ ( all causes ( sickness & dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! possibility ( natural dea? admitt$ by ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! same causes ( dea? are recognis$ also by ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa1 z we le>n f ,mr4 ,dudley ,kidd1 :o tells u t accord+ to ! beliefs ( ! natives1 to />t )1 !re is sickness :i* is suppos$ to be caus$ by ! action ( ance/ral spirits or by fabul\s mon/]s4 ,secondly1 !re is sickness :i* is caus$ by ! magical practices ( "s evil p]son :o is us+ wit*craft 9 secret4 ,?irdly1 !re is sickness :i* comes f nei!r ( ^! causes1 & rema9s unexpla9$4 ,x is said to be 'only sickness1 & no?+ m4' ,?is ?ird =m ( sickness is1 ,i ?9k1 ! commone/4 ,yet mo/ writ]s :olly ignore x1 or d5y its exi/5ce4 ,x may happ5 t an attack ( indige/ion is "o day attribut$ to ! action ( wit* or wiz>d2 ano!r day ! tr\ble is put d[n to ! acc\nt ( ance/ral spirits2 on a ?ird occasion ! p may be at a loss to acc\nt = x1 & s may dismiss ! problem by say+ t x is m]ely sickness4 ,x is q common to he> natives say t !y are at a loss to acc\nt = "s special case ( illness4 ,at fir/ !y ?\ght x 0 caus$ by an angry ance/ral _s2 b a great doctor has assur$ !m t x is n ! result ( su* a _s4 ,!y !n suppose x to be due to ! magical practices ( "s enemy2 b ! doctor negatives t !ory4 ,! p are1 !re=e1 driv5 to ! conclusion t ! tr\ble has no asc]ta9able cause4 ,9 "s cases !y d n ev5 tr\ble to consult a div9]2 !y spe$ily recognise ! sickness z due to natural causes4 ,9 su* a case x ne$s no explanation4 ,if !y ?9k t "s fri5d ( !irs kn[s ( a rem$y1 !y w try x on _! own initiative1 or may ev5 g (f to a :ite man to ask = "s ( 8 m$ic9e4 ,!y w\ld nev] dream ( do+ ?is if !y ?\ght !y 7 be+ influ5c$ by magic or by ance/ral spirits4 ,! ,kafirs q recognise t !re are types ( disease :i* are inh]it$1 & h n be5 caus$ by magic or by ance/ral spirits4 ,!y admit t "s accid5ts are due to no?+ b ! pati5t's c>elessness or /upidity4 ,if a native gets 8 leg run ov] by a waggon1 ! p w (t5 say t x is all 8 own fault ?r\gh be+ clumsy4 ,9 o!r cases1 ) delightful inconsi/5cy1 !y may say t "s "o has be5 work+ magic to cause ! accid5t4 ,9 %ort1 x is impossible to make out a !ory ( sickness :i* w satisfy our ,european conception ( consi/5cy4#ee ,sid5ote3 ,! admission t dea? may be due to natural causes1 m>ks an intellectual advance4 ,! recognition ( gho/s or spirits z a cause ( disease1 ap>t f sorc]y1 also m>ks a /ep 9 intellectual1 moral1 & social progress4 ,f ! =ego+ acc\nts we see t ! ,melanesians & ! ,caffres1 two widely diff]5t & widely sep>at$ races1 agree 9 recognis+ at lea/ ?ree di/9ct causes ( :at we %\ld call natural dea?4 ,^! ?ree causes are1 fir/1 sorc]y or wit*craft2 second1 gho/s or spirits2 & ?ird1 disease4#ef ,t ! recognition ( disease 9 itself z a cause ( dea?1 q ap>t f sorc]y1 m>ks an intellectual advance1 w n be disput$4 ,x is n s cle>1 ?\gh ,i believe x is equally true1 t ! recognition ( gho/s or spirits z a cause ( disease1 q ap>t f wit*craft1 m>ks a real /ep 9 intellectual1 moral1 & social progress4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x m>ks a /ep 9 intellectual & moral progress2 = x recognises t effects :i* be=e _h be5 ascrib$ to human ag5cy spr+ f sup]human causes2 & ?is recognition ( p[]s 9 ! univ]se sup]ior to man is n only an intellectual ga9 b a moral discipl9e3 x tea*es ! important lesson ( humility4 ,9 ! second place x m>ks a /ep 9 social progress because :5 ! blame ( a dea? is laid ^u a gho/ or a _s in/ead ( on a sorc]]1 ! dea? has n to be av5g$ by kill+ a human be+1 ! suppos$ au?or ( ! calamity4 ,?us ! recognition ( gho/s or spirits z ! s\rces ( sickness & dea? has z its imm$iate effect ! sp>+ ( an imm5se numb] ( lives ( m5 & wom51 :o on ! !ory ( dea? by sorc]y w\ld h p]i%$ by viol5ce to expiate _! imag9>y crime4 ,t ?is is a great ga9 to society is obvi\s3 x adds imm5sely to ! security ( human life by remov+ "o ( ! mo/ fruitful causes ( its de/ruction4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! ga9 is n always z great z might be expect$2 ! social advantages ( a belief 9 gho/s & spirits are att5d$ by _m s]i\s drawbacks4 ,= :ile gho/s or spirits are commonly1 ?\gh n always1 suppos$ to be beyond ! rea* ( human v5geance1 !y are g5]ally ?\ght to be well )9 ! rea* ( human p]suasion1 flatt]y1 & brib]y2 9 o!r words1 m5 ?9k t !y c appease & propitiate !m by pray] & sacrifice2 & :ile pray] is always *eap1 sacrifice may be v de>1 s9ce x c1 & (t5 does1 involve ! de/ruction ( an imm5se deal ( valuable prop]ty & ( a va/ numb] ( human lives4 ,yet if we c\ld reckon up ! myriads :o h be5 sla9 9 sacrifice to gho/s & gods1 x seems probable t !y w\ld fall f> %ort ( ! untold multitudes :o h p]i%$ z sorc]]s & wit*es4 ,= :ile human sacrifices 9 hon\r ( deities or ( ! dead h be5 = ! mo/ "p exceptional r ?an regul>1 only ! great gods & ! illu/ri\s dead be+ deem$ wor?y ( su* co/ly (f]+s1 ! slaught] ( wit*es & wiz>ds1 !oretically at lea/1 foll[$ inevitably on e natural dea? among p :o attribut$ all su* dea?s to sorc]y4 ,h5ce if natural religion be def9$ r\ghly z a belief 9 sup]human spiritual be+s & an attempt to propitiate !m1 we may p]haps say t1 :ile natural religion has sla9 its ?\s&s1 magic has sla9 its t5 ?\s&s4 ,b !re are /rong reasons = inf]r+ t 9 ! hi/ory ( society an ,age ( ,magic prec$$ an ,age ( ,religion4 ,if t 0 s1 we may conclude t ! adv5t ( religion m>k$ a great social z well z intellectual advance ^u ! prec$+ ,age ( ,magic3 x inaugurat$ an era ( :at might be describ$ z m]cy by comp>ison ) ! rel5tless sev]ity ( its pr$ecessor4 ,footnote #f3 ,w4 ,m>t91 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahah71 ii4 #ii4 ,footnote #g3 ,m4 ,dobrizh(f]1 ,hi/oria de ,abiponibus 7,vi5na1 #aghd71 ii4 #ib sq41 #bdj sqq4 ,! au?or ( ?is valuable "w liv$ z a ,ca?olic mission>y 9 ! tribe = eighte5 ye>s4 ,footnote #h3 ,c4 ,gay1 ,fragm5t d'un ,voyage dans le ,*ili et au ,cusco1 ,bullet9 de la ,societe de ,geographie 7,p>is71 ,deuxieme ,s]ie1 xix4 7#ahdc7 p4 #be2 ,h4 ,delaporte1 ,une visite *ez les ,araucani5s1 ,bullet9 de la ,societe de ,geographie 7,p>is71 ,quatrieme ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahee7 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #i3 ,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvoelk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #cdd1 #cdh4 ,footnote #aj3 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,brett1 ,! ,indian ,tribes ( ,guiana 7,london1 #ahfh71 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,w4 ,h4 ,brett1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cfa sq4 ,footnote #ab3 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,brett1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cfd sq4 ,footnote #ac3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana 7,london1 #ahdg71 pp4 #ef sq41 #eh4 ,footnote #ad3 7,sir7 ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #ccj sq4 ,= ! case describ$ see ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis*-,guiana1 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahdg7 pp4 #cbd sq4 ,! boy di$ ( dropsy4 ,p]haps ! mode ( div9ation adopt$1 by boil+ "s portions ( him 9 wat]1 _h special ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! disease4 ,footnote #ae3 7,sir7 ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ccb sq4 ,footnote #af3 ,fa!r ,a4 ,g4 ,morice1 ,! ,canadian ,d5es1 ,annual ,ar*aeological ,report1 #aije 7,toronto1 #aijf71 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #ag3 ,alb]t ,a4 ,c4 ,le ,s\ef1 ,notes on ! ,natives ( ,au/ralia1 9 ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?'s ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne & ,london1 #ahgh71 ii4 #bhi sq4 ,footnote #ah3 7,sir7 ,george ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahda71 ii4 #bch4 ,footnote #ai3 ,a4 ,oldfield1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s4 iii4 7#ahfe7 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a4 ,oldfield1 op4 cit4 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #ba3 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es 7,melb\rne1 ,sydney & ,adelaide1 #ahha71 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #bb3 ,h4 ,e4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,adelaide1 #ahgi71 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #bc3 ,c4 ,w4 ,s*u]mann1 ,! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bcg sq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,adelaide1 #ahgi71 p4 #be4 ,footnote #be3 ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne & ,london1 #ahgh7 i4 #aaj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,w4 ,e4 ,/anbridge1 ,"s ,p>ticul>s ( ! ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics1 ,a/ronomy1 & ,my?ology ( ! ,tribes 9 ! ,c5tral ,"p ( ,victoria1 ,s\!rn ,au/ralia1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,new ,s]ies1 i4 7#ahfa7 p4 #bii4 ,footnote #bg3 ,lorim] ,fison & ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai 7,melb\rne1 ,sydney1 ,adelaide1 & ,brisbane1 #ahhj71 pp4 #bej sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,cam]on1 ,notes on "s ,tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute xiv4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #cfa1 #cfb sq4 ,footnote #bi3 ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 ,second ,edition 7,sydney1 #ahge71 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #cj3 ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #df-dh4 ,footnote #ca3 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd7 pp4 #bdh1 #cbc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,e4 ,be>dmore1 ,! ,natives ( ,m[at1 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xix4 7#ahij7 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #cc3 ,r4 ,e4 ,guise1 ,on ! ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,m\? ( ! ,wanigela ,riv]1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxviii4 7#ahii7 p4 #baf4 ,footnote #cd3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 p4 #bgi4 ,footnote #ce3 ,k4 ,vett]1 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 od] die ,arbeit d] ,neu5-,dettelsau] ,mission1 iii4 7,b>m51 #ahih7 pp4 #aj sq42 id41 9 ,na*ri*t5 ueb] ,kais]-,wilhelms-,l& und d5 ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 #ahig1 pp4 #id1 #ih4 ,comp>e ,b4 ,hag51 ,unt] d5 ,papuas 7,wiesbad51 #ahii71 p4 #bef2 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fu] ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie1 und ,urges*i*te1 #aijj1 p4 7#dae74 ,footnote #cf3 ,fa!r ,a4 ,d5iau1 ,croyances religieuses et moeurs des indig5es de l',ile ,malo1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxxiii4 7#aija7 pp4 #cae sq4 ,footnote #cg3 ,c4 ,ribbe1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,kannibal5 d] ,salomo-,inseln 7,dresd5-,blasewitz1 #aijc71 p4 #bfh4 ,footnote #ch3 ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,kue/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mu5/]1 ,n4,d471 p4 #cdd4 ,z to beliefs ( ?is sort among ! ,sulka ( ,new ,brita91 see ,p4 ,ras*]1 ,die ,sulka1 ,ar*iv fu] ,an?ropologie1 xxix4 7#aijd7 pp4 #bba sq42 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,su$see 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg71 pp4 #aii-bja4 ,footnote #ci3 ,g4 ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 p4 #agf4 ,dr4 ,br[n's acc\nt1 ( ! ,melanesians applies to ! natives ( ,new ,brita9 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! neighb\r+ ,duke ( ,york isl&s4 ,footnote #dj3 ,fa!r ,ab9al1 ,a/rologie ,malga*e1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xi4 7#ahgi7 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #da3 ,a4 ,gr&idi]1 ,madagasc>1 ,bullet9 de la ,societe de ,geographie 7,p>is71 ,sixieme ,s]ie1 iii4 7#ahgb7 pp4 #cii sq4 ,! talismans 7ah\li7 9 "q consi/ ( ! horns ( ox5 /uff$ ) a v>iety ( odds & ends1 su* z s&1 /icks1 nails1 & s =?4 ,footnote #db3 ,major ,a4 ,j4 ,n4 ,treme>ne1 ,! ,tail$ ,head-hunt]s ( ,nig]ia 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #aga sq42 id41 ,notes on ! ,kagoro & o!r ,headhunt]s1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xlii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #afj1 #afa4 ,footnote #dc3 ,e4 ,hurel1 ,religion et vie dome/ique des ,bak]ewe1 ,an?ropos1 vi4 7#aiab7 pp4 #he-hg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,fa!r ,campana1 ,congo ,mission ,ca?olique de ,l&ana1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxvii4 7#ahie7 pp4 #ajb sq4 ,footnote #de3 ,?4 ,masui1 ,guide de la ,section de l',etat ,indep5dant du ,congo a l',exposition de ,bruxelles--,t]vu]5 en #ahgd 7,brussels1 #ahig71 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #df3 ,see = example ,o4 ,l5z1 ,skizz5 aus ,we/afrika 7,b]l91 #ahgh71 pp4 #ahd sq42 ,c4 ,cuny1 ,de ,libreville au ,cam]\n1 ,bullet9 de la ,societe de ,geographie 7,p>is71 ,septieme ,s]ie1 xvii4 7#ahif7 p4 #cda2 ,*4 ,wun5b]g]1 ,la mission et le royaume de ,humbe1 sur les bords du ,cun5e1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xx4 7#ahhh7 p4 #bfb2 ,lieut4 ,h]old1 ,b]i*t betreff5d religioese ,ans*auung5 und ,gebraeu*e d] deuts*5 ,ewe-,neg]1 ,mit!ilung5 aus d5 deuts*5 ,s*utzgebiet51 v4 7#ahib7 p4 #aec2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,plehn1 ,beitraege zur ,voelk]kunde des ,togo-,gebietes1 ,mit!ilung5 des ,sem9>s fu] ,ori5talis*e ,spra*5 zu ,b]l91 ii4 ,dritte ,ab!ilung 7#ahii71 p4 #ig2 ,r4 ,fis*1 ,die ,dagbamba1 ,baessl]-,ar*iv1 iii4 7#aiab7 p4 #adh4 ,= evid5ce ( simil> beliefs & practices 9 o!r p>ts ( ,africa1 see ,br>d1 ,d] ,victoria-,nyanza1 ,pet]mann's ,mit!ilung51 xliii4 7#ahig7 pp4 #gi sq42 ,fa!r ,pic>da1 ,aut\r du ,m&]a1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xviii4 7#ahhf7 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #dg3 ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,nassau1 ,feti*ism 9 ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #bda sq4 ,footnote #dh3 ,/range ,adv5tures ( ,&rew ,battel1 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 7,london1 #ahad7 p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #di3 ,g\v]nem5t ,g5]al de l',afrique ,occid5tale ,francaise1 ,notices publiees p> le ,g\v]nem5t ,c5tral a l'occasion de l',exposition ,coloniale de ,m>seille1 ,la ,cote d',ivoire 7,corbeil1 #aijf71 pp4 #egj-egb4 ,footnote #ej3 ,hugh ,goldie1 ,calab> & its ,mission1 ,new ,edition 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #aija71 pp4 #cd sq41 #cg sq4 ,footnote #ea3 ,above1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #eb3 ,e4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,! ,araucanians 7,london1 #ahee71 pp4 #bcf sq4 ,footnote #ec3 ,fa!r ,trilles1 ,milles lieues dans l'inconnu2 a trav]s le pays ,fang1 de la cote aux rives du ,djah1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxxv4 7#aijc7 pp4 #dff sq41 & z to ! poison ordeal1 ib4 pp4 #dgb sq4 ,footnote #ed3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #ee3 ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #acc sq4 ,footnote #ef3 ,9 l mann] ! ,bag&a g5]ally ascrib$ natural dea?s ei!r to sorc]y or to ! action ( a gho/2 b :5 !y c\ld n acc\nt = a p]son's dea? 9 ei!r ( ^! ways !y said t ,walumbe1 ! ,god ( ,dea?1 _h tak5 him4 ,?is la/ explanation approa*es to an admission ( natural dea?1 ?\gh x is /ill my?ical 9 =m4 ,! ,bag&a usually attribut$ any illness ( ! k+ to gho/s1 because no man w\ld d>e to practise magic on him4 ,a mu*-dread$ gho/ 0 t ( a man's si/]2 %e 0 ?\ght to v5t h] spite on 8 sons & daught]s by visit+ !m ) sickness4 ,:5 %e prov$ implacable1 a m$ic9e-man 0 employ$ to cat* h] gho/ 9 a g\rd or a pot & ?r[ x away on wa/e l& or dr[n x 9 a riv]4 ,see ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja sq41 #bhf sq41 #cae sq4 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,my?s ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,dea? ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( savages 9 man's natural immortality4 ,9 my la/ lecture ,i %ew$ t _m savages d n believe 9 :at we call a natural dea?2 !y imag9e t all m5 are naturally immortal & w\ld nev] die1 if _! lives 7 n cut prematurely %ort by sorc]y4 ,fur!r1 ,i po9t$ out t ?is mi/ak5 view ( ! nature ( dea? has ex]cis$ a disa/r\s influ5ce on ! tribes :o ent]ta9 x1 s9ce1 attribut+ all natural dea?s to sorc]y1 !y consid] !mselves b\nd to discov] & kill ! wick$ sorc]]s :om !y reg>d z responsible = ! dea? ( _! fri5ds4 ,?us 9 primitive society z a rule e natural dea? entails at lea/ "o & (t5 sev]al dea?s by viol5ce2 s9ce ! suppos$ culprit be+ unkn[n suspicion may fall ^u _m p]sons1 all ( :om may be kill$ ei!r out ( h& or z a consequ5ce ( fail+ to demon/rate _! innoc5ce by means ( an ordeal4 ,sid5ote3 ,savage /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,yet ev5 ! savages :o firmly believe 9 man's natural immortality are oblig$ sorr[fully to admit t1 z ?+s are at ! pres5t day1 m5 d frequ5tly die1 :atev] explanation we may give ( s unexpect$ & unnatural an occurr5ce4 ,accord+ly !y are h>d put to x to reconcile _! !ory ( immortality ) ! practice ( mortality4 ,!y h m$itat$ on ! subject & h giv5 u ! fruit ( _! m$itation 9 a s]ies ( my?s :i* pr(ess to expla9 ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! my?s are v crude & *ildi%2 yet !y h a value ( _! own z examples ( man's e>ly attempts to fa?om "o ( ! great my/]ies :i* encompass 8 frail & transi5t exi/5ce on e>?2 & accord+ly ,i h "h collect$1 9 all _! nak$ simplicity1 a few ( ^! savage guesses at tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,f\r types ( su* /ories4 ,my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea? con=m to sev]al types1 among :i* we may di/+ui%1 fir/1 :at ,i w call ! type ( ! ,two ,mess5g]s2 second1 ! type ( ! ,wax+ & ,wan+ ,moon2 ?ird1 ! type ( ! ,s]p5t & 8 ,ca/ ,sk92 & f\r?1 ! type ( ! ,banana-tree4 ,i w illu/rate ea* type by examples1 & w aft]w>ds cite "s miscellane\s in/ances :i* d n fall "u any ( ^! heads4 ,sid5ote3 ,i4 ,! tale ( ! ,two ,mess5g]s4 ,zulu /ory ( ! *ameleon & ! liz>d4 ,! same /ory among o!r ,bantu tribes4 ,fir/1 !n1 we beg9 ) ! type ( ! ,two ,mess5g]s4 ,/ories ( ?is patt]n are widespread 9 ,africa1 especially among tribes belong+ to ! great ,bantu family1 :i* occupies r\ghly ! s\!rn half ( ! cont95t4 ,! be/-kn[n example ( ! tale is ! "o told by ! ,zulus4 ,!y say t 9 ! beg9n+ ,unkulunkulu1 t is1 ! ,old ,old ,"o1 s5t ! *ameleon to m5 ) a message say+1 ,g1 *ameleon1 g & say1 ,let n m5 die4 ,! *ameleon set out1 b x crawl$ v sl[ly1 & x loit]$ by ! way to eat ! purple b]ries ( ! ubukwebezane tree1 or accord+ to o!rs x climb$ up a tree to bask 9 ! sun1 fill$ its belly ) flies1 & fell fa/ asleep4 ,meantime ! ,old ,old ,"o _h ?\ght bett] ( x & s5t a liz>d po/+ aft] ! *ameleon ) a v diff]5t message to m51 = he said to ! animal1 ,liz>d1 :5 y h arriv$1 say1 ,let m5 die4 ,s ! liz>d w5t on 8 way1 pass$ ! dawdl+ *ameleon1 & arriv+ fir/ among m5 deliv]$ 8 message ( dea?1 say+1 ,let m5 die4 ,!n he turn$ on 8 heel & w5t back to ! ,old ,old ,"o :o _h s5t him4 ,b aft] he 0 gone1 ! *ameleon at la/ arriv$ among m5 ) 8 glad tid+s ( immortality1 & he %\t$1 say+1 ,x is said1 ,let n m5 die6 ,b m5 answ]$1 ,o6 we h he>d ! ^w ( ! liz>d2 x has told u ! ^w1 ',x is said1 ,let m5 die4' ,we _c he> y\r ^w4 ,?r\gh ! ^w ( ! liz>d1 m5 w die4 ,& di$ !y h ev] s9ce f t day to ?is4 ,t is :y "s ( ! ,zulus hate ! liz>d1 say+1 ,:y did he run fir/ & say1 ',let p die8' ,s !y beat & kill ! liz>d & say1 ,:y did x speak8 ,b o!rs hate ! *ameleon & hu/le x1 say+1 ,t is ! little ?+ :i* delay$ to tell ! p t !y %\ld n die4 ,if he _h only br\ght 8 message 9 "t we %\ld n h di$2 our ance/ors also w\ld h be5 /ill liv+2 !re w\ld h be5 no diseases "h on ! e>?4 ,x all comes f ! delay ( ! *ameleon4#eg ,! same /ory is told 9 ne>ly ! same =m by o!r ,bantu tribes1 su* z ! ,be*uanas1#eh ! ,basutos1#ei ! ,b>onga1#fj & ! ,ngoni4#fa ,to ?is day ! ,b>onga & ! ,ngoni owe ! *ameleon a grudge = hav+ br\ght dea? into ! _w1 s :5 *ildr5 f9d a *ameleon !y w induce x to op5 its m\?1 !n ?r[ a p9* ( tobacco on its tongue1 & wat* ) delight ! creature wri?+ & *ang+ col\r f orange to gre51 f gre5 to black 9 ! agony ( dea?2 = ?us !y av5ge ! wrong :i* ! *ameleon has done to mank9d4#fb ,sid5ote3 ,akamba /ory ( ! *ameleon & ! ?ru%4 ,a /ory ( ! same type1 b ) "s v>iations1 is told by ! ,akamba1 a ,bantu tribe ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa2 b 9 _! v]sion ! liz>d has disappe>$ f ! leg5d & has be5 replac$ by ! itoroko1 a small bird ( ! ?ru% tribe1 ) a black head1 a blui%-black back1 & a buff-col\r$ brea/4 ,! tale runs ?us3--,once ^u a "t ,god s5t out ! *ameleon1 ! frog1 & ! ?ru% to f9d p :o di$ "o day & came to life aga9 ! next4 ,s (f !y set1 ! *ameleon lead+ ! way1 = 9 ^? days he 0 a v important p]sonage4 ,pres5tly !y came to "s p ly+ l dead1 s ! *ameleon w5t up to !m & said1 ,niwe1 niwe1 niwe4 ,! ?ru% ask$ him te/ily :at he 0 mak+ t noise =1 to :i* ! *ameleon repli$ mildly1 ,i am only call+ ! p :o g =w>d & !n came back aga91 & he expla9$ t ! dead p w\ld come to life aga94 ,b ! ?ru%1 :o 0 ( a sceptical turn ( m9d1 d]id$ ! idea4 ,nev]!less1 ! *ameleon p]si/$ 9 call+ to ! dead p1 & sure en\gh !y op5$ _! eyes & li/5$ to him4 ,b "h ! ?ru% broke 9 & told !m r\ghly t dead !y 7 & dead !y mu/ rema94 ,) t away he flew1 & ?\gh ! *ameleon prea*$ to ! corpses1 tell+ !m t he _h come f ,god on purpose to br+ !m to life aga91 & t !y 7 n to believe ! lies ( t %all[ sceptic ! ?ru%1 !y ob/9ately refus$ to pay any he$ to him2 n "o ( ^? dead corpses w\ld budge4 ,s ! *ameleon return$ cre/fall5 to ,god & report$ to him h[1 :5 he prea*$ ! gospel ( resurrection to ! corpses1 ! ?ru% _h ro>$ him d[n1 s t ! corpses c\ld n he> a ^w he said4 ,god !reupon cross-que/ion$ ! ?ru%1 :o /at$ t ! *ameleon _h s bungl$ 8 message t he1 ! ?ru%1 felt x 8 imp]ative duty to int]rupt him4 ,! simple deity believ$ ! ?ru%1 & be+ v angry ) ! *ameleon he degrad$ him f 8 high position & made him walk v sl[1 lur*+ ?is way & t1 z he does d[n to ?is v day4 ,b ! ?ru% he promot$ to ! (fice ( wak5+ m5 f _! slumb] e morn+1 :i* he /ill does punctually at #b ,a4,m4 be=e ! note ( any o!r bird is he>d 9 ! tropical =e/4#fc ,sid5ote3 ,togo /ory ( ! dog & ! frog4 ,9 ?is v]sion1 ?\gh ! frog is s5t out by ,god ) ! o!r two mess5g]s he plays no "p 9 ! /ory2 he is a m]e dummy4 ,b 9 ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory1 :i* is told by ! negroes ( ,togol& 9 ,g]man ,we/ ,africa1 ! frog takes ! place ( ! liz>d & ! ?ru% z ! mess5g] ( dea?4 ,!y say t once ^u a "t m5 s5t a dog to ,god to say t :5 !y di$ !y w\ld l to come to life aga94 ,s (f ! dog trott$ to deliv] ! message4 ,b on ! way he felt hungry & turn$ into a h\se1 :]e a man 0 boil+ magic h]bs4 ,s ! dog sat d[n & ?\ght to himself1 ,he is cook+ food4 ,meantime ! frog _h set (f to tell ,god t :5 m5 di$ !y w\ld l n to come to life aga94 ,nobody _h ask$ him to give t message2 x 0 a piece ( pure (fici\sness & imp]t95ce on 8 "p4 ,h[ev]1 away he tore4 ,! dog1 :o /ill sat wat*+ ! hell-bro? brew+1 saw him hurry+ pa/ ! door1 b he ?\ght to himself1 ,:5 ,i h _h some?+ to eat1 ,i w soon cat* froggy up4 ,h[ev]1 froggy came 9 fir/ & said to ! deity1 ,:5 m5 die1 !y w\ld l n to come to life aga94 ,aft] t1 up comes ! dog1 & says he1 ,:5 m5 die1 !y w\ld l to come to life aga94 ,god 0 naturally puzzl$ & said to ! dog1 ,i really d n und]/& ^! two messages4 ,z ,i he>d ! frog's reque/ fir/1 ,i w comply ) x4 ,i w n d :at y said4 ,t is ! real reason :y m5 die & d n come to life aga94 ,if ! frog _h only m9d$ 8 own bus9ess in/ead ( m$dl+ ) o!r p's1 ! dead w\ld all h come to life aga9 to ?is day4#fd ,9 ?is v]sion ( ! /ory n only are ! p]sons ( ! two mess5g]s diff]5t1 ! dog & ! frog hav+ replac$ ! *ameleon & ! liz>d ( ! ,bantu v]sion1 b ! mess5g]s are s5t f m5 to ,god in/ead ( f ,god to m54 ,sid5ote3 ,a%antee /ory ( ! goat & ! %eep4 ,9 ano!r v]sion told by ! ,a%antees ( ,we/ ,africa ! p]sons ( ! mess5g]s are aga9 diff]5t1 b z 9 ! ,bantu v]sion !y are s5t f ,god to m54 ,! ,a%antees say t long ago m5 7 happy1 = ,god dwelt among !m & talk$ ) !m face to face4 ,= example1 if a *ild 0 roa/+ yams at ! fire & want$ a reli% to eat ) ! yams1 he _h no?+ to d b to ?r[ a /ick 9 ! air & say1 ,god give me fi%1 & ,god gave him fi% at once4 ,h[ev]1 ^! happy days did n la/ = ev]4 ,"o unlucky day x happ5$ t "s wom5 7 p\nd+ a ma% ) pe/les 9 a mort>1 :ile ,god /ood by look+ on4 ,= "s reason !y 7 annoy$ by ! pres5ce ( ! deity & told him to be (f2 & z he did n take himself (f fa/ en\gh to please !m1 !y beat him ) _! pe/les4 ,9 a great huff ,god retir$ altoge!r f ! _w & left x to ! direction ( ! feti%es2 & /ill to ?is day p say1 ,ah1 if x _h n be5 = t old woman1 h[ happy we %\ld be6 ,h[ev]1 aft] he _h )drawn to heav51 ! long-suff]+ deity s5t a k9d message by a goat to m5 ^u e>? to say1 ,!re is some?+ :i* !y call ,dea?4 ,he w kill "s ( y4 ,b ev5 if y die1 y w n p]i% completely4 ,y w come to me 9 heav54 ,s (f ! goat set ) ?is *e]+ intellig5ce4 ,b be=e he came to ! t[n he saw a tempt+ bu% by ! wayside & /opp$ to br[se on x4 ,:5 ,god 9 heav5 saw ! goat ?us loit]+ by ! way1 he s5t (f a %eep ) ! same message to c>ry ! glad tid+s to m5 )\t delay4 ,b ! %eep did n give ! message aright4 ,f> f x3 he said1 ,god s5ds y ^w t y w die & t w be an end ( y4 ,aft]w>ds ! goat arriv$ on ! sc5e & said1 ,god s5ds y ^w t y w die1 c]ta9ly1 b t w n be ! end ( y1 = y w g to him4 ,b m5 said to ! goat1 ,no1 goat1 t is n :at ,god said4 ,we believe t ! message :i* ! %eep br\ght u is ! "o :i* ,god s5t to u4 ,t 0 ! beg9n+ ( dea? among m54#fe ,h[ev]1 9 ano!r ,a%antee v]sion ( ! tale ! p>ts play$ by ! %eep & ! goat are rev]s$4 ,x is ! %eep :o br+s ! tid+s ( immortality f ,god to m51 b ! goat ov]runs him & (f]s !m dea? in/ead4 ,n kn[+ :at dea? 01 m5 accept$ ! seem+ boon ) en?usiasm & h di$ ev] s9ce4#ff ,sid5ote3 ,,ii4 ,! /ory ( ! ,wax+ & ,wan+ ,moon4 ,hott5tot /ory ( ! ,moon1 ! h>e1 & dea?4 ,s mu* = ! tale ( ! ,two ,mess5g]s4 ,9 ! la/ v]sions ( x :i* ,i h quot$1 a feature to be notic$ is ! p]v]sion ( ! message by "o ( ! mess5g]s1 :o br+s tid+s ( dea? in/ead ( life et]nal to m54 ,! same p]v]sion ( ! message reappe>s 9 "s examples ( ! next type ( /ory :i* ,i %all illu/rate1 namely ! type ( ! ,wax+ & ,wan+ ,moon4 ,?us ! ,namaquas or ,hott5tots say t once ! ,moon *>g$ ! h>e to g to m5 & say1 ,z ,i die & rise to life aga91 s %all y die & rise to life aga94 ,s ! h>e w5t to m51 b ei!r out ( =getfulness or malice he rev]s$ ! message & said1 ,z ,i die & d n rise to life aga91 s y %all also die & n rise to life aga94 ,!n he w5t back to ! ,moon1 & %e ask$ him :at he _h said4 ,he told h]1 & :5 %e he>d h[ he _h giv5 ! wrong message1 %e 0 s angry t %e ?rew a /ick at him & split 8 lip1 :i* is ! reason :y ! h>e's lip is /ill split4 ,s ! h>e ran away & is /ill runn+ to ?is day4 ,"s p1 h[ev]1 say t be=e he fl$ he claw$ ! ,moon's face1 :i* /ill be>s ! m>ks ( ! scrat*+1 z anybody may see = himself on a cle> moonlight night4 ,s ! ,hott5tots are /ill angry ) ! h>e = br++ dea? into ! _w1 & !y w n let initiat$ m5 p>take ( its fle%4#fg ,!re are traces ( a simil> /ory among ! ,bu%m54#fh ,9 ano!r ,hott5tot v]sion two mess5g]s appe>1 an insect & a h>e2 ! insect is *>g$ by ! ,moon ) a message ( immortality or r ( resurrection to m51 b ! h>e p]suades ! insect to let him be> ! tid+s1 :i* he p]v]ts into a message ( annihilation4#fi ,?us 9 ?is p>ticul> v]sion ! type ( ! ,two ,mess5g]s co9cides ) ! ,moon type4 ,sid5ote3 ,masai /ory ( ! moon & dea?4 ,a /ory ( ! same type1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 details1 is told by ! ,masai ( ,ea/ ,africa4 ,!y say t 9 ! e>ly days a c]ta9 god nam$ ,nait]u-kop told a man nam$ ,le-eyo t if a *ild 7 to die he 0 to ?r[ away ! body & say1 ,man1 die1 & come back aga92 moon1 die1 & rema9 away4 ,well1 soon aft]w>ds a *ild di$1 b x 0 n "o ( ! man's own *ildr51 s :5 he ?rew ! body away he said1 ,man1 die1 & rema9 away2 moon1 die1 & return4 ,next "o ( 8 own *ildr5 di$1 & :5 he ?rew away ! body he said1 ,man1 die1 & return2 moon1 die1 & rema9 away4 ,b ! god said to him1 ,x is ( no use n[1 = y spoilt matt]s ) ! o!r *ild4 ,t is :y d[n to ?is day :5 a man dies he returns no m1 b :5 ! moon dies %e always comes to life aga94#gj ,sid5ote3 ,n&i /ory ( ! moon1 ! dog1 & dea?4 ,ano!r /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea? :i* belongs to ?is type is told by ! ,n&i ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa4 ,!y say t :5 ! fir/ p liv$ ^u ! e>? a dog came to !m "o day & said3 ,all p w die l ! moon1 b unlike ! moon y w n return to life aga9 unless y give me "s milk to dr9k out ( y\r g\rd1 & be] to dr9k ?r\gh y\r /raw4 ,if y d ?is1 ,i w arrange = y to g to ! riv] :5 y die & to come to life aga9 on ! ?ird day4 ,b ! p laugh$ at ! dog1 & gave him "s milk & be] to dr9k (f a /ool4 ,! dog 0 angry at n be+ s]v$ 9 ! same vessels z a human be+1 & ?\gh he put 8 pride 9 8 pocket & drank ! milk & ! be] f ! /ool1 he w5t away 9 high dudgeon1 say+1 ,all p w die1 & ! moon alone w return to life4 ,t is ! reason :y1 :5 p die1 !y /ay away1 :]eas :5 ! moon goes away %e comes back aga9 aft] ?ree days' abs5ce4#ga ,! ,wa-,sania ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa believe t 9 days gone by p nev] di$1 till "o unlucky day a liz>d came & said to !m1 ,all ( y "k t ! moon dies & rises aga91 b human be+s w die & rise no m4 ,!y say t f t day p began to die & h p]si/$ 9 dy+ ev] s9ce4#gb ,sid5ote3 ,fijian /ory ( ! moon1 ! rat1 & dea?4 ,c>ol9e ,isl&s /ory ( ! moon1 dea?1 & resurrection4 ,wotjobaluk /ory ( ! moon1 dea?1 & resurrection4 ,*am /ory ( ! moon1 dea?1 & resurrection4 ,) ^! ,african /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea? we may comp>e "o told by ! ,fijians on ! o!r side ( ! _w4 ,!y say t once ^u a "t ! ,moon cont5d$ t m5 %\ld be l himself 7= ! ,fijian moon seems to be a male72 t is1 he meant t j z he gr[s old1 disappe>s1 & comes 9 sight aga91 s m5 gr[n old %\ld vani% = a :ile & !n return to life4 ,b ! rat1 :o is a ,fijian god1 w\ld n he> ( x4 ,no1 said he1 let m5 die l rats4 ,& he _h ! be/ ( x 9 ! dispute1 = m5 die l rats to ?is day4#gc ,9 ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s !y say t long1 long ago dea? 0 unkn[n1 or r x 0 a %ort sleep1 n a long1 long "o1 z x is n[4 ,m5 di$ on ! la/ day ( ! wan+ moon & came to life aga9 on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! new moon1 j z if !y _h awak5$ f a refre%+ slumb]4 ,b an evil _s someh[ contriv$ t :5 m5 slept ! sleep ( dea? !y %\ld wake no m4#gd ,! ,wotjobaluk ( s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia relate t1 :5 all animals 7 m5 & wom51 "s ( !m di$ & ! moon us$ to say1 ,y up-aga91 :]eupon !y came to life aga94 ,b once on a "t an old man said1 ,let !m rema9 dead2 & s9ce !n nobody has ev] come to life aga9 except ! moon1 :i* /ill cont9ues to d s d[n to ?is v day4#ge ,! ,*ams ( ,annam & ,cambodia say t ! goddess ( good luck us$ to resuscitate p z fa/ z !y di$1 till ! sky-god1 tir$ ( h] con/ant int]f]5ce ) ! laws ( nature1 transf]r$ h] to ! moon1 :]e x is no long] 9 h] p[] to br+ ! dead to life aga94#gf ,sid5ote3 ,cycle ( dea? & resurrection aft] ?ree days1 l ! mon?ly disappe>ance & reappe>ance ( ! moon4 ,^! /ories :i* associate human immortality ) ! moon are products ( a primitive philosophy :i*1 m$itat+ on ! visible *anges1 ( ! lun> orb1 drew f ! obs]vation ( its wan+ & wax+ a dim notion t "u a happi] fate man might h be5 immortal l ! moon1 or r t l x he might h und]gone an endless cycle ( dea? & resurrection1 dy+ !n ris+ aga9 f ! dead aft] ?ree days4 ,! same curi\s notion ( dea? & resurrection aft] ?ree days is ent]ta9$ by ! ,unmatj]a & ,kaiti%1 two savage tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,!y say t long ago _! dead us$ to be buri$ ei!r 9 trees or und]gr\nd1 & t aft] ?ree days !y regul>ly rose f ! dead4 ,! ,kaiti% tell h[ ?is happy /ate ( ?+s came to an end4 ,x 0 all ?r\gh a man ( ! ,curlew totem1 :o f9d+ "s m5 ( ! ,little ,wallaby totem bury+ a ,little ,wallaby man1 fell into a passion & kick$ ! body into ! sea4 ,( c\rse aft] t ! dead man c\ld n come to life aga91 & t is :y n[adays nobody rises f ! dead aft] ?ree days1 z ev]ybody us$ to d long ago4#gg ,al?\gh no m5tion is made ( ! moon 9 ?is ,au/ralian /ory1 we may conjecture t ^! savages1 l ! ,n&i ( ,ea/ ,africa1 fix$ ^u ?ree days z ! normal int]val betwe5 dea? & resurrection simply because ?ree days is ! int]val betwe5 ! disappe>ance ( ! old & ! reappe>ance ( ! new moon4 ,if t is s1 ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia may be add$ to ! _m races ( mank9d :o h se5 9 ! wan+ & wax+ moon an emblem ( human immortality4 ,nor does ?is association ( ideas end ) a m]e tradition t 9 "s =m] age m5 us$ to die ) ! old moon & come to life aga9 ) ! new moon4 ,_m savages1 on see+ ! new moon = ! fir/ "t 9 ! mon?1 obs]ve c]emonies :i* seem to be int5d$ to r5ew & increase _! life & /r5g? ) ! r5ewal & ! increase ( ! lun> light4 ,= example1 on ! day :5 ! new moon fir/ appe>$1 ! ,indians ( ,san ,juan ,capi/rano 9 ,cali=nia us$ to call toge!r all ! "y m5 & make !m run ab\t1 :ile ! old m5 danc$ 9 a circle1 say+1 ,z ! moon die? & come? to life aga91 s we also hav+ to die w aga9 live4#gh ,aga91 an old writ] tells u t at ! appe>ance ( e new moon ! negroes ( ! ,congo clapp$ _! h&s & cri$ out1 sometimes fall+ on _! knees1 ,s may ,i r5ew my life z ?\ art r5ew$4#gi ,sid5ote3 ,,iii4 ,/ory ( ! ,s]p5t & 8 ,ca/ ,sk94 ,new ,brita9 /ory ( immortality1 ! s]p5t1 & dea?4 ,annamite /ory ( immortality1 ! s]p5t1 & dea?4 ,vuatom /ory ( immortality1 ! liz>d1 ! s]p5t1 & dea?4 ,ano!r type ( /ories told to expla9 ! orig9 ( dea? is ! "o :i* ,i h call$ ! type ( ! ,s]p5t & 8 ,ca/ ,sk94 ,"s savages seem to ?9k t s]p5ts & all o!r animals1 su* z liz>ds1 :i* p]iodically %$ _! sk9s1 !reby r5ew _! life & s nev] die4 ,h5ce !y imag9e t if man also c\ld only ca/ 8 old sk9 & put on a new "o1 he too w\ld be immortal l a s]p5t4 ,?us ! ,melanesians1 :o inhabit ! coa/ ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita91 tell ! foll[+ /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,!y say t ,to ,kamb9ana1 ! ,good ,_s1 lov$ m5 & wi%$ to make !m immortal2 b he hat$ ! s]p5ts & wi%$ to kill !m4 ,s he call$ 8 bro!r ,to ,korvuvu & said to him1 ,g to m5 & take !m ! secret ( immortality4 ,tell !m to ca/ _! sk9 e ye>4 ,s w !y be protect$ f dea?1 = _! life w be con/antly r5ew$4 ,b tell ! s]p5ts t !y mu/ !nce=? die4 ,b ,to ,korvuvu acquitt$ himself badly ( 8 task2 = he comm&$ m5 to die & betray$ to ! s]p5ts ! secret ( immortality4 ,s9ce !n all m5 h be5 mortal1 b ! s]p5ts ca/ _! sk9s e ye> & are immortal4#hj ,9 ?is /ory we meet aga9 ) ! incid5t ( ! rev]s$ message2 ?r\gh a blund] or ?r\gh ! malice ( ! mess5g] ! glad tid+s ( immortality are p]v]t$ into a melan*oly message ( dea?4 ,a simil> tale1 ) a simil> incid5t1 is told 9 ,annam4 ,!y say t ,ngoc hoang s5t a mess5g] f heav5 to m5 to say t :5 !y _h rea*$ old age !y %\ld *ange _! sk9s & live = ev]1 b t :5 s]p5ts grew old !y mu/ die4 ,! mess5g] came d[n to e>? & said1 rightly en\gh1 ,:5 man is old1 he %all ca/ 8 sk92 b :5 s]p5ts are old1 !y %all die & be laid 9 c(f9s4 ,s f>1 s good4 ,b un=tunately !re happ5$ to be a brood ( s]p5ts )9 he>+1 & :5 !y he>d ! doom pron\nc$ on _! k9d !y fell into a fury & said to ! mess5g]1 ,y mu/ say x ov] aga9 & j ! contr>y1 or we w bite y4 ,t fright5$ ! mess5g] & he repeat$ 8 message1 *ang+ ! words ?us3 ,:5 he is old1 ! s]p5t %all ca/ 8 sk92 b :5 he is old1 man %all die & be laid 9 ! c(f94 ,t is :y all creatures are n[ subject to dea?1 except ! s]p5t1 :o1 :5 he is old1 ca/s 8 sk9 & lives = ev]4#ha ,! natives ( ,vuatom1 an isl& 9 ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 say t a c]ta9 ,to ,konokonomiange bade two lads fet* fire1 promis+ t if !y did s !y %\ld nev] die1 b t if !y refus$ _! bodies w\ld p]i%1 ?\gh _! %ades or s\ls w\ld survive4 ,!y w\ld n he>k5 to him1 s he curs$ !m1 say+1 ,:at6 ,y w\ld all h liv$6 ,n[ y %all die1 ?\gh y\r s\l %all live4 ,b ! iguana 7,goniocephalus7 & ! liz>d 7,v>anus indicus7 & ! snake 7,enygrus71 !y %all live1 !y %all ca/ _! sk9 & !y %all live = ev]more4 ,:5 ! lads he>d t1 !y wept1 = bitt]ly !y ru$ _! folly 9 n go+ to fet* ! fire = ,to ,konokonomiange4#hb ,sid5ote3 ,nias /ory ( immortality1 ! crab1 & dea?4 ,arawak & ,tamana*i] /ories ( immortality1 ! s]p5t1 ! liz>d1 ! beetle1 & dea?4 ,o!r peoples tell some:at diff]5t /ories to expla9 h[ m5 miss$ ! boon ( immortality & s]p5ts acquir$ x4 ,?us ! natives ( ,nias1 an isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,sumatra1 say t1 :5 ! e>? 0 creat$1 a c]ta9 be+ 0 s5t d[n by ,god f heav5 to put ! la/ t\*es to ! "w ( creation4 ,he %\ld h fa/$ = a mon?1 b unable to )/& ! pangs ( hung] he ate "s bananas4 ,! *oice ( food 0 mo/ unlucky1 = _h he only eat5 riv]-crabs in/ead ( bananas m5 w\ld h ca/ _! sk9s l crabs & w\ld nev] h di$4#hc ,! ,arawaks ( ,briti% ,guiana relate t once ^u a "t ! ,creator came d[n to e>? to see h[ 8 creature man 0 gett+ on4 ,b m5 7 s wick$ t !y tri$ to kill him s he depriv$ !m ( et]nal life & be/[$ x on ! animals :i* r5ew _! sk91 su* z s]p5ts1 liz>ds1 & beetles4#hd ,a some:at diff]5t v]sion ( ! /ory is told by ! ,tamana*i]s1 an ,indian tribe ( ! ,or9oco4 ,!y say t aft] resid+ among !m = "s "t ! ,creator took boat to cross to ! o!r side ( ! great salt wat] f :i* he _h come4 ,j z he 0 %ov+ (f f ! %ore1 he call$ out to !m 9 a *ang$ voice1 ,y w *ange y\r sk9s1 by :i* he meant to say1 ,y w r5ew y\r y\? l ! s]p5ts & ! beetles4 ,b un=tunately an old woman1 he>+ ^! words1 cri$ out ,oh6 9 a tone ( scepticism1 if n ( s>casm1 :i* s annoy$ ! ,creator t he *ang$ 8 tune at once & said te/ily1 ,ye %all die4 ,t is :y we are all mortal4#he ,sid5ote3 ,melanesian /ory ( ! old woman :o r5ew$ h] y\? by ca/+ h] sk94 ,! natives ( ! ,banks' ,isl&s & ! ,new ,hebrides believe t !re 0 a "t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s :5 m5 nev] di$ b ca/ _! sk9s l snakes & crabs & s r5ew$ _! y\?4 ,b ! unhappy *ange to mortality came ab\t at la/1 z x s (t5 does 9 ^! /ories1 ?r\gh an old woman4 ,hav+ gr[n old1 ?is dame w5t to a /ream to *ange h] sk91 & *ange x %e did1 = %e /ripp$ (f h] wiz5$ old hide1 ca/ x ^u ! wat]s1 & wat*$ x float+ d[n /ream till x caught on a /ick4 ,!n %e w5t home a buxom "y woman4 ,b ! *ild :om %e _h left at home did n "k h] & set up su* a prodigi\s squall+ t to quiet x ! woman w5t /raight back to ! riv]1 fi%$ out h] ca/-(f old sk91 & put x on aga94 ,f t day to ?is p h ceas$ to ca/ _! sk9s & to live = ev]4#hf ,! same leg5d ( ! orig9 ( dea? has be5 record$ 9 ! ,%ortl&s ,isl&s#hg & among ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4#hh ,x is also told ) "s v>iations by ! natives ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s4 ,!y say t once on a "t !re 0 an old woman & %e 0 frail4 ,%e _h two sons1 & !y w5t a-fi%+1 & %e h]self w5t to ba!4 ,%e /ripp$ (f h] wr9kl$ old sk9 & came =? z "y z %e _h be5 long ago4 ,h] sons came home f ! fi%+1 & v mu* a/oni%$ 7 !y to see h]4 ,! "o said1 ,x is our "m1 b ! o!r said1 ,%e may be y\r "m1 b %e %all be my wife4 ,_! "m he>d !m & said1 ,:at 7 y two say+8 ,! two said1 ,no?+6 ,we only said t y are our "m4 ,y are li>s1 said %e1 ,i he>d y bo?4 ,if ,i _h _h my way1 we %\ld h gr[n to be old m5 & wom51 & !n we %\ld h ca/ our sk9 & be5 "y m5 & "y wom54 ,b y h _h y\r way4 ,we %all gr[ old m5 & old wom5 & !n we %all die4 ,) t %e fet*$ h] old sk91 & put x on1 & became an old woman aga94 ,z = u1 h] desc5dants1 we gr[ up & we gr[ old4 ,& if x _h n be5 = ^? two "y m5 !re w\ld h be5 no end ( our days1 we %\ld h liv$ = ev] & ev]4#hi ,sid5ote3 ,samoan /ory ( ! %ellfi%1 two tor*es1 & dea?4 ,! ,samoans tell h[ ! gods held a c\ncil to decide :at 0 to be done ) m54 ,"o ( !m said1 ,br+ m5 & let !m ca/ _! sk92 & :5 !y die1 let !m be turn$ to %ellfi% or to a coco-nut leaf tor*1 :i* :5 %ak5 9 ! w9d blazes out aga94 ,b ano!r god call$ ,palsy 7,supa7 rose up & said1 ,br+ m5 & let !m be l ! c&le-nut tor*1 :i* :5 x is once out _c be bl[n up aga94 ,let ! %ellfi% *ange _! sk91 b let m5 die4 ,:ile !y 7 debat+1 a heavy ra9 came on & broke up ! meet+4 ,z ! gods ran = %elt] to _! h\ses1 !y cri$1 ,let x be accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,palsy6 ,let x be accord+ to ! c\nsel ( ,palsy6 ,s m5 di$1 b %ellfi% ca/ _! sk9s4#ij ,sid5ote3 ,,iv4 ,! ,banana ,/ory4 ,poso /ory ( immortality1 ! /one1 ! banana1 & dea?4 ,m5tra /ory ( immortality1 ! banana1 & dea?4 ,! la/ type ( tales ( ! orig9 ( dea? :i* ,i %all notice is ! "o :i* ,i h call$ ! ,banana type4 ,we h already se5 t accord+ to ! natives ( ,nias human mortality is all due to eat+ bananas in/ead ( crabs4#ia ,a simil> op9ion is ent]ta9$ by o!r p 9 t region ( ! _w4 ,?us ! natives ( ,poso1 a di/rict ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 say t 9 ! beg9n+ ! sky 0 v ne> ! e>?1 & t ! ,creator1 :o liv$ 9 x1 us$ to let d[n 8 good gifts to m5 at ! end ( a rope4 ,"o day he ?us l[]$ a /one2 b our fir/ fa!r & "m w\ld h none ( x & !y call$ out to _! ,mak]1 ,:at h we to d ) ?is /one8 ,give u some?+ else4 ,! ,creator compli$ & haul$ away at ! rope2 ! /one m\nt$ up & up till x vani%$ f sight4 ,pres5tly ! rope 0 se5 com+ d[n f heav5 aga91 & ?is "t !re 0 a banana at ! end ( x in/ead ( a /one4 ,our fir/ p>5ts ran at ! banana & took x4 ,!n !re came a voice f heav51 say+3 ,because ye h *os5 ! banana1 y\r life %all be l its life4 ,:5 ! banana-tree has (fspr+1 ! p>5t /em dies2 s %all ye die & y\r *ildr5 %all /ep into y\r place4 ,_h ye *os5 ! /one1 y\r life w\ld h be5 l ! life ( ! /one *angeless & immortal4 ,! man & 8 wife m\rn$ ov] _! fatal *oice1 b x 0 too late2 t is h[ ?r\gh ! eat+ ( a banana dea? came into ! _w4#ib ,! ,m5tras or ,mantras1 a %y tribe ( savages 9 ! jungles ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 allege t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! _w m5 did n die1 b only grew ?9 at ! wan+ ( ! moon & !n wax$ fat aga9 z %e wax$ to ! full4 ,?us !re 0 no *eck :atev] on ! population1 :i* increas$ to a truly al>m+ ext5t4 ,s a son ( ! fir/ man br\ght ?is /ate ( ?+s to 8 fa!r's notice & ask$ him :at 0 to be done4 ,! fir/ man said1 ,leave ?+s z !y are2 b 8 y\ng] bro!r1 :o took a m ,mal?usian view ( ! situation1 said1 ,no1 let m5 die l ! banana1 leav+ _! (fspr+ beh9d4 ,! "q 0 submitt$ to ! ,"l ( ! ,und]world1 & he decid$ 9 fav\r ( dea?4 ,ev] s9ce !n m5 h ceas$ to r5ew _! y\? l ! moon & h di$ l ! banana4#ic ,sid5ote3 ,primitive philosophy 9 ! /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,?us ! ?ree /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea? :i* ,i h call$ ! ,moon type1 ! ,s]p5t type1 & ! ,banana type appe> to be products ( a primitive philosophy :i* sees a *e]ful emblem ( immortality 9 ! wax+ & wan+ moon & 9 ! ca/ sk9s ( s]p5ts1 b a sad emblem ( mortality 9 ! banana-tree1 :i* p]i%es z soon z x has produc$ its fruit4 ,b1 z ,i h already said1 ^! types ( /ories d n exhau/ ! !ories or fancies ( primitive man on ! "q h[ dea? came into ! _w4 ,i w conclude ?is "p ( my subject ) "s my?s :i* d n fall "u any ( ! prec$+ heads4 ,sid5ote3 ,bahn> /ory ( immortality1 ! tree1 & dea?4 ,rivalry = ! boon ( immortality betwe5 m5 & animals t ca/ _! sk9s1 su* z s]p5ts & liz>ds4 ,! ,bahn>s ( ea/]n ,co*9*9a say t 9 ! beg9n+ :5 p di$ !y us$ to be buri$ at ! foot ( a tree call$ ,long ,blo1 & t aft] a "t !y always rose f ! dead1 n z infants b z full-gr[n m5 & wom54 ,s ! e>? 0 peopl$ v fa/1 & all ! inhabitants =m$ b "o great t[n "u ! presid5cy ( our fir/ p>5ts4 ,9 "t m5 multipli$ to su* an ext5t t a c]ta9 liz>d c\ld n take 8 walks abroad )\t somebody tread+ on 8 tail4 ,?is vex$ him1 & ! wily creature gave an insidi\s h9t to ! grav$igg]s4 ,:y bury ! dead at ! foot ( ! ,long ,blo tree8 said he2 bury !m at ! foot ( ,long ,khung1 & !y w n come to life aga94 ,let !m die outright & be done ) x4 ,! h9t 0 tak51 & f t day ! dead h n come to life aga94#id ,9 ?is /ory !re are sev]al po9ts to be notic$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! tree ,long ,blo w\ld seem to h be5 a tree ( life1 s9ce all ! dead :o 7 buri$ at its foot came to life aga94 ,9 ! second place ! liz>d is "h1 z 9 s _m ,african tales1 ! in/rum5t ( br++ dea? among m54 ,:y 0 t s8 ,we may conjecture t ! reason is t ! liz>d l ! s]p5t ca/s its sk9 p]iodically1 f :i* primitive man might inf]1 z he inf]s ) reg>d to s]p5ts1 t ! creature r5ews its y\? & lives = ev]4 ,?us all ! my?s :i* relate h[ a liz>d or a s]p5t became ! malefic5t ag5t ( human mortality may p]haps be ref]r$ to an old idea ( a c]ta9 jeal\sy & rivalry betwe5 m5 & all creatures :i* ca/ _! sk91 notably s]p5ts & liz>ds2 we may suppose t 9 all su* cases a /ory 0 told ( a conte/ betwe5 man & 8 animal rivals = ! possession ( immortality1 a conte/ 9 :i*1 :e!r by mi/ake or by guile1 ! victory always rema9$ ) ! animals1 :o ?us became immortal1 :ile mank9d 0 doom$ to mortality4 ,sid5ote3 ,*+paw /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,au/ralian /ory ( ! tree1 ! bat1 & dea?4 ,fijian /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,! ,*+paws ( ,upp] ,burma say t dea? orig9at$ 9 a practical joke play$ by an old man :o pret5d$ to be dead 9 ! anci5t days :5 nobody really di$4 ,b ! ,"l ( ! ,sun1 :o held ! ?reads ( all human lives 9 8 h&1 detect$ ! fraud & 9 ang] cut %ort ! ?read ( life ( ! practical jok]4 ,s9ce !n ev]ybody else has di$2 ! door = dea? to ent] into ! _w 0 op5$ by ! folly ( t silly1 ?\gh humor\s1 old man4#ie ,! natives ab\t ! ,murray ,riv] 9 ,au/ralia us$ to relate h[ ! fir/ man & woman 7 =bidd5 to g ne> a tree 9 :i* a bat liv$1 le/ !y %\ld di/urb ! creature4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 ! woman 0 ga!r+ firewood & %e w5t ne> ! tree4 ,! bat flew away1 & aft] t dea? came into ! _w4#if ,"s ( ! ,fijians acc\nt$ = human mortality z foll[s4 ,:5 ! fir/ man1 ! fa!r ( ! human race1 0 be+ buri$1 a god pass$ by ! grave & ask$ :at x meant1 = he _h nev] se5 a grave be=e4 ,on le>n+ f ! by/&]s t !y _h j buri$ _! fa!r1 ,d n bury him1 said he1 dig ! body up aga94 ,no1 said !y1 we _c d t4 ,he has be5 dead f\r days & /9ks4 ,n s1 plead$ ! god2 dig him up1 & ,i promise y t he w live aga94 ,he$less ( ! div9e promise1 ^! primitive sextons p]si/$ 9 leav+ _! dead fa!r 9 ! grave4 ,!n said ! god to ^! wick$ m51 ,by disobey+ me y h seal$ y\r own fate4 ,_h y dug up y\r ance/or1 y w\ld h f\nd him alive1 & y y\rselves1 :5 y pass$ f ?is _w1 %\ld h be5 buri$1 z bananas are1 = ! space ( f\r days1 aft] :i* y %\ld h be5 dug up1 n rott51 b ripe4 ,b n[1 z a puni%m5t = y\r disob$i5ce1 y %all die & rot4 ,& /ill1 :5 !y he> ?is sad tale told1 ! ,fijians say1 ,o t ^? *ildr5 _h dug up t body6#ig ,sid5ote3 ,admiralty ,isl&]s' /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,! ,admiralty ,isl&]s tell v>i\s /ories to expla9 :y man is mortal4 ,"o ( !m has already be5 relat$4 ,"h is ano!r4 ,a ,s\h man w5t once to cat* fi%4 ,a devil tri$ to dev\r him1 b he fl$ into ! =e/ & took refuge 9 a tree4 ,! tree k9dly clos$ on him s t ! devil c\ld n see him4 ,:5 ! devil 0 gone1 ! tree op5$ up & ! man clamb]$ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,!n said ! tree to him1 ,g to ,s\h & br+ me two :ite pigs4 ,he w5t & f\nd two pigs1 "o 0 :ite & "o 0 black4 ,he took *alk & *alk$ ! black pig s t x 0 :ite4 ,!n he br\ght !m to ! tree1 b on ! way ! *alk fell (f ! black pig4 ,& :5 ! tree saw ! :ite pig & ! black pig1 he *id ! man & said1 ,y are ?ankless4 ,i 0 good to y4 ,an evil w ov]take y2 y w die4 ,! devil w fall ^u y1 & y w die4 ,s x has be5 ) u z x 0 ) ! man ( ,s\h4 ,an evil ov]takes u or a _s falls ^u u1 & we die4 ,if x _h be5 z ! tree said1 we %\ld n h di$4#ih ,ano!r /ory told by ! ,admiralty ,isl&]s to acc\nt = ! melan*oly tru? ( man's mortality runs ?us4 ,kosi1 ! *ief ( ,moak>5g1 0 9 8 h\se4 ,he 0 hungry4 ,he said to 8 two sons1 ,g & climb ! breadfruit trees & br+ ! fruit1 t we may eat !m toge!r & n die4 ,b !y w\ld n4 ,s he w5t himself & climb$ ! breadfruit tree4 ,b ! nor?-we/ w9d blew a /orm1 x blew & ?rew him d[n4 ,he fell & 8 body di$1 b 8 gho/ w5t home4 ,he w5t & sat 9 8 h\se4 ,he ti$ up 8 hair & he pa9t$ 8 face ) r$ o*re4 ,n[ 8 wife & 8 two sons _h gone aft] him into ! wood4 ,!y w5t to fet* home ! breadfruits4 ,!y came & saw ,kosi1 & he 0 dead4 ,! ?ree return$ home1 & !re !y saw ! gho/ ( ,kosi sitt+ 9 8 h\se4 ,!y said1 ,y !re6 ,:o's t dead at ! foot ( ! breadfruit tree8 ,kosi1 he is dead at ! foot ( ! breadfruit tree4 ,kosi1 he said1 ,"h am ,i4 ,i did n fall4 ,p]haps somebody else fell d[n4 ,i did n4 ,"h ,i am4 ,y're a li>1 said !y4 ,i a9't1 said he4 ,come1 said !y1 we'll g & see4 ,!y w5t4 ,kosi1 he jump$ into 8 body4 ,he di$4 ,!y buri$ him4 ,if 8 wife _h behav$ well1 we %\ld n die4 ,our body w\ld die1 b our gho/ w\ld g ab\t always 9 ! old home4#ii ,sid5ote3 ,/ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?3 ! fatal bundle or ! fatal box4 ,! ,wemba ( ,nor!rn ,rhodesia relate h[ ,god 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ a man & a woman & gave !m two bundles2 9 "o ( !m 0 life & 9 ! o!r dea?4 ,mo/ un=tunately ! man *ose ! little bundle ( dea?4#ajj ,! ,*]okee ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica say t a numb] ( be+s 7 engag$ 9 ! "w ( creation4 ,! ,sun 0 made fir/4 ,n[ ! creators int5d$ t m5 %\ld live = ev]4 ,b :5 ! ,sun pass$ ov] !m 9 ! sky1 he told ! p t !re 0 n room en\gh = !m all & t !y _h bett] die4 ,at la/ ! ,sun's own daught]1 :o 0 ) ! p on e>?1 0 bitt5 by a snake & di$4 ,!n ! ,sun rep5t$ him & said t m5 might live always2 & he bade !m take a box & g fet* 8 daught]'s _s 9 ! box & br+ x to h] body1 t %e might live4 ,b he *>g$ !m /raitly n to op5 ! box until !y arriv$ at ! dead body4 ,h[ev]1 mov$ by curiosity1 !y unhappily op5$ ! box too soon2 away flew ! _s1 & all m5 h di$ ev] s9ce4#aja ,"s ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians in=m$ ! e>ly ,jesuit mission>ies t a c]ta9 man _h receiv$ ! gift ( immortality 9 a small packet f a fam\s magician nam$ ,mess\1 :o repair$ ! _w aft] x _h be5 s]i\sly damag$ by a great flood4 ,9 be/[+ on ! man ?is valuable gift ! magician /rictly enjo9$ him on no acc\nt to op5 ! packet4 ,! man obey$1 & s long z ! packet 0 unop5$ he rema9$ immortal4 ,b 8 wife 0 bo? curi\s & incr$ul\s2 %e op5$ ! packet to see :at 0 9 x1 ! preci\s cont5ts flew away1 & mank9d has be5 subject to dea? ev] s9ce4#ajb ,sid5ote3 ,bag&a /ory h[ dea? came into ! _w ?r\gh ! =getfulness & imprud5ce ( a woman4 ,z ^! ,am]ican ,indians tell h[ dea? came ?r\gh ! curiosity & incr$ulity ( "o woman1 ! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa relate h[ x came ?r\gh ! =getfulness & imprud5ce ( ano!r4 ,accord+ to ! ,bag&a ! fir/ man :o came to e>? 9 ,ug&a 0 nam$ ,k9tu4 ,he br\ght ) him "o c[ & liv$ on its milk1 = he _h no o!r food4 ,b 9 "t a woman nam$ ,nambi1 a daught] ( ,gulu1 ! k+ ( heav51 came d[n to e>? ) h] bro!r or si/]1 & see+ ,k9tu %e fell 9 love ) him & wi%$ to h him = h] husb&4 ,b h] pr\d fa!r d\bt$ :e!r ,k9tu 0 wor?y ( 8 daught]'s h&1 & accord+ly he insi/$ on te/+ 8 future son-9-law be=e he w\ld cons5t to ! m>riage4 ,s he c>ri$ (f ,k9tu's c[ & put x among 8 own h]ds 9 heav54 ,:5 ,k9tu f\nd t ! c[ 0 /ol51 he 0 9 a great rage1 b hung] gett+ ! bett] ( ang]1 he made %ift to live by peel+ ! b>k ( trees & ga!r+ h]bs & leaves1 :i* he cook$ & ate4 ,9 "t 8 future wife ,nambi happ5$ to spy ! /ol5 c[ among h] fa!r's h]ds & %e told ,k9tu1 :o came to heav5 to seek & recov] ! lo/ animal4 ,8 future fa!r-9-law ,gulu1 ,"l ( ,heav51 oblig$ him to submit to _m te/s design$ to prove 8 fitness = m>riage ) ! daught] ( s exalt$ a be+ z ! ,"l ( ,heav54 ,all ^! te/s ,k9tu successfully pass$ ?r\gh4 ,at la/ ,gulu 0 satisfi$1 gave him 8 daught] ,nambi to wife1 & all[$ him to return to e>? ) h]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! com+ ( ,dea?4 ,b ,nambi _h a bro!r & 8 "n 0 ,dea? 7,walumbe74 ,s be=e ! ,"l ( ,heav5 s5t h] away ) h] husb& he call$ !m bo? to him & said1 ,y mu/ hurry away be=e ,dea? comes1 or he w wi% to g ) y4 ,y mu/ n let him d s1 = he w\ld only cause y tr\ble & unhapp9ess4 ,to ?is 8 daught] agre$1 & %e w5t to pack up h] ?+s4 ,%e & h] husb& !n took leave ( ! ,"l ( ,heav51 :o gave !m at p>t+ a piece ( advice4 ,be sure1 said he1 if y h =gott5 any?+1 n to come back = x2 because1 if y d1 ,dea? w wi% to g ) y1 & y mu/ g )\t him4 ,s (f !y set1 ! man & 8 wife1 tak+ ) !m 8 c[ & its calves1 also a %eep1 a goat1 a f[l1 & a banana tree4 ,b on ! way ! woman rememb]$ t %e _h =gott5 ! gra9 to fe$ ! f[l1 s %e said to h] husb&1 ,i mu/ g back = ! gra9 to fe$ ! f[l1 or x w die4 ,h] husb& tri$ to dissuade h]1 b 9 va94 ,%e said1 ,i w hurry back & get x )\t any "o see+ me4 ,s back %e w5t 9 an evil h\r & said to h] fa!r ! ,"l ( ,heav51 ,i h =gott5 ! gra9 = ! f[l & ,i am come back to fet* x f ! doorway :]e ,i put x4 ,h] fa!r said sadly1 ,did ,i n tell y t y 7 n to return if y _h =gott5 any?+1 because y\r bro!r ,dea? w\ld wi% to g ) y8 ,n[ he w accompany y4 ,! woman fl$1 b ,dea? saw h] & foll[$ h>d aft] h]4 ,:5 %e rejo9$ h] husb&1 he 0 angry1 = he saw ,dea? & said1 ,:y h y br\ght y\r bro!r ) y8 ,:o c live ) him8 ,sid5ote3 ,! importunity ( ,dea?4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! e>?1 ,nambi plant$ h] g>d51 & ! bananas sprang up quickly & =m$ a grove4 ,!y liv$ happily = a "t till "o day ,dea? came & ask$ = "o ( _! daught]s1 t %e might g away ) him & be 8 cook4 ,b ! fa!r said1 ,if ! ,"l ( ,heav5 comes & asks me = "o ( my *ildr51 :at am ,i to say8 ,%all ,i tell him t ,i h giv5 h] to y to be y\r cook8 ,dea? 0 sil5t & w5t away4 ,b he came back ano!r day & ask$ aga9 = a *ild to be 8 cook4 ,:5 ! fa!r aga9 refus$1 ,dea? said1 ,i w kill y\r *ildr54 ,! fa!r did n "k :at t meant1 s he ask$ ,dea?1 ,:at is t y w d8 ,h[ev]1 9 a %ort "t "o ( ! *ildr5 fell ill & di$1 & !n ano!r & ano!r4 ,s ! man w5t to ! ,"l ( ,heav5 & compla9$ t ,dea? 0 tak+ away 8 *ildr5 "o by "o4 ,! ,"l ( ,heav5 said1 ,did ,i n tell y1 :5 y 7 go+ away1 to g at once ) y\r wife & n to return if y _h =gott5 any?+1 b y let y\r wife return to fet* ! gra98 ,n[ y h ,dea? liv+ ) y4 ,if y _h obey$ me1 y w\ld h be5 free f him & n lo/ any ( y\r *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,! hunt = ,dea?4 ,h[ev]1 ! man plead$ ) him1 & ! ,"l ,heav5 at la/ cons5t$ to s5d ,dea?'s bro!r ,kaikuzi to help ! woman & to prev5t ,dea? f kill+ h] *ildr54 ,s d[n came ,kaikuzi to e>?1 & :5 he met 8 bro!r ,dea? !y greet$ ea* o!r lov+ly4 ,!n ,kaikuzi told ,dea? t he _h come to fet* him away f e>? to heav54 ,dea? 0 will+ to g1 b he said1 ,let u take our si/] too4 ,nay1 said 8 bro!r1 t _c be1 = %e is a wife & mu/ /ay ) h] husb&4 ,! dispute wax$ w>m1 ,dea? insi/+ on c>ry+ (f 8 si/]1 & 8 bro!r refus+ to all[ him to d s4 ,at la/ ! bro!r angrily ord]$ ,dea? to d z he 0 bid1 & s say+ he made z ?\gh he w\ld seize him4 ,b ,dea? slipp$ f betwe5 8 h&s & fl$ into ! e>?4 ,= a long "t aft] t !re 0 enmity betwe5 ! two bro!rs4 ,kaikuzi tri$ 9 e way to cat* ,dea?1 b ,dea? always escap$4 ,at la/ ,kaikuzi told ! p t he w\ld h "o f9al hunt = ,dea?1 & :ile ! hunt 0 go+ on !y mu/ all /ay 9 _! h\ses2 n a man1 a woman1 a *ild1 nor ev5 an animal 0 to be all[$ to pass ! ?re%old2 & if !y saw ,dea? pass+ ! w9d[1 !y 7 n to utt] a cry ( t]ror b to keep /ill4 ,well1 = "s days 8 ord]s 7 obey$4 ,n a liv+ s\l1 n an animal1 /irr$ abroad4 ,all )\t 0 solitude1 all )9 0 sil5ce4 ,enc\rag$ by ! univ]sal /illness ,dea? em]g$ f 8 lair1 & 8 bro!r 0 j ab\t to cat* him1 :5 "s *ildr51 :o _h v5tur$ out to h]d _! goats1 saw ,dea? & cri$ out4 ,dea?'s good bro!r ru%$ to ! spot & ask$ !m :y !y _h cri$ out4 ,!y said1 ,because we saw ,dea?4 ,s 8 bro!r 0 angry because ,dea? _h aga9 made good 8 escape into ! e>?1 & he w5t to ! fir/ man & told him t he 0 we>y ( hunt+ ,dea? & wi%$ to return home to heav54 ,! fir/ man ?ank$ him k9dly = all he _h done1 & said1 ,i fe> !re is no?+ m to be done4 ,we mu/ only hope t ,dea? w n kill all ! p4 ,x 0 a va9 hope4 ,s9ce !n ,dea? has liv$ on e>? & kill$ ev]ybody :o is born into ! _w2 & always1 aft] ! de$ ( murd] is done1 he escapes into ! e>? at ,t&a 9 ,s+o4#ajc ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! prec$+ /ory ,dea? is di/9ctly p]sonifi$4 ,dea? p]sonifi$ 9 a ,we/ ,african /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,dea? & ! spid] & ! spid]'s daught]4 ,if ?is curi\s tale ( ! orig9 ( dea? reveals no v deep philosophy1 x is at lea/ int]e/+ = ! di/9ctness ) :i* ,dea? is conceiv$ z a p]sonal be+1 ! son ( ! ,"l ( ,heav51 ! bro!r ( ! fir/ man's wife4 ,9 ?is p]sonification ( ,dea? ! /ory diff]s f all ! o!rs :i* we h exam9$ & m>ks an intellectual advance ^u !m2 s9ce ! p[] ( pictur+ ab/ract ideas to ! m9d ) all ! %>pness ( outl9e & vividness ( col\r :i* are impli$ by p]sonification is a faculty above ! rea* ( v l[ intellig5ces4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! ,bag&a %\ld h atta9$ to ?is p[]1 = !y are probably ! mo/ highly cultur$ & intellectual ( all ! _m ,bantu tribes ( ,africa4 ,! same conception ( ,dea? z a p]son occurs 9 a /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea? :i* is told by ! ,hos1 a negro tribe 9 ,togol&1 a di/rict ( ,we/ ,africa4 ,^! ,hos belong to ! ,ewe-speak+ family ( ! true negroes1 :o h rea*$ a comp>atively high level ( b>b>ism 9 ! notori\s k+dom ( ,dahomey4 ,! /ory :i* ! ,hos tell z to ! orig9 ( dea? is z foll[s4 ,once ^u a "t !re 0 a great fam9e 9 :i* ev5 ! hunt]s c\ld f9d no fle% to eat4 ,!n ,dea? w5t & made a road z broad z f "h to ,sokode1 & !re he set _m sn>es4 ,e animal t tri$ to pass t way fell into a sn>e4 ,s ,dea? _h mu* fle% to eat4 ,"o day ! ,spid] came to ,dea? & said to him1 ,y h s mu* meat6 & %e ask$ if %e might h "s to take home ) h]4 ,dea? gave h] leave4 ,s ! ,spid] made a basket z long z f ,ho to ,akoviewe 7a di/ance ( ab\t five miles71 cramm$ x full ( meat1 & dragg$ x home4 ,9 return = ?is b\nty ! ,spid] gave ,dea? h] daught] ,yiyisa to wife4 ,s :5 ,dea? _h h] = 8 wife1 he gave h] a h9t4 ,he said1 ,don't walk on ! broad road :i* ,i h made4 ,walk on ! footpa? :i* ,i h n made4 ,:5 y g to ! wat]1 be sure to take none b ! n>r[ way ?r\gh ! wood4 ,well1 "s "t aft]w>ds x _h ra9$ a little2 ! grass 0 wet1 & ,yiyisa wi%$ to g to ! wat]+-place4 ,:5 %e tri$ to walk on ! n>r[ pa? ?r\gh ! =e/1 ! tall damp grass wet h] ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 s %e ?\ght to h]self1 ,9 future ,i w only g on ! broad road4 ,b sc>ce _h %e set foot on ! beautiful broad road :5 %e fell into a sn>e & di$ on ! spot4 ,:5 ,dea? came to ! sn>e & saw 8 wife 9 x dead1 he cut h] up into bits & toa/$ !m on ! fire4 ,"o day ! ,spid] paid a visit to h] son-9-law ,dea?1 & he set a good meal be=e h]4 ,:5 %e _h eat5 & drunk h] fill & _h got up to g home1 %e ask$ ,dea? aft] h] daught]4 ,if y take t meat f ! fire1 said ,dea?1 y w see h]4 ,s ! ,spid] took ! fle% f ! fire & !re1 sure en\gh1 %e f\nd h] dead daught]4 ,!n %e w5t home 9 great wra? & :ett$ h] knife till x 0 s %>p t a fly light+ on ! edge 0 cut 9 two4 ,) t knife %e came back to attack ,dea?4 ,b ,dea? %ot an arr[ at h]4 ,%e dodg$ x1 & ! arr[ :izz$ pa/ h] & set all ! =e/ on fire4 ,!n ! ,spid] flung h] %>p knife at ,dea?1 b x miss$ him & only slic$ (f ! tops ( ! palms & all ! o!r trees ( ! wood4 ,see+ t h] /roke _h fail$1 ! ,spid] fl$ away home & %ut h]self up 9 h] h\se4 ,b ,dea? wait$ = h] on ! edge ( ! t[n to kill h] z soon z %e v5tur$ out4 ,next morn+ "s wom5 came out ( ! t[n to draw wat] at ! wat]+-place1 & z !y w5t !y talk$ ) "o ano!r4 ,b ,dea? %ot an arr[ among !m & kill$ sev]al4 ,! re/ ran away home & said1 ,s & s is dead4 ,!n ,dea? came & look$ at ! bodies & said1 ,t is my game4 ,i ne$ g no m into ! wood to hunt4 ,t is h[ ,dea? came into ! _w4 ,if ! ,spid] _h n done :at %e did1 nobody w\ld ev] h di$4#ajd ,sid5ote3 ,dea? p]sonifi$ 9 a ,melanesian /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,aga91 ! ,melanesians ( ! ,banks ,isl&s tell a /ory ( ! orig9 ( ,dea?1 9 :i* t grim p[] is p]sonifi$4 ,!y say t ,dea? 7,mate7 us$ to live und]gr\nd 9 a %ad[y realm call$ ,panoi1 :ile m5 on e>? *ang$ _! sk9s l s]p5ts & s r5ew+ _! y\? liv$ = ev]4 ,b a practical inconv5i5ce ( immortality 0 t prop]ty nev] *ang$ h&s2 newcom]s _h no *ance1 ev]y?+ 0 monopolis$ by ! old1 old /ag]s4 ,to rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s & secure a m equitable di/ribution ( prop]ty ,dea? 0 induc$ to em]ge f ! l[] _w & to appe> on e>? among m52 he came rely+ on an assurance t no h>m w\ld be done him4 ,well1 :5 !y _h him1 !y laid him out on a bo>d1 cov]$ him ) a pall z if he 7 a corpse1 & !n proce$$ ) great gu/o to divide 8 prop]ty & eat ! fun]al fea/4 ,on ! fif? day !y blew ! con* %ell to drive away ! gho/1 z usual1 & lift$ ! pall to see :at _h become ( ,dea?4 ,b !re 0 no ,dea? !re2 he _h abscond$ leav+ only 8 skeleton beh9d4 ,!y naturally fe>$ t he _h made (f ) an int5tion to return to 8 home und]gr\nd1 :i* w\ld h be5 a great calamity2 = if !re 7 no ,dea? on e>?1 h[ c\ld m5 die & h[ c\ld o!r p inh]it _! prop]ty8 ,! idea 0 intol]able2 s to cut (f ! retreat ( ! fugitive1 ! ,fool 0 set to d s5t9el duty at ! p>t+ ( ! ways1 :]e "o road leads d[n to ! und]world1 ,dea?'s home1 & ! o!r leads up to ! upp] _w1 ! abode ( ! liv+4 ,"h accord+ly ! ,fool 0 /ation$ ) /rict ord]s to keep 8 eye on ,dea? if he %\ld attempt to sneak pa/ him & return to ! ne!r _w4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,fool1 l a fool z he 01 sat wat*+ ! road to ! upp] _w1 & ,dea? slipp$ beh9d him & s made good 8 retreat4 ,s9ce !n all m5 h foll[$ ,dea? d[n t fatal pa?4#aje ,sid5ote3 ,?us accord+ to savages dea? is n a necess>y "p ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,a simil> view is held by "s em95t mod]n biologi/s4 ,s mu* = savage /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?4 ,!y all imply a belief t dea? is n a necess>y "p ( ! ord] ( nature1 b t x orig9at$ 9 a pure mi/ake or misde$ ( "s sort on somebody's "p1 & t we %\ld all h liv$ happy & immortal if x _h n be5 = t disa/r\s blund] or crime4 ,?us ! tales reflect ! same frame ( m9d :i* ,i illu/rat$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 :5 ,i %ew$ t _m savages /ill to ?is day believe all m5 to be naturally immortal & dea? to be no?+ b an effect ( sorc]y4 ,9 %ort1 :e!r we reg>d ! savage's attitude to dea? at ! pres5t day or 8 ideas z to its orig9 9 ! remote pa/1 we mu/ conclude t primitive man _c reconcile himself to ! notion ( dea? z a natural & necess>y ev5t2 he p]si/s 9 reg>d+ x z an accid5tal & unnecess>y di/urbance ( ! prop] ord] ( nature4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p]haps1 9 ^! crude speculations he has anticipat$ c]ta9 views ( mod]n biology4 ,?us x has be5 ma9ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,augu/ ,weissmann t dea? is n a natural necessity1 t _m ( ! l[e/ species ( liv+ animals d 9 fact live = ev]2 & t 9 ! high] animals ! cu/om ( dy+ has be5 introduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution = ! purpose ( ?9n+ ! population & prev5t+ ! deg5]ation ( ! species1 :i* w\ld o!rwise foll[ ?r\gh ! gradual & necess>y det]ioration ( ! immortal individuals1 :o1 ?\gh !y c\ld n die1 might yet su/a9 mu* bodily damage ?r\gh h>d knocks 9 ! hurly-burly ( et]nal exi/5ce on e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,weissmann's view t dea? is n a natural necessity b an adaptation acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution = ! advantage ( ! race4 ,on ?is subject ,i w quote "s s5t5ces f ,pr(essor ,weissmann's essay on ! duration ( life4 ,he says1 ,! necessity ( dea? has be5 hi!rto expla9$ z due to causes :i* are inh]5t 9 organic nature1 & n to ! fact t x may be advantage\s4 ,i d n h[ev] believe 9 ! validity ( ?is explanation2 ,i consid] t dea? is n a prim>y necessity1 b t x has be5 second>ily acquir$ z an adaptation4 ,i believe t life is end[$ ) a fix$ duration1 n because x is contr>y to its nature to be unlimit$1 b because ! unlimit$ exi/5ce ( individuals w\ld be a luxury )\t any correspond+ advantage4 ,! above-m5tion$ hypo!sis ^u ! orig9 & necessity ( dea? leads me to believe t ! organism did n f9ally cease to r5ew ! worn-out cell mat]ial because ! nature ( ! cells did n p]mit !m to multiply indef9itely1 b because ! p[] ( multiply+ indef9itely 0 lo/ :5 x ceas$ to be ( use4444 ,john ,hunt]1 support$ by 8 exp]im5ts on anabiosis1 hop$ to prolong ! life ( man indef9itely by alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+2 & ! ,v]onese ,colonel ,aless4 ,guagu9o made 8 contempor>ies believe t a race ( m5 exi/$ 9 ,russia1 ( :i* ! individuals di$ regul>ly e ye> on ! #bg? ( ,novemb]1 & return$ to life on ! #bd? ( ! foll[+ ,april4 ,!re _c h[ev] be ! lea/ d\bt1 t ! high] organisms1 z !y are n[ con/ruct$1 conta9 )9 !mselves ! g]ms ( dea?4 ,! "q h[ev] arises z to h[ ?is has come to pass2 & ,i reply t dea? is to be look$ ^u z an occurr5ce :i* is advantage\s to ! species z a concession to ! out] conditions ( life1 & n z an absolute necessity1 ess5tially inh]5t 9 life itself4 ,dea?1 t is ! end ( life1 is by no means1 z is usually assum$1 an attribute ( all organisms4 ,an imm5se numb] ( l[ organisms d n die1 al?\gh !y are easily de/roy$1 be+ kill$ by heat1 poisons1 etc4 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z ^? conditions :i* are necess>y = _! life are fulfill$1 !y cont9ue to live1 & !y ?us c>ry ! pot5tiality ( un5d+ life 9 !mselves4 ,i am speak+ n only ( ! ,amoebae & ! l[ unicellul> ,algae1 b also ( f> m highly organiz$ unicellul> animals1 su* z ! ,infusoria4#ajf ,sid5ote3 ,simil> view express$ by ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,a simil> sugge/ion t dea? is n a natural necessity b an innovation introduc$ = ! good ( ! bre$1 has be5 made by our em95t ,engli% biologi/1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,he says3 ,if individuals did n die !y w\ld soon multiply inord9ately & w\ld int]f]e ) ea* o!r's heal?y exi/5ce4 ,food w\ld become sc>ce1 & h5ce ! l>g] individuals w\ld probably decompose or dim9i% 9 size4 ,! defici5cy ( n\ri%m5t w\ld lead to p>ts ( ! organism n be+ r5ew$2 !y w\ld become fix$1 & liable to m or less sl[ decomposition z dead p>ts )9 a liv+ body4 ,! small] organisms w\ld h a bett] *ance ( f9d+ food1 ! l>g] ones less *ance4 ,t "o :i* gave (f sev]al small portions to =m ea* a new organism w\ld h a bett] *ance ( leav+ desc5dants l itself ?an "o :i* divid$ equally or gave (f a l>ge "p ( itself4 ,h5ce x w\ld happ5 t ^? :i* gave (f v small portions w\ld probably soon aft] cease to ma9ta9 _! own exi/5ce :ile !y w\ld leave a num]\s (fspr+4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s w\ld be 9 any case = ! advantage ( ! race1 & w\ld !re=e1 by natural selection1 soon become e/abli%$ z ! regul> c\rse ( ?+s1 & ?us we h ! orig9 ( old age1 decay1 & dea?2 = x is evid5t t :5 "o or m individuals h provid$ a suffici5t numb] ( successors !y !mselves1 z consum]s ( n\ri%m5t 9 a con/antly increas+ degree1 are an injury to _! successors4 ,natural selection !re=e we$s !m out1 & 9 _m cases fav\rs su* races z die almo/ imm$iately aft] !y h left successors4 ,_m mo?s & o!r insects are 9 ?is condition1 liv+ only to propagate _! k9d & !n imm$iately dy+1 "s n ev5 tak+ any food 9 ! p]fect & reproductive /ate4#ajg ,sid5ote3 ,savages & "s m5 ( sci5ce agree t dea? is n a natural necessity4 ,?us x appe>s t two ( ! mo/ em95t biologi/s ( our "t agree ) savages 9 ?9k+ t dea? is by no means a natural necessity = all liv+ be+s4 ,!y only diff] f savages 9 ?is1 t :]eas savages look ^u dea? z ! result ( a deplorable accid5t1 our m5 ( sci5ce reg>d x z a b5efic5t re=m in/itut$ by nature z a means ( adju/+ ! numb]s ( liv+ be+s to ! quantity ( ! food supply1 & s t5d+ to ! improvem5t & !re=e on ! :ole to ! happ9ess ( ! species4 ,footnote #eg3 ,h4 ,callaway1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 ,"p i4 pp4 #a1 #c sq41 ,"p ii4 p4 #ach2 ,rev4 ,l4 ,gr\t1 ,zulul&1 or ,life among ! ,zulu-,kafirs 7,philadelphia1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #adh sq42 ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #gf sq4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,f4 ,g>d9]1 ,n>rative ( a ,j\rney to ! ,zoolu ,c\ntry 7,london1 #ahcf71 pp4 #agh sq41 ,t4 ,arb\sset et ,f4 ,daumas1 ,relation d'un voyage d',exploration au ,nord-,e/ de la ,colonie du ,cap de ,bonne-,esp]ance 7,p>is1 #ahdb71 p4 #dgb2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,%oot]1 ,! ,kafirs ( ,natal & ! ,zulu ,c\ntry 7,london1 #aheg71 p4 #aei2 ,w4 ,h4 ,i4 ,bleek1 ,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 ,s\? ,africa 7,london1 #ahfd71 p4 #gd2 ,d4 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas1 ,second ,edition 7,ed9burgh1 #ahge71 p4 #bji2 ,f4 ,speckmann1 ,die ,h]mannsburg] ,mission 9 ,afrika 7,h]mannsburg1 #ahgf71 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #eh3 ,j4 ,*apman1 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa 7,london1 #ahfh71 i4 #dg4 ,footnote #ei3 ,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #bdb2 ,e4 ,jacottet1 ,! ,treasury ( ,ba-suto ,lore1 i4 7,morija1 ,basutol&1 #aijh71 pp4 #df sqq4 ,footnote #fj3 ,h4 ,a4 ,junod1 ,les ,ba-,ronga ,neu*atel 7#ahih71 pp4 #dja sq4 ,footnote #fa3 ,w4 ,a4 ,elmslie1 ,among ! ,wild ,ngoni 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahii71 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #fb3 ,h4 ,a4 ,junod & ,w4 ,a4 ,elmslie1 ll4cc4 ,footnote #fc3 ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley1 ,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba & o!r ,ea/ ,african ,tribes 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ajg-aji4 ,footnote #fd3 ,fr4 ,muell]1 ,die ,religion5 ,togos 9 ,e9zeld>/ellung51 ,an?ropos1 ii4 7#aijg7 p4 #bjc4 ,9 a v]sion ( ! /ory report$ f ,calab> a %eep appe>s z ! mess5g] ( mortality1 :ile a dog is ! mess5g] ( immortality or r ( resurrection4 ,see ,calab> ,/ories1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 ,no4 #ah 7,janu>y #aijf71 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #fe3 ,e4 ,p]regaux1 ,*ez les ,a*anti 7,neu*atel1 #aijf71 pp4 #aih sq4 ,footnote #ff3 ,e4 ,p]regaux1 op4 cit4 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #fg3 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,alex&]1 ,exp$ition ( ,discov]y into ! ,int]ior ( ,africa 7,london1 #ahch71 i4 #afi2 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahef71 pp4 #cbh sq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,i4 ,bleek1 ,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 ,s\? ,africa 7,london1 #ahfd71 pp4 #ga-gc2 ,?4 ,hahn1 ,tsuni-,goam1 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #fh3 ,w4 ,h4 ,i4 ,bleek1 ,a ,brief ,acc\nt ( ,bu%man ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahge71 pp4 #i sq4 ,footnote #fi3 ,w4 ,h4 ,i4 ,bleek1 ,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 ,s\? ,africa1 pp4 #fi sq4 ,footnote #gj3 ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,masai 7,ox=d1 #aije71 pp4 #bga sq4 ,footnote #ga3 ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,n&i 7,ox=d1 #aiji71 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #gb3 ,capta9 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,b>rett1 ,notes on ! ,cu/oms & ,beliefs ( ! ,wa-,giriama1 etc41 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,r4 ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xli4 7#aiaa7 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #gc3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfj71 i4 #bje4 ,footnote #gd3 ,lettres ,edifiantes et ,curieuses1 ,n\velle ,edition1 xv4 7,p>is1 #agha7 pp4 #cje sq4 ,footnote #ge3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #dbh sq4 ,footnote #gf3 ,anto9e ,cabaton1 ,n\velles ,re*]*es sur les ,*ams 7,p>is1 #aija71 pp4 #ah sq4 ,footnote #gg3 ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #eac sq4 ,footnote #gh3 ,fa!r ,g4 ,boscana1 ,*9ig*9i*1 9 ,life 9 ,cali=nia1 by an ,am]ican ,a4 ,rob9son 7,new ,york1 #ahdf71 pp4 #bih sq4 ,footnote #gi3 ,m]olla1 ,voyage to ,congo1 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 7,london1 #ahad7 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #hj3 ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,kue/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mu5/]1 ,n4,d471 p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #ha3 ,a4 ,l&es1 ,contes et ,leg5des ,annamites1 ,co*9*9e francaise1 ,excursions et ,reconnaissances1 ,no4 #be 7,saigon1 #ahhf71 pp4 #ajh sq4 ,footnote #hb3 ,otto ,mey]1 ,my!n und ,erzaehlung5 von d] ,insel ,vuatom 7,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 ,su$see71 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 p4 #gbd4 ,footnote #hc3 ,h4 ,sund]mann1 ,die ,insel ,nias und die ,mission daselb/1 ,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 xi4 7#ahhd7 p4 #dea2 ,e4 ,modigliani1 ,un ,viaggio a ,nias 7,milan1 #ahij71 p4 #bie4 ,footnote #hd3 ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis*-,guiana 7,leipsig1 #ahdg-ahdh71 ii4 #cai4 ,footnote #he3 ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cbj4 ,footnote #hf3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 p4 #bfe2 ,w4 ,gray1 ,"s ,notes on ! ,tannese1 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fu] ,e?nographie1 vii4 7#ahid7 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #hg3 ,c4 ,ribbe1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,kannibal5 d] ,salomo-,inseln 7,dresd5-,blas[itz1 #aijc71 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #hh3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 ,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea 7,b]l91 #aiaa71 iii4 #afa sq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,josef ,mei]1 ,my!n und ,sag5 d] ,admiralitaets9sulan]1 ,an?ropos1 iii4 7#aijh7 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #ij3 ,george ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 p4 #cfe2 ,george ,turn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,samoa 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #h sq4 ,footnote #ia3 ,see above1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #ib3 ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 ,de leg5d5 d] ,poso-,alfo]5 aanga&e de er/e m5s*51 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxviii4 7#ahid7 p4 #cdj4 ,footnote #ic3 ,d4 ,f4 ,a4 ,h]vey1 ,! ,m5tra ,traditions1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #aj 7,decemb] #ahhb71 p4 #aij2 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat & ,c4 ,o4 ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula 7,london1 #aijf71 ii4 #ccg sq4 ,footnote #id3 ,gu]la*1 ,moeurs et ,sup]/itions des sauvages ,ba-hn>s1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xix4 7#ahhg7 p4 #dgi4 ,footnote #ie3 7,sir7 ,j4 ,g4 ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( ,upp] ,burma & ! ,%an ,/ates1 ,"p i4 vol4 i4 7,rangoon1 #aijj7 pp4 #djh sq4 ,footnote #if3 ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne & ,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #dbh4 ,on ?is n>rative ! au?or rem>ks3 ,?is /ory appe>s to be> too close a resemblance to ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! ,fall4 ,is x g5u9e or n8 ,mr4 ,bulm] admits t x may h be5 inv5t$ by ! aborig9es aft] !y _h he>d some?+ ( ,scripture hi/ory4 ,footnote #ig3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfj71 i4 #bjd sq4 ,= ano!r ,fijian /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 see above1 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #ih3 ,josef ,mei]1 ,my!n und ,sag5 d] ,admiralitaets9sulan]1 ,an?ropos1 iii4 7#aijh7 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #ii3 ,josef ,mei]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aid sq4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,c4 ,g\ldsbury & ,h4 ,%eane1 ,! ,great ,plateau ( ,nor!rn ,rhodesia 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #hj sq4 ,a l tale is told by ! ,balolo ( ! ,upp] ,congo4 ,see ,folk-lore1 xii4 7#aija7 p4 #dfa2 & bel[1 p4 #dgb4 ,footnote #aja3 ,j4 ,mooney1 ,my?s ( ! ,*]okee1 ,n9ete5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p i4 7,wa%+ton1 #aijj7 p4 #dcf1 quot+ ! ,payne manuscript1 ( date ab\t #ahce4 ,comp>e id41 pp4 #beb-bed1 #dcf sq4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,relations des ,jesuites1 #afcd1 p4 #ac 7,canadian repr9t1 ,quebec1 #aheh74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on1 ,! ,ug&a ,protectorate 7,london1 #aijd71 ii4 #gjj-gje 7! /ory 0 tak5 d[n by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,cunn+ham72 ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #dfj-dfd4 ,! /ory is briefly told by ,mr4 ,l4 ,decle1 ,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa 7,london1 #ahih71 pp4 #dci sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/aemme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pp4 #eij-eic4 ,footnote #aje3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 pp4 #bfe sq4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,a4 ,weissmann1 ,essays ^u ,h]$ity & ,k9dr$ ,biological ,problems1 vol4 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahia7 pp4 #be sq4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 quot$ 9 ,a4 ,weissmann's ,essays ^u ,h]$ity1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahia7 p4 #bd note4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,aborig9es ,,( ,,c5tral ,,au/ralia ,sid5ote3 ,propos$ survey ( ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 z ^! are f\nd among ! v>i\s races ( m51 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ savages4 ,9 previ\s lectures we h consid]$ ! ideas :i* savages 9 g5]al ent]ta9 ( dea? & its orig94 ,to-day we beg9 our survey ( ! beliefs & practices ( p>ticul> races 9 reg>d to ! dead4 ,i propose to deal sep>ately ) "s ( ! pr9cipal races ( m5 & to %ew 9 detail h[ ! belief 9 human immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 to :i* t belief naturally gives rise1 h =m$ a m or less important elem5t ( _! religion4 ,& 9 ord] to trace z f> z possible ! evolution ( t wor%ip 9 hi/ory ,i %all beg9 ) ! l[e/ savages ab\t :om we possess accurate in=mation1 & %all pass f !m to high] races until1 if "t p]mitt$1 we might come to ! civilis$ nations ( antiquity & ( mod]n times4 ,9 ?is way1 by comp>+ ! ideas & practices ( peoples on diff]5t planes ( culture we may be able approximately to recon/ruct or repres5t to ourselves ) a fair degree ( probability ! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* ?is p>ticul> phase ( religion may be suppos$ to h pass$ 9 ! great civilis$ races be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,( c\rse all su* recon/ructions mu/ be m or less conjectural4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( hi/orical docum5ts t is inevitable2 b our recon/ruction w be m or less probable accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* ! correspond+ /ages ( evolution are f\nd to resemble or diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! v>i\s races ( m54 ,if we f9d t tribes at approximately ! same level ( culture 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w h approximately ! same religion1 we may fairly inf] t religion is 9 a s5se a function ( culture1 & !re=e t all races :i* h trav]s$ ! same /ages ( culture 9 ! pa/ h trav]s$ also ! same /ages ( religion2 9 %ort t1 all[+ = _m m9or v>iations1 :i* fl[ inevitably f v>y+ circum/ances su* z climate1 soil1 racial temp]am5t1 & s =?1 ! c\rse ( religi\s developm5t has on ! :ole be5 uni=m among mank9d4 ,?is enquiry may be call$ ! embryology ( religion1 9 z mu* z x seeks to d = ! developm5t ( religion :at embryology 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w attempts to d = ! developm5t ( life4 ,& j z biology or ! sci5ce ( life naturally beg9s ) ! /udy ( ! l[e/ sorts ( liv+ be+s1 ! humble protozoa1 s we %all beg9 our enquiry ) a /udy ( ! l[e/ savages ( :om we possess a comp>atively full & accurate record1 namely1 ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,sid5ote3 ,savag]y a case n ( deg5]acy b ( arre/$ or r ret>d$ developm5t4 ,at ! outset ,i w\ld ask y to be> 9 m9d t1 s f> z evid5ce all[s u to judge1 savag]y 9 all its phases appe>s to be no?+ b a case ( arre/$ or r ret>d$ developm5t4 ,! old view t savages h deg5]at$ f a high] level ( culture1 on :i* _! =efa!rs once /ood1 is de/itute alike ( evid5ce & ( probability4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! in=mation :i* we possess z to ! l[] races1 meagre & fragm5t>y z x un=tunately is1 all seems to po9t to ! conclusion t on ! :ole ev5 ! mo/ savage tribes h rea*$ _! l[ level ( culture f "o /ill l[]1 & t ! upw>d movem5t1 ?\gh s sl[ z to be almo/ imp]ceptible1 has yet be5 real & /eady up to ! po9t :]e savag]y has come into contact ) civilisation4 ,! mom5t ( su* contact is a critical "o = ! savages4 ,if ! intellectual1 moral1 & social int]val :i* divides !m f ! civilis$ intrud]s exce$s a c]ta9 degree1 !n x appe>s t soon] or lat] ! savages mu/ inevitably p]i%2 ! %ock ( collision ) a /rong] race is too viol5t to be )/ood1 ! weak] goes to ! wall & is %att]$4 ,b if on ! o!r h& ! brea* betwe5 ! two conflict+ races is n s wide z to be impassable1 !re is a hope t ! weak] may assimilate en\gh ( ! high] culture ( ! o!r to survive4 ,x 0 s1 = example1 ) our b>b>\s =efa!rs 9 contact ) ! anci5t civilisations ( ,greece & ,rome2 & x may be s 9 future ) "s1 = example1 ( ! black races ( ! pres5t day 9 contact ) ,european civilisation4 ,"t w %ew4 ,b among ! savages :o _c p]man5tly survive ! %ock ( collision ) ,europe may c]ta9ly be numb]$ ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,!y are rapidly dw9dl+ & wa/+ away1 & be=e v _m ye>s h pass$ x is probable t !y w be ext9ct l ! ,tasmanians1 :o1 s f> z we c judge f ! mis]ably imp]fect records ( !m :i* we possess1 appe> to h be5 savages ( an ev5 l[] type ?an ! ,au/ralians1 & !re=e to h be5 /ill less able to survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) _! vigor\s ,european rivals4 ,sid5ote3 ,physical causes :i* h ret>d$ progress 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! causes :i* h ret>d$ progress 9 ,au/ralia & kept ! aborig9al population at ! l[e/ level ( savag]y appe> to be ma9ly two2 namely1 fir/1 ! geographical isolation & comp>atively small area ( ! cont95t1 &1 second1 ! b>r5 & inde$ des]t nature ( a great "p ( its surface2 = ! comb9$ effect ( ^! causes has be51 by exclud+ =eign competitors & s]i\sly re/rict+ ! numb] ( competitors at home1 to abate ! rig\r ( competition & !reby to re/ra9 ! action ( "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful influ5ces :i* make = progress4 ,9 o!r words1 elem5ts ( weakness h be5 all[$ to l+] on1 :i* "u ! /]n] conditions ( life entail$ by fi]ce competition w\ld long ago h be5 elim9at$ & h made way = elem5ts bett] adapt$ to ! environm5t4 ,:at is true ( ! human inhabitants ( ,au/ralia 9 ?is respect is true also ( its fauna & flora4 ,x has long be5 recognis$ t ! animals & plants ( ,au/ralia repres5t on ! :ole m ar*aic types ( life ?an ! animals & plants ( ! l>g] cont95ts2 & ! reason :y ^! antiquat$ creatures h surviv$ !re r ?an else:]e is ma9ly t1 ! area ( competition be+ s mu* re/rict$ ?r\gh ! causes ,i h m5tion$1 ^! comp>atively weak =ms ( animal & vegetable life h n be5 kill$ (f by /rong] competitors4 ,t ?is is ! real cause appe>s to be prov$ by ! rapidity ) :i* _m animals & plants introduc$ into ,au/ralia f ,europe t5d to ov]run ! c\ntry & to ou/ ! old native fauna & flora4#ajh ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! c5tre ( ,au/ralia ! natural conditions ( life are mo/ unfav\rable2 h5ce ! c5tral aborig9es h rema9$ 9 a m primitive /ate ?an ^? ( ! coa/s1 :]e food & wat] are m pl5tiful4 ,i h said t among ! causes :i* h kept ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia at a v l[ level ( savag]y mu/ be reckon$ ! des]t nature ( a great "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,n[ x is ! int]ior ( ! cont95t :i* is ! mo/ arid1 wa/e1 & b>r54 ,! coa/s are comp>atively f]tile1 = !y are wat]$ by %[]s cond5s$ f an atmosph]e :i* is *>g$ ) moi/ure by ! neighb\r+ sea2 & ?is cond5sation is greatly facilitat$ 9 ! s\?-ea/]n & ea/]n p>ts ( ! cont95t by a high range ( m\nta9s :i* "h skirts ! coa/ = a long di/ance1 attract+ ! moi/ure f ! ocean & precipitat+ x 9 ! =m ( sn[ & ra94 ,?us ! vegetation & h5ce ! supply ( food bo? animal & vegetable 9 ^! well-wat]$ portions ( ! cont95t are v>i$ & pl5tiful4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! f]tility & abundance ( ^! fav\r$ regions are ! /ony pla9s & b>e rocky ranges ( ! int]ior1 :]e wat] is sc>ce1 vegetation scanty1 & animal life at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> c only ) difficulty be ma9ta9$4 ,x w\ld be no wond] if ! natives ( ^! arid sun-scor*$ wild]nesses %\ld h lagg$ beh9d ev5 _! savage bre?r5 ( ! coa/s 9 respect ( mat]ial & social progress2 & 9 fact !re are _m indications t !y h done s1 9 o!r words1 t ! aborig9es ( ! m f]tile di/ricts ne> ! sea h made a great] advance t[>ds civilisation ?an ! tribes ( ! des]t int]ior4 ,?is is ! view ( m5 :o h /udi$ ! ,au/ralian savages mo/ deeply at fir/ h&1 &1 s f> z ,i c judge ( ! matt] )\t any su* fir/-h& acqua9tance1 ,i entirely agree ) _! op9ion4 ,i h giv5 my reasons else:]e & %all n repeat !m "h4 ,all t ,i wi% to impress on y n[ is t 9 aborig9al ,au/ralia a movem5t ( social & intellectual progress1 sl[ b p]ceptible1 appe>s to h be5 sett+ f ! coa/ inw>ds1 & t1 s f> z su* ?+s c be ref]r$ to physical causes1 ?is p>ticul> movem5t 9 ,au/ralia w\ld seem to h be5 initiat$ by ! sea act+ ?r\gh an abundant ra9fall & a consequ5t abundant supply ( food4#aji ,sid5ote3 ,backw>d /ate ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,!y h no idea ( a moral supreme be+4 ,accord+ly1 9 attempt+ to give y "s acc\nt ( ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among ! v>i\s races ( mank9d1 ,i propose to beg9 ) ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 fir/1 because ! ,au/ralian aborig9es are ! mo/ primitive savages ab\t :om we h full & accurate in=mation1 &1 second1 because among ^! primitive savages ! inhabitants ( ! c5tral des]ts are on ! :ole ! mo/ primitive4 ,l _! bre?r5 9 ! re/ ( ! cont95t !y 7 9 _! native condition absolutely ignorant ( metals & ( agriculture2 !y _h no dome/ic animals except ! dog1 & !y subsi/$ :olly by ! products ( ! *ase & ! natural fruits1 roots1 & se$s1 :i* ! gr\nd yield$ )\t cultivation ( any sort4 ,9 reg>d to _! intellectual outlook ^u ! _w1 !y 7 deeply imbu$1 z ,i %ew$ 9 a =m] lecture1 ) a belief 9 magic1 b x c h>dly be said t !y possess$ any religion 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 by :i* ,i mean a propitiation ( real or imag9>y p[]s reg>d$ z p]sonal be+s sup]ior to man3 c]ta9ly ! ,au/ralian aborig9es appe> to h believ$ 9 no be+s :o des]ve to be call$ gods4 ,on ?is subject ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 our be/ au?orities on ^! tribes1 obs]ve z foll[s3 ,! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives--& ?is is true ( ! tribes ext5d+ f ,lake ,eyre 9 ! s\? to ! f> nor? & ea/w>ds across to ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia--h no idea :atev] ( ! exi/5ce ( any supreme be+ :o is pleas$ if !y foll[ a c]ta9 l9e ( :at we call moral conduct & displeas$ if !y d n d s4 ,!y h n ! vague/ idea ( a p]sonal individual o!r ?an an actual liv+ memb] ( ! tribe :o approves or disapproves ( _! conduct1 s f> z any?+ l :at we call morality is conc]n$4 ,any su* idea z t ( a future life ( happ9ess or ! rev]se1 z a rew>d = m]itori\s or z a puni%m5t = blamewor?y conduct1 is q =eign to !m4444 ,we "k ( no tribe 9 :i* !re is a belief ( any k9d 9 a supreme be+ :o rew>ds or puni%es ! individual accord+ to 8 moral behavi\r1 us+ ! ^w moral 9 ! native s5se4#aaj ,sid5ote3 ,c5tral ,au/ralian !ory t ! s\ls ( ! dead survive & are aft]w>ds reborn z infants4 ,b if ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia h no religion prop]ly s call$1 !y ent]ta9 beliefs & !y obs]ve practices out ( :i* "u fav\rable circum/ances a religion might h be5 develop$1 if its evolution _h n be5 arre/$ by ! adv5t ( ,europeans4 ,among ^! elem5ts ( natural religion "o ( ! mo/ important is ! !ory :i* ^! savages hold z to ! exi/5ce & nature ( ! dead4 ,t !ory is a v rem>kable "o4 ,) a s+le exception1 :i* ,i %all m5tion pres5tly1 !y unanim\sly believe t dea? is n ! end ( all ?+s = ! individual1 b t ! human p]sonality survives1 app>5tly ) little *ange1 9 ! =m ( a _s1 :i* may aft]w>ds be reborn z a *ild into ! _w4 ,9 fact !y ?9k t e liv+ p]son )\t exception is ! re9c>nation ( a dead p]son :o liv$ on e>? a long] or %ort] "t ago4 ,?is belief is held univ]sally by ! tribes :i* occupy an imm5se area ( ,au/ralia f ! c5tre nor?w>ds to ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia4#aaa ,! s+le exception to :i* ,i h ref]r$ is furni%$ by ! ,gnanji1 a fi]ce & wild-look+ tribe :o eat _! dead enemies & p]haps also _! dead fri5ds4#aab ,^! savages d5y t wom5 h spirits :i* live aft] dea?2 :5 a woman dies1 t1 !y say1 is ! end ( h]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! _s ( a dead man1 9 _! op9ion1 survives & goes to & fro on ! e>? visit+ ! places :]e 8 =efa!rs camp$ 9 days ( old & de/9$ to be born aga9 ( a woman at "s future "t1 :5 ! ra9s h fall5 & blea*$ 8 bones4#aac ,b :y ^! primitive philosoph]s %\ld d5y ! privilege ( immortality to wom5 & res]ve x exclusively = m51 is n manife/4 ,all o!r ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes appe> to admit ! rights ( wom5 equally ) ! rights ( m5 9 a life beyond ! grave4 ,sid5ote3 ,c5tral ,au/ralian !ory z to ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,c]ta9 conspicu\s features ( ! l&scape suppos$ to be t5ant$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead wait+ to be born aga94 ,) reg>d to ! /ate ( ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 ! int]vals betwe5 _! successive re9c>nations1 ! op9ions ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian savages are cle> & def9ite4 ,mo/ civilis$ races :o believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l h f\nd !mselves compell$ to confess t1 h[ev] immortal ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ may be1 !y d n pres5t !mselves commonly to our eyes or e>s1 nor m$dle mu* ) ! affairs ( ! liv+2 h5ce ! survivors h = ! mo/ "p inf]r$ t ! dead d n hov] invisible 9 our mid/1 b t !y dwell some:]e1 f> away1 9 ! height ( heav51 or 9 ! dep? ( e>?1 or 9 ,isl&s ( ! ,ble/ beyond ! sea :]e ! sun goes d[n4 ,n s ) ! simple aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,!y imag9e t ! spirits ( ! dead cont9ue to haunt _! native l& & especially c]ta9 /rik+ natural features ( ! l&scape1 x may be a pool ( wat] 9 a deep gorge ( ! b>r5 hills1 or a solit>y tree 9 ! sun-bak$ pla9s1 or a great rock t af=ds a welcome %ade 9 ! sultry noon4 ,su* spots are ?\ght to be t5ant$ by ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ wait+ to be born aga94 ,!re !y lurk1 con/antly on ! look-out = pass+ wom5 into :om !y may ent]1 & f :om 9 due "t !y may be born z infants4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! woman be m>ri$ or unm>ri$1 a matron or a maid1 a bloom+ girl or a )]$ hag3 any woman may conceive directly by ! entrance into h] ( "o ( ^! disembodi$ spirits2 b ! natives h %rewdly obs]v$ t ! spirits %ew a decid$ pref]5ce = plump "y wom54 ,h5ce :5 su* a damsel is pass+ ne> a plot ( haunt$ gr\nd1 if %e does n wi% to become a "m1 %e w disguise h]self z an ag$ crone & hobble pa/1 say+ 9 a ?9 crack$ voice1 ,don't come to me4 ,i am an old woman4 ,su* spots are (t5 /ones1 :i* ! natives call *ild-/ones because ! s\ls ( ! dead are !re ly+ 9 wait = wom5 9 ord] to be born z *ildr54 ,"o su* /one1 = example1 may be se5 9 ! l& ( ! ,arunta tribe ne> ,alice ,spr+s4 ,x projects to a height ( ?ree feet f ! gr\nd among ! mulga scrub1 & !re is a r\nd hole 9 x ?r\gh :i* ! s\ls ( dead plum-tree p are con/antly peep+1 ready to p\nce out on a likely damsel4 ,aga91 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,w>ramunga tribe ! gho/s ( black-snake p are suppos$ to ga!r 9 ! rocks r\nd c]ta9 pools or 9 ! gum-trees :i* bord] ! g5]ally dry b$ ( a wat]-c\rse4 ,no ,w>ramunga woman w\ld d>e to /rike "o ( ^! trees ) an axe1 because %e is firmly conv9c$ t 9 do+ s %e w\ld set free "o ( ! lurk+ black-snake spirits1 :o w\ld imm$iately d>t into h] body4 ,!y ?9k t ! spirits are no l>g] ?an gra9s ( s& & t !y make _! way into wom5 ?r\gh ! navel4 ,nor is x m]ely by direct contact ) "o ( ^! repositories ( s\ls1 nor yet by pass+ ne> x1 t wom5 may be gott5 ) *ild aga9/ _! wi%4 ,! ,arunta believe t any malici\s man may by magic cause a woman or ev5 a *ild to become a "m3 he has only to g to "o ( ! *ild-/ones & rub x ) 8 h&s1 mutt]+ ! words1 ,pl5ty ( "y wom54 ,y look & g quickly4#aad ,sid5ote3 ,z a rule1 only ! s\ls ( p]sons ( "o p>ticul> totemic clan are ?\ght to congregate 9 "o place4 ,a rem>kable feature 9 ^! ga!r+-places ( ! dead rema9s to be notic$4 ,! society at ea* ( !m is v select4 ,! gho/s are v clanni%2 z a rule none b p ( "o p>ticul> totemic clan are suppos$ to =-ga!r at any "o place4 ,= example1 we h j se5 t 9 ! ,arunta tribe ! s\ls ( dead p ( ! plum-tree totem congregate at a c]ta9 /one 9 ! mulga scrub1 & t 9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe ! spirits ( deceas$ p]sons :o _h black snakes = _! totem haunt c]ta9 gum-trees4 ,! same ?+ applies to mo/ ( ! o!r haunts ( ! dead 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,:e!r ! totem 0 a kang>oo or an emu1 a rat or a bat1 a hawk or a cockatoo1 a bee or a fly1 a yam or a grass se$1 ! sun or ! moon1 fire or wat]1 lightn+ or ! w9d1 x matt]s n :at ! totem 01 only ! gho/s ( p ( "o totemic clan meet = ! mo/ "p 9 "o place2 ?us "o rock w be t5ant$ by ! spirits ( kang>oo folk only1 & ano!r by spirits ( emu folk only2 "o wat]-pool w be ! home ( dead rat p alone1 & ano!r ! haunt ( none b dead bat p2 & s on ) mo/ ( ! o!r abodes ( ! s\ls4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,urabunna tribe ! gho/s are n s exclusive2 "s ( !m cons5t to %>e _! abode ) p ( o!r totems4 ,= example1 a c]ta9 pool ( wat] is haunt$ by ! spirits ( folk :o 9 _! lifetime _h = _! totems respectively ! emu1 ra91 & a c]ta9 grub4 ,on ! o!r h& a gr\p ( granite b\ld]s is inhabit$ only by ! s\ls ( p]sons ( ! pigeon totem4#aae ,sid5ote3 ,totemism def9$4 ,p]haps = ! sake ( "s ( my he>]s ,i %\ld say a ^w z to ! mean+ ( totems & totemism4 ,! subject is a l>ge "o & is /ill "u discussion4 ,= our pres5t purpose x is n necess>y t ,i %\ld ent] into details2 ,i w !re=e only say t a totem is commonly a class ( natural objects1 usually a species ( animals or plants1 ) :i* a savage id5tifies himself 9 a curi\s way1 imag9+ t he himself & 8 k9sfolk are = all practical purposes kang>oos or emus1 rats or bats1 hawks or cockatoos1 yams or grass-se$1 & s on1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> class ( natural objects :i* he claims z 8 totem4 ,! orig9 ( ?is rem>kable id5tification ( m5 ) animals1 plants1 or o!r ?+s is /ill mu* debat$2 my own view is t ! key to ! my/]y is furni%$ by ! ,au/ralian beliefs z to bir? & rebir? :i* ,i h j describ$ to y2 b on t subject ,i w n n[ dwell4#aaf ,all t ,i ask y to rememb] is t 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia !re is no g5]al ga!r+-place = ! spirits ( ! dep>t$2 ! s\ls are sort$ out m or less /rictly accord+ to _! totems & dwell ap>t ea* 9 _! own little pres]ve or pres]ves1 on :i* gho/s ( o!r totems are suppos$ seldom or nev] to trespass4 ,?us ! :ole c\ntry-side is dott$ at int]vals ) ^! spiritual p>ks or res]vations1 :i* are respect$ by ! natives z ! abodes ( _! dep>t$ k9sfolk4 ,9 size !y v>y f a few squ>e y>ds to _m squ>e miles4#aag ,sid5ote3 ,tradition>y orig9 ( ! local totem c5tres 7oknanikilla7 :]e ! s\ls ( ! dead are suppos$ to assemble4 ,! sacr$ /icks or /ones 7*ur+a7 :i* ! totemic ance/ors c>ri$ ab\t ) !m4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! spiritual pres]ves orig9at$ is suppos$ to be z foll[s4 ,9 ! e>lie/ days ( :i* ! aborig9es reta9 a tradition1 & to :i* !y give ! "n ( ! al*]+a or dream times1 _! remote ance/ors roam$ ab\t ! c\ntry 9 b&s1 ea* b& compos$ ( p ( ! same totem4 ,?us "o b& w\ld consi/ ( frog p only1 ano!r ( wit*etty grub p only1 ano!r ( ,hakea fl[] p only1 & s on4 ,n[ 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ^! remote totemic ance/ors ( ! al*]+a or dream times1 ! ideas ( ! natives are v hazy2 !y d n 9 fact cle>ly di/+ui% _! human f _! totemic nature2 9 speak+1 = example1 ( a man ( ! kang>oo totem !y seem unable to discrim9ate %>ply betwe5 ! man & ! animal3 p]haps we may say t :at is be=e _! m9d is a blurr$ image1 a sort ( composite photograph1 ( a man & a kang>oo 9 "o3 ! man is semi-be/ial1 ! kang>oo is semi-human4 ,& simil>ly ) _! ance/ors ( all o!r totems3 if ! p>ticul> ance/ors1 = example1 _h ! bean-tree = _! totem1 !n _! desc5dants 9 ?9k+ ( !m might1 l ! bl9d man 9 ! ,gospel1 see 9 _! m9d's eye m5 walk+ l trees & trees p]ambulat+ l m54 ,n[ ea* ( ^! semi-human ance/ors is ?\ght to h c>ri$ ab\t ) him on 8 p]egr9ations "o or m sacr$ /icks or /ones ( a peculi> patt]n1 to :i* ! ,arunta give ! "n ( *ur+a3 !y are = ! mo/ "p oval or elongat$ & flatt5$ /ones or slabs ( wood1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f a few in*es to ov] five feet1 & inscrib$ ) a v>iety ( patt]ns :i* repres5t or h ref]5ce to ! totems4 ,b ! patt]ns are purely conv5tional1 consi/+ ( circles1 curv$ l9es1 spirals1 & dots ) no attempt to repres5t natural objects pictorially4 ,ea* ( ^! sacr$ /ones or /icks 0 intimately associat$ ) ! _s "p ( ! man or woman :o c>ri$ x2 = wom5 z well z m5 _h _! *ur+a4 ,:5 ^! semi-human ance/ors di$1 !y w5t into ! gr\nd1 leav+ _! sacr$ /ones or /icks beh9d !m on ! spot1 & 9 e case "s natural feature arose to m>k ! place1 x might be a tree1 a rock1 a pool ( wat]1 or :at n4 ,! memory ( all su* spots has be5 c>efully pres]v$ & h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation by ! old m51 & x is to ^! spots t d[n to ! pres5t day ! s\ls ( all ! dead regul>ly repair 9 ord] to await re9c>nation4 ,! ,arunta call ! places oknanikilla1 & we may call !m local totem c5tres1 because !y are ! c5tres :]e ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ assemble accord+ to _! totems4#aah ,sid5ote3 ,e liv+ p]son has also 8 or h] sacr$ /ick or /one 7*ur+a71 ) :i* 8 or h] _s is closely b\nd up4 ,b x is n m]ely ! remote =efa!rs ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian savages :o are said to h be5 possess$ ( ^! sacr$ /icks or /ones3 e man & woman :o is born into ! _w has "o ( !m1 ) :i* 8 or h] _s is believ$ to be closely b\nd up4 ,?is is intelligible :5 we rememb] t e liv+ p]son is believ$ to be simply ! re9c>nation ( an ance/or2 = t be+ s he naturally comes to life ) all ! attributes :i* belong$ to him 9 8 previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce on e>?4 ,! notion ( ! natives is t :5 a _s *ild ent]s into a woman to be born1 he imm$iately drops 8 sacr$ /ick or /one on ! spot1 :i* is necess>ily "o ( :at we h call$ ! local totem c5tres1 s9ce 9 ! op9ion ( ! natives x is only at or ne> !m t a woman c conceive a *ild4 ,h5ce :5 h] *ild is born1 ! woman tells h] husb& ! place :]e %e fancies t ! infant ent]$ into h]1 & he goes ) "s old m5 to f9d ! preci\s object1 ! /ick or /one dropp$ by ! _s ( ! infant :5 x ent]$ into ! "m4 ,if x _c be f\nd1 ! m5 cut a wood5 "o f ! ne>e/ h>d-wood tree1 & ?is becomes ! sacr$ /ick or *ur+a ( ! newborn *ild4 ,! exact spot1 :e!r a tree or a /one or :at n1 9 :i* ! *ild's _s is suppos$ to h t>ri$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 its inc>nations1 is call$ its nanja tree or /one or :at n4 ,a def9ite relation is suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ea* individual & 8 nanja tree or /one4 ,! tree or /one & any animal or bird t lights ^u x is sacr$ to him & may n be mole/$4 ,a native has be5 kn[n e>ne/ly to int]c$e ) a :ite man to sp>e a tree because x 0 8 nanja or bir?-tree1 & he fe>$ t evil w\ld befall him if x 7 cut d[n4#aai ,sid5ote3 ,sanctity ( ! *ur+a4 ,?us 9 ^! ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes e man1 woman1 & *ild has 8 or h] sacr$ bir?-/one or /ick4 ,b ?\gh e woman1 l e man1 has h] sacr$ bir?-/one or /ick1 %e is nev] all[$ to see x "u pa9 ( dea? or ( be+ bl9d$ ) a fire-/ick4 ,inde$ none b old wom5 are aw>e ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( su* ?+s4 ,un9itiat$ m5 are likewise =bidd5 "u ! same sev]e p5alties ev] to look ^u ^! mo/ sacr$ objects4#abj ,! sanctity ascrib$ to ! /icks & /ones is intelligible :5 we rememb] t ! spirits ( all ! p bo? liv+ & dead are believ$ to be intimately associat$ ) !m4 ,ea* ( !m1 we are told1 is suppos$ to be s closely b\nd up ) a p]son's _s t x may be reg>d$ z 8 or h] repres5tative1 & ^? ( dead p are believ$ to be end[$ ) ! attributes ( _! =m] own]s & actually to imp>t !m to any "o :o happ5s to c>ry !m ab\t ) him4 ,h5ce ^! app>5tly insignificant /icks & /ones are1 9 ! op9ion ( ! natives1 mo/ pot5t in/rum5ts = convey+ to ! liv+ ! virtues & p[]s ( ! dead4 ,= example1 9 a fight ! possession ( "o ( ^! holy /icks or /ones is ?\ght to end[ ! possessor ) c\rage & accuracy ( aim & also to deprive 8 adv]s>y ( ^! qualities4 ,s firmly is ?is belief held1 t if two m5 7 fight+ & "o ( !m knew t ! o!r c>ri$ a sacr$ bir?-/one or /ick :ile he himself did n1 he w\ld c]ta9ly lose he>t & be beat54 ,aga91 :5 a man is sick1 he w sometimes h "o ( ^! sacr$ /ones br\ght to him & w scrape a little du/ (f x1 mix ! du/ ) wat]1 & dr9k x4 ,?is is suppos$ to /r5g!n him4 ,cle>ly he imag9es t ) ! scrap+s ( ! /one he absorbs ! /r5g? & o!r qualities ( ! p]son to :om ! /one belong$4#aba ,sid5ote3 ,sacr$ /ore-h\ses 7ertnatulunga7 ( ! *ur+a4 ,all ! bir?-/ones or /icks 7*ur+a7 belong+ to any p>ticul> totemic gr\p are kept toge!r1 hidd5 away f ! eyes ( wom5 & un9itiat$ m51 9 a sacr$ /ore-h\se or ertnatulunga1 z ! ,arunta & ,unmatj]a call x4 ,?is /ore-h\se is always situat$ 9 "o ( ! local totem c5tres or oknanikilla1 :i*1 z we h se51 v>y 9 size f a few y>ds to _m squ>e miles4 ,9 itself ! sacr$ treasure-h\se is usually a small cave or crevice 9 "s lonely spot among ! rugg$ hills4 ,! entrance is c>efully block$ up ) /ones arrang$ s artfully z to simulate nature & to awake no suspicion 9 ! m9d ( pass+ /rang]s t beh9d ^! tumbl$ blocks lie conceal$ ! mo/ priz$ possessions ( ! tribe4 ,! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( any "o ( ^! sacr$ /ore-h\ses is a k9d ( hav5 ( refuge = wild animals1 = once !y h run ?i!r1 !y are safe2 no hunt] w\ld spe> a kang>oo or opossum :i* c[]$ on ! gr\nd at "o ( ^! hall[$ spots4 ,! v plants :i* gr[ !re are sacr$ & may n be pluck$ or brok5 or int]f]$ ) 9 any way4 ,simil>ly1 an enemy :o succe$s 9 tak+ refuge !re1 is safe f 8 pursu]1 s long z he keeps )9 ! sacr$ b\nd>ies3 ev5 ! av5g] ( blood1 pursu+ ! murd]] hot-foot1 w\ld n d>e to lift up 8 h& aga9/ him on ! holy gr\nd4 ,?us1 ^! places are sanctu>ies 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w2 !y are probably ! mo/ primitive examples ( _! class & conta9 ! g]m out ( :i* cities ( refuge = manslay]s & o!rs might be develop$4 ,x is in/ructive1 !re=e1 to obs]ve t ^! rudim5t>y sanctu>ies 9 ! he>t ( ! ,au/ralian wild]ness d]ive _! sacr$ness ma9ly1 x w\ld seem1 f _! association ) ! spirits ( ! dead1 ^: repose mu/ n be di/urb$ by tumult1 viol5ce1 & blood%$4 ,ev5 :5 ! sacr$ bir?-/ones & /icks h be5 remov$ f ! /ore-h\se 9 ! secret recesses ( ! hills & h be5 br\ght into ! camp = ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 solemn c]emonies1 no fight+ may take place1 no weapons may be br&i%$ 9 _! neighb\rhood3 if m5 w qu>rel & fight1 !y mu/ take _! weapons & g else:]e to d x4#abb ,& :5 ! m5 g to "o ( ! sacr$ /ore-h\ses to inspect ! treasures :i* x conta9s1 !y mu/ ea* ( !m put 8 op5 h& solemnly ov] ! m\? ( ! rocky crevice & !n retire1 9 ord] to give ! spirits due notice ( ! approa* ( /rang]s2 = if !y 7 di/urb$ sudd5ly1 !y w\ld be angry4#abc ,sid5ote3 ,exhibition ( ! *ur+a to "y m54 ,x is only aft] a "y man has pass$ ?r\gh ! sev]e c]emonies ( initiation1 :i* include mo/ pa9ful bodily mutilations1 t he is deem$ wor?y to be introduc$ to ! tribal arcana1 ! sacr$ /icks & /ones1 :i* repose 9 _! hall[$ cave among ! m\nta9 solitudes4 ,ev5 :5 he has pass$ ?r\gh all ! ordeals1 _m ye>s may elapse be=e he is admitt$ to a k ( ^! my/]ies1 if he %ews himself to be ( a light & frivol\s disposition4 ,:5 at la/ by ! gravity ( 8 demean\r he is judg$ to h prov$ himself inde$ a man1 a day is fix$ = reveal+ to him ! great secret4 ,!n ! headman ( 8 local gr\p1 toge!r ) o!r grave & rev]5d s5iors1 conducts him to ! m\? ( ! cave3 ! /ones are roll$ away f ! entrance3 ! spirits )9 are duly w>n$ ( ! approa* ( visitors2 & !n ! sacr$ /icks & /ones1 ti$ up 9 bundles1 are br\ght =?4 ,! bundles are undone1 ! /icks & /ones are tak5 out1 "o by "o1 rev]5tly scrut9is$1 & exhibit$ to ! novice1 :ile ! old m5 expla9 to him ! mean+ ( ! patt]ns incis$ on ea* & reveal to him ! p]sons1 alive or dead1 to :om !y belong4 ,all ! "t ! o!r m5 keep *ant+ 9 a l[ voice ! traditions ( _! remote ance/ors 9 ! f>-(f dream times4 ,at ! close ! novice is told ! secret & sacr$ "n :i* he is !nce=? to be>1 & is w>n$ nev] to all[ x to pass 8 lips 9 ! he>+ ( anybody except memb]s ( 8 own totemic gr\p4#abd ,sometimes ?is secret "n is t ( an ance/or ( :om ! man or woman is suppos$ to be a re9c>nation3 = wom5 z well z m5 h _! secret & sacr$ names4#abe ,sid5ote3 ,numb] ( *ur+a 9 a /ore-h\se4 ,significance ( ! *ur+a4 ,use ( ! *ur+a 9 magic4 ,! numb] ( sacr$ bir?-/ones & /icks kept 9 any "o /ore-h\se naturally v>ies f gr\p to gr\p2 b :atev] _! numb]1 :e!r m or less1 9 any "o /ore-h\se !y all normally belong to ! same totem1 ?\gh a few belong+ to o!r totems may be borr[$ & deposit$ = a "t ) !m4 ,= example1 a sacr$ /ore-h\se ( ! honey-ant totem 0 f\nd to conta9 sixty-eight bir?-/icks ( t totem ) a few ( ! liz>d totem & two ( ! wild-cat totem4#abf ,any /ore-h\se w usually conta9 bo? /icks & /ones1 b z a rule p]haps ! /icks pr$om9ate 9 numb]4#abg ,"t aft] "t ^! tribal repositories are visit$ by ! m5 & _! cont5ts tak5 out & exam9$4 ,on ea* exam9ation ! sacr$ /icks & /ones are c>efully rubb$ ov] ) dry & p[d]$ r$ o*re or *>coal1 ! /icks be+ rubb$ ) r$ o*re only1 b ! /ones ei!r ) r$ o*re or *>coal4#abh ,fur!r1 x is cu/om>y on ^! occasions to press ! sacr$ objects aga9/ ! /oma*s & ?ighs ( all ! m5 pres5t2 ?is is suppos$ to untie _! b[els1 :i* are ?\ght to be tight5$ & knott$ by ! emotion :i* ! m5 feel at ! sight ( ^! v5]at$ /icks & /ones4 ,inde$1 ! emotion is sometimes v real3 m5 h be5 se5 to weep on behold+ ^! my/ic objects = ! fir/ "t aft] a consid]able int]val4#abi ,:5ev] ! sacr$ /ore-h\se is visit$ & its cont5ts exam9$1 ! old m5 expla9 to ! y\ng] m5 ! m>ks incis$ on ! /icks & /ones1 & recite ! traditions associat$ ) ! dead m5 to :om !y belong$2#acj s t ^! rude objects ( wood & /one1 ) ! l9es & dots scrat*$ on !m1 s]ve ! savages z memorials ( ! pa/2 !y are 9 fact rudim5t>y ar*ives z well z1 we may almo/ say1 rudim5t>y idols2 = a /one or /ick :i* repres5ts a rev]$ ance/or & is suppos$ to be end[$ ) "s portion ( 8 _s1 is n f> f be+ an idol4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t !y are gu>d$ & treasur$ by a tribe z its mo/ preci\s possession4 ,:5 a gr\p ( natives h be5 robb$ ( !m by ?\ghtless :ite m5 & h f\nd ! sacr$ /ore-h\se empty1 !y h tri$ to kill ! traitor :o betray$ ! hall[$ spot to ! /rang]s1 & h rema9$ 9 camp = a =tnight weep+ & wail+ = ! loss & pla/]+ !mselves ) pipeclay1 :i* is _! tok5 ( m\rn+ = ! dead4#aca ,yet1 z a great m>k ( fri5d%ip1 !y w sometimes l5d ^! sacr$ /icks & /ones to a neighb\r+ gr\p2 = believ+ t ! /icks & /ones are associat$ ) ! spiritual p>ts ( _! =m] & pres5t own]s1 !y naturally wi% to h z _m ( !m z possible & reg>d _! possession z a treasure ( great price1 a sort ( res]voir ( spiritual =ce1#acb :i* c be turn$ to acc\nt n only 9 battle by wor/+ ! enemy1 b 9 v>i\s o!r ways1 su* z by magically increas+ ! food supply4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a man ( ! grass-se$ totem wi%es to increase ! supply ( grass-se$ 9 ord] t x may be eat5 by p ( o!r totems1 he goes to ! sacr$ /ore-h\se1 cle>s ! gr\nd all ar\nd x1 takes out a few ( ! holy /icks & /ones1 sme>s !m ) r$ o*re & decorates !m ) birds' d[n1 *ant+ a spell all ! "t4 ,!n he rubs !m toge!r s t ! d[n flies (f 9 all directions2 ?is is suppos$ to c>ry ) x ! magical virtue ( ! /icks or /ones & s to f]tilise ! grass-se$4#acc ,sid5ote3 ,elem5ts ( a wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,m>vell\s p[]s attribut$ by ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians to _! remote ance/ors ( ! al*]+a or dream "t4 ,on ! :ole1 :5 we survey ^! practices & beliefs ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es1 we may p]haps conclude t1 if !y d n am\nt to a wor%ip ( ! dead1 !y at lea/ conta9 ! elem5ts out ( :i* su* a wor%ip might easily be develop$4 ,at fir/ sight1 no d\bt1 _! fai? 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls seems & p]haps really is a s]i\s imp$im5t to a wor%ip ( ! dead 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,= if !y !mselves are ! dead come to life aga91 x is difficult to see h[ !y c wor%ip ! spirits ( ! dead )\t also wor%ipp+ ea* o!r1 s9ce !y are all by hypo!sis simply ^! wor%ipful spirits re9c>nat$4 ,b ?\gh 9 !ory e liv+ man & woman is m]ely an ance/or or ance/ress born aga9 & !re=e %\ld be 8 or h] equal1 9 practice !y appe> to admit t _! =efa!rs ( ! remote al*]+a or dream "t 7 end[$ ) _m m>vell\s p[]s :i* _! mod]n re9c>nations _c lay claim to1 & t accord+ly ^! ance/ral spirits 7 m to be rev]5c$1 7 9 fact m wor%ipful1 ?an _! liv+ repres5tatives4 ,on ?is subject ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]ve3 ,! ,c5tral ,au/ralian native is firmly conv9c$1 z w be se5 f ! acc\nts relat+ to _! al*]+a ance/ors1 t ! latt] 7 end[$ ) p[]s su* z no liv+ man n[ possesses4 ,!y c\ld travel und]gr\nd or m\nt into ! sky1 & c\ld make creeks & wat]-c\rses1 m\nta9-ranges1 s&-hills1 & pla9s4 ,9 v _m cases ! actual names ( ^! natives are pres]v$ 9 _! traditions1 b1 s f> z we h be5 able to discov]1 !re is no in/ance ( any "o ( !m be+ reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a 'deity4' ,among/ ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives !re is nev] any idea ( appeal+ = assi/ance to any "o ( ^! ,al*]+a ance/ors 9 any way1 nor is !re any attempt made 9 ! direction ( propitiation1 ) "o s+le exception 9 ! case ( ! my?ic creature call$ ,wollunqua1 among/ ! ,w>ramunga tribe1 :o1 x may be rem>k$1 is mo/ di/9ctly reg>d$ z a snake & n z a human be+4#acd ,?us f> ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,f _! te/imony x appe>s t ) a s+le possible exception1 to :i* ,i w return imm$iately1 ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es are n kn[n to wor%ip any ( _! dead ance/ors2 !y inde$ believe _! remote =efa!rs ( ! al*]+a age to h be5 end[$ ) m>vell\s p[]s :i* !y !mselves d n possess2 b !y d n reg>d ^! ance/ral spirits z deities1 nor d !y pray & sacrifice to !m = help & protection4 ,! s+le possible exception to ?is g5]al rule kn[n to ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 is ! case ( ! my?ical wat]-snake call$ ,wollunqua1 :o is 9 a s5se rev]$ & propitiat$ by ! ,w>ramunga tribe4 ,! case is int]e/+ & in/ructive z indicative ( an advance f magic t[>ds religion 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,accord+ly ,i propose to consid] x some:at fully4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,wollunqua1 a my?ical wat]-snake1 "o ( ! ,w>ramunga totems4 ,! ,wollunqua is "o ( ! _m totems ( ! ,w>ramunga tribe4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t1 ?\gh e ,au/ralian tribe has _m totems :i* are mo/ commonly animals or plants & m r>ely o!r natural objects1 all ! totems are n respect$ by all ! memb]s ( ! tribe2 ea* totem is respect$ only by a p>ticul> gr\p ( m5 & wom5 9 ! tribe1 :o believe !mselves to be desc5d$ f ! same totemic ance/or4 ,?us ! :ole tribe is brok5 up into _m gr\ps or bodies ( m5 & wom51 ea* gr\p knit toge!r by a belief 9 a common desc5t f ! totem1 by a common respect = ! totemic species1 :e!r x be a species ( animals or plants1 or :at n1 & f9ally by ! possession ( a common "n d]iv$ f ! totem4 ,?us1 = example1 we h a gr\p ( m5 & wom5 :o believe !mselves desc5d$ f an ance/or :o _h ! b&icoot = 8 totem2 !y all respect b&icoots2 & !y are all call$ b&icoot p4 ,simil>ly ) all ! o!r totemic gr\ps )9 ! tribe4 ,x is conv5i5t to h a "n = ^! totemic gr\ps or tribal subdivisions1 & accord+ly we may call !m clans1 provid$ we rememb] t a totemic clan 9 ?is s5se is n an indep5d5t political community su* z ! ,scotti% ,highl& clans us$ to be2 x is m]ely a subdivision ( ! tribe1 & ! memb]s ( x d n usually keep to !mselves b live m or less int]fus$ ) memb]s ( all ! o!r totemic clans :i* toge!r compose ! tribe4 ,n[ among/ ! ,w>ramunga ! ,wollunqua or my?ical wat]-snake is ! totem ( su* a clan or tribal subdivision1 ! memb]s ( :i* believe !mselves to be desc5d$ f ! creature & call !mselves by its "n4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! ,wollunqua is m]ely a totem ( ! ord9>y sort1 an object ( respect = a p>ticul> section ( ! tribe4 ,l o!r totemic ance/ors ! ,wollunqua is suppos$ to h w&]$ ab\t ! c\ntry leav+ supplies ( _s individuals at v>i\s po9ts1 individuals :o are con/antly und]go+ re9c>nation4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! ,wollunqua diff]s f almo/ all o!r ,au/ralian totems 9 ?is1 t :]eas !y are real objects1 su* z animals1 plants1 wat]1 w9d1 ! sun & moon1 & s on1 ! ,wollunqua is a purely my?ical creature1 :i* exi/s only 9 ! imag9ation ( ! natives2 = !y believe x to be a wat]-snake s huge t if x 7 to /& up on its tail1 its head w\ld rea* f> up into ! sky4 ,x n[ lives 9 a l>ge pool call$ ,?apau]lu1 hidd5 away 9 a lonely valley ( ! ,mur*ison ,range2 b ! ,w>ramunga fe> t x may at any mom5t sally out & d "s damage4 ,!y say t x actually kill$ a numb] ( !m on "o ( its excursions1 ?\gh happily !y at la/ succe$$ 9 beat+ x (f4 ,s afraid are !y ( ! creature1 t 9 speak+ ( x among/ !mselves !y w n use its prop] "n ( ,wollunqua b call x in/ead urkulu nappaur9nia1 because1 z !y told ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 if !y 7 to "n x too (t5 by its real "n !y w\ld lose control ov] ! bea/ & x w\ld ru% =? & dev\r !m4#ace ,?us ! natives d n di/+ui% ! ,wollunqua f ! re/ ( _! actually exi/+ totems1 z we d3 !y h nev] beheld him ) _! bodily eyes1 yet to !m he is j z real z ! kang>oos :i* !y see hopp+ along ! s&s1 z ! flies :i* buzz ab\t _! heads 9 ! sun%9e1 or z ! cockatoos :i* flap scream+ pa/ 9 ! ?ickets4 ,h[ real ?is belief 9 ! my?ical snake is ) ^! savages1 0 br\ght vividly home to ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 :5 !y visit$1 9 company ) "s natives1 ! deep & lonely pool among ! rocky hills 9 :i* ! awful be+ is suppos$ to reside4 ,be=e !y approa*$ ! spot1 ! natives _h be5 talk+ & laugh+ freely1 b :5 !y drew ne> ! wat] _! voices 7 hu%$ & _! demean\r became solemn4 ,:5 all /ood sil5t on ! br9k ( ! deep /ill pool1 enclos$ by a s&y m>g9 on "o side & by a l9e ( r$ rocks on ! o!r1 two old m51 ! lead]s ( ! totemic gr\p ( ! ,wollunqua1 w5t d[n to ! edge ( ! wat] &1 ) b[$ heads1 address$ ! ,wollunqua 9 :isp]s1 ask+ him to rema9 quiet & d !m no h>m1 = !y 7 mates ( 81 & _h br\ght two great :ite m5 to see :]e he liv$ & to tell !m all ab\t him4 ,we c\ld pla9ly see1 add ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 t x 0 all v real to !m1 & t !y implicitly believ$ t ! ,wollunqua 0 inde$ alive b5ea? ! wat]1 wat*+ !m1 ?\gh !y c\ld n see him4#acf ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s "* ( ! belief 9 ! ,wollunqua4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out :at a ne> approa* all ?is is to religion 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,"h we h a firm belief 9 a purely imag9>y be+ :o is necess>ily visible to ! eye ( fai? alone1 s9ce ,i ?9k we may safely assume t a wat]-snake1 suppos$ to be _m miles long & capable ( rea*+ up to ! sky1 has no real exi/5ce ei!r on ! e>? or 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?4 ,yet to ^! savages ?is invisible be+ is j z real z ! actually exi/+ animals & m5 :om !y p]ceive ) _! bodily s5ses2 !y n only pray to him b !y propitiate him ) a solemn ritual2 & no d\bt !y w\ld spurn ) scorn ! feeble attempts ( %all[ sceptics to "q ! reality ( 8 exi/5ce or ! lit]al tru? ( ! my?s !y tell ab\t him4 ,c]ta9ly ^! savages are f> on ! road to religion1 if !y h n already pass$ ! ,rubicon :i* divides x f ! common workaday _w4 ,if an unhesitat+ fai? 9 ! unse5 is "p ( religion1 ! ,w>ramunga p ( ! ,wollunqua totem are unque/ionably religi\s4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,on ! zoological peculi>ities ( ,au/ralia reg>d$ z effects ( its geographical isolation1 see ,alfr$ ,newton1 ,diction>y ( ,birds 7,london1 #ahic-if71 pp4 #cag-cai4 ,he obs]ves 7p4 #cah7 t ! isolation ( ,au/ralia is probably ! next olde/ 9 ! _w to t ( ,new ,zeal&1 hav+ possibly exi/$ s9ce ! "t :5 no mammals high] ?an m>supials _h appe>$ on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,footnote #aji3 ,= details see ,totemism & ,exogamy1 i4 #cad sqq4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #dia4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 xi4 ,footnote #aab3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #ede4 ,footnote #aac3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #edf4 ,footnote #aad3 ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #aai-abg1 #cce-cch1 #eeb2 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ade-aec1 #afb1 #bga1 #ccj sq41 #ddh-dea1 #eab-eae4 ,comp>e ,totemism & ,exogamy1 i4 #ahh sqq4 ,footnote #aae3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see ,totemism & ,exogamy1 i4 #aee sqq41 iv4 #dj sqq4 ,footnote #aag3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #abc1 #abf4 ,footnote #aah3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #aai-abg1 #abh sqq41 #eac2 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ade sqq41 #beg sqq4 ,footnote #aai3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #acb-ace2 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #beh1 #bfh sqq4 ,footnote #abj3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #abh1 #acd4 ,footnote #aba3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #acd sq4 ,footnote #abb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #acc1 #ace2 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #abc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #abd3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #aci sq4 ,footnote #abe3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #abf3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #abg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #adj ,footnote #abh3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #add1 #ade4 ,footnote #abi3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #afd1 sq42 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 pp4 #bfa1 #bfd4 ,footnote #acj3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #aca3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #acb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #aeh sq4 ,footnote #acc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 pp4 #bga sq4 ,footnote #acd3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dij sq4 ,footnote #ace3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bbf sq4 ,ano!r my?ical be+ 9 :i* ! ,w>ramunga believe is ! pau-wa1 a fabul\s animal1 half human & some:at resembl+ a dog4 ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 pp4 #aie1 #aig1 #bja1 #baj sq4 ,b ! creature seems n to be a totem1 = x is n includ$ 9 ! li/ ( totems giv5 by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7op4 cit4 pp4 #gfh-ggc74 ,footnote #acf3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #beb sq4 ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,aborig9es ,,( ,,c5tral ,,au/ralia 7cont9u$7 ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es conc]n+ ! re9c>nation ( ! dead4 ,! my?ical wat]-snake ,wollunqua4 ,9 ! la/ lecture we began our survey ( ! belief 9 immortality & ! practices to :i* x has giv5 rise among ! aborig9al tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,i %ew$ t ^! primitive savages hold a v rem>kable !ory ( bir? & dea?4 ,!y believe t ! s\ls ( ! dead d n p]i% b are reborn 9 human =m aft] a long] or %ort] int]val4 ,dur+ t int]val ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ are suppos$ to congregate 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 g5]ally di/+ui%$ by "s conspicu\s natural feature1 :i* accord+ly ! natives acc\nt sacr$1 believ+ !m to be haunt$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,f "t to "t "o ( ^! disembodi$ spirits ent]s into a pass+ woman & is born z an infant into ! _w4 ,?us accord+ to ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian !ory e liv+ p]son )\t exception is ! re9c>nation ( a dead man1 woman1 or *ild4 ,at fir/ sight ! !ory seems to exclude ! possibility ( any wor%ip ( ! dead1 s9ce x appe>s to put ! liv+ on a foot+ ( p]fect equality ) ! dead by id5tify+ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,b ,i po9t$ out t z a matt] ( fact ^! savages d admit1 :e!r logically or n1 ! sup]iority ( _! remote ance/ors to !mselves3 !y ackn[l$ge t ^! old =efa!rs ( !irs did possess _m m>vell\s p[]s to :i* !y !mselves c lay no claim4 ,9 ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 accord+ly1 we may detect an op5+ or possibility = ! developm5t ( a real wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,inde$1 z ,i said at ! close ( la/ lecture1 some?