file which includes the original illustrations and in which the index is linked to the corresponding pages4 ,see #aiihe-;h4htm or #aiihe-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ i_/i_/h_/aiihe_/aiihe-;h_/#aiihe-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ i_/i_/h_/aiihe_/aiihe-;h4zip7 ,transcriber's note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected1 and the original spelling has been retained4 ,page numbers have been included to allow the reader to use the index4 ,page numbers of pages previously only containing illustration 7and now empty7 are not shown4 ,illustrations placed in the middle of paragraphes have been moved1 thus1 their page numbers have changed4 ,the illustration index has been corrected to match the new position of the illustrations4 ,in chemical formulas a subscripted number is shown by an underscore followed by the number within curly brackets4 ,thus the formula for water is given as ,h#b,o4 ,text enclosed by pound signs 77 was in bold face4 ,additional notes are at the end of the text4 ,,the ,,dyeing ,,of ,,woollen ,,fabrics by ,,franklin ,,beech ,practical ,colourist and ,chemist2 ,author of ,the ,dyeing of ,cotton ,fabrics1 ,etc1 ,with ,thirty-,three ,illustrations ,london ,scott1 ,greenwood ,son #h ,broadway1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,canada3 ,the ,copp ,clark ,co41 ,ltd41 ,toronto ,united ,states3 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand ,co41 ,new ,york #aijb ,all rights remain with ,scott1 ,greenwood ,son4 ,,preface4 7p4 iii7 ,in this little book the author has endeavoured to supply the dyer of woollen fabrics with a conveniently arranged handbook dealing with the various branches of the wool dyeing industry1 and trusts that it will be found to meet the want which undoubtedly exists for such a book4 ,the text on which the book is based is expressed in the title ,the ,dyeing of ,woollen ,fabrics1 and in enlarging upon it the author has endeavoured to describe clearly and in some detail the various processes and operations generally1 pointing out the principles involved and illustrating these by numerous recipes1 showing the applications of a great variety of dyes in the production of the one thousand and one tints and shades the wool dyer is called upon to produce on the fabrics with which he is working4 ,in pursuance of this plan nothing is said of the composition and properties of the various dyes1 mordants1 chemicals1 etc41 which are used4 ,this is information every wool dyer should possess1 but the author believes it is better dealt with in books devoted to ,chemistry proper4 ,may1 #aijb4 ,,contents4 7p4 v7 ,,chapter ,i4 ,page ,,the ,,wool ,,fibre-- ,structure1 ,composition and ,properties4444444444444444444444 #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,processes ,,preparatory ,,to ,,dyeing-- ,scouring and ,bleaching of ,wool4444444444444444444444444444 #ae ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,dyeing ,,machinery ,,and ,,dyeing ,,manipulations-- ,loose ,wool ,dyeing1 ,yarn ,dyeing and ,piece ,dyeing ,machinery444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444 #dj ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,wool ,,dyeing-- ,properties of ,wool -- ,methods of ,wool ,dyeing -- ,groups of ,dyes --,dyeing with the ,direct ,dyes -- ,dyeing with ,basic ,dyes -- ,dyeing with ,acid ,dyes -- ,dyeing with ,mordant ,dyes -- ,level ,dyeing -- ,blacks on ,wool -- ,reds on ,wool -- ,mordanting of ,wool -- ,orange ,shades on ,wool -- ,yellow ,shades on ,wool -- ,green ,shades on ,wool -- ,blue ,shades on ,wool -- ,violet ,shades on ,wool -- ,brown ,shades on ,wool -- ,mode ,colours on ,wool44444444444444444444 #ei ,,chapter ,v4 ,,dyeing ,,union 7,,mixed ,,cotton ,,and ,,wool7 ,,fabrics444444444444444 #afh ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,dyeing ,,of ,,gloria44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 #ahh ,,chapter ,,vii4 7p4 vi7 ,,operations ,,following ,,dyeing-- ,washing--,soaping--,drying4444444444444 44444444444444444444 #aig ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,experimental ,,dyeing ,,and ,,comparative ,,dye ,,testing444444444444 #baa ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,testing ,,of ,,the ,,colour ,,of ,,dyed ,,fabrics4444444444444444444444 #bah ,,index444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444 #bbe ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 7p4 vii7 ,fig4 ,page #a4 ,microscopical ,sketch of ,wool ,fibre44444444444444444444444 #b #b4 ,kempy ,wool ,fibres444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 #c #c4 ,sectional ,view of ,wool ,fibre44444444444444444444444444444 #d #d4 ,wool ,fibres ,showing ,action of ,alkalies444444444444444444 #aj #e4 ,wool ,fibres ,showing ,action of ,acids444444444444444444444 #aa #f4 ,wool ,washing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #bj #g4 ,wool ,cloth ,washing ,machine444444444444444444444444444444 #bh #h4 ,woollen ,cloth ,washing ,machine444444444444444444444444444 #bi #i4 ,sulphur ,bleach ,house4444444444444444444444444444444444 44 #bi #aj4 ,dyeing ,tubs and ,vat444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 #da #aa4 ,section of ,dye ,vat444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 #db #ab4 ,delahunty's ,dyeing ,machine444444444444444444444444444444 #dd #ac4 ,obermaier ,dyeing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 #dd #ad4 ,holliday's ,yarn ,dyeing ,machine44444444444444444444444444 #dg #ae4 ,klauder-,weldon ,yarn ,dyeing ,machine4444444444444444444444 #dg #af4 ,dyeing ,jiggers for ,cloth44444444444444444444444444444444 #ea #ag4 ,dyeing ,jiggers for ,cloth44444444444444444444444444444444 #ec #ah4 ,jig ,winch ,dyeing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 #ec #ai4 ,cloth ,dyeing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #ed #bj4 ,plush ,fabric ,dyeing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444 #ee #ba4 ,dye ,beck for ,cloth4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #ef #bb4 ,hawking ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 #eg #bc4 ,indigo ,dye ,vat for ,cloth4444444444444444444444444444444 #adi #bd4 ,squeezing ,rollers44444444444444444444444444444444 444444 #aii #be4 ,yarn ,washing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 444 #bja #bf4 ,cloth ,washing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 44 #bjb 7p4 viii7 #bg4 ,cloth ,washing ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 44 #bjd #bh4 ,soaping and ,washing ,machine4444444444444444444444444444 #bje #bi4 ,hydro-extractor444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 #bjf #cj4 ,hydro-extractor444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444 #bjg #ca4 ,yarn ,drying ,apparatus444444444444444444444444444444 4444 #bjh #cb4 ,cloth ,drying ,machine44444444444444444444444444444444 444 #bjh #cc4 ,experimental ,dye ,apparatus44444444444444444444444444444 #bab ,,chapter ,i4 7p4 #jja7 ,,the ,,wool ,,fibre4 ,wool is one of the most important textile fibres used in the manufacture of woven fabrics of all kinds4 ,it belongs to the group of animal fibres of which three kinds are met with in nature1 and used in the manufacture of textile fibres2 two of these are derived from quadruped animals1 such as the sheep1 goat1 etc41 while the third class comprises the products of certain insects1 e4g41 silk4 ,the skin of all animals is covered with more or less of a fibrous coat1 which serves as a sort of protecting coat from the weather to the skin underneath4 ,two different kinds of fibres are found on animals2 one is a stiff kind of fibre varying in length very much and called hairy fibres1 these sometimes grow to a great length4 ,the other class of animal fibres are the woolly fibres1 short1 elastic and soft2 they are the most esteemed for the manufacture of textile fabrics1 it is only when the hairy fibres are long that they are serviceable for this particular purpose4 ,there is a slight difference in the structure of the two kinds of fibre1 woolly fibres having a more scaly structure than hairy fibres2 the latter also differ in being more cylindrical in form4 ,wool4--,by far the most important of the animal fibres is wool1 the fibre of the domestic sheep4 ,other animals1 the llama or alpaca1 the ,angora and ,cashmere goats also yield fibres of a similar character1 which are imported under the name of wools4 ,there are many 7p4 #jjb7 varieties of wools ,which are yielded by the various breeds of sheep1 but they may be roughly divided into two kinds1 according to the length of staple1 as it is called4 ,in the long-stapled wools the fibres average from #g-a_/b to #i-a_/b inches in length1 while the short-stapled wools vary from #a to #b inches long4 ,the diameter varies very considerably from #j4jjjcc to #j4jjah of an inch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,wool ,fibre under the ,microscope4 ,two varieties of thread are spun from wool1 one is known as worsted1 the other as woollen yarns2 from these yarns two kinds of cloths are woven1 distinguished as worsted and woollen cloths2 the former are in general not subjected to any milling or felting process1 while the latter invariably are4 ,physical ,properties4--,when seen under the microscope the wool fibres show a rod-like structure covered with broad scales1 the edges of which project from the body of the fibre1 and all point in one direction4 ,fig4 #a shows typical wool fibres as viewed under the microscope2 the sketch shows very well the scales4 ,the shape of the scales varies in different breeds of wool4 ,the 7p4 #jjc7 outer scales enclose inner medullary cells1 which often contain pigment matter4 ,a transversed section of the wool fibre shows the presence of a large number of cells4 ,sometimes wool fibres are occasionally met with which have a peculiar white horny appearance2 these do not felt or dye well4 ,they are known as kempy fibres4 ,see figure #b4 ,the microscope shows that they are largely devoid of structure1 and are formed of very horny1 impenetrable tissue1 which is difficult to treat in the milling or dyeing process4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,kempy ,wool ,fibres4 ,the curly or twisted character of the fibre is caused by the unequal contraction of the outer scales1 and depends in a great measure upon the hygroscopic nature of the wool4 ,it may be entirely removed for the time by wetting the wool in hot water1 then drying it in a stretched condition1 or the curl may be artificially induced by unequal drying1 a fact which is turned to practical account in the curling of feathers and of hair4 ,the amount of curl in different varieties of wool is very variable1 being as a rule greatest in the finer qualities1 and diminishing as the fibre becomes coarser4 ,the diameter of the wool fibre varies 7p4 #jjd7 from #a_/bjjj to #a_/ejjj of an inch1 and the number of curls from about #cj per cent4 ,in fine wool as little as #a or #b per cent4 in the thicker fibres4 ,elasticity and strength are properties which1 in common with silk1 wool possesses in a greater degree than the vegetable fibres4 ,when submitted to strain the wool fibre exhibits a remarkable strength1 and when the breaking point is reached the fracture always takes place at the juncture of two rings of the outer scales1 the embedded edges of the lower layer being pulled out of their seat4 ,the scales themselves are never broken4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,wool ,fibre showing ,medullary ,centre4 ,when first formed the cells are more or less of a spherical shape1 and contain a nucleus surrounded by the ultimate photoplasmic substance4 ,those cells which constitute the core or central portion of the fibre retain to some extent this original globular form and pulpy condition4 ,surrounding this central portion or medulla1 as it has been called 7see fig4 #c71 and forming the main bulk of the fibre1 there is a comparatively thick layer of partially flattened cells1 which are also elongated in the direction of the length of the fibre1 and outside this again there is a thinner stratum which may be compared to the bark of a tree4 ,this outer covering differs materially from the 7p4 #jje7 rest of the fibre in its physical structure1 but is1 probably1 nearly identical with it1 though possibly not entirely so1 in chemical composition4 ,it consists of a series of flattened horny scales1 each being probably an aggregation of many cells4 ,the scales1 which have been compared to the scales of a fish or to slates on a housetop1 overlap each other1 the free edges protruding more or less from the fibre1 while the lower or covered edges are embedded and held in the inner layer of cells4 ,the free edges always point away from the root of the fibre1 just as do the bracts of a fir cone4 ,when viewing a section of a wool fibre there is1 of course1 no sharp line of division between the three portions above described1 but the change from the central spherical cells to the elongated cellular portion1 and from these again to the flattened horny scales1 is quite gradual1 so that the separation into zones1 though well marked1 is very indefinite in respect of boundaries4 ,the scaly structure of wool is of great importance in regard to what is known as felting property4 ,when woollen fabrics are worked in boiling water1 especially in the presence of soap1 they shrink in length and breadth1 but become thicker in substance1 while there is a greater amalgamation of the fibres of the fabric together to form a more compact and dense cloth2 this is due to the scaly structure of the wool fibres enabling them to become entangled and closely united together4 ,in the manufacture of felt hats this is a property of very great value4 ,variations in ,physical ,structure4--,wool fibres vary somewhat amongst themselves2 fibres from different breeds of sheep1 or even from different parts of the same animal1 vary greatly1 not only in thickness1 length1 etc41 but also in actual structure4 ,a typical wool fibre1 such as may be obtained a good merino or ,southdown fleece1 will possess the typical structure described above1 but frequently the type is departed from to such an extent that the central core of 7p4 #jjf7 globular cells is entirely absent4 ,also the serrated character of the outermost layer of cells reaches a much higher state of development in some samples of wool than in others4 ,wool is a much more hygroscopic fibre than cotton or any of the other vegetable fibres1 usually it contains about #ah per cent4 of water1 but much depends upon the atmospheric conditions that prevail4 ,this water is contained in the wool in two forms3 7#a7 as water of hydration amounting to about #ha per cent41 and 7#b7 as hygroscopic water4 ,experiments have shown that when a piece of dried wool is exposed to an atmosphere saturated with water vapour it will absorb #ej per cent4 of its weight2 cotton under the same conditions will take up #bc per cent42 flax1 #bge per cent42 jute1 #bhe per cent41 and silk1 #cfe per cent4 ,heated to about #ajj;,c4 it parts with nearly the whole of its water and becomes hard1 horny and brittle1 exposed to the air1 the dry wool again absorbs water and is restored to its former condition4 ,when heated to #ajj;,c4 wool becomes somewhat plastic1 so that whatever form is then imparted to it it will retain when it becomes cold1 this property is very useful in certain processes of finishing wool fabrics1 making hats1 etc4 ,chemical ,composition4--,in the natural or raw state each wool fibre is surrounded by a considerable amount of foreign matter1 so that in treating of its chemical constitution it is necessary to distinguish between pure wool and the raw fibre4 ,the incrusting substance is technically known as ,yolk1 or ,suint1 and is principally composed of a kind of natural soap1 consisting of the potash salts of certain fatty acids1 together with some fats which are incapable of saponification4 ,the amount of yolk present upon different samples of wool varies greatly1 the finer varieties containing1 as a rule1 a larger proportion than the coarser1 and less valuable sorts4 ,the variation in the relative amount of pure fibres and yolk is 7p4 #jjg7 well shown in the following analyses which1 however1 do not by any means represent extreme cases4 ,,analyses ,,of ,,raw ,,merino ,,wool4 ,,dried ,,at #ajj;,c4 ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,moisture #fbf #ajd ,yolk #dgcj #bgj ,pure ,wool #cjca #eie ,dirt #aaac #ca ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,yolk consists very largely of two complex substances which have been termed wool perspiration and wool fat4 ,the former is composed of the potash salts of fatty acids1 principally oleic and stearic acids2 the latter of the neutral carbohydrate1 cholesterine1 with other similar bodies4 ,the wool perspiration may be removed by a simple washing with water1 and on the ,continent forms a valuable source of potash salts1 since the ash after ignition contains #gj to #ij per cent4 of potassium carbonate4 ,the wool fat is insoluble in water1 but dissolves readily in ether1 benzene1 carbon disulphide1 etc4 ,it is also removed from the wool by a treatment with alkali1 and it is not easy to explain the action in the case1 since the wool fat is not a glyceride1 and will not form a soap1 but is probably emulsified by the wool perspiration4 ,chemical ,composition of the ,pure ,fibre4--,the following analyses of purified and dried wool fibre indicate its percentage composition3-- ,mulder4 ,bowman4 ,carbon #eje per cent4 #ejh per cent4 ,hydrogen #fh #gb ,nitrogen #afh #ahe ,oxygen #bje #bab ,sulphur #ed #bc ----- ----- #ajjj #ajjj ,it is sometimes stated that wool fibre consists of a definite 7p4 #jjh7 substance1 keratine1 but this view cannot now be admitted1 since wool appears to be composed of a mixture or combination of several very complex substances4 ,it is possible and even probable that the outer epidermal scales have a somewhat different composition to the bulk of the fibre1 but whether that is the case or not is not known with any degree of certainty1 this much can be asserted1 that wool is not a simple definite chemical compound4 ,sulphur is by far the most variable constituent of wool1 sometimes as little as #ae and occasionally as much as #e per cent4 being found4 ,it appears to be always present in two different forms1 one portion being in very feeble combination and easily removed by alkalies1 the remainder1 which1 according to ,knecht1 amounts to about #cj per cent4 of the total sulphur1 cannot be removed without complete disintegration of the fibre4 ,this latter portion does not give a black coloration with plumbite of soda4 ,the amount of ash left on incinerating dry wool varies from #a to #b per cent41 and some have considered this inorganic matter as an essential constituent4 ,it consists principally of salts of potassium1 calcium and aluminum1 with1 of course1 sulphur4 ,the chemical composition of the wool fibre is evidently of a most complicated nature2 judging from its behaviour in dyeing it is evident that it may contain two bodies1 one of a basic character which enables it to combine with the azo and acid series of dyes1 the other possessing acid characters enabling it to combine with the basic dyes of the magenta and auramine type4 ,dr4 ,knecht has isolated from the wool fibre by extraction with alkalies and precipitation with acids a substance to which the name of lanuginic acid has been given4 ,it is soluble in hot water1 precipitates both acid and basic colouring matters in the form of coloured lakes4 ,it yields precipitates with alum1 stannous 7p4 #jji7 chloride1 chrome alum1 silver nitrate1 iron salts1 copper sulphate4 ,it appears to be an albuminoid body4 ,from its behaviour with the dyes1 and with tannic acid and metallic salts1 it would appear that lanuginic acid contains both acidic and basic groups4 ,it contains all the elements1 carbon1 hydrogen1 oxygen1 nitrogen and sulphur1 found in wool4 ,if wool is dyed in a dilute solution of ,magenta 7hydrochloride of rosaniline71 the whole of the base 7rosaniline7 is taken up1 and the whole of the acid 7,h,cl7 left in the bath1 not1 however1 in the free state1 but probably as ,,nh#d;,cl1 the ammonia being derived from the wool itself4 ,a further proof of the acid nature of lanuginic acid is that wool may be dyed a fine magenta colour in a colourless solution of rosaniline base2 for since rosaniline base is colourless1 and it only forms a colour when combined with acids1 the fibre has evidently acted the part of an acid in the combination4 ,chemical ,properties4 ,action of ,alkalies4--,alkalies have a powerful action on wool1 varying1 of course1 with the nature of the alkali1 strength of solution and temperature at which the action takes place4 ,an ammoniacal solution of copper hydroxide 7,schweizer's reagent71 has comparatively little action in the cold1 but when hot it dissolves wool fairly readily4 ,the caustic alkalies2 sodium hydroxide1 ,na,o,h1 or potassium hydroxide ,,koh1 have a most deleterious action on wool4 ,even when very dilute and used in the cold they act destructively1 and leave the fibre with a harsh feel and very tender1 they cannot therefore be used for scouring or cleansing wool4 ,hot solutions1 even if weak1 have a solvent action on the wool fibre1 producing a liquid of a soapy character from which the wool is precipitated out on adding acids4 ,this action of alkalies has an important bearing on the scouring of wool1 for if this operation be not carried out with due care there 7p4 #jaj7 is in consequence great liability to impair the lustre and strength of this fibre4 ,from microscopical examination this effect of alkalies is seen to be due to the fact that they tend to disintegrate the fibre1 loosen and open the scales1 this is shown by contrasting the two fibres ,a and ,b shown in figure #d1 ,a being a normal wool fibre1 ,b one strongly treated with an alkali4 ,the alkaline carbonates have but little action on wool1 none if used dilute and at temperatures below #abj;,f4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,showing the ,effects of ,scouring ,agents on the ,wool ,fibre4 ,a4 ,unscoured ,fibre4 ,b4 ,badly ,scoured ,fibre4 ,soap has practically no action on wool1 and is therefore an excellent scouring material for wool4 ,the carbonate of ammonia is the best and has the least action of the alkaline carbonates1 those of potash and soda if used too strong or too hot have a tendency to turn the wool yellow1 the carbonate of potash leaves the wool softer and more lustrous than the carbonate of soda4 ,the influence of scouring agents on wool will be discussed in the chapter on cleansing wool fabrics in more detail4 ,caustic or quick-lime has a similar injurious action on the wool fibre as the caustic alkalies4 ,action of ,acids4--,acids when dilute have but little influence on 7p4 #jaa7 the wool fibre1 their tendency is to cause a separation of the scales 7see fig4 #e7 of the wool and so make it feel harsher4 ,strong acids have a disintegrating action on the wool fibre4 ,there is a very considerable difference between the action of acids on wool and on cotton1 and this difference of action is taken advantage of in the woollen industry to separate cotton from wool by the process commonly known as carbonising1 which consists in treating the fabric with a weak solution of hydrochloric acid or some other acid1 then drying it2 the cotton is disintegrated and falls away in the form of a powder1 while the wool is not affected1 sulphuric acid is used very largely in dyeing wool with the acid- and azo-colouring matters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4--,wool ,fibre ,heated with ,acid4 ,nitric acid affects wool in a very similar manner to the acids named above when used in a dilute form2 if strong it gives a deep yellow colour and acts somewhat destructively on the fibre4 ,sulphurous acid 7sulphur dioxide7 has no effect on the actual fibre1 but exercises a bleaching action on the yellow colouring matter which the wool contains1 it is therefore largely used for bleaching 7p4 #jab7 wool1 being applied either in the form of gas or in solution in water2 the method will be found described in another chapter4 ,wool absorbs sulphur dioxide in large amount1 and if present is liable to retard any subsequent dyeing processes4 ,action of ,other ,substances4--,chlorine and the hypochlorites have an energetic action on wool1 and although they exert a bleaching action they cannot well be used for bleaching wool4 ,hot solutions bring about a slight oxidation of the fibre1 which causes it to have a greater affinity for colouring matters2 advantage is taken of this fact in the printing of delaines and woollen fabrics1 while the woollen dyer would occasionally find the treatment of service4 ,a paper by ,mr4 ,e4 ,lodge1 in the ,journal of the ,society of ,dyers and ,colourists1 #ahib 7p4 #da71 may be consulted with advantage on this subject4 ,wool treated with chlorine loses its felting property1 and hence becomes unshrinkable1 a fact of which advantage is taken in preparing unshrinkable woollen fabrics4 ,when wool is boiled with solutions of metallic salts1 such as the sulphate of iron1 chrome1 aluminium and copper1 the chlorides of tin1 copper and iron1 the acetates of the same metals1 as well as with some other salts1 decomposition of the salt occurs and a deposit of the metallic oxide on the wool is obtained with the production of an acid salt which remains in solution4 ,in some cases this action is favourably influenced by the presence of some organic acid or organic salt1 as1 for examples1 oxalic acid and cream of tartar 7potassium tartrate71 along with the metallic salt4 ,on this fact depends the process of mordanting wool with potassium bichromate1 alum1 alumina sulphate1 ferrous sulphate1 copper sulphate1 etc4 ,the exact nature of the action which occurs is not properly understood1 but there is reason for thinking that the wool fibre has the capacity of assimilating both the acid and the basic constituents of the salt employed4 ,excessive treatment with many metallic salts tends to make the 7p4 #jac7 wool harsh to the feel1 partly owing to the scales being opened out and partly owing to the feel naturally imparted by the absorbed metallic salt4 ,the normal salts of the alkaline metals1 such as sodium chloride1 potassium sulphate1 sodium sulphate1 etc41 have no action whatever on the wool fibre4 ,wool has a strong affinity for many colouring matters4 ,for some of the natural colours1 turmeric1 saffron1 anotta1 etc41 and for the neutral and basic coal-tar colours it has a direct affinity1 and will combine with them from their aqueous solutions4 ,wool is of a very permeable character1 so that it is readily penetrated by dye liquors2 in the case of wool fabrics much depends1 however1 upon the amount of felting to which the fabric has been subjected4 ,if wool be boiled in water for a considerable time it will be observed that it loses much of its beautiful lustre1 feels harsher to the touch1 and also becomes felted and matted together4 ,this has to be carefully guarded against in all dyeing operations1 where the handling or moving of the yarns is apt to produce this unfortunate effect4 ,after prolonged boiling the fibre shows signs of slight decomposition1 from the traces of sulphuretted hydrogen and ammonia gases which it evolves4 ,when wool is dried at #bab;,f4 it assumes a husky1 harsh feel1 and its strength is perceptibly impaired4 ,according to ,dr4 ,bowman1 the wool fibre really undergoes a slight chemical change at this temperature1 which becomes more obvious at #bcj;,f41 while at about #bfj;,f4 the fibre begins to disintegrate4 ,according to the researches of ,persoz1 however1 temperatures ranging from #bfj;,f4 to #chj;,f4 can be employed without any harm to the wool1 if it has previously been soaked in a #aj per cent4 solution of glycerine4 ,when wool is heated to #bab;,f4 7#ajj;,cent47 it becomes quite 7p4 #jad7 pliant and plastic and may be moulded into almost any shape1 which it still retains when cold4 ,this fact is of much interest in the processes of finishing various goods1 of embossing velvet where designs are stamped on the woven fabric while hot1 and in the crabbing and steaming of woollen goods1 making hats1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 7p4 #jae7 ,,processes ,,preparatory ,,to ,,dyeing1 ,,scouring ,,and ,,bleaching ,,of ,,wool4 ,wool scouring takes place at two stages in the process of manufacture into cloth4 ,first1 in the raw state1 to free the wool from the large amount of grease and dirt it naturally contains2 second1 after being manufactured into cloth1 it is again scoured to free it from the oil that has been added to the scoured raw wool to enable it to spin easily4 ,this oiling is generally known as wool batching1 and before the spun yarns or woven fabrics can be dyed it is necessary to remove it4 ,raw wool is a very impure substance1 containing comparatively little wool fibre1 rarely more than #ej to #fj per cent4 in the cleanest fleeces1 while it may be as low as #be per cent4 in the dirtiest4 ,first there is a small quantity of dirt2 there is what is called the suint1 a kind of soapy matter1 which can be removed by washing in hot water4 ,this soap has for its base potash1 while its acids are numerous and complex4 ,the wool contains a fatty-like substance of the nature of wax1 called cholesterine1 and this imparts to the fatty matter1 which be extracted from the wool fibre1 very peculiar properties4 ,besides these there are several other bodies of minor importance1 all of which have to be removed from the wool before it can be manufactured into cloth4 ,marker and ,schulz give the following analysis of a good sample of 7p4 #jaf7 raw wool3-- ,moisture #bcdh per cent4 ,wool fat #gag ,wool soap 7suint71 soluble in water #baac ,soluble in alcohol #jce ,soluble in ether #jbi ,soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid #ade ,wool fibre #dcbj ,dirt #bic ------ #ajjjj ,two principles underlie the methods which are in use for this purpose4 ,the first principle and the one on which the oldest method is based is the abstraction of the whole of the grease1 etc41 from the wool by means of an alkaline or soapy liquor at one operation4 ,this cannot nowadays be considered a scientific method4 ,although it extracts the grease1 etc41 from the wool1 and leaves the latter in a good condition for after processes1 yet with it one might almost say that the whole of the soap or alkali used1 as well as the wool grease itself1 is lost as a waste product2 whereas any good process should aim at obtaining the wool grease for use in some form or another4 ,the second principle which underlies all the most recent methods for extracting the grease from the wool1 consists in treating the fibre with some solvent like benzol1 carbon bisulphide1 petroleum spirit1 carbon tetrachloride1 etc41 which dissolves out the cholesterine and any other free fatty matter which is in the wool fibre1 leaving the latter in such a condition that by washing with water the rest of the impurities in the wool can be extracted4 ,by distilling off and recondensing the solvent can be recovered for future use1 while the wool fat can also be obtained in a condition to use for various purposes4 ,this is rather a more scientific method than the old one1 but it has not as yet come into extensive use4 ,wool ,scouring4 ,old ,methods4--,in the early days of wool scouring 7p4 #jag7 this operation was done in a very primitive fashion1 generally in a few tubs1 which could be heated by steam or otherwise1 and in which wool was worked by means of hand forks4 ,these primitive processes are still in use in some small works1 especially where the wool is dyed in the loose condition1 but in all the large works machinery has been adopted1 which machinery has been brought to a high state of perfection1 and does its work very well1 and without much attendant manual labour4 ,the alkaline substances used in this process of scouring demand some notice4 ,these comprise soda ash1 soda crystals1 caustic soda1 silicate of soda1 potash1 caustic potash1 soaps of various kinds1 stale urine1 ammoniacal compounds4 ,which of these may be used in any particular case depends upon a variety of reasons4 ,potash is the best alkaline agent to use4 ,it agrees better with the fibre than any other1 leaving it soft and elastic4 ,ammonia is the next best1 but it does not take out the grease as well as the potash4 ,soda does not suit as well as potash1 as it has a tendency to leave the fibre harsh in feel and somewhat brittle1 yet on account of its being so much cheaper it is the most largely used4 ,the use of silicate of soda cannot be recommended1 as it has a great tendency to leave the fibre hard1 which may be ascribed to the deposition of silica on the fibre4 ,the caustic alkalies cannot be used as they have too solvent an action on the fibre4 ,the carbonates1 therefore1 in the form of soda ash or potash1 or pearl ash1 are used1 or better still1 soap is used as it has a greater solvent action on the fatty matter of the wool than have the alkalies1 and in this respect a potash soap is better than a soda soap4 ,the character of the wool determines the alkali to be used2 fine1 long-stapled wools1 which are usually very free from grease in excess1 should always be treated with potash1 or a potash soap1 which will 7p4 #jah7 remove the whole of the grease from the wool1 leaving the latter in a fine1 soft1 silky condition4 ,short-stapled wools can be treated with soap and a little soda ash1 but too much of the latter is to be avoided4 ,coarse and greasy wools may be scoured with soap and soda ash1 or other alkali which is almost necessary to remove the large amount of grease these wools contain4 ,practically the only alkaline products now in use are the various hard and soft soaps1 and the carbonates of soda and potash in their various forms of soda ash1 soda crystals1 potashes1 pearl ash1 etc4 ,ammonia and its compounds are rarely used1 while stale urine1 which acts in virtue of the ammonia it contains has practically gone out of use4 ,hand-,scouring4--,wool scouring by hand is easily done and requires few appliances1 simple tubs or vats of sufficient capacity in which steam pipes are placed1 so that the scouring liquors can be heated up4 ,the best temperatures to use are about #acj to #adj;,f41 and it is not advisable to exceed the latter1 as there is then some risk that the alkali may act on the fibre too strongly4 ,the strength of the scouring liquor necessarily varies with the kind of wool being treated1 and with the kind of alkaline product used2 if soft1 fine wools are being treated1 then the liquor may be made with #a to #blb4 of soap to #aj gallons of water 7if a mixture of soap and alkali is used1 then it may contain from #a_/d to #a_/blb4 soda ash1 and #a_/blb4 to #alb4 of soap74 ,for coarse1 greasy wools these quantities may be increased by about one-half4 ,the best plan of scouring by hand is to treat the wool in a tub with a scouring liquor for about half an hour1 then to squeeze out the surplus liquor and to treat again in a new liquor for half an hour2 this liquor may be used for a new batch of wool4 ,the wool is often put into nets1 and these are lifted up and down in the liquor so as to cause it to penetrate to every part of the wool4 ,it is not advisable to work the wool about too much1 otherwise 7p4 #jai7 felting might ensue and this must be avoided4 ,the felting of the wool is one of the troubles of the wool-scourer and is often difficult to avoid1 it is mostly brought about by excessive working of the wool during the process1 and by the use of too high a temperature in the scouring bath4 ,the remedies are obvious to the practical man1 as little handling of the wool as possible1 and at as low a temperature as possible4 ,still it is necessary to see that the scouring liquor penetrates to every part of the wool which is being treated4 ,to ensure this1 care must be taken not to scour too much at one time1 so that the wool is loosely placed in the scouring tub1 if placed loose in the latter1 the workmen can by means of forks work it to and fro while in process of treatment4 ,after the wool has been through these scouring liquors it is thrown on a scray to drain1 and is next placed in cisterns which have perforated false bottoms4 ,in these cisterns it is washed with cold water two or three times1 the water being run off from the wool between each washing2 it is then spread out in a room to dry4 ,as a rule1 a man can wash from #ejjlb4 to #fjjlb4 of wool in a day by this method4 ,another plan which is sometimes adopted so as to avoid handling the wool as much as possible1 and thus prevent felting1 is to place the wool in cages having perforated sides which will hold about #a;cwt4 of wool4 ,they are lowered by means of cranes into the washing liquors1 and the wool in them is then worked for a quarter of an hour1 when the cages and their contents are lifted out and the surplus liquor allowed to drain off4 ,they are then lowered into the next bath1 treated or worked in this1 again lifted out and dropped into the wash waters4 ,there is by this plan a saving of handling1 and more wool can be got through in the same time1 but it requires two men to work it4 ,these hand processes are only in use in small works1 having been 7p4 #jbj7 replaced in all large works by mechanical methods described below4 ,machine ,scouring4--,wool-scouring machinery has been brought to a high state of perfection by the successive efforts of many inventors1 and by their means wool washing has been much simplified and improved4 ,wool-washing machinery is made by several firms1 among whom may be mentioned ,messrs4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,naught1 and ,john ,petrie1 ,junior1 ,limited1 both of ,rochdale4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--,wool-washing ,machine4 ,fig4 #f shows one form of wool-washing machine4 ,it consists of a long trough which contains the scouring liquor4 ,in this machine the wool enters at the left-hand end1 and is seized by a fork or rake and carried forward by it a short distance1 then another rake seizes it and carries it further forward to another rake1 and this to the last rake of the machine1 which draws it out of the machine to a pair of squeezing rollers which press out the surplus liquor1 and from these rollers the scoured wool passes to a travelling band for delivery from the machine4 ,sometimes the wool is not entered into the trough direct1 but is put on a travelling apron which opens it and delivers it in a more open form into the trough4 ,the movement of the forks causes some degree of agitation in the scouring liquor which facilitates the penetration of the liquor through the wool1 and thus brings about a better scouring4 ,after the wool has passed through the machine it is taken and run once more through the machine4 ,some scourers use the same liquor1 but it is better to use fresh liquors1 after which it is washed in the same machine with water two or three times4 ,with a single machine there is some time and labour lost in transferring the wool from one end to the other between the separate treatments1 and in large works where a great deal of wool is scoured it is usual to place three or four of these machines end to end4 ,the first is filled with strong scouring liquor1 the second with 7p4 #jbb7 a weaker liquor1 while the third and fourth contains wash waters1 and the wool is gradually passed by the action of the machine through the series without requiring any manual aid4 ,between each machine it is passed through squeezing rollers as before1 and finally emerges thoroughly scoured4 ,a good plan of working in connection with such a series of machines is to have four as above1 two washing machines and two soaping machines1 the soap liquor is run through these in a continuous stream1 entering in at the delivery end of the second soaper and passing out at the entering end of the first soaper4 ,the wool as it first enters the machine comes into contact with rather dirty soap liquor1 but this suffices to rid it of a good deal of loose dirt2 as it passes along the machine it comes in contact with cleaner and fresher soap liquor1 which gradually takes all grease and dirt out of it1 and1 finally1 when it passes out it comes in contact with fresh liquor1 which removes out the last traces of dirt and grease4 ,in the same way it passes through the washers1 being treated at the last with clean water4 ,by this plan the scouring is better done1 while there is some saving of soap liquor and wash water1 for of these rather less is required than by the usual system4 ,these are matters of consideration for wool scourers4 ,the wool-washing liquors after using should be stored in tanks to be treated for recovery of the grease which they contain4 ,the temperature of the scouring liquors should be about #ajj;,f41 certainly not more than #abj;,f41 high temperatures are very liable to bring about felting1 while tending to increase the harshness of the wool1 particularly when soda is the agent used4 ,by this method all the wool fat1 suint1 etc41 of the wool find their way into the soap liquors4 ,these were formerly thrown away1 but they are generally treated with acid and the fat of the soap and wool recovered1 under the name of wool grease or ,yorkshire grease4 7,vide ,g4 ,h4 ,hurst1 7p4 #jbc7 ,yorkshire ,grease1 ,jour4 ,soc4 ,chem4 ,ind41 ,february1 #ahhi47 ,the wool fat consists largely of a peculiar fat-like body known as cholesterine4 ,this1 however1 is unsaponifiable1 and cannot be made into soap2 at the same time when it gets into1 as it does1 the recovered wool grease it spoils the latter for soap-making purposes4 ,cholesterine has some properties which make it valuable for other purposes2 it is a stable body not prone to decomposition1 it is capable of absorbing a large quantity of water1 and it is on these accounts useful for medicinal purposes in the production of ointments1 and it might be useful in candle-making4 ,when it gets into recovered grease it cannot be extracted from it in an economical manner4 ,the wool suint consists largely of the potash soaps of oleic and stearic acids4 ,these two fatty acids find their way into the recovered wool grease but the potash salts are lost1 while they would be valuable for various purposes if they could be recovered4 ,another form of wool-washing machine has a frame carrying a number of forks arranged transversely to the machine4 ,the forks are by suitable gearing given a motion which consists of the following cycle of movements4 ,the forks are driven forwards in the trough of the machine1 carrying the wool along with them1 they are then lifted out1 carried back1 and again allowed to drop into the machine1 when they are ready to go forward again4 ,thus the forks continually push the wool from one end of the machine to the other4 ,it is a common plan to have three machines placed end to end1 so that the wool passes from one to the other2 in a set of this kind the first machine should have a capacity of #a1ejj gallons or thereabouts1 the second #a1jjj gallons1 and the third #gej gallons4 ,wool ,scouring by ,solvents4--,of late years processes have been 7p4 #jbd7 invented for the scouring of wool1 either raw or spun by means of solvents1 like carbon bisulphide1 benzol1 petroleum spirit1 etc4 ,such processes are in a sense rather more scientific than the alkali processes1 for whereas in the latter the grease1 etc41 of the wool and the oil used in batching it are practically lost for further use1 and therefore wasted1 being thrown away very often1 although they may be partially recovered from the used scouring liquors1 in the solvent processes the grease and oil may be recovered for future use for some purpose or other4 ,the great objection to these processes is the danger that attends their use1 owing to the inflammable character of the solvents4 ,several other objections may be raised1 some of which are mechanical1 and due to the want of proper machinery for carrying out the processes4 ,there are many ways in which solvents may be applied1 some are the subject of patents4 ,it is not possible to describe the details of all these1 but two of the most recent will be mentioned4 ,in ,singer's process1 which was described in detail by ,mr4 ,watson ,smith some time ago before the ,society of ,dyers and ,colourists1 carbon bisulphide is used4 ,the raw wool is placed between two endless bands of wire1 and it is carried through a series of troughs containing bisulphide of carbon2 during its passage through the troughs the solvent takes out the grease1 and loosens the other constituents of the wool4 ,after going through the bisulphide the wool is dried and passed through water which completes the process4 ,the carbon bisulphide that has been used is placed in steam-heated stills1 distilled off from the grease1 condensed in suitable condensers1 and used over again4 ,in this process1 with care1 there is very little loss of solvent4 ,the grease which is recovered can be used for various purposes1 one of which is the manufacture of ointments1 pomades1 etc4 ,the disadvantages of bisulphide are3 7#a7 ,it tends after some time 7p4 #jbe7 to cause the wool to acquire a yellow cast1 due to the free sulphur which it contains1 and which being left in the wool gradually causes it to turn yellow4 ,by using redistilled bisulphide this defect may be avoided4 7#b7 ,another defect is the evil odour of the solvent4 ,this1 however1 is less with redistilled bisulphide than with the ordinary quality1 and with suitable apparatus is not insuperable4 7#c7 ,another defect is the volatility and inflammability of carbon bisulphide4 ,on the other hand1 bisulphide possesses the very great advantage of being at once heavier than1 and insoluble in1 water1 and it can be1 therefore1 stored under water very much more safely than can any of the other solvents which are used4 ,burnell's machine has two troughs filled with benzoline4 ,in these are arranged a large central roller round which are some smaller rollers4 ,the wool passes round the large roller and is subjected to a number of squeezings in passing the smaller rollers4 ,a current of the benzoline is continually passing through the machine4 ,the whole is enclosed in a hood to avoid loss of solvent as far as possible4 ,after passing through the benzoline trough the wool passes through a similar trough filled with water4 ,benzoline is better than carbon bisulphide in that there is no tendency on the part of the wool to turn yellow after its use1 on the other hand it is more inflammable1 and when it does take fire is more dangerous1 and being lighter than water is not so readily and safely stored4 ,another feature is that it is not so completely volatile at steam temperatures1 so that a little may be left in the grease and thus tend to deteriorate it4 ,coal-tar benzol1 the quality known as #ij's1 would be better to use4 ,the solvent processes are well worth the attention of wool scourers1 all that is required for their proper development being the production and use of suitable machinery4 ,after the raw wool has been scoured it is batched1 i4e41 it is 7p4 #jbf7 mixed with a quantity of oil for the purpose of lubricating the wool to enable it more easily to stand the friction to which it is subjected in the subsequent processes of spinning and weaving by giving it greater pliability4 ,for this purpose various kinds of oil are used4 ,olive oil is the principal favourite1 the variety mostly used being ,gallipoli oil4 ,ground-nut oil is also extensively employed1 and is cheaper than olive4 ,oleic acid a by-product of the candle industry1 is extensively used under the name of cloth oil1 there is also used oleine1 or wool oil1 obtained by the distillation of ,yorkshire grease4 ,so far as merely oiling the wool is concerned there is not much to choose between these different oils1 olive perhaps works the best and agrees best with the wool4 ,mineral oils have been and can be used either alone or mixed with the oils above mentioned1 and so far as lubricating the wool is concerned do very well and are much cheaper than the fatty oils named above4 ,the following are some analyses of various oils used as cloth oils which the author has had occasion to analyse4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,specific gravity at #fj ,f4 #jijca #jijia #jfiji #jhijd ,free fatty acid #eejb #fddb #eaeb #fhje ,unsaponifiable oil #cdef #iie #cbhj #ieb ,saponifiable oil #ajcb #becb #aefh #abdc ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ,nos4 #a and #b are prepared from ,yorkshire grease4 ,the unsaponifiable matter in these is purely natural1 it will be seen it varies within wide limits4 ,nos4 #c and #d are made from the oleic acid of the candle factories1 and the unsaponifiable matter is due to their containing mineral oil which has been added to them4 ,so far as regards the object for which the wool is oiled1 the mineral oils will answer almost as well as the fatty oils and with most 7p4 #jbg7 satisfactory results from an economical point of view1 for they are much cheaper4 ,but this is not the only point to be considered4 ,the oil has to be got out of the wool before the latter can be dyed4 ,now while the fatty oils can be easily removed1 by treatment with soap1 and they can be recovered along with the fat of the soap1 mineral oils cannot be entirely removed from the wool1 what remains in will interfere very much with the satisfactory dyeing of the wool1 and what is got out finding its way into the covered wool grease1 spoils this for soap making and other uses1 so that on the whole what is gained in lessened cost of oiling is lost by the increased liability to defects in dyeing and consequently depreciation in value of the wool1 and to decrease in value of the recovered grease4 ,the amount of oil used varies from #g per cent4 with the best wools to #ae per cent4 with shoddy wools4 ,the scouring agents generally used are the same as those used in loose wool scouring1 namely1 carbonate of soda for coarse woollen yarns1 soap and soda for medium yarns1 and soap and ammonia for fine yarns4 ,prior to treating the yarns it is best to allow them to steep in hot water at about #agj;,f4 for twenty minutes1 then to allow them to cool4 ,the actual scouring is often done in large wooden tubs1 across which rods can be put on which to hang the hanks of yarn1 and in which are placed steam pipes for heating up the bath4 ,the best temperature to treat the yarn at is about #aej;,f42 too high a temperature must be avoided1 as with increased heat the tendency to felt is materially augmented1 and felting must be avoided4 ,the hanks are treated for about twenty minutes in the liquor1 and are then wrung out1 drained1 and again treated in new scouring liquor for the same length of time4 ,after rinsing in cold water they are dried and finished4 ,when the oiled wool has been spun into yarns1 whether worsted or 7p4 #jbh7 woollen1 and passes into the hands of the dyer1 it is necessary to remove from it all the oil before any dyeing operations can be satisfactorily carried out4 ,this oil is removed by the use of soap and weak alkaline liquors1 using these at about #aaj to #abj;,f4 ,the most common way is to have the liquor in a rectangular wooden tank1 and hang the hank of yarn in by sticks resting on the edges of the tank2 from time to time the hanks are turned over until all the oil has been washed out1 then they are wrung out and passed into a tank of clean water to wash out the soap1 after which the yarn is ready for dyeing4 ,when the yarn is of such a character that it is liable to curl up1 shrink and become entangled1 it is necessary that it be stretched while it is being treated with the soap liquor2 this is effected by a stretching apparatus consisting of two sets of rollers connected together by a screw attachment1 so that the distance between the two sets of rollers can be varied4 ,the hanks are hung between each pair of rollers1 and can be stretched tightly as may be required4 ,for pressing out the surplus liquor from the hanks of yarn a pair of squeezing rollers is used4 ,scouring ,woollen ,piece ,goods4--,very often before weaving the yarns are not scoured to remove the oil they contain1 as the weaving is more conveniently done with oily yarn than with a scoured yarn4 ,before dyeing the oil must be taken out of the pieces1 and this can be conveniently done by scouring in a washing machine such as is shown in figures #g and #h1 using soap and soda liquors as before1 and following up with a good rinse with water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,cloth-washing ,machine4 ,the soap liquors used in scouring yarns and pieces become charged with oil1 and they should be kept1 and the oil recovered from them together with the fatty matter of the soap1 by treatment with sulphuric acid4 ,by subjecting the grease or fatty matter so obtained to a boil with caustic soda soap is obtained which may be again used in scouring 7p4 #jbi7 wool4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,cloth-washing ,machine4 ,bleaching ,wool4--,the wool fibre has to be treated very differently from cotton fibre4 ,it will not stand the action of as powerful bleaching agents1 and1 consequently1 weaker ones must be used4 ,this is a decided disadvantage1 for whereas with cotton the colouring matter is effectually destroyed1 so that the bleached cotton never regains its original colour1 the same is not the case with wool1 especially with sulphur-bleached wool1 here the colouring matter of the fibre is1 as it were1 only hidden1 and will under certain circumstances return4 ,the two materials chiefly used for bleaching wool are sulphur and peroxide of hydrogen4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,sulphur ,bleach ,house4 ,sulphur ,bleaching4--,bleaching wool by sulphur is a comparatively 7p4 #jcj7 simple process4 ,a sulphur house is built1 the usual size being #ab feet high by #ab feet broad1 and about #ag feet long4 ,brick is the most suitable material4 ,the house should have well-fitting windows on two sides1 and good tight doors at the ends 7see fig4 #i74 ,some houses have a 7p4 #jca7 small furnace at each corner for burning the sulphur1 two of these furnaces are fitted with hoods1 so that the sulphur gases can be conveyed to the upper part of the chamber1 but a better plan1 and one mostly adopted where the chamber is used for bleaching pieces1 is to construct a false perforated bottom above the real bottom of the chamber1 the sulphur being burnt in the space between the two floors4 ,if yarn is being bleached the hanks are hung on wooden rods or poles in 7p4 #jcb7 the chamber1 while with pieces an arrangement is constructed so that the pieces which are stitched together are passed in a continuous manner through the chamber4 ,when all is ready the chamber doors are closed1 and the furnaces are heated1 some sulphur thrown upon them1 which burning evolves sulphur dioxide gas1 sulphurous acid1 and this acting upon the wool bleaches it4 ,the great thing is to cause a thorough circulation of the gas through every part of the chamber1 so that the yarn or pieces are entirely exposed in every part to the bleaching action of the gas4 ,this is effected by causing the gas to pass into the chamber at several points1 and1 seeing that it passes upwards1 to the ventilator in the roof of the chamber4 ,generally speaking1 a certain quantity of sulphur depending upon the quantity of goods being treated is placed in the chamber and allowed to burn itself out2 the quantity used being about #f to #h per cent4 of the weight of the goods4 ,after the sulphuring the goods are simply rinsed in water and dried4 ,sulphur bleaching is not an effective process1 the colouring matter is not actually destroyed1 having only entered into a chemical combination with the sulphur dioxide to form a colourless compound1 and it only requires that the wool be treated with some material which will destroy this combination to bring the colour back again in all its original strength2 washing in weak alkalies or in soap and water will do this4 ,another defect of the process lies in sulphur being volatilised in the free form1 and settling upon the wool causes it to turn yellow1 and this yellow colour cannot be got rid of4 ,the goods must be thoroughly rinsed with water after the bleaching1 the object being to rid the wool of traces of sulphuric acid1 which it often contains1 and which if left in would in time cause the disintegration of the wool4 ,sometimes the wool is washed in a little weak ammonia or soda 7p4 #jcc7 liquor1 but this is not advisable1 as there is too much tendency for the colour of the wool to come back again1 owing to the neutralising of the sulphur dioxide by the alkali4 ,instead of using the gas1 the sulphur dioxide may be applied in the form of a solution in water4 ,the goods are then simply steeped for some hours in a solution of the gas in water until they are bleached1 then they are rinsed in water and dried4 ,in this method it is important that the solution of the gas be freshly made1 otherwise it is liable to contain but little sulphurous acid1 and plenty of sulphuric acid which has no bleaching properties1 but1 on the other hand1 is liable to lead to damage of the goods if it be not washed out afterwards4 ,a better method of utilising the bleaching action of sulphur in a liquid form is to prepare a bath of bisulphite of soda1 and acidify it with hydrochloric acid1 then to enter the wool1 stirring well for some time1 and allowing it to steep for some hours1 next to expose to the air for a while1 and rinse as before4 ,it is better to allow the wool to steep for about an hour in a simple bath of bisulphite1 then enter into a weak hydrochloric acid bath for a few hours4 ,the acid liberates sulphur dioxide in a nascent condition1 which then exerts a more powerful bleaching action than if it were already free4 ,even with liquid bleaching the bleach is not any more perfect than it is with the gas bleaching2 the colour is liable to come back again on being washed with soap or alkali1 although there is a freedom from the defect of yellow stains being produced4 ,goods properly bleached will stand exposure to air for some considerable time1 but those imperfectly bleached exhibit a tendency to regain their yellow colour on exposure to air4 ,one fault which is sometimes met with in sulphur bleaching is a want of softness in 7p4 #jcd7 the wool1 the process seeming to render the fibre harsh4 ,washing in a little weak soft soap or in weak soda will remedy this and restore the suppleness of the wool2 at the same time care must be taken that the alkaline treatment is not too strong1 or otherwise the bleaching effect of the sulphur will be neutralised as pointed out above4 ,bleaching ,wool by ,peroxide of ,hydrogen4--,during recent years there has come into use for bleaching the animal fibres peroxide of hydrogen1 or1 as the ,french call it1 oxygenated water4 ,this body is a near relation to water1 being composed of the same two elements1 oxygen and hydrogen2 in different proportions in water these elements are combined in the proportion of #a part of hydrogen to #h parts of oxygen1 while in the peroxide the proportions are #a of hydrogen to #af of oxygen4 ,these proportions are by weight1 and are expressed by the chemical formul for water ,h#b,o1 and for hydrogen peroxide ,h#b,o#b4 ,water1 as is well known1 is a very stable body1 and although it can be decomposed1 yet it requires some considerable power to effect it4 ,now the extra quantity of oxygen which may be considered to have been introduced into water to convert it into peroxide has also introduced an element of instability1 the extra quantity of oxygen being ever ready to combine with some other body for which it has a greater affinity than for the water4 ,this property can be utilised in the bleaching industry with great advantage1 true bleaching being essentially a process of oxidation4 ,the colouring matter of the fibre1 which has to be destroyed so that the fibre shall appear white1 is best destroyed by oxidation1 but the process must not be carried out too strongly1 otherwise the oxidation will not be confined to the colouring matter1 but will extend to the fibre itself and disintegrate it1 with the result that the fibre will become tendered and be rendered useless4 ,peroxide of hydrogen is a weak oxidiser1 and therefore1 although 7p4 #jce7 strong enough to destroy the colouring matter of the fibre is not strong enough to decompose the fibre itself4 ,hydrogen peroxide is sold as a water-white liquid1 without any odour or taste4 ,its strength is measured by the quantity of oxygen which is evolved when one volume of the liquid is treated with potassium permanganate2 the most common strength is #aj volume peroxide1 but #cj and #dj volume peroxide is made4 ,on keeping it loses its oxygen1 so that it is always advisable to use a supply up as quickly as possible4 ,articles of all kinds can be bleached by simply placing them in a weak solution of the peroxide1 leaving them there for a short time1 then taking out and exposing to the air for some time4 ,the best plan of applying peroxide of hydrogen is the following3 ,prepare the bleaching bath by mixing #a part of peroxide with #d parts of water4 ,the strength can be varied2 for those goods that only require a very slight bleach the proportions may be #a to #ab1 while for dark goods the proportions first given may be used4 ,this bath must be used in either a wooden or earthenware vessel4 ,metals of all kinds must be avoided1 as they lead to a decomposition of the peroxide1 and therefore a loss of material4 ,to the bath so prepared just enough ammonia should be added to make it alkaline1 a condition that may be ascertained by using a red litmus paper1 which must just turn blue4 ,into the bath so prepared the well-scoured goods are entered and worked well1 so that they become thoroughly saturated4 ,they are then lightly wrung and exposed to the air for some hours1 but must not be allowed to get dry1 because only so long as they are moist is the bleaching going on2 if they get dry the goods should be re-entered into the bath and again exposed to the air4 ,if one treatment is not sufficient the process should be repeated4 ,the peroxide bath is not exhausted1 and only requires new material to 7p4 #jcf7 be added to it in sufficient quantity to enable the goods to be readily and easily worked in the liquor4 ,any degree of whiteness may be obtained with a sufficient number of workings4 ,no further treatment is necessary4 ,it is found in practice that an alkaline bath gives the best results4 ,another plan of preparing the bleaching bath is to prepare a bath with peroxide and water as before1 then add to a sufficient quantity of a solution of silicate of soda #d parts of water to #a of silicate of soda at #ajj,tw41 to make the bath alkaline4 ,into this bath the goods are entered and are then exposed to the air as before1 after which they may be passed through a weak bath of sulphurous acid1 being next well washed in water and dried4 ,the advantage of bleaching with peroxide is that1 as it leaves only water in the goods as the result of action1 there is no danger of their becoming tendered by an after development of acid due to defective washing1 as is the case with the sulphur bleach4 ,the goods never alter in colour afterwards1 because there is nothing left in that will change colour4 ,some bleachers add a little magnesia to the bath1 but this is not at all necessary4 ,bleaching with ,peroxide of ,soda4--,peroxide of soda has come to the front of late for bleaching wool4 ,with it a stronger bleaching bath can be made1 while the product itself is more stable than peroxide of hydrogen1 only it is needful to keep it in tightly closed metal vessels1 free from any possibility of coming in contact with water or organic matter of any kind1 or accidents may happen4 ,in order to bleach #ajjlb4 of wool1 a bath of water is prepared1 and to this is added #flb4 of sulphuric acid and then slowly #dlb4 of peroxide of sodium in small quantities at a time4 ,make the bath slightly alkaline by adding ammonia4 ,heat the bath to #aej;,f41 enter the wool and allow to remain five to six hours1 then rinse well and dry4 ,if the 7p4 #jcg7 colour does not come out sufficiently white repeat the process4 ,,the ,,chlorination ,,of ,,wool4 ,the employment of chlorine in wool dyeing and wool printing has of late years received an impetus in directions previously little thought of4 ,the addition of a little chlorine to the decoction of logwood has been recommended as increasing the dyeing power of the wool4 ,treating the wool with chlorine has a material influence in increasing its capacity for taking dye-stuffs1 and although but little attention has been paid to this circumstance by wool dyers1 yet among wool printers it has come largely into use1 and enables them to produce fuller and faster shades than would otherwise be possible4 ,the method involves the treatment of the wool first with an acid1 then with a solution of a hypochlorite4 ,the staple becomes soft and supple and assumes a silky character2 in dyeing it shows a greater affinity for the dyes than it did previously4 ,although not deteriorated in strength1 it almost entirely loses its felting properties4 ,on account of this feature the process cannot be adopted for wool which has to be fulled1 but it is of service where felting of the goods is to be avoided1 for worsteds1 underwear1 woollen and half woollen hosiery1 etc41 in which the felting property that occurs on washing is rather objectionable4 ,by the chloring of the wool the intensity of the shade dyed is increased to such a degree that when dyeing with ,acid black1 ,naphthol black1 ,naphthol green1 ,nigrosine1 ,fast blue1 ,water blue1 and some others dyed in an acid bath1 but little more than half the dye used on unchlored wool is required1 while with ,induline1 more even and intense shades are obtained than is otherwise possible4 ,the operation of chlorination can be done either in one or two 7p4 #jch7 baths4 ,the choice depends upon circumstances and the judgment of the dyer4 ,the process by the two-bath method1 with subsequent dyeing in the second or separate bath is 7for #ajjlb4 of wool71 as follows4 ,the first bath contains1 for light cloths1 yarn1 etc41 from #c to #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 #afh,tw41 and for heavier cloths and felt1 where the penetration and equalisation of the colour is difficult1 from #hlb4 to #ajlb4 of acid4 ,generally speaking1 a temperature of #agj to #age;,f4 is sufficient1 although for heavy wool and for wool with poor dyeing qualities it is well to use the bath at the boil4 ,the treatment lasts for half an hour1 in which time the acid is almost completely absorbed4 ,the second bath contains a clear solution of #ajlb4 bleaching powder1 which solution is prepared as follows4 ,dry bleaching powder of the best quality is stirred in a wooden vat with #gj gallons of water1 the mass is allowed to stand1 the clear1 supernatant liquor is run into the vat and the sediment stirred up and again allowed to settle1 the clear liquor being run off as before1 and #e gallons more water is run in4 ,the clear liquors of these three treatments are then mixed together to form the chloring bath4 ,special care should be taken that no undissolved particles of the bleaching powder should be left in1 for if these settle on the wool they result in too great a development of chlorine1 which injures the wool4 ,the goods after being in the acid bath are entered in this chlorine bath at a temperature of #gj;,f41 which is then raised to the boil4 ,if the acid bath has been strong1 or been used at the boil1 it is perhaps best to rinse the goods before entering into the chlorine bath4 ,the hypochlorous acid disappears so completely from this bath that it may at once be used as the dye-bath1 for which purpose it is only necessary to lift the goods1 add the required amount of dye-stuff1 re-enter the goods and work until the bath is exhausted1 which generally happens when acid dyes are used4 ,if a separate dye-bath be preferred1 this is 7p4 #jci7 made and used as is ordinarily done4 ,to perform all the operations in one bath the acid bath is made with from #c to #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 and the wool is treated therein for thirty minutes at #agj;,f41 until all the acid has been absorbed4 ,then the bath is allowed to cool down to #gj or #hj;,f41 the clear bleaching powder solution is added1 the goods are re-entered1 and the bath is heated to the boil4 ,when all the chlorine has disappeared add the dye-stuff1 and dye as directed above4 ,in printing on wool the chlorination of the wool is a most important preliminary operation4 ,for this purpose the cloth is passed for fifteen minutes at #agj;,f4 through a bath containing #c_/doz4 sulphuric acid per gallon of water4 ,then it is passed through a cold bath of #c_/d oz4 bleaching powder per gallon of water1 after which the cloth is rinsed and dried and is then ready for printing4 ,another method of chloring the wool is to pass the goods through a bath made with #ajj gallons of water1 #b gallons hydrochloric acid and #b gallons bleaching powder solution of #af,tw4 ,as some chlorine is given off it is best to use this in a well-ventilated place4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 7p4 #jdj7 ,,dyeing ,,machinery ,,and ,,dyeing ,,manipulations4 ,wool is dyed in a variety of forms1 raw1 loose wool2 partly manufactured fibre in the form of slubbing or sliver2 spun fibres or yarns1 in hanks or skeins and in warps1 and lastly in the form of woven pieces4 ,these different forms necessitate the employment of different forms of machinery and different modes of handling1 it is evident to the least unobservant that it would be quite impossible to subject slubbing or sliver to the same treatment as yarn or cloth1 otherwise the slubbing would be destroyed and rendered valueless4 ,in the early days all dyeing was done by hand in the simplest possible contrivances1 but during the last quarter of a century there has been a great development in the quantity of dyeing that has been done1 and this has really necessitated the application of machinery1 for hand work could not possibly cope with the amount of dyeing now done4 ,consequently there has been devised during the past two decades a great variety of machines for dyeing every description of textile fabrics1 some have not been found a practical success for a variety of reasons and have gone out of use1 others have been successful and are in use in dye-works4 ,hand ,dyeing4--,dyeing by hand is carried on in the simplest possible appliances1 much depends upon whether the work can be done at the ordinary temperature or at the boil4 ,figure #aj shows round and oval tubs and a rectangular vat much in use in dye-houses4 ,these are 7p4 #jda7 made of wood1 but copper dye-vats are also made1 these may be used for all kinds of material--loose fibre1 yarns or cloth4 ,in the case of loose fibre this is stirred about either with poles or with rakes1 care being taken to turn every part over and over and open out the masses of fibre as much as possible in order to avoid matting or clotting together4 ,in the case of yarns or skeins1 these are hung on sticks resting on the edges of the tub or vat4 ,these sticks are best made of hickory1 but ash or beech or any hard wood that can be worked smooth and which does not swell much when treated with water may be used4 ,the usual method of working is to hang the skein on the stick1 spreading it out as much as possible1 then immerse the yarn in the liquor1 lift it up and down two or three times to fully wet out the yarn1 then turn the yarn over on the stick and repeat the dipping processes1 then allow to steep in the dye-liquor4 ,this is done with all the batch of yarn that is to be dyed at a time4 ,when all the yarn has been entered into the dye-bath1 the first stickful is lifted out1 the yarn turned over and re-entered in the dye-liquor2 this operation is carried