,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,incorporated ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,twenty-first ,annual ,meeting ,illustration ,,cedar ,,rapids1 ,,iowa4 ,,september #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #aicj ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,incorporated ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,of ,,the ,twenty-first ,annual ,meeting ,,cedar ,,rapids1 ,,iowa4 ,,september #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #aicj ,,contents ,officers1 ,directors and ,committees #c ,state ,vice-,presidents #d ,list of ,members #e ,constitution #i ,by-,laws #aa ,proceedings of the ,twenty-,first ,annual ,convention #ac ,nuts and ,nut ,growers of the ,middle ,west--,s4 ,w4 ,snyder #ad ,address of ,professor ,t4 ,j4 ,maney #bj ,methods in ,scoring the ,black ,walnut--,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake #bc ,nuts in ,north ,dakota--,prof4 ,a4 ,f4 ,yeager #bg ,report on the #aibi ,nut ,contest--,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #bh ,new ,members' ,experience and ,questions #ca ,discussion on ,chestnut ,growing #cc ,the ,paraffin ,method in ,transplanting ,nursery ,stock--,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson #cg ,some ,notes on the ,japanese ,walnut in ,north ,america--,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson #ci ,thirty ,years ,experience in the ,care of ,scionwood--,f4 ,o4 ,harrington #df ,experiments and ,observations in ,searching for ,best ,seedling ,nut ,trees--,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson #ea ,more ,nuts--,less ,meat--,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg #eg ,induced ,immunity to ,chestnut ,blight--,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman #fh ,plant ,patent ,act--,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage #gc ,banquet #gg ,president's ,address #ha ,report of the ,secretary #hg ,business ,session #hi ,treasurer's ,report #ia ,harvesting and ,marketing the ,native ,nut ,crop of the ,north--,c4 ,a4 ,reed #ib ,beechnuts--,willard ,g4 ,bixby #ajj ,the #aibi ,contest--,willard ,g4 ,bixby #ajd ,attendance ,record #aag ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,,hort4 ,,dept4 ,m4 ,s4 ,c41 ,,east ,,lansing1 ,,mich4 ,vice-,president ,c4 ,f4 ,,walker1 #bhea ,e ,,overlook ,,road1 ,,cleveland ,,heights1 ,,ohio ,secretary ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 #cb ,,grand ,,ave41 ,,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,treasurer ,,karl ,w4 ,,greene1 ,,ridge ,,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,directors ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,c4 ,f4 ,,walker1 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,k4 ,w4 ,,greene1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,s4 ,w4 ,,snyder ,,committees ,auditing--,z4 ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,l4 ,h4 ,,mitchell ,executive--,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,c4 ,f4 ,,walker1 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby1 ,k4 ,w4 ,,greene1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,s4 ,w4 ,,snyder ,finance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,press and ,publication--,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,k4 ,w4 ,,greene1 ,z4 ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby ,membership--,f4 ,h4 ,,frey1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,j4 ,w4 ,,hershey1 ,z4 ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,k4 ,w4 ,,greene1 ,f4 ,o4 ,,harrington ,program--,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,a4 ,s4 ,,colby1 ,s4 ,w4 ,,snyder1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,c4 ,f4 ,,walker1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott ,hybrids and ,promising ,seedlings--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,howard ,,spence1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson1 ,s4 ,w4 ,,snyder1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,nomenclature--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,neilson ,survey--,c4 ,f4 ,,walker1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,f4 ,h4 ,,frey ,,dean ,,of ,,the ,,association ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,connecticut ,,field ,,secretary ,,zenas ,h4 ,,ellis1 ,,fair ,,haven1 ,,vermont ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,arkansas ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake ,univ4 of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,california ,will ,j4 ,thorpe #aede ,divisadero ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly ,west ,bank1 ,p4 ,o4 ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c4 ,china ,p4 ,w4 ,wang ,sec'y ,kinsan ,arboretum1 #adg ,n4 ,sechuan ,road1 ,shanghai ,connecticut ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming #ihc ,main ,st41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,dist4 of ,columbia ,karl ,w4 ,greene ,ridge ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,england ,howard ,spence ,the ,red ,house1 ,ainsdale1 ,southport ,illinois ,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,indiana ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson ,rockport ,iowa ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point ,kansas ,w4 ,p4 ,orth ,route #b1 ,box #bj1 ,mount ,hope ,maryland ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ,bowie ,massachusetts ,james ,h4 ,bowditch #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,michigan ,harry ,burgardt ,union ,city ,michigan ,minnesota ,carl ,weschcke #ih ,south ,wabasha ,st41 ,st4 ,paul ,missouri ,p4 ,c4 ,stark ,louisiana ,nebraska ,william ,caha ,wahoo ,new ,jersey ,miss ,m4 ,v4 ,landman ,cranbury1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b ,new ,york ,prof4 ,l4 ,h4 ,mac,daniels ,cornell ,university1 ,ithaca ,ohio ,harry ,r4 ,weber #abc ,east #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,oregon ,stanley ,c4 ,walters ,mount ,hood ,pennsylvania ,john ,rick #dch ,penn ,square1 ,reading ,rhode ,island ,phillip ,allen #agh ,dorrance ,st41 ,providence ,vermont ,zenas ,h4 ,ellis ,fair ,haven ,virginia ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith ,round ,hill ,washington ,d4 ,h4 ,berg ,nooksack ,west ,virginia ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,cannaday ,box #fic1 ,charleston ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,arkansas 99 ,drake1 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f41 ,univ4 of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,,california ,crafts1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g41 ,martinez ,thorpe1 ,will ,j41 #aede ,divisadero ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,university of ,california1 ,berkeley ,,canada ,gage1 ,j4 ,h41 #ajg ,flatt ,ave41 ,hamilton1 ,ontario ,gellatly1 ,j4 ,u41 ,west ,bank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,ryerse1 ,arthur ,c41 ,simcoe1 ,ont4 ,watson1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,v41 #agj ,st4 ,george ,st41 ,toronto ,,china 99 ,kinsan ,arboretum1 #adg ,n4 ,szechuan ,road1 ,shanghai ,,connecticut ,bartlett1 ,francis ,a41 ,stamford ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 #ca ,owen ,st41 ,hartford ,hilliard1 ,h4 ,j41 ,sound ,view 99 ,montgomery1 ,robt4 ,h41 ,cos ,cob 99 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 ,route #bh1 ,box ,no4 #ie1 ,cos ,cob ,pratt1 ,george ,d41 ,jr41 ,bridgewater ,williams1 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,mallory1 ,stonington ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,foster1 ,b4 ,g41 #hje ,g ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,greene1 ,karl ,w41 ,ridge ,road1 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington 99 ,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,bldg41 ,washington ,mitchell1 ,lennard ,h41 #bbai ,california ,st4 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,stiebling1 ,mrs4 ,anna ,e41 #adeh ,monroe ,st4 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,taylor1 ,d4 ,w41 ,the ,highlands1 ,washington ,von ,ammon1 ,s41 ,bureau of ,standards1 ,washington ,,england ,spence1 ,howard1 ,the ,red ,house1 ,ainsdale1 ,southport ,,illinois ,anthony1 ,a4 ,b41 ,sterling ,armstrong1 ,mrs4 ,julian1 ,witchwood ,lane and ,moffet ,rd41 ,lake ,forest ,bontz1 ,mrs4 ,george ,i41 ,route #b1 ,peoria ,brown1 ,roy ,w41 ,spring ,valley ,colby1 ,arthur ,s41 ,univ4 of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,frey1 ,frank ,h41 ,room #icj ,lasalle ,st41 ,station1 ,chicago ,gibbens1 ,geo4 ,w41 ,route #b1 ,godfrey ,knox1 ,loy ,j41 ,first ,nat'l ,bank1 ,morrison ,morton1 ,joy1 ,lisle ,meyer1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,j41 ,hillsdale ,riehl1 ,miss ,amelia1 ,godfrey1 ,ill4 ,spencer1 ,mrs4 ,may ,r41 #bge ,w4 ,decatur ,st41 ,decatur ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,,indiana ,betz1 ,frank ,s41 7,personal7 ,betz ,bldg41 ,hammond ,isakson1 ,walter ,r41 ,route #a1 ,hobart ,tichenor1 ,p4 ,e41 #dad ,merchants ,bank ,bldg41 ,evansville ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,iowa ,adams1 ,gerald ,w41 ,route #d1 ,moorehead ,boyce1 ,daniel1 ,route #d1 ,winterset ,harrington1 ,f4 ,o41 ,williamsburg ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society1 ,des ,moines ,luckenbill1 ,ben ,w41 ,wapello ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point ,snyder1 ,s4 ,w41 ,center ,point ,schlagenbusch ,bros41 ,route #c1 ,fort ,madison ,van ,meter1 ,w4 ,l41 ,adel ,williams1 ,hugh ,e41 ,ladora ,,kansas ,orth1 ,w4 ,p41 ,route #b1 ,mount ,hope ,,maryland ,close1 ,c4 ,p41 ,college ,park ,lancaster1 ,s4 ,s41 ,jr41 ,rock ,point ,mehring1 ,upton ,f41 ,keymar ,porter1 ,john ,h41 #aaii ,the ,terrace1 ,hagerstown ,purnell1 ,j4 ,edgar1 ,salisbury ,,massachusetts ,allen1 ,edward ,e41 ,perkins ,institute for the ,blind1 ,watertown 99 ,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,bldg41 ,boston ,brown1 ,daniel ,l41 #fj ,state ,st41 ,boston ,bryant1 ,dr4 ,ward ,c41 ,greenfield ,hale1 ,richard ,w41 #fj ,state ,st41 ,boston ,russell1 ,newton ,h41 #ab ,burnette ,ave41 ,so4 ,hadley ,center ,wellman1 ,sargeant ,h41 ,windridge1 ,topsfield ,williams1 ,moses1 #ah ,tremont ,st41 ,boston ,,michigan ,bradley1 ,homer1 ,care ,kellogg ,farms1 ,route #a1 ,augusta ,burgardt1 ,h41 ,route #b1 ,union ,city ,graves1 ,henry ,b41 #gc ,forest ,ave41 ,west1 ,detroit ,healy1 ,oliver ,t41 ,care ,mich4 ,nut ,nursery1 ,route #b1 ,union ,city ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h41 #bjb ,manchester ,st41 ,battle ,creek ,neilson1 ,prof4 ,james ,a41 ,care ,mich4 ,state ,college1 ,east ,lansing ,stocking ,frederick ,n41 #cdef ,cadillac ,ave41 ,detroit ,,minnesota ,andrews1 ,miss ,frances ,e41 #bde ,clifton ,ave41 ,minneapolis ,weschcke1 ,carl1 #ajdh ,lincoln ,ave41 ,st4 ,paul ,,missouri ,stark ,bros4 ,nursery1 ,louisiana ,windhorst1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,r41 ,univ4 ,club ,bldg41 ,st4 ,louis ,,nebraska ,caha1 ,william1 ,wahoo ,,new ,,jersey 99 ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,norton1 ,w4 ,j41 #ajd ,scotland ,road1 ,south ,orange ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #abaa #fcrd ,st41 ,brooklyn ,bixby1 ,mrs4 ,willard ,g41 ,baldwin ,bixby1 ,willard ,g41 ,baldwin ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,gager1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,stuart1 ,care ,brooklyn ,botanic ,gardens1 ,brooklyn ,garber1 ,hugh ,g41 #ge ,fulton ,st41 ,new ,york ,graves1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,h41 #ajjj ,washington ,ave41 ,brooklyn ,harman-,brown1 ,miss ,helen1 ,croton ,falls ,hodgson1 ,casper ,w41 ,care ,world ,book ,co41 ,yonkers ,holden1 ,frank ,h41 ,care ,r4 ,h4 ,macy ,co41 ,new ,york 99 ,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #a ,e4 #hith ,st41 ,new ,york ,lester1 ,henry1 #fej ,main ,st41 ,new ,rochelle ,mac,daniels1 ,l4 ,h41 ,care ,cornell ,univ41 ,ithaca 99 ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t41 ,box #abd1 ,rochester ,pickhardt1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,c41 #aag ,e4 #hjth ,st41 ,new ,york ,schlemmer1 ,claire ,d41 ,islip ,solley1 ,dr4 ,john ,b41 #ajh ,e4 #ffth ,st41 ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva ,steffee1 ,john ,g41 #cag ,sixth ,ave41 ,brooklyn ,tice1 ,david1 #ee-ef ,saving ,bank ,bldg41 ,lockport ,vanderbilt1 ,george ,v41 ,greenville 99 ,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r41 #i ,w4 #edth ,st41 ,new ,york ,,ohio ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,route #g1 ,wooster ,gerber1 ,e4 ,p41 ,apple ,creek ,park1 ,j4 ,b41 ,care ,ohio ,state ,univ41 ,columbus ,walker1 ,c4 ,f41 #bhea ,e4 ,overlook ,rd41 ,cleveland ,heights 99 ,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #abc ,east #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,,oregon ,walters1 ,stanley ,c41 ,mount ,hood ,,pennsylvania ,abbott1 ,mrs4 ,laura ,woodward1 ,route #b1 ,bristol ,baum1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l41 ,boyertown ,deeben1 ,fred1 ,trevorton ,gable1 ,jos4 ,b41 ,stewartstown ,gribbel1 ,mrs4 ,john1 ,wyncote1 ,p4 ,o41 ,box #ca ,hershey1 ,john ,w41 ,downingtown ,hostetter1 ,c4 ,f41 ,bird-in-,hand ,hostetter1 ,l4 ,k41 ,route #e1 ,lancaster ,kaufmann1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leach1 ,will1 ,cornell ,bldg41 ,scranton ,mathews1 ,george ,a41 ,route #a1 ,cambridge ,springs ,miller1 ,herbert ,pinecrest ,poultry ,farm1 ,richfield ,paden1 ,riley ,w41 ,route #b1 ,enon ,valley 99 ,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,penn4 ,square1 ,reading ,sauchelli1 ,v41 #afbh ,koppers ,bldg41 ,pittsburgh ,schmidt1 ,a4 ,g41 ,nazareth ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,swarthmore ,theiss1 ,lewis ,edwin1 ,muncy ,wright1 ,ross ,pier1 #bce ,west #ast ,st41 ,erie 99 ,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,clarkson ,ave4 and ,wister ,street1 ,germantown ,zimmerman1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a41 #cb ,so4 #acth ,st41 ,harrisburg ,,rhode ,,island ,allen1 ,phillip1 #agh ,dorrance ,st41 ,providence ,,vermont ,aldrich1 ,a4 ,w41 ,route #c1 ,springfield ,ellis1 ,zenas ,h41 ,fair ,haven ,,virginia ,stoke1 ,h4 ,f41 #adba ,watts ,ave41 ,roanoke ,trout1 ,dr4 ,hugh ,h41 ,care ,jefferson ,hospital1 ,roanoke ,,washington ,berg1 ,d4 ,h41 ,nooksack ,richardson1 ,j4 ,b41 ,lakeside ,,west ,,virginia ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,e41 ,care ,general ,hospital1 ,charleston ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown 99 ,life ,member ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,incorporated4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include two of the four elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 on survey1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,annual members shall pay five dollars annually1 to include one year's subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal1 or three dollars and fifty cents not including subscription to the ,nut ,journal4 ,contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually1 this membership including a year's subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars1 and shall be exempt from further dues4 ,honorary members shall be exempt from dues4 ,there shall be an annual1 non-voting1 membership1 with privilege of the annual report1 for all ,county ,agents1 ,agricultural ,college and ,experiment ,station ,officials and ,employes1 ,state ,foresters1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,officials1 ,editors of ,agricultural ,periodicals1 ,college and ,high ,school ,students1 ,boy ,scouts1 ,girl ,scouts or ,camp ,fire ,girls and similar organizations1 on payment of one dollar as annual dues4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association1 or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and the ,treasurer4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,,article ,v ,members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are due1 and if not paid within two months1 they shall be sent a second notice1 telling them that they are not in good standing on account of non-payment of dues1 and are not entitled to receive the annual report4 ,at the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice1 a third notice shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice1 their names will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings of the ,,twenty-,,first ,,annual ,,convention of the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association 7,incorporated7 ,september #ag1 #ah and #ai1 #aicj ,,cedar ,,rapids1 ,,iowa ,the first session convened at #aj o'clock at the ,hotel ,montrose1 ,president ,neilson in the chair4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we have a long and varied program to present1 and inasmuch as we have only one day for the discussions it will be necessary to make the best use of our time4 ,first we will read letters and telegrams from members who are not able to come4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,this letter is from ,dr4 ,morris4 ,i was counting on getting out to the ,nut ,growers' ,association meeting this year and having the pleasure of seeing all of my old friends once more and getting the inspiration that fills the air at our meetings4 ,i find it absolutely necessary1 however1 to cut off all distractions until ,i can get two books finished4 ,work upon them has been delayed and the line of thought changed so often that it becomes a duty to confine myself to literary work1 but ,i hope to be with you during our next twenty meetings4 ,this telegram is from ,mr4 ,bixby4 ,have mailed ,mr4 ,snyder abstract of report on nut contest and paper on beechnuts4 ,regret ,i cannot be at convention4 ,crop of nuts here is better than ever before4 ,best wishes for success of convention4 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i am going to name two committees4 ,the resolutions committee3 ,mr4 ,weber1 ,mr4 ,frey1 ,dr4 ,deming4 ,the nominating committee3 ,mr4 ,frey1 ,mr4 ,snyder1 ,dr4 ,smith1 ,dr4 ,zimmerman1 ,mr4 ,hershey4 ,professor ,herrick1 ,secretary of the ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society1 would like to make a few remarks4 ,,prof4 ,,herrick3 ,i want to extend to you greetings from the ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society4 ,mr4 ,snyder knows that at our state fair we had a wonderful exhibit of edible nuts4 ,it has just closed4 ,we had six tables of good length1 #af feet1 well filled1 in fact crowded4 ,we never in the history of the society have provided enough room for the edible nuts4 ,we hope this year at the ,midwest ,horticultural ,exhibit at ,shenandoah it may be possible for you to send your exhibits4 ,there will be #g1jjj in cash premiums4 ,every one of you will receive an official premium list the first of next week4 ,we have in ,southern ,iowa a great deal of land well adapted for this industry1 and ,i assure you that the ,iowa ,horticultural ,society is very much interested in the spreading of the gospel4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we appreciate the invitation that ,professor ,herrick has given us4 ,one of the inspiring factors in my interest in nut culture came to me some years ago when ,i came to the ,iowa ,state ,college to take graduate work4 ,i went to ,des ,moines with ,professor ,maney to see the exhibit staged by ,mr4 ,snyder4 ,our first paper this morning is by ,mr4 ,snyder1 ,nuts and ,nut ,growers of the ,middle ,west4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i will confine my remarks to the newer things that you haven't heard of4 ,i will first note a shagbark hickory that stands in my own neighborhood1 an outstanding variety we call ,hand4 ,this is very much like the ,vest in shape and size and cracking quality4 ,according to my tests1 this variety cracks out #ej meat1 and since it is a local variety and ,i know it is hardy and fruitful1 ,i am placing it ahead of the ,vest for the ,middle ,west4 ,it is certainly equal to it in every way and hardy and fruitful4 ,while the ,vest hasn't yet matured nuts ,i am rather doubtful whether it will prove of any value here4 ,there is one nut that ,i have been drawing attention to in the past few years1 called ,hagen1 that ,i have frequently said was the best nut growing in ,iowa4 ,i have found one we call the ,elliott that appears to be just as good1 so nearly like it that it is hard to separate them when they are mixed up4 ,the ,elliott stands near ,oxford1 a little south of here4 ,the best cracker ,i have found in ,iowa is one called ,sande4 ,this stands in ,story ,county1 about #bj miles north of ,ames4 ,i found this on the tables at our state fair and the superintendent of the nut exhibit called my attention to it in particular4 ,said it had been appearing there for a couple of years back1 and that he thought it was very well worth our attention4 ,i took up correspondence with the parties who were bringing it to the fair and they agreed to give me such information as ,i wanted about it1 so ,i drove up there4 ,when ,i got there ,i found they didn't own the tree4 ,they had been stealing the nuts1 putting them on exhibit and getting the premiums4 ,they wouldn't take me to the tree because they didn't own it4 ,they did tell me who owned it and ,i went to see him4 ,i told him the circumstances4 ,he just got red-headed at once4 ,the idea of someone stealing the nuts and getting the premiums6 ,we got right into it4 ,the up-shot of it was ,i got some scions and some nuts4 ,just a lick of the hammer and two halves drop out1 don't have to pick them out1 just roll out4 ,it is an excellent nut4 ,it was a rather young tree and very fruitful4 ,very good quality with a little thicker shell than other varieties4 ,we have another one1 the ,ward4 ,this is another #ej cracker1 very excellent flavor4 ,while it appears to be a small nut1 after you have cracked it the meats look almost as large it has such a very thin shell4 ,as you might say almost all meat4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,what do you mean by #ej cracker8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,the shells and the meats when separated and weighed just balance each other4 ,i have looked up another one4 ,at present ,i haven't any authority for naming this variety4 ,i am just calling it ,independence because of the community in which it is found4 ,i will take this up with the parties that own the tree and get authority for naming it if they will consent4 ,this is just a temporary name for a very excellent variety4 ,it is owned by a party named ,geisel4 ,they have a well-known nut that has been taking premiums in our midwest4 ,this is another in the same grove that is just as good as the ,geisel4 ,it is a very good nut1 very fine flavor1 good cracker and more than ordinary size4 ,we have another one that stands in sight of my home1 that is called ,de,wees4 ,this is a large tree that possibly is somewhat over a hundred years old1 and its common crop is about five bushels of hulled nuts4 ,it is a free cracker1 excellent quality and very prominent in the locality in which the tree stands4 ,there is another one that appeared in the midwest exhibition here in ,cedar ,rapids a few years ago1 called the ,lynch4 ,it was brought out by the ,boys and ,girls ,club and received a good deal of publicity at that time on that account4 ,it is a thin-shelled nut and very good cracker but not of the highest eating quality4 ,i hunted up the tree and got some scions from it and distributed them4 ,i didn't use any of them myself1 didn't think it good enough1 the eating quality not good enough to suit me4 ,it is an excellent variety however4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,something like the ,ben ,davis8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,yes4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,the ,ben ,davis makes the profit though1 ,dr4 ,smith4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,we have found another one that came out at the ,cedar ,rapids exposition4 ,i am calling it the ,cline4 ,i have no authority to call it that4 ,the tree stands here in ,cedar ,rapids4 ,i haven't had time to see it since two years ago when it was brought to my attention4 ,if ,i am any judge of quality this is the finest hickory nut ,i have ever found4 ,its eating quality is just ahead of anything ,i know of in the hickory line1 and it's of fair size1 a little above medium and a good cracker and a long keeper4 ,i have frequently tested them4 ,i only got a handful to start with4 ,i have tested these time after time to see how long it was going to keep4 ,the last time ,i tested it was this last spring and it was in excellent condition4 ,there are a good many of our hickory nuts that turn rancid in six months4 ,but a nut that keeps two years1 and ,i don't know but what they are good yet1 is going to be a very big item in hickory nut culture4 ,,dr4 ,,drake3 ,have you kept these eighteen months in good order8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,would soil conditions have anything to do with it8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,possibly but ,i don't think so4 ,the ,fairbanks1 for instance1 from different soils2 ,i can see no difference in their keeping4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,i know that is true of grapes that are grown in different sections4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i can see no difference in the ,fairbanks4 ,in a few weeks' time it loses its edible qualities4 ,i wouldn't care for it after it is a few weeks old4 ,after it is thoroughly cured and dried1 ,i don't think the ,fairbanks fit to eat4 ,,member3 ,how about the ,stratford8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,the original ,stratford was cut for fire wood in #aibf4 ,just before it was cut it bore a heavy crop of nuts4 ,yesterday ,i cracked one4 ,i was right hungry and needed something to eat4 ,i could eat them yet4 ,it is a great keeper4 ,i know it was four years old or over4 ,,member3 ,how does it crack8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,it is a good cracker and very thin shelled4 ,the ,stratford is1 ,i think1 a hybrid of the shagbark and bitternut4 ,it is very evident that it is a hybrid by the appearance of the nuts4 ,but it doesn't have that property of the ,fairbanks of spoiling as it dries4 ,the two nuts are very different in that4 ,you will find a great range of quality in these hybrids4 ,i believe that puts me through the list of hickories of which ,i have made a list4 ,i have a number of others under observation that may in the future be of importance4 ,i have several black walnuts that have made their appearance since our contest was completed4 ,we now have one called the ,finney4 ,this stands in ,marshall ,county right beside the ,northwestern ,railroad track4 ,i sent this to ,professor ,drake of ,arkansas for testing and he reported it was a little better than ,thomas1 so ,i think we have a variety there that is worth taking care of4 ,i received the sample of nuts through a friend1 ,i believe it was three years ago4 ,i didn't see anything particularly attractive in the outside appearance of the nuts1 so threw them aside and didn't test them until some months later4 ,i passed it up at that time as not being better than the ,thomas1 anyway1 and some months later ,i cracked another one of them4 ,i went on that way for the last year until this last fall4 ,i had quite a quantity of them and every time ,i came across them ,i would sample them4 ,finally ,i sent some of them to ,professor ,drake1 with the results that ,i have mentioned4 ,so now ,i have concluded that it is a very worthwhile variety and ,i have begun propagating them4 ,,dr4 ,,drake3 ,did you call it by another name before8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,well1 ,i believe ,i called it ,brenton4 ,,dr4 ,,drake3 ,that is the name ,i remember4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,from the extreme north line of our state1 a place called ,cresco1 ,i received samples of a walnut4 ,this ,i considered on its first appearance as being a worthwhile variety and ,i took it up with the party who sent it to me and we agreed to call it ,cresco4 ,it is a very thin-shelled walnut1 above medium size1 excellent eating quality1 and coming from so far north1 and ripening and being of such excellent quality1 ,i thought it was worth looking after and we began propagating it under that name4 ,we have another one that made its appearance in the ,cedar ,rapids exposition1 that has been named ,safely4 ,this is of the ,ohio type of walnut and ,i believe will prove to be just as good1 possibly better4 ,the first samples received of this were ripened under unfavorable conditions and were not fully up to their best4 ,i think this will be worth looking after1 although ,i have not yet made an effort to propagate it or get scions4 ,it is owned by a cousin of mine so ,i could get them4 ,the best thing ,i have found in the state of ,iowa ,i have authority to call ,burrows4 ,this is the finest cracking black walnut ,i have ever found4 ,just a crack of the hammer--four quarters4 ,you don't have to pick them out4 ,it stands near the county line of ,marshall ,county1 near a little town called ,gillman4 ,,the ,,president3 ,have you specimens of all of these8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,yes1 specimens on the tables4 ,i believe this puts me through the list of nuts as far as anything new is concerned4 ,i