mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47     
,,e?ics ,,9 ,,s]vice  ,,by ,william     
,h[>d ,taft   ,addresses ,deliv]$ 9 !   
,page ,lecture ,s]ies1 #aiad1 be=e !    
,s5ior ,class ( ! ,%effield ,sci5tific  
,s*ool1 ,yale ,univ]sity  ,illu/ration3 
,yale ,univ]sity ,press ,cre/  ,,new    
,,hav53 ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,,press      
,,london3 ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,ox=d     
,,univ]sity ,,press ,,mdccccxv          
,copyright1 #aiae ,by ,yale ,univ]sity  
,press  ,fir/ pr9t$ ,octob]1 #aiae1     
#ajjj copies     ,,preface   ,! legal   
pr(ession dis*>ges a mo/ important      
function 9 a civiliz$ community1 & x    
seems to me t a discussion ( ! e?ics &  
ideals ( t pr(ession w\ld come )9 !     
purpose ( ! ,page f\ndation1 :i* is     
describ$ by ! donor z int5d$ to promote 
! e?ical side ( bus9ess life1 includ+ ! 
morals & e?ics ( public s]vice4 ,i %all 
fir/ ask y\r att5tion to ! hi/ory ( !   
pr(ession1 :i* %[s t a paid advocacy is 
! only practical sy/em1 & to ! rules (  
conduct to :i* lawy]s mu/ be held 9 ord]

 t su* a sy/em %all promote ju/ice4 ,i  
_c claim to h any peculi> k ^u ?is      
subject o!r ?an t d]iv$ f a some:at     
brief practice ( five ye>s at ! ,b>1 f  
an exp]i5ce ( elev5 ye>s on ! ,b5* (    
trial & appellate c\rts1 f a some:at    
v>i$ exp]i5ce 9 ! responsibility (      
gov]nm5t1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 ^?   
f>-di/ant isles ( ! ,pacific 9 :i* !    
,unit$ ,/ates has be5 graft+ ! pr9ciples
 ( free gov]nm5t ^u a civilization      
inh]it$ f ,spa94     ,,cont5ts          
,,page  ,i4   ,hi/ory ( ! ,pr(ession (  
,law4    #a  ,,ii4  ,legal ,e?ics       
#ai  ,,iii4 ,! ,executive ,p[]          
#cg  ,,iv4  ,! ,signs ( ! ,times        
#fe  ,v4   ,m ,signs ( ! ,times         
#hc     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,!    
,,pr(ession ,,( ,,law   ,x is n too mu* 
to say t ! pr(ession ( ! law is m or    
less on trial4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is a   
crisis 9 ! life ( our c\rts1 & t a great
 political issue is be+ =c$ ^u ! p1 = !y
 mu/ decide :e!r ! c\rts are to cont9ue 
to ex]cise ! p[] !y n[ h1 & :at "* (    

s]vice !y %all be requir$ to r5d]4      
,judges are lawy]s4 ,!y ought to be     
tra9$ practition]s & le>n$ 9 ! pr(ession
 ( ! law be=e !y asc5d ! ,b5*1 & g5]ally
 !y are4 ,!re=e1 our c\rts1 z !y are n[ 
conduct$1 & our pr(ession1 :i* is !     
h&maid ( ju/ice1 are necess>ily s b\nd  
toge!r 9 our judicial sy/em t an attack 
^u ! c\rts is an attack ^u our          
pr(ession1 & an attack ^u our pr(ession 
is equally an attack ^u ! c\rts4  ,we h 
all not$ on ! /age & 9 ! curr5t         
lit]ature ! flippant & s>ca/ic ref]5ces 
to ! failures ( ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1
 & we are famili> ) ! sometimes insidi\s
 & too (t5 op5 impea*m5ts ( ! c\rts1 :i*
 appe> 9 ! press & ^u ! hu/+s4 ,!y are  
*>g$ ) failure to d ju/ice1 ) bad fai?1 
) lack ( intellig5t sympa?y = socially  
progressive movem5ts1 ) a rigid &       
reaction>y ob/ruction to ! movem5t t[>d 
great] equality ( condition1 & ) a      
hideb\nd & unnecess>ily s5sitive        
attitude ( m9d 9 respect to ! rights (  
prop]ty4 ,"o c\nt t looms l>ge 9 ! wide 

range ( ! indictm5t aga9/ our judicial  
sy/em is ! immoral "p t lawy]s are said 
necess>ily to play 9 ! p]v]sion ( ju/ice
 by mak+ ! worse appe> ! bett] reason4  
,su* a public agitation & su* an issue 9
 politics lead to a consid]ation ( !    
fundam5tal reasons = ! exi/5ce ( our    
pr(ession 9 ! pa/1 & a fur!r inquiry z  
to ! ne$ = x 9 ! future1 z prelim9>y to 
a discussion ( ! rules ( conduct t %\ld 
gov]n its practice4  ,!re are ^? :o     
intimate t we c le>n no?+ f ! pa/4 ,!y  
don't say s 9 s _m words1 b !y proce$ on
 ! !ory t man1 "u ! elevat+ influ5ces ) 
:i* !y propose to surr\nd him1 is       
sudd5ly to become a diff]5t creature1   
prompt$ by diff]5t motives4 ,b ^? ( u :o
 h be5 =tunate 9 hav+ an education      
p]meat$ ) an atmosph]e ( common s5se1 & 
an idea ( h[ to deal ) human nature z x 
is1 realize t ! _w is n to be re=m$     
tomorr[ or 9 a mon? or a ye> or 9 a     
c5tury1 b t progress is to be made sl[ly
 & t ! problems be=e u are n s widely   
diff]5t f ^? :i* 7 pres5t$ to our       

ance/ors z f> back z ! ,*ri/ian era4    
,nor c we fail to d]ive "s b5efit f a   
consid]ation ( su* tr\bles1 tribulations
 & triumphs ( our pr(ession 9 ! pa/ z   
sugge/ rules ( conduct = lawy]s 9 !     
future4 ,i d n mean t we are n to aspire
 = bett] ?+s4 ,nor d ,i wi% to d5y u !  
happ9ess ( hope = reasonable & real     
progress t[>d high] ideals4 ,i simply   
insi/ t we ought n to ignore ! lessons (
 exp]i5ce :5 we deal ) conditions z !y  
are & z ev]ybody :o is famili> ) !m kn[s
 !m to be4  ,! ?ree civilizations 9 :i* 
we may mo/ pr(itably /udy ! gr[? &      
developm5t ( ! legal pr(ession are !    
,jewi%1 ! ,roman & ! ,engli%4 ,among !  
,jews1 ! ,mosaic law1 :i* w5t into !    
smalle/ details ( p]sonal life1 0 !     
guide to _! rule ( action4 ,z x _h      
religi\s sanction1 ! high prie/s became 
! actual m9i/]s ( ju/ice & ! pres]vation
 ( religion & law 0 unit$ 9 !m4 ,act+ z 
_! assi/ants1 & z assessors 9 !         
tribunals ( :i* ! high prie/s 7 ! head1 
7 ! ,scribes4 ,!y 7 le>n$ 9 ! law2 _h a 

religi\s & prie/ly "* !mselves2         
int]pret$ ! ,mosaic law ) a view to its 
application to ! v>i\s facts & issues   
:i* arose2 & 7 9 addition ! tea*]s (    
law4 ,x 0 to !m t ! rabb9ical injunction
 0 made to make ! k ( ! law nei!r a cr[n
 :]e) to make a %[1 nor a spade :]e) to 
dig4 ,& aga9 x 0 said1 ,he :o uses !    
cr[n ( ! law = ext]nal aims fades away4 
,9 describ+ ! pr9ciples (               
non-remun]ation to ! ,scribes1 ! le>n$  
,g]man ,pr(essor ,s*ur] says3 ,9 ,*ri/'s
 c5sures ( ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees1 _!   
covet\sness is a special object (       
repro(4 ,h5ce1 ev5 if _! in/ruction 0   
giv5 gratuit\sly1 !y c]ta9ly knew h[ to 
comp5sate !mselves 9 "s o!r way4 ,& x is
 because ( ?is evasion ( ?is rule t we  
f9d ^? passages 9 ! elev5? *apt] (      
,luke1 ! #df? & #eb;d v]ses1 :i* read3  
,v]se #df4 ,& he said1 ,woe unto y also1
 ye lawy]s6 = ye lade      m5 ) burd5s  
griev\s to be borne1 & ye y\rselves t\* 
n      ! burd5s ) "o ( y\r f+]s4        
,v]se #eb4 ,woe unto y1 lawy]s6 = ye h  

tak5 away ! key (      k3 ye ent]$ n 9  
y\rselves1 & !m t 7      ent]+ 9 ye     
h9d]$4  ,! l9e betwe5 ! judicial &      
advisory functions ( ! ,hebrew ,scribes 
0 n closely or cle>ly drawn4 ,!y 7      
evid5tly suppos$ to occupy a dis9t]e/$  
position t[>d ^? :o consult$ !m & to be 
9 a s5se ! associates ( ! judges4 ,s9ce 
! motive :i* prompt$ _! /udy ( p>ticul> 
cases 0 suppos$ to be only t (          
v9dicators ( g5]al ju/ice1 ! rules :i*  
nom9ally guid$ _! action1 z ann\nc$ by !
 lawgiv]s1 requir$ t _! s]vices %\ld    
always be gratuit\s4 ,b q naturally _!  
consultation ) private litigants prompt$
 su* litigants to influ5ce _! view ( !  
law1 & comm& _! skill 9 debate4 ,& s to 
evade ! rule :i* prev5t$ remun]ation !y 
e/abli%$ ! cu/om ( giv+ pres5ts 9       
advance4 ,^! pres5ts giv5 9 advance to  
secure ! k9dly favor ( ! ,scribes are   
int]e/+ z ! precursors ( t in/itution   
de> to e ,engli% b>ri/]1 & n unkn[n--nor
 ev5 objectionable--to ,am]ican lawy]s1 
to wit1 ! ,reta9]4 ,9 fact x 0 !        

impossibility ( f9d+ m5 :o c\ld rema9   
judicial 9 _! attitude :5 ! ?\ght (     
remun]ation mov$ !m to advocate ! cause 
( "o ( ! litigants1 t put ! ,scribes (  
^? days 9 an indef5sible position & l$  
to ! attacks ^u !m t we f9d 9 ! ,new    
,te/am5t4  ,& s x 0 9 ,rome4 ,!re !     
prog5itor ( ! lawy] 0 fir/ ! prie/1 !   
,pontifex1 m+l+ judicial & advisory     
functions1 & !n ! patronus or ! orator1 
a man ( weal? & high /&+ 9 ! community1 
:o _h ga!r$ ab\t him fre$ m5 &          
,plebeians z 8 support]s4 ,! latt] 7    
kn[n z 8 cli5tes1 f :i* t]m our ^w is   
d]iv$4 ,:5 "o ( 8 cli5ts became involv$ 
9 a lawsuit1 ! patronus appe>$ to advise
 ! judge--a magi/rate act+ only z       
v9dicator ( g5]al ju/ice & (t5 n le>n$ 9
 ! pr9ciples ( law--& 0 n suppos$ to    
receive any comp5sation4 ,less ?an !    
patronus1 b ex]cis+ simil> functions1 0 
! advocatus--:o1 ?\gh p]haps n s le>n$ 9
 ! law1 nor s =midable z a p]son1 0 able
 to assi/ ! patronus be=e ! tribunal on 
behalf ( o!rs4 ,!re 0 9 addition a body 

( m5 call$ juri/ consults1 le>n$ 9 ! law
 & able to advise1 :o came to be        
recogniz$ z ! memb]s ( a select         
pr(ession 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4  ,9 ! ye>  
#bjj be=e ,*ri/1 ! ,c9cian law 0 enact$1
 requir+ t s]vice ( ! patronus & !      
advocate %\ld be gratuit\s1 b x 0 soon  
evad$ ev5 z ! ,jewi% laws _h be54 ,aga9 
pres5ts 7 made to secure ! skill$       
advocacy ( m5 le>n$ 9 ! law & acute 9   
debate4 ,^! gifts l ! ,hebrew ones 7    
paid 9 advance & 7 call$ honor>iums1    
ano!r t]m :i* sugge/s ! mod]n reta9]4   
,nei!r an advocatus nor a patronus c\ld 
sue = su* honor>ium at law because x 0 a
 violation ( law1 b once paid1 !        
honor>ium c\ld n be recov]$4 ,cic]o     
boa/$ t he nev] violat$ ! ,c9cian law1 b
 hi/orians ( 8 p]iod intimate t by      
secret loans & te/am5t>y gifts 8        
practice prov$ to be v pr(itable4 ,& x  
is c]ta91 at lea/1 t _m ( 8             
contempor>ies 7 made v ri* by           
pr(essional remun]ation4 ,augu/us       
direct$ ! passage ( ano!r law =bidd+    

comp5sation to orators & advocates1 b x 
0 disreg>d$ & subsequ5t emp]ors cont5t$ 
!mselves ) fix+ limits = ! fees to be   
*>g$4 ,9 ! gold5 age ( ! ,roman law1    
!re=e1 ! paym5t ( ! pr(ession became    
recogniz$ z legitimate & ! pr(ession    
itself became a def9ite body ) cle>ly   
und]/ood functions4  ,9 ,engl&1 = two   
hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,conque/1 ! prie/s 7 
! only le>n$ m51 & !y1 too1 l !         
,scribes1 act$ z judges & advis]s (     
litigants4 ,ev5 z late z ! "t ( ,h5ry   
,,viii1 z we "k1 ! ,keep] ( ! ,k+'s     
,consci5ce & ! head ( ! ,c\rt ( ,equity1
 0 an ,ecclesia/ic 9 ! =midable p]son ( 
,c>d9al ,woolsey4 ,ab\t ! reign ( ,k+   
,john1 laym5 became lawy]s1 & 9 ,h5ry   
,,iii's "t ! ,pope =bade prie/s to fit  
!mselves 9 civil law or to act z advis]s
 9 respect to x4 ,we may prop]ly say t !
 pr(ession ( ! ,b>1 z a recogniz$       
,engli% in/itution1 _h its beg9n+s 9 !  
/ruggle = individual rights by :i* !    
,engli% race =c$ ! great *>t] f ,k+     
,john4 ,we f9d t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly    

,engli% adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 bailiffs1
 und]%]iffs1 cl]ical atta*s & ! und]l+s 
( ! c\rts _h gone into ! bus9ess ( act+ 
z attorneys1 ( *eat+ _! cli5ts1 & (     
/irr+ up litigation4 ,:ile /atutes 7    
direct$ aga9/ _! abuses1 ,i _c f9d t !re
 0 any ,engli% /atute =bidd+ lawy]s to  
receive comp5sation = _! s]vices1 al?\gh
 ! action ( ! ,pope 9 =bidd+ 8 prie/s to
 /udy & practice law 9 ,engl& may       
indicate "s su* abuses4 ,x is c]ta9 t   
legal s]vices 7 n reg>d$ z creat+ a debt
 due f ! cli5t to ! lawy] :o _h s]v$    
him4 ,by /atute1 n[1 attorneys &        
solicitors 9 ,engl& are entitl$ to fix$ 
fees = pr(essional s]vices4 ,b 9 ! case 
( b>ri/]s1 d[n to ! pres5t "t1 :ile !y  
may dem& a reta9] = _! s]vices 9        
advance1 !y /ill _c recov] by suit if ! 
s]vices are r5d]$ )\t receiv+ x4 ,?is   
may possibly be d]iv$ f ! e>ly ,roman & 
,jewi% view ( ! pr(essional relation &  
sugge/s ! probability t e>ly 9 ,engli%  
hi/ory pr(essional s]vices 7 deem$ to be
 gratuit\s4  ,! grant ( ,magna ,*>ta by 

,k+ ,john1 9 response to ! dem& ( !     
,b>ons at ,runnym$e1 gave bir? to ! ,b> 
9 its mod]n "*4 ,articles #ag & #ah ( t 
in/rum5t provid$ t ,common ,pleas %\ld n
 foll[ ! c\rt ( ! ,k+1 b %\ld be held 9 
a c]ta9 place1 & t trials ^u c]ta9 writs
 %\ld n be tak5 outside ( _! prop]      
c\nties4 ,x provid$ fur!r t ! ,k+ or !  
,*ief ,ju/ice %\ld s5d two ju/ici>ies   
into ea* c\nty1 f\r times 9 ! ye>1 to   
hold c]ta9 assizes )9 ! c\nty1 ) f\r    
knights ( ! c\nty1 *os5 by x1 on ! day1 
& at ! place appo9t$4 ,! #de? article   
promis$ t ! ,k+ w\ld n make ,ju/ici>ies1
 ,con/ables1 or ,bailiffs except+ ( su* 
z knew ! laws ( ! l& & 7 well dispos$ to
 obs]ve !m4 ,! result ( ?is provision by
 :i* ,common pleas c\rts came to be held
 at ,we/m9/]1 :ile regul> assizes 7 held
 9 ! c\nties1 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! f\r    
,inns ( ,c\rt1 s-call$1 ,l9coln's ,inn1 
! ,inn] & ! ,middle ,temple1 & ,gray's  
,inn1 toge!r ) a numb] ( o!rs kn[n z    
,*anc]y ,inns1 :i* h ( late ye>s        
disappe>$4 ,h5ry ,,iii took ^! ,inns "u 

8 especial protection & prohibit$ ! /udy
 ( law any:]e 9 ,london save 9 ! ,inns (
 ,c\rt4 ,!y 7 ! homes ( ! ,b>1 = )9 _!  
walls lawy]s _h _! (fices1 & !re /ud5ts 
( ! law receiv$ _! education4 ,9 fact1  
!y may be said to con/itute ! f\ndation 
( ! mod]n pr(ession ( ! law 9 !         
,engli%-speak+ race4  ,! ,inns ( ,c\rt 7
 at fir/ an ari/ocratic in/itution1 &   
only m5 ( good blood 7 p]mitt$ to       
practice 9 !m4 ,inde$1 t 0 ! case 9 !   
e>ly days 9 ,rome4 ,pl9y reports t no "o
 c\ld become a juri/ consult1 an        
advocatus or a patronus except he be ( !
 ,patrician class4 ,b soon aft] !       
,empire began1 ?is rule broke d[n & !   
,roman ,b> became op5 to all4 ,s1 too1 9
 ! ,engli% ,b> at fir/ admission 0      
controll$ by ! ,b5*]s or gov]n+ bodies (
 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt & ! /ud5ts 7 *os5 only 
f good families4 ,x 0 probably ?is t l$ 
to _! unpopul>ity & to ! d5unciation :i*
 !y receiv$ 9 ,wat ,tyl]'s day1 9 !     
f\rte5? c5tury1 & f ,jack ,cade's       
foll[]s :om ,%akespe>e makes wi% to kill

 all ! lawy]s 9 ! next c5tury4 ,_!      
exclusive _s pass$ away1 h[ev]1 & :ile  
ari/ocratic class di/9ctions 7 rigidly  
ma9ta9$ 9 ,engli% society1 ! ,b> became 
mo/ democratic ?r\gh ! av5ue to         
positions ( highe/ influ5ce on ! ,b5* & 
9 politics :i* x freely (f]$ to able m5 
f ! p4 ,&1 inde$1 !re is no "p ( ,engli%
 hi/ory t is s full ( int]e/ z ! /ories 
( h] great lawy]s1 :o1 beg9n+ 9 !       
humble/ conditions ( life1 f\ght _! way 
by real m]it into positions ( control 9 
! gov]nm5t & ?us gave ability & /r5g? to
 ! ari/ocracy ( :i* !y became a "p4  ,9 
! ?ree c5turies or m aft] ! e/abli%m5t (
 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 no division appe>$ 9 !
 pr(ession ( ! law1 & x 0 n until ab\t  
#aeef t ! pr(ession became sep>at$ into 
attorneys at law & solicitors 9 *anc]y1 
on ! "o h&1 & b>ri/]s on ! o!r4 ,! =m]  
dealt directly ) cli5ts & p]=m$ !       
prelim9>y "w ( draft+ docum5ts & prep>+ 
briefs1 :ile ! latt]1 ! b>ri/]s1 draft$ 
! plead+s & pres5t$ ! causes 9 c\rt4 ,a 
simil> division ( functions prevail$ 9 !