+ closely approa*+ to ance/or wor%ip has actually gr[n up 9 reg>d to ! my?ical ance/or ( ! ,wollunqua clan 9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe4 ,! ,wollunqua is a purely fabul\s wat]-snake1 ( gigantic dim5sions1 :i* is suppos$ to haunt ! wat]s ( a c]ta9 lonely pool call$ ,?apau]lu1 9 ! ,mur*ison ,range ( m\nta9s4 ,unlike ! ance/ors ( ! o!r totemic clans1 ?is my?ical s]p5t is nev] reborn 9 human =m2 he always lives 9 8 solit>y pool among ! b>r5 hills2 b ! natives ?9k t he has x 9 8 p[] to come =? & d !m an injury1 & accord+ly !y pray to him to rema9 quiet & n to h>m !m4 ,inde$ s afraid ( him are !y t speak+ ( ! creature among !mselves !y avoid us+ 8 prop] "n ( ,wollunqua & call him by a diff]5t "n1 le/ he>+ himself call$ by 8 true "n he %\ld ru% =? & dev\r !m4 ,m ?an t !y ev5 endeav\r to propitiate him by ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites1 :i*1 h[ev] *ildi% & absurd !y may seem to u1 are v solemn affairs = ^! simple folk4 ,! rites 7 witness$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ^: description ,i w summ>ise4 ,x (f]s an int]e/+ & in/ructive example ( a ritual obs]v$ by primitive savages1 :o are cle>ly /&+ on1 if !y h n already cross$1 ! ?re%old ( religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,w&]+s ( ! ,wollunqua4 ,dramatic c]emonies 9 hon\r ( ! ,wollunqua4 ,l all o!r totemic ance/ors ! ,wollunqua is said to h aris5 at a p>ticul> spot1 to h w&]$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 & f9ally to h gone d[n into ! gr\nd4 ,/>t+ f ! deep rocky pool 9 ! ,mur*ison ,range he travell$ at fir/ und]gr\nd1 com+ up1 h[ev]1 at v>i\s po9ts :]e he p]=m$ c]emonies & left _m _s *ildr51 :o issu$ f 8 body & rema9$ beh9d1 =m+ local totemic c5tres :5 he _h pass$ on4 ,x is ^! _s *ildr5 :o h =m$ ! ,wollunqua clan ev] s9ce1 und]go+ an endless s]ies ( re9c>nations4 ,n[ ! c]emonies :i* ! clan p]=m 9 hon\r ( _! my?ical ance/or ! ,wollunqua all ref] to 8 w&]+s ab\t ! c\ntry4 ,?us !re is a p>ticul> wat]-hole call$ ,pit+>i :]e ! great old wat]-snake is said to h em]g$ f ! gr\nd & look$ ab\t him4 ,"h1 accord+ly1 two m5 p]=m$ a c]emony4 ,ea* ( !m 0 decorat$ ) a broad b& ( r$ d[n1 :i* curv$ r\nd bo? ! front & ! back ( ! p]=m] & /ood %>ply out f ! mass ( :ite d[n ) :i* all ! re/ ( ! upp] "p ( 8 body 0 cov]$4 ,^! broad r$ b&s repres5t$ ! ,wollunqua4 ,ea* man also wore a tall1 conical helmet adorn$ ) a curv$ b& ( r$ d[n1 :i*1 no d\bt1 likewise symbolis$ ! my?ical s]p5t4 ,:5 ! two actors 9 ! little drama _h be5 attir$ 9 ?is qua9t co/ume ( r$ & :ite d[n1 !y retir$ beh9d a bu%1 :i* s]v$ = ! side sc5es ( a !atre4 ,!n1 :5 ! or*e/ra1 compos$ ( adult m51 /ruck up ! music on ! c]emonial gr\nd by *ant+ & beat+ boom]angs & /icks toge!r1 ! p]=m]s ran 91 /opp+ e n[ & !n to %ake !mselves 9 imitation ( ! snake4 ,f9ally1 !y sat d[n close toge!r ) _! heads b[$ d[n on a few gre5 bran*es ( gum-trees4 ,a man !n /epp$ up to !m1 knock$ (f _! head-dresses1 & ! simple c]emony came to an end4#acg ,sid5ote3 ,c]emony 9 hon\r ( ! ,wollunqua4 ,! next c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ! foll[+ day at ano!r place call$ ,antipat>+a1 :]e ! my?ical snake is said to h halt$ 9 8 w&]+s4 ,! same two m5 act$ z be=e1 b ?is "t "o ( !m c>ri$ on 8 head a curi\s curv$ bundle %ap$ l an enorm\s boom]ang4 ,x 0 made ( grass-/alks b\nd toge!r ) human hair-/r+ & decorat$ ) :ite d[n4 ,?is sacr$ object repres5t$ ! ,wollunqua himself4#ach ,f ?is spot ! snake 0 believ$ to h travell$ on to ano!r place call$ ,tjunguni>i1 :]e he popp$ up 8 head among ! s&-hills1 ! great] "p ( 8 body rema9+ und]gr\nd4 ,inde$1 ( su* an enorm\s l5g? 0 ! s]p5t1 t ?\gh 8 head _h n[ travell$ v _m miles 8 tail /ill rema9$ at ! />t+-po9t & _h n yet begun to take "p 9 ! procession4 ,"h accord+ly ! ?ird c]emony1 p]haps we may say ! ?ird act 9 ! drama1 0 p]=m$ on ! ?ird day4 ,9 x "o ( ! actors p]sonat$ ! snake himself1 :ile ! o!r /ood = a s&-hill4#aci ,sid5ote3 ,fur!r c]emony 9 hon\r ( ! ,wollunqua3 ! :ite m\nd ) ! r$ wavy b& to repres5t ! my?ical snake4 ,aft] an int]val ( ?ree days a f\r? c]emony 0 p]=m$ ( an entirely diff]5t k9d4 ,a keel-%ap$ m\nd 0 made ( wet s&1 ab\t fifte5 feet long by two feet high4 ,! smoo? surface ( ! m\nd 0 cov]$ ) a mass ( little dots ( :ite d[n1 except = a long wavy b& ( r$ d[n :i* ran all along bo? sides ( ! m\nd4 ,?is wavy r$ b& repres5t$ ! ,wollunqua1 8 head be+ indicat$ by a small r\nd swell+ at "o end & 8 tail by a %ort prolongation at ! o!r4 ,! m\nd itself repres5t$ a s&-hill beside :i* ! snake is said to h /ood up & look$ ab\t4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is elaborate emblem ( ! ,wollunqua occupi$ ! great] "p ( ! day1 & x 0 late 9 ! aft]noon be=e x 0 complet$4 ,:5 d>kness fell1 fires 7 light$ on ! c]emonial gr\nd1 & z ! night grew late m fires 7 k9dl$1 & all ( ! m5 sat r\nd ! m\nd s++ songs :i* ref]r$ to ! my?ical wat]-snake4 ,?is w5t on = h\rs4 ,at la/1 ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+1 a r+ ( fires 0 lit all r\nd ! c]emonial gr\nd1 9 ! light ( :i* ! :ite trunks ( ! gum-trees & ! surr\nd+ scrub /ood out weird & gha/ly aga9/ ! blackness ( d>kness beyond4 ,amid ! wilde/ excitem5t ! m5 ( ! ,wollunqua totem n[ rang$ !mselves 9 s+le file on _! knees beside ! m\nd :i* bore ! r$ image ( _! great my?ical =efa!r1 & ) _! h&s on _! ?ighs surg$ r\nd & r\nd x1 e man b5d+ 9 unison fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r1 ea* successive movem5t be+ accompani$ by a l\d & simultane\s %\t1 or r yell1 :ile ! o!r m51 :o 7 n ( ! ,wollunqua totem1 /ood by1 clang+ _! boom]angs excit$ly1 & "o old man1 :o act$ z a sort ( *oregus1 walk$ backw>ds at ! end ( ! kneel+ procession ( ,wollunqua m51 sway+ 8 body ab\t & lift+ high 8 knees at e /ep4 ,9 ?is way1 ) %\ts & clang\r1 ! m5 ( ! totem surg$ twice r\nd ! m\nd on _! knees4 ,aft] t1 z ! fires di$ d[n1 ! m5 rose f _! knees1 & = ano!r h\r e "o sat r\nd ! m\nd s++ incessantly4 ,! la/ act 9 ! drama 0 play$ at f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ at ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ fa9t /reaks ( dawn glimm]$ 9 ! ea/4 ,at sight ( !m e man jump$ to 8 feet1 ! sm\ld]+ fires 7 rek9dl$1 & 9 _! blaze ! long :ite m\nd /ood out 9 /rong relief4 ,! m5 ( ! totem1 arm$ ) spe>s1 boom]angs1 & clubs1 rang$ !mselves r\nd x1 & enc\rag$ by ! m5 ( ! o!r totems attack$ x fi]cely ) _! weapons1 until 9 a few m9utes !y _h hack$ x to pieces1 & no?+ 0 left ( x b a r\gh heap ( s&y e>?4 ,! fires aga9 di$ d[n & = a %ort "t sil5ce reign$4 ,!n1 j z ! sun rose above ! ea/]n horizon1 ! pa9ful c]emony ( sub9cision 0 p]=m$ on ?ree y\?s1 :o _h rec5tly pass$ ?r\gh ! e>li] /ages ( initiation4#adj ,sid5ote3 ,! rite aims bo? at pleas+ & at co]c+ ! my?ical snake4 ,?is rem>kable rite is suppos$1 we are in=m$1 9 "s way to be associat$ ) ! idea ( p]suad+1 or almo/ =c+1 ! ,wollunqua to rema9 quietly 9 8 home "u ! wat]-hole at ,?apau]lu1 & to d no h>m to any ( ! natives4 ,!y say t :5 he sees ! m\nd ) 8 repres5tation drawn ^u x he is gratifi$1 & wriggles ab\t und]nea? ) pleasure4 ,! savage attack ^u ! m\nd is associat$ ) ! idea ( driv+ him d[n1 &1 tak5 altoge!r1 ! c]emony indicates _! belief t1 at "o & ! same "t1 !y c bo? please & co]ce ! my?ic bea/4 ,x is necess>y to d ?+s to please him1 or else he might gr[ sulky & come out & d !m h>m1 b at ! same "t !y occasionally use =ce to make him d :at !y want4#ada ,9 fact ! ritual ( ! m\nd ) its r$ image ( ! snake comb9es ! pr9ciples ( religion & magic4 ,s f> z ! rite is int5d$ to please & propitiate ! my?ical bea/1 x is religi\s2 s f> z x is int5d$ to con/ra9 him1 x is magical4 ,! two pr9ciples are contradictory & ! attempt to comb9e !m is illogical2 b ! savage is he$less1 or r totally unaw>e1 ( ! contradiction & illogicality3 all t conc]ns him is to accompli% 8 ends3 he has nei!r ! wi% nor ! ability to analyse 8 motives4 ,9 ?is respect he is 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ! va/ majority ( mank9d4 ,h[ _m ( u scrut9ise ! reasons ( our conduct ) ! view ( detect+ & elim9at+ any lat5t inconsi/5cies 9 !m8 ,& h[ _m1 or r h[ few ( u1 on su* a scrut9y w\ld be s =tunate z to discov] t !re 7 no su* inconsi/5cies to detect8 ,! logical p$ant :o imag9es t m5 _c possibly act on inconsi/5t & ev5 contradictory motives only betrays 8 ignorance ( life4 ,x is n !re=e = u to ca/ /ones at ! ,w>ramunga m5 ( ! ,wollunqua totem = attempt+ to propitiate & con/ra9 _! my?ical s]p5t at ! same "t4 ,su* contradictions meet u aga9 & aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( religion3 x is int]e/+ b by no means surpris+ to f9d !m 9 "o ( its rudim5t>y /ages4 ,sid5ote3 ,?und] ! voice ( ! ,wollunqua4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! day :i* succe$$ ! con/ruction ( ! emblematic m\nd ! old m5 :o _h made ! emblem said !y _h he>d ! ,wollunqua talk+1 & t he 0 pleas$ ) :at _h be5 done & 0 s5d+ !m ra94 ,:at !y took = ! voice ( ! ,wollunqua 0 ?und] rumbl+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,no ra9 fell1 b a few days lat] ?und] 0 aga9 he>d roll+ af> (f & a heavy bank ( cl\ds lay l[ on ! we/]n horizon4 ,! old m5 n[ said t ! ,wollunqua 0 gr[l+ because ! rema9s ( ! m\nd _h be5 left uncov]$2 s !y ha/ily cut d[n bran*es & cov]$ up ! ru9s4 ,aft] t ! ,wollunqua ceas$ to gr[l3 !re 0 no m ?und]4#adb ,sid5ote3 ,gr\nd draw+s ( ! ,wollunqua4 ,on ! f\r foll[+ days c]emonies ( an entirely diff]5t k9d f all ! prec$+ 7 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,wollunqua4 ,a space ( s&y gr\nd 0 smoo!d d[n1 spr9kl$ ) wat]1 & rubb$ s z to =m a compact surface4 ,! smoo? surface 0 !n ov]laid ) a coat ( r$ or yell[ o*re1 & on ?is col\r$ backgr\nd a numb] ( designs 7 trac$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 by a s]ies ( :ite dots1 :i* toge!r made up a patt]n ( curv$ l9es & conc5tric circles4 ,^! patt]ns repres5t$ ! ,wollunqua & "s ( 8 tradition>y adv5tures4 ,! snake himself 0 portray$ by a broad wavy b&1 b all ! o!r designs 7 purely conv5tional2 = example1 trees1 ant-hills1 & wells 7 alike indicat$ by circles4 ,altoge!r !re 7 eight su* draw+s on ! e>?1 "s ( !m v elaborate & entail+1 ea* ( !m1 n less ?an six or sev5 h\rs' lab\r3 "o ( !m 0 t5 feet long4 ,ea* draw+ 0 rubb$ out be=e ! next "o 0 drawn4 ,moreov]1 ! draw+s 7 accompani$ by little dramas act$ by decorat$ m54 ,9 "o ( ^! dramas no few] ?an eight actors took "p1 "s ( :om wore head-dresses adorn$ ) a long wavy b& to repres5t ! ,wollunqua4 ,! la/ draw+ ( all 0 suppos$ to portray ! my?ical snake z he plung$ into ! e>? & return$ to 8 home 9 ! rocky pool call$ ,?apau]lu among ! ,mur*ison ,ranges4#adc ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s importance ( ! ,wollunqua4 ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? on ^! c]emonies ( ! ,wollunqua totem1 because !y furni% a rem>kable & p]haps unique in/ance 9 ,au/ralia ( a totemic ance/or 9 ! act ( develop+ into some?+ l a god4 ,9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe !re are o!r snake totems besides ! ,wollunqua2 = example1 !re is ! black snake totem & ! deaf add] totem4 ,b ?is purely my?ical wat]-snake1 ! ,wollunqua1 is ! mo/ important ( !m all & is reg>d$ z ! great fa!r ( all ! snakes4 ,x is n easy1 say ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 to express 9 words :at is 9 reality r a vague feel+ among/ ! natives1 b aft] c>efully wat*+ ! diff]5t s]ies ( c]emonies we 7 impress$ ) ! feel+ t ! ,wollunqua repres5t$ to ! native m9d ! idea ( a dom9ant totem4#add ,?us he is at once a fabul\s animal & ! my?ical ance/or ( a human clan1 b 8 animal nature app>5tly pr$om9ates ov] 8 semi-human nature1 z %ewn by ! draw+s & effigies ( him1 all ( :i* are 9 s]p5t =m4 ,! pray]s (f]$ to him at ! pool :i* he is suppos$ to haunt1 & ! attempt to please him by draw+ 8 lik5ess c only be reg>d$ z propitiatory rites & !re=e z rudim5t>y =ms ( wor%ip4 ,& ! idea t ?und] is 8 voice1 & t ! ra9 is a gift s5t by him 9 return = ! homage paid to him by ! p1 appe>s to prove t 9 c\rse ( "t1 if left to himself1 he might easily h be5 elevat$ to ! sky & h rank$ z a cele/ial deity1 :o dwells al(t & s5ds d[n or )holds ! refre%+ %[]s at 8 good pleasure4 ,?us ! ,wollunqua1 a rude creation ( ! savage ,au/ralian imag9ation1 possesses a high int]e/ = ! hi/orian ( religion1 s9ce he comb9es elem5ts ( ance/or wor%ip & totem wor%ip ) a g]m ( heav5 wor%ip2 :ile on ! purely mat]ial side 8 repres5tation1 bo? 9 pla/ic =m by a curv$ bundle ( grass-/alks & 9 graphic =m by broad wavy b&s ( r$ d[n1 may be said 9 a s5se to /& at ! />t+-po9t ( t long developm5t ( religi\s art1 :i* 9 s _m c\ntries & s _m ages has attempt$ to repres5t to ! bodily eye ! my/]ies ( ! unse5 & invisible1 & :i*1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! success or failure ( t attempt1 has giv5 to ! _w "s ( ! noble/ works ( sculpture & pa9t+4 ,sid5ote3 ,possible religi\s evolution ( totemism4 ,i h already po9t$ out ! difficulty ( see+ h[ a belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead1 su* z prevails univ]sally among ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 c\ld ev] be reconcil$ ) or develop into a wor%ip ( ! dead2 = by id5tify+ ! liv+ ) ! dead1 ! !ory ( re9c>nation seems to aboli% t di/9ction betwe5 ! wor%ipp] & ! wor%ipp$ :i* is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( wor%ip4 ,b1 z ,i also indicat$1 :at seems a loophole or mode ( escape f ! dilemma may be furni%$ by ! belief ( ^! savages1 t ?\gh !y !mselves are no?+ b _! ance/ors come to life aga91 nev]!less 9 _! e>lie/ inc>nations ( ! al*]+a or dream times _! ance/ors possess$ miracul\s p[]s :i* !y h admitt$ly lo/ 9 _! lat] re9c>nations2 = ?is sugge/s an incipi5t discrim9ation or l9e ( cleavage betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead2 x h9ts t p]haps aft] all ! fir/ ance/ors1 ) _! m>vell\s end[m5ts1 may h be5 entirely diff]5t p]sons f _! feebl] desc5dants1 & if ?is vague h9t c\ld only gr[ into a firm conviction ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 !n ! c\rse w\ld be cle> = ! developm5t ( ance/or wor%ip3 ! dead =efa!rs1 view$ z be+s p]fectly di/9ct f & f> sup]ior to ! liv+1 might easily come to receive f ! latt] ! homage ( pray] & sacrifice1 might be bes\ght by _! desc5dants to protect !m 9 dang] & to succ\r !m 9 all ! manifold ills ( life1 or at lea/ to ab/a9 f injur+ !m4 ,n[1 ?is important /ep 9 religi\s evolution appe>s to h be5 actually tak5 by ! ,wollunqua1 ! my?ical wat]-snake1 :o is ! totem ( "o ( ! ,w>ramunga clans4 ,unlike all ! o!r totems he is suppos$ to exi/ only 9 8 invisible & animal =m & nev] to be re9c>nat$ 9 a man4#ade ,h5ce1 )drawn z he is f ! real _w ( s5se1 ! imag9ation is free to play ab\t him & to inve/ him m & m ) ^? sup]natural attributes :i* m5 ascribe to _! deities4 ,& :at has actually happ5$ to ?is p>ticul> totemic ance/or might "u fav\rable circum/ances happ5 to _m o!rs4 ,ea* ( !m might be gradually deta*$ f ! l9e ( 8 desc5dants1 might cease to be re9c>nat$ 9 !m1 & might gradually atta9 to ! lonely pre-em95ce ( godhead4 ,?us a sy/em ( pure totemism1 su* z prevails among ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 might develop ?r\gh a phase ( ance/or wor%ip into a pan!on ( ! ord9>y type4 ,sid5ote3 ,conspicu\s features ( ! l&scape associat$ ) ance/ral spirits4 ,al?\gh none ( ! o!r totemic ance/ors ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es appe>s to h advanc$ s f> on ! road to religion z ! ,wollunqua1 yet !y all conta9 9 g]m ! elem5ts out ( :i* a religion might h be5 develop$4 ,x is difficult = u civilis$ m5 to conceive ! ext5t to :i* ! ?\ghts & lives ( ^! savages are dom9at$ by ! memories & traditions ( ! dead4 ,e conspicu\s feature 9 ! l&scape is n only associat$ ) ! leg5d>y do+s ( "s ance/ors b is commonly said to h aris5 z a direct result ( _! actions4 ,! m\nta9s1 ! pla9s1 ! riv]s1 ! seas1 ! isl&s ( anci5t ,greece itself 7 n m ?ickly haunt$ by ! phantoms ( a fairy my?ology ?an are ! b>r5 sun-scor*$ /eppes & /ony hills ( ! ,au/ralian wild]ness2 b great inde$ is ! gulf :i* divides ! beautiful creations ( ,greek fancy f ! crude imag9+s ( ! ,au/ralian savage1 ^: leg5d>y tales are = ! mo/ "p a m]e tissue ( trivial absurdities unreliev$ by a s+le t\* ( beauty or poetry4 ,sid5ote3 ,a j\rney ?r\gh ! ,w>ramunga c\ntry4 ,to illu/rate at once ! nature & ! abundance ( ^! leg5ds ,i w quote a passage 9 :i* ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 describe a j\rney !y took 9 company ) "s ,w>ramunga natives ov] "p ( _! c\ntry3--,= ! fir/ two days our way lay across mis]able pla9 c\ntry cov]$ ) poor scrub1 ) "h & !re l[ ranges ris+4 ,e prom95t feature ( any k9d 0 associat$ ) "s tradition ( _! pa/4 ,a range "s five miles away f ,t5nant ,creek arose to m>k ! pa? trav]s$ by ! great ance/or ( ! ,pittongu 7bat7 totem4 ,sev]al miles fur!r on a solit>y up/&+ column ( rock repres5t$ an opossum man :o re/$ "h1 look$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 & left _s *ildr5 beh9d him2 a l[ range ( rem>kably :ite qu>tzite hills indicat$ a l>ge numb] ( :ite ant eggs ?r[n "h 9 ! w+>a#adf by ! ,munga-munga wom5 z !y pass$ across ! c\ntry4 ,a solit>y flat-topp$ hill arose to m>k ! spot :]e ! ,wongana 7cr[7 ance/or paus$ = "s "t to pi]ce 8 nose2 & on ! second night we camp$ by ! side ( a wat]hole :]e ! same cr[ liv$ = "s "t 9 ! w+>a1 & :]e n[ !re are pl5ty ( cr[ _s *ildr54 ,all ! "t1 z we travell$ along1 ! old m5 7 talk+ among/ !mselves ab\t ! natural features associat$ 9 tradition ) ^! & o!r totemic ance/ors ( ! tribe1 & po9t+ !m out to u4 ,on ! ?ird day we travell$1 at fir/ = "s h\rs1 by ! side ( a riv]-b$1--p]fectly dry ( c\rse1--& pass$ ! spot :]e two hawks fir/ made fire by rubb+ /icks toge!r1 two f9e gum-trees on ! banks n[ repres5t+ ! place :]e !y /ood up4 ,a few miles fur!r on we came to a wat]-hole by ! side ( :i* ! moon-man met a b&icoot woman1 & :ile ! two 7 talk+ toge!r ! fire made by ! hawks crept ^u !m & burnt ! woman1 :o 01 h[ev]1 re/or$ to life aga9 by ! moon-man1 ) :om %e !n w5t up into ! sky4 ,late 9 ! aft]noon we skirt$ ! ea/]n base ( ! ,mur*ison ,range1 ! rugg$ qu>tzite hills 9 ?is "p be+ associat$ p>tly ) ! cr[ ance/or & p>tly ) ! bat4 ,foll[+ up a valley lead+ into ! hills we camp$1 j aft] sunset1 by ! side ( a r picturesque wat]-pool among/ ! ranges4 ,a %ort di/ance be=e rea*+ ?is ! natives po9t$ out a curi\s r$ cliff1 /&+ out among/ ! l[ hills :i* 7 else:]e cov]$ ) ?9 scrub4 ,?is1 :i* is call$ ,tjiti1 repres5ts ! spot :]e an old woman sp5t a long "t digg+ = yams1 ! latt] be+ indicat$ by great heaps ( /ones ly+ all ar\nd4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! valley a column ( /one m>ks ! spot :]e ! woman w5t into ! e>?4 ,! wat]-hole by :i* we 7 camp$ 0 call$ ,wi>m9ni4 ,x 0 9 reality a deep pool 9 ! b$ ( a creek com+ d[n f ! hills4 ,beh9d x ! rocks rose abruptly1 & among/ !m !re 01 or r w\ld h be5 if a /ream _h be5 fl[+1 a succession ( cascades & rocky wat]-holes4 ,two ( ! latt]1 j above ,wi>m9ni1 are connect$ ) a fi% totem1 & repres5t ! spot :]e two fi% m5 arose 9 ! al*]+a1 f\ght "o ano!r1 left _s *ildr5 beh9d1 & f9ally w5t d[n into ! gr\nd4 ,we 7 n[1 s to speak1 9 ! v mid/ ( mungai i4e4 ( places associat$ ) ! totems1 = ! old totemic ance/ors ( ! tribe1 :o %[$ a mo/ comm5dable fondness = aris+ & walk+ ab\t 9 ! few picturesque spots :i* _! c\ntry conta9$1 _h app>5tly select$ ^! rocky gorges z _! c5tral home4 ,all ar\nd u ! wat]-holes1 gorges1 & rocky crags 7 peopl$ ) _s individuals left beh9d by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ totemic ance/ors3--,wollunqua1 ,pittongu 7bat71 ,wongana 7cr[71 wild dog1 emu1 b&icoot1 & fi%1 ^: l9es ( travel 9 ! al*]+a =m$ a regul> network ov] ! :ole c\ntryside4#adg ,sid5ote3 ,dramatic c]emonies to commemorate ! do+s ( ance/ors4 ,simil> evid5ce c\ld be multipli$1 b ?is may suffice to tea* u h[ to ! m9ds ( ^! ,c5tral ,au/ralian savages ! :ole c\ntry is haunt$1 9 ! lit]al s5se1 n m]ely by ! memories ( _! dead1 b by ! spirits :i* !y left beh9d !m & :i* are con/antly und]go+ re9c>nation4 ,& n only are ! m9ds ( ! aborig9es preoccupi$ by ! ?\ght ( _! ance/ors1 :o are recall$ to !m by all ! famili> features ( ! l&scape1 b !y sp5d a consid]able "p ( _! "t 9 dramatically repres5t+ ! leg5d>y do+s ( _! rude =efa!rs ( ! remote pa/4 ,x is a/oni%+1 we are told1 h[ l>ge a "p ( a native's life is occupi$ ) ! p]=mance ( ^! dramatic c]emonies4 ,! old] he gr[s1 ! great] is ! %>e he takes 9 !m1 until at la/ !y actually absorb ! great] "p ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,! rites :i* seem s trivial to u are mo/ s]i\s matt]s to him4 ,!y are all connect$ ) ! great ance/ors ( ! tribe1 & he is firmly conv9c$ t :5 he dies 8 _s w rejo9 !irs & live 9 communion ) !m until ! "t comes = him to be born aga9 into ! _w4 ,) su* solemnity does he look on ! celebration ( ^! commemorative s]vices1 z we may call !m1 t none b initiat$ m5 are all[$ to witness !m2 wom5 & *ildr5 are /rictly exclud$ f ! spectacle4 ,^! sacr$ dramas are (t51 ?\gh by no means always1 associat$ ) ! rites ( initiation :i* "y m5 h to pass ?r\gh be=e !y are admitt$ to full memb]%ip ( ! tribe & to p>ticipation 9 its deepe/ my/]ies4 ,! rites ( initiation are n all und]gone by a y\? at ! same "t2 !y succe$ ea* o!r at long] or %ort] int]vals ( "t1 & at ea* ( !m he is privileg$ to witness "s ( ! solemn c]emonies 9 :i* ! traditions ( ! tribal ance/ors are dramatically set =? be=e him1 until1 :5 he has pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ ( ! rites & ordeals1 he is free to behold & to take "p 9 ! :ole s]ies ( my/]y plays or pr(ess$ly hi/orical dramas4 ,sometimes ! p]=mance ( ^! dramas ext5ds ov] two or ?ree mon?s1 dur+ :i* "o or m ( !m are act$ daily4#adh ,= ! mo/ "p1 !y are v %ort & simple1 ea* ( !m g5]ally la/+ only a few m9utes1 ?\gh ! co/umes ( ! actors are (t5 elaborate & may h tak5 h\rs to prep>e4 ,i w describe a few ( !m z samples4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]emony ( ! ,hakea fl[] totem4 ,we w beg9 ) a c]emony ( ! ,hakea fl[] totem 9 ! ,arunta tribe1 z to :i* x may be premis$ t a decoction ( ! ,hakea fl[] is a fav\rite dr9k ( ! natives4 ,! little drama 0 act$ by two m51 ea* ( :om 0 decorat$ on 8 b>e body by broad b&s ( pe>ly grey edg$ ) :ite d[n1 :i* pass$ r\nd 8 wai/ & ov] 8 %\ld]s1 contra/+ well ) ! *ocolate col\r ( 8 sk94 ,on 8 head ea* ( !m wore a k9d ( helmet made ( twigs1 & f _! e>s hung tips ( ! tails ( rabbit-b&icoots4 ,! two sat on ! gr\nd fac+ ea* o!r ) a %ield betwe5 !m4 ,"o ( !m held 9 8 h& "s twigs repres5t+ ! ,hakea fl[] 9 bloom2 ^! he pret5d$ to /eep 9 wat] s z to brew ! fav\rite bev]age ( ! natives1 & ! man sitt+ opposite him made believe to suck x up ) a little mop4 ,meantime ! o!r m5 ran r\nd & r\nd !m %\t+ :a6 :a6 ,?is 0 ! sub/ance ( ! play1 :i* end$ z usual by sev]al m5 plac+ _! h&s on ! %\ld]s ( ! p]=m]s z a signal to !m to /op4#adi ,sid5ote3 ,c]emony ( a fi% totem4 ,aga91 to take ano!r ,arunta c]emony ( a fi% totem call$ int]pitna4 ,! fi% is ! bony bream 7,*atoessus horni71 :i* ab\nds 9 ! wat]-holes ( ! c\ntry4 ,! play 0 p]=m$ by a s+le actor1 an old man1 ^: face 0 cov]$ ) a mass ( :ite d[n contra/+ /rongly ) a l>ge bun* ( black eagle-hawk fea!rs :i* he wore on 8 head4 ,8 body 0 decorat$ ) b&s ( *>coal edg$ ) :ite d[n4 ,squatt+ on ! gr\nd he mov$ 8 body & ext5d$ 8 arms f 8 sides1 op5+ & clos+ !m z he lean$ =w>ds1 s z to imitate a fi% swell+ itself out & op5+ & clos+ its gills4 ,!n1 hold+ twigs 9 8 h&s1 he mov$ along mimick+ ! action ( a man :o drives fi% be=e him ) a bran* 9 a pool1 j z ! natives d to cat* ! fi%4 ,meantime an or*e/ra ( f\r m5 squatt$ beside him s++ & beat+ "t ) a /ick on ! gr\nd4#aej ,sid5ote3 ,c]emony ( a plum-tree totem4 ,aga91 ano!r ,arunta c]emony ( ! plum-tree totem 0 p]=m$ by f\r actors1 :o simply pret5d$ to knock d[n & eat imag9>y plums f an imag9>y plum-tree4#aea ,an int]e/+ po9t 9 ?is v simple drama is t 9 x ! m5 ( ! plum-tree totem are repres5t$ eat+ freely ( _! totem1 :i* is q contr>y to ! practice ( ! pres5t day1 b tak5 along ) _m simil> c]emonies x goes f> to prove t 9 ! anci5t days1 to :i* all ^! dramatic c]emonies ref]1 x 0 ! regul> practice = m5 & wom5 ( a totem to eat _! totemic animals or plants4 ,z ano!r example ( a drama 9 :i* ! p]=m]s are repres5t$ eat+ _! totem we may take a c]emony ( ! ant totem 9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe4 ,! leg5d>y p]sonages :o figure 9 x are two wom5 ( ! ant totem1 ance/resses ( ! ant clan1 :o are said to h devot$ all _! "t to cat*+ & eat+ ants1 except :5 !y 7 engag$ 9 ! p]=mance ( c]emonies4 ,! two m5 :o p]sonat$ ^! wom5 9 ! drama 7= no woman is all[$ to witness1 mu* less to act 91 ^! sacr$ dramas7 _h ! :ole ( ! upp] p>ts ( _! bodies1 includ+ _! faces & ! cyl9drical helmets :i* !y wore on _! heads1 cov]$ ) a d5se mass ( little specks ( r$ d[n4 ,^! specks /ood = ! ants1 alive or dead1 & also = ! /ones & trees on ! spots :]e ! two wom5 encamp$4 ,9 ! drama ! two actors ?us array$ walk$ ab\t ! gr\nd z if !y 7 se>*+ = ants to eat4 ,ea* ( !m c>ri$ a wood5 tr\gh & /oop+ d[n f "t to "t he turn$ ov] ! gr\nd & pick$ up small /ones :i* he plac$ 9 ! tr\gh till x 0 full4 ,! /ones repres5t$ ! masses ( ants :i* ! wom5 ga!r$ = food4 ,aft] c>ry+ on ?is pantomime = a "t ! two actors pret5d$ to discov] ea* o!r ) surprise & to embrace ) joy1 mu* to ! amusem5t ( ! spectators4#aeb ,sid5ote3 ,9 ^! c]emonies ! action is appropriate to ! totem4 ,c]emony ( ! wit*etty grub totem4 ,9 all ^! c]emonies y w obs]ve t ! action ( ! drama is /rictly appropriate to ! totem4 ,9 ! drama ( ! ,hakea fl[] totem ! actors pret5d to make & dr9k ! bev]age brew$ f ,hakea fl[]s2 9 ! c]emony ( ! fi% totem ! actor feigns to be a fi% & also to cat* fi%2 9 ! c]emony ( ! plum-tree totem ! actors pret5d to knock d[n & eat plums2 & 9 ! c]emony ( ! ant totem ! actors make believe to ga!r ants = food4 ,simil>ly1 to take a few m examples1 9 a c]emony ( ! wit*etty grub totem ( ! ,arunta tribe ! body ( ! actor 0 decorat$ ) l9es ( :ite & r$ d[n1 & he _h a %ield adorn$ ) a numb] ( conc5tric circles ( d[n4 ,! small] circles repres5t$ ! bu% on :i* ! grub lives fir/ ( all1 & ! l>g] circles repres5t$ ! bu% on :i* ! adult insect lays its eggs4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 ! p]=m] seat$ himself on ! gr\nd & imitat$ ! grub1 alt]nately d\bl+ himself up & ris+ on 8 knees1 :ile he ext5d$ 8 arms & made !m quiv] 9 imitation ( ! insect's w+s2 & e n[ & !n he w\ld b5d ov] ! %ield & sway to & fro1 & up & d[n1 9 imitation ( ! insect hov]+ ov] ! bu%es on :i* x lays its eggs4#aec ,9 ano!r c]emony ( ! wit*etty grub totem1 :i* foll[$ imm$iately ! "o ,i h j describ$1 ! actor _h two %ields beside him4 ,! small] ( ! %ields 0 ornam5t$ ) zigzag l9es ( :ite pipe-clay :i* 7 suppos$ to indicate ! tracks ( ! grub2 ! l>g] %ield 0 cov]$ ) l>g] & small] s]ies ( conc5tric circles1 ! l>g] repres5t+ ! se$s ( a bu% on :i* ! insect fe$s1 :ile ! small] /ood = ! eggs ( ! adult insect4 ,z be=e1 ! actor wriggl$ & flapp$ 8 arms 9 imitation ( ! flutt]+ ( ! insect :5 x fir/ leaves its *rysalis case 9 ! gr\nd & attempts to fly4 ,9 act+ ?us he 0 suppos$ to repres5t a celebrat$ ance/or ( ! wit*etty grub totem4#aed ,sid5ote3 ,c]emony ( ! emu totem4 ,! la/ example ( su* c]emonies :i* ,i %all cite is "o ( ! emu totem 9 ! ,arunta tribe4 ,! body ( ! actor 0 decorat$ ) p]p5dicul> l9es ( :ite d[n rea*+ f 8 %\ld]s to 8 knees2 & on 8 head he support$ a t[]+ head-piece tipp$ ) a bun* ( emu fea!rs 9 imitation ( ! neck & head ( an emu4 ,?us array$ he /alk$ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! aimless fa%ion ( ! bird4#aee ,sid5ote3 ,^! dramatic c]emonies 7 probably at fir/ magical rites int5d$ to supply ! p ) food & o!r necess>ies4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ! int5tion ( ^! little dramas :i* ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es reg>d z sacr$ & to ! p]=mance ( :i* !y devote s mu* "t & lab\r8 ,at fir/ sight !y are simply commemorative s]vices1 design$ to repres5t ! ance/ors z !y liv$ & mov$ 9 ! f>-pa/ times1 to recall _! adv5tures1 ( :i* leg5d has pres]v$ ! memory1 & to set !m dramatically be=e ! eyes ( _! liv+ desc5dants4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! dramas might be describ$ z purely hi/orical 9 int5tion1 if n 9 reality4 ,b !re are reasons = ?9k+ t 9 all cases a deep] mean+ und]lies1 or =m]ly und]lay1 ! p]=mance ( all ^! app>5tly simple hi/orical plays2 9 fact1 we may suspect t orig9ally !y 7 all magical c]emonies obs]v$ = ! practical purpose ( supply+ ! p ) food1 wat]1 sun%9e1 & ev]y?+ else ( :i* !y /& 9 ne$4 ,?is conclusion is sugge/$ fir/ ( all by ! practice ( ! ,arunta & o!r ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes1 :o obs]ve v simil> c]emonies ) ! av[$ int5tion ( !reby multiply+ ! totemic animals & plants 9 ord] t !y may be eat5 by ! tribe1 ?\gh n by ! p>ticul> clan :i* has ^! animals or plants = its totem4 ,x is true t ! ,arunta di/+ui% ^! magical c]emonies = ! multiplication ( ! totems f :at we may call ! m purely commemorative or hi/orical p]=mances1 & !y h a special "n = ! =m]1 namely inti*iuma1 :i* !y d n be/[ on ! latt]4 ,yet ^! inti*iuma or magical c]emonies resemble ! commemorative c]emonies s closely t x is difficult to suppose !y c always h be5 :olly di/9ct4 ,= example1 9 ! magical c]emonies = ! multiplication ( wit*etty grubs ! p]=m]s pret5d to be ! insects em]g+ f _! *rysalis cases1#aef j z ! actors d 9 ! simil> commemorative c]emony :i* ,i h describ$2 & aga9 9 a magical c]emony = ! multiplication ( emus ! p]=m]s we> head-dresses to repres5t ! long neck & small head ( ! bird1 & !y mimic its gait1#aeg exactly z ! actors d 9 ! commemorative c]emony4 ,x seems reasonable1 !re=e1 to conjecture t ! c]emonies :i* n[ are1 or seem to be1 purely commemorative or hi/orical 7 orig9ally magical 9 int5tion1 be+ obs]v$ = ! practical purpose ( multiply+ edible animals & plants or supply+ o!r wants ( ! tribe4 ,sid5ote3 ,among ! ,w>ramunga ^! dramatic c]emonies are av[$ly p]=m$ z magical rites4 ,n[ ?is conjecture is /rongly confirm$ by ! actual usage ( ! ,w>ramunga tribe1 among/ :om ! commemorative or hi/orical dramas are av[$ly p]=m$ z magical rites3 9 o!r words1 ! ,w>ramunga attribute a magical virtue to ! simple p]=mance ( su* dramas3 !y ?9k t by m]ely act+ ! p>ts ( _! totemic ance/ors !y !reby magically multiply ! edible animals or plants :i* ^! ance/ors _h = _! totems4 ,h5ce 9 ?is tribe ! magical c]emonies & ! dramatic p]=mances practically co9cide3 ) !m1 z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say1 ! inti*iuma or magical c]emonies 7call$ by ! ,w>ramunga ?alamm9ta7 = ! mo/ "p simply consi/ 9 ! p]=mance ( a complete s]ies repres5t+ ! al*]+a hi/ory ( ! totemic ance/or4 ,9 ?is tribe ea* totemic gr\p has usually "o great ance/or1 :o arose 9 "s special spot & walk$ across ! c\ntry1 mak+ v>i\s natural features z he did s1--creeks1 pla9s1 ranges1 & wat]-holes1--& leav+ beh9d him _s individuals :o h s9ce be5 re9c>nat$4 ,! inti*iuma or magical c]emony ( ! totem really consi/s 9 track+ ^! ance/ors' pa?s1 & repeat+1 "o aft] ! o!r1 c]emonies commemorative ( :at are call$ ! mungai spots1 ! equival5t ( ! oknanikilla among/ ! ,arunta--t is1 ! places :]e he left ! _s *ildr5 beh9d4#aeh ,app>5tly ! ,w>ramunga imag9e t by imitat+ a totemic ance/or at ! v place :]e he left _s *ildr5 ( ! same totem beh9d him1 !y !reby enable ^! _s *ildr5 to be born aga9 & s increase ! food supply1 :5ev] _! totem is an edible animal or plant2 = we mu/ always rememb] t 9 ! m9d ( ^! savages ! idea ( a man or woman is inextricably confus$ ) ! idea ( 8 or h] totem2 !y seem unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two1 & !re=e !y believe t 9 multiply+ human be+s at _! local totemic c5tres 7mungai or oknanikilla7 !y simultane\sly multiply _! totems2 & z ! totems are commonly edible animals & plants1 x foll[s t 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,w>ramunga ! g5]al effect ( p]=m+ ^! ance/ral plays is to increase ! supply ( food ( ! tribe4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! dramas are sacr$1 & t ! natives attribute ! mo/ s]i\s significance to _! p]=mance3 ! neglect to p]=m !m might1 9 _! judgm5t1 br+ fam9e & ru9 on ! :ole tribe4 ,z ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 speak+ ( ^! c]emonies1 ju/ly obs]ve3 ,_! prop] p]=mance is a matt] ( v great importance 9 ! eyes ( ! natives1 because1 n only d !y s]ve to keep alive & h& d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation ! traditions ( ! tribe1 b !y are1 at lea/ among/ ! ,w>ramunga1 intimately associat$ ) ! mo/ important object ( ma9ta9+ ! food supply1 z e totemic gr\p is held responsible = ! ma9t5ance ( ! mat]ial object ! "n ( :i* x be>s4#aei ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al view ( ! attitude ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives t[>ds _! dead4 ,to sum up ! attitude ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives t[>ds _! dead4 ,!y believe t _! dead are con/antly und]go+ re9c>nation by be+ born aga9 ( wom5 into ! _w1 9 fact t e liv+ man1 woman1 & *ild is no?+ b a dead p]son come to life aga91 t s x has be5 f ! beg9n+ & t s x w be to ! end4 ,( a special _w ( ! dep>t$1 remote & diff]5t f ! mat]ial _w 9 :i* !y live & f ! famili> sc5es to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$ f infancy1 !y h no conception2 /ill less1 if t is possible1 h !y any idea ( a division ( ! _w ( ! dead into a realm ( bliss & a realm ( woe1 :]e ! spirits ( ! good live ineffably happy & ! spirits ( ! bad live unspeakably mis]able4 ,to _! simple m9ds ! spirits ( ! dead dwell all ab\t !m 9 ! rocky gorges1 ! b>r5 pla9s1 ! wood$ dells1 ! ru/l+ trees1 ! /ill wat]s ( _! native l&1 haunt+ 9 dea? ! v spots :]e !y la/ ent]$ into _! mo!rs' wombs to be born1 & :]e 9 future !y w aga9 ent] into ! wombs ( o!r wom5 to be born aga9 z o!r *ildr5 into ! _w4 ,& s1 !y ?9k1 x w g on = ev] & ev]4 ,su* a cre$ seems at fir/ sight1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 irreconcilable ) a wor%ip ( ! dead 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w2 & s p]haps x w\ld be1 if ^! savages 7 /rictly consi/5t & logical 9 _! !ories4 ,b !y are n4 ,!y admit t _! remote ance/ors1 9 o!r words1 t !y !mselves 9 =m] inc>nations1 possess$ c]ta9 m>vell\s p[]s to :i* 9 ! pres5t deg5]ate days !y c lay no claim2 & 9 ?is significant admission we may detect a rift1 a real di/9ction ( k9d1 betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead1 :i* 9 "t might wid5 out into an impassable gulf4 ,9 o!r words1 we may suppose t ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians1 if left to !mselves1 might come to hold t ! dead return no m to ! l& ( ! liv+1 & t1 ackn[l$g+ z !y d ! va/ sup]iority ( _! remote ance/ors to !mselves1 !y might end by wor%ipp+ !m1 at fir/ simply z p[]ful ance/ral spirits1 & aft]w>ds z sup]natural deities1 ^: orig9al connexion ) humanity _h be5 totally =gott54 ,9 po9t ( fact we saw t among ! ,w>ramunga ! my?ical wat]-snake ,wollunqua1 :o is reg>d$ z an ance/or ( a totemic clan1 has made "s progress t[>ds deification2 = :ile he is /ill reg>d$ z ! =efa!r ( ! clan :i* be>s 8 "n1 x is no long] suppos$ t he is born aga9 ( wom5 into ! _w1 b t he lives et]nal & invisible "u ! wat] ( a haunt$ pool1 & t he has x 9 8 p[] bo? to help & to h>m 8 p1 :o pray to him & p]=m c]emonies 9 8 hon\r4 ,?is awful be+1 ^: voice is he>d 9 ! peal ( ?und] & ^: dreadful "n may n be pron\nc$ 9 common life1 is n f> f godhead2 at lea/ he is app>5tly ! ne>e/ approa* to x :i* ! imag9ation ( ^! rude savages has be5 able to conceive4 ,la/ly1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! rev]5ce :i* ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians ent]ta9 = _! dead ance/ors is closely b\nd up ) _! totemism2 !y fail to di/+ui% cle>ly or at all betwe5 m5 & _! totems1 & accord+ly ! c]emonies :i* !y p]=m to commemorate ! dead are at ! same "t magical rites design$ to ensure an abundant supply ( food & ( all ! o!r necess>ies & conv5i5ces :i* savage life requires or admits (2 inde$1 we may ) "s probability conjecture t ! magical int5tion ( ^! c]emonies is ! prim>y & orig9al "o1 & t ! commemorative int5tion is second>y & d]ivative4 ,if t c\ld be prov$ to be s 7:i* is h>dly to be expect$71 we %\ld be oblig$ to conclude t 9 ?is z 9 s _m enquiries into ! remote human pa/ we detect evid5ce ( an ,age ( ,magic prec$+ any?+ t des]ves to be dignifi$ ) ! "n ( religion4 ,t ends :at ,i h to say at pres5t z to ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,9 my next lecture ,i propose to pursue ! enquiry among ! o!r tribes ( ,au/ralia4 ,footnote #acg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bbh sq4 ,footnote #ach3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bbi sq4 ,footnote #aci3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 pp4 #bcj sq4 ,footnote #adj3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bca-bch4 ,footnote #ada3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #adb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 pp4 #bch sq4 ,footnote #adc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bci-bdg4 ,footnote #add3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #ade3 ,on ! o!r h& !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,wollunqua & any o!r totem1 inasmu* z ! p>ticul> animal is purely my?ical1 & except = ! "o great prog5itor ( ! totemic gr\p1 is n suppos$ to exi/ at ! pres5t day 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #bdh74 ,footnote #adf3 ,! w+>a is ! equival5t ( ! ,arunta al*]+a1 t is1 ! e>lie/ leg5d>y or my?ical times ( :i* ! natives pr(ess to h k4 ,footnote #adg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #bdi sq4 ,footnote #adh3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cc sq41 #agg sq4 ,footnote #adi3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #big sq4 ,footnote #aej3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #caf sq4 ,footnote #aea3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #cbj4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #aii-bjd4 ,footnote #aec3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #agi sq4 ,footnote #aed3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #agi sq4 ,footnote #aee3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ceh sq41 & p4 #cdc1 fig #gc4 ,footnote #aef3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahb sq4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #big4 ,footnote #aei3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #aig4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,o!r ,,aborig9es ,,( ,,au/ralia ,sid5ote3 ,cu/oms & beliefs conc]n+ ! dead 9 ! o!r tribes ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i conclud$ my acc\nt ( ! beliefs & practices ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 reg>d to ! dead4 ,to-day ,i propose to consid] ! cu/oms & beliefs conc]n+ ! dead :i* prevail among ! native tribes 9 o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,b at ! outset ,i mu/ w>n y t our in=mation z to ^! o!r tribes is f> less full & precise ?an t :i* we possess z to ! tribes ( ! c5tre1 :i* h _h ! great advantage ( be+ obs]v$ & describ$ by two highly qualifi$ sci5tific obs]v]s1 ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,our k ( all o!r ,au/ralian tribes is comp>atively fragm5t>y1 & accord+ly x is impossible to give ev5 an approximately complete view ( _! notions conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! human _s aft] dea?1 & ( ! rites :i* !y obs]ve = ! purpose ( dis>m+ or propitiat+ ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,we mu/ !re=e cont5t ourselves ) m or less p>tial glimpses ( ?is side ( native religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead among ! natives ( ,que5sl&4 ,! ngai spirits4 ,! fir/ "q we naturally ask is :e!r ! belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead1 :i* prevails univ]sally among ! ,c5tral tribes1 reappe>s among tribes 9 o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,x c]ta9ly does s1 & al?\gh ! evid5ce on ?is subject is v imp]fect x suffices to raise presumption t a simil> belief 9 ! rebir? or re9c>nation ( ! dead 0 =m]ly univ]sal among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,unque/ionably ! belief is ent]ta9$ by "s ( ! natives ( ,que5sl&1 :o h be5 describ$ = u by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?4 ,?us1 = example1 ! aborig9es on ! ,p5nefa!r ,riv] ?9k t e p]son's _s und]goes a s]ies ( re9c>nations1 & t 9 ! int]val betwe5 two re9c>nations ! _s resides 9 "o or o!r ( ! haunts ( ,anjea1 a my?ical be+ :o causes conception 9 wom5 by putt+ mud babies into _! bodies4 ,su* spots1 haunt$ by ! fabul\s be+ ,anjea & by ! s\ls ( ! dead await+ rebir?1 may be a tree1 a rock1 or a pool ( wat]2 !y cle>ly correspond to ! local totem c5tres 7oknanikilla among ! ,arunta1 mungai among ! ,w>ramunga7 ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian tribes :i* ,i describ$ 9 =m] lectures4 ,! natives ( ! ,p5nefa!r ,riv] obs]ve a c]emony at ! bir? ( a *ild 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! exact spot :]e its _s t>ri$ 9 ! int]val s9ce its la/ inc>nation2 & :5 !y h discov]$ x !y speak ( ! *ild z obta9$ f a tree1 a rock1 or a pool ( wat]1 accord+ to ! place f :i* its _s is suppos$ to h pass$ into its "m4#afj ,read]s ( ! classics c h>dly fail to be rem9d$ ( ! ,hom]ic phrase to be born ( an oak or a rock1#afa :i* seems to po9t to a simil> belief 9 ! possibility ( human s\ls await+ re9c>nation 9 ! b\ghs ( an oak-tree or 9 ! cleft ( a rock4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,p5nefa!r natives all disembodi$ human spirits or *oi1 z !y call !m1 are mis*ief-mak]s & evildo]s1 = !y make p sick or crazy2 b ! m$ic9e-m5 c sometimes control !m = good or evil4 ,!y w&] ab\t 9 ! bu%1 b !re are c]ta9 holl[ trees or clumps ( trees ) wide-spread+ bran*es1 :i* !y mo/ love to haunt1 & !y c be he>d 9 ! ru/l+ ( ! leaves or ! crackl+ ( ! b\ghs at night4 ,anjea himself1 :o puts babies into wom51 is nev] se51 b y may he> him laugh+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/1 among ! rocks1 9 ! lagoons1 & along ! mangrove swamps2 & :5 y he> 8 laugh y may be sure t he has got a baby4#afb ,if a native happ5s to hurt himself ne> a tree1 he imag9es t ! _s ( "s dead p]son is lurk+ among ! bran*es1 & he w nev] cut t tree d[n le/ a worse ?+ %\ld befall him at ! h&s ( ! v5geful gho/4#afc ,a curi\s feature 9 ! beliefs ( ^! ,p5nefa!r natives is t ap>t f ! _s call$ *oi1 :i* lives 9 a disembodi$ /ate betwe5 two inc>nations1 e p]son is suppos$ to h a _s ( a diff]5t sort call$ ngai1 :i* has its seat 9 ! he>t2 !y feel x beat+ )9 _! brea/2 x talks to !m 9 sleep & s is ! cause ( dreams4 ,at dea? a man's ngai _s does n g away into ! bu% to await re9c>nation l 8 *oi _s2 on ! contr>y1 x passes at once into 8 *ildr51 boys & girls alike2 = be=e _! fa!r's dea? *ildr5 are suppos$ n to possess a ngai _s2 if a *ild dies be=e its fa!r1 !y ?9k t x nev] _h a ngai _s at all4 ,& ! ngai _s may leave a man 9 8 lifetime z well z at dea?2 = example1 :5 a p]son fa9ts1 ! natives ?9k t he does s because 8 ngai _s has dep>t$ f him1 & !y w /amp on ! gr\nd to make x return4 ,on ! o!r h& ! *oi _s is suppos$ nev] to quit a man dur+ life2 x is ?\ght to be 9 "s undef9$ way relat$ to ! %ad[1 :]eas ! ngai _s1 z we saw1 manife/s itself 9 ! beat+ ( ! he>t4 ,:5 a woman dies1 h] ngai _s goes n into h] *ildr5 b into h] si/]s1 "o aft] ! o!r2 & :5 all ! si/]s are dead1 ! woman's ngai _s goes away among ! mangroves & p]i%es altoge!r4#afd ,?us ^! savages expla9 ! ph5om5a ( bir? & dea?1 ( consci\s & unconsci\s life1 by a !ory ( a d\ble human _s1 "o associat$ ) ! he>t & ! o!r ) ! %ad[4 ,! psy*ology is rudim5t>y1 /ill x is int]e/+ z an attempt to solve problems :i* /ill puzzle civilis$ man4 ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! natives ( ,cape ,b$=d 9 ,que5sl&4 ,o!r ,que5sl& aborig9es associate ! vital pr9ciple n ) ! he>t b ) ! brea?4 ,= example1 at ,cape ,b$=d ! natives call x wau-wu & ?9k t x nev] leaves ! body sleep+ or wak+ till dea?1 :5 x haunts its place ( burial = a "t & may communicate ) ! liv+4 ,?us1 l ! gho/ ( ,hamlet's fa!r1 x w (t5 appe> to a ne> k9sman or intimate fri5d1 tell him ! pitiful tale h[ he 0 done to dea? by an enemy1 & urge him to rev5ge4 ,aga91 ! s\l ( a man's dead fa!r or fri5d may be> him company on a j\rney &1 l ! b]yl-/one 9 ,rossetti's poem ,rose ,m>y1 w>n him ( an ambuscade lurk+ = him 9 a spot :]e ! man himself sees no?+4 ,b ! spirits ( ! dead d n always come ) su* fri5dly int5t2 !y may drive ! liv+ di/ract$2 a peculi> =m ( m5tal excitem5t & bewild]m5t is attribut$ to _! action4 ,fur!r1 ^! aborig9es at ,cape ,b$=d1 9 ,que5sl&1 believe t all spirits ( nature are 9 fact s\ls ( ! dead4 ,su* spirits usually leave _! haunts 9 ! =e/s & caves at night4 ,/\t-he>t$ old m5 c see & conv]se ) !m & receive f !m w>n+s ( dang]2 b wom5 & *ildr5 fe> ^! spirits & nev] see !m4 ,b "s spirits ( ! dead1 :5 !y h ceas$ to haunt _! places ( burial1 g away ea/w>d & are re9c>nat$ 9 :ite p2 h5ce ^! savages (t5 look = a resemblance to "s deceas$ tribesman among ,europeans1 & frequ5tly wond] :y x is t ! :ite man1 on :om _! fancy has pit*$1 rememb]s no?+ ab\t 8 =m] life z a black man among blacks4#afe ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! natives ( ! ,tully ,riv] 9 ,que5sl&4 ,! natives ( ! ,tully ,riv] 9 ,que5sl& associate ! pr9ciple ( life bo? ) ! brea? & ) ! %ad[4 ,x dep>ts f ! body tempor>ily 9 sleep & fa9t+-fits & p]man5tly 9 dea?1 aft] :i* x may be he>d at night tapp+ on ! top ( huts or creak+ 9 ! bran*es ( trees4 ,x is ev]la/+1 s f> z ^! savages h any idea ( et]nity1 & fur!r x is intangible2 h5ce 9 its disembodi$ /ate x ne$s no food1 & none is set out = x4 ,! disposition ( ^! disembodi$ spirits ( ! dead is good or bad1 accord+ to _! disposition 9 life4 ,yet :5 a man is alone by himself1 ! _s ev5 ( "o ( 8 own dead k9sfolk w sometimes come & d him a mis*ief4 ,on ! o!r h& x c d no?+ to sev]al p toge!r2 !re is safety 9 numb]s4 ,!y may all see & he> ! gho/1 b he w n attack !m4 ,h5ce ^! savages h be5 taught f *ildhood to bew>e ( go+ alone3 solit>y p are liable at any mom5t to be assail$ by ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,! only means !y "k ( w>d+ (f ^! gho/ly assailants is by light+ good fires4#aff ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es t _! dead are reborn 9 :ite p4 ,i h m5tion$ ! belief ( ! ,cape ,b$=d natives t ! spirits ( _! dead are sometimes re9c>nat$ 9 :ite p4 ,a simil> notion is report$ f o!r & widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 & :]ev] x exi/s may be tak5 z evid5ce ( a g5]al belief z to ! rebir? or re9c>nation ( ! dead1 ev5 :]e su* a belief is n expressly record$4 ,?is sup]/ition has sometimes prov$ ( s]vice to :ite p :o h be5 ca/ among ! blacks1 = x has ensur$ !m a hospitable & ev5 affectionate welcome1 :]e o!rwise !y might h enc\nt]$ suspicion & ho/ility1 if n op5 viol5ce4 ,?us1 = example1 ! convict ,buckley1 :o escap$ f ! p5al settlem5t on ,port ,phillip ,bay 9 #ahjc1 0 f\nd by "s ( ! ,wud?aurung tribe c>ry+ a piece ( a brok5 spe>1 :i* he _h ab/ract$ f ! grave ( "o ( _! p4 ,s !y took him to be ! dead man ris5 f ! grave2 he receiv$ ! "n ( ! deceas$1 0 adopt$ by 8 relations1 & liv$ ) ! tribe = ?irty-two ye>s )\t ev] conv]s+ ) a :ite man2 :5 at la/ he met "o1 he _h =gott5 ! ,engli% language4#afg ,aga91 a ,mr4 ,naseby1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,kamil>oi c\ntry = fifty ye>s1 happ5$ to h ! m>ks ( cupp+ on 8 back1 & ! natives c\ld n be p]suad$ t he 0 n "o ( !mselves come to life aga9 ) ! family sc>s on 8 body1#afh = ! ,au/ralian aborig9es commonly raise sc>s on ! bodies ( "y m5 at initiation4 ,! late ,sir ,george ,grey 0 id5tifi$ by an old ,au/ralian woman z h] dead son come to life aga94 ,x may be wor? :ile to quote 8 acc\nt ( ?is unlook$-= meet+ ) 8 long-lo/ "m2 = x w impress on y1 bett] ?an any words ( m9e c\ld d1 ! firmness ( ! fai? :i* ^! savages repose 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 or at all ev5ts 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! s\l4 ,grey writes z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,exp]i5ce ( ,sir ,george ,grey4 ,aft] we _h te!r$ ! horses1 & made ourselves tol]ably com=table1 we he>d l\d voices f ! hills above u3 ! effect 0 f9e1--= !y really almo/ appe>$ to float 9 ! air2 & z ! wild cries ( ! wom51 :o knew n our exact position1 came by ^u ! w9d1 ,i ?\ght x 0 well wor? a little tr\ble to he> ^! savage s\nds "u su* circum/ances4 ,our guides %\t$ 9 return1 & gradually ! approa*+ cries came ne>] & ne>]4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 :olly unprep>$ = ! sc5e t 0 ab\t to take place4 ,a sort ( procession came up1 head$ by two wom51 d[n ^: *eeks te>s 7 /ream+4 ,! elde/ ( ^! came up to me1 & look+ = a mom5t at me1 said1--',gwa1 gwa1 bundo1 bal1'--',yes1 yes1 9 tru? x is him'2 & !n ?r[+ h] arms r\nd me1 cri$ bitt]ly1 h] head re/+ on my brea/2 & al?\gh ,i 0 totally ignorant ( :at _! mean+ 01 f m]e motives ( compassion1 ,i (f]$ no resi/ance to h] c>esses1 h[ev] disagreeable !y might be1 = %e 0 old1 ugly1 & fil?ily dirty2 ! o!r y\ng] "o knelt at my feet1 also cry+4 ,at la/ ! old lady1 embold5$ by my submission1 delib]ately kiss$ me on ea* *eek1 j 9 ! mann] a ,fr5*woman w\ld h done2 %e !n cri$ a little m1 & at l5g? reliev+ me1 assur$ me t ,i 0 ! gho/ ( h] son1 :o _h "s "t be=e be5 kill$ by a spe>-w\nd 9 8 brea/4 ,! y\ng] female 0 my si/]2 b %e1 :e!r f motives ( delicacy1 or f any imag9$ backw>dness on my "p1 did n ?9k prop] to kiss me4 ,my new "m express$ almo/ z mu* delight at my return to my family1 z my real "m w\ld h done1 _h ,i be5 unexpect$ly re/or$ to h]4 ,z soon z %e left me1 my bro!rs1 & fa!r 7! old man :o _h previ\sly be5 s fright5$71 came up & embrac$ me aft] _! mann]1--t is1 !y ?rew _! arms r\nd my wai/1 plac$ _! "r knee aga9/ my "r knee1 & _! brea/ aga9/ my brea/1 hold+ me 9 ?is way = sev]al m9utes4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! c]emony la/$1 ,i1 accord+ to ! native cu/om1 pres]v$ a grave & m\rnful expression ( c\nt5ance4 ,?is belief1 t :ite p are ! s\ls ( dep>t$ blacks1 is by no means an uncommon sup]/ition among/ !m2 !y !mselves nev] hav+ an idea ( quitt+ _! own l&1 _c imag9e o!rs do+ x2--& ?us1 :5 !y see :ite p sudd5ly appe> 9 _! c\ntry1 & settl+ !mselves d[n 9 p>ticul> spots1 !y imag9e t !y mu/ h =m$ an atta*m5t = ?is l& 9 "s o!r /ate ( exi/5ce2 & h5ce conclude ! settl]s 7 at "o p]iod black m5 & _! own relations4 ,lik5esses1 :e!r real or imag9$1 complete ! delusion2 & f ! mann] ( ! old woman ,i h j allud$ to1 f h] _m te>s1 & f h] w>m c>esses1 ,i feel firmly conv9c$ t %e really believ$ ,i 0 h] son1 ^: fir/ ?\ght1 ^u 8 return to e>?1 _h be5 to re-visit 8 old "m1 & br+ h] a pres5t4#afi ,sid5ote3 ,9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia ! natives believ$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 n reborn b w5t up to ! sky4 ,on ! :ole !n we may conclude t a belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead has n be5 conf9$ to ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 b has be5 held by ! tribes 9 _m1 p]haps at "o "t 9 all1 o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,yet1 if we may judge f ! imp]fect records :i* we possess1 ?is fai? 9 ! return ( ! dead to life 9 human =m w\ld seem to h giv5 way & be5 replac$ to "s ext5t by a diff]5t cre$ among _m tribes ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! cont95t x appe>s to h be5 (t5 held by ! natives t aft] dea? ! s\l is n born aga9 among m51 b goes away = ev] to "s di/ant c\ntry ei!r 9 ! sky or beyond ! sea1 :]e all ! spirits ( ! dead congregate4 ,?us ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,coll9s1 :o 0 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 9 ! e>ly days ( ! colony1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 reports t :5 ! natives 7 (t5 que/ion$ z to :at became ( !m aft] _! decease1 "s answ]$ t !y w5t ei!r on or beyond ! great wat]2 b by f> ! great] numb] signifi$1 t !y w5t to ! cl\ds4#agj ,aga91 ! ,n>r9y]i tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia believ$ t all ! dead w5t up to ! sky & t "s ( !m at lea/ became />s4 ,we possess an excell5t description ( ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ?is tribe f ! p5 ( a mission>y1 ! ,rev4 ,george ,tapl91 :o liv$ among !m = _m ye>s4 ,8 acc\nt ( _! !ory ( ! /ate ( ! dead is in/ructive4 ,x runs ?us3-- ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,n>r9y]i conc]n+ ! dead4 ,! ,n>r9y]i po9t out sev]al />s1 & say t !y are deceas$ w>riors :o h gone to heav5 7,wyirrew>re74 ,!re are ,wyung>e1 & ,nepalle1 & ! ,man*+ga1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,e native expects to g to ,wyirrew>re aft] dea?4 ,!y also believe t ! dead desc5d f !nce1 & walk ! e>?2 & t !y are able to injure ^? :om !y dislike4 ,consequ5tly1 m5 :o h be5 notori\s 9 life = a dom9e]+ & rev5geful disposition are v mu* dread$ aft] dea?4 ,= in/ance1 !re is ,k>ungpe1 :o comes 9 ! dead ( night1 :5 ! camp fire has burn$ l[1 & l a ru%+ w9d scatt]s ! dy+ emb]s1 & !n takes advantage ( ! d>kness to rob "s sleep] ( life2 & x is consid]$ dang]\s to :i/le 9 ! d>k1 = ,k>ungpe is especially attract$ by a :i/le4 ,!re is ano!r re/less _s--! deceas$ fa!r ( a boy :om ,i well "k--:o is said to rove ab\t arm$ ) a rope1 ) :i* he cat*es p4 ,all ! ,n>r9y]i1 old & "y1 are dreadfully afraid ( see+ gho/s1 & none ( !m w v5ture into ! scrub aft] d>k1 le/ he %\ld enc\nt] ! spirits :i* are suppos$ to roam !re4 ,i h he>d "s admirable specim5s ( gho/ /ories f !m4 ,9 "o case ,i rememb] ! gho/ 0 repres5t$ to h set fire to a wurley hut1 & asc5d$ to heav5 9 ! flame4 ,! ,n>r9y]i reg>d ! disapprobation ( ! spirits ( ! dead z a ?+ to be dread$2 & if a s]i\s qu>rel takes place betwe5 ne> relatives1 "s ( ! fri5ds are sure to int]pose ) entreaties to ! cont5ti\s p>ties to be reconcil$1 le/ ! spirits ( ! dead %\ld be (f5d$ at unseemly disputes betwe5 ^? :o ought to be at peace4 ,! "n ( ! dead mu/ n be m5tion$ until 8 body has decay$1 le/ a want ( sorr[ %\ld seem to be indicat$ by ! common & flippant use ( 8 "n4 ,a native w\ld h ! deceas$ believe t he _c he> or speak 8 "n )\t weep+4#aga ,sid5ote3 ,n>r9y]i fe> ( ! dead4 ,m\rn+ cu/oms4 ,f ?is acc\nt x w\ld appe> t ! ,n>r9y]i h no belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! dead2 !y suppose t ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ live up al(t 9 ! sky1 f :i* !y desc5d at night 9 ! =m ( gho/s to haunt & tr\ble ! liv+4 ,on ! :ole ! attitude ( ! ,n>r9y]i t[>ds _! dead k9sfolk seems to be dom9at$ by fe>2 ( affection !re is app>5tly little or no trace4 ,x is true t l mo/ ,au/ralian tribes !y indulge 9 extravagant demon/rations ( grief at ! dea? ( _! k9sfolk4 ,a great lam5tation & wail+ is made by all ! relations & fri5ds ( ! deceas$4 ,!y cut (f _! hair close to ! head & besmudge !mselves ) oil & p\nd$ *>coal4 ,! wom5 besme> !mselves ) ! mo/ disgu/+ fil?4 ,all beat & cut !mselves & make a viol5t %[ ( sorr[2 & all ! "t t ! corpse1 rubb$ ov] ) grease & r$ o*re1 is be+ dri$ ov] a sl[ fire 9 ! hut1 ! wom5 take x by turns to weep & wail be=e x1 s t ! lam5tation nev] ceases = days4 ,yet ,mr4 ,tapl9 0 p]suad$ t fe> has m to d ) mo/ ( ^! exhibitions ?an grief2 & he tells u t = "o m9ute a woman w appe> 9 ! deepe/ agony ( grief & te>s2 a few m9utes aft]1 ! conv5tional am\nt ( weep+ hav+ be5 accompli%$1 !y w laugh & talk ) ! m]rie/4#agb ,! pr9cipal motive1 9 fact1 = all ?is excessive display ( sorr[ w\ld seem to be a fe> le/ ! jeal\s gho/ %\ld ?9k himself slight$ & %\ld av5ge ! slight on ! cold-he>t$ relatives :o d n m\rn suffici5tly = ! irrep>able loss !y h su/a9$ by 8 dea?4 ,we may conjecture t ! same tra9 ( ?\ght expla9s ! anci5t & widespread cu/om ( hir+ pr(essional m\rn]s to wail ov] ! dead2 ! te>s & lam5tations ( 8 k9sfolk are n en\gh to soo! ! w\nd$ feel+s ( ! dep>t$1 !y mu/ be re9=c$ by noisi] expressions ( regret4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea?s attribut$ by ! ,n>r9y]i to sorc]y4 ,b !re is ano!r p[]ful motive = all ^! viol5t demon/rations ( grief1 into ! secret ( :i* we are let by ,mr4 ,tapl94 ,he says t all ! relatives are c>eful to be pres5t & n to be want+ 9 ! prop] signs ( sorr[1 le/ !y %\ld be suspect$ ( complicity 9 caus+ ! dea?4#agc ,9 fact ! ,n>r9y]i1 l _m o!r savages1 attribute all1 or mo/1 natural dea?s to sorc]y4 ,:5 a p]son dies1 !y ?9k t he or %e has be5 kill$ by ! evil magic ( "s ill-wi%]1 & "o ( ! fir/ ?+s to be done is to discov] ! culprit 9 ord] t 8 life may be tak5 9 rev5ge4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,n>r9y]i resort to a =m ( div9ation4 ,on ! fir/ night aft] ! dea? ! ne>e/ relation ( ! deceas$ sleeps ) 8 head on ! corpse1 hop+ ?us to dream ( ! sorc]] :o has done ! mis*ief4 ,next day ! corpse is plac$ on a sort ( bi] support$ on m5's %\ld]s4 ,! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ ga!r r\nd & call out ! names ( suspect$ p]sons to see :e!r ! corpse w give any sign4 ,at la/ ! next ( k9 calls out ! "n ( ! p]son ( :om he has dream$1 & if at ! s\nd ! corpse makes a movem5t t[>ds him1 :i* ! be>]s say !y _c resi/1 x is reg>d$ z a cle> tok5 t ! man s nam$ is ! malefactor4 ,x only rema9s = ! k9sfolk ( ! dead to hunt d[n ! culprit & kill him4#agd ,?us n only ! relations b ev]ybody 9 ! neighb\rhood has ! /ronge/ motive = assum+ at lea/ an appe>ance ( sorr[ at a dea?1 le/ ! suspicion ( hav+ caus$ x by sorc]y %\ld fall ^u him4 ,sid5ote3 ,pret5ce made by ! ,n>r9y]i ( av5g+ ! dea? ( _! fri5ds on ! guilty sorc]]4 ,x des]ves to be not$1 t :ile ! ,n>r9y]i nom9ally ackn[l$g$ ! duty ( kill+ ! sorc]] :o 9 _! op9ion _h caus$ ! dea? ( _! fri5d1 !y by no means always dis*>g$ ! duty1 b sometimes cont5t$ !mselves ) little m ?an a pret5ce ( rev5ge4 ,mr4 ,tapl9's acc\nt ( ! proce$+s obs]v$ on su* an occasion is in/ructive4 ,x runs ?us3 ,! _s ( ! dead is n consid]$ to h be5 appeas$ until 8 relatives h av5g$ 8 dea?4 ,!y w kill ! sorc]] :o has caus$ x if !y c cat* him2 b g5]ally !y _c cat* him1 & (t5 d n wi% x4 ,mo/ probably he belongs to "s o!r tribe ( ! ,n>r9y]i4 ,mess5g]s pass betwe5 ! tribes relative to ! affair1 & ! fri5ds ( ! accus$ p]son at la/ =mally curse ! dead man & all 8 dead relatives4 ,?is con/itutes a casus belli4 ,arrangem5ts are =?) made = a pit*$ battle1 & ! two tribes meet 9 company ) _! respective allies4 ,! tribe to :i* ! dead man belongs weep & make a great lam5tation = him1 & ! oppos+ tribe sets "s fell[s to dance ab\t & play antics 9 d]ision ( _! enemies4 ,!n ! :ole tribe w set up a great laugh by way ( fur!r provocation4 ,if !re is any o!r cause ( animosity betwe5 ! tribes besides ! matt] ( av5g+ ! dead !re w n[ be a pretty sev]e fight ) spe>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tribes h no?+ b ! dead man to fight ab\t1 !y w probably ?r[ a few spe>s1 indulge 9 consid]able abuse ( ea* o!r1 p]haps "o or two w get slightly w\nd$1 & !n "s ( ! old m5 w decl>e t en\gh has be5 done4 ,! dead man is consid]$ to h be5 appeas$ by ! ef=ts ( 8 fri5ds to av5ge 8 dea? by fight+1 & ! two tribes are fri5dly aga94 ,9 su* a case ! fight is a m]e c]emony4#age ,?us among ! ,n>r9y]i ! duty ( blood rev5ge 0 (t5 suppos$ to be suffici5tly dis*>g$ by a %am fight p]=m$ app>5tly = ! satisfaction ( ! gho/1 :o 0 suppos$ to be look+ on & to be gratifi$ by ! sight ( 8 fri5ds hurl+ spe>s at ! au?or ( 8 dea?4 ,m]ciful pret5ces ( ! same sort h be5 practis$ by o!r savages 9 ord] to satisfy ! v5geful gho/ )\t ! effusion ( blood4 ,examples ( !m w come be=e u lat] on4#agf ,sid5ote3 ,magical virtue ascrib$ to ! hair ( ! dead4 ,h[ev]1 ! attitude ( ! ,n>r9y]i t[>ds _! dead 0 n purely "o ( fe> & av]sion4 ,!y imag9$ t !y c\ld d]ive c]ta9 b5efits f _! dep>t$ k9sfolk1 & ! *annel ?r\gh :i* ^! b5efits fl[$ 0 furni%$ by _! hair4 ,!y cut (f ! hair ( ! dead & spun x into a cord1 & ?is cord 0 commonly worn by ! m5 z a head-b&4 ,!y said t !reby !y smell$ ! dead1 & t ! smell made _! eyes l>ge & _! sight ke51 s t 9 a fight !y c\ld see ! spe>s com+ & c\ld p>ry or avoid !m4#agg ,simil> magical virtues are ascrib$ to ! hair ( ! dead by ! ,arunta4 ,among !m ! hair ( a dead man is cut (f & made into a magic girdle1 :i* is a valu$ possession & is only worn :5 a man is go+ out to engage 9 a tribal fight or to /alk a foe = ! purpose ( de/roy+ him by wit*craft4 ,! girdle is suppos$ to be end[$ ) magic p[] & to imp>t to its possessor all ! w>like qualities ( ! dead man f ^: hair x 0 made2 9 p>ticul>1 x is ?\ght to ensure accuracy ( aim 9 ! we>]1 :ile at ! same "t x de/roys t ( 8 adv]s>y4#agh ,h5ce ! girdle is worn by ! man :o takes ! lead 9 av5g+ ! dea? ( ! deceas$ on 8 suppos$ murd]]2 ! m]e sight ( x1 !y ?9k1 s t]rifies ! victim t 8 legs tremble "u him1 he becomes incapable ( fight+1 & is easily spe>$4#agi ,sid5ote3 ,belief t ! s\ls ( ! dead g up to ! sky4 ,among ! tribes ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia ! ,n>r9y]i 7 n alone 9 hold+ ! curi\s belief t ! s\ls ( ! dead g up into ! sky to live !re = ev]1 b t _! gho/s come d[n aga9 f "t to "t1 roam ab\t _! old haunts on e>?1 & communicate ) ! liv+4 ,?is1 = example1 0 ! belief ( ! ,di]i1 ! ,bu&ik1 ! ,kurnai1 & ! ,kul9 tribes4#ahj ,! ,bu&ik ?\ght t ev]y?+ 9 skyl& 0 bett] ?an on e>?2 a fat kang>oo1 = example1 0 comp>$ to a kang>oo ( heav51 :]e1 ( c\rse1 ! animals might be expect$ to ab\nd4#aha ,! ,kul9 imag9$ t ! spirits ( ! dead asc5d$ to heav5 by ! bright rays ( ! sett+ sun4#ahb ,! ,wailwun natives 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales us$ to bury _! dead 9 holl[ trees1 & :5 !y dropp$ ! body into its place1 ! be>]s & ! by/&]s jo9$ 9 a l\d :irr+ s\nd1 l ! ru% ( ! w9d4 ,!y said t ?is repres5t$ ! upw>d flight ( ! s\l to ! sky4#ahc ,sid5ote3 ,appe>ance ( ! dead to ! liv+1 especially 9 dreams4 ,) reg>d to ! gho/s on e>?1 "s tribes ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia believe t !y c be se5 by ! liv+1 c p>take ( food1 & c w>m !mselves at a fire4 ,x is especially ! graves1 :]e _! m\ld]+ bodies are deposit$1 t ^! re/less spirits are suppos$ to haunt2 x is !re t !y %ew !mselves ei!r to p g5]ally or to su* z h ! second sight4#ahd ,b x is mo/ commonly 9 dreams t !y appe> to ! liv+ & hold communication ) !m4 ,(t5 ^! communications are believ$ to be helpful4 ,?us ! tribes ( ! ,wotjobaluk nation ?\ght t ! gho/s ( _! dead relations c\ld visit !m 9 sleep to protect !m4 ,a ,mukj>awa9t man told ,dr4 ,h[itt t 8 fa!r came to him 9 a dream & w>n$ him to bew>e or he w\ld be kill$4 ,?is1 ! man believ$1 0 ! sav+ ( 8 life2 = he aft]w>ds came to ! place :i* he _h se5 9 8 dream2 :]eupon1 in/ead ( go+ on1 he turn$ back1 s t 8 enemies1 :o might h be5 wait+ = him !re1 did n cat* him4#ahe ,ano!r man in=m$ ,dr4 ,h[itt t 8 dead uncle appe>$ to him 9 sleep & taught him *>ms aga9/ sickness & o!r evils2 & ! ,*ep>a tribe simil>ly believ$ t male ance/ors visit$ sleep]s & imp>t$ to !m *>ms to av]t evil magic4#ahf ,sid5ote3 ,savage fai? 9 ! tru? ( dreams4 ,association ( ! />s ) ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,su* notions foll[ naturally f ! savage !ory ( dreams4 ,almo/ all savages appe> to believe firmly 9 ! tru? ( dreams2 !y fail to draw ! di/9ction1 :i* to u seems obvi\s1 betwe5 ! imag9>y creations ( ! m9d 9 sleep & ! wak+ realities ( ! physical _w4 ,:atev] !y dream ( mu/1 !y ?9k1 be actually exi/+2 = h !y n se5 x ) _! own eyes8 ,to argue t ! visions ( sleep h no real exi/5ce is1 !re=e1 9 _! op9ion1 to argue aga9/ ! pla9 evid5ce ( _! s5ses2 & !y naturally treat su* exagg]at$ scepticism ) incr$ulity & contempt4 ,h5ce :5 !y dream ( _! dead fri5ds & relations !y necess>ily conclude t ^! p]sons are /ill alive some:]e & someh[1 ?\gh !y d n commonly appe> by daylight to p 9 _! wak+ h\rs4 ,unque/ionably ?is savage fai? 9 ! reality ( dreams has be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! widespread1 almo/ univ]sal1 belief 9 ! survival ( ! human s\l aft] dea?4 ,x expla9s :y gho/s are suppos$ to appe> r by night ?an by day1 s9ce x is *iefly by night t m5 sleep & dream dreams4 ,p]haps x may also p>tly acc\nt = ! association ( ! />s ) ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,= if ! dead appe> to ! liv+ ma9ly 9 ! h\rs ( d>kness1 x seems n unnatural to imag9e t ! bright po9ts ( light :i* !n bespangle ! canopy ( heav5 are ei!r ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ or fires k9dl$ by !m 9 _! home al(t4 ,= example1 ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es commonly suppose ! />s to be ! camp-fires ( natives :o live on ! banks ( ! great riv] :i* we civilis$ m51 by a survival ( primitive my?ology1 call ! ,milky ,way4 ,h[ev]1 ^! rude savages1 we are told1 z a g5]al rule appe> to pay v little att5tion to ! />s 9 detail1 probably because !y ent] v little into any?+ :i* is connect$ ) _! daily life1 & m especially ) _! food supply4#ahg ,! same obs]vation :i* ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 "h make z to ! natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia might be appli$ to mo/ savages :o h rema9$ 9 ! purely hunt+ /age ( social developm5t4 ,su* m5 are n mu* addict$ to />-gaz+1 s9ce ! />s h little or no?+ to tell !m t !y wi% to "k4 ,x is n till p h betak5 !mselves to s[+ & reap+ crops t !y beg9 to scan ! heav5s m c>efully 9 ord] to det]m9e ! season ( s[+ by obs]vation ( ! great cele/ial "t-keep]s1 ! ris+ & sett+ ( c]ta9 con/ellations1 above all1 app>5tly1 ( ! ,pleiades4#ahh ,9 %ort1 ! rise ( agriculture fav\rs ! rise ( a/ronomy4 ,sid5ote3 ,cre$ ( ! ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralians t\*+ ! dead4 ,b to return to ! ideas ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es conc]n+ ! dead1 we may say ( ! natives ( ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,h[itt1 t !re is a univ]sal belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human _s aft] dea?1 z a gho/1 :i* is able to communicate ) ! liv+ :5 !y sleep4 ,x f9ds its way to ! sky-c\ntry1 :]e x lives 9 a l& l ! e>?1 only m f]tile1 bett] wat]$1 & pl5tifully suppli$ ) game4#ahi ,?is belief is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian natives1 :o ?9k t ! s\ls ( ! dead t>ry on e>? 9 _! old famili> haunts until ! "t comes = !m to be born aga9 into ! _w4 ,( ! two diff]5t cre$s t ( ! s\?-ea/]n tribes may be reg>d$ z ! m advanc$1 s9ce x admits t ! dead d n return to life1 & t _! disembodi$ spirits d n haunt p]petually a multitude ( spiritual p>ks or res]vations dott$ ov] ! face ( ! c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 ,! cre$ seems to =m "p ( a g5]al advance ( culture 9 ?is "p ( ! cont95t4 ,b h[ are we to acc\nt = ?is m>k$ diff]5ce ( belief betwe5 ! natives ( ! ,c5tre & ! natives ( ! ,s\?-ea/8 ,p]haps ! mo/ probable explanation is t ! cre$ ( ! s\?-ea/]n tribes 9 ?is respect is "p ( a g5]al advance ( culture br\ght ab\t by ! m fav\rable natural conditions "u :i* !y live z comp>$ ) ! =lorn /ate ( ! rude inhabitants ( ! ,c5tral des]ts4 ,t advance ( culture manife/s itself 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,on ! mat]ial side x is se5 9 m sub/antial & p]man5t dwell+s & 9 w>m] & bett] clo?+4 ,on ! social side x is se5 9 an incipi5t t5d5cy to ! rise ( a regul> *iefta9%ip1 a ?+ :i* is q unkn[n among ! democratic or r olig>*ic savages ( ! ,c5tre1 :o are ma9ly gov]n$ by ! old m5 9 c\ncil4#aij ,b ! rise ( *iefta9%ip is a great /ep 9 political progress2 s9ce a mon>*ical gov]nm5t ( "s sort appe>s to be ess5tial to ! em]g5ce ( mank9d f savag]y4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! beliefs ( ! ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralian aborig9es seem to m>k a /ep on ! upw>d road t[>ds civilisation4 ,sid5ote3 ,possible influ5ce ( ,european tea*+ on native beliefs4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n =get t ^! beliefs may h be5 influ5c$ by ! lessons :i* !y h le>n$ f :ite settl]s ) :om 9 ?is "p ( ,au/ralia !y h be5 s long 9 contact4 ,! possibility ( su* a transfusion ( ! new w9e ( ,europe into ! old bottles ( ,au/ralia did n escape ! exp]i5c$ ,mr4 ,james ,dawson1 an e>ly settl] 9 ,victoria1 :o has giv5 u a valuable acc\nt ( ! natives ( t region 9 ! old days :5 !y 7 /ill comp>atively little contam9at$ by int]c\rse ) ! :ites4 ,he describes z foll[s ! views :i* prevail$ z to ! dead among ! tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria3--,aft] ! disposal ( ! body ( a good p]son1 its %ade walks ab\t = ?ree days2 & al?\gh x appe>s to p1 x holds no communication ) !m4 ,%\ld x be se5 & nam$ by anyone dur+ ^! ?ree days1 x in/antly disappe>s4 ,at ! expiry ( ?ree days x goes (f to a beautiful c\ntry above ! cl\ds1 ab\nd+ ) kang>oo & o!r game1 :]e life w be enjoy$ = ev]4 ,fri5ds w meet & recognize ea* o!r !re2 b !re w be no m>ry+1 z ! bodies h be5 left on e>?4 ,*ildr5 "u f\r or five ye>s h no s\ls & no future life4 ,! %ades ( ! wick$ w&] mis]ably ab\t ! e>? = "o ye> aft] dea?1 fright5+ p1 & !n desc5d to ,ummekulle51 nev] to return4 ,aft] giv+ u ?is acc\nt ( ! native cre$ ,mr4 ,dawson adds v ju/ly3 ,"s ( ! ideas describ$ above may possibly h orig9at$ ) ! :ite man1 & be5 transmitt$ f ,sydney by "o tribe to ano!r4#aia ,! probability ( :ite influ5ce on ?is p>ticul> doctr9e ( religion is increas$ by ! frank confession :i* ^! same natives made ( ! religi\s det]ioration 7z !y reg>d$ x7 :i* !y _h suff]$ 9 ano!r direction ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ! mission>ies4 ,on ?is subject1 to quote aga9 f ,mr4 ,dawson1 ! savages are ( op9ion t ! good _s1 ,pirnmeheeal1 is a gigantic man1 liv+ above ! cl\ds2 & z he is ( a k9dly disposition1 & h>ms no "o1 he is seldom m5tion$1 b always ) respect4 ,8 voice1 ! ?und]1 is li/5$ to ) pleasure1 z x does good to man & bea/1 by br++ ra91 & mak+ grass & roots gr[ = _! b5efit4 ,b ! aborig9es say t ! mission>ies & gov]nm5t protectors h giv5 !m a dread ( ,pirnmeheeal2 & !y are sorry t ! "y p1 & _m ( ! old1 are n[ afraid ( a be+ :o nev] did any h>m to _! =efa!rs4#aib ,sid5ote3 ,vagu5ess & inconsi/5cy ( native beliefs z to ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,cu/om or ritual z ! int]pret] ( belief4 ,h[ev]1 x is v difficult to asc]ta9 ! exact beliefs ( savages z to ! dead4 ,! ?\ght ( ! savage is apt to be vague & inconsi/5t2 he nei!r repres5ts 8 ideas cle>ly to 8 own m9d nor c he express !m lucidly to o!rs1 ev5 if he wi%es to d s4 ,& 8 ?\ght is n only vague & inconsi/5t2 x is fluid & un/able1 liable to %ift & *ange "u ali5 influ5ce4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 su* z ! di/ru/ ( /rang]s & ! difficulty ( language1 :i* (t5 int]poses a =midable b>ri] betwe5 savage man & ! civilis$ enquir]1 ! doma9 ( primitive beliefs is beset by s _m sn>es & pitfalls t we might almo/ despair ( arriv+ at ! tru?1 7 x n t we possess a clue to guide u on ! d>k & slipp]y way4 ,t clue is action4 ,:ile x is g5]ally v difficult to asc]ta9 :at any man ?9ks1 x is comp>atively easy to asc]ta9 :at he does2 & :at a man does1 n :at he says1 is ! sure/ t\*/one to 8 real belief4 ,h5ce :5 we attempt to /udy ! religion ( backw>d races1 ! ritual :i* !y practise is g5]ally a saf] indication ( _! actual cre$ ?an ! l\de/ pr(ession ( fai?4 ,9 reg>d to ! /ate ( ! human s\l aft] dea? ! beliefs ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es are cle>ly reflect$ 9 _m ( ! cu/oms :i* !y obs]ve at ! dea? & burial ( _! fri5ds & enemies1 & x is accord+ly ) an acc\nt ( "s ( ^! cu/oms t ,i propose to conclude ?is "p ( my subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es z evid5ce ( _! beliefs conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,food plac$ on ! grave = ! use ( ! gho/ & fires k9dl$ to w>m him4 ,n[ "s ( ! burial cu/oms obs]v$ by ! ,au/ralian savages reveal 9 ! cle>e/ mann] _! belief t ! human s\l survives ! dea? ( ! body1 t 9 its disembodi$ /ate x reta9s consci\sness & feel+1 & c d a mis*ief to ! liv+2 9 %ort1 !y %ew t 9 ! op9ion ( ^! p ! dep>t$ live 9 ! =m ( dang]\s gho/s4 ,?us1 = example1 :5 ! deceas$ is a p]son ( importance1 ! ,di]i place food = _m days on ! grave1 & 9 w9t] !y k9dle a fire 9 ord] t ! gho/ may w>m himself at x4 ,if ! food rema9s unt\*$ on ! grave1 !y ?9k t ! dead is n hungry4#aic ,! ,blan*-wat] section ( t tribe fe> ! spirits ( ! dead & accord+ly take /eps to prev5t _! resurrection4 ,= t purpose !y tie ! toes ( ! corpse toge!r & ! ?umbs beh9d ! back1 :i* mu/ obvi\sly make x difficult = ! dead man to arise 9 8 might & pursue !m4 ,moreov]1 = a mon? aft] ! dea? !y sweep a cle> space r\nd ! grave at dusk e ev5+1 & inspect x e morn+4 ,if !y f9d any tracks on x1 !y assume t !y h be5 made by ! re/less gho/ 9 8 nocturnal p]egr9ations1 & accord+ly !y dig up 8 m\ld]+ rema9s & bury !m 9 "s o!r place1 :]e !y hope he w sleep s\nd]4#aid ,! ,kukata tribe ?9k t ! gho/ may be ?ir/y1 s !y oblig+ly leave a dr9k+ vessel on ! grave1 t he may slake 8 ?ir/4 ,also !y deposit spe>s & o!r weapons on ! spot1 toge!r ) a digg+-/ick1 :i* is specially int5d$ to w>d (f evil spirits :o may be on ! pr[l4#aie ,! gho/s ( ! natives on ! ,m>anoa riv] 7 also ?ir/y s\ls1 s vessels full ( wat] 7 sometimes susp5d$ = _! use ov] ! grave4#aif ,a cu/om ( light+ a fire on ! grave to w>m ! poor %iv]+ gho/ seems to h be5 n uncommon among ! aborig9al ,au/ralians4 ,! ,we/]n ,victorians1 = example1 kept up l>ge fires all night = ?is purpose4#aig ,9 ! ,wiimbaio tribe two fires 7 kept burn+ = a :ole mon? on ! grave1 "o to ! "r & ! o!r to ! left1 9 ord] t ! gho/ might come out & w>m himself at !m 9 ! *ill night air4 ,if !y f\nd tracks ne> ! grave1 !y inf]r$1 l ! ,di]i1 t ! p]turb$ _s _h quitt$ 8 n>r[ b$ to pace to & fro 9 ! long h\rs ( d>kness2 b if no footpr9ts 7 visible !y ?\ght t he slept 9 peace4#aih ,9 "s p>ts ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! natives ma9ta9$ fires on ! grave = m ?an a mon? = ! conv5i5ce ( ! gho/2 & !y cle>ly expect$ him to come to life aga91 = !y deta*$ ! nails f ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! corpse & deposit$ !m 9 a small hole beside ! grave1 9 ord] t !y might "k _! fri5d at 8 resurrection4#aii ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* fires 7 ma9ta9$ or k9dl$ daily on ! grave is said to h v>i$1 accord+ to ! e/imation 9 :i* ! man 0 held1 f a few days to ?ree or f\r ye>s4#bjj ,we h se5 t ! ,di]i laid food on ! grave = ! hungry gho/ to p>take (1 & ! same cu/om 0 obs]v$ by ! ,g\rndit*-m>a tribe4#bja ,h[ev]1 "s intellig5t old aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,victoria d]id$ ! cu/om z :ite fell['s gammon4#bjb ,sid5ote3 ,prop]ty ( ! dead buri$ ) !m4 ,fur!r1 9 "s tribes ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia x 0 cu/om>y to deposit ! scanty prop]ty ( ! deceas$1 usually consi/+ ( a few rude weapons or implem5ts1 on ! grave or to bury x ) him4 ,?us ! natives ( ,we/]n ,victoria buri$ all a dead man's ornam5ts1 weapons1 & prop]ty ) him 9 ! grave1 only res]v+ 8 /one axes1 :i* 7 too valuable to be ?us sacrific$3 ^! 7 inh]it$ by ! next ( k94#bjc ,! ,wurunj]ri also int]r$ ! p]sonal prop]ty ( ! dead ) him2 if ! deceas$ 0 a man1 8 spe>-?r[] 0 /uck 9 ! gr\nd at ! head ( ! grave2 if ! deceas$ 0 a woman1 ! same ?+ 0 done ) h] digg+-/ick4 ,t ^! implem5ts 7 int5d$ = ! use ( ! gho/ & n m]ely z head/ones to m>k ! situation ( ! tomb & ! sex ( ! dep>t$1 is cle> f a significant exception to ! cu/om4 ,:5 ! dep>t$ bro!r 0 a man ( viol5t temp]1 :o _h be5 qu>relsome & a brawl] 9 8 life1 no weapons 7 buri$ ) him1 obvi\sly le/ 9 a fit ( ill-temp] he %\ld sally f ! grave & assault p ) !m4#bjd ,simil>ly ! ,turrbal tribe1 :o deposit$ _! dead 9 ! =ks ( trees1 us$ to leave a spe> & club ne> ! corpse t ! _s ( ! dead might h weapons :]e) to kill game = 8 su/5ance 9 ! future /ate4 ,a yam-/ick 0 plac$ 9 ! gr\nd at a woman's grave1 s t %e might g away at night & seek = roots4#bje ,! ,wolgal tribe 7 v p>ticul> ab\t bury+ ev]y?+ t belong$ to a dead man ) him2 spe>s & nets1 ?\gh valuable articles ( prop]ty1 7 ?us sacrific$2 ev5 a canoe has be5 kn[n to be cut up 9 ord] t ! pieces ( x might be deposit$ 9 ! grave4 ,9 fact ev]y?+ belong+ to a dead man 0 put out ( sight4#bjf ,simil>ly 9 ! ,geawe-gal tribe all ! implem5ts & inanimate prop]ty ( a w>rior 7 int]r$ ) him4#bjg ,9 ! ,gr+ai c\ntry n only 0 all a man's prop]ty buri$ ) him1 b e native pres5t at ! burial contribut$ some?+1 & ^! contributions 7 pil$ toge!r at ! head ( ! corpse be=e ! grave 0 fill$ 94#bjh ,among ! tribes ( ,s\!rn ,victoria1 :5 ! grave has be5 dug & l9$ ) fre% leaves & twigs s z to make a s(t b$1 ! dead man's prop]ty is br\ght 9 two bags1 & ! sorc]] %akes out ! cont5ts4 ,!y consi/ ( su* small articles z pieces ( h>d /one suitable = cutt+ or p>+ sk9s1 bones = bor+ holes1 tw9e made ( opossum wool1 & s =?4 ,^! are plac$ 9 ! grave1 & ! bags & rugs ( ! deceas$ are torn up & ?r[n 9 likewise4 ,!n ! sorc]] asks :e!r ! dead man _h any o!r prop]ty1 & if he _h1 x is br\ght =w>d & laid beside ! torn fragm5ts ( ! bags & rugs4 ,ev]y?+ t a man own$ 9 life mu/ be laid beside him 9 dea?4#bji ,aga91 among ! tribes ( ! ,l[] ,murray1 ,la*lan1 & ,d>l+ riv]s 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 all a dead man's prop]ty1 includ+ 8 weapons & nets1 0 buri$ ) 8 body 9 ! grave4#baj ,fur!r1 we are told t among ! natives ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! weapons & p]sonal prop]ty ( ! deceas$ are plac$ on ! grave1 s t :5 he rises f ! dead !y may be ready to 8 h&4#baa ,9 ! ,b\lia di/rict ( ,que5sl& ! ?+s :i* belong$ to a dead man1 su* z 8 boom]angs & spe>s1 are ei!r buri$ ) him1 de/roy$ by fire1 or sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 di/ribut$ among 8 tribal bro!rs1 b nev] among 8 *ildr54#bab ,sid5ote3 ,int5tion ( de/roy+ ! prop]ty ( ! dead4 ,! prop]ty ( ! dead n de/roy$ 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,?us among c]ta9 tribes ( ,au/ralia1 especially 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t1 x appe>s t ! cu/om ( bury+ or de/roy+ a dead man's prop]ty has be5 v common4 ,t ! int5tion ( ! cu/om 9 "s cases is to supply ! suppos$ ne$s ( ! gho/1 seems to be fairly c]ta92 b we may d\bt :e!r ?is explanation w\ld apply to ! practice ( burn+ or o!rwise de/roy+ ! ?+s :i* _h belong$ to ! deceas$4 ,m probably su* de/ruction spr+s f an ov]p[]+ dread ( ! gho/ & a wi% to sev] all connexion ) him1 s t he may h no excuse = return+ & haunt+ ! survivors1 z he might d if 8 prop]ty 7 ei!r kept by !m or deposit$ 9 ! grave4 ,:atev] ! motive = ! burial or de/ruction ( a dead man's prop]ty may be1 ! cu/om appe>s n to prevail among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! ea/]n ,arunta tribe1 inde$1 x is said t sometimes a little wood5 vessel us$ 9 camp = hold+ small objects may be buri$ ) ! man1 b ?is is ! only in/ance :i* ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 c\ld he> ( 9 :i* any article ( ord9>y use is buri$ 9 ! grave4 ,f> f wa/+ prop]ty 9 t way1 ^! economical savages pres]ve ev5 a man's p]sonal ornam5ts1 su* z 8 necklaces1 armlets1 & ! fur /r+ :i* he wore r\nd 8 head2 inde$1 z we h se51 !y g s f> z to cut (f ! hair f ! head ( ! deceas$ & to keep x = magical uses4#bac ,9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe all ! belong+s ( a dead man g to ! tribal bro!rs ( 8 "m4#bad ,sid5ote3 ,prop]ty ( ! dead hung up on trees1 !n wa%$ & di/ribut$4 ,economic loss entail$ by sacrifices to ! dead4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! practice ( ! ,c5tral tribes & t ( ! tribes ne>] ! sea1 especially 9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 is v notable4 ,a cu/om int]m$iate betwe5 ! two is obs]v$ by "s tribes ( ! ,d>l+ ,riv]1 :o hang up ! weapons1 nets1 & o!r prop]ty ( ! deceas$ on trees = ab\t two mon?s1 !n wa% !m1 & di/ribute !m among ! relations4#bae ,! reason = hang+ ! ?+s up & wa%+ !m is no d\bt to rid !m ( ! infection ( dea? 9 ord] t !y may be us$ ) safety by ! survivors4 ,su* a cu/om po9ts cle>ly to a gr[+ fe> ( ! dead2 & t fe> or rev]5ce comes out /ill m cle>ly 9 ! practice ( ei!r bury+ ! prop]ty ( ! dead ) !m or de/roy+ x altoge!r1 :i* is obs]v$ by ! aborig9es ( ,victoria & o!r p>ts ( ,au/ralia :o live "u m fav\rable conditions ( life ?an ! inhabitants ( ! ,c5tral des]ts4 ,?is confirms ! conclusion :i* we h rea*$ on o!r gr\nds1 t among ! aborig9al population ( ,au/ralia fav\rable natural conditions 9 respect ( climate1 food1 & wat] h ex]cis$ a mo/ important influ5ce 9 /imulat+ social progress 9 _m directions1 & n lea/ 9 ! direction ( religion4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile we recognise t ! incipi5t t5d5cy to a wor%ip ( ! dead :i* may be detect$ 9 ^! regions m>ks a /ep =w>d 9 religi\s developm5t1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! practice ( bury+ or de/roy+ ! prop]ty ( ! dead1 :i* is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ! t5d5cy manife/s itself1 is1 reg>d$ f ! side ( economic progress1 a decid$ /ep backw>d4 ,x m>ks1 9 fact1 ! beg9n+ ( a melan*oly ab]ration ( ! human m9d1 :i* has l$ mank9d to sacrifice ! real int]e/s ( ! liv+ to ! imag9>y int]e/s ( ! dead4 ,) ! g5]al advance ( society & ! accompany+ accumulation ( prop]ty ^! sacrifices h at c]ta9 /ages ( evolution become heavi] & heavi]1 z ! dem&s ( ! gho/s became m & m exact+4 ,! economic wa/e :i* ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l has entail$ on ! _w is incalculable4 ,:5 we contemplate t wa/e 9 its small beg9n+s among ! rude savages ( ,au/ralia x appe>s insignificant en\gh2 ! _w is n mu* ! poor] = ! loss ( a p>cel ( boom]angs1 spe>s1 fur /r+1 & sk9 rugs4 ,b :5 we pass f ! cu/om 9 ?is its feeble s\rce & foll[ x z x swells 9 volume ?r\gh ! nations ( ! _w till x atta9s ! dim5sions ( a mighty riv] ( wa/$ lab\r1 squ&]$ treasure1 & spilt blood1 we _c b wond] at ! /range mixture ( good & evil 9 ! affairs ( mank9d1 see+ 9 :at we ju/ly call progress s mu* h>dly e>n$ ga9 side by side ) s mu* gratuit\s loss1 su* imm5se additions to ! sub/antial value ( life to be set (f aga9/ su* enorm\s sacrifices to ! %ad[ ( a %ade4 ,footnote #afj3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic1 & ,m$ic9e 7,brisbane1 #aijc71 pp4 #ah1 #bc1 ,secs4 #fh1 #hc4 ,footnote #afa3 ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 xix4 #afc4 ,footnote #afb3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ll4 cc4 ,footnote #afc3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e 7,brisbane1 #aijc71 p4 #bi4 ,sec4 #aaf4 ,footnote #afd3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?4 op4 cit4 p4 #ah1 ,sec4 #fh4 ,footnote #afe3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ag1 #bi1 ,secs4 #fe1 #aaf4 ,footnote #aff3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 op4 cit4 p4 #ag1 ,sec4 #fe4 ,footnote #afg3 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es 7,melb\rne1 ,sydney1 & ,adelaide1 #ahha71 pp4 #aaj sq42 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #ddb4 ,footnote #afh3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dde4 ,footnote #afi3 7,sir7 ,george ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahda71 i4 #cja-cjc4 ,footnote #agj3 ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,david ,coll9s1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahjd71 p4 #ced4 ,footnote #aga3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 9 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,adelaide1 #ahgi71 pp4 #ah sq4 ,footnote #agb3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bj sq4 ,footnote #agc3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,tapl91 op4 cit4 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #agd3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,tapl91 op4 cit4 pp4 #ai sq41 #ba4 ,footnote #age3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,tapl91 op4 cit4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #agf3 ,see bel[1 pp4 #bce sqq41 #cbg sq4 ,footnote #agg3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,tapl91 op4 cit4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #agh3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ech sq4 ,footnote #agi3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #edd sq4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dcd1 #dcf1 #dcg1 #dch4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,j4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahde71 ii4 #ceg4 ,footnote #aha3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dcd4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dch4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi 7,sydney1 #ahge71 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dcd1 #dch1 #dci2 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dce4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #fbh4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,z to ! place occupi$ by ! ,pleiades 9 primitive cal5d>s1 see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #cji-cai4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dci sq4 ,footnote #aij3 ,see ,totemism & ,exogamy1 i4 #cad sqq4 ,footnote #aia3 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ea4 ,a man ( ! ,ta-ta-?i tribe 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales in=m$ ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,cam]on t ! natives believ$ 9 a pit ( fire :]e bad m5 7 roa/$ aft] dea?4 ,?is report$ belief1 re/+ app>5tly on ! te/imony ( a s+le in=mant1 may )\t d\bt be ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,see ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,cam]on1 ,notes on "s ,tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #cfd sq4 ,footnote #aib3 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #di4 ,footnote #aic3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #ddh4 ,footnote #aid3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit44 p4 #ddi4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,m4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #hg3 ,! object s\ght 9 ty+ up ! rema9s ( ! dead is to prev5t ! deceas$ f escap+ f ! tomb & fright5+ or injur+ ! survivors4 ,footnote #aie3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dea4 ,footnote #aif3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfg4 ,footnote #aig3 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #aih3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #deb4 ,footnote #aii3 ,r4 ,salvado1 ,memoires hi/oriques sur l' ,au/ralie 7,p>is1 #ahed71 p4 #bfa2 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 x4 7#ahgh7 p4 #bdg4 ,= m evid5ce z to ! light+ ( fires = ?is purpose see ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dee1 #dgj4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,a4 ,oldfield1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,new ,s]ies1 iii4 7#ahfe7 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #bja3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dee4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 pp4 #ej sq4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,j4 ,dawson1 op4 cit4 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #bje3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dfa sq4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfd4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfd4 ,footnote #bji3 ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #ajd4 ,footnote #baj3 ,p4 ,bev]idge1 ,( ! ,aborig9es ,inhabit+ ! ,great ,lacu/r9e & ,riv]9e ,depression ( ! ,l[] ,murray1 ,l[] ,murrumbidgee1 ,l[] ,la*lan1 & ,l[] ,d>l+1 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 xvii4 7#ahhc7 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #baa3 ,a4 ,oldfield1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,new ,s]ies1 iii4 7#ahfe7 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #bab3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es 7,brisbane & ,london1 #ahig71 p4 #afd4 ,footnote #bac3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #dff1 #dig sq41 #ech sq4 ,see above1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #bad3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ebd4 ,footnote #bae3 ,f4 ,bonney1 ,on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,riv] ,d>l+1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiii4 7#ahhd7 p4 #ace4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,aborig9es ,,( ,,au/ralia 7conclud$7 ,sid5ote3 ,att5tion to ! com=t ( ! dead4 ,huts erect$ on graves = ! use ( ! gho/s4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i %ew$ t 9 ! m>itime regions ( ,au/ralia1 :]e ! conditions ( life are m fav\rable ?an 9 ! ,c5tral des]ts1 we may detect ! g]ms ( a wor%ip ( ! dead 9 c]ta9 att5tions :i* ! liv+ pay to ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 = example by k9dl+ fires on ! grave = ! gho/ to w>m himself at1 by leav+ food & wat] = him to eat & dr9k1 & by deposit+ 8 weapons & o!r prop]ty 9 ! tomb = 8 use 9 ! life aft] dea?4 ,ano!r m>k ( respect %ewn to ! dead is ! cu/om ( erect+ a hut on ! grave = ! accommodation ( ! gho/4 ,?us among ! tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia we are told t ^u ! m\nds1 or tumuli1 ov] ! graves1 huts ( b>k1 or b\ghs1 are g5]ally erect$ to %elt] ! dead f ! ra92 !y are also frequ5tly w\nd r\nd ) nett+4#baf ,aga91 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia a small hut ( ru%es1 grass1 & s =? is said to h be5 set up by ! natives ov] ! grave4#bag ,among ! tribes ( ! ,l[] ,murray1 ,l[] ,la*lan1 & ,l[] ,d>l+ riv]s1 :5 a p]son di$ :o _h be5 highly e/eem$ 9 life1 a neat hut 0 erect$ ov] 8 grave s z to cov] x entirely4 ,! hut 0 ( oval %ape1 ab\t five feet high1 & ro($ ) ?at*1 :i* 0 firmly ti$ to ! framework by cord _m hundr$s ( y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,sometimes ! :ole hut 0 envelop$ 9 a net4 ,at ! ea/]n end ( ! hut a small op5+ 0 left j l>ge en\gh to all[ a full-gr[n man to creep 91 & ! floor 0 cov]$ ) grass1 :i* 0 r5ew$ f "t to "t z x became )]$4 ,ea* ( ^! graves 0 enclos$ by a f5ce ( bru%wood =m+ a diamond-%ap$ enclosure1 )9 :i* ! tomb /ood exactly 9 ! middle4 ,all ! grass )9 ! f5ce 0 neatly %av$ (f & ! gr\nd swept q clean4 ,sepul*res ( ?is sort 7 kept up = two or ?ree ye>s1 aft] :i* !y 7 all[$ to fall into disrepair1 & :5 a few m ye>s _h gone by ! v sites ( !m 7 =gott54#bah ,! int5tion ( erect+ huts on graves is n m5tion$ 9 ^! cases1 b on analogy we may conjecture t !y are int5d$ = ! conv5i5ce & com=t ( ! gho/4 ,?is is confirm$ by an acc\nt giv5 ( a native burial on ! ,vasse ,riv] 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,we are told t :5 ! grave _h be5 fill$ 91 ! natives pil$ logs on x to a consid]able height & !n con/ruct$ a hut ^u ! logs1 aft] :i* "o ( ! male relations w5t into ! hut & said1 ,i sit 9 8 h\se4#bai ,?us x w\ld seem t ! hut on ! grave is reg>d$ z ! h\se ( ! dead man4 ,if only ^! sepul*ral huts 7 kept up p]man5tly1 !y might develop into some?+ l temples1 9 :i* ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ might be invok$ & propitiat$ ) pray] & sacrifice4 ,x is ?us t ! great r\nd huts1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( dead k+s ( ,ug&a are deposit$1 h gr[n into sanctu>ies or %r9es1 :]e ! spirits ( ! deceas$ mon>*s are consult$ z oracles ?r\gh ! m$ium ( prie/s4#bbj ,b 9 ,au/ralia ?is developm5t is prev5t$ by ! simple =getfulness ( ! savages4 ,a few ye>s suffice ) !m to wipe out ! memory ( ! deceas$ & ) x 8 *ance ( develop+ into an ance/ral deity4 ,l mo/ savages1 ! ,au/ralian aborig9es seem to fe> only ! gho/s ( ! rec5tly dep>t$2 "o writ] tells u t !y h no fe> ( ! gho/ ( a man :o has be5 dead say =ty ye>s4#bba ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( ! dead & precautions tak5 by ! liv+ aga9/ !m4 ,! burial cu/oms ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es :i* ,i h describ$ betray n only a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! gho/1 b also a c]ta9 reg>d = 8 com=t & conv5i5ce4 ,h[ev]1 we may suspect t 9 mo/1 if n 9 all1 cases ! pr$om9ant motive ( ^! att5tions is fe> r ?an affection4 ,! survivors imag9e t any want ( respect = ! dead1 any neglect ( 8 p]sonal com=ts 9 ! grave1 w\ld excite 8 res5tm5t & draw d[n on !m 8 v5geance4 ,t ^! savages are really actuat$ by fe> ( ! dead is expressly affirm$ ( "s tribes4 ,?us we are told t ! ,yu9 7 always afraid t ! dead man might come out ( ! grave & foll[ !m4#bbb ,aft] bury+ a body ! ,ng>igo 7 wont to cross a riv] 9 ord] to prev5t ! gho/ f pursu+ !m2#bbc obvi\sly !y %>$ ! common op9ion t gho/s = "s reason are unable to cross wat]4 ,! ,wakelbura took o!r measures to ?r[ ! poor gho/ (f ! sc5t4 ,!y m>k$ all ! trees 9 a circle r\nd ! place :]e ! dead man 0 buri$2 s t :5 he em]g$ f ! grave & set (f 9 pursuit ( 8 retir+ relations1 he w\ld foll[ ! m>ks on ! trees 9 a circle & always come back to ! po9t f :i* he _h />t$4 ,& to make assurance d\bly sure !y put coals 9 ! dead man's e>s1 :i*1 by bung+ up ^! ap]tures1 7 suppos$ to keep 8 gho/ 9 ! body till 8 fri5ds _h got a good />t away f him4 ,z a fur!r precaution !y lit fires & put bu%es 9 ! =ks ( trees1 ) ! idea t ! gho/ w\ld roo/ 9 ! bu%es & w>m himself at ! fires1 :ile !y 7 ha/5+ away4#bbd ,"h1 !re=e1 we see t ! real motive = k9dl+ fires = ! use ( ! dead is fe>1 n affection4 ,9 ?is respect ! burial cu/oms ( ! tribes at ! ,h]b]t ,riv] are /ill m significant4 ,^! savages buri$ ) ! dead man 8 weapons1 8 ornam5ts1 & inde$ ev]y?+ he _h us$ 9 life2 moreov]1 !y built a hut on ! grave1 put a dr9k+-vessel 9 ! hut1 & cle>$ a pa? f x d[n to ! wat] = ! use ( ! gho/2 & (t5 !y plac$ food & wat] on ! grave4 ,s f>1 ^! measures might be int]pret$ z m>ks ( pure & dis9t]e/$ affection = ! s\l ( ! dep>t$4 ,b su* an int]pretation is totally exclud$ by ! f]oci\s treatm5t :i* ^! savages met$ out to ! corpse4 ,to fright5 ! _s1 le/ he %\ld haunt ! camp1 ! fa!r or bro!r ( ! deceas$1 or ! husb&1 if x 0 a woman1 took a club & maul$ ! body ) su* viol5ce t he (t5 sma%$ ! bones2 fur!r1 he g5]ally broke bo? its legs 9 ord] to prev5t x f w&]+ ( nights2 & z if t 7 n en\gh1 he bor$ holes 9 ! /oma*1 ! %\ld]s1 & ! lungs1 & fill$ ! holes ) /ones1 s t ev5 if ! poor gho/ %\ld succe$ by a desp]ate ef=t 9 dragg+ 8 mangl$ body out ( ! grave1 he w\ld be s weigh$ d[n by ?is balla/ ( /ones t he c\ld n get v f>4 ,h[ev]1 aft] roam+ up & d[n 9 ?is pitiable condition = a "t 9 _! old haunts1 ! spirits 7 suppos$ at la/ to g up al(t to ! ,milky ,way4#bbe ,! ,kwe>riburra tribe1 on ! ,lynd ,riv]1 9 ,que5sl&1 also took =cible measures to prev5t ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,:5ev] a p]son di$1 !y cut (f 8 or h] head1 roa/$ x 9 a fire on ! grave1 & :5 x 0 ?or\ghly *>r$ !y sma%$ x 9 bits & left ! fragm5ts among ! hot coals4 ,!y calculat$ t :5 ! gho/ rose f ! grave ) ! view ( foll[+ ! tribe1 he w\ld miss 8 head & g grop+ bl9dly ab\t = x till he scor*$ himself 9 ! emb]s ( ! fire & 0 glad to %r9k back into 8 n>r[ b$4#bbf ,?us ev5 among ^? ,au/ralian tribes :i* h progress$ fur!/ 9 ! direction ( religion1 su* approa*es z !y h made t[>ds a wor%ip ( ! dead appe> to be det]m9$ f> m by fe> ?an by affection & rev]5ce4 ,& we are told t x is ! ne>e/ relations & ! mo/ influ5tial m5 ^: gho/s are mo/ dread$4#bbg ,sid5ote3 ,cutt+s & br&+s ( ! fle% ( ! liv+ 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,!re is ano!r cu/om obs]v$ by ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 m\rn+ :i* des]ves to be m5tion$4 ,we all "k t ! ,israelites 7 =bidd5 to make cutt+s 9 _! fle% = ! dead4#bbh ,! cu/om 0 probably practis$ by ! hea!n ,canaanites1 z x has be5 by savages 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 has ! practice prevail$ m g5]ally or be5 c>ri$ out ) great] sev]ity ?an 9 aborig9al ,au/ralia4 ,= example1 ) reg>d to ! tribes 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,victoria we are told t ! p>5ts ( ! deceas$ lac]ate !mselves fe>fully1 especially if x be an only son ^: loss !y deplore4 ,! fa!r beats & cuts 8 head ) a tomahawk until he utt]s bitt] groans4 ,! "m sits by ! fire & burns h] brea/s & abdom5 ) a small fire-/ick till %e wails ) pa92 !n %e replaces ! /ick 9 ! fire1 to use aga9 :5 ! pa9 is less sev]e4 ,?is cont9ues = h\rs daily1 until ! "t ( lam5tation is complet$2 sometimes ! burns ?us inflict$ are s sev]e z to cause dea?4#bbi ,x is especially ! wom51 & above all ! wid[s1 :o torture !mselves 9 ?is way4 ,speak+ ( ! tribes ( ,victoria1 a writ] tells u t on ! dea? ( h] husb& a wid[1 becom+ frantic1 seizes fire-/icks & burns h] brea/s1 arms1 legs1 & ?ighs4 ,ru%+ f "o place to ano!r1 & int5t only on injur+ h]self1 & seem+ to delight 9 ! self-inflict$ torture1 x w\ld be ra% & va9 to int]rupt h]4 ,%e w\ld fi]cely turn on h] ne>e/ relative or fri5d & burn him ) h] br&s4 ,:5 exhau/$1 & :5 %e c sc>cely walk1 %e yet endeav\rs to kick ! emb]s ( ! fire1 & to ?r[ !m ab\t4 ,sitt+ d[n1 %e takes ! a%es 9 h] h&s1 rubs !m into h] w\nds1 & !n scrat*es h] face 7! only "p n t\*$ by ! fire-/icks7 until ! blood m+les ) ! a%es :i* p>tly hide h] cruel w\nds4#bcj ,among ! ,kurnai ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,victoria ! relations ( ! dead w\ld cut & ga% !mselves ) %>p /ones & tomahawks until _! heads & bodies /ream$ ) blood4#bca ,9 ! ,mukj>awa9t tribe1 :5 a man di$1 8 k9sfolk wept ov] him & sla%$ !mselves ) tomahawks & o!r %>p in/rum5ts = ab\t a week4#bcb ,9 ! tribes ( ! ,l[] ,murray & ,l[] ,d>l+ riv]s m\rn]s scor$ _! backs & arms1 sometimes ev5 _! faces1 ) r$-hot br&s1 :i* rais$ hide\s ulc]s2 aft]w>ds !y flung !mselves prone on ! grave1 tore out _! hair by h&fuls1 rubb$ e>? ov] _! heads & bodies 9 great pr(usion1 & ripp$ up _! gre5 ulc]s till ! m+l$ blood & grime pres5t$ a gha/ly spectacle4 ,^! self-inflict$ sores rema9$ long unheal$4#bcc ,among ! ,kamil>oi1 a l>ge tribe ( ea/]n ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! m\rn]s1 & especially ! wom51 us$ to cut _! heads ) tomahawks & all[ ! blood to dry on !m4#bcd ,speak+ ( a native burial on ! ,murray ,riv]1 a writ] says t ar\nd ! bi] 7 _m wom51 relations ( ! deceas$1 wail+ & lam5t+ bitt]ly1 & lac]at+ _! ?ighs1 backs1 & brea/s1 ) %ells or fl9t1 until ! blood fl[$ copi\sly f ! ga%es4#bce ,9 ! ,b\lia di/rict ( ,que5sl& wom5 9 m\rn+ score _! ?ighs1 bo? inside & outside1 ) %>p /ones or bits ( glass1 s z to make a s]ies ( p>allel cuts2 9 neighb\r+ di/ricts ( ,que5sl& ! m5 make mu* deep] cross-%ap$ cuts on _! ?ighs4#bcf ,9 ! ,arunta tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia a man is b\nd to cut himself on ! %\ld] 9 m\rn+ = 8 fa!r-9-law2 if he does n d s1 8 wife may be giv5 away to ano!r man 9 ord] to appease ! wra? ( ! gho/ at 8 undutiful son-9-law4 ,arunta m5 regul>ly be> on _! %\ld]s ! rais$ sc>s :i* %ew t !y h done _! duty by _! dead fa!rs-9-law4#bcg ,! female relations ( a dead man 9 ! ,arunta tribe also cut & hack !mselves 9 tok5 ( sorr[1 work+ !mselves up into a sort ( fr5zy z !y d s2 yet 9 all _! app>5t excitem5t !y take c>e nev] to w\nd a vital "p1 b v5t _! fury on _! scalps1 _! %\ld]s1 & _! legs4#bch ,sid5ote3 ,cutt+s = ! dead among ! ,w>ramunga4 ,9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 witness$ ! m\rn+ = a dead man4 ,ev5 be=e ! suff]] _h brea!d 8 la/ ! lam5tations & self-inflict$ w\nds began4 ,:5 x 0 kn[n t ! end 0 ne>1 all ! native m5 ran at full spe$ to ! spot1 & ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 foll[$ !m to see :at 0 to be se54 ,:at !y saw1 or "p ( :at !y saw1 0 ?is4 ,"s ( ! wom51 :o _h ga!r$ f all directions1 7 ly+ pro/rate on ! body ( ! dy+ man1 :ile o!rs 7 /&+ or kneel+ ar\nd1 digg+ ! %>p ends ( yam-/icks into ! cr[n ( _! heads1 f :i* ! blood /ream$ d[n ov] _! faces1 :ile all ! "t !y kept up a l\d cont9u\s wail4 ,_m ( ! m51 ru%+ up to ! sc5e ( action1 flung !mselves also higgl$y-piggl$y on ! suff]]1 ! wom5 ris+ & mak+ way = !m1 till no?+ 0 to be se5 b a /ruggl+ mass ( nak$ bodies all mix$ up toge!r4 ,pres5tly up came a man yell+ & br&i%+ a /one knife4 ,on rea*+ ! spot he sudd5ly ga%$ bo? 8 ?ighs ) ! knife1 cutt+ "r across ! muscles1 s t1 unable to /&1 he dropp$ d[n on ! top ( ! /ruggl+ bodies1 till 8 "m1 wife1 & si/]s dragg$ him out ( ! scrimmage1 & imm$iately appli$ _! m\?s to 8 gap+ w\nds1 :ile he lay exhau/$ & helpless on ! gr\nd4 ,gradually ! /ruggl+ mass ( dusky bodies untw9$ itself1 disclos+ ! un=tunate sick man1 :o 0 ! object1 or r ! victim1 ( ?is well-meant demon/ration ( affection & sorr[4 ,if he _h be5 ill be=e1 he 0 mu* worse :5 8 fri5ds left him3 inde$ x 0 pla9 t he _h n long to live4 ,/ill ! weep+ & wail+ w5t on2 ! sun set1 d>kness fell on ! camp1 & lat] 9 ! ev5+ ! man di$4 ,!n ! wail+ rose l\d] ?an be=e1 & m5 & wom51 app>5tly frantic ) grief1 ru%$ ab\t cutt+ !mselves ) knives & %>p-po9t$ /icks1 :ile ! wom5 batt]$ ea* o!r's heads ) clubs1 no "o attempt+ to w>d (f ei!r cuts or bl[s4 ,an h\r lat] a fun]al procession set out by tor*light ?r\gh ! d>kness1 c>ry+ ! body to a wood ab\t a mile (f1 :]e x 0 laid on a plat=m ( b\ghs 9 a l[ gum-tree4 ,:5 day broke next morn+1 n a sign ( human habitation 0 to be se5 9 ! camp :]e ! man _h di$4 ,all ! p _h remov$ _! rude huts to "s di/ance1 leav+ ! place ( dea? solit>y2 = nobody wi%$ to meet ! gho/ ( ! deceas$1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly be hov]+ ab\t1 along ) ! _s ( ! liv+ man :o _h caus$ 8 dea? by evil magic1 & :o might be expect$ to come to ! spot 9 ! outw>d =m ( an animal to gloat ov] ! sc5e ( 8 crime4 ,b 9 ! new camp ! gr\nd 0 /rew$ ) m5 ly+ pro/rate1 _! ?ighs ga%$ ) ! w\nds :i* !y _h inflict$ on !mselves ) _! own h&s4 ,!y _h done _! duty by ! dead & w\ld be> to ! end ( _! life ! deep sc>s on _! ?ighs z badges ( hon\r4 ,on "o man ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 c\nt$ ! d9ts ( no less ?an tw5ty-?ree w\nds :i* he _h inflict$ on himself at v>i\s times4 ,meantime ! wom5 _h resum$ ! duty ( lam5tation4 ,=ty or fifty ( !m sat d[n 9 gr\ps ( five or six1 weep+ & wail+ frantically ) _! arms r\nd ea* o!r1 :ile ! actual & tribal wives1 mo!rs1 wives' mo!rs1 daught]s1 si/]s1 mo!rs' mo!rs1 si/]s' husb&s' mo!rs1 & gr&-daught]s1 accord+ to cu/om1 once m cut _! scalps op5 ) yam-/icks1 & ! wid[s aft]w>ds 9 addition se>$ ! scalp w\nds ) r$-hot fire-/icks4 ,sid5ote3 ,cutt+s = ! dead /rictly regulat$ by cu/om4 ,9 ^! m\rn+ cu/oms1 wild & extravagant z ! expression ( sorr[ appe>s to be1 ev]y?+ is regulat$ by c]ta9 def9ite rules2 & a woman :o did n ?us maul h]self :5 %e ought to d s w\ld be sev]ely puni%$1 or ev5 kill$1 by h] bro!r4 ,simil>ly ) ! m51 x is only ^? :o /& 9 c]ta9 relation%ips to ! deceas$ :o mu/ cut & hack !mselves 9 8 hon\r1 & ^! relation%ips are det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> exogam\s class to :i* ! dead man happ5$ to belong4 ,( su* classes !re are eight 9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe4 ,on ! occasion describ$ by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 x 0 a man ( ! ,tjunguri class :o di$2 & ! m5 :o ga%$ _! ?ighs /ood to him 9 "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ relation%ips3 gr&fa!r on ! "m's side1 "m's bro!r1 bro!r ( ! dead man's wife1 & h] "m's bro!r4#bci ,sid5ote3 ,! cutt+s & br&+s :i* m\rn]s inflict on !mselves may be int5d$ to conv9ce ! gho/ ( ! s9c]ity ( _! sorr[4 ,we naturally ask1 ,:at motive h ^! savages = inflict+ all ?is volunt>y &1 z x seems to u1 :olly sup]flu\s suff]+ on !mselves8 ,x c h>dly be t ^! w\nds & burns are m]ely a natural & unfeign$ expression ( grief4 ,we h se5 t by exp]i5c$ obs]v]s su* extravagant demon/rations ( sorr[ are set d[n r to fe> ?an to affection4 ,simil>ly ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 sugge/ t at lea/ "o motive is a fe> ent]ta9$ by ! native le/1 if he does n make a suffici5t display ( grief1 ! gho/ ( ! dead man w be (f5d$ & d him a mis*ief4#bdj ,9 ! ,kaiti% tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia x is believ$ t if a woman does n keep h] body cov]$ ) a%es f ! camp fire dur+ ! :ole "t ( m\rn+1 ! _s ( h] deceas$ husb&1 :o con/antly foll[s h] ab\t1 w kill h] & /rip all ! fle% f h] bones4#bda ,aga91 9 ! ,arunta tribe m\rn]s sme> !mselves ) :ite pipeclay1 & ! motive = ?is cu/om is said to be to r5d] !mselves m conspicu\s1 s t ! gho/ may see & be satisfi$ t he is be+ prop]ly m\rn$ =4#bdb ,?us ! fe> ( ! gho/1 :o1 at lea/ among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 is commonly ( a jeal\s temp] & /&s v firmly on 8 suppos$ rights1 may suffice to expla9 ! practice ( self-mutilation at m\rn+4 ,sid5ote3 ,cu/om ( all[+ ! blood ( m\rn]s to drip on ! corpse or into ! grave4 ,b x is possible t ano!r motive und]lies ! draw+ ( blood on ^! occasions4 ,= x is to be obs]v$ t ! blood ( ! m\rn]s is (t5 all[$ to drop directly ei!r on ! dead body or into ! grave4 ,?us1 = example1 among ! tribes on ! ,riv] ,d>l+ sev]al m5 us$ to /& by ! op5 grave & cut ea* o!r's heads ) a boom]ang2 !n !y held _! ble$+ heads ov] ! grave s t ! blood dripp$ on ! corpse ly+ 9 x4 ,if ! deceas$ 0 highly e/eem$1 ! ble$+ 0 repeat$ aft] "s e>? _h be5 ?r[n on ! body4#bdc ,among ! ,arunta x is cu/om>y = ! wom5 k9sfolk ( ! dead to cut _! own & ea* o!r's heads s sev]ely ) clubs & digg+-/icks t blood /reams f !m on ! grave4#bdd ,aga91 at a burial on ! ,vasse ,riv]1 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 a writ] describes h[1 :5 ! grave 0 dug1 ! natives plac$ ! corpse beside x1 !n ga%$ _! ?ighs1 & at ! fl[+ ( ! blood !y all said1 ',i h br\ght blood1' & !y /amp$ ! foot =cibly on ! gr\nd1 spr9kl+ ! blood ar\nd !m2 !n wip+ ! w\nds ) a wisp ( leaves1 !y ?rew x1 bloody z x 01 on ! dead man4#bde ,) ^! ,au/ralian practices we may comp>e a cu/om obs]v$ by ! civilis$ ,greeks ( antiquity4 ,e ye> ! ,peloponnesian lads la%$ !mselves on ! grave ( ,pelops at ,olympia1 till ! blood ran d[n _! backs z a libation 9 hon\r ( ! dead man4#bdf ,sid5ote3 ,! blood int5d$ to /r5g!n ! dead4 ,n[ :at is ! int5tion ( ?us apply+ ! blood ( ! liv+ to ! dead or p\r+ x into ! grave8 ,s f> z ! anci5t ,greeks are conc]n$ ! answ] is n d\btful4 ,we "k f ,hom] t ! gho/s ( ! dead 7 suppos$ to dr9k ! blood t 0 (f]$ to !m & to be /r5g!n$ by ! draught4#bdg ,simil>ly ) ! ,au/ralian savages1 _! object c h>dly be any o!r ?an t ( /r5g!n+ ! _s ( ! dead2 = ^! aborig9es are 9 ! habit ( giv+ human blood to ! sick & ! ag$ to dr9k = ! purpose ( re/or+ !m to heal? & /r5g?2#bdh h5ce x w\ld be natural = !m to imag9e t !y c\ld refre% & =tify ! feeble gho/ 9 l mann]4 ,p]haps ! blood 0 int5d$ specially to /r5g!n ! spirits ( ! dead = ! new bir? or re9c>nation1 to :i* s _m ( ^! savages look =w>d4 ,sid5ote3 ,cu/om ( bury+ p 9 ! place :]e !y 7 born4 ,! cu/om p]haps int5d$ to facilitate ! rebir? ( ! s\l4 ,! same motive may possibly expla9 ! cu/om obs]v$ by "s ,au/ralian tribes ( bury+ p1 z f> z possible1 at ! place :]e !y 7 born4 ,?us 9 reg>d to ! tribes ( ,we/]n ,victoria we are in=m$ t dy+ p]sons1 especially ^? dy+ f old age1 g5]ally express an e>ne/ desire to be tak5 to _! bir?place1 t !y may die & be buri$ !re4 ,if possible1 ^! wi%es are always compli$ ) by ! relatives & fri5ds4 ,p>5ts w po9t out ! spot :]e !y 7 born1 s t :5 !y become old & infirm1 _! *ildr5 may "k :]e !y wi% _! bodies to be dispos$ (4#bdi ,aga91 "s tribes 9 ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,victoria are said to be m ?an ord9>ily scrupul\s 9 int]r+ ! dead4 ,if practicable1 !y w bury ! corpse ne> ! spot :]e1 z a *ild1 x fir/ drew brea?4 ,a "m w c>ry a dead infant = weeks1 9 ! hope ( be+ able to bury x ne> ! place :]e x 0 born2 & a dead man w be convey$ a long di/ance1 9 ord] t ! la/ rites may be p]=m$ 9 a mann] satisfactory to ! tribe4#bej ,ano!r writ]1 speak+ ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 g5]al1 says3 ,by :at ,i c\ld le>n1 x is consid]$ prop] by _m tribes t a black %\ld be buri$ at or ne> ! spot :]e he or %e 0 born1 & = ?is reason1 :5 a black becomes s]i\sly ill1 ! invalid is c>ri$ a long di/ance to ^! c]ta9 spots to die1 z 9 ?is case4 ,!y app>5tly object to place a body 9 /range gr\nd4 ,! same writ] m5tions ! case ( a blackfell[1 :o began digg+ a grave close beside ! kit*5 door ( a ,mr4 ,campbell4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,campbell remon/rat$ ) him1 ! native repli$ t he _h no *oice1 = ! dead man _h be5 born on t v spot4 ,) mu* difficulty ,mr4 ,campbell p]suad$ him to bury 8 deceas$ fri5d a little fur!r (f f ! kit*5 door4#bea ,a practice ( ?is sort w\ld be intelligible on ! !ory ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians1 :o imag9e t ! spirits ( all ! dead return to ! v spots :]e !y ent]$ into _! mo!rs' wombs1 & t !y wait !re until ano!r opportunity pres5ts itself to !m ( be+ born aga9 into ! _w4 ,= if p really believe1 z d _m ,au/ralian tribes1 t :5 !y die !y w aft]w>ds come to life aga9 z infants1 x is p]fectly natural t !y %\ld take /eps to ensure & facilitate ! new bir?4 ,! ,unmatj]a & ,kaiti% tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia d ?is 9 ! case ( dead *ildr54 ,^! savages draw a %>p di/9ction betwe5 "y *ildr5 & v old m5 & wom54 ,:5 v old p die1 _! bodies are at once buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 b ! bodies ( *ildr5 are plac$ 9 wood5 tr\ghs & deposit$ on plat=ms ( b\ghs 9 ! bran*es ( trees1 & ! motive = treat+ a dead *ild ?us is1 we are in=m$1 ! hope t be=e v long its _s may come back aga9 & ent] into ! body ( a woman--9 all probability t ( its =m] "m4#beb ,! reason = draw+ ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! "y & ! old by dispos+ ( _! bodies 9 diff]5t fa%ions1 is expla9$ ) great probability by ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 z foll[s3 ,9 ! ,unmatj]a & ,kaiti% tribes1 :ile e old man has c]ta9 privileges d5i$ to ! y\ng] m51 yet if he be decid$ly infirm & unable to take 8 "p 9 ! p]=mance ( c]emonies :i* are (t5 closely conc]n$--or s at lea/ ! natives believe !m to be--) ! g5]al welf>e ( ! tribe1 !n ! feel+ und\bt$ly is t !re is no ne$ to pay any v special respect to 8 rema9s4 ,?is feel+ is probably vaguely associat$ ) ! idea t1 z 8 body is infirm1 s to a correspond+ ext5t w 8 _s "p be1 & !re=e !y h no special ne$ to consid] or propitiate ?is1 z x c d !m no h>m4 ,on ! o!r h& !y are decid$ly afraid ( hurt+ ! feel+s ( any /rong man :o might be capable ( do+ !m "s mis*ief unless he saw t he 0 prop]ly m\rn$ =4 ,act+ "u mu* ! same feel+ !y pay respect to ! bodies ( dead *ildr5 & "y wom51 9 ! hope t ! _s w soon return & und]go re9c>nation4 ,x is also wor? notic+ t !y d n bury 9 trees any "y man :o has violat$ tribal law by tak+ z wife a woman :o is =bidd5 to him2 su* an individual is always buri$ directly 9 ! gr\nd4#bec ,app>5tly ^! law-abid+ savages are n anxi\s t memb]s ( ! crim9al classes %\ld be born aga9 & %\ld h ! opportunity ( tr\bl+ society once m4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t modes ( dispos+ ( ! dead adopt$ 9 ! same tribe4 ,i w\ld call y\r att5tion p>ticul>ly to ! diff]5t modes ( burial ?us accord$ by ^! two tribes to diff]5t classes ( p]sons4 ,x is too commonly assum$ t ea* tribe has "o uni=m way ( dispos+ ( all its dead1 say ei!r by burn+ or by bury+1 & on t assumption c]ta9 g5]al !ories h be5 built z to ! diff]5t views tak5 ( ! /ate ( ! dead by diff]5t tribes4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact ! assumption is incorrect4 ,n infrequ5tly ! same tribe disposes ( diff]5t classes ( dead p 9 q diff]5t ways2 = in/ance1 x w bury "s & burn o!rs4 ,?us among/ ! ,angoni ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa ! corpses ( *iefs are burn$ ) all _! h\sehold belong+s1 b ! bodies ( common]s are buri$ ) all _! belong+s 9 caves4#bed ,9 v>i\s ca/es or tribes ( ,india x is ! cu/om to burn ! bodies ( m>ri$ p b to bury ! bodies ( ! unm>ri$4#bee ,) "s peoples ( ,india ! di/9ction is made1 n betwe5 ! m>ri$ & ! unm>ri$1 b betwe5 adults & *ildr51 especially *ildr5 "u two ye>s old2 9 su* cases ! inv>iable practice appe>s to be to burn ! old & bury ! "y4 ,?us among ! ,malayalis ( ,malab> ! bodies ( m5 & wom5 are burn$1 b ! bodies ( *ildr5 "u two ye>s are buri$1 & s are ! bodies ( all p]sons :o h di$ ( *ol]a or small-pox4#bef ,! same di/9ctions are obs]v$ by ! ,nay>s1 ,kadupattans1 & o!r ca/es or tribes ( ,co*94#beg ,! old rule laid d[n 9 ! anci5t ,h9doo law-book ,! ,grihya-,sutras 0 t *ildr5 :o di$ "u ! age ( two %\ld be buri$1 n burnt4#beh ,! ,bhotias ( ! ,himalayas bury all *ildr5 :o h n yet obta9$ _! p]man5t tee?1 b !y burn all o!r p4#bei ,among ! ,kom>s ! "y are buri$1 & ! old cremat$4#bfj ,! ,coorgs bury ! bodies ( wom5 & ( boys "u sixte5 ye>s ( age1 b !y burn ! bodies ( m54#bfa ,! ,*uk*ansi ,indians ( ,cali=nia are said to h burn$ only ^? :o di$ a viol5t dea? or 7 bitt5 by snakes1 b to h buri$ all o!rs4#bfb ,! ,m9net>ee ,indians dispos$ ( _! dead diff]5tly accord+ to _! moral "*4 ,bad & qu>relsome m5 !y buri$ 9 ! e>? t ! ,ma/] ( ,life might n see !m2 b ! bodies ( good m5 !y laid on scaffolds1 t ! ,ma/] ( ,life might behold !m4#bfc ,! ,kolo% or ,tl+it ,indians ( ,alaska burn _! ord9>y dead on a pyre1 b deposit ! bodies ( %amans 9 l>ge c(f9s1 :i* are support$ on f\r po/s4#bfd ,! anci5t ,mexicans ?\ght t all p]sons :o di$ ( infecti\s diseases 7 kill$ by ! ra9-god ,tlaloc2 s !y pa9t$ _! bodies blue1 :i* 0 ! ra9-god's col\r1 & buri$ in/ead ( burn+ !m4#bfe ,sid5ote3 ,special modes ( burial adopt$ to prev5t or facilitate ! return ( ! _s4 ,^! examples may suffice to illu/rate ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! same p may dispose ( _! dead accord+ to ! age1 sex1 social rank1 or moral "* ( ! deceas$1 or ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,9 "s cases ! special mode ( burial adopt$ seems cle>ly int5d$ to gu>d aga9/ ! return ( ! dead1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( gho/s or ( *ildr5 born aga9 into ! _w4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 0 obvi\sly ! int5tion ( ! old ,engli% cu/om ( bury+ a suicide at a cross-road ) a /ake driv5 ?r\gh 8 body4 ,& if "s burial cu/oms are pla9ly int5d$ to p9 d[n ! dead 9 ! e>?1 or at lea/ to disable him f revisit+ ! survivors1 s o!rs appe> to be plann$ ) ! opposite int5tion ( facilitat+ ! dep>ture ( ! _s f ! grave1 9 ord] t he may repair to a m commodi\s lodg+ or be born aga9 into ! tribe4 ,= example1 ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia always bury _! dead 9 ! e>? & raise a l[ m\nd ov] ! grave2 b !y leave a depression 9 ! m\nd on ! side :i* faces t[>ds ! spot :]e ! _s ( ! deceas$ is suppos$ to h dwelt 9 ! int]vals betwe5 8 successive re9c>nations2 & we are expressly told t ! purpose ( leav+ ?is depression is to all[ ! _s to g out & 9 easily2 = until ! f9al c]emony ( m\rn+ has be5 p]=m$ at ! grave1 ! gho/ is believ$ to sp5d 8 "t p>tly 9 wat*+ ov] 8 ne> relations & p>tly 9 ! company ( its arumbur+a or spiritual d\ble1 :o lives at ! old nanja spot1 t is1 at ! place :]e ! disembodi$ s\l t>ries wait+ to be born aga94#bff ,?us ! ,arunta imag9e t = "s "t aft] dea? ! _s ( ! deceas$ is 9 a sort ( int]m$iate /ate1 p>tly hov]+ ab\t ! abode ( ! liv+1 p>tly visit+ 8 own prop] spiritual home1 to :i* on ! completion ( ! m\rn+ c]emonies he w retire to await ! new bir?4 ,! f9al m\rn+ c]emony1 :i* m>ks ! close ( ?is int]m$iate /ate1 takes place "s twelve or eighte5 mon?s aft] ! dea?4 ,x consi/s ma9ly 9 no?+ m or less ?an a gho/ hunt2 m5 arm$ ) %ields & spe>-?r[]s assemble & ) l\d %\ts beat ! air1 driv+ ! invisible gho/ be=e !m f ! spot :]e he di$1 :ile ! wom5 jo9 9 ! %\ts & buffet ! air ) ! palms ( _! h&s to *ase away ! dead man f ! old camp :i* he loves to haunt4 ,9 ?is way ! beat]s gradually advance t[>ds ! grave till !y h p5n$ ! gho/ into x1 :5 !y imm$iately dance on ! top ( x1 beat+ ! air d[nw>ds z if to drive ! _s d[n1 & /amp+ on ! gr\nd z if to trample him into ! e>?4 ,aft] t1 ! wom5 ga!r r\nd ! grave & cut ea* o!r's heads ) clubs till ! blood /reams d[n on x4 ,?is br+s ! p]iod ( m\rn+ to an end2 & if ! deceas$ 0 a man1 8 wid[ is n[ free to m>ry aga94 ,9 tok5 t ! days ( h] sorr[ are ov]1 %e we>s at ?is f9al c]emony ! gay fea!rs ( ! r+-neck p>rot 9 h] hair4 ,! _s ( h] dead husb&1 ly+ 9 ! grave1 is believ$ to "k ! sign & to bid h] a la/ f>ewell4 ,ev5 aft] he has ?us be5 hunt$ into ! grave & trampl$ d[n 9 x1 8 _s may /ill wat* ov] 8 fri5ds1 gu>d !m f h>m1 & visit !m 9 dreams4#bfg ,sid5ote3 ,dep>ture ( ! gho/ suppos$ to co9cide ) ! disappe>ance ( ! fle% f 8 bones4 ,we may naturally ask1 ,:y %\ld ! _s ( ! dead be suppos$ at fir/ to dwell m or less int]mitt5tly ne> ! spot :]e he di$1 & aft]w>ds to take up 8 abode p]man5tly at 8 nanja spot till ! "t comes = him to be born aga98 ,a good _m ye>s ago ,i conjectur$#bfh t ?is idea ( a *ange 9 ! abode ( ! gho/ may be sugge/$ by a correspond+ *ange :i* takes place1 or is suppos$ to take place1 ab\t ! same "t 9 ! /ate ( ! body2 9 fact1 t s long z ! fle% adh]es to ! bones1 s long ! s\l ( ! dead man may be ?\ght to be deta9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! body1 b t :5 ! fle% has q decay$1 ! s\l is completely lib]at$ f its old tab]nacle & is free to repair to its true spiritual home4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is conjecture ,i po9t$ to ! foll[+ facts4 ,"s ( ! ,indians ( ,guiana br+ food & dr9k to _! dead s long z ! fle% rema9s on ! bones2 b :5 x has m\ld]$ away1 !y conclude t ! man himself has dep>t$4#bfi ,! ,matacos ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco 9 ,arg5t9a believe t ! s\l ( a dead man does n pass d[n into ! ne!r _w until 8 body is decompos$ or burnt4 ,fur!r1 ! ,alfoors ( ,c5tral ,celebes suppose t ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ _c ent] ! _s-l& until all ! fle% has be5 remov$ f _! bones2 = until t has be5 done1 ! gods 7lamoa7 9 ! o!r _w c\ld n be> ! /5* ( ! corpse4 ,accord+ly at a great fe/ival ! bodies ( all :o h di$ )9 a c]ta9 "t are dug up & ! decay+ fle% scrap$ f ! bones4 ,comp>+ ^! ideas1 ,i sugge/$ t !y may expla9 ! widespread cu/om ( a second burial1 t is1 ! practice ( dis9t]r+ ! dead aft] a c]ta9 "t & dispos+ ( _! bones o!rwise4 ,sid5ote3 ,second burial ( ! bones among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,f9al burial c]emony among ! ,w>ramunga4 ,n[ s f> z ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia are conc]n$1 my conjecture has be5 confirm$ by ! subsequ5t rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 9 t region4 ,= !y h f\nd t ! tribes to ! nor? ( ! ,arunta regul>ly give _! dead a second burial1 t a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! gho/s is believ$ to co9cide ) ! second burial1 & app>5tly also1 ?\gh ?is is n s def9itely /at$1 t ! "t = ! second burial is det]m9$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! fle% f ! bones4 ,among/ ! tribes :i* practise a second burial ! cu/om is fir/ to deposit ! dead on plat=ms among ! bran*es ( trees1 till ! fle% has q m\ld]$ away1 & !n to bury ! bones 9 ! e>?3 9 %ort1 !y practise tree-burial fir/ & e>?-burial aft]w>ds4#bgj ,= example1 9 ! ,unmatj]a & ,kaiti% tribes1 :5 a man dies1 8 body is c>ri$ by 8 relations to a tree di/ant a mile or two f ! camp4 ,!re x is laid on a plat=m by itself = "s mon?s4 ,:5 ! fle% has disappe>$ f ! bones1 a k9sman ( ! deceas$1 9 /rictness a y\ng] bro!r 7itia71 climbs up into ! tree1 dislocates ! bones1 places !m 9 a wood5 vessel1 & h&s !m d[n to a female relative4 ,!n ! bones are laid 9 ! grave ) ! head fac+ 9 ! direction 9 :i* 8 "m's bro!r is suppos$ to h camp$ 9 days ( old4 ,aft] ! bones h be5 ?us int]r$1 ! _s ( ! dead man is believ$ to g away & to rema9 9 8 old al*]+a home until su* "t z he once m und]goes re9c>nation4#bga ,b 9 ^! tribes1 z we saw1 v old m5 & wom5 receive only "o burial1 be+ at once laid 9 an e>?y grave & nev] set up on a plat=m 9 a tree2 & we h se5 reason to ?9k t ?is diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ag$ spr+s f ! indiff]5ce or contempt 9 :i* _! gho/s are held by comp>ison ) ! gho/s ( ! "y & vigor\s4 ,9 ! ,w>ramunga tribe1 :o regul>ly deposit _! dead 9 trees fir/ & 9 ! e>? aft]w>ds1 s long z ! corpse rema9s 9 ! tree & ! fle% has n completely disappe>$ f ! bones1 ! "m ( ! deceas$ & ! wom5 :o /& to him or h] 9 ! relation ( tribal mo!rhood are oblig$ f "t to "t to g to ! tree1 & sitt+ "u ! plat=m to all[ its putrid juices to drip d[n on _! bodies1 into :i* !y rub !m z a tok5 ( sorr[4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 is int5d$ to please ! jeal\s gho/2 = we are told t he is believ$ to haunt ! tree & ev5 to visit ! camp1 9 ord]1 if he 0 a man1 to see = himself t 8 wid[s are m\rn+ prop]ly4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! m\ld]+ rema9s are left 9 ! tree is at lea/ a ye> & may be m4#bgb ,! f9al c]emony :i* br+s ! p]iod ( m\rn+ to an end is curi\s & entirely diff]5t f ! "o obs]v$ by ! ,arunta on ! same occasion4 ,:5 ! bones h be5 tak5 d[n f ! tree1 an arm-bone is put c>efully ap>t f ! re/4 ,!n ! skull is sma%$1 & ! fragm5ts toge!r ) all ! re/ ( ! bones except ! arm-bone1 are buri$ 9 a holl[ ant-hill ne> ! tree4 ,aft]w>ds ! arm-bone is wrapt up 9 pap]-b>k & w\nd r\nd ) fur-/r+1 s z to make a torp$o-%ap$ p>cel1 :i* is kept by a tribal "m ( ! deceas$ 9 h] rude hovel ( bran*es1 till1 aft] ! lapse ( "s days or weeks1 ! "t comes = ! la/ c]emony ( all4 ,on t day a design emblematic ( ! totem ( ! deceas$ is drawn on ! gr\nd1 & beside x a %all[ tr5* is dug ab\t a foot deep & fifte5 feet long4 ,ov] ?is tr5* a numb] ( m51 elaborately decorat$ ) d[n ( v>i\s col\rs1 /& /raddle-legg$1 :ile a l9e ( wom51 decorat$ ) r$ & yell[ o*re1 crawl along ! tr5* "u ! long bridge made by ! /raddl+ legs ( ! m54 ,! la/ woman c>ries ! arm-bone ( ! dead 9 its p>cel1 & z soon z %e em]ges f ! tr5*1 ! bone is snat*$ f h] by a k9sman ( ! deceas$1 :o c>ries x to a man /&+ ready ) an uplift$ axe beside ! totemic draw+4 ,on receiv+ ! bone1 ! man at once sma%es x1 ha/ily buries x 9 a small pit beside ! totemic emblem ( ! dep>t$1 & closes ! op5+ ) a l>ge flat /one1 signify+ !reby t ! season ( m\rn+ is ov] & t ! dead man or woman has be5 ga!r$ to 8 or h] totem4 ,! totemic design1 beside :i* ! arm-bone is buri$1 repres5ts ! spot at :i* ! totemic ance/or ( ! deceas$ f9ally w5t d[n into ! e>?4 ,:5 once ! arm-bone has ?us be5 brok5 & laid 9 its la/ re/+-place1 ! s\l ( ! dead p]son1 :i* !y describe z be+ ( ab\t ! size ( a gra9 ( s&1 is suppos$ to g back to ! place :]e x camp$ long ago 9 a previ\s inc>nation1 !re to rema9 ) ! s\ls ( o!r m5 & wom5 ( ! same totem until ! "t comes = x to be born aga94#bgc ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al conclusion z to ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,?is mu/ conclude :at ,i h to say z to ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,! evid5ce ,i h adduc$ is suffici5t to prove t ^! savages firmly believe bo? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human s\l aft] dea? & 9 ! p[] :i* x c ex]t = good or evil ov] ! survivors4 ,on ! :ole ! dom9ant motive 9 _! treatm5t ( ! dead appe>s to be fe> r ?an affection4 ,yet ! att5tion :i* _m tribes pay to ! com=t ( ! dep>t$ by provid+ !m ) huts1 food1 wat]1 fire1 clo?+1 implem5ts & weapons1 may n be dictat$ by purely selfi% motives2 9 any case !y are cle>ly int5d$ to please & propitiate ! gho/s1 & !re=e conta9 ! g]ms ( a regul> wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,footnote #baf3 ,e4 ,j4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahde71 ii4 #cdi4 ,footnote #bag3 ,a4 ,oldfield1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s4 iii4 7#ahfe7 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #bah3 ,p4 ,bev]idge1 9 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 xvii4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #bi sq4 ,comp>e ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #ajj note4 ,footnote #bai3 7,sir7 ,g4 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y1 ii4 #ccb sq4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #aji sqq4 ,footnote #bba3 ,e4 ,m4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race 7,melb\rne & ,london1 #ahhf-ahhg71 i4 #hg4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dfc4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dgd4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,f4 ,c4 ,urquh>t1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,e4 ,m4 ,curr1 ,! ,au/ralian ,race1 i4 #hg4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,leviticus xix4 #bh2 ,deut]onomy xiv4 #a4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,w4 ,/anbridge1 ,tribes 9 ! ,c5tral ,"p ( ,victoria1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s4 i4 7#ahfa7 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #aje4 ,footnote #bca3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 p4 #dei4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dec4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,p4 ,bev]idge1 9 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 xvii4 7#ahhc7 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 op4 cit4 p4 #dff4 ,footnote #bce3 ,e4 ,j4 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y into ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahde71 ii4 #cdg4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es 7,brisbane & ,london1 #ahig71 p4 #afd2 comp>e p4 #afe4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ejj4 ,footnote #bch3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 op4 cit4 p4 #eaj4 ,footnote #bci3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #eaf-eeb4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #eaj4 ,footnote #bda3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 p4 #ejg4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes1 p4 #eaa4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,f4 ,bonney1 ,on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,riv] ,d>l+1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiii4 7#ahhd7 pp4 #acd sq4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ejg1 #eji sq4 ,footnote #bde3 7,sir7 ,g4 ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y1 ii4 #ccb1 quot+ ,mr4 ,bussel4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,s*olia/ on ,p9d>1 ,olymp4 i4 #adf4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 xi4 #bc sqq4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #ia sq4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #bej3 ,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 #ajh4 ,footnote #bea3 ,j4 ,f4 ,mann1 ,notes on ! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,au/ralasia1 i4 7,sydney1 #ahhe7 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #beb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #bec3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 p4 #eab4 ,footnote #bed3 ,r4 ,su!rl& ,rattray1 ,"s ,folk-lore ,/ories & ,songs 9 ,*9yanja 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #ii-aja1 #ahb4 ,footnote #bee3 ,f4 ,fawcett1 ,! ,kondayamkottai ,m>av>s1 a ,dravidian ,tribe ( ,t9nevelly1 ,s\!rn ,india1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxiii4 7#aijc7 p4 #fd2 ,capta9 ,wolsley ,haig1 ,notes on ! ,rang>i ,ca/e 9 ,b>>1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxx4 ,"p iii4 7#aija7 p4 #h2 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 iv4 #bbf 7z to ! ,lambadis71 vi4 #bdd 7z to ! ,raniyavas72 comp>e id41 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #bef3 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #beg3 ,l4 ,k4 ,anan?a ,kri%na ,iy]1 ,! ,co*9 ,tribes & ,ca/es 7,madras1 #aiji-aiab71 ii4 #ia1 #aab1 #aeg1 #cfj1 #cgh4 ,footnote #beh3 ,! ,grihya ,sutras1 translat$ by ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,"p i4 p4 #cee 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxix474 ,comp>e ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #bde4 ,footnote #bei3 ,*4 ,a4 ,%]r+1 ,we/]n ,tibet & ! ,briti% ,bord]l& 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #abc sq4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,p4 ,n4 ,bose1 ,*hattisg>1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lix41 ,"p i4 7#ahia7 p4 #bij4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,s4 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia 7,wa%+ton1 #ahgg71 p4 #chc4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,maximilian ,pr9z zu ,wi$1 ,reise 9 das ,inn]e ,nord-,am]ica 7,cobl5z1 #ahci-ahda71 ii4 #bce4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,t4 de ,pauly1 ,description ,e?nographique des ,peuples de la ,russie1 ,peuples de l',am]ique ,russe 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfb71 p4 #ac4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 p4 #db 7,v]oeff5tli*ung5 aus dem ,ko5igli*5 ,museum fu] ,voelk]kunde1 vi4 #b_/d74 ,footnote #bff3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dig2 id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ejc-ejh4 ,! "n ( ! f9al m\rn+ c]emony among ! ,arunta is urpmil*ima4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #aijj71 i4 #dcd sq4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,a4 ,biet1 ,voyage de la ,france ,equ9oxiale en l',isle de ,cay5ne 7,p>is1 #affd71 p4 #cib4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #eje sqq4 ,footnote #bga3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ejf-ejh4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #ecj4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ecj-edc4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,! ,,torres ,,/raits ,,isl&s ,sid5ote3 ,! ,isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i conclud$ my acc\nt ( ! belief 9 immortality & wor%ip ( ! dead1 or r ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* su* a wor%ip might h gr[n1 among ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,to-day we pass to ! consid]ation ( a diff]5t p1 ! isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,z y may "k1 ,torres ,/raits are ! broad *annel :i* divides ,au/ralia on ! s\? f ! great isl& ( ,new ,gu9ea on ! nor?4 ,! small isl&s :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! /rait fall r\ghly into two gr\ps1 a ,we/]n & an ,ea/]n1 ( :i* ! ea/]n is at once ! m isolat$ & ! m f]tile4 ,9 appe>ance1 "*1 & cu/oms ! inhabitants ( all ^! isl&s belong to ! ,papuan family1 :i* inhabits ! we/]n half ( ,new ,gu9ea1 b 9 respect ( language !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! natives ( ! two gr\ps2 = :ile ! spee* ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s is ak9 to t ( ! ,au/ralians1 ! spee* ( ! ,ea/]n ,isl&]s is ak9 to t ( ! ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ^! facts appe>s to be t ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits 7 =m]ly inhabit$ by aborig9es ( ! ,au/ralian family1 & t at a lat] "t !y 7 occupi$ by immigrants f ,new ,gu9ea1 :o adopt$ ! language ( ! aborig9al inhabitants1 b gradually ext+ui%$ ! aborig9al type & "* ei!r by peaceful absorption or by conque/ & ext]m9ation4#bgd ,h5ce ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits =m a transition bo? geographically & e?nographically betwe5 ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia on ! "o side & ! aborig9es ( ,new ,gu9ea on ! o!r side4 ,accord+ly 9 our survey ( ! belief 9 immortality among ! l[] races we may appropriately consid] ! ,isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits imm$iately aft] ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia & be=e we pass onw>d to o!r & m di/ant races4 ,^! ,isl&]s h a special claim on ! att5tion ( a ,cambridge lectur]1 s9ce almo/ all ! exact k we possess ( !m we owe to ! ex]tions ( ,cambridge an?ropologi/s & especially to ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 :o on 8 fir/ visit to ! isl&s 9 #ahhh p]ceiv$ ! urg5t importance ( procur+ an accurate record ( ! old beliefs & cu/oms ( ! natives be=e x 0 too late1 & :o nev] re/$ till t record 0 obta9$1 z x happily has be51 fir/ by 8 own unaid$ rese>*es 9 ! isl&s1 & aft]w>ds by ! unit$ rese>*es ( a b& ( compet5t enquir]s4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( an?ropology ! ,cambridge ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits 9 #ahih w always hold an hon\rable place1 to ! cr$it ( ! ,univ]sity :i* promot$ x & especially to t ( ! zeal\s & devot$ inve/igator :o plann$1 organis$1 & c>ri$ x to a successful conclusion4 ,practically all t ,i %all h to tell y z to ! beliefs & practices ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s is d]iv$ f ! accurate & labori\s rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,haddon & 8 colleagues4 ,sid5ote3 ,social culture ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s4 ,:ile ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits are1 or 7 at ! "t ( _! discov]y1 9 ! condition :i* we call savag]y1 !y /& on a f> high] level ( social & intellectual culture ?an ! rude aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4 ,to indicate r\ghly ! degree ( advance we ne$ only say t1 :]eas ! ,au/ralians are nomadic hunt]s & fi%]s1 entirely ignorant ( agriculture1 & de/itute to a great ext5t n only ( h\ses b ev5 ( clo!s1 ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits live 9 settl$ villages & dilig5tly till ! soil1 rais+ a v>iety ( crops1 su* z yams1 sweet potatoes1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 & tobacco4#bge ,( ! two gr\ps ( isl&s ! ea/]n is ! m f]tile & ! inhabitants are m addict$ to agriculture ?an are ! natives ( ! we/]n isl&s1 :o1 z a consequ5ce ( ! great] b>r5ness ( ! soil1 h to eke out _! subsi/5ce to a consid]able ext5t by fi%+4#bgf ,& !re is o!r evid5ce to %ew t ! ,ea/]n ,isl&]s h atta9$ to a some:at high] /age ( social evolution ?an _! ,we/]n bre?r52#bgg ! m fav\rable natural conditions "u :i* !y live may possibly h contribut$ to raise ! g5]al level ( culture4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ di/9ctions 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! two gr\ps is t1 :]eas a regul> sy/em ( totemism ) its *>act]i/ic features prevails among ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s1 no su* sy/em nor ev5 any v cle> evid5ce ( its =m] exi/5ce is to be f\nd among ! ,ea/]n ,isl&]s1 :e!r x be t !y nev] _h x or1 :at is m likely1 t !y once _h b h lo/ x4#bgh ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human _s aft] dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s f> z reg>ds our imm$iate subject1 ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 a g5]al resemblance may be trac$ betwe5 ! cre$ & cu/oms ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n tribes4 ,bo? ( !m1 l ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 firmly believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human _s aft] dea?1 b unlike ! ,au/ralians !y seem to h no idea t ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ are ev] born aga9 into ! _w2 ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation1 s widespread among ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 appe>s to h no place 9 ! cre$ ( _! ne> neighb\rs ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 ^: dead1 l our own1 ?\gh !y may haunt ! liv+ = a "t1 are ?\ght to dep>t at la/ to a di/ant _s-l& & to return no m4 ,at ! same "t nei!r 9 ! "o gr\p nor 9 ! o!r is !re any cle> evid5ce ( :at may be call$ a wor%ip ( ! dead 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 unless we except ! cults ( c]ta9 m or less my?ical h]oes4 ,on ?is po9t ! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,haddon is def9ite z to ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s4 ,he says3 ,9 no case h ,i obta9$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,isl&s an indication ( any?+ approa*+ a wor%ip ( deceas$ p]sons ance/ral or o!rwise1 ) ! exception ( ! h]oes %ortly to be m5tion$2 nei!r is !re any sugge/ion t _! own ance/ors h be5 9 any way apo!osiz$4#bgi ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( ! gho/s ( ! rec5tly dep>t$4 ,b if ^! savages h n1 ) ! possible exception ( ! cult ( c]ta9 h]oes1 any regul> wor%ip ( ! dead1 !y c]ta9ly h ! g]m out ( :i* su* a wor%ip might be develop$1 & t is a firm belief 9 gho/s & 9 ! mis*ief :i* !y may d to ! liv+4 ,! ^w = a gho/ is m>i 9 ! ,we/ & m> 9 ! ,ea/3 x means also a %ad[ or reflection1#bhj :i* seems to %ew t ^! savages1 l _m o!rs1 h d]iv$ _! notion ( ! human s\l f ! obs]vation ( %ad[s & reflections ca/ by ! body on ! e>? or on wat]4 ,fur!r1 ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s appe> to di/+ui% ! gho/s ( ! rec5tly dep>t$ 7m>i7 f ! spirits ( ^? :o h be5 long] dead1 :i* !y call m>kai2#bha & if we accept ?is di/9ction we may ass]t1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,haddon1 t ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s fe>$ ! gho/s b believ$ 9 ! g5]al fri5dly disposition ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4#bhb ,simil>ly we saw t ! ,au/ralian aborig9es reg>d ) fe> ! gho/s ( ^? :o h j di$1 :ile !y are ei!r indiff]5t to ! spirits ( ^? :o h di$ _m ye>s ago or ev5 look ^u !m z be+s ( high] p[]s ?an _! desc5dants1 :om !y c b5efit 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?is %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! spirits ( ! dead1 accord+ to ! date at :i* !y di$1 is widespread1 p]haps univ]sal among mank9d4 ,h[ev] truly ! dead 7 lov$ 9 _! lifetime1 h[ev] bitt]ly !y 7 m\rn$ at _! dea?1 no soon] h !y pass$ beyond our k5 ?an ! ?\ght ( _! gho/s seems to inspire ! g5]ality ( mank9d ) an in/9ctive fe> & horror1 z if ! "* ( ev5 ! be/ fri5ds & ne>e/ relations und]w5t a radical *ange = ! worse z soon z !y _h %uffl$ (f ! mortal coil4 ,b among savages ?is belief 9 ! moral det]ioration ( gho/s is c]ta9ly mu* m m>k$ ?an among civilis$ races4 ,gho/s are dread$ bo? by ! ,we/]n & ! ,ea/]n tribes ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,?us 9 ,mabuiag1 "o ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s1 ! corpse 0 c>ri$ out ( camp feet =emo/1 else x 0 ?\ght t ! gho/ w\ld return & tr\ble ! survivors4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! body _h be5 laid ^u a /age or plat=m on cle> level gr\nd away f ! dwell+1 ! rema9s ( any food & wat] ( :i* ! deceas$ might h be5 p>tak+ 9 8 la/ mom5ts 7 c>ri$ out & plac$ beside ! corpse le/ ! gho/ %\ld come back to fet* !m = himself1 to ! annoyance & t]ror ( 8 relations4 ,?is is ! reason actually alleg$ by ! natives = :at o!rwise might h be5 int]pret$ z a delicate m>k ( affection & ?\ghtful c>e = ! com=t ( ! dep>t$4 ,if next morn+ ! food 0 f\nd scatt]$1 ! p said t ! gho/ 0 angry & _h ?r[n x ab\t4#bhc ,fur!r1 on ! day ( ! dea? ! m\rn]s w5t into ! g>d5s1 sla%$ at ! t>o1 knock$ d[n coco-nuts1 pull$ up sweet potatoes1 & de/roy$ bananas4 ,we are told t ! food 0 de/roy$ = ! sake ( ! dead man1 x 0 'l good-bye4'#bhd ,we may suspect t ! real motive = ! de/ruction 0 ! same z t = lay+ food & wat] beside ! corpse1 namely1 a wi% to give ! gho/ no excuse = return+ to haunt & pe/] 8 surviv+ relatives4 ,h[ c\ld he h ! he>t to return to ! desolat$ g>d5 :i* 9 8 lifetime x _h be5 8 pride & joy to cultivate8 ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( ! gho/s ( ! rec5tly dep>t$ among ! ,murray ,isl&]s4 ,9 ,murray ,isl&1 also1 :i* belongs to ! ,ea/]n gr\p1 ! gho/ ( a rec5tly deceas$ p]son is mu* dread$2 x is suppos$ to haunt ! neighb\rhood = two or ?ree mon?s1 & ! elaborate fun]al c]emonies :i* ^! savages p]=m appe> to be bas$ on ?is belief & to be int5d$1 9 fact1 to dismiss ! gho/ f ! l& ( ! liv+1 :]e he is a v unwelcome visitor1 to 8 prop] place 9 ! l& ( ! dead4#bhe ,! ,murray ,isl&]s1 says ,dr4 ,haddon1 p]=m z _m z possible ( ! necess>y c]emonies 9 ord] t ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ might n feel slight$1 = o!rwise x 0 sure to br+ tr\ble on ! relatives by caus+ /rong w9ds to de/roy _! g>d5s & break d[n _! h\ses4#bhf ,^! isl&]s /ill believe t a gho/ may feel res5tm5t :5 8 *ildr5 are neglect$ or wrong$1 or :5 8 l&s or goods are appropriat$ by p]sons :o h no claim to !m4 ,& ?is fe> ( ! wra? ( ! gho/1 ,dr4 ,haddon tells u1 no d\bt 9 pa/ times act$ z a :olesome det]r5t on evil-do]s & help$ to keep ! p f crime1 ?\gh n[-a-days !y look r to ! law ?an to gho/s = ! protection ( _! rights & ! av5g+ ( _! wrongs4#bhg ,yet "h1 z 9 s _m places1 x w\ld seem t sup]/ition has prov$ a useful crut* on :i* morality c lean until x is /rong en\gh to walk alone4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! police ! gu>dian%ip ( law & morality may be provisionally entru/$ to gho/s1 :o1 if !y are too fickle & unc]ta9 9 _! temp] to make ideal con/ables1 are at lea/ bett] ?an no?+4 ,) ?is exception x does n appe> t ! moral code ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s d]iv$ any support or sanction f _! religion4 ,no appeal 0 made by !m to totems1 ance/ors1 or h]oes2 no puni%m5t 0 look$ = f ^! qu>t]s = any infr+em5t ( ! rules & re/ra9ts :i* hold society toge!r4#bhh ,sid5ote3 ,! isl& home ( ! dead4 ,! l& ( ! dead to :i* ! gho/s f9ally dep>t is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 a my?ical isl& 9 ! f> we/ or r nor?-we/4 ,! ,we/]n ,isl&]s "n x ,kibu2 ! ,ea/]n ,isl&]s call x ,boigu4 ,! "n ,kibu means sund[n4 ,x is natural en\gh t isl&]s %\ld place ! home ( ! dead 9 "s f> isl& ( ! sea to :i* no canoe ( liv+ m5 has ev] sail$1 & x is equally natural t ! fabul\s isl& %\ld lie to we/w>d :]e ! sun goes d[n2 = x seems to be a common ?\ght t ! s\ls ( ! dead are attract$ by ! great lum9>y1 l mo?s by a c&le1 & foll[ him :5 he s9ks 9 radiant glory into ! sea4 ,to take a s+le example1 9 ! ,m>am di/rict ( ,assam x is =bidd5 to build h\ses fac+ we/w>d1 because t is ! direction 9 :i* ! spirits ( ! dead g to _! long home4#bhi ,b ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s h a special reason1 z ,dr4 ,haddon has well po9t$ out1 = ?9k+ t ! home ( ! dead is away 9 ! nor?-we/2 & ! reason is t 9 ^! latitudes ! trade w9d bl[s /eady & /rong f ! s\?-ea/ = sev5 or eight mon?s ( ! ye>2 s t = ! mo/ "p ! spirits h only to let !mselves g & ! w9d w sweep !m away on its p9ions to _! place ( re/4 ,h[ c\ld ! poor flutt]+ ?+s beat up to w9dw>d 9 ! tee? ( ! bla/8#bij ,sid5ote3 ,elaborate fun]al c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s4 ,! fun]al c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s 7 num]\s & elaborate1 & !y pres5t "s features ( special int]e/4 ,!y succe$$ ea* o!r at int]vals1 sometimes ( mon?s1 & among/ ! ,ea/]n ,isl&]s 9 p>ticul> !re 7 s _m ( !m t1 7 x n t ! bodies ( ! v "y & ! v old 7 treat$ less c]emoni\sly1 ! liv+ w\ld h be5 p]petually occupi$ 9 celebrat+ ! obsequies ( ! dead4#bia ,! obsequies diff]$ some:at f ea* o!r 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 b !y _h two *>act]i/ics 9 common3 fir/1 ! skulls ( ! dead 7 commonly pres]v$ ap>t f ! bodies & 7 consult$ z oracles2 &1 second1 ! gho/s ( ! rec5tly deceas$ 7 repres5t$ 9 dramatic c]emonies by mask$ m51 :o mimick$ ! gait & ge/ures ( ! dep>t$ & 7 ?\ght by ! wom5 & *ildr5 to be ! v gho/s !mselves4 ,b 9 details !re 7 a good _m v>iations betwe5 ! practice ( ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s4 ,we w beg9 ) ! cu/oms ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s4 ,removal & pres]vation ( ! skull4 ,skulls us$ 9 div9ation4 ,:5 a dea? _h tak5 place1 ! corpse 0 c>ri$ out ( ! h\se & set on a /ag+ support$ by f\r =k$ po/s & cov]$ by a ro( ( mats4 ,! (fice ( att5d+ to ! body devolv$ prop]ly on ! bro!rs-9-law 7imi7 ( ! deceas$1 :o1 :ile !y 7 engag$ 9 ! duties ( ! (fice1 bore ! special title ( m>iget or gho/-h&4 ,x des]ves to be notic$ t ^! m5 7 always ( a diff]5t totem f ! deceas$2 = if ! dead p]son 0 a man1 ! m>iget 7 8 wife's bro!rs & !re=e _h ! same totem z ! dead man's wife1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! law ( exogamy1 always diff]$ f ! totem ( h] husb&4 ,& if ! dead p]son 0 a woman1 ! m>iget 7 h] husb&'s bro!rs & !re=e _h 8 totem1 :i* necess>ily diff]$ f h]s4 ,:5 !y _h dis*>g$ ! prelim9>y duties to ! corpse1 ! bro!rs-9-law w5t & in=m$ ! relations & fri5ds4 ,?is !y did n 9 words b by a prescrib$ pantomime4 ,= example1 if ! deceas$ _h _h ! crocodile = 8 totem1 !y imitat$ ! unga9ly gait ( crocodiles waddl+ & re/+1 if ! deceas$ _h ! snake = 8 totem1 !y 9 l mann] mimick$ ! crawl+ ( a snake4 ,! relations !n pa9t$ _! bodies ) :ite coral mud1 cut _! hair1 pla/]$ mud ov] _! heads1 & cut (f _! e> ornam5ts or sev]$ ! di/5d$ lobe ( ! e> z a sign ( m\rn+4 ,!n1 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 !y came out to ! /age :]e ! corpse 0 ly+ & let fly arr[s at ! m5 :o 7 9 att5dance on x1 t is1 at ! bro!rs-9-law ( ! deceas$1 :o w>d$ (f ! %afts z be/ !y c\ld4#bib ,! mean+ ( ?is %am attack on ! m5 :o 7 dis*>g+ ! la/ (fices ( respect to ! dead comes out cle>ly 9 ano!r c]emony :i* 0 p]=m$ "s "t aft]w>ds1 z we %all see pres5tly4 ,= five or six days ! corpse rema9$ on ! plat=m or bi] wat*$ by ! bro!rs-9-law1 :o _h to prev5t c]ta9 l>ge liz>ds f dev\r+ x & to fright5 away any pr[l+ gho/s t might be lur$ to ! spot by ! /5*4 ,aft] ! lapse ( sev]al days ! relations return$ to ! body1 m\rn$1 & beat ! ro( ( ! bi]1 :ile !y rais$ a %\t to drive (f any "p ( ! dead man's _s t might be l+]+ ab\t 8 m\ld]+ rema9s4 ,! reason = do+ s 01 t ! "t _h n[ arriv$ = cutt+ (f ! head ( ! corpse1 & !y ?\ght t ! head w\ld n come (f easily if ! man's _s 7 /ill 9 ! body2 he might reasonably be expect$ to hold on tight to x & n to resign1 )\t a /ruggle1 s valuable a "p ( 8 p]son4 ,:5 ! poor gho/ _h ?us be5 *as$ away ) %\ts & bl[s1 ! pr9cipal bro!r-9-law came =w>d & p]=m$ ! amputation by saw+ (f ! head4 ,hav+ done s1 he usually plac$ x 9 a ne/ ( t]mites or :ite ants 9 ord] t ! insects might pick x clean2 b sometimes = ! same purpose he deposit$ x 9 a creek4 ,:5 x 0 ?or\ghly clean1 ! gr9n+ :ite skull 0 pa9t$ r$ all ov] & plac$ 9 a decorat$ basket4 ,!n foll[$ ! c]emony ( =mally h&+ ov] ?is relic ( ! dead to ! relations4 ,! bro!rs-9-law1 :o _h be5 9 att5dance on ! body1 pa9t$ !mselves black all ov]1 cov]$ _! heads ) leaves1 & walk$ 9 solemn procession1 head$ by ! *ief bro!r-9-law1 :o c>ri$ ! skull 9 ! basket4 ,meantime ! male relatives 7 await+ !m1 seat$ on a l>ge mat 9 ! c]emonial gr\nd1 :ile ! wom5 gr\p$ !mselves 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,z ! procession ( m5 approa*$ be>+ ! skull1 ! m\rn]s %ot arr[s ov] _! heads z a sign ( ang] at !m = hav+ decapitat$ _! relation4 ,b ?is 0 a m]e pret5ce1 probably int5d$ to soo! & flatt] ! angry gho/3 ! arr[s flew ov] ! m5 )\t hurt+ !m4#bic ,simil>ly 9 anci5t ,egypt ! man :o cut op5 a corpse = embalmm5t _h no soon] done 8 (fice ?an he fl$ precipitately1 pursu$ by ! relations ) /ones & curses1 because he _h w\nd$ & mangl$ ! body ( _! k9sman4#bid ,sometimes ! skull 0 made up to resemble ! head ( a liv+ man3 an artificial nose ( wood & beeswax suppli$ ! place ( a nose ( fle%2 pe>l-%ells 7 ins]t$ 9 ! empty eye-balls2 & any tee? t might be miss+ 7 repres5t$ by pieces ( wood1 :ile ! l[] jaw 0 la%$ firmly to ! cranium4#bie ,:e!r ?us decorat$ or n1 ! skulls ( ! dead 7 pres]v$ & us$ 9 div9ation4 ,:5ev] a skull 0 to be ?us consult$1 x 0 fir/ clean$1 repa9t$1 & ei!r ano9t$ ) c]ta9 plants or plac$ ^u !m4 ,!n ! enquir] enjo9$ ! skull to speak ! tru?1 & plac+ x on 8 pill[ at night w5t to sleep4 ,! dream :i* he dream$ t night 0 ! answ] ( ! skull1 :i* spoke ) a clapp]+ noise l t ( tee? *att]+ toge!r4 ,:5 p w5t on voyages1 !y us$ to take a div9+ skull ) !m 9 ! /]n ( ! canoe4#bif ,sid5ote3 ,great dea?-dance ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s4 ,! dead p]sonat$ by mask$ actors4 ,! great fun]al c]emony1 or r dea?-dance1 ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&]s took place 9 ! isl& ( ,pulu4 ,:5 ! "t came = x1 a few m5 w\ld meet & make ! necess>y prep>ations4 ,! c]emony 0 always p]=m$ on ! sacr$ or c]emonial gr\nd 7kwod71 & ! fir/ ?+ to d 0 to enclose ?is gr\nd1 = ! sake ( privacy1 ) a scre5 ( mats hung on a framework ( wood & bamboos4 ,:5 ! scre5 _h be5 erect$1 ! drums :i* 7 to be us$ by ! or*e/ra 7 plac$ 9 position beside x4 ,!n ! relations 7 summon$ to att5d ! p]=mance4 ,! c]emony might be p]=m$ = a numb] ( rec5tly deceas$ p at once1 & x v>i$ 9 importance & elaboration accord+ to ! importance & ! numb] ( ! deceas$ ^: obsequies 7 be+ celebrat$4 ,! *ief diff]5ces 7 9 ! numb] ( ! p]=m]s & ! great] or less display ( sc5ic app>atus4 ,! head-dresses or leafy masks worn by ! actors 9 ! sacr$ drama 7 made secretly 9 ! bu%2 no woman or un9itiat$ man might witness ! op]ation4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 & ! p 7 assembl$1 ! m5 be+ /ation$ 9 front & ! wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! backgr\nd1 ! disguis$ actors appe>$ on ! sc5e & play$ ! "p ( ! dead1 ea* "o ( !m mimick+ ! gait & actions ( ! p>ticul> man or woman :om he p]sonat$2 = all ! p>ts 7 play$ by m51 no woman might act 9 ^! c]emonies4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! v>i\s gho/s 7 to appe> on ! sc5e 0 arrang$ be=eh&2 s t :5 ! actors came =w>d f beh9d ! scre51 ! spectators knew :i* ( ! dead !y 7 suppos$ to h be=e !m4 ,! p]=m]s usually danc$ 9 pairs1 & vani%$ beh9d ! scre5 :5 _! dance 0 f9i%$4 ,?us "o pair w\ld foll[ ano!r till ! play 0 ov]4 ,besides ! actors :o play$ ! s]i\s & solemn "p ( ! dead1 !re 0 usually a cl[n :o skipp$ ab\t & cut cap]s1 tumbl+ d[n & gett+ up aga91 to make ! spectators laugh & s to relieve ! /ra9 on _! emotions1 :i* 7 deeply /irr$ by ?is dance ( dea?4 ,! beat ( ! drums proclaim$ t ! sacr$ drama 0 at an end4 ,!n foll[$ a great fea/1 at :i* special portions ( food 7 assign$ by ! relatives ( ! deceas$ to ! actors :o _h p]sonat$ !m4#big ,sid5ote3 ,int5tion ( ! c]emonies4 ,z to ! int5tion ( ^! curi\s dramatic p]=mances we h no v def9ite in=mation4 ,dr4 ,haddon says3 ,! idea evid5tly 0 to convey to ! m\rn]s ! assurance t ! gho/ 0 alive & t 9 ! p]son ( ! danc] he visit$ 8 fri5ds2 ! assurance ( 8 life aft] dea? com=t$ ! b]eav$ ones4#bih ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al c]emonies obs]v$ by ! ,ea/]n ,isl&]s4 ,! s\l ( ! dead c>ri$ away by a mask$ actor4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits ! fun]al c]emonies seem to h be5 ev5 m num]\s & elaborate4 ,! body 0 at fir/ laid on ! gr\nd on a mat outside ! h\se1 if ! wea!r 7 f9e4 ,!re fri5ds wept & wail$ ov] x1 ! ne>e/ relations1 su* z ! wife & "m1 sitt+ at ! head ( ! corpse4 ,ab\t an h\r aft] ! sun _h set1 ! drumm]s & s+]s arriv$4 ,all night ! drums beat & ! p sang1 b j z ! dawn 0 break+ ! wild music di$ away into sil5ce4 ,! wants ( ! liv+ 7 n[ att5d$ to3 ! assembl$ p breakfa/$ on gre5 coco-nuts2 & !n1 ab\t an h\r aft] sunrise1 !y )drew f ! body & took up a position a little fur!r (f to witness ! next act ( ! drama ( dea?4 ,! drums n[ /ruck up aga9 9 quick] "t to h]ald ! approa* ( an actor1 :o c\ld be he>d1 b n se51 %ak+ 8 rattle 9 ! adjo9+ =e/4 ,fa/] & fa/] beat ! drums1 l\d] & l\d] rose ! s++1 till ! spectators 7 w\nd up to a pit* ( excitem5t bord]+ on fr5zy4 ,!n at la/ a /range figure bur/ f ! =e/ & came skipp+ & po/ur+ t[>ds ! corpse4 ,x 0 ,t]]1 a _s or my?ical be+ :o _h come to fet* ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ & to be> x f> away to its place ( re/ 9 ! isl& beyond ! sea4 ,on 8 head he wore a wrea? ( leaves3 a mask made ( ! mid-ribs ( coco-nut leaves or ( croton leaves hid 8 face3 a long fea!r ( ! :ite t]n nodd$ on 8 br[2 & a mantle ( gre5 coco-nut leaves conceal$ 8 body f ! %\ld]s to ! knees4 ,8 arms 7 pa9t$ r$3 r\nd 8 neck he wore a cresc5t ( pe>l-%ell3 9 8 left h& he c>ri$ a b[ & arr[s1 & 9 8 m\? a piece ( wood1 to :i* 7 affix$ two r+s ( gre5 coco-nut leaf4 ,?us attir$ he skipt =w>ds1 rattl+ a bun* ( nuts 9 8 "r h&1 b5d+ 8 head n[ to "o side & n[ to ano!r1 sway+ 8 body backw>ds & =w>ds1 b always keep+ "t to ! measur$ beat ( ! drums4 ,at la/1 aft] a s]ies ( rapid jumps f "o foot to ! o!r1 he end$ 8 dance1 & turn+ r\nd fl$ away we/w>d along ! bea*4 ,he _h tak5 ! s\l ( ! dead & 0 c>ry+ x away to ! _s-l&4 ,! excitem5t ( ! wom5 n[ rose to ! highe/ pit*4 ,!y scream$ & jump$ f ! gr\nd rais+ _! arms 9 air high above _! heads4 ,%riek+ & wail+ all pursu$ ! retreat+ figure along ! bea*1 ! "m or wid[ ( ! dead man ca/+ h]self aga9 & aga9 pro/rate on ! s& & ?r[+ x 9 h&fuls ov] h] head4 ,among ! pursu]s 0 ano!r mask$ man1 :o repres5t$ ,aukem1 ! "m ( ,t]]4 ,%e1 or r he1 0 dress$ 9 dri$ banana leaves3 long tufts ( grass hung f h] head ov] h] face & %\ld]s2 & 9 h] m\? %e c>ri$ a light$ bundle ( dry coco-nut fibre1 :i* emitt$ cl\ds ( smoke4 ,) an un/eady rickety gait ! beldame hobbl$ aft] h] rapidly retreat+ son1 :o turn$ r\nd f "t to "t1 skipp+ & po/ur+ d]isively z if to taunt h]1 & !n hurry+ away aga9 we/w>d4 ,?us ! two qua9t figures retreat$ fur!r & fur!r1 he 9 front & %e beh9d1 till !y 7 lo/ to view4 ,b /ill ! drums cont9u$ to beat & ! s+]s to *ant _! wild song1 :5 no?+ 0 to be se5 b ! des]t$ bea* ) ! sky & ! drift+ cl\ds above & ! :ite waves break+ on ! /r&4 ,meantime ! two actors 9 ! sacr$ drama made _! way we/w>d till _! progress 0 arre/$ by ! sea4 ,!y plung$ into x & swimm+ we/w>d unloos$ _! leafy envelopes & let !m float away to ! _s-l& 9 ! f> isl& beyond ! roll+ wat]s4 ,b ! m5 !mselves swam back to ! bea*1 resum$ ! dress ( ord9>y mortals1 & quietly m+l$ ) ! assembly ( m\rn]s4#bii ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonation ( gho/s by mask$ m54 ,su* 0 ! fir/ act ( ! drama4 ,! second foll[$ imm$iately ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! actors 9 x 7 tw5ty or ?irty m5 disguis$ z gho/s or spirits ( ! dead 7z]a m>kai74 ,_! bodies 7 black5$ f ! neck to ! ankles1 b ! l[] "p ( _! faces & _! feet 7 dy$ bright r$1 & a r$ triangle 0 pa9t$ on ! front ( _! bodies4 ,!y wore head-dresses ( grass ) long project+ ribs ( coco-nut leaves1 & a long tail ( grass beh9d rea*+ d[n to ! level ( ! knees4 ,9 _! h&s !y held long ribs ( coco-nut leaf4 ,!y 7 prec$$ by a curi\s figure call$ pag]1 a man cov]$ f head to foot ) dry grass & dead banana leaves1 :o sidl$ along ) an un/eady roll+ gait 9 a zigzag c\rse1 keep+ 8 head b[$1 8 r$-pa9t$ h&s clasp$ 9 front ( 8 face1 & 8 elb[s /ick+ out f bo? sides ( 8 body4 ,9 spite ( 8 erratic c\rse & curi\s mode ( progression he drew away f ! troop ( gho/s beh9d him & came on t[>ds ! spectators1 j]k+ 8 head f side to side1 8 h&s %ak+1 & wail+ z he w5t4 ,beh9d him m>*$ ! gho/s1 ) _! h&s cross$ beh9d _! backs & _! faces look+ out to sea4 ,:5 !y drew ne> to ! or*e/ra1 :o 7 s++ & drumm+ away1 !y halt$ & =m$ 9 two l9es fac+ ! spectators4 ,!y n[ all assum$ ! famili> attitude ( a f5c] on gu>d1 "o foot & arm advanc$1 ! o!r foot & arm drawn back1 & lung$ to "r & left z if !y 7 /abb+ some?+ ) ! long ribs ( ! coco-nut leaves :i* !y held 9 _! h&s4 ,?is manoeuvre !y repeat$ sev]al times1 ! or*e/ra play+ all ! "t4 ,!n !y retreat$ into ! =e/1 b only to m>* out aga91 =m 9 l9e1 /& on gu>d1 & lunge aga9 & aga9 at ! invisible foe4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! :ole ( ! second act ( ! drama4 ,no explanation ( x is giv54 ,we c only conjecture t ! b& ( m51 :o seem f _! "n 7z]a m>kai7 to h repres5t$ ! gho/s or spirits ( ! dead1 came to in=m ! liv+ t ! dep>t$ bro!r or si/] _h jo9$ ! majority1 & t any attempt to rescue him or h] w\ld be va94 ,t p]haps 0 ! mean+ ( ! solemn pantomime ( ! l9es ( actors /&+ on gu>d & lung+ aga9 & aga9 t[>ds ! spectators4 ,b ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t ?is is a m]e conjecture ( my own4#cjj ,sid5ote3 ,blood & hair (f]$ to ! dead4 ,be t z x may1 :5 ?is act ( ! drama 0 ov]1 ! m\rn]s took up ! body & ) weep+ & wail+ laid x on a wood5 framework re/+ on f\r po/s at a little di/ance f ! h\se ( ! deceas$4 ,y\?s :o _h lately be5 initiat$1 & girls :o _h atta9$ to pub]ty1 n[ _h ! lobes ( _! e>s cut4 ,! blood /ream$ d[n ov] _! faces & bodies & 0 all[$ to drip on ! feet ( ! corpse z a m>k ( pity or sorr[4#cja ,! o!r relatives cut _! hair & left ! %orn locks 9 a heap "u ! body4 ,blood & hair 7 probably reg>d$ z (f]+s made to ! dep>t$ k9sman or k9swoman4 ,we saw t ! ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 l mann] cut !mselves & all[ ! blood to drip on ! corpse2 & !y also (f] _! hair to ! dead1 cutt+ (f p>ts ( _! be>ds1 s+e+ !m1 & ?r[+ !m on ! corpse4#cjb ,hav+ plac$ ! body on ! /age & deposit$ _! (f]+s ( hair "u x1 ! relatives took "s l>ge yams1 cut !m 9 pieces1 & laid ! pieces beside ! body 9 ord] to s]ve z food = ! gho/1 :o 0 suppos$ to eat x at night4#cjc ,?is notion seems inconsi/5t ) ! belief t ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ _h already be5 c>ri$ (f to ,boigu1 ! isl& ( ! dead2 b consi/5cy 9 su* matt]s is z little to be look$ = among savages z among ourselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,mummification ( ! corpse4 ,:5 ! body _h rema9$ a few days on ! /age 9 ! op5 air1 /eps 7 tak5 to conv]t x into a mummy4 ,= ?is purpose x 0 laid 9 a small canoe mann$ by "s "y p ( ! same sex z ! deceas$4 ,!y paddl$ x across ! lagoon to ! reef & !re rubb$ (f ! sk91 extract$ ! b[els f ! abdom5 & ! bra9 f ! skull1 & hav+ sew$ up ! hole 9 ! abdom5 & ?r[n ! b[els into ! sea1 !y br\ght ! rema9s back to l& & la%$ !m to ! wood5 framework ) /r+1 :ile !y fix$ a small /ick to ! l[] jaw to keep x f droop+4 ,! framework ) its gha/ly burd5 0 fa/5$ v]tically to two po/s beh9d ! h\se1 :]e x 0 conceal$ f public view by a scre5 ( coco-nut leaves4 ,holes 7 prick$ ) an arr[ betwe5 ! f+]s & toes to all[ ! juices ( decomposition to escape1 & a fire 0 k9dl$ & kept burn+ "u ! /age to dry up ! body4#cjd ,sid5ote3 ,g>b ( m\rn]s4 ,cutt+s = ! dead4 ,ab\t t5 days aft] ! dea? a fea/ ( bananas1 yams1 & g]m9at+ coco-nuts 0 p>tak5 ( by ! relations & fri5ds1 & portions 7 di/ribut$ to ! assembl$ company1 :o c>ri$ !m home 9 baskets4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t k9sfolk & fri5ds assum$ ! g>b ( m\rn]s4 ,_! faces & bodies 7 sme>$ ) a mixture ( greyi% e>? & wat]3 ! a%es ( a wood fire 7 /rewn on _! heads2 & fr+es ( sago leaves 7 fa/5$ on _! arms & legs4 ,a wid[ wore besides a special petticoat made ( ! inn] b>k ( ! fig-tree2 ! ends ( x 7 pass$ betwe5 h] legs & tuck$ up be=e & beh9d4 ,%e _h to leave h] hair un%orn dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( h] wid[hood2 & 9 "t x grew into a huge mop ( a light yell[ col\r 9 consequ5ce ( ! a%es ) :i* x 0 sme>$4 ,?is coat+ ( a%es1 z well z ! grey pa9t on h] face & body1 %e 0 expect$ to r5ew f "t to "t4#cje ,x 0 also on ! occasion ( ?is fea/1 on or ab\t ! t5? day aft] dea?1 t "y k9sfolk ( ! deceas$ _h c]ta9 patt]ns cut 9 _! fle% by a %>p %ell4 ,! p]sons s op]at$ on 7 "y adults ( bo? sexes ne>ly relat$ to ! dead man or woman4 ,wom5 g5]ally op]at$ on wom5 & m5 on m54 ,! pati5ts 7 held d[n dur+ ! op]ation1 :i* 0 pa9ful1 & !y sometimes fa9t$ "u x4 ,! patt]ns 7 fir/ drawn on ! sk9 9 r$ pa9t & !n cut 9 ) ! %ell4 ,!y v>i$ a good deal 9 %ape4 ,"s consi/$ ( arrangem5ts ( l9es & scrolls2 a fav\rite "o1 :i* 0 only c>v$ on wom51 repres5t$ a c5tip$e4 ,! blood :i* fl[$ f ! w\nds 0 all[$ to drip on ! corpse1 ?us =m+ a sacrifice or tribute to ! dead4#cjf ,sid5ote3 ,! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,! nocturnal dance4 ,:5 ! body _h rema9$ "s "t1 p]haps f\r or six mon?s1 on ! scaffold1 & ! process ( mummification 0 f> advanc$1 a dance ( dea? 0 held to celebrate ! f9al dep>ture ( ! _s = its long home4 ,sev]al m51 seldom exce$+ f\r 9 numb]1 7 *os5 to act ! "p ( gho/s1 includ+ ! gho/ ( him or h] 9 ^: hon\r ! p]=mance 0 specially held4 ,fur!r1 ab\t a doz5 m5 7 select$ to =m a sort ( *orus2 _! bus9ess 0 to act z int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead1 summon+ up ! %ades1 s]v+ z _! mess5g]s1 & in=m+ ! p ( _! pres5ce4 ,! co/ume ( ! gho/s 0 simple1 consi/+ ( no?+ b a head-dress & %\ld]-b& ( leaves4 ,! *orus1 if we may call !m s1 wore girdles ( leaves r\nd _! wai/s & wrea?s ( leaves on _! heads4 ,:5 d>kness _h fall51 ! fir/ act ( ! drama 0 play$4 ,! *orus /ood 9 l9e opposite ! mummy4 ,beyond !m /ood or sat ! drumm]s1 & beyond !m aga9 ! audi5ce 0 cr[d$ on ! bea*1 ! wom5 /&+ fur!/ f ! mummy & ne>e/ to ! sea4 ,! drumm]s n[ /ruck up1 *ant+ at ! same "t to ! beat ( ! drums4 ,?is 0 ! ov]ture4 ,!n a %rill :i/le 9 ! =e/ ann\nc$ ! approa* ( a gho/4 ,! subdu$ excitem5t among ! spectators1 especially among ! wom51 0 int5se4 ,meantime ! *orus1 hold+ ea* o!r's h&s1 advanc$ sidelong t[>ds ! mummy ) /range ge/ures1 ! holl[ ?ud ( _! feet z !y /amp$ on ! gr\nd be+ suppos$ to be ! tread ( ! gho/s4 ,?us !y advanc$ to ! r$-pa9t$ mummy ) its gr9n+ m\?4 ,beh9d x by ?is "t /ood "o ( ! gho/s1 & betwe5 him & ! *orus a dialogue ensu$4 ,^: gho/ is !re8 call$ out ! *orus2 & a /rid5t voice answ]$ f ! d>kness1 ,! gho/ ( s & s is "h4 ,at t ! *orus retreat$ 9 ! same ord] z !y _h advanc$1 & aga9 ! holl[ ?ud ( _! feet s\nd$ 9 ! e>s ( ! excit$ spectators z ! tramp ( ! dead4 ,on rea*+ ! drumm]s 9 _! retreat ! *orus call$ out "s words ( unc]ta9 mean+1 :i* h be5 int]pret$1 ,_s ( s-&-s1 away at sea1 lov$ little4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! "n ( a dead p]son 0 pron\nc$1 & at ! s\nd ! wom51 ?rill$ ) excitem5t1 leap$ f ! gr\nd1 hold+ _! h&s al(t2 !n hurl$ !mselves prone on ! s&1 ?r[+ x ov] _! heads & wail+4 ,! drums n[ beat fa/] & a wild weird *ant rose into ! air1 !n di$ away & all 0 sil5t1 except p]haps = ! lapp+ ( ! waves on ! s& or ! muffl$ ?und] ( ! surf af> (f on ! b>ri] reef4 ,?us "o gho/ aft] ano!r 0 summon$ f ! du/y dead & vani%$ aga9 into ! d>kness4 ,:5 all _h come & gone1 ! lead] ( ! *orus1 :o kept himself invisible beh9d ! scre5 save = a mom5t :5 he 0 se5 by ! *orus to glide beh9d ! mummy on its /age1 blew a :i/le & in=m$ ! spectators 9 a weird voice t all ! gho/s t _h be5 summon$ t night w\ld appe> be=e !m 9 broad day light on ! morr[4 ,) t ! audi5ce disp]s$4 ,b ! m5 :o _h play$ ! p>ts ( ! gho/s came =w>d & sat d[n ) ! *orus & ! drumm]s on mats beside ! body4 ,!re !y rema9$ s++ to ! beat ( ! drums till ! fir/ fa9t /reaks ( dawn glimm]$ 9 ! ea/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! noonday dance4 ,! gho/s repres5t$ by mask$ actors4 ,next morn+ ! m5 assembl$ beside ! body to inspect ! actors :o 7 to p]sonate ! gho/s1 9 ord] to make sure t !y _h le>n$ _! p>ts well & c\ld mimick to ! life ! figure & gait ( ! p>ticul> dead p]sons :om !y repres5t$4 ,by ! "t t ^! prep>ations 7 complete1 ! morn+ _h worn on to noon4 ,! audi5ce 0 already assembl$ on ! bea* & on ! long /ret* ( s& left by ! ebb+ tide2 = ! h\r ( ! drama 0 always fix$ at l[ wat] s z to all[ ample space = ! spectators to /& at a di/ance f ! play]s1 le/ !y %\ld detect ! features ( ! liv+ "u ! masks ( ! dead4 ,all be+ ready1 ! drumm]s m>*$ 9 & took up _! position j above ! bea*1 fac+ ! audi5ce4 ,! ov]ture hav+ be5 conclud$1 ! fir/ gho/ 0 se5 to glide f ! =e/ & come danc+ t[>ds ! bea*4 ,if he repres5t$ a woman1 8 co/ume 0 m elaborate ?an x _h be5 "u ! %ades ( ev5+ ! night be=e4 ,8 :ole body 0 pa9t$ r$4 ,a petticoat ( leaves encircl$ 8 wai/3 a mask ( leaves1 surm\nt$ by tufts ( cass[>y & pigeon fea!rs1 conceal$ 8 head2 & 9 8 h&s he c>ri$ brooms ( coco-nut palm leaf4 ,if he p]sonat$ a man1 he held a b[ 9 "o h& & an arr[ 9 ! o!r1 & 8 co/ume 0 ! usual dress ( a danc]1 ) ! addition ( a head-dress ( leaves & fea!rs & a diamond-%ap$ ornam5t ( bamboo1 :i* he held 9 8 tee? & :i* entirely conceal$ 8 features4 ,he approa*$ danc+ & mimick+ ! ge/ures ( ! p]son :om he repres5t$4 ,at ! sight ! wom5 wail$1 & ! wid[ w\ld cry out1 ,t's my husb&1 ! "m w\ld cry out1 ,t's my son4 ,!n sudd5ly ! drumm]s w\ld call out1 ,ah6 ,ah6 ,ai6 ,ai6 at :i* ! wom5 w\ld fall to ! gr\nd1 :ile ! danc] retreat$ into ! =e/4 ,9 ?is way "o gho/ aft] ! o!r w\ld make 8 appe>ance1 play 8 "p1 & vani%4 ,occasionally two ( !m w\ld appe> & dance toge!r4 ,! wom5 & *ildr51 we are told1 really believ$ t ! actors 7 ! gho/s ( _! dead k9sfolk4 ,:5 ! fir/ danc] _h ?us danc$ be=e ! p1 he advanc$ ) ! drumm]s t[>ds ! framework on :i* ! mummy 0 /ret*$1 & !re he repeat$ 8 dance be=e x4 ,b ! p 7 n all[$ to witness ?is my/]y2 !y rema9$ wail+ on ! bea*1 = ?is 0 ! mom5t at :i* ! gho/ ( ! dead man or woman 0 suppos$ to be dep>t+ = ev] to ! l& ( %ades4#cjg ,sid5ote3 ,pres]vation ( ! mummy4 ,"s days aft]w>ds ! mummy 0 affix$ to a new framework ( bamboo & c>ri$ into ! hut4 ,9 =m] times ! huts 7 ( a beehive %ape1 & ! framework :i* support$ ! mummy 0 fa/5$ to ! c5tral po/ on :i* ! ro( re/$4 ,! body ?us /ood erect )9 ! h\se4 ,its dri$ sk9 _h be5 pa9t$ r$4 ,! empty orbits ( ! eyes _h be5 fill$ ) pieces ( pe>l-%ell ( ! nautilus to imitate eyes1 two r\nd spots ( black beeswax /&+ = ! pupils4 ,! e>s 7 decorat$ ) %r$s ( ! sago-palm or ) grey se$s4 ,a frontlet ( pe>l-%ell nautilus adorn$ ! head1 & a cresc5t ( pe>l-%ell ! brea/4 ,9 ! d>kness ( ! old-fa%ion$ huts ! body look$ l a liv+ p]son4 ,9 c\rse ( "t x became almo/ completely mummifi$ & z light z if x 7 made ( pap]4 ,sw++ to & fro ) e brea? ( w9d1 x turn$ its gleam+ eyes at ea* movem5t ( ! head4 ,! hut 0 n[ surr\nd$ by po/s & ropes to prev5t ! gho/ f mak+ 8 way into x & tak+ possession ( 8 old body4 ,gho/s 7 suppos$ to appe> only at night1 & x 0 imag9$ t 9 ! d>k !y w\ld /umble aga9/ ! po/s & entangle !mselves 9 ! ropes1 till 9 despair !y desi/$ f ! attempt to p5etrate into ! hut4 ,9 "t ! mummy m\ld]$ away & fell to pieces4 ,if ! deceas$ 0 a male1 ! head 0 remov$ & a wax model ( x made & giv5 to ! bro!r1 :e!r blood or tribal bro!r1 ( ! dead man4 ,! head ?us prep>$ or modell$ 9 wax1 ) eyes ( pe>l-%ell1 0 us$ 9 div9ation4 ,! decay+ rema9s ( ! body 7 tak5 to ! bea* & plac$ on a plat=m support$ by f\r po/s4 ,t 0 _! la/ re/+-place4#cjh ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al summ>y4 ,dramas ( ! dead4 ,to sum up ! =ego+ evid5ce1 we may say t if ! beliefs & practices ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s :i* ,i h describ$ d n am\nt to a wor%ip ( ! dead1 !y conta9 ! elem5ts out ( :i* su* a wor%ip might easily h be5 develop$4 ,! pres]vation ( ! bodies ( ! dead1 or at lea/ _! skulls1 9 ! h\ses1 & ! consultation ( !m z oracles1 prove t ! spirits ( ! dead are suppos$ to possess k :i* may be ( great use to ! liv+2 & ! cu/om sugge/s t 9 o!r c\ntries ! images ( ! gods may p]haps h be5 evolv$ out ( ! mummies ( ! dead4 ,fur!r1 ! dramatic repres5tation ( ! gho/s 9 a s]ies ( /rik+ & impressive p]=mances indicates h[ a sacr$ & 9 "t a secul> drama may else:]e h gr[n out ( a purely religi\s celebration conc]n$ ) ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,9 ?is connexion we are rem9d$ ( ,pr(essor ,ridgeway's !ory t anci5t ,greek trag$y orig9at$ 9 commemorative songs & dances p]=m$ at ! tomb = ! purpose ( pleas+ & propitiat+ ! gho/ ( ! mighty dead4#cji ,yet ! mortu>y dramas ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s c h>dly be adduc$ to support t !ory by analogy s long z we are ignorant ( ! precise significance :i* ! natives !mselves atta*$ to ^! rem>kable p]=mances4 ,!re is no cle> evid5ce t ! dramas 7 act$ = ! amusem5t & gratification ( ! gho/ r ?an = ! edification ( ! spectators4 ,"o important act c]ta9ly repres5t$1 & might well be int5d$ to facilitate1 ! f9al dep>ture ( ! _s ( ! deceas$ to ! l& ( s\ls4 ,b ! means tak5 to effect t dep>ture might be adopt$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! liv+ q z mu* z out ( a t5d] reg>d = ! welf>e ( ! dead1 s9ce ! gho/ ( ! rec5tly dep>t$ is commonly reg>d$ ) fe> & av]sion1 & 8 surviv+ relations resort to _m exp$i5ts = ! purpose ( ridd+ !mselves ( 8 unwelcome pres5ce4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,s4 ,h4 ,ray1 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 iii4 7,cambridge1 #aijg7 pp4 #eji-eaa2 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tyl] 7,ox=d1 #aijg71 p4 #age4 ,footnote #bge3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 iv4 #ib sqq41 #add sqq41 v4 #cdf1 vi4 #bjg sqq4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #bed sq4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #bed sqq4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #cee sq41 vi4 #bea2 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #bha3 ,= au?orities see ! ref]5ces 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #bec4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,id41 p4 #bej4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #bec2 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 l4c4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahb sq42 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #abg4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #bij3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #cee sq41 vi4 #beb4 ,9 ! =m] passage ,dr4 ,haddon seems to id5tify ,boigu ) ! isl& ( t "n (f ! s\? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea2 9 ! latt] he pref]s to reg>d x z my?ical4 ,footnote #bia3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #abg4 ,footnote #bib3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bdh sq4 ,footnote #bic3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bej sq4 ,footnote #bid3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #ia4 ,footnote #bie3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #beh4 ,footnote #bif3 ,id41 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #big3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #beb-bef4 ,footnote #bih3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 v4 #bef4 ,footnote #bii3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #abi-acc4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #acc sq4 ,footnote #cja3 ,id41 pp4 #ace1 #aed4 ,footnote #cjb3 7,sir7 ,george ,grey1 ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions ( ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahda71 ii4 #cce4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #ace4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,op4 cit4 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #cje3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #ach1 #aec1 #aeg sq4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,op4 cit4 pp4 #aed sq4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #aci-ada4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vi4 #adh sq4 ,z to div9ation ) skulls or wax5 models1 see id41 pp4 #bff sqq4 ,footnote #cji3 ,w4 ,ridgeway1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,trag$y1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,greek ,trag$ians 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #bf sqq4 ,,lecture ,,ix ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,briti% ,,new ,,gu9ea ,sid5ote3 ,! two races ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,papuan & ! ,melanesian4 ,9 my la/ lecture ,i dealt ) ! isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits1 & %ew$ t ^! savages firmly believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human s\l aft] dea?1 & t if _! beliefs & cu/oms 9 ?is respect d n always am\nt to an actual wor%ip ( ! dep>t$1 !y conta9 at lea/ ! elem5ts out ( :i* su* a wor%ip might easily be develop$4 ,to-day we pass f ! small isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits to ! va/ neighb\r+ isl&1 almo/ cont95t1 ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! great] "p ( :i* is inhabit$ by a race relat$ by physical type & language to ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 & exhibit+ approximately ! same level ( social & intellectual culture4 ,new ,gu9ea1 r\ghly speak+1 appe>s to be occupi$ by two diff]5t races1 to :i* ! names ( ,papuan & ,melanesian are n[ giv52 & x is to ! ,papuan race1 n to ! ,melanesian1 t ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s are ak94 ,! ,papuans1 a tall1 d>k-sk9n$1 frizzly-hair$ race1 inhabit app>5tly ! great] "p ( ,new ,gu9ea1 includ+ ! :ole ( ! we/]n & c5tral portions ( ! isl&4 ,! ,melanesians1 a small]1 light]-col\r$1 frizzly-hair$ race1 inhabit ! long ea/]n p59sula1 includ+ ! s\!rn coa/ f ab\t ,cape ,possession ea/w>d1#caj & tribes speak+ a ,melanesian language are also settl$ ab\t ,f9s* ,h>b\r & ,huon ,gulf 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4#caa ,^! ,melanesians are mo/ probably immigrants :o h settl$ 9 ,new ,gu9ea f ! nor? & ea/1 :]e ! great *a9 ( isl&s kn[n z ,melanesia /ret*es 9 an imm5se semicircle f ,new ,irel& on ! nor? to ,new ,cal$onia on ! s\?-ea/4 ,! natives ( ?is *a9 ( isl&s or s]ies ( ar*ipelagoes are ! true ,melanesians2 _! k9sm5 9 ,new ,gu9ea h und]gone admixture ) ! ,papuan aborig9es1 & accord+ly %\ld r be call$ ,papuo-,melanesians ?an ,melanesians simply4 ,_! c\ntry appe>s to be :olly compris$ )9 ! limits ( ,briti% & ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea2 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! va/ area ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea is inhabit$ solely by tribes ( ! ,papuan race4 ,9 respect ( mat]ial culture bo? races /& approximately on ! same level3 !y live 9 settl$ villages1 !y practise agriculture1 !y engage 9 comm]ce1 & !y h a fairly develop$ b>b>ic art4 ,?us !y h made "s progress 9 ! direction ( civilisation2 c]ta9ly !y h f> out/ripp$ ! w&]+ savages ( ,au/ralia1 :o subsi/ entirely on ! products ( ! *ase & on ! natural fruits ( ! e>?4 ,sid5ote3 ,scant9ess ( our in=mation z to ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,b al?\gh ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea h n[ be5 "u ! rule ( ,european p[]s1 ,brita91 ,g]many1 & ,holl&1 = _m ye>s1 we un=tunately possess little detail$ in=mation z to _! m5tal & social condition4 ,x is true t ! memb]s ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits visit$ "s p>ts ( ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 & sev]al ye>s lat]1 9 #aijd1 ,dr4 ,seligmann 0 able to devote some:at m "t to ! inve/igation ( ! same region & has giv5 u ! results ( 8 enquiries 9 a valuable book4 ,b ! "t at 8 disposal did n suffice = a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ?is l>ge region2 & accord+ly 8 in=mation1 ek$ out ?\gh x is by t ( ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic mission>ies1 /ill leaves u 9 ! d>k z to mu* :i* we %\ld wi% to "k4 ,among ! natives ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea our in=mation is especially defective 9 reg>d to ! ,papuans1 :o occupy ! great] "p ( ! possession1 includ+ ! :ole ( ! we/]n region2 = ,dr4 ,seligmann's book1 :i* is ! mo/ detail$ & sy/ematic "w yet publi%$ on ! e?nology ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 deals almo/ exclusively ) ! ,melanesian portion ( ! population4 ,accord+ly ,i %all beg9 :at ,i h to say on ?is subject ) ! ,melanesian or r ,papuo-,melanesian tribes ( s\?-ea/]n ,new ,gu9ea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,motu1 _! beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead4 ,among/ ^! p ! be/ kn[n are ! ,motu1 a tribe ( fi%]m5 & pott]s1 :o live 9 & ab\t ,port ,moresby 9 ! ,c5tral ,di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,_! language con=ms to ! ,melanesian type4 ,!y are immigrants1 b ! c\ntry f :i* !y came is unkn[n4#cab ,9 _! op9ion ! spirits ( ! dead dwell 9 a happy l& :]e p>t$ fri5ds meet aga9 & nev] suff] hung]4 ,!y fi%1 hunt1 & plant1 & are j l liv+ m51 except t !y h no noses4 ,:5 !y fir/ arrive 9 ! mansions ( ! ble/1 !y are laid out to dry on a sort ( gridiron ov] a sl[ fire 9 ord] to purge away ! grossness ( ! body & make !m e!real & light1 z spirits %\ld be4 ,yet1 oddly en\gh1 ?\gh !y h no noses !y _c ent] ! realms ( bliss unless _! noses 7 pi]c$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,= ^! savages bore holes 9 _! noses & ins]t ornam5ts1 or :at !y reg>d z su*1 9 ! holes4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ on *ildr5 ab\t ! age ( six ye>s2 & if *ildr5 die be=e x has be5 p]=m$ on !m1 ! p>5ts w bore a hole 9 ! nose ( ! corpse 9 ord] t ! _s ( ! *ild may g to ! happy l&4 ,= if !y omitt$ to d s1 ! poor gho/ w\ld h to h]d ) o!r :ole-nos$ gho/s 9 a bad place call$ ,tageani1 :]e !re is little food to eat & no betelnuts to *ew4 ,! spirits ( ! dead are v p[]ful & visit bad p ) _! displeasure4 ,fam9e & sc>city ( fi% & game are attribut$ to ! ang] ( ! spirits4 ,b !y he>k5 to pray] & appe> to _! fri5ds 9 dreams1 sometimes condesc5d+ to give !m directions = _! guidance 9 "t ( tr\ble4#cac ,sid5ote3 ,! ,koita or ,koitapu4 ,side by side ) ! ,motu live ! ,koita or ,koitapu1 :o appe> to be ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ! c\ntry & to belong to ! ,papuan /ock4 ,_! villages lie scatt]$ = a di/ance ( ab\t =ty miles along ! coa/1 f a po9t ab\t sev5 miles s\?-ea/ ( ,port ,moresby to a po9t on ,r$sc> ,bay to ! nor?-we/ ( t settlem5t4 ,!y live on fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,motu & h int]m>ri$ ) !m = g5]ations4 ,! villages ( ! two tribes are usually built ne> to or ev5 9 direct cont9uity ) ea* o!r4 ,b :ile ! ,motu are ma9ly fi%]s & pott]s1 ! ,koita are ma9ly till]s ( ! soil1 ?\gh !y h le>n$ "s arts or adopt$ "s cu/oms f _! neighb\rs4 ,!y say to ! ,motu1 ,y\rs is ! sea1 ! canoes1 ! nets2 ours ! l& & ! wallaby4 ,give u fi% = our fle%1 & pott]y = our yams & bananas4 ,! ,motu look d[n ^u ! ,koita1 b fe> _! p[] ( sorc]y1 & apply to !m = help 9 sickness & = ! wea!r !y happ5 to require2 = !y imag9e t ! ,koita rule ! elem5ts & c make ra9 or sun%9e1 w9d or calm by _! magic4 ,?us1 z 9 s _m cases1 ! memb]s ( ! immigrant race confess _! inability to und]/& & manage ! gods or spirits ( ! l&1 & h rec\rse 9 "t ( ne$ to ! magic ( ! aborig9al inhabitants4 ,:ile ! ,koita belong to ! ,papuan /ock & speak a ,papuan language1 mo/ ( ! m5 und]/& ! ,motu tongue1 :i* is "o ( ! ,melanesian family4 ,altoge!r ^! two tribes1 ! ,koita & ! ,motu1 may be reg>d$ z typical repres5tatives ( ! mix$ race to :i* ! "n ( ,papuo-,melanesian is n[ giv54#cad ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,koita conc]n+ ! human s\l4 ,! ,koita believe t ! human _s or gho/1 :i* !y call sua1 leaves ! body at dea? & goes away to live ) o!r gho/s on a m\nta9 call$ ,idu4 ,b !y ?9k t ! _s c quit ! body & return to x dur+ life2 x goes away1 = example1 9 dreams1 & if a sleep] %\ld un=tunately wak5 be=e 8 s\l has _h "t to return1 he w probably fall sick4 ,sneez+ is a sign t ! s\l has return$ to ! body1 & if a man does n sneeze = _m weeks toge!r1 8 fri5ds look on x z a grave symptom2 8 s\l1 !y imag9e1 mu/ be a v long way (f4#cae ,moreov]1 a man's s\l may be entic$ f 8 body & deta9$ by a demon or tabu1 z ! ,koita call x4 ,?us1 :5 a man :o has be5 out 9 ! =e/ returns home & %akes ) fev]1 x is assum$ t he has fall5 d[n & be5 robb$ ( 8 s\l by a demon4 ,9 ord] to recov] t priceless possession1 ! suff]] & 8 fri5ds repair to ! exact spot 9 ! =e/ :]e ! suppos$ robb]y 0 p]petrat$4 ,!y take ) !m a long bamboo ) "s valuable ornam5ts ti$ to x1 & two m5 support x horizontally ov] a pot :i* is fill$ ) grass4 ,a light is put to ! grass1 & z x crackles & blazes a numb] ( m5 /&+ r\nd ! pot /rike x ) /ones till x breaks1 :]eat !y all groan4 ,!n ! company returns to ! village1 & ! sick man lies d[n 9 8 h\se ) ! bamboo & its ornam5ts hung ov] him4 ,?is is suppos$ to be all t is ne$$ to effect a p]fect cure2 = ! demon has k9dly accept$ ! s\l ( ! ornam5ts & releas$ ! s\l ( ! suff]]1 :o ought to recov] accord+ly4#caf ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,koita conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,alleg$ communications ) ! dead by means ( m$iums4 ,h[ev]1 at dea? ! s\l goes away = good & all2 at lea/ !re appe>s to be no idea t x w ev] return to life 9 ! =m ( an infant1 z ! s\ls ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian aborig9es are suppos$ to d4 ,all ,koita gho/s live toge!r on ,m\nt ,idu1 & _! life is v l ! "o !y l$ "h on e>?4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 ! good & ! bad1 ! righte\s & ! wick$1 ! /rong & ! weak1 ! "y & ! old2 !y all f>e alike 9 ! _s-l&1 ) "o exception4 ,l ! ,motu1 ! ,koita are 9 ! habit ( bor+ holes 9 _! noses & ins]t+ ornam5ts 9 ! holes2 & !y ?9k t if any p]son 7 s un=tunate z to be buri$ ) 8 nose :ole & entire1 8 gho/ w\ld h to g ab\t 9 ! o!r _w ) a creature l a sl[-worm dep5d+ f 8 no/rils on ei!r side4 ,h5ce1 :5 anybody dies be=e ! op]ation ( nose-bor+ has be5 p]=m$ on him or h]1 ! fri5ds take c>e to bore a hole 9 ! nose ( ! corpse 9 ord] t ! gho/ may n appe> disfigur$ among 8 fell[s 9 dead man's l&4 ,!re ! gho/s dwell 9 h\ses1 cultivate g>d5s1 m>ry wives1 & amuse !mselves j z !y did "h on e>?4 ,!y live a long "t1 b n = ev]2 = !y gr[ weak] & weak] & at la/ die ! second dea?1 nev] to revive aga91 n ev5 z gho/s4 ,! exact l5g? ( "t !y live 9 ! _s-l& has n be5 accurately asc]ta9$2 b !re seems to be a notion t !y survive only s long z _! names & _! memories survive among ! liv+4 ,:5 ^! are utt]ly =gott51 ! poor gho/s cease to exi/4 ,if t is s1 x is obvi\s t ! dead dep5d = _! cont9u$ exi/5ce ^u ! recollection ( ! liv+2 _! names are 9 a s5se _! s\ls1 s t oblivion ( ! "n involves ext9ction ( ! s\l4#cag ,b ?\gh ! spirits ( ! dead g away to live = a "t on ,m\nt ,idu1 !y (t5 return to _! native villages & haunt ! place ( _! dea?4 ,on ^! visits !y %ew little b5evol5ce or lov+k9dness to _! desc5dants4 ,!y puni% any neglect 9 ! p]=mance ( ! fun]al rites & any infr+em5t ( tribal cu/oms1 & ! puni%m5t takes ! =m ( sickness or ( bad luck 9 hunt+ or fi%+4 ,?is dread ( ! gho/ commonly leads ! ,koita to des]t a h\se aft] a dea? & to let x fall into decay2 b sometimes ! wid[1 or 9 r>e cases a bro!r or si/]1 w cont9ue to inhabit ! h\se ( ! deceas$4 ,*ildr5 :o play ne> dwell+s :i* h be5 des]t$ on acc\nt ( dea? may fall sick2 & if p :o are n memb]s ( ! family p>take ( food :i* has be5 hung up 9 su* h\ses1 !y also may sick54 ,x is 9 dreams t ! gho/s usually appe> to ! survivors2 b occasionally !y may be se5 or at lea/ felt by p 9 ! wak+ /ate4 ,"s ye>s ago f\r ,motuan girls p]suad$ _m natives ( ,port ,moresby t !y c\ld evoke ! _s ( a y\? nam$ ,tamasi1 :o _h di$ ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,! "m & o!r sorr[+ relatives ( ! deceas$ paid a high price to ! pr9cipal m$ium1 a "y woman nam$ ,mea1 = an int]view ) ! gho/4 ,! meet+ took place 9 a h\se by night4 ,! relations & fri5ds squatt$ on ! gr\nd 9 expectation2 & sure en\gh ! gho/ pres5t$ himself 9 ! d>kness & w5t r\nd %ak+ h&s mo/ affably ) ! assembl$ company4 ,h[ev]1 a sceptic :o happ5$ to assi/ at ?is spiritual sitt+1 _h ! tem]ity to hold on tight to ! pr(f]$ h& ( ! gho/1 :ile ano!r infidel assi/$ him to obta9 a sight z well z a t\* ( ! vani%$ h& by /rik+ a light4 ,x !n turn$ out t ! suppos$ app>ition 0 no _s b ! m$ium ,mea h]self4 ,%e 0 br\ght be=e a magi/rate1 :o s5t5c$ h] to a %ort t]m ( imprisonm5t & reliev$ h] ( ! prop]ty :i* %e _h amass$ by ! ex]cise ( h] spiritual tal5ts4#cah ,x is h>dly = u1 or at lea/ = "s ( u1 to ca/ /ones at ! ef=ts ( ignorant savages to communicate by means ( su* int]m$i>ies ) _! dep>t$ fri5ds4 ,simil> attempts h be5 made 9 our own c\ntry )9 our lifetime1 & ,i believe t !y are /ill be+ made1 9 p]fect good fai?1 by educat$ ladies & g5tlem51 :o l _! black bre?r5 & si/]s 9 ! fai? are sometimes made ! dupes ( design+ knaves4 ,if ,new ,gu9ea has its ,meas1 ,europe has its ,eusapias4 ,human cr$ulity & vulg> impo/ure are mu* ! same all ! _w ov]4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( ! dead4 ,! fe> ( ! dead is /rongly m>k$ 9 "s fun]al cu/oms :i* are obs]v$ by ! ,roro-speak+ tribes :o occupy a t]ritory at ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,joseph riv] 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4#cai ,:5 a dea? takes place1 ! female relations ( ! deceas$ lac]ate _! skulls1 faces1 brea/s1 bellies1 arms1 & legs ) %>p %ells1 till !y /ream ) blood & fall d[n exhau/$4 ,moreov]1 a fire is k9dl$ on ! grave & kept up almo/ cont9ually = mon?s = ! purpose1 we are told1 ( w>m+ ! gho/4#cbj ,^! att5tions might be int]pret$ z m>ks ( affection r ?an ( fe>2 b 9 o!r cu/oms ( ^! p ! dread ( ! gho/ is unmi/akable4 ,= :5 ! corpse has be5 plac$ 9 ! grave a ne> k9sman /rokes x twice ) a bran* f head to foot 9 ord] to drive away ! dead man's _s2 & 9 ,yule ,isl&1 :5 ! gho/ has ?us be5 bru%$ away f ! body1 he is pursu$ by two m5 br&i%+ /icks & tor*es f ! village to ! edge ( ! =e/1 :]e ) a la/ curse !y hurl ! /icks & tor*es aft] him4#cba ,sid5ote3 ,gho/ ( dead wife fe>$ by wid[]4 ,among ^! p ! visits ( gho/s1 ?\gh frequ5t1 are f> f welcome1 = all gho/s are suppos$ to be mis*iev\s & to take no delight b 9 injur+ ! liv+4 ,h5ce1 = example1 a wid[] 9 m\rn+ goes ab\t ev]y:]e arm$ ) an axe to def5d himself aga9/ ! _s ( 8 dead wife1 :o might play him _m an ill turn if %e caught him def5celess & (f 8 gu>d4 ,& he is subject to _m curi\s re/rictions & has to lead ! life ( an outca/ f society1 app>5tly because p fe> to come into contact ) a man ^: /eps are dogg$ by s dang]\s a _s4#cbb ,?is acc\nt ( ! t]rors ( gho/s we owe to a ,ca?olic mission>y4 ,b accord+ to ! in=mation collect$ by ,dr4 ,seligmann among ^! p ! dread inspir$ by ! s\ls ( ! dead is n s absolute4 ,he tells u1 inde$1 t gho/s are ?\ght to make p ill by /eal+ _! s\ls2 t ! natives fe> to g alone outside ! village 9 ! d>k le/ !y %\ld enc\nt] a spectre2 & t if too _m qu>rels occur among ! wom51 ! spirits ( ! dead may manife/ _! displeasure by visit+ hunt]s & fi%]s ) bad luck1 s t x may be necess>y to conjure _! s\ls out ( ! village4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is said t if ! gho/s ab&on$ a village altoge!r1 ! luck ( ! villag]s w\ld be gone1 & if su* a ?+ is suppos$ to h happ5$1 measures are tak5 to br+ back ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ to ! old home4#cbc ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,mafulu conc]n+ ! dead4 ,inl& f ! ,roro-speak+ tribes1 among ! m\nta9s at ! head ( ! ,/4 ,joseph ,riv]1 !re is a tribe kn[n to _! neighb\rs z ! ,mafulu1 ?\gh !y call !mselves ,mambule4 ,!y speak a ,papuan language1 b _! physical *>act]i/ics are believ$ to indicate a /ra9 ( ,negrito blood4#cbd ,! ,mafulu hold t at dea? ! human _s leaves ! body & becomes a malevol5t gho/4 ,accord+ly !y drive x away ) %\ts4 ,x is suppos$ to g away to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s !re to become1 accord+ to its age1 ei!r a %imm]+ light on ! gr\nd or a l>ge sort ( fungus1 :i* is f\nd only on ! m\nta9s4 ,h5ce natives :o come across su* a %imm]+ light or su* a fungus are c>eful n to tread on x2 mu* less w\ld !y eat ! fungus4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( _! trans=mation into ^! ?+s1 ! gho/s come d[n f ! m\nta9s & pr[l ab\t ! villages & g>d5s seek+ :at !y may dev\r1 & z _! int5tions are always evil _! visits are dread$ by ! p1 :o fill up ! crevices & op5+s1 except ! doors1 ( _! h\ses at night 9 ord] to prev5t ! incursions ( ^! unquiet spirits4 ,:5 a mission /ation 0 f\nd$ 9 _! c\ntry1 ! ,mafulu 7 amaz$ t ! mission>ies %\ld sleep alone 9 rooms ) op5 doors & w9d[s1 ?r\gh :i* ! gho/s might ent]4#cbe ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms ( ! ,mafulu4 ,common p among ! ,mafulu are buri$ 9 %all[ graves 9 ! village1 & pigs are kill$ at ! fun]al = ! purpose ( appeas+ ! gho/4 ,m\rn]s we> necklaces ( /r+ & sme> _! faces1 sometimes also _! bodies1 ) black1 :i* !y r5ew f "t to "t4 ,in/ead ( we>+ a necklace1 a wid[1 wid[]1 or o!r ne> relative may ab/a9 dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+ f eat+ a fav\rite food ( ! deceas$4 ,a woman :o has lo/ a *ild1 especially a fir/-born or de>ly lov$ *ild1 w (t5 amputate ! fir/ jo9t ( "o ( h] f+]s ) an adze2 & %e may repeat ! amputation if %e suff]s ano!r b]eavem5t4 ,a woman has be5 se5 ) ?ree ( h] f+]s mutilat$ 9 ?is fa%ion4#cbf ,! corpses ( *iefs1 _! wives1 & o!r memb]s ( _! families are n buri$ 9 graves b laid 9 rude c(f9s1 :i* are !n deposit$ ei!r on r\gh plat=ms 9 ! village or 9 ! =k ( a species ( fig-tree4 ,?is sort ( tree1 call$ by ! natives gabi1 is specially us$ = su* burials2 "o ( !m has be5 se5 support+ no less ?an six c(f9s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! ,mafulu nev] cut d[n ^! trees1 & 9 seek+ a new site = a village !y w (t5 *oose a place :]e "o ( !m is gr[+4 ,s long z ! corpse ( a *ief is rott+ & /9k+ on ! plat=m or ! tree1 ! village is des]t$ by ! inhabitants2 only two m51 relatives ( ! deceas$1 rema9 beh9d expos$ to ! /5* ( ! decay+ body & ! blood ( ! pigs :i* 7 slaught]$ at ! fun]al fea/4 ,:5 decomposition is complete1 ! p return to ! village4 ,%\ld ! c(f9 fall to ! gr\nd ?r\gh ! decay ( ! plat=m or ! tree on :i* x re/s1 ! p ?r[ away all ! bones except ! skull & ! l>g] bones ( ! arms & legs2 ^! !y bury 9 a %all[ grave "u ! plat=m1 or put 9 a box on a burial tree1 or hang up 9 ! *ief's h\se4#cbg ,sid5ote3 ,use made ( ! skulls & bones at a great fe/ival4 ,! skulls & leg & arm bones ( *iefs1 _! wives1 & o!r memb]s ( _! families1 :i* h ?us be5 pres]v$1 play a prom95t "p 9 ! great fea/s :i* ! inhabitants ( a ,mafulu village celebrate at int]vals ( p]haps fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,great prep>ations are made = su* a celebration4 ,a s]ies ( tall po/s1 "o = ea* h\sehold1 is erect$ 9 ! op5 space :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! two r[s ( ! village h\ses4 ,yams & t>o are fa/5$ to ! upp] p>ts ( ! po/s2 & bel[ !m are hung 9 circles ! skulls & arm & leg bones ( dead *iefs1 _! wives1 & k9sfolk1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,any skulls & bones t rema9 ov] :5 all ! po/s h be5 ?us decorat$ are plac$ on a plat=m1 :i* has ei!r s]v$ = ! ord9>y exposure ( a *ief's corpse or has be5 specially erect$ = ! purpose ( ! fe/ival4 ,at a giv5 mom5t ( ! c]emony ! *ief ( ! clan cuts d[n ! props :i* support ! plat=m1 s t ! skulls & bones roll on ! gr\nd4 ,^! are pick$ up & aft]w>ds di/ribut$1 along ) "s ( ! skulls & bones f ! po/s1 by ! *ief ( ! clan to ! m important ( ! invit$ gue/s1 :o we> !m z ornam5ts on _! arms 9 a great dance4 ,none b c]ta9 ( ! male gue/s take "p 9 ! dance2 ! villag]s !mselves m]ely look on4 ,all ! danc]s are array$ 9 full danc+ co/ume1 includ+ heavy head-dresses ( fea!rs1 & !y c>ry drums & spe>s1 sometimes also clubs or adzes4 ,! dance la/s ! :ole night4 ,:5 x is ov]1 ! skulls & bones are hung up aga9 on ! tall po/s4 ,aft]w>ds ! fruits & vegetables :i* h be5 collect$ 9 l>ge quantities are divid$ among ! gue/s4 ,on a subsequ5t morn+ a l>ge numb] ( pigs are kill$1 & c]ta9 ( ! ho/s take "s ( ! human bones f ! po/s & dip !m 9 ! blood :i* fl[s f ! m\?s ( ! slaught]$ pigs4 ,) ^! blood-/a9$ bones !y next t\* ! skulls & all ! o!r bones on ! po/s1 :i* include all ! skulls & arm & leg bones ( all ! *iefs & memb]s ( _! families & o!r prom95t p]sons :o h be5 buri$ 9 ! village or 9 any o!r village ( ! community s9ce ! la/ great fea/ 0 held4 ,^! relics ( mortality may aft]w>ds be kept 9 ! *ief's h\se1 or hung on a tree1 or simply ?r[n away 9 ! =e/2 b 9 no case are !y ev] aga9 us$ = purposes ( c]emony4 ,! slaught]$ pigs are cut up & ! portions di/ribut$ among ! gue/s1 :o c>ry !m away = consumption 9 _! own villages4#cbh ,sid5ote3 ,trace ( ance/or wor%ip among ! ,mafulu4 ,?is pres]vation ( ! skulls & bones ( *iefs & o!r notables = ye>s1 & ! dipp+ ( !m 9 ! blood ( pigs at a great fe/ival1 mu/ app>5tly be design$ to propitiate or influ5ce 9 "s way ! gho/s ( ! p]sons to :om ! skulls & bones belong$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,b ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! description ( ?is int]e/+ c]emony1 0 n able to detect any o!r cle> indications ( ance/or wor%ip among ! p4#cbi ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( ! dead among ! natives ( ! ,aroma di/rict4 ,h[ev]1 a real wor%ip ( ! dead1 or some?+ approa*+ to x1 is report$ to exi/ among "s ( ! natives ( ! ,aroma di/rict 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,ea* family is said to h a sacr$ place1 :i!r !y c>ry (f]+s = ! spirits ( dead ance/ors1 :om !y t]ribly fe>4 ,sickness 9 ! family1 dea?1 fam9e1 sc>city ( fi%1 & s =?1 are all set d[n to ! ang] ( ^! dreadful be+s1 :o mu/ accord+ly be propitiat$4 ,on c]ta9 occasions ! help ( ! spirits is especially invok$ & _! fav\r woo$ by means ( (f]+s4 ,?us1 :5 a h\se is be+ built & ! c5tral po/ has be5 erect$1 sacrifices ( wallaby1 fi%1 & bananas are pres5t$ to ! s\ls ( ! dead1 & a pray] is put up t !y w be pleas$ to keep ! h\se always full ( food & to prev5t x f fall+ d[n 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,aga91 :5 ! natives beg9 to plant _! g>d5s1 !y fir/ take a bun* ( bananas & sug>-cane & /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 call ov] ! names ( dead memb]s ( ! family1 add+1 ,!re is y\r food1 y\r bananas & sug>-cane2 let our food gr[ well1 & let x be pl5tiful4 ,if x does n gr[ well & pl5tifully1 y all w be full ( %ame1 & s %all we4 ,aga91 be=e ! p set out on a trad+ exp$ition1 !y pres5t food to ! spirits at ! c5tral po/ ( ! h\se & pray !m to g be=e ! trad]s & prep>e ! p1 s t ! trade may be good4 ,once m1 :5 !re is sickness 9 ! family1 a pig is kill$ & its c>case c>ri$ to ! sacr$ place1 :]e ! spirits are ask$ to accept x4 ,s9s1 also1 are confess$1 su* z t p h ga!r$ bananas or coco-nuts )\t (f]+ any ( !m to _! dead ance/ors4 ,9 pres5t+ ! pig !y say1 ,!re is a pig2 accept x1 & remove ! sickness4 ,b if pray]s & sacrifices are va91 & ! pati5t dies1 !n1 :ile ! relatives all /& r\nd ! op5 grave1 ! *ief's si/] or c\s9 calls out 9 a l\d voice3 ,y h be5 angry ) u = ! bananas or ! coco-nuts :i* we h ga!r$1 & 9 y\r ang] y h tak5 away ?is *ild4 ,n[ let x suffice1 & bury y\r ang]4 ,s say+ !y l[] ! body into ! grave & %ovel 9 ! e>? on ! top ( x4 ,! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 on quitt+ _! bodies1 paddle 9 canoes across ! lagoon & g away to ! m\nta9s1 :]e !y live 9 p]fect bliss1 ) no "w to d & no tr\ble to vex !m1 *ew+ betel1 danc+ all night & re/+ all day4#ccj ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hood ,p59sula4 ,! t[n ( ,kalo4 ,betwe5 ! ,aroma ,di/rict 9 ! s\?-ea/ & ,port ,moresby on ! nor?-we/ is situat$ ! ,hood ,p59sula 9 ! ,c5tral ,di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,x is inhabit$ by ! ,bulaa1 ,babaka1 ,kamali1 & ,kalo tribes1 :i* all speak dialects ( "o language4#cca ,! village or t[n ( ,kalo1 built at ! base ( ! p59sula1 close to ! m\? ( ! ,vanigela or ,kemp ,wel* ,riv]1 is said to be ! weal?ie/ village 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,x includes "s magnific5t native h\ses1 all built ov] ! wat] on piles1 "s ( :i* are ?irty feet high4 ,! sight ( ^! great h\ses p]*$ on su* l(ty & massive props is v impressive4 ,9 front ( ea* h\se is a s]ies ( l>ge plat=ms l gigantic /eps4 ,"s ( ! po/s & "u-surfaces ( ! h\ses are c>v$ ) figures ( crocodiles & s =?4 ,! lab\r ( cutt+ ! huge planks = ! floor+ ( ! h\ses & ! plat=ms mu/ be imm5se1 & mu/ h be5 /ill great] 9 ! old days1 :5 ! natives _h only /one tools to "w )4 ,_m ( ! planks are cut out ( ! slab-l buttresses ( tall =e/ trees :i* gr[ inl&4 ,s h>d is ! wood t ! bo>ds are h&$ d[n z heirlooms f fa!r to son1 & ! piles on :i* ! h\ses are built la/ = g5]ations4 ,! inhabitants ( ,kalo possess g>d5s1 :]e ! ri* alluvial soil produces a sup]abundance ( coco-nuts1 bananas1 yams1 sweet potatoes1 & t>o4 ,areca palms also fl\ri% & produce ! betel nuts1 :i* are 9 great dem& = *ew+ ) quick-lime & s con/itute a s\rce ( weal?4 ,comm&+ ! m\? ( ! ,vanigela ,riv]1 ! p ( ,kalo absorb ! trade ) ! int]ior2 & _! mat]ial prosp]ity is said to h r5d]$ !m conceit$ & tr\blesome4#ccb ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead among ! natives ( ! ,hood ,p59sula4 ,seclusion ( ! wid[ or wid[]4 ,! tribes inhabit+ ! ,hood ,p59sula are report$ to h no belief 9 any good _s b an unlimit$ fai? 9 bad spirits1 among/ :om !y include ! s\ls ( _! dead ance/ors4 ,at dea? ! gho/s jo9 _! =efa!rs 9 a subt]ranean region1 :]e !y h spl5did g>d5s1 h\ses1 & s =?4 ,yet n cont5t ) _! life 9 ! und]world1 !y are always on ! wat* to deal out sickness & dea? to _! surviv+ fri5ds & relations1 :o may h ! mis=tune to incur _! displeasure4 ,s ! natives are mo/ c>eful to d no?+ t might (f5d ^! t\*y & dang]\s spirits4 ,l _m o!r savages1 !y d n believe t anybody dies a natural dea?2 !y ?9k t all ! dea?s :i* we %\ld call natural are br\ght ab\t ei!r by an ance/ral gho/ 7palagu7 or by a sorc]] or wit* 7w>a74 ,ev5 :5 a man dies ( snake-bite1 !y detect 9 ! discoloration ( ! body ! w\nds inflict$ ^u him by ! fell art ( ! magician4#ccc ,on ! approa* ( dea? ! h\se ( ! sick man is fill$ by anxi\s relatives & fri5ds1 :o sit ar\nd wat*+ = ! end4 ,:5 x comes1 !re is a trem5d\s outbur/ ( grief4 ,! m5 beat _! faces ) _! cl5*$ fi/s2 ! wom5 te> _! *eeks ) _! nails till ! blood /reams d[n4 ,!y usually bury _! dead 9 graves1 :i* among ! inl& tribes are commonly dug ne> ! h\ses ( ! deceas$4 ,! m>itime tribes1 :o live 9 h\ses built on piles ov] ! wat]1 sometimes int] ! corpse 9 ! =e/4 ,b at o!r times !y place x 9 a canoe1 :i* !y an*or (f ! village4 ,!n1 :5 ! body has dri$ up1 !y lay x on a plat=m 9 a tree4 ,f9ally1 !y collect & clean ! bones1 tie !m 9 a bundle1 & place !m on ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,:5 ! corpse is buri$1 a tempor>y hut is erect$ ov] ! grave1 & 9 x ! wid[ or wid[] lives 9 seclusion = two or ?ree mon?s4 ,dur+ h] seclusion ! wid[ employs h]self 9 fa%ion+ h] wid['s we$s1 :i* consi/ ( a long grass petticoat rea*+ to ! ankles4 ,%e we>s a l>ge head-dress made ( %ells2 h] head is %av$1 & h] body black5$4 ,fur!r1 %e we>s r\nd h] neck ! wai/b& ( h] deceas$ husb& ) 8 l[] jaw-bone atta*$ to x4 ,! co/ume ( a wid[] is some:at simil>1 ?\gh he does n we> a long grass petticoat4 ,in/ead ( x he has a graceful fr+e1 :i* hangs f 8 wai/ half way to ! knees4 ,on 8 head he we>s an elaborate head-dress made ( %ells1 & on 8 arms he has armlets ( ! same mat]ial4 ,8 hair is cut (f & 8 :ole sk9 black5$4 ,r\nd 8 neck is a /r+1 f :i* dep5ds 8 dead wife's petticoat4 ,x is sewn up into small bulk & hangs "u 8 "r arm4 ,:ile ! wid[ or wid[] is liv+ 9 seclusion on ! grave1 he or %e is suppli$ ) food by relations4 ,at sund[n on ! day ( ! burial1 a curi\s c]emony is p]=m$4 ,an old woman or man1 suppos$ to be gift$ ) second-sight1 is s5t =4 ,seat+ h]self at ! foot ( ! grave %e pe]s into ! deep5+ %ad[s "u ! coco-nut palms4 ,at fir/ %e rema9s p]fectly /ill1 :ile ! relations ( ! deceas$ wat* h] ) pa9ful anxiety4 ,soon h] look becomes m pi]c+1 & l[]+ h] head1 :ile %e /ill gazes into ! dep? ( ! =e/1 %e says 9 l[ & solemn tones1 ,i see com+ hi!r ,s-&-,s's gr&fa!r 7m5tion+ ! "n ( ! dead p]son74 ,he says he is glad to welcome 8 gr&son to 8 abode4 ,i see n[ 8 fa!r & 8 own little son also1 :o di$ 9 infancy4 ,gradually1 %e gr[s m & m excit$1 wav+ h] arms & sway+ h] body f side to side4 ,n[ !y come1 %e cries1 ,i c see all our =efa!rs 9 a fa/-ga!r+ cr[d4 ,!y are com+ clos] & yet clos]4 ,make room1 make room = ! spirits ( our dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,by ?is "t %e has work$ h]self up into a fr5zy4 ,%e ?r[s h]self on ! gr\nd1 beat+ h] head ) h] cl5*$ fi/s4 ,foam flies f h] lips1 h] eyes become fix$1 & %e rolls ov] ins5sible4 ,b ! fit la/s only a %ort "t4 ,%e soon comes to h]self2 ! vision is pa/1 & ! vision>y is re/or$ to common life4#ccd ,sid5ote3 ,application ( ! juices ( ! dead to ! p]sons ( ! liv+4 ,"s ( ! inl& tribes ( ?is di/rict h a peculi> way ( dispos+ ( _! dead4 ,a d\ble plat=m ab\t t5 feet high is erect$ ne> ! village4 ,on ! upp] plat=m ! corpse is plac$1 & imm$iately bel[ x ! wid[ or wid[] sleeps on ! l[] plat=m1 all[+ juices ( ! decay+ body to /ream d[n on h] or him4 ,?is application ( ! decompos+ juices ( a corpse to ! p]sons ( ! liv+ is n uncommon among savages2 x appe>s to be a =m ( communion ) ! dead1 ! survivors ?us 9 a mann] id5tify+ !mselves ) _! dep>t$ k9sfolk by absorb+ a portion ( _! bodily sub/ance4 ,among ! tribes 9 "q a wid[] m>ks 8 affection = 8 dead wife by nev] wa%+ himself dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+2 he w\ld n rid himself ( ^? products ( decomposition :i* l9k him1 h[ev] sadly1 ) h] :om he has lo/4 ,e day1 too1 reek+ ) ^! relics ( mortality1 he solemnly /alks ?r\gh ! village4#cce ,sid5ote3 ,precautions tak5 by man-slay]s aga9/ ! gho/s ( _! victims4 ,b !re is a di/9ction betwe5 gho/s4 ,if all ( !m are fe>$1 "s are m dreadful ?an o!rs1 & among/ ! latt] may naturally be reckon$ ! gho/s ( sla9 enemies4 ,accord+ly ! slay] has to obs]ve special precautions to gu>d aga9/ ! angry & v5geful _s ( 8 victim4 ,among/ ^! p1 we are told1 a man :o has tak5 life is held to be impure until he has und]gone c]ta9 c]emonies4 ,z soon z possible aft] ! de$ is done1 he cleanses himself & 8 weapon4 ,!n he repairs to 8 village & seats himself on ! logs ( sacrificial /ag+4 ,no "o approa*es him or takes any notice :atev] ( him4 ,meantime a h\se is made ready1 9 :i* he mu/ live by himself = sev]al days1 wait$ on only by two or ?ree small boys4 ,he may eat no?+ b toa/$ bananas1 & only ! c5tral p>ts ( !m2 ! ends are ?r[n away4 ,on ! ?ird day a small fea/ is prep>$ = him by 8 fri5ds1 :o also provide him ) "s new wai/b&s4 ,next day1 array$ 9 all 8 f9]y & we>+ ! badges :i* m>k him z a homicide1 he sallies =? fully arm$ & p>ades ! village4 ,next day a hunt takes place1 & f ! game captur$ a kang>oo is select$4 ,x is cut op51 & ) its sple5 & liv] ! back ( ! homicide is rubb$4 ,!n he walks solemnly d[n to ! ne>e/ wat] & /&+ /raddle-legs 9 x wa%es himself4 ,all "y untri$ w>riors !n swim betwe5 8 legs1 :i* is suppos$ to imp>t 8 c\rage & /r5g? to !m4 ,next day at e>ly dawn he da%es out ( 8 h\se fully arm$ & calls al\d ! "n ( 8 victim4 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself t he has ?or\ghly sc>$ ! gho/ ( ! dead man1 he returns to 8 h\se4 ,fur!r1 floors are beat5 & fires k9dl$ = ! sake ( driv+ away ! gho/1 le/ he %\ld /ill be l+]+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,a day lat] ! purification ( ! homicide is complete & he is free to ent] 8 wife's h\se1 :i* he might n d be=e4#ccf ,?is acc\nt ( ! purification ( a homicide sugge/s t ! purificatory rites1 :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 simil> cases by _m peoples1 includ+ ! anci5t ,greeks1 are prim>ily int5d$ to free ! slay] f ! dang]\s gho/ ( 8 victim1 :i* haunts him & seeks to take 8 life4 ,su* rites 9 fact appe> design$1 n to re/ore ! homicide to a /ate ( moral innoc5ce1 b m]ely to gu>d him aga9/ a physical dang]2 !y are protective1 n re=matory1 9 "*2 !y are exorcisms1 n purifications 9 ! s5se :i* we atta* to ! ^w4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! c]emonies obs]v$ by manslay]s among _m peoples might be support$ by a l>ge array ( evid5ce2 b to g into ! matt] fully w\ld lead me into a long digression4 ,i h collect$ "s ( ! evid5ce else:]e4#ccg ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead among ! ,massim ( s\?-ea/]n ,new ,gu9ea4 ,hiyoyoa1 ! l& ( ! dead4 ,m\rn]s ba! & %ave _! heads4 ,food deposit$ 9 ! grave4 ,diet>y re/rictions impos$ on m\rn]s4 ,we n[ pass to t bran* ( ! ,papuo-,melanesian race :i* occupies ! extreme s\?-ea/]n "p ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 & to :i* ,dr4 ,seligmann gives ! "n ( ,massim4 ,^! p h be5 obs]v$ m especially at ?ree places1 namely ,b>tle ,bay1 ,wagawaga1 & ,tubetube1 a small isl& ( ! ,eng9e] gr\p ly+ (f ! s\?-ea/]n extremity ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,among !m ! old cu/om 0 to bury ! dead on ! outskirts ( ! hamlet & sometimes )9 a few y>ds ( ! h\ses1 & app>5tly ! rema9s 7 aft]w>ds z a rule left undi/urb$2 !re 0 no g5]al practice ( exhum+ ! bones & deposit+ !m else:]e4#cch ,at ,wagawaga ! "n = ! _s or s\l ( a dead p]son is arugo1 :i* also signifies a man's %ad[ or reflection 9 a glass or 9 wat]2 & ?\gh animals & trees are n suppos$ to h spirits1 _! reflections be> ! same "n arugo4#cci ,! s\ls ( ! dead are believ$ to dep>t to ! l& ( ,hiyoyoa1 :i* is "u ! sea1 ne> ,maiv>a1 at ! head ( ,milne ,bay4 ,! l& ( ! dead1 z usual1 resembles 9 all respects ! l& ( ! liv+1 except t x is day !re :5 x is night at ,wagawaga1 & ! dead speak ( ! upp] _w 9 ! language ( ,milne ,bay in/ead ( 9 t ( ,wagawaga4 ,a c]ta9 be+ call$ ,tumudur]e receives ! gho/s on _! arrival & directs !m :]e to make _! g>d5s4 ,! s\ls ( liv+ m5 & wom5 c j\rney to ! l& ( ! dead & return to e>?2 inde$ ?is happ5s n unfrequ5tly4 ,!re is a man at ,wagawaga :o has (t5 gone ?i!r & come back2 :5ev] he wi%es to make ! j\rney1 he has no?+ to d b to sme> himself ) a magical /uff & to fall asleep1 aft] :i* he soon wakes up 9 ,hiyoyoa4 ,at fir/ ! gho/s :om he met 9 ! o!r _w did n invite him to p>take ( _! food1 because !y knew t if he did s he c\ld n return to ! l& ( ! liv+2 b app>5tly practice has r5d]$ him immune to ! usually fatal effects ( ! food ( ! dead4#cdj ,?\gh ,hiyoyoa1 at ! head ( ,milne ,bay1 lies to ! we/ ( ,wagawaga1 ! dead are buri$ 9 a squatt+ po/ure ) _! faces turn$ to ! ea/1 9 ord] t _! s\ls may dep>t to ! o!r _w4#cda ,imm$iately aft] ! fun]al ! relations :o h tak5 "p 9 ! burial g d[n to ! sea & ba!1 & s d ! wid[ & *ildr5 ( ! deceas$ because !y support$ ! dy+ husb& & fa!r 9 8 extremity4 ,aft] ba?+ 9 ! sea ! wid[ & *ildr5 %ave _! heads4#cdb ,bo? ! ba?+ & ! %av+ are d\btless =ms ( c]emonial purification2 9 o!r words1 !y are design$ to rid ! survivors ( ! ta9t ( dea?1 or p]haps m def9itely to remove ! gho/ f _! p]sons1 to :i* he may be suppos$ to cl+ l a burr4 ,at ,b>tle ,bay ! dead are buri$ on _! sides ) _! heads po9t+ 9 ! direction f :i* ! totem clan ( ! deceas$ is said to h come orig9ally2 & v>i\s k9ds ( food1 ( :i* ! dead man _h p>tak5 9 8 la/ illness1 are deposit$1 along ) "s paltry p]sonal ornam5ts1 9 ! grave4 ,app>5tly ! food is int5d$ to s]ve z provision = ! gho/ on 8 j\rney to ! o!r _w4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! wid[ is =bidd5 to eat ( ! same k9ds ( food ( :i* h] husb& ate dur+ 8 la/ illness1 & ! prohibition is /rictly obs]v$ until aft] ! la/ ( ! fun]al fea/s4#cdc ,! motive ( ! prohibition is n obvi\s2 p]haps x may be a fe> ( attract+ ! gho/ back to e>? ?r\gh ! sav\ry food :i* he lov$ 9 ! body4 ,at ,wagawaga1 aft] ! relatives :o took "p 9 ! burial h ba!d 9 ! sea1 !y cut d[n sev]al ( ! coco-nut trees :i* belong$ to ! deceas$1 leav+ bo? nuts & trees to rot on ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks aft] ! fun]al ^! same relatives may n eat boil$ food1 b only roa/2 !y may n dr9k wat]1 b only ! milk ( "y coco-nuts made hot1 & al?\gh !y may eat yams !y mu/ ab/a9 f bananas & sug>-cane4#cdd ,a man may n eat coco-nuts gr[n 9 8 dead fa!r's hamlet1 nor pigs & areca-nuts f x dur+ ! :ole rema9d] ( 8 life4#cde ,! reasons = ^! diet>y re/rictions are n m5tion$1 b no d\bt ! ab/95ces are bas$ on a fe> ( ! gho/1 or at all ev5ts on a dread ( ! contagion ( dea?1 to :i* all :o _h a %>e 9 ! burial are especially expos$4 ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al cu/oms at ,tubetube4 ,! fire on ! grave4 ,! happy l&4 ,at ,tubetube1 9 l mann]1 imm$iately aft] a fun]al a bro!r ( ! deceas$ cuts d[n two or ?ree ( ! dead man's coco-nut trees4 ,!re1 also1 ! *ildr5 ( ! deceas$ may n eat any coco-nuts f _! fa!r's trees nor ev5 f any trees gr[n 9 8 hamlet2 nay1 !y may n p>take ( any g>d5 produce gr[n 9 ! vic9ity ( ! hamlet2 & simil>ly !y mu/ ab/a9 f ! pork ( all pigs fatt5$ 9 _! dead fa!r's village4 ,b ^! prohibitions d n apply to ! bro!rs1 si/]s1 & o!r relatives ( ! dep>t$4 ,! relations :o h assi/$ at ! burial rema9 at ! grave = five or six days1 be+ f$ by ! bro!rs or o!r ne> k9sfolk ( ! deceas$4 ,!y may n quit ! spot ev5 at night1 & if x ra9s !y huddle into a %elt] built ov] ! grave4 ,dur+ _! vigil at ! tomb !y may n dr9k wat]1 b are all[$ a little heat$ coco-nut milk2 !y are suppos$ to eat only a little yam & o!r vegetable food4#cdf ,on ! day :5 ! body is buri$ a fire is k9dl$ at ! grave & kept burn+ night & day until ! fea/ ( ! dead has be5 held4 ,! reason = hav+ ! fire is t ! _s may be able to get w>m :5 x rises f ! grave4 ,! natives reg>d ! _s z be+ v cold1 ev5 z ! body is :5 ! life has dep>t$ f x1 & )\t ?is ext]nal w>m? provid$ by ! fire x w\ld be unable to und]take ! j\rney to its f9al home4 ,! fea/ = ! dead is celebrat$ :5 ! fle% has decay$1 & 9 "s places ! skull is tak5 f ! grave1 wa%$ & plac$ 9 ! h\se1 be+ buri$ aga9 :5 ! fea/ is ov]4 ,at ,tubetube ?is cu/om ( tak+ ! skull f ! grave is n regul>ly foll[$1 9 "s in/ances x is1 b ! fea/ is always held1 & on ! night ( ! day on :i* ! fea/ takes place1 ! fire1 :i* has be5 9 "s cases kept burn+ = ov] a mon?1 is all[$ to burn out1 z ! _s1 be+ n[ safe & happy 9 ! _s-l&1 has no fur!r ne$ ( x4#cdg ,9 ?is _s-l& et]nal y\? prevails1 !re are no old m5 nor old wom51 b all are 9 ! full vig\r ( ! prime ( life1 or are atta9+ !reto1 & hav+ rea*$ t /age nev] gr[ old]4 ,old m5 & old wom51 :o die z su* on ,tubetube1 r5ew _! y\? 9 ?is happy place1 :]e !re are no m sickness1 no evil spirits1 & no dea?4 ,m>riage1 & giv+ 9 m>riage1 cont9ue2 if a man dies1 8 wid[1 ?\gh %e may h m>ri$ aga91 is at h] dea? re-unit$ to h] fir/ husb& 9 ! _s-l&1 & ! second husb& :5 he arrives has to take "o ( ! wom5 already !re :o may be )\t a mate1 unless he m>ries aga9 be=e 8 dea?1 9 :i* case he w\ld h to wait until 8 wife jo9s him4 ,*ildr5 are born1 & on arriv+ at maturity d n gr[ old]4 ,h\ses are built1 canoes are made b !y are nev] laun*$1 & g>d5s are plant$ & yield abundantly4 ,! spirits ( _! animals1 dogs1 pigs1 etc41 :i* h di$ on ,tubetube1 prec$e & foll[ !m to ! _s-l&4 ,fight+ & /eal+ are unkn[n1 & all are unit$ 9 a common bro!rhood4#cdh ,sid5ote3 ,! names ( ! dead n m5tion$4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ,new ,gu9ea ! fe> ( ! dead is fur!r manife/$ by ! common cu/om ( avoid+ ! m5tion ( _! names4 ,if _! names 7 ^? ( common objects1 ! words are dropp$ f ! language ( ! di/rict s long z ! memory ( ! dep>t$ p]si/s1 & new names are sub/itut$ = !m4 ,= example1 :5 a man nam$ ,b9ama1 :i* means ! hornbill1 di$ at ,wagawaga1 ! "n ( ! bird 0 *ang$ to ambad9a1 :i* means ! pla/]]4#cdi ,9 ?is way _m words are ei!r p]man5tly lo/ or reviv$ ) modifi$ or new mean+s4 ,h5ce ! fe> ( ! dead is "h1 z 9 _m o!r places1 a f]tile s\rce ( *ange 9 language4 ,ano!r indication ( ! t]ror inspir$ by gho/s is ! cu/om ( ab&on+ or de/roy+ ! h\se 9 :i* a dea? has tak5 place2 & ?is cu/om us$ to be obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 cases at ,tubetube & ,wagawaga4#cej ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead 9 ! isl& ( ,kiwai4 ,?us f> ,i h dealt ma9ly ) ! beliefs & practices ( ! ,papuo-,melanesians 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,) reg>d to ! pure ,papuan population 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! possession our in=mation is mu* scanti]4 ,h[ev]1 we le>n t 9 ,kiwai1 a l>ge isl& at ! m\? ( ! ,fly ,riv]1 ! dead are buri$ 9 ! villages & ! gho/s are suppos$ to live 9 ! gr\nd ne> _! decay+ bodies1 b to em]ge f "t to "t into ! upp] air & look ab\t !m1 only1 h[ev]1 to return to _! abode b5ea? ! sod4 ,no?+ is buri$ ) ! corpse2 b a small plat=m is made ov] ! grave1 or /icks are plant$ 9 ! gr\nd along its sides1 & on ^! are plac$ sago1 yams1 bananas1 coco-nuts1 & cook$ crabs & fi%1 all = ! _s ( ! dead to eat4 ,a fire is also k9dl$ beside ! grave & kept up by ! fri5ds = n9e days 9 ord] t ! poor gho/ may n %iv] ) cold at night4 ,^! practices prove n m]ely a belief 9 ! survival ( ! s\l aft] dea? b a desire to make x com=table4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! deceas$ is a man1 8 b[ & arr[s are /uck at ! head ( ! grave2 :5 ! deceas$ is a woman1 h] petticoat is hung ^u a /ick4 ,no d\bt ! weapons & ! g>m5t are int5d$ = ! use ( ! gho/1 :5 he or %e revisits ! upp] air4 ,on ! n9? day aft] ! burial a fea/ is prep>$1 ! drum is beat51 ! con* %ell bl[n1 & ! *ief m\rn] decl>es t no m fires ne$ be light$ & no m food plac$ on ! grave4#cea ,sid5ote3 ,adiri1 ! l& ( ! dead1 & ,sido1 ! fir/ man :o w5t ?i!r4 ,! fe> ( gho/s4 ,accord+ to ! natives ( ,kiwai ! l& ( ! dead is call$ ,adiri or ,woibu4 ,! fir/ man to g ?i!r & to op5 up a road = o!rs to foll[ him1 0 ,sido1 a popul> h]o ab\t :om ! p tell _m tales4 ,b :]eas 9 8 lifetime ,sido 0 an admir$ & b5efic5t be+1 9 8 gho/ly "* he became a mis*iev\s elf :o play$ pranks on su* z he fell 9 )4 ,8 adv5tures aft] dea? furni% ! !me ( _m /ories4 ,h[ev]1 x is mu* to 8 cr$it t1 f9d+ ! l& ( ! dead a b>r5 region )\t vegetation ( any sort1 he1 by an act ( g5]ation1 conv]t$ x into a g>d51 :]e bananas1 yams1 t>o1 coco-nuts & o!r fruits & vegetables grew & rip5$ 9 a s+le night4 ,hav+ ?us f]tilis$ ! l[] region1 he ann\nc$ to ,adiri1 ! "l ( ! subt]ranean realm1 t he 0 ! precursor ( _m m m5 & wom5 :o w\ld desc5d !reaft] into ! _s _w4 ,8 pr$iction has be5 amply fulfill$2 = ev] s9ce !n ev]ybody has gone by ! same road to ! same place4#ceb ,h[ev]1 :5 a p]son dies1 8 or h] _s may l+] = a few days 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its old home be=e sett+ out = ! f> c\ntry4 ,dur+ t "t ! _s may occasionally be se5 by ord9>y p1 & accord+ly ! natives are c>eful n to g out 9 ! d>k = fe> ( com+ bolt on ! gho/2 & !y sometimes adopt o!r precautions aga9/ ! pr[l+ spectre1 :o might o!rwise haunt !m & c>ry !m (f ) him to deadl&4 ,"s classes ( gho/s are p>ticul>ly dread$ on acc\nt ( _! malignity2 su*1 = example1 are ! spirits ( wom5 :o h di$ 9 *ildb$1 & ( p :o h hang$ !mselves or be5 dev\r$ by crocodiles4 ,su* gho/s loit] = a long "t ab\t ! places :]e !y di$1 & !y are v dang]\s1 because !y are = ev] lur+ o!r p to die ! same dea? :i* !y di$ !mselves4 ,yet ano!r troop ( evil gho/s are ! s\ls ( ^? :o 7 behead$ 9 battle2 = !y kill & dev\r p1 & at night y may see ! blood %9+ l fire z x gu%es f ! gap+ ga%es 9 _! ?roats4#cec ,sid5ote3 ,! pa? ( ! gho/s to ,adiri4 ,adiri1 ! l& ( ! dead4 ,! road to ,adiri or deadl& is fairly well kn[n1 & ! p c po9t to _m l&m>ks on x4 ,= example1 9 ! isl& ( ,paho !re is a tree call$ dani1 "u :i* ! dep>t+ spirits sit d[n & weep4 ,:5 !y h cri$ _! fill & rubb$ _! poor te>-b$raggl$ faces ) mud1 !y make little pellets ( clay & ?r[ !m at ! tree1 & anybody c see = himself ! pellets /ick+ to ! bran*es4 ,x is true t ! pellets resemble ! ne/s ( insects1 b ?is resemblance is only =tuit\s4 ,ne> ! tree is a rock+ /one1 :i* ! gho/s set 9 motion1 & ! s\nd t !y make 9 s do+ is l ! muffl$ roll ( a drum4 ,& :ile ! /one rocks to & fro ) a holl[ murmur1 ! gho/s dance1 ! m5 on "o side ( ! /one & ! wom5 on ! o!r4 ,aga9 at ,mabudavane1 :]e ! ,mawata p h g>d5s1 y may sometimes he>1 9 ! /illness ( night1 ! same weird murmur1 :i* indicates ! pres5ce ( a gho/4 ,!n ev]ybody keeps quiet1 ! *ildr5 are hu%$ to sil5ce1 & all li/5 int5tly4 ,! murmur cont9ues = a "t & !n ends abruptly 9 a spla%1 :i* tells ! li/5]s t ! gho/ has leap$ ov] ! muddy creek4 ,fur!r on1 ! spirits come to ,boigu1 :]e !y swim 9 ! wat]hole & (t5 appe> to p 9 _! real %ape4 ,b aft] ,boigu ! track ( ! gho/s is lo/1 or at lea/ has n be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,! _s _w lies some:]e away 9 ! f> we/1 b ! liv+ are n q sure ( ! way to x1 & !y are some:at vague 9 _! acc\nts ( x4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! fate ( ! good & ! fate ( ! bad 9 ! f> c\ntry2 ! dead meet ! fri5ds :o di$ be=e !m2 & p :o come f ! same village probably live toge!r 9 ! same rooms ( ! long h\se ( ! gho/s4 ,h[ev]1 "s native sceptics ev5 d\bt :e!r !re is su* a place z ,adiri at all1 & :e!r dea? may n be ! end ( consci\sness to ! individual4#ced ,sid5ote3 ,appe>ance ( ! dead to ! liv+ 9 dreams4 ,! dead (t5 appe> to ! liv+ 9 dreams1 w>n+ !m ( dang] or furni%+ !m ) useful in=mation ) reg>d to ! cultivation ( _! g>d5s1 ! practice ( wit*craft1 & s on4 ,9 ord] to obta9 advice f 8 dead p>5ts a man w sometimes dig up _! skulls f ! grave & sleep beside !m2 & to make sure ( receiv+ _! prompt att5tion he w n infrequ5tly provide himself ) a cudgel1 ) :i* he ?reat5s to sma% _! skulls if !y d n answ] 8 que/ions4 ,"s p]sons possess a special faculty ( communicat+ ) ! dep>t+ _s ( a p]son :o has j di$4 ,%\ld !y desire to "q x !y w lurk beside ! road :i* gho/s are kn[n to take2 & 9 ord] n to be betray$ by _! smell1 :i* is v p]ceptible to a gho/1 !y w *ew ! leaf or b>k ( a c]ta9 tree & spit ! juice ov] _! bodies4 ,!n ! gho/ _c detect !m1 or r he takes !m to be gho/s l himself1 & accord+ly he may 9 confid5ce imp>t to !m mo/ valuable in=mation1 su* = example z full p>ticul>s ) reg>d to ! real cause ( 8 dea?4 ,?is priceless intellig5ce ! gho/-se] ha/5s to communicate to 8 fell[ tribesm54#cee ,sid5ote3 ,(f]+s to ! dead4 ,:5 a man has j di$ & be5 buri$1 8 surviv+ relatives lay "s ( 8 weapons & ornam5ts1 toge!r ) pres5ts ( food1 ^u 8 grave1 no d\bt = ! use ( ! gho/2 b "s ( ^! ?+s !y aft]w>ds remove & br+ back to ! village1 probably consid]+1 ) ju/ice1 t !y w be m useful to ! liv+ ?an to ! dead4 ,b (f]+s to ! dead may be pres5t$ to !m at o!r places ?an _! tombs4 ,! great p[]1 says ,dr4 ,l&tman1 :i* ! dead repres5t to ! liv+ has giv5 rise to a sort ( simple (f]+ to !m1 almo/ ! only k9d ( (f]+ met ) among ! ,kiwai ,papuans4 ,! natives occasionally lay d[n pres5ts ( food at places to :i* spirits come1 & utt] "s reque/ = assi/ance :i* ! spirits are suppos$ to he>4#cef ,9 su* (f]+s & pray]s we may detect ! elem5ts ( a regul> wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,dreams z a s\rce ( ! belief 9 immortality4 ,) reg>d to ! s\rce ( ^! beliefs among ! ,kiwai p ,dr4 ,l&tman obs]ves t und\bt$ly dreams h l>gely contribut$ 9 supply+ ! natives ) ideas ab\t ,adiri & life aft] dea?4 ,a great numb] ( dreams collect$ by me among ! ,kiwai p tell ( w&]+s to ,adiri or ( meet+s ) spirits ( dead m51 & z dreams are believ$ to describe ! real ?+s :i* ! s\l sees :ile roam+ ab\t outside ! body1 we und]/& t !y mu/ greatly influ5ce ! imag9ation ( ! p4#ceg ,t concludes :at ,i h to say z to ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among ! natives ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 ! foll[+ lectures ,i %all deal ) ! same rudim5t>y aspect ( religion z x is report$ to exi/ among ! aborig9es ( ! va/ regions ( ,g]man & ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea4 ,footnote #caj3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #a sq4 ,footnote #caa3 ,see bel[1 pp4 #bdb1 #bef1 #bfa sq41 #bia4 ,footnote #cab3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,headhunt]s1 ,black1 ,:ite1 & ,br[n 7,london1 #aija71 pp4 #bdi sq4 ,z to ! ,motu & _! ,melanesian or ,polynesian aff9ities1 see ,rev4 ,w4 ,y4 ,turn]1 ,! ,e?nology ( ! ,motu1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vii4 7#ahgh7 pp4 #dgj sqq4 ,footnote #cac3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,*alm]s1 ,pione]+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea 7,london1 #ahhg71 pp4 #afh-agj4 ,comp>e ,rev4 ,w4 ,y4 ,turn]1 ,! ,e?nology ( ! ,motu1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vii4 7#ahgh7 pp4 #dhd sqq42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,lawes1 ,e?nological ,notes on ! ,motu1 ,koitapu & ,koi>i ,tribes ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 viii4 7#ahgi7 pp4 #cgj sq4 ,footnote #cad3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,headhunt]s1 ,black1 ,:ite1 & ,br[n1 pp4 #bdi sq42 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 pp4 #af1 #da4 ,z to ! ,koita 7or ,koitapu7 & ! ,motu1 see fur!r ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,y4 ,turn]1 ,! ,e?nology ( ! ,motu1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vii4 7#ahgh7 pp4 #dgj sqq42 ,rev4 ,w4 ,g4 ,lawes1 ,e?nological ,notes on ! ,motu1 ,koitapu & ,koi>i ,tribes ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 viii4 7#ahgi7 pp4 #cfi sq4 ,footnote #cae3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahi-aia4 ,footnote #caf3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahe sq4 ,footnote #cag3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #cah3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aij-aib4 ,z to ! des]tion ( ! h\se aft] dea?1 see id41 pp4 #hi sq4 ,footnote #cai3 ,! t]ritory ( ! ,roro-speak+ tribes ext5ds f ,kevori1 ea/ ( ,waimatuma 7,cape ,possession71 to ,hiziu 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,galley ,rea*4 ,inl& ( ^! tribes lies a region call$ by !m ,mekeo1 :i* is inhabit$ by two closely relat$ tribes1 ! ,bi(a & ,vee4 ,(f ! coa/ lies ,yule ,isl&1 :i* is commonly call$ ,roro4 ,see ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #aie4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,v4 ,j\et1 ,la ,societe des ,missionaires du ,sacre ,coeur dans les ,vic>iats ,apo/oliques de la ,melanesie et de la ,micronesie 7,iss\dun1 #ahhg71 p4 #cj2 ,fa!r ,guis1 ,les ,canaques3 ,mort-deuil1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxxiv4 7#aijb7 pp4 #ahf1 #bjj4 ,footnote #cba3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgd sq4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,fa!r ,guis1 ,les ,canaques3 ,mort-deuil1 ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxxiv4 7#aijb7 pp4 #bjh sq4 ,see ,psy*e's ,task1 pp4 #ge sq4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 ,! ,mafulu ,m\nta9 ,p ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #b sq41 #big sqq4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdc sq41 #bdf1 #bff-bfi4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bde-bej4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bef-beh1 #bfa-bfc4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abe-aeb4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,r4 ,w4 ,williamson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgj sq4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,j4 ,*alm]s & ,w4 ,wyatt ,gill1 ,"w & ,adv5ture 9 ,new ,gu9ea 7,london1 #ahhe71 pp4 #hd-hf4 ,footnote #cca3 ,r4 ,e4 ,guise1 ,on ! ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,m\? ( ! ,wanigela ,riv]1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxviii4 7#ahii7 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,headhunt]s1 ,black1 ,:ite1 & ,br[n1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,r4 ,e4 ,guise1 op4 cit4 pp4 #baf sq4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,r4 ,e4 ,guise1 op4 cit4 pp4 #baj sq4 ,footnote #cce3 ,r4 ,e4 ,guise1 op4 cit4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,r4 ,e4 ,guise1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bac sq4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,psy*e's ,task1 pp4 #eb sqq42 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #afg sqq4 ,footnote #cch3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 ,! ,melanesians ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #fjg4 ,footnote #cci3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #fee4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fee sq4 ,footnote #cda3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #faj4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #faa4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #faf sq4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann4 op4 cit4 p4 #faa4 ,footnote #cde3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fah sq4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fac sq4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,field ( ,tubetube 7,slade ,isl&71 quot$ by ,george ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ddb sq4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,field1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ddc sq4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fbi-fca4 ,dr4 ,seligmann seems to ?9k t ! cu/om is at pres5t dictat$ by c\rtesy & a reluctance to grieve ! relatives ( ! deceas$2 b ! orig9al motive c h>dly h be5 any o!r ?an a fe> ( ! gho/4 ,footnote #cej3 ,c4 ,g4 ,seligmann1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fca sq4 ,footnote #cea3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,*alm]s1 ,notes on ! ,natives ( ,kiwai ,isl&1 ,fly ,riv]1 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxiii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,g4 ,l&tman1 ,w&]+s ( ! ,dead 9 ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,kiwai-speak+ ,papuans1 ,fe/skrift tillaegnad ,edv>d ,we/]m>ck 7,hels+=s1 #aiab71 pp4 #ei-ff4 ,footnote #cec3 ,g4 ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fg sq4 ,footnote #ced3 ,g4 ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fh-ga4 ,footnote #cee3 ,g4 ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gg sq4 ,footnote #cef3 ,g4 ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gh sq4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,g4 ,l&tman1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga4 ,,lecture ,x ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,g]man ,,new ,,gu9ea ,sid5ote3 ,&rew ,lang4 ,i feel t ,i _c beg9 my second c\rse ( lectures )\t ref]r+ to ! loss :i* ! /udy ( primitive religion has lately su/a9$ by ! dea? ( "o ( my pr$ecessors 9 ?is *air1 "o :o 0 a famili> & an hon\r$ figure 9 ?is place1 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang4 ,:atev] may be ! judgm5t ( po/]ity on 8 !ories--& all our !ories on ^! subjects are z yet m or less t5tative & provisional--!re c be no "q b t by ! *>m ( 8 writ+s1 ! wide range ( 8 k1 ! fre%ness & vig\r ( 8 m9d1 & ! contagi\s en?usiasm :i* he br\ght to be> on :atev] he t\*$1 he 0 a great p[] 9 promot+ ! /udy ( primitive man n 9 ?is c\ntry only1 b :]ev] ! ,engli% language is spok51 & t he won = himself a p]man5t place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce to :i* he devot$ s mu* ( 8 rem>kable gifts & abilities4 ,z he sp5t a "p ( e w9t] 9 ,/4 ,&rews1 ,i _h ?\ght t 9 ! c\rse on :i* ,i ent] to-day ,i might p]haps be hon\r$ by 8 pres5ce at "s ( my lectures4 ,b x 0 n to be4 ,yet a fancy /rikes me to :i* ,i w v5ture to give utt]ance4 ,y may condemn1 b ,i am sure y w n smile at x4 ,x has be5 said ( ,macaulay t if 8 _s ev] revisit$ ! e>?1 x might be expect$ to haunt ! flagg$ walk beside ! *apel 9 ! great c\rt ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 ! walk :i* 9 8 lifetime he lov$ to pace book 9 h&4 ,& if ,&rew ,lang's _s c\ld be se5 flitt+ p5sively any:]e1 w\ld x n be j "h1 9 ! college ( ! sc>let g[n1 9 ! little city worn & grey1 look+ out on ! cold ,nor? ,sea1 ! city :i* he knew & lov$ s well8 ,be t z x may1 8 memory w always be associat$ ) ,/4 ,&rews2 & if ! /ud5ts :o %all 9 future g =? f ?is anci5t univ]sity to c>ry ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross1 if ,i may say s1 on _! bann] 9 ! et]nal w>f>e ) falsehood & error1--if !y _c imitate ,&rew ,lang 9 ! v]satility ( 8 g5ius1 9 ! v>iety ( 8 accompli%m5ts1 9 ! manifold graces ( 8 lit]>y art1 x is to be hop$ t !y w /rive to imitate him 9 qualities :i* are m )9 ! rea* ( u all1 9 8 passionate devotion to k1 9 8 ard5t & unflagg+ pursuit ( tru?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,review ( prec$+ lectures4 ,9 my la/ c\rse ( lectures ,i expla9$ t ,i propos$ to treat ( ! belief 9 immortality f a purely hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,my int5tion is n to discuss ! tru? ( ! belief or to criticise ! gr\nds on :i* x has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,to d s w\ld be to tr5* on ! prov9ce ( ! !ologian & ! philosoph]4 ,i limit myself to ! f> humbl] task ( describ+1 fir/1 ! belief z x has be5 held by "s savage races1 &1 second1 "s ( ! practical consequ5ces :i* ^! primitive peoples h d$uc$ f x = ! conduct ( life1 :e!r ^! consequ5ces take ! %ape ( religi\s rites or moral precepts4 ,n[ 9 su* a survey ( savage cre$ & practice x is conv5i5t to beg9 ) ! l[e/ races ( m5 ab\t :om we h accurate in=mation & to pass f !m gradually to high] & high] races1 because we ?us />t ) ! simple/ =ms ( religion & advance by regul> gradations to m complex =ms1 & we may hope 9 ?is way to r5d] ! c\rse ( religi\s evolution m intelligible ?an if we 7 to />t f ! mo/ highly develop$ religions & to "w our way d[n f !m to ! mo/ embryonic4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is plan ,i comm5c$ my survey ) ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 because among ! races ( man ab\t :om we are well in=m$ ^! savages are commonly &1 ,i believe1 ju/ly suppos$ to /& at ! foot ( ! human scale4 ,hav+ giv5 y "s acc\nt ( _! beliefs & practices conc]n+ ! dead ,i attempt$ to d ! same = ! isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits & next = ! natives ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,!re ,i broke (f1 & to-day ,i %all resume ! ?read ( my disc\rse at ! brok5 end by describ+ ! beliefs & practices conc]n+ ! dead1 z ^! beliefs are ent]ta9$ & ^! practices obs]v$ by ! natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,sid5ote3 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,z y are aw>e1 ! ,g]man t]ritory ( ,new ,gu9ea skirts ! ,briti% t]ritory on ! nor? ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? & comprises r\ghly a qu>t] ( ! :ole isl&1 ! ,briti% & ,g]man possessions mak+ up toge!r ! ea/]n half ( ,new ,gu9ea1 :ile ! we/]n half belongs to ,holl&4 ,sid5ote3 ,in=mation z to ! natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,our in=mation z to ! natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea is v fragm5t>y1 & is conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! tribes ( ! coa/4 ,z to ! inhabitants ( ! int]ior we "k z yet v little4 ,h[ev]1 ,g]man mission>ies & o!rs h describ$ m or less fully ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! natives at v>i\s po9ts ( ?is long coa/1 & ,i %all extract f _! descriptions "s notices ( t p>ticul> aspect ( ! native religion ) :i* 9 ^! lectures we are specially conc]n$4 ,! po9ts on ! coa/ z to :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( e?nographical in=mation is =?com+ are1 to take !m 9 ! ord] f we/ to ea/1 ,b]l9 ,h>b\r1 ,potsdam ,h>b\r1 ,a/rolabe ,bay1 ! ,maclay ,coa/1 ,cape ,k+ ,william1 ,f9s* ,h>b\r1 & ! ,tami ,isl&s 9 ,huon ,gulf4 ,i propose to say some?+ z to ! natives at ea* ( ^! po9ts1 beg9n+ ) ,b]l9 ,h>b\r1 ! mo/ we/]ly ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! isl& ( ,tumleo4 ,b]l9 ,h>b\r is =m$ by a gr\p ( f\r small isl&s1 :i* "h lie (f ! coa/4 ,"o ( ! isl&s be>s ! "n ( ,tumleo or ,tam>a1 & we possess an excell5t acc\nt ( ! natives ( ?is isl& f ! p5 ( a ,ca?olic mission>y1 ,fa!r ,ma?ias ,josef ,erdweg1#ceh :i* ,i %all draw ^u 9 :at foll[s4 ,we h also a pap] by a ,g]man e?nologi/1 ! late ,mr4 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 on ! same subject1#cei b 8 in=mation is 9 "p d]iv$ f ,fa!r ,erdweg & he appe>s to h err$ by apply+ too g5]ally ! /atem5ts :i* ,fa!r ,erdweg /rictly limit$ to ! inhabitants ( ,tumleo4#cfj ,sid5ote3 ,! natives ( ,tumleo1 _! mat]ial & arti/ic culture4 ,! isl& ( ,tumleo lies 9 #adb deg4 #be ( ,ea/ ,longitude & #c deg4 #ae ( ,s\? ,latitude1 & is di/ant ab\t sixty sea-miles f ! we/]nmo/ po9t ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,x is a coral isl&1 surr\nd$ by a b>ri] reef & ris+ = ! mo/ "p only a few feet above ! sea4#cfa ,9 /ature ! natives fall bel[ ! av]age ,european height2 b !y are well f$ & /rongly built4 ,_! col\r v>ies f black to light br[n4 ,_! hair is v frizzly4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 we> x cut %ort2 m5 we> x done up into wigs4 ,!y numb] less ?an ?ree hundr$1 divid$ into f\r villages4 ,! population seems to h decl9$ ?r\gh w>s1 disease1 & infanticide4#cfb ,l ! ,papuans g5]ally1 !y live 9 settl$ villages & engage 9 fi%+1 agriculture1 & comm]ce4 ,! h\ses are solidly built ( wood & are rais$ above ! gr\nd ^u piles1 :i* consi/ ( a h>d & durable timb]1 sometimes iron-wood4#cfc ,! /aple food ( ! p is sago1 :i* !y obta9 f ! sago-palm4 ,^! /ately palms1 ) _! fan-l foliage1 are r>e on ! coral isl& ( ,tumleo1 b gr[ abundantly 9 ! swampy l[l&s ( ! neighb\r+ ma9l&4 ,accord+ly 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 :5 ! sea is calm1 ! natives cross ov] to ! ma9l& 9 _! canoes & obta9 a supply ( sago 9 ex*ange = ! products ( _! isl&4 ,! sago is eat5 9 ! =m bo? ( porridge & ( bread4#cfd ,o!r vegetable foods are furni%$ by sweet potatoes1 t>o1 yams1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 & coco-nuts1 all ( :i* ! natives cultivate4#cfe ,fi%+ is a pr9cipal indu/ry ( ! p2 x is pli$ by bo? sexes & by old & "y1 ) nets1 spe>s1 & b[s & arr[s4#cff ,pott]y is ano!r fl\ri%+ indu/ry4 ,z among _m o!r savages1 x is practis$ only by wom51 b ! m5 take ! pots to m>ket2 = ^! isl&]s d a good bus9ess 9 pots ) ! neighb\r+ tribes4#cfg ,!y build l>ge outrigg] canoes1 :i* sail well be=e ! w9d1 b c h>dly beat up aga9/ x1 be+ heavy to r[4 ,9 ^! canoes ! natives ( ,tumleo make long voyages along ! coa/2 b z ! craft are n v seawor?y !y nev] /& out to sea1 if !y c help x1 b hug ! %ore 9 ord] to run = safety to ! bea* 9 /ormy wea!r4#cfh ,9 reg>d to art ! natives display "s ta/e & skill 9 wood-c>v+4 ,= example1 ! project+ h\se-beams are sometimes c>v$ 9 ! %ape ( crocodiles1 birds1 & grotesque human figures2 & _! canoes1 paddles1 head-re/s1 drums1 drum-/icks1 & vessels are also decorat$ ) c>v+4 ,birds1 fi%1 crocodiles1 foliage1 & scroll-"w are ! usual patt]ns4#cfi ,sid5ote3 ,! temples 7p>aks7 ( ,tumleo4 ,a rem>kable feature 9 ! villages ( ,tumleo & ! neighb\r+ isl&s & ma9l& consi/s ( ! p>aks or temples1 ! high gables ( :i* may be se5 ris+ above ! bu%es 9 all ! villages ( ?is "p ( ! coa/4 ,no su* build+s exi/ else:]e 9 ?is region4 ,!y are set ap>t = ! wor%ip ( c]ta9 gu>dian spirits1 & on !m ! native lavi%es all ! res\rces ( 8 elem5t>y arts ( sculpture & pa9t+4 ,!y are built ( wood 9 two /oreys & rais$ on piles besides4 ,! approa* to "o ( !m is always by "o or two ladd]s provid$ on bo? sides ) h&-rails or bani/]s4 ,^! bani/]s are elaborately decorat$ ) c>v+1 :i* is always ( ! same patt]n4 ,"o bani/] is inv>iably c>v$ 9 ! %ape ( a crocodile hold+ a grotesque human figure 9 its jaws1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! animal's tail is grasp$ by "o or m human figures4 ,! o!r bani/] regul>ly exhibits a r[ ( human or r ape-l effigies seat$ "o beh9d ! o!r1 ea* ( !m re/+ 8 arms on ! %\ld]s ( ! figure 9 front4 ,(t5 !re are sev5 su* figures 9 a r[4 ,! natives are s %y 9 speak+ ( ^! temples t x is difficult to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! curi\s c>v+s by :i* !y are adorn$4 ,mr4 ,p>k9son suppos$ t !y repres5t spirits1 n apes4 ,he tells u t !re are no apes 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! int]ior ( ! temple 7p>ak7 is g5]ally empty4 ,! only ?+s to be se5 9 its two rooms1 ! upp] & l[]1 are bamboo flutes & drums made out ( ! holl[ trunks ( trees4 ,on ^! in/rum5ts m5 conceal$ 9 ! temple disc\rse music 9 ord] to signify ! pres5ce ( ! _s4#cgj ,sid5ote3 ,! ba*elors' h\ses 7alols7 ( ,tumleo4 ,diff]5t f ^! p>aks or temples are ! alols1 :i* are ba*elors' h\ses & c\ncil-h\ses 9 "o4 ,l ! temples1 !y are rais$ above ! gr\nd & approa*$ by a ladd]1 b unlike ! temples !y h only "o /orey4 ,9 !m ! unm>ri$ m5 live & ! m>ri$ m5 meet to take c\nsel & to speak ( ?+s :i* may n be m5tion$ be=e wom54 ,on a small /& or table 9 ea* ( ^! alols or m5's clubh\ses are kept ! skulls ( dead m54 ,& z ! temple 7p>ak7 is devot$ to ! wor%ip ( spirits1 s ! m5's clubh\se 7alol7 is ! place :]e ! dead ance/ors are wor%ipp$4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 may n ent] x1 b x is n reg>d$ ) su* sup]/iti\s fe> z ! temple4 ,! dead are buri$ 9 _! h\ses or beside !m4 ,aft]w>ds ! bones are dug up & ! skulls ( gr[n m5 are deposit$1 along ) "o ( ! leg bones1 on ! /& or table 9 ! m5's clubh\se 7alol74 ,! skulls ( y\?s1 wom51 & *ildr5 are kept 9 ! h\ses :]e !y di$4 ,:5 ! table 9 ! clubh\se is q full ( gr9n+ trophies ( mortality1 ! old skulls are remov$ to make room = ! new ones & are ?r[n away 9 a sort ( *>nel-h\se1 :]e ! o!r bones are deposit$ aft] !y h be5 dug up f ! graves4 ,su* a *>nel-h\se is call$ a tjoll p>u4 ,!re is "o su* place = ! bones ( gr[n m5 & ano!r = ! bones ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,"s bones1 h[ev]1 are kept & us$ z ornam5ts or z means to "w magic )4 ,= ! dead are (t5 invok$1 = example1 to lay ! w9d or = o!r useful purposes2 & at su* invocations ! bones play a "p4#cga ,sid5ote3 ,spirits ( ! dead ?\ght to be ! causes ( sickness & disease4 ,b :ile ! spirits ( ! dead are ?us invit$ to help _! liv+ relations & fri5ds1 !y are also fe>$ z ! causes ( sickness & disease4 ,any s]i\s ailm5t is usually attribut$ to magic or wit*craft1 & ! treatm5t :i* is resort$ to aims r at break+ ! spell :i* has be5 ca/ on ! sick man ?an at cur+ 8 malady by ! application ( physical rem$ies4 ,9 %ort ! rem$y is exorcism r ?an physic4 ,n[ ! en*antm5t "u :i* ! pati5t is suppos$ to be lab\r+ is (t51 ?\gh n always1 ascrib$ to ! malignant arts ( ! spirits ( ! dead1 or ! mos1 z ! natives ( ,tumleo call !m4 ,9 su* a case ! gho/s are ?\ght to be cl++ to ! body ( ! suff]]1 & ! object ( ! m$ical treatm5t is to deta* !m f him & s5d !m f> away4 ,) ?is k9dly int5tion "s m5 w g into ! =e/ & collect a numb] ( h]bs1 includ+ a k9d ( pepp]m9t4 ,^! are ti$ into "o or m bundles accord+ to ! numb] ( ! pati5ts & !n tak5 to ! m5's clubh\se 7alol71 :]e !y are heat$ ov] a fire4 ,!n ! pati5t is br\ght1 & two m5 /rike him lightly ) ! packet ( h]bs on 8 body & legs1 :ile !y utt] an incantation1 invit+ ! ance/ral spirits :o are plagu+ him to leave 8 body & g away1 9 ord] t he may be made :ole4 ,"o su* incantation1 freely translat$1 runs ?us3 ,_s ( ! great-gr&fa!r1 ( ! fa!r1 come out6 ,we give !e coco-nuts1 sago-porridge1 fi%4 ,g away 7f ! sick man74 ,let him be well4 ,d no h>m "h & !re4 ,tell ! p ( ,lem+ 7,o _s7 to give u tobacco4 ,:5 ! waves are /ill1 we pu% (f f ! l&1 sail+ nor?w>d 7to ,tumleo74 ,x is ! "t ( ! nor?-we/ w9d 7:5 ! surf is heavy74 ,may ! bill[s calm d[n 9 ! s\?1 ,o 9 ! s\?1 on ! coa/ ( ,lem+1 t we may sail to ! s\?1 to ,lem+6 ,out !re may ! sea be calm1 t we may pu% (f f ! l& = home6 ,9 ?is incantation a pray] to ! _s ( ! dead to relax 8 hold on ! suff]] appe>s to be curi\sly comb9$ ) a pray] or spell to calm ! sea :5 ! p sail across to ! coa/ ( ,lem+ to fet* a c>go ( tobacco4 ,:5 ! incantation has be5 recit$ & ! pati5t /rok$ ) ! bundle ( h]bs1 "o ( 8 e>s & bo? 8 arm-pits are moi/5$ ) a blood-r$ spittle produc$ by ! *ew+ ( betel-nut1 pepp]1 & lime4 ,!n !y take hold ( 8 f+]s & make ea* ( !m crack1 "o aft] ! o!r1 :ile !y recite "s ( ! words ( ! prec$+ incantation4 ,next ?ree m5 take ea* ( !m a bran* ( ! volju tree1 b5d x into a b[1 & /roke ! sick man f head to foot1 :ile !y recite ano!r incantation1 9 :i* !y comm& ! _s to let ! sick man alone & to g away into ! wat] or ! mud4 ,(t5 :5 a man is s]i\sly ill he w remove f 8 own h\se to ! h\se ( a relation or fri5d1 hop+ t ! _s :o has be5 torm5t+ him w n be able to discov] him at 8 new address4#cgb ,sid5ote3 ,burial & m\rn+ cu/oms 9 ,tumleo4 ,if despite ( all ^! precautions ! pati5t %\ld die1 he or %e is plac$ 9 a wood5 c(f9 & buri$ ) little delay 9 a grave1 :i* is dug ei!r 9 ! h\se or close beside x4 ,! body is sme>$ all ov] ) clay & deck$ ) _m r+s or ornam5ts1 mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are remov$ 9 a _s ( economy be=e ! lid ( ! c(f9 is %ut d[n4 ,sometimes arr[s1 sometimes a rudd]1 sometimes ! bones ( dead relations are buri$ ) ! corpse 9 ! grave4 ,:5 ! grave is dug outside ( ! h\se1 a small hut is erect$ ov] x1 & a fire is kept burn+ on x = a "t4 ,9 ! h\se ( m\rn+ ! wife1 si/]1 or o!r female relative ( ! deceas$ mu/ rema9 /rictly seclud$ = a p]iod :i* v>ies f a few weeks to ?ree mon?s4 ,9 tok5 ( m\rn+ ! wid['s body is sme>$ ) clay1 & f "t to "t %e is he>d to *ant a dirge 9 a :9+1 melan*oly tone4 ,?is seclusion la/s s long z ! gho/ is suppos$ to be /ill on 8 way to ! o!r _w4 ,:5 he has rea*$ 8 de/9ation1 ! fire is suff]$ to die d[n on ! grave1 & 8 wid[ or o!r female relative is free to quit ! h\se & resume h] ord9>y occupations4 ,?r\gh h] long seclusion 9 ! %ade h] sw>?y complexion assumes a light] t9t1 b x soon deep5s aga9 :5 %e is expos$ once m to ! /rong tropical sun%9e4#cgc ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,tumleo p z to ! fate ( ! human s\l aft] dea?4 ,! p ( ,tumleo firmly believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human s\l aft] dea?1 ?\gh _! notions ( ! disembodi$ s\l or mos1 z !y call x1 are vague4 ,!y ?9k t on its dep>ture f ! body ! s\l goes to a place deep "u gr\nd1 :]e !re is a great wat]4 ,ov] t wat] e s\l mu/ pass on a ladd] to rea* ! abode ( bliss4 ,! ladd] is 9 ! keep+ ( a _s call$ ,su as9 tjak9 or ! ,great ,evil1 :o takes toll ( ! gho/s be=e he lets !m use 8 ladd]4 ,h5ce an e>-r+ & a bracelet are deposit$ ) e corpse 9 ! grave 9 ord] t ! dead man may h :]e)al to pay ! toll to ! _s at ! great wat]4 ,:5 ! gho/ arrives at ! place ( passage & begs = ! use ( ! ladd]1 ! _s asks him1 ,%all ,i get my bracelet if ,i let y pass8 ,if he receives x & happ5s to be 9 a good hum\r1 he w let ! gho/ scramble across ! ladd] to ! fur!r %ore4 ,b woe to ! /+y gho/1 :o %\ld try to sneak across ! ladd] )\t pay+ toll4 ,! gho/ly tollkeep] detects ! fraud 9 an in/ant & ro>s out1 ,s y w\ld *eat me ( my dues8 ,y %all pay = t4 ,s say+ he tips ! ladd] up1 & d[n falls ! gho/ plump into ! deep wat] & is dr[n$4 ,b ! hone/ gho/1 :o has paid 8 way l a man & arriv$ on ! fur!r %ore1 is met by two o!r gho/s :o f]ry him 9 a canoe across to ,sisano1 :i* is a place on ! ma9l& a good _m miles to ! nor? ( ,tumleo4 ,a great riv] fl[s !re & 9 ! riv] are ?ree cities ( ! dead1 9 "o ( :i* ! newly arriv$ gho/ takes up 8 abode4 ,!n x is t ! fire on 8 grave is all[$ to g out & 8 wid[ may m+le ) h] fell[s aga94 ,h[ev]1 ! gho/s are n /rictly conf9$ to ! _s-l&4 ,!y c come back to e>? & roam ab\t work+ good or evil = ! liv+ & especially = _! fri5ds & relations4#cgd ,sid5ote3 ,monum5ts to ! dead 9 ,tumleo4 ,dis9t]m5t ( ! bones4 ,x is p]haps ?is belief n only 9 ! exi/5ce b 9 ! return ( ! spirits ( ! dead :i* induces ! survivors to erect monum5ts or memorials to !m4 ,9 ,tumleo ^! monum5ts consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( "y trees1 :i* are cut d[n1 /ripp$ ( _! leaves1 & set up 9 ! gr\nd beside ! h\se ( ! deceas$4 ,! bran*es ( su* a memorial tree are hung ) fruits1 coco-nuts1 lo9-clo?s1 pots1 & p]sonal ornam5ts1 all ( :i* we may suppose are int5d$ = ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( ! gho/ :5 he returns f deadl& to pay 8 fri5ds a visit4#cge ,b ! rema9s ( ! dead are n all[$ to re/ quietly 9 ! grave = ev]4 ,aft] two or ?ree ye>s !y are dug up ) mu* c]emony at ! po9t ( noon1 :5 ! sun is high ov]head4 ,! skull ( ! deceas$1 if he 0 a man1 is !n deposit$1 z we saw1 ) "o ( ! ?igh bones 9 ! m5's clubh\se1 :ile ( ! rema9+ bones "s are kept by ! relations & ! o!rs ?r[n away 9 a *>nel-h\se4 ,among ! relics :i* ! relations pres]ve are ! l[] arm bones1 ! %\ld]-blades1 ! ribs1 & ! v]tebra4 ,! v]tebra is (t5 fa/5$ to a bracelet2 a c\ple ( ribs are conv]t$ into a necklace2 & ! %\ld]-blades are us$ to decorate baskets4 ,! l[] arm bones are g5]ally /rung on a cord1 :i* is worn on solemn occasions r\nd ! neck s t ! bones hang d[n beh9d4 ,!y are especially worn ?us 9 w>1 & !y are made use ( also :5 _! own] desires to obta9 a fav\rable w9d = a voyage4 ,no d\bt1 ?\gh ?is is n expressly affirm$1 ! _s ( ! dep>t$ is suppos$ to rema9 atta*$ 9 "s fa%ion to 8 bones & s to help ! possessor ( ^! relics 9 "t ( ne$4 ,:5 ! bones h be5 dug up & dispos$ ( ) all due c]emony1 sev]al m5 :o 7 fri5ds or relations ( ! deceas$ mu/ keep wat* & w>d = "s days 9 ! m5's clubh\se1 :]e 8 gr9n+ skull n[ /&s amid simil> trophies ( mortality on a table or %elf4 ,!y may n quit ! build+ except 9 case ( necessity1 & !y mu/ always speak 9 a :isp] = fe> ( di/urb+ ! gho/1 :o is v naturally lurk+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 skull4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( ^! re/rictions ! wat*]s enjoy !mselves2 = baskets ( sago & fi% are provid$ abundantly = _! consumption1 & if _! tongues are idle _! jaws are v busy4#cgf ,sid5ote3 ,propitiation ( ! s\ls ( ! dead & o!r spirits4 ,! p ?9k t if !y /& on a good foot+ ) ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ & ) o!r spirits1 ^! p[]ful be+s w br+ !m good luck 9 trade & on _! voyages4 ,n[ ! "t :5 trade is lively & ! calm sea is dott$ ) canoes ply+ f isl& to isl& or f isl& to ma9l&1 is ! season :5 ! g5tle s\?