out with all the sticks of yarn until the wool has become dyed of the required depth4 ,in the case of long rectangular vats it is customary for two men1 one on each side of the vat1 to turn the yarns1 each man taking charge of the yarn which is nearest to him4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,dyeing-tubs and ,vat4 ,woven goods may be dyed in the tub or vat1 the pieces being drawn in and out by poles1 but the results are not altogether satisfactory1 7p4 #jdb7 and it is preferable to use machines for dyeing piece goods4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,dye-vat with ,steam-pipe4 ,plain tubs or vats1 such as those shown in figure #aj1 are used for dyeing and otherwise treating goods in the cold1 or at a lukewarm heat1 when the supply of hot water can be drawn from a separate boiler4 ,when1 however1 it is necessary to work at the boil1 then the vat must be fitted with a steam coil4 ,this is best laid along the bottom in a serpentine form4 ,above the pipe should be an open lattice-work bottom1 which1 while it permits the free circulation of boiling water in the vat1 prevents the material being dyed from coming in contact with the steam pipe4 ,this is important if uniform shades are to be dyed1 for any excessive heating of any portion of the bath leads to stains being produced on the material in that part of the bath4 ,figure #aa shows a vat fitted with a steam pipe4 ,that portion 7p4 #jdc7 of the steam pipe which passes down at the end of the vat is in a small compartment boxed off from the main body of the vat1 so that no part of the material which is being dyed can come in contact with it4 ,a closed steam coil will1 on the whole1 give the best results1 as then no weakening of the dye-liquor can take place through dilution by the condensation of the steam4 ,many dye-vats are1 however1 fitted with perforated1 or as they are called1 open steam coils1 in which case there is1 perhaps1 better circulation of the liquor in the dye-vat1 but as some of the steam must condense there is a little dilution of it4 ,,dyeing ,,machines4 ,dye-tubs and vats1 such as those described above1 have been largely superseded by machines in which the handling or working of the materials being dyed is effected by mechanical means4 ,there have been a large number of dyeing machines invented1 some of these have not been found to be very practical1 and so they have gone out of use4 ,space will not admit of a detailed account of every kind of machine1 but only of those which are in constant use in dye-works4 ,dyeing ,loose or ,raw ,wool and ,cotton4--,few machines have been designed for this purpose1 and about the only successful one is ,delahunty's ,dyeing ,machine4--,this is illustrated in figure #ab4 ,it consists of a drum made of lattice work which can revolve inside an outer wooden casing4 ,the interior of the revolving drum is fitted with hooks or fingers1 whose action is to keep the material open4 ,one segment of the drum is made to open so that the loose cotton or wool to be dyed can be inserted4 ,by suitable gearing the drum can be revolved1 and the dye-liquor1 which is in the lower half of the wooden casing1 penetrates through the lattice work of the drum1 and dyes 7p4 #jdd7 the material contained in it4 ,the construction of the machine is well shown in the drawing1 while the mode of working is obvious from it and the description just given4 ,the machine is very successful1 and well adapted for dyeing loose or raw wool and cotton4 ,the material may be scoured1 bleached1 dyed or otherwise treated in this machine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,delahunty's ,dyeing ,machine4 ,the ,obermaier ,machine1 presently to be described1 may also be used for dyeing loose cotton or wool4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,obermaier ,dyeing ,machine4 ,dyeing ,slubbing1 ,sliver or ,carded ,wool4--,it is found in practice that the dyeing of loose wool is not altogether satisfactory1 the impurities they naturally contain interfere with the purity of the 7p4 #jde7 shade they will take4 ,then again the dyes and mordants used in dyeing them are found to have some action on the wire of the carding engine through which they are passed2 at any rate1 a card does not last as long when working dyed wools as when used on undyed cotton or wool fibres4 ,yet for the production of certain fancy yarns for weaving some special classes of fabrics it is desirable to dye the wool before it is spun into thread4 ,the best plan is undoubtedly to dye the fibre after it has been carded and partly spun into what is known as slubbing1 or sliver4 ,all the impurities have been removed1 the wool fibres are laid straight1 and so it becomes much easier to dye4 ,on the other hand1 as it is necessary to keep the sliver or slubbing straight and level1 no working about in the dye-liquors can be allowed to take place1 and so such must be dyed in specially constructed machines1 and one of the best of these is the ,obermaier ,dyeing ,machine1 which is illustrated in figure #ac4--;,in 7p4 #jdf7 the ,obermaier apparatus dye-vat1 ,a1 is placed a cage consisting of an inner perforated metal cylinder1 ,c1 and an outer perforated metal cylinder1 ,d2 between these two is placed the material to be dyed4 ,c is in contact with the suction end of a centrifugal pump1 ,p1 the delivery end of which discharges into the dye-vat ,a4 ,the working of the machine is as follows3 the slubbing or sliver is placed in the space between ,c and ,d rather tightly1 so that it will not move about4 ,then the inner cage is placed in the dye-vat as shown4 ,the vat is filled with the dye-liquor1 which can be heated up by a steam pipe4 ,the pump is set in motion1 the dye-liquor is drawn from ,a to ,c1 and in so doing passes through the material packed in ,b and dyes it4 ,the circulation of the liquor is carried on as long as experience shows to be necessary4 ,the dye-liquor is run off1 hot water is run in to wash the dyed material1 and the pump is kept running for some time to ensure thorough rinsing1 then the water is run off1 and by keeping the pump running and air going through a certain amount of drying can be effected4 ,this machine works very well1 and with a little experience constant results can 7p4 #jdg7 be obtained4 ,the slubbing or sliver may be scoured1 bleached1 rinsed1 dyed1 washed1 soaped1 or otherwise treated without removing it from the machine1 which is a most decided advantage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,read ,holliday's ,yarn-dyeing ,machine4 ,yarn ,dyeing ,machines4--,in figure #ad is given an illustration of a machine for dyeing yarn in the hank form1 made by ,messrs4 ,read ,holliday ,sons1 of ,huddersfield4 ,the illustration gives a very good idea of the machine4 ,it consists of a wooden dye-vat1 which can be heated by steam pipes in the usual way4 ,extending over the vat are a number of reels or bobbins1 these are best made of wood or enamelled iron4 ,these reels are in connection with suitable gearing1 so that they can be revolved4 ,there is also an arrangement by means of which the reels can be lifted bodily in and out of the dye-vat for the purpose of taking on and off the hanks of yarn4 ,a reel will hold about #blb4 of yarn4 ,the working of the machine is simple4 ,the vat is filled with the requisite dye-liquor4 ,the reels which are lifted out of the vat are then charged with the yarn1 which has been previously wetted out4 ,they are then set in revolution and dropped into the dye-vat1 and kept there until it is seen that the yarn has acquired the desired shade4 ,the reels are lifted out and the hanks removed when the machine is ready for another lot of yarn4 ,there are several makers of hank-dyeing machines of this type1 and as a rule they work very well4 ,the only source of trouble is a slight tendency for the yarn on one reel if hung loosely of becoming entangled with the yarn on other reels4 ,this is to some extent obviated by hanging in the bottom of the hank a roller1 which acts as a weight and keeps the yarn stretched and so prevents it flying about4 ,to some makes of these machines a hank wringer is attached4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,klauder-,weldon ,dyeing ,machine4 ,klauder-,weldon ,hank-dyeing ,machine4--,this is illustrated in 7p4 #jdh7 figure #ae1 which shows the latest form4 ,it consists of a half-cylindrical dye-vat built of wood4 ,on a central axis is built two discs or rod carriers1 which can revolve in the dye-vat1 the revolution being given by suitable gearing which is shown at the side of the machine4 ,on the outer edge of the discs are clips for carrying rods on which one end of the hanks of yarn is hung1 while the other end is placed on a similar rod carrier near the axle4 ,the revolution of the discs carries the yarn through the dye-liquor contained in the lower semi-cylindrical part of the machine previously alluded to4 7p4 #jdi7 ,at a certain point in every revolution of the discs the rods carrying the yarns are turned a little2 this causes the yarn to move on the rods1 and this motion helps to bring about greater evenness of dyeing4 ,the most modern form of this machine is provided with an arrangement by means of which the whole batch of yarn can be lifted out of the dye-liquor4 ,arrangements are made by which from time to time fresh quantities of dyes can be added if required to bring up the dyed yarn to any desired shade4 ,this machine works well and gives good results4 ,beyond the necessary labour in charging and discharging1 and a little attention from time to time as the operation proceeds1 to see if the dyeing is coming up to shade1 the machine requires little attention4 ,many other forms of hank-dyeing machine have been devised4 ,there is ,corron's1 in which an ordinary rectangular dye-vat is used4 ,round this is a framework which carries a lifting and falling arrangement that travels to and fro along the vat4 ,the hanks of yarn are hung on rods of a special construction designed to open them out in a manner as nearly approaching hand work as is possible4 ,the machine works in this way4 ,the lifting arrangement is at one end of the vat1 the hanks are hung on the rods and placed in the vat4 ,then the lifter is set in motion and moves along the vat2 as it does so it lifts up each rod full of yarn1 turns it over1 opening out the yarn in so doing1 then it drops it again in the vat4 ,when it has travelled to the end of the vat it returns1 packing up the rods of yarn in so doing1 and this motion is kept up until the dyeing is completed4 ,this machine is very ingenious4 ,a type of machine which has been made by several makers consists of an ordinary rectangular dye-vat surrounded with a framework carrying a number of sets of endless chains1 the links of which carry fingers4 ,the hanks of yarn are hung on rods at one end of which is a tooth 7p4 #jej7 wheel that when in position fits into a rack on the side of the vat4 ,the action of the machine is this1 the hanks are hung on the rods and placed at the entrance end of the vat1 by the moving of the chains it is carried along the vat and at the same time revolves1 thus turning over the yarn1 which hangs in the dye-liquor2 when it reaches the opposite end of the vat1 the rod full of yarn is lifted out1 carried upwards and then towards the other end of the vat when it is again dropped into the dye-vat to go through the same cycle of movements which is continued until the yarn is properly dyed4 ,piece ,dyeing ,machines4--,wherever it is possible it is far more preferable to dye textile fabrics in the form of woven pieces rather than in the yarn from which they are woven4 ,during the process of weaving it is quite impossible to avoid the material getting dirty and somewhat greasy1 and the operations of scouring necessary to remove this dirt and grease has an impairing action on the colour if dyed yarns have been used in weaving it4 ,this is avoided when the pieces are woven first and dyed afterwards1 and this can always be done when the cloths are dyed in one colour only4 ,of course when the goods are fancy goods containing several colours they have to be woven from dyed yarns4 ,the most common form of machine in which pieces are dyed is the jigger1 commonly called the jig1 this is shown in figure #af4 ,it consists of a dye-vessel made long1 sufficiently so to take the piece full width1 wide at the top1 narrow at the bottom4 ,at the top on each side is placed a large winding roller on which the cloth is wound4 ,at the bottom of the jig is placed a guide roller round which passes the cloth4 ,in some makes of jigs there are two guide rollers at the bottom and one at the top as shown in the illustration1 so that the cloth passes several times through the dye-liquor4 ,in working the cloth is first wound on one of the rollers then threaded through the guide 7p4 #jea7 rollers and attached to the other winding roller4 ,when this is done dye-liquor is run into the jig1 and the gearing set in motion1 and the cloth wound from the full on to the empty roller4 ,with the object of keeping the piece tight a heavy press roller is arranged to bear on the cloth on the full roller4 ,when all the cloth has passed from one roller to the other it is said to have been given one end4 ,the direction of motion is now changed and the cloth sent in the opposite direction through the jig and the piece has now received another end4 ,this alternation from one roller to the other is continued as long as is deemed necessary1 much depending on the depth of colour which is being dyed1 some pale shades may only take two or three ends1 deeper shades may take more4 ,when dyeing wool with acid colours which are all absorbed from the dye-liquor1 or the bath is exhausted1 it is a good plan to run the pieces several ends so as to ensure thorough fixation of the dye on the cloth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,dye-jiggers4 ,it is not advisable in working these jigs to add the whole of the dye to the liquor at the commencement1 but only a part of it1 then when one end is given another portion of the dye may be added1 such 7p4 #jeb7 portions being always in the form of solution4 ,adding dyes in powder form inevitably leads to the production of colour specks on the finished goods4 ,the reason for thus adding the dye-stuff in portions is that with some dyes the affinity for the fibre is so great that if all were added at once it would be absorbed before the cloth had been given one end1 and1 further1 the cloth would be very deep at the front end while it would shade off to no colour at the other end4 ,by adding the dye in portions this difficulty is overcome and more level shades are obtained1 but it is met with in all cases of jigger dyeing4 ,it is most common in dyeing wool with basic dyes like ,magenta1 ,auramine1 7p4 #jec7 ,methyl ,violet or ,brilliant ,green1 and with acid dyes like ,acid ,green1 ,formyl ,violets1 ,azo ,scarlet or ,acid ,yellow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,dye-jigger in ,section4 ,some attempts have been made to make jiggers automatic in their reversing action1 but they have not been successful owing to the greatly varying conditions of length of pieces1 their thickness1 etc41 which have to be dyed1 and it is next to impossible to make all allowances for such varying conditions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,wince ,dye ,beck4 ,in figure #ag is shown the jig in section1 when the working of the machine can be more easily traced4 ,the ,jig ,wince or ,wince ,dye ,beck4--,this dyeing machine is very largely used1 particularly in the dyeing of woollen cloths4 ,it is made by many makers1 and varies somewhat in form accordingly4 ,figures #ah to #ba show three forms by different makers4 ,in any make the jig wince or wince dye beck consists of a large rectangular1 or in some cases 7p4 #jed7 semi-cylindrical1 dye-vat4 ,probably the best shape would be to have a vat with one straight side at the front1 and one curved side at the back4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,wince ,dye ,beck4 ,in some a small guide roller is fitted at the bottom1 under which the pieces to be dyed pass4 ,steam pipes are provided for heating the dye-liquors4 ,the beck should be fitted with a false bottom1 made of wood1 perforated with holes1 or of wooden lattice work1 and under which the steam pipes are placed4 ,the object being to prevent the pieces from coming in contact with the steam pipes1 and so 7p4 #jee7 preventing the production of stains4 ,above the dye-vat and towards the back is the wince1 a revolving skeleton wheel1 which draws the pieces out of the dye-vat at the front1 and delivers them into it again at the back4 ,the construction of this wince is well shown in the drawings4 ,the wince will take the pieces full breadth1 but often they are somewhat folded1 and so several pieces1 four1 five or six1 can be dealt with at one time4 ,in this case a guide rail is provided in the front part of the machine4 ,in this rail are pegs which serve to keep the pieces of cloth separate1 and so prevent entanglements4 ,the pieces are stitched end to end so as to form an endless band4 ,when running through the vat they fall down in folds at the back part of the beck1 and are drawn out from the bottom and up in the front4 ,each part thus remains for some time in the dye-liquor1 during which it necessarily takes up the dye4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,plush ,fabric ,dyeing ,machine4 ,figures #ah and #ai show forms of these wince dyeing machines1 constructed of wood1 and very largely used in the dyeing of woollen cloths4 ,they are serviceable forms1 and give very good results1 being suitable for all dyes4 ,figure #bj is a form of machine better adapted than the preceding 7p4 #jef7 for the dyeing of plush fabrics4 ,in this kind of cloth it is important that the pile should not be interfered with in any way1 and experience has shown that the winces of the form shown in figures #ah and #ai are rather apt to spoil the pile2 further1 of course1 plush fabrics are dyed full breadth or open4 ,in the wince now shown all troubles are 7p4 #jeg7 avoided1 and plush fabrics can be satisfactorily dyed in them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,copper ,cased ,dye ,beck4 ,mather ,platt4 ,figure #ba shows a dye-bath built of iron1 cased with copper1 suitable for dyeing most colours on woollen cloths4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,read ,holliday's ,hawking ,machine4 ,in the jig and wince dyeing machines the pieces necessarily are for a part of the time1 longer in the case of the jigger than in that of the wince1 out of the dye-liquor and exposed to the air4 ,in the case of some dyes1 indigo especially1 this is not desirable1 and yet it is advisable to run the cloth open for some time in the liquor so as to get thoroughly impregnated with the dye-liquor4 ,the so-called hawking machine1 figure #bb1 is an illustration of ,read ,holliday's hawking machine1 made by ,messrs4 ,read ,holliday ,sons1 of ,huddersfield4 ,there is the dye-vat as usual2 in this is suspended the drawing mechanism1 whose construction is well shown in the drawing4 ,this is a pair of rollers driven by suitable gearing1 between which the cloth passes1 and by which it is drawn through the machine4 ,a small roller ensures the cloth properly leaving the large rollers1 7p4 #jeh7 then there is a lattice-work arrangement over the pieces are drawn4 ,in actual work the whole of this arrangement is below the surface of the dye-liquor in the vat4 ,the piece to be dyed is threaded through the machine the ends stitched together1 then the arrangement is lowered into the dye-vat and set in motion1 whereby the cloth is drawn continuously in the open form through the dye-liquor1 this being done as long as experience shows to be necessary4 ,this hawking machine will be found useful in dyeing indigo on wool1 in mordanting and dyeing wool with the ,alizarine series of dyes4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 7p4 #jei7 ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,wool ,,dyeing4 ,the various methods which are used in dyeing wool have1 of course1 underlying them certain principles on which they are based1 and on the observance of which much of the success of the process depends4 ,sometimes these principles are overlooked by dyers1 with the result that they do not get good results from their work4 ,it must be obvious to any person with any technical knowledge that all processes of dyeing either wool or silk1 or cotton or any other fibre1 must take into consideration the properties of the fibre on the one hand1 and that of the dye-stuff on the other4 ,wool must be treated differently from cotton1 a process of dyeing which gives good results with the latter fibre would lead to nothing but disastrous effects with wool or silk2 on the other hand1 processes are used in the dyeing of wool which could not be possibly used for cotton on account of the very different properties of the fibre4 ,a few words as to the properties of wool as far as they relate to the methods of dyeing may be of use4 ,wool has the property of resisting the action of acids in a great degree1 so that it may be treated with even strong acids with impunity4 ,on the other hand1 alkalies and alkaline solutions have strong action on it2 the caustic alkalies rapidly dissolve wool1 and their use must be avoided in all cases of dyeing this fibre4 ,the carbonates of the alkalies have not so strong an action1 and therefore may be used in moderation2 nevertheless1 7p4 #jfj7 too strong solutions of these should not be used4 ,soap has no disintegrating action on wool1 and soap solutions may be used whenever necessary for cleansing or dyeing wool4 ,ammonia has no action on wool1 and it may be used in place of soap if desired4 ,there is one feature of wool that must be alluded to here1 and that is its felting property4 ,when wool is boiled with water and is handled a good deal1 the fibres clot or felt together into a firm coherent mass4 ,this should be avoided as much as possible1 and when wool is cleansed and dyed in the loose condition it is absolutely necessary that every care be taken to avoid felting4 ,this condition is much influenced by the temperature and the condition of the bath in which the wool is being treated1 too high a temperature or too prolonged a treatment tends to increase the felting1 therefore in dyeing wool prolonged treatment at the boil must be avoided4 ,further1 the condition of the bath has some influence on this point2 it is found that an alkaline bath tends to considerably increase the felting properties of the wool1 and on this account dyers invariably avoid the use of both the caustic and carbonated alkalies4 ,strong soap liquors have also some influence in the direction of increasing the felting1 therefore soap should not be used if it can possibly be done without4 ,ammonia has not so strong a felting action as the other alkalies4 ,acids1 on the other hand1 exert a retarding action on the felting of the wool1 and this is a matter of some interest and importance in the dyeing of wool1 as an acid condition of the bath is necessary for dyeing by far the great majority of colouring matters on this fibre4 ,alkaline salts1 such as ,glauber's salt and common salt1 exert little or no influence on this felting property1 and can be added to dye-baths with impunity1 and in many cases with good effect1 so far as the quality of dyeing is concerned4 ,so far as the properties of the wool are concerned1 it is seen 7p4 #jfa7 that an acid condition of the dye-bath will work better than an alkaline condition1 and wherever it is possible to use acids such should be added4 ,what has been said in regard to wool is equally true of all fibres derived from animals in the same way as wool is1 such as horse-hair1 fur of rabbits1 hares and other animals1 although1 of course1 there are some minor differences between different furs in their resistance to the action of acids and alkalies4 ,the next feature that influences the methods of dyeing wool is the varying properties of the dye-stuffs1 or colouring matters4 ,it is obvious that those which1 like ,magenta or ,saffranine1 have a strong affinity for the wool fibre must be dyed differently from those which1 like ,alizarine and ,gambine1 have no direct affinity for the wool fibre1 and1 further1 which require the aid of mordants before they can be dyed1 and on the character of which mordants the colour that is fixed on the fibre depends4 ,the dye-stuffs1 independently of the question whether they be derived from natural sources or be of artificial origin1 may be roughly divided into five groups1 some of which may also be subdivided again as will be shown later on4 ,these groups may be named the 7#a7 ,neutral1 7#b7 ,basic1 7#c7 ,acid1 7#d7 ,mordant1 and 7#e7 ,indigo dye-stuffs4 ,the first two classes are practically dyed in the same way2 but as there is a great difference in the chemical composition of the colouring matters comprised in them1 it will be best to consider them separately4 ,first ,method4--,this method is used in applying the now large and increasing group of azo dye-stuffs1 which are characterised by being able to dye unmordanted cotton from a simple boiling bath4 ,the dye-stuffs that are applied by the method now to be described include such as ,benzopurpurine1 ,chrysamine1 ,chrysophenine1 ,titan red1 ,titan yellow1 ,benzo brown1 ,diamine red1 ,diamine brown1 ,diamine blue1 7p4 #jfb7 ,congo blue1 ,congo red1 etc4 ,the dyeing is done in a bath at the boil4 ,if the bath contained only the dye-stuffs there would be a liability for the dyeing to be uneven1 to prevent which a saline compound1 such as salt1 is added4 ,taking it all round1 salt is the best body to add as it suits all colours very well indeed4 ,then come ,glauber's salts2 borax and phosphate of soda can also be used1 but1 owing to their slight alkaline properties1 they are not so good as the neutral salts1 like the two first named4 ,when these colouring matters are dyed on cotton some of them dye best in a bath containing potash or soda1 but these bodies1 for reasons previously pointed out1 are not available in wool dyeing1 and should never be used4 ,wool dyes best in a slightly acid bath1 and this may be taken advantage of in dyeing the yellows and blues of this group by adding a small quantity of acetic acid4 ,the reds1 as a rule1 are affected by acids1 and1 therefore1 it is not possible to use an acid bath with ,benzopurpurine1 ,congo red1 with the possible exception of the ,titan reds and scarlets1 ,diamine scarlet1 ,benzo fast scarlet1 ,purpuramine1 which are faster to acetic acid than the other reds of this class of dye-stuffs4 ,probably the best plan of dyeing these colours is to first heat the bath to about #afj;,f41 then enter the goods1 and turn over two or three times to ensure that they are thoroughly impregnated with dye-liquor4 ,the bath is now raised to the boil1 and1 steam being turned off1 the goods are handled without further steam until the desired shade is obtained4 ,another plan is to enter the goods when the bath is at about #aej;,f41 and1 after raising to the boil1 to work for half to one hour at that heat2 but the plan first described gives rather better results1 and is far preferable4 ,the dye-baths1 as a rule1 are not completely exhausted1 except when very pale shades are being dyed2 in no case is it necessary to throw the dye-bath away1 but simply to add the required amount of dye-stuff for a new batch2 7p4 #jfc7 with those colouring matters which are not entirely exhausted from the bath a smaller amount1 generally about three-fourths only1 is required to be added1 with about one-third the quantity of salt which was added to the first bath4 ,of course it is not advisable to keep the same bath or liquor in work always1 but after about twenty or thirty batches of goods are dyed to throw it away and start a fresh liquor4 ,as a rule it will be found that these dye-stuffs are more thoroughly taken up from the bath than is the case in dyeing cotton2 thus often with the same amount of dye-stuff in proportion to the material used the wool will dye rather a deeper shade than will cotton4 ,in some cases1 especially with the blues and violets1 the shade is greatly different on wool from what it is on cotton1 being generally redder and much stronger4 7,see the chapter on ,union ,dyeing47 ,while the shades are somewhat faster to light on wool than they are on cotton1 they are no faster to soaping and in some cases not so fast4 ,what may be the function of the salt1 or other such added substance1 is not very clear1 probably it plays the same part as to similar bodies in dyeing the basic dye-stuffs4 ,the dye-stuffs which are referred to above are all derived from coal-tar1 and in the recipes which follow many examples of their use will be found4 ,there are but few natural dye-stuffs that have any direct affinity for wool4 ,turmeric1 saffron1 anotta1 are about the only representatives1 and these are not of much importance in wool dyeing by themselves1 although they are sometimes used in conjunction with other natural dye-stuffs1 when they are applied by a process which is adapted more especially for the other dye-stuff which is used4 ,second ,method4--,the method of wool dyeing now being dealt with does not differ essentially from that described above1 but as it is applied to quite a different class of dye-stuffs it is thought better to consider it as a second method4 ,the dye-stuffs made use of in 7p4 #jfd7 this method are what are called the basic coal-tar colours1 and it may be remarked in passing that there are no natural colouring matters having the same properties4 ,these dye-stuffs are derived from a number of so-called colour bases1 such as ,rosaniline1 ,pararosaniline1 ,methylrosaniline1 ,phenyl-rosaniline1 and ,auramine base4 ,many of these are colourless bodies containing the ,amidogen group ,,nh#b1 which imparts to them basic properties enabling them to combine with solids to form salts1 and these salts have a strong colouring power4 ,they form the commercial dye-stuffs ,magenta1 ,saffranine1 ,thioflavine ,t1 ,auramine1 ,benzoflavine1 ,brilliant green1 ,methyl violet1 etc41 and these are salts 7usually the hydrochloride7 of colour bases4 ,all these basic dye-stuffs have strong affinity for the wool fibre1 and will immediately combine with it1 dyeing it in colours which resist washing1 etc41 to a considerable extent1 although there are great differences between the various members of the group in this respect4 ,it has been shown that what takes place in dying wool with these colouring matters is that the colour base combines with the fibre the acid of the dye-stuff remaining in the dye-liquor4 ,although it is possible to dye wool with the basic dyes from a plain bath containing water only1 yet the results are not satisfactory1 especially when working on a large scale2 and for dyeing pale shades especially1 the affinity of the dye-stuff for the fibre is so great that the first portions of the goods which are entered into the dye-bath have a great tendency to absorb all the dye-stuff1 or the larger proportion of it1 so that uneven dyeing is the result1 one end of the piece of cloth being darker than the other end4 ,this defect is particularly accentuated when pale tints are being dyed1 the colouring matter being completely absorbed before all the goods are entered into the bath1 but it may be remedied by adding the dye-stuff to the bath in small quantities at intervals during the process of dyeing4 ,the 7p4 #jfe7 best and most satisfactory method1 however1 is to add to the bath #aj per cent4 of the weight of the wool of ,glauber's salt1 or some other neutral alkaline salt1 which addition almost entirely prevents any defect of uneven dyeing4 ,how these assistant mordants act is somewhat uncertain1 the explanation generally given is that they exert a slightly solvent action on the dye-stuff1 and so prevent it from going upon the fibre too readily4 ,this is scarcely an adequate explanation1 but in want of a better it will have to stand4 ,the affinity of the basic dyes for wool increases with increase of temperature4 ,this is a property that has an important bearing on the method of dyeing1 and to any person who pays some attention to theory in its practical applications it indicates the most rational method of working1 which is to enter the goods into the bath cold1 or1 at the most1 at a hand heat1 then1 after working a short time to get the goods thoroughly impregnated with the dye-stuff1 to gradually raise the temperature to the boil and work for from half an hour to an hour longer1 even if before this time the dye-bath be exhausted4 ,the reason for giving a fair length of time in the bath is to get the colour properly fixed on the fibre4 ,the combination of the dye-stuff and the fibre is a chemical one1 and1 as stated above1 the dye-stuff has to be decomposed so that the base may combine with the essential constituent of the wool fibre1 while it is obvious that this decomposition and then the union of the colour base with the wool must take time1 and as it is effected more easily and completely at the boiling point1 it is advisable to work the goods in the bath so as to fully insure that they are given the necessary time for the chemical change to take place4 ,the dye-bath is generally completely exhausted of colour1 but if fairly clean it need not be thrown away1 but used for another batch of wool by simply adding more ,glauber's salt and dye-stuff4 ,after a 7p4 #jff7 time the bath gets too dirty to used1 when it may be thrown away1 and a new dye-liquor made up4 ,in dyeing for pale shades it is best to add the dye-stuff in small quantities at intervals during the process of dyeing1 and to run the goods quickly through the bath1 so as not to give the dye-stuff too much opportunity to become absorbed by a portion of the goods only4 ,working according to the hints given above1 the dyeing of wool with the basic coal-tar colours may be carried out in a very satisfactory manner4 ,third ,method4--,this method consists in dyeing the wool in a bath containing the dye-stuff1 a little acid 7usually sulphuric7 with the addition of ,glauber's salt1 or some other alkaline salt1 the essential feature or principle being that the bath is an acid one4 ,this method is applicable to the large group of azo dye-stuffs derived from coal tar1 and also to the acid dyes prepared from the basic coal-tar colours by the process of sulphonation4 ,it is also used to apply indigo carmine to wool1 probably the only good example of a natural dye-stuff applied by this process4 ,most of the natural colouring matters1 such as logwood and fustic1 belong to another group of dye-stuffs4 ,the simple azo dyes are combinations of two or more organic bases1 united together by a peculiar and characteristic group of nitrogen atoms4 ,such azo colours are1 however1 insoluble in water1 and therefore they cannot be used in dyeing and textile colouring1 although the firm of ,messrs4 ,read ,holliday ,sons years ago patented a process whereby these insoluble azo colours could be developed on the cotton fibre direct1 and thus fabrics made from that fibre could be dyed in fast colours4 ,when these insoluble azo colours are treated with sulphuric acid they are converted into sulpho acids1 undergoing what is called sulphonation1 an operation of the greatest 7p4 #jfg7 importance and value in the preparation of dye-stuffs4 ,the preparation of indigo extract or indigo carmine from indigo is also a case of sulphonation4 ,the sulpho-acids of the azo colours1 of the basic dyes1 and of indigo are usually insoluble in water1 although there are great differences in their properties in this respect4 ,they will combine with bases such as soda1 calcium and potash to form salts which are soluble in water1 and it is usually in the form of sodium salts that these azo and acid dye-stuffs are sold to the dyer and calico printer4 ,it is this power of combination with bases that makes them of value in wool dyeing4 ,as ,knecht and other authorities have pointed out1 the wool fibre contains a basic principle capable of combining with acid bodies1 and in wool dyeing with the colouring matters under discussion1 this combination occurs between the sulpho-acid of the dye-stuff and the basic principle of the wool fibre4 ,this points to the fact that the dye-stuffs of this class do not combine with the wool in the form in which they are supplied to the dyer as sodium salts1 which is shown by a property that many if not all of them possess1 of not dyeing the wool fibre in a neutral bath4 ,if a piece of wool be immersed in a solution of1 say1 a scarlet or indigo extract1 which is neutral it is not dyed4 ,the dye-liquor may penetrate thoroughly throughout the fabric1 but if the piece of wool be lifted out1 and allowed to drain1 nearly all the liquor will drain away1 and leave the wool nearly if not quite white1 showing that the dye-stuff in the form in which it is sold has no affinity for the wool fibre4 ,if now a few drops of sulphuric acid be added to the dye-liquor the wool will become dyed4 ,the sulphuric acid liberates the free sulpho-acid of the dye-stuff1 and this is now in a form to combine with the wool fibre1 which it does4 ,this is the fundamental principle underlying the acid method for dyeing wool with the acid group of colouring matters4 ,the practical application of the principle laid down above is a 7p4 #jfh7 matter of simplicity compared with the other methods of dyeing4 ,the composition of the bath is given above4 ,it is best to enter the wool at from #aej to #afj;,f4 and then to raise the temperature slowly to the boil4 ,this method of proceeding gives time for the free colour acid of the dye to be liberated from the dye-stuff on the one hand1 and for its combination with the wool fibre on the other4 ,in dyeing pale tints with acid dye-stuffs it is a good plan not to add the acid until after the goods have been entered into the bath and worked for a short time to enable them to become impregnated with the dye-liquor2 the acid may be then added1 and the dyeing may be finished as usual4 ,by this plan of working more even dyeings can be obtained than by simply entering the goods direct into an acidified dye-liquor4 ,any kind of acid may be employed1 but generally sulphuric acid is used1 partly because it is cheap1 and partly because it is the commonest acid known4 ,acetic acid is also used in many cases4 ,fourth ,method4--,we now come to the fourth method of dyeing wool4 ,strictly1 perhaps1 it is not a single method1 but a group of methods1 which are used to supply a certain class of dye-stuffs to the wool fibre2 but as the governing principle depends upon the peculiar property of the dye-stuffs now to be noticed1 which underlies all the variations of the process of dyeing1 it has been thought better to speak of the fourth method rather than to subdivide further1 in which case the fundamental principle might be lost sight of4 ,the class of dye-stuffs included in the fourth group was named by ,bancroft the adjective group1 because they require the aid of a second body1 named the mordant1 to properly develop and to fix the colour of the dye-stuff on the wool4 ,it is sometimes known as the mordant dye-stuff class1 and this is perhaps its best name4 ,this 7p4 #jfi7 group of colouring matters comprises dye-stuffs of both natural and artificial origin1 the latter of which are getting very numerous and valuable1 and bid fair to displace the natural members of the group4 ,with but few exceptions the adjective dye-stuffs are not colouring matters of themselves1 i4e41 they will not dye wool or other fibres by themselves4 ,some are coloured bodies1 such as fustic1 logwood1 ,persian berries1 ,anthracene yellow1 etc41 but many are not so1 and some possess but little colour1 which1 moreover1 gives no clue to the colours that can be developed therefrom4 ,all the colouring matters of this class possess either a distinctively acid character1 or belong to the class of phenols1 which1 while not being true acids1 still possess weak acid functions that enable them to combine with bases like acids4 ,these bodies have the property of combining with bases and metallic oxides1 such as soda1 potash1 iron1 alumina1 chrome1 tin1 nickel1 cobalt1 etc41 forming a series of salts4 ,those of soda and potash are usually soluble in water1 while those of the other metals are insoluble1 and are usually of strong colour4 ,it is on this property of forming these insoluble coloured bodies1 colour lakes1 as they are called1 that the value of the adjective dye-stuffs in dyeing depends4 ,the group of adjective colouring matters may be subdivided into two divisions1 not depending upon any differences in the mode of application1 but upon certain differences in the results they give4 ,perhaps the best example of an adjective dye-stuff is ,alizarine4 ,this body has a faint red colour1 but of itself possesses absolutely no colouring power4 ,when1 however1 it is brought into combination with such metallic oxide as alumina1 iron and chrome1 then it forms coloured bodies1 the colour of which varies with the metal with which it is in union1 thus with alumina1 it is a bright red2 with iron1 a dark violet1 almost black2 with chrome1 a deep red2 with tin1 a 7p4 #jgj7 scarlet2 and so on4 ,this is a representative of the true adjective dyes1 which comprise most of the so-called ,alizarine dye-stuffs1 and logwood1 fustic1 and most of the natural dye-stuffs4 ,another division of the group includes a few colouring matters of recent introduction1 like ,azo green1 ,alizarine yellow1 ,galloflavine1 ,anthracene yellow1 ,flavazol1 etc41 which1 while forming insoluble colour lakes with metallic oxides1 do not give different colours with different metals4 ,this class of dye-stuffs1 owing to their forming these insoluble colours1 gives really fast colours1 capable of resisting lengthened exposure to light and air1 and resisting washing1 acids and alkalies4 ,of course there are differences between the various members of the group in this respect1 and even the resisting power of an individual member depends a good deal on the metal with which it is combined1 and the care with which the process of dyeing has been carried out4 ,in the dyeing of these adjective dye-stuffs1 upon the various fibres1 and on wool in any particular1 the object is to bring about in any convenient way the formation on the fibre of the metallic combination of the colouring principle and the mordant1 and it is obvious that if a satisfactory result is to be obtained1 then this must be done in a very thorough manner4 ,there are three ways in which this combination of colouring principle and mordant may be brought about in dyeing wool with these bodies1 we may either mordant the wool first1 and then apply the dye-stuff1 or we may impregnate the wool with the dye-stuff first1 and then fix or develop the colour afterwards1 or1 lastly1 we may carry on both operations in one process4 ,each of these methods will now be discussed1 and their relative advantages pointed out4 ,the mordanting method is one of the most generally useful4 ,it consists in first causing a combination of the metal with the wool fibre4 7p4 #jga7 ,this is carried out by boiling the wool in a solution of the metal1 such as bichromate of potash1 chrome alum or chrome fluoride when chrome is to be used as a mordant1 with alum or sulphate of alumina when alumina is required to be deposited on the fibre1 and with copperas when iron is to be the mordant4 ,it is best to add a little oxalic acid1 cream of tartar1 or tartaric acid to the mordanting bath1 which addition helps in the decomposition of the metallic salt by the wool fibre1 and the deposition of the metallic oxide on the wool4 ,with bichromate of potash1 sulphuric acid is often used1 much depending upon the character of the mordant required4 ,some dye-stuffs1 such as logwood for blacks1 work best when the wool is mordanted with chromic acid1 which is effected when sulphuric acid is the assistant mordant4 ,other dye-stuffs1 such as fustic1 ,persian berries and ,alizarine yellow1 are best dyed on a basic chrome mordant1 which is effected when tartar or oxalic acid is the assistant mordant used1 or when some other form of chrome compound than bichrome is employed4 ,the actual mordanting is done by boiling the wool in a bath of the mordant1 the quantity of which should be varied according to the particular mordant that is being employed and to the quantity of dye-stuffs which is to be used4 ,it is obvious that for a fixing deep shade of1 say1 ,alizarine on the wool1 a larger quantity of mordant will be required than to fix a pale shade2 sometimes this point is overlooked and the same amount of mordant employed for pale or deep shades4 ,the best plan of carrying out the mordanting is to enter the wool in the cold bath or at a hand heat1 and then raise to the boil and continue the boiling for one hour2 of course the goods should be kept turned over during the process to facilitate the even mordanting of the wool4 ,a great deal of the success of dyeing with the dye-stuffs now under consideration depends upon the efficiency with which the 7p4 #jgb7 mordanting has been carried out4 ,if this is at all unevenly done then no amount of care in the succeeding dyeing process will lead to the development of an even dyeing4 ,after the mordanting is finished the goods should be rinsed with water1 but it is not necessary to dry them4 ,the next stage in the process is the actual dyeing operations1 which is done by immersing the mordanted wool in a bath of the dye-stuff or mixture of dye-stuffs4 ,the fundamental principle is to bring about the combination between the colouring principle of the dye-stuff and the metallic oxide which has been deposited on the wool in the previous mordanting process4 ,as neither of these bodies1 however1 is very energetic it follows that the action must be a slow one1 and1 therefore1 time is a highly important factor in the dyeing of wool by the mordanting process4 ,the combination between the dye-stuff and the mordant is influenced also by temperature1 and is most active at the boiling point of water4 ,it is1 therefore1 needful to conduct this operation at that temperature1 but it would be a wrong way to introduce the mordanted material into a boiling bath of the dye-stuff2 nothing would conduce to uneven dyeing so much as that course4 ,the best method of working1 which1 moreover1 is most particularly applicable to the series of ,alizarine dye-stuffs1 is to enter the goods in a cold bath of the dye-stuff1 and to work them for a short time to get them thoroughly impregnated1 a condition which is essential if even dyeing is the goal aimed at1 then to raise the temperature of the bath gradually to the boil1 the goods being in the meantime well worked4 ,the dyeing is continued for from one to one and a half hours at the boil4 ,it is important in dyeing by this process1 especially when using ,alizarine1 to keep the temperature of the bath as uniform as possible1 and the goods well worked4 ,alizarine1 and some other members of 7p4 #jgc7 this class1 are rather sensitive to heat1 and if a dye-vat be hot at the bottom and cold at the top uneven dyeing is sure to be the result2 this is due to the greater affinity of the ,alizarine for the mordant at the high than at the low temperature1 and thus more is fixed on to the wool4 ,the remedy for this is to so construct the heating arrangements of the vat that the temperature shall be as uniform as possible1 while the goods should be kept continually turned over1 and every portion of them brought into intimate contact with the dye-liquor4 ,the continuance of the dyeing operations for one and a half to two hours after the vat has reached the boil is necessary to properly develop and fix the colour on the fibre2 a short boil leaves the goods of a poor shade1 without any solidity about it1 and the colour is loose1 while a longer boil brings up a solid shade and a fast colour4 ,although it is not absolutely necessary to add any acid to the dye-bath during the dyeing operations1 yet as the ,alizarines and most of this class of dye-stuffs dye better in a slightly acid bath it is advisable to add a small quantity of acetic acid1 say about one pint to every #ajjlb4 of goods2 this serves to correct any alkalinity of the water1 which may be due to its containing any lime4 ,dye-stuffs of the acid class1 such as indigo extract1 ,cloth red1 ,acid magenta1 etc41 may be used along with the ,alizarine dye-stuffs1 in which case the addition of acid to the dye-bath becomes necessary1 but too great an excess of acid should be avoided1 as it interferes somewhat with the dyeing of the mordant dyes4 ,this is by far the best and most generally used method of applying these mordant dyes4 ,it is not a costly process1 being indeed economical1 as it only requires just the right amounts of drugs and dye-stuffs1 and there is the minimum loss of material in the mordanting and dye-baths4 ,shades can be brought up with the greatest ease1 although it is well in the dyeing to add rather less dye-stuff than is 7p4 #jgd7 actually required1 and to add more when it is seen how the shade is coming up4 ,the labour is the most important item in the mordanting and dyeing method4 ,the proportions of material used to the weight of the wool are3 ,of bichromate of potash1 #c per cent4 for full shades1 and #a per cent4 for pale shades2 of fluoride of chrome1 the same quantities2 of acetate of chrome1 according to the strength of the solution used2 of alum1 #aj to #bj per cent42 of sulphate of alumina1 #e to #aj per cent42 of copperas1 #e to #aj per cent42 of tartar1 #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b per cent42 of oxalic acid1 #a to #a-a_/b per cent42 of sulphuric acid1 #a per cent42 of argol1 #b-a_/b to #e per cent42 of tartaric acid1 #a to #a-a_/b per cent42 but of course in an article like this it is impossible to give definite quantities4 ,second ,method4 ,stuffing and ,saddening4--,this method consists in first treating the wool with a solution of the dye-stuff1 and then with a solution of the mordant required to develop and fix the colour4 ,this method is more particularly applicable to such dye-stuffs as camwood1 cutch1 logwood1 madder1 fustic1 etc41 the colouring principles of which have some affinity for the wool fibre and will directly combine with it4 ,it is not suitable for the application of the ,alizarine colours4 ,the saddening may be and is commonly done in the same bath1 that is1 after the wool has been stuffed it is lifted1 the mordant--copperas1 bluestone1 bichrome1 or alum--is added1 and the wool is re-entered into the bath4 ,this cannot be considered a good method of working2 the shades obtained are full and deep and fairly fast1 but there is usually a considerable loss of colouring matter1 as the wool in no case abstracts the whole of the dye-stuff from the bath2 what excess is left combines with the mordant when the latter is added1 forming an insoluble colour lake1 which falls down to the bottom of the dye-vat and is wasted1 or it may go upon the wool in 7p4 #jge7 a loose1 unfixed form1 and cause it to rub badly and come off in milling4 ,then it is rather difficult to dye to shade1 much of the result depending on conditions over which the dyer has little control4 ,working as he does with dye-stuffs of unknown colouring power1 which may vary from time to time with every fresh batch of material1 it is evident that1 although the same quantities may be used at all times1 at one time a deeper shade may be obtained than at another1 and as it is impossible to see what is going to be the result1 and if by mischance the shade does not come deep enough it cannot well be rectified by adding a quantity of dye-wood to the bath1 because the mordant in the latter will prevent the colouring matter from being properly extracted1 and only a part of that which is extracted is fixed on the wool1 the rest being thrown away in the dye-bath1 and partly on the particles of wood themselves1 when logwood1 camwood1 etc41 are used in the form of chips or powder4 ,dyers being well aware of this1 are in the habit when mistakes occur of bringing up to shade with soluble dye-stuffs--archil1 indigo extract1 and such like4 ,this method1 as stated above1 is very wasteful1 not only of dye-stuffs1 but of mordants4 ,in no case does the wool absorb the whole of the colouring matter from the bath1 the unabsorbed portion goes down to the bottom of the bath when the mordant is added1 so that when the dyeing is finished1 the dye-bath is charged with a large quantity of colouring matter in an unusable form which has to be thrown away1 thus at once adding to the pollution of the river into which it is run1 and to the cost of the process of dyeing4 ,as attention is being directed more and more to the question of the prevention of pollution of rivers1 and as the waste liquors from dye-works add to the apparent pollution to a very considerable extent1 dyers will have to develop other modes of dyeing than that of stuffing and saddening in one bath4 ,the principle of dyeing by stuffing and saddening may be carried 7p4 #jgf7 out by the use of two separate baths2 in fact1 it is done in the case of dyeing a cutch brown from cutch and bichromate of potash4 ,the goods are first treated in a bath of the dye-wood for a short time1 then rinsed1 and the colour is developed by padding into a saddening bath of the mordant4 ,by this method the baths1 which are never quite exhausted1 can be retained for future use1 only requiring about #a_/b to #c_/d of the original quantities to be added for each succeeding batch of the goods1 in fact1 in some cases1 as in cutch1 old baths work better than new ones4 ,the advantage attached to this method of working is that arising from economy of dye-stuff and mordant1 and the reduction of the pollution of the stream on which the works are situated4 ,the disadvantages are that the cost of labour is increased by there being two baths instead of one1 and that the shades obtained are not always so full as with the one-bath method4 ,this1 of course1 can be remedied by running the goods through the baths again1 which1 however1 adds to the cost of the process1 but there is this much to be said1 the shade can be better brought up than by the one-bath process4 ,in some cases the methods of mordanting1 dyeing and saddening are combined together in the dyeing of wool1 thus1 for instance1 a brown can be dyed by first mordanting with bichrome1 then dyeing with camwood and saddening in the same bath with copperas4 ,the shades obtained are fairly fast and will stand milling4 ,the disadvantages of this process are the same as those attached to the dyeing and saddening in one bath4 ,now we come to the last method of dyeing wool with mordant and colours1 that in which the operation is carried out in one bath4 ,this can only be done in those cases where the colour lake that is formed is somewhat soluble in dye-liquors1 which usually have slightly acid properties2 or where the affinity between the two bodies 7colouring matter and 7p4 #jgg7 mordant7 is too great4 ,this method can be carried out in1 for instance1 dyeing a cochineal scarlet with tin crystals1 a yellow from fustic and alum1 a black from logwood and copperas and bluestone1 a red from madder and bichrome1 and the dyeing of the ,alizarine colours by the use of chrome fluoride1 etc4 ,the shades obtained are usually not so deep as those got by the mordanting and dyeing process1 but are frequently nearly so4 ,in some cases1 as in dyeing with fustic or logwood1 it gives rather brighter colours1 due to the fact that the tanning matters present in the dye-stuffs is not fixed on the wool1 as is the case with the mordanting method1 but is retained in the dye-bath4 ,for dyeing with logwood and copperas or bluestone the process is not a good one1 as it does not give as full shades as by the ordinary process4 ,for dyeing with the ,alizarine colours1 using chrome fluoride as the mordant1 it can be applied with fair success4 ,there are advantages in the saving of time and labour and in the amount of steam required1 all of which are important items in dyeing4 ,it is rather troublesome to match off by this process1 but it can be done4 ,for light shades the process will be found very useful1 as these cost less than by any other process4 ,the dye-baths may be retained for future use1 although in process of time they become too dirty for use1 when they must be thrown away4 ,level ,dyeing4--,the first condition for successful dyeing is that the fibres to be treated are absolutely clean4 ,a careful washing is not enough for this purpose4 ,cleanliness is undoubtedly the condition which the fibre must possess to enable the dye to hold on and not to come off the fibre1 this latter causes a loss of dye-stuff1 soils the whites1 and gives rise to trouble between the dyer and finisher2 it is also the condition for making the dye go on the wool evenly4 ,the 7p4 #jgh7 washing must be done at the boil1 so that the fibre is well wetted out and all the air bubbles adhering to it are driven out4 ,but this is not enough2 it must be accompanied by a scouring operation1 not only in the case of fibres of which the dyer does not know whether they have been scoured1 but also when they have already been scoured and bleached4 ,the kind of scouring that the fibres receive in this case need only be of a comparatively light character1 but it must never be omitted1 even for dark shades1 as the traces of grease which the fibre contains are the causes of nearly irremediable stains in the dyeing operations4 ,even in dyeing black wool it is of the greatest importance to have the fibre suitably scoured4 ,the fatty matters which the fibre contains may belong to the components of the fibre itself and be natural matters1 but in the case of wool yarns and cloths they are mostly dressing oils1 from which the dyer cannot be too anxious to free the wool before dyeing4 ,some practical methods of preparatory treatment of the fibres before dyeing may therefore be described here with advantage4 ,cotton is boiled off at actual boiling heat for two hours1 with #h per cent4 of its weight of carbonate of soda and a little soft soap1 which treatment is sufficient for dark colours4 ,for light colours it is necessary that the cotton be bleached4 ,wool is scoured with soda and soap in the proportion of #ajlb4 soda and #blb4 ,marseilles soap for #ajjlb4 wool4 ,silk is scoured by boiling for one and a half hours in a boiling bath with #cj per cent4 of its weight of soap4 ,for light colours a second boiling should be given1 with #ae per cent4 ,the careful cleaning of wool previous to dyeing is of exceptional importance4 ,raw wool is cleaned with carbonate of soda and ammonia4 ,for #ejlb4 wool to be cleaned #flb4 carbonate of soda and #a-a_/blb4 7p4 #jgi7 ammonia are added to a bath of #aej gallons water4 ,the wool is laid down in it for twenty minutes at #ce;,c41 taken up1 squeezed1 treated for fifteen minutes in another bath1 with #elb4 carbonate of soda and then rinsed4 ,the first bath must be renewed as often as possible1 because it contains all the impurities4 ,in the case of woollen yarn #cjlb4 require two tubs of #dj gallons capacity4 ,the first tub is to contain #ce gallons water and #blb4 ammonia at #aj;,be4 ,after working the skeins for three minutes in it they are left to stand for fifteen minutes1 then wrung out1 and the operation is repeated in the second tub4 ,finally1 the yarn is rinsed several times in soft water4 ,woollen piece goods are treated in a large wooden tub at #dj;,c4 with #dlb4 carbonate of soda and #blb4 carbonate of ammonia for #hjlb4 material4 ,the pieces are moved about for twenty minutes1 laid down in the bath overnight1 again turned for ten minutes and hydro-extracted4 ,they may also be handled for forty minutes in a bath of #boz4 ammonia for #ajjlb4 wool at #fj;,c41 and then for twenty minutes in clear water at #fj;,c4 ,after wetting or preparatory treatment1 it will be best to proceed immediately to dyeing2 if the fibres be left in a heap for too long a time1 there is danger that they may become heated1 or at least that the moisture may be irregularly distributed by the occurrence of partial drying1 causing an uneven fixation of the colour in the first stages of dyeing4 ,the first two conditions of successful dyeing are1 therefore1 a suitable wetting out and scouring4 ,the dyer1 however1 must not be less careful to see that the dye-bath is what it ought to be4 ,whenever possible the dye-stuff must be dissolved separately1 or at least the bath not entered before the dye-stuff is well dissolved4 ,artificial dye-stuffs require particular attention to this point1 because the presence of undissolved particles is the cause of 7p4 #jhj7 irregularities1 such as streaks1 or1 at least1 specks4 ,the solution is mostly made hot as follows3 ,after pouring water at #ahj;,f4 upon the dye-stuff1 stir gently1 strain through flannel or through a very fine sieve1 and pour more water upon the residue until nothing more is dissolved4 ,as is well known1 the artificial dye-stuffs often contain insoluble matter1 resins1 etc4 ,it is therefore advisable to use only soft water for this operation4 ,the solutions of artificial dye-stuffs are ordinarily made at the rate of #a to #elb4 per #aj gallons of water1 #blb4 being the proportion mostly employed4 ,this depends more or less on the solubility of the dye-stuff4 ,old solutions sometimes contain crystals of the dye-stuff which have separated out4 ,these should be redissolved by heating before the solution is used4 ,but it is best to make only such a quantity of solution as will suffice for immediate requirements4 ,with paste colours care should be taken to keep them in closed vessels in such a manner that they will not become hard by evaporation1 and they should not be kept in any place where they are likely to freeze in winter time4 ,in such an event it is not an uncommon circumstance for the casks or other vessels containing them to burst1 with a consequent loss of dye-stuff4 ,before any of the paste is withdrawn from the cask1 it is advisable to stir well up with a wooden stirrer4 ,in adding dye-stuff during the actual dyeing operation1 it is advisable to add the dye-stuff to the bath in two or three portions1 always taking out the goods before adding each lot of dye-stuff1 and stirring up the contents of the bath before re-entering the goods4 ,another important condition of obtaining a level dyeing is to proceed slowly1 beginning with a weak bath at a moderate temperature1 and rising gradually to a boil4 ,if necessary to retard the dyeing from the commencement1 then an assistant mordant is added to the dye-bath1 in the shape of soda crystals or phosphate of soda for the benzidine 7p4 #jha7 colours on cotton2 bisulphate of soda or ,glauber's salt in dyeing with azo colours or acid colours on wool2 or tartar may be used in most cases with good effect1 causing the wool to have a softer feel4 ,finally1 the evenness of the dyeing is much increased by the frequent turning over of the material in the dye-bath1 so managing this in the case of wool as to avoid felting4 ,when dyeing with a mordant1 the dyer should see that the mordanting operation is thoroughly well done1 for as much care is required for the mordanting as for the actual dyeing2 in fact1 if anything1 the mordanting should be done with rather more care1 as if it be at all defective no amount of care in the following dyeing operations will ensure a level dyeing4 ,chrome mordanted wool should be dyed without delay1 as it is rather sensitive to light1 especially the yellow sort1 which gradually changes into the green sort of chromed wool4 ,one peculiarity of dyed wool is that it will continue to take up colour after it is removed from the dye-bath1 especially if it contains any of the hot dye-liquor1 therefore it is very desirable to wash the wool as soon as possible after its removal from the dye-bath4 ,it is best1 however1 not to take the wool out of the hot bath1 but to leave it in until the bath becomes cool1 and then to take it out1 by this means the colour becomes deeper and more solid looking1 and is faster on the wool4 ,one cause of irregular dyeing may be mentioned1 as it is occasionally met with1 namely1 the presence of foreign fibres in the goods1 cotton in wool fabrics1 and even of different varieties of the same fibre4 ,all dyers know that dead or immature cotton will not dye up properly1 a fact or defect more especially met with in indigo dyeing than probably in any other colour4 ,then wools from different breeds of sheep vary considerably in their dyeing power4 ,fine wools take up more colour 7p4 #jhb7 than coarse1 and1 consequently1 even from the same bath1 will come out a deeper shade2 if a fabric1 therefore1 contains the two kinds of cotton1 or the two kinds of wool1 they will not dye up evenly4 ,in the preceding sections brief notes have been given about the principal methods of dyeing wool1 with some indications of the dyes which can be used under each method4 ,in the succeeding sections will be given a number of recipes showing how1 and with what dye-stuffs1 various colours1 shades and tints can be dyed upon wool4 ,it will be understood that these recipes are applicable to all kinds of woollen fabrics1 loose wool1 slubbing1 yarns in any form1 woven worsted or woollen cloths1 felts of any kind1 etc41 all these different forms require handling in a different way2 it would not do1 for instance1 to treat a quantity of slubbing in the same way as a piece of worsted cloth1 while hanks of yarn require a different mode of handling to a quantity of hat bodies4 ,the different kinds of woollen fabrics require to be dealt with in different kinds of machines1 and this has already been dealt with in the chapter on ,dyeing ,machinery and ,dyeing ,manipulations4 ,to describe and illustrate the application of all the various woollen dye-stuffs1 whether of natural or artificial origin1 and to show the great variety of shades1 etc41 which can be obtained with them1 either all one or in combination1 would require not one1 but many volumes of the size that this present work is intended to be4 ,therefore1 it becomes necessary to make a selection from the best-known and most used of the various dyes1 and illustrate their application by a number of recipes1 all of which1 unless otherwise stated1 are intended to be for #ajjlb4 weight of woollen material of any kind4 ,it may also be pointed out that1 as a rule1 the recipes may be applied to the dyeing of fabrics made with other animal fibres than the wool of the sheep1 as1 for alpaca1 cashmere1 camel-hair1 hare or rabbit fur1 etc41 7p4 #jhc7 inasmuch1 as1 with the exception of silk1 all animal fibres practically possess the same dyeing properties4 ,it will be convenient to point out here that a very large proportion of the shades dyed on wool and other fabrics are obtained1 not by the use of a single dye-stuff1 although this should always be done1 whenever possible1 but by the combination of two or more dye-stuffs together in various proportions4 ,it is truly astonishing what a great range of shades can thus be dyed by using two or three dyes suitably mixed together1 and one of the things which go to making a successful dyer and colourist is the grasping of this fact by careful observation1 and working accordingly4 ,dyers will find much assistance in acquiring a knowledge of colour and colour mixing from the two little books on ,colour1 by ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,hurst1 and the ,science of ,colour ,mixing1 by ,mr4 ,david ,paterson1 both issued by ,messrs4 ,scott1 ,greenwood ,co41 the publishers of the present work4 ,black on ,wool4--,until within a comparatively recent time black was dyed on wool solely by the use of logwood1 combined with a few other natural dye-stuffs1 such as fustic1 indigo1 etc41 but of late the researches of colour chemists have resulted in the production of a large number of black dyes obtained from various coal-tar products4 ,these have come largely into use1 but still1 so far they have not been able to entirely displace logwood1 chiefly on the score of greater cost1 the use of the natural dye still remaining the cheapest way of producing a black on wool2 although the blacks yielded by some of the coal-tar black dyes are superior to it in point of intensity of colour and fastness to scouring1 acids and light1 as well as being easier to dye4 ,blacks may be obtained from logwood by several methods1 either by previous mordanting of the wool or by the stuffing and saddening methods1 or by the one-bath process4 ,the following recipes will 7p4 #jhd7 show how these various methods are carried out in practice3-- ,chrome ,logwood ,black4--,the wool is first mordanted by boiling for one and a half hours with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 of sulphuric acid1 working well the whole of the time4 ,it is not advisable to exceed the amounts of either the bichromate or the acid here given1 these quantities will result in a full bloomy black being obtained1 but any excess gives rise to greyish dull blacks1 which are undesirable4 ,after mordanting rinse well with water1 when the goods will be quite ready for the dye-bath4 ,the dyeing is done in a bath made from a decoction of #djlb4 of good logwood4 ,it is perhaps preferable to start cold or only lukewarm1 raise to the boil and work for one hour1 then lift1 rinse well1 and pass into a boiling bath made from #alb4 of bichromate of potash and #a_/dlb4 of sulphuric acid for half an hour4 ,this extra chrome bath fixes any colouring matter which may have been absorbed by the wool but not properly fixed by the mordant already on1 it leads to fuller shades which are faster to rubbing and milling4 ,the mordanting bath may be kept standing and used again for fresh lots of wool1 in which case it is only necessary to add #b-a_/blb4 of bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid to the bath for each additional lot of wool that is being dealt with4 ,old mordant baths work rather better than new ones1 but the use cannot be prolonged indefinitely1 there comes a time when the bath gets too dirty to use and then it must be thrown away4 ,during the operation the bichromate of potash becomes more or less decomposed and there is formed on the wool fibre a deposit of chromic acid and chromic oxide1 this deposit forms the mordant that in the subsequent dye-bath combines with and fixes the colouring matter1 the hmatoxylin of the logwood1 and develops the black on the wool4 ,in place of sulphuric acid1 hydrochloric acid can be used with 7p4 #jhe7 some advantage as regards the proportion of bichromate decomposed1 and therefore an increase in the amount of chromium oxide deposited on the wool4 ,this gives a deep blue black1 somewhat wanting in bloom4 ,the following recipe gives a much bloomier black1 but is rather more expensive to dye4 ,chrome ,logwood ,black4--,mordant by boiling in a bath containing #clb4 bichromate of potash and #glb4 tartar4 ,dye and otherwise treat as in the last recipe2 #dlb4 of tartaric acid used in place of the tartar1 gives rather brighter and bloomier shades4 ,the use of so-called tartar substitutes is not to be recommended1 they give no better results than does sulphuric acid and are much dearer to use4 ,a somewhat greener shade of black than is yielded by either of the above two recipes is the following3-- ,chrome ,logwood ,black4--,mordant the wool in a bath containing #dlb4 oxalic acid and #clb4 bichromate of potash1 afterwards dyeing as in the first recipe4 ,all the above recipes give blacks of a bluish tone1 which on the whole have a good bloomy and solid appearance4 ,often what is called a jet black is wanted1 this can be obtained by following the recipe given below4 ,chrome ,logwood ,jet ,black4--,mordant the wool by any of the methods given above4 ,the dyeing is done in a bath made from #djlb4 logwood and #elb4 fustic1 working as described in the first recipe4 ,using these properties a good jet black is obtained1 which is quite satisfactory