 ,roman ,b>4 ,i %all h occasion lat] to 
comm5t on ! advantages & disadvantages (
 ?is division1 b ?is summ>y ref]5ce is  
suffici5t = my pres5t purpose 9 trac+ ! 
hi/ory ( ! ,b> 9 ,engl&4 ,dur+ ?is      
p]iod1 aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,inns (    
,c\rt1 ! unpopul>ity ( ! ,b> manife/$   
itself 9 ! enactm5t ( /atutes =bidd+ !  
election ( lawy]s to ,p>liam5t4 ,?is    
gave rise to ! not$ ,p>liam5t kn[n z !  
,dunces ,p>liam5t1 because ev]ybody :o  
knew any?+ ab\t ! law1 & !re=e ab\t !   
fram+ or ! op]ation ( /atutes1 0 exclud$
 f memb]%ip4  ,9 8 int]e/+ hi/ory ( !   
,am]ican ,b>1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,w>r51 ( !    
,bo/on ,b>1 says3       ,lawy]s1 z !    
in/rum5ts ?r\gh :i* ! subtleties &      
iniquities ( ! ,common ,law 7 en=c$1 7  
highly unpopul>      z a class 9 ,engl& 
dur+ ! p]iod ( ,cromwell & ,milton4     
,milton wrote3       ,mo/ m5 are allur$ 
to ! trade ( law1 gr\nd+ _! purposes    
n on ! prud5t & heav5ly contemplation ( 
ju/ice &      equity1 :i* 0 nev] taught 
!m1 b on ! promis+ &      pleas+ ?\ghts 

( litigi\s t]ms1 fat cont5tions & fl[+  
fees4  ,z examples ( a lawy]'s          
reputation 9 ,london 9 ! sev5te5?       
c5tury1 ,mr4 ,w>r5 cites ! titles ( !   
foll[+ tracts pr9t$ at t "t3 ,! ,d[nfall
 ( ,unju/ ,lawy]s2 ,doomsday ,draw+ ,ne>
 ) ,?und] & ,lightn+ = ,lawy]s2 ,a ,rod 
= ,lawy]s :o are ,h]eby decl>$ ,robb]s &
 ,deceiv]s ( ! ,nation2 ,essay :]e is   
,describ$ ! ,lawy]s1 ,smuggl]s & ,(fic]s
 ,frauds4  ,i note ^! facts z ,i        
progress to indicate & re9=ce my orig9al
 /atem5t t ! pres5t "t is n ! only "t 9 
! hi/ory ( civilization :5 lawy]s h     
receiv$ ! condemnation ( _! fell[       
subjects or fell[ citiz5s4 ,yet n only  
has ! pr(ession surviv$ su* movem5ts b  
its usefulness has be5 recogniz$ 9      
succe$+ crises4  ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion t  
mo/ ( ! progress t[>d individual lib]ty 
9 ,engli% hi/ory 0 made ?r\gh !         
successful /ruggle ( ! lawy]s aga9/ !   
ass]tion ( ! div9e "r ( ,k+s & ?r\gh !  
def5ce ( privilege by memb]s ( our      
pr(ession4 ,lawy]s l ,"l ,coke & ,"l    

,hale /& out 9 ! pr(ession = _!         
ma9t5ance ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! judici>y & 
_! support ( ! lib]ties ( subjects4 ,!  
great *>t]s1 ! ,petition ( ,"r1 !       
,habeas ,corpus ,act1 ! ,bill ( ,rights1
 & ! ,acts ( ,settlem5t1 e/abli%+ !     
judici>y indep5d5t ( ,royal control1 7  
obta9$ at ! in/ance ( lawy]s :o knew    
bett] ?an any o!r class ! absolute      
necessity = su* re=ms 9 ! ma9t5ance (   
free in/itutions4  ,! evolution ( ! ,b> 
9 ?is c\ntry dur+ colonial              
times--especially 9 ,new ,engl&--0 a    
curi\s c\nt]p>t ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,engli%  
,b> ?ree c5turies be=e4 ,! f\nd]s ( ,new
 ,engl& came "h to escape a p]secution =
 _! religi\s beliefs & law 0 closely    
connect$ 9 _! m9ds ) ! inju/ices1 !     
inequalities & ! rigid h>d%ips ( !      
common law z adm9i/]$ by judges appo9t$ 
& removable at ! w ( ! ,tudors & ,/u>ts4
 ,at t "t lawy]s ex]cis+ _! pr(ession 7 
! in/rum5ts ( a sy/em t _h become       
non-progressive4 ,!y _h lo/ ! pr9ciples 
( ju/ice 9 te*nicalities & _h become m]e

 political tools 9 ! h&s ( tyrants4 ,b 9
 ,engl&1 ! law soon lo/ its n>r[+1 h>d &
 inflexible "* ?r\gh ! int]v5tion (     
c\rts ( equity & ?r\gh ! g5ius & broad  
views ( great judges ( common law l     
,mansfield4 ,x 0 modifi$ fur!r by !     
civil law & by ! ne$s ( a develop+ _w   
comm]ce1 & aft] ! action ( ! ,long      
,p>liam5t & ! ,revolution x 0 no long]  
us$ z an in/rum5t ( tyranny4  ,9 ?is    
c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! ,puritans & ! ,pilgrims
 approv$ ( nei!r ! common law nor !     
,engli% judicial sy/em1 & z lawy]s 7    
only "p ( t sy/em1 !y consid]$ !        
abolition ( ! pr(ession f _! society z  
an end dev\tly to be wi%$ = & promptly  
s\ght4 ,among ! ,pilgrim fa!rs !re 0 n a
 s+le lawy]1 :ile among ! ,puritans !re 
7 only f\r or five :o _h be5 educat$ z  
lawy]s & ev5 !y _h nev] practic$4 ,!    
consequ5ce 0 t dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury & 
f> into ! eighte5?1 lawy]s _h little    
place 9 ! social or political           
in/itutions ( ! colonies4 ,9 ,new ,engl&
 !re 0 a !ocracy4 ,! judges--none ( !m  

lawy]s--7 all ei!r m9i/]s or directly "u
 ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy4 ,a colonial      
common law grew up among !m1 bas$ on a  
!ological reason+ & 0 really adm9i/]$   
)\t lawy]s4 ,9 ! ,massa*usetts body (   
lib]ties1 x 0 provid$ t a man unfit to  
plead might employ a p]son n            
objectionable to ! ,c\rt to plead = him1
 on condition t he give him no fee or   
rew>d4 ,9 #affc a usual or common       
attorney 0 prohibit$ f sitt+ 9 ! g5]al  
c\rt4  ,z society progress$1 h[ev]1 z   
comm]ce & trade increas$1 z weal? grew1 
z bus9ess transactions became m ext5d$ &
 z le>n+ spread f ! cl]gy to o!r p]sons1
 opportunity & inducem5t 7 furni%$ = !  
/udy ( ! law1 & pr(essional tra9+ became
 m g5]al4 ,! cry+ ne$ = a le>n$ &       
honorable pr(ession ( ! law 0 made      
manife/ by ! gr[? ( a class ( advocates 
& advis]s ^: influ5ce 0 mo/ p]nici\s4   
,litigants ne$$ guidance 9 ! pres5tation
 ( _! cases & no le>n$ pr(ession be+    
available1 ! und]bailiffs1 und]%]iffs1  
cl]ks & o!r und]l+s ( ! adm9i/ration (  

ju/ice began to practice1 )\t real k4   
,gre$y & lack+ 9 pr9ciple1 !y develop$  
trick]y & /irr$ up litigation = _! own  
pr(it1 j z _! pr$ecessors _h done ?ree  
hundr$ ye>s be=e 9 ,engl&4 ,colonial    
/atutes 7 !n pass$1 =bidd+ su* und]l+s (
 ! c\rt to practice law at all4 ,b      
lawy]s 7 n popul> 9 colonial days ev5   
aft] ! ,b> became able & respectable4 ,9
 fact a bitt] _s 0 manife/$ aga9/ lawy]s
 ev5 z late z ,%ays's ,rebellion aft] ! 
,revolution>y ,w>4  ,betwe5 ! ye>s #agej
 & #agge1 m ?an a hundr$ & fifty "y m5 f
 ! colonies 7 admitt$ to "o ( ! f\r     
,inns ( ,c\rt & became educat$ lawy]s ) 
! purpose ( ent]+ ! pr(ession 9 _!      
native colonies4 ,h[ f> ! pres5ce ( su* 
a class ( educat$ lawy]s ?r\gh !        
colonies contribut$ to ! res5tm5t aga9/ 
! /upidity & inju/ice ( ! ,engli%       
colonial policy :i* br\ght ab\t !       
,revolution1 _c be e/imat$ exactly2 b   
c]ta9 x is t ! prep>ation ( ! lawy]s :o 
7 !n 9 _! prime appe>s to h be5         
,provid5tial int]f]5ce 9 behalf ( ! p ( 

! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,nev] 9 hi/ory has !   
pr(ession ( ! law receiv$ s great a     
h>ve/ ( pr(\nd /ud5ts ( ! con/itutional 
pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t z did our c\ntry at
 ?is "t4 ,our lawy]s sign$ ! ,decl>ation
 ( ,indep5d5ce1 s]v$ 9 ! ,cont95tal     
,congress1 act$ z delegates to !        
,con/itutional ,conv5tion1 & met 9 !    
v>i\s conv5tions call$ by ! /ates to    
consid] ! ratification ( t great        
in/rum5t4 ,!y n only knew t common law1 
b !y _h /udi$ closely ! political hi/ory
 ( ,greece & ,rome1 & 7 famili> ) !     
pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t z set =? by        
,montesquieu & ,adam ,smi?4  ,x 0 !     
,am]ican ,b> t gave to ! p ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates su* lawy]s z ,alex&] ,hamilton1  
,john ,jay1 ,james ,madison1 ,george    
,mason1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 ,patrick      
,h5ry1 ,john ,adams1 ,james ,otis1      
,samuel ,*ase1 ,samuel ,adams1 ,rog]    
,%]man1 ,oliv] ,ellswor?1 ,james        
,wilson1 ,edmund ,r&olph & _m o!rs n    
less le>n$ & brilliant1 to e/abli% _!   
lib]ties1 frame ! limitations ( _!      

gov]nm5t & c>e = ! protection (         
individual rights4 ,! same ,b> furni%$ a
 little lat] t lawy] & judge1 ,john     
,m>%all1 ^: int]pretation ( !           
,con/itution 0 z important 9 its        
b5efic5t effect z its orig9al fram+4 ,t 
,b> n only help$ l>gely 9 con/ruct+ !   
%ip ( /ate b x 0 also mo/ in/rum5tal 9  
laun*+ x on a triumphant & useful c\rse 
?r\gh a c5tury & a qu>t]4 ,! pr(\nd     
gratitude ( succe$+ g5]ations ow+ to su*
 a ,b> ought nev] to be dimm$ by p>tisan
 or misguid$ diatribes ^u lawy]s &      
judges4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,legal       
,,e?ics   ,i h he>d ! utility ( legal   
e?ics d5i$4 ,x is said t ! rules 9 legal
 e?ics are ! same z ! moral rules t     
gov]n m5 9 e bran* ( society & 9 e      
pr(ession--except z !re may be c]ta9    
conv5tions z to pr(essional etiquette--&
 t if a man is hone/1 !re ought to be no
 difficulty 9 8 foll[+ ! "r c\rse 9 !   
dis*>ge ( 8 pr(essional duties4 ,if a   
man is lack+ 9 probity ( "*1 x is said !
 discussion ( legal e?ics w d him no    

p>ticul> good1 because if he is tempt$  
to a crook$ pa? or an unju/ act by 8    
pecuni>y int]e/1 he w yield1 & nei!r    
lectures on e?ics nor ! e/abli%m5t ( an 
e?ical code w make him good2 :]eas !    
upright man w ei!r n be s tempt$1 or    
%\ld he be1 he w cle>ly p]ceive !       
necessity = resi/+ ! temptation4  ,9 !  
c\rse ( my consid]ation ( ?is subject1  
,i look$ into a text-book on moral      
philosophy & ! g5]al sy/em ( e?ics ) !  
hope t ,i might f9d some?+ !re t w\ld   
sugge/1 by analogy1 a prop] treatm5t ( !
 subject 9 h&4 ,i consult$ ,pauls5's ,a 
,sy/em ( ,e?ics4 ,! analogy betwe5 moral
 philosophy & legal e?ics is n v close1 
b ,i f\nd a passage or two be>+ on ?is v
 issue1 :i* x seems to me might n be    
inappropriately quot$ "h4 ,9 !          
conclusion ( 8 introduction1 ,pauls5    
says3       ,let me say a ^w conc]n+ !  
practical value ( e?ics4 ,c      e?ics  
be a practical sci5ce1 n only 9 ! s5se t
 x deals      ) practice1 b t x         
influ5ces practice8 ,?is 0 its          

orig9al purpose4 ',x is ! function (    
e?ics1' says ,ari/otle1      'to act1 n 
only to !orize4'  ,pauls5 ref]s to !    
fact t ,s*op5hau] takes a diff]5t view3 
,all philosophy1 he says1 is !oretical4 
,^u mature reflection      x ought      
f9ally to ab&on ! old dem& t x become   
practical1 guide action1 & trans=m "*1 =
 "h x is      n dead concepts t decide1 
b ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( !      human be+1 !
 demon t guides him4 ,x is z impossible 
to      tea* virtue z x is to tea*      
g5ius4 ,x w\ld be z fooli% to           
expect our moral sy/ems to produce      
virtu\s *>act]s & sa9ts      z to expect
 ! sci5ce ( /hetics to br+ =? poets1    
sculptors & musicians4 ,to ?is view     
,pauls5 replies3       ,i d n believe t 
e?ics ne$ be s fa9t-he>t$4 ,its fir/    
object1 x is true1 is to und]/& human   
/riv+s & modes (      conduct1          
conditions & in/itutions1 z well z _!   
effects ^u      individual & social     
life4 ,b if k is capable (      influ5c+
 conduct--:i* ,s*op5hau] himself w\ld n 

d5y--x      is h>d to und]/& :y ! k (   
e?ics alone %\ld be      fruitless 9 ?is
 respect4444 ,moral in/ruction1 h[ev]1 c
 h      no practical effect unless !re  
be "s agreem5t conc]n+ !      nature ( !
 f9al goal--n a m]e v]bal agreem5t1 to  
be sure1      b "o bas$ ^u actual       
feel+4444 ,x w be ! bus9ess (      e?ics
 to invite ! d\bt] & ! inquir] to assi/ 
9 !      common ef=t to discov] fix$    
pr9ciples :i* %all help !      judgm5t  
to und]/& ! aims & problems ( life4     
,:at is "h said conc]n+ ! usefulness (  
an inve/igation ( fix$ e?ical pr9ciples 
has application to a consid]ation ( :at 
rules ( conduct %\ld prevail 9 ! legal  
pr(ession4 ,! high social purpose ( !   
pr(ession1 its b5eficial function1 & !  
limitations ^u its action t %\ld be     
self-en=c$ 9 ord] to make ! call+ an    
advantage & n a detrim5t to ! public    
weal1 %\ld be und]/ood4 ,inde$1 !       
pr(ession ( ! law1 if x s]ves its high  
purpose1 & v9dicates its exi/5ce1       
requires a d\ble allegiance f ^? :o h   

assum$ its obligations1 fir/1 a duty    
t[>d _! cli5ts1 & second1 a duty t[>d ! 
c\rt4 ,& ?\gh ! two sometimes seem to   
conflict1 !y mu/ be reconcil$ 9 ! way   
:i* w be/ promote ! effective           
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ! peace (       
society4 ,! pa? to be foll[$ 9 a*iev+   
?is gold5 mean 9 ! intricacies (        
pr(essional relations is n z manife/ z !
 rule ( hone/y & morality 9 ord9>y life4
 ,! great problem ( gov]nm5t t is nev]  
completely solv$ & t is *ang+ ) *ang+   
conditions is h[ to reconcile !         
protection ( individual rights1 helpful 
to ! pursuit ( happ9ess & ! welf>e (    
society1 ) ! necess>y curtailm5t ( ^?   
rights & fre$om1 by gov]nm5tal          
re/riction1 to a*ieve ! same object4 ,s 
! adju/m5t ( ! duties ( ! lawy] t[>d 8  
cli5t & t[>d ! c\rt 9 ! int]e/ (        
society1 are n always easily di/+ui%able
 & an attempt to make !m cle>1 !re=e1 is
 ju/ifi$4  ,an und]/&+ betwe5 ! cli5t & 
8 repres5tative t remun]ation is a prop]
 incid5t to _! relation insures a great]

 confid5ce 9 ! activity & devotion ( 8  
lawy] to 8 int]e/ on ! "p ( ! cli5t &   
/imulates indu/ry & s9c]e ef=t on ! "p (
 ! lawy]4 ,x is f> bett] t ! employm5t  
on a pecuni>y basis %\ld be und]/ood by 
all m51 by ! c\rts & by ! p>ties1 ?an t 
"s secret arrangem5ts %\ld exi/ unkn[n  
to ! c\rt & ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,b x is said 
t to give to c\nsel1 skill$1 le>n$ &    
famili> ) ! arts ( advocacy & !         
prep>ation ( cases1 a pecuni>y motive to
 make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason1     
necess>ily leads him to an attempt to   
influ5ce ! c\rt aga9/ a j result4 ,=    
s9ce "o or ! o!r conclusion mu/ be      
unju/1 "o ( ! paid attorneys argu+ !    
cause be=e ! c\rt mu/ be argu+ = ! unju/
 side & 9 favor ( wrong4 ,h5ce1 x is    
claim$1 ! sy/em ( paid advocacy mu/ 9 e 
case t5d to an ef=t on "o side or ! o!r 
to p]v]t ju/ice & mislead ! judges into 
inequity & wrong4  ,x may be agre$ t if 
!re 7 n c]ta9 limitations ^u ! means :i*
 c\nsel may take to ma9ta9 ! ju/ice ( _!
 cli5ts' cause1 if !y 7 ju/ifi$ 9       

suborn+ witnesses1 & coa*+ !m to te/ify 
to an unf\nd$ /ate ( facts1 if !y 7     
p]mitt$ to mis/ate ! evid5ce aft] x has 
be5 adduc$1 if x 7 reg>d$ z prop] = !m  
to accept employm5t 9 ! prosecution ( a 
cause :i* !y knew to be br\ght only = a 
wrong purpose & )\t any j f\ndation1 or 
if 9 a civil cause !y 7 reta9$ to make a
 def5ce :i* !y 7 advis$ 0 false & wrong1
 !n x might be t advocacy "u su* fre$om 
f limitation w\ld n aid ! judges 9      
avoid+ wrong conclusions & unju/        
judgm5ts4 ,b !re are limitations ^u !   
duty ( c\nsel to _! cli5ts4 ,!re are    
also limitations ^u a lawy]'s action :i*
 he _c violate )\t a brea* ( 8 duty to !
 c\rt ( :i* he is an (fic] & to ! public
 int]e/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! prop]         
adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t
 ! goal to be rea*$ 9 ref]5ce to !      
e?ical duty ( an attorney 9 ! dis*>ge ( 
! functions assign$ to him by ! law1 is 
! reconciliation ( 8 duty to 8 cli5t1 ) 
8 duty to ! c\rt4 ,to m>k out ?is l9e 9 
advance is easi] ?an to det]m9e ea*     

special duty 9 a concrete way1 yet nei!r
 is free f difficulty & ea* requires a  
calm & cle> und]/&+ ( ! function (      
c\nsel z an in/rum5t 9 ! ma*9]y (       
ju/ice4 ,?is is ! ma9 object ( legal    
e?ics4 ,x cov]s o!r fields & is         
important 9 ^? fields1 b no o!r is ( su*
 prim>y importance4  ,c\rts sit to he>  
controv]sies betwe5 p>ties ov] facts &  
law4 ,rules ( proc$ure are = ! purpose (
 r$uc+ ! issues ( fact & law 9 su*      
controv]sies to a =m z n>r[ & concrete z
 possible4 ,m5 :o are able to pres5t a  
cle> /atem5t ( ! evid5ce & :o are le>n$ 
9 ! pr9ciples ( ! law & _! application  
to ! facts z !y are develop$ are 9 a    
position to assi/ ! judge to a quick &  
?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! exact "q :i* he is to
 decide4 ,! real en?usiasm ( advocacy   
:i* is necess>ily develop$ by ! relation
 ( attorney & cli5t w\ld d\btless h a   
t5d5cy to mislead ! c\rt if ex]t$ 9     
behalf ( "o side only1 b :]e bo? sides  
are repres5t$1 :]e ! same e>ne/ness 9 ! 
proce$+ ( ea* side is pres5t1 x is ! be/

 me?od )9 human k5 to rea* a s\nd       
conclusion bo? z to ! facts & z to !    
law4 ,no "o :o has _h exp]i5ce on ! ,b5*
 9 rea*+ judicial conclusions & :o has  
!reaft] be5 oblig$ 9 an executive       
position to rea* important1 & x may be  
f9al1 conclusions ^u que/ions involv+   
bo? fact & law1 c fail to recognize &   
ackn[l$ge ! p[]ful influ5ce = ju/ice t  
honorable & le>n$ memb]s ( ! law ex]t 9 
! causes :i* !y pres5t to a c\rt4 ,!    
c\nsel :o argues ! los+ side ( a case   
contributes q z mu* to ! assi/ance ( !  
c\rt z ! successful advocate4 ,!        
friction ( c\nsel's argum5t aga9/       
c\nsel's argum5t develops e phase (     
possible error 9 a conclusion & !reby   
enables a j1 intellig5t1 acute &        
exp]i5c$ c\rt to see cle>ly :at is ! "r 
:i* %\ld be embodi$ 9 its judgm5t4  ,!  
practical value ( argum5t by paid c\nsel
 on bo? sides is %[n 9 _m ways4 ,9 !    
fir/ place1 x is well und]/ood 9 weigh+ 
legal prec$5ts t !re is little au?ority 
9 ! decision ( a c\rt :i* has be5 rea*$ 