-ea/ monsoon is bl[+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! waves run high "u ! bla/ ( ! /rong nor?-we/ monsoon1 ! sea is almo/ des]t$ & ! p /ay at home2#cgg ! season is to ^! tropical isl&]s :at w9t] is to ! inhabitants ( nor!rn latitudes4 ,accord+ly x is :5 ! w9d is %ift+ r\nd f ! /ormy nor?-we/ to ! balmy s\?-ea/ t ! natives set !mselves p>ticul>ly to w9 ! fav\r ( gho/s & spirits1 & ?is !y d by repair+ ! temples & clubh\ses 9 :i* ! spirits & gho/s are believ$ to dwell1 & by clean+ & tidy+ up ! op5 spaces ar\nd !m4 ,^! repairs are ! occasion ( a fe/ival accompani$ by dances & games4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! fe/ive day ! %rill notes ( ! flutes & ! holl[ rub-a-dub ( ! drums are he>d to proce$ f ! int]ior ( ! temple1 proclaim+ ! arrival ( ! gu>dian _s & 8 desire to p>take ( fi% & sago4 ,s ! m5 assemble & ! fea/ is held 9 ! ev5+4 ,fe/ivals are also held bo? 9 ! temples & 9 ! m5's clubh\ses on ! occasion ( a successful hunt or fi%+4 ,out ( gratitude = ! help v\*saf$ !m by ! ance/ral spirits1 ! hunt]s or fi%]s br+ ! l>g] game or fi% to ! temples or clubh\ses & eat !m !re2 & !n hang up "s p>ts ( ! animals or fi%1 su* z ! skeletons1 ! jawbones ( pigs1 or ! %ells ( turtles1 9 ! clubh\ses z a fur!r m>k ( homage to ! spirits ( ! dead4#cgh ,sid5ote3 ,gu>dian spirits 7tapum7 9 ,tumleo4 ,s f> z appe>s1 ! spirits :o dwell 9 ! temples are n suppos$ to be ance/ors4 ,fa!r ,erdweg describes !m z gu>dian spirits or goddesses1 = !y are all ( ! female sex4 ,e village has sev]al ( !m2 inde$ 9 ! village ( ,sapi almo/ e family has its own gu>dian _s4 ,! "n = ^! gu>dian spirits is tapum1 :i* seems to be cle>ly connect$ ) ! n[ famili> ^w tapu or taboo1 9 ! s5se ( sacr$1 :i* is univ]sally und]/ood 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,on ! :ole ! tapum are k9dly & b5efic5t spirits1 :o br+ good luck to su* z hon\r !m4 ,a hunt] or a fi%]man ascribes 8 success 9 ! *ase or 9 fi%+ to ! protection ( 8 gu>dian _s2 & :5 he is away f home trad+ = sago & o!r necess>ies ( life1 x is 8 gu>dian _s :o gives him fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ! =eign]s ) :om he is deal+4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?\gh ^! gu>dian spirits are all female1 !y h no lik+ = wom5 & *ildr54 ,inde$1 no woman or *ild may set foot 9 a temple1 or ev5 loit] 9 ! op5 space 9 front ( x4 ,& at ! *ief fe/ivals1 :5 ! temples are be+ repair$1 all ! wom5 & *ildr5 mu/ quit ! village till ! ev5+ %ad[s h fall5 & ! banquet ( _! husb&s1 fa!rs1 & bro!rs at ! temple is ov]4#cgi ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we conclude t a belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! spirits ( ! dead1 & 9 _! p[] to help or h>m _! desc5dants1 plays a consid]able "p 9 ! life ( ! ,papuans ( ,tumleo4 ,:e!r ! gu>dian spirits or goddesses1 :o are wor%ipp$ 9 ! temples1 7 orig9ally conceiv$ z ance/ral spirits or n1 mu/ be left an op5 "q = ! pres5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,monumbo ( ,potsdam ,h>b\r4 ,pass+ ea/w>d f ,tumleo along ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea we come to ,monumbo or ,potsdam ,h>b\r1 situat$ ab\t ! #ade? degree ( ,ea/ ,longitude4 ,! ,monumbo are a ,papuan tribe numb]+ ab\t f\r hundr$ s\ls1 :o inhabit twelve small villages close to ! sea%ore4 ,_! t]ritory is a n>r[ b f]tile /rip ( c\ntry1 well wat]$ & cov]$ ) luxuriant vegetation1 ly+ betwe5 ! sea & a range ( hills4 ,! bay is %elt]$ by an isl& f ! op5 sea1 & ! natives c paddle _! canoes on its calm wat] 9 almo/ any wea!r4 ,! villages1 emb[]$ on ! l&w>d side 9 groves ( trees ( _m useful sorts & scre5$ 9 front by r[s ( /ately coco-nut palms1 are compos$ ( l>ge h\ses solidly built ( timb] & are kept v clean & tidy4 ,! ,monumbo are a /rongly-built p1 ( ! av]age ,european height1 ) :at is describ$ z a rem>kably ,semitic type ( features4 ,! m5 we> _! hair plait$ ab\t a long tube1 decorat$ ) %ells & dogs' tee?1 :i* /icks out /iffly f ! head4 ,! wom5 we> _! hair 9 a sort ( mop1 compos$ ( c\ntless plaits1 :i* hang d[n 9 tangle4 ,9 disposition ! ,monumbo are *e]ful & cont5t$1 pr\d ( !mselves & _! c\ntry2 !y ?9k !y are ! clev]e/ & mo/ =tunate p on e>?1 & look d[n ) pity & contempt on ,europeans4 ,accord+ to !m ! bus9ess ( ! =eign settl]s 9 _! c\ntry is folly1 & ! tea*+ ( ! mission>ies is nons5se4 ,!y subsi/ by agriculture1 hunt+1 & fi%+4 ,_! well-kept plantations occupy ! level gr\nd & 9 "s places ext5d up ! hill-sides4 ,among ! plants :i* !y cultivate are t>o1 yams1 sweet potatoes1 bananas1 v>i\s k9ds ( vegetables1 & sug>-cane4 ,among _! fruit-trees are ! sago-palm1 ! coco-nut palm1 & ! bread-fruit tree4 ,!y make use bo? ( e>!nw>e & ( wood5 vessels4 ,_! dances1 especially _! mask$ dances1 :i* are celebrat$ at int]vals ( f\r or five ye>s1 h excit$ ! w>m admiration ( ! despis$ ,european4#chj ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,monumbo conc]n+ ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,dread ( gho/s4 ,) reg>d to _! religion & morality ,i w quote ! evid5ce ( a ,ca?olic mission>y :o has lab\r$ among !m4 ,! ,monumbo are acqua9t$ ) no ,supreme ,be+1 no moral good or evil1 no rew>ds1 no place ( puni%m5t or joy aft] dea?1 no p]man5t immortality4444 ,:5 p die1 _! s\ls g to ! l& ( spirits1 a place :]e !y dwell )\t "w or suff]+1 b :i* !y c also quit4 ,betel-*ew+1 smok+1 danc+1 sleep+1 all ! occupations t !y lov$ on e>?1 are cont9u$ )\t int]ruption 9 ! o!r _w4 ,!y conv]se ) m5 9 dreams1 b play !m _m a %abby trick1 take possession ( !m & ev51 x may be1 kill !m4 ,yet !y also help m5 9 all mann] ( ways 9 w> & ! *ase4 ,m5 invoke !m1 pray to !m1 make /atues 9 _! memory1 :i* are call$ dva 7plural dvaka71 & br+ !m (f]+s ( food1 9 ord] to obta9 _! assi/ance4 ,b if ! spirits ( ! dead d n help1 !y are rat$ 9 ! pla9e/ language4 ,dea? makes no great sep>ation4 ,! liv+ conv]se ) ! dead v mu* z !y conv]se ) ea* o!r4 ,"t alone br+s ) x a gradual oblivion ( ! dep>t$4 ,fall+ />s & lightn+ are no?+ b ! s\ls ( ! dead1 :o /ick dry banana leaves 9 _! girdles1 set !m on fire1 & !n fly ?r\gh ! air4 ,at la/ :5 ! s\ls are old !y die1 b are n annihilat$1 = !y are *ang$ into animals & plants4 ,su* animals are1 = example1 ! :ite ants & a r>e k9d ( wild pig1 :i* is said n to all[ itself to be kill$4 ,su* a tree1 = example1 is ! b>imb>4 ,t1 app>5tly1 is ! :ole religion ( ! ,monumbo4 ,yet !y are gho/-se]s ( ! mo/ arrant sort4 ,an anxi\s sup]/iti\s fe> pursues !m at e /ep4 ,sup]/iti\s views are ! motives t det]m9e almo/ ev]y?+ t !y d or leave undone4#cha ,_! dread ( gho/s is display$ 9 _! cu/om ( do+ no "w 9 ! plantations = ?ree days aft] a dea?1 le/ ! gho/1 t\*$ to ! quick by _! he>tless indiff]5ce1 %\ld s5d wild bo>s to ravage ! plantations4 ,& :5 a man has sla9 an enemy 9 w>1 he has to rema9 a long "t seclud$ 9 ! m5's clubh\se1 t\*+ nobody1 n ev5 8 wife & *ildr51 :ile ! villag]s celebrate 8 victory ) song & dance4 ,he is believ$ to be 9 a /ate ( c]emonial impurity 7bolobolo7 su* t1 if he 7 to t\* 8 wife & *ildr51 !y w\ld be cov]$ ) sores4 ,at ! end ( 8 seclusion he is purifi$ by wa%+s & o!r purgations & is clean once m4#chb ,! reason ( ?is uncleanness ( a victori\s w>rior is n m5tion$1 b analogy makes x ne>ly c]ta9 t x is a dread ( ! v5geful gho/ ( ! man :om he has sla94 ,a simil> fe> probably und]lies ! rule t a wid[] mu/ ab/a9 f c]ta9 foods1 su* z fi% & sauces1 & f ba?+ = a c]ta9 "t aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife4#chc ,sid5ote3 ,! ,tamos ( ,a/rolabe ,bay4 ,mi/ake ( attempt+ to comb9e descriptive ) comp>ative an?ropology4 ,leav+ ,potsdam ,h>b\r & ! ,monumbo1 & mov+ /ill ea/w>d along ! coa/ ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 we come to a l>ge ind5tation kn[n z ,a/rolabe ,bay4 ,! natives ( ?is "p ( ! coa/ call !mselves ,tamos4 ,! l>ge/ village on ! bay be>s ! "n ( ,bogadyim & 9 #ahid numb]$ ab\t ?ree hundr$ inhabitants4#chd ,our pr9cipal au?ority on ! natives is a ,g]man e?nologi/1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,hag51 :o sp5t ab\t eighte5 mon?s at ,/efansort on ,a/rolabe ,bay4 ,un=tunately he has mix$ up 8 p]sonal obs]vations ( ^! p>ticul> p n m]ely ) second-h& acc\nts ( natives ( o!r p>ts ( ,new ,gu9ea b ) discussions ( g5]al !ories ( ! orig9 & migrations ( races & ( ! developm5t ( social in/itutions2 s t x is n altoge!r easy to dis5tangle ! facts = :i* he is a fir/-h& witness1 f ^? :i* he reports at second1 ?ird1 or f\r? h&4 ,sc>cely any?+1 ,i may obs]ve 9 pass+1 m impairs ! value & imp$es ! usefulness ( p]sonal obs]vations ( savage races ?an ?is deplorable habit ( attempt+ to comb9e ! "w ( description ) ! "w ( comp>ison & g5]alisation4 ,! two k9ds ( "w are entirely di/9ct 9 _! nature1 & require v diff]5t m5tal qualities = _! prop] p]=mance2 ! "o %\ld nev] be confus$ ) ! o!r4 ,! task ( descriptive an?ropology is to record obs]vations1 )\t any admixture ( !ory2 ! task ( comp>ative an?ropology is to comp>e ! obs]vations made 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & f ! comp>ison to d$uce !ories1 m or less provisional1 ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( beliefs & in/itutions1 always subject to modification & correction by facts :i* may aft]w>ds be br\ght to light4 ,!re is no h>m1 inde$ !re is great positive advantage1 9 ! descriptive an?ropologi/ mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! !ories ( ! comp>ative an?ropologi/1 = by s do+ 8 att5tion w probably be call$ to _m facts :i* he might o!rwise h ov]look$ & :i*1 :5 record$1 may ei!r confirm or refute ! !ories 9 "q4 ,b if he kn[s ^! !ories1 he %\ld keep 8 k /rictly 9 ! backgr\nd & nev] int]l>d 8 descriptions ( facts ) digressions into an ali5 prov9ce4 ,9 ?is way descriptive an?ropology & comp>ative an?ropology w be/ "w h& 9 h& = ! fur!rance ( _! common aim1 ! und]/&+ ( ! nature & developm5t ( man4 ,sid5ote3 ,! religion ( ! ,tamos4 ,beliefs ( ! ,tamos z to ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,l ! ,papuans 9 g5]al1 ! ,tamos ( ,a/rolabe ,bay are a settl$ agricultural p1 :o dwell 9 fix$ villages1 subsi/ ma9ly by ! produce ( ! gr\nd :i* !y cultivate1 & engage 9 a comm]ce ( b>t] ) _! neighb\rs4#che ,_! mat]ial culture ?us does n diff] ess5tially f t ( ! o!r ,papuans1 & ,i ne$ n give p>ticul>s ( x4 ,) reg>d to _! religi\s views ,dr4 ,hag5 tells u c&idly t he has great hesitation 9 express+ an op9ion4 ,no?+1 he says v ju/ly1 is m difficult = a ,european ?an to =m an approximately correct conception ( ! religi\s views ( a savage p1 & ! difficulty is inf9itely increas$ :5 ! enquir] has little or no k ( _! language4 ,dr4 ,hag5 _h1 inde$1 an excell5t int]pret] & intellig5t assi/ant 9 ! p]son ( a mission>y1 ,mr4 ,h(fmann2 b ,mr4 ,h(fmann himself admitt$ t he _h no cle> ideas z to ! religi\s views ( ! ,tamos2 h[ev]1 9 8 op9ion !y are entirely de/itute ( ! conception ( ,god & ( a ,creator4 ,yet among ! ,tamos ( ,bogadyim1 ,dr4 ,hag5 tells u1 a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea? is prov$ by _! ass]tion t aft] dea? ! s\l 7gunung7 goes to buka kure1 :i* seems to mean ! village ( gho/s4 ,?is abode ( ! dead appe>s to be situat$ some:]e 9 ! e>?1 & ! ,tamos speak ( x ) a %udd]4 ,!y tell ( a man 9 ! village ( ,bogadyim :o di$ & w5t away to ! village ( ! gho/s4 ,b z he drew ne> to ! village1 he met ! gho/ ( 8 dead bro!r :o _h come =? ) b[ & arr[s & spe> to hunt a wild bo>4 ,?is bo>-hunt+ gho/ 0 v angry at meet+ 8 bro!r1 :o _h j di$1 & drove him back to ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,f ?is n>rative x w\ld seem t 9 ! o!r _w ! gho/s are ?\ght to pursue ! same occupations :i* !y foll[$ 9 life4 ,! natives are 9 great fe> ( gho/s 7buka74 ,travell+ alone ) !m 9 ! =e/ at nightfall y may m>k _! timidity & he> !m cry anxi\sly1 ,come1 let u be go+6 ,! gho/ is roam+ ab\t4 ,! gho/s ( ^? :o h p]i%$ 9 battle d n g to ! ,village ( ,gho/s 7buka kure72 !y repair to ano!r place call$ bopa kure4 ,b ?is abode ( ! sla9 does n seem to be a happy l& or ,valhalla2 ! natives are ev5 m afraid ( x ?an ( ! ,village ( ,gho/s 7buka kure74 ,!y w h>dly v5ture at night to pass a spot :]e any "o has be5 sla94 ,sometimes fires are k9dl$ by night on su* spots2 & ! sight ( ! flames flick]+ 9 ! di/ance inspires all ! behold]s ) horror1 & no?+ 9 ! _w w\ld induce !m to approa* su* a fire4 ,! s\ls ( m5 :o h be5 kill$1 b ^: dea? has n be5 av5g$1 are suppos$ to haunt ! village4 ,= "s "t aft] dea? ! gho/ is believ$ to l+] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 des]t$ body4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,h(fmann w5t ) "s ,tamos to ano!r village to br+ back ! body ( a fell[ mission>y1 :o _h di$ !re1 & d>kness _h fall5 on !m 9 ! =e/1 8 native companions />t$ ) fe> e mom5t1 imag9+ t !y saw ! mission>y's gho/ popp+ out f beh9d a tree4#chf ,sid5ote3 ,treatm5t ( ! corpse4 ,secret ,society call$ ,asa4 ,:5 dea? has tak5 place1 ! corpse is fir/ expos$ on a scaffold 9 front ( ! h\se1 :]e x is deck$ ) ornam5ts & surr\nd$ ) fl[]s4 ,if ! deceas$ 0 ri*1 a dog is hung on ea* side ( ! scaffold1 & ! s\ls ( ! animals are believ$ to accompany ! gho/ to ! _s-l&4 ,t>os1 yams1 & coco-nuts are also susp5d$ f ! scaffold1 no d\bt = ! refre%m5t ( ! gho/4 ,!n ! melan*oly notes ( a horn are he>d 9 ! di/ance1 at ! s\nd ( :i* all ! wom5 ru% away4 ,soon ! horn-bl[] appe>s1 pa9ts ! corpse :ite & r$1 cr[ns x ) great r$ hibiscus roses1 !n bl[s 8 horn1 & vani%es4#chg ,he is a memb] ( a secret society1 call$ ,asa1 :i* has its lodge /&+ alone 9 ! =e/4 ,only m5 belong to ! society2 wom5 & *ildr5 are exclud$ f x & look ^u x ) fe> & awe4 ,if any "o raises a cry1 ,asa is com+1 or ! s\nd ( ! musical in/rum5ts ( ! society is he>d 9 ! di/ance1 all ! wom5 & *ildr5 scamp] away4 ,! natives are v unwill+ to let any /rang] ent] "o ( ! lodges ( ! society4 ,! int]ior ( su* a build+ is usually some:at b>e1 b x conta9s ! wood5 masks :i* are worn 9 ! c]emonial dances ( ! society1 & ! horns & flutes on :i* ! memb]s disc\rse _! awe-inspir+ music4 ,9 con/ruction x sc>cely diff]s f ! ord9>y huts ( ! village2 if any?+ x is worse built & m primitive4 ,! secrets ( ! society are well kept2 at lea/ v little seems to h be5 divulg$ to ,europeans4 ,! mo/ important ( its c]emonies is t ( ! initiation ( ! "y m51 :o on ?is occasion are circumcis$ be=e !y are recognis$ z full-gr[n m5 & memb]s ( ! secret society4 ,at su* times ! m5 encamp & fea/ = weeks or ev5 mon?s toge!r on ! op5 space 9 front ( ! society's lodge1 & mask$ dances are danc$ to ! accompanim5t ( ! in/rum5tal music4 ,^! initiatory c]emonies are held at int]vals ( ab\t t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 :5 !re are a consid]able numb] ( "y m5 to be initiat$ toge!r4#chh ,al?\gh we are /ill 9 ! d>k z to ! real mean+ ( ?is & inde$ ( almo/ all simil> secret societies among savages1 ! solemn "p play$ by a memb] ( ! society at ! fun]al rites seems v significant4 ,:y %\ld he come my/]i\sly to ! melan*oly music ( ! horn1 pa9t ! corpse r$ & :ite1 cr[n x ) r$ roses1 & !n vani% aga9 to music z he _h come8 ,x is sc>cely ra% to suppose t ?is c]emony has "s ref]5ce to ! /ate ( ! dead man's s\l1 & we may conjecture t j z ! fruits hung on ! scaffold are d\btless int5d$ = ! consumption ( ! gho/1 & ! s\ls ( ! dogs are expressly said to accompany him to ! _s-l&1 s ! pa9t+ ( ! corpse & ! cr[n ( r$ roses may be design$ 9 "s way to spe$ ! p>t+ _s on ! way to its long home4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( exact in=mation z to ! beliefs ( ^! savages t\*+ ! /ate ( ! dead we c only guess at ! mean+ :i* !y atta* to ^! symbols4 ,p]haps !y ?9k t only gho/s :o are pa9t$ r$ & :ite & :o we> wrea?s ( r$ roses on _! heads are admitt$ to ! ,village ( ! ,gho/s1 & t su* z knock at ! gate ) no pa9t on _! bodies & no wrea? ( roses on _! br[s are refus$ admittance & mu/ turn sorr[fully away1 to haunt _! undutiful fri5ds on e>? :o _h omitt$ to pay ! la/ m>ks ( respect & hon\r to ! dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms ( ! ,tamos4 ,removal ( ! l[] jawbone4 ,:5 ! corpse has la9 9 all its glory1 ) its ornam5ts1 its pa9t & its fl[]s1 = a %ort "t on ! scaffold1 x is remov$ & buri$4 ,! exposure nev] la/s m ?an a day4 ,if ! man di$ 9 ! morn+1 he is buri$ at night4 ,! grave is dug 9 ! h\se itself4 ,x is only ab\t ?ree feet deep & f\r feet long4 ,if ! corpse is too long = ! grave1 z usually happ5s1 ! legs are remorselessly d\bl$ up & trampl$ 94 ,x is ! relations on ! "m's side :o dig ! grave & l[] ! body1 %r\d$ 9 mats or leaves1 into its n>r[ b$4 ,be=e do+ s !y take c>e to /rip x ( its ornam5ts1 its r+s1 necklaces1 bo>'s tee?1 & s =?1 :i* no d\bt are reg>d$ z too valuable to be sacrific$4 ,yet a reg>d = ! com=t ( ! dead is %ewn by ! cu/om ( cov]+ ! op5 grave ) wood & !n heap+ ! m\ld on ! top1 9 ord]1 we are told1 t ! e>? may n press heavy on him :o sleeps bel[4 ,sit tibi t]ra levis6 ,aft] "s mon?s ! grave is op5$ & ! l[] jaw remov$ f ! corpse & pres]v$4 ,?is removal ( ! jaw is ! occasion ( solemnities & c]emonial wa%+s1 9 :i* ! :ole male population ( ! village takes "p4 ,b z to ! mean+ ( ^! c]emonies1 & z to :at is done ) ! jawbone1 we h no exact in=mation4#chi ,accord+ to ! ,russian travell]1 ,b>on ,n4 von ,miklu*o-,maclay1 :o has also giv5 u an acc\nt ( ! ,papuans ( ,a/rolabe ,bay1#cij ?\gh n app>5tly ( ! villages describ$ by ,dr4 ,hag51 ! :ole skull is dug up & sep>at$ f ! corpse aft] ! lapse ( ab\t a ye>1 b only ! l[] jawbone is c>efully kept by ! ne>e/ k9sman z a memorial ( ! deceas$4 ,b>on ,miklu*o-,maclay _h great difficulty 9 induc+ a native to "p ) "o ( ^! memorials ( a dead relation4#cia ,9 any case ! pres]vation ( ?is portion ( ! deceas$ may be suppos$ to h = its object ! ma9t5ance ( fri5dly relations betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,simil>ly 9 ,ug&a ! jawbone is ! only "p ( ! body ( a deceas$ k+ :i*1 along ) 8 navel-/r+1 is c>efully pres]v$ 9 8 temple-tomb & consult$ oracul>ly4#cib ,we may conjecture t ! reason = pres]v+ ?is "p ( ! human frame r ?an any o!r is t ! jawbone is an organ ( spee*1 & t !re=e x appe>s to ! primitive m9d well fitt$ to ma9ta9 int]c\rse ) ! dead man's _s & to obta9 oracul> communications f him4 ,sid5ote3 ,%am fight z a fun]al c]emony at ,a/rolabe ,bay4 ,! ,russian travell]1 ,b>on ,miklu*o-,maclay1 has describ$ a curi\s fun]al c]emony :i* is obs]v$ by "s ( ! ,papuans ( ,a/rolabe ,bay4 ,i w give ! fir/ "p ( 8 description 9 8 own words1 :i* ,i translate f ! ,g]man4 ,he says3 ,! dea? ( a man is ann\nc$ to ! neighb\r+ villages by a def9ite s]ies ( beats on ! drum4 ,on ! same day or ! next morn+ ! :ole male population assembles 9 ! vic9ity ( ! village ( ! deceas$4 ,all ! m5 are 9 full w>like array4 ,to ! beat ( drum ! gue/s m>* into ! village1 :]e a cr[d ( m51 also arm$ = w>1 await ! new-com]s beside ! dead man's hut4 ,aft] a %ort p>ley ! m5 divide into two opposite camps1 & !reupon a %am fight takes place4 ,h[ev]1 ! combatants g to "w v g+]ly & make no use ( _! spe>s4 ,b doz5s ( arr[s are cont9ually dis*>g$1 & n a few are w\nd$ 9 ! %am fight1 ?\gh n s]i\sly4 ,! ne>e/ relations & fri5ds ( ! deceas$ appe> especially excit$ & behave z if !y 7 frantic4 ,:5 all are hot & tir$ & all arr[s h be5 %ot away1 ! pret5d$ enemies seat !mselves 9 a circle & 9 :at foll[s mo/ ( !m act z simple spectators4 ,!reupon ! ne>e/ relations br+ out ! corpse & deposit x 9 a cr\*+ position1 ) ! knees drawn up to ! *91 on "s mats & leaves ( ! sago-palm1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 spread out 9 ! middle ( ! op5 space4 ,beside ! corpse are laid 8 ?+s1 "s pres5ts f neighb\rs1 & "s fre%ly cook$ food4 ,:ile ! m5 sit r\nd 9 a circle1 ! wom51 ev5 ! ne>e/ relatives ( ! deceas$1 may only look on f a di/ance4 ,:5 all is ready1 "s m5 /ep out f ! circle to help ! ne>e/ ( k9 9 ! next proce$+s1 :i* consi/ 9 ty+ ! corpse up tightly into a bundle by means ( rattans & creep]s4 ,!n ! bundle is atta*$ to a /\t /ick & c>ri$ back into ! h\se4 ,!re ! corpse 9 its bundle is fa/5$ "u ! ro( by means ( ! /ick1 & ! dead man's prop]ty1 toge!r ) ! pres5ts ( ! neighb\rs & ! food1 are left beside x4 ,aft] t ! h\se is ab&on$1 & ! gue/s return to _! own villages4 ,a few days lat]1 :5 decomposition is f> advanc$1 ! corpse is tak5 d[n & buri$ 9 a grave 9 ! h\se1 :i* cont9ues to be inhabit$ by ! family4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ab\t a ye>1 ! body is dug up1 ! skull sep>at$ f x1 & ! l[] jawbone pres]v$ by ! ne>e/ relation1 z ,i h already m5tion$4#cic ,sid5ote3 ,! %am fight p]haps int5d$ to deceive ! gho/4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is curi\s %am fight :i* among ^! p seems to be regul>ly enact$ aft] a dea?8 ,! writ] :o reports ! cu/om (f]s no explanation ( x4 ,i w\ld conjecture ) all due caution t x may possibly be int5d$ z a satisfaction to ! gho/ 9 ord] to make him suppose t 8 dea? has be5 prop]ly av5g$4 ,9 a =m] lecture ,i %ew$ t natural dea?s are regul>ly imag9$ by _m savages to be br\ght ab\t by ! magical practices ( enemies1 & t accord+ly ! relations ( ! deceas$ take v5geance on "s innoc5t p]son :om = "o reason or ano!r !y reg>d z ! culprit4 ,x is possible t ^! ,papuans ( ,a/rolabe ,bay1 in/ead ( actually putt+ ! suppos$ sorc]] to dea?1 h advanc$ s f> z to ab&on t cruel & unju/ practice & cont5t !mselves ) ?r[+ du/ 9 ! eyes ( ! gho/ by a %am in/ead ( a real fight4 ,b t is only a conjecture ( my own1 :i* ,i m]ely sugge/ = :at x is wor?4 ,altoge!r1 look+ ov] ! scanty notices ( ! beliefs & practices ( ^! ,papuans ( ,a/rolabe ,bay conc]n+ ! dep>t$1 we may say 9 g5]al t :ile ! fe> ( gho/s is conspicu\s en\gh among !m1 !re is b little evid5ce ( any?+ t des]ves to be call$ a regul> wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,p4 ,ma?ias ,josef ,erdweg1 ,die ,bewohn] d] ,insel ,tumleo1 ,b]l9-haf51 ,deuts*-,neu-,gu9ea1 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 xxxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #bgd-caj1 #cag-cii4 ,footnote #cei3 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,die ,b]l9haf5 ,section1 e9 ,beitrag zur ,e?nographie d] ,neu-,gu9ea-,kue/e1 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fu] ,e?nographie1 xiii4 7#aijj7 pp4 #ah-ed4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,see ! note ( ,fa!r ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt on ,fa!r ,erdweg's pap]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgg sq4 ,! frizzly "* ( ! hair is m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 op4 cit4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cee sqq4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cdb-cdf4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cce sqq4 ,footnote #cff3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ccj sqq4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cej sqq4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cfc sqq4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cgd4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,die ,b]l9haf5 ,section1 e9 ,beitrag zur ,e?nographie d] ,neu-,gu9ea-,kue/e1 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fu] ,e?nographie1 xiii4 7#aijj7 pp4 #cc-ce4 ,fa!r ,erdweg speaks ( ! p>ak z a _s-temple or _s-h\se 9 :i* ! deities ( ! ,tumleo dwell 7op4 cit4 p4 #cgg73 he tells u t z a rule ea* village has only "o p>ak4 ,z to ! spirits :i* dwell 9 ^! temples1 see bel[1 pp4 #bbf sq4 ,footnote #cga3 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ce1 #db sq42 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bib sq41 #cjf4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bhd-bhg4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bhh-bia4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #big sq4 ,footnote #cge3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bia-bic4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bih1 #cga4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bie sqq41 #bii sq41 #ccd sq4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,erdweg1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bie-big4 ,footnote #chj3 ,p4 ,franz ,vormann1 ,dorf und ,hausanlage beid5 ,monumbo1 ,deuts*-,neugu9ea1 ,an?ropos1 iv4 7#aiji7 pp4 #ffj sqq42 id41 ,zur ,psy*ologie1 ,religion1 ,soziologie und ,ges*i*te d] ,monumbo-,papua1 ,deuts*-,neugu9ea1 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 pp4 #djg-dji4 ,footnote #cha3 ,p4 ,franz ,vormann1 9 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 pp4 #dji sq4 ,footnote #chb3 ,p4 ,franz ,vormann1 9 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 pp4 #daj1 #daa4 ,footnote #chc3 ,p4 ,franz ,vormann1 ibid41 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #chd3 ,b4 ,hag51 ,unt] d5 ,papua's 7,wiesbad51 #ahii71 pp4 #adc1 #bba4 ,footnote #che3 ,= ! evid5ce see ,b4 ,hag51 op4 cit4 pp4 #aic sqq4 ,z to b>t] he tells u 7p4 #baf7 t all articles 9 use at ,bogadyim are import$1 no?+ is made on ! spot4 ,footnote #chf3 ,b4 ,hag51 ,unt] d5 ,papua's 7,wiesbad51 #ahii71 pp4 #bfd-bff4 ,footnote #chg3 ,b4 ,hag51 op4 cit4 pp4 #beh sq4 ,footnote #chh3 ,b4 ,hag51 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgj sq4 ,z to ! p]iod & details ( ! circumcision c]emonies see id41 pp4 #bcd-bch4 ,footnote #chi3 ,b4 ,hag51 op4 cit4 p4 #bfj4 ,footnote #cij3 ,n4 von ,miklu*o-,maclay1 ,e?nologis*e ,bem]kung5 ueb] die ,papuas d] ,maclay-,kue/e 9 ,neu-,gu9ea1 ,natuurkundig ,tijds*rift voor ,n$]l&s* ,indie1 xxxv4 7#ahge7 pp4 #ff-ic2 id41 xxxvi4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #bid-ccc4 ,footnote #cia3 ,n4 von ,miklu*o-,maclay1 op4 cit4 xxxvi4 7#ahgf7 p4 #cjb4 ,footnote #cib3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #aji sqq42 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 #dgj4 ,footnote #cic3 ,n4 von ,miklu*o-,maclay1 op4 cit4 xxxvi4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #cjj-cjb4 ,,lecture ,,xi ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,g]man ,,new ,,gu9ea 7cont9u$7 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,papuans ( ,cape ,k+ ,william4 ,9 my la/ lecture ,i gave y "s acc\nt ( ! beliefs & practices conc]n+ ! dead :i* h be5 record$ among ! ,papuans ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,to-day ,i resume ! subject & %all fir/ speak ( ! natives on ! coa/ ab\t ,cape ,k+ ,william1 at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,cromwell4 ,we possess an acc\nt ( _! religion & cu/oms f ! p5 ( a ,g]man mission>y1 ,mr4 ,/olz1 :o has liv$ ?ree ye>s among !m & /udi$ _! language4#cid ,8 description applies to ! inhabitants ( two villages only1 namely ,lamatkebolo & ,quambu1 or ,sialum & ,kwamkwam1 z !y are g5]ally call$ on ! maps1 :o toge!r numb] ab\t five hundr$ s\ls4 ,!y belong to ! ,papuan /ock & subsi/ *iefly by ! cultivation ( yams1 :i* !y plant 9 ,april or ,may & reap 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y4 ,b !y also cultivate sweet potatoes & make "s use ( bananas & coco-nuts4 ,!y cle> ! l& = cultivation by burn+ d[n ! grass & aft]w>ds turn+ up ! e>? ) digg+-/icks1 a lab\r :i* is p]=m$ *iefly by ! m54 ,! l& is n common prop]ty2 ea* family tills its own fields1 ?\gh sometimes "o family w aid ano!r 9 ! labori\s task ( break+ up ! soil4 ,moreov] !y trade ) ! natives ( ! int]ior1 :o1 inhabit+ a m f]tile & bett]-wat]$ c\ntry1 are able to export a portion ( _! sup]fluities1 especially t>o1 sweet potatoes1 betel-nuts1 & tobacco1 to ! less fav\r$ dwell]s on ! sea-coa/1 receiv+ mo/ly dri$ fi% 9 return4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! traffic is *iefly 9 ! h&s ( old wom54#cie ,sid5ote3 ,propitiation ( gho/s & spirits4 ,! _s ,mate4 ,spirits call$ ,nai4 ,) reg>d to ! religion ( ^! p ,mr4 ,/olz tells u t !y "k no?+ ( a deity :o %\ld receive ! homage ( 8 wor%ipp]s2 !y recognise only spirits & ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,to ^! la/ !y br+ (f]+s1 n because !y feel any ne$ to d !m rev]5ce1 b simply out ( fe> & a desire to w9 _! fav\r4 ,! (f]+s are pres5t$ at burials & :5 !y beg9 to cultivate ! fields4 ,_! purpose is to p]suade ! s\ls ( ! dead to w>d (f all ! evil influ5ces t might ?w>t ! gr[? ( ! yams1 _! /aple food4 ,! gho/s are also expect$ to gu>d ! fields aga9/ ! incursions ( wild pigs & ! ravages ( locu/s4 ,at a burial ! aim ( ! sacrifice is to induce ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ bro!r or si/] to keep f> away f ! village & to d no h>m to ! p4 ,sacrifices are ev5 (f]$ to ! s\ls ( animals1 su* z dogs & pigs1 to prev5t !m f com+ back & work+ mis*ief4 ,h[ev]1 ! gho/s ( ^! creatures are n v exact+2 a few pieces ( sug>-cane1 a coco-nut %ell1 or a t>o %oot suffice to cont5t _! simple ta/es & to keep !m quiet4 ,among/ ! spirits to :om ! p pay a sort ( wor%ip !re is "o nam$ ,mate1 :o seems to be closely ak9 to ,balum1 a _s ab\t :om we %all he> m among ! ,yabim fur!r to ! ea/4 ,h[ev]1 n v mu* is kn[n ab\t ,mate2 8 wor%ip1 if x c be call$ s1 fl\ri%es *iefly among ! inl& tribes1 ( :om ! coa/ p /& s mu* 9 awe t !y d>e n speak freely on ! subject ( ?is my/]i\s be+4 ,"s ( !m inde$ are bold en\gh to :isp] t !re is no su* be+ z ,mate at all1 & t ! :ole ?+ is a *eat devis$ by sly rogues = ! purpose ( appropriat+ a l>g] %>e ( roa/ pork at _! religi\s fea/s1 f :i* wom5 are exclud$4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ^! sceptical views1 x appe>s to be c]ta9 t ! "n ( ,mate is also be/[$ on a numb] ( spirits :o disport !mselves by day 9 op5 grassy places1 :ile !y retire by night to ! deep %ades ( ! =e/2 & ! majority ( ^! spirits are ?\ght to be ! s\ls ( ance/ors or ( ! rec5tly dep>t$4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r class ( spirits call$ ,nai1 :o unlike all o!r spirits are on fri5dly t]ms ) m54 ,^! are ! s\ls ( dead villag]s1 :o di$ f> away f home4 ,!y w>n p ( dang] & v oblig+ly notify !m ( ! com+ ( trad+ /eam]s4 ,:5 a man dies 9 a =eign l&1 8 s\l appe>s z a ,nai to 8 sorr[+ relatives & ann\nces 8 sad fate to !m4 ,he does s always at night4 ,:5 ! m5 are ga!r$ r\nd ! fire on ! op5 squ>e ( ! village1 ! gho/ climbs ! plat=m :i* usually s]ves = public meet+s & banquets1 & f ?is co9 ( vantage1 plung$ 9 ! deep %ad[1 he lifts up 8 voice & deliv]s 8 message ( w>n+1 news1 or pr$iction1 z ! case may be4#cif ,sid5ote3 ,! creator ,nemunemu4 ,sickness & dea? (t5 reg>d$ z ! effects ( sorc]y4 ,h[ev]1 gho/s ( ! dead are n ! only spiritual be+s ) :om ^! p are acqua9t$4 ,!y "k ( a mu* high] be+1 ( ! "n ( ,nemunemu1 end[$ ) sup]human p[]1 :o made ! heav5 & ! e>? ) ! assi/ance ( two bro!rs2 ! eld] bro!r con/ruct$ ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea1 :ile ! y\ng] fa%ion$ ! isl&s & ! sea4 ,:5 ! natives fir/ saw a /eam] on ! horizon !y ?\ght x 0 ,nemunemu's %ip1 & ! smoke at ! funnel !y took to be ! tobacco-smoke :i* he puff$ to beguile ! t$ium ( ! voyage4#cig ,!y are also great believ]s 9 magic & wit*craft1 & cases ( sickness & dea?1 :i* are n attribut$ to ! malignity ( gho/s & spirits1 are almo/ inv>iably set d[n to ! ma*9ations ( sorc]]s4 ,only ! dea?s ( decrepit old folks are reg>d$ z natural4 ,:5 a man has di$1 & 8 dea? is believ$ to h be5 caus$ by magic1 ! p resort to div9ation 9 ord] to discov] ! wick$ magician :o has p]petrat$ ! crime4 ,= ?is purpose !y place ! corpse on a bi]1 cov] x ) a mat1 & set x on ! %\ld]s ( f\r m51 :ile a fif? man taps lightly ) an arr[ on ! mat & enquires ( ! dep>t$ :e!r su* & su* a village has bewit*$ him to dea?4 ,if ! bi] rema9s /ill1 x means ,no2 b if x rocks backw>d & =w>d1 x means ,yes1 & ! av5g]s ( blood mu/ seek _! victim1 ! guilty sorc]]1 9 t village4 ,! answ] is believ$ to be giv5 by ! dead man's gho/1 :o /irs 8 body at ! mom5t :5 8 murd]]'s village is nam$4 ,x is useless = ! inhabitants ( t village to disclaim all k ( ! sickness & dea? ( ! deceas$4 ,! p repose implicit fai? 9 ?is =m ( div9ation4 ,8 s\l itself told u1 !y say1 & surely he ought to "k4 ,ano!r =m ( div9ation :i* !y employ = ! same purpose is to put ! "q to ! gho/1 :ile two m5 hold a b[ :i* belong$ to him & to :i* "s p]sonal articles ( 8 are atta*$4 ,! answ] is aga9 yes or no accord+ z ! b[ moves or is /ill4#cih ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al & m\rn+ cu/oms4 ,:5 ! au?or ( ! dea? has be5 discov]$ 9 "o way or ano!r1 ! corpse is deck$ ) all ! ornam5ts t c be collect$ f ! relatives & prep>$ = burial4 ,a %all[ grave is dug "u ! h\se & l9$ ) mats4 ,!n ! body is l[]$ into ! grave3 "o ( ! sextons /rikes up a lam5t1 & ! %rill voices ( ! wom5 9 ! h\se jo9 9 ! melan*oly /ra94 ,:5 he lies 9 8 n>r[ b$1 ! ornam5ts are remov$ f 8 p]son1 b "s ( 8 tools1 weapons1 & o!r belong+s are buri$ ) him1 no d\bt = 8 use 9 ! life h]eaft]4 ,! fun]al celebration1 9 :i* ! :ole village commonly takes "p1 la/s sev]al days & consi/s 9 ! br++ ( (f]+s to ! dead & ! ab/95ce f all lab\r 9 ! fields4 ,yams are br\ght f ! field ( ! dep>t$ & cook$4 ,a small pot fill$ ) yams & a vessel ( wat] are plac$ on ! grave2 ! re/ ( ! provisions is consum$ by ! m\rn]s4 ,! next ( k91 especially ! wid[ or wid[]1 rema9 = ab\t a week at ! grave1 wat*+ day & night1 le/ ! body %\ld be dug up & dev\r$ by a c]ta9 f\l fi5d ) huge w+s & long claws1 :o batt5s on corpses4 ,! m\rn+ co/ume ( m5 consi/s 9 sme>+ ! face ) black & we>+ a cord r\nd ! neck & a nett$ cap on ! head4 ,in/ead ( su* a cap a woman 9 m\rn+ wraps h]self 9 a l>ge net & a great apron ( grass4 ,:ile ! o!r ensigns ( woe are soon disc>d$ or disappe>1 ! cord ab\t ! neck is worn = a long] "t1 g5]ally till next h>ve/4 ,! sacrifice ( a pig br+s ! p]iod ( m\rn+ to an end & aft] x ! cord may be laid aside4 ,if any "o 7 s h>d-he>t$ z n to we> t badge ( sorr[1 ! p believe t ! angry gho/ w\ld come back & fet* him away4 ,he w\ld die4#cii ,?us among ^! savages ! m\rn+ co/ume is reg>d$ z a protection aga9/ ! dang]\s gho/ ( ! dep>t$2 x soo!s 8 w\nd$ feel+s & prev5ts him f mak+ raids on ! liv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,fate ( ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,z to ! place to :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead repair & ! fate t awaits !m !re1 v vague & contradictory ideas prevail among ! natives ( ?is di/rict4 ,"s say t ! gho/s g ea/w>d to ,bukaua on ,huon ,gulf & !re lead a %ad[y life v l _! life on e>?4 ,o!rs ?9k t ! spirits hov] ne> ! village :]e !y liv$ 9 ! fle%4 ,o!rs aga9 are ( op9ion t !y transmigrate into animals & prolong _! life 9 "o or o!r ( ! bodies ( ! l[] creatures4#djj ,sid5ote3 ,! ,yabim & ,bukaua tribes4 ,leav+ ,cape ,k+ ,william we pass ea/w>d along ! coa/ ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea & come to ,f9s* ,h>b\r4 ,f a po9t "s miles to ! nor? ( ,f9s* ,h>b\r z f> z ,samoa ,h>b\r on ,huon ,gulf ! coa/ is inhabit$ by two k9dr$ tribes1 ! ,yabim & ! ,bukaua1 :o speak a ,melanesian language4 ,i %all deal fir/ ) ! ,yabim tribe1 ^: cu/oms & beliefs h be5 describ$ = u ) a fair degree ( fulness by two ,g]man mission>ies1 ,mr4 ,konrad ,vett] & ,mr4 ,he9ri* ,zahn4#dja ,! foll[+ acc\nt is bas$ *iefly on ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,vett]1 ^: mission /ation is at ! village ( ,simbang4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ial & arti/ic culture ( ! ,yabim4 ,l ! o!r natives ( ,new ,gu9ea ! ,yabim build p]man5t h\ses1 live 9 settl$ villages1 & till ! gr\nd4 ,e ye> !y make a fre% cle>+ 9 ! =e/ by cutt+ d[n ! trees1 burn+ ! fall5 timb]1 & plant+ t>o1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 & tobacco 9 ! op5 glade4 ,:5 ! crops h be5 reap$1 ! place is ab&on$1 & is soon ov]gr[n aga9 by ! rank tropical vegetation1 :ile ! natives move on to ano!r pat*1 :i* !y cle> & cultivate 9 l mann]4 ,?is rude mode ( tillage is commonly practis$ by _m savages1 especially )9 ! tropics4 ,cultivation ( ?is sort is migratory1 & 9 "s places1 ?\gh app>5tly n 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ! p %ift _! habitations ) _! fields z !y move on f "o "p ( ! =e/ to ano!r4 ,among ! ,yabim ! lab\r ( cle>+ a pat* = cultivation is p]=m$ by all ! m5 ( a village 9 common1 b :5 ! great trees h fall5 ) a cra% to ! gr\nd1 & ! trunks1 bran*es1 foliage & und]wood h be5 burnt1 ) a ro> ( flames & a crackl+ l a roll+ fire ( musketry1 ea* family appropriates a portion ( ! cle>+ = its own use & m>ks (f its b\nd>ies ) /icks4 ,b !y also subsi/ 9 "p by fi%+1 & = ?is purpose !y build outrigg] canoes4 ,!y display consid]able skill & ta/e 9 wood-c>v+1 & are fond ( ornam5t+ _! h\ses1 canoes1 paddles1 tools1 spe>s1 & drums ) figures ( crocodiles1 fi%1 & o!r patt]ns4#djb ,sid5ote3 ,m5's clubh\ses 7lum74 ,! villages are divid$ into w>ds1 & e w>d conta9s its clubh\se = m51 call$ a lum1 9 :i* "y m5 & lads are oblig$ to pass ! night4 ,x consi/s ( a b$room above & a p>l\r ) fireplaces bel[4 ,9 ! p>l\r ! gr[n m5 pass _! leisure h\rs dur+ ! day1 & "h ! c\ncils are held4 ,! wives cook ! food at home & br+ x = _! husb&s to ! clubh\se4 ,! bull-ro>]s :i* are us$ at ! initiatory c]emonies are kept 9 ! pr9cipal clubh\se ( ! village4 ,su* a clubh\se s]ves z an asylum2 m5 flee+ f ! av5g] ( blood :o escape into x are safe4 ,x is said t ! _s 7balum7 has swall[$ or conceal$ !m4 ,b if !y /eal out ( x & attempt to make _! way to ano!r village1 !y c>ry _! life 9 _! h&4#djc ,among ! ,yabim1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,zahn1 religion 9 ! prop] s5se does n exi/1 b on ! o!r h& ! :ole p is dom9at$ by ! fe> ( wit*craft & ( ! spirits ( ! dead4#djd ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt :i* ,mr4 ,vett] gives ( ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ^! p conc]n+ ! dep>t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,yabim conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,! gho/ly f]ry4 ,!y d n believe t dea? is ! end ( all ?+s = ! individual2 !y ?9k t 8 s\l survives & becomes a _s or gho/1 :i* !y call a balum4 ,! life ( human spirits 9 ! o!r _w is a %ad[y cont9uation ( ! life on e>?1 & z su* x has little attraction = ! m9d ( ! ,papuan4 ,( heav5 & hell1 a place ( rew>d & a place ( puni%m5t = ! s\ls ( ! good & bad respectively1 he has no idea4 ,h[ev]1 8 _w ( ! dead is to "s ext5t divid$ into comp>tm5ts4 ,9 "o ( !m reside ! gho/s ( p :o h be5 sla91 9 ano!r ! gho/s ( p :o h be5 hang$1 & 9 a ?ird ! gho/s ( p :o h be5 dev\r$ by a %>k or a crocodile4 ,h[ _m m comp>tm5ts !re may be = ! accommodation ( ! s\ls1 we are n told4 ,! place is 9 "o ( ! isl&s ( ,siasi4 ,no liv+ man has ev] set foot 9 ! isl&1 = smoke & mi/ hang ov] x p]petually2 b f out ! mi/ y may he> ! s\nd ( ! b>k+ ( dogs1 ! grunt+ ( sw9e1 & ! cr[+ ( cocks1 :i* seems to %ew t 9 ! op9ion ( ^! p animals h immortal s\ls z well z m54 ,! natives ( ! ,siasi isl&s say t ! newly arriv$ gho/s may (t5 be se5 /roll+ on ! bea*2 sometimes ! p c ev5 recognise ! famili> features ( fri5ds ) :om !y did bus9ess 9 ! fle%4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! spirits ( ! dead arrive at _! de/9ation f ! ma9l& is naturally by a f]ry3 inde$1 ! pr[ ( ! gho/ly f]ry-boat may be se5 to ?is day 9 ! village ( ,bogis5g4 ,! way 9 :i* x came to be f\nd !re 0 ?is4 ,a man ( ! village lay dy+1 & on 8 dea?b$ he promis$ to give 8 fri5ds a sign ( 8 cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea? by appe>+ z a gho/ 9 _! mid/4 ,only he /ipulat$ t 9 ord] to enable him to d s !y w\ld place a /one club 9 ! h& ( 8 corpse4 ,?is 0 done4 ,he di$1 ! club 0 plac$ 9 8 cold h&1 & 8 sorr[+ b hopeful relations await$ results4 ,!y _h n v long to wait4 ,= no soon] _h ! gho/1 arm$ ) ! /one club1 /epp$ d[n to ! sea-%ore ?an he call$ imp]i\sly = ! f]ry-boat4 ,x soon hove 9 sight1 ) ! gho/ly f]ryman 9 x paddl+ to ! bea* to receive ! pass5g]4 ,b :5 ! pr[ grat$ on ! pebbles1 ! artful gho/1 in/ead ( /epp+ into x z he %\ld h done1 lung$ out at x ) ! /one club s =cibly t he broke ! pr[ clean (f4 ,9 a rage ! f]ryman ro>$ out to him1 ,i won't put y across6 ,y & y\r p %all be kang>oos4 ,! gho/ _h ga9$ 8 po9t4 ,he turn$ back f ! f]ry & br\ght to 8 fri5ds z a trophy ! pr[ ( ! gho/ly canoe1 :i* is treasur$ 9 ! village to ?is day4 ,i %\ld add t ! pr[ 9 "q be>s a suspici\s resemblance to a p[d]-horn :i* has be5 float+ ab\t = "s "t 9 ! wat]2 b no d\bt ?is resemblance is purely =tuit\s & )\t any deep significance4 ,sid5ote3 ,transmigration ( human s\ls into animals4 ,f ?is v]aci\s n>rative we ga!r t sometimes ! s\ls ( ! dead1 in/ead ( go+ away to ! _s-l&1 transmigrate into ! bodies ( animals4 ,! case ( ! kang>oos is n s+ul>4 ,9 ! village ( ,simbang ,mr4 ,vett] kn[s two families1 ( :om ! gho/s pass at dea? into ! c>cases ( crocodiles & a species ( fabul\s pigs respectively4 ,h5ce memb]s ( ! "o family are c>eful n to injure crocodiles1 le/ ! s\ls ( _! dead %\ld *ance to be lodg$ 9 ! reptiles2 & ! memb]s ( ! o!r family w\ld be equally c>eful n to hurt ! fabul\s pigs if ev] !y fell 9 ) !m4 ,h[ev]1 ! crocodile p1 n to be beh9d _! neighb\rs1 ass]t t aft] dea? _! spirits c also roam ab\t ! wood z gho/s & g to ! _s-l&4 ,9 explanation !y say t e human be+ has two s\ls2 "o ( !m is 8 reflection on ! wat]1 ! o!r is 8 %ad[ on ! l&4 ,no d\bt x is ! wat]-s\l :i* goes to ! isl& ( ,siasi1 :ile ! l&-s\l is free to occupy ! body ( a crocodile1 a kang>oo1 or "s o!r animal4#dje ,sid5ote3 ,return ( ! gho/s4 ,b ev5 :5 ! gho/s h dep>t$ to _! isl& home1 !y are by no means /rictly conf9$ to x4 ,!y c return1 especially at night1 to roam ab\t ! woods & ! villages1 & ! liv+ are v mu* afraid ( !m1 = ! gho/s delight 9 do+ mis*ief4 ,x is especially 9 ! fir/ few days aft] a dea? t ! gho/ is an object ( t]ror1 = he is !n /ill loit]+ ab\t ! village4 ,dur+ ^! days ev]ybody is afraid to g alone into ! =e/ = fe> ( meet+ him1 & if a dog or a pig /rays 9 ! wood & is lo/1 ! p make sure t ! gho/ has made (f ) ! animal1 & ! aggriev$ own]s r\ndly abuse ! sorr[+ family1 tell+ !m t _! old fa!r or "m1 z ! case may be1 is no bett] ?an a ?ief4 ,!y are also v unwill+ to m5tion ! names ( dead p]sons1 imag9+ t 7 ! gho/ to he> 8 "n pron\nc$ he might fancy he 0 be+ call$ = & might accord+ly susp5d 8 habitual occupation ( mun*+ s\r fruits 9 ! =e/ to come & tr\ble ! liv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,(f]+s to gho/s4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to keep ! %ort-temp]$ gho/ 9 good hum\r by satisfy+ 8 wants1 le/ he %\ld ?9k himself neglect$ & wreak 8 vexation on ! survivors1 ! p g a-fi%+ aft] a dea?1 or !y kill a pig or a dog2 sometimes also !y cut d[n a fruit-tree4 ,b x is only ! s\ls ( ! animals :i* are de/9$ = ! consumption ( ! gho/2 _! bodies are roa/$ & eat5 by ! liv+4 ,on a grave y may sometimes see a small basket susp5d$ f a /ick2 b if y look into x y w f9d no?+ b a little soot & "s fi% scales1 :i* is all t rema9s ( ! fri$ fi%4 ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s provid$ ) fire4 ,! ,yabim also imag9e t ! gho/ has ne$ ( fire to guide him to ! door ( ! man :o has done him to dea? by sorc]y4 ,accord+ly !y provide ! _s ) ?is necess>y z foll[s4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! day on :i* ! body has be5 buri$1 !y k9dle a fire on a pot%]d & heap dry leaves on x4 ,z !y d s !y m5tion ! names ( all ! sorc]]s !y c ?9k (1 & he at ^: "n ! sm\ld]+ leaves bur/ into a bright flame is ! "o :o has done ! de$4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ ! true cause ( dea?1 beyond rea* ( cavil1 !y proce$ to light up ! gho/ to ! door ( 8 murd]]4 ,= ?is purpose a procession is =m$4 ,a man1 hold+ ! sm\ld]+ fire 9 ! pot%]d ) "o h& & a bundle ( /raw ) ! o!r1 leads ! way4 ,he is foll[$ by ano!r :o draws dron+ notes f a wat]-bottle ( ! deceas$1 :i* he f9ally sma%es4 ,aft] ^! two m>* a numb] ( "y fell[s :o make a plump+ s\nd by smack+ _! ?ighs ) ! holl[ ( _! h&s4 ,?is solemn procession w5ds its way to a pa? 9 ! neighb\r+ =e/4 ,by ?is "t ! %ades ( night h fall54 ,! firebe>] n[ sets ! fire on ! gr\nd & calls on ! gho/ to come & take x4 ,!y firmly believe t he does s & t hav+ got x he hies away to ca/ ! gl[+ emb]s d[n at ! door ( ! man :o has done him to dea?4 ,!y ev5 fancy !y see ! flick]+ light c>ri$ by ! invisible h& retreat+ ?r\gh ! %ad[s into ! dep? ( ! =e/2 & 9 ord] to foll[ x ) _! eyes !y w sometimes climb tall trees or laun* a canoe & put out to sea1 gaz+ int5tly at ! glimm]+ ray till x vani%es f _! sight 9 ! d>kness4 ,p]haps ! gleam ( fire-flies1 :i* ab\nd 9 ^! tropical =e/s1 or ! fla%+ ( a meteor1 z x sil5tly drops f ! />ry heav5 into ! sea1 may s]ve to fe$ ?is sup]/iti\s fancy4#djf ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s ?\ght to help 9 ! cultivation ( ! l&4 ,b ! spirits ( ! dead are suppos$ to be able to help z well z h>m ! liv+4 ,good crops & a successful hunt are attribut$ to _! influ5ce4 ,x is especially ! spirits ( ! anci5t own]s ( ! l& :o are cr$it$ ) ! p[] ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops4 ,h5ce :5 a cle>+ has be5 made 9 ! =e/ & plant$ ) t>o1 & ! plants are %ew+ a good head ( leaves1 prep>ations are made to fea/ ! gho/s ( ! p to :om ! l& belong$ 9 days gone by4 ,= ?is purpose a sago-palm is cut d[n1 sago-porridge made1 & a wild bo> kill$4 ,!n ! m5 array$ 9 all _! f9]y m>* out 9 solemn procession by day to ! t>o field2 & ! lead] invites ! spirits 9 a l\d voice to come to ! village & p>take ( ! sago-porridge & pork t h be5 made ready = !m4 ,b ! invisible gue/s cont5t !mselves z usual ) snuff+ up ! fragrant smell ( ! roa/ pork & ! /eam ( ! porridge2 ! sub/ance ( ^! da9ties is consum$ by ! liv+4 ,yet ! help :i* ! gho/s give 9 ! cultivation ( ! l& w\ld seem to be conceiv$ z a purely negative "o2 ! (f]+s are made to !m = ! purpose ( induc+ !m to keep away & n injure ! gr[+ crops4 ,x is also believ$ t ! gho/s ( ! dead make communications to ! liv+ 9 dreams or by :i/l+1 & ev5 t !y c br+ ?+s to _! fri5ds & relations4 ,b on ! :ole1 ,mr4 ,vett] tells u1 ! dom9ant attitude ( ! liv+ to ! dead is "o ( fe>2 ! p[] ( ! gho/s is (t5] ex]t$ = evil ?an = good4#djg ,! gho/ ( a murd]$ man 9 p>ticul> is dread$1 because he is believ$ to haunt 8 murd]] & to d him a mis*ief4 ,h5ce !y drive away su* a dang]\s gho/ ) %\ts & ! beat+ ( drums2 & by way ( facilitat+ 8 dep>ture !y laun* a model ( a canoe1 lad5 ) t>o & tobacco1 9 ord] to transport him ) all com=t to ! l& ( s\ls4#djh ,sid5ote3 ,burial & m\rn+ cu/oms among ! ,yabim4 ,among ! ,yabim ! dead are usually buri$ 9 %all[ graves close to ! h\ses :]e !y di$4 ,"s trifles are laid ) ! body 9 ! grave1 9 ord] t ! dead man or woman may h ! use ( !m 9 ! o!r _w4 ,b any valuables t may be deposit$ ) ! corpse are aft]w>ds dug up & appropriat$ by ! survivors4 ,if ! deceas$ 0 ! h\sehold] himself or 8 wife1 ! h\se is almo/ always des]t$1 h[ev] solidly x may be built4 ,! reason = ?us ab&on+ s valuable a piece ( prop]ty is n m5tion$2 b we may assume t ! motive is a fe> ( ! gho/1 :o is suppos$ to haunt 8 old home4 ,a tempor>y hut is built on ! grave1 & 9 x ! family ( ! deceas$ take up _! abode = six weeks or m2 "h !y cook1 eat1 & sleep4 ,a wid[] sits 9 a seclud$ corn] by himself1 invisible to all & unwa%$2 dur+ ! p]iod ( full m\rn+ he may n %ew himself 9 ! village4 ,:5 he does come =? aga91 he we>s a m\rn+ hat made ( b>k 9 ! %ape ( a cyl9d] )\t cr[n or brim2 a wid[ we>s a great ugly net1 :i* wraps h] up almo/ completely f ! head to ! knees4 ,sometimes 9 memory ( ! deceas$ !y we> a lock ( 8 hair or a bracelet4 ,o!r relations we> cords r\nd _! necks 9 sign ( m\rn+4 ,! p]iod ( m\rn+ v>ies greatly2 x may la/ = mon?s or ev5 ye>s4 ,sometimes ! bodies ( belov$ *ildr5 or p]sons :o h be5 mu* respect$ are n buri$ b ti$ up 9 bundles & set up 9 a h\se until ! fle% has q m\ld]$ away2 !n ! skull & ! bones ( ! arms & legs are ano9t$1 pa9t$ r$1 & pres]v$ = a "t4 ,mr4 ,vett] records ! case ( a *ief ^: corpse 0 ?us pres]v$ 9 ! assembly-h\se ( ! village1 aft] x _h be5 dri$ ov] a fire4 ,:5 x _h be5 r$uc$ to a mummy1 ! skull & ! arm-bones & leg-bones 7 deta*$1 oil$1 & r$d5$1 & !n kept = "s ye>s 9 ! h\se ( ! *ief's elde/ son1 till f9ally !y 7 deposit$ 9 ! grave ( a k9sman4 ,9 "s ( ! inl& villages ( ?is "p ( ,new ,gu9ea ! wid[ is sometimes ?rottl$ by h] relations at ! dea? ( h] husb&1 9 ord] t %e may accompany him to ! o!r _w4#dji ,sid5ote3 ,dea?s attribut$ by ! ,yabim to sorc]y4 ,! ,yabim believe t except 9 ! case ( v old p e dea? is caus$ by sorc]y2 h5ce :5 anybody has dep>t$ ?is life1 8 relations make ha/e to discov] ! wick$ sorc]] :o has kill$ _! k9sman4 ,= t purpose !y h rec\rse to v>i\s =ms ( div9ation4 ,"o ( !m has be5 already describ$1 b !y h o!rs4 ,= example1 !y put a p[d] l sulphur 9 a piece ( bamboo tube & k9dle a fire "u x4 ,!n an old man takes a bull-ro>] & taps ) x on ! bamboo tube1 nam+ all ! sorc]]s 9 ! neighb\r+ villages4 ,he at ! m5tion ( ^: "n ! fire cat*es ! p[d] & blazes up is ! guilty man4 ,ano!r way ( detect+ ! culprit is to atta* ! fea!r ( a bird ( p>adise to a /aff & give ! /aff to two m5 to hold upright betwe5 ! palms ( _! "r h&s4 ,!n somebody names ! sorc]]s1 & he at ^: "n ! /aff turns r\nd & ! fea!r po9ts d[nw>ds is ! "o :o caus$ ! dea?4 ,:5 ! av5g]s ( blood1 wr\ght up to a high pit* ( fury1 fall 9 ) ! family ( ! imag9>y crim9al1 !y may put ! :ole ( !m to dea? le/ ! sons %\ld aft]w>ds av5ge _! fa!r's murd] by ! black art4 ,sometimes a dang]\s & dread$ sorc]] w be put out ( ! way ) ! connivance ( ! *ief ( 8 own village2 & aft] a few days ! murd]]s w boldly %ew !mselves 9 ! village :]e ! crime 0 p]petrat$ & w reassure ! re/ ( ! p1 say+1 ,be /ill4 ,! wick$ man has be5 tak5 (f4 ,no h>m w befall y4#daj ,sid5ote3 ,bull-ro>]s 7balum74 ,initiation ( "y m54 ,x is v significant t ! ^w balum1 :i* means a gho/1 is appli$ by ! ,yabim to ! in/rum5t n[ g5]ally kn[n among an?ropologi/s z a bull-ro>]4 ,x is a small fi%-%ap$ piece ( wood :i*1 be+ ti$ to a /r+ & :irl$ rapidly r\nd1 produces a humm+ or boom+ s\nd l ! ro>+ ( a bull or ! mutt]+ ( di/ant ?und]4 ,in/rum5ts ( ?is sort are employ$ by savages 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w at _! my/]ies2 ! weird s\nd :i* ! implem5t makes :5 swung is suppos$ by ! ignorant & un9itiat$ to be ! voice ( a _s & s]ves to impress !m ) a s5se ( awe & my/]y4 ,s x is ) ! ,papuans ab\t ,f9s* ,h>b\r1 ) :om we are at pres5t conc]n$4 ,at lea/ "o su* bull-ro>] is kept 9 ! lum or ba*elors' clubh\se ( e village1 & ! wom5 & un9itiat$ boys are =bidd5 to see x "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,! in/rum5t plays a great "p 9 ! initiation ( "y m51 :i* takes place at int]vals ( sev]al ye>s1 :5 !re are a numb] ( y\?s ready to be initiat$1 & en\gh pigs c be procur$ to furni% =? ! fea/s :i* =m an indisp5sable "p ( ! c]emony4 ,! pr9cipal initiatory rite consi/s ( circumcision1 :i* is p]=m$ on all y\?s be=e !y are admitt$ to ! rank ( full-gr[n m54 ,! age ( ! c&idates v>ies consid]ably1 f f\r ye>s up to tw5ty4 ,_m are m>ri$ be=e !y are initiat$4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! =e/1 & ! procession ( ! y\?s to ! place appo9t$ is att5d$ by a numb] ( m5 sw++ bull-ro>]s4 ,z ! procession sets out1 ! wom5 look on f a di/ance1 weep+ & h[l+1 = !y are taught to believe t ! lads1 _! sons & bro!rs1 are ab\t to be swall[$ up by a mon/] call$ a balum or gho/1 :o w only release !m f 8 belly on condition ( receiv+ a suffici5t numb] ( roa/ pigs4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! poor wom5 be sure t !y w ev] see _! de> ones aga98 ,s amid ! noise ( weep+ & wail+ ! procession passes into ! =e/1 & ! boom+ s\nd ( ! bull-ro>]s dies away 9 ! di/ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rite ( circumcision2 ! lads suppos$ to be swall[$ by a mon/] 7balum74 ,! sacr$ flutes4 ,! place :]e ! op]ation is p]=m$ on ! lads is a long hut1 ab\t a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 :i* dim9i%es 9 height t[>ds ! re>4 ,?is repres5ts ! belly ( ! mon/] :i* is to swall[ up ! c&idates4 ,to keep up ! delusion a pair ( great eyes are pa9t$ ov] ! entrance1 & above !m ! project+ roots ( a betel-palm repres5t ! mon/]'s hair1 :ile ! trunk ( ! tree passes = 8 backbone4 ,z ! awe-/ruck lads approa* ?is impos+ creature1 he is he>d f "t to "t to utt] a gr[l4 ,! gr[l is 9 fact no o!r ?an ! humm+ note ( bull-ro>]s swung by m51 :o are conceal$ )9 ! edifice4 ,:5 ! procession has come to a halt 9 front ( ! artificial mon/]1 a l\d defiant bla/ bl[n on %ell-trumpets summons him to /& =?4 ,! reply foll[s 9 ! %ape ( ano!r muffl$ ro> ( ! bull-ro>]s f )9 ! build+4 ,at ! s\nd ! m5 say t ,balum is com+ up1 & !y raise a %rill song l a scream & sacrifice pigs to ! mon/] 9 ord] to induce him to sp>e ! lives ( ! c&idates4 ,:5 ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$ on ! lads1 !y mu/ rema9 9 /rict seclusion = ?ree or f\r mon?s1 avoid+ all contact ) wom5 & ev5 ! sight ( !m4 ,!y live 9 ! long hut1 :i* repres5ts ! mon/]'s belly1 & _! food is br\ght !m by eld] m54 ,_! leisure "t is sp5t 9 weav+ baskets & play+ on c]ta9 sacr$ flutes1 :i* are nev] us$ except at su* seasons4 ,! in/rum5ts are ( two patt]ns4 ,"o is call$ ! male & ! o!r ! female1 & !y are suppos$ to be m>ri$ to ea* o!r4 ,no woman may see ^! my/]i\s flutes2 if %e did %e w\ld die4 ,ev5 if %e he>s _! %rill note 9 ! di/ance1 %e w ha/5 to hide h]self 9 a ?icket4 ,:5 ! initiatory c]emonies are ov]1 ! flutes are c>efully kept 9 ! m5's clubh\se ( ! village till ! next "t !y are want$ = a simil> occasion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! wom5 are oblig$ to g ne> ! place :]e ! lads are liv+ 9 seclusion1 !y beat on c]ta9 bamboo drums 9 ord] to w>n !m to keep out ( ! way4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh p]haps r>ely1 "o ( ! lads dies "u ! op]ation2 9 t case ! m5 expla9 8 disappe>ance to ! wom5 by say+ t ! mon/] has a pig's /oma* z well z a human /oma*1 & t un=tunately ! deceas$ "y man slipp$ by mi/ake into ! wrong /oma* & s p]i%$ mis]ably4 ,b z a rule ! c&idates pass into ! "r /oma* & aft] a suffici5t p]iod has be5 all[$ = dige/ion1 !y come =? safe & s\nd1 ! mon/] hav+ k9dly cons5t$ to let !m g free 9 consid]ation ( ! roa/ pigs :i* h be5 (f]$ to him by ! m54 ,inde$ he is n v exact+1 = he cont5ts himself ) dev\r+ ! s\ls ( ! pigs1 :ile he leaves _! bodies to be consum$ by 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,?is is a k9dly & consid]ate way ( deal+ ) sacrifice1 :i* our ,new ,gu9ea gho/ or mon/] %>es ) _m deities ( mu* high] social pret5sions4 ,h[ev]1 le/ he %\ld prove refractory & p]haps run away ) ! poor "y m5 9 8 inside1 or possibly make a d>t at any wom5 or *ildr5 :o might be pass+1 ! m5 take ! precaution ( ty+ him d[n tight ) ropes4 ,:5 ! "t ( seclusion is up1 "o ( ! la/ acts 9 ! long s]ies ( c]emonies is to ca/ (f ! ropes & let ! mon/] g free4 ,he avails himself ( 8 lib]ty to return to 8 subt]ranean abode1 & ! "y m5 are br\ght back to ! village ) mu* solemnity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! return ( ! novices to ! village4 ,an eye-witness has describ$ ! c]emony4 ,! lads1 n[ rank+ z full-gr[n m51 7 fir/ ba!d 9 ! sea & !n elaborately decorat$ ) pa9t & s =?4 ,9 m>*+ back to ! village !y _h to keep _! eyes tightly %ut1 & ea* ( !m 0 l$ by a man :o act$ z a k9d ( god-fa!r4 ,z ! procession mov$ on1 an old bald-head$ man t\*$ ea* boy solemnly on ! *9 & br[ ) a bull-ro>]4 ,9 ! village prep>ations = a banquet _h mean:ile be5 made1 & ! wom5 & girls 7 wait+ 9 fe/al attire4 ,! wom5 7 mu* mov$ at ! return ( ! lads2 !y sobb$ & te>s ( joy ran d[n _! *eeks4 ,arriv$ 9 ! village ! newly-initiat$ lads 7 drawn up 9 a r[ & fre% palm leaves 7 spread 9 front ( !m4 ,"h !y /ood ) clos$ eyes1 motionless z /atues4 ,!n a man pass$ beh9d !m1 t\*+ ea* ( !m 9 ! hams ) ! h&le ( an axe & say+1 ,o circumcis$ "o1 sit d[n4 ,b /ill ! lads rema9$ /&+1 /iff & motionless4 ,n till ano!r man _h knock$ repeat$ly on ! gr\nd ) ! /alk ( a palm-leaf1 cry+1 ,o circumcis$ ones1 op5 y\r eyes6 did ! y\?s1 "o aft] ano!r1 op5 _! eyes z if awak+ f a pr(\nd /upor4 ,!n !y sat d[n on ! mats & p>took ( ! food br\ght !m by ! m54 ,"y & old n[ ate 9 ! op5 air4 ,next morn+ ! circumcis$ lads 7 ba!d 9 ! sea & pa9t$ r$ in/ead ( :ite4 ,aft] t !y might talk to wom54 ,?is 0 ! end ( ! c]emony4#daa ,sid5ote3 ,! ess5ce ( ! initiatory rites seems to be a simulation ( dea? & resurrection2 ! novice is suppos$ to be kill$ & to come to life or be born aga94 ,! new bir? among ! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa4 ,! mean+ ( ^! curi\s c]emonies obs]v$ on ! return ( ! lads to ! village is n expla9$ by ! writ] :o describes !m2 b ! analogy ( simil> c]emonies obs]v$ at initiation by _m o!r races all[s u to div9e x ) a fair degree ( probability4 ,z ,i h already obs]v$ 9 a =m] lecture1 ! c]emony ( initiation at pub]ty is v (t5 reg>d$ z a process ( dea? & resurrection2 ! c&idate is suppos$ to die or to be kill$ & to come to life aga9 or be born aga92 & ! pret5ce ( a new bir? is n uncommonly kept up by ! novices feign+ to h =gott5 all ! mo/ common actions ( life & hav+ accord+ly to le>n !m all ov] aga9 l newborn babes4 ,we may conjecture t ?is is :y ! "y circumcis$ ,papuans1 ) :om we are at pres5t conc]n$1 m>* back to _! village ) clos$ eyes2 ?is is :y1 :5 bidd5 to sit d[n1 !y rema9 /&+ /iffly1 z if !y und]/ood nei!r ! comm& nor ! action2 & ?is1 too1 we may surmise1 is :y _! mo!rs & si/]s receive !m ) a bur/ ( emotion1 z if _! dead _h come back to !m f ! grave4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! c]emony is confirm$ by a curi\s rite :i* is obs]v$ by ! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa4 ,among/ !m e boy or girl at or ab\t ! age ( t5 ye>s has solemnly to pret5d to be born aga91 n 9 a moral or religi\s1 b 9 a physical s5se4 ,! "m ( ! *ild1 or1 if %e is dead1 "s o!r woman1 goes ?r\gh an actual pantomime ( br++ =? ! boy or girl4 ,i w sp>e y ! details ( ! pantomime1 :i* is v graphic1 & w m]ely m5tion t ! b\nc+ infant squalls l a newborn babe4 ,n[ ?is c]emony ( ! new bir? 0 =m]ly enact$ among ! ,akikuyu at ! rite ( circumcision1 ?\gh ! two c]emonies are n[ kept di/9ct4#dab ,h5ce x is n v ra% to conjecture t ! c]emony p]=m$ by ! "y ,papuans ( ,f9s* ,h>b\r on _! return to ! village aft] und]go+ circumcision is m]ely a way ( keep+ up ! pret5ce ( be+ born aga9 & ( be+ !re=e z ignorant & helpless z babes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mock dea? ( ! novices z a prelim9>y to ! mock bir?4 ,b if ! end ( ! initiation is a mock resurrection1 or r new bir?1 z x c]ta9ly seems to be1 we may inf] ) "s confid5ce t ! fir/ "p ( x1 namely ! act ( circumcision1 is a mock dea?4 ,?is is borne out by ! explicit /atem5t ( a v good au?ority1 ,mr4 ,vett]1 t ! circumcision is designat$ z a process ( be+ swall[$ by ! _s1 out ( ^: /oma* 7repres5t$ by a long hut7 ! release mu/ take place by means ( a sacrifice ( pigs4#dac ,& x is fur!r confirm$ by ! obs]vation t bo? ! _s :i* is suppos$ to op]ate on ! lads1 & ! bull-ro>]1 :i* app>5tly repres5ts 8 voice1 are kn[n by ! "n ( balum1 :i* means ! gho/ or _s ( a dead p]son4 ,simil>ly1 among ! ,tug]i or ,kaya-,kaya1 a l>ge ,papuan tribe on ! s\? coa/ ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 ! "n ( ! bull-ro>]1 :i* !y call sosom1 is giv5 to a my?ical giant1 :o is suppos$ to appe> e ye> ) ! s\?-ea/ monsoon4 ,:5 he comes1 a fe/ival is held 9 8 hon\r & bull-ro>]s are swung4 ,boys are pres5t$ to ! giant1 & he kills !m1 b br+s !m to life aga94#dad ,?us ! initiatory rite ( circumcision1 to :i* all lads h to submit among ! ,yabim1 seems to be closely b\nd up ) _! conception ( dea? & ) _! belief 9 a life aft] dea?2 s9ce ! :ole c]emony app>5tly consi/s 9 a simulation ( dy+ & com+ to life aga94 ,t is :y ,i h t\*$ ^u ^! initiatory rites1 :i* at fir/ sight might appe> to h no connexion ) our imm$iate subject1 ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al summ>y z to ! ,yabim4 ,on ! :ole we may say t ! ,yabim h a v firm & practical belief 9 a life aft] dea?1 & t :ile _! attitude to ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ is g5]ally "o ( fe>1 !y nev]!less look to ^! spirits also = in=mation & help on v>i\s occasions4 ,?us _! beliefs & practices conta9 at lea/ 9 g]m ! elem5ts ( a wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,footnote #cid3 ,/olz1 ,die ,umgebung von ,kap ,ko5ig ,wilhelm1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,new-,gu9ea 7,b]l91 #aiaa71 iii4 #bdc-bhf4 ,footnote #cie3 ,/olz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #beb-bed4 ,footnote #cif3 ,/olz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bde-bdg4 ,footnote #cig3 ,/olz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdg sq4 ,footnote #cih3 ,/olz1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bdh-bej4 ,footnote #cii3 ,/olz1 op4 cit4 p4 #beh4 ,footnote #djj3 ,/olz1 op4 cit4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #dja3 ,k4 ,vett]1 9 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 od] die ,arbeit d] ,neu5-,dettelsau] ,mission1 ,nos4 #a-d 7,b>m51 #ahih72 id41 9 ,na*ri*t5 ueb] ,kais] ,wilhelms-,l&1 #ahig1 pp4 #hf-ajb2 id41 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 xi4 7,j5a1 #ahib7 pp4 #ajb-ajf2 id41 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 xii4 7,j5a1 #ahic7 pp4 #ie-ig2 ,h4 ,zahn1 ,die ,jabim1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #bhg-cid4 ,footnote #djb3 ,k4 ,vett]1 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 ii4 7,b>m51 #ahih7 pp4 #f-ab4 ,footnote #djc3 ,k4 ,vett]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #h2 ,h4 ,zahn1 ,die ,jabim1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 #bia1 #cjh1 #caa4 ,footnote #djd3 ,h4 ,zahn1 op4 cit4 iii4 #bia4 ,footnote #dje3 ,k4 ,vett]1 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 iii4 #ba sq4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,zahn 7op4 cit4 p4 #cbd7 e village has its own entrance into ! _s-l&4 ,footnote #djf3 ,k4 ,vett]1 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 iii4 #ai-bd2 id41 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 xii4 7#ahic7 pp4 #if sq4 ,footnote #djg3 ,k4 ,vett]1 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 ii4 #g1 iii4 #bd2 id41 9 ,na*ri*t5 ueb] ,kais] ,wilhelms-,l& und d5 ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 #ahig1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #djh3 ,k4 ,vett]1 9 ,na*ri*t5 ueb] ,kais] ,wilhelms-,l&1 #ahig1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #dji3 ,k4 ,vett]1 9 ,na*ri*t5 ueb] ,kais] ,wilhelms-,l&1 #ahig1 pp4 #id sq42 id41 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 iii4 #ae-ai4 ,comp>e ,h4 ,zahn1 ,die ,jabim1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 #cbj sq4 ,footnote #daj3 ,h4 ,zahn1 ,die ,jabim1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 #cah-cbj4 ,footnote #daa3 ,k4 ,vett]1 9 ,na*ri*t5 ueb] ,kais] ,wilhelms-,l& und d5 ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 #ahig1 pp4 #ib sq42 id41 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 xi4 7#ahib7 p4 #aje2 id41 ,komm h]ueb] und hilf uns6 ii4 7#ahih7 p4 #ah2 id41 cit$ by ,m4 ,krieg]1 ,neu-,gu9ea1 pp4 #afg-agj2 ,o4 ,s*ellong1 ,das ,b>lum 7sic7-fe/ d] ,geg5d ,f9s*-haf5s 7,kais]wilhelmsl&71 e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,bes*neidung d] ,melanesi]1 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fu] ,e?nographie1 ii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #ade-afb2 ,h4 ,zahn1 ,die ,jabim1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 #bif-bih4 ,footnote #dab3 ,w4 ,s4 ,r\tl$ge & ,k4 ,r\tl$ge1 ,) a ,prehi/oric ,p1 ! ,akikuyu ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aea sq4 ,comp>e ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iv4 #bbh2 ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley1 ,kikuyu ,cu/oms & ,beliefs1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xl4 7#aiaj7 pp4 #ddj sq4 ,footnote #dac3 ,k4 ,vett]1 9 ,na*ri*t5 ueb] ,kais] ,wilhelmsl& und d5 ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel1 #ahig1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #dad3 ,r4 ,poe*1 ,vi]t] ,b]i*t ueb] me9e ,reise na* ,neu-,gu9ea1 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ma!matis*-naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,klasse d] ,kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 7,vi5na71 cxv4 7#aijf7 ,abteilung #a1 pp4 #ija1 #ijb4 ,,lecture ,,xii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,g]man ,,new ,,gu9ea 7cont9u$7 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,bukaua ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i describ$ ! beliefs & practices conc]n+ ! dead z !y are to be f\nd among ! ,yabim ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,to-day we beg9 ) ! ,bukaua1 a k9dr$ & neighb\r+ tribe1 :i* occupies ! coa/ l&s ( ! nor!rn portion ( ,huon ,gulf f ,s*oll5bru* ,po9t to ,samoa ,h>b\r4 ,! language :i* ! ,bukaua speak belongs1 l ! language ( ! ,yabim1 to ! ,melanesian1 n to ! ,papuan family4 ,_! cu/oms & beliefs h be5 report$ by a ,g]man mission>y1 ,mr4 ,/efan ,lehn]1 ^: acc\nt ,i foll[4#dae ,9 _m respects !y closely resemble ^? ( _! neighb\rs ! ,yabim4 ,sid5ote3 ,means ( subsi/5ce ( ! ,bukaua4 ,m5's clubh\ses4 ,! ,bukaua are an agricultural p :o subsi/ ma9ly on ! crops ( t>o :i* !y raise4 ,b !y also cultivate _m k9ds ( bananas & vegetables1 toge!r ) sug>-cane1 sago1 & tobacco4 ,f "t to "t !y cut d[n & burn ! =e/ 9 ord] to obta9 fre% fields = cultivation4 ,! l& is n held 9 common4 ,ea* family has its own fields & pat*es ( =e/1 & w\ld res5t ! intrusion ( o!rs on _! h]$it>y doma94 ,hunt+ & fi%+ supply !m ) animal food to eke out ! vegetable n\ri%m5t :i* !y draw f _! fields & plantations4#daf ,e village conta9s "o or m ( ! m5's clubh\ses :i* are a common feature 9 ! social life ( ! tribes on ?is coa/4 ,9 ^! clubh\ses ! "y m5 are oblig$ to sleep1 & on ! plat=ms 9 front ( !m ! old] m5 hold _! c\ncils4 ,su* a clubh\se is call$ a lum4#dag ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,bukaua conc]n+ ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,sickness & disease attribut$ to gho/ly ag5cy4 ,! ,bukaua h a firm belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! human s\l aft] dea?4 ,!y ?9k t a man's s\l c ev5 quit 8 body tempor>ily 9 8 lifetime dur+ sleep or a swoon1 & t 9 its disembodi$ /ate x c appe> to p at a di/ance2 b su* app>itions are reg>d$ z om5s ( approa*+ dea?1 :5 ! s\l w dep>t = good & all4 ,! s\l ( a dead man is call$ a balum4 ,! spirits ( ! dep>t$ are believ$ to be g5]ally mis*iev\s & spiteful to ! liv+1 b !y c be appeas$ by sacrifice1 & o!r measures c be tak5 to av]t _! dang]\s influ5ce4#dah ,!y are v t\*y1 & if !y imag9e t !y are n hon\r$ en\gh by _! k9sfolk1 & t ! (f]+s made to !m are insuffici5t1 !y w av5ge ! slight by visit+ _! disrespectful & /+y relatives ) sickness & disease4 ,among ! maladies :i* ! natives ascribe to ! ang] ( gho/s are epilepsy1 fa9t+ fits1 & wa/+ decl9e4#dai ,:5 a man suff]s f a sore :i* he believes to h be5 inflict$ on him by a gho/1 he w take a /one f ! f5ce ( ! grave & heat x 9 ! fire1 say+3 ,fa!r1 see1 ?\ ha/ gone1 ,i am left1 ,i mu/ till ! l& 9 ?y /ead & c>e = my bro!rs & si/]s4 ,d me good aga94 ,!n he dips ! hot /one 9 a puddle on ! grave1 & holds 8 sore 9 ! /eam :i* rises f x4 ,8 pa9 is eas$ !reby & he expla9s ! alleviation :i* he feels by say+1 ,! _s ( ! dead man has eat5 up ! w\nd4#dbj ,sid5ote3 ,sickness & dea? (t5 ascrib$ by ! ,bukaua to sorc]y4 ,b l mo/ savages ! ,bukaua attribute _m illnesses & _m dea?s n to ! wra? ( gho/s b to ! malignant arts ( sorc]]s2 & 9 su* cases !y usually endeav\r by means ( div9ation to asc]ta9 ! culprit & to av5ge ! dea? ( _! fri5d by tak+ ! life ( 8 imag9>y murd]]4#dba ,if !y fail to exact v5geance1 ! gho/ is believ$ to be v angry1 & !y mu/ be on _! gu>d aga9/ him4 ,he may meet !m any:]e1 b is especially apt to dog ! foot/eps ( ! sorc]] :o kill$ him4 ,h5ce :5 on ! occasion ( a great fea/ ! sorc]] comes to ! village ( 8 victim1 ! surviv+ relatives ( ! dead man are at p>ticul> pa9s to protect !mselves & _! prop]ty aga9/ ! insidi\s attacks ( ! pr[l+ gho/4 ,= ?is purpose !y bury a creep] ) :ite blossoms 9 ! pa? lead+ to ! village2 ! gho/ is ?\ght to be fill$ ) fe> at ! sight ( x & to turn back1 leav+ 8 k9sfolk1 _! dogs1 & pigs 9 peace4#dbb ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( ! gho/s ( ! sla94 ,ano!r class ( gho/s :o are mu* dread$ are ! spirits ( sla9 foes4 ,!y are believ$ to pursue _! slay]s to ! village & to bl9d !m s t soon] or lat] !y fall an easy prey to _! enemies4 ,h5ce :5 a p>ty ( w>riors has return$ home f a successful attack on a village1 9 :i* !y h but*]$ all on :om !y c\ld lay _! h&s1 !y k9dle a great fire1 dance wildly ab\t x1 & hurl burn+ br&s 9 ! direction ( ! battlefield 9 ord] to keep ! gho/s ( _! slaught]$ foes at bay4 ,phosphoresc5t lights se5 "u ! h\ses ?r[ ! inmates into great al>m1 = !y are ?\ght to be ! s\ls ( ! sla94 ,sometimes ! vanqui%$ 9 battle resort to a curi\s ruse = ! purpose ( av5g+ !mselves on ! victors by means ( a gho/4 ,!y take ! sleep+-mat ( "o ( ! sla91 roll x up 9 a bundle along ) 8 lo9-clo?1 apron1 nett$ bag1 or head-re/1 & give ! bundle to two cripples to c>ry4 ,!n !y /eal quietly to ! l&+-place ( _! foes1 pe]+ w>ily ab\t le/ !y %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! bundle repres5ts ! dead man1 & ! cripples :o c>ry x reel to & fro1 & f9ally s9k to ! gr\nd ) _! burd54 ,9 ?is way ! gho/ ( ! victim1 ^: ?+s are c>ri$ 9 ! bundle1 is suppos$ to make _! enemies weak & tott]y4 ,/rong "y m5 are n giv5 ! bundle to c>ry1 le/ ! gho/ %\ld spoil _! manly figures2 :]eas if he %\ld w\nd or maim a c\ple ( poor cripples1 no great h>m is done4#dbc ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s ( ance/ors appeal$ to = help1 especially 9 ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd4 ,fir/-fruits (f]$ to ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,bukaua also look on ! gho/s ( _! ance/ors 9 a m amiable light z be+s :o1 if prop]ly appeal$ to1 c & w help !m 9 ! affairs ( life1 especially by procur+ = !m good crops4 ,h5ce :5 !y are plant+ _! fields1 :i* are =m$ 9 cle>+s ( ! =e/1 !y take p>ticul> c>e to ins]t %oots ( all _! crops 9 ! gr\nd ne> ! tree /umps :i* rema9 /&+1 because ! s\ls ( _! dead gr&fa!rs & great-gr&fa!rs are believ$ to be sitt+ on ! /umps wat*+ _! desc5dants at _! "w4 ,accord+ly 9 ! act ( plant+ !y call out ! names ( ^! =efa!rs & pray !m to gu>d ! field 9 ord] t _! liv+ *ildr5 may h food & n suff] f hung]4 ,& at h>ve/1 :5 ! fir/-fruits ( ! t>o1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 & s =? h be5 br\ght back f ! fields1 a portion ( !m is (f]$ 9 a b[l to ! spirits ( ! =efa!rs 9 ! h\se ( ! l&[n]1 & ! spirits are address$ 9 pray] z foll[s3 ,o ye :o h gu>d$ our field z we pray$ y to d1 !re is some?+ = y2 n[ & h5ce=? behold u ) fav\r4 ,:ile ! family are fea/+ on ! re/ ( ! fir/-fruits1 ! h\sehold] w surreptiti\sly /ir ! (f]+s 9 ! b[l ) 8 f+]1 & w !n %ew ! b[l to ! o!rs z a pro( t ! s\ls ( ! dead h really p>tak5 ( ! good ?+s provid$ = !m4#dbd ,a hunt] w also pray to 8 dead fa!r to drive ! wild pigs into 8 net4#dbe ,sid5ote3 ,burial & m\rn+ cu/oms ( ! ,bukaua4 ,! ,bukaua bury _! dead 9 %all[ graves1 :i* are sometimes dug "u ! h\ses b m usually 9 front ( or beside !m4 ,along ) ! corpses are deposit$ bags ( t>o1 nuts1 dr9k+-vessels1 & o!r articles ( daily use4 ,only ! /one axes are too valuable to be ?us sacrific$4 ,ov] ! grave is erect$ a rude hut 9 :i* ! wid[]1 if ! deceas$ 0 a m>ri$ woman1 rema9s = a "t 9 seclusion4 ,a wid[ on ! dea? ( h] husb& rema9s 9 ! h\se4 ,wid[ & wid[] may n %ew !mselves 9 public until !y h prep>$ _! m\rn+ co/ume4 ,! wid[] we>s a black hat made ( b>k1 cords r\nd 8 neck1 wick] "w on 8 arms & feet1 & a torn old bracelet ( 8 wife 9 a bag on 8 brea/4 ,a wid[ is completely swa!d 9 nets1 "o ov] ! o!r1 & %e c>ries ab\t ) h] ! lo9clo? ( h] deceas$ husb&4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead dwell 9 a subt]ranean region call$ lamboam1 & _! life !re seems to resemble life "h on e>?2 b ! ideas ( ! p on ! subject are v vague4#dbf ,sid5ote3 ,initiation ( "y m5 among ! ,bukaua4 ,lads at circumcision suppos$ to be swall[$ by a mon/]4 ,! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! ,bukaua 9 reg>d to ! initiation ( "y m5 are practically id5tical ) ^? ( _! neighb\rs ! ,yabim4 ,inde$ ! initiatory c]emonies are p]=m$ by ! tribes jo9tly1 n[ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,bukaua1 n[ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,yabim1 or 9 ! l& ( ! ,kai1 a tribe ( m\nta9e]s1 or aga9 9 ! neighb\r+ ,tami isl&s4 ,! int]vals betwe5 ! c]emonies v>y f t5 to eighte5 ye>s4#dbg ,! c5tral feature ( ! initiatory rites is ! circumcision ( ! novices4 ,x is giv5 out t ! lads are swall[$ by a f]oci\s mon/] call$ a balum1 :o1 h[ev]1 is induc$ by ! sacrifice ( _m pigs to vomit !m up aga94 ,9 spew+ !m out ( 8 maw he bites or scrat*es !m1 & ! w\nd s inflict$ is circumcision4 ,?is explanation ( ! rite is fobb$ (f on ! wom51 :o m or less believe x & weep accord+ly :5 _! sons are l$ away to be committ$ to ! mon/]'s jaws4 ,& :5 ! "t = ! c]emony is approa*+1 ! fond mo!rs busy !mselves ) re>+ & fatt5+ "y pigs1 s t !y may be able ) !m to r$eem _! lov$ ones f ! belly ( ! rav5\s bea/2 = he mu/ h a pig = e boy4 ,:5 a lad ble$s to dea? f ! effect ( ! op]ation1 he is secretly buri$1 & 8 sorr[ful "m is told t ! mon/] swall[$ him & refus$ to br+ him up aga94 ,:at really happ5s is t ! y\?s are %ut up = sev]al mon?s 9 a h\se specially built = ! purpose 9 ! village4 ,dur+ _! seclusion !y are "u ! *>ge ( gu>dians1 usually two "y m51 & mu/ obs]ve /rictly a rule ( fa/+ & *a/ity4 ,:5 !y are judg$ to be ready to und]go ! rite1 !y are l$ =? & circumcis$ 9 front ( ! h\se amid a prodigi\s upro> made by ! sw++ ( bull-ro>]s4 ,! noise is suppos$ to be ! voice ( ! mon/] :o swall[s & vomits up ! novice at circumcision4 ,! bull-ro>] z well z ! mon/] be>s ! "n ( balum1 & ! build+ 9 :i* ! novices are lodg$ be=e & aft] ! op]ation is call$ ! mon/]'s h\se 7balumslum74 ,aft] !y h be5 circumcis$ ! lads rema9 9 ! h\se = sev]al mon?s till _! w\nds are heal$2 !n1 pa9t$ & b$iz5$ ) all ! ornam5ts t c be collect$1 !y are br\ght back & re/or$ to _! joyful mo!rs4 ,wom5 mu/ vacate ! village = a long "t :ile ! initiatory c]emonies are be+ p]=m$4#dbh ,sid5ote3 ,novices at circumcision suppos$ to be kill$ & !n re/or$ to a new & high] life4 ,! mean+ ( ! :ole rite1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 deal+ ) ! simil> initiatory rite ( ! ,yabim1 appe>s to be t ! novices are kill$ & !n re/or$ to a new & bett] life2 = aft] _! initiation !y rank no long] z boys b z full-gr[n m51 entitl$ to all ! privileges ( manhood & citiz5%ip1 if we c speak ( su* a ?+ z citiz5%ip among ! savages ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! rite is support$ by ! notable fact t ! ,bukaua1 l ! ,yabim1 give ! "n ( balum to ! s\ls ( ! dead z well z to ! my?ical mon/] & to ! bull-ro>]2 ?is %ews h[ intimately ! ?ree ?+s are associat$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,inde$ n only is ! bull-ro>] 9 g5]al associat$ ) ! s\ls ( ! dead by a community ( "n1 b among ! ,bukaua ea* p>ticul> bull-ro>] be>s 9 addition ! "n ( a p>ticul> dead man & v>ies 9 dignity & importance ) ! dignity & importance ( ! deceas$ p]son :om x repres5ts4 ,! mo/ v5]at$ ( all are curi\sly c>v$ & h be5 h&$ d[n = g5]ations2 !y be> ! names ( fam\s w>riors or magicians ( old & are suppos$ to reproduce ! p]sonal peculi>ities ( ! celebrat$ orig9als 9 _! %ape & tones4 ,& !re are small] bull-ro>]s :i* emit %rill] notes & are ?\ght to repres5t ! %rill-voic$ wives ( ! anci5t h]oes4#dbi ,sid5ote3 ,! ,kai tribe ( ,saddle ,m\nta9 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! l& ( ! ,kai4 ,_! mode ( cultivation4 ,_! villages4 ,! ,bukaua & ! ,yabim1 ! two tribes ) :i* ,i h be5 deal+ 9 ?is & ! la/ lecture1 inhabit1 z ,i h said1 ! coa/ ab\t ,f9s* ,h>b\r & speak a ,melanesian language4 ,we n[ pass f !m to ! consid]ation ( ano!r p1 belong+ to a diff]5t /ock & speak+ a diff]5t language1 :o inhabit ! rugg$ & d5sely wood$ m\nta9s inl& f ,f9s* ,h>b\r4 ,_! neighb\rs on ! coa/ call ^! m\nta9e]s by ! "n ( ,kai1 a ^w :i* signifies =e/ or inl& 9 opposition to ! sea%ore2 & ?is "n ( ! tribe we may adopt1 foll[+ ! example ( a ,g]man mission>y1 ,mr4 ,*4 ,keyss]1 :o has lab\r$ among !m = m ?an elev5 ye>s & has giv5 u an excell5t description ( _! cu/oms & beliefs4 ,8 acc\nt applies p>ticul>ly to ! natives ( :at is call$ ,saddle ,m\nta91 ! "p ( ! range :i* advances ne>e/ to ! coa/ & rises to ! height ( ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,x is a r\gh1 brok5 c\ntry1 cleft by _m rav9es & cov]$ ) =e/1 bu%1 or bamboo ?ickets2 ?\gh "h & !re at r>e int]vals "s br[n pat*es m>k ! cle>+s :i* ! sp>se inhabitants h made = ! purpose ( cultivation4 ,wat] is pl5tiful4 ,spr+s gu% =? ev]y:]e 9 ! gl5s & valleys1 & ru%+ /reams ( cry/al-cle> wat] p\r d[n ! m\nta9 sides1 & 9 ! clefts ( ! hills are lonely t>ns1 ! undi/urb$ haunts ( wild ducks & o!r wat] f[l4 ,dur+ ! wet season1 :i* ext5ds f ,june to ,augu/1 ! ra9 desc5ds 9 %eets & ! m\nta9s are sometimes cov]$ = weeks toge!r ) s ?ick a mi/ t all prospect is cut (f at ! di/ance ( a hundr$ y>ds4 ,! natives are !n lo? to leave _! huts & w sp5d ! day cr\*+ ov] a fire4 ,!y are a %ort] & /urdi] race ?an ! tribes on ! coa/2 ! expression ( _! face is less frank & agreeable1 & _! p]sons are v mu* dirti]4 ,!y belong to ! aborig9al ,papuan /ock1 :]eas ! ,yabim & ,bukaua on ! coa/ are probably immigrants f beyond ! sea1 :o h driv5 ! indig5\s population back into ! m\nta9s4#dcj ,_! /aple foods are t>o & yams1 :i* !y gr[ 9 _! fields4 ,a field is cultivat$ = only "o ye> at a "t2 x is !n all[$ to lie fall[ & is soon ov]gr[n ) rank und]wood4 ,six or eight ye>s may elapse be=e x is aga9 cle>$ & br\ght "u cultivation4 ,game & fi% ab\nd 9 ! woods & wat]s1 & ! ,kai make free use ( ^! natural res\rces4 ,!y keep pigs & dogs1 & eat ! fle% ( bo?4 ,pork is inde$ a fav\rite vi&1 figur+ l>gely 9 ! banquets :i* are held at ! circumcision fe/ivals4#dca ,! p live 9 small villages1 ea* village compris+ f two to six h\ses4 ,! h\ses are rais$ on piles & ! walls are usually con/ruct$ ( p&anus leaves1 ?\gh _m natives n[ make !m ( bo>ds4 ,aft] eighte5 mon?s or two ye>s ! h\ses are s rott5 & tumble-d[n t ! village is des]t$ & a new "o built on ano!r site4 ,assembly-h\ses are erect$ only = ! circumcision c]emonies1 & ! bull-ro>]s us$ on ^! occasions are kept 9 !m4 ,husb& & wife live toge!r1 (t5 two c\ples 9 "o hut2 b ea* family has its own side ( ! h\se & its own fireplace4 ,9 times ( insecurity ! ,kai us$ to build _! huts = safety among ! spread+ b\ghs ( great trees4 ,a :ole village1 consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r huts1 might ?us be qu>t]$ on a s+le tree4 ,( late ye>s1 ) ! peace & protection = life introduc$ by ,g]man rule1 ^! tree-h\ses h gone out ( fa%ion4#dcb ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vations ( a ,g]man mission>y on ! animi/ic beliefs ( ! ,kai4 ,aft] describ+ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,kai p at "s l5g?1 ! ,g]man mission>y1 :o kn[s !m intimately1 proce$s to give u a v valuable acc\nt ( _! old native religion or sup]/ition4 ,he prefaces 8 acc\nt ) "s obs]vations1 ! fruit ( long exp]i5ce1 :i* des]ve to be laid to he>t by all :o attempt to p5etrate into ! inn] life1 ! ?\ghts1 ! feel+s1 ! motives ( savages4 ,z 8 rem>ks are v g]mane to ! subject ( ^! lectures1 ,i w translate !m4 ,he says3 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ,i h sket*$ ! daily life ( ! ,kai p4 ,b ,i h n attempt$ to set =? ! reasons = _! conduct1 :i* is (t5 v peculi> & un9telligible4 ,! explanation ( t conduct lies 9 ! animi/ic view :i* ! ,papuan takes ( ! _w4 ,x mu/ be mo/ emphatically affirm$ t nobody c judge ! native aright :o has n ga9$ an insight into :at we may call 8 religi\s op9ions4 ,! native mu/ be describ$ z v religi\s1 al?\gh 8 ideas d n co9cide ) ours4 ,8 feel+s1 ?\ghts1 & w are mo/ intimately connect$ ) 8 belief 9 s\ls4 ,) t belief he is born1 he has suck$ x 9 ) 8 "m's milk1 & f ! /&po9t ( t belief he reg>ds ! ?+s & occurr5ces t meet him 9 life2 by t belief he regulates 8 behavi\r4 ,an objective way ( look+ at ev5ts is unkn[n to him2 ev]y?+ is br\ght by him into relation to 8 belief1 & by x he seeks to expla9 ev]y?+ t to him seems /range & r>e4#dcc ,! labyr9? ( animi/ic cu/oms at fir/ sight pres5ts an appe>ance ( wild confusion to him :o seeks to p5etrate into !m & r$uce !m to ord]2 b on clos] inspection he w soon recognise c]ta9 guid+ l9es4 ,^! guid+ l9es are ! laws ( animism1 :i* h pass$ into ! fle% & blood ( ! ,papuan & influ5ce 8 ?\ght & spee*1 8 acts & 8 omissions1 8 love & hate1 9 %ort 8 :ole life & dea?4 ,:5 once we h discov]$ ^! laws1 ! :ole ( ! sup]/iti\s nons5se falls into an ord]ly sy/em :i* compels u to reg>d x ) a c]ta9 respect t increases 9 proportion to ! contempt 9 :i* we _h previ\sly held ! p4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 moreov]1 t ! laws ( animism p>tially correspond to g5]al laws ( nature4#dcd ,sid5ote3 ,! ess5tial rationality ( ! savage4 ,?us accord+ to ,mr4 ,keyss]1 :o has no !ory to ma9ta9 & m]ely gives u 9 ?is passage ! result ( long p]sonal obs]vation1 ! ,kai savages are ?9k+1 reason+ m51 ^: conduct1 h[ev] /range & at fir/ sight un9telligible x may appe> to u1 is really bas$ on a def9ite religi\s or if y please sup]/iti\s view ( ! _w4 ,x is true t _! !ory z well z _! practice diff]s widely f ours2 b x w\ld be false & unju/ to d5y t !y h a !ory & t on ! :ole _! practice squ>es ) x4 ,simil> te/imony is borne to o!r savage races by m5 :o h liv$ long among !m & obs]v$ !m closely2#dce & on ! /r5g? ( su* te/imony ,i ?9k we may lay x d[n z a well-e/abli%$ tru? t savages 9 g5]al1 s f> z !y are kn[n to u1 h c]ta9 m or less def9ite !ories1 :e!r we call !m religi\s or philosophical1 by :i* !y regulate _! conduct1 & judg$ by :i* _! acts1 h[ev] absurd !y may seem to ! civilis$ man1 are really bo? rational & intelligible4 ,h5ce x is1 9 my op9ion1 a pr(\nd mi/ake ha/ily to conclude t because ! behavi\r ( ! savage does n agree ) our notions ( :at is reasonable1 natural1 & prop]1 x mu/ !re=e necess>ily be illogical1 ! result ( bl9d impulse r ?an ( delib]ate ?\ght & calculation4 ,no d\bt ! savage l ! civilis$ man does (t5 act purely on impulse2 8 passions ov]ma/] 8 reason1 & sweep x away be=e !m4 ,he is probably inde$ mu* m impulsive1 mu* m liable to be :irl$ ab\t by gu/s ( emotion ?an we are2 yet x w\ld be unfair to judge 8 life z a :ole by ^! occasional outbur/s r ?an by its g5]al t5\r1 :i* to ^? :o "k him f long obs]vation reveals a gr\ndwork ( logic & reason resembl+ our own 9 its op]ations1 ?\gh diff]+ f ours 9 ! premises f :i* x sets out4 ,i ?9k x desirable to emphasise ! rational basis ( savage life because x has be5 ! fa%ion ( late ye>s ) "s writ]s to "q or r d5y x4 ,accord+ to !m1 if ,i und]/& !m aright1 ! savage acts fir/ & inv5ts 8 reasons1 g5]ally v absurd reasons1 = s do+ aft]w>ds4 ,significantly en\gh1 ! writ]s :o argue 9 fav\r ( ! ess5tial irrationality ( savage conduct h none ( !m1 ,i believe1 any p]sonal acqua9tance ) savages4 ,_! conclusions are bas$ n on obs]vation b on purely !oretical d$uctions1 a mo/ prec>i\s f\ndation on :i* to erect a sci5ce ( man or inde$ ( any?+4 ,z su*1 !y _c be weigh$ 9 ! balance aga9/ ! positive te/imony ( _m witnesses :o h liv$ = ye>s ) ! savage & affirm emphatically ! logical basis :i* und]lies & expla9s 8 seem+ vag>ies4 ,at all ev5ts ,i = "o h no hesitation 9 accept+ ! evid5ce ( su* m5 to matt]s ( fact ) :i* !y are acqua9t$1 & ,i unhesitat+ly reject all !ories :i* directly contradict t evid5ce4 ,if !re ev] has be5 any race ( m5 :o inv>iably act$ fir/ & ?\ght aft]w>ds1 ,i c only say t 9 ! c\rse ( my read+ & obs]vation ,i h nev] met ) any trace ( !m1 & ,i am apt to suppose t1 if !y ev] exi/$ any:]e b 9 ! imag9ation ( booki% dream]s1 _! c>e] mu/ h be5 an exce$+ly %ort "o1 s9ce 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce !y w\ld surely succumb to adv]s>ies :o temp]$ & direct$ ! bl9d fury ( combat ) at lea/ a modicum ( reason & s5se4 ,! my? ( ! illogical or prelogical savage may safely be relegat$ to t museum ( le>n$ absurdities & abortions :i* speculative an?ropology is con/antly enri*+ ) fre% specim5s ( misappli$ +5uity & wa/$ indu/ry4 ,b en\gh ( ^! fantasies4 ,let u return to facts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,kai !ory ( ! s\l4 ,! life ( ! ,kai p1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,keyss]1 is dom9at$ by _! conception ( ! s\l4 ,t conception diff]s greatly f & is v mu* m ext5sive ?an ours4 ,! ,kai reg>ds 8 reflection & 8 %ad[ z 8 s\l or p>ts ( x2 h5ce y %\ld n tread on a man's %ad[ = fe> ( injur+ 8 s\l4 ,! s\l likewise dwells 9 8 he>t1 = he feels x beat+4 ,h5ce if y give a native a fri5dly poke 9 ! ribs1 he prote/s1 say+1 ,don't poke me s2 y might drive my s\l out ( my body1 & !n ,i %\ld die4 ,! s\l moreov] resides 9 ! eye1 :]e y may see x tw9kl+2 :5 x dep>ts1 ! eye gr[s dim & vacant4 ,moreov]1 ! s\l is 9 ! foot z mu* z 9 ! head2 x lurks ev5 9 ! spittle & ! o!r bodily excretions4 ,! s\l 9 fact p]vades ! body j z w>m? does2 ev]y?+ t a man t\*es he infects1 s to say1 ) 8 s\l2 t my/]i\s entity exi/s 9 ! v s\nd ( 8 voice4 ,! sorc]] cat*es a man's s\l by 8 magic1 %uts x up tight1 & de/roys x4 ,!n ! man dies4 ,he dies because ! sorc]] has kill$ 8 s\l4 ,yet ! ,kai believes1 :e!r consi/5tly or n1 t ! s\l ( ! dead man cont9ues to live4 ,he talks to x1 he makes (f]+s to x1 he seeks to w9 its fav\r 9 ord] t he may h luck 9 ! *ase2 he fe>s its ill-w & ang]2 he gives x food to eat1 liquor to dr9k1 tobacco to smoke1 & betel to *ew4 ,:at c\ld a reasonable gho/ ask = m8#dcf ,sid5ote3 ,two k9ds ( human s\ls4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,keyss]1 ^: exposition ,i am simply reproduc+1 ! ,kai believes n 9 "o nor yet 9 _m s\ls belong+ to ea* individual2 he implicitly assumes t !re are two diff]5t k9ds ( s\ls4 ,"o ( ^! is ! s\l :i* survives ! body at dea?2 9 all respects x resembles ! man himself z he liv$ on e>?1 except t x has no body4 ,x is n inde$ absolutely incorporeal1 b x is greatly %runk5 & att5uat$ by dea?4 ,t is :y ! s\ls ( ! dead are s angry ) ! liv+2 !y rep9e at _! own degrad$ condition2 !y envy ! full-blood$ life :i* ! liv+ enjoy & :i* ! dead h lo/4 ,! second k9d ( s\l is di/+ui%$ by ,mr4 ,keyss] f ! =m] z a spiritual ess5ce or s\l-/uff1 :i* p]vades ! body z sap p]vades ! tree1 & :i* diffuses itself l corporeal w>m? ov] ev]y?+ ) :i* ! body is br\ght into contact4#dcg ,9 ^! lectures we are conc]n$ *iefly ) ! =m] k9d ( s\l1 :i* is believ$ to survive ! dea? ( ! body1 & :i* answ]s mu* m ne>ly ?an ! second to ! popul> ,european conception ( ! s\l4 ,accord+ly 9 :at foll[s we %all conf9e our att5tion ma9ly to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea? ?\ght by ! ,kai to be commonly caus$ by sorc]y4 ,l _m o!r savages1 ! ,kai d n believe 9 ! possibility ( a natural dea?2 !y ?9k t ev]ybody dies ?r\gh ! malefic5t arts ( sorc]]s or gho/s4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( old p1 we are told1 !y assume ! cause ( dea? to be sorc]y1 & to sorc]y all mis=tunes are ascrib$4 ,if a man falls on ! pa? & w\nds himself to dea?1 z (t5 happ5s1 on ! jagg$ /ump ( a bamboo1 ! natives conclude t he 0 bewit*$4 ,! way 9 :i* ! sorc]] br\ght ab\t ! cata/rophe 0 ?is4 ,he obta9$ "s object :i* 0 infect$ ) ! s\l-/uff or spiritual ess5ce ( 8 victim2 he /uck a pile 9 ! gr\nd1 he spread ! s\l-/uff on ! pile2 !n he pret5d$ to w\nd himself on ! pile & to groan ) pa94 ,anybody c see = himself t by a natural & necess>y concat5ation ( causes ?is compell$ ! poor fell[ to /umble ov] t jagg$ bamboo /ump & to p]i% mis]ably4 ,aga91 take ! case ( a hunt] 9 ! =e/ :o is *>g$ & ripp$ up by a wild bo>4 ,on a sup]ficial view ( ! circum/ances x might p]haps occur to y t ! cause ( dea? 0 ! bo>4 ,b y w\ld assur$ly be mi/ak54 ,! real cause ( dea? 0 aga9 a sorc]]1 :o p\nd$ up ! s\l-/uff ( 8 victim ) a bo>'s too?4 ,aga91 suppose t a man is bitt5 by a s]p5t & dies4 ,a %all[ rationali/ might say t ! man di$ ( ! bite2 b ! ,kai kn[s bett]4 ,he is aw>e t :at really kill$ him 0 ! sorc]] :o took a p9* ( 8 victim's s\l & bung$ x up tight 9 a tube along ) ! /+ ( a snake4 ,simil>ly1 if a woman dies 9 *ildb$1 or if a man hangs himself1 ! cause ( dea? is /ill a sorc]] op]at+ ) ! appropriate means & ge/ures4 ,?us to make a man hang himself all t ! sorc]] has to d is to get a scrap ( 8 victim's s\l--& ! smalle/ scrap is q en\gh = 8 purpose1 x may be a m]e %r$ or speck ( s\l adh]+ to a hair ( ! man's head1 to a drop ( 8 sweat1 or to a crumb ( 8 food1--,i say t ! sorc]] ne$ only obta9 a t9y little bit ( 8 victim's s\l1 clap x 9 a tube1 set ! tube dangl+ at ! end ( a /r+1 & g ?r\gh a pantomime ( gurgl+1 goggl+ & s =?1 l a man 9 ! la/ /age ( /rangulation1 & 8 victim is !reby physically compell$ to put 8 neck 9 ! noose & hang himself 9 good e>ne/4#dch ,sid5ote3 ,dang] incurr$ by ! sorc]]4 ,:]e ^! views ( sorc]y prevail1 x is no wond] t ! sorc]] is an unpopul> "*4 ,he naturally !re=e %r9ks f publicity & hides 8 some:at lurid light "u a bu%el4 ,n to put too f9e a po9t on x1 he c>ries 8 life 9 8 h& & may be knock$ on ! head at any mom5t )\t ! t$i\s =mality ( a trial4 ,once 8 pr(essional reputation is e/abli%$1 all ! dea?s 9 ! neighb\rhood may be set d[n at 8 door4 ,if he gets w9d ( a plot to assass9ate him1 he may /ave (f 8 doom = a :ile by soo?+ ! angry passions ( 8 enemies ) pres5ts1 b soon] or lat] 8 fate is seal$4#dci ,sid5ote3 ,_m hurts & maladies attribut$ by ! ,kai to ! action ( gho/s4 ,9 o!r cases ! sickness is trac$ to wit*craft4 ,captur+ a lo/ s\l4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,kai savage is f> f attribut+ all dea?s )\t di/9ction to sorc]]s4#ddj ,9 _m hurts & maladies he detects ! cold clammy h& ( a gho/4 ,if a man1 = example1 w\nds himself 9 ! =e/1 p]haps 9 ! pursuit ( a wild bea/1 he may imag9e t he has be5 spe>$ or clubb$ by a malignant gho/4 ,& :5 a p]son falls ill1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is naturally to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! illness 9 ord] t x may be treat$ prop]ly4 ,9 all su* enquiries1 ,mr4 ,keyss] tells u1 suspicion fir/ falls on ! gho/s2 !y are look$ ^u z ev5 worse ?an ! sorc]]s4#dda ,s :5 a doctor is call$ 9 to see a pati5t1 ! only "q ) him is :e!r ! sickness is caus$ by a sorc]] or a gho/4 ,to decide ?is nice po9t he takes a boil$ t>o ov] :i* he has pron\nc$ a *>m4 ,?is he bites1 & if he f9ds a small /one 9 ! fruit1 he decides t gho/s are ! cause ( ! malady2 b if on ! o!r h& he detects a m9ute roll ( leaves1 he kn[s t ! suff]] is bewit*$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! obvi\s rem$y is to discov] ! sorc]] & to induce him1 = an adequate consid]ation1 to give up ! magic tube 9 :i* he has bottl$ up a portion ( ! sick man's s\l4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! magician turns a deaf e> alike to ! voice ( pity & ! allurem5t ( ga91 ! res\rces ( ! physician are n yet exhau/$4 ,he n[ produces 8 :ip or sc\rge = s\ls4 ,?is valuable in/rum5t consi/s1 l a common :ip1 ( a h&le ) a la% atta*$ to x1 b :at gives x ! peculi> qualities :i* di/+ui% x f all o!r :ips is a small packet ti$ to ! end ( ! la%4 ,! packet conta9s a c]ta9 h]b1 & ! sick man & 8 fri5ds mu/ all t\* x 9 ord] to impregnate x ) ! volatile ess5ce ( _! s\ls4 ,arm$ ) ?is pot5t implem5t ! doctor goes by night into ! dep? ( ! =e/2 = ! d>kness ( night & ! solitude ( ! woods are necess>y = ! success ( ! delicate op]ation :i* ?is good physician ( s\ls has n[ to p]=m4 ,f9d+ himself alone he :i/les = ! lo/ s\l ( ! suff]]1 & if only ! sorc]] by 8 inf]nal craft has n yet br\ght x to dea?'s door1 ! s\l appe>s at ! s\nd ( ! :i/le2 = x is /rongly attract$ by ! s\l-/uff ( its fri5ds 9 ! packet4 ,b ! doctor has /ill to cat* x1 a feat :i* is n s easily accompli%$ z might be suppos$4 ,x is n[ t ! :ip ( s\ls comes into play4 ,sudd5ly ! doctor heaves up 8 arm & la%es out at ! truant s\l ) all 8 might4 ,if only he hits x1 ! bus9ess is done1 ! s\l is captur$1 ! doctor c>ries x back to ! h\se 9 triumph1 & re/ores x to ! body ( ! poor sick man1 :o necess>ily recov]s4#ddb ,sid5ote3 ,extract+ gho/s f a sick man4 ,b suppose t ! result ( ! diagnosis is diff]5t1 & t on mature consid]ation ! doctor %\ld decide t a gho/ & n a sorc]] is at ! bottom ( ! mis*ief4 ,! "q !n naturally arises :e!r ! sick man has n ( late be5 /ray+ on haunt$ gr\nd & infect$ himself ) ! v dang]\s s\l-/uff or spiritual ess5ce ( ! dead4 ,if he rememb]s to h done s1 "s leaves are fet*$ f ! place 9 ! =e/ :]e ! mi%ap occurr$1 & ) !m ! :ole body ( ! suff]] or ! w\nd1 z ! case may be1 is /rok$ or bru%$ d[n4 ,! heal+ virtue ( ?is proc$ure is obvi\s4 ,! gho/s :o are vex+ ! pati5t are attract$ by ! famili> smell ( ! leaves :i* come f _! old home2 & yield+ 9 a mom5t ( weakness to ! s(t emotions excit$ by ! p]fume !y creep out ( ! body ( ! sick man & into ! leaves4 ,quick z ?\ght ! doctor n[ :isks ! leaves away ) ! gho/s 9 !m2 he belab\rs !m ) a cudgel1 he hangs !m up 9 ! smoke1 or he ?r[s !m into ! fire4 ,su* p[]ful dis9fectants h _! natural results2 if ! gho/s are n absolutely de/roy$ !y are at lea/ dis>m$1 & ! sick is made :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,scrap+ gho/s f ! pati5t's body4 ,ano!r equally effective cure = sickness caus$ by gho/s is ?is4 ,y take a /\t /ick1 cleave x d[n ! middle s t ! two ends rema9 entire1 & give x to two m5 to hold4 ,!n ! sick man pokes 8 head ?r\gh ! cleft2 aft] t y rub him ) ! /ick f ! cr[n ( 8 head to ! soles ( 8 feet4 ,9 ?is way y obvi\sly scrape (f ! bloodsuck+ gho/s :o are cl++ l flies or mosquitoes to 8 p]son1 & hav+ ?us transf]r$ !m to ! cleft /ick y ?r[ x away or o!rwise de/roy x4 ,! cure is n[ complete1 & if ! pati5t does n recov]1 he _c reasonably blame ! doctor1 :o has done all t humanly speak+ c\ld be done to br+ back ! bloom ( heal? to ! poor sick man4#ddc ,sid5ote3 ,extravagant demon/rations ( grief at ! dea? ( a sick man4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sick man ob/9ately p]si/s 9 dy+1 !re is a great upro> 9 ! village4 ,= ! fe> ( 8 gho/ has n[ fall5 l a ?und]clap on all ! p4 ,8 disembodi$ _s is believ$ to be hov]+ 9 ! air1 see+ ev]y?+ t is done1 he>+ e ^w t is spok51 & woe to ! unlucky wight :o does n display a prop] degree ( sorr[ = ! irrep>able loss t has j befall5 ! community4 ,accord+ly %rieks ( despair beg9 to res\nd1 & crocodile te>s to fl[ 9 cat>acts4 ,! :ole population assemble & give !mselves up to ! mo/ frantic demon/rations ( grief4 ,cries are rais$ on all sides1 ,:y mu/ he die8 ,:]e=e did !y bewit* him8 ,^? wick$1 wick$ m56 ,i'll d = !m6 ,i'll hew !m 9 pieces6 ,i'll de/roy _! crops6 ,i'll fell all _! palm-trees6 ,i'll /ick all _! pigs6 ,o bro!r1 :y did y leave me8 ,o fri5d1 h[ c ,i live )\t y8 ,to make good ^! ?reats "o man w be se5 pranc+ wildly ab\t & /abb+ ) a spe> at ! invisible sorc]]s2 ano!r cat*es up a cudgel & at "o bl[ %iv]s a wat]-pot ( ! deceas$ into atoms1 or ru%es out l "o dem5t$ & lays a palm-tree level ) ! gr\nd4 ,"s fl+ !mselves pro/rate beside ! corpse & sob z if _! v he>ts w\ld break4 ,!y take ! dead man by ! h&1 !y /roke him1 !y /raight5 out ! poor feet :i* are already gr[+ cold4 ,!y coo to him s(tly1 !y lift up ! languid head1 & !n lay x g5tly d[n4 ,!n 9 a fr5zy ( grief "o ( !m w leap to 8 feet1 %riek1 bell[1 /amp on ! floor1 grapple ) ! ro( beams1 %ake ! walls1 z if he w\ld pull ! h\se d[n1 & f9ally hurl himself on ! gr\nd & roll ov] & ov] h[l+ z if 8 di/ress 0 m ?an he c\ld endure4 ,ano!r looks wildly ab\t him4 ,he sees a knife4 ,he grasps x4 ,8 tee? are set1 8 m9d is made up4 ,:y ne$ he die8 he cries1 he1 my fri5d1 ) :om ,i _h all ?+s 9 common1 ) :om ,i ate out ( ! same di%8 ,!n !re is a quick movem5t ( ! knife1 & d[n he falls4 ,b he is n dead4 ,he has only slit ! flap ( "o ( 8 e>s1 & ! trickl+ blood b$abbles 8 body4 ,meantime ) ! ho>se cries ( ! m5 are m+l$ ! weep+ & wail+1 ! %rill screams & lam5tations ( ! wom52 :ile above all ! d9 & upro> rises ! boom+ s\nd ( ! %ell trumpets bl[n to c>ry ! tid+s ( dea? to all ! villages 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,b gradually ! wild tumult dies away into sil5ce4 ,grief or ! simulation ( x has exhau/$ itself3 ! p gr[ calm2 !y sit d[n1 !y smoke or *ew betel1 :ile "s engage 9 ! la/ (fices ( att5tion to ! dead4#ddd ,sid5ote3 ,hypocritical "* ( ^! demon/rations1 :i* are int5d$ to deceive ! gho/4 ,a civilis$ obs]v] :o witness$ su* a sc5e ( boi/]\s lam5tation1 b did n "k ! natives well1 might naturally set d[n all ^! frantic outbur/s to g5u9e sorr[1 & might enl>ge accord+ly on ! affectionate nature ( savages1 :o are ?us cut to ! he>t by ! dea? ( any "o ( _! acqua9tance4 ,b ! mission>y :o kn[s !m bett] assures u t mo/ ( ^! expressions ( m\rn+ & despair are a m]e bl9d to deceive & soo! ! dread$ gho/ ( ! deceas$ into a com=table p]suasion t he is fondly lov$ & sadly miss$ by 8 surviv+ relatives & fri5ds4 ,?is view ( ! ess5tial hypocrisy ( ! lam5tations is /rongly confirm$ by ! ?reats :i* sick p w sometimes utt] to _! att5dants4 ,if y don't take bett] c>e ( me1 a man w sometimes say1 & if y don't d ev]y?+ y possibly c to pres]ve my valuable life1 my gho/ w s]ve y out4 ,t is :y fri5ds & relations are s punctili\s 9 pay+ visits ( respect & condol5ce to ! sick4 ,sometimes ! la/ reque/ :i* a dy+ man addresses to 8 k9sfolk is t !y w kill ?is or t sorc]] :o has kill$ him2 & he en=ces ! injunction by ?reats ( ! t]rible ?+s he w d to !m 9 8 disembodi$ /ate if !y fail to av5ge 8 dea? on 8 imag9>y murd]]4 ,z all ! relatives ( a dead man /& 9 fe> ( 8 gho/1 ! body may n be buri$ until all ( !m h _h an opportunity ( pay+ _! respects to x4 ,if1 z sometimes happ5s1 a corpse is int]r$ be=e a relative c arrive f a di/ance1 he w on arrival break out into reproa*es & upbraid+s aga9/ ! grave-digg]s = expos+ him to ! wra? ( ! dep>t$ _s4#dde ,sid5ote3 ,burial & m\rn+ cu/oms ( ! ,kai4 ,pres]vation ( ! l[] jawbone4 ,:5 all ! relations & fri5ds h assembl$ & te/ifi$ _! sorr[1 ! body is buri$ on ! second or ?ird day aft] dea?4 ,! grave is usually dug "u ! h\se & is s %all[ t ev5 :5 x has be5 clos$ ! /5* is (t5 v p]ceptible4 ,! ornam5ts :i* 7 plac$ on ! body :5 x 0 laid out are remov$ be=e x is l[]$ into ! grave1 & ! dead takes 8 la/ re/ wrapt 9 a simple leaf-mat4 ,(t5 a dy+ man expresses a wi% n to be buri$4 ,9 t case 8 corpse1 tightly b&ag$1 is deposit$ 9 a corn] ( ! h\se1 & ! products ( decomposition are all[$ to dra9 ?r\gh a tube into ! gr\nd4 ,:5 !y h ceas$ to run1 ! bundle is op5$ & ! bones tak5 out & buri$1 except ! l[] jawbone1 :i* is pres]v$1 sometimes along ) "o ( ! l[] arm bones4 ,! l[] jawbone rem9ds ! possessor ( ! duty ( blood rev5ge :i* he owes to ! deceas$1 & :i* ! dy+ man may h inculcat$ on him ) 8 la/ brea?4 ,! l[] arm bone br+s luck 9 ! *ase1 especially if ! dep>t$ relative 0 a mighty hunt]4 ,h[ev]1 if ! hunt]s h a long run ( bad luck1 !y conclude t ! gho/ has dep>t$ to ! "u _w & accord+ly bury ! l[] arm bone & ! l[] jawbone ) ! re/ ( ! skeleton4 ,! l5g? ( ! p]iod ( m\rn+ is simil>ly det]m9$ by ! good or bad =tune ( ! huntsm54 ,if ! gho/ provides !m ) game 9 abundance = a long "t aft] 8 dea?1 ! days ( m\rn+ are proportionately ext5d$2 b :5 ! game gr[s sc>ce or fails altoge!r1 ! m\rn+ comes to an end & ! memory ( ! deceas$ soon fades away4#ddf ,! savage is a ?or\ghly practical man & is n su* a fool z to wa/e 8 sorr[ ov] a gho/ :o gives him no?+ 9 return4 ,no?+ = no?+ is 8 pr9ciple4 ,8 relations to ! dead /& on a /rictly comm]cial basis4 ,sid5ote3 ,m\rn+ co/ume4 ,wid[s /rangl$ to accompany _! dead husb&s4 ,! m\rn+ co/ume consi/s ( /r+s r\nd ! neck1 bracelets ( re$ on ! arms1 & a cyl9drical hat ( b>k on ! head4 ,a wid[ is swa!d 9 nets4 ,! int5tion ( ! co/ume is to signify to ! gho/ ! sympa?y :i* ! m\rn] feels = him 9 8 disembodi$ /ate4 ,if ! man 9 8 lifetime 0 wont to cr\* %iv]+ ov] ! fire1 a little fire w be kept up = a "t at ! foot ( ! grave 9 ord] to w>m 8 homeless _s4#ddg ,! wid[ or wid[] has to dis*>ge ! disagreeable duty ( liv+ day & night = sev]al weeks 9 a hovel built directly ov] ! grave4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! lot ( a wid[ is mu* h>d]4 ,at h] own reque/ %e is sometimes /rangl$ & buri$ ) h] husb& 9 ! grave1 9 ord] t h] s\l may accompany 8 on ! j\rney to ! o!r _w4 ,! o!r relations h no int]e/ 9 enc\rag+ ! woman to sacrifice h]self1 r ! contr>y2 b if %e insi/s !y fe> to balk h]1 le/ !y %\ld (f5d ! gho/ ( h] husb&1 :o w\ld puni% !m 9 _m ways = keep+ 8 wife f him4 ,b ev5 su* volunt>y sacrifices1 if we may believe ,mr4 ,*4 ,keyss]1 are dictat$ r by a selfi% calculation ?an by an impulse ( dis9t]e/$ affection4 ,he m5tions ! case ( a man nam$ ,jabu1 bo? ( ^: wives *ose ?us to att5d _! husb& 9 dea?4 ,! deceas$ 0 an indu/ri\s man1 a skilful hunt] & f>m]1 :o provid$ 8 wives ) abundance ( food4 ,z su* m5 are believ$ to "w h>d also 9 ! o!r _w1 till+ fields & kill+ game j z "h1 ! wid[s ?\ght !y c\ld n d bett] ?an foll[ him z fa/ z possible to ! _s l&1 s9ce !y _h no prospect ( gett+ su* ano!r husb& "h on e>?4 ,h[ firmly conv9c$1 adds ! mission>y admir+ly1 mu/ ^! p be ( ! reality ( ano!r _w :5 !y sacrifice _! e>?ly exi/5ce1 n = ! sake ( a bett] life h]eaft]1 b m]ely 9 ord] to be no worse (f !re ?an !y h be5 on e>?4 ,& he adds t ?is consid]ation expla9s :y no man ev] *ooses to be /rangl$ at ! dea? ( 8 wife4 ,! lab\r m>ket 9 ! bett] l& is app>5tly n recruit$ f ! ranks ( wom54#ddh ,sid5ote3 ,h\se or village des]t$ aft] a dea?4 ,! h\se 9 :i* anybody has di$ is des]t$1 because ! gho/ ( ! dead is believ$ to haunt x & make x unsafe at night4 ,if ! deceas$ 0 a *ief or a man ( importance1 ! :ole village is ab&on$ & a new "o built on ano!r site4#ddi ,footnote #dae3 ,/efan ,lehn]1 ,bukaua1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #cie-dhe4 ,footnote #daf3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cii1 #dcc sq41 #dcg sqq4 ,footnote #dag3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cii4 ,footnote #dah3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dad4 ,footnote #dai3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dff1 #dfh4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfi4 ,footnote #dba3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dfb sqq41 #dff1 #dfg1 #dga sqq4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ddd sq4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dcd sqq42 comp>e id41 pp4 #dgh sq4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dcj1 #dgj1 #dgb sq41 #dgd sq4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #djc4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #djb-daj4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,s4 ,lehn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #daj-dad4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 ,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 #c-f4 ,footnote #dca3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ab sq41 #ag-bj4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #i-ab4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #dce3 ,comp>e ,*4 ,hose & ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiab71 ii4 #bba sq43 ,x has (t5 be5 attempt$ to exhibit ! m5tal life ( savage peoples z pr(\ndly diff]5t f our own2 to ass]t t !y act f motives1 & rea* conclusions by means ( m5tal processes1 s utt]ly diff]5t f our own motives & processes t we _c hope to int]pret or und]/& _! behavi\r unless we c fir/1 by "s impossible or at lea/ by "s hi!rto undiscov]$ me?od1 le>n ! nature ( ^! my/]i\s motives & processes4 ,^! attempts h rec5tly be5 r5ew$ 9 influ5tial qu>t]s4 ,if ^! views 7 appli$ to ! savage peoples ( ! int]ior ( ,borneo1 we %\ld *>act]ise !m z fanciful delusions natural to ! an?ropologi/ :o has sp5t all ! days ( 8 life 9 a /iff coll> & a black coat ^u ! well-pav$ ways ( civilis$ society4 ,we h no hesitation 9 say+ t1 ! m intimately "o becomes acqua9t$ ) ^! pagan tribes1 ! m fully "o realises ! close simil>ity ( _! m5tal processes to "o's own4 ,_! prim>y impulses & emotions seem to be 9 all respects l our own4 ,x is true t !y are v unlike ! typical civilis$ man ( "s ( ! old] philosoph]s1 ^: e action proce$$ f a nice & logical calculation ( ! algebraic sum ( pleasures & pa9s to be d]iv$ f alt]native l9es ( conduct2 b we ourselves are equally unlike t purely my?ical p]sonage4 ,! ,kayan or ! ,iban (t5 acts impulsively 9 ways :i* by no means conduce to fur!r 8 be/ int]e/s or deep] purposes2 b s d we also4 ,he (t5 rea*es conclusions by processes t _c be logically ju/ifi$2 b s d we also4 ,he (t5 holds1 & ^u successive occasions acts ^u1 beliefs t are logically inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r2 b s d we also4 ,= fur!r te/imonies to ! reason+ p[]s ( savages1 :i* x w\ld be sup]flu\s to affirm if x 7 n at pres5t a fa%ion ) "s !ori/s to d5y1 see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #dbj sqq4 ,& on ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d 9 g5]al1 n ( ! savage m9d 9 p>ticul>1 calmly to acquiesce 9 inconsi/5t & ev5 contradictory conclusions1 ,i may ref] to a note 9 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #d4 ,b inde$ to obs]ve su* contradictions 9 practice ! philosoph] ne$ n quit 8 own /udy4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aaa sq4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #dch3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adj4 ,z to ! magical tubes 9 :i* ! sorc]] seals up "s "p ( 8 victim's s\l1 see id41 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #dci3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adj sq4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,mr4 ,keyss] inde$ affirms t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,kai sorc]y is reg>d$ z ! cause ( all dea?s 7op4 cit4 p4 #ajb71 & aga9 t all m5 )\t exception die 9 consequ5ce ( ! baneful acts ( ^! sorc]]s & _! accomplices 7p4 #acd72 & aga9 t ev5 9 ! case ( old p !y assume sorc]y to be ! cause ( dea?2 to sorc]y1 too1 all mis=tunes :atev] are ascrib$ 7p4 #adj74 ,b t ^! /atem5ts are exagg]ations seems to foll[ f ,mr4 ,keyss]'s own acc\nt ( ! w\nds1 sicknesses1 & dea?s :i* ^! savages attribute to gho/s & n to sorc]]s4 ,footnote #dda3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #acc sq4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ada sq4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hj sq41 #adb4 ,footnote #dde3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hb1 #adb sq4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #hc sq41 #adc4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #hc4 ,,lecture ,,xiii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,g]man ,,new ,,gu9ea 7cont9u$7 ,sid5ote3 ,(f]+s to appease gho/s4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i gave y "s acc\nt ( ! fe> & awe :i* ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea ent]ta9 = ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,believ+ t ! gho/ is end[$ ) all ! qualities & faculties :i* di/+ui%$ ! man 9 8 lifetime1 !y naturally dread mo/ ! gho/s ( w>like1 cruel1 viol5t1 & passionate m51 & take ! greate/ pa9s to soo! _! ang] & w9 _! fav\r4 ,= t purpose !y give ! dep>t$ _s all sorts ( ?+s to take ) him to ! f> c\ntry4 ,& 9 ord] t he may h ! use ( !m x is necess>y to sma% or o!rwise spoil !m4 ,?us ! spe> t is giv5 him mu/ be brok51 ! pot mu/ be %iv]$1 ! bag mu/ be torn1 ! palm-tree mu/ be cut d[n4 ,fruits are (f]$ to ! gho/ by da%+ !m 9 pieces or hang+ a bun* ( !m ov] ! grave4 ,objects ( value1 su* z bo>s' tusks or dogs' tee?1 are made ov] to him by be+ laid on ! corpse2 b ! economical savage removes ^! preci\s ?+s f ! body at burial4 ,all su* (f]+s & sacrifices1 we are told1 are made simply out ( fe> ( ! gho/4 ,x is no pleasure to a man to cut d[n a valuable palm-tree1 :i* might h help$ to n\ri% himself & 8 family = ye>s2 he does x only le/ a worse ?+ %\ld befall him at ! h&s ( ! dep>t$ _s4#dej ,sid5ote3 ,mode ( discov]+ ! sorc]] :o caus$ a dea?4 ,b ! greate/ s]vice t ! ,kai c r5d] to a dead man is to take v5geance on ! sorc]] :o caus$ 8 dea? by wit*craft4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to discov] ! villa91 & 9 ! se>* = him ! gho/ oblig+ly assi/s 8 surviv+ k9sfolk4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to resort to a /ratagem 9 ord] to secure 8 help4 ,?us1 = example1 "o day :ile ! gho/1 bl9d$ by ! /rong sunlight1 is c[]+ 9 a d>k corn] or repos+ at full l5g? 9 ! grave1 8 relatives w set up a l[ scaffold 9 a field1 cov] x ) leaves1 & pile up ov] x a mass ( ! field fruits :i* belong$ to ! dead man1 s t ! :ole erection may appe> to ! eye ( ! unsuspect+ gho/ a heap ( t>o1 yams1 & s =?1 & no?+ m4 ,b be=e ! sun goes d[n1 two or ?ree m5 /eal out f ! h\se1 & ensconce !mselves "u ! scaffold1 :]e !y are completely conceal$ by ! pil$-up fruits4 ,:5 d>kness has fall51 out comes ! gho/ & pr[l+ ab\t espies ! heap ( yams & t>o4 ,at sight ( ! deva/ation wr\ght 9 8 field he flies into a passion1 & curses & swe>s 9 ! feeble :eezy :isp] 9 :i* gho/s always speak4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 flu5t imprecations he expresses a wi% t ! miscreants :o h wa/$ 8 sub/ance may suff] s & s at ! h&s ( ! sorc]]4 ,t is j :at ! m5 9 hid+ h be5 wait+ =4 ,no soon] d !y he> ! "n ( ! sorc]] ?an !y jump up ) a great %\t2 ! />tl$ gho/ takes to 8 heels2 & all ! p 9 ! village come p\r+ out ( ! h\ses4 ,v glad !y are to "k t ! murd]] has be5 f\nd out1 & soon] or lat] !y w h 8 blood4#dea ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r way ( detect+ ! sorc]]4 ,ano!r mode ( elicit+ ! requisite in=mation f ! gho/ is ?is4 ,9 ord] to all[ him to communicate freely ) 8 m\ld]+ body1 8 relations ins]t a tube ?r\gh ! e>? ( ! grave d[n to ! corpse2 !n !y spr9kle p[d]$ lime on ! grave4 ,at night ! gho/ comes along1 picks up ! p[d]$ lime1 & makes (f 9 a bee l9e = ! village :]e ! sorc]] :o bewit*$ him resides4 ,on ! way he drops "s ( ! p[d] "h & !re1 s t next morn+1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! pap]-*ase1 8 relatives c trace 8 foot/eps to ! v door ( 8 murd]]4 ,9 _m di/ricts ! p tie a packet ( lime to ! knee ( a corpse s t 8 gho/ may h x to h& :5 he wants x4#deb ,sid5ote3 ,cross-que/ion+ ! gho/ by means ( fire4 ,b ! fav\rite way ( cross-que/ion+ ! gho/ on subject ( 8 decease is by means ( fire4 ,a few m5 g out be=e nightfall f ! village & sit d[n 9 a r[1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 on ! pa?4 ,! man 9 front has a leaf-mat drawn l a hood ov] 8 head & back 9 ord] t ! gho/ may n t\* him f beh9d unaw>es4 ,9 8 h& he holds a gl[+ coal & "s t9d]1 & z he puts ! "o to ! o!r he calls to ! gho/1 ,come1 take1 take1 take2 come1 take1 take1 take1 & s on4 ,meantime 8 mates beh9d him are reckon+ up ! names ( all ! m5 ne> & f> :o are suspect$ ( sorc]y1 & a portion ( ! village y\? h clamb]$ up trees & are on ! look-out = ! gho/4 ,if !y d n see 8 body !y c]ta9ly see 8 eye tw9kl+ 9 ! gloom1 ?\gh ! un9/ruct$ ,european might easily mi/ake x = a gl[-worm4 ,no soon] d !y cat* sight ( x ?an !y bawl out1 ,come hi!r1 fet* ! fire1 & burn him :o burnt !e4 ,if ! t9d] blazes up at ! "n ( a sorc]]1 x is flung t[>ds ! village :]e ! man 9 "q dwells4 ,& if at ! same "t a gl[-worm is se5 to move 9 ! same direction1 ! p ent]ta9 no d\bt t ! gho/ has appe>$ & fet*$ ! s\l ( ! fire4#dec ,sid5ote3 ,necessity ( de/roy+ ! sorc]] :o caus$ a dea?4 ,9 :i*ev] way ! au?or ( ! dea? may be detect$1 ! av5g]s ( blood set out = ! village ( ! miscreant & seek to take 8 life4 ,almo/ all ! w>s betwe5 villages or tribes spr+ f su* exp$itions4 ,! sorc]] or sorc]]s mu/ be extirpat$1 nay all _! ki? & k9 mu/ be de/roy$ root & bran*1 if ! p are to live 9 peace & quiet4 ,! gho/ ( ! dead calls1 nay clam\rs = v5geance1 & if he does n get x1 he w wreak 8 spite on 8 neglig5t relations4 ,n only w he give !m no luck 9 ! *ase1 b he w drive ! wild sw9e into ! fields to trample d[n & root up ! crops1 & he w d !m e mis*ief 9 8 p[]4 ,if ra9 does n fall1 s t ! fre%ly plant$ root crops )]2 or if sickness is rife1 ! p recognise 9 ! calamity ! wra? ( ! gho/1 :o c only be appeas$ by ! slaught] ( ! wick$ magician or ( somebody else4 ,h5ce ! av5g]s ( blood (t5 d n set out until a fre% dea?1 an outbreak ( sickness1 failure 9 ! *ase1 or "s o!r mis=tune rem9ds ! liv+ ( ! duty !y owe to ! dead4 ,! ,kai is n by nature w>like1 & he might nev] g to w> if x 7 n t he dreads ! v5geance ( gho/s m ?an ! wra? ( m54#ded ,sid5ote3 ,slay]s dread ! gho/s ( ! sla94 ,if ! exp$ition has be5 successful1 if ! enemy's village has be5 surpris$ & /orm$1 ! m5 & old wom5 but*]$1 & ! "y wom5 tak5 prison]s1 ! w>riors beat a ha/y retreat ) _! booty 9 ord] to be safe at home1 or at lea/ 9 ! %elt] ( a fri5dly village1 be=e nightfall4 ,_! reason = ha/e is ! fe> ( be+ ov]tak5 9 ! d>kness by ! gho/s ( _! slaught]$ foes1 :o1 p[]less by day1 are v dang]\s & t]rible by night4 ,re/lessly ?r\gh ! h\rs ( d>kness ^! unquiet spirits foll[ l sleu?-h\nds 9 ! tracks ( _! retreat+ enemies1 eag] to come up ) !m & by contact ) ! blood/a9$ weapons ( _! slay]s to recov] ! spiritual sub/ance :i* !y h lo/4 ,n till !y h done s c !y f9d re/ & peace4 ,t is :y ! victors are c>eful n at fir/ to br+ back _! weapons into ! village b to hide !m some:]e 9 ! bu%es at a safe di/ance4 ,!re !y leave !m = "s days until ! baffl$ gho/s may be suppos$ to h giv5 up ! *ase & return$1 sad & angry1 to _! mangl$ bodies 9 ! *>r$ ru9s ( _! old home4 ,! fir/ night aft] ! return ( ! w>riors is always ! mo/ anxi\s "t2 all ! villag]s are !n on ! al]t = fe> ( ! gho/s2 b if ! night passes quietly1 _! t]ror gradually subsides & gives place to ! dread ( _! surviv+ enemies4#dee ,sid5ote3 ,seclusion ( man-slay]s f fe> ( _! victims' gho/s4 ,z ! victors 9 a raid are suppos$ to h m or less ( ! s\l-/uff or spiritual ess5ce ( _! sla9 foes adh]+ to _! p]sons1 none ( _! fri5ds w v5ture to t\* !m = "s "t aft] _! return to ! village4 ,ev]ybody avoids !m & goes c>efully out ( _! way4 ,if dur+ ?is "t any ( ! villag]s suff]s f a pa9 9 8 /oma*1 he ?9ks t he mu/ h inadv]t5tly sat d[n :]e "o ( ! w>riors _h sat be=e him4 ,if somebody endures ! pangs ( too?a*e1 he makes sure t he mu/ h eat5 a fruit :i* _h be5 t\*$ by "o ( ! slay]s4 ,all ! refuse ( ! meals ( ^! gallant m5 mu/ be mo/ c>efully put away le/ a pig %\ld dev\r x2 = if x did d s1 ! animal w\ld c]ta9ly die1 :i* w\ld be a s]i\s loss to ! own]4 ,h5ce :5 ! w>riors h satisfi$ _! hung]1 any food t rema9s ov] is burnt or buri$4 ,! fight+ m5 !mselves are n v s]i\sly incommod$1 or at all ev5ts endang]$1 by ! gho/s ( _! victims2 = !y h tak5 ! precaution to dis9fect !mselves by ! sap ( a c]ta9 creep]1 :i*1 if x does n r5d] !m absolutely immune to gho/ly influ5ce1 at lea/ =tifies _! con/itution to a v consid]able ext5t4#def ,sid5ote3 ,feign$ indignation ( a man :o has conniv$ at ! murd] ( a relative4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( s5d+ =? a b& ( w>riors to ravage1 burn1 & slaught] ! :ole male population ( ! village 9 :i* ! wick$ sorc]] resides1 ! p ( "o village w come to a secret und]/&+ ) ! p ( ! sorc]]'s village to h ! miscreant quietly put out ( ! way4 ,a h9t is giv5 to ! sc\ndrel's next ( k91 x may be 8 bro!r1 son1 or nephew1 t if he w only w9k at ! slaught] ( 8 obnoxi\s relative1 he w receive a h&some comp5sation f ! slay]s4 ,%\ld he privately accept ! (f]1 he is mo/ c>eful to conceal 8 connivance at ! de$ ( blood1 le/ he %\ld draw d[n on 8 head ! wra? ( 8 murd]$ k9sman's gho/4 ,s1 :5 ! de$ is done & ! murd] is out1 he works himself up into a /ate ( virtu\s sorr[ & indignation1 cov]s 8 head ) ! leaves ( a c]ta9 plant1 & *ant+ a dirge 9 tones ( he>t-r5d+ grief1 m>*es /raight to ! village ( ! murd]]s4 ,!re1 on ! public squ>e1 surr\nd$ by an att5tive audi5ce1 he op5s ! floodgates ( 8 eloqu5ce & p\rs =? ! torr5t ( an a*+ he>t4 ,y h sla9 my k9sman1 says he1 y are wick$ m56 ,h[ c\ld y kill s good a man1 :o conf]r$ s _m b5efits on me 9 8 lifetime8 ,i knew no?+ ( ! plot4 ,_h ,i _h an inkl+ ( x1 ,i w\ld h foil$ x4 ,h[ c ,i n[ av5ge 8 dea?8 ,i h no prop]ty ) :i* to hire m5 ( w> to g & puni% 8 murd]]s4 ,yet 9 spite ( ev]y?+ my murd]$ k9sman w n believe 9 my innoc5ce6 ,he w be angry ) me1 he w pay me out1 he w d me all ! h>m he c4 ,!re=e d y decl>e op5ly :e!r ,i _h any %>e :atev] 9 8 dea?1 & come & /rew lime on my head 9 ord] t he may conv9ce himself ( my innoc5ce4 ,?is appeal ( injur$ innoc5ce meets ) a ready response4 ,! p du/ ! leaves on 8 head ) p[d]$ lime2 & s1 decorat$ ) ! :ite badge ( spotless virtue1 & enri*$ ) a bo>'s tusk or o!r valuable object z ! price ( 8 compliance1 he returns to 8 village ) a consci5ce at peace ) all ! _w1 reflect+ ) satisfaction on ! pr(itable transaction he has j conclud$1 & laugh+ 9 8 sleeve at ! poor delud$ gho/ ( 8 murd]$ relative4#deg ,sid5ote3 ,com$y act$ to deceive ! gho/ ( a murd]$ k9sman4 ,sometimes ! wor?y s\l :o ?us = a valuable consid]ation cons5ts to waive all 8 p]sonal feel+s1 w ev5 c>ry 8 self-abnegation s f> z to be pres5t & look on at ! murd] ( 8 k9sman4 ,b true to 8 pr9ciples he w see to x t ! ?+ is done dec5tly & humanely4 ,:5 ! /ruggle is ne>ly ov] & ! man is d[n1 wri?+ on ! gr\nd ) ! murd]]s busy ab\t him1 8 lov+ k9sman w n suff] !m to take an unfair advantage ( _! sup]ior numb]s to cut him up alive ) _! knives1 to *op him ) _! axes1 or to sma% him ) _! clubs4 ,he w only all[ !m to /ab him ) _! spe>s1 repeat+ ( c\rse ! /abs aga9 & aga9 till ! victim ceases to wri! & quiv]1 & lies !re dead z a /one4 ,!n beg9s ! real "t ( p]il = ! virtu\s k9sman :o has be5 a spectator & director ( ! sc5e2 = ! gho/ ( ! murd]$ man has n[ des]t$ its mangl$ body1 &1 /ill bl9d$ ) blood & sm>t+ ) pa91 might easily & ev5 excusably misund]/& ! situation4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 9 ord] to prev5t a pa9ful misappreh5sion1 t ! k9sman %\ld at once & emphatically disclaim any "p or p>cel 9 ! murd]4 ,?is he accord+ly does 9 language :i* leaves no room = d\bt or ambiguity4 ,he falls into a passion3 he rails at ! murd]]s3 he proclaims 8 horror at _! de$4 ,all ! way home he refuses to be com=t$4 ,he upbraids ! assass9s1 he utt]s ! mo/ frightful ?reats aga9/ !m2 he ru%es at !m to snat* _! weapons f !m & da% !m 9 pieces4 ,b !y easily wr5* ! weapons f 8 unresi/+ h&s4 ,= ! :ole ?+ is only a piece ( act+4 ,8 sole int5tion is t ! gho/ may see & he> x all1 & be+ conv9c$ ( ! innoc5ce ( 8 de> k9sman may n puni% him ) bad crops1 w\nds1 sickness1 & o!r mis=tunes4 ,ev5 :5 he has rea*$ ! village1 he keeps up ! com$y = a "t1 rag+1 frett+ & fum+ at ! irrep>able loss he has su/a9$ by ! dea? ( 8 lam5t$ relative4#deh ,sid5ote3 ,pret5ce ( av5g+ ! gho/ ( a murd]$ sorc]]4 ,simil>ly :5 a *ief has among 8 subjects a p>ticul> sorc]] :om he fe>s b ) :om he is pr(ess$ly on t]ms ( fri5d%ip1 he w sometimes engage a man to murd] him4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 is ! murd] p]petrat$ ?an ! *ief :o bespoke x ha/5s 9 seem+ indignation ) a b& ( foll[]s to ! murd]]'s village4 ,! assass91 ( c\rse1 has got a h9t ( :at is com+1 & he & 8 fri5ds take c>e n to be at home :5 ! *ief arrives on 8 mission ( v5geance4 ,balk$ by ! abs5ce ( _! victim ! av5g]s ( blood brea! out fire & slaught]1 b cont5t !mselves 9 fact ) sma%+ an old pot or two1 knock+ d[n a des]t$ hut1 & p]haps fell+ a banana-tree or a betel-palm4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 ! gho/ ( ! murd]$ man an unequivocal pro( ( ! s9c]ity ( _! fri5d%ip1 !y return quietly home4#dei ,sid5ote3 ,! ,kai afraid ( gho/s4 ,! habits ( ,kai gho/s are to "s ext5t j ! contr>y ( ^? ( liv+ m54 ,!y sleep by day & g ab\t _! bus9ess by night1 :5 !y fright5 p & play !m all k9ds ( tricks4 ,usually !y appe> 9 ! =m ( animals4 ,z light has ! effect ( bl9d+ or at lea/ dazzl+ !m1 !y avoid ev]y?+ bright1 & h5ce x is easy to sc>e !m away by means ( fire4 ,t is :y no native w g ev5 a %ort way 9 ! d>k )\t a bamboo tor*4 ,if x is absolutely necess>y to g out by night1 :i* he is v lo? to d1 he w hum & haw l\dly be=e quitt+ ! h\se s z to give notice to any lurk+ gho/ t he is com+ ) a light1 :i* all[s ! gho/ to scuttle out ( 8 way 9 good "t4 ,! p ( a village live 9 t]ror above all s long z a corpse rema9s unburi$ 9 x2 aft] nightfall nobody w\ld !n v5ture out ( sight ( ! h\ses4 ,:5 a troop ( p g by night to a neighb\r+ village ) fl>+ tor*es 9 _! h&s1 nobody is will+ to walk la/ on ! pa?2 !y all huddle toge!r = safety 9 ! middle1 till "o man brav] ?an ! re/ cons5ts to act z re>gu>d4 ,! ru/l+ ( a bu% 9 ! ev5+ twilight />tles !m ) ! dread ( "s gha/ly app>ition2 ! sight ( a pig 9 ! gloam+ is conv]t$ by _! fe>s into ! vision ( a horrible spectre4 ,if a man /umbles1 x is because a gho/ has pu%$ him1 & he fancies he p]ceives ! frightful ?+ 9 a tree-/ump or any *ance object4 ,no wond] a ,kai man fe>s gho/s1 s9ce he believes t ! m]e t\* ( "o ( !m may be fatal4 ,p :o fall d[n 9 fits or 9 fa9ts are suppos$ to h be5 t\*$ by gho/s2 & on com+ to !mselves !y w tell _! fri5ds ) ! mo/ solemn assurance h[ !y felt ! dea?-cold h& ( ! gho/ on _! body1 & h[ a %udd] ran ?r\gh _! :ole frame at contact ) ! uncanny be+4#dfj ,sid5ote3 ,s]vices r5d]$ to ! liv+ by gho/s ( ! dead4 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to imag9e t ! gho/s ( ! dead are a s\rce ( dang]1 annoyance1 & discom=t1 & no?+ m4 ,t is n s4 ,!y may & d r5d] ! ,kai ! mo/ mat]ial s]vices 9 ev]yday life1 p>ticul>ly by promot+ ! supply ( food bo? vegetable & animal4 ,i h said t ^! practical savages /& t[>ds _! dep>t$ k9sfolk on a /rictly comm]cial foot+2 & ,i w n[ illu/rate ! b5efits :i* ! ,kai hope to receive f ! gho/s 9 return = all ! respect & att5tion lavi%$ on !