am quite an enthusiast about the black walnut4 ,there is a double purpose in the black walnut here in ,iowa because our saw mill men tell me1 and we have the largest manufacturing walnut mills here in ,iowa1 they tell me the ,iowa grown walnut is the most valuable black walnut and they will pay the best price for it4 ,this alone makes it valuable to plant black walnuts here in ,iowa4 ,another thing1 they are easily and quickly grown4 ,our millers tell us that anyone who cuts down a walnut tree ought to be compelled to plant two4 ,if we all followed this rule the supply would never be exhausted4 ,we know the demand will not be4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,couldn't we pass a law here1 as they have in ,germany1 that every man has to plant thirty trees before he can get married8 ,,the ,,president3 ,have you found a first class butternut8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,none1 except those that have been listed for a couple of years4 ,the ,buckley is the best in the state4 ,sherwood is next4 ,those two are the best4 ,,the ,,president3 ,in ,michigan we are interested in getting a good butternut4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,by the way1 we have on the table a hybrid4 ,this hybrid is a cross between the sieboldiana and the ,american butternut4 ,we call it the ,helmick hybrid4 ,we have propagated it for our own use at home4 ,we have it under restrictions4 ,i have six seedlings that ,i have produced from seed of this ,helmick hybrid that are crossed with the ,stabler black walnut4 ,in these seedlings are wrapped up three distinct species1 the ,stabler 7,juglans nigra71 ,japanese heartnut 7,juglans sieboldiana cordiformis7 and the ,american butternut 7,juglans cinerea74 ,i know this is the result because when the ,helmick hybrid bloomed its cluster containing eighteen nutlets would have perished for want of pollen to fertilize them because it had produced no staminate blossoms of its own4 ,there being nothing on the place with ripe catkins shedding pollen1 ,i was watching them very closely for fear there would nothing else bloom in time to fertilize the nutlets1 and the first thing to offer ripe pollen that could be used was the ,stabler walnut1 from which ,i gathered a handful of catkins and carried to the ,helmick hybrid and dusted pollen over the cluster of nutlets and succeeded in saving six out of the cluster of eighteen4 ,these matured into full grown nuts which were saved and each of them grew into a nice young seedling4 ,i know beyond question that these seedlings represent the three distinct species mentioned because there was nothing furnishing pollen with which to fertilize them except the ,stabler walnut4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the work that ,mr4 ,snyder and ,dr4 ,drake and ,dr4 ,deming are doing in locating good varieties of nuts is certainly very valuable4 ,if we had the whole country hunting for good nut trees we could tell what the country is producing4 ,we have a great many valuable varieties throughout the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,our next speaker is ,professor ,t4 ,j4 ,maney of the ,iowa ,agricultural ,college at ,ames4 ,i am very much pleased that the experiment stations in some of the states are actively interested in the propagating of nut trees4 ,new ,york1 ,iowa and ,ohio are doing work along this line and no doubt other experiment stations are interested4 ,in quite a number of them there is a great lack of interest1 and perhaps ,i should say of knowledge1 about nut culture in general4 ,,prof4 ,,maney3 ,during the past six or seven years1 during our regular annual short course1 we have been having a week for a nut short course and we have been very fortunate in having ,mr4 ,harrington and ,mr4 ,snyder there4 ,that work has already resulted in the establishment of a nut project that will continue to grow during the coming year4 ,you recall that ,mr4 ,neilson revived the subject of paraffin4 ,i notice that he always wound up with a plea that someone invent an apparatus to apply the paraffin4 ,what ,i have here is an answer to the plea4 ,this apparatus consists of a two and one-half inch pipe with a spray nozzle attached4 ,the idea is to put into the tube hot paraffin and apply pressure here1 and then with a plumber's blowtorch keep the paraffin heated4 ,the handle is covered with asbestos4 ,i didn't spend much time in working this up but ,i think it works fairly well4 ,there is one difficulty in perfecting your apparatus to apply hot paraffin1 and that is the fact that when it comes out it immediately congeals into a sort of snow4 ,you just can't atomize hot paraffin4 ,the only way is through air pressure4 ,i used this on some dahlia roots quite successfully4 ,this did the work very well in that case and ,i think for applying it to rose roots and plants of that kind it may work quite successfully4 ,another thing ,i thought might be of interest to you is some work in grafting by the use of paraffin4 ,last year ,i was interested in grafting some apples4 ,on ,july #abth ,i made some regular cleft grafts1 using the green wood as the scion after removing the leaves4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,wood of that year or previous8 ,,prof4 ,,maney3 ,that year4 ,the entire graft was covered with paraffin4 ,this picture was taken on ,september #eth1 a period of #ee days later1 and during that time growth was #be inches4 ,i am sure it can be worked very successfully with different fruit trees4 ,it is especially valuable in replacing dead grafts4 ,these grafts went through the very severe winter very successfully4 ,i am sure ,i appreciate this opportunity to appear on the program1 and ,i hope to continue with the work at ,ames and perhaps appear at future dates4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,may ,i ask how hot it got that summer8 ,,prof4 ,,maney3 ,oh1 the temperature was up to #ajj1 #ajc and #ajd4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,what kind of paraffin did you use8 ,,prof4 ,,maney3 ,just ordinary paraffin4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,did you notice any bad results8 ,,prof4 ,,maney3 ,no1 apparently no ill effects4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,paraffin has a tendency when it gets extremely hot to run down and kill the graft4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,what would be the effect of putting in some beeswax8 ,,prof4 ,,maney3 ,i think that would be all right4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,paraffin this summer killed two nut grafts for me4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,are you sure it was the paraffin8 ,i have finally come to the conclusion that when the sun gets hot enough to melt the wax it will kill the graft anyway4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,i noticed the heat did not kill another one that ,i did not use the paraffin on4 ,previous years it simply scorched the tree4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,the heavy coating of wax protects a little from the heat1 ,i thought4 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,in very hot weather ,i put heavy paper around the graft and a handful of dirt4 ,that protects it from the sun4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,i have tried that4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i am very much interested in seeing ,professor ,maney's spraying apparatus4 ,we also tried to spray and got something like snow4 ,we also found that the wax congealed in the nozzle4 ,last spring ,i almost blew my head off4 ,i am now experimenting with a material which acts as an emulsifying agent on waxes and resin4 ,i have developed a formula1 paraffin #e pounds and ,pick ,up ,gum one pound4 ,i dissolve the emulsifying agent and heat the wax4 ,this solution can be sprayed on trees without difficulty when it is warm4 ,when it gets cool1 however1 we have to heat it again4 ,i hope to have some definite reports to make as to the feasibility of this later on1 and possibly on conifers as well4 ,we have been up a tree when it came to spraying wax and we have been at a disadvantage in transplanting conifers4 ,regarding the comments as to paraffin wax melting1 ,i do have a little difficulty on the south side and sloping to the northeast4 ,the sun's rays would be rather direct4 ,i think the suggestion ,mr4 ,weber made was very good4 ,two-thirds paraffin and one-third beeswax4 ,possibly we would have to increase the beeswax where trees are growing on a southern slope4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i found the hottest place #b inches above the soil4 ,i shade grafts with a piece of shingle4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the principle in grafting trees is to regulate the moisture and the temperature factors4 ,as a means of regulating the moisture ,i use ,german peat around the graft4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,have any of you had experience in grafting on the north side of the stock8 ,i found that quite a good scheme1 so that the heat doesn't kill the grafts4 ,we grafted on the #aeth of ,june this year4 ,,the ,,president3 ,professor ,drake has done a good deal of work in locating good varieties of black walnuts in the southwest and ,i am sure he will be glad to tell you what he has found4 ,let me repeat what ,i said about ,mr4 ,snyder's work1 that the most valuable work that is being done is the discovering of new varieties of nuts4 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,i shall talk about the methods ,i use in scoring the black walnut in ,arkansas4 ,color of kernel4 ,the way ,i have determined that is to first make a measuring scale4 ,get walnuts whose kernels show different color4 ,the lightest ,i call number one4 ,it is quite easy to divide them into five different groups4 ,i feel that this grading can be pretty well done1 except possibly for the flavor1 all the way through4 ,applying this method to different nuts1 here is the result that ,i have obtained with the best ones3 ,i find the ,stabler to rank first1 with total grade points of #ga4ff4 ,for making the test with the ,stabler ,i have had ,stabler nuts from a number of different places1 ,snyder1 ,reed1 ,university of ,missouri and nuts ,i have grown myself4 ,the next two will be a surprise to you and ,i feel quite sure that after further tests they may grade differently4 ,the next highest is the ,ogden4 ,i believe it was found in ,kentucky in #aibf or #aibg4 ,score of #gj4ij4 ,the ,ogden nuts that ,i tested were thoroughly dry and gave an excellent cracking quality1 and ,i expect the test would go down a little bit had they not been dried so long4 ,i am sure1 however1 the ,ogden is an excellent cracker4 ,i don't know just how the flavor of the ,ogden will be4 ,i have some feeling that the flavor will not be as good as some4 ,the third is the ,adams4 ,this one comes from ,west ,park in the northern part of ,iowa4 ,it is one that runs very high in kernel per cent4 ,this gives a total score of #gj4hg4 ,while ,i think of it1 there is one point about the method that ,i use for scoring that is better1 ,i think1 than some other methods that have been used1 that it gives credit for even a part of a per cent4 ,you will notice that ,i run these out to the third point4 ,i can't say about the ,adams color4 ,that nut also had been thoroughly dried and ,i think the cracking quality shows better than it ordinarily would4 ,i think that is a variety that we should keep in mind and especially that it should be used for crossing because of high percentage of kernel4 ,the fourth comes from ,arkansas1 that ,i have called the ,walker4 ,scored #gj4 ,i suppose we can't claim it entirely from ,arkansas1 although it was planted there about #ej years ago4 ,the owner moved there from ,illinois4 ,there are five or six trees1 two of them with excellent nuts4 ,the chances are that the score of this would be lowered somewhat if it were more thoroughly tested4 ,last year when ,i tested ,i only got four4 ,he told me that was almost the most complete failure he had ever known for that tree4 ,of those four only two were good4 ,one of them ,i tested before it was thoroughly dry and ,i felt that ,i couldn't test it properly4 ,the other nut ,i tested was larger4 ,it weighed about #cf grams4 ,i am sure that size will be cut down when we can get the nuts from a normal crop4 ,this year the tree has a good crop and it can be tested more thoroughly4 ,the next on the list is the ,burrows4 ,i think ,i only had two nuts for testing this variety4 ,so this score may be somewhat altered4 ,i always try to test at least ten nuts1 and another year if ,i can get a sample ,i will test them again4 ,the score was #fi4gi4 ,following that is another one of ,mr4 ,snyder's1 the ,finney1 from ,iowa4 ,that scored #fh4hb4 ,after that comes our old standard variety1 the ,ohio1 #fh4cj4 ,thomas #fg4ic4 ,following the ,thomas is a variety1 the ,bohanan1 with a score of #ff4hi4 ,after that the ,asbury1 #ff4fe2 and the ,iowa variety from ,iowa that ,john ,rohwer sent me1 #ff4cf4 ,the ,iowa is a little bit better cracker than the ,rohwer4 ,not quite as high percentage of kernel4 ,slightly larger nut ,i believe4 ,the ,iowa nut is a little rougher on the outside than the ,rohwer4 ,following the ,iowa is the ,edgewood from ,arkansas4 ,this is another of those trees1 the parent tree coming from ,illinois1 score #ff4 ,ten ,eyck1 score #fe4ge4 ,knapke1 score #fc4gc4 ,very good producer4 ,following that is the ,arkansas variety from my home with a score of #fc4aa4 ,the next variety comes from ,british ,columbia1 the ,attick1 #fb4jb4 ,as ,i have said1 of some of these ,i have not had sufficient nuts1 and some of them are more thoroughly dry than others4 ,i am sure there will be some shifting in place4 ,however1 for the better walnuts that ,i have and the ones ,i have plenty to test with ,i feel that there will be little change from where ,i have placed them4 ,i have made another grouping4 ,for large size the ,walker scores the highest with #cf4bj points4 ,now as to cracking quality1 the ,throp #ajj1 ,ogden #id4dc4 ,,member3 ,what did you crack them with8 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,with a hammer4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,do you use any fertilizer in your orchard8 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,i have some4 ,at first ,i didn't but afterwards ,i used some barn yard manure and some nitrate4 ,of late years ,i put some bone meal around the roots when ,i plant them4 ,,the ,,president3 ,any further discussion of this interesting paper8 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,do you use the hammer in cracking entirely8 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,yes1 sir4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,why do you not use the mechanical cracker8 ,do you not think the commercial value of the black walnut is best tested by using a mechanical cracker8 ,it will never be cracked with a hammer4 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,that point is well taken4 ,in the first place ,i didn't have a commercial cracker but plenty of hammers4 ,another thing1 the commercial crackers are being developed4 ,unless we all try them out in the same way there would be no value in it4 ,i thought it would be more accurate to use a hammer4 ,,the ,,president3 ,professor ,a4 ,f4 ,yeager is unable to be with us4 ,therefore1 ,dr4 ,colby will read his paper4 ,,nuts ,,in ,,north ,,dakota ,by ,prof4 ,a4 ,f4 ,yeager ,the growing of nuts in ,north ,dakota has hardly been considered as a possibility even by the average amateur up to the present time4 ,nevertheless1 evidence is gradually accumulating that some varieties of nuts can be grown as an addition to the home orchard in nearly all parts of the state4 ,we have no native nut plants except the hazel and our native hazel seldom produces nuts in any quantity in the wild state1 hence the possibility of growing them for profit undoubtedly lies some distance in the future4 ,nut bearing plants which have been introduced with success are the butternut and the black walnut4 ,trees of these two species are to be found in small numbers at various points in the state and have in practically every case been grown from nuts planted where the trees are now standing4 ,in the past many failures have been reported with trees grown from nuts sent up from the ,south4 ,such trees as are now standing are the hardy remnants of considerable numbers of seedlings started1 most of which have fallen by the wayside because of the rigors of our climate4 ,black walnut trees raised from seed produced on trees which have reached fruiting age in ,north ,dakota seem to possess the necessary hardiness4 ,as to whether the named varieties of walnuts would be a success in this territory remains a question4 ,their culture has not been attempted4 ,butternuts are naturally a more northerly species than black walnuts but have not been so widely planted in ,north ,dakota4 ,nevertheless there is a sprinkling of bearing butternut trees in some of the pioneer groves4 ,seed from these was planted at the experiment station in the fall of #aibj4 ,the seedlings prospered and some of them bore nuts in #aibe1 one tree producing #aad nuts that year4 ,since then there has been a crop each year and the trees have been making a growth of a foot or more per year4 ,this would seem to indicate that the butternut has possibilities1 at least as a producer of nuts for home consumption4 ,both the black walnut and butternut are subject to damage by late spring frosts which kill off the opening blossoms4 ,while it is not likely that ,north ,dakota will be a commercial nut growing state1 we can look forward with confidence to the time when a group of nut trees will be included in the grove which will surround each ,north ,dakota home4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,butternuts and walnuts grow in ,manitoba4 ,i know of #dg trees4 ,,member3 ,mr4 ,gall reports that heartnuts have endured the winter in northwestern ,manitoba4 ,the black walnut has grown quite well in ,swift ,current4 ,that part of ,canada is much colder4 ,,the ,,president3 ,our next paper is a report on the nut contest4 ,mr4 ,bixby had planned to be here1 but was unable to come4 ,has ,dr4 ,deming anything to offer8 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i have no very definite report to make on the nut contest1 because it wasn't finished until about two weeks ago and ,i haven't had time to work on the results4 ,the important part of the report is the result of ,mr4 ,bixby's scientific calculations on the properties of the nuts1 and this will be published in the report4 ,the contest this year cannot rank in extent and value with the contest of #aibf4 ,one reason for that is that the nut crop last fall seems to have been everywhere very deficient1 and in fact many contestants sent in nuts from the year before4 ,the second reason is that we didn't get good advertising4 ,i don't know exactly why we didn't4 ,at first ,i didn't think we were going to get any nuts at all4 ,but belated notices in the ,fruit ,grower1 and especially in the ,farm ,journal1 finally waked up a lot of contestants4 ,possibly a third reason why the contest was not as successful as in #aibf was that there were so many kinds of nuts for which prizes were offered4 ,i think that is rather confusing4 ,i think we had better do as in #aibf and offer a prize for a single nut each year1 rather than prizes for all the nuts each year4 ,take one nut one year and another nut the next year1 and so on1 and then begin over again4 ,at the same time ,i think we ought to have a standing prize for nuts of each species1 that is for any better than those we already have4 ,we have such a prize for the hickory1 the ,bowditch4 ,at different times other members have offered prizes for other species4 ,i would be glad to offer another standing prize of #be for some other nut in addition to ,mr4 ,bowditch's for the hickory4 ,three hundred eighty-eight people sent in nuts4 ,that was many fewer than in #aibf4 #ach people wrote letters but never sent any nuts4 ,there were #bdc different black walnut specimens this year and #abbi in #aibf4 ,we had some very valuable black walnuts4 ,some fully equal to1 if not better than1 those we already have4 ,very few came from the ,south4 ,more came from the northern states4 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota and ,michigan were well represented4 ,we got #id different specimens of butternuts4 ,some of these were very good4 ,most of them were from the ,north1 ,vermont and ,wisconsin leading4 ,we got #acd specimens of shagbark hickory1 #dj shellbarks and #aj others1 perhaps hybrids or other species4 ,there was one ,california black walnut and only #d beechnuts1 very small indeed4 ,not worthy of propagation at all4 ,there were a few odd nuts4 ,only #dj chestnuts were sent4 ,i think that was because we did not get our publicity out soon enough4 ,the chestnut crop matures earlier and in many instances the crops were out of the way4 ,of these chestnuts1 #bj were ,japanese4 ,when you first tasted them they tasted like potato but later developed a large amount of sweetness4 ,there were #bj ,american chestnuts4 ,dr4 ,zimmerman would call them small because his standards for the ,american chestnut are larger than my ,new ,england ideas4 ,when the chestnuts first came in they were quite green4 ,in a few days they hardened4 ,if ,i dried them a little and then put them in boxes they began to mold and soon would be a mass of mold4 ,it always seemed to begin at the butt end and would gradually spread over the whole nut and then get inside and spoil it4 ,i washed some in boric acid1 others in formaldehyde1 and that hardened them4 ,then ,i tried packing them in pulverized sugar and in salt4 ,that extracted all the water so that in a few hours you could pour out half a glass of water4 ,i packed them in peat moss and sand and treated them in various ways1 and finally packed them in fresh hardwood sawdust4 ,in this they kept in good condition4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,did you try sphagnum moss8 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,no4 ,another writer says an excellent thing is ground limestone4 ,,the ,,president3 ,did you get any ,japanese walnuts8 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,we got only three1 of no merit4 ,,member3 ,the value of the nut tree is going to be determined by its vigor and its bearing qualities4 ,if it doesn't produce any nuts it isn't going to be any good4 ,mr4 ,bixby and ,dr4 ,deming have allowed nothing for the bearing qualities4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i am wondering whether it might be possible in some way to get these different factors together and judge the nuts from all angles4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,that1 ,i think1 is absolutely necessary4 ,that is1 to combine these two scales of judging1 the tree characteristics and those of the nuts4 ,ultimately we have got to allow a large factor for adaptation and productiveness4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,a nut may crack well at one time and not so well later on4 ,the moisture of the nuts is a factor4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i don't agree with ,dr4 ,smith that we should not use the mechanical cracker4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,we also want the hammer4 ,we must crack them in the most favorable way4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i think the hammer is of very little value4 ,i think we should crack them all with a mechanical cracker4 ,if you crack with a mechanical cracker1 the two plungers come together by compression1 which crushes the ends in and makes the sides burst out1 thereby releasing the kernel4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,with the mechanical cracker the shells burst away from the kernel4 ,,mr4 ,,frey3 ,my experience is that the mechanical cracker outclasses the hammer4 ,the walls of the nut shatter outwards and save the kernel1 whereas with a hammer you mash the nut4 ,i can't see the value of the contest in #aibi when the scion wood for those nuts can't be secured until #aica4 ,there is too much delay4 ,i think if we would establish a permanent award for a better nut of any variety that is sent in we will make better progress4 ,one nut that ,i know was put in the contest last year4 ,the tree was cut down before they could even write for the scion wood4 ,,member3 ,i got a shipment of chestnuts at one time4 ,i took a ten-gallon milk can and put two inches of sawdust in it4 ,i originally had #ej pounds of nuts but sold some of them4 ,i had #h or #aj pounds left4 ,i sealed them up tight1 put the lid on1 and a year from the next ,april ,i opened the can4 ,the ones on the bottom had started to grow1 they had tops of #d or #e inches long and they had a network of roots4 ,but on top of those the nuts were in perfect condition4 ,i shipped some of them to ,washington4 ,i planted some of them4 ,perhaps #i out of #aj were in perfect condition and they grew4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,i would like to suggest another method of keeping chestnuts4 ,pack them in sphagnum moss1 put them in cold storage and freeze them solid4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,mr4 ,bixby digs a trench1 plants the nuts in it1 covers them with leaves and then with an inch or two of soil4 ,,the ,,president3 ,one of the officers of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 traveling in ,asia1 took some seeds and dipped them in paraffin wax4 ,i know it is an excellent method of keeping dahlia roots4 ,we have another item on our program1 ,new ,members' ,experience and ,questions4 ,possibly we have some new members here who have had experiences and would like to tell us of them4 ,,member3 ,my first experience was with ,mr4 ,snyder at ,ames4 ,i saw on the program a nut lecture1 so ,i went4 ,for the past two years ,i have been attending the short course and heard ,mr4 ,snyder lecture4 ,a year ago this spring ,i got some scions from ,mr4 ,snyder4 ,four scions out of #g grew4 ,it was the first time ,i had ever done any grafting at all4 ,i used paraffin for grafting4 ,,the ,,president3 ,you got very good results indeed4 ,this year ,i made a miserable failure4 ,i believe ,i only got about #ab to grow4 ,i hope you always have the same good luck4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,if he wants to keep his record he better not do any more grafting4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,pretty near everybody this year reports a miserable failure4 ,there must be some reason4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,it may be the drought4 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,i only got three to grow4 ,we had enough rain in the spring4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,my opinion is that last winter was hard on wood4 ,there was an early freeze in the central states4 ,my observation is that the wood was injured through the winter4 ,i think any scion wood was not very good4 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,in our part of the country the temperature ran from #bd to #bf below zero4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,if you notice in making the graft little pin points of black on the scions1 you can almost bet on a failure4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,some of the worst looking scions at times grow the best4 ,you put them on and they all grow4 ,another time you have beautiful scions and they all die4 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,there is injury you can't see with the naked eye4 ,the wood was unripened when our winter set in4 ,we had a very severe winter in our section here4 ,my practice has been to store my scion wood in ,november4 ,,mr4 ,,frey3 ,the cold weather in ,january wouldn't affect that4 ,i am inclined to think the scion wood injury was done before winter set in4 ,,member3 ,when is the best time to gather scion wood8 ,mr4 ,harrington says in the fall4 ,i have been getting mine in ,february4 ,is it better to cut the wood when entirely dormant1 or would it grow better if cut when the sap starts in the spring8 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,i want my scions cut early4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,how early can you cut them8 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,when the scars from the leaves have dried up thoroughly4 ,i have known them even in ,december to be still sappy4 ,they didn't grow well that year4 ,i often cut them the last week in ,november4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,i would advise ,dr4 ,smith not to cut too early in the fall4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,from my papaws ,i cut scions in the fall4 ,,the ,,president3 ,from the comments made here this morning ,i have an opinion that the question certainly needs looking into4 ,we could cut our scions earlier4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i wouldn't cut them at that time if ,i didn't have to4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,i think that is a good admission4 ,another thing1 if you paraffin your scions you need cat's paws to hang on to them4 ,dr4 ,morris said last year1 ,melt your paraffin off with hot water4 ,we tried it1 got paraffin all over