)\t ! b5efit ( ! argum5t ( c\nsel4 ,9 "s
 /ates1 c\rts are requir$ to answ]      
que/ions f ! legislature z to !         
con/itutionality ( propos$ laws4 ,! be/ 
au?orities hold t op9ions giv5 "u su*   
circum/ances are m]ely advisory1 s9ce !y
 lack oppos+ argum5ts made by c\nsel :om
 ! _s ( pr(essional advocacy ar\ses to  
indu/ry 9 ! se>* = prec$5t4 ,!y g s f> z
 to say t answ]s s giv5 %\ld n conclude 
! same c\rt 9 a litigat$ case aris+     
subsequ5tly4 ,an e>ne/ & comm5dable     
desire to w9 leads ! c\nsel to se>* n   
only libr>ies b 8 own bra9 = ! /ronge/  
reasons t he c summon ^u :i* to base a  
judgm5t 9 behalf ( 8 cli5t4 ,:y is x t a
 great ,b> makes a great c\rt8 ,?\gh x  
may seem a truism1 ,i repeat1 x is      
because ! great ,b> furni%es to ! c\rt  
all ! reasons t c possibly be urg$ 9 ea*
 case & enables x to select f among all 
! reasons develop$ by ! +5uity & int5se 
int]e/ ( m5 skill$ 9 ! law4  ,c\nsel    
ought to decl9e to conduct a civil cause
 or to make a def5ce :5 conv9c$ t x is  

int5d$ m]ely to h>ass ! opposite p>ty or
 to "w oppression4 ,8 appe>ance 9 c\rt  
%\ld1 !re=e1 be deem$ equival5t to an   
ass]tion on 8 honor t 9 8 op9ion 8      
cli5t's case is a debatable "o & "o     
prop] = judicial det]m9ation4 ,he %\ld  
"k t "u a prop] code ( e?ics1 no lawy]  
is oblig$ to act ei!r z advis] or z     
advocate = e p]son :o may wi% to become 
8 cli5t2 t he has ! "r to decl9e        
employm5t1 & t ea* lawy] on 8 own       
responsibility mu/ decide :at bus9ess he
 w accept z c\nsel1 :at causes he w br+ 
into c\rt = pla9tiffs1 & :at suits he w 
conte/ 9 c\rt = def5ce4 ,! c\rt kn[s t !
 responsibility = br++ que/ionable suits
 or = urg+ que/ionable def5ces1 is !    
lawy]'s responsibility4 ,he c n escape x
 by urg+ z an excuse t he is only foll[+
 8 cli5t's in/ruction4 ,! judge kn[s t  
no honorable lawy] w\ld coa* a witness  
to te/ify falsely1 & t 9 deal+ ) ! c\rt 
ea* lawy] is requir$ to act ) entire    
c&or & fairness 9 ! /atem5ts ^u :i* he  
invokes its action4 ,! judge kn[s t x   

w\ld n be c&id or fair = ! lawy] kn[+ly 
to misquote ! cont5ts ( a pap]1 !       
te/imony ( a witness1 ! argum5t ( oppos+
 c\nsel1 ! language ( a decision1 or !  
word+ ( a text-book4 ,he may fairly rely
 on a lawy] n to cite a decision t he   
kn[s has be5 ov]rul$1 or a /atute t he  
kn[s has be5 repeal$4 ,he may prop]ly   
rely on ! c\nsel's n ass]t+ a fact t has
 n be5 prov54  ,yet he kn[s t lawy]s owe
 entire devotion to ! int]e/ ( ! cli5t1 
& w>m zeal 9 ! ma9t5ance ( 8 rights & t 
!y w ex]t _! utmo/ ability le/ any?+ be 
tak5 or be )held f him1 save by ! rules 
( law1 legally appli$4 ,he kn[s t c\nsel
 has ! "r to proce$ 9 ! view t 8 cli5t  
is entitl$ to ! b5efit ( e rem$y &      
def5ce au?oriz$ by ! law ( ! l& & t !   
lawy] is expect$ to ass]t e su* rem$y or
 def5ce4 ,b x is /eadfa/ly to be borne 9
 m9d t ! great tru/ to ! lawy] is to be 
=m$ )9 & n )\t ! b\nds ( ! law4 ,! (fice
 ( a lawy] does n p]mit1 mu* less does x
 dem& ( him1 violation ( law or any     
mann] ( fraud = any cli5t4 ,he mu/ obey 

8 own consci5ce & n t ( 8 cli5t4 ,^!    
limitations are b9d+ ^u ! lawy] z a     
sworn (fic] ( ! c\rt1 & compliance ) !m 
is ! true reconciliation ( ! prim>y duty
 ( fidelity to ! cli5t1 ) ! con/ant &   
ev] pres5t duty ow+ to ! m9i/] ( ju/ice 
9 ! p]son ( ! judge4 ,^! /atem5ts ( !   
duty ( ! lawy] to ! c\rt 9 ! advocacy ( 
causes & 9 ! pres5tation ( 8 cli5t's    
case1 are tak5 f ! ,code ( ,legal       
,e?ics1 :i* 0 approv$ by ! ,am]ican ,b> 
,association4 ,i ?9k t all lawy]s &     
judges w agree t :5 lawy]s live up to   
!m1 ! dang] ( inju/ice f ! en?usiasm1   
skill or eloqu5ce ( _! advocacy is q    
remote4  ,i don't mean to say t lawy]s d
 n diff] 9 ! =ce ( _! /atem5ts1 9 _!    
logical faculty1 9 _! me?od ( arrang+   
argum5ts1 9 _! flu5cy & 9 ! cog5cy ) :i*
 !y pres5t ! cause ( _! respective      
cli5ts4 ,( c\rse ! man :o is =tunate    
en\gh to engage ! abl] lawy] enjoys !   
advantage ( ^? gifts ) :i* nature has   
end[$ 8 repres5tative1 b t elem5t (     
inequality c h>dly be elim9at$ f !      

adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,x has m weight 9
 a jury trial ?an x has be=e a c\rt1 = !
 lawy]s be=e a c\rt are mat*+ _!        
acut5ess & le>n+ n alone ) ! c\nsel = ! 
o!r side1 b ) ! cold scrut9y ( a calm1  
intellectual & judicial m9d1 tra9$ to   
consid] argum5t1 & exp]i5c$ 9 !         
elim9ation ( ! irrelevant1 ! emotional &
 ! illogical4  ,! jury sy/em1 ?\gh      
some:at crude & n always c]ta91 has     
advantages t outweigh its possibility ( 
inju/ice 9 ! judicial sy/em ( a free    
gov]nm5t among a free p4 ,x is important
 t ! p %all h confid5ce 9 ! c\rts1 & x  
is important t !y %all feel t !y may    
!mselves be a "p ( ! judicial ma*9]y4 ,!
 value ( popul> confid5ce 9 ! v]dict ( a
 jury select$ at r&om f a community is  
great en\gh to (fset any t5d5cy to error
 t may at times arise f ! undue influ5ce
 ( a jury advocate uphold+ "o side ( !  
controv]sy be=e !m4 ,if ! jury is misl$ 
by ! hi/rionic eloqu5ce ( c\nsel s t x  
cle>ly violates ju/ice 9 its v]dict1 !  
c\rt may always set aside its decision &

 give a new trial4 ,moreov]1 9 any      
prop]ly adju/$ sy/em1 ! judge %\ld be   
able to cle> ! atmosph]e ( any false    
emotion t c\nsel may h creat$4 ,he c    
rem9d ! jury 9 8 *>ge t !y are judges1  
:o may n indulge _! emotions or _!      
prejudices4 ,he %\ld foll[ closely !    
argum5t ( c\nsel to ! jury 9 ord] t 8   
*>ge may cle> up ! evid5ce by invit+ !  
att5tion ( ! jury to ! weakness ( pro(  
at critical po9ts ( ! cause1 or by po9t+
 out ei!r ! bias ( witnesses or _!      
opportunity or lack ( x = obs]vation1   
!reby elim9at+ ^? phases ( ! controv]sy 
t ! e>ne/ness ( c\nsel may h seiz$ ^u to
 div]t ! att5tion ( ! jury f ! real     
issue4  ,i h rec5tly he>d an arraignm5t 
( our pres5t judicial sy/em 9 ! trial ( 
causes by a prom95t1 able & exp]i5c$    
memb] ( ! ,bo/on ,b>4 7,i am glad to    
call him a fri5d4 ,i value him highly z 
su*47 ,he ascribes :at he calls ! gr[+  
lack ( confid5ce 9 ! ju/ice & equity (  
litigation 9 ! c\rts to ! fundam5tal    
error 9 _! proc$ure4 ,he feels t !      

proc$ure n[ 9 vogue au?orizes & 9 fact  
requires c\nsel to )hold facts f ! c\rt 
:i* w\ld help ! cause ( ju/ice if !y 7  
br\ght out by 8 own /atem5t4 ,to rem$y  
?is he sugge/s t all c\nsel %\ld be     
compell$ to disclose any facts          
communicat$ to !m by _! cli5ts :i* w\ld 
require a decision ( ! case aga9/ !     
cli5ts4 ,he cont5ds fur!r t ! rules (   
proc$ure1 :i* exclude he>say evid5ce1 & 
prev5t ! jury f he>+ _m facts :i*       
bus9ess m5 reg>d z important evid5ce1   
make x difficult to rea* ! tru? :i* is  
ess5tial to ju/ice4  ,i set out ?is view
 z a possible basis = a discussion ( !  
gr\nds = popul> criticism ( ! c\rts4 ,to
 require ! c\nsel to disclose !         
confid5tial communications ( 8 cli5t to 
! v c\rt & jury :i* are to pass on !    
issue :i* he is mak+1 w\ld end =ev] !   
possibility ( any useful relation betwe5
 lawy] & cli5t4 ,x is ess5tial = ! prop]
 pres5tation ( ! cli5t's cause t he %\ld
 be able to talk freely ) 8 c\nsel )\t  
fe> ( disclosure4 ,?is has always be5   

recogniz$ & has act$ z a mo/ salut>y    
re/riction on ! conduct ( c\nsel4 ,no   
litigants1 or int5d+ litigants1 w\ld    
employ c\nsel if ! latt] 7 to assume !  
duty ( extract+ f _! cli5ts all _!      
inn]mo/ ?\ghts ) a view to reveal+ !m to
 ! c\rt4 ,! useful function ( lawy]s is 
n only to conduct litigation b to avoid 
x1 :]e possible1 by advis+ settlem5t or 
)hold+ suit4 ,?us1 any rule t int]f]$ ) 
! complete disclosure ( ! cli5t's inmo/ 
?\ghts on ! issue he pres5ts w\ld       
s]i\sly ob/ruct ! peace t is ga9$ =     
society by ! compromises :i* ! c\nsel is
 able to advise4  ,! objection to !     
exclusion ( he>say evid5ce is equally   
unf\nd$4 ,its uses are said to be       
?reefold1 to conv9ce 9 affairs ( ! _w1  
to s]ve z ! basis ( action = bus9ess m51
 & to prev5t opportunity = false        
witness4 ,yet x is n admissible 9 a c\rt
 ( ju/ice to prove or disprove ei!r a   
cause or a def5ce4 ,! rules ( evid5ce h 
be5 work$ out by c5turies ( exp]i5ce (  
c\rts 9 jury trials1 & are admirably    

adapt$ to avoid ! dang] ( error z to    
fact4 ,i fully agree t 9 ,am]ican c\rts 
! trial judges h n be5 entru/$ ) z wide 
discretion 9 ! matt] ( admitt+ or       
reject+ evid5ce z !y %\ld h1 & judgm5ts 
h be5 rev]s$ on te*nical errors 9       
admitt+ te/imony :i* %\ld h be5 affirm$4
 ,z "t goes on1 h[ev]1 ! rule aga9/     
he>say evid5ce1 in/ead ( los+ its =ce1  
is demon/rat+ its usefulness4 ,! error &
 inju/ice t are committ$ 9 ! public     
press by inaccurate1 g>bl$ & sometimes  
false /atem5ts ( facts are increas$ 9 _!
 injuri\s effect by ! wid] publication t
 newspap]s h today1 & ! requirem5t t :5 
a fact is to be prov5 9 c\rt x %\ld be  
prov5 by ^? :o h a p]sonal k ( x1 is "o 
( ! mo/ :olesome & se>*+ te/s ( tru? t !
 :ole range ( adjective law furni%es4 ,!
 opportunity = cross-exam9ation1 = f9d+ 
out ! bias ( ! witness1 ! advantage or  
disadvantage ( 8 po9t ( obs]vation1 !   
accuracy or inaccuracy 9 8 recollection 
( ! details ( :at he saw1 are all means 
( rea*+ ! real tru? t ! introduction (  

he>say evid5ce w\ld entirely exclude4   
,x is n[ m ?an fifte5 ye>s s9ce ?is     
c\ntry 0 foll[+ ) bat$ brea? ! judicial 
inve/igation ( ! *>ges aga9/ ,capta9    
,dreyfus = treason 9 hav+ sold secrets (
 ! ,fr5* ,w> ,(fice to ,g]many4 ,"u !   
civil law proc$ure1 !re is little1 if   
any1 limitation ^u ! k9d ( evid5ce :i* c
 be introduc$ to su/a9 ! issue on ei!r  
side1 & ! rule aga9/ he>say evid5ce does
 n prevail4 ,! %ock giv5 to ! :ole      
community ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! "* (   
evid5ce receiv$ to help ! c\rt det]m9e !
 ,dreyfus issue1 0 itself en\gh to %[ t 
! confid5ce ( ! public 9 ! ju/ice ( !   
rule aga9/ he>say evid5ce _h gr[n r ?an 
dim9i%$ ) ye>s4  ,yet ,i am f> f say+ t 
we may n h improvem5t 9 our laws conc]n+
 te/imony 9 c\rt4 ,! protection ( ^?    
accus$ ( crime conta9$ 9 "s ( our       
con/itutional re/rictions may be too    
great4 ,! *>ge aga9/ ! adm9i/ration (   
ju/ice 9 ! pres5t sy/em is t x is no?+ b
 a game ( wits1 ( cunn+1 & ( concealm5t1
 promot$ by ! rules ( proc$ure4 ,i ?9k  

?is *>act]ization is mo/ unju/ & mo/    
unwise because x aids ! attack on a     
valuable & indisp5sable in/itution )\t  
sugge/+ any real security = su* evils & 
defects z !re are4 ,an exp]i5ce ( _m    
ye>s 9 ! trial ( all sorts ( causes z   
lawy] & judge & 9 fram+ a judicial sy/em
 conv9ces me t ! pres5t me?od ( he>+    
causes is correct4 ,! en?usia/ic        
advocacy ( c\nsel :5 !y are prop]ly     
re/ra9$ z above sugge/$1 & ! rules (    
evid5ce adapt$ to w9n[+ out ! false f ! 
true1 are admirably adapt$ to br++ ab\t 
"r results4  ,x is also ask$ :e!r memb]s
 ( ! ,b> live up to ^! rules re/ra9+ _! 
en?usiasm & limit+ _! prop] conduct 9 ! 
advocacy ( _! cli5ts' causes4 ,"o c     
reply t c\nsel diff] 9 t reg>d1 b t     
g5]ally su* rules are fairly well       
obs]v$4 ,! e>ne/ness ( advocacy (t5     
bl9ds !m to ! proprieties & !           
requirem5ts ( c&or & fairness4 ,!y fall 
into ! same errors t _! cli5ts d1 ?\gh )
 a bett] k ( _! duties 9 ?is reg>d4 ,!y 
%>e :at has be5 *>act]i/ic ( our entire 

p 9 ! la/ two decades4 ,! m9ds ( ! great
 majority h be5 focus$ on bus9ess       
success1 on ! *ase = ! doll>1 :]e       
success seems to h ju/ifi$ "s dep>ture f
 ! /rict l9e ( propriety or fairness1 s 
long z x has n br\ght on crim9al        
prosecution or public d5unciation4  ,m  
?an ?is1 ! t5d5cy ( legislatures1 too   
(t5 controll$ by lawy]s engag$ 9 active 
practice1 has be5 to di/ru/ judges & to 
take away f !m ! p[] to control 9 ! c\rt
 room1 z !y d 9 ! ,engli% & ,f$]al      
c\rts4 ,?is has _h a t5d5cy to transf]  
to c\nsel great] discretion 9 respect to
 _! conduct ( cases & great] opportunity
 to dep>t f e?ical rules ) impunity 9 ! 
some:at reckless _s ( ! times4 ,! hamp]$
 p[] ( ! c\rt to prev5t ! misconduct (  
c\nsel 9 _m we/]n /ates has n be5       
conducive to c]ta9ty ( ju/ice nor has x 
be5 ( a "* to /r5g!n public confid5ce 9 
j results4 ,we f9d ! bitt]e/ attacks ^u 
! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ^?            
jurisdictions 9 :i* ! p & ! legislatures
 h !mselves laid ! f\ndation = ! v      

abuses !y subsequ5tly criticise by tak+ 
away ! p[] ( ! judge4     ,,*apt] ,,iii 
,,! ,,executive ,,p[]   ,i h be5        
introduc$ at a great _m places by !     
exub]ant *airman ( a committee :o ref]r$
 to ! fact t he 0 ab\t to introduce a   
g5tleman :o ex]cis$ ! greate/ p[] 9 !   
_w4 ,:ile ! p[] ( ! ,presid5t may be v  
great z comp>$ ) ! p[] ( rul]s ( o!r    
c\ntries1 ,i c te/ify t :5 y are ex]cis+
 x1 y don't ?9k ( its ext5t s mu* z y d 
( its limitations4 ,i ?9k a /udy ( !    
relative p[] ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 !        
,presid5t ( ,france1 ! ,emp]or (        
,g]many1 ! ,k+ ( ,italy1 ! ,emp]or (    
,au/ria & ! ,emp]or ( ,russia might     
involve a v int]e/+ inve/igation4 ,i am 
n suffici5tly famili> ) ! p[] ( ^?      
executive heads to speak on ! subject1  
?\gh ,i d "k some?+ ( ! p[] ( ! ,k+ (   
,engl&4 ,9 ,engl& & all ( h] colonies !y
 h a s-call$ responsible gov]nm5t4 ,!   
,engli% ,k+ is said to reign & n to     
rule1 :ile ! actual rul] is ! ,premi]1  
:o comb9es executive & legislative p[]  