on the score of solidity and fastness4 ,it is not advisable to exceed the quantity of fustic here given1 or otherwise the black will have a tendency to assume a greenish tone that is not at all desirable4 ,this greening becomes more marked when from #g-a_/b to #ajlb4 of fustic is used1 or if alum be added to the mordant along with the bichromate of potash4 ,chrome blacks are the best blacks which can be obtained from 7p4 #jhf7 logwood4 ,they have1 however1 a tendency to turn green on exposure to the weather1 which tendency seems to be most prevalent in those blacks in which sulphuric acid has been used as the acid constituent of the mordanting bath4 ,the greening may be reduced to a minimum by adding to the dye-bath about #a to #blb4 of ,alizarine4 ,another plan which has been followed is to give the wool a bottom with #e to #flb4 of camwood or peachwood1 then mordanting and dyeing us usual4 ,logwood ,black on ,wool4--,boil first for one hour with a decoction of #hlb4 camwood1 then lay down for fifty minutes in a boiling bath of #clb4 bichromate of potash1 #alb4 alum1 #alb4 tartar4 ,it is a good plan to allow the goods to hang overnight4 ,the dye-bath is prepared with #delb4 logwood1 #hlb4 fustic1 #dlb4 sumac4 ,dye one hour at the boil1 wash and dry4 ,indigo ,black4--,this is sometimes called woaded black1 and has an excellent reputation as a fast black4 ,it is dyed by first giving the wool a medium blue bottom in the indigo vat by the method of vat dyeing1 which will be described later on1 and then dyeing by either the second or third recipe given above4 ,the use of sulphuric acid is rather to be avoided in dyeing an indigo vat with chrome and logwood1 as the chromic acid set free during the process is likely to attack and by destroying the indigo to materially reduce the intensity of the blue bottom4 ,or1 after blueing in the vat1 the black may be dyed or topped on by the process with copperas1 which will be described below4 ,iron ,logwood ,black4--,mordant the wool by boiling one and a half to two hours in a bath made with #elb4 copperas1 #blb4 bluestone1 #blb4 alum1 and #ajlb4 argol4 ,the dyeing is done in a bath of #ejlb4 logwood4 ,it is not advisable to use more argol than is here given1 for 7p4 #jhg7 although a little excess will not materially affect the beauty or brilliancy of the resulting shade1 yet such excess is wasteful1 and makes the dyeing cost more than it otherwise would4 ,on the other hand1 too little will cause the shade to become greyish in tone and wanting in solidity4 ,the copper sulphate 7bluestone7 added increases the fastness of the finished black to light1 the best proportions to add are from #blb4 to #dlb4 for #ajjlb4 of wool4 ,the shade obtained in the above recipe is of a bluish-violet hue1 if a jet black be wanted1 add #elb4 of fustic to the dye-bath4 ,another and very common method of working is the stuffing and saddening process1 given in the next recipe4 ,iron ,logwood ,black4--,make a bath of #ejlb4 logwood1 #flb4 fustic1 and #alb4 sumac4 ,work the wool in this for one hour at the boil1 lift1 allow the bath to become cool1 then add #flb4 of copperas 7ferrous sulphate7 and #blb4 bluestone2 re-enter the wool1 raise the temperature to the boil1 and work half an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,on the whole the first method is the most economical and yields the best blacks1 fastest to rubbing4 ,the iron-copper-logwood blacks are not so fast to acids as the chrome-logwood blacks1 but they are rather faster to light and air1 and equally so to scouring and milling4 ,one-bath methods of dyeing blacks are sometimes preferred by wool dyers4 ,of these the following is an example4 ,logwood ,black4--,make a dye-bath with #ejlb4 logwood1 #elb4 fustic1 #flb4 copperas1 #blb4 copper sulphate1 and #dlb4 oxalic acid4 ,enter the goods and work at the boil to shade4 ,the oxalic acid is added for the purpose of retaining the logwood-iron-copper black lake1 which is formed on mixing the various ingredients together in solution4 ,on boiling the wool in the liquor the fibre gradually extracts out the dye matter and becomes dyed4 ,the use of some of the so-called 7p4 #jhh7 direct blacks 7noir reduit1 ,bonsor's black7 is based on the same principle4 ,these dyes are mixtures of logwood1 fustic or other dye-stuff with copperas1 bluestone and oxalic acid1 and only require adding to water to make the dye-bath4 ,this method of working enables logwood to be used in conjunction with dihydroxynaphthalene and some other coal-tar derivatives to obtain blacks of good solidity and much faster to light1 air1 acids and scouring than the ordinary logwood blacks4 ,another recipe for a one-bath logwood black1 using the extracts in place of the dye-wood itself1 is the following3-- ,logwood ,black4--,prepare a dye-bath with #ablb4 logwood extract1 #blb4 fustic extract1 #flb4 copperas1 #dlb4 bluestone1 #clb4 oxalic acid1 #blb4 tartar4 ,boil the goods in this for one hour4 ,some dyers use the dye-woods and prepare from them a decoction by boiling in water2 in some respects this is the most economical plan1 only the dyer has to get rid of the spent dye-wood from which the colouring matter has been extracted1 and this is not always an easy matter4 ,some dyeing machines 7,smithson's7 have been devised which contain as one of their features a dye-wood extractor1 in which the extraction of the colouring matter of the wood proceeds at the same time as the dyeing4 ,good results are got with such machines1 although they leave something to be desired4 ,many dyers use the dye-wood extracts which are now made on a large scale4 ,these are for the dyer much more convenient to use1 although naturally rather more costly4 ,they are approximately five times the strength of the dye-wood1 but they vary very greatly in this respect4 ,logwood blacks can be readily distinguished from nearly all other blacks1 in that by treatment with moderately strong hydrochloric acid they turn a bright red4 ,no other natural dye-stuff is used in the dyeing of black than these here given4 ,of late years many black dyes derived from coal tar have been 7p4 #jhi7 placed on the market4 ,among these may be enumerated the ,acid ,blacks of ,messrs4 ,bead ,holliday ,sons2 the ,naphthol and ,naphthylamine ,blacks of ,leopold ,cassella ,co42 the ,victoria ,blacks of the ,farbenfabriken vorm1 ,fr4 ,bayer ,co42 the ,wool ,blacks of the ,actiengesellschaft fr ,anilin ,fabrikation2 the ,azo ,blacks of the ,farbwerke vorm1 ,meister1 ,lucius ,bruning2 and one or two other blacks4 ,these blacks are dyed very simply1 as will be seen from the recipes given below1 showing their application in the production of blacks of a great variety of tone4 ,none of them dye a true jet black1 but generally a bluish black or a violet black1 but the tone may be readily changed to a jet or dead black by the addition of a little orange1 yellow or green dye-stuff4 ,they give blacks of a very solid appearance and very bright in tone1 and have the advantage over the logwood blacks of leaving the wool more supple and less liable to be felted4 ,moreover1 as a rule they are faster to acids1 alkalies and milling than are the logwood blacks1 and as regards fastness to light they excel that dye-stuff4 ,unfortunately they are more costly to use1 which tells against their entirely displacing logwood in dyeing blacks on wool4 ,still1 year by year their use is increasing1 and as their price becomes less their employment will yet further extend4 ,they may be combined with logwood1 as they will dye with equal facility on mordanted and unmordanted wool4 ,violet ,black on ,wool4--,make the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,acid ,black ,b1 or ,acid ,black ,b ,b1 #clb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,the ,b brand of these blacks gives shades slightly redder in tone than the ,b ,b4 ,the blacks are quite fast to light and acids1 but not to soaping4 ,blue ,black on ,wool4--,dye as in the last recipe1 but use ,acid 7p4 #jij7 ,black,s4 ,this dye-stuff produces bluer shades of black than either ,b or ,b,b1 and they are faster to soaping4 ,jet ,black on ,wool4--,make the dye-bath with #d-a_/blb4 ,acid ,black,s1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow,f,y1 #clb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,this shows how1 by the addition of a little yellow dye-stuff1 the blue shade may be changed to a full jet black4 ,blue ,black on ,wool4--,the dye-bath is made with #d-a_/blb4 ,naphthol ,black,b 7or #flb4 ,naphthol ,black#c;,b71 #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,the ,naphthol ,blacks have long been used in wool dyeing1 and give excellent results1 the #c;,b brand dyeing much bluer shades than the ,b brand4 ,there is also a #d ,r brand giving violet blacks4 ,these blacks are quite fast to acids and alkalies1 are fast to light1 and resist washing very well1 the ,b brand being the fastest4 ,the following recipe shows how a full jet shade can be obtained for these blacks3-- ,jet ,black on ,wool4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d-a_/blb1 ,naphthol ,black,b1 #alb4 ,naphthol ,green,b1 #a_/dlb4 ,indian ,yellow1 #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,blue ,black on ,wool4--,make the dye-bath with #elb4 ,anthracite ,black ,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 bisulphate of soda1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,anthracite ,black does not require a bath so acid as do some other coal-tar blacks4 ,the shade obtained is a full blue black1 which is fast to acids2 alkalies turn it a little bluer1 and soaping causes some loss of colour4 ,violet ,black on ,wool4--,make the dye-bath with #elb4 ,anthracite ,black,r1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,the black thus obtained is a good one1 fairly fast to acids1 alkalies and soaping4 ,dead ,black on ,wool4--,make the dye-bath with #flb4 ,anthracite ,black,r1 #alb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at 7p4 #jia7 the boil for one hour1 then lift1 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome and work again at the boil for twenty minutes4 ,this black is a very fine one1 and is very fast4 ,violet ,black on ,wool4--,make the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,naphthylamine ,black,d1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 acetic acid4 ,this black is pretty fast to acids1 alkalies and light1 but is somewhat loose to soaping1 and1 therefore1 cannot be used for black goods that have to be strongly milled4 ,naphthylamine ,black#d;,b dyes somewhat bluer shades than the ,b brand4 ,blue ,black on ,wool4--,prepare the dye-bath with #flb4 ,victoria ,blue ,black1 #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #a-a_/blb4 acetic acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,a fine blue black1 is obtained which is quite fast to acids1 washing and light4 ,greenish ,black on ,wool4--,the dye-bath is made with #clb4 ,victoria ,black ,blue1 #blb4 ,fast ,yellow ,f ,y1 #bjlb4 ,glauber's1 salt1 and #a_/a-blb4 acetic acid4 ,the dyeing is done at the boil and takes about an hour4 ,this shade has a good full tone1 and is fast4 ,jet ,black on ,wool4--,make the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,victoria ,black,b1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow,f,y1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,a very fine shade is thus obtained1 which is fast to acids1 alkalies and soaping4 ,by omitting the ,fast ,yellow a blue black is obtained1 while by using ,acid ,green instead a greener tone is given to the black4 ,in place of the ,victoria ,black,b the two other brands1 #e;,g1 and ,g1 of these blacks may be used4 ,these give equally fast blacks of a deeper and more jet black4 ,black on ,wool4--,prepare a bath with #elb4 acetic acid1 #i,tw42 enter the wool for one hour1 then lift and add #elb4 ,naphthol ,black #c;,b1 and #a_/dlb4 ,indian ,yellow4 ,re-enter the goods and boil for one hour1 wash and dry4 ,many of the black dyes--,naphthol ,black1 ,naphthylamine ,blacks1 7p4 #jib7 ,naphthyl ,blue ,black,n1 ,acid ,black,b1 etc4--are capable of slowly dyeing wool from neutral baths1 that is1 containing only ,glauber's salt1 or rather more quickly if a little acetic acid be present4 ,such dyes are very useful for dyeing heavily milled or felted fabrics1 such as hat bodies for instance1 as then the dye possesses greater penetrative properties and passes more into the substance of the fabric1 which is1 therefore1 better dyed through4 ,also they are suitable for dyeing half-wool fabrics as will be seen on referring to the chapter dealing with the dyeing of union or cotton-wool fabrics4 ,it is quite possible to dye a black on wool by using a combination of acid and azo dye-stuffs1 and below is given a recipe illustrating this method2 it is one1 however1 rarely adopted4 ,blue-,black on ,wool4--,prepare the dye-bath with #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 ,patent ,blue1 #foz4 ,brilliant ,orange1 #doz4 ,amaranth1 #doz4 ,acid ,violet,n1 #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,enter the goods at about #aej;,f41 raise to the boil and work to shade2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,it may be of interest to note that by using a mixture of ,azo ,rubine and ,acid green good blacks can be got4 ,there is a range of ,acid and ,azo dyes which are capable of dyeing from the usual acid baths on to wool1 and yet can be developed and fixed on the fibre to good1 full blacks4 ,types of such dyes are ,anthracene ,chrome ,black,f,f1 ,diamond ,black,f1 ,chrome ,patent ,black,d,g and ,d,g,g1 ,fast ,chrome ,black1 etc4 ,generally the blacks dyed on wool with these dyes are very fine1 have a full1 bloomy appearance1 and are very fast4 ,they are much used in dyeing hat bodies and fine cloths which have to be very fast to the weather4 ,the method of application will be gleaned from the recipes given below4 ,black4--,prepare a dye-bath with #elb4 ,chromotrop,s1 #a_/dlb4 ,azo 7p4 #jic7 ,yellow1 #ejlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work for one and a half hours at the boil1 then add #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil for another half hour1 then lift4 ,add to the same dye-bath #clb4 bichromate of potash4 ,re-enter the goods and work at the boil for half an hour1 then lift1 rinse and dry4 ,jet ,black4--,mordant the wool by boiling for one hour in a bath made from #dlb4 bichromate of potash and #clb4 of tartar4 ,then rinse1 and dye in a bath containing #c-a_/blb4 ,diamond ,black1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine,r,r,r double1 and #alb4 ,gambine ,yellow1 working at the boil for from one to one and a half hours4 ,diamond ,black on ,wool4--,mordant by boiling for one hour with #clb4 bichromate of potash1 #alb4 oxalic acid4 ,wash and dry in a bath made with #blb4 ,diamond ,black1 #blb4 acetic acid4 ,work at #abj;,f4 for one hour1 then heat to boil1 and work until the dye is fully fixed4 ,lift1 wash and dry4 ,a more common method of using the ,diamond ,black is given in the following recipe4 ,diamond ,black4--,prepare a dye-bath with #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #b-a_/blb4 ,diamond ,black1 #a_/blb4 ,diamond ,green4 ,boil for an hour1 then pass through a fresh bath of #blb4 bichromate of potash for three-quarters of an hour at the boil2 wash and dry4 ,this gives a fine jet shade of black1 quite fast to a strong milling1 and to light1 alkalies and acids4 ,diamond ,black by itself gives bluish shades4 ,this dye is much used in the hat-dyeing trade4 ,violet ,black4--,mordant the wool by boiling for one and a half hours in a bath made with #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #a lb4 oxalic acid1 then rinse and dye in a bath containing #belb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,black,g1 #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 and #a lb4 acetic acid1 working at the boil for one and a half hours4 ,a fine full shade is obtained 7p4 #jid7 which is quite fast to acids1 milling and light4 ,brown ,black4--,mordant the wool as in the last recipe1 then dye in a new bath #belb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,black,g1 #clb4 ,anthracene ,brown1 #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 and #alb4 acetic acid1 working at the boil for one to one and a half hours4 ,jet ,black4--,mordant as in either of the above recipes1 then dye in a bath containing #bjlb4 ,alizarine ,black,s,w1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,this black possesses a great degree of resistance to acid1 alkali1 milling and light1 and is one of the best blacks at the disposal of the dyer4 ,reddish ,black on ,wool4--,prepare the dye-bath containing #elb4 ,chromotrop#b;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 work at the boil for one hour1 then lift4 ,add to the same bath #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid1 and work half an hour longer4 ,blue ,black4--,make the dye-bath with #flb4 ,chromotrop #aj;,b and #dlb4 sulphuric acid2 dye1 and develop the black by adding to the same bath #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,jet ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #e-a_/blb4 ,chromotrop ,s1 #a_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,yellow,g,g,w1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,slowly raise to the boil and work for one hour1 then add to the same dye-bath #clb4 bichromate of potash1 and #alb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,these are but a few examples of how the ,chromotrops 7one of the most interesting series of dye-stuffs at the service of the dyer7 may be used to dye blacks4 ,they of themselves dye brilliant reds1 from bright scarlet 7#b,r71 crimson 7#f;,b71 and purple 7#h;,b and #aj;,b71 to maroon and clarets 7,s and ,s,b74 ,these being turned black on being chromed1 give various shades--blue blacks1 violet blacks1 and jet blacks1 which have the merit of being fast to acids1 strong milling1 and light in a great degree4 ,the blue and violet blacks may be converted to jet 7p4 #jie7 shades by adding to the dye-bath some yellow dye-stuff1 such as ,azo ,yellow1 ,alizarine ,yellow1 or ,gambine ,yellow1 which will resist the action of the bichrome in the developing bath4 ,chromotrop blacks while so very fast have the disadvantage of being expensive1 but by combining them with logwood it is possible to obtain blacks that have a great degree of resistance to light1 acids and milling4 ,they are in this respect much superior to pure logwood blacks1 while the cost is not prohibitive4 ,the following recipe will serve as an example of how these two dye-stuffs may be combined3-- ,jet ,black4--,make a bath with #blb4 ,chromotrop,s1 #aelb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 hydrochloric acid4 ,work in this bath for one hour1 then add #b-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash1 and work again for half an hour1 at the boil4 ,lift1 rinse and dye in a new bath containing #belb4 logwood1 #alb4 fustic extract and #a_/dlb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for an hour4 ,violet ,black on ,wool4--,dye the wool in the ,chromotrop bath1 and develop as in the last recipe4 ,the final dye-bath is made with #flb4 logwood1 #hoz4 ,patent ,blue,b1 and #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,by using logwood alone blue blacks can be dyed1 by increasing the proportion of fustic a greener tone can be obtained1 while by the use of a larger proportion of ,chromotrop a redder tone of black is the result4 ,jet ,black4--,make the dye-bath with #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #flb4 ,nyanza ,black2 when obtained is a good one and of solid appearance4 ,alkalies turn it red1 but it is fast to dilute acid and soaping4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #elb4 oxalate of ammonia1 #elb4 acetic acid and #flb4 ,anthracene ,chrome ,black,f4 ,work at the boil for three-quarters of an hour1 or until 7p4 #jif7 the bath is exhausted of dye-stuff1 then add #a-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 hydrochloric acid to the same bath and work for half an hour longer4 ,the ,anthracene ,chrome ,blacks1 of which there are three brands1 ,f1 #e;,b and ,f,e1 are excellent dyes1 producing very fine blacks1 and owing to the slowness of dyeing and great penetrative properties are very suitable for dyeing hat felts and other closely woven fabrics4 ,the #e;,b dyes more bluish shades than the ,f1 while the ,f,e brand gives full black4 ,by combining these with ,anthracene ,yellow,b,n1 ,anthracene ,acid ,brown,g1 or other similar dyes1 jet blacks can be got as per the following recipe3-- ,jet ,black4--,make the dye-bath with #flb4 ,anthracene ,chrome ,black,f,e1 #eoz4 ,anthracene ,yellow,b,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 oxalate of ammonia and #elb4 acetic acid1 after dyeing1 and the dye-bath1 is exhausted of colour1 add #a-a_/b lb4 bichromate of potash and #clb4 hydrochloric acid1 and boil again for half an hour4 ,finish in the usual way4 ,one of the reasons for adding the oxalate of ammonia1 is to precipitate out any lime which may be in the water in such a form that it will not react with the dye-stuff4 ,fast ,black4--,mordant the yarn with copperas 7sulphate of iron74 ,dye in a bath with #elb4 ,gambine,y1 #blb4 ,acid ,mauve1 #blb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,proceed as described for full green4 ,blue ,black4--#c-a_/blb4 ,naphthylamine ,black,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 acetic acid2 to fully exhaust the dye-bath add #hlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,jet ,black4--#elb4 ,naphthylamine ,black,s1 #a_/dlb4 ,fast ,acid ,green,b,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 acetic acid1 adding #hlb4 bisulphate of soda to exhaust the bath4 ,blue ,black4--,give a deep blue bottom in the indigo vat and dye with #blb4 ,anthracite ,black,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,greys on ,wool4--,the dyeing of greys follows very naturally after 7p4 #jig7 the dyeing of blacks1 for from a broad point of view greys are simply light blacks1 and any dye-stuffs that will dye black will if used in smaller proportions give greys4 ,there is a great variety of tone among greys3 reddish greys1 bluish greys1 greenish greys1 and so on4 ,they may be dyed in a considerable variety of ways from a large number of dye-stuffs1 both natural and artificial4 ,of these two classes the latter gives the best result as far as regards brightness of tone1 and as regards other properties the greys obtained from the artificial coal-tar colours are fully equal to those from natural dyes4 ,a large number of recipes are in use by dyers for the production of greys1 so many that it becomes almost an impossibility to do more than give a mere fraction of them here4 ,however1 a number of representative recipes will be given1 covering all classes of dye-stuffs capable of being used for the purpose1 and thus forming a guide to the methods of dyeing and the proportions of dye-stuffs to be used4 ,light ,grey4--,dye at the boil for three-quarters of an hour1 in a bath containing #alb4 perchloride of tin1 #clb4 alum1 #coz4 indigo extract1 and #boz4 cochineal4 ,slate ,grey4--,mordant by boiling with #dlb4 alum and #alb4 argol1 then dye with #flb4 logwood1 #foz4 cudbear and #coz4 indigo extract4 ,slate ,grey4--,another method is to boil the wool with #aj lb4 logwood1 #blb4 ,glauber's salt and #alb4 sulphuric acid for three-quarters of an hour1 then lift1 add #alb4 copperas1 and re-enter the wool1 working at the boil for three-quarters of an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,reddish ,grey4--,boil for an hour with #ajlb4 fustic1 #aalb4 cutch1 #a_/blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 copperas4 ,pearl ,grey4--,give a light blue ground in the indigo vat1 then dye in a new bath with #blb4 muriate of tin and #c_/dlb4 cochineal1 working at the boil to shade4 ,silver ,grey4--,prepare a bath with #c_/dlb4 tannic acid2 work for 7p4 #jih7 an hour in a warm bath1 then sadden with #clb4 nitrate of iron to shade1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,pearl ,grey4--,prepare a bath with #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #dlb4 ,alizarine ,bordeaux,b4 ,enter into the bath when cold1 then heat to the boil and work for one and a half hours1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,silver ,grey4--,the dye-bath is made with #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #f-a_/boz4 ,alizarine ,cyanine,g,g1 the dyeing being done as in the last recipe4 ,greenish ,grey4--,a good shade is dyed with #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 #doz4 ,alizarine ,bordeaux,b1 and #doz4 ,diamond ,flavine,g1 working as given in the above recipe4 ,grey4--,give a pale blue bottom with an indigo vat1 then dye in a bath containing #alb4 fluoride of chrome1 #a_/boz4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 and #c_/doz4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c2 work at the boil for one hour1 lift1 wash1 and dry4 ,dark ,grey4--,a very fine dark grey1 almost approaching a black is obtained by the following plan3 bottom the wool with a medium blue by means of the indigo vat1 dye in a bath containing #alb4 fluoride of chrome1 #coz4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 and #coz4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c4 ,slate ,grey4--,a good slate grey of a slightly greenish tone can be dyed in a bath of #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 #c_/dlb4 ,acid ,blue#d,s1 and #a_/dlb4 ,titan ,brown,r1 working at the boil to shade4 ,pale ,slate ,grey4--,the dyeing is done in a bath made with #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 #eoz4 ,acid ,blue#d,s1 and #a-a_/boz4 ,titan ,brown,r1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,silver ,grey4--,a very nice shade is dyed with #coz4 ,acid ,blue#d,s1 #a_/doz4 ,titan ,red1 and #eoz4 acetate of ammonia4 ,silver ,grey4--,a shade similar to the last is dyed in a bath containing #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #elb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #c_/doz4 ,anthracite ,black,r4 ,by adding a little ,thiocarmine,r the 7p4 #jii7 shade can be turned bluer in tone1 while the addition of a little ,milling ,yellow,o1 or ,titan ,yellow1 turns it to the green side4 ,pearl ,grey4--,make the dye-bath with #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #elb4 acetic acid1 and #c_/dlb4 ,naphthylamine ,black,d4 ,this gives fine shades of pearl grey4 ,bluish ,grey4--,mordant the wool by boiling in a bath made with #blb4 bichromate of potash1 #alb4 tartar1 and #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,dye in a bath containing #boz4 ,diamine ,black 7or #c_/doz4 ,diamond ,black and #a-a_/boz4 ,alizarine ,cyanine,r71 working at the boil for an hour and a half4 ,grey4--,this can be dyed with #coz4 ,nyanza ,black,b1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil4 ,reddish ,grey4--,a good full shade is dyed with #a-a_/boz4 ,cyanole extra1 #a_/doz4 ,orange extra1 #c_/doz4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,slate ,grey4--,the dye-bath is made with #coz4 ,cyanole extra1 #a_/boz4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #c_/doz4 ,orange extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,pearl ,grey4--,prepare a dye-bath with #c_/doz4 ,patent ,blue1 #a_/boz4 ,acid ,violet,n1 #c_/doz4 ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,stone ,grey on ,wool4--,the dye-bath is made with #a_/boz4 ,chromotrop#b,r1 #c_/doz4 ,cyanole extra1 #a-a_/boz4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #c_/doz4 ,acid ,yellow1 #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #clb4 acetic acid4 ,enter at #hj;,f41 then warm slowly and work to shade1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,these recipes will probably be sufficient to show the lines on which greys may be obtained in wool dyeing4 ,it may be added that from the ,acid ,blacks,b1 ,b,b1 and ,s1 good greys of a violet tone may be obtained1 using from #a_/b to #c_/doz4 dye-stuff4 ,the ,naphthol ,blacks will also be found useful in the same way1 while the greys from ,anthracene ,chrome ,blacks and the ,alizarine blacks are very good and fast4 ,red ,shades on ,wool4--,the number of red shades that may be dyed 7p4 #ajj7 on wool is infinite4 ,they range over every variety of tint of red1 from the palest blush-rose to the deepest crimson1 and from the most brilliant pink to the dullest grenat shade4 ,it is quite impossible here to describe the dyeing of every imaginable shade of red1 while the great variety of red dye-stuffs1 both natural and artificial1 adds to the difficulty of dealing in the space at command with all the various methods and dyes that may be used in the dyeing of reds on wool4 ,the methods that may be adopted for dyeing red shades on wool are many and various1 depending not only on the particular dye-stuff used1 but often on the particular shade that is being dyed4 ,one method1 which will yield a pale and useful tint with a particular dye-stuff1 would fail if a full shade were necessary4 ,the greater number of red shades are now dyed by means of the artificial dye-stuffs1 as these are much easier to dye than are the natural dyes1 and they give1 on the whole1 more even and brilliant shades1 while as regards fastness to milling1 acids1 and light they are fully equal1 and in most cases superior1 to the natural dyes4 ,the ,direct ,red ,dyes4--,of this group of red dye-stuffs1 ,benzopurpurine1 ,titan ,scarlet1 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 and ,benzo ,fast ,red are types2 many of them have been found to be very serviceable in wool dyeing4 ,they may be dyed either from plain baths containing common salt or ,glauber's salt1 or from baths containing common salt or ,glauber's salt and a little acetic acid4 ,alkaline or soap baths do not work well as a rule1 and must be avoided in wool dyeing4 ,generally the dye-bath is exhausted of colour1 and full shades are easily obtained1 while these reds are in general remarkable for the evenness and uniformity of tint which can be 7p4 #aja7 produced4 ,the reds so dyed are1 on the whole1 fairly fast to soaping1 and can be used for dyeing goods that have to be milled1 while their resistance to light and air is fairly good4 ,benzopurpurine and ,diamine ,red are more or less affected by acids1 but the ,titan ,red and some of the more modern reds1 ,diamine ,brilliant ,scarlet1 ,benzo ,fast ,scarlets1 are all fast to acids4 ,the fastness to washing and light of some of them1 ,benzo ,fast ,red1 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 ,titan ,red1 is much increased by adding1 after the wool has been dyed1 #c per cent4 of fluoride of chromium to the dye-bath1 and working a little longer4 ,the dyeing with these colours is done at the boil1 and the goods may be entered direct into the boiling bath without fear of uneven shades being produced4 ,this bath may be kept as a standing one1 simply adding as each lot is dyed the necessary quantity of dye-stuff1 a little fresh water to bring the bath up to its original volume1 and a corresponding quantity of the salt originally added4 ,the wool can then be entered and dyed4 ,in place of using salt or ,glauber's salt1 acetate of ammonia is an excellent assistant for this class of dyes4 ,the following are some recipes for dyeing various shades of red on wool with this class of dyes4 ,scarlet4--,the dye-bath is made with #clb4 ,titan ,scarlet,c,b1 and #ajlb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,this gives a good bright shade of scarlet1 which is fast to acids and soaping1 although not fast to light4 ,scarlet4--,dye in a bath made with #clb4 ,diamine ,scarlet,b and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,this yields a light shade1 not so fast to acids as the last1 but equally fast to soaping and light4 ,scarlet4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,benzopurpurine#d;,b1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,this also gives a good shade of ,scarlet fast to soaping4 ,it is turned dark blue by acids1 and is not fast to 7p4 #ajb7 light4 ,it is very largely used on underwear goods1 but is not so satisfactory for this as the ,titan ,scarlet,c,b1 or ,benzo ,fast ,scarlet,b,s4 ,scarlet4--,the dye-bath may be made with #clb4 ,brilliant ,congo,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,this gives a satisfactory shade of scarlet4 ,bright ,scarlet4--,the dye-bath prepared with #blb4 ,geranine,g1 #elb4 sulphate of soda1 #elb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then wash and dry4 ,dark ,crimson4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,chrysophenine1 #a-a_/blb4 ,hessian ,violet1 #belb4 salt4 ,heat to #aej;,f41 enter the goods1 heat to boil and dye boiling for one hour1 take out1 rinse and wash4 ,scarlet4--,a brilliant shade of scarlet can be dyed in a bath of #clb4 ,benzo ,fast ,red1 #alb4 ,chrysophenine1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,fast ,red4--,dye the wool in a bath boiling1 containing #alb4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 acetic acid1 until the bath is exhausted1 then add #clb4 fluoride of ,chrome and work half an hour longer at the boil4 ,bordeaux4--,dye with #clb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,pink4--,dye with #blb4 ,diamine ,rose,b,d1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #alb4 acetic acid4 ,the basic red dyes are not very numerous1 and comprise ,magenta1 ,saffranine1 ,acridine ,reds1 ,acridine ,scarlets1 ,rhoduline ,reds1 ,rhodamine and ,neutral ,beds4 ,for successful dyeing they require a perfectly neutral bath4 ,this bath should contain #aj per cent4 of ,glauber's salt1 and is started cold and not too strong2 when all the material has been entered the steam may be turned on and the temperature slowly raised1 the material being turned over and over4 ,the operation is continued only until the bath has been exhausted of colour1 when it is stopped1 and the wool taken out1 and washed 7p4 #ajc7 and dried4 ,the liquor in the dye-baths may be allowed to cool down1 and then it may be used for making the dye-bath for a second lot of goods1 or it may be run away4 ,it is best not to add the dye to the bath all at once1 but in several portions as the work proceeds4 ,the affinity of the wool for the basic dyes is usually so strong that if all were added to the dye-bath at the start1 then the first portion of the goods entered might take up all1 or nearly all1 the colour1 leaving but little for the last portion2 the consequence being that the goods are dyed of an uneven colour1 deeper in some parts than others4 ,this defect is remedied by adding the dye in portions1 entering the goods rather quickly1 working cold1 or by adding a little acetic acid and plenty of ,glauber's salt4 ,notwithstanding all these precautions it is quite possible for the shades to come up somewhat uneven4 ,these remarks are applicable not only to the basic reds but to the whole range of basic dyes1 hence this class of dye-stuffs is but little used in the dyeing of wool4 ,crimson4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,magenta1 and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt1 working as described above4 ,this gives a fine crimson shade which1 however1 is not fast to soaping or to light4 ,the quantity of dye-stuff given above should not be exceeded or the shades may come up bronzy1 this may be avoided if a trace of acetic acid is added to the dye-bath4 ,crimson4--,dye with #b-a_/blb4 of ,saffranine and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,this dyes a fine ,crimson shade4 ,deep ,red4--,use #clb4 ,rhoduline ,red and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,scarlet4--,the dye-bath is made with #alb4 ,saffranine ,prima1 #alb4 ,auramine1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,the goods are entered into the dye-bath at about #abj;,f41 and well worked about1 then the temperature is raised slowly4 ,when the dye-bath is exhausted the goods are lifted1 washed and dried4 ,there are no pure basic scarlets1 and the above and similar combinations of a basic red and a basic yellow are the 7p4 #ajd7 only ways in which a scarlet can be dyed on wool with basic coal-tar colours4 ,the basic colours are1 in general1 the hydrochlorides of some colour base1 and in the process of dyeing the acid constituent of the wool fibre unites with the colour base1 while the hydrochloric acid which is liberated passes into the dye-bath4 ,the acid reds are a very large group of red dyes1 of somewhat varied chemical composition1 which all have the property of dyeing from baths containing ,glauber's salt and sulphuric acid or acetic acid1 the usual proportions being #aj per cent4 of the former1 and #b to #e per cent4 of the acid4 ,some are best dyed from a bath containing bisulphate of soda4 ,the dyeing should be started cold1 or at a lukewarm heat1 then steam should be turned on and the temperature raised to the boil1 at which it is maintained for an hour2 this boiling serving to more intimately fix the dye-stuff on the woollen fibre4 ,the ,eosine reds1 of which ,eosine in its various brands1 ,rose ,bengale1 ,phloxine1 ,saffrosine and ,erythrosine1 are examples1 are best dyed upon wool from a bath containing ,glauber's salt and a little acetic acid4 ,they do not require a very acid bath1 hence the reason of using acetic acid4 ,the method of dyeing is that given above as for basic reds1 namely1 enter into cold1 or at most lukewarm bath1 and raise the heat slowly1 continuing the work until the shade required has been obtained4 ,it is a good plan to start work in a neutral bath1 and then when the material has become thoroughly impregnated with the dye-liquor to add the acetic acid4 ,the shades obtained from these ,eosine reds are remarkable for their brilliance1 but unfortunately their fastness to light1 washing1 etc41 is but slight1 although it may be increased by treating the dyed wool in a bath of alum or acetate of lead4 ,some of the acid reds1 e4g41 ,acid ,magenta1 ,acid ,violet1 belong 7p4 #aje7 to the group of sulphonated basic dyes4 ,the vast majority belong to the group of azo dyes1 which can be employed to dye from palest pinks to the deepest crimson reds4 ,some dye very brilliant shades1 others only yield dull reds4 ,some dye shades remarkable for their fastness to all agencies1 soap1 acids1 alkalies1 light and air2 others dye shades which may be fast to soap1 but loose to acids and light4 ,generally even shades are readily obtained on any kind of woollen fabric4 ,it is practically impossible to name all the acid reds that are known and that may be used1 but a fairly representative series of recipes will be given4 ,ponceau4--,wet out1 then prepare a bath with #blb4 ,ponceau,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,enter the wool in the cold1 bring to a boil and work to shade1 wash and dry4 ,crushed ,strawberry4--,prepare a bath containing #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #doz4 ,scarlet,r,s1 #ioz4 ,indigo extract1 #boz4 ,orange,y1 #doz4 sulphuric acid4 ,enter wool at #afj;,f41 give four turns1 raise temperature slowly to a boil1 and turn to shade1 lift and wash4 ,scarlet4--,prepare a dye-bath with #blb4 ,azo cochineal1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil until the full shade is obtained1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,terra ,cotta ,red4--,the dye-bath is made from #b-a_/blb4 ,fast ,acid ,magenta,b1 #b-a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow,f,y1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil to shade4 ,fast ,scarlet4--,prepare a dye-bath with #clb4 ,glauber's salt1 #a-a_/dlb4 sulphuric acid1 #b-a_/blb4 ,brilliant ,scarlet #d,r4 ,work at the boil for one and a half hours4 ,scarlet4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,scarlet#b,r,j1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the goods may be entered at about #aej;,f41 and the temperature raised at the boil and maintained at that heat for one hour1 then the goods are lifted1 rinsed and dried4 ,the method given in the above recipes is that usually followed 7p4 #ajf7 with the acid colours4 ,when closely woven or thick goods are being dyed1 where it is desired that the colour should penetrate well into the substance of the goods1 the following modification of working may be adopted3-- ,the dye-bath is made up with the dye-stuff and ,glauber's salt only1 and the goods are worked in this at the boil until they are thoroughly impregnated with the dye-stuff liquor1 then the acid is added in small quantities at a time1 and the dyeing is continued for one hour to fix the colouring matter on the wool fibre4 ,the goods may then be lifted out1 washed and dried4 ,scarlet4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,scarlet,f,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,in place of scarlet,f,r1 the ,f#b,r or ,f#c,r brands may be used1 the latter giving the reddest shades4 ,scarlet4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,scarlet,o,o1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,scarlet,o dyes a yellower shade of scarlet1 while scarlets,o,o and,o,o,o dye slightly redder shades4 ,scarlet4--,the dye-bath is made with #clb4 ,brilliant ,ponceau#b,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,this gives a brilliant shade of scarlet4 ,brilliant ,ponceau,g1 used in the same way1 gives a much yellower tone of scarlet1 the ,r gives a slightly yellower tone1 while the #c and #d,r brands dye redder shades4 ,bluish ,red4--,the dye-bath is made with #blb4 ,brilliant ,croceine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,brilliant croceine,b,b and the brand ,m dye redder shades of scarlet4 ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,milling ,red,r1 #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 acetic acid4 ,this is a good bright shade1 and is quite fast to soaping and milling4 ,deep ,scarlet4--,dye with #clb4 ,chromotrop,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's 7p4 #ajg7 salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this scarlet is very fast to milling1 acid and light4 ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,victoria ,scarlet,r1 #alb4 ,victoria ,rubine,o1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,a fine deep scarlet red is obtained4 ,scarlet4--,dye with #blb4 ,brilliant ,orseille,c1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a bright bluish shade of scarlet4 ,red4--,dye with #alb4 ,emin ,red and #elb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,scarlet4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,croceine ,scarlet#c,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,fawn ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #a-a_/boz4 ,cyanole1 #a-a_/boz4 ,orange extra1 #b-a_/boz4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a nice light tint of fawn red1 of a somewhat bluish tone4 ,deep ,fawn ,red4--,a very deep shade of fawn red is dyed with #d-a_/boz4 ,cyanole1 #b-a_/dlb4 ,orange extra1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the same dye-stuffs are used as in the last1 but the result is a deeper shade1 of a yellow tone4 ,crushed ,strawberry ,red4--,use #doz4 ,chromotrop#b,r1 #boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #aoz4 ,azo yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pale ,lilac ,rose4--,dye with #aoz4 ,chromotrop#b,r1 #a_/boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #a_/boz4 ,azo yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,fawn4--,dye with #c-a_/doz4 ,chromotrop#b,r1 #a-a_/boz4 ,orange,g1 #boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #doz4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #ajlb4 acetic acid1 and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,crimson4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,titan ,red#f;,b1 #bjlb4 salt1 with a little acetic acid1 and work at the boil4 ,this gives a fine shade of crimson1 fast to acids and capable of standing milling very well4 ,deep ,crimson4--,a bright and deep crimson is dyed with #dlb4 ,fast 7p4 #ajh7 ,acid ,magenta,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil4 ,pale ,crimson4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,fast ,acid ,magenta,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil4 ,level shades are readily obtained1 and the dye is fast to washing4 ,deep ,crimson4--,make the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a very deep shade of crimson1 of a bluish tone4 ,bluish ,crimson4--,use in the dye-bath #blb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pale ,bluish ,crimson4--,use in the dye-bath #alb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a very bright shade of pale crimson4 ,the ,b brand of the ,azo ,fuchsines gives slightly bluer shades than the above4 ,deep ,crimson4--,a very solid crimson is dyed in a bath containing #clb4 ,azo ,red,a1 #boz4 ,orange extra1 #boz4 ,cyanole extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil4 ,bright ,crimson4--,a fine bluish crimson can be dyed on wool with #dlb4 ,azo ,red,a1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #aj lb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil4 ,deep ,crimson4--,a good shade can be dyed with #flb4 ,amaranth1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 working at the boil4 ,brilliant ,pale ,bluish ,crimson4--,a really brilliant shade1 bordering on a violet red1 is dyed in a bath containing #a-a_/blb4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bluish ,crimson4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,croceine ,scarlet1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a good full shade of a bluish tone and very bright4 ,bluish ,crimson4--,dye with #clb4 ,chromotrop#f;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a fine tint1 7p4 #aji7 very fast to acids1 milling and light4 ,purple4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,chromotrop#aj;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the ,chromotrops are remarkable for the fulness of the shades they dye1 the brightness of their tint1 and their fastness to acids1 washing and light4 ,purple4--,use #dlb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bluish ,purple4--,a very dark shade of purple is dyed with #dlb4 ,azo ,acid ,violet#d,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bordeaux ,reds4--,these are shades that lie intermediately between the scarlets and the crimsons4 ,they are in general duller than the scarlets1 and have a more solid and fuller look2 while they are less blue in tone than the crimson4 ,they can be obtained from a large variety of dye-stuffs1 and the recipes given below may be regarded as typical examples4 ,bright ,bordeaux ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,azo ,bordeaux1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil to shade4 ,this is a very bright shade1 of a somewhat bluish tone4 ,cherry ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #b-a_/blb4 ,fast ,acid ,magenta,b1 #b-a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a fine deep shade4 ,bright ,cherry ,red4--,a very yellow shade of red1 fast to milling1 is dyed by making a dye-bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #clb4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #elb4 acetate of soda1 and #blb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 re-enter the wool and work half an hour longer2 wash and dry4 ,deep ,bordeaux ,red4--,the dye-bath is made with #dlb4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #elb4 acetate of soda1 and #clb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work 7p4 #aaj7 at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 add to the bath #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 re-enter the goods and work again for half an hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,bright ,cherry ,red4--,make a dye-bath with #dlb4 ,benzo ,fast ,red1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 re-enter the goods and work for half an hour longer2 wash and dry4 ,cherry ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #a-a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,bluish ,bordeaux ,red4--,for a very fast shade use #hoz4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #hoz4 ,orange,g1 #c_/doz4 ,patent ,blue,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,bright ,bordeaux ,red4--,a good bright and fast shade of red is dyed with #c-a_/blb4 ,emin ,red and #glb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 work for three-quarters of an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,bordeaux ,red4--,use #clb4 ,titan ,scarlet,d1 #a_/dlb4 ,titan ,brown,o1 and #bjlb4 salt4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,claret ,reds4--,claret reds are very useful shades and are great favourites of the dress-loving public4 ,they are dark reds of a yellow tone1 and can be dyed upon wool in a variety of ways1 of which the following recipes just indicate a few4 ,claret4--,make the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,milling red,r1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,claret4--,use #dlb4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,claret4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,bordeaux,b,l1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,claret4--,a deep shade is dyed with #b-a_/blb4 ,victoria ,scarlet,r1 7p4 #aaa7 #blb4 ,victoria ,rubine,o1 #aoz4 ,cyanine ,scarlet,r1 #blb4 ,victoria ,rubine,o1 #aoz4 ,cyanine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,claret4--,a fine deep shade is dyed with #blb4 ,azo ,red,a1 #a_/dlb4 ,orange extra1 #a_/dlb4 ,cyanole1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,maroon ,reds4--,from clarets to maroons is not a wide interval1 they are both dark shade reds1 the former tending to a yellow tone1 the latter to a more bluish shade of red4 ,a few recipes will be given to show some of the best methods of dyeing maroons4 ,maroon4--,use #flb4 ,amaranth,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a fine bright shade4 ,deep ,maroon4--,make the dye-bath with #d-a_/blb4 ,fast ,acid ,violet#aj;,b1 #hjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a fine blue shade of maroon of great depth4 ,maroon4--,the dye-bath is made with #clb4 ,azo acid violet#d,r1 #alb4 ,fast ,yellow,s1 #a-a_/boz4 ,fast ,green ,bluish1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,maroon4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,acid ,magenta1 #a_/blb4 ,orange,o1 #a_/blb4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,maroon4--,make a dye-bath with #clb4 ,azo ,acid ,rubine1 #a-a_/boz4 ,acid ,black,b,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,maroon4--,the dye-bath is made with #clb4 ,milling ,red,b1 #a-a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,black#d,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,maroon4--,make the dye-bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,victoria ,scarlet,r1 #acoz4 ,victoria ,rubine,o1 #a_/blb4 ,victoria ,yellow1 #blb4 ,keton ,blue,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,red4--,a good shade is dyed with #dlb4 ,lanafuchsine,s,g1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,lanafuchsine,s,b dyes somewhat bluer shades4 ,fast ,red4--,dye with #dlb4 ,milling ,red,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 7p4 #aab7 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,scarlet4--,dye with #clb4 ,brilliant ,cochineal#b,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,scarlet4--,dye with #clb4 ,brilliant ,ponceau#d,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pinks4--,pink4--,use #a-a_/boz4 ,erythesine,d1 and #elb4 acetic acid4 ,these two pinks are very much alike and are very bright4 ,bluish ,pink4--,use #a-a_/boz4 ,rose ,bengale and #elb4 acetic acid4 ,pink4--,make the dye-bath with #coz4 ,azo ,cochineal1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bluish ,pink4--,make the dye-bath with #c_/d to #aoz4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r and a little ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pink4--,by using #a-a_/boz4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #c_/doz4 ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 a good full pink is obtained4 ,bluish ,pink4--,use #boz4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,many of the other acid reds may be used for dyeing pinks if from #b to #doz4 of dye-stuff be used4 ,pink4--,use in the dye-bath #a-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #elb4 acetate of soda1 and #clb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,coral ,red4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/blb4 ,diamine ,scarlet,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #alb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,cherry ,red4--,the dye-bath is made with #b-a_/blb4 ,orange,g,g1 #alb4 ,brilliant ,orseille,c1 #c_/doz4 ,cyanole extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,crimson4--,use in the dye-bath #dlb4 ,brilliant ,orseille,c1 #a-a_/boz4 ,cyanole extra1 #coz4 ,orange,g,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,scarlet4--,make the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,lanafuchsine,s,g1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil to shade4 ,crimson4--,make the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,lanafuchsine,s,b1 and 7p4 #aac7 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil to shade4 ,the ,lanafuchsines1 of which there are three brands1 ,s,g1 ,s,b1 and #f;,b1 dye very good level shades of red from scarlet to crimson1 which are of good fastness to milling1 acids and light4 ,salmon4--,use #a_/blb4 ,rhodamine,b1 #a_/doz4 ,naphthol ,yellow,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,rose ,red4--,use #a_/dlb4 ,lanafuchsine,s,b1 #coz4 ,lanafuchsine,s,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,salmon ,red4--,use #a-a_/boz4 ,lanafuchsine,s,g1 #a_/doz4 ,fast ,yellow,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #a_/blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,crimson4--,the dye-bath is made with #blb4 ,naphthol ,red,c1 #ioz4 ,acid ,magenta1 #c_/doz4 ,cyanole extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,purple ,red4--,dye with #b-a_/blb4 ,naphthol ,red,c1 #c_/dlb4 ,acid ,magenta1 #aoz4 ,cyanole extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bordeaux ,red4--,dye with #dlb4 ,lanafuchsine,s,b1 #aoz4 ,orange extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,fawn ,red4--,dye with #a_/dlb4 ,orange,g,g1 #coz4 ,lanafuchsine,s,b1 #a_/boz4 ,cyanole extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,salmon4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a_/doz4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #a_/boz4 ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil to shade4 ,the mordant reds are fairly numerous1 and include both natural and artificial red dye-stuffs4 ,the principle or property on which the application of this group of dye-stuffs to the dyeing of textile fabrics depends is that they are of an acid character and combine with metallic oxides1 like those of iron1 aluminium1 or chromium to form insoluble coloured bodies1 or colour lakes as they are called4 ,the shade or tint of these colour lakes depends1 firstly1 upon the 7p4 #aad7 dye-stuff1 and1 secondly1 upon the metallic oxide4 ,thus ,alizarine with alumina gives a scarlet1 with chrome a dark red1 and with iron a dull violet4 ,alumina and chrome are the metallic mordants most commonly used in the dyeing of reds2 sometimes tin is used1 but never iron4 ,the coal-tar colour makers have placed at the service of dyers a great variety of mordant dyes1 which may be classified somewhat roughly into groups1 according to their chemical composition4 ,the first group is called phenolic colours4 ,these contain the group1 or radical ,,oh1 hydroxyl1 once or oftener4 ,it is to the presence of this group that they owe their acid character and the property of combination with metallic oxides4 ,to this group of dye-stuffs belong such dyes as ,alizarine1 ,alizarine ,cyanine1 ,anthragallol1 ,gambine1 ,coerulein1 and some others4 ,the natural red dye-stuffs1 ,cochineal1 ,brazil-wood1 madder1 etc41 probably belong to this class4 ,none of these are essentially dyes of themselves1 and used alone will not dye any fibre1 it is only when they are brought into combination with the mordant that they will dye the wool fibre4 ,the next group may be called hydroxy-azo dyes1 and are quite of modern introduction4 ,they are azo dyes1 one of whose constituents is a body like salicylic acid1 amido-benzoic acid1 dihydroxy-naphthalene-sulpho acid1 which contain the group ,,oh1 hydroxyl with carboxyl ,,cooh4 ,the first group imparts phenolic characters1 while the second gives true acid properties1 and both of these acting together cause the dyes to be able to form colour lakes with metallic oxides4 ,there is one point of difference between the two groups of dyes1 the phenolic dyes are as a rule not dyes of themselves1 some of them are practically free from colour1 and it is only when brought into combination with the metallic oxide or mordant that they form a colour and dye a fibre4 ,on the 7p4 #aae7 other hand the azo mordants are in general colouring matters1 and can be used to dye wool without the aid of a mordant1 the latter only serving to make the colour faster to light1 acids1 milling1 etc41 and it often has no material effect on the shade or tone of colour being dyed4 ,alizarine ,yellow,g,g1 ,gambine ,yellow1 ,anthracene ,yellow1 ,chrome ,violet1 are examples of such dyes4 ,there are1 however1 some dyes 7such as the ,chromotrops1 ,azofuchsine1 ,anthracene ,acid ,browns1 etc47 on which the mordant has a marked effect4 ,the methods adopted in practice for the application of this class of dyes are many and varied4 ,the mordants used are alum1 alumina sulphate1 acetate of chrome1 chrome alum1 fluoride of chrome1 ferrous sulphate and tin chloride1 while1 in addition1 along with these true mordanting materials1 assistant mordants are used1 such as argol1 tartar1 tartaric acid1 lactic acid1 lignorosine1 oxalic acid and sulphuric acid4 ,the mordanting may be done either before or after the dyeing1 the first plan being that commonly adopted with the phenolic colours1 while the second method may be used and is the best to use with azo-mordant dyes4 ,sometimes the mordanting and dyeing may be done in one bath1 but this method is one which leads to a loss of colouring matter and often to the production of colours which are loose to rubbing1 and cannot1 therefore1 be recommended4 ,mordanting4--,this operation is carried out in the same way in all cases4 ,the goods are entered into the bath at a temperature of about #aej;,f4 ,the heat is raised to the boil1 and is then maintained for one and a half hours1 after which the mordanted wool is lifted and well rinsed1 when it is ready for the dye-bath4 ,as mordanting materials bichromate of potash and fluoride of chrome are chiefly used when chrome mordants are required1 sometimes chrome alum4 ,with these 7p4 #aaf7 are used sulphuric acid1 oxalic acid1 cream of tartar or argol1 lactic acid1 etc4 ,which of these are used depends entirely on the results which are to be got and the dye-stuff to be used1 more particularly is this the case when bichromate of potash is the mordanting material4 ,when sulphuric acid is used as the assistant along with the bichrome1 then there is formed on the wool fibre a deposit of chromic acid and chromium oxide1 and this exerts an oxidising effect on the colouring matter or dye-stuff1 which in some cases1 as the ,alizarine ,blue1 ,alizarine ,yellow1 etc41 leads to a destructive effect1 and1 therefore1 the production of weak shades1 so that it is not possible always to use an oxidising mordant4 ,when tartar1 argol1 oxalic acid1 lactic acids and other assistants of an organic nature are used1 then a different effect is obtained1 the bichromate is completely decomposed1 and a deposit of chromium oxide formed on the wool4 ,this does not exert any action on the colouring matter1 and hence this mordant is known as the non-oxidising mordant4 ,it may be pointed out that when wool is mordanted with potassium or sodium bichromate and sulphuric acid 7oxidising mordant7 it has a deep yellow colour1 while when mordanted with bichromate or other chrome salt1 and the organic assistants enumerated above 7non-oxidising mordant71 it has a green colour1 and one sign of a well-mordanted wool is when it has a good bright tone free from yellowness4 ,of the organic assistants tartar is undoubtedly the best in general use1 and1 although slow in its action1 leaves a good deposit of oxide of chrome on the wool in a suitable condition to develop the best results on dyeing4 ,argols are only an impure tartar4 ,they can only be used when dark shades are to be dyed4 ,oxalic acid does not work as well as tartar1 and there is not so much chrome oxide deposited on the wool1 while there is a slight tendency for a small proportion of this to be in the form of chromic acid4 ,of late years lactic acid and 7p4 #aag7 lignorosine have been added to the list of assistant mordants2 both these give excellent results1 they lead to a more complete and more uniform decomposition of the bichromate1 and therefore the mordanting baths are more completely exhausted1 so that rather less bichromate is required2 the shades which are obtained are in general fuller and brighter4 ,examples of the use of these assistants will be found among the recipes given below4 ,with fluoride of chrome either oxalic acid or tartar is used1 and a deposit of chromium oxide is formed on the wool1 the general effect being the same as when bichromate of potash is used with oxalic acid or tartar4 ,alumina is applied either in the form of alum or of sulphate of alumina1 argol or tartar being used as the assistant1 oxide of alumina being deposited on the fibre4 ,when ferrous sulphate 7copperas7 is used then tartar is almost invariably used as the assistant mordant1 oxalic acid only rarely4 ,the dyeing with mordant dyes must be done in a special way and with great care1 if uniform1 level shades and fast colours are to be obtained4 ,the dye-bath must be started cold1 and the wool be entered and worked for twenty to thirty minutes1 the object being to cause the dye-stuffs to penetrate well into the substance of the fibre1 then the temperature is slowly raised to the boil1 not less than three-quarters of an hour being taken in doing so2 the temperature is maintained at the boil for fully one and a half hours longer4 ,during the boiling operation the mordant and dye-stuff combine together1 and form the characteristic colour lake1 and the boiling fixes this firmly on to the wool4 ,the water used plays a very important part4 ,if too hard in character1 the lime it contains shows a tendency to combine with the 7p4 #aah7 dye-stuff and form a colour lake1 which is deposited in a loose form on the wool or in the bath1 tending to make the shades dull and loose to rubbing4 ,this defect can be remedied by adding a little acetic acid to the dye-bath1 say about #clb4 to #ajj gallons of the water4 ,it combines with and neutralises the influence of the lime1 in so far as the formation of a loose colour lake is concerned2 still the lime does unite with the dye-stuff1 but the combination is formed more slowly1 and in or on the wool fibre so that it is fast4 ,by working in the manner laid down above very fast shades can be dyed on wool with mordant dyes1 and the following recipes will give the other details as to tints1 shades1 quantities1 etc41 not noted above4 ,claret4--,mordant1 #blb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar2 dye1 #hlb4 ,alizarine ,claret,r4 ,fawn4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #clb4 ,alizarine ,orange,n4 ,maroon4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #aelb4 ,alizarine ,orange,n4 ,deep ,crimson4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #hlb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s4 ,lilac ,rose4--,mordant1 #a-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #alb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s4 ,crushed ,strawberry ,tint4--,mordant1 #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #clb4 ,alizarine ,red#b,w,s4 ,deep ,claret4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #elb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s4 ,bright ,fawn ,red4--,mordant1 #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #alb4 ,alizarine ,red#e,w,s4 ,scarlet4--,mordant1 #ajlb4 alum and #flb4 tartar2 dye1 #dlb4 ,alizarine ,red#e,w,s4 ,rose4--,mordant1 #flb4 alum and #dlb4 tartar2 dye1 #alb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s4 ,deep ,scarlet4--,mordant1 #ajlb4 alum and #flb4 tartar2 dye1 7p4 #aai7 #dlb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s4 ,deep ,maroon4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid2 dye1 #elb4 ,alizarine ,red#c,w,s4 ,bright ,maroon4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar2 dye1 #elb4 ,alizarine ,red,s,w1 #ajlb4 ,mordant ,yellow4 ,deep ,fawn ,red4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar2 dye1 #ajlb4 ,alizarine ,orange,w and #alb4 ,mordant ,yellow4 ,these typical recipes are here given to show what tints may be obtained from the alizarine and the quantity of dye-stuffs required4 ,by using other proportions of dye-stuffs than those given a variety of other tints may be dyed4 ,the method of working described above is applicable to other mordant dyeing colours besides the alizarine reds1 such as ,alizarine ,orange1 ,alizarine ,blue1 ,anthracene ,brown1 ,alizarine ,cyanine1 ,galloflavine1 ,gambine1 ,chrome ,violet1 etc4 ,it will therefore not be required to repeat this description of the process when the use of mordant colours for producing other colours1 such as blues1 navies1 drabs1 browns1 etc41 is dealt with4 ,although the shades dyed with the alizarines and allied colouring matters are lacking in the brilliance characteristic of the azo scarlets1 yet they have the very great advantage of being quite fast to washing1 acids and light4 ,there is another method of using those alizarine reds that are sold in the form of powder1 and which are distinguished by the letter ,s4 ,they are of some value in dyeing heavy woollen cloths1 and the method is indicated in the two recipes which follow3-- ,brilliant ,scarlet4--,prepare a dye-bath with #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt and #dlb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s1 boil the wool in this for three-quarters of an hour2 then lift1 add to the same bath #dlb4 7p4 #abj7 sulphuric acid1 again work at the boil for three-quarters of an hour2 then lift1 add #ajlb4 alum1 re-enter the goods1 and work three-quarters of an hour longer2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,claret4--,prepare a bath with #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt and #dlb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s1 boil for three-quarters of an hour2 then lift1 add #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 re-enter the wool1 boil for three-quarters of an hour2 then lift1 add #clb4 bichromate of potash1 re-enter the wool1 and boil for three-quarters of an hour longer2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,bluish ,red4--,mordant1 #blb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 lactic acid2 dye1 #blb4 ,alizarine ,red,s4 ,in this recipe there is used lactic acid as the assistant1 and a very fine shade results4 ,red4--,mordant1 #clb4 lignorosine1 #blb4 bichromate of soda and #alb4 sulphuric acid2 dye with #ablb4 ,alizarine ,orange#b;,g4 ,dark ,bordeaux ,red4--,mordant1 #clb4 lignorosine1 #clb4 bichromate of soda and #a-a_/blb4 sulphuric acid2 dye1 #ablb4 ,alizarine,s,x4 ,dark ,red4--,mordant1 #clb4 lignorosine1 #b-a_/blb4 bichromate of soda and #a-a_/dlb4 sulphuric acid2 dye1 #flb4 ,alizarine ,orange#b;,g and #dlb4 ,alizarine,s,x4 ,lignorosine used as the assistant mordant in the above recipes works very well1 and gives bright shades4 ,fast ,bordeaux4--,prepare a bath with #dlb4 ,chromogene,i1 #a-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s1 #alb4 ,alizarine ,red#e,w,s1 #a_/b lb4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then lift2 add to the same bath #clb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,re-enter the goods and work to shade1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,terra ,cotta4--,make a dye-bath of #cjlb4 ,fustic1 #hlb4 ,turmeric1 #cjlb4 ,sanders and #ajlb4 ,sumac4 ,boil the goods in this for one 7p4 #aba7 hour1 then add #clb4 sulphate of copper1 previously dissolved in water1 boil for one hour2 cool1 sadden with ,copperas1 using about #c-a_/blb4 or less if required2 then rinse and dry4 ,another method is to mordant the goods at a boil for one and a half hours in #blb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar4 ,drain and wash4 ,dye in a fresh bath with #hlb4 sanders and #ajlb4 fustic2 afterwards sadden with #a_/dlb4 copperas2 allow to stand one hour2 wash and dry4 ,,orange ,,shades ,,on ,,wool4 ,with ,direct ,dyes4 ,make a dye-bath with #blb4 ,titan ,orange1 #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #a_/blb4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil for one and a half hours1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,bright ,orange4--,dye with #a-a_/blb4 ,benzo ,orange,r1 #ajlb4 salt1 and #alb4 acetic acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,orange4--,dye with #blb4 ,chloramine ,orange1 #bjlb4 salt1 and a little acetic acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,orange4--,dye with #blb4 ,diamine ,orange,g,c1 and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,pale ,orange4--,dye with #clb4 ,diamine ,gold1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 ammonium acetate4 ,reddish ,orange4--,dye with #clb4 ,diamine ,orange,d,c and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,orange4--,dye with #blb4 ,diamine ,scarlet,b1 #alb4 ,thioflavine,s1 and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,orange4--,dye with #alb4 ,diamine ,red#e;,b1 #alb4 ,thioflavine,s1 and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,with ,acid ,colours4 ,orange4--,dye with #blb4 ,ponceau#c;,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,orange4--,dye with #blb4 ,mandarine,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,orange4--,dye with #blb4 ,croceine ,orange1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,orange4--,use #clb4 ,orange,g,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and 7p4 #abb7 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 boiling for one hour4 ,orange4--,use #clb4 ,orange,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil4 ,orange ,extra will give a slightly less red tone of orange1 ,croceine orange gives a good bright shade of a yellowish tone4 ,there are several brands of ,orange dyes which can be used2 they differ but little in shade from one another4 ,in general they give fast colours4 ,the ,tropolines also dye orange shades1 but they are not so fast as the other dyes which have been named4 ,gold ,orange4--,make a dye-bath with #a_/blb4 ,diamine scarlet,b1 #blb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #ejlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #elb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,enter the wool1 work for half an hour1 then add #clb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,boil again for half an hour1 then lift4 ,add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 re-enter the wool1 boil again for half an hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,this gives a very fast orange4 ,with ,mordant ,dyes4 ,old ,gold4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid2 dye with #flb4 ,alizarine ,yellow,r,w4 ,pale ,orange4--,mordant with #flb4 alum and #dlb4 tartar2 dye with #alb4 ,alizarine ,orange,g,g4 ,deep ,orange4--,mordant with #ajlb4 alum and #flb4 tartar2 