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 s long z a gho/ rema9s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! village1 x is expect$ ( him t he %all make ! crops ?rive & nei!r tread !m d[n himself nor all[ wild pigs to d s4 ,! expectation is reasonable1 yet ! conduct ( ! gho/ does n always answ] to x4 ,occasionally1 :e!r out ( %e] p]v]s5ess or simple abs5ce ( m9d1 he w sit d[n 9 a field2 & :]ev] he does s1 he makes a holl[ :]e ! fruits w n gr[4 ,inde$ any fruit t he ev5 t\*es ) 8 foot 9 pass+1 %rivels up4 ,:]e ^! ?+s h happ5$1 ! p (f] boil$ t>o & a few crabs to ! gho/s to induce !m to keep cle> ( ! crops & to repose _! we>y limbs else:]e ?an 9 ! till$ fields4#dfa ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s help ,kai hunt]s to kill game4 ,b ! mo/ important s]vice :i* ! dead r5d] to ! liv+ is ! good luck :i* !y v\*safe to hunt]s4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to assure himself ( ! fav\r ( ! dead ! hunt] hangs 8 nets on a grave be=e he uses !m4 ,if a man 0 a good & successful hunt] 9 8 lifetime1 8 gho/ w naturally be m ?an usually able to assi/ 8 bre?r5 9 ! craft aft] 8 dea?4 ,= t reason :5 su* a man has j di$1 ! p1 to adopt a famili> prov]b1 ha/5 to make hay :ile ! sun %9es by hunt+ v frequ5tly1 9 ! confid5t expectation ( receiv+ gho/ly help f ! deceas$ hunt]4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :5 !y return f ! *ase1 !y lay a small portion ( _! bag ne> 8 grave1 scatt] a p[d] :i* possesses ! special virtue ( attract+ gho/s1 & call out1 ,s-&-s1 come & eat2 "h ,i set d[n food = y1 x is a "p ( all we h4 ,if aft] su* an (f]+ & invocation ! night w9d ru/les ! tops ( ! trees or %akes ! ?at* ( leaves on ! ro(s1 !y "k t ! gho/ is 9 ! village4 ,! tw9kle ( a gl[-worm ne> 8 grave is ! glitt] ( 8 eye4 ,9 ! morn+1 too1 be=e !y sally =? to ! woods1 "o ( ! next ( k9 to ! dead huntsman w g betimes to 8 grave1 /amp on x to wak5 ! sleep] bel[1 & call out1 ,s-&-s1 come6 we are n[ ab\t to g out hunt+4 ,help u to a good bag6 ,if !y h luck1 !y praise ! deceas$ z a good _s & 9 ! ev5+ supply 8 wants aga9 ) food1 tobacco1 & betel4 ,! sacrifice1 z usually happ5s 9 su* cases1 does n call = any great ex]cise ( self-d5ial2 s9ce ! _s consumes only ! spiritual ess5ce ( ! good ?+s1 :ile he leaves _! mat]ial sub/ance to be enjoy$ by ! liv+4#dfb ,sid5ote3 ,ill-treatm5t ( a gho/ :o fails to help hunt]s4 ,h[ev]1 x sometimes happ5s t ! gho/ disappo9ts !m1 & t ! hunt]s return 9 ! ev5+ hungry & empty-h&$4 ,?is may ev5 be repeat$ day aft] day1 & /ill ! p w n lose hope4 ,!y ?9k t ! gho/ is p]haps busy work+ 9 8 field1 or t he has gone on a visit & w soon come home4 ,to give him "t to d 8 bus9ess or see 8 fri5ds at leisure1 !y w rema9 9 ! village = sev]al days4 ,!n1 :5 !y imag9e t he mu/ surely h return$1 !y g out into ! woods & try _! luck aga94 ,b %\ld !re /ill be no gho/ & no game1 !y beg9 to be s]i\sly al>m$4 ,!y ?9k t "s evil mu/ h befall5 him4 ,b if "t goes on & /ill he gives no sign & ! game cont9ues sc>ce & %y1 _! feel+s t[>ds ! gho/ und]go a radical alt]ation4 ,passion gett+ ! bett] ( prud5ce1 !y w ev5 reproa* him ) +ratitude1 taunt him ) 8 uselessness1 & leave him to />ve4 ,%\ld he aft] t /ill rema9 deaf to _! rail+ & reg>dless ( ! %ort commons to :i* !y h r$uc$ him1 !y w dis*>ge a volley ( abuse at 8 grave & tr\ble !mselves ab\t him no m4 ,h[ev]1 if1 n cont5t ) refus+ 8 valuable assi/ance 9 ! *ase1 ! gho/ %\ld actually blight ! crops or s5d wild bo>s into ! fields to trample !m d[n1 ! pati5ce ( ! long-suff]+ p is q exhau/$3 ! vials ( _! wra? ov]fl[2 & snat*+ up _! cudgels 9 a fury !y belab\r 8 grave till 8 bones a*e1 or ev5 drive him ) bl[s & curses altoge!r f ! village4#dfc ,sid5ote3 ,! j\rney ( gho/s to ! _s l&4 ,su* an outca/ gho/1 if he does n seek 8 rev5ge by pr[l+ 9 ! neighb\rhood & prey+ on society at l>ge1 w naturally be?9k himself ( repair+ to 8 long home 9 ! "u _w4 ,= soon] or lat] ! spirits ( ! dead congregate !re4 ,x is especially :5 ! fle% has q m\ld]$ away f 8 bones t ! gho/ packs up 8 little traps & sets out = ! bett] l&4 ,! entrance to ! abode ( bliss is a cave to ! we/ ( ,saddle ,m\nta94 ,"h 9 ! gully !re is a project+ tree-/ump on :i* ! gho/s p]* wait+ = a fav\rable mom5t to jump into ! m\? ( ! cav]n4 ,:5 a slight e>?quake is felt1 a ,kai man w (t5 say1 ,a gho/ has j leap$ f ! tree into ! cave2 t is :y ! e>? is %ak+4 ,d[n bel[ ! gho/s are receiv$ by ,tulm5g1 "l ( ! ne!r _w4 ,(t5 he appe>s 9 a canoe to f]ry !m ov] to ! fur!r %ore4 ,blood or wax8 is ! laconic "q :i* he puts to ! gho/ on ! bank4 ,he means to say1 ,7 y kill$ or 7 y done to dea? by magic8 ,= x is ) wax t ! sorc]] /ops up ! fatal little tubes 9 :i* he encloses ! s\ls ( 8 enemies4 ,& ! reason :y ! "l ( ! dead puts ! "q to ! newcom] is t ! gho/s ( ! sla9 & ! gho/s ( ! bewit*$ dwell 9 sep>ate places4 ,"r 9 front ( ! l& ( s\ls rises a high /eep wall1 :i* _c be climb$ ev5 by gho/s4 ,! spirits h accord+ly to make _! way ?r\gh x & !reupon f9d !mselves 9 _! new abode4 ,accord+ to "s ,kai1 be=e ! gho/s are admitt$ to gho/ l& !y mu/ sw+ to & fro on a rope & !n drop into wat]1 :]e !y are wa%$ clean ( blood/a9s & all impurity2 aft] :i* !y asc5d1 spick & span1 ! la/ slope to ! village ( gho/s4 ,sid5ote3 ,life ( gho/s 9 ! o!r _w4 ,tulm5g has ! reputation ( be+ a v /]n rul] 9 8 weird realm1 b ! ,kai really "k v little ab\t him4 ,he beats refractory s\ls1 & x is ess5tial t e gho/ %\ld h 8 e>s & nose bor$4 ,! op]ation is v pa9ful1 & to escape x mo/ p take ! precaution ( hav+ _! e>s & noses bor$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,life 9 ! o!r _w goes on j l life 9 ?is "o4 ,h\ses are built exactly l h\ses on e>?1 & !re z "h pigs sw>m 9 ! /reets4 ,fields are till$ & crops are got 92 gho/ly m5 m>ry gho/ly wom51 :o give bir? to gho/ly *ildr54 ,! same old r\nd ( love & hate1 ( qu>rell+ & fight+1 ( battle1 murd] & sudd5 dea? goes on 9 ! %ad[y realm bel[ gr\nd j z 9 ! m solid _w above gr\nd4 ,sorc]]s are !re also1 & !y bre$ j z bad blood among ! dead z among ! liv+4 ,all ?+s inde$ are ! same except = _! %ad[y unsub/antial texture4#dfd ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s die & turn into animals4 ,b ! gho/s d n live = ev] 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,!y die ! second dea? & turn into animals1 g5]ally into cuscuses4 ,9 ! %ape ( animals !y haunt ! wilde/1 deepe/1 d>ke/ gl5s ( ! rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,no "o b ! own] has ! "r to set foot on su* haunt$ gr\nd4 ,he may ev5 kill ! gho/ly animals4 ,any "o else :o d>$ to di/urb !m 9 _! haunts w\ld d s at ! p]il ( 8 life4 ,b ev5 ! own] ( ! l& :o has kill$ "o ( ! gho/ly creatures is b\nd to appease ! _s ( ! dead bea/4 ,he may n cut up ! c>case at once1 b mu/ leave x = a "t1 p]haps = a :ole night1 aft] lay+ on x pres5ts :i* are int5d$ to mollify & soo! ! injur$ _s4 ,9 plac+ ! gifts on ! body he says1 ,take ! gifts & leave u t :i* 0 a game animal1 t we may eat x4 ,:5 ! animal's gho/ has appropriat$ ! spiritual ess5ce ( ! (f]+s1 ! hunt] & 8 family may eat ! c>case4 ,%\ld "o ( ^! gho/ly creatures die or be kill$1 its _s turns ei!r into an insect or into an ant-hill4 ,*ildr5 :o w\ld de/roy su* an ant-hill or ?r[ little d>ts at x1 are w>n$ by _! eld]s n to indulge 9 su* sacrilegi\s sport4 ,:5 ! insect also dies1 ! s]ies ( spiritual trans=mations is at an end4#dfe ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s ( p]sons em95t = good or evil 9 _! lives are rememb]$ & appeal$ to = help long aft] _! dea?s4 ,pray]s to gho/s = ra91 a good crop ( yams1 & s =?4 ,! gho/s ^: help is invok$ by hunt]s & f>m]s are commonly ! spirits ( p]sons :o h lately di$1 s9ce su* spirits l+] = a "t 9 ! neighb\rhood1 or r 9 ! memory ( ! p4 ,b besides ^! spirits ( ! rec5t dead !re are c]ta9 old] gho/s :o may be reg>d$ z p]man5t patrons ( hunt+ & o!r dep>tm5ts ( life & nature1 because _! fame has surviv$ long aft] ! m5 or wom5 !mselves 7 ga!r$ to _! fa!rs4 ,= example1 m5 :o 7 bold & resolute 9 battle dur+ _! life w be invok$ long aft] _! dea?1 :5ev] a /\t he>t is ne$$ = "s feat ( d>+4 ,& m5 :o 7 notori\s ?ieves & villa9s 9 ! fle% w be invit$1 long aft] _! bodies h m\ld]$ 9 ! grave1 to l5d _! help :5 a de$ ( villa9y is to be done4 ,! names ( m5 or wom5 :o 7 em95t = good or evil 9 _! lives survive indef9itely 9 ! memory ( ! tribe4 ,?us be=e a battle _m a ,kai w>rior w ?r[ some?+ ov] ! enemy's village & z he does s he w s(tly call on two gho/s1 ,we & ,gunang1 ye two h]oes1 come & gu>d me & keep ! foes f me1 t !y may n be able to hurt me6 ,b /& by me t ,i may be able to riddle !m ) spe>s6 ,aga91 :5 a magician wi%es to cause an e>?quake1 he w take a h&ful ( a%es1 wrap !m 9 c]ta9 leaves1 & pron\nce ! foll[+ spell ov] ! packet3 ,?\ man ,saiong1 ?r[ ab\t ev]y?+ t exi/s2 h\ses1 villages1 pa?s1 fields1 bu%es & tall =e/ trees1 yams1 & t>o1 ?r[ !m all hi!r & ?i!r2 break & sma% ev]y?+1 b leave me 9 peace6 ,:ile he utt]s ?is incantation or pray]1 ! sorc]]'s body itself twit*es & quiv]s m & m viol5tly1 till ! hut creaks & cracks & 8 /r5g? is exhau/$4 ,!n he ?r[s ! packet ( a%es out ( ! hut1 & aft] t ! e>?quake is sure to foll[ soon] or lat]4 ,s :5 !y want ra91 ! ,kai call ^u two gho/ly m5 nam$ ,balong & ,batu1 or ,d9d+ & ,bojang1 to drive away a c]ta9 woman nam$ ,yondimi1 s t ! ra9 :i* %e is hold+ up may fall ^u ! e>?4 ,! pray] = ra9 address$ to ! gho/s is comb9$ ) a magical spell pron\nc$ ov] a /one4 ,& :5 ra9 has fall5 9 abundance & ! ,kai wi% to make x cease1 !y /rew hot a%es on ! /one or lay x 9 a wood fire4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic magic ! heat ( ! a%es or ( ! fire is suppos$ to dry up ! ra94 ,?us 9 ^! c]emonies = ! production or cessation ( ra9 we see t religion1 repres5t$ by ! invocation ( ! gho/s1 goes h& 9 h& ) magic1 repres5t$ by ! hocus-pocus ) ! /one4 ,aga91 c]ta9 celebrat$ gho/s are invok$ to promote ! gr[? ( t>o & yams4 ,?us to ensure a good crop ( t>o1 ! suppliant w hold a bud ( t>o 9 8 h& & pray1 ,o ,mrs4 ,zewanong1 may my t>o leaves unfold till !y are z broad z ! petticoat :i* cov]s ?y lo9s6 ,:5 !y are plant+ yams1 !y pray to two wom5 nam$ ,t5dung & ,molewa t !y w\ld cause ! yams to put =? z long suck]s z ! /r+s :i* ! wom5 twi/ to make into c>ry+-nets4 ,be=e !y dig up ! yams1 !y take a bran* & drive ) x ! evil spirits or gho/s f ! h\se 9 :i* ! yams are to be /or$4 ,hav+ effect$ ?is cle>ance !y /ick ! bran* 9 ! ro( ( ! h\se & appo9t a c]ta9 gho/ly man nam$ ,ehang to act z w>d54 ,aga91 f[l]s invoke a m>ri$ pair ( gho/s call$ ,manze & ,tam+oka to fright5 ! birds f ! trees & drive !m on ! lim$ twigs4 ,or !y pray to a gho/ly woman nam$ ,lane1 say+1 ,9 all places ( ! neighb\rhood %ake ! betel-nuts f ! palms1 t !y may fall d[n to me on ?is fruit-tree & knock ! b]ries f ! b\ghs6 ,b by ! betel-nuts ! f[l] 9 veil$ language means ! birds1 :i* are to come 9 flocks to ! fruit-tree & be caught fa/ by ! lime on ! bran*es4 ,aga91 :5 a fi%]man wi%es to cat* eels1 he prays to two gho/s call$ ,yambi & ,ngigwali1 say+3 ,come1 ye two m51 & g d[n into ! holes ( ! pool2 smite ! eels 9 !m1 & draw !m out on ! bank1 t ,i may kill !m6 ,once m1 :5 a *ild suff]s f enl>g$ sple51 :i* %ews z a swell+ on its body1 ! p>5t w pray to a gho/ nam$ ,aidolo = help 9 ^! words3 ,come & help ?is *ild6 ,x is big ) a ball ( sickness4 ,cut x up & squeeze & squa% x1 t ! blood & pus may dra9 away & my *ild may be made :ole6 ,to give po9t to ! pray] ! petition] simultane\sly pret5ds to cut a cross on ! swell+ ) a knife4#dff ,sid5ote3 ,possible developm5t ( dep>tm5tal gods out ( gho/s4 ,f ?is x appe>s t m5 & wom5 :o impress$ _! contempor>ies by _! tal5ts1 _! virtues1 or _! vices 9 _! lifetime1 are sometimes rememb]$ long aft] _! dea? & cont9ue to be invok$ by _! desc5dants = help 9 ! p>ticul> dep>tm5t 9 :i* !y _h =m]ly r5d]$ !mselves em95t ei!r = good or = evil4 ,su* p[]ful & admir$ or dread$ gho/s might easily gr[ 9 "t into gods & goddesses1 :o are wor%ipp$ z presid+ ov] ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( nature & ( human life4 ,!re is good reason to ?9k t among _m tribes & nations ( ! _w ! hi/ory ( a god1 if x c\ld be recov]$1 w\ld be f\nd to be ! hi/ory ( a _s :o s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip z a gho/ be=e he 0 promot$ to ! rank ( deity4 ,sid5ote3 ,kai lads at circumcision suppos$ to be swall[$ by a mon/]4 ,bull-ro>]s4 ,be=e quitt+ ! ,kai tribe ,i w m5tion t !y1 l ! o!r tribes on ?is coa/1 practise circumcision & appe> to associate ! cu/om m or less vaguely ) ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,l _! neighb\rs1 !y impress wom5 ) ! belief t at circumcision ! lads are swall[$ by a mon/]1 :o c only be induc$ to disgorge !m by ! bribe ( mu* food & especially ( pigs1 :i* are accord+ly br$ & kept nom9ally = ?is purpose1 b really to furni% a banquet = ! m5 alone4 ,! c]emony is p]=m$ at irregul> int]vals ( sev]al ye>s4 ,a long hut1 ent]$ ?r\gh a high door at "o end & tap]+ away at ! o!r1 is built 9 a lonely "p ( ! =e/4 ,x repres5ts ! mon/] :i* is to swall[ ! novices 9 its capaci\s jaws4 ,! process ( deglutition is repres5t$ z foll[s4 ,9 front ( ! entrance to ! hut a scaffold is erect$ & a man m\nts x4 ,! novices are !n l$ up "o by "o & pass$ "u ! scaffold4 ,z ea* comes up1 ! man ov]head makes a ge/ure ( swall[+1 :ile at ! same "t he takes a great gulp ( wat] f a coco-nut flask4 ,! trembl+ novice is n[ suppos$ to be 9 ! maw ( ! mon/]2 b a pig is (f]$ = 8 r$emption1 ! man on ! scaffold1 z repres5tative ( ! bea/1 accepts ! (f]+1 a gurgl+ s\nd is he>d1 & ! wat] :i* he _h j gulp$ desc5ds 9 a jet on ! novice1 :o n[ goes free4 ,! actual circumcision foll[s imm$iately on ?is impressive pantomime4 ,! mon/] :o swall[s ! lads is nam$ ,ngosa1 :i* means ,gr&fa!r2 & ! same "n is giv5 to ! bull-ro>]s :i* are swung at ! fe/ival4 ,! ,kai bull-ro>] is a lance-%ap$ piece ( palm-wood1 m or less elaborately c>v$1 :i* be+ swung at ! end ( a /r+ emits ! usual dron+1 boom+ s\nd4 ,:5 !y are n 9 use1 ! in/rum5ts are kept1 c>efully wrapt up1 9 ! m5's h\se1 :i* no woman may ent]4 ,only ! old m5 h ! "r to undo ^! preci\s bundles & take out ! sacr$ bull-ro>]s4 ,wom51 too1 are /rictly exclud$ f ! neighb\rhood ( ! circumcision gr\nd2 any :o intrude on x are put to dea?4 ,! my?ical mon/] :o is suppos$ to haunt ! gr\nd is said to be v dang]\s to ! female sex4 ,:5 ! novices g =? to be swall[$ by him 9 ! =e/1 ! wom5 :o rema9 9 ! village weep & wail2 & !y rejoice greatly :5 ! lads come back safe & s\nd4#dfg ,sid5ote3 ,! ,tami ,isl&]s ( ,huon ,gulf4 ,! la/ tribe ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea to :i* ,i %all invite y\r att5tion are ! ,tami4 ,mo/ ( !m live n on ! ma9l& b 9 a gr\p ( isl&s 9 ,huon ,gulf1 to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,yabim4 ,!y are ( a pur] ,melanesian /ock ?an mo/ ( ! tribes on ! neighb\r+ coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! ,g]man mission>y ,mr4 ,g4 ,baml]1 :o liv$ among/ !m = t5 ye>s & kn[s ! p & _! language intimately1 ?9ks t !y may ev5 conta9 a /rong infusion ( ,polynesian blood4#dfh ,!y are a seaf>+ folk1 :o ext5d _! voyages all along ! coa/ = ! purpose ( trade1 b>t]+ mats1 pe>ls1 fi%1 coco-nuts1 & o!r tree-fruits :i* gr[ on _! isl&s = t>o1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 & sago1 :i* gr[ on ! ma9l&4#dfi ,sid5ote3 ,! long s\l & ! %ort s\l4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ^! p e man has two s\ls1 a long "o & a %ort "o4 ,! long s\l is id5tifi$ ) ! %ad[4 ,x is only loosely atta*$ to its own]1 w&]+ away f 8 body 9 sleep & return+ to x :5 he wakes ) a />t4 ,! seat ( ! long s\l is 9 ! /oma*4 ,:5 ! man dies1 ! long s\l quits 8 body & appe>s to 8 relations at a di/ance1 :o ?us obta9 ! fir/ intimation ( 8 decease4 ,hav+ convey$ ! sad intellig5ce to !m1 ! long s\l dep>ts by way ( ,maligep1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,new ,brita91 to a village on ! nor? coa/1 ! inhabitants ( :i* recognise ! ,tami gho/s z !y flit pa/4#dgj ,sid5ote3 ,dep>ture ( ! %ort s\l to ,lamboam1 ! ne!r _w4 ,! %ort s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 nev] leaves ! body 9 life b only aft] dea?4 ,ev5 !n x t>ries = a "t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! body be=e x takes its dep>ture = ,lamboam1 :i* is ! abode ( ! dead 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,! ,tami bury _! dead 9 %all[ graves "u or ne> ! h\ses4 ,!y collect 9 a coco-nut %ell ! maggots :i* sw>m f ! decay+ corpse2 & :5 ! insects cease to sw>m1 !y "k t ! %ort s\l has gone away to its long home4 ,x is ! %ort s\l :i* receives & c>ries away ) x ! (f]+s t are made to ! deceas$4 ,^! (f]+s s]ve a d\ble purpose2 !y =m ! nucleus ( ! dead man's prop]ty 9 ! f> c\ntry1 & !y ensure him a fri5dly reception on 8 arrival4 ,= example1 ! s\l %iv]s ) cold1 :5 x fir/ rea*es ! subt]ranean realm1 & ! o!r gho/s1 ! old /ag]s1 oblig+ly heat /ones to w>m x up4#dga ,sid5ote3 ,dilemma ( ! ,tami4 ,h[ev]1 ! re/less _s returns f "t to "t to haunt & t]rify ! sorc]]1 :o 0 ! cause ( its dea?4 ,b its ?reats are idle2 x c really d him v little h>m4 ,yet x keeps its gho/ly eye on its surviv+ relatives to see t !y d n /& on a fri5dly foot+ ) ! wick$ sorc]]4 ,/rictly speak+ ! ,tami ought to av5ge 8 dea?1 b z a matt] ( fact !y d n4 ,! tru? ( x is t ! ,tami d a v good bus9ess ) ! p on ! ma9l&1 among :om ! sorc]] is usually to be f\nd2 & ! amicable relations :i* are ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( comm]ce w\ld unque/ionably suff] if a m]*ant 7 to indulge 8 res5tm5t s f> z to take 8 cu/om]'s head in/ead ( 8 sago & bananas4 ,^! consid]ations r$uce ! ,tami to a pa9ful dilemma4 ,if !y gratify ! gho/ !y lose a cu/om]2 if !y keep ! cu/om] !y mu/ bitt]ly (f5d ! gho/1 :o w puni% !m = _! disrespect to 8 memory4 ,9 ?is delicate position ! ,tami endeav\r to make ! be/ ( bo? worlds4 ,on ! "o h&1 by l\dly pr(ess+ _! wra? & indignation aga9/ ! guilty sorc]] !y endeav\r to appease ! gho/2 & on ! o!r h&1 by leav+ ! villa9 unmole/$ !y d no?+ to ali5ate _! cu/om]s4#dgb ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al & m\rn+ cu/oms ( ! ,tami4 ,b if !y d n gratify ! desire = v5geance ( ! blood-?ir/y gho/1 !y are at great pa9s to te/ify _! respect = him 9 all o!r ways4 ,! :ole village takes "p 9 ! m\rn+ & lam5tation = a dea?4 ,! wom5 dance dea? dances1 ! m5 l5d a h& 9 ! prep>ations = ! burial4 ,all fe/ivities are /opp$3 ! drums are sil5t4 ,z ! p believe t :5 anybody has di$1 ! gho/s ( 8 dead k9sfolk ga!r 9 ! village & are jo9$ by o!r gho/s1 !y are c>eful n to leave ! m\rn]s alone1 expos$ to ! too press+ att5tions ( ! spectral visitors2 !y keep ! b]eav$ family company1 especially at night2 inde$1 if ! wea!r be f9e1 ! :ole population ( ! village w encamp r\nd ! tempor>y hut :i* is built on ! grave4 ,?is wat* at ! grave la/s ab\t eight days4 ,! wat*]s are support$ & com=t$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! pi\s duty by a lib]al all[ance ( food & dr9k4 ,nor are ! wants ( ! gho/ himself =gott54 ,_m families (f] him t>o bro? at ?is "t4 ,! p]iod ( m\rn+ la/s two or ?ree ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ! obs]vances prescrib$ by cu/om are /rictly foll[$1 & ! ne>e/ relations mu/ avoid publicity4 ,aft] a ye> !y are all[$ m fre$om2 = example1 ! wid[ may lay aside ! heavy net1 :i* is h] co/ume 9 full m\rn+1 & may replace x by a light] "o2 moreov]1 %e may quit ! h\se4 ,at ! end ( ! long p]iod ( m\rn+1 dances are danc$ 9 hon\r ( ! deceas$4 ,!y beg9 9 ! ev5+ & la/ all night till daybreak4 ,! m\rn]s on ^! occasions sme> _! heads1 necks1 & brea/s ) black e>?4 ,a great quantity ( food1 p>ticul>ly ( pigs & t>o bro?1 has be5 made ready2 = ! :ole village1 & p]haps a neighb\r+ village also1 has be5 invit$ to %>e 9 ! fe/ivity1 :i* may la/ eight or t5 days1 if ! provisions suffice4 ,! dances beg9 ) a gravity & solemnity appropriate to a memorial ( ! dead2 b t[>ds ! close ! p]=m]s indulge 9 a light] ve9 & act comic pieces1 :i* s tickle ! fancy ( ! spectators1 t _m ( !m roll on ! gr\nd ) laught]4 ,f9ally1 ! tempor>y hut erect$ on ! grave is tak5 d[n & ! mat]ials burn$4 ,z ! o!r gho/s ( ! village are believ$ to be pres5t 9 att5dance on ! "o :o is ! gue/ ( hon\r1 all ! villag]s br+ (f]+s & ?r[ !m into ! fire4 ,h[ev]1 p]sons :o are n relat$ to ! gho/s may snat* ! (f]+s f ! flames & conv]t !m to _! own use4 ,preci\s objects1 su* z bo>s' tusks & dogs' tee?1 are n committ$ to ! fire b m]ely swung ov] x 9 a bag1 :ile ! "n ( ! p]son :o (f]s ! valuables 9 ?is economical fa%ion is proclaim$ al\d = ! satisfaction ( ! gho/4 ,) ^! dances1 pantomimes1 & (f]+s ! liv+ h dis*>g$ ! la/ duties ( respect & affection to ! dead4 ,yet = a :ile 8 gho/ is ?\ght to l+] z a dome/ic or h\sehold _s2 b ! "t comes :5 he is :olly =gott54#dgc ,sid5ote3 ,bones ( ! dead dug up & kept 9 ! h\se = a "t4 ,_m families1 h[ev]1 n cont5t ) ! obs]vance ( ^! ord9>y c]emonies1 dig up ! bodies ( _! dead :5 ! fle% has m\ld]$ away1 r$d5 ! bones ) o*re1 & keep !m bundl$ up 9 ! h\se = two or ?ree ye>s1 :5 ^! relics ( mortality are f9ally committ$ to ! e>?4 ,! int5tion ( ?us pres]v+ ! bones = ye>s 9 ! h\se is n m5tion$1 b no d\bt x is to ma9ta9 a clos] intimacy ) ! dep>t$ _s ?an seems possible if 8 skeleton is left to rot 9 ! grave4 ,:5 he is at la/ laid 9 ! gr\nd1 ! tomb is enclos$ by a /rong wood5 f5ce & plant$ ) ornam5tal %rubs4 ,yet 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 z ! memory ( ! deceas$ fades away1 8 grave is neglect$1 ! f5ce decays1 ! %rubs run wild2 ano!r g5]ation1 :i* knew him n1 w build a h\se on ! spot1 & if 9 digg+ ! f\ndations !y turn up 8 blea*$ & m\ld]+ bones1 x is no?+ to !m3 :y %\ld !y tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! _s ( a man or woman ^: v "n is =gott58#dgd ,footnote #dej3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adb sq4 ,footnote #dea3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #deb3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 l4c4 ,footnote #dec3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adc sq4 ,footnote #ded3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fb sq4 ,footnote #dee3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 pp4 #fd sqq41 #adg sq4 ,footnote #def3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #acb4 ,footnote #deg3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #deh3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adh sq4 ,footnote #dei3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adi4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ade sq4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adi sq4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aab1 #aej sq4 ,footnote #dff3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aea-aed4 ,9 ?is passage ! gho/s are spok5 ( simply z spirits 7,gei/]72 b ! context proves t ! spirits 9 "q are ^? ( ! dead4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,*4 ,keyss]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cd-dj4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,g4 ,baml]1 ,tami1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 p4 #dhi2 comp>e ib4 p4 vii4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,h4 ,zahn1 ,die ,jabim1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 #cae sq4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eah4 ,footnote #dga3 ,g4 ,baml]1 l4c4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eah sq4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eai-ebb4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eah4 ,,lecture ,,xiv ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,g]man ,,& ,,dut* ,,new ,,gu9ea ,sid5ote3 ,! ,tami doctr9e ( s\ls & gods4 ,! ,tago spirits1 repres5t$ by mask$ m54 ,at ! close ( ! la/ lecture ,i dealt ) ! ,tami1 a p ( ,melanesian /ock :o inhabit a gr\p ( isl&s (f ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,i expla9$ _! !ory ( ! human s\l4 ,accord+ to !m1 e man has two di/9ct s\ls1 a long "o & a %ort "o1 bo? ( :i* survive 8 dea?1 b dep>t 9 diff]5t directions1 "o ( !m repair+ to ! l[] _w1 & ! o!r be+ la/ sight$ (f ! coa/ ( ,new ,brita94 ,b ! k :i* ^! savages possess ( ! spiritual _w is n limit$ to ! s\ls ( m52 !y are acqua9t$ ) sev]al deities 7buwun71 :o live 9 ! o!rwise un9habit$ isl& ( ,djan4 ,!y are be+s ( an amor\s disposition1 & ?\gh _! real %ape is t ( a fi%'s body ) a human head1 !y c take on ! =m ( m5 9 ord] to s$uce wom54 ,!y also cause epidemics & e>?quakes2 yet ! p %ew !m no respect1 = !y believe !m to be dull-witt$ z well z le*]\s4 ,at mo/1 if a fe>ful epidemic is rag+1 !y w (f] ! gods a lean little pig or a mangy cur2 & %\ld an e>?quake la/ long] ?an usual !y w rap on ! gr\nd1 say+1 ,hullo1 y d[n !re6 easy a little6 ,we m5 are /ill "h4 ,!y also pr(ess acqua9tance ) a god nam$ ,anuto1 :o creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>? toge!r ) ! fir/ man & woman4 ,he is a good be+2 nobody ne$ be afraid ( him4 ,at fe/ivals & meat m>kets ! ,tami (f] him ! fir/ portion 9 a little basket1 :i* a lad c>ries away into ! wood & leaves !re4 ,z usual1 ! deity consumes only ! s\l ( ! (f]+2 ! be>] eats ! mat]ial sub/ance4#dge ,! ,tami fur!r believe 9 c]ta9 spirits call$ ,tago :i* are v old1 hav+ be5 creat$ at ! same "t z ! village4 ,e family or clan possesses its own famili> spirits ( ?is class4 ,!y are repres5t$ by m5 :o disguise _! bodies 9 d5se masses ( sago leaves & _! faces 9 grotesque masks ) long hook$ noses4 ,9 ?is co/ume ! mask]s jig x z well z ! heavy unwieldy disguise all[s !m to d4 ,b ! dance consi/s 9 little m ?an runn+ r\nd & r\nd 9 a circle1 ) an occasional hop2 ! or*e/ra /&s 9 ! middle1 s++ & ?ump+ drums4 ,sometimes two or ?ree ( ! mask$ m5 w make a r\nd ( ! village1 pelt+ ! m5 ) pebbles or h>d fruits1 :ile ! wom5 & *ildr5 scurry out ( _! way4 ,:5 !y are n 9 use ! masks are hidd5 away 9 a hut 9 ! =e/1 :i* wom5 & *ildr5 may n approa*4 ,_! secret is /]nly kept3 any betrayal ( x is puni%$ ) dea?4 ,! season = ! exhibition ( ^! mask$ dances recurs only once 9 t5 or twelve ye>s1 b x ext5ds ov] a ye> or !reab\t4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! danc+-season1 curi\sly en\gh1 coco-nuts are /rictly taboo$2 no p]son may eat !m1 s t ! unus$ nuts accumulate 9 ?\s&s4 ,z coco-nuts ord9>ily =m a daily article ( diet ) ! ,tami1 _! prohibition = a ye> is felt by ! p z a privation4 ,! mean+ ( ! prohibition & also ( ! masqu]ades rema9s obscure4#dgf ,sid5ote3 ,! sup]human be+s ) :om ! ,tami are *iefly conc]n$ are ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,(f]+s to ! dead4 ,b :ile ! ,tami believe 9 gods & spirits ( v>i\s sorts1 ! sup]human be+s ) :om !y *iefly conc]n !mselves are ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,baml] writes3 ,all ! spirits :om we h ?us f> describ$ are ( little importance 9 ! life & ?\ght ( ! ,tami2 !y are rememb]$ only on special occasions4 ,! spirits :o fill ! ?\ghts & attract ! att5tion ( ! ,tami are ! kani1 t is1 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,! ,tami !re=e practise ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,yet ! memory ( ance/ors does n rea* f> back2 p occupy !mselves only ) ! s\ls ( ^? relatives :om !y h p]sonally kn[n4 ,h5ce ! wor%ip seldom ext5ds beyond ! gr&fa!r1 ev5 :5 a k ( m remote prog5itors survives4 ,an (f]+ to ! ance/ors takes ! =m ( a little di% ( boil$ t>o1 a cig>1 betel-nuts1 & ! l2 b ! spirits p>take only ( ! image or s\l ( ! ?+s (f]$1 :ile ! mat]ial sub/ance falls to ! %>e ( mank9d4 ,!re is no fix$ rule z to ! mann] or "t ( ! (f]+4 ,x is left to ! caprice or *ildlike affection ( ! individual to decide h[ he w make x4 ,) mo/ natives x is a simple matt] ( bus9ess1 ! ?r[+ ( a sprat to cat* a salmon2 ! man br+s 8 (f]+ only :5 he ne$s ! help ( ! spirits4 ,!re is v little c]emony ab\t x4 ,! (f]] w say1 = example1 ',!re1 ,i lay a cig> = y2 smoke x & h]eaft] drive fi% t[>ds me'2 or1 ',accompany me on ! j\rney1 & see to x t ,i d good bus9ess4' ,! place :]e ! food is pres5t$ is ! %elf = pots & di%es "u ! ro(4 ,?us !y imag9e t ! spirits ex]t a tol]ably f>-rea*+ influ5ce ov] all creat$ ?+s1 & x is _! notion t ! spirits take possession ( ! objects4 ,9 l mann] ! spirits c injure a man by ?w>t+ 8 plans1 = example1 by fright5+ away ! fi%1 blight+ ! fruits ( ! fields1 & s =?4 ,if ! native is =c$ to conclude t ! spirits are aga9/ him1 he has no hesitation ab\t deceiv+ !m 9 ! grosse/ mann]4 ,%\ld ! requisite sacrifices be inconv5i5t to him1 he flatly refuses !m1 or gives ! %abbie/ ?+s he c f9d4 ,9 all ?is ! native displays ! same craft & cunn+ :i* he is apt to practise 9 8 deal+s ) ! :ites4 ,he fe>s ! p[] :i* ! _s has ov] him1 yet he tries :e!r he _c outwit ! _s l an arrant block-head4#dgg ,sid5ote3 ,crude motives = sacrifice4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! crude b q intelligible motives :i* lead ^! savages to sacrifice to ! spirits ( _! dead may be comm5d$ to ! att5tion ( writ]s on ! hi/ory ( religion :o read into primitive sacrifice c]ta9 subtle & complex ideas :i* x nev] ent]$ into ! m9d ( primitive man to conceive & :i*1 ev5 if !y 7 expla9$ to him1 he w\ld 9 all probability be totally unable to und]/&4 ,sid5ote3 ,lamboam1 ! l& ( ! dead4 ,accord+ to ! ,tami1 ! s\ls ( ! dead live 9 ! ne!r _w4 ,! _s-l& is call$ ,lamboam2 ! entrance to x is by a cleft 9 a rock4 ,! natives ( ! ma9l& also call ,hades by ! "n ( ,lamboam2 b :]eas accord+ to !m e village has its own little ,lamboam1 ! ,tami hold t !re is only "o big ,lamboam = ev]ybody1 ?\gh x is subdivid$ into _m mansions1 ( :i* e village has "o to itself4 ,9 ,lamboam ev]y?+ is fair] & m p]fect ?an on e>?4 ,! fruits are s pl5tiful t ! bless$ spirits c1 if !y *oose1 give !mselves up to ! delights ( idl5ess2 ! villages are full ( ornam5tal plants4 ,yet on ! o!r h& we are in=m$ t life b5ea? ! gr\nd is v l life above x3 p "w & m>ry1 !y squabble & wrangle1 !y fall sick & ev5 die1 j z p d on e>?4 ,s\ls :i* die ! second dea? 9 ,lamboam are *ang$ into v]m91 su* z ants & worms2 h[ev]1 o!rs say t !y turn into wood-spirits1 :o d m5 a mis*ief 9 ! fields4 ,x is n s easy z is commonly suppos$ to effect an entrance into ! _s-l&4 ,y mu/ pass a riv]1 & ev5 :5 y h cross$ x y w be v likely to suff] f ! practical jokes :i* ! m]ry old gho/s play on a raw newcom]4 ,a v fav\rite trick ( !irs is to s5d him up a p&anus tree to look = fruit4 ,if he is simple en\gh to comply1 !y cat* him by ! legs z he is sw>m+ up ! trunk & drag him d[n1 s t 8 :ole body is fe>fully scrat*$1 if n q ripp$ up1 by ! r\gh b>k4 ,t is :y p put valuable ?+s ) ! dead 9 ! grave1 9 ord] t _! gho/s on arrival 9 ,lamboam may h ! :]e)al to pur*ase ! good graces ( ! faceti\s old /ag]s4#dgh ,sid5ote3 ,return ( ! gho/s to e>?1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 :5 ! gho/s h succe$$ 9 effect+ a lodgm5t 9 ,lamboam1 !y are n /rictly conf9$ to x4 ,!y c break b\nds at any mom5t & return to ! upp] air4 ,?is !y d p>ticul>ly :5 any ( _! surviv+ relations is at ! po9t ( dea?4 ,gho/s ( deceas$ k9sfolk & ( o!rs ga!r r\nd ! p>t+ s\l & att5d x to ! f> c\ntry4 ,yet sometimes1 app>5tly1 ! s\l sets out alone1 = ! anxi\s relatives w call out to x1 ,miss n ! way4 ,b gho/s visit _! surviv+ fri5ds at o!r times ?an at ! mom5t ( dea?4 ,= example1 "s families possess ! p[] ( call+ up spirits 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts f ! va/y deep4 ,! spirits :om !y evoke are usually ^? ( p]sons :o h di$ q lately2 = su* gho/s _c return to e>? except 9 ! guise ( s]p5ts4 ,9 ?is novel %ape !y naturally feel %y & hide "u a mat4 ,!y come out only 9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+ or ! d>kness ( night & sit on ! %elf = pots & di%es "u ! ro(4 ,!y h lo/ ! faculty ( spee* & c express !mselves only 9 :i/les4 ,^! :i/les ! se]1 :o is g5]ally a woman1 und]/&s p]fectly & int]prets to 8 or h] less gift$ fell[s4 ,9 ?is way a consid]able body ( in=mation1 m or less accurate 9 detail1 is collect$ z to life 9 ! o!r _w4 ,m ?an t1 x is ev5 possible = m51 & especially = wom51 to g d[n alive into ! ne!r _w & prosecute _! enquiries at fir/ h& among ! gho/s4 ,wom5 :o possess ?is rem>kable faculty transmit x to _! daught]s1 s t ! pr(ession is h]$it>y4 ,:5 anybody wi%es to asc]ta9 h[ x f>es ) "o ( 8 dead k9sfolk 9 ,lamboam1 he has no?+ to d b to engage ! s]vices ( "o ( ^! pr(essional m$iums1 giv+ h] some?+ :i* belong$ to 8 dep>t$ fri5d4 ,! m$ium rubs h] =ehead ) g+]1 mutt]+ an incantation1 lies d[n on ! dead man's prop]ty1 & falls asleep4 ,h] s\l !n goes d[n 9 a dream to deadl& & elicits f ! gho/s ! requir$ in=mation1 :i* on wak+ f sleep %e imp>ts to ! anxi\s enquir]4#dgi ,sid5ote3 ,sickness caus$ by a _s4 ,sickness accompani$ by fa9t+ fits is ascrib$ to ! action ( a _s1 x may be ! gho/ ( a ne> relation1 :o has c>ri$ (f ! long s\l ( ! suff]]4 ,! truant s\l is recall$ by a bla/ bl[n on a triton-%ell1 9 :i* "s *ew$ g+] or massoi b>k has be5 ins]t$4 ,! boom+ s\nd attracts ! att5tion ( ! vagrant _s1 :ile ! smell ( ! b>k or ( ! g+] drives away ! gho/4#dhj ,sid5ote3 ,tami lads suppos$ to be swall[$ by a mon/] at circumcision2 ! mon/] & ! bull-ro>] are bo? call$ kani4 ,! "n :i* ! ,tami give to ! spirits ( ! dead is kani2 b l o!r tribes 9 ?is "p ( ,new ,gu9ea !y apply ! same t]m to ! bull-ro>] & also to ! my?ical mon/] :o is suppos$ to swall[ ! lads at circumcision4 ,! id5tity ( ! "n = ! ?ree ?+s seems to prove t 9 ! m9d ( ! ,tami ! initiatory rites1 ( :i* circumcision is ! pr9cipal feature1 are closely associat$ ) _! conception ( ! /ate ( ! human s\l aft] dea?1 ?\gh :at ! precise nature ( ! association may be /ill rema9s obscure4 ,l _! neighb\rs on ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,tami give out t ! novices at initiation are swall[$ by a mon/] or dragon1 :o only cons5ts to disgorge 8 prey 9 consid]ation ( a tribute ( pigs1 ! rate ( ! tribute be+ "o novice "o pig4 ,9 ! act ( disgorg+ ! lad ! dragon bites him1 & ! bite is visible to all 9 ! cut call$ circumcision4 ,! voice ( ! mon/] is he>d 9 ! hum ( ! bull-ro>]s1 :i* are swung at ! c]emony 9 su* numb]s & ) su* =ce t 9 /ill wea!r ! boom+ s\nd may be he>d across ! sea = _m miles4 ,to impress wom5 & *ildr5 ) an idea ( ! sup]human /r5g? ( ! dragon deep grooves are cut 9 ! trunks ( trees & aft]w>ds exhibit$ to ! un9itiat$ z ! m>ks made by ! mon/] 9 tugg+ at ! ropes :i* b\nd him to ! trees4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole ?+ is an op5 secret to ! m>ri$ wom51 ?\gh !y keep _! k to !mselves1 fe>+ to incur ! p5alty ( dea? :i* is d5\nc$ ^u all :o betray ! my/]y4 ,sid5ote3 ,! rite ( circumcision4 ,seclusion & return ( ! newly circumcis$ lads4 ,! initiatory rites are n[ celebrat$ only at int]vals ( _m ye>s4 ,:5 ! "t is come = ! c]emony1 wom5 are bani%$ f ! village & special qu>t]s prep>$ = !m else:]e2 = !y are /rictly =bidd5 to set foot 9 ! village :ile ! mon/] or _s :o swall[s ! lads has 8 abode 9 x4 ,a special hut is !n built = ! accommodation ( ! novices dur+ ! _m mon?s :i* !y sp5d 9 seclusion be=e & aft] ! op]ation ( circumcision4 ,! hut repres5ts ! mon/]2 x consi/s ( a framework ( ?9 poles cov]$ ) palm-leaf mats & tap]+ d[n at "o end4 ,look$ at f a di/ance x resembles a :ale4 ,! backbone is compos$ ( a betel-nut palm1 :i* has be5 grubb$ up ) its roots4 ,! root ) its fibres repres5ts ! mon/]'s head & hair1 & "u x are pa9t$ a pair ( eyes & a great m\? 9 r$1 :ite1 & black4 ,! passage ( ! novices into ! mon/]'s belly is repres5t$ by caus+ !m to defile pa/ a r[ ( m5 :o hold bull-ro>]s al(t ov] ! heads ( ! c&idates4 ,be=e ?is m>* pa/ takes place1 ea* ( ! c&idates is /ruck by ! *ief ) a bull-ro>] on 8 *9 & br[4 ,! op]ation ( circumcis+ ! lads is aft]w>ds p]=m$ beh9d a scre5 set up ne> ! mon/]-%ap$ h\se4 ,x is foll[$ by a great fea/ on sw9e's fle%4 ,aft] _! w\nds are heal$ ! circumcis$ lads h /ill to rema9 9 seclusion = ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,f9ally1 !y are br\ght back to ! village ) great pomp4 ,= ?is solemn c]emony _! faces1 necks1 & brea/s are :it5$ ) a ?ick lay] ( *alk1 :ile r$ /ripes1 pa9t$ r\nd _! m\?s & eyes & prolong$ to ! e>s1 add to ! grotesqu5ess ( _! appe>ance4 ,_! eyes are clos$ ) a pla/] ( *alk1 & ?us curi\sly array$ & bl9dfold$ !y are l$ back to ! village squ>e1 :]e leave is =mally giv5 !m to op5 _! eyes4 ,at ! entrance to ! village !y are receiv$ by ! wom51 :o weep = joy & /rew boil$ field-fruits on ! way4 ,next morn+ ! newly initiat$ lads wa% (f ! cru/ ( *alk1 & h _! hair1 faces1 necks1 & brea/s pa9t$ bright r$4 ,?is ends _! "t ( seclusion1 :i* has la/$ five or six mon?s2 !y n[ rank z full-gr[n m54#dha ,sid5ote3 ,simulation ( dea? & resurrection4 ,9 ^! initiatory rites1 z 9 ! simil> rites ( ! neighb\r+ tribes on ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea1 we may p]haps detect a simulation ( dea? & ( resurrection to a new & high] life4 ,b :y circumcision %\ld =m ! c5tral feature ( su* a drama is a "q to :i* z yet no c]ta9 or ev5 v probable answ] c be giv54 ,! bodily mutilations ( v>i\s sorts1 :i* 9 _m savage tribes m>k ! transition f boyhood to manhood1 rema9 "o ( ! obscure/ features 9 ! life ( uncultur$ races4 ,t !y are 9 mo/ cases connect$ ) ! great *ange :i* takes place 9 ! sexes at pub]ty seems fairly c]ta92 b we are f> f und]/&+ ! ideas :i* primitive man has =m$ on ?is my/]i\s subject4 ,sid5ote3 ,! natives ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea4 ,t ends :at ,i h to say z to ! notions ( dea? & a life h]eaft] :i* are ent]ta9$ by ! natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,we n[ turn to ! natives ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 :o occupy r\ghly speak+ ! we/]n half ( ! great isl&4 ,our in=mation z to _! cu/oms & beliefs on ?is subject is mu* scanti]1 & accord+ly my acc\nt ( !m w be mu* brief]4 ,sid5ote3 ,geelv9k ,bay & ,doreh ,bay4 ,! ,no(oor or ,noom= p4 ,_! mat]ial culture & arts ( life4 ,t[>ds ! we/]n end ( ! ,dut* possession !re is on ! nor!rn coa/ a deep & wide ind5tation kn[n z ,geelv9k ,bay1 :i* 9 its nor?-we/ corn] includes a v mu* small] ind5tation kn[n z ,doreh ,bay4 ,scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! wat]s ( ! great ,geelv9k ,bay are _m isl&s ( v>i\s sizes1 su* z ,biak or ,wiak1 ,japp5 or ,jobi1 ,run or ,ron1 ,noom=1 & _m m4 ,x is 9 reg>d to ! natives :o inhabit ! coa/s or isl&s ( ,geelv9k ,bay t our in=mation is p]haps lea/ imp]fect1 & x is accord+ly ) !m t ,i %all beg94 ,9 physical appe>ance1 expression ( ! face1 mode ( we>+ ! hair1 & /ill m 9 mann]s & cu/oms ^! natives ( ! coa/ & isl&s diff] f ! natives ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! int]ior4 ,! "n giv5 to !m by ,dut* & ,g]man writ]s is ,no(oor or ,noom=4 ,_! orig9al home is believ$ to be ! isl& ( ,biak or ,wiak1 :i* lies at ! nor!rn entrance ( ! bay1 & f :i* !y are suppos$ to h spread s\?w>ds & s\?-we/w>ds to ! o!r isl&s & to ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea4#dhb ,!y are a h&somely built race4 ,_! col\r is usually d>k br[n1 b 9 "s individuals x %ades (f to light-br[n1 :ile 9 o!rs x deep5s into black-br[n4 ,! =ehead is high & n>r[2 ! eye is d>k br[n or black ) a lively expression2 ! nose broad & flat1 ! lips ?ick & project+4 ,! *eekbones are n v high4 ,! facial angle agrees ) t ( ,europeans4 ,! hair is abundant & frizzly4 ,! p live 9 settl$ villages & subsi/ by agriculture1 hunt+1 & fi%+4 ,_! l>ge communal h\ses are rais$ above ! gr\nd on piles2 on ! coa/ !y are built ov] ! wat]4 ,ea* h\se has a long gall]y1 "o 9 front & "o beh9d1 & a long passage runn+ d[n ! middle ( ! dwell+1 ) ! rooms arrang$ on ei!r side ( x4 ,ea* room has its own fireplace & is occupi$ by a s+le family4 ,"o su* communal h\se may conta9 f t5 to tw5ty families ) a hundr$ or m m51 wom51 & *ildr51 besides dogs1 f[ls1 p>rots1 & o!r creatures4 ,:5 ! h\se is built ov] ! wat]1 x is commonly connect$ ) ! %ore by a bridge2 b 9 "s places no su* bridge exi/s1 & at high wat] ! inmates c only communicate ) ! %ore by means ( _! canoes4 ,! /aple food ( ! p is sago1 :i* !y extract f ! sago-palm2 b !y also make use ( bread-fruit1 toge!r ) millet1 rice1 & maize1 :5ev] !y c obta9 ^! c]eals4 ,_! fle% diet includes wild pigs1 birds1 fi%1 & trepang4 ,:ile "s ( !m subsi/ ma9ly by fi%+ & comm]ce1 o!rs devote !mselves almo/ exclusively to ! cultivation ( _! g>d5s1 :i* !y lay out 9 cle>+s ( ! d5se tropical =e/1 employ+ *iefly axes & *opp+-knives z _! in/rum5ts ( tillage4 ,( pl\ghs !y1 l mo/ savages1 seem to "k no?+4 ,! rice & o!r plants :i* !y raise 9 ^! g>d5s are produc$ by ! dry me?od ( cultivation4 ,9 hunt+ birds !y employ *iefly b[s & arr[s1 b sometimes also sn>es4 ,! arr[s ) :i* !y %oot ! birds ( p>adise are blunt$ s z n to injure ! spl5did plumage ( ! birds4 ,turtle-%ells1 fea!rs ( ! birds ( p>adise1 & trepang are among ! pr9cipal articles :i* !y b>t] ) trad]s = cotton-goods1 knives1 swords1 axes1 beads & s =?4 ,!y display "s skill & ta/e 9 wood-c>v+4 ,! art ( work+ 9 iron has be5 introduc$ among !m f abroad & is n[ ext5sively practis$ by ! m54 ,!y make l>ge dug-out canoes ) outrigg]s1 :i* seem to be v seawor?y1 = !y accompli% long voyages ev5 9 /ormy wea!r4 ,! mak+ ( pott]y1 basket-"w1 & weav+1 toge!r ) p\nd+ rice & cook+ food1 are ! special bus9ess ( wom54 ,! m5 we> wai/b&s or lo9-clo?s made ( b>k1 :i* is beat5 till x becomes z supple z lea!r4 ,! wom5 we> petticoats or /rips ( blue cotton r\nd _! lo9s1 & z ornam5ts !y h r+s ( silv]1 copp]1 or %ell on _! arms & legs4#dhc ,?us ! p h atta9$ to a fair degree ( b>b>ic culture4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( gho/s4 ,ideas ( ! _s-_w4 ,n[ x is significant t among ^! comp>atively advanc$ savages ! fe> ( gho/s & ! rev]5ce ent]ta9$ = !m h develop$ into some?+ :i* might almo/ be call$ a sy/ematic wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,z to _! fe> ( gho/s ,i w quote ! evid5ce ( a ,dut* mission>y1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 :o liv$ = _m ye>s among !m & is ! au?or ( a gramm> & diction>y ( _! language4 ,he says3 ,t a great fe> ( gho/s prevails among ! ,papuans is intelligible4 ,ev5 by day !y are reluctant to pass a grave1 b no?+ w\ld induce !m to d s by night4 ,= ! dead are !n roam+ ab\t 9 _! se>* = gambi] & tobacco1 & !y may also sail out to sea 9 a canoe4 ,"s ( ! dep>t$1 above all ! s-call$ ,mambrie or h]oes1 inspire !m ) especial fe>4 ,9 su* cases = "s days aft] ! burial y may he> ab\t sunset a simultane\s & horrible d9 9 all ! h\ses ( all ! villages1 a yell+1 scream+1 beat+ & ?r[+ ( /icks2 happily ! upro> does n la/ long3 its int5tion is to compel ! gho/ to take himself (f3 !y h giv5 him all t befits him1 namely1 a grave1 a fun]al banquet1 & fun]al ornam5ts2 & n[ !y besee* him n to ?ru/ himself on _! obs]vation any m1 n to brea! any sickness ^u ! survivors1 & n to kill !m or 'fet*' !m1 z ! ,papuans put x4 ,_! ideas ( ! _s-_w are v vague4 ,_! usual answ] to su* que/ions is1 ',we "k n4' ,if y press !m1 !y w commonly say t ! _s realm is "u ! e>? or "u ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,ev]y?+ !re is z x is 9 ! upp] _w1 only ! vegetation d[n bel[ is m luxuriant1 & all plants gr[ fa/]4 ,_! fe> ( dea? & _! helpless wail+ ov] ! dead indicate t ! mi/y k+dom ( ! %ades (f]s b little t is consolatory to ! ,papuan at 8 dep>ture f ?is _w4#dhd ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( gho/s 9 g5]al & ( ! gho/s ( ! sla9 9 p>ticul>4 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! natives ( ,doreh1 a ,dut* (ficial obs]ves t sup]/ition & magic play a pr9cipal "p 9 ! life ( ! ,papuan4 ,occasions = su* absurdities he discov]s at e /ep4 ,?us he *]i%es a great fe> ( ! gho/s ( sla9 p]sons1 = :i* reason _! bodies rema9 unburi$ on ! spot :]e !y 7 murd]$4 ,:5 a murd] has tak5 place 9 ! village1 ! inhabitants assemble = sev]al ev5+s 9 succession & raise a fe>ful outcry 9 ord] to *ase away ! s\l1 9 case x %\ld be m9d$ to return to ! village4 ,!y set up m9iature wood5 h\ses "h & !re on trees 9 ! =e/ = ! gho/s ( p]sons :o die ( disease or ?r\gh accid5ts1 believ+ t ! s\ls take up _! abode 9 !m4#dhe ,! same writ] rem>ks t ^! savages h no prie/s1 b t !y h magicians 7kok9sor71 :o practise exorcisms1 "w magic1 & heal ! sick1 = :i* !y receive a small paym5t 9 articles ( b>t] or food4#dhf ,speak+ ( ! ,papuans ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea 9 g5]al ano!r writ] in=ms u t !y hon\r ! memory ( ! dead 9 e way1 because !y ascribe to ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ a great influ5ce on ! life ( ! survivors4444 ,:]eas 9 life all good & evil comes f ! s\l1 aft] dea?1 on ! o!r h&1 ! _s works = ! mo/ "p only evil4 ,x loves especially to haunt by night ! neighb\rhood ( its old dwell+ & ! grave2 s ! p p>ticul>ly avoid ! neighb\rhood ( graves at night1 & :5 d>kness has fall5 !y w n g out except ) a burn+ br&4444 ,accord+ to ! belief ( ! ,papuans ! gho/s cause sickness1 bad h>ve/s1 w>1 & 9 g5]al e mis=tune4 ,f fe> ( su* evils & 9 ord] to keep !m 9 good hum\r1 ! p make provision = ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ aft] dea?4 ,also !y sacrifice to !m be=e e important und]tak+ & nev] fail to ask _! advice4#dhg ,sid5ote3 ,papuan ideas z to ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,a ,dut* writ]1 :o has giv5 u a comp>atively full acc\nt ( ! natives ( ,geelv9k ,bay1 describes z foll[s _! views 9 reg>d to ! /ate ( ! dead3 ,accord+ to ! ,papuans ! s\l1 :i* !y imag9e to h its seat 9 ! blood1 cont9ues to exi/ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & e "o :o dies goes ?i!r4 ,!y imag9e ! /ate ( ?+s !re to be mu* ! same z t 9 :i* !y liv$ on e>?4 ,h5ce at 8 burial ! dead man is giv5 an equipm5t suitable to 8 rank & position 9 life4 ,he is provid$ ) a b[ & arr[1 armlets & body-ornam5ts1 pots & pans1 ev]y?+ t may /& him 9 good /ead 9 ! life h]eaft]4 ,?is provision mu/ n be neglect$1 = x is a preval5t op9ion t ! dead cont9ue always to ma9ta9 relations ) ! _w & ) ! liv+1 t !y possess sup]human p[]1 ex]cise great influ5ce ov] ! affairs ( life on e>?1 & are able to protect 9 dang]1 to /& by 9 w>1 to gu>d aga9/ %ipwreck at sea1 & to grant success 9 fi%+ & hunt+4 ,= su* weighty reasons ! ,papuans d all 9 _! p[] to w9 ! fav\r ( _! dead4 ,on und]tak+ a j\rney !y are said nev] to =get to hang amulets ab\t !mselves 9 ! belief t _! dead w !n surely help !m2 h5ce1 too1 :5 !y are at sea 9 r\gh wea!r1 !y call ^u ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$1 ask+ !m = bett] wea!r or a fav\rable breeze1 9 case ! w9d happ5s to be contr>y4#dhh ,sid5ote3 ,wood5 images ( ! dead 7korw>74 ,9 ord] to communicate ) ^! p[]ful spirits & to obta9 _! advice & help 9 "t ( ne$1 ! ,papuans ( ,geelv9k ,bay make wood5 images ( _! dead1 :i* !y keep 9 _! h\ses & consult f "t to "t4 ,e family has at lea/ "o su* ance/ral image1 :i* =ms ! m$ium :]eby ! s\l ( ! deceas$ communicates ) 8 or h] surviv+ relatives4 ,^! images or ,p5ates1 z we may call !m1 are c>v$ ( wood1 ab\t a foot high1 & repres5t ! deceas$ p]son 9 a /&+1 sitt+1 or cr\*+ attitude1 b commonly ) ! h&s fold$ 9 front4 ,! head is disproportionately l>ge1 ! nose long & project+1 ! m\? wide & well furni%$ ) tee?2 ! eyes are =m$ ( l>ge gre5 or blue beads ) black dots to indicate ! pupils4 ,sometimes ! male figures c>ry a %ield 9 ! left h& & br&i% a sword 9 ! "r2 :ile ! female figures are repres5t$ grasp+ ) bo? h&s a s]p5t :i* /&s on its coil$ tail4 ,rags ( _m col\rs adorn ^! figures1 & ! hair ( ! deceas$1 :om !y repres5t1 is plac$ betwe5 _! legs4 ,su* an ance/ral image is call$ a korw> or k>w>4 ,! natives id5tify ^! effigies ) ! deceas$ p]sons :om !y portray1 & accord+ly !y w speak ( "o z _! fa!r or "m or o!r relation4 ,tobacco & food are (f]$ to ! images1 & ! natives greet !m rev]5tially by b[+ to ! e>? be=e !m ) ! two h&s jo9$ & rais$ to ! =ehead4 ,sid5ote3 ,su* images c>ri$ on voyages & consult$ z oracles4 ,! images consult$ 9 sickness4 ,su* images are kept 9 ! h\ses & c>ri$ 9 canoes on voyages1 9 ord] t !y may be at h& to help & advise _! k9sfolk & wor%ipp]s4 ,!y are consult$ on _m occasions1 = example1 :5 ! p are go+ on a j\rney1 or ab\t to fi% = turtles or trepang1 or :5 a memb] ( ! family is sick1 & 8 relations wi% to "k :e!r he w recov]4 ,at ^! consultations ! enquir] may ei!r take ! image 9 8 h&s or cr\* be=e x on ! gr\nd1 on :i* he places 8 (f]+s ( tobacco1 cotton1 beads1 & s =?4 ,! _s ( ! dead is ?\ght to be 9 ! image & to pass f x into ! enquir]1 :o ?us becomes inspir$ by ! s\l ( ! deceas$ & acquires 8 sup]human k4 ,z a sign ( 8 inspiration ! m$ium %iv]s & %akes4 ,accord+ to "s acc\nts1 h[ev]1 ?is %iv]+ & %ak+ ( ! m$ium is an evil om52 :]eas if he rema9s tranquil1 ! om5 is good4 ,x is especially 9 cases ( sickness t ! images are consult$4 ,! mode ( consultation has be5 describ$ z foll[s by a ,dut* writ]3 ,:5 any "o is sick & wi%es to "k ! means ( cure1 or :5 any "o desires to av]t mis=tune or to discov] some?+ unkn[n1 !n 9 pres5ce ( ! :ole family "o ( ! memb]s is /upefi$ by ! fumes ( inc5se or by o!r means ( produc+ a /ate ( trance4 ,! image ( ! deceas$ p]son ^: advice is s\ght is !n plac$ on ! lap or %\ld] ( ! m$ium 9 ord] to cause ! s\l to pass out ( ! image into 8 body4 ,at ! mom5t :5 t happ5s1 he beg9s to %iv]2 &1 enc\rag$ by ! by/&]s1 ! s\l speaks ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! m$ium & names ! means ( cure or ( av]t+ ! calamity4 ,:5 he comes to himself1 ! m$ium kn[s no?+ ( :at he has be5 say+4 ,?is !y call kor k>w>1 t is1 'invok+ ! s\l2' & !y say k>w> iwos1 '! s\l speaks4' ,! writ] adds3 ,x is sometimes report$ t ! s\ls g to ! und]world1 b t is n true4 ,! ,papuans ?9k t aft] dea? ! s\l abides by ! corpse & is buri$ ) x 9 ! grave2 h5ce be=e an image is made1 if x is necess>y to consult ! s\l1 ! enquir] mu/ betake himself to ! grave 9 ord] to d s4 ,b :5 ! image is made1 ! s\l ent]s into x & is suppos$ to rema9 9 x s long z satisfactory answ]s are obta9$ f x 9 consultation4 ,b %\ld ! answ]s prove disappo9t+1 ! p ?9k t ! s\l has des]t$ ! image1 on :i* !y ?r[ ! image away z useless4 ,:]e ! s\l has gone1 nobody kn[s1 & !y d n tr\ble _! heads ab\t x1 s9ce x has lo/ its p[]4#dhi ,! p]son :o acts z m$ium 9 consult+ ! _s may be ei!r ! h\se-fa!r himself or a magician 7konoor74#dij ,sid5ote3 ,example ( ! consultation ( an ance/ral image4 ,z an example ( ^! consultations we may take ! case ( a man :o 0 suff]+ f a pa9ful sore on 8 f+] & wi%$ to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,s he set "o ( ! ance/ral images be=e him & que/ion$ x closely4 ,at fir/ ! image made no reply2 b at la/ ! man rememb]$ t he _h neglect$ 8 duty to 8 dead bro!r by fail+ to m>ry 8 wid[1 z1 accord+ to native cu/om1 he %\ld h done4 ,n[ ! natives believe t ! dead c puni% !m = any brea* ( cu/om>y law2 s x occurr$ to our enquir] t ! gho/ ( 8 dead bro!r might h afflict$ him ) ! sore on 8 f+] = n m>ry+ 8 wid[4 ,accord+ly he put ! "q to ! image1 & 9 do+ s ! compunction ( a guilty consci5ce caus$ him to tremble4 ,?is trembl+ he took = an answ] ( ! image 9 ! affirmative1 :]e=e he w5t (f & took ! wid[ to wife & provid$ = h] ma9t5ance4#dia ,sid5ote3 ,ance/ral images consult$ z to ! cause ( dea?4 ,(f]+s to ! images4 ,aga91 ! ance/ral images are (t5 consult$ to asc]ta9 ! cause ( a dea?2 & if ! image attributes ! dea? to ! evil magic ( a memb] ( ano!r tribe1 an exp$ition w be s5t to av5ge ! wrong by slay+ ! suppos$ culprit4 ,= ! s\ls ( ! dead take x v ill & wreak _! spite on ! survivors1 if _! dea? is n av5g$ on _! enemies4 ,n uncommonly ! consultation ( ! images m]ely furni%es a pretext = satisfy+ a grudge aga9/ an individual or a tribe4#dib ,! m]e pres5ce ( ^! images appe>s to be suppos$ to b5efit ! sick2 a woman :o 0 s]i\sly ill has be5 se5 to lie ) f\r or five ance/ral figures fa/5$ at ! head ( h] b$4 ,on enquiry %e expla9$ t !y did n all belong to h]1 b t "s ( !m _h be5 k9dly l5t to h] by relations & fri5ds4#dic ,aga91 ! images are tak5 by ! natives ) !m to w>1 because !y hope !reby to secure ! help ( ! spirits :om ! images repres5t4 ,also !y make (f]+s f "t to "t to ! effigies & hold fea/s 9 _! hon\r4#did ,!y obs]ve1 inde$1 t ! food :i* !y pres5t to ^! h\sehold idols rema9s unconsum$1 b !y expla9 ?is by say+ t ! spirits are cont5t to snuff up ! sav\r ( ! vi&s1 & to leave _! gross mat]ial sub/ance alone4#die ,sid5ote3 ,images ( p]sons :o h di$ away f home4 ,9 g5]al1 images are only made ( p]sons :o h di$ at home4 ,b 9 ! isl& ( ,ron or ,run !y are also made ( p]sons :o h di$ away f home or h fall5 9 battle4 ,9 su* cases ! difficulty is to compel ! s\l to quit its mortal rema9s f> away & come to animate ! image4 ,h[ev]1 ! natives ( ,ron h f\nd means to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,!y fir/ c>ve ! wood5 image ( ! dead p]son & !n call 8 s\l back to ! village by sett+ a great tree on fire1 :ile ! family assemble r\nd x & "o ( !m1 hold+ ! image 9 8 h&1 acts ! "p ( a m$ium1 %iv]+ & %ak+ & fall+ into a trance aft] ! approv$ fa%ion ( m$iums 9 _m l&s4 ,aft] ?is c]emony ! image is suppos$ to be animat$ by ! s\l ( ! deceas$1 & x is kept 9 ! h\se ) z mu* confid5ce z any o!r4#dif ,sid5ote3 ,sometimes ! head ( ! image is compos$ ( ! skull ( ! deceas$4 ,sometimes ! head ( ! image consi/s ( ! skull ( ! deceas$1 :i* has be5 deta*$ f ! skeleton & ins]t$ 9 a hole at ! top ( ! effigy4 ,9 su* cases ! body ( ! image is ( wood & ! head ( bone4 ,x is especially m5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! brav]y or h e>n$ a "n = !mselves 9 o!r ways :o are ?us repres5t$4 ,app>5tly ! notion is t z a p]sonal relic ( ! dep>t$ ! skull is bett] fitt$ to reta9 8 s\l ?an a m]e head ( wood4 ,b 9 ! isl& ( ,ron or ,run1 & p]haps else:]e1 skull-topp$ images ( ?is sort are made = all fir/born *ildr51 :e!r male or female1 "y or old1 at lea/ = all :o die f ! age ( twelve ye>s & upw>d4 ,^! images h a special "n1 bem> boo1 :i* means head ( a corpse4 ,!y are kept 9 ! room ( ! p>5ts :o h lo/ ! *ild4#dig ,sid5ote3 ,mode ( prep>+ su* skull-head$ images4 ,! mode 9 :i* su* images are prep>$ is z foll[s4 ,! body ( ! fir/born *ild1 :o dies at ! age ( ye>s or upw>ds1 is laid 9 a small canoe1 :i* is deposit$ 9 a hut erect$ beh9d ! dwell+-h\se4 ,"h ! "m is oblig$ to keep wat* night & day beside ! corpse & to ma9ta9 a blaz+ fire till ! head drops (f ! body1 :i* x g5]ally does ab\t tw5ty days aft] ! dea?4 ,!n ! trunk is wrapp$ 9 leaves & buri$1 b ! head is br\ght into ! h\se & c>efully pres]v$4 ,above ! spot :]e x is deposit$ a small op5+ is made 9 ! ro(1 ?r\gh :i* a /ick is ?ru/ be>+ "s rags or flags to indicate t ! rema9s ( a dead body are 9 ! h\se4 ,:51 aft] ! lapse ( ?ree or f\r mon?s1 ! nose & e>s ( ! head h dropp$ (f1 & ! eyes h m\ld]$ away1 ! relations & fri5ds assemble 9 ! h\se ( m\rn+4 ,9 ! middle ( ! assembly ! fa!r ( ! *ild cr\*es on 8 hams ) d[nca/ look 9 an attitude ( grief1 :ile "o ( ! p]sons pres5t beg9s to c>ve a new nose & a new pair ( e>s = ! skull out ( a piece ( wood4 ,! k9d ( wood v>ies accord+ z ! deceas$ 0 a male or a female4 ,all ! "t t ! arti/ is at "w1 ! re/ ( ! company *ant a melan*oly dirge4 ,:5 ! nose & e>s are f9i%$ & h be5 atta*$ to ! skull1 & small r\nd fruits h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! holl[ sockets ( ! eyes to repres5t ! miss+ orbs1 a banquet foll[s 9 hon\r ( ! deceas$1 :o is n[ repres5t$ by 8 decorat$ skull set up on a block ( wood on ! table4 ,?us he receives 8 %>e ( ! food & ( ! cig>s1 & is rais$ to ! rank ( a dome/ic idol or korw>4 ,h5ce=? ! skull is c>efully kept 9 a corn] ( ! *amb] to be consult$ z an oracle 9 "t ( ne$4 ,! bodies ( fa!rs & mo!rs are treat$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( fir/born *ildr54 ,on ! o!r h& ! bodies ( *ildr5 :o die "u ! age ( two ye>s are nev] buri$4 ,! rema9s are pack$ 9 baskets ( ru%es cov]$ ) lids & tightly cord$1 & ! baskets are !n hung on ! bran*es ( tall trees1 :]e no m notice is tak5 ( !m4 ,f\r or five su* baskets conta9+ ! m\ld]+ bodies ( infants may sometimes be se5 hang+ on a s+le tree4#dih ,! reason = ?us dispos+ ( ! rema9s ( "y *ildr5 is said to be z foll[s4 ,a ?ick mi/ hangs at ev5+ ov] ! top ( ! d5se tropical =e/1 & 9 ! mi/ dwell two spirits call$ ,n>wur & ,imgi]1 "o male & ! o!r female1 :o kill little *ildr51 n out ( malice b out ( love1 because !y wi% to h ! *ildr5 ) !m4 ,s :5 a *ild dies1 ! p>5ts fa/5 its little body to ! bran*es ( a tall tree 9 ! =e/1 hop+ t ! _s pair w take x & be satisfi$1 & w sp>e its small bro!rs & si/]s4#dii ,sid5ote3 ,mummification ( ! dead4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,geelv9k ,bay1 h[ev]1 ! bodies ( ! dead are treat$ diff]5tly4 ,= example1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,jobi or ,japp5 & else:]e ! corpses are r$uc$ to mummies by be+ dri$ on a bamboo /age ov] a sl[ fire2 aft] :i* ! mummies1 wrapt 9 clo?1 are kept 9 ! h\se1 be+ ei!r laid along ! wall or hung f ! ceil+4 ,:5 ! numb] ( ^! relics beg9s to incommode ! liv+ inmates ( ! h\se1 ! old] mummies are remov$ & deposit$ 9 ! holl[ trunks ( anci5t trees4 ,9 "s tribes :o ?us mummify _! dead ! juices ( corruption :i* drip f ! rott+ corpse are caught 9 a vessel & giv5 to ! wid[ to dr9k1 :o is =c$ to gulp !m d[n "u ! ?reat ( decapitation if %e 7 to reject ! loa?some bev]age4#ejj ,sid5ote3 ,re/rictions obs]v$ by m\rn]s4 ,tattoo+ 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,tee? ( ! dead worn by relatives4 ,! family 9 :i* a dea? has tak5 place is subject = a "t to c]ta9 burd5some re/rictions1 :i* are probably dictat$ by a fe> ( ! gho/4 ,?us all ! "t till ! effigy ( ! deceas$ has be5 made & a fea/ giv5 9 8 hon\r1 !y are oblig$ to rema9 9 ! h\se )\t go+ out = any purpose1 n ev5 to ba! or to fet* food & dr9k4 ,moreov] !y mu/ ab/a9 f ! ord9>y articles ( diet & conf9e !mselves to half-bak$ cakes ( sago & o!r unpalatable vi&s4 ,z ^! re/rictions may la/ = mon?s !y are n only irksome b on]\s1 especially to p :o h no slaves to fet* & c>ry = !m4 ,h[ev]1 9 t case ! neighb\rs come to ! rescue & supply ! m\rn]s ) wood1 wat]1 & ! o!r necess>ies ( life1 until cu/om all[s !m to g out & help !mselves4 ,aft] ! effigy ( ! dead has be5 made1 ! family g 9 /ate to a sacr$ place to purify !mselves by ba?+4 ,if ! j\rney is made by sea1 no o!r canoe may meet or sail pa/ ! canoe ( ! m\rn]s "u pa9 ( be+ confiscat$ to !m & r$eem$ at a heavy price4 ,on _! return f ! holy place1 ! p]iod ( m\rn+ is ov]1 & ! family is free to resume _! ord9>y mode ( life & _! ord9>y victuals4#eja ,t ! seclusion ( ! m\rn]s 9 ! h\se = "s "t aft] ! dea? spr+s f a fe> ( ! gho/ is n only probable on g5]al gr\nds b is directly sugge/$ by a cu/om :i* is obs]v$ at ! burial ( ! body4 ,:5 x has be5 laid 9 ! e>? along ) v>i\s articles ( daily use1 :i* ! gho/ is suppos$ to require = 8 com=t1 ! m\rn]s ga!r r\nd ! grave & ea* ( !m picks up a leaf1 :i* he folds 9 ! %ape ( a spoon & holds sev]al times ov] 8 head z if he w\ld p\r out ! cont5ts ^u x4 ,z !y d s1 !y all murmur1 ,rur i rama1 t is1 ,! _s comes4 ,?is exclamation or incantation is suppos$ to prev5t ! gho/ f tr\bl+ !m4 ,! grav$igg]s may n ent] _! h\ses till !y h ba!d & s remov$ f _! p]sons ! contagion ( dea?1 9 ord] t ! s\l ( ! deceas$ may h no p[] ov] !m4#ejb ,m\rn]s sometimes tattoo !mselves 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,= a fa!r1 ! m>ks are tattoo$ on ! *eeks & "u ! eyes2 = a gr&fa!r1 on ! brea/2 = a "m1 on ! %\ld]s & arms2 = a bro!r1 on ! back4 ,on ! dea? ( a fa!r or "m1 ! elde/ son or1 if !re is none su*1 ! elde/ daught] we>s ! tee? & hair ( ! deceas$4 ,:5 ! tee? ( old p drop out1 !y are kept on purpose to be ?us /rung on a /r+ & worn by _! sons or daught]s aft] _! dea?4 ,simil>ly1 a "m we>s z a p]man5t m>k ( m\rn+ ! tee? ( h] dead *ild /rung on a cord r\nd h] neck1 & z a tempor>y m>k ( m\rn+ a little bag on h] ?roat conta9+ a lock ( ! *ild's hair4#ejc ,! int5tion ( ^! cu/oms is n m5tion$4 ,probably !y are n purely commemorative b design$ 9 "s way ei!r to influ5ce = good ! _s ( ! dep>t$ or to obta9 its help & protection = ! liv+4 ,sid5ote3 ,rebir? ( p>5ts 9 _! *ildr54 ,?us f> we h f\nd no evid5ce among ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea ( a belief t ! dead are p]man5tly re9c>nat$ 9 _! human desc5dants4 ,h[ev]1 ! inhabitants ( ,ayambori1 an inl& village ab\t an h\r di/ant to ! ea/ ( ,doreh1 are report$ to believe t ! s\l ( a dead man returns 9 8 elde/ son1 & t ! s\l ( a dead woman returns 9 h] elde/ daught]4#ejd ,s /at$ ! belief is h>dly cle> & intelligible2 = if a man has sev]al sons1 he mu/ evid5tly be alive & n dead :5 ! elde/ ( !m is born1 & simil>ly ) a woman & h] elde/ daught]4 ,on ! analogy ( simil> beliefs else:]e we may conjecture t ^! ,papuans imag9e e fir/born son to be animat$ by ! s\l ( 8 fa!r1 :e!r 8 fa!r be alive or dead1 & e fir/born daught] to be animat$ by ! s\l ( h] "m1 :e!r h] "m be alive or dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead obs]v$ 9 ! isl&s (f ! we/]n end ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead l ^? :i* we h f\nd among ! natives ( ,geelv9k ,bay are report$ to prevail 9 o!r p>ts ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 b our in=mation ab\t !m is mu* less full4 ,?us1 (f ! we/]n extremity ( ,new ,gu9ea !re is a gr\p ( small isl&s 7,waaigeoo1 ,salawati1 ,misol1 ,waigama1 & s on71 ! inhabitants ( :i* make k>w> or wood5 images ( _! dead ance/ors4 ,^! !y keep 9 sep>ate rooms ( _! h\ses & take ) !m z talismans to w>4 ,9 ^! inn] rooms are also kept m9iature wood5 h\ses 9 :i* _! ance/ors are believ$ to reside1 & 9 :i* ev5 ,mohamm$ans 7= "s ( ! natives pr(ess ,islam7 burn inc5se on ,fridays 9 hon\r ( ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,^! s\ls are treat$ l liv+ be+s1 = 9 ! morn+ "s f9ely p\nd$ sago is plac$ 9 ! %r9es2 at noon x is tak5 away1 b may n be eat5 by ! inmates ( ! h\se4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 wom5 are =bidd5 to set food = ! dead 9 ! %r9es3 if !y did s1 x is believ$ t !y w\ld be *ildless4 ,fur!r1 9 ! *ief's h\se !re are %r9es = ! s\ls ( all ! p]sons :o h di$ 9 ! :ole village4 ,su* a h\se might almo/ be describ$ z a temple ( ! dead4 ,among ! inhabitants ( ! ,neg5 ,negorij5 or ,n9e ,villages ! abodes ( ! ance/ral spirits are (t5 m]ely frameworks ( h\ses decorat$ ) col\r$ rags4 ,^! frameworks are call$ roem s]am4 ,on fe/al occasions !y are br\ght =? & ! p dance r\nd !m to music4 ,! m\nta9 tribes ( ^! isl&s to ! we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea seldom h any su* little h\ses = ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,!y ?9k t ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ dwell among ! bran*es ( trees1 to :i* accord+ly ! liv+ atta* /rips ( r$ & :ite cotton1 always to ! numb] ( sev5 or a multiple ( sev54 ,also !y place food on ! bran*es or hang x 9 baskets on ! b\ghs1#eje no d\bt 9 ord] to fe$ ! hungry gho/s4 ,b among ! tribes on ! coa/1 :o make m9iature h\ses = ! use ( _! dead1 ^! little %r9es =m a c5tral feature ( ! religi\s life ( ! p4 ,at fe/ivals1 especially on ! occasion ( a m>riage or a dea?1 ! %r9es are br\ght out f ! side *amb] & are set d[n 9 ! c5tral room ( ! h\se1 :]e ! p dance r\nd !m1 s++ & mak+ music = days toge!r ) no int]ruption except = meals4#ejf ,sid5ote3 ,wood5 images ( ! dead4 ,accord+ to ! ,dut* writ]1 ,mr4 de ,cl]cq1 ^: acc\nt ,i am reproduc+1 ?is wor%ip ( ! dead1 repres5t$ by wood5 images 7k>w>7 & lodg$ 9 m9iature h\ses1 is1 toge!r ) a belief 9 good & bad spirits1 ! only ?+ des]v+ ! "n ( religion t c be detect$ among ^! p4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! wood5 images repres5t memb]s ( ! family :o di$ a natural dea? at home2 !y are nev]1 z 9 ,ansoes & ,w>op51 images ( p]sons :o h be5 murd]$ or sla9 9 battle4 ,h5ce !y =m a k9d ( ,p5ates1 :o are suppos$ to lead an invisible life 9 ! family circle4 ,! natives ( ! ,neg5 ,negorij51 = example1 believe t ^! wood5 images 7k>w>71 :i* are bo? male & female1 conta9 ! s\ls ( _! ance/ors1 :o protect ! h\se & h\sehold & are hon\r$ at fe/ivals by hav+ portions ( food set beside _! images4#ejg ,! ,seget ,sele1 :o occupy ! extreme we/]ly po9t ( ,new ,gu9ea1 bury _! dead 9 ! isl& ( ,lago & set up little h\ses 9 ! =e/ = ! use ( ! spirits ( _! ance/ors4 ,b ^! little h\ses may nev] be ent]$ or ev5 approa*$ by memb]s ( ! family4#ejh ,a travell]1 :o visit$ a hut occupi$ by memb]s ( ! ,seget tribe 9 ,pr9cess ,isl&1 or ,k>>aboe1 f\nd a sick man 9 x & obs]v$ t be=e ! front & back door 7 set up d\ble r[s ( r\ghly hewn images pa9t$ ) r$ & black /ripes4 ,he 0 told t ^! images 7 int5d$ to keep (f ! sickness2 = ! natives ?\ght t x w\ld n d>e to run ! gauntlet betwe5 ! d\ble r[s ( figures into ! h\se4#eji ,we may conjecture t ^! rude images repres5t$ ance/ral spirits :o 7 do+ s5t9el duty ov] ! sick man4 ,sid5ote3 ,cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead among ! natives ( ! ,maclu] ,gulf4 ,among ! natives ( ! ,maclu] ,gulf1 :i* p5etrates deep into ! we/]n "p ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 ! s\ls ( dead m5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves by brav]y or 9 o!r ways are hon\r$ 9 ! %ape ( wood5 images1 :i* are sometimes wrapt 9 clo? & decorat$ ) %ells ab\t ! neck4 ,9 ,sek>1 a village on ! s\? side ( ! gulf1 small b[ls1 call$ k>>asa aft] ! spirits ( ance/ors :o are believ$ to lodge 9 !m1 are hung up 9 ! h\ses2 on special occasions food is plac$ 9 !m4 ,9 "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,maclu] ,gulf ! dead are laid 9 holl[s ( ! rocks1 :i* are !n adorn$ ) draw+s ( birds1 h&s1 & s =?4 ,! h&s are always pa9t$ :ite or yell[i% on a r$ gr\nd4 ,! o!r figures are drawn ) *alk on ! wea!r$ surface ( ! rock4 ,b ! natives ei!r _c or w n give any explanation ( ! cu/om4#eaj ,sid5ote3 ,burial & m\rn+ cu/oms 9 ! ,mimika di/rict4 ,! ,papuans ( ! ,mimika di/rict1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 sometimes bury _! dead 9 %all[ graves ne> ! huts2 sometimes !y place !m 9 c(f9s on r\gh tre/les & leave !m !re till decomposition is complete1 :5 !y remove ! skull & pres]ve x 9 ! h\se1 ei!r bury+ x 9 ! s& ( ! floor or hang+ x 9 a sort ( basket f ! ro(1 :]e x becomes br[n ) smoke & poli%$ ) frequ5t h&l+4 ,! p d n appe> to be p>ticul>ly atta*$ to ^! relics ( _! k9sfolk & !y sell !m readily to ,europeans4 ,m\rn]s pla/] !mselves all ov] ) mud1 & sometimes !y ba! 9 ! riv]1 probably z a mode ( c]emonial purification4 ,!y believe 9 gho/s1 :i* !y call n9iki2 b beyond t elem5t>y fact we h no in=mation z to _! beliefs conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! dead4#eaa ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms at ,w9dessi4 ,! natives ( ,w9dessi 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea g5]ally bury _! dead ! day aft] ! decease4 ,z a rule ! corpse is wrapt 9 mats & a piece ( blue clo? & laid on a scaffold2 few are c(f9$4 ,all ! possessions ( ! dead1 includ+ weapons1 fi%+-nets1 wood5 b[ls1 pots1 & s =?1 accord+ z ! deceas$ 0 a man or a woman1 are plac$ beside him or h]4 ,if ! dea? is attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( an evil _s1 !y take hold ( a lock ( hair ( ! corpse & m5tion v>i\s places4 ,at ! m5tion ( ea* place1 !y tug ! hair2 & if x comes out1 !y conclude t ! dea? 0 caus$ by somebody at ! place :i* 0 m5tion$ at ! mom5t4 ,b if ! hair does n come out1 !y inf] t evil spirits _h no h& 9 ! affair4 ,be=e ! body is c>ri$ away1 ! family ba!s1 no d\bt to purify !mselves f ! contagion ( dea?4 ,among ! p ( ,w9dessi x is a common cu/om to bury ! dead 9 an isl&4 ,at su* a burial ! by/&]s pick up a fall5 leaf1 te> x 9 two1 & /roke ! corpse ) x1 9 ord] t ! gho/ ( ! dep>t$ may n kill !m4 ,:5 ! body has be5 dispos$ ( ei!r 9 a grave or on a scaffold1 !y emb>k 9 ! canoe & sit li/5+ = om5s4 ,"o ( ! m5 9 a l\d voice bids ! birds & ! flies to be sil5t2 & all ! o!rs sit z /ill z dea? 9 an attitude ( devotion4 ,at la/1 aft] an int]val ( sil5ce1 ! man :o call$ out tells 8 fell[s :at he has he>d4 ,if x 0 ! buzz ( ! blue flies t he he>d1 "s "o else w die4 ,if x 0 ! boom+ s\nd ( a triton %ell bl[n 9 ! di/ance1 a raid mu/ be made 9 t direction to rob & murd]4 ,:y x mu/ be s1 is n said1 b we may suppose t ! note ( ! triton %ell is believ$ to betray ! place ( ! enemy :o has wr\ght ! dea? by magic1 & t accord+ly an exp$ition mu/ be s5t to av5ge ! suppos$ crime on ! suppos$ murd]]4 ,if ! note ( a bird call$ kohwi is he>d1 !n ! fruit-trees w be> fruit4 ,?\gh all ! m5 sit li/5+ 9 ! canoe1 ! om9\s s\nds are he>d only by ! man :o call$ out4#eab ,sid5ote3 ,m\rn+ cu/oms at ,w9dessi4 ,:5 ! om5s h ?us be5 tak51 ! paddles aga9 dip 9 ! wat]1 & ! canoe returns to ! h\se ( m\rn+4 ,arriv$ at x1 ! m5 disemb>k1 climb up ! ladd] 7= ! h\ses seem to be built on piles ov] ! wat]7 & run ! :ole l5g? ( ! long h\se ) _! paddles on _! %\ld]s4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 !y nev] d ?is at any o!r "t1 because !y imag9e t x w\ld cause ! dea? ( somebody4 ,meantime ! wom5 h gone into ! =e/ to get b>k1 :i* !y beat into b>k-clo? & make into m\rn+ caps = !mselves4 ,! m5 busy !mselves ) plait+ armlets & leglets ( rattan1 9 :i* "s r$ rags are /uck4 ,l>ge blue & :ite beads are /rung on a r$ cord & worn r\nd ! neck4 ,fur!r1 ! hair is %orn 9 sign ( m\rn+4 ,m\rn]s are =bidd5 to eat any?+ cook$ 9 a pot4 ,sago-porridge1 :i* is a /aple food ) "s ( ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea1 is also =bidd5 to m\rn]s at ,w9dessi4 ,if !y w\ld eat rice1 x mu/ be cook$ 9 a bamboo4 ,! doors & w9d[s ( ! h\se are clos$ ) planks or mats1 j z ) u ! bl9ds are l[]$ 9 a h\se aft] a dea?4 ,! surviv+ relatives make z _m long sago-cakes z !re are h\ses 9 ! village & s5d !m to ! inmates2 !y also prep>e a few = !mselves4 ,all :o d n belong to ! family n[ leave ! h\se ( m\rn+4 ,!n ! elde/ bro!r or 8 repres5tative gets up & all foll[ him to ! back v]&ah1 :]e a woman /&s hold+ a b[ & arr[s1 an axe1 a paddle1 & s =?4 ,e "o t\*es ^! implem5ts4 ,s9ce ! dea?1 !re has be5 no work+ 9 ! h\se1 b ?is "t ( inactivity is n[ ov] & e "o is free to resume 8 usual occupations4 ,?is ends ! prelim9>y c]emonies ( m\rn+1 :i* g by ! "n ( djaw>ra4 ,a mon? aft]w>ds r\nd cakes ( sago are bak$ on ! fire1 & all ! memb]s ( ! family1 _! fri5ds1 & ! p]sons :o assi/$ at ! burial receive ?ree su* cakes ea*4 ,only v "y *ildr5 are n[ all[$ to eat sago-porridge4 ,?is c]emony is call$ djaw>ra baba4 ,sid5ote3 ,fe/ival ( ! dead4 ,wood5 images ( ! dead4 ,:5 a ye> or m has elaps$1 ! s-call$ fe/ival ( ! dead takes place4 ,(t5 ! fe/ival is held = sev]al dead at ! same "t1 & 9 t case ! co/ is borne 9 common4 ,f f> & ne> ! p h collect$ sago1 coco-nuts1 & o!r food4 ,= two nights & a day !y dance & s+1 b )\t ! accompanim5t ( drums 7tifa7 & gongs4 ,! fir/ night1 ! signs ( m\rn+ are /ill worn1 h5ce no sago-porridge may be eat52 only fri5ds :o are n 9 m\rn+ are all[$ to p>take ( x4 ,! night is sp5t 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 smok+1 s++ & danc+4 ,next day _m p make korw>s ( _! dead1 t is1 grotesque wood5 images c>v$ 9 human =m1 :i* are reg>d$ z ! repres5tatives ( ! dep>t$4 ,"s p fet* ! head ( ! deceas$ p]son1 & hav+ made a wood5 image ) a l>ge head & a hole 9 ! back ( x1 !y ins]t ! skull into ! wood5 head f beh9d4 ,aft] t fri5ds fe$ ! m\rn]s ) sago-porridge1 putt+ x into _! m\?s ) ! help ( ! *op/icks :i* are commonly us$ 9 eat+ sago4 ,:5 t is done1 ! p]iod ( m\rn+ is at an end1 & ! signs ( m\rn+ are ?r[n away4 ,a dance on ! bea* foll[s1 at :i* ! new wood5 images ( ! dead make _! appe>ance4 ,b /ill ! drums & gongs are sil5t4 ,danc+ & s++ g on till ! next morn+1 :5 ! :ole ( ! c]emonies come to an end4#eac ,sid5ote3 ,fe> ( ! gho/4 ,! exact mean+ ( all ^! c]emonies is n cle>1 b we may conjecture t !y are bas$ 9 l>ge measure on ! fe> ( ! gho/4 ,t fe> comes out pla9ly 9 ! c]emony ( /rok+ ! corpse ) leaves 9 ord] to prev5t ! gho/ f kill+ ! survivors4 ,! writ] to :om we are indebt$ = an acc\nt ( ^! cu/oms tells u 9 explanation ( !m t among ^! p dea? is ascrib$ to ! influ5ce ( evil spirits call$ manoam1 :o are suppos$ to be inc>nate 9 "s human be+s4 ,h5ce !y (t5 seek to av5ge a dea? by murd]+ somebody :o has ! reputation ( be+ an evil _s inc>nate4 ,if !y succe$ 9 do+ s1 !y celebrate ! prelim9>y m\rn+ c]emonies call$ djaw>ra & djaw>ra baba1 b ! fe/ival ( ! dead is *ang$ into a memorial fe/ival1 at :i* ! p dance & s+ to ! accompanim5t ( drums 7tifa71 gongs1 & triton %ells2 & in/ead ( c>v+ a wood5 image ( ! deceas$1 !y make m>ks on ! fle%less skull ( ! murd]$ man4#ead ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! natives ( ,w9dessi z to ! life aft] dea?4 ,m$ic9e-m5 inspir$ by ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,! natives ( ,w9dessi are said to h ! foll[+ belief z to ! life aft] dea?1 ?\gh we are told t ! cre$ is n[ kn[n to v few ( !m2 = _! old beliefs & cu/oms are fad+ away "u ! influ5ce ( a mission /ation :i* is e/abli%$ among !m4 ,accord+ to _! anci5t cre$1 e man & e woman has two spirits1 & 9 ! ne!r _w1 call$ s>ooka1 is a l>ge h\se :]e !re is room = all ! p ( ,w9dessi4 ,:5 a woman dies1 bo? h] spirits always g d[n to ! ne!r _w1 :]e !y are clo!d ) fle% & bones1 ne$ d no "w1 & live = ev]4 ,b :5 a man dies1 only "o ( 8 spirits mu/ g to ! "u _w2 ! o!r may pass or transmigrate into a liv+ man or1 9 r>e cases1 into a liv+ woman2 ! p]son s inspir$ by a dead man's _s becomes an ind]ri1 t is1 a m$ic9e-man or m$ic9e-woman & has p[] to heal ! sick4 ,:5 a p]son wi%es to become a m$ic9e-man or m$ic9e-woman1 he or %e acts z foll[s4 ,if a man has di$1 & 8 fri5ds are sitt+ ab\t ! corpse lam5t+1 ! w\ld-be m$ic9e-man sudd5ly beg9s to %iv] & to rub 8 knee ) 8 fold$ h&s1 :ile he utt]s a monoton\s s\nd4 ,gradually he falls into an ec/asy1 & if 8 :ole body %akes convulsively1 ! _s ( ! dead man is suppos$ to h ent]$ into him1 & he becomes a m$ic9e-man4 ,next day or ! day aft] he is tak5 into ! =e/2 "s hocus-pocus is p]=m$ ov] him1 & ! spirits ( lunatics1 :o dwell 9 c]ta9 ?ick trees1 are invok$ to take possession ( him4 ,he is n[ himself call$ a lunatic1 & on return+ home behaves z if he 7 half-craz$4 ,?is completes 8 tra9+ z a m$ic9e-man1 & he is n[ fully qualifi$ to kill or cure ! sick4 ,8 mode ( cure dep5ds on ! native !ory ( sickness4 ,^! savages ?9k t sickness is caus$ by a malici\s or angry _s1 app>5tly ! _s ( a dead p]son2 = a pati5t w say1 ,! korw> 7t is1 ! wood5 image :i* repres5ts a p>ticul> dead p]son7 is murd]+ me1 or is mak+ me sick4 ,s ! m$ic9e-man is call$ 91 & sets to "w on ! suff]]1 :ile ! korw>1 or wood5 image ( ! _s :o is suppos$ to be do+ all ! mis*ief1 /&s beside him4 ,! pr9cipal me?od ( cure employ$ by ! doctor is massage4 ,he *ews a c]ta9 fruit f9e & rubs ! pati5t ) x2 also he p9*es him all ov] ! body z if to drive out ! _s4 ,(t5 he pr(esses to extract a /one1 a bone1 or a /ick f ! body ( ! suff]]4 ,at la/ he gives out t he has asc]ta9$ ! cause ( ! sickness2 ! sick man has done or has omitt$ to d some?+ :i* has excit$ ! ang] ( ! _s4#eae ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s ( sla9 enemies dread$4 ,f all ?is x w\ld seem t ! s\ls ( ! dead are m fe>$ ?an lov$ & rev]5c$ by ! ,papuans ( ,w9dessi4 ,naturally ! gho/s ( enemies :o h p]i%$ at _! h&s are p>ticul>ly dread$ by !m4 ,t dread expla9s "s ( ! c]emonies :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! village at ! return ( a successful p>ty ( head-hunt]s4 ,z !y draw ne> ! village1 !y ann\nce _! approa* & success by bl[+ on triton %ells4 ,_! canoes also are deck$ ) bran*es4 ,! faces ( ! m5 :o h tak5 a head are black5$ ) *>coal2 & if sev]al h jo9$ 9 kill+ "o man1 8 skull is divid$ betwe5 !m4 ,!y always "t _! arrival s z to rea* home 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,!y come paddl+ to ! village ) a great noise1 & ! wom5 /& ready to dance 9 ! v]&ahs ( ! h\ses4 ,! canoes r[ pa/ ! roem sram or clubh\se :]e ! "y m5 live2 & z !y pass1 ! grimy-fac$ slay]s fl+ z _m po9t$ /icks or bamboos at ! h\se z !y h kill$ enemies4 ,! re/ ( ! day is sp5t v quietly4 ,b n[ & !n !y drum or bl[ on ! con*1 & at o!r times !y beat on ! walls ( ! h\ses ) /icks1 %\t+ l\dly at ! same "t1 to drive away ! gho/s ( _! victims4#eaf ,t concludes :at ,i h to say z to ! fe> & wor%ip ( ! dead 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea4 ,footnote #dge3 ,g4 ,baml]1 ,tami1 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #dhi-dib4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ejg-eab4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eac sq4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ead sq4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eae sq4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eaf4 ,footnote #dha3 ,g4 ,baml]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dic-ejg4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 ,die ,papua/aemme an d] ,geelv9kbai 7,neu-gu9ea71 ,mitteilung5 d] geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 ix4 7#ahij7 p4 #a2 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 ,de ,we/ en ,noordku/ van ,n$]l&s* ,nieuw-,gu9ea1 ,tijds*rift van het ,kon4 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahic7 pp4 #ehg sq4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #b1 #c1 #e sq42 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 ,de ,papoewa's van de ,geelv9ksbaai 7,s*i$am1 #ahfc71 pp4 #bh sqq41 #cc sqq41 #db sq41 #dg sqq4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 ,die ,papua/aemme an d] ,geelv9kbai 7,neu-gu9ea71 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 ix4 7#ahia7 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,h4 van ,ros5b]g1 ,d] ,malayis*e ,ar*ipel 7,leipsic1 #ahgh71 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,h4 van ,ros5b]g1 op4 cit4 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,m4 ,krieg]1 ,neu-,gu9ea 7,b]l91 ,n4,d41 preface dat$ #ahii71 pp4 #dja1 #djb4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 ,de ,papoewa's van de ,geelv9ksbaai 7,s*i$am1 #ahfc71 p4 #gg4 ,comp>e ,o4 ,f9s*1 ,neu-,gu9ea und se9e ,bewohn] 7,brem51 #ahfe71 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 ,de ,we/- en ,noordku/ van ,n$]l&s* ,nieuw-,gu9ea1 ,tijds*rift van het ,kon4 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahic7 p4 #fca4 ,on ^! korw> or k>w> 7images ( ! dead7 see fur!r ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 ,de ,papoewa's van de ,geelv9ksbaai1 pp4 #gb sq41 #gg-gi2 ,o4 ,f9s*1 ,neu-,gu9ea und se9e ,bewohn]1 pp4 #ajd-ajf2 ,h4 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] ,malayis*e ,ar*ipel1 pp4 #dfj sq42 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 ,die ,papua/aemme an d] ,geelv9kbaai 7,neu-,gu9ea7 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 ix4 7#ahia7 p4 #ajj2 ,m4 ,krieg]1 ,neu-,gu9ea1 pp4 #djj sq41 #djb sq41 #dih sqq4 ,9 ! text ,i h drawn on ^! v>i\s acc\nts4 ,footnote #dij3 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 l4c4 ,footnote #dia3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 ,de ,papoewa's van de ,geelv9ksbaai1 pp4 #gh sq42 ,o4 ,f9s*1 ,neu-,gu9ea und se9e ,bewohn]1 pp4 #aje sq4 ,footnote #dib3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #gi2 ,o4 ,f9s*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #dic3 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 op4 cit4 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #did3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 op4 cit4 p4 #gh4 ,footnote #die3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #fcb4 ,footnote #dif3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #fcb4 ,footnote #dig3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #fcb4 ,footnote #dih3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 ,de ,papoewa's van de ,geelv9ksbaai1 pp4 #gj-gc2 ,o4 ,f9s*1 ,neu-,gu9ea und se9e ,bewohn] pp4 #ajd sq42 ,m4 ,krieg]1 ,neu-,gu9ea1 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #dii3 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 iv4 7#ahhf7 pp4 #aah sq4 ,z to ! _s or spirits :o dwell 9 tree tops & draw away ! s\ls ( ! liv+ to !mselves1 see fur!r ,e5ige bijzond]h$5 betreff5de de ,papoeas van de ,geelv9ksbaai van ,nieuw-,gu9ea1 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&5 ,volk5kunde van ,ne]l&s*-,indie1 ii4 7#ahed7 pp4 #cge sq4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 ,de ,papoewa's van de ,geelv9ksbaai1 p4 #gc2 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 iv4 7#ahhf7 p4 #aah2 ,m4 ,krieg]1 ,neu-,gu9ea1 pp4 #cih4 sq4 ,footnote #eja3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 ,de ,papoewa's van de ,geelv9ksbaai1 pp4 #ge sq4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 9 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 iv4 7#ahhf7 #aag sq42 ,m4 ,krieg]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cig sq4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,a4 ,g\dswa>d1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gd sq4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,nieuw ,gu9ea e?nographis* en natuurkundig ond]zo*t en bes*rev5 7,am/]dam1 #ahfb71 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #eje3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 ,de ,we/- en ,noordku/ van ,n$]l&s* ,nieuw-,gu9ea1 ,tijds*rift van het ,kon4 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahic7 pp4 #aih sq4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bjb1 #bje4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 op4 cit4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #eji3 ,j4 ,w4 van ,hille1 ,reiz5 9 ,we/-,nieuw-,gu9ea1 ,tijds*rift van het ,kon4 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 xxiii4 7#aijf7 p4 #dfc4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de ,cl]cq1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dei sq41 #dfa sq4 ,a ,g]man travell]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,kuehn1 sp5t "s "t at ,sek> & pur*as$ a c\ple ( :at he calls old hea!n idols1 :i* are n[ 9 ! e?nological ,museum at ,leipsic4 ,"o ( !m1 ab\t a foot high1 repres5ts a human head & bu/2 ! o!r1 ab\t two feet high1 repres5ts a squat sitt+ figure4 ,!y are probably ance/ral images 7korw> or k>w>74 ,! natives are said to h su* confid5ce 9 ! protection ( ^! idols t !y leave _! jewell]y & o!r possessions ungu>d$ beside !m1 9 ! full belief t nobody w\ld d>e to /eal any?+ f spots protect$ by su* mighty be+s4 ,see ,h4 ,kuehn1 ,me9 ,auf5?alt 9 ,neu-,gu9ea1 ,fe/s*rift des #be;jaehrig5 ,be/eh5s des ,v]e9s fu] ,erdkunde zu ,dresd5 7,dresd51 #ahhh71 pp4 #adc sq4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,a4 ,f4 ,r4 ,wolla/on1 ,pygmies & ,papuans 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #acb sq41 #acf-adj4 ,footnote #eab3 ,j4 ,l4 ,d4 van d] ,roe/1 ,uit ! lev5 d] bevolk+ van ,w9dessi1 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&5 ,volk5kunde1 xl4 7#ahih7 pp4 #aei sq4 ,footnote #eac3 ,j4 ,l4 ,d4 van d] ,roe/1 op4 cit4 pp4 #afa sq4 ,footnote #ead3 ,j4 ,l4 ,d4 van d] ,roe/1 op4 cit4 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #eae3 ,j4 ,l4 ,d4 van d] ,roe/1 op4 cit4 pp4 #afd-aff4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,j4 ,l4 ,d4 van d] ,roe/1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aeg sq4 ,,lecture ,,xv ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,melanesia 7,,new ,,cal$onia7 ,sid5ote3 ,melanesia & ! ,melanesians4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i conclud$ our survey ( ! beliefs & practices conc]n+ dea? & ! dead :i* are report$ to prevail among ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,we n[ pass to ! natives ( ,melanesia1 ! great ar*ipelago or r *a9 ( ar*ipelagoes1 :i* /ret*es r\nd ! nor?-ea/]n & ea/]n ends ( ,new ,gu9ea & s\?w>d1 p>allel to ! coa/ ( ,que5sl&1 till x almo/ t\*es ! tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,?us ! isl&s lie :olly )9 ! tropics & are = ! mo/ "p *>act]is$ by tropical heat & tropical luxuriance ( vegetation4 ,only ,new ,cal$onia1 ! mo/ s\!rly ( ! l>g] isl&s1 diff]s some:at f ! re/ 9 its comp>atively cool climate & scanty flora4#eag ,! natives ( ! isl&s belong to ! ,melanesian race4 ,!y are d>k-sk9n$ & woolly-hair$ & speak a language :i* is ak9 to ! ,polynesian language4 ,9 mat]ial culture !y /& r\ghly on ! same level z ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea1 a consid]able "p ( :om 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! isl&1 z ,i po9t$ out be=e1 are ei!r pure ,melanesians or at all ev5ts exhibit a /rong infusion ( ,melanesian blood4 ,!y cultivate ! gr\nd1 live 9 settl$ villages1 build sub/antial h\ses1 con/ruct outrigg]-canoes1 display "s aptitude = art1 possess /rong comm]cial in/9cts1 & ev5 employ v>i\s m$iums ( ex*ange1 ( :i* %ell-money is ! mo/ notable4#eah ,sid5ote3 ,! ,new ,cal$onians4 ,we %all beg9 our survey ( ^! isl&s ) ,new ,cal$onia 9 ! s\?1 & f x %all pass nor?w>ds ?r\gh ! ,new ,hebrides & ,solomon ,isl&s to ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( ! two great isl&s ( ,new ,brita9 & ,new ,irel& ) ! gr\p ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s t]m9at+ x to ! we/w>d4 ,= our k ( ! cu/oms & religion ( ! ,new ,cal$onians we dep5d *iefly on ! evid5ce ( a ,ca?olic mission>y1 ,fa!r ,lamb]t1 :o has work$ among !m s9ce #ahef & has publi%$ a valuable book on ! subject4#eai ,to be exact1 8 in=mation applies n to ! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia itself1 b to ! inhabitants ( a gr\p ( small isl&s1 :i* lie imm$iately (f ! nor!rn extremity ( ! isl& & are kn[n z ! ,belep gr\p4 ,fa!r ,lamb]t began to lab\r among ! ,belep at a "t :5 no :ite man _h z yet resid$ among !m4 ,at a lat] "t circum/ances l$ him to transf] 8 m9i/ry to ! ,isle ( ,p9es1 :i* lies (f ! opposite or s\!rn end ( ,new ,cal$onia4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( ! natives at ! two extremities ( ,new ,cal$onia reveal$ to him an ess5tial simil>ity 9 _! beliefs & cu/oms2 s t x is n p]haps v ra% to assume t simil> cu/oms prevail among ! aborig9es ( ,new ,cal$onia itself1 :i* lies int]m$iate betwe5 ! two po9ts obs]v$ by ,fa!r ,lamb]t4#ebj ,! assumption is confirm$ by evid5ce :i* 0 collect$ by ,dr4 ,george ,turn] f ! ma9l& ( ,new ,cal$onia s long ago z #ahde4eba ,accord+ly 9 :at foll[s ,i %all commonly speak ( ! ,new ,cal$onians 9 g5]al1 ?\gh ! /atem5ts = ! mo/ "p apply 9 p>ticul> to ! ,belep tribe4 ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs ( ! ,new ,cal5donians z to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,! s\ls ( ! ,new ,cal$onians1 l ^? ( mo/ savages1 are suppos$ to be immortal1 at lea/ to survive dea? = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,!y all g1 good & bad alike1 to dwell 9 a v ri* & beautiful c\ntry situat$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! isl& ( ,pott4 ,! "n ( ! l& ( s\ls is ,tsiabil\m4 ,b be=e !y rea* ?is happy l& !y mu/ run ! gauntlet ( a grim _s call$ ,kiem\a1 :o has 8 abode on a rock 9 ! isl& ( ,pott4 ,he is a fi%]man ( s\ls2 = he cat*es !m z !y pass 9 a net & aft] v5t+ 8 fury on !m he releases !m1 & !y pursue _! j\rney to ,tsiabil\m1 ! l& ( ! dead4 ,x is a c\ntry m fair & f]tile ?an tongue c tell4 ,yams1 t>os1 sug>-canes1 bananas all gr[ !re 9 pr(usion & )\t cultivation4 ,!re are =e/s ( wild orange-trees1 also1 & ! gold5 fruits s]ve ! bless$ spirits z play?+s4 ,y c tell r\ghly h[ long x is s9ce a _s quitt$ ! upp] _w by ! col\r ( ! orange :i* he plays )2 = ! oranges ( ^? :o h j arriv$ are gre52 ! oranges ( ^? :o h be5 long] dead are ripe2 & ! oranges ( ^? :o di$ long ago are dry & wiz5$4 ,!re is no night 9 t bless$ l&1 & no sleep2 = ! eyes ( ! spirits are nev] weigh$ d[n ) slumb]4 ,sorr[ & sickness1 decrepitude & dea? nev] ent]2 ev5 bor$om is unkn[n4 ,b x is only ! nights1 or r ! h\rs correspond+ to nights on e>?1 :i* ! spirits pass 9 ^! realms ( bliss4 ,at daybreak !y revisit _! old home on e>? & take up _! po/s 9 ! cemet]ies :]e !y are hon\r$2 !n at nightfall !y flit away back to ! _s-l& b5ea? ! sea1 !re to resume _! sport ) oranges1 gre51 gold51 or )]$1 till dawn ( day4 ,on ^! repeat$ j\rneys to & fro !y h no?+ to fe> f ! grim fi%]man & 8 net2 x is only on _! fir/ passage to ! ne!r _w t he cat*es & tr\nces !m4#ebb ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms ( ! ,new ,cal5donians4 ,! bodies ( ! dead are buri$ 9 %all[ graves1 :i* are dug 9 a sacr$ grove4 ,! corpse is plac$ 9 a cr\*+ attitude ) ! head at or above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! skull be+ easily deta*$ f ! trunk1 at a subsequ5t "t4 ,9 tok5 ( sorr[ ! ne>e/ relations ( ! deceas$ te> ! lobes ( _! e>s & inflict l>ge burns on _! arms & brea/s4 ,! h\ses1 nets1 & o!r implem5ts ( ! dead are burnt2 8 plantations are ravag$1 8 coco-nut palms fell$ ) ! axe4 ,! motive = ?is de/ruction ( ! prop]ty ( ! deceas$ is n m5tion$1 b ! cu/om po9ts to a fe> ( ! gho/2 ! p probably make 8 old home z unattractive z possible 9 ord] to (f] him no temptation to return & haunt !m4 ,! same fe> ( ! gho/1 or at all ev5ts ( ! infection ( dea?1 is reveal$ by ! /r+5t seclusion & c]emonial pollution ( ! grave-digg]s4 ,!y are two 9 numb]2 no o!r p]sons may h&le ! corpse4 ,aft] !y h dis*>g$ _! (fice !y mu/ rema9 ne> ! corpse = f\r or five days1 obs]v+ a rigor\s fa/ & keep+ ap>t f _! wives4 ,!y may n %ave or cut _! hair1 & !y are oblig$ to we> a tall pyramidal & v cumb]some head-dress4 ,!y may n t\* food ) _! h&s4 ,if !y help !mselves to x1 !y mu/ pick x up ) _! m\?s alone or ) a /ick1 n ) _! f+]s4 ,(t5] !y are f$ by an att5dant1 :o puts ! victuals into _! m\?s z he might d if !y 7 palsi$4 ,on ! o!r h& !y are treat$ by ! p ) great respect2 common folk w n pass ne> !m )\t /oop+4#ebc ,sid5ote3 ,%am fight z a m\rn+ c]emony4 ,a curi\s c]emony :i* ! ,new ,cal$onians obs]ve at a c]ta9 p]iod ( m\rn+ = ! dead is a %am fight4 ,fa!r ,lamb]t describes "o su* combat :i* he witness$4 ,a numb] ( m5 7 divid$ into two p>ties2 "o p>ty 0 po/$ on ! bea*1 ! o!r & mu* l>g] p>ty 0 /ation$ 9 ! adjo9+ cemet]y1 :]e food & prop]ty _h be5 collect$4 ,f "t to "t a long pi]c+ yell w\ld be he>d2 !n a numb] ( m5 w\ld break f ! cr[d 9 ! cemet]y & ru% furi\sly d[n to ! bea* ) _! sl+s & /ones ready to assail _! adv]s>ies4 ,^!1 answ]+ yell ) yell1 w\ld !n plunge into ! sea1 arm$ ) battle-axes & clubs1 :ile !y made a fe9t ( p>ry+ ! /ones hurl$ at !m by ! o!r side4 ,b nei!r ! %ots nor ! p>ries appe>$ to be v s]i\sly meant4 ,!n :5 ! assailants retir$1 ! fugitives pret5d$ to pursue !m1 till bo? p>ties _h rega9$ _! orig9al position4 ,! same sc5e ( alt]nate attack & retreat 0 repeat$ h\r aft] h\r1 till at la/1 ! pret5ce ( enmity be+ laid aside1 ! two p>ties jo9$ 9 a dance1 _! heads cr[n$ ) leafy g>l&s4 ,fa!r ,lamb]t1 :o describes ?is c]emony z an eye-witness1 (f]s no explanation ( x4 ,b z he tells u t all dea?s are believ$ by ^! savages to be an effect ( sorc]y1 we may conjecture t ! %am fight is int5d$ to delude ! gho/ into ?9k+ t 8 dea? is be+ av5g$ on ! sorc]] :o kill$ him4#ebd ,9 =m] lectures ,i %ew$ t simil> pret5ces are made1 app>5tly = a simil> purpose1 by "s ( ! natives ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea4#ebe ,if ! explanation is correct1 we c h>dly help applaud+ ! +5uity :i* among ^! savages has discov]$ a bloodless mode ( satisfy+ ! gho/'s crav+ = blood4 ,sid5ote3 ,pres]vation ( ! skulls ( ! dead4 ,ab\t a ye> aft] ! dea?1 :5 ! fle% ( ! corpse is entirely decay$1 ! skull is remov$ & plac$ solemnly 9 ano!r bury+-gr\nd1 or r *>nel-h\se1 :]e all ! skulls ( ! family are deposit$4 ,e family has su* a *>nel-h\se1 :i* is commonly situat$ ne> ! dwell+4 ,x appe>s to be simply an op5 space 9 ! =e/1 :]e ! skulls are set 9 a r[ on ! gr\nd4#ebf ,yet 9 a s5se x may be call$ a temple = ! wor%ip ( ance/ors2 = rec\rse is _h to ! skulls on v>i\s occasions 9 ord] to obta9 ! help ( ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,! true wor%ip ( ! ,new ,cal$onians1 says ,fa!r ,lamb]t1 is ! wor%ip ( ance/ors4 ,ea* family has its own2 x religi\sly pres]ves _! "n2 x is pr\d ( !m & has confid5ce 9 !m4 ,h5ce x has its burial-place & its pi\s he>? = ! sacrifices to be (f]$ to _! gho/s4 ,x is ! mo/ inviolable piece ( prop]ty2 an encroa*m5t on su* a spot by a neighb\r is a ?+ unhe>d (4#ebg ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( ance/or-wor%ip among ! ,new ,cal$onians4 ,a few examples may s]ve to illu/rate ! ance/or-wor%ip ( ! ,new ,cal$onians4 ,:5 a p]son is sick1 a memb] ( ! family1 nev] a /rang]1 is appo9t$ to heal him by means ( c]ta9 magical insufflations4 ,to enable him to d s ) effect ! heal] fir/ repairs to ! family *>nel-h\se & lays "s sug>-cane leaves beside ! skulls1 say+1 ,i lay ^! leaves on y t ,i may g & brea! ^u our sick relative1 to ! end t he may live4 ,!n he goes to a tree belong+ to ! family & lays o!r sug>-cane leaves at its foot1 say+1 ,i lay ^! leaves beside ! tree ( my fa!r & ( my gr&fa!r1 9 ord] t my brea? may h heal+ virtue4 ,next he takes "s leaves ( ! tree or a piece ( its b>k1 *ews x into a ma%1 & !n goes & brea!s on ! pati5t1 8 brea? be+ moi/5$ ) spittle :i* is *>g$ ) p>ticles ( ! leaves or ! b>k4#ebh ,?us ! heal+ virtue ( 8 brea? w\ld seem to be drawn f ! spirits ( ! dead z repres5t$ p>tly by _! skulls & p>tly by ! leaves & b>k ( ! tree :i* belong$ to !m 9 life1 & to :i* _! s\ls appe> 9 "s mann] to be atta*$ 9 dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,pray]s = fi%4 ,aga91 :5 a %oal ( fi% has made its appe>ance on ! reef1 a numb] ( sup]/iti\s c]emonies h to be p]=m$ be=e ! p may g & spe> !m 9 ! wat]4 ,on ! eve ( ! fi%+-day ! m$ic9e-man ( ! tribe causes a quantity ( leaves ( c]ta9 specifi$ plants to be collect$ & roa/$ 9 ! native ov5s4 ,next day ! leaves are tak5 f ! ov5s & deposit$ beside ! ance/ral skulls1 :i* h be5 arrang$ & decorat$ = ! c]emony4 ,all ! fi%]m51 arm$ ) _! fi%+-spe>s1 repair to ! holy gr\nd or sacr$ grove :]e ! skulls are kept1 & !re !y draw !mselves up 9 two r[s1 :ile ! m$ic9e-man *ants an invocation or pray] = a good cat*4 ,at e v]se ! cr[d raises a cry ( approval & ass5t4 ,at its conclusion ! m$ic9e-man sets an example by ?ru/+ ) 8 spe> at a fi%1 & all ! m5 imm$iately plunge into ! wat] & engage 9 fi%+4#ebi ,sid5ote3 ,pray]s = sug>-cane4 ,aga91 9 ord] t a sug> plantation may fl\ri%1 ! m$ic9e-man w lay a sug>-cane beside ! ance/ral skulls1 say+1 ,?is is = y4 ,we beg ( y to w>d (f all curses1 all tricks ( wick$ p1 9 ord] t our plantations may prosp]4#ecj ,sid5ote3 ,pray]s = yams4 ,aga91 :5 ! /ore ( yams is runn+ %ort & fam9e is beg9n+ to be felt1 ! ,new ,cal$onians celebrate a fe/ival call$ m\lim 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( _! ance/ors is ! pr9cipal feature4 ,a /aff is wrea!d ) bran*es1 app>5tly to repres5t a yam1 & a h$ge ( coco-nut leaves is made ne> ! ance/ral skulls4 ,! decorat$ /aff is !n set up !re1 & pray]s = ! prosp]ity ( ! crops are (f]$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,aft] t nobody may ent] a yam-field or a cemet]y or t\* sea-wat] = ?ree days4 ,on ! ?ird day a man /ation$ on a m\nd *ants an invocation or incantation 9 a l\d voice4 ,next all ! m5 g d[n to ! %ore1 ea* ( !m ) a firebr& 9 8 h&1 & sep>at+ into two p>ties engage 9 a %am fight4 ,aft]w>ds !y ba! & repair+ to ! *>nel-h\se deposit coco-nut leaves beside ! skulls ( _! ance/ors4 ,!y are !n free to p>take ( ! fea/ :i* has be5 prep>$ by ! wom54#eca ,sid5ote3 ,cav]ns us$ by ! natives z *>nel-h\ses 9 ! ,isle ( ,p9es4 ,:ile ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! ,new ,cal$onians 9 reg>d to ! dead be> a g5]al resemblance to ea* o!r1 :e!r !y belong to ! nor? or to ! s\? ( ! pr9cipal isl&1 a special feature is introduc$ into ! mortu>y cu/oms ( ! natives ( ! ,isle ( ,p9es by ! natural caves & grottoes ) :i* ! out] rim ( ! isl&1 to ! di/ance ( sev]al miles f ! %ore1 is riddl$2 = 9 ^! cav]ns ! natives 9 ! old hea!n days 7 wont to deposit ! bones & skulls ( _! dead & to use ! caves z sanctu>ies or *apels = ! wor%ip ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,"s ( ! caves are rem>kable bo? 9 !mselves & 9 _! situation4 ,mo/ ( ^? :i* ! natives turn$ into *>nel-h\ses are hidd5 away1 sometimes at great di/ances1 9 ! rank luxuriance ( ! tropical =e/s4 ,"s ( !m op5 /raight f ! level ( ! gr\nd2 to rea* o!rs y mu/ clamb] up ! rocks2 to explore o!rs y mu/ desc5d into ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,a glimm]+ twilight illum9es "s2 ?ick d>kness veils o!rs1 & x is only by tor*light t y c explore _! my/]i\s dep?s4 ,p5etrat+ into ! int]ior by ! flick]+ gleam ( flambeaus held al(t by ! guides1 & pick+ y\r /eps among loose /ones & pools ( wat]1 y might fancy y\rself n[ 9 ! great hall ( a ru9$ ca/le1 n[ 9 ! va/ nave ( a go?ic ca!dral ) its *apels op5+ (f x into ! d>kness on ei!r h&4 ,! illusion is /r5g!n$ by ! multitude ( /alactites :i* hang f ! ro( ( ! cav]n &1 glitt]+ 9 ! fitful gl[ ( ! tor*es1 might be tak5 = burn+ cressets k9dl$ to light up ! revels 9 a b>onial hall1 or = holy lamps tw9kl+ 9 ! gloom ( a dim ca!dral aisle be=e holy images1 :]e solit>y wor%ipp]s kneel 9 sil5t devotion4 ,9 ! %ift+ play ( ! light & %ad[ ca/ by ! tor*es ! fanta/ic %apes ( ! incru/ations :i* l9e ! sides or rise f ! floor ( ! grotto appe> to ! imag9ation ( ! obs]v] n[ z ! gn>l$ trunks ( huge trees1 n[ z /atues or torsos ( /atues1 n[ z alt>s1 on :i* p]haps a ne>] approa* reveals a r[ ( blan*$ & gr9n+ skulls4 ,no wond] if su* places1 *os5 = ! la/ re/+-places ( ! relics ( mortality1 h f$ ! imag9ation ( ! natives ) weird notions ( a life aft] dea?1 a life v diff]5t f t :i* ! liv+ lead 9 ! gl[+ sun%9e & amid ! ri* tropical v]dure a few paces outside ( ^! gloomy cav]ns4 ,x is ) a %iv] & a s5se ( relief t ! visitor escapes f !m to ! w>m out] air & sees aga9 ! f]ns & creep]s hang+ ov] ! m\? ( ! cave l a gre5 fr+e aga9/ ! int5se blue ( ! sky4#ecb ,sid5ote3 ,sea-caves4 ,:ile ?is is ! g5]al "* ( ! caves :i* are to be f\nd hidd5 away 9 ! =e/s1 _m ( ^? ne> ! %ore consi/ simply ( ap]tures holl[$ out 9 ! face ( ! cliffs by ! sl[ b cont9u\s action ( ! waves 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,on ! bea* itself sea-caves are f\nd 9 :i* ! ris+ tide precipitates itself ) a holl[ ro> z ( subt]ranean ?und]2 & at a po9t1 "s way back f ! /r&1 :]e ! ro( ( "o ( ^! caves has fall5 91 ! salt wat] is project$ into ! air 9 ! =m ( int]mitt5t jets ( spray1 :i* v>y 9 height ) ! =ce ( ! w9d & tide4#ecc ,sid5ote3 ,pray]s & sacrifices (f]$ to ! dead by ! ,new ,cal$onians4 ,) reg>d to ! use :i* ! natives make ( ^! caves z *>nel-h\ses & mortu>y *apels1 ,fa!r ,lamb]t tells u t any "o ( !m usually includes ?ree comp>tm5ts1 a place ( burial1 a place ( skulls1 & a place ( sacrifice4 ,b (t5 ! place ( skulls is also ! place ( sacrifice2 & 9 no case is ! "o f> f ! o!r4 ,! family prie/1 :o is commonly ! s5ior memb] ( ! family1 may address 8 pray]s to ! ance/ors 9 ! dep? ( ! cav]n1 9 ! place ( skulls1 or 9 ! place ( sacrifice1 :5ev] circum/ances call = a ritual ( unusual solemnity4 ,o!rwise ) ! help ( 8 amulets he may pray to ! s\ls ( ! =efa!rs any:]e2 = ^! amulets consi/ ( p]sonal & portable relics ( ! dead1 su* z locks ( hair1 tee?1 & s =?2 or aga9 !y may be leaves or o!r p>ts ( plants :i* are sacr$ to ! family2 s t a wiz>d :o is 9 possession ( !m c always & any:]e communicate ) ! ance/ral spirits4 ,! place ( sacrifice w\ld seem to be m (t5 9 ! op5 air ?an 9 a cave1 = ,fa!r ,lamb]t tells u t 9 ! c5tre ( x a %rub1 always ( ! same species1 is plant$ & c>efully cultivat$4 ,beside x may be se5 ! pots & /ones :i* are us$ 9 cook+ ! food (f]$ to ! dead4 ,9 ?is wor%ip ( ! dead a c]ta9 diff]5tiation ( functions or division ( lab\r obta9s betwe5 ! v>i\s families4 ,all h n ! same gifts & graces4 ,! pray]s ( "o family (f]$ to _! ance/ral gho/s are ?\ght to be p[]ful 9 procur+ ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght2 ! pray]s ( ano!r w cause ! sun to break ?r\gh ! cl\ds :5 ! sky is ov]ca/2 ! supplications ( a ?ird w produce a f9e crop ( yams2 ! e>ne/ entreaties ( a f\r? w ensure victory 9 w>2 & ! passionate plead+s ( a fif? w gu>d m>9]s aga9/ ! p]ils & dang]s ( ! deep4 ,& s on ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( human ne$s1 s f> z ^! are felt by savages4 ,if only wre/l+ 9 pray] c\ld satisfy ! wants ( man1 few p %\ld be bett] provid$ ) all ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life ?an ! ,new ,cal$onians4 ,& accord+ to ! special purpose to :i* a family devotes its spiritual en]gies1 s w commonly be ! position ( its oratory4 ,= example1 if ra9-mak+ is _! /rong po9t1 _! h\se ( pray] w be e/abli%$ ne> a cultivat$ field1 9 ord] t ! crops may imm$iately exp]i5ce ! b5efit to be d]iv$ f _! orisons4 ,aga91 if !y enjoy a high reputation = procur+ a good cat* ( fi%1 ! family skulls w be plac$ 9 ! m\? ( a cave look+ out ov] ! great ocean1 or p]haps on a bleak little w9d-swept isle1 :]e 9 ! h[l ( ! bla/1 ! ?und] ( ! waves on ! /r&1 & ! clang\r ( ! gulls ov]head1 ! fancy ( ! sup]/iti\s savage may he> ! voices ( 8 dead =efa!rs keep+ wat* & w>d ov] _! *ildr5 :o are toss$ on ! heav+ bill[s4#ecd ,?us among ^! =tunate isl&]s religion & indu/ry g h& 9 h&2 piety has be5 r$uc$ to a co-op]ative sy/em :i* diffuses %[]s ( bless+s on ! :ole community4 ,sid5ote3 ,pray]-po/s4 ,z x is cle>ly impossible ev5 = ! mo/ dev\t to pray day & night )\t cessation1 ! weakness ( ! fle% requir+ c]ta9 int]vals = refre%m5t & repose1 ! ,new ,cal$onians h devis$ an +5i\s me?od ( cont9u+ _! orisons at ! %r9e 9 _! own abs5ce4 ,= ?is purpose !y make rods or poles ( v>i\s l5g?s1 c>ve & pa9t !m rudely1 w9d b&ages ( native clo? ab\t !m1 & hav+ fa/5$ l>ge %ells to ! top1 set !m up ei!r 9 ! sepul*ral caves or 9 ! place ( skulls4 ,9 sett+ up "o ( ^! poles ! native w pray = ! p>ticul> fav\r :i* he desires to obta9 f ! ance/ors = himself or 8 family2 & he appe>s to ?9k t 9 "s way ! pole w cont9ue to recite ! pray] 9 ! e>s ( ! gho/s1 :5 he himself has ceas$ to speak & has return$ to 8 cu/om>y avocations4 ,& :5 memb]s ( 8 family visit ! %r9e & see ! pole1 !y w be rem9d$ ( ! p>ticul> b5efit :i* !y are entitl$ to expect f ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4 ,a c]ta9 rude symbolism may be trac$ 9 ! mat]ials & o!r p>ticul>s ( ^! pray]-po/s4 ,a h>d wood signifies /r5g?2 a tall pole ov]topp+ all ! re/ imports a wi% t he = ^: sake x 0 erect$ may out-top all 8 rivals2 & s on4#ece ,sid5ote3 ,religion comb9$ ) magic 9 ! ritual ( ! ,new ,cal$onians4 ,sacr$ /ones end[$ ) special magical virtues4 ,! /one ( fam9e4 ,we may assume ) "s probability t 9 ! m9d ( ! natives su* resemblances are n purely figurative or symbolic1 b t !y are also magical 9 int5tion1 be+ suppos$ n m]ely to repres5t ! object ( ! supplicant's pray]1 b actually1 on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 to contribute to its accompli%m5t4 ,if t is s1 we mu/ conclude t ! religion ( ^! savages1 z manife/$ 9 _! pray]s to ! spirits ( ! dead1 is t9ctur$ ) an alloy ( magic2 !y d n tru/ entirely to ! compassion ( ! spirits & _! p[] to help !m2 !y seek to re9=ce _! pray]s by a c]ta9 physical compulsion act+ ?r\gh ! natural prop]ties ( ! pray]-po/s4 ,?is int]pretation is confirm$ by a p>allel use :i* ^! p make ( c]ta9 sacr$ /ones1 :i* ap>t f _! possible "* z repres5tatives ( ! ance/ors1 seem to be cr$it$ ) indep5d5t magical virtues by reason ( _! v>i\s %apes & appe>ances4 ,= example1 !re is a piece ( poli%$ jade :i* is call$ ! /one ( fam9e1 because x is suppos$ capable ( caus+ ei!r de>? or abundance1 b is (t5] us$ by ! sorc]] to create1 or at lea/ to ?reat51 de>?1 9 ord] !reby to extort pres5ts f 8 al>m$ fell[ tribesm54 ,?is /one is kept 9 a burial-gr\nd & d]ives its pot5cy f ! dead4 ,! wor%ipp] or ! sorc]] 7= he comb9es ! two *>act]s7 :o desires to cause a fam9e repairs to ! burial-gr\nd1 uncov]s ! /one1 rubs x ) c]ta9 plants1 & sme>s "o half ( x ) black pigm5t4 ,!n he makes a small hole 9 ! gr\nd & ins]ts ! black5$ end ( ! /one 9 ! hole4 ,next he prays to ! ance/ors t no?+ may g well ) ! c\ntry4 ,if ?is malevol5t rite %\ld be foll[$ by ! desir$ effect1 ! sorc]] soon sees mess5g]s arriv+ lad5 ) pres5ts1 :o entreat him to /ay ! fam9e4 ,if 8 cupidity is satisfi$1 he rubs ! /one aga91 ins]ts x upside d[n 9 ! gr\nd1 & prays to 8 ance/ors to re/ore pl5ty to ! l&4#ecf ,sid5ote3 ,/ones to drive p mad4 ,aga91 c]ta9 r\gh unhewn /ones1 :i* are kept 9 ! sacr$ places1 are ?\ght to possess ! p[] ( driv+ p mad4 ,to effect ?is purpose ! sorc]] has only to /rike "o ( !m ) ! bran*es ( a c]ta9 tree & to pray to ! ance/ral spirits t !y w\ld deprive s-&-s ( 8 s5ses4#ecg ,sid5ote3 ,/ones to blight coco-nut palms4 ,/ones to make bread-fruit trees be> fruit4 ,aga91 !re is a /one :i* !y use 9 curs+ a plantation ( coco-nut palms4 ,! /one resembles a blight$ coco-nut1 & no d\bt x is ?is resemblance :i* is suppos$ to end[ x ) ! magical p[] to blight coco-nut trees4 ,9 ord] to effect 8 malici\s purpose ! sorc]] rubs ! /one 9 ! cemet]y ) c]ta9 leaves & !n deposits x 9 a hole at ! foot ( a coco-nut tree1 cov]s x up1 & prays t all ! trees ( ! plantation may be b>r54 ,?is c]emony comb9es ! elem5ts ( magic & religion4 ,! pray]1 :i* is no d\bt address$ to ! spirits ( ! dead1 ?\gh ?is is n expressly affirm$1 is purely religi\s2 b ! employm5t ( a /one resembl+ a blight$ coco-nut = ! purpose ( blight+ ! coco-nut palms is a simple piece ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 9 :i*1 z usual1 ! desir$ effect is suppos$ to be produc$ by an imitation ( x4 ,simil>ly1 9 ord] to make a bread-fruit tree be> fruit !y employ two /ones1 "o ( :i* resembles ! unripe & ! o!r ! ripe fruit4 ,^! are kept1 z usual1 9 a cemet]y2 & :5 ! trees beg9 to put =? fruit1 ! small /one resembl+ ! unripe fruit is buri$ at ! foot ( "o ( ! trees ) ! cu/om>y pray]s & c]emonies2 & :5 ! fruits are m mature ! small /one is replac$ by ! l>g] /one :i* resembles ! ripe fruit4 ,!n1 :5 ! fruits on ! tree are q ripe1 ! two /ones are remov$ & deposit$ aga9 9 ! cemet]y3 !y h done _! "w by br++ to maturity ! fruits :i* !y resemble4 ,?is aga9 is a piece ( pure homoeopa?ic or imitative magic work+ by means ( mimicry2 b ! magical virtue ( ! /ones is re9=c$ by ! spiritual p[] ( ! dead1 = ! /ones h be5 kept 9 a cemet]y & pray]s h be5 address$ to ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4#ech ,sid5ote3 ,! /one ( ! sun4 ,aga91 ! natives h two disc-%ap$ /ones1 ea* ) a hole 9 ! c5tre1 :i* toge!r make up :at !y call ! /one ( ! sun4 ,no d\bt x is reg>d$ z a symbol ( ! sun1 & z su* x is employ$ to cause dr\ght 9 a c]emony :i*1 l ! prec$+1 comb9es ! elem5ts ( magic & religion4 ,! sun-/one is kept 9 "o ( ! sacr$ places1 & :5 a sorc]] wi%es to make dr\ght ) x1 he br+s (f]+s to ! ance/ral spirits 9 ! sacr$ place4 ,^! (f]+s are purely religi\s1 b ! re/ ( ! c]emony is purely magical4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! sun rises f ! sea1 ! magician or prie/1 :i*ev] we *oose to call him 7= he comb9es bo? *>act]s71 passes a burn+ br& 9 & out ( ! hole 9 ! sun-/one1 :ile he says1 ,i k9dle ! sun1 9 ord] t he may eat up ! cl\ds & dry up our l&1 s t x %all no long] be> fruit4 ,"h ! putt+ ( fire to ! sun-/one is a piece ( pure homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 design$ to increase ! burn+ heat ( ! sun by mimicry4#eci ,sid5ote3 ,/ones to make ra94 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 a wiz>d desires to make ra91 he proce$s z foll[s4 ,! place ( sacrifice is decorat$ & enclos$ ) a f5ce1 & a l>ge quantity ( provisions is deposit$ 9 x to be (f]$ to ! ance/ors ^: skulls /& !re 9 a r[4 ,opposite ! skulls ! wiz>d places a r[ ( pots full ( a m$icat$ wat]1 & he br+s a numb] ( sacr$ /ones ( a r\nd$ =m or %ap$ l a skull4 ,ea* ( ^! /ones1 aft] be+ rubb$ ) ! leaves ( a c]ta9 tree1 is plac$ 9 "o ( ! pots ( wat]4 ,!n ! wiz>d recites a long litany or s]ies ( invocations to ! ance/ors1 :i* may be summ>is$ ?us3 ,we pray y to help u1 9 ord] t our c\ntry may revive & live anew4 ,!n hold+ a bran* 9 8 h& he climbs a tree & scans ! horizon if haply he may descry a cl\d1 be x no l>g] ?an a man's h&4 ,%\ld he be =tunate en\gh to see "o1 he waves ! bran* to & fro to make ! cl\d m\nt up 9 ! sky1 :ile he also /ret*es out 8 arms to "r & left to enl>ge x s t x may hide ! sun & ov]ca/ ! :ole heav54#edj ,"h aga9 ! pray]s & (f]+s are purely religi\s2 :ile ! plac+ ( ! skull-%ap$ /ones 9 pots full ( wat]1 & ! wav+ ( ! bran* to br+ up ! cl\ds1 are magical c]emonies design$ to produce ra9 by mimicry & compulsion4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ones to make or m> sea-voyages4 ,aga91 ! natives h a /one 9 ! %ape ( a canoe1 :i* !y employ 9 c]emonies = ! purpose ( fav\r+ or h9d]+ navigation4 ,if ! sorc]] desires to make a voyage prosp]\s1 he places ! canoe-%ap$ /one be=e ! ance/ral skulls ) ! "r side up2 b if he wi%es to cause 8 enemy to p]i% at sea1 he places ! canoe-%ap$ /one bottom upw>ds be=e ! skulls1 :i*1 on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 mu/ cle>ly make 8 enemy's canoe to capsize & precipitate its own] into ! sea4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! c]emonies he p]=ms1 ! wiz>d accompanies ! magical rite1 z usual1 ) pray]s & (f]+s ( food to ! ance/ral spirits :o are repres5t$ by ! skulls4#eda ,sid5ote3 ,/ones to help fi%]m54 ,! natives ( ! ,isle ( ,p9es subsi/ ma9ly by fi%+2 h5ce !y naturally h a l>ge numb] ( sacr$ /ones :i* !y use = ! purpose ( secur+ ! bless+ ( ! ance/ral spirits on ! bus9ess ( ! fi%]man4 ,inde$ ea* species ( fi% has its own special sacr$ /one4 ,^! /ones are kept 9 l>ge %ells 9 a cemet]y4 ,a wiz>d :o desires to make use ( "o ( !m pa9ts ! /one ) a v>iety ( col\rs1 *ews c]ta9 leaves1 & !n brea!s on ! /one & moi/5s x ) 8 spittle4 ,aft] t he sets up ! /one be=e ! ance/ral skulls1 say+1 ,help u1 t we may be successful 9 fi%+4 ,! sacrifices to ! spirits consi/ ( bananas1 sug>-cane1 & fi%1 nev] ( t>os or yams4 ,aft] ! fi%+ & ! sacrificial meal1 ! /one is put back 9 its place1 & cov]$ up respectfully4#edb ,sid5ote3 ,/ones to make yams gr[4 ,la/ly1 ! natives ( ! ,isle ( ,p9es cultivate _m diff]5t k9ds ( yams1 & !y h a correspond+ly l>ge numb] ( sacr$ /ones de/9$ to aid !m 9 ! cultivation by ensur+ ! bless+ ( ! dead ^u ! "w4 ,9 %ape & col\r ^! /ones diff] f ea* o!r1 ea* ( !m be>+ a resemblance1 real or fanciful1 to ! p>ticul> species ( yam :i* x is suppos$ to quick54 ,b ! me?od ( op]at+ ) !m is mu* ! same = all4 ,! /one is plac$ be=e ! skulls1 wett$ ) wat]1 & wip$ ) c]ta9 leaves4 ,yams & fi%1 cook$ on ! spot1 are (f]$ 9 sacrifice to ! dead1 ! prie/ or magician say+1 ,?is is y\r (f]+ 9 ord] t ! crop ( yams may be good4 ,s say+ he pres5ts ! food to ! dead & himself eats a little ( x4 ,aft] t ! /one is tak5 away & buri$ 9 ! yam field :i* x is design$ to f]tilise4#edc ,"h1 aga91 ! pray] & sacrifice to ! dead are purely religi\s rites int5d$ to propitiate ! spirits & secure _! help2 :ile ! bury+ ( ! yam-%ap$ /one 9 ! yam-field to make ! yams gr[ is a simple piece ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,simil>ly 9 ord] to cultivate t>os & bananas1 /ones resembl+ t>os & bananas are buri$ 9 ! t>o field or ! banana grove1 & _! magical virtue is re9=c$ by pray]s & (f]+s to ! dead4#edd ,sid5ote3 ,! religion ( ! ,new ,cal$onians is ma9ly a wor%ip ( ! dead t9ctur$ ) magic4 ,on ! :ole we may conclude t among ! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia !re exi/s a real wor%ip ( ! dead1 & t ?is wor%ip is inde$ ! pr9cipal elem5t 9 _! religion4 ,! spirits ( ! dead1 ?\gh !y are suppos$ to sp5d "p ( _! "t 9 a happy l& f> away "u ! sea1 are nev]!less believ$ to be ne> at h&1 hov]+ ab\t 9 ! burial-gr\nds or *>nel-h\ses & embodi$ app>5tly 9 _! skulls4 ,to ^! spirits ! native turns = help 9 all ! important seasons & em]g5cies ( life2 he appeals to !m 9 pray] & seeks to propitiate !m by sacrifice4 ,?us 9 8 attitude t[>ds 8 dead ance/ors we p]ceive ! elem5ts ( a real religion4 ,b1 z ,i h j po9t$ out1 _m rites ( ?is wor%ip ( ance/ors are accompani$ by magical c]emonies4 ,! religion ( ^! isl&]s is 9 fact deeply t+$ ) magic2 x m>ks a transition f an age ( pure magic 9 ! pa/ to an age ( m or less pure religion 9 ! future4 ,sid5ote3 ,evid5ce z to ! religion ( ! ,new ,cal$onians furni%$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,turn]4 ,?us f> ,i h bas$ my acc\nt ( ! beliefs & cu/oms ( ! ,new ,cal$onians conc]n+ ! dead on ! valuable in=mation :i* we owe to ! ,ca?olic mission>y ,fa!r ,lamb]t4 ,b1 z ,i po9t$ out1 8 evid5ce ref]s n s mu* to ! natives ( ! ma9l& z to ! inhabitants ( c]ta9 small isl&s at ! two extremities ( ! great isl&4 ,x may be well1 !re=e1 to supplem5t 8 description by "s notes :i* a di/+ui%$ ,prote/ant mission>y1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,george ,turn]1 obta9$ 9 ! ye> #ahde f two native tea*]s1 "o a ,samoan & ! o!r a ,r>otongan1 :o liv$ 9 ! s\?-s\?-ea/]n "p ( ,new ,cal$onia = ?ree ye>s4#ede ,_! evid5ce1 x w be obs]v$1 goes to confirm ,fa!r ,lamb]t's view z to ! g5]al simil>ity ( ! religi\s beliefs & cu/oms prevail+ ?r\gh\t ! isl&4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ial culture ( ! ,new ,cal$onians4 ,! natives ( ?is "p ( ,new ,cal$onia 7 divid$ into sep>ate di/ricts1 ea* ) its own "n1 & w>1 p]petual w>1 0 ! rule betwe5 ! neighb\r+ communities4 ,!y cultivat$ t>o1 yams1 coco-nuts1 & sug>-cane2 b !y _h no intoxicat+ kava & kept no pigs4 ,!y cook$ _! food 9 e>!nw>e pots manufactur$ by ! wom54 ,9 =m] days _! only edge-tools 7 made ( /one1 & !y fell$ trees by a sl[ fire sm\ld]+ close to ! gr\nd4 ,simil>ly !y holl[$ out ! fall5 trees by means ( a sl[ fire to make _! canoes4 ,_! villages 7 n p]man5t4 ,!y migrat$ )9 c]ta9 b\nds1 z !y plant$4 ,a village might comprise z _m z fifty or sixty r\nd h\ses4 ,! *iefs _h absolute p[] ( life & dea?4 ,prie/s did n m$dle 9 political affairs4#edf ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms2 pres]vation ( ! skulls & tee?4 ,at dea? !y dress$ ! corpse ) a belt & %ell armlets1 cut (f ! nails ( ! f+]s & toes1 & kept !m z relics4 ,!y spread ! grave ) a mat1 & buri$ all ! body b ! head4 ,aft] t5 days ! fri5ds twi/$ (f ! head1 extract$ ! tee? to be kept z relics1 & pres]v$ ! skull also4 ,9 cases ( sickness & o!r calamities !y pres5t$ (f]+s ( food to ! skulls ( ! dead4 ,! tee? ( ! old wom5 7 tak5 to ! yam plantations & 7 suppos$ to f]tilise !m2 & _! skulls 7 set up on poles 9 ! plantations = ! same purpose4 ,:5 !y buri$ a *ief1 !y erect$ spe>s at 8 head1 fa/5$ a spe>-?r[] to 8 =ef+]1 & laid a club on ! top ( 8 grave1#edg no d\bt = ! conv5i5ce ( ! gho/4 ,sid5ote3 ,pray]s to ance/ors4 ,_! gods1 we are told1 7 _! ance/ors1 ^: relics !y kept up & idolis$4 ,at "o place !y _h wood5 idols be=e ! *iefs' h\ses4 ,! (fice ( ! prie/ 0 h]$it>y4 ,almo/ e family _h its prie/4 ,to make sure ( fav\rs & prosp]ity !y pray$ n only to _! own gods1 b also1 9 a g5]al way1 to ! gods ( o!r l&s4 ,fi%+1 plant+1 h\se-build+1 & ev]y?+ ( importance 0 prec$$ by pray]s to _! gu>dian spirits = success4 ,?is 0 especially ! case be=e go+ to battle4 ,!y pray$ to "o = ! eye1 t !y might see ! spe> z x flew t[>ds !m4 ,to ano!r = ! e>1 t !y might he> ! approa* ( ! enemy4 ,?us1 too1 !y pray$ = ! feet1 t !y might be swift 9 pursu+ ! enemy2 = ! he>t1 t !y might be c\rage\s2 = ! body1 t !y might n be spe>$2 = ! head1 t x might n be clubb$2 & = sleep1 t x might be undi/urb$ by an attack ( ! enemy4 ,pray]s ov]1 arms ready1 & equipp$ ) _! relic *>ms1 !y w5t (f to battle4#edh ,sid5ote3 ,gr& conc]t ( spirits4 ,! spirits ( ! dead 7 believ$ to g away into ! =e/4 ,e fif? mon? !y _h a _s night or gr& conc]t ( spirits4 ,heaps ( food 7 prep>$ = ! occasion4 ,! p assembl$ 9 ! aft]noon r\nd a c]ta9 cave4 ,at sund[n !y fea/$1 & !n "o /ood up & address$ ! spirits 9 ! cave1 say+1 ,y spirits )91 may x please y to s+ a song1 t all ! wom5 & m5 out "h may li/5 to y\r sweet voices4 ,!reupon a /range une>?ly conc]t ( voices bur/ on _! e>s f ! cave1 ! nasal squeak ( old m5 & wom5 =m+ ! dom9ant note4 ,b ! he>]s outside li/5$ ) delight to ! melody1 prais$ ! sweet voices ( ! s+]s1 & !n got up & danc$ to ! music4 ,! s++ swell$ l\d] & l\d] z ! dance grew fa/] & m furi\s1 till ! conc]t clos$ 9 a nocturnal orgy ( unbridl$ lic5se1 :i*1 b = ! abs5ce ( intoxicants1 might comp>e ) ! wor/ ( ! anci5t bac*analia4 ,! s+]s 9 ! cave 7 ! old m5 & wom5 :o _h ensconc$ !mselves 9 x secretly dur+ ! day2 b ! hoax 0 n suspect$ by ! *ildr5 & "y p1 :o firmly believ$ t ! spirits ( ! dead really assembl$ t night 9 ! cav]n & assi/$ at ! sports & div]sions ( ! liv+4#edi ,sid5ote3 ,mak+ ra9 by means ( ! bones ( ! dead4 ,! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ also k9dly bore a h& 9 ! mak+ ( ra94 ,9 ord] to secure _! co-op]ation = ?is b5efic5t purpose ! human ra9-mak] proce$$ z foll[s4 ,he black5$ himself all ov]1 exhum$ a dead body1 c>ri$ ! bones to a cave1 jo9t$ !m1 & susp5d$ ! skeleton ov] "s t>o leaves4 ,aft] t he p\r$ wat] on ! skeleton s t x ran d[n & fell on ! leaves und]nea?4 ,!y imag9$ t ! s\l ( ! deceas$ took up ! wat]1 conv]t$ x into ra91 & !n caus$ x to desc5d 9 refre%+ %[]s4 ,b ! ra9-mak] _h to /ay 9 ! cav]n fa/+ till 8 ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success1 & :5 ! gho/ 0 t>dy 9 execut+ 8 commission1 ! ra9-mak] sometimes di$ ( hung]4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 !y *ose ! %[]y mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april = ! op]ation ( ra9-mak+1 s t ! wiz>d ran little risk ( p]i%+ a m>tyr to ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,:5 !re 0 too mu* ra91 & !y want$ f9e wea!r1 ! magician procur$ x by a simil> process1 except t in/ead ( dr5*+ ! skeleton ) wat] he lit a fire "u x & burn$ x up1#eej :i* naturally induc$ or compell$ ! gho/ to burn up ! cl\ds & let ! sun %9e out4 ,sid5ote3 ,execution ( malefic5t sorc]]s4 ,re9c>nation ( ! dead 9 :ite p4 ,ano!r class ( magicians 7 ! malefic5t sorc]]s :o caus$ p to fall ill & die by burn+ _! p]sonal rubbi%4 ,:5 "o ( ^! rascals 0 convict$ ( repeat$ (f5ces ( t sort1 he 0 =mally tri$ & condemn$4 ,! p assembl$ & a great fe/ival 0 held4 ,! condemn$ man 0 deck$ ) a g>l& ( r$ fl[]s2 8 arms & legs 7 cov]$ ) fl[]s & %ells1 & 8 face & body pa9t$ black4 ,?us array$ he came da%+ =w>d1 ru%$ ?r\gh ! p1 plung$ f ! rocks into ! sea1 & 0 se5 no m4 ,! natives also ascrib$ sickness to ! arts ( :ite m51 :om !y id5tifi$ ) ! spirits ( ! dead2 & assign$ ?is belief z a reason = _! wi% to kill ! /rang]s4#eea ,footnote #eag3 ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,guillem>d1 ,au/ralasia1 ,,ii4 ,malaysia & ! ,pacific ,ar*ipelagoes 7,london1 #ahid71 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #eah3 ,j4 ,d5ik]1 ,! ,races ( ,man 7,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #dih sq4 ,z to ! m$iums ( ex*ange1 p>ticul>ly ! %ell-money1 see ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 pp4 #cbc sqq42 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jaehre 9 d] ,su$see 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg71 pp4 #hb sqq4 ,footnote #eai3 ,le ,p]e ,lamb]t1 ,moeurs et ,sup]/itions des ,neo-,cal$oni5s 7,n\mea1 #aijj74 ,?is "w orig9ally appe>$ z a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,ca?olic mission>y j\rnal ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,lamb]t1 ,moeurs et ,sup]/itions des ,neo-,cal$oni5s1 pp4 ii41 iv4 sq42 #bee4 ,footnote #eba3 ,george ,turn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago & long be=e 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #cdj sqq4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ac-af4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bce-bci4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bch1 #bci sq4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,above1 pp4 #acf sq41 #bce sq4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bd1 #bdj4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bd1 #bf4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #eca3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bbd sq4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bge sqq4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bhh sq4 ,footnote #ece3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bij1 #bib4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bib sq4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bic sq4 ,footnote #ech3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #eci3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bif sq4 ,footnote #edj3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #big sq4 ,footnote #eda3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #edb3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 p4 #cjj4 ,footnote #edc3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cja sq4 ,footnote #edd3 ,lamb]t1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bag sq41 #cjj4 ,footnote #ede3 ,george ,turn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago & long be=e 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #cdj sqq4 ,footnote #edf3 ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,footnote #edg3 ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cdb sq4 ,footnote #edh3 ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #edi3 ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cdf sq4 ,footnote #eej3 ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cde sq4 ,footnote #eea3 ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cdb4 ,,lecture ,,xvi ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,c5tral ,,melanesia ,sid5ote3 ,! isl&s ( ,c5tral ,melanesia4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! religion ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,isl&]s4 ,9 our survey ( savage beliefs & practices conc]n+ ! dead we n[ pass f ,new ,cal$onia1 ! mo/ s\!rly isl& ( ,melanesia1 to ! gr\ps ( isl&s kn[n z ! ,new ,hebrides1 ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 ! ,torres ,isl&s1 ! ,santa ,cruz ,isl&s1 & ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 :i* toge!r con/itute :at we may call ,c5tral ,melanesia4 ,^! gr\ps ( isl&s may !mselves be di/+ui%$ into two ar*ipelagoes1 a we/]n & an ea/]n1 ( :i* ! ,we/]n comprises ! ,solomon ,isl&s & ! ,ea/]n includes all ! re/4 ,correspond+ to ?is geographical di/9ction !re is a religi\s di/9ction2 = :ile ! religion ( ! ,we/]n isl&]s 7! ,solomon ,isl&]s7 consi/s *iefly 9 a fe> & wor%ip ( ! gho/s ( ! dead1 ! religion ( ! ,ea/]n isl&]s is *>act]is$ ma9ly by ! fe> & wor%ip ( spirits :i* are n suppos$ ev] to h be5 inc>nate 9 human bodies4 ,bo? gr\ps ( isl&]s1 ! ,we/]n & ! ,ea/]n1 recognise inde$ bo? classes ( spirits1 namely gho/s t once 7 m5 & spirits :o nev] 7 m52 b ! religi\s bias ( ! "o gr\p is t[>ds gho/s r ?an t[>ds pure spirits1 & ! religi\s bias ( ! o!r gr\p is t[>ds pure spirits r ?an t[>ds gho/s4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t ! isl&]s ^: b5t is t[>ds gho/s h c>ri$ ! sy/em ( sacrifice & ! arts ( life to a high] level ?an ! isl&]s ^: b5t is t[>ds pure spirits2 ?is applies p>ticul>ly to ! sacrificial sy/em1 :i* is mu* m develop$ 9 ! we/ ?an 9 ! ea/4#eeb ,f ?is x w\ld seem to foll[ t if a fai? 9 gho/s is m co/ly ?an a fai? 9 pure spirits1 x is at ! same "t m fav\rable to ! evolution ( culture4 ,sid5ote3 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton on ! ,melanesians4 ,= ! :ole ( ?is region we are =tunate 9 possess+ ! evid5ce ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 "o ( ! mo/ sagaci\s1 cauti\s1 & accurate ( obs]v]s1 :o lab\r$ z a mission>y among ! natives = tw5ty-f\r ye>s1 f #ahfd to #ahhg1 & has giv5 u a mo/ valuable acc\nt ( _! cu/oms & beliefs 9 8 book ,! ,melanesians1 :i* mu/ always rema9 an an?ropological classic4 ,9 describ+ ! wor%ip ( ! dead z x is c>ri$ on among ^! isl&]s ,i %all draw *iefly on ! copi\s evid5ce suppli$ by ,dr4 ,codr+ton2 & ,i %all avail myself ( 8 admirable rese>*es to ent] into consid]able details on ! subject1 s9ce details record$ by an accurate obs]v] are f> m in/ructive ?an ! vague g5]alities ( sup]ficial obs]v]s1 :i* are too (t5 all ! in=mation we possess z to ! religion ( savages4 ,sid5ote3 ,melanesian !ory ( ! s\l4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! ,c5tral ,melanesians believe t man is compos$ ( a body & a s\l1 t dea? is ! f9al p>t+ ( ! s\l f ! body1 & t aft] dea? ! s\l cont9ues to exi/ z a consci\s & m or less active be+4#eec ,?us ! cre$ ( ^! savages on ?is pr(\nd subject agrees fundam5tally ) ! cre$ ( ! av]age ,european2 if my he>]s 7 ask$ to /ate _! beliefs z to ! nature ( life & dea?1 ,i imag9e t mo/ ( !m w\ld =mulate !m 9 sub/antially ! same way4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! ,c5tral ,melanesian savage attempts to def9e ! nature ( ! vital pr9ciple or s\l1 :i* animates ! body dur+ life & survives x aft] dea?1 he f9ds himself 9 a difficulty2 & to cont9ue ! p>allel ,i _c help ?9k+ t if my he>]s 9 l mann] 7 invit$ to expla9 _! conception ( ! s\l1 !y w\ld simil>ly f9d !mselves emb>rass$ = an answ]4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! ,c5tral ,melanesian !ory ( ! s\l w\ld lead u too f> f our imm$iate subject2 we mu/ be cont5t to say t1 :atev] ^w ! ,melanesian p use = s\l1 !y mean some?