ourselves and cooked the wood4 ,so then we scraped the paraffin off4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,dr4 ,neilson has said if there are any new members we would like to hear from them4 ,if there are no new members there should be some4 ,our secretary sits at the table1 ready and anxious to receive the dues and names of new members4 ,i have always felt that we never treat new members with sufficient deference4 ,i think we should ask them to talk about their experiences1 to tell us what they have done1 to tell us what they would like to do1 to ask us questions1 and that we should make them feel more at home4 ,,the ,,president3 ,that is very much to the point4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,why isn't the chestnut more appreciated in this country8 ,why aren't the farmers acquainted with the possibilities of growing chestnuts here in the middle west8 ,yesterday ,dr4 ,zimmerman and ,i were at ,mr4 ,harrington's and there we saw chestnut trees that would make your heart warm to look at4 ,why can't the people of the middle west1 where the chestnut is not native1 be awakened to the great possibilities of growing the chestnut commercially8 ,it is easy to grow4 ,it bears early1 and abundantly4 ,what can we do to make it better known8 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,zimmerman4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,chestnut growers say ,we can't keep them4 ,several years ago ,i got a hundred pounds of chestnuts down in ,illinois4 ,i sold them out to friends of mine4 ,in a few weeks those chestnuts were dry enough to use for roller bearings4 ,that is the reason they don't like the chestnut4 ,i think that hurts the chestnut business more than anything else4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,i would like to ask why insist on introducing the chestnut when we have the black walnut8 ,i would just as soon eat bran as a chestnut4 ,now the black walnut you can keep for two years4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,in the last few years ,i have been in intimate contact with chestnuts4 ,i don't see why the people here don't take them up4 ,if you don't do it the people on the west coast are going to plant chestnuts and ship them to the eastern market4 ,you people can raise chestnuts4 ,the eastern markets are full of chestnuts from ,europe4 ,what we need is chestnuts like the ,riehl's4 ,the large ,european chestnuts are of poor flavor4 ,take the varieties you can grow around here and send them to the ,east and you will get #ej cents a pound for them4 ,authorities tell us the trees will die off4 ,i tell you you will all die off after a while4 ,you aren't going to quit working because you are going to die off4 ,within three years you will have trees that will bear4 ,you may get from twelve to fifteen crops off of them before they die4 ,so far as the food quality of the chestnut is concerned it is not a balanced diet1 mostly sugar1 but it is a splendid food4 ,the difficulty is in keeping it soft4 ,but it is not a difficult thing4 ,cold storage will keep the chestnut in splendid shape for eating purposes4 ,i would plant chestnuts and plant them now4 ,sooner or later1 if they die off1 we in the ,east will be prepared to replace them1 but for the present you will have the whole field east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,i do not know of another opportunity as great as the chestnut4 ,i just wish ,i could take #bj acres of this land with me back to my rocky ,pennsylvania farm4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,in ,illinois the chestnut is not native and people don't realize that it can be grown4 ,some of the speakers have mentioned the ,riehls4 ,i want to mention the ,endicott place4 ,mr4 ,endicott tells me that it is increasingly difficult to supply the demand for his chestnuts4 ,he sells his nuts sometimes a year in advance4 ,developing of cleaning machinery and sorting machinery is going on apace4 ,mr4 ,endicott is interested in a sorting machine such as we use for apples4 ,it is true we are going to get the blight out here sooner or later4 ,meantime we are going to try to anticipate it by securing hybrids which are resistant and of good quality at the same time4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i would like to say a word as to planting chestnuts here in ,iowa1 and especially here north4 ,what has been said is true of the southern part of the state4 ,we may grow varieties there that it would not do to plant in the northern part of the state4 ,i think ,i can show you tomorrow if you visit my place that ,i have had considerable experience in planting chestnuts just as an experiment4 ,the first planting mostly has gone out because of our climatic conditions4 ,we have severe winters4 ,we must be careful what varieties we plant and what stocks they are worked on when we do plant them4 ,a few years ago a nurseryman wrote me he would like to go out of business and he had chestnut seedlings for sale4 ,i bought his seedlings4 ,i lost them all the next winter4 ,why8 ,because of their mixed parentage1 ,european and ,japanese4 ,they were not hardy1 that was all there was to it4 ,if the nurserymen here and farther north will be careful in the selection of the varieties they use1 we can grow them4 ,there are two factors1 the stocks you graft on and the varieties you want to grow4 ,,mr4 ,,frey3 ,in my old home place there are native chestnuts over #fj years old4 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,if we had time ,i could take you to visit a grove of chestnut trees1 planted by one of the oldtimers1 possibly seventy years ago4 ,i haven't been able to learn where the seed came from1 evidently from some northeastern country4 ,that is where ,i get my seeds4 ,any trees that ,i have grown from seedlings are dependable trees4 ,,mr4 ,,herrick3 ,one point should be carried in mind4 ,while we think of ,des ,moines as located in central ,iowa1 as far as temperature is concerned it is really southern ,iowa4 ,the weather at ,ames1 which is #cj miles north of ,des ,moines1 is far more severe4 ,at ,des ,moines we can raise ,grimes ,golden apples4 ,at ,ames it is almost impossible4 ,i think that the reason more people are not planting more of these good varieties of walnuts and other species is that they cannot get the trees4 ,and then they are very high priced4 ,mr4 ,snyder says that it takes a long time to propagate these trees4 ,people don't like to pay #e4jj or #f4jj for a tree and then maybe not have it grow4 ,as ,i understand1 ,mr4 ,snyder is about the only nurseryman in the state that furnishes nut trees1 ,i mean new varieties4 ,,mr4 ,,boyce3 ,would it be a good plan to plant black walnuts and grow the seedlings right where you want your orchard8 ,,mr4 ,,snyder3 ,i think that is a very good plan4 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,an excellent way if you can get a man to do the grafting4 ,,mr4 ,,boyce3 ,what would be a reasonable price for grafting8 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,mr4 ,wilkinson has done considerable of that kind of work4 ,,prof4 ,,drake3 ,i have been more successful in budding4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,we can't in ,pennsylvania4 ,in the winter the buds kill off4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,hershey's experience is like mine1 about #g4jj a graft4 ,i will say that if ,i give grafting demonstrations1 as ,i have in ,michigan1 ,i always tell my audience a little story4 ,once upon a time there was a wild west show4 ,an old ,indian chief on the outside proclaimed the merits of the show4 ,he always finished by saying1 ,and now1 ladies and gentlemen1 if you go into this show ,i positively will not give you your money back4 ,i generally tell my audience ,i positively will not guarantee anything4 ,if none of the scions grow they can't come back and say1 ,i told you so4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,i would like to have our president talk about methods of making the transplanting of nursery grafted trees safer for the purchaser4 ,dr4 ,neilson has had a good deal of experience in setting out nursery stock4 ,,the ,,president3 ,quite naturally in the progress of time we gain some knowledge by experience4 ,sometimes that experience is very costly4 ,we remember it more clearly4 ,during the past year ,i made a few observations on transplanting nut trees4 ,some of you who were at ,ontario in #aibh and ,new ,york last year1 heard me speak of doing it by means of paraffin coating which has been successful in quite a wide area of this country and in ,canada4 ,the difficulty was that during very hot weather the wax melted and ran down and did some injury on the south side of the tree4 ,i did notice that if you inclined the tree to the southwest just a little there was very little injury1 whereas if they leaned to the northeast there was injury4 ,i would suggest this1 that if you are planting on southern slopes and happen to be in localities where there are very high temperatures1 you use #a-c beeswax and #b-c paraffin4 ,beeswax has been proven to be quite safe over wounds and trees in general4 ,this treatment has been used over a very wide area1 in #ah states and #e ,canadian ,provinces4 ,we have information at hand on #acj1jjj roses1 #ae1jjj pecans1 #b1jjj apples4 ,we have had very few complaints from the people who have used this treatment4 ,because of that1 ,i firmly believe that the principle of applying a protective coating to the upper part of the tree and branches is correct4 ,i have made another observation in protecting roots against devitalizing4 ,certain kinds of trees1 hickory1 walnut1 are very susceptible to injury to the roots4 ,i tried paraffin on the cut roots and got very good healing4 ,i found that wherever ,i packed moist peat around the roots there was very good response4 ,last spring ,i took about #ajj seedling black walnuts and put half in good loamy soil1 the other half in moist peat4 ,i got very good results from those packed in peat4 ,in the loam in #g weeks not one scion had grown4 ,i took those pots and took out the dirt4 ,i later planted them in a cold frame in peat and practically every one of those walnut trees grew4 ,i believe that the peat had some beneficial effect4 ,,mr4 ,,frey3 ,from the time the nut tree is dug until it is planted the nursery should pack it so it will keep moist4 ,the purchaser should not let the wind or sun strike it4 ,i had some trees sent from ,texas to ,oklahoma4 ,the fellow who did the work heeled them in improperly4 ,every tree died4 ,keeping the roots moist is half the problem4 ,,the ,,president3 ,very important indeed4 ,mr4 ,gellatly shipped heartnut trees to ,augusta4 ,these trees were packed in moss and paraffined4 ,they arrived in excellent condition4 ,the trip took six weeks and they travelled #c1jjj miles4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,what season8 ,,the ,,president3 ,about the first of ,april1 and arrived about the middle of ,may4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,could you make an artificial ball in which the roots of a plant could be packed8 ,say peat moss1 which is light1 and send that to the customer and tell him to plant it just as it is4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think possibly that can be done4 ,the ,wedge ,nursery of ,albert ,lea1 ,minnesota1 have a method of packing roses in sphagnum moss4 ,they soak this material very thoroughly1 embed the roots in it1 and outside this material they apply some water-proof covering4 ,,afternoon ,,session1 ,,september #ag,,th1 #aicj ,,the ,,president3 ,at our last meeting in ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,deming suggested that it might be well worth while to make a study of the ,japanese walnut4 ,his suggestion appealed to me1 for ,i have been interested in the occurrence and distribution of this species4 ,i have not had an opportunity to travel very widely on this continent1 so ,i have had to depend partly on the observation of other people4 ,i sent out a questionnaire to members of our association and horticultural experiment stations throughout the ,united ,states and got a good response4 ,,some ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,japanese ,,walnut ,,in ,,north ,,america ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,michigan ,the ,japanese walnut1 ,juglans sieboldiana1 and its varietal form cordiformis1 were said to have been introduced into ,america from ,japan about #ahgj by a nurseryman at ,san ,jose1 ,california4 ,from this and other subsequent introductions a considerable number have been grown and distributed in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,a recent inquiry by the writer brought forth some interesting data relative to the occurrence and distribution of this species in ,north ,america4 ,this inquiry shows that it has been widely distributed and is reported in the following states3 ,arkansas1 ,arizona1 ,alabama1 ,connecticut1 ,california1 ,delaware1 ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,indiana1 ,kentucky1 ,massachusetts1 ,missouri1 ,minnesota1 ,maryland1 ,maine1 ,mississippi1 ,michigan1 ,new ,jersey1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,ohio1 ,oregon1 ,pennsylvania1 ,rhode ,island1 ,vermont1 ,virginia1 ,west ,virginia1 ,washington1 and ,wisconsin4 ,no reports were received from ,south ,carolina1 ,louisiana1 ,montana1 ,north ,carolina1 ,north and ,south ,dakota1 ,idaho1 ,georgia1 ,colorado1 ,kansas1 ,texas1 and ,wyoming1 and negative reports were received from ,florida1 ,new ,mexico1 ,nevada1 ,oklahoma1 and ,tennessee4 ,in none of these states is the ,japanese walnut abundant in the same degree as other kinds of nut trees1 but in some states it was reported more frequently than in others4 ,it occurs more abundantly in ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,jersey and ,delaware than in other states4 ,in ,canada it has been reported from ,prince ,edward ,island1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,quebec1 ,ontario1 ,manitoba1 ,alberta and ,british ,columbia4 ,in ,ontario it is found occasionally from ,windsor to the ,quebec boundary and from ,lake ,erie to ,north ,bay4 ,there are several fine large trees in southern ,ontario1 some of which are worthy of propagation4 ,many of the trees in ,ontario and other eastern provinces grew from nuts distributed by the writer several years ago4 ,for five years in succession the writer bought the crop from a large heartnut tree near ,jordan ,station1 ,ontario1 and distributed the nuts all over ,canada to those who were interested4 ,more than twelve thousand nuts were thus distributed and ,i know from observation and reports that seedling trees are now growing from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific4 ,i am going to tax your credulity to the utmost and tell you that one of my correspondents reports heartnut trees growing in the ,peace ,river area of northern ,alberta4 ,i have no recent report from my friend but ,i know that the trees came through two winters in that far northland4 ,possibly in the days to come a superior seedling or a hybrid may be found in these numerous seedlings which will be worth propagating4 ,some of these trees have already borne nuts and many have made very good growth4 ,the ,japanese walnut has also been reported from ,new ,zealand and several states in ,australia1 ,england1 ,france1 ,germany and other ,european countries4 ,climatic ,adaptation ,from the foregoing it can be seen that this species of walnut has been widely distributed and is now growing in countries with a wide temperature range4 ,reports are on hand which show that the trees have endured temperatures of #dj below zero ,f4 to #aaj above zero4 ,from this it need not be assumed that all ,japanese walnut trees will stand great extremes of heat and cold1 for experience shows that they will not4 ,it does show1 however1 that some individuals at least have marked hardiness to cold and heat and have endured temperatures much greater than the ,english walnut4 ,the best results in growth and fruitfulness have been obtained in those regions of moderate rainfall where the apple and sweet cherry grow successfully4 ,soil ,requirements ,the ,japanese walnut seems to thrive on many soil types ranging from a heavy clay to a light sand1 but does best on what is popularly known as a well drained fertile sandy loam with a friable clay subsoil4 ,it will not do well on strongly acid soils and those who have planted trees on such soils should apply lime in liberal quantities4 ,poorly drained soils or very light soils deficient in humus are also not suitable4 ,tree and ,nut ,characteristics ,the ,japanese walnut has several characteristics which make it desirable as an ornamental and as a nut-bearing tree4 ,it grows rapidly1 has large numerous luxuriant leaves which give it a tropical effect1 and usually has a symmetrical outline4 ,it bears early1 sometimes in the second year from the graft1 yields heavily and is often reported to yield regularly4 ,a heartnut tree owned by ,mr4 ,sylvestor ,kratz of ,jordan ,station1 ,ontario1 produced nearly seven bushels of husked nuts one season and ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hershey reports a yield of ten bushels of heartnuts from a tree near ,olney1 ,pennsylvania4 ,he also reports a cash return of #ej4jj from one tree grown by ,mr4 ,killen of ,felton1 ,delaware4 ,these were heartnuts and sold for #ej to #ge cents a pound4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,gellatly1 ,westbank1 ,b4 ,c41 obtained a yield of ten bushels of unhusked nuts from a heartnut tree of medium size4 ,the yields from the common type1 ,j4 sieboldiana1 have also been heavy1 but since no figures are available no definite statements can be made4 ,in the ,japanese walnut as in other species of nuts there is marked variation in nut characteristics1 such as size1 thickness of shell1 cracking quality1 extraction quality and flavor of kernel4 ,heartnuts have been found ranging from #a_/b in4 to #a-c_/d in4 in length4 ,the largest heartnut ,i have ever seen came from ,gellatly ,brothers of ,westbank1 ,b4 ,c4 ,this nut was #a-c_/d in4 long by #a-a_/d in4 wide and was fully #a in4 thick4 ,i also located a fine ,sieboldiana type which is said to be the largest found up to date4 7,see specimens in jars74 ,some of these good kinds possess excellent cracking and extraction quality4 ,mr4 ,john ,hershey of ,downingtown1 ,pa41 reports several good easy-cracking strains not yet introduced and ,mr4 ,gellatly has one called ,o4 ,k4 that can easily be cracked with a hand nut cracker4 ,i have also found one that ,i believe is a hybrid and which has excellent cracking and extraction quality4 ,these specimens came from a seedling heartnut grown by ,mr4 ,claude ,mitchell1 ,scotland1 ,ontario4 ,the nuts are longer than any heartnut found so far4 ,the kernels in many cases fall out whole or in halves4 ,this strain received the ,o4 ,k4 of ,prof4 ,reed and ,dr4 ,deming and as you know when a nut gets by either of those gentlemen it has to possess some merit4 ,the good result produced by nature without any assistance from man suggests the possibility of getting even better results from parents of superior characters4 ,i believe the ,japanese walnut offers interesting possibilities in breeding with the butternut and possibly the black and ,english walnut4 ,definite plant breeding work should be done with these species as well as with all other species of nuts4 ,the ,japanese walnuts generally grow fast but usually do not attain a large size4 ,in most cases the trees rarely grow more than #ce feet tall with a spread of #cj to #ej feet1 but occasionally specimens attain much larger size4 ,the writer saw a heartnut tree on ,mr4 ,kratz's farm near ,jordan ,station1 ,ontario1 which had a trunk diameter of #b ft41 a height of #ce ft41 and a spread of #fd ft4 ,near ,st4 ,thomas1 ,ontario1 there is a large sieboldiana tree which is #ge ft4 across the top and is about #de ft4 tall4 ,mr4 ,ricks reports a huge tree near ,olney1 ,pennsylvania1 that is #hj ft4 across the top and #fj ft4 tall and ,dr4 ,deming reports a tree with a spread of #ajj ft4 ,varieties ,through the efforts of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association members several good varieties have been found and propagated4 ,these varieties have been widely distributed but have not been extensively planted4 ,the results are variable as might be expected1 but generally the reports are satisfactory4 ,in the eastern states the following varieties seem to do reasonably well3 ,faust1 ,bates1 ,ritchie and ,stranger4 ,in ,british ,columbia1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,u4 and ,david ,gellatly have located several very good strains such as ,gellatly1 ,o4 ,k41 ,calendar1 ,walters and ,rosefield4 ,these newer varieties from the ,west have several good characters and are worthy of a wider trial in the ,east4 ,diseases and ,insect ,pests ,in common with most other forms of plant life the trees are susceptible to some insects and diseases4 ,reports of injury by the walnut weevil1 ,conotrachelus juglandis1 and also by codling moth larvae have been received4 ,in some cases the foliage is attacked by rust fungi and some injury is also done by leaf spot4 ,prof4 ,reed reports witches broom attacking some trees in the ,south and one case of this disease was observed by the writer in ,ontario on a ,siebold-butternut hybrid4 ,notwithstanding these defects it is believed that the ,japanese walnut is less attacked by disease and insects than most other species of nut trees4 ,opinion of ,observers ,the opinion of a group of people on the merits or defects of a tree species or project is worthy of consideration4 ,in order to get an expression of opinion as to the merits of the ,japanese walnut the following question was asked3 ,do you consider the better strains of ,japanese walnut worthy of more extended planting8 ,the answers to this inquiry were numerous and varied4 ,the great majority were in favor of increased plantings but a few were somewhat dubious4 ,nearly every one agreed that the species possessed marked beauty and was worthy of more extended planting as an ornamental4 ,some gave preference to the nuts over the black and ,english but the majority thought the quality was not quite up to the standard of these two species4 ,some observers reported favorably on the heartnut for culinary purposes and as an ingredient of ice cream and candy4 ,with these latter comments ,i have had personal experience and can heartily agree4 ,summary ,from the evidence furnished by correspondents and from personal observation the good qualities of the ,japanese walnut may be summed up as follows3 ,rapid growth1 marked beauty of form and foliage1 early bearing1 productiveness1 and more than average hardiness to winter cold4 ,the nuts from superior trees are easier to crack than the butternut1 hickory and black walnut1 but not so easy as the pecan and ,persian walnut4 ,these superior varieties yield nuts with a mild flavor which appeals to the taste of many people1 but others think the flavor is not quite pronounced enough4 ,this species crosses readily with the butternut and offers interesting possibilities for the plant breeder4 ,the trees appear to be somewhat less susceptible to insects and diseases than other walnuts1 but this may not always hold good4 ,the defects of the ,japanese walnut most frequently mentioned are lack of flavor and pollination deficiencies4 ,some trees produce staminate flowers too early for proper pollination and thus do not yield a crop unless another good pollinator grows nearby4 ,susceptibility to sun-scald and to ,san ,jose scale are some other weaknesses4 ,many of the trees commonly grown are undesirable because of small size of nuts1 poor cracking quality and too mild a flavor4 ,a careful consideration of the good and bad characters of ,japanese walnuts suggests the following program before the culture of this species can be placed on a sound basis4 #a4 ,a systematic and thorough search of the ,united ,states and ,canada for productive trees yielding nuts of large size1 of good cracking and extraction quality and pleasing flavor4 #b4 ,the propagation and wide dissemination of these superior strains to members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association and particularly to experiment stations where there seems to be a striking lack of information on this and other species of nuts4 #c4 ,systematic improvement by means of hybridization with the butternut and other suitable species4 ,a program such as this would yield information of great value and would probably establish the culture of this species on a sounder basis than it now is4 ,until this has been done the logical course to follow is to plant the best varieties in limited numbers in areas where the black walnut thrives and even in areas too cold for the black walnut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,i have been connected with experiment stations and colleges for the past number of years but ,i was quite surprised to find such a general lack of knowledge of nut trees1 and especially of this species4 ,the members of the experiment stations who are here do not need to feel badly4 ,my remarks wouldn't apply to them4 ,,member3 ,any varieties of this that bloom late8 ,,the ,,president3 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,gellatly of ,west ,bank1 ,british ,columbia1 has a variety that blooms rather late4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly and his brother ,david have the best collection of ,japanese walnuts in ,canada1 of heartnuts especially4 ,professor ,reed was to give us a paper on harvesting and marketing4 ,we have just heard that his paper will be here tomorrow4 ,the next paper is by ,mr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,harrington4 ,,thirty ,,years' ,,experience ,,in ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,scionwood ,f4 ,o4 ,harrington1 ,williamsburg1 ,iowa ,prof4 ,colby wrote me some months ago asking if ,i would not write a paper for this meeting on ,fifty ,years' ,experience in ,nut ,growing4 ,i answered that ,i had not been particularly interested in nut culture until within a few years1 and that ,i believed ,i could be of more use to our members by telling them something of the care of scionwood4 ,i am going to tell you of my method used for thirty years constantly with only slight changes from the beginning4 ,any man who has had any experience knows that it is important that scionwood should be carefully kept1 that it should not be kept in air so dry that the bark would shrivel to any appreciable extent1 or1 on the other hand1 a still worse condition1 where it is so damp that the bark will loosen and the buds start4 ,it is difficult enough in nut tree grafting to obtain reasonably fair success with the scions in perfect condition1 where used in late spring1 and it is something of a heart breaking proposition to try it with poor scionwood4 ,to the nurseryman1 with his winter grafting of fruit trees1 the keeping of the scionwood long enough for his purpose in the cold of the winter season is no problem at all4 ,it can be stacked in a pile in any cool cellar 7not too wet7 and covered over with leaves and blankets1 or what not1 and it is all ,o4 ,k4 for that period4 ,it is a far different matter to hold small amounts of wood absolutely dormant through the changing conditions from winter to summer1 and perhaps as greatly changed conditions of moisture through several months4 ,and how shall this best be accomplished8 ,ice house conditions are not1 ,i think1 generally very satisfactory4 ,the right cold storage facilities might be satisfactory1 but not readily accessible to most of us4 ,i used to use boxes in the cellar1 with careful packing with forest leaves and somewhat careful attention to moisture conditions1 with penalties for lax attention always enforced4 ,i know one nurseryman who1 beside the regular nursery fruit tree grafting scion wood1 kept many scions of nut trees4 ,he had a deep outdoor cellar1 or cave1 which was always cool and not too dry4 ,in this1 in large boxes of sawdust1 he kept his scions for spring use4 ,just how much attention as regards moisture conditions he had to give this ,i do not know1 but through his knowledge and experience with it ,i think his scions were usually in good condition4 ,now ,i will quote to you on the care of scions from ,j4 ,f4 ,jones' paper on ,the ,propagation of ,nut ,trees in the #aibg ,report of the ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 page #ajd3 ,it is not in the selection of scions that the beginner usually fails to make his grafting a success1 but in handling the scions4 ,scions for grafting need not to be put in cold storage4 ,in fact cold storage at the usual temperatures seems to be injurious to scions4 ,cool storage1 that is temperature maintained below the freezing point1 is ,o4 ,k41 but in my experience this is not necessary4 ,we store them in a cellar with a ground floor4 ,this is damp and cool and the cases the scions are stored in are without bottoms and set on the damp cellar floor4 ,the cases are lined with tar paper or light roofing1 both the sides and the lid4 ,the latter is hinged for ease of getting out scions as needed4 ,no packing is used around the scions and they draw enough moisture from the damp ground below to hold them plump and in good condition4 ,good scions stored in this way can be kept