by virtue ( 8 position z head ( !       
controll+ p>ty 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,:5 !       
legislative majority fails him1 he goes 
out ( (fice4 ,x is a gov]nm5t           
responsible bo? = legislation & =       
executive "w4  ,) u1 z y "k1 ! ,presid5t
 is a p]man5t (fic] = f\r ye>s4 ,x is q 
possible t he may be elect$ z ,presid5t 
at ! same "t t a ,congress ho/ile to him
 is put into p[]4 ,su* 0 ! case :5 ,mr4 
,hayes 0 elect$1 & inde$ :5 ,mr4        
,clevel& 0 fir/ elect$ !re 0 a majority 
aga9/ him 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,x happ5s m       
frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 t at ! end ( two ye>s 
a majority ( ! oppos+ p>ty is elect$ to 
a ,congress at ! mid-t]m election4 ,our 
me?od has be5 criticis$ z rigid &       
unresponsive to *ange 9 popul> op9ion1 b
 ,i v5ture to ?9k t x has "s advantages 
ov] ! ,engli% "o4 ,x may be good = a    
c\ntry to h an occasional re/ f         
legislation1 to let x dige/ :at re=m]s h
 already gott5 on its /atute book1 & !  
p]iod :5 ! ,presid5t diff]s f ,congress 
(f]s su* an opportunity = te/ & re/4 ,we

 h re/s 9 music1 :i* are necess>y to a  
prop] composition1 & ,i d n see :y we   
%\ld n h re/s 9 politics4  ,i ?9k1      
h[ev]1 t we might advantage\sly give    
great] p[] to ! ,presid5t 9 ! matt] (   
legislation4 ,"o ( ! difficulties ab\t a
 ,congress--,i say x ) def]5ce to t     
body--is t x does n "k en\gh ab\t !     
executive facts :i* ought to control    
legislation 9 ! c\rse ( an effici5t     
gov]nm5t4 ,! introduction ( cab9et      
(fic]s on ! floor ( ! ,h\se & ! floor ( 
! ,s5ate to urge legislation on ! "o h&1
 & to po9t out ! defects ( propos$      
legislation1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld furni% ! 
necess>y elem5t4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1    
make x requisite t cab9et (fic]s %\ld be
 able to look aft] !mselves on _! feet4 
,!y w\ld h to "k _! ,dep>tm5t & be ready
 to answ] su* que/ions z are put to     
cab9et (fic]s on ! floor ( ,p>liam5t4   
,presid5t ,wilson has inaugurat$ !      
policy ( deliv]+ 8 message to ,congress 
p]sonally4 ,i ?9k t is a good           
innovation4 ,a ,democrat c\ld h made x1 

n a ,republican4 ,wa%+ton _h to g to    
,congress1 s _h ,adams1 b :5 ,jeff]son  
came 9 he said1 ,no1 t is mon>*ical1 &  
,i w j write a lett] to ,congress1 & s  
he did4 ,wa%+ton w5t once to ! ,s5ate & 
attempt$ to h ! ,s5ate concur ) him 9 a 
treaty ) ! ,indians4 ,he took ) him     
,g5]al ,knox1 :o _h frequ5tly dealt )   
,indians4 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 9 8 di>y1
 describes :at happ5$ z he le>n$ x f a  
memb] ( ! ,s5ate at t "t4 ,he says t 9 !
 conf]5ce1 ,wa%+ton f\nd t e memb] ( !  
,s5ate ?\ght he knew m ab\t ! ,indian   
treaty ?an ,g5]al ,knox4 ,:]eupon1 he1 !
 fa!r ( our c\ntry1 :o has be5 repres5t$
 z a model 9 e way1 prov$ t he 0 no su* 
sissy z "s ( 8 hi/orians w\ld l to make 
him out4 ,8 "* 0 "o :i* develops into   
gr& proportions :5 y /udy x1 b he 0 no  
m]e /eel engrav+ ( copy-book p]fection4 
,:5 he got ?r\gh ) t p>ticul> session1  
he turn$ to ,knox z he w5t out1 & said  
he w\ld be damn$ if he w\ld come to !   
,s5ate aga94 ,n[ ,i d n approve (       
pr(anity g5]ally1 b someh[ or o!r ,i r l

 t /ory because x lets 9 a little light 
on ,wa%+ton & %[s he 0 a man ) good r$  
blood4  ,! fir/ p[] ( ! ,presid5t t ,i  
wi% to consid] is ! veto p[]4 ,! ,engli%
 ,k+ has x1 b nev] ex]cises x1 i4e41 he 
has n ex]cis$ x = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,if  
he attempt$ to ex]cise x "u ! pres5t    
,briti% ,con/itution1 he w\ld %ake !    
?rone & %\ld he try x a second "t he    
might n h a ?rone "u him4 ,! ,presid5t1 
h[ev]1 has ! veto p[] "u a provision ( !
 ,con/itution4 ,:5 he decides to diff] )
 bo? ,h\ses1 c]ta9 memb]s ( demagogic   
t5d5cy rise to say t ! ,presid5t is     
ex]cis+ a royal pr]ogative p[]1 or t he 
is go+ back to ! "t ( ,imp]ial ,rome4   
,?is might fright5 an inexp]i5c$ man1 b 
9 reality x is m]e blu/]4 ,z a matt] (  
fact1 ! ,presid5t repres5ts ! p 9 a mu* 
wid] s5se ?an any p>ticul>              
,congressional orator1 = he 0 elect$ by 
all ! p1 :ile ! ,congressman 0 *os5 by  
only "o di/rict4 ,! ,con/itution says t 
if he disapproves ( an act1 he %all s5d 
x back ) 8 objections & x enjo9s ^u him 

! duty ( exam9+ e act & e bill t comes  
to him1 to see :e!r x ought to pass4 ,he
 vetoes1 !re=e1 9 8 repres5tative       
capacity1 ) legislative & susp5sive1 b n
 absolute1 p[]4 ,a veto$ act is return$ 
to ! ,h\se1 & if its support]s c succe$ 
9 gett+ a two-?irds majority 9 ea*      
,h\se1 ! bill c /ill pass ov] 8 veto4   
,?is r>ely happ5s1 h[ev]1 = ! ,presid5t 
c usually give reasons good en\gh to    
comm& ! vote ( at lea/ ! "o-?ird ( "o   
,h\se t is necess>y to su/a9 8 veto4  ,!
 second great control ex]cis$ by !      
,presid5t is t ( ,comm&]-9-,*ief4 ,?is  
includes1 fir/ ( all1 8 comm& ov] !     
army1 :i* is complete4 ,he c s5d ! army 
:]e he *ooses & he c call out ! /ate    
militia to repel invasion1 to suppress  
insurrection & to execute ! laws1 if !  
army or militia be necess>y4 ,( t he    
alone is ! judge4 ,e>ly 9 our hi/ory    
c]ta9 /ate judges ?\ght t ! comm&] ( !  
militia 9 ea* /ate %\ld pass on ! "q z  
to :e!r an em]g5cy _h aris5 :i* w\ld    
ju/ify ! ,presid5t 9 call+ out !        

militia1 b t 0 "o hundr$ ye>s ago4  ,to 
illu/rate our practice n[ 9 reg>d to !  
execution ( laws ) ! aid ( ! army1 !re  
is "o v /rik+ in/ance :i* occurr$ )9 my 
memory4 ,debs organiz$ ! ,am]ican       
,railway ,union 9 ord] to take !        
,am]ican p by ! ?roat & say to !m3 ,y   
%all n h any milk = y\r babies1 y %all n
 h any food1 y %all n h any?+4 ,i am go+
 to /op e railroad 9 ! c\ntry until y   
come ) me & make ,pullman pay 8 m5 :at  
,i ?9k !y ought to h1 & :at !y ?9k !y   
ought to h4 ,t 0 a second>y boycott1 :i*
 ,mr4 ,clevel& said ought to be         
suppress$4 ,s9ce x involv$ ! /oppage (  
mails & int]/ate comm]ce1 ! ,unit$      
,/ates c\rts issu$ injunctions to prev5t
 ! malcont5ts f cont9u+ _! "w (         
ob/ruction4 ,:5 ,debs's ,union defi$ !  
c\rt injunction1 ! ,presid5t s5t ,g5]al 
,miles out to ,*icago ) a milit>y =ce to
 suppress t ob/ruction to ! ,unit$      
,/ates laws4  ,at ?is ,gov]nor ,altgeld 
prote/$4 ,i c take c>e ( ?is2 ,i h n    
ask$ y to br+ ^! m5 9 "h4 ,"u !         

,con/itution x is necess>y = ! gov]nor  
or legislature to reque/ ! ,presid5t to 
s5d troops 9 to suppress dome/ic        
insurrection :i* ! gov]nor ( ! /ate _c  
control4  ,to :i* ,mr4 ,clevel& & ,mr4  
,olney answ]$3 ,t is true :]e !         
insurrection does n relate to ! ,unit$  
,/ates laws1 b :]e !re is an ob/ruction 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates laws1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt
 has decid$ repeat$ly t ! ,presid5t is  
deal+1 n ) /ate t]ritory1 b ) ! t]ritory
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,he c execute ! laws
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on e foot ( ,unit$   
,/ates soil & h ! :ole army en=ce !m4 ,&
 s he did4  ,ano!r indirect p[] ( !     
,presid5t z ,comm&]-9-,*ief 0 exhibit$ 9
 a mo/ rem>kable way dur+ ! ,spani% ,w>4
 ,we took ov] successively ,cuba1 ,porto
 ,rico & ! ,philipp9es1 b = ?ree ye>s   
aft] we _h annex$ ! ,philipp9es1        
,congress took no action 9 reg>d to any 
( !m4 ,!y =m$ t]ritory c$$ to u by      
virtue ( ! ,treaty ( ,p>is & ,congress  
?\ght ! ,philipp9es 7 a pok] t 0 a      
little bit hot = x to h&le4 ,!          

responsibility = !m1 !re=e1 fell ^u !   
,presid5t1 & z ,comm&]-9-,*ief he       
introduc$ a quasi-civil gov]nm5t1       
appo9t+ a civil gov]nor & commission1   
:om he au?oriz$ to pass laws--subject to
 veto ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>--& to en=ce   
!m4 ,he ?us c>ri$ on a complete gov]nm5t
 9 ,porto ,rico1 ,cuba & ! ,philipp9es  
"u 8 p[] z ,comm&]-9-,*ief until        
,congress became suffici5tly advis$ to  
enact ne$$ legislation = _! gov]nm5t4   
,cuba 0 turn$ ov] to h] p1 a ,republic 0
 set go+4 ,!n aft] sev]al ye>s1         
circum/ances made x necess>y = u to /ep 
9 & take ,cuba aga94 ,!y _h gott5 into a
 r[1 z !y frequ5tly d 9 ^?              
,lat9-,am]ican c\ntries1 & !y 7 hav+ a  
revolution4  ,:5 we fir/ let ,cuba g1 we
 made :at 0 call$ ! ,platt ,am5dm5t to !
 ,cuban ,treaty1 sugge/$ by ,s5ator     
,platt ( ?is /ate4 ,t am5dm5t provid$ = 
! re/oration ( ord] by ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
:5ev] law & ord] 7 di/urb$ & :5ev] life1
 lib]ty & prop]ty 7 n secure4 ,mr4      
,roosevelt1 !re=e1 s5t me d[n to ,cuba )

 ,mr4 ,bacon to see if we c\ld n adju/ !
 matt]4 ,:5 we arriv$1 we f\nd tw5ty    
?\s& revolutioni/ troops outside ! city 
( ,havana4 ,presid5t ,palma _h be5 s    
c]ta9 ( peace t he _h made no provision 
to suppress insurrections1 & ^! troops 7
 j ab\t ready to m>* into ,havana :5 ,i 
got !re4 ,i w5t out to /ay at ! h\se ( !
 ,am]ican ,m9i/] 9 a suburb j betwe5 !  
l9es1 & we did :at we c\ld to compose ! 
situation4 ,9 ^? c\ntries :5 !y h a     
revolution1 ! fir/ ?+ !y d is to elect  
g5]als4 ,! next ?+ !y d is to det]m9e   
:at ! uni=m ( ! g5]als %all be1 & !n !y 
get ! guns & la/ ( all !y organize4     
,presid5t ,palma became disc\rag$ &     
resign$ s t ,i _h to proclaim myself    
,provisional ,gov]nor ( ,cuba4 ,! ,platt
 ,am5dm5t said t ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld g 
into ,cuba to pres]ve ord]2 b ! "q 0    
:e!r ! ,presid5t _h ! au?ority to g 9   
)\t au?orization by a resolution (      
,congress4 ,i always ?\ght t he _h &    
,congress seem$ to agree to x4 ,s we w5t
 91 e/abli%$ a provisional gov]nm5t1    

pass$ a good election law1 held an      
election &1 at ! end ( a ye>1 turn$ back
 ! gov]nm5t to ! ,cubans1 :]e x n[ is4  
,! ,presid5t has n ! p[] to decl>e w>4  
,congress has t p[]2 b if a =eign nation
 invades our c\ntry1 ! ,presid5t mu/1   
)\t await+ su* decl>ation1 resi/ & use !
 army & navy = t purpose4 ,x is1 !re=e1 
possible = u to actually get into w>    
be=e ,congress makes a =mal decl>ation4 
,t is :at happ5$ 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,!     
,s\!rn /ates sec$$ & ,mr4 ,l9coln _h w> 
on 8 h&s be=e ,congress c\ld decl>e x4  
,! ,presid5t !reupon decl>$ a blockade (
 ! ,s\!rn ports & ! "q !n came up z to  
:e!r x 0 a legal blockade s t prizes    
might be tak5 z 9 a naval w>4 ,our w>   
vessels _h captur$ m]*ant vessels try+  
to run ! blockade1 _h tak5 !m into prize
 c\rts1 & _h sold !m !re1 di/ribut+ !   
proce$s among !mselves4 ,! own]s f\ght !
 proce$+s & ^! suits1 call$ ,! ,prize   
,cases1 7 c>ri$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! c\rt held t :ile      
,congress "u ! ,con/itution _h sole p[] 

to decl>e w>1 nev]!less1 actual w> might
 foll[ ) all its legal consequ5ces if a 
nation invad$ our c\ntry or if su* an   
insurrection arose z t :i* _h j tak5    
place 9 ! ,civil ,w>4  ,let me give y an
 example ( presid5tial au?ority ex]cis$ 
9 pursuance ( 8 con/itutional duty to   
execute ! laws ev5 :5 ,congress passes  
no law on ! subject-matt]4 ,! ,canal    
,zone 0 acquir$ by a treaty ) ,panama t 
foll[$ its recognition--a recognition   
made ) su* promptness t x has s9ce      
attract$ "s criticism4 ,congress pass$ a
 law t ! ,presid5t %\ld h p[] to gov]n t
 c\ntry = a ye>1 b fail$ to r5ew ! grant
 ( p[]4 ,! "q arose !n z to :at 0 to be 
done 9 ! ,canal ,zone4 ,a prior act     
cov]+ ! build+ ( ! ,panama ,canal       
requir$ ! ,presid5t to build x ?r\gh a  
commission1 b t 0 all4 ,he might build x
 any:]e1 ei!r 9 ,nic>agua or ,panama1 b 
he _h no express gov]nm5tal p[] ov] !   
,canal t]ritory4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 to see t
 ! laws 7 execut$1 :i* meant t he mu/   
look aft] e piece ( t]ritory belong+ to 

! ,unit$ ,/ates & safegu>d x 9 ! int]e/ 
( ! p4 ,x seem$ to u1 !re=e1 to be )9 ! 
executive au?ority1 until ,congress %\ld
 act1 to cont9ue ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,zone1  
ma9ta9 c\rts1 execute m5 :o committ$    
murd]1 & dis*>ge all ! political        
functions requir$ to con/itute a        
law-abid+ community4  ,let me give y    
ano!r in/ance ( ! ,presid5t's ex]cis+ a 
law t ,congress did n pass4 ,s>ah ,al!a 
,hill ?\ght %e 0 m>ri$ to ,s5ator ,%>on1
 at lea/ %e said %e ?\ght s4 ,s5ator    
,%>on 0 a ri* man4 ,%e wi%$ to %>e x4 ,s
 %e br\ght 9 ! ,/ate c\rts ( ,cali=nia a
 suit = divorce & alimony aga9/ ! s5ator
 & exhibit$ a lett] purport+ to h be5   
writt5 by ! s5ator admitt+ ! m>riage4   
,%e got into a great deal ( litigation &
 employ$ z h] lawy] ,judge ,t]ry4       
,s5ator ,%>on !n br\ght suit 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ,c\rt 9 ,cali=nia to h ?is lett] 
decl>$ a =g]y & deliv]$ up to him4      
,ju/ice ,field ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,supreme ,c\rt he>d ! case on ! circuit4
 ,judge ,t]ry1 :o _h be5 on ! ,supreme  

,c\rt ( ,cali=nia 9 its e>ly days & _h  
s]v$ on ! same c\rt ) ,judge ,/eph5 ,j4 
,field1 0 a not$ dueli/ & 0 kn[n to h   
kill$ "o man 9 a duel4 ,mr4 ,ju/ice     
,field _h be5 appo9t$ f ! ,cali=nia c\rt
 to be a ,supreme ,ju/ice ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates by ,mr4 ,l9coln dur+ ! w>4 ,p5d+ 
! litigation1 ,s5ator ,%>on di$ & soon  
!reaft] ! association ( ,miss ,hill &   
,judge ,t]ry z cli5t & c\nsel develop$  
into a w>m] relation & !y became man &  
wife4 ,%e 0 a v viol5t woman1 z ,judge  
,t]ry 0 a viol5t man1 & made ?reat5+    
demon/rations 9 c\rt :5 ,ju/ice ,field  
gave ! judgm5t aga9/ h]4 ,ju/ice ,field 
s5t5c$ ,mrs4 ,t]ry to ?irty days'       
imprisonm5t = contempt because 9 h] fury
 %e insult$ ! ,c\rt & attempt$ to commit
 viol5ce ^u ! ,judge4 ,! bitt]ness (    
feel+ betwe5 ! ,t]rys & ,ju/ice ,field 0
 really height5$ by ! old association   
betwe5 ,judge ,t]ry & ,ju/ice ,field z  
judicial colleagues4 ,! ,t]rys frequ5tly
 decl>$ _! int5tion1 :5 occasion (f]$1  
to kill ,judge ,field4 ,^w ( ?is came to

 ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 !n ,w4 ,h4 ,h4     
,mill]1 9 ,mr4 ,h>rison's adm9i/ration4 
,he notifi$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>%al to   
direct a deputy to foll[ ,ju/ice ,field 
9 8 ,circuit "w & protect him aga9/ any 
?reat5$ attack4  ,z ,ju/ice ,field 0    
proce$+ nor? f ,los ,angeles to ,san    
,francisco to hold c\rt !re1 he got out 
= breakfa/ at ,fresno4 ,un=tunately !   
,t]rys rea*$ ! same /ation on ano!r tra9
 at ! same "t4 ,ju/ice ,field & ,neagle1
 ! deputy m>%al1 got out ( ! tra91 w5t  
into ! re/aurant & sat d[n4 ,:5 ,judge &
 ,mrs4 ,t]ry came 9 & ,mrs4 ,t]ry saw   
,ju/ice ,field1 %e ran out to ! c> to   
get a revolv] %e _h left 9 h] sat*el by 
an ov]sight4 ,9 ! meantime ,judge ,t]ry 
w5t up to ,ju/ice ,field1 d5\nc$ him &  
/ruck him f beh9d4 ,!reupon ,neagle     
arose1 say+1 ,i am an (fic]1 keep (f1 b 
,judge ,t]ry cont9u$ to assault ,ju/ice 
,field4 ,neagle said he ?\ght ,judge    
,t]ry rea*$ = a knife4 ,at any rate1    
,neagle %ot1 & ,t]ry fell dead at ! feet
 ( ,ju/ice ,field4  ,neagle 0 at once   

indict$ by a /ate jury = murd]4 ,he w5t 
into ! ,f$]al ,c\rt & got a writ (      
habeas corpus1 ask+ to be releas$ on !  
gr\nd t he 0 dis*>g+ a duty "u !        
gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,judge      
,sawy] grant$ ! writ & releas$ ,neagle4 
,! /ate ( ,cali=nia took ! case to !    
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!    
c\rt divid$1 ) ! ,*ief ,ju/ice & ,ju/ice
 ,lam> diss5t+4 ,! majority ( ! c\rt    
held1 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,mill] pron\nc+ !    
judgm5t1 t ! ,presid5t 0 ju/ifi$ by !   
duty impos$ ^u him by ! ,con/itution to 
see t ! laws 7 fai?fully execut$4       
,al?\gh !re 0 no specific law on !      
/atute book conf]r+ ^u ! ,presid5t      
au?ority to direct ,neagle to take !    
action he did1 !re 0 an impli$          
obligation on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t to      
protect its judges 9 dis*>g+ _! duty f !
 viol5ce ( disappo9t$ litigants1 & ?is  
obligation 0 a law :i* x 0 ! duty ( !   
,presid5t to see execut$4 ,! ,presid5t1 
!re=e1 has ! "r ?r\gh 8                 
,attorney-,g5]al1 :o is ! f+] ( 8 h&1 to

 direct an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to   
protect to ! utt]mo/ a ju/ice :ile on   
judicial duty1 ev5 if x necessitates    
kill+ an assailant4  ,i _c tell y all ! 
(fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--int]nal rev5ue
 m51 cu/oms m51 po/-(fice m51 immigrant 
inspectors1 public l& m51 reclamation   
m51 m>9e hospital m5--c]ta9ly #aej1jjj 9
 numb]1 :o are subject to ! direction ( 
! ,presid5t4 ,9 ! executive "w "u ?is   
head1 he wields a mo/ f>-rea*+ p[] 9 !  
int]pretation ( ,congressional acts4 ,a 
great _m /atutes nev] come be=e ! c\rt4 
,! ,presid5t or 8 (fic]s = him h f9ally 
to decide :at a /atute means :5 x       
directs !m to d some?+4 ,_m /atutes     
conta9 a provision t "u t /atute1       
regulations mu/ be made by executive    
(fic]s 9 ord] to facilitate _! en=cem5t4
 ,?is is quasi-legislative "w4 ,!       
situation 9 reg>d to ! pres5t income tax
 illu/rates ! necessity = regulations4  
,y w recognize t regulations adopt$ by !
 ,presid5t & 8 subord9ates are sometimes
 necess>y to /raight5 out law4 ,if y    

desire to /udy a maze or look into a    
labyr9?1 ,i comm5d y to ! pres5t income 
tax law4  ,!n (t5 ,congress relies ^u ! 
discretion ( ! ,presid5t to accompli%   
su* trem5d\s ?+s z 9 ! ,panama ,canal4  
,x direct$ ! ,presid5t to build !       
,canal4 ,x rema9$ = him to appo9t all ! 
p]sons engag$ 9 ! "w1 & he became       
responsible = e "o ( !m4 ,ano!r notable 
in/ance ( ! reliance ( ,congress ^u !   
,presid5t occurr$ 9 ! ,spani% ,w>1 :5 x 
appropriat$ #ej1jjj1jjj to be allott$ at
 8 discretion4  ,yet x seems to me t a  
curtailm5t ( ! small duties n[ impos$ on
 ! ,presid5t might well be made4 ,!     
numb] ( 8 appo9tm5ts1 = in/ance1 might  
well be less5$4 ,! ,presid5t ought1 (   
c\rse1 to appo9t 8 ,cab9et1 ! ,supreme  
,c\rt1 ambassadors1 m9i/]s1 g5]als &    
admirals1 b beyond t ,i ?9k appo9tm5ts  
ought to be made )\t bo!r+ ! ,presid5t  
ab\t !m4 ,we h introduc$ a ,civil       
,s]vice re=m sy/em ) a ,civil ,s]vice   
,commission1 & ,i tru/ t ! matt] ( tak+ 
^! subord9ate (fic]s out ( politics w be

 press$ g5]ally z a mu*-ne$$ re=m4  ,is 
! position occupi$ by a po/ma/] (       
suffici5t importance to ju/ify !        
,presid5t 9 bo!r+ ) 8 appo9tm5t :5 he   
has su* a problem z ! ,mexican situation
 on 8 h&s8 ,we are com+ to ! "t :5 !re  
are great complicat$ duties to p]=m "u !
 gov]nm5t4 ,we h dep>t$ f ! ,jeff]son   
view1 & we n[ ?9k t ! gov]nm5t c d a    
great _m ?+s helpfully1 provid$ x has   
exp]ts to d !m4 ,is x n entitl$ to ! be/
 m5 to d ^! ?+s8 ,yet h[ are exp]ts     
obta9able unless !y are select$ to      
p]man5t positions by ^? :o are look+ =  
exp]ts & n look+ = m5 :o ex]cise        
influ5ce at ! polls8  ,i recomm5d$ to   
,congress f\r times1 t is1 9 ea* annual 
message1 t x enable me to put ^! m5 "u !
 ,civil ,s]vice law & 9 ! classifi$     
s]vice2 b x did n d x1 & :y8 ,because   
all local (fic]s n[ h to be confirm$ by 
! ,s5ate4 ,t p[] ( confirmation gives a 
hold on ! ,executive & ea* ,s5ator & ea*
 ,congressman wants to "n ! po/ma/] & ! 
o!r local (fic]s 9 8 di/rict or /ate4 ,!

 consequ5ce is t ,congressm5 d n wi% !  
,s5ate to lose ! p[] ( confirmation4 ,!y
 believe ?is p]sonal patronage to be a  
means ( p]petuat+ _! own t5ure4 ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 ?is is n ! case4 ,few m5  
help !mselves politically 9 ! long run  
?r\gh ! use ( patronage4 ,x is a        
boom]ang4 ,"s few manage to make x      
useful1 b g5]ally :5 a man secures an   
appo9tm5t = a h5*man1 z ! say+ is 9     
,wa%+ton--& x is a v true "o--he makes  
"o +rate & tw5ty enemies4 ,! result is t
 aft] he has s]v$ a t]m or two1 he beg9s
 to f9d ^? aspir+ con/itu5ts1 :om he did
 n appo9t1 ris+ l snakeheads to /rike   
him d[n4  ,!re=e1 if ,congressm5 really 
_h wisdom & look$ ahead1 !y w\ld rid    
!mselves ( responsibility = ^!          
appo9tm5ts1 w\ld aboli% ! necessity =   
confirmation by ! ,s5ate1 & w\ld ?us    
enable ! ,presid5t to classify !m "u !  
,civil ,s]vice law & m]it sy/em4 ,b we h
 made progress & ,i am n disc\rag$ ab\t 
x4 ,ultimately we %all get ! ,s5ate to  
cons5t to give up t p[]1 ?\gh at pres5t 

! ,democratic majority 9 ! two ,h\ses is
 fi]ce aga9/ su* a sugge/ion1 & q       
naturally s1 =1 :ile ! ,republican p>ty 
has be5 9 control = sixte5 ye>s1 ! tr5d 
into (fice has be5 ,republican & !      
,democrats wi% to *ange x4 ,t is human  
nature1 & ,i am m]ely regrett+1 n       
condemn+ x4 ,p]haps if ! ,republicans   
come back into p[] aft] f\r ye>s1 !y w n
 be q s hungry z ! ,democrats 7 aft]    
sixte5 ye>s ( fam9e1 & we may h a little
 less wolfi% desire to get at ! (fices4 
,! "t tak5 up 9 ! consid]ation ( m9or   
appo9tm5ts by executive (fic]s1 !       
,presid5t & ,cab9et (fic]s especially1  
is a great wa/e & no "o c "k ! n]v\s    
vitality t c be exp5d$ ^u !m until he   
has _h actual exp]i5ce4  ,( c\rse !y    
lead to "s amus+ exp]i5ces1 = !re is    
no?+ :i* gives su* a *ance = ! play (   
human impulse z (fice-seek+4 ,i rememb] 
hav+ a lady come into my (fice :5 ,i 0  
,secret>y ( ,w>4 ,h] boy _h pass$ !     
exam9ation = ,we/ ,po9t1 b a m$ical bo>d
 _h exam9$ him & f\nd t 8 *e/ did n     

measure en\gh = 8 height4 ,%e came 9 to 
urge me to waive t defect4 ,i expla9$ to
 h] ! necessity = great c>e 9 !         
appo9tm5t ( army (fic]s1 because if1    
aft] be+ commission$1 !y _h any organic 
tr\ble1 !y 7 disqualifi$ = fur!r dis*>ge
 ( _! duty1 & w\ld be retir$ on         
?ree-f\r?s pay )\t r5d]+ any real s]vice
 to ! gov]nm5t4 ,%e li/5$ ) gloom to my 
explanation1 & ask$ me to look at !     
pap]s4 ,i took !m 9 h] pres5ce & w5t    
?r\gh !m4 ,i f\nd t ! "y man _h1 on !   
basis ( #ajj1 made #ic p] c5t 9 all 8   
m5tal exam9ations4 ,t isn't done by e   
c&idate = ,we/ ,po9t1 & !re is no reason
 :y we %\ld n h bra9s z well z brawn 9  
army (fic]s4 ,s ,i look$ aga9 at !      
measurem5ts & conclud$ he 0 a man we    
ought n to lose4 ,i told h]3 ,madam1 ,i 
did n h s mu* difficulty 9 fill+ out my 
*e/ measurem5t4 ,y\r boy %[s su* g5]al  
intellig5ce t ,i h no d\bt he w h s5se  
en\gh to pursue a regim5 t w make him   
suffici5tly enl>ge 8 *e/ measurem5t1 s  
,i am go+ to waive ! objection & let him

 94 ,%e _h n expect$ s quick a decision 
9 h] favor1 & 0 tak5 back a little4 ,%e 
hesitat$ a m9ute1 & !n1 ) an angelic    
smile1 %e said to me1 ,mr4 ,secret>y1 y 
are n ne>ly s fat z !y say y are4  ,!n  
,i _h ano!r exp]i5ce4 ,a lady 9         
,wa%+ton1 ^: husb& _h "s political      
influ5ce1 came & labor$ ) me = six weeks
 or m to appo9t h] son to a position4   
,%e secur$ ! aid ( ,s5ators &           
,congressm5 9 =midable numb] & came ) !m
 to see t !y spoke ) emphasis4 ,! place 
0 "o requir+ te*nical qualification1 &  
foll[+ ! recomm5dation ( ! head ( !     
,bureau1 ,i appo9t$ somebody else4 ,i !n
 receiv$ a lett] f ! "m1 say+ t ,i 0 mo/
 ungrateful1 s9ce ,i decl9$ to make h] a
 happy woman z ,i c\ld h done by a turn 
( my h&4 ,%e compla9$ fur!r t %e _h     
labor$ ) h] /ate delegation & got all ! 
votes = an adm9i/ration bill 9 :i* ,i 0 
especially int]e/$ & ?is 0 ! way ,i _h  
rew>d$ h]4  ,:5 y get a lett] l t1 !    
fir/ ?+ y d is to ?9k h[ y c be sev]e ) 
a p]son :o has committ$ an impropriety1 

or ev5 be5 a little imp]t95t4 ,!n y may 
compose an answ]4 ,!n if y are wise1 y w
 put ! lett] 9 a draw] & lock ! draw]4  
,take x out 9 ! c\rse ( two days--su*   
communications w always be> two days'   
delay 9 answ]+--& :5 y take x out aft] t
 int]val1 y w n s5d x4 ,t is j ! c\rse  
,i took4 ,aft] t1 ,i sat d[n & wrote h] 
j z polite a lett] z ,i c\ld1 tell+ h]  
,i realiz$ a "m's disappo9tm5t "u su*   
circum/ances1 b t really ! appo9tm5t 0 n
 left to my m]e p]sonal pref]5ce1 t ,i  
_h to select a man ) te*nical           
qualifications1 & _h1 !re=e1 to foll[ ! 
recomm5dation ( ! head ( ! ,bureau4 ,i  
express$ ! hope t h] son w\ld g on to   
accompli% :at %e _h hop$ = him 9 !      
position :i* he !n _h4 ,t mollifi$ h] & 
%e wrote me a note say+ %e 0 sorry %e _h
 writt5 z %e _h4  ,b ! appo9tm5t ,i s5t 
9 0 n confirm$ at once & aft] an int]val
 ,i receiv$ a lett] :i* purport$ to come
 f h] husb&1 ?\gh x 0 9 ! same h&writ+ z
 all ! o!rs4 ,i 0 !re9 advis$ t1 due to 
! n]v\s pro/ration t _h foll[$ h]       

disappo9tm5t 9 ?is case1 %e _h to take  
to h] b$ & _h develop$ a mo/ s]i\s case 
( canc] ( ! /oma*4 ,w\ld ,i n re/ore h] 
to heal? by )draw+ ! fir/ "n & replac+ x
 by h] son's8 ,i _h to write ano!r      
lett]1 ?is "o to ! husb&1 to say t ,i   
hop$ ! diagnosis w\ld prove to be       
inaccurate1 t ,i sympa?iz$ ) him 9 !    
sorr[ he mu/ h 9 ! s]i\s illness ( 8    
wife1 b t x 0 impossible to )draw ! "n  
s5t 94 ,! man :om ,i appo9t$ 0 confirm$1
 & )9 two days aft] ,i receiv$ t lett]1 
we gave a musicale at ! ,:ite ,h\se4 ,! 
fir/ two p to greet ,mrs4 ,taft & me 7  
?is husb& & wife1 ?\gh ! wife _h s      
rec5tly be5 9 articulo mortis4  ,ano!r  
great p[] ( ! ,presid5t is 8 control (  
our =eign relations4 ,9 dome/ic matt]s1 
! ,f$]al gov]nm5t %>es e field1         
executive1 judicial & legislative1 ) !  
/ates1 b 9 =eign affairs1 ! :ole        
gov]nm5tal control is ) ! ,presid5t1 !  
,s5ate & ,congress4 ,! /ates h no?+ to d
 ) x4 ,! ,presid5t initiates a treaty & 
! ,s5ate confirms x4 ,! ,s5ate1 h[ev]1  

_c initiate a treaty1 ! ,presid5t alone 
c d t4 ,congress' p[]s to decl>e w> &   
regulate our =eign comm]ce are its *ief 
p[]s 9 respect to our =eign relations4  
,s t1 except 9 ratify+ treaties1 9      
regulat+ comm]ce & 9 decl>+ w>1 !       
,presid5t guides our :ole =eign policy4 
,?r\gh ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t he conducts all
 negotiation & correspond5ce ) o!r      
gov]nm5ts & accord+ to ! ,con/itution he
 receives ambassadors & =eign m9i/]s4   
,n[ y might possibly ?9k t t meant only 
t he mu/ h a flunky at ! ,:ite ,h\se to 
take _! c>ds--b x means a good deal m4  
,he appo9ts ambassadors & m9i/]s to o!r 
c\ntries & in/ructs !m4 ,he receives !  
diplomatic repres5tatives f o!r c\ntries
 & does bus9ess ) !m4 ,he con/rues      
treaties & ass]ts ! rights ( our        
gov]nm5t & our citiz5s "u !m4 ,he       
consid]s & decides ! rights ( o!r       
gov]nm5ts & _! subjects 9 a way :i*     
practically b9ds our gov]nm5t & p4 ,& 9 
ord] to receive ambassadors & m9i/]s1 he
 mu/ det]m9e :e!r !y h be5 prop]ly      

accr$it$1 s t !y h ! prop] au?ority to  
act = ! c\ntry !y claim to repres5t4    
,:5 !re is a dispute z to :at p]son is !
 *ief executive ( a =eign c\ntry & !re=e
 entitl$ to s5d an ambassador or m9i/]1 
! ,presid5t mu/ decide x4 ,9 o!r words1 
he alone c ex]cise ! p[] ( recognition4 
,h[ important a p[] ?is is1 we may "k f 
our rec5t exp]i5ces ) ,mexico1 =        
,presid5t ,wilson1 by )hold+ recognition
 f ,g5]al ,hu]ta1 0 able to r5d] 8 long]
 t5ure z *ief executive impossible4  ,9 
our =eign relations x is (t5 !          
,presid5t's duty to =mulate ! national  
claim ( sov]eignty ov] t]ritory ^:      
own]%ip is 9 dispute4 ,?is is a         
political "q & 8 decision or claim 9    
reg>d to x is tak5 z f9al by ! ,supreme 
,c\rt4  ,9 ! ,fur-,seal ,controv]sy1    
,mr4 ,bla9e took ! position t our       
jurisdiction rea*$ out ov] ! ,b]+ ,sea4 
,! "q 0 conte/$ 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt by ! 
,briti% & ! ,canadian gov]nm5ts4 ,!     
,supreme ,c\rt said3 ,we _c det]m9e ?is4
 ,x is a political "q & mu/1 !re=e1 be  

decid$ by ! ,presid5t ?r\gh 8 ,secret>y 
( ,/ate4 ,we !n submitt$ ! issue to an  
int]national tribunal1 & ! decision 0   
aga9/ u4  ,ano!r great p[] ( ! ,presid5t
 is ! p[] ( p>dons & reprieves4 ,?is is 
n to be det]m9$ by rules ( law nor inde$
 by absolute rules ( any k9d & mu/1     
!re=e1 be wield$ skilfully le/ x de/roy 
! pre/ige & supremacy ( law4 ,sometimes 
"o is deceiv$4 ,i 04 ,two m5 7 br\ght   
be=e me1 bo? ( :om 7 repres5t$ z dy+4   
,:5 a convict is ne> 8 end1 x has be5 ! 
cu/om to s5d him home to die4 ,s1 aft]  
hav+ all ! surgeons 9 ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t   
exam9e !m to see t ! /atem5ts made to me
 ab\t !m 7 correct1 ,i ex]cis$ ! p>don+ 
p[] 9 _! favor4 ,well1 "o ( !m kept 8   
contract & di$1 b ! o!r seems to be "o (
 ! heal?ie/ m5 9 ! community today4  ,! 
,presid5t is also ! titul> head ( a p>ty
 & ought to h a l>ge influ5ce 9         
legislation4 ,he is made responsible to 
! c\ntry = 8 p>ty's majority 9          
,congress1 & does !reby h "s voice 9    
legislation4 ,"s ,presid5ts h m control 

?an o!rs1 b all ,presid5ts f9d z !      
patronage is di/ribut$1 & z ! t]m goes  
on1 t ! influ5ce & p[] t !y h ov]       
legislation rapidly dim9i%es4 ,9 fact1  
:5 !re are no m (fices to di/ribute &   
somebody else comes into view z ! next  
,presid5t1 ! au?ority ( ! incumb5t      
becomes /rictly limit$ to 8             
con/itutional functions4 ,all ( ?is t5ds
 to %[ t a ,presid5t :o seeks           
legislative *anges & re=ms %\ld beg9    
e>ly4  ,! p ?9k t ! ,presid5cy gives a  
man an opportunity to make a lot (      
p]sonal appo9tm5ts4 ,i c recall "s ( ^! 
p]sonal appo9tm5ts1 b ,i tell y !y are v
 few4 ,!re are c]ta9 political          
obligations involv+ ! recognition ( p>ty
 lead]s :i* he has to take into         
consid]ation ) ref]5ce to "s appo9tm5ts4
 ,b :5 x comes to purely p]sonal        
appo9tm5ts1 "o c c\nt !m on ! f+]s ( "o 
h&4 ,x is well t x is s4 ,a ,presid5t ) 
8 prop] s5se ( duty f9ds _m m5 9 (fice  
:om he ought to let cont9ue & ! "q (    
fri5d%ip = o!rs c play no "p 9 displac+ 

!m4  ,! social influ5ce ( ! ,presid5t 9 
,wa%+ton is n mu*4 ,i ?9k p]haps x might
 be useful if x 7 a little m1 = ! "q (  
prec$5ce1 :i* makes ev]ybody outside (  
,wa%+ton laugh1 sometimes becomes a v   
s]i\s matt]4 ,z ! ,fr5* ambassador once 
said1 :5 !re are ?ree hundr$ p1 !y _c   
all g ?r\gh ! door at "o "t4 ,somebody  
has to g fir/1 !re=e x is mo/ important 
to fix :o t somebody %all be4 ,b nobody 
9 ,wa%+ton has ! au?ority to say4 ,if   
only ! army & navy 7 conc]n$1 ! matt]   
w\ld be easy en\gh1 because !y are      
controll$ by ! ,presid5t & he c issue   
ord]s t !y mu/ respect1 b ) civil (fic]s
 he has no su* au?ority4 ,congress c\ld1
 ( c\rse1 provide rules ( social &      
(ficial prec$5ce1 ei!r by legislation or
 executive ord]1 z is done 9 all        
,european c\ntries4 ,b "h su* a proposal
 w\ld be laugh$ out ( ,congressional    
halls1 ?\gh x w\ld be a wise measure to 
prev5t confusion1 unnecess>y friction & 
he>tburn+4  ,! v m5 :o make mo/ fun (   
su* matt]s & pr(ess to despise _!       