+ ess5tially belong+ to ea* man's nature :i* c>ries life to 8 body ) x1 & is ! seat ( ?\ght & intellig5ce1 ex]cis+ !re=e p[] :i* is n ( ! body & is invisible 9 its action4#eed ,h[ev] ! s\l may be def9$1 ! ,melanesians are univ]sally ( op9ion t x survives ! dea? ( ! body & goes away to "s m or less di/ant region1 :]e ! spirits ( all ! dead congregate & cont9ue = ! mo/ "p to live = an indef9ite "t1 ?\gh "s ( !m1 z we %all see pres5tly1 are suppos$ to die a second dea? & s to come to an end altoge!r4 ,9 ,we/]n ,melanesia1 t is1 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 ! abode ( ! dead is suppos$ to be 9 c]ta9 isl&s1 :i* diff] 9 ! cre$ ( diff]5t isl&]s2 b 9 ,ea/]n ,melanesia ! abode ( ! dead is ?\ght to be a subt]ranean region call$ ,panoi4#eee ,sid5ote3 ,di/9ction betwe5 gho/s ( p[] & gho/s ( no acc\nt4 ,b ?\gh ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ g away to ! _s l&1 nev]!less1 ) a seem+ or p]haps real inconsi/5cy1 _! gho/s are also suppos$ to haunt _! graves & _! old homes & to ex]cise great p[] = good or evil ov] ! liv+1 :o are accord+ly (t5 oblig$ to woo _! fav\r by pray] & sacrifice4 ,accord+ to ! ,solomon ,isl&]s1 h[ev]1 among :om gho/s are ! pr9cipal objects ( wor%ip1 !re is a great di/9ction to be drawn among gho/s4 ,! di/9ction1 says ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 is betwe5 gho/s ( p[] & gho/s ( no acc\nt1 betwe5 ^? ^: help is s\ght & _! wra? deprecat$1 & ^? f :om no?+ is expect$ & to :om no obs]vance is due4 ,among liv+ m5 !re are "s :o /& out di/+ui%$ = capacity 9 affairs1 success 9 life1 val\r 9 fight+1 & influ5ce ov] o!rs2 & ^! are s1 x is believ$1 because ( ! sup]natural & my/]i\s p[]s :i* !y h1 & :i* are d]iv$ f communication ) ^? gho/s ( ! dead gone be=e !m :o are full ( ^? same p[]s4 ,on ! dea? ( a di/+ui%$ man 8 gho/ reta9s ! p[]s t belong$ to him 9 life1 9 great] activity & ) /rong] =ce2 8 gho/ !re=e is p[]ful & wor%ipful1 & s long z he is rememb]$ ! aid ( 8 p[]s is s\ght & wor%ip is (f]$ him2 he is ! t9dalo ( ,florida1 ! lio'a ( ,saa4 ,9 e society1 aga91 ! multitude is compos$ ( insignificant p]sons1 'num]us fruges consum]i nati1' ( no p>ticul> acc\nt = val\r1 skill1 or prosp]ity4 ,! gho/s ( su* p]sons cont9ue _! insignificance1 & are nobodies aft] dea? z be=e2 !y are gho/s because all m5 h s\ls1 & ! s\ls ( dead m5 are gho/s2 !y are dread$ because all gho/s are awful1 b !y get no wor%ip & are soon only ?\ght ( z ! cr[d ( ! nameless population ( ! l[] _w4#eef ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s ( ! great & ( ! rec5tly dead are *iefly reg>d$4 ,sup]natural p[] 7mana7 acquir$ ?r\gh gho/s4 ,f ?is acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,codr+ton we see t x is only ! gho/s ( great & p[]ful p :o are wor%ipp$2 ! gho/s ( ord9>y p are inde$ fe>$1 b no wor%ip is paid to !m4 ,fur!r1 we are told t x is ! gho/s ( ^? :o h lately di$ t are deem$ to be mo/ p[]ful & are !re=e mo/ reg>d$2 z ! dead are =gott51 _! gho/s cease to be wor%ipp$1 _! p[] fades away1#eeg & _! place 9 ! religion ( ! p is tak5 by ! gho/s ( ! m rec5tly dep>t$4 ,9 fact "h1 z else:]e1 ! exi/5ce ( ! dead seems to be dep5d5t on ! memory ( ! liv+2 :5 !y are =gott5 !y cease to exi/4 ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be notic$ t 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s :at we %\ld call a man's natural p[]s & capacities are reg>d$ z sup]natural end[m5ts acquir$ by communication ) a mighty gho/4 ,if a man is a great w>rior1 x is n because he is /rong ( arm1 quick ( eye1 & brave ( he>t2 x is because he is support$ by ! gho/ ( a dead w>rior1 ^: p[] he has drawn to himself ?r\gh an amulet ( /one ti$ r\nd 8 neck1 or a tuft ( leaves 9 8 belt1 or a too? atta*$ to "o ( 8 f+]s1 or a spell by ! recitation ( :i* he c enli/ ! aid ( ! gho/4#eeh ,& simil>ly ) all o!r pre-em95t capacities & virtues2 9 ! m9d ( ! ,solomon ,isl&]s1 !y are all sup]natural gifts & graces be/[$ on m5 by gho/s4 ,?is all-p]vad+ sup]natural p[] ! ,c5tral ,melanesian calls mana4#eei ,?us = ^! savages ! :ole _w teems ) gho/ly influ5ces2 _! m9ds are fill$1 we may almo/ say1 obsess$1 ) a s5se ( ! unse5 p[]s :i* encompass & det]m9e ev5 9 its m9ute p>ticul>s ! life ( man on e>?3 9 _! view ! visible _w is1 s to say1 m]ely a puppet-%[ ( :i* ! /r+s are pull$ & ! puppets made to dance by h&s invisible4 ,truly ! attitude ( ^! savages to ! univ]se is deeply religi\s4 ,we may n[ consid] ! !ory & practice ( ! ,c5tral ,melanesians on ?is subject some:at m 9 detail2 & 9 do+ s we %all beg9 ) _! fun]al cu/oms1 :i* ?r[ mu* light on _! views ( dea? & ! dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,l& burial & sea burial4 ,l&-gho/s & sea-gho/s4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ,florida1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 ! corpse is usually buri$4 ,common m5 are buri$ 9 _! g>d5s or plantations1 *iefs sometimes 9 ! village1 a *ief's *ild sometimes 9 ! h\se4 ,if ! gho/ ( ! deceas$ is wor%ipp$1 8 grave becomes a sanctu>y 7vunuhu72 ! skull is (t5 dug up & hung 9 ! h\se4 ,on ! return f ! burial ! m\rn]s take a diff]5t road f t by :i* !y c>ri$ ! corpse to ! grave2 ?is !y d 9 ord] to ?r[ ! gho/ (f ! sc5t & s prev5t him f foll[+ !m home4 ,?is practice cle>ly %ews ! fe> :i* ! natives feel = ! gho/s ( ! newly dead4 ,a man is buri$ ) money1 porpoise tee?1 & "s ( 8 p]sonal ornam5ts2 b1 av>ice gett+ ! bett] ( sup]/ition1 ^! ?+s are (t5 secretly dug up aga9 & appropriat$ by ! liv+4 ,sometimes a dy+ man w express a wi% to be ca/ into ! sea2 8 fri5ds w !re=e paddle out ) ! corpse1 tie /ones to ! feet1 & s9k x 9 ! dep?s4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,savo1 ano!r ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 common m5 are g5]ally ?r[n into ! sea & only great m5 are buri$4#efj ,! same di/9ction is made at ,wango 9 ,san ,cri/oval1 ano!r ( ! same gr\p ( isl&s2 !re also ! bodies ( common folk are ca/ into ! sea1 b m5 ( consequ5ce are buri$1 & "s relic ( !m1 x may be a skull1 a too?1 or a f+]-bone1 is pres]v$ 9 a %r9e at ! village4 ,f ?is diff]5ce 9 burial cu/oms fl[s a n unimportant religi\s diff]5ce4 ,! s\ls ( ! great p :o are buri$ on l& turn into l&-gho/s1 & ! s\ls ( common]s :o are sunk 9 ! sea turn into sea-gho/s4 ,! l&-gho/s are se5 to hov] ab\t ! villages1 haunt+ _! graves & _! relics2 !y are also he>d to speak 9 holl[ :isp]s4 ,_! aid c be obta9$ by su* z "k !m4 ,! sea-gho/s h tak5 a great hold on ! imag9ation ( ! natives ( ! s\?-ea/]n ,solomon ,isl&s2 & z ^! p love to illu/rate _! life by sculpture & pa9t+1 !y %ew u cle>ly :at !y suppose ^! sea-gho/s to be l4 ,at ,wango !re us$ to be a canoe-h\se full ( sculptures & pa9t+s illu/rative ( native life2 among/ o!rs !re 0 a s]ies ( sc5es l ^? :i* are depict$ on ! walls ( ,egyptian tombs4 ,"o ( ! sc5es repres5t$ a canoe attack$ by sea-gho/s1 :i* 7 portray$ z demons comp\nd$ p>tly ( human limbs1 p>tly ( ! bodies & tails ( fi%es1 & arm$ ) spe>s & arr[s 9 ! =m ( long-bodi$ g>fi% & fly+-fi%4 ,if a man falls ill on return+ f a voyage or f fi%+ on ! rocks1 x is ?\ght t "o ( ^! sea-gho/s has %ot him4 ,h5ce :5 m5 are 9 dang] at sea1 !y seek to propitiate ! gho/s by ?r[+ areca-nuts & fragm5ts ( food into ! wat] & by pray+ to ! gho/s n to be angry ) !m4 ,%>ks are also suppos$ to be animat$ by ! gho/s ( ! dead4#efa ,x is int]e/+ & in/ructive to f9d t 9 ?is "p ( ! _w sea-demons1 :o might be ?\ght to be pure spirits ( nature1 are 9 fact gho/s ( ! dead4 ,sid5ote3 ,burnt (f]+s 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,florida1 two days aft] ! dea? ( a *ief or ( any p]son :o 0 mu* e/eem$1 ! relatives & fri5ds assemble & hold a fun]al fea/1 at :i* !y ?r[ a bit ( food into ! fire = ! gho/1 say+1 ,?is is = y4#efb ,9 o!r ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s morsels ( food are simil>ly ?r[n on ! fire at ! dea?-fea/s z ! dead man's %>e4#efc ,?us1 9 ! ,%ortl&s ,isl&s1 :5 a fam\s *ief nam$ ,gorai di$1 8 body 0 burnt & 8 relatives ca/ food1 beads1 & o!r prop]ty into ! fire4 ,! dead *ief _h be5 v fond ( tea1 s "o ( 8 daught]s ?rew a cup ( tea into ! flames4 ,wom5 danc$ a fun]al dance r\nd ! pyre till ! body 0 consum$4#efd ,:y %\ld ! dead man's food & prop]ty be burnt8 ,no explanation ( ! practice is giv5 by our au?orities1 s we are left to conjecture ! reason ( x4 ,is x t by volatilis+ ! solid sub/ance ( ! food y make x m accessible to ! ?9 unsub/antial nature ( ! gho/8 ,is x t y de/roy ! prop]ty ( ! gho/ le/ he %\ld come back 9 p]son to fet* x & s haunt & tr\ble ! survivors8 ,is x t ! spirits ( ! dead are suppos$ to reside 9 ! fire on ! he>?1 s t (f]+s ca/ into ! flames are transmitt$ to !m directly8 ,:e!r x is ) any su* ideas t ! ,solomon ,isl&]s ?r[ food into ! fire = gho/s1 ,i _c say4 ,! :ole "q ( ! mean+ ( burnt sacrifice is /ill to a great ext5t obscure4 ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al cu/oms 9 ! isl& ( ,florida4 ,! gho/ly f]ry4 ,at ! fun]al fea/ ( a *ief 9 ! isl& ( ,florida ! axes1 spe>s1 %ield & o!r belong+s ( ! deceas$ are hung up ) great lam5tations 9 8 h\se2 ev]y?+ rema9s aft]w>ds unt\*$ & ! h\se falls into ru9s1 :i* z "t goes on are ?ickly mantl$ ) ! long t5drils ( ! spr\t+ yams4 ,b we are told t ! weapons are n int5d$ to accompany ! gho/ to ! l& ( s\ls2 !y are hung up only z a memorial ( a great & valu$ man4 ,) ! same feel+ !y cut d[n a dead man's fruit-trees z a m>k ( respect & affection1 n ) any notion ( ^! ?+s s]v+ him 9 ! _w ( gho/s2 he ate ( !m1 !y say1 :5 he 0 alive1 he w nev] eat aga91 & no "o else %all h !m4 ,h[ev]1 !y ?9k t ! gho/ b5efits by burial2 = if a man is kill$ & 8 body rema9s unburi$1 8 re/less gho/ w haunt ! place4#efe ,! gho/s ( su* ,florida p z h be5 duly buri$ dep>t to ,bet9dalo1 :i* seems to be situat$ 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! great isl& ( ,guadalcan>4 ,a %ip waits to f]ry !m across ! sea to ! _s-l&4 ,?is is almo/ ! only example ( a f]ry-boat us$ by gho/s 9 ,melanesia4 ,on _! way to ! f]ry ! gho/s may be he>d twitt]+2 & aga9 on ! %ore1 :ile !y are wait+ = ! f]ry-boat1 a s\nd ( _! danc+ breaks ! /illness ( night2 b no man c see ! danc]s4 ,x is n until !y l& on ! fur!r %ore t !y "k !y are dead4 ,!re !y are met by a gho/1 :o ?ru/s a rod into _! noses to see :e!r ! c>tilage is pi]c$ z x %\ld be2 gho/s ^: noses h be5 duly bor$ 9 life foll[ ! onw>d pa? ) ease1 b all o!rs h pa9 & difficulty 9 mak+ _! way to ! realm ( ! %ades4 ,yet ?\gh ! s\ls ( ! dead ?us dep>t to ,bet9dalo1 nev]!less _! gho/s z usual n only haunt _! burial-places1 b come to ! sacrifices (f]$ to !m & may be he>d disport+ !mselves at night1 play+ on pipes1 danc+1 & %\t+4#eff ,sid5ote3 ,belief ( ! ,solomon ,isl&]s t ! s\ls ( ! dead live 9 isl&s4 ,! second dea?4 ,simil>ly at ,bugotu 9 ! isl& ( ,ysabel 7"o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s7 ! gho/s ( ! dead are suppos$ to g away to an isl&1 & yet to haunt _! graves & %ew !mselves to ! survivors by night4 ,9 ! isl& ( ! dead !re is a pool ) a n>r[ tree-trunk ly+ across x4 ,"h is /ation$ ,bolafag9a1 ! gho/ly "l ( ! place4 ,e newly arriv$ gho/ mu/ appe> be=e him1 & he exam9es _! h&s to see :e!r !y be> ! m>k ( ! sacr$ frigate-bird cut on !m2 if !y h ! m>k1 ! gho/s pass across ! tree-trunk & m+le ) ! dep>t$ spirits 9 ! _w ( ! dead4 ,b gho/s :o h n ! m>k on _! h&s are ca/ into ! gulf & p]i% out ( _! gho/ly life3 ?is is ! second dea?4#efg ,! same notion ( a second dea? meets u 9 a some:at diff]5t =m among ! natives ( ,saa 9 ,malanta1 ano!r ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,all ! gho/s ( ^! p swim across ! sea to two little isl&s call$ ,m>apa1 :i* lie (f ,m>au 9 ,guadalcan>4 ,!re ! gho/s ( *ildr5 live 9 "o isl& & ! gho/s ( gr[n-up p 9 ano!r2 = ! old] p w\ld be plagu$ by ! *att] ( *ildr5 if !y all dwelt toge!r 9 "o isl&4 ,yet 9 o!r respects ! life ( ! dep>t$ spirits 9 ^! isl&s is v l life on e>?4 ,!re are h\ses1 g>d5s1 & canoes !re j z "h1 b all is ?9 & unsub/antial4 ,liv+ m5 :o l& 9 ! isl&s see no?+ ( ^! ?+s2 !re is a pool :]e !y he> laught] & m]ry cries1 & :]e ! banks are wet ) invisible ba!rs4 ,b ! life ( ! gho/s 9 ^! isl&s is n et]nal4 ,! spirits ( common folk soon turn into ! ne/s ( :ite ants1 :i* s]ve z food = ! m robu/ gho/s4 ,h5ce a liv+ man w say to 8 idle son1 ,:5 ,i die1 ,i %all h ants' ne/s to eat1 b !n :at w y h8 ,! gho/s ( p]sons :o 7 p[]ful on e>? la/ mu* long]4 ,s long z !y are rememb]$ & wor%ipp$ by ! liv+1 _! natural /r5g? rema9s unabat$2 b :5 m5 =get !m1 & turn to wor%ip "s ( ! m rec5t dead1 !n no m food is (f]$ to !m 9 sacrifice1 s !y p9e away & *ange into :ite ants' ne/s j l common folk4 ,?is is ! second dea?4 ,h[ev]1 :ile ! gho/s survive !y c return f ! isl&s to ,saa & revisit _! village & fri5ds4 ,! liv+ c ev5 disc]n !m 9 ! =m ( dim & fleet+ %ad[s4 ,a man :o wi%es = any reason to see a gho/ c always d s v simply by tak+ a p9* ( lime f 8 betel-box & sme>+ x on 8 =ehead4 ,!n ! gho/ appe>s to him q pla9ly4#efh ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms 9 ,saa4 ,pres]vation ( ! skull & jawbone4 ,burial cu/oms 9 ,santa ,cruz4 ,burial cu/oms 9 ,ysabel4 ,9 ,saa ! dead are usually buri$ 9 a common cemet]y2 b :5 ! fle% has decay$ ! bones are tak5 up & heap$ on "o side4 ,b if ! deceas$ 0 a v great man or a belov$ fa!r1 8 body is pres]v$ = a "t 9 8 son's h\se1 be+ hung up ei!r 9 a canoe or 9 ! c>v$ effigy ( a sword-fi%4 ,v fav\rite *ildr5 are treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! corpse may be kept 9 ?is way = ye>s4 ,f9ally1 !re is a great fun]al fea/1 at :i* ! rema9s are remov$ to ! common burial-gr\nd1 b ! skull & jawbone are deta*$ f ! skeleton & kept 9 ! h\se enclos$ 9 ! holl[ wood5 figure ( a bonito-fi%4 ,by means ( ^! relics ! survivors ?9k t !y c secure ! aid ( ! p[]ful gho/4 ,sometimes ! corpse & aft]w>ds ! skull & jawbone are pres]v$1 n 9 ! h\se ( ! deceas$1 b 9 ! oha or public canoe-h\se1 :i* s f> becomes a sort ( %r9e or temple ( ! dead4#efi ,at ,santa ,cruz 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s ! corpse is buri$ 9 a v deep grave 9 ! h\se4 ,inl& !y dig up ! bones aga9 to make arr[-heads2 also !y deta* ! skull & keep x 9 a *e/ 9 ! h\se1 say+ t x is ! man himself4 ,!y ev5 set food be=e ! skull1 no d\bt = ! use ( ! gho/4 ,yet !y imag9e t ! gho/s ( ! dead g to ! great volcano ,tamami1 :]e !y are burnt 9 ! crat] & ?us be+ r5ew$ /ay 9 ! fi]y region4 ,nev]!less ! s\ls ( ! dead also haunt ! =e/s 9 ,santa ,cruz2 on wet & d>k nights ! natives see !m tw9kl+ 9 ! gloom l fire-flies1 & at ! sight !y are sore afraid4#egj ,s little consi/5t ) itself is ! cre$ ( ^! isl&]s t\*+ ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,at ,bugotu 9 ! isl& ( ,ysabel 7"o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s7 a *ief is buri$ ) 8 head ne> ! surface & a fire is kept burn+ ov] ! grave1 9 ord] t ! skull may be tak5 up & pres]v$ 9 ! h\se ( 8 successor4 ,! _s ( ! dead *ief has n[ become a wor%ipful gho/1 & an exp$ition is s5t out to cut (f & br+ back human heads 9 8 hon\r4 ,any p]son1 n belong+ to ! place1 :om ! head-hunt]s come across w be kill$ by !m & 8 or h] skull add$ to ! collection1 :i* is neatly arrang$ on ! %ore4 ,^! gha/ly trophies are believ$ to add fre% spiritual p[] 7mana7 to ! gho/ ( ! dead *ief4 ,till !y h be5 procur$1 ! p ( ! place take c>e n to move ab\t4 ,! grave ( ! *ief is built up ) /ones & sacrifices are (f]$ ^u x4#ega ,sid5ote3 ,beliefs & cu/oms ( ! ,ea/]n isl&]s conc]n+ ! dead4 ,panoi1 ! subt]ranean abode ( ! dead4 ,?us f> we h be5 consid]+ ! beliefs & practices conc]n+ ! dead :i* prevail among ! ,we/]n ,melanesians ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s & ,santa ,cruz4 ,we n[ turn to ^? ( ! ,ea/]n ,melanesians1 :o inhabit ! ,torres ,isl&s1 ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 & ! ,new ,hebrides4 ,a broad di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! gho/s ( ^! two regions 9 z mu* z ! gho/s ( ! ,we/]n ,melanesians all live 9 isl&s1 b ! gho/s ( all ,ea/]n ,melanesians live und]gr\nd 9 a subt]ranean region :i* commonly be>s ! "n ( ,panoi4 ,! exact position ( ,panoi has n be5 asc]ta9$2 all t is reg>d$ z c]ta9 is t x is und]gr\nd4 ,h[ev]1 !re are _m entrances to x & "s ( !m are well kn[n4 ,"o ( !m1 = example1 is a rock on ! m\nta9 at ,mota1 o!rs are at volcanic v5ts :i* bel* flames on ! burn+ hill ( ,g>at ov] ! lake at ,gaua1 & ano!r is on ! great m\nta9 ( ,vanua ,lava4 ,! gho/s congregate on po9ts ( l& be=e _! dep>ture1 z well z at ! entrances to ! und]world1 & !re on moonlight nights y may he> ! gho/ly crew danc+1 s++1 %\t+1 & :i/l+ on ! claws ( l&-crabs4 ,x is n easy to extract f ! natives a precise & consi/5t acc\nt ( ! place ( ! dead & ! /ate ( ! spirits 9 x2 nor inde$1 z ,dr4 ,codr+ton ju/ly obs]ves1 w\ld x be reasonable to expect full & precise details on a subject ab\t :i* ! s\rces ( in=mation are p]haps n above suspicion4 ,h[ev]1 z f> z c be made out1 ,panoi or ! abode ( ! dead is on ! :ole a happy region4 ,9 _m respects x resembles ! l& ( ! liv+2 = !re are h\ses !re & villages1 & trees ) r$ leaves1 & day & night4 ,yet all is holl[ & unreal4 ,! gho/s d no?+ b talk & s+ & dance2 !re is no clubh\se !re1 & ?\gh m5 & wom5 live toge!r1 !re is no m>ry+ or giv+ 9 m>riage4 ,all is v peaceful1 too1 9 t l&2 = !re is no w> & no tyrant to oppress ! p4 ,yet ! gho/ ( a great man goes d[n l a great man among ! gho/s1 respl5d5t 9 all 8 tr9kets & f9]y2 b l ev]y?+ else 9 ! und]world ^! ornam5ts1 = all ! brave %[ !y make1 are m]e unsub/antial %ad[s4 ,! pigs :i* 7 kill$ at 8 fun]al fea/ & ! food t 0 heap$ on 8 grave _c g d[n ) him into t f> c\ntry2 = none ( ^! ?+s1 n ev5 pigs1 h s\ls4 ,h[ !n c\ld !y f9d _! way to ! _s _w8 ,x is cle>ly impossible4 ,! gho/s 9 ! ne!r _w d n mix indiscrim9ately4 ,!re are sep>ate comp>tm5ts = su* z di$ viol5t dea?s4 ,!re is "o comp>tm5t = ^? :o 7 %ot1 !re is ano!r = ^? :o 7 clubb$1 & !re is ano!r = ^? :o 7 done to dea? by wit*craft4 ,! gho/s ( ^? :o 7 %ot keep rattl+ ! re$s ( ! arr[s :i* dealt !m _! fatal w\nds4 ,gho/s 9 ! ne!r _w h no k ( ?+s out ( _! sight & he>+2 yet ! liv+ call ^u !m 9 "t ( ne$ & tr\ble1 z if !y c\ld he> & help4 ,life1 too1 9 ! k+dom ( %ad[s is n et]nal4 ,! gho/s die ! second dea?4 ,yet "s say t !re are two su* k+doms1 ea* call$ ,panoi1 ! "o ov] ! o!r2 & t :5 ! dead die ! second dea? 9 ! upp] realm !y rise aga9 f ! dead 9 ! ne!r realm1 :]e !y nev] die b only turn into :ite ants' ne/s4#egb ,sid5ote3 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! fate ( ! good & ! fate ( ! bad 9 ! o!r _w4 ,x is int]e/+ & n unimportant to obs]ve t "s ( ^! isl&]s make a di/9ction betwe5 ! fate ( good p & ! fate ( bad p aft] dea?4 ,! natives ( ,motlav1 "o ( ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 ?9k t ,panoi is a good place & t only ! s\ls ( ! good c ent] x4 ,accord+ to !m ! s\ls ( murd]]s1 sorc]]s1 ?ieves1 li>s1 & adult]]s are n suff]$ to ent] ! happy l&4 ,! gho/ ( a murd]]1 = example1 is met at ! entrance by ! gho/ ( 8 victim1 :o )/&s him & turns him back4 ,all ! bad gho/s g away to a bad place1 :]e !y live1 n inde$ 9 physical pa91 b 9 mis]y3 !y qu>rel1 !y are re/less1 homeless1 pitiable1 malignant3 !y w&] back to e>?3 !y eat ! f\le/ food1 _! brea? is noisome3 !y h>m ! liv+ out ( spite1 !y eat m5's s\ls1 !y haunt graves & woods4 ,b 9 ! true ,panoi ! s\ls ( ! good live 9 peace & h>mony4#egc ,?us ^! p believe t ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea? dep5ds on ! k9d ( life a man l$ on e>?2 if he 0 good1 he w be happy2 if he 0 bad1 he w be mis]able4 ,if ?is cre$ is ( purely native orig91 & ,dr4 ,codr+ton seems to ent]ta9 no d\bt t x is s1 x m>ks a consid]able e?ical advance among ^? :o accept x4 ,sid5ote3 ,desc5t ( ! liv+ to ! _w ( ! dead4 ,! ,ea/]n ,melanesians ?9k t liv+ p c g d[n to ! l& ( ! dead & return alive to ! upp] _w4 ,sometimes !y d ?is 9 ! body1 b at o!r times only 9 ! _s1 :5 !y are asleep or 9 a fa9t2 = at su* times _! s\ls quit _! bodies & c w&] away d[n to ,panoi4 ,:5 ! liv+ ?us make _! way to ! _s l&1 !y are sometimes caution$ by fri5dly gho/s to eat no?+ !re1 no d\bt le/ by p>tak+ ( gho/ly food !y %\ld be turn$ to gho/s & nev] return to ! l& ( ! liv+4#egd ,sid5ote3 ,disposal ( ! dead among ! ,ea/]n isl&]s4 ,burial cu/oms ( ! ,banks' ,isl&]s4 ,we w n[ consid] ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! ,ea/]n ,melanesians dispose ( _! dead2 = fun]al cu/oms commonly furni% "s indication ( ! ideas :i* a p ent]ta9 z to ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,! ,banks' ,isl&]s g5]ally buri$ _! dead 9 ! =e/ n f> f ! village2 b if ! deceas$ 0 a great man or di$ a rem>kable dea?1 !y might int] him 9 ! village ne> ! m5's clubh\se 7gamal74 ,a fav\rite son or *ild might be buri$ 9 ! h\se itself2 b 9 su* cases ! grave w\ld be op5$ aft] fifty or a hundr$ days & ! bones tak5 up & hidd5 9 ! =e/1 ?\gh "s ( !m might be hung up 9 ! h\se4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s places !re 01 & inde$ /ill is1 a cu/om ( keep+ ! putrefy+ corpse unburi$ 9 ! h\se z a m>k ( affection4 ,at ,gaua1 9 ,santa ,m>ia1 ! body 0 dri$ ov] sl[ fires = t5 days or m1 till no?+ b sk9 & bones rema9$2 & ! wom5 :o wat*$ ov] x dur+ ^! days drank ! juices ( putrefaction :i* dripp$ f ! decay+ fle%4 ,! same ?+ us$ =m]ly to be done 9 ,mota1 ano!r ( ! ,banks' ,isl&s4 ,! corpses ( great m5 9 ^! isl&s 7 adorn$ 9 all _! f9]y & laid out on ! op5 space 9 ! middle ( ! village4 ,"h bun*es ( coco-nuts1 yams1 & o!r food 7 heap$ up beside ! body2 & an orator ( flu5t spee* address$ ! gho/ tell+ him t :5 he _h gone d[n to ,panoi1 ! _s l&1 & ! gho/s ask$ him aft] 8 rank1 he 0 to give !m a li/ ( all ! ?+s heap$ beside 8 dead body2 !n ! gho/s w\ld "k :at a great man he 0 & w\ld treat him ) prop] def]5ce4 ,! orator dealt v c&idly ) ! moral "* ( ! deceas$4 ,if he _h be5 a bad man1 ! speak] w\ld say1 ,poor gho/1 w y be able to ent] ,panoi8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! food :i* is pil$ up beside ! body :ile ! orator is pron\nc+ ! eulogium or ! c5sure ( ! dep>t$ is aft]w>ds heap$ up on ! grave or buri$ 9 x4 ,at ,gaua !y kill pigs & hang up ! c>cases or p>ts ( !m at ! grave4 ,! object ( all ?is display is to make a fav\rable impression on ! gho/s 9 ! _s l&1 9 ord] t !y may give ! newly deceas$ man a good reception4 ,:5 ! dep>t$ 0 an em95t w>rior or sorc]]1 8 fri5ds w sometimes give him a %am burial & hide 8 real grave1 le/ p %\ld dig up 8 bones & 8 skull to make magic ) !m2 = ! relics ( su* a man are naturally end[$ ) great magical virtue4#ege ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s driv5 away f ! village4 ,expulsion ( ! gho/s ( p]sons :o suff]$ f sores & ulc]s4 ,9 ^! isl&s ! gho/ does n at once leave ! neighb\rhood ( 8 old body2 he %ews no ha/e to dep>t to ! ne!r _w4 ,inde$ he commonly loit]s ab\t ! h\se & ! grave = five or t5 days1 manife/+ 8 pres5ce by noises 9 ! h\se & by lights ^u ! grave4 ,by ! fif? day 8 relations g5]ally ?9k t !y h _h q en\gh ( him1 & t x is high "t he %\ld set out = 8 long home4 ,accord+ly !y drive him away ) %\ts & ! bl[+ ( con*-%ells or ! boom+ s\nd ( bull-ro>]s4#egf ,at ,urep>ap>a ! mode ( expell+ ! gho/ f ! village is z foll[s4 ,missiles to be hurl$ at ! l+]+ _s are collect$ 9 ! %ape ( small /ones & pieces ( bamboo1 :i* h be5 *>m$ by wiz>ds s z to possess a gho/-expell+ virtue4 ,! artill]y hav+ be5 ?us provid$1 ! p mu/] at "o end ( ! village1 arm$ ) bags ( en*ant$ /ones & pieces ( en*ant$ bamboos4 ,! signal to m>* is giv5 by two m51 :o sit 9 ! dead man's h\se1 "o on ei!r side1 hold+ two :ite /ones 9 _! h&s1 :i* !y cl9k toge!r4 ,at ! s\nd ( ! cl9k+ ! wom5 beg9 to wail & ! m5 to m>*2 tramp1 tramp !y g l "o man ?r\gh ! village f end to end1 ?r[+ /ones into ! h\ses & all ab\t & beat+ ! bamboos toge!r4 ,?us !y drive ! reluctant gho/ /ep by /ep f ! village into ! =e/1 :]e !y leave him to f9d 8 own way d[n to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,till t "t ! wid[ ( ! deceas$ 0 b\nd to rema9 on 8 b$ )\t quitt+ x = a mom5t except on necessity2 & if %e _h to leave x = a few m9utes %e always left a coco-nut on ! b$ to repres5t h] till %e came back4 ,! reason = ?is 0 t h] husb&'s gho/ 0 believ$ to be l+]+ 9 ! h\se all ^! days1 & he w\ld naturally expect to see 8 wife 9 ! nuptial *amb]4 ,at ,motlav ! p are n s h>d ^u ! poor gho/s3 !y d n drive away all gho/s f _! old homes1 b only ! gho/s ( su* z _h 9 _! lifetime ! mis=tune to be afflict$ ) griev\s sores & ulc]s4 ,! expulsion ( su* gho/s may !re=e be reg>d$ z a sanit>y precaution design$ to prev5t ! spirits f spread+ ! disease4 ,:5 a man :o suff]s sev]ely f sores or ulc]s lies dy+1 ! p ( 8 village1 tak+ "t by ! =elock1 s5d ^w to ! inhabitants ( ! next village we/w>ds1 w>n+ !m to be 9 read9ess to give ! gho/ a w>m reception4 ,= x is well kn[n t at _! dep>ture f ! body gho/s always g we/w>d t[>ds ! sett+ sun4 ,s :5 ! poor man is dead1 !y bury 8 diseas$ body 9 ! village & devote all _! en]gies to ! expulsion ( 8 s\l4 ,by bl[+ bla/s on %ell-trumpets & beat+ ! gr\nd ) ! /alks ( coco-nut fronds !y *ase ! gho/ clean away f _! own village & on to ! next4 ,! inhabitants ( t village meantime are ready to receive _! unwelcome visitor1 & beat+ _! b\nds 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se !y soon drive him onw>ds to ! l& ( _! next neighb\rs4 ,s ! *ase goes on f village to village1 till ! gho/ has be5 f9ally hunt$ into ! sea at ! po9t ( ! %ore :i* faces ! sett+ sun4 ,!re at la/ ! beat]s ?r[ away ! /alks :i* h s]v$ to :ack ! gho/1 & return home 9 ! p]fect assurance t he has left ! isl& & gone to 8 own place d[n bel[1 s t he _c afflict anybody ) ! pa9ful disease f :i* he suff]$4 ,b z = 8 ulc]at$ corpse rott+ 9 ! grave1 !y d n give a ?\ght to x4 ,_! conc]n is ) ! spiritual & ! unse52 !y d n /oop to reg>d ! mat]ial & c>nal4#egg ,sid5ote3 ,special treatm5t ( ! gho/s ( wom5 :o di$ 9 *ildb$4 ,a special treatm5t is accord$ to ! gho/s ( wom5 :o di$ 9 *ildb$4 ,if ! "m dies & ! *ild lives1 h] gho/ w n g away to ! ne!r _w )\t tak+ ! infant ) h]4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to deceive ! gho/1 !y wrap a piece ( a banana-trunk loosely 9 leaves & lay x on ! bosom ( ! dead "m :5 !y l[] h] into ! grave4 ,! gho/ clasps ! bundle to h] brea/1 ?9k+ x is h] baby1 & goes away cont5t$ly to ! _s l&4 ,z %e walks1 ! banana-/alk slips ab\t 9 ! leaves & %e imag9es x is ! infant /irr+2 = %e has n all h] wits ab\t h]1 gho/s be+ naturally 9 a daz$ /ate at fir/ on quitt+ _! famili> bodies4 ,b :5 %e arrives 9 deadl& & f9ds %e has be5 deceiv$1 & :5 p]haps "s he>tless gho/s ev5 je] at h] wood5 baby1 back %e comes te>+ to e>? 9 grief & rage to seek & c>ry (f ! real infant4 ,h[ev]1 ! survivors "k :at to expect & h tak5 ! precaution ( remov+ ! *ild to ano!r h\se :]e ! "m w nev] f9d x2 b %e keeps look+ = x always1 & a sad & angry gho/ is %e4#egh ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al fea/s4 ,aft] ! fun]al foll[s a s]ies1 sometimes a long s]ies1 ( fun]al fea/s1 :i* =m inde$ "o ( ! pr9cipal in/itutions ( ^! isl&s4 ,! numb] ( ! fea/s & ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* !y are repeat$ v>y mu* 9 ! diff]5t isl&s1 & dep5d also on ! consid]ation 9 :i* ! deceas$ 0 held4 ,! days on :i* ! fea/s are celebrat$ are ! fif? & ! t5? aft] ! dea?1 & aft]w>ds e t5? day up to ! hundr$? or ev5 x may be1 9 ! case ( a fa!r1 a "m1 or a wife1 up to ! ?\s&? day4 ,^! fea/s appe> n[ to be *iefly commemorative1 b !y also b5efit ! dead2 = ! gho/ is naturally gratifi$ by see+ t 8 fri5ds rememb] him & d _! duty by him s h&somely4 ,at ^! banquets food is put aside = ! dead ) ! words ,?is is = !e4 ,! practice ( ?us sett+ aside food = ! gho/ at a s]ies ( fun]al fea/s appe>s at fir/ sight1 z ,dr4 ,codr+ton obs]ves1 inconsi/5t ) ! !ory t ! gho/s live und]gr\nd4#egi ,b ! objection ?us sugge/$ is r speci\s ?an real2 = we mu/ always be> 9 m9d t1 to judge f ! acc\nts giv5 ( !m 9 all c\ntries1 gho/s exp]i5ce no practical difficulty 9 obta9+ tempor>y leave ( abs5ce f ! o!r _w & com+ to ?is "o1 s to say1 on furl\gh = ! purpose ( pay+ a surprise visit to _! sorr[+ fri5ds & relations4 ,! ?+ is s well kn[n t x w\ld be at once sup]flu\s & t$i\s to illu/rate x at l5g?2 _m examples h incid5tally met u 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures4 ,sid5ote3 ,fun]al cu/oms 9 ,vate or ,efat4 ,old p buri$ alive4 ,! natives ( ,vate or ,efat1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 set up a great wail+ at a dea? & scrat*$ _! faces till !y /ream$ ) blood4 ,bodies ( ! dead 7 buri$4 ,:5 a corpse 0 laid 9 ! grave1 a pig 0 br\ght to ! place & its head 0 *opp$ (f & ?r[n into ! grave to be buri$ ) ! body4 ,?is1 we are told1 0 suppos$ to prev5t disease spread+ to o!r memb]s ( ! family4 ,probably1 9 ! op9ion ( ! natives1 ! pig's head 0 a sop ?r[n to ! gho/ to keep him f com+ & fet*+ away o!r p to deadl&4 ,) ! same int5tion1 we may take x1 !y buri$ ) ! dead ! cups1 pill[s1 & o!r ?+s :i* he _h us$ 9 8 lifetime4 ,on ! top ( ! grave !y k9dl$ a fire to enable ! s\l ( ! deceas$ to rise to ! sun4 ,if t 7 n done1 ! s\l w5t to ! wret*$ regions ( ,pakasia d[n bel[4 ,! old 7 buri$ alive at _! own reque/4 ,x 0 ev5 deem$ a disgrace to ! family ( an ag$ *ief if !y did n bury him alive4 ,:5 an old man felt sick & weak & ?\ght t he 0 dy+1 he w\ld tell 8 fri5ds to get all ready & bury him4 ,!y yield$ to 8 wi%es1 dug a deep r\nd pit1 w\nd a numb] ( f9e mats r\nd 8 body1 & l[]$ him into ! grave 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,live pigs 7 !n br\ght to ! br9k ( ! grave1 & ea* ( !m 0 te!r$ by a cord to "o ( ! old man's arms4 ,:5 ! pigs _h ?us1 z x 71 be5 made ov] to him1 ! cords 7 cut1 & ! animals 7 l$ away to be kill$1 bak$1 & eat5 at ! fun]al fea/2 b ! s\ls ( ! pigs ! old man took away ) him to ! _s l&1 & ! m ( !m he took ! w>m] & m gratify+ 0 ! reception he met ) f ! gho/s4 ,hav+ ?us ensur$ 8 et]nal welf>e by ! pig /r+s :i* dangl$ at 8 arms1 ! old man 0 ready2 m mats 7 laid ov] him1 ! e>? 0 %ovell$ 91 & 8 dy+ groans 7 dr[n$ amid ! weep+ & wail+ ( 8 affectionate k9sfolk4#ehj ,sid5ote3 ,burial & m\rn+ cu/oms 9 ,aurora1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides4 ,behavi\r ( ! s\l at dea?4 ,at ,maewo 9 ,aurora1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 :5 a dea? has tak5 place1 ! body is buri$ 9 a grave ne> ! village clubh\se4 ,= a hundr$ days aft]w>ds ! female m\rn]s may n g into ! op5 & _! faces may n be se52 !y /ay indoors & 9 ! d>k & cov] !mselves ) a l>ge mat rea*+ to ! gr\nd4 ,b ! wid[ goes e day1 cov]$ ) h] mat1 to weep at ! grave2 ?is %e does bo? 9 ! morn+ & 9 ! aft]noon4 ,dur+ ?is "t ( m\rn+ ! next ( k9 may n eat c]ta9 succul5t foods1 su* z yams1 bananas1 & caladium2 !y eat only ! gigantic caladium1 bread-fruit1 coco-nuts1 mall[s1 & s =?2 & all ^! !y seek 9 ! bu% :]e !y gr[ wild1 n eat+ ^? :i* h be5 plant$4 ,!y c\nt five days aft] ! dea? & !n build up great heaps ( /ones ov] ! grave4 ,aft] t1 if ! deceas$ 0 a v great man1 :o own$ _m g>d5s & pigs1 !y c\nt fifty days & !n kill pigs1 & cut (f ! po9t ( ! liv] ( ea* pig2 & ! bro!r ( ! deceas$ goes t[>d ! =e/ & calls out ! dead man's "n1 cry+1 ,?is is = y to eat4 ,!y ?9k t if !y d n kill pigs = ! b5efit ( _! dep>t$ fri5d1 8 gho/ has no prop] exi/5ce1 b hangs mis]ably on tangl$ creep]s4 ,aft] ! sacrifice !y all cry aga91 sme> _! bodies & faces all ov] ) a%es1 & we> cords r\nd _! necks = a hundr$ days 9 tok5 t !y are n eat+ good food4#eha ,!y imag9e t z soon z ! s\l quits ! body at dea?1 x m\nts into a tree :]e !re is a bird's ne/ f]n1 & sitt+ !re among ! fronds x laughs & mocks at ! p :o are cry+ & mak+ great lam5tations ov] 8 des]t$ tab]nacle4 ,!re he sits1 wond]+ at !m & ridicul+ !m4 ',:at are !y cry+ =8' he says2 ':om are !y sorry =8 ,"h am ,i4' ,= !y ?9k t ! real ?+ is ! s\l1 & t x has gone away f ! body j z a man ?r[s (f 8 clo!s & leaves !m1 & ! clo!s lie by !mselves ) no?+ 9 !m4#ehb ,?is e/imate ( ! comp>ative value ( s\l & body is translat$ f ! words ( a ,new ,hebridean native2 x s+ul>ly resembles t :i* is sometimes held up to our admiration z "o ( ! f9e/ fruits ( philosophy & religion4 ,s n>r[ may be ! l9e t divides ! m$itations ( ! savage & ! sage4 ,:5 a ,maewo gho/ has done *uckl+ at ! folly ( 8 surviv+ relatives1 :o sorr[ z ^? :o h no hope1 he turns 8 back on 8 old home & runs along ! l9e ( hills till he comes to a place :]e !re are two rocks ) a deep rav9e betwe5 !m4 ,he leaps ! *asm1 & if he l&s on ! fur!r side1 he is dead inde$2 b if he falls %ort1 he returns to life4 ,at ! l&'s end1 :]e ! m\nta9s desc5d into ! sea1 all ! gho/s ( ! dead are ga!r$ to meet him4 ,if 9 8 lifetime he _h sla9 any "o by club or arr[1 or done any man to dea? by magic1 he mu/ n[ run ! gauntlet ( ! angry gho/s ( 8 victims1 :o beat & te> him & /ab him ) dagg]s su* z p /ick pigs )2 & z !y d s1 !y taunt him1 say+1 ,:ile y 7 /ill 9 ! _w y ?\ght y\rself a valiant man2 b n[ we w take our rev5ge on y4 ,at ano!r po9t 9 ! pa? !re is a deep gully1 :]e if a gho/ falls he is inevitably da%$ to pieces2 & if he escapes ?is p]il1 !re is a f]oci\s pig wait+ = him fur!r on1 :i* dev\rs ! gho/s ( all p]sons :o 9 _! life on e>? omitt$ to plant p&anus trees1 f :i* mats are made4 ,b ! wise man1 :o plant$ p&anus betimes1 n[ reaps ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs2 = :5 ! pig makes a ru% at 8 dep>t$ _s1 ! gho/ nimbly sw>ms up ! p&anus tree & s escapes 8 pursu]4 ,t is :y ev]ybody 9 ,maewo likes to plant p&anus trees4 ,& if a man's e>s 7 n pi]c$ 9 8 life1 8 gho/ w n be all[$ to dr9k wat]2 if he 0 n tattoo$1 8 gho/ may n eat good food4 ,a ?\ghtful fa!r w provide = ! com=t ( 8 *ildr5 9 ! o!r _w by build+ a m9iature h\se = ea* ( !m 9 8 g>d5 :5 ! *ild is a ye> old2 if ! infant is a boy1 he puts a b[1 an arr[1 & a club 9 ! little h\se2 if ! *ild is a girl1 he plants p&anus = h] beside ! t9y dwell+4#ehc ,sid5ote3 ,only gho/s ( p[]ful m5 are wor%ipp$4 ,s mu* = ! fate ( common gho/s 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! position ( ! m p[]ful spirits1 :o aft] dea? are believ$ to ex]cise great influ5ce ov] ! liv+1 especially ov] _! surviv+ relations1 & :o h accord+ly to be propitiat$ ) pray] & sacrifice4 ,?is wor%ip ( ! dead1 z we saw1 =ms ! pr9cipal feature 9 ! religion ( ! ,solomon ,isl&]s4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$1 says ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 t e gho/ becomes an object ( wor%ip4 ,a man 9 dang] may call ^u 8 fa!r1 8 gr&fa!r1 or 8 uncle3 8 ne>ness ( k9 is suffici5t gr\nd = x4 ,! gho/ :o is to be wor%ipp$ is ! _s ( a man :o 9 8 lifetime _h mana sup]natural or magical p[] 9 him2 ! s\ls ( common m5 are ! common h]d ( gho/s1 nobodies alike be=e & aft] dea?4 ,! sup]natural p[] abid+ 9 ! p[]ful liv+ man abides 9 8 gho/ aft] dea?1 ) increas$ vig\r & m ease ( movem5t4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 !re=e1 x is expect$ t he %\ld beg9 to "w1 & "s "o w come =w>d & claim p>ticul> acqua9tance ) ! gho/2 if 8 p[] %\ld %ew itself1 8 position is assur$ z "o wor?y to be invok$1 & to receive (f]+s1 till 8 cultus gives way be=e ! ris+ importance ( "o newly dead1 & ! sacr$ place :]e 8 %r9e once /ood & 8 relics 7 pres]v$ is ! only memorial ( him t rema9s2 if no pro( ( 8 activity appe>s1 he s9ks into oblivion at once4#ehd ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip paid *iefly to ! rec5t & well-rememb]$ dead4 ,f ?is in/ructive acc\nt we le>n t wor%ip is paid *iefly to ! rec5t & well-rememb]$ dead1 to ! m5 :om ! wor%ipp]s knew p]sonally & fe>$ or respect$ 9 _! lifetime4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 m5 h be5 long dead1 & all :o knew !m h also be5 ga!r$ to _! fa!rs1 _! memory fades away & ) x _! wor%ip gradually falls into complete desuetude4 ,?us ! spirits :o receive ! homage ( ^! savages 7 real m5 ( fle% & blood1 n my?ical be+s conjur$ up by ! fancy ( _! wor%ipp]s1 :i* "s leg]dema9 ( ! m9d has foi/$ into ! %r9e & encircl$ ) ! halo ( div9ity4 ,n t ! ,melanesians d n also wor%ip be+s :o1 s f> z we c see1 are purely my?ical1 ?\gh _! wor%ipp]s firmly believe 9 _! reality4 ,b !y !mselves make a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! exi/+1 consci\s1 p[]ful disembodi$ spirits ( ! dead1 & o!r spiritual be+s t nev] h be5 m5 at all4 ,x is true t ! two ord]s ( be+s get confus$ 9 native language & ?\ght1 b _! confusion beg9s at "o end & ! confusion ( _! visitors at ano!r2 !y ?9k s mu* & con/antly ( gho/s t !y speak ( be+s :o 7 nev] m5 z gho/s2 ,europeans take ! spirits ( ! lately dead = gods2 less educat$ ,europeans call !m r\ndly devils4#ehe ,sid5ote3 ,way 9 :i* a dead w>rior came to be wor%ipp$ z a m>tial gho/4 ,z an example ( ! way 9 :i* ! gho/ ( a real man :o has j di$ may come to be wor%ipp$ ,dr4 ,codr+ton tells u ! /ory ( ,gan9do1 :i* he _h f ,bi%op ,selwyn4 ,?is ,gan9do 0 a great fight+ man ( ,honggo 9 ,florida1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,he w5t ) o!r w>riors on a head-hunt+ exp$ition aga9/ ,gaeta2 b be+ mortally w\nd$ ) an arr[ ne> ! coll>-bone he 0 br\ght back by 8 comrades to ! hill ( ,bonip>i1 :]e he di$ & 0 buri$4 ,8 fri5ds cut (f 8 head1 put x 9 a basket1 built a h\se = x1 & said t he 0 a wor%ipful gho/ 7t9dalo74 ,aft]w>ds !y said1 ,let u g & take heads4 ,s !y emb>k$ on _! canoe & paddl$ away to seek ! heads ( enemies4 ,:5 !y came to quiet wat]1 !y /opp$ paddl+ & wait$ till !y felt ! canoe rock "u !m1 & :5 !y felt x !y said1 ,t is a gho/4 ,to f9d out :at p>ticul> gho/ x 0 !y call$ out ! names ( sev]al1 & :5 !y came to ! "n ( ,gan9do1 ! canoe rock$ aga94 ,s !y knew t x 0 he :o 0 mak+ ! canoe to rock4 ,9 l mann] !y le>n$ :at village !y 7 to attack4 ,return+ victori\s ) ! heads ( ! foe !y ?rew a spe> into ! ro( ( ,gan9do's h\se1 blew con*-%ells1 & danc$ r\nd x1 cry+1 ,our gho/ is /rong to kill6 ,!n !y sacrific$ fi% & o!r food to him4 ,also !y built him a new h\se1 & made f\r images ( him = ! f\r corn]s1 "o ( ,gan9do himself1 two ( 8 si/]s1 & ano!r4 ,:5 x 0 all ready1 eight m5 translat$ ! relics to ! new %r9e4 ,"o ( !m c>ri$ ,gan9do's bones1 ano!r 8 betel-nuts1 ano!r 8 lime-box1 ano!r 8 %ell-trumpet4 ,!y all w5t into ! %r9e cr\*+ d[n1 z if burd5$ by a heavy weight1 & s++ 9 *orus1 ,hi!r1 hi!r1 let u lift ! leg6 ,at t ! eight legs w5t up toge!r1 & !n !y sang1 ,hi!r1 hi!r6 & at t ! eight legs w5t d[n toge!r4 ,9 ?is solemn procession ! relics 7 br\ght & laid on a bamboo plat=m1 & sacrifices to ! new m>tial gho/ 7 inaugurat$4 ,o!r w>like gho/s rev]$ 9 ,florida are kn[n n to h be5 natives ( ! isl& b fam\s w>riors ( ! we/]n isles1 :]e sup]natural p[] is believ$ to be /rong]4#ehf ,sid5ote3 ,(f]+s to ! dead4 ,?r\gh\t ! isl&s ( ,c5tral ,melanesia pray]s & (f]+s are ev]y:]e made to gho/s or spirits or to bo?4 ,! simple/ & commone/ sacrificial act is t ( ?r[+ a small portion ( food to ! dead2 ?is is probably a univ]sal practice 9 ,melanesia4 ,a morsel ( food ready to be eat51 = example ( yam1 a leaf ( mall[1 or a bit ( betel-nut1 is ?r[n aside2 & :]e !y dr9k kava1 a libation is made ( a few drops1 z ! %>e ( dep>t$ fri5ds or z a memorial ( !m ) :i* !y w be pleas$4 ,at ! same "t ! (f]] may call out ! "n ( "s "o :o ei!r di$ lately or is p>ticul>ly rememb]$ at ! "t2 or )\t ! special m5tion ( individuals he may make ! (f]+ g5]ally to ! gho/s ( =m] memb]s ( ! community4 ,to set food on a burial-place or be=e "s memorial image is a common practice1 ?\gh 9 "s places1 z 9 ,santa ,cruz1 ! (f]+ is soon tak5 away & eat5 by ! liv+4#ehg ,sid5ote3 ,sacrificial ritual 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s ! sacrificial ritual is m highly develop$4 ,x may be describ$ 9 ! words ( a native ( ,san ,cri/oval4 ,9 my c\ntry1 he wrote1 !y ?9k t gho/s are _m1 v _m inde$1 "s v p[]ful1 & "s n4 ,!re is "o :o is pr9cipal 9 w>2 ?is "o is truly mighty & /rong4 ,:5 our p wi% to fight ) any o!r place1 ! *ief m5 ( ! village & ! sacrific]s & ! old m51 & ! eld] & y\ng] m51 assemble 9 ! place sacr$ to ?is gho/2 & 8 "n is ,h>umae4 ,:5 !y are ?us assembl$ to sacrifice1 ! *ief sacrific] goes & takes a pig2 & if x be n a b>r[ pig !y w\ld n sacrifice x to t gho/1 he w\ld reject x & n eat ( x4 ,! pig is kill$ 7x is /rangl$71 n by ! *ief sacrific]1 b by ^? :om he *ooses to assi/1 ne> ! sacr$ place4 ,!n !y cut x up2 !y take great c>e ( ! blood le/ x %\ld fall ^u ! gr\nd2 !y br+ a b[l & set ! pig 9 x1 & :5 !y cut x up ! blood runs d[n into x4 ,:5 ! cutt+ up is f9i%$1 ! *ief sacrific] takes a bit ( fle% f ! pig1 & he takes a cocoa-nut %ell & dips up "s ( ! blood4 ,!n he takes ! blood & ! bit ( fle% & ent]s into ! h\se 7! %r9e71 & calls t gho/ & says1 ',h>umae6 ,*ief 9 w>6 we sacrifice to y ) ?is pig1 t y may help u to smite t place2 & :atsoev] we %all c>ry away %all be y\r prop]ty1 & we also w be y\rs4' ,!n he burns ! bit ( fle% 9 a fire ^u a /one1 & p\rs d[n ! blood ^u ! fire4 ,!n ! fire blazes greatly upw>ds to ! ro(1 & ! h\se is full ( ! smell ( pig1 a sign t ! gho/ has he>d4 ,b :5 ! sacrific] w5t 9 he did n g boldly1 b ) awe2 & ?is is ! sign ( x2 z he goes into ! holy h\se he puts away 8 bag1 & wa%es 8 h&s ?or\ghly1 to %ew t ! gho/ %all n reject him ) disgu/4 ,! pig 0 aft]w>ds eat54 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is ,h>umae :o receiv$ sacrifices z a m>tial gho/1 mighty 9 w>1 _h n be5 dead _m ye>s :5 ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! mode ( sacrific+ to him 0 writt54 ,! eld] m5 rememb]$ him alive1 nor 0 he a great w>rior1 b a k9d & g5]\s man1 believ$ to be pl5tifully end[$ ) sup]natural p[]4 ,8 %r9e 0 a small h\se 9 ! village1 :]e relics ( him 7 pres]v$4#ehh ,_h ! ,melanesians be5 left to !mselves1 x seems possible t ?is ,h>umae might h develop$ into ! w>-god ( ,san ,cri/oval1 j z 9 ,c5tral ,africa ano!r man ( fle% & blood is kn[n to h develop$ into ! w>-god ( ,ug&a4#ehi ,footnote #eeb3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 pp4 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #ahj sq4 ,footnote #eec3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 pp4 #bdg1 #bec4 ,footnote #eed3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdh4 ,footnote #eee3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bee sqq41 #bfd sqq4 ,footnote #eef3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 #bec sq4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bed1 #beh1 #bfa2 comp>e id41 pp4 #abe1 #acj4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #abj1 #bed4 ,footnote #eei3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aah sqq4 ,footnote #efj3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bed sq4 ,footnote #efa3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #beh sq4 ,footnote #efb3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #efc3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #efd3 ,g4 ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #bad1 #bag4 ,footnote #efe3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bee4 ,footnote #eff3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bee sq4 ,footnote #efg3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bef sq4 ,footnote #efh3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bfj sq4 ,footnote #efi3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bfa sq4 ,footnote #egj3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bfc sq4 ,footnote #ega3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #egb3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bfd1 #bgc sq41 #bge-bgg4 ,footnote #egc3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgd sq4 ,footnote #egd3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bff1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bhf4 ,footnote #ege3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bfg-bgj4 ,footnote #egf3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #egg3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bgj sq4 ,footnote #egh3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #egi3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bga sq4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago & long be=e 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #cce sq4 ,?is acc\nt is bas$ on in=mation furni%$ by ,sualo1 a ,samoan tea*]1 :o liv$ = a long "t on ! isl&4 ,! /atem5t t ! fire k9dl$ on ! grave 0 int5d$ to enable ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ to rise to ! sun may be d\bt$2 x may be a m]e inf]5ce ( ,dr4 ,turn]'s ,samoan in=mant4 ,m probably ! fire 0 int5d$ to w>m ! %iv]+ gho/4 ,i d n rememb] any o!r evid5ce t ! s\ls ( ! ,melanesian dead asc5d to ! sun2 c]ta9ly x is mu* m usual = !m to desc5d into ! e>?4 ,footnote #eha3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bha sq4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgh sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,j\rney ( ! gho/ to ! o!r _w4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgi sq4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #abe sqq4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #abg1 #abh4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #abi sq4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,kibuka1 ! ,w> ,god ( ! ,bag&a1 ,man1 vii4 7#aijg7 pp4 #afa-aff2 id41 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cja sqq4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is ,african w>-god is m or less my?ical1 b 8 p]sonal relics1 :i* are n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,e?nological ,museum at ,cambridge1 suffice to prove 8 true humanity4 ,,lecture ,,xvii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,c5tral ,,melanesia 7conclud$7 ,sid5ote3 ,public sacrifices to gho/s 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,at ! close ( la/ lecture ,i describ$ ! mode 9 :i* sacrifices are (f]$ to a m>tial gho/ 9 ,san ,cri/oval1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,we saw t ! fle% ( a pig is burn$ 9 hon\r ( ! gho/ & t ! victim's blood is p\r$ on ! flames4 ,simil>ly 9 ,florida1 ano!r ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 food is convey$ to wor%ipful gho/s by be+ burn$ 9 ! fire4 ,"s gho/s are kn[n by "n to ev]ybody1 o!rs may be kn[n only to individuals1 :o h f\nd out or be5 taught h[ to approa* !m1 & :o accord+ly reg>d su* gho/s z _! private prop]ty4 ,9 e village a public gho/ is wor%ipp$1 & ! *ief is ! sacrific]4 ,he has le>n$ f 8 pr$ecessor h[ to ?r[ or heave ! sacrifice1 & he imp>ts ?is k to 8 son or nephew1 :om he int5ds to leave z 8 successor4 ,! place ( sacrifice is an enclosure ) a little h\se or %r9e 9 :i* ! relics are kept2 x is new or old accord+ z ! man ^: gho/ is wor%ipp$ di$ lately or long ago4 ,:5 a public sacrifice is p]=m$1 ! p assemble ne> b n 9 ! sacr$ place2 boys b n wom5 may be pres5t4 ,! sacrific] alone ent]s ! %r9e1 b he takes ) him 8 son or o!r p]son :om he has in/ruct$ 9 ! ritual4 ,mutt]+ an incantation he k9dles a fire ( /icks1 b may n bl[ on ! holy flame4 ,!n f a basket he takes "s prep>$ food1 su* z a ma% ( yams1 & ?r[s x on ! fire1 call+ out ! "n ( ! gho/ & bidd+ him take 8 food1 :ile at ! same "t he prays = :atev] is desir$4 ,if ! fire blazes up & consumes ! food1 x is a good sign2 x proves t ! gho/ is pres5t & t he is bl[+ up ! flame4 ,! rema9d] ( ! food ! sacrific] takes back to ! assembl$ p2 "s ( x he eats himself & "s ( x he gives to 8 assi/ant to eat4 ,! p receive _! portions ( ! food at 8 h&s & eat x or take x away4 ,:ile ! sacrific+ is go+ on1 !re is a solemn sil5ce4 ,if a pig is kill$1 ! portion burn$ 9 ! sacrificial fire is ! he>t 9 ,florida1 b ! gullet at ,bugotu4 ,"o gho/ :o is commonly kn[n & wor%ipp$ is call$ ,manoga4 ,:5 ! sacrific] invokes ?is gho/1 he heaves ! sacrifice r\nd ab\t & calls him1 fir/ to ! ea/1 :]e rises ! sun1 say+1 ,if ?\ dwelle/ 9 ! ea/1 :]e rises ! sun1 ,manoga6 come hi!r & eat ?y tutu ma%6 ,!n turn+ he lifts x t[>ds :]e sets ! sun1 & says1 ,if ?\ dwelle/ 9 ! we/1 :]e sets ! sun1 ,manoga6 come hi!r & eat ?y tutu6 ,!re is n a qu>t] to :i* he does n lift x up4 ,& :5 he has f9i%$ lift+ x he says1 ,if ?\ dwelle/ 9 heav5 above1 ,manoga6 come hi!r & eat ?y tutu6 ,if ?\ dwelle/ 9 ! ,pleiades or ,orion's belt2 if bel[ 9 ,turivatu2 if 9 ! di/ant sea2 if on high 9 ! sun1 or 9 ! moon2 if ?\ dwelle/ inl& or by ! %ore1 ,manoga6 come hi!r & eat ?y tutu6#eij ,sid5ote3 ,fir/-fruits ( ! can>ium nuts sacrific$ to gho/s4 ,twice a ye> !re are g5]al sacrifices 9 :i* ! p ( a village take "p4 ,"o ( ^! occasions is :5 ! can>ium nut1 s mu* us$ 9 native cook]y1 is ripe4 ,none ( ! nuts may be eat5 till ! fir/-fruits h be5 (f]$ to ! gho/4 ,devil he eat fir/2 all man he eat beh9d1 is ! lucid explanation :i* a native gave to an ,engli% enquir]4 ,! k ( ! way 9 :i* ! fir/-fruits mu/ be (f]$ is h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & ! man :o is le>n$ 9 ?is lore has au?ority to op5 ! season4 ,he obs]ves ! /ate ( ! crop1 & e>ly "o morn+ he is he>d to %\t4 ,he climbs a tree1 picks "s nuts1 cracks !m1 eats1 & puts "s on ! /ones 9 8 sacr$ place = ! gho/4 ,!n ! re/ ( ! p may ga!r ! nuts = !mselves4 ,! *ief himself sacrifices ! new nuts1 mix$ ) o!r food1 to ! public gho/ on ! /ones ( ! village sanctu>y2 & e man :o has a private gho/ ( 8 own does ! same 9 8 own sacr$ place4 ,ab\t two mon?s aft]w>ds !re is ano!r public sacrifice :5 ! root crops g5]ally h be5 dug2 pig or fi% is !n (f]$2 & a man :o digs up 8 yams1 or :atev] x may be1 (f]s 8 private sacrifice besides4#eia ,sid5ote3 ,sacrifice ( fir/-fruits to ance/ral spirits 9 ,tanna4 ,9 l mann] ! natives ( ,tanna1 "o ( ! ,s\!rn ,new ,hebrides1 (f]$ ! fir/-fruits to ! deifi$ spirits ( _! ance/ors4 ,on ?is subject ,i w quote ! evid5ce ( ! vet]an mission>y1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,george ,turn]1 :o liv$ 9 ,tanna = sev5 mon?s 9 #ahda4 ,he says3 ,! g5]al "n = gods seem$ to be aremha2 t means a dead man1 & h9ts alike at ! orig9 & nature ( _! religi\s wor%ip4 ,! spirits ( _! dep>t$ ance/ors 7 among _! gods4 ,*iefs :o rea* an advanc$ age 7 aft] dea? deifi$1 address$ by "n1 & pray$ to on v>i\s occasions4 ,!y 7 suppos$ especially to preside ov] ! gr[? ( ! yams & ! diff]5t fruit trees4 ,! fir/-fruits 7 pres5t$ to !m1 & 9 do+ ?is !y laid a little ( ! fruit on "s /one1 or %elv+ bran* ( ! tree1 or "s m tempor>y alt> ( a few r\gh /icks f ! bu%1 la%$ toge!r ) /rips ( b>k1 9 ! =m ( a table1 ) its f\r feet /uck 9 ! gr\nd4 ,all be+ quiet1 ! *ief act$ z high prie/1 & pray$ al\d ?us3 ',compassionate fa!r6 "h is "s food = y2 eat x2 be k9d to u on acc\nt ( x4' ,&1 in/ead ( an am51 all unit$ 9 a %\t4 ,?is took place ab\t mid-day1 & aft]w>ds ^? :o 7 assembl$ cont9u$ toge!r fea/+ & danc+ till midnight or ?ree 9 ! morn+4#eib ,sid5ote3 ,private gho/s4 ,fight+ gho/s kept z auxili>ies4 ,9 addition to ! public gho/s1 ea* ( :om is rev]$ by a :ole village1 _m a man keeps1 s to say1 a private or tame gho/ ( 8 own on lea%4 ,! art ( tam+ a gho/ consi/s 9 kn[+ ! leaves1 b>k1 & v9es 9 :i* he delights & 9 treat+ him accord+ly4 ,?is k a man may acquire by ! ex]cise ( 8 natural faculties or he may le>n x f somebody else4 ,h[ev] he may obta9 ! k1 he uses x = 8 own p]sonal advantage1 sacrific+ to ! gho/ 9 ord] to w9 8 fav\r & get some?+ f him 9 return4 ,! mode ( sacrific+ to a private gho/ is ! same z to a public gho/4 ,! own] has a sacr$ place or private *apel ( 8 own1 :]e he draws ne> to ! gho/ 9 pray] & burns 8 bit ( food 9 ! fire4 ,a man (t5 keeps a fight+ gho/ 7k]amo71 :o helps him 9 battle or 9 slay+ 8 private enemy4 ,be=e he goes out to commit homicide1 he pulls up 8 g+]-plant & judges f ! ease or difficulty ) :i* ! plant yields to or resi/s 8 tug1 :e!r he w succe$ 9 ! ent]prise or n4 ,!n he sacrifices to ! gho/1 & hav+ plac$ "s g+] & leaves on 8 %ield1 & /uff$ "s m 9 8 belt & "r armlet1 he sallies =?4 ,he curses 8 enemy by 8 fight+ gho/1 say+1 ,siria 7if t %\ld be ! "n ( ! gho/7 eats !e1 & ,i %all slay !e2 & if he kills him1 he cries to ! gho/1 ,?9e is ?is man1 ,siria1 & d ?\ give me sup]natural p[]6 ,no prud5t ,melanesian w\ld attempt to commit manslaught] )\t a gho/ z an accomplice2 to d s w\ld be to c\rt disa/]1 = ! sla9 man's gho/ w\ld h p[] ov] ! slay]2 !re=e be=e he imbrues 8 h&s 9 blood he deems x desirable to secure ! assi/ance ( a valiant gho/ :o c1 if ne$ be1 ov]come ! gho/ ( 8 victim 9 s+le combat4 ,if he _c procure su* a useful auxili>y 9 any o!r way1 he mu/ pur*ase him4 ,fur!r1 he =tifies himself ) "s p]sonal relic1 su* z a too? or lock ( hair ( ! deceas$ w>rior1 ^: gho/ he has tak5 into 8 s]vice2 ?is relic he we>s z an amulet 9 a little bag r\nd ! neck1 :5 he is on active s]vice2 at o!r times x is kept 9 ! h\se4#eic ,sid5ote3 ,g>d5 gho/s4 ,diff]5t f ^! trucul5t spirits are ! peaceful gho/s :o cause ! g>d5 to be> fruit4 ,if ! g>d5] happ5s to "k su* a gho/1 he c pray & sacrifice to him on 8 own acc\nt2 b if he has no su* fri5d 9 ! _s _w1 he mu/ employ an exp]t4 ,! man ( skill goes into ! mid/ ( ! g>d5 ) a little ma%$ food 9 8 left h&1 & smit+ x ) 8 "r h& he calls on ! gho/ to come & eat4 ,he says3 ,?is produce ?\ %all eat2 give sup]natural p[] 7mana7 to ?is g>d51 t food may be good & pl5tiful4 ,he digs holes at ! f\r corn]s ( ! g>d51 & 9 !m he buries su* leaves z ! gho/ loves1 s t ! g>d5 may h gho/ly p[] & be fruitful4 ,& :5 ! yams spr\t1 he tw9es !m ) ! p>ticul> creep] & fa/5s !m ) ! p>ticul> wood to :i* ! gho/ is kn[n to be p>tial4 ,^! agricultural gho/s are v s5sitive2 if a man ent]s ! g>d51 :o has j eat5 pork or cuscus or fi% or %ell-fi%1 ! gho/ ( ! g>d5 manife/s 8 displeasure by caus+ ! produce ( ! g>d5 to droop2 b if ! eat] lets ?ree or f\r days g by aft] 8 meal1 he may !n ent] ! g>d5 ) impunity1 = ! food has left 8 /oma*4 ,= a simil> reason1 app>5tly1 :5 ! yam v9es are be+ tra9$1 ! m5 sleep ne> ! g>d5s & nev] approa* _! wives2 = %\ld !y tread ! g>d5 aft] conjugal int]c\rse1 ! yams w\ld be blight$4#eid ,sid5ote3 ,human sacrifices to gho/s4 ,sometimes ! fav\r ( a gho/ is obta9$ by human sacrifices4 ,on ^! occasions ! fle% ( ! victim does n1 l ! fle% ( a pig1 furni% ! mat]ials ( a sacrificial banquet2 b little bits ( x are eat5 by "y m5 to improve _! fight+ p[] & by eld]s = a special purpose4 ,su* sacrifices are deem$ m effectual ?an ! sacrifices ( less preci\s victims2 & advantage 0 sometimes tak5 ( a real or imput$ crime to (f] ! crim9al to "s gho/4 ,s1 = example1 )9 liv+ memory ,dikea1 *ief ( ,ravu1 convict$ a c]ta9 man ( /eal+ tobacco1 & s5t5c$ him to be sacrific$2 & ! gr[n lads ate pieces ( him cook$ 9 ! sacrificial fire4 ,aga91 ! same *ief (f]$ ano!r human sacrifice 9 ! ye> #ahhf4 ,"o ( 8 wives _h prov$ false1 & he s5t h] away v[+ t %e %\ld n return till he _h (f]$ a human sacrifice to ,hauri4 ,also 8 son di$1 & he v[$ to kill a man = him4 ,! v[ 0 nois$ abroad1 & ev]ybody knew t he w\ld pay well = somebody to kill4 ,n[ ! ,savo p _h b\ght a captive boy 9 ,guadalcan>1 b x turn$ out a bad b>ga91 = ! boy 0 lame & ne>ly bl9d4 ,s !y br\ght him to ,dikea1 & he gave !m tw5ty coils ( %ell money = ! lad4 ,!n ! *ief laid 8 h& on ! victim's brea/ & cri$1 ,hauri6 "h is a man = y1 & 8 foll[]s kill$ him ) axes & clubs4 ,! cripple's skull 0 add$ to ! *ief's collection1 & 8 legs 7 s5t ab\t ! c\ntry to make kn[n :at _h be5 done4 ,9 ,bugotu ( ,ysabel1 :5 ! p _h sla9 an enemy 9 fight1 !y us$ to br+ back 8 head 9 triumph1 cut slices (f x1 & burn !m 9 sacrifice4 ,& if !y took a prison] alive1 !y w\ld br+ him to ! sacr$ place1 ! grave ( ! man ^: gho/ 0 to be hon\r$4 ,!re !y b\nd him h& & foot & buffet$ him till he di$1 or if he did n die "u ! buffets !y cut 8 ?roat4 ,z !y beat ! man ) _! fi/s1 !y call$ on ! gho/ to take him1 & :5 he 0 dead1 !y burn$ a bit ( him 9 ! fire = ! gho/4#eie ,sid5ote3 ,sacrifices to gho/s 9 ,saa4 ,at ,saa 9 ,malanta1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 sacrifices are (f]$ to gho/s on v>i\s occasions4 ,?us on 8 return f a voyage a man w put food 9 ! case :i* conta9s ! relics ( 8 dead fa!r2 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 voyage1 if he %\ld l& 9 a des]t isle1 he w ?r[ food & call on fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & o!r deceas$ fri5ds4 ,aga91 :5 sickness is ascrib$ to ! ang] ( a gho/1 a man ( skill is s5t = to discov] :at p>ticul> gho/ is do+ ! mis*ief4 ,:5 he has asc]ta9$ ! culprit1 he is furni%$ by ! pati5t's relatives ) a little pig1 :i* he is to sacrifice to ! gho/ z a sub/itute = ! sick man4 ,provid$ ) ?is vic>i\s victim he repairs to ! haunt ( ! gho/1 /rangles ! animal1 & burns x :ole 9 a fire along ) grat$ yam1 coco-nut1 & fi%4 ,z he does s1 he calls out ! names ( all ! gho/s ( 8 family1 8 ance/ors1 & all :o are deceas$1 d[n ev5 to *ildr5 & wom51 & he names ! man :o furni%$ ! pig = ! gho/ly repa/4 ,a portion ( ! mix$ food he pres]ves unburnt1 wraps x 9 a draca5a leaf1 & puts x beside ! case :i* conta9s ! relics ( ! man to ^: gho/ ! sacrifice has be5 (f]$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( burn+ a pig 9 ! fire1 :i* is an exp5sive & wa/eful =m ( sacrifice1 ! relatives ( ! sick man cont5t !mselves ) cook+ a pig or a dog 9 ! ov51 cutt+ up ! c>case1 & lay+ out all ! p>ts 9 ord]4 ,!n ! sacrific] comes & sits at ! animal's head1 & calls out ! names ( all ! dead memb]s ( ! gho/'s family 9 ord] d[nw>ds1 say+1 ,help1 deliv] ?is man1 cut %ort ! l9e t has b\nd him4 ,!n ! pig is eat5 by all pres5t except ! wom52 no?+ is burnt4#eif ,sid5ote3 ,sacrifices ( fir/-fruits to gho/s 9 ,saa4 ,! la/ sort ( sacrifices to gho/s at ,saa :i* we ne$ notice is ! sacrifice ( fir/-fruits4 ,?us1 :5 ! yams are ripe ! p fet* "s ( !m f ea* g>d5 to (f] to ! gho/s4 ,all ! male memb]s ( ! family assemble at ! holy place :i* belongs to !m4 ,!n "o ( !m ent]s ! %r9e1 lays a yam beside ! skull :i* lies !re1 & cries ) a l\d voice to ! gho/1 ,?is is y\rs to eat4 ,! o!rs call quietly on ! names ( all ! ance/ors & give _! yams1 :i* are v _m 9 numb]1 because "o f ea* g>d5 is giv5 to ea* gho/4 ,if any man has besides a relic ( ! dead1 su* z a skull1 bones1 or hair1 9 8 h\se1 he takes home a yam & sets x beside ! relic4 ,aga91 ! fir/ fly+-fi% ( ! season are sacrific$ to gho/s1 :o may take ! =m ( %>ks2 = we %all see pres5tly t ,melanesian gho/s are sometimes suppos$ to inhabit ! bodies ( ^! f]oci\s mon/]s4 ,"s gho/-%>ks h sacr$ places a%ore1 :]e figures ( %>ks are set up4 ,9 t case ! fir/ fly+-fi% are cook$ & set be=e ! %>k images4 ,b x may be t a %>k gho/ has no sacr$ place on l&1 & !n !re is no?+ = x b to take ! fly+-fi% out to sea & %r$ !m into ! wat]1 :ile ! sacrific] calls out ! "n ( ! p>ticul> gho/ :om he desires to summon to ! fea/4#eig ,sid5ote3 ,vic>i\s sacrifices = ! sick4 ,vic>i\s sacrifices = ! sick are (f]$ 9 ,san ,cri/oval to a c]ta9 malignant gho/ call$ ,tapia1 :o is believ$ to seize a man's s\l & tie x up to a banyan tree4 ,:5 t has happ5$1 a man :o kn[s h[ to manage ,tapia int]c$es ) him4 ,he takes a pig or fi% to ! sacr$ place & (f]s x to ! grim gho/1 say+1 ,?is is = y to eat 9 place ( t man2 eat ?is1 don't kill him4 ,) t he c loose ! captive s\l & take x back to ! sick man1 :o !reupon recov]s4#eih ,sid5ote3 ,sacrifices to gho/s 9 ,santa ,cruz4 ,! dead repres5t$ by a /ock4 ,9 ,santa ,cruz ! sacrifices (f]$ to gho/s are v economical2 = if ! (f]+ is ( food1 ! liv+ eat x up aft] a dec5t int]val2 if x is a valuable1 !y remove x & resume ! use ( x !mselves4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is spiritual economy probably lies 9 ! common belief t gho/s1 be+ immat]ial1 absorb ! immat]ial ess5ce ( ! objects1 leav+ ! mat]ial sub/ance to be enjoy$ by m54 ,:5 a man ( m>k dies 9 ,santa ,cruz1 8 relations set up a /ock ( wood 9 8 h\se to repres5t him4 ,?is is r5ew$ f "t to "t1 till aft] a :ile ! man is =gott5 or ?r[n into ! %ade by ! attractions ( "s new] gho/1 s t ! old /ock is neglect$4 ,b :5 ! /ock is fir/ put up1 a pig is kill$ & two /rips ( fle% f ! back bone are set be=e ! /ock z food = ! gho/1 b only to be soon tak5 away & eat5 by ! liv+4 ,simil> (f]+s may be repeat$ f "t to "t1 z :5 ! /ock is r5ew$4 ,aga91 :5 a g>d5 is plant$1 !y spread fea!r-money & r$ native clo? r\nd x = ! use ( ! gho/2 b 8 enjoym5t ( ^! ri*es is brief & prec>i\s4#eii ,sid5ote3 ,native acc\nt ( sacrifices to gho/s 9 ,santa ,cruz4 ,to supplem5t ! =ego+ acc\nt ( sacrifices to gho/s 9 ,santa ,cruz1 ,i w add a description ( "s ( !m :i* 0 giv5 by a native ( ,santa ,cruz 9 8 own language & translat$ = u by a mission>y4 ,x runs ?us3 ,:5 anyone beg9s to fall sick he seeks a doctor 7m$uka71 & :5 ! doctor comes ne> ! sick man he /iff5s 8 body1 & all ^? 9 ! h\se ?9k a gho/ has ent]$ into ! doctor1 & !y are all v quiet4 ,"s doctors tell ! sick man's relatives to kill a pig = ! gho/ :o has caus$ ! sickness4 ,:5 !y h kill$ ! pig !y take x into ! gho/-h\se & invite "s o!r m51 & !y eat ) pray]s to ! gho/2 & ! doctor takes a little piece & puts x ne> ! base ( ! gho/-po/1 & says to x3 ',?is is ?y food2 oh1 deliv] up aga9 ! _s ( ?y s]vant1 t he may be well aga94' ,! little portion !y h (f]$ to ! gho/ is !n eat52 b small boys may n eat ( x4#fjj ,e ye> ! p plant yams & tomagos2 & :5 !y beg9 to "w & h made ready ! place & begun to plant1 fir/1 !y (f] to ! gho/ :o !y ?9k presides ov] foods4 ,!re is an (f]+ place 9 ! bu%1 & !y g !re & take mu* food1 & also fea!r money4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 d ?is1 & !y ?9k ! gho/ notices if !re are _m *ildr51 & gives mu* food at h>ve/2 & ! gho/ to :om !y (f] is nam$ ,il5e4 ,:5 ! bread-fruit beg9s to be> !y take great c>e le/ anyone %\ld light a fire ne> ! bole ( ! tree1 or ?r[ a /one at ! tree4 ,! gho/1 :o !y ?9k protects ! bread-fruit1 is call$ ,duka-,kane or ,kae ,tuabia1 :o has two names2 !y ?9k ?is gho/ has f\r eyes4#fja ,! hea!n ?9ks a gho/ makes ! sun to %9e & ! ra94 ,if x is cont9ual sun%9e & ! yams are )]+ ! p assemble toge!r & contribute money1 & /r+ x to ! man ) :om ! ra9-gho/ abides1 & food also1 & besee* him n to d ! ?+ he 0 do+4 ,t man w n wa% 8 face = a long "t1 he w n "w le/ he p]spire & 8 body be wet1 = he ?9ks t if 8 body be wet x w ra94 ,!n ?is man1 ) :om ! ra9-gho/ is1 takes wat] & goes into ! gho/-h\se & spr9kles x at ! head ( ! gho/-po/ 7duka71 & if !re are _m gho/-po/s 9 ! h\se he p\rs wat] ov] !m all t x may ra94#fjb ,sid5ote3 ,comb9ation ( magic ) religion4 ,9 ^! c]emonies = ! mak+ ( ra9 we see a comb9ation ( magic ) religion4 ,! appeal to ! ra9-gho/ is religi\s2 b ! p\r+ ( ! wat] on ! gho/-po/ is magical1 be+ an imitation ( ! result :i* ! (ficiat+ prie/ or magician1 :i*ev] we *oose to call him1 desires to produce4 ,! taboos obs]v$ by ! own] ( ! ra9-gho/ s long z he wi%es to prev5t ! ra9 f fall+ are also bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic3 he ab/a9s f wa%+ 8 face or work+1 le/ ! wat] or ! sweat trickl+ d[n 8 body %\ld mimick ra9 & !reby cause x to fall4#fjc ,sid5ote3 ,pray]s to ! dead4 ,! natives ( ,aneiteum1 "o ( ! ,s\!rn ,new ,hebrides1 wor%ipp$ ! spirits ( _! ance/ors1 *iefly on occasions ( sickness4#fjd ,aga91 ! p ( ,vate or ,efat1 ano!r ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 wor%ipp$ ! s\ls ( _! =efa!rs & pray$ to !m ov] ! kava-b[l = heal? & prosp]ity4#fje ,z an example ( pray]s (f]$ to ! dead we may take ! petition :i* ! natives ( ,florida put up at sea to ,daula1 a well-kn[n gho/1 :o is associat$ ) ! frigate-bird4 ,!y say3 ,d ?\ draw ! canoe1 t x may rea* ! l&2 spe$ my canoe1 gr&fa!r1 t ,i may quickly rea* ! %ore :i!r ,i am b\nd4 ,d ?\1 ,daula1 light5 ! canoe1 t x may quickly ga9 ! l& & rise ^u ! %ore4 ,!y also invoke ,daula to help !m 9 fi%+4 ,if ?\ art p[]ful1 ,o ,daula1 !y say1 put a fi% or two into ?is net & let !m die !re4 ,aft] a good cat* !y praise him1 say+1 ,p[]ful is ! gho/ ( ! net4 ,& :5 ! natives ( ,florida are 9 dang] on ! sea1 !y call ^u _! imm$iate =efa!rs2 "o w call on 8 gr&fa!r1 ano!r on 8 fa!r1 ano!r on "s dead fri5d1 call+ ) rev]5ce & say+1 ,save u on ! deep6 ,save u f ! tempe/6 ,br+ u to ! %ore6 ,9 ,san ,cri/oval p apply to gho/s = victory 9 battle1 heal? 9 sickness1 & good crops2 b ! ^w :i* !y use to signify su* an application conveys ! notion ( *>m r ?an ( pray]4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s :at may be call$ pray] is /rictly speak+ an invocation ( ! dead2 inde$ ! v ^w = pray] 7tat>o7 seems to be id5tical ) t = a p[]ful gho/ 7'at>o 9 ,san ,cri/oval74 ,a man 9 p]il on ! sea w call on 8 dead fri5ds1 especially on "o :o 0 9 8 lifetime a good sailor4 ,& 9 ,mota1 :5 an ov5 is op5$1 !y ?r[ 9 a leaf ( cook$ mall[ = a gho/1 say+ to him1 ,?is is a lucky bit = y\r eat+2 !y :o h *>m$ y\r food or clubb$ y 7z ! case may be71 take hold ( _! h&s1 drag !m away to hell1 let !m be dead4 ,s :5 !y p\r wat] on ! ov51 !y pray to ! gho/1 say+1 ,p\r x on ! head ( him d[n !re :o has laid plots aga9/ me1 has clubb$ me1 has %ot me1 has /ol5 ?+s ( m9e 7z ! case may be71 he %all die4 ,aga91 :5 !y make a libation be=e dr9k+1 !y pray1 say+1 ,gr&fa!r6 ?is is y\r lucky drop ( kava2 let bo>s come 9 to me2 ! money ,i h sp5t1 let x come back to me2 ! food t is gone1 let x come back hi!r to ! h\se ( y & me4 ,& on />t+ = a voyage !y w say1 ,uncle6 fa!r6 pl5ty ( bo>s = y1 pl5ty ( money2 kava = y\r dr9k+1 lucky food = y\r eat+ 9 ! canoe4 ,i pray y ) ?is1 look d[n ^u me1 let me g on a safe sea4 ,or :5 ! canoe lab\rs ) a heavy freight1 !y w pray1 ,take (f y\r burd5 f u1 t we may spe$ on a safe sea4#fjf ,sid5ote3 ,sanctu>ies ( gho/s 9 ,florida4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,florida1 ! sanctu>y ( a p[]ful gho/ is call$ a vunuhu4 ,sometimes x is 9 ! village1 sometimes 9 ! g>d5-gr\nd1 sometimes 9 ! =e/4 ,if x is 9 ! village1 x is f5c$ ab\t1 le/ ! foot ( any ra% intrud] %\ld infr+e its sanctity4 ,sometimes ! sanctu>y is ! place :]e ! dead man is buri$2 sometimes x m]ely conta9s 8 relics1 :i* h be5 translat$ ?i!r4 ,9 "s sanctu>ies !re is a %r9e & 9 "s an image4 ,g5]ally1 if n always1 /ones may be se5 ly+ 9 su* a holy place4 ,! sight ( "o ( !m has probably /ruck ! fancy ( ! man :o f\nd$ ! wor%ip2 he ?\ght x a likely place = ! gho/ to haunt1 & o!r small] /ones & %ells h be5 subsequ5tly add$4 ,once a sanctu>y has be5 e/abli%$1 ev]y?+ )9 x becomes sacr$ 7tambu7 & belongs to ! gho/4 ,7 a tree gr[+ )9 x to fall across ! pa?1 nobody w\ld /ep ov] x4 ,:5 a sacrifice is to be (f]$ to ! gho/ on ! holy gr\nd1 ! man :o kn[s ! gho/1 & ^: duty x is to p]=m ! sacrifice1 ent]s fir/ & all :o att5d him foll[1 tread+ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,9 go+ out no "o w look back1 le/ 8 s\l %\ld /ay beh9d4 ,no "o w\ld pass su* a sanctu>y :5 ! sun 0 s l[ z to ca/ 8 %ad[ into x2 = if he did ! gho/ w\ld seize 8 %ad[ & s drag ! man himself into 8 d54 ,if !re 7 a %r9e 9 ! sanctu>y1 nobody b ! sacrific] might ent] x4 ,su* a %r9e conta9$ ! weapons & o!r prop]ties :i* belong$ 9 8 lifetime to ! man ^: gho/ 0 wor%ipp$ on ! spot4#fjg ,sid5ote3 ,sanctu>ies ( gho/s 9 ,malanta4 ,at ,saa 9 ,malanta1 ano!r ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 all burial-gr\nds :]e common p are int]r$ are s f> sacr$ t no "o w g !re )\t due cause2 b places :]e ! rema9s ( nobles repose1 & :]e sacrifices are (f]$ to _! gho/s1 are reg>d$ ) v great respect1 !y may inde$ be call$ family sanctu>ies4 ,"s ( !m are v old1 ! p[]ful gho/s :o are wor%ipp$ 9 !m be+ remote ance/ors4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! man :o us$ to sacrifice 9 su* a place dies )\t hav+ in/ruct$ 8 son 9 ! prop] *ant ( invocation ) :i* ! wor%ipful gho/ %\ld be approa*$4 ,9 su* a case ! "y man :o succe$s him may fe> to g to ! old sanctu>y1 le/ he %\ld commit a mi/ake & (f5d ! gho/2 s he w take "s a%es f ! old sacrificial fire-place & f\nd a new sanctu>y4 ,x is n common 9 t "p ( ,malanta to build %r9es = ! relics ( ! dead1 b x is sometimes done4 ,su* %r9es1 on ! o!r h&1 are common 9 ! villages ( ,san ,cri/oval & 9 ! sacr$ places ( t isl& :]e great m5 lie buri$4 ,to trespass on !m w\ld be likely to r\se ! ang] ( ! gho/s1 "s ( :om are kn[n to be ( a malignant disposition4#fjh ,sid5ote3 ,sanctu>ies :i* are n burial-gr\nds4 ,b burial-gr\nds are n ! only sanctu>ies 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,!re are "s :]e no dead man is kn[n to be int]r$1 ?\gh 9 ,dr4 ,codr+ton's op9ion !re are probably none :i* d n d]ive _! sanctity f ! pres5ce ( a gho/4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,florida ! appe>ance ( some?+ wond]ful w cause any place to become a sanctu>y1 ! wond] be+ accept$ z pro( ( a gho/ly pres5ce4 ,= example1 9 ! =e/ ne> ,olevuga a man plant$ "s coco-nut & almond trees & di$ n long aft]w>ds4 ,!n !re appe>$ among ! trees a great r>ity 9 ! %ape ( a :ite cuscus4 ,! p took x = grant$ t ! animal 0 ! dead man's gho/1 & !re=e !y call$ x by 8 "n4 ,! place became a sanctu>y2 no "o w\ld ga!r ! coco-nuts & almonds t grew !re1 till two ,*ri/ian conv]ts set ! gho/ at defiance & appropriat$ 8 g>d51 ) ! coco-nuts & almonds4 ,?r\gh ! same "p ( ! =e/ ran a /ream full ( eels1 "o ( :i* 0 s big t ! p 7 q sure x mu/ be a gho/2 s nobody w\ld ba! 9 t /ream or dr9k f x1 except at "o pool1 :i* = ! sake ( conv5i5ce 0 consid]$ n to be sacr$4 ,aga91 9 ,bugotu1 a di/rict ( ,ysabel1 :i* is ano!r ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 !re is a pool kn[n to be ! haunt ( a v old gho/4 ,:5 a man has an enemy :om he wi%es to h>m he w obta9 "s scraps ( 8 food & ?r[ !m into ! wat]4 ,if ! food is at once dev\r$ by ! fi%1 :i* sw>m 9 ! pool1 ! man w die1 b o!rwise 8 life may be sav$ by ! int]v5tion ( a man :o kn[s ! habits ( ! gho/ & h[ to propitiate him4 ,9 ^! sacr$ places !re are /ones1 on :i* p place food 9 ord] to obta9 good crops1 :ile = success 9 fi%+ !y deposit morsels ( cook$ fi%4 ,su* /ones are treat$ ) rev]5ce & seem to be 9 a fair way to develop into alt>s4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! old gho/ is sup]s$$1 z he (t5 is1 by y\ng] rivals1 ! developm5t ( an alt> out ( ! /ones is arre/$4#fji ,sid5ote3 ,gho/s 9 animals1 su* z %>ks1 alligators1 snakes1 bonitos1 & frigate-birds4 ,f "s ( ^! in/ances we le>n t ,melanesian gho/s c sometimes take up _! abode 9 animals1 su* z cuscuses1 eels1 & fi%4 ,! creatures :i* are (t5e/ us$ z vehicles by ! spirits ( ! dead are %>ks1 alligators1 snakes1 bonitos1 & frigate-birds4 ,snakes :i* haunt a sacr$ place are !mselves sacr$1 because !y belong to or actually embody ! gho/4 ,%>ks1 aga91 9 all ^! isl&s are v (t5 ?\ght to be ! abode ( gho/s2 = m5 be=e _! dea? w ann\nce t !y w appe> z %>ks1 & aft]w>ds any %>k rem>kable = size or col\r :i* haunts a c]ta9 %ore or coa/ is tak5 to be somebody's gho/ & receives ! "n ( ! deceas$4 ,at ,saa c]ta9 food1 su* z coco-nuts f p>ticul> trees1 is res]v$ to fe$ su* a gho/-%>k2 & m5 ( :om x is kn[n = c]ta9 t !y w be %>ks aft] _! dea? are all[$ to anticipate ! po/hum\s hon\rs :i* await !m by dev\r+ su* food 9 ! sacr$ place1 j z if !y 7 real %>ks4 ,%>ks are v commonly believ$ to be ! abode ( gho/s 9 ,florida & ,ysabel1 & 9 ,savo1 :]e !y are p>ticul>ly num]\s2 h5ce1 ?\gh all %>ks are n v5]at$1 !re is no liv+ creature s commonly held sacr$ by ! ,c5tral ,melanesians z a %>k2 & %>k-gho/s seem ev5 to =m a class ( p[]ful sup]natural be+s4 ,aga91 :5 a liz>d 0 se5 frequ5t+ a h\se aft] a dea?1 x w\ld be tak5 = ! gho/ return+ to its old home2 & _m gho/s1 p[]ful to aid ! m>9] at sea1 take up _! qu>t]s 9 frigate-birds4#faj ,sid5ote3 ,! belief 9 gho/s und]lies ! ,melanesian conception ( magic4 ,aga91 a belief 9 p[]ful gho/s und]lies to a great ext5t ! ,melanesian conception ( magic1 z t conception is exp\nd$ by ,dr4 ,codr+ton4 ,t invisible p[]1 he tells u1 :i* is believ$ by ! natives to cause all su* effects z transc5d _! conception ( ! regul> c\rse ( nature1 & to reside 9 spiritual be+s1 :e!r 9 ! spiritual "p ( liv+ m5 or 9 ! gho/s ( ! dead1 be+ imp>t$ by !m to _! names & to v>i\s ?+s t belong to !m1 su* z /ones1 snakes1 & inde$ objects ( all sorts1 is t g5]ally kn[n z mana4 ,)\t "s und]/&+ ( ?is x is impossible to und]/& ! religi\s beliefs & practices ( ! ,melanesians2 & ?is aga9 is ! active =ce 9 all !y d & believe to be done 9 magic1 :ite or black4 ,by means ( ?is m5 are able to control or direct ! =ces ( nature1 to make ra9 or sun%9e1 w9d or calm1 to cause sickness or remove x1 to "k :at is f> (f 9 "t & space1 to br+ good luck & prosp]ity1 or to bla/ & curse4 ,no man1 h[ev]1 has ?is p[] ( 8 own2 all t he does is done by ! aid ( p]sonal be+s1 gho/s or spirits4#faa ,sid5ote3 ,illness g5]ally ?\ght to be caus$ by gho/s4 ,?us1 to beg9 ) ! m$ical pr(ession1 :i* is a bran* ( magic long be=e x becomes a dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 e s]i\s sickness is believ$ to be br\ght ab\t by gho/s or spirits1 b g5]ally x is to ! gho/s ( ! dead t illness is ascrib$ bo? by ! ,ea/]n & by ! ,we/]n isl&]s4 ,h5ce rec\rse is _h to gho/s = aid bo? 9 caus+ & 9 cur+ sickness4 ,!y are ?\ght to inflict disease1 n only because "s (f5ce1 su* z trespass1 has be5 committ$ aga9/ !m1 or because "o :o kn[s _! ways has in/igat$ !m !reto by sacrifice & spells1 b because !re is a c]ta9 malignity 9 ! feel+ ( all gho/s t[>ds ! liv+1 :o (f5d !m simply by be+ alive4 ,all human faculties1 ap>t f ! m]e bodily functions1 are suppos$ to be enhanc$ by dea?2 h5ce ! gho/ ( a p[]ful & ill-natur$ man is only too ready to take advantage ( 8 increas$ p[]s = mis*ief4#fab ,?us 9 ! isl& ( ,florida illness is regul>ly laid at ! door ( a gho/2 ! only "q t c arise is :i* p>ticul> gho/ is do+ ! mis*ief4 ,sometimes ! pati5t imag9es t he has (f5d$ 8 dead fa!r1 uncle1 or bro!r1 :o accord+ly takes 8 rev5ge by /ret*+ him on a b$ ( sickness4 ,9 t case no special int]cessor is requir$2 ! pati5t himself or "o ( 8 k9sfolk w sacrifice & beg ! gho/ to take ! sickness away2 x is purely a family affair4 ,sometimes ! sick man ?9ks t x is 8 own private or tame gho/ :o is afflict+ him2 s he w leave ! h\se 9 ord] to escape 8 torm5tor4 ,b if ! cause ( sickness rema9s obscure1 a pr(essional doctor or m$ic9e-man w be consult$4 ,he always kn[s1 or at lea/ c asc]ta91 ! gho/ :o is caus+ all ! tr\ble1 & he takes 8 measures accord+ly4 ,?us he w b9d on ! sick man ! k9d ( leaves t ! gho/ loves2 he w *ew g+] & bl[ x into ! pati5t's e>s & on t "p ( ! skull :i* is s(t 9 infants2 he w call on ! "n ( ! gho/ & entreat him to remove ! sickness4 ,%\ld all ^! rem$ies prove va91 ! doctor is by no means at ! end ( 8 res\rces4 ,he may %rewdly suspect t somebody1 :o has an ill-w at ! pati5t1 has set 8 private gho/ to maul ! sick man & d him a griev\s bodily injury4 ,if 8 suspicions are confirm$ & he discov]s ! malici\s man :o is egg+ on ! mis*iev\s gho/1 he w bribe him to call (f 8 gho/2 & if ! man refuses1 ! doctor w hire ano!r gho/ to assault & batt] ! orig9al assailant4 ,at ,wango 9 ,san ,cri/oval regul> battles us$ to be f\ght by ! invisible *ampions above ! sickb$ ( ! suff]]1 ^: life or dea? dep5d$ on ! issue ( ! combat4 ,_! weapons 7 spe>s1 & sometimes m ?an "o gho/ w\ld be engag$ on ei!r side4#fac ,sid5ote3 ,diagnosis ( gho/s :o h caus$ illness4 ,9 ,ysabel ! doctor employs an +5i\s app>atus = discov]+ ! cause ( sickness & asc]ta9+ its cure4 ,he susp5ds a /one at "o end ( a /r+ :ile he holds ! o!r end 9 8 h&4 ,!n he recites ! names ( all ! p :o di$ lately1 & :5 ! /one sw+s at anybody's "n1 he kn[s t ! gho/ ( t man has caus$ ! illness4 ,x rema9s to f9d out :at ! gho/ w take to relax 8 clut* on ! sick man1 x may be a ma% ( yams1 a fi%1 a pig1 or p]haps a human sub/itute4 ,! "q is put & answ]$ z be=e2 & :atev] ! oracle decl>es to be requisite is (f]$ on ! dead man's grave4 ,?us ! gho/ is appeas$ & ! suff]] is made :ole4#fad ,9 ^! isl&s a common cause ( illness is believ$ to be an unw>rantable intrusion on premises occupi$ by a gho/1 :o puni%es ! trespass] by afflict+ him ) bodily pa9s & ailm5ts1 or x may be by c>ry+ (f 8 s\l4 ,at ,maewo 9 ,aurora1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 :5 !re is reason to ?9k t a sickness is due to gho/ly ag5cy1 ! fri5ds ( ! sick man s5d = a pr(essional dream]1 ^: bus9ess x is to asc]ta9 :at p>ticul> gho/ has be5 (f5d$ & to make x up ) him4 ,s ! dream] falls asleep & 9 8 sleep he dreams a dream4 ,he seems to himself to be 9 ! place :]e ! pati5t 0 work+ be=e 8 illness2 & !re he spies a que] little old man1 :o is really no o!r ?an ! gho/4 ,! dream] falls into conv]sation ) him1 le>ns 8 "n1 & w9n+ 8 confid5ce extracts f him a true acc\nt ( ! :ole affair4 ,! fact is t 9 work+ at 8 g>d5 ! man encroa*$1 :e!r witt+ly or n is no matt]1 on l& :i* ! gho/ reg>ds z 8 private pres]ve2 & to puni% ! intrusion ! gho/ c>ri$ (f ! intrud]'s s\l & imp\nd$ x 9 a magic f5ce 9 8 g>d51 :]e x /ill langui%es 9 durance vile4 ,! dream] at once t5d]s a frank & manly apology on behalf ( 8 cli5t2 he assures ! gho/ t ! trespass 0 purely inadv]t5t1 t no p]sonal disrespect :atev] 0 int5d$1 & he concludes by reque/+ ! gho/ to ov]look ! (f5ce = ?is "t & to release ! imprison$ s\l4 ,?is appeal to ! bett] feel+s ( ! gho/ has its effect2 he pulls up ! f5ce & lets ! s\l out ( ! p\nd2 x flies back to ! sick man1 :o !reupon recov]s4 ,sometimes an orphan *ild is made sick by its dead "m1 ^: gho/ draws away ! s\l ( ! infant to keep h] company 9 ! _s l&4 ,9 su* a case1 aga91 a dream] is employ$ to br+ back ! lo/ s\l f ! f> c\ntry2 & if he c p]suade ! "m's gho/ to rel9qui% ! t9y s\l ( h] baby1 ! *ild w be made :ole4#fae ,once m c]ta9 long /ones 9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s are inhabit$ by gho/s s active & robu/ t if a man's %ad[ s mu* z falls on "o ( !m1 ! gho/ 9 ! /one w clut* ! %ad[ & pull ! s\l clean out ( ! man1 :o dies accord+ly4 ,su* /ones1 dang]\s z !y unque/ionably are to ! *ance pass]-by1 nev]!less = t v reason possess a valuable prop]ty :i* c be turn$ to excell5t acc\nt4 ,a man1 = example1 w put "o ( ^! /ones 9 8 h\se to gu>d x l a wat*-dog 9 8 abs5ce2 & if he s5ds a fri5d to fet* some?+ out ( x :i* he has =gott51 ! mess5g]1 on approa*+ ! h\se1 w take good c>e to call out ! own]'s "n1 le/ ! gho/ 9 ! /one1 mi/ak+ him = a ?ief & a robb]1 %\ld p\nce out on him & d him a mis*ief be=e he _h "t to expla94#faf ,sid5ote3 ,contra/ betwe5 ,melanesian & ,european m$ic9e4 ,?us x appe>s t = a m$ical practition] 9 ,melanesia ! fir/ requisite is an intimate acqua9tance1 n ) ! anatomy ( ! human frame & ! prop]ties ( drugs1 b ) gho/s1 _! p]sonal peculi>ities1 habits1 & haunts4 ,only by means ( ! influ5ce :i* su* a k enables him to ex]t on ^! p[]ful & dang]\s be+s c ! good physician mitigate & assuage ! suff]+s ( poor humanity4 ,8 pr(essional skill1 :ile x c]ta9ly aims at ! alleviation ( physical evils1 atta9s its object *iefly1 if n exclusively1 by a direct appeal to ^? high]1 ?\gh invisible1 p[]s :i* encompass ! life ( man1 or at all ev5ts ( ! ,melanesian4 ,! firm fai? 9 ! spiritual & ! unse5 :i* ^! sable doctors display 9 _! treatm5t ( ! sick pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ! proc$ure ( _! ,european colleagues1 :o tru/ exclusively to ! use ( m]e physical rem$ies1 su* z drugs & lancets1 n[ c>v+ ! body ( ! suff]] ) knives1 & n[ ins]t+ sub/ances1 ab\t :i* !y "k little1 into places ab\t :i* !y "k no?+4 ,has n sci5ce falsely s call$ /ill mu* to le>n f savag]y8 ,sid5ote3 ,! wea!r believ$ to be regulat$ by gho/s & spirits4 ,wea!r-doctors4 ,b x is n ! dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e & surg]y alone1 important z ^! are to human welf>e1 :i* 9 ,melanesia are direct$ & controll$ by spiritual =ces4 ,! wea!r 9 ^? regions is also regulat$ by gho/s & spirits4 ,x is !y :o cause ! w9d to bl[ or to be /ill1 ! sun to %9e =? or to be ov]ca/ ) cl\ds1 ! ra9 to desc5d or ! e>? to be p>*$ ) dr\ght2 h5ce f]tility & abundance or de>? & fam9e prevail alt]nately at ! w ( ^! spiritual directors4 ,f ?is x foll[s t m5 :o /& on a foot+ ( intimacy ) gho/s & spirits c by judici\s managem5t induce !m to adapt ! wea!r to ! v>y+ ne$s ( mank9d4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t ! sup]natural be+s1 :o are ! real s\rces ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 h delegat$ or deput$ a portion ( _! p[]s n m]ely to c]ta9 mat]ial objects1 su* z /ones or leaves1 b to c]ta9 set =ms ( words1 :i* m5 call incantations or spells2 & accord+ly all su* objects & =mulas d1 by virtue ( ?is delegation1 possess 9 !mselves a real & we may almo/ say natural influ5ce ov] ! wea!r1 :i* is (t5 manife/$ 9 a /rik+ congruity or h>mony betwe5 ! ?+s !mselves & ! effects :i* !y are calculat$ to produce4 ,?is adaptation ( means to end 9 nature may p]haps be reg>d$ z a beautiful pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( spirits & gho/s work+ _! purposes unse5 beh9d ! gaily col\r$ scre5 or curta9 ( ! physical univ]se4 ,at all ev5ts m5 :o are acqua9t$ ) ! gho/ly prop]ties ( mat]ial objects & words c turn !m to acc\nt = ! b5efit ( _! fri5ds & ! confusion ( _! foes1 & !y d s v readily if only x is made wor? _! :ile4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t 9 ^! isl&s !re are ev]y:]e wea!r-doctors or wea!r-mong]s1 :o ?r\gh _! famili>ity ) gho/s & spirits & _! acqua9tance ) ! gho/ly or spiritual prop]ties ( ?+s1 are able to control ! wea!r & to supply _! cu/om]s ) w9d or calm1 ra9 or sun%9e1 fam9e or abundance1 at a reasonable rate & a mod]ate figure4#fag ,! advantages ( su* a sy/em ov] our own blund]+ me?od ( manag+ ! wea!r1 or r ( leav+ x to its own devices1 are too obvi\s to be insi/$ on4 ,to take a few examples4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,florida1 :5 a calm is want$1 ! wea!r-doctor takes a bun* ( leaves1 ( ! sort :i* ! gho/ loves1 & hides ! bun* 9 ! holl[ ( a tree :]e !re is wat]1 at ! same "t invok+ ! gho/ ) ! prop] *>m4 ,?is naturally produces ra9 & ) ! ra9 a calm4 ,9 ! seaf>+ life ( ! ,solomon ,isl&]s ! mak] ( calms is a really valuable citiz54#fah ,! ,santa ,cruz p are also great voyag]s1 & _! wiz>ds control ! wea!r on _! exp$itions1 tak+ ) !m ! /ock or log :i* repres5ts _! private or tame gho/ & sett+ x up on a /age 9 ! cab94 ,! pres5ce ( ! famili> gho/ be+ ?us secur$1 ! wea!r-doctor w und]take to provide w9d or calm accord+ to circum/ances4#fai ,we h already se5 h[ 9 ^! isl&s ! wiz>d makes ra9 by p\r+ wat] on ! wood5 po/s :i* repres5t ! ra9-gho/s4#fbj ,sid5ote3 ,black magic work+ ?r\gh p]sonal refuse or rubbi% ( ! victim4 ,su* ex]cises ( gho/ly p[] = ! heal+ ( ! sick & ! improvem5t ( ! wea!r are1 :5 well direct$ & efficaci\s1 :olly b5eficial4 ,b gho/ly p[] is a two-edg$ weapon :i* c "w evil z well z good to mank9d4 ,9 fact x c s]ve ! purpose ( wit*craft4 ,! commone/ application ( ?is p]nici\s art is "o :i* is v famili> to wit*es & sorc]]s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ ?+ ! wiz>d does is to obta9 a fragm5t ( food1 a bit ( hair1 a nail-clipp+1 or inde$ any?+ t has be5 closely connect$ ) ! p]son ( 8 int5d$ victim4 ,?is is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! p[] ( ! gho/ or _s is br\ght to be>2 x is1 s to say1 ! po9t ( support on :i* ! magician re/s ! :ole weight ( 8 inf]nal eng9e4 ,9 ord] to give effect to ! *>m x is v desirable1 if n absolutely necess>y1 to possess "s p]sonal relic1 su* z a bone1 ( ! dead man ^: gho/ is to set ! ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,at all ev5ts ! ess5tial ?+ is to br+ toge!r ! man :o is to be injur$ & ! gho/ or _s :o is to injure him2 & ?is c be done mo/ readily by plac+ ! p]sonal relics or refuse ( ! two m51 ! liv+ & ! dead1 9 contact ) ea* o!r2 = ?us ! magic circuit1 if we may say s1 is complete1 & ! fatal curr5t fl[s f ! dead to ! liv+4 ,t is :y x is mo/ dang]\s to leave any p]sonal refuse or rubbi% ly+ ab\t2 y nev] c tell b t "s sorc]] may get hold ( x & "w y\r ru9 by means ( x4 ,h5ce ! p are naturally mo/ c>eful to hide or de/roy all su* refuse 9 ord] to prev5t x f fall+ into ! h&s ( wit*es & wiz>ds2 & ?is sage precaution has l$ to habits ( cleanl9ess :i* ! sup]ficial ,european is apt to mi/ake = :at he calls enlight5$ sanitation1 b :i* a deep] k ( native ?\ght w\ld reveal to him 9 _! true "* z f>-see+ measures design$ to defeat ! nef>i\s art ( ! sorc]]4#fba ,sid5ote3 ,black magic work+ )\t any p]sonal relic ( ! victim4 ,! gho/-%oot]4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 an adept 9 ! black art c "w 8 fell purpose ev5 )\t any p]sonal relic ( 8 victim4 ,9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 = example1 he ne$ only procure a bit ( human bone or a fragm5t ( "s le?al weapon1 x may be a spl9t] ( a club or a *ip ( an arr[1 :i* has kill$ somebody4 ,?is he wraps up 9 ! prop] leaves1 recites ov] x ! appropriate *>m1 & plants x secretly 9 ! pa? along :i* 8 int5d$ victim is expect$ to pass4 ,! gho/ ( ! man :o own$ ! bone 9 8 life or p]i%$ by ! club or ! arr[1 is n[ lurk+ l a lion 9 ! pa?2 & if ! poor fell[ /rolls along x ?9k+ no evil1 ! gho/ w spr+ at him & /rike him ) disease4 ,! *>m is p]fectly effici5t if ! man does come along ! pa?1 b cle>ly x misses fire if he does n4 ,to rem$y ?is defect 9 ! app>atus a sorc]] sometimes has rec\rse to a portable in/rum5t1 a sort ( pocket pi/ol1 :i* 9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s is kn[n z a gho/-%oot]4 ,x is a bamboo tube1 load$ n ) p[d] & %ot1 b ) a dead man's bone & o!r magical +r$i5ts1 ov] :i* ! necess>y spell has be5 croon$4 ,arm$ ) ?is deadly weapon ! sorc]] has only to /ep up to 8 unsuspect+ enemy1 :ip out ! pocket pi/ol1 uncork ! muzzle by remov+ 8 ?umb f ! orifice1 & pres5t x at ! victim2 ! fatal dis*>ge foll[s 9 an in/ant & ! man drops to ! gr\nd4 ,! gho/ 9 ! pi/ol has done 8 "w4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 an accid5t happ5s4 ,! m>ksman misses 8 victim & hits somebody else4 ,?is occurr$1 = example1 n v _m ye>s ago 9 ! isl& ( ,mota4 ,a man nam$ ,isvitag 0 wait+ ) 8 gho/-%oot] to pop at 8 enemy1 b 9 8 n]v\s excitem5t he let fly too soon1 j z a woman ) a *ild on h] hip /epp$ across ! pa?4 ,! %ot1 or r ! gho/1 hit ! *ild po9t-blank1 & x 0 8 si/]'s *ild1 8 own next ( k96 ,y may imag9e ! di/ress ( ! affectionate uncle at ?is deplorable misc>riage4 ,to prev5t inflammation ( ! w\nd he1 ) great pres5ce ( m9d1 plung$ 8 pocket pi/ol 9 wat]1 & ?is timely rem$y prov$ s efficaci\s t ! *ild took no hurt4#fbb ,sid5ote3 ,prophecy inspir$ by gho/s4 ,ano!r dep>tm5t ( ,melanesian life 9 :i* gho/s figure v prom95tly is prophecy4 ,! k ( future ev5ts is believ$ to be convey$ to ! p by a gho/ or _s speak+ ) ! voice ( a man1 :o is himself unconsci\s :ile he speaks4 ,! pr$ictions :i* emanate f ! prophet "u ^! circum/ances are 9 ! /ricte/ s5se inspir$4 ,8 human p]sonality is = ! "t be+ 9 abeyance1 & he is m]ely ! m\?piece ( ! p[]ful _s :i* has tempor>ily tak5 possession ( 8 body & speaks ) 8 voice4 ,! possession is inde$ pa9fully manife/4 ,8 eyes gl>e1 foam bur/s f 8 m\?1 8 limbs wri!1 8 :ole body is convuls$4 ,^! are ! work+s ( ! mighty _s %ak+ & ?reat5+ to r5d ! frail tab]nacle ( fle%4 ,?is =m ( inspiration is n cle>ly di/+ui%able f :at we call madness2 inde$ ! natives d n attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two ?+s2 !y reg>d ! madman & ! prophet z bo? alike inspir$ by a gho/ or _s1 & a man w sometimes pret5d to be mad 9 ord] t he may get ! reputation ( be+ a prophet4 ,at ,saa a man w speak ) ! voice ( a p[]ful man deceas$1 :ile he twi/s & wri!s "u ! influ5ce ( ! gho/2 he calls himself by ! "n ( ! deceas$ :o speaks ?r\gh him1 & he is s address$ by o!rs2 he w eat fire1 lift enorm\s weights1 & =etells ?+s to come4 ,:5 ! inspiration1 or insanity1 is p>ticul>ly viol5t1 & ! ,banks' ,isl&]s ?9k !y h _h q en\gh ( x1 ! fri5ds ( ! prophet or ( ! madman w sometimes cat* him & hold him /ruggl+ & ro>+ 9 ! smoke ( /rong-smell+ leaves1 :ile !y call out ! names ( ! dead m5 ^: gho/s are mo/ likely to be abroad at ! "t1 = z soon z ! "r "n is m5tion$ ! gho/ dep>ts f ! man1 :o !n returns to 8 sob] s5ses4 ,b ?is me?od ( smok+ out a gho/ is n always successful4#fbc ,sid5ote3 ,div9ation by means ( gho/s4 ,!re are _m me?ods by :i* gho/s & spirits are believ$ to make kn[n to m5 :o employ !m ! secret ?+s :i* ! unassi/$ human intellig5ce c\ld n discov]2 & "s ( !m h>dly p]haps ne$ ! int]v5tion ( a pr(essional wiz>d4 ,^! me?ods ( div9ation diff] v little 9 ! v>i\s isl&s4 ,9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 = in/ance1 :5 an exp$ition has />t$ 9 a fleet ( canoes1 !re is sometimes a hesitation :e!r !y %all proce$1 or a d\bt z to :at direction !y %\ld take4 ,!reupon a div9] may decl>e t he has felt a gho/ /ep on bo>d2 = did n ! canoe tip ov] to ! "o side8 ,accord+ly he asks ! invisible pass5g]1 ,%all we g on8 ,%all we g to su* & su* a place8 ,if ! canoe rocks1 ! answ] is yes2 if x lies on an ev5 keel1 ! answ] is no4 ,aga91 :5 a man is sick & 8 fri5ds wi% to "k :at gho/ is vex+ or1 z !y say1 eat+ him1 a div9] or wiz>d is s5t =4 ,he comes br++ an assi/ant1 & ! two sit d[n1 ! wiz>d 9 front & ! assi/ant at 8 back1 & !y hold a /ick or bamboo by ! two ends4 ,! wiz>d !n beg9s to slap ! end ( ! bamboo he holds1 call+ out "o aft] ano!r ! names ( m5 n v long deceas$1 & :5 he names ! "o :o is afflict+ ! sick man ! /ick ( itself becomes viol5tly agitat$4#fbd ,we are n in=m$1 b we may probably assume1 t x is ! gho/ & n ! man :o really agitates ! /ick4 ,a some:at diff]5t mode ( div9ation 0 occasionally employ$ at ,motlav 9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s 9 ord] to discov] a ?ief or o!r crim9al4 ,aft] a burial !y w\ld take a bag1 put "s ,tahitian *e/nut & scrap$ banana into x1 & tie x to ! end ( a holl[ bamboo tube ab\t t5 feet long 9 su* a way t ! end ( ! tube 0 ins]t$ 9 ! m\? ( ! bag4 ,!n ! bag 0 laid on ! dead man's grave1 & ! div9]s grasp$ ! o!r end ( ! bamboo4 ,! names ( ! rec5tly dead 7 !n call$ ov]1 & :ile ?is 0 be+ done ! m5 felt ! bamboo gr[ heavy 9 _! h&s1 = a gho/ 0 scrambl+ up f ! bag into ! holl[ ( ! bamboo4 ,hav+ ?us secur$ him !y c>ri$ ! imprison$ gho/ 9 ! bamboo into ! village1 :]e ! roll ( ! rec5t dead 0 aga9 call$ ov] 9 ord] to le>n ^: gho/ _h be5 caught 9 ! trap4 ,:5 wrong names 7 m5tion$1 ! free end ( ! bamboo mov$ f side to side1 b at ! m5tion ( ! "r "n x revolv$ briskly4 ,hav+ ?us asc]ta9$ :om !y _h to deal )1 !y que/ion$ ! entrapp$ gho/1 ,:o /ole s & s8 ,:o 0 guilty 9 su* a case8 ,!reupon ! bamboo1 mov$ no d\bt by ! gho/ inside1 po9t$ at ! culprit1 if he 0 pres5t1 or made signs z be=e :5 ! names ( ! suspect$ evildo]s 7 m5tion$4#fbe ,sid5ote3 ,taboo bas$ on a fe> ( gho/s4 ,( ! _m dep>tm5ts ( ,c5tral ,melanesian life :i* are p]meat$ by a belief 9 gho/ly p[] ! la/ :i* ,i %all m5tion is ! in/itution ( taboo4 ,9 ,melanesia1 inde$1 ! in/itution is n s conspicu\s z x us$ to be 9 ,polynesia2 yet ev5 !re x has be5 a p[]ful in/rum5t 9 ! consolidation ( ! rights ( private prop]ty1 & z su* x des]ves ! att5tion ( hi/orians :o seek to trace ! evolution ( law & morality4 ,z und]/ood 9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s & ! ,new ,hebrides ! ^w taboo 7tambu or tapu7 signifies a sacr$ & unapproa*able "* :i* is impos$ on c]ta9 ?+s by ! arbitr>y w ( a *ief or o!r p[]ful man4 ,somebody ^: au?ority ) ! p gives him confid5ce to make ! ann\ncem5t w decl>e t su* & su* an object may n be t\*$1 t su* & su* a place may n be approa*$1 & t su* & su* an action may n be p]=m$ "u a c]ta9 p5alty1 :i* 9 ! la/ resort w be inflict$ by gho/ly or spiritual ag5cy4 ,! object1 place1 or action 9 "q becomes accord+ly taboo or sacr$4 ,h5ce 9 ^! isl&s taboo may be def9$ z a prohibition ) a curse express$ or impli$4 ,! sanction or p[] at ! back ( ! taboo is n t ( ! man :o imposes x2 r x is t ( ! gho/ or _s 9 ^: "n or 9 reliance ^u :om ! taboo is impos$4 ,?us 9 ,florida a *ief w =bid some?+ to be done or t\*$ "u a p5alty2 he may proclaim1 = example1 t any "o :o violates 8 prohibition mu/ pay him a hundr$ /r+s ( %ell money4 ,to a ,european su* a proclamation seems a pro( ( ! *ief's p[]2 b to ! native ! *iefs p[]1 9 ?is & 9 ev]y?+1 re/s on ! p]suasion t ! *ief has 8 mighty gho/ at 8 back4 ,! s5se ( ?is 9 ! p>ticul> case is inde$ remote1 ! fe> ( ! *iefs ang] is pres5t & effective1 b ! ultimate sanction is ! p[] ( ! gho/4 ,if a common man 7 to take ^u himself to taboo any?+ he might d s2 p w\ld imag9e t he w\ld n d>e to make su* an ann\ncem5t unless he knew he c\ld en=ce x2 s !y w\ld wat*1 & if anybody violat$ ! taboo & fell sick aft]w>ds1 !y w\ld conclude t ! taboo 0 support$ by a p[]ful gho/ :o puni%$ infractions ( x4 ,h5ce ! reputation & au?ority ( ! man :o impos$ ! taboo w\ld rise accord+ly2 = x w\ld be se5 t he _h a p[]ful gho/ at 8 back4 ,e gho/ has a p>ticul> k9d ( leaf = 8 badge2 & 9 impos+ 8 taboo a man w set ! leaf ( 8 private gho/ z a m>k to w>n trespass]s ( ! spiritual p[] ) :i* !y h to reckon2 :5 p see a leaf /uck1 x may be1 on a tree1 a h\se1 or a canoe1 !y d n always "k ^: x is2 b !y d "k t if !y disreg>d ! m>k !y h to deal ) a gho/ & n ) a man1#fbf & ! k is a m effectual *eck on ?iev+ & o!r crimes ?an ! dread ( m]e human ju/ice4 ,_m a rascal fe>s a gho/ :o does n fe> ! face ( man4 ,sid5ote3 ,! life ( ! ,c5tral ,melanesians deeply influ5c$ by _! belief 9 ! survival ( ! human s\l aft] dea?4 ,:at ,i h said may suffice to impress y ) a s5se ( ! deep practical influ5ce :i* a belief 9 ! survival ( ! human s\l aft] dea? ex]cises on ! life & conduct ( ! ,c5tral ,melanesian savage4 ,to him ! belief is no m]e ab/ract !ological dogma or speculative t5et1 ! occasional !me ( edify+ homilies & pi\s m$itation2 x is an inbr$1 unque/ion+1 omnipres5t conviction :i* affects 8 ?\ghts & actions daily & at e turn2 x guides 8 =tunes z an individual & controls 8 behavi\r z a memb] ( a community1 by inculcat+ a respect = ! rights ( o!rs & en=c+ a submission to ! public au?orities4 ,) him ! fe> ( gho/s & spirits is a bulw>k ( morality & a bond ( society2 = he firmly believes 9 _! unse5 pres5ce ev]y:]e & 9 ! puni%m5ts :i* !y c inflict on wrongdo]s4 ,8 :ole !ory ( causation diff]s fundam5tally f ours & necess>ily begets a fundam5tal diff]5ce ( practice4 ,:]e we see natural =ces & mat]ial sub/ances1 ! ,melanesian sees gho/s & spirits4 ,a great gulf divides 8 conception ( ! _w f ours2 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r education w ev] enable him to pass ! gulf & to ?9k & act l u4 ,! products ( an evolution :i* has ext5d$ ov] _m ages _c be =c$ l mu%rooms 9 a summ] day2 x is va9 to pluck ! fruit ( ! tree ( k be=e x is ripe4 ,footnote #eij3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #acj-acb4 ,footnote #eia3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #acb sq42 ,c4 ,m4 ,wood=d1 ,a ,naturali/ among ! ,head-hunt]s 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #bf-bh4 ,footnote #eib3 ,g4 ,turn]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago & long be=e 7,london1 #ahhd71 pp4 #cah sq4 ,yams are ! pr9cipal fruits cultivat$ by ! ,tannese1 :o be/[ a great deal ( lab\r on ! plantation & keep !m 9 f9e ord]4 ,see ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cag sq4 ,footnote #eic3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #acc sq4 ,footnote #eid3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #eie3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ace sq4 ,footnote #eif3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #acg sq4 ,footnote #eig3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #eih3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ach sq4 ,footnote #eii3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,native ,/ories ( ,santa ,cruz & ,reef ,isl&s1 translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,o',f]rall1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxiv4 7#aijd7 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #fja3 ,native ,/ories f ,santa ,cruz & ,reef ,isl&s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,native ,/ories f ,santa ,cruz & ,reef ,isl&s1 op4 cit4 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,comp>e ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #bfi sqq4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago & long be=e 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #fje3 ,g4 ,turn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ccd4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #ade-adh4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #age sq4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #agf sq4 ,footnote #fji3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agg sq4 ,footnote #faj3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #agh-ahj4 ,footnote #faa3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #fab3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #fac3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #aid-aif4 ,footnote #fad3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #fae3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bjh sq4 ,z to sickness suppos$ to be caus$ by trespass on ! premises ( a gho/ see fur!r id41 pp4 #aid1 #aie1 #bah4 ,footnote #faf3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #fag3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #fah3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bjj1 #bja4 ,! _s :om ! ,florida wiz>d appeals to = good or bad wea!r is call$ a vigona2 & ! natives believe x to be always ! gho/ ( a dead man4 ,b x seems v d\btful :e!r ?is op9ion is /rictly correct4 ,see ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op cit4 pp4 #abd1 #acd4 ,footnote #fai3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 op4 cit4 p4 #bja4 ,! ,santa ,cruz "n = su* a gho/ is duka 7ibid4 p4 #aci74 ,footnote #fbj3 ,above1 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #fba3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bjb-bjd4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bje sq4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bji sq41 #bah-bbj4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #baj4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #baa sq4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bae sq4 ,,lecture ,,xviii ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,& ,,ea/]n ,,melanesia ,sid5ote3 ,nor!rn ,melanesia4 ,mat]ial culture ( ! ,nor? ,melanesians4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i conclud$ my acc\nt ( ! belief 9 immortality & ! wor%ip ( ! dead among ! natives ( ,c5tral ,melanesia4 ,to-day we pass to :at may be call$ ,nor!rn ,melanesia1 by :i* is to be und]/ood ! great ar*ipelago ly+ to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,x comprises ! two l>ge isl&s ( ,new ,brita9 & ,new ,irel&1 n[ call$ ,new ,pom]ania & ,new ,meckl5burg1 ) ! mu* small] ,duke ( ,york ,isl& ly+ betwe5 !m1 & ! *a9 ( ,new ,hanov] & ! ,admiralty ,isl&s /ret*+ away we/w>d f ! nor?-we/]n extremity ( ,new ,irel&4 ,! :ole ( ! ar*ipelago1 toge!r ) ! adjo9+ isl& ( ,b\ga9ville 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 is n[ "u ,g]man rule4 ,! p belong to ! same /ock & speak ! same language z ! natives ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,melanesia1 & _! level ( culture is approximately ! same4 ,!y live 9 settl$ villages & subsi/ *iefly by ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 rais+ crops ( t>o1 yams1 bananas1 sug>-cane1 & s =?4 ,mo/ ( ! agricultural lab\r is p]=m$ by ! wom51 :o plant1 we$ ! gr\nd1 & c>ry ! produce to ! villages4 ,! gr\nd is1 or r us$ to be1 dug by %>p-po9t$ /icks4 ,! m5 hunt cass[>ies1 wallabies1 & wild pigs1 & !y cat* fi% by bo? nets & traps4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 take "p 9 ! fi%+ & _m ( !m become v exp]t 9 spe>+ fi%4 ,among ! few dome/ic animals :i* !y keep are pigs1 dogs1 & f[ls4 ,! villages are g5]ally situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a d5se =e/2 b on ! coa/ ! natives build _! h\ses n f> f ! bea* z a precaution aga9/ ! attacks ( ! =e/ tribes1 ( :om !y /& greatly 9 fe>4 ,a ,new ,brita9 village g5]ally consi/s ( a numb] ( small communities or families1 ea* ( :i* dwells 9 a sep>ate enclosure4 ,! h\ses are v small & badly built1 oblong 9 %ape & v l[4 ,betwe5 ! sep>ate hamlets :i* toge!r compose a village lie /ret*es ( virg9 =e/1 ?r\gh :i* run irregul> & (t5 muddy foot-tracks1 scoop$ out "h & !re into mud-holes :]e ! pigs love to wall[ dur+ ! heat ( ! tropical day4 ,z ! p ( any "o di/rict us$ g5]ally to be at w> ) _! neighb\rs1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld live toge!r = ! sake ( mutual protection4#fbg ,sid5ote3 ,comm]cial habits ( ! ,nor? ,melanesians4 ,_! backw>dness 9 o!r respects4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( _! limit$ int]c\rse ) surr\nd+ villages1 ! natives ( ! ,new ,brita9 or ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago 7 ess5tially a trad+ p4 ,!y made ext5sive use ( %ell money & fully recognis$ ! value ( any import$ articles z m$iums ( ex*ange or curr5cy4 ,m>kets 7 held on c]ta9 days at fix$ places1 :]e ! =e/ p br\ght _! yams1 t>o1 bananas & s =? & ex*ang$ !m = fi%1 tobacco1 & o!r articles ) ! natives ( ! coa/4 ,!y also w5t on long trad+ exp$itions to procure canoes1 cuscus tee?1 pigs1 slaves1 & s =?1 :i* on _! return !y g5]ally sold at a consid]able pr(it4 ,! %ell :i* !y us$ z money is ! ,nassa imm]sa or ,nassa calosa1 f\nd on ! nor? coa/ ( ,new ,brita94 ,! %ells 7 p]=at$ & ?read$ on /rips ( cane1 :i* 7 !n jo9$ toge!r 9 coils ( fifty to two hundr$ fa?oms4#fbh ,! rights ( private prop]ty 7 fully recognis$4 ,all l&s belong$ to c]ta9 families1 & husb& & wife _h ea* ! exclusive "r to 8 or h] goods & *attels4 ,b :ile 9 c]ta9 directions ! p _h made "s progress1 9 o!rs !y rema9$ v backw>d4 ,pott]y & ! metals 7 unkn[n2 no metal or specim5 ( metal-"w has be5 f\nd 9 ! ar*ipelago2 on ! o!r h& ! natives made mu* use ( /one implem5ts1 especially adzes & clubs4 ,9 w> !y nev] us$ b[s & arr[s4#fbi ,!y _h no sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 unless t "n may be giv5 to ! p[] wield$ by ! secret societies & by *iefs1 :o ex]cis$ a c]ta9 degree ( influ5ce pr9cipally by reason ( ! reputation :i* !y enjoy$ z sorc]]s & magicians4 ,!y 7 n elect$ nor did !y necess>ily inh]it _! (fice2 !y simply claim$ to possess magical p[]s1 & if !y succe$$ 9 conv9c+ ! p ( ! ju/ice ( _! claim1 _! au?ority 0 recognis$4 ,weal? also contribut$ to e/abli% _! position 9 ! e/eem ( ! public4#fcj ,sid5ote3 ,! ,rev4 ,george ,br[n on ! ,melanesians4 ,) reg>d to ! religi\s ideas & cu/oms ( ! natives we are n fully in=m$1 b s f> z ^! h be5 describ$ !y appe> to agree closely ) ^? ( _! k9sfolk 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia4 ,! fir/ ,european to settle 9 ! ar*ipelago 0 ! vet]an mission>y1 ! ,rev4 ,george ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 :o resid$ 9 ! isl&s f #ahge to #ahhj & has revisit$ !m on sev]al occasions s9ce2 he r$uc$ ! language to writ+ = ! fir/ "t1#fca & is "o ( our be/ au?orities on ! p4 ,9 :at foll[s ,i %all make use ( 8 valuable te/imony along ) t ( m rec5t obs]v]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,nor? ,melanesian !ory ( ! s\l4 ,fe> ( gho/s1 especially ! gho/s ( p]sons :o h be5 kill$ & eat54 ,! natives ( ! ar*ipelago believe t e p]son is animat$ by a s\l1 :i* survives 8 dea? & may aft]w>ds influ5ce ! survivors = good or evil4 ,_! ^w = s\l is nio or niono1 mean+ a %ad[4 ,! root is nio1 :i* by ! addition ( p]sonal suffixes becomes niong my s\l or %ad[1 niom y\r s\l or %ad[1 niono 8 s\l or %ad[4 ,!y ?9k t ! s\l is l ! man himself1 & t x always /ays inside ( 8 body1 except :5 x goes out on a ramble dur+ sleep or a fa9t4 ,a man :o is v sleepy may say1 ,my s\l wants to g away4 ,!y believe1 h[ev]1 t x dep>ts = ev] at dea?2 h5ce :5 a man is sick1 8 fri5ds w (f] pray]s to prev5t its dep>ture4 ,!re is only "o k9d ( s\l1 b x c appe> 9 _m %apes & ent] into animals1 su* z rats1 liz>ds1 birds1 & s on4 ,x c he>1 see1 & speak1 & pres5t itself 9 ! =m ( a wrai? or app>ition to p at ! mom5t ( or soon aft] dea?4 ,on be+ ask$ :y he ?\ght t ! s\l does n p]i% ) ! body1 a native said1 ,because x is diff]5t2 x is n ( ! same nature at all4 ,!y believe t ! s\ls ( ! dead occasionally visit ! liv+ & are se5 by !m1 & t !y haunt h\ses & burial-places4 ,!y are v mu* afraid ( ! gho/s & d all !y c to drive or fright5 !m away4 ,above all1 be+ cannibals1 !y /& 9 great fe> ( ! gho/s ( ! p :om !y h kill$ & eat54 ,! man :o is cutt+ up a human body takes c>e to tie a b&age ov] 8 m\? & nose dur+ ! op]ation ( c>v+ 9 ord] to prev5t ! enrag$ s\l ( ! victim f ent]+ into 8 body by ^! ap]tures2 & = a simil> reason ! doors ( ! h\ses are %ut :ile ! cannibal fea/ is go+ on inside4 ,& to keep ! victim's gho/ quiet :ile 8 body is be+ dev\r$1 a cut f a jo9t is v consid]ately plac$ on a tree outside ( ! h\se1 s t he may eat ( 8 own fle% & be satisfi$4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! banquet1 ! p %\t1 br&i% spe>s1 beat ! bu%es1 bl[ horns1 beat drums1 & make all k9ds ( noises = ! purpose ( *as+ ! gho/ or gho/s ( ! murd]$ & eat5 m5 away f ! village4 ,b :ile !y s5d away ! s\ls1 !y keep ! skulls & jawbones ( ! victims2 z _m z ?irty-five jawbones h be5 se5 hang+ 9 a s+le h\se 9 ,new ,irel&4 ,z = ! skulls1 !y are1 or r 7 plac$ on ! bran* ( a dead tree & s pres]v$ on ! bea* or ne> ! h\se ( ! man :o _h tak5 !m4#fcb ,sid5ote3 ,(f]+s to ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,) reg>d to ! dea? ( _! fri5ds !y deem x v important to obta9 ! bodies & bury !m4 ,!y (f] food to ! s\ls ( _! dep>t$ k9sfolk = a long "t aft] dea?1 until all ! fun]al fea/s are ov]2 b !y d n hold annual fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( dead ance/ors4 ,! food (f]$ to ! dead is laid e day on a small plat=m 9 a tree2 b ! natives draw a di/9ction betwe5 (f]+s to ! s\l ( a man :o di$ a natural dea? & (f]+s to ! s\l ( a man :o 0 kill$ 9 a fight2 = :]eas !y place ! =m] on a liv+ tree1 !y deposit ! latt] on a dead tree4 ,moreov]1 !y lay money1 weapons1 & prop]ty1 (t5 inde$ ! :ole weal? ( ! family1 ne> ! corpse ( _! fri5d1 9 ord] t ! s\l ( ! deceas$ may c>ry (f ! s\ls ( ^! valuables to ! _s l&4 ,b :5 ! body is c>ri$ away to be buri$1 mo/ ( ! prop]ty is remov$ by its own]s = _! own use4 ,h[ev]1 ! relations w sometimes deta* a few %ells f ! coils ( %ell money & a few beads f a necklace & drop !m 9 a fire = ! beho( ( ! gho/4 ,b :5 ! deceas$ 0 a *ief or o!r p]son ( importance1 "s ( 8 prop]ty w\ld be buri$ ) him4 ,& be=e burial 8 body w\ld be propp$ up on a special *air 9 front ( 8 h\se1 adorn$ ) necklaces1 wrea?s ( fl[]s & fea!rs1 & gaudy ) w>-pa9t4 ,9 "o h& w\ld be plac$ a l>ge cook$ yam1 & 9 ! o!r a spe>1 :ile a club w\ld be put on 8 %\ld]4 ,! yam 0 to /ay ! pangs ( hung] on 8 long j\rney1 & ! weapons 7 to enable him to fight ! foes :o might resi/ 8 entrance into ! _s l&4 ,9 ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl& ! corpse 0 usually dispos$ ( by be+ sunk 9 a deep "p ( ! lagoon2 b sometimes x 0 buri$ 9 ! h\se & a fire kept burn+ on ! spot4#fcc ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms 9 ,new ,irel& & ,new ,brita94 ,pres]vation ( ! skull4 ,9 ,new ,irel& ! dead 7 roll$ up 9 w9d+-%eets made ( p&anus leaves1 !n weight$ ) /ones & buri$ at sea4 ,h[ev]1 at "s places !y 7 deposit$ 9 deep und]gr\nd wat]c\rses or cav]ns4 ,t[>ds ! nor!rn end ( ,new ,irel& corpses 7 burn$ on l>ge piles ( firewood 9 an op5 space ( ! village4 ,a numb] ( images curi\sly c>v$ out ( wood or *alk 7 set r\nd ! blaz+ pyre1 b ! mean+ ( ^! /range figures is unc]ta94 ,m5 & wom5 utt]$ ! mo/ pite\s wail+s1 ?rew !mselves on ! top ( ! corpse1 & pull$ at ! arms & legs4 ,?is !y did n m]ely to express _! grief1 b because !y ?\ght t if !y saw & h&l$ ! dead body :ile x 0 burn+1 ! gho/ c\ld n or w\ld n haunt !m aft]w>ds4#fcd ,among/ ! natives ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9 ! dead are g5]ally buri$ 9 %all[ graves 9 or ne> _! h\ses4 ,"s ( ! %ell money :i* belong$ to a man 9 life is buri$ ) him4 ,wom5 ) black5$ bodies sleep on ! grave = weeks4#fce ,:5 ! deceas$ 0 a great *ief1 8 corpse1 almo/ cov]$ ) %ell money1 is plac$ 9 a canoe1 :i* is deposit$ 9 a small h\se4 ,!reupon ! ne>e/ female relations are l$ into ! h\se1 & ! door be+ wall$ up !y are oblig$ to rema9 !re ) ! rott+ body until all ! fle% has m\ld]$ away4 ,food is pass$ 9 to !m ?r\gh a hole 9 ! wall1 & "u no pretext are !y all[$ to leave ! hut be=e ! decomposition ( ! corpse is complete4 ,:5 no?+ ( ! late *ief rema9s b a skeleton1 ! hut is op5$ & ! solemn fun]al takes place4 ,! bones ( ! dead are buri$1 b 8 skull is hung up 9 ! taboo h\se 9 ord]1 we are told1 t 8 gho/ may rema9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! village & see h[ 8 memory is hon\r$4 ,aft] ! burial ( ! headless skeleton fea/+ & danc+ g on1 (t5 = m ?an a mon?1 & ! exp5ses are defray$ out ( ! ri*es left by ! deceas$4#fcf ,ev5 9 ! case ( em95t p]sons :o h be5 buri$ :ole & entire 9 ! usual way1 a special m>k ( respect is sometimes paid to _! memory by digg+ up _! skulls aft] a ye> or m1 pa9t+ !m r$ & :ite1 decorat+ !m ) fea!rs1 & sett+ !m up on a scaffold con/ruct$ = ! purpose4#fcg ,sid5ote3 ,disposal ( ! dead among ! ,sulka ( ,new ,brita94 ,some:at simil> is ! disposal ( ! dead among ! ,sulka1 a tribe ( ,new ,brita9 :o inhabit a m\nta9\s & well-wat]$ c\ntry to ! s\? ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula4 ,:5 a ,sulka dies1 8 plantation is laid wa/e1 & ! "y fruit-trees cut d[n1 b ! ripe fruits are fir/ di/ribut$ among ! liv+4 ,8 pigs are slaught]$ & _! fle% 9 l mann] di/ribut$1 & 8 weapons are brok54 ,if ! deceas$ 0 a ri* man1 8 wife or wives w sometimes be kill$4 ,! corpse is usually buri$ next morn+4 ,a hole is dug 9 ! h\se & ! body deposit$ 9 x 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,! upp] "p ( ! corpse projects f ! grave & is cov]$ ) a t[]-l /ructure ( basket-"w1 :i* is /uff$ ) banana-leaves4 ,great c>e is tak5 to pres]ve ! body f t\*+ ! e>?4 ,/ones are laid r\nd ab\t ! /ructure & a fire k9dl$4 ,relations come & sleep = a "t beside ! corpse1 m5 & wom5 sep>ately4 ,"s :ile aft]w>ds ! s\l ( ! deceas$ is driv5 away4 ,! "t = c>ry+ out ! expulsion is settl$ by ! p 9 :isp]s1 le/ ! gho/ %\ld ov]he> !m & prep>e = a /\t resi/ance4 ,! ev5+ be=e ! c]emony takes place _m coco-nut leaves are collect$4 ,next morn+1 z soon z a c]ta9 bird 7,philemon coqu]elli7 is he>d to s+1 ! p rise f _! b$s & set up a great cry4 ,!n !y beat ! walls1 %ake ! po/s1 set fire to dry coco-nut leaves1 & f9ally ru% out into ! pa?s4 ,at t mom5t1 s ! p ?9k1 ! s\l ( ! dead quits ! hut4 ,:5 ! fle% ( ! corpse is q decay$1 ! bones are tak5 f ! grave1 sew$ 9 leaves1 & hung up4 ,soon aft]w>ds a fun]al fea/ is held1 at :i* m5 & wom5 dance4 ,= "s "t aft] a burial t>o is plant$ beside ! h\se ( dea? & enclos$ ) a f5ce4 ,! ,sulka ?9k t ! gho/ comes & ga!rs ! s\ls ( ! t>o4 ,! ripe fruit is all[$ to rot4 ,fall+ />s are suppos$ to be ! s\ls ( ! dead :i* h be5 hurl$ up al(t & are n[ desc5d+ to ba! 9 ! sea4 ,! trail ( light beh9d !m is ?\ght to be a tail ( coco-nut leaves :i* o!r s\ls h fa/5$ to !m & set on fire4 ,9 l mann] ! phosphoresc5t gl[ on ! sea comes f s\ls disport+ !mselves 9 ! wat]4 ,p]sons :o at _! dea? left few relations1 or did evil 9 _! life1 or 7 murd]$ outside ( ! village1 are n buri$ 9 ! h\se4 ,_! corpses are deposit$ on rocks or on scaffolds 9 ! =e/1 or are int]r$ on ! spot :]e !y met _! dea?4 ,! reason = ?is treatm5t ( _! corpses is n m5tion$2 b we may conjecture t _! gho/s are reg>d$ ) contempt1 dislike1 or fe>1 & t ! survivors seek to give !m a wide b]? by keep+ _! bodies at a di/ance f ! village4 ,! corpses ( ^? :o di$ sudd5ly are n buri$ b wrapt up 9 leaves & laid on a scaffold 9 ! h\se1 :i* is !n %ut up & des]t$4 ,?is mann] ( dispos+ ( !m seems also to indicate a dread or di/ru/ ( _! gho/s4#fch ,sid5ote3 ,disposal ( ! dead among ! ,moanus ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s4 ,pray]s (f]$ to ! skull ( a dead *ief4 ,among ! ,moanus ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s ! dead are kept 9 ! h\ses unburi$ until ! fle% is completely decay$ & no?+ rema9s b ! bones4 ,old wom5 !n wa% ! skeleton c>efully 9 sea-wat]1 aft] :i* x is disjo9t$ & divid$4 ,! backbone1 toge!r ) ! bones ( ! legs & upp] arms1 is deposit$ 9 "o basket & put away some:]e2 ! skull1 toge!r ) ! ribs & ! bones ( ! l[] arms1 is deposit$ 9 ano!r basket1 :i* is sunk = a "t 9 ! sea4 ,:5 ! bones are completely clean$ & blea*$ 9 ! wat]1 !y are laid ) sweet-smell+ h]bs 9 a wood5 vessel & plac$ 9 ! h\se :i* ! dead man inhabit$ dur+ 8 life4 ,b ! tee? h be5 previ\sly extract$ f ! skull & conv]t$ into a necklace = h]self by ! si/] ( ! deceas$4 ,aft] a "t ! ribs are di/ribut$ by ! son among ! relatives4 ,! pr9cipal wid[ gets two1 o!r ne> k9sfolk get "o apiece1 & !y we> ^! relics "u _! arm-b&s4 ,! di/ribution ( ! ribs is ! occasion ( a great fe/ival1 & x is foll[$ "s "t aft]w>ds by a /ill great] fea/1 = :i* ext5sive prep>ations are made long be=eh&4 ,all :o int5d to be pres5t at ! c]emony s5d vessels ( coco-nut oil 9 advance2 & if ! deceas$ 0 a great *ief ! numb] ( ! oil vessels & ( ! gue/s may am\nt to two ?\s&4 ,meantime ! giv] ( ! fea/ causes a scaffold to be erect$ = ! reception ( ! skull1 & ! :ole art ( ! wood-c>v] is exhau/$ 9 decorat+ ! scaffold ) figures ( turtles1 birds1 & s =?1 :ile a wood5 dog acts z s5t9el at ei!r end4 ,:5 ! multitude has assembl$1 & ! or*e/ra ( drums1 collect$ f ! :ole neighb\rhood1 has s5t =? a f>-s\nd+ cra% ( music1 ! giv] ( ! fea/ /eps =w>d & pron\nces a florid eulogium on ! deceas$1 a w>m panegyric on ! gue/s :o h hon\r$ him by _! pres5ce1 & a flu5t invective aga9/ 8 abs5t foes4 ,nor does he =get to ?r[ 9 "s delicate allusions to 8 own noble g5]osity 9 provid+ ! assembl$ visitors ) ?is magnific5t ent]ta9m5t4 ,= ?is great ef=t ( eloqu5ce ! orator has be5 prim$ 9 ! morn+ by ! sorc]]4 ,! process ( prim+ consi/s 9 kneel+ on ! orator's %\ld]s & tugg+ at ! hair ( 8 head ) might & ma91 :i* is cle>ly calculat$ to promote ! fl[ ( 8 rhetoric4 ,if none ( ! hair comes out 9 ! sorc]]'s h&s1 a ma/]piece ( oratory is confid5tly look$ =w>d to 9 ! aft]noon4 ,:5 ! spee*1 = :i* su* pa9ful prep>ations h be5 made1 is at la/ ov]1 ! drums aga9 /rike up4 ,no soon] h _! boom+ notes di$ away ov] l& & sea1 ?an ! sorc]] /eps up to ! scaffold1 takes f x ! blea*$ skull1 & holds x 9 bo? 8 h&s4 ,!n ! giv] ( ! fea/ goes up to him1 dips a bun* ( draca5a leaves 9 a vessel ( oil1 & smites ! skull ) x1 say+1 ,?\ art my fa!r6 ,at t ! drums aga9 beat l\dly4 ,!n he /rikes ! skull a second "t ) ! leaves1 say+1 ,take ! food t has be5 made ready 9 ?9e hon\r6 ,& aga9 !re is a cra% ( drums4 ,aft] t he smites ! skull yet aga9 & prays say+1 ,gu>d me6 ,gu>d my p6 ,gu>d my *ildr56 ,& e pray] ( ! litany is foll[$ by ! solemn roll ( ! drums4 ,:5 ^! impressive invocations to ! _s ( ! dead *ief are ov]1 ! fea/+ beg9s4 ,! skull is !nce=? c>efully pres]v$4#fci ,sid5ote3 ,disposal ( ! dead 9 ! ,kaniet ,isl&s4 ,pres]vation ( ! skull4 ,9 ! ,kaniet ,isl&s1 a small gr\p to ! nor?-we/ ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s1 ! dead are ei!r sunk 9 ! sea or buri$ 9 %all[ graves1 face d[nw>d1 ne> ! h\se4 ,all ! movable prop]ty ( ! deceas$ is pil$ on ! grave1 left !re = ?ree weeks1 & !n burnt4 ,aft]w>ds ! skull is dug up1 plac$ 9 a basket1 & hav+ be5 decorat$ ) leaves & fea!rs is hung up 9 ! h\se4 ,?us adorn$ x n only s]ves to keep ! dead 9 memory1 b is also employ$ 9 _m conjurations to defeat ! nef>i\s designs ( o!r gho/s1 :o are believ$ to "w mo/ ( ! ills t afflict humanity4#fdj ,app>5tly ^! isl&]s employ a gho/ to protect !m aga9/ gho/s on ! pr9ciple ( sett+ a ?ief to cat* a ?ief4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea? attribut$ to wit*craft4 ,among/ ! natives ( ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago few p]sons1 if any1 are believ$ to die f natural causes alone2 if !y are n kill$ 9 w> !y are commonly suppos$ to p]i% by wit*craft or sorc]y1 ev5 :5 ! cause ( dea? might seem to ! un9/ruct$ ,european to be suffici5tly obvi\s 9 su* ?+s z exposure to heavy ra91 ! c>ry+ ( too heavy a burd51 or rema9+ too long a "t "u wat]4 ,s :5 a man has di$1 8 fri5ds are anxi\s to discov] :o has bewit*$ him to dea?4 ,9 ?is enquiry ! gho/ is expect$ to l5d 8 assi/ance4 ,?us on ! night aft] ! decease ! fri5ds w assemble outside ! h\se1 & a sorc]] w address ! gho/ & reque/ him to "n ! au?or ( 8 dea?4 ,if ! gho/1 z sometimes happ5s1 makes no reply1 ! sorc]] w jog 8 memory by call+ out ! "n ( "s suspect$ p]son2 & %\ld ! gho/ /ill be sil5t1 ! wiz>d w "n ano!r & ano!r1 till at ! m5tion ( "o "n a tapp+ s\nd is he>d l ! drumm+ ( f+]s on a bo>d or on a mat ,! s\nd may proce$ f ! h\se or f a pe>l %ell :i* ! sorc]] holds 9 8 h&2 b come f :]e x may1 x is tak5 z a c]ta9 pro( t ! man :o has j be5 nam$ did ! de$1 & he is dealt ) accord+ly4 ,_m a poor wret* 9 ,new ,brita9 has be5 kill$ & eat5 on no o!r evid5ce ?an t ( ! fatal tapp+4#fda ,sid5ote3 ,burial cu/oms 9 ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl&4 ,pres]vation ( ! skull4 ,:5 a man ( m>k is buri$ 9 ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl&1 ! ma/]s ( sorc]y take leaves1 spit on !m1 & ?r[ !m1 ) a numb] ( poison\s ?+s1 into ! grave1 utt]+ at ! same "t l\d imprecations on ! wick$ en*ant] :o has kill$ _! fri5d4 ,!n !y g & ba!1 & return+ !y fall to curs+ aga92 & if ! miscreant surviv$ ! fir/ imprecations1 x is reg>d$ z p]fectly c]ta9 t he w fall a victim to ! second4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! deceas$ 0 a *ief di/+ui%$ = brav]y & wisdom1 8 corpse w\ld be expos$ on a high plat=m 9 front ( 8 h\se & left !re to rot1 :ile 8 relatives sat ar\nd & inhal$ ! /5*1 conceiv+ t ) x !y absorb$ ! c\rage & skill ( ! dep>t$ wor?y4 ,"s ( !m w\ld ev5 ano9t _! bodies ) ! dripp+s f ! putrefy+ corpse = ! same purpose4 ,! wom5 also made fires t ! gho/ might w>m himself at !m4 ,:5 ! head became deta*$ f ! trunk1 x 0 c>efully pres]v$ by ! next ( k91 :ile ! o!r rema9s 7 buri$ 9 a %all[ grave 9 ! h\se4 ,all ! female relatives black5$ _! dusky faces = a long "t1 aft] :i* ! skull 0 put on a plat=m1 a great fea/ 0 held1 & dances 7 p]=m$ = _m nights 9 its hon\r4 ,!n at la/ ! _s ( ! dead man1 :i* till t "t 0 suppos$ to be l+]+ ab\t 8 old abode1 took 8 dep>ture1 & 8 fri5ds tr\bl$ !mselves ab\t him no m4#fdb ,sid5ote3 ,pray]s to ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead are always reg>d$ by ^! p z be+s ^: help c be invok$ on special occasions1 su* z fight+ or fi%+ or any o!r matt] ( importance2 & s9ce ! spirits :om !y invoke are always ^? ( _! own k9dr$ !y are presum$ to be fri5dly to ! petition]s4 ,! objects = :i* =mal pray]s are address$ to ! s\ls ( ance/ors appe> to be always temporal b5efits1 su* z victory ov] enemies & pl5ty ( food2 pray]s = ! promotion ( moral virtue are seem+ly unkn[n4 ,= example1 if a woman lab\r$ h>d 9 *ildbir?1 %e 0 ?