,,( ,,s++999999               file :i*  
includes ! orig9al illu/rations4        
,see #bjjfi-;h4htm or #bjjfi-;h4zip3    
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_
/j_/f_/bjjfi_/bjjfi-;h_/#bjjfi-;h4htm7  
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/j_
/j_/f_/bjjfi_/bjjfi-;h4zip7      ,,c>uso
 ,,& ,,tetrazz9i ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,(     
,,s++  by  ,,enrico ,,c>uso & ,,luisa   
,,tetrazz9i        ,metropolitan        
,company1 ,publi%]s1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 
,,preface   ,9 (f]+ ?is "w to ! public !
 publi%]s wi% to lay be=e ^? :o s+ or :o
 are ab\t to /udy s++1 ! simple1        
fundam5tal rules ( ! art bas$ on common 
s5se4 ,! two greate/ liv+ expon5ts ( !  
art ( s++--,luisa ,tetrazz9i & ,enrico  
,c>uso--h be5 *os5 z examples1 & _!     
talks on s++ h additional weight f !    
fact t :at !y h to say has be5 pr9t$    
exactly z x 0 utt]$1 ! tru?s !y exp\nd  
are driv5 home =cefully1 & :at !y relate
 s simply is back$ by ye>s ( exp]i5ce & 
emphasiz$ by ! results !y h a*iev$ z !  

two greate/ arti/s 9 ! _w4  ,mu* has be5
 said ab\t ! ,italian ,me?od ( ,s++4 ,x 
is a "q :e!r anyone really kn[s :at !   
phrase means4 ,aft] all1 if !re be a "r 
way to s+1 !n all o!r ways mu/ be wrong4
 ,books h be5 writt5 on brea?+1 tone    
production & :at s+]s %\ld eat & we>1   
etc41 etc41 all t5d+ to make ! s+]      
self-consci\s & to s+ ) ! bra9 r ?an ) !
 he>t4 ,to quote ,mme4 ,tetrazz9i3 ,y c 
tra9 ! voice1 y c take a raw mat]ial &  
make x a f9i%$ production2 n s ) ! he>t4
  ,! c\ntry is ov]run ) inf]ior tea*]s (
 s++2 m5 & wom5 :o h fail$ to get be=e !
 public1 turn to tea*+ )\t any practical
 exp]i5ce1 &1 arm$ only ) a few me?ods1 
tea* ^! alike to all pupils1 ru9+ _m    
good voices4 ,%\ld ^! pupils *ange      
tea*]s1 ev5 = ! bett]1 !n beg9s ! we>y  
undo+ ( ! false me?od1 (t5 ) no bett]   
result4  ,to ^! un=tunate pupils ?is    
book is ( ine/imable value4 ,he or %e   
c\ld n consi/5tly *oose su* tea*]s aft] 
read+ its pages4 ,aga9 ! simple rules   
laid d[n & t]sely & int]e/+ly set =? n  

only c>ry conviction ) !m1 b te> away ! 
veil ( my/]y t s (t5 is ?r[n ab\t !     
div9e art4  ,luisa ,tetrazz9i & ,enrico 
,c>uso %[ :at n to d1 z well z :at to d1
 & br+ ! pupil back to fir/ pr9ciples--!
 art ( s++ naturally4     ,,! ,,art ,,( 
,,s++  ,by ,luisa ,tetrazz9i            
,illu/ration3 ,,luisa ,,tetrazz9i       
,,luisa ,,tetrazz9i  ,,introductory     
,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,c>e] ,,( ,,!          
,,_w-,,fam\s ,,prima ,,donna   ,luisa   
,tetrazz9i1 ! mo/ fam\s ,italian        
coloratura soprano ( ! day1 decl>es t %e
 began to s+ be=e %e le>n$ to talk4 ,h] 
p>5ts 7 n musical1 b h] eld] si/]1 n[ ! 
wife ( ! em95t conductor ,cle(ante      
,campan9i1 0 a public s+] ( e/abli%$    
reputation1 & h] success r\s$ h] "y     
si/]'s ambition to become a great arti/4
 ,h] p>5ts 7 well to d1 h] fa!r hav+ a  
l>ge army furni%+ /ore 9 ,flor5ce1 & !y 
did n enc\rage h] 9 h] det]m9ation to   
become a prima donna4 ,"o prima donna1  
said h] fa!r1 0 en\gh = any family4     
,luisa did n agree ) him4 ,if "o prima  

donna is good1 %e argu$1 :y w\ld n two  
be bett]8 ,s %e nev] desi/$ f h]        
importunity until %e 0 p]mitt$ to become
 a pupil ( ,pr(essor ,coc*]ani1 vocal   
in/ructor at ! ,lycee4 ,at ?is "t %e _h 
committ$ to memory m ?an a doz5 gr& op]a
 roles1 & at ! end ( six mon?s !        
pr(essor confess$ t he c\ld d no?+ m =  
h] voice2 t %e 0 ready = a c>e]4  ,%e   
made h] b[ to ! ,flor5t9e op]a go+      
public1 "o ( ! mo/ critical 9 ,italy1 z 
,inez1 9 ,mey]be]'s ,l',africa9e1 & h]  
success 0 s pron\nc$ t %e 0 engag$ at a 
sal>y ( #ajj a mon?1 a ph5om5al beg9n+ =
 a "y s+]4 ,que5 ,m>gh]ita 0 pres5t on !
 occasion & complim5t$ h] highly &      
prophesi$ = h] a great c>e]4 ,%e ask$ ! 
trembl+ debutante h[ old %e 01 & 9 !    
emb>rassm5t ( ! mom5t ,luisa made h]self
 six ye>s old] ?an %e really 04 ,?is is 
"o notewor?y in/ance 9 :i* a public s+] 
fail$ to disc\nt h] age4  ,fame came    
spe$ily1 b = a long "t x 0 conf9$ to    
,europe & ,lat9 ,am]ica4 ,%e sang sev5  
seasons 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ?ree 9        

,mexico1 two 9 ,madrid1 f\r 9 ,bu5os    
,aires1 & ev5 on ! ,pacific coa/ (      
,am]ica be=e %e appe>$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,%e
 _h sung ,lucia m ?an #bjj times be=e h]
 fir/ appe>ance at ,cov5t ,g>d51 & !    
tw5ty curta9 calls %e receiv$ on t      
occasion came z ! greate/ surprise ( h] 
c>e]4 ,%e _h begun to believe t %e c\ld 
nev] be appreciat$ by ,engli%-speak+    
audi5ces & ! ovation almo/ ov]came h]4  
,x 0 by ! m]e/ *ance t ,mme4 ,tetrazz9i 
ev] came to ! ,manhattan ,op]a ,h\se 9  
,new ,york4 ,! diva's own acc\nt ( h]   
engagem5t is z foll[s3  ,i 0 9 ,london1 
& = a wond] ,i _h a week1 a wet week1 on
 my h&s4 ,y "k p w d any?+ 9 a wet week 
9 ,london4  ,!re 7 contracts f all ov] !
 ,cont95t & ,s\? ,am]ica p5d+4 ,!re 0   
mu* discussion naturally 9 reg>d to     
settlem5ts & arrangem5ts ( "o k9d &     
ano!r4  ,sudd5ly1 j l t--%e makes a     
butt]fly ge/ure--,m4 ,hamm]/e9 came1 & j
 l t--a duplicate ge/ure--,i made up my 
m9d t ,i w\ld come "h4 ,if 8 (f] to me  
_h be5 sev5 days lat] ,i %\ld n h sign$1

 & if ,i _h n ,i %\ld und\bt$ly nev] h  
come1 = a contract t ,i might h sign$ to
 g else:]e w\ld probably h be5 = a numb]
 ( ye>s4  ,voice exp]ts confess t !y are
 n able to solve ! my/]y ( ,mme4        
,tetrazz9i's wond]ful managem5t ( h]    
brea?+4  ,x is p]fectly natural1 %e     
says4 ,i brea! l[ d[n 9 ! diaphragm1 n1 
z "s d1 high up 9 ! upp] "p ( ! *e/4 ,i 
always hold "s brea? 9 res]ve = !       
cresc5dos1 employ+ only :at is          
absolutely necess>y1 & ,i r5ew ! brea?  
:]ev] x is easie/4  ,9 brea?+ ,i f9d1 z 
9 o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to s++1 t z "o goes 
on & practices1 no matt] h[ long "o may 
h be5 s++1 !re are con/antly new        
surprises await+ "o4 ,y may h be5       
accu/om$ = ye>s to take a note 9 a c]ta9
 way1 & aft] a long :ile y discov] t1   
:ile x is a v good way1 !re is a bett]4 
,brea? ,control ,! ,f\ndation ( ,s++    
,!re is only "o way to s+ correctly1 & t
 is to s+ naturally1 easily1 com=tably4 
,! height ( vocal art is to h no app>5t 
me?od1 b to be able to s+ ) p]fect      

facility f "o end ( ! voice to ! o!r1   
emitt+ all ! notes cle>ly & yet ) p[] & 
hav+ ea* note ( ! scale s\nd ! same 9   
quality & tonal beauty z ! ones be=e &  
aft]4  ,!re are _m me?ods :i* lead to ! 
goal ( natural s++--t is to say1 !      
production ( ! voice ) ease1 beauty & ) 
p]fect control4  ,"s ( ! greate/ tea*]s 
9 ! _w rea* ?is po9t app>5tly by div]g+ 
roads4  ,ar\nd ! art ( s++ !re has be5  
=m$ a cult :i* includes an entire j>gon 
( words mean+ "o ?+ to ! s+] & ano!r ?+ 
to ! re/ ( ! _w & :i* v (t5 doesn't mean
 ! same ?+ to two s+]s ( diff]5t s*ools4
  ,9 ^! talks ) y ,i am go+ to try to   
use ! simple/ words1 & ! few idioms :i* 
,i w h to take f my own language ,i w   
translate to y z cle>ly z ,i c1 s t !re 
c be no misund]/&+4  ,c]ta9ly ! highe/  
art & a lifetime ( "w & /udy are        
necess>y to acquire an easy emission (  
tone4  ,!re are quantities ( wond]ful   
natural voices1 p>ticul>ly among ! "y p 
( ,switz]l& & ,italy1 & ! ,am]ican voice
 is especially not$ = its purity & !    

beauty ( its tone 9 ! high regi/]s4 ,b  
^! naturally untra9$ voices soon break  
or fail if !y are us$ mu* unless ! s+]  
supplem5ts ! natural1 ,god-giv5 vocal   
gifts ) a consci\s und]/&+ ( h[ ! vocal 
app>atus %\ld be us$4  ,! s+] mu/ h "s k
 ( 8 or h] anatomical /ructure1         
p>ticul>ly ! /ructure ( ! ?roat1 m\? &  
face1 ) its resonant cavities1 :i* are s
 necess>y = ! "r production ( ! voice4  
,besides t1 ! lungs & diaphragm & ! :ole
 brea?+ app>atus mu/ be und]/ood1       
because ! f\ndation ( s++ is brea?+ &   
brea? control4  ,a s+] mu/ be able to   
rely on 8 brea?1 j z he relies ^u !     
solidity ( ! gr\nd b5ea? 8 feet4  ,a    
%aky1 uncontroll$ brea? is l a rickety  
f\ndation on :i* no?+ c be built1 &     
until t f\ndation has be5 develop$ &    
/r5g!n$ ! w\ld-be s+] ne$ expect no     
satisfactory results4  ,f ! girls to :om
 ,i am talk+ especially ,i mu/ n[ ask a 
sacrifice--! s+] _c we> tight corsets & 
%\ld n we> corsets ( any k9d :i* come up
 high] ?an ! l[e/ rib4  ,9 o!r words1 ! 

corset mu/ be no?+ b a belt1 b ) z mu*  
hip l5g? z ! we>] f9ds conv5i5t &       
necess>y4  ,9 ord] to insure prop]      
brea?+ capacity x is und]/ood t ! clo?+ 
mu/ be absolutely loose ar\nd ! *e/ &   
also across ! l[] "p ( ! back1 = "o %\ld
 brea! ) ! back ( ! lungs z well z ) !  
front4  ,9 my ye>s ( /udy & "w ,i h     
develop$ my own brea?+ capacity until ,i
 am some:at ! despair ( ! fa%ionable    
modi/e1 b ,i h a diaphragm & a brea? on 
:i* ,i c rely at all times4  ,9 le>n+ to
 brea! x is well to ?9k ( ! lungs z     
empty sacks1 into :i* ! air is dropp+ l 
a weight1 s t y ?9k fir/ ( fill+ !      
bottom ( y\r lungs1 !n ! middle "p1 & s 
on until no m air c be inhal$4  ,inhale 
%ort brea?s ?r\gh ! nose4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1
 is only an ex]cise = brea? developm5t4 
,n[ beg9 to inhale f ! bottom ( ! lungs 
fir/4  ,exhale sl[ly & feel z if y 7    
pu%+ ! air aga9/ y\r *e/4 ,if y c get   
?is s5sation lat] :5 s++ x w help y v   
greatly to get control ( ! brea? & to   
avoid s5d+ too mu* brea? ?r\gh ! vocal  

*ords4  ,! brea? mu/ be s5t out 9 an    
ev51 /eady fl[4  ,y w notice :5 y beg9  
to s+1 if y wat* y\rself v c>efully1 t1 
fir/1 y w try to inhale too mu* air2    
secondly1 y w ei!r =ce x all out at     
once1 mak+ a brea?y note1 or 9 try+ to  
control ! fl[ ( air by ! diaphragm y w  
sudd5ly cease to s5d x =? at all & w be 
mak+ ! s\nd by pressure f ! ?roat4  ,!re
 mu/ nev] be any pressure f ! ?roat4 ,! 
s\nd mu/ be made f ! cont9u$ fl[ ( air4 
,y mu/ le>n to control ?is fl[ ( air1 s 
t no muscul> action ( ! ?roat c %ut x   
(f4  ,op5 ! ?roat wide & />t y\r note by
 ! pressure brea?4 ,! physical s5sation 
%\ld be fir/ an ef=t on ! "p ( !        
diaphragm to press ! air up aga9/ ! *e/ 
box1 !n ! s5sation ( a p]fectly op5     
?roat1 &1 la/ly1 ! s5sation t ! air is  
pass+ freely into ! cavities ( ! head4  
,! quantity ( s\nd is controll$ by !    
brea?4  ,9 dim9i%+ ! tone ! op5+ ( !    
?roat rema9s ! same4 ,only ! quantity ( 
brea? giv5 =? is dim9i%$4 ,t is done by 
! diaphragm muscles4  ,fil>e la voce1 to

 sp9 ! voice f a t9y little ?read into a
 bread? ( s\nd & !n dim9i% aga91 is "o (
 ! mo/ beautiful effects 9 s++4  ,x is  
accompli%$ by ! control ( ! brea?1 & its
 p]fect accompli%m5t means ! complete   
ma/]y ( ! greate/ difficulty 9 le>n+ to 
s+4  ,i ?9k "o ( ! be/ ex]cises = le>n+ 
to control ! voice by fir/ gett+ control
 ( ! brea? is to /& erect 9 a           
well-v5tilat$ room or out ( doors &     
sl[ly snuff 9 air ?r\gh ! no/rils1      
inhal+ 9 little puffs1 z if y 7 smell+  
some?+4  ,take j a little bit ( air at a
 "t & feel z if y 7 fill+ ! v bottom (  
y\r lungs & also ! back ( y\r lungs4    
,:5 y h ! s5sation ( be+ full up to !   
neck reta9 ! air = a few seconds & !n v 
sl[ly s5d x out 9 little puffs aga94    
,?is is a spl5did ex]cise1 b ,i want to 
w>n y n to practice any brea?+ ex]cise  
to su* an ext5t t y make y\r he>t beat  
fa/ or feel l /rangl+4  ,ov]ex]cis+ !   
lungs is z bad z n ex]cis+ !m en\gh & ! 
results are (t5 h>mful4  ,l ev]y?+ else 
9 s++1 y want to le>n ?is gradually4    