for weeks1 or even months if need be1 in excellent condition4 ,nut scions for grafting are soon spoiled if packed too damp1 even if kept at temperatures considerably below that required to cause the sap to flow in trees outside4 ,again ,i quote from ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming 7#aibe ,report1 page #dh71 ,top ,working ,hickory ,trees for the ,beginner3 ,scions packed away for any length of time are apt to go wrong1 either by drying too much1 by being too moist and starting to grow1 or by heating1 molding or rotting4 ,a simple way to keep them is to dig a hole about three feet deep in the ground outdoors in a dry and sheltered place where water can never reach them1 as under the back porch4 ,have the scions in convenient lengths of one to two feet4 ,wrap them in a bundle1 or bundles1 in a light tar paper1 which helps to prevent mold4 ,leave the ends open for ventilation4 ,lay the bundles in the bottom of the hole and cover the top of the hole with an old carpet1 or several newspapers4 ,this description gives a general idea of the conditions under which scions should be kept4 ,a man may vary it according to his own conditions1 bearing in mind the principles4 ,it is of vital importance to the success of grafting that the scions should be in good condition4 ,the usual mistakes are in keeping them too wet and too much wrapped up4 ,they should be examined frequently to see that they are keeping well4 ,i have brought to your attention what have been considered the very best methods of keeping scionwood dormant and in best possible condition1 and all agree that this is of vital importance for successful grafting4 ,i will now call your attention to a better method than any of these1 equally simple and inexpensive1 and so much better in its action that scions may be kept by it two and three years in about the same condition as when severed from the parent tree2 and to prove this statement ,i have here with me for your examination scionwood of several kinds of nut and fruit trees that have been kept in the ,harrington graft box one year and two years4 ,at the present time ,i have no older wood in my graft box1 for the simple reason that in the summer of #aibh the cover of the box1 which had been in several years1 rotted so that the top caved in1 leaving it open to too much air1 thus in time spoiling what wood was in it2 and before putting in new wood in ,november ,i had to dig out the old box and replace with a new one4 ,for wood will rot in time in the ground4 ,i have had1 at different times in the past1 scionwood in my box three years old1 much of it seemingly still good4 ,i have not used any of it for grafting at three years1 but ,i have with good success the second year old from cutting4 ,i started experimentally with this method and box thirty years ago and there has not been a year since in which ,i have not used it1 so you may readily understand that it is not an untried theory ,i am giving you4 ,a much valued member of our society1 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones of ,lancaster1 ,pa41 now deceased1 wrote me at one time1 ,you undoubtedly have the best method of keeping scionwood known at the present day1 and ,prof4 ,close1 head of the ,pomology ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 made the same statement to me4 ,my own box is located in an evergreen grove on dry land1 but a shady position to the north of a building might answer fairly well4 ,until the last eight years my box was for a long period1 under and between two large butternut trees growing out in the open1 except at the northward4 ,in my opinion it is highly desirable to cut and store all scionwood before severe temperatures of the winter occur1 preferably between ,thanksgiving and ,christmas because very severe freezing is liable to produce some little injury to the cambium layer1 at least in some years1 and if that injury be even very slight it will usually spell failure when used4 ,the graft box1 as ,i am using it1 is about thirty inches long by eighteen inches deep and fifteen inches wide4 ,it has a solid cover but has a six inch square hand hole through on top in front1 covered by a loose board lying flat and about ten inches square and butting back against a cross bar nailed across the box two inches back of the doorway opening4 ,no bottom in the box but it has three cross bars nailed across inside to hold all scionwood up two inches from the earth floor4 ,any scion that touches the earth floor will either begin to grow or begin to rot4 ,the box is entirely buried two to three inches under the ground except over the trap door4 ,the spot must be perfectly drained4 ,over the box a space about six feet wide by seven feet long is insulated from temperature changes with straw packing to height1 in center1 of three feet and protected from rain by a wood roof of boards1 shingles1 or prepared roofing resembling1 a little1 the old wedge tent4 ,to get into the box burrow in under by pulling out the straw in front1 but not too large a tunnel1 and far enough back to get at the trap door cover where it can be slipped off and scions put in1 the door replaced and all the straw crowded back into place4 ,thereafter it is easy to slip the straw out and back to get at the box4 ,in any case the packing is always carefully replaced1 as the insulation of the earth near the box is of first importance4 ,graft ,box ,air ,conditions ,the small amount of moisture coming into the box from sides and earth bottom1 in ordinary conditions1 seems to be very exactly balanced by the very small amount of dry air that finds ingress to the box from outside through the straw packing and the trap door1 although after very long wet spells1 at whatever season of the year1 it has been my practice to bring all the scions out into the open air and allow both the scions and the interior of box to dry out for as long as seems needful4 ,the reverse condition1 that of too little moisture1 ,i have never had to take notice of4 ,occasionally a little white mold in box and on scions may require a little open air treatment4 ,no other condition seems to require any special care4 ,i do not know how much larger a box than ,i have used would give equal satisfaction1 for ,i have not demonstrated that feature1 but obviously there must be at some point a limiting factor between the desired casualty of moisture and its opposite in the box4 ,i am inclined to think that a box of double that capacity could safely be used1 but advise that1 where large amounts of scionwood are needed1 more than one box be used until a test has been made with less valuable wood to find the size limit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,you speak of airing the scions4 ,how long do you do that8 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,it depends on the conditions that require the airing4 ,for instance a thaw in the winter1 or a rainy spell4 ,again in the summer a long rainy spell4 ,in these cases ,i open up the box1 maybe leave it a couple of hours4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,that kills the mold1 two hours' exposure8 ,you never sterilize the inside in any way8 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,i never have4 ,it might be a good idea4 ,the mold doesn't seem to affect the scions4 ,,experiments ,,and ,,observations ,,in ,,searching ,,for ,,best ,,seedling ,,nut ,,trees ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,indiana ,searching for the best seedling began long before the coming of the white man to ,america1 by ,indians and animals and the birds which store nuts for their winter food4 ,this search has always been continued through the nut growing territory by the crows1 squirrels and other birds and animals4 ,go to a pecan grove early in the fall when pecans are ripening and there is no better evidence that a tree is an early ripener and produces a thin shelled nut than to see a bunch of crows feeding from it4 ,the children living near a pecan grove in early fall will go where crows and birds are feeding to gather nuts that are dropped by them1 and later1 when all trees have ripened their nuts1 these children have their favorite trees to gather from4 ,i have seen the little ones around ,enterprise1 of before school age1 that would have a preference and could select from a basket of pecans the ones from their favorite tree4 ,it is surprising how good their judgment is4 ,the hunter also watches this in the early hunting season1 going to the earlier ripening hickory and walnut trees1 for it is there he will find the squirrels feeding4 ,my own experience in gathering pecans dates back to my first school days1 for there were scores of pecans trees near the school building1 and as soon as ,i was large enough to climb a tree ,i spent many days each fall gathering nuts and soon had a fair knowledge of all trees for a radius of several miles around4 ,the first trees of the now named varieties1 the ,indiana and ,busseron1 were located and brought to notice by the late ,mason ,j4 ,niblack4 ,in the summer of #aiaj my life-long friend1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 while on a vacation1 was camping on the ,ohio river near my home and was then very much interested in superior seedling nut trees4 ,it was at that time1 in a talk with him1 that ,i became interested in the propagation of nut trees4 ,at this time he took me with him to locate the ,warrick tree which stands on ,pigeon ,creek in ,warrick ,county1 ,indiana4 ,the next day he1 ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy and myself went to the ,greenriver grove where the ,major and ,greenriver trees were located4 ,these are now being propagated and are considered outstanding varieties4 ,also a trip was made to ,posey ,county1 ,indiana1 where the ,hoosier tree was located4 ,this variety was soon dropped4 ,from that time on ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy and myself kept up a constant search until he left ,indiana in #aiah4 ,since then ,i have done a lot of work along this line myself4 ,this work is carried on by arranging with nut buyers and gatherers in the nut growing localities to be on the watch for any unusually good nut and to send in a sample1 with the name of the owner of the tree1 or the party gathering the nuts1 so the tree may be located later4 ,hundreds of samples have been received1 the most of which were eliminated on examination of the nut itself4 ,in the case of any that seem promising a trip is made to the tree for further information4 ,each fall ,i receive word of trees producing a superior quality nut and in most cases from the description given1 whether it be by letter or a personal talk with the informer1 one would believe that a really worthy tree had been found4 ,but generally on investigation it proves to be only just above a good average tree4 ,a variety to be worthy of propagation must pass a rigid test4 ,first1 the nut must be of desirable size1 thin shell1 plump kernel1 good flavor and good cracking quality1 and last but not least the tree must be a good and regular bearer4 ,accurate records on the bearing of these trees are very hard to obtain as they often grow in isolated places and their product is known to all in that neighborhood1 and at least a part of the crop is often taken by some one who makes no report on the amount1 so the best information to be had on this is often incorrect4 ,when a promising tree is located the surest way is to visit it each fall for several years just before gathering time and see the crop on the tree4 ,in almost every instance the size of a nut is exaggerated by the owner or informer unintentionally4 ,they are honest but their imagination gets the better of their judgment4 ,then their knowledge is often limited to their own trees and those of their neighbors1 and the nut they prize may be the best they know of1 but when compared with nuts from a greater territory is found to be of only fair size4 ,the usual way one will describe the size of a pecan is to say it is as large as his thumb and about two thirds the length of his forefinger1 and so thin shelled that two of them can easily be cracked in the hand with only a light pressure4 ,i usually carry some sample nuts of the named varieties on these trips for comparison and it is seldom that the owner or informer of a tree believes any of these to be larger than those produced by his favorite tree until a comparison is made1 and then he will often declare they are not as large this season as usual4 ,this brings to mind many incidents which are very clear in my memory1 one especially1 when ,mr4 ,mc,coy and myself had heard of the ,kentucky pecan tree which is opposite ,grandview1 ,ind4 ,we went to ,grandview to get first hand information on this tree from one who had gathered the nuts from it and while talking to the party he was trying to tell us how large the nut was4 ,i first took a ,busseron pecan from my pocket and he said it was much larger than that4 ,i then resorted to some large southern ones none of which he thought were as large as his favorite4 ,at last ,i produced a ,mc,allister4 ,after some hesitation he admitted it was larger than the ,kentucky4 ,at this ,mr4 ,mc,coy gave a hearty laugh and told him his imagination had the better of his judgment4 ,almost every one who owns any number of nut trees has one that is better than the rest1 and naturally he prizes this one highly and wishes it propagated4 ,i have traveled many hundreds of miles going to trees on reports of others1 only to be disappointed4 ,where the tree is found to be promising and no bearing record is obtainable1 then an annual trip for several years is necessary to determine the bearing record4 ,these trips require time1 expense and labor for very often a part of the trip has to be made on foot4 ,several years ago ,claude ,luckado1 a professional pecan gatherer of ,rockport1 spent several weeks one fall in a large pecan grove on the ,wabash river and brought back several samples of very promising pecans1 one especially that ,i considered very worthy of further consideration4 ,i reported this one to ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 and a year or two later1 when on a trip through this section in the fall1 he suggested a trip to this tree4 ,i arranged with ,mr4 ,luckado to go with us to show us this tree1 which is about seventy miles from ,rockport4 ,we left there on the first traction car for ,mt4 ,vernon1 ,ind4 ,from there we went in a ,ford touring car without any top and only one rear fender and drove over nine miles of the worst roads ,i ever motored over to the ,wabash river where we hired a motor driven mussel boat to take us four miles down the river4 ,the remaining three miles we made on foot1 reaching this grove about ten a4 m41 and searched until late in the afternoon without locating the tree4 ,this day and trip ,i am sure ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed well remembers4 ,two years later when roads and weather were more favorable1 ,mr4 ,luckado and myself left ,rockport one morning at four a4 m4 and drove all the way to the grove1 arriving there early in the morning and searching until late in the afternoon and again without results4 ,but when one takes into consideration that this tree is standing somewhere near the center of an unbroken forest of hundreds of acres in which it has been estimated there are near #bj1jjj bearing-size pecan trees1 it is some task to locate a certain tree1 though the search for this tree will be made again4 ,it is very often that two or more trips are necessary to locate a tree and about nine times out of ten when the tree is found it is not considered worthy of propagation4 ,many amusing incidents and not a few hardships are remembered in these past experiences4 ,during the past three years ,i have made four trips into southwestern ,missouri and southeast ,kansas where there are thousands of native pecan trees growing4 ,some trees in this section have been brought to notice which seem promising4 ,i now have several promising new varieties under test and observation4 ,the search for new and better varieties must be kept up1 for no doubt there are yet unknown as good and possibly better trees than we have yet located4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,have you ever known anything about the ,marmaton1 owned by ,j4 ,e4 ,tipke at ,rockwell1 ,missouri8 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,i have a sample of it4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,mr4 ,tipke sent that to me4 ,he told me it wasn't as good as others but he said it never missed a crop4 ,,the ,,president3 ,for the benefit of those who have not been down to ,mr4 ,wilkinson's ,i would like to say you will find it very worth while to go there4 ,in #aibe ,mr4 ,wilkinson invited me to go with him through southern ,indiana1 to see some of the large pecan trees he had there4 ,when ,i got there ,i really had to take two looks to see the top of some of those trees4 ,i found one tree that ,i would have to make three spans1 in this manner1 to get around4 ,one tree is said to be #abe feet tall and #af-a_/b feet around4 ,after visiting that section and seeing the very many interesting trees ,i concluded that ,mr4 ,wilkinson really hadn't told all that was to be told4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson is a very modest person4 ,when he tells you a certain thing you can make up your mind he is not exaggerating in the least4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,many times in determining the crop we have to climb the tree4 ,for instance1 the ,major is #fe feet to the first limb4 ,it is very often necessary to climb the tree to make an estimate of the crop4 ,,the ,,president3 ,wasn't there one tree there with a spread of #abe feet8 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,this was in ,greenview4 ,that was the largest pecan tree known in ,indiana1 #gj feet to the first limb1 just a straight column4 ,the spread of the top was #adj to #aej feet4 ,the wind blew the tree down4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,that tree according to ,mr4 ,wilkinson never missed a crop4 ,while ,i was there they took me to a tree that had #fjj pounds one year4 ,it was on a cheap piece of land that was bought for #dbe4jj4 ,the year we were there it produced #bej pounds1 a light crop4 ,another lady told us of a family that bought a piece of land that had about #ej pecans scattered over it4 ,that kept them in ample supply of money and they didn't have to do much more to make a living4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next is a report by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg4 ,mr4 ,kellogg is not able to be with us and ,dr4 ,colby will now read it4 ,,more ,,nuts--,,less ,,meat ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,michigan ,the oft reiterated appeals to the ,american public to ,eat more meat to save the livestock industry and exploitation of a so-called all-meat diet experiment by ,stefansson and ,anderson1 justify the presentation of the special claims of other foodstuffs1 so that those who desire to regulate their eating in accordance with their bodily needs1 rather than to meet the exigencies of business1 even to aid a declining industry1 may have a fair opportunity to judge comparative merits and draw sound conclusions based upon scientific facts1 rather than misleading statements or the biased dictates of custom4 ,if the ,american people are really suffering for lack of meat the efforts of the ,meat ,board of ,chicago should be regarded as a noble philanthropic effort to correct a national fault and to avert the dire consequences of the physical collapse which must necessarily result from a deficiency diet4 ,but if it is not true that the average ,american eats less beefsteaks1 chops1 sausage1 etc41 than he needs1 but as a matter of fact is actually suffering notable injury because of the great consumption of flesh foods of all sorts1 then this persistent appeal to the ,american stomach to render economic service as well as to do its work of digestion1 is not only a most extraordinary business anomaly but a grave menace to the health and welfare of the ,american people4 ,the discussion of this question is germane to the objects of this convention1 since nuts are the vegetable analogues of meats1 and hence we cannot reasonably ask nor expect that more nuts will be eaten simultaneously with an increased consumption of meat4 ,and so ,i shall undertake to give in this paper some of the reasons why we may properly urge the people of this country to eat more nuts and less meat4 ,nut meats are the real and original meat4 ,says ,prof4 ,henry ,c4 ,sherman1 of ,columbia ,university in his admirable textbook1 ,food ,products3 ,to speak of nuts as 'meat substitute' is natural under the present conditions and reflects the prominence which has been given to meat and the casual way in which nuts have been regarded for some generations4 ,looking at the matter in evolutionary perspective1 it might be more logical to speak of meats as 'nut substitute' instead4 ,evidently ,professor ,sherman believes1 as do many other eminent scientists1 that nuts were a staple in the diet of primitive man4 ,professor ,elliot1 of ,oxford ,university1 in his work1 ,prehistoric ,man1 calls attention to the fact that in the early ages of his long career1 man was not a flesh eater2 and the famous ,professor ,ami1 editor of the ,ethnological ,history of ,north ,america1 and other paleontologists1 hold that man began the use of meat only after the glacial period had destroyed the great forests of nut trees on which he had formerly feasted4 ,this1 however1 likewise agrees with ,holy ,writ4 ,we read in ,genesis #a3bi3 ,and ,god said1 behold ,i have given you every herb yielding seed1 which is upon the face of all the earth1 and every tree1 in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed2 to you it shall be for meat4 ,so the real meat grew on trees and herbs4 ,beefsteak and chops are poor substitutes for the real meat1 which still constitutes the food of the human race1 for with the exception of the ,anglo-,saxon race and a few savage tribes1 meat forms no substantial part of the human diet4 ,the teeming millions of ,india and ,china1 which constitute nearly half of the whole human race1 eat practically no meat4 ,the thronging millions of ,central ,africa thrive on corn1 nuts1 bananas1 peanuts1 manioc1 sweet potatoes and melons4 ,the same is true at the present time of the natives of ,mexico1 ,central and ,south ,america1 who find in maize1 beans1 potatoes and various tropical fruits ample and satisfying sustenance4 ,the average ,american consumes #afe pounds of meat a year2 the ,japanese1 four pounds2 the people of ,south ,china less--practically none at all4 ,taking the human race as a whole1 meat fills only a very insignificant place in the world's bill of fare4 ,bread is the staff of life1 and nuts1 the real meat1 are gradually recovering their old prestige4 ,it is only in comparatively recent years that meat has entered so largely into the bill of fare of civilized nations4 ,major ,j4 ,b4 ,paget1 a writer in the ,english ,review1 calls attention to the fact that there has been in ,england a deterioration in stature and otherwise since the ,peninsular ,war1 the reason for which he thinks is not difficult to discover4 ,we are the same race with the same climate and the same water4 ,the only difference is our diet4 ,according to ,wellington's ,quartermaster ,general's ,report1 the rations of the men who fought the ,peninsular ,war under the ,iron ,duke1 was one pound of wheat per day and a quarter of a pound of goat's flesh4 ,but they had to catch the goats who ran wild in the mountains and so they seldom got that part of their ration4 ,according to ,general ,sir ,william ,butler these soldiers were splendid men with figures and faces like ,greek gods4 ,and he adds with regret1 ,such men have passed away4 ,major ,paget tells us that the ,spaniards were greatly impressed by the fine teeth of these ,english soldiers and especially of their wives who accompanied them4 ,of their diet the ,major says3 ,these men before they enlisted were nearly all agricultural laborers who were brought up on a hard1 wholemeal bread1 garden produce1 and apparently very little meat1 as the consumption of meat was then three pounds per head per annum4 ,it is to be remembered also that nuts form a substantial part of the diet of that large and interesting family of vertebrates1 the primates1 represented by the gorilla1 the chimpanzee1 the orang-utan and the gibbon1 animals that do not eat meat1 and that man is also a primate4 ,no authority has ever offered any reason why man's diet should differ from that of other primates4 ,man is not naturally a flesh-eater4 ,infants usually evince a dislike for flesh when it is first given them4 ,adults who use flesh foods are attracted by their flavors rather than by the nutritive elements which they supply4 ,as a matter of fact1 more and better food material is supplied by plant foods and at a far less cost4 ,meats are notably deficient in vitamins1 while nuts are rich in vitamin ,b1 some1 as the hazel nut1 containing one-fifth as much as dry yeast4 ,the precious vitamin ,a1 found in only very meager amounts in meats1 is found in the almond1 the pine nut1 coconuts and peanuts4 ,the minerals1 too1 are found in better proportions and in larger amounts in nuts than in meats4 ,the deficiencies in essential elements in a lean meat diet are so pronounced that when ,chalmers ,watson fed rats on meat they became deformed and sterile1 their mammary and other sex glands degenerated and in three generations they ran out completely4 ,watson attributes the steady and very pronounced lowering of the birth-rate in ,great ,britain to the increased consumption of meat in that country1 which has risen in a little more than a century from #c pounds to more than #ajj pounds per capita1 while the birth-rate has fallen until it closely approximates the mortality rate4 ,the same thing has happened in the older sections of this country1 especially the ,new ,england states4 ,according to ,newburgh1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 the large consumption of meat in this country may be responsible for the high death rate from ,bright's disease1 which is mounting higher every year4 ,and the same is true of diseases of the heart and blood vessels1 which now claim more lives annually than any other cause4 ,he finds that when rabbits are fed meat meal mixed with flour in bread1 they soon become diseased through changes in the bloodvessels and die of old age before they are a year old4 ,hindhede1 of ,copenhagen1 a physiologist of world-wide renown1 and food commissioner for ,denmark1 in a notable paper read before the ,race ,betterment ,conference at ,battle ,creek1 ,january1 #aibh1 remarked as follows3 ,one notices the terrible death toll in ,america due to ,bright's disease4 ,i can no longer doubt that the high meat diet ruins the kidneys1 especially in view of ,dr4 ,newburgh's experiments1 proving as they do that we may1 with mathematical certainty1 produce ,bright's disease even in rats by placing them on a high meat diet4 ,i feared that you might doubt my statistics1 and might consider me merely another 'crank1' so ,i placed my figures before ,dr4 ,sundwall1 ,professor of ,hygiene of the ,university of ,michigan1 and asked him to check their correctness4 ,dr4 ,sundwall and ,dr4 ,newburgh recalculated the data1 and authorized the publication4 ,hindhede found the number of deaths per #ajj1jjj from six causes--alcoholism1 apoplexy1 disorders of digestion1 cirrhosis or hardening of the liver1 nephritis 7,bright's disease71 and diabetes--to be in this country #bee and in ,denmark on a low meat diet1 #aab4 ,he calculates that the adoption in this country of the ,danish diet1 which would eliminate more than half our meats1 would save the lives of not less than #bjj1jjj of our citizens annually4 ,and yet there are vested interests which continually clamor for the increased consumption of meats4 ,fortunately the ,american people are becoming enlightened on the subject of diet and are using less meat and more green vegetables1 with less bread and cereal breakfast foods and more milk and potatoes4 ,nutrition researches are daily teaching us new lessons in dietetics1 some of which are of commanding importance4 ,one of the most significant of these is the necessity for taking account of the nature of the ash left by a foodstuff in the body4 ,there are basic or alkali-ash foods and acid-ash foods4 ,foods of the latter class when freely used cause acidosis4 ,meats are high up in the list of acid-ash foods4 ,it is for this reason that such animals as the lion and flesh-eating men have little endurance4 ,the ,american team made a poor showing at the last ,international ,olympic meet1 in the writer's opinion because of their excessive meat-eating4 ,according to ,roosevelt1 a vegetarian horse1 with a heavy man on his back 7,teddy71 was able to run down a lion in a mile and a half4 ,thousands of short-winded1 asthmatic people who are tired all the time and take cold at every change of the wind and think they are overworked because they find it so hard to work1 are victims of acidosis from a heavy meat diet4 ,if such persons will eliminate meat from their diet and add a pint of milk or buttermilk1 they will experience an immediate physical uplift which1 in some cases1 will seem almost incredible4 ,meat contains poisons1 the natural wastes of the body4 ,by its use1 the labor of the kidneys is more than doubled4 ,besides1 fresh meats are always swarming with bacteria1 and not the harmless sort that are found in buttermilk but the pernicious germs which have their headquarters in the colons of animals4 ,meats always become infected with these filthy colon germs in the process of slaughtering and the longer it is kept the more numerous the colon germs become1 for they multiply amazingly fast1 and this is the reason the meat becomes more tender when hung for a long time4 ,i was consulted not long ago by the manager of a large popular hotel who wanted suggestions about feeding his guests4 ,i recommended special care in the selection of meats and the choosing of that which had been most recently killed4 ,oh6 said the manager1 my chef is on to that4 ,he is very particular4 ,you know our hotel meat usually has a beard of green mold on it an inch long4 ,my chef is very careful4 ,he never allows the beard to be more than a quarter of an inch long4 ,another hotel manager told me they often had to cut away nearly half of the meat because it was so green and rotten4 ,this is not pleasant information but it is simply commonplace1 every-day fact4 ,sausage1 hamburger steak and game with a high flavor1 are little if any better than carrion1 and the poisons which such foods introduce into the body must all be detoxicated by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys1 and thus they are worn out prematurely by overwork4 ,as sweet as a nut1 is an old bon mot which hides no such repulsive picture4 ,the nut1 inside its germ-proof shell1 is solid nutriment of the purest sort1 the very quintessence of nutrient value1 sunlight in cold storage4 ,the nut represents food energy in its most delectable and concentrated form4 ,from an economic standpoint1 the nut leaves flesh foods so far behind that they are almost out of sight4 ,experiments to determine the digestibility and nutritive value of nuts were conducted several years ago by the eminent ,professor ,jaffa of the ,university of ,california4 ,his researches conducted over many months1 using human volunteers as subjects1 showed that nuts were well digested and created no intestinal disturbances4 ,later experiments confirmed and extended the observations of ,professor ,jaffa4 ,these experiments1 conducted by ,professor ,cajori of ,yale ,university in the ,yale laboratory and in the laboratory of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium1 have finally definitely settled the question4 ,says ,professor ,cajori1 with reference to his results3 ,a few years ago a rather extensive series of digestion experiments were inaugurated at ,yale ,university in an effort to settle the question of the indigestibility of nuts and also to test out some of the commercial nut products to find what effect roasting1 boiling1 and other processes that nuts are subjected to had on their digestibility4 ,through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,kellogg of ,battle ,creek1 it was possible to follow up these experiments with a series at ,battle ,creek4 ,it is of the result of these tests that ,i wish to speak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our digestion experiments show the following results3 ,for protein digestion of nuts--almond #hi1 pecan #hd1 pine nut #hi1 ,english walnut #hc1 ,brazil nut #hh1 and coconut #hh4 ,how1 then1 explain the undoubted discomfort that many people experience after eating nuts8 ,i believe the explanation rests on the fact that our common ,american way of eating nuts is not the rational way4 ,we would not consider topping off a heavy meal with eggs1 meat1 or cereals1 or eating these in large quantities between meals without realizing that we were exposing ourselves to possible digestive discomfort4 ,no more1 then1 can we expect to eat nuts1 which are even more concentrated or heavy than meats or eggs1 merely as an adjunct1 without occasional discomfort4 ,unpleasant results from so eating does not condemn the nut as indigestible2 rather it condemns our mode of using that nut4 ,further1 we must recognize that a nut is a hard compact substance1 and that unless completely masticated is not readily penetrated by the digestive juices of the alimentary canal4 ,this was very well brought out in our experiments with dogs4 ,the dog bolts his food and where there were large fragments of the nuts in the food they appear unchanged in the feces1 while if the nut was ground fine before feeding it was readily digested4 ,comparisons of nut butters and nut pastes with the whole nut also brought out this point4 ,the completely comminuted nut butters showed consistently higher degrees of digestion than the whole nut4 ,nuts should be used as a food staple1 a major element in the bill of fare1 rather than as a dessert1 and special care must be taken as to thorough mastication1 which is almost equally true of apples1 bananas and numerous other fruits which possess a firm flesh4 ,to overcome the objection that some people are unable to masticate nuts properly on account of defective teeth1 and to insure the proper assimilation even if not properly chewed1 the writer some forty years ago conceived the idea of converting the nuts by crushing and grinding into a paste1 in other words1 chewing the nuts by machinery4 ,the peanut was first utilized in this way and rapidly won its way to public favor4 ,now1 many scores of carloads of that nut are eaten under the name of peanut butter4 ,almonds were next used1 and were found to make a delicious nut paste1 or butter1 which by the addition of water and a little salt1 became a most delicious cream4 ,in the form of almond cream or milk nothing could be conceived in the way of nourishment which the body can more easily appropriate and more fully utilize4 ,as regards the necessity for eating meat1 this question was definitely settled by the ,inter-allied ,scientific ,food ,commission which met during the war1 without doubt the most authoritative body on the subject of food and nutrition that was ever brought together4 ,the question of a minimum meat ration was discussed by the ,commission1 and it was decided to be unnecessary to fix a minimum meat ration1 since1 in the words of the commissioners in their report1 no absolute physiological need exists for meat1 since the proteins of meat can be replaced by other proteins1 such as those contained in milk1 cheese and eggs1 as well as those of vegetable origin4 ,quite in line with this official action was an editorial in the ,journal of the ,american ,medical ,association1 which states that man's health and strength are not dependent on the assumed superior virtues of animal flesh as a dietary constituent4 ,a supreme advantage of nuts over meats is that they are absolutely free from any possible taint of disease4 ,those delectable foods1 the walnut1 the pecan1 the hickory nut and the almond1 are never the vehicle for parasites or other infections4 ,nuts are not subject to tuberculosis or any other disease which may be communicated to human beings4 ,speaking of his childhood diet1 ,professor ,stephen ,mizwa says3 ,we had chicken1 too1 but ,i rarely tasted one unless ,i was sick and the chicken was sick4 ,the voluntary eating of sick animals may be less common in this country than in ,poland1 but the eating of the flesh of diseased animals may nevertheless be much more extensive4 ,within the year #aiah there were slaughtered in the ,united ,states a hundred million beeves1 sheep1 pigs and goats1 one whole beast for every man1 woman and child in the ,united ,states4 ,of this vast multitude of animals the ,federal inspectors examined nearly two-thirds 7#fj1jjj1jjj7 and found one and a half per cent so badly diseased that the whole or part of the carcass was condemned4 ,in other words1 nearly a million 7#ijj1jjj7 carcasses were found seriously diseased4 ,but there were #dj1jjj1jjj other beasts killed and eaten which were not inspected2 and they were without doubt much more badly diseased1 a fact which was in many cases1 most likely1 the reason why no inspection was made4 ,allowing that three per cent of these were diseased1 which is a low estimate1 the total number of diseased animals found in the #ajj1jjj1jjj slaughtered was not less than #b1jjj1jjj1 or one in fifty of the total number4 ,and most of these were eaten by human beings either wholly or in part4 ,if we should abandon meat eating in favor of nuts we would not have to worry about what our victuals died of4 ,by the substitution of nuts for meats all dangers associated with flesh eating may be avoided2 hence their use should be encouraged in every practical way4 ,national and state legislators should make liberal appropriations for the study of the soil and climatic conditions best suited to nut culture1 and otherwise encourage this infant but most important industry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,bricker3 ,have any of you come in contact with a black walnut1 seemingly deformed1 in which there is only one lobe in the shell8 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,deming1 what is your observation of the ,stabler with one lobe8 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 #ej are one lobe4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,mr4 ,bixby found1 ,i think1 #fj4 ,we don't know why there should be nuts with one lobe4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,in my observation of the ,stabler1 the percentage of one lobe nuts is very small1 not more than #e4 ,,mr4 ,,bricker3 ,also there is a large black walnut at ,atalissa1 with a very thin shell4 ,i have seen some of them1 however1 that were not very well filled last year4 ,,the ,,president3 ,is that a little town in ,iowa8 ,,mr4 ,,bricker3 ,yes4 ,below ,iowa ,city1 east of ,west ,liberty4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,wilkinson has something interesting to tell us about the discovery of a black walnut valued for its lumber4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,possibly ,professor ,smith knows more about that than ,i do4 ,the first ,i knew of it ,mr4 ,lamb wrote that he had found an unusual figured walnut4 ,he had already sent scions to ,dr4 ,morris and ,mr4 ,bixby1 and ,dr4 ,morris suggested he send me some4 ,when the log came ,mr4 ,lamb found it unusually highly figured4 ,he traced it to where it was loaded4 ,they went to the fields and chopped into the tops until they found the tree by the figure of the wood4 ,it had been cut two months and the wood was entirely dry4 ,mr4 ,bixby sent me two very tiny grafts4 ,the tree sawed out something over #fj1jjj feet of veneer that sold from #af to #ah cents per square foot2 quite a large tree4 ,it sawed out five logs and the stump sawed out #ejj feet4 ,several thousand dollars for the tree4 ,i saw several pieces of the tree last year4 ,the most beautiful thing ,i ever saw4 ,most highly figured log that ever came into the mill at ,chicago4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,prof4 ,lake sent me scions named the ,lion4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,the figure is not in the scion wood4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,the scion wood ,i put on was quite curly4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,does the curly character show in the sap wood or the heart8 ,,the ,,president3 ,you have to go away from home to know what is going on there4 ,it is the first ,i have known about that very interesting tree4 ,i would like to get some trees of that curly type4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg is very much interested in having us propagate that type4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,mr4 ,link told me ,mr4 ,linton had some4 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,it seems to me very strange that the stump didn't sprout4 ,,mr4 ,,wilkinson3 ,the stump was used4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,there must have been roots4 ,,the ,,president3 ,sometimes it is difficult to get them to grow4 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,three miles northwest of ,blufftown there is a natural hybrid between the white and chinquapin oaks4 ,there are some samples out on the table4 ,we picked up some of the nuts and found them edible4 ,no trace of any bitterness whatever4 ,you come out of ,blufftown on ,no4 #cj4 ,about a half mile above the town you turn to the left and go about a mile or more4 ,it is at the intersection of the ,erie ,quarry road4 ,it has a wire fence around it4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,how do you know it is a hybrid8 ,,mr4 ,,weber3 ,from ,richard ,leber4 ,it was discovered by a man by the name of ,williamson1 and he suggested that the state acquire the land in order to preserve the tree4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,it will be another source of carbo-hydrate food4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,zimmerman is a specialist on chestnut blight1 and particularly on inducing immunity4 ,,induced ,,immunity ,,to ,,chestnut ,,blight ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,piketown1 ,pa4 ,several years ago ,i started out to get rid of the chestnut blight4 ,on several occasions before this notable body ,i told of the successes and failures ,i had encountered1 still believing that ,i was on the right road and insisting that an antigen would be absorbed in sufficient amount to stimulate immunity4 ,science has since vindicated that assertion and men are now injecting all sorts of chemicals1 and even dyes to stain the grain of the wood4 ,i have been very cautious in the past and perhaps should be more so now1 in view of the fact that only a comparatively few years have elapsed since ,i began my work on plants4 ,still1 after having used vaccines on human beings and animals for twenty-one years1 and observing that plant life reacts to an antigen in a similar manner1 ,i am at least entitled to the same conclusions4 ,this gives me an opportunity of knowing years in advance just what to expect4 ,while my work is still going on as an experiment ,i have no hesitancy in saying that ,i can and have put as much active immunity to the blight into the chestnut in five years as nature has been able to place in perhaps four or five thousand years by her usual method4 ,however it is only fair to state that such results cannot be accomplished by mere oratory4 ,injections must be made and the antigen must go into the plants1 not in single doses1 if you please1 but by the thousands4 ,in recent years there has been considerable discussion relative to the chestnut coming back4 ,this simply means further delay4 ,the chestnut will come back but not before from #be to #aej years yet4 ,there are few roots that will stand mutilation for that period1 and the few plants that do survive will have taken the shrub form like the chinquapin1 and the nuts will likely be as insignificant4 ,i have plants from a tree that holds as much immunity in the natural way as any ,i know1 being rated at #b,x1 and these plants have inherited an immunity equal to the parent1 no more and no less4 ,i have1 however1 a lot of seedlings from ,paragon and ,champion trees rated at from #f,x to #g,x4 ,these seedlings may confidently be expected to perform as their parents and produce many plants of equal resistance4 ,i shall not discuss the antigen or its method of administration4 ,that has been covered rather carefully in former papers4 ,i do want to say a word1 however1 about root stock4 ,in a blight region it is preferable to have chestnuts on their own roots4 ,the nearest to own-rooted plants is a graft on their own seedlings4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese chestnut in my hands has made a very poor root stock for the ,american chestnut or its hybrids4 ,the ,european chestnut is only fair1 with the chinquapin somewhat better1 but having the disadvantage of being troublesome to get from the seed4 ,the ,american chestnut1 or its ,american hybrids1 is by far the best1 providing we can get one with immunity4 ,i think the ,rochester will shortly fill this need4 ,the chestnut oak has made a rather interesting stock for a few varieties1 notably a ,chinese and #bj ,no4 #c1 a native ,american chestnut sent to me from ,bloomsburg1 ,pa4 ,i now have a few of these double grafted with other varieties4 ,i might say that ,i am no longer interested in any chestnut1 no matter how resistant it may be1 unless the nut is of large size and fine quality1 because ,i can immunize a plant bearing a good size1 fine quality chestnut much easier and in a shorter time than one can be developed through hybridization from an inferior nut4 ,i am usually1 like most folks1 looking for the path of least resistance4 ,my work has been a good deal divided during the past few years because1 while ,i started out with the chestnut alone1 now ,i am carrying a dozen other fruits1 nuts and berries4 ,in closing let me state that my principle of induced immunity is sound and the procedure feasible and practical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,about the result of grafting the chestnut on a species of oak4 ,how long have these scions been growing8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,about three years4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,how long8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,this is not the oak that ,i had reference to when you were up there4 ,these are about three years old4 ,i think they grow a little better than on the chestnut4 ,many of them died4 ,i have another scheme now2 that is grafting the scions as high as ,i can4 ,get them united and then bend them over and get them to root4 ,some are doing nicely1 others have died4 ,,dr4 ,,smith4 ,i think you complimented us by thinking we could follow you4 ,do you intend to vaccinate the chestnut and make it immune and then expect it to transmit that immunity in its seed8 ,have you checked up in the second generation8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i haven't had time yet4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,thus far you have established immunity in the living tree8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,yes1 and ,i have a bunch of seedlings now from nuts from immunized trees that ,i planted last spring4 ,i have #bjj of those4 ,i expect them to inherit immunization from their parents4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,we vaccinate each generation of youngsters4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i was speaking of the experiments with guinea pigs4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,isn't smallpox vaccination against your theory8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i don't think so4 ,they are doing it with other things4 ,i found a human being giving the reaction for typhoid for seventeen years after he had been immunized4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,have you any evidence for or against the decline of immunity in the tree8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i think it will decline4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,then we have got to keep on immunizing like spraying4 ,i didn't mean necessarily annually4 ,i mean perhaps it is not a permanent achievement4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i imagine that the tree will be sufficiently attacked by blight to keep the immunity up4 ,it is wise to have it attacked once in a while4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,isn't this only carried on until you get natural resistance8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i know that it will be a long time before ,i can have chestnut trees to produce like ,mr4 ,harrington's4 ,but ,i am going ahead4 ,i can't wait #ag years4 ,all ,i need is some time and ,i will produce chestnuts of the finest varieties1 as ,mr4 ,harrington has4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,how long will it take8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,they will hold their immunity as well as the ,chinese4 ,the ones ,i have are worth planting right now4 ,i have trees that are standing up better than any ,chinese chestnuts are4 ,it takes a long time before the immunizing principle is so disseminated that every part of the tree will have an equal resistance4 ,i can easily see that by cutting off a scion and grafting it ,i may get hold of one that has not had its immunization distributed as it should be4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,a fairly ignorant man can take machinery and spray an orchard4 ,can he do the same with immunizing8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,no sir1 he can not4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,perhaps ,i should not have used the word ignorant4 ,a farm hand can spray and make a pretty good crop of apples4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,no1 he can't do it4 ,it hasn't been easy4 ,i have run into all kinds of obstacles4 ,as soon as ,i injure the stock a little bit the blight takes it4 ,as soon as ,i can raise them on their own roots it will be all right4 ,that will come4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,have you seen chestnut grafts root as the apple does8 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,yes1 right below the surface4 ,a couple of them were that long4 ,they will send out roots4 ,then ,i have noticed on some1 that at the place where ,i grafted the callus got quite large4 ,it got too dry and died off4 ,i have never rooted ,american chestnut cuttings4 ,i have rooted some ,chinese chestnuts4 ,,the ,,president3 ,some of the ,chinese chestnuts root quite readily from those small shoots that come up from the ground4 ,i conducted a little experiment in trying to propagate the ,chinese chestnuts by cuttings4 ,i made #add cuttings4 ,they all dutifully and beautifully died4 ,i don't mean to say that the ,chinese chestnut cannot be rooted by cuttings4 ,,dr4 ,,zimmerman3 ,i noticed one chestnut that was toppling over and the leaves were withering4 ,the rats had taken it off just below the ground4 ,i couldn't find a root anywhere1 but it was callused4 ,i cut it back and planted it again4 ,it must have roots now for it is still green4 ,otherwise it wouldn't live this long4 ,,the ,,president3 ,your experiments are of very great interest4 ,if you are successful you will deserve the gratitude of this and future generations4 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,do you remember when we were down at the ,riehl nursery that we ran into a chestnut that produces #g to #i in a burr8 ,,the ,,president3 ,i remember one tree that had a great many nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,harrington3 ,i had one with #g nuts and they said there were some with #i4 ,was that the one named ,gibbons8 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,that has three nuts to the burr4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,dr4 ,colby1 there have been two instances of blight infection in ,illinois4 ,could you tell us how the eradication was done8 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,in each case the tree was burned and the disease entirely eradicated by fire on the spot4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,colby has a paper from ,mr4 ,littlepage on the plant patent law4 ,,plant ,,patent ,,act ,by ,thomas ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,district of ,columbia ,bar1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the plant patent act is an effort by ,congress1 as stated in the ,committee reports on this bill1 to afford agriculture1 so far as practicable1 the same opportunity to participate in the benefits of the patent system as has been given industry1 and thus assist in placing agriculture on a basis of economic equality with industry4 ,the act is rather short and is set forth below3 ,,public--,,no4 #bde--ga,,st ,,congress ,s4 #djae ,an ,act ,to provide for plant patents4 ,be it enacted by the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives of the ,united ,states of ,america in ,congress assembled4 ,that sections #dhhd and #dhhf of the ,revised ,statutes1 as amended4 7,u4 ,s4 ,c41 title #ce1 secs4 #dj and #ca71 are amended to read as follows3 ,,sec4 #dhhd4 ,every patent shall contain a short title or description of the invention or discovery1 correctly indicating its nature and design1 and a grant to the patentee1 his heirs or assigns1 for the term of seventeen years1 of the exclusive right to make1 use1 and vend the invention or discovery 7including in the case of a plant patent the exclusive right to asexually reproduce the plant7 throughout the ,united ,states and the ,territories thereof1 referring to the specification for the particulars thereof4 ,a copy of the specification and drawings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof4 ,,sec4 #dhhf4 ,any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art1 machine1 manufacture1 or composition of matter1 or any new and useful improvements thereof1 or who has invented or discovered and asexually reproduced any distinct and new variety of plant1 other than a tuber-propagated plant1 not known or used by others in this country1 before his invention or discovery thereof1 and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country1 before his invention or discovery thereof1 or more than two years prior to his application1 and not in public use or on sale in this country for more than two years prior to his application1 unless the same is proved to have been abandoned1 may1 upon payment of the fees required by law1 and other due proceeding had1 obtain a patent therefor4 ,,sec4 #b1 ,section #dhhh of the ,revised ,statutes1 as amended 7,u4 ,s4 ,c41 title #ce1 sec4 #cc71 is amended by adding at the end thereof the following sentence3 ,no plant patent shall be declared invalid on the ground of noncompliance with this section if the description is made as complete as is reasonably possible4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the first sentence of section #dhib of the ,revised ,statutes1 as amended 7,u4 ,s4 ,c41 title #ce1 sec4 #ce71 is amended to read as follows3 ,,sec4 #dhib4 ,the applicant shall make oath that he does verily believe himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art1 machine1 manufacture1 composition1 or improvement1 or of the variety of plant1 for which he solicits a patent2 that he does not know and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used2 and shall state of what country he is a citizen4 ,,sec4 #d4 ,the ,president may by ,executive order direct the ,secretary of ,agriculture 7#a7 to furnish the ,commissioner of ,patents such available information of the ,department of ,agriculture1 or 7#b7 to conduct through the appropriate bureau or division of the department such research upon special problems1 or 7#c7 to detail to the ,commissioner of ,patents such officers and employees of the department1 as the commissioner may request for the purposes of carrying this ,act into effect4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this ,act1 no variety of plant which has been introduced to the public prior to the approval of this ,act shall be subject to patent4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,if any provision of this ,act is declared unconstitutional or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid1 the validity of the remainder of the ,act and the application thereof to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby4 ,approved1 ,may #bc1 #aicj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is admitted by all who understand anything about horticulture that this act is intended to meet a long-felt want4 ,the world owes much to many hard working scientists who have developed many valuable plants1 both ornamental and edible1 and up to the date of this act such producer had no way of reaping any very material financial benefit from his labors4 ,the man who might invent some new and useful gadget for an automobile or other machinery was protected under the patent law1 if he availed himself of it1 but the man who developed a beautiful flower1 a fine apple or a fine nut was wholly without protection4 ,the term asexually as used in the act1 is generally understood by horticulturists to mean any method of producing a plant except from seed4 ,it will be observed1 in referring again to the act1 that the man who discovers some new plant and propagates it by any of the methods covered by the term asexually can have such plant patented under the terms of this law1 but the patent law is one that is always construed strictly and obviously the application for patent would have to be made in the name of the man who actually discovered the plant4 ,of course1 after securing such patent1 he could assign it the same as any other patent is assigned1 but the question would constantly arise in this connection as to who actually was the first discoverer4 ,most of the sporadic fine plants1 especially fruit and nut bearing trees1 were matters of neighborhood knowledge many years before they actually attracted the attention of some one who recognized their full value and knew how to propagate them1 and the question would arise immediately as to who was the real discoverer4 ,undoubtedly the man who tramped constantly around in the neighborhood of a fine nut or fruit tree and actually saw the tree but did not recognize