\ght to be bewit*$1 & pray]s w\ld be (f]$ to ! spirits ( dead ance/ors to c\nt]act ! spell4 ,aga91 "y m5 are in/ruct$ by _! eld]s 9 ! useful art ( curs+ ! enemies ( ! tribe2 & among a ri* v>iety ( imprecations an old man w invoke ! _s ( 8 bro!r1 fa!r1 or uncle1 or all ( !m1 to put _! f+]s into ! e>s ( ! enemy t he may n he>1 to cov] 8 eyes t he may n see1 & to /op 8 m\? t he may n cry = help1 b may fall an easy prey to ! curs] & 8 fri5ds4#fdc ,m amiable & n less effectual are ! pray]s (f]$ to ! spirits ( ! dead ov] a sick man4 ,at ! m5tion ( ea* "n 9 ! pray] ! supplicants make a *irp+ or hiss+ s\nd1 & rub lime ov] ! pati5t4 ,be=e adm9i/]+ m$ic9e !y pray ov] x to ! spirits ( ! dead2 !n ! pati5t gulps x d[n1 ?us absorb+ ! virtue ( ! m$ic9e & ( ! pray] 9 "o4 ,9 ,new ,brita9 !y re9=ce ! pray]s to ! dead 9 "t ( ne$ by we>+ ! jawbone ( ! deceas$2 & 9 ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl& p (t5 we> a too? or "s hair ( a dep>t$ relative1 n m]ely z a m>k ( respect1 b z a magical means ( obta9+ sup]natural help4#fdd ,sid5ote3 ,nor? ,melanesian views z to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,soon] or lat] ! s\ls ( all ! ,nor? ,melanesian dead take _! dep>ture = ! _s l&4 ,b ! in=mation :i* has rea*$ ! liv+ z to t f> c\ntry is at once vague & inconsi/5t4 ,!y call x ,matana nion1 b :]eab\t x lies !y _c = ! mo/ "p precisely tell4 ,all !y "k = c]ta9 is t x is f> away1 & t !re is always "s p>ticul> spot 9 ! neighb\rhood f :i* ! s\ls take _! dep>ture2 = example1 ! ,duke ( ,york gho/s inv>iably />t f ! little isl& ( ,nuruan1 ne> ,mioko4 ,:]ev] x may be1 ! l& ( s\ls is divid$ into comp>tm5ts2 p :o h di$ ( sickness or wit*craft g to "o place1 & p :o h be5 kill$ 9 battle g to ano!r4 ,!y d n g unatt5d$2 = :5 a man dies two fri5ds sleep beside 8 corpse ! fir/ night1 "o on ea* side1 & _! spirits are believ$ to accompany ! s\l ( ! dead man to ! _s l&4 ,!y say t on _! arrival 9 ! f> c\ntry1 betel-nut is pres5t$ to !m all1 b ! two liv+ m5 refuse to p>take ( x1 because !y "k t 7 !y to eat x !y w\ld return no m to ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,:5 !y d return1 !y h (t51 z might be expect$1 /range tales to tell ( :at !y saw among ! gho/s4 ,! pr9cipal p]sonage 9 ! o!r _w is call$ ! keep] ( s\ls4 ,x is said t once on a "t ! ma/]ful gho/ ( a dead *ief attempt$ to usurp ! po/ ( w>d5 ( ! dead2 9 pursuance ( ?is ambiti\s project he attack$ ! w>d5 ) a tomahawk & cut (f "o ( 8 legs1 b ! amputat$ limb imm$iately reunit$ itself ) ! body2 & a second amputation 0 foll[$ by ! same disappo9t+ result4 ,life 9 ! o!r _w is report$ to be v l life 9 ?is _w4 ,"s p f9d x v dismal1 & o!rs v beautiful4 ,^? :o 7 ri* "h w be ri* !re1 & ^? :o 7 poor on e>? w be poor 9 ,hades4 ,z to any moral retribution :i* may ov]take evil-do]s 9 ! life to come1 _! ideas are v vague2 only !y are sure t ! gho/s ( ! nigg>dly w be puni%$ by be+ dump$ v h>d aga9/ ! buttress-roots ( *e/nut-trees4 ,!y say1 too1 t all brea*es ( etiquette or ( ! ord9>y cu/oms ( ! c\ntry w meet ) c]ta9 appropriate puni%m5ts 9 ! _s l&4 ,:5 ! s\l has ?us done p5ance1 x takes possession ( ! body ( "s animal1 = in/ance1 ! fly+-fox4 ,h5ce a native is mu* al>m$ if he %\ld be sitt+ "u a tree f :i* a fly+-fox has be5 fright5$ away4 ,%\ld any?+ drop f ! bat or f ! tree on :i* x 0 hang+1 he w\ld look on x z an om5 ( good or ill accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+ :i* fell on or ne> him4 ,if x 7 useless or dirty1 he w\ld c]ta9ly appreh5d "s s]i\s mis=tune4 ,sometimes :5 a man dies & 8 s\l arrives 9 ! _s l&1 8 fri5ds d n want him !re & drive him back to e>?1 s he comes to life aga94 ,t is ! explanation :i* ! natives give ( :at we call ! recov]y ( consci\sness aft] a fa9t or swoon4#fde ,sid5ote3 ,! l& ( ! dead4 ,/ate ( ! dead 9 ! o!r _w suppos$ to dep5d on ! am\nt ( money !y left 9 ?is "o4 ,"s ( ! natives ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9 imag9e t ! home ( dep>t$ spirits is 9 ,nakanei1 ! "p ( ! coa/ to :i* !y sail to get _! %ell money4 ,o!rs suppose t x is 9 ! isl&s (f ,cape ,takes4 ,s :5 !y are sail+ pa/ ^! isl&s !y dip ! paddles s(tly 9 ! wat]1 & obs]ve a dea?-l /illness1 c[]+ d[n 9 ! canoes1 le/ ! gho/s %\ld spy !m & d !m a mis*ief4 ,at ! entrance to ^! happy isles is po/$ a /]n wat*man to see t no improp] p]son sneaks into !m4 ,to e gho/ t arrives he puts ?ree que/ions1 ,:o are y8 ,:]e d y come f8 ,h[ mu* %ell money did y leave beh9d y8 ,on 8 answ]s to ^! ?ree que/ions hangs ! fate ( ! gho/4 ,if he left mu* money1 he is free to ent] ! realm ( bliss1 :]e he w pass ! "t ) o!r happy s\ls smok+ & eat+ & enjoy+ o!r s5sual delights4 ,b if he left little or no money1 he is bani%$ ! e>?ly p>adise & s5t home to roam l a wild bea/ 9 ! =e/1 batt5+ on leaves & fil?4 ,) bitt] sighs & groans he pr[ls ab\t ! villages at night & seeks to av5ge himself by sc>+ or plagu+ ! survivors4 ,to /ay 8 hung] & appease 8 wra? relatives or fri5ds w sometimes set =? food = him to dev\r4 ,yet ev5 = su* an impecuni\s s\l !re is hope2 = if somebody only takes pity on him & gives a fea/ 9 8 hon\r & di/ributes %ell money to ! gue/s1 ! gho/ may return to ! isl&s ( ! ble/1 & ! door w be ?r[n op5 to him4#fdf ,sid5ote3 ,fiji & ! ,fijians4 ,s mu* = ! belief 9 immortality z x is report$ to exi/ among ! ,nor!rn ,melanesians ( ,new ,brita9 & ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago4 ,we n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( a simil> belief among ano!r p ( ! same /ock1 :o h be5 long] kn[n to ,europe1 ! ,fijians4 ,! ar*ipelago :i* !y occupy lies to ! ea/ ( ! ,new ,hebrides & =ms 9 fact ! mo/ ea/]ly outpo/ ( ! black ,melanesian race 9 ! ,pacific4 ,beyond x to ! ea/w>d are situat$ ! small] ar*ipelagoes ( ,samoa & ,tonga1 inhabit$ by bran*es ( ! br[n ,polynesian race1 ^: memb]s are scatt]$ ov] ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean f ,hawaii 9 ! nor? to ,new ,zeal& 9 ! s\?4 ,( all ! bran*es ( ! ,melanesian /ock ! ,fijians at ! date ( _! discov]y by ,europeans appe> to h made ! greate/ advance 9 culture1 mat]ial1 social1 & political4 ,! ,fijian1 says "o :o knew him long & intimately1 takes no mean place among savages 9 ! social scale4 ,long be=e ! :ite man visit$ 8 %ores he _h made v consid]able progress t[>ds civilisation4 ,8 int]sexual code _h advanc$ to ! 'patri>*al /age'3 he 0 a skilful & dilig5t husb&man1 :o c>ri$ out ext5sive & labori\s agricultural op]ations3 he built good h\ses1 ^: int]ior he ornam5t$ ) no little ta/e1 c>v$ 8 weapons 9 graceful & intricate =ms1 manufactur$ excell5t pott]y1 beat out f ! inn] b>k ( a tree a s]viceable papyrus-clo?1 ^u :i* he pr9t$1 f blocks ei!r c>v$ or +5i\sly piec$ toge!r1 elegant & elaborate patt]ns 9 fa/ col\rs2 &1 ) tools no bett] ?an a /one hat*et1 a po9t$ %ell1 & a fire/ick1 he con/ruct$ l>ge canoes capable ( c>ry+ m ?an a hundr$ w>riors across ! op5 sea4#fdg ,sid5ote3 ,political sup]iority ( ! ,fijians ov] ! o!r ,melanesians4 ,politically ! ,fijians %ew$ _! sup]iority to all ! o!r ,melanesians 9 ! advance !y _h made t[>ds a regul> & organis$ gov]nm5t4 ,:ile among ! o!r bran*es ( ! same race gov]nm5t c h>dly be said to exi/1 ! p[] ( *iefs be+ bo? sl5d] & prec>i\s1 9 ,fiji ! highe/ *iefs ex]cis$ despotic sway & receiv$ f ,europeans ! title ( k+s4 ,! p _h no voice 9 ! /ate2 ! w ( ! k+ 0 g5]ally law1 & 8 p]son 0 sacr$4 ,:atev] he t\*$ or wore became !reby holy & _h to be made ov] to him2 nobody else c\ld aft]w>ds t\* x )\t dang] ( be+ /ruck dead on ! spot z if by an electric %ock4 ,"o k+ took advantage ( ?is sup]/ition by dress+ up an ,engli% sailor 9 8 royal robes & s5d+ him ab\t to ?r[ 8 sweep+ tra9 ov] any article ( food1 :e!r dead or alive1 :i* he might *ance to come ne>4 ,! ?+s s t\*$ 7 at once convey$ to ! k+ )\t a ^w ( explanation be+ requir$ or a s+le remon/rance utt]$4 ,"s ( ! k+s laid claim to a div9e orig9 & on ! /r5g? ( ! claim exact$ & receiv$ f _! subjects ! respect due to deities4 ,9 ^! exorbitant pret5sions !y 7 greatly /r5g!n$ by ! in/itution ( taboo1 :i* l5t ! sanction ( religion to e ex]tion ( arbitr>y p[]4#fdh ,correspond+ ) ! gr[? ( mon>*y 0 ! well-m>k$ gradation ( social ranks :i* prevail$ 9 ! v>i\s tribes f ! k+ d[nw>ds ?r\gh *iefs1 w>riors1 & l&hold]s1 to slaves4 ,! result+ political con/itution has be5 comp>$ to ! old feudal sy/em ( ,europe4#fdi ,sid5ote3 ,means ( subsi/5ce ( ! ,fijians4 ,f]ocity & depravity ( ! ,fijians4 ,l ! o!r peoples ( ! ,melanesian /ock ! ,fijians subsi/ *iefly by agriculture1 rais+ _m sorts ( escul5t fruits & roots1 p>ticul>ly yams1 t>o1 planta9s1 bread-fruit1 sweet potatoes1 bananas1 coco-nuts1 ivi nuts1 & sug>-cane2 b ! *ief proportion ( _! food is d]iv$ f yams 7,dioscorea71 ( :i* !y cultivate five or six v>ieties4#fej ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! increase ( cultivat$ plants is regul> on rec$+ f ! ,hawaiian gr\p up to ,fiji1 :]e roots & fruits are f\nd t are unkn[n on ! m ea/]n isl&s4#fea ,yet ! ,fijians 9 _! native /ate1 l all o!r ,melanesian & ,polynesian peoples1 7 entirely ignorant ( ! c]eals2 & 9 ! op9ion ( a compet5t obs]v] ! consequ5t defect 9 _! diet has contribut$ to ! s]i\s defects 9 _! national "*4 ,! c]eals1 he tells u1 are ! /aple food ( all races t h left _! m>k 9 hi/ory2 & on ! o!r h& ! apa?y & indol5ce ( ! ,fijians arise f _! climate1 _! diet & _! communal in/itutions4 ,! climate is too k9d to /imulate !m to ex]tion1 _! food imp>ts no /ay+ p[]4 ,! soil gives ! means ( exi/5ce = e man )\t ef=t1 & ! communal in/itutions de/roy ! in/9ct ( accumulation4#feb ,nor are apa?y & indol5ce ! only or ! wor/ features 9 ! "* ( ^! comp>atively advanc$ savages4 ,_! f]ocity1 cruelty1 & moral depravity are depict$ 9 d>k col\rs by ^? :o _h ! be/ opportunity ( kn[+ !m 9 ! old days be=e _! savag]y 0 mitigat$ by contact ) a mild] religi\s fai? & a high] civilisation4 ,9 contemplat+ ! "* ( ?is extraord9>y portion ( mank9d1 says "o obs]v]1 ! m9d is /ruck ) wond] & awe at ! mixture ( a complicat$ & c>efully conduct$ political sy/em1 highly f9i%$ mann]s1 & c]emoni\s polit5ess1 ) a f]ocity & practice ( savage vices :i* is probably unp>allel$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4#fec ,"o ( ! fir/ civilis$ m5 to ga9 an intimate acqua9tance ) ! ,fijians draws a melan*oly contra/ betwe5 ! bas5ess & vil5ess ( ! p & ! lovel9ess ( ! l& 9 :i* !y live4#fed ,sid5ote3 ,sc5]y ( ! ,fijian isl&s4 ,= ! ,fijian isl&s are exce$+ly beautiful4 ,!y are ( volcanic orig91 mo/ly high & m\nta9\s1 b int]sect$ by picturesque valleys1 clo!d ) woods1 & fe/oon$ ) ! mo/ luxuriant tropical vegetation4 ,among _! attractions1 we are told1 are high m\nta9s1 abrupt precipices1 conical hills1 fanta/ic turrets & crags ( rock fr[n+ d[n l old5 battlem5ts1 va/ domes1 peaks %att]$ into /range =ms2 native t[ns on eyrie cliffs1 app>5tly inaccessible2 & deep rav9es1 d[n :i* "s m\nta9 /ream1 aft] long murmur+ 9 its /ony b$1 falls headlong1 glitt]+ z a silv] l9e on a block ( jet1 or spread+ l a %eet ( glass ov] b>e rocks :i* refuse x a *annel4 ,"h also are f\nd ! s(t] features ( ri* vales1 cocoa-nut groves1 clumps ( d>k *e/nuts1 /ately palms & bread-fruit1 pat*es ( graceful bananas or well-till$ t>o-b$s1 m+l+ 9 un*eck$ luxuriance1 & =m+1 ) ! wild reef-sc5]y ( ! girdl+ %ore1 its beat+ surf1 & f>-/ret*+ ocean beyond1 pictures ( surpass+ beauty4#fee ,ea* isl& is encircl$ by a reef ( :ite coral1 on :i* ! sea breaks1 ) a ?und]\s ro>1 9 curl+ %eets ( foam2 :ile inside ! reef /ret*es ! lagoon1 a calm lake ( blue cry/all9e wat] reveal+ 9 its transluc5t dep?s beautiful g>d5s ( seawe$ & coral :i* fill ! behold] ) delight$ wond]4 ,great & sudd5 is ! contra/ exp]i5c$ by ! m>9] :5 he passes 9 a mom5t f ! toss+1 heav+1 ro>+ bill[s )\t into ! unbrok5 calm ( ! quiet hav5 )9 ! b>ri] reef4#fef ,sid5ote3 ,fijian doctr9e ( s\ls4 ,l mo/ savages1 ! ,fijians believ$ t man is animat$ by a s\l :i* quits 8 body tempor>ily 9 sleep & p]man5tly at dea?1 to survive = a long] or a %ort] "t 9 a disembodi$ /ate !reaft]4 ,inde$1 !y attribut$ s\ls to animals1 vegetables1 /ones1 tools1 h\ses1 canoes1 & _m o!r ?+s1 all[+ t all ( !m may become immortal4#feg ,on ?is po9t ,i w quote ! evid5ce ( "o ( ! e>lie/ & be/ au?orities on ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s4 ,!re seems1 says ,william ,m>9]1 to be a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! op9ions ( ! natives 9 ! diff]5t clu/]s ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s respect+ ! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,:il/ ! ,tonga doctr9e limits immortality to *iefs1 matabooles1 & at mo/1 to mooas1 ! ,fiji doctr9e1 ) abundant lib]ality1 ext5ds x to all mank9d1 to all brute animals1 to all vegetables1 & ev5 to /ones & m9]al sub/ances4 ,if an animal or a plant die1 its s\l imm$iately goes to ,bolotoo2 if a /one or any o!r sub/ance is brok51 immortality is equally its rew>d2 nay1 artificial bodies h equal good luck ) m51 & hogs1 & yams4 ,if an axe or a *isel is worn out or brok5 up1 away flies its s\l = ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,if a h\se is tak5 d[n1 or any way de/roy$1 its immortal "p w f9d a situation on ! pla9s ( ,bolotoo2 &1 to confirm ?is doctr9e1 ! ,fiji p c %[ y a sort ( natural well1 or deep hole 9 ! gr\nd1 at "o ( _! isl&s1 across ! bottom ( :i* runs a /ream ( wat]1 9 :i* y may cle>ly p]ceive ! s\ls ( m5 & wom51 bea/s & plants1 ( /ocks & /ones1 canoes & h\ses1 & ( all ! brok5 ut5sils ( ?is frail _w1 swimm+ or r tumbl+ along "o ov] ! o!r pell-mell into ! regions ( immortality4 ,su* is ! ,fiji philosophy1 b ! ,tonga p d5y x1 unwill+ to ?9k t ! resid5ce ( ! gods %\ld be encumb]$ ) s mu* useless rubbi%4 ,! natives ( ,otaheite ent]ta9 simil> notions respect+ ^! ?+s1 viz4 t brutes1 plants1 & /ones exi/ h]eaft]1 b x is n m5tion$ t !y ext5d ! idea to objects ( human inv5tion4#feh ,sid5ote3 ,report$ ,fijian doctr9e ( two human s\ls1 a light "o & a d>k "o4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ! ,fijians imag9$ t e man has two s\ls1 a d>k s\l1 consi/+ ( 8 %ad[1 & a light s\l1 consi/+ ( 8 reflection 9 wat] or a look+-glass3 ! d>k s\l dep>ts at dea? to ,hades1 :ile ! light s\l /ays ne> ! place :]e he di$ or 0 kill$4 ,probably1 says ,?omas ,williams1 ?is doctr9e ( %ad[s has to d ) ! notion ( inanimate objects hav+ spirits4 ,i once plac$ a good-look+ native sudd5ly be=e a mirror4 ,he /ood delight$4 ',n[1' said he1 s(tly1 ',i c see into ! _w ( spirits4'#fei ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ano!r good au?ority ?is di/9ction ( two human s\ls re/s m]ely on a misappreh5sion ( ! ,fijian ^w = %ad[1 yaloyalo1 :i* is a r$uplication ( yalo1 ! ^w = s\l4#ffj ,app>5tly ! ,fijians pictur$ to !mselves ! human s\l z a m9iature ( ! man himself4 ,?is may be inf]r$ f ! cu/oms obs]v$ at ! dea? ( a *ief among ! ,nakelo tribe4 ,:5 a *ief dies1 c]ta9 m5 :o are ! h]$it>y und]tak]s call him1 z he lies1 oil$ & ornam5t$1 on f9e mats1 say+1 ,rise1 sir1 ! *ief1 & let u be go+4 ,! day has come ov] ! l&4 ,!n !y conduct him to ! riv] side1 :]e ! gho/ly f]ryman comes to f]ry ,nakelo gho/s across ! /ream4 ,z !y att5d ! *ief on 8 la/ j\rney1 !y hold _! great fans close to ! gr\nd to %elt] him1 because1 z "o ( !m expla9$ to a mission>y1 ,8 s\l is only a little *ild4#ffa ,sid5ote3 ,abs5ce ( ! s\l 9 sleep4 ,cat*+ ! s\l ( a rascal 9 a sc>f4 ,! s\ls ( "s m5 7 suppos$ to quit _! bodies 9 sleep & ent] into ! bodies ( o!r sleep]s1 tr\bl+ & di/urb+ !m4 ,a s\l t _h contract$ ?is bad habit 0 call$ a yalombula4 ,:5 any "o fa9t$ or di$1 8 vagrant _s might1 s ! ,fijians ?\ght1 be induc$ to come back by call+ aft] x4 ,sometimes1 on awak+ f a nap1 a /\t man might be se5 ly+ at full l5g? & bawl+ out lu/ily = ! return ( 8 own s\l4#ffb ,9 ! w9dw>d isl&s ( ,fiji !re us$ to be an ordeal call$ yalovaki :i* 0 mu* dread$ by evil-do]s4 ,:5 ! evid5ce 0 /rong aga9/ suspect$ crim9als1 & !y /ubbornly refus$ to confess1 ! *ief1 :o 0 also ! judge1 w\ld call = a sc>f1 ) :i* to cat* away ! s\l ( ! rogue4 ,a ?reat ( ! rack c\ld n h be5 m effectual4 ,! culprit g5]ally confess$ at ! sight & ev5 ! m5tion ( ! light in/rum5t2 b if he did n1 ! sc>f w\ld be wav$ ov] 8 head until 8 s\l 0 caught 9 x l a mo? or a fly1 aft] :i* x w\ld be c>efully fold$ up & nail$ to ! small end ( a *ief's canoe1 & = want ( 8 s\l ! suspect$ p]son w\ld p9e & die4#ffc ,sid5ote3 ,fijian dread ( sorc]y & wit*craft4 ,fur!r1 ! ,fijians1 l _m o!r savages1 /ood 9 great t]ror ( wit*craft1 believ+ t ! sorc]] _h x 9 8 p[] to kill !m by ! practice ( 8 nef>i\s art4 ,( all _! sup]/itions1 says ,?omas ,williams1 ?is ex]ts ! /ronge/ influ5ce on ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,m5 :o laugh at ! pret5sions ( ! prie/ tremble at ! p[] ( ! wiz>d2 & ^? :o become *ri/ians lose ?is fe> la/ ( all ! relics ( _! hea!nism4#ffd ,inde$ native ag5ts ( ! mission :o1 9 ! dis*>ge ( _! duty1 h boldly fac$ dea? by op5 viol5ce1 h be5 driv5 f _! po/s by _! dread ( ! sorc]]2 & my own obs]vation confirms ! /atem5t ( m ?an "o obs]v] t savages n unfrequ5tly die ( fe> :5 !y ?9k !mselves bewit*$4#ffe ,pr(ess$ practition]s ( wit*craft 7 dread$ by all classes1 & by de/roy+ mutual confid5ce !y annull$ ! com=t & %ook ! security ( society4 ,almo/ all sudd5 dea?s 7 set d[n to _! ma*9ations4 ,a common mode ( effect+ _! object 0 to obta9 a %r$ ( ! clo?+ ( ! man !y int5d$ to bewit*1 "s refuse ( 8 food1 a lock ( 8 hair1 or "s o!r p]sonal relic2 hav+ got x !y wrapp$ x up 9 c]ta9 leaves1 & !n cook$ or buri$ x or hung x up 9 ! =e/2 :]eupon ! victim 0 suppos$ to die ( a wa/+ disease4 ,ano!r way 0 to bury a coco-nut1 ) ! eye upw>d1 b5ea? ! he>? ( ! temple1 on :i* a fire 0 kept con/antly burn+2 & z ! life ( ! nut 0 de/roy$1 s ! heal? ( ! p]son :om ! nut repres5t$ w\ld fail till dea? put an end to 8 suff]+s4 ,! native imag9ation1 we are told1 is s absolutely "u ! control ( fe> ( ^! *>ms1 t p]sons1 he>+ t !y 7 ! object ( su* spells1 h la9 d[n on _! mats1 & di$ ?r\gh fe>4#fff ,to gu>d aga9/ ! fell craft ( ! magician ! p resort$ to _m precautions4 ,a man :o suspect$ ano!r ( plott+ aga9/ him w\ld be c>eful n to eat 9 8 pres5ce or at all ev5ts to leave no morsel ( food beh9d1 le/ ! o!r %\ld secrete x & bewit* him by x2 & = ! same reason p dispos$ ( _! g>m5ts s t no "p c\ld be remov$2 & :5 !y _h _! hair cut !y g5]ally hid ! clipp+s 9 ! ?at* ( _! own h\ses4 ,"s ev5 built !mselves a small hut & surr\nd$ x ) a moat1 believ+ t a little wat] _h p[] to neutralise ! *>ms direct$ aga9/ !m4#ffg ,sid5ote3 ,! fe> ( sorc]y has _h ! b5eficial effect ( en=c+ habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,9 ! face ( su* in/ances z ^!1 says "o :o kn[s ! ,fijians well1 x dem&s "s c\rage to ass]t t ^u ! :ole ! belief 9 wit*craft 0 =m]ly a positive advantage to ! community4 ,x fill$1 9 fact1 ! place ( a sy/em ( sanitation4 ,! wiz>d's tools consi/+ 9 ^? wa/e matt]s t are inimical to heal?1 e man 0 8 own scav5g]4 ,f bir? to old age a man 0 gov]n$ by ?is "o fe>2 he w5t into ! sea1 ! gravey>d or ! dep?s ( ! =e/ to satisfy 8 natural wants2 he burn$ 8 ca/-(f malo2 he gave e fragm5t left ov] f 8 food to ! pigs2 he conceal$ ev5 ! clipp+s ( 8 hair 9 ! ?at* ( 8 h\se4 ,?is ev]-pres5t fe> ev5 drove wom5 9 ! we/]n di/ricts out into ! =e/ = ! bir? ( _! *ildr51 :]e fire de/roy$ e trace ( _! ly+-94 ,until ,*ri/ianity broke x d[n1 ! villages 7 kept clean2 !re 7 no fe/]+ rubbi%-heaps nor fil?y r>as4#ffh ,sid5ote3 ,fijian dread ( gho/s4 ,upro> made to drive away gho/s4 ,( app>itions ! ,fijians us$ to be v mu* afraid4 ,!y believ$ t ! gho/s ( ! dead appe>$ (t5 & afflict$ mank9d1 especially 9 sleep4 ,! spirits ( sla9 m51 un*a/e wom51 & wom5 :o di$ 9 *ildb$ 7 mo/ dread$4 ,aft] a dea? p h be5 kn[n to hide !mselves = a few days1 until !y suppos$ ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ 0 at re/4 ,also !y %unn$ ! places :]e p _h be5 murd]$1 p>ticul>ly :5 x ra9$1 because !n ! moans ( ! gho/ c\ld be he>d z he sat up1 try+ to relieve 8 pa9 by re/+ 8 poor a*+ head on ! palms ( 8 h&s4 ,"s h[ev] said t ! moans 7 caus$ by ! s\l ( ! murd]] knock+ d[n ! s\l ( 8 victim1 :5ev] ! wret*$ _s attempt$ to get up4#ffi ,:5 ,fijians pass$ a spot 9 ! =e/ :]e a man _h be5 clubb$ to dea?1 !y w\ld sometimes ?r[ leaves on x z a m>k ( homage to 8 _s1 believ+ t !y w\ld soon be kill$ !mselves if !y fail$ 9 ?us pay+ _! respects to ! gho/4#fgj ,& aft] !y _h buri$ a man alive1 z !y v (t5 did1 ^! savages us$ at nightfall to make a great d9 ) l>ge bamboos1 trumpet-%ells1 & s =?1 9 ord] to drive away 8 _s & det] him f loit]+ ab\t 8 old home4 ,! upro> is always held 9 ! late habitation ( ! deceas$1 ! reason be+ t z no "o kn[s = a c]ta9ty :at reception he w receive 9 ! invisible _w1 if x is n accord+ to 8 expectations he w mo/ likely rep5t ( 8 b>ga9 & wi% to come back4 ,= t reason !y make a great noise to fright5 him away1 & dismantle 8 =m] habitation ( ev]y?+ t is attractive1 & clo! x ) ev]y?+ t to _! ideas seems repulsive4#fga ,sid5ote3 ,kill+ a gho/4 ,h[ev]1 /rong] measures 7 sometimes resort$ to4 ,x 0 believ$ to be possible to kill a tr\blesome gho/4 ,once x happ5$ t _m *iefs fea/$ 9 ! h\se ( ,tanoa1 ,k+ ( ,ambau4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+ "o ( !m relat$ h[ he _h sla9 a neighb\r+ *ief4 ,t v night1 hav+ occasion to leave ! h\se1 he saw1 z he believ$1 ! gho/ ( 8 victim1 hurl$ 8 club at him1 & kill$ him /one dead4 ,on 8 return to ! h\se he r\s$ ! k+ & ! re/ ( ! inmates f _! slumb]s1 & rec\nt$ 8 exploit4 ,! matt] 0 deem$ ( high importance1 & !y all sat on x 9 solemn conclave4 ,next morn+ a se>* 0 made = ! club on ! sc5e ( ! murd]2 x 0 f\nd & c>ri$ ) great pomp & p>ade to ! ne>e/ temple1 :]e x 0 laid up = a p]petual memorial4 ,ev]ybody 0 firmly p]suad$ t by ?is swa%+ bl[ ! gho/ _h be5 n only kill$ b annihilat$4#fgb ,sid5ote3 ,daz+ ! gho/ ( a gr&fa!r4 ,a m humane me?od ( deal+ ) an importunate gho/ us$ to be adopt$ 9 ,vanua-levu1 ! l>ge/ b "o ( ! ,fijian isl&s4 ,9 t isl&1 z a consequ5ce1 x is said1 ( reckon+ k9%ip ?r\gh ! "m1 a *ild 0 consid]$ to be m closely relat$ to 8 gr&fa!r ?an to 8 fa!r4 ,h5ce :5 a gr&fa!r di$1 8 gho/ naturally desir$ to c>ry (f ! s\l ( 8 gr&*ild ) him to ! _s l&4 ,! wi% 0 cr$itable to ! w>m? ( 8 dome/ic affection1 b if ! survivors pref]r$ to keep ! *ild ) !m a little long] 9 ?is vale ( te>s1 !y took /eps to baffle gr&fa!r's gho/4 ,= ?is purpose :5 ! old man's body 0 /ret*$ on ! bi] & rais$ on ! %\ld]s ( half-a-doz5 /\t "y fell[s1 ! "m's bro!r w\ld take ! gr&*ild 9 8 arms & beg9 runn+ r\nd & r\nd ! corpse4 ,r\nd & r\nd he ran1 & gr&fa!r's gho/ look$ aft] him1 cran+ 8 neck f side to side & twi/+ x r\nd & r\nd 9 ! va9 attempt to foll[ ! rapid movem5ts ( ! runn]4 ,:5 ! gho/ 0 suppos$ to be q giddy ) ?is unwont$ ex]cise1 ! "m's bro!r made a sudd5 d>t away ) ! *ild 9 8 arms1 ! be>]s fairly bolt$ ) ! corpse to ! grave1 & be=e he c\ld collect 8 scatt]$ wits gr&fa!r 0 safely l&$ 9 8 long home4#fgc ,sid5ote3 ,special relation ( gr&fa!r to gr&*ild4 ,s\l ( a gr&fa!r reborn 9 8 gr&*ildr54 ,mr4 ,fison1 :o reports ?is qua9t mode ( bilk+ a gho/1 expla9s ! special atta*m5t ( ! gr&fa!r to 8 gr&*ild by ! rule ( female desc5t :i* survives 9 ,vanua-levu2 & x is true t :]e exogamy prevails along ) female desc5t1 a *ild regul>ly belongs to ! exogam\s class ( its gr&fa!r & n ( its fa!r & h5ce may be reg>d$ z m closely ak9 to ! gr&fa!r ?an to ! fa!r4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is to be obs]v$ t exogamy at pres5t is unkn[n 9 ,fiji1 & at mo/ its =m] preval5ce 9 ! isl&s c only be indirectly inf]r$ f relics ( totemism & f ! exi/5ce ( ! classificatory sy/em ( relation%ip4#fgd ,p]haps ! real reason :y 9 ,vanua-levu a dead gr&fa!r is s anxi\s to c>ry (f ! s\l ( 8 liv+ gr&*ild lies ne>] to h& 9 ! app>5tly widespread belief t ! s\l ( ! gr&fa!r is actually reborn 9 8 gr&*ild4 ,= example1 9 ,nukahiva1 "o ( ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 e "o is p]suad$ t ! s\l ( a gr&fa!r is transmitt$ by nature into ! body ( 8 gr&*ildr52 & t1 if an unfruitful wife 7 to place h]self "u ! corpse ( h] deceas$ gr&fa!r1 %e w\ld be sure to become pregnant4#fge ,aga91 ! ,kayans ( ,borneo believe 9 ! re9c>nation ( ! s\l1 al?\gh ?is belief is n cle>ly h>monis$ ) ! belief 9 ! life 9 ano!r _w4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! s\l ( a gr&fa!r may pass into "o ( 8 gr&*ildr51 & an old man w try to secure ! passage ( 8 s\l to a fav\rite gr&*ild by hold+ x above 8 head f "t to "t4 ,! gr&fa!r usually gives up 8 "n to 8 elde/ gr&son1 & reassumes ! orig9al "n ( 8 *ildhood ) ! prefix or title ,laki1 & ! cu/om seems to be connect$ ) ?is belief or hope4#fgf ,sid5ote3 ,a dead gr&fa!r may reasonably reclaim 8 own s\l f 8 gr&*ild4 ,n[ :]e su* a belief is held1 x seems reasonable en\gh t a dead gr&fa!r %\ld reclaim 8 own s\l = 8 p]sonal use be=e he sets out = ! _s l&2 else h[ c\ld he expect to be admitt$ to t blissful abode if on arriv+ at ! portal he 7 oblig$ to expla9 to ! port] t he _h no s\l ab\t him1 hav+ left t indisp5sable article beh9d 9 ! p]son ( 8 gr&*ild8 ,!n y _h bett] g back & fet* x4 ,!re is no admission at ?is gate = p )\t s\ls4 ,su* might v well be ! port]'s retort2 & =esee+ x any man ( ord9>y prud5ce w\ld take ! precaution ( recov]+ 8 lo/ spiritual prop]ty be=e pres5t+ himself to ! ,w>d5 ( ! ,dead4 ,?is !ory w\ld suffici5tly acc\nt = ! o!rwise s+ul> behavi\r ( gr&fa!r's gho/ 9 ,vanua-levu4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be admitt$ t ! !ory ( ! re9c>nation ( a gr&fa!r 9 a gr&son w\ld be sugge/$ m readily 9 a society :]e ! cu/om ( exogamy 0 comb9$ ) female desc5t ?an 9 "o :]e ! same cu/om coexi/$ ) male desc5t2 s9ce1 giv5 exogamy & female desc5t1 gr&fa!r & gr&son regul>ly belong to ! same exogam\s class1 :]eas fa!r & son nev] d s4#fgg ,?us ,mr4 ,fison may aft] all be "r 9 ref]r+ ! p>tiality ( a ,fijian gr&fa!r = 8 gr&son 9 ! la/ resort to a sy/em ( exogamy & female k9%ip4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,g4 ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #bc sq41 #abe1 #cbj sqq4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bid sqq42 ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,kue/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mu5/]1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #ij sqq4 ,! %ell money is call$ tambu 9 ,new ,brita91 diw>a 9 ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl&1 & ar+it 9 ,new ,irel&4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cjg1 #cac1 #dce1 #dcf4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bgj sq41 comp>e pp4 #abg1 #bjj4 ,footnote #fca3 ,rev4 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 v41 #ah4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ada sq41 #add1 #ade1 #aij-aic4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #adb1 #aib1 #che1 #chf sq4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 p4 #cij4 ,! cu/om ( cremat+ ! dead 9 ,new ,irel& is describ$ m fully by ,mr4 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 :o says t ! life-siz$ figures :i* are burn$ ) ! corpse repres5t ! deceas$ 7,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,su$see1 pp4 #bgc sqq474 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( ,new ,irel& ! dead are buri$ 9 ! e>?2 aft]w>ds ! bones are dug up & ?r[n into ! sea4 ,see ,alb]t ,hahl1 ,das mittl]e ,neumeckl5burg1 ,globus1 xci4 7#aijg7 p4 #cad4 ,footnote #fce3 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,su$see 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg7 p4 #gh2 ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,kue/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mu5/]1 ,n4,d471 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,mgr4 ,c\ppe1 ,en ,n\velle-,pom]anie1 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxiii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #cfd sq42 ,j4 ,graf ,pfeil1 ,/udi5 und ,beoba*tung5 aus d] ,su$see 7,brunswick1 #ahii71 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 op4 cit4 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #fch3 ,p4 ,ras*]1 ,m4,s4,c41 ,die ,sulka1 e9 ,beitrag zur ,e?nographic ,neu-,pomm]n1 ,ar*iv fu] ,an?ropologie1 xxix4 7#aijd7 pp4 #bad sq41 #baf2 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,su$see1 pp4 #ahe-ahg4 ,footnote #fci3 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,su$see1 pp4 #djd-djf4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dda sq4 ,footnote #fda3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agf1 #ahc1 #che sq4 ,z to ! wide-spread belief 9 ,new ,brita9 t :at we call natural dea?s are br\ght ab\t by sorc]y1 see fur!r ,p4 ,ras*]1 ,m4,s4,c41 ,die ,sulka1 e9 ,beitrag zur ,e?nographic ,neu-,pomm]n1 ,ar*iv fu] ,e?nographie1 xxix4 7#aijd7 pp4 #bba sq42 ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,su$see1 pp4 #aag sq4 #aii-bja2 ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,kue/5-bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mu5/]1 ,n4,d471 p4 #bae4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #chg-cij4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ce1 #hi1 #aif1 #bja4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #agg1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,footnote #fde3 ,g4 ,br[n1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aib-aie4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,kue/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel1 pp4 #bbe sq4 ,comp>e ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,su$see1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 xiv4 ,footnote #fdh3 ,?omas ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfj71 i4 #bb-bf4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #gg2 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #fej3 ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #ccb sqq42 ,?omas ,williams ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfj71 i4 #fj sqq42 ,b]?old ,seeman1 ,viti 7,cambridge1 #ahfb71 pp4 #bgi sqq42 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #cce sq4 ,footnote #fea3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #fj sq4 ,footnote #feb3 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 pp4 #cch1 #chi sq4 ,! ,fijians are 9 ! ma9 veget>ians1 b ! vegetables :i* !y cultivate conta9 a l>ge proportion ( />* & wat]1 & are defici5t 9 proteids4 ,moreov]1 ! supply ( ! pr9cipal /aples is irregul>1 be+ greatly affect$ by v>iable seasons1 & ! attacks ( insects & v]m94 ,v few ( !m w be> keep+1 & almo/ all ( !m mu/ be eat5 :5 ripe4 ,z ! food is ( l[ nutritive value1 a native always eats to repletion4 ,9 times ( pl5ty a full-gr[n man w eat z mu* z t5 p\nds' weight ( vegetables 9 ! day2 he w seldom be satisfi$ ) less ?an five4 ,a great quantity1 !re=e1 is requir$ to fe$ a v few p1 & z ev]y?+ is transport$ by h&1 a disproportionate am\nt ( "t is sp5t 9 transport+ food f ! plantation to ! consum]4 ,! "t sp5t 9 gr[+ native food is also out ( all proportion to its value 7,basil ,?omson1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ccd sq474 ,! same writ] tells u 7p4 #cce7 t x has nev] occurr$ to ! ,fijians to dry any ( ! fruits !y gr[ & to gr9d !m into fl\r1 z is done 9 ,africa4 ,footnote #fec3 ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7,london1 #ahec71 pp4 #bgb sq4 ,footnote #fed3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #df1 #cfc4 ,z to ! cruelty & depravity ( ! ,fijians 9 ! old days see fur!r ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 xv4 sqq4 ,footnote #fee3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #f sq4 ,z to ! sc5]y ( ! ,fijian ar*ipelago see fur!r id41 i4 #d sqq42 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #df1 #cbb2 ,/an=d's ,comp5dium ( ,geography & ,travel1 ,au/ralasia1 vol4 ii4 ,malaysia & ! ,pacific ,ar*ipelago1 edit$ by ,f4 ,h4 ,h4 ,guillem>d 7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #dfg sqq42 ,miss ,beatrice ,grim%aw1 ,f ,fiji to ! ,cannibal ,isl&s 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #dc sq41 #ed sq41 #gf-gh1 #ajf1 #aji sq4 ,footnote #fef3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #e sq41 #aa2 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #df sq4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a rem>kable diff]5ce n only 9 climate b 9 appe>ance betwe5 ! w9dw>d & ! leew>d sides ( ^! isl&s4 ,! w9dw>d side1 wat]$ by abundant %[]s1 is cov]$ ) luxuriant tropical vegetation2 ! leew>d side1 receiv+ little ra91 pres5ts a comp>atively b>r5 & burnt appe>ance1 ! vegetation dy+ d[n to ! grey hues ( ! b\ld]s among :i* x /ruggles = life4 ,h5ce ! dry leew>d side is bett] adapt$ = ,european settlem5t4 ,see ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #cbj sq42 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aj2 ,b4 ,seeman1 ,viti1 an ,acc\nt ( a ,gov]nm5t ,mission to ! ,vitian or ,fijian ,isl&s 9 ! ye>s #ahfj-ahfa 7,cambridge1 #ahfb71 pp4 #bgg sq4 ,footnote #feg3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bda2 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi2 ,b4 ,seeman1 ,viti 7,cambridge1 #ahfb71 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #feh3 ,william ,m>9]1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,natives ( ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahah71 ii4 #abi sq4 ,! matabooles 7 a sort ( hon\rable att5dants on *iefs & rank$ next to !m 9 ! social hi]>*y2 ! mooas 7 ! next class ( p bel[ ! matabooles4 ,see ,w4 ,m>9]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #hd1 #hf4 ,bolotoo or ,bulu 0 ! my?ical l& ( ! dead4 ,footnote #fei3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #bda4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,?is is ! op9ion ( my late fri5d1 ! ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 :i* he communicat$ to me 9 a lett] dat$ #bf? ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,communication ( ! late ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison 9 a lett] to me dat$ #crd ,novemb]1 #ahih4 ,i h already publi%$ x 9 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdb2 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 pp4 #afc sq42 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 pp4 #ci sq4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bej4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdh4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 p4 xxxii4 ,footnote #fff3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdh sq42 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 pp4 xxxi4 sq4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdi4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #aff4 ,a r>a is a public squ>e 7,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 p4 #ag74 ,footnote #ffi3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bda4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ej4 ,footnote #fga3 ,n>rative ( ,john ,jackson1 9 ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e's ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7,london1 #ahec71 p4 #dgg4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #he4 ,footnote #fgc3 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 pp4 #afh sq4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,totemism 9 ,fiji1 ,man1 viii4 7#aijh7 pp4 #acc sqq42 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ii4 #acd sqq4 ,footnote #fge3 ,u4 ,lisiansky1 ,a ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w 7,london1 #ahad71 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,*4 ,hose & ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiab71 ii4 #dg4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,comp>e ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iii4 #big-bii4 ,,lecture ,,xix ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,melanesia 7,,fiji7 7cont9u$7 ,sid5ote3 ,fijian indiff]5ce to dea?4 ,at ! close ( la/ lecture ,i illu/rat$ ! unque/ion+ belief :i* ! ,fijians ent]ta9 ) reg>d to ! survival ( ! human s\l aft] dea?4 ,! native sup]/itions ) reg>d to a future /ate1 we are told1 g f> to expla9 ! app>5t indiff]5ce ( ! p ab\t dea?2 =1 :ile believ+ 9 an et]nal exi/5ce1 !y %ut out f x ! idea ( any moral retribution 9 ! %ape ei!r ( rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,! fir/ notion conc]n+ dea? is t ( simple re/1 & is ?us conta9$ 9 "o ( _! rhymes3-- ,dea? is easy3 ,( :at use is life8 ,to die is re/4#fgh ,aga91 ano!r writ]1 speak+ ( ! ,fijians1 says t 9 g5]al1 ! passage f life to dea? is consid]$ z "o f pa9 to happ9ess1 & ,i 0 in=m$ t n9e out ( t5 look =w>d to x ) anxiety1 9 ord] to escape f ! infirmities ( old age1 or ! suff]+s ( disease4#fgi ,sid5ote3 ,john ,jackson's acc\nt ( ! bury+ alive ( a "y ,fijian man4 ,son buri$ alive by 8 fa!r4 ,! cool indiff]5ce ) :i* ! ,fijians commonly reg>d$ _! own dea? & t ( o!r p might be illu/rat$ by _m examples4 ,i w give "o 9 ! words ( an ,engli% eye-witness1 :o liv$ among ^! savages = "s "t l "o ( !mselves4 ,at a place on ! coa/ ( ,viti ,levu1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,fijian ,isl&s1 he says1 ,i walk$ into a numb] ( temples1 :i* 7 v pl5tiful1 & at la/ into a bure !rav\ 7"y man's bure71 :]e ,i saw a tall "y man ab\t tw5ty ye>s old4 ,he appe>$ to be some:at ail+1 b n at all emaciat$4 ,he 0 roll+ up ! mat he _h be5 sleep+ ^u1 evid5tly prep>+ to g away some:]e4 ,i address$ him1 & ask$ him :]e he 0 go+1 :5 he imm$iately answ]$ t he 0 go+ to be buri$4 ,i obs]v$ t he 0 n dead yet1 b he said he soon %\ld be dead :5 he 0 put "u gr\nd4 ,i ask$ him :y he 0 go+ to be buri$8 ,he said x 0 ?ree days s9ce he _h eat5 any?+1 & consequ5tly he 0 gett+ v ?92 & t if he liv$ any long] he w\ld be mu* ?9n]1 & !n ! wom5 w\ld call him a lila 7skeleton71 & laugh at him4 ,i said he 0 a fool to ?r[ himself away = fe> ( be+ laugh$ at2 & ask$ him :at or :o 8 private god 01 kn[+ x to be no use talk+ to him ab\t ,provid5ce1 a ?+ he _h nev] he>d (4 ,he said 8 god 0 a %>k1 & t if he 7 ca/ away 9 a canoe & 0 oblig$ to swim1 ! %>ks w\ld n bite him4 ,i ask$ him if he believ$ ! %>k1 8 god1 _h any p[] to act ov] him8 ,he said yes4 ',well !n1' said ,i1 ':y d y n live a little long]1 & tru/ to y\r god to give y an appetite8' ,f9d+ t he c\ld n give me satisfactory answ]s1 & be+ det]m9$ to get buri$ to avoid ! je]s ( ! ladies1 :i* to a ,feejeean are intol]able1 he told me ,i knew no?+ ab\t x1 & t ,i mu/ n comp>e him to a :ite man1 :o 0 g5]ally ins5sible to all %ame1 & did n c>e h[ mu* he 0 laugh$ at4 ,i call$ him a fool1 & said ! be/ ?+ he c\ld d 0 to get buri$ out ( ! way1 because ,i knew t mo/ ( !m "w by ! rules ( contr>y2 b x 0 all to no purpose4 ,by ?is "t all 8 relations _h collect$ r\nd ! door4 ,8 fa!r _h a k9d ( wood5 spade to dig ! grave )1 8 "m a new suit ( tapa b>k-clo?1 8 si/] "s v]milion & a :ale's too?1 z an introduction to ! great god ( ,rage-,rage4 ,he arose1 took up 8 b$ & walk$1 n = life1 b = dea?1 8 fa!r1 "m1 & si/] foll[+ aft]1 ) sev]al o!r di/ant relations1 :om ,i accompani$4 ,i notic$ t !y seem$ to foll[ him some?+ 9 ! same way t !y foll[ a corpse 9 ,europe to ! grave 7t is1 z f> z relation%ip & acqua9tance are conc]n$71 b1 in/ead ( lam5t+1 !y 71 if n rejoic+1 act+ & *att+ 9 a v unconc]n$ way4 ,at la/ we rea*$ a place :]e sev]al graves c\ld be se51 & a spot 0 soon select$ by ! man :o 0 to be buri$4 ,! old man1 8 fa!r1 began digg+ 8 grave1 :ile 8 "m assi/$ h] son 9 putt+ on a new tapa b>k-clo?1 & ! girl 78 si/]7 0 besme>+ him ) v]milion & lamp-black1 s z to s5d him dec5t into ! invisible _w1 he 7! victim7 deliv]+ messages t 7 to be tak5 by 8 si/] to p !n abs5t4 ,8 fa!r !n ann\nc$ to him & ! re/ t ! grave 0 complet$1 & ask$ him1 9 r a surly tone1 if he 0 n ready by ?is "t4 ,! "m !n nos$ him1 & likewise ! si/]4 ,he said1 ',be=e ,i die1 ,i %\ld l a dr9k ( wat]4' ,8 fa!r made a surly rem>k1 & said1 z he ran to fet* x 9 a leaf d\bl$ up1 ',y h be5 a consid]able tr\ble dur+ y\r life1 & x appe>s t y are go+ to tr\ble u equally at y\r dea?4' ,! fa!r return$ ) ! wat]1 :i* ! son drank (f1 & !n look$ up into a tree cov]$ ) t\gh v9es1 say+ he %\ld pref] be+ /rangl$ ) a v9e to be+ smo!r$ 9 ! grave4 ,8 fa!r became excessively angry1 &1 spread+ ! mat at ! bottom ( ! grave1 told ! son to die faka tamata 7l a man71 :5 he /epp$ into ! grave1 :i* 0 n m ?an f\r feet deep1 & lay d[n on 8 back ) ! :ale's too? 9 8 h&s1 :i* 7 clasp$ across 8 belly4 ,! sp>e sides ( ! mats 7 lapp$ ov] him s z to prev5t ! e>? f gett+ to 8 body1 & !n ab\t a foot ( e>? 0 %ovell$ 9 ^u him z quickly z possible4 ,8 fa!r /amp$ x imm$iately d[n solid1 & call$ out 9 a l\d voice1 ',sa tiko1 sa tiko 7,y are /opp+ !re1 y are /opp+ !re71' mean+ ',good-bye1 good-bye4' ,! son answ]$ ) a v audible grunt1 & !n ab\t two feet m e>? 0 %ovell$ 9 & /amp$ z be=e by ! lov+ fa!r1 & ',sa tiko' call$ out aga91 :i* 0 answ]$ by ano!r grunt1 b mu* fa9t]4 ,! grave 0 !n completely fill$ up1 :51 = curiosity's sake1 ,i said myself1 ',sa tiko' b no answ] 0 giv51 al?\gh ,i fanci$1 or really did see1 ! e>? crack a little on ! top ( ! grave4 ,! fa!r & "m !n turn$ back to back on ! middle ( ! grave1 &1 hav+ dropp$ "s k9d ( leaves f _! h&s1 walk$ away 9 opposite directions t[>ds a runn+ /ream ( wat] h>d by1 :]e !y & all ! re/ wa%$ !mselves1 & made me wa% myself1 & !n we return$ to ! t[n1 :]e !re 0 a fea/ prep>$4 ,z soon z ! fea/ 0 ov] 7x be+ !n d>k71 began ! dance & upro> :i* are always c>ri$ on ei!r at natural or viol5t dea?s4#fhj ,sid5ote3 ,! read9ess ( ! ,fijians to die seems to h be5 p>tly a consequ5ce ( _! belief 9 immortality4 ,! read9ess ) :i* ! ,fijians submitt$ to or ev5 s\ght dea? appe>s to h be5 to "s ext5t a direct consequ5ce ( _! belief 9 immortality & ( _! notions z to ! /ate ( ! s\l h]eaft]4 ,?us we are in=m$ by an e>ly obs]v] ( ?is p t self-immolation is by no means r>e1 & !y believe t z !y leave ?is life1 s w !y rema9 ev] aft]4 ,?is =ms a p[]ful motive to escape f decrepitude1 or f a crippl$ condition1 by a volunt>y dea?4#fha ,or1 z ano!r equally e>ly obs]v] puts x m fully1 ! cu/om ( volunt>y suicide on ! "p ( ! old m51 :i* is among _! mo/ extraord9>y usages1 is also connect$ ) _! sup]/itions respect+ a future life4 ,!y believe t p]sons ent] ^u ! delights ( _! elysium ) ! same faculties1 m5tal & physical1 t !y possess at ! h\r ( dea?1 9 %ort1 t ! spiritual life comm5ces :]e ! corporeal exi/5ce t]m9ates4 ,) ^! views1 x is natural t !y %\ld desire to pass ?r\gh ?is *ange be=e _! m5tal & bodily p[]s are s enfeebl$ by age z to deprive !m ( _! capacity = enjoym5t4 ,to ?is motive mu/ be add$ ! contempt :i* atta*es to physical weakness among a nation ( w>riors1 & ! wrongs & insults :i* await ^? :o are no long] able to protect !mselves4 ,:5 !re=e a man f9ds 8 /r5g? decl9+ ) ! advance ( age1 & feels t he w soon be unequal to dis*>ge ! duties ( ?is life1 & to p>take 9 ! pleasures ( t :i* is to come1 he calls toge!r 8 relations1 & tells !m t he is n[ worn out & useless1 t he sees !y are all a%am$ ( him1 & t he has det]m9$ to be buri$4 ,s on a day appo9t$ !y met & buri$ him alive4#fhb ,sid5ote3 ,! sick & ag$ put to dea? by _! relatives4 ,! proposal to put ! sick & ag$ to dea? did n always emanate f ! p>ties pr9cipally conc]n$2 :5 a son1 = example1 ?\ght t 8 p>5ts 7 gr[+ too old & becom+ a burd5 to him1 he w\ld give !m notice t x 0 "t = !m to die1 a notice :i* !y usually accept$ ) equanimity1 if n alacrity4 ,z a rule1 x 0 left to ! *oice ( ! ag$ & infirm to say :e!r !y w\ld pref] to be buri$ alive or to be /rangl$ fir/ & buri$ aft]w>ds2 & hav+ express$ a pr$ilection "o way or ! o!r !y 7 dealt ) accord+ly4 ,to /rangle p>5ts or o!r frail & sickly relatives ) a rope 0 consid]$ a m delicate & affectionate way ( dispat*+ !m ?an to knock !m on ! head ) a club4 ,9 ! old days ! mission>y ,mr4 ,hunt witness$ sev]al ( ^! t5d] p>t+s4 ,on "o occasion1 he 0 call$ ^u by a "y man1 :o desir$ t he w\ld pray to 8 _s = 8 "m1 :o 0 dead4 ,mr4 ,hunt 0 at fir/ 9 hopes t ?is w\ld af=d him an opportunity ( =w>d+ _! great cause4 ,on inquiry1 ! "y man told him t 8 bro!rs & himself 7 j go+ to bury h]4 ,mr4 ,hunt accompani$ ! "y man1 tell+ him he w\ld foll[ 9 ! procession1 & d z he desir$ him1 suppos+1 ( c\rse1 ! corpse w\ld be br\ght along2 b he n[ met ! procession1 :5 ! "y man said t ?is 0 ! fun]al1 & po9t$ out 8 "m1 :o 0 walk+ along ) !m1 z gay & lively z any ( ^? pres5t1 & app>5tly z mu* pleas$4 ,mr4 ,hunt express$ 8 surprise to ! "y man1 & ask$ him h[ he c\ld deceive him s mu* by say+ 8 "m 0 dead1 :5 %e 0 alive & well4 ,he said1 9 reply1 t !y _h made h] dea?-fea/1 & 7 n[ go+ to bury h]2 t %e 0 old2 t 8 bro!r & himself _h ?\ght %e _h liv$ long en\gh1 & x 0 "t to bury h]1 to :i* %e _h will+ly ass5t$1 & !y 7 ab\t x n[4 ,he _h come to ,mr4 ,hunt to ask 8 pray]s1 z !y did ^? ( ! prie/4 ,he add$1 t x 0 f love = 8 "m t he _h done s2 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! same love1 !y 7 n[ go+ to bury h]1 & t none b !mselves c\ld or ought to d s sacr$ an (fice6 ,mr4 ,hunt did all 9 8 p[] to prev5t s diabolical an act2 b ! only reply he receiv$ 01 t %e 0 _! "m1 & !y 7 h] *ildr51 & !y ought to put h] to dea?4 ,on rea*+ ! grave1 ! "m sat d[n1 :5 !y all1 includ+ *ildr51 gr&*ildr51 relations1 & fri5ds1 took an affectionate leave ( h]2 a rope1 made ( twi/$ tapa b>k-clo?1 0 !n pass$ twice ar\nd h] neck by h] sons1 :o took hold ( x1 & /rangl$ h]2 aft] :i* %e 0 put into h] grave1 ) ! usual c]emonies4 ,!y return$ to fea/ & m\rn1 aft] :i* %e 0 entirely =gott5 z ?\gh %e _h n exi/$4#fhc ,sid5ote3 ,wives /rangl$ or buri$ alive at _! husb&s' fun]als4 ,aga91 wives 7 (t5 /rangl$1 or buri$ alive1 at ! fun]al ( _! husb&s1 & g5]ally at _! own in/ance4 ,su* sc5es 7 frequ5tly witness$ by :ite resid5ts 9 ! old days4 ,on "o occasion a ,mr4 ,david ,:ippy drove away ! murd]]s1 rescu$ ! woman1 & c>ri$ h] to 8 own h\se1 :]e %e 0 resuscitat$4 ,b f> f feel+ grateful = h] pres]vation1 %e load$ him ) reproa*es & ev] aft]w>ds manife/$ ! mo/ deadly hatr$ t[>ds him4 ,t wom5 %\ld desire to accompany _! husb&s 9 dea?1 is by no means /range :5 x is consid]$ t x is "o ( ! articles ( _! belief1 t 9 ?is way alone c !y rea* ! realms ( bliss1 & %e :o meets h] dea? ) ! greate/ devot$ness1 w become ! fav\rite wife 9 ! abode ( spirits4 ,! sacrifice is n1 h[ev]1 always volunt>y2 b1 :5 a woman refuses to be /rangl$1 h] relations (t5 compel h] to submit4 ,?is !y d f int]e/$ motives2 =1 by h] dea?1 h] connexions become entitl$ to ! prop]ty ( h] husb&4 ,ev5 a delay is made a matt] ( reproa*4 ,?us1 at ! fun]al ( ! late k+ ,uliv\1 :i* 0 witness$ by ,mr4 ,c>gill1 8 five wives & a daught] 7 /rangl$4 ,! pr9cipal wife delay$ ! c]emony1 by tak+ leave ( ^? ar\nd h]2 :]eupon ,tanoa1 ! pres5t k+1 *id h]4 ,! victim 0 8 own aunt1 & he assi/$ 9 putt+ ! rope ar\nd h] neck1 & /rangl+ h]1 a s]vice he is said to h r5d]$ on a =m] occasion to 8 own "m4#fhd ,9 ! case ( m5 :o 7 dr[n$ at sea or kill$ & eat5 by enemies 9 w>1 _! wives 7 sacrific$ 9 ! usual way4 ,?us :5 ,ra ,mbi?i1 ! pride ( ,somosomo1 0 lo/ at sea1 sev5te5 ( 8 wives 7 de/roy$2 & aft] ! news ( a massacre ( ! ,nam5a p at ,viwa 9 #ahci eighty wom5 7 /rangl$ to accompany ! spirits ( _! murd]$ husb&s4#fhe ,sid5ote3 ,human grass = ! grave4 ,! bodies ( wom5 :o 7 put to dea? = ?is purpose 7 regul>ly laid at ! bottom ( ! grave to s]ve z a cu%ion = ! dead husb& to lie ^u2 9 ?is capacity !y 7 call$ grass 7?o?o71 be+ comp>$ to ! dri$ grass :i* 9 ,fijian h\ses us$ to be ?ickly /rewn on ! floors & cov]$ ) mats4#fhf ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 a nice di/9ction 0 obs]v$4 ,:ile wives 7 commonly sacrific$ at ! dea? ( _! husb&s1 9 ord] to be spread l grass 9 _! graves1 x does n transpire t husb&s 7 ev] sacrific$ at ! dea? ( _! wives = ! sake ( s]v+ z grass to _! dead sp\ses 9 ! grave4 ,! great tru? t all fle% is grass appe>s to h be5 und]/ood by ! ,fijians z applicable *iefly to ! fle% ( wom54 ,sometimes a man's "m 0 /rangl$ z well z 8 wives4 ,?us ,ngav9di1 a "y *ief ( ,lasakau1 0 laid 9 ! grave ) a wife at 8 side1 8 "m at 8 feet1 & a s]vant n f> (f4 ,h[ev]1 m5 z well z wom5 7 kill$ to foll[ _! ma/]s to ! f> c\ntry4 ,! confid5tial companion ( a *ief 0 expect$ z a matt] ( common dec5cy to die ) 8 "l2 & if he %irk$ ! duty1 he fell 9 ! public e/eem4 ,:5 ,mbi?i1 a *ief ( high rank & greatly e/eem$ 9 ,ma?uata1 di$ 9 ! ye> #ahdj1 n only 8 wife b five m5 ) _! wives 7 /rangl$ to =m ! floor ( 8 grave4 ,!y 7 laid on a lay] ( mats1 & ! body ( ! *ief 0 /ret*$ ^u !m4#fhg ,!re us$ to be a family 9 ,vanua ,levu :i* enjoy$ ! high privilege ( supply+ a hale man to be buri$ ) ! k+ ( ,fiji on e occasion ( a royal decease4 ,x 0 q necess>y t ! man %\ld be hale & he>ty1 = x 0 8 bus9ess to grapple ) ! ,fijian ,c]b]us 9 ! o!r _w1 :ile 8 maje/y slipp$ pa/ into ! abode ( bliss4#fhh ,sid5ote3 ,sacrifices ( =esk9s & f+]s 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,circumcision p]=m$ on a lad z a propitiatory sacrifice to save ! life ( 8 fa!r or fa!r's bro!r4 ,! rite ( circumcision foll[$ by a lic5ti\s orgy4 ,a curi\s sacrifice (f]$ 9 hon\r ( a dead *ief consi/$ 9 ! =esk9s ( all ! boys :o _h arriv$ at a suitable age2 ! lads 7 circumcis$ on purpose to furni% !m4 ,_m boys _h _! little f+]s *opp$ (f on ! same occasion1 & ! sev]$ =esk9s & f+]s 7 plac$ 9 ! *ief's grave4 ,:5 ?is bloody rite _h be5 p]=m$1 ! *ief's relatives pres5t$ "y bread-fruit trees to ! mutilat$ boys1 ^: fri5ds 7 b\nd to cultivate !m till ! boys c\ld d x = !mselves4#fhi ,wom5 z well z boys _h _! f+]s cut (f 9 m\rn+4 ,we read ( a case :5 aft] ! dea? ( a k+ ( ,fiji sixty f+]s 7 amputat$ & be+ ea* ins]t$ 9 a slit re$ 7 /uck along ! eaves ( ! k+'s h\se4#fij ,:y =esk9s & f+]s 7 buri$ ) a dead *ief or /uck up on ! ro( ( 8 h\se1 we are n in=m$1 & x is n easy to div9e4 ,app>5tly we mu/ suppose t1 :5 !y 7 buri$ ) ! body1 !y 7 ?\ght to be ( "s assi/ance to ! dep>t$ _s 9 ! l& ( s\ls4 ,at all ev5ts x des]ves to be not$ t accord+ to a v good au?ority a simil> sacrifice ( =esk9s us$ to be made n only = ! dead b = ! liv+4 ,:5 a man ( note 0 dang]\sly ill1 a family c\ncil w\ld be held1 at :i* x might be agre$ t a circumcision %\ld take place z a propitiatory measure4 ,notice hav+ be5 giv5 to ! prie/s1 an uncircumcis$ lad1 ! sick man's own son or ! son ( "o ( 8 bro!rs1 0 !n tak5 by 8 k9sman to ! ,vale tambu or ,god's ,h\se1 & !re pres5t$ z a soro1 or (f]+ ( atonem5t1 9 ord] t 8 fa!r or fa!r's bro!r might be made :ole4 ,8 escort at ! same "t made a pres5t ( valuable prop]ty at ! %r9e & promis$ mu* m 9 future1 %\ld _! pray]s be answ]$4 ,! pres5t & ! promises 7 graci\sly receiv$ by ! prie/1 :o appo9t$ a day on :i* ! op]ation 0 to be p]=m$4 ,9 ! meantime no food might be tak5 f ! plantations except :at 0 absolutely requir$ = daily use2 no pigs or f[ls might be kill$1 & no coco-nuts pluck$ f ! trees4 ,ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 0 put "u a /rict taboo2 all 0 set ap>t = ! great fea/ :i* 0 to foll[ ! p]=mance ( ! rite4 ,on ! day appo9t$ ! son or nephew ( ! sick *ief 0 circumcis$1 & ) him a numb] ( o!r lads ^: fri5ds _h agre$ to take advantage ( ! occasion4 ,_! =esk9s1 /uck 9 ! cleft ( a split re$1 7 tak5 to ! sacr$ enclosure 7,nanga7 & pres5t$ to ! *ief prie/1 :o1 hold+ ! re$s 9 8 h&1 (f]$ !m to ! ance/ral gods & pray$ = ! sick man's recov]y4 ,!n foll[$ a great fea/1 :i* u%]$ 9 a p]iod ( indescribable revelry & lic5ce4 ,all di/9ctions ( prop]ty 7 = ! "t be+ susp5d$4 ,m5 & wom5 array$ !mselves 9 all mann] ( fanta/ic g>bs1 address$ "o ano!r 9 ! f\le/ language1 & practis$ unm5tionable abom9ations op5ly 9 ! public squ>e ( ! t[n4 ,! ne>e/ relation%ips1 ev5 t ( own bro!r & si/]1 seem$ to be no b> to ! g5]al lic5ce1 ! ext5t ( :i* 0 indicat$ by ! expressive phrase ( an old ,n&i *ief1 :o said1 ,:ile x la/s1 we are j l ! pigs4 ,?is fea/+ & orgy might be kept up = sev]al days1 aft] :i* ! ord9>y re/ra9ts ( society & ! common dec5cies ( life 7 obs]v$ once m4 ,! rights ( private prop]ty 7 aga9 respect$2 ! ab&on$ revell]s & debau*ees settl$ d[n into /aid m>ri$ c\ples2 & bro!rs & si/]s1 9 accordance ) ! regul> ,fijian etiquette1 might n s mu* z speak to "o ano!r4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ^! extravagances 9 connexion ) ! rite ( circumcision appe> to h be5 practis$ only 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,viti ,levu1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,fijian ,isl&s1 :]e !y 7 always associat$ ) ! sacr$ /one enclosures :i* w5t by ! "n ( ,nanga4#fia ,sid5ote3 ,^! orgies 7 app>5tly associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 to :om (f]+s 7 made 9 ! ,nanga or sacr$ enclosure ( /ones4 ,! mean+ ( su* orgies is v obscure1 b f :at we "k ( ! savage & 8 ways we may fairly assume t !y 7 no m]e outbur/s ( unbridl$ passion1 b t 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o practis$ !m !y _h a def9ite significance & s]v$ a def9ite purpose4 ,! "o ?+ t seems fairly cle> ab\t !m is t 9 "s way !y 7 associat$ ) ! wor%ip or propitiation ( ! dead4 ,at all ev5ts we are told on good au?ority t ! ,nanga1 or sacr$ enclosure ( /ones1 9 :i* ! sev]$ =esk9s 7 (f]$1 0 ! ,sacr$ ,place :]e ! ance/ral spirits are to be f\nd by _! wor%ipp]s1 & ?i!r (f]+s are tak5 on all occasions :5 _! aid is to be invok$4 ,e memb] ( ! ,nanga has ! privilege ( approa*+ ! ance/ors at any "t4 ,:5 sickness visits himself or 8 k9sfolk1 :5 he wi%es to invoke ! aid ( ! spirits to av]t calamity or to secure prosp]ity1 or :5 he deems x advisable to pres5t a ?ank-(f]+1 he may ent] ! ,nanga ) prop] rev]5ce & deposit on ! divid+ wall 8 :ale's too?1 or bundle ( clo?1 or di% ( too?some eels s highly priz$ by ! eld]s1 & !re=e by ! ance/ors ^: liv+ repres5tatives !y are3 or he may drag into ! ,sacr$ ,nanga 8 fatt5$ pig1 or pile up !re 8 (f]+ ( ! *oice/ yams4 ,&1 hav+ ?us recomm5d$ himself to ! dead1 he may invoke _! p[]ful aid1 or express 8 ?ankfulness = ! b5efits !y h conf]r$1 & beg = a cont9uance ( _! goodwill4#fib ,! fir/-fruits ( ! yam h>ve/ 7 pres5t$ ) great c]emony to ! ance/ors 9 ! ,nanga be=e ! bulk ( ! crop 0 dug = ! p's use1 & no man might ta/e ( ! new yams until ! pres5tation _h be5 made4 ,! yams s (f]$ 7 pil$ up 9 ! sacr$ enclosure & left to rot !re4 ,if any "o 7 impi\s en\gh to appropriate !m to 8 own use1 x 0 believ$ t he w\ld be smitt5 ) madness4 ,great fea/s 7 held at ! pres5tation ( ! fir/-fruits2 & ! sacr$ enclosure itself 0 (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,mbaki or ,h>ve/4#fic ,sid5ote3 ,p]iodical initiation ( "y m5 9 ! ,nanga4 ,b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & p]haps ! mo/ important ( ! rites p]=m$ 9 ! ,nanga or sacr$ /one enclosure 0 ! p]iodical initiation ( "y m51 :o by p>ticipation 9 ! c]emony 7 admitt$ to ! full privileges ( manhood4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt ! c]emony ( initiation 0 p]=m$ z a rule only once 9 two ye>s2 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt x 0 obs]v$ annually 9 ,octob] or ,novemb]1 :5 ! ndrala tree 7,ery?r9a7 0 9 fl[]4 ,! fl[]+ ( ! tree m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fijian ye>2 h5ce ! novices :o 7 initiat$ at ?is season bore ! title ( ,vilav\1 t is1 ,new ,ye>'s ,m54 ,z a prep>ation = ! fea/s :i* att5d$ ! c]emony enorm\s quantities ( yams 7 g>n]$ & plac$ "u a /rict taboo2 pigs 7 fatt5$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 & bales ( native clo? /or$ on ! tie-beams ( ! h\se-ro(s4 ,spe>s ( _m patt]ns & curi\sly c>v$ clubs 7 also provid$ aga9/ ! fe/ival4 ,on ! day appo9t$ ! initiat$ m5 w5t fir/ into ! sacr$ enclosure & made _! (f]+s1 ! *ief prie/ hav+ op5$ ! proce$+s by libation & pray]4 ,! heads ( ! novices 7 clean %av51 & _! be>ds1 if !y _h any1 7 also remov$4 ,!n ea* y\? 0 swa!d 9 long rolls ( native clo?1 & tak+ a spe> 9 "o h& & a club 9 ! o!r he m>*$ ) 8 comrades1 simil>ly swa!d & arm$1 9 procession into ! sacr$ enclosure1 ?\gh n into its inn] comp>tm5t1 ! ,holy ( ,holies4 ,! procession 0 head$ by a prie/ be>+ 8 c>v$ /aff ( (fice1 & x 0 receiv$ on ! holy gr\nd by ! initiates1 :o sat *ant+ a song 9 a deep murmur+ tone1 :i* occasionally swell$ to a consid]able volume ( s\nd & 0 ?\ght to repres5t ! muffl$ ro> ( ! surf break+ on a f>-away coral reef4 ,on ent]+ ! enclosure ! y\?s ?rew d[n _! weapons be=e !m1 & ) ! help ( ! initiat$ m5 dive/$ !mselves ( ! huge folds ( native clo? 9 :i* !y 7 envelop$1 ea* man revolv+ sl[ly on 8 axis1 :ile 8 att5dant pull$ at ! b&age & ga!r$ 9 ! slack4 ,! weapons & ! clo? 7 ! (f]+s pres5t$ by ! novices to ! ance/ral spirits = ! purpose ( r5d]+ !mselves acceptable to ^! p[]ful be+s4 ,! (f]+s 7 repeat$ 9 l mann] on f\r successive days2 & z ea* y\? 0 m]ely1 z x 71 ! c5tral roll] ( a great bale ( clo?1 ! am\nt ( clo? (f]$ 0 consid]able4 ,x 0 all put away1 ) ! spe>s & clubs1 9 ! sacr$ /oreh\se by ! initiat$ m54 ,a fea/ conclud$ ea* day & 0 prolong$ f> into ! night4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]emony ( dea? & resurrection4 ,on ! fif? day1 ! la/ & greate/ ( ! fe/ival1 ! heads ( ! "y m5 7 %av5 aga9 & _! bodies swa!d 9 ! l>ge/ & be/ rolls ( clo?4 ,!n1 tak+ _! *oice/ weapons 9 _! h&s1 !y foll[$ _! lead] z be=e into ! sacr$ enclosure4 ,b ! out] comp>tm5t ( ! holy place1 :]e on ! previ\s days !y _h be5 receiv$ by ! gr& *orus ( initiat$ m51 0 n[ sil5t & des]t$4 ,! procession /opp$4 ,a dead sil5ce prevail$4 ,sudd5ly f ! =e/ a h>% scream ( _m p>rots broke =?1 & !n foll[$ a my/]i\s boom+ s\nd :i* fill$ ! s\ls ( ! novices ) awe4 ,b n[ ! prie/ moves sl[ly =w>d & leads ! tra9 ( trembl+ novices = ! fir/ "t into ! inn] %r9e1 ! ,holy ( ,holies1 ! ,nanga tambu-tambu4 ,"h a dreadful spectacle meets _! />tl$ gaze4 ,9 ! backgr\nd sits ! high prie/1 reg>d+ !m ) a /ony />e2 & betwe5 him & !m lie a r[ ( dead m51 cov]$ ) blood1 _! bodies seem+ly cut op5 & _! entrails protrud+4 ,! lead] /eps ov] !m "o by "o1 & ! awe/ruck y\?s foll[ him until !y /& 9 a r[ be=e ! high prie/1 _! v s\ls h>r[$ by 8 awful gl>e4 ,sudd5ly he utt]s a great yell1 & at ! cry ! dead m5 />t to _! feet1 & run d[n to ! riv] to cleanse !mselves f ! blood & fil? ) :i* !y are besme>$4 ,!y are initiat$ m51 :o repres5t ! dep>t$ ance/ors = ! occasion2 & ! blood & entrails are ^? ( _m pigs t h be5 slaught]$ = t night's revelry4 ,! screams ( ! p>rots & ! my/]i\s boom+ s\nd 7 produc$ by a conceal$ or*e/ra1 :o scree*$ appropriately & blew bla/s on bamboo trumpets1 ! m\?s ( :i* 7 p>tially imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,sacram5t ( food & wat]4 ,! dead m5 hav+ come to life aga91 ! novices (f]$ _! weapons & ! bales ( native clo? 9 :i* !y 7 swa!d4 ,^! 7 accord+ly remov$ to ! /oreh\se & ! "y m5 7 made to sit d[n 9 front ( x4 ,!n ! high prie/1 *e]$ p]haps by ! sight ( ! (f]+s1 unb5t ! />*$ dignity ( 8 demean\r4 ,skipp+ f side to side he cri$ 9 /ridul\s tones1 ,:]e are ! p ( my enclosure8 ,are !y gone to ,tongalevu8 ,are !y gone to ! deep sea8 ,he _h n call$ long :5 an answ] rang out f ! riv] 9 a deep-m\!d song1 & soon ! s+]s came 9 view mov+ rhy?mically to ! music ( _! solemn *ant4 ,s++ !y fil$ 9 & took _! places 9 front ( ! "y m52 !n sil5ce ensu$4 ,aft] t !re ent]$ f\r old m5 ( ! highe/ ord] ( initiates2 ! fir/ bore a cook$ yam c>efully wrapt 9 leaves s t no "p ( x %\ld t\* ! h&s ( ! be>]2 ! second c>ri$ a piece ( bak$ pork simil>ly envelop$2 ! ?ird held a dr9k+-cup ( coco-nut %ell or e>!nw>e fill$ ) wat] & wrapt r\nd ) native clo?2 & ! f\r? bore a napk9 ( ! same mat]ial4 ,!reupon ! fir/ eld] pass$ along ! r[ ( novices putt+ ! end ( ! yam into ea* ( _! m\?s1 & z he did s ea* ( !m nibbl$ a morsel ( ! sacr$ food2 ! second eld] did ! same ) ! sacr$ pork2 ! ?ird eld] foll[$ ) ! holy wat]1 ) :i* ea* novice m]ely wett$ 8 lips2 & ! re> 0 br\ght up by ! f\r? eld]1 :o wip$ all _! m\?s ) 8 napk94 ,!n ! high prie/ or "o ( ! eld]s address$ ! "y m51 w>n+ !m solemnly aga9/ ! sacrilege ( divulg+ to ! pr(ane any ( ! high my/]ies !y _h se5 & he>d1 & ?reat5+ all su* traitors ) ! v5geance ( ! gods4 ,sid5ote3 ,pres5tation ( ! pig4 ,t c]emony be+ ov]1 all ! junior initiat$ m5 7,lewe ni ,nanga7 came =w>d1 & ea* man pres5t$ to ! novices a yam & a piece ( ne>ly raw pork2 :]eupon ! "y m5 took ! food & w5t away to cook x = eat+4 ,:5 ! ev5+ twilight _h fall51 a huge pig1 :i* _h be5 specially set aside at a =m] fe/ival1 0 dragg$ into ! sacr$ enclosure & !re pres5t$ to ! novices1 toge!r ) o!r sw9e1 if !y %\ld be ne$$ to furni% a pl5te\s repa/4 ,sid5ote3 ,acceptance ( ! novices by ! ance/ral spirits4 ,! novices 7 n[ accept$ memb]s ( ! ,nanga1 qualifi$ to take _! place among ! m5 ( ! community1 ?\gh /ill only on probation4 ,z *ildr5--_! *ildhood be+ indicat$ by _! %av5 heads--!y 7 pres5t$ to ! ance/ors1 & _! acceptance 0 notifi$ by :at 7look+ at ! matt] f ! natives' /&po9t7 we might1 )\t irrev]5ce1 almo/ call ! sacram5t ( food & wat]1 too sacr$ ev5 = ! eld]s' h&s to t\*4 ,?is acceptance 0 ackn[l$g$ & confirm$ on ! "p ( all ! ,lewe ni ,nanga junior initiat$ m5 by _! gift ( food1 & x 0 f9ally ratifi$ by ! pres5tation ( ! ,sacr$ ,pig4 ,9 l mann]1 on ! bir? ( an infant1 its fa!r ackn[l$ges x z legitimate1 & o!rwise acceptable1 by a gift ( food2 & 8 k9sfolk =mally signify approval & confirmation ( 8 decision on ! "p ( ! clan by simil> pres5tations4 ,sid5ote3 ,! initiation foll[$ by a p]iod ( sexual lic5se4 ,sacr$ pigs4 ,next morn+ ! wom51 _! hair dy$ r$ & we>+ wai/b&s ( hibiscus or o!r fibre1 came to ! sacr$ enclosure & crawl$ ?r\gh x on h&s & knees into ! ,holy ( ,holies1 :]e ! eld]s 7 s++ _! solemn *ant4 ,! high prie/ !n dipp$ 8 h&s into ! wat] ( ! sacr$ b[l & pray$ to ! ance/ral spirits = ! mo!rs & = _! *ildr54 ,aft] t ! wom5 crawl$ back on h&s & feet ! way !y _h come1 s++ z !y w5t & creep+ ov] c]ta9 m\nds ( e>? :i* _h be5 ?r[n up = ! purpose 9 ! sacr$ enclosure4 ,:5 !y em]g$ f ! holy gr\nd1 ! m5 & wom5 address$ ea* o!r 9 ! vile/ language1 su* z on ord9>y occasions w\ld be viol5tly res5t$2 & !nce=? to ! close ( ! c]emonies "s days lat] v great1 inde$ almo/ unlimit$1 lic5ce prevail$ betwe5 ! sexes4 ,dur+ ^! days a numb] ( pigs 7 consecrat$ to s]ve = ! next c]emony4 ,! animals 7 deem$ sacr$1 & _h ! run ( ! fle%pots 9 ! villages 9 :i* !y 7 kept4 ,inde$ !y 7 held 9 ! greate/ rev]5ce4 ,to kill "o1 except = sacrifice at ! rites 9 ! ,nanga1 w\ld h be5 a sacrilege :i* ! ,fijian m9d refus$ to contemplate2 & on ! o!r h& to fe$ ! holy sw9e 0 an act ( piety4 ,m5 might be se5 ?r[+ d[n basketfuls ( food be=e ! sn\ts ( ! wor%ipful pigs1 & at ! same "t call+ ! att5tion ( ! ance/ral spirits to ! m]itori\s de$4 ,take k ( me1 !y w\ld cry1 ye :o lie buri$1 our heads6 ,i am fe$+ ?is pig ( y\rs4 ,f9ally1 all ! m5 :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! c]emonies ba!d toge!r 9 ! riv]1 c>efully cleans+ !mselves f e p>ticle ( ! black pa9t ) :i* !y _h be5 b$aub$4 ,:5 ! novices1 n[ novices no m1 em]g$ f ! wat]1 ! high prie/1 /&+ on ! riv] bank1 prea*$ to !m an eloqu5t s]mon on ! duties & responsibilities :i* devolv$ on !m 9 _! new position4#fid ,sid5ote3 ,! int5tion ( ! initiatory rites seems to be to introduce ! "y m5 to ! ance/ral spirits4 ,! drama ( dea? & resurrection4 ,! ,fijian rites ( initiation seem to h be5 import$ by ,melanesian immigrants f ! we/4 ,! g5]al int5tion ( ^! initiatory rites appe>s to be1 z ,mr4 ,fison has said 9 ! words :i* ,i h quot$1 to introduce ! "y m5 to ! ance/ral spirits at _! sanctu>y1 to incorporate !m1 s to say1 9 ! great community :i* embraces all adult memb]s ( ! tribe1 :e!r liv+ or dead4 ,at all ev5ts ?is int]pretation fits 9 v well ) ! pray]s :i* are (f]$ to ! s\ls ( dep>t$ k9sfolk on ^! occasions1 & x is support$ by ! analogy ( ! ,new ,gu9ea initiatory rites :i* ,i describ$ 9 =m] lectures2 = 9 ^! rites1 z ,i po9t$ out1 ! initiation ( ! y\?s is closely associat$ ) ! conceptions ( dea? & ! dead1 ! ma9 feature 9 ! ritual consi/+ inde$ ( a simulation ( dea? & subsequ5t resurrection4 ,x is1 !re=e1 significant t ! v same simulation figures prom95tly 9 ! ,fijian c]emony1 nay x w\ld seem to be ! v pivot on :i* ! :ole ritual revolves4 ,yet !re is an obvi\s & important diff]5ce betwe5 ! drama ( dea? & resurrection z x is enact$ 9 ,new ,gu9ea & 9 ,fiji2 = :]eas 9 ,new ,gu9ea x is ! novices :o pret5d to die & come to life aga91 9 ,fiji ! pret5ce is c>ri$ out by initiat$ m5 :o repres5t ! ance/ors1 :ile ! novices m]ely look on ) horror & amazem5t at ! awe-inspir+ spectacle4 ,( ! two =ms ( ritual ! ,new ,gu9ea "o is probably tru] to ! orig9al purpose ( ! rite1 :i* seems to h be5 to enable ! novices to put (f ! old1 or r ! "y1 man & to put on a high] =m ( exi/5ce by p>ticipat+ 9 ! m>vell\s p[]s & privileges ( ! mighty dead4 ,& if su* 0 really ! int5tion ( ! c]emony1 x is obvi\s t x 0 bett] effect$ by compell+ ! "y communicants1 z we may call !m1 to die & rise f ! dead 9 _! own p]sons ?an by oblig+ !m to assi/ z m]e passive spectators at a dramatic p]=mance ( dea? & resurrection4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two rituals1 ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 !m is ne> en\gh to ju/ify u 9 conjectur+ t !re may be a g5etic connexion betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,! conjecture is confirm$1 fir/1 by ! v limit$ & def9ite area ( ,fiji 9 :i* ^! initiatory rites 7 practis$1 &1 second1 by ! equally def9ite tradition ( _! orig94 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! po9ts1 ! ,nanga or sacr$ /one enclosure ) its *>act]i/ic rites 0 kn[n only to c]ta9 tribes1 :o occupi$ a comp>atively small area1 a b>e ?ird ( ! isl& ( ,viti ,levu4 ,^! tribes are ! ,nuyaloa1 ,vatusila1 ,mbatiwai1 & ,mdavutukia4 ,!y all seem to h spread ea/w>d & s\?w>d f a place ( orig9 9 ! we/]n m\nta9 di/rict4 ,_! physical type is pure ,melanesian1 ) few] traces ( ,polynesian admixture ?an c be detect$ 9 ! tribes on ! coa/4#fie ,h5ce x is natural to enquire :e!r ! ritual ( ! ,nanga may n h be5 import$ into ,fiji by ,melanesian immigrants f ! we/4 ,! "q appe>s to be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative by native tradition4 ,?is is ! ^w ( our fa!rs conc]n+ ! ,nanga1 said an old ,wa9imala grey-be>d to ,mr4 ,fison4 ,long1 long ago _! fa!rs 7 ignorant ( x2 b "o day two /rang]s 7 f\nd sitt+ 9 ! r>a 7public squ>e71 & !y said !y _h come up f ! sea to give !m ! ,nanga4 ,!y 7 little m51 & v d>k-sk9n$1 & "o ( !m _h 8 face & bu/ pa9t$ r$1 :ile ! o!r 0 pa9t$ black4 ,:e!r ^! two 7 gods or m5 our fa!rs did n tell u1 b x 0 !y :o taught our p ! ,nanga4 ,?is 0 9 ! old old times :5 our fa!rs 7 liv+ 9 ano!r l&--n 9 ?is place1 = we are /rang]s "h4 ,our fa!rs fl$ hi!r f ,navosa 9 a great w> :i* arose among !m1 & :5 !y came !re 0 no ,nanga 9 ! l&4 ,s !y built "o ( _! own aft] ! fa%ion ( t :i* !y left beh9d !m4 ,"h1 says ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson1 we h ! e>lie/ tradition ( mission>y ent]prise 9 ! ,pacific4 ,i d n d\bt t ! two sooty-sk9n$ little m5 7 ca/aways driv5 ea/w>d by "o ( ^? /rong we/]ly gales t h be5 kn[n to la/ = ?ree weeks at a "t4 ,by ,fijian cu/om ! lives ( all ca/aways 7 =feit1 b ! pret5ce to sup]natural p[]s w\ld h sav$ m5 full ( ! religi\s rites ( _! ,melanesian home1 & w\ld h assur$ !m a he>+4 ,! ,wa9imala tribes c "n six g5]ations s9ce !y settl$ 9 _! pres5t home1 & !re=e ! introduction ( ! ,nanga _c h be5 less ?an two c5turies ago4 ,dur+ t "t x has ov]spread "o ?ird ( ! l>ge isl&4 ,sid5ote3 ,! g5]al lic5ce associat$ ) ! ritual ( ! ,nanga may be a tempor>y revival ( primitive communism4 ,a v rem>kable feature 9 ! ,nanga ritual consi/s 9 ! tempor>y lic5ce accord$ to ! sexes & ! susp5sion ( propriet>y rites 9 g5]al4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is curi\s & to ! civilis$ m9d revolt+ cu/om8 ,"h aga9 ! mo/ probable1 ?\gh m]ely conjectural1 answ] is furni%$ by ,mr4 ,fison4 ,we _c = a mom5t believe1 he says1 t x is a m]e lic5ti\s outbreak1 )\t an und]ly+ mean+ & purpose4 ,x is "p ( a religi\s rite1 & is suppos$ to be acceptable to ! ance/ors4 ,b :y %\ld x be acceptable to !m unless x 7 9 accordance ) _! own practice 9 ! f>-away pa/8 ,!re may be ano!r solution ( ?is difficult problem1 b ,i confess myself unable to f9d any o!r :i* w cov] all ! corroborat+ facts4#fif ,9 o!r words1 ,mr4 ,fison supposes t 9 ! sexual lic5ce & susp5sion ( ! rights ( private prop]ty :i* *>act]ise ^! fe/ivals we h a rem9isc5ce ( a "t :5 wom5 & prop]ty 7 held 9 common by ! community1 & ! motive = tempor>ily resuscitat+ ^! obsolete cu/oms 0 a wi% to propitiate ! ance/ral spirits1 :o 7 ?\ght to be gratifi$ by witness+ a revival ( t primitive communism :i* !y !mselves _h practis$ 9 ! fle% s long ago4 ,truly a religi\s revival ( a rem>kable k9d6 ,sid5ote3 ,description ( ! ,nanga or sacr$ enclosure ( /ones4 ,to conclude ?is "p ( my subject ,i w briefly describe ! con/ruction ( a ,nanga or sacr$ /one enclosure1 z x us$ to exi/ 9 ,fiji4 ,at ! pres5t day only ru9s ( ^! /ructures are to be se51 b by an obs]vation ( ! ru9s & a comp>ison ( ! traditions :i* /ill survive among ! natives on ! subject x is possible to recon/ruct "o ( !m ) a fair degree ( exactness4 ,a ,nanga has be5 describ$ z an op5-air temple1 & ! description is j4 ,x consi/$ ( a r\gh p>allelogram enclos$ by flat /ones set upright & emb$d$ endwise 9 ! e>?4 ,! l5g? ( ! enclosure ?us =m$ 0 ab\t "o hundr$ feet & its bread? ab\t fifty feet4 ,! upright /ones :i* =m ! out] walls are f eighte5 in*es to ?ree feet high1 b z !y d n always t\* !y may be describ$ z alignm5ts r ?an walls4 ,! long walls or alignm5ts run ea/ & we/1 ! %ort ones nor? & s\?2 b ! ori5tation is n v exact4 ,at ! ea/]n end are two pyramidal heaps ( /ones1 ab\t five feet high1 ) squ>e slop+ sides & flat tops4 ,! n>r[ passage betwe5 !m is ! ma9 entrance into ! sacr$ enclosure4 ,int]nally ! /ructure 0 divid$ into ?ree sep>ate enclosures or comp>tm5ts by two cross-walls ( /one runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,^! comp>tm5ts1 tak+ !m f ea/ to we/1 7 call$ respectively ! ,little ,nanga1 ! ,great ,nanga1 & ! ,sacr$ ,nanga or ,holy ( ,holies 7,nanga tambu-tambu74 ,! p>tition walls betwe5 !m 7 built solid ( /ones1 ) batt]+ sides1 to a height ( five feet1 & 9 ! middle ( ea* !re 0 an op5+ to all[ ! wor%ipp]s to pass f "o comp>tm5t to ano!r4 ,trees1 su* z ! c&l5ut & ! r$-leav$ draca5a1 & odorif]\s %rubs 7 plant$ r\nd ! enclosure2 & outside ( x1 to ! we/ ( ! ,holy ( ,holies1 0 a bell-ro($ hut call$ ,vale tambu1 ! ,sacr$ ,h\se or ,temple4 ,! sacr$ kava b[l /ood 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies4#fig ,x is said t :5 ! two tradition>y f\nd]s ( ! ,nanga 9 ,fiji 7 ab\t to erect ! fir/ /ructure ( t "n 9 _! new home1 ! *ief prie/ p\r$ a libation ( kava to ! ance/ral gods1 &1 call+ ^u ^? :o di$ long1 long ago by "n1 he pray$ t ! p ( ! tribe1 bo? old & "y1 might live be=e !m4#fih ,sid5ote3 ,comp>ison ( ! ,nanga ) ! cromle*s & o!r megali?ic monum5ts ( ,europe4 ,! sacr$ enclosures ( /ones :i* ,i h describ$ h be5 comp>$ to ! alignm5ts ( /ones at ,c>nac 9 ,brittany & ,m]ivale on ,d>tmoor1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 ! old5 "t ^! anci5t ,european monum5ts may h witness$ religi\s rites l ^? :i* 7 till lately p]=m$ 9 ! rude op5-air temples ( ,fiji4#fii ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! sugge/ion1 :i* ,i m5tion = :at x is wor?1 x w\ld furni% ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! view t our ,european cromle*s & o!r megali?ic monum5ts 7 erect$ specially = ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,! mortu>y "* ( ,/oneh5ge1 = example1 is at lea/ sugge/$ by ! burial m\nds :i* clu/] ?ick ar\nd & )9 sight ( x2 ab\t ?ree hundr$ su* tombs h be5 c\nt$ )9 a radius ( ?ree miles1 :ile ! re/ ( ! c\ntry 9 ! neighb\rhood is comp>atively free f !m4#gjj ,footnote #fgh3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfj71 i4 #bdb sq4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #hf4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,john ,jackson's ,n>rative1 9 ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e's ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7,london1 #ahec71 pp4 #dge-dgg4 ,! n>rator1 ,john ,jackson1 0 an ,engli% seaman :o resid$ alone among ! ,fijians = ne>ly two ye>s & le>n$ _! language4 ,footnote #fha3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #if4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,e?nology & ,philology1 by ,h4 ,hale 7,philadelphia1 #ahdf71 p4 #fe4 ,comp>e ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdh3 ,x w\ld also seem t a belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 9 ! exact condition 9 :i* x leaves ! _w1 is "o ( ! causes t induce1 9 _m in/ances1 a desire = dea? 9 ! vig\r ( manhood1 r ?an 9 ! decrepitude ( old age2 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahc3 ,! hea!n notion is1 t1 z !y die1 su* w _! condition be 9 ano!r _w2 h5ce _! desire to escape extreme infirmity4 ,footnote #fhc3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #id sq4 ,comp>e ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #ahc-ahf2 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 xxv4 sq4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #if4 ,comp>e ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahh sq41 #aic sqq41 #bjj-bjb2 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 pp4 xxv4 sq4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bjj4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahi2 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 p4 xvi4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahi4 ,footnote #fhh3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aig4 ,footnote #fhi3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ajj4 ,williams also says 7op4 cit4 i4 #afg7 t ! prop] "t = p]=m+ ! rite ( circumcision 0 aft] ! dea? ( a *ief1 & he tells u t _m rude games att5d x4 ,bl9dfold$ y\?s /rike at ?9 vessels ( wat] hung f ! bran* ( a tree4 ,at ,lakemba1 ! m5 arm !mselves ) bran*es ( ! cocoa-nut1 & c>ry on a %am fight4 ,at ,ono1 !y wre/le4 ,at ,mbau1 !y fillip small /ones f ! end ( a bamboo ) suffici5t =ce to make ! p]son hit w9ce aga94 ,on ,vanua ,levu1 !re is a mock siege4 ,footnote #fij3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aih4 ,footnote #fia3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,! ,nanga1 or ,sacr$ ,/one ,enclosure1 ( ,wa9imala1 ,fiji1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #bg sq4 ,on ! o!r h& ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson's enquiries1 made at a lat] date1 did n confirm ,mr4 ,fison's /atem5t t ! rite ( circumcision 0 practis$ z a propitiation to recov] a *ief f sickness4 ,i 0 assur$1 he says1 on ! contr>y1 t :ile (f]+s 7 c]ta9ly made 9 ! ,nanga = ! recov]y ( ! sick1 e y\? 0 circumcis$ z a matt] ( r\t9e1 & t ! rite 0 9 no way connect$ ) sacrifice = ! sick 7,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 pp4 #aef sq474 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,fison 0 a v c>eful & accurate enquir]1 & 8 te/imony is n to be lightly set aside4 ,footnote #fib3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,! ,nanga1 or ,sacr$ ,/one ,enclosure1 ( ,wa9imala1 ,fiji1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 p4 #bf4 ,comp>e ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 p4 #adg3 ,! ,nanga 0 ! 'b$' ( ! ,ance/ors1 t is1 ! spot :]e _! desc5dants might hold communion ) !m2 ! ,mbaki 7 ! rites celebrat$ 9 ! ,nanga1 :e!r ( initiat+ ! y\?s1 or ( pres5t+ ! fir/-fruits1 or ( recov]+ ! sick1 or ( w9n+ *>ms aga9/ w\nds 9 battle4 ,footnote #fic3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #fid3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,! ,nanga1 or ,sacr$ ,/one ,enclosure1 ( ,wa9imala1 ,fiji1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #ad-bf4 ,! ,nanga & its rites h also be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,joske 7,! ,nanga ( ,viti-levu1 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fu] ,e?nographie1 ii4 7#ahhi7 pp4 #bed-bff71 & ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson 7,! ,fijians1 pp4 #adf-aef74 ,z to ! int]val betwe5 ! initiatory c]emonies ,mr4 ,fison tells u t x 0 normally two ye>s1 b he adds3 ,?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily re/rict$ to two ye>s4 ,!re are always a numb] ( y\?s :o are gr[+ to ! prop] age1 & ! l5g? ( ! int]val dep5ds ^u ! decision ( ! eld]s4 ,:5ev] !y judge t !re is a suffici5t numb] ( y\?s ready = admission1 a ,nanga is appo9t$ to be held2 & ?us ! int]val may be long] or %ort]1 accord+ to ! supply ( novices 7op4 cit4 p4 #ai74 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson ! rites 7 celebrat$ annually4 ,mr4 ,fison's evid5ce z to ! gross lic5se :i* prevail$ betwe5 ! sexes aft] ! admission ( ! wom5 to ! sacr$ enclosure is confirm$ by ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson1 :o says1 among/ o!r ?+s1 t a native ( ,mbau1 :o liv$ = "s ye>s ne> ! ,nanga1 assur$ me t ! visit ( ! wom5 to ! ,nanga result$ 9 tempor>y promiscuity2 all tabus 7 defi$1 & relations :o c\ld n speak to "o ano!r by cu/om>y law committ$ ince/ 7op4 cit4 p4 #aed74 ,footnote #fie3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,! ,nanga1 or ,sacr$ ,/one ,enclosure1 ( ,wa9imala1 ,fiji1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiv4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #ad sqq42 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 pp4 #adg1 #adi4 ,footnote #fif3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #fig3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ae1 #ag1 ) ,plate ,i42 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 pp4 #adg sq4 ,mr4 ,fison _h n se5 a ,nanga2 8 description is bas$ on in=mation receiv$ f natives4 ,mr4 ,basil ,?omson visit$ sev]al ( ^! /ructures & f\nd !m s alike t "o description w\ld s]ve = all4 ,he speaks ( only two inn] comp>tm5ts1 :i* he calls ! ,holy ( ,holies 7,nanga tambu-tambu7 & ! ,middle ,nanga 7,loma ni ,nanga71 b ! latt] "n appe>s to imply a ?ird comp>tm5t1 :i* is explicitly m5tion$ & nam$ by ,mr4 ,fison4 ,! bell-%ap$ hut or temple to ! we/ ( ! sacr$ enclosure is n notic$ by ,mr4 ,?omson4 ,footnote #fih3 ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #fii3 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 p4 #adg4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,z to ^! monum5ts see ,sir ,john ,lubbock 7,"l ,avebury71 ,prehi/oric ,times1 ,fif? ,edition 7,london1 #ahij71 p4 #abg4 ,,lecture ,,xx ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality ,,among ,,! ,,natives ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,melanesia 7,,fiji7 7conclud$7 ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip ( ance/ors 9 ,fiji4 ,9 ! la/ lecture ,i describ$ ! rites ( ance/or wor%ip :i* 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,fiji us$ to be celebrat$ at ! sacr$ enclosures ( /ones kn[n z ,nangas4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ance/ral spirits 0 by no means conf9$ to ! comp>atively small area 9 ,fiji :]e su* sacr$ enclosures 7 erect$1 nor 7 ^! op5-air temples ! only /ructures :]e ! homage ( ! liv+ 0 paid to ! dead4 ,on ! contr>y we are told by "o :o knew ! ,fijians 9 ! old hea!n days t among !m z soon z belov$ p>5ts expire1 !y take _! place among/ ! family gods4 ,bures1 or temples1 are erect$ to _! memory1 & (f]+s deposit$ ei!r on _! graves or on rudely con/ruct$ alt>s--m]e /ages1 9 ! =m ( tables1 ! legs ( :i* are driv5 into ! gr\nd1 & ! top ( :i* is cov]$ ) pieces ( native clo?4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! alt>s is id5tical ) t obs]v$ by ,turn] 9 ,tanna1 & only diff]s 9 its inf]ior f9i% f ! alt>s =m]ly erect$ 9 ,tahiti & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,! (f]+s1 consi/+ ( ! *oice/ articles ( food1 are left expos$ to w9d & wea!r1 & firmly believ$ by ! mass ( ,fijians to be consum$ by ! spirits ( dep>t$ fri5ds & relations2 b1 if n eat5 by animals1 !y are (t5 /ol5 by ! m enlight5$ class ( _! c\ntrym51 & ev5 "s ( ! =eign]s d n disda9 occasionally to help !mselves freely to !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is n only on tombs or on alt>s t (f]+s are made2 (t51 :5 ! natives eat or dr9k any?+1 !y ?r[ portions ( x away1 /at+ !m to be = _! dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,i rememb] ord]+ a "y *ief to empty a b[l conta9+ kava1 :i* he did1 mutt]+ to himself1 ',!re1 fa!r1 is "s kava = y4 ,protect me f illness or break+ any ( my limbs :il/ 9 ! m\nta9s4'#gja ,sid5ote3 ,fijian notion ( div9ity4 ,two classes ( gods1 namely1 gods /rictly s call$1 & deifi$ m54 ,! native ^w expressive ( div9ity is kal\1 :i*1 :ile us$ to d5ote ! p's highe/ notion ( a god1 is also con/antly he>d z a qualificative ( any ?+ great or m>vell\s1 or1 accord+ to ,hazlewood's ,diction>y1 'any?+ sup]lative1 :e!r good or bad4'444 ,(t5 ! ^w s9ks into a m]e exclamation1 or becomes an expression ( flatt]y4 ',y are a kal\6' or1 ',y\r c\ntrym5 are gods6' is (t5 utt]$ by ! natives1 :5 he>+ ( ! triumphs ( art among civiliz$ nations4#gjb ,! ,fijians di/+ui%$ two classes ( gods3 fir/1 kal\ vu1 lit]ally ,root-gods1 t is1 gods /rictly s call$1 & second1 kal\ yalo1 lit]ally1 ,s\l-gods1 t is1 deifi$ mortals4 ,gods ( ! fir/ class 7 suppos$ to be absolutely et]nal2 gods ( ! second class1 ?\gh rais$ f> above m]e humanity1 7 ?\ght nev]!less to be subject to human passions & wants1 to accid5ts1 & ev5 to dea?4 ,^! latt] 7 ! spirits ( dep>t$ *iefs1 h]oes1 & fri5ds2 admission into _! numb] 0 easy1 & any "o might secure 8 own apo!osis :o c\ld ensure ! s]vices ( "s "o to act z 8 repres5tative & prie/ aft] 8 dea?4#gjc ,h[ev]1 ?\gh ! ,fijians admitt$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two classes ( gods 9 !ory1 !y w\ld seem to h confus$ !m 9 practice4 ,?us we are in=m$ by an e>ly au?ority t !y h sup]ior & inf]ior gods & goddesses1 m g5]al & local deities1 &1 7 x n an obvi\s contradiction1 we %\ld say !y h gods human1 & gods div9e2 = !y h "s gods :o 7 gods orig9ally1 & "s :o 7 orig9ally m54 ,x is impossible to asc]ta9 ) any degree ( probability h[ _m gods ! ,fijians h1 z any man :o c di/+ui% himself 9 murd]+ 8 fell[-m5 may c]ta9ly secure to himself deification aft] dea?4 ,_! fri5ds are also sometimes deifi$ & invok$4 ,i h he>d !m invoke _! fri5ds :o h be5 dr[n$ at sea4 ,i ne$ n adv]t to ! absurdity ( pray+ to ^? :o c\ld n save !mselves f a wat]y grave4 ,tuikilakila1 ! *ief ( ,somosomo1 (f]$ ,mr4 ,hunt a pref]m5t ( ?is sort4 ',if y die fir/1' said he1 ',i %all make y my god4' ,9 fact1 !re appe>s to be no c]ta9 l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 dep>t$ spirits & gods1 nor betwe5 gods & liv+ m51 = _m ( ! prie/s & old *iefs are consid]$ z sacr$ p]sons1 & n a few ( !m w also claim to !mselves ! "r ( div9ity4 ',i am a god1' ,tuikilakila w\ld sometimes say2 & he believ$ x too4 ,!y 7 n m]ely ! words ( 8 lips2 he believ$ he 0 some?+ above a m]e man4#gjd ,writ]s on ,fiji h giv5 u li/s ( "s ( ! pr9cipal gods ( ! fir/ class1#gje :o 7 suppos$ nev] to h be5 m52 b 9 _! acc\nt ( ! religi\s ritual !y d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! wor%ip :i* 0 paid to su* deities & t :i* 0 paid to deifi$ m54 ,accord+ly we may inf] t ! ritual 0 practically ! same1 & 9 ! sequel ,i %all assume t :at is told u ( ! wor%ip ( gods 9 g5]al holds good ( ! wor%ip ( deifi$ m5 9 p>ticul>4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fijian temple 7bure74 ,e ,fijian t[n _h at lea/ "o bure or temple1 _m ( !m _h sev]al4 ,significantly en\gh ! spot :]e a *ief _h be5 kill$ 0 sometimes *os5 = ! site ( a temple4 ,! /ructure ( ^! edifices 0 some:at peculi>4 ,ea* ( !m 0 built on ! top ( a m\nd1 :i* 0 rais$ to ! height ( f ?ree to tw5ty feet above ! gr\nd & fac$ on its slop+ sides ) dry rubble-"w ( /one4 ,! asc5t to ! temple 0 by a ?ick plank1 ! upp] surface ( :i* 0 cut into not*$ /eps4 ,! proportions ( ! sacr$ edifice itself 7 inelegant1 if n unc\?1 its height be+ ne>ly twice z great z its bread? at ! base4 ,! ro( 0 high-pit*$2 ! ridge-pole 0 cov]$ ) :ite %ells 7,ovula cypraea7 & project$ ?ree or f\r feet at ea* end4 ,= ! mo/ "p ea* temple _h two doors & a fire-place 9 ! c5tre4 ,f "s temples x 0 n lawful to ?r[ out ! a%es1 h[ev] mu* !y might accumulate1 until ! end ( ! ye>1 :i* fell 9 ,novemb]4 ,! furniture consi/$ ( a few boxes1 mats1 sev]al l>ge clay j>s1 & _m dr9k+ vessels4 ,a temple might also conta9 images1 :i*1 ?\gh highly e/eem$ z ornam5ts & held sacr$1 7 n wor%ipp$ z idols4 ,f ! ro( dep5d$ a long piece ( :ite b>k-clo?2 x 0 c>ri$ d[n ! angle s z to hang be=e ! corn]-po/ & lie on ! floor4 ,?is clo? =m$ ! pa? d[n :i* ! god 0 believ$ to pass 9 ord] to ent] & inspire 8 prie/4 ,x m>k$ ! holy place :i* few b he d>$ to approa*4 ,h[ev]1 ! temples 7 by no means d$icat$ exclusively to ! use ( religion4 ,ea* ( !m s]v$ also z a c\ncil-*amb] & t[n-hall2 !re ! *iefs l\ng$ = h\rs toge!r2 !re /rang]s 7 ent]ta9$2 & !re ! head p]sons ( ! village might ev5 sleep4#gjf ,9 "s p>ts ( ,viti ,levu ! dead 7 sometimes buri$ 9 ! temples1 t ! w9d might n di/urb1 nor ! ra9 fall ^u !m1 & 9 ord] t ! liv+ might h ! satisfaction ( ly+ ne> _! dep>t$ fri5ds4 ,a *ild ( high rank hav+ di$ "u ! *>ge ( ! que5 ( ,somosomo1 ! little body 0 plac$ 9 a box & hung f ! tie-beam ( ! pr9cipal temple4 ,= "s mon?s aft]w>ds ! da9tie/ food 0 br\ght daily to ! dead *ild1 ! be>]s approa*+ ) ! utmo/ respect & clapp+ _! h&s :5 ! gho/ 0 ?\ght to h f9i%$ 8 meal j z a *iefs reta9]s us$ to d :5 he _h done eat+4#gjg ,sid5ote3 ,wor%ip at ! temples4 ,temples 7 (t5 unoccupi$ = mon?s & all[$ to fall into ru9s1 until ! *ief _h "s reque/ to make to ! god1 :5 ! necess>y repairs 7 fir/ c>ri$ out4 ,no regul> wor%ip 0 ma9ta9$1 no habitual rev]5ce 0 display$ at ! %r9es4 ,! pr9ciple ( fe>1 we are told1 seem$ to be ! only motive ( religi\s obs]vances1 & x 0 artfully fom5t$ by ! prie/s1 ?r\gh :om alone ! p _h access to ! gods :5 !y desir$ to supplicate ! fav\r ( ! div9e be+s4 ,! pray]s 7 naturally accompani$ by (f]+s1 :i* 9 matt]s ( importance compris$ l>ge quantities ( food1 toge!r ) :ales' tee?2 9 less] affairs a too?1 club1 mat1 or spe> suffic$4 ,( ! food br\ght by ! wor%ipp]s "p 0 d$icat$ to ! god1 b z usual he only ate ! s\l ( x1 ! sub/ance be+ consum$ by ! prie/ & old m52 ! rema9d] furni%$ a fea/ ( :i* all might p>take4#gjh ,sid5ote3 ,! prie/s4 ,! (fice ( prie/ 7mbete1 bete7 0 usually h]$it>y1 b :5 a prie/ di$ )\t male heirs a cunn+ fell[1 ambiti\s ( enjoy+ ! sacr$ "* & ( liv+ 9 idl5ess1 w\ld sometimes simulate ! convulsive fr5zy1 :i* pass$ = a symptom ( inspiration1 & if he succe$$ 9 ! impo/ure w\ld be induct$ into ! vacant b5efice4 ,e *ief _h 8 prie/1 ) :om he usually liv$ on a v good foot+1 ! two play+ into ea* o!r's h&s & work+ ! oracle = _! mutual b5efit4 ,! p 7 grossly sup]/iti\s1 & !re 7 few ( _! affairs 9 :i* ! prie/ _h n a h&4 ,8 influ5ce ov] !m 0 great4 ,9 8 own di/rict he pass$ = ! repres5tative ( ! deity2 inde$1 accord+ to an e>ly mission>y1 ! natives seldom di/+ui%$ ! idea ( ! god f t ( 8 m9i/]1 :o 0 view$ by !m ) a rev]5ce t almo/ am\nt$ to deification4#gji ,sid5ote3 ,oracles giv5 by ! prie/ "u ! inspiration ( ! god4 ,p>oxysm ( inspiration4 ,! pr9cipal duty ( ! prie/ 0 to reveal to m5 ! w ( ! god1 & ?is he always did ?r\gh ! direct inspiration ( ! deity4 ,! revelation 0 usually made 9 response to an enquiry or a pray]2 ! supplicant ask$1 x might be1 = a good crop ( yams or t>o1 = %[]s ( ra91 = protection 9 battle1 = a safe voyage1 or = a /orm to drive canoes a%ore1 s t ! supplicant might rob1 murd]1 & eat ! ca/aways4 ,to l5d =ce to "o or o!r ( ^! pi\s pray]s ! wor%ipp] br\ght a :ale's too? to ! temple & pres5t$ x to ! prie/4 ,! man ( god might h _h ^w ( 8 com+ & "t to ?r[ himself into an appropriate attitude4 ,he might1 = example1 be se5 ly+ on ! floor ne> ! sacr$ corn]1 plung$ 9 a pr(\nd m$itation4 ,on ! entrance ( ! enquir] ! prie/ w\ld r\se himself s f> z to get up & !n seat himself ) 8 back to ! :ite clo?1 d[n :i* ! deity 0 expect$ to slide into ! m$ium's body4 ,hav+ receiv$ ! :ale's too? he w\ld ab/ract 8 m9d f all worldly matt]s & contemplate ! too? = "s "t ) rapt att5tion4 ,pres5tly he began to tremble1 8 limbs twit*$1 8 features 7 di/ort$4 ,^! symptoms1 ! visible manife/ation ( ! entrance ( ! _s into him1 gradually increas$ 9 viol5ce till 8 :ole frame 0 convuls$ & %ook z ) a /rong fit ( ague3 8 ve9s swell$3 ! circulation ( ! blood 0 quick5$4 ,! man 0 n[ possess$ & inspir$ by ! god3 8 own human p]sonality 0 = a "t 9 abeyance3 all t he said & did 9 ! p>oxysm pass$ = ! words & acts ( ! indwell+ deity4 ,%rill cries ( ,koi au6 ,koi au6 ,x is ,i6 ,x is ,i6 fill$ ! air1 proclaim+ ! actual pres5ce ( ! p[]ful _s 9 ! vessel ( fle% & blood4 ,9 giv+ ! oracul> response ! prie/'s eyes protrud$ f _! sockets & roll$ z 9 a fr5zy3 8 voice rose into a squeak3 8 face 0 pallid1 8 lips livid1 8 brea?+ depress$1 8 :ole appe>ance t ( a furi\s madman4 ,at la/ sweat bur/ f e pore1 te>s gu%$ f 8 eyes3 ! /ra9 on ! organism 0 visibly reliev$2 & ! symptoms gradually abat$4 ,!n he w\ld look r\nd ) a vacant />e3 ! god )9 him w\ld cry1 ,i dep>t6 & ! man w\ld ann\nce ! dep>ture ( ! _s by ?r[+ himself on 8 mat or /rik+ ! gr\nd ) 8 club1 :ile bla/s on a %ell-trumpet convey$ to ^? at a di/ance ! tid+s t ! deity _h )drawn f mortal sight into ! _w invisible4#gaj ,i h se51 says ,mr4 ,lorim] ,fison1 ?is possession1 & a horrible sight x is4 ,9 "o case1 aft] ! fit 0 ov]1 = "s "t ! man's muscles & n]ves twit*$ & quiv]$ 9 an extraord9>y way4 ,he 0 nak$ except = 8 bree*-cl\t1 & on 8 nak$ brea/ little snakes seem$ to be wriggl+ = a mom5t or two b5ea? 8 sk91 disappe>+ & !n sudd5ly reappe>+ 9 ano!r "p ( 8 *e/4 ,:5 ! mbete 7:i* we may translate 'prie/' = want ( a bett] ^w7 is seiz$ by ! possession1 ! god )9 him calls out 8 own "n 9 a /ridul\s tone1 ',x is ,i6 ,kat\vi]e6' or "s o!r "n4 ,at ! next possession "s o!r ance/or may decl>e himself4#gaa ,sid5ote3 ,specim5s ( ! oracul> utt]ances ( ,fijian gods4 ,f ?is la/ description ( an eye-witness we le>n t ! _s :i* possess$ a prie/ & spoke ?r\gh him 0 (t5 believ$ to be t ( a dead ance/or4 ,"s ( ! inspir$ utt]ances ( ^! prophets h be5 record$4 ,"h are specim5s ( ,fijian inspiration4 ,speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! great god ,nd5gei1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 ! prie/ said3 ,great ,fiji is my small club4 ,muaimbila is ! head2 ,kamba is ! h&le4 ,if ,i /ep on ,muaimbila1 ,i %all s9k x into ! sea1 :il/ ,kamba %all rise to ! sky4 ,if ,i /ep on ,kamba1 x w be lo/ 9 ! sea1 :il/ ,muaimbila w\ld rise into ! skies4 ,yes1 ,viti ,levu is my small w>-club4 ,i c turn x z ,i please4 ,i c turn x upside d[n4 ,aga91 speak+ by ! m\? ( a prie/1 ! god ,tanggirianima once made ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,i & ,kumbunavannua only are gods4 ,i preside ov] w>s1 & d z ,i please ) sickness4 ,b x is difficult = me to come "h1 z ! =eign god fills ! place4 ,if ,i attempt to desc5d by t pill>1 ,i f9d x pre-occupi$ by ! =eign god4 ,if ,i try ano!r pill>1 ,i f9d x ! same4 ,h[ev]1 we two are fight+ ! =eign god2 & if we are victori\s1 we w save ! woman4 ,i w save ! woman4 ,%e w eat food to-day4 ,_h ,i be5 s5t = ye/]day1 %e w\ld h eat5 !n1 & s on4 ,! woman1 ab\t ^: case ! deity 0 consult$ & :om he ann\nc$ 8 fix$ int5tion ( sav+1 di$ a few h\rs aft]w>ds4#gab ,sid5ote3 ,human sacrifices 9 ,fiji4 ,f]oci\s & invet]ate cannibals !mselves1 ! ,fijians naturally assum$ t _! gods 7 s too2 h5ce human fle% 0 a common (f]+1 inde$ ! mo/ valu$ ( all4#gac ,=mal human sacrifices 7 frequ5t4 ,! victims 7 usually tak5 f a di/ant tribe1 & :5 w> & viol5ce fail$ to supply ! dem&1 rec\rse 0 sometimes _h to negotiation4 ,h[ev] obta9$1 ! victims de/9$ = sacrifice 7 (t5 kept = a "t & fatt5$ to make !m bett] eat+4 ,!n1 tightly b\nd 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 !y 7 plac$ on hot /ones 9 "o ( ! usual ov5s1 & be+ cov]$ ov] ) leaves & e>? 7 roa/$ alive1 :ile ! spectators ro>$ ) laught] at ! wri?+s & contortions ( ! victims 9 _! agony4 ,:5 _! /ruggles ceas$ & ! bodies 7 judg$ to be done to a nicety1 !y 7 rak$ out ( ! ov51 _! faces pa9t$ black1 & s c>ri$ to ! temple1 :]e !y 7 pres5t$ to ! gods1 only1 h[ev]1 to be aft]w>ds remov$1 cut up1 & dev\r$ by ! p4#gad ,sid5ote3 ,human sacrifices (f]$ :5 a k+'s h\se 0 built or a great new canoe laun*$4 ,h[ev]1 roa/+ alive 9 ov5s 0 n ! only way 9 :i* m5 & wom5 7 made away ) 9 ! s]vice ( religion4 ,:5 a k+'s h\se 0 built1 m5 7 buri$ alive 9 ! holes dug to receive ! po/s3 !y 7 compell$ to clasp ! po/s 9 _! arms1 & !n ! e>? 0 %ovell$ ov] !m & ramm$ d[n4 ,& :5 a l>ge new canoe 0 laun*$1 x 0 haul$ d[n to ! sea ov] ! bodies ( liv+ m51 :o 7 p9ion$ & laid out at int]vals on ! bea* to s]ve z roll]s on :i* ! great vessel glid$ smoo?ly into ! wat]1 leav+ a r[ ( mangl$ corpses beh9d4 ,! !ory ( bo? ^! modes ( sacrifice 0 expla9$ by ! ,fijians to an ,engli%man :o witness$ !m4 ,i w quote _! explanation 9 8 words4 ,!y said 9 answ] to ! que/ions ,i put respect+ ! p be+ buri$ alive ) ! po/s1 t a h\se or palace ( a k+ 0 j l a k+'s canoe3 if ! canoe 0 n haul$ ov] m51 z roll]s1 %e w\ld n be expect$ to float long1 & 9 l mann] ! palace c\ld n /& long if p 7 n to sit d[n & cont9ually hold ! po/s up4 ,b ,i said1 ',h[ c\ld !y hold ! po/s up aft] !y 7 dead8' ,!y said1 if !y sacrific$ _! lives endeav\r+ to hold ! po/s 9 _! "r position to _! sup]ior's turanga kai na kal\ 7*iefs & god71 t ! virtue ( ! sacrifice w\ld in/igate ! gods to uphold ! h\se aft] !y 7 dead1 & t !y 7 hon\r$ by be+ consid]$ adequate to su* a noble task4#gae ,app>5tly ! ,fijians imag9$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead m5 w\ld someh[ /r5g!n ! s\ls ( ! h\ses & canoes & s prolong ! lives ( ^! useful objects2 = x is to be rememb]$ t accord+ to ,fijian !ology h\ses & canoes z well z m5 & wom5 7 provid$ ) immortal s\ls4 ,sid5ote3 ,high e/imation 9 :i* murd] 0 held by ! ,fijians4 ,p]haps ! same !ory ( immortality p>tially acc\nts = ! high hon\r 9 :i* ! ,fijian held ! act ( murd] & = ! admiration :i* he be/[$ on all murd]]s4 ,%$d+ ( blood1 we are told1 to him is no crime1 b a glory4 ,:oev] may be ! victim1--:e!r noble or vulg>1 old or "y1 man1 woman1 or *ild1--:e!r sla9 9 w>1 or but*]$ by trea*]y1--to be someh[ an ackn[l$g$ murd]] is ! object ( ! ,fijian's re/less ambition4#gaf ,x 0 cu/om>y ?r\gh\t ,fiji to give honor>y names to su* z _h clubb$ to dea? a human be+1 ( any age or ei!r sex1 dur+ a w>4 ,! new epi!t 0 giv5 ) ! complim5t>y prefix ,koroi4 ,mr4 ,williams once ask$ a man :y he 0 call$ ,koroi4 ,because1 he repli$1 ,i1 ) sev]al o!r m51 f\nd "s wom5 & *ildr5 9 a cave1 drew !m out & clubb$ !m1 & !n 0 consecrat$4#gag ,mr4 ,fison le>n$ f ano!r /\t "y w>rior t he _h e>n$ ! hon\rable di/9ction ( ,koroi by ly+ 9 wait among ! mangrove bu%es at ! wat]side & kill+ a mis]able old woman ( a ho/ile tribe1 z %e crept along ! mudflat seek+ = %ellfi%4 ,! man w\ld h be5 equally hon\r$1 adds ,mr4 ,fison1 if 8 victim _h be5 a *ild4 ,! h]o ( su* an exploit1 = two or ?ree days aft] kill+ 8 man or woman1 0 all[$ to besme> 8 face & bu/ ) a mixture ( lampblack & oil :i* diff]$ f ! common black w>-pa9t2 decorat$ ) ?is badge ( hon\r he /rutt$ pr\dly ?r\gh ! t[n1 ! cynosure ( all eyes1 an object ( envy to 8 fell[s & ( t5d] int]e/ to ! girls4 ,! old m5 %\t$ approval aft] him1 ! wom5 w\ld lulilu admir+ly z he pass$ by1 & ! boys look$ up to him z a sup]ior be+ ^: noble de$s !y ?ir/$ to emulate4 ,high] titles ( hon\r /ill 7 be/[$ on su* z _h sla9 _! t51 or tw5ty1 or ?irty2 & ,mr4 ,fison tells u ( a *ief ^: admir+ c\ntrym5 _h to comp\nd all ^! titles into "o 9 ord] to set =? 8 sup]lative claims to glory4 ,a man :o _h nev] kill$ anybody 0 ( v little acc\nt 9 ?is life1 & he receiv$ ! p5alty due to 8 s9 9 ! life h]eaft]4 ,= 9 ! _s l& ! gho/ ( su* a poor-spirit$ wret* 0 s5t5c$ to :at ! ,fijians reg>d$ z ! mo/ degrad+ ( all puni%m5ts1 to beat a heap ( muck ) 8 bloodless club4#gah ,sid5ote3 ,c]emony ( consecrat+ a manslay]4 ,! tempor>y re/rictions laid on a manslay] 7 probably dictat$ by a fe> ( 8 victim's gho/4 ,! c]emony ( consecrat+ a manslay] 0 elaborate4 ,he 0 ano9t$ ) r$ oil f ! hair ( 8 head to ! soles ( 8 feet2 & :5 he _h be5 ?us inc>nad9$ he ex*ang$ clubs ) ! spectators1 :o believ$ t _! weapons acquir$ a my/]i\s virtue by pass+ ?r\gh 8 holy h&s4 ,aft]w>ds ! ano9t$ "o1 att5d$ by ! k+ & eld]s1 solemnly /alk$ d[n to ! sea & wett$ ! soles ( 8 feet 9 ! wat]4 ,!n ! :ole company return$ to ! t[n1 :ile ! %ell-trumpets s\nd$ & ! m5 rais$ a peculi> hoot4 ,cu/om requir$ t a hut %\ld be built 9 :i* ! ano9t$ man & 8 companions mu/ pass ! next ?ree nights1 dur+ :i* ! h]o might n lie d[n1 b _h to sleep z he sat2 all t "t he might n *ange 8 b>k-clo? g>m5t1 nor wa% ! r$ pa9t away f 8 body1 nor ent] a h\se 9 :i* !re 0 a woman4#gai ,! reason = obs]v+ ^! curi\s re/rictions is n m5tion$1 b 9 ! light ( simil> practices1 "s ( :i* h be5 notic$ 9 ^! lectures1#gbj we may conjecture t !y 7 dictat$ by a fe> ( ! victim's gho/1 :o among savages g5]ally haunts 8 slay] & w d him a mis*ief1 if he gets a *ance4 ,z x is especially 9 dreams t ! naturally inc5s$ _s f9ds 8 opportunity1 we c p]haps und]/& :y ! slay] might n lie d[n = ! fir/ ?ree nights aft] ! slaught]2 ! wra? ( ! gho/ w\ld !n be at its hotte/1 & if he spi$ 8 murd]] /ret*$ 9 slumb] on ! gr\nd1 ! temptation to take an unfair advantage ( him might h be5 too /rong to be resi/$4 ,b :5 8 ang] _h _h "t to cool d[n or he _h dep>t$ = 8 long home1 z gho/s g5]ally d aft] a reasonable "t1 ! precautions tak5 to baffle 8 v5geance might be safely relax$4 ,p]haps1 z ,i h already h9t$1 ! rev]5ce :i* ! ,fijians felt = any man :o _h tak5 a human life1 or at all ev5ts ! life ( an enemy1 may h p>tly sprung f a belief t ! slay] increas$ 8 own /r5g? & val\r ei!r by subjugat+ ! gho/ ( 8 victim & employ+ x z 8 h5*man1 or p]haps r by simply absorb+ 9 "s occult fa%ion ! vital en]gy ( ! sla94 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! p]mission giv5 to ! kill] to assume ! "n ( ! kill$1 :5ev] 8 victim 0 a man ( di/+ui%$ rank2#gba = by tak+ ! "n he1 accord+ to an op9ion common among savages1 assum$ ! p]sonality ( 8 namesake4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r fun]al cu/oms bas$ on a fe> ( ! gho/4 ,! same fe> ( ! gho/ ( ! rec5tly dep>t$ :i* manife/$ itself1 if my int]pretation ( ! cu/oms is "r1 9 ! treatm5t ( manslay]s1 seems to h impr9t$ itself1 ?\gh 9 a m att5uat$ =m1 on "s ( ! practices obs]v$ by ,fijian m\rn]s aft] a natural1 n a viol5t1 dea?4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sons :o h h&l$ a corpse =bidd5 to t\* food4 ,seclusion ( grave-digg]s4 ,?us all ! p]sons :o _h h&l$ a corpse 7 =bidd5 to t\* any?+ = "s "t aft]w>ds2 9 p>ticul> !y 7 /rictly deb>r$ f t\*+ _! food ) _! h&s2 _! victuals 7 br\ght to !m by o!rs1 & !y 7 f$ l infants by att5dants or oblig$ to pick up _! food ) _! m\?s f ! gr\nd4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ?is burd5some re/riction la/$ 0 diff]5t accord+ to ! rank ( ! deceas$3 9 ! case ( great *iefs x la/$ f two to t5 mon?s2 9 ! case ( a petty *ief x did n exce$ "o mon?2 & 9 ! case ( a common p]son a taboo ( n m ?an f\r days suffic$4 ,:5 a *ief's pr9cipal wife did n foll[ him to ! o!r _w by be+ /rangl$ or buri$ alive1 %e might n t\* h] own food ) h] h&s = ?ree mon?s4 ,:5 ! m\rn]s grew tir$ ( be+ f$ l infants or fe$+ !mselves l dogs1 !y s5t ^w to ! head *ief & he let !m "k t he w\ld remove ! taboo :5ev] !y pleas$4 ,accord+ly !y s5t him pres5ts ( pigs & o!r provisions1 :i* he %>$ among ! p4 ,!n ! taboo$ p]sons w5t into a /ream & wa%$ !mselves2 aft] t !y caught "s animal1 su* z a pig or a turtle1 & wip$ _! h&s on x1 & ! animal !reupon became sacr$ to ! *ief4 ,?us ! taboo 0 remov$1 & ! m5 7 free once m to "w1 to fe$ !mselves1 & to live ) _! wives4 ,lazy & idle fell[s will+ly und]took ! duty ( wait+ on ! dead1 z x reliev$ !m = "s "t f ! pa9ful necessity ( e>n+ _! own bread4#gbb ,! reason :y su* p]sons might n t\* food ) _! h&s 0 probably a fe> ( ! gho/ or at all ev5ts ( ! infection ( dea?2 ! gho/ or ! infection might be cl++ to _! h&s & might s be transf]r$ f !m to _! food ) fatal effects4 ,9 ,great ,fiji n e "o might dig a *ief's grave4 ,! (fice 0 h]$it>y 9 a c]ta9 clan4 ,aft] ! fun]al ! grave-digg] 0 %ut up 9 a h\se & pa9t$ black f head to foot4 ,:5 he _h to make a %ort excursion1 he cov]$ himself ) a l>ge mantle ( pa9t$ native clo? & 0 suppos$ to be invisible4 ,8 food 0 br\ght to ! h\se aft] d>k by sil5t be>]s1 :o plac$ x j )9 ! doorway4 ,8 seclusion might la/ = a long "t2#gbc x 0 probably int5d$ to scre5 him f ! gho/4 ,sid5ote3 ,hair cropp$ & f+]-jo9ts cut (f 9 m\rn+4 ,! usual outw>d sign ( m\rn+ 0 to crop ! hair or be>d1 or v r>ely bo?4 ,"s p m]ely made bald ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,inde$ ! ,fijians 7 too va9 ( _! hair to "p ) x lightly1 & to conceal ! loss :i* cu/om dem&$ ( !m on ^! occasions !y us$ to we> wigs1 "s ( :i* 7 v skilfully made4 ,! practice ( cutt+ (f f+]-jo9ts 9 m\rn+ has already be5 m5tion$2 "o e>ly au?ority affirms & ano!r d5ies t jo9ts ( ! little toes 7 simil>ly amputat$ by ! liv+ z a m>k ( sorr[ = ! dead4 ,s common 0 ! practice ( lopp+ (f ! little f+]s 9 m\rn+ t till rec5tly few ( ! old] natives c\ld be f\nd :o _h _! h&s intact2 mo/ ( !m inde$ _h lo/ ! little f+]s ( bo? h&s4 ,!re 0 a ,fijian say+ t ! f\r? f+] cri$ itself ho>se 9 va9 = its abs5t mate 7droga-droga-wale74 ,! mutilation 0 usually conf9$ to ! relations ( ! deceas$1 unless he happ5$ to be "o ( ! highe/ *iefs4 ,h[ev]1 ! sev]$ jo9ts 7 (t5 s5t by poor p to weal?y families 9 m\rn+1 :o nev] fail$ to rew>d ! s5d]s = s delicate a m>k ( sympa?y4 ,female m\rn]s burn$ _! sk9 into bli/]s by apply+ light$ rolls ( b>k-clo? to v>i\s p>ts ( _! bodies2 ! br&s s produc$ might be se5 on _! arms1 %\ld]s1 necks1 & brea/s4#gbd ,dur+ ! m\rn+ = a k+ p fa/$ till ev5+ = t5 or tw5ty days2 ! coa/ = miles 0 taboo$ & no "o might fi% !re2 ! nuts also 7 made sacr$4 ,"s p 9 tok5 ( grief = a b]eavem5t w\ld ab/a9 f fi%1 fruit1 or o!r pleasant food = mon?s toge!r2 o!rs w\ld dress 9 leaves in/ead ( 9 clo?4#gbe ,sid5ote3 ,m5 :ipp$ by wom5 9 "t ( m\rn+ = a *ief4 ,?\gh ! motive = ^! obs]vances is n m5tion$1 we may suppose t !y 7 int5d$ to soo! & please ! gho/ by te/ify+ to ! sorr[ felt by ! survivors at 8 decease4 ,x is m d\btful :e!r ! same explanation w\ld apply to ano!r cu/om :i* ! ,fijians us$ to obs]ve 9 m\rn+4 ,dur+ t5 days aft] a dea?1 :ile ! s\l ( a deceas$ *ief 0 ?\ght to be /ill l+]+ 9 or ne> 8 body1 all ! wom5 ( ! t[n provid$ !mselves ) long :ips1 knott$ ) %ells1 & appli$ !m ) great vig\r to ! bodies ( ! m51 rais+ weals & inflict+ bloody w\nds1 :ile ! m5 retort$ by flirt+ pellets ( clay f spl9t]s ( bamboo4#gbf ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,williams1 ?is c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ! t5? day or e>li]1 & he adds3 ,i h se5 grave p]sonages1 n accu/om$ to move quickly1 fly+ ) all possible spe$ be=e a company ( su* wom54 ,sometimes ! m5 retaliate by bespatt]+ _! assailants ) mud2 b !y use no viol5ce1 z x seems to be a day on :i* !y are b\nd to succumb4#gbg ,z ! s\l ( ! dead 0 believ$ to quit 8 body & dep>t to 8 de/9$ abode on ! t5? day aft] dea?1#gbh ! sc\rg+ ( ! m5 by ! wom5 0 probably suppos$ 9 "s way to spe$ ! p>t+ gue/ on 8 long j\rney4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dead tak5 out ( ! h\se by a special op5+ made 9 a wall4 ,examples ( ! cu/om among ,aryan peoples4 ,:5 a c]ta9 k+ ( ,fiji di$1 ! side ( ! h\se 0 brok5 d[n to all[ ! body to be c>ri$ out1 ?\gh !re 7 doorways wide en\gh = ! purpose close at h&4 ,! mission>y :o records ! fact c\ld n le>n ! reason ( x4#gbi ,! cu/om ( tak+ ! dead out ( ! h\se by a special op5+1 :i* is aft]w>ds clos$ up1 has n be5 conf9$ to ,fiji2 on ! contr>y x has be5 practis$ by a multitude ( peoples1 savage1 b>b>\s1 & civilis$1 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,= example1 x 0 an old ,norse rule t a corpse might n be c>ri$ out ( ! h\se by ! door :i* 0 us$ by ! liv+2 h5ce a hole 0 made 9 ! wall at ! back ( ! dead man's head & he 0 tak5 out ?r\gh x backw>ds1 or a hole 0 dug 9 ! gr\nd "u ! s\? wall & ! body 0 drawn out ?r\gh x4#gcj ,! cu/om may h be5 at "o "t common to all ! ,aryan or ,indo-european peoples1 = x is m5tion$ 9 o!r ( _! anci5t records & has be5 obs]v$ by widely sep>at$ bran*es ( t great family d[n to mod]n times4 ,?us1 ! ,z5d-,ave/a prescribes t1 :5 a dea? has occurr$1 a brea* %all be made 9 ! wall & ! corpse c>ri$ out ?r\gh x by two m51 :o h fir/ /ripp$ (f _! clo!s4#gca ,9 ,russia ! corpse 0 (t5 c>ri$ out ( ! h\se ?r\gh a w9d[1 or ?r\gh a hole made = ! purpose1 & ! cu/om is /ill kept up 9 _m p>ts4#gcb ,speak+ ( ! ,h9doos a ,fr5* travell] ( ! eighte5? c5tury says t in/ead ( c>ry+ ! corpse out by ! door !y make an op5+ 9 ! wall by :i* !y pass x out 9 a seat$ po/ure1 & ! hole is clos$ up aft] ! c]emony4#gcc ,among v>i\s ,h9doo ca/es x is /ill cu/om>y1 :5 a dea? has occurr$ on an inauspici\s day1 to remove ! corpse f ! h\se n ?r\gh ! door1 b ?r\gh a tempor>y hole made 9 ! wall4#gcd ,old ,g]man law requir$ t ! corpses ( crim9als & suicides %\ld be c>ri$ out ?r\gh a hole "u ! ?re%old4#gce ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! bodies ( suicides 7 n tak5 out ( ! h\se = burial by ! doors1 b ?r\gh an op5+ made betwe5 ! wall & ! ?at*4#gcf ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( ! cu/om among non-,aryan peoples4 ,b widespread z su* cu/oms h be5 among ,indo-european peoples1 !y h be5 by no means conf9$ to t bran* ( ! human race4 ,x 0 an anci5t ,*9ese practice to knock d[n "p ( ! wall ( a h\se = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out a corpse4#gcg ,"s ( ! ,canadian ,indians w\ld nev] take a corpse out ( ! hut by ! ord9>y door1 b always lift$ a piece ( ! b>k wall ne> :i* ! dead man lay & !n drew him ?r\gh ! op5+4#gch ,among ! ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait a corpse is usually rais$ ?r\gh ! smoke-hole 9 ! ro(1 b is nev] tak5 out by ! doorway4 ,%\ld ! smoke-hole be too small1 an op5+ is made 9 ! re> ( ! h\se & !n clos$ aga94#gci ,:5 a ,gre5l&] dies1 !y d n c>ry out ! corpse ?r\gh ! entry ( ! h\se1 b lift x ?r\gh ! w9d[1 or if he dies 9 a t5t1 !y unfa/5 "o ( ! sk9s beh9d1 & convey x out t way4 ,a woman beh9d waves a light$ *ip backw>d & =w>d1 & says3 ',!re is no?+ m to be _h "h4'#gdj ,simil>ly ! ,hott5tots1 ,be*uanas1 ,basutos1 ,m>otse1 ,b>ongo1 & _m o!r tribes ( ,s\? & ,we/ ,africa nev] c>ry a corpse out by ! door ( ! hut b always by a special op5+ made 9 ! wall4#gda ,a simil> cu/om is obs]v$ by ! m>itime ,gajos ( ,sumatra#gdb & by "s ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor?-we/ ,am]ica1 su* z ! ,tl+it & ! ,haida4#gdc ,among ! ,lep*is ( ,sikhim1 ^: h\ses are rais$ on piles1 ! dead are tak5 out by a hole made 9 ! floor4#gdd ,dwell]s 9 t5ts :o practise ?is cu/om remove a corpse f ! t5t1 n by ! door1 b ?r\gh an op5+ made by lift+ up an edge ( ! t5t-cov]3 ?is is done by ,european gypsies#gde & by ! ,koryak ( nor?-ea/]n ,asia4#gdf ,sid5ote3 ,! motive ( ! cu/om is a desire to prev5t ! gho/ f return+ to ! h\se4 ,9 all su* cu/oms ! orig9al motive probably 0 a fe> ( ! gho/ & a wi% to exclude him f ! h\se1 le/ he %\ld return & c>ry (f ! survivors ) him to ! _s l&4 ,gho/s are commonly cr$it$ ) a l[ degree ( intellig5ce1 & x appe>s to be suppos$ t !y c only f9d _! way back to a h\se by ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* _! bodies 7 c>ri$ out4 ,h5ce p made a practice ( tak+ a corpse out n by ! door1 b ?r\gh an op5+ specially made = ! purpose1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds block$ up1 s t :5 ! gho/ return$ f ! grave & attempt$ to ent] ! h\se1 he f\nd ! orifice clos$ & 0 oblig$ to turn away disappo9t$4 ,t ?is 0 ! tra9 ( reason+ actually foll[$ by "s peoples may be ga!r$ f ! explanations :i* !y !mselves give ( ! cu/om4 ,?us among ! ,tuski ( ,alaska ^? :o die a natural dea? are c>ri$ out ?r\gh a hole cut 9 ! back ( ! hut or y>ang4 ,?is is imm$iately clos$ up1 t ! _s ( ! dead man may n f9d 8 way back4#gdg ,among ! ,esquimaux ( ,hudson ,bay ! ne>e/ relatives on approa* ( dea? remove ! invalid to ! outside ( ! h\se1 = if he %\ld die )9 he mu/ n be c>ri$ out ( ! door b ?r\gh a hole cut 9 ! side wall1 & x mu/ !n be c>efully clos$ to prev5t ! _s ( ! p]son f return+4#gdh ,aga91 :5 a ,siamese is dead1 8 relations deposit ! body 9 a c(f9 well cov]$4 ,!y d n pass x ?r\gh ! door b let x d[n into ! /reet by an op5+ :i* !y make 9 ! wall4 ,!y also c>ry x ?rice r\nd ! h\se1 runn+ at ! top ( _! spe$4 ,!y believe t if !y did n take ?is precaution1 ! dead man w\ld rememb] ! way by :i* he _h pass$1 & t he w\ld return by night to d "s ill turn to 8 family4#gdi ,9 ,travancore ! body ( a dead rajah is tak5 out ( ! palace ?r\gh a brea* 9 ! wall1 made = ! purpose1 to avoid pollution ( ! gate1 & aft]w>ds built up aga9 s t ! dep>t$ _s may n return ?r\gh ! gate to tr\ble ! survivors4#gej ,among ! ,kayans ( ,borneo1 ^: dwell+s are rais$ on piles above ! gr\nd1 ! c(f9 is convey$ out ( ! h\se by l[]+ x ) rattans ei!r ?r\gh ! floor1 planks be+ tak5 up = ! purpose1 or "u ! eaves at ! side ( ! gall]y4 ,9 ?is way !y avoid c>ry+ x d[n ! h\se-ladd]2 & x seems to be felt t ?is precaution r5d]s x m difficult = ! gho/ to f9d its way back to ! h\se4#gea ,among ! ,*]emiss ( ,russia1 old cu/om requir$ t ! corpse %\ld n be c>ri$ out by ! door b ?r\gh a brea* 9 ! nor? wall1 :]e !re is usually a sa%-w9d[4 ,b ! cu/om has long be5 obsolete1 ev5 among ! hea!n1 & only v old p speak ( x4 ,!y expla9 x z foll[s3 to c>ry x out by ! door w\ld be to %ew ! ,asyr5 7! dead man7 ! "r way into ! h\se1 :]eas a brea* 9 ! wood5 wall is imm$iately clos$ by replac+ ! beams 9 position1 & ?us ! ,asyr5 w\ld 9 va9 seek = an entrance4#geb ,! ,samoy$s nev] c>ry a corpse out ( ! hut by ! door1 b lift up a piece ( ! re9de]-sk9 cov]+ & draw ! body out1 head =emo/1 ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,!y ?9k t if !y 7 to c>ry a corpse out by ! door1 ! gho/ w\ld soon return & fet* away o!r memb]s ( ! family4#gec ,on ! same pr9ciple1 z soon z ! ,indians ( ,tumupasa1 9 nor?-we/ ,bolivia1 h c>ri$ a corpse out ( ! h\se1 !y %ift ! door to ! opposite side1 9 ord] t ! deceas$ may n be able to f9d x4#ged ,once m1 9 ,meckl5burg x is a law regulat+ ! return ( ! dead t !y are compell$ to return by ! same way by :i* ! corpse 0 remov$ f ! h\se4 ,9 ! villages ( ,pi*]1 ,breseg>d1 & o!rs ! p us$ to h movable ?re%olds at ! h\se-doors1 :i*1 be+ fitt$ into ! door-po/s1 c\ld be %ov$ up4 ,! corpse 0 !n c>ri$ out ( ! h\se "u ! ?re%old1 & !re=e c\ld n return ov] x4#gee ,sid5ote3 ,"s p only remove 9 ?is mann] ! bodies ( p]sons ^: gho/s are especially fe>$4 ,ev5 )\t su* express te/imonies to ! mean+ ( ! cu/om we may inf] f a v>iety ( evid5ce t ! real motive = practis+ x is a fe> ( ! gho/ & a wi% to prev5t 8 return4 ,= x is to be obs]v$ t "s peoples d n c>ry out all _! dead by a special op5+1 b t !y accord ?is peculi> mode ( removal only to p]sons :o die "u unlucky or disgraceful circum/ances1 & ^: gho/s accord+ly are m ?an usually dread$4 ,?us we h se5 t "s mod]n ,h9doo ca/es obs]ve ! cu/om only 9 ! case ( p :o h di$ on inauspici\s days2 & t 9 ,g]many & ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ?is mode ( removal 0 specially res]v$ = ! bodies ( suicides1 ^: gho/s are exce$+ly fe>$ by _m p1 z appe>s f ! /r+5t precautions tak5 aga9/ !m4#gef ,aga91 among ! ,kavirondo ( ,c5tral ,africa1 :5 a woman dies )\t hav+ borne a *ild1 %e is c>ri$ out ( ! back ( ! h\se4 ,a hole is made 9 ! wall & ! corpse is ignom9i\sly pu%$ ?r\gh ! hole & c>ri$ "s di/ance to be buri$1 z x is consid]$ a curse to die )\t a *ild4 ,if ! woman has giv5 bir? to a *ild1 !n h] corpse is c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! front door & buri$ 9 ! v]&ah ( ! h\se4#geg ,9 ,brittany a /illborn *ild is remov$ f ! h\se1 n by ! door1 b by ! w9d[2 = if by ill-luck x %\ld *ance o!rwise1 ! mo!rs :o %\ld pass ?r\gh t fatal door w\ld be> no?+ b /illborn infants4#geh ,9 ,p]*e1 ano!r prov9ce ( ,france1 ! same rule is obs]v$ ) reg>d to /illborn *ildr51 ?\gh ! reason = x is n alleg$4#gei ,b ( all gho/s none p]haps inspire su* deep & univ]sal t]ror z ! gho/s ( wom5 :o h di$ 9 *ildb$1 & extraord9>y measures are accord+ly tak5 to disable ^! dang]\s spirits f return+ & do+ a mis*ief to ! liv+4#gfj ,among/ ! precautions adopt$ to keep !m at bay is ! cu/om ( c>ry+ _! corpses out ( ! h\se by a special op5+1 :i* is aft]w>ds block$ up4 ,?us 9 ,laos1 a prov9ce ( ,siam1 ! bodies ( wom5 dy+ 9 *ildbir?1 or )9 a mon? aft]w>ds1 are n ev5 tak5 out ( ! h\se 9 ! ord9>y way by ! door1 b are let d[n ?r\gh ! floor4#gfa ,! ,ka*9s ( ,burma /& 9 su* fe> ( ! gho/s ( wom5 dy+ 9 *ildb$ t no soon] has su* a dea? occurr$ ?an ! husb&1 ! *ildr51 & almo/ all ! p 9 ! h\se take to flight le/ ! woman's gho/ %\ld bite !m4 ,! body ( ! deceas$ mu/ be burn$ z soon z possible 9 ord] to puni% h] = dy+ su* a dea?1 & also 9 ord] to fright5 h] gho/ 7m9la74 ,!y b&age h] eyes ) h] own hair & ) leaves to prev5t h] f see+ any?+2 !y wrap h] 9 a mat1 & !y c>ry h] out ( ! h\se1 n by ! ord9>y door1 b by an op5+ made = ! purpose 9 ! wall or ! floor ( ! room :]e %e brea!d h] la/4 ,!n !y convey h] to a deep rav9e1 :]e no "o d>es to pass2 !y lay h] 9 ! mid/ ( a great pyre ) all ! clo!s1 jewell]y1 & o!r objects :i* belong$ to h] & ( :i* %e made use2 & !y burn ! :ole to c9d]s1 to :i* !y refuse ! rites ( sepulture4 ,?us !y de/roy all ! prop]ty ( ! un=tunate woman1 9 ord] t h] s\l may n ?9k ( com+ to fet* x aft]w>ds & to bite p 9 ! attempt4#gfb ,simil>ly among ! ,kayans or ,bahaus ( ,c5tral ,borneo ! corpses ( wom5 dy+ 9 *ildb$ excite a special horror2 no man & no "y woman may t\* !m2 !y are n c>ri$ out ( ! h\se ?r\gh ! front gall]y1 b are ?r[n out ( ! back wall ( ! dwell+1 "s bo>ds hav+ be5 remov$ = ! purpose4#gfc ,inde$ s great is ! al>m felt by ! ,kayans at a misc>riage ( ?is sort t :5 a woman lab\rs h>d 9 *ildb$1 ! news quickly spreads ?r\gh ! l>ge communal h\se 9 :i* ! p dwell2 & if ! att5dants beg9 to fe> a fatal issue1 ! :ole h\sehold is ?r[n into con/]nation4 ,all ! m51 f ! *ief d[n to ! boys1 w flee f ! h\se1 or1 if x is night1 !y w clamb] up among ! beams ( ! ro( & !re hide 9 t]ror2 &1 if ! wor/ happ5s1 !y rema9 !re until ! woman's corpse has be5 remov$ f ! h\se = burial4#gfd ,sid5ote3 ,sometimes ! cu/om is obs]v$ :5 ! orig9al motive = x is =gott54 ,sometimes1 :ile ! cu/om cont9ues to be practis$1 ! idea :i* gave rise to x has ei!r become obscur$ or has be5 incorrectly report$4 ,?us we are told t :5 a dea? has tak5 place among ! ,indians ( ,nor?-we/ ,am]ica ! body is at once tak5 out ( ! h\se ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! wall f :i* ! bo>ds h be5 remov$4 ,x is believ$ t 8 gho/ w\ld kill e "o if ! body 7 to /ay 9 ! h\se4#gfe ,su* a belief1 :ile x w\ld furni% an excell5t reason = hurry+ ! corpse out ( ! h\se z soon z possible1 does n expla9 :y x %\ld be c>ri$ out ?r\gh a special op5+ in/ead ( ?r\gh ! door4 ,aga91 :5 a ,que5 ( ,bali di$1 ! body 0 drawn out ( a l>ge ap]ture made 9 ! wall to ! "r-h& side ( ! door1 9 ! absurd op9ion ( *eat+ ! devil1 :om ^! isl&]s believe to lie 9 wait 9 ! ord9>y passage4#gff ,aga91 9 ,mukd51 ! capital ( ,man*uria1 ! corpses ( *ildr5 mu/ n be c>ri$ out ( a door or w9d[1 b ?r\gh a new or disus$ op5+1 9 ord] t ! evil _s :i* causes ! disease may n ent]4 ,! belief is t ! ,heav5ly ,dog :i* eats ! sun at an eclipse dem&s ! bodies ( *ildr51 & t if !y are d5i$ to him he w br+ c]ta9 calamity on ! h\sehold4#gfg ,^! explanations ( ! cu/om are probably mis9t]pretations adopt$ at a lat] "t :5 its orig9al mean+ 0 =gott54 ,= a cu/om (t5 outlives ! memory ( ! motives :i* gave x bir?4 ,& z royalty is v cons]vative ( anci5t usages1 x w\ld be no matt] = surprise if ! corpses ( k+s %\ld cont9ue to be c>ri$ out ?r\gh special op5+s long aft] ! bodies ( common]s 7 all[$ to be convey$ 9 commonplace fa%ion ?r\gh ! ord9>y door4 ,9 po9t ( fact we f9d ! old cu/om obs]v$ by k+s 9 c\ntries :]e x has app>5tly ceas$ to be obs]v$ by _! subjects4 ,?us among ! ,sakalava & ,antim]9a ( ,madagasc>1 :5 a sov]eign or a pr9ce ( ! royal family dies )9 ! enclosure ( ! k+'s palace1 ! corpse mu/ be c>ri$ out ( ! palace1 n by ! door1 b by a brea* made = ! purpose 9 ! wall2 ! new sov]eign c\ld n pass ?r\gh ! door t _h be5 pollut$ by ! passage ( a dead body4#gfh ,simil>ly among ! ,macass>s & ,bug9ese ( ,s\!rn ,celebes !re is 9 ! k+'s palace a w9d[ rea*+ to ! floor ?r\gh :i* on 8 decease ! k+'s body is c>ri$ out4#gfi ,t su* a cu/om is only a limitation to k+s ( a rule :i* once appli$ to ev]ybody becomes all ! m probable1 :5 we le>n t 9 ! isl& ( ,saleij]1 :i* lies to ! s\? ( ,celebes1 ea* h\se has1 besides its ord9>y w9d[s1 a l>ge w9d[ 9 ! =m ( a door1 ?r\gh :i*1 & n ?r\gh ! ord9>y entrance1 e corpse is regul>ly remov$ at dea?4#ggj ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r ,fijian fun]al cu/om4 ,to return f ?is digression to ,fiji1 we may conclude ) a fair degree ( probability t :5 ! side ( a ,fijian k+'s h\se 0 brok5 d[n to all[ 8 corpse to be c>ri$ out1 ?\gh !re 7 doors at h& wide en\gh = ! purpose1 ! orig9al int5tion 0 to prev5t ! return ( 8 gho/1 :o might h prov$ a v unwelcome intrud] to 8 successor on ! ?rone4 ,b ,i _c (f] any explanation ( ano!r ,fijian fun]al cu/om4 ,y may rememb] t 9 ,fiji x 0 cu/om>y aft] ! dea? ( a *ief to circumcise su* lads z _h rea*$ a suitable age4#gga ,well1 on ! fif? day aft] a *ief's dea? a hole us$ to be dug "u ! floor ( a temple & "o ( ! newly circumcis$ lads 0 secret$ 9 x4 ,!n 8 companions fa/5$ ! doors ( ! temple securely & ran away4 ,:5 ! lad hidd5 9 ! hole blew on a %ell-trumpet1 ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ *ief surr\nd$ ! temple & ?ru/ _! spe>s at him ?r\gh ! f5ce4#ggb ,:at ! exact significance ( ?is curi\s rite may h be51 ,i _c ev5 conjecture2 b we may assume t x _h some?+ to d ) ! /ate ( ! late *ief's s\l1 :i* 0 probably suppos$ to be l+]+ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,sid5ote3 ,fijian notions conc]n+ ! o!r _w & ! way ?i!r4 ,! ,riv] ( ! ,s\ls4 ,x rema9s to say a little z to ! notions :i* ! ,fijians ent]ta9$ ( ! o!r _w & ! way ?i!r4 ,aft] dea? ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ 7 believ$ to set out = ,bulu or ,bulotu1 !re to dwell ) ! great s]p5t-%ap$ god ,nd5gei4 ,8 abode seems to h be5 g5]ally plac$ 9 ! ,nakauv&ra m\nta9s1 t[>ds ! we/]n end ( ,viti ,levu1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,fijian ,isl&s4 ,b on ?is subject ! ideas ( ! p 71 z might be expect$1 bo? vague & inconsi/5t4 ,ea* tribe fill$ 9 ! details ( ! my?ical l& & ! my?ical j\rney to suit its own geographical position4 ,! s\ls _h g5]ally to cross wat]1 ei!r ! sea or a riv]1 & !y 7 put across x by a gho/ly f]ryman1 :o treat$ ! pass5g]s ) scant c\rtesy4#ggc ,accord+ to "s p1 ! ,riv] ( ! ,s\ls 7,wa9i-yalo7 is :at mortals n[ call ! ,ndravo ,riv]4 ,:5 ! gho/s arriv$ on ! bank1 !y hail$ ! f]ryman & he paddl$ 8 canoe ov] to receive !m4 ,b be=e he w\ld take !m on bo>d !y _h to /ate :e!r !y propos$ to %ip z /e]age or z cab9 pass5g]s1 & he gave !m _! b]?s accord+ly2 = !re 0 no mix+ up ( ! classes 9 ! f]ry-boat2 ! gho/s ( *iefs kept /rictly to !mselves at "o end ( ! canoe1 & ! gho/s ( common]s huddl$ toge!r at ! o!r end4#ggd ,! natives ( ,k&avu1 9 ,s\!rn ,fiji1 say t on cle> days !y (t5 see ,bulotu1 ! _s l&1 ly+ away across ! sea ) ! sun %9+ sweetly on x2 b !y h long ago giv5 up all hope ( mak+ _! way to t happy l&4#gge ,!y seem to say ) ! ,demon ,lov]1 ,o yond] are ! hills ( heav5 ,:]e y w nev] w94 ,sid5ote3 ,! place ( emb>cation = ! gho/s4 ,?\gh e isl& & almo/ e t[n _h its own portal ?r\gh :i* ! spirits pass$ on _! long j\rney to ! f> c\ntry1 yet !re 0 "o call$ ,nai ,?ombo?ombo1 :i* appe>s to h be5 m popul> & frequ5t$ ?an any ( ! o!rs z a place ( emb>cation = gho/s4 ,x is at ! nor!rn po9t ( ,mbua ,bay1 & ! gho/s %ew _! good ta/e 9 *oos+ x z _! port to sail f1 = really x is a beautiful spot4 ,! =el& juts out betwe5 two bays4 ,a %elv+ bea* slopes up to precipit\s cliffs1 _! rocky face mantl$ ) a ?ick gre5 veil ( creep]s4 ,fur!r inl& ! %ade ( tall =e/ trees & ! s(t5$ gloom ca/ by crags & rocks l5d to ! sc5e an air ( solemnity & hall[$ repose well fitt$ to impress ! susceptible native m9d ) an awful s5se ( ! invisible be+s t haunt ^! sacr$ groves4 ,natives h be5 kn[n to come on pilgrimage to ! spot expect+ to meet gho/s & gods face to face4#ggf ,sid5ote3 ,! gho/ & ! p&anus tree4 ,_m are ! p]ils & dang]s t beset ! ,pa? ( ! ,s\ls 7,sala ,ni ,yalo74 ,( ^! "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ is a c]ta9 p&anus tree1 at :i* e gho/ mu/ ?r[ ! gho/ ( ! real :ale's too? :i* 0 plac$ = ! purpose 9 8 h& at burial4 ,if he hits ! tree1 x is well = him2 = x %ews t 8 fri5ds at home are /rangl+ 8 wives1 & accord+ly he sits d[n cont5t$ly to wait = ! gho/s ( 8 helpmeets1 :o w soon come hurry+ to him4 ,b if he makes a bad %ot & misses ! tree1 ! poor gho/ is v disconsolate1 = he kn[s t 8 wives are n be+ /rangl$1 & :o !n w cook = him 9 ! _s l&8 ,x is a bitt] ?