,nev] neglect x1 because x is ! v       
f\ndation ( y\r art4 ,b don't try to    
develop a diaphragm expansion ( five    
in*es 9 two weeks4  ,inde$1 x is n !    
expansion t y are work+ =4  ,i h notic$ 
?is "o peculi>ity ab\t "y s+]s--if !y h 
an enorm\s developm5t ( ! diaphragm !y  
?9k !y %\ld be able to s+1 no matt] :at 
happ5s4 ,a girl came to see me once ^:  
figure 0 really entirely out (          
proportion1 ! l[] "p ( ! lungs hav+ be5 
press$ out q beyond ev5 arti/ic l9es4   
,y see1 madam1 %e exclaim$1 ,i h /udi$  
brea?+4 ,:y1 ,i h su* a /rong diaphragm 
,i c move ! piano ) x6 ,& %e did g "r up
 to my piano &1 pu%+ on ?is /rong       
diaphragm ( h]s1 mov$ ! piano a fraction
 ( an in* f its place4  ,i 0 q agha/4 ,i
 _h nev] met su* an a?letic s+]4 ,:5 ,i 
ask$ h] to let me he> h] voice1 h[ev]1 a
 t9y /ream ( contralto s\nd issu$ f ^?  
p[]ful lungs4  ,%e _h develop$ h] brea?+
 capacity1 b :5 %e sang %e held h] brea?
 back4  ,i h notic$ t a great _m p d    
?is1 & x is "o ( ! ?+s t mu/ be ov]come 

9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! /udy ( s++4  ,c]ta9 "y 
s+]s take 9 an enorm\s brea?1 /iff5+ e  
muscle 9 ord] to hold ! air1 ?us depriv+
 _! muscles ( all ela/icity4  ,!y w !n  
%ut (f ! ?roat & let only ! smalle/     
fraction ( air escape1 j en\gh to make a
 s\nd4 ,too mu* inbrea?+ & too viol5t an
 ef=t at inhal+ w n help ! s+] at all4  
,p h said t !y _c see :5 ,i brea!4      
,well1 !y c]ta9ly _c say t ,i am ev]    
%ort ( brea? ev5 if ,i d try to brea!   
invisibly4 ,:5 ,i brea! ,i sc>cely draw 
my diaphragm 9 at all1 b ,i feel ! air  
fill my lungs & ,i feel my upp] ribs    
exp&4  ,9 s++ ,i always feel z if ,i 7  
=c+ my brea? aga9/ my *e/1 &1 j z 9 !   
ex]cises accord+ to ,dels>te y w f9d !  
*e/ leads 9 all physical movem5ts1 s 9  
s++ y %\ld feel ?is firm support ( ! *e/
 ( ! highe/ z well z ! l[e/ notes4  ,i h
 se5 pupils1 try+ to ma/] ! art (       
brea?+1 hold+ !mselves z rigidly z drum 
majors4  ,n[ ?is rigidity ( ! sp9al     
column w 9 no way help y 9 ! emission ( 
tone1 nor w x increase ! brea? control4 

,9 fact1 ,i don't ?9k x w\ld ev5 help y 
to /& up /raight1 al?\gh x w\ld c]ta9ly 
give "o a /iff appe>ance & "o f> remov$ 
f grace4  ,a s+] %\ld /& freely & easily
 & %\ld feel z if ! *e/ 7 lead+1 b %\ld 
n feel con/ra9$ or /iff 9 any "p ( !    
ribs or lungs4  ,f ! m9ute ! s+] />ts to
 emit a tone ! supply ( brea? mu/ be    
emitt$ /eadily f ! *amb] ( air 9 !      
lungs4 ,x mu/ nev] be held back once4   
,! imm$iate pressure ( ! air %\ld be    
felt m aga9/ ! *e/4 ,i "k ( a great _m  
s+]s :o1 :5 !y come to v difficult      
passages1 put _! h&s on _! *e/s1 focus+ 
_! att5tion on ?is "o "p ( ! me*anism ( 
s++4  ,! audi5ce1 ( c\rse1 ?9ks ! prima 
donna's h& is rais$ to h] he>t1 :51 z a 
matt] ( fact1 ! prima donna1 ) a        
difficult bit ( s++ be=e h]1 is ?9k+ (  
h] te*nique & ! f\ndation ( t           
te*nique--brea? control4  ,?is feel+ (  
s++ aga9/ ! *e/ ) ! weight ( air press+ 
up aga9/ x is kn[n z brea? support1 & 9 
,italian we h ev5 a bett] ^w1 apoggio1  
:i* is brea? prop4 ,! diaphragm 9       

,engli% may be call$ ! bell[s ( ! lungs1
 b ! apoggio is ! deep brea? regulat$ by
 ! diaphragm4  ,! attack ( ! s\nd mu/   
come f ! apoggio1 or brea? prop4 ,9     
attack+ ! v highe/ notes x is ess5tial1 
& no s+] c really get ! high notes or   
vocal flexibility or /r5g? ( tone )\t ! 
attack com+ f ?is seat ( respiration4   
,9 practic+ ! trill or /accato tones !  
pressure ( ! brea? mu/ be felt ev5 be=e 
! s\nd is he>d4 ,! beautiful1 cle>1     
bell-l tones t die away into a s(t piano
 are tones /ruck on ! apoggio &         
controll$ by ! /eady s(t pressure ( !   
brea? emitt$ ?r\gh a p]fectly op5 ?roat1
 ov] a l[ tongue & res\nd+ 9 ! cavities 
( ! m\? or head4  ,nev] = a mom5t s+ )\t
 ?is apoggio1 ?is brea? prop4 ,its      
developm5t & its con/ant use mean !     
re/oration ( sick or fatigu$ voices & ! 
prolong+ ( all "o's vocal p[]s into :at 
is wrongly call$ old age4     ,! ,ma/]y 
( ! ,tongue   ,! tongue is a v]itable   
/umbl+ block 9 ! pa? ( ! s+]4 ,! tongue 
is an enorm\s muscle comp>$ ) ! o!r p>ts

 ( ! ?roat & m\?1 & its roots p>ticul>ly
 c by a slight movem5t block ! passage (
 ! ?roat press+ aga9/ ! l>ynx4 ,?is     
acc\nts = mu* ( ! p9*$ s++ we he>4  ,:5 
! tongue =ms a m\nta9 9 ! back "p ( !   
m\? ! s+] produces :at y call 9 ,engli% 
slang a hot potato tone--t is to say1 a 
tone t s\nds z if x 7 hav+ mu*          
difficulty to get ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,9 v     
fact1 x is hav+ ?is difficulty1 = x has 
to pass ov] ! back ( ! tongue4  ,!      
w\ld-be s+] has to le>n to control !    
tongue muscles &1 above all ?+s1 to le>n
 to relax ! tongue & to gov]n x at w1 s 
t x nev] /iff5s & =ms t h>d lump :i* c  
be pla9ly felt imm$iately b5ea? ! *9 "u 
! jaw4  ,x requires a great deal (      
practice to ga9 control ( ! tongue1 &   
!re are _m diff]5t ex]cises :i* purport 
to be b5eficial 9 ga9+ complete ma/]y   
ov] x4 ,"o1 = in/ance1 is to ?r[ !      
tongue out z f> =w>d z possible )\t     
/iff5+ x & !n draw x back sl[ly4 ,?is c 
be done 9 front ( a mirror by try+ to   
?r[ ! tongue n only f ! tip1 b f ! root1

 keep+ ! sides ( ! tongue broad4 ,ano!r 
way is to cat* hold ( ! two sides ( !   
tongue ) ! f+]s & pull x out g5tly4  ,= 
my "p1 ,i sc>cely approve ( ^! me*anical
 ways ( ga9+ control ( ! tongue except 9
 cases :]e ! s+] is phlegmatic (        
temp]am5t & _c be made to feel ! v>i\s  
s5sations ( /iff tongue or tongue drawn 
f> back 9 o!r ways4 ,ord9>ily ,i ?9k !y 
make ! s+] consci\s1 n]v\s & m likely to
 /iff5 ! tongue 9 a wild desire to relax
 x & keep x flat4  ,^! ex]cises1 h[ev]1 
comb9$ ) ex]cises 9 diction1 help to    
make ! tongue ela/ic1 & ! m ela/ic &    
quick ?is muscle becomes ! cle>] w be ! 
s+]'s diction & ! m flexible w be h]    
voice4  ,! correct position ( ! tongue  
is rais$ f ! back1 ly+ flat 9 ! m\?1 !  
flatt5$ tip b5ea? ! front tee?1 ) !     
sides slightly rais$ s z to =m a slight 
furr[ 9 x4 ,:5 ! tongue is ly+ too l[ a 
lump "u ! *9 b5ea? ! jaw w =m 9 s++ & ! 
tight muscles c be easily felt4  ,:5 !  
jaw is p]fectly relax$ & ! tongue lies  
flat 9 ! m\? !re w be a slight holl[ "u 

! *9 & no /iffness 9 ! muscles4  ,! tip 
( ! tongue ( c\rse is employ$ 9 !       
pronunciation ( ! consonants & mu/ be s 
agile t ! m9ute x has f9i%$ its "w x at 
once resumes ! correct position4  ,9    
asc5d+ ! scale ! furr[ 9 ! tongue       
increases z we come to ! high] notes4 ,x
 is "h t ! back ( ! palate beg9s to draw
 up 9 ord] to add to ! resonance ( !    
head notes1 giv+ ! cavities ( ! head    
free play4  ,y c easily see y\r back    
palate work+ by op5+ y\r m\? wide & giv+
 y\rself ! s5sation ( "o ab\t to sneeze4
 ,y w see f> back 9 ! ?roat1 way beh9d !
 nose1 a s(t spot t w draw up ( itself z
 ! sneeze becomes m imm95t4 ,t little   
po9t is ! s(t palate4 ,x mu/ be drawn up
 = ! high notes 9 ord] to get ! head    
resonance4 ,z a s+] advances 9 h] art %e
 c d ?is at w4  ,! adju/m5t ( ?roat1    
tongue & palate1 all work+ toge!r1 w    
daily respond m easily to h] dem&s4     
,h[ev]1 %e %\ld be able consci\sly to   
control ea* "p by itself4  ,! consci\s  
direction ( ! voice & comm& ( ! ?roat   

are necess>y4 ,frequ5tly 9 op]a ! s+]1  
sitt+ or ly+ 9 "s uncom=table position  
:i* is n naturally conv5i5t = produc+ ! 
voice1 w consci\sly direct h] notes into
 ! head cavities by op5+ up ! ?roat &   
lift+ ! s(t palate4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! role
 ( ,violetta ! music ( ! la/ act is sung
 ly+ d[n4 ,9 ord] to get prop] resonance
 to "s ( ! high notes ,i h to />t !m 9 !
 head cavity by means1 ( c\rse1 ( !     
apoggio1 or brea? prop1 )\t :i* ! note  
w\ld be ?9 & w\ld h no body to x4  ,!   
s5sation t ,i h is ( a slight pressure (
 brea? /rik+ almo/ into a direct l9e    
into ! cavity beh9d ! =ehead ov] ! eyes 
)\t any ob/ruction or feel+ 9 ! ?roat at
 all4  ,?is is ! correct attack = ! head
 tone1 or a tone tak5 9 ! upp] regi/]4  
,be=e ,i expla9 ! regi/]s to y ,i mu/   
tell y "o ( ! funnie/ complim5ts ,i ev] 
receiv$4 ,a v flatt]+ p]son 0 comp>+ my 
voice to t ( ano!r high soprano :om ,i v
 mu* admire4  ,h] voice is beautiful1   
p>ticul>ly 9 ! upp] regi/]1 ,i insi/$ :5
 ! o!r lady 0 be+ criticiz$4  ,ah1      

madame1 respond$ ! flatt]+ critic1 b y\r
 regi/]s give out s mu* m w>m?4  ,i ?9k 
?is joke is too good to lose1 also !    
criticism1 :ile unju/ to ! o!r s+]1 is  
int]e/+ to ! /ud5t1 because 9 ! high    
regi/]1 :i* includes 9 "s voices all !  
notes above middle ,c1 ! notes are ?9 & 
cold unless support$ by ! apoggio1 !    
brea? prop1 ( :i* ,i h told y s mu*4 ,p 
ask :e!r !re are su* ?+s z vocal        
regi/]s4 ,c]ta9ly !re are4 ,!re are ?ree
 always & sometimes f\r 9 v high voices4
 ,! ord9>y regi/]s are ! l[1 ! middle1 !
 high voice1 or head voice1 & sometimes 
! second high voice1 :i* has be5 call$ !
 flagellant voice4  ,a vocal regi/] is a
 s]ies ( tones :i* are produc$ by a     
c]ta9 position ( ! l>ynx1 tongue &      
palate4 ,9 ! woman's voice ! middle     
regi/] takes 9 ! notes f ,e on ! fir/   
l9e ( ! /aff ab\t to middle ,c4 ,! head 
voice beg9s at middle ,c & runs up      
sometimes to ! end ( ! voice1 sometimes 
to ,b flat or ,c1 :]e x jo9s ! second   
head regi/]1 :i* ,i h he>d asc5d into a 