consid]ation are 9 actual practice ! mo/
 unreasonable z to _! own places at     
functions4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is
 suppos$ to be ! embodim5t ( democracy &
 contempt = social di/9ctions1 yet ( all
 ! p 9 ! _w :o h made a fuss ov] ! matt]
 ( prec$5ce1 speak]s ( ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives h be5 ! mo/ insi/5t on  
_! prop] place at (ficial d9n]s4 ,!     
speak] says3 ,i repres5t ! body ( ! p :o
 come f ! soil & ! p :o make ?is c\ntry4
 ,!re=e1 ,i decl9e to sit aft] ! presid+
 (fic] ( ! ,s5ate4 ,an ambassador says3 
,i am ! p]sonal repres5tative ( my      
sov]eign4 ,if he 7 "h 9 ,wa%+ton1 he    
w\ld sit next to ! ,presid5t4 ,! ,cab9et
 (fic] says3 ,! ,presid5t is ! head4 ,i 
am connect$ ) him z ,secret>y ( ,w>1 !  
,cab9et is a small body & ! ,s5ate is a 
l>ge body4 ,!re=e1 we are bigg] m5 ?an !
 ,s5ate & we ought to h prec$5ce4 ,9    
fact1 ! head ( a sci5tific bureau came 9
 to see me "o day & said1 ,i ?9k y ought
 to put me aft] ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,he   
ev5 fil$ a brief ) me on ! subject1 to !

 effect t ,i run an indep5d5t dep>tm5t4 
,! judges repres5t ! judicial bran*1 & !
 ,presid5t ! executive bran*1 & ! heads 
( ! two ,h\ses1 ! legislative bran*1    
:ile ,i repres5t ! sci5tific bran*4     
,inde$1 ! matt] ( proc$ure is n su* a   
joke z x seems outside4 ,x is n s       
important z to :o comes fir/ z t _! ord]
 ( prec$5ce %\ld be once det]m9$4  ,!   
,presid5t is made responsible = ev]y?+1 
especially = h>d times4 ,( c\rse 8      
support]s claim cr$it = good crops1 s t 
p]haps x is n s unfair to *>ge him )    
responsibility = bad crops & = ev]y?+   
else t happ5s wrong dur+ 8 t]m4 ,e      
,presid5t /rives to d ! be/ he c = !    
c\ntry4 ,x is a great task1 "o ( !      
heavie/ 9 ! _w4 ,a man does n really "k1
 until he gets out ( ! (fice1 :at ! /ra9
 is4 ,&1 !re=e1 kn[+ t he is /ruggl+ to 
d ! be/ he c1 :ile he may diff] ) y1    
:ile he may d ?+s t seem to y absurd1   
consid] t he is !re1 elect$ by !        
,am]ican p1 z y\r repres5tative1 &      
rememb] t :ile he is 9 (fice he is      

entitl$ to y\r respect4 ,n[1 don't be   
flippant 9 reg>d to him4 ,don't ?9k x   
%[s y to be a big man to criticise him  
or speak contemptu\sly ( him4 ,y may    
diff] ) 8 policy1 b always ma9ta9 a     
pr(\nd respect = a man :o repres5ts !   
maje/y & ! sov]eignty ( ! ,am]ican p4   
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,!       
,,times   ,we are liv+ at a "t :5       
political & social conditions are a bit 
*aotic1 & x is a little difficult to    
di/+ui% betwe5 ! symptoms t are ephem]al
 & ^? :i* are p]man5t4 ,:at we mu/ d is 
to try to make ?+s bett] & to save f !  
pa/ ! ?+s :i* are good4 ,x is (t5 true t
 a movem5t t is excessive & de/ructive 9
 "o way1 ends by be+ ! basis ( great    
progress aft] reaction f its excesses   
has left :at is valuable 9 x4  ,our     
,am]ican ,revolution1 :i* we are        
accu/om$ to reg>d z q important--& x 0 =
 u--did n really repres5t a great _w    
*ange su* z 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,fr5*       
,revolution4 ,x grew out ( a v unwise1  
selfi% colonial policy on ! "p ( ,great 

,brita94 ,we 7 "r & wise 9 putt+ x      
?r\gh1 & our ance/ors demon/rat$ great  
c\rage & great t5acity 9 fight+ x4 ,x   
c]ta9ly gave u indep5d5ce & an          
opportunity = expansion t we %\ld n     
o!rwise h _h4 ,b ! pap t we h be5 br\ght
 up on ) respect to ! trem5d\s outrages 
:i* ,great ,brita9 inflict$ on u 0      
sweet5$ a little bit4 ,if y w\ld see !  
o!r side1 read ,trevelyan's ,am]ican    
,revolution4 ,9 ?is y w see t :ile ! "r 
0 c]ta9ly ) u1 we 7 n q s mu* outrag$ z 
x seem$ 9 our e>li] *ildhood /udies4 ,! 
,am]ican ,revolution did z mu* good =   
,engl& z x did = u1 because x taught h] 
prop] colonial policy1 & today !        
colonial policy ( ,great ,brita9 is "o (
 ! greate/ in/ances ( /atesman%ip 9     
hi/ory4 ,9 h] deal+ ) ,canada1 )        
,au/ralia & ) ! ,s\? ,african ,republic1
 %e has giv5 !m su* self-gov]nm5t t1 f> 
f wi%+ to sev] ! bond ) ! "m c\ntry1 !y 
*]i% x4  ,! ,fr5* ,revolution indicat$ a
 v mu* m important movem5t among        
peoples4 ,x develop$ awful excesses4 ,! 

wild decl>ations & extremes practic$ by 
! ,committee ( ,safety 9 ! ,fr5*        
,revolution 7 revolt+ to any man affect$
 by ord9>y humane consid]ations & _h 9  
fact a rem>kable effect 9 /r5g!n+       
cons]vatism 9 ,engl&4 ,inde$1 !y caus$ !
 issue & ! bitt] p]sonal qu>rel betwe5 !
 "o-"t w>m associates1 ,burke & ,fox4 ,!
 natural result ( ^? excesses 0 to be   
expect$4 ,x took ! %ape ( ! man on      
horseback4 ,! imp]ial control (         
,napoleon l$ ! ,fr5* p into a milit>y   
wa/e ( /r5g? :i* has affect$ ! ,fr5*    
race ev5 d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,yet       
,napoleon1 by build+ up 8 ,code         
,napoleon1 & by spread+ ov] ,europe !   
idea t ! p 7 ! basis ( gov]nm5t1        
pr(\ndly affect$ political conceptions &
 conditions4 ,!re foll[$ a reaction 9 ! 
,holy ,alliance1 :i* 0 a comb9ation to  
ma9ta9 ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s1 & !n ! _s ( 
! ,fr5* ,revolution reass]t$ itself 9   
#ahcj4 ,9 fact f !n on until n[ !       
movem5t t[>d m & m popul> gov]nm5t has  
gone on cont9u\sly 9 ,france1 ,g]many1  

,au/ria & else:]e4 ,x is spread+ today  
ev5 m widely ?an x ev] did be=e1 & e    
c\ntry1 ev5 ,russia1 has to c\nt ! co/ )
 respect to ! w ( ! p4  ,:5 ,i w5t ?r\gh
 ,russia aft] ! ,russian-,japanese ,w>1 
,i met "o ( ! lead+ diplomats ( t c\ntry
 :o greet$ me )1 ,well1 h[ d y l x8 ,h[ 
d ,i l :at8 ,i ask$4 ,h[ d y l help+    
,japan to lick ,russia8 ,^? 7 ! homely  
expressions t he us$4 ,to :i* ,i repli$1
 ,we did n help ,japan to lick ,russia4 
,b1 he said1 y did 9 effect4 ,y\r p &   
y\r press sympa?iz$ & !y express$ !     
k9dly sympa?y t c\nts = s mu* at su* a  
"t4 ,! gov]nm5t _c control our p1 ,i    
respond$4 ,!y ?9k = !mselves & express  
!mselves z !y see fit4 ,we _c control ! 
press 9 our c\ntry1 b we h obs]v$ all ! 
laws ( neutrality ) respect to ! w>1 &  
if "s ( ! p express$ !mselves 9 favor ( 
,japan1 x 0 only because !y 7 9 favor ( 
! "u dog 9 ! fight4 ,:y did y give up8  
,i inquir$ fur!r2 ,y 7 gett+ /rong] &   
/rong]4 ,yes1 he said1 we _h to fight at
 ! end ( a #e1jjj-mile1 s+le-track      

railway1 b h&icapp$ z we 71 we got our  
=ces out !re ready to fight & we c\ld h 
gone 9 & beat5 ! ,japanese4 ,:y didn't  
y8 ,i ask$4 ,:y did y make peace8 ,!    
tr\ble is1 he expla9$1 we 7 liv+ on a   
volcano at home4 ,our p 7 oppos$ to !   
w>1 & we did n g on1 le/ ! ?rone w\ld be
 a =feit4 ,?is is only an indication t  
ev5 9 ! c\ntry t is suppos$ to repres5t 
! mo/ absolute ( empires1 ! p are       
manife/+ a control4 ,! ,d\ma 0 giv5 too 
mu* p[] at fir/1 s t univ]sal suffrage 0
 necess>ily a failure 9 ! condition ( ! 
p at t "t4 ,b ! ,d\ma n[ is gradually   
acquir+ useful p[] & 9 ! c\rse ( ! next 
tw5ty-five or fifty ye>s ,russia w      
probably h a popul> con/itutional       
gov]nm5t4 ,we h _h democracy 9 ?is      
c\ntry = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s1 or
 inde$ = two hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s4  
,x is n[ propos$ to h m democracy to    
supply ! pres5t defects ( our exi/+     
democracy4 ,?is is "o phase ( ! pres5t  
situation t ,i wi% to discuss4 ,ano!r is
 ! spread ( ! frat]nal _s1 ! desire ( "o

 to help ano!r1 ! actual improvem5t &   
increase 9 ! bro!rhood ( man :i* we are 
see+ 9 society1 & a ?ird is             
trades-unionism1 its ess5ce & :at is to 
be hop$ = or fe>$ f x4  ,if y w read a  
book l ,*amb]la9 on ,! ,f\ndations ( !  
,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 especially ! preface1 
:i* is writt5 by a man :o uses a bett]  
/yle ?an ,*amb]la91 y w f9d t he        
attempts to summ>ize ! progress ( !     
previ\s eighte5 c5turies z a pr$icate = 
! /rides ( human civilization 9 !       
n9ete5?4 ,z he m9imizes ! effect ( "o   
c5tury & !n ano!r1 y note h[ few        
c5turies1 9 8 judgm5t1 play any "p 9 !  
onw>d m>*1 & y are disc\rag$ z to :at "o
 man c d to help along any movem5t t    
%all really be _w-wide or p]man5t4  ,!  
effect is mu* ! same ^u y\r p]sonal hope
 ( accompli%+ "s good 9 ! _w z :5 a     
pr(essor ( a/ronomy takes y ov] to !    
obs]vatory1 lets y look ?r\gh !         
telescope1 tells y t light takes some?+ 
l eight m9utes to come ! #ie1jjj1jjj    
miles f ! sun to ! e>?1 & !n says t !   

sun aft] all is a pretty poor ?+        
consid]$ 9 connection ) :at o!r suns !re
 are4 ,:5 y f9d fur!rmore t "s />s are s
 f> di/ant t ! light y are n[ receiv+ on
 y\r ret9a />t$ f !m c5turies ago1 y say
 to y\rself3 ,well1 :at's ! use8 ,if we 
are su* atoms & s unimportant 9 ! g5]al 
result1 :at's ! use8  ,/ill if y /udy   
,*amb]la9's hi/ory ( ! eighte5 c5turies 
y w f9d t1 aft] all1 ! m5 :o 7 real     
factors 9 ! _w civilization 7 ! g5iuses 
:o 7 able to int]pret & en=ce :at 0     
in*oate 9 ! m9ds ( all b _h no def9ite  
expression & l$ to no useful action4    
,ea* atom c\nts some?+1 two make a      
molecule & ! _w is made up ( !m--at lea/
 x 0 9 my college days4 ,!re=e1 :at we  
are "h = is to make ! be/ possible ef=t 
to help along ! g5]al weal1 & x is no   
excuse1 because we _c play a l>ge "p1 t 
we %\ld play no "p at all & %\ld feel no
 s5se ( responsibility = :at we c d4    
,:at !n ( conditions ( civilization 9   
our c\ntry 9 ! la/ half-c5tury8 ,!      
,civil ,w> grew out ( a great moral &   

social issue4 ,x 0 a moral issue on ! "p
 ( ! ,nor? & a social issue on ! "p ( ! 
,s\?4 ,mat]ial consid]ations 7          
subord9at$4 ,aft] ! w> we _h a pretty   
h>d "t 9 gett+ ov] its imm$iate effects4
 ,! panic ( #ahgc1 :i* pro/rat$ all     
bus9ess1 0 ! result ( ! excesses ( ! w>1
 ! ov]issue ( legal t5d] & ! fev]i%1    
unheal?y expansion t foll[$4 ,9 #ahgh1  
we resum$ specie paym5ts4 ,i presume no 
c\ntry 9 ! _w ev] %[$ su* an enorm\s    
expansion & su* mat]ial gr[? z ours     
betwe5 #ahgh & #aijg4 ,x 0 %[n 9 !      
useful inv5tions4 ,/eam _h be5 inv5t$   
be=e1 b x 0 increas$ 9 its uses1 &      
electricity 0 made ! tool ( man4 ,n[ x  
is easy to foll[ t k9d ( mat]ial        
expansion4 ,we c c\nt ! gr[? 9 weal? &  
trace ! effect ( x on ! p1 = !y all got 
into ! *ase = ! doll>4  ,9 ! ,we/1 !    
pione] _s 0 s /rong t !y 7 glad to h    
any?+ 9 ! way ( developm5t at any co/4  
,c\nties w\ld issue railroad bonds to   
build railroads & w\ld give ! bonds to !
 railroads4 ,!y w\ld give fran*ises (   

all sorts & d ev]y?+ t !y ?\ght w\ld    
help op5 ! c\ntry4 ,!re 0 a mo/         
sub/antial increase 9 ! av]age income1 &
 ! av]age com=t1 especially 9 ! bodily  
com=t1 ( ev]yone4 ,h y ev] ?\ght t today
 ! humble/ workman has m bodily com=t 9 
_m ways ?an ,que5 ,elizabe? or ev5      
,george ,,iii8 ,we _h le>n$ ! advantage 
( comb9ation 9 ma*9]y & we adopt$ x 9   
bus9ess4  ,?is br\ght ab\t great        
comb9ations ( plant & capital :i* r$uc$ 
! co/ ( produc+ commodities necess>y to 
man to a price nev] conceiv$ ( be=e4 ,i 
d n wi% to depreciate ! value or        
importance ( improvem5t 9 mat]ial com=t4
 ,:5 y he> a man d5\nce x1 y may "k t   
ei!r he is n a cle>1 calm ?9k]1 or else 
he is a demagogue4 ,mat]ial gr[? &      
mat]ial com=t are ess5tial = !          
developm5t ( m5tal & spiritual          
activities4 ,! result ( ?is comb9ation &
 mat]ial expansion1 h[ev]1 0 to create  
great corporations :i* began to get     
control ( ?+s4 ,! same _s ( comb9ation  
ent]$ into politics & we _h ma*9es &    

bosses :i* l5t _! h& to1 & furni%$ a    
complac5t in/rum5t =1 corporations4 ,"t 
0 :5 !y ord]$ delegates 9 a conv5tion ) 
! same degree ( c]ta9ty t ! ord] w\ld be
 suppli$1 z !y did /eel rails or any o!r
 commodity4 ,t "t has pass$ & :y8       
,because ! dang] ( plutocracy =c$ itself
 on ! p4 ,lead]s took x up & %[$ x to   
!m2 & 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s we h _h a great   
movem5t to elim9ate corporate & money   
control 9 politics4 ,great /atutes h be5
 pass$--! anti-tru/ law1 ! int]/ate     
comm]ce law1 ! /atutes aga9/ ! use (    
contributions f corporations 9 politics1
 ! /atutes requir+ ! %[+ ( ! electoral  
exp5ses1 h all be5 br\ght ab\t 9        
response to a popul> dem&4  ,! p fail$  
to scrut9ize be=e1 b n[ t !y are ar\s$ &
 h tak5 matt]s 9 _! own h&s1 !y h br\ght
 ab\t re=m4 ,! fact t he is support$ by 
bosses is n[ g5]ally en\gh to defeat a  
man1 & ! *>ge t he has a ma*9e ) him is 
en\gh to int]f]e ) 8 electoral success4 
,organization is necess>y = political   
success2 ev5 re=m]s f9d t out aft] !y   

get into politics1 b today !re is an    
unreasonable prejudice aga9/ x4 ,! great
 & good effect ( ! re=m1 h[ev]1 is t    
corporations are no long] 9 politics4 ,(
 c\rse corruption is n all gone1 b x is 
l>gely /ay$1 & !re is no long] any *ance
 t corporations c control z !y did4  ,b 
! levia?an ( ! p _c be ar\s$ 9 ?is way &
 8 movem5t /opp$ at ! m$ian l9e4 ,we mu/
 expect unwise excess4 ,s9c]e re=m]s h  
reason$ t because we _h ! repres5tative 
=m ( gov]nm5t dur+ ?is corrupt p]iod1 x 
is ! repres5tative =m ( gov]nm5t :i* is 
responsible4 ,because we _h c\rts dur+ !
 corrupt p]iod1 ! c\rts are responsible 
= ! corruption4 ,!re=e we mu/ *ange !   
repres5tative sy/em by inject+ m        
democracy into x & we mu/ *ange ! c\rts 
by inject+ m democracy into !m & require
 ! p at an election to decide cases     
in/ead ( judges on ! ,b5*4 ,^! are !    
excesses to :i* we tr5d4  ,we are a     
pretty great p4 ,we admit x4 ,we h great
 confid5ce 9 :at we c d1 & :5 we are    
set1 nei!r an economic law drawn f      

political sci5ce nor exp]i5ce seems a v 
=midable objection4 ,we are a successful
 p 9 ma*9]y1 & s we take our analogy =  
political re=ms f ma*9]y4 ,we f\nd t by 
unit+ v>i\s me*anical elem5ts we c\ld   
make ma*9es :i* w\ld d z mu* z "o hundr$
 or "o ?\s& m5 9 ! same "t4 ,s we ?9k t 
if we are only acute en\gh to devise a  
gov]nm5tal ma*9e :i* w "w )\t ef=t on ! 
"p ( ! p1 we c sit at home :ile         
elections run !mselves s well t only :at
 ! good p desire 9 political action w   
necess>ily result4 ,we want ! equival5t 
( :at1 9 ! slang ( practical me*anics1  
we call a fool-pro( ma*9e1 because      
anybody c run x & no fool c int]f]e )   
its normal op]ation4 ,s ^! political    
re=m]s are hunt+ a                      
corrupt-politician-pro( ma*9e =         
gov]nm5t4 ,x does n & _c exi/4 ,no      
gov]nm5t c exi/ :i* does n dep5d ^u !   
activity1 ! hone/y & ! intellig5ce ( ^? 
:o =m x4 ,! initiative1 ! ref]5dum & !  
recall h be5 urg$ & 9 _m /ates adopt$1 z
 a ma*9e :i* no boss or corrupt         

politician c prev5t f produc+ hone/1    
effective political results4 ,!y are    
expect$ to re=m ev]y?+ & ^? :o d\bt _!  
wisdom are1 = ! "t be+1 9 ! m9ds ( _m   
en?usia/s1 public enemies4  ,!          
repres5tative sy/em1 on ! contr>y1      
recognizes t gov]nm5t1 9 ! actual       
execution ( gov]nm5tal measures1 & 9 !  
actual detail$ prep>ation ( gov]nm5tal  
measures1 is an exp]t matt]4 ,to attempt
 to devise & adopt detail$ legislative  
measures to accompli% ! g5]al purpose ( 
! p ?r\gh a mass vote at a popul>       
election is j z absurd z x w\ld be = all
 ^? pres5t at a t[n meet+ to say1 ,we w 
all ( u n[ g out & build a bridge1 or we
 w use a !odolite4 ,?us to say t by     
inject+ m democracy y c cure ! defects (
 our pres5t democracy is to express "o (
 ^? epigrams t1 l _m ( its k9d1 is ei!r 
n true at all or is only p>tly true & is
 ev5 m deceptive ?an if x 7 :olly       
untrue4  ,take ! p[] ( appo9tm5t 9      
executive "w4 ,y elect (fic]s1 *oos+ m5 
( "*1 intellig5ce1 & exp]i5ce = a few   