dye with #ajlb4 ,alizarine ,orange,n4 ,this last dye-stuff gives a slightly redder shade of ,orange than does the ,alizarine ,orange,g4 ,deep ,orange4--,dye in a bath with #a-c_/dlb4 ,azo ,alizarine ,orange,r,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 and fix in the same bath with #alb4 bichromate of potash4 ,orange4--,dye in a bath with #alb4 ,alizarine ,red#a,w,s1 #blb4 ,mordant ,yellow,o1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 then fix with #a-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash4 ,orange4--,dye in a bath with #alb4 ,anthracene ,red1 #blb4 7p4 #abc7 ,alizarine ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,after dyeing fix with #blb4 fluoride of chrome4 ,gold ,orange4 ,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash1 and #blb4 tartar1 for one and a half hours at the boil2 rinse4 ,then dye in a new bath with #alb4 ,alizarine ,orange1 #aglb4 ,fustic extract4 ,work at #ajj;,f4 for half an hour1 then heat gradually to the boil and dye for one and a half hours at that temperature2 lift1 rinse and wash4 ,olive ,yellow on ,worsted ,yarn4--,mordant the yarn by boiling for one hour or one and a half hours in a bath of #clb4 bichromate of potash2 then dye in a bath of #a-a_/blb4 ,gambine ,yellow and #ajlb4 of fustic chips4 ,red and orange form a kind of group of colours which shade off one into the other almost imperceptibly by using a range of dyes such as ,croceine,a,z1 ,brilliant ,croceine#i;,b1 ,brilliant ,croceine#g;,b1 ,brilliant ,croceine#e;,b1 ,brilliant ,croceine#c;,b1 ,brilliant ,croceine ,m,o,o1 ,crystal ,scarlet #f,r1 ,brilliant ,cochineal #d,r1 ,brilliant ,croceine,b1 ,brilliant ,cochineal #b,r1 ,orange ,e,n,z1 and ,croceine ,orange ,e,n4 ,it is possible to dye shades from a scarlet crimson to a bright orange4 ,,yellow ,,shades ,,on ,,wool4 ,the number of yellow dye-stuffs is very great1 and the variety of tints infinite4 ,yellow may be dyed with both natural and artificial dye-stuffs1 and the recipes given will include examples showing the use of both kinds4 ,speaking generally1 yellow dye-stuffs include amongst them some of the fastest colours known1 and there is a larger proportion of fast yellow colouring matters than of any other class of dye-stuffs4 ,with ,acid ,yellows4 ,bright ,yellow4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,fast ,yellow ,f,y1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil to shade4 ,olive ,yellow4--,prepare the dye-bath with #alb4 ,azo ,carmine1 7p4 #abd7 #a-a_/boz4 indigo carmine1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil to shade4 ,maize ,yellow4--,prepare a dye-bath with #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 #coz4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #a_/doz4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f4 ,work for twenty minutes at the boil1 then add #clb4 bisulphate of soda2 work half an hour longer1 and then wash and dry4 ,bright ,canary4--,prepare a dye-bath with #dlb4 bisulphate of soda1 #a_/blb4 ,nitrazine ,yellow4 ,heat the bath to about #abj;,f41 enter the goods and heat up to the boil1 and work till the bath is exhausted1 then lift2 add to the dye-bath #clb4 alum1 #clb4 tin spirits2 re-enter the goods1 and boil for twenty minutes longer2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,bright ,straw4--,dye with #coz4 ,phenoflavine and #bjlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,straw4--,make the dye-bath with #a-a_/doz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #a dr4 ,cyanine,b1 #a dr4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,greenish ,straw4--,dye with #a_/doz4 ,cyanine,b1 #aoz4 ,victoria ,yellow1 #a_/doz4 ,chromotrop #b;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,olive ,yellow4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid2 dye with #clb4 ,milling yellow,o and #alb4 acetic acid4 ,bright ,yellow4--,a good shade is dyed in a bath of #blb4 ,milling yellow,o1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil4 ,olive ,yellow4--,dye with #a-a_/blb4 ,titan ,yellow,r1 #ajlb4 common salt1 and #alb4 acetic acid2 after the colour has fully gone on to the wool1 add to the bath #a-a_/blb4 fluoride of chrome and maintain at the boil for half an hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,deep ,yellow4--,the dye-bath is made with #a-a_/blb4 ,titan 7p4 #abe7 ,yellow,r1 #ajlb4 common salt1 and #alb4 acetic acid1 working at the boil to shade4 ,yellow4--,a good shade is dyed with #a-a_/blb4 ,titan ,yellow,y1 #ajlb4 common salt1 and #a_/blb4 acetic acid1 working at the boil to shade4 ,golden ,yellow4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar2 dye with #alb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c4 ,deep ,golden ,yellow4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 and #clb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil for half an hour1 then lift2 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 re-enter the wool and work at the boil for another half-hour1 then wash and dry4 ,deep ,olive ,yellow4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar2 dye with #bjlb4 fustic extract4 ,this gives a very deep shade of olive ,yellow4 ,bright ,lemon ,yellow4--,make the dye-bath with #ajlb4 ,gambine ,yellow1 #glb4 alum1 and #blb4 oxalic acid4 ,enter cold1 then slowly heat to the boil and work to shade2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,leaf ,yellow4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #a_/blb4 sulphuric acid2 then dye with #blb4 ,gambine,y and #alb4 ,yellow,n4 ,deep ,leaf ,yellow4--,a somewhat deeper shade than the last is dyed by first mordanting with #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a_/blb4 sulphuric acid1 then dyeing with #blb4 ,gambine,r and #alb4 ,yellow,n4 ,lemon ,yellow4--,prepare a bath with #djlb4 fustic1 #flb4 alum1 #flb4 tartar1 and #c_/dlb4 tin crystals2 enter the wool and work at the boil for one and a half hours1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,olive ,yellow4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar2 dye1 #clb4 extract of fustic4 ,deep ,lemon4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar2 dye1 #alb4 ,alizarine ,yellow ,g,g,w4 ,golden ,yellow4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 7p4 #abf7 sulphuric acid2 dye1 #ajlb4 ,alizarine ,yellow ,g,g,w4 ,light ,straw4--,make the dye-bath with #coz4 ,anthracene ,yellow ,b,n1 #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 and #clb4 bisulphate of soda2 work at the boil to shade1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,old ,gold4--,a very fine shade of old gold is obtained by dyeing in a bath of #clb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 and #clb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work at the boil for three-quarters of an hour1 then lift2 add to the dye-bath #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 re-enter the wool1 and work for one and a half hours longer at the boil2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,deep ,yellow4--,mordant1 #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/b lb4 tartar2 dye1 #blb4 ,mordant ,yellow,d4 ,pale ,olive ,yellow4--,dye with #clb4 ,anthracene ,yellow ,g,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 acetic acid2 after the dye-bath is exhausted of colour add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 and work at the boil half an hour longer4 ,gold ,yellow4--,dye with #clb4 ,anthracene ,yellow ,b,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 acetic acid2 after half an hour's boil1 add #a-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash1 work for half an hour longer4 ,gold ,yellow4--,dye with #blb4 ,indian ,yellow,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,,green ,,shades ,,on ,,wool4 ,of green shades there is an infinite variety1 and these can be dyed in several ways4 ,either a simple green dye-stuff may be used or mixtures of blue and yellow dye-stuffs may be employed1 this latter method being extremely common4 ,it is somewhat interesting to notice that1 notwithstanding the great prevalence of green in ,nature1 the dyer has at his command no natural green dye-stuff1 but must1 if he prefers to adopt natural dye-stuffs1 use a mixture of blue and yellow dye-stuffs to produce green shades4 ,there are but few green colouring 7p4 #abg7 matters derived from coal tar3 ,gambine1 ,dinitroso-resorcine1 ,alizarine ,green1 ,brilliant ,green1 ,malachite ,green1 ,azo ,green1 ,fast ,green1 ,naphthol ,green1 ,acid ,green1 ,diamine ,green1 ,benzo ,green almost exhaust the list4 ,compared with the numerous red and blue dyes which are obtained from coal-tar products1 green dyes are conspicuous by their fewness4 ,on the other hand1 the dyer has in the blue and yellow dyes from coal tar a means of producing any tint or shade of green he may require4 ,members of all the classes of basic1 direct1 acid1 azo and mordant dyes1 can be found among the dye-stuffs which can be used in dyeing green1 and the methods and principles of their application have been fully described in previous pages4 ,the following recipes contain all the practical information that is needed3-- ,with ,direct ,dyes4 ,dark ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #alb4 ,titan ,blue #c;,b1 #alb4 ,titan ,yellow,y1 #blb4 salt1 and #a_/blb4 acetic acid4 ,bright ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath with #alb4 ,titan ,yellow,g1 #alb4 ,titan ,blue #c;,b1 #bjlb4 salt1 and #a_/blb4 acetic acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,green4--,make a dye-bath with #dlb4 ,acid ,blue #d,s1 #blb4 ,titan ,yellow,y1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 working at the boil to shade4 ,blue ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #flb4 ,acid ,blue #d,s1 #b-a_/blb4 ,titan ,yellow,y1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 working at the boil to shade4 ,bottle ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #elb4 ,acid ,blue #d,s1 #b-a_/blb4 ,titan ,yellow ,y1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 working at the boil to shade4 ,the greens shown in the last three recipes are of a very satisfactory character1 and show how1 by the use of acetate of ammonia in the dye-bath1 the direct dyeing ,titan colours can be combined with acid colours4 ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #elb4 ,glauber's salt1 #elb4 7p4 #abh7 acetate of ammonia1 #blb4 ,sulphon ,cyanine1 and #a-a_/blb4 ,chrysophenine4 ,dark ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #blb4 ,sulphon ,cyanine1 #c_/dlb4 ,chrysophenine1 #elb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,pale ,russian ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/blb4 ,sulphon ,cyanine1 #b-a_/boz4 ,chrysophenine1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,the last three shades have the merit of being fast to milling1 and fairly so to light4 ,olive4--,make a dye-bath with #alb4 ,nyanza ,black,b1 #alb4 ,chrysamine1 and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil to shade1 lift1 wash and dry4 ,with ,acid ,dyes4 ,blue ,green4--,make a dye-bath with #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 #blb4 ,patent ,blue,n1 and #alb4 ,azo ,yellow1 working at the boil4 ,sage ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 #blb4 ,azo ,yellow1 and #alb4 ,patent ,blue,n1 working at the boil4 ,olive ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,naphthol ,green,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #aelb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #alb4 copperas1 working at the boil to shade4 ,bright ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #elb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #a-a_/blb4 ,acid ,green,b1 working at the boil to shade4 ,emerald ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #a_/blb4 ,acid ,green,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the wool might also be previously mordanted with #aelb4 hyposulphite of soda1 and #elb4 sulphuric acid at the boil for one and a half hours1 when it will give a bright shade of emerald green4 ,grass ,green4--,dye a medium indigo bottom on the wool from the vat1 then dye in a bath with #alb4 ,milling ,yellow,o1 #elb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 bisulphate of soda2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,the last recipe shows the use of the indigo vat in giving the blue 7p4 #abi7 constituent in dyeing greens and other compound colours on wool4 ,this1 while being a very effective method of dyeing1 yet necessitates two operations which add very materially to the cost of dyeing such shades1 hence it is not used for dyeing low class woollen fabrics1 but for better class goods it is frequently adopted1 fast colours being thus obtained4 ,in thus using the indigo vat as a bottom dye regard to the properties of indigo must be paid in carrying out any subsequent dyeing operation1 so that the indigo on the fibre be not destroyed4 ,as a rule1 the indigo will resist any ordinary baths made with ,glauber's salt1 acetate of ammonia1 sulphuric or acetic acids1 but it will not resist mordanting operations with bichromate of potash1 for the latter salt destroys the indigo4 ,fluoride of chrome1 chrome acetate1 or alum1 may be used as mordants if necessary4 ,pale ,sea ,green4--,the dye-bath contains #aoz4 ,cyanine,b1 #aoz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #elb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,moss ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #a_/boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #doz4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #c-a_/doz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #elb4 acetic acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,deep ,moss ,green4--,prepare the dye-bath with #d-a_/boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #ioz4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #d-a_/boz4 ,azo yellow1 #a_/boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #elb4 acetic acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,blue ,green4--,a very fine shade of blue green is dyed with #i-a_/boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #doz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #elb4 acetic acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,emerald ,green4--,a pale1 but brilliant shade of green is dyed with #a-a_/doz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #d-a_/doz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,leaf ,green4--,dye in a bath with #acoz4 ,victoria ,yellow1 7p4 #acj7 #a_/blb4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #a_/boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,leaf ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #bboz4 ,cyanine,b1 #alb4 ,azo ,yellow1 #b-a_/boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,peacock ,green4--,the dye-bath is made with #eoz4 ,chromotrop #f;,b1 #doz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #goz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,dark ,beige ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/blb4 ,fast ,green ,bluish1 #foz4 ,fast ,yellow ,f,y1 #d-a_/boz4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,invisible ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,fast ,green ,bluish1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,fast ,yellow ,f,y1 #alb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pale ,sage ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,azo ,acid ,brown1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,acid ,violet #aj;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,grass ,green4--,make a dye-bath with #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 #c_/dlb4 ,phenoflavine1 #c_/dlb4 ,azo ,carmine,b1 and #e-c_/dlb4 extract of indigo4 ,moss ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath with #alb4 ,azo ,acid ,brown1 #a_/dlb4 ,fast ,acid ,violet #aj;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,dark ,sage ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,azo ,acid ,brown1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,acid ,violet #aj;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,emerald ,green4--,a fine shade of emerald green can be dyed in a bath which is made from #a_/blb4 ,fast ,green ,bluish1 #alb4 ,fast ,yellow ,f,y1 #alb4 ,acid ,violet #f;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bottle ,green4--,make a dye-bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,victoria ,violet #h;,b,s1 #c_/dlb4 ,victoria ,yellow1 #boz4 ,naphthol ,yellow,s1 #aoz4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #a_/boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work for one hour at the boil1 then lift2 add #clb4 fluoride 7p4 #aca7 of chrome1 re-enter the wool1 and work for half an hour at the boil4 ,pale ,pea ,green4--,a fine bright shade is dyed in a bath containing #a-a_/boz4 ,cyanole1 #c_/doz4 ,naphthol ,yellow and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,by increasing the quantity of dye-stuff in proportion to the material1 fine deep shades of green can be dyed4 ,deep ,electric ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,cyanole1 #alb4 ,indian ,yellow,g and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 working at the boil for one hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,with ,mordant ,dyes4 ,green4--,mordant with #ajlb4 alum1 #alb4 bichromate of potash and #aflb4 tartar4 ,dye with #aj lb4 indigo extract1 #blb4 fustic extract and #clb4 alum1 working at the boil2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash1 #hlb4 alum and #clb4 tartar4 ,dye with #ajlb4 extract of indigo1 #blb4 extract of fustic and #clb4 alum1 working at the boil4 ,sea ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar at the boil for one and a half hours4 ,dye with #a-a_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 #c-c_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,yellow and #eoz4 ,alizarine ,brown1 at the boil for two hours4 ,bronze ,green4--,make a dye-bath with #blb4 ,cyanole extra1 #blb4 ,tropeoline,o1 #alb4 ,archil ,substitute,n and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 working at the boil to shade4 ,green4--,a very fine shade of green is dyed as follows3 ,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #dlb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 #a-a_/blb4 ,patent ,blue,a and #b-c_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,yellow4 ,blue ,green4--,mordant as in the last recipe4 ,dye with #flb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 #a-a_/blb4 ,patent ,blue,a1 and #a-a_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,yellow ,g,g,w4 ,bright ,pale ,sage ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,dye with #elb4 ,alizarine ,yellow ,g,g,w1 7p4 #acb7 #c_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,brown and #a-a_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w4 ,deep ,sage ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #dlb4 ,alizarine ,yellow ,g,g,w1 #c-a_/dlb4 ,anthracene ,brown and #b-a_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w4 ,pale ,sea ,green4--,mordant with #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #alb4 ,coeruleine,b4 ,bottle ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #bjlb4 ,coeruleine ,s,w4 ,slate ,green4--,mordant with #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #clb4 ,alizarine ,green,s4 ,invisible ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #ag-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,green,s4 ,peacock ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #hlb4 ,alizarine ,green,s4 ,dark ,bottle ,green4--,mordant with #dlb4 bichromate of potash and #clb4 tartar4 ,dye with #aelb4 ,anthracene ,blue ,w,g1 and #a-a_/blb4 ,mordant ,yellow4 ,invisible ,green4--,mordant with #c-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar1 working at the boil for one and a half hours4 ,dye with #bjlb4 ,alizarine ,green ,s,w1 and #alb4 acetic acid4 ,sage ,green4--,give a medium indigo ground to the wool in a vat1 then dye for one hour at the boil in a vat containing #a_/blb4 ,anthracite ,black,b1 #blb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #boz4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia2 then lift1 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 re-enter into the dye-bath and work half an hour longer at the boil2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,peacock ,green4--,give a medium indigo bottom on the vat1 then dye for one hour at the boil in a dye-bath made with #a_/blb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #boz4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 and #elb4 acetic acid2 then lift1 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 work for half an hour longer at the boil1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,bottle ,green4--,mordant by boiling in a bath of #clb4 copperas 7p4 #acc7 and #alb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye in a bath with #aelb4 ,gambine,r4 ,light ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 copperas and #alb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye with #b-a_/blb4 ,gambine,y4 ,medium ,green4--,mordant as in the last dye with #ajlb4 ,gambine,y4 ,deep ,grass ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #ilb4 ,coerulein and #a-c_/dlb4 ,galloflavine4 ,bright ,grass ,green4--,mordant with #dlb4 copperas and #alb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye with #elb4 ,gambine,y1 #a_/blb4 ,yellow,n1 and #blb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,shades dyed with ,gambine are very fast to milling and light4 ,pale ,sage ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 tartar4 ,dye with #a_/blb4 ,milling ,yellow,o1 #blb4 ,alizarine ,black ,s,w1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,medium ,green4--,mordant with #b-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye with #a-a_/blb4 ,diamond ,yellow,b1 #c-a_/blb4 ,brilliant ,alizarine ,blue,g1 and #alb4 acetic acid4 ,invisible ,bronze ,green4--,give a medium bottom on the indigo vat and then mordant with #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #blb4 tartar4 ,finally dye with #clb4 ,alizarine ,bordeaux ,s1 and #dlb4 ,diamond ,flavine1 working at the boil for two hours4 ,pale ,slate ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar1 and then dye with #alb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 ,alizarine ,yellow and #eoz4 ,alizarine ,brown4 ,light ,green4--,mordant in the usual way with #b-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #alb4 ,methylene ,blue and #alb4 fustic extract1 working at the boil4 ,fast ,green4--,mordant with #hlb4 alum1 #blb4 bichromate of potash1 #blb4 sulphuric acid and #c_/dlb4 tin salt4 ,dye with #bjlb4 indigo 7p4 #acd7 extract and #ajoz4 fustic extract1 working at the boil for one and a half hours4 ,bottle ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #dlb4 extract of fustic1 #alb4 extract of logwood1 and #boz4 ,anthracene ,red4 ,work for one and a half hours1 then add #c_/dlb4 copperas1 and work for half an hour longer4 ,dark ,green4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #a-a_/blb4 ,methylene ,blue1 #a-a_/blb4 extract of logwood1 and #dlb4 extract of fustic1 working at the boil for two hours4 ,olive4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,yellow,n1 #a_/dlb4 ,archil ,substitute1 #dlb4 extract of indigo1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 and #blb4 alum1 working at the boil to shade4 ,bright ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath containing #hoz4 ,acid ,green ,extra and #aj per cent4 bisulphate of soda4 ,enter at #acj;,f41 raise to the boil1 boil for three-quarters of an hour1 and rinse4 ,bluish ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath containing #hoz4 ,fast ,acid ,green ,b,n and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,enter at #acj;,f41 raise to the boil1 boil for three-quarters of an hour1 and rinse4 ,bluish ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath containing #hoz4 ,cyanole ,green #f;,g and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,enter at #acj;,f41 raise to the boil1 boil for three-quarters of an hour1 and rinse4 ,turquoise ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath containing #hoz4 ,cyanole ,green,b and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,enter at #acj;,f41 raise to the boil1 boil for three-quarters of an hour1 and rinse4 ,slate ,green4--,mordant the wool by boiling for one and a half 7p4 #ace7 hours in a bath containing #clb4 bichromate of potash1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,copper sulphate and #b-a_/dlb4 tartar2 then rinse well1 and dye in a bath containing #b-a_/blb4 ,logwood ,extract 7dry71 #a-a_/d lb4 ,fustic ,extract 7dry71 and #clb4 ,sumac4 ,enter the goods in a warm bath1 work for half an hour1 then raise to the boil and work for three-quarters of an hour2 lift1 and sadden by adding #foz4 ,copperas4 ,after re-entering the goods1 work to shade4 ,olive4--,boil two hours in a bath consisting of #a-a_/blb4 tin salt1 #b-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash1 #ajlb4 alum and #b-a_/blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,then enter in a boiling dye-bath containing #a-a_/blb4 alum1 #dlb4 fustic extract and #c-a_/blb4 indigo extract4 ,fulling ,fast ,olive4--,for one hour upon a bath containing #ejlb4 ,fustic1 #elb4 ,bluestone1 #blb4 ,tartar1 #dlb4 ,sumac1 #alb4 ,copperas2 lift and wash4 ,fast ,bright ,olive4--,boil for one hour upon a bath of #ej lb4 ,fustic1 #clb4 ,bluestone1 #blb4 tartar1 #alb4 copperas1 #boz4 indigo extract4 ,yellow ,olive4--,prepare a bath containing #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #a-a_/blb4 ,anthracene ,yellow ,b,n1 #blb4 extract of indigo1 #coz4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 #dlb4 sulphuric acid4 ,enter yarn at #afj;,f41 give three turns1 raise the temperature slowly to the boil1 turn to shade2 lift1 and wash4 ,olive ,green4--,mordant with #blb4 potash bichromate1 #a-a_/b lb4 sulphate of copper1 #a_/blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,boil for an hour and a half4 ,dye in a bath with #hlb4 ,fustic extract1 #elb4 ,sumac1 #elb4 ,logwood1 at the boil for an hour and a half4 ,olive ,bronze4--,make the dye-bath with #ajoz4 ,fast ,yellow,s1 #elb4 ,indigo extract1 #eoz4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter yarn at #adj;,f41 work for a few minutes1 then bring slowly to the boil and work to shade4 ,emerald ,green4--,prepare the dye-bath with #alb4 ,acid ,green ,b,n1 7p4 #acf7 #boz4 ,naphthol ,yellow,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,enter cold1 then raise to the boil and work for a quarter of an hour2 wash and dry4 ,invisible ,green4--,first mordant the wool in a bath containing #clb4 bichromate of potash1 #a-a_/blb4 copper sulphate1 #alb4 sulphuric acid4 ,work at the boil for one and a half hours1 then dye in a fresh bath containing #blb4 ,milling ,yellow,o1 #blb4 ,logwood extract1 #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at the boil for one and a half hours1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,sea ,green4--,prepare a dye-bath with #elb4 ,glauber's salt1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 #blb4 indigo extract1 #a_/b per cent4 ,acid ,green blue shade4 ,dye as usual4 ,cyprus ,green,b1 and ,cyprus ,blue,b1 belong to a new group of dyes that owe their value in wool dyeing to the fact that the dyeings after being treated with copper sulphate become very fast to light and washing4 ,three per cent4 of each gives very full shades of bluish green or dark blue4 ,the dyeing is done with ,glauber's salt and acetic acid when reddish shades are got2 these in a bath of copper sulphate turn green or blue4 ,,blue ,,shades ,,on ,,wool4 ,there are a very large number of blue artificial dyes of every class1 but only a few natural ones1 indigo and logwood1 and with these every imaginable tint and shade of blue from the palest sky tints to the darkest navy blue or blue black can be produced4 ,while some of the blue colouring matters possess no great powers of resistance to light1 air1 washing1 etc41 the great majority are remarkable for their fastness to those destructive agencies4 ,there are but two natural dye-stuffs1 indigo and logwood1 from which blue tints can be dyed4 ,with the former1 a great variety of shades can be dyed of a satisfactory character as regards fastness2 with the 7p4 #acg7 latter1 only dark blues can be dyed1 these are fairly fast to milling1 but only moderately so to light4 ,the artificial blues derived from coal tar are very numerous1 and representatives of all classes1 direct1 basic1 acid and mordant of dye-stuffs may be found among them4 ,the direct blue dyes do not work very well on wool4 ,they are apt to dye very red1 and somewhat dull shades1 which are1 however1 fairly fast to washing and light4 ,the basic blue dyes are fairly numerous1 and may be used to dye from pale sky to deep navy tints4 ,they are apt to work somewhat unevenly on to wool1 owing to their great affinity for the fibre4 ,they give shades possessing some degree of resistance to light1 but which are not very fast to washing and milling1 although1 in this respect1 there are very great differences among them4 ,the acid dyeing blues are fairly numerous1 but they dye a great variety of tints1 usually fairly fast to washing1 milling and light4 ,the mordant blues are pretty numerous and of great value for dyeing wool1 as they give shades which are remarkable for their fastness to light1 acids and milling1 hence they are most extensively used1 especially for dyeing fabrics that are subject to very hard wear4 ,indigo ,dyeing4--,it will be most convenient to begin the description of the methods of dyeing blues by showing how1 and in what manner1 indigo is applied in wool dyeing4 ,the dyeing of indigo on wool is effected in two ways1 either in the usual way with acid baths1 as with acid scarlets1 when the so-called indigo extract is used1 or in vats1 when indigo itself forms the dye-stuff4 ,indigo is1 as all dyers know1 or should know1 a natural dye-stuff1 prepared from the leaves and twigs of the indigo plant by a species of fermentation which produces the indigo in a soluble form from the indigo substance in the plant1 followed by oxidation which results in the separation of the indigo from this solution4 ,it comes into this country in the form of lumps1 which have a dark 7p4 #ach7 blue to bronze blue colour4 ,the dye-stuff is insoluble in water1 cold alcohol1 alkalies or weak acids4 ,when heated with strong and fuming sulphuric acid it dissolves1 forming a blue liquor from which the colouring matter may be obtained on addition of soda in the form of a paste1 which is used in wool and silk dyeing under the name of indigo extract4 ,but dissolving in sulphuric acid materially affects the properties of indigo as a dye-stuff1 as will be seen later on4 ,by the action of reducing agents the insoluble blue indigo is converted into a soluble white indigo4 ,this body is rather unstable1 and on exposure to the air it rapidly becomes oxidised and converted back again into the blue indigo4 ,upon this principle is based the application of indigo in dyeing by means of the vat4 ,various methods may be adopted to cause the indigo to become dissolved4 ,these may be divided into two groups3 7#a7 ,fermentation vats1 in which the action of reducing agents is brought about through the influences of the fermentation of organic bodies1 such as woad1 bran1 treacle1 etc2 7#b7 ,chemical vats in which the reducing effect is brought about by the reaction of various agents on one another4 ,of such vats the copperas and lime and the hydrosulphite vats are examples4 ,the fermentation vats1 when in good order1 work well and give good results1 but they are most difficult to prepare or set4 ,the chemical vats are the easiest to work1 and 7especially the hydrosulphite vats7 are coming to the fore1 and are gradually driving out the fermentation vats4 ,the actual method of dyeing with the indigo vat is the same with all methods of preparation4 ,the material to be dyed is well wetted or wrung out in water4 ,it is then dipped into the vat1 handled a few minutes to ensure its thorough impregnation1 then lifted out1 the surplus liquor wrung out1 and the material exposed to the air1 7p4 #aci7 when the indigo white on it soon absorbs oxygen and turns into blue indigo4 ,with these few preliminary remarks the methods of setting the various indigo vats will now be described in detail4 ,woad ,indigo ,vats4--,this is one of the most difficult of the various methods of setting vats4 ,there are so many opportunities for it to go wrong1 and to be able to set a woad vat successfully will go far to make a man a successful indigo dyer4 ,no two woad vat dyers use exactly the same recipe in setting a woad vat1 and each considers he has a secret art by means of which he ensures the successful working of this vat1 and this he jealously guards4 ,all these differences in the manner of setting the vat are brought about not by any radical differences in the materials used1 but by some unnoticed differences in other surroundings2 differences in the mean temperature of the water used1 in the general conditions of the atmosphere of the indigo shed and in other similar circumstances1 all of which have a material influence on the development of the vat1 but which are1 in the majority of cases1 overlooked by the indigo dyer1 the result being that a method of working which is successful in one place would not be so in another4 ,the fermentation processes depend upon the reducing action brought about by certain organisms of the nature of the yeast plant which grow and develop in such vats4 ,to ensure the proper growth and development of these organisms every condition must be perfect1 correct temperature1 proper proportions of food for them to live on1 and a certain degree of alkalinity or acidity of the vat1 and these points are most difficult to regulate as they will vary very much from time to time4 ,a successful vat maker is one who closely observes his vats1 and the way in which they are working1 and who1 as the result of such 7p4 #adj7 observations1 is able to tell in what way his vats are deficient1 so that he may know how to supply that deficiency4 ,the following method of setting a woad vat may be adopted4 ,it is calculated for #ajj gallons of liquor4 ,the vat is filled with hot water1 and #hjlb4 of woad are allowed to steep overnight in it1 having first been well stirred into the water1 so as to ensure that every part is wetted out4 ,the next morning there is added #hlb4 madder1 #ablb4 bran1 #elb4 quick-lime 7previously slaked with water71 and #b-a_/blb4 soda4 ,these are thoroughly stirred together1 then from #e to #g-a_/blb4 indigo is stirred in4 ,the indigo should have been previously ground into a fine paste with water4 ,the temperature of the vat should now be maintained at from #aae to #abe;,f4 for two to three days1 at the end of which time it ought to be in a state of quiet working4 ,should it be found that the fermentation is going on too rapidly1 a little lime may be thrown in1 which will retard it4 ,on the other hand1 if it should not be going on with sufficient energy1 this may be remedied by adding a little bran1 or better1 a little treacle4 ,when in perfect condition the vat should have a slight smell of ammonia4 ,if this is not noticed it indicates that the vat is deficient in alkalinity1 and a little more lime should be added4 ,soda may be used in the place of lime1 but it is so much more energetic in character that any additions of it have to be made with great care1 or the vat will become too alkaline in character1 and the fermentation will go on too rapidly1 the ammoniacal odour is lost1 and a peculiar putrid smell takes its place4 ,as soon as this is noticed1 lime ought to be added to retard the fermentation and to develop the ammoniacal smell4 ,the colour of a good well-set vat is olive brown4 ,when all the indigo is dissolved and the colour of the vat is a 7p4 #ada7 clear olive yellow to brown the vat is then ready for dyeing1 and may be used for a long time1 until1 in fact1 the deposit gets too large and the wool becomes dirtied4 ,but it must not be continually worked1 or it will give bad shades and loose colours4 ,when in a bad condition it will usually turn of a dark brown colour1 and give dull greenish shades4 ,to remedy this there should be added some bran1 treacle1 and a little madder1 as well as indigo1 and the vat should be left for a day1 at a temperature of #acj;,f41 to get up to full strength again4 ,every night when in work indigo ought to be added to the vat in proportion to that consumed during the day1 with bran and lime1 the latter in not too great amount1 just sufficient to keep it of the necessary alkalinity4 ,hydrosulphite ,vat4--,this is one of the best vats to use in dyeing with indigo on wool1 or1 indeed1 on any textile fabric4 ,it is easy to prepare and cleanly to work4 ,while depending solely on chemical action for its preparation and use1 it is freer from those peculiar defects to which organic vats1 like the woad vats1 are liable4 ,there is a further advantage about this vat1 it is not necessary to prepare each individual vat separately1 but a strong mother liquor or concentrated indigo solution may be prepared1 and this only requires letting down with water to produce a vat of any required strength4 ,in the preparation of this vat1 which was devised by ,schutzenberger and ,lalande1 bisulphite of soda and zinc dust are used with either quick-lime or caustic soda4 ,the bisulphite of soda is allowed to act on the zinc as will be detailed when an acid solution of sodium hydrosulphite ,na,h,s,o#b1 more strictly hydrogen sodium hydrosulphite1 is obtained4 ,the acid solution of hydrosulphite has the property of rapidly reducing and dissolving indigo1 and this solution may be used in dyeing4 ,to prepare the hydrosulphite a vessel which is fitted 7p4 #adb7 with an agitator and can be closed is filled with zinc1 either in the form of dust1 foils1 or granules4 ,then bisulphite of soda of #ej to #fj,tw4 strength is poured over the zinc in sufficient quantity to cover it4 ,all access of air should be avoided as much as possible1 as it leads to oxidation4 ,in the case of using zinc powder the action is often so rapid as to lead to heating1 which also should be avoided4 ,the operation takes from an hour to two hours1 when the liquor may be drawn off4 ,it must be used immediately to dissolve the indigo2 or otherwise1 as it is a very unstable body1 it is liable to decompose and become oxidised1 when it loses its solvent properties4 ,if more hydrosulphite is required1 fresh bisulphite may be poured over the zinc which is left unused in the vessel2 if no more is wanted the zinc which is left should be well rinsed in water and the vessel filled with water1 so as to prevent any oxidation of the zinc1 and so keep it ready for use when required4 ,the liquor thus made will usually have a specific gravity of #fb,tw4 ,the zinc which is used up in the preparation of the liquor is replaced by fresh zinc from time to time4 ,the liquor so obtained is1 as stated above1 rather unstable1 and contains acid sodium hydrosulphite4 ,by mixing with milk of lime1 the acidity is neutralised1 zinc oxide and calcium sulphite are thrown down1 and a solution of neutral sodium hydrosulphite is obtained which is more stable and can be kept longer without decomposition4 ,to prepare this1 take #aj gallons of the acid liquor1 as prepared in the manner described above1 and mix it with #dhlb4 of milk of lime1 which is made from #blb4 good quick-lime4 ,stir well together1 allow all sediment to settle1 or better1 filter-press the mass4 ,a liquor of #cf,tw4 strength will usually be obtained4 ,do not let it stand too long before use1 make it alkaline by adding a little lime4 ,to make the mother or stock indigo1 the following method of 7p4 #adc7 procedure may be adopted4 ,indigo1 say #ajlb41 is ground into as fine a paste as possible with #aclb4 milk of lime1 of such a strength that #a gallon shall contain #cjoz4 quick-lime4 ,to this is then added so much of either the acid or the neutral sodium hydrosulphite as can be made from #ijlb4 of bisulphite of soda1 the mixture being kept at #aej;,f41 until a comparatively clear1 greenish yellow solution is obtained1 this will contain about #alb4 of indigo per gallon4 ,this mother liquor may be used in setting the vat as follows4 ,the vat is filled with water which is heated to #abj;,f41 about #bjj gallons being used4 ,to this is then added #a gallon of either hydrosulphite or bisulphite of soda to destroy the free oxygen it contains1 and prevent it from oxidising the indigo solution1 which is next added4 ,the quantity of the latter is solely regulated by the depth of shade it is desired to dye1 and as soon as the requisite quantity has been added the dyeing may be proceeded with at once1 and the first portion of goods put through will soon show the dyer whether too much or too little of the mother indigo has been added4 ,continued use and the consequent agitation of the vat thereby generated causes it to become oxidised1 and the vat acquires a greenish colour1 and does not give fast colours4 ,when this is noticed the use of the vat is stopped2 it is heated to about #afj;,f41 and a little lime and hydrosulphite added1 when all the oxidised indigo in the vat will speedily be reduced1 and the vat put into a workable condition again4 ,by use this vat tends to become alkaline1 and consequently will spoil the wool1 making it harsh and brittle4 ,this is remedied by adding a little hydrochloric acid4 ,holliday's ,patent ,indigo ,vat4--,messrs4 ,read ,holliday ,sons have patented an improved method of making an indigo solution and the method of using it4 ,they supply the indigo in the form of solution in two strengths1 ordinary and concentrated4 ,both are used in the same way1 only of the latter less1 about one-fourth to one-third1 is 7p4 #add7 required than of the former4 ,for those who would wish to buy their indigo ready prepared for use these are very convenient forms4 ,the best way of working the vat for wool is the following3 #dj gallons of water heated to about #ej;,c41 add #a_/dlb4 of a mixture of #a-a_/d gallons bisulphite of soda1 #eb,tw41 and #alb4 zinc dust1 and1 say1 #a_/b gallon to #b gallons1 of the patent indigo solution1 according to the depth of shade required4 ,the boiled out wool is worked below the surface of the liquor for about three minutes1 then taken out1 and the excess of liquor squeezed back into the vat1 the whole operation is repeated until the shade is arrived at4 ,after dyeing1 rinse in an acid bath of #a to #b,tw4 ,the advantages of this new vat are that brighter shades are obtained and the darker shades with fewer dips1 while the goods are dyed cleaner and the shades are more quickly obtained1 and1 we think1 somewhat faster than by the other process4 ,there is also the advantage that no lime or other alkali is used with this new indigo vat4 ,the wool should be boiled out before dipping1 if the best results and even shades are desired4 ,potash-,indigo ,vat4--,this is also a fermentation vat1 and is set in the following manner3 #elb4 of madder and #dlb4 of bran are mixed with #ej gallons of water and heated for from three to four hours1 until a temperature of from #ahj to #bab;,f4 is attained4 ,then #aelb4 of carbonate of potash are added and the liquor is allowed to cool down to about #abj;,f4 ,next #ajlb41 more or less according to shade required1 of finely ground indigo is added1 and the whole is left for from forty-eight to sixty hours to ferment1 being stirred up at intervals of twelve hours4 ,this vat ferments in much the same way as the woad vat1 and presents the same general appearances4 ,it is not so liable to get out of order as the woad vat1 and in consequence is 7p4 #ade7 much more easily managed4 ,it does not1 however1 give such bright shades as either of the vats previously described1 but it dyes a little quicker1 and deeper shades can be produced4 ,it is the best vat to use where indigo dyeing is carried on at irregular intervals1 also for dyeing dark shades of navy blue and for giving an indigo bottom for dark blues1 browns and greens4 ,such shades stand milling and alkalies very well4 ,soda-,indigo ,vat4--,the soda-indigo vat is set in the following manner3 #ajjlb4 bran is boiled with #bjj gallons of water for three hours1 then the liquor is allowed to cool from #ajj to #abj;,f4 ,then #bjlb4 of soda crystals1 #elb4 slaked lime1 and #aj to #aelb4 ground indigo are added1 the mixture being left for two or three days to ferment1 and stirred up at intervals4 ,sometimes a little more soda or a little lime is added1 as may be judged from the appearance of the vat1 these appearances being practically the same as those met with in the woad vat1 which have already been described in detail4 ,the soda vat closely resembles the potash vat1 but is cheaper to produce4 ,it keeps its dyeing power longer1 but is somewhat more liable to get out of order4 ,it is like the potash vat1 easier to manage than the woad vat1 as with all the woad vats it is necessary after working them for a day to replenish them with a little indigo1 soda1 or potash1 as the case may be1 and a little bran4 ,cleaner vats are obtained if treacle be substituted for the bran1 but the latter ferments better1 and gives better results in working4 ,urine-,indigo ,vat4--,this vat has almost1 if not quite1 gone out of use1 being a rather unpleasant vat to work with1 with few advantages over other vats4 ,one advantage it possesses over the woad and potash vats is that it is the best for working on a small scale1 but the modern zinc reduction vats run it very close in this respect4 ,the vat is 7p4 #adf7 made as follows3 ,to #ej gallons of stale urine #dlb4 of common salt are added1 and the mixture heated to from #abj;,f4 to #adj;,f4 ,then #alb4 madder and #alb4 ground indigo are added1 and the mass is well stirred4 ,then the mixture is allowed to stand until the indigo is completely reduced1 when the vat is ready for dyeing4 ,indigo-,indophenol ,vat4--,messrs4 ,durand1 ,huguenin ,co4 have introduced the use of ,indophenol along with indigo in wool dyeing4 ,indophenol can be reduced in the same way as indigo1 and fibres dipped in this reduced product on exposure to air turn blue in the same way as if dipped in an indigo vat4 ,by itself indophenol has not met with much favour from dyers for a variety of reasons1 but it has been found that1 mixed with indigo1 it can be used in dyeing with some advantage on the score of cheapness4 ,the newly mixed vat is made in the following manner3-- ,in a convenient vessel #bf gallons of water1 #aelb4 zinc dust1 ground into a paste with #f gallons of water1 and #g gallons bisulphite of soda of #ee,tw4 strong are mixed4 ,then #h pints caustic soda lye of #gb,tw41 and #af pints liquor ammonia are added1 and the whole mass is well stirred up2 #bblb4 good indigo of about #gj per cent4 indigotine and #g-a_/dlb4 ,indophenol are thoroughly ground into a paste with #g gallons of water and #b pints caustic soda lye of #gb,tw4 ,the paste is added to the previous mixture1 and1 after being well stirred in1 sufficient water is added to make the total volume of liquor up to #ajj gallons4 ,the mass is stirred up from time to time during a period of from thirty-six to forty-eight hours1 by which time1 as a rule1 the indigo and ,indophenol will have been completely reduced1 and the vat have acquired a canary-yellow colour2 if it has not1 add a little more zinc dust and bisulphite of soda4 ,it is ready for use when it has a good yellow colour4 ,this forms what may be called a mother1 or stock vat1 from which 7p4 #adg7 the dyeing vat is made in the following manner3 ,take a sufficient quantity of water to make the dyeing vat1 add some hydrosulphite of soda 7see below7 to destroy any oxidising action the vat liquor may have1 then add sufficient of the stock vat to give the required shade1 this point is one which must be determined by experience4 ,the vat is now quite ready for use1 and the wool is entered and treated in the usual manner4 ,after dyeing each lot of wool it is advisable to add some of the stock vat to replace the indigo abstracted by the goods4 ,when a number of dyeings have been done1 it is possible that the vat may become charged with oxidised indigo and lose its clean1 yellow colour4 ,it may be restored to its former conditions by adding some hydrosulphite of soda4 ,of course1 after considerable use this1 like all other indigo vats1 becomes too highly charged with sediment1 etc41 to give excellent results1 in which case the only thing that can be done is to throw the old vat away and start a new one4 ,the hydrosulphite of soda referred to above is made in the following way3 #d-a_/blb4 zinc dust are ground into a paste with #e-a_/b gallons of water and then mixed with #d gallons bisulphite of soda at #ee,tw41 stirring well so as to keep the temperature down4 ,then add #c pints caustic soda lye of #gb,tw41 and #c-a_/b pints liquor ammonia4 ,finally1 add sufficient water to make #ac gallons4 ,after standing for two or three days the preparation is ready for use4 ,it should be alkaline in property2 if not1 add a little ammonia to make it so4 ,this vat gives very good bright shades1 from sky blue to dark navy1 which are equally as fast as pure indigo shades4 ,sometimes woollen goods dyed with indigo rub badly4 ,the causes of this defect vary from time to time1 and in many instances are often obscure in their origin4 ,all goods intended for indigo dyeing1 and more especially when shades fast to rubbing are desired1 should be 7p4 #adh7 thoroughly cleansed1 and before passing into the indigo vat should be thoroughly freed from any soap which may have been used in the boiling out4 ,then1 after dyeing1 they ought to be well rinsed in water and passed through a sour made with sulphuric acid 7#blb4 in #aj gallons71 and then washed again4 ,vats highly charged with sedimentary matter1 or with zinc or lime1 are often the cause of loose shades4 ,the remedy is obvious1 viz41 the discarding of such vats and the preparation of new ones1 in fact old vats are perhaps more fruitful sources of loose shades than any other cause4 ,soft water suits indigo dyeing better than hard water1 and is to be preferred4 ,it is not advisable to attempt to get full or deep shades of indigo at one dip1 for such would necessitate the use of strong baths4 ,dyeings produced in this way are liable to rub badly1 because the indigo lies mostly on the surface1 to which it is more or less mechanically attached4 ,light shades of indigo are fast to rubbing1 and by repeated dippings in a light vat or a medium shade vat deep shades of fair fastness to rubbing can be got4 ,as repeatedly stated1 no indigo vat can be worked continuously with good results2 the continual agitation induced by the passage of the yarns or cloths into the liquor brings the liquor into contact with the air1 and oxidation sets in1 resulting in the indigo being thrown out of the liquor in its original form4 ,when this happens the vat loses its original clear yellow or yellowish-brown colour and becomes greenish1 a sure sign that the vat is getting out of condition to give good results4 ,the remedy has been pointed out in dealing with each kind of vat1 and consists essentially in adding to the vat more of the active reducing agent and allowing the vat to rest a while4 ,the dye-vats may be either round tubs or square wooden tanks2 for yarn in hanks1 when cloths or warps are being dyed1 these may be fitted 7p4 #adi7 with winces and guide rollers so as to draw materials through the liquor4 ,the hawking machine shown in figure #bb is also very good for indigo cloth dyeing1 and is largely used for this purpose4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,indigo ,dye-vat4 ,figure #bc also shows an excellent machine for indigo dyeing on cloth4 ,in this the vat has a frame carrying guide rollers1 round which the cloth passes1 so that it travels several times through the vat liquor in its passage from one end of the vat to the other1 the amount of liquor in the vat being so arranged that the cloth is entirely immersed the whole time4 ,after going through the liquor the cloth passes between a pair of squeezing rollers1 in order to have any surplus liquor taken out1 then it traverses the space between sets of guide rollers arranged over the vat1 during which time the indigo becomes oxidised and the blue develops1 while finally it is 7p4 #aej7 plaited down on a table4 ,the illustration clearly shows the working of the machine4 ,dyeing ,wool with ,indigo ,extract4--,sulphonated indigo1 prepared by dissolving indigo in sulphuric acid1 is sold under the name of indigo extract1 or indigo carmine1 in two forms--paste 7containing1 perhaps1 #be to #cj per cent4 actual colour7 and powder4 ,both forms are freely soluble in water1 although some makes are more so than others4 ,this quality of solubility is dependent upon the proportion of sulphuric acid which may have been used in the preparation of the extract4 ,when this is small1 what is termed indigo monosulphonic acid only is formed1 which is but slightly soluble in water1 and gives red shades4 ,if a larger proportion of acid be used1 then the indigo disulphonic acid is formed1 which is fairly easily soluble in water1 and gives bluer shades than the former4 ,as all forms of indigo extract are regular articles of commerce1 details for their preparation will not be given here4 ,it will suffice to say that indigo is heated with strong sulphuric acid until test samples show that the indigo has been completely dissolved1 and it is then diluted with water and filtered4 ,sometimes it is sold in this condition under the term chemic1 but if this be used in dyeing wool it gives rather unsatisfactory results4 ,when sour extract is required1 the liquor filtered out is next treated with salt until all the colour has been precipitated out1 when it is filtered off1 drained1 pressed and sold4 ,should neutral or sweet extract be required1 then the acid liquor is neutralised with soda1 and the product is salted out as before1 drained and pressed to a suitable consistence4 ,it is then sold as indigo extract1 or dried1 at #aej;,f41 to a powder1 which is known as indigo carmine4 ,all forms of indigo extract are dyed on wool from baths of 7p4 #aea7 ,glauber's salt and sulphuric acid1 and therefore they can be classed with the acid-dyeing coal-tar colours4 ,indigo extract is notable for its level dyeing and penetrative properties1 but it is not fast to light or milling4 ,messrs4 ,read ,holliday ,sons have a powder form of indigo extract which will be found very useful and to give better shades than the usual run of paste extract1 while it only takes about one-fifth the quantity to give a similar shade4 ,working at the boil should be avoided with indigo extract1 as tending to make the shades greenish in tone2 from #agj to #ahj;,f4 will usually be found hot enough to dye good shades4 ,indigo extract is not much used by itself in dyeing blues on wool1 but it is extensively employed along with other dye-stuffs to produce an immense variety of shades--drabs1 greens1 fawns1 greys1 lilacs1 etc41 of which some examples will be given later on4 ,indigo ,blue4--,prepare a bath with #ajlb4 indigo extract1 #elb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work just under the boil to shade4 ,sky ,blue4--,the dye-bath contains #alb4 indigo extract1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at about #afj;,f4 to shade4 ,dyeing ,wool ,blue with ,logwood4--,this method of dyeing blue on wool has lost much of its importance since the introduction of the artificial dyes1 but it is still employed when a blue fast to milling is wanted4 ,logwood gives dark navy blue shades4 ,the process is as follows3 ,the wool is first mordanted by boiling for one and a half hours in a bath of #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 of tartar4 ,the operation must be so carried out that the non-oxidising green chrome mordant is developed on the fibre1 and therefore the boiling must be thorough4 ,in place of tartar1 argols and oxalic acid are frequently used1 while lactic acid or lignorosine might be employed4 ,the dyeing is done 7p4 #aeb7 in a bath of #bj to #belb4 logwood1 or #e to #hlb4 logwood extract2 the bath is started cold1 heated slowly to the boil1 and kept at that heat for one to one and a half hours4 ,between the mordanting and dyeing the wool should be well rinsed4 ,,dyeing ,,blue ,,with ,,coal-,,tar ,,dyes4 ,the blue dyes derived from coal tar are very numerous1 direct1 basic1 acid and mordant blues being known4 ,the direct and basic dyes are very little used1 but the acid and mordant dyes are extensively employed1 as is indicated in the following recipes4 ,dyeing with ,direct ,dyes4 ,pale ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a_/blb4 ,sulphon ,cyanine and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter the goods1 and work at the boil for one hour1 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,black ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #clb4 ,sulphon ,cyanine1 #elb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia2 work at the boil for one hour4 ,sulphon cyanine works well with other dye-stuffs1 and gives shades which are fast to milling4 ,dyeing with ,acid ,dyes4 ,bright ,blue4--,prepare a bath with #blb4 borax and #alb4 ,alkali ,blue,b4 ,enter the wool at about #agj;,f41 then heat to the boil1 and work for half an hour2 then lift1 rinse lightly1 and pass into a weak sour bath1 with sulphuric acid to raise to the colour4 ,soda may be used in place of borax1 but the latter salt maintains the softness of the wool fibre better4 ,by using various brands of ,alkali ,blue 7#c,r to #g;,b71 various shades of blue from a reddish with the #c,r to a pure blue with the #f;,b and #g;,b brands may be dyed4 ,the ,alkali ,blues are fairly fast to light4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #blb4 ,serge ,blue1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil 7p4 #aec7 for one hour4 ,this is a very common way of dyeing blues on serges1 cashmeres and worsted goods4 ,in place of serge blue1 what are known as ,blackley blues1 or ,dewsbury blues1 may be employed4 ,these have a similar composition1 but vary a little in the tint of blue they give4 ,navy ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #blb4 ,induline,a1 #aj lb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,the ,indulines are very useful colouring matters for dyeing navy or dark blues on wool4 ,they have the defect of being liable to give uneven shades4 ,this may be remedied by omitting the acid when first making up the bath1 entering the wool1 working for half an hour to thoroughly impregnate the material with the dye-liquor1 then adding the acid1 and continuing the working for another half-hour4 ,or the wool may be treated to a weak chlorine bath before it is dyed1 by first passing it through a weak hydrochloric acid bath and then through a bath of bleaching powder4 ,by using acetic acid in place of sulphuric acid more even shades are obtained4 ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #alb4 ,acid ,blue #a,v1 #ioz4 ,acid ,violet #a,v1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,blue ,black4--,for this the dye-bath is made with #hlb4 ,acid ,blue #a,v1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,navy ,blue4--,a very good shade is dyed with #elb4 ,acid ,blue #a,v1 #clb4 ,acid violet #a,v1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,deep ,navy4--,prepare a dye-bath with #alb4 ,fast acid ,magenta,b1 #clb4 ,wool ,blue ,b,x1 #d-c_/doz4 ,orange ,i,i1 #elb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,the ,patent ,blues work exceedingly well on wool1 giving good bright shades of a fair degree of fastness4 ,the following recipes will 7p4 #aed7 give some idea of the nature of the shades which may be obtained from them1 while later on their use in combination with other dyes for the production of compound shades will be shown4 ,bright ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #blb4 ,patent ,blue,n1 or ,patent ,blue superior1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,bright ,greenish ,blue4--,use #blb4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,royal ,blue4--,use #blb4 ,patent ,blue,b1 or #blb4 ,patent ,blue,j 7,no4 #c71 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,patent ,blue,j 7,no4 #c7 gives slightly more violet shades than ,patent ,blue,n1 but there is not much difference between them4 ,saxony ,blue4--,use #blb4 ,patent ,blue,j 7,no4 #jj71 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,patent ,blue,j 7,no4 #jj7 dyes shades very closely resembling those dyed with indigo extract1 and where the latter is used in the dyeing of compound shades the former might be substituted4 ,brilliant ,royal ,blue4--,prepare a bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,new ,victoria ,blue,b1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,enter at about #ajj;,f41 then raise to the boil and work for one hour4 ,this gives a very brilliant shade of blue of a violet tone4 ,sky ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a-a_/boz4 ,new ,victoria ,blue,b and #blb4 ,glauber's salt1 working in the manner described in the last recipe4 ,dark ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #a-a_/boz4 ,acid ,violet #e;,b1 and #a-a_/blb4 ,fast ,green ,bluish1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #b lb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil to shade2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,deep ,blue4--,make a dye-bath with #dlb4 ,chromotrop #f;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #dlb4 acetic acid4 ,work for one hour at the boil2 then lift1 add #blb4 bichromate of potash and #clb4 acetic acid1 re-enter the goods and work for one hour longer2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,the blues produced from the ,chromotrops according to the last 7p4 #aee7 recipe are full1 solid-looking shades1 and have a great degree of fastness to milling and light4 ,some other examples showing the production of blue shades from the ,chromotrops will be given later on4 ,violet ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #blb4 ,victoria ,violet #h;,b,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil to shade2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,deep ,blue4--,a fine deep blue is dyed on wool from a bath containing #flb4 ,victoria ,violet #h;,b,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil to shade4 ,deep ,sky ,blue4--,a fine shade is dyed in a bath containing #doz4 ,cyanole extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,electric ,blue4--,make the dye-bath with #doz4 ,cyanole extra1 #aoz4 ,acid ,green extra1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,bright ,blue4--,a very fine shade of blue can be dyed in a bath containing #clb4 ,cyanole extra and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,dark ,navy ,blue4--,prepare the dye-bath with #dlb4 ,cyanole extra1 #ioz4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,dark ,navy4--,prepare the dye-bath with #elb4 ,black ,blue,o1 #a-c_/doz4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 #doz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #belb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #dlb4 bisulphate of soda1 adding #alb4 sulphuric acid when the dyeing is about half done4 ,the navy blues given in the last few recipes possess the merit of considerable resistance to light1 air and milling4 ,pale ,blue4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #doz4 ,cyanine,b1 #g-a_/boz4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #a_/boz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #ajlb4 acetic acid1 and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,peacock ,blue4--,a fine shade is dyed with #adoz4 ,cyanine,b1 #a-a_/blb4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #boz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #ajlb4 acetic acid1 and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,invisible ,blue4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,victoria 7p4 #aef7 ,black ,blue1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,blue4--,a very fine shade of blue1 not1 however1 fast to light1 is dyed from a bath containing #a_/blb4 ,victoria ,blue,b1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,bright ,electric ,blue4--,prepare a dye-bath with #c_/dlb4 ,glacier ,blue1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #clb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil4 ,this gives a very bright green shade of blue4 ,dark ,peacock ,blue4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,peri ,wool ,blues ,b,g dye wool in very fast dark blue shades from baths of ,glauber's salt and acetic acid4 ,they are dye-stuffs which form with copper blue colour lakes of some fastness4 ,the copper is amalgamated with the dye-stuffs as put on the market4 ,pale ,navy ,blue4--,mordant1 #dlb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye1 #b-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,bordeaux,b4 ,navy ,blue4--,mordant1 #dlb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye1 #glb4 ,alizarine ,bordeaux,g4 ,bright ,violet ,blue4--,mordant1 #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #blb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye1 #c_/dlb4 ,celestine ,blue,b4 ,navy ,blue4--,a reddish shade of navy blue is dyed by mordanting with #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #blb4 oxalic acid1 and dyeing with #clb4 ,celestine ,blue,b and #c_/dlb4 ,diamond ,black4 ,the ,alizarine ,cyanines are excellent dye-stuffs for giving dark blue and navy blue shades on wool4 ,they dye fairly easily1 and uniform shades are readily obtained1 while they possess some considerable penetrative power1 so that they are well adapted for dyeing heavy piece goods4 ,the following recipes show their use and indicate the character of the shades the various brands yield4 ,it may be added 7p4 #aeg7 that the shades are fast to light and milling4 ,red ,navy ,blue4--,mordant1 #dlb4 bichromate of potash1 #b lb4 tartar1 and #a-a_/boz4 sulphuric acid4 ,dye1 #flb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,r,r,r double4 ,by using a mordant of #dlb4 fluoride of chrome and #blb4 oxalic acid the shade is made brighter and not so red in tone4 ,dark ,blue4--,a red shade of blue almost approaching a navy is obtained by mordanting with bichromate of potash1 as in the last recipe1 and dyeing with #ablb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,r,r1 or with #aclb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine,r4 ,the shade with the latter dye-stuff is scarcely so red as with the former4 ,dark ,blue4--,mordant with #dlb4 fluoride of chrome and #b lb4 oxalic acid and dye with #aclb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine,r4 ,dark ,blue4--,a somewhat brighter and less red shade than is obtained by working as in the last recipe is given by mordanting with #clb4 bichromate of potash1 #blb4 tartar1 and #b-a_/boz4 sulphuric acid1 and then dyeing with #aglb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,g extra4 ,dark ,blue4--,mordant with #c-a_/blb4 bichromate of potash1 #b lb4 tartar1 and #coz4 sulphuric acid4 ,dye with #ahlb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,g,g4 ,peacock ,blue4--,mordant with #dlb4 fluoride of chrome and #blb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye with #ahlb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,g,g4 ,the addition of from #blb4 to #elb4 acetate of ammonia in working with the ,alizarine ,cyanines is a considerable advantage1 by causing the dye-stuff to penetrate the fibre better and to give more uniform shades4 ,medium ,blue4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye with #elb4 ,brilliant ,alizarine ,blue,g1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,black ,blue4--,mordant as in the last4 ,dye with #bjlb4 ,brilliant ,alizarine ,blue,g and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,navy4--,mordant as in the last recipe and dye with #elb4 7p4 #aeh7 ,alizarine ,cyanine #c,r double1 #elb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,g,w1 #blb4 ,brilliant ,alizarine ,blue,g1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,medium ,blue4--,mordant as in the last4 ,dye with #elb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,g,w1 #b-a_/blb4 ,brilliant ,alizarine ,blue,g1 and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,lavender ,blue4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/dlb4 tartar4 ,dye with #blb4 ,alizarine ,blue,a4 ,navy4--,mordant as in the last recipe1 and dye with #bjlb4 ,alizarine ,blue,a4 ,deep ,sky ,blue4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 oxalic acid1 then dye with #b-a_/blb4 ,chrome ,blue4 ,bright ,blue4--,a very fine bright shade is obtained by mordanting as in the last1 and then dyeing with #ajlb4 ,chrome ,blue4 ,lilac ,blue4--,mordant with #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #dlb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w4 ,alizarine ,blue,r gives somewhat bluer shades than the ,d,n,w brand4 ,slate ,blue4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #b-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 #doz4 ,alizarine ,brown1 and #a-b_/coz4 ,alizarine ,yellow4 ,peacock ,blue4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #flb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 #clb4 ,alizarine ,yellow1 and #a-a_/blb4 ,patent ,blue,a1 adding a little acetic acid to the dye-bath4 ,paris ,blue4--,mordant as in the last recipe4 ,dye with #clb4 ,galleine1 #alb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 and #alb4 ,patent ,blue,a1 adding a little acetic acid4 ,grey ,blue4--,mordant as above and dye with #d-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 and #alb4 ,alizarine ,brown4 ,blue4--,mordant with #ajlb4 alum1 #clb4 tartar1 and #blb4 oxalic acid4 ,dye with #aelb4 ,anthracene ,blue ,w,g1 #clb4 acetate of lime1 and #alb4 tannic acid4 ,red ,navy4--,mordant as in the last recipe and dye with #aelb4 7p4 #aei7 ,anthracene ,blue ,b,w1 #clb4 acetate of lime1 and #c_/dlb4 tannic acid4 ,dark ,blue4--,mordant with #alb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar4 ,then dye with #bjlb4 ,anthracene ,blue ,w,b4 ,anthracene ,blue ,w,g gives slightly greener shades than the ,w,b brand1 while the ,w,r blue gives redder shades4 ,grounding wool with various tints of indigo is a favourite method of producing many useful shades on wool4 ,in general it is a good plan1 as the bottom so given is a fast and permanent one1 and is not in any way affected 7so far as the stability of the colour is concerned7 by the subsequent dyeing operations1 care of course being taken that these are the usual acid or mordanting baths4 ,the only drawback against bottoming with indigo is the increased cost of dyeing necessitated by the extra labour1 and materials required to dye the bottom4 ,as to the methods and materials required1 they are just those usually employed in indigo dyeing1 and these have been described4 ,the hydrosulphite vat1 or ,messrs4 ,holliday's patent indigo1 is1 perhaps1 the most convenient method to adopt4 ,dark ,slate4--,give a medium indigo bottom1 then mordant with #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #alb4 oxalic acid1 and dye with #a-a_/blb4 ,anthracene ,brown ,w1 #a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,bordeaux,g1 and #aoz4 ,diamond ,flavine4 ,dark ,navy4--,give a medium indigo bottom in the vat1 then mordant with #clb4 fluoride of chrome and #a-a_/blb4 tartar1 finally dyeing with #f-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine,g1 and #a-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,bordeaux,g4 ,dark ,blue4--,give