:i/le 9 ph5om5al voices cultivat$ only 9
 ?is regi/] & useless = vocal "w4  ,?\gh
 ! regi/]s exi/ & ! tones 9 middle1 bel[
 & above are n produc$ 9 ! same mann]1 !
 voice %\ld be s equaliz$ t ! *ange 9   
regi/]s _c be he>d4 ,& a tone sung ) a  
head voice & 9 ! l[ voice %\ld h ! same 
degree ( quality1 resonance & p[]4  ,z !
 voice asc5ds 9 ! scale ea* note is     
diff]5t1 & z "o goes on up ! positions (
 ! organ ( ! ?roat _c rema9 ! same =    
sev]al diff]5t tones4 ,b !re %\ld nev]  
be an abrupt *ange1 ei!r audible to !   
audi5ce or felt 9 ! s+]'s ?roat4 ,e tone
 mu/ be imp]ceptibly prep>$1 & ^u !     
ela/icity ( ! vocal organs dep5ds !     
smoo?ness ( ! tone production4 ,adju/+ !
 vocal app>atus to ! high regi/] %\ld be
 bo? imp]ceptible & me*anical :5ev] a   
high note has to be sung4  ,9 ! high    
regi/] ! head voice1 or voice :i*       
vibrates 9 ! head cavities1 %\ld be us$ 
*iefly4 ,! middle regi/] requires       
palatal resonance1 & ! fir/ notes ( !   
head regi/] & ! la/ ones ( ! middle     

require a judici\s bl5d+ ( bo?4 ,!      
middle regi/] c be dragg$ up to ! high  
notes1 b always at ! co/ fir/ ( ! beauty
 ( ! voice & !n ( ! voice itself1 = no  
organ c /& be+ us$ wrongly = a long "t4 
,?is is only "o ( ! reasons t s _m f9e  
big voices g to pieces long be=e !y     
%\ld4  ,9 an excess ( en?usiasm ! "y s+]
 attempts to develop ! high notes & make
 !m s\nd--9 h] own e>s1 at all ev5ts--z 
big z ! middle voice4 ,! pure head tone 
s\nds small & feeble to ! s+] h]self1 & 
%e w\ld r use ! *e/ quality1 b ! head   
tone has ! pi]c+1 p5etrat+ quality :i*  
makes x tell 9 a big hall1 :ile ! middle
 regi/]1 unless us$ 9 its "r place1     
makes ! voice muffl$1 heavy & lack+ 9   
vibrancy4 ,?\gh to ! s+] ! tone may seem
 imm5se1 9 reality x lacks resonance4   
,a s+] mu/ nev] cease li/5+ to h]self   
intellig5tly & nev] neglect cultivat+ ! 
head tone or ov]-tone ( ! voice1 :i* is 
its salvation1 = x means vibrancy1 c>ry+
 p[] & y\? to a voice4 ,)\t x ! f9e/    
voice soon becomes worn & (f pit*4 ,us$ 

judici\sly x w pres]ve a voice into old 
age4     ,tone ,emission & ,attack   ,9 
my fir/ talk ,i said a few words1 b n   
half en\gh1 on ! subject ( brea?        
control4  ,my second talk 0 !           
physiological aspect ( ! ?roat1 head &  
tongue1 = x is necess>y to become       
?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! me*anism ) :i* y  
are to "w be=e y c really s+4 ,today    
,i'm go+ to take up ! subject ( tone    
emission & ! attack4  ,a great _m s+]s  
suff] f ! defect call$ ?roat9ess ( !    
emission--t is to say1 !y attack or />t 
! note 9 ! ?roat4 ,soon] or lat] ?is    
attack w ru9 ! mo/ beautiful voice4 ,z  
,i h said be=e1 ! attack ( ! note mu/   
come f ! apoggio1 or brea? prop4 ,b to h
 ! attack pure & p]fectly 9 tune y mu/ h
 ! ?roat entirely op51 = x is useless to
 try to s+ if ! ?roat is n suffici5tly  
op5 to let ! s\nd pass freely4 ,?roaty  
tones or p9*$ tones are tones :i* are   
try+ to =ce !mselves ?r\gh a half-clos$ 
?roat block$ ei!r by insuffici5t op5+ ( 
! l>ynx or by /oppage ( ! ?roat passage1

 due to ! root ( ! tongue be+ =c$ d[n & 
back too h>d or possibly to a l[1 s(t   
palate4  ,9 ord] to h ! ?roat p]fectly  
op5 x is necess>y to h ! jaw absolutely 
relax$4  ,i h f\nd 9 /udy+ diff]5t      
nationalities t x is fairly easy = !    
,fr5* & ,spani% p to le>n ?is relaxation
 ( jaw & ! op5+ ( ! ?roat1 b !          
,engli%-speak+ p g5]ally talk ) ! ?roat 
half %ut & ev5 talk ?r\gh half-%ut tee?4
 ,sometime1 :5 y are talk+ rapidly1     
sudd5ly put y\r h& up to y\r jaw4 ,y w  
f9d t x is /iff2 t ! muscles b5ea? x    
7tongue muscles7 are tight & h>d2 t !   
jaw seldom goes d[n v f> 9 pron\nc+ any 
( ! ,engli% words1 :]eas 9 s++ ! jaw    
%\ld be absolutely relax$1 go+ d[n &    
back j z f> z x c ) ease4  ,! jaw is    
atta*$ to ! skull "r b5ea? ! temples 9  
front ( ! e>s4 ,by plac+ y\r two f+]s   
!re & dropp+ ! jaw y w f9d t a space    
betwe5 ! skull & jaw gr[s z ! jaw drops4
  ,9 s++ ?is space mu/ be z wide z is   
possible1 = t indicates t ! jaw is      
dropp$ d[n1 giv+ its aid to ! op5+ at ! 

back ( ! ?roat4 ,x w help ! beg9n]      
sometimes to d simple relax+ ex]cises1  
feel+ ! jaw drop ) ! f+]s4 ,x mu/ drop  
d[n1 & x is n necess>y to op5 ! m\?     
wide1 because ! jaw is relax$ to its    
utmo/4  ,h[ev]1 = a beg9n] x is z well  
to practice op5+ ! m\? wide1 be+ sure to
 l[] ! jaw at ! back4 ,d ?is _m times a 
day )\t emitt+ any s\nd m]ely to get !  
feel+ ( :at an op5 ?roat is really l4 ,y
 w pres5tly beg9 to yawn aft] y h done !
 ex]cise a c\ple ( times4 ,9 yawn+ or 9 
/>t+ to dr9k a sip ( wat] ! ?roat is    
widely op51 & ! s5sation is a correct "o
 :i* ! s+] mu/ /udy to reproduce4  ,i h 
notic$ a great _m actors & actresses 9  
,am]ica :o speak ) jaws tightly clos$1  
or at lea/ clos$ to su* an ext5t t only 
! smalle/ emission ( brea? is possible4 
,su* a voice production w nev] all[ !   
actor to express any v>y+ degree (      
emotion & w also completely eradicate   
any natural beauty ( tone :i* ! voice   
may h4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is a fault :i* c     
easily be ov]come by practic+ ?is daily 

relaxation ( ! jaw & always :5 s++      
brea?+ z if ! jaw hung p]fectly loose1  
or1 bett] /ill1 z if y _h none at all4  
,:5 y c see a vocali/ pu%+ on ! jaw y c 
be p]fectly c]ta9 t ! tone %e is emitt+ 
at t mom5t is a =c$ note & t ! :ole     
vocal app>atus is be+ tortur$ to create 
:at is probably n a pleasant noise4     
,any k9d ( m5tal di/ress w cause ! jaw  
to /iff5 & w h an imm$iate effect ^u !  
voice4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y a s+]  
mu/ le>n to control h] emotions & mu/ n 
subject h]self to any h>r[+ exp]i5ces1  
ev5 su* z wat*+ a s5sational spectacle1 
be=e %e is go+ to s+4 ,fe>1 worry1      
fright--/age z well z o!r k9ds--set !   
jaw4 ,s does too great a det]m9ation to 
succe$4 ,a s+]'s m9d mu/ control all (  
h] feel+s if x is go+ to control h]     
voice4 ,%e mu/ be able ev5 to surm\nt a 
feel+ ( illness or /age fright & to     
control h] vocal app>atus1 z well z h]  
brea?1 no matt] :at happ5s4  ,! s+] %\ld
 feel z if h] jaw 7 deta*$ & fall+ away 
f h] face4 ,z "o great s+] expresses x3 

,y %\ld h ! jaw ( an imbecile :5 emitt+ 
a tone4 ,9 fact1 y %\ldn't "k t y h "o4 
,let u take ! foll[+ passage f ,!       
,m>riage ( ,fig>o1 by ,moz>t3           
,illu/ration3 ,voi-*e sa-pe-te-  ,?is   
w\ld make an excell5t ex]cise = ! jaw4  
,s+ only ! v[els1 dropp+ ! jaw z ea* "o 
is attack$--o1 eh1 ah4 ,! o1 ( c\rse1 is
 pron\nc$ l ! ,engli% o & ! i 9 voi l e4
 ,! e 9 *e is pron\nc$ l ! ,engli% a4   
,sapete is pron\nc$ sahpata4 ,y n[ h !  
v[els1 o1 ee1 a1 ah1 a4 ,op5 ! ?roat    
wide1 drop ! jaw & pron\nce ! tones on a
 note 9 ! easie/ "p ( y\r voice4  ,d n  
attack a note at ! same "t t y are      
inhal+4 ,t is too soon4 ,take ! brea?   
?r\gh ! nose1 ( c\rse1 & give x an      
in/ant to settle be=e attack+ ! s\nd4 ,9
 ?is way y w avoid ! /roke ( ! glottis  
:i* is caus$ by ! sudd5 & uncontroll$   
emission ( ! accumulat$ brea?4 ,9       
attack+ a note ! brea? mu/ be direct$ to
 ! focus+ po9t on ! palate :i* lies j at
 ! critical spot1 diff]5t = e tone4 ,9  
attack+ a note1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ be no    

pressure on ?is place1 because if !re is
 ! ov]tones w be unable to so> & s\nd ) 
! tone4  ,f ! mom5t ! note is attack$ ! 
brea? mu/ fl[ out ) x4 ,x is a good idea
 to feel at fir/ z if "o 7 puff+ out !  
brea?4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly good = ! high 
notes on :i* a special /ress mu/ be laid
 always to attack ) ! brea? & n to press
 or pu% ) ! ?roat4 ,z long z ! tone la/s
 ! g5tle b un9t]rupt$ outp\r+ ( ! brea? 
mu/ cont9ue beh9d x4 ,?is brea? pressure
 insures ! /r5g? &1 :ile hold+ ! note to
 ! focus+ po9t on ! palate1 insures its 
pit*4 ,9 a g5]al way x c be said t !    
m$ium tones ( ! voice h _! focus+ po9t 9
 ! middle "p ( ! palate1 ! l[] tones    
com+ ne>] to ! tee? to be c5traliz$ & ! 
high notes giv+ ! s5sation ( f9d+ _!    
focus+ po9t 9 ! high ar* at ! back ( !  
m\? & go+ out1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! cr[n ( !  
head4  ,! resonance 9 ! head cavities is
 soon p]ceiv$ by ^? :o are beg9n+ to s+4
 ,sometimes 9 produc+ _! fir/ high notes
 "y p become n]v\s & irritat$ :5 s++    
high tones at ! curi\s buzz+ 9 ! head & 

e>s4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 ?is        
s5sation is no long] an irritation1 & ! 
s+] c gauge 9 a way :]e 8 tones are     
plac$ by gett+ a m5tal idea ( :]e !     
resonance to ea* p>ticul> tone %\ld be4 
,high notes ) pl5ty ( head vibration c  
only be obta9$ :5 ! head is cle> & !    
nasal cavities unob/ruct$ by muc\s      
membrane or by any ( ! depression :i*   
comes f physical or m5tal cause4 ,! be/ 
way to lose su* depression is to        
practice4 ,practic+ ! long scale1 be+   
c>eful to use ! diff]5t regi/]s1 z      
describ$ lat]1 w almo/ inv>iably ev5 out
 ! voice & cle> out ! head if cont9u$   
long en\gh1 & w enable ! s+] to ov]come 
n]v\s or m5tal depression z well4  ,!   
diff]5t s5sations 9 produc+ ! tone v>y  
accord+ to ! comp>ative height & dep?4  
,beg9n+ f ! m$ium tones1 ! s+] w feel z 
if ea* tone ( ! desc5d+ scale 7 be+ sung
 f>!r outside ( ! m\?1 ! vibration hitt+
 ! upp] tee? z x goes out1 :]eas ) !    
asc5d+ scale ! vibrations pass ?r\gh !  
nasal cavities1 ?r\gh ! cavity 9 !      

=ehead & up back into ! head1 until "o  
feels z if ! tone 7 be+ =m$ high ov] !  
head at ! back4  ,i want to say "r "h t 
:5ev] a "y s+] feels uncom=table :5 s++ 
he or %e is s++ incorrectly4  ,9 attack+
 ! note on ! brea?1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! high 
notes1 x is q possible t at fir/ ! voice
 w n respond4 ,= a long "t m]ely an     
emission or brea? or p]haps a little    
squeak on ! high note is all t c be hop$
 =4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is is cont9u$1         
ev5tually ! head voice w be jo9$ to !   
brea?1 & a fa9t note w f9d utt]ance :i* 
) practice w develop until x becomes an 
easy & brilliant tone4  ,! reason t !   
tone has n be5 able to come =? is       
because ! vocal app>atus _c adju/ itself
 to ! ne$s ( ! vocal *ords or because !y
 !mselves h n accu/om$ !mselves to      
respond to ! w ( ! s+] & are too /iff to
 p]=m _! duty4  ,! scale is ! greate/   
te/ ( voice production4 ,no op]a s+]1 no
 conc]t s+]1 :o _c s+ a p]fect scale c  
be said to be a te*nician or to h a*iev$
 results 9 h] art4 ,:e!r ! voice be     

soprano1 mezzo or contralto1 ea* note   
%\ld be p]fect ( its k9d1 & ! note ( ea*
 regi/] %\ld p>take suffici5tly ( !     
quality ( ! next regi/] above or bel[ x 
9 ord] n to make ! transition noticeable
 :5 ! voice asc5ds or desc5ds ! scale4  
,?is bl5d+ ( ! regi/]s is obta9$ by !   
intellig5ce ( ! s+] 9 mix+ ! diff]5t    
tone qualities ( ! regi/]s1 us+ z aids !
 v>i\s =mations ( ! lips1 m\? & ?roat & 
! ev] pres5t apoggio )\t :i* no p]fect  
scale c be sung4     ,facial ,expression
 & ,mirror ,practice   ,9 /udy+ a new   
role ,i am 9 ! habit ( practic+ 9 front 
( a mirror 9 ord] to get an idea ( !    
effect ( a facial expression & to see t 
x does n take away f ! correct position 
( ! m\?4  ,! "y s+] %\ld practice       
con/antly 9 front ( a mirror z soon z %e
 beg9s to s+ songs or to express        
emotions 9 h] music1 = ! girl ) !       
expressive face is likely to contort h] 
m\? s t ! correct emission ( tones is   
impossible4  ,! dramatic arti/ dep5ds   
l>gely = h] expression on ! *ang+ l9es (

 ! m\?1 *9 & jaw1 & 9 any l9es spok5 :i*
 d5ote comm& or w y w see ! actor's jaw 
sett+ & becom+ rigid ) ! re/ ( ! facial 
mask4  ,n[1 a s+] c nev] all[ ! facial  
expression to alt] ! position ( ! jaw or
 m\?4 ,facial expression = ! s+] mu/    
conc]n itself *iefly ) ! eyes & =ehead4 
,! m\? mu/ rema9 ! same1 & ! jaw mu/ ev]
 be relax$1 :e!r ! song is "o ( deep    
int5sity or a m]ry scale ( laught]4  ,! 
m\? 9 s++ %\ld always smile lightly4    
,?is slight smile at once relaxes !     
lips1 all[+ !m free play = ! words :i*  
!y & ! tongue mu/ =m & also gives ! s+] 
a slight s5sation ( uplift necess>y =   
s++4  ,x is impossible to s+ well :5    
m5tally depress$ or ev5 physically      
indispos$ slightly4 ,unless "o has      
complete control ov] ! entire vocal     
app>atus & unless "o c simulate a smile 
"o does n feel ! voice w lack "s ( its  
resonant quality1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! upp]   
notes1 :]e ! smil+ position ( ! m\?     
adju/s ! ?roat & air passages = !       
emission ( light tones4  ,! lips are ( !

 greate/ aid 9 %ap+ & %ad+ ! tones4     
,wagn]ian s+]s1 = in/ance1 :o employ    
trumpet-l notes 9 c]ta9 passages are (t5
 se5 %ap+ _! lips l ! m\?piece ( a      
trumpet1 ) a some:at squ>e op5+1 ! lips 
protrud+4  ,h[ev]1 ?is c be practic$    
only aft] p]fect relaxation ( ! jaw &   
control ( ! tongue h be5 accompli%$4  ,a
 s+]'s m\? mu/ always look pleasant1 n  
only because x creates a disagreeable   
impression on ! audi5ce to see a crook$ 
& contort$ m\?1 b also because natural &
 correct voice production requires a m\?
 %ap$ almo/ into a smile4  ,too wide a  
smile (t5 accompanies :at is call$ !    
:ite voice4 ,?is is a voice production  
:]e a head resonance alone is employ$1  
)\t suffici5t ( ! apoggio or en\gh ( !  
m\? resonance to give ! tone a vital    
quality4 ,?is :ite voice %\ld be        
?or\ghly und]/ood & is "o ( ! _m %ades (
 tone a s+] c use at times1 j z !       
impressioni/ uses v>i\s unusual colors  
to produce c]ta9 atmosph]ic effects4  ,=
 in/ance1 9 ! mad sc5e 9 ,lucia ! use ( 