its value1 is like the man the poet describes when he said3 ,a primrose by the river's brim1 ,a primrose only was to him1 ,and nothing more4 ,this man could not be said to be a discoverer under the terms of this law2 but on the other hand the plowman who might be plodding his weary way homeward and see a fruit or nut tree bearing something unusual and who would recognize its unusual and distinct differences would be the real discoverer1 but unless he could prove the fact that he had called it to the attention of others in some manner he would have difficulty in complying with the patent law and making a proper showing of originality as required by that law4 ,but he would also1 in addition to being the discoverer1 have to asexually reproduce it and this he might not be able to do on account of his lack of knowledge of propagating methods4 ,the language of the law presents some very interesting problems to those of us who have tramped the fields and valleys in search of nut trees producing better nuts than those already propagated1 and it incidently brings into the patent practice a brand new requirement4 ,the ablest patent lawyer in ,america might not know the difference between a bud and a graft1 a layer or cross-pollination4 ,i have frequently had some very able lawyers who visited my farm and had their attention called to a pecan tree grafted onto a hickory1 ask what kind of nuts it would bear4 ,of course when they ask such questions as that ,i promptly change the subject and begin to talk about the weather or something else2 ,i certainly do not try to educate them in the fundamentals of tree propagation4 ,it will also require specialists in the patent office who likewise know something of horticulture and reproduction methods of plants4 ,it will also be noted that the law excludes tuber-propagated plants4 ,the ,committee report states that3 ,the bill excepts from the right to a patent the invention or discovery of a distinct and new variety of a tuber-propagated plant4 ,the term tuber is used in its narrow horticultural sense as meaning a short1 thickened portion of an underground branch4 ,it does not cover1 for instance1 bulbs1 corms1 stolons1 and rhizomes4 ,substantially1 the only plants covered by the term tuber-propagated would be the ,irish potato and the ,jerusalem artichoke4 ,this exception is made because this group alone1 among asexually reproduced plants1 is propagated by the same part of the plant that is sold as food4 ,it will be noted that there is quite a spread1 however1 between the exact language of the law and the ,committee report1 for example3 under the law it would appear that a dahlia might be excluded1 and it also raises the question1 under the language of the law1 as to many of the root plants1 such as peonies and others4 ,obviously1 ,congress did not intend to exclude plants such as the dahlia1 peony and others1 as evidenced from the excerpt in the ,committee report above quoted1 and whether the matter of the production of a new dahlia by cross-pollination and tested out through the growth of the bulbs1 can be made to harmonize with the language of the law is the question4 ,the ,committee report says that tubers mean only ,irish potatoes and ,jerusalem artichokes4 ,it always occurred to me that the sweet-potato is also a tuber1 but the ,committee report apparently attempts to exclude it4 ,there are any number of interesting questions that occur to those of us who are fortunate enough to have some knowledge of the law as well as a few fundamental principles of horticulture1 but in spite of whatever weakness the law may or may not have1 it is undoubtedly a step in the right direction1 and meets a long-felt want4 ,the ,secretary of ,agriculture said in his letter to the ,committee3 ,the proposed legislation would appear to be desirable and to lend far-reaching encouragement to agriculture and benefit to the general public4 ,thomas ,a4 ,edison1 who is also quoted in the ,committee report1 said3 ,nothing that ,congress could do to help farming would be of greater value and permanence than to give to the plant breeder the same status as the mechanical and chemical inventors now have through the patent law4 ,there are but few plant breeders4 ,this 7the bill7 will1 ,i feel sure1 give us many ,burbanks4 ,it is certainly to be hoped that many of those interested in northern nut culture1 as well as in fruits and ornamentals1 will avail themselves of the privileges of this bill to give us something better4 ,we are not satisfied with our varieties today and should not be4 ,the greatest problem in nut culture1 as well as fruit and ornamentals1 is the question of variety4 ,it will also be the most important question a hundred years from now1 but the man who produces these better varieties should do so with the knowledge that under this law the fruits of his labor will be protected and he will at least have the same opportunity to receive remuneration therefrom as the inventor of a gadget4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dr4 ,,colby3 ,i have talked with a number of men interested in the law4 ,while they agree that it is a step in the right direction they feel that it will be a rather difficult thing to administer it4 ,plants differ from other objects or things or gadgets and considerable experience will be necessary on the part of the administration before the law will be made workable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a banquet was held at the ,hotel ,montrose on the evening of ,september #ag at which about forty members and guests were present4 ,the menu follows1 and it will be noted that nuts were featured3 ,canape1 ,montrose 7,dates stuffed with ,nuts7 ,iced ,celery ,mixed ,nuts ,queen ,olives ,soup1 ,rothschild 7,garnished with ,chestnuts7 ,roast ,young ,capon ,stuffed1 ,hickory ,nut ,dressing1 ,jelly ,au ,gratin ,potatoes ,puree of ,chestnuts1 ,baked ,frozen ,fruit ,nut ,salad1 ,cream ,nut ,dressing ,wafers ,hot ,parkerhouse ,rolls ,black ,walnut ,ice ,cream ,nut ,layer ,cake ,coffee ,after the banquet the ,president spoke as follows3 ,once upon a time ,i read a poem1 which unfortunately ,i do not have here but in effect it was this3 ,in our progress through life a great deal of injury is wrought by not showing our appreciation of people while they are with us4 ,let us give them our flowers now4 ,we do want now to say a few things about the founder of our organization4 ,in my history of this association ,dr4 ,deming was the person who first proposed an association of this kind4 ,i believe this was about #ba or #bb years ago1 perhaps longer than that4 ,at any rate the association has been going for some time and it was brought into existence through the thought of ,dr4 ,deming4 ,we should be very glad to hear from ,dr4 ,deming4 ,,dr4 ,,deming3 ,thank you4 ,it is very gratifying indeed but ,i wish you hadn't4 ,it is very difficult to express gratitude properly4 ,i cannot make a speech like our friend ,dr4 ,smith here1 who ,i hope will make one4 ,i can't tell a good story like our ,president4 ,in fact1 ,i feel like that man who said1 ,how happy is the moron1 he does not give a damn4 ,i wish ,i were a moron4 ,my ,god6 perhaps ,i am4 ,david ,fairchild says that it takes the energies1 the fortunes and the lives of pioneers1 the best people of our country1 to build up a new plant industry4 ,i congratulate you all in being included in that class of pioneers1 the best people of this country4 ,but we haven't yet built up the great nut industry that we would like to build4 ,i might tell you how the idea of the nut growers association arose4 ,in #aijg ,i got a little farm of forty acres in ,connecticut4 ,in #aijh ,i read an article by ,dr4 ,morris1 ,nut ,culture as a ,side ,line for ,physicians4 ,i immediately wrote the doctor and he said in fifteen years ,i could have an income of #ajj4jj an acre from nuts alone4 ,that seemed to me exactly what ,i wanted1 #d1jjj a year and live very comfortably4 ,so ,i bought all the nut trees ,i could find4 ,i bought nut trees from every nursery in this country that offered them in the ,north4 ,i got pecans from the ,south4 ,i sent to ,california and got filberts and ,english walnuts4 ,i sent to ,europe for ,english walnut seeds4 ,i bought twenty acres of chestnut sprout land and grafted the sprouts4 ,just as the chestnuts were beginning to bear the blight came along4 ,that ended them4 ,the ,english walnuts ,i set around in fence corners and they grew a little smaller every year and1 finally disappeared4 ,that was the end of the ,english walnuts4 ,at that time ,i couldn't graft hickories4 ,with great labor ,i collected hickory scions and sent them to nurseries in the ,south and had them grafted4 ,they arrived in the ,north after the ground had frozen4 ,i told the hired man to heel them in4 ,he heeled them in but left the top of the roots out4 ,in the spring they were all dead4 ,by that time my dander was up a little4 ,i thought there must be other men who were having the same trouble4 ,if we could have a little organization we could tell each other our troubles and perhaps work them out together4 ,i wrote ,dr4 ,morris1 ,john ,craig1 ,professor ,close1 ,mr4 ,hales1 and one or two others1 and we met together in the ,botanical ,museum in ,bronx ,park and organized the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,that is all ,i had to do with it4 ,whether we will ever come to the place where they will have bands out and ticker tape flying1 when we come to town--that is the thing ,i used to dream about a little when we first started4 ,but ,i don't think we are destined to burst wide the gates of fame yet4 ,we may after we have achieved our objects4 ,as ,dr4 ,fairchild has said1 all our money1 lives and energies must be devoted to them4 ,we then may achieve post-mortem fame4 ,i want to say one thing1 however1 before ,i stop4 ,we can't advocate the planting of nut trees if there are no nut trees to be had4 ,therefore1 ,i think the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association should do all that is possible to encourage the nursery men who are propagating nut trees4 ,we should consider the propagating nursery men as a vital and essential part of the work we are trying to do4 ,,the ,,president3 ,dr4 ,deming made some reference to stories4 ,once in a while a story does flit across my mental horizon4 ,i want to tell you how the word nut may have a very humorous interpretation4 ,once upon a time in ,michigan a man died4 ,after he died the local minister went around to console the widow4 ,when he came of course the lady was grieving4 ,this clergyman was a very young man and he attempted to console her thus3 ,now1 my dear ,mrs4 ,smith2 that which you see is just the husk1 the nut has gone to heaven4 ,another time ,i addressed the ,women's ,canadian ,club4 ,i was invited to address this group on nut culture and the ,president in introducing me told a story about a minister too4 ,in this case the minister got up in his pulpit and made an announcement3 ,my dear friends1 my sermon is on liars4 ,i am glad to see so many present4 ,this lady said1 ,of course1 ,mr4 ,neilson cannot say ',i am going to talk today on nuts1 ,i am glad to see so many present'4 ,i would like to give you an outline of the progress made during the past year4 ,in writing this ,i had to inject into it a great deal of my own activities4 ,i simply couldn't get out of it4 ,i ask you to overlook the frequent references of a personal nature4 ,,president',s ,,address ,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson1 ,east ,lansing1 ,mich4 ,this is our twenty-first meeting and the first one to be held in the state of ,iowa where tall corn grows1 where good nuts thrive and good people live4 ,we are glad to come to the midwest and meet some of its people1 and see what our friends the ,snyder ,brothers and others are doing to extend the culture of nut trees in ,iowa and other midwest states4 ,in looking over the records of the past year we find the usual experiences common to the lot of man4 ,we find loss and gain1 sorrow and joy4 ,our sense of loss and sorrow is heightened when we think of the passing of our good friend and efficient secretary ,mr4 ,henry ,d4 ,spencer of ,decatur1 ,ill4 ,his sudden death was a shock to us all and we feel that his passing is a distinct loss not only to our association but to his city and state4 ,it is also a loss to us as individuals in the severance of those helpful friendships which do so much to cheer us on our way and make life worth while4 ,in association matters1 ,mr4 ,spencer was most active and efficient4 ,he was zealous1 original and energetic1 and did a lot to create interest in nut culture in his state and other midwest areas4 ,of him1 as of others who have labored faithfully for an ideal and passed to their reward1 may it be truly said1 ,the just die in their turn1 but falling as the flowers1 they leave on earth their fruit that outlives them4 ,while we have lost a capable secretary and good friend we have been fortunate in securing the services of ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby as a successor to ,mr4 ,spencer4 ,the news of ,mr4 ,spencer's passing came just before your president left ,lansing to address the ,illinois ,state ,horticulture ,society on nut culture4 ,in casting about for a new secretary1 it occurred to me that ,dr4 ,colby was the logical man for the position4 ,while at ,urbana where the ,horticultural ,society met ,i broached the matter to ,dr4 ,colby4 ,at first he was unwilling but after some discussion he finally consented to take the position provided the university authorities at ,urbana would agree to his taking on new duties4 ,dr4 ,blair1 head of the ,horticultural ,department at ,urbana1 was then approached on the matter and graciously consented to allow ,dr4 ,colby to assume the secretaryship for the balance of the year4 ,dr4 ,colby has fulfilled his position in a very capable manner and ,i am sure the other executives and members are grateful to ,dr4 ,colby and ,dr4 ,blair for their cordial cooperation and help in our time of need4 ,as president ,i am also deeply grateful to our good and faithful friend ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming for taking over the duties of secretary while ,dr4 ,colby was in ,england attending the ,world's ,horticultural ,congress in ,london1 and enjoying a well deserved holiday4 ,i trust ,dr4 ,colby has returned to his duties with renewed zeal and increased knowledge and ,i hope he will be able to share some of that knowledge with those of us who were not fortunate enough to attend that great congress of horticulturists4 ,at our last meeting our late ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,spencer1 outlined the worthy scheme of staging a nut exhibit at the ,chicago ,garden and ,flower ,show1 held in the stadium at ,chicago4 ,considerable work was done by ,mr4 ,spencer before he died1 and afterward by ,dr4 ,colby when he took over the secretaryship4 ,your president was able to assist ,dr4 ,colby in various ways1 such as staging the exhibit1 in helping financially1 and in personally attending the exhibit for five days4 ,this exhibit of nuts was made up of entries from ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,iowa1 ,ohio1 ,michigan1 ,ontario and ,british ,columbia4 ,it attracted a great deal of attention and ,i am sure was the means of creating interest and disseminating a lot of useful information on nut culture4 ,we were ably assisted in this project by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,wilkinson of ,rockport1 ,indiana1 and ,mr4 ,frank ,frey of the ,rock ,island ,railway1 ,chicago4 ,both of these gentlemen contributed valuable exhibits and gave generously of their time during the progress of the exhibition4 ,our past president1 ,mr4 ,snyder1 also sent very useful exhibits4 ,in the carrying out of his duties as ,specialist in ,nut ,culture for the ,michigan ,state ,college1 your ,president feels that some progress has been made since ,april1 #aibi4 ,during that period arrangements have been definitely made1 or are about to be made1 by that princely public benefactor1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,kellogg1 which will set aside several hundred acres for nut culture4 ,about thirty acres of this area have already been planted to seedlings and grafted walnuts1 chestnuts1 hickories1 heartnuts1 hazels1 and filberts4 ,these trees have done as well as could be expected under the hot1 dry weather of these past two summers4 ,arrangements are actively under way for planting #ee acres next spring and a much larger area in the following spring4 ,we expect to assemble a first class collection of the best hardy varieties of native and introduced nut trees and hope as the years roll on that definite progress will be made4 ,in ,september #aibi1 a nut contest was drawn up and announced to the public of ,michigan and adjoining states4 ,this contest created a great deal of interest and many entries were received4 ,cash prizes of #ej4jj each were offered for walnuts and hickories and awards of merit were given for other species4 ,there were #dea plates composed as follows3 black walnuts #cac1 ,english walnuts #aa1 butternuts #g1 heartnuts #g1 ,japanese walnuts #ac1 hybrid walnuts #d1 hickories #he1 chestnuts #aj1 hazels #a4 ,these entries were used in staging what is said to be the largest exhibit of nuts ever displayed in the northern ,united ,states4 ,from these numerous entries several selections of value were made4 ,from these selections1 six black walnuts1 two heartnuts1 three hickories and four chestnuts were chosen for propagation4 ,some of these have been propagated and plans are made to propagate a greater number next year4 ,the writer spent one week in ,ontario during ,march for the purpose of introducing scionwood and trees of promising varieties of ,english walnuts1 heartnuts and hybrid walnuts4 ,thirty trees of the ,carpathian strain of the ,persian walnut were introduced and all are now alive on our grounds at ,lansing4 ,these ,carpathian walnuts have endured several winters at ,toronto and ,montreal and so far have not shown any winter injury4 ,if further trials show that this strain is hardy it will be a decided improvement over any other ,persian strain in the northern states or ,canada4 ,good varieties of heartnuts and filberts were brought in from ,british ,columbia and are now growing nicely at the ,kellogg ,farm4 ,grafting demonstrations were given at nine different places throughout the state during the month of ,may4 ,these demonstrations were attended by fair sized audiences and much interest was shown in the operation4 ,in addition to the address before the ,illinois ,horticultural ,society1 your president gave an address on nut culture to the ,michigan ,state ,horticultural ,society at ,grand ,rapids in ,december last1 and also had on display a large collection of ,michigan nuts4 ,the address on nut culture and the display of nuts created considerable interest4 ,he was also invited to address the ,iowa ,state ,horticultural ,society on nut culture and the ,iowa ,state ,nurserymen's ,association on the paraffin treatment of nursery stock1 but could not do so because of a previous engagement4 ,arrangements have been made however to give these addresses at the meeting of the above associations at ,shenandoah1 ,iowa1 in ,november next4 ,the ancient parable of the sower who went forth to sow and who scattered seed on stony ground1 by the wayside and on good soil1 had a successful manifestation in the president's experience this last year4 ,in ,march1 #aibi1 ,i gave an address on nut culture to a small but influential audience in ,st4 ,thomas1 ,ontario4 ,this meeting was due to the enterprise of ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,lumley1 the capable secretary of the ,chamber of ,commerce in ,st4 ,thomas and one of our valued members4 ,at this meeting ,i displayed a collection of ,canadian grown nuts and suggested the use of nut trees for roadside and ornamental planting as well as for other purposes4 ,these suggestions fell on rich soil1 figuratively speaking1 and bore fruit in an astonishing manner4 ,in a short time an ,elgin ,county ,nut ,tree ,growers' ,association was organized and a definite plan of operations outlined4 ,one of the projects consisted in planting the ,kings ,highway1 ,no4 #c in ,elgin county1 with walnut trees4 ,with the cooperation of horticultural societies1 service clubs1 schools1 etc41 over #gjjj nut trees were planted in one day last spring1 and besides that more than #djjj other nut trees were planted on the home grounds of the people in this county4 ,the encouraging feature of this project was the statement by ,dr4 ,lumley that your president was the inspiration of all this planting4 ,without a sympathetic and energetic audience ,i could not possibly have done much by myself1 and ,i am sure ,dr4 ,lumley and his associates deserve great credit for their vision and energy4 ,may their numbers be multiplied and their shadow never grow less4 ,and some seed fell on rich soil and brought forth a hundred fold4 ,you will very likely be pleased to learn that your president is interested in an advisory capacity in a project having for its object the gift of a good nut tree to every member of the ,women's ,institute of ,ontario4 ,this organization is composed almost entirely of rural women and is one of the most active and helpful societies in the country4 ,the institute gave me hearty support in my efforts to promote the culture of nut trees in ,ontario1 and on several occasions passed resolutions asking the government to adequately support my work4 ,there are over #dj1jjj women in this organization and it will take time and money to accomplish the objective1 but no worthwhile movement ever progressed without a vision and a plan4 ,in conclusion ,i would like to read a beautiful little selection entitled ,save the ,trees in ,portugal4 ,in reading this ,i am going to ask you to transpose the title to ,save the ,trees in the ,mid-,west1 and to think in terms of nut trees4 ,,save ,,the ,,trees ,,in ,,portugal ,travellers in ,portugal report that in many places where timber trees are to be found1 in woods1 parks and gardens1 one sees the following inscription headed1 ,to the ,wayfarer3 ,ye who pass by and would raise your hand against me1 hearken ere you harm me4 ,i am the heat of your hearth on the cold winter night1 the friendly shade screening you from the summer sun1 and my fruits are refreshing draughts1 quenching your thirst as you journey on4 ,i am the beam that holds your house1 the board of your table1 the bed on which you lie1 and the timber that builds your boat4 ,i am the handle of your hoe1 the door of your homestead1 the wood of your cradle1 and the shell of your coffin4 ,i am the bread of kindness and the flower of beauty4 ,ye who pass by1 listen to my prayer2 harm me not4 ,a practical application of this beautiful message would add to the beauty and productive capacity of this country and would give pleasure and profit to its people4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith was here called upon and gave entertaining and amusing accounts of his early struggles with nut culture and of some of his travels in foreign lands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,i would just like to add to what ,i have said that the ,rev4 ,paul ,krath of the ,united ,church of ,canada is now about to leave for a five year absence in central ,europe4 ,he tells me he would like to sell the balance of those hardy ,carpathian walnuts4 ,i have faith in them4 ,i think they are worth the price he asks for them for an experimental purpose alone4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,do you know where the seed was procured8 ,,the ,,president3 ,on the high slopes of the ,carpathian mountains4 ,the winter temperatures go down rather low4 ,in fact lower than in ,toronto4 ,,mr4 ,,hershey3 ,juglan regia8 ,,the ,,president3 ,yes4 ,in early ,september the buds were quite matured1 wood was ripened up and favorable for enduring the winter temperatures of ,toronto4 ,i have an impression that it gets #ae to #ah below zero4 ,the trees have come through the winter at ,montreal where they have even lower temperatures4 ,,member3 ,how would we get them in8 ,get a permit from ,washington8 ,,the ,,president3 ,it can be done4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,an application for the lot can be made4 ,the ,president then asked for the report of the ,secretary4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,the year #aibi-cj has been one of growing interest on the part of the public1 laying the foundation for a more rapidly increasing membership and wider influence on the part of the association4 ,following the untimely death of ,secretary ,h4 ,d4 ,spencer1 of ,decatur1 ,illinois1 we were asked by your president1 ,professor ,neilson1 to carry on the work of the office for the remainder of the year1 in view of our previous experience4 ,this we were glad to do because of our interest in the work4 ,the great loss of the association in the death of ,mr4 ,spencer should be here recorded4 ,mr4 ,spencer was keenly interested in nut growing in the ,north4 ,he believed in its future and because of his retirement from active professional work could give his attention to the many details connected with the development of our program4 ,his loss is keenly felt among the membership4 ,your secretary has attempted to make the public1 only more or less awake to the possibilities of our work so far1 more nut culture minded4 ,the burden of correspondence has become increasingly heavy4 ,hundreds of inquiries have been received1 many from those mildly curious1 but a large share from people anxious to learn of the possibilities of northern nut culture both for pleasure and profit4 ,we have noted an increasing interest among those able to take up our new enterprise and have done what we could to make it an intelligent interest through radio1 newspaper1 and magazine publicity1 speaking engagements at horticultural society and farmers' institute meetings and classroom instruction4 ,the enthusiastic support of officials of these and similar organizations should be noted here4 ,space has been freely offered for use in fruit growing magazines and state horticultural society publications to supplement the columns of our official organ to spread the information regarding our activities1 thus reaching a wider circle of potential members4 ,we are glad to report some membership gains the past season4 ,in these activities we are handicapped by lack of funds4 ,we have been particularly fortunate these past few months in having the co-operation of the ,university of ,illinois in that your secretary has been able to handle hundreds of letters through the ,department of ,horticulture channels free of cost to the association except for the stationery and postage4 ,one outstanding event of the season in the line of publicity sponsored by the association was the exhibit at the ,central ,states ,garden and ,flower ,show held in the ,chicago ,stadium ,april #e-ac1 #aicj4 ,preliminary arrangements had been made by ,mr4 ,spencer with the manager1 ,mr4 ,john ,servas1 insuring us free space4 ,mr4 ,servas cooperated with us to the fullest extent and the appreciation of the association was expressed to him by your secretary at the close of the show4 ,we spent considerable time both in the preliminary arrangements and on the ground1 being in attendance throughout the week except when ,president ,neilson1 ,mr4 ,wilkinson1 and ,mr4 ,frey were in charge4 ,to these gentlemen1 as well as to ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smith1 and ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder1 who with ,president ,neilson contributed the #cj4jj necessary for rental of the glass show case1 and to many of our members in the ,middle ,west who sent samples of nuts1 we owe a debt of gratitude4 ,our exhibit also included books and magazines on nut culture1 nut-cracking machinery1 grafting tools and waxes1 and other material of interest to the prospective grower1 all contributed by members or others interested in our work4 ,the exhibit attracted much interest as a part of the magnificent show4 ,we were busy from morning until night answering questions1 most of them intelligent1 and made many friends among a group of people whose intelligence level is high4 ,two hundred people asked for further information relative to some particular subject and a mimeographed sheet was prepared in the secretary's office after our return which went out to them4 ,we have had the cooperation of the ,illinois ,state ,department of ,agriculture more than ever this past year1 as evidenced by their support of our exhibit at ,chicago1 through providing funds for the preparation of a case of nut varieties suitable for planting in ,illinois and1 secondly1 through the cooperation of the ,state ,forestry ,department4 ,an immense tract of land has been acquired for reforestation in southern ,illinois and money was available this past spring for the purchase of nut trees for planting there4 ,your secretary has been working with ,r4 ,b4 ,miller1 of the state department1 in the selection and planting of the better named varieties of nuts4 ,additional plantings will be made there and it is believed that a fine beginning has been made toward the establishment of a nut arboretum in that section4 ,there are many new things of interest developing in our field and those relating to it which