a medium indigo bottom1 then mordant with #flb4 fluoride of chrome and #blb4 oxalic acid1 finally dyeing with #adlb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,black4 ,blue ,black4--,give a deep indigo bottom in the vat1 then mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar1 finally dyeing with 7p4 #afj7 #flb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine ,black and #a-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,cyanine #c,r double4 ,,violet ,,shades ,,on ,,wool4 ,violet shades can only be obtained from the coal-tar colours1 and of these there are not many4 ,the recipes which are given below will serve to show what dye-stuffs are available1 and will give some idea of the tints they dye4 ,with ,direct ,dyes4 ,pale ,violet4--,prepare the dye-bath with #a_/blb4 ,sulphon ,cyanine1 #a_/dlb4 ,geranine ,b1 #elb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,with ,basic ,dyes4 ,violet4--,the dye-bath is made with #alb4 ,methyl ,violet #c;,b1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,a fine pure shade of violet is obtained4 ,methyl ,violet is made in many brands1 distinguished as ,b1 ,b,b1 #b;,b1 #d;,b1 etc4 ,by using either one or the other of these1 a variety of tints of violet1 from a red shade with ,methyl ,violet,r through violet 7,b7 to a violet blue with ,methyl ,violet #g;,b1 can be dyed4 ,puce4--,a very bright shade of puce is dyed by using ,methyl ,violet,r1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,with ,acid ,dyes4 ,violet4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,acid ,violet #d;,b,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,this gives a pure violet shade4 ,if ,acid ,violet #f;,b,s be used a bluer shade is obtained4 ,reddish ,puce4--,a very bright red tint of puce is obtained by using #blb4 ,acid ,violet #d,r,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bluish ,violet4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,acid ,violet #e;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,lavender4--,use #doz4 ,acid ,violet #e;,b1 #aoz4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #a_/afoz4 ,fast ,green bluish1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,violet4--,a fine deep shade is obtained by using #b-c_/dlb4 ,chromotrop #f,r1 #b-a_/blb4 ,cyanine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and 7p4 #afa7 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,mauve4--,use #blb4 ,acid ,mauve,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,violet4--,use #blb4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,bright ,violet4--,use #blb4 ,acid ,violet #f;,b,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,violet4--,use #blb4 ,acid ,violet,n1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,with ,mordant ,dyes4 ,violet4--,mordant the wool with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar1 and dye with #ajlb4 ,chrome ,violet4 ,dark ,violet4--,mordant as in the last recipe4 ,then dye with #clb4 ,chrome ,bordeaux #f;,b double and #blb4 ,brilliant ,alizarine blue,g4 ,,brown ,,shades ,,on ,,wool4 ,brown is a very important colour1 of which there is an infinite variety of shades and it can be dyed in a great variety of ways and from a variety of dye-stuffs1 as will be seen on looking through the recipes which follow1 although these do not by any means exhaust the methods by which browns may be dyed on woollen goods1 but they may be taken as representative and will serve to show by what combinations of dyes various tints of browns may be obtained4 ,with ,direct ,dyes4 ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,nyanza ,black,b1 #blb4 ,congo ,brown,r1 and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,with ,acid ,dyes4 ,yellow ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,azo ,carmine1 #alb4 ,fast ,yellow1 #alb4 ,indigo ,carmine,d1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,a good shade is thus obtained4 ,olive ,brown4--,use #c_/dlb4 ,azo ,acid ,violet #d,r1 #blb4 ,fast 7p4 #afb7 ,yellow1 #coz4 ,fast ,green bluish1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,chestnut4--,dye in a bath containing #f-a_/boz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #c-a_/doz4 ,acid ,violet,v1 #alb4 ,azo ,yellow1 #blb4 ,orange ,no4 #b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,mouse4--,make the dye-bath with #doz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #a-b_/coz4 ,acid ,violet,n1 #acoz4 ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,seal4--,dye in a bath containing #alb4 ,orange ,g,g1 #a_/blb4 ,patent ,blue ,j#c1 #a_/blb4 ,azo ,yellow1 #c-a_/doz4 ,acid ,violet,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #a-c_/dlb4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,victoria ,yellow1 #dlb4 ,keton ,blue,g1 #b-a_/boz4 ,acid ,violet #e;,b,e1 #belb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #dlb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,walnut4--,a fine shade can be dyed with #a-c_/dlb4 ,azo ,acid ,magenta,g1 #ad-a_/boz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #c_/dlb4 ,victoria ,yellow1 #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,olive ,brown4--,make a dye-bath with #blb4 sulphuric acid1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #alb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow1 and #a_/blb4 ,fast ,green extra bluish4 ,dark ,olive ,brown4--,a very fine shade can be dyed with #a lb4 ,fast ,acid ,violet #aj;,b1 #a-a_/blb4 ,orange#aa1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,green bluish1 #goz4 ,fast ,yellow1 #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,walnut4--,use #alb4 ,cyanole1 #alb4 ,orange extra1 #a_/blb4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for one hour4 ,dark ,seal4--,use #alb4 ,cyanole1 #alb4 ,orange extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,golden ,brown4--,a fine shade is dyed with #a-a_/dlb4 ,victoria 7p4 #afc7 ,yellow1 #i-a_/boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #c-a_/boz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,with ,mordant ,dyes4 ,golden ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #a-a_/blb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,work for half an hour2 then add #elb4 bisulphate of soda and work for half an hour longer1 then add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 and work for half an hour at the boil4 ,bright ,golden ,brown4--,use #c_/dlb4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #a-a_/b lb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #elb4 bisulphate of soda1 as indicated in the last recipe4 ,the shades so obtained are very fine1 and have the merit of being fast to washing and light4 ,chestnut4--,give a medium indigo bottom in the vat1 then dye in a bath containing #a-c_/dlb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #alb4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 and #elb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,work again for half an hour1 then add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 and work again for another half hour2 lift1 wash and dry4 ,dark ,brown4--,use a dye-bath containing #a-a_/dlb4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #c_/dlb4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 #a-a_/blb4 ,anthracite ,black,b1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,after half an hour's boiling1 add #elb4 bisulphate of soda1 work half an hour longer1 add #clb4 fluoride of chrome1 and work together another half hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,brown4--,a very fine shade can be dyed in the following way3 ,first give a medium indigo bottom in the vat1 then mordant in a bath containing #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar1 and finally dye in a bath made from #a-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,orange,r1 #dlb4 ,diamond ,flavine1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,seal4--,give a medium indigo bottom in the vat1 and ,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar1 and finally dye in a bath containing #c-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,orange,r1 #alb4 ,anthracene ,brown,r1 #blb4 ,diamond ,flavine1 and #b lb4 acetic acid4 ,brown4--,a full shade is dyed by first mordanting with #clb4 7p4 #afd7 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar1 and then dyeing with #ajlb4 ,anthracene ,brown,w1 and #alb4 ,mordant ,yellow4 ,buff4--,mordant as in the last1 and dye with #elb4 ,anthracene ,brown,w1 and #a_/dlb4 ,mordant ,yellow,o4 ,nut4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 oxalic acid1 and dye with #bjlb4 ,diamond ,brown4 ,pale ,old ,gold ,brown4--,mordant as in the last1 and dye with #elb4 ,diamond ,brown4 ,dark ,violet ,brown4--,mordant as in the last recipes1 and dye with #cjlb4 ,chrome ,brown,r4 ,bright ,chestnut4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid1 and dye with #cjlb4 ,gambine,r4 ,pale ,chestnut4--,mordant as in the last recipes1 and dye with #bjlb4 ,gambine,y4 ,olive ,brown4--,mordant as in the last recipes1 and dye with #ajlb4 ,gambine,b4 ,the browns dyed with ,gambine have the merit of being fast to milling and light4 ,dark ,brown4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar2 then dye with #aelb4 ,alizarine ,brown4 ,bright ,buff4--,mordant as in the last recipe2 then dye with #d-c_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,brown1 #dlb4 ,alizarine ,yellow1 #a-c_/doz4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,violet ,brown4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,then dye with #ahlb4 ,alizarine ,brown1 #flb4 ,alizarine ,orange,h1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,walnut4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 sulphuric acid2 then dye with #hlb4 ,alizarine ,brown1 #blb4 ,alizarine ,red #c,w,s1 and #blb4 ,alizarine ,yellow ,g,g,w4 ,,mode ,,colours ,,on ,,wool4 ,under the general designation of mode colours are included a great variety of tints or shades unusually described more specifically 7p4 #afe7 as drabs1 buffs1 greys1 fawns1 slates1 etc4 ,it is impossible here to do more than give a few recipes for their production4 ,with ,direct ,dyes4 ,drab4--,make a dye-bath with #coz4 ,nyanza ,black,b1 #a-a_/boz4 ,chrysamine,g1 #boz4 ,congo orange,r1 and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt1 working at the boil for one hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,with ,acid ,dyes4 ,bright ,buff4--,dye in a bath containing #c_/doz4 each ,cyanole1 ,orange extra1 and ,indian ,yellow,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,slate4--,use a dye-bath containing #coz4 ,cyanole1 #a_/doz4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #a_/boz4 ,orange extra1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,silver ,grey4--,use #a-a_/doz4 ,orange extra1 #c_/doz4 ,archil ,substitute,n1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pale ,drab4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #c_/doz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #a_/doz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,grey4--,make the dye-bath with #aoz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #a-a_/doz4 ,cyanine,b1 #b-a_/boz4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #boz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #elb4 acetic acid4 ,bright ,fawn4--,the dye-bath is made with #boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #hoz4 ,orange,g1 #b-a_/doz4 ,fast ,acid ,blue,r1 #a-a_/doz4 ,cyanine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #elb4 acetic acid4 ,dark ,buff4--,use #boz4 ,cyanine,b1 #eoz4 ,azo ,yellow1 #b-a_/boz4 ,chromotrop #b,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,lilac ,grey4--,use #coz4 each ,fast ,acid ,violet #aj;,b1 ,fast ,green bluish1 and ,fast ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pale ,fawn ,drab4--,use #aoz4 ,patent ,blue,v1 #aoz4 ,rhodamine1 #a-c_/doz4 ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,dark ,grey4--,use #alb4 ,wool ,grey,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and 7p4 #aff7 #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,stone4--,use #aoz4 ,patent ,blue ,j,b1 #a-c_/doz4 ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,pale ,fawn ,brown4--,use #doz4 ,fast ,acid ,violet,r1 #boz4 ,patent ,blue ,j,o,o1 #coz4 ,orange,g1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #clb4 sulphuric acid4 ,drab4--,use #coz4 ,azo ,carmine1 #a-a_/boz4 ,fast ,yellow1 #a-a_/doz4 ,indigo ,carmine,d1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,lilac4--,use #a_/blb4 ,azo carmine1 #a_/blb4 ,indigo ,carmine,d1 #a-a_/boz4 ,fast ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,with ,mordant ,dyes4 ,pale ,drab4--,mordant with #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #alb4 ,alizarine ,brown paste4 ,violet ,grey4--,mordant as in the last recipe1 and dye with #alb4 ,alizarine ,grey,b4 ,pale ,fawn4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #b-a_/blb4 tartar1 and dye with #d-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,yellow1 #acoz4 ,alizarine ,brown1 #aa-a_/boz4 ,alizarine ,orange,n1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,pale ,stone4--,mordant with #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #acoz4 ,alizarine ,yellow and #a-a_/dlb4 ,alizarine ,brown4 ,dark ,slate4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #b-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 and #ajoz4 ,alizarine ,yellow4 ,lavender ,grey4--,mordant with #blb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/blb4 tartar4 ,dye with #acoz4 ,alizarine ,blue ,d,n,w1 and #boz4 ,galleine4 ,drab4--,mordant as in the last recipe2 then dye with #doz4 ,alizarine ,blue1 #a-a_/blb4 ,alizarine ,yellow and #adoz4 ,alizarine ,brown4 ,drab4--,mordant with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #alb4 7p4 #afg7 sulphuric acid1 and dye with #alb4 ,gambine,r4 ,dark ,grey4--,give a light indigo bottom in the vat1 and then dye in a bath containing #c_/doz4 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 #c_/doz4 ,anthracene ,yellow,c1 and #elb4 acetate of ammonia4 ,work at the boil for half an hour1 then add #elb4 bisulphate of soda1 work half an hour longer1 then add #alb4 fluoride of chrome1 and work for another half hour at the boil2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,,chapter ,v4 7p4 #afh7 ,,dyeing ,,union 7,,mixed ,,cotton ,,and ,,wool7 ,,fabrics4 ,there is now produced a great variety of textile fabrics of every conceivable texture by combining the two fibres1 cotton and wool1 in a number of ways4 ,the variety of these fabrics has of late years considerably increased1 which increase may be largely ascribed to the introduction of the direct dyeing colouring matters--the ,diamine dyes1 the ,benzo dyes1 the ,congo and the ,zambesi dyes2 for in the dyeing of wool-cotton fabrics they have made a revolution4 ,the dyer of union fabrics1 that is fabrics composed of wool and cotton1 was formerly put to great straits to obtain uniform shades on the fabrics supplied to him owing to the difference in the affinity of the fibres for the dye-stuffs then known4 ,now the direct dyes afford him a means of easily dyeing a piece of cotton-wool cloth in any colour of a uniform shade1 while the production of two-coloured effects is much more under his control1 and has led to the increased production of figured dress fabrics with the ground in one fibre 7wool7 and colour1 and the design in another fibre 7cotton7 and colour4 ,the number of direct dyes issued by the various colour manufacturers is so great that it would take a fairly considerable space to discuss them all4 ,to obtain good results it is needful that the dyer of union fabrics should be a man of keen observation and have a thorough knowledge of the dyes he is using1 for each dye makes a rule to itself as regards its power of dyeing wool and cotton2 some go better on to the 7p4 #afi7 cotton than on to the wool1 and vice versa4 ,some dye wool best at the boil1 others equally well below that heat2 some go on the cotton at a moderate temperature1 others require the dye-bath to be boiling2 some will go to the cotton only and appear to ignore the wool4 ,the presence or absence in the dye-bath of such bodies as carbonate of soda1 ,glauber's salt1 etc41 has a material influence on the degree of the affinity of the dye-stuff for the two fibres1 as will perhaps be noted hereafter4 ,again1 while some of the dyes produce equal colours on both fibres1 there are others where the tone is different4 ,with all these peculiarities of the ,diamine and other direct dyes the union dyer must make himself familiar4 ,these dyes are used in neutral baths1 that is1 along with the dye-stuff4 ,it is often convenient to use along with the direct dyes some azo or acid dyes which have the property of dyeing the wool from neutral baths2 many examples of such will be found in the practical recipes given below4 ,the dyes now under consideration may be conveniently classed into five groups4 7#a7 ,those dyes which dye the cotton and wool from the same bath to the same shade1 or nearly so4--,among such are ,thioflavine,s1 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 ,diamine ,orange,b1 ,diamine ,rose ,b,d1 ,diamine ,reds #d;,b1 #e;,b1 #f;,b and #aj;,b1 ,diamine ,fast ,red,f1 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 ,diamine ,brown,n1 ,diamine ,brown #c;,g1,b and ,g,w1 ,diamine ,blue ,r,w1 ,b,x1 ,diamine ,blue,g1 ,diamine ,greens,g and,b1 ,diamine ,black ,h,w1 ,diamine ,dark ,blue,b1 ,union ,black,b and,s1 ,oxydiamine ,blacks,b1,m1,d and,a1 ,diamine ,catechine,g1 ,union ,blue ,b,b1 ,oxyphenine1 ,chloramine ,yellow1 ,thioflavine,s1 ,alkali ,yellow,r1 ,chromine,g1 ,titan ,scarlet,s1 ,mimosa1 ,primuline1 ,auroline1 ,congo ,corinth,b1 ,thiazol ,yellow1 ,columbia ,yellow1 ,oxydiamine ,yellow ,g,g1 ,oxydiamine ,oranges,g and,r1 ,diamine 7p4 #agj7 ,orange,o1 ,oxydiamine ,red,s4 7#b7 ,dyes which dye the cotton a deeper shade than the wool4--,the following belong to this group4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,a1 ,diamine ,orange,g and,d1 ,diamine ,catechine,g1 ,diamine ,catechine,b1 ,diamine sky ,blue1 ,diamine ,blues #b;,b1 ,diamine ,blue #c;,b1 ,diamine ,blue ,b,g1 ,diamine ,brilliant ,blue,g1 ,diamine ,new ,blue,r1 ,diamine ,steel ,blue,l1 ,diamine ,black ,r,o1 ,diamine ,black ,b,o1 ,diamine ,black ,b,h1 and ,oxydiamine ,black ,s,o,o,o1 ,diamine ,nitrazol ,brown,g1 ,diamine ,catechine,b1 ,diamine ,sky ,blue ,f,f1 ,diamine ,dark ,blue,b1 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 ,diamine ,violet,n1 ,oxydiamine ,violet,b1 ,columbia ,black,b and ,f,b1 ,zambesi ,black,b1 ,congo ,brown,g1 ,direct ,yellow,g1 ,direct ,orange,r1 ,clayton ,yellow1 ,cotton ,yellow1 ,orange ,t,a1 ,benzopurpurine,b1 ,brilliant ,congo,r1 ,chicago ,blues,b1 #d;,b and #f;,b4 7#c7 ,dyes which dye wool a deeper shade than the cotton4--,the dyes in this group are not numerous4 ,they are ,diamine ,gold1 ,diamine ,scarlet,b1 ,diamine ,scarlet #c;,b1 ,diamine ,bordeaux,s1 ,diamine ,blue ,r,w1 and ,diamine ,green,g1 ,diamine ,red ,n,o and,b1 ,chicago ,blue,g and ,r,r,w1 ,brilliant ,purpurine,r1 ,diamine ,scarlet,b1 ,deltapurpurine #e;,b1 ,chrysamine1 ,titan ,blue1 ,titan ,pink1 ,congo ,oranges,g and,r1 ,erie ,blue #b;,g1 ,congo,r1 ,brilliant ,congo,r1 ,erika ,b,n1 ,benzopurpurine #d;,b and #aj;,b1 ,chrysophenine1 ,titan ,yellow1 ,titan ,brown,y1,r and,o1 ,congo ,brown,g1 ,sulphon ,azurine,b1 ,zambesi ,black,d4 7#d7 ,dyes which produce different shades on the two fibres4--,diamine ,brown,g and ,diamine ,blue #c,r1 ,diamine ,brown,v1 ,diamine ,brown,s1 ,diamine ,nitrazol ,brown,b1 ,diamine ,blue ,b,x and #c,r1 ,diamine ,blue ,black,e1 ,benzo ,blue ,black,g1 ,benzopurpurine #aj;,b1 ,benzo ,azurine ,r,g and #c;,g1 ,columbia ,red ,s,b1 ,brilliant ,azurine #e;,g1 ,titan ,marine 7p4 #aga7 ,blue1 ,congo ,corinths,g and,b1 ,azo ,blue1 ,hessian ,violet1 ,titan ,blue1 ,azo ,mauve1 ,congo ,brown1 ,diamine ,bronze,g1 ,zambesi ,browns,g and #b;,g1 ,zambesi ,black,f4 7#e7 ,azo acid dyes which dye wool from neutral baths1 and are therefore suitable for shading up the wool to the cotton in union fabric dyeing4--,among the dyes thus available may be enumerated ,naphthol ,blue,g and,e1 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 ,formyl ,violet #aj;,b1 ,lanacyl ,blue ,b,b1 ,lanacyl ,blue,r1 ,alkaline ,blue1 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b and #f;,b1 ,rocceleine1 ,azo ,red,a1 ,croceine ,a,z1 ,brilliant ,scarlet1 ,orange extra1 ,orange ,e,n,z1 ,indian ,yellow,g1 ,indian ,yellow,r1 ,tropoline ,o,o1 ,naphthylamine ,black #d;,b1 and ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 ,brilliant ,scarlet,g1 ,lanacyl ,violet,b1 ,brilliant ,milling ,green,b1 ,thiocarmine,r1 ,formyl ,blue,b1 ,naphthylamine ,blacks,d1 #d;,b and #f;,b1 ,azo ,acid ,yellow1 ,curcumine ,extra1 ,mandarine,g1 ,ponceau #c,r,b1 ,acid ,violet #f;,b1 ,guinea ,violet #d;,b1 ,guinea ,green,b1 ,wool ,black #f;,b4 ,regarding the best methods of dyeing1 that in neutral baths yields the most satisfactory results in practical working4 ,it is done in a boiling hot or in a slightly boiling bath with the addition of #f-a_/doz4 crystallised ,glauber's salt per gallon water for the first bath1 and when the baths are kept standing #bj per cent4 crystallised ,glauber's salt reckoned upon the weight of the goods for each succeeding lot4 ,in dyeing unions1 the dye-baths must be as concentrated as possible and must not contain more than from #be to #cj as much water as the goods weigh4 ,in this respect it serve as a guide that concentrated baths are best used dyeing dark shades while light shades can be dyed in more dilute baths4 ,the most important factor for producing uniform dyeings is the appropriate regulation of the temperature of the dye-bath4 ,concerning this the dyer must bear in mind that the direct colours possess a greater affinity for cotton if dyed below the boiling-point1 and only go on the wool when the bath is boiling1 7p4 #agb7 especially so the longer and more intensely the goods are boiled4 ,the following method of dyeing is perhaps the best one4 ,charge the dye-bath with the requisite dye-stuff and ,glauber's salt1 boil up1 shut off the steam1 enter the goods and let run for half an hour1 without steam1 then sample4 ,if the shade of both cotton and wool is too light1 add some more of the dye-stuffs used for both fibres1 boil up once more1 and boil for a quarter to half an hour4 ,if the wool only is too light1 or its shade different from that of the cotton1 add some more of the dye-stuff used for shading the wool and bring them again to the boil4 ,if1 however1 the cotton turns out too light or does not correspond in shade to the wool1 add some more of the dye-stuffs used for dyeing the cotton1 without1 however1 raising the temperature4 ,prolonged boiling is necessary only very rarely1 and generally only if the goods to be dyed are difficult to penetrate or contain qualities of wool which only with difficulty take up the dye-stuff4 ,in such cases1 in making up the bath1 dye-stuffs are to be selected some of which go only on the wool and others which go only on the cotton 7those belonging to the second group74 ,the goods can then be boiled for some time1 and perfect penetration and level shades will result4 ,if the wool takes up the dye-stuff easily 7as is frequently the case with goods manufactured from shoddy7 and are therefore dyed too dark a shade1 then dye-stuffs have to be used which principally dye the cotton1 and a too high temperature is to be avoided4 ,in such cases it is advisable to diminish the affinity of the wool by the addition of one-fifth of the original quantity of ,glauber's salt 7about #c_/hoz4 per gallon of water71 and from three-quarters to four-fifths of the dye-stuff used for the first lot4 ,care has to be taken that not much of the dye-liquor is lost when taking out the dyed goods1 otherwise the quantities of ,glauber's salt and dye-stuff will have to be increased proportionately4 ,wooden 7p4 #agc7 vats such as are generally used for piece dyeing have proved the most suitable1 they are heated with direct or still better with indirect steam4 ,the method which has proved most advantageous is to let the steam run into a space separated from the vat by a perforated wall into which space the required dye-stuffs and salt are placed4 ,the mode of working is influenced by the character of the goods1 and the following notes will be found useful by the union dyer4 ,very little difficulty will be met with in dyeing such light fabrics as ,italians1 cashmeres1 serges and similar thin textiles lightly woven from cotton warp and woollen weft4 ,when deep shades 7blacks1 dark blues1 browns and greens7 are being dyed it is not advisable to make up the dye-bath with the whole of the dyes at once4 ,it is much better to add these in quantities of about one-fourth at a time at intervals during the dyeing of the piece4 ,it is found that the affinity of the wool for the dyes at the boil is so much greater than is that of the cotton that it would1 if the whole of the dye were used1 take up too much of the colour and then would come up too deep in shade4 ,never give a strong boil with such fabrics1 but keep the bath just under the boil which results in the wool dyeing much more nearly like to cotton4 ,on ,union ,flannels4--,in this class of goods it is important that the soft open feel of the goods be retained as much as possible1 and for this purpose no class of dyes offers so many advantages as the direct colours4 ,only one bath being required1 there is not the same amount of manipulation needed in the dyeing operation1 hence there is less risk that the soft feel and woolly structure will be affected4 ,as no mordants are needed there is nothing to impart a harsh feel to the fabrics4 ,on ,dress ,goods1 ,suitings and ,coatings4--,a large quantity of fabrics for gentlemen's suits1 coats and cloths in general are now made 7p4 #agd7 from wool and cotton4 ,formerly the dyeing of these offered many difficulties before the application of the direct dyes was properly understood4 ,now1 however the ease with which such dyes may be applied has given considerable impetus to this class of goods1 and the trade has grown by leaps and bounds during recent years1 and has been one cause of the great cheapening of clothes which has occurred in the same period4 ,the dyeing of the goods with the direct colours offers very little difficulty1 and only requires that a little attention be paid1 particularly to goods in which the cotton either appears on the surface forming a design1 or is spun or twisted together with the wool4 ,a good deal of shoddy is used in making the cheaper class of these goods1 and it is quite natural that such artificial wool behaves differently from pure wool1 not only with regard to its shade resulting from mixing and working together differently dyed waste wools1 but also on account of its possessing a greater affinity for all kinds of dye-stuff than raw wool2 this in consequence of the carbonisation and washing processes it has undergone1 and also of the mordants which the material may retain from previous processes4 ,therefore 7and especially in dyeing light shades on goods manufactured of shoddy7 only a small quantity of soda or borax is to be added to the dye-bath and severe boiling is to be avoided4 ,wherever it is possible goods which are to be dyed in light shades should be made from the palest materials1 and the dark qualities only used for goods which are to be dyed in dark shades4 ,this rule can1 of course1 not always be adhered to4 ,quite often a light and bright shade is to be dyed on comparatively dark material4 ,this cannot be achieved by simply dyeing it1 the goods must be stripped or bleached before dyeing4 ,for this purpose either energetically reacting1 oxidising reducing agents are applied4 ,of the former1 bichromate of potassium is principally used4 ,boil the 7p4 #age7 goods for half to three-quarters of an hour with #c to #e per cent4 bichromate of potassium1 #b to #d per cent4 oxalic acid1 and #c to #e per cent4 sulphuric acid1 wash in a fresh warm bath charged with soda in order to entirely neutralise the acid which has remained in the goods1 or else the wool would be dyed too deep a shade4 ,in some cases hydrosulphite has proved a useful reducing agent2 it can be easily prepared from ordinary bisulphite of soda in the following manner4 ,add #ajoz4 ammonia 7#ji specific gravity7 to a gallon of bisulphite of soda1 #cb,tw42 then add slowly under a brisk stirring #ajoz4 zinc-dust1 and let the entire mixture settle well1 using only the clear solution4 ,treat the goods from fifteen to twenty minutes in a bath of #adj;,f41 to which first add at the boil #c_/doz4 acetic acid1 #aj,tw41 per gallon water1 and then #d to #f gallons clear hydrosulphite solution per #ajj gallons liquor4 ,then rinse very well and dye in the usual manner2 avoiding1 however1 too high a temperature4 ,as on this class of goods dark shades are mostly dyed1 the goods need only very rarely be stripped4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use #blb4 ,thioflavine,s in a bath which contains #dlb4 ,glauber's salt per #aj gallons of dye-liquor4 ,good ,yellow4--,a very fine deep shade is dyed with #b-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,gold1 and #bdlb4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,a in the same way as the last4 ,here advantage is taken of the fact that while the ,diamine ,gold dyes the wool better than the cotton the ,diamine ,yellow dyes the cotton the deepest shade1 and between the two a uniform shade of yellow is got4 ,pale ,gold ,yellow4--,use a dye-liquor containing #dlb4 ,glauber's salt in every #aj gallons1 #b-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,a1 #boz4 ,indian ,yellow,g1 and #c-a_/boz4 ,indian ,yellow,r4 ,in this recipe we use in the two last dyes purely wool yellows1 which dye the wool the same tint as the ,fast ,yellow ,a dyes the cotton4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use in the same way as the last #b-a_/blb ,diamine 7p4 #agf7 ,fast ,yellow,b and #coz4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,gold ,orange4--,use as above #blb4 ,diamine orange,g1 #c-a_/b oz4 ,indian ,yellow,r1 and #a-a_/boz4 ,orange ,e,n,z4 ,deep ,orange4--,use #b-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,orange ,d,c1 #f-a_/boz4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 and #c-a_/doz4 ,indian ,yellow,r4 ,black4--,use #d-a_/blb4 ,union ,black,s1 #boz4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,a1 #eoz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 #c-a_/doz4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 and #dlb4 ,glauber's salt in #aj gallons dye-liquor4 ,the goods are treated at the boil in this bath for one hour1 ,italian cloths have frequently if not always to pass through a finishing process to give them lustre4 ,this treatment1 especially with blues and blacks1 has a tendency to affect the shades1 reddening them4 ,with some dye the colour comes back on the goods becoming cold again1 but with others this is not the case4 ,if desired the goods may be subjected after dyeing to a treatment with alum or1 better1 bichromate of potash4 ,the goods after being dyed are rinsed and then passed into a bath at a temperature of #adj;,f41 containing #clb4 bichromate of potash and #a-a_/b to #boz4 sulphuric acid4 ,after being chromed in this for about half an hour they are well washed4 ,this chroming thoroughly fixes the colour on the cotton and it will not change while being finished1 either by crabbing1 steaming or hot pressing4 ,gold ,brown4--,use #a-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,cutch1 #f-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #aoz4 each ,union ,black1 ,naphthol ,blue ,black and ,azo ,red,a4 ,walnut ,brown4--,a fine shade is got with #a-a_/dlb4 ,union ,black,s1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,diamine ,brown,m1 #c-a_/doz4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #acoz4 ,indian ,yellow,g1 and #aoz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,after dyeing the goods should be chromed with #clb4 bichromate of potash and #boz4 sulphuric acid4 ,dark ,blue4--,a good full shade is got with #b-a_/dlb4 ,union ,black,s1 #i-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,brilliant ,blue,g1 #f-a_/boz4 ,alkaline ,violet 7p4 #agg7 ,c,a1 and #a_/dlb4 ,alkaline ,blue,f4 ,treatment in a bath of #a_/blb4 alum and #a_/boz4 soda at #acj;,f4 will fix the colour against finishing4 ,silver ,grey4--,a fine grey can be got from #a-c_/doz4 ,diamine ,black ,b,h1 #a_/boz4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 and #a_/boz4 ,formyl ,violet4 ,navy ,blue4--,use #a-a_/dlb4 ,union ,black,s1 #clb4 ,diamine ,black ,b,h1 #a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 #a_/blb4 ,formyl ,violet,s#d;,b1 and #b-a_/boz4 ,alkaline ,blue,b4 ,red ,plum4--,use a dye-bath containing #b-a_/blb4 ,oxydiamine ,violet,b and #c-a_/doz4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b4 ,dark ,green4--,a fine shade can be dyed in a bath containing #clb4 ,diamine ,green,b and #a-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,black ,h,w4 ,dark ,slate4--,use #dlb4 ,diamine ,black ,h,w1 #boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 and #coz4 ,azo ,red,a4 ,sage4--,use a dye-bath containing #dlb4 ,diamine ,bronze,g and #a-a_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,dark ,brown4--,a fine dark shade is got from #b-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,brown,v1 and #boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,peacock ,green4--,use #c-c_/dlb4 ,diamine ,steel ,blue,l1 #acoz4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #ad-a_/boz4 ,thiocarmine,r1 and #b-a_/doz4 ,indian ,yellow,g in a bath of #dlb4 ,glauber's salt per gallon of dye-liquor4 ,dark ,sea ,green4--,use #ioz4 ,diamine ,steel ,blue,l1 #c-c_/doz4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #a_/boz4 ,diamine ,orange,g1 #a-a_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 and #c_/doz4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,dark ,brown4--,use #alb4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #alb4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #ac-c_/doz4 ,union ,black,s1 #alb4 ,diamine ,brown,m1 and #a_/blb4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,fix in an alum bath after dyeing4 ,dark ,stone4--,use #a_/blb4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #c-c_/doz4 ,union ,black1 #a_/doz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 #a-a_/boz4 ,azo ,red,a1 and #c_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,black4--,a very fine black can be got from #c-a_/blb4 ,oxydiamine ,black ,r,m1 #blb4 ,union ,black,s1 #i-a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black and 7p4 #agh7 #doz4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 chroming after dyeing as described above4 ,dark ,grey4--,a fine bluish1 shade of grey is got from #goz4 ,diamine ,black ,b,h1 #b-a_/doz4 ,diamine ,orange,g1 #b-a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 and #aoz4 ,orange ,e,n,z4 ,dark ,blue4--,a fine shade is got by using #blb4 ,diamine ,black ,b,h1 #a_/blb4 ,diamine ,black ,h,w and #c-a_/boz4 ,alkaline ,blue #f;,b4 ,drab4--,use #c-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #c_/doz4 ,union ,black1 #a_/hoz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 #c_/doz4 ,azo ,red,a1 and #a_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,plum4--,use #b-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,violet,n1 #i-a_/boz4 ,union ,black1 and #alb4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b4 ,bright ,yellow4--,use a dye-bath containing #dlb4 ,thioflavine,s1 #blb4 ,naphthol ,yellow,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb1 acetic acid4 ,pink4--,use #a_/foz4 ,diamine ,rose ,b,d1 #a_/doz4 ,diamine ,scarlet,b1 #a_/boz4 ,rhodamine,b and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,scarlet4--,a fine shade is got from #a-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,scarlet,b1 #a_/boz4 ,diamine ,red #e;,b and #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,orange4--,use a dye-bath containing #c-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,orange,g1 #ad-a_/boz4 ,tropoline ,o,o1 and #b-c_/doz4 ,orange extra4 ,sky ,blue4--,use #a-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue and #a-a_/doz4 ,alkaline ,blue,b4 ,bright ,blue4--,a fine shade similar to that formerly known as ,royal ,blue is got by using #a-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,brilliant ,blue,g1 and #i-a_/doz4 ,alkaline ,blue #f;,b4 ,maroon4--,use #clb4 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 #blb4 ,diamine ,violet,n1 and #c-a_/doz4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b4 ,green4--,a fine green similar in shade to that used for billiard-table cloth is got from #blb4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #blb4 ,diamine ,steel ,blue,l1 #ad-a_/boz4 ,thiocarmine,r and #g-a_/d oz4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,gold ,brown4--,a fine brown is got from #clb4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 7p4 #agi7 #a_/blb4 ,union ,black1 #b-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,brown1 #c_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 and #a_/blb4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,navy ,blue4--,use #c-a_/dlb4 ,diamine ,black ,b,h1 #a-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,brilliant ,blue,g1 and #a_/blb4 ,alkaline ,blue4 ,fawn ,drab4--,a fine shade is got by dyeing in a bath containing #f-c_/doz4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #a-c_/dlb4 ,union ,black1 #a_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 #a_/doz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 and #aoz4 ,azo ,red,a4 ,in all these colours the dye-baths contain ,glauber's salt at the rate of #dlb4 per #aj gallons4 ,dark ,brown4--#b-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #acoz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 #a-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #a-c_/dlb4 ,union ,black1 and #c-a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,black4 ,drab4--#a-c_/dlb4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,r1 #c-a_/doz4 ,diamine ,bordeaux,b1 #b-a_/boz4 ,union ,black1 #a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 and #a-a_/doz4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,dark ,blue4--,use in the dye-bath #d-a_/dlb4 ,diamine ,dark ,blue,b1 #a-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,brilliant ,blue,g1 #c_/dlb4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 and #eoz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,blue ,black4--,use #c-a_/dlb4 ,union ,black,s1 #a-a_/blb4 ,oxydiamine ,black ,b,m1 #f-a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black1 and #a_/dlb4 ,formyl violet ,s#d;,b4 ,dark ,walnut4--#b-c_/dlb4 ,diamine ,brown,m1 #a-a_/blb4 ,union ,black,s1 and #aa-a_/doz4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,peacock ,green4--,use in the dye-bath #c-a_/blb4 ,diamine ,black ,h,w1 #e-a_/foz4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b1 #a-a_/blb4 ,thiocarmine,r1 and #a-a_/foz4 ,indian ,yellow,g4 ,slate ,blue4--,use in the dye-bath #f-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,catechine,b1 #d-c_/doz4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #b-a_/boz4 ,union ,black1 #b-c_/doz4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 and #a-c_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,dark ,sage4--,a good shade is dyed with #alb4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #f-a_/boz4 ,union ,black1 #a-c_/doz4 ,diamine ,brown,m1 #c-a_/doz4 ,azo ,red,a1 and #b-a_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,navy ,blue4--,use #blb4 ,diamine ,dark ,blue,b1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,lanacyl 7p4 #ahj7 ,violet,b1 and #goz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,bronze ,green4--,a good shade is dyed with #blb4 ,diamine ,orange,b1 #eoz4 ,diamine ,brown,n1 #c_/dlb4 ,union ,black,s1 #alb4 ,indian ,yellow,g1 and #boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,black4--,use #b-a_/blb4 ,oxydiamine ,black ,b,m and #a-a_/blb4 ,naphthylamine ,black #f;,b4 ,another recipe1 #b-a_/dlb4 ,oxydiamine ,black ,b,m1 #alb4 ,diamine ,brown,m1 #alb4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 and #boz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,dark ,brown4--,use #a-a_/blb4 ,oxydiamine ,black ,b,m1 #ae-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,brown,m1 #a-c_/dlb4 ,indian ,yellow,g1 and #b-c_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,another combination1 #a-a_/blb4 ,oxydiamine ,black ,b,m1 #a-a_/blb4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 #alb4 ,indian ,yellow,g1 and #eoz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black4 ,scarlet4--#clb4 ,benzopurpurine #d;,b1 #c_/doz4 ,ponceau #c,r,b1 and #a_/blb4 ,curcumine,s4 ,crimson4--#a_/blb4 ,congo ,corinth,g1 #blb4 ,benzopurpurine #aj;,b1 and #a_/blb4 ,curcumine,s4 ,bright ,blue4--#blb4 ,chicago ,blue #f;,b1 #coz4 ,alkali ,blue #f;,b1 #a-a_/boz4 ,zambesi ,blue ,r,x4 ,after dyeing1 rinse and develop in a bath of #hoz4 sulphuric acid in #aj gallons water1 then rinse well4 ,dark ,blue4--#b-a_/blb4 ,columbia ,fast ,blue #b;,g1 #coz4 ,sulphon ,azurine,d1 #coz4 ,alkali ,blue #f;,b4 ,after dyeing1 rinse and develop in a bath of #hoz4 sulphuric acid in #bj gallons of water4 ,orange4--#ioz4 ,congo ,brown,g1 #a-a_/blb4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o1 and #a-a_/boz4 ,mandarine,g4 ,dark ,green4--#blb4 ,columbia ,green1 #a_/blb4 ,sulphon ,azurine,d1 #a_/blb4 ,zambesi ,blue ,b,x1 #a-a_/boz4 ,curcumine,s4 ,black4--#dlb4 ,columbia ,black ,f,b1 and #blb4 ,wool ,black #f;,b4 ,pale ,sage ,green4--#eoz4 ,zambesi ,black,d1 #c_/dlb4 ,chrysophenine,g1 and #a-a_/blb4 ,curcumine,s4 ,slate4--#a_/blb4 ,zambesi ,black,d1 #c_/doz4 ,zambesi ,blue ,r,x1 7p4 #aha7 #a_/boz4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o1 and #a-a_/boz4 ,acid ,violet #f;,b4 ,dark ,grey4--#alb4 ,columbia ,black ,f,b1 #coz4 ,zambesi ,black,b1 and #c_/doz4 ,sulphon ,azurine,d4 ,drab4--#a-a_/boz4 ,zambesi ,black,d1 #c_/doz4 ,mandarine,g extra1 #a_/doz4 ,curcumine extra1 and #coz4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o4 ,brown4--#eoz4 ,zambesi ,black,d1 #c_/doz4 ,mandarine,g extra1 #a-a_/boz4 ,orange ,t,a1 and #boz4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o4 ,nut ,brown4--#c_/dlb4 ,congo ,brown,g1 #a_/dlb4 ,chicago ,blue ,r,w1 and #c_/dlb4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o4 ,dark ,brown4--#alb4 ,congo ,brown,g1 #a-a_/blb4 ,benzopurpurine #d;,b1 #a-a_/blb4 ,zambesi ,black,f1 and #a_/blb4 ,wool ,black #f;,b4 ,stone4--#aoz4 ,zambesi ,black,d1 #a_/doz4 ,mandarine,g1 #a_/doz4 ,curcumine extra1 and #a-a_/doz4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o4 ,slate ,green4--#coz4 ,zambesi ,black ,d1 #a-a_/boz4 ,guinea ,green,b4 ,sage ,brown4--#a_/blb4 ,zambesi ,black,d1 #a-a_/boz4 ,mandarine,g extra1 #coz4 ,curcumine extra1 #coz4 ,acid ,violet #f;,b1 #foz4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o1 and #d-a_/boz4 ,curcumine,s4 ,cornflower ,blue4--#coz4 ,chicago ,blue #d,r1 #a_/dlb4 ,zambesi ,blue ,r,x1 #a_/dlb4 ,acid ,violet #f;,b1 and #c_/doz4 ,zambesi ,brown,g4 ,dark ,brown4--#a-a_/blb4 ,brilliant ,orange,g1 #a_/blb4 ,orange ,t,a1 #alb4 ,columbia ,black ,f,b1 and #a_/dlb4 ,wool ,black #f;,b4 ,dark ,blue4--#blb4 ,chicago ,blue ,r,w1 #alb4 ,zambesi ,blue ,r,x1 #a_/blb4 ,columbia ,black ,f,b1 #ajoz4 ,guinea ,green,b1 and #a_/blb4 ,guinea ,violet #d;,b4 ,the ,janus dyes may be used for the dyeing of half wool union fabrics4 ,the best plan of working is to prepare a bath with #elb4 of sulphate of zinc4 ,in this the goods are worked at the boil for five minutes1 then there is added the dyes 7previously dissolved in water71 and the working continued for a quarter of an hour2 then there is added #bjlb4 ,glauber's salt and the working at the boil continued for one hour1 7p4 #ahb7 at the end of which time the dye-bath will be fairly well exhausted of colour4 ,the goods are now taken out and put into a fixing bath of sumac or tannin1 in which they are treated for fifteen minutes4 ,to this same bath there is next added tartar emetic and #alb4 sulphuric acid1 and the working continued for a quarter of an hour2 then the bath is heated to #afj;,f41 when the goods are lifted1 rinsed and dried4 ,in the recipes the quantities of dyes1 sumac or tannin1 and tartar emetic only are given1 the other ingredients and processes are the same in all4 ,dark ,blue4--#b-a_/dlb4 ,janus ,dark ,blue,b1 and #a_/blb4 ,janus ,green,b1 in the dye-bath2 #aflb4 sumac extract and #blb4 tartar emetic in the fixing bath4 ,blue ,black4--#c-a_/blb ,janus ,black,i and #a_/clb4 ,janus ,black,i,i in the dye-bath1 and #aflb4 sumac extract and #blb4 tartar emetic in the fixing bath4 ,dark ,brown4--#b-a_/blb4 ,janus ,brown,b1 #alb4 ,janus ,black,i1 #c-a_/boz4 ,janus ,yellow,g1 and #eoz4 ,janus ,red,b in the dye-bath1 with #aflb4 sumac extract and #blb4 tartar emetic in the fixing bath4 ,drab4--#a-a_/boz4 ,janus ,yellow,r1 #a_/doz4 ,janus ,red,b1 #aoz4 ,janus ,blue,r1 and #a_/doz4 ,janus ,grey ,b,b1 in the dye-bath1 and #dlb4 sumac extract and #alb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,grey4--#eoz4 ,janus ,blue,r1 #c-a_/doz4 ,janus ,grey,b1 #a-a_/boz4 ,janus ,yellow,r1 and #a_/doz4 ,janus ,red,b in the dye-bath1 with #dlb4 sumac extract and #alb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,nut ,brown4--#alb4 ,janus ,brown,r1 #hoz4 ,janus ,yellow,r1 and #a-a_/boz4 ,janus ,blue,b in the dye-bath1 and #hlb4 sumac extract and #alb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,walnut ,brown4--#clb4 ,janus ,brown,b1 #alb4 ,janus ,red,b1 #alb4 ,janus ,yellow,r1 and #a-a_/doz4 ,janus ,green,b in the dye-bath1 with #hlb4 sumac extract and #alb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,crimson4--#b-a_/blb4 ,janus ,red,b1 and #hoz4 ,janus ,claret ,red,b 7p4 #ahc7 in the dye-bath1 with #hlb4 sumac extract and #alb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,dark ,green4--#a-a_/blb4 ,janus ,green ,b1 #alb4 ,janus ,yellow,r1 and #hoz4 ,janus ,grey,b in the dye-bath1 with #dlb4 sumac extract and #a-a_/dlb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,chestnut ,brown4--#alb4 ,janus ,brown,r and #alb4 ,janus ,yellow,r in the dye-bath1 and #hlb4 sumac extract and #alb4 tartar emetic in the fixing-bath4 ,before the introduction of the direct dyes the method usually followed1 and indeed is now to a great extent1 is that known as ,cross-dyeing4 ,the goods were woven with dyed cotton threads of the required shade and undyed woollen threads2 after weaving and cleansing the woollen part of the fabric was dyed with acid dyes such as ,acid ,magenta1 ,scarlet ,r1 ,acid ,yellow1 etc4 ,in such methods care has to be taken that the dyes used for dyeing the cotton are such as stand acids1 a by no means easy condition to fulfil at one time4 ,many of the direct dyes are fast to acids and therefore lend themselves more or less readily to cross-dyeing4 ,for details of the dyes for cotton reference may be made to the sections on dyeing with the direct colours in the companion volume to this book on ,dyeing of ,cotton ,fabrics4 ,shot ,effects4--,a pleasing kind of textile fabric which is now made and is a great favourite for ladies' dress goods is where the cotton of a mixed fabric is thrown up to form a figured design4 ,it is possible to dye the two fibres in different colours and so produce a variety of shot effects4 ,these latter are so endless that it is impossible here to enumerate all that may be produced4 ,it will have to suffice to lay down the lines which may be followed to the best advantage1 and then give some recipes to illustrate the remarks that have been made4 ,the best plan for the production of shot effects upon union fabrics is to take advantage of the property of certain acid dyes which dye only 7p4 #ahd7 the wool in an acid bath and of many of the direct colours which will only dye the cotton in an alkaline bath4 ,the process1 working on these lines1 becomes as follows3 ,the wool is first dyed in an acid bath with the addition of ,glauber's salt and bisulphate of soda or sulphuric acid1 the goods are then washed with water containing a little ammonia to free them from the acid and afterwards dyed with the direct colour in an alkaline bath4 ,fancy or the mode shades are obtained by combining suitable dye-stuffs4 ,if the cotton is to be dyed in light shades it is advantageous to dye on the liquor at #fe to #hj;,f41 with the addition of #c-a_/doz4 ,glauber's salt1 and from #bj to #dj grains borax per gallon water4 ,the addition of an alkali is advisable in order to neutralise slight quantities of acid which may have remained in the wool1 and to prevent the dye-stuff from dyeing the cotton too deep a shade4 ,very light shades can also be done on the padding machine4 ,the dye-stuffs of ,group 7#b71 which have been previously enumerated1 do not stain the wool at all or only very slightly and are therefore the most suitable4 ,less bright effects can be produced by simply dyeing the goods in one bath4 ,the wool is first dyed at the boil with the wool dye-stuff in a neutral bath1 the steam is then shut off and the cotton dyed by adding the cotton dye-stuff to the bath and dyeing without again heating4 ,by passing the goods through cold water to which some sulphuric or acetic acid is added the brightness of most effects is greatly increased4 ,gold and ,green4--,first bath1 #alb4 ,cyanole extra1 #g-a_/doz4 ,acid ,green1 #a-a_/boz4 ,orange ,g,g1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda2 work at the boil for one hour1 then lift and rinse well4 ,second bath1 #dlb4 ,diamine ,orange,g and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt2 work in the cold or at a lukewarm heat4 ,third bath at #abj;,f41 #doz4 ,chrysoidine and #a_/doz4 ,safranine4 ,black and ,blue4--,first bath1 #c-a_/blb4 ,naphthol ,black #c;,b and 7p4 #ahe7 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #blb4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue and #aclb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,third bath1 #f-a_/boz4 ,new ,methylene ,blue,n2 work as in the last recipe4 ,green and ,claret4--,first bath1 #c-a_/blb4 ,naphthol ,red,c and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #blb4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue ,f,f1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,thioflavine,s1 and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,gold ,brown and ,blue4--,first bath1 #b-a_/boz4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 #a-a_/boz4 ,orange ,g,g1 #a_/doz4 ,cyanole extra1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #adoz4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue ,f,f and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,dark ,brown and ,blue4--,first bath1 #a_/blb4 ,orange ,g,g1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 #a-a_/boz4 ,cyanole extra and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #aboz4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue ,f,f and #ae lb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,green ,blue4--,first bath1 #clb4 ,orange ,g,g1 #alb4 ,brilliant cochineal #d,r1 #alb4 ,fast ,acid ,green ,b,n1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,second bath1 #a-c_/dlb4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue ,f,f1 #c-a_/dlb4 ,thioflavine,s1 and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,we may here note that in all the above recipes the second bath 7for dyeing the cotton7 should be used cold or at a lukewarm heat1 and as strong as possible4 ,it is not completely exhausted of colour1 only about one-half going on the fibre4 ,if kept as a standing bath this feature should be borne in mind and less dye-stuff used in the dyeing of the second and following lots of goods4 ,blue and ,gold ,yellow4--#clb4 ,diamine ,orange,g1 #acoz4 ,naphthol ,blue,g1 #ad-a_/boz4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt2 work at just under the boil4 ,brown and ,blue4---#alb4 ,diamine ,steel ,blue,l1 #i-a_/boz4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue1 #alb4 ,orange ,e,n,z1 #alb4 ,indian ,yellow,g1 #a-c_/doz4 ,naphthol ,blue ,black and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,work at #agj to #ahj;,f4 ,in these two last recipes only one bath is used1 all the dyes 7p4 #ahf7 being added at once4 ,this is possible if care be taken that dye-stuffs are used which will dye wool and not cotton from neutral baths and dyes which dye cotton better than wool4 ,the temperature should also be kept below the boil and carefully regulated as the operation proceeds and the results begin to show themselves4 ,grey and ,orange4--,first bath1 #coz4 ,orange extra1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,cyanole extra1 #aalb4 ,azo ,red,a1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #eoz4 ,diamine ,orange ,d,c and #coz4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,b4 ,green and ,red4--,first bath1 #blb4 ,croceine ,a,z and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,second bath1 #alb4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue ,f,f1 #a_/blb4 ,thioflavine,s1 and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,brown and ,violet4--,first bath1 #c_/dlb4 ,orange extra1 #c_/dlb4 ,cyanole extra1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #eoz4 ,diamine ,brilliant ,blue,g and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,yellow4--,first bath1 #glb4 ,naphthol ,black,b1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow,s1 and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #clb4 ,diamine ,fast ,yellow,a and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,pink4--,black as above4 ,pink with ,diamine ,rose ,b,d 7see above74 ,green and ,buff4--,first bath1 #a_/dlb4 ,orange extra1 #c_/doz4 ,fast ,yellow,s and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #c_/dlb4 ,diamine ,sky ,blue ,f,f1 #a_/blb4 ,thioflavine,s1 and #aelb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,orange and ,violet4--,first bath1 #ioz4 ,orange extra and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,second bath1 #c_/dlb4 ,diamine ,violet,n and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt4 ,black and ,blue4--,first bath1 ,naphthol ,black1 as given above4 ,second bath1 ,diamine ,sky ,blue1 as given above4 ,black and ,yellow4--,add first #alb4 ,wool ,black #f;,b and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 then when the wool has been dyed add #blb4 ,curcumine,s to dye the cotton in the same bath4 ,green and ,red4--,dye the wool by using #clb4 ,guinea ,green ,b1 7p4 #ahg7 #a_/dlb4 ,curcumine extra1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 then add to the bath #c_/dlb4 ,erika ,b,n and #c_/dlb4 ,congo ,corinth,g4 ,orange and ,blue4--,dye the wool first with #a-a_/dlb4 ,mandarine,g1 #boz4 ,wool ,black #f;,b1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt2 then the cotton with #blb4 ,columbia ,blue,g4 ,blue and ,orange4--,dye the wool first with #c_/dlb4 ,guinea ,violet,b1 #c_/dlb4 ,guinea ,green,b1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt2 then dye the cotton with #blb4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o4 ,green and ,orange4--,dye the wool with #clb4 ,guinea ,green,b1 #a_/dlb4 ,curcumine extra and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 then dye the cotton in the same bath with #a-a_/blb4 ,mikado ,orange #d,r,o4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 7p4 #ahh7 ,,dyeing ,,of ,,gloria4 ,gloria is a material which during the last few years has become of considerable importance as furnishing a fine lustrous fabric at a comparatively low price4 ,the perfection to which the art of dyeing has attained and the facilities now available to the dyer1 enable this to be produced more beautiful than ever1 and naturally an increased demand for it as a dress fabric has developed4 ,gloria is woven from the two fibres1 wool and silk1 of a fine texture to enable it to be used in the place of a silk fabric4 ,formerly it was usually woven with the wool and silk yarns already dyed1 especially when a shot effect was to be produced1 this being done by a twill weave of the fabric and by the use of yarns of two very different colours in the case of shot fabrics4 ,by the introduction of dye-stuffs derived from coal tar the cloth is now dyed after being woven1 care being taken to choose those which will dye the two fibres equally well when self-shades are wanted1 or those which will dye one fibre better than the other1 and thus allow a woven piece of gloria to be dyed of two different colours4 ,as most dyers know1 the most brilliant effects are obtained when the finished woven piece can be dyed4 ,then all the grease and dirt which has become attached to it during the operations of spinning the yarns and weaving the pieces can be removed before dyeing1 thus leaving the fabric in a perfectly clean condition4 ,thus no after cleansing is required1 whereas when the 7p4 #ahi7 fibres are dyed in the yarn the goods must be cleansed after weaving to free them from dirt1 and such cleaning has a somewhat deleterious effect upon the brilliancy of the colour of the finished fabric1 more especially in the case of light colours4 ,gloria may be in one colour only1 a self-colour as it is called2 this case is comparatively simple1 the only care that is required being to select dyes which have an equal affinity for the two fibres or which give but slightly different shades4 ,still1 some good effects are obtained when dyes are used which dye the silk and wool different colours but give the combined effect of a self-colour4 ,or the fibre may be purposely dyed in two different colours in some cases to give the shot effect4 ,this is much more troublesome1 but with a little care can be carried out with good results4 ,the dyes available for dyeing gloria may be classified1 according to their behaviour in regard to their dyeing of the two fibres1 into three groups as follows3-- ,group ,a4--,those which will dye the two fibres of equal shade4 ,group ,b4--,those which will dye the wool at boiling heat more readily than the silk4 ,group ,c4--,those which will dye the silk only in a cold bath4 ,group ,a consists of those dyes which can be used in dyeing self-colours on gloria from acid baths4 ,it includes ,alkali ,blue1 ,naphthylamine ,blacks1 ,naphthol ,green,b1 ,indian ,yellow1 ,croceine ,a,z1 ,croceine ,orange1 ,orange,r1 ,brilliant ,croceine,m1 ,rose ,bengale1 ,thiocarmine,r1 ,soluble ,blue1 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 ,acid ,green1 ,croceine ,orange,g1 ,carmoisin1 ,acid ,violet #e;,b1 ,fast ,acid ,violet #aj;,b1 ,fast ,green ,bluish1 ,rhodamine1 ,silk ,blue1 ,victoria ,black1 ,archil1 ,turmeric1 ,safranine1 ,auramine1 ,quinoline ,yellow1 ,azoflavine1 ,victoria ,blue and ,bismarck ,brown4 ,group ,b comprises those dye-stuffs which in a boiling acid 7p4 #aij7 bath dye the wool deeper than the silks1 in other words have more affinity for the wool than the silk1 ,tropoline,o1 ,acid ,magenta1 ,indigo ,extract1 ,phloxine1 ,naphthol ,yellow1 ,orange ,g,g1 ,scarlet,s1 ,azo ,red,a1 ,eosines1 ,thiocarmine,r1 ,naphthol ,black ,b,b1 ,new ,victoria ,black ,blue1 ,erythrosine1 and ,roccelline4 ,the silk becomes tinted to a more or less extent when in such a bath1 but often the colour is readily removed either by subsequent passage through boiling water or through hot soap liquor4 ,a very good clearing can be effected by the use of a bath of acetate of ammonia4 ,naphthol ,yellow1 for instance1 only imparts a very faint shade of yellow when thus dyed1 and this is easily removed by boiling-water treatment4 ,group ,c4--,those dye-stuffs which will dye the silk more readily in a cold bath than the wool4 ,these comprise most of the basic dyes1 such as ,thioflavine,t1 ,safranine1 ,brilliant ,green1 ,methyl ,violet1 ,magenta1 ,new ,methylene ,blue1 ,bismarck ,brown1 ,rose ,bengale1 ,phloxine1 ,acid ,greens1 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 ,rhodamine1 ,solid ,blue1 etc4 ,gloria may be dyed either by a one-bath or two-bath process1 and either one or two colours1 as may be required4 ,in both cases advantage may be taken of the different affinities of the two fibres for the dye-stuffs used1 as1 for instance1 the silk may be dyed brown1 the wool olive by using a mixture of ,acid ,yellow1 ,indigo extract and ,orange,g4 ,indigo extract1 ,cochineal1 ,acid ,magenta1 ,picric acid1 ,naphthol ,yellow1 and ,tartrazine dye the wool only at the boil4 ,the following recipes will serve to illustrate the foregoing remarks and show how this important fabric may be dyed3-- ,deep ,gold4--,the dye-bath is made from #blb4 ,indian ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 dyed at the boil4 ,in this and following recipes the quantities are for #ajjlb4 ,orange4--,the dye-bath is made with #blb4 ,indian ,yellow1 #ailb4 7p4 #aia7 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,scarlet4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,scarlet #c,r1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,another scarlet is got from #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,another scarlet is got from #blb4 ,croceine ,scarlet #c;,b1 #blb4 sulphuric acid1 and #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt2 by using the #e;,b ,scarlet a bluer shade can be dyed4 ,azo ,cochineal also dyes a fine scarlet on gloria4 ,crimson4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,carmoisin,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the #g;,b ,croceine ,scarlet also dyes a fine crimson of a more fiery tone than the last1 while #b-a_/blb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g dyes a bluer shade of crimson4 ,rose4--,a fine rose is obtained with #blb4 ,rhodamine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and a little acetic acid4 #alb4 ,phloxine dyes a fine deep rose2 the silk comes out a paler colour than the wool1 but the general effect is good4 ,deep ,maroon4--,make the dye-bath from #a-a_/blb4 ,croceine ,a,z1 #a_/blb4 ,indian ,yellow1 #a_/dlb4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,enter the goods1 work at the boil for an hour1 then cool down to #abj;,f41 enter an equal quantity of dye-stuff and work for an hour longer4 ,pale ,maroon4--,make the dye-bath with #clb4 ,azo ,bordeaux1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,black4--,prepare the dye-bath with #elb4 ,naphthylamine ,black,d1 #alb4 ,acid ,green,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid2 work at the boil for twenty minutes1 then allow to cool to #abj or #acj;,f41 then work an hour longer4 ,another black can be dyed in a similar way from #elb4 ,victoria ,black,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,violet4--,use #blb4 ,acid ,violet #e;,b1 or #blb4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,fast ,acid ,violet #aj;,b gives a bluer shade than the above4 ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #blb4 ,acid ,green ,g,g1 #ajlb4 7p4 #aib7 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil4 ,this gives a bright yellow shade of green2 a bluer shade can be got from ,acid ,green #f;,b or ,acid ,green,b1 while ,fast ,green ,bluish gives very blue greens4 ,coeruleum ,blue4--,dye with #c_/dlb4 ,silk ,blue ,b,e,s1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid2 this gives a very fine bright blue4 ,deep ,indigo ,blue4--,dye with #d-a_/blb4 ,solid ,blue,r1 #blb4 ,thiocarmine,r paste1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,deep ,violet ,brown4--,dye with #clb4 ,croceine ,a,z1 #a-a_/dlb4 ,indian ,yellow1 #a-c_/dlb4 ,formyl ,violet ,s#d;,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid for an hour at the boil1 and for an hour at #abj;,f4 ,blue ,black4--,make the dye-bath with #elb4 ,new ,victoria ,blue ,black1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil4 ,another plan is to use #elb4 ,naphthylamine ,black #d;,b and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda4 ,dark ,grey4--,prepare a dye-bath with #clb4 ,naphthol ,black #c;,b1 #dlb4 ,naphthol ,green,b1 #alb4 ,amaranth1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #hlb4 copperas1 and #clb4 sulphuric acid1 working at the boil for an hour and then rinsing in water to which a little acetate of ammonia has been added4 ,the silk is dyed grey and the wool a black4 ,brown4--,a fine yellow brown shot with lilac is obtained by first dyeing in a bath of #elb4 ,naphthol ,yellow1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,wash in hot water1 then dye with #b-a_/blb4 ,solid ,blue ,p,g1 #a-a_/boz4 ,methyl ,violet ,b,o1 and #elb4 acetic acid in the cold4 ,wool1 ,orange2 ,silk1 ,pale ,green4--,dye the wool with #a-a_/blb4 ,orange ,g,g1 #foz4 ,naphthol ,green,b1 #b-a_/boz4 ,naphthol ,red,c1 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid2 and the silk with #a_/blb4 ,milling ,yellow and #a_/blb4 ,acid ,green4 ,wool1 ,black2 ,silk1 ,light ,grey4--,dye in a bath with #elb4 7p4 #aic7 ,anthracene ,acid ,black ,s,t1 #d-a_/boz4 ,fast ,yellow,s1 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the silk is cleaned by boiling for ten minutes in a soap bath4 ,wool1 ,bright ,red2 ,silk1 ,blush ,rose4--,the gloria silk is dyed in a bath of #clb4 ,naphthol ,red,o1 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,after dyeing1 soap for ten minutes4 ,wool1 ,black2 ,silk1 ,green4--,dye the wool in a bath containing #elb4 ,anthracene ,acid ,black ,s,t1 #eoz4 ,fast ,yellow,s1 #blb4 oxalic acid1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #aelb4 acetic acid4 ,work the goods in this at the boil for an hour1 then lift1 add #c_/dlb4 bichromate of potash1 and boil for twenty minutes longer4 ,clean the silk by boiling in a bath of soap for twenty minutes1 then dye in a cold bath containing #alb4 ,thioflavine,t and #alb4 ,brilliant ,green4 ,wool1 ,dark ,maroon2 ,silk1 ,pale ,blue4--,after the manner described in the first recipe1 dye the wool with #alb4 ,orange ,g,g1 #clb4 ,naphthol ,green,b1 #blb4 ,brilliant ,cochineal #b,r1 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,dye the silk with #a-a_/blb4 ,pure ,blue ,o,t4 ,wool1 ,violet2 ,silk1 ,green4--,make the dye-bath with #alb4 ,acid ,violet #d;,b1 #ioz4 ,indigotine extra1 #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the dyeing is carried on at the boil until the bath is exhausted of colour1 whereupon the goods are well rinsed in water4 ,they are next soaped at #afj;,f4 for ten minutes in a liquor containing #a_/boz4 soap per gallon1 then rinsed4 ,next a dye-bath is made with #alb4 ,acid ,green1 #hoz4 ,milling ,yellow,o1 and #alb4 acetic acid1 the goods being treated in this in the cold until the desired shade is obtained1 then lifted1 rinsed and dried4 ,violet and ,pink4--,a fine effect of violet shot with pink is obtained by dyeing in a bath of #a-a_/blb4 ,indigo extract1 #a_/blb4 ,rhodamine,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,brown ,olive and ,green is dyed in a bath made with #alb4 7p4 #aid7 ,quinoline ,yellow1 #alb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #a_/dlb4 ,fast ,green ,bluish1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,by using about half the above quantities of dye-stuffs a drab effect shot with green can be obtained4 ,crimson and ,green4--,the first bath is made from #dlb4 ,azo ,red,a and #ajlb4 bisulphate of soda1 worked for an hour at the boil2 then treat in a weak bath of acetate of ammonia2 and dye the silk in a cold bath of #boz4 ,solid ,green ,crystals1 #a_/dlb4 ,thioflavine,t1 and #elb4 acetic acid4 ,violet and ,pink4--,dye in a bath of #a-a_/dlb4 ,indigo extract1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,brown and ,pink4--,this is dyed in a bath made from #a-a_/dlb4 ,fast ,yellow1 #eoz4 ,rhodamine,b1 #a_/dlb4 indigo extract1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 and #blb4 sulphuric acid4 ,the silk dyes a pale pink while the general effect is that of a fine fawn brown with a reddish shot effect4 ,dark ,green and ,pale ,crimson4--,this is done in two baths1 the first is made with #hlb4 ,naphthol ,green,b1 #ajlb4 ,glauber's salt1 #clb4 sulphuric acid1 and #glb4 copperas1 working at the boil2 then treat with hot water and dye in a fresh bath with #foz4 ,safranine ,prima and #elb4 acetic acid in the cold4 ,the combined effect of the two is that of a brown shot with green4 ,orange and ,green4--,this gives a splendid shot effect and is dyed as follows4 ,work for an hour at the boil1 for thirty minutes in a bath of boiling water1 then enter into a cold bath of #eoz4 ,thioflavine,t1 #coz4 ,brilliant ,green1 and #clb4 acetic acid2 work for thirty minutes1 or until shade is obtained4 ,orange and ,blue4--,use first dye-bath as in the last1 then1 after washing in hot water1 dye in a bath of #boz4 ,new ,methylene ,blue,n1 and #clb4 acetic acid4 ,silk1 ,sky ,blue2 ,wool1 ,drab4--,make a dye-bath with #bjlb4 acetic acid1 #c_/doz4 ,indigotine1 #coz4 ,fast ,yellow extra and #boz4 ,azo 7p4 #aie7 ,fuchsine,g4 ,work at the boil for one hour at #ajj;,f41 then pass into a bath of #c_/doz4 ,turquoise ,blue ,b,b1 and #blb4 acetic acid1 working for half an hour at #hj4 ,silk1 ,pink2 ,wool1 ,pale ,blue4--,make a dye-bath with #aelb4 acetic acid and #d-a_/boz4 ,indigotine4 ,work at the boil for an hour1 then pass into a bran bath as before2 next enter into a dye-bath at #hj to #ij of #c_/doz4 ,brilliant ,rhoduline ,r,b1 #a-a_/boz4 ,auramine ,i,i1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,silk1 ,green2 ,wool1 ,dark ,crimson4--,the first bath is made from #clb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #alb4 ,indian ,yellow,g and #bjlb4 acetic acid2 then follows the bran and the final dye-bath1 which is made from #a-a_/boz4 ,imperial ,green ,g,i1 and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,silk1 ,orange2 ,wool1 ,black4--,a dye-bath is made from #blb4 ,indigotine1 #blb4 ,indian ,yellow,g1 #a_/blb4 ,rhodamine,g1 and #bj lb4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,silk1 ,light ,green2 ,wool1 ,dark ,blue4--,make a dye-bath from #a_/blb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #blb4 ,fast ,light ,green1 and #bjlb4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil to shade2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,silk1 ,yellow2 ,wool1 ,terra ,cotta4--,a dye-bath is made from #a-a_/boz4 ,indigotine1 #c_/dlb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #ioz4 ,indian ,yellow,r1 and #bjlb4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour2 then lift1 wash and dry4 ,silk1 ,light ,sea ,green2 ,wool1 ,pale ,sage4--,make the dye-bath with #a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow extra1 #coz4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #a-a_/boz4 ,fast ,green bluish1 and #bjlb4 acetic acid4 ,work as in the last recipe4 ,silk1 ,light ,green2 ,wool1 ,brown4--,make the dye-bath with #a lb4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 #b-a_/blb4 ,fast ,yellow extra1 #a_/blb4 ,fast ,green bluish1 and #bjlb4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour4 ,silk1 ,pale ,blue2 ,wool1 ,crimson4--,make a dye-bath with #b lb4 7p4 #aif7 ,azo ,crimson,l and #bjlb4 acetic acid4 ,work at the boil for one hour1 then pass into a bran bath for half an hour at #ij;,f41 and into another bath containing #a_/blb4 ,turquoise ,blue,g1 and #blb4 acetic acid1 at #ij;,f41 for half an hour2 then wash and dry4 ,silk1 ,light ,drab2 ,wool1 ,lavender4--,make the first dye-bath from #coz4 ,indigotine1 #boz4 ,azo ,fuchsine,g1 and #bjlb4 acetic acid4 ,after working an hour at the boil1 pass into a bran bath for half an hour1 afterwards topping with #a-a_/boz4 ,bismarck ,brown,r and #blb4 acetic acid4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 7p4 #aig7 ,,operations ,,following ,,dyeing3 ,,washing1 ,,soaping1 ,,drying4 ,after loose wool1 or woollen yarns