! :ite voice sugge/s ! babbl+ ( ! mad   
woman1 z ! same voice 9 ! la/ act (     
,traviata or 9 ! la/ act ( ,boheme      
sugge/s utt] physical exhau/ion & !     
approa* ( dea?4  ,an entire voice       
production on ^! colorless l9es1 h[ev]1 
w\ld always lack ! brilliancy & !       
vitality :i* inspire en?usiasm4  ,"o ( !
 comp5sations ( ! :ite voice s+] is !   
fact t %e usually possesses a p]fect    
diction4 ,! voice itself is ?ru/ into ! 
head cavities & n all[$ to vibrate 9 !  
face & m\? & gives ample room = !       
=mation ( v[els & consonants4 ,& ! s+] )
 ?is voice production usually           
conc5trates h] entire att5tion on       
diction4  ,! cure = ?is tone emission   
is1 fir/ ( all1 ! cultivation ( ! brea? 
prop1 !n attack+ ! v[el s\nd o o 9 !    
m$ium voice1 :i* requires a l[ position 
( ! l>ynx1 & ex]cises on ! asc5d+ scale 
until ! high] notes h be5 br\ght d[n1 z 
x 71 & ga9 "s ( ! body & support ( ! l[]
 notes )\t los+ _! quality4  ,! s+]'s   
expression mu/ conc]n itself *iefly ) ! 

play ( emotion ar\nd ! eyes1 eyebr[s &  
=ehead4 ,y h no idea h[ mu* expression y
 c get out ( y\r eyebr[s1 = in/ance1    
until y /udy ! "q & le>n by exp]im5t t a
 complete emotional scale c be symboliz$
 outw>dly 9 ! movem5ts ( ! eyelids &    
eyebr[s4  ,a v droop+ eyebr[ is         
expressive ( fatigue1 ei!r physical or  
m5tal4 ,?is l[]$ eyelid is ! aspect we  
see ab\t u mo/ ( ! "t1 p>ticul>ly on p  
pa/ _! fir/ y\?4 ,z x %[s a lack (      
int]e/1 x is n a favorite expression (  
actors & is only employ$ :]e ! role     
makes x necess>y4  ,increas+ anxiety is 
depict$ by slant+ ! eyebr[s obliquely 9 
a d[nw>d l9e t[>d ! nose4  ,conc5trat$  
att5tion draws ! eyebr[s toge!r ov] !   
bridge ( ! nose1 :ile furtiv5ess wid5s !
 space aga9 )\t elevat+ ! eyebr[s4  ,9 !
 eyebr[s alone y c depict mock]y1 e /age
 ( anxiety or pa91 a/oni%m5t1 ec/asy1   
t]ror1 suff]+1 fury & admiration1       
besides all ! subtle tones betwe54  ,9  
s++ roles ( songs x is necess>y to      
practice be=e ! mirror 9 ord] to see t  

?is facial expression is pres5t & t x is
 n exagg]at$2 t ! face is n contort$ by 
l9es ( suff]+ or by ! l9es ( mir?4      
,ano!r ?+ ! "y s+] mu/ n =get 9 mak+ h] 
initial b[ be=e ! public is ! "q (      
dress4 ,:5 s++ on ! plat=m or /age1     
dress z well z y c4 ,:5ev] y face !     
public h at lea/ ! assurance y are look+
 y\r v be/2 t y\r g[ns hang well1 are   
well fitt$ & are ( a becom+ color4  ,x  
is n necess>y t !y %\ld be gorge\s or   
exp5sive1 b let !m always be suitable1 &
 = big cities let !m be j z sumptu\s z y
 c af=d4 ,at morn+ conc]ts 9 ,new ,york1
 velvets & h&-pa9t$ *iffons are consid]$
 good =m1 :ile 9 ! aft]noon h&some silk 
or sat9 frocks ( a v light color are    
worn ) hats4  ,if a s+] *ooses to we> a 
hat let h] be sure t its %ape w n       
int]f]e ) h] voice4  ,a v l>ge hat1 =   
in/ance1 ) a wide brim t comes d[n ov] !
 face1 acts z a sort ( blanket to !     
voice1 eat+ up ! s\nd & detract+ f !    
beauty ( tone1 :i* %\ld g =? into !     
audi5ce4 ,x is also likely to %ade !    

s+]'s features too mu* & hide h] f view 
f ^? sitt+ 9 ! balconies or gall]ies4 ,z
 a rule1 ! s+]'s hat %\ld be small or ) 
a fl>+ brim1 :i* does n detract f !     
tone4  ,ano!r ^w on ! subject ( corsets4
 ,!re is no reason 9 ! _w :y a s+] %\ld 
n we> corsets1 & if s+]s h a t5d5cy to  
gr[ /\t a corset is usually a necessity4
 ,a s+]'s corset %\ld be especially well
 fitt$ ar\nd ! hips & %\ld be extremely 
loose ov] ! diaphragm4  ,if made 9 ?is  
way x w n int]f]e 9 ! slighte/ degree ) 
! brea?4  ,n[ z to diet & ! g5]al mode (
 life4 ,e s+] mu/ take c>e ( h] heal?4  
,b t does n necess>ily mean t %e mu/    
wrap h]self 9 cotton batt+ & lead a     
seque/]$ exi/5ce4 ,i don't believe t any
 p]son :o wants to make a public c>e] c 
accompli% x & also indulge 9 social     
dissipations4 ,society mu/ be cut out ( 
! life ( ! w\ld-be s+]1 = ! dem&s made  
by x on "t & vitality c only be giv5 at 
a sacrifice to "o's art4  ,! c>e ( !    
heal? is an individual matt]1 & :at     
agrees well ) me w\ld cause o!rs to     

sick54 ,i eat ! simple/ food always1 &  
naturally1 be+ an ,italian1 ,i pref] !  
food ( my native l&4 ,b simple ,fr5* or 
,g]man cook]y agrees ) me q z well4 ,&  
,i all[ ! tempt+ pa/ry1 ! ri* & ov]spic$
 pate1 to pass me by unt\*$ & console   
myself ) quantities ( fruit & fre%      
vegetables4  ,p]sonally ,i nev] we> a   
coll> & h h>d5$ my ?roat to a           
consid]able ext5t by we>+ slightly cut\t
 g[ns always 9 ! h\se1 & ev5 :5 ,i we>  
furs ,i d n h !m closely drawn ar\nd !  
neck4 ,i try to keep myself at an ev5   
bodily temp]ature1 & fre% air has be5 my
 mo/ pot5t rem$y at all times :5 ,i h   
be5 indispos$4     ,appreciative        
,attitude & ,critical ,attitude   ,!re  
is no?+ s b5eficial to ! "y arti/ z !   
k9dly & j criticism ( a p]son :o kn[s & 
no?+ s /imulat+ z 8 praise4  ,among my  
mo/ priceless possessions ,i treasure ! 
words ( enc\ragem5t giv5 me by ,patti & 
,sembri*1 ^? wond]ful arti/s1 :5 ,i 0   
beg9n+ my c>e]4  ,mme4 ,patti is a      
spl5did example ( ! _m sid$ness necess>y

 to arti/ic p]fection4 ,h] wond]ful     
voice 0 always supplem5t$ by complete k 
( ! art ( s++1 & h] ma/]y ( languages & 
( diff]5t fields ( art made h] n only a 
great arti/1 b a mo/ int]e/+ woman4  ,to
 he> an arti/ ( ?is k9d is "o ( ! mo/   
pr(itable p>ts ( a musical education4   
,b !re are two ways ( li/5+ to a s+]4   
,!re is ! appreciative way1 & !re is !  
entirely critical4 ,! beg9n] usually    
tries to %[ h] k by h] int5sely critical
 attitude4  ,! old] y become 9 y\r art !
 m readily y w be able to appreciate &  
le>n f ! s+]s y he> on ! op]a or conc]t 
/age4  ,! greate/ & ! humble/ s+] c tea*
 y some?+4 ,b to le>n y mu/ be 9 a      
receptive attitude4  ,! public has no   
real conception ( :at an am\nt (        
intellig5t "w besides tal5t & art is    
necess>y to a*ieve ! results :i* x sees 
or he>s4 ,only ^? ^: lives are devot$ to
 ! same ideals c und]/& ! /ruggles ( o!r
 arti/s1 & x is = t reason t            
appreciation & n condemnation %\ld be on
 ! tongues ( ^? :o !mselves h /udi$4  ,!

 arti/ may dem& ! greate/ ?+s ( h]self1 
& :at may be good en\gh = o!rs is n good
 en\gh = h]4 ,z ! poet says1 ,art is    
long1 ?\gh life may be %ort1 & s++ is "o
 ( ! mo/ fleet+ ( all arts1 s9ce once ! 
note is utt]$ x leaves only a memory 9 !
 he>]'s m9d & s9ce s _m beautiful       
voices1 = "o reason or o!r1 g to pieces 
long be=e _! "t4  ,if ! s+]'s heal? is  
good ! voice %\ld end only ) life       
itself1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 x has be5 us$ 
) und]/&+ & ) art4  ,9 p]=m+ be=e !     
public "o %\ld be gov]n$ by ! ta/es ( ! 
public1 n by "o's own ta/es4 ,j z !     
com$ian usually wi%es to play ,hamlet & 
! man ( tragic mi5 ?9ks he c\ld be a    
com$y />1 ! s+] :o c\ld make a =tune at 
int]pret+ *ansonnettes usually wi%es to 
s+ op]atic roles1 & ! s+] ) a deep &    
heavy voice is long+ to inflict baby    
songs on a long suff]+ public4  ,x is   
easy en\gh to f9d out :at ! public wi%es
 to he>1 &1 ?\gh "o %\ld always be      
enl>g+ "o's rep]tory1 x is n a bad idea 
to /ick to t field = :i* "o is          

p>ticul>ly fitt$ vocally & physically4  
,9 /udy+ a role aft] "o has ma/]$ !     
te*nical difficulties "o %\ld try to    
/eep "o's p]sonality into t ( ! "* "o is
 to portray1 & = t reason all /udy1 no  
matt] :at x is1 & read+ ( all k9ds help 
"o 9 develop+ a "p4  ,! great ,italian  
trag$i5ne1 ,duse1 told me t "o ( h]     
greate/ pleasures 0 to w&] ab\t ! /reets
 incognito wat*+ ! types ( p1 foll[+ !m 
r\nd1 obs]v+ !m 9 _! daily lives &      
rememb]+ all ! small details ( action1  
ge/ure or expression :i* %e c\ld "s day 
embody into a role4  ,! m "o sees &     
/udies p ) sympa?y1 ! m po9ts "o gets = 
! /udy ( life :i* is embodi$ 9 ! art "o 
gives =?4 ,b x is sympa?y ) "o's fell[  
be+s & k9dly obs]vation :i* help "o "h1 
nev] ! critical attitude4  ,an arti/ c  
only af=d to be coldly critical t[>d 8  
own "w & n t[>d ! "w ( o!rs4  ,rec5tly a
 "y woman :o />t$ h] vocal c>e] z a     
contralto has sung ! mo/ difficult (    
,wagn]ian soprano p>ts4 ,h] high notes1 
x is true1 7 n ! high notes ( a natural 

soprano voice1 b ! c>e & p]fection ) :i*
 ea* high note 0 attack$ 7 wor?y (      
close/ att5tion & admiration & defi$    
criticism4  ,he>+ ! small] s+]s1 !      
beg9n]s :o are /ill /ruggl+ ) _! art1   
%\ld awak5 9 ! he>t ( ! intellig5t li/5]
 n contemptu\s criticism1 b %\ld be "o  
means ( realiz+ "o's own vocal defects &
 ! possible ways ( ov]com+ !m4  ,!re are
 bad s++ tea*]s1 ( c\rse1 b (t5 ! pupils
 are worse & w n li/5 to advice4 ,! l>ge
 & %riek+ voice usually belongs to ?is  
type ( pupil1 = x is easi] to =ce !     
voice :5 ! temp]am5t is robu/ & ! vocal 
cords equally /rong ?an x is to le>n    
g5tly & quietly ! correct & natural     
position 9 voice placem5t1 & x is easi] 
to make a noise z be/ y c ?an to use    
intellig5tly ! diff]5t resonance        
cavities = ! bl5d+ ( ! p]fect tone4     
,ano!r fault sev]ely criticis$ 9 !      
y\?ful s+] is a lack ( correct          
pronunciation or diction4 ,x is only    
aft] ! voice is p]fectly controll$ t !  
lips & tongue c function freely = !     

pronunciation ( syllables4  ,:ile !     
voice is 9 :at might be call$ a /ate (  
f]m5t ! s+] is only anxi\s to produce   
tones1 & diction slips by ! wayside4 ,! 
appreciative li/5] %\ld be able to "k   
:e!r a lack ( diction on ! s+]'s "p     
means immaturity or simply slov5l9ess4  
,/ill ano!r fault 9 voice production is 
! tremolo4 ,x is ! ov]-ambiti\s s+]1 !  
s+] :o =ces a small1 light organ to d   
heavy "w1 :o develops ! tremolo4  ,!    
tremolo is a sure sign t ! vocal *ords h
 be5 /ret*$ beyond _! natural limits1 & 
!re is only "o ?+ c cure ?is4 ,t is     
absolute re/ = "s "t & !n beg9n+ ! /udy 
( ! voice1 fir/ s++ ) ! m\? clos$ &     
rely+ entirely on v g5tle brea? pressure
 = ! production ( ! s\nd4  ,! pupil     
suff]+ f tremolo or ev5 v /rong vibrato 
mu/ h c\rage to /op at once & to =ego   
hav+ a big voice4 ,aft] all1 ! mo/      
beautiful voices 9 ! _w are n necess>ily
 ! bigge/ voices1 & c]ta9ly ! tremolo is
 ab\t ! wor/ fault a s+] c h4 ,b t1 l   
almo/ any o!r vocal defect1 c be cur$ by

 p]si/5t ef=t ( ! "r k9d4  ,9 s++ 9     
public z well z :5 practic+ ! s+] mu/ /&
 s t ! body w be p]fectly & firmly      
pois$4 ,"o %\ld always /& 9 su* a       
position z to be able to inhale         
com=tably & control a l>ge brea?1 to    
all[ ! ?roat absolute fre$om1 ) ! head  
suffici5tly rais$ to let ! infl[+ air   
p5etrate all ! resonance cavities4  ,!  
great ?+ to avoid is /iffness or        
discom=t ( any k9d 9 ! pose4 ,at ! same 
"t "o mu/ h a graci\s air1 & :ile feel+ 
p]fectly solidly pois$ on ! feet1 mu/   
make ! impression ( a c]ta9 lightness & 
fre$om f all bodily re/ra9t4  ,i h n    
meant 9 ^! %ort articles to give y any?+
 b a v g5]al idea ( ! sali5t po9ts ( !  
art ( s++4 ,aft] all1 ea* "o mu/ d !    
real "w h]self4  ,! road is full (      
disc\ragem5ts & h>d%ips1 b !re is always
 some?+ new & int]e/+ to le>n1 & to     
a*ieve success1 :e!r = ! public or m]ely
 = ! home circle1 is wor? all ! tr\ble  
"o c take4 ,& s ,i wi% y all success4   
,,! ,,art ,,( ,,s++  ,by ,enrico ,c>uso 