great (fices1 & !n :at d y d "u ! ,f$]al
 ,con/itution8 ,y turn ov] to !         
,presid5t ! appo9tm5t ( great (fic]s    
because he ne$s intellig5ce1 k & skill  
to make _! selections4  ,consid] ! sy/em
 ( g5]al direct prim>ies 9 ! selection (
 judges4 ,!re is a ticket at ! prim>ies 
on :i* some?+ l tw5ty or ?irty lawy]s   
run = ! ,supreme ,b5*4 ,"s ( !m g ar\nd 
& tell ! electors h[ !y w decide on     
que/ions aft] !y get 94 ,!              
qualifications ( mo/ ( !m z lawy]s & z  
m5 are n kn[n to ! p4 ,"s ( !m are      
prom95t because !y h be5 9 ! headl9es ( 
newspap]s z figur+ 9 s5sational cases4  
,o!rs h political prom95ce b no public  
exp]i5ce to te/ _! judicial capacity4 ,d
 y ?9k ?is me?od ( selection by ! p w\ld
 lead to ! *oice ( a le>n$1 skill$ lawy]
 ) t exp]i5ce1 c\rage & f9e judicial    
quality t are to make him a great judge8
 ,( c\rse x w\ld n4 ,x has be5 my duty  
to select m judges 9 a t]m ( f\r ye>s   
?an any o!r ,presid5t1 & ,i h _h to look
 into & comp>e ! results ( selection (  

judicial c&idates by popul> g5]al prim>y
 & by conv5tion1 s t ,i "k :at ,i am    
talk+ ab\t :5 ,i say t ! prim>y sy/em   
has greatly injur$ ! av]age capacity (  
our elective judici>y4  ,:y %\ld we n   
use common s5se 9 matt]s ( gov]nm5t j z 
we use common s5se 9 our own bus9ess8   
,:y %\ld we be afraid to tell ! p t !y  
are n fitt$ to select high judicial     
(fic]s8 ,!y are n4 ,y "k y are n4 ,y    
c\ld n tell me :o w\ld be good judges = 
,connecticut1 or = any /ate 9 ! ,union  
:]e y happ5 to live unless y w5t ab\t & 
inve/igat$ ! matt]4 ,if y are put 9 a   
position ( responsibility1 y h s5se     
en\gh to "k :]e to f9d out ! facts & !n 
to make ! selection1 b ! p lack t       
opportunity4 ,s h[ is ! "q to be solv$8 
,by elect+ a ,*ief ,executive & *>g+ him
 ) ! responsibility ( select+ compet5t  
m5 to act z judges4 ,t is :at is meant  
by ! %ort ballot4                       
,re=m]s-=-politics-only include z _m    
vote-gett+ planks 9 a plat=m z !y c get 
9 x )\t reg>d to _! consi/5cy or        

inconsi/5cy4 ,!y sometimes comb9e ! %ort
 ballot ) ! initiative1 ref]5dum &      
recall ?\gh !y are utt]ly at v>iance4 ,!
 ref]5dum is ! submission ( e issue to !
 p4  ,! %ort ballot1 on ! contr>y1 means
 putt+ up "o or two m5 ^: names %all n  
encumb] ! ballot4 ,h y ev] se5 ^!       
ballots8 ,!y are a y>d long & a y>d     
wide4 ,!y h a hundr$ & tw5ty names on !m
 & ! p are expect$ to make a selection4 
,!y are to make a selection ( t5 out (  
fifty or "o hundr$ names4 ,:y1 x w\ld   
seem to be ma!matically demon/rable t t 
is absurd4 ,b :5 "s m5 get into politics
 & talk ab\t ! p1 x seems z if !y _h to 
ab&on ord9>y logic4 ,i am j z mu* 9     
favor ( popul> gov]nm5t z anybody1 b ,i 
am 9 favor ( popul> gov]nm5t z a means  
to atta9 good gov]nm5t1 n 9 ord] to g ^u
 ! /ump & say1 ,vote = me because ,i am 
9 favor ( ! p4 ,! p are all wise & nev] 
make a mi/ake4  ,n[ :at is ! initiative8
 ,9 practice1 x means t if #e p] c5t ( !
 electorate c get toge!r & agree on a   
measure1 !y %all compel all ! re/ ( !   

electorate to vote z to :e!r x %all     
become law or n4 ,!re is no opportunity 
= am5dm5t1 or = discussion4 ,! :ole     
legislative program is put into "o act  
to be vot$ on by ! p4 ,speak]s w get up 
& claim t ! mill5nium w be br\ght ab\t  
by "s measure t !y advocate4 ,suppose x 
is vot$ 98 ,x nev] has _h ! te/ (       
discussion & am5dm5t t e law ought to h4
 ,i am n compla9+ ( ! movem5t t br+s    
ab\t ?is initiative & ref]5dum1 = t is  
prompt$ by a desire to cl9* ! movem5t   
aga9/ corruption1 on ! !ory t y _c      
corrupt ! :ole p & t ! initiative &     
ref]5dum mean detail$ & direct gov]nm5t 
by ! :ole p4 ,b ! !ory is errone\s4 ,!  
:ole p w n vote at an election1 mu* less
 at a prim>y4 ,:5 ! p are ?us repres5t$ 
at ! polls by a small m9ority !re is    
no?+ t ! politicians w n be able to d ) 
t m9ority :5 !y get _! h&s 94  ,?is is  
/ill a new movem5t1 = :i* we h little   
prec$5t to guide u1 b we h se5          
politicians fit _! me?ods to any =m (   
gov]nm5t4 ,_! *ance is always ?r\gh !   

neglect to vote on ! "p ( ! majority ( !
 electorate & ?is new sy/em calls out   
few] votes ?an ev]4  ,n[ :at is !       
ref]5dum8 ,x is a ref]5ce ( ! ?+ propos$
 by ! initiative to ! p :o are to vote  
on x4 ,^! re=m]s-=-politics-only are    
nev] cont5t to acquire a majority ( !   
electorate vote = ! adoption ( ! measure
 ref]r$4 ,!y seem to love ! promotion ( 
! p[] ( ! m9ority4  ,:at answ] d ! p    
!mselves give ) ref]5ce to ! wisdom ( ! 
ref]5dum8 ,at _m elections c&idates run 
at ! same "t t que/ions are ref]r$ to ! 
p1 & :at is ! usual result ( ! vote8 ,9 
,oregon1 :]e !y h tri$ x mo/1 & :]e ! p 
are be/ tra9$1 !y d sometimes get z mu* 
z #gj p] c5t ( ^? :o vote on c&idates to
 vote on ! ref]5dum2 b g5]ally1 z 9     
,colorado1 ! vote at ! same election ^u 
! ref]5dum measures is n m ?an #ej p]   
c5t--sometimes z l[ z #be or #bj p]     
c5t--( ^? :o vote = c&idates4 ,:y1 9    
,new ,york !y 7 vot+ z to :e!r !y %\ld h
 a con/itutional conv5tion1 & h[ did !  
total ref]5dum vote comp>e ) ! total    

electorate8 ,x 0 j "o-six? ( t total4   
,!y h tri$ x 9 ,switz]l&4 ,we get a good
 _m ( ^! new no/rums f t c\ntry4 ,!y    
said 9 ,switz]l&1 ,^! m5 vote =         
c&idates1 !y %all vote on ref]5dums4    
,:at 0 ! result8 ,! electors w5t up to !
 polls & solemnly put 9 tickets4 ,:5 !y 
op5$ ! ballots1 !y 7 blanks4 ,:at does t
 mean8 ,x means t ! p !mselves believe t
 !y d n "k h[ to vote on ^? issues1 & t 
su* issues ought to be left to ! ag5ts  
:om !y select z compet5t p]sons to      
discuss & pass ^u !m 9 accordance ) !   
g5]al pr9ciples t !y h laid d[n 9 p>ty  
plat=ms4 ,9 ,oregon1 at ! la/           
,presid5tial election1 ! p 7 invit$ to  
vote on ?irty-"o /atutes1 long1         
complicat$ /atutes1 & 9 ord] to in=m !m1
 a book ( two hundr$ & fifty closely    
pr9t$ pages 0 publi%$ to tell !m :at !  
/atutes meant4  ,i ask y1 my fri5ds1 y  
:o are /udi\s1 y :o are e>ne/ m5 :o w\ld
 l to be a "p ( ! p 9 det]m9+ :at _!    
policy %\ld be1 ,i ask y to se>*        
y\rselves & confess :e!r y w\ld h !     

pati5ce to g ?r\gh t book ( two hundr$ &
 fifty closely pr9t$ pages to f9d out   
:at ^? acts meant8 ,y w\ld be 9 active  
bus9ess1 y w\ld g d[n to ! polls & say1 
,:at is up today8 ,y w\ld be told3 ,"h  
are ?irty-"o /atutes4 ,"h are two hundr$
 & fifty pages t we w\ld l to h y read 9
 ord] t y may det]m9e h[ y are to vote  
on !m4 ,y w\ld n d x4  ,!re 0 once a    
,s5ator f ,oregon nam$ ,jona?an ,b\rne1 
:o advocat$ all ?is sy/em ( m democracy4
 ,he s]v$ "o t]m 9 ! ,s5ate & !n s5t ^w 
back to 8 con/itu5ts t he 0 n com+ home 
at ! "t ( ! prim>y4 ,he said t he 0 n on
 trial1 = a man :o _h work$ z h>d z he  
_h = ! p c\ld n be on trial4 ,in/ead1 he
 said1 x 0 ! p ( ,oregon :o 7 on trial1 
to say :e!r !y appreciat$ a s]vice l 84 
,!y did n /& ! te/1 & he 0 defeat$ at ! 
prim>y4 ,!n he conclud$ t aft] all he   
w\ld h to =give !m & take pity on _!    
bl9dness4 ,s he w5t out to ,oregon & ran
 on ano!r ticket to give !m ! b5efit ( 8
 s]vice4 ,b /ill !y resi/$ ! acid te/4  
,he himself w5t to ! polls to vote at   

?is election :]e !re 7 ?irty-"o /atutes 
to be approv$ or reject$4 ,h[ _m ( !    
?irty-"o submitt$ to him d y suppose he 
vot$ =8 ,! newspap]s report$ him z      
admitt+ t he vot$ on j ?ree1 & ! o!r    
tw5ty-eight he left to fate4 ,n[1       
g5tlem51 is n t a demon/ration8 ,is n t 
a r$uctio ad absurdum = ?is sy/em ( pure
 & direct democracy8     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,m
 ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,times   ,! pres5t    
movem5t = a pur] & m direct democracy--!
 initiative1 ref]5dum & recall--is      
cle>ly an ineffective me?od ( secur+    
wise legislation1 good (ficial ag5ts1 or
 ev5 a real expression ( ! p's w4 ,!    
repres5tative sy/em is ! mo/ valuable   
sy/em t has ?us f> be5 inv5t$ to make   
popul> gov]nm5t possible & !            
introduction ( m democracy1 s-call$1 is 
a retrograde /ep4 ,x is go+ back to !   
ma*9]y ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+ & ( !  
,republics ( ,greece & ,rome1 :i* we h  
giv5 up because conditions h s *ang$ z  
to make x impracticable & ineffective4  
,9 ! small numb] ( p :o con/itut$ ! t[n 

meet+ 9 ,new ,engl&1 or 9 a ,greek city1
 x 0 possible to dis*>ge ! comp>atively 
simple functions fulfill$ by gov]nm5t   
because ( ! high av]age intellig5ce ( ! 
freem5 :o took "p4 ,b ev5 ! ,greeks ran 
into difficulties1 & if y w read ,"l    
,acton1 possibly ! greate/ hi/orical    
au?ority on ! subject1 y w f9d t pure   
democracy1 z x is call$1 result$ 9      
disa/]4 ,we n[ h a mu* m complicat$     
gov]nm5t & m democracy w n supply its   
ne$s4  ,! repres5tative sy/em1 mu* abus$
 z x is1 is ! sy/em t has rescu$ u f    
plutocracy4 ,its laws are ! laws t h    
done ! "w4 ,congress has adopt$ laws t h
 tak5 hold ( ! corporations1 & ,congress
 is ! mo/ p]fect model ( repres5tative  
gov]nm5t4 ,:y did ,congress act8        
,because ! p 7 ar\s$4 ,y mu/ h ! p ar\s$
 9 ord] to make any sy/em effective1 &  
:5 ?is is ! case "u ! repres5tative     
sy/em1 !re is no difficulty ab\t its    
work+4  ,! g5]al prim>y is1 ( c\rse1 a  
good ?+ = c]ta9 lead+ (fices1 b if y    
resort to x = select+ judges or         

subord9ate (ficials ^: qualifications ! 
public _c be suppos$ to "k1 ! result w  
be any?+ b good4 ,m5 w be put into (fice
 by "s =tuit\s circum/ance1 su* z a     
p>ticul> adv]tisem5t 9 ! newspap]s4 ,?us
 y\r ,s5ator1 & y\r gov]nor1 might well 
be elect$ by ! g5]al prim>y z ! result (
 p>ty selection1 b if ! p select$ judges
 & subord9ate (fic]s !y w\ld h to take  
m5 )\t reg>d to _! qualifications4 ,!   
%ort ballot means1 z ,i said1 t ! p %\ld
 select lead+ (fic]s :o %\ld 9 turn     
select ! subord9ate (fic]s & appo9t !   
judges4  ,to ! objection t vot]s w n    
vote on ref]5dums1 x is urg$ t !y ought 
to be compell$ to d s4 ,?is is a futile 
rem$y4 ,burke said y _c br+ an indictm5t
 aga9/ ! p1 & x is equally true t y _c  
indict a great majority ( ! electorate =
 n comply+ ) _! electoral duties4       
,suppose y attempt to =feit _! "r to    
vote1 y may injure !m1 b y injure ! :ole
 p a great deal m4 ,! #hj p] c5t ( !    
population ^: welf>e is directly affect$
 by ! action ( ! electorate1 b :o are n 

by law p]mitt$ to vote1 are entitl$ to h
 ! m intellig5t vot]s reta9$ 9 !        
electorate4 ,=1 ,i am sorry to say1 x is
 g5]ally among ! intellig5t "p ( !      
community t we f9d neglect ( electoral  
duties4 ,! wise/ c\rse1 !re=e1 is to    
give to ! p z mu* electoral duty z !y   
are ord9>ily able & will+ to p]=m1 & no 
m4 ,! fundam5tal fallacies 9 !          
initiative1 ref]5dum & recall are1 fir/1
 t !y impose on ! vot]s ?ree times !    
electoral "w !y _h to d "u !            
repres5tative sy/em1 & second1 t !      
additional "w involv$ is ( a k9d t c\ld 
be done mu* bett] ?r\gh ag5ts ?an by ! p
 directly4 ,z to ! recall ( (fic]s1 ,i h
 only to say t if y elect a man = ?ree  
ye>s to try to help y\r city1 or /ate1 y
 mu/ n make him subject to recall at any
 mom5t by ^? c&idates or p :om he has _h
 to disappo9t 9 ord] to d 8 "w          
effectively4 ,"u ! sy/em ( recall y are 
n go+ to secure ! m5 :o w "w well by    
look+ ahead to pres]ve ! real public    
int]e/1 b m5 :o are trimm]s1 devot+ _!  

"t to politics & do+ z little z possible
 to avoid criticism4 ,y\r executive     
(fic]s %\ld be m5 ( indep5d5ce1 c\rage &
 ability1 :o are int]e/$ 9 ! public &   
will+ to enc\nt] criticism = ! "t be+ 9 
ord] t !y may c>ry out ^? policies t are
 go+ to inure to public b5efit 9 ! end4 
,by mak+ !m subject to recall1 y        
elim9ate all indep5d5ce & c\rage 9 y\r  
(fic]s4  ,ano!r sign ( rec5t times :i* w
 repay consid]ation has be5 aptly t]m$  
muck-rak+4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt took ! ^w f  
,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress to       
describe ! irresponsible & sl&]\s       
attacks ^u public (ficials1 :i* 7 made  
m]ely = ! purpose ( sell+ ! w>es (      
p5ny-a-l9]s4 ,to elim9ate corporations f
 politics & to br+ !m "u gov]nm5t       
control1 z ,i h describ$1 x 0 d\btless  
necess>y to =mulate *>ges aga9/         
individuals & political lead]s & x 0 n  
to be expect$ t mis/atem5ts w\ld n creep
 into su* p]sonal attacks4 ,:ile _m p 7 
d\btless injur$ unju/ly1 x 0 ess5tial t 
g5]al corrupt conditions %\ld be reveal$

 to ! public4 ,b !re 7 a great _m :o 7  
induc$ to g into outrage\s muck-rak+    
solely = pr(it1 & magaz9es fill$ ) su*  
/uff & spread+ real poison among ! p 7  
s5t 9 ! mails at a mu* less rate ?an x  
co/ ! gov]nm5t to c>ry !m4 ,i am glad to
 say muck-rak+ is n s pr(itable n[ & x  
has be5 greatly r$uc$ 9 volume4  ,b !   
opportunity = attack+ prom95t & p[]ful  
m5 9 ?is way has s]v$ to create a       
condition t we /ill suff] f4 ,x has     
br\ght ab\t a feel+ t nobody is to be   
tru/$1 & x has spread too f> ! idea t   
all m5 are corrupt4 ,9 fact1 x has l$ to
 ! feel+ t ev]ybody is on ! same level 9
 matt]s ( "*1 le>n+1 skill &            
effectiv5ess ( labor1 &1 9 %ort1 t e man
 is z good z ev]ybody else 9 ev]y?+4 ,! 
idea is t m5 are on a dead level4 ,!re  
is no room = lead]%ip 9 su* a view4     
,inequality is ess5tial to progress4 ,if
 y make a dead level !re w be no int]e/ 
9 life or motive = ef=t1 & y w de/roy ! 
v spr+ ( progress & ! f\nta9 ( ,*ri/ian 
civilization4  ,we n[ h political p>ties

 t are made by v]tical divisions among !
 vot]s4 ,9 ea* p>ty we h ! intellig5t & 
! =tunate1 ) ^? :o are n s intellig5t   
nor s exp]i5c$ nor s well circum/anc$4  
,:at w be ! t5d5cy ( ?is refusal to     
recognize intellig5ce & high "* 9 ^? :o 
des]ve x8 ,x w make ! p>ties horizontal 
lay]s 9 ! body politic4 ,x w unite 9 "o 
p>ty ^? :o are ignorant & un=tunate1 &  
array !m aga9/ ! intellig5t & ^? :o h ! 
ability = lead]%ip4 ,:5 t comes ab\t1 ! 
,republic w be 9 dang]1 because !       
p]man5ce & usefulness ( ! ,republic re/s
 ^u ! controll+ influ5ce ( m5 (         
intellig5ce1 exp]i5ce1 patriotism & "*4 
,?is array ( a prolet>iat aga9/         
intellig5t & successful lead]%ip        
produces factionalism 9 society4        
,factionalism is a class _s :i* w       
sacrifice ! int]e/ ( ! :ole to ! int]e/ 
( ! class4 ,x sometimes p]meates a      
majority1 b m frequ5tly a m9ority4 ,x is
 illu/rat$ = u by ! militancy ( ,engli% 
wom5 suffragi/s1 :o w sacrifice prop]ty1
 art & ev5 life1 9 ord] to conv9ce !    