need further study as a means of developing our usefulness4 ,the plant patent law1 new methods of propagation1 the variety question1 the disease factor1 new methods of harvesting1 grading and marketing1 to mention a few problems1 are bringing about a new era in northern nut growing and need our combined efforts in their solution4 ,we believe that the time is fast approaching for the appointment of a paid secretary who can devote more time to the development of our work4 ,we will leave to you the working out of the details4 ,dr4 ,colby supplemented his report with a talk about his trip to ,europe during the summer where he went primarily to attend the ,world ,horticultural conference in ,london4 ,after some further informal discussion the meeting adjourned4 ,,field ,,trips ,the second day1 ,september #ah1 #aicj1 was given over to a visit to the ,snyder ,fruit and ,nut ,orchards at ,center ,point in the morning1 where the group inspected the varieties being grown with great interest1 an excellent lunch at noon under the trees1 prepared and served by the ,snyder brothers and ,miss ,snyder1 their sister1 and an afternoon spent in the ,snyder nursery where the various nut trees which can be grown in ,iowa were observed4 ,,business ,,session ,,at ,,snyder ,,farm ,meeting called to order by ,president ,neilson4 ,a vote of thanks was extended to ,miss ,snyder and the ,snyder brothers for their hospitality4 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder responded briefly4 ,the meeting place for next year was then discussed4 ,invitations were extended from ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 ,downingtown1 ,pennsylvania1 ,geneva1 ,new ,york1 and other places4 ,it was finally voted to meet in ,geneva1 ,new ,york1 in ,september #aica during the week of the annual meeting of the ,new ,york ,fruit ,testing ,association4 ,the selection of the date was left in the hands of the executive committee4 ,the report of the nominating committee was then called for4 ,the association re-elected ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,neilson as president1 ,c4 ,f4 ,walker as vice-president1 and ,karl ,green as treasurer for the ensuing year4 ,professor ,a4 ,s4 ,colby was unable to continue as secretary and that office was held open4 ,the president and board of directors were instructed to appoint a new secretary4,a ,the financial status of the association was next discussed at length4 ,it was voted that a letter be prepared and sent to the membership asking for contributions4 ,the report of the nut survey was then briefly presented by ,c4 ,f4 ,walker1 chairman of the committee1 as a progress report4 ,he stated that #afjj nut trees of various varieties had been recorded and data concerning tree performance and adaptation were being collected4 ,frank ,h4 ,frey reported that he did not feel it advisable at this time to affiliate with the ,american ,fruit ,vegetable ,shippers' ,association because of the expense to be incurred4 ,the secretary extended greetings of ,mr4 ,ellis of ,vermont whom he met at the meetings of the ,international ,horticultural ,congress in ,england last summer1 and of ,mr4 ,howard ,spence of ,england to the association4 ,it was a pleasure to report that ,mr4 ,spence had been instrumental in having experimental work with nuts initiated in ,england4 ,the third day was devoted to a tour of the country round about ,burlington where ,mr4 ,snyder and ,mr4 ,john ,witte showed us many of the most valuable parent trees found in that section4 ,some of these trees included the ,witte and ,elmer pecans1 the two varieties recommended by ,mr4 ,snyder for planting in that section2 the ,hill and ,iowa shellbark hickories1 the two best so far found in ,iowa2 the ,burlington1 ,tama ,queen1 and ,eureka hickories1 the ,oberman and ,campbell pecans1 and the ,swartz black walnut4 ,footnote ,a3 ,,note3 ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby was appointed and accepted the office4 ,,treasurer',s ,,report ,,receipts ,balance1 ,sept4 #ast1 #aibi3 ,in bank in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aid4da ,litchfield ,savings ,society #ae4id #baj4ce #hd paid in advance memberships #c4ej #bid4jj #i back memberships #c4jj #bg4jj ,sub4 to ,american ,nut ,journal #ajj4ej ,contributions and sale of ,annual ,reports #gj4ib ,loan1 ,merchants ,bank and ,trust ,co41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cbe4jj ,total to be accounted for #a1jbg4gg ,,disbursements ,american ,nut ,journal1 subscriptions #aja4ge ,hotel ,pennsylvania1 ,n4 ,y41 rent for projector #cj4jj ,reporting ,new ,york meeting #abb4ah ,mimeographing #aa4de ,stenographer1 ,secretary's office #db4he ,printing1 ,secretary's office #ea4ch ,expenses1 ,secretary's office #bd4gh ,printing1 ,treasurer's office1 two years #ih4jj ,printing ,annual ,report #dbh4hh ,h4 ,d4 ,spencer1 expenses to ,new ,york meeting #abb4dh ,stamps #c4jj ,expressage #c4ge ,exchange1 ,canadian check 4#ae ,curtailment on loan #ej4jj ,interest on loan #aj4dj ,total expenses #a1aja4je ,deficit #gc4bh ,balance due on loan #bge4jj ,,note--,although the expenses exceeded the receipts1 no actual overdraft occurred because certain bills were not paid until funds from the next year came in4 ,however1 both overdraft and loan have been taken care of through contributions made during ,november and ,december1 #aicj4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,karl ,w4 ,,greene1 ,treasurer4 ,,harvesting ,,and ,,marketing ,,the ,,native ,,nut ,,crops ,,of ,,the ,,north ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,associate ,pomologist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture ,the native nut crops in the northern portion of the country1 east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 offer a possible source of considerable income1 if gathered while in prime condition and properly prepared for market4 ,thousands of bushels of highly edible nuts annually go to waste in that portion of the country covered by the great ,mississippi ,valley1 the ,appalachian region and the ,middle ,atlantic seaboard4 ,these are chiefly black walnuts1 hickory nuts1 and butternuts1 although it is probable that several hundred tons of beechnuts which annually go ungathered should be included4 ,these last are too small for human consumption in this country1 under the existing relations between human labor and the quality of available food4 ,nevertheless1 there are ways by which they can be put to profitable use4 ,the kernels of black walnuts and butternuts are in great demand4 ,the potential supply of the former is usually abundant but the small number of butternut trees in the country automatically makes the possible supply of nuts of that kind very limited4 ,the kernels of both these1 walnuts and butternuts1 and also of the best northern hickories1 particularly the shagbarks and shellbarks1 are highly palatable and nutritious4 ,in these respects they compare favorably with any other kinds of nuts on the market4 ,these northern species are singularly free from an impregnation of tannin in the pellicles which leaves a bitter after taste so familiar with certain of their chief competitors in the nut market4 ,black walnut kernels in particular appear to be firmly entrenched in the markets of this country4 ,they are in keen demand with many classes of manufacturers4 ,this demand is on the increase with no apparent possibility of foreign competition1 as the eastern black walnut1 ,juglans nigra1 the finest of the ,american blacks1 is grown nowhere outside of the ,united ,states except in certain districts of a narrow adjoining fringe of neighboring ,canada4 ,the present year may be one of the best likely to occur soon in which to harvest and prepare these nuts for the market or home consumption on the farm4 ,the drought has undoubtedly reduced the crop as a whole1 although at this writing the yield appears considerably greater than that of #aibi4 ,at harvest time it will probably be found that many of the nuts are below normal size and that the kernels are imperfectly developed4 ,the quantity of the finished product which it would be possible to place on the market would therefore appear likely to be small4 ,on its face1 with a light crop of poor grade in prospect1 it may be difficult to understand why this should be a propitious year to inaugurate a systematic harvesting and marketing campaign4 ,however1 in explanation of this1 first1 there are no carry-overs from last year4 ,so short was the crop of #aibi that manufacturers found the supply exhausted before the end of last ,january4 ,many sent out urgent appeals hoping to find some source of supply4 ,they offered the inviting price of #fe cents a pound for good grade kernels1 f4 o4 b4 the farmers' shipping point4 ,yet it was all in vain as the kernels were not forthcoming4 ,second1 as a result of the recent extreme drought and the consequent shortage of some of the more staple crops1 there will likely be considerable slack time on many farms4 ,where this is the case and there are nut crops in the field it will likely be found in many cases that they may be gathered and sold to good financial advantage1 assuming that right methods are employed in harvesting and preparing for market4 ,third1 where there are nuts in quantity too limited to justify gathering and preparing for market1 they should still be gathered and as carefully prepared as though for the market and used on the home table4 ,they will be found to be most excellent and pleasing food4 ,to obtain the highest prices for black walnuts or butternuts1 certain fundamentals should be kept in mind4 #a4 ,they should be sold only in the shelled condition4 #b4 ,the kernels must be delivered early4 #c4 ,they should present an attractive appearance4 #d4 ,they should be in thoroughly sanitary condition4 ,the explanation as to why they should be sold in the shelled condition is simple4 ,the weight of shell is too great to justify shipment in that condition4 ,in the shell1 walnuts and butternuts seldom bring more than #a4ej or #b4jj per bushel and the demand is exceedingly limited1 especially after the earliest part of the season4 ,again1 the shells are of no value except for fuel4 ,fuel of this kind by freight or express is exceedingly costly4 ,again1 the nuts must be cracked somewhere and the kernels removed before they can be used1 and farm labor is much cheaper than that of the city4 ,regardless of where the labor is from1 the cost of cracking the nuts and picking out the kernels1 or shelling as the operation is called in the trade1 is charged back to the farmer4 ,the shelling of these nuts is something in which the whole family on the farm can join4 ,delivery should be early as it is then that prices are best4 ,the use of shelled nuts is practically an all-year affair1 yet1 just as soon as the supply begins to bulk up in the hands of the wholesalers1 prices promptly go lower4 ,the condition in which black walnut kernels reach the market is ordinarily very poor4 ,little attention appears to be paid to the matter of sanitation1 and practically no thought is given to their appearance4 ,as a rule1 shipment is made in burlap bags of double thickness4 ,little thought is ever paid to separating the kernels according to shade of color and it is rare that the kernels are properly cured after being removed from the shells4 ,oil and moisture given off by the kernels are taken up by the burlap bags1 and by the time delivery is made to the wholesaler1 the kernels are in no sense attractive and are often unsanitary4 ,fortunately1 the kernels are carefully gone over by employees of the wholesaler by whom all spoiled pieces are removed and1 in the process of manufacture1 the kernels are usually so heated as to dispel any danger from ill effects due to the unsanitary condition4 ,the successive steps essential to harvesting and preparing for market may be grouped as follows3 #a4 ,harvest the nuts as soon as mature4 #b4 ,remove the hulls promptly4 #c4 ,cure the nuts somewhat4 #d4 ,crack the shells and remove the kernels very soon4 #e4 ,in cracking1 the kernels should be separated into five grades--,lights1 darks1 intermediates as to color1 small pieces and crumbs4 #f4 ,before packing for shipment the kernels must be artificially cured until they no longer feel moist to the hand when it is run through the container4 #g4 ,barrels or boxes of wood1 or strawboard lined with water-proof paper1 should be used in packing for shipment4 ,these should not be closed until immediately before shipment4 #h4 ,as soon as received by the buyer the containers should be opened and the kernels spread out in clean bins where they may receive frequent inspection4 ,harvesting ,the nuts should be picked from the ground within three or four days from the time they fall4 ,if possible the limbs should be jarred so as to shake the nuts from the tree4 ,good nuts will usually be found to mature within a very few days and may readily be shaken down4 ,at this time the hulls will be perfectly sound and not objectionable1 in so far as staining the hands is concerned4 ,but if the hulls be broken open the juice which they emit will leave a lasting stain on the hands or garments4 ,but the hulls need not be broken to any great extent4 ,hulling ,the ordinary corn sheller on the farm is undoubtedly the most practicable instrument for removing the hulls1 generally available at this time4 ,if the hulls are still green enough to be firm1 the nuts may be placed in the machine by hand4 ,otherwise1 some arrangement may be worked out by which the nuts may automatically be fed into the machine4 ,after hulling by this method the nuts should be put into a tub or tank of water and thoroughly washed with a broom or stiff brush4 ,when the nuts are hulled promptly and well washed it will be discovered that the natural color of walnuts is light or whitish and not black4 ,the dark color is wholly due to stain from the green hulls4 ,this stain1 by the way1 loses its effectiveness as soon as the hulls turn dark4 ,stains from nut hulls which have lost all trace of green color1 so that the hulls are black1 are readily washed from the hands4 ,after the nuts have come from the sheller they may be handled by shovels or by forks with tines close together4 ,they should then be cured for a few days4 ,for this purpose they should never be placed in piles or deep layers4 ,preferably they should be spread out in trays with bottoms of wire mesh or narrow cleats so as to be open4 ,these should be put where there will be a free circulation of air all about4 ,where trays are not available the nuts may be spread on a barn floor and the doors left open during the day4 ,if the weather is bright they may be spread on boards laid on the ground directly in the sun1 although it is probable that they should be given partial shade during extremely hot days4 ,various methods of hulling other than by the corn sheller are in use4 ,some involve merely stepping on the nuts with a forward movement of the foot1 just as the hulls are softening4 ,this is not particularly satisfactory as the nuts must still be picked out of the mashed hulls by hand4 ,besides leaving a very persistent stain on the hands this method is unsatisfactory for two reasons2 it is not at all rapid and very far from perfect in the degree to which it removes the hulls4 ,other methods involve the use of automobile wheels4 ,sometimes machines are driven over the nuts as they are thinly spread on the ground4 ,again a wheel is jacked up and set in motion in a tub of water in which the nuts have been placed4 ,both methods have their advocates4 ,the writer has had experience with the former only1 yet he can conceive of little to commend either method4 ,still another method is that of pounding off the hulls by hand4 ,of all common methods this has the fewest conceivable advantages4 ,it is slow1 thoroughly inefficient1 and extremely objectionable from the standpoint of the stain4 ,what is perhaps far the most satisfactory method of any yet used for removing the hulls1 from every standpoint except that of expense1 is one evolved by the ,department of ,agriculture in #aibf4 ,it consists merely of running the nuts through large-sized vegetable paring machines4 ,these machines consist of metal containers1 circular in form and having a capacity of approximately #a-a_/b bushels4 ,the inner walls are lined with hard abrasive surfaces4 ,a bushel of nuts is placed inside1 the lid closed1 a stream of water turned into the container1 and the machine set in operation4 ,by means of gears attached to the bottom of the container which is separate from the walls1 plated and perforated1 the bottom spins around several hundred times per minute4 ,the nuts are made to beat violently against the rough walls with the result that1 in from #b-a_/b to #e minutes1 depending upon the firmness of the hulls1 the nuts are ready to be taken out4 ,they are then perfectly hulled1 thoroughly washed and light or whitish in color4 ,with a few days of drying1 the nuts should be ready for cracking4 ,cracking ,as soon as fit for cracking1 and before becoming so dry that the kernels break badly1 the nuts should be shelled4 ,the hammer and a solid block of wood1 or a piece of metal with a shallow cupped depression in which to place the nuts while held for hitting1 is the most common outfit in use4 ,various handpower machines are appearing on the market1 and already designers are at work attempting to devise power machines4 ,the former have been in use for several years4 ,the latter are mostly quite new and untried4 ,about all that can be said regarding such machines is that they are much needed and that it is not improbable that there will soon be several makes of efficient machines in the field4 ,grading the ,kernels ,as soon as the shells have been cracked1 the kernels should be extracted4 ,all large pieces1 including chiefly quarters and whatever halves there are1 should be separated into three shades3 lights1 darks and intermediates1 as previously mentioned4 ,all sound1 small pieces1 regardless of shade1 should be put into a fourth grade and all unsound kernels and particles too small to separate from minute particles of shell1 should be put into a fifth grade and fed to poultry in moderate quantity at one time4 ,unless given artificial heat before packing for shipment1 the kernels are fairly certain to become moldy and even to cake together in a solid mass while in transit4 ,to do this they should be placed in trays or pans and put above or back of a kitchen stove where they will not get hot enough to be injured4 ,the hand should be run through the kernels not infrequently so as to detect any excessive heat and also to determine by experience the proper degree of dryness4 ,after being kept warm and being frequently stirred until the kernels seem properly dry they may be removed and allowed to become cool4 ,they should then be re-examined with the hand so as to determine the apparent dryness4 ,if they feel at all moist1 they should be returned to the drying position and the operation repeated4 ,the writer has had no personal experience in this matter and so cannot give precise directions4 ,however1 the farm wife can probably work out a very satisfactory system in her kitchen4 ,packing and ,shipping ,although previously discussed1 the importance of clean1 sanitary and attractive containers for shipment can scarcely be overstressed4 ,without such precaution no one need hope to work up a permanent business1 for1 regardless of how secure he may feel with the trade he will eventually find his customers turning to others who are willing to go to this trouble4 ,when the time comes for shipping the boxes may be closed up and delivered promptly to the transporting agency4 ,the containers should again be opened as soon as the destination is reached and an examination made as to the moisture condition of the kernels4 ,handling ,other ,nuts ,so far as harvesting and hulling hickory nuts is concerned1 the matter is not at all complicated4 ,good nuts drop with the first sharp frost4 ,those with good kernels inside become automatically separated from the hulls4 ,those which do not easily become separated from the hulls should be discarded as they are rarely of any value and should not become mixed with the good nuts4 ,with a moderate amount of curing these nuts should be ready for market4 ,they usually bring better prices in the shell than do walnuts2 but on the other hand they are in less demand after being shelled4 ,perhaps this is because the trade has not been built up but it is a recognized fact that black walnut kernels are practically in a class by themselves among the nuts of the world1 in the extent to which they retain an agreeable flavor in cooking4 ,hickory nut kernels should be given a much greater place than they now occupy in the cooking and baking for the farm table4 ,a few finely chopped kernels mixed with breads1 cakes1 or cereals will be found highly acceptable to most palates4 ,butternuts are generally too scarce to justify much attention4 ,they could probably be hulled by vegetable paring machines quite as efficiently as are walnuts but1 so far as known to the writer1 this has not been tried4 ,beechnuts make excellent food for poultry and certain kinds of livestock4 ,to convert the crop into cash is largely a matter of using the land under the trees for the right sort of grazing4 ,in ,european countries beechnuts are highly valued as a source of salad oil4 ,mr4 ,bixby of this association is taking steps to procure trees bearing as large sized nuts as possible with a view to subsequent breeding4 ,so far as known to the writer beechnuts in this country are not gathered in quantity4 ,,beechnuts ,by ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,although the association has now been in existence #bj years there has so far been little progress1 we might almost say no progress1 made in getting an improved beechnut4 ,all have agreed that the flavor of the beechnut was excellent1 that it had a shell so thin that it could be opened with a pocket knife1 that it was an oily nut and would keep1 like the thin shelled hickories1 walnuts1 etc41 and not a starchy one1 which would dry out like chestnuts and acorns1 that it would grow and bear well in northern sections where the best nuts we have do not grow well1 but also that it was so small as to practically nullify the above mentioned excellent qualities4 ,if we ever get a beechnut the size of a chestnut we shall have a most needed addition to our nut bearing trees1 but there has been so little hope of finding such that no one has paid much attention to the beech4 ,as a matter of fact not within the last ten years have there been any prizes offered for beechnuts except those provided by the writer at his own expense1 neither have there been at any time during the writer's recollection any varieties suggested excepting one or two by ,omer ,r4 ,abraham1 ,martinsville1 ,ind41 which nobody has growing1 so far as known to the writer4 ,it was thought that there might be a large fruited species of beech growing in some part of the world as is the case with the chestnut1 walnut1 hickory and hazel1 and that it would only be necessary to import it to get what was needed1 or at least to make a good start in getting what was needed4 ,rehder in his wonderfully helpful ,manual of ,cultivated ,trees and ,shrubs gives seven species of beech1 one in ,america1 ,fagus grandiflora1 one in ,europe1 ,f4 sylvatica1 two in ,japan1 ,f4 sieboldii and ,f4 japonica1 two in ,china1 ,f4 longipetiolata and ,f4 engleriana and one in ,asia ,minor1 ,f4 orientalis4 ,these are growing in the ,arnold ,arboretum and leaves1 buds and fruits are to be seen in the herbarium there4 ,a day spent there1 however1 half in the arboretum and half in the herbarium1 convinced the writer that there is at present no large fruited species of beech known to botanists4 ,there is an incompletely known species of ,chinese beech1 ,f4 lucida1 whose fruit is not in the ,arnold ,arboretum4 ,while it is of course possible that there may yet be a large fruited species somewhere in the world1 still the relatively slight differences in the leaf1 bud and fruit of the seven species already known makes this seem improbable and leads us to conclude that the genus ,fagus is the most uniform in the species that make it up of any genus of nut bearing trees4 ,this seemingly reduces us to the necessity of seeking variation in species already known4 ,fagus sylvatica has been by all odds longest in cultivation and many varieties are known4 ,rehder lists #ag principal varieties with many other sub varieties4 ,these have leaves varying in color1 purple1 copper color1 pinkish1 yellow and whitish spotted with green1 beside the usual green1 also in shapes of leaves1 some very narrow almost linear1 some very small and deeply toothed1 others large and roundish up to #c in4 broad and #e in4 long4 ,the varieties vary in bark from the smooth bark typical of the beech to bark like that of the oak4 ,they also vary in habit of growth1 being mostly erect but some pendulous and some dwarf with twisted contorted branches4 ,but no one seems to have ever heard of a large fruited beech4 ,it is inconceivable however1 that a tree can vary in every particular except in the fruit and it is believed that it only requires sufficient searching to find large fruited varieties4 ,there are difficulties1 however1 in the way of finding unusual beeches which do not occur with walnuts1 chestnuts and hickories1 which are trees where the nuts have such merit that they are usually spared even if in the middle of a cultivated field1 while the beech is usually a forest tree4 ,a nut contest brings hundreds and thousands of walnuts and hickories but only very few beechnuts4 ,correspondence with the forestry departments of every state having such departments generally evinced interest in the search for a large fruited beech1 but those replying universally disclaimed any knowledge of such4 ,while it is believed that there are such in ,america1 perhaps as many or more than in ,europe1 and efforts should be made here to find such1 there are many reasons for believing that a search in ,europe will be more immediately productive of results than will the search here4 ,the beech is much more esteemed in ,europe than here and has been extensively planted in forests that for centuries have been operated for constant production of timber4 ,it is believed that the contents of those forests are as a class better known to their keepers1 at least the beeches there are better known than in the forests in the ,united ,states4 ,the number of propagated ornamental varieties noted in the second paragraph gives evidence of this4 ,the history of one or two of these varieties will make this clearer4 ,three beeches with red or copper colored leaves as far back as #afhj were recorded as growing in a wood near ,zurich1 ,switzerland4 ,most of the purple beeches now growing are believed to have been derived from a single tree discovered in the last century in a forest in ,thuringia in ,germany4 ,there may be or may have been many such in ,america but they would not have appeared valuable to the woodmen who probably would be the only ones who would see them and then the leaves would not have been visible in the winter when trees are most frequently cut4 ,that the ,deming purple black walnut is in existence is due solely to the observation and action of ,dr4 ,deming who gathered scions and got them growing before the original tree had been cut for the purpose of getting space for improving a road4 ,that this tree could be seen from the road was how it came to the attention of ,dr4 ,deming4 ,had it been in the midst of a large forest it might have been cut in winter for timber without the cutter knowing it was unusual4 ,that we have such a wealth of varieties of the beech valuable as ornamental trees and none valuable for the large nuts they bear1 certainly suggests that the tree varies in every way except in the size of the nuts it bears1 but this is not believed to be so4 ,the growing of ornamental trees is an old industry4 ,there are hundreds of nurserymen today growing ornamentals and only few in comparison growing nut trees4 ,it is not so many years ago that there were none growing nut trees4 ,a beech with purple leaves appeared valuable #ajj years ago and was disseminated by nurserymen while one with nuts #aj times normal size would probably not have been propagated for there would not have been sale for it4 ,it would have only been known locally as unusual and probably the tree would have been cut for timber when it reached the proper size4 ,the search for a large fruited beech is not going to be easy but it is believed that persistent work will eventually triumph1 much as the #aibi contest brought more shellbark hickories of value to the attention of the association than all previous contests put together4 ,the shellbark is a tree the best varieties of which it is difficult to learn about4 ,unlike the shagbark hickory it is not generally found growing near buildings or in fields or pastures4 ,its natural habitat is the bottom lands of the ,mississippi ,river and its tributaries1 lands that are overflowed part of the year4 ,there will have to be a campaign1 perhaps for several years1 till people begin to look for large fruited beeches2 then will come a harvest of them4 ,the relatively few beeches that have come in to the contests suggests that methods used heretofore should be somewhat modified in beechnut search4 ,probably a