,illu/ration3 ,,enrico ,,c>uso     ,!   
,c>e] ( ,enrico ,c>uso  ,,h[ ,a         
,,neapolitan ,,me*anic',s ,,son ,,became
 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,greate/ ,,t5or   ,enrico 
,c>uso enjoys ! reputation ( be+ !      
greate/ t5or s9ce ,italo ,campan9i4 ,!  
latt] 0 ! legitimate successor (        
,brignoli1 an arti/ ^: wond]ful s++ made
 8 unc\? /age pres5ce a matt] ( little  
mom5t4 ,c>uso's voice at its be/ recalls
 ,brignoli to ! vet]an op]a habitue4 ,x 
possesses some?+ ( ! dead t5or's        
sweetness & cl>ity 9 ! upp] regi/]1 b x 
lacks ! delicacy & arti/ic f9i% (       
,campan9i's supreme ef=t1 al?\gh x is   
va/ly m magnetic & ?rill inspir+4  ,t   
,c>uso is reg>d$ z ! =emo/ liv+ t5or is 
made good by ! fact t he is ! highe/    
pric$ male arti/ 9 ! _w4 ,:5ev] & :]ev] 
he s+s multitudes flock to he> him1 & no
 "o goes away unsatisfi$4 ,he is        
con/antly ! recipi5t ( ovations :i*     
demon/rate ! p[] ( 8 m9/relsy1 & 8 lack 
( especial physical attractiv5ess is no 
b> to ! wit*]y ( 8 voice4  ,c>uso is a  

,neapolitan & is n[ ?irty-five ye>s (   
age4 ,unlike s _m great ,italian t5ors1 
he is n ( peasant p>5tage4 ,8 fa!r 0 a  
skill$ me*anic :o _h be5 put 9 *>ge ( ! 
w>eh\ses ( a l>ge bank+ & import+       
conc]n4 ,z a lad ,enrico us$ to frequ5t 
! docks 9 ! vic9ity ( ^! w>eh\ses &     
became an exp]t swimm] at a v e>ly age4 
,9 ^? halcyon days 8 burn+ ambition 0 to
 be a sailor1 & he _h a pr(\nd di/a/e = 
8 fa!r's plan to h him le>n a trade4    
,at ! age ( t5 he 0 /ill a c>e free &   
fun lov+ boy1 )\t a ?\ght beyond ! docks
 & _! life4 ,x 0 !n t 8 fa!r rul$ t s9ce
 he w\ld n become a me*anic he mu/ be   
s5t to s*ool4 ,he _h already le>n$ to   
read a little1 b t 0 all4 ,he 0 s5t to a
 day s*ool 9 ! neighborhood1 & he       
accept$ ! re/ra9t ) su* bad grace t he 0
 9 almo/ con/ant disgrace4 ,8 long      
association ) ! wat] front _h made him  
famili> ) ! art ( physical def5se1 & he 
0 9 frequ5t tr\ble on t acc\nt4  ,! head
 ma/] ( ! s*ool 0 a musician1 & he      
discov]$ "o day t 8 unruly pupil c\ld   

s+4 ,he 0 an exp]t 9 ! developm5t ( !   
boy soprano & he soon realiz$ t 9 "y    
,c>uso he _h a v]itable treasure4 ,he 0 
%rewd en\gh to keep 8 discov]y to       
himself = "s "t1 = he det]m9$ to pr(it  
by ! boy's extraord9>y ability4 ,! lad 0
 rehe>s$ privately & 0 /imulat$ to fur!r
 ef=t by ! promise ( sweetmeats &       
release f s*ool duties4 ,f9ally !       
unscrupul\s ma/] made engagem5ts = ! "y 
prodigy to s+ at fa%ionable w$d+s &     
conc]ts1 b he always pocket$ ! money :i*
 came f ^! public appe>ances4  ,at ! end
 ( ! second ye>1 :5 ,c>uso 0 twelve ye>s
 ( age1 he decid$ t he _h _h en\gh ( !  
s*ool1 & he made himself s disagreeable 
to ! head ma/] t he 0 s5t home 9        
disgrace4 ,8 irate fa!r gave him a s\nd 
?ra%+ & decl>$ t he mu/ be appr5tic$ to 
a me*anical eng9e]4 ,! boy took little  
int]e/ 9 8 new "w1 b %[$ "s aptitude =  
me*anical draw+ & calligraphy4 ,9 a few 
mon?s he became s int]e/$ 9 sket*+ t he 
began to indulge 9 visions ( becom+ a   
great arti/4  ,:5 he 0 fifte5 8 "m di$1 

&1 s9ce he _h kept at ! me*anical "w    
solely on h] acc\nt1 he n[ ann\nc$ 8    
int5tion ( =sak+ eng9e]+ & devot+       
himself to art & music4 ,:5 8 fa!r he>d 
( ?is op5 rebellion he fell into a great
 rage & decl>$ t he w\ld h no m ( him1 t
 he 0 a disgrace to ! family & t he ne$ 
n %[ 8 face at home4  ,s ,c>uso became a
 w&]]1 ) no?+ 9 8 absolute possession   
save a physique t 0 p]fect & an optimism
 t 0 nev] fail+4 ,he pick$ up a scanty  
livelihood by s++ at *ur* fe/ivals &    
private ent]ta9m5ts & 9 "t became kn[n  
widely z ! mo/ capable boy soprano 9    
,naples4 ,money came m pl5tifully1 & he 
0 able to live g5]\sly4 ,9 a %ort "t 8  
voice 0 trans=m$ into a m>vel\s alto1 & 
he soon f\nd himself 9 great dem& & 0   
surfeit$ ) att5tion f ! ri* & p[]ful4 ,x
 0 ab\t ?is "t t ,k+ ,edw>d1 !n ,pr9ce (
 ,wales1 he>d him s+ 9 a ,neapolitan    
*ur* & 0 s delight$ t he invit$ ! boy to
 g to ,engl&1 an invitation :i* "y      
,c>uso did n accept4 ,n[ t he _h arriv$ 
,naples 0 good en\gh = him4  ,"o day    

some?+ happ5$ :i* plung$ him into !     
deepe/ despair4 ,)\t a w>n+ ( any sort 8
 beautiful alto voice disappe>$1 leav+ 9
 its place only ! feeble/ & mo/         
unmusical ( croaks4 ,he 0 s ov]come at 8
 loss t he %ut himself up 9 8 room &    
w\ld see no "o4 ,x 0 ! fir/ great       
affliction he _h ev] kn[n1 & he admits t
 he m$itat$ suicide4 ,he _h made _m     
fri5ds1 & "s ( !m w\ld h be5 glad to    
com=t him1 b 8 grief w\ld admit ( no    
p>tn]%ip4  ,"o ev5+ :5 he 0 skulk+ along
 an obscure highway1 at ! v bottom ( !  
well ( 8 despair1 a firm h& 0 laid on 8 
%\ld] & a *e]y voice call$ out3 ,:i!r s 
fa/8 ,come home ) me1 poor little %av]6 
,x 0 ,messiani1 ! fam\s b>itone1 :o _h  
always felt an int]e/ 9 ! boy & :o w\ld 
n release him 9 spite ( 8 vigor\s ef=ts 
to escape4 ,! big b>itone took him to 8 
lodg+ & :5 he _h succe$$ 9 *e]+ !       
unhappy lad into a mom5t>y =getfulness (
 8 mis]y ask$ him to s+4  ,b ,i c't1    
sobb$ ,c>uso4 ,x has gone6  ,messiani   
w5t to ! piano & /ruck a *ord4 ,! weep+ 

boy pip$ up 9 a tone s ?9 & feeble t x 0
 almo/ indi/+ui%able4  ,l\d]6 yell$ !   
big s+]1 ) ano!r full *ord4 ,c>uso obey$
 & kept on ?r\gh ! scale4 ,!n ,messiani 
jump$ up f ! piano /ool1 seiz$ ! a/oni%$
 boy ab\t ! wai/ & rais$ him high (f 8  
feet1 at ! same "t yell+ at ! top ( 8   
voice3 ,:at a little jackass6 ,:at a    
little idiot6  ,almo/ bur/+ ) rage1 = ! 
mis]able boy ?\ght 8 fri5d 0 mak+ sport 
( him1 ,c>uso se>*$ ! ap>tm5t = "s      
weapon ) :i* he might av5ge himself4    
,seiz+ a heavy brass c&le/ick1 he hurl$ 
x at ,messiani ) all 8 =ce1 b x miss$ ! 
b>itone & l&$ 9 a mirror4  ,hold1       
madman6 int]pos$ ! />tl$ s+]4 ,y\r voice
 is n gone4 ,x is magnific5t4 ,y w be ! 
t5or ( ! c5tury4  ,messiani s5t him to  
,v]g9e1 !n ! mo/ celebrat$ tra9] ( !    
voice 9 ,italy4 ,! mae/ro 0 n s         
en?usia/ic z ,messiani1 b he promis$ to 
d :at he c\ld4 ,he (f]$ to in/ruct      
,c>uso f\r ye>s1 only dem&+ #be p] c5t4 
( 8 pupil's receipts = 8 fir/ five ye>s 
9 op]a4 ,c>uso sign$ su* a contract     

will+ly1 al?\gh he realiz$ aft]w>d t he 
0 ! victim ( a v]itable ,%ylock4  ,:5   
,v]g9e 0 ?r\gh ) ! "y t5or he dismiss$  
him )\t lavi% comm5dation1 b ) a rem9d] 
( ! t]ms ( 8 contract4 ,c>uso obta9$ an 
engagem5t 9 ,naples1 b did n a*ieve m>k$
 success at once4 ,on e payday ,v]g9e 0 
on h& to receive 8 p]c5tage4 ,8         
regul>ity f9ally attract$ ! att5tion ( !
 manag]1 & he made inquiry ( ,c>uso4 ,! 
"y t5or %[$ him 8 copy ( ! contract & 0 
horrifi$ to be told t he _h b\nd himself
 to 8 ,%ylock = a lifetime2 t ! contract
 read t he 0 to give ,v]g9e five ye>s ( 
actual s++4 ,c>uso w\ld h rea*$ ! age ( 
fifty be=e ! la/ paym5t came4 ,! matt] 0
 f9ally adju/$ by ! c\rts1 & !          
unscrupul\s tea*] lo/ #bjj1jjj lire by !
 judgm5t4  ,9 ,italy e man mu/ s]ve 8 "t
 9 ! army1 & ,c>uso 0 *eck$ 9 8 op]atic 
c>e] by ! call to g into b>racks4 ,n    
long1 h[ev]1 0 he compell$ to und]go !  
t$ium ( army life4 ,9 consid]ation ( 8  
art he 0 p]mitt$ to (f] 8 bro!r z a     
sub/itute aft] two mon?s1 & he return$  

to ! op]a4 ,he 0 engag$ imm$iately = a  
season at ,cas]ta1 & f t "t 8 rise has  
be5 /eady & unimp$$4 ,aft] s++ 9 "o     
,italian city aft] ano!r he w5t to      
,egypt & !nce to ,p>is1 :]e he made a   
favorable impression4 ,a season 9 ,b]l9 
foll[$1 b ! ,wagn] influ5ce 0 dom9ant1 &
 he did n succe$ 9 re/or+ ! supremacy ( 
,italian op]a4 ,! next season 0 sp5t 9  
,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! new _w ,c>uso made 8
 fir/ triumph4 ,f ,rio he w5t to        
,london1 & on 8 fir/ appe>ance he       
captur$ 8 ,cov5t ,g>d5 audi5ce4 ,:5 he  
made 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
he 0 already at ! top ( ! op]atic ladd]1
 &1 al?\gh _m attempts to dislodge him h
 be5 made1 he /&s /ill on ! topmo/ rung4
     ,f a ,p]sonal ,viewpo9t   ,( !     
?\s&s ( p :o visit ! op]a dur+ ! season 
few outside ( ! small proportion ( !    
initiat$ realize h[ mu* ! p]=mance ( !  
s+] :om !y see & he> on ! /age is       
dep5d5t on previ\s rehe>sal1 con/ant    
practice & wat*fulness ov] ! physical   
conditions t pres]ve t mo/ preci\s ( our

 assets1 ! voice4  ,nor does ?is same   
great public 9 g5]al "k ( :at ! s+] (t5 
suff]s 9 ! way ( n]v\sness or /age      
fright be=e appe>+ 9 front ( !          
footlights1 nor t 8 life1 outw>dly s    
fet$ & brilliant1 is 9 private m or less
 ( a retir$1 ascetic "o & t 8 social    
pleasures mu/ be /rictly limit$4  ,^!   
conditions1 ( c\rse1 v>y greatly ) !    
individual s+]1 b ,i w try to tell 9 !  
foll[+ articles1 z exemplifi$ 9 my own  
case1 :at a great responsibility a voice
 is :5 "o consid]s t x is ! great       
,god-giv5 treasure :i* br+s u our fame &
 =tune4  ,i am p]haps m favor$ ?an _m 9 
! fact t my voice 0 always !re1 & t1 )  
prop] cultivation1 ( c\rse1 ,i h n _h to
 ov]/ra9 x 9 ! attempt to rea* vocal    
heights :i* h come to "s only aft] sev]e
 & long-cont9u$ ef=t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !
 f9] ! natural voice ! m s$ul\s ! c>e   
requir$ to pres]ve x 9 its pri/9e       
fre%ness to bloom4 ,?is is ! s+]'s ev]  
pres5t problem--9 my case1 h[ev]1 mo/ly 
a matt] ( common s5se liv+4  ,z reg>ds  

eat+--a r important item1 by ! way--,i h
 kept to ! light cont95tal breakfa/1 :i*
 ,i d n take too e>ly2 !n a r sub/antial
 lun*eon t[>d two o'clock4 ,my native   
mac>oni1 specially prep>$ by my *ef1 :o 
is engag$ p>ticul>ly = 8 ability 9 ?is  
way1 is (t5 a feature 9 ?is midday meal4
 ,i incl9e t[>d ! simpl] & m n\ri%+     
food1 ?\gh my ta/es are broad 9 ! matt]1
 b lay p>ticul> /ress on ! excell5ce ( !
 cook+1 = "o _c af=d to risk "o's heal? 
on indiff]5tly cook$ food1 no matt] :at 
its quality4  ,on ! nights :5 ,i s+ ,i  
take no?+ aft] lun*eon1 except p]haps a 
s&wi* & a glass ( ,*ianti1 until aft] ! 
p]=mance1 :5 ,i h a supp] ( :atev] ,i   
fancy )9 reasonable b\nds4 ,be+ bless$ )
 a good dige/ion1 ,i h n be5 oblig$ to  
take ! extraord9>y precautions ab\t :at 
,i eat t "s s+]s d4 ,/ill1 ,i am c>eful 
nev] to indulge to excess 9 ! pleasures 
( ! table1 = ! condition ( our alim5t>y 
app>atus & t ( ! vocal *ords are v      
closely relat$1 & ! unheal?y /ate ( ! "o
 imm$iately reacts on ! o!r4  ,my reason