\ght1 & he reflects ) sorr[ & ang] on ! +ratitude ( m5 & especially ( wom54 ,8 reflections1 z report$ by ! be/ au?ority1 run ?us3 ,h[ is ?is8 ,= a long "t ,i plant$ food = my wife1 & x 0 also ( great use to h] fri5ds3 :y !n is %e n all[$ to foll[ me8 ,d my fri5ds love me no bett] ?an ?is1 aft] s _m ye>s ( toil8 ,w no "o1 9 love to me1 /rangle my wife8#ggg ,sid5ote3 ,h>d fate ( unm>ri$ gho/s4 ,b if ! lot ( a m>ri$ gho/1 ^: wives h n be5 murd]$1 is h>d1 x is nev]!less felicity itself comp>$ to ! fate ( ba*elor gho/s4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is a t]rible be+ call$ ! ,great ,woman1 :o lurks 9 a %ady defile1 ready to p\nce out on him2 & if he escapes h] clut*es x is only to fall 9 ) a mu* worse mon/]1 ( ! "n ( ,nangganangga1 f :om !re is1 humanly speak+1 no escape4 ,?is f]oci\s gobl9 lays himself out to cat* ! s\ls ( ba*elors1 & s vigilant & al]t is he t n a s+le unm>ri$ ,fijian gho/ is kn[n to h ev] rea*$ ! mansions ( ! ble/4 ,he sits beside a big black /one at high-wat] m>k wait+ = 8 prey4 ,! ba*elor gho/s are aw>e t x w\ld be useless to attempt to m>* pa/ him :5 ! tide is 92 s !y wait till x is l[ wat] & !n try to sneak pa/ him on ! wet s& left by ! retir+ bill[s4 ,va9 hope6 ,nangganangga1 sitt+ by ! /one1 only smiles grimly & asks1 ) )]+ s>casm1 :e!r !y imag9e t ! tide w nev] fl[ aga98 ,x does s only too soon = ! poor gho/s1 driv+ !m ) e break+ wave ne>] & ne>] to _! implacable enemy1 till ! wat] laps on ! fatal /one1 & !n he grips ! %iv]+ s\ls & da%es !m to pieces on ! big black block4#ggh ,sid5ote3 ,! ,kill] ( ,s\ls4 ,aga91 !re is a v t]rible giant arm$ ) a great axe1 :o lies 9 wait = all & sundry4 ,he makes no nice di/9ction betwe5 ! m>ri$ & ! unm>ri$1 b /rikes out at all gho/s indiscrim9ately4 ,^? :om he w\nds d>e n pres5t !mselves 9 _! damag$ /ate to ! great ,god ,nd5gei2 s !y nev] rea* ! happy fields1 b are doom$ to roam ! rugg$ m\nta9s disconsolate4 ,h[ev]1 _m gho/s contrive to slip pa/ him unsca!d4 ,x is said t aft] ! introduction ( fire-arms into ! isl&s ! gho/ ( a c]ta9 *ief made v good use ( a musket :i* _h be5 provid5tially buri$ ) 8 body4 ,:5 ! giant drew ne> & 0 ab\t to lunge out ) ! axe 9 8 usual /yle1 ! gho/ dis*>g$ ! blund]buss 9 8 face1 & :ile ! giant 0 fully engag$ 9 dodg+ ! hail ( bullets1 ! *ief ru%$ pa/ him & n[ enjoys cele/ial happ9ess4#ggi ,"s lay ! sc5e ( ?is enc\nt] a little beyond ! t[n ( ,nambanaggatai2 = x is to be rememb]$ t _m ( ! places 9 ! ,pa? ( ! ,s\ls 7 id5tifi$ ) real places 9 ! ,fijian ,isl&s4 ,& ! "n ( ! giant is ,samu-yalo1 t is1 ! ,kill] ( ,s\ls4 ,he artfully conceals himself 9 "s mangrove bu%es j beyond ! t[n1 f :i* he ru%es out 9 ! nick ( "t to fell ! pass+ gho/s4 ,:5ev] he kills a gho/1 he cooks & eats him & t is ! end ( ! poor gho/4 ,x is ! second dea?4 ,! highway to ! ,elysian fields runs1 or us$ to run1 "r ?r\gh ! t[n ( ,nambanaggatai2 s all ! doorways ( ! h\ses 7 plac$ opposite ea* o!r to all[ free & un9t]rupt$ passage to ! invisible travell]s4 ,& ! inhabitants spoke to ea* o!r 9 l[ tones & communicat$ at a little di/ance by signs4 ,! scree* ( a p>oquet 9 ! woods 0 ! signal ( ! approa* ( a gho/ or gho/s2 ! numb] ( scree*es 0 proportion$ to ! numb] ( ! gho/s1--"o scree*1 "o gho/1 & s on4#ghj ,sid5ote3 ,a trap = unw>y gho/s4 ,s\ls :o escape ! ,kill] ( ,s\ls pass on till !y come to ,na9del9de1 "o ( ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,kauv&ra m\nta9s4 ,"h ! pa? ends abruptly on ! br9k ( a precipice1 ! foot ( :i* is wa%$ by a deep lake4 ,ov] ! edge ( ! precipice projects a l>ge /e]-o>1 & ! h&le is held ei!r by ! great god ,nd5gei himself or1 accord+ to ! bett] op9ion1 by 8 deputy4 ,:5 a gho/ comes up & pe]s ruefully ov] ! precipice1 ! deputy acco/s him4 ,"u :at circum/ances1 he asks1 d y come to u8 ,h[ did y conduct y\rself 9 ! o!r _w8 ,%\ld ! gho/ be a man ( rank1 he may say1 ,i am a great *ief4 ,i liv$ z a *ief1 & my conduct 0 t ( a *ief4 ,i _h great weal?1 _m wives1 & rul$ ov] a p[]ful p4 ,i h de/roy$ _m t[ns1 & sla9 _m 9 w>4 ,good1 good1 says ! deputy1 j sit d[n on ! blade ( t o>1 & refre% y\rself 9 ! cool breeze4 ,if ! gho/ is unw>y en\gh to accept ! invitation1 he has no soon] seat$ himself on ! blade ( ! o> ) 8 legs dangl+ ov] ! abyss1 ?an ! deputy-deity tilts up ! o!r end ( ! o> & precipitates him into ! deep wat]1 f> f> bel[4 ,a l\d smack is he>d z ! gho/ collides ) ! wat]1 !re is a spla%1 a gurgle1 a ripple1 & all is ov]4 ,! gho/ has gone to 8 acc\nt 9 ,murimuria1 a v second-rate sort ( heav51 if x is no?+ worse4 ,b a gho/ :o is 9 fav\r ) ! great god ,nd5gei is w>n$ by him n to sit d[n on ! blade ( ! o> b on ! h&le4 ,! gho/ takes ! h9t & seats himself firmly on ! safe end ( ! o>2 & :5 ! deputy-deity tries to heave x up1 he _c1 = he has no pur*ase4 ,s ! gho/ rema9s ma/] ( ! situation1 & aft] an int]val = refre%m5t is s5t back to e>? to be deifi$4#gha ,sid5ote3 ,murimuria1 an inf]ior sort ( heav54 ,! ,fijian ,elysium4 ,9 ,murimuria1 :i*1 z ,i said1 is an inf]ior sort ( heav51 ! dep>t$ s\ls by no means lead a life ( pure & unmix$ enjoym5t4 ,"s ( !m are puni%$ = ! s9s !y committ$ 9 ! fle%4 ,b ! ,fijian notion ( s9 diff]s widely f ours4 ,?us we saw t ! gho/s ( m5 :o did no murd] 9 _! lives 7 puni%$ = _! neglig5ce by hav+ to p\nd muck ) clubs4 ,aga91 p :o _h n _! e>s bor$ on e>? are =c$ 9 ,hades to g ab\t = ev] be>+ on _! %\ld]s "o ( ! logs ( wood on :i* b>k-clo? is beat5 out ) mallets1 & all :o see ! s9n] b5d+ "u ! load je] at him4 ,aga91 wom5 :o 7 n tattoo$ 9 _! life are *as$ by ! female gho/s1 :o scrat* & cut & te> !m ) %>p %ells1 giv+ !m no respite2 or !y scrape ! fle% f _! bones & bake x into bread = ! gods4 ,& gho/s :o h done any?+ to displease ! gods are laid flat on _! faces 9 r[s & conv]t$ into t>o b$s4 ,b ! few :o d f9d _! way into ! ,fijian ,elysium are ble/ inde$4 ,!re ! sky is always cl\dless2 ! groves are p]fum$ ) delici\s sc5ts2 ! op5 glades 9 ! =e/ are pleasant2 !re is abundance ( all t he>t c desire4 ,language fails to describe ! ineffable bliss ( ! happy l&4 ,!re ! s\ls ( ! truly good1 :o h murd]$ _m ( _! fell[s on e>? & f$ on _! roa/$ bodies1 are lapp$ 9 joy = ev]4#ghb ,sid5ote3 ,fijian doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,nev]!less ! s\ls ( ! dead 7 n univ]sally believ$ to dep>t by ! ,_s ,pa? to ! o!r _w or to /ay !re = ev]4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! doctr9es ( transmigration f\nd fav\r ) ! ,fijians4 ,"s ( !m held t ! spirits ( ! dead w&]$ ab\t ! villages 9 v>i\s %apes & c\ld make !mselves visible or invisible at pleasure4 ,! places :i* ^! vagrant s\ls lov$ to haunt 7 kn[n to ! p1 :o 9 pass+ by !m 7 wont to make propitiatory (f]+s ( food or clo?4 ,= t reason1 too1 !y 7 v lo? to g abroad on a d>k night le/ !y %\ld come bolt ^u a gho/4 ,fur!r1 x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! s\l ( a celebrat$ *ief might aft] dea? ent] into "s "y man ( ! tribe & animate him to de$s ( val\r4 ,p]sons s di/+ui%$ 7 po9t$ out & reg>d$ z highly fav\r$2 great respect 0 paid to !m1 !y enjoy$ _m p]sonal privileges1 & _! op9ions 7 treat$ ) mu* consid]ation4#ghc ,sid5ote3 ,few s\ls sav$ "u ! old ,fijian disp5sation4 ,on ! :ole1 :5 we survey ! _m p]ils :i* beset ! way to ! ,fijian heav51 & ! _m risks :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead ran ( dy+ ! second dea? 9 ! o!r _w or ( be+ knock$ on ! head by ! liv+ 9 ?is1 we %all probably agree ) ! mission>y ,mr4 ,williams 9 conclud+ t "u ! old ,fijian disp5sation !re 7 few inde$ t 7 sav$4 ,few1 comp>atively1 he says1 are left to inhabit ! regions ( ,mbulu1 & ! immortality ev5 ( ^! is sometimes disput$4 ,! belief 9 a future /ate is univ]sal 9 ,fiji2 b _! sup]/iti\s notions (t5 bord] ^u transmigration1 & sometimes tea* an ev5tual annihilation4#ghd 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,conclud+ obs]vations4 ,"h ,i mu/ break (f my survey ( ! natural belief 9 immortality among mank9d4 ,at ! outset ,i _h expect$ to c>ry ! survey fur!r1 b ,i h already exce$$ ! usual limits ( ^! lectures & ,i mu/ n trespass fur!r on y\r pati5ce4 ,yet ! enquiry :i* ,i h op5$ seems wor?y to be pursu$1 & if circum/ances %\ld admit ( x1 ,i %all hope at "s future "t to resume ! brok5 ?read ( ^! rese>*es & to foll[ x a little fur!r ?r\gh ! labyr9? ( human hi/ory4 ,be t z x may1 ,i w n[ conclude ) a few g5]al obs]vations sugge/$ by ! facts :i* ,i h laid be=e y4 ,sid5ote3 ,/r5g? & univ]sality ( ! natural belief 9 immortality among savages4 ,w>s betwe5 savage tribes spr+ 9 l>ge measure f _! belief 9 immortality4 ,economic loss involv$ 9 sacrifices to ! dead4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x is impossible n to be /ruck by ! /r5g?1 & p]haps we may say ! univ]sality1 ( ! natural belief 9 immortality among ! savage races ( mank9d4 ,) !m a life aft] dea? is n a matt] ( speculation & conjecture1 ( hope & fe>2 x is a practical c]ta9ty :i* ! individual z little dreams ( d\bt+ z he d\bts ! reality ( 8 consci\s exi/5ce4 ,he assumes x )\t enquiry & acts ^u x )\t hesitation1 z if x 7 "o ( ! be/-asc]ta9$ tru?s )9 ! limits ( human exp]i5ce4 ,! belief influ5ces 8 attitude t[>ds ! high] p[]s1 ! conduct ( 8 daily life1 & 8 behavi\r t[>ds 8 fell[s2 m ?an t1 x regulates to a great ext5t ! relations ( indep5d5t communities to ea* o!r4 ,= ! /ate ( w>1 :i* normally exi/s betwe5 _m1 if n mo/1 neighb\r+ savage tribes1 spr+s 9 l>ge measure directly f _! belief 9 immortality2 s9ce "o ( ! commone/ motives = ho/ility is a desire to appease ! angry gho/s ( fri5ds1 :o are suppos$ to h p]i%$ by ! baleful arts ( sorc]]s 9 ano!r tribe1 & :o1 if v5geance is n inflict$ on _! real or imag9>y murd]]s1 w wreak _! fury on _! undutiful fell[-tribesm54 ,?us ! belief 9 immortality has n m]ely col\r$ ! outlook ( ! individual ^u ! _w2 x has deeply affect$ ! social & political relations ( humanity 9 all ages2 = ! religi\s w>s & p]secutions1 :i* di/ract$ & deva/at$ ,europe = ages1 7 only ! civilis$ equival5ts ( ! battles & murd]s :i* ! fe> ( gho/s has in/igat$ among/ almo/ all races ( savages ( :om we possess a record4 ,reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 ! fai? 9 a life h]eaft] has be5 s[n l dragons' tee? on ! e>? & has br\ght =? crop aft] crop ( arm$ m51 :o h turn$ _! swords aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,& :5 we consid] fur!r ! gratuit\s & wa/eful de/ruction ( prop]ty z well z ( life :i* is involv$ 9 sacrifices to ! dead1 we mu/ admit t ) all its advantages ! belief 9 immortality has entail$ heavy economical losses ^u ! races--& !y are practically all ! races ( ! _w--:o h indulg$ 9 ?is exp5sive luxury4 ,x is n = me to e/imate ! ext5t & gravity ( ! consequ5ces1 moral1 social1 political1 & economic1 :i* fl[ directly f ! belief 9 immortality4 ,i c only po9t to "s ( !m & comm5d !m to ! s]i\s att5tion ( hi/orians & economi/s1 z well z ( morali/s & !ologians4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ does ! savage belief 9 immortality be> on ! "q ( ! tru? or falsehood ( t belief 9 g5]al8 ,! answ] dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! view we take ( human nature4 ,! view ( ! gr&eur & dignity ( man4 ,my second obs]vation conc]ns1 n ! practical consequ5ces ( ! belief 9 immortality1 b ! "q ( its tru? or falsehood4 ,t1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 is an ev5 m difficult problem ?an ! o!r1 & z ,i intimat$ at ! outset ( ! lectures ,i f9d myself :olly incompet5t to solve x4 ,accord+ly ,i h conf9$ myself to ! comp>atively easy task ( describ+ "s ( ! =ms ( ! belief & "s ( ! cu/oms to :i* x has giv5 rise1 )\t presum+ to pass judgm5t ^u !m4 ,i mu/ leave x to o!rs to place my collections ( facts 9 ! scales & to say :e!r !y incl9e ! balance = or aga9/ ! tru? ( ?is mom5t\s belief1 :i* has be5 s pot5t = good or ill 9 hi/ory4 ,9 e enquiry mu* dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view f :i* ! enquir] approa*es 8 subject2 he w see x 9 diff]5t proportions & 9 diff]5t lights accord+ to ! angle & ! di/ance f :i* he reg>ds x4 ,! subject "u discussion 9 ! pres5t case is human nature itself2 & z we all "k1 m5 h =m$ v diff]5t e/imates ( !mselves & _! species4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are ^? :o love to dwell on ! gr&eur & dignity ( man1 & :o swell ) pride at ! contemplation ( ! triumphs :i* 8 g5ius has a*iev$ 9 ! vision>y _w ( imag9ation z well z 9 ! realm ( nature4 ,surely1 !y say1 su* a glori\s creature 0 n born = mortality1 to be snuff$ out l a c&le1 to fade l a fl[]1 to pass away l a brea?4 ,is all t p5etrat+ intellect1 t creative fancy1 t vault+ ambition1 ^? noble passions1 ^? f>-rea*+ hopes1 to come to no?+1 to %rivel up into a p9* ( du/8 ,x is n s1 x _c be4 ,man is ! fl[] ( ?is wide _w1 ! "l ( creation1 ! cr[n & consummation ( all ?+s1 & x is to wrong him & 8 creator to imag9e t ! grave is ! end ( all4 ,to ^? :o take ?is l(ty view ( human nature x is easy & obvi\s to f9d 9 ! simil> beliefs ( savages a welcome confirmation ( _! own *]i%$ fai?1 & to insi/ t a conviction s widely spread & s firmly held mu/ be bas$ on "s pr9ciple1 call x in/9ct or intuition or :at y w1 :i* is deep] ?an logic & _c be confut$ by reason+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! view ( ! pett9ess & insignificance ( man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ^? :o take a diff]5t view ( human nature1 & :o f9d 9 its contemplation a s\rce ( humility r ?an ( pride4 ,!y rem9d u h[ weak1 h[ ignorant1 h[ %ort-liv$ is ! individual1 h[ infirm ( purpose1 h[ purbl9d ( vision1 h[ subject to pa9 & suff]+1 to diseases t torture ! body & wreck ! m9d4 ,!y say t if ! few %ort ye>s ( 8 life are n wa/$ 9 idl5ess & vice1 !y are sp5t = ! mo/ "p 9 a p]petually recurr+ r\nd ( trivialities1 9 ! satisfaction ( m]ely animal wants1 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 & slumb]4 ,:5 !y survey ! hi/ory ( mank9d z a :ole1 !y f9d ! record *equ]$ & /a9$ by folly & crime1 by brok5 fai?1 ins5sate ambition1 wanton aggression1 inju/ice1 cruelty1 & lu/1 & seldom illum9$ by ! mild radiance ( wisdom & virtue4 ,& :5 !y turn _! eyes f man himself to ! place he occupies 9 ! univ]se1 h[ are !y ov]:elm$ by a s5se ( 8 littl5ess & insignificance6 ,!y see ! e>? :i* he inhabits dw9dle to a speck 9 ! unimag9able inf9ities ( space1 & ! brief span ( 8 exi/5ce %r9k into a mom5t 9 ! inconceivable inf9ities ( "t4 ,& !y ask1 ,%all a creature s puny & frail claim to live = ev]1 to outla/ n only ! pres5t />ry sy/em b e o!r t1 :5 e>? & sun & />s h crumbl$ into du/1 %all be built ^u _! ru9s 9 ! long long h]eaft]8 ,x is n s1 x _c be4 ,! claim is no?+ b ! outcome ( exagg]at$ self-e/eem1 ( inflat$ vanity2 x is ! claim ( a mo?1 %rivell$ 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 to outlive ! sun1 ! claim ( a worm to survive ! de/ruction ( ?is t]re/rial globe 9 :i* x burr[s4 ,^? :o take ?is view ( ! pett9ess & transitor9ess ( man comp>$ ) ! va/ness & p]man5ce ( ! univ]se f9d little 9 ! beliefs ( savages to alt] _! op9ion4 ,!y see 9 savage conceptions ( ! s\l & its de/9y no?+ b a product ( *ildi% ignorance1 ! halluc9ations ( hy/]ia1 ! rav+s ( insanity1 or ! concoctions ( delib]ate fraud & impo/ure4 ,!y dismiss ! :ole ( !m z a pack ( sup]/itions & lies1 unwor?y ! s]i\s att5tion ( a rational m9d2 & !y say t if su* drivell+s d n refute ! belief 9 immortality1 z inde$ f ! nature ( ?+s !y _c d1 !y are at lea/ fitt$ to inve/ its high-fl[n pret5sions ) an air ( ludicr\s absurdity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conclusion left op54 ,su* are ! two opposite views :i* ,i conceive may be tak5 ( ! savage te/imony to ! survival ( our consci\s p]sonality aft] dea?4 ,i d n presume to adopt ! "o or ! o!r4 ,x is en\gh = me to h laid a few ( ! facts be=e y4 ,i leave y to draw y\r own conclusion4 ,footnote #gja3 ,b]?old ,seeman1 ,viti1 an ,acc\nt ( a ,gov]nm5t ,mission to ! ,vitian or ,fijian ,isl&s 7,cambridge1 #ahfb71 pp4 #cia sq4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #baf4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #baf1 #bah sq42 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #gjd3 ,hazlewood1 quot$ by ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7,london1 #ahec71 pp4 #bdf sq4 ,footnote #gje3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #hc sq42 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #bag sqq4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #di1 #hf1 #cea1 #ceb2 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #bba-bbc2 ,b4 ,seeman1 ,viti1 pp4 #cib-cid4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aia sq4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #bbc1 #bca4 ,footnote #gji3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #hg2 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bbf1 #bbg2 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 pp4 #aeg sqq4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #hg sq42 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bbd sq42 ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bej2 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji 7,london1 #aijd71 pp4 #aff sq4 ,z = ! treatm5t ( ca/aways1 see ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdi2 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #baj4 ,! latt] writ] m5tions a rec5t case 9 :i* f\rte5 or sixte5 %ipwreck$ p]sons 7 cook$ & eat54 ,footnote #gaa3 ,! ,rev4 ,lorim] ,fison1 9 a lett] to me dat$ ,augu/ #bf?1 #ahih4 ,i h already quot$ ! passage 9 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #cgh4 ,footnote #gab3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #bbe sq4 ,footnote #gac3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bca4 ,footnote #gad3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ig2 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ec4 ,footnote #gae3 ,john ,jackson's ,n>rative1 9 ,capt4 ,j4 ,e4 ,ersk9e's ,j\rnal ( a ,cruise among ! ,isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7,london1 #ahec71 pp4 #dfd sq41 #dgb sq4 ,! g5ital memb]s ( ! m5 ov] :om ! canoe 0 dragg$ 7 cut (f & hung on a sacr$ tree 7akau-tambu71 :i* 0 already artificially prolific 9 fruit1 bo? ( ! mascul9e & fem99e g5d]4 ,! tree :i* bore su* rem>kable fruit 0 commonly an ironwe$ tree /&+ 9 a conspicu\s situation4 ,z to ^! sacrifices comp>e ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ig2 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 pp4 xvi4 sq4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i1 #aab4 ,footnote #gag3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee4 ,footnote #gah3 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 pp4 xx41 xxi4 sq42 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdg2 ,b4 ,seeman1 ,viti 7,cambridge1 #ahfb71 p4 #dja4 ,footnote #gai3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee sq4 ,! writ] witness$ :at he calls ! c]emony ( consecration 9 ! case ( a "y man ( ! highe/ rank 9 ,somosomo & he has describ$ :at he saw4 ,9 ?is case a special hut 0 n built = ! manslay]1 & he 0 all[$ to pass ! nights 9 ! temple ( ! w> god4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,see above1 pp4 #bje sq41 #bbi sq41 #beh1 #bgi sq41 #cbc1 #cif1 #dae4 ,footnote #gba3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #ee4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ih1 #ii sq4 ,comp>e ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 p4 #afc3 ,a p]son :o has defil$ himself by t\*+ a corpse is call$ yambo1 & is n all[$ to t\* food ) 8 h&s = sev]al days4 ,! cu/om z to a surviv+ wid[ is m5tion$ by ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aih4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #aja2 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aig sq42 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 p4 #afh2 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijian1 p4 #cge4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aig1 #aih4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #ii4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #aih sq4 ,footnote #gbh3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 l4c4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #aig4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,k4 ,we9hold1 ,altnordis*es ,leb5 7,b]l91 #ahef71 p4 #dgf4 ,footnote #gca3 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ,"p i4 ,! ,v5didad1 translat$ by ,james ,d>me/et] 7,ox=d1 #ahhj71 p4 #ie 7,f>g>d1 viii4 #b4 #aj7 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv474 ,footnote #gcb3 ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,! ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgb71 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,sonn]at1 ,voyage aux ,indes ,ori5tales et a la ,*9e 7,p>is1 #aghb71 i4 #hf4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1 ,moeurs1 ,in/itutions et ,c]emonies des ,peuples de l',inde 7,p>is1 #ahbe71 ii4 #bbe2 ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 pp4 #bbf sq4 ,footnote #gce3 ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,re*tsalt]?uem] #crd ed4 7,goett+51 #ahha71 pp4 #gbf sqq4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,sup]/itions ( ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijj71 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ,*9a1 translat$ by ,james ,legge1 ,"p iii4 ,! ,li-,ki1 i4-x4 7,ox=d1 #ahhe7 pp4 #add sq4 7,bk4 ii4 ,sect4 i4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 #cc7 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xxvii472 ,j4 ,f4 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s 7,p>is1 #agbd71 ii4 #dja sq41 cit+ ,le ,comte1 ,n\v4 ,memoires de la ,*9e1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #gch3 ,relations des ,jesuites1 #afcc1 p4 #aa2 id41 #afcd1 p4 #bc 7,canadian repr9t1 ,quebec1 #aheh72 ,j4 ,g4 ,kohl1 ,kits*i-,gami 7,brem51 #ahei71 p4 #adi note4 ,footnote #gci3 ,e4 ,w4 ,nelson1 ,! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p i4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahii71 p4 #caa4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,david ,crantz1 ,hi/ory ( ,gre5l& 7,london1 #agfg71 i4 #bcg4 ,comp>e ,hans ,eg$e1 ,description ( ,gre5l&1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahah71 pp4 #aeb sq42 ,capta9 ,g4 ,f4 ,lyon1 ,private ,j\rnal 7,london1 #ahbd71 p4 #cgj2 ,c4 ,f4 ,hall1 ,n>rative ( ! ,second ,arctic ,exp$ition 7,wa%+ton1 #ahgi71 p4 #bfe 7,esquimaux74 ,footnote #gda3 ,p4 ,kolb51 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 7,london1 #agca-agch71 i4 #caf2 ,c4 ,p4 ,?unb]g1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 7,london1 #ahad7 p4 #adb2 ,bullet9 de la ,societe de ,geographie 7,p>is71 ii1 ,s]ie1 ii4 7#ahcd7 p4 #aif 7,be*uanas72 id41 vii4 ,s]ie1 vii4 7#ahhf7 p4 #ehg 7,f]n&o ,po72 ,t4 ,arb\sset et ,f4 ,daumas1 ,relation d'un ,voyage d',exploration au ,nord-e/ de la ,colonie du ,cap de ,bonne-,esp]ance 7,p>is1 #ahdb71 pp4 #ejb sq42 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahef71 p4 #dff2 ,g4 ,frits*1 ,die ,e+ebor55 ,su$-,afrika's 7,breslau1 #ahgb71 pp4 #baj1 #cce2 ,r4 ,m(fat1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs & ,sc5es 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 7,london1 #ahdb71 p4 #cjg2 ,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #bjb2 ,ladislaus ,magy>1 ,reis5 9 ,su$-,afrika 7,buda-,pe/h & ,leipsic1 #ahei71 p4 #cej2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,light 9 ,africa1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahij71 p4 #aff2 ,e4 ,begu91 ,les ,ma-,rotse 7,lausanne & ,fonta9es1 #aijc71 p4 #aae2 ,h5ri ,a4 ,junod1 ,les ,ba-,ronga 7,neu*atel1 #ahih71 p4 #dh2 id41 ,! ,life ( a ,s\? ,african ,tribe1 i4 7,neu*atel1 #aiab7 p4 #ach2 ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #bdg2 ,a4 ,f4 ,mockl]-,f]ryman1 ,briti% ,nig]ia 7,london1 #aijb71 p4 #bcd2 ,ramsey] & ,kuehne1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,a%antee 7,london1 #ahge71 p4 #ej2 ,a4 ,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,l& ( ,feti% 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #ac2 id41 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ 7,london1 #ahhg71 p4 #bci2 ,e4 ,p]regaud1 ,*ez les ,a*anti 7,neu*atel1 #aijf71 p4 #abg2 ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/aemme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 p4 #gef2 ,h4 ,r4 ,palm]1 ,notes on ! ,koror(awa & ,jukon1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,african ,society1 ,no4 #dd 7,july1 #aiab71 p4 #dad4 ,! cu/om is also obs]v$ by "s tribes ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,see ,miss ,a4 ,w]n]1 ,! ,natives ( ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1 #aijf71 p4 #afa2 ,b4 ,gutmann1 ,trau] und ,begraebnisssitt5 d] ,wads*agga1 ,globus1 lxxxix4 7#aijf7 p4 #bjj2 ,rev4 ,n4 ,/am1 ,religi\s ,conceptions ( ! ,kavirondo1 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 p4 #cfa4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 ,het ,gajol& en zijne ,bewon]s 7,batavia1 #aijc71 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,aurel ,krause1 ,die ,tl9kit-,indian] 7,j5a1 #ahhe71 p4 #bbe2 ,franz ,boas1 9 ,six? ,report ( ! ,committee on ! ,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #bc 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,le$s ,meet+1 #ahij72 ,j4 ,r4 ,swanton1 ,contributions to ! ,e?nology ( ! ,haida 7,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aije71 pp4 #eb1 #ed 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,footnote #gdd3 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,l\is1 ,! ,gates ( ,?ibet 7,calcutta1 #ahid71 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #gde3 ,h4 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube und religioes] ,brau* d] ,zigeun] 7,mu5/] i4 ,w41 #ahia71 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,w4 ,jo*elson1 ,! ,koryak 7,new ,york & ,leyd51 #aijh71 pp4 #aaj sq4 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,footnote #gdg3 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 ,alaska & its ,res\rces 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,luci5 ,m4 ,turn]1 ,e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1 ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory1 ,elev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahid71 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,mgr4 ,brugui]e1 9 ,annales de l',association de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 v4 7,lyons & ,p>is1 #ahca7 p4 #ahj4 ,comp>e ,mgr4 ,pallegoix1 ,description du royaume ,?ai ou ,siam 7,p>is1 #ahed71 i4 #bde2 ,adolf ,ba/ian1 ,die ,volk] des oe/li*5 ,asi51 iii4 7,j5a1 #ahfg7 p4 #beh2 ,e4 ,"y1 ,! ,k+dom ( ! ,yell[ ,robe 7,we/m9/]1 #ahih71 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote #gej3 ,s4 ,mate]1 ,native ,life 9 ,travancore 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #acg4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,butt]wor?1 ,royal ,fun]als 9 ,travancore1 ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xxxi4 7#aijb7 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #gea3 ,*4 ,hose & ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiab71 ii4 #ce4 ,footnote #geb3 ,s4 ,k4 ,kusnez[1 ,ueb] d5 ,glaub5 vom ,j5seits und d5 ,todt5cultus d] ,ts*]emiss51 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fu] ,e?nographie1 ix4 7#ahif7 p4 #aeg4 ,footnote #gec3 ,p4 ,s4 ,pallas1 ,reise dur* v]s*i$5e ,prov9z5 des ,russis*5 ,rei*s 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #agga-aggf71 iii4 #ge2 ,midd5dorff1 ,reise 9 d5 aeuss]/5 ,nord5 und ,o/5 ,sibiri5s1 iv4 #adfd4 ,footnote #ged3 ,exploraciones y ,noticias hidrograficas de los ,rios del ,norte de ,bolivia1 publicados por ,manuel ,v4 ,ballivian1 ,segunda ,p>te1 ,di>io del ,viage al ,madre de ,dios he*o por el ,p4 ,fr4 ,nicolas ,arm5tia1 en los anos de #ahhd y #ahhe 7,la ,paz1 #ahij71 p4 #bj3 ,cu&o mu]e alguno1 ap5as sacan el cadav] de la casa1 cambian la pu]ta al lado opue/o1 p>a que no de con ella el difunto4 ,footnote #gee3 ,k>l ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,ma]*5 und ,gebraeu*e aus ,mekl5burg 7,vi5na1 #ahgi-ahhj71 ii4 #ajj1 ,sec4 #ceh4 ,footnote #gef3 ,= "s evid5ce on ?is subject1 see ,r4 ,las*1 ,die ,beh&lung d] ,lei*e des ,selb/mo]d]s1 ,globus1 lxxxvi4 7#ahii7 pp4 #fc-ff2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #bj sq42 ,a4 ,k>asek1 ,beitraege zur ,k5ntnis d] ,was*amba1 ,baessl]-,ar*iv1 i4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #aij sq4 ,footnote #geg3 ,rev4 ,n4 ,/am1 ,! ,religi\s ,conceptions ( ! ,kavirondo1 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 p4 #cfa4 ,footnote #geh3 ,alfr$ de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s1 et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #gei3 ,felix ,*apiseau1 ,le ,folk-lore de la ,beauce et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1 #aijb71 ii4 #afd4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,= "s evid5ce on ?is subject see ,psy*e's ,task1 pp4 #fd sq4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,c>l ,bock1 ,temples & ,elephants 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #bfb4 ,footnote #gfb3 ,*4 ,gilhodes1 ,naissance et ,enfance *ez les ,kat*9s 7,birmanie71 ,an?ropos1 vi4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #hgb sq4 ,footnote #gfc3 ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aija-aijg71 i4 #ia4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,*4 ,hose & ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiab71 ii4 #aee4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,franz ,boas1 9 ,six? ,report ( ! ,committee on ! ,nor?-we/]n ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #bc 7sep>ate repr9t f ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,le$s ,meet+1 #ahij74 ,footnote #gff3 ,prevo/1 quot$ by ,john ,craw=d1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7,ed9burgh1 #ahbj71 ii4 #bde4 ,comp>e ,adolf ,ba/ian1 ,die ,voelk] des oe/li*5 ,asi51 v4 7,j5a1 #ahfi7 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,mrs4 ,bi%op 7,isabella ,l4 ,bird71 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 i4 #bci sq4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,arnold van ,g5nep1 ,tab\ et ,totemisme a ,madagasc> 7,p>is1 #aijd71 p4 #fe1 quot+ ,dr4 ,catat4 ,footnote #gfi3 ,b4 ,f4 ,mat!s1 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,e?nologie van ,zuid-,celebes 7,! ,hague1 #ahge71 p4 #aci2 id41 ,ov] de ada's ( gewoont5 d] ,makass>5 en ,boeg9eez51 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 ,d]de ,reeks1 ii4 7,am/]dam1 #ahhe7 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #ggj3 ,w4 ,m4 ,donsela> ,aanteek5+5 ov] het eil& ,saleij]1 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 i4 7#aheg7 p4 #bia4 ,footnote #gga3 ,see above1 p4 #dbf4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfj71 i4 #afg4 ,footnote #ggc3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #hc2 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #ggd3 ,basil ,?omson1 op4 cit4 p4 #aba4 ,footnote #gge3 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #ggf3 ,?4 ,williams1 ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 i4 #bci4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdc sq4 ,comp>e ,b]?old ,seeman1 ,viti1 an ,acc\nt ( a ,gov]nm5t ,mission to ! ,vitian ( ,fijian ,isl&s 9 ! ye>s #ahfj-ahfa 7,cambridge1 #ahfb71 p4 #cii2 ,lorim] ,fison1 ,tales f ,old ,fiji1 p4 #afc2 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians1 pp4 #abj sq41 #aba sq4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i1 #bdd sq4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #hc4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bde sq4 ,footnote #gha3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdf sq4 ,footnote #ghb3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdg4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,*4 ,wilkes1 op4 cit4 iii4 #he sq4 ,footnote #ghd3 ,?4 ,williams1 op4 cit4 i4 #bdh4 ,,note ,,my? ,,( ,,! ,,cont9uance ,,( ,,dea?#ghe ,! foll[+ /ory is told by ! ,balolo ( ! ,upp] ,congo to expla9 ! cont9uance1 if n ! orig91 ( dea? 9 ! _w4 ,"o day1 :ile a man 0 work+ 9 ! =e/1 a little man ) two bundles1 "o l>ge & "o small1 w5t up to him & said1 ,:i* ( ^! bundles w y h8 ,! l>ge "o conta9s knives1 look+-glasses1 clo? & s =?2 & ! small "o conta9s immortal life4 ,i _c *oose by myself1 answ]$ ! man2 ,i mu/ g & ask ! o!r p 9 ! t[n4 ,:ile he 0 gone to ask ! o!rs1 "s wom5 arriv$ & ! *oice 0 left to !m4 ,!y tri$ ! edges ( ! knives1 deck$ !mselves 9 ! clo?1 admir$ !mselves 9 ! look+-glasses1 &1 )\t m ado1 *ose ! big bundle4 ,! little man1 pick+ up ! small bundle1 vani%$4 ,s :5 ! man came back f ! t[n1 ! little man & 8 bundles 7 gone4 ,! wom5 exhibit$ & %>$ ! ?+s1 b dea? cont9u$ on ! e>?4 ,h5ce ! p (t5 say1 ,oh1 if ^? wom5 _h only *os5 ! small bundle1 we %\ld n be dy+ l ?is6#ghf ,footnote #ghe3 ,see above1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #ghf3 ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,weeks1 ,/ories & o!r ,notes f ! ,upp] ,congo1 ,folk-lore1 xii4 7#aija7 p4 #dfa2 id41 ,among ,congo ,cannibals 7,london1 #aiac71 p4 #bah4 ,! c\ntry ( ! ,balolo lies five miles s\? ( ! ,equator1 on ,longitude #ah deg4 ,ea/4 ,,index ,ab9al1 ,fa!r1 #di ,abipones1 _! belief 9 sorc]y z a cause ( dea?1 #ce ,abnormal m5tal /ates expla9$ by inspiration1 #ae ,aborig9es1 magical p[]s attribut$ by immigrants to1 #aic ,ab/95ce f c]ta9 food 9 m\rn+1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bcj1 #cad1 #cfj1 #deb ,abundance ( food & wat] fav\rable to social progress1 #ij sq4 ,action z a clue to belief1 #adc ,actors p]sonat+ gho/s & spirits1 #agf1 #agi sq41 #ahj sqq41 #ahe sqq4 ,adiri1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #baa1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad ,admiralty ,isl&s1 #cic1 #djj1 #dja ---- ,isl&]s1 _! my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #ga1 #gf sq4 ,advance ( culture among ! aborig9es ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 #ada sq41 #adh sq4 ,africa1 aborig9es (1 _! ideas z to ! cause ( dea?1 #di sqq42 use ( poison ordeal 91 #ej sqq4 ----1 ,briti% ,c5tral1 #afb ----1 ,briti% ,ea/1 #fa1 #ff1 #bed ,agriculture1 rise (1 fav\rable to a/ronomy1 #adj sq42 ,fijian1 #djh ,akamba1 _! /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fa sq4 ,akikuyu1 resurrection & circumcision among !1 #bed ,al*]+a or dream times1 #if1 #ajc1 #aad ---- ance/ors1 _! m>vell\s p[]s1 #ajc ---- home ( ! dead1 #afg ,alfoors ( ,celebes1 #aff ,alligators1 gho/s 91 #chj ,alols1 ba*elors' h\ses1 #bba1 #bbb ,alt>s1 /ones us$ z1 #cgi ,amputation ( f+]s 9 m\rn+1 #aii1 #dbf sq41 #dea ,amulets consi/+ ( relics ( ! dead1 #ccb1 #cgj ,ance/or1 totemic1 develop+ into a god1 #aac ,ance/or-wor%ip possibly evolv$ f totemism1 #aad sq4 ,ance/ors1 re9c>nation (1 #ib sqq42 m>vell\s p[]s ascrib$ to remote1 #ajc1 #aad sq42 totemic1 traditions conc]n+1 #aae sqq42 dramatic c]emonies to commemorate ! do+s (1 #aah sqq42 possible evolution ( wor%ip (1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #abe sq42 wor%ipp$1 #bba1 #big sq41 #cbh sqq41 #cch1 #cdj2 gho/s (1 appeal$ to = help1 #beh sq42 (f]+s to1 #bih2 pray]s to1 #cbi sq41 #ccb sqq4 ,see also ,dead ,ance/ral gods1 =esk9s ( circumcis$ lads (f]$ to1 #dbg2 libations to1 #dcj1 #dch ---- images1 #cjg sqq41 #cae1 #caf sq41 #cba1 #cbb ---- spirits help hunt]s & fi%]s1 #bbf2 %r9es =1 #caf1 #cag2 wor%ipp$ z gods1 #cfi2 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,nanga1 #dbh sq42 fir/-fruits (f]$ to1 #dbi2 clo? & weapons (f]$ to1 #dcj sq42 novices pres5t$ to1 at initiation1 #dcb sq41 #dcd4 ,angola1 ! poison ordeal 91 #ea sq4 ,angoni1 _! burial cu/oms1 #afb ,animals1 s\ls ( sorc]]s 91 #ci2 spirits (1 g to ! _s l&1 #baj2 sacrifices to ! s\ls (1 #bci2 transmigration ( dead into1 #bdb1 #bde2 gho/s 9 ! =m (1 #bhb2 gho/s turn into1 #bhg2 gho/s inc>nate 91 #cgi sq4 ,animi/ic views ( ! ,papuans1 #bfd ,anjea1 a my?ical be+1 #abh ,annam1 #fg1 #fi ,ano9t+ manslay]s1 #ddh ,ant-hills1 gho/s turn into1 #bhg ,ant totem1 dramatic c]emony conc]n$ )1 #abj sq4 ,ants' ne/s1 gho/s turn into1 #cea ,an?ropology1 comp>ative & descriptive1 #bcj sq4 ,antim]9a ( ,madagasc>1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dfa ,anuto1 a creator1 #bif ,app>itions1 #cif2 fe> (1 #dad ,appe>ance ( ! dead 9 dreams1 #bbi ,araucanians ( ,*ili1 _! disbelief 9 natural dea?1 #ce1 #ec sq4 ,arawaks ( ,guiana1 #cf2 _! my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gj ,arm-bone1 f9al burial c]emony p]=m$ ) !1 #afg sq42 l[]1 ( dead pres]v$1 #bgd ---- -bones1 special treatm5t ( !1 #aii2 ( dead pres]v$1 #bbe1 #bdi ,aroma di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #bja1 #bjb ,arr[-heads made ( bones ( ! dead1 #ceb ,art1 primitive religi\s1 #aad2 ,papuan1 #bbj ,arugo1 s\l ( dead1 #bjg ,arumbur+a1 spiritual d\ble1 #afd ,arunta1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #id2 c]emonies connect$ ) totems1 #aai sqq42 _! magical c]emonies = ! multiplication ( ! totems1 #abb sq42 _! cu/oms z to ! hair ( ! dead1 #ach2 _! cutt+s = ! dead1 #aee sq41 #aei2 burial cu/oms ( !1 #afd sq41 #aff ,aryan burial cu/om1 #dec ,asa1 ,secret ,society1 #bcc ,a%antee /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fc sq4 ,a%es sme>$ on m\rn]s1 #ahd1 #cfa ,a/rolabe ,bay 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bce1 #bcg ,a/ronomy1 rise (1 fav\r$ by agriculture1 #adj sq4 ,asylums1 #bdc ,asyr51 dead man1 #deg ,at>o1 a p[]ful gho/1 #cgg ,atonem5t = sick *ief1 #dbg ,aukem1 a my?ical be+1 #aha ,aurora1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 #cfj1 #chb ,au/ralia1 causes :i* ret>d$ progress 91 #hi sq42 g]ms ( a wor%ip ( ! dead 91 #afh sq4 ,see also ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ----1 ! aborig9es (1 _! ideas z to dea? f natural causes1 #dj sqq42 _! primitive "*1 #hh1 #ia2 ! belief 9 immortality among1 #abg sqq42 ?\ght to be reborn 9 :ite p1 #acj1 #aca sqq42 _! burial cu/oms1 #add sqq42 _! primitive condition1 #bag ----1 ,s\?1 beliefs z to ! dead 91 #acd sqq4 ,au/ralia1 ,s\?-,ea/]n1 beliefs z to ! dead 91 #acc sq41 #aci2 burial cu/oms among ! aborig9es (1 #ade sqq4 ----1 ,we/]n1 burial cu/oms 91 #adg1 #aej1 #aea ,au?ority ( *iefs bas$ on _! claim to magical p[]s1 #cie ,av5g+ a dea?1 pret5ce (1 #bhb1 #cbh ,ba*elor gho/s1 h>d fate (1 #dfd ,ba*elors' h\ses1 #bba ,bad & good1 diff]5t fate ( !1 aft] dea?1 #ced ,bag&a1 !1 _! ideas z to ! causes ( dea?1 #ef n4 #b2 _! my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gh sqq4 ,see also ,ug&a ,bahaus1 !1 ( ,borneo1 #dei ,bahn>s ( ,co*9*9a1 #gd ,bakairi1 !1 ( ,brazil1 #ce ,bak]ewe1 !1 ( ! ,victoria ,nyanza1 #ej ,bali1 burial cu/om 91 #dfj ,balk+ gho/s1 #dee sqq4 ,balolo1 ( ! ,upp] ,congo1 _! my? ( ! cont9uance ( dea?1 #dgb ,balum1 gho/ or _s ( dead1 #bdd2 "n = bull-ro>]1 #bej2 "n = a gho/ or mon/] :o swall[s lads at initiation1 #bea1 #bee1 #bfj1 #bfa2 s\l ( a dead man1 #beg1 #bfa ,baml]1 ,g41 #bia1 #big sq4 ,bananas 9 my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fj1 #gj1 #gb sq4 ,b&ages to prev5t entrance ( gho/s1 #cif ,b&ag+ eyes ( corpse1 #dei ,banks' ,isl&s1 #cdc1 #cec1 #chf2 my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea? 91 #ga1 #hc sq4 ---- ,isl&]s1 fun]al cu/oms ( !1 #cee sqq4 ,bantu family1 #fj ,b>onga1 !1 #fa2 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded ,b>tle ,bay1 #bjf1 #bjh ,basutos1 !1 #fa2 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded ,bat 9 my? ( orig9 ( dea?1 #ge ,ba?+ 9 sea aft] fun]al1 #bjg sq42 z purification aft] a dea?1 #cad1 #cai ,battel1 ,&rew1 #ea sq4 ,be*uanas1 !1 #fa2 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded ,beetles 9 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gj ,belep tribe ( ,new ,cal$onia1 #cbe ,belief1 acts z a clue to1 #adc ,belief 9 immortality1 orig9 ( belief 91 #be sqq42 almo/ univ]sal among races ( mank9d1 #cc2 among ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #hg sqq42 among ! isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits1 #agj sqq42 among ! natives ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #aij sqq42 among ! natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #baf sqq42 among ! natives ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cjc sqq42 among ! natives ( ,s\!rn ,melanesia1 #cbd sqq42 among ! natives ( ,c5tral ,melanesia1 #cdc sqq42 its practical effect on ! life ( ! ,c5tral ,melanesians1 #cia sq42 among ! natives ( ,nor!rn ,melanesia1 #cic sqq42 among ! ,fijians1 #djf sqq42 /rongly held by savages1 #dfh2 de/ruction ( life & prop]ty entail$ by !1 #dfh sq42 ! "q ( its tru?1 #dfi sqq4 ,belief 9 sorc]y a cause ( keep+ d[n ! population1 #ch1 #dj ,b]keley1 8 !ory ( k1 #aa sq4 ,b]l9 ,h>b\r 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bah ,b]nau1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h41 #ch ,b]yl-/one 9 ,rose ,m>y1 #acj ,bet9dalo1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #cej ,bhotias1 !1 ( ! ,himalayas1 #afc ,biak or ,wiak1 isl&1 #cjc ,bilk+ a gho/1 #daf ,bird 9 div9ation z to cause ( dea?1 #de ,birds1 s\ls ( sorc]]s 91 #ci ,bir?1 new1 at initiation1 pret5ce (1 #bed ,bir?places1 ! dead buri$ 9 _!1 #afj ,bir?-/ones & bir?-/icks 7*ur+a7 ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralians1 #if sqq4 ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 #gj1 #cid1 #djb ,black1 m\rn]s pa9t$1 #agh1 #bda1 #bic2 grav$igg]s pa9t$1 #dea ---- -snake p1 #id ,black5$1 faces ( m\rn]s1 #djc ,blood ( m\rn]s dropp$ on corpse or into grave1 #aeh sq41 #ahc1 #ahe2 & hair ( m\rn]s (f]$ to ! dead1 #ahc2 ( pigs sme>$ on skulls & bones ( ! dead1 #bjj2 s\l ?\ght to reside 9 !1 #cjg2 ( sacrificial victim n all[$ to fall on ! gr\nd1 #cfe ---- rev5ge1 duty (1 #bgd1 #bgf sq42 dis*>g$ by %am fight1 #acf sq4 ,bogadyim1 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bcj1 #bca ,boigu1 ! isl& ( ! dead1 #age1 #ahd1 #bac ,bolafag9a1 ! "l ( ! dead1 #cej ,bolotoo1 ! l& ( s\ls1 #daa ,bones ( ! dead1 second burial ( !1 #aff sq42 kept 9 h\se1 #bjc2 worn by survivors1 #bbe2 dis9t]r$ & kept 9 h\se1 #bbe1 #bid2 mak+ ra9 by means ( !1 #cda ---- & skulls ( dead sme>$ ) blood ( pigs1 #bjj ,bonitos1 gho/s 91 #chj ,boollia1 magic1 #da sq4 ,born ( an oak or a rock1 #abh ,b\ga9ville1 isl& (1 #cic ,b\lia di/rict ( ,que5sl&1 #adg1 #aee ,b[1 div9ation by1 #bda ,bread-fruit trees1 /ones to make !m be> fruit1 #cce sq4 ,break+ ?+s (f]$ to ! dead1 #bgf ,brea?1 vital pr9ciple associat$ ) !1 #abi sq4 ,brett1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h41 #ce sqq4 ,brew91 an evil _s1 #de ,brittany1 burial cu/om 91 #deh ,bro!rs-9-law 9 fun]al rites1 #agg ,br[n1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,george1 #dh1 #cie ,bu&ik1 !1 #ach ,buckley1 ! convict1 #aca ,bug9ese1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dfa ,bugotu1 #cej1 #ceb2 9 ,ysabel1 #cgb1 #cgi ,build+ k+'s h\se1 m5 sacrific$ at1 #ddf ,bukaua1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bdb1 #bef sqq4 ,bull-ro>]s1 #bdc2 us$ 9 div9ation1 #bdi2 describ$1 #bej2 us$ at initiation ( "y m5 among ! ,yabim1 #bej sqq42 among ! ,kaya-,kaya1 #bee2 at initiation among ! ,bukaua1 #bfj sq42 associat$ ) ! spirits ( ! dead1 #bfa2 at initiation among ! ,kai1 #bfc1 #bia2 at initiation ( "y m5 among ! ,tami1 #cja1 #cjb ,bulotu or ,bulu1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #dfb1 #dfc ,bundle1 ! fatal1 #dgb2 /ory (1 #gg sq4 ,bures1 ,fijian temples1 #dci ,burial diff]5t = old & "y1 m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 etc41 #afa sqq42 & burn+ ( ! dead1 #afb sq42 special modes (1 int5d$ to prev5t or facilitate ! return ( ! _s1 #afc sqq42 second1 cu/om (1 #aff sq42 9 trees1 #bjc2 9 isl&1 #cai2 9 ! sea1 #cdg sq4 ---- cu/oms ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9es1 #add sqq42 9 ,tumleo1 #bbc2 ( ! ,kai1 #bgd2 ( ! ,new ,cal$onians1 #cbf sq41 #cci sq42 9 ,new ,irel&1 #cig sq42 9 ! ,duke ( ,york ,isl&1 #djc4 ,see also ,corpse1 ,grave ---- -gr\nds1 sacr$1 #cgh ,buri$ alive1 old p1 #cei sq4 ,burma1 #ge ,burn+ & burial ( ! dead1 #afb sq4 ---- bodies ( wom5 :o di$ 9 *ildb$1 #dei ,burns inflict$ on !mselves by m\rn]s1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeg1 #cbg1 #dea ,burnt (f]+s to ! dead1 #bid ---- sacrifices1 reasons =1 #cdh sq42 to gho/s1 #cff1 #cfg sq41 #cgc ,bury+ alive ! sick & old1 ,fijian cu/om (1 #dbj sqq4 ---- p 9 _! bir?places1 #afj ,bu%m51 #fe ,buwun1 deities1 #bif ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa1 _! beliefs z to ! causes ( dea?1 #ee sq4 ,calab>1 poison ordeal 91 #eb ,cali=nia1 ,indians (1 #fh ,call+ back a lo/ s\l1 #cab ,calm & w9d produc$ by wea!r-doctors1 #che sq4 ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 #aga1 #aia ,canaanites1 ! hea!n1 #aed ,canadian ,indians1 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded ,can>ium nuts1 fir/-fruits (1 (f]$ to gho/s1 #cfh sq4 ,cannibal fea/s 9 ,fiji1 #ddf ,cannibals fe> ! gho/s ( _! victims1 #cif ,canoe1 m5 sacrific$ at laun*+ a new1 #ddf sq4 ,canoes1 ,papuan1 #bbj ,cape ,b$=d 9 ,que5sl&1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca ---- ,k+ ,william 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bah1 #bch ,c>nac 9 ,brittany1 #dch ,cat*+ s\l 9 a sc>f1 #dab sq4 ,cause1 ,hume's analysis (1 #ah sq4 ,causes1 ! prop5sity to se>* =1 #ag sq42 two classes (1 #bb ,caves us$ z burial-places or *>nel-h\ses1 #ccj sqq4 ,celebes1 ,c5tral1 #gb ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 aborig9es (1 _! ideas z to natural dea?1 #df sq42 _! ideas z to resurrection1 #fh2 _! belief 9 immortality1 #hg sqq42 _! belief 9 re9c>nation ( ! dead1 #ib sqq42 _! attitude t[>ds ! dead1 #abd sqq4 ,c]eals unkn[n to ,melanesians & ,polynesians1 #djh ,c]emonial impurity ( manslay]1 #bbi sq4 ,c]emonies p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,wollunqua1 a my?ical wat]-snake1 #ajh sqq42 dramatic1 to commemorate ! do+s ( ance/ors1 #aah sqq42 fun]al1 ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 #agf sqq4 ,see also ,dramatic ,c]emonies1 ,dramatic ,repres5tations1 ,fun]al ,c]emonies1 ,totems ,*ameleon 9 my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fj sqq4 ,*ams ( ,annam1 #fg ,*>ms imp>t$ by dead 9 dreams1 #aci ,*>nel-h\ses1 #bba sq41 #bbe1 #cbh ,*eat+ ! devil1 #dfj ,*ep>a1 !1 #aci ,*]emiss ( ,russia1 burial cu/om ( !1 #deg ,*]okee ,indians1 #gg ,*ief1 _s ( dead1 a wor%ipful gho/1 #ceb ,*ief's p[] 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia bas$ on a fe> ( gho/s1 #cia ,*iefs deifi$ aft] dea?1 #cfi ,*iefs' au?ority bas$ on _! claim to magical p[]s1 #cie ,*iefta9%ip1 rise (1 #ada ,*ildb$1 treatm5t ( gho/s ( wom5 dy+ 91 #ceh2 special fe> ( gho/s ( wom5 dy+ 91 #deh sqq4 ,*ildless wom51 burial (1 #deh ,*ildr51 ,c5tral ,au/ralian !ory ( ! bir? (1 #ic sq42 belief ( ,que5sl& natives z to ! bir? (1 #abh ,*ildr5 buri$ 9 trees1 #afa1 #cab sq42 /illborn1 burial (1 #deh ,*ild-/ones1 #ic sq4 ,*+paws ( ,burma1 #ge ,*oi1 disembodi$ human spirits1 #abh ,*uk*ansi ,indians1 #afc ,*ur+a1 sacr$ /icks or /ones1 #if sqq4 ,circumcision z initiatory rite ( "y m51 #bcc2 among ! ,yabim1 #bej sqq42 among ! ,akikuyu1 #bed2 among ! ,bukaua1 #bfj sq42 among ! ,kai1 #bij sq42 among ! ,tami1 #cja sq42 z a propitiatory sacrifice1 #dbf sqq4 ,clans1 totemic1 #ajd ,clay1 wid['s body sme>$ )1 #bbc ,cleanl9ess due to fe> ( sorc]y1 #chf sq41 #dad ,cleft /ick us$ 9 cure1 #bga ,cl]cq1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a4 de1 #caf ,clo? & weapons (f]$ to ance/ral spirits1 #dcj sq4 ,clubh\ses = m51 #bba1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bdc1 #bef sq41 #cee ,co*9*9a1 #gd ,coco-nut trees ( dead cut d[n1 #bjh1 #bji1 #cbg2 /ones to blight1 #cce ---- -nuts taboo$1 #big ,codr+ton1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h41 #ed sq41 #cdd1 #cde sq41 #cec1 #cee1 #cei1 #cfb sq41 #cfh1 #chj sq4 ,coll9s1 ,david1 #acc ,commemorative & magical c]emonies comb9$1 #abb1 #abf ,comm]cial habits ( ! ,nor? ,melanesians1 #cid ,communal h\ses1 #cjd ,communism1 tempor>y revival ( primitive1 #dcf sq4 ,comp>ative & descriptive an?ropology1 _! relation1 #bcj sq4 ,comp>ative me?od appli$ to ! /udy ( religion1 #e sq42 9 an?ropology1 #cj ,comp>tm5ts 9 l& ( ! dead1 #bdd1 #ced1 #djd ,competition z a cause ( progress1 #hi sq4 ,conception 9 wom51 ,c5tral ,au/ralian !ory (1 #ic sq42 belief ( ,que5sl& natives conc]n+1 #abh ,conception ( dea?1 ! savage1 #ca sqq4 ,conc]t ( spirits1 #cdj sq4 ,confession ( s9s1 #bja ,congo1 natives ( !1 _! ideas z to natural dea?1 #ej2 wor%ip ( ! moon on !1 #fh ,consecration ( manslay]s 9 ,fiji1 #ddh sq4 ,consultation ( ance/ral images1 #cjh sqq4 ,cont95ce1 requir$ 9 tra9+ yam v9es1 #cga ,cont9uance ( dea?1 my? ( !1 #dgb ,contradictions & inconsi/5cies 9 reason+ n peculi> to savages1 #aaa sq4 ,convulsions z evid5ce ( inspiration1 #ddc1 #ddd ,co-op]ative sy/em ( piety1 #ccc ,coorgs1 !1 #afc ,cord worn r\nd neck by m\rn]s1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bei1 #cfa ,corpse inspect$ to discov] sorc]]1 #cg1 #ch1 #ec sq42 dri$ on fire1 #ace1 #ahd1 #bdi1 #cac1 #cee2 ti$ to prev5t gho/ f walk+1 #add2 maul$ & mutilat$ 9 ord] to disable ! gho/1 #aec2 putrefy+ juices (1 receiv$ by m\rn]s on _! bodies1 #afg1 #bje2 c>ri$ out feet =emo/1 #agd2 deck$ ) ornam5ts & fl[]s1 #bcb2 pa9t$ :ite & r$1 #bcc2 cr[n$ ) r$ roses1 #bcc1 #bcd2 /ript ( ornam5ts be=e burial1 #bcd1 #bda2 kept 9 h\se1 #cee2 prop]ty display$ beside !1 #cig2 p]sons :o h h&l$ a corpse =bidd5 to t\* food ) _! h&s1 #dej sq42 c>ri$ out ( h\se by special op5+1 #deb sqq4 ,corpses mummifi$1 #cac2 ( wom5 dy+ 9 *ildb$ burnt1 #dei ,co/ume ( m\rn]s1 #ahd1 #aih1 #bda sq42 ( wid[ & wid[]1 #bjd ,co/umes ( actors 9 dramatic c]emonies conc]n$ ) totems1 #aai sqq4 ,crabs 9 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gj ,crack+ jo9ts ( f+]s at incantation1 #bbc ,creator1 !1 & ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gc ,crocodiles1 transmigration ( dead into1 #bde ,cromle*s1 #dch ,crops1 gho/s expect$ to make ! crops ?rive1 #bei1 #bhd1 #bhh sq4 ,cross-que/ion+ a gho/ by means ( fire1 #bgh ,cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 spirits ( ance/ors suppos$ to help 9 !1 #bei ,culture1 advance (1 among ! aborig9es ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 #ada sq41 #adh sq42 advanc$1 ( ! ,fijians1 #djg ,curs+ enemies1 #cgj1 #djc1 #djd ,cutt+ d[n trees ( ! dead1 #bjh1 #bji ,cutt+s ( ! fle% 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #aed sqq41 #ahc1 #ahd sq41 #aif1 #bgb1 #cbg1 #cei ,dance ( dea?1 #ahe sqq4 ,dances z fun]al rites1 #agi sqq41 #bjj2 mask$1 ( ! ,monumbo1 #bbh2 mask$1 ( a ,secret ,society1 #bcc2 at dea?s1 #bic sq42 ( mask$ m5 9 imitation ( spirits1 #big2 at fe/ivals1 #caf2 at fe/ivals ( ! dead1 #cba2 at fun]al fea/s1 #cii ---- & games at fe/ivals1 #bbf ,d>k1 gho/s dread$ 9 !1 #aig1 #bhc1 #cjf1 #dfg2 female m\rn]s rema9 9 !1 #cfj ,daula1 a gho/ associat$ ) ! frigate-bird1 #cgf ,dawson1 ,james1 #db1 #adb1 #adc ,daz+ a gho/1 #daf ,dead1 wor%ip ( !1 #bc sqq41 #ca1 #cbh sqq41 #cch2 se5 9 dreams1 #bg2 belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( !1 #ib sqq41 #ajg2 spirits (1 associat$ ) conspicu\s features ( ! l&scape1 #aae sqq42 re9c>nation ( !1 #abd sq41 #abg sqq42 s\ls ( !1 suppos$ to g to ! sky1 #acc sq41 #ace1 #ach sq41 #ada1 #adb2 s\ls ( !1 suppos$ to be 9 />s1 #acd1 #adj2 names ( !1 n m5tion$1 #ace2 magical virtue attribut$ to ! hair ( !1 #acg sq42 appe> to ! liv+ 9 dreams1 #aci1 #aie1 #bac1 #bbi2 att5tions paid to !1 9 reg>d to food1 fire1 prop]ty1 etc41 #add sqq42 prop]ty (1 deposit$ 9 grave1 #ade sqq42 motive = de/roy+ ! prop]ty ( !1 #adg sq42 economic loss entail$ by sacrifices to !1 #adi2 incipi5t wor%ip ( !1 9 ,au/ralia1 #adi1 #aej2 fe>$1 #aeb sq41 #agc sqq41 #aif sq41 #bja1 #bjc1 #bdd1 #bdh2 cutt+s ( ! fle% 9 hon\r ( !1 #aed sqq41 #ahc1 #ahd sq41 #aif1 #cbg1 #cei2 ?\ght to be /r5g!n$ by blood1 #aei2 dispos$ ( 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to _! age1 mann] ( dea?1 etc41 #afa sqq42 fe> ( !1 #afh2 g]ms ( a wor%ip ( !1 9 ,au/ralia1 #afh sq42 de/ruction ( ! prop]ty ( !1 #agd2 l& ( !1 #age sq41 #aib1 #aic1 #aid sq41 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bji sq41 #baa sqq41 #bbd1 #bbh sq41 #bdd1 #bfj1 #bhf sq41 #bib1 #bii1 #cje sq41 #cjg1 #cbb1 #cbf1 #cde1 #cej sq41 #cec sq41 #djd sqq41 #dfb sqq42 p]sonat$ by mask$ m51 #agf1 #agi sq41 #ahb sq41 #ahe sqq42 food (f]$ to !1 #ahc1 #baa1 #bad1 #bcb1 #bda1 #ccb1 #cch1 #cdh sq41 #cfd sq41 #cfg sq41 #cgb sq41 #cif sq41 #dbi1 #ddb1 #dfg2 elem5ts ( a wor%ip ( !1 9 ,torres ,/raits1 #ahi2 laid on plat=ms1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bje2 wor%ipp$ 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #bja sq42 pray]s to !1 #bja sq41 #bad1 #bei1 #bhh1 #cjg1 #cbi sq41 #ccb sqq41 #cdj1 #cgf sq41 #dja1 #djc sq41 #dbg1 #dda2 names (1 n m5tion$1 #baj1 #bdf2 monum5ts ( !1 #bbe2 (f]+s ( hunt]s & fi%]s to !1 #bbf2 oracles ( !1 #bce2 buri$ 9 ! h\se1 #bcf1 #cdg1 #ceb1 #cig1 #cih1 #cii2 (f]+s to !1 #bci1 #bgf1 #bib1 #bih2 transmigrate into animals1 #bdb1 #bde2 spirits ( !1 give good crops1 #bdg sq42 elem5ts ( a wor%ip ( ! dead among ! ,yabim1 #bee2 spirits ( !1 believ$ to be mis*iev\s1 #beg2 ance/ors suppos$ to help 9 ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 #bei2 fir/-fruits (f]$ to !1 #bei2 buri$ "u h\ses1 #bei2 envi\s ( ! liv+1 #bfg1 #cha2 burnt (f]+s to !1 #bid2 pr$om9ance ( ! wor%ip ( !1 #big sq42 p[] ( !1 ov] ! liv+1 #bih1 #cjf sq41 #cjg2 sacrifices to !1 #cjg1 #cch2 wood5 images 7korw>7 ( !1 #cjg sqq41 #cae1 #caf sq41 #cba1 #cbb2 buri$ 9 isl&1 #cai2 fe/ival ( !1 #cbj sq42 m$ic9e-m51 inspir$ by spirits ( !1 #cbb2 spirits ( !1 embodi$ 9 _! skulls1 #cch2 spirits ( !1 id5tifi$ ) :ite m51 #cdb2 buri$ 9 ! sea1 #cdg sq41 #cig2 relics ( !1 pres]v$1 #cdh2 bodies ( !1 pres]v$ = a "t 9 ! h\se1 #cea2 repres5t$ by wood5 /ocks1 #cgd1 #chf2 burn$ 9 ,new ,irel&1 #cig2 c>ri$ out ( h\se by special op5+1 #deb sqq4 ,see also ,gho/ ,dead k+s ( ,ug&a consult$ z oracles1 #aea ,dea?1 ! problem (1 #ca sqq42 ! savage conception (1 #ca sqq42 ?\ght to be an effect ( sorc]y1 #cc sqq42 by natural causes1 recognis$ by "s savages1 #ee sq42 my?s ( ! orig9 (1 #ei sqq42 p]sonifi$ 9 tales1 #gi sqq42 n reg>d$ z a natural necessity1 #hd sqq42 ! second1 ( ! dead1 #aie1 #bhf1 #bii1 #cde1 #cej1 #cea1 #ced2 attribut$ to sorc]y1 #bdi2 viol5t1 ascrib$ to sorc]y1 #bfh sq42 my? ( ! cont9uance (1 #dgb ,dea? & resurrection at initiation1 c]emony (1 #dca1 #dcd sq42 pret5ce (1 at initiation1 #bed sq41 #bfa1 #cjb ,dea?-dances1 #bic sq42 ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 #agi sqq4 ,dea?s f natural causes1 disbelief ( savages 91 #cc sqq42 attribut$ to sorc]y1 #acf1 #bjc2 set d[n to sorc]y or gho/s1 #bjc1 #bfh1 #bgj ,deceiv+ ! gho/1 #bcg1 #bgc1 #bhj sqq41 #cbh ,deceiv+ ! spirits1 #bih ,deification ( ! dead1 #bd1 #be2 ( p>5ts1 #dci ,deity consumes s\l ( (f]+1 #big ,demon c>ries (f s\l ( sick1 #aid ,demons z causes ( disease & dea?1 #cf sq4 ,demon/rations1 extravagant1 ( grief at a dea?1 dictat$ by fe> ( ! gho/1 #bga sqq4 ,d5e or ,t9neh ,indians1 _! ideas z to dea?1 #ci sq4 ,dep>ture ( gho/ ?\ght to co9cide ) disappe>ance ( fle% f bones1 #afe sq4 ,desc5t ( ! liv+ into ! ne!r _w1 #cjj1 #cee ,descriptive & comp>ative an?ropology1 _! relation1 #bcj sq4 ,descriptive me?od 9 an?ropology1 #cj ,des]tion ( h\se aft] a dea?1 #aie1 #aif n4 #a1 #baj1 #bdh1 #bge1 #cdi1 #djj2 ( village aft] a dea?1 #bge ,des]ts z imp$im5ts to progress1 #hi1 #ij ,design emblematic ( totem1 #afh ,de/ruction ( h\se aft] a dea?1 #baj ---- ( life & prop]ty entail$ by ! belief 9 immortality1 #dfh sq4 ---- ( prop]ty ( ! dead1 #agd1 #dei2 motive =1 #adg sq41 #cbg ,developm5t arre/$ or ret>d$ 9 savag]y1 #hh sqq4 ,di]i1 !1 #ach2 _! burial cu/oms1 #add ,diff]5tiation ( function 9 pray]1 #ccb sq4 ,disbelief ( savages 9 dea? f natural causes1 #cd sqq4 ,disease suppos$ to be caus$ by sorc]y1 #ce sqq42 demons reg>d$ z causes (1 #cf sq42 recognis$ by "s savages z due to natural causes1 #ee sq42 special modes ( dispos+ ( bodies ( p]sons :o die (1 #afb1 #afc4 ,see also ,sickness ,diseases ascrib$ to gho/s1 #beg ,dis9t]m5t ( ! bones ( ! dead1 #bbe1 #bid ,dissection ( corpse to discov] cause ( dea?1 #ec sq4 ,div9ation to discov] cause ( dea?1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg sq41 #ch1 #ci sq41 #dd1 #de sq41 #ej sqq41 #ec sq41 #acf2 by liv]1 #ed2 by dreams1 #acf1 #chc2 by ! skulls ( ! dead1 #agi2 to discov] sorc]] :o caus$ dea?1 #bdj sq41 #bdi sq41 #beg1 #djb2 by b[1 #bda2 by hair to discov] cause ( dea?1 #cai2 by means ( gho/s1 #chi sq42 to discov] gho/ :o has caus$ sickness1 #chb ,div9ity ( k+s1 #af2 ( ,fijian k+s1 #djg sq42 ,fijian notion (1 #ddj sq4 ,dog1 9 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #ff2 ! ,heav5ly1 #dfj ,dogs sacrific$ to ! dead1 #bcb1 #bcd2 sacrific$ 9 epidemics1 #bif ,doreh ,bay 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cjc1 #cjf ,dragon suppos$ to swall[ lads at initiation1 #cja4 ,see also ,mon/] ,drama ( dea? & resurrection at initiation1 #dca1 #dcd sq4 ----1 evolution (1 #ahi ,dramatic c]emonies 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 magical int5tion (1 #abb sq41 #abf ---- conc]n$ ) totems1 #aai sqq4 ---- to commemorate ! do+s ( ance/ors1 #aah sqq4 ,dramatic repres5tation ( gho/s & spirits by mask$ m51 #agf1 #agi sq41 #ahj sqq41 #ahe sqq4 ,draw+s on gr\nd 9 religi\s or magical c]emony1 #aab sq4 ---- on rocks1 #cah ,dread ( wit*craft1 #dac sq4 ,dream]1 pr(essional1 #chc ,dreams z a s\rce ( ! belief 9 immortality & ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 #bg sq41 #bad2 div9ation by1 #acf2 appe>ance ( ! dead to ! liv+ 91 #aci1 #aie1 #bac1 #bbi2 savage fai? 9 ! tru? (1 #aci sq42 consultation ( ! dead 91 #agi2 dang] (1 #aid2 ! dead communicate ) ! liv+ 91 #bdh ,driv+ away ! gho/1 #agh1 #aig1 #bdh1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cbc1 #cef sqq41 #cif1 #cii1 #dae ,dr[n+ ( gho/s1 #bbd ,duke ( ,york ,isl&1 #cic1 #cig1 #djc1 #djd ,dy+1 ?reats ( !1 #bgc ,e>s ( corpse /opp$ ) hot coals1 #aeb2 ( m\rn]s cut1 #ahc1 #bgb1 #cbg ,e>?-burial & tree-burial1 #afa1 #aff sq4 ,e>?quakes ascrib$ to gho/s1 #bhf1 #bhh2 caus$ by deities1 #bif ,eat+ totemic animals or plants1 #abj sq4 ,economic loss entail$ by sacrifices to ! dead1 #adi2 entail$ by ! belief 9 immortality1 #dfh sq4 ,eel1 gho/ 91 #cgi ,eels (f]$ to ! dead1 #dbi ,egypt1 cu/om at embalm+ a corpse 9 anci5t1 #agh ,elysium1 ! ,fijian1 #dff sq4 ,embryology ( religion1 #hh ,emu totem1 dramatic c]emonies conc]n$ )1 #abb1 #abc ,enc\nt] ,bay tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 #db ,epilepsy ascrib$ to ang] ( gho/s1 #beg1 #bhc ---- & inspiration1 #ae ,erdweg1 ,fa!r ,josef1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbg ,ersk9e1 ,capt4 ,j4 ,e41 #dji ,ertnatulunga1 sacr$ /ore-h\se1 #ii ,ery?rophloeum gu9i5se1 9 poison ordeal1 #ej ,esquimaux1 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded1 #def ,ess5ce1 immat]ial1 ( sacrifice absorb$ by gho/s & spirits1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #cgd ,euhem]ism1 #bd sq4 ,euhem]us1 #bd ,european tea*+1 influ5ce (1 on native beliefs1 #adb sq4 ,evil spirits reg>d$ z causes ( dea?1 #cf sq4 ,excitem5t z m>k ( inspiration1 #ad ,exogamy ) female desc5t1 #daf1 #dah ,exorcism z cure = sickness1 #bbb sq4 ,exp]i5ce def9$1 #ab2 two sorts (1 #ac sq4 ---- & intuition1 #aa ,ext]nal _w1 "q ( ! reality (1 #ac sq42 an illusion1 #ba ,eye1 s\l resides 9 !1 #bfg ,eyes ( corpse b&ag$1 #dei ,fa9ts ascrib$ to action ( gho/s1 #beg1 #bhc ,fai?1 weak5+ ( religi\s1 #d ,fall+ />s ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #bbi1 #cii ,family pray]s ( ! ,new ,cal$onians1 #ccb sq41 #cdj ---- prie/s1 #ccb1 #cdj ,fam9e1 ! /one (1 #ccd sq4 ,fa/+ 9 m\rn+ = a k+1 #dea sq4 ,fa!r-9-law1 m\rn+ = a1 #aee ,fav\rable natural conditions1 _! influ5ce 9 /imulat+ social progress1 #ada sq41 #adh sq4 ,fe> ( gho/s1 #acd1 #ace1 #adg1 #aea sqq41 #aeh1 #agc sqq41 #aie1 #aif sq41 #bja1 #bjc1 #bbi sq41 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bgf1 #bhb sq41 #cje1 #cba1 #cbg1 #cdg1 #cif1 #dad sq41 #ddi1 #dee1 #dfg2 a moral re/ra9t1 #age2 ! s\rce ( extravagant demon/rations ( grief at dea?1 #bga sqq42 taboo bas$ on1 #cij sq42 a bulw>k ( morality1 #cib2 fun]al cu/oms bas$ on1 #dej sqq42 ( wom5 dy+ 9 *ildb$1 #deh sqq4 ,fe> ( ! dead1 #aeb sq41 #afh1 #agc sqq41 #aie1 #aif sq41 #bja1 #bjc1 #bdd1 #bdh ---- ( wit*craft1 #bdd ---- ! only pr9ciple ( religi\s obs]vances 9 ,fiji1 #ddc ,fea/s provid$ = gho/s1 #bdg sq4 ,see also ,fun]al ,fea/s ,fea!r-money (f]$ to gho/s1 #cgd1 #cge ,feet =emo/1 corpse c>ri$ out1 #agd ,f]ry = gho/s1 #bbd1 #bdd sq41 #cej1 #dab1 #dfb ,fe/ival ( ! dead1 #cbj sq4 ,fig-trees1 sacr$1 #aii ,fight+ or w>rior gho/s1 #cgj ,fiji & ! ,fijians1 #djf sqq4 ----1 human sacrifices 91 #ddf sq4 ,fijian isl&s1 sc5]y (1 #dji sq4 ---- my?s ( orig9 ( dea?1 #ff sq41 #ge sq4 ,fijians1 belief 9 immortality among !1 #djf sqq42 _! advanc$ culture1 #djg ,f+]s amputat$ 9 m\rn+1 #aii1 #dea ---- ( liv+ sacrific$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #dbf sq4 ,f9s* ,h>b\r 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bah1 #bdb1 #bfb ,fire z a means ( keep+ (f gho/s1 #aca ---- -flies1 gho/s z1 #ceb ---- k9dl$ on grave1 to w>m gho/1 #add sq41 #aif sq41 #bji1 #baa1 #bbc1 #bge1 #cei ---- suppli$ to gho/1 #bdf sq42 us$ to keep (f gho/s1 #beh1 #bhc2 us$ 9 cross-que/ion+ a gho/1 #bgh ,fir/born *ildr51 skull-topp$ images made ( dead1 #cab ,fir/-fruits (f]$ to ! dead1 #bei2 ( can>ium nuts (f]$ to gho/s1 #cfh sq42 (f]$ to deifi$ spirits ( dead *iefs1 #cfi2 (f]$ to gho/s1 #cgc sq42 ( yams (f]$ to ! ance/ral spirits1 #dbi ,fi% (f]$ by fi%]m5 to ! dead1 #bbf2 pray]s =1 #cbi2 gho/ 91 #cgi ---- totem1 dramatic c]emony conc]n$ )1 #aai sq41 #aba ,fi%]m5 pray to gho/s1 #bhi ----1 /ones to help1 #ccg ,fison1 ,lorim]1 #djg1 #dab1 #daf1 #dah1 #dbh n4 #a1 #dcd1 #dce sqq41 #dch n4 #a1 #dde1 #ddh ,fits ascrib$ to contact ) gho/s1 #bhc4 ,see also ,epilepsy ,florida1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cgi1 #chj ,flutes1 sacr$1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #beb ,fly+-foxes1 s\ls ( ! dead 91 #dje ,food plac$ on grave1 #add2 (f]$ to ! dead1 #ahc1 #bja1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bad1 #bcb1 #bda1 #ccb1 #cch1 #cfd sq41 #cfg sq41 #cgb sq41 #cif sq41 #dbi1 #ddb1 #dfg2 ab/95ce f c]ta91 9 m\rn+1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bcj1 #cad1 #cfj1 #deb2 supply promot$ by gho/s1 #bhc2 (f]$ to ance/ral spirits1 #caf2 (f]$ to ! skulls ( ! dead1 #cci sq41 #ceb2 (f]$ to gho/s1 #cdh sq42 ( gho/s1 ! liv+ n to p>take ( !1 #cee ---- n to be t\*$ ) ! h&s by grav$igg]s1 #cbg2 n to be t\*$ ) h&s by p]sons :o h h&l$ a corpse1 #dej sq4 ---- & wat]1 abundance (1 fav\rable to social progress1 #ij sq42 (f]$ to ! dead1 #agd ,fool & ,dea?1 #hc ,footpr9ts1 magic (1 #de ,f\ndation-sacrifice ( m51 #ddf ,f[l]s pray to gho/s1 #bhi ,fr5zy a symptom ( inspiration1 #ddc1 #ddd sq4 ,frigate-bird1 m>k ( !1 #cej2 gho/ associat$ ) !1 #cgf ,frigate-birds1 gho/s 91 #chj ,frog 9 /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fa1 #fb sq4 ,fruit-trees cut d[n = gho/1 #bdf ---- ( ! dead cut d[n1 #cii ,fun]al c]emonies int5d$ to dismiss ! gho/ f ! l& ( ! liv+1 #agd sq4 ---- c]emonies ( ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 #agf sqq4 ---- cu/oms ( ! ,tami1 #bic sq42 ( ! ,c5tral ,melanesians1 #cdg sqq41 #cee sqq42 bas$ on fe> ( gho/s1 #dej sqq4 ---- fea/s1 #cdh1 #cea1 #ceh sq41 #cfj1 #cif2 orations1 #cee sq4 ,=ces1 imp]sonal1 ! _w conceiv$ z a complex (1 #ba ,=esk9s sacrific$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #dbf sq42 ( circumcis$ lads pres5t$ to ance/ral gods1 #dbg ,gaboon1 !1 #ed ,gajos ( ,sumatra1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dee ,gall us$ 9 div9ation1 #ed ,game (f]$ by hunt]s to ! dead1 #bbf ,gan9do1 a w>rior gho/1 #cfc sq4 ,g>d5s1 gho/s (1 #cga ,gazelle ,p59sula1 ,new ,brita91 #dh1 #fi1 #cih1 #dje ,geelv9k ,bay1 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cjc1 #cjg ,g5ital memb]s ( human victims hung on tree1 #ddg n4 #a ,g]man burial cu/om1 #dec1 #deh ,gho/ appeas$ by %am fight1 #acg2 hunt$ into ! grave1 #afd sq42 ?\ght to l+] ne> body till fle% is decay$1 #afe sq42 elaborate fun]al c]emonies design$ to get rid (1 #agd sq42 driv5 away1 #agh1 #aig1 #bdh2 extract$ f body ( pati5t1 #bga2 calls = v5geance1 #bgh2 curs$ & ill-treat$1 #bhe2 :o causes sun%9e & ra91 #cge ---- -po/s1 #cge ---- -se]1 #bjd sq41 #bad1 #bbi ---- -%oot]1 #chg sq4 ,gho/ly f]ry1 #cej1 #dab4 ,see also ,f]ry ,gho/s1 mis*iev\s nature (1 #bh2 z causes ( sickness1 #ed sqq41 #aie1 #aig1 #bbb1 #cjj1 #cje1 #cbb1 #chi2 fe>$1 #acd1 #ace1 #adg1 #aea sqq41 #aeh1 #agc sqq41 #aie1 #aif sq41 #bja1 #bjc1 #bbi sq41 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bga sqq41 #bgf1 #bhb sq41 #cje1 #cba1 #cbg1 #cdg1 #cif1 #dad sq41 #ddi1 #deg1 #dfg2 att5tions paid to1 9 reg>d to food1 fire1 prop]ty1 etc41 #add sqq42 fe>$ only ( rec5tly dep>t$1 #aea sq42 ( ne>e/ relations mo/ fe>$1 #aec2 repres5t$ dramatically by mask$ m51 #agf1 #agi sq41 #ahb sq41 #ahe sqq42 %\ld h _! noses bor$1 #aib1 #aid sq42 return ( !1 #aie1 #aih1 #bdf1 #cjj2 c>ry (f ! s\ls ( ! liv+1 #aig2 cause bad luck 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 #aig2 id5tifi$ ) phosphoresc5t lights1 #aih1 #beh2 appe> to se]1 #bjd sq42 ( sla9 enemies especially dread$1 #bje2 ( ! hang$ specially fe>$1 #bab2 c]ta9 classes ( gho/s specially fe>$1 #bab2 malignity (1 #bab1 #cha2 dr[n$1 #bbd2 village (1 #bca sq41 #bcd2 give in=mation1 #bdj2 provid$ ) fire1 #bdf sq42 fea/s provid$ =1 #bdg sq42 ?\ght to give good crops1 #bdg sq42 communicate ) ! liv+ 9 dreams1 #bdh2 diseases ascrib$ to action (1 #beg2 ( ! sla91 special fe> (1 #beh1 #bgi1 #cjf1 #cbc2 ( ance/ors appeal$ to = help1 #beh sq42 precautions tak5 aga9/1 #beh2 expect$ to make ! crops ?rive1 #bei1 #bhd1 #bhh sq42 natural dea? ascrib$ to action (1 #bfh2 sickness ascrib$ to action (1 #bfi sq41 #bga1 #bgi1 #cgb1 #cge1 #cha sqq42 deceiv$1 #bgc1 #bhj sqq41 #cbh2 ?\ght to help hunt]s1 #bgd1 #bhd sq42 9 ! =m ( animals1 #bhb2 help ! liv+ by promot+ supply ( food1 #bhc2 cause e>?quakes1 #bhf1 #bhh2 z patrons ( hunt+ & o!r dep>tm5ts1 #bhg2 die ! second dea?1 #bhg2 turn into animals1 #bhg2 turn into ant-hills1 #bhg2 ( w>riors invok$ by w>riors1 #bhh2 invok$ by w>riors1 f>m]s1 f[l]s1 fi%]m51 etc41 #bhh sqq42 ( m5 may gr[ into gods1 #bhi sq42 ( ! dead 9 ! =m ( s]p5ts1 #cjj2 driv5 away1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cbc1 #cef sqq41 #cif1 #cii1 #dae2 cause all sorts ( mis=tunes1 #cjf sq42 call = v5geance1 #caj1 #dfh2 sacrifices to1 #cbh2 ( p[] & gho/s ( no acc\nt1 di/9ction betwe51 #cde sq42 ( ! rec5t dead mo/ p[]ful1 #cdf2 pray]s to1 #cdh2 ( l& & sea1 #cdh2 food (f]$ to1 #cdh sq42 live 9 isl&s1 #cej1 #cec2 live und]gr\nd1 #cec sq42 wor%ipful1 #cfb sq42 public & private1 #cfg1 #cfi sq42 fir/-fruits (f]$ to1 #cfh sq41 #cgc sq42 w>like1 #cgj2 ( g>d5s1 #cga2 human sacrifices to1 #cga sq42 inc>nate 9 %>ks1 #cgc2 sacrifices to1 at plant+1 #cge2 sanctu>ies (1 #cgg sq42 inc>nate 9 animals1 #cgi sq42 envi\s ( ! liv+1 #cha2 c>ry (f s\ls1 #chc2 9 /ones1 #chc sq42 inspiration by means (1 #chi sq42 kill$1 #dae sq42 daz$1 #daf2 prev5t$ f return+ to ! h\se1 #dee sq42 unm>ri$1 h>d fate (1 #dfd ,gho/s & spirits1 di/9ction betwe51 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia1 #cdc1 #cfc2 regulate ! wea!r1 #chd sq4 ---- ( wom5 dy+ 9 *ildb$1 special fe> (1 #deh sqq42 special treatm5t (1 #ceh4 ,see also ,dead & ,spirits ,giant1 my?ical1 ?\ght to appe> annually ) ! s\?-ea/ monsoon1 #bee ,gif=d1 ,"l1 #b1 #c ,girdle made f hair ( dead1 #ach ,gnanji1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #ib ,goat 9 /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fd ,god1 ! "q ( 8 exi/5ce1 #b2 def9$1 #i sq42 k (1 h[ acquir$1 #aa sqq42 inf]r$ z a cause1 #bb sq42 & ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fa sqq42 9 =m ( s]p5t1 #dde1 #dfb ,gods creat$ by man 9 8 own lik5ess1 #ai sq42 ( nature1 #bj2 human1 #bj1 #bc sqq42 unkn[n among aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 #ia2 (t5 develop$ out ( gho/s1 #bhi sq42 ance/ors wor%ipp$ z1 #cdj1 #cfi2 ance/ral1 sacrifice ( =esk9s to1 #dbg2 ance/ral1 libations to1 #dch2 two classes (1 9 ,fiji1 #ddj ---- & spirits1 no c]ta9 dem>cation betwe51 #dda ,goldie1 ,rev4 ,hugh1 #eb ,good crops giv5 by gho/s1 #bdg sq4 ---- _s1 #adc ---- & bad1 diff]5t fate ( !1 aft] dea?1 #ced ,gran ,*aco1 9 ,arg5t9a1 #afe ,gr&fa!r1 s\l (1 reborn 9 gr&*ild1 #dag2 8 gho/ daz$1 #daf ,gr&fa!r & gr&*ild1 _! relation "u exogamy & female k9%ip1 #daf1 #dah ,gr&idi]1 ,a41 #di ,grass = graves1 euphemism = human victims buri$ ) ! dead1 #dbe sq4 ---- -se$1 magical c]emony = increas+1 #ajb ,grave1 food plac$ on1 #add1 #ade2 prop]ty ( dead deposit$ 91 #ade sqq42 hut erect$ on1 #bjc2 ( wor%ipful dead a sanctu>y1 #cdg2 /ones heap$ on1 #cfj2 sacrifices to gho/ on1 #chb ,grav$igg]s1 purification (1 #cad2 seclud$1 #cbg2 seclud$ & pa9t$ black1 #dea ,graves1 huts built on1 = use ( gho/s1 #aej sq42 "u ! h\ses1 #bgd4 ,see also ,huts ,great ,woman1 !1 #dfd ,greek trag$y1 ,w4 ,ridgeway on ! orig9 (1 #ahi ,greeks1 purificatory rites ( anci5t1 #bjf ,gre5l&]s1 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded ,grey1 ,sir ,george1 #da2 tak5 = an ,au/ralian aborig9al1 #aca sqq4 ,grief1 extravagant demon/rations ( grief 9 m\rn+1 _! motives1 #ace sq4 ---- at a dea?1 extravagant demon/rations (1 dictat$ by fe> ( ! gho/1 #bga sqq4 ,grihya-,sutras1 #afc ,gr\nd draw+s 9 magical or religi\s c]emony1 #aab sq4 ,groves1 sacr$1 ! dead buri$ 91 #cbf ,guadalcan>1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cej1 #cgb ,gu>dian spirits1 #bbg ,guiana1 ,indians (1 _! ideas z to ! cause ( dea?1 #ce sqq42 _! (f]+s to ! dead1 #afe ,gullet ( pig sacrific$1 #cfh ,gulu1 k+ ( heav51 #gh ,gypsies1 ,european1 burial cu/om (1 #dee ,haddon1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c41 #aga1 #agb sq41 #age1 #agf1 #ahj ,hag51 ,dr4 ,b41 #bcj1 #bca ,haida1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dee ,hair burnt z *>m1 #dc2 cut 9 m\rn+1 #ace1 #cbj1 #dea2 ( wid[ un%orn1 #ahd2 ( dead *ild worn by "m1 #cae2 ( grav$igg]s n cut1 #cbg2 us$ z amulet1 #ccb ---- ( ! dead1 magical virtue attribut$ to1 #acg sq42 worn by relatives1 #bdi2 div9ation by means (1 #cai ---- ( m\rn]s (f]$ to ! dead1 #ahc2 cut (f1 #ahc1 #bjd ,hakea fl[] totem1 dramatic c]emony conc]n$ )1 #aai1 #aba ,h&s1 grav$igg]s & p]sons :o h h&l$ a corpse n to t\* food ) _!1 #cbg1 #dej sq4 ,hang$1 gho/s ( !1 specially fe>$1 #bab ,h>e 9 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fe ,h>umae1 a w>rior gho/1 #cfe sq4 ,hasselt1 ,j4 ,l4 van1 #cje ,hauri1 a wor%ipful gho/1 #cgb ,head-dress ( grav$igg]s1 #cbg ,head-hunt]s1 #ceb ,head ( corpse cut (f 9 ord] to disable ! gho/1 #aec2 remov$ & pres]v$1 #agh4 ,see also ,skulls ,heads ( m\rn]s %av$1 #bjh ----1 human1 cut (f 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #ceb ,heaps ( /ones on grave1 #cfj ,he>t suppos$ to be ! seat ( human _s1 #abi ---- ( pig sacrific$1 #cfh ,heav5ly ,dog1 #dfj ,hebrew prophets1 #ad ,h5 9 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gi ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 burial cu/om 9 !1 #dec1 #deh ,h9doos1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dec1 #deh ,hi/orical me?od ( treat+ natural !ology1 #b sq4 ,hi/ory ( religion1 its importance1 #c ,hiyoyoa1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #bjg ,hole 9 ! wall1 dead c>ri$ out ?r\gh a1 #deb sqq4 ,holy ( ,holies1 #dcj1 #dca1 #dcc1 #dcg1 #dch ,hom] on blood-dr9k+ gho/s1 #aei ,homicides1 precautions tak5 by1 aga9/ ! gho/s ( _! victims1 #bje sq42 purification (1 #bjf2 hon\rs be/[$ on1 9 ,fiji1 #ddg sq4 ,see also ,manslay]s ,homoeopa?ic magic1 #bhh1 #cgf ---- or imitative magic1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cch ,honor>y titles ( homicides 9 ,fiji1 #ddg sq4 ,hood ,p59sula ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #dg1 #bjb1 #bjc ,hos ( ,togol&1 _! my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #ha sqq4 ,hose1 ,*41 & ,mc,dougall1 ,w41 quot$1 #bfe n41 #dag ,hott5tots1 _! my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fe2 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded ,h\se des]t$ aft] a dea?1 #aie1 #aif n4 #a1 #bdh1 #bge1 #cdi1 #djj2 des]t$ or de/roy$ aft] a dea?1 #baj2 dead buri$ 9 !1 #bcf1 #cdg1 #ceb1 #cig1 #cih1 #cii2 dead c>ri$ out (1 by special op5+1 #deb sqq4 ,h\ses1 native1 at ,kalo1 #bjb2 communal1 #cjd ,h[itt1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,w41 #dd sq41 #aci1 #ada ,human gods1 #bj1 #bc sqq4 ---- nature1 two diff]5t views (1 #dfi sqq4 ---- sacrifices to gho/s1 #cga sq42 9 ,fiji1 #ddf sq4 ,hume's analysis ( cause1 #ah sq4 ,hunt1 ,mr41 8 exp]i5ce 9 ,fiji1 #dbc sq4 ,hunt]s suppos$ to be help$ by gho/s1 #bgd1 #bhd sq4 ,huon ,gulf1 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bdb1 #bef ,hut built to repres5t my?ical mon/] at initiation1 #bea1 #bij1 #cja sq4 ,huts erect$ on graves = use ( gho/s1 #aej sq42 erect$ on graves1 #bjc1 #bbc1 #bdh1 #bei1 #bge1 #bic1 #bid ,hypocritical lam5tations at a dea?1 #bgc ---- indignation ( accomplice at a murd]1 #bhj sqq4 ,idu1 m\nta9 ( ! dead1 #aic1 #aid sq4 ,iguana 9 my? ( orig9 ( dea?1 #gj ,il5e1 a wor%ipful gho/1 #cgc ,ill-treatm5t ( gho/ :o gives no help1 #bhe ,illusion ( ! ext]nal _w1 #ba ,images ( ! dead1 wood5 7korw> or k>w>71 #cjg sqq41 #caa1 #cae1 #caf sq41 #cba1 #cbb2 ( %>ks1 #cgc2 9 temples1 #ddb ,imitation ( totems by disguis$ actors1 #aai sqq42 ( totemic animals1 #agg ,imitative magic1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cgf ,immortality1 belief 91 among ! aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #hg sqq42 among ! isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits1 #agj sqq42 among ! natives ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #aij sqq42 among ! natives ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #baf sqq42 among ! natives ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cjc sqq42 among ! natives ( ,s\!rn ,melanesia1 #cbd sqq42 among ! natives ( ,c5tral ,melanesia1 #cdc sqq42 among ! natives ( ,nor!rn ,melanesia1 #cic sqq42 among ! ,fijians1 #djf sqq42 /rongly held by savages1 #dfh ,immortality1 limit$ s5se (1 #be2 orig9 ( belief 91 #be sqq42 belief 9 human1 almo/ univ]sal among races ( mank9d1 #cc2 rivalry betwe5 m5 & animals = gift (1 #gd sq42 "q ( ! tru? ( ! belief 91 #dfi sqq42 de/ruction ( life & prop]ty entail$ by ! belief 91 #dfh sq4 ---- 9 a bundle1 #gg sq4 ,impecuni\s gho/s1 h>d fate (1 #djf ,impurity1 c]emonial1 ( manslay]1 #bbi sq4 ,im ,?urn1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,f41 #ch sq4 ,incantations or spells1 #che ,inconsi/5cies & contradictions 9 reason+ n peculi> to savages1 #aaa sq4 ,inconsi/5cy ( savage ?\ght1 #adc ,indians ( ,guiana1 _! ideas ab\t dea?1 #ce sqq42 _! beliefs z to ! dead1 #afe ---- ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dee1 #dfj ,indiff]5ce to dea?1 #dai2 a consequ5ce ( belief 9 immortality1 #dbb sq4 ,indo-,european burial cu/om1 #dec ,infanticide z cause ( dim9i%$ population1 #dj ,influ5ce ( ,european tea*+ on native beliefs1 #adb sq4 ,initiation at pub]ty reg>d$ z a process ( dea? & resurrection1 #bed1 #bfa ---- ( "y m51 #bcc2 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #ajj2 among ! ,yabim1 #bej sqq42 among ! ,bukaua1 #bfj sq42 among ! ,kai1 #bij sq42 9 ,fiji1 #dbi sqq4 ,insanity1 influ5ce (1 9 hi/ory1 #ae sq4 ---- & inspiration n cle>ly di/+ui%$1 #chh ,insect 9 div9ation z to cause ( dea?1 #dd1 #df ,inspiration1 !ory (1 #ad sq42 ( m$ium by ance/ral spirits1 #cjh sqq42 by spirits ( ! dead1 #cbb2 by gho/s 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia1 #chh sq42 atte/$ by fr5zy1 #ddc1 #ddd sq4 ---- & insanity n cle>ly di/+ui%$1 #chh ,insufflations1 magical1 to heal ! sick1 #cbi ,inti*iuma1 magical c]emonies = ! multiplication ( totems1 #abb sq4 ,intuition & exp]i5ce1 #aa ,invocation ( gho/s1 #bhh sq42 ( ! dead1 #cbi sq41 #ccb sqq41 #cgg1 #cgh1 #dja1 #dda ,isl&1 dead buri$ 91 #cai ---- ( ! dead1 fabul\s1 #age ,isl&s1 gho/s live 91 #cej1 #cec ,isle ( ,p9es1 #cbe1 #ccj1 #ccg ,israelites =bidd5 to cut !mselves = ! dead1 #aed ,ivory ,coa/1 #eb ,jackson1 ,john1 quot$1 #dai sqq41 #ddg ,japp5 or ,jobi1 isl&1 #cjc ,jawbone ( husb& worn by wid[1 #bjd2 l[]1 ( corpse pres]v$1 #bcd sq41 #bcf1 #bgd2 ( dead k+ ( ,ug&a pres]v$ & consult$ oracul>ly1 #bce ,jawbones ( ! dead pres]v$1 #cea sq42 ( dead worn by relatives1 #djd ,j\rney ( gho/s to ! l& ( ! dead1 #bhf sq41 #cfa sq41 #dfb sqq4 ,juices ( putrefaction receiv$ by m\rn]s on _! bodies1 #afg1 #bje1 #djc ---- ( putrefy+ corpse drunk by wid[1 #cac2 drunk by wom51 #cee ,ka*9s ( ,burma1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dei ,kafirs1 _! beliefs z to ! causes ( dea?1 #ef ,kagoro1 !1 ( ,nor!rn ,nig]ia1 #bh n4 #a1 #di ,kai1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #ga1 #bfb sqq42 !ory ( ! s\l1 #bfg ,kaikuzi1 bro!r ( ,dea?1 #hj ,kaiti%1 !1 #fh1 #aeh1 #aff ,kalo1 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #bjb sq4 ,kal\1 ,fijian ^w = god1 #ddj ,kal\ vu1 root gods1 #ddj ,kal\ yalo1 s\l gods1 #ddj ,kami1 ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #big sq4 ,kamil>oi tribe ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #df1 #aee ,kanaima 7k5aima71 #cf1 #ch ,kani1 "n appli$ to gho/s1 to bull-ro>]s1 & to ! mon/] :o is ?\ght to swall[ lads at circumcision1 #cja ,kaniet isl&s1 #dja ,kava (f]$ to ance/ral spirits1 #ddj ,kavirondo1 burial cu/om ( !1 #deh ,kaya-,kaya or ,tug]i1 !1 ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #bee ,kayans1 !1 ( ,borneo1 #dag2 burial cu/om (1 #def sq41 #dei ,kemp ,wel* ,riv]1 #bjb ,k]amo1 a fight+ gho/1 #cgj ,keyss]1 ,*41 #bfb1 #bfc sq41 #bfg1 #bfi n4 #c ,kibu1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #age ,kibuka1 w>-god ( ,ug&a1 #cff ,kidd1 ,dudley1 #ee ,kidney-fat1 extraction (1 #dc ,kill] ( ,s\ls1 !1 #dfe sq4 ,kill+ a gho/1 #dae sq4 ,k+1 m\rn+ = a1 #dea sq4 ,k+'s corpse n c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! door1 #deb1 #dfa ,k+s1 div9ity (1 #af2 sanctity ( ,fijian1 #djg sq4 ,k9tu & ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gh sqq4 ,kiwai1 beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead 9 isl& (1 #baa sqq4 ,koita or ,koitapu1 ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #aic ,kolo% ,indians1 #afc ,kom>s1 !1 #afc ,koroi1 honor>y title ( homicides 9 ,fiji1 #ddg sq4 ,korw>1 or k>w>1 wood5 images ( ! dead1 #cjg sqq41 #cae1 #caf sq41 #cba1 #cbb ,koryak1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dee ,kosi & ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gf sq4 ,k1 natural1 h[ acquir$1 #aa ---- ( ,god1 h[ acquir$1 #aa sqq42 ( gho/s ess5tial to m$ical practition]s 9 ,melanesia1 #chd ,kul91 !1 #ach ,kurnai tribe ( ,victoria1 #dd1 #ach ,kwe>iburra tribe1 #aec ,kwod1 sacr$ or c]emonial gr\nd1 #agi ,lamb]t1 ,fa!r1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ccb1 #cci ,lamboam1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #bfj1 #bib1 #bii ,lam5tations1 hypocritical1 at a dea?1 #bga sqq41 #bhj sqq4 ,l& burial & sea burial1 #cdg sq4 ---- cle>$ = cultivation1 #bch1 #bdb sq41 #bef1 #bfb sq41 #cjd ---- gho/s & sea gho/s1 #cdh ---- ( ! dead1 #age sq41 #aib1 #aic1 #aid sq41 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bji sq41 #baa sqq41 #bbd1 #bbh sq41 #bdd1 #bfj1 #bhf sq41 #bib1 #bii1 #cje sq41 #cjg1 #cbb1 #cbf1 #cde1 #cej sq41 #cec sq41 #djd sqq41 #dfb sqq42 j\rneys ( ! liv+ to !1 #bjg1 #cee2 way to !1 #bab sq41 #dfb sqq4 ,l&tman1 ,dr4 ,g41 #bad ,lang1 ,&rew1 #baf sq4 ,laos1 burial cu/om 91 #dei ,leaf z badge ( a gho/1 #cia ,leaves ?r[n on sc5e ( murd]1 #dae ,leg bones ( ! dead pres]v$1 #bba1 #bdi ,legs ( corpse brok5 9 ord] to disable ! gho/1 #aec ,lehn]1 ,/efan1 #bef ,lep*is ( ,sikhim1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dee ,le ,s\ef1 ,a4 ,a4 ,c41 #dj sq4 ,libations to ance/ral gods1 #dcj1 #dch ,lic5ce1 p]iod (1 foll[+ circumcision1 #dbg sq42 foll[+ initiation1 #dcc1 #dcd n4 #a1 #dcf sq4 ,lic5ti\s orgy foll[+ circumcision1 #dbg sq4 ,life 9 ! o!r _w l life 9 ?is1 #bhf sq4 ,lightn+1 savage !ory (1 #ai ,lights1 phosphoresc5t1 ?\ght to be gho/s1 #aih1 #beh ,lime1 p[d]$1 us$ to du/ ! trail ( a gho/1 #bgg sq4 ,lio'a1 a p[]ful gho/1 #cdf ,liv] extract$ by magic1 #ej2 div9ation by1 #ed ,liv]s ( pigs (f]$ to ! dead1 #cfj sq4 ,liz>d 9 div9ation z to cause ( dea?1 #dd2 9 my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fj sq41 #gj1 #gd sq4 ,liz>ds1 gho/s 91 #chj ,local totem c5tres1 #ig1 #ii1 #abd ,long s\l & %ort s\l1 #bia sq4 ,lo/ s\ls1 recov]y (1 #bgj sq41 #cjj sq4 ,luck1 bad1 9 fi%+ & hunt+1 caus$ by gho/s1 #aig ,luck ( a village dep5d5t on gho/s1 #aih ,lum1 m5's clubh\se1 #bdc1 #bej1 #beg ,mabuiag1 isl& (1 #agd ,macass>s1 burial cu/om ( !1 #dfa ,maclu] ,gulf 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cag1 #cah ,mad1 /ones to drive p1 #cce ,madagasc>1 ideas z to natural dea? 91 #dh sq4 ,mafulu 7,mambule71 !1 ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #aih sqq4 ,maggots1 appe>ance (1 sign ( dep>ture ( s\l1 #bib ,magic z a cause ( dea?1 #cd sqq42 ,age (1 #eh2 attribut$ to aborig9al inhabitants ( a c\ntry1 #aic2 homoeopa?ic or imitative1 #bhh1 #cce1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cgf2 comb9$ ) religion1 #aaa sq41 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cgf2 ,melanesian conception (1 #chj sq42 work+ by means ( p]sonal refuse1 #dac sq4 ,see also ,sorc]y & ,wit*craft ---- & religion comp>$ 9 ref]5ce to _! de/ruction ( human life1 #ef sq4 ,magical c]emonies = increas+ ! food supply1 #ajb2 c]emonies = ! multiplication ( totems1 #abd sq42 int5tion ( dramatic c]emonies 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #abb sq41 #abf2 virtues attribut$ to sacr$ /ones 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 #ccd sqq4 ,magician or prie/1 #ccf1 #cch4 ,see also ,sorc]] ,magicians1 _! importance 9 hi/ory1 #af2 b no prie/s at ,doreh1 #cjf ,malagasy1 _! ideas z to natural dea?1 #dh sq4 ,malanta1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cej ,malayalis1 !1 ( ,malab>1 #afb ,malignity ( gho/s1 #bab1 #cha ,malo1 isl& (1 #dh ,man creates gods 9 8 own lik5ess1 #ai sq4 ----1 gr&eur & dignity (1 #dfi sq42 pett9ess & insignificance (1 #dgj sq4 ,mana1 sup]natural or spiritual p[]1 #cdf sq41 #ceb1 #cga1 #chj ,manoam1 evil spirits1 #cba ,manoga1 a wor%ipful gho/1 #cfh ,manslay]s1 precautions tak5 by1 aga9/ ! gho/s ( _! victims1 #bje sq41 #beh1 #bgi1 #cbc2 seclud$1 #bgi sq41 consecration (1 #ddh sq42 re/rictions impos$ on1 #ddi4 ,see also ,homicides ,m>i or m>1 gho/1 #agc ,m>iget1 gho/-h&1 #agg ,m>9]1 ,william1 #daa ,m>9]s1 /ones to help1 #ccg ,m>kets1 native1 #cid ,m>otse1 burial cu/om ( !1 #ded ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 #dag ,m>ri$ & unm>ri$1 diff]5t modes ( dispos+ ( _! corpses1 #afb ,masai1 _! my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fe sq4 ,mask$ m51 dramatic repres5tation ( gho/s & spirits by1 #agf1 #agi sq41 #ahj sqq41 #ahe sqq4 ---- dances1 #big2 ( ! ,monumbo1 #bbh ,masks worn by actors 9 sacr$ c]emonies1 #agi2 us$ 9 dances1 #bcc1 #big ,masqu]ades1 #big ,massim1 !1 ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #bjf ,ma/] ( ,life1 #afc ,matacos ,indians1 #afe ,mate1 a wor%ipful _s1 #bci ,mat]ial culture ( ! natives ( ,new ,gu9ea1 #aia2 ( ! natives ( ,tumleo1 #bai sq42 ( ,papuans1 #bca2 ( ! ,yabim1 #bdb sq42 ( ! ,no(oor1 #cjd sq42 ( ! ,new ,cal$onians1 #cci2 ( ! ,nor? ,melanesians1 #cic sqq4 ,mawatta or ,m[at1 #dg ,mbete1 prie/1 #ddc1 #dde ,mea1 a spiritual m$ium1 #aif ,meckl5burg1 burial cu/om 91 #deg ,m$ic9e-m51 _! importance 9 hi/ory1 #af2 inspir$ by spirits ( ! dead1 #cbb ,m$ium inspir$ by s\l ( dead1 #cjh sq4 ,m$iums1 spiritual1 #aif ,m$iums :o s5d _! s\ls to deadl&1 #cjj ,megali?ic monum5ts1 #dch ,melanesia1 ,c5tral1 belief 9 immortality among ! natives (1 #cdc sqq4 ----1 ,nor!rn1 belief 9 immortality among ! natives (1 #cic sqq4 ----1 ,s\!rn1 belief 9 immortality among ! natives (1 #cbd sqq4 ,melanesian my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fi1 #ga sq41 #hc sq42 !ory ( ! s\l1 #cdd sq4 ,melanesians1 _! ideas z to natural dea?s1 #dh1 #ed sq42 ,c5tral1 fun]al cu/oms ( !1 #cdg sqq41 #cee sqq42 & ,papuans 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #aij sq4 ,memorial trees1 #bbe ,m5 sacrific$ to support po/s ( new h\se1 #ddf sq42 :ipp$ by wom5 9 m\rn+1 #deb ,m5's clubh\ses1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bdc1 #bef sq41 #cee ,m5tras or ,mantras ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 #gc ,m]ivale on ,d>tmoor1 #dch ,mess5g]s1 ! ,two1 my? ( orig9 ( dea?1 #fj sqq4 ,mess\1 ,indian magician1 #gh ,metals unkn[n 9 ,nor!rn ,melanesia1 #cie ,metempsy*osis1 widespread belief 91 #bi ,me?ods ( treat+ natural !ology1 #a sqq4 ---- ( natural k1 #aa ,mexicans1 ! anci5t1 #afc ,mey]1 ,h4 ,e4 ,a41 #db ,migration ( villages1 #cci ,migratory cultivation1 #bdc ,miklu*o-,maclay1 ,b>on ,n41 #bce ,milky ,way1 ,c5tral ,au/ralian belief z to !1 #adj2 s\ls ( dead g to1 #aec ,milne ,bay1 #bjg ,mimika di/rict 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cah ,m9net>ee ,indians1 #afc ,mis=tunes ( all k9ds caus$ by gho/s1 #cjf sq4 ,moanus1 !1 ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s1 #djj ,mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 rise (1 #ada sq4 ,monsoon1 s\?-ea/1 fe/ival at1 #bee ,monsoons1 seasons det]m9$ by1 #baf ,mon/] suppos$ to swall[ lads at initiation1 #bea sq41 #bee1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bij sq41 #cja sq4 ,monumbo1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bbg sq4 ,monum5ts ( ! dead1 #bbe ,moon1 ! wax+ & wan+1 9 my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fj1 #fe sqq4 ---- 9 relation to doctr9e ( resurrection1 #fg sq42 wor%ip ( !1 #fh ,moral re/ra9t af=d$ by a fe> ( gho/s1 #age ---- depravity ( ! ,fijians1 #dji ,morality1 sup]/ition a crut* to1 #age ,mortu>y dramas1 #ahi ,mos1 a disembodi$ s\l1 #bbd ,mota1 isl& (1 #chg ,motlav1 9 ! ,banks' ,isl&s1 #ceg ,motu1 !1 ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #aib ,m\nd erect$ 9 a totemic c]emony1 #aaj sq4 ,m\nds on graves1 #aej1 #afd ,m\rn]s1 pr(essional1 #acf ---- sme>$ ) :ite clay1 #aeh1 #agg2 pa9t$ black1 #agh1 #bic1 #djc2 g>b (1 #ahd1 #aih2 cut _! hair1 #ahc1 #bjd1 #cbj1 #dea2 ab/a9 f c]ta9 foods1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bcj1 #cad1 #cfj1 #deb2 re/rictions obs]v$ by1 #cac sq42 tattoo$1 #cad2 purifi$ by ba?+1 #cad1 #cai2 pla/]$ ) mud1 #cah2 cut or te> _! e>s1 #ahc1 #bgb1 #cbg2 seclud$1 #cfj2 sme>$ ) a%es1 #cfa2 ano9t !mselves ) juices ( putrefy+ corpse1 #djc2 amputate _! f+]s1 #aii1 #dea2 burn _! sk91 #aed1 #aee1 #aeg1 #cbg1 #dea4 ,see also ,cutt+s & ,seclusion ,m\rn+1 hair cut 91 #ace2 extravagant demon/rations ( grief 91 #ace sq42 = a fa!r-9-law1 #aee2 amputation ( f+]s 91 #aii2 v>y+ p]iod (1 #bgd1 #bic2 = a k+1 #dea sq4 ---- co/ume1 #bdi1 #bgd1 #cbj2 a protection aga9/ gho/s1 #bda sq42 ( wid[] & wid[1 #bei sq4 ,m[at or ,mawatta1 #dg ,mud1 m\rn]s pla/]$ )1 #cah ,mukd51 burial cu/om 91 #dfj ,mukj>awa9t tribe1 #aee ,mummies ( dead pres]v$ 9 h\ses1 #ahh ,mummification ( ! dead1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #cac ,mungai1 places associat$ ) totems1 #aag1 #abd ,murd]1 leaves ?r[n on sc5e (1 #dae ---- highly e/eem$ 9 ,fiji1 #ddg sq4 ,murd]$ man1 gho/ (1 haunts murd]]1 #bdh ,murimuria1 a second-rate heav51 #dff ,murray ,isl&1 #agd ,mutilations1 bodily1 at pub]ty1 #cjc ,my? ( ! prelogical savage1 #bff ---- ( ! cont9uance ( dea?1 #dgb ,my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #ei sqq4 ,nai1 s\ls ( ! dead1 #bdj ,nai ,?ombo?ombo1 9 ,fiji1 #dfc ,nails ( dead deta*$1 #ade2 pres]v$1 #cci ,na9del9de 9 ,fiji1 #dfe ,nait]u-kop1 a ,masai god1 #fe ,namaquas1 _! my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fe ,nambanaggatai1 9 ,fiji1 #dfe ,nambi & ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gh sqq4 ,"n ( my?ical wat]-snake n utt]$1 #aje ,names ( ! dead n m5tion$1 #ace1 #baj1 #bdf ,n&i1 _! my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #ff ,nanga1 sacr$ /one enclosure1 #dbh sqq42 description (1 #dcg sq4 ,nangganangga1 ! foe ( unm>ri$ gho/s1 #dfd ,nanja tree or /one1 #ih ---- spot1 #afd1 #afe ,n>r9y]i tribe ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 #dc2 _! beliefs z to ! dead1 #acd sqq4 ,nassau1 ,rev4 ,r4 ,h41 #ea ,native beliefs influ5c$ by ,european tea*+1 #adb sq4 ,natural !ology def9$1 #a1 #h ---- dea?1 disbelief ( savages 91 #cc sqq4 ---- causes ( dea? recognis$ by "s savages1 #ee sq4 ---- features ( l&scape associat$ ) traditions ab\t ! dead1 #aae sqq4 ,nature1 gods (1 #bj2 s\ls ( ! dead id5tifi$ ) spirits (1 #acj2 two diff]5t views ( human1 #dfi sqq4 ,nay>s1 !1 ( ,co*91 #afb sq4 ,nd5gei1 ,fijian god 9 =m ( s]p5t1 #dde1 #dfb1 #dfd1 #dfe1 #dff ,necklaces worn 9 m\rn+1 #aih ,neg5 ,negorij5 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #caf1 #cag ,negrito admixture 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #aih ,nemunemu1 a creator1 #bdj ,ne!r _w1 ! "l ( !1 #bhf2 abode ( ! dead 9 !1 #bib1 #bii1 #cbb1 #cbf1 #cec sq42 desc5t ( ! liv+ into !1 #cjj2 ,see also ,l& ( ! ,dead ,nets worn by wid[s 9 m\rn+1 #bdi1 #bfj1 #bgd1 #bic2 worn by wom5 9 m\rn+1 #bda ,new bir? at initiation1 pret5ce (1 #bed ,new ,brita9 7,new ,pom]ania71 #dh1 #fi1 #cic1 #cid1 #djb1 #djd ---- ,cal$onia1 natives (1 #cbd2 _! beliefs & cu/oms conc]n+ ! dead1 #cbe sqq42 _! sy/em ( family pray]s1 #ccb sq41 #cdj2 mat]ial culture ( !1 #cci ---- ,georgia1 #dh ---- ,gu9ea1 aborig9es (1 _! ideas z to natural dea?1 #dg2 ! races (1 #aij sq42 belief 9 immortality among ! natives ( ,briti%1 #aij sqq42 belief 9 immortality among ! natives ( ,dut*1 #cjc sqq42 belief 9 immortality among ! natives ( ,g]man1 #baf sqq4 ,new ,hebrides1 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea? 91 #ga1 #cdc1 #cec ---- ,irel& 7,new ,meckl5burg71 #cic1 #cig ---- ,s\? ,wales1 aborig9es (1 _! ideas z to ! causes ( dea?1 #de sq42 z to ! home ( ! dead1 #acc sq4 ,newton1 ,alfr$1 #ij n4 #a ,neyaux1 !1 ( ! ,ivory ,coa/1 #eb ,ngai1 human _s1 #abi ,ngoc1 !1 ( ,annam1 #fi ,ngoni1 !1 #fa ,nias1 isl& (1 #gj ,nig]ia1 ,nor!rn1 #bh n4 #a1 #di ,nigg>dly p puni%$ 9 ! o!r _w1 #dje ,noblem5 alone immortal1 #cc ,no(oor1 !1 ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cjc ,noom=1 isl&1 #cjc ,norse burial cu/om1 #dec ,noses bor$1 gho/s %\ld h _!1 #aib1 #aid sq4 ,novices pres5t$ to ance/ral spirits at initiation1 #dcb sq41 #dcd ,nukahiva1 "o ( ! ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 #dag ,objects (f]$ to ! dead brok51 #bgf ,(f]+1 s\l (1 consum$ by deity or _s1 #big1 #bih ,(f]+s ( food & wat] to ! dead1 #agd2 ( food to ! dead1 #ahc1 #bja1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bad1 #bcb1 #bda1 #ccb1 #cch1 #cfd sq41 #cfg sq41 #cgb sq41 #cif sq41 #dbi1 #ddb1 #dfg2 ( blood & hair to ! dead1 #ahc2 ( game & fi% to ! dead1 #bbf2 to ! dead1 #bci1 #bgf1 #bib2 ( fir/-fruits to ! dead1 #bei2 to ance/ors1 #bih2 ( food to gho/s1 #cdh sq42 to gho/s1 #cfd sq42 ( fir/-fruits to ance/ral spirits1 #dbi2 ( clo? & weapons to ance/ral spirits1 #dcj sq4 ,see also ,sacrifices ----1 burnt1 to ! dead1 #bid ,oknanikilla1 local totem c5tre1 #ig1 #ii1 #abd ,old & "y1 diff]5ce betwe5 ! modes ( bury+1 #afa1 #afb sq4 ,old p buri$ alive1 #cei ,olympia1 ,pelops at1 #aei ,om5s aft] a dea?1 #cai ,op5+1 special1 = c>ry+ dead out ( h\se1 #deb sqq4 ,oracles ( dead k+s1 #aea ---- ( ! dead1 #aea1 #agf1 #agi1 #bce ,oracul> responses ( ,fijian prie/s1 #ddc sqq4 ,oranges1 spirits ( ! dead play )1 #cbf ,ordeal to detect sorc]]1 #ej sqq4 ,orgy1 lic5ti\s1 foll[+ circumcision1 #dbg sq4 ,orig9 ( belief 9 immortality1 #bf sqq4 ---- ( dea?1 my?s ( !1 #ei sqq4 ,orion's belt1 #cfh ,ornam5ts ( corpse remov$ be=e burial1 #bbc1 #bcd1 #bda ,pah\9s1 !1 #ed ,palsy1 a ,samoan god1 #gb ,p&anus1 reason = plant+1 #cfb ---- & gho/s1 #dfc ,panoi1 ,melanesian l& ( ! dead1 #hc1 #cde1 #cec sq41 #cee1 #cef ,papuan art1 #bbj ,papuans1 animi/ic views ( !1 #bfd ---- & ,melanesians 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #aij sq4 ,p>aks1 temples1 #bbj ,p>5ts deifi$1 #dci ,p>k9son1 ,r41 #bai1 #bba ,pelops1 human blood (f]$ on grave (1 #aei ,p5ates 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #cjh1 #cag ,p5nefa!r ,riv]1 natives ( !1 _! belief 9 re9c>nation ( ! dead1 #abh ,p]*e1 burial cu/om 91 #deh ,p]sonal refuse1 magic work+ ?r\gh1 #chf1 #dac sq4 ,p]sonification ( natural ph5om5a1 #bj2 ( dea?1 #ha ,phosphoresc5t lights suppos$ to be gho/s1 #aih1 #beh ,physo/igma v55osum 9 poison ordeal1 #eb ,piety1 two types (1 #bc2 co-op]ative sy/em (1 #ccc ,pigs1 blood (1 sme>$ on skulls & bones ( ! dead1 #bjj2 sacrific$ to ! dead1 #bja2 sacrific$ to mon/] :o swall[s lads at initiation1 #bea1 #bec1 #bfj1 #bij1 #cja2 sacrific$ at grave1 #cef2 sacrific$ at burial1 #cei2 sacrific$ to gho/s1 #cfe sq42 sacrific$ vic>i\sly = ! sick1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cge2 sacr$1 #dcc ----1 liv]s (1 (f]$ to ! dead1 #cfj sq4 ,p9es1 ,isle (1 #cbe1 #ccj1 #ccg ,pirnmeheel1 good _s1 #adc ,place ( sacrifice to gho/s1 #cgj ,plant+1 sacrifices to gho/s at1 #cge ,plat=ms1 dead laid on1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bje ,plato1 on dea?1 #cc ,pleiades1 !1 #cfh ,plum-tree p1 #id ---- totem1 dramatic c]emony connect$ )1 #abj1 #aba ,poison ordeal to detect sorc]]s1 #ej sqq4 ,political con/itution ( ! ,fijians1 #djg ,pollution1 c]emonial1 ( grav$igg]s1 #cbg ,polynesian blood1 infusion (1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #bia ---- race1 #djf ,poly!ism & mono!ism1 #aa ,poly!ism disc>d$1 #bj sq4 ,population1 belief 9 sorc]y a cause ( keep+ d[n !1 #ch1 #dj1 #df sq41 #ea sqq4 ,port ,l9coln tribe ( ,s4 ,au/ralia1 #db ---- ,moresby1 #aic1 #aie ,poso 9 ,celebes1 #gb ,po/s ( new h\se1 m5 sacrific$ to support1 #ddf sq4 ,potsdam ,h>b\r1 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bah1 #bbg ,pott]y1 native1 #bbj2 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #cje ----1 ,fijian1 #djg ---- unkn[n 9 ,nor!rn ,melanesia1 #cie ,practical "* ( ! savage1 #bgd ,pray]-po/s1 #ccc sq4 ,pray]s to ! dead1 #bja sq41 #bad1 #bbb sq41 #bei1 #bhh1 #cjg1 #cbi sq41 #ccb sqq41 #cdj1 #cgf sq41 #dja1 #djc sq41 #dbg1 #dda2 to gho/s1 #cdh ,precautions tak5 aga9/ gho/s1 #aeb sq41 #beh2 aga9/ a wife's gho/1 #aig2 aga9/ gho/s ( ! sla91 #bje sq4 ,pr$om9ance ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 #big sq4 ,prelogical savage1 my? ( !1 #bff ,pret5ce ( attack+ p]sons engag$ 9 att5d+ to a corpse1 #agg1 #agh ---- ( av5g+ ! dead1 #acf sq41 #bhb1 #cbh ,see also ,%am fight ,prie/1 family1 #ccb1 #cdj ----1 *ief or high1 #dcj1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dcd ---- or magician1 #ccf1 #cch ,prie/s1 ,fijian1 #dcc sqq4 ,private or tame gho/s1 #cfi sq41 #cha1 #chb1 #chf ---- prop]ty1 rights (1 consolidat$ by taboo1 #cij ,problem ( dea?1 #ca sqq4 ,progress p>tly det]m9$ by competition1 #hi sq4 ----1 social1 /imulat$ by fav\rable natural conditions1 #adh sq4 ,promiscuity1 tempor>y1 #dbg sq41 #dcc1 #dcd n4 #a1 #dcf sq4 ,prop]ty display$ beside ! corpse1 #cig ----1 rights ( private1 consolidat$ by taboo1 #cij2 tempor>ily susp5d$1 #dbg sq4 ,prop]ty ( dead deposit$ 9 grave1 #ade sqq41 #cei1 #cig2 motive = de/roy+1 #adg sq42 hung up on trees1 #adh2 de/roy$1 #cbg1 #dei2 burnt1 #dja sq4 ,prophecy inspir$ by gho/s1 #chh ,prophets inspir$ by gho/s1 #chh sq4 ----1 ,hebrew1 #ad ,propitiation ( ! dead1 #bja1 #cjg1 #cch2 ( gho/s & spirits1 #bbf1 #bci1 #cdh ,pub]ty1 initiation at1 #bed sq42 bodily mutilations at1 #cjc ,public gho/s1 #cfg1 #cfi ,purification ( homicides1 #bjf1 #bbi ---- by ba?+ & %av+1 #bjh ---- ( m\rn]s by ba?+1 #cad1 #cai ,que5sl&1 belief 9 re9c>nation ( ! dead among ! aborig9es (1 #abg sqq42 burial cu/oms 91 #adg ,ra9 s5t by a my?ical wat]-snake1 #aab1 #aad2 pray]s =1 #bhh2 /ones to make1 #ccf sq4 ---- & sun%9e caus$ by a gho/1 #cge ---- -gho/1 #cge ---- -mak+1 #bhh2 by ! bones ( ! dead1 #cda ,rat 9 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fg ,rationality ( ! savage1 #bfd sqq4 ,rebir? ( ! dead1 #ic sq41 #ajg1 #abg sq4 ,see also ,re9c>nation ---- ( p>5ts 9 _! *ildr51 #cae ,recov]y ( lo/ s\ls1 #aid1 #bgj sq41 #cjj sq4 ,r$1 skulls pa9t$1 #agh ,r$ b>k 9 poison ordeals1 #ej1 #eb ---- pa9t1 manslay]s sme>$ )1 #ddh1 #ddi ---- roses1 corpse cr[n$ )1 #bcc1 #bcd ,reflection or %ad[1 s\l associat$ )1 #bjg1 #bfg ,refuse1 p]sonal1 magic work+ by means (1 #dac sq4 ,re9c>nation1 widespread belief 91 #bi4 ,see also ,rebir? ---- doctr9e (1 unkn[n 9 ,torres ,/raits1 #agb ---- ( ! dead1 belief ( ,c5tral ,au/ralians 91 #ib sqq41 #ajg ---- ( ! dead1 #abd sq41 #abg sq42 ( ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 :ite p1 #acj1 #aca sqq42 ( p>5ts 9 _! *ildr51 #cae2 ( gr&fa!r 9 gr&*ild1 #dag1 #dah ,relics ( ! dead z amulets1 #ccb1 #cgj2 pres]v$1 #cdh ,religion1 importance ( ! hi/ory (1 #c2 embryology (1 #hh ,religion & magic comp>$ 9 ref]5ce to _! de/ruction ( human life1 #eg sq42 comb9$ 9 ritual1 #aaa sq41 #ccd1 #cce1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cgf ---- & !ology1 h[ relat$1 #i ,resemblance ( *ildr5 to ! dead1 a s\rce ( belief 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 #bh sq4 ,re/rictions obs]v$ by m\rn]s1 #cac sq42 c]emonial1 laid on grav$igg]s1 #cbg2 impos$ on manslay]s1 #ddi ,resurrection1 c]emony (1 among ! ,akikuya1 #bed ---- f ! dead aft] ?ree days1 #fg sq42 ( ! dead1 /eps tak5 to prev5t !1 #add2 z an initiatory rite at pub]ty1 #bed sq41 #bfa1 #cjb1 #dca1 #dcd sq4 ,return ( ! gho/s1 #aie1 #aih1 #bdf1 #cjj ,revelation1 ! "q ( a sup]natural1 #h sq4 ,revival1 tempor>y1 ( primitive communism1 #dcf sq4 ,rheumatism attribut$ to sorc]y1 #de ,rhodesia1 #gg ,ribs ( dead di/ribut$ among relatives1 #djj ,ridgeway1 ,w41 on ! orig9 ( ,greek trag$y1 #ahi ,rights ( prop]ty tempor>ily susp5d$1 #dbg sq4 ,ritual comb9+ elem5ts ( religion & magic1 #aaa sq4 ,rivalry betwe5 man & animals = gift ( immortality1 #gd sq4 ,riv] cross$ by s\ls ( ! dead1 #bii1 #dfb ,rock+ /one1 #bac ,roro-speak+ tribes ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #dg1 #aif1 #aih ,ro?1 ,w4 ,e41 #abh ,run or ,ron1 isl&1 #cjc1 #caa ,russia1 burial cu/om 91 #dec ,saa1 9 ,malanta1 #cej1 #cea1 #cgb1 #cgh ,sacram5t ( pork & wat] at initiation1 #dcb sq4 ,sacr$ /ones 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 magical virtues attribut$ to1 #ccd sqq4 ---- enclosure ( /ones 7,nanga7 9 ,fiji1 #dbh sqq41 #dcg sq4 ---- pigs1 #dcc ,sacrifice1 crude motives =1 #bih sq42 place (1 #ccb ---- ( dogs 9 epidemics1 #bif2 ( =esk9s & f+]s 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 #dbf sq4 ,sacrifices to ! dead1 economic loss entail$ by1 #adi ---- to ! dead1 #bci1 #cjg1 #cch4 ,see also ,(f]+s ,sacrifices1 burnt1 reasons =1 #cdh sq42 burnt1 to gho/s1 #cff1 #cfg sq41 #cgc ---- to gho/s1 #cbh2 at plant+1 #cge ----1 human1 to gho/s1 #cga sq42 human1 9 ,fiji1 #ddf sq4 ,sacrificial ritual 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cfe sq4 ,saddle ,m\nta9 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bfb ,/4 ,joseph ,riv] 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #aif1 #aih ,sakalava1 !1 ( ,madagasc>1 #di2 burial cu/om (1 #dfa ,saleij]1 isl& (1 burial cu/om 91 #dfa ,samoa1 #djf ---- ,h>b\r1 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bef ,samoan my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gb ,samoy$s1 burial cu/om ( !1 #deg ,samu-yalo1 ! kill] ( s\ls1 #dfe ,san ,cri/oval1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cdg1 #cgf ,sanctu>ies1 primitive1 #ii ---- ( gho/s1 #cgg sq4 ,sanctu>y1 grave ( wor%ipful dead becomes a1 #cdg ,sanitation bas$ on fe> ( sorc]y1 #chf sq41 #dad ,santa ,cruz ,isl&s1 #cdc ,santa ,cruz1 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 burial cu/oms at1 #ceb2 sacrifices to gho/s 91 #cgd sq4 ,savage1 my? ( ! prelogical1 #bff ----1 practical "* ( !1 #bgd ----1 rationality ( !1 #bfd sqq4 ---- notions ( causality1 #ai sq42 conception ( dea?1 #ca sqq42 disbelief 9 dea? f natural causes1 #cc sqq42 ?\ght vague & inconsi/5t1 #adc ---- religion1 ! /udy (1 #g ,savag]y1 importance ( ! /udy (1 #f sq42 a case ( arre/$ or ret>d$ developm5t1 #hh sq42 rise ( mon>*y ess5tial to em]g5ce f1 #adb ,savages pay little att5tion to ! />s1 #adj2 /r5g? & univ]sality ( belief 9 immortality among1 #dfh ,savo1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cdg ,sc>f1 s\l caught 9 a1 #dab sq4 ,sc5]y ( ,fiji1 #dji sq4 ,s*omburgk1 ,ri*>d1 #ch ,s*u]mann1 ,c4 ,w41 #db sq4 ,sci5tific conception ( ! _w z a sy/em ( imp]sonal =ces1 #bj sq4 ,scotl&1 burial cu/om 91 #dec1 #deh ,sea1 l& ( ! dead at ! bottom ( !1 #cjg1 #cbf ---- -burial1 #cig ---- -burial & l&-burial1 #cdg sq4 ---- -gho/s & l&-gho/s1 #cdh ,seclusion ( wid[ & wid[]1 #bjd1 #bdh sq41 #bei1 #bge2 ( relatives at grave1 #bji2 ( m\rn]s1 #bbc sq41 #cac sq41 #cfj2 ( novices at circumcision1 #bea sq41 #bfj sq41 #cjb2 ( manslay]s1 #bgi sq42 ( grav$igg]s1 #cbg1 #dea2 ( female m\rn]s1 #cih ,seclusion & purification ( manslay]1 #bbi sq4 ,second dea? ( ! dead1 #aie1 #bhg1 #bii1 #cde1 #cej1 #cea1 #ced ,secret societies1 #cie ---- ,society 7,asa71 #bcc ,seemann1 ,b]?old1 #dci sq4 ,se] describes gho/s1 #bjd sq4 ,seget ,sele1 !1 ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #cag ,seligmann1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,g41 #dg1 #aia1 #aig1 #bjf ,selwyn1 ,bi%op1 #cfc ,s]p5t & 8 ca/ sk9 9 my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fj1 #fi sqq41 #gd sq41 #hc ----1 god 9 =m (1 #dde1 #dfb ,s]p5ts1 s\ls ( ! dead 9 ! =m (1 #cjj ,sett+ sun1 gho/s attract$ to !1 #age sq4 ,sexual lic5ce foll[+ initiation1 #dcc1 #dcd n4 #a1 #dcf sq4 ,%ad[ or reflection1 human s\l associat$ )1 #abi1 #acj1 #agc1 #bjg1 #bfg1 #cie1 #dab ,%ad[s ( p seiz$ by gho/s1 #cgh1 #chc ,%ak+ ( m$ium a symptom ( inspiration1 #cjh1 #cji1 #caa ,%am attack on m5 engag$ 9 att5d+ to a corpse1 #agg1 #agh ---- burial1 #cef ---- fight to appease gho/1 #acf sq42 z a fun]al c]emony1 #bce sq41 #cbg sq42 z a c]emony to promote ! gr[? ( yams1 #ccj4 ,see also ,pret5ce ,%>ks animat$ by gho/s1 #cdh ----1 gho/s inc>nate 91 #cgc1 #chj2 images (1 #cgc ,%av+ heads ( m\rn]s1 #bjh ,%eep 9 /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fd ,%ell-money1 #cid2 laid on corpse & buri$ ) x1 #cih ,%ortl&s ,isl&s1 #ga ,%r9e ( w>rior gho/1 #cfe ,%r9es = ance/ral spirits1 #caf1 #cag ,siamese1 burial cu/om ( !1 #def ,siasi ,isl&s1 #bdd ,sick & old buri$ alive 9 ,fiji1 #dbj sqq4 ,sickness caus$ by demons1 #aid2 caus$ by gho/s1 #ef sq41 #aie1 #aig1 #bbb1 #bfi sq41 #bga1 #bgi1 #cjj1 #cje1 #cbb1 #cgb1 #cha sqq41 #chi ---- suppos$ to be an effect ( wit*craft1 #ce sqq4 ,sickness & dea? set d[n to sorc]y1 #bdj1 #beg ---- & disease recognis$ by "s savages z due to natural causes1 #ee sq4 ,see also ,disease ,sido1 8 j\rney to ! l& ( ! dead1 #baa sq4 ,s9s1 confession (1 #bja ,sk9 ca/ z a means ( r5ew+ y\?1 #fi sqq41 #gd sq41 #hc ,skull-%ap$ /ones 9 ra9-mak+1 #ccf sq4 ,skulls1 spirits ( ! dead embodi$ 9 _!1 #cch ---- & arm-bones1 special treatm5t ( !1 #aii sq42 c>ri$ by danc]s at fun]al dance1 #bjj ---- ( ! dead pres]v$1 #aii sqq41 #bji1 #bdi1 #cah1 #cbh1 #cci1 #cdg1 #cea sq41 #cih1 #djj sq41 #djc2 pres]v$ & consult$ z oracles1 #agf1 #agh sq41 #agi2 us$ 9 div9ation1 #bac2 kept 9 m5's clubh\ses1 #bba1 #bbe2 ins]t$ 9 wood5 images1 #caa sq41 #cba2 religi\s c]emonies p]=m$ ) !1 #cbi sq42 food (f]$ to !1 #cci sq41 #ceb2 us$ to f]tilise plantations1 #cdj2 us$ 9 conjurations1 #djb ,sky1 s\ls ( ! dead ?\ght to be 9 !1 #acc sq41 #ace1 #ach sq41 #ada1 #adb ,sla91 gho/s ( !1 especially dread$1 #bje1 #beh1 #bgi1 #cjf1 #cbc ,sleep1 s\l ?\ght to quit body 91 #beg1 #bia1 #cie1 #dab ,smi?1 ,e4 ,r41 #ec ,smy?1 ,r4 ,br\gh1 #dc sq4 ,snakes1 gho/s 91 #chj ,sneez+1 om5s f1 #aid ,social progress /imulat$ by fav\rable natural conditions1 #ada sq41 #adh sq4 ---- ranks1 gradation (1 9 ,fiji1 #djh ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cdc1 #cdf sqq42 sacrificial ritual 9 !1 #cfe sq4 ,somosomo1 "o ( ! ,fijian isl&s1 #dbe1 #dda1 #ddb ,sorc]]s1 _! importance 9 hi/ory1 #af ---- cat* & deta9 s\ls1 #bfg1 #bfh sq41 #bgj ---- put to dea?1 #ce1 #ce sq41 #cg sq41 #dj sq41 #dd1 #ej1 #acf1 #bej1 #bfi1 #bgg1 #bgh sq41 #cda sq4 ,see also ,magician ,sorc]y z ! suppos$ cause ( natural dea?s1 #cc sqq41 #acf1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #djb2 sickness & dea? ascrib$ to1 #beg ---- a cause ( keep+ d[n ! population1 belief 91 #ch1 #dj1 #df sq41 #ea sqq4 ---- ,fijian dread (1 #dac sq42 ,see also ,magic & ,wit*craft ,sores ascrib$ to action ( gho/s1 #beg ,soro1 atonem5t1 #dbg ,s\l1 _w-wide belief 9 survival ( s\l aft] dea?1 #bd1 #be1 #cc ,s\l ( sleep] deta9$ by enemy1 #di2 human1 associat$ ) %ad[ or reflection1 #agc1 #bfg1 #cie1 #dab2 pret5ce ( c>ry+ away !1 #aha sq42 deta9$ by demon1 #aid2 recov]y ( a lo/1 #aid1 #bgj sq42 ?\ght to quit body 9 sleep1 #beg1 #bia1 #cie1 #dab2 resides 9 ! eye1 #bfg2 ?\ght to p]vade ! body1 #bfg2 two k9ds ( human1 #bfg sq42 caught & deta9$ by sorc]]1 #bfg1 #bfh sq41 #bgj2 long s\l & %ort s\l1 #bia sq42 ( (f]+ consum$ by deity or _s1 #big1 #bih2 ?\ght to reside 9 ! blood1 #cjg2 ,melanesian !ory ( !1 #cdd sq42 ( sick ti$ up by gho/1 #cgd2 ,nor? ,melanesian !ory ( !1 #cie sq42 9 =m ( animals1 #cif2 ,fijian !ory ( !1 #daj sqq42 caught 9 a sc>f1 #dab sq42 ( gr&fa!r reborn 9 gr&*ild1 #dag2 ( (f]+s consum$ by gods1 #ddc ---- -/uff or spiritual ess5ce1 #bfg sq41 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgi4 ,see also ,_s ,s\ls1 recov]y ( lo/1 #cjj sq42 ,riv] ( !1 #dfb2 ! kill] (1 #dfd sq4 ---- ( animals1 sacrifices to !1 #bci2 ( animals (f]$ to gho/s1 #bdf ---- attribut$ by ! ,fijians to animals1 vegetables1 & inanimate ?+s1 #daj sq4 ---- ( ! dead id5tifi$ ) spirits ( nature1 #acj2 turn$ into animals1 #bbi2 z fall+ />s1 #bbi2 live 9 trees1 #caf ---- c>ri$ (f by gho/s1 #aig1 #chc2 ( sorc]]s 9 animals1 #ci ---- ( noblem5 only sav$1 #cc2 ( ^? :o di$ f home call$ back1 #caa ,spells or incantations1 #che ,sp5c] & ,gill51 #df sq41 #ia sq41 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aaf sqq41 #abc sq41 #adj1 #adh1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh ,spid] & ,dea?1 #hb sq4 ,_s1 human1 associat$ ) ! he>t1 #abi2 associat$ ) ! %ad[1 #abi1 #acj4 ,see also ,s\l ,spirits1 ance/ral1 help hunt]s & fi%]s1 #bbf2 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,nanga1 #dbh sq42 clo? & weapons (f]$ to1 #dcj sq42 novices pres5t$ to1 at initiation1 #dcb sq41 #dcd ---- ( animals g to ! _s l&1 #baj ---- consume spiritual ess5ce ( sacrifices1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #big1 #bih ---- ( ! dead ?\ght to be /r5g!n$ by blood1 #aei2 reborn 9 wom51 #ic sq42 give in=mation to ! liv+1 #bdj2 give good crops1 #bdg sq42 ?\ght to be mis*iev\s1 #beg ,spirits & gho/s1 di/9ction betwe51 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia1 #cdc1 #cfc ---- & gods1 no c]ta9 dem>cation betwe51 #dda ----1 gr& conc]t (1 #cdj sq42 repres5t$ by mask$ danc]s1 #big2 9 tree-tops1 #cac ----1 gu>dian1 #bbg ---- ( nature id5tifi$ ) s\ls ( ! dead1 #acj4 ,see also ,dead & ,gho/ ,spiritual ess5ce or s\l-/uff1 #bfg sq41 #bgi4 ,see also ,s\l-/uff ,squatt+ po/ure ( corpse 9 burial1 #bjg ,/anbridge1 ,w4 ,e41 #dd ,/>s associat$ ) ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #acd1 #adj2 little reg>d$ by savages1 #adj2 fall+1 ! s\ls ( ! dead1 #bbi ,/e951 ,k4 von d51 #ce ,/]nb]g1 ,l41 #ae n4 #a ,/ick1 cleft1 us$ 9 cure1 #bga ,/illborn *ildr51 burial (1 #deh ,/ocks1 wood51 z repres5tatives ( ! dead1 #cgd1 #chf ,/olz1 ,mr41 #bch1 #bci ,/oma*1 s\l seat$ 91 #bia sq4 ,/one1 a rock+1 #bac ---- us$ 9 ra9-mak+1 #bhh ---- ( ,fam9e1 #ccd ---- ( ! ,sun1 #ccf ,/oneh5ge1 #dch ,/ones1 sacr$1 9 ,new ,cal$onia1 magical virtues attribut$ to1 #ccd sqq42 sacr$1 9 sanctu>ies1 #cgg sq4 ---- us$ z alt>s1 #cgi ,/ones inhabit$ by gho/s1 #chc sq4 ,/ore-h\ses1 sacr$1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #ii1 #aja ,/rangl+ ! sick & ag$ 9 ,fiji1 #dbc sq4 ,sua1 human _s or gho/1 #aic ,suicide to escape decrepitude ( old age1 #dbb sq4 ,suicides1 burial (1 #afd1 #dec1 #deh ,sulka1 !1 ( ,new ,brita91 #cih sq4 ,sumatra1 ! ,gajos (1 #dee ,sun & ! orig9 ( dea?1 #gg ----1 gho/s attract$ to ! sett+1 #age sq4 ----1 ,/one ( !1 #ccf ,sun%9e1 ! mak+ (1 #ccf ---- & ra9 caus$ by a gho/1 #cge ,sup]natural or spiritual p[] 7mana7 acquir$ f gho/s1 #cdf sq41 #ceb1 #cga1 #chj ,sup]/ition a crut* to morality1 #age ,supreme ,be+ unkn[n among aborig9es ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #ia sq42 among ! ,monumbo1 #bbh ,survival ( human s\l aft] dea?1 _w-wide belief 91 #bd1 #be1 #cc ,swall[$ by mon/]1 pret5ce t c&idates at initiation are1 #bea sqq41 #bfj sq41 #bij sq41 #cja sq4 ,sw9e s5t to ravage fields by gho/s1 #bgh ,symbolism ( pray]-po/s1 #ccc sq4 ,taboo1 mean+ (1 #cij2 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia bas$ on a fe> ( gho/s1 #cij sq42 a prop ( mon>*ical p[]1 #djh ,tabu1 demon1 #aid ,tago1 spirits1 #big ,tahiti1 #dci ,tamana*i]s1 an ,indian tribe1 #gj sq4 ,tami ,isl&]s ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bia sqq4 ,tam+ a gho/1 #cgj ,tamos1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bcj ,tanna1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 #cfi1 #dci ,tanoa1 k+ ( ,fiji1 #dbe ,tapl91 ,rev4 ,george1 #dc1 #acd sqq4 ,tapum1 gu>dian spirits1 #bbg ,t>o1 pray] = good crop (1 #bhi ,tasmanians1 !1 #hi ,tattoo+ z sign ( m\rn+1 #cad ,tee? ( dead worn by relatives1 #cad sq41 #djj1 #djd2 us$ z amulets1 #ccb2 pres]v$ z relics1 #cci2 us$ to f]tilise plantations1 #cdj ,temples 7p>aks7 9 ,tumleo1 #bbj sq4 ----1 ,fijian1 #dci1 #dda sq4 ,t]]1 a my?ical be+1 #aha ,?apau]lu1 a pool1 #aje1 #ajh ,!ology1 natural1 def9$1 #a1 #h ---- & religion1 h[ relat$1 #i ,?omson1 ,basil1 #djh1 #dad1 #dbh n4 #a1 #dbi n4 #a1 #dcd n4 #a1 #dcf ,?reats ( ! dy+1 #bgc ,?ree days1 resurrection aft]1 #fg sq4 ,?re%old1 ! dead c>ri$ out "u !1 #dec1 #deg2 movable1 #deg ,?ru% 9 /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fa sq4 ,?und] ! voice ( a my?ical be+1 #aab1 #aad1 #adc ,t9dalo1 a p[]ful gho/1 #cdf ,t9neh or ,d5e ,indians1 _! ideas z to dea?1 #ci sq4 ,tlaloc1 ,mexican ra9-god1 #afc ,tl+it ,indians1 #afc2 burial cu/om ( !1 #dee ,to ,kamb9ana1 #fi ,to ,korvuvu1 #fi ,togol&1 ,we/ ,africa1 #ha ,toll exact$ f gho/s1 #bbd ,tollkeep]1 gho/ly1 #bbd ,tonga1 #djf1 #daa ,tongans1 _! limit$ doctr9e ( immortality1 #cc ,torres ,isl&s1 #cdc1 #cec ---- ,/raits ,isl&]s1 _! ideas z to sickness & dea?1 #dg2 _! belief 9 immortality1 #agj sqq42 _! e?nological aff9ity & social culture1 #agj sqq42 fun]al c]emonies ( !1 #agf sqq4 ,totem1 a dom9ant1 #aac2 design emblematic (1 #afh ,totemic ance/or develop+ into a god1 #aac2 ance/ors1 traditions conc]n+1 #aae sqq4 ---- animals1 imitation (1 #agg ---- clans1 #ajd2 animals & plants eat51 #abj sq42 animals & plants dramatically repres5t$ by actors1 #aba sq4 ,totemism1 #ie2 possibly develop+ into ance/or wor%ip1 #aad sq42 9 ,torres ,/raits1 #agb ,totems1 dramatic c]emonies connect$ )1 #aai sqq42 eat51 #abj sqq42 magical c]emonies = ! multiplication (1 #abd sq4 ,track+ a gho/1 #bgg sq4 ,traditions ( ! dead associat$ ) conspicu\s features ( ! l&scape1 #aae sqq4 ,transmigration1 widespread belief 91 #bi2 ( dead into animals1 #bdb1 #bde2 ( s\ls1 #cbb2 ,fijian doctr9e (1 #dfg ,travancore1 burial cu/om 91 #def ,tree ( immortality1 #gd ,tree-burial1 #afa1 #aff1 #afg1 #aii1 #bjc2 ( "y *ildr51 #cab sq4 ---- -tops1 spirits 91 #cac ,trees1 prop]ty ( dead hung up on1 #adh2 z monum5ts ( ! dead1 #bbe2 huts built 91 #bfc2 s\ls ( ! dead live 91 #caf ,treme>ne1 ,major ,a4 ,j4 ,n41 #bh n4 #a ,tru? ( ! belief 9 immortality1 "q ( !1 #dfi sqq4 ,tsiabil\m1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #cbf ,tube ins]t$ 9 grave1 #bgg ,tubes1 magical1 #bfi1 #bgj ,tubetube1 isl& (1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baj ,tug]i or ,kaya-,kaya1 !1 ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 #bee ,tully ,riv] 9 ,que5sl&1 #acj ,tulm5g1 "l ( ! ne!r _w1 #bhf ,tumleo1 isl& (1 #bah sqq4 ,tumudur]e1 a my?ical be+1 #bjg ,tumupasa1 burial cu/om ( ! ,indians (1 #deg ,turn]1 ,dr4 ,george1 #cbe1 #cci1 #cfi ,turrbal tribe1 #adf ,tuski ( ,alaska1 burial cu/om ( !1 #def ,two ,mess5g]s1 !1 my? ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fj sqq4 ,ug&a1 fir/ man 91 #gh2 dead k+s (1 wor%ipp$1 #aea2 jawbones ( dead k+s (1 pres]v$1 #bce2 w>-god (1 #cff4 ,see also ,bag&a ,unburi$ dead1 gho/s ( !1 #cdi ,unfruitful wife1 mode ( impregnat+1 #dag ,unkulunkulu1 #fj ,unm>ri$ gho/s1 h>d fate (1 #dfd ,umatj]a tribe1 #fh1 #aff ,urabunna1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #ie ,vagu5ess & inconsi/5cy ( savage ?\ght1 #adc ,vale tambu1 ! ,sacr$ ,h\se1 #dch ,vanigela ,riv]1 #bjb1 #bjc ,vanua ,lava1 m\nta91 #cee ---- -levu1 "o ( ! ,fijian ,isl&s1 #daf1 #dag1 #dah1 #dbf ,vate or ,efat1 "o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 #cei1 #cgf ,v5geance tak5 on enemies by means ( a gho/1 #beh2 gho/ calls =1 #bgh1 #caj1 #dfh ,vett]1 ,konrad1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bee ,vic>i\s sacrifices ( pigs = ! sick1 #cgb1 #cgd1 #cge ,victoria1 aborig9es (1 _! ideas z to natural dea?1 #dj sq41 #db2 _! beliefs z to ! dead1 #adb2 _! burial cu/oms1 #ade1 #ade sq42 cutt+s = ! dead among !1 #aed sq4 ,views ( human nature1 two diff]5t1 #dfi sqq4 ,village ( gho/s1 #bca sq41 #bcd ---- des]t$ aft] a dea?1 #bge ,viti ,levu1 "o ( ! ,fijian ,isl&s1 #dai1 #dbh1 #dce1 #dde ,vormann1 ,franz1 #bbh sq4 ,vuatom1 isl&1 #gj ,wagawaga1 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #bjf sqq4 ,wa9imala 9 ,fiji1 #dcf ,wakelbura1 !1 #aeb ,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russel1 on dea?1 #he sq4 ,w>1 ance/ral images tak5 to1 #caj1 #cae2 p]petual /ate (1 #cci ---- -god ( ,ug&a1 #cff ,w>ramunga1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #id2 _! totem ! ,wollunqua1 #ajc sqq41 #ajh sqq42 dramatic c]emonies connect$ ) totems among !1 #abc sq42 cutt+s = ! dead among !1 #aef sqq42 burial cu/oms ( !1 #afg sq4 ,w>rior gho/1 #cfc sq4 ,w>riors pray to gho/s1 #bhh ,w>s among savages und]tak5 to appease angry gho/s1 #dfh ,wa-,sania1 tribe ( ,e4 ,africa1 #ff ,wa%+ body a ra9-*>m1 #cge ,wat*-an-die1 tribe ( ,w4 ,au/ralia1 #da ,wat* at ! grave1 #bic ---- ( wid[ or wid[] on grave1 #bda ,wat] z a b>ri] aga9/ gho/s1 #aeb2 p\r$ z a ra9-*>m1 #cge sq4 ---- great1 to be cross$ by gho/s1 #bbd ---- -snake1 great my?ical 7,wollunqua71 #ajd sqq41 #ajh sqq4 ,way to ! l& ( ! dead1 #bab sq4 ,weak5+ ( religi\s fai?1 #d ,weapons deposit$ ) ! dead1 #ade sqq42 deposit$ at grave1 #baa2 ( dead brok51 #cii ,wea!r regulat$ by gho/s & spirits1 #chd sq4 ---- -doctors1 #che sq4 ,weav+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #cje ,weismann1 ,augu/1 on dea?1 #hd sq4 ,wemba1 !1 ( ,nor!rn ,rhodesia1 #gg ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 beliefs z to dea? among ! natives (1 #da sq4 ,:ale's tee? z (f]+s1 #dbj1 #dba1 #dbi1 #ddc1 #ddd ,:ip ( s\ls1 #bgj ,:ipp+ m5 9 m\rn+1 #deb ,:ite ants' ne/s1 gho/s turn into1 #cea ---- clay sme>$ on m\rn]s1 #aeh1 #agg ---- m5 id5tifi$ ) ! spirits ( ! dead1 #cdb ---- p1 s\ls ( dead ,au/ralian aborig9es ?\ght to be reborn 91 #acj1 #aca sqq4 ,:it5$ ) *alk1 bodies ( lads aft] circumcision1 #cjb ,wid[1 m\rn+ co/ume (1 #ahd1 #bjd2 seclusion (1 #bjd2 kill$ to accompany ! gho/ ( h] husb&1 #bdi1 #bge2 dr9ks juices ( putrefy+ corpse1 #cac ,wid[] expos$ to attacks ( 8 wife's gho/1 #aig2 co/ume (1 #bjd2 seclusion (1 #bjd1 #bdh sq41 #bei ,wid[s cut & burn _! bodies 9 m\rn+1 #agf ,wigs worn by ,fijians1 #dea ,wiimbaio tribe1 #ade ,wilkes1 ,*>les1 #dbd sq4 ,williams1 ,?omas1 #djh1 #dab1 #dac1 #deb1 #dfg ,williamson1 ,r4 ,w41 #bja ,w9d1 gho/s float d[n !1 #agf ,w9dessi1 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 burial cu/oms at1 #cah sq4 ,w+>a1 e>ly my?ical times1 #aaf ,wit*craft1 fe> (1 #bdd2 dea? ascrib$ to1 #bgg1 #djb2 ,fijian t]ror (1 #dac sq42 b5efits d]iv$ f1 #dad ,wit*craft or black magic 9 ,c5tral ,melanesia1 #chf sq4 ---- z a cause ( dea?1 #cd sqq4 ,see also ,sorc]y ,wit*etty grub totem1 dramatic c]emonies conc]n$ )1 #aba sq41 #abc ,wives ( ! dead kill$1 #cii2 /rangl$ or buri$ alive at _! husb&s' fun]als 9 ,fiji1 #dbd sq4 ,woibu1 ! l& ( ! dead1 #baa ,wolgal tribe1 #adf ,wollunqua1 my?ical wat]-snake1 totem ( ! ,w>ramunga1 #ajc sqq41 #ajh sqq41 #abe2 c]emonies 9 hon\r ( !1 #ajh sqq4 ,woman1 old1 9 my?s ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fd1 #ga sq4 ----1 ! ,great1 #dfd ,wom5 ?\ght n to h immortal spirits1 #ib2 cut & burn _! bodies 9 m\rn+1 #aed sqq41 #aif1 #bjc2 exclud$ f circumcision gr\nd1 #bia1 #cja2 dance at dea?s1 #bic2 dr9k juices ( putrefy+ corpse1 #cee2 n all[$ to be pres5t at sacrifices1 #cfg2 :ip m5 9 m\rn+1 #deb2 burial ( *ildless1 #deh2 ! cause ( dea?1 #dgb ---- dy+ 9 *ildb$1 special treatm5t ( _! gho/s1 #ceh2 _! gho/s specially fe>$1 #bab1 #deh sqq4 ,wordswor? on immortality1 #bf n4 #a ,wor%ip ( ance/ors1 #bba1 #cbh sqq41 #cch2 pr$om9ance ( !1 #big sq42 possibly evolv$ f totemism1 #aad sq4 ,see also ,wor%ip ( ! dead4 ---- ( ance/ors 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 possible evolution (1 #abe sq42 ( ance/ral spirits 9 ! ,nanga1 #dbh sq4 ---- ( ! dead1 #bc sqq41 #cbh sqq41 #cch2 9 "p bas$ on a !ory ( dreams1 #bg sq42 elem5ts ( x widespread1 #ca2 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #bja sq42 pr$om9ance ( !1 #big sq4 ---- ( ! dead1 incipi5t1 9 ,au/ralia1 #adi1 #aej1 #afh sq4 ---- ( ! dead 9 ,torres ,/raits1 elem5ts ( a1 #ahi2 among ! ,yabim1 elem5ts ( a1 #bee ,wor%ipful gho/s1 #cfb sq4 ,wotjobaluk1 !1 #fg1 #aci ,wrai?s1 #cif ,wurunj]ri1 !1 #adf ,yabim1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bdb sqq42 _! ideas z to dea?1 #dg ,yams1 pray]s =1 #ccj2 /ones to make yams gr[1 #ccg sq4 ,"y *ildr5 buri$ on trees1 #cab sq4 ,"y & old1 diff]5ce betwe5 ! modes ( bury+1 #afa1 #afb sq4 ,y\? suppos$ to be r5ew$ by ca/+ sk91 #fi sqq41 #gd sq41 #hc ,ysabel1 "o ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 #cej1 #cgb1 #cgi1 #chj ,yule ,isl&1 #aif n4 #b1 #aig ,zahn1 ,he9ri*1 #bdb1 #bdd ,z5d-,ave/a1 #dec ,zulus1 _! /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #fj sq4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i 99 99 99 99 99 ,works by ,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,b\gh ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,magic ,,& ,,religion ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s4 ,two volumes1 #bjs4 net4 ,,ii4 ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l4 ,"o volume4 #ajs4 net4 ,,iii4 ,! ,dy+ ,god4 ,"o volume4 ,second ,impression4 #ajs4 net4 ,,iv4 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris4 ,"o volume4 ,second ,edition4 #ajs4 net4 ,v4 ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild4 ,two volumes4 #bjs4 net4 ,,vi4 ,! ,scapegoat4 7,spr+1 #aiac47 ,,vii4 ,bald] ! ,beautiful4 7,spr+1 #aiac47 ,,times4--,! v]dict ( po/]ity w probably be t ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh has influ5c$ ! attitude ( ! human m9d t[>ds sup]natural beliefs & symbolical rituals m pr(\ndly ?an any o!r books publi%$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury except ^? ( ,d>w9 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,k+%ip4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,a!naeum4--,x is ! effect ( a good book n only to tea*1 b also to /imulate & to sugge/1 & we ?9k ?is ! be/ & highe/ quality1 & "o t w recomm5d ^! lectures to all intellig5t read]s1 z well z to ! le>n$4 ,,psy*e',s ,,task4 ,a ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! ,influ5ce ( ,sup]/ition on ! ,gr[? ( ,in/itutions4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,times4--,dr4 ,fraz] has answ]$ ! "q ( h[ ! moral law has be5 safegu>d$1 especially 9 its infancy1 ) a weal? ( le>n+ & a cle>ness ( utt]ance t leave no?+ to be desir$4 ,p]haps ! uses ( sup]/ition is n q su* a new !me z he seems to fancy4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ignorant ( u 7 aw>e t _m false beliefs ( a religi\s or sup]/iti\s "* _h _h v useful moral or physical1 or especially sanit>y1 results4 ,b if ! !me is fairly famili>1 ! curi\s facts :i* are adduc$ 9 support ( x w be new to mo/ p1 & w make ! book z int]e/+ to read z ! lectures mu/ h be5 to he>4 ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,social ,,an?ropology4 #hvo4 ,sew$4 #f;d4 net4 ,,ox=d ,,magaz9e4--,9 8 inaugural lecture ! new ,pr(essor ( ,social ,an?ropology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool def9es 8 ,sci5ce1 /ates its aims1 & puts 9 a spirit$ plea = ! sci5tific /udy ( primitive man :ile !re is /ill "t1 be=e ! savage 9 8 natural /ate becomes z ext9ct z ! dodo4 ,,totemism ,,& ,,exogamy4 ,a ,treatise on ,c]ta9 ,e>ly ,=ms ( ,sup]/ition & ,society4 ,) ,maps4 ,f\r vols4 #hvo4 #ejs4 net4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,crawley 9 ,,nature4--,pr(4 ,fraz] is a great arti/ z well z a great an?ropologi/4 ,he works on a big scale2 no "o 9 any dep>tm5t ( rese>*1 n ev5 ,d>w91 has employ$ a wid] induction ( facts4 ,no "o1 aga91 has dealt m consci5ti\sly ) ea* fact2 h[ev] seem+ly trivial1 x is prep>$ ) m9ute pa9s & cauti\s te/s = its de/9y z a slip to be plac$ "u ! an?ropological microscope4 ,he comb9es1 s to speak1 ! m]its ( ,t9toretto & ,meissoni]4444 ,t portion ( ! book :i* is conc]n$ ) totemism 7if we may express our own belief at ! risk ( (f5d+ ,pr(4 ,fraz]'s *>act]i/ic mode/y7 is actually ',! ,complete ,hi/ory ( ,totemism1 its ,practice & its ,!ory1 its ,orig9 & its ,end4'444 ,ne>ly two ?\s& pages are occupi$ ) an e?nographical survey ( totemism1 an invaluable compilation4 ,! maps1 includ+ t ( ! di/ribution ( totemic peoples1 are a new & useful feature4 ,,pausanias',s ,,description ,,( ,,greece4 ,translat$ ) a ,comm5t>y1 ,illu/rations1 & ,maps4 ,second ,edition4 ,six vols4 #hvo4 #abfs4 net4 ,,a!naeum4--,all ^! writ+s 9 _m languages ,mr4 ,fraz] has read & dige/$ ) extraord9>y c>e1 s t 8 book w be = ye>s ! book ( ref]5ce on su* matt]s1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,x is a p]fect !saurus ( ,greek topography1 ar*aeology1 & art4 ,x is1 moreov]1 f> m int]e/+ ?an any diction>y ( ! subject2 = x foll[s ! natural guidance ( ! ,greek travell]1 exam9+ e t[n or village :i* he describes2 analys+ & comp>+ ) =eign p>allels e my? or fairy tale :i* he records2 cit+ e in=mation :i* c ?r[ light on ! works ( art he admires4 ,,pausanias ,,& ,,o!r ,,greek ,,sket*es4 ,globe #hvo4 #ds4 net4 ,,gu>dian4--,"h we h mat]ial :i* e "o :o has visit$ ,greece1 or purposes to visit x1 mo/ c]ta9ly %\ld read & enjoy4444 ,we _c imag9e a m excell5t book = ! educat$ visitor to ,greece4 ,,lett]s ,,( ,,william ,,c[p]4 ,*os5 & ,edit$ ) a ,memoir & a few ,notes by ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,two vols4 ,globe #hvo4 #hs4 net4 7,ev]sley ,s]ies47 ,mr4 ,clem5t ,%ort] 9 ! ,,daily ,,*ronicle4--,to ! task ,dr4 ,fraz] has giv5 a s*ol>ly c>e t w make ! edition "o t is a joy to possess4 ,8 introductory ,memoir1 ( "s eighty pages 9 l5g?1 is a valuable addition to ! _m appraisem5ts ( ,c[p] t ^! lat] ye>s h se54 ,x is no m]e p]functory 'introduction' b a piece ( s\nd biographical "w4444 ,dr4 ,fraz] has giv5 u two volumes t are an unqualifi$ joy4 ,mac,millan & ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london4