majority t unless !y receive ! vote !y w
 de/roy all society4  ,we _c1 ( c\rse1  
yield to su* a =ce4 ,nor c we yield to  
trades-unionism :5 x seeks to promote   
s-call$ labor int]e/s by lawless viol5ce
 & dynamite4 ,! bonds ( society w be    
loos$ if we d4 ,i w\ld n = a mom5t be   
?\ght to say t ^? :o are 9 favor ( m    
democracy1 ?r\gh ! initiative &         
ref]5dum1 are factionali/s1 & ins9c]e 9 
_! view t t sy/em w "w a good result 9 !
 fight aga9/ corruption 9 politics4 ,i  
only ?9k t !y are ideali/s 9 ?is matt]1 
& don't fully und]/& ! practical        
op]ation ( ! sy/em :i* !y recomm5d4  ,9 
?is movem5t aga9/ corruption 9 politics 
& corporate control1 x 0 necess>y t     
corporate control %\ld be attack$4 ,!   
muck-rak+ add$ to x ar\s$ a _s aga9/ all
 success 9 bus9ess1 :e!r ! me?ods pursu$
 7 hone/ or n4 ,! result has be5 a      
hy/]ia t prompts ho/ility to capital ev5
 :5 x is work+ 9 hone/ l9es & e>n+ an   
hone/ pr(it4 ,9 _m /ates x has l$ to    
excessive re/rictive legislation & has  

t]roriz$ capital2 x has %runk inve/m5ts 
& fright5$ ^? :o h money until today !re
 is lots ( money 9 ! banks ev]y:]e b x  
c't be borr[$ = any l5g? ( "t because   
nobody w put x into p]man5t or active   
inve/m5t4  ,?is /ate ( affairs is likely
 to cont9ue = "s ye>s4 ,i am n compla9+ 
ab\t x because x is "p ( :at we _h to   
pay = ! great re=m t 0 accompli%$4 ,aft]
 a :ile confid5ce w be re/or$1 & we %all
 come to our s5ses1 j z !y did 9 ,kansas
 9 ! ,populi/ days4 ,! ,kansas f>m]s    
conclud$ t all _! unhapp9ess1 & !y      
suff]$ real /ress1 0 due to ! wick$     
mortgagees :o _h l5t !m money on        
mortgage security & :o insi/$ on !      
paym5t ( int]e/ & ev5 ! pr9cipal :5 x 0 
due4 ,s !y elect$ a ,populi/ legislature
 & pass$ a law provid+ t a mortgagee    
c\ld n =eclose 8 mortgage "u two ye>s4  
,!y did ?is by /ay laws & by requir+ an 
ob/ructive proc$ure 9 collection (      
debts4 ,z a result1 capital fl$ ! /ate z
 m5 w\ld flee yell[ fev]4 ,:5 !re 0 no  
money at all left 9 ! /ate & !y f\nd t  

!y c\ldn't get any1 !y began to         
recognize ! b5efit 9 money loan$ on     
mortgages4 ,_! next legislature repeal$ 
all ^! laws & devot$ its att5tion to    
adv]tis+ _! *ange ( attitude 9 ,ea/]n   
m>kets :]e money c\ld be _h & mortgages 
c\ld be float$1 promis+ to be good      
!reaft]1 & 9 g5]al welcom+ ! capitali/s 
:o w\ld advance money on f>ms4  ,! next 
sign ( ! times is pleasant] to dwell ^u1
 t is1 ! spread ( ! frat]nal _s t has   
gr[n out ( ?is great mat]ial developm5t4
 ,mat]ial developm5t 9 ?is c\ntry _h    
gr[n into corruption1 undue luxury &    
wa/e at ! h&s ( m5 :o did n realize !   
responsibility ( hav+ be5 =tunate 9     
accumulat+ money1 & ?is absorption 9 !  
*ase = ! doll> began to pall on ! p4 ,!y
 tir$ ( /ati/ics ( ! gr[? ( bus9ess1 &  
began to look ab\t = "s ju/ification =  
our activities4 ,! *ange has br\ght a   
great] popul> int]e/ 9 ! less =tunate :o
 h fall5 beh9d 9 ! race4  ,?is feel+ has
 mu* weak5$ ! influ5ce ( ! laissez faire
 s*ool ( political & economic ?\ght :i* 

0 l>gely 9 control :5 ,i 0 9 college4   
,pr(essor ,sumn] 0 a /rong memb] ( ?is  
s*ool4 ,he 0 sure ( 8 op9ions & taught  
!m4 ,b we h n[ drift$ away f "s ( 8     
moor+s1 & today a good _m pr(essors are 
giv+ way to _! imag9ation 9 sugge/+     
rem$ies t h n /ood ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4    
,yet x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! gov]nm5t c 
d a lot to help ! p t individual        
ent]prise _c d4 ,we h also gone f> 9 !  
matt] ( regulation1 ?\gh !re aga9 we are
 likely to g to excesses4  ,x is q      
probable t we %all f9d out by h>d knocks
 t ! gov]nm5t _c p]=m ev]y?+ n[ expect$ 
( x4 ,nev]!less1 "u ! influ5ce ( a      
great] frat]nal _s1 we h done a great   
deal4 ,! h\s+ /atutes1 ! safety         
appliances bo? = pass5g]s & employees1 !
 re/rictions on ! h\rs ( labor1 ! rules 
aga9/ *ild labor1 ! pure food law1 !    
:ite slave law1 ! ?or\gh heal?          
regulations1 ! control ( public         
utilities1 ! gr[? 9 ! public *>itable   
in/itutions ( ! /ate1 ! p>cels po/ & !  
rural deliv]y1 all are in/ances ( :at ! 

gov]nm5t has done to help ! individual  
by apply+ ! results ( public taxation & 
re/rictive laws4 ,moreov]1 we f9d among 
ri* m5 a great] feel+ ( responsibility =
 _! =tunes1 :i* is prov5 by _! l>ge     
donations4 ,among ^? less weal?y we f9d 
an activity 9 philan?ropic organizations
 & 9 "w ( a *>itable "* t has va/ly     
increas$ dur+ ! la/ decade4 ,9          
education1 too1 we h wid5$ out1         
especially 9 vocational /udy1 by prep>+ 
! pupils directly = wage e>n+ by skill$ 
labor4  ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 _m good p 9
 social settlem5ts & 9 philan?ropic "w  
devote _! att5tion s exclusively to !   
sore & rott5 spots ( society t !y lose  
_! s5se ( proportion1 & br+ hy/]ia ev5  
into ?is movem5t4 ,p]sons s affect$ come
 to ?9k t if suff]+1 wick$ness or       
squalor is p]mitt$ to exi/ any:]e1      
society mu/ all be bad4 ,!re mu/ always 
be s91 & !re mu/ always be neglect &    
wa/e until we get to ! mill5nium1 :i* is
 n yet s ne> t we c see & feel x4 ,9    
mak+ our e/imate ( human progress1 we   

mu/ size up ! :ole situation & take !   
av]age condition4 ,simil>ly 9 attempt+  
to rem$y a local or special evil1 we mu/
 avoid ! inju/ice ( unduly sacrific+ !  
g5]al welf>e4 ,by extreme measures      
plann$ to accompli% :at may be good 9 ! 
ab/ract b is /ill n practical1 we c make
 ! cause ridicul\s4  ,eug5ic re=m]s1 =  
in/ance1 plan to ru% "r into regulation 
( human society & arrange m>riages j z  
horses are br$ at a /ock f>m4 ,x has    
made "s progress 9 ,wiscons91 :]e !y h  
requir$ exam9ation ( ^? ab\t to m>ry &  
c]tificates ( heal? be=e issu+ ! m>riage
 lic5se4 ,b ,i don't ?9k ! ,am]ican p   
are q ready to submit to t k9d (        
regulation4 ,if x c\ld be en=c$1 x might
 be a good ?+ = ! race1 b a /rong       
s5tim5t on ! o!r side makes x           
impractical4 ,9 ,wiscons9 ! law is be+  
ignor$ & 9 =eign c\ntries :]e           
re/rictions ^u m>riages are rigor\sly   
en=c$1 m>riage is disp5s$ ) & concub9age
 results4  ,!re is ano!r feature ( ?is  
pres5t hy/]ical condition t1 ,i hope1 is

 go+ to disappe>4 ,b we might z well    
recognize x4 ,t is ?is wi% to exculpate 
! s9s ( ^? :o are un=tunate by putt+ !  
blame on society at l>ge4 ,! desire     
seems to be1 if possible1 to make       
scapegoats ( ^? :o are =tunate4 ,x is   
?is s5tim5t t has giv5 rise to          
inve/igations into ! coop]ative /ores 9 
ord] to *>ge _! manag]s ) responsibility
 = ! pro/itution ( "s ( _! employees    
because ( ! wages !y pay4 ,z !          
inve/igation %[s1 !re nev] 0 a m unf\nd$
 *>ge1 b ! v fact t x 0 us$ is an       
indication ( :at ,i mean4 ,x manife/s   
itself 9 ! movem5t to disp5se ) all     
retic5ce & amplify 9 e way sex education
 on ! !ory t society is to blame because
 x is n tell+ "y p ( ! dang] ( s94 ,y d 
n h to /& ov] a sew] & brea! 9 ! bad    
smell 9 ord] to recognize t x has a bad 
smell :5 y meet x aga94  ,i am /rongly 9
 favor ( hav+ "y m5 & "y wom5 "k c]ta9  
?+s ab\t sex matt]s1 ! "y m5 ?r\gh      
lectures 9 s*ool or college1 & ! "y wom5
 ?r\gh in/ruction by wom5 :o c tell !m 9

 a %ort "t all !y ne$ to "k2 b ?is idea 
( emphasiz+ & exp&+ ! subject & (       
cultivat+ a free int]*ange ( ?\ghts     
betwe5 ! sexes is mo/ dang]\s4 ,= "o    
hundr$ ye>s ^! subjects h be5 suppress$ 
9 ,am]ica to ! great b5efit ( society & 
x is well t !y %\ld rema9 s4 ,s-call$   
re=ms 9 ?is direction are made ! excuse 
= pruri5cy 9 drama1 9 novels1 9 mov+    
pictures & 9 o!r ways t are di/9ctly    
vici\s 9 _! effect4 ,!y promote         
lubricity & al?\gh su* lit]ature &      
exhibitions may h ! support ( good p :o 
?9k !y are advocat+ great pr9ciples1 !y 
%\ld be condemn$4  ,take ano!r in/ance4 
,( c\rse we all wi% p5it5ti>ies to be   
free f disease1 & we are int]e/$ 9      
prison re=m to ! ext5t ( mak+ !m z      
heal?ful z possible = ! prison]s4 ,b ?is
 idea ( mak+ society a scapegoat & ridd+
 ev]ybody f responsibility = 8 s9s1 on !
 !ory t 8 gr&fa!r or gr&mo!r 0 wick$ &  
he is only do+ x because ( 8 h]$ity1    
makes ! pres]vation ( law & ord]        
impossible1 & de/roys ! peace & com=t ( 

^? :o are law-abid+4 ,! p5it5ti>y is a  
place = puni%m5t & re=mation4 ,x is n a 
re/ cure or a summ] hotel4 ,i h no d\bt 
t prison discipl9e c be improv$2 b      
*anges bas$ on ! !ory t convict$        
crim9als are disguis$ h]oes :o only ne$ 
an appeal to _! honor & fre$om f re/ra9t
 to make !m good citiz5s w h humiliat+ b
 p]haps in/ructive results4  ,b ^!      
extravagances %\ld n bl9d u to ! real   
b5efit ( ?is gr[+ s5se ( bro!rhood among
 m54 ,x is %[n n only by ! fact t x is  
prea*$ 9 ! pulpits & emphasiz$ 9 ! press
 & 9 magaz9es1 b1 /ill m1 by ! fact t x 
has be5 tak5 up by politicians4 ,:5 !y  
get hold ( a subject & believe x ne$s   
elaboration1 y may "k t x has a lodgm5t 
) ! p4 ,nor c we ignore ! fact t ?is    
feel+ has be5 increas$ by indignation at
 ! political & social corruption incid5t
 to our enorm\s mat]ial developm5t4 ,! p
 h become a%am$ ( x 9 a s5se4  ,) _m1   
?is gr[+ s5se ( bro!rhood /imulates !   
movem5t t[>d /ate socialism4 ,our       
excessive pat]nalism leads on to ?is4 ,!

 view t ! gov]nm5t c d any?+1 rem$y e   
evil1 level e inequality & make ev]ybody
 happy1 w\ld h a mo/ disa/r\s effect on 
production & individual ef=t &          
ent]prise4 ,! next /ep w be to curtail !
 "r ( prop]ty4 ,x is difficult to def9e 
,socialism z a practical plan (         
gov]nm5t4 ,! plan z set =? 9 a little   
book publi%$ 9 ,au/ria call$ ,!         
,qu9tess5ce ( ,socialism is z def9ite z 
any t ,i "k4 ,x involves su* gov]nm5tal 
re/riction ( individual fre$om ( action 
& su* real tyranny t ! ,am]ican p c\ld n
 /& x4 ,9 fact1 ! regulation ( ! details
 ( life by a sy/em ( aw>ds = p>ticul>   
"w1 made by committees in/ead ( by !    
op]ation ( ! law ( supply & dem&1 w\ld  
br+ ab\t a condition t w\ld bur/ itself 
9 a v little "t4 ,z ,billy ,sumn] us$ to
 say1 ,if y h t k9d ( a sy/em1 ,i *oose 
to be on ! committee4  ,ano!r sign ( !  
times is trades-unionism4               
,trades-unionism is ess5tial 9 ! cause (
 labor4 ,"o man z a labor] is 9 a       
position :]e x is utt]ly impossible =   

him to deal on an equality ) 8 employ]4 
,! employ] has capital & c get along )\t
 8 s]vices1 b he _c get along )\t !     
wages :i* ! employ] pays him4 ,!re=e1   
labor]s unite & contribute to a fund :i*
 enables !m to )draw toge!r & say to !  
employ]3 ,"h1 we propose to deal ) y on 
a level4 ,we h great =ce4 ,we h a fund  
:i* w enable u to live :ile out ( "w &  
we are go+ to emb>rass y z f> z possible
 by )draw+ f y\r employ unless y d      
ju/ice to u 9 ! matt] ( t]ms ( s]vice4  
,t p[] ( union cultivat$ 9 organiz$     
labor has done a great deal to raise    
wages & br+ ab\t equitable t]ms (       
s]vice4  ,organiz$ labor is only a small
 "p ( labor g5]ally2 b organiz$ labor   
ex]cises great influ5ce 9 legislatures4 
,x is ?\ght to hold ! balance ( p[] at !
 polls & has und\bt$ly ex]cis$ b5efic5t 
influ5ce 9 secur+ laws to control heal?y
 conditions = "w1 safety appliances on  
railroads1 limitation ^u ! h\rs ( labor 
& a numb] ( o!r laws t w\ld n h be5     
pass$ if organiz$ labor _h n br\ght     

political influ5ce to be> ^u memb]s ( ! 
legislature4  ,on ! o!r h&1 a s5se ( _! 
p[] has sometimes giv5 lead]s ( labor   
unions a lack ( discretion1 a trucul5ce 
& an unreasonable & unju/ attitude4 ,l !
 employ]s1 !y h be5 dep5d5t ^u public   
op9ion & aft] a "t public op9ion has    
controll$ !m4 ,probably ! greate/ evil t
 /&s out f all ! good "w unions h done1 
is ! dead level to :i* !y seek to br+ ! 
wages ( skill$ manual labor4 ,organiz$  
labor insi/s on mak+ a class & !n hav+ t
 class receive ! same wages1 & x does   
no?+ to enc\rage individual ef=t by     
cons5t+ to ! paym5t ( high] wages to !  
man ( exp]i5ce1 indu/ry & skill ?an to !
 m$iocre & lazy4 ,x w 9 "s way h to     
obviate t difficulty :i* works aga9/ !  
cause ( labor & ! int]e/ ( society4     
,moreov]1 its lead]s d n disc\rage1 z !y
 %\ld1 lawlessness z a means ( a*iev+ _!
 indu/rial ends4 ,! hi/ory ( ! dynamit]s
 9 ,cali=nia & ( ! civil w> 9 ,colorado 
%[s ?is4  ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d _m 9 !   
ranks ( labor (f]+ ! mo/ effective      

opposition to ! increase 9 socialism4 ,!
 lead]s ( trades-unionism h no sympa?y )
 ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 ,! ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 h[ev]1 l$
 by ,haywood & o!rs1 s]ve a useful      
purpose by furni%+ an awful example = ! 
av]age work+man4 ,:5 !y g ar\nd ) !     
signs1 ,no ,god1 ,no ,c\ntry1 ,no ,law1 
creat+ disgu/ & cons]vatism 9 ! ranks ( 
organiz$ labor1 !y d n "k :at a good ?+ 
!y are do+4 ,!y act bl9dly1 b !y are    
(f]+ a sample ( :at may be expect$ if   
organiz$ labor is tempt$ to excesses4   
,we are go+ to h organiz$ labor = all   
"t1 & we ought to h x4 ,:ile ,i w\ld g  
to ! fulle/ ext5t ) c\rts & ev5 ) ! army
 to protect a non-union man 9 fre$om (  
labor1 if ,i 7 a work+man myself ,i w\ld
 jo9 a labor union because ,i believe t 
if su* unions c be prop]ly conduct$1 !y 
are useful to promote ! be/ int]e/s (   
labor & ( society4 ,:at trades-unionism 
ne$s is lead]s to tea* its memb]s common
 s5se4  ,! tru? is1 ! long] y live1 ! m 
y w f9d t no?+ is p]fect1 & ev]y?+ has a
 side t c be criticis$4 ,:at y h to d is

 to sum up ! :ole1 take ! av]age b5efit 
:i* comes f x1 & attempt to increase t  
av]age4 ,n[ ,i am an optimi/4 ,p say !  
initiative & ! ref]5dum1 aga9/ :i* ,i h 
talk$1 are l a rat*et :eel4 ,if y ext5d 
p[] to ! p & ! vot]s1 y w nev] get x    
back aga94 ,i agree t is a rule t       
g5]ally works1 b ) respect to !         
initiative & ! ref]5dum !re is an elem5t
 t may cause an exception to ! rule4 ,! 
initiative w ?r[ a heavy burd5 on !     
electorate4 ,cranks & _! foll[]s w      
con/antly be compell+ vot]s to act ^u   
wild proposals4 ,z ! popul> disgu/ gr[s1
 ! requirem5ts 9 respect to ! numb] (   
sign]s w be made s heavy t a successful 
petition c r>ely be secur$4 ,! ref]5dum 
w !n be limit$ to su* matt]s z !        
legislature *ooses to ref] & w !n cease 
to be a practical burd54  ,we mu/ pray t
 ! injuri\s excesses :i* ,i h be5       
describ+ z ! co/ we h to pay = a great  
re=m1 may n unsettle ! f\ndation ( our  
gov]nm5t & de/roy ! self-impos$ re/ra9t 
arrang$ 9 ! ,con/itution to make t      

gov]nm5t j to ! individual1 to ! m9ority
 & to ^? :o d n vote4 ,if we d n di/urb 
^? f\ndations1 we c c\nt on ! common    
s5se ( ! ,am]ican p to br+ !m back to   
sane views1 & we c rejoice & cont9ue to 
rejoice 9 ! pres]vation ( a popul>      
gov]nm5t t = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ye>s
 has v9dicat$ its cons]vatism & ju/ice  
be=e ! _w & w cont9ue to d s =ev]4      
,,page ,,lectures  ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,yale
 ,,univ]sity ,,press   ,,morals ,,9     
,,mod]n ,,bus9ess4 ,addresses by ,edw>d 
,d4 ,page1 ,george ,w4 ,alg]1 ,h5ry     
,holt1 ,a4 ,b>ton ,hepburn1 ,edw>d ,w4  
,bemis & ,james ,mc,keen4  7,second     
pr9t+7 #abmo1 clo? b9d+1 lea!r label1   
#afb pages1 syllabi4 ,price #a4be net1  
deliv]$4  ,,ev]yday ,,e?ics4 ,addresses 
by ,norman ,hapgood1 ,joseph ,e4        
,/]rett1 ,john ,brooks ,leavitt1 ,*>les 
,a4 ,pr\ty4  #abmo1 clo? b9d+1 lea!r    
label1 #aej pages1 index4 ,price #a4be  
net1 deliv]$4  ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,progress4
 ,by ,norman ,hapgood4  #abmo1 clo?     
b9d+1 #abc pages4 ,price #a4be net1     

deliv]$4  ,,politician1 ,,p>ty ,,& ,,p4 
,by ,h5ry ,c4 ,em]y4  #abmo1 clo? b9d+1 
#ahc pages1 index4 ,price #a4be net1    
deliv]$4  ,,que/ions ,,( ,,public       
,,policy4 ,addresses by ,j4 ,w4 ,j5ks1  
,a4 ,platt ,&rew1 ,emory ,r4 ,johnson & 
,will>d ,v4 ,k+4  #abmo1 clo? b9d+1     
lea!r label1 #adj pages1 index4 ,price  
#a4be net1 deliv]$4  ,,trade ,,morals3  
,,_! ,,orig91 ,,gr[? ,,& ,,prov9ce4 ,by 
,edw>d ,d4 ,page4  #abmo1 clo? b9d+1    
#bgf pages1 index4 ,price #a4ej net1    
deliv]$4  ,,e?ics ,,9 ,,s]vice4 ,by     
,william ,h[>d ,taft4  #abmo1 clo? b9d+1
 #aja pages1 index4 ,price #a4ae net1   
deliv]$4  ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ?is li/ (
 publications appe>$ inside ! front cov]
 ( ! orig9al book