 = ab/a9+ f food = s long be=e s++ may  
be inquir$4 ,x is simply t :5 ! l>ge    
space requir$ by ! diaphragm 9 exp&+ to 
take 9 brea? is p>tly occupi$ by "o's   
d9n] ! result is t "o _c take z deep a  
brea? z "o w\ld l & consequ5tly ! tone  
suff]s & ! all-important ease ( brea?+  
is int]f]$ )4 ,9 addition a c]ta9 am\nt 
( bodily en]gy is us$ 9 ! process (     
dige/ion :i* w\ld o!rwise be entirely   
giv5 to ! production ( ! voice4  ,^!    
facts1 seem+ly s simple1 are v vital    
ones to a s+]1 p>ticul>ly on an op5+    
night4 ,a s+]'s life is su* an active   
"o1 ) rehe>sals & p]=mances1 t n mu*    
opportunity is giv5 = ex]cise1 & ! "t   
giv5 to ?is mu/1 ( c\rse1 be gov]n$ by  
individual ne$s4 ,i f9d a few simple    
physical ex]cises 9 ! morn+ aft] ris+1  
some:at simil> to ^? practic$ 9 ! army1 
or ! use = a few m9utes ( a pair ( light
 dumbbells1 v b5eficial4 ,o!rwise ,i mu/
 cont5t myself ) an occasional          
automobile ride4 ,"o mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 
t ! ex]cise ( s++1 ) its con/ant deep   

inhalation 7& act+ 9 itself is          
consid]able ex]cise also71 t5ds mu* to  
keep "o f acquir+ an ov]-supply (       
embonpo9t4  ,a prop] mod]ation 9 eat+1  
h[ev]1 z ,i h already said1 w contribute
 z mu* to ! ma9t5ance ( correct         
proportion 9 "o's figure z any am\nt (  
volunt>y ex]cise :i* "o only goes ?r\gh 
) on pr9ciple4  ,z s _m ( y 9 a numb] ( 
,/ates ( ?is great c\ntry are feel+ &   
express+ z well z vot+ op9ions on !     
subject ( :e!r "o %\ld or %\ld n dr9k   
intoxicants1 y may inquire :at practice 
is mo/ 9 consonance ) a s+]'s well be+1 
9 my op9ion4 ,"h1 aga91 ( c\rse1 cu/oms 
v>y ) ! individual4 ,9 ,italy we        
habitually dr9k ! light w9es ( ! c\ntry 
) our meals & surely are nev] ! worse = 
x4 ,i h reta9$ my fondness = my native  
,*ianti1 :i* ,i h ev5 made on my own    
,italian e/ate1 b believe & c>ry out !  
belief t mod]ation is ! only possible   
c\rse4 ,i am incl9$ to condemn ! use (  
spirits1 :isky 9 p>ticul>1 :i* is s     
preval5t 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon c\ntries1 = x

 is sure to inflame ! delicate little   
ribbons ( tissue :i* produce ! s++ tone 
& !n--addio to a cle> & r++ high ,c6    
,?\gh ,i indulge occasionally 9 a       
cig>ette1 ,i advise all s+]s1 p>ticul>ly
 "y s+]s1 aga9/ ?is practice1 :i* c     
c]ta9ly n fail to h a bad effect on !   
delicate l9+ ( ! ?roat1 ! vocal *ords & 
! lungs4  ,y w see by all ! =ego+ t ev5 
! gift ( a good brea? is n to be abus$  
or treat$ lightly1 & t ! goose ) ! gold5
 egg mu/ be mo/ c>efully nurtur$4       
,outside ( ?is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! great     
temptations t beset any s+] (           
consid]able fame is ! _m social dem&s t 
cr[d ^u him1 usually uns\ght & l>gely   
undesir$4 ,_m ( ! invitations to        
receptions1 teas & d9n]s are f          
comp>ative /rang]s & _c be consid]$1 b (
 ^? f "o's fri5ds :i* x w\ld be a       
pleasure to att5d v few inde$ c be      
accept$1 = ! s+]'s fir/ c>e1 ev5 if a   
selfi% "o1 mu/ be = 8 heal? &           
consequ5tly 8 voice1 & ! attraction (   
social int]c\rse mu/1 alas1 be l>gely   

=egone4  ,! cont9ual ef=t ( l\d talk+ 9 
a ?rong w\ld be extremely bad = !       
s5sitive musical in/rum5t t ! vocali/   
c>ries 9 8 ?roat1 & ! v>i\s bev]ages    
(f]$ at "o ( y\r aft]noon teas x w\ld be
 too difficult to refuse4 ,s ,i conf9e  
myself to an occasional quiet d9n] ) a  
few fri5ds on an (f night at ! op]a or  
any ev5+ at ! play1 :]e ,i c at lea/ be 
sil5t dur+ ! progress ( ! acts4  ,9     
common ) mo/ ( ! =eign s+]s :o come to  
,am]ica1 ,i h suff]$ some:at f ! effects
 ( y\r b>b>\s climate1 ) its sudd5      
*anges ( temp]ature1 b p]haps h become m
 accu/om$ to x 9 ! ye>s ( my op]atic "w 
"h4 ,:at has affect$ me mo/1 h[ev]1 is !
 ov]heat+ ( ! h\ses & hotels ) t dry    
/eam heat :i* is s try+ to ! ?roat4 ,ev5
 :5 ,i took a h\se = ! season ,i _h     
difficulty 9 keep+ ! air moi/4 ,n[1     
h[ev]1 9 ! v mod]n & excell5t hotel :]e 
,i am qu>t]$ !y h a new sy/em (         
v5tilation by :i* ! air is automatically
 r5d]$ pure & ! heat controll$--a great 
bless+ to ! ov]-s5sitive vocali/4  ,aft]

 read+ ! above ! casual p]son w p]haps  
believe t a s+]'s life is really n a bit
 ( a s9ecure1 ev5 :5 he has atta9$ !    
measure ( ?is _w's approval & applause  
af=d$ by ! great horse%oe4     ,! ,voice
 & ,tone ,production   ,! "q1 ,h[ is x  
done8 z appli$ to ! art ( s++ br+s up s 
_m diff]5t po9ts t x is difficult to "k 
:]e to beg9 or h[ to give ! layman 9 any
 k9d ( limit$ space a concise idea ( !  
pr9ciples controll+ ! production ( !    
voice & _! application to vocal art4  ,e
 s+] or s++ ma/] is popul>ly suppos$ to 
h a me?od by foll[+ out :i* he has come 
to fame4 ,yet if ask$ to describe ?is   
me?od _m an arti/ w\ld be at a loss to d
 s1 or else d5y t he _h any specific    
me?od at all1 su* a subtle & peculi>ly  
individual matt] x is t con/itutes !    
te*nical "p ( s++4 ,mo/ s+]s--9 fact1   
all ( !m--d _m ?+s 9 s++ habitually1 yet
 s inconspicu\sly t !y c\ld n describe  
h[ or :y !y did !m4 ,yet ?is little set 
( arti/ic habits all arise f mo/ logical
 causes & h become habits f _! fitness  

to ! p]sonality ( _! own] & _! special  
value 9 enabl+ t s+] to d 8 be/ "w by _!
 aid4 ,= in/ance1 a s+] w "k f trials & 
exp]i5ce j ! prop] position ( ! tongue &
 l>ynx to produce mo/ effectively a     
c]ta9 note on ! scale1 yet he w h come  
by ?is k n by !ory & reason+1 b simply  
(t repeat$ attempts1 & ! k he has come  
by w be valuable to him only1 = somebody
 else w\ld produce ! same note equally  
well1 b 9 q a diff]5t way4  ,s "o may   
see t !re are actually z _m me?ods z !re
 are s+]s1 & any p>ticul> me?od1 ev5 if 
accurately set =?1 might be useless to !
 p]son :o tri$ x4 ,?is is :at ,i really 
w\ld reply to anyone putt+ ?is "q to    
me--t my own p>ticul> way ( s++1 if ,i h
 any1 is1 aft] all1 peculi>ly suit$ to  
me only1 z ,i h above describ$4  ,h[ev]1
 !re are _m int]e/+ & valuable ?+s to be
 said ab\t ! voice 9 a g5]al way4       
,speak+ fir/ ( ! classification (       
voices1 _m "y s+]s are put mu* 9 d\bt & 
dilemma because !y are unable to det]m9e
 :at sort ( voice !y really possess1    

:e!r soprano1 mezzo or contralto4 ,(    
c\rse1 x is easy en\gh to di/+ui% betwe5
 ! extremes ( ^!1 betwe5 a real t5or & a
 l[ bass1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 a high    
b>itone & t5or is r m difficult to      
disc]n1 & a "y man /udy+ has (t5 be5 at 
great disadvantage by imag9+1 = in/ance1
 t he _h a t5or voice & try+ con/antly  
to s+ music too high = him1 s9ce he 9   
reality _h only a high b>itone4  ,9 !   
c\rse ( developm5t a voice v (t5        
increases its range & *anges its quality
 suffici5tly to pass f a b>itone to a   
t5or1 & x is sometimes a problem to     
place x dur+ ! transition process4      
,p]haps ! sure/ way to det]m9e ! real "*
 ( a voice is to see on :at notes words 
c be mo/ easily pron\nc$4 ,= ! av]age   
t5or ! notes up to ,a above middle ,c1 =
 ! b>itone1 ,d above middle ,c1 & = !   
bass up to middle ,c itself1 c be       
pron\nc$ on ! be/4  ,"o %\ld nev] try to
 *ange ! tessitura1 or natural "* ( !   
voice4 ,a voice w become high] j :5 x   
%\ld by ! developm5t due to rational "w 

& nev] by =c+ x4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to  
=ce a voice upw>d or d[nw>d1 b to cause 
x to rec$e1 z x 71 9 ei!r direction1 is 
ano!r matt]4 ,a b>itone :o tries to     
increase 8 upp] range by ma9 /r5g? w    
surely 9 "t lose 8 be/ l[] notes1 & a   
light t5or :o attempts to =ce out notes 
l[] ?an 8 range w nev] be able to s+    
legitimate t5or roles1 & aft] two or    
?ree ye>s may n be able to s+ at all4   
,x may be well to speak n[ ( a v        
important po9t 9 s++--:at is call$ !    
attack ( ! tone4 ,9 g5]al ?is may be    
describ$ z ! relative position ( ! ?roat
 & tongue & ! quality ( voice z ! tone  
is begun4 ,! mo/ s]i\s fault ( _m s+]s  
is t !y attack ! tone ei!r f ! *e/ or ! 
?roat4 ,ev5 ) robu/ heal? ! f9e/ voice  
_c resi/ ?is4 ,?is is ! reason "o sees s
 _m arti/s :o h made a brilliant debut  
disappe> f sight v soon or w9d up lat]  
on a m$iocre c>e]4 ,s+]s :o use _!      
voices prop]ly %\ld be at ! height ( _! 
tal5ts at =ty-five & keep _! voices 9   
full /r5g? & virility up to at lea/     

fifty4 ,at ?is latt] age1 or close aft] 
x1 x w\ld seem well to h e>n$ ! "r to   
close "o's c>e]4  ,a great arti/ ought  
to h ! dignity to say f>ewell to 8      
public :5 /ill 9 full possession ( 8    
p[]s & nev] let ! _w apprise him ( 8    
fall+ (f4  ,to h ! attack true & pure "o
 mu/ consci\sly try to op5 ! ?roat n    
only 9 front1 b f beh9d1 = ! ?roat is ! 
door ?r\gh :i* ! voice mu/ pass1 & if x 
is n suffici5tly op5 x is useless to    
attempt to get out a full1 r\nd "o2 also
 ! ?roat is ! outlet & inlet = ! brea?1 
& if x is clos$ ! voice w seek o!r      
*annels or return qu5*$ )94  ,x mu/ n be
 imag9$ t to op5 ! m\? wide w d ! same =
 ! ?roat4 ,if "o is well v]s$ 9 ! art1  
"o c op5 ! ?roat p]fectly )\t a         
p]ceptible op5+ ( ! m\?1 m]ely by ! p[] 
( respiration4  ,x is necess>y to op5 ! 
sides ( ! m\?1 at ! same "t dropp+ ! *9 
well1 to obta9 good ?roat op5+4 ,9 tak+ 
high] notes1 ( c\rse1 "o mu/ op5 ! m\? a
 little wid]1 b = ! mo/ "p ! position ( 
! m\? is t assum$ :5 smil+4 ,x is a good

 idea to practice op5+ ! ?roat be=e a   
mirror & try to see ! palate1 z :5 y %[ 
y\r ?roat to a doctor4  ,9 pron\nc+ !   
s\nd ah "o mu/ always attack x 9 ! back 
"p ( ! ?roat1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 be=e     
utt]+ ! syllable1 to h ! ?roat well op52
 o!rwise :at is call$ /roke ( ! glottis 
occurs & ! tone =m$ is h>d &            
disagreeable4 ,if y ev] he> ?is /roke ( 
glottis on ! attack1 y may "k t ! s+]   
did n attack f> en\gh back 9 ! ?roat4   
,! tone once laun*$1 "o mu/ ?9k h[ x may
 be prop]ly su/a9$1 & ?is is :]e ! art (
 brea?+ is mo/ conc]n$4 ,! lungs1 9 !   
fir/ place1 %\ld be ?or\ghly fill$4 ,a  
tone begun ) only half fill$ lungs loses
 half its au?ority & is v apt to be     
false 9 pit*4 ,to take a full brea?     
prop]ly1 ! *e/ mu/ be rais$ at ! same   
mom5t ! abdom5 s9ks 94 ,!n ) ! gradual  
expulsion ( ! brea? a contr>y movem5t   
takes place4 ,! diaphragm & ela/ic      
tissue surr\nd+ & conta9+ ! /oma* &     
vital organs & ! muscles surr\nd+1 by   
practice acquire great /r5g? & assi/    

consid]ably 9 ?is process ( respiration 
& are vital factors 9 ! matt] (         
controll+ ! supply :i* supports ! tone4 
,! diaphragm is really l a pair ( bell[s
 & s]ves exactly ! same purpose4 ,x is  
?is ability to take 9 an adequate supply
 ( brea? & to reta9 x until requir$ t   
makes or1 by contr>y1 m>s all s++4 ,a   
s+] ) a p]fect s5se ( pit* & all ! good 
int5tions possible w (t5 s+ (f ! key &  
br+ =? a tone ) no vitality to x1       
di/ress+ to he>1 simply = lack ( brea?  
control4  ,?is art ( respiration once   
acquir$1 ! /ud5t has gone a consid]able 
/ep on ! road to ,p>nassus4  ,to        
practice deep brea?+ effectively x is an
 excell5t plan to brea! ?r\gh ! nose1   
:i* aids 9 keep+ ! conf9$ brea? f escap+
 too soon4 ,! nose also w>ms & filt]s ! 
air1 mak+ x mu* m agreeable to ! lungs  
?an if tak5 directly ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,9 !  
practice ( sl[ brea?+ make sure t !     
lungs are z ne>ly empti$ z possible on !
 expulsion ( ! brea? be=e beg9n+ a new  
inspiration1 z ?is gives extra impetus  

to ! fre% supply ( air & /r5g!ns all !  
brea?+ muscles4  ,if ?is is n done1     
moreov]1 ! effect is l two p try+ to get
 9 & out ( ! same n>r[ door at ! same   
"t4  ,! voice is naturally divid$ into  
?ree regi/]s--! *e/1 m$ium & head4 ,9 a 
man's voice ( l[] quality ?is la/ is    
kn[n z falsetto1 b 9 ! case ( a t5or he 
may use a tone :i* 9 s\nd is almo/      
falsetto1 b is really a mezza voce1 or  
half voice4 ,?is latt] legitimately     
belongs to a man's compass2 a falsetto  
does n4 ,! mo/ important regi/] is !    
m$ium1 p>ticul>ly ( t5ors1 = ?is        
includes ! great] "p ( ! t5or's voice & 
c be utiliz$ ev5 to ! top ( 8 range if  
rightly produc$4  ,9 ! matt] ( tak+ high
 notes "o %\ld rememb] t _! purity &    
ease ( production dep5d v mu* on ! way !
 prec$+ notes lead+ up to !m are sung4  
,beg9n+ 9 ! l[] regi/] & attack+ !      
asc5d+ notes well back1 a balance mu/ be
 ma9ta9$ all ! way up1 s t ! highe/ note
 receives ! b5efit & support ( ! orig9al
 position ( ! ?roat1 & !re is no dang]1 

consequ5tly1 ( ! ?roat clos+ & p9*+ !   
quality ( ! top notes4  ,s+]s1          
especially t5ors1 are v apt to ?r[ !    
head =w>d 9 produc+ ! high notes1 &     
consequ5tly get t ?roaty1 /ra9$ voice   
:i* is s disagreeable4 ,to avoid ?is "o 
%\ld try to keep ! supply ( brea? d[n z 
f> t[>d ! abdom5 z possible1 ?us ma9ta9+
 ! upp] passages to ! head q free = !   
emission ( ! voice4 ,rememb] also to s+ 
)9 y\rself1 z x 7--to feel ! tones all  
?r\gh y\r be+2 o!rwise y\r s++ w possess
 no s5tim5t1 emotion or au?ority4 ,x is 
! failure to accompli% ?is :i* has      
produc$ s _m s\lless arti/s--s+]s end[$ 
) magnific5t voices1 capable ( surm\nt+ 
e te*nical difficulty1 b devoid ( t *>m 
( intonation :i* is s vital to success  
on ! op]atic /age4     ,faults to be    
,correct$   ,i h previ\sly m5tion$ mezza
 voce & w n[ say a ^w on ?is subject1 = 
! arti/ic use ( ! half voice is a v     
valuable adjunct 9 all s++4 ,x may be   
def9$ simply z ! natural voice produc$  
s(tly1 b ) an extra /r5g? ( brea?4 ,x is