or piece goods of every description have been dyed1 before they can be sent out for sale they have to pass through various operations of a purifying character4 ,there are some operations through which cloths pass that have as their object the imparting of a certain appearance and texture to them1 these are generally known as finishing processes1 of these it is not intended here to speak1 but only of those which precede them but follow on the dyeing operations4 ,these processes are usually of a very simple character1 and common to most colours which are dyed1 and here will be noticed the appliances and manipulations necessary in the carrying out of these operations4 ,squeezing or ,wringing4--,it is advisable when the goods are taken out of the dye-bath to squeeze or wring them according to circumstances in order to express out all surplus dye-liquor1 which can be returned to the dye-bath if needful to be used again4 ,this is an economical proceeding in many cases1 especially in working with many of the old tannin materials1 like sumac1 divi-divi1 myrobalans1 and the modern direct dyes1 which during the dyeing operations are not completely extracted out of the bath1 or in other words the dye-bath is not exhausted of colouring matter1 and therefore it can be used again for another lot of goods simply by adding fresh material to make up for that absorbed by the first lot4 ,loose wool and loose cotton are somewhat difficult to deal with by 7p4 #aih7 squeezing or wringing1 but the material may be passed through a pair of squeezing rollers such as are shown in figure #bd1 which will be more fully dealt with later on4 ,yarns in ,hanks4--,in the hand-dyeing process of hank-dyeing the hanks are wrung by placing one end of the hank on a wringing-horse placed over the dye-tub1 and a dye-stick in the other end of the hank1 giving two or three sharp pulls to straighten out the yarn and then twisting the stick round2 the twisting of the yarns puts some pressure on the fibres thoroughly and uniformly squeezing out the surplus liquor from the yarn4 ,hank-,wringing ,machines4--,several forms of hank-wringing machines have been devised4 ,one machine consists of a pair of discs fitted on an axle1 these discs carry strong hooks on which the hanks are placed4 ,the operator places a hank on a pair of the hooks4 ,the discs revolve and carry round the hank1 during the revolution the hank is twisted and the surplus liquor wrung out1 when the revolution of the discs carries the hank to the spot where it entered the machine1 the hooks fly back to their original position1 the hank unwinds1 it is then removed and a new hank put in its place1 and so the machine works on1 hanks being put on and taken off as required4 ,the capacity of such a machine is great and the efficiency of its working good4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,spencer1 of ,whitefield1 makes a hank-wringing machine which consists of a pair of hooks placed over a vat4 ,one of the hooks is fixed1 the other is made to rotate4 ,a hank hung between the hooks is naturally twisted and all the surplus liquor wrung out1 the liquor falling into the vat4 ,roller ,squeezing ,machines for ,yarn4--,hanks may be passed through a pair of indiarubber squeezing rollers which may be so arranged that they can be fixed as required on the dye-bath4 ,such a pair of 7p4 #aii7 rollers is a familiar article and quite of common and general use in dye-houses4 ,piece ,goods4--,these are generally passed open through a pair of squeezing rollers1 which are often attached to the dye-vat in which the pieces are dyed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,read ,holliday's ,yarn-squeezing ,machine4 ,read ,holiday's ,squeezing ,machine4--,in figure #bd is shown a squeezing machine very largely employed for squeezing all kinds of piece goods after dyeing or washing4 ,it consists of a pair of heavy rollers on which1 by means of the screws shown at the top1 a very considerable pressure can be brought to bear4 ,the piece is run through the eye shown on the left1 by which it is made into a rope form1 then over the guiding rollers and between the squeezing rollers and into 7p4 #bjj7 waggons for conveyance to other machines4 ,this machine is effective4 ,another plan on which roller1 or rather in this case disc1 squeezing machines are made is to make the bottom roller with a square groove in the centre1 into this fits a disc1 the cloth passing between them4 ,the top disc can1 by suitable screws1 be made to press upon the cloth in the groove and thus squeeze the water out of it4 ,,washing4 ,one of the most important operations following that of dyeing is the washing with water to free the goods1 whether cotton or woollen1 from all traces of loose dye1 acids1 mordanting materials1 etc41 which it is not desirable should be left in1 as they might interfere with the subsequent finishing operations4 ,for this purpose a plentiful supply of good clean water is required1 this should be as soft as possible1 free from any suspended matter which might settle upon the dyed goods and stain or speck them4 ,washing may be done by hand1 as it frequently was in olden days1 by simply immersing the dyed fabrics in a tub of water1 shaking1 then wringing out1 again placing in fresh water to finish off4 ,or if the dye-works were on the banks of a running stream of clean water the dyed goods were simply hung in the stream to be washed in a very effectual manner4 ,in these days it is best to resort to washing machines adapted to deal with the various kinds of fibrous materials and fabrics1 in which they can be subjected to a current of water4 ,loose ,wool4--,if this has been dyed by hand then the washing may also be done in the same way by hand in a plain vat4 ,if the dyeing has been done on a machine then the washing can be done on the same machine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,hank-washing ,machine4 ,yarn in ,hanks4--,a very common form of washing machine is shown 7p4 #bjb7 in figure #be4 ,as will be seen it consists of a wooden vat1 over which are arranged a series of revolving reels on which the hanks are hung1 the hanks are kept in motion through the water and so every part of the yarn is thoroughly washed4 ,guides keep the hanks of yarn separate and prevent any entanglement one with another4 ,a pipe delivers constantly a current of clean water1 while another pipe carries away the used water4 ,motion is given to the reels in this case by a donkey engine attached to the machine1 but it may also be driven by a belt from the main driving shaft of the works4 ,this machine is very effective4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,cloth-washing ,machine4 ,piece ,goods4--,piece goods are mostly washed in machines1 of which two broad types may be recognised4 ,first those where the pieces are dealt with in the form of ropes or in a twisted form1 and second those where the pieces are washed while opened out full width4 ,there are some machines in which the cloths may be treated either in the open or rope form as may be thought most desirable4 ,figure #bf represents a fairly well-known machine in which the 7p4 #bjc7 pieces are treated in a rope-like form4 ,it consists of a trough in which a constant current of water is maintained2 at one end of this trough is a square beating roller1 at the other a wood lattice roller1 above the square beater and out of the trough are a pair of rollers whose purpose is to draw the cloth through the machine and also partly to act as squeezing rollers4 ,as will be seen the cloth is threaded in rope form spirally round the rollers1 passing in at one end and out at the other1 pegs in a guide rail serving to keep the various portions separate4 ,the square beater in its revolutions has a beating 7p4 #bjd7 action on the cloth1 tending to more effectual washing4 ,the lattice roller is simply a guide roller4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,cloth-washing ,machine4 ,figure #bg shows a washing machine very largely used in the wool-dyeing trade4 ,the principal portion of this machine is of wood4 ,the internal parts consist of a large wooden bowl1 or oftener1 as in the machine under notice1 of a pair of wooden bowls which are pressed together by springs with some small degree of force4 ,between these bowls the cloth is placed1 more or less loosely twisted up in a rope form1 and the machines are made to take four1 six or eight pieces or lengths at one time1 the ends of the pieces being stitched together so as to make a continuous band4 ,a pipe running along the front of the machine conveys a constant current of clean water1 which is caused to impinge in the form of jets on the pieces of cloth as they run through the machine1 while an overflow carries away the used water4 ,the goods are run in this machine as long as is considered necessary for a sufficient wash1 which may take half to one and a half hours4 ,in figure #cj is shown a machine designed to wash pieces in the broad or open state4 ,the machine contains a large number of guide rollers built more or less open1 round which the pieces are guided1 the ends of the pieces being stitched together1 pipes carrying water are so arranged that jets of clean water impinge on and thoroughly wash cloth as it passes through1 the construction of the guide rollers facilitating the efficient washing of the goods4 ,,soaping4 ,sometimes yarns or cloths have to be passed through a soap-bath after being dyed in order to brighten up the colours or develop them in some way4 ,in the case of yarns this can be done on the reel washing 7p4 #bje7 machines such as are shown in figure #be4 ,in the case of piece goods a continuous machine in which the washing1 soaping1 etc41 can be carried on simultaneously is often employed4 ,such a machine is shown in figure #bh4 ,it consists of a number of compartments fitted with guide rollers1 so that the cloth passes up and down several times through the liquors in the compartment2 between one compartment and another is placed a pair of squeezing rollers4 ,the cloth is threaded in a continuous manner1 well shown in the drawing1 through the machine2 in one compartment it is treated with water1 in another with soap liquor1 and another with water1 and so on1 and these machines may be made with two1 three or more compartments1 as may be necessary for the particular work in hand4 ,as seen in the drawing the cloth passes in at one end1 and out at the other finished4 ,it is usually arranged that a continuous current of the various liquors used flows through the various compartments1 thus ensuring the most perfect treatment of the cloths4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,soaping and ,washing ,machine4 ,,drying4 7p4 #bjf7 ,following on the washing comes the final operation of the dyeing process1 that of drying the dyed and washed goods4 ,now textile fabrics of all kinds after they have passed through dye-baths1 washing machines1 etc41 contain a large amount of water1 often exceeding in amount that of the fabric itself1 and to take the goods direct from the preceding operations to the drying plant means that a considerable amount of fuel must be expended to drive off this large amount of water4 ,it is therefore very desirable that the goods be freed from as much of this water as possible before they are sent into any drying chambers1 and this may be done in three ways1 by wringing1 squeezing and hydro-extracting4 ,the first two methods have already been described 7pp4 #aih1 #aii7 and need not again be alluded to1 the last needs some account4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,hydro-extractor4 ,hydro-extractors are a most efficient means for extracting water 7p4 #bjg7 out of textile fabrics4 ,they are made in a variety of forms by several makers4 ,essentially they consist of a cylindrical vessel with perforated sides1 so constructed that it can be revolved at a high speed4 ,this vessel is enclosed in an outer cage4 ,the goods are placed in the basket1 as it is termed1 and then this is caused to revolve2 at the high speed at which it revolves centrifugal action comes into play and the water contained in the goods finds its way to the outside of the basket through the perforations and so away from the goods4 ,hydro-extractors are made in a variety of sizes and forms1 in some the driving gear is above1 in others below the basket1 in some the driving is done by belt gearing1 in others a steam engine is directly connected with the basket4 ,figures #bi and #cj show two forms which are much in use in the textile industry4 ,they are very efficient and extract water from textile goods more completely than any other means1 as will be obvious from a study of the table below4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,hydro-extractor4 ,the relative efficiency of the three systems of extracting the moisture out of textile fabrics has been investigated by ,grothe1 who gives in his ,appretur der ,gewebe1 published in #ahhb1 the following table showing the percentage amount of water removed in fifteen minutes3-- ,yarns4 ,wool4 ,silk4 ,cotton4 ,linen4 7p4 #bjh7 ,wringing #dde #ded #dec #ejc ,squeezing #fjj #gad #fjj #gcf ,hydro-extracting #hce #gg #hab #hbh ,pieces4 ,wringing #ccd #dde #dde #edf ,squeezing #fdj #fig #gbb #hcj ,hydro-extracting #ggh #gee #hbc #hfj ,in the practical working of hydro-extractors it is of the utmost importance that the goods be carefully and regularly laid in the basket1 not too much in one part and too little in another4 ,any unevenness in this respect at the speed at which they are driven leaves such a strain on the bearings as to seriously endanger the safety of the machine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,yarn-drying ,machine4 ,after being wrung1 squeezed or hydro-extracted the goods are ready to be dried4 ,in the case of yarns this may be done in rooms heated by steam pipes placed on the floor1 the hanks being hung on rods suspended from racks arranged for the purpose4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,cloth-drying ,machine4 ,where large quantities of yarn have to be dried it is most economical to employ a yarn or drying machine1 and one form of such is shown in figure #ca4 ,the appearance of the machine is that of one long room from the outside1 internally it is divided into compartments1 each of which is heated up by suitably arranged steam pipes1 but the degree of heating in each compartment varies1 at the entrance end it is 7p4 #bji7 high1 at the exit end low4 ,the yarn is fed in at one end1 being hung on rods1 and by suitable gearing it is carried directly through the various chambers or sections1 and in its passage the heat to which it is subject drives off the water it contains4 ,the yarn requires no attention from the time it passes in wet at the one end of the 7p4 #baj7 machine and comes out dry at the other end4 ,the amount of labour required is slight1 only that represented by filling the sticks with wet yarn and emptying the dried yarn4 ,the machine works regularly and well4 ,the drying is accomplished by circulating heated air through the yarns1 this heating being effected by steam coils2 fresh air continually enters the chambers while water-saturated air is as continually being taken out at the top of the chamber4 ,one of the great secrets in all drying operations is to have a constant current of fresh hot air playing on the goods to be dried1 this absorbs the moisture they contain1 and the water-charged air thus produced must be taken away as quickly as possible4 ,piece ,goods4--,the most convenient manner of drying piece goods is to employ the steam cylinder drying machine such as is shown in figure #cb4 ,this consists of a number of hollow tin or copper cylinders which can be heated by steam passing in through the axles of the cylinders1 which are made hollow on purpose4 ,the cloth to be dried passes round these cylinders1 which revolve while the cloth passes4 ,they work very effectually4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 7p4 #baa7 ,,experimental ,,dyeing ,,and ,,comparative ,,dye ,,testing4 ,every dyer ought to be able to make experiments in the mordanting and dyeing of textile fibres for the purpose of ascertaining the best methods of applying mordants or dye-stuffs1 the best methods of obtaining any desired shade1 and for the purpose of making comparative tests of dyes or mordanting materials with the object of determining their strength and value4 ,this is not by any means difficult1 nor does it involve the use of any expensive apparatus1 so that a dyer need not hesitate to set up a small dyeing laboratory for fear of the expense which it might entail4 ,in order to carry out the work indicated above there will be required several pieces of apparatus4 ,first a small chemical balance2 one that will carry #ej grammes in each pan is quite large enough1 and such a one1 quite accurate enough for this work1 can be bought for #bes4 to #cjs41 while if the dyer be too poor even for this a cheap pair of apothecaries' scales might be used4 ,it is advisable to procure a set of gramme weights and to get accustomed to them1 which is not by any means difficult4 ,in using the balance always put the substance to be weighed on the left-hand pan and the weights on the right-hand pan4 ,never put chemicals of any kind direct on the pan1 but weigh them in a watch-glass1 small porcelain basin1 or glass beaker 7which has first been weighed71 according to the nature of the material which is being weighed4 ,the sets of weights are always fitted into a block or 7p4 #bab7 box1 and every time they are used they should be put back into their proper place4 ,the experimenter will find it convenient to provide himself with a few small porcelain basins1 glass beakers1 cubic centimetre measures1 two or three #bjj c4c4 flasks with a mark on the neck1 a few pipettes of various sizes1 #aj c4c41 #bj c4c41 #be c4c4 ,the most important feature is the dyeing apparatus4 ,where only a single dye test is to be made a small copper or enamelled iron saucepan1 such as can be bought at any ironmongers may be used2 this may conveniently be heated by a gas-boiling burner1 such as can also be bought at an ironmongers or plumbers for #bs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,experimental ,dye-bath4 ,it is1 however1 advisable to have means whereby several dyeing experiments can be made at one time and under precisely the same conditions1 and this cannot be done by using the simple means noted above4 ,to be able to make perfectly comparative dyeing experiments it is best to use porcelain dye-pots 7these may be bought from most dealers in chemical apparatus71 and to heat these in a water-bath arrangement4 ,the simplest arrangement is sketched in figure #cc2 it consists of a copper bath measuring #ae inches long by #aj-a_/b inches broad and 7p4 #bac7 #f-a_/b inches deep2 this is covered by a lid on which are six apertures to take the porcelain dye-baths4 ,the bath is heated by two round gas-boiling burners of the type already referred to4 ,the copper bath is filled with water which1 on being heated to the boil by the gas burners1 heat up the dye-liquors in the dye-pots4 ,the temperature in the dye-pots under such conditions can never reach the boiling point2 where it is desirable1 as in some cases of wool mordanting and dyeing that it should be so high1 then there should be added to the water in the copper bath a quantity of calcium chloride1 which forms a solution that has a much higher boiling point than that of water1 and so the dye-liquors in the dye-pots may be heated up to the boil4 ,an objection might be raised that with such an apparatus the temperature in every part of the bath may not be uniform1 and so the temperature of the dye-liquors in the pots might vary also1 and differences of temperature often have a considerable influence on the shade of the colour which is being dyed4 ,this is a minor objection1 which is more academic in its origin than of practical importance4 ,to obviate it ,mr4 ,william ,marshall1 of the ,rochdale ,technical ,school1 has devised a circular form of dye-bath1 in which the temperature in every part can be kept quite uniform4 ,the dyeing laboratories of ,technical ,schools and ,colleges are generally provided with a more elaborate set of dyeing appliances4 ,these in the latest constructed consist of a copper bath supported on a hollow pair of trunnions1 so that it can be turned over if needed4 ,into the bath are firmly fixed three earthenware or porcelain dye-pots2 steam for heating can be sent through the trunnions4 ,after the dyeing tests have been made the apparatus can be turned over and the contents of the dye-pots emptied into a sink which is provided for the purpose4 ,many other pieces of apparatus have been devised and made for the 7p4 #bad7 purpose of carrying on dyeing experiments on the small scale1 but it will not be needful to describe these in detail4 ,after all no more efficient apparatus can be desired than that described above4 ,dyeing experiments can be made with either yarns or pieces of cloth1 swatches as they are commonly called2 a very convenient size is a small skein of yarn or a piece of cloth weighing #e grammes4 ,these test skeins or pieces ought to be well washed in hot water before use1 so that they are clean and free from any size or grease4 ,a little soda or soap will facilitate the cleansing process4 ,in carrying out a dyeing test the dye-pot should be filled with the water required1 using as little as is consistent with the dye-swatch being handled comfortably therein1 then there is added the required mordants1 chemicals1 dyes1 etc41 according to the character of the work which is being done4 ,of such chemicals as soda1 caustic soda1 sodium sulphate 7,glauber's salt71 tartar1 bichromate of potash1 it will be found convenient to prepare stock solutions of known strength1 say #ej grammes per litre1 and then by means of a pipette any required quantity can be conveniently added4 ,the same might be followed in the case of dyes which are constantly in use1 in this case #e grammes per litre will be found strong enough4 ,supposing it is desired to make a test of a sample of ,acid ,red1 using the following proportions1 #b per cent4 dye-stuff1 #c per cent4 sulphuric acid and #ae per cent4 ,glauber's salt1 and the weight of the swatch which is being used is #e grammes1 the following calculations are to be made to give the quantities of the ingredients required3-- ,for the dye-stuff1 #e 7weight of swatch7 multiplied by #b 7per cent4 of dye7 and divided by #ajj equals 7#e x #b7 _/ #ajj #ja gramme of dye4 ,for the acid we have similarly 7#e x #c7 _/ #ajj #jae gramme of 7p4 #bae7 acid4 ,for the ,glauber's salt 7#e x #ae7 _/ #ajj #jge gramme of ,glauber's salt4 ,these quantities may be weighed out and added to the dye-bath1 or if solutions are kept a calculation can be made as to the number of cubic centimetres which contain the above quantities1 and these measured out and added to the dye-bath4 ,when all is ready the bath is heated up1 the swatch put in and the work of the test entered upon4 ,students are recommended to make experiments on such points as3-- ,the shades obtained by using various proportions of dye-stuffs4 ,the influence of various assistants3 common salt1 soda1 ,glauber's salt1 borax1 phosphate of soda in the bath4 ,the influence of varying proportions of mordants on the shade of dyeing4 ,the value of various assistants1 tartar1 oxalic acid1 lactic acid1 sulphuric acid1 on the fixation of mordants4 ,the relative value of tannin matters1 etc4 ,each dyer should make himself a pattern book into which he should enter his tests1 with full particulars as to how they have been produced at the side4 ,it is important that a dyer should be able to make comparative dye-tests to ascertain the relative strength of any two or more samples of dyes which may be sent to him4 ,this is not difficult but requires considerable care in carrying out the various operations involved4 #je gramme of each of the samples of dyes should be weighed out and dissolved in #ajj c4c4 of water1 care being taken that every 7p4 #baf7 portion of the dye is dissolved before any of the solution is used in making up the dye-vats4 ,care should be taken that the skeins of yarn or swatches of cloth are exactly equal in weight1 that the same volume of water is placed in each of the dye-pots1 that the same amounts of sulphate of soda or other dye assistants are added1 that the quantities of dye-stuffs and solutions used are equal1 in fact that in all respects the conditions of dyeing are exactly the same1 such in fact being the vital conditions in making comparative dye-tests of the actual dyeing strength of several samples of dyes4 ,after the swatches have been dyed they are rinsed and then dried1 when the depths of shade dyed on them may be compared one with another4 ,to prevent any mistakes it is well to mark the swatches with one1 two1 three or more cuts as may be required4 ,it is easier to ascertain if two dyes are different in strength of colour than to ascertain the relative difference between them4 ,there are two plans available for this purpose2 one is a dyeing test1 the other is a colorimetric test made with the solutions of the dyes4 ,dyeing ,test4--,this method of ascertaining the relative value of two dyes as regards strength of colour is carried out as follows4 ,a preliminary test will show which sample is stronger than the other2 then there is prepared a series of dye-vats1 one contains a swatch with the deepest of the two dyes1 which is taken as the standard1 the others with the other dye but containing #b1 #e and #aj per cent4 more dye-stuff1 and all these are dyed together1 and after drying a comparison can be made between these and the standard swatch1 and a judgment formed as to the relative strength of the two dyes2 a little experience will soon enable the dyer to form a correct judgment of the difference in strength between two samples of dye-stuff4 ,the colorimetric test is based on the principle that the colour 7p4 #bag7 of a solution of dye-stuff is proportionate to its strength4 ,two white glass tubes1 equal in diameter1 are taken2 solutions of the dye-stuffs1 #je gramme in #ajj c4c4 of water1 are prepared1 care being taken that the solution is complete4 #e c4c4 of one of these solutions is taken and placed in one of the glass tubes1 and #e c4c4 of the other solution is placed in the other glass tube1 #be c4c4 of water is now added to each tube and then the colour of the diluted liquids is compared by looking through in a good light4 ,that sample which gives the deepest solution is the strongest in colouring power4 ,by diluting the strongest solution with water until it is of the same depth of colour as the weakest1 it may be assumed that the length of the columns of liquid in the two tubes is in proportion to the relative strength of the two samples4 ,thus if in one tube there are #cj centimetres of liquid and in the other #be centimetres1 then the relative strength is as #cj to #be1 and if the first is taken as the standard at #ajj a proportion sum may be worked out as follows3-- #cj3 #be 33 #ajj 3 #hcc2 that is1 the weakest sample has only #hcc per cent4 of the strength of the strongest sample4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 7p4 #bah7 ,,testing ,,of ,,the ,,colour ,,of ,,dyed ,,fabrics4 ,it is frequently desirable that dyers should be able to ascertain with some degree of accuracy what dyes have been used to dye any particular sample of dyed cloth that has been offered to them to match4 ,in these days of the thousand-and-one different dyes that are known it is by no means an easy thing to do1 and when1 as is most often the case1 two or three dye-stuffs have been used in the production of a shade1 the difficulty is materially increased4 ,the only available method is to try the effect of various acid and alkaline reagents on the sample1 noting whether any change of colour occurs1 and judging accordingly4 ,it would be a good thing for dyers to accustom themselves to test the dyeings they do and so accumulate a fund of practical experience which will stand them in good stead whenever they have occasion to examine a dyed pattern of unknown origin4 ,the limits of this book do not permit of there being given a series of elaborate tables showing the action of various chemical reagents on fabrics dyed with various colours1 and such indeed serve very little purpose1 for it is most difficult to describe the minor differences which often serve to distinguish one colour from another4 ,instead of doing so we will point out in some detail the methods of carrying out the various tests1 and advise all dyers to carry these out for themselves on samples dyed with known colours1 and when they have an unknown colour to test to make tests comparatively with known 7p4 #bai7 colours that they think are likely to have been used in the production of the dyed fabric they are testing4 ,one very common method is to spot the fabric1 that is to put a drop of the reagent on it1 usually with the aid of the stopper of the reagent bottle1 and to observe the colour changes1 if any1 which ensue4 ,this is a very useful test and should not be omitted2 and it is often employed in the testing of indigo dyed goods with nitric acid1 those of logwood with hydrochloric acid1 alizarine with caustic soda1 and many others4 ,it is simple and easy to carry out1 and only takes a few minutes4 ,to make a complete series of tests of dyed fabrics there should be provided the following reagents3-- #a4 ,strong sulphuric acid as bought4 #b4 ,dilute sulphuric acid1 being the strong acid diluted with #bj times its volume of water4 #c4 ,concentrated hydrochloric acid as bought4 #d4 ,dilute hydrochloric acid1 #a acid to #bj water4 #e4 ,concentrated nitric acid as bought4 #f4 ,dilute nitric acid1 #a acid to #bj water4 #g4 ,acetic acid4 #h4 ,caustic soda solution1 #e grammes in #ajj c4c4 water4 #i4 ,ammonia 7strong74 #aj4 ,dilute ammonia1 #a strong ammonia to #aj water4 #aa4 ,carbonate of soda solution1 #e grammes in #ajj c4c4 water4 #ab4 ,bleaching powder solution1 #b,tw4 #ac4 ,bisulphite of soda1 #gb,tw4 #ad4 ,stannous chloride1 #aj grammes crystals in #ajj c4c4 water1 with a little hydrochloric acid4 #ae4 ,methylated spirit4 ,small swatches of the dyed goods are put in clean porcelain basins1 and some of these solutions poured over them4 ,any change of colour 7p4 #bbj7 of the fabric is noted as well as whether any colour is imparted to the solutions4 ,after making observations of the effects in the cold1 the liquids may be warmed1 and the results again noted4 ,after being treated with the acids the swatches should be well washed with water1 when the original colour may be wholly or partially restored4 ,to give tables showing the effects of these reagents on the numerous dyes now known would take up too much room and not serve a very useful purpose1 as such tables if too much relied on leave the operator somewhat uncertain as to what he has before him4 ,the reader will find in ,hurst's ,dictionary of ,coal-,tar ,colours some useful notes as to the action of acids and alkalies on the various colours that may be of service to him4 ,alizarine and the series of dye-stuffs to which it has given its name1 fustic1 cochineal1 logwood and other dyes of a similar class1 require the fabric to be mordanted1 and the presence of such mordant is occasionally an indirect proof of the presence of these dyes4 ,to detect these mordants a piece of the swatch should be burnt in a porcelain or platinum crucible over a bunsen burner1 care being taken that all carbonaceous matter be burnt off4 ,a white ash will indicate the presence of alumina mordants1 red ash that of iron mordants1 and a greenish ash chrome mordants4 ,to confirm these the following chemical tests may be applied4 ,boil the ash left in the crucible with a little strong hydrochloric acid and dilute with water4 ,pass a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through the solution1 if there be any tin present a brown precipitate of tin sulphide will be obtained4 ,this can be filtered off4 ,the filtrate is boiled for a short time with nitric acid1 and ammonia is added to the solution when alumina is thrown down as a white1 gelatinous precipitate1 iron is thrown down as a brown red1 bulky precipitate1 while 7p4 #bba7 chrome is thrown down as a greyish-looking1 gelatinous precipitate4 ,the precipitate obtained with the ammonia is filtered off and a drop of ammonium sulphide added1 when any zinc present will be thrown down as white precipitate of zinc sulphide2 to the filtrate from this ammonium oxalate may be added1 when if lime is present a white precipitate of calcium oxalate is obtained4 ,a test for iron is to dissolve some of the ash in a little hydrochloric acid and add a few drops of potassium ferrocyanide solution1 when if any iron be present a blue precipitate will be obtained4 ,to make more certain of the presence of chrome1 heat a little of the ash of the cloth with caustic soda and chlorate of soda in a porcelain crucible until well fused1 then dissolve in water1 acidify with acetic acid and add lead acetate1 a yellow precipitate indicates the presence of chrome4 ,a book on qualitative chemical analysis should be referred to for further details and tests for metallic mordants4 ,the fastness of colours to light1 air1 rubbing1 washing1 soaping1 acids and alkalies is a feature of some considerable importance1 there are indeed few colours that will resist all these influences1 and such are fully entitled to be called fast4 ,the degree of fastness varies very considerably1 some colours will resist acids and alkalies well1 but are not fast to light and air2 some will resist washing and soaping1 but are not fast to acids2 some may be fast to light1 but are not so to washing4 ,the following notes will show how to test these features4 ,fastness to ,light and ,air4--,this is simply tested by hanging a piece of the dyed cloth in the air1 keeping a piece in a drawer to refer to1 so that the influence on the original colour can be noted from time to time4 ,if the piece is left out in the open one gets not only the effect of light but also that of climate on the colour1 and there 7p4 #bbb7 is no doubt rain1 hail and snow have some influence on the fading of the colour4 ,if the piece is exposed under glass the climatic influences do not come into play1 and one gets the effect of light alone4 ,in making tests of fastness the dyer will and does pay due regard to the character of the influences that the material will be subjected to in actual use1 and these vary very considerably2 thus the colour of underclothing need not be fast to light1 for it is rarely subjected to that agent of destruction2 on the other hand1 it must be fast to washing1 for that is an operation to which underclothing is subjected week by week4 ,window curtains are much exposed to light and air1 and1 therefore1 the colours in which they are dyed should be fast to light and air4 ,on the other hand1 these curtains are rarely washed1 and so the colour need not be quite fast to washing4 ,and so with other kinds of fabrics2 there are scarcely two kinds which are subjected to the same influences and require the colours to have the same degree of fastness4 ,the fastness to rubbing is generally tested by rubbing the dyed cloth with a piece of white paper4 ,fastness to ,washing4--,this is generally tested by boiling a swatch of the cloth in a solution of soap containing #d grammes of a good neutral curd soap per litre for ten minutes1 and noting the effect whether the soap solution becomes coloured and to what degree1 or whether it remains colourless1 and also whether the colour of the swatch has changed at all4 ,one very important point in connection with the soaping tests is whether a colour will run into a white fabric that may be soaped along with it4 ,this is tested by twisting strands of the dyed yarn or cloth with white yarn or cloth and boiling them in the soap liquor for ten minutes and then noting the effect1 particularly observing 7p4 #bbc7 whether the white pieces have taken up any colour4 ,fastness to acids and fastness to alkalies is observed while carrying out the various acid and alkali tests given above4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,index4 7p4 #bbe7 ,a4 ,acetate of ammonia1 #ic1 #id1 #aja1 #ajb1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acb1 #afg1 #aib1 #aid4 ------- of chrome1 #aae4 ------- of lime1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,acetic acid1 #abg4 ,acid black1 #cg1 #hi4 ---- ----- ,b1 #ib1 #ii4 ---- ----- ,b ,b1 #ii1 #aaa1 #aab4 ---- ----- ,s1 #ij1 #ii4 ---- blue #d ,s1 #ih1 #abg4 ---- ---- #a ,v1 #aec4 ---- dyes for blue1 #aeb4 ---- ---- for brown1 #afa4 ---- ---- for green1 #abh4 ---- ---- for mode colours1 #afe4 ---- ---- for violet1 #afj4 ---- dye-stuffs1 #fa4 ---- green1 #ec1 #ia1 #ib1 #abg1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aib1 #aic4 ---- ----- ,b1 #abh1 #aia4 ---- ----- blue shade1 #acf4 ---- ----- ,b ,n1 #acf4 ---- ----- extra1 #aee4 ---- ----- ,g ,g1 #aib4 ---- magenta1 #gc1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aac1 #ahc1 #aij4 ---- mauve1 #if4 ---- ----- ,b1 #afa4 ---- red1 test for1 #bad4 ---- violet1 #aje4 ---- ------ #d ,b1 #aic4 ---- ------ #e ,b1 #aed1 #afj1 #ahi1 #aia4 ---- ------ #e ,b ,e1 #afb4 ---- ------ #f ,b1 #acj1 #aga1 #aha4 ---- ------ #aj ,b1 #aia4 ---- ------ ,n1 #ib1 #ii1 #afa1 #afb4 ---- ------ #f ,r ,n1 #afa4 ---- ------ #d ,r ,s1 #afj4 ---- ------ ,v1 #afb4 ---- ------ #a ,v1 #aec4 ---- yellow1 #ec1 #ii1 #abc1 #ahc1 #aij4 ,acids1 action on wool1 #aa4 ,acridine red1 #ajb4 -------- scarlet1 #ajb4 ,adjective group of dye-stuffs1 #fh4 ,alizarine1 #fa1 #fi1 #gb1 #gc1 #hf1 #aad1 #bbj4 --------- black1 #ii4 --------- ----- ,s ,w1 #id1 #aac4 --------- blue1 #aaf1 #aai1 #aff4 --------- ---- ,a1 #aeh4 --------- ---- ,d ,n ,w1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #aeh1 #afd1 #aff4 --------- ---- ,s ,w1 #ajh4 --------- ,bordeaux1 #acc4 --------- -------- ,b1 #ih1 #aee4 --------- -------- ,g1 #aee1 #aei4 --------- brown1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #aeh1 #afd1 #aff4 --------- claret ,r1 #aah4 --------- colours1 #gg4 --------- cyanine1 #aaa1 #aai1 #aef4 --------- ------- black1 #ic1 #id1 #aei1 #afj4 --------- ------- ,g1 #aei4 --------- ------- ,g ,g1 #ih1 #aeg4 --------- ------- ,g extra1 #aeg4 --------- ------- ,r1 #ii1 #aeg4 --------- ------- ,r ,r1 #aeg4 --------- ------- ,r ,r ,r1 #ic1 #aeg4 --------- ------- #c ,r double1 #aeg1 #afj4 --------- ,g1 #abb4 --------- green1 #abg4 --------- ----- ,s1 #acb4 --------- ----- ,s ,w1 #acb4 --------- grey ,b1 #aff4 --------- orange1 #aai1 #abc4 --------- ------ #b ,g1 #abj4 --------- ------ ,h1 #afd4 --------- ------ ,n1 #aah1 #abb1 #aff4 --------- ------ ,w1 #aai4 --------- ------ ,r1 #afc4 --------- ------ ,r ,r1 #abb4 --------- red #a ,w ,s1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb4 --------- --- #b ,w ,s1 #aah4 --------- --- #c ,w ,s1 #aai1 #afd4 --------- --- #e ,w ,s1 #aah1 #abj4 --------- ,s ,x1 #abj4 --------- yellow1 #gj1 #ga1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abc1 #aca1 #acc1 #aef1 #afd1 #aff4 --------- ------ ,g ,g1 #aae1 #abb4 --------- ------ ,g ,g ,w1 #id1 #abe1 #abf1 #aca1 #acb1 #afd4 --------- ------ ,r ,w1 #abb4 ,alkali blue1 #aeb1 #ahi4 ------ ---- ,b1 #aeb4 ------ ---- #f ,b1 #ahj4 ------ yellow ,r1 #afi4 ,alkalies1 action on wool1 #i4 ,alkaline blue #f ,b1 #agh4 -------- ---- #aga1 #agg4 ,alpaca1 #a1 #hc4 ,alum1 #gd1 #gg1 #he1 #hf1 #ig1 #aae1 #aag1 #abi1 #aca4 ,alumina1 #aad4 ------- sulphate1 #aae1 #aag4 ,aluminium salts1 #h4 ,amaranth1 #ib1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aib4 ,amido-benzoic acid1 #aad4 ,ammonia1 #ag1 #bg1 #cc1 #gh4 ------- action on wool1 #fj4 ,angora goat1 #a4 ,annotta1 #ac1 #fc4 ,anthracene acid black ,s ,t1 #aic4 ---------- ---- browns1 #aae4 ---------- blue ,w ,b1 #aei4 ---------- ---- ,w ,g1 #acb1 #aeh1 #aei4 ---------- brown1 #id1 #aai1 #acb4 ---------- ----- ,r1 #afc4 ---------- ----- ,w1 #aei1 #afd4 ---------- chrome black1 #if1 #ii4 ---------- ------ ----- ,f1 #ie4 ---------- ------ ----- ,f ,f1 #ib1 #if4 ---------- red1 #abb1 #acd4 ---------- yellow1 #fi1 #gj1 #aae4 ---------- ------ ,b ,n1 #if1 #abf1 #ace4 ---------- ------ ,c1 #ij1 #ih1 #aji1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #acb1 #afc1 #afg4 ---------- ------ ,g ,g1 #abf4 ,anthracite black ,b1 #ij1 #if1 #acb1 #afc4 ---------- ----- ,r1 #ij1 #ih4 ,anthragallol1 #aad4 ,archil1 #ge1 #ahi4 ------ substitute ,n1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aca1 #aee1 #afb1 #afe4 ,argol1 #hf1 #ig1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aea4 ----- lactic acid1 #aaf4 ,artificial wool1 #agd4 ,auramine1 #ec1 #fd1 #ajc1 #ahi4 -------- base1 #fd4 -------- ,i ,i1 #aie4 ,auroline1 #afi4 ,azo acid brown1 #acj4 --- ---- magenta ,g1 #afb4 --- ---- rubine1 #aaa4 --- ---- violet #d ,r1 #aji1 #aaa1 #afa4 --- ---- yellow1 #aga4 --- black1 #hi4 --- blue1 #aga4 --- ,bordeaux1 #aji1 #aia4 --- carmine1 #abd1 #afa1 #aff4 --- ------- ,b1 #acj4 --- cochineal1 #aje1 #aab1 #aia4 --- crimson ,l1 #aif4 --- dye-stuffs1 #fa1 #ff4 --- flavine1 #ahi4 --- ------- ,s1 #baj4 --- fuchsine1 #aji1 #aae4 --- -------- ,g1 #ajh1 #acj1 #afj1 #afb1 #aia1 #aid1 #aie1 #aif4 --- green1 #gj1 #abg4 --- mauve1 #aga4 --- red ,a1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aga1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi1 #aij1 #aid4 --- rubine1 #ib4 --- scarlet1 #ec4 --- yellow1 #ic1 #abd1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aee1 #afb1 #afe4 ,b4 ,basic dyes for violet1 #afj4 ----- dye-stuffs1 #fa4 ,batching of wool1 #ae1 #be4 ,benzo azurine #c ,g1 #agj4 ----- ------- ,r ,g1 #agj4 ----- blue black ,g1 #agj4 ----- brown1 #fa4 ----- dyes1 #afh4 ----- fast red1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aaj4 ----- ---- scarlet1 #fb4 ----- ---- ------- ,b ,s1 #ajb4 ----- flavine1 #fd4 ----- green1 #abg4 ----- orange ,r1 #aba4 ,benzol1 #af1 #bd4 ,benzoline1 #be4 ,benzopurpurine1 #fa1 #ajj4 -------------- ,b1 #agj4 -------------- #d ,b1 #aaa1 #agj1 #ahj1 #aha4 -------------- #aj ,b1 #agj1 #ahj4 ,bichromate of potash1 #af1 #aae1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #aff1 #afg1 #aic4 ---------- of potassium1 #age4 ,bisulphate of soda1 #cc1 #aca1 #ada1 #adf1 #afg1 #ahd1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid4 ,bismarck brown1 #ahi1 #aij4 -------- ----- ,r1 #aif4 ,black1 #ic1 #ie1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahj1 #aia1 #aic1 #aie4 ----- and blue1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ----- and green blue1 #ahe4 ----- and pink1 #ahf4 ----- and yellow1 #ahf4 ----- blue1 #aeb1 #aeg4 ----- ---- ,o1 #aee4 ----- on wool1 #hc1 #ia4 ,bleaching wool1 #bi4 ,blue1 #aec1 #aeh4 ---- and gold yellow1 #ahe4 ---- and orange1 #ahg4 ---- black1 #if1 #aec1 #aei1 #agi1 #ahb1 #aib4 ---- ----- on wool1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #id4 ---- green1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj4 ---- shades on wool1 #acf4 ,bluestone1 #gd1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ace4 ,bluish ,bordeaux red1 #aaj4 ------ crimson1 #ajh4 ------ green1 #acd4 ------ red1 #ajf1 #abj4 ------ pink1 #aaa1 #aab4 ------ purple1 #aji4 ------ violet1 #afj4 ------ rose1 #aic4 ,borax1 #bae4 ,bordeaux1 #ajb4 -------- ,b ,l1 #aaj4 -------- red1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac4 ,bottle green1 #abg1 #acj1 #acb1 #acd4 ,bran1 #ach1 #add1 #ade4 ,brazil wood1 #aad4 ,bright blue1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeh1 #ahj4 ------ ,bordeaux red1 #aji1 #aaj4 ------ buff1 #afd1 #afe4 ------ canary1 #abd4 ------ cherry red1 #aji1 #aaj4 ------ chestnut1 #afd4 ------ crimson1 #ajh4 ------ fawn1 #afe4 ------ ---- red1 #aah4 ------ electric blue4 #aef4 ------ golden brown1 #afc4 ------ grass green1 #acj1 #acc4 ------ green1 #abg1 #abh1 #acd4 ------ greenish blue1 #aed4 ------ leaf green1 #abi4 ------ lemon yellow1 #abe4 ------ maroon1 #aai4 ------ moss green1 #abi4 ------ orange1 #aba1 #abb4 ------ pale sage green1 #aca4 ------ peacock green1 #acj4 ------ red1 #aaa1 #aic4 ------ scarlet1 #ajb1 #aab4 ------ straw1 #abd4 ------ violet1 #afa4 ------ ---- blue1 #aef4 ------ yellow1 #abc1 #abd1 #age1 #agf1 #agh4 ,brilliant alizarine blue ,g1 #acc1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afa4 --------- azurine #e ,g1 #agj4 --------- cochineal #b ,r1 #aab1 #abc1 #aic4 --------- --------- #d ,r1 #abc1 #ahe4 --------- ,congo ,g1 #ajb4 --------- ----- ,r1 #agj4 --------- croceine ,b1 #ajf1 #abc4 --------- -------- #c ,b1 #abc4 --------- -------- #e ,b1 #abc4 --------- -------- #g ,b1 #abc4 --------- -------- #i ,b1 #abc4 --------- -------- ,b ,b1 #ajf4 --------- -------- ,m1 #ajf4 --------- -------- ,m ,o ,o1 #abc4 --------- -------- ,n1 #ahi4 --------- green1 #ec1 #fd1 #abg1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid4 --------- milling green ,b1 #aga4 --------- orange1 #ib4 --------- orseille ,c1 #ajg1 #aab4 --------- pale bluish crimson1 #ajh4 --------- ponceau ,g1 #ajf4 --------- ------- #b ,r1 #ajf4 --------- ------- #d ,r1 #aab4 --------- purpurine ,r1 #agj4 --------- rhoduline ,r ,b1 #aie4 --------- royal blue1 #aed4 --------- scarlet1 #aai1 #aga4 --------- ------- ,g1 #aga4 --------- ------- #d ,r1 #aje4 ,bronze green1 #aca1 #ahj4 ,brown1 #afa1 #afc1 #afd1 #aha1 #aib1 #aie4 ----- and violet1 #ahf4 ----- and pink1 #aid4 ----- and blue1 #ahe4 ----- black1 #id4 ----- olive and green1 #aic4 ,brown shades on wool1 #afa4 ,buff1 #afd4 ,c4 ,calcium salts1 #h4 ,camel-hair1 #hc4 ,camwood1 #gf1 #hf4 ,carbohydrate1 #g4 ,carbonate of soda1 #bg1 #gh1 #afi4 ,carbon disulphide1 #af1 #bd4 ,carbonising of wool1 #aa4 ,carded wool1 dyeing of1 #dd4 ,carmoisin1 #ahi4 --------- ,b1 #aia4 ,cashmere1 #hc1 #agc4 -------- goat1 #a4 ,caustic soda1 #ada4 ------- lye1 #adg4 ,celestine blue ,b1 #aee4 ,chemical vats1 #ach4 ,chemic extract1 #aej4 ,cherry red1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,chestnut1 #afc4 -------- brown1 #ahd4 ,chicago blue ,b1 #agj4 ------- ---- #d ,b1 #agj4 ------- ---- #f ,b1 #agj1 #ahj4 ------- ---- ,g1 #agj4 ------- ---- ,r ,w1 #aha4 ------- ---- ,r ,r ,w1 #agj4 ,chloramine orange1 #aba4 ---------- yellow1 #afi4 ,chlorination of wool1 #cg4 ,chlorine1 action on wool1 #ab4 ,cholesterine1 #g1 #bc4 ,chrome1 #aad4 ------ acetate1 #abi4 ------ alum1 #aae4 ------ blue1 #aeh4 ------ ,bordeaux #f ,b1 #afa4 ------ brown ,r1 #afd4 ------ fluoride1 #gg4 ------ logwood black1 #hd1 #he4 ------ ------- jet black1 #he4 ------ mordant1 #aea4 ------ patent black ,d ,g1 #ib4 ------ violet1 #aae1 #aai4 ,chromine ,g1 #afi4 ,chromogene ,i1 #abj4 ,chromotrop1 #aae4 ---------- #b ,b1 #abe4 ---------- #f ,b1 #ajh1 #aed4 ---------- #aj ,b1 #id1 #aji4 ---------- ,r1 #ajf4 ---------- #b ,r1 #ii1 #ajg1 #abi1 #acj1 #aee1 #afb1 #afe4 ---------- ,s1 #ic1 #id4 ,chrysamine1 #fa1 #abh1 #agj4 ---------- ,g1 #afe4 ,chrysoidine1 #ahd4 ,chrysophenine1 #fa1 #ajb1 #abh1 #agj4 ------------- ,g1 #ahj4 ,claret1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aah1 #abj4 ------ red1 #aaj4 ,clayton yellow1 #agj4 ,cloth-drying machine1 #bji4 ------------ red1 #gc4 ------------ washing machine1 #bi1 #cj1 #bjb1 #bjc4 ,coal tar1 #acg4 ---- --- colours1 #aad4 ---- --- dyes1 #fc4 ---- --- ---- for dyeing blue1 #aeb4 ,coatings1 #agc4 ,cochineal1 #ig1 #aad1 #aij1 #bbj4 --------- scarlet1 #gg4 ,coerulein1 #aad1 #acc4 --------- ,b1 #acb4 --------- ,s ,w1 #acb4 --------- blue1 #aib4 ,colour lakes1 #aac4 ------ strength1 test for1 #baf4 ------ testing1 #bah4 ,columbia black ,b1 #agj4 -------- ----- ,f ,b1 #agj1 #aha4 -------- red #h ,b1 #agj4 -------- yellow1 #afi4 ,congo blue1 #fb4 ----- brown ,g1 #agj1 #ahj4 ----- ----- ,r1 #afa1 #aga4 ----- ,corinth ,g1 #aga1 #ahj1 #ahg4 ----- ------- ,b1 #afi1 #aga4 ----- dyes1 #afh4 ----- orange ,g1 #agj4 ----- ------ ,r1 #afe1 #agj4 ----- ,r1 #agj4 ----- red1 #fb4 ,copperas1 #gd1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ig1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace4 -------- vats1 #ach4 ,copper-cased dye beck1 #ef4 ,coral red1 #aab4 ,cornflower blue1 #aha4 ,corron's hank-dyeing machine1 #di4 ,cotton yellow1 #agj4 ,cream of tartar1 #aaf4 ,crimson1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aac1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #aia1 #aid4 ,croceine ,a ,z1 #abc1 #aga1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aib4 -------- orange1 #aba1 #abb1 #ahi4 -------- ------ ,e ,n1 #abc4 -------- scarlet1 #ajh4 -------- ------- #c ,b1 #aia4 -------- ------- #c ,r1 #afg4 ,cross dyeing1 #ahc4 ,crushed strawberry1 #aje4 ------- ---------- red1 #ajg1 #aah4 ,crystal scarlet #f ,r1 #abc4 ,cudbear1 #ig4 ,curcumine extra1 #aga1 #aha1 #ahg4 --------- ,s1 #ahj1 #ahf4 ,cutch1 #gf1 #ig4 ----- brown1 #gf4 ,cyanine ,b1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #abd1 #abi1 #acj1 #aee1 #afe4 ------- scarlet ,r1 #aaa4 ,cyanole1 #ajg1 #aaa1 #aca1 #afe4 ------- extra1 #ii1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aca1 #aee1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ------- green ,b1 #acd4 ------- ----- #f ,g1 #acd4 ,cyprus green ,b1 #acf4 ------ ----- ,r1 #acf4 ,d4 ,dark beige green1 #acj4 ---- blue1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aei1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aie4 ---- ,bordeaux red1 #abj4 ---- bottle green1 #aca1 #acb4 ---- brown and blue1 #ahe4 ---- ----- #afc1 #afd1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahb4 ---- buff1 #afe4 ---- chestnut1 #afb4 ---- cherry red1 #aab4 ---- crimson1 #ajb1 #aie4 ---- green1 #abg1 #abh1 #aca1 #agg1 #ahj1 #ahc4 ---- ----- and pale crimson1 #aid4 ---- grey1 #ih1 #aff1 #afg1 #agh1 #aha1 #aib4 ---- invisible blue1 #aef4 ---- maroon1 #aic4 ---- navy1 #aeg1 #aei4 ---- ---- blue1 #aee4 ---- olive brown1 #afb4 ---- orange1 #aba4 ---- peacock blue1 #aef4 ---- red1 #abj4 ---- sage1 #agi4 ---- ---- green1 #acj4 ---- sea green1 #aga4 ---- seal1 #afb1 #afc4 ---- slate1 #aei1 #aff1 #agg4 ---- stone1 #agg4 ---- violet1 #afa4 ---- ------ brown1 #afd4 ---- walnut1 #afd1 #agi4 ,dead black on wool1 #ij4 ,deep blue1 #aed1 #aee4 ---- ,bordeaux red1 #aji4 ---- brown1 #afb4 ---- crimson1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aah4 ---- electric green1 #aca4 ---- fawn1 #ajg4 ---- ---- red1 #ajg1 #aai4 ---- golden yellow1 #abe4 ---- indigo blue1 #aib4 ---- leaf green1 #acj4 ---- ---- yellow1 #abe4 ---- lemon1 #abe4 ---- maroon1 #aaa1 #aai1 #aia4 ---- navy1 #aec4 ---- ---- blue1 #aec4 ---- olive yellow1 #abe4 ---- orange1 #abb1 #agf4 ---- red1 #ajc4 ---- sage green1 #aca1 #acb4 ---- scarlet1 #ajf1 #aab1 #aai4 ---- seal1 #afb4 ---- sky blue1 #aee4 ---- violet1 #afj4 ---- ------ brown1 #aib4 ---- yellow1 #abd1 #abf4 ,delahunty's dyeing machine1 #dc1 #dd4 ,deltapurpurine #e ,b1 #acj4 ,diamine black1 #ii1 #aee4 ------- ----- ,b ,h1 #agj1 #agg1 #agh4 ------- ----- ,b ,o1 #agj4 ------- ----- ,h ,w1 #afi1 #agg1 #agh4 ------- ----- ,r ,o1 #agj4 ------- blue1 #fb4 ------- ---- #b ,b1 #agj4 ------- ---- #c ,b1 #agj4 ------- ---- ,b ,g1 #agj4 ------- ---- ,b ,x1 #agj4 ------- ---- ,g1 #afi4 ------- ---- ,r ,w1 #afi1 #agj4 ------- ---- #c ,r1 #agj4 ------- ---- black ,e1 #agj4 ------- ,bordeaux1 #ajb4 ------- -------- ,b1 #afi1 #agj1 #agg1 #agi4 ------- -------- ,s1 #agj4 ------- brilliant blue ,g1 #agj1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi4 ------- bronze ,g1 #aga1 #agg4 ------- brown1 #fb1 #agi4 ------- ----- ,b1 #afi4 ------- ----- ,g1 #agj4 ------- ----- #c ,g1 #afi4 ------- ----- ,g ,w1 #afi4 ------- ----- ,n1 #afi1 #agg4 ------- ----- ,s1 #agj4 ------- ----- ,v1 #agj1 #agg4 ------- catechine ,b1 #agj1 #agi4 ------- --------- ,g1 #afi1 #agj4 ------- cutch1 #agf4 ------- dark blue ,b1 #afi1 #agj1 #ahj4 ------- dyes1 #afh4 ------- fast yellow ,a1 #agj1 #age1 #ahf4 ------- ---- ------ ,b1 #afi1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi4 ------- ---- red ,f1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aab1 #abd1 #acb1 #afc1 #afg1 #afi4 ------- gold1 #aba1 #agj1 #age4 ------- green1 #abg4 ------- ----- ,b1 #afi4 ------- ----- ,g1 #afi1 #agj4 ------- new blue ,r1 #agj4 ------- nitrazol brown ,b1 #agj4 ------- -------- ,g1 #agj4 ------- orange ,b1 #afi1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi4 ------- ------ ,d1 #agj4 ------- ------ ,d ,c1 #aba4 ------- ------ ,g1 #agj1 #age1 #agh1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ------- ------ ,g ,c1 #aba4 ------- ------ ,o1 #agj4 ------- red1 #fb1 #afi4 ------- --- ,b1 #agj4 ------- --- #e ,b1 #agh4 ------- --- ,n ,o1 #agj4 ------- rose ,b ,d1 #ajb1 #afi1 #agh1 #ahf4 ------- scarlet ,b1 #aab1 #aba1 #abb1 #agj1 #agh4 ------- ------- #c ,b1 #agj4 ------- sky blue1 #agj1 #ahe4 ------- --- ---- ,f ,f1 #agj1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ------- steel blue ,l1 #agj1 #agg1 #ahe4 ------- violet ,n1 #agj1 #agh1 #ahf4 ,diamond black1 #ic1 #ii4 ------- ----- ,f1 #ib4 ------- ----- on wool1 #ic4 ------- brown1 #afd4 ------- flavine1 #acc1 #afc4 ------- ------- ,g1 #ih4 ------- green1 #ic4 ------- yellow ,b1 #acc4 ,dihydroxynaphthalene1 #hh4 --------- sulpho acid1 #aaf4 ,dinitroso-resorcine1 #abg4 ,direct black1 #hh4 ------ dyes1 #aig4 ------ ---- for blue1 #aeb4 ------ ---- for brown1 #afa4 ------ ---- for green1 #abg4 ------ ---- for mode colours1 #afe4 ------ ---- for orange1 #aba4 ------ ---- for violet1 #afj4 ------ orange ,r1 #agj4 ------ red dyes1 #ajj4 ------ yellow ,g1 #agj4 ,divi-divi1 #aig4 ,drab1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agh1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aid4 ,dress goods1 #agc4 ,drying of goods1 #bje4 ,dyeing machinery1 #dj1 #dc4 ------ test1 #baf4 ------ tubs1 #da4 ,dye-jiggers1 #ea1 #eb4 ----------- tests1 #baa4 ----------- vat with steam pipe1 #db4 ,e4 ,electric blue1 #aee4 ,emerald green1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #ace4 ,emin red1 #ajg1 #aaj4 ,eosine1 #aij4 ------ red1 #ajd4 ,erie blue1 #b ,g1 #agj4 ,erika ,b ,n1 #agj1 #ahg4 ,erythesine ,d1 #aab4 ,erythrosine1 #ajd1 #aij4 ,experimental dye-bath1 #bab4 ------------ dyeing1 #baa4 ,f4 ,fast acid violet #aj ,b1 #aaa1 #acj1 #afb1 #afe1 #ahi4 ---- ---- ------ ,r1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #abj1 #acj1 #aff4 ---- ---- blue ,r1 #ii1 #ajg1 #abi1 #aee1 #afe4 ---- ---- green ,b ,n1 #if1 #acd1 #ahe4 ---- ---- magenta ,b1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aec4 ---- black1 #if4 ---- blue1 #cg4 ---- bright olive1 #ace4 ---- chrome black1 #ib4 ---- green1 #abg1 #acc4 ---- green bluish1 #aaa1 #acj1 #aed1 #afj1 #afb1 #afe1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aid1 #aie4 ---- ----- extra bluish1 #afb4 ---- light green1 #aie4 ---- red1 #ajb1 #aaa4 ---- scarlet1 #aje4 ---- yellow1 #aji1 #abd1 #afa1 #afb1 #afe1 #aff1 #aid4 ---- ------ ,f ,y1 #ij1 #ia1 #aje1 #abc1 #acj4 ---- ------ ,s1 #aaa1 #aac1 #ace1 #ahf1 #aic4 ---- ------ extra1 #aid1 #aie4 ,fastness to acid1 test for1 #bbc4 -------- to alkalies1 test for1 #bbc4 -------- to light and air1 test for1 #bba4 -------- to washing1 test for1 #bbb4 ,fawn1 #aah4 ---- drab1 #agi4 ---- red1 #ajg1 #aac4 ,ferrous sulphate1 #aae1 #aag4 ,fermentation vats1 #ach4 ,flavazol1 #gj4 ,fluoride of chrome1 #ia1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aag1 #abi1 #acb1 #acc1 #afg4 ,formyl blue ,b1 #aga4 ------ violet1 #ec4 ------ ------ #f ,b1 #aga4 ------ ------ #aj ,b1 #aga4 ------ ------ ,s #d ,b1 #aee1 #afa1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia4 ,fulling fast olive1 #ace4 ,fustic1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #gg1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #ig1 #abj1 #bbj4 ------ extract1 #hh1 #abc1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace4 ,g4 ,galleine1 #aff4 ,gallipoli oil1 #bf4 ,galloflavine1 #gj1 #aai1 #acc4 ,gambine1 #fa1 #aad1 #aai1 #abg4 ------- ,b1 #afd4 ------- ,r1 #acc1 #afd1 #afg4 ------- ,v1 #if1 #abe1 #acc1 #afd4 ------- yellow1 #ic1 #aae1 #abe4 ,geranine ,b1 #afj4 -------- ,g1 #ajb4 ,glacier blue1 #aee4 ,glauber's salt1 #ha1 #hi1 #ia1 #ii1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #ace1 #aej1 #aea1 #afi1 #aga1 #agb1 #ahd1 #bae4 ,gloria1 dyeing of1 #ahh4 ,gold and green1 #ahd4 ---- brown1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahe4 ---- orange1 #abb1 #abc1 #agf4 ---- yellow1 #abf4 ,golden brown1 #afb1 #afc4 ------ yellow1 #abe1 #abf4 ,good yellow1 #age4 ,grass green1 #abh4 ,green1 #abg1 #aca1 #agh1 #aib1 #aic1 #aie4 ----- and buff1 #ahf4 ----- and claret1 #ahe4 ----- and red1 #ahf4 ----- and orange1 #ahg4 ,greenish1 #ih4 -------- black on wool1 #ia4 -------- straw1 #abd4 ,grey1 #ih1 #afe1 #ahb4 ---- and orange1 #ahf4 ---- blue1 #aeh4 ---- on wool1 #if4 ,guinea green ,b1 #aga1 #aha1 #ahg4 ------ violet #d ,b1 #aga1 #aha4 ,h4 ,hmatoxylin of logwood1 #hd4 ,hand dyeing1 #dj4 ---- scouring of wool1 #ah4 ,hank-washing machine1 #bja4 ---- wringing machines1 #aih4 ,hare fur1 #hc4 ,hessian violet1 #ajb1 #aga4 ,holliday's patent indigo vat1 #adc4 ,hydrochloric acid1 #hh4 ,hydrochloride of rosaniline1 #i4 ,hypochlorites1 action on wool1 #ab4 ,hydro-extractor1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,hydrosulphite of soda1 #adg4 ------------- vats1 #ach1 #ada4 ,hydroxy-azo dyes1 #aad4 ,i4 ,imperial green ,g #a1 #aie4 ,indian yellow1 #ij1 #ia1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aib4 ------ ------ ,g1 #aca1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #aie4 ------ ------ ,r1 #abf1 #afe1 #aga1 #age1 #agf1 #aie4 ,indigo1 #hc1 #he1 #acf1 #ada4 ------ black1 #hf4 ------ blue1 #aea4 ------ carmine1 #ff1 #aej4 ------ carmine ,d1 #afa1 #aff4 ------ dyeing1 #acg4 ------ dye-stuffs1 #fa4 ------ dye-vat1 #adi4 ------ extract1 #gc1 #ge1 #ig1 #aje1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #aea1 #aij1 #aid4 ------ ------- for dyeing wool1 #aej4 ------ indophenol vat1 #adf4 ,indigotine1 #aid4 ---------- extra1 #aic1 #aie1 #aif4 ,indophenol1 #adf4 ,induline1 #cg4 -------- ,a1 #aec4 ,invisible bronze green1 #acc4 --------- green1 #acj1 #acb1 #acf4 ,iron logwood black1 #hf1 #hg4 ,italian cloths1 #agf4 ,j4 ,janus black ,i1 #ahb4 ----- ----- ,i ,i1 #ahb4 ----- blue ,r1 #ahb4 ----- brown ,b1 #ahb4 ----- ----- ,r1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ----- claret red ,b1 #ahc4 ----- dark blue ,b1 #ahb4 ----- dyes1 #aha4 ----- green ,b1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ----- grey ,b1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ----- ---- ,b ,b1 #ahb4 ----- red ,b1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ----- yellow ,g1 #ahb4 ----- ------ ,r1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,jet black1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if4 --- ----- on wool1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic4 ,jig wince1 #ec4 ,k4 ,kempy fibres1 #c4 ,keratine1 #h4 ,keton blue ,g1 #aaa1 #afb4 ,klauder-,weldon hank-dyeing machine1 #dg1 #dh4 ,l4 ,lactic acid1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aea1 #bae4 ,lanafuchsine #f ,b1 #aac4 ------------ ,s ,b1 #aaa1 #aac4 ------------ ,s ,g1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac4 ,lanacyl blue ,b ,b1 #aga4 ------- ---- ,r1 #aga4 ------- violet ,b1 #aga1 #ahj4 ,lavender1 #afj1 #aif4 -------- blue1 #aeh4 -------- grey1 #aff4 ,leaf yellow1 #abe4 ,lemon yellow1 #abe4 ,level dyeing1 #gg4 ,light drab1 #aif4 ----- green1 #acc1 #aie4 ----- grey1 #ig1 #aic4 ----- sea green1 #aie4 ----- straw1 #abf4 ,lignorosine1 #aae1 #aag1 #aea4 ,lilac1 #aff4 ----- blue1 #aeh4 ----- grey1 #afe4 ,lime1 #aag1 #adj4 ---- vats1 #ach4 ,liquor ammonia1 #adg4 ,llama1 #a4 ,logwood1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #ig1 #acf1 #aea1 #bbj4 ------- black1 #hg1 #hh4 ------- ----- on wool1 #hf4 ------- extract1 #hh1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf4 ,loose wool1 dyeing of1 #dc4 ----- ---- washing of1 #bjj4 ,m4 ,machine-scouring of wool1 #bj4 ,madder1 #gg1 #add4 ,magenta1 #ec1 #fa1 #fd1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aij4 ,maize yellow1 #abd4 ,malachite green1 #abg4 ,mandarine ,g1 #aba1 #aga1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahg4 ,maroon1 #aaa1 #aah1 #agh4 ------ red1 #aaa4 ,marseilles soap1 #gh4 ,mauve1 #afa4 ,mc,naught's wool-washing machine1 #bj4 ,metallic salts1 action on wool1 #ab4 ,methylene blue1 #acc1 #acd4 ,methylrosaniline1 #fd4 ,methyl violet1 #ec1 #fd1 #aij4 ------ ------ #c ,b1 #afj4 ------ ------ ,b ,o1 #aib4 ------ ------ ,r1 #afj4 ,medulla1 #d4 ,medium blue1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ------ green1 #acc4 ,merino wool1 #e4 ,mikado orange #d ,r ,o1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahg4 ,milling red ,b1 #aaa4 ------- --- ,r1 #ajf1 #aaj4 ------- yellow1 #aib4 ------- ------ ,o1 #ii1 #abe1 #aic4 ,mimosa1 #afi4 ,mode colours on wool1 #afd4 ,mordant dyes for brown1 #afc4 ------- ---- for orange1 #abb4 ------- dye-stuffs1 #fa1 #fh4 ------- dyes for violet1 #afa4 ,mordanting1 #aae4 ---------- of wool1 #ab4 ,mordant yellow1 #aai1 #abb1 #acb4 ------- ------ ,d1 #abf4 ------- ------ ,o1 #afd4 ,moss green1 #abi1 #acj4 ,mother vat1 #adg4 ,mouse1 #afb4 ,muriate of tin1 #ig4 ,myrobalan1 #aig4 ,n4 ,naphthol black1 #cg1 #hi1 #ii1 #ahf4 -------- ----- ,b1 #ij4 -------- ----- ,b ,b1 #aif4 -------- ----- #c ,b1 #ij1 #ia1 #ahe1 #aib4 -------- ----- #d ,r1 #aaa4 -------- blue ,g1 #aga1 #ahe4 -------- ---- ,r1 #aga4 -------- ---- black1 #aee1 #aga1 #age1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahe4 -------- green ,b1 #cg1 #ij1 #abg1 #abh1 #ahi1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid4 -------- red ,c1 #aac1 #ahe1 #aib4 -------- --- ,o1 #aic4 -------- yellow1 #aca1 #acf1 #aij4 -------- ------ ,s1 #aac1 #acj1 #agh4 ,naphthyl blue black ,n1 #ib4 ,naphthylamine black1 #hi1 #ib1 #ahi4 ------------- ----- #d ,b1 #ia1 #aga1 #aib4 ------------- ----- #f ,b1 #aga1 #ahj4 ------------- ----- ,d1 #ia1 #ii1 #aga1 #aia4 ------------- ----- ,s1 #if4 ,navy1 #aeh4 ---- blue1 #aec1 #acf1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,neutral dye-stuffs1 #fa4 ------- extract1 #aej4 ------- red1 #afb4 ,new methylene blue1 #aij4 --- --------- ---- ,n1 #ahe1 #aid4 --- ,victoria black blue1 #aij4 --- -------- blue ,b1 #aed4 --- -------- ---- black1 #aib4 ,nigrosine1 #cg4 ,nitrate of iron1 #ih4 ,nitrazine yellow1 #abd4 ,nut1 #afd4 --- brown1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,nyanza black1 #ie4 ------ ----- ,b1 #ii1 #abh1 #afa1 #afe4 ,o4 ,obermaier dyeing machine1 #dd1 #de1 #df4 ,old gold1 #abb1 #abf4 ,oleic acid1 #g1 #bf4 ,oleine1 #bf4 ,olive1 #abh1 #acd1 #ace4 ----- brown1 #afb1 #afd4 ----- bronze1 #ace4 ----- green1 #abh1 #ace4 ----- oil1 #bf4 ----- yellow1 #abd1 #abe4 ,orange1 #aba1 #abb1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aia1 #aib1 #aie4 ------ ,no4 #b1 #afb4 ------ blue1 #ahg1 #aid4 ------ green1 #aid4 ------ violet1 #ahf4 ------ croceine ,g1 #ahi4 ------ ,e ,n ,z1 #abc1 #ace1 #aga1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ------ extra1 #ii1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abb1 #afb1 #afc1 #aga1 #agh4 ------ ,g1 #ii1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aac1 #afb1 #afe1 #aff1 #aij4 ------ ,g ,g1 #aab1 #aac1 #abb1 #afb1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #aij1 #aia1 #aic4 ------ ,i ,i1 #aec1 #afb4 ------ ,o1 #aaa4 ------ ,r1 #abb1 #ahi4 ------ shades on wool1 #aba4 ------ ,t ,a1 #agj1 #aha4 ,oxalate of ammonia1 #ie4 ,oxalic acid1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 #ic1 #aae1 #aaf1 #acc1 #aea1 #bae4 ,oxydiamine black ,a1 #afi4 ---------- ----- ,b1 #afi4 ---------- ----- ,b ,m1 #ahj4 ---------- ----- ,d1 #afi4 ---------- ----- ,m1 #afi4 ---------- ----- ,s ,o ,o ,o1 #agj4 ---------- ,orange ,g1 #agj1 #agh4 ---------- ------ ,r1 #agj4 ---------- red ,s1 #agj4 ---------- violet ,b1 #agj4 ---------- yellow ,g ,g1 #agj4 ,oxyphenine1 #afi4 ,p4 ,pale blue1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aic1 #aie4 ---- bluish crimson1 #ajh4 ---- chestnut1 #afd4 ---- crimson1 #ajh4 ---- drab1 #afe1 #aff4 ---- fawn1 #aff4 ---- ---- drab1 #afe4 ---- ---- brown1 #aff4 ---- gold yellow1 #age4 ---- green1 #aib4 ---- lilac rose1 #ajg4 ---- maroon1 #aia4 ---- navy blue1 #aef4 ---- old gold brown1 #afd4 ---- olive yellow1 #abf4 ---- orange1 #aba1 #abb4 ---- pea-green1 #aca4 ---- ,russian green1 #abh4 ---- sage1 #aie4 ---- ---- green1 #acj1 #acc1 #ahj4 ---- sea green1 #abi1 #acb4 ---- slate green1 #acc4 ---- ----- grey1 #ih4 ---- stone1 #aff4 ---- violet1 #afj4 ,pararosaniline1 #fd4 ,paris blue1 #aeh4 ,patent blue1 #ib1 #ii4 ------ ---- ,a1 #aca1 #aeh4 ------ ---- ,b1 #ie1 #aaj1 #aed4 ------ ---- ,j1 #aed1 #afb4 ------ ---- ,j ,b1 #aff4 ------ ---- ,j ,o ,o1 #aff4 ------ ---- ,n1 #abh1 #aed4 ------ ---- ,v1 #aaa1 #abi1 #acj1 #aed1 #aee1 #afb1 #afh4 ------ ---- superior1 #aed4 ,peach wood1 #hf4 ,peacock blue1 #aee1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ------- green1 #aca1 #acb1 #agg1 #agi4 ,pearl ash1 #ag4 ----- grey1 #ig1 #ih4 ,perchloride of tin1 #ig4 ,peri wool blue1 #aee4 ,peroxide of hydrogen for bleaching wool1 #bi1 #cd4 -------- of soda for bleaching wool1 #cf4 ,persian berries1 #fi1 #ga4 ,petrie's wool-washing machine1 #bj4 ,petroleum spirit1 #af1 #bd4 ,phenoflavine1 #abd1 #acj4 ,phenolic colours1 #aad4 ,phenyl rosaniline1 #fd4 ,phloxine1 #ajd1 #aij1 #aia4 ,phosphate of soda1 #bah4 ,picric acid1 #aij4 ,piece-dyeing machines1 #ej4 ----- goods1 drying of1 #baj4 ----- ---- washing of1 #bjb4 ----- ---- wringing of1 #aii4 ,pink1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #aab1 #agh1 #aie4 ,plum1 #agh4 ,plush fabric dyeing machine1 #ee4 ,ponceau1 #aje4 ------- #c ,g1 #aba4 ------- ,r1 #fe4 ------- #c ,r ,b1 #aga1 #ahj4 ,potash1 #ag4 ------ indigo vat1 #add4 ------ salts1 #g4 ,potassium salts1 #h4 ,primuline1 #afi4 ,puce1 #afj4 ,pure blue ,o ,t1 #aic4 ,purple1 #aji4 ------ red1 #aac4 ,purpuramine1 #fb4 ,q4 ,quick lime1 #ada4 ,quinoline yellow1 #ahi1 #aid4 ,r4 ,rabbit fur1 #hc4 ,raw merino wool1 analysis of1 #g4 ,read ,holliday's hawking machine1 #eg4 ---- -------- indigo extract1 #aea4 ---- -------- squeezing machine1 #aii4 ---- -------- yarn dyeing machine1 #df1 #dg4 ,red1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #abj4 --- navy1 #aeh4 --- ---- blue1 #aeg4 --- plum1 #agg4 --- shades on wool1 #ajj4 ,reddish black1 #id4 ------- grey1 #ig4 ------- orange1 #aba4 ------- puce1 #afj4 ,rhodamine1 #afe1 #ahi1 #aij4 --------- ,b1 #aac1 #aia1 #aic1 #aig4 --------- ,g1 #aie4 --------- red1 #ajb4 ,rhoduline red1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,rocceleine1 #aga1 #aij4 ,roller-squeezing machine1 #aih4 ,rose1 #aah4 ,rosaniline1 #fd4 ,rose bengale1 #ajd1 #aab1 #ahi1 #aij4 ---- red1 #aac4 ,royal blue1 #aed4 ,s4 ,saddening of wool1 #gd4 ,saffranine1 #fa1 #fd1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ahd1 #ahi1 #aij4 ---------- prima1 #ajc1 #aid4 ,saffron1 #ac1 #fc4 ,saffrosine1 #ajd4 ,sage1 #agg4 ---- brown1 #aha4 ---- green1 #abh4 ,salicylic acid1 #aad4 ,salmon1 #aac4 ------ red1 #aac4 ,salt1 #bae4 ,sanders1 #abj1 #aba4 ,saxony blue1 #aed4 ,scarlet1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab1 #aah1 #agh1 #ahj1 #aia4 ------- ,f ,r1 #ajf4 ------- ,o ,o1 #ajf4 ------- ,r1 #ahc4 ------- #c ,r1 #aia4 ------- #b ,r ,j1 #aje4 ------- ,r ,s1 #aje4 ------- ,s1 #aij4 ,schutzenberger and ,lalande's vat1 #ada4 ,schweizer's reagent1 #i4 ,scouring of wool1 #ae1 #ag4 -------- of woollen piece goods1 #bh4 ,sea green1 #aca1 #acf4 ,serge1 #agc4 ,silicate of soda1 #ag4 ,silk blue1 #ahi4 ---- ---- ,b ,e ,s1 #aib4 ,silver grey1 #ih1 #afe1 #agg4 ,sheep1 #a4 ,short-stapled wools1 scouring of1 #ah4 ,shot effects1 #ahc4 ,sky blue1 #aea1 #aed1 #agh1 #aid4 ,slaked lime1 #ade4 ,slate1 #afe1 #aha4 ----- blue1 #aeh1 #agi4 ----- green1 #aca1 #acb1 #aha4 ----- grey1 #ig1 #ih4 ,sliver1 dyeing of1 #dd4 ,slubbing1 dyeing of1 #dd4 ,smithson's dyeing machine1 #hh4 ,soap1 #bg4 ---- action on wool1 #aj1 #ff4 ,soaping and washing machine1 #bje4 ------- of goods1 #bjd4 ,soda1 #ag1 #bae4 ---- ash1 #ag4 ---- crystals1 #ade4 ---- indigo vat1 #ade4 ,sodium hydrosulphite1 #adc4 ,solid blue1 #aij4 ----- ---- ,r1 #aib4 ----- ---- ,p ,g1 #aib4 ----- green crystals1 #aid4 ,soluble blue1 #ahi4 ,sour extract1 #aej4 ,southdown wool1 #e4 ,spencer's hank-wringing machine1 #aih4 ,squeezing of goods1 #aig4 ,stale urine1 #ag1 #ah4 ,stearic acid1 #g4 ,stone1 #aff1 #aha4 ,straw1 #abd4 ,stuffing of wool1 #gd4 ,suint1 #ae4 ,suitings1 #agc4 ,sulphon azurine ,b1 #agj4 ------- ------- ,d1 #ahj4 ------- cyanine1 #abh1 #aeb1 #afj4 ,sulphur1 #h4 ------- bleach house1 #ca4 ------- dioxide1 #cc4 ------- bleaching1 #bi1 #cj4 ,sulphuric acid1 #ii1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bae4 ,sumac1 #hf1 #abj1 #aba1 #ace1 #aig4 ----- extract1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,sweet extract1 #aej4 ,t4 ,tannic acid1 #ih4 ,tannin materials1 #aig1 #bae4 ,tartar1 #he1 #hf1 #hh1 #ic1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #aea1 #aff1 #afg1 #bae4 ------ emetic1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,tartaric acid1 #he1 #aae4 ,tartrazine1 #aij4 ,terra-cotta1 #aie4 ----- ----- red1 #aje1 #abj4 ,tin chloride1 #aae4 --- crystals1 #gg4 --- salt1 #acc4 ,thiazol yellow1 #afi4 ,thiocarmine ,r1 #ih1 #aga1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,thioflavine ,s1 #aba1 #afi1 #age1 #agh1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ----------- ,t1 #fd1 #aij1 #aic1 #aid4 ,titan blue1 #agj1 #aga4 ----- ---- #c ,b1 #abg4 ----- brown ,o1 #aaj1 #agj4 ----- ----- ,r1 #ih1 #agj4 ----- ----- ,t1 #agj4 ----- marine ,b1 #aga4 ----- pink1 #agj4 ----- red1 #fa1 #ih1 #ajg4 ----- scarlet1 #ajj4 ----- ------- ,c ,b1 #aja1 #ajb4 ----- ------- ,d1 #aaj4 ----- ------- ,s1 #afi4 ----- yellow1 #fa1 #ii1 #agj4 ----- ------ ,g1 #abg4 ----- ------ ,r1 #abe4 ----- ------ ,y1 #abe1 #abg4 ,treacle1 #ach4 ,tropoline1 #abb1 #aca4 ---------- ,o1 #aij4 ---------- ,o ,o1 #aga1 #agh4 ,turmeric1 #ac1 #fc1 #abj1 #ahi4 ,turquoise blue ,b ,b1 #aie4 --------- ---- ,g1 #aif4 --------- green1 #acd4 ,u4 ,union black ,b1 #afi4 ----- ----- ,s1 #afi1 #agf1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj4 ----- blue ,b ,b1 #afi4 ----- fabrics1 dyeing of1 #afh4 ----- flannels1 #agc4 ,urine indigo vat1 #ade4 ,v4 ,velvet1 embossing of1 #ad4 ,victoria black1 #hi1 #ahi4 -------- black ,b1 #ia1 #aia4 -------- ---- blue1 #aee4 -------- blue1 #ahi4 -------- ---- ,b1 #aee4 -------- ---- black1 #ia4 -------- scarlet ,r1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa4 -------- rubine ,o1 #ajg1 #aaa4 -------- violet #h ,b ,s1 #acj1 #aee4 -------- yellow1 #aaa1 #abd1 #acj1 #afb4 ,violet1 #afj1 #aib1 #aic4 ------ and pink1 #aic1 #aid4 ------ black on wool1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia1 #ic1 #ie4 ------ blue1 #aee4 ------ grey1 #aff4 ------ shades on wool1 #afj4 ,w4 ,walnut1 #afb4 ------ brown1 #agf1 #ahb4 ,washing of goods1 #bjj4 ,water blue1 #cg4 ,white indigo1 #ach4 ,wince dye beck1 #ec1 #ed4 ,woad1 #ach4 ---- indigo vats1 #aci4 ---- vat1 #ade4 ,woaded black1 #hf4 ,wool1 #a4 ---- action of acid on1 #aa4 ---- alkalies1 action of on1 #i4 ---- batching1 #ae4 ---- black1 #hi4 ---- ----- #f ,b1 #aga1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahf4 ---- bleaching1 #bi4 ---- --------- peroxide of hydrogen1 #cd4 ---- --------- -------- of soda1 #cf4 ---- --------- with sulphur1 #cj4 ---- chemical composition of1 #f4 ---- chlorination of1 #cg4 ---- blue ,b ,x1 #aec4 ---- ---- dyeing with logwood1 #afa4 ---- fibre under microscope1 #b4 ---- ----- unscoured1 #aj4 ---- ----- chemical composition of1 #g4 ---- ----- scoured badly1 #aj4 ---- ----- showing medullary centre1 #d4 ---- ----- heated with acid1 #aa4 ---- grey ,r1 #aff4 ,woollen piece goods1 scouring of1 #bh4 ------- yarn1 #b4 ,wool oil1 #bf4 ---- physical properties of1 #b4 ---- -------- structure1 variations in1 #e4 ,wool scouring1 #ae1 #ag4 ---- -------- by solvents1 #bc4 ,wool-washing machine1 #bj1 #ba4 ,worsted yarn1 #b4 ,wringing of goods1 #aig4 ,y4 ,yarn-drying machine1 #bjh4 ,yarn1 washing of1 in hanks1 #bjb4 ,yarn wringing1 #aih4 ,yellow1 #abe1 #aie4 ------ brown1 #afa4 ------ ,n1 #abe1 #acc1 #acd4 ------ olive1 #ace4 ------ shades on wool1 #abc4 ,yolk1 #g4 ,yorkshire grease1 #bf4 ,z4 ,zambesi black ,b1 #agj1 #aha4 ------- ----- ,d1 #agj1 #ahj1 #aha4 ------- ----- ,f1 #aga4 ------- blue ,r ,a1 #ahj1 #aha4 ------- brown ,g1 #aga1 #aha4 ------- ----- #b ,g1 #aga4 ------- dyes1 #afh4 ,zinc dust1 #ada4 ,the ,aberdeen ,university ,press ,limited4 ,,catalogue 7p4 c#ja7 ,of ,special ,technical ,books ,for ,manufacturers1 ,technical ,students ,and ,workers1 ,schools1 ,colleges1 ,etc4 ,by ,expert ,writers ,index ,to ,subjects4 ,page ,agricultural ,chemistry44444444444 #aj ,air1 ,industrial ,use of44444444444 #ab ,alum and its ,sulphates444444444444 #i ,ammonia444444444444444444444444444 #i ,aniline ,colours4444444444444444444 #c ,animal ,fats44444444444444444444444 #f ,anti-corrosive ,paints4444444444444 #d ,architecture1 ,terms in44444444444 #cj ,architectural ,pottery444444444444 #ae ,artificial ,perfumes444444444444444 #g ,balsams44444444444444444444444444 #aj ,bibliography444444444444444444444 #cb ,bleaching444444444444444444444444 #bc ,bone ,products444444444444444444444 #h ,bookbinding4444444444444444444444 #ca ,brick-making44444444444444444 #ae1 #af ,burnishing ,brass44444444444444444 #bh ,carpet ,yarn ,printing4444444444444 #ba ,ceramic ,books4444444444444444 #ad1 #ae ,charcoal44444444444444444444444444 #h ,chemical ,essays4444444444444444444 #i ,chemistry of ,pottery4444444444444 #af ,chemistry of ,dye-stuffs4444444444 #bc ,clay ,analysis44444444444444444444 #af ,coal-dust ,firing44444444444444444 #bf ,colour ,matching444444444444444444 #bb ,colliery ,recovery ,work44444444444 #be ,colour-mixing for ,dyers4444444444 #bb ,colour ,theory44444444444444444444 #bb ,combing ,machines44444444444444444 #bd ,compounding ,oils444444444444444444 #f ,condensing ,apparatus4444444444444 #bf ,cosmetics4444444444444444444444444 #h ,cotton ,dyeing44444444444444444444 #bc ,cotton ,spinning444444444444444444 #bd ,damask ,weaving4444444444444444444 #bj ,dampness in ,buildings444444444444 #cj ,decorators' ,books4444444444444444 #bh ,decorative ,textiles44444444444444 #bj ,dental ,metallurgy4444444444444444 #be ,dictionary of ,paint ,materials44444 #b ,drying ,oils44444444444444444444444 #e ,drying with ,air444444444444444444 #ab ,dyeing ,marble44444444444444444444 #ca ,dyeing ,woollen ,fabrics44444444444 #bc ,dyers' ,materials44444444444444444 #bb ,dye-stuffs44444444444444444444444 #bc ,enamelling ,metal44444444444444444 #ah ,enamels44444444444444444444444444 #ah ,engraving444444444444444444444444 #ca ,essential ,oils44444444444444444444 #g ,evaporating ,apparatus444444444444 #bf ,external ,plumbing4444444444444444 #bg ,fats444444444444444444444444444 #e1 #f ,faults in ,woollen ,goods4444444444 #ba ,gas ,firing44444444444444444444444 #bf ,glass-making ,recipes4444444444444 #af ,glass ,painting4444444444444444444 #ag ,glue ,making and ,testing44444444444 #h ,greases444444444444444444444444444 #e ,hat ,manufacturing4444444444444444 #bj ,history of ,staffs ,potteries444444 #af ,hops44444444444444444444444444444 #bh ,hot-water ,supply44444444444444444 #bh ,how to make a ,woollen ,mill ,pay444 #ba ,india-rubber444444444444444444444 #ac ,industrial ,alcohol444444444444444 #aj ,inks44444444444444444444444444 #c1 #aa ,iron-corrosion44444444444444444444 #d ,iron1 ,science of44444444444444444 #bf ,japanning444444444444444444444444 #bh ,lace-,making4444444444444444444444 #bj ,lacquering44444444444444444444444 #bh ,lake ,pigments444444444444444444444 #b ,lead and its ,compounds44444444444 #aa ,leather ,industry44444444444444444 #ac ,leather-working ,materials44444444 #ad ,lithography4444444444444444444444 #ca ,lubricants444444444444444444444 #e1 #f ,manures44444444444444444444444 #h1 #aj ,mineral ,pigments444444444444444444 #c ,mine ,ventilation44444444444444444 #be ,mine ,haulage444444444444444444444 #be ,oil and ,colour ,recipes444444444444 #c ,oil ,boiling44444444444444444444444 #e ,oil ,merchants' ,manual4444444444444 #g ,oils444444444444444444444444444444 #e ,ozone1 ,industrial ,use of444444444 #ab ,paint ,manufacture44444444444444444 #b ,paint ,materials4444444444444444444 #c ,paint-material ,testing444444444444 #d ,paper-pulp ,dyeing4444444444444444 #ag ,petroleum4444444444444444444444444 #f ,pigments1 ,chemistry of444444444444 #b ,plumbers' ,work4444444444444444444 #bg ,porcelain ,painting444444444444444 #ag ,pottery ,clays44444444444444444444 #af ,pottery ,manufacture44444444444444 #ad ,power-loom ,weaving444444444444444 #ai ,preserved ,foods444444444444444444 #cj ,printers' ,ready ,reckoner444444444 #ca ,printing ,inks444444444444444444444 #c ,recipes for ,oilmen1 etc44444444444 #c ,resins444444444444444444444444444 #aj ,risks of ,occupations4444444444444 #aa ,riveting ,china1 etc44444444444444 #af ,sanitary ,plumbing4444444444444444 #bg ,sealing ,waxes44444444444444444444 #aa ,silk ,dyeing4444444444444444444444 #bb ,silk ,throwing44444444444444444444 #ah ,smoke ,prevention44444444444444444 #bf ,soaps44444444444444444444444444444 #g ,spinning4444444444444444444444444 #ba ,staining ,marble1 and ,bone44444444 #ca ,steam ,drying444444444444444444444 #ab ,sugar ,refining4444444444444444444 #cb ,steel ,hardening444444444444444444 #bf ,sweetmeats44444444444444444444444 #cj ,terra-cotta4444444444444444444444 #ae ,testing ,paint ,materials44444444444 #d ,testing ,yarns44444444444444444444 #bj ,textile ,fabrics444444444444444444 #bj ,textile ,materials444444444444 #ai1 #bj ,timber444444444444444444444444444 #bi ,varnishes4444444444444444444444444 #e ,vegetable ,fats44444444444444444444 #g ,waste ,utilisation4444444444444444 #aj ,water1 ,industrial ,use444444444444 #ab ,waterproofing ,fabrics444444444444 #ba ,weaving ,calculations4444444444444 #ba ,wood ,waste ,utilisation44444444444 #bi ,wood ,dyeing4444444444444444444444 #ca ,wool ,dyeing444444444444444444 #bb1 #bc ,writing ,inks444444444444444444444 #aa ,x-,ray ,work44444444444444444444444 #ac ,yarn ,testing444444444444444444444 #bj ,published ,by ,scott1 ,greenwood ,son1 #h ,broadway1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london1 ,e4c4 ,telegraphic ,address1 ,printeries1 ,london4 ,,paints1 ,,colours ,,and ,,printing ,,inks4 7p4 c#jb7 ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,pigments4 ,by ,ernest ,j4 ,,parry1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 and ,j4 ,h4 ,,coste1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,demy #hvo4 ,five ,illustrations4 #bhe pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introductory4 ,light -- ,white ,light -- ,the ,spectrum -- ,the ,invisible ,spectrum -- ,normal ,spectrum -- ,simple ,nature of ,pure ,spectral ,colour -- ,the ,recomposition of ,white ,light -- ,primary and ,complementary ,colours -- ,coloured ,bodies -- ,absorption ,spectra -- ,the ,application of ,pigments4 ,uses of ,pigments3 ,artistic1 ,decorative1 ,protective -- ,methods of ,application of ,pigments3 ,pastels and ,crayons1 ,water ,colour1 ,tempera ,painting1 ,fresco1 ,encaustic ,painting1 ,oil-colour ,painting1 ,keramic ,art1 ,enamel1 ,stained and ,painted ,glass1 ,mosaic -- ,inorganic ,pigments4 ,white ,lead -- ,zinc ,white -- ,enamel ,white -- ,whitening -- ,red ,lead -- ,litharge -- ,vermilion -- ,royal ,scarle t-- ,the ,chromium ,greens -- ,chromates of ,lead1 ,zinc1 ,silver and ,mercury -- ,brunswick ,green -- ,the ,ochres -- ,indian ,red -- ,venetian ,red -- ,siennas and ,umbers -- ,light ,red -- ,cappagh ,brown -- ,red ,oxides -- ,mars ,colours -- ,terre ,verte -- ,prussian ,brown -- ,cobalt ,colours -- ,coeruleum -- ,smalt -- ,copper ,pigments -- ,malachite -- ,bremen ,green -- ,scheele's ,green -- ,emerald ,green -- ,verdigris -- ,brunswick ,green -- ,non-arsenical ,greens -- ,copper ,blues -- ,ultramarine -- ,carbon ,pigments -- ,ivory ,black -- ,lamp ,black -- ,bistre -- ,naples ,yellow -- ,arsenic ,sulphides3 ,orpiment1 ,realgar -- ,cadmium ,yellow -- ,vandyck ,brown -- ,organic ,pigments4 ,prussian ,blue -- ,natural ,lakes -- ,cochineal -- ,carmine -- ,crimson -- ,lac ,dye -- ,scarlet -- ,madder -- ,alizarin -- ,campeachy -- ,quercitron -- ,rhamnus -- ,brazil ,wood -- ,alkanet -- ,santal ,wood -- ,archil -- ,coal-tar ,lakes -- ,red ,lakes -- ,alizarin ,compounds -- ,orange and ,yellow ,lakes -- ,green and ,blue ,lakes -- ,indigo -- ,dragon's ,blood -- ,gamboge -- ,sepia -- ,indian ,yellow1 ,puree -- ,bitumen1 ,asphaltum1 ,mummy -- ,index4 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,paint4 ,a ,practical ,handbook for ,paint ,manufacturers1 ,merchants and ,painters4 ,by ,j4 ,,cruickshank ,,smith1 ,b4,sc4 ,demy #hvo4 #bjj pp4 ,sixty ,illustrations and ,one ,large ,diagram4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,preparation of ,raw ,material -- ,storing of ,raw ,material -- ,testing and ,valuation of ,raw ,material -- ,paint ,plant and ,machinery -- ,the ,grinding of ,white ,lead -- ,grinding of ,white ,zinc -- ,grinding of other ,white ,pigments -- ,grinding of ,oxide ,paints -- ,grinding of ,staining ,colours -- ,grinding of ,black ,paints -- ,grinding of ,chemical ,colours -- ,yellows -- ,grinding of ,chemical ,colours -- ,blues -- ,grinding ,greens -- ,grinding ,reds -- ,grinding ,lakes -- ,grinding ,colours in ,water -- ,grinding ,colours in ,turpentine -- ,the ,uses of ,paint -- ,testing and ,matching ,paints -- ,economic ,considerations -- ,index4 ,,dictionary ,,of ,,chemicals ,,and ,,raw ,,products ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,paints1 ,,colours1 ,,varnishes ,,and ,,allied ,,preparations4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,demy #hvo4 #chj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,lake ,,pigments ,,from ,,artificial ,,colours4 ,by ,francis ,h4 ,,jennison1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,sixteen ,coloured ,plates1 showing ,specimens of ,eighty-nine ,colours1 specially prepared from the ,recipes given in the ,book4 #acf pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,groups of the ,artificial ,colouring ,matters -- ,the ,nature and ,manipulation of ,artificial ,colours -- ,lake-forming ,bodies for ,acid ,colours -- ,lake-forming ,bodies' ,basic ,colours -- ,lake ,bases -- ,the ,principles of ,lake ,formation -- ,red ,lakes -- ,orange1 ,yellow1 ,green1 ,blue1 ,violet and ,black ,lakes -- ,the ,production of ,insoluble ,azo ,colours in the ,form of ,pigments -- ,the ,general ,properties of ,lakes ,produced from ,artificial ,colours -- ,washing1 ,filtering and ,finishing -- ,matching and ,testing ,lake ,pigments -- ,index4 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,mineral ,,and ,,lake ,,pigments4 ,containing 7p4 c#jc7 ,directions for the ,manufacture of all ,artificial1 ,artists and ,painters' ,colours1 ,enamel1 ,soot and ,metallic ,pigments4 ,a ,text-book for ,manufacturers1 ,merchants1 ,artists and ,painters4 ,by ,dr4 ,josef ,,bersch4 ,translated by ,a4 ,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,forty-three ,illustrations4 #dgf pp41 demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introduction -- ,physico-chemical ,behaviour of ,pigments -- ,raw ,materials ,employed in the ,manufacture of ,pigments -- ,assistant ,materials -- ,metallic ,compounds -- ,the ,manufacture of ,mineral ,pigments -- ,the ,manufacture of ,white ,lead -- ,enamel ,white -- ,washing ,apparatus -- ,zinc ,white -- ,yellow ,mineral ,pigments -- ,chrome ,yellow -- ,lead ,oxide ,pigments -- ,other ,yellow ,pigments -- ,mosaic ,gold -- ,red ,mineral ,pigments -- ,the ,manufacture of ,vermilion -- ,antimony ,vermilion -- ,ferric ,oxide ,pigments -- ,other ,red ,mineral ,pigments -- ,purple of ,cassius -- ,blue ,mineral ,pigments -- ,ultramarine -- ,manufacture of ,ultramarine -- ,blue ,copper ,pigments -- ,blue ,cobalt ,pigments -- ,smalts -- ,green ,mineral ,pigments -- ,emerald ,green -- ,verdigris -- ,chromium ,oxide -- ,other ,green ,chromium ,pigments -- ,green ,cobalt ,pigments -- ,green ,manganese ,pigments -- ,compounded ,green ,pigments -- ,violet ,mineral ,pigments -- ,brown ,mineral ,pigments -- ,brown ,decomposition ,products -- ,black ,pigments -- ,manufacture of ,soot ,pigments -- ,manufacture of ,lamp ,black -- ,the ,manufacture of ,soot ,black without ,chambers -- ,indian ,ink -- ,enamel ,colours -- ,metallic ,pigments -- ,bronze ,pigments -- ,vegetable ,bronze ,pigments4 ,,pigments ,,of ,,organic ,,origin -- ,lakes -- ,yellow ,lakes -- ,red ,lakes -- ,manufacture of ,carmine -- ,the ,colouring ,matter of ,lac -- ,safflower or ,carthamine ,red -- ,madder and its ,colouring ,matters -- ,madder ,lakes -- ,manjit 7,indian ,madder7 -- ,lichen ,colouring ,matters -- ,red ,wood ,lakes -- ,the ,colouring ,matters of ,sandal ,wood and ,other ,dye ,woods -- ,blue ,lakes -- ,indigo ,carmine -- ,the ,colouring ,matter of ,log ,wood -- ,green ,lakes -- ,brown ,organic ,pigments -- ,sap ,colours -- ,water ,colours -- ,crayons -- ,confectionery ,colours -- ,the ,preparation of ,pigments for ,painting -- ,the ,examination of ,pigments -- ,examination of ,lakes -- ,the ,testing of ,dye-,woods -- ,the ,design of a ,colour ,works -- ,commercial ,names of ,pigments -- ,appendix3 ,conversion of ,metric to ,english ,weights and ,measures -- ,centigrade and ,fahrenheit ,thermometer ,scales -- ,index4 ,,recipes ,,for ,,the ,,colour1 ,,paint1 ,,varnish1 ,,oil1 ,,soap ,,and ,,drysaltery ,,trades4 ,compiled by ,,an ,,analytical ,,chemist4 #cej pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,pigments or ,colours for ,paints1 ,lithographic and ,letterpress ,printing ,inks1 etc4 -- ,mixed ,paints and ,preparations for ,paint-making1 ,painting1 ,lime-washing1 ,paperhanging1 etc4 -- ,varnishes for ,coach-builders1 ,cabinetmakers1 ,wood-workers1 ,metal-workers1 ,photographers1 etc4 -- ,soaps for ,toilet1 ,cleansing1 ,polishing1 etc4 -- ,perfumes -- ,lubricating ,greases1 ,oils1 etc4 -- ,cements1 ,pastes1 ,glues and ,other ,adhesive ,preparations -- ,writing1 ,marking1 ,endorsing and ,other ,inks -- ,sealing-wax and ,office ,requisites -- ,preparations for the ,laundry1 ,kitchen1 ,stable and ,general ,household ,uses -- ,disinfectant ,preparations -- ,miscellaneous ,preparations -- ,index4 ,,oil ,,colours ,,and ,,printers' ,,inks4 ,by ,louis ,edgar ,,and,s4 ,translated from the ,german4 #bae pp4 ,crown #hvo4 #ef ,illustrations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,linseed ,oil -- ,poppy ,oil -- ,mechanical ,purification of ,linseed ,oil -- ,chemical ,purification of ,linseed ,oil -- ,bleaching ,linseed ,oil -- ,oxidizing ,agents for ,boiling ,linseed ,oil -- ,theory of ,oil ,boiling -- ,manufacture of ,boiled ,oil -- ,adulterations of ,boiled ,oil -- ,chinese ,drying ,oil and ,other ,specialities -- ,pigments for ,house and ,artistic ,painting and ,inks -- ,pigment for ,printers' ,black ,inks -- ,substitutes for ,lampblack -- ,machinery for ,colour ,grinding and ,rubbing -- ,machines for mixing ,pigments with the ,vehicle -- ,paint ,mills -- ,manufacture of ,house ,oil ,paints -- ,ship ,paints -- ,luminous ,paint -- ,artists' ,colours -- ,printers' ,inks3 -- ,,vehicles -- ,printers' ,inks3 -- ,,pigments and ,,manufacture -- ,index4 7,see also ,writing ,inks1 p4 #aa47 ,,three ,,hundred ,,shades ,,for ,,decorators ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,mix ,,them4 7,see page #bh47 ,,casein4 ,by ,robert ,,scherer4 ,translated from the ,german by 7p4 c#jd7 ,chas4 ,,salter4 ,demy #hvo4 ,illustrated4 #afj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net1 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,casein3 its ,origin1 ,preparation and ,properties4 ,various ,methods of ,preparing ,casein4 ,composition and ,properties of ,casein4 ,casein ,paints4 -- ,marble-,lime ,colour for ,outside ,work -- ,casein ,enamel ,paint -- ,casein ,faade ,paint -- ,cold-,water ,paint in ,powder ,form -- ,kistory's ,recipe for ,casein ,paint and ,varnish -- ,pure ,casein ,paints for ,walls1 etc4 -- ,casein ,paints for ,woodwork and ,iron -- ,casein-,silicate ,paints -- ,milk ,paints -- ,casein-,silicate ,paint ,recipes -- ,trojel's ,boiled ,oil ,substitute -- ,calsomine ,wash -- ,quick-,drying ,casein ,paint -- ,boiled ,oil ,substitute -- ,ring's ,cold-,water ,paint -- ,formo-lactin -- ,waterproof ,paint for ,playing ,cards -- ,casein ,colour ,lake -- ,casein-,cement ,paint4 ,the ,technics of ,casein ,painting4 ,casein ,adhesives and ,putties4 -- ,casein ,glue in ,plates or ,flakes -- ,jeromin's ,casein ,adhesive -- ,hall's ,casein ,glue -- ,waterproof ,glue -- ,liquid ,casein ,glue -- ,casein and ,borax ,glue -- ,solid ,casein ,adhesive -- ,casein ,solution -- ,glue ,powder -- ,casein ,putties -- ,washable ,cement for ,deal ,boards -- ,wenk's ,casein ,cement -- ,casein and ,lime ,cement ,pitch ,barm -- ,casein ,stopping -- ,casein ,cement for ,stone4 ,the ,preparation of ,plastic ,masses from ,casein4 -- ,imitation ,ivory -- ,anti-,radiation and ,anti-,corrosive ,composition -- ,dickmann's ,covering for ,floors and ,walls -- ,imitation ,linoleum -- ,imitation ,leather -- ,imitation ,bone -- ,plastic ,mass of ,keratin and ,casein -- ,insulating ,mass -- ,plastic ,casein ,masses -- ,horny ,casein ,mass -- ,plastic ,mass from ,celluloid -- ,casein ,cellulose ,composition -- ,fire-proof ,cellulose ,substitute -- ,nitrocellulose and ,casein ,composition -- ,franquet's ,celluloid ,substitute -- ,galalith4 ,uses of ,casein in the ,textile ,industry1 for ,finishing ,colour ,printing1 etc4 -- ,caseogum -- ,glutin -- ,casein ,dressing for ,linen and ,cotton ,fabrics -- ,printing ,colour with ,metallic ,lustre -- ,process for ,softening1 ,sizing and ,loading -- ,fixing ,casein and ,other ,albuminoids on the ,fibre -- ,fixing ,insoluble ,colouring ,matters -- ,waterproofing and ,softening ,dressing -- ,casein for ,mercerising ,crpe -- ,fixing ,zinc ,white on ,cotton with ,formaldehyde -- ,casein-,magnesia -- ,casein ,medium for ,calico ,printing -- ,loading ,silk4 ,casein ,foodstuffs4 -- ,casein ,food -- ,synthetic ,milk -- ,milk ,food -- ,emulsifiable ,casein -- ,casein ,phosphate for ,baking -- ,making ,bread1 ,low in ,carbohydrates1 from ,flour and ,curd -- ,preparing ,soluble ,casein ,compounds with ,citrates -- ,casein ,food4 ,sundry ,applications of ,casein4 -- ,uses of ,casein in the ,paper ,industry -- ,metachromotype ,paper -- ,sizing ,paper with ,casein -- ,waterproofing ,paper -- ,casein ,solution for ,coating ,paper -- ,horn's ,clear ,solution of ,casein -- ,water- and ,fire-proof ,asbestos ,paper and ,board -- ,paper ,flasks1 etc41 for ,oils and ,fats -- ,washable ,drawing and ,writing ,paper--,paper ,wrappering for ,food1 ,clothing1 etc4 -- ,paint ,remover -- ,casein ,photographic ,plates -- ,wood-,cement ,roofing ,pulp -- ,cask ,glaze of ,casein and ,formaldehyde -- ,artists' ,canvas -- ,solidifying ,mineral ,oils -- ,uses of ,casein in ,photography -- ,casein ,ointment -- ,clarifying ,glue with ,casein -- ,casein in ,soap-making -- ,casein-,albumose ,soap -- ,casein in ,sheets1 ,blocks1 etc4 -- ,waterproof ,casein4 ,,simple ,,methods ,,for ,,testing ,,painters' ,,materials4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,crown #hvo4 #afj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,necessity for ,testing -- ,standards -- ,arrangement -- ,the ,apparatus -- ,the ,reagents -- ,practical ,tests -- ,dry ,colours -- ,stiff ,paints -- ,liquid and ,enamel ,paints -- ,oil ,varnishes -- ,spirit ,varnishes -- ,driers -- ,putty -- ,linseed ,oil -- ,turpentine -- ,water ,stains -- ,the ,chemical ,examination -- ,dry ,colours and ,paints -- ,white ,pigments and ,paints -- ,yellow ,pigments and ,paints -- ,blue ,pigments and ,paints -- ,green ,pigments and ,paints -- ,red ,pigments and ,paints -- ,brown ,pigments and ,paints -- ,black ,pigments and ,paints -- ,oil ,varnishes -- ,linseed ,oil -- ,turpentine4 ,,iron-,,corrosion1 ,,anti-,,fouling ,,and ,,anti-,,corrosive ,,paints4 ,translated from the ,german of ,louis ,edgar ,,and,s4 ,sixty-two ,illustrations4 #bge pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,iron-rust and its ,formation -- ,protection from ,rusting by ,paint -- ,grounding the ,iron with ,linseed ,oil1 etc4 -- ,testing ,paints -- ,use of ,tar for ,painting on ,iron -- ,anti-corrosive ,paints -- ,linseed ,varnish -- ,chinese ,wood ,oil -- ,lead ,pigments -- ,iron ,pigments -- ,artificial ,iron ,oxides -- ,carbon -- ,preparation of ,anti-corrosive ,paints -- ,results of ,examination of ,several ,anti-corrosive ,paints -- ,paints for ,ship's ,bottoms -- ,anti-fouling ,compositions -- ,various ,anti-corrosive and ,ship's ,paints -- ,official ,standard ,specifications for ,ironwork ,paints -- ,index4 ,,the ,,testing ,,and ,,valuation ,,of ,,raw ,,materials ,,used ,,in ,,paint ,,and ,,colour ,,manufacture4 ,by ,m4 ,w4 ,,jones1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,a ,book for the ,laboratories of ,colour ,works4 #hh pp4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home and abroad47 ,contents4 7p4 c#je7 ,aluminium ,compounds -- ,china ,clay -- ,iron ,compounds -- ,potassium ,compounds -- ,sodium ,compounds -- ,ammonium ,hydrate -- ,acids -- ,chromium ,compounds -- ,tin ,compounds -- ,copper ,compounds -- ,lead ,compounds -- ,zinc ,compounds -- ,manganese ,compounds -- ,arsenic ,compounds -- ,antimony ,compounds -- ,calcium ,compounds -- ,barium ,compounds -- ,cadmium ,compounds -- ,mercury ,compounds -- ,ultramarine -- ,cobalt and ,carbon ,compounds -- ,oils -- ,index4 ,,students' ,,handbook ,,of ,,paints1 ,,colours1 ,,oils ,,and ,,varnishes4 ,by ,john ,,furnell4 ,crown #hvo4 #ab ,illustrations4 #if pp4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home and abroad47 ,contents4 ,plant -- ,chromes -- ,blues -- ,greens -- ,earth ,colours -- ,blacks -- ,reds -- ,lakes -- ,whites -- ,painters' ,oils -- ,turpentine -- ,oil ,varnishes -- ,spirit ,varnishes -- ,liquid ,paints -- ,enamel ,paints4 ,,varnishes ,,and ,,drying ,,oils4 ,,oil ,,crushing1 ,,refining ,,and ,,boiling1 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,linoleum1 ,,printing ,,and ,,lithographic ,,inks1 ,,and ,,india-,,rubber ,,substitutes4 ,by ,john ,,geddes ,,mcintosh4 ,being ,volume ,i4 of the ,second1 greatly enlarged1 ,english ,edition1 in three ,volumes1 of ,the ,manufacture of ,varnishes and ,kindred ,industries1 based on and including the work of ,ach4 ,livache4 ,demy #hvo4 #aej pp4 #bi ,illustrations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,oil ,crushing and ,refining2 ,oil ,boiling -- ,theoretical and ,practical2 ,linoleum ,manufacture2 ,printing ,ink ,manufacture2 ,rubber ,substitutes2 ,the ,manufacture of ,driers2 ,the ,detection of ,adulteration in ,linseed and other ,drying ,oils by ,chemical1 ,physical and ,organoleptic ,methods4 ,,drying ,,oils1 ,,boiled ,,oil ,,and ,,solid ,,and ,,liquid ,,driers4 ,by ,l4 ,e4 ,,and,s4 ,expressly ,written for this ,series of ,special ,technical ,books1 and the ,publishers hold the ,copyright for ,english and ,foreign ,editions4 ,forty-two ,illustrations4 #cdb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,properties of the ,drying ,oils2 ,cause of the ,drying ,property2 ,absorption of ,oxygen2 ,behaviour towards ,metallic ,oxides1 etc4 -- ,the ,properties of and ,methods for obtaining the ,drying ,oils -- ,production of the ,drying ,oils by ,expression and ,extraction2 ,refining and ,bleaching2 ,oil ,cakes and ,meal2 ,the ,refining and ,bleaching of the ,drying ,oils2 ,the ,bleaching of ,linseed ,oil -- ,the ,manufacture of ,boiled ,oil2 ,the ,preparation of ,drying ,oils for ,use in the ,grinding of ,paints and ,artists' ,colours and in the ,manufacture of ,varnishes by ,heating over a ,fire or by ,steam1 by the ,cold ,process1 by the ,action of ,air1 and by ,means of the ,electric ,current2 ,the ,driers used in ,boiling ,linseed ,oil2 ,the ,manufacture of ,boiled ,oil and the ,apparatus therefor2 ,livache's ,process for ,preparing a ,good ,drying ,oil and its ,practical ,application -- ,the ,preparation of ,varnishes for ,letterpress1 ,lithographic and ,copperplate ,printing1 for ,oilcloth and ,waterproof ,fabrics2 ,the ,manufacture of ,thickened ,linseed ,oil1 ,burnt ,oil1 ,stand ,oil by ,fire ,heat1 ,superheated ,steam1 and by a ,current of ,air -- ,behaviour of the ,drying ,oils and ,boiled ,oils towards ,atmospheric ,influences1 ,water1 ,acids and ,alkalies -- ,boiled ,oil ,substitutes -- ,the ,manufacture of ,solid and ,liquid ,driers from ,linseed ,oil and ,rosin2 ,linolic ,acid ,compounds of the ,driers -- ,the ,adulteration and ,examination of the ,drying ,oils and ,boiled ,oil4 ,,oils1 ,,fats1 ,,greases1 ,,petroleum4 ,,lubricating ,,oils1 ,,fats ,,and ,,greases3 ,their ,origin1 ,preparation1 ,properties1 ,uses and ,analyses4 ,a ,handbook for ,oil ,manufacturers1 ,refiners and ,merchants1 and the ,oil and ,fat ,industry in ,general4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,second ,revised and ,enlarged ,edition4 ,sixty-five ,illustrations4 #cag pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introductory -- ,hydrocarbon ,oils -- ,scotch ,shale ,oils -- ,petroleum -- ,vegetable and ,animal ,oils -- ,testing and ,adulteration of ,oils -- ,lubricating ,greases -- ,lubrication -- ,appendices -- ,index4 ,,technology ,,of ,,petroleum3 ,oil ,fields of the ,world -- ,their 7p4 c#jf7 ,history1 ,geography and ,geology -- ,annual ,production and ,development -- ,oil-well ,drilling -- ,transport4 ,by ,henry ,,neuberger and ,henry ,,noalhat4 ,translated from the ,french by ,j4 ,g4 ,mc,i,n,t,o,s,h4 #eej pp4 #aec ,illustrations4 #bf ,plates4 ,super ,royal #hvo4 ,price #bas4 net4 7,post free1 #bas4 #i;d4 home2 #bcs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,study of the ,petroliferous ,strata4 ,excavations--,hand ,excavation or ,hand ,digging of ,oil ,wells4 ,methods of ,boring4 ,accidents -- ,boring ,accidents -- ,methods of preventing them -- ,methods of remedying them -- ,explosives and the use of the ,torpedo ,levigation -- ,storing and ,transport of ,petroleum -- ,general ,advice -- ,prospecting1 ,management and carrying on of ,petroleum ,boring ,operations4 ,general ,data -- ,customary ,formul -- ,memento4 ,practical ,part4 ,general ,data bearing on ,petroleum -- ,glossary of ,technical ,terms used in the ,petroleum ,industry -- ,copious ,index4 ,,the ,,practical ,,compounding ,,of ,,oils1 ,,tallow ,,and ,,grease ,,for ,,lubrication1 ,,etc4 ,by ,,an ,,expert ,,oil ,,refiner4 #ajj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free4 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introductory ,remarks on the ,general ,nomenclature of ,oils1 ,tallow and ,greases suitable for ,lubrication -- ,hydrocarbon ,oils -- ,animal and ,fish ,oils -- ,compound ,oils -- ,vegetable ,oils -- ,lamp ,oils -- ,engine ,tallow1 ,solidified ,oils and ,petroleum ,jelly -- ,machinery ,greases3 ,loco and ,anti-friction -- ,clarifying and ,utilisation of ,waste ,fats1 ,oils1 ,tank ,bottoms1 ,drainings of ,barrels and ,drums1 ,pickings ,up1 ,dregs1 etc4 -- ,the ,fixing and ,cleaning of ,oil ,tanks1 etc4 -- ,appendix and ,general ,information4 ,,animal ,,fats ,,and ,,oils3 ,their ,practical ,production1 ,purification and ,uses for a great ,variety of ,purposes4 ,their ,properties1 ,falsification and ,examination4 ,translated from the ,german of ,louis ,edgar ,,and,s4 ,sixty-two ,illustrations4 #bdj pp4 ,second ,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introduction -- ,occurrence1 ,origin1 ,properties and ,chemical ,constitution of ,animal ,fats -- ,preparation of ,animal ,fats and ,oils -- ,machinery -- ,tallow-melting ,plant -- ,extraction ,plant -- ,presses -- ,filtering ,apparatus -- ,butter3 ,raw ,material and ,preparation1 ,properties1 ,adulterations1 ,beef ,lard or ,remelted ,butter1 ,testing -- ,candle-fish ,oil -- ,mutton-,tallow -- ,hare ,fat -- ,goose ,fat -- ,neatsfoot ,oil -- ,bone ,fat3 ,bone ,boiling1 ,steaming ,bones1 ,extraction1 ,refining -- ,bone ,oil -- ,artificial ,butter3 ,oleomargarine1 ,margarine ,manufacture in ,france1 ,grasso's ,process1 ,kaiser's ,butter1 ,jahr ,mnzberg's ,method1 ,filbert's ,process1 ,winter's ,method -- ,human ,fat -- ,horse ,fat -- ,beef ,marrow -- ,turtle ,oil -- ,hog's ,lard3 ,raw ,material -- ,preparation1 ,properties1 ,adulterations1 ,examination -- ,lard ,oil -- ,fish ,oils -- ,liver ,oils -- ,artificial ,train ,oil -- ,wool ,fat3 ,properties1 ,purified ,wool ,fat -- ,spermaceti3 ,examination of ,fats and ,oils in ,general4 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,lubricants1 ,,shoe ,,polishes ,,and ,,leather ,,dressings4 ,by ,richard ,,brunner4 ,translated from the ,sixth ,german ,edition by ,chas4 ,,salter4 #aj ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #agj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,manufacture of ,lubricants and ,greases -- ,properties of the ,bodies used as ,lubricants -- ,raw ,materials for ,lubricants -- ,solid ,lubricants -- ,tallow ,lubricants -- ,palm ,oil ,greases -- ,lead ,soap ,lubricants -- ,true ,soap ,greases -- ,caoutchouc ,lubricants -- ,other ,solid ,lubricants -- ,liquid ,lubricants -- ,lubricating ,oils in ,general -- ,refining ,oils for ,lubricating ,purposes -- ,cohesion ,oils -- ,resin ,oils -- ,lubricants of ,fat and ,resin ,oil -- ,neatsfoot ,oil -- ,bone ,fat -- ,lubricants for ,special ,purposes -- ,mineral ,lubricating ,oils -- ,clockmakers' and ,sewing ,machine ,oils -- ,the ,application of ,lubricants to ,machinery -- ,removing ,thickened ,grease and ,oil -- ,cleaning ,oil ,rags and ,cotton ,waste -- ,the ,use of ,lubricants -- ,shoe ,polishes and ,leather ,softening ,preparations -- ,the ,manufacture of ,shoe ,polishes and ,preparations for ,varnishing and ,softening ,leather -- ,the ,preparation of ,bone ,black -- ,blacking and ,shoe ,polishes -- ,leather ,varnishes -- ,leather ,softening ,preparations -- ,the ,manufacture of ,dgras4 ,,the ,,oil ,,merchants' ,,manual ,,and ,,oil ,,trade ,,ready ,,reckoner4 7p4 c#jg7 ,compiled by ,frank ,p4 ,,sherriff4 ,second ,edition ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,demy #hvo4 #bad pp4 #aijd4 ,with ,two ,sheets of ,tables4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,trade ,terms and ,customs -- ,tables to ,ascertain ,value of ,oil sold percwt4 or ton -- ,specific ,gravity ,tables -- ,percentage ,tare ,tables -- ,petroleum ,tables -- ,paraffine and ,benzoline ,calculations -- ,customary ,drafts -- ,tables for ,calculating ,allowance for ,dirt1 ,water1 etc4 -- ,capacity of ,circular ,tanks ,tables1 etc41 etc4 ,,vegetable ,,fats ,,and ,,oils3 ,their ,practical ,preparation4 ,purification and ,employment for ,various ,purposes1 their ,properties1 ,adulteration and ,examination4 ,translated from the ,german of ,louis ,edgar ,,and,s4 ,ninety-four ,illustrations4 #cdj pp4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,general ,properties -- ,estimation of the ,amount of ,oil in ,seeds -- ,the ,preparation of ,vegetable ,fats and ,oils -- ,apparatus for ,grinding ,oil ,seeds and ,fruits -- ,installation of ,oil and ,fat ,works -- ,extraction ,method of ,obtaining ,oils and ,fats -- ,oil ,extraction ,installations -- ,press ,moulds -- ,non-drying ,vegetable ,oils -- ,vegetable drying ,oils -- ,solid ,vegetable ,fats -- ,fruits ,yielding ,oils and ,fats -- ,wool-softening ,oils -- ,soluble ,oils -- ,treatment of the ,oil after ,leaving the ,press -- ,improved ,methods of ,refining -- ,bleaching ,fats and ,oils -- ,practical ,experiments on the ,treatment of ,oils with regard to ,refining and ,bleaching -- ,testing ,oils and ,fats4 ,,essential ,,oils ,,and ,,perfumes4 ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,essential ,,oils ,,and ,,artificial ,,perfumes4 ,by ,ernest ,j4 ,,parry1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 #daa pp4 #bj ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,general ,properties of ,essential ,oils -- ,compounds occurring in ,essential ,oils -- ,the ,preparation of ,essential ,oils -- ,the ,analysis of ,essential ,oils -- ,systematic ,study of the ,essential ,oils -- ,terpeneless ,oils -- ,the ,chemistry of ,artificial ,perfumes -- ,appendix3 ,table of ,constants -- ,index4 ,,soaps4 ,,soaps4 ,a ,practical ,manual of the ,manufacture of ,domestic1 ,toilet and other ,soaps4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 #cij pp4 #ff ,illustrations4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introductory -- ,soap-maker's ,alkalies -- ,soap ,fats and ,oils -- ,perfumes -- ,water as a ,soap ,material -- ,soap ,machinery -- ,technology of ,soap-making -- ,glycerine in ,soap ,lyes -- ,laying out a ,soap ,factory -- ,soap ,analysis -- ,appendices4 ,,textile ,,soaps ,,and ,,oils4 ,handbook on the ,preparation1 ,properties and ,analysis of the ,soaps and ,oils used in ,textile ,manufacturing1 ,dyeing and ,printing4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 #aie pp4 #aijd4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,methods of ,making ,soaps -- ,hard ,soap -- ,soft ,soap4 ,special ,textile ,soaps -- ,wool ,soaps -- ,calico ,printers' ,soaps -- ,dyers' ,soaps4 ,relation of ,soap to ,water for ,industrial ,purposes -- ,treating ,waste ,soap ,liquors -- ,boiled ,off ,liquor -- ,calico ,printers and ,dyers' ,soap ,liquors -- ,soap ,analysis -- ,fat in ,soap4 ,,animal ,,and ,,vegetable ,,oils ,,and ,,fats -- ,tallow -- ,lard -- ,bone ,grease-,tallow ,oil4 ,vegetable ,soap1 ,oils and ,fats -- ,palm ,oil -- ,coco-nut ,oil -- ,olive ,oil -- ,cottonseed ,oil -- ,linseed ,oil -- ,castor ,oil -- ,corn ,oil -- ,whale ,oil or ,train ,oil -- ,repe ,oil4 ,,glycerine4 ,,textile ,,oils -- ,oleic ,acid -- ,blended ,wool ,oils -- ,oils for ,cotton ,dyeing1 ,printing and ,finishing -- ,turkey ,red ,oil -- ,alizarine ,oil -- ,oleine -- ,oxy ,turkey ,red ,oils -- ,soluble ,oil-,analysis of ,turkey ,red ,oil -- ,finisher's ,soluble ,oil -- ,finisher's ,soap ,softening -- ,testing and ,adulteration of ,oils -- ,index4 ,,cosmetical ,,preparations4 7p4 c#jh7 ,,cosmetics3 ,,manufacture1 ,,employment ,,and ,,testing ,,of ,,all ,,cosmetic ,,materials ,,and ,,cosmetic ,,specialities4 ,translated from the ,german of ,dr4 ,theodor ,,koller4 ,crown #hvo4 #bfb pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,purposes and ,uses of1 and ,ingredients used in the ,preparation of ,cosmetics -- ,preparation of ,perfumes by ,pressure1 ,distillation1 ,maceration1 ,absorption or ,enfleurage1 and ,extraction ,methods -- ,chemical and ,animal ,products used in the ,preparation of ,cosmetics -- ,oils and ,fats used in the ,preparation of ,cosmetics -- ,general ,cosmetic ,preparations -- ,mouth ,washes and ,tooth ,pastes -- ,hair ,dyes1 ,hair ,restorers and ,depilatories -- ,cosmetic ,adjuncts and ,specialities -- ,colouring ,cosmetic ,preparations -- ,antiseptic ,washes and ,soaps -- ,toilet and ,hygienic ,soaps -- ,secret ,preparations for ,skin1 ,complexion1 ,teeth1 ,mouth1 etc4 -- ,testing and ,examining the ,materials ,employed in the ,manufacture of ,cosmetics -- ,index4 ,,glue1 ,,bone ,,products ,,and ,,manures4 ,,glue ,,and ,,glue ,,testing4 ,by ,samuel ,,rideal1 ,d4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c4 ,fourteen ,engravings4 #add pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,constitution and ,properties3 ,definitions and ,sources1 ,gelatine1 ,chondrin and ,allied ,bodies1 ,physical and ,chemical ,properties1 ,classification1 ,grades and ,commercial ,varieties -- ,raw ,materials and ,manufacture3 ,glue ,stock1 ,lining1 ,extraction1 ,washing and ,clarifying1 ,filter ,presses1 ,water ,supply1 ,use of ,alkalies1 ,action of ,bacteria and of ,antiseptics1 ,various ,processes1 ,cleansing1 ,forming1 ,drying1 ,crushing1 etc41 ,secondary ,products -- ,uses of ,glue3 ,selection and ,preparation for ,use1 ,carpentry1 ,veneering1 ,paper-,making1 ,bookbinding1 ,printing ,rollers1 ,hectographs1 ,match ,manufacture1 ,sandpaper1 etc41 ,substitutes for other ,materials1 ,artificial ,leather and ,caoutchouc -- ,gelatine3 ,general ,characters1 ,liquid ,gelatine1 ,photographic ,uses1 ,size1 ,tanno-1 ,chrome and ,formo-,gelatine1 ,artificial ,silk1 ,cements1 ,pneumatic ,tyres1 ,culinary1 ,meat ,extracts1 ,isinglass1 ,medicinal and other ,uses1 ,bacteriology -- ,glue ,testing3 ,review of ,processes1 ,chemical ,examination1 ,adulteration1 ,physical ,tests1 ,valuation of ,raw ,materials -- ,commercial ,aspects4 ,,bone ,,products ,,and ,,manures3 ,an ,account of the most recent ,improvements in the ,manufacture of ,fat1 ,glue1 ,animal ,charcoal1 ,size1 ,gelatine and ,manures4 ,by ,thomas ,,lambert1 ,technical and ,consulting ,chemist4 ,illustrated by ,twenty-one ,plans and ,diagrams4 #afb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,chemical ,composition of ,bones -- ,arrangement of ,factory -- ,properties of ,glue -- ,glutin and ,chondrin -- ,skin ,glue -- ,liming of ,skins -- ,washing -- ,boiling of ,skins -- ,clarification of ,glue ,liquors -- ,glue-,boiling and ,clarifying-,house -- ,specification of a ,glue -- ,size -- ,uses and ,preparation and ,composition of ,size -- ,concentrated ,size -- ,properties of ,gelatine -- ,preparation of ,skin ,gelatine -- ,drying -- ,bone ,gelatine -- ,selecting ,bones -- ,crushing -- ,dissolving -- ,bleaching -- ,boiling -- ,properties of ,glutin and ,chondrin -- ,testing of ,glues and ,gelatines -- ,the ,uses of ,glue1 ,gelatine and ,size in ,various ,trades -- ,soluble and ,liquid ,glues -- ,steam and ,waterproof ,glues -- ,manures -- ,importation of ,food ,stuffs -- ,soils -- ,germination -- ,plant ,life -- ,natural ,manures -- ,water and ,nitrogen in ,farmyard ,manure -- ,full ,analysis of ,farmyard ,manure -- ,action on ,crops -- ,water-,closet ,system -- ,sewage ,manure -- ,green ,manures -- ,artificial ,manures -- ,mineral ,manures -- ,nitrogenous ,matters -- ,shoddy -- ,hoofs and ,horns -- ,leather ,waste -- ,dried ,meat -- ,dried ,blood -- ,superphosphates -- ,composition -- ,manufacture -- ,common ,raw ,bones -- ,degreased ,bones -- ,crude ,fat -- ,refined ,fat -- ,degelatinised ,bones -- ,animal ,charcoal -- ,bone ,superphosphates -- ,guanos -- ,dried ,animal ,products -- ,potash ,compounds -- ,sulphate of ,ammonia -- ,extraction in ,vacuo -- ,french and ,british ,gelatines compared -- ,index4 ,,chemicals1 ,,waste ,,products ,,and ,,agricultural ,,chemistry4 7p4 c#ji7 ,,reissue ,,of ,,chemical ,,essays ,,of ,c4 ,w4 ,,scheele4 ,first ,published in ,english in #aghf4 ,translated from the ,academy of ,sciences at ,stockholm1 with ,additions4 #cjj pp4 ,demy #hvo1 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #f;d4 home2 #es4 #i;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,memoir3 ,c4 ,w4 ,scheele and his work 7written for this edition by ,j4 ,g4 ,mc,intosh7 -- ,on ,fluor ,mineral and its ,acid -- ,on ,fluor ,mineral -- ,chemical ,investigation of ,fluor ,acid1 with a ,view to the ,earth which it ,yields1 by ,mr4 ,wiegler -- ,additional ,information ,concerning ,fluor ,minerals -- ,on ,manganese1 ,magnesium1 or ,magnesia ,vitrariorum -- ,on ,arsenic and its ,acid -- ,remarks upon ,salts of ,benzoin--,on ,silex1 ,clay and ,alum -- ,analysis of the ,calculus ,vesical -- ,method of ,preparing ,mercurius ,dulcis ,via ,humida -- ,cheaper and more ,convenient ,method of ,preparing ,pulvis ,algarothi -- ,experiments upon ,molybdna -- ,experiments on ,plumbago -- ,method of ,preparing a ,new ,green ,colour -- ,of the ,decomposition of ,neutral ,salts by ,unslaked ,lime and ,iron -- ,on the ,quantity of ,pure ,air which is ,daily ,present in our ,atmosphere -- ,on ,milk and its ,acid -- ,on the ,acid of ,saccharum ,lactis -- ,on the ,constituent ,parts of ,lapis ,ponderosus or ,tungsten -- ,experiments and ,observations on ,ether -- ,index4 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,alum ,,and ,,the ,,sulphates ,,and ,,other ,,salts ,,of ,,alumina ,,and ,,iron4 ,their ,uses and ,applications as ,mordants in ,dyeing and ,calico ,printing1 and their other ,applications in the ,arts1 ,manufactures1 ,sanitary ,engineering1 ,agriculture and ,horticulture4 ,translated from the ,french of ,lucien ,,geschwind4 #aie ,illustrations4 #djj pp4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,theoretical ,study of ,aluminium1 ,iron1 and ,compounds of these ,metals -- ,aluminium and its ,compounds -- ,iron and ,iron ,compounds4 ,manufacture of ,aluminium ,sulphates and ,sulphates of ,iron -- ,manufacture of ,aluminium ,sulphate and the ,alums -- ,manufacture of ,sulphates of ,iron4 ,uses of the ,sulphates of ,aluminium and ,iron -- ,uses of ,aluminium ,sulphate and ,alums -- ,application to ,wool and ,silk -- ,preparing and using ,aluminium ,acetates -- ,employment of ,aluminium ,sulphate in ,carbonising ,wool -- ,the ,manufacture of ,lake ,pigments -- ,manufacture of ,prussian ,blue -- ,hide and ,leather ,industry -- ,paper ,making -- ,hardening ,plaster -- ,lime ,washes -- ,preparation of ,non-inflammable ,wood1 etc4 -- ,purification of ,waste ,waters4 -- ,uses and ,applications of ,ferrous ,sulphate and ,ferric ,sulphates -- ,dyeing -- ,manufacture of ,pigments -- ,writing ,inks -- ,purification of ,lighting ,gas -- ,agriculture -- ,cotton ,dyeing -- ,disinfectant -- ,purifying ,waste ,liquors -- ,manufacture of ,nordhausen ,sulphuric ,acid -- ,fertilising4 ,chemical ,characteristics of ,iron and ,aluminium -- ,analysis of ,various ,aluminous or ,ferruginous ,products -- ,aluminium -- ,analysing ,aluminium ,products --,alunite ,alumina -- ,sodium ,aluminate -- ,aluminium ,sulphate -- ,iron -- ,analytical ,characteristics of ,iron ,salts -- ,analysis of ,pyritic ,lignite -- ,ferrous and ,ferric ,sulphates -- ,rouil ,mordant -- ,index4 ,,ammonia ,,and ,,its ,,compounds3 ,their ,manufacture and ,uses4 ,by ,camille ,,vincent1 ,professor at the ,central ,school of ,arts and ,manufactures1 ,paris4 ,translated from the ,french by ,m4 ,j4 ,,salter4 ,royal #hvo4 #aad pp4 ,thirty-two ,illustrations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,general ,considerations3 ,various ,sources of ,ammoniacal ,products2 ,human ,urine as a ,source of ,ammonia -- ,extraction of ,ammoniacal ,products from ,sewage -- ,extraction of ,ammonia from ,gas ,liquor -- ,manufacture of ,ammoniacal ,compounds from ,bones1 ,nitrogenous ,waste1 ,beetroot ,wash and ,peat -- ,manufacture of ,caustic ,ammonia1 and ,ammonium ,chloride1 ,phosphate and ,carbonate -- ,recovery of ,ammonia from the ,ammonia-,soda ,mother ,liquors -- ,index4 ,,industrial ,,alcohol4 ,a ,practical ,manual on the ,production and 7p4 c#aj7 ,use of ,alcohol for ,industrial ,purposes and for ,use as a ,heating ,agent1 as an ,illuminant and as a ,source of ,motive ,power4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,m',,intosh1 ,lecturer on ,manufacture and ,applications of ,industrial ,alcohol at ,the ,polytechnic1 ,regent ,street1 ,london4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijg4 #bej pp4 ,with #ge ,illustrations and #be ,tables4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,alcohol and its ,properties4 -- ,ethylic ,alcohol -- ,absolute ,alcohol -- ,adulterations -- ,properties of ,alcohol -- ,fractional ,distillation -- ,destructive ,distillation -- ,products of ,combustion -- ,alcoholometry -- ,proof ,spirit -- ,analysis of ,alcohol -- ,table showing ,correspondence between the ,specific ,gravity and ,per ,cents4 of ,alcohol over and under ,proof -- ,other ,alcohol ,tables4 ,continuous ,aseptic and ,antiseptic ,fermentation and ,sterilisation in ,industrial ,alcohol ,manufacture4 ,the ,manufacture of ,industrial ,alcohol from ,beets4 -- ,beet ,slicing ,machines -- ,extraction of ,beet ,juice by ,maceration1 by ,diffusion -- ,fermentation in ,beet ,distilleries -- ,plans of ,modern ,beet ,distillery1 ,the ,manufacture of ,industrial ,alcohol from ,grain4 -- ,plan of ,modern ,grain ,distillery4 ,the ,manufacture of ,industrial ,alcohol from ,potatoes4 ,the ,manufacture of ,industrial ,alcohol from ,surplus ,stocks of ,wine1 ,spoilt ,wine1 ,wine ,marcs1 and from ,fruit in ,general4 ,the ,manufacture of ,alcohol from the ,sugar ,cane and ,sugar ,cane ,molasses -- ,plans4 ,plant1 etc41 for the ,distillation and ,rectification of ,industrial ,alcohol4 -- ,the ,caffey and other ,patent ,stills -- ,intermittent versus ,continuous ,rectification -- ,continuous ,distillation -- ,rectification of ,spent ,wash4 ,the ,manufacture and ,uses of ,various ,alcohol ,derivatives1 ,ether1 ,haloid ,ethers1 ,compound ,ethers1 ,chloroform -- ,methyl and ,amyl ,alcohols and their ,ethereal ,salts1 ,acetone -- ,barbet's ,ether1 ,methyl ,alcohol and ,acetone ,rectifying ,stills4 ,the ,uses of ,alcohol in ,manufactures1 etc4 -- ,list of ,industries in which ,alcohol is used1 with ,key to ,function of ,alcohol in each ,industry4 ,the ,uses of ,alcohol for ,lighting1 ,heating1 and ,motive ,power4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,resins ,,and ,,balsams4 ,translated from the ,german of ,dr4 ,karl ,,dieterich4 ,demy #hvo4 #cdj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,manual ,,of ,,agricultural ,,chemistry4 ,by ,herbert ,,ingle1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,lecturer on ,agricultural ,chemistry1 the ,yorkshire ,college2 ,lecturer in the ,victoria ,university4 #chh pp4 #aa ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introduction -- ,the ,atmosphere -- ,the ,soil -- ,the ,reactions occurring in ,soils -- ,the ,analysis of ,soils -- ,manures1 ,natural -- ,manures 7continued7 -- ,the ,analysis of ,manures -- ,the ,constituents of ,plants -- ,the ,plant -- ,crops -- ,the ,animal -- ,foods and ,feeding -- ,milk and ,milk ,products -- ,the ,analysis of ,milk and ,milk ,products -- ,miscellaneous ,products used in ,agriculture -- ,appendix -- ,index4 ,,the ,,utilisation ,,of ,,waste ,,products4 ,a ,treatise on the ,rational ,utilisation1 ,recovery and ,treatment of ,waste ,products of all kinds4 ,by ,dr4 ,theodor ,,koller4 ,translated from the ,second ,revised ,german ,edition4 ,twenty-two ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 #bhj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,waste of ,towns -- ,ammonia and ,sal-,ammoniac -- ,rational ,processes for ,obtaining these ,substances by ,treating ,residues and ,waste -- ,residues in the ,manufacture of ,aniline ,dyes -- ,amber ,waste -- ,brewers' ,waste -- ,blood and ,slaughter-,house ,refuse -- ,manufactured ,fuels -- ,waste ,paper and ,bookbinders' ,waste -- ,iron ,slags -- ,excrement -- ,colouring ,matters from ,waste -- ,dyers' ,waste ,waters -- ,fat from ,waste -- ,fish ,waste -- ,calamine ,sludge -- ,tannery ,waste -- ,gold and ,silver ,waste -- ,india-rubber and ,caoutchouc ,waste -- ,residues in the ,manufacture of ,rosin ,oil -- ,wood ,waste -- ,horn ,waste -- ,infusorial ,earth -- ,iridium from ,goldsmiths' ,sweepings -- ,jute ,waste -- ,cork ,waste -- ,leather ,waste -- ,glue ,makers' ,waste -- ,illuminating ,gas from ,waste and the ,by-,products of the ,manufacture of ,coal ,gas -- ,meerschum -- ,molasses--,metal ,waste -- ,by-,products in the ,manufacture of ,mineral ,waters -- ,fruit -- ,the ,by-,products of ,paper and ,paper ,pulp ,works -- ,by-,products in the ,treatment of ,coal ,tar ,oils -- ,fur ,waste -- ,the ,waste ,matter in the ,manufacture of ,parchment ,paper -- ,mother of ,pearl ,waste -- ,petroleum ,residues -- ,platinum ,residues -- ,broken ,porcelain1 ,earthenware and ,glass -- ,salt ,waste -- ,slate ,waste -- ,sulphur -- ,burnt ,pyrites -- ,silk ,waste -- ,soap ,makers' ,waste -- ,alkali ,waste and the ,recovery of ,soda--,waste ,produced in ,grinding ,mirrors -- ,waste ,products in the ,manufacture of ,starch -- ,stearic ,acid -- ,vegetable ,ivory ,waste -- ,turf -- ,waste ,waters of ,cloth ,factories -- ,wine ,residues -- ,tinplate ,waste -- ,wool ,waste -- ,wool ,sweat -- ,the ,waste ,liquids from ,sugar ,works -- ,index4 ,,writing ,,inks ,,and ,,sealing ,,waxes4 7p4 c#aa7 ,,ink ,,manufacture3 ,including ,writing1 ,copying1 ,lithographic1 ,marking1 ,stamping1 and ,laundry ,inks4 ,by ,sigmund ,,lehner4 ,three ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #afb pp4 ,translated from the ,german of the ,fifth ,edition4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,varieties of ,ink -- ,writing ,inks -- ,raw ,materials of ,tannin ,inks -- ,the ,chemical ,constitution of the ,tannin ,inks -- ,recipes for ,tannin ,inks -- ,logwood ,tannin ,inks -- ,ferric ,inks -- ,alizarine ,inks--,extract ,inks -- ,logwood ,inks -- ,copying ,inks -- ,hektographs -- ,hektograph ,inks -- ,safety ,inks -- ,ink ,extracts and ,powders -- ,preserving ,inks -- ,changes in ,ink and the ,restoration of ,faded ,writing -- ,coloured ,inks -- ,red ,inks -- ,blue ,inks -- ,violet ,inks -- ,yellow ,inks -- ,green ,inks -- ,metallic ,inks -- ,indian ,ink -- ,lithographic ,inks and ,pencils -- ,ink ,pencils -- ,marking ,inks -- ,ink ,specialities -- ,sympathetic ,inks -- ,stamping ,inks -- ,laundry or ,washing ,blue -- ,index4 ,,sealing-,,waxes1 ,,wafers ,,and ,,other ,,adhesives ,,for ,,the ,,household1 ,,office1 ,,workshop ,,and ,,factory4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,standage4 ,crown #hvo4 #if pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,materials ,used for ,making ,sealing,waxes -- ,the ,manufacture of ,sealing-,waxes -- ,wafers -- ,notes on the ,nature of the ,materials ,used in ,making ,adhesive ,compounds -- ,cements for ,use in the ,household -- ,office ,gums1 ,pastes and ,mucilages -- ,adhesive ,compounds for ,factory and ,workshop ,use4 ,,lead ,,ores ,,and ,,compounds4 ,,lead ,,and ,,its ,,compounds4 ,by ,thos4 ,,lambert1 ,technical and ,consulting ,chemist4 ,demy #hvo4 #bbf pp4 ,forty ,illustrations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,history -- ,ores of ,lead -- ,geographical ,distribution of the ,lead ,industry -- ,chemical and ,physical ,properties of ,lead -- ,alloys of ,lead -- ,compounds of ,lead -- ,dressing of ,lead ,ores -- ,smelting of ,lead ,ores -- ,smelting in the ,scotch or ,american ,ore-hearth -- ,smelting in the ,shaft or ,blast ,furnace -- ,condensation of ,lead ,fume -- ,desilverisation1 or the ,separation of ,silver from ,argentiferous ,lead -- ,cupellation -- ,the ,manufacture of ,lead ,pipes and ,sheets -- ,protoxide of ,lead -- ,litharge and ,massicot -- ,red ,lead or ,minium -- ,lead ,poisoning -- ,lead ,substitutes -- ,zinc and its ,compounds -- ,pumice ,stone -- ,drying ,oils and ,siccatives -- ,oil of ,turpentine ,resin -- ,classification of ,mineral ,pigments -- ,analysis of ,raw and ,finished ,products -- ,tables -- ,index4 ,,notes ,,on ,,lead ,,ores3 ,their ,distribution and ,properties4 ,by ,jas4 ,,fairie1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,crown #hvo4 #fd pages4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 abroad47 ,,industrial ,,hygiene4 ,,the ,,risks ,,and ,,dangers ,,to ,,health ,,of ,,various ,,occupations ,,and ,,their ,,prevention4 ,by ,leonard ,a4 ,,parry1 ,m4,d41 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 #aif pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,occupations which are ,accompanied by the ,generation and ,scattering of ,abnormal ,quantities of ,dust -- ,trades in which there is ,danger of ,metallic ,poisoning -- ,certain ,chemical ,trades -- ,some ,miscellaneous ,occupations --,trades in which ,various ,poisonous ,vapours are ,inhaled --,general ,hygienic ,considerations -- ,index4 ,,industrial ,,uses ,,of ,,air1 ,,steam ,,and ,,water4 7p4 c#ab7 ,,drying ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,air ,,and ,,steam4 ,explanations1 ,formul1 and ,tables for ,use in ,practice4 ,translated from the ,german of ,e4 ,,hausrrand4 ,two folding ,diagrams and ,thirteen ,tables4 ,crown #hvo4 #gb pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,british and ,metric ,systems ,compared -- ,centigrade and ,fahr4 ,thermometers -- ,estimation of the ,maximum ,weight of ,saturated ,aqueous ,vapour which can be contained in #a kilo4 of ,air at ,different ,pressure and ,temperatures -- ,calculation of the ,necessary ,weight and ,volume of ,air1 and of the ,least ,expenditure of ,heat1 per ,drying ,apparatus with ,heated ,air1 at the ,atmospheric ,pressure3 ,a1 ,with the ,assumption that the ,air is ,completely ,saturated with ,vapour both before ,entry and after ,exit from the ,apparatus -- ,b1 ,when the ,atmospheric ,air is ,completely ,saturated before entry1 but at its exit is only #c_/d1 #a_/b or #a_/d ,saturated -- ,c1 ,when the ,atmospheric ,air is not ,saturated with ,moisture before ,entering the ,drying ,apparatus -- ,drying ,apparatus1 in which1 in the ,drying ,chamber1 a ,pressure is ,artificially ,created1 ,higher or ,lower than that of the ,atmosphere -- ,drying by ,means of ,superheated ,steam1 without ,air --,heating ,surface1 ,velocity of the ,air ,current1 ,dimensions of the ,drying ,room1 ,surface of the ,drying ,material1 ,losses of ,heat -- ,index4 7,see also ,evaporating1 ,condensing and ,cooling ,apparatus1 p4 #bf47 ,,pure ,,air1 ,,ozone ,,and ,,water4 ,a ,practical ,treatise of their ,utilisation and ,value in ,oil1 ,grease1 ,soap1 ,paint1 ,glue and other ,industries1 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,cowell4 ,twelve ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #he pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,atmospheric ,air2 ,lifting of ,liquids2 ,suction ,process2 ,preparing ,blown ,oils2 ,preparing ,siccative ,drying ,oils -- ,compressed ,air2 ,whitewash -- ,liquid ,air2 ,retrocession -- ,purification of ,water2 ,water ,hardness -- ,fleshings and ,bones -- ,ozonised ,air in the ,bleaching and ,deodorising of ,fats1 ,glues1 etc42 ,bleaching ,textile ,fibres -- ,appendix3 ,air and ,gases2 ,pressure of ,air at ,various ,temperatures2 ,fuel2 ,table of ,combustibles2 ,saving of ,fuel by ,heating ,feed ,water2 ,table of ,solubilities of ,scale ,making ,minerals2 ,british ,thermal ,units ,tables2 ,volume of the ,flow of ,steam into the ,atmosphere2 ,temperature of ,steam -- ,index4 ,,the ,,industrial ,,uses ,,of ,,water4 ,,composition--,,effects--,,troubles--,, remedies--,,residuary ,,waters--,,purification--,,analysis4 ,by ,h4 de la ,,coux4 ,royal #hvo4 ,translated from the ,french and ,revised by ,arthur ,,morris4 #cfd pp4 #ace ,illustrations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,chemical ,action of ,water in ,nature and in ,industrial ,use -- ,composition of ,waters -- ,solubility of ,certain ,salts in ,water ,considered from the ,industrial ,point of ,view -- ,effects on the ,boiling of ,water -- ,effects of ,water in the ,industries -- ,difficulties with ,water -- ,feed ,water for ,boilers -- ,water in ,dye works1 ,print ,works1 and ,bleach ,works -- ,water in the ,textile ,industries and in ,conditioning -- ,water in ,soap ,works -- ,water in ,laundries and ,washhouses -- ,water in ,tanning -- ,water in ,preparing ,tannin and ,dyewood ,extracts -- ,water in ,papermaking -- ,water in ,photography -- ,water in ,sugar ,refining -- ,water in ,making ,ices and ,beverages -- ,water in ,cider ,making -- ,water in ,brewing -- ,water in ,distilling -- ,preliminary ,treatment and ,apparatus -- ,substances ,used for ,preliminary ,chemical ,purification -- ,commercial ,specialities and their ,employment -- ,precipitation of ,matters in ,suspension in ,water -- ,apparatus for the ,preliminary ,chemical ,purification of ,water -- ,industrial ,filters -- ,industrial ,sterilisation of ,water -- ,residuary ,waters and their ,purification -- ,soil ,filtration -- ,purification by ,chemical ,processes -- ,analyses -- ,index4 7,see ,books on ,smoke ,prevention1 ,engineering and ,metallurgy1 p4 #bf1 etc47 ,x ,,rays4 7p4 c#ac7 ,,practical ,x ,,ray ,,work4 ,by ,frank ,t4 ,,addyman1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,member of the ,roentgen ,society of ,london2 ,radiographer to ,st4 ,george's ,hospital2 ,demonstrator of ,physics and ,chemistry1 and ,teacher of ,radiography in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital ,medical ,school4 ,demy #hvo4 ,twelve ,plates from ,photographs of ,x ,ray ,work4 ,fifty-two ,illustrations4 #bjj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,historical -- ,work leading up to the ,discovery of the ,x ,rays -- ,the ,discovery--,apparatus and its ,management -- ,electrical ,terms -- ,sources of ,electricity -- ,induction ,coils -- ,electrostatic ,machines -- ,tubes -- ,air ,pumps -- ,tube ,holders and ,stereoscopic ,apparatus -- ,fluorescent ,screens -- ,practical ,x ,ray ,work -- ,installations -- ,radioscopy -- ,radiography -- ,x ,rays in ,dentistry -- ,x ,rays in ,chemistry -- ,x ,rays in ,war -- ,index4 ,list of ,plates4 ,frontispiece -- ,congenital ,dislocation of ,hip-,joint4 -- ,i41 ,needle in ,finger4 -- ,,ii41 ,needle in ,foot4 -- ,,iii41 ,revolver ,bullet in ,calf and ,leg4 -- ,,iv41 ,a ,method of ,localisation4 -- ,v41 ,stellate ,fracture of ,patella showing shadow of ,strapping4 -- ,,vi41 ,sarcoma4 -- ,,vii41 ,six-weeks-old ,injury to ,elbow showing new ,growth of ,bone4 -- ,,viii41 ,old ,fracture of ,tibia and ,fibula badly set4 -- ,,ix41 ,heart ,shadow4 -- ,x41 ,fractured ,femur showing ,grain of ,splint4 -- ,,xi41 ,barrell's ,method of ,localisation4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,and ,,gutta ,,percha4 ,,india-,,rubber ,,and ,,gutta-,,percha4 ,translated from the ,french of ,t4 ,,seeligmann1 ,g4 ,,lamy ,,torvilhon and ,h4 ,,falconnet by ,john ,,geddes ,mc,i,n,t,o,s,h4 ,royal #hvo4 ,out of print4 ,second ,edition in preparation4 ,contents4 ,india-,rubber -- ,botanical ,origin -- ,climatology -- ,soil -- ,rational ,culture and ,acclimation of the ,different ,species of ,india-,rubber ,plants -- ,methods of ,obtaining the ,latex -- ,methods of ,preparing ,raw or ,crude ,india-,rubber -- ,classification of the ,commercial ,species of ,raw ,rubber -- ,physical and ,chemical ,properties of the ,latex and of ,india-,rubber -- ,mechanical ,transformation of ,natural ,caoutchouc into ,washed or ,normal ,caoutchouc 7,purification7 and ,normal ,rubber into ,masticated ,rubber -- ,softening1 ,cutting1 ,washing1 ,drying -- ,preliminary ,observations -- ,vulcanisation of ,normal ,rubber -- ,chemical and ,physical ,properties of ,vulcanised ,rubber -- ,general ,considerations -- ,hardened ,rubber or ,ebonite -- ,considerations on ,mineralisation and other ,mixtures -- ,coloration and ,dyeing -- ,analysis of ,natural or ,normal ,rubber and ,vulcanised ,rubber -- ,rubber ,substitutes -- ,imitation ,rubber4 ,gutta ,percha -- ,botanical ,origin -- ,climatology -- ,soil -- ,rational ,culture -- ,methods of ,collection -- ,classification of the ,different ,species of ,commercial ,gutta ,percha -- ,physical and ,chemical ,properties -- ,mechanical ,transformation -- ,methods of ,analysing -- ,gutta ,percha ,substitutes -- ,index4 ,,leather ,,trades4 ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,leather ,,industry4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,villon4 ,translated by ,frank ,t4 ,,addyman1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s42 and ,corrected by an ,eminent ,member of the ,trade4 #ejj pp41 royal #hvo4 #abc ,illustrations4 ,price #bas4 net4 7,post free1 #bas4 #f;d4 home2 #bbs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,preface--,translator's ,preface--,list of ,illustrations4 ,part ,i41 ,materials used in ,tanning -- ,skins3 ,skin and its ,structure2 ,skins used in ,tanning2 ,various ,skins and their ,uses -- ,tannin and ,tanning ,substances3 ,tannin2 ,barks 7,oak72 ,barks other than ,oak2 ,tanning ,woods2 ,tannin-bearing ,leaves2 ,excrescences2 ,tan-bearing ,fruits2 ,tan-bearing ,roots and ,bulbs2 ,tanning ,juices2 ,tanning ,substances used in ,various ,countries2 ,tannin ,extracts2 ,estimation of ,tannin and ,tannin ,principles4 ,part ,,ii41 ,tanning -- ,the ,installation of a ,tannery3 ,tan ,furnaces2 ,chimneys1 ,boilers1 etc42 ,steam ,engines -- ,grinding and ,trituration of ,tanning ,substances3 ,cutting up ,bark2 ,grinding ,bark2 ,the ,grinding of ,tan ,woods2 ,powdering ,fruit1 ,galls and ,grains2 ,notes on the ,grinding of ,bark -- ,manufacture of ,sole ,leather3 ,soaking2 ,sweating and ,unhairing2 ,plumping and ,colouring2 ,handling2 ,tanning2 ,tanning ,elephants' ,hides2 ,drying2 ,striking or ,pinning -- ,manufacture of ,dressing ,leather3 ,soaking2 ,depilation2 ,new ,processes for the ,depilation of ,skins2 ,tanning2 ,cow ,hides2 ,horse ,hides2 ,goat ,skins2 ,manufacture of 7p4 c#ad7 ,split ,hides -- ,on ,various ,methods of ,tanning3 ,mechanical ,methods2 ,physical ,methods2 ,chemical ,methods2 ,tanning with ,extracts -- ,quantity and ,quality2 ,quantity2 ,net ,cost2 ,quality of ,leather -- ,various ,manipulations of ,tanned ,leather3 ,second ,tanning2 ,grease ,stains2 ,bleaching ,leather2 ,waterproofing ,leather2 ,weighting ,tanned ,leather2 ,preservation of ,leather -- ,tanning ,various ,skins4 ,part ,,iii41 ,currying -- ,waxed ,calf3 ,preparation2 ,shaving2 ,stretching or ,slicking2 ,oiling the ,grain2 ,oiling the ,flesh ,side2 ,whitening and ,graining2 ,waxing2 ,finishing2 ,dry ,finishing2 ,finishing in ,colour2 ,cost -- ,white ,calf3 ,finishing in ,white -- ,cow ,hide for ,upper ,leathers3 ,black ,cow ,hide2 ,white ,cow ,hide2 ,coloured ,cow ,hide -- ,smooth ,cow ,hide -- ,black ,leather -- ,miscellaneous ,hides3 ,horse2 ,goat2 ,waxed ,goat ,skin2 ,matt ,goat ,skin -- ,russia ,leather3 ,russia ,leather2 ,artificial ,russia ,leather4 ,part ,,iv41 ,enamelled1 ,hungary and ,chamoy ,leather1 ,morocco1 ,parchment1 ,furs and ,artificial ,leather -- ,enamelled ,leather3 ,varnish ,manufacture2 ,application of the ,enamel2 ,enamelling in ,colour -- ,hungary ,leather3 ,preliminary2 ,wet ,work or ,preparation2 ,aluming2 ,dressing or ,loft ,work2 ,tallowing2 ,hungary ,leather from ,various ,hides -- ,tawing3 ,preparatory ,operations2 ,dressing2 ,dyeing ,tawed ,skins2 ,rugs -- ,chamoy ,leather -- ,morocco3 ,preliminary ,operations2 ,morocco ,tanning3 ,mordants used in ,morocco ,manufacture2 ,natural ,colours used in ,morocco ,dyeing2 ,artificial ,colours2 ,different ,methods of ,dyeing2 ,dyeing with ,natural ,colours2 ,dyeing with ,aniline ,colours2 ,dyeing with ,metallic ,salts2 ,leather ,printing2 ,finishing ,morocco2 ,shagreen2 ,bronzed ,leather -- ,gilding and ,silvering3 ,gilding2 ,silvering2 ,nickel and ,cobalt -- ,parchment -- ,furs and ,furriery3 ,preliminary ,remarks2 ,indigenous ,furs2 ,foreign ,furs from ,hot ,countries2 ,foreign ,furs from ,cold ,countries2 ,furs from ,birds' ,skins2 ,preparation of ,furs2 ,dressing2 ,colouring2 ,preparation of ,birds' ,skins2 ,preservation of ,furs -- ,artificial ,leather3 ,leather made from ,scraps2 ,compressed ,leather2 ,american ,cloth2 ,papier ,mch2 ,linoleum2 ,artificial ,leather4 ,part ,v41 ,leather ,testing and the ,theory of ,tanning -- ,testing and ,analysis of ,leather3 ,physical ,testing of ,tanned ,leather2 ,chemical ,analysis -- ,the ,theory of ,tanning and the other ,operations of the ,leather and ,skin ,industry3 ,theory of ,soaking2 ,theory of ,unhairing2 ,theory of ,swelling2 ,theory of ,handling2 ,theory of ,tanning2 ,theory of the ,action of ,tannin on the ,skin2 ,theory of ,hungary ,leather ,making2 ,theory of ,tawing2 ,theory of ,chamoy ,leather ,making2 ,theory of ,mineral ,tanning4 ,part ,,vi41 ,uses of ,leather -- ,machine ,belts3 ,manufacture of ,belting2 ,leather ,chain ,belts2 ,various ,belts2 ,use of ,belts -- ,boot and ,shoe-making3 ,boots and ,shoes2 ,laces -- ,saddlery3 ,composition of a ,saddle2 ,construction of a ,saddle -- ,harness3 ,the ,pack ,saddle2 ,harness -- ,military ,equipment -- ,glove ,making -- ,carriage ,building -- ,mechanical ,uses4 ,appendix1 ,the ,world's ,commerce in ,leather -- ,europe2 ,america2 ,asia2 ,africa2 ,australasia -- ,index4 ,,the ,,leather ,,worker',s ,,manual4 ,being a ,compendium of ,practical ,recipes and ,working ,formul for ,curriers1 ,bootmakers1 ,leather ,dressers1 ,blacking ,manufacturers1 ,saddlers1 ,fancy ,leather ,workers4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,standage4 ,demy #hvo4 #afe pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,blackings1 ,polishes1 ,glosses1 ,dressings1 ,renovators1 etc41 for ,boot and ,shoe ,leather -- ,harness ,blackings1 ,dressings1 ,greases1 ,compositions1 ,soaps1 and ,boot-top ,powders and ,liquids1 etc41 etc4 -- ,leather ,grinders' ,sundries -- ,currier's ,seasonings1 ,blacking ,compounds1 ,dressings1 ,finishes1 ,glosses1 etc4 -- ,dyes and ,stains for ,leather --,miscellaneous ,information -- ,chrome ,tannage -- ,index4 ,,books ,,on ,,pottery1 ,,bricks1 ,,tiles1 ,,glass1 ,,etc4 ,,the ,,manual ,,of ,,practical ,,potting4 ,compiled by ,experts1 and ,edited by ,chas4 ,f4 ,,binns4 ,revised ,third ,edition and ,enlarged4 #bjj pp4 ,price #ags4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ags4 #aj;d4 home2 #ahs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introduction4 ,the ,rise and ,progress of the ,potter's ,art -- ,bodies4 ,china and ,porcelain ,bodies1 ,parian ,bodies1 ,semi-porcelain and ,vitreous ,bodies1 ,mortar ,bodies1 ,earthenwares ,granite and ,c4,c4 ,bodies1 ,miscellaneous ,bodies1 ,sagger and ,crucible ,clays1 ,coloured ,bodies1 ,jasper ,bodies1 ,coloured ,bodies for ,mosaic ,painting1 ,encaustic ,tile ,bodies1 ,body ,stains1 ,coloured ,dips -- ,glazes4 ,china ,glazes1 ,ironstone ,glazes1 ,earthenware ,glazes1 ,glazes without ,lead1 ,miscellaneous ,glazes1 ,coloured ,glazes1 ,majolica ,colours -- ,gold and ,gold ,colours4 ,gold1 ,purple of ,cassius1 ,marone and ,ruby1 ,enamel ,coloured ,bases1 ,enamel ,colour ,fluxes1 ,enamel ,colours1 ,mixed ,enamel ,colours1 ,antique and ,vellum ,enamel ,colours1 ,underglaze ,colours1 ,underglaze ,colour ,fluxes1 ,mixed ,underglaze ,colours1 ,flow ,powders1 ,oils and ,varnishes -- ,means and ,methods4 ,reclamation of ,waste ,gold1 ,the ,use of ,cobalt1 ,notes on ,enamel ,colours1 ,liquid or ,bright ,gold -- ,classification and ,analysis4 ,classification of ,clay ,ware1 ,lord ,playfair's ,analysis of ,clays1 ,the ,markets of the ,world1 ,time and ,scale of ,firing1 ,weights of 7p4 c#ae7 ,potter's ,material1 ,decorated ,goods ,count -- ,comparative ,loss of ,weight of ,clays -- ,ground ,felspar ,calculations -- ,the ,conversion of ,slop ,body ,recipes into ,dry ,weight -- ,the ,cost of ,prepared ,earthenware ,clay -- ,forms and ,tables4 ,articles of ,apprenticeship1 ,manufacturer's ,guide to ,stocktaking1 ,table of ,relative ,values of ,potter's ,materials1 ,hourly ,wages ,table1 ,workman's ,settling ,table1 ,comparative ,guide for ,earthenware and ,china ,manufacturers in the use of ,slop ,flint and ,slop ,stone1 ,foreign ,terms applied to ,earthenware and ,china ,goods1 ,table for the ,conversion of ,metrical ,weights and ,measures on the ,continent and ,south ,america -- ,index4 ,,ceramic ,,technology3 ,being some ,aspects of ,technical ,science as ,applied to ,pottery ,manufacture4 ,edited by ,charles ,f4 ,,binns4 #ajj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #abs4 #aj;d4 home2 #acs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,preface -- ,the ,chemistry of ,pottery -- ,analysis and ,synthesis -- ,clays and their ,components--,the ,biscuit ,oven -- ,pyrometry -- ,glazes and their ,composition -- ,colours and ,colour-making -- ,index4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,ceramic ,,industries4 ,a ,complete ,manual for ,pottery1 ,tile and ,brick ,works4 ,by ,emile ,,bourry4 ,translated from the ,french by ,wilton ,p4 ,,rix1 ,examiner in ,pottery and ,porcelain to the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,technical ,institute1 ,pottery ,instructor to the ,hanley ,school ,board4 ,royal #hvo4 #gfj pp4 #cbc ,illustrations4 ,price #bas4 net4 7,post free1 #bbs4 home2 #bds4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,general ,pottery ,methods4 ,definition and ,history4 ,definitions and ,classification of ,ceramic ,products -- ,historic ,summary of the ,ceramic ,art -- ,raw ,materials of ,bodies4 ,clays3 ,pure ,clay and ,natural ,clays -- ,various ,raw ,materials3 ,analogous to ,clay -- ,agglomerative and ,agglutinative -- ,opening -- ,fusible -- ,refractory -- ,trials of ,raw ,materials -- ,plastic ,bodies4 ,properties and ,composition -- ,preparation of ,raw ,materials3 ,disaggregation -- ,purification -- ,preparation of ,bodies3 ,by ,plastic ,method -- ,by ,dry ,method -- ,by ,liquid ,method -- ,formation1 ,processes of ,formation3 ,throwing -- ,expression -- ,moulding by ,hand1 on the ,jolley1 by ,compression1 by ,slip ,casting -- ,slapping -- ,slipping -- ,drying4 ,drying of ,bodies -- ,processes of ,drying2 ,by ,evaporation -- ,by ,aeration -- ,by ,heating -- ,by ,ventilation -- ,by ,absorption -- ,glazes4 ,composition and ,properties -- ,raw ,materials -- ,manufacture and ,application -- ,firing4 ,properties of the ,bodies and ,glazes during ,firing -- ,description of the ,kilns -- ,working of the ,kilns -- ,decoration4 ,colouring ,materials -- ,processes of ,decoration4 ,part ,,ii41 ,special ,pottery ,methods4 ,terra ,cottas4 ,classification3 ,plain ,ordinary1 ,hollow1 ,ornamental1 ,vitrified1 and ,light ,bricks -- ,ordinary and ,black ,tiles -- ,paving ,tiles -- ,pipes -- ,architectural ,terra ,cottas -- ,vases1 ,statues and ,decorative ,objects -- ,common ,pottery -- ,pottery for ,water and ,filters -- ,tobacco ,pipes -- ,lustre ,ware -- ,properties and ,tests for ,terra ,cottas--,fireclay ,goods4 ,classification3 ,argillaceous1 ,aluminous1 ,carboniferous1 ,silicious and ,basic ,fireclay ,goods -- ,fireclay ,mortar 7,pug7 -- ,tests for ,fireclay ,goods -- ,faiences4 ,varnished ,faiences -- ,enamelled ,faiences -- ,silicious ,faiences -- ,pipeclay ,faiences -- ,pebble ,work -- ,feldspathic ,faiences -- ,composition1 ,processes of ,manufacture and ,general ,arrangements of ,faience ,potteries -- ,stoneware4 ,stoneware ,properly ,so-called3 ,paving ,tiles -- ,pipes -- ,sanitary ,ware -- ,stoneware for ,food ,purposes and ,chemical ,productions -- ,architectural ,stoneware -- ,vases1 ,statues and other ,decorative ,objects -- ,fine ,stoneware -- ,porcelain4 ,hard ,porcelain for ,table ,ware and ,decoration1 for the ,fire1 for ,electrical ,conduits1 for ,mechanical ,purposes2 ,architectural ,porcelain1 and ,dull or ,biscuit ,porcelain -- ,soft ,phosphated or ,english ,porcelain -- ,soft ,vitreous ,porcelain1 ,french and ,new ,svres -- ,argillaceous ,soft or ,seger's ,porcelain -- ,dull ,soft or ,parian ,porcelain -- ,dull ,feldspathic ,soft ,porcelain -- ,index4 ,,pottery ,,decorating1 ,by ,r4 ,,hainbach4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,crown #hvo4 #bb ,illustrations4 ,deals with ,glazes1 ,colours1 etc4 ,in the ,press4 ,,architectural ,,pottery4 ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,pipes1 ,enamelled ,terra-cottas1 ,ordinary and ,incrusted ,quarries1 ,stoneware ,mosaics1 ,faences and ,architectural ,stoneware4 ,by ,leon ,,lef,,vre4 ,with ,five ,plates4 #iej ,illustrations in the ,text1 and numerous estimates4 #ejj pp41 royal #hvo4 ,translated from the ,french by ,k4 ,h4 ,,bird1 ,m4,a41 and ,w4 ,moore ,,binns4 ,price #aes4 net4 7,post free1 #aes4 #f;d4 home2 #afs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,part ,i4 ,plain ,undecorated ,pottery4 -- ,clays1 ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,pipes1 ,chimney ,flues1 ,terra-cotta4 ,part ,,ii4 ,made-up or ,decorated ,pottery4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,riveting ,,glass1 ,,china ,,and ,,earthenware4 ,by ,j4 ,,howarth4 7p4 c#af7 ,second ,edition4 ,paper ,cover4 ,price #as4 net2 by post1 home or abroad1 #as4 #a;d4 ,,notes ,,on ,,pottery ,,clays4 ,their ,distribution1 ,properties1 ,uses and ,analyses of ,ball ,clays1 ,china ,clays and ,china ,stone4 ,by ,jas4 ,,fairie1 ,f4,g4,s4 #acb pp4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,a ,reissue of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,staffordshire ,,potteries2 ,,and ,,the ,,rise ,,and ,,progress ,,of ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain4 ,with ,references to ,genuine ,specimens1 and ,notices of ,eminent ,potters4 ,by ,simeon ,,shaw4 7,originally ,published in #ahbi47 #bfe pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introductory ,chapter showing the position of the ,pottery ,trade at the present time 7#ahii7 -- ,preliminary ,remarks -- ,the ,potteries1 comprising ,tunstall1 ,brownhills1 ,greenfield and ,new ,field1 ,golden ,hill1 ,latebrook1 ,green ,lane1 ,burslem1 ,longport and ,dale ,hall1 ,hot ,lane and ,cobridge1 ,hanley and ,shelton1 ,etruria1 ,stoke1 ,penkhull1 ,fenton1 ,lane ,delph1 ,foley1 ,lane ,end -- ,on the ,origin of the ,art1 and its ,practice among the early ,nations -- ,manufacture of ,pottery1 prior to #agjj -- ,the ,introduction of ,red ,porcelain by ,messrs4 ,elers1 of ,bradwell1 #afij -- ,progress of the ,manufacture from #agjj to ,mr4 ,wedgwood's commencement in #agfj -- ,introduction of ,fluid ,glaze -- ,extension of the ,manufacture of ,cream ,colour -- ,mr4 ,wedgwood's ,queen's ,ware -- ,jasper1 and ,appointment of ,potter to ,her ,majesty -- ,black ,printing -- ,introduction of ,porcelain4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,littler's ,porcelain -- ,mr4 ,cookworthy's ,discovery of ,kaolin and ,petuntse1 and ,patent -- ,sold to ,mr4 ,champion -- resold to the ,new ,hall ,com4 -- ,extension of ,term -- ,blue ,printed ,pottery4 ,mr4 ,turner1 ,mr4 ,spode 7#a71 ,mr4 ,baddeley1 ,mr4 ,spode 7#b71 ,messrs4 ,turner1 ,mr4 ,wood1 ,mr4 ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,minton -- ,great ,change in ,patterns of ,blue ,printed -- ,introduction of ,lustre ,pottery4 ,improvements in ,pottery and ,porcelain subsequent to #ahjj4 ,a ,reissue of ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,the ,,several ,,natural ,,and ,,artificial ,,heterogeneous ,,compounds ,,used ,,in ,,manufacturing ,,porcelain1 ,,glass ,,and ,,pottery4 ,by ,simeon ,,shaw4 7,originally published in #ahcg47 #gej pp4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price #ads4 net4 7,post free1 #aes4 home2 #ags4 abroad47 ,,glassware1 ,,glass ,,staining ,,and ,,painting4 ,,recipes ,,for ,,flint ,,glass ,,making4 ,by a ,british ,glass ,master and ,mixer4 ,sixty ,recipes4 ,being ,leaves from the ,mixing ,book of several experts in the ,flint ,glass ,trade1 containing up-to-date recipes and valuable information as to ,crystal1 ,demi-crystal and ,coloured ,glass in its many varieties4 ,it contains the recipes for cheap metal suited to pressing1 blowing1 etc41 as well as the most costly crystal and ruby4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #i;d4 home2 #ajs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,ruby -- ,ruby from ,copper -- ,flint for using with the ,ruby for ,coating -- ,a ,german ,metal -- ,cornelian1 or ,alabaster -- ,sapphire ,blue -- ,crysophis -- ,opal -- ,turquoise ,blue -- ,gold ,colour -- ,dark ,green -- ,green 7common7 -- ,green for ,malachite -- ,blue for ,malachite -- ,black for ,malachite -- ,black -- ,common ,canary ,batch -- ,canary -- ,white ,opaque ,glass -- ,sealing-wax ,red -- ,flint -- ,flint ,glass 7,crystal and ,demi7 -- ,achromatic ,glass -- ,paste ,glass -- ,white ,enamel -- ,firestone--,dead ,white 7for moons7 -- ,white ,agate -- ,canary -- ,canary ,enamel -- ,index4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,glass ,,painting4 ,prefaced with a ,review 7p4 c#ag7 of ,ancient ,glass4 ,by ,ernest ,r4 ,,suffling4 ,with ,one ,coloured ,plate and ,thirty-seven ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 #adj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,a ,short ,history of ,stained ,glass -- ,designing ,scale ,drawings --,cartoons and the ,cut ,line -- ,various ,kinds of ,glass ,cutting for ,windows -- ,the ,colours and ,brushes used in ,glass ,painting -- ,painting on ,glass1 ,dispersed ,patterns -- ,diapered ,patterns -- ,aciding -- ,firing -- ,fret ,lead ,glazing -- ,index4 ,,painting ,,on ,,glass ,,and ,,porcelain ,,and ,,enamel ,,painting4 ,a ,complete ,introduction to the ,preparation of all the ,colours and ,fluxes used for ,painting on ,porcelain1 ,enamel1 ,faence and ,stoneware1 the ,coloured ,pastes and ,coloured ,glasses1 together with a ,minute ,description of the ,firing of ,colours and ,enamels4 ,by ,felix ,,hermann1 ,technical ,chemist4 ,with ,eighteen ,illustrations4 #cjj pp4 ,translated from the ,german second and enlarged ,edition4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,,paper ,,making1 ,,paper ,,dyeing1 ,,and ,,testing4 ,,the ,,dyeing ,,of ,,paper ,,pulp4 ,a ,practical ,treatise for the use of ,papermakers1 ,paperstainers1 ,students and others4 ,by ,julius ,,erfurt1 ,manager of a ,paper ,mill4 ,translated into ,english and ,edited with ,additions by ,julius ,h,,bner1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,lecturer on ,papermaking at the ,manchester ,municipal ,technical ,school4 ,with ,illustrations and #aeg patterns of paper dyed in the pulp4 ,royal #hvo1 #ahj pp4 ,price #aes4 net4 7,post free1 #aes4 #f;d4 home2 #afs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,behaviour of the ,paper ,fibres during the ,process of ,dyeing1 ,theory of the ,mordant -- ,colour ,fixing ,mediums 7,mordants7 -- ,influence of the ,quality of the ,water ,used -- ,inorganic ,colours -- ,organic ,colours -- ,practical ,application of the ,coal ,tar ,colours according to their ,properties and their ,behaviour towards the ,different ,paper ,fibres -- ,dyed ,patterns on ,various ,pulp ,mixtures -- ,dyeing to ,shade -- ,index4 ,,the ,,paper ,,mill ,,chemist4 ,by ,henry ,p4 ,,stevens1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,royal #abmo4 #fj ,illustrations4 ,in the press4 ,contents4 ,introduction4 -- ,dealing with the ,apparatus required in ,chemical ,work and ,general ,chemical ,manipulation1 introducing the subject of ,qualitative and ,quantitative ,analysis4 ,fuels4 -- ,analysis of ,coal1 ,coke and other ,fuels -- ,sampling and ,testing for ,moisture1 ,ash1 ,calorific ,value1 etc4 -- ,comparative ,heating ,value of different ,fuels and ,relative ,efficiency4 ,water4 -- ,analysis for ,steam ,raising and for ,paper ,making ,purposes generally -- ,water ,softening and ,purification -- ,a ,list of the more important ,water ,softening ,plant1 giving ,power required1 ,weight1 ,space ,occupied1 ,out-put and ,approximate ,cost4 ,raw ,materials and ,detection of ,adulterants4 -- ,analysis and ,valuation of the more important ,chemicals used in ,paper ,making1 including ,lime1 ,caustic ,soda1 ,sodium ,carbonate1 ,mineral ,acids1 ,bleach ,antichlor1 ,alum1 ,rosin and ,rosin ,size1 ,glue ,gelatin and ,casein1 ,starch1 ,china ,clay1 ,blanc ,fixe1 ,satin ,white and other ,loading ,materials1 ,mineral ,colours and ,aniline ,dyes4 ,manufacturing ,operations4 -- ,rags and the ,chemical ,control of ,rag ,boiling -- ,esparto ,boiling -- ,wood ,boiling -- ,testing ,spent ,liquors and ,recovered ,ash -- ,experimental ,tests with ,raw ,fibrous ,materials -- ,boiling in ,autoclaves -- ,bleaching and making up ,hand ,sheets -- ,examination of ,sulphite ,liquors -- ,estimation of ,moisture in ,pulp and ,half-stuff -- ,recommendations of the ,british ,wood ,pulp ,association4 ,finished ,products4 -- ,paper ,testing1 including ,physical1 ,chemical and ,microscopical ,tests1 ,area1 ,weight1 ,thickness1 ,apparent ,specific ,gravity1 ,bulk or ,air ,space4 ,determination of ,machine ,direction1 ,thickness1 ,strength1 ,stretch1 ,resistance to ,crumpling and ,friction1 ,transparency1 ,absorbency and other qualities of ,blotting ,papers -- ,determination of the ,permeability of ,filtering ,papers -- ,detection and ,estimation of ,animal and ,vegetable ,size in ,paper -- ,sizing ,qualities of ,paper -- ,fibrous ,constituents -- ,microscopical ,examination of ,fibres -- ,the ,effect of ,beating on ,fibres -- ,staining ,fibres -- ,mineral ,matter -- ,ash -- ,qualitative and ,quantitative ,examination of ,mineral ,matter -- ,examination of ,coated ,papers and ,colouring ,matters in ,paper4 ,tables4 -- ,english and ,metrical ,weights and ,measures with 7p4 c#ah7 ,equivalents -- ,conversion of ,grams to ,grains and vice versa -- ,equivalent ,costs perlb41 cwt41 and ton -- ,decimal ,equivalents oflbs41 qrs41 and cwts4 -- ,thermometric and ,barometric ,scales -- ,atomic ,weights and ,molecular ,weights -- ,factors for ,calculating the ,percentage of ,substance ,sought from the ,weight of ,substance ,found -- ,table of ,solubilities of ,substances ,treated of in ,paper ,making -- ,specific ,gravity ,tables of such substances as are used in ,paper ,making1 including ,sulphuric ,acid ,hydrochloric ,acid1 ,bleach1 ,milk of ,lime1 ,caustic ,soda1 ,carbonate of ,soda1 etc41 giving ,percentage ,strength with ,specific ,gravity and ,degrees ,tw4 -- ,hardness ,table for ,soap ,tests -- ,dew ,point -- ,wet and ,dry ,bulb ,tables -- ,properties of ,saturated ,steam1 giving ,temperature1 ,pressure and ,volume -- ,list of ,different ,machines used in the ,paper ,making ,industry1 giving ,size1 ,weight1 ,space ,occupied1 ,power to ,drive1 ,out-put and ,approximate ,cost -- ,calculation of ,moisture in ,pulp --,rag-,boiling ,tables1 giving ,percentages of ,lime ,soda and ,time required -- ,loss in ,weight in ,rags and other ,raw ,materials during ,boiling and ,bleaching -- ,conditions of ,buying and ,selling as laid down by the ,paper ,makers' ,association -- ,table of ,names and ,sizes of ,papers --,table for ascertaining the ,weight per ,ream from the ,weight per ,sheet -- ,calculations of ,areas and ,volumes -- ,logarithms -- ,blank pages for ,notes4 ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,paper ,,for ,,special ,,purposes4 ,by ,l4 ,e4 ,,and,s4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,crown #hvo4 #dh ,illustrations4 #bej pp4 ,in the ,press4 ,contents4 ,i41 ,parchment ,paper1 ,vegetable ,parchment4 -- ,the ,parchment ,paper ,machine -- ,opaque ,supple ,parchment ,paper -- ,thick ,parchment -- ,krugler's ,parchment ,paper and ,parchment ,slates -- ,double and ,triple ,osmotic ,parchment -- ,utilising ,waste ,parchment ,paper -- ,parchmented ,linen and ,cotton -- ,parchment ,millboard -- ,imitation ,horn and ,ivory from ,parchment ,paper -- ,imitation ,parchment ,paper -- ,artificial ,parchment -- ,testing the ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,,ii41 ,papers for ,transfer ,pictures4 ,,iii41 ,papers for ,preservative and ,packing ,purposes4 -- ,butter ,paper -- ,wax ,paper -- ,paraffin ,paper -- ,wrapping ,paper for ,silverware -- ,waterproof ,paper -- ,anti-corrosive ,paper4 ,,iv41 ,grained ,transfer ,papers4 ,v41 ,fire-proof and ,antifalsification ,papers1 ,,vi41 ,paper ,articles4 -- ,vulcanised ,paper ,mach -- ,paper ,bottles -- ,plastic ,articles of ,paper -- ,waterproof ,coverings for ,walls and ,ceilings -- ,paper ,wheels1 ,roofing and ,boats -- ,paper ,barrels -- ,paper ,boxes -- ,paper ,horseshoes4 ,,vii41 ,gummed ,paper4 ,,viii41 ,hectograph ,papers4 ,,ix41 ,insecticide ,papers4 -- ,fly ,papers -- ,moth ,papers4 ,x41 ,chalk and ,leather ,papers4 -- ,glac ,chalk ,paper -- ,leather ,paper -- ,imitation ,leather4 ,,xi41 ,luminous ,papers -- ,blue-,print ,papers -- ,blotting ,papers4 ,,xii41 ,metal ,papers -- ,medicated ,papers4 ,,xiii41 ,marbled ,papers4 ,,xiv41 ,tracing and ,copying ,papers -- ,iridescent or ,mother of ,pearl ,papers4 ,,xv41 ,photographic ,papers -- ,shellac ,paper -- ,fumigating ,papers -- ,test ,papers4 ,,xvi41 ,papers for ,cleaning and ,polishing ,purposes -- ,glass ,paper -- ,pumice ,paper -- ,emery ,paper4 ,,xvii41 ,lithographic ,transfer ,papers4 ,,xix41 ,sundry ,special ,papers -- ,satin ,paper -- ,enamel ,paper -- ,cork ,paper -- ,split ,paper -- ,electric ,paper -- ,paper ,matches -- ,magic ,pictures -- ,laundry ,blue ,papers -- ,blue ,paper for ,bleachers4 ,,xx41 ,waterproof ,papers -- ,washable ,drawing ,papers -- ,washable ,card -- ,washable ,coloured ,paper--,waterproof ,millboard -- ,sugar ,paper4 ,,xxi41 ,the ,characteristics of ,paper -- ,paper ,testing4 ,,enamelling ,,on ,,metal4 ,,enamels ,,and ,,enamelling4 ,for ,enamel ,makers1 ,workers in ,gold and ,silver1 and ,manufacturers of ,objects of ,art4 ,by ,paul ,,randau4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,with ,sixteen ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 #ahj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,enamelling ,,on ,,metal4 ,by ,w4 ,norman ,,brown4 ,twenty-eight ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #fj pp4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home and abroad47 ,,silk ,,manufacture4 ,,silk ,,throwing ,,and ,,waste ,,silk ,,spinning4 ,by ,hollins ,,rayner4 ,demy #hvo4 #agj pp4 #aag ,illus4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,silkworm -- ,cocoon ,reeling and ,qualities of ,silk -- ,silk ,throwing -- ,silk ,wastes -- ,the ,preparation of ,silk ,waste for ,degumming -- ,silk ,waste ,degumming1 ,schapping and ,discharging -- ,the ,opening and ,dressing of ,wastes -- ,silk ,waste ,drawing or ,preparing ,machinery -- ,long ,spinning -- ,short ,spinning -- ,spinning and ,finishing ,processes -- ,utilisation of ,waste ,products -- ,noil ,spinning -- ,exhaust ,noil ,spinning4 ,,books ,,on ,,textile ,,and ,,dyeing ,,subjects4 7p4 c#ai7 ,,the ,,chemical ,,technology ,,of ,,textile ,,fibres3 ,their ,origin1 ,structure1 ,preparation1 ,washing1 ,bleaching1 ,dyeing1 ,printing and ,dressing4 ,by ,dr4 ,georg von ,,georgievics4 ,translated from the ,german by ,charles ,,salter4 #cbj pp4 ,forty-seven ,illustrations4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,textile ,fibres -- ,washing1 ,bleaching1 ,carbonising -- ,mordants and ,mordanting -- ,dyeing -- ,printing -- ,dressing and ,finishing4 ,,power-,,loom ,,weaving ,,and ,,yarn ,,numbering4 ,according to ,various ,systems1 with ,conversion ,tables4 ,translated from the ,german of ,anthon ,,gruner4 ,with ,twenty-,six ,diagrams in ,colours4 #aej pp4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,power-,loom ,weaving in ,general4 ,various ,systems of ,looms -- ,mounting and ,starting the ,power-,loom4 ,english ,looms -- ,tappet or ,treadle ,looms -- ,dobbies -- ,general ,remarks on the ,numbering1 ,reeling and ,packing of ,yarn -- ,appendix -- ,useful ,hints4 ,calculating ,warps -- ,weft ,calculations -- ,calculations of ,cost ,price in ,hanks4 ,,textile ,,raw ,,materials ,,and ,,their ,,conversion ,,into ,,yarns4 7,the ,study of the ,raw ,materials and the ,technology of the ,spinning ,process47 ,by ,julius ,,zipser4 ,translated from ,german by ,charles ,,salter4 #cjb ,illustrations4 #ejj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,,part #a4 -- ,the ,raw ,materials ,used in the ,textile ,industry4 ,,mineral ,,raw ,,materials4 ,,vegetable ,,raw ,,materials4 ,,animal ,,raw ,,materials4 ,,part ,,ii4 -- ,the ,technology of ,spinning or the ,conversion of ,textile ,raw ,materials into ,yarn4 ,,spinning ,,vegetable ,,raw ,,materials4 ,cotton ,spinning -- ,installation of a ,cotton ,mill -- ,spinning ,waste ,cotton and ,waste ,cotton ,yarns -- ,flax ,spinning -- ,fine ,spinning -- ,tow ,spinning -- ,hemp ,spinning -- ,spinning ,hemp ,tow ,string -- ,jute ,spinning -- ,spinning ,jute ,line ,yarn -- ,utilising ,jute ,waste4 ,,part ,,iii4 -- ,spinning ,animal ,raw ,materials4 ,spinning ,carded ,woollen ,yarn -- ,finishing ,yarn -- ,worsted ,spinning -- ,finishing ,worsted ,yarn -- ,artificial ,wool or ,shoddy ,spinning -- ,shoddy and ,mungo ,manufacture -- ,spinning ,shoddy and other ,wool ,substitutes -- ,spinning ,waste ,silk -- ,chappe ,silk -- ,fine ,spinning -- ,index4 ,,grammar ,,of ,,textile ,,design4 ,by ,h4 ,,nisbet1 ,weaving and ,designing ,master1 ,bolton ,municipal ,technical ,school4 ,demy #hvo4 #bhj pp4 #dij ,illustrations and ,diagrams4 ,price #fs4 net4 7,post free1 #fs4 #aj;d4 home2 #gs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,chapter ,i41 ,,introduction4 -- ,general ,principle of ,fabric ,structure and the use of ,design ,paper4 ,chapter ,,ii41 ,,the ,,plain ,,weave ,,and ,,its ,,modifications4 -- ,the ,plain1 ,calico1 or ,tabby ,weave4 -- ,firmness of ,texture -- ,variety of ,texture -- ,variety of ,form3 ,ribbed ,fabrics -- ,corded ,fabrics -- ,matt ,weaves4 ,chapter ,,iii41 ,,twill ,,and ,,kindred ,,weaves4 -- ,classification of ,twill ,weaves4 -- #a4 ,continuous ,twills -- 7a7 ,warp-face ,twills -- 7b7 ,weft-face ,twills -- 7c7 ,warp and ,weft-face ,twills -- ,the ,angle of ,twill -- ,influences affecting the ,prominence of ,twills and ,kindred ,weaves 7a7 ,character of ,weave1 7b7 ,character of ,yarn1 7c7 ,number of ,threads per ,inch1 7d7 ,direction of ,twill in ,relation to the ,direction of ,twist in ,yarn -- #b4 ,zigzag or ,wavy ,twills -- #c4 ,rearranged ,twills3 ,satin ,weaves -- ,table of ,intervals of ,selection for the ,construction of ,satin ,weaves -- ,corkscrew ,twills -- ,rearrangement of ,twill ,weaves on ,satin and other ,bases -- #d4 ,combined ,twills -- #e4 ,broken ,twills -- #f4 ,figured or ,ornamented ,twills4 ,chapter ,,iv41 ,,diamond ,,and ,,kindred ,,weaves1 -- ,diamond ,weaves4 -- ,honeycomb and ,kindred ,weaves -- ,brighton ,weaves -- ,sponge ,weaves -- ,huck-a-,back and ,kindred ,weaves -- ,grecian ,weaves -- ,linear ,zigzag ,weaves4 ,chapter ,v41 ,,bedford ,,cords4 -- ,plain ,calico-ribbed ,bedford ,cords 7p4 c#bj7 -- ,plain ,twill-ribbed ,bedford ,cords -- ,figured ,bedford ,cords -- ,tabulated ,data of ,particulars relating to the ,manufacture of ,seventeen ,varieties of ,bedford ,cord ,fabrics described in this ,chapter4 ,chapter ,,vi41 ,,backed ,,fabrics4 -- ,weft-backed ,fabrics -- ,warp-backed ,fabrics -- ,reversible or ,double-faced ,fabrics4 ,chapter ,,vii41 ,,fustians4 -- ,varieties of ,fustians4 -- ,imperials or ,swansdowns -- ,cantoons or ,diagonals -- ,moleskins -- ,beaverteens -- ,velveteens and ,velveteen ,cutting -- ,ribbed or ,corded ,velveteen -- ,figured ,velveteen -- ,corduroy -- ,figured ,corduroy -- ,corduroy ,cutting ,machines4 ,chapter ,,viii41 ,,terry ,,pile ,,fabrics4 -- ,methods of producing ,terry ,pile on ,textile ,fabrics -- ,terry-forming ,devices -- ,varieties of ,terry ,fabrics -- ,action of the ,reed in ,relation to ,shedding -- ,figured ,terry ,weaving -- ,practical ,details of ,terry ,weaving4 ,chapter ,,ix41 ,,gauze ,,and ,,leno ,,fabrics4 -- ,gauze1 ,net ,leno1 and ,leno ,brocade ,varieties of ,cross-,weaving4 -- ,plain ,gauze1 and a ,heald ,gauze or ,leno ,harness -- ,net ,leno ,fabrics -- ,gauze and ,net ,leno ,figuring by means of several ,back ,standard ,healds to each ,doup ,heald -- ,leno ,specialities produced by a ,system of ,crossing ,warp ,ends in front of the ,reed -- ,a ,device for the ,production of ,special ,leno ,effects -- ,full ,cross ,leno ,fabrics -- ,relative ,merits of a ,top and a ,bottom ,doup ,harness -- ,relative ,merits of ,different ,types of ,dobbies for ,gauze and ,leno ,fabrics -- ,shaking ,devices for ,leno ,weaving -- ,practical ,details of ,leno ,weaving -- ,tempered ,steel-wire ,doup ,harnesses for ,cross-weaving -- ,mock or ,imitation ,leno ,fabrics4 ,chapter ,x41 ,,tissue1 ,,lappet1 ,,and ,,swivel ,,figuring2 ,,also ,,ondul ,,effects1 ,,and ,,looped ,,fabrics4 -- ,tissue ,figuring -- ,madras ,muslin ,curtains -- ,lappet ,figuring -- ,spot ,lappet ,figuring -- ,swivel ,figuring -- ,woven ,ondul ,effects -- ,loom for ,weaving ,ondul ,effects -- ,weft ,ondul ,effects -- ,looped ,fabrics4 -- ,,index4 ,,needlework ,,and ,,design4 ,by ,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,,wilkinson4 ,quarto4 #bd ,plates and ,text4 #eb pp4 ,in the ,press4 ,,home ,,lace-,,making4 ,a ,handbook for ,teachers and ,pupils4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,milroy4 ,crown #hvo4 #fd pp4 ,with #c ,plates and #i ,diagrams4 ,price #as4 net4 7,post free1 #as4 #c;d4 home2 #as4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,hat ,,manufacturing4 ,lectures delivered before the ,hat ,manufacturers' ,association4 ,by ,watson ,,smith1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,revised and ,edited by ,albert ,,shonk1 ,crown #hvo4 #acb pp4 #af ,illustrations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #gs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,textile ,fibres1 principally ,wool1 ,fur1 and ,hair -- ,water3 its ,chemistry and ,properties2 ,impurities and their ,action2 ,tests of ,purity -- ,acids and ,alkalis -- ,boric ,acid1 ,borax1 ,soap -- ,shellac1 ,wood ,spirit1 and the ,stiffening and ,proofing ,process -- ,mordants3 their ,nature and ,use -- ,dye-stuffs and ,colours -- ,dyeing of ,wool and ,fur2 and ,optical ,properties of ,colours-,index4 ,,the ,,technical ,,testing ,,of ,,yarns ,,and ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,with ,reference to ,official ,specifications4 ,translated from the ,german of ,dr4 ,j4 ,,herzfeld4 ,second ,edition4 ,sixty-nine ,illustrations4 #bjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,yarn ,testing4 ,determining the ,yarn ,number -- ,testing the ,length of ,yarns -- ,examination of the ,external ,appearance of ,yarn -- ,determining the ,twist of ,yarn and ,twist -- ,determination of ,tensile ,strength and ,elasticity -- ,estimating the ,percentage of ,fat in ,yarn -- ,determination of ,moisture 7,conditioning7 -- ,appendix4 ,,decorative ,,and ,,fancy ,,textile ,,fabrics4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,,lord4 ,manufacturers and ,designers of ,carpets1 ,damask1 ,dress and all ,textile ,fabrics4 #bjj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #acb ,designs and ,illustrations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,,theory ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,damask ,,weaving4 ,by ,h4 ,,kinzer and ,k4 ,,walter4 ,royal #hvo4 ,eighteen ,folding ,plates ,six ,illustrations4 ,translated from the ,german4 #aaj pp4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #is4 home2 #is4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 7p4 c#ba7 ,the ,various ,sorts of ,damask ,fabrics -- ,drill 7,ticking1 ,handloom-made7 -- ,whole ,damask for ,tablecloths -- ,damask with ,ground- and ,connecting-warp ,threads -- ,furniture ,damask -- ,lampas or ,hangings -- ,church ,damasks -- ,the ,manufacture of ,whole ,damask -- ,damask ,arrangement with and without ,cross-,shedding -- ,the ,altered ,cone-arrangement -- ,the ,principle of the ,corner ,lifting ,cord -- ,the ,roller ,principle -- ,the ,combination of the ,jacquard with the so-called ,damask ,machine -- ,the ,special ,damask ,machine -- ,the ,combination of ,two ,tyings4 ,,faults ,,in ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,woollen ,,goods ,,and ,,their ,,prevention4 ,by ,nicolas ,,reiser4 ,translated from the ,second ,german ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,sixty-three ,illustrations4 #agj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,improperly ,chosen ,raw ,material or ,improper ,mixtures -- ,wrong ,treatment of the ,material in ,washing1 ,carbonisation1 ,drying1 ,dyeing and ,spinning -- ,improper ,spacing of the ,goods in the ,loom -- ,wrong ,placing of ,colours -- ,wrong ,weight or ,width of the ,goods -- ,breaking of ,warp and ,weft ,threads -- ,presence of ,doubles1 ,singles1 ,thick1 ,loose1 and too ,hard ,twisted ,threads as well as ,tangles1 ,thick ,knots and the ,like -- ,errors in ,cross-weaving--,inequalities1 i4e41 ,bands and ,stripes -- ,dirty ,borders -- ,defective ,selvedges -- ,holes and ,buttons -- ,rubbed ,places -- ,creases -- ,spots -- ,loose and ,bad ,colours -- ,badly ,dyed ,selvedges -- ,hard ,goods -- ,brittle ,goods -- ,uneven ,goods -- ,removal of ,bands1 ,stripes1 ,creases and ,spots4 ,,spinning ,,and ,,weaving ,,calculations1 especially relating to ,woollens4 ,from the ,german of ,n4 ,,reiser4 ,thirty-four ,illustrations4 ,tables4 #afj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijd4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,calculating the ,raw ,material -- ,proportion of ,different ,grades of ,wool to ,furnish a ,mixture at a ,given ,price -- ,quantity to ,produce a ,given ,length -- ,yarn ,calculations -- ,yarn ,number -- ,working ,calculations -- ,calculating the ,reed ,count -- ,cost of ,weaving1 etc4 ,,waterproofing ,,of ,,fabrics4 ,by ,dr4 ,s4 ,,mierzinski4 ,crown #hvo1 #ajd pp4 #bi ,illus4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introduction -- ,preliminary ,treatment of the ,fabric -- ,waterproofing with ,acetate of ,alumina -- ,impregnation of the ,fabric -- ,drying -- ,waterproofing with ,paraffin -- ,waterproofing with ,ammonium ,cuprate -- ,waterproofing with ,metallic ,oxides -- ,coloured ,waterproof ,fabrics -- ,waterproofing with ,gelatine1 ,tannin1 ,caseinate of ,lime and other ,bodies -- ,manufacture of ,tarpaulin -- ,british ,waterproofing ,patents -- ,index4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,woollen ,,mill ,,pay4 ,by ,john ,,mackie4 ,crown #hvo4 #gf pp4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,blends1 ,piles1 or ,mixtures of ,clean ,scoured ,wools -- ,dyed ,wool ,book -- ,the ,order ,book -- ,pattern ,duplicate ,books -- ,management and ,oversight -- ,constant ,inspection of ,hill ,departments -- ,importance of ,delivering ,goods to ,time1 ,shade1 ,strength1 etc4 -- ,plums4 7,for ,textile ,soaps and ,oils see p4 #g47 ,,dyeing1 ,,colour ,,printing1 ,,matching ,,and ,,dye-,,stuffs4 ,,the ,,colour ,,printing ,,of ,,carpet ,,yarns4 ,manual for ,colour ,chemists and ,textile ,printers4 ,by ,david ,,paterson1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,seventeen ,illustrations4 #acf pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d1 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,structure and ,constitution of ,wool ,fibre -- ,yarn ,scouring -- ,scouring ,materials -- ,water for ,scouring -- ,bleaching ,carpet ,yarns -- ,colour ,making for ,yarn ,printing -- ,colour ,printing ,pastes -- ,colour ,recipes for ,yarn ,printing -- ,science of ,colour ,mixing -- ,matching of ,colours -- ,hank ,printing -- ,printing ,tapestry ,carpet ,yarns -- ,yarn ,printing -- ,steaming ,printed ,yarns -- ,washing of ,steamed ,yarns -- ,aniline ,colours ,suitable for ,yarn ,printing -- ,glossary of ,dyes and ,dye-wares used in ,wood ,yarn ,printing -- ,appendix4 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,colour ,,mixing4 ,a ,manual intended for the use of 7p4 c#bb7 ,dyers1 ,calico ,printers and ,colour ,chemists4 ,by ,david ,,paterson1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,forty-one ,illustrations1 ,five ,coloured ,plates1 and ,four ,plates showing ,eleven ,dyed ,specimens of ,fabrics4 #acb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,colour a ,sensation2 ,colours of ,illuminated ,bodies2 ,colours of ,opaque and ,transparent ,bodies2 ,surface ,colour -- ,analysis of ,light2 ,spectrum2 ,homogeneous ,colours2 ,ready ,method of ,obtaining a ,spectrum -- ,examination of ,solar ,spectrum2 ,the ,spectroscope and ,its ,construction2 ,colourists' ,use of the ,spectroscope -- ,colour by ,absorption3 ,solutions and ,dyed ,fabrics2 ,dichroic ,coloured ,fabrics in ,gaslight -- ,colour ,primaries of the ,scientist versus the ,dyer and ,artist2 ,colour ,mixing by ,rotation and ,lye ,dyeing2 ,hue1 ,purity1 ,brightness2 ,tints2 ,shades1 ,scales1 ,tones1 ,sad and ,sombre ,colours -- ,colour ,mixing2 ,pure and ,impure ,greens1 ,orange and ,violets2 ,large ,variety of ,shades from few ,colours2 ,consideration of the ,practical ,primaries3 ,red1 ,yellow and ,blue -- ,secondary ,colours2 ,nomenclature of ,violet and ,purple ,group2 ,tints and ,shades of ,violet2 ,changes in ,artificial ,light -- ,tertiary ,shades2 ,broken ,hues2 ,absorption ,spectra of ,tertiary ,shades -- ,appendix3 ,four ,plates with ,dyed ,specimens ,illustrating ,text -- ,index4 ,,dyers' ,,materials3 ,an ,introduction to the ,examination1 ,evaluation and ,application of the most important ,substances used in ,dyeing1 ,printing1 ,bleaching and ,finishing4 ,by ,paul ,,heerman1 ,ph4,d4 ,translated from the ,german by ,a4 ,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,twenty-four ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #aej pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,colour ,,matching ,,on ,,textiles4 ,a ,manual intended for the use of ,students of ,colour ,chemistry1 ,dyeing and ,textile ,printing4 ,by ,david ,,paterson1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,coloured ,frontispiece4 ,twenty-nine ,illustrations and ,fourteen ,specimens ,of ,dyed ,fabrics4 ,demy #hvo4 #acb pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,colour ,vision and ,structure of the ,eye -- ,perception of ,colour -- ,primary and ,complementary ,colour ,sensations -- ,daylight for ,colour ,matching -- ,selection of a ,good ,pure ,light -- ,diffused ,daylight1 ,direct ,sunlight1 ,blue ,skylight1 ,variability of ,daylight1 etc41 etc4 -- ,matching of ,hues -- ,purity and ,luminosity of ,colours -- ,matching ,bright ,hues -- ,aid of ,tinted ,films -- ,matching ,difficulties ,arising from ,contrast -- ,examination of ,colours by ,reflected and ,transmitted ,lights -- ,effect of ,lustre and ,transparency of ,fibres in ,colour ,matching -- ,matching of ,colours on ,velvet ,pile -- ,optical ,properties of ,dye-stuffs1 ,dichroism1 ,fluorescence -- ,use of ,tinted ,mediums -- ,orange ,film -- ,defects of the ,eye -- ,yellowing of the ,lens -- ,colour ,blindness1 etc4 -- ,matching of ,dyed ,silk ,trimmings and ,linings and ,bindings -- ,its ,difficulties -- ,behaviour of ,shades in ,artificial ,light -- ,colour ,matching of ,old ,fabrics1 etc4 -- ,examination of ,dyed ,colours under the ,artificial ,lights -- ,electric ,arc1 ,magnesium and ,dufton1 ,gardner ,lights1 ,welsbach1 ,acetylene1 etc4 -- ,testing ,qualities of an ,illuminant -- ,influence of the ,absorption ,spectrum in ,changes of ,hue under the ,artificial ,lights -- ,study of the ,causes of ,abnormal ,modifications of ,hue1 etc4 ,,colour3 ,a ,,handbook ,,of ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,colour4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,,hurst1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,with ,ten ,coloured ,plates and ,seventy-two ,illustrations4 #afj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,colour and ,its ,production -- ,cause of ,colour in ,coloured ,bodies -- ,colour ,phenomena and ,theories -- ,the ,physiology of ,light -- ,contrast -- ,colour in ,decoration and ,design -- ,measurement of ,colour4 ,reissue of ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,dyeing ,,wool1 ,,silk ,,and ,,cotton4 ,translated from the ,french of ,m4 ,,hellot1 ,m4 ,,macquer and ,m4 le ,,pileur ,d',,apligny4 ,first ,published in ,english in #aghi4 ,six ,plates4 ,demy #hvo4 #ddf pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #f;d4 home2 #fs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,part ,i41 ,the ,art of ,dyeing ,wool and ,woollen ,cloth1 ,stuffs1 ,yarn1 ,worsted1 etc4 ,part ,,ii41 ,the ,art of ,dyeing ,silk4 ,part ,,iii41 ,the ,art of ,dyeing ,cotton and ,linen ,thread1 together with the ,method of ,stamping ,silks1 ,cottons1 etc4 ,,the ,,chemistry ,,of ,,dye-,,stuffs4 ,by ,dr4 ,georg ,von ,,georgievics4 7p4 c#bc7 ,translated from the ,second ,german ,edition4 #dab pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introduction -- ,coal ,tar -- ,intermediate ,products in the ,manufacture of ,dye-stuffs--,the ,artificial ,dye-stuffs 7,coal-tar ,dyes7 -- ,nitroso ,dye-stuffs -- ,nitro ,dye-stuffs -- ,azo ,dye-stuffs -- ,substantive ,cotton ,dye-stuffs -- ,azoxystilbene ,dye-stuffs -- ,hydrazones -- ,ketoneimides -- ,triphenylmethane ,dye-stuffs -- ,rosolic ,acid ,dye-stuffs -- ,xanthene ,dye-stuffs -- ,xanthone ,dye-stuffs -- ,flavones -- ,oxyketone ,dye-stuffs -- ,quinoline and ,acridine ,dye-stuffs -- ,quinonimide or ,diphenylamine ,dye-stuffs -- ,the ,azine ,group3 ,eurhodines1 ,safranines and ,indulines -- ,eurhodines -- ,safranines -- ,quinoxalines -- ,indigo -- ,dye-stuffs of ,unknown ,constitution -- ,sulphur or ,sulphine ,dye stuffs -- ,development of the ,artificial ,dye-stuff ,industry -- ,the ,natural ,dye-stuffs -- ,mineral ,colours -- ,index4 ,,the ,,dyeing ,,of ,,cotton ,,fabrics3 ,a ,practical ,handbook for the ,dyer and ,student4 ,by ,franklin ,,beech1 ,practical ,colourist and ,chemist4 #bgb pp4 ,forty-four ,illustrations of ,bleaching and ,dyeing ,machinery4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,structure and ,chemistry of the ,cotton ,fibre -- ,scouring and ,bleaching of ,cotton --,dyeing ,machinery and ,dyeing ,manipulations -- ,principles and ,practice of ,cotton ,dyeing -- ,direct ,dyeing2 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,metallic ,salts2 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,developers2 ,direct ,dyeing followed by ,fixation with ,couplers2 ,dyeing on ,tannic ,mordant2 ,dyeing on ,metallic ,mordant2 ,production of ,colour ,direct upon ,cotton ,fibres2 ,dyeing ,cotton by ,impregnation with ,dye-stuff ,solution -- ,dyeing ,union 7,mixed ,cotton and ,wool7 ,fabrics -- ,dyeing ,half ,silk 7,cotton-,silk1 ,satin7 ,fabrics -- ,operations following ,dyeing -- ,washing1 ,soaping1 ,drying -- ,testing of the ,colour of ,dyed ,fabrics -- ,experimental ,dyeing and ,comparative ,dye ,testing -- ,index4 ,the book contains numerous recipes for the production on ,cotton ,fabrics of all kinds of a great range of colours4 ,,the ,,dyeing ,,of ,,woollen ,,fabrics4 ,by ,franklin ,,beech1 ,practical ,colourist and ,chemist4 ,thirty-three ,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 #bbh pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,wool ,fibre -- ,structure1 ,composition and ,properties -- ,processes ,preparatory to ,dyeing -- ,scouring and ,bleaching of ,wool -- ,dyeing ,machinery and ,dyeing ,manipulations -- ,loose ,wool ,dyeing1 ,yarn ,dyeing and ,piece ,dyeing ,machinery -- ,the ,principles and ,practice of ,wool ,dyeing -- ,properties of ,wool ,dyeing -- ,methods of ,wool ,dyeing -- ,groups of ,dyes -- ,dyeing with the ,direct ,dyes -- ,dyeing with ,basic ,dyes -- ,dyeing with ,acid ,dyes -- ,dyeing with ,mordant ,dyes -- ,level ,dyeing -- ,blacks on ,wool -- ,reds on ,wool -- ,mordanting of ,wool -- ,orange ,shades on ,wool -- ,yellow ,shades on ,wool -- ,green ,shades on ,wool -- ,blue ,shades on ,wool -- ,violet ,shades on ,wool -- ,brown ,shades on ,wool -- ,mode ,colours on ,wool -- ,dyeing ,union 7,mixed ,cotton ,wool7 ,fabrics -- ,dyeing of ,gloria -- ,operations following ,dyeing -- ,washing1 ,soaping1 ,drying -- ,experimental ,dyeing and ,comparative ,dye ,testing -- ,testing of the ,colour of ,dyed ,fabrics -- ,index4 ,,bleaching ,,and ,,washing4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,bleaching ,,of ,,linen ,,and ,,cotton ,,yarn ,,and ,,fabrics4 ,by ,l4 ,,tailfer1 ,chemical and ,mechanical ,engineer4 ,translated from the ,french by ,john ,,geddes ,mc,i,n,t,o,s,h4 ,demy #hvo4 #cjc pp4 ,twenty ,illus4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,,cotton ,,spinning ,,and ,,combing4 ,,cotton ,,spinning 7,first ,year74 ,by ,thomas ,,thornley1 ,spinning ,master1 ,bolton ,technical ,school4 #afj pp4 ,eighty-four ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 ,second ,impression4 ,price #cs4 net4 7,post free1 #cs4 #d;d4 home2 #cs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,syllabus and ,examination ,papers of the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute -- ,cultivation1 ,classification1 ,ginning1 ,baling and ,mixing of the ,raw ,cotton -- ,bale-,breakers1 ,mixing ,lattices and ,hopper ,feeders -- ,opening and ,scutching -- ,carding -- ,indexes4 ,,cotton ,,spinning 7,intermediate1 or ,second ,year74 ,by ,thomas 7p4 c#bd7 ,,thornley4 #ahj pp4 ,seventy ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,syllabuses and ,examination ,papers of the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute -- ,the ,combing ,process -- ,the ,drawing ,frame -- ,bobbin and ,fly ,frames -- ,mule ,spinning -- ,ring ,spinning -- ,general ,indexes4 ,,cotton ,,spinning 7,honours1 or ,third ,year74 ,by ,thomas ,,thornley4 #baf pp4 ,seventy-four ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 ,second ,edition4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,syllabuses and ,examination ,papers of the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute -- ,cotton--,the ,practical ,manipulation of ,cotton ,spinning ,machinery -- ,doubling and ,winding -- ,reeling -- ,warping -- ,production and ,costs -- ,main ,driving -- ,arrangement of ,machinery and ,mill ,planning -- ,waste and ,waste ,spinning -- ,indexes4 ,,cotton ,,combing ,,machines4 ,by ,thos4 ,,thornley1 ,spinning ,master1 ,technical ,school1 ,bolton4 ,demy #hvo4 #aag ,illustrations4 #cjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,sliver ,lap ,machine and the ,ribbon ,cap ,machine -- ,general ,description of the ,heilmann ,comber -- ,the ,cam ,shaft -- ,on the ,detaching and ,attaching ,mechanism of the ,comber -- ,resetting of ,combers -- ,the ,erection of a ,heilmann ,comber -- ,stop ,motions3 ,various ,calculations -- ,various ,notes and ,discussions -- ,cotton ,combing ,machines of ,continental ,make -- ,index4 ,,flax1 ,,hemp ,,and ,,jute ,,spinning4 ,,modern ,,flax1 ,,hemp ,,and ,,jute ,,spinning ,,and ,,twisting4 ,a ,practical ,handbook for the use of ,flax1 ,hemp and ,jute ,spinners1 ,thread1 ,twine and ,rope ,makers4 ,by ,herbert ,r4 ,,carter1 ,mill ,manager1 ,textile ,expert and ,engineer1 ,examiner in ,flax ,spinning to the ,city and ,guilds of ,london ,institute4 ,demy #hvo4 #aijg4 ,with #ib ,illustrations4 #bjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,raw ,fibre4 -- ,origin of ,flax -- ,hemp and ,jute ,fibre -- ,description of the ,plants -- ,mode of ,cultivation -- ,suitable ,climate and ,soil -- ,sowing -- ,harvesting -- ,rippling ,flax and ,hemp -- ,water ,retting -- ,dew ,retting -- ,extraction of the ,fibre -- ,marketing the ,fibre -- ,bracquing -- ,flax1 ,hemp and ,jute ,marks -- ,comparative ,prices -- ,ports of ,export -- ,trade ,centres -- ,fibre ,selling ,conditions -- ,duty on ,fibre -- ,fibre ,exports4 ,hackling4 -- ,sorting and ,storing the ,raw ,fibre -- ,softening ,hemp and ,jute -- ,jute ,batching -- ,cutting -- ,piecing ,out -- ,roughing -- ,hackling by ,hand and ,machine -- ,tippling -- ,sorting -- ,ventilation of ,hackling ,rooms4 ,sliver ,formation4 -- ,spreading ,line -- ,heavy ,spreading ,system -- ,good's ,combined ,hackle and ,spreader -- ,jute ,breaking and ,carding -- ,flax and ,hemp ,tow ,carding -- ,bell ,calculation -- ,clock ,system -- ,theory of ,spreading4 ,line and ,tow ,preparing4 -- ,drawing and ,doubling -- ,draft ,calculation -- ,set ,calculation -- ,tow ,combing -- ,compound ,systems -- ,automatic ,stop ,motions and ,independent ,heads -- ,details of ,preparing ,machinery -- ,ventilation -- ,humidification4 ,gill ,spinning4 -- ,gill ,spinning for ,shoe ,threads1 ,rope ,yarns1 ,binder and ,trawl ,twines -- ,the ,automatic ,gill ,spinner -- ,rope and ,reaper ,yarn ,numbering4 ,the ,flax1 ,hemp and ,jute ,roving ,frame4 -- ,bobbin ,winding -- ,differential ,motion -- ,twist ,calculation -- ,practical ,changing -- ,rove ,stock4 ,dry and ,half-,dry ,spinning4 -- ,flyer and ,ring ,frames -- ,draft and ,twist ,calculation -- ,bobbin ,dragging -- ,reaches -- ,set of ,breast ,beam and ,tin-rod4 ,wet ,spinning of ,flax1 ,hemp and ,tow -- ,hot and ,cold ,water ,spinning -- ,improvements in the ,water ,trough -- ,turn off and ,speed of ,spindles -- ,reaches -- ,belting -- ,band ,tying -- ,tape ,driving -- ,oiling -- ,black ,threads -- ,cuts per ,spindle -- ,ventilation of the ,wet ,spinning ,room4 ,yarn ,department4 -- ,reeling -- ,cop ,winding -- ,cheese and ,spool ,winding -- ,balling ,shoe ,thread1 ,reaper ,yarn1 etc4 -- ,yarn ,drying and ,conditioning -- ,yarn ,bundling -- ,yarn ,baling -- ,weight of ,yarn -- ,yarn ,tables -- ,duty on ,yarn ,imports4 ,manufacture of ,threads1 ,twines and ,cords4 -- ,hank ,winding -- ,wet and ,dry ,twisting -- ,cabling -- ,fancy ,yarns -- ,twine ,laying -- ,sizing and ,polishing ,threads and ,twines -- ,softening ,threads -- ,skeining ,threads -- ,balling ,twines -- ,leeson's ,universal ,winder -- ,randing ,twines -- ,spooling ,sewing ,threads -- ,comparative ,prices of ,flax and ,hemp ,cords1 ,lines and ,threads4 ,rope ,making4 -- ,construction of ,hawsers and ,cables -- ,stranding -- ,laying and ,closing -- ,compound ,rope ,machines -- ,rules for ,rope ,makers -- ,weight of ,ropes -- ,balling and ,coiling ,ropes4 ,mechanical ,department4 -- ,boilers1 ,engines and ,turbines -- ,power ,transmission by ,belts and ,ropes -- ,electric ,light and ,power ,transmission -- ,fans -- ,oils and ,oiling -- ,repairs -- ,fluting4 ,mill ,construction4 -- ,flax1 ,hemp and ,jute ,spinning ,mills and ,rope works -- ,heating -- ,roofs -- ,chimneys1 etc4 ,,collieries ,,and ,,mines4 7p4 c#be7 ,,recovery ,,work ,,after ,,pit ,,fires4 ,by ,robert ,,lamprecht1 ,mining ,engineer and ,manager4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,illustrated by ,six large ,plates1 containing ,seventy-six ,illustrations4 #age pp41 demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #ajs4 #aj;d4 home2 #aas4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,causes of ,pit ,fires -- ,preventive ,regulations3 7#a7 ,the ,outbreak and ,rapid ,extension of a ,shaft ,fire can be most reliably prevented by ,employing little or no ,combustible ,material in the ,construction of the ,shaft2 7#b7 ,precautions for ,rapidly ,localising an ,outbreak of ,fire in the ,shaft2 7#c7 ,precautions to be ,adopted in case those under #a and #b ,fail or ,prove ,inefficient4 ,precautions against ,spontaneous ,ignition of ,coal4 ,precautions for ,preventing ,explosions of ,fire-damp and ,coal ,dust4 ,employment of ,electricity in ,mining1 particularly in ,fiery ,pits4 ,experiments on the ,ignition of ,fire-damp ,mixtures and ,clouds of ,coal ,dust by ,electricity -- ,indications of an ,existing or ,incipient ,fire -- ,appliances for ,working in ,irrespirable ,gases3 ,respiratory ,apparatus2 ,apparatus with ,air ,supply ,pipes2 ,reservoir ,apparatus2 ,oxygen ,apparatus -- ,extinguishing ,pit ,fires3 7a7 ,chemical ,means2 7b7 ,extinction with ,water4 ,dragging down the ,burning ,masses and ,packing with ,clay2 7c7 ,insulating the ,seat of the ,fire by ,dams4 ,dam ,building4 ,analyses of ,fire ,gases4 ,isolating the ,seat of a ,fire with ,dams3 ,working in ,irrespirable ,gases 7,gas-diving73 ,air-,lock ,work4 ,complete ,isolation of the ,pit4 ,flooding a ,burning ,section isolated by means of ,dams4 ,wooden ,dams3 ,masonry ,dams4 ,examples of ,cylindrical and ,dome-shaped ,dams4 ,dam ,doors3 ,flooding the ,whole ,pit -- ,rescue ,stations3 7a7 ,stations above ,ground2 7b7 ,underground ,rescue ,stations -- ,spontaneous ,ignition of ,coal in ,bulk -- ,index4 ,,ventilation ,,in ,,mines4 ,by ,robert ,,wabner1 ,mining ,engineer4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,royal #hvo4 ,thirty ,plates and ,twenty-two ,illustrations4 #bdj pp4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,causes of the ,contamination of ,pit ,air -- ,the ,means of ,preventing the ,dangers resulting from the ,contamination of ,pit ,air -- ,calculating the ,volume of ,ventilating ,current necessary to free ,pit ,air from ,contamination -- ,determination of the ,resistance ,opposed to the ,passage of ,air through the ,pit -- ,laws of ,resistance and ,formul therefor -- ,fluctuations in the ,temperament or ,specific ,resistance of a ,pit -- ,means for ,providing a ,ventilating ,current in the ,pit -- ,mechanical ,ventilation -- ,ventilators and ,fans -- ,determining the ,theoretical1 ,initial1 and ,true 7,effective7 ,depression of the ,centrifugal ,fan -- ,new ,types of ,centrifugal ,fan of ,small ,diameter and ,high ,working ,speed -- ,utilising the ,ventilating ,current to the utmost ,advantage and distributing the same through the ,workings -- ,artificially retarding the ,ventilating ,current -- ,ventilating ,preliminary ,workings -- ,blind ,headings -- ,separate ,ventilation -- ,supervision of ,ventilation -- ,,index4 ,,haulage ,,and ,,winding ,,appliances ,,used ,,in ,,mines4 ,by ,carl ,,volk4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,royal #hvo4 ,with ,six ,plates and #adh ,illustrations4 #aej pp4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #is4 home2 #is4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,haulage ,appliances -- ,ropes -- ,haulage ,tubs and ,tracks -- ,cages and ,winding ,appliances -- ,winding ,engines for ,vertical ,shafts -- ,winding without ,ropes -- ,haulage in ,levels and ,inclines -- ,the ,working of ,underground ,engines -- ,machinery for ,downhill ,haulage4 ,,dental ,,metallurgy4 ,,dental ,,metallurgy3 ,,manual ,,for ,,students ,,and ,,dentists4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,griffiths1 ,ph4,d4 ,demy #hvo4 ,thirty-six ,illustrations4 #bjj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,introduction -- ,physical ,properties of the ,metals -- ,action of ,certain ,agents on ,metals -- ,alloys -- ,action of ,oral ,bacteria on ,alloys -- ,theory and ,varieties of ,blowpipes -- ,fluxes -- ,furnaces and ,appliances -- ,heat and ,temperature -- ,gold -- ,mercury -- ,silver -- ,iron -- ,copper -- ,zinc -- ,magnesium -- ,cadmium -- ,tin -- ,lead -- ,aluminium -- ,antimony -- ,bismuth -- ,palladium -- ,platinum -- ,iridium -- ,nickel -- ,practical ,work -- ,weights and ,measures4 ,,engineering1 ,,smoke ,,prevention ,,and ,,metallurgy4 7p4 c#bf7 ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,smoke4 ,combined with the ,economical ,combustion of ,fuel4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,popplewell1 ,m4,sc41 ,a4,m4,inst41 ,c4,e41 ,consulting ,engineer4 ,forty-six ,illustrations4 #aij pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,fuel and ,combustion -- ,hand ,firing in ,boiler ,furnaces -- ,stoking by ,mechanical ,means -- ,powdered ,fuel -- ,gaseous ,fuel -- ,efficiency and ,smoke ,tests of ,boilers -- ,some ,standard ,smoke ,trials -- ,the ,legal ,aspect of the ,smoke ,question -- ,the ,best ,means to be adopted for the ,prevention of ,smoke -- ,index4 ,,gas ,,and ,,coal ,,dust ,,firing4 ,a ,critical ,review of the ,various ,appliances ,patented in ,germany for this purpose since #ahhe4 ,by ,albert ,p,,tsch4 #acj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,with #ajc ,illustrations4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,generators -- ,generators ,employing ,steam -- ,stirring and ,feed ,regulating ,appliances -- ,direct ,generators -- ,burners -- ,regenerators and ,recuperators -- ,glass ,smelting ,furnaces -- ,metallurgical ,furnaces -- ,pottery ,furnace -- ,coal ,dust ,firing -- ,index4 ,,the ,,hardening ,,and ,,tempering ,,of ,,steel ,,in ,,theory ,,and ,,practice4 ,by ,fridolin ,,reiser4 ,translated from the ,german of the ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #abj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,steel -- ,chemical and ,physical ,properties of ,steel1 and their ,casual ,connection -- ,classification of ,steel according to ,use -- ,testing the ,quality of ,steel -- ,steel-,hardening -- ,investigation of the ,causes of ,failure in ,hardening -- ,regeneration of ,steel ,spoilt in the ,furnace -- ,welding ,steel -- ,index4 ,,siderology3 ,,the ,,science ,,of ,,iron 7,the ,constitution of ,iron ,alloys and ,slags74 ,translated from ,german of ,hanns ,freiherr v4 ,j,,ptner4 #cej pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,eleven ,plates and ,ten ,illustrations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,theory of ,solution4 -- ,solutions -- ,molten ,alloys -- ,varieties of ,solutions -- ,osmotic ,pressure -- ,relation between ,osmotic ,pressure and other ,properties of ,solutions -- ,osmotic ,pressure and ,molecular ,weight of the ,dissolved ,substance -- ,solutions of ,gases -- ,solid ,solutions -- ,solubility -- ,diffusion -- ,electrical ,conductivity -- ,constitution of ,electrolytes and ,metals -- ,thermal ,expansion4 ,micrography4 -- ,microstructure -- ,the ,micrographic ,constituents of ,iron -- ,relation between ,micrographical ,composition1 ,carbon-,content1 and ,thermal ,treatment of ,iron ,alloys -- ,the ,microstructure of ,slags4 ,chemical ,composition of the ,alloys of ,iron4 -- ,constituents of ,iron ,alloys -- ,carbon -- ,constituents of the ,iron ,alloys1 ,carbon -- ,opinions and ,researches on ,combined ,carbon -- ,applying the ,curves of ,solution deduced from the ,curves of ,recalescence to the ,determination of the ,chemical ,composition of the ,carbon present in ,iron ,alloys -- ,the ,constituents of ,iron -- ,iron -- ,the ,constituents of ,iron ,alloys -- ,manganese -- ,remaining ,constituents of ,iron ,alloys -- ,a ,silicon -- ,gases4 ,the ,chemical ,composition of ,slag4 -- ,silicate ,slags -- ,calculating the ,composition of ,silicate ,slags -- ,phosphate ,slags -- ,oxide ,slags -- ,appendix -- ,index4 ,,evaporating1 ,,condensing ,,and ,,cooling ,,apparatus4 ,explanations1 ,formul and ,tables for ,use in ,practice4 ,by ,e4 ,,hausbrand1 ,engineer4 ,translated by ,a4 ,c4 ,,wright1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,with ,twenty-one ,illustrations and ,seventy-six ,tables4 #djj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 7p4 c#bg7 ,re,coefficient of ,transmission of ,heat1 k_/1 and the ,mean ,temperature ,difference1 ,greek3 theta_/m -- ,parallel and ,opposite ,currents -- ,apparatus for ,heating with ,direct ,fire -- ,the ,injection of ,saturated ,steam -- ,superheated ,steam -- ,evaporation by ,means of ,hot ,liquids -- ,the ,transference of ,heat in ,general1 and ,transference by means of ,saturated ,steam in ,particular -- ,the ,transference of ,heat from ,saturated ,steam in ,pipes 7,coils7 and ,double ,bottoms -- ,evaporation in a ,vacuum -- ,the ,multiple-effect ,evaporator -- ,multiple-effect ,evaporators from which ,extra ,steam is ,taken -- ,the ,weight of ,water which must be ,evaporated from #ajj ,kilos1 of ,liquor in order its ,original ,percentage of ,dry ,materials from #a-be per cent4 up to #bj-gj per cent4 -- ,the ,relative ,proportion of the ,heating ,surfaces in the ,elements of the ,multiple ,evaporator and their ,actual ,dimensions -- ,the ,pressure ,exerted by ,currents of ,steam and ,gas upon ,floating ,drops of ,water -- ,the ,motion of ,floating ,drops of ,water upon which ,press ,currents of ,steam -- ,the ,splashing of ,evaporating ,liquids -- ,the ,diameter of ,pipes for ,steam1 ,alcohol1 ,vapour and ,air -- ,the ,diameter of ,water ,pipes -- ,the ,loss of ,heat1 from ,apparatus and ,pipes to the ,surrounding ,air1 and ,means for ,preventing the ,loss -- ,condensers -- ,heating ,liquids by ,means of ,steam -- ,the ,cooling of ,liquids -- ,the ,volumes to be ,exhausted from ,condensers by the ,air-pumps -- ,a ,few ,remarks on ,air-pumps and the ,vacua they ,produce -- ,the ,volumetric ,efficiency of ,air-pumps -- ,the ,volumes of ,air which must be ,exhausted from a ,vessel in order to ,reduce its ,original ,pressure to a ,certain ,lower ,pressure -- ,index4 ,,sanitary ,,plumbing1 ,,metal ,,work1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,external ,,plumbing ,,work4 ,a ,treatise on ,lead ,work for ,roofs4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,,hart1 ,r4,p4,c4 #ahj ,illustrations4 #bgb pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,second ,edition ,revised4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,cast ,sheet ,lead -- ,milled ,sheet ,lead -- ,roof ,cesspools -- ,socket ,pipes -- ,drips -- ,gutters -- ,gutters 7continued7 -- ,breaks -- ,circular ,breaks -- ,flats -- ,flats 7continued7 -- ,rolls on ,flats -- ,roll ,ends -- ,roll ,intersections -- ,seam ,rolls -- ,seam ,rolls 7continued7 -- ,tack ,fixings -- ,step ,flashings -- ,step ,flashings 7continued7 -- ,secret ,gutters -- ,soakers -- ,hip and ,valley ,soakers -- ,dormer ,windows -- ,dormer ,windows 7continued7 -- ,dormer ,tops -- ,internal ,dormers -- ,skylights -- ,hips and ,ridging -- ,hips and ,ridging 7continued7 -- ,fixings for ,hips and ,ridging -- ,ornamental ,ridging -- ,ornamental ,curb ,rolls -- ,curb ,rolls -- ,cornices -- ,towers and ,finials -- ,towers and ,finials 7continued7 -- ,towers and ,finials 7continued7 -- ,domes -- ,domes 7continued7 -- ,ornamental ,lead ,work -- ,rain ,water ,heads -- ,rain ,water ,heads 7continued7 -- ,rain ,water ,heads 7continued74 ,,hints ,,to ,,plumbers ,,on ,,joint ,,wiping1 ,,pipe ,,bending ,,and ,,lead ,,burning4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and ,corrected4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,,hart1 ,r4,p4,c4 #ahd ,illustrations4 #cac pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,pipe ,bending -- ,pipe ,bending 7continued7 -- ,pipe ,bending 7continued7 -- ,square ,pipe ,bendings-- ,half-circular ,elbows -- ,curved ,bends on ,square ,pipe -- ,bossed ,bends -- ,curved ,plinth ,bends -- ,rain-water ,shoes on ,square ,pipe -- ,curved and ,angle ,bends -- ,square ,pipe ,fixings -- ,joint-wiping -- ,substitutes for ,wiped ,joints -- ,preparing ,wiped ,joints -- ,joint ,fixings -- ,plumbing ,irons -- ,joint ,fixings -- ,use of ,touch in ,soldering -- ,underhand ,joints -- ,blown and ,copper ,bit ,joints -- ,branch ,joints -- ,branch ,joints 7continued7 -- ,block ,joints -- ,block ,joints 7continued7 -- ,block ,fixings -- ,astragal ,joints -- ,pipe ,fixings -- ,large ,branch ,joints -- ,large ,underhand ,joints -- ,solders -- ,autogenous ,soldering or ,lead ,burning -- ,index4 ,,sanitary ,,plumbing ,,and ,,drainage4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,,hart4 ,demy #hvo4 ,with #bjh ,illustrations4 #bej pp4 #aijd1 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,sanitary ,surveys -- ,drain ,testing -- ,drain ,testing with ,smoke -- ,testing ,drains with ,water -- ,drain ,plugs for ,testing -- ,sanitary ,defects -- ,closets -- ,baths and ,lavatories -- ,house ,drains--,manholes -- ,iron ,soil ,pipes -- ,lead ,soil ,pipes -- ,ventilating ,pipes -- ,water-closets -- ,flushing ,cisterns -- ,baths -- ,bath ,fittings -- ,lavatories -- ,lavatory ,fittings -- ,sinks -- ,waste ,pipes -- ,water ,supply -- ,ball ,valves -- ,town ,house ,sanitary ,arrangements -- ,drainage -- ,jointing ,pipes -- ,accessible ,drains -- ,iron ,drains -- ,iron ,junctions -- ,index4 ,,the ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,dipping1 ,,burnishing1 ,,lacquering 7p4 c#bh7 ,,and ,,bronzing ,,brass ,,ware4 ,by ,w4 ,norman ,,brown4 #ce pp4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #bs4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #c;d4 home and abroad47 ,a ,,handbook ,,on ,,japanning ,,and ,,enamelling ,,for ,,cycles1 ,,bedsteads1 ,,tinware1 ,,etc4 ,by ,william ,norman ,,brown4 #eb pp4 and ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #bs4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #c;d4 home and abroad47 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,hot ,,water ,,supply4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,,hart1 ,r4,p4,c4 ,with #abi ,illustrations4 #agg pp41 demy #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,water ,circulation -- ,the ,tank ,system -- ,pipes and ,joints -- ,the ,cylinder ,system -- ,boilers for the ,cylinder ,system -- ,the ,cylinder ,system -- ,the ,combined ,tank and ,cylinder ,system -- ,combined ,independent and ,kitchen ,boiler -- ,combined ,cylinder and ,tank ,system with ,duplicate ,boilers -- ,indirect ,heating and ,boiler ,explosions -- ,pipe ,boilers -- ,safety ,valves -- ,safety ,valves -- ,the ,american ,system -- ,heating ,water by ,steam -- ,steam ,kettles and ,jets -- ,heating ,power of ,steam -- ,covering for ,hot ,water ,pipes -- ,index4 ,,house ,,decorating ,,and ,,painting4 ,,three ,,hundred ,,shades ,,for ,,decorators ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,mix ,,them4 ,by ,a4 ,,desaint4 ,quarto4 ,the book will consist of a wide range of shades and tints suitable for decorators carefully numbered and mounted for easy reference1 with full particulars as to the composition of each shade4 ,in the press4 ,,house ,,decorating ,,and ,,painting4 ,by ,w4 ,norman ,,brown4 ,eighty-eight ,illustrations4 #aej pp4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #cs4 #i;d1 home and abroad47 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,decorative ,,art4 ,by ,w4 ,norman ,,brown4 ,thirty-nine ,illustrations4 #if pp4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home and abroad47 ,,workshop ,,wrinkles for ,decorators1 ,painters1 ,paper-hangers and ,others4 ,by ,w4 ,n4 ,,brown4 ,crown #hvo4 #abh pp4 ,second ,edition4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home2 #bs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,,brewing ,,and ,,botanical4 ,,hops ,,in ,,their ,,botanical1 ,,agricultural ,,and ,,technical ,,aspect1 ,,and ,,as ,,an ,,article ,,of ,,commerce4 ,by ,emmanuel ,,gross1 ,professor at the ,higher ,agricultural ,college1 ,tetschen-,liebwerd4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,seventy-eight ,illustrations4 #cdj pp4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #acs4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,hop -- ,,the ,,hop ,,plant -- ,introductory -- ,the ,roots -- ,the ,stem -- and ,leaves -- ,inflorescence and ,flower3 ,inflorescence and ,flower of the ,male ,hop2 ,inflorescence and ,flower of the ,female ,hop -- ,the ,fruit and its ,glandular ,structure3 ,the ,fruit and ,seed -- 7p4 c#bi7 ,propagation and ,selection of the ,hop -- ,varieties of the ,hop3 7a7 ,red ,hops2 7b7 ,green ,hops2 7c7 ,pale ,green ,hops -- ,classification according to the ,period of ,ripening3 ,early ,august ,hops2 ,medium ,early ,hops2 ,late ,hops -- ,injuries to ,growth -- ,leaves ,turning ,yellow1 ,summer or ,sunbrand1 ,cones ,dropping ,off1 ,honey ,dew1 ,damage from ,wind1 ,hail and ,rain2 ,vegetable ,enemies of the ,hop3 ,animal ,enemies of the ,hop -- ,beneficial ,insects on ,hops -- ,,cultivation -- ,the ,requirements of the ,hop in ,respect of ,climate1 ,soil and ,situation3 ,climate2 ,soil2 ,situation -- ,selection of ,variety and ,cuttings -- ,planting a ,hop ,garden3 ,drainage2 ,preparing the ,ground2 ,marking-out for ,planting2 ,planting2 ,cultivation and ,cropping of the ,hop ,garden in the ,first ,year -- ,work to be ,performed ,annually in the ,hop ,garden3 ,working the ,ground2 ,cutting2 ,the ,non-cutting ,system2 ,the ,proper ,performance of the ,operation of ,cutting3 ,method of ,cutting3 ,close ,cutting1 ,ordinary ,cutting1 ,the ,long ,cut1 ,the ,topping ,cut2 ,proper ,season for ,cutting3 ,autumn ,cutting1 ,spring ,cutting2 ,manuring2 ,training the ,hop ,plant3 ,poled ,gardens1 ,frame ,training2 ,principal ,types of ,frames2 ,pruning1 ,cropping1 ,topping1 and ,leaf ,stripping the ,hop ,plant2 ,picking1 ,drying and ,bagging -- ,principal and ,subsidiary ,utilisation of ,hops and ,hop ,gardens -- ,life of a ,hop ,garden2 ,subsequent ,cropping -- ,cost of ,production1 ,yield and ,selling ,prices4 ,preservation and ,storage -- ,physical and ,chemical ,structure of the ,hop ,cone -- ,judging the ,value of ,hops4 ,statistics of ,production -- ,the ,hop ,trade -- ,index4 ,,timber ,,and ,,wood ,,waste4 ,,timber3 ,a ,comprehensive ,study of ,wood in all its ,aspects 7,commercial and ,botanical71 showing the ,different ,applications and ,uses of ,timber in ,various ,trades1 etc4 ,translated from the ,french of ,paul ,,charpentier4 ,royal #hvo4 #dcg pp4 #agh ,illustrations4 ,price #abs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #acs4 home2 #ads4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,physical and ,chemical ,properties of ,timber -- ,composition of the ,vegetable ,bodies -- ,chief ,elements -- ,m4 ,fremy's ,researches -- ,elementary ,organs of ,plants and especially of ,forests -- ,different ,parts of ,wood ,anatomically and ,chemically ,considered -- ,general ,properties of ,wood -- ,description of the ,different ,kinds of ,wood -- ,principal ,essences with ,caducous ,leaves -- ,coniferous ,resinous ,trees -- ,division of the ,useful ,varieties of ,timber in the ,different ,countries of the ,globe -- ,european ,timber -- ,african ,timber -- ,asiatic ,timber -- ,american ,timber -- ,timber of ,oceania -- ,forests -- ,general ,notes as to ,forests2 their ,influence -- ,opinions as to ,sylviculture -- ,improvement of ,forests -- ,unwooding and ,rewooding -- ,preservation of ,forests -- ,exploitation of ,forests -- ,damage caused to ,forests -- ,different ,alterations -- ,the ,preservation of ,timber -- ,generalities -- ,causes and ,progress of ,deterioration -- ,history of ,different ,proposed ,processes -- ,dessication -- ,superficial ,carbonisation of ,timber -- ,processes by ,immersion -- ,generalities as to ,antiseptics ,employed -- ,injection ,processes in ,closed ,vessels -- ,the ,boucherie ,system1 ,based upon the ,displacement of the ,sap -- ,processes for ,making ,timber ,uninflammable -- ,applications of ,timber -- ,generalities -- ,working ,timber -- ,paving -- ,timber for ,mines -- ,railway ,traverses -- ,accessory ,products -- ,gums -- ,works of ,m4 ,fremy -- ,resins -- ,barks -- ,tan -- ,application of ,cork -- ,the ,application of ,wood to ,art and ,dyeing -- ,different ,applications of ,wood -- ,hard ,wood -- ,distillation of ,wood -- ,pyroligneous ,acid -- ,oil of ,wood -- ,distillation of ,resins -- ,index4 ,,the ,,utilisation ,,of ,,wood ,,waste4 ,translated from the ,german of ,ernst ,,hubbard4 ,crown #hvo4 #aib pp4 ,fifty ,illustrations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,general ,remarks on the ,utilisation of ,sawdust -- ,employment of ,sawdust as ,fuel1 with and without ,simultaneous ,recovery of ,charcoal and the ,products of ,distillation -- ,manufacture of ,oxalic ,acid from ,sawdust -- ,process with ,soda ,lye2 ,thorn's ,process2 ,bohlig's ,process -- ,manufacture of ,spirit 7,ethyl ,alcohol7 from ,wood ,waste -- ,patent ,dyes 7,organic ,sulphides1 ,sulphur ,dyes1 or ,mercapto ,dyes7 -- ,artificial ,wood and ,plastic ,compositions from ,sawdust -- ,production of ,artificial ,wood ,compositions for ,moulded ,decorations -- ,employment of ,sawdust for ,blasting ,powders and ,gunpowders -- ,employment of ,sawdust for ,briquettes -- ,employment of ,sawdust in the ,ceramic ,industry and as an ,addition to ,mortar -- ,manufacture of ,paper ,pulp from ,wood -- ,casks -- ,various ,applications of ,sawdust and ,wood ,refuse -- ,calcium ,carbide -- ,manure -- ,wood ,mosaic ,plaques -- ,bottle ,stoppers -- ,parquetry -- ,fire-lighters -- ,carborundum -- ,the ,production of ,wood ,wool -- ,bark -- ,index4 ,,building ,,and ,,architecture4 7p4 c#cj7 ,,the ,,prevention ,,of ,,dampness ,,in ,,buildings2 with ,remarks on the ,causes1 ,nature and ,effects of ,saline1 ,efflorescences and ,dry-rot1 for ,architects1 ,builders1 ,overseers1 ,plasterers ,painters and ,house ,owners4 ,by ,adolf ,wilhelm ,,keim4 ,translated from the ,german of the second revised ,edition by ,m4 ,j4 ,,salter1 ,f4,i4,c4 ,f4,c4,s4 ,eight ,coloured ,plates and ,thirteen ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 #aae pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,various ,causes of ,dampness and ,decay of the ,masonry of ,buildings1 and the ,structural and ,hygienic ,evils of the ,same -- ,precautionary ,measures during ,building against ,dampness and ,efflorescence -- ,methods of ,remedying ,dampness and ,efflorescences in the ,walls of ,old ,buildings -- ,the ,artificial ,drying of ,new ,houses1 as well as ,old ,damp ,dwellings and the ,theory of the ,hardening of ,mortar -- ,new1 ,certain and ,permanently ,efficient ,methods for ,drying ,old ,damp ,walls and ,dwellings -- ,the ,cause and ,origin of ,dry-rot3 its ,injurious ,effect on ,health1 its ,destructive ,action on ,buildings1 and its ,successful ,repression -- ,methods of ,preventing ,dry-rot to be ,adopted ,during ,construction -- ,old ,methods of ,preventing ,dry-rot -- ,recent and ,more ,efficient ,remedies for ,dry-rot -- ,index4 ,,handbook ,,of ,,technical ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,architecture ,,and ,,building1 ,,and ,,their ,,allied ,,trades ,,and ,,subjects4 ,by ,augustine ,c4 ,,passmore4 ,demy #hvo4 #chj pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #hs4 home2 #hs4 #f;d1 abroad47 ,,foods ,,and ,,sweetmeats4 ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,preserved ,,foods ,,and ,,sweetmeats4 ,by ,a4 ,,hausner4 ,with ,twenty-eight ,illustrations4 ,translated from the ,german of the third enlarged ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #bbe pp4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #i;d4 home2 #gs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,the ,manufacture of ,conserves -- ,introduction -- ,the ,causes of the ,putrefaction of ,food -- ,the ,chemical ,composition of ,foods -- ,the ,products of ,decomposition -- ,the ,causes of ,fermentation and ,putrefaction -- ,preservative ,bodies -- ,the ,various ,methods of ,preserving ,food -- ,the ,preservation of ,animal ,food -- ,preserving ,meat by ,means of ,ice -- ,the ,preservation of ,meat by ,charcoal -- ,preservation of ,meat by ,drying -- ,the ,preservation of ,meat by the ,exclusion of ,air -- ,the ,appert ,method -- ,preserving ,flesh by ,smoking -- ,quick ,smoking -- ,preserving ,meat with ,salt -- ,quick ,salting by ,air ,pressure -- ,quick ,salting by ,liquid ,pressure -- ,gamgee's ,method of ,preserving ,meat -- ,the ,preservation of ,eggs -- ,preservation of ,white and ,yolk of ,egg -- ,milk ,preservation -- ,condensed ,milk -- ,the ,preservation of ,fat -- ,manufacture of ,soup ,tablets -- ,meat ,biscuits -- ,extract of ,beef -- ,the ,preservation of ,vegetable ,foods in ,general -- ,compressing ,vegetables -- ,preservation of ,vegetables by ,appert's ,method -- ,the ,preservation of ,fruit -- ,preservation of ,fruit by ,storage -- ,the ,preservation of ,fruit by ,drying -- ,drying ,fruit by ,artificial ,heat -- ,roasting ,fruit -- ,the ,preservation of ,fruit with ,sugar -- ,boiled ,preserved ,fruit -- ,the ,preservation of ,fruit in ,spirit1 ,acetic ,acid or ,glycerine -- ,preservation of ,fruit without ,boiling -- ,jam ,manufacture -- ,the ,manufacture of ,fruit ,jellies -- ,the ,making of ,gelatine ,jellies -- ,the ,manufacture of ,sulzen -- ,the ,preservation of ,fermented ,beverages -- ,the ,manufacture of ,candies -- ,introduction -- ,the ,manufacture of ,candied ,fruit -- ,the ,manufacture of ,boiled ,sugar and ,caramel -- ,the ,candying of ,fruit -- ,caramelised ,fruit -- ,the ,manufacture of ,sugar ,sticks1 or ,barley ,sugar -- ,bonbon ,making -- ,fruit ,drops -- ,the ,manufacture of ,drages -- ,the ,machinery and ,appliances used in ,candy ,manufacture -- ,dyeing ,candies and ,bonbons -- ,essential ,oils used in ,candy ,making -- ,fruit ,essences -- ,the ,manufacture of ,filled ,bonbons1 ,liqueur ,bonbons and ,stamped ,lozenges -- ,recipes for ,jams and ,jellies -- ,recipes for ,bonbon ,making -- ,drages -- ,appendix -- ,index4 ,,dyeing ,,fancy ,,goods4 7p4 c#ca7 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,dyeing ,,and ,,staining ,,marble1 ,,artificial ,,stone1 ,,bone1 ,,horn1 ,,ivory ,,and ,,wood1 ,,and ,,of ,,imitating ,,all ,,sorts ,,of ,,wood4 ,a ,practical ,handbook for the ,use of ,joiners1 ,turners1 ,manufacturers of ,fancy ,goods1 ,stick and ,umbrella ,makers1 ,comb ,makers1 etc4 ,translated from the ,german of ,d4 ,h4 ,,soxhlet1 ,technical ,chemist4 ,crown #hvo4 #afh pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #c;d4 home2 #es4 #d;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,mordants and ,stains -- ,natural ,dyes -- ,artificial ,pigments -- ,coal ,tar ,dyes -- ,staining ,marble and ,artificial ,stone -- ,dyeing1 ,bleaching and ,imitation of ,bone1 ,horn and ,ivory -- ,imitation of ,tortoiseshell for ,combs3 ,yellows1 ,dyeing ,nuts -- ,ivory -- ,wood ,dyeing -- ,imitation of ,mahogany3 ,dark ,walnut1 ,oak1 ,birch-,bark1 ,elder-,marquetry1 ,walnut1 ,walnut-,marquetry1 ,mahogany1 ,spanish ,mahogany1 ,palisander and ,rose ,wood1 ,tortoiseshell1 ,oak1 ,ebony1 ,pear ,tree -- ,black ,dyeing ,processes with ,penetrating ,colours -- ,varnishes and ,polishes3 ,english ,furniture ,polish1 ,vienna ,furniture ,polish1 ,amber ,varnish1 ,copal ,varnish1 ,composition for ,preserving ,furniture -- ,index4 ,,celluloid4 ,,celluloid4 ,the ,raw ,material1 ,manufacture and ,uses4 ,by ,dr4 ,fr4 ,b,,ckmann4 #di ,illus4 ,crown #hvo4 ,in the ,press4 ,,lithography1 ,,printing ,,and ,,engraving4 ,,practical ,,lithography4 ,by ,alfred ,,seymour4 ,demy #hvo4 ,with ,frontispiece and #cc ,illus4 #abj pp4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,stones -- ,transfer ,inks -- ,transfer ,papers -- ,transfer ,printing -- ,litho ,press -- ,press ,work -- ,machine ,printing -- ,colour ,printing -- ,substitutes for ,lithographic ,stones -- ,tin ,plate ,printing and ,decoration -- ,photo-,lithography4 ,,printers' ,,and ,,stationers' ,,ready ,,reckoner ,,and ,,compendium4 ,compiled by ,victor ,,graham4 ,crown #hvo4 #aab pp4 #aijd4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #cs4 #i;d4 home2 #cs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,price of ,paper per ,sheet1 ,quire1 ,ream and ,lb4 -- ,cost of #ajj to #ajjj ,sheets at various ,sizes and ,prices per ,ream -- ,cost of ,cards -- ,quantity ,table -- ,sizes and ,weights of ,paper1 ,cards1 etc4 -- ,notes on ,account ,books -- ,discount ,tables -- ,sizes of spaces -- ,leads to alb4 -- ,dictionary -- ,measure for ,bookwork -- ,correcting ,proofs1 etc4 ,,engraving ,,for ,,illustration4 ,,historical ,,and ,,practical ,,notes4 ,by ,j4 ,,kirkbride4 #gb pp4 ,two ,plates and #f ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #bs4 #i;d4 home2 #bs4 #aj;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,its ,inception -- ,wood ,engraving -- ,metal ,engraving -- ,engraving in ,england -- ,etching -- ,mezzotint -- ,photo-,process ,engraving -- ,the ,engraver's ,task -- ,appreciative ,criticism -- ,index4 ,,bookbinding4 ,,practical ,,bookbinding4 ,by ,paul ,,adam4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,crown #hvo4 #ahj pp4 #abg ,illustrations4 ,price #es4 net4 7,post free1 #es4 #d;d4 home2 #es4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,materials for ,sewing and ,pasting -- ,materials for ,covering the ,book -- ,materials for ,decorating and ,finishing -- ,tools -- ,general ,preparatory ,work -- ,sewing -- ,forwarding1 ,cutting1 ,rounding and ,backing 7p4 c#cb7 -- ,forwarding1 ,decoration of ,edges and ,headbanding -- ,boarding -- ,preparing the ,cover -- ,work with the ,blocking ,press -- ,treatment of ,sewn ,books1 ,fastening in ,covers1 and ,finishing ,off -- ,handtooling and ,other ,decoration -- ,account ,books -- ,school ,books1 ,mounting ,maps1 ,drawings1 etc4 -- ,index4 ,,sugar ,,refining4 ,,the ,,technology ,,of ,,sugar3 ,practical ,treatise on the ,modern ,methods of ,manufacture of ,sugar from the ,sugar ,cane and ,sugar ,beet4 ,by ,john ,,geddes ,mc,i,n,t,o,s,h4 ,second ,revised and ,enlarged ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,fully ,illustrated4 #dcf pp4 ,seventy-six ,tables4 #aijf4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #aas4 home2 #aas4 #f;d4 abroad47 ,contents4 ,chemistry of ,sucrose1 ,lactose1 ,maltose1 ,glucose1 ,invert ,sugar1 etc4 -- ,purchase and ,analysis of ,beets -- ,treatment of ,beets -- ,diffusion -- ,filtration -- ,concentration -- ,evaporation -- ,sugar ,cane3 ,cultivation -- ,milling -- ,diffusion -- ,sugar ,refining -- ,analysis of ,raw ,sugars -- ,chemistry of ,molasses1 etc4 7,see ,evaporating1 ,condensing1 etc41 ,apparatus1 p4 #bf47 ,,bibliography4 ,,classified ,,guide ,,to ,,technical ,,and ,,commercial ,,books4 ,compiled by ,edgar ,,greenwood4 ,demy #hvo4 #bbd pp4 #aijd4 ,being a ,subject-list of the ,principal ,british and ,american ,books in print2 giving ,title1 ,author1 ,size1 ,date1 ,publisher and ,price4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 7,post free1 #gs4 #aj;d4 home2 #hs4 #c;d4 abroad47 ,,the ,,technical ,,books in this ,catalogue can be obtained through all ,booksellers1 or post free direct from the ,publishers by remitting the amount given in brackets4 ,full ,particulars of ,contents of any of the above books will be sent on application4 ,books ,in the ,press4--,the ,publishers will send ,contents and prices of books in the press as soon as ready to any one sending their address4 ,technical ,books upon all ,subjects can be obtained through ,,scott1 ,,greenwood ,son1 if requirements are fully stated4 ,,scott1 ,,greenwood ,,son1 ,technical ,book ,publishers1 #h ,broadway1 ,ludgate ,hill1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,telegraphic address1 ,printeries1 ,london4 ,april1 #aijg4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,a less obvious printer's error has been corrected on page #af4 chlorestine to cholesterine4 ,the following words could not be checked3 ,caseogum 7page c#jd71 ,crysophis 7page c#af71 ,dufton 7page c#bb71 ,bracquing 7page c#bd74