campaign of education among foresters might be more productive of results than among farmers1 at least it should supplement it4 ,the search for improved beechnuts evidently has more different kinds of difficulties than the search for any other nut and considerable thought on the matter leads me to suggest that a committee be appointed to study the nut and to seek large fruited specimens especially to look into methods for getting them and report to the association a year hence1 said committee to finance itself4 ,this suggestion is made because it is believed that efforts made in ,europe to find a large fruited beech will be more immediately productive of results than in ,america for the reasons noted above4 ,even if the committee consists of but one man correspondence abroad would be better carried on in the name of a committee of the association than in the name of an individual and it is believed would be more productive of results4 ,,the #aibi ,,contest ,by ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,new ,york ,this has at last been finished4 ,it is a memorable achievement in many ways4 ,it has taken much longer to award the prizes than at any previous contest1 which is a matter of deep regret to me4 ,but1 if we except the shagbark hickories and the beechnuts1 the value of the nuts is so far ahead of those received in any other contest as to make the results of all previous contests commonplace in comparison4 ,the highest award for black walnuts in the #aibf contest was for the ,stambaugh #fc points1 which recalculated using the present constants would be #fb points1 while all the #aj prize winners in the #aibi contest were awarded more points than #fb1 the nut taking the tenth prize being awarded two points more or #fd and the nut taking first prize being awarded #ai points more or #ha1 the difference being largely in generally superior cracking quality of the #aibi nuts4 ,the highest awards for butternuts1 in print and readily referred to1 are in the #aiai report where the butternut taking first prize was awarded #fg points1 which after recalculation with present constants would be #fe points1 and there were nine prizes awarded this year where the score was higher than #fe4 ,the shagbark hickories were disappointing1 none equalling several of the best ones reported in the #aiai contest4 ,this is laid to the general poor quality of the shagbark hickory nuts in #aibi4 ,one observing contestant sent in nuts from the #aibh crop1 as well as nuts of the #aibi crop1 to show us how much better they were normally than were those of the #aibi crop1 and as a matter of fact the #aibh nuts sent in by him tested out several points higher than those of the #aibi crop4 ,on the other hand1 other hickories1 ,carya laciniosa and ,carya ovalis1 which never before were awarded prizes in a nut contest1 this year came up into the winning class and we had some large laciniosas of real merit this year1 a matter which is likely to be of great importance1 as it is noted in considerable detail later on4 ,the chestnuts were few in number1 yet some very good nuts were received1 and as most were from trees which had been growing in sections where the blight has been present for many years1 it is believed that they will be of value in getting a blight resistant chestnut of horticultural merit4 ,this work now is really under way4 ,the beechnuts received were but #d in number and were pretty good although too small to be of horticultural value4 ,considerable is noted later on the likelihood of getting larger beechnuts and a way is suggested to get them4 ,under the headings black walnuts1 hickories1 chestnuts1 butternuts and beechnuts will be found an abstract of the awards of prizes awarded each4 ,it is believed that this will be all that there will be time to present to the convention4 ,the results of each test in detail will be typed out for printing in the report for it is believed these are of permanent value4 ,results of tests on many of the well known nut varieties will also be given4 ,some of these appeared in the #aiai report but owing to the change in the constants necessitated by the discovery of new and better nuts these figures are somewhat out of date4 ,some of these also appeared in the #aibg report but there are serious typographical errors there and it is believed that it will be of value to have results of the tests on nuts of the #aibi contest appear in the #aicj report1 in connection with tests on well known varieties4 ,the prizes to be awarded are as follows3 ,black ,walnuts--#aj ,prizes--,amount #ajj4jj ,hickories--#be ,prizes--,amount #abj4jj ,butternuts--#ab ,prizes--,amount #ajf4jj ,chestnuts--#aa ,prizes--,amount #ajc4jj ,beechnuts--#d ,prizes--,amount #ba4jj ,total #dea4jj ,that there are more than ten prizes1 when there were prizes offered but for ten1 is due to our custom1 when two or more nuts receive the same score and win a prize1 to provide an additional prize of equal amount for each one4 ,there have yet to be awarded prizes for those chestnuts of the #aibi contest which show high resistance after being inoculated with blight spores4 ,this cannot be done for two years at least for scions must be gotten growing and have reached a diameter of #c_/h to #a_/b before this can be properly done4 ,the writer intended1 when the contest reached the stage just now reached to endeavor to get a meeting of those members best qualified to pass on characteristic quality and flavor of kernel of those nuts put down by him as prize winners4 ,this is the only characteristic where personal opinion has not been replaced by the precise methods1 but time did not permit4 ,the delay in completing the #aibi contest has been very unsatisfactory4 ,it has been caused by a combination of circumstances which it is not believed will occur again4 ,instead of a contest limited to one nut1 as the #aibf contest was1 we had here1 as well1 butternuts and hickories in large numbers1 the hickories in particular being more numerous than the black walnuts1 and the nuts came in very late1 all of which largely increased the nuts to be gone over and delayed ,dr4 ,deming in the preliminary examination4 ,the nuts did not reach me till the last of ,april1 a time when spring work outside was pressing4 ,it takes a person of some experience before even the weighing methods in force for measuring quantitatively nut characteristics can be properly done and while some work was done on the contest practically every day from ,april #bdth on1 only about an hour a day could be put on it1 and it went so slowly that after about a month1 ,i set about hiring someone who should devote his or her time to it4 ,it took about six weeks before someone was obtained and properly trained1 which brought us into ,july1 since which time the work went on well but the number of nuts was large and ,i had to personally pass on the final award1 which must be carefully done and necessarily a good deal of time was taken1 far more than anticipated4 ,the experience of this year's contest has shown me how to better handle another if it falls to my lot to do so4 ,i would get ,dr4 ,deming to send in the nuts1 which after the preliminary examination1 he thought worthy of carefully testing1 instead of waiting till the preliminary examination of all received had been completed4 ,this would get them here in the winter when work is light for the man ,i have here1 who is thoroughly trained for making these tests4 ,those rejected at first by ,dr4 ,deming he could go over again later1 as is his custom1 and possibly pick out some good ones which did not show up well when first received4 ,,black ,,walnuts ,the black walnuts sent into the #aibf contest were the best that had been seen up to that time1 yet those received in the #aibi contest are so far ahead of those as to make us wonder if we shall again find a contest where the black walnuts received equal those received in #aibi4 ,most remarkable was the case of ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel of ,pleasantville1 ,iowa1 who sent in black walnuts from four different trees1 each one of which took a prize1 ,no4 #a the first1 ,no4 #b the second1 ,no4 #c the eighth1 and ,no4 #d the tenth1 the first time in the history of the nut contests that anything approaching this record has occurred4 ,this is also the first contest where a nut of any other black walnut species than ,juglans nigra has come anywhere near the prize winners4 ,the score card used in the #aibi contest was the same as that used in the #aibf contest but with the constants recalculated as required because of nuts received in the meantime which made this necessary4 ,the prizes awarded are noted below3 ,name and ,address ,species ,score ,prize ,amount ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,ia41 ,nut4 ,no4 #a nigra #ha #a #ej4jj ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,ia41 ,nut ,no4 #b nigra #gd #b #ae4jj ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,stillman1 ,mackeys1 ,n4 ,c4 nigra #gc #c #aj4jj ,annie ,m4 ,wetzel1 ,new ,berlin1 ,pa4 nigra #gb #d #e4jj ,john ,rohwer1 ,grundy ,center1 ,ia41 ,the ,iowa nigra #ga #e #e4jj ,mrs4 ,irwin ,haag1 ,new ,castle1 ,ind4 nigra #gj #f #c4jj ,dane ,learn1 ,harley ,learn1 ,aylmer1 ,ont41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #f nigra #fi #g #c4jj ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,ia41 ,nut ,no4 #c nigra #fh #h #c4jj ,a4 ,f4 ,weltner1 ,point ,marion1 ,pa41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a nigra #fg #i #c4jj ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,ia41 ,nut ,no4 #d nigra #fd #aj #c4jj #ajj4jj ,there are some #cb other black walnuts worthy of honorable mention which were awarded from #ee points to #fc and which it is believed are worthy of experimental propagation4 ,one of these is from ,a4 ,e4 ,grobe1 ,chico1 ,cal41 species1 hindsii1 total award #fa points1 which is the only ,california black walnut of value sent in to the contests up to this time4 ,nut notable for size were received from3 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,f4 ,frye1 ,carthage1 ,n4 ,c41 ,r4 ,no4 #a1 ,box #bb1 ,wt1 #ch4j;g1 nigra1 score #eg4 ,c4 ,t4 ,baker1 ,grandview1 ,ind41 ,wt4 #ca4h;g1 nigra1 score #eg4 ,a4 ,p4 ,stockman1 ,lecompte1 ,la41 ,wt4 #cf4g;g1 nigra1 score #ef4 ,nuts notable for cracking quality were received from3 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,ia41 ,,cqc #ajj1 ,,cqa #fg4c1 total #ch points1 nigra1 #ha points total4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,a4 ,stillman1 ,mackeys1 ,n4 ,c41 ,,cqc #ajj1 ,,cqa #fe4c1 total #ch points1 nigra1 #ha points total4 ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly1 ,gellatly1 ,b4 ,c41 ,cold ,stream ,no4 #ad1 ,,cqc #ajj1 ,,cqa #dj4j1 total #cc points1 nigra1 #ee points total4 ,annie ,w4 ,wetzel1 ,new ,berlin1 ,pa41 ,,cqc #ajj1 ,,cqa #cg4h1 total #cb points1 nigra1 #gb points total4 ,a4 ,f4 ,weltner1 ,point ,marion1 ,pa41 ,r4 ,f4 ,no4 #a1 ,,cqc #ajj1 ,,cqa #ch4j1 total #cb points1 nigra1 #fg points total4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,sim1 ,rodney1 ,ont41 ,,cqc #ajj1 ,,cqa #ci4c1 total #cb points1 nigra1 #ee points total4 ,nut notable for high percentage of kernel3 ,ferdinand ,huber1 ,cochrane1 ,wis41 #cb4h #ab points1 species nigra1 total award #di points4 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,ia41 ,nut4 ,no4 #a1 #ca4f #aa points1 species nigra1 total award #ha points4 ,attractive color of kernel3 ,while a number were awarded four points out of a possible #e1 none of the black walnuts sent in were especially notable in this respect4 ,,hickories ,this is the first lot of hickories that has come in for a contest conducted by the ,association in a number of years4 ,the last contest1 that of #aibf1 was for black walnuts only4 ,it is true that at the meeting of the judges who passed on the black walnuts entered in the #aibf contest there were a number of fine hickories shown which had been received in the contest conducted by the ,philadelphia ,society for the ,promotion of ,agriculture1 but so far as the writer is aware we have to go back to #aiai to reach the last contest at which prizes were awarded for hickories4 ,the #aibf contest marked a notable change in the method of awarding prizes4 ,as noted at some length under black walnuts1 that score card was made simpler1 by the judges who passed on the nuts received in the #aibf contest1 by awarding points previously given for characteristics that seemed of less importance to others1 so the hickory score card was carefully gone over to see if a similar change could not be made to advantage4 ,as it is believed that hickory nuts will be sold in the shell1 as are pecans1 it was not possible to do this to the same extent as with black walnuts4 ,however1 the characteristic form1 which is difficult if not almost impossible to estimate with any kind of precision1 it was thought for the present at least might be disregarded4 ,husking quality is important but it was impossible to properly award points for this characteristic in a nut contest1 because the nuts are husked before being sent in4 ,the points allowed for excellence in these qualities were added to others1 which gave #aj points to ,cracking ,quality ,absolute instead of #e1 and #be points to ,quality and ,flavor of ,kernel instead of #bj4 ,it has been generally considered that a nut which is awarded #ee points1 even though it took no prize1 was worthy of experimental propagation4 ,there were #dj hickories in the #aibi contest which were awarded #ee points or more4 ,of those actually awarded prizes for a combination of good qualities1 twenty-one in number1 thirteen were thought to be shagbarks1 or it might be more exact to state that we had not sufficient evidence to think them to be otherwise1 although some are suspected not to be pure ,carya ovata1 four were thought to be ,carya ,dunbarii 7,carya ovata x laciniosa71 two were thought to be ,carya ovalis1 and two ,carya laciniosa4 ,in this contest the shagbarks showed up poorly1 #fh being the highest score awarded1 when from the number of entries one would have expected the highest to have been awarded #ga points or over4 ,on the other hand this is the first contest where a prize has been awarded to a shellbark1 ,carya laciniosa4 ,among hickories awarded #ed points or over were five shellbarks1 two of them large ones1 one weighing #bd4c;g1 #bj per lb4 and one weighing #bg4f;g1 #ag per lb4 ,the importance of this will be realized when we consider that1 in the #aibi contest1 out of #ba prize winning nuts four prizes were awarded to nuts believed to be ,carya ,dunbarii 7,carya ovata x laciniosa7 and there were two or three others that may prove to be4 ,while natural hickory hybrids are not particularly rare yet they are far from common4 ,at one time1 while on the levees north of ,burlington1 ,iowa1 the number of pecan x shellbark hybrids seen impressed the writer1 yet a careful count showed these hybrids to be only about #a hybrid in #ajj pure pecans4 ,considerable experience in making or attempting to make hickory hybrids leads the writer to believe that the proportion of hickory hybrids will be much less than this4 ,if1 however1 we assume it to be #a in #ajj and the fact that among this years meritorious nuts hybrids are #d out of #ba or #a out of #e1 we would calculate that the chances of getting meritorious nuts out of hybrids is about #bj times as great as out of pure species4 ,we really have not sufficient data at present to attempt to make such calculations yet the glimpse they give us of the promise of wonderful results from the systematic production of hybrid varieties between selected parents is most alluring4 ,the number of prizes awarded to ,carya ,dunbarii 7,carya ovata x laciniosa7 shows a line of work of particular promise4 ,we have plenty of good shagbarks1 ,carya ovata1 and now that he have really good shellbarks1 ,carya laciniosa1 of large size1 fair cracking quality and good flavor which we never had before1 we have selected material for the production of shagbark x shellbark hybrids1 a class which has produced the ,weiker hickory1 four of the #aibi contest prize hickories and some other hickories of merit which have come to the attention of the writer during the past two or three years4 ,as we have a number of good northern pecans we have also selected material for the production of pecan x shellbark hybrids1 a class which has produced the ,mc,allister pecan4 ,if the #aibi contest does nothing more than to bring to light these fine shellbarks it is worth all it cost4 ,the contest also has shown some mockernuts of large size and better quality than ordinary but still not good enough to be in a class with the shellbarks noted above4 ,the number of years that we have been testing hickories without getting good shellbarks leads us to hope that we will eventually get good mockernuts4 ,the prize winning hickories are noted below3 ,name and ,address ,species ,points ,prize ,amount ,mrs4 ,c4 ,lake1 ,new ,haven1 ,ind4 ovata #fh #a #be4jj ,ferdinand ,huber1 ,cochrane1 ,wis4 ovata #fg #b #ae4jj ,john ,d4 ,bontrager1 ,middlebury1 ,ind4 ovata #fe #c #aj4jj ,john ,roddy1 ,napoleon1 ,ohio ,dunbarii 8 #fd #d #e4jj ,steve ,green1 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ovalis 8 #fc #e #e4jj ,a,mrs4 ,hamill ,goheen1 ,pennsylvania ,furnace1 ,pa4 ,dunbarii 8 #fb #f #c4jj ,menno ,zurcher ,nut ,no4 #a1 ,apple ,creek1 ,ohio ovata #fb #f #c4jj ,edgar ,fluhr1 ,kiel1 ,wis4 ovata #fa #g #c4jj ,a,elmer ,t4 ,sande1 ,story ,city1 ,ia4 ,dunbarii 8 #fa #g #c4jj ,n4 ,e4 ,comings1 ,amherst1 ,mass4 ovata #fj #h #c4jj ,edward ,renggenberg1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ovata #fj #h #c4jj ,c4 ,d4 ,wright1 ,nut ,no4 #a1 ,sumner1 ,mo4 laciniosa #fj #h #c4jj ,mrs4 ,john ,brooks1 ,ottumwa1 ,ia4 ovata #ei #i #c4jj ,arlie ,w4 ,froman1 ,bacon1 ,ind4 ovata #ei #i #c4jj ,a,mrs4 ,c4 ,e4 ,hagen1 ,gutten,berg1 ,clay ,co41 ,ia4 ,dunbarii 8 #ei #i #c4jj ,l4 ,s4 ,huff1 ,white ,pigeon1 ,mich4 ovalis 8 #ei #i #c4jj ,j4 ,k4 ,seaver1 ,harvard1 ,ill4 ovata #ei #i #c4jj ,joseph ,sobelewski1 ,norwich1 ,conn4 ovata #ei #i #c4jj ,caleb ,sprunger1 ,berne1 ,ind4 laciniosa #ei #i #c4jj ,grace ,peschke1 ,ripon1 ,wis4 ovata #eh #aj #c4jj ,john ,muriel ,thomas1 ,henryville1 ,ind4 ovata #eh #aj #c4jj ,a ,means that these varieties were known to the ,association before the #aibi contest4 ,there are nearly as many others which came within two or three points of being prize winners and which it is believed should be propagated experimentally4 ,these will be noted on the complete report4 ,there are also the following which are notable for unusual excellence in one characteristic and which it is believed should be propagated experimentally and are here given honorable mention4 ,george ,s4 ,homan1 ,easton1 ,mo41 laciniosa large1 ,wt4 #bd4c;g1 #ef ,h4 ,m4 #c4jj ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,ia41 ,shellbark1 ,no4 #a1 laciniosa large1 ,wt4 #bg4f;g1 #ed ,h4 ,m4 #c4jj ,w4 ,p4 ,ritchey1 ,marietta1 ,tex41 alba large1 ,wt4 #be4g;g1 #dd ,h4 ,m4 #c4jj ,j4 ,droska1 ,pierce ,city1 ,mo41 alba large1 ,wt4 #bc4g;g1 #ci ,h4 ,m4 #c4jj #abj4jj ,,butternuts ,the last contest where prizes were offered for butternuts was that of #aiai and no nuts of value were entered4 ,the #aibi contest has a number of unusually good ones4 ,the score card for butternuts was revised for this contest on the basis of the one adopted for the black walnut in the #aibf contest and the constants recalculated4 ,the prizes awarded are noted below3 ,l4 ,k4 ,irvine1 ,menominee1 ,wis4 cinerea #hc #a #ej4jj ,h4 ,j4 ,thill1 ,bloomer1 ,wis41 ,box #aji cinerea #gh #b #ae4jj ,c4 ,f4 ,hostetter1 ,bird-,in-,hand1 ,pa4 cinerea #ge #c #aj4jj ,john ,f4 ,kenworthy1 ,rockton1 ,wis4 cinerea #gd #d #e4jj ,f4 ,e4 ,devan1 ,rock ,creek1 ,ohio cinerea #gc #e #e4jj ,e4 ,j4 ,lingle1 ,pittsfield1 ,pa4 cinerea #gj #f #c4jj ,john ,hergert1 ,st4 ,peter1 ,minn41 ,nut ,no4 #a cinerea #fi #g #c4jj ,evert ,e4 ,van ,der ,poppen1 ,hamilton1 ,mich4 cinerea #ff #h #c4jj ,mrs4 ,a4 ,b4 ,simonson1 ,mondove1 ,wis4 cinerea #ff #h #c4jj ,mrs4 ,e4 ,sherman1 ,montague ,city1 ,mass4 cinerea #fd #i #c4jj ,w4 ,a4 ,creitz1 ,cambridge ,city1 ,ind4 ,bixbyi 8 #fd #i #c4jj ,mrs4 ,abbie ,c4 ,bliss1 ,bradford1 ,vt4 ,nut ,no4 #a cinerea #fa #aj #c4jj ,at first it might be thought that but one species of nuts would be sent in as butternuts1 and this was true up to #ae or #bj years ago4 ,the chance hybrids of the ,japan walnut and the butternut1 named ,juglans ,bixbyi by ,prof4 ,c4 ,s4 ,sargent of the ,arnold ,arboretum1 resemble the butternut so much that as time grows on it is increasingly probable that these will be sent in as butternuts4 ,one came in to the #aiai contest and it is thought that the ,creitz of this contest may possibly be such4 ,,chestnuts ,the chestnuts received were relatively few in number but most of them were from sections where the blight had been present many years4 ,those that were from sections where this condition did not prevail were not allowed to enter4 ,there were a few ,american chestnuts1 some very good ones1 from sections where the blight had not destroyed the native chestnut but these were not entered4 ,as it happened all entered were of ,japanese or ,chinese species1 which was somewhat of a disappointment to those who hope that a blight resistant ,american chestnut will yet be found4 ,it certainly looks so far as if varieties of chestnuts for the blight area1 of horticultural value1 would be ,japanese1 ,castanea crenata1 or ,chinese1 ,castanea mollissima4 ,the chestnuts were judged early and scions sent for in order to get a start on the second part of the chestnut problem1 that of testing the resistance of these seemingly resistant varieties to the chestnut blight4 ,the scions received were disappointing in quality and disappointing in the extent to which they were gotten started this year4 ,the writer set scions on ,chinese 7mollissima7 stock1 ,mr4 ,hershey set them on ,american 7dentata7 stock and the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture set them on ,japanese 7crenata7 stock1 but owing to the poor scions only part of them are growing4 ,the writer got eight varieties out of twelve to start but it is questionable how they will do1 for mollissima stock is thought to be good only for mollissima varieties and the varieties were all crenata1 and so1 while a start has been made on the problem of getting blight resistant chestnuts of horticultural value it is only a start and much work remains to be done4 ,the prizes awarded were as follows3 ,name and ,address ,species ,points ,prize ,amount ,frank ,b4 ,austin1 ,milford1 ,del4 crenata #gj #a #ej4jj ,c4 ,warren ,swayne1 ,west ,grove1 ,pa4 crenata #ff #b #ae4jj ,charles ,v4 ,stein1 ,manheim1 ,pa41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,nut ,no4 #a crenata #fa #c #aj4jj ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,mollissima #fa ,a ----- ,charles ,v4 ,stein1 ,manheim1 ,pa41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a1 ,nut ,no4 #b crenata #ei #d #e4jj ,helen ,w4 ,smith1 ,linden ,lodge1 ,stamford1 ,conn4 crenata #ed #e #e4jj ,may ,cline1 ,route #b1 ,belvidere ,rd41 ,phillipsburg1 ,n4 ,j41 ,nut ,no4 #b crenata #ec #f #c4jj ,may ,cline1 ,route #b1 ,belvidere ,rd41 ,phillipsburg1 ,n4 ,j41 ,nut ,no4 #a crenata #ea #g #c4jj ,howard ,a4 ,folk1 ,brielle1 ,n4 ,j4 crenata #ea #g #c4jj ,w4 ,russell ,parker1 ,box ,no4 #b1 ,little ,silver1 ,n4 ,j4 crenata #dg #h #c4jj ,ralph ,p4 ,atkinson1 ,setauket1 ,n4 ,y4 crenata #df #i #c4jj ,victor ,page1 ,elmsford1 ,n4 ,y4 crenata #da #aj #c4jj ,frank ,atler1 ,edison1 ,pa4 crenata #dj #aa #c4jj ,a ,not entered in contest4 ,,beechnuts ,never before1 so far as the writer is aware1 has there been a score card proposed for beechnuts1 but the need of one is apparent and the following is suggested till a better one is found4 ,it is not doubted that one will appear1 for our present score cards for hickories1 walnuts1 etc41 are the result of changes made as nuts received in the contests have shown such to be advisable1 and work on the beechnut is #aj years or so behind that on other nuts4 ,size is the most important characteristic in the beechnut1 for all are thin shelled and practically all are well flavored4 ,if we had a beechnut the size of a chestnut we should have a most valuable addition to our nuts4 ,the points awarded for size have therefore been on the basis that eventually we would get a beechnut the size of a chestnut1 although we are very far from that now4 ,forty points are allowed for size and it is figured that eventually we will get a beechnut #d grams in weight which is the weight of a medium size chestnut4 ,the constants used in figuring the number to be awarded for other characteristics require little comment for they are figured on the basis of existing nuts as constants have hitherto been calculated4 ,the suggested score card is as follows3 ,weight #dj points ,color of shell #e points ,percent of kernel #ae points ,ease of removing pellicle #ae points ,quality and flavor of kernel #be points ,total #ajj points ,the details and methods used in judging beechnuts this year1 also the calculations of the constants and the details of the awards1 will be typed for the report4 ,the prizes awarded were as follows3 ,mrs4 ,john ,m4 ,pepaw1 ,johnson1 ,vt4 grandiflora #dj #a #aj4jj ,mrs4 ,george ,marshey1 ,johnson ,vt4 grandiflora #ci #b #e4jj ,james ,radle1 ,harbor ,springs1 ,mich4 grandiflora #ch #c #c4jj ,anthony ,andreson1 ,burke1 ,n4 ,y4 grandiflora #ce #d #c4jj ,fagus sylvatica sylvatica #dd ,a ----- ,fagus sylvatica purpurea sylvatica #da ,a ----- #ba4jj ,a ,not entered in the contest ,it is not believed that nuts of ,fagus sylvatica 7,european beech7 will test out better1 generally1 than nuts of ,fagus grandiflora 7,american beech7 but the beechnuts were not tested till late1 and the ,european beechnuts had been kept in a refrigerator1 while the ,american beechnuts had not1 which very likely may have been the cause for better retaining both the flavor and pellicle-removing quality1 which made these nuts receive more points for these characteristics and so be awarded more points than the first four4 ,the meager results in getting beechnuts large enough to be of horticultural value in this contest1 as well as in previous contests1 and the failures of considerable effort on the part of the writer independently to locate large beechnuts1 have caused him to put much thought on the matter and to have come to the conclusion that the search should be conducted in ,europe as well as here1 for the following reasons3 ,the beech in ,europe is much more esteemed as a valuable tree than here1 largely because of its value for fuel4 ,it has for many years1 if not for centuries1 been a tree that has been largely planted in those forests1 state and private1 which have been managed on the basis of sustained production1 and it is not doubted that the men in charge are more familiar with the beech trees in the forests under their jurisdiction than is the case in ,america4 ,the ,european beech has shown the most amazing variation in color1 size and shape of leaves1 color of bark1 and habits of growth1 which have been perpetuated by grafting as ornamental varieties1 and it seems likely that there are equal variations in the nuts which only remain to be discovered4 ,in short1 while there may be no more large fruited beeches in ,europe than here1 it is believed that the chances of finding them are better4 ,,attendance ,,record ,james ,a4 ,neilson1 ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan4 ,c4 ,f4 ,walker1 ,cleveland ,heights1 ,ohio4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,john ,w4 ,hershey1 ,downingtown1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,g4 ,a4 ,zimmerman1 ,harrisburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,m4 ,a4 ,yant1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,newton ,h4 ,russell1 ,hadley ,center1 ,massachusetts4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,e4 ,w4 ,freel1 ,pleasantville1 ,iowa4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,w4 ,l4 ,crissman1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c4 ,w4 ,bingham1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,f4 ,o4 ,harrington1 ,williamsburg1 ,iowa4 ,frank ,h4 ,frey1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,r4 ,s4 ,herrick1 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa4 ,arthur ,huston1 ,cropsey1 ,illinois4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,j4 ,k4 ,hershey1 ,ronk1 ,pennsylvania4 ,hugh ,e4 ,williams1 ,ladora1 ,iowa4 ,c4 ,w4 ,bricker1 ,ladora1 ,iowa4 ,millard ,harrington1 ,williamsburg1 ,iowa4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pennsylvania4 ,daniel ,boyce1 ,winterset1 ,iowa4 ,t4 ,j4 ,maney1 ,ames1 ,iowa4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson1 ,rockport1 ,indiana4 ,snyder ,brothers1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,meyers1 ,moline1 ,illinois4 ,rev4 ,l4 ,d4 ,stubbs1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,vance ,mc,cray1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,ray ,anderson1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,a4 ,b4 ,anthony1 ,sterling1 ,illinois4 ,george ,f4 ,stoltenberg1 ,moline1 ,illinois4 ,john ,h4 ,witte1 ,murlington1 ,iowa4 ,w4 ,l4 ,van ,meter1 ,adel1 ,iowa4 ,miss ,elva ,becker1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake1 ,fayetteville1 ,arkansas4 ,prof4 ,a4 ,s4 ,colby1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana1 ,illinois4