 ?is brea?y quality1 h[ev]--:i* "o mu/  
be c>eful nev] to exagg]ate or ! tone w 
n c>ry--t gives t velvety effect to !   
tone t is s delightful4  ,mezza voce is 
j a conc5tration ( ! full voice1 & x    
requires1 aft] all1 z mu* brea? support4
 ,a s(t note :i* is tak5 ) ! head voice 
)\t be+ support$ by a brea? tak5 f !    
diaphragm is a helpless sort ( ?+4 ,x   
does n c>ry & is inaudible at any       
di/ance1 :]eas ! s(t note :i* does      
possess ! deep brea? support is         
p5etrat+1 conc5trat$ & mo/ expressive4  
,ano!r important po9t is t1 ) a piano   
note prop]ly tak5 9 ! regi/] :i* is     
prop] to x1 !re is no dang] ( hav+ to   
*ange ! position ( ! ?roat & consequ5tly
 ! real "* ( ! note :5 mak+ a cresc5do &
 aga9 dim9i%+ x4 ,x w be ! same note    
cont9u+ to s\nd4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ) a s(t 
note tak5 9 a regi/] =eign to x1 z soon 
z its /r5g? is augm5t$ ! regi/] mu/     
sudd5ly be *ang$ & ! result is l a      
,tyrolean yodel4  ,s rememb] 9 a mezza  
voce to see t ! regi/] is "r & to use a 

d\ble brea? /r5g?4 ,i speak ( ! matt] ( 
regi/] "h = ! b5efit ( ^? :o mu/ keep   
?is con/antly 9 m9d4 ,i myself h be5    
bless$ ) :at is call$ a naturally plac$ 
voice1 & nev] _h tr\ble ) ! mezza voce4 
,! majority ( ,italian s+]s come to x   
easily4  ,!re are a numb] ( wrong sorts 
( voices :i* %\ld be m5tion$ to be      
%unn$--! :ite voice1 ! ?roaty voice1 !  
nasal voice1 & ! bleat4 ,! nasal quality
 is ! mo/ difficult to correct4 ,_m     
tea*]s1 especially ! ,fr5*1 make a po9t 
( plac+ ! voice 9 ! nasal cavity on !   
pretext ( /r5g!n+ x1 & ?is nasal        
quality1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! s\nd ( _m (
 ! ,fr5* words1 is only too preval5t4 ,!
 voice1 h[ev]1 c only be /r5g!n$ by     
legitimate means2 o!rwise x c easily be 
ru9$4 ,"o c brea! ?r\gh ! nose1 b nev]  
attack or s+ ?r\gh x4  ,! :ite voice    
7voce bianca7 is a head voice )\t deep  
support & consequ5tly )\t color2 h5ce   
its appellation4 ,"o c le>n to avoid x  
by practic+ ) ! m\? clos$ & by tak+ c>e 
to brea! ?r\gh ! nose1 :i* =ces !       

respiration to desc5d to ! abdom54  ,!  
?roaty voice comes f s++ ) ! ?roat      
insuffici5tly op5$1 s t ! brea? does n  
pass easily ?r\gh ! nose & head cavities
 &1 aga91 f n attack+ ! tone deeply     
en\gh4  ,to cure oneself ( ?is ?roaty   
quality attack y\r notes f ! abdom51 !  
m\? well op51 /&+ 9 front ( a mirror4 ,!
 =ce ( ! respiration w keep ! tongue    
depress$ & ! ?roat w rema9 free4  ,z = !
 fault ( nasality1 x is1 z ,i h said1 ! 
mo/ difficult to get rid (4 ,sometimes  
"o nev] does lose x4 ,! only rem$y is   
:at ,i h previ\sly indicat$--to attack f
 ! abdom51 ) ! ?roat op51 & c>ry ! voice
 ov] ! s(t palate1 = if ! voice is plac$
 9 ! nose x indicates t "o is s++ too f>
 =w>d1 :i* is aga9/ ! rules ( song4 ,if 
! /ud5t has a t5d5cy to s+ 9 ?is way x  
is well to practice 9 v[el s\nds only   
7ah-eh-ee-la-lay-lee1 etc47 9 ord] to be
 cur$ ( ?is s]i\s fault4  ,aft] all1    
h[ev]1 ^? :o h practic$ ! art ( "r      
brea?+ ne$ h none ( ! defects m5tion$   
above4  ,! bleat or goat voice1 a       

p>ticul> fault ( ,fr5* s+]s1 proce$s f !
 habit ( =c+ ! voice1 :i*1 :5 x is (    
small volume1 _c /& ! consequ5t fatigue 
( ! l>ynx4 ,_m s+]s ) voices suitable   
only = light op]a are con/antly try+ to 
bran* out into big dramatic arias4 ,su* 
p]=mances are assur$ly di/ress+ to he> &
 are c]ta9ly disa/r\s = ! voices        
conc]n$4 ,x is no wond] t ^! p are (t5  
ill1 = "o _c make su* ef=ts )\t injur+ !
 heal?4 ,i realize t !y (t5 d x to      
please _! directors & to be oblig+ 9 an 
em]g5cy1 b :5 !y are d[n & out o!rs w   
easily replace !m & !y are he>d f no m4 
,to keep ! voice fre% = ! longe/        
possible "t "o %\ld n only nev] ov]/ep 8
 vocal means1 b %\ld limit 8 output z he
 does ! exp5ses ( 8 purse4  ,!re is only
 "o way to cure a bleaty voice1 & t is  
to cultivate an absolute re/2 !n1 on    
tak+ up s++ aga91 to use ! clos$ m\?    
me?od until ! "t ! /r5g? ( respiration  
%all be su* t "o c op5 8 m\? & let !    
re/or$ voice take its c\rse4  ,a few    
words on practic+ ) clos$ m\? may "h be 

appropriate4 ,?is me?od ( /udy is really
 all t is necess>y to place c]ta9       
voices1 b is bad = o!rs4 ,x all dep5ds  
on ! =mation ( ! m\? & ?roat4 ,=        
example1 a s+] tr\bl$ ) ! fault ( clos+ 
! ?roat too mu* %\ld nev] "w ) ! m\?    
clos$4 ,:5 "o c d x safely1 h[ev]1 x is 
a mo/ excell5t res\rce = prep>atory     
ex]cises 9 respiration4 ,s9ce1 z ,i h   
already expla9$1 brea?+ ?r\gh ! nose )  
clos$ m\? ?r[s back ! respiration to !  
abdom51 x is be/ to d ! ex]cise seat$ 9 
a com=table1 natural position4  ,vocal  
"w ) clos$ m\? is also a p[]ful auxili>y
 to vocal agility4 ,_m great arti/s p]=m
 _! daily vocal ex]cises ) ! m\? %ut1 & 
,i c p]sonally te/ify to ! excell5cy (  
?is practice4 ,x mo/ c]ta9ly /r5g!ns !  
brea?+ p[]s & at ! same "t re/s ! voice4
 ,b "o %\ld "k h[ to d x prop]ly4 ,i "k 
( _m badly fatigu$ voices t h be5 re/or$
 to _! normal condition 9 ?is way4      
,s+]s1 ( all musicians1 h ! reputation (
 display+ ! lea/ reg>d = "t4 ,9 op]atic 
"w1 h[ev]1 ) an or*e/ra to foll[ or be  

foll[$1 x is especially ess5tial to     
obs]ve a sane respect = ! prop] tempo4  
,o!rwise "o is liable to get into       
imm$iate tr\ble ) ! conductor4 ,( c\rse 
,i d n mean t "o %\ld s+ 9 a me*anical  
way & give no?+ ( "o's own p]sonality4  
,?is w\ld naturally rob ! music ( all   
*>m4 ,!re are _m s+]s :o _c or w n c\nt 
! "t prop]ly4 ,!re are ^? :o s+ )\t     
me?od1 :o d n fit _! brea?+1 :i* is     
really ! regulator ( vocal p]=mance1 to 
! "r p]iods1 & :o consequ5tly are nev] 9
 "t4 ,!y make all k9ds ( rall5t&os :]e  
!y are n necess>y1 to ga9 "t to recov] !
 brea? t !y h n tak5 :5 !y %\ld4 ,x is n
 en\gh to give ! notes _! full value4 ,!
 re/s1 above all1 %\ld be c>efully      
obs]v$ 9 ord] to h suffici5t opportunity
 to get a good brea? & prep>e = ! next  
phrase4 ,x is ?is exactitude t gives    
c]ta9ty to "o's r5dition & au?ority 9   
s++--some?+ _m arti/s d n possess4 ,a   
s+] may make all ! ef=ts he desires &   
/ill keep ! "t1 & he mu/ keep x4  ,^? :o
 ro> mo/ l\dly r>ely s+ 9 "t4 ,!y give e

 ?\ght to ! volume ( tone !y are produc+
 & d n bo!r !mselves ab\t any?+ else4 ,!
 "r acc5ts 9 music dep5d v mu* on !     
exact "t4 ,tone arti/s1 :ile /ill mak+  
all _! desir$ effects 9 app>5t fre$om ( 
/yle & deliv]y1 nev]!less d n ev] lose  
sight ( ! "t4 ,^? :o d are usually apt  
to be amateurs & are n to be imitat$4   
,good ,diction a ,requisite   ,good     
diction1 or ! art ( pron\nc+ ! words ( a
 song or op]a prop]ly & intellig5tly1 is
 a matt] sadly neglect$ by _m s+]s1 &   
inde$ is n consid]$ important by a l>ge 
proportion ( ! audi5ces 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o
 d n und]/& =eign language1 at any rate4
 ,& 9 an op]a sung 9 a language unkn[n  
to mo/ ( ! audi5ce x is app>5tly        
unimportant :e!r ! words are und]/ood or
 n z long z !re is a g5]al k ( ! plot1 &
 ! ma9 consid]ation is1 ( c\rse1 !      
music4  ,yet = ^? :o are conv]sant ) !  
language 9 :i* ! op]a is writt51 h[     
common an exp]i5ce x is 79 conc]t1 also7
 to be able1 9 spite ( _! l+ui/ic k1 to 
und]/& little ( :at is be+ sung1 & :at a

 drawback ?is really is6 ,h[ _m s+]s !re
 are :o seem to turn all _! att5tion to 
! production ( beautiful s\nds & neglect
 9 mo/ cases ! words t (t5 are equally  
beautiful1 or %\ld be6  ,"o he>s a great
 deal j n[ ab\t ! advisability ( giv+   
op]as 9 ! native language1 z x is done 9
 ,france & ,g]many1 & ! idea w\ld seem  
to h its advantages1 z has already be5  
demon/rat$ 9 "s excell5t p]=mances (    
,g]man1 ,fr5* & ,italian op]as 9        
,engli%4 ,b ( :at avail w\ld su* a      
project be if1 aft] all1 "o c\ld n      
und]/& ! words ( 8 own language z !y 7  
sung8  ,! language might z well be      
,sanskrit or ,*9ese4  ,9 ,france ! matt]
 ( diction is probably giv5 ! greate/   
att5tion1 & s+]s at ! ,op]a ,comique1 = 
in/ance1 are not$ = _! pure & di/9ct    
enunciation ( e syllable4 ,inde$1 x is z
 mu* ( a s9e qua non !re z good s++1 if 
n m s1 & ! num]\s subtleties 9 ! ,fr5*  
language are difficult en\gh to ju/ify  
?is special /ress laid ^u correct       
pronunciation4  ,x requires a v p>ticul>

 ability 9 a =eign] to atta9 ! atmosph]e
 ( p]fect ,fr5* to any v high degree4   
,italian is g5]ally consid]$ an easi]   
language to pron\nce 9 song1 z inde$ x  
is1 all ! v[el s\nds be+ full & sonor\s 
& lack+ t cov]$ or mix$ quality s (t5   
occurr+ 9 ! ,fr5*4 ,nev]!less1 ,italian 
has its difficulties1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! way
 ( di/9ctly enunciat+ ! d\ble consonants
 & prop] division ( ! liaisons1 or      
comb9+ ( f9al v[els ) initial v[els1 & !
 correct am\nt ( s(tness to be giv5 to !
 lett] ,c4  ,all ?is1 ( c\rse1 is f !   
/&po9t ( ^? to :om ^! languages are     
=eign4  ,c]ta9ly no s+] c be call$ a    
great arti/ unless 8 diction is good1 = 
a beautiful voice alone w n make up =   
o!r defici5cies4 ,a s+] end[$ ) a small 
voice or ev5 "o ( n v pleas+ quality c  
give m pleasure ?an a s+] possess+ a    
big1 impressive voice1 b no diction4    
,"s p claim t a pronunciation too di/9ct
 or too mu* insi/$ ^u spoils ! real     
voice quality1 b ?is %\ld n be ! case if
 ! words are correctly & naturally      

br\ght out4 ,d\btless1 ?is impression   
has come f ! fact t1 p>ticul>ly 9       
,france1 _m s+]s possess$ ( small voices
 mu/ exagg]ate _! diction to obta9 _!   
effects4 ,b if !y did n h ?is p]fect    
diction !y (t5 w\ld h little else to    
recomm5d !m4 ,i w\ld av] t a f9e        
enunciation1 f> f int]f]+ ) x1 aids !   
voice production1 makes x s(t] & m      
conc5trat$1 b diction %\ld act r z a    
frame = ! voice & nev] replace x4  ,ea* 
( ! ?ree languages1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man &     
,italian1 has its peculi> *>act]i/ics1  
:i* are ( aid to ! /ud5t 9 ! g5]al /udy 
( pronunciation1 & x is well to h a k ( 
!m all outside ( ! fact t an arti/      
n[adays ne$s to h ?is k 9 ord] n only to
 rank ) ! greate/1 b to cope ) ! dem&s (
 an op]atic c>e]4  ,! ,italian language 
9 its v ess5ce is ri* 9 v[els & v[el    
comb9ations1 f :i* comes pr9cipally !   
color 9 tones1 & x has consequ5tly be5  
call$ ! language ( song4 ,italians ?us h
 naturally :at x is s mu* tr\ble = s+]s 
( o!r nations to acquire--! num]\s      

v>iations ( v[el s\nds4  ,fr5* has !    
nasal s\nds z its dom9at+ *>act]i/ic &  
is v valuable 9 ! cultivation ( nasal   
resonance4  ,z ,i said be=e1 x is s easy
 to exagg]ate & ! voice is s apt to get 
too mu* 9 ! nose t "o has to be         
extremely c>eful 9 ! use ( ! ,fr5* n &  
ng4  ,g]man is s full ( consonants t "o 
ne$s to h exceptional control ( ! tongue
 & lips to give _! prop] value4  ,engli%
 possesses ! features ( all ! o!r       
languages--( c\rse1 9 less m>k$         
degree--resembl+ mo/1 p]haps1 ! ,g]man4 
,! ? is ! mo/ difficult s\nd to make    
effective 9 s++4  ,i h already spok5 ( !
 v>i\s phases ( n]v\sness :i* an arti/  
feels be=e ! p]=mance1 b ,i wi% to say  
"h a ^w 9 reg>d to ! practical          
significance ( su* n]v\sness4 ,arti/s :o
 d n exp]i5ce x are ^? :o lack real     
g5ius4 ,!re are really two k9ds ( fe>--t
 aris+ f a realization ( ! importance ( 
:at is to be done1 ! o!r f a lack (     
confid5ce 9 "o's p[]4 ,if a s+] has no  
consci5ce 9 8 p]=mance he is nev] n]v\s1

 b full ( assurance4  ,x is seldom t    
true arti/s are mu* tr\bl$ ) n]v\sness  
aft] go+ ^u ! /age4 ,g5]ally1 z ,i h    
be=e m5tion$1 !y are apt to be ill dur+ 
! day ( ! p]=mance1 b be=e ! public !y  
=get ev]y?+ & are dom9at$ only by ! real
 love ( _! art & su/a9$ by ! k (        
possess+ a prop] me?od4  ,x is c]ta9 ) a
 good brea? support ev5 n]v\sness ne$ n 
prev5t "o f s++ well1 al?\gh "o may be  
actually suff]+ f trepidation4 ,yet we  
"k t sometimes ! greate/ ( arti/s are   
prev5t$ ?us f do+ _! be/ "w4 ,!         
pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 rema9s un%ak5 t s++ 9 a
 correct way is ! greate/ possible      
brac]4  ,x is be/ to rema9 absolutely   
quiet & see no "o on ! day ( ! p]=mance1
 s z n to be en]vat$ by ! ef=t ( talk+  
mu*1 to say no?+ ( tir+ ! vocal *ords4  
,"o prima donna ( my acqua9tance        
occupies h]self 9 trimm+ hats on ! day  
:5 %e s+s1 believ+ t ?is provides a     
di/raction & re/s h] n]ves4 ,x is j z   
well n to pass ?r\gh ! role t is to be  
sung on ! day ( ! appe>+1 b 9 ! morn+ a 

few te*nical ex]cises to keep ! voice 9 
tune1 z x 71 are to be recomm5d$4 ,!    
great ,italian s+]s ( o!r days foll[$   
?is rule1 & x /ill holds good4  ,if !   
s+] gives mu* ( himself z well z ( 8    
voice to ! public he %\ld /ill hold 8   
brea?+ supply 91 s to speak1 z he w\ld  
gu>d ! capital f :i* comes 8 income4    
,failure %\ld ?us be impossible if !re  
is always a res]ve to draw on4 ,s ! m "o
 s+s ) good brea? support ! m beautiful 
! voice becomes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o s+ 
haphaz>d sometimes beg9 ! ev5+ well1 b  
det]iorate m & m z ! p]=mance advances &
 at ! end are utt]+ m]e rauc\s s\nds4   
,!y are l a man unable to swim :o is 9 a
 deep riv]--_! voices control !m 9 place
 ( !y controll+ _! voices4 ,!y /ruggle  
va9ly aga9/ ob/acles1 b are c>ri$ away  
by ! flood & are f9ally engulf$ 9 !     
wat]s4  ,_m too ambiti\s /ud5ts are _!  
own wor/ enemies 9 ! culture ( _!       
voices4 ,because !y h a l>ge vocal p[]  
!y want to %\t all ! "t 9 spite ( !     
repeat$ admonitions ( _! ma/]s1 :o beg  

!m to s+ piano4 ,b !y he> no?+ except ! 
noise !y make !mselves4 ,su* head/rong  
ones w nev] make a c>e]1 ev5 ) ! f9e/   
voices 9 ! _w4 ,_! tea*]s %\ld give up  
try+ to make !m li/5 to reason & devote 
_! att5tion to ^? :o m]it x & want to   
/udy s]i\sly4 ,s++ z an art is usually n
 consid]$ ) en\gh e>ne/ness4 ,"o %\ld g 
to a s++ ma/] z "o goes to a speciali/ =
 a consultation & foll[ ) ! greate/ c>e 
8 directions4 ,if "o does n h ! same    
respect & confid5ce "o places 9 a       
physician x mu/ be because ! s++ ma/]   
does n really m]it x1 & x w\ld be mu*   
bett] to make a *ange at once4  ,9 g5]al
 x is bett] n to /ick entirely to "o    
tea*]1 = x is easy to get into a rut 9  
?is way1 & someone else may h a q       
diff]5t & m enlight5+ way ( sett+ =? 8  
ideas4  ,9 tak+ up op]atic "w x is      
und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 t ! s+] mu/ h ma/]$  
mo/ ( ! te*nical difficulties1 s z n to 
be tr\bl$ ) !m :5 !y are enc\nt]$ 9 "s  
aria4  ,x is a mo/ excell5t ?+ to secure
 an engagem5t 9 "o ( ! small !atres     

abroad1 :]e "o may get a l>ge exp]i5ce  
be=e try+ to effect an entrance into !  
bigg] organizations ( ! great capitals4 
,b be sure t ! voice is well plac$ be=e 
try+ any ( ?is sort ( "w1 & nev] attempt
 to s+ a role above y\r p[]s 9 ! e>li]  
/age ( y\r c>e]1 :i* o!rwise may be     
compromis$ p]man5tly4  ,"o m bit (      
advice 9 clos+4 ,! be/ sort ( lesson    
possible is to g (t5 to ! op]a & note   
well ! me?ods ( ! great arti/s4 ,?is    
p]sonal example is wor? m & is m        
illum9at+ ?an _m precepts4  ,?is is n s 
mu* t any =m ( imitation may be attempt$
 z to tea* ! w\ld-be arti/ h[ to pres5t 
at 8 be/ all ^? tell+ qualities ) :i* he
 may be end[$4 ,x is ! be/ ( s*ools4    
,pet ,sup]/itions ( ,great ,s+]s   ,!   
mo/ visible phase ( ! op]a s+]'s life :5
 he or %e is 9 view ( ! public on ! /age
 is naturally ! "o mo/ intimately       
connect$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! majority ( p ) !  
s+]'s p]sonality1 & yet !re are _m      
happ5+s1 amus+ or tragic1 f ! arti/'s   
po9t ( view1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 se51 are z   

(t5 n realiz$ 9 _! true significance by 
! audi5ce 9 front ( ! or*e/ra4 ,"o might
 naturally ?9k t a s+] :o has be5 appe>+
 = ye>s on ! op]atic /age 9 _m l&s w\ld 
h ov]come or outgr[n t bane ( all public
 p]=m]s1 /age fright4 ,yet su* is f> f !
 case1 = x seems z ?\gh ! great] !      
arti/ic temp]am5t ! m truly ! arti/     
feels & ! m ( himself he puts into !    
music he s+s ! great] 8 n]v\sness       
be=eh&4 ,! latt] is ( c\rse augm5t$ if !
 p]=mance is a fir/ night & ! op]a has z
 yet be5 untri$ be=e a l>g] public4     
,?is advance /ate ( mis]able physical   
t5sion is ! portion ( all great s+]s    
alike1 ?\gh 9 some:at v>y+ degrees1 & x 
is int]e/+ to note ! =ms x assumes )    
diff]5t p4 ,9 _m x is %[n by excessive  
irritability & ! disposal to pick       
qu>rels ) anyone :o comes 9 contact )   
!m4 ,?is is an unhappy "t = ! luckless  
dress]s1 wig man & /age h&s1 or ev5     
fell[ arti/s :o enc\nt] su* s+]s be=e _!
 fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ev5+4 ,tr\ble is !  
portion ( all su*4  ,9 o!r arti/s ! /ate

 ( m9d is indicat$ by a /]n set         
c\nt5ance & a gha/ly pallor1 :ile /ill  
o!rs become slightly hy/]ical1 laugh    
upro>i\sly at no?+ or bur/ into weep+4  
,i h se5 a big six-foot bass s+]1 v     
popul> at ! op]a two or ?ree seasons    
ago1 walk+ to & fro ) ! te>s runn+ d[n 8
 *eeks = a long "t be=e 8 entrance1 & "o
 ( our greate/ coloratura prima donnas  
has come to me be=e ! op]a1 sung a      
quav]+ note 9 a voice full ( emotion &  
said1 ) t\*+ acc5ts3 ,see1 t is ! be/ ,i
 c d4 ,h[ c ,i g on s8  ,i myself h be5 
affect$ (t5 by su* fright1 ?\gh n always
 9 ! extreme degree above describ$4 ,?is
 n]v\sness1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly %[s itself 
9 "o's p]=mance 9 ! guise ( indiff]5t   
act+1 s++ (f ! key1 etc4 ,arti/s are    
g5]ally blam$ = su* %ortcom+s1 app>5t 9 
! e>ly "p ( ! production1 :51 z a matt] 
( fact1 !y !mselves are h>dly consci\s (
 !m & ov]come !m 9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+4    
,yet ! public1 ev5 critics1 usually =get
 ?is fact & condemn an entire p]=mance =
 faults :i* are due at ! beg9n+ to %e]  

n]v\sness4  ,! (t-utt]$ compla9t t      
op]atic s+]s are ! mo/ difficult to get 
on ) ( any folk1 :ile ju/ifi$1 p]haps1 c
 c]ta9ly be expla9$ by ! =ego+          
obs]vations4  ,we ( ! op]a are (t5      
incl9$ to be sup]/iti\s 9 a way t might 
annul matt] ( fact ,am]icans4 ,"o woman1
 a di/+ui%$ & mo/ intellig5t arti/1     
crosses h]self repeat$ly be=e tak+ h]   
cue1 & a prima donna :o is a favorite on
 two cont95ts & :o is always escort$ to 
! !atre by h] "m1 inv>iably goes ?r\gh !
 v solemn c]emony ( kiss+ h] "m good-by 
& receiv+ h] bless+ be=e go+ on to s+4  
,! "y woman feels t %e c\ld n possibly  
s+ a note if ! "m's eye 7 n on h] e     
mom5t f ! w+s4  ,ano!r fam\s s+] we>s a 
small bracelet t 0 giv5 to h] :5 an     
infant by ,g\nod4 ,%e has gr[n some:at  
/\t ( late ye>s1 & ! hoop ( gold has be5
 re5=c$ s (t5 t !re is h>dly any ( !    
great compos]'s orig9al gift left4      
,/ill1 %e feels t x is a *>m :i* has    
made h] success1 & :e!r %e s+s ! "p ( a 
l[ly peasant or ( a pr9cess ! bracelet  

is always visible4  ,& ^! little cu/oms 
are n conf9$ to ! woman s+]s ei!r1 = !  
m5 are equally fond ( obs]v+ "s little  
tradition to *e] !m 9 _! p]=mance4 ,^!  
little traits1 trivial p]haps 9         
!mselves1 are ( vital importance 9 t !y 
create a s5se ( security 9 ! s\l ( !    
arti/1 :o goes on 8 way1 if n rejoic+1  
at lea/ conv9c$ t ! fates are n aga9/   
him4  ,"o ( ! p5alties paid by ! s+]s :o
 are mu* 9 ! public eye is ! con/ant    
dem& made on !m to li/5 to voices (     
vocal aspirants--n always v "y ones1    
/range to say4 ,x is sad to contemplate 
! numb] ( p :o ?9k !y c s+ & are de/9$  
by tal5t & temp]am5t = op]atic c>e]s1 :o
 h be5 l$ by misguid$ or fooli% fri5ds &
 too (t5 by ov]ambiti\s & m]c5>y s++    
ma/]s into sp5d+ "t & money on _! voices
 9 ! fond hope ( "s day a/oni%+ ! _w4   
,alas1 !y d n realize t ! great s+]s :o 
are he>d 9 ! ,new ,york op]a h\ses h be5
 pick$ f ! _w's supply aft] a process ( 
mo/ dra/ic selection1 & t x is only !   
mo/ r>ely exceptional voice & tal5t :i* 

aft] long ye>s ( /udy & prep>ation      
become wor?y to jo9 ! elect4  ,i am ask$
 to he> _m :o h voices ) promise (      
beauty1 b :o h obvi\sly n ! intellig5ce 
necess>y to take up a c>e]1 = x does    
require consid]able intellig5ce to      
succe$ 9 op]a1 9 spite ( op9ions to !   
contr>y express$ by _m4 ,o!rs1 :o h ke5 
& al]t m9ds & voices ( f9e quality1 yet 
lack t c]ta9 esprit & broadness (       
musical outlook requir$ 9 a great arti/4
 ,?is lack is (t5 s app>5t 9 ! p]son's  
mann] or be>+ t ,i am tempt$ to tell him
 x is no use be=e he utt]s a note4 ,yet 
x w\ld n d to refuse a he>+ to all ^!   
misfits1 = !re is always ! *ance (      
enc\nt]+ ! unkn[n g5ius1 h[ev] r>e a    
bird he may be4  ,& h[ (t5 h ! _w's     
great voices be5 discov]$ by *ance1 b   
=tunately by "s "o emp[]$ to br+ out !  
lat5t gift6  ,"o f9ds 9 ,am]ica _m      
beautiful voices1 & :5 "o ?9ks ( !      
num]\s s+]s successfully engag$ 9       
op]atic c>e]s bo? "h & abroad1 x _c )   
ju/ice be said z x us$ to be sev]al ye>s

 ago t ,am]ica does n produce op]a s+]s4
 ,naturally a majority ( ^? to :om ,i   
give a he>+ "h 9 ,new ,york are         
,am]icans1 & ( ^! are a numb] ( really  
rem>kable voices & a fairly good        
conception ( :at is dem&$ ( an op]a s+]4
  ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be amus+ if 
x 7 n tragic to see h[ mu* (f ! track p 
are :o h be5 l$ to ?9k !y h futures4 ,"o
 "y man :o came rec5tly to s+ = me c>ri$
 a port5t\s roll ( music & spoke 9 !    
deepe/ ( bass voices4 ,:5 ask$ :at 8 ma9
 difficulty 0 he repli$ t he didn't seem
 to be able to get on ! key4 ,& ?is 0   
app>5t :5 he />t$ 9 & w&]$ up & d[n !   
tonal till he manag$ to /rike ! tonic4  
,!n he ask$ me :e!r ,i w\ld r he> ,qui  
sdegno1 f ,moz>t's ,magic ,flute1 or    
,love ,me & ! ,_w is ,m9e4 ,^u ! latt]  
be+ *os5 he ask$ ! accompani/ to        
transpose x1 & ^u ?is g5tleman's sugge/+
 a ?ird l[]1 he said3 ,no1 put x d[n an 
octave4 ,& t's :]e he sang x1 too4 ,i   
g5tly b firmly advis$ ! "y man to seek  
o!r pa?s ?an musical ones4 ,h[ev]1 su*  

extreme examples z t are happily r>e4   
,i w\ld say to all "y p :o are ambiti\s 
to ent] on a c>e] ( op]a3 ,rememb]1 x is
 a ?or\ghly h>d-work$ pr(ession1 aft]   
all2 t ev5 ) a voice ( requisite size & 
prop] cultivation !re is /ill a rep]tory
 ( roles to acquire1 long mon?s & ye>s (
 /udy = ?is & requir+ a consid]able feat
 ( memory to reta9 !m ev5 aft] !y are   
le>n$4 ,!n !re is ! art ( act+ to be    
/udi$1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 an entire       
occupation 9 itself & decid$ly necess>y 
9 op]a1 includ+ f5c+--h[ to fall        
prop]ly1 ! v>i\s gaits & ge/ures :]e) to
 portray diff]5t emotions1 etc4 ,!n1 z  
op]a is sung n[adays1 ! k ( ! diction ( 
at lea/ ?ree languages--,fr5*1 ,g]man & 
,italian--if n ess5tial1